,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,trophyme ,,at ,,arles4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,lyman ,,tuck]man ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahig ,,copyright1 #ahhg1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,tr[',s ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 8,to build1 to build6 ,t is ! noble/ art ( all ! arts4 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture are b images1 ,are m]ely %ad[s ca/ by outw>d ?+s ,on /one or canvas1 hav+ 9 !mselves ,no sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,ar*itecture1 ,exi/+ 9 itself1 & n 9 seem+ ,a some?+ x is n1 surpasses !m ,z sub/ance %ad[40 --,,longfell[1 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,,preface4 ,i h writt5 ?is %ort hi/ory ( ar*itecture to meet ! requirem5ts ( ^? :o wi% to become acqua9t$ ) ! ma9 facts )\t hav+ to read volum9\s works1 _m ( :i* are address$1 n to ! /ud5t1 b to ! connoisseur1 :o is presum$ at ! />t to h a k ( ! subject suffici5t to enable him to compreh5d critical & !oretical essays4 ,! plan ,i h adopt$ has be5 to trace ! orig9 ( ea* /yle1 its *>act]i/ic po9ts & its connection ) ^? :i* prec$$ & succe$$ x1 )\t introduc+ te*nical t]ms or any b ! mo/ important dates4 ,!re is a temptation to ent] into ! social & political hi/ories ( ea* build+ race1 b brevity =bids ?is1 z well z any ( ! gu%+ descriptions usually f\nd 9 mod]n h&books on art4 ,i imag9e t v few p h ! "t to read l5g?y treatises on ar*itecture1 b t !re are _m :o w\ld be glad to "k ! *ief hi/orical facts1 7 ^! to be pres5t$ )9 a small compass4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t ?is volume may be ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read] & may f9d its way to s*ools o!r ?an ^? :i* make art matt]s _! specialty1 = x seems to me t if ! av]age s*oolboy 7 taught z mu* ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ useful & beautiful ( ! creations ( ! p ( ea* age1 z ab\t ! mann] & quantity ( w>f>e & slaught] 9 :i* !y indulg$1 he w\ld obta9 z valuable a quality ( in=mation4 ,,art ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum4 ,m>*1 #ahhg ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,/4 ,,trophyme ,,at ,,arles1 ,frontispiece4 ,,fac+ ,,page ,,! ,,greek ,,ord]s1 #ef ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,!seus ,,at ,,a!ns1 #fb ,,! ,,roman ,,ord]s1 #gj ,,palace ,,( ,,diocletian ,,at ,,spalatro1 #gc ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,pan!on ,,at ,,rome1 #gd ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,ba?s ,,( ,,agrippa1 #ge ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,at ,,baalbek1 #gf ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,basilica ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,beyond ,,! ,,walls1 #hi ,,/4 ,,vitale1 ,,( ,,rav5na1 #ib ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,m9]va ,,m$ica1 #ic ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ve/a1 ,,sometimes ,,call$ ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,h]cules1 #id ,,! ,,bapti/]y ,,( ,,con/ant9e1 #id ,,! ,,p5d5tive ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,byzant9e ,,domes1 #ig ,,*ur* ,,( ,,s]gius ,,& ,,bac*us ,,at ,,con/ant9ople1 #ih ,,plan ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia1 ,,con/ant9ople1 #ii ,,romanesque ,,con/ruction1 #aba ,,comp>ative ,,s]ies1 ,,%[+ ,,greek1 ,,roman1 ,,romanesque1 ,,& ,,go?ic ,,me?ods ,,( ,,support1 #abd ,,plan ,,( ,,/rasb\rg ,,ca!dral1 #abh ,,*evet ,,( ,,notre ,,dame ,,du ,,port ,,at ,,cl]mont1 #acj ,,plan ,,( ,,rheims ,,ca!dral1 #acd ,,plan ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,ca!dral1 #acf ,,plan ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,z ,,orig9ally ,,design$ ,,by ,,mi*ael ,,angelo1 #aee ,,plan ,,( ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,hotel ,,des ,,invalides ,,at ,,p>is1 #afj ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction1 #a ,i4--,,celtic ,,or ,,druidical ,,rema9s1 #e ,,ii4--,,! ,,monum5ts ,,( ,,egypt1 #aj ,,iii4--,,asiatic ,,ar*itecture1 #cj ,,iv4--,,greece1 #eb ,v4--,,etruria ,,& ,,rome1 #fh ,,vi4--,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,/yle1 #hh ,,vii4--,,! ,,byzant9e ,,/yle1 #ie ,,viii4--,,mahometan ,,ar*itecture1 #aje ,,ix4--,,! ,,romanesque ,,/yle1 #aae ,x4--,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture1 #acb ,,xi4--,,! ,,r5aissance1 #aea ,,xii4--,,conclusion1 #afb ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ar*itecture4 ,,introduction4 ,ar*itecture is an art comb9+ ! qualities ( utility & beauty4 ,its object is1 & has be5 f its orig91 to satisfy bo? ! necessities & ta/es ( ! v>i\s build+ races4 ,= ?is purpose ! two di/9ct1 & yet closely relat$1 sci5ces ( con/ruction & decoration h be5 employ$1 & ! hi/ory ( ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 ea*1 goes h& 9 h& ) ! hi/ory ( ea* age & ea* race4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! inhabitants ( e c\ntry h always be5 def9$ by its "* & climate1 &1 9 ord] to satisfy ^! requirem5ts1 ! art has adapt$ itself to !m & gr[n up & exp&$ 9 ! diff]5t fields 9 :i* x has be5 direct$4 ,x is cu/om>y to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! art ( build+ some:at z foll[s3 ,! fir/ impulse ( ! b>b>ian1 9 :atev] "p ( ! globe he may be born1 is to seek a %elt] f ! v>y+ temp]ature ( night & day4 ,if he lives 9 ! m\nta9s1 he *ooses ! caves & clefts 9 ! rocks = 8 habitation2 if on ! pla91 he foll[s ! example ( ! animals & holl[s out a retreat 9 ! gr\nd :]e he may seek w>m? & protection4 ,:]e ! soil is rocky1 he ga!rs bran*es & moss1 & piles !m 9 su* a mann] z to =m a rude dwell+4 ,soon aft]1 he p]ceives ! inconv5i5ce ( ^! untrimm$ b\ghs1 & rem$ies ! discom=t by driv+ f\r /raight po/s into ! gr\nd1 & ro(+ !m ov] ) cross-pieces1 incl9$ s z to %$ ! ra94 ,?is is ! fir/ semblance ( a ?\ghtful con/ruction1 & ! improvem5ts ^u x gradually develop into ! m /udi$ =ms ( ar*itecture4 ,:5 ! fir/ requisite ( %elt] has be5 obta9$1 ! e>ly build] cuts (f ! r\gh edges & c>ves ^u ! po/s rude emblems ( ! natural objects he sees ab\t him1 & 9 do+ ?is takes ! fir/ /ep 9 design & decoration4 ,:5 wood is n abundant1 he seeks a simil> result 9 /one1 & ! treatm5t ( ea* mat]ial gives rise to di/9ct pr9ciples ( con/ruction4 ,! ,greeks1 :o _h m>ble-qu>ries ( easy access1 bridg$ ov] _! po/s or columns ) /raight l9tels1 capable ( support+ ! weight ( ! ro( )\t dang] ( fracture4 ,! ,romans1 :o f\nd _! trav]t9e difficult to h&le1 built _! ba?s & palaces ( brick1 &1 9 seek+ to connect _! pill>s & pi]s1 adopt$ ! r\nd ar* z a means ( effect+ ?is end1 & ?is r\nd ar* 0 ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,:51 9 due "t1 ! po9t$ ar* 0 f\nd to comb9e great /r5g? & beauty1 ?is new me?od ( build+ became ! lead+ pr9ciple ( ,go?ic art4 ,s1 accord+ to ea* necessity1 ! diff]5t /yles ( ar*itecture arose4 ,:5 civilization increases ! requirem5ts ( man1 x is no long] possible to beg9 a rude con/ruction1 & alt] x aft]w>d to suit ^! ne$s2 !re=e x becomes necess>y to consid] be=eh& all ! elem5ts requir$1 &1 9 ord] to facilitate ?is consid]ation1 draw+ comes 9 z a simple means ( plac+ be=e "o all t ent]s into ! propos$ build+4 ,!re=e1 9 ! /udy ( ar*itecture f\r divisions ( ! art mu/ be consid]$1 namely3 ,! con/ruction ( build+s ) v>i\s mat]ials1 ! appropriate proportions ( ! same1 _! repres5tation by draughtsman%ip & _! hi/ory 9 v>i\s times & among v>i\s peoples4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ea* ( ^! divisions embraces a wide scope individually1 & yet no "o c be sep>at$ f ! o!rs )\t affect+ ! result z a :ole4 ,x is propos$1 !re=e1 to review briefly ! hi/ory ( ?is art1 & ! causes :i* h affect$ x1 9 ord] t1 kn[+ ! reasons :i* l$ to ! =mation ( ea* /yle1 ! /ud5t may foll[ its /udy ) ! practical und]/&+ & logical inf]5ce :i* lead to ! be/ results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q ( :i* c\ntry furni%$ ! fir/ or e>lie/ p]iod ( approa* to civilization 9 ! build+ ( monum5ts or habitations has be51 & is likely to be1 an op5 "o = "s "t to come4 ,speculative discussion on ?is po9t c s]ve no end ( importance to ar*itects2 x int]e/s m especially ! hi/orian & antiqu>ian4 ,consequ5tly we w1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 glance ov] ! p]iods ( ar*itecture 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 #a4 ,celtic or ,druidical rema9s4 #b4 ,! ,monum5ts ( ,egypt4 #c4 ,asiatic ar*itecture4 #d4 ,greece4 #e4 ,etruria & ,rome4 #f4 ,! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian /yle4 #g4 ,! ,byzant9e /yle4 #h4 ,mahometan ar*itecture4 #i4 ,! ,romanesque /yle4 #aj4 ,go?ic ar*itecture4 #aa4 ,! ,r5aissance4 ,i4 ,,celtic ,,or ,,druidical ,,rema9s4 ,! ,celtic race has left endur+ m>ks ( its p[] 9 ! num]\s monum5ts :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,spa91 & scatt]$ ?r\gh adjac5t c\ntries4 ,^! consi/ ( collections ( huge unc>v$ b\ld]s1 arrang$ 9 geometrical l9es1 & (t5 f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( va/ pla9s1 f> remov$ f qu>ry or m\nta9-side4 ,! m common =ms are call$ 8m5hirs or peulvans10 signify+ 9 ,celtic 8long /ones40 ,^! are ei!r f\nd sep>ately or rang$ 9 long p>allel l9es4 ,! mo/ rem>kable examples are at ,c>nac1 9 ,brittany1 :]e !re are twelve hundr$ ( ^! huge /ones1 v>y+ f ?ree to eighte5 feet 9 height1 rang$ 9 elev5 r[s1 lead+ to a semicircul> enclosure4 ,:at purpose !y s]v$1 & :e!r ( a religi\s or civil "*1 has n be5 conclusively det]m9$4 ,"s consid] t !y s]v$ to m>k ! burial-spot ( ! ,druids2 o!rs t !y 7 l&m>ks or emblems ( victory4 ,to ano!r class belong ! s-call$ ,rock+ ,/ones1 :i* consi/ ( two imm5se blocks ( rock1 plac$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & ei!r balanc$ s exactly t ! slighte/ t\* w suffice to %ake !m1 or pivot$ s z to revolve4 ,!re are examples at ,t5anville1 ne> ,*]b\rg1 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 & 9 ,sussex1 ,engl&4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ! 8,great ^u ,little10 is e/imat$ to weigh a million p\nds4 ,batissi] consid]s !m to h be5 erect$ by ! prie/s1 ei!r to /rike t]ror & wond] into ! he>ts ( ! p1 :om !y s\ght to hold 9 subjection1 or z emblems ( ! _w susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,we "k t !y h exi/$ f remote ages1 z m5tion is made ( _! antiquity by ,pl9y & ,ptolemy4 ,trili?a1 or li*av5s1 are =m$ ) ?ree /ones1 two v]tical & "o horizontal re/+ ^u ! o!rs1 9 ! %ape ( a rude gateway4 ,?is is :at !y 7 probably int5d$ =1 ?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ t !y 7 us$ = alt>s4 ,simil> to ^! are ! dolm5s1 or table-/ones1 consi/+ ( "o l>ge flat b\ld] support$ by sev]al small] ones4 ,_! upp] surfaces1 z a rule1 h *annels cut 9 !m1 :i* are g5]ally believ$ to h be5 receptacles = ! blood ( victims sacrific$ ^u !m1 & "s are ev5 holl[$ out 9 ! %ape ( ! human body4 ,! ,m]*ants' ,tables1 at ,lo*m>iak]1 are ! mo/ not$ among ! _m t /ill exi/4 ,f fragm5ts ( skeletons usually f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( dolm5s1 x has be5 imag9$ t ei!r ! prie/s or _! human (f]+s 7 buri$ !re z ^u consecrat$ gr\nd4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances :]e ^! dolm5s =m cov]$ ways or av5ues1 be+ plac$ "o beside ano!r 9 cont9u\s l9e1 & g5]ally surr\nd$ by a plantation ( trees4 ,!y are frequ5tly divid$ by blocks ( /one into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 &1 l ! tumuli or b>r[s1 7 probably us$ z places ( int]m5t = ! dead4 ,! mo/ int]e/+1 p]haps1 ( any ( ^! gr\ps ( /ones are ! 8cromle*s03 enclosures =m$ ( num]\s b\ld]s1 arrang$ ei!r 9 elliptic r[s or 9 conc5tric circles1 ) a l>ge monoli? 9 ! c5tral po9t4 ,ea* circle is compos$ ( a def9ite numb] ( 8m5hirs10 & ! :ole is usually surr\nd$ by a dit*4 ,x is suppos$ t ea* /one repres5t$ a m9or deity1 & ! c5tral "o ! *ief ( ! gods4 ,_! purpose app>5tly 0 to m>k ! place ( l>ge assemblies1 call$ toge!r = ! adm9i/ration ( civil1 milit>y1 & religi\s rites4 ,! cromle* ( ,/oneh5ge 9 ,wilt%ire is ! mo/ celebrat$ & "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n4 ,! c\ntry folk call x ! ,cor-,gaur1 or dance ( giants1 & attribute its =mation to ! magic ( ! fam\s en*ant]1 ,m]l94 ,x is compos$ ( two circul> & two elliptic enclosures1 ! "o )9 ! o!r1 & is sev]al hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 none ( ^! ,celtic monum5ts is !re any?+ :i* may be call$ /rictly ar*itectural1 b "s ( !m illu/rate a pr9ciple ( build+ :i* is ( importance to note4 ,to place a r[ ( /ones 9 upright positions d5otes no special phase ( intellig5t ?\ght1 beyond a desire to p]man5tly m>k "s int]e/+ locality1 b :5 ! anci5t race :i* rais$ ^! massive rocks conceiv$ ! idea ( support+ "o block ^u a numb] ( small] ones1 x _h rea*$ a fir/ pr9ciple ( con/ruction1 de/9$ to be employ$ = _m c5turies aft]w>d 9 "s ( ! f9e/ build+s4 ,aft] ! trili?on came ! table-/ones1 & f ^! x 0 b a /ep to ! cov]$ alleys1 :i* 7 9 !mselves a fir/ conception ( a rude habitation1 wall$ 9 & ro($ ov]4 ,!re c be no?+ m elem5t>y ?an ?is1 & no simpl] con/ructional exp$i5t1 9 :atev] c\ntry x may fir/ h be5 evolv$4 ,we d n "k ! precise date ( ,celtic monum5ts1 nor is x probable t !y are z anci5t z ! ,egyptian pyramids1 b z 9 any case !y illu/rate ! transition f brutal ignorance to an era ( ?\ght1 we may place !m at ! comm5cem5t ( our *ronological li/4 ,9 ! v>i\s !mes & discussions advanc$ by ar*ologi/s1 & ! /range leg5ds & tales ( ! peasantry ) reg>d to !m1 we h no conc]n4 ,x is suffici5t = u to "k t !y exi/ & af=d u an insight into ! dawn+ ef=ts ( a b>b>ic p to progress 9 ! art :i* we propose to /udy4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,monum5ts ,,( ,,egypt4 ,! hi/ory ( ,egypt is divid$ into five p]iods1 f ! e>lie/ ages d[n to its conque/ by ! ,romans at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! fir/ p]iod comprises ! fir/ f\rte5 dyna/ies ( anci5t k+s1 among :om ! mo/ important are3 ,m5es1 f\nd] ( ,memphis1 ,%o(oo or ,*eops1 ,%afra or ,*ephr51 & ,myc]9us1 build]s ( ! pyramids ( ,gizeh1 & ! two ,!ban mon>*s1 ,osirtas5 ,i4 & ,am5emha ,,iii41 by :om ! tombs at ,b5i ,hassan1 ! ,labyr9? & ,lake ,mo]is 7 con/ruct$4 ,accord+ to ,buns5 ^! f\rte5 dyna/ies date f #cfbc to #bedg ,b4,c4 ,! second p]iod is m>k$ by ! invasion ( ! ,hyksos1 or ,%eph]d ,k+s1 ( :om !re 7 ?ree dyna/ies4 ,!y rema9$ 9 p[] until #afbe ,b4,c4 & 7 a w>like & de/ructive race1 leav+ no p]man5t traces ( _! occupation4 ,! ?ird p]iod is ! mo/ brilliant 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 ext5d+ f #afbe to #ebe ,b4,c41 & compris+ n9e dyna/ies ( great conqu]ors & build]s4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! are3 ,amosis1 ,?o?mes ,,iii41 ,se?i ,i41 ,rameses ,,ii4 7! ,great71 call$ also ,seso/ris1 & ,rameses ,,iii4 ,"u ^! k+s ! great temples ( ,luxor1 ,abydus1 & ,k>nak 7 erect$ & ! arts 7 assidu\sly cultivat$4 ,! ,p]sians "u ,cambyses occupi$ ! c\ntry 9 ! ye> #ebe ,b4,c4 ,!y 7 expell$ a c5tury lat]1 b 7 aga9 victori\s 9 #cdj ,b4,c41 & rema9$ 9 possession until ! conque/ ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 #ccb4 ,?is f\r? p]iod 0 z unproductive 9 works ( art z _h be5 t ( ! ,hyksos dom9ion4 ,aft] ,alex&]1 ! ,ptolemys rul$ until ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,_! gov]nm5t promot$ ! cultivation ( ! arts & indu/ries & =m$ ! fif? & la/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,egypt z an indep5d5t /ate4 ,( ^! five epo*s !re are1 !re=e1 only ?ree--namely1 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & fif?--dur+ :i* ar*itecture fl\ri%$1 & ^! ?ree 9 reality =m b "o long p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( an art :i* rema9$ almo/ unalt]$1 sc>cely ei!r improv+ or rec$+1 f ! remote/ times to its la/ day4 ,our k ( anci5t ,egypt has be5 *iefly d]iv$ f bass-reliefs1 mural pa9t+s & hi]oglyphics4 ,! latt] 7 un9telligible until ! discov]y ( ! ,rosetta /one by ! ,fr5* consul ,*ampollion1 9 #agih4 ,?is 0 "p ( a /one tablet be>+ ?ree inscriptions1 "o 9 hi]oglyphics1 "o 9 ! ,cursive lett]s us$ by ! l[] classes1 & ! ?ird 9 ,greek4 ,by means ( ?is ! old alphabet 0 recon/ruct$ & all ! anci5t inscriptions deciph]$4 ,,tombs4 ,! mo/ important monum5ts ( ! fir/ p]iod are ! pyramids1 ! olde/ ( :i* 7 built betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,!re rema9 ab\t a hundr$ ( ^! 9 ! vic9ity ( ! anci5t city ( ,memphis1 ext5d+ ov] a consid]able ext5t ( c\ntry1 & o!rs are f\nd 9 ,!bes & at ,m]o 9 ,e?iopia4 ,!re h be5 _m !ories advanc$ ^u ! subject ( _! orig9 & purpose1 & _m argum5ts set =? seek+ to prove t !y 7 obs]vatories1 temples1 gran>ies1 meteorological monum5ts1 or tombs4 ,ne>ly all mod]n au?orities agree ^u ! la/ z ! mo/ probable solution ( ! problem1 n only f ! s>cophagi & mummies f\nd )9 _m ( !m1 & f inscriptions relat+ ev5ts 9 ! lives ( important p]sonages :i* adorn ! walls ( "s ( _! inn] *amb]s1 b f ! fact t ^! build+s are nev] f\nd beyond ! conf9es ( cemet]ies4 ,9 erect+ ^! monum5ts1 ! ,egyptians usually select$ a site ^u a rocky plateau1 on :i* a space equal to ! sup]ficial area requir$ = ! base 0 made level1 a m\nd be+ left 9 ! c5tre :i* 0 bond$ 9 ) ! masonry4 ,bel[ ?is plat=m a sepul*ral *amb] & connect+ passage 7 holl[$ 9 ! rock4 ,! pyramid 0 built ov] ?is *amb] & conta9$ "o or m additional ap>tm5ts1 rea*$ f ! outside by n>r[ & incl9$ corridors4 ,x 0 g5]ally con/ruct$ ) blocks ( lime/one1 9 successive /eps rec$+ at an angle v>y+ f =ty-five to sev5ty degrees4 ,! outside 0 aft]w>d cas$ ) slabs ( poli%$ sy5ite1 ^u :i* inscriptions 7 engrav$ or pa9t$4 ,! int]ior *amb]s & corridors 7 likewise l9$ ) poli%$ granite1 sometimes s ma!matically jo9t$ t a ne$le c\ld n be pu%$ betwe5 ! /ones4 ,ceil+s 7 =m$ by incl9$ slabs re/+ aga9/ ea* o!r or ! walls 7 corbell$ inw>d until !y met4 ,! entrances to ! passages 7 inv>iably clos$ & conceal$1 & portcullises ( heavy granite blocks1 slid+ 9 grooves1 7 plac$ at int]vals along ! corridors1 ! m effectually to pres]ve ! sepul*re f violation4 ,ne>ly all h1 nev]!less1 be5 ent]$ & rifl$1 s t b little is left to aid ! ar*ologi/ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,fragm5t>y inscriptions & local obs]vations comp>$ ) ! acc\nts giv5 by ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors h1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 ! piec+ toge!r ( :at may be presum$ to be an accurate hi/ory ( ! pyramid-build]s4 ,! ?ree l>ge/ pyramids are situat$ at ,gizeh1 a small village ne> ,cairo1 & are respectively ^? ( ,*eops1 kn[n also z ,suphis or ,%o(oo1 ,*ephr5 or ,%afra1 & ,myc]9us4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! dim5sions giv5 by two ( ! be/ au?orities3 ,,side ,,( ,,base4 ,,p]p5dicul> ,,height4 ,sir ,g4 ,col4 ,h4 ,sir ,g4 ,col4 ,h4 ,wilk9son4 ,vyse4 ,wilk9son4 ,vyse4 ,*eops #gef #gfd #dhj #i #dhj #i ,*ephr5 #gjg #i #dec #ded #c ,myc]9us #cfd #f #bjh ,all ( ^! are ori5t$ & ! entrances are all on ! ,nor? sides4 ,?is is a rule applicable to all ! pyramids except t ( ,sakk>ah1 :i* is plac$ )\t ref]5ce to ! po9ts ( ! compass & 0 probably erect$ at a mu* lat] date4 ,! fir/ or ,great ,pyramid conta9s "o subt]ranean *amb]1 rea*$ by a passage "s ?ree hundr$ feet long1 & two o!r ap>tm5ts above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 ! "o above ! o!r1 call$ ! ,k+'s & ,que5's sepul*res4 ,! entrance to ! connect+ corridors is plac$ #de feet above ! gr\nd & #bc feet away f ! true c5tre 9 ord] to deceive explor]s4 ,! ,que5's ,*amb] is ab\t #ah feet squ>e by #bj feet 9 height1 & is plac$ directly "u ! apex ( ! pyramid4 ,x is #fg feet above ! gr\nd1 & #ga feet bel[ ! ,k+'s ,*amb]4 ,! passage lead+ to ! latt] is #bh feet high1 =m$ by corbell$ walls4 ,?is *amb] is ro($ by a flat ceil+ & measures #cd feet 9 l5g? by #ag 9 bread?1 & is #ai feet high4 ,! walls & ceil+ are built ( f9ely poli%$ granite1 & ! ap>tm5t conta9s a s>cophagus ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t masonry is reliev$ by five o!r comp>tm5ts plac$ ov] ! *amb]1 f\r ( :i* are cov]$ by flat slabs1 & ! fif? by incl9$ /ones re/+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,x 0 9 ?is highe/ comp>tm5t t "s hi]oglyphics scrawl$ 9 r$ o*re on ! walls 7 discov]$1 by means ( :i* ! "n ,%o(oo became kn[n4 ,h]odotus says t "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 employ$ dur+ tw5ty ye>s 9 build+ ! ,great ,pyramid1 aft] !y _h devot$ t5 ye>s1 previ\s to its erection1 to ! con/ruction ( a causeway to ! ,nile1 ov] :i* ! /one 0 c>ri$1 :i* _h be5 br\ght d[n ! riv] f ! ,arabian hills4 ,diodorus ass]ts t ! numb] ( workm5 employ$ 0 upw>d ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s&4 ,! second pyramid conta9s two *amb]s1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is on ! gr\nd level1 p>tly sunk 9 ! rock4 ,its dim5sions are #df feet long by #af 9 wid?1 & #bb feet high4 ,)9 x a granite s>cophagus 0 f\nd1 conta9+ ! bones ( an ox4 ,?is discov]y gave rise to mu* speculation1 z to :e!r ! pyramids 7 n orig9ally int5d$ = ! sepul*res ( ! animal deities wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians1 ! bull ,apis 9 p>ticul>4 ,! ?ird pyramid 0 cov]$ by a cas+ ( poli%$ r$ granite1 =m$ ( blocks ) bevell$ edges4 ,!re are sev]al *amb]s inside1 "o ( :i* conta9$ a mummy & case1 n[ transf]r$ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,ne> ! pyramid ( ,*eops1 on ! same plateau1 is ! ,sph9x4 ,?is great /atue1 ) a human head & ! body ( a lion1 is c>v$ 9 ! natural rock1 defici5cies be+ made up by add$ masonry4 ,its dim5sions are colossal1 ! body be+ #adj feet long1 & ! face #cj feet high by #ad feet 9 bread?4 ,?is my/]i\s creation 0 int5d$ z ! repres5tation ( a god1 & z su* _h sacrifices (f]$ be=e x1 z ! alt>s & temples erect$ b5ea? x atte/4 ,f inscriptions ^u a /one f\nd ne> by1 x is kn[n t ! ,sph9x 0 call$ ,hor-em-khoo1 8,! ,sun 9 8 ,re/+-place40 ,! head 0 orig9ally surm\nt$ by a royal helmet1 ! face _h a be>d1 fragm5ts ( :i* h be5 une>!d1 & x is o!rwise badly mutilat$4 ,?is fanciful creature has d\btless mu* aff9ity ) ! w+$ bulls & lions ( ! ,assyrian epo*4 ,! ,egyptians also buri$ _! dead 9 small] tombs1 9 subt]ranean vaults1 & 9 catacombs excavat$ 9 ! rock ( m\nta9\s regions4 ,a great numb] ( ^! small] tombs 7 built 9 ! vic9ity ( anci5t ,memphis & are n[ commonly call$ 8ma/abahs40 ,9 arrangem5t !y 7 ne>ly all simil>1 ! sepul*re consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts3 a temple ov]gr\nd1 a pit or well1 & a subt]ranean *amb]4 ,! temple 0 9 ! %ape ( a fru/um ( a pyramid1 ! walls incl9+ inw>d at an angle ( sev5ty degrees4 ,x conta9$ "o or sev]al ap>tm5ts1 us$ z places ( assembly = ! relatives & fri5ds ( ! deceas$1 :o came at /at$ int]vals to hold s]vices & to br+ (f]+s ( a suitable "*4 ,a li/ ( ^! occasions 0 plac$ ov] ! entrance1 & on a second tablet or /ella1 inside1 ! "n1 titles1 & virtues ( ! dead 7 record$4 ,! walls 7 brilliantly pa9t$1 dome/ic & religi\s sc5es be+ ! usual subjects depict$4 ,! well-op5+ 0 usually conceal$ & fill$ ) masonry4 ,its sides 7 =m$ ( slabs ( granite d[n to rock level & !n excavat$ 9 ! rock1 sometimes ?irty or =ty y>ds bel[ ! surface4 ,f ! bottom ( ! pit a doorway1 usually wall$ up1 op5$ into a *amb] conta9+ a /one s>cophagus1 9 :i* ! mummy 0 plac$4 ,! f9e/ excavat$ grottos are f\nd at ,b5i ,hassan & 9 ! neighborhood ( ,!bes4 ,^? at ,b5i ,hassan foll[ ! type ( ! 8ma/abah10 hav+ ! assembly hall1 ! well1 & ! *amb] b5ea?1 all be+ holl[$ out ( ! rock4 ,! sides are decorat$ ) columns1 ar*itraves1 & cornices1 9 imitation ( con/ructive ar*itecture1 & ! ceil+s are cut out to repres5t vaults1 ! unc>v$ surfaces be+ adorn$ ) pa9t+s & hi]oglyphics4 ,! columns are especially int]e/+1 z hav+ evid5tly furni%$ ! ,greeks ) ! model = _! ,doric temples1 & ! ord] has 9 consequ5ce be5 call$ ! proto-doric4 ,!y h a diamet] ( five feet & are sixte5 feet high2 ! %aft has sixte5 sides ) flut+s & is surm\nt$ by a tile or abacus4 ,besides ^!1 !re are o!r columns ) capitals 9 ! =m ( a lotus or papyrus bud1 :i* are m commonly f\nd 9 ,egyptian temples4 ,! tombs ( ! k+s at ,!bes are arrang$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple2 !y consi/ ( long slop+ corridors op5+ into *amb]s & halls1 & p5etrat+ 9 a cont9u\s l9e into ! m\nta9 rock4 ,!re are sev]al gr\ps1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is situat$ 9 ! valley ( ,biban-el-,molook1 or ! 8,gates ( ! ,k+s40 ,! tomb ( ,se?i ,i41 ! fa!r ( ,rameses ,,ii41 discov]$ by ! explor] ,belzoni 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury1 is ! f9e/ example1 ! sculpture & pa9t+s :i* x conta9s be+ v rem>kable = _! execution & ( great hi/orical int]e/1 z !y illu/rate v completely ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,e ef=t _h evid5tly be5 made to conceal ! tomb1 = n only 0 ! entrance clos$ & cov]$ ) loose rock1 b ! fir/ *amb]1 rea*$ by a succession ( passages & /eep /aircases1 _h be5 wall$ up & ! f\r sides pa9t$1 s z to h ! appe>ance ( be+ ! limit ( ! ext5t ( ! tomb4 ,! holl[ s\nd1 caus$ by hamm]+ on ! walls at "o po9t1 l$ ! explor] to cont9ue 8 ef=ts1 :i* 7 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( sev]al m halls & *amb]s1 t]m9at+ 9 a great vault$ *amb]1 ?irty feet long1 conta9+ an alaba/] s>cophagus4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t _m ( ^! excavat$ grottos 7 occupi$ z resid5ces by ! k+s & great p]sonages ( ! empire dur+ _! lifetime1 & conv]t$ into sepul*res aft] dea?4 ,! cu/om ( relatives meet+ at int]vals 9 an assembly hall connect$ ) ! tomb does n seem to h prevail$ "h z at ,memphis1 b x is n improbable t ! great ,!ban temples 7 us$1 if inde$ !y 7 n erect$ = ?is purpose4 ,! great mass ( ! p 7 n hon\r$ by su* magnific5t tombs1 b 7 buri$ 9 subt]ranean vaults 9 ! necropolis 7,greek1 8city ( ! dead07 atta*$ to ea* great t[n4 ,! l>ge/ are ^? ( ,sas1 ,sakk>ah ne> ,memphis1 ,!bes1 & ,abydus4 ,^! und]gr\nd gall]ies 7 rea*$ by deep wells1 & (t5 conta9$ sev]al /ories ( small *amb]s 9 :i* ! embalm$ bodies 7 plac$1 toge!r ) vases1 /atuettes1 & o!r votive (f]+s4 ,!re 7 also cemet]ies 9 :i* ! animals wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians 7 buri$1 conta9+ ?\s&s ( embalm$ birds & reptiles1 p>ticul>ly ! ibis & crocodile4 ,! ,apis mausoleum at ,sakk>ah1 :]e ! sacr$ bulls 7 int]r$1 is "o ( ! mo/ important1 ! *amb]s & gall]ies be+ excavat$ 9 ! rock & cov]+ an imm5se area4 ,! mausoleum 0 connect$ ) ! ,s]apeum1 a temple above gr\nd1 :]e ! liv+ bull 0 wor%ipp$ z a deity4 ,,temples4 ,!re are two classes ( ,egyptian temples--^? holl[$ out ( ! m\nta9 rock1 commonly call$ speos1 & ^? built ^u ! op5 pla9 & di/+ui%$ by ! t]m 8hyp?ral0 7,greek1 8"u air074 ,! mo/ important ( ! latt] are ! temples ( ,se?i ,i41 at ,abydus2 ,amun re1 at ,kooneh2 ! great & small temples ( ,m$e5et ,haboo1 erect$ by ,rameses ,,iii4 & ,?o?mes ,,ii42 ! ,rameseum or ,memnonium1 ( ,rameses ,,ii42 ,luxor & ,k>nak1 at ,!bes2 & ! temples ( ,d5d]ah1 ,edf\1 & ,phil1 built by ! ,ptolemys4 ,all ( ^! are simil> 9 g5]al plan1 consi/+ ( a great] or less numb] ( c\rts1 halls1 & sanctu>ies1 :i* 9 ea* case are plac$ 8en suite10 t is1 "o op5+ into ! o!r 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 ! l>g] ap>tm5ts be+ 9 ab\t ! c5tre ( ?is l9e & gradually dim9i%+ 9 size1 ! la/ *amb] be+ ! smalle/4 ,z ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! l>ge/ temples apply 9 a modifi$ =m to ! smalle/1 a description ( a complete temple w\ld seem to be ! be/ way ( expla9+ ! usual arrangem5ts4 ,a wall ( crude brick usually enclos$ ! :ole /ructure1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by a sacr$ grove1 or tem5os4 ,?is wall 0 ent]$ by an out] gate1 or pylon1 built 9 ! %ape ( a fru/um ( a pyramid1 & surm\nt$ by a cov$ cornice1 ! doorway hav+ p]p5dicul> or slant+ jambs4 ,f ?is an av5ue1 or dromos1 bord]$ ) sph9xes ) human or rams' heads1 l$ up to ! propyla1 or t[]s4 ,! latt] resembl$ ! out] pylons1 b 7 on a l>g] scale1 conta9+ /aircases lead+ to upp] t]races4 ,!y 7 spac$ a %ort di/ance ap>t to admit ( a passage betwe5 !m1 :i* 0 ent]$ ?r\gh a second gateway simil> to ! fir/4 ,! sides ( ^! build+s 7 usually elaborately pa9t$1 & r+s 7 ins]t$ 9 ! masonry to hold ! poles ^u :i* ! royal bann]s 7 hoi/$4 ,?is second entrance 0 (t5 flank$ by two obelisks--long tap]+ monoli?s ) pyramidal summits1 cov]$ ) hi]oglyphic inscriptions rec\nt+ ! d$ication ( ! temple by ! k+ to 8 favorite div9ity4 ,^! obelisks 7 sometimes n9ety feet high1 & m\nt$ ^u squ>e blocks4 ,!y 7 n always ( equal size1 probably ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ s+le /ones ( su* enorm\s l5g?4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t _! sides 7 made slightly convex 9 ord] to prev5t _! appe>+ concave1 :i* w\ld be ! effect _h !y be5 left q flat4 ,a second set ( t[]s1 or propyla1 ) /aircases1 came next1 ) a c\rt or area int]v5+4 ,on ea* side ( ?is c\rt a colonnade 0 g5]ally plac$2 & sometimes be=e ! entrance to ! t[]s two colossal /atues ( ! k+1 repres5t$ seat$1 ) 8 h&s re/+ ^u 8 knees 9 ! conv5tional attitude ( repose4 ,! mo/ fam\s are ^? kn[n z ! ,colossi ( ,memnon1 :i* /& on ! pla9 ( ,!bes4 ,!y 7 probably 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,amunoph ,,iii41 ( :i* sc>cely any ve/ige n[ rema9s4 ,!y are fifty feet high1 m\nt$ ^u p$e/als4 ,"o ( !m is call$ ! ,vocal ,memnon1 z1 9 anci5t times1 x gave =? s\nds at ! break ( day--a ph5om5on m easily expla9$ z a trick ( ! prie/s1 ?an by natural causes4 ,beyond ?is c\rt !re 0 usually an inn] ve/ibule1 ) columns =m+ porticos on ! f\r sides2 ^? opposite ! entrance be+ connect$ by /one scre5s1 rea*+ half-way up1 =m+ a %ad$ ant]oom1 or pronaos1 to ! great hall ( assembly1 :i* 0 ! next ap>tm5t4 ,! %afts & capitals ( ! columns v>i$ 9 diff]5t build+s4 ,! pla9 cyl9d]1 c>ry+ an inv]t$ bell decorat$ ) palm or o!r small] leaves1 or a capital 9 ! %ape ( ! lotus fl[] 7 ! commone/ =ms4 ,a column1 repres5t+ ! /ems ( wat]-plants b\nd toge!r ) r+s1 & swell+ out at ! top 9 ! place ( ! capital1 0 also (t5 employ$4 ,besides ^!1 /atues ( k+s1 or %afts surm\nt$ by ! heads ( ,isis or ,osiris1 7 us$ z supports4 ,! ar*itrave1 or beam1 did n re/ directly ^u ! capital1 b ^u an int]m$iate block4 ,?is block1 :5 on ! heads ( deities1 0 9 ! %ape ( a m9iature pylon4 ,! cornices 7 =m$ ( a deep cove & fillet decorat$ ) w+$ asps4 ,"s idea ( ! size ( ^! inn] ve/ibules1 or p]i/yles1 may be =m$ f ! dim5sions ( t 9 ! great temple ( ,m$e5et ,haboo1 :i* measures #abc by #acc feet1 & has a height ( #ci feet #d in*es4 ,ea* ( ! porticos ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ sides is support$ by five columns2 ^? on ! ,nor? & ,s\? by eight ,osiride pill>s1 hav+ a circumf]5ce ( #bc feet & a height ( #bd feet4 ,! great hall ( assembly1 :i* adjo9$ ! ve/ibule1 0 g5]ally ! f9e/ portion ( ! temple4 ,! ar*itraves support+ ! ro( re/$ ^u a great numb] ( l(ty columns1 :i* 9 ! c5tre rose to a great] height1 9 ord] to obta9 a cl]e/ory1 by :i* ! hall 0 light$4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is 9 ! temple ( ,k>nak1 measur+ #agj by #cbi feet4 ,! c5tral av5ue consi/s ( twelve columns1 #fb feet high by #aa feet #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,besides ^! !re are "o hundr$ & tw5ty-two o!rs1 #db feet #f in*es 9 height & #bh feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! l9tel ov] ! doorway by :i* x is ent]$ measur$ #dj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! sanctu>y 0 contigu\s to ! great hall1 & t]m9at$ ! suite4 ,?is consi/$ ( a *amb]1 ei!r occupy+ ! :ole ( ! re> space1 or isolat$ by corridors on ea* side1 ) small] sanctu>ies opposite4 ,9 _m ( ^!1 alt>s & /atues h be5 f\nd1 "s ( ! =m] =m$ ( a s+le block1 holl[$ at ! top & pi]c$ ?r\gh f top to bottom1 s t sacrifices plac$ ^u !m c\ld be consum$ app>5tly )\t ignition1 by means ( fires k9dl$ 9 subt]ranean vaults4 ,9 connection ) ! halls 9 ! temple ( ,abydus & else:]e !re 7 a numb] ( vault$ *amb]s2 ! vault n be+ =m$ ( a s]ies ( true ar*es1 t is1 ) jo9ts radiat+ to a common c5tre1 b consi/+ ( /one beams plac$ "o beside ! o!r1 & holl[$ out on ! "u side4 ,! ar*1 h[ev]1 0 n unkn[n to ! ,egyptians--!re are /one vault$ tombs at ,sakk>ah ( ! "t ( ,psammeti*us 7#fej ,b4,c471 & crude brick ar*es h be5 f\nd at ,!bes dat+ z f> back z ! p]iod ( ! eigh? dyna/y 7#bibe ,b4,c4874 ,! antiquity ( ! ar* has be5 ! subject ( mu* debate1 ow+ *iefly to ! fact t ! ,greeks made no use ( x2 rec5t explorations h1 h[ev]1 %[n t ?is con/ructive exp$i5t 0 kn[n bo? 9 ,egypt & ,assyria _m ye>s be=e x 0 adopt$ by ! ,etruscans1 to :om its inv5tion 0 long attribut$4 ,! ext]ior walls ( all temples 7 built on a batt]1 slop+ inw>d at an angle ( ab\t sev5ty degrees & ) sc>cely any op5+s4 ,! inside walls 7 p]p5dicul>1 & decorat$ ) bass-reliefs & pa9t+s4 ,^! 7 (t5 ( a mo/ elaborate "*1 & x is f !m t s mu* has be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,! rock-cut temples ( ,nubia are laid out on mu* ! same plan4 ,!y usually consi/ ( a pronaos1 naos1 & sanctu>y1 =m+ a suite1 ) an entrance m>k$ by colossal /atu>y hewn out ( ! side ( ! cliff4 ,"s h a dromos ( sph9xes1 propyla1 & a p]i/yle c\rt ( masonry prec$+ ! excavat$ portions4 ,! temple ( ,wady ,sabooah is ! be/ example ( ! latt]4 ,( ! =m] none c comp>e ) ! ,great & ,small temples ( ,aboo ,simbel1 or ,ipsambool1 :i* are ( ! "t ( ,rameses ! ,great4 ,! small] ( ! two is d$icat$ to ! goddess ,a?or1 ! ,v5us ( ! ,egyptians4 ,! ext]ior is ornam5t$ ) six /atues ( deities recess$ 9 ! rock1 ea* measur+ ?irty-five feet 9 height4 ,9 ! int]ior !re is a fir/ hall1 support$ by squ>e pill>s1 op5+ into a corridor1 flank$ by small] halls1 lead+ to ! sanctu>y4 ,! front ( ! ,great temple is adorn$ ) f\r /atues ( ! k+ seat$ ^u 8 ?rone1 ea* sixty feet high4 ,9 ! great hall !re are eight ,osiride pill>s1 upw>d ( ?irty feet 9 height4 ,! sides ( ! speos are c>v$ ) bass-reliefs1 repres5t+ ! conque/s ( ,rameses ! ,great4 ,!re are "s sixte5 small] *amb]s1 ! suite t]m9at+ 9 ! sanctu>y1 :i* conta9s an alt> & f\r /atues--! ?ree deities1 ,amun re1 ,phre1 & ,phtah1 ) ! k+ seat$ 9 _! company4 ,"u ! head+s tombs & temples are compris$ ! *ief ar*itectural works ( ! ,egyptians4 ,besides ^! !re 7 "o or two gigantic con/ructions1 fam\s 9 antiquity1 b :i* h n[ almo/ disappe>$4 ,( ^!1 ! ,labyr9? & ! ,lake ,mo]is 7 ! mo/ important4 ,! =m] appe>s to h be5 an imm5se /ructure1 half palace1 half tomb1 built by ,am5emha ,,iii41 ( ! twelf? dyna/y4 ,x 0 built on ?ree sides ( an op5 squ>e1 measur+ ab\t five hundr$ feet on ! side1 consi/+ ( num]\s *amb]s & c\rts1 9 two /ories1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,at ! op5 end 0 plac$ a l>ge pyramid1 ( :i* ! ru9s /ill rema94 ,h]odotus admir$ ! ,labyr9? m ?an any o!r ( ! ,egyptian build+s1 decl>+ x to surpass ! pyramids 9 lab\r & exp5se4 ,ne> by 0 ! artificial ,lake ,mo]is1 =m$ to reta9 ! ,nile wat]s dur+ ! inundation1 = ! purpose ( irrigat+ ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,memphis1 dur+ ! dry season4 ,x cov]$ an imm5se area2 tradition says #dej miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! banks 7 =tifi$ ) massive masonry1 & ! wat]s di/ribut$ by means ( locks & sluices4 ,! ,egyptians appe> z a civiliz$ nation1 hav+ a sci5tific1 arti/ic1 & political k ( no mean ord]1 at a "t :5 ! great] "p ( ! _w's inhabitants 7 b a /ep remov$ f ! level ( ignorant savages1 & :51 accord+ to a g5]ally accept$ *ronology1 ! _w itself _h exi/$ b a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,pyramids reveals a build+ capacity :i* has r>ely be5 rivall$1 requir+ n only imm5se me*anical p[]1 b an accuracy ( judgm5t & calculation 9 ! adju/m5t ( blocks ( granite weigh+ _m tons1 n simply pil$ "o above ! o!r1 b p]fectly jo9t$ & poli%$1 & s dispos$ t passages & *amb]s 7 ro($ ov] & _! ceil+s reliev$ f sup]9cumb5t weight by +5i\sly contriv$ comp>tm5ts1 "o above ! o!r1 & clos$ by slid+ doors ( monoli?ic /ones1 ! h&l+ ( :i* c\ld only h be5 successful by p well v]s$ 9 ! !ories ( equilibrium & support2 & yet all ?is 0 done at a date :i* ! be/ au?orities agree 9 say+ c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,_! temples %[ an equally advanc$ erudition1 & ! pa9t+s & hi]oglyphics ) :i* ! walls ( ^! build+s are adorn$ give a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! cu/oms ( a p acqua9t$ ) ! m9or arts & sci5ces & ! appliances requisite = agriculture4 ,! admiration ) :i* we may reg>d ! excell5ce ( s anci5t an art is temp]$ :5 we f9d t x conta9$ no elem5t ( progress4 ,! monum5ts ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 ?\gh num]\s & impos+1 sc>cely diff] f ^? ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 & ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,ptolemys1 :o enc\rag$ ! native art1 !re 0 no?+ attempt$ b a repetition ( ! old me?ods4 ,f beg9n+ to end ! arts 7 s fett]$ by conv5tionality & dogmatic laws1 oppos$ to orig9ality or *ange1 t ! only improvem5ts made 7 9 m]e me*anical execution4 ,a great prevail+ ?\ght seems to h actuat$ ?is p1--t ( dea? & et]nity4 ,_! aim 9 erect+ _! build+s 0 to r5d] !m quasi-et]nal1 & by embalm+ ! bodies ( ! dead !y ev5 s\ght to p]petuate ! semblance ( life4 ,_! k+s at ! beg9n+ ( _! reigns comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( _! own sepul*res1 employ+ hundr$s ( workm5 & imm5se exp5diture ( ! national funds = ! purpose1 & c\ntless ?\s&s pass$ _! lives 9 holl[+ temples 9 ! m\nta9 rock & 9 c>ry+ huge blocks f great di/ances = ! build+ ( ! pylons & hypo/ylic halls ( ! ,nile1 9 :i* durability & massiv5ess 7 consid]$ all-important4 ,egyptian ar*itecture1 simply f ! enorm\s scale ( ev]y?+ x produc$1 0 always dignifi$ & x _h also ! m]it ( sev]e simplicity2 b m]e size c sc>cely be rat$ z an arti/ic quality ( a high ord]1 & on t acc\nt x _c comp>e fav\rably ) ! art ( ! ,greeks1 :o 7 probably inspir$ by :at !y saw 9 ,egypt1 b :o1 9 _! own "w1 succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! qualities ( maje/y & beauty )\t resort+ to ! use ( extraord9>y mat]ials4 ,,iii4 ,,asiatic ,,ar*itecture4 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be reasonable to suppose t 9 ,india1 :]e ! ,aryan race _h its orig91 ! e>lie/ traces ( dawn+ art w\ld be f\nd4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 fairly well e/abli%$ t all remnants ( v anci5t art1 :i* may h exi/$ !re 9 =m] times1 h n[ virtually disappe>$1 & t at pres5t !re are no rema9s 9 ,h9do/an ( a remot] antiquity ?an ! second or ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,india loses mu* ( its int]e/ = u f ! fact ( its hav+ _h no influ5ce ^u ! orig9 or developm5t ( ! ,european /yles ( build+1 :i*1 />t+ 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 =m$ a cont9u\s *a91 ea* l9k$ ) its pr$ecessor & successor d[n to mod]n times4 ,! ,indians 71 9 fact1 nev] a migratory or coloniz+ race ( p1 & _! ar*itecture 0 a di/9ctly native production1 execut$ 9 accordance ) ! rules laid d[n by ! prie/s 9 _! sacr$ books1 hav+ no aff9ity ) ! con/ructive pr9ciples ( ! ,we/]n _w & %[+ no trace ( ! arts practis$ by ,we/]n nations1 except 9 ! slight resemblance ( a few m\ld+s & fragm5ts ( sculpture4 ,! *ief /ructures ( ! c\ntry are temples1 pagodas1 & dagobas1 :i* are f\nd 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! p59sul> & adjac5t isl&s1 resembl+ ea* o!r 9 g5]al /yle1 b ) "s local peculi>ities :i* h caus$ !m to be usually classifi$ 9 c]ta9 compreh5sive divisions1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,! ,buddhi/ /yle1 includ+ ! /ambhas or lats1 a species ( commemorative pill>1 ! /upas or topes1 ( :i* ! be/ examples are f\nd at ,s>na? & ,manikyala1 & ! vih>as ( ,b5gal4 ,! ,dravidian /yle1 exemplifi$ 9 ! temples ( ,*idamb>am1 ,tanjore1 ,combaconum1 & ,madura1 & ! rock-cut temples ( ,mahavellipore1 & ^? kn[n z ! ,kylas at ,ellora4 ,! ,indo-,aryan1 or ,nor!rn1 compris+ ! temples ( ,kan>uc1 ,bhuwaneswur1 ,jajepur1 & ,cuttack1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,orissa4 ,! /upas1 or dagobas1 7 a =m ( /ructure specially erect$ = ! purposes ( ,buddhi/ wor%ip4 ,!y 7 sometimes built 9 ! %ape ( a squ>e t[] ^u ris+ gr\nd1 ( :i* t at ,s>na?1 nor? ( ,b5>es1 is ! be/ kn[n4 ,! m important1 h[ev]1 are cyl9drical & surm\nt$ by a semicircul> dome4 ,^! are usually erect$ on artificial m\nds or tumuli1 & are con/ruct$ ei!r ) jo9t$ /ones or ) r\gh blocks b$d$ 9 cem5t4 ,! int]iors are ( solid masonry1 ) ! exception ( a small squ>e *amb]1 us$ z a repository = sacr$ emblems1 ! walls ( :i* are cont9u$ up to ! top ( ! dome4 ,! /upa at ,manikyala1 is ( great size1 be+ upw>d ( eighty feet 9 height1 & measur+ "s ?ree hundr$ feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! base ( ! build+ is 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 six or sev5 feet high1 support+ an attic decorat$ ) pila/]s2 above ?is ! walls rec$e1 & are capp$ by a hemisph]ical dome4 ,!re are a great numb] ( dagobas 9 ,ceylon1 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,!y are usually plac$ 9 a wall$ enclosure1 & surr\nd$ by commemorative pill>s4 ,small] con/ructions ( ! same description are f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( "s ( ! temples1 be+ plac$ :]e ! balda*9s1 or alt>s1 w\ld be plac$ 9 ,*ri/ian edifices4 ,! rock temples ( ,india are ( two classes1 ! "o consi/+ ( grottos holl[$ 9 ! m\nta9 side1 & ! o!r ( a s]ies ( monoli?ic build+s cut bodily out ( ! solid rock1 & deta*$ f ! surr\nd+ hill plateaus by wide excavat$ areas4 ,! =m]1 resembl+ ! speos ( ,egypt1 consi/s ( long gall]ies1 divid$ into aisles by pi]s ( ! natural rock left at regul> int]vals to su/a9 ! sup]9cumb5t mass4 ,a recess or sanctu>y is plac$ at "o extremity1 conta9+ ! /atue ( ! div9ity to :om ! temple is d$icat$4 ,9 "s cases ! int]ior is t]m9at$ by a semicircul> apse ) a hemisph]ical vault1 & ! entrance prec$$ by a ve/ibule conta9+ votive figures1 ! :ole =m+ a plan v simil> to t ( ! ,lat9 basilicas1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! grottos are frequ5tly excavat$ 9 sev]al /ories & connect$ by corridors & ramps4 ,! walls or sides are ornam5t$ ) rude sculptures1 repres5t+ v>i\s =ms ( animal life & mon/r\s creations ( native fancy4 ,! pi]s or pill>s are g5]ally ei!r squ>e or octagonal1 decorat$ ) m\ld+s & flut+s1 & hav+ well def9$ capitals & bases4 ,! capitals usually support a /one beam or bracket1 evid5tly 9 imitation ( ^? us$ 9 wood5 con/ruction1 9 :i* a simil> exp$i5t w\ld be employ$ to di/ribute ! su/a9+ p[] ov] a wid] surface ?an t directly above ! column or po/4 ,?is imitation ( wood5 =ms1 :i* we h already notic$ 9 ,egypt1 is f\nd univ]sally 9 all anci5t con/ructions %[+ t 9 ne>ly e c\ntry wood5 ar*itecture 0 employ$ be=e /one4 ,! gr\p kn[n z ! ,kylas ( ,ellora1 is ! f9e/ example ( ! temples fa%ion$ bo? inside & outside f ! solid rock4 ,! :ole edifice is monoli?ic & situat$ 9 an oblong c\rt =m$ by a tr5* excavat$ 8vivo saxo0 on ! f\r sides4 ,! ext]ior surfaces are ri*ly c>v$1 & ! pi]s %ap$ to repres5t elephants1 lions1 & fanta/ic creatures support+ ! sup]/ructure on _! backs4 ,! c\rt is ent]$ f a monum5tal por*1 ! upp] /ory ( :i* is connect$ ) a small *apel by a bridge4 ,?is *apel is flank$ by two colossal elephants1 & by two columns or t[]s /&+ isolat$ on ei!r side4 ,a second bridge leads f ?is to ! hall ( ,%iva1 ! *ief room 9 ! suite1 :i* is divid$ by sixte5 columns1 ) correspond+ pila/]s on ! walls4 ,at ! f>!r extremity is ! sanctu>y conta9+ ! /atue ( ! presid+ div9ity4 ,beyond ?is are op5 t]races1 surr\nd$ by *apels4 ,! great hall is connect$ lat]ally ) subt]ranean *amb]s 9 ! surr\nd+ cliffs1 rea*$ also f excavat$ corridors :i* foll[ ! p]imet] ( ! c\rt1 ! mass above be+ su/a9$ by squ>e pi]s spac$ at %ort di/ances ap>t4 ,! inside walls are decorat$ ) bass-reliefs & ! ceil+s ornam5t$ ) /ucco relievos1 :i* 7 orig9ally brilliantly pa9t$4 ,! height ( ! hall ( ,%iva is ab\t fifty feet1 ! hillside opposite to x be+ ab\t n9ety feet high4 ,^! temples may be said to be ! mo/ rem>kable & unique ar*itectural productions to be f\nd any:]e4 ,!y are examples ( long-cont9u$ p]sev]ance & pati5ce1 & c only be ! result ( a preconceiv$ design :i* mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ 9 all its elaborate detail be=e ! fir/ /roke 0 giv5 t[>d its realization4 ,! unity ( conception & execution exhibit$ 9 su* works is truly wond]ful1 & x is n a/oni%+ t ! sup]/iti\s natives %\ld attribute _! creation to ,visvak>ma1 ! heav5ly ar*itect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are b few practical lessons to be le>n$ f _! exam9ation4 ,su* me?ods are n possible 9 our day1 nor if s1 w\ld !y be desirable4 ,ar*itecture ( ?is k9d is sc>cely m ?an :olesale sculpture1 & z su* c 9 no s5se comp>e fav\rably ) ! grace ( =m & sci5tific con/ruction :i* we see 9 ! works ( ,greek & ,go?ic arti/s4 ,! ,pagodas are ! mo/ important ( ! build+s con/ruct$ ) jo9t$ mat]ials4 ,!y consi/ ( va/ enclosures conta9+ num]\s religi\s & dome/ic edifices4 ,!re are (t5 d\ble or triple s]ies ( enclos+ walls ( great height & ?ickness4 ,! sides are usually plac$ s z to face ! po9ts ( ! compass & ea* conta9s a monum5tal entrance1 ri*ly sculptur$1 & adorn$ ) b&s ( emboss$ copp]4 ,! *ief build+s )9 are ! temple prop]1 or vimana1 & a numb] ( hypo/ylic halls ) small sanctu>ies d$icat$ to diff]5t div9ities4 ,! =m ( ! vimana diff]s 9 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ( ,india4 ,9 bo? cases x is pyramidal1 b :ile 9 ! ,s\!rn temples ! plan is rectangul> & ! elevations m>k$ by a s]ies ( horizontal /ories & m\ld+s1 9 ! ,nor? ! ext]ior surfaces are convex & ! outl9es curv$1 %[+ v]tical in/ead ( horizontal divisions4 ,! l[] /ory1 conta9+ ! idol1 is usually a holl[ cube ( granite1 & s]ves z a base to ! pyramid above1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly built ( brick ) /ucco fac+4 ,! halls are compos$ ( a great numb] ( columns ( v>i$ design1 plac$ 9 p>allel r[s4 ,! ceil+s are =m$ by /one beams or slabs re/+ ^u ! columns4 ,! c5tral aisle is frequ5tly wid] ?an ! o!rs & is ro($ ov] by a corbell$ vault4 ,a tank ( sacr$ wat] surr\nd$ by an op5 colonnade is n uncommonly plac$ )9 ! enclosure1 ! wat]s be+ us$ by ! infirm = ! heal+ prop]ties :i* !y are suppos$ to conta94 ,! pagodas ( ,tanjore1 ,combaconum1 & ,madura are among ! f9e/ & mo/ celebrat$4 ,!y 7 built betwe5 ! fif? & elev5? c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & %\ld h>dly1 !re=e1 be describ$ among ! anci5t build+s ( ! _w1 7 x n t !y are l9k$ 9 ) ! *a9 ( ! old] ,indian art too closely to be sep>at$ f x4 ,9 ! p]iod correspond+ to ! ,middle ,ages ( ,europe1 ,mahometan ar*itecture 0 introduc$ 9 ,india & _m beautiful build+s 7 erect$ 9 a new /yle bl5d+ ! =eign art ) ! native ideas & ta/e1 b (f]+ a m>k$ contra/ to t :i* prec$$ x4 ,al?\gh ,*9a 0 "o ( ! olde/ ( civiliz$ c\ntries x conta9s b few monum5ts ( great antiquity4 ,! temples & palaces1 be+ built ( wood1 7 expos$ to fire & decay1 & 7 (t5 pull$ d[n & rebuilt4 ,) ! exception ( ! great wall & ( ! num]\s bridges cross+ riv]s or arms ( ! sea1 !re are no important /one con/ructions to be f\nd !re4 ,! latt] are =m$ ( huge granite pi]s1 spann$ by massive /one l9tels1 requir+ ! unit$ lab\r ( ?\s&s ( m5 to convey !m f ! qu>ries to _! de/9ation & to set !m 9 place4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ! rav9es are bridg$ by iron *a9s susp5d$ f cliff to cliff4 ,! great wall 0 built z a fronti] protection1 & ext5d$ ! entire l5g? ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has always be5 kept 9 repair1 al?\gh obvi\sly absurd z a =tification 9 mod]n times4 ,x is ( great ?ickness1 & upw>d ( tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,! f\ndations are ( /one1 & ! upp] "p ( brick ) /one fac+1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are extremely accurate4 ,at %ort int]vals !re are t[]s1 plac$ s t ! middle di/ance betwe5 any two is )9 arr[-%ot4 ,*9ese wood5 build+s are all mu* alike1 :e!r temples or palaces4 ,z a rule1 !y h b "o or two /ories2 !y are surr\nd$ by porticos1 consi/+ ( wood5 columns m\nt$ on /one bases1 )\t capitals1 :i* are replac$ by a species ( bracket4 ,! ro(s project consid]ably1 & _! angles are turn$ up1 ?is =m be+ und\bt$ly borr[$ f ! old t5t habitations1 :i* 7 compos$ ( hides /ret*$ tightly on bamboos4 ,! tiles ) :i* !y are cov]$ are semicyl9drical 9 %ape & are enamell$ ) bright col\r4 ,! celebrat$ taas1 or ,buddhi/ t[]s1 are ( simil> con/ruction4 ,!y are g5]ally octagonal1 & f six to t5 /ories high4 ,ea* /ory is set back f ! "o bel[1 & has a balcony & project+ ro(1 ) bells hung 9 ! angles4 ,! walls are cov]$ ) tiles or pa9t+s4 ,a high /aff is plac$ on ! top & connect$ ) angles ( ! ro( by *a9s4 ,! t[] ( ,nank91 kn[n z ! ,porcela9 ,t[]1 0 ! mo/ fam\s4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 #adca1 & b rec5tly de/roy$4 ,! ,*9ese h always excell$ 9 artificial or l&scape g>d5+4 ,9 ?is "w !y build airy bridges1 ) op5-"w balu/rades1 pavilions highly ornam5t$ & enri*$ ) pa9t+ & gild+1 & b\nd>y walls ) circul> op5+s1 disclos+ vi/as ( great beauty4 ,_! commemorative gateways are ( int]e/1 z !y h a c5tral op5+ & a small] "o on ea* side1 l ! ,roman triumphal ar*es2 ! heads are squ>e1 h[ev]1 ) brackets 9 ! corn]s4 ,! upp] p>ts are ornam5t$ ) figures 9 relief & inscriptions record+ ! virtues ( p]sons to ^: memory !y are d$icat$4 ,al?\gh communication exi/$ betwe5 ,*9a & ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean f remote ages1 ,*9ese ar*itecture1 l ! ,indian1 0 )\t influ5ce ^u t ( ,europe4 ,x is only 9 ,we/]n ,asia t ! fir/ =ms ( build+ are disc]nible1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly imitat$ or foll[$ 9 ,european con/ructions4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are situat$ 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! f]tile region compris$ betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! political hi/ories ( ,assyria1 ,babylon1 & ,p]sia are g5]ally treat$ sep>ately1 b ! ar*itecture ( ea* belongs to "o /yle1 :i* may be call$ ! ,assyrian1 = its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics rema9 ! same 9 all ! great cities :i* 7 9 turn ! capitals ( recon/ruct$ k+doms & empires4 ,x may be consid]$ 9 f\r *ronological divisions3 ,9 anci5t ,babylon1 f #bbcd ,b4,c4 to #aebj ,b4,c41 at ,wurka & ,mugheyr2 9 ,n9eveh1 f ! f\rte5? to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 at ,nimrod1 ,khorsabad1 & ,koy\ndjik2 9 ! second ,babylon1 dur+ ! sev5? c5tury & aft] ! capture ( ! latt] by ,cyrus 9 ! ye> #ech ,b4,c41 9 ,p]sia1 at ,p]sepolis1 ,pass>gad1 & ,susa4 ,a r5aissance ( ! art may be trac$ 9 ,sassanian build+s erect$ eight c5turies lat]4 ,! citadels1 palaces1 & o!r important /ructures ( ^! cities 7 usually built ^u artificial m\nds or t]races1 /r5g!n$ by massive walls4 ,! mat]ials us$ 7 bitum9\s bricks1 cem5t$ ) bitum51 slabs ( gypsum an*or$ ) copp] nails & b&s1 & timb] = ro(s & columns4 ,/one & gypsum or alaba/] 7 employ$ 9 ,n9eveh & 9 ! cities ( ,p]sia4 ,9 ,babylon ! only available mat]ial 0 bitum9\s clay1 & consequ5tly all ! build+s !re 7 built ( brick4 ,at ! pres5t day no?+ rema9s ( ^! b irregul> m\nds1 f :i* b little c be ga!r$ t[>d an und]/&+ ( :at _! appe>ance 0 :5 entire4 ,wood 0 probably us$ to a great ext5t1 & 0 naturally mo/ easily de/roy$ by ! fire ( invad+ armies4 ,! ro(s1 =m$ ( ?ick lay]s ( e>? c>ri$ on beams1 9 fall+ 91 buri$ ! l[] portions ( build+s1 & x is probably due to ?is fact t ! bass-reliefs h be5 pres]v$4 ,! surfaces ( ! bricks 7 frequ5tly enamell$ 9 col\rs1 & ! wood-"w 0 probably brilliantly pa9t$1 z traces ( pigm5ts h be5 f\nd ^u ! m durable mat]ials4 ,b little 0 kn[n ( ,assyrian art prior to #ahdc1 :5 ! excavations ( ,botta1 ! ,fr5* consul at ,mosul1 foll[$ soon aft] by ^? conduct$ by ,lay>d1 br\ght to light _m ru9$ build+s1 9 :i* bass-reliefs1 inscrib$ /ones & metals1 & o!r important relics 7 f\nd1 enabl+ hi/orians to =m a consecutive acc\nt ( ! gov]nm5t1 w>f>e1 & arts practis$ by a p ^: cities h la9 buri$ & ^: v "n has almo/ be5 =gott5 = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! explorations 7 made 9 ,nimrod1 ,koy\ndjik1 & ,khorsabad4 ,! palace ( ,as%ur-bani-pal1 erect$ at ,nimrod1 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 is situat$ ^u a t]race1 or plat=m1 approa*$ by a wide /aircase1 & prec$$ by two gates decorat$ ) w+$ bulls4 ,^! w+$ bulls1 or lions1 7 plac$ z ! gu>dian deities1 at ! portals ( all ! great ,assyrian palaces1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,egyptian sph9xes1 n /&+ isolat$ l ^!1 h[ev]1 b built into ! masonry1 "o side or ! front & "o side only1 be+ c>v$4 ,! head 0 human1 ) long be>d & hair1 & surm\nt$ by a helmet1 ! w+s l>ge & proportion$ to ! body4 ,z ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d rem>ks1 x w\ld h be5 difficult to f9d m fitt+ symbols to express at once ! wisdom1 p[]1 & ubiquity ( a supreme be+4 ,! *ief ap>tm5ts ( ! palace are a l>ge assembly hall1 #aeb feet 9 l5g? by #cj feet 9 wid?1 & a numb] ( small] *amb]s & banquet+-halls1 rang$ ar\nd an op5 c\rt4 ,! walls ( ! great hall 7 decorat$ ) bass-reliefs1 repres5t+ triumphal processions1 c>v$ ^u slabs ( gypsum eight feet 9 height4 ,! palace ( ,es>haddon1 erect$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 on ! same t]race1 conta9s a l>ge hall1 #afe by #fb feet1 divid$ 9 its l5g? by a wall1 surm\nt$ by a gall]y ( columns4 ,"o ( ! only well-pres]v$ ramps :i* has be5 discov]$ 0 t lead+ to ?is palace4 ,at ,koy\ndjik1 opposite ,mosul1 ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib 0 f\nd at ! ,s\?we/ corn] ( a m\nd a mile & a half 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x conta9$ a va/ numb] ( c\rts & halls1 decorat$ ) bass-reliefs & w+$ bulls1 & two colossal /atues4 ,! palace ( ,s>gon at ,khorsabad1 erect$ 9 ! ye> #gjd ,b4,c41 is among ! be/ pres]v$4 ,l ! o!rs x is plac$ ^u an artificial t]race1 enclos$ by a wall a mile long on ea* side4 ,x 0 def5d$ by a citadel ( eight t[]s ) doors flank$ by w+$ bulls4 ,! palace 0 rea*$ by a long1 n>r[ passage lead+ to a c\rt & ent]$ ?r\gh ?ree great gates4 ,! bulls ( ! c5tral portal 7 #ai feet high4 ,on ea* side 7 two bulls1 #ac feet high1 ) ! figure ( a giant /rangl+ a lion betwe5 !m4 ,! halls & *amb]s 7 gr\p$ ar\nd two great c\rts measur+ ab\t #cej by #bjj feet4 ,! h>eem =m$ a sep>ate set ( build+s1 z did also ! /ables & ou?\ses4 ,! walls 7 ( great ?ickness1 evid5tly = coolness4 ,!y 7 decorat$ ) slabs ( alaba/]1 enamell$ tiles1 & designs pa9t$ on /ucco4 ,!re has be5 mu* speculation on ! me?od ( ro(+ ^! rooms1 "s believ+ t circul> vaults 7 employ$ & o!rs t wood5 beams1 support$ on wood5 columns1 simil> to ! /one ones f\nd 9 ,p]sian palaces1 7 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! latt] !ory seems ! m probable1 z ! local mann] ( build+ is ! same z ?is at ! pres5t day4 ,no traces ( columns rema91 h[ev]1 & ! spans are 9 _m cases too great to be ro($ by s+le pieces ( timb]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies made at ,khorsabad 0 ! gate ( ! city1 ! jambs support+ a semicircul> ar* ov] a span ( eighte5 feet4 ,! gate 0 a d\ble "o hav+ two sep>ate passages1 "o = vehicles & ! o!r = p$e/rians3 ! m>ks ( *>iot-:eels /ill rema9+ 9 ! pavem5t ( ! =m]4 ,! sides 7 ornam5t$ ) w+$ bulls1 & ! ar*ivolts ( ! ar*es 7 decorat$ ) blue & yell[ designs 9 enamell$ tiles4 ,x _h be5 long suppos$ t ! ,etruscans 7 ! fir/ to make use ( ! true semicircul> ar* 7i4e41 =m$ ( w$ge-%ap$ /ones or bricks1 ) jo9ts radiat+ to a common c5tre71 b ?is discov]y1 & ! f9d+ ( po9t$ ar*es 9 ! sew]s ( ,babylon1 by ,lay>d1 places ! date :5 bo? ^! exp$i5ts 7 kn[n1 at a mu* remot] p]iod1 ?\gh ev5 ^! are probably mu* lat] ?an ! examples f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,no complete example ( a ,*aldean temple has be5 f\nd1 b !re are sev]al ! l[] /ories ( :i* are suffici5tly well pres]v$ to give an accurate idea ( _! size & details1 & 9 ! tomb ( ,cyrus at ,passag>d1 9 ,p]sia1 we h probably a model on a small scale ( "o ( ^! build+s :5 entire4 ,?is tomb consi/s ( a plat=m ( six /eps1 eighte5 feet high1 surm\nt$ by a rectangul> *amb]4 ,! latt] has a doorway & a ridg$ ro( abutt+ aga9/ p$im5ts4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t all ! temples 7 l ?is1 consi/+ ( a *amb] or cella built on ! summit ( a sev]al-/ori$ /ructure1 ea* /ory be+ ei!r conc5tric & rea*$ by a ramp w9d+ ar\nd ! f\r sides or plac$ f>!r to "o side ?an t imm$iately bel[ x & approa*$ by /raight flights ( /airs4 ,! olde/ is probably t at ,wurka1 dat+ z f> back z #bjjj ,b4,c41 kn[n z ! ,b[>iyeh4 ,!re are ! rema9s ( two /ories1 ! l[] occupy+ ab\t #bjj squ>e feet4 ,x is probable t a ?ird /ory or a cella 0 plac$ above ^!1 b no?+ positive c be said on ! subject1 ow+ to ! extremely ru9\s condition ( ! build+4 ,! temple ( ,birs ,nimr\d1 probably id5tical ) ! t[] ( ,babel1 is 9 a m satisfactory condition1 ! upp] /ory hav+ be5 pres]v$ by a process ( vitrification4 ,! l[e/ /ory occupies a squ>e measur+ #bgb feet on ! side1 ea* ( ! upp] ones1 ( :i* x is suppos$ !re 7 orig9ally six1 be+ #db feet less4 ,= ! mat]ials us$ 9 its con/ruction we h ! scriptural au?ority3 8,g to1 let u make brick & burn !m ?or\ghly4 ,& !y _h brick = /one1 & slime _h !y = mort>0 7,g54 xi472 slime be+ probably bitum54 ,m4 ,place discov]$ ! rema9s ( a t[] at ,khorsabad1 ) a w9d+ ramp1 :i* he ?9ks 0 orig9ally sev5 /ories 9 height4 ,! walls 7 /r5g!n$ ) buttresses & decorat$ ) sunk5 panels1 & f traces ( col\r f\nd ^u !m x has be5 suppos$ t ea* floor 0 pa9t$ 9 a diff]5t hue4 ,! area cov]$ by ! base is ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty squ>e feet1 & ! total height 0 probably "o hundr$ & ?irty-five feet4 ,! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis are ! be/ pres]v$ ( ! anci5t ,p]sian build+s1 ^? at ,susa & ,passag>d be+ 9 too bad a condition to (f] mu* t is int]e/+4 ,!y are situat$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,m>da*t1 ^u a t]race p>tly =m$ ( masonry1 & p>tly cut 9 ! rock ( ! adjo9+ range ( hills4 ,! wall is compos$ ( huge blocks ( /one fitt$ toge!r )\t mort>1 b ) ! f9e/ ( jo9ts4 ,! t]race is rea*$ by a spl5did d\ble flight ( /eps1 upw>d ( tw5ty feet 9 wid?1 & on a grade easy en\gh to p]mit ( ! passage ( long processions )\t int]ruption4 ,at ! head ( ! /airs is a propylum1 or out] gate1 flank$ by colossal human-head$ bulls4 ,beyond ?is1 a second /aircase1 ornam5t$ ) a triple r[ ( bass-reliefs1 gives access to ! ,*ehil ,m9>1 or great hall ( ,x]xes4 ,?is build+ occupies a rectangle ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet long by ?ree hundr$ 9 wid?4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( a c5tral hall & ?ree lat]al porticos1 ! ro(s ( :i* 7 su/a9$ by #gb columns1 #cf 9 ! hall & #ab 9 ea* ( ! por*es4 ,?irte5 ( ^! are /ill /&+1 & ! position ( all ! o!rs is well def9$ by brok5 bases or %afts4 ,!y are ( two diff]5t k9ds1 ! "o hav+ a capital compos$ ( d\ble-head$ bulls1 & ! o!r a capital ) volutes1 n plac$ horizontally z we see !m 9 classical columns1 b v]tically & re/+ on a complicat$ s]ies ( m\ld+s4 ,^! la/ may h be5 also surm\nt$ by ! d\ble-head$ bulls1 z )\t su* an addition ! columns are %ort] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* measure #fg feet #d in*es4 ,! beams :i* !y su/a9$1 re/$ ^u ! body ( ! bull betwe5 ! two heads4 ,! %afts ( ! columns at ,p]sepolis are flut$ & tap] upw>d f ! bases1 :i* are elaborately ornam5t$ ) m\ld+s4 ,x is probable t ! ,greek ,ionic capital 0 d]iv$ directly f ! ,p]sian volut$ model1 z ! ord] orig9at$ 9 ! ,greek colony 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! ,*ehil ,m9> is ! f9e/ build+ on ! plat=m1 ! o!r halls ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes be+ small]1 & ?\gh a hall conta9+ #ajj columns has be5 f\nd1 x is inf]ior 9 height1 ! total altitude n exce$+ tw5ty-five feet4 ,! hall ( ,d>ius conta9$ sixte5 columns1 =m+ a squ>e1 prec$$ by a portico ) eight m4 ,! walls h long s9ce disappe>$1 b ! faade ( ! build+ is reproduc$ ^u ! face ( ! rock-cut tomb ( ,d>ius 9 ! neighb\r+ hill call$ ,nak%-i-,ru/am1 s t a re/oration ( ! /ructure z x orig9ally appe>$ is easily made4 ,?is tomb %[s ! f\r front columns ( ! por* ) d\ble-head$ capitals1 su/a9+ an entablature1 above ?is is plac$ an attic decorat$ ) bass-reliefs & a figure is repres5t$ /&+ on ! top 9 ! act ( sacrific+ on an alt>4 ,! /one build+s ( ,p]sia are g5]ally suppos$ to be reproductions ( ! wood5 con/ructions ( ,assyria1 z ! "* ( ! art is simil> 9 bo?1 ! bass-reliefs & w+$ bulls ( ,p]sepolis be+ practically id5tical ) ^? ( ,n9eveh4 ,we f9d no traces ( ,assyrian art = sev]al c5turies aft] ! erection ( ! build+s j describ$1 ?\gh x is probable t x _h influ5ce 9 all ,ea/]n edifices erect$ dur+ ! int]val1 n only 9 ,asia1 b 9 ,greece & lat] 9 ,byzance4 ,!re 0 evid5tly a revival ( ,assyrian ta/e dur+ ! dyna/y ( ,sassanian k+s :o reign$ betwe5 ! ?ird & sev5? c5turies ( our era4 ,! remnants ( _! palaces are f\nd at ,fir\zabad1 ,al ,hadhr1 ,s]bi/an1 ,ctesiphon1 & ,ma%ita1 :]e we f9d l>ge halls vault$ & dom$ & ornam5t$ 9 a mann] directly traceable to ! anci5t build+s 9 ,assyria4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ^! /ructures lies 9 ! use ( ! horse%oe or elliptical ar*1 :i* is f\nd n[h]e else4 ,! por* ( ! ,tak-,kesra at ,ctesiphon consi/s ( a great elliptical tunnel-vault1 #aae feet deep1 #he feet high1 ov] a span ( #gb feet4 ,!re is m or less ,roman influ5ce 9 ! details ( ! ,sassanian palaces1 b x is n altoge!r c]ta9 :e!r ! k ( domical con/ruction :i* !y exhibit 0 d]iv$ f1 or 0 n itself p>5t to1 ,byzant9e art4 ,comp>atively little is kn[n conc]n+ ?is ,assyrian /yle1 b x conta9s int]e/+ elem5ts1 & x may be t its con/ructive =ms are susceptible ( a great] developm5t 9 our own "t4 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pale/9e1 & ,cyprus are fields cov]$ ) ! evid5ces ( ! glory ( pa/ ages1 b ! ru9 & desolation ev]y:]e is complete4 ,! case ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 :]e n "o /one rema9s ^u ano!r1 applies 9 mo/ in/ances 9 places :i* h =m]ly be5 great cities1 fill$ ) magnific5t build+s :i* 7 _! pride 9 ! day ( _! prosp]ity4 ,! temple ( ,solomon 0 situat$ ^u ,m\nt ,moriah1 & 0 built to accommodate ! ,levites1 to (f] a place ( assembly = ! p1 & z a temple = ! wor%ip ( ! prie/s4 ,! two sanctu>ies 7 ri*ly decorat$ ) poli%$ c$> & gold1 ) columns & cornices ( bronze1 & divid$ by l95 curta9s embroid]$ ) purple & sc>let4 ,! peculi> =mation ( ! hill ^u :i* x 0 built1 requir$ imm5se walls ( ! mo/ sub/antial "* to be rais$ f ! valley bel[ to enl>ge its summit1 s z to af=d suffici5t space = ! erection ( ! v>i\s c\rts4 8,x 0 built ( /one1 made ready be=e x 0 br\ght ?i!r2 s t !re 0 nei!r hamm]1 nor axe1 nor any tool ( iron he>d 9 ! h\se :ile x 0 9 build+0 7#b ,k+s vi41 #g74 ,! temple itself is suppos$ to h be5 #fj cubits long1 ! por* #bj cubits1 ! ,holy place #bj cubits2 ! wid? 0 #bj cubits & ! height #cj cubits4 ,! por*1 h[ev]1 0 #abj cubits high4 7,! cubit is e/imat$ to equal f #aj to #bj in*es47 ,! temple und]w5t sev]al pr(anations1 & at la/ 0 utt]ly de/roy$ 9 ! reign ( ,j$ekiah by ,nebu*adnezz>1 #ehj ,b4,c4 ,aft] lay+ 9 ru9s #db ye>s1 ! f\ndation ( ! second temple 0 laid by ,z]ubbabel & 9 bread? & height 0 d\ble t ( ,solomon's4 ,?is second temple 0 plund]$ & pr(an$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 & aft]w>d rebuilt by ,h]od4 ,x 0 consid]ably l>g] ?an its pr$ecessor & 0 made ( m>ble & ( ! mo/ co/ly workman%ip4 ,x became ! admiration & envy ( ! _w1 b1 z our ,"l pr$ict$ 7,m>k xiii41 #b71 x 0 completely demoli%$ by ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,_m re/orations ( ! temples ( ! ,greek coloni/s 9 ,ionia h be5 attempt$1 b !y are bas$ on hi/orical descriptions1 inscriptions on co9s1 & o!r unc]ta9 records1 & are too conjectural to be accept$ z accurate4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 b few ar*itectural rema9s suffici5tly well pres]v$ to be ( int]e/ to ! ar*itect1 except+ ! temples at ,baalbek & ,palmyra :i* are ( ! ,roman p]iod4 ,!re are sev]al gr\ps ( tombs1 ! mo/ important be+ 9 ,lycia4 ,^! are ( int]e/1 z !y illu/rate m completely ! transition betwe5 wood5 & /one build+ ?an any o!r examples4 ,!re are two k9ds1 ! "o consi/+ ( s>cophagi /&+ isolat$1 & ! o!r ( excavations 9 ! m\nta9-sides4 ,! =m] are compos$ ( a /ylobate or p$e/al1 s]v+ z a base to a c(f] ornam5t$ ) uprights & cross-pieces & panell$ doors imitat+ exactly a wood5 orig9al4 ,! ro(s are curv$1 hav+ 9 section ! =m ( a po9t$ ar*1 be+ probably ! e>lie/ in/ances ( its employm5t z a decorative feature4 ,! tombs cut 9 ! face ( ! rock are ( a simil> description1 hav+ ! same c>p5try framework4 ,! upp] p>ts are t]m9at$ by a l[ p$im5t or by a r[ ( /one logs support+ a horizontal m\ld+4 ,lat] on dur+ ! ,greek occupation1 ^! wood5 =ms 7 ab&on$ & replac$ by porticos ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 !re are rema9s ( tombs simil> to ^! erect$ by ! ,pelasgi & ,etruscans1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,iv4 ,,greece4 ,! olde/ ar*itectural works 9 ,greece are ^? erect$ by ! ,cyclopes or ,pelasgi1 a race :o came orig9ally f ,lycia1 & mov$ gradually ,we/w>d1 peopl+ successively ! isl&s ( ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,peloponnesus1 ,sicily1 & ,italy4 ,at ,tiryns & ,myc51 9 ! prov9ce ( ,argolis1 are to be se5 ! mo/ rem>kable rema9s ( ! build+s ( ?is p1 :i* 7 always gr\p$ toge!r 9 wall$ cities1 s]v+ z /rongholds to protect ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce f ! wild tribes ) :om !y came 9 contact4 ,^! cities 7 g5]ally plac$ ^u a rocky em95ce1 difficult ( access & comm&+ a view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!re are rema9s ( high walls at ,tiryns built ( huge /ones extract$ f a neighb\r+ qu>ry & put toge!r )\t cem5t or mort>1 ! int]/ices be+ fill$ ) small] /ones4 ,f ! fall5 blocks ly+ scatt]$ at _! base x is e/imat$ t !y orig9ally measur$ sixty feet 9 height4 ,at int]vals ^! walls are pi]c$ by triangul> doors & w9d[s1 ! sides ( :i* are curv$1 =m+ ar*es obta9$ by corbell$ or ov]lapp+ in/ead ( w$g$ /ones4 ,^! ,cyclopean con/ructions date f ! sev5te5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,acropolis ( ,myc5 is ent]$ by a doorway =m$ ( two v]tical monoli?s ( great size support+ a l9tel1 & call$ ! ,gate ( ! ,lions1 f ! c>v+ above1 repres5t+ two rampant lions sep>at$ by an engag$ column4 ,?is city 0 surr\nd$ by high =tifi$ walls1 & conta9$ a place ( assembly = ! p & rude habitations1 ! rema9s ( :i* are /ill visible4 ,!re is also /ill to be se5 a conical or bee-hive-l /ructure1 commonly call$ ! ,treasury ( ,atreus4 ,?is cone is =m$ by ov]lapp+ /ones1 curv+ gradually until !y meet at ! top ( ! vault1 :i* is capp$ by a l>ge block4 ,! doorway by :i* x is ent]$ is compos$ ( slant+ jambs ( /one1 su/a9+ a massive l9tel4 ,?is l9tel is reliev$ f direct weight above by a triangul> op5+1 obta9$ by a simil> process ( corbell+4 ,! ,cyclopean rema9s are ( int]e/ to ar*itects *iefly on acc\nt ( ?is sy/em ( corbell$ vault+ employ$ 9 _! con/ruction1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 adopt$ _h _! build]s be5 acqua9t$ ) ! v\ssoir pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann has rec5tly excavat$ ! ,acropolis ( ,myc51 & f\nd !re _m int]e/+ objects ( gold & pott]y4 ,bronze nails ) flat heads h also be5 f\nd )9 ! ,treasury ( ,atreus1 :i* 7 evid5tly us$ to atta* copp] plates ) :i* ! int]ior 0 l9$4 ,pausanias speaks ( a simil> treasury belong+ to ,k+ ,m9yas1 at ,or*om5os1 & o!r rema9s ( ! same description h be5 discov]$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,morea1 be>+ a resemblance to ! ru9$ cities ( ,etruria4 ,9 fact1 ! v>i\s tumuli f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 ,s>d9ia1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 & ,asia are all ( ! same type1 & 7 a =m commonly adopt$ by ! anci5t nations4 ,:5 we come to ! epo* prec$+ ,roman ar*itecture1 we w exam9e ! "* ( ,etruscan build+s1 :i* 7 simil> 9 _m respects to ! works ( ! ,pelasgi2 at pres5t ! subject ( mo/ int]e/ is t ( ! great c5tury ( ,greek art1 = x m>ks ! transition f ,crude ,art1 to :i* belongs all t has prec$$1 to ,f9e ,art1 9 :i* ! ,greeks excell$4 ,greek build+s 7 erect$ accord+ to ! rules ( ?ree sy/ems or ord]s1 ( ! orig9 & "* ( :i* ,vitruvius gives ! foll[+ acc\nt1 :i*1 if n /rictly accurate1 is at lea/ z reasonable z "s ( ! v]sions :i* h be5 advanc$4 8,dorus1 ,k+ ( ! ,peloponnesus1 hav+ _h a temple erect$ to ,juno1 9 ,argos1 x 0 built by *ance 9 ! mann] :i* we call ,doric2 aft]w>d1 9 sev]al o!r t[ns1 o!r temples 7 built 9 ?is same ord]1 hav+ no e/abli%$ rule = ! proportions ( _! ar*itecture4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod ! ,a!nians e/abli%$ sev]al colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or "u ! guidance ( ,ion1 & !y call$ ! c\ntry :i* he occupi$ ,ionia4 ,^! coloni/s built ,doric temples !re at fir/1 ( :i* ! *ief 0 t ( ,apollo1 b z !y did n "k :at proportion to give to ! columns1 !y s\ght ! means ( mak+ !m at once /rong en\gh to su/a9 ! build+1 & ( r5d]+ !m at ! same "t agreeable to ! eye4 ,= ?is !y took ! measure ( a man's foot z ! six? "p ( 8 height1 & on ?is measure =m$ _! column1 giv+ x six diamet]s4#a #a ,we h already se5 t !re are columns at ,b5i ,hassan1 9 ,egypt1 resembl+ s closely ! ,greek ,doric1 t x is reasonable to suppose t ! ,greeks borr[$ _! conception ( ! ord] f ! ,egyptians & ref9$ x4 8,"s "t aft]w>d1 wi%+ to build a temple to ,diana1 !y endeav\r$ to f9d a new me?od1 equally beautiful & m appropriate to _! purpose4 ,!y imitat$ ! delicacy ( a woman's =m2 !y height5$ ! columns1 gave !m a base l ! twi/$ cords :i* b9d a s&al2 !y c>v$ volutes 9 ! capital to repres5t t portion ( ! hair :i* falls to ! "r & left ( ! head2 !y put circles & r+s on ! columns to imitate ! re/ ( ! hair :i* is braid$ & caught up on ! back ( wom5's heads2 & by flut+s !y imitat$ ! folds ( ! dress4 ,& ?is ord]1 inv5t$ by ! ,ionians1 took ! "n ( ,ionic4 8,! ,cor9?ian column repres5ts ! delicacy ( a "y girl1 at ! age :5 ! figure is sl5d] & be/ suit$ to ! display ( ornam5ts :i* may add to h] natural beauty4 ,! inv5tion ( its capital is due to ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,a "y girl ( ,cor9?1 :o 0 ab\t to m>ry1 hav+ di$1 h] nurse plac$ "s little vases :i* %e _h be5 fond ( dur+ h] life1 9 a basket on h] tomb1 &1 9 ord] t ! wea!r %\ld n spoil !m1 %e plac$ a tile on ! basket4 ,?is1 hav+ be5 laid accid5tally ov] an acan?us-root1 x came to pass1 :5 ! leaves began to gr[1 t ! /ems ( ! plant crept up ! sides ( ! basket &1 meet+ ! corn]s ( ! tile1 7 =c$ to curve d[nw>d1 & to take ! =m ( volutes4 ,callima*us1 a sculptor & ar*itect1 /ruck by ! h>moni\s result1 imitat$ x 9 ! capitals ( columns :i* he subsequ5tly made 9 ,cor9?1 e/abli%+ on ?is model ! proportions ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,doric4 ,,ionic4 ,,cor9?ian4 ,,! ,,greek ,,ord]s4 ,at ?is /age x is necess>y to expla9 briefly t an ord] consi/s ( a column1 ! p$e/al ^u :i* x /&s1 & ! entablature1 or top memb]1 :i* x supports4 ,! column is subdivid$ into ! capital1 or head2 ! %aft1 or body2 & ! base1 or foot4 ,! entablature has likewise ?ree divisions3 ! ar*itrave1 or beam su/a9$ by ! columns2 ! frieze1 or space occupi$ by ! cross-beams2 & ! cornice1 or l9e ( /one m>k+ ! extremity ( ! raft]s4 ,^! 7 orig9ally made ( wood & subsequ5tly imitat$ 9 /one4#b #b ,viollet le ,duc ma9ta9$ t ! ,greek build+s 7 9 no s5se an imitation ( wood5 con/ructions1 b gave no v satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 ( _! compon5t p>ts4 ,x is p]haps be/ to conclude t !y 7 adaptations ( pre-exi/+ edifices to new mat]ials4 ,! ,greek ,doric column _h no base & re/$ ^u a s]ies ( /eps 9 place ( ! p$e/al4 ,! ends ( ! cross-beams 7 m>k$ ^u ! frieze by a projection1 ^u :i* 7 cut ?ree grooves into :i* ! ra9-wat] ran & fell 9 drops to ! gr\nd4 ,^! drops 7 repres5t$ 9 /one und]nea?1 complet+ an ornam5t :i* 0 call$ a triglyph 7mean+ 9 ,greek1 ?ree grooves74 ,! spaces int]v5+ betwe5 ! triglyphs 7 call$ metopes4 ,! incl9ation ( ! sides ( ! ro( =m$ ! l9es ( ! triangul> t]m9ation :i* we call ! p$im5t4 ,! ,greeks employ$ ?ree me?ods 9 _! ,doric1 namely1 ! hexametric1 heptametric1 & octometric1 t is1 a proportion ( six1 sev51 & eight diamet]s to ! height4 ,we h se5 :at 7 ! compon5t p>ts ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian ord]s 9 ! quotation f ,vitruvius4 ,9 ,greek temples ! %afts ( ! columns n only tap]$ consid]ably1 b ! v]tical l9es ( an entire build+ incl9$ to imag9>y po9ts det]m9$ by ! int]section ( l9es foll[+ ! incl9ation ( ! end columns4 ,! mass 0 ?us 9 ! =m ( ! fru/um ( a pyramid1 be+ int5tionally s design$ to b9d ! p>ts ( ! build+ toge!r 9 a mann] to )/& effectually ! oscillation caus$ by e>?quakes1 :i* occur frequ5tly 9 ?is region4 ,! city ( ,a!ns conta9$ num]\s examples ( ea* ( ^! ord]s1 & a brief acc\nt ( ! build+s ( t city w be ! be/ means ( %[+ _! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics4 ,! city prop]1 9 :i* 7 ! *ief temples1 0 built ^u a rocky hill ris+ f ! valley ( ! ,illysus1 ly+ betwe5 ! m\nta9-*a9s ( ,p5telicus & ,hymettus1 & situat$ ab\t five miles f ! port ( ,phal]um1 on ! ,gulf ( g9a4 ,?is ,acropolis 7rock city7 is approa*$ by a broad flight ( /airs lead+ to ! ,propylum1 or out] gate1 ) high p$e/als on ea* side :i* 7 =m]ly surm\nt$ by eque/rian /atues4 ,! ,propylum is compos$ ( a por* ( six ,doric columns1 giv+ access to a l>ge ve/ibule flank$ by two out] halls4 ,?is ve/ibule is divid$ by a flight ( /eps1 plac$ betwe5 six ,ionic columns on p$e/als1 support+ n9e m>ble beams or ar*itraves :i* c>ry ! weight ( ! ro(4 ,beyond is a second por*1 op5+ on ! plateau ( ! ,acropolis by means ( five doors ( diff]5t proportions4 ,! l9tel ( ! c5tral or l>ge/ door measures #bc feet1 :ile ! ar*itraves are #ag feet 9 l5g? & ( s+le /ones4 ,! ,a!nians prid$ !mselves greatly ^u ! ve/ibule ( ! ,propylum1 & believ$ ,p]icles1 by ^: direction ! build+ 0 erect$1 to h be5 div9ely inspir$4 ,! details & proportions ( ! two ord]s "h comb9$ are ( great beauty1 & %[ ! mo/ ref9$ /udy4 ,f ! f>!r por*1 ! ,p>!non 7mean+ 9 ,greek1 virg971 or temple ( ,m9]va1 is se5 to ! "r1 exhibit+ a f9e p]spective view ( its ,nor? & ,we/ elevations4 ,! temple is rais$ ^u a plat=m surr\nd$ by /eps1 & is rectangul> 9 =m1 compos$ ( a cella1 or oblong room1 surr\nd$ by an op5 portico4 ,x measures #bbh by #aja feet1 hav+ eight ,doric columns on ! front & sev5te5 on ! flank1 inclusive ( ! corn] ones4 ,ict9us & ,callicrates 7 ! ar*itects1 "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ,phidias1 :o design$ ! gold & ivory figure ( ,m9]va )94 ,! ,doric is ( ! hexametric ord]1 hav+ an approximate proportion ( six diamet]s ( ! column to its height4 ,! p$im5ts ( ! ,p>!non 7 decorat$ ) ri* c>v+s 9 high relief1 repres5t+1 9 ! "o1 ! pres5tation ( ,m9]va to ! assembl$ gods by h] fa!r ,jupit]1 & 9 ! o!r1 ! conte/ ( ,m9]va & ,neptune = ! nam+ ( ! city4 ,9 ! metopes 7 depict$ ! battles ( ! ,a!nians ) ! ,c5taurs1 & sc5es 9 ! lives ( ,p]seus1 ,!seus1 & ,h]cules1 9 ! admirable sculpture ( ,phidias4 ,! build+ /ood almo/ intact f ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ to ! sev5te5? c5tury ( our era1 :5 x suff]$ greatly f ,v5etian artill]y1 & 9 mod]n times its ri*e/ sculpture 0 torn f x "u ! ,turki% rgime1 by ord] ( ,"l ,elg91 :o obta9$ p]mission f ! au?orities to remove x to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"o ( ! %ips conta9+ ! m>bles 0 sunk (f ,cape ,matapan4 ,ev5 9 its ru9$ condition ! ,p>!non /&s to-day a great example ( ! f9e/ ar*itecture ! _w has kn[n4 ,on ! plateau ( ! ,acropolis are ! ?ree contigu\s temples ( ,p&rosus1 ,eric!us1 & ,m9]va ,polias1 & ! temple ( ! ,w+less ,victory 7,nik ,apt]os71 ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! temple ( ,p&rosus is virtually a por* atta*$ to ! l>g] temple ( ,eric!us4 ,x is compos$ ( six female figures or c>yatides ^u a high base1 support+ an entablature )\t frieze4 ,^! figures are ( exce$+ grace & beauty1 & are models ( ! sculptor's art4 ,! s+le cella 0 probably divid$ into ?ree1 to :i* access 0 _h sep>ately by ! sev]al por*es4 ,! ceil+s ( ^! temples are flat & decorat$ ) sunk5 panels1 ornam5t$ ) egg & d>t m\lds4 ,accord+ to ,diodorus ,sicculus1 ! temple ( ,eric!us 0 erect$ 9 8 hon\r by ! ,a!nians1 9 gratitude = 8 hav+ in/ruct$ !m 9 ! wor%ip ( ,c]es1 ,goddess ( ,agriculture4 ,:ile ,pausanias /ates t x conta9$ ! miracul\s spr+ creat$ by ,neptune1 :o %>$ 9 its d$ication4 ,!re are ?ree w9d[s 9 ! wall ( ! cella--unusual features 9 ,greek ar*itecture--& ! levels ( ! temples are diff]5t1 evid5tly s arrang$1 ) a view to di/+ui% !m ! m completely4 ,! temple ( ! ,w+less ,victory is suppos$ to h be5 erect$ :]e geus fell f ! wall ^u see+ ! black sails ( 8 son's %ip return+ aft] 8 victory ov] ! ,m9otaur4 ,o!rs aga9 ass]t t x 0 built )\t ref]5ce to site & s-call$ because ! ,a!nians consid]$ victory w\ld nev] leave !m1 & consequ5tly ne$$ no w+s4 ,! temple is compos$ ( a cella & two por*es ( f\r columns ea*1 support+ a beautifully decorat$ entablature4 ,at ! base ( ! ,acropolis /ood ! resid5t portion ( ! city1 conta9+ also o!r temples & public build+s1 :i* are /ill /&+4 ,! mo/ important are ! temple ( ,!seus1 ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ! !atre ( ,bac*us1 & ! monum5t ( ,lysicrates4 ,besides ^! !re are _m ,roman build+s1 b !y belong to a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,plut>* says t ! ,a!nians "u ,cimon erect$ ! temple ( ,!seus on 8 return f ,crete1 & t x is ( old] con/ruction ?an ! temple ( ,m9]va4 ,x has six columns 9 ! front & ?irte5 9 flank1 support+ m>ble beams ! extremities ( :i* re/ on ! inn] wall & correspond on ! o!r ) ! triglyphs on ! out] face4 ,! metopes _h c>v+s repres5t+ ! exploits ( ,!seus4 ,! temple /&s at ! base ( ! ,acropolis to ! ,nor?2 x is simil> to ! ,p>!non 9 _m respects1 be+ ( ! same ,doric ord]1 ?\gh less ri* 9 sculpture4 ,x is ! be/ pres]v$ ( all ! monum5ts1 hav+ suff]$ b little dur+ ! tw5ty-two c5turies x has exi/$4 ,! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 erect$ by ,adroni*us ,cyrrha/es1 is an octagonal /ructure surm\nt$ by a frieze1 ^u :i* ! eight w9ds ( heav5 are c>v$ 9 allegorical figures4 ,! ro( is a pyramid ( m>ble slabs & 0 at "o "t surm\nt$ by a bronze triton hold+ a swit*1 :i* answ]$ ! purpose ( a vane1 b has s9ce disappe>$4 ,! build+ 0 us$ z a wat]-clock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,!seus ,,at ,,a!ns4 ,! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 commonly call$ ! ,lant]n ( ,demo/h5es1 is a circul> /ructure ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,! spaces int]v5+ betwe5 its six columns are clos$ by panels ( a s+le /one ^u :i* trivets are c>v$4 ,! /one ro( is decorat$ ) scales & surm\nt$ by a f9ial ( delicate workman%ip4 ,on ?is 0 plac$ ! tripod ( ! *oir :i* _h be5 successful 9 ! ,olympian conte/ ( ! ye> #cge ,b4,c41 accord+ to inscription4 ,!re are o!r ,cor9?ian build+s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,greece1 b ?is is g5]ally tak5 to be ! be/ example & its proportions foll[$4 ,! c>v+s ( ! frieze depict ! exploits ( ,h]cules1 :o is repres5t$ clo!d 9 ! traditional lion's sk94 ,on ! opposite slope ( ! hill are ! ru9$ *airs & b5*es ( ! !atre ( ,bac*us1 front+ an op5 /age4 ,9 build+ a !atre1 ! ,nor!rn slope ( a hillside 0 g5]ally select$ = ! site1 9 ord] to avoid ! direct sol> rays4 ,seats 7 provid$ = ! audi5ce by cutt+ circul> ti]s 9 ! rock & a m>ble /age1 pr(usely ornam5t$1 0 erect$ fac+ !m4 ,! /age 0 rais$ 9 ord] t ! or*e/ra might n int]f]e ) ! view ( ! actors1 & a portico adjo9+ x1 s]v$ z a prom5ade dur+ ! int]vals 9 ! p]=mance4 ,! /adium1 or circus1 ( ,a!ns 0 =m$ 9 ?is way1 tak+ 9 plan ! %ape ( a horse%oe4 ,x 0 "h t ! public games & races took place1 ! upp] or circul> end be+ occupi$ by ! seats ( ! judges4 ,x belongs1 h[ev]1 to a lat] p]iod1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman ,emp]or ,hadrian4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,k+ ( ,greece caus$ ! /adium to be excavat$1 & sev]al m>ble *airs & seats 7 discov]$4 ,ea* city ( importance possess$ a ,pal/ra1 or gymnasium1 9 :i* 7 rooms = ba?+ 9 hot or cold wat]1 = ! wre/l]s to ano9t !mselves ) oil & f9e du/1 & a s*ool = "y lads4 ,! build+ 0 enclos$ by a portico & surr\nd$ by pleasure-gr\nds 9 :i* ! public ex]cises took place4 ,! private dwell+s 7 ( "o /ory 9 height1 surm\nt$ by t]races & divid$ by c\rts4 ,! wom5's ap>tm5ts 7 sep>at$ f ! m5's1 & ! l>g] h\ses conta9$ banquet+-halls ) accommodation = musicians & s+]s4 ,! furniture consi/$ ( tables 9 wood & *oice /one1 vases1 c&elabra1 tripods 9 bronze1 & ri* ,ori5tal c>pets4 ,ext]nally ! h\ses 7 pa9t$ brilliantly & decorat$ ) wrea?s1 g>l&s1 & arms4 ,outside ! entrance door /ood ! /atue ( ! god ( ! h\sehold--,jupit]1 ,m9]va1 or ,m]cury4 ,! ri*] citiz5s pref]r$ c\ntry villas to city resid5ces1 :i* !y surr\nd$ ) ornam5tal g>d5s & woods4 ,! groves ( ! ,academy :]e ,plato held 8 s*ool 9 ! %ade ( ! olives1 outside ! city gates1 are probably ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! latt]4 ,! dead 7 buri$ 9 necropoli )\t ! city1 & _! place ( int]m5t m>k$ by tombs 9 ! =m ( pyramids or fun]al pyres1 or m simply by a /ella1 or upright tablet1 inscrib$ ) ! "n & virtues ( ! deceas$1 & ^u :i* 7 c>v$ sc5es 9 8 life4 ,9 ! colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or ! sy/em ( excavat+ *amb]s 9 ! rock 0 adopt$1 ! entrance to !m be+ m>k$ by ,ionic columns support+ entablatures & p$im5ts4 ,! public build+s ( ,a!ns 7 built ( :ite m>ble f ! isl& ( ,p>os & ! m\nta9 qu>ries ( ,p5telicus1 resembl+ 9 its fracture ! pure/ loaf-sug>4 ,! sun & ra9 h /a9$ !m to a tawny r$ dur+ ! _m ages :i* h pass$ ov] !m1 & ne>ly all trace ( ! v>i\s dyes1 ) :i* !y are suppos$ to h be5 col\r$1 has disappe>$ to-day4 ,! ,greeks built _! walls ( bond$ masonry1 ! v]tical jo9ts com+ 9 ! c5tres ( ! /ones above & bel[1 & !y 7 frequ5tly additionally /r5g!n$ by metal an*ors4 ,9 walls ( unusual ?ickness x 0 cu/om>y to con/ruct ! inside & outside faces fir/ & fill ! int]v5+ spaces ) loose /ones & mort>1 ) an occasional ?r\gh /one to connect ! p>ts & b9d !m toge!r4 ,! jo9ts 7 sometimes emphasiz$ by grooves1 b ?is ornam5t 0 us$ m frequ5tly 9 ,roman "w4 ,until its introduction by ! ,romans ! ar* 0 r>ely1 if ev]1 employ$1 & ! limit ( int]-columniation 0 re/rict$ by ! necessity ( f9d+ /ones ( suffici5t l5g? to =m ! ar*itraves4 ,! ro(s 7 g5]ally ( wood1 cov]$ ) t]ra-cotta tiles or %eet metal1 & left op5 at int]vals = ! admission ( light4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a disput$ po9t1 z ! wood1 be+ p]i%able1 has left no positive pro(s ( ! me?od employ$4 ,x appe>s t an awn+ or sail 0 /ret*$ ov] ^! op5+s :5 s]vices 7 be+ held4 ,x is probable t 9 _m in/ances !re 0 no light admitt$1 except t f ! entrance door4 ,! effect ( a religi\s c]emony p]=m$ 9 ! temples by ! artificial light ( tor*es1 ) ! flick]+ fires f ! tripods & votive /&s reflect$ ^u ! ivory & gold ( ! /atues1 & ! smoke wrea?+ weirdly above ! heads ( ! assembl$ multitude1 mu/ h be5 inf9itely m impressive ?an if lit by ! cold] light ( day4 ,! ,greek coloni/s c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( _! ar*itecture ) !m1 leav+ monum5ts ( _! g5ius :]ev] !y e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,( ! temple ( ,diana1 at ,ephesus1 no?+ b a few flut$ drums & scatt]$ fragm5ts rema9 to-day4 ,x 0 ! mo/ magnific5t temple ( ! ,ionic ord]1 erect$ ) lavi% exp5diture1 & decorat$ )9 ) panels ( c$> wood4 ,x 0 burn$ & pillag$ by ! ,p]sians4 ,at ,agrig5tum1 9 ,sicily1 & ,p/um1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 !re are sev]al ,doric temples ( massive proportions4 ,( ^! ! temples ( ,concord1 ,jupit]1 & ,neptune are ! mo/ notable4 ,! columns are %ort] & _! capitals broad] ?an ! ,a!nian type1 & 9 "o in/ance !re are two ord]s sup]pos$1 )9 ! cella1 to support ! ro(4 ,! ,greeks erect$ build+s 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 ,egypt1 & 9 lat] times1 ev5 "u ! ,roman conque/1 !y rema9$ ! ma/]s ( ! arts1 tea*+ _! pr9ciples & sup]vis+ ! erection ( ! monum5ts ( ,rome4 ,! race 01 inde$1 peculi>ly end[$ ) a g5ius = creat+ ! beautiful1 = ?\gh we h b scant in=mation on ! subject ( ,greek pa9t+1 we h pres]v$ to u examples ( sculpture :i* h nev] be5 surpass$ or ev5 equall$1 & 9 ar*itecture1 ?\gh _m m elaborate build+s h s9ce be5 erect$1 no?+ has ev] be5 produc$ wor?y ( comp>ison ) ! h>moni\s proportions & maje/ic simplicity ( ! temples ( ,attica4 ,v4 ,,etruria ,,& ,,rome4 ,etruria 0 peopl$1 f remote ages1 by ! indig5\s inhabitants1 & by coloniz+ races f ,asia & ,greece4 ,to ! latt] may be attribut$ ! *ief ar*itectural works ( ! c\ntry2 ! anci5t ,etruscan wall$ cities resembl+1 9 _! g5]al con/ruction1 ^? ( ,tiryns & ,myc54 ,judg+ f ! rema9s f\nd ^u ! soil at ! pres5t day1 ! ,etruscans us$ _! k ( ! laws ( build+ pr9cipally 9 ! erection ( tombs4 ,( temples !re n[ rema9 no traces2 b1 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 !y 7 compos$1 z a rule1 ( ! rectangul> *amb]1 or cella1 ( ! ,greeks1 :i* 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & prec$$ by a por* ( ,tuscan columns4 ,! orig9 ( ! latt] he describes z foll[s3 8,! ,greek coloni/s1 hav+ br\ght to ,etruria1 ! ,tuscany ( to-day1 _! acqua9tance ) ! proportions ( ! ,doric ord]1 :i* 0 ! only "o z yet us$ 9 ,greece1 !y employ$ ?is ord] !re dur+ a long p]iod1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! c\ntry :]e x orig9at$2 b f9ally !y *ang$ x 9 sev]al respects2 !y l5g!n$ ! column1 & add$ a base to x2 !y alt]$ ! capital1 simplifi$ ! entablature1 &1 ?us *ang$1 x 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans1 "u ! "n ( ! ,tuscan ord]40 ,etruscan tombs v>i$ ) ! nature ( ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,9 ! flat portions ( ! c\ntry !y consi/$ usually ( an e>!n cone rais$ ^u a circul> f\ndation ( masonry1 ) "o or m *amb]s )9 = ! reception ( ! dead4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! tumuli 0 t call$ ! ,cucumella1 at ,vulci4 ,9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e mat]ial 0 abundant1 x 0 cu/om>y to bury ! dead 9 a squ>e /one *amb]1 surm\nt$ by a pyramidal ro(1 & ent]$ by a doorway ornam5t$ ) ! ,greek ar*itrave4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ^! at ,ca/el d',asso4 ,a ?ird =m ( sepul*re 0 ! hypogee1 or und]gr\nd tomb1 ! entrance to :i* 0 m>k$ by a colonnade ( ! ,tuscan ord]1 c>v$ 9 ! face ( ! rock2 ! int]ior ap>tm5t be+ usually rectangul>1 & rea*$ by a /aircase4 ,! walls 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s1 & ! tomb fill$ ) vases1 tripods1 arms1 & o!r votive (f]+s4 ,! body 0 g5]ally ei!r plac$ 9 a /one s>cophagus or laid ^u a bronze b$4 ,! ceil+s 9 ! old] tombs 7 ei!r flat1 be+ cut 9 ! natural rock1 ) pi]s left z supports1 & ornam5t$ ) sunk5 panels1 or con/ruct$ ( incl9$ slabs1 re/+ aga9/ & su/a9+ ea* o!r4 ,! corbell$ vaults1 simil> to ^? ( ,myc51 7 employ$ = a consid]able numb] ( ^! build+s1 b 7 subsequ5tly rel9qui%$ = vaults ( v\ssoirs1 or w$ge-%ap$ /ones4 ,! inv5tion ( ! semicircul> vault1 ! jo9ts ( :i* conv]ge to a common c5tre1 0 long attribut$ to ! ,etruscans1 b we h se5 t rec5t discov]ies h %[n t x 0 already 9 use 9 ,egypt & ,assyria _m c5turies be=e4 ,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 0 ! *ief feature ( ,etruscan ar*itecture1 & its great legacy to succe$+ /yles4 ,etruria z well z ,greece s5t arti/s to ,rome1 & ! conjunction ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ! two c\ntries produc$ ,roman art4 8,! ,romans took f ! ,etruscans ! semicircul> ar*1 =m$ ( jo9t$ /ones2 f ! populations ( ! ,campagna !y obta9$ ! g5]al arrangem5t ( sacr$ edifices1 ! ,greek ord]s1 ! di/ribution & decoration ( private dwell+s4 ,!y drew ?us f two diff]5t s\rces1 & endeav\r$ to unite two pr9ciples diametrically oppos$ to "o ano!r--! pr9ciple ( ! ,greek l9tel & ! ,etruscan ar*4 ,9 do+ ?is !y %[ cle>ly t _! ideas ^u ! arts 7 b little bett] ?an ^? ( pirates1 ^: acts are actuat$ by pride r ?an by ta/e1 & :o adorn !mselves 9 spoils ( di/9ctly diff]5t orig91 ! m+l+ ( :i* produces unseemly contra/s40#c #c ,entreti5s sur l',ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,column4 ,,entablature4 ,,p$e/al4 ,,base4 ,,%aft4 ,,capital ,,ar*itrave ,,frieze4 ,,cornice4 ,,wa%4 ,,ovolo4 ,,a/ragal4 ,,corona4 ,,a/ragal4 ,,cyma ,,rev]sa4 ,,t5ia4 ,,facia4 ,,abacus4 ,,ovolo4 ,,neck4 ,,a/ragal4 ,,fillet4 ,,torus4 ,,pl9?4 ,,tuscan4 ,,doric4 ,,! ,,roman ,,ord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ionic4 ,,cor9?ian4 ,,! ,,roman ,,ord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,composite4 ,9 fact1 ! ,greek ord]s1 modifi$ to suit ! ta/e ( ! ,romans1 & comb9$ ) ! ,etruscan ar* & vault1 =m$ ! basis ( all ,roman ar*itecture4 ,! scale ( _! build+s1 h[ev]1 0 va/ly great] ?an t ( ^? ^u :i* !y 7 modell$4 ,! colonnades ( _! palaces & ! arcades ( _! aqu$ucts 7 to be measur$ by ! mile1 ! vaults ( _! ba?s 7 ( prodigi\s span1 &1 9 g5]al size & numb]1 ! edifices erect$ by ! ,romans exce$$ any?+ :i* _h come be=e !m4 ,! ,roman ord]s 7 five 9 numb]1 namely1 ! ,tuscan1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,composite4 ,! ,tuscan we h already exam9$4 ,! ,doric 0 some:at m elaborate1 hav+ additional m\ld+s 9 ! capital & base1 & ! triglyph ornam5t 9 ! frieze4 ,! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian 7 b modifications ( ! correspond+ ,greek ord]s4 ,! ,composite 0 ( ! same proportion z ! ,cor9?ian1 ! capital be+ a comb9ation ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] 0 ! mo/ g5]ally us$1 its ri* "* suit+ ! o/5tati\s ideas ( ! ,romans4 ,! sup]position ( columns 0 a common me?od ( indicat+ diff]5t /ories1 & diff]5t ord]s 7 (t5 employ$ :]e diff]5t-siz$ columns occurr$ 9 ! same build+4 ,9 plan ! ,roman build+s 7 rectangul>1 polygonal1 & circul>1 or comb9ations ( ^! geometrical =ms4 ,! mat]ials us$ 7 local /one1 import$ m>bles & alaba/]1 & bricks1 :i* 7 flatt] & long] ?an ! =m employ$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,romans excell$ 9 _! mort>s & cem5ts1 :i* 7 ( a /r5g? suffici5t to make _! walls virtually ( "o mass4 ,9 bond+ _! /one !y employ$ v>i\s me?ods1 includ+ ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,( ^!1 a fav\rite "o 0 ! build+ ( ext]ior faces only1 & fill+ up ! int]v5+ space ) brok5 /one & mort>4 ,9 ord] to produce ! greate/ effect at ! lea/ co/1 9 ! use ( m>ble1 !y resort$ to panell+ ! ext]nal surfaces only ) ?9 slabs4 ,int]iors 7 l9$ ) /ucco & frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) pa9t+s1 & ! floors inlaid ) mosaic4 ,roman m\ld+s 7 sections ( ! sph]e1 diff]+ f ! ,greek1 :i* 7 hyp]bolas or p>abolas4 ,! *ief con/ructions ( ! ,romans 7 h\ses1 temples1 palaces1 amphi!atres1 !atres1 aqu$ucts1 sew]s1 ba?s1 triumphal ar*es1 tombs & commemorative /ructures1 camps1 bridges1 & basilicas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palace ,,( ,,diocletian ,,at ,,spalatro4 7,f ,dur&47 ,91 & 9 close proximity to1 ! ,=um ,romanum1 or ,campo ,vacc9o1 are admirable examples ( ne>ly all ^! diff]5t build+s4 ,! level ( ! anci5t m>ket-place is sev]al feet bel[ t ( ! /reets ( mod]n ,rome1 b 9 ! excavat$ portions are to be se5 ! old pavem5ts ( irregul> /one slabs1 laid ^u concrete f\ndations & worn ) ! :eels ( *>iots4 ,_m ru9$ temples1 ! ar*es ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 ( ,titus & ,con/ant9e1 ! palace ( ! ,cs>s1 ! ,colosseum1 & ! ,ba?s ( ,con/ant9e are collect$ "h )9 a /one's ?r[4 ,by tak+ up ea* class ( build+s sep>ately1 h[ev]1 we w get a bett] idea ( ! nature ( ,roman ar*itecture ?an by a description ( isolat$ build+s4 ,roman h\ses resembl$ 9 a measure ! ,greek1 ! diff]5t ap>tm5ts be+ gr\p$ ar\nd inn] c\rts4 ,! rooms consi/$ ( halls1 ve/ibules1 banquet+-rooms1 & sleep+-*amb]s1 ! wom5 n be+ sep>at$ f ! m51 z 0 ! case 9 ,greece4 ,! c\rts 7 surr\nd$ by colonnades & 9 ! c5tre a well 0 usually plac$1 to receive ! wat] f ! ro(s4 ,_m ( ! h\ses 7 sev]al /ories 9 height1 b a limit to _! altitude 0 fix$ by decree4 ,! excavations 9 ,pompeii h uncov]$ _m int]e/+ specim5s ( private dwell+s1 ri*ly decorat$ ) sev]al pa9t+s & hav+ elaborate mosaic patt]ns on _! floors4 ,9 ! city ( ,rome ! palace ( ! ,cs>s 0 ! mo/ notable example ( dome/ic ar*itecture1 b at ! pres5t day x is difficult to disc]n among ! dbris & fall5 walls :at its orig9al plan may h be54 ,"s pa9t+s 9 ! s-call$ h\se ( ,livia1 ^u ! plateau ( ! palace1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! arti/s ( ! p]iod _h atta9$ a high degree ( m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,pan!on ,,at ,,rome ,roman temples consi/$ g5]ally ( a cella or rectangul> ap>tm5t1 prec$$ by a por*1 ! :ole be+ rais$ on a plat=m1 rea*$ by /airs & enclos$ by a colonnade bel[4 ,occasionally !re 0 a d\ble cella1 ) sep>ate entrances & por*es1 z 9 t ( ,v5us & ,rome2 & !re are two rema9+ examples ( circul> temples--t ( ,ve/a1 on ! ,tib]1 9 ,rome1 & ( ! ,sybil1 at ,tivoli--:ile /ill ano!r type1 t ( ! ,pan!on ( ,agrippa1 _h a circul> cella & a rectangul> por*4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] 0 ! mo/ frequ5tly employ$1 t ( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator be+ ! ri*e/1 :ile ^? ( ! ,pan!on1 ! ,maison ,c>re1 at ,nmes1 & ( ! temple ( ,anton9e & ,fau/9a are admirable specim5s4 ,?is la/ is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ temples1 be+ v ne>ly entire at ! pres5t "t2 its frieze is ( ! mo/ ref9$ workman%ip1 repres5t+ allegorical animals1 plants1 etc4 ,! temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis is a good example ( ! ,ionic ord]1 b ?is ord] 0 nev] a fav\rite ) ! ,romans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,ba?s ,,( ,,agrippa ,,connect+ ,,) ,,! ,,pan!on1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,palladio4 7,f ,dur&7 ,a debas$ =m ( ,ionic is t ( ! temple ( ,concord1 or ,vespasian1 :]e ! capital is alt]$ to a consid]able ext5t & a rope m\ld+ add$4 ,a rem>kable con/ructional feature ( ?is temple is ! reliev+ ar* ( brick1 conceal$ beh9d ! frieze1 to dim9i% ! weight on ! l9tel bel[4 ,! great drum ( ! ,pan!on1 enclos$ by a circul> vault1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( domical ar*itecture4 ,a notable feature 9 x is ! abs5ce ( ! key/one1 :i* is replac$ "h by an op5 r+1 leav+ an ap]ture = ! entrance ( light4 ,! walls are pi]c$ ) ni*es & reliev$ by imm5se ar*es4 ,! p$im5t ( ! por* is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect rema9+2 9 height its proportion exce$s t ( ,greek temples4 ,! temple ( ,diana1 at ,nmes1 is a rem>kable /ructure1 hav+ ?ree aisles1 ! c5tral "o be+ decorat$ ) ni*es & columns1 :i* support an entablature & a ribb$ vault4 ,! ru9$ temples ( ,baalbek & ( ,jupit] ,olympius1 at ,a!ns1 are among ! mo/ colossal ( ?is class ( build+4 ,! ,cor9?ian columns ( ! latt] measure upw>d ( sixty feet1 & _! capitals are ( s+ul>ly f9e workman%ip4 ,! ,emp]or ,hadrian embelli%$ ,a!ns ) num]\s & spl5did build+s1 :i* to-day h assum$ ! col\r & ru9$ appe>ance ( ! old] con/ructions ( ! "t ( ,p]icles4 ,( ! temple ( ,jupit] ,olympius !re are sc>cely m ?an a doz5 columns /&+ ( ! orig9al "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,! ,turks gr\nd up _m ( !m to make lime = _! mort>4 ,! ,romans took _! conception ( ! !atre f ! ,greeks4 ,! build+ 0 compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! "o devot$ to ! /age & its accessories1 & ! o!r to ! accommodation ( ! audi5ce4 ,! /age 0 usually 9 ! =m ( a rectangle1 ! long] side ( :i* =m$ ! diamet] ( ! semicircle1 :i* 0 ! plan ( ! second "p4 ,! latt] 0 compos$ ( conc5tric seats 9 successive /eps1 to :i* access 0 _h by /airs radiat+ f ! c5tre & lead+ to an upp] surr\nd+ gall]y4 ,at ! foot ( ^! /eps a space 0 res]v$ call$ ! or*e/ra 7,greek1 8danc+ place071 usually occupi$ by ! s5ators4 ,! /age1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) columns & ni*es1 0 rais$ above ! or*e/ra1 & 0 connect$ ) ! actors' rooms4 ,! wall at ! back ( ! /age 0 c>ri$ up to ! level ( ! circul> enclos+ wall1 & treat$ ) sup]pos$ ord]s4 ,! !atre ( ,m>cellus1 9 ,rome1 & ^? ( ,h]culaneum1 ,arles1 & ,orange are among ! be/ examples4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ amphi!atre 7amphi !atron1 ,greek1 8d\ble !atre07 is t commonly kn[n z ! ,colosseum1 or ,flavian ,amphi!atre4 ,x is compos$ ( ! ar5a or oval space1 occupi$ by ! combatants1 & ( ! 8visorium10 =m$ by conc5tric seats plac$ 9 ti]s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,at ,,baalbek4 ,x 0 capable ( seat+ eighty ?\s& spectators1 & ^u its ar5a f\r ?\s& gladiators h f\ght at a "t4 ,x 0 "h t be=e comm5c+ _! combats !y came to ! foot ( ! emp]or's ?rone1 salut+ him ) ! celebrat$ cry1 8,morituri te salutamus40 ,! sub/ructure ( ! build+ consi/s ( vault$ passages1 communicat+ ) ! visorium by num]\s /aircases1 & ) ! ext]ior by ! doors call$ 8vomitoria40 ,! ar5a 0 surr\nd$ by a dit* ( runn+ wat]1 & "u x 7 *amb]s 9 :i* prison]s & animals 7 conf9$4 ,! visorium 0 divid$ accord+ to ! rank ( its occupants4 ,! upp] classes occupi$ ! 8podium0 or l[] gall]y1 :i* ext5d$ on ei!r side ( ! emp]or's ?rone1 at ! extremity ( ! long] axis ( ! build+4 ,= protection f ! elem5ts dur+ p]=mances an imm5se sail 0 /ret*$ ov] ! build+ f po/s ins]t$ 9 /one brackets at ! top ( ! ext]ior wall4 ,! heights ( ! ?ree l[] /ories ( ! ,colosseum are m>k$ ext]nally by arcades & sup]pos$ ord]s ) engag$ columns1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian1 & ! f\r? & upp] "o by ,cor9?ian pila/]s4 ,! entablatures ( ea* ord] are c>ri$ ar\nd ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! build+4 ,ar*itects g5]ally criticise ?is con/ruction adv]sely1 = 8if1 on ! "o h&1 ! engag$ columns might be suppos$ to s]ve z buttresses & ?us become a useful decoration1 x mu/ be admitt$1 on ! o!r1 t ! project+ entablatures c>ri$ f column to column d m h>m ?an good z reg>ds ! solidity ( ! build+4 ,! ar*itrave hav+ no long] ! =ce ( ! ,greek l9tel1 be+ compos$ ( sev]al blocks support$ by ! ar* bel[4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 did n always falsely apply ! true pr9ciples ( ar*itecture4 ,9 ! ar5a ( ,nmes1 = in/ance1 ! two sup]pos$ ord]s :i* s]ve z buttresses betwe5 ! arcades ( ! two /ories on ! ext]ior ( t build+1 are real buttresses4 ,! l[] ord] is compos$ ( project+ pi]s1 ! upp] ord] ( engag$ columns2 ! cornices foll[ ! cont\r ( ea* pila/] or column & d n =m ^? project+ belts :i* are plac$ s clumsily & uselessly ar\nd su* build+s z ! !atre ( ,m>cellus & ! ,colosseum ( ,rome40#d #d ,viollet le ,duc4 ,?is amphi!atre 0 comm5c$ by ,vespasian & cont9u$ "u ,titus1 :o d$icat$ x 9 ! ye> #hj ,a4,d4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury x 0 half de/roy$1 & subsequ5tly became a qu>ry1 f :i* mat]ials 7 extract$ = ! con/ruction ( ! ,f>nese palace & o!r build+s4 ,a l>ge "p1 h[ev]1 is /&+ to-day1 hav+ be5 rescu$ f total de/ruction by ord] ( ,pope ,b5oit ,,xiv4 ,!re are celebrat$ rema9s ( amphi!atres at ,v]ona1 ,pola1 ,capua1 ,arles1 & ,nmes4 ,circuses & ,nauma*ias belong to ! same class ( build+s1 ! "o s]v+ = *>iot & o!r races1 & ! o!r = naval combats4 ,! ar5a 9 ea* 0 oval 9 plan & f x rose ! successive ti]s ( broad /eps ^u :i* ! seats 7 rang$4 ,at ! top a portico decorat$ ) /atues enclos$ ! :ole build+4 ,! ,circus ,maximus 0 ! mo/ important ( ^!1 conta9+ num]\s spl5did /atues & obelisks1 & cov]+ a va/ area4 ,! aqu$ucts ( anci5t ,rome /ret*$ = miles across ! ,campagna4 ,! *annel 9 :i* ! wat] fl[$ 0 support$ by "o or m arcades1 sup]pos$ accord+ to ! height requir$4 ,^! arcades consi/$ ( r\nd brick ar*es c>ri$ on sub/antial pi]s1 & 7 plac$ :]e possible ^u ! highe/ elevations ( ! c\ntry !y trav]s$4 ,at int]vals wide bas9s 7 provid$ = ! collection ( s$im5t1 & res]voirs receiv$ ! wat] at _! t]m9ation4 ,f ! latt] pipes suppli$ ! ba?s & private dwell+s4 ,9 ,france ! fam\s ,pont du ,g>d is a portion ( an imm5se ,roman aqu$uct =m$ ( ?ree r[s ( arcades1 :i* suppli$ ! city ( ,nmes4 ,bridges 7 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple2 ! ar*es increas+ _! span accord+ to ! dep? ( ! pi]s ^u :i* !y re/$1 be+ g5]ally ( two /ories1 ! upp] "o hav+ d\ble ! numb] ( pi]s4 ,! ,roman bridges & aqu$ucts 9 ,spa9 are among ! mo/ ju/ly celebrat$1 notably ^? ( ,segovia1 ,t>ragona1 & ,alcant>a4 ,bridg+ riv]s by boats 0 a common me?od 9 use by ! ,roman armies "u ,julius ,cs>4 ,we h also an acc\nt ( a wood5 bridge ov] ! ,danube1 con/ruct$ by ,trajan4 ,"u e /reet 9 ,rome !re ran vault$ sew]s conduct+ all impurities into ! ma9 art]y1 call$ ! ,cloaca ,maxima1 :i* 9 turn dis*>g$ its cont5ts into ! ,tib]4 ,?is sew] is "o ( ! olde/ examples ( ! use ( v\ssoirs1 dat+ f ! reign ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus4 ,x is cov]$ by a triple vault1 su/a9+ ! /reet above4 ,agrippa conduct$ ! wat]s ( sev]al /reams into ! sew]s & appo9t$ inspectors to keep !m 9 repair & good ord]4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! ba?s ( ,rome1 ,agrippa1 ,n]o1 ,vespasian1 ,c>acalla1 ,titus1 ,diocletian1 & ,con/ant9e vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! production ( ! mo/ magnific5t /ructures4 ,!y are to-day 9 a hopelessly ru9$ condition1 b f ! num]\s fragm5ts ( c>v$ m>ble & panell$ /ucco ly+ on _! sites1 & f ! ri* pa9t+s & mosaics ( ! ba?s ( ,titus & ,c>acalla1 x is n difficult to =m an idea ( _! orig9al spl5d\r4 ,x is n a little significant ( :at _! ri* decoration mu/ h be5 to note t su* m>vels ( /atu>y z ! ,laocoon1 ! ,f>nese ,bull1 & ! ,gladiators h be5 discov]$ )9 !m4 ,besides ! necess>y adm9i/rative rooms1 ^! build+s g5]ally conta9$ a frigid>ium or cold ba?1 a tepid>ium or w>m ba?1 & a sudatorium1 circul> 9 =m & cov]$ 9 by a dome4 ,! walls1 built ( brick1 7 pi]c$ ) ni*es & support$ high cross & b>rel vaults ( imm5se span4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ! ,pan!on 0 ! entrance hall ( ! ba?s ( ,agrippa1 ! por* hav+ be5 add$ at a lat] p]iod :5 ! build+ 0 conv]t$ into a temple4 ,! *ief commemorative /ructures 7 triumphal ar*es & votive columns4 ,! =m] 7 ( two k9ds1 hav+ ei!r "o ma9 ar*$ op5+1 or a l>ge c5tral ar* = vehicles & two l[] ones on ei!r side = foot pass5g]s4 ,! ar* ( ,titus 9 ,rome is an example ( ! fir/1 its ma9 ar* be+ flank$ by composite columns1 support+ a ri*ly c>v$ entablature1 :i* is 9 turn surm\nt$ by an attic1 inscrib$ ) ! d$ication to ! conqu]or by ! ,s5ate & ,roman p4 ,! bassi relievi employ$ 9 its decoration repres5t ! sack+ ( ,j]usalem by ,titus2 a specially notable feature among ! spoils depict$ be+ ! gold5 c&elabra ) ! sev5 sockets1 m5tion$ 9 ,scripture hi/ory4 ,! ar*es ( ,con/ant9e & ,septimius ,sev]us are ( ! second category4 ,!y are cov]$ ) ri* sculpture & are ( v beautiful proportion4 ,fam\s ar*es are ^? ( ,orange 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ,b5ev5tum1 ,ancona1 ,rim9i1 ,pola1 & ,a!ns4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 :]e a victory 0 to be commemorat$1 or ! t]m9ation ( a great milit>y road to be m>k$1 x 0 cu/om>y to erect an ar*4 ,ano!r me?od ( pay+ homage to great m5 0 to erect columns surm\nt$ by _! /atues4 ,! columns ( ,trajan & ,anton9us 9 ,rome are especially rem>kable4 ,! =m] is ! high] & ( ! be/ workman%ip4 ,! p$e/al ^u :i* x re/s is ornam5t$ ) elaborate c>v+s repres5t+ ! arms ( conqu]$ nations1 & is enri*$ at ! f\r upp] corn]s ( its cornice by imp]ial eagles ) g>l&s susp5d$ betwe5 !m4 ,a wrea? replaces ! torus or r\nd m\ld at ! base ( ! column1 & ar\nd ! %aft is w\nd a ribbon ( sculpture1 repres5t+ a triumphal procession1 :i* t]m9ates at ! capital4 ,isolat$ columns 7 also (t5 employ$ = ! inscription ( legal notices1 z b\nd>y-m>ks1 or = m>k+ milit>y limits4 ,! gates at ! entrances ( ! pr9cipal cities 7 simil> to ! triumphal ar*es4 ,!re are two especially f9e examples 9 ,france1 ^? ( ,autun & ,treves4 ,9 ^! ! attic /ory is replac$ by a gall]y connect+ ! two flank+ w+s1 :i* are sev]al /ories 9 height1 & conta9 *amb]s :i* x is commonly suppos$ 7 us$ z c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,roman camps 7 regulat$ & arrang$ ) milit>y precision1 & 7 ( two descriptions4 ,! "o1 erect$ = tempor>y use1 0 def5d$ by a rude palisade ( bran*es & a dit*1 ! o!r1 ! 8ca/ra hib]na10 or w9t] qu>t]s1 0 g5]ally a p]man5t /ructure1 built ( brick1 conta9+ )9 a squ>e enclosure ! b>racks1 work%ops1 hospitals1 & o!r necess>y build+s4 ,?is enclosure 0 divid$ by cross-roads1 pass+ ?r\gh gates 9 ! out] wall4 ,! gate fac+ ! enemy 0 call$ ! porta prtoria1 h5ce prtorian camp4 ,necrological monum5ts 7 built 9 v>i\s =ms1 f ! simple tablet to ! imm5se mausoleums ( ! emp]ors4 ,j )\t ! walls ( ,rome are /ill to be se5 ! rema9s ( ! sepul*re ( ,caius ,se/ius1 a l>ge pyramid conta9+ a *amb] sev]al feet above ! gr\nd level4 ,f>!r out1 on ! ,appian ,way1 is ! tomb ( ,ccilia ,metella1 a cyl9drical /ructure ^u a squ>e base1 ( consid]able magnitude4 ,! ext]ior is simple1 ! only decoration be+ a s]ies ( ox-skulls 9 ! frieze4 ,?is build+ 0 probably orig9ally surm\nt$ by an e>!n cone1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,etruscan tombs4 ,! tomb ( ,augu/us 0 con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann] b on a l>g] scale4 ,! entrance 0 prec$$ by a por* & ! ext]ior walls conta9$ ni*es4 ,! conical m\nd above 0 plant$ ) trees & %rubb]y4 ,! ,scipios 7 buri$ 9 /one s>cophagi 9 a subt]ranean *amb]1 :i* has be5 b rec5tly discov]$4 ,a curi\s monum5t 0 t ( ! ,horatii1 consi/+ ( a rectangul> block ( masonry1 conta9+ ! sepul*re1 surm\nt$ by f\r /one cones1 gr\p$ ar\nd a fif? & high] "o4 ,^! probably _h a symbolical mean+1 z a simil> /ructure1 call$ ! tomb ( ,pors5na1 is said to h exi/$ 9 ,etruria4 ,by f> ! mo/ magnific5t build+ ( ! k9d 0 ! ,mausoleum1 or ,mole ( ,hadrian1 ! ru9s ( :i* n[ g by ! "n ( ! ,ca/el ,/4 ,angelo4 ,! tomb rose conspicu\sly on ! banks above ! ,tib]1 on a squ>e f\ndation2 its two upp] /ories 7 circul> 9 plan1 & decorat$ ) colonnades & /atu>y1 & ! :ole 0 capp$ by an imm5se ro(1 t]m9at$ by a p9eapple ( bronze4 ,! tombs ( ,/4 ,hel5a & ,/4 ,co/anza 7 circul> /ructures simil> to t ( ,ccilia ,metella1 ! cone ( e>?1 h[ev]1 be+ replac$ by a dome4 ,! int]ior ( ! tomb ( ,/4 ,co/anza 0 divid$ by columns :i* su/a9$ a vault connect+ ) ! out] wall4 ,! practice ( burn+ bodies & pres]v+ _! a%es gave rise also to ! build+ ( columb>iums1 rectangul> /ructures conta9+ 9 _! walls receptacles = fun]eal urns4 ,9 ! valley ( ,j]usalem ! hypogee 0 ! =m ( sepul*re commonly adopt$1 its entrance be+ decorat$ ) a colonnade ( "o ( ! ,roman ord]s4 ,basilicas 7 ! law c\rts ( ! ,roman p & places ( assembly = ! transaction ( _! daily affairs4 ,on ! ext]ior1 ^! build+s 7 surr\nd$ by num]\s c\rts & porticos1 :]e ! m]*ants assembl$ daily to discuss _! affairs or to await ! result ( ! trials conduct$ )94 ,9 ! int]ior !y conta9$ a l>ge hall or nave flank$ by side aisles1 prec$+ a transept or fur!r room :i* 0 t]m9at$ by a semicircul> apse4 ,?is apse 0 occupi$ by ! magi/rate :ile presid+ 9 ! cases submitt$ to 8 decision4 ,! ru9s ( ! basilicas ( ,titus & ,max5tius rema91 at ! pres5t day1 9 suffici5t pres]vation to %[ t 9 ! "o a flat ceil+ ( timb] 0 employ$1 & 9 ! o!r a sy/em ( int]sect+ vaults simil> 9 con/ruction to ^? ( ! ba?s ( ,c>acalla4 ,!re are traces ( sev]al anci5t build+s ( ?is k9d1 b x is suppos$ t _m 7 pull$ d[n by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o erect$ *ur*es on _! sites1 us+ ! old basilica z _! model4 ,! plan 01 9 reality1 b an improvem5t on t ( ! ,roman temple1 ! side aisles & transepts be+ naturally develop$ additions to ! old] cella to :i* ! apse _h be5 add$ previ\sly 9 _m examples4 ,! great adm9i/rative p[] gov]n+ ! erection ( ! build+s ( ,rome 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features connect$ ) !m4 ,ar*itecture ) ! ,romans 0 a means to an end1 ?is end be+ ! con/ruction ( edifices suit+ _! requirem5ts & _! desire = display4 ,no scope 0 all[$ = individual tal5t or +5uity1 unless employ$ 9 ! c>ry+ out ( a di/9ct programme1 laid d[n by ^? 9 p[]2 ea* build+ =m+ "p ( a great s*eme1 prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! conqu]$ _w4 ,9 ,greece ar*itectural works 7 produc$ 9 ! diff]5t cities & /ates "u ! guidance ( indep5d5t arti/s1 ) ! co-op]ation ( _! fell[-citiz5s :o 7 eag] to atta9 ! true pr9ciples ( art2 9 ,rome & ! ,roman _w1 art 0 entirely subs]vi5t to a sy/em ( politics :i* ran ?r\gh all dep>tm5ts4 ,! va/ weal? :i* fl[$ into ! capital f tribut>y prov9ces 0 ! great ma9/ay :i* p]mitt$ ! execution ( s _m va/ & exp5sive /ructures1 =m+ a collection nev] surpass$4 ,roman art correspond$ ) ! national "*1 = x 0 co>se & o/5tati\s1 b at ! same "t va/ & /rong4 ,! population ( ,a!ns delight$ 9 intellectual pursuits1 9 philosophy1 9 art2 x cr[d$ ! seats on ! slope ( ! ,acropolis to enjoy ! wit & satire ( s*ylus & ,sophocles1 & ! pal/ra to witness ! developm5t ( bodily grace & dext]ity1 :ile ! ,romans flock$ to ! ,colosseum = ! enjoym5t ( sc5es ( blood & c>nage1 to gaze ^u ! slaught] ( captives & ! angui% ( animals4 ,! =ce ( _! gov]nm5t1 nev]!less1 0 unque/ionable2 _! patriotism1 unlike t ( ! ,greeks1 0 unaffect$ by civic jeal\sies or p>ty feel+2 !y trod r\gh-%od ^u ! nations1 b !y plant$ ev]y:]e ! impr9t ( _! h]oic civilization & made _! capital ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & left to x1 = all ages1 ! pr\d appellation ( ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,/yle4 ,aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e to ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! ,*ri/ians :o1 z a p]secut$ sect _h hi!rto held _! religi\s obs]vances 9 hid+1 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome1 adopt$ ! basilica z ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( build+ = ! purposes ( _! wor%ip4 ,! bi%op occupi$ a ?rone 9 ! apse1 surr\nd$ by ! presbyt]s or fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 & ! congregation ( ! fai?ful fill$ ! c5tral nave4 ,= sev]al c5turies ?is plan 0 b little *ang$1 ! only notable additions to x be+ ! cont9uation ( ! transept beyond ! l9e ( ! walls ( ! nave1 ?us mak+ x cruci=m2 ! occasional sub/itution ( d\ble aisles1 mak+ five divisions 9 ! body ( ! *ur*1 in/ead ( ! orig9al ?ree1 & ! addition ( a t[] or belfry4 ,all subsequ5t *ur*es1 :e!r ,romanesque1 ,go?ic1 or ,r5aissance 7 con/ruct$ on b slight modifications ( ?is orig9al plan1 :i*1 9 fact1 0 itself evolv$ f t ( ! ,roman temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,basilica ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,beyond ,,! ,,walls4 ,a - ,apse ,t - ,transept ,n - ,nave ,x - ,n>!x ,! fir/ basilicas erect$ = ,*ri/ian wor%ip _h d\ble aisles2 ?is =m 01 h[ev]1 soon discont9u$1 probably ow+ to ! difficulty ( obs]v+ ! (fices ( ! cl]gy f ! out] aisle4 ,( ^! ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,/4 ,paul's beyond ! walls1 & ,/4 ,john ,lat]an 7 ! f9e/ examples4 ,! fir/-nam$ 0 built ^u ! site ( ! pres5t ca!dral1 & 0 remov$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to make room = x4 ,its dim5sions 7 ( notable size1 be+ ab\t #chj feet long by #bab feet 9 wid?4 ,x 0 prec$$ by an atrium1 or op5 c\rt1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians met to transact _! affairs4 ,! basilica ( ,/4 ,paul's 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 & a new /ructure resembl+ ! old 0 erect$ 9 its place on a scale ( great magnific5ce4 ,! columns ( its ,cor9?ian colonnade & ! floor are ( poli%$ m>ble & ! wood5 ro( lavi%ly ornam5t$ ) c>v+ & gild+4 ,! transept is enri*$ ) mosaics1 & conta9s a balda*9 ov] ! alt>1 9 :i* mala*ite & o!r *oice /ones h be5 us$ unsp>+ly4 ,a typical basilica 0 g5]ally arrang$ z foll[s3 ,! atrium or quadrangul> op5 c\rt1 surr\nd$ by porticos1 prec$$ ! ma9 build+1 or 0 replac$ by a por* compos$ ( columns su/a9+ a l[ ro( :i* 0 call$ ! n>!x4 ,)91 ! /ructure 0 divid$ into a nave1 side aisles1 transept1 & apse4 ,! nave 7d]iv$ f 8navis10 a vessel1 symbolical ( t ( ,/4 ,pet]7 0 l(ti] ?an ! adjo9+ aisles1 ! upp] wall be+ usually panell$ ) pictures & pi]c$ at ! top by a range ( w9d[s1 f :i* ! ,go?ic cl]e/ory 0 d]iv$ lat] on4 ,9 "o or two in/ances :]e ! side aisles _h a second /ory or upp] gall]y = ! wom51 ! panels & w9d[s 7 plac$ 9 ! out] wall4 ,! int]ior l9es ( columns 7 usually ( ! ,ionic or ,cor9?ian ord]s1 hav+ be5 tak5 f old] build+s1 b if new !y 7 ( /\t] proportions ?an ! ,classical models4 ,^! columns support$ ei!r a cont9u\s ar*itrave or circul> ar*es4 ,wood5 doors1 (t5 cov]$ by *as$ bronze1 7 hung 9 ! ma9 entrance & ! wall above 0 usually pi]c$ by a r\nd w9d[ or bull's-eye1 aft]w>d develop$ into ! rose w9d[4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! nave a wide ar*$ op5+1 call$ ! triumphal ar*1 connect$ x ) ! transept4 ,an enclosure1 sep>at$ f ! body ( ! *ur* by a balu/rade1 at ! upp] end ( ! nave1 conta9$ ! seats ( ! *ori/]s & ! read+-desks4 ,! alt> 0 plac$ 9 ! transept & 0 frequ5tly surm\nt$ by a balda*9 compos$ ( f\r or six columns support+ a light dome4 ,beh9d ! alt> 9 ! c5tre ( ! apse 0 ! ?rone 7ca!dra7 occupi$ by ! bi%op 7episcopus71 be+ rais$ by /eps f ! semicircul> /one seats 7ex$ra7 us$ by ! presbyt]s1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) c>pets4 ,! walls ( ! transept & apse 7 inlaid ) mosaic inscriptions & pictures1 9 :i* ! head ( our ,savi\r1 ! figures ( sa9ts & holy emblems 7 ! *ief subjects4 ,deep blue1 purple1 & gre5 7 ! prevail+ col\rs & ! lett]s 7 ( gold4 ,! floors 7 decorat$ ) mosaic patt]ns4 ,! ro(s 7 ei!r flat ) sunk5 panels fram$ ) m\ld+s & gild$ ornam5ts1 or else %[$ ! op5 truss$ wood-"w1 ?\gh ! latt] 0 ! exception4 ,ext]nally !re 0 no attempt at enri*m5t1 ! ext]ior g5]ally (f]+ a great contra/ to ! lavi% int]nal decorations4 ,at ! pres5t day ne>ly all ! basilicas h und]gone trans=mation1 ! old ro(s h be5 replac$1 ! walls cov]$ ) a mod]n adornm5t ( pila/]s & gaudy pa9t+s1 ! colonnades h be5 brok5 ?r\gh to all[ ( entrances to side-*apels1 or disfigur$ by ! het]og5e\s decoration ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! ext]iors treat$ ) r5aissance faades4 ,nev]!less ! g5]al plan & arrangem5ts h rema9$ sub/antially ! same1 & we h v int]e/+ specim5s ( ?is class ( build+ 9 ,/4 ,m>ia ,maggiore1 ,/4 ,agnese1 ,san ,clem5te1 & o!rs1 9 ,rome1 ,san ,appol9>e1 9 ,rav5na1 ! basilicas at ,torcello1 9 ! ,v5etian lagoons1 & lat] examples 9 ,/4 ,ambrogio1 ( ,milan1 & ,/4 ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va1 9 ,rome4 ,! basilica at ,torcello 0 built ma9ly f fragm5ts ( an old] *ur* ^u ! ma9l& at ,alt9o4 ,! bi%op's ?rone is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & be/ pres]v$ examples we h4 ,! ,greek "n = ?is1 ca!dra1 0 ! orig9 ( our t]m ca!dral1 appli$ to *ur*es conta9+ ! bi%op's seat1 !re be+ no ar*itectural di/9ction betwe5 ! build+s4 ,f ! tombs ( ! ,romans ! ,*ri/ians d]iv$ _! conception ( ! edifices :i* !y us$ z bapti/]ies4 ,_! ext]ior walls 7 ei!r polygonal or circul>1 & ( sev]e simplicity4 ,! int]iors 7 g5]ally divid$ by a r[ ( columns su/a9+ a r\nd vault1 & =m+ a circul> enclosure 9 :i* ! font 0 plac$4 ,a wall1 c>ri$ on ^! columns1 conta9$ w9d[s1 & s]v$ z a lant]n to light ! build+4 ,?is wall occasionally support$ a dome4 ,san ,/ephano ,rotondo1 9 ,rome2 ,/4 ,angeli1 9 ,p]ugia1 & ,/4 ,vitale1 9 ,rav5na1 are ! be/ examples among ! _m f\nd 9 ,italy4 ,san ,/ephano has a d\ble range ( int]ior columns1 tak5 f ,roman temples1 ! "o support+ an entablature1 & ! o!r a s]ies ( ar*es4 ,! *ur* has be5 mu* modifi$ by successive alt]ations1 & ! int]ior is ornam5t$ ) curi\s pa9t+s1 repres5t+ ! suff]+s ( ! m>tyrs4 ,! bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,angeli is small]1 b has pres]v$ its orig9al =m 9 a great] degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,vitale1 ,,( ,,rav5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,m9]va ,,m$ica4 ,/4 ,vitale is a type ( /ructure mu* copi$ 9 subsequ5t build+s4 ,x is itself modell$ on ! s-call$ temple ( ,m9]va ,m$ica1 diff]+ only 9 hav+ an octagon in/ead ( a decagon plan4 ,( ?is ,f]gusson gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3 8,x c]ta9ly belongs to ! be/ days ( ! ,roman empire1 if1 inde$1 x be n a ,*ri/ian build+1 :i* ,i am v mu* incl9$ to believe x is1 = on comp>+ x ) ! bapti/]y ( ,con/ant9e & ! tomb ( ,/4 ,contanza1 x %[s a consid]able advance 9 con/ruction on bo? ( ^! build+s1 & a great] simil>ity to ,san ,vitale1 at ,rav5na1 & o!r build+s ( t "t1 ?an to any?+ else n[ f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,x has a dome eighty feet 9 diamet]1 re/+ on a decagon ( s+ul>ly light & elegant con/ruction4 ,n9e ( ! comp>tm5ts conta9 ni*es1 :i* give great room on ! floor1 z well z v>iety & lightness to ! g5]al design4 ,above ?is is a cl]e/ory ( t5 well-proportion$ w9d[s1 :i* give light to ! build+2 p]haps n 9 s effective a mann] z ! "o eye ( ! ,pan!on1 ?\gh by a f> m conv5i5t arrangem5t1 to protect f ! elem5ts a p :o did n possess glass4 8,s f> z ,i "k1 all dom$ build+s erect$ by ! ,romans up to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 &1 inde$1 long aft]w>d1 7 circul> 9 ! int]ior1 ?\gh !y 7 sometimes octagonal ext]nally4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a polygon bo? int]nally & on ! outside1 & ! mode 9 :i* ! dome is plac$ on ! polygon %[s ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ! p5d5tive sy/em1 :i* 0 aft]w>d c>ri$ to su* p]fection by ! ,byzant9e ar*itects1 b is n[h]e else to be f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,x probably 0 = ! purpose ( some:at dim9i%+ ! difficulties ( ?is con/ruction t ! ar*itect adopt$ a figure ) t5 in/ead ( eight sides40 ,! plans ( ! temple ( ,ve/a & ( ! bapti/]y ( ,con/ant9e h be5 plac$ "h next to "o ano!r 9 ord] to %[ ! transposition ( ! columns f ! ext]ior to ! int]ior1 :i* is ! *ief di/9ction betwe5 ! ,roman circul> build+s & ,*ri/ian bapti/]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,ve/a1 ,,sometimes ,,call$ ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,h]cules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bapti/]y ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,byzant9e ,,/yle4 ,con/ant9e & 8 "m ,/4 ,hel5a built *ur*es 9 ,be?lehem1 ,j]usalem1 & ,antio*1 & embelli%$ ,con/ant9ople ) num]\s spl5did edifices4 ,! ,ea/]n basilicas pres]v$ ! same "* 9 _! con/ruction z ^? ( ,italy1 b _! compon5t p>ts 7 m homog5e\s1 ! mat]ials be+ specially prep>$1 in/ead ( be+ borr[$ f anci5t build+s4 ,! fir/ vig\r ( emancipat$ ,*ri/ianity f\nd v5t n only 9 ! erection ( edifices devot$ to its religi\s obs]vances1 b 9 ! infliction ( irrep>able injury ^u ! pagan monum5ts ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,con/ant9e br\ght _m fragm5ts ( ^! ,classical build+s to ! new capital1 b !y h be5 de/roy$1 toge!r ) ! palaces1 *ur*es1 & ba?s :i* he built !re1 9 successive invasions1 by fire1 or by e>?quakes4 ,9 ,!ssalonica !re are two good examples ( e>ly basilicas--! old mosque & ! five-aisl$ *ur* ( ,/4 ,demetrius2 & 9 ,nor!rn ,syria !re are _m admirable specim5s4 ,( ^! ! *ur*es at ,r\heilia1 ,kalb-,l\zeh1 & ,t\rmanim des]ve special m5tion4 ,! latt] is a p>ticul>ly successful build+1 design$ 9 ! new /yle gr[+ out ( ! old] ,roman "o1 & is a model /ructure1 be+ con/ruct$ exactly 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,9 plan1 ! ,syrian conv5tual build+s dep>t b slightly f t ( ! basilicas ( ,rome1 b 9 _! int]ior treatm5t !y %[ a gradual secession f ! rules :i* gov]n ,classical build+s1 reta9+ only _! useful & disc>d+ _! m]ely ornam5tal features4 ,:5 ! seat ( ! empire _h be5 transf]r$ to ,byzance1 ! ,*ri/ians c>ri$ ) !m ! pr9ciples ( ! ar* & ! vault & comb9$ !m 9 a new =m ( /ructure4 ,?is con/ruction1 diff]+ f t employ$ 9 ,rome1 comb9$ ) ,ea/]n or late ,greek =ms ( ornam5t1 produc$ a new /yle call$ ! ,byzant9e4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ?is me?od ( con/ruction 0 ! plac+ ( ! circul> dome1 n ^u a cyl9drical drum1 z _h be5 done by ! ,romans 9 ! ,pan!on & o!r build+s1 b ^u f\r walls1 squ>e 9 plan1 surm\nt$ by semicircul> ar*es1 ) ! int]v5+ spaces occupi$ by p5d5tives4 ,to ea* side ( ?is c5tral squ>e 0 jo9$ a nave ( ! same l5g?1 =m+ ?us 9 plan a ,greek cross1 t is1 "o hav+ ea* arm equally long4 ,^! naves 7 usually %ort1 m frequ5tly semicircul> ?an rectangul>1 & (t5 t]m9at$ by an apse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p5d5tive ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,byzant9e ,,domes4 ,we h se51 9 ! bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,vitale1 at ,rav5na 79 :i* ,greek arti/s 7 und\bt$ly employ$71 a t5d5cy to r$uce ! numb] ( sides ( polygonal build+s support+ circul> domes2 ! ar*itects ( ,byzance 7 !re=e m]ely tak+ ano!r /ep 9 ! same direction :5 !y plac$ ! dome ^u a quadrilat]al sub/ructure4 ,to compreh5d ! p5d5tive1 let u take a circle & inscribe )9 x a squ>e2 at ! f\r angles ( ! squ>e we w place solid pi]s ( masonry & connect !m ) semicircul> ar*es4 ,let u n[ suppose t a hemisph]ical dome _h be5 built ^u ?is circle z plan1 & we w see t ! planes ( ! ar*es & ! plane pass+ at ! level ( ! top ( ! key/ones ( ! ar*es1 9 int]sect+ ?is dome1 w\ld leave b f\r triangul> portions ( x4 ,^! triangul> portions are call$ p5d5tives1 & are ! only portions ( ! orig9al hemisph]e :i* are actually built4 ,z ?is hemisph]e w\ld h be5 necess>ily con/ruct$ ( mat]ials ! jo9ts ( :i* w\ld h radiat$ f ! c5tre ( ! sph]e1 s also d ! jo9ts ( ! p5d5tives radiate f ?is same c5tre1 :i* is id5tical ) ! c5tre ( ! orig9al circle4 ,! plane pass+ at ! level ( ! top ( ! key/ones 9 int]sect+ ! hemisph]e describes ano!r circle1 ^u :i* ! actual dome is plac$4 ,! "q has n be5 e/abli%$ satisfactorily :e!r ! ,byzant9e ar*itects really und]/ood ! p5d5tive1 z 9 _m in/ances !y resort$ to less sci5tific me?ods ( fill+ 9 ! vacant spaces betwe5 ! ar*es & ! upp] dome1 b ! only logical me?od ( con/ruct+ x is t :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,9 build+ domes1 x 0 n uncommon 9 ! ,ea/ to replace /onework by light t]ra-cotta pipes1 fitt+ into ea* o!r1 giv+ great lightness & comp>ative /r5g?4 ,ju/9ian gave a m>k$ impetus to ar*itectural "w & to ! build+ ( religi\s edifices 9 p>ticul>4 ,he commission$ ,an!mius ( ,?ralles1 & ,isidor ( ,miletus1 to execute ! plans = ! new *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 ^u ! site ( an old] build+ ( ,con/ant9e1 also d$icat$ to ! 8,holy ,wisdom10 :i* _h be5 burnt dur+ an emeute soon aft] x _h be5 repair$ by ,!odosius4 ,ju/9ian _h already built ! *ur* ( ,s]gius & ,bac*us 9 ,con/ant9ople1 on a plan ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,/4 ,vitale1 at ,rav5na1 ) ! exception t ! :ole /ructure 0 ext]nally 9 ! =m ( a squ>e1 enclos+ ! octagon support+ ! dome4 ,?is s]v$ z a /epp+-/one to ! conception ( ! l>g] *ur*1 :i* became ! type ( all subsequ5t ,byzant9e con/ructions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,( ,,s]gius ,,& ,,bac*us ,,at ,,con/ant9ople4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia1 ,,con/ant9ople4 ,by comp>+ ! plans ( ! ,pan!on1 ! temple ( ,m9]va ,m$ica1 ! bapti/]y ( ,con/ant9e1 ,/4 ,vitale1 at ,rav5na1 & ! *ur* ( ,s]gius & ,bac*us1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are enum]at$1 ) t ( ,/4 ,sophia1 ! sequ5ce & cont9u\s progress ( domical con/ruction is at once app>5t1 & su* comp>ison expla9s ! successive /eps 9 a m satisfactory mann] ?an a folio ( description4 8,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia10 says ,m4 ,texi]1 8is built on a squ>e plan1 #bea feet long by #ahf feet wide4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is squ>e rises ! dome1 ! diamet] ( :i*1 measur+ #ajh feet1 det]m9es ! wid? ( ! nave4 ,! dome is support$ by f\r great ar*es & f\r p5d5tives4 ,two hemisph]ic vaults abut aga9/ ! two ar*es1 :i* are p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! nave1 giv+ x an oval appe>ance4 ,ea* ( ^! hemisph]es is itself pi]c$ by two small] hemisph]es c>ri$ on columns4 ,?is sup]position ( domes1 ^: po9ts ( abutm5t are n visible1 gives to ! :ole /ructure a lightness difficult to realize40 ,! *ur* is built ^u a f\ndation ( bton tw5ty feet deep4 ,x is prec$$ by an atrium surr\nd$ by a portico ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! nave is ent]$ by a d\ble n>!x1 or por*1 ext5d+ along ! :ole wid? ( ! ,we/ front4 ,! int]ior1 bo? floor & walls1 0 =m]ly adorn$ ) ri* m>bles1 & pa9t+s ^u a gr\nd ( gold4 ,! dome 0 built ( light bricks fac$ ) h>d cem5t & mosaic1 & 0 light$ by =ty w9d[s4 ,orig9ally a pa9t+ ( ! ,holy ,fa!r 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! dome1 & f\r *]ubim 9 ! p5d5tives4 ,! latt] are /ill to be disc]n$ "u ! coat ( :itewa% ) :i* ! ,turks h hidd5 ! orig9al magnific5ce ( ! int]ior4 ,! apse1 light$ by ?ree w9d[s1 conta9$ ! ?rone & seat ( ! ,*ur* fa!rs4 ,! columns support+ ! great ar*es & ! gall]ies1 orig9ally occupi$ by ! wom51 are ( r>e m>ble1 eight ( !m hav+1 x is said1 =m$ "p ( ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 be+ br\ght1 toge!r ) ! spoils ( _m ,ea/]n & ,we/]n build+s1 to adorn ! great edifice4 ,! foliage ( _! capitals is f9e & %>p & intricately int]lac$1 hav+ no resemblance to ! ,classic models beyond a debas$ =m ( ! volute :i* t]m9ates _! upp] corn]s4 ,?is /yle ( ornam5t is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,byzant9e /yle1 & reappe>s 9 _m examples bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! *ur*1 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #ecb1 took sixte5 ye>s to build1 dur+ :i* "t incr$ible sums 7 exp5d$ ^u x4 ,:5 complet$1 ! appe>ance x pres5t$ 0 mo/ magnific5t1 result+ n only f ! ri* m>bles1 wood-"w1 pa9t+s1 & mosaics ) :i* x 0 decorat$1 b also f ! c\ntless c&elabras1 curta9s1 preci\s vases1 & gold5 vessels ) :i* x 0 furni%$4 ,aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ,mahomet ,,ii41 9 ! ye> #adec1 ,/4 ,sophia 0 conv]t$ into a mosque1 & suff]$ greatly at ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t any attempt at pres]v+ its orig9al spl5d\r has be5 made4 ,! ar*itectural pr9ciples ^u :i* ,/4 ,sophia 0 con/ruct$ 7 reproduc$ 9 all ,byzant9e build+s 9 ,italy & ,france z well z 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,9 ,turkey1 inde$1 ! edifices subsequ5tly erect$ are almo/ c\nt]p>ts ( ! orig9al /ructure1 ! mosque ( ,suleiman & t ( ,a*met1 built z late z #afaj1 embody+ almo/ id5tical features ( con/ruction4 ,9 ,a!ns !re are two or ?ree small ,byzant9e *ur*es1 :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ greatly 9 po9t ( size1 are f\nd$ ^u ! plan ( ! "m *ur*2 & 9 ,asia ,m9or g5]ally & ,arm5ia especially1 !re are a great numb]2 notably ! *ur*es ( ,dagh\r & ,pitz\nda & ! ca!dral ( ,anim4 ,! decoration ( "s ( ! latt] diff]s f ! usual ,byzant9e me?ods 9 ! frequ5t revival ( ,classic =ms1 & 9 ! use ( ?9 pila/]s1 c>ry+ bl9d ar*es on ! ext]ior4 ,?is feature reappe>s 9 ! build+s ( ,italy1 influ5c$ by ! /yle1 p>ticul>ly at ,pisa4 ,9 "s lat] build+s a new mann] ( obta9+ light 0 introduc$1 by rais+ ! dome ^u a cyl9drical drum1 support$ by ! f\r ar*es & p5d5tives ( ! old] sy/em4 ,/4 ,nicodemus1 ( ,a!ns1 is "o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is4 ,:5 ! body ( ,/4 ,m>k 0 br\ght to ,v5ice1 hav+ be5 /ol5 f ,con/ant9ople by means ( a clev] trick ab\t ! ye> #hca1 ! ,doge ,p>tecipazio ord]$ a *ur* to be built to 8 memory4 ,! great] "p ( ?is build+ z x /&s to-day dates1 h[ev]1 f ! t5? c5tury4 ,x resembles ,/4 ,sophia 9 a great degree1 ! frequ5t int]c\rse ( ! ,v5etian m>itime population ) ! ,ori5t hav+ enabl$ !m to /udy ! pr9ciples ( ,byzant9e art1 & to br+ spoils f ! build+s ( ! ,ea/ to _! native city4 ,/4 ,m>k's has also mu* aff9ity ) ! *ur* ( ,mone-tes-,koras1 9 ,arm5ia1 ! pr9cipal faade1 ) its five l>ge bays decorat$ ) columns & ar*es fram+ ! five doors :i* give access to ! *ur*1 be+ id5tical 9 g5]al conception4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ has ! =m ( ! ,greek cross1 ! f\r arms ( :i* & also ! c5tral comp>tm5t =m$ by _! int]section1 are ro($ by domes support$ on ar*es & p5d5tives4 ,! /yle ( ornam5t is v simil> to t ( its prototype1 ) its ri* gold mosaics1 frescos1 & inlaid m>ble1 "s ( ! details be+ ess5tially ,ori5tal 9 "*4 ,! con/ructors ( ! p5d5tives 9 ,/4 ,m>k's d n seem to h prop]ly und]/ood t !y =m$ "p ( a sph]e to ! c5tre ( :i* _! jo9ts %\ld h conv]g$1 b fill$ up ! spaces betwe5 ! support+ ar*es by a s]ies ( small sup]pos$ ar*es4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ,byzant9e con/ruction ext5d$ into ,aquitania1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury a numb] ( *ur*es 7 erect$ !re1 ) ! dome z a prom95t feature4 ,/4 ,front1 ( ,p]igueux1 0 built ^u a plan closely resembl+ t ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice1 & v ne>ly ^u a simil> scale ( dim5sions4 ,! ar*itects ( ! *ur*1 h[ev]1 seem to h di/ru/$ ! /r5g? ( ! semicircul> ar*1 & resort$ to ! ogival#e or po9t$ =m z a means ( secur+ great] support+ p[]1 al?\gh ?is ar* _h n z yet be5 adopt$ 9 ,france4 #e ,f aug]e1 to /r5g!n4 ,!y1 too1 fail$ completely to grasp ! pr9ciple ( ! p5d5tive1 z ^? ( ,/4 ,front are =m$ ( corbell$ /ones ) horizontal b$s1 in/ead ( v\ssoirs conv]g+ to ! c5tre ( ! hemisph]e ( :i* !y %\ld =m "p4 ,besides ,/4 ,front1 ! *ur*es ( ,fontevrault1 ,s\liac1 ,ang\lme1 & o!rs 9 ,aquitania 7 built ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 ?\gh 9 plan !y adopt$ ! ,lat9 in/ead ( ! ,greek cross4 ,! abbey *ur* ( ,fontevrault is p]haps ! mo/ successful ( ^!1 ! f\r domes ( its nave produc+ a v pleas+ effect4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! build+s 7 erect$ dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 9 an import$ fa%ion1 r ?an 9 a /yle de/9$ to be engraft$ ^u ,fr5* national ar*itecture4 ,all ( !m %[ ! want ( a cle> compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 & are evid5tly =eign to ! ta/e ( ! p4 ,! introduction ( ?is /yle 9 ,france1 (f]s a p>allel case to ! introduction ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ,italy1 a c5tury or two lat]1 = 9 nei!r case 7 ! /yles 9 accordance ) native inspiration4 ,,viii4 ,,mahometan ,,ar*itecture4 ,! ye> #fbb ( our era is a rem>kable "o 9 hi/orical annals1 be+ ! date ( ! flight ( ,mahomet1 ! ,hegira f :i* all ev5ts are comput$ by foll[]s ( 8 religion4 ,)9 a m>vell\sly %ort p]iod ! new fai? spread f ! conf9es ( ,arabia1 ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia & all along ! ,nor? coa/ ( ,africa to ,spa91 propagat$ ev]y:]e by ! =ce ( ! victori\s sword1 until1 sc>cely a c5tury lat]1 we f9d its promot]s be>+ ! cresc5t aga9/ ,*>lemagne1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,z a political & !ological n>rative ! hi/ory ( ! rise ( ! fai? ( ,islam1 is a wond]fully int]e/+ "o1 & to u x is important z x expla9s ! reason = ! geographical position ( s _m build+s1 erect$ 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! new religion1 & !re=e hav+ a great simil>ity 9 all c\ntries :]e x prevail$4 ,! ,kaabah1 or 8squ>e h\se10 built by ,mahomet at ,mecca ^u ! site ( a temple :i* tradition says 0 f\nd$ by ,abraham1 appe>s to h be5 ! e>lie/ ,mahometan mosque4 ,mahomet _h already erect$ a build+ at ,m$9a1 b ?is seems to h be5 n s mu* a h\se ( pray] z a dwell+-place = 8 family4 ,! ,kaabah has less importance z an ar*itectural production ?an z ! c5tre ( ! :eel ( ,mahometanism1 ! fai?ful be+ direct$ to turn _! faces t[>d x :5 pray+1 & to reg>d x z ! ultimate goal ( _! w&]+s4 ,! orig9al /ructure 0 built by =eign workm51 & _h no great pret5sions1 b subsequ5tly x 0 surr\nd$ by a colonnad$ c\rt1 & by lat] additions 0 v consid]ably enl>g$4 ,al?\gh ! ,koran decrees t all good ,mussulm5 %\ld make a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 x does n uphold ! ,kaabah z a model to be foll[$ 9 ! erection ( o!r mosques nor give any specific directions ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y %\ld be built4 ,x 0 !re=e natural :5 ! peace1 foll[+ _! rapid conque/s1 p]mitt$ ! ,mahometans to turn _! ?\ghts to ! erection ( religi\s edifices1 suitable = ! obs]vances ( _! wor%ip1 t !y %\ld borr[ inspiration f ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,! /yle !y ev5tually evolv$ 0 drawn f ,byzant9e1 ,sassanian1 ,greek1 & ,roman s\rces1 & became native by adaptation4 ,9 ,turkey1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,p]sia we f9d ,mahometan mosques closely resembl+ ,*ri/ian & ,byzant9e *ur*es1 _m dom$ edifices be+ copi$ f ,/4 ,sophia & diff]+ only 9 po9t ( decoration1 :ile ! atrium or c\rty>d prec$+ ! entrance to ,*ri/ian build+s furni%$ ! type = ! wide colonnad$ c\rts1 ) porticos ro($ ) a succession ( hemisph]ical or bulb\s domes1 :i* became s common 9 ,arabian build+s4 ,! mosques ( ,om>1 at ,j]usalem1 on ! site ( ! temple ( ,solomon1 ( ,wallid1 at ,damascus1 ,al-,azh>1 ,a?>-en-,neby1 ,ibn ,t\l\n1 & ,hassan1 9 ,cairo1 are notable edifices1 9 :i* ! columns are ei!r tak5 or copi$ f ,greek & ,roman temples1 & 9 :i* ! po9t$ ar*es seem to h be5 sugge/$ by ! hyp]bolic ar*es ( c]ta9 anci5t ,sassanian /ructures1 su* z ! palace ( ,coroes1 ! ,takt ,kesra 9 ! ru9s ( ,ctesiphon1 on ! ,tigris1 & ! build+s ( ,fir\zabad & ,s>bi/an1 :i* 7 m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,p]sian art4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( ! use ( ! po9t$ ar* is 9 ! ,nilomet]1 erect$ on ! ,rodah1 or ,isle ( ,g>d5s1 at ,cairo1 by ,wallid1 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,?is is a matt] wor?y ( note1 z %[+ conclusively t ! ,go?ic ar* 0 no inv5tion ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ,europe1 b m]ely ! adoption ( a =m us$ five c5turies be=e 9 ,egypt1 & probably univ]sally kn[n1 if inde$ x _h ev] be5 lo/ sight (1 s9ce ! days ( ! prosp]ity ( ,babylon4 ,( ! e>ly mosques ! mo/ important are ^? ( ,om> & ,abd-el-,malek at ,j]usalem & ( ,wallid at ,damascus4 ,! mosque ( ,om> 0 b a simple vault$ *amb]1 ori5t$ 9 ord] to enable ! fai?ful to turn 9 ! direction ( ,mecca :ile pray+4 ,t ( ,abd-el-,malek1 call$ ! ,aksah1 adjo9s x & is an ext5sive /ructure4 ,x is *iefly rem>kable = its g5]al resemblance to ! basilica 9 its division into aisles4 ,! columns =m+ ^! c>ry po9t$ ar*es1 built ov] connect+ beams4 ,x is n improbable t ?is design 0 inspir$ by ! ord] ( ! *ur* ( ! ,dome ( ! ,rock1 adjo9+ x1 built by ,con/ant9e1 :]e ! columns support circul> ar*es1 ov] a cont9u\s entablature4 ,wallid1 ,caliph ( ,damascus1 erect$ a mosque on ! site ( ! old *ur* ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & employ$ lab\r & mat]ial 9 its con/ruction furni%$ by ,ju/9ian1 ,emp]or ( ,byzance4 ,! mosques ( ,cairo resemble ea* o!r 9 a great degree4 ,!y h usually a fir/ c\rt1 giv+ access to ap>tm5ts = ! accommodation ( /rang]s1 ) ba?s1 & /ables = _! camels1 connect$ ) a second & l>g] quadrangul> c\rt1 hav+ a f\nta9 9 ! c5tre & porticos on ?ree sides4 ,! f\r? side1 fac+ ! entrance1 has a s]ies ( aisles ro($ 9 & =m+ ! sanctu>y1 ) recesses 9 ! re> wall1 :]e ! pray]s are (f]$4 ,read+-desks1 provid$ ) copies ( ! ,koran1 & hang+ lamps =m ! *ief furniture4 ,! m9>ets1 "o or m ( :i* are usually erect$ at ! angles ( ! build+1 are special features4 ,^! tall1 graceful t[]s1 f ^: summits a cri] calls ! p to pray]s five times daily1 s]ve a purpose simil> to t ( ! belfries & campaniles ( ,europe4 ,! diamet] ( mo/ ( !m is small 9 proportion to ! height1 giv+ !m a sl5d] & beautiful aspect1 v di/9ct f ano!r class ( t[]s1 ( :i* ! ,giralda at ,seville is ! be/ kn[n1 :i* 7 conceiv$ 9 ! same _s ( massiv5ess 9 :i* ! campanile 9 ! squ>e be=e ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice 0 built4 ,!y are asc5d$ by spiral /aircases plac$ ei!r )9 or )\t1 & h project+ balconies at v>i\s /ages4 ,! build+ mat]ials employ$ by ! ,arabs 7 *iefly /one ( diff]5t col\rs1 comb9$ 9 b&s & patt]ns1 & brick cov]$ ) /ucco4 ,enamell$ tiles & multicol\r$ m>bles 7 us$ bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 :ile )91 c>v$ wood1 gild+1 pa9t+1 & pla/] 7 lavi%ly employ$4 ,( ! =ms ( decoration1 ! *ief 7 elaborate gold inscriptions 9 ,arabic *>act]s1 floral & geometric designs 9 int]lac$ patt]ns ( ! mo/ intricate comb9ations1 col\r$ ) all ! pr(usion sugge/$ by ! ,ori5tal love ( brilliancy & ) ! exquisite h>mony :i* we see 9 ,p]sian & ,indian fabrics4 ,a fav\rite =m ( decoration 0 t =m$ by a multiplication ( m9ute p5d5tives1 call$ ! honeycomb ornam5t1 ! :ole surface1 z well z ! dome above1 be+ cov]$ ) an agglom]ation ( m9ute ni*es1 ! effect ( :i* is frequ5tly comp>$ to t ( /alactites4 ,?is =m ( ornam5t 0 mu* us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! mosques & palaces ( ,spa94 ,9 ,cairo dome/ic ar*itecture has a di/9ctive "* ( its own4 ,! h\ses h reception-rooms on ! gr\nd floor1 furni%$ ) ! divans1 c>pets1 & lamps usual 9 ,ori5tal mann] ( life1 :ile ! upp] floors1 occupi$ by ! wom51 h project+ balconies ( lattice wood-"w1 :i* p]mit !m to see )\t be+ se51 & =m an agreeable & picturesque feature on ! ext]ior4 ,! ri*ness & ! progress ( ,arabic art at a p]iod :5 ar*itecture _h sunk to ! l[e/ ebb ?r\gh\t ,europe1 is due 9 great measure to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! le>n$ academies ( ,damascus1 ,bagdad1 & o!r pr9cipal cities1 & to ! revival ( ,classic le>n+ by ! translation ( ! works ( ,greek au?ors4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! ,moori% & ,*ri/ian populations 7 ?r[n 9 con/ant contact ) "o ano!r1 ! diff]5ce ( religi\s op9ion ma9ta9$ a wide gulf betwe5 !m1 & :ile ! ,*ri/ians /ruggl$ ) ! difficulties ( ! ,romanesque revival1 _! oppon5ts atta9$ a brilliant era 9 art1 z a result ( _! sup]ior indu/ry & civilization4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ,arabian build+s 9 ,spa9 is ! great mosque at ,cordova4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,ea/1 we f9d ,cor9?ian & ,composite columns1 tak5 f ,roman build+s on ! soil1 =m+ integral p>ts ( ! new /ructure1 b ! ,classical pr9ciples ( build+ are 9 no s5se adh]$ to4 ,! entablature is replac$ by c9que-foil$ ar*es ) v\ssoirs ( alt]nate /one & brick2 a second ord] ( columns is sup]pos$ directly ^u ! capitals ( ! fir/1 c>ry+ horse%oe ar*es1 & betwe5 ! two arcades an int]m$i>y s]ies ( trefoil$ ar*es is plac$1 spr++ f ! key/one ( ! l[] ar*es & divid$ at ! c5tre by ! upp] ones4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! build+ consi/s ( ! usual s]ies ( aisles1 ( :i* !re are n9ete51 ) divisional walls4 ,! sanctu>y has a vault ) int]sect+ ribs1 surm\nt$ by a small dome & enri*$ by pr(use ornam5t1 & is ! object ( mu* j admiration = its beauty4 ,! *apel ( ,villa ,viciosa1 a lat] /ructure1 has a s]ies ( arcades simil> to ^? be=e ! sanctu>y1 diff]+ only 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! int]m$i>y ar*es1 :i* are c>ri$ up to ! level ( ! upp] ar*es f a horizontal c\rse1 & are c9que-foil$ in/ead ( trefoil$1 bo? on ! extrados & intrados4 ,! mosque 0 begun by ,abd-el-,rhaman1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & successively add$ to dur+ ! f\r c5turies foll[+4 ,x cov]s a v l>ge sup]ficial area1 upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& squ>e feet1 & surpasses1 9 ?is respect1 mo/ ,european build+s4 ,its *ief defects are ! want ( height1 :i* does n exce$ ?irty feet1 & ! monotony ( ! aisles1 :i* are ne>ly all precisely alike4 ,at ,tol$o !re are sev]al ,moori% build+s ( m]it1 ! pr9cipal "o ( :i* is ! mosque call$1 at pres5t1 ! *ur* ( 8,cri/o de la ,luz40 ,x is simil> to ! sanctu>y ( ,cordova 9 g5]al aspect1 b is a m>vel ( intricate & m9ute workman%ip4 ,! :ole area :i* x occupies does n exce$ f\r hundr$ sup]ficial feet1 b ! proportions are s nicely balanc$ t x appe>s mu* l>g]4 ,!re are f\r columns c>ry+ horse%oe ar*es1 above :i* comes a second arcade1 & ea* division is ro($ 9 by a vault ( int]sect+ ribs4 ,^! vaults are =m$ ( wood1 ov]laid ) pla/]1 & h no pret5sion to sci5tific con/ruction4 ,inde$1 9 none ( ! ,arabian build+s 9 ,spa9 d we f9d any?+ ( ! k9d attempt$1 ! decorative features be+ always ! mo/ prom95t4 ,9 ! t[] ( ,seville a species ( vault 0 =m$ by ?ick5+ ! walls gradually z !y rose f ! gr\nd until !y met2 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 no?+ m ?an ext5sive corbell+1 &1 consequ5tly1 v inf]ior to ,roman & ,byzant9e me?ods4 ,! ,alcz>1 at ,seville1 & ! ,palace ( ! ,alhambra1 at ,granada1 are ! ri*e/ examples ( ,moori% ar*itecture1 & %[ 9 _! design & ornam5t ! mo/ f]tile expression ( ! brilliant imag9ation ) :i* ?is w>m-blood$ p imbu$ all its creations4 ,! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions 9 ! latt]1 a rectangul> enclosure1 surr\nd$ by arcades1 ) project+ dom$ pavilions at ! upp] & l[] ends1 is g5]ally held to be ! f9e/ production ( ! lat] p]iod ( ! /yle4 ,! same mat]ials are us$ "h z 9 ! o!r build+s--pla/] %ap$ 9 ! mo/ exquisite =ms & col\r$ brilliantly1 tiles ornam5t$ ) patt]ns & devices ( ! mo/ elaborate "*1 & wood5 ceil+s c>v$ & ri*ly pa9t$4 ,all ^! are h&l$ ) su* correct ta/e t _! brilliancy nev] deg5]ates into gaud9ess4 ,a spl5did f\nta9 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt1 ! l[] b[l ( :i* is support$ ^u ! backs ( lions1 expla9s ! "n giv5 to ?is celebrat$ /ructure4 ,! mosque ( ,cordova is sup]ior1 9 respect to mat]ials1 to ! o!r rema9+ ,moori% build+s 9 ,spa91 9 :i* pla/] is us$ to excess4 ,x is va91 h[ev]1 to look 9 any ( !m = any di/9ct or novel con/ructional dep>ture4 ,! l9tel & ar* 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ! dome c>ri$ on p5d5tives 9 ,byzance1 7 features giv+ "* to ea* /yle1 b ! art ( ! ,mahometan ar*itects diff]$ only 9 =m & col\r f its pr$ecessors4 ,! horse%oe ar* ) "o & two c5tres1 t is bo? r\nd & po9t$1 0 us$ by !m almo/ exclusively1 b x _c rank z a con/ructional inv5tion1 = ! real ar* />ts only at ! level ( ! c5tres1 & ! rema9+ l[] portion is a m]e corbell+ to obta9 a =m pleas+ to ! eye4 ,any new me?od ( con/ruction always affect$ ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 & (t5 alt]$ ! :ole design ( a build+4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t a m]e *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( an ar* su* z ?is1 :i* affects no?+ connect$ ) x1 _c be said to h creat$ any new era 9 ! progress ( build+4 ,we he> ! "q frequ5tly ask$ :y a mod]n & new /yle is n develop$ 9 our times1 & ! answ] ar*itects make is illu/rat$ by j ?is case1 t is1 t no new /yle c be evolv$ )\t a new con/ructive pr9ciple4 ,z yet none su* has be5 =?com+1 ! only novel me?od ( con/ruction lately introduc$ be+ ! employm5t ( iron gird]s & po/s1 :i*1 f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 c sc>cely be consid]$ an improvem5t ^u ! use ( :at are call$ ! natural build+ mat]ials4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,romanesque ,,/yle4 ,"s late hi/orians h dep>t$ f ! previ\sly g5]ally accept$ nom5clature ( ar*itectural /yles1 9 designat+ "u ! g5]al t]m ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture all build+s erect$ betwe5 ! t5? & sixte5? c5turies 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian build+ 9 ,europe began ) ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ?is *ronology is h>dly satisfactory1 & z ! cu/om>y division ( ,go?ic f ! /yles prec$+ x1 is on _m gr\nds a conv5i5t "o1 x is pref]able to adopt ! conv5tional names1 & to di/+ui% "u ! title ( 8,romanesque0 ! outgr[? ( ! debas$ =m ( ,roman ar*itecture :i*1 influ5c$ by ,byzant9e & ,arabic art1 =m$ a di/9ct me?od ( build+ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ = ne>ly two c5turies aft] ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d41 giv+ x ! alt]native "n ( 8,norman0 9 ,norm&y & ,engl&4 ,previ\s to ?is date ! long cont9uance ( w> & b>b>ic incursions seem to h prev5t$ ! erection ( any /able edifices2 fire & ! pov]ty ( ! mat]ial ) :i* !y 7 con/ruct$ hav+ caus$ ! de/ruction ( ! few ( :i* an acc\nt has be5 pres]v$4 ,_m *ur*es subsequ5tly built1 h[ev]1 7 erect$ ^u ! sites ( ^! old] ones & h fragm5ts ( ! old] build+s incorporat$ 9 !m4 ,( su* are ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 9 ,p>is1 & ,notre ,dame du ,port1 at ,cl]mont4 ,"u ,*>lemagne1 a revival ( art 0 attempt$1 ! *ief build+ con/ruct$ by him be+ a reproduction ( ,/4 ,vitale1 ( ,rav5na1 9 :i* he employ$ sculpture & ornam5t torn f ! orig9al /ructure1 & fragm5ts f ! edifices ( anci5t ,rome2 b ?is ef=t soon di$ away1 & ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! eigh? & t5? c5turies 0 totally lack+ 9 any ar*itectural production ( m]it4 ,z ! ,roman pr9ciples ( ar*itecture _h be5 tak5 ,ea/w>d & gradually trans=m$ into a new /yle at ,byzance1 s also 9 ! ,we/ !y _h be5 ! =]unn]s ( ano!r me?od ( build+1 b proportionately diff]5t 9 accordance ) ! "*1 cu/oms1 & race ( ! ,we/]n populations4 ,! basilica =m$1 z x _h 9 ! ,ea/1 ! model ^u :i* all *ur* ar*itecture 0 design$1 ! nave1 transept1 aisles1 & apse be+ all reta9$ 9 ?is new class ( build+s1 b _m ( ! build+ me?ods 7 new1 & ! details ( _! decoration diff]$ consid]ably f ! precise proportions & ,classic graces ( ! build+s ( ,rome4 ,! result exhibits a curi\s contra/ betwe5 ! b>b>ic ornam5t & ! sci5tific con/ruction1 :i* advanc$ ?r\gh\t ! /yle 9 ! g5u9e ef=ts :i* 7 made to progress 9 ! art ( build+4 ,/>t+ ?us at ! decad5ce ( ,classic art1 ) a ,classical build+ z ! orig9al type = _! *ur*es1 ! ,romanesque ar*itects took up ea* ( ! p>ts comb9+ 9 its =mation1 & s\ght to improve or elaborate ea*1 9 pursuance ( c]ta9 ends1 aris+ f local necessities4 ,!re is virtually no po9t :]e ,romanesque ends & ,go?ic comm5ces1 to give due reason = ! conv5tional divisions ( hi/orians1 = ! "o /yle melts into ! o!r 9 ! cont9ual progress 9 ! /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction :i* 0 /eadily effect$ ?r\gh\t bo? /yles4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 t1 dur+ ! two c5turies prior to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! po9t$ ar* 0 r>ely us$1 & t ! influ5ce ( ! ,classic decad5ce is m app>5t 9 ! build+s ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,aft] ?is1 ! po9t$ ar* became univ]sal1 & ! :ole /yle becom+ entirely di/9ct f its d]ivation1 ! ornam5t & detail1 q unlike any?+ :i* _h come be=e1 x may be said t a new /yle _h be5 creat$4 ,?is new /yle1 :i* has be5 call$ ,go?ic1 cont9u$ to be develop$ until ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 its pr9ciples became exagg]at$1 & x di$ out at ! extreme po9t to :i* !y c\ld be pu%$4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to call ! build+s ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 built 9 ! transition ( ,roman to ,go?ic art1 ,romanesque2 b ! po9t$ ar* 0 us$ 9 bo? /yles1 ?\gh1 z /at$ above1 less frequ5tly 9 ! e>li] "o2 & x %\ld n1 !re=e1 be tak5 z ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! *ief po9ts :]e9 ! ,romanesque *ur*es1 :i* 7 ! only build+s ( importance con/ruct$ at t p]iod1 diff]$ f ! basilicas 7 9 ! me?ods ( vault+ & _! consequ5t effects ^u ! :ole /ructure1 ! elaboration ( ! apse1 & ! sy/em ( connect$ supports employ$4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle 7 ! same 9 all ,we/]n c\ntries1 & ^! be+ kn[n1 x is n difficult to di/+ui% ! slight diff]5ces aris+ f local causes4 ,9 ! old basilicas ! aisles1 :e!r ( "o or two /ories1 7 light$ by w9d[s 9 ! lat]al walls1 :ile ! nave borr[$ light f !m1 & also receiv$ x directly f a cl]e/ory ris+ above ! ro( ( ! gall]ies4 ,z we h se51 ^! build+s 7 usually cov]$ by wood5 ro(s1 tunnel-vaults or a s]ies ( int]sect+ vaults ?r[n across ! squ>e =m$ by two ( ! columns ( ! nave1 equidi/ant f ea* o!r & f correspond+ pila/]s 9 ! side walls1 be+ only occasionally us$ 9 ! aisles4 ,! ,we/]n ar*itects ( ! t5? c5tury cont9u$ to build _! *ur*es 9 ?is mann]1 & we h a spl5did example ( a timb] ro( ( ?is k9d1 z late ev5 z ! twelf? c5tury1 9 ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral2 b at an e>ly p]iod !y s\ght to replace ^! p]i%able ro(s by /one vaults4 ,!y f\nd ! con/ruction ( ! semi-dome ( ! apse & ! vault+ ( ! side aisles1 ei!r by a cont9u\s tunnel-vault1 by a s]ies ( semicircul> vaults p]p5dicul> to ! lat]al walls1 or by int]sect+ vaults ^u a squ>e plan1 comp>atively easy2 b ! vault+ ( ! nave 0 a mu* m difficult matt]4 ,! circul> tunnel-vault w\ld h be5 ! simple/ kn[n me?od ( accompli%+ ?is1 b ! pressure ( a circul> vault plac$ ov] ! nave w\ld h t5d$ to pu% outw>d ! walls ^u :i* x re/$1 & ?is pressure be+ cont9u\s1 x 0 obvi\sly ( no avail to place buttresses at any sep>ate po9t1 & to place a great numb]1 side by side1 all along ! vault1 or1 9 o!r words1 to greatly ?ick5 ! support+ wall1 0 to take up too mu* valuable gr\nd space4 ,9 ,/4 ,front & k9dr$ /ructures we h se5 ! problem solv$ 9 "o way by ! introduction ( ,byzant9e domes2 b ^! *ur*es 7 conf9$ to a prov9ce ( ,s\!rn ,france1 & _h b little influ5ce 9 o!r di/ricts4 ,9 ,/4 ,eti5ne de ,nev]s1 ,/4 ,s]n9 de ,t\l\se1 & 9 ,notre ,dame du ,port at ,cl]mont 9 ,auv]gne1 & o!rs1 ?is difficulty is p>tially ov]come by ! build+ ( a half vault ov] ! upp] gall]ies connect+ ! tunnel-vault ( ! nave ) ! out] ma9 walls1 & tak+ ! /ra9 cont9u\sly1 ! ?ickness ( ! out] wall n be+ consid]$ ( consequ5ce4 ,?is sy/em p]mitt$ ! plac+ ( ro(+-tiles directly ^u ! extrados ( ! vaults1 & ! entire suppression ( wood5 raft]s1 :i* 0 advantage\s 9 dim9i%+ ! risk ( fire1 al?\gh ! pit* 0 sc>cely suffici5t to prev5t leakage4 ,! great disadvantage1 h[ev]1 0 t ! nave _h only borr[$ light1 & 9 l>ge *ur*es x 0 inconv5i5tly d>k4 ,ano!r me?od adopt$ 0 t ( suppress+ ! upp] gall]y1 & br++ ! ar*es ( ! aisles up to ! level ( ! spr++ ( ! ma9 vault1 s t ! summits ( ! side vaults & ! walls erect$ betwe5 !m1 :i* 7 at "r angles to ! nave1 s]v$ to c\nt]act ! /ra9 ( ! upp] vault4 ,we h examples ( ?is 9 ! ca!dral ( ,limoges & at ,font5ay1 b x is op5 to ! same objection1 t ( d>k5+ ! nave4 ,/ill ano!r sy/em consi/$ 9 b9d+ ! vault ov] ! nave by ribs or ar*es ?r[n across to opposite pi]s1 :i* 7 /r5g!n$ by buttresses4 ,^! buttresses1 h[ev]1 7 built ^u ! top ( ! ar*es1 ?r[n across ! aisles1 & did m h>m ?an good4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elevation4 ,,romanesque ,,con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,,section4 ,!re is an example ( unusual con/ruction at ,t\rnus1 9 ,burgundy1 :]e ! difficulty is effectually surm\nt$ by ! build+ ( a numb] ( ar*es at "r angles to ! axis ( ! nave1 betwe5 ea* set ( pi]s2 b ! effect is f> f satisfactory4 ,f9ally at ,vezelay1 9 ,france1 ! tunnel-vault 0 ab&on$ & diagonal int]sect+ vaults 7 ?r[n across ! nave1 fram$ 9 betwe5 semicircul> ar* ribs c>ri$ ^u pi]s spac$ at equal int]vals1 ! weight be+ ?us :olly transf]r$ to ! f\r po9ts at ! angles ( ea* comp>tm5t4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ^! pi]s ne$$ /r5g!n+1 z ! /ra9 ^u !m 0 excessive1 & x 0 ?us t ext]nal buttresses 7 resort$ to1 :i* 7 connect$ ) ! pi]s by ar*es1 call$ fly+ buttresses1 bridg+ ! side aisles & convey+ ! pressure to ! out] wall4 ,a weight 0 plac$ ov] ea* buttress1 g5]ally tak+ ! =m ( a p9nacle1 :i* /iff5$ x & c\nt]act$ ! pressure ( ! ar*4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is mode ( con/ruction has be5 attempt$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+1 :i* does n repres5t any special build+1 b 9 :i* ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle at ?is juncture h be5 introduc$4 ,! di/ance across ! nave be+ usually great] ?an t betwe5 ! columns divid+ x f ! aisles1 ! rectangul> comp>tm5ts ( ! vault 7 consequ5tly no long] squ>e1 b oblong1 s t :ile ! ar*es cross+ ! nave at "r angles 7 /ill semicircul> ^? betwe5 ! pill>s 7 po9t$4 ,! transition f ?is1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 to ! def9ite adoption ( ! po9t$ vault 0 consequ5tly b a /ep4 ,we see1 ?us1 t a cont9ual progress 0 made 9 vault+ ?r\gh\t ! /yle1 & ! pr9ciple ( conc5trat+ weight ^u isolat$ po9ts 0 evolv$ 9 ord] to vault ! nave & at ! same "t give direct light to x4 ,9 effect+ ?is result1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al aim _h be5 lo/ sight (--namely1 t ( avoid+ ! use ( wood5 ro(s2 = :5 ! ,romanesque ar*itects ab&on$ tunnel-vault+ !y _h to surm\nt _! m complicat$ int]sect+ vaults by wood5 ro(s1 ! p]i%able nature ( :i* caus$ ! ru9 ( _m ( ! f9e/ build+s4 ,nor 0 ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ^! ro(s any improvem5t ^u ^? ( ,/4 ,eti5ne & ,/4 ,s]n91 = x is a "q :e!r any m monum5tal ro( has be5 conceiv$ ?an t :i* is =m$ by ! natural outside surface ( /one vaults4 ,9 ! old basilicas1 columns tak5 f or modell$ ^u ^? ( ! temples & palaces ( ,rome _h suffic$ to support ! light brick wall1 c>ri$ ^u an ar*itrave or ar*es1 :i* enclos$ ! nave4 ,:5 ! ,we/]n ar*itects resum$ ! build+ ( *ur*es1 aft] an int]val ( w> & tr\ble :i* _h prov$ fatal to ar*itectural progress1 brick 0 little us$ & ! =mation ( light masonry & good mort> 7 lo/ arts4 ,! sl5d] ,classic column 0 consequ5tly insuffici5t to c>ry ! load ( a heavy /one wall & _h1 necess>ily1 to be replac$ by a m solid pi]4 ,^! pi]s assum$ v>i\s =ms 9 ! t5tative ef=ts made to con/ruct !m ( ! dim5sions calculat$ to occupy ! lea/ am\nt ( floor space2 "s 7 squ>e1 o!rs circul> or =m$ ( a numb] ( small columns gr\p$ toge!r1 b = a long "t no v satisfactory %ape 0 f\nd :i* avoid$ a clumsy adju/m5t ( ! sup]/ructure4 ,x came to be gradually recogniz$ t ! =m ( ! pi] %\ld be subs]vi5t to1 & made to correspond )1 ! ar*es & ! column receiv+ ! ar* rib ( ! vault above1 :i* x _h to su/a94 ,?is 0 effect$ at fir/ by a squ>e pi]1 ) rectangul> projections on ea* side1 =m+ abutm5ts = ! reception ( ! con/ructional arrangem5t above4 ,subsequ5tly ^! 7 replac$ by pila/]s & engag$ columns on ea* face1 ?ree ( :i* support$ ! re> & side ar*es ( ! nave1 ! f\r? be+ cont9u$ up to ! spr++ ( ! vault1 & r$eem$ f exagg]at$ effect by b&s or /r+-c\rses4 ,!re are good examples 9 ,france at ,vezelay1 ,beaune & ,langres & ,autun4 ,9 ,engl& ! contempor>y ar*itects usually employ$ squ>e or circul> masses ( solid masonry1 c>ry+ a heavy abacus1 ^! pill>s be+ sometimes ornam5t$ ) a flut+1 z 9 ! crypt at ,cant]bury1 or ) zigzag patt]ns1 z at ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,durham1 & ,l9disf>ne4 ,! capitals ( ,romanesque columns are especially int]e/+1 = !y became con/ructively useful in/ead ( simply ornam5tal1 z 7 ^? us$ 9 ! ,roman ord]s4 ,! section ( ! ar* rib be+ squ>e & ! column r\nd1 x 0 necess>y to af=d support to ! ov]lapp+ corn]s1 ! :ole surface ( ! project+ tile or abacus be+ occupi$ by ! upp] masonry1 in/ead ( ! l9e ( ! %aft be+ cont9u$ up1 z _h be5 done 9 ,rome4 ,! capital 0 !re=e made to spread outw>d f ! %aft 9 ord] to corbel ! sup]/ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comp>ative ,,s]ies1 ,,%[+ ,,greek1 ,,roman1 ,,romanesque1 ,,& ,,go?ic ,,me?ods ,,( ,,support4 #a4 ,greek ,l9tel4 #b4 ,roman ,ar*1 %[+ ,false ,l9tel4 #c4 ,vault ,spr++ f ,entablature4 #d4 ,ar* ,spr++ #e4 ,romanesque ,column1 ) ,ar*es ,spr++ f ,out] ,edge ( ! ,capital4 #f4 ,romanesque ,pi]4 #g4 ,go?ic ,pi]4 ,a simple =m ( ?is is f\nd 9 _m ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,engli% examples1 ! upp] "p ( ! capital be+ a cube & ! l[] a hemisph]e4 ,! e>ly examples g5]ally imitate ^? ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] 9 a rude fa%ion correspond+ ) ! pov]ty ( tal5t ( ! p]iod4 ,! capitals ( ! twelf? c5tury are bett] c>v$ & bett] suit$ to ! s]vices !y h to p]=m4 ,figures repres5t+ biblical subjects are introduc$ 9 "s & 9 o!rs /range animals & conv5tional foliage1 sometimes arrang$ z ! acan?us leaf _h be5 9 ! ,roman models4 ,! proportions ( ! ,classic column 7 also dep>t$ f1 ! capital (t5 be+ a qu>t] or a six? ( ! :ole column2 its height be+ regulat$ by ! size ( ! b$s ( /one1 :i* 7 g5]ally l[4 ,9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ! old] proportions 7 m closely adh]$ to4 ,! quality ( ! /one det]m9$ 9 a great measure ! dep? ( ! c>v+1 ! h>d] k9ds hav+ less dep? ( incision & ! /yle ( ornam5t appli$ to !m resembl+ ! ,byzant9e4 ,9 ,france ! ,romanesque column has usually a ?ird ( ! diamet] ( its %aft engag$ 9 a pi] or wall1 ?\gh isolat$ ones are us$ 9 ! tri=iums1 t[]s1 & por*es2 9 ,engl& ! latt] are common1 & recess$ columns1 t is to say1 plac$ 9 an angle ( masonry1 are also frequ5tly se54 ,! bases ( ,romanesque columns1 at fir/ simple r\nd & holl[ m\lds1 gradually became m elaborate1 until !y resembl$ ! attic base4 ,occasionally !y 7 decorat$ ) foliage or animals1 & !re are in/ances :]e bo? capital & base are simil>4 ,! introduction ( an angle ornam5t1 connect+ ! torus or r\nd m\ld ) ! corn]s ( ! pl9? b5ea?1 is especially noticeable2 ?is 0 effective 9 prev5t+ ! angles f be+ brok5 by ?ick5+ ! /one at ! weake/ po9ts1 & 9 lat] examples add$ to ! beauty ( ! base4 ,! ar*es ( ! p]iod 7 usually semicircul> & employ$ ei!r sep>ately or ) a second & broad] "o1 _! cont\r be+ frequ5tly m>k$ by a few simple m\ld+s ( deg5]ate classic orig94 ,two or ?ree ar*es support$ by deta*$ columns1 & compris$ )9 a l>g] "o1 7 frequ5tly plac$ 9 ! tri=iums2 :5 ?ree 7 us$ ! c5tral "o 0 usually high] ?an ! o!rs4 ,besides m\ld+s3 billets1 zigzags1 />s1 & simil> simple ornam5ts 7 employ$ 9 _! decoration4 ,:]e ,arabic ta/e ex]cis$ its influ5ce1 x is n uncommon to f9d alt]nate v\ssoirs ( diff]5t-col\r$ /ones1 & v>iegat$ b&s 9 ! pi]s4 ,! ,italians 7 especially fond ( ?is treatm5t & x is se5 9 ! ext]iors & int]iors ( _m ( _! build+s4 ,to !m is also due ! introduction ( bl9d arcades1 ! columns ( :i* 7 ei!r engag$ 9 ! wall or sep>at$ f x by an int]v5+ gall]y4 ,! faade ( ! ca!dral at ,pisa is p]haps ! mo/ beautiful example ( ?is4 ,9 ! ,we/1 arcades ( ?is k9d became a frequ5t me?od ( decorat+ blank walls1 & !re are in/ances :]e a second s]ies ( ar*es int]sect ! fir/1 result+ 9 a numb] ( po9t$ ar*es =m$ by ! cross+ ( ! circul> ones2 f ?is an +5i\s b unf\nd$ !ory has be5 d$uct$ purport+ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! doors & por*es ( ! ,romanesque p]iod are among ! mo/ beautiful to be f\nd 9 any /yle4 ,/>t+ 9 ! e>li] examples ) a simple1 r\nd-ar*$ op5+1 ! numb] ( m\ld+s 9 ! ar* became ri*] & ( great] numb]1 &1 z ! /yle advanc$1 recess$ & support$ by columns4 ,^! m\ld+s 7 decorat$ ) ! zigzag1 billet1 & k9dr$ ornam5ts1 _m ( :i* 7 probably copi$ f ! decoration ( ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,paul's )\t ! walls ( ,rome4 ,z ! jambs ( ! doorways 7 g5]ally built on an angle1 ! contigu\s %afts & ar*es sometimes gave ! effect ( an ar*$ passage 9 p]spective4 ,su* effects 7 frequ5tly int5tional 9 ! *ur*es 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 = we f9d t ! walls ( ! nave & vault ( ,notre ,dame de ,poiti]s1 & ( o!r build+s1 7 purposely made to conv]ge 9 ord] to give ! appe>ance ( great] l5g?4 ,x 0 n uncommon to give ! doors squ>e heads1 support$ by corbels & occasionally by a c5tral %aft2 9 ^! cases ! ar* above reliev$ ! l9tel f ! weight ( ! sup]/ructure1 & gave ! "* ( ! /yle to ! :ole4 ,! tympanum1 ?us enclos$1 (f]$ a gr\nd = ri* sculpture1 :i* 0 avail$ ( to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,! out] door ( a por* 0 usually ri*] 9 design ?an ! inn] "o2 9 ,engl& !re are _m examples ( %all[ por*es ) s+le deeply recess$ doors4 ,9 ,prov5ce !re are _m beautiful examples1 =emo/ among/ :i* mu/ be m5tion$ ! por* ( ,/4 ,trophyme1 at ,arles 7see frontispiece74 ,romanesque w9d[s 7 b modifications ( ! doors2 (t5 hav+ recess$ %afts at _! sides & be+ frequ5tly divid$ by a c5tral column4 ,! bull's-eye1 or r\nd w9d[1 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian basilicas cont9u$ to be us$1 b x _h n z yet ! ri*ness ( trac]y :i* x atta9$ 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod4 ,classical features ( design /ill reta9$ _! hold ^u _m details1 notably 9 ! cornices1 :]e ! modillions or brackets ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] 7 frequ5tly employ$1 & b slightly alt]$ 9 =m1 al?\gh ( native composition4 ,! corona ( ! cornice also diff]$ b little f ! ,roman models1 & 0 occasionally support$ directly by engag$ columns replac+ buttresses1 *iefly on ! ext]ior ( apsidal *apels4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es ! apse _h consi/$ ( a c5tral semicircul> t]m9ation to ! build+1 flank$ occasionally by two small] semicircul> recesses conta9+ alt>s4 ,9 ! bapti/]ies & ,byzant9e *ur*es ^! _h be5 multipli$1 & _h come to be cu/om>y features 9 e new build+4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,norman ar*itects g5]ally end$ _! *ur*es rectangul>ly1 )\t ev5 ! orig9al s+le apse1 ?\gh !re are a few examples 9 :i* x is us$1 z at ,ne:av51 ,sussex4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 frequ5tly ! cu/om to affix apses to ?ree sides ( ! squ>e t[] plac$ at ! int]section ( ! nave & transept1 & ! result 0 g5]ally satisfactory1 z may be se5 9 ,/4 ,m>t9's ( ,cologne1 & 9 ! ,apo/les' ,*ur* 9 ! same city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,/rasb\rg ,,ca!dral 7,comp>e ) ,basilica1 page #hi47 ,9 ,france ! plan resolv$ itself into an op5 semicircul> colonnade ) a passage int]v5+ betwe5 x & ! out] wall :i* foll[$ ! outl9e ( a s]ies ( small apses4 ,^! =m$ an h>moni\s clu/]1 & became a type :i* 0 matur$ 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,^? belong+ to ! ,romanesque p]iod1 h[ev]1 _h a di/9ct & con/ructively excell5t "* :i* has r>ely be5 subsequ5tly surpass$4 ,among ! be/ are ^? ( ,notre ,dame du ,port at ,cl]mont1 ,/4 ,eti5ne de ,nev]s1 & ,/4 ,s]n9 at ,t\l\se4 ,9 ,france t[]s 7 g5]ally plac$ at ! ,we/ end ( ! *ur*1 :ile 9 ,engl& & ,g]many ! usual way 0 to build !m at ! junction ( ! nave & transept2 9 ,italy !y 7 (t5 deta*$ f ! ma9 /ructure4 ,!y 7 *>act]iz$ by simple solidity2 ! op5+s be+ few & ! detail bold2 ! angles 7 /r5g!n$ by /\t pi]s2 ! ro(s 7 ei!r ( timb] or /one1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ials 9 ! localities 9 :i* !y 7 erect$1 & !y 7 usually light$ by ! r\nd-ar*$ d\ble w9d[4 ,?is r\nd ar*1 ornam5t$ ) a few simple m\ld+s & repos+ ^u %ort /urdy columns1 =ms a con/antly recurr+ feature 9 ! composition ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ,romanesque build+s4 ,! corridors :i* surr\nd$ ! squ>e c\rty>ds adjo9+ *ur*es1 & connect$ !m ) ! dormitories1 refectories1 & o!r ap>tm5ts ( ! cl]gy1 are call$ cloi/]s4 ,!y diff]$ b little f ! ,roman 8impluvium0 & ! 8atrium0 ( ! basilica1 ! *anges consi/+ *iefly 9 ! addition ( rais$ sills sep>at+ !m f ! c\rt1 & 9 _! be+ usually vault$ in/ead ( c>ry+ timb] ro(s4 ,! s]ies ( arcades =m+ !m 7 treat$ 9 _m ways1 & ! detail admitt$ ( mu* elaboration & v>iety1 z may be se5 9 ! _m rem>kable examples ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! cloi/]s ( ,/4 ,paul's1 at ,rome1 & ! atrium ( ,/4 ,ambrogio1 at ,milan1 =m v int]e/+ hi/orical l9ks betwe5 ! ,roman & ,romanesque /yles & are v beautiful specim5s ( _! k9d4 ,x _h be5 ! cu/om dur+ ! /ruggl+ p]iod ( ! e>ly ,*ur* to bury ! bodies ( sa9ts 9 subt]ranean *amb]s call$ crypts1 a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,greek v]b 8to hide02 subsequ5tly ^! became compon5t p>ts ( all *ur*es1 s]v+ z places ( int]m5t & = ! occasional celebration ( masses4 ,_! masonry 0 necess>ily ( ! massive "* requir$ = ! f\ndation ( ! pi]s ( ! *ur* above1 consi/+ g5]ally 9 a gr\p+ ( columns su/a9+ a heavy vault4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*evet ,,( ,,notre ,,dame ,,du ,,port ,,at ,,cl]mont4 7,f ,*apuy47 ,! crypt ( ,/4 ,eutrope1 at ,sa9tes 9 ,france1 may be m5tion$ z "o ( ! be/ examples1 ! pill>s be+ ri*ly c>v$1 & ! ribs ( ! vault ( great boldness & /r5g?4 ,9 ,g]many ! crypt is (t5 rais$ suffici5tly above ! level ( ! gr\nd to obta9 light f w9d[s1 z at ,spires1 & ?is is sometimes c>ri$ to su* an extreme t ! *ur* becomes d\ble1 t is1 ( two /ories1 z at ,s*w>tz ,rhe9dorf4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral possesses p]haps ! be/ example1 ! crypt be+ v l>ge & its details v>i$4 ,"s ( ! capitals ( ! columns rema9 half f9i%$1 ! "w ^u !m hav+ be5 arre/$ by a conflagration 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x4 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4 ,briefly recapitulat+ ! prec$+ *apt]s3 ,we h se5 t ! ,greek temple1 compos$ ( a cella1 or oblong room1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 0 copi$ by ! ,romans ) b few alt]ations1 ! only "o ( importance be+ ! addition ( a semicircul> recess to ! re> wall4 ,! columns ( ! colonnade hav+ be5 transpos$ f ! outside to ! int]ior1 divid+ ! room 9 ?ree p>ts1 longitud9ally2 a cross wall hav+ be5 introduc$ divid+ x transv]sely1 & ! apse reta9$1 ! build+ became a basilica4 ,by ext5d+ ! transept & nave ! plan became cruci=m & symbolically ! mo/ suitable = t ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! ,we/]n ar*itects1 desir+ to replace ! wood5 ro(s by /one vaults1 f\nd x conv5i5t to sub/itute = columns c>ry+ ar*es1 pi]s ) engag$ %afts connect+ directly ) ! sup]/ructure4 ,aft] v>i\s attempts to obta9 direct light = ! c5tral division or nave1 r5d]$ difficult by ! necessity ( c\nt]act+ ! cont9u\s ?ru/ ( ! b>rel vault ?r[n across x1 ?is vault 0 f9ally ab&on$ & replac$ by int]sect+ vaults1 :i* convey$ ! ?ru/ diagonally ^u equidi/ant pi]s4 ,to avoid increas+ ! size ( ! latt] to an inconv5i5t ext5t1 an exp$i5t 0 resort$ to :i* consi/$ 9 propp+ !m f ! ext]ior by fly+ buttresses ?r[n f !m to outside pi]s across ! ro( ( ! aisles4 ,! result ( ! wid? ( ! nave be+ usually great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 pi]s 0 t1 :ile ! diagonal ribs ( ! vault rema9$ semicircul>1 _! lat]al int]section produc$ po9t$ ar*es4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction 0 develop$ dur+ ! middle & latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! po9t$ ar* _h be5 us$ occasionally be=e by ! ,romanesque ar*itects2 x _h be5 us$ frequ5tly by ! ,arabs1 z f> back z ! eigh? c5tury1 & _h be5 kn[n & employ$ long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era 9 ! sew]s ( ,babylon4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n a new inv5tion1 b a kn[n me?od adopt$ 9 a fre% dep>ture 9 con/ructive ar*itecture2 = ! circul> ar*es be+ ab&on$ & def9itely replac$ by ! po9t$ ar* ! succe$+ ar*itecture became po9t$ or ,go?ic4 ,?is is ! cond5s$ hi/ory ( ! d]ivation ( ! /yle z g5]ally accept$ at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ! subject has giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy4 ,! conc5tration ( ! weight ( ! vault ^u ! pi]s1 in/ead ( ^u a cont9u\s wall1 0 m or less ! key to ! :ole s*eme ( ,go?ic con/ruction2 = ! ma9 pr9ciple rema9$ ! same ?r\gh\t its _m & v>i$ examples4 ,! idea 0 improv$ ^u gradually & f9ally pu%$ to exagg]ation2 ! decoration ( ! compon5t p>ts ( a build+ increas$ z ! /yle advanc$ & !y 7 r$uc$ to j ! sizes ne$$ = /ability1 b _! con/ruction rema9$ almo/ unalt]$ ?r\gh\t4 ,we h foll[$ ! /eps by :i* ! =m giv5 to ,*ri/ian *ur*es emanat$ f ! e>ly basilicas2 ?is =m ( build+1 t is1 its plan & divisions into nave1 aisles1 transept1 *oir1 apse1 etc41 _h become traditional & 0 g5]ally accept$ 9 all ! be/ examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4 ,! problem ( accommodat+ l>ge assemblies 9 ! mann] be/ suit$ to enable !m to conc5trate _! sight & he>+ ^u a giv5 po9t has be5 solv$ 9 v>i\s ways1 p]haps mo/ successfully 9 our mod]n op]a-h\ses1 b ?is problem 0 n "o ) :i* ! ,go?ic ar*itects endeav\r$ to grapple2 _! att5tion 0 devot$ to ! improvem5t & embelli%m5t ( ! typical plan ( /ructure1 :i* cu/om & dogma _h prescrib$ z ! mo/ suitable & 9 accordance ) ! ne$s ( ! liturgy4 ,! plan 0 m or less ela/ic1 & diff]$ )\t mat]ial di/9ction 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,^! diff]5ces are easily not$ by comp>+ ! app5d$ plans2 ! "o1 t ( ,rheims ,ca!dral1 %[+ p]haps ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t ( any 9 ,france1 & ! o!r1 t ( a typical ,engli% ca!dral4 ,! latt] does n repres5t any p>ticul> /ructure1 b is a composition includ+ all ! usual divisions & connect+ build+s1 tak5 f an old copy ( ,rickman4 a1 a1 ,t[]s at ,we/ end4 b1 b1 ,por*es4 c1 ,! nave4 d1 d1 ,side aisles ( ! nave4 e1 ,! cloi/]s4 f1 ,libr>y4 g1 ,nor? transept4 h1 ,s\? transept4 i1 i1 ,side aisles ( ,s\? transept4 k1 k1 k1 ,*apels4 l1 ,*apt] h\se ) passage f ! cloi/]s4 m1 ,c5tral t[]1 cross or lant]n4 n1 ,scre51 ov] :i* ! organ is usually plac$4 o1 ,*oir1 at ! ea/ end ( :i* ! alt> is usually plac$4 p1 p1 ,side aisles ( ! *oir4 q1 ,lady *apel4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! /yle 0 =m$ 9 all its purity2 x 0 *>act]iz$ by great simplicity & beauty1 & 9 ^! respects 0 nev] surpass$4 ,! ar* _h few m\ld+s1 & ^! cle>ly def9$ & graceful2 ! %afts ( columns 7 ( sl5d] & *>m+ proportions1 & ! foliage employ$ = ! decoration ( _! capitals1 :ile conv5tional1 dep>t$ entirely f ! acan?us leaves ( ,classic orig91 & assum$ =ms sugge/$ by ,we/]n plants4 ,pi]s 7 r$uc$ to ! precise dim5sions ne$ful1 & 7 =m$ ( sl5d] %afts1 gr\p$ toge!r1 :i* receiv$ ! ar* m\ld+s on ei!r side1 & rose 9 ! front & re> to ! height necess>y to take ! spr++ ( ! vault4 ,9 practice1 ! ?ru/ ( ! vault 0 f\nd n to be transmitt$ directly to a po9t to be receiv$ by an ar*1 b to two po9ts above & bel[ ?is !oretical "o1 :i* necessitat$ ! employm5t ( two fly+ buttresses1 ! "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ,*>tres ,ca!dral ^! are connect$ by radiat+ columns1 & !re are _m examples :]e ! int]v5+ space is occupi$ by an op5 arcade4 ,! ,fr5* g5]ally built _! v]tical buttresses v massively1 b 9 ,engl& ! p9nacle 0 m frequ5tly us$ to c\nt]act ! ?ru/ ( ! ar*4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 em95tly appropriate1 & might be consid]$ ornam5tal1 b ! plac+ ( p9nacles ^u ! corn]s ( ! t[]s & else:]e :]e !y s]v$ no end1 :i* 0 (t5 done1 0 always a mi/ake2 & a defect :i* m>s ! effect ( _m beautiful ,engli% build+s4 ,9 ,notre ,dame ( ,p>is1 we f9d ! s+le r\nd column /ill occupy+ ! fir/ /ory1 ) ! m complex arrangem5t ( pi] & connect$ %afts />t+ above ! abacus ( its capital1 b z a g5]al ?+1 a di/9ct %aft 0 provid$ = ea* set ( m\ld+s4 ,9 "t ?is 0 replac$ by a cont9uation ( ! vault m\ld+s d[n to ! floor1 int]rupt$ only by an occasional /r+-c\rse1 or a b& ( foliage replac+ ! capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,ca!dral4 7,f ,rickman47 ,once ! weight ( ! vault _h be5 transf]r$ to pi]s1 ! wall connect+ !m ceas$ to support any?+ b ! extremity ( ! cross-vault compris$ betwe5 ! pi]s1 & o!rwise s]v$ only z a scre54 ,! ,go?ic ar*itects soon took advantage ( ?is to wid5 ! w9d[s1 :i* _h be5 n>r[ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 = by ?r[+ a dis*>g+ ar* j "u ! upp] vault across ! pi]s ! :ole space und]nea? c\ld be occupi$ by w9d[s1 :i*1 ) ! improvem5t 9 ! mak+ ( pa9t$ glass1 became extremely desirable4 ,?is 0 accord+ly done1 ! only /onework left be+ ! network ( mullions & trac]y necess>y to receive ! panes4 ,?is trac]y1 probably sugge/$ by ! ri* ,arabic w9d[ fill+s1 made a great advance dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ! comb9ations ( geometrical figures1 *iefly ! circle1 be+ (t5 wond]fully beautiful4 ,! rose w9d[ 0 mu* fav\r$ by ! ,fr5* 9 _! ,we/ fronts & transepts1 b 9 ,engl& ! l>ge po9t$ w9d[ 0 g5]ally pref]r$1 & admirably suit$ ! squ>e t]m9ation ( ! apse1 :i* 0 ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,! space enclos$ by ! po9t$ w9d[ _h an outl9e to :i* x 0 always difficult to adju/ geometric trac]ies s z to avoid clumsy jo9ts1 or oddly %ap$ patt]ns1 & ^! 71 !re=e1 subsequ5tly replac$ by fl[+ l9es1 :i* c\ld be us$ ) mu* great] fre$om4 ,z ^! grew bold] !y assum$ a flame-l appe>ance1 & ! lat] p]iod ( ! /yle to :i* !y belong 01 9 consequ5ce1 call$ 8,flamboyant40 ,?is developm5t occurr$ *iefly 9 ,france1 "s ( ! be/ examples be+ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ou51 at ,r\54 ,! simple/ =m ( ! ,go?ic vault 0 t 9 :i* ! comp>tm5t compris$ betwe5 two pi]s on "o side & two on ! opposite side ( ! nave 0 m>k$ by two ribs bridg+ x1 & two diagonal ribs int]sect+ ea* o!r4 ,z ! sy/em advanc$ ! vault became m complex by ! addition ( o!r ribs1 z /r5g!n]s or z ornam5ts1 until 9 "s examples ! :ole vault became a network ( int]sect+ ribs4 ,^! int]sections 7 frequ5tly emphasiz$ by a key/one or by an ornam5t call$ a boss1 :i* 9 ,engli% "w 0 also plac$ at int]vals along /r+-c\rses1 break+ ! cont9uity aft] ! mann] ( modillions 9 ,classic cornices4 ,a key/one plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a vault 0 held !re by a comb9ation ( great /r5g?1 z x became a po9t ( abutm5t = all ! ma9 ribs1 ^: ?ru/ 0 di/ribut$ aga9/ f\r pi]s & h5ce ext]iorly by buttresses to ! gr\nd4 ,a good /one1 !re=e1 9 ?is position c\ld h extraord9>y dim5sions1 & 0 susceptible ( a v>iety ( treatm5t4 ,9 "s ,fr5* examples x 0 ext5d$1 or r hung1 consid]ably bel[ ! surface ( ! vault & ornam5tally c>v$1 :ile 9 ,engl&1 9 ! late s-call$ ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic1 x =m$ ! c5tre ( a l>ge p5dant1 or circul> hang+ ornam5t1 :i* 9 "s cases came d[n almo/ to ! level ( ! spr++ ( ! ribs4 ,?is con/ruction 0 us$ *iefly 9 connection ) ! fan-vault+1 9 :i* ,engli% ar*itects excell$1 :i* may inde$ be said to be an ,engli% inv5tion & monopoly1 z no examples ( x are f\nd else:]e4 ,! "n expla9s1 9 measure1 ! =m tak5 by ! ribs1 :i*1 spread+ out f ! %eaf ( m\ld+s 9 ! pi]1 trace a p]fect semicircle on ! upp] ceil+1 _! int]v5+ spaces be+ occupi$ by panels4 ,! f\r semicircles ?us trac$ by ! ribs1 />t+ f f\r pi]s ( a comp>tm5t1 are ea* tang5t to a c5tral & :ole circle =m+ ! cont\r ( ! p5dant4 ,to be successful ?is requires t ! comp>tm5t or space includ$ betwe5 f\r pi]s1 two on ea* side ( ! nave or *oir1 %\ld be a squ>e1 o!rwise ! circles d n t\*1 & ! l9es are inh>moni\s4 ,! *apels ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 at ,we/m9/]1 & ( ,/4 ,george1 at ,w9dsor1 conta9 ! be/ examples ( fan-vault+1 & are v beautiful 9 g5]al effect1 ?\gh x is que/ionable :e!r su* con/ructive tricks are wor?y ( unre/rict$ praise1 :ile ! abuse ( panell+ 9 :i* ,engli% ar*itects indulg$ 9 ^! lat] ,go?ic build+s1 by :i* ! :ole wall & ceil+ surface 0 cut up 9 an un5d+ repetition1 0 c]ta9ly blamewor?y1 & t5d$ to r$uce _! art to a me*anical sci5ce4 ,!y excell$1 h[ev]1 9 all me*anical workman%ip1 9 :i* p]haps t employ$ 9 ! execution ( timb] ro(s is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,^! 7 9 a measure1 at lea/ ^u s l>ge a scale1 a feature :olly ,engli%1 = no?+ approa*+ !m is f\nd else:]e4 ,! ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall is ! mo/ ju/ly celebrat$ & is unique 9 g5]al "*4 ,! natural /onework %[+ all its jo9ts 0 g5]ally left unt\*$ 9 ! int]ior ( ,go?ic build+s1 & af=d$ ! be/ f9i% z well z contra/ to ! /a9$ glass 9 ! w9d[s4 ,poly*rome decoration 0 attempt$ occasionally1 *iefly on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 "s in/ances successfully4 ,! be/ examples are ! re/orations ( ! ,/e4 ,*apelle & ,/4 ,g]ma9 des ,prs1 9 ,p>is1 ?\gh ! latt] belongs m prop]ly to ! ,romanesque p]iod4 ,_m *ur*es h be5 completely spoil$ z reg>ds _! inside appe>ance by coats ( :itewa% appli$ to ! :ole int]ior surface1 giv+ !m a bleak & b>n-l aspect fatal to ar*itectural effect2 ?is is especially frequ5t 9 ,belgium4 ,?is :itewa%1 c\pl$ ) horribly incongru\s late ,r5aissance decoration1 has gone f> 9 _m cases to ru9 :at w\ld o!rwise be f9e build+s4 ,ext]nally all good ,go?ic build+s %[$ a direct correspond5ce ) ! int]ior3 buttresses1 fly+ buttresses1 p9nacles1 etc41 7 all con/ructive & nev] decorative devices2 !re 0 nev] su* a ?+ z a faade or false front built indep5d5tly ( ! int]ior1 & ?\gh ! h>mony ( ! l9es ( bo? 7 (t5 difficult to reconcile1 x 0 j 9 ! ov]com+ ( su* difficulties t ! brilliant qualities ( ,go?ic ar*itects 7 call$ =?4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ,we/ fronts ! ,fr5* 7 at _! be/1 = ! comb9ation ( deeply recess$ por*es ) ! rose w9d[ & gable above1 flank$ by ! t[]s1 :i* 9 ,france 7 usually plac$ "h1 0 bo? judici\s & effective4 ,9 ,engl& su* por*es z ^? ( ,rheims1 or deep op5+s1 su* z ! entrances to ! ca!dral ( ,p>is1 7 n us$1 & ! ,we/ elevations are consequ5tly less int]e/+4 ,pet]bor\gh is an exception to ?is rule1 b ! design is s exagg]at$1 t ! ?ree imm5se arcades dw>f ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m4 ,! cu/om ( plac+ a t[] & spire ov] ! int]section ( ! nave & transept 0 always adh]$ to 9 ,engl&1 & 0 always a happy arrangem5t :i* gave ! build+ dignity & "*1 ev5 :5 ! ,we/]n t[]s 7 omitt$4 ,( ?is ! celebrat$ ,salisbury ,ca!dral is a beautiful example4 ,! spires ( ,*>tres & ( ,/4 ,ou51 at ,r\51 are ! f9e/ 9 ,france1 :]e t[]s 7 frequ5tly built to receive spires :i* 7 nev] add$4 ,! height to :i* ! nave 0 c>ri$ !re (t5 prev5t$ ! t[]s f hav+ _! due effect1 z x 0 impossible to c>ry !m out on a scale l>ge en\gh to give !m a correspond+ proportion4 ,engli% ar*itects cont5t$ !mselves ) mod]ate int]ior heights1 r5d]+ ! proportion+ ( _! build+s a mu* easi] task ?an t :i* _! neighb\rs impos$ ^u !mselves1 by attempt+ ) ea* new build+ a m d>+ altitude1 until ! crumbl+ vaults ( ,beauvais set a limit to _! audacity4 ,! comp>ison ( contempor>y ,go?ic 9 ,engl& & ,france cov]s ! subject m accurately ?an betwe5 t ( any o!r c\ntries1 = ^! two nations rivall$ ea* o!r all along 9 ! solution ( ! v>i\s problems :i* arose ) ea* /ep 9 _! progress1 :ile ! ar*itects ( o!r c\ntries pr(it$ by ! results !y atta9$ & erect$ _! build+s on ,anglo-,fr5* pr9ciples4 ,! ca!drals ( ,cologne1 9 ,g]many1 & ,tol$o1 9 ,spa91 are z f9e z any to be f\nd 9 ,france or ,engl&1 b !y are nei!r ,g]man nor ,spani% 9 conception & pr9ciple1 & !re=e d n belong to ! national ar*itecture ( ^! c\ntries4 ,9 ,italy1 ,go?ic ar*itecture 0 nev] und]/ood z x 0 9 ! ,nor?1 & :5ev] any?+ 0 attempt$ 9 direct imitation ( ,nor!rn pr9ciples ( design1 ! result 0 always h>d & me*anical4 ,! true ,italian ,go?ic 0 ( itself (t5 beautiful1 b ?is 0 almo/ a sep>ate /yle1 9 :i* ! influ5ces ( po9t$ =ms1 ,ori5tal col\r1 & ! example :i* ! ,classical ru9s held out s conspicu\sly on _! own soil1 7 br\ght toge!r by ! ,italians s z to =m an h>moni\s :ole4 ,9 ,v5ice a peculi> developm5t ( ! /yle 0 atta9$1 adapt$ to ! flat elevations ( ! canal palaces4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/$ ( a consecutive s]ies ( arcades1 9 :i* ! m\ld+s ( ea* ar* 7 c>ri$ up & return$1 =m+ a second & sometimes a ?ird r[ ( lights1 replac+1 9 ! play ( light & %ad[1 ! =c$ abs5ce ( projections4 ,^! arcades 7 surm\nt$ by horizontal m\ld+s1 & ! l9es ( ! cornices & impo/s 7 also horizontal1 ! ,italians nev] hav+ lo/ sight ( ! entablature1 :i* _h be5 dropp$ 9 ,france ) ! rise ( ,romanesque ar*itecture & replac$ always aft]w>d by ! v]tical l9es :i* are ! prom95t "o s9 ( all ,nor!rn ,go?ic build+s4 ,! celebrat$ ,doge's palace is ! =emo/ ( ^! & ranks among/ ! mo/ picturesque build+s 9 ,europe4 ,x is n free1 h[ev]1 f grave defects & is criticis$ by ar*itects = ! top-heavy & injudici\s con/ruction1 by :i* a high & r>ely pi]c$ wall is su/a9$ by ! sl5d]e/ ( arcades4 ,mo/ ( ^! palaces are ( ! fifte5? c5tury & %\ld n p]haps be m5tion$ fir/1 b z !y illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( horizontal l9es m readily ?an by ref]5ce to ! isolat$ p>ts ( less well-kn[n build+s1 !y are introduc$ n[4 ,al?\gh ,milan ,ca!dral is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ pret5ti\s ecclesia/ical build+s 9 ,italy1 x is sc>cely a good example ( ,italian ,go?ic1 = ,g]man ar*itects 7 employ$ 9 its con/ruction & _! influ5ce is app>5t4 ,x is r to ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5na t we %\ld turn = a complete typical ,italian /ructure4 ,"h we f9d a beautiful build+ & yet "o :i* c 9 no way be judg$ f a ,nor!rn /&>d4 ,! ,we/ front has ?ree por*es1 b _! recess$ ar*es are r\nd in/ead ( po9t$1 al?\gh ! detail is ,go?ic 7! *ur* hav+ be5 begun 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury72 above is a rose w9d[1 b1 unlike ! ,we/]n models1 )\t divid+ trac]y4 ,bo? ! ext]ior & int]ior are /rip$ ) alt]nate b&s ( black & :ite m>ble4 ,! int]section ( ! nave & transept is cov]$ by a dome1 a feature unkn[n 9 ,france or ,engl& 7) ! s+le exception ( ! wood5 "o 9 ! ca!dral ( ,ely71 & ! t[] or campanile is plac$ 9 ! angle ( ! ,s\? transept4 ,^! po9ts are all ess5tially diff]5t f ,nor!rn treatm5t1 9 :i* "s ( !m w\ld be consid]$ defects4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! p>ts are suffici5tly h>moni\sly unit$ to produce a :ole :i* is pleas+ & orig9al4 ,! ca!dral ( ,si5na has mu* 9 addition to ^! to make x int]e/+3 atta*$ to x is a libr>y--a lat] build+1 beautifully decorat$ 9 a /yle simil> to ! ,loggie ( ,raphael 9 ! ,vatican2 ! /alls ( ! *oir are ( c>v$ wood1 ( ! ri*e/ ,r5aissance design1 & ! pulpit1 by ,ni*olas ,pisano1 is a gem ( sculpture4 ,?is pulpit is octagonal2 its sides are c>v$ 9 high relief 9 repres5tation ( ,scriptural sc5es1 & x is support$ by poli%$ columns c>ry+ trefoil$ ar*es & re/+ ^u m>ble lions 9 lieu ( bases4 ,z a "w 9 :i* bo? sculpture & ar*itecture comb9e1 x is1 on a small scale1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful productions ( its k9d1 ess5tially ,italian1 & rivall$ only by t 9 ! bapti/]y ( ,pisa by ! same arti/4 ,! body ( a lion z ! base ( a column 0 a fav\rite device ( ,italian ar*itects1 & is frequ5tly met )4 ,por*es =m$ ( columns c>ry+ a r\nd ar* & gable & re/+ on lions1 are (t5 atta*$ to ! entrance ( *ur*es4 ,orvieto ,ca!dral is1 on a small] scale1 simil> to ! neighb\r+ ca!dral ( ,si5na4 ,! ,we/ front is design$ ) mo/ elaborate detail & highly ornam5t$ ) pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce p>takes also ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,si5na1 al?\gh its proportions are va/ly l>g]4 ,its mo/ /rik+ feature is ! great dome1 add$ by ,brunelles*i1 :5 ! *ur*1 design$ by ,arnolfo1 0 approa*+ completion2 b x is unsatisfactory1 z its imm5se size dw>fs ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,! g5]al picturesqu5ess ( outl9e1 ! delicate design ( ! doors & w9d[s1 & ! proximity ( ! beautiful t[] ( ,giotto1 g f> to atone = ?is4 ,! ext]ior walls ( ! *ur* are cov]$ ) a v5e]+ ( col\r$ m>bles1 :i*1 :ile judici\sly treat$ & good ( its k9d1 is too false to be easily reconcil$ to true arti/ic pr9ciples1 & its sk9-deep beauty has be5 pa9fully app>5t1 until v rec5tly1 ow+ to ! unf9i%$ condition ( ! ,we/ front4 ,x may be said 9 ext5uation ( ?is t pla/]1 :ile g5]ally accept$ z an hone/ mat]ial1 is no less a %all[ cov]+ to disguise nak$ walls2 x is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly misus$1 & is only tol]able s long z x is n employ$ 9 imitation ( bett] mat]ials1 :ile ! ?9 m>ble is really int5d$ to deceive ! eye1 & give ! impression t its dep? is equal to t ( ! wall4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,flor5ce ,ca!dral is disappo9t+1 x is insuffici5tly light$1 b>e1 & mu* 9 ne$ ( ! frescos ) :i* x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be decorat$4 ,! ca!dral ( ,pisa belongs 9 great] "p to ! prec$+ /yle1 b ! campo-santo adjo9+ x has a cloi/] ) trac]i$ w9d[s1 :i*1 not)/&+ its r\nd ar*es1 m ne>ly resembles ,nor!rn ,go?ic ?an any?+ 9 ,italy1 & by its great] height %[s a novel & m effective treatm5t ?an is usually se5 9 ,france or ,engl&4 ,! little *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia della ,sp9a 9 ?is t[n1 on ! banks ( ! ,arno1 is a *>m+ little edifice ( ! ,si5na type4 ,9 civil ar*itecture ,italy has mu* to boa/ (4 ,h] palaces & =tresses are among/ ! noble/ & mo/ picturesque build+s ( ! ,middle ,ages f\nd any:]e 9 ,europe4 ,mo/ ( ^! are rectangul> masses ( /one1 ! au/]ity ( :i* is reliev$ by heavy w9d[-op5+s ) po9t$ heads & m\ld$ frames1 & cr[n$ by a battlem5t$ cornice1 occasionally enliv5$ by %ields plac$ betwe5 alt]nate corbels4 ,! addition ( ! campanile1 us$ z a look\t t[] r ?an z a belfry1 g5]ally completes an impos+ /ructure4 ,( ^? 9 /one1 ! ,palazzo ,vec*io & ! ,b>gello1 9 ,flor5ce1 are among ! f9e/ ( ^! half t[n-hall1 half =tress build+s1 :ile ! ,municipio ( ,si5na1 ) its imm5sely high campanile1 may be m5tion$ z typical ( ^? 9 brick4 ,ne>ly e l>ge city possesses "o ( ^! tall t[]s1 notably ,v]ona1 ,cremona1 ,mantua1 & ,flor5ce4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ ! t[] ( ,giotto is ! mo/ highly ornam5t$ & graceful ( ?is class ( /ructure1 & = g5]al proportions unsurpass$4 ,longfell[1 9 8 well-kn[n poem1 regrets ! lack ( a spire to complete x1 b x is que/ionable :e!r su* an addition c\ld h be5 made 9 keep+ ) ! /yle 9 :i* x is design$4 ,9 ,france ! lately re/or$ ,*ateau de ,pi]refonds1 ne> ,compiegne1 illu/rates1 p]haps z well z any1 ! typical milit>y build+ ( ! ,go?ic p]iod1 ) all ! usual accompany+ /ructures4 ,! ext]ior walls are high & massive1 ) r\nd t[]s at ! angles cr[n$ ) project+ battlem5ts & conical ro(s4 ,an int]ior c\rt is rea*$ only by trav]s+ a drawbridge & pass+ ?r\gh an out] gate & passage def5d$ by heavy portcullis4 ,ar\nd ?is c\rt are gr\p$ ! ap>tm5ts1 banquet+-halls1 ! *apel1 & ! necess>y qu>t]s = resid5ts & g>rison4 ,! numb] ( rema9+ dome/ic build+s ( ! p]iod is comp>atively limit$4 ,! h\se ( ,jacques ,coeur at ,b\rges1 ! mona/ic ,hotel de ,cluny1 9 ,p>is1 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 & ! ,hotel ,b\rg!r\lde1 9 ,r\51 may be m5tion$ among ! few /ill /&+1 z ! be/ examples ( contempor>y ar*itecture4 ,( small half-timb]$ h\ses !re rema9 a fair numb] 9 ,france1 ?\gh !y are daily be+ demoli%$1 9 ! pr9cipal cities1 to make way = s-call$ improvem5ts4 ,engl& is ri* 9 milit>y & civil build+s3 ! ca/les ( ,w9dsor1 ,w>wick1 ,k5ilwor?1 ,ro*e/]1 & ! ,t[] ( ,london1 are all well kn[n & h be5 frequ5tly describ$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,engli% civil /ructures ( ! ,middle ,ages1 are ! colleges at ,ox=d2 z1 h[ev]1 !y foll[1 9 ! ,go?ic treatm5t1 ! progress ( ! /yles1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! contempor>y ecclesia/ical edifices1 !y d n require special description4 ,! t[n-halls ( ,belgium are important ,go?ic build+s1 & are f\nd 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( t c\ntry4 ,_! flat faades are s+ul>ly ri*1 b z !y embody only ! =ms & ornam5t ( ,go?ic art1 !y are less int]e/+ & poor] examples ?an any less pret5ti\s /ructures %[+ ! con/ructive elem5t1 :i* pr$om9at$ 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! /yle1 & be=e ! rebir? ( ,classic art _h completely sup]s$$ ,go?ic ar*itecture1 a curi\s transitional /yle _h a brief sway1 9 :i* bo? 7 bl5d$4 ,! w+ ( ! ,*ateau de ,blois1 built by ,l\is ,,xii41 & ! ,*ateau de ,gaillon1 built by ,c>d9al ,amboise1 9 ! ye> #aejj1 ! faade ( :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 may be reg>d$ z ! be/ specim5s ( ?is *>m+ & %ort-liv$ art4 ,! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,eti5ne du ,mont1 & ,/4 ,eu/a*e1 at ,p>is1 may be add$ to ^! z typical ( ! contempor>y religi\s edifices4 ,9 !m we see ! la/ ?roes ( a dy+ /yle :i* _h become extravagant & di/ort$ 9 its f9al ef=ts to survive1 b reta9$ traces ( its =m] beauty ev5 9 its expir+ mom5ts4 ,! ,go?ic /yle arose 9 ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 x atta9$ its greate/ purity & simplicity 9 ! ?irte5?2 dur+ ! f\rte5? a m ext5sive use ( ornam5t 0 introduc$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x has be5 t]m$ ,decorat$ ,go?ic2 f9ally1 9 ! fifte5?1 its pr9ciples & pr9cipal features 7 exagg]at$ & pu%$ to _! utmo/ limits1 until its brilliancy1 flick]+ 9 ! flamboyant trac]ies ( ! late/ p]iod1 expir$ & gave place to a ,classic revival4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,a n uncommon error is made 9 apply+ ! "n ,r5aissance only to ! delicately treat$ /yle ( reviv$ ,classic art1 su* z 0 preval5t 9 ,france dur+ ! reigns ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 & 8 imm$iate successors4 ,! ^w--d]iv$ f ! v]b r5atre1 signify+ 9 ,fr5* ! rebir? 7( ! classics und]/ood7--_c1 h[ev]1 be conf9$ to any su* n>r[$ limits1 = no new /yle hav+ be5 sub/itut$ s9ce1 x is z correct a t]m to-day z x 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a di/9ction betwe5 ! fir/ brilliant productions ( ! revival1 & ! m pond]\s build+s :i* succe$$ !m1 b ,e>ly & ,late ,r5aissance express ?is satisfactorily4 ,x did n always foll[1 h[ev]1 t all ! "w :i*1 f its *>act]i/ics1 w\ld be classifi$ "u ! fir/ head1 necess>ily ant$at$ t belong+ to ! lat] p]iod4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e ! works ( ! ,romans 7 too colossal to be utt]ly de/roy$1 & too conspicu\s to be easily =gott51 ! fir/ movem5t naturally took place to reawak5 ! long dormant art1 by :i* !y _h be5 produc$4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,orcagua built ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 9 ,flor5ce1 & boldly sub/itut$ r\nd ar*es = ! po9t$ ones !n 9 vogue4 ,?is 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ! tide ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 = x ne$$ b little m to induce ! delight$ ,italians to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( an art :i* !y _h adopt$ b unwill+ly1 & :i* _h nev] be5 sympa!tic to _! ta/e4 ,consi/5tly ) _! impetu\s nature1 ! *ange 0 effect$ )\t hesitation 9 a m>vell\sly %ort p]iod1 & ) sc>cely any ( ! usual int]v5+ transitional /ages4 ,! anci5t =ms reappe>$ & replac$ ! dy+ ,go?ic z rapidly z 9 ! days ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y ! cry 8,le roi e/ mort4 ,vive le roi60 h]ald$ at once ! k+'s dea? & 8 son's succession to p[]4 ,x is /range t !re %\ld h be5 s little to connect ! succe$+ /yles1 t ! revival %\ld h be5 s completely indep5d5t ( & un9flu5c$ by a /yle :i* _h be5 /eadily gr[+ = f\r c5turies1 & :i* m5 mu/ h become accu/om$ to consid] ! only "o suit$ to _! times4 ,delicate workman%ip 01 h[ev]1 ! only ,go?ic legacy ! ,r5aissance ar*itects accept$1 & ?is 0 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! "w ( ! e>ly p]iod4 ,! proportions & scale ( _! build+s 7 small2 a :ole ord]3 p$e/al1 column1 & entablature g5]ally occupy+ & m>k+ ! height ( an ord9>y /ory ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 & ! ornam5t us$1 :ile pr(use1 0 execut$ 9 ! l[e/ relief & ) mo/ m9ute detail4 ,if ! revolution 9 art 0 great1 x _h proportionately great expon5ts3 ,brunelles*i1 ,bramante1 ,raphael1 ,sangallo1 ,vignola1 ,mi*ael ,angelo are names z prom95t 9 hi/ory z ^? ( mu*-laud$ victors 9 ! battlefield4 ,brunelles*i1 ar*itect ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,m>y's 9 ,flor5ce1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ innovators4 ,he design$ ! ,/rozzi & ,pitti ,palaces 9 t city1 ) ! horizontal l9es & r\nd ar*es ( ! ,classic s*ool1 al?\gh /ill reta9+ ! feudal traditions 9 _! massive /onework & 9 ! au/]ity ( _! ext]iors4 ,! great palaces ( ,rome :i* belong to ?is p]iod p>take also ( ?is ext]nal sev]ity1 & conf9e _! brilliancy to int]ior display4 ,! palaces ( ! ,cancell]ia by ,bramante1 ! ,palazzo ,mass9i by ,bal?as> ,p]ruzzi1 ( ,si5na1 ! ,sac*etti & ,cors9i ,palaces by ,sangallo1 ! ,b>b]9i design$ by ,b]n9i1 & ! ,f>nese ,palace ^u :i* ,sangallo1 ,vignola1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo devot$ _! labors 9 turn1 are a few among ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,mo/ ( ^! build+s1 :ile v>y+ 9 size & 9 accordance ) ! "* ( _! sites1 are rectangul> 9 plan1 & enclose quadrangul> c\rts1 ! diff]5t /ories be+ m>k$ by sup]pos$ ord]s & arcades4 ,!y are plann$ on a lib]al scale1 ) broad proportions & ) great def]5ce to symmetry4 ,! beauty ( ! plan 01 9 fact1 "o ( ! be/ features ( ! new /yle1 n only 9 dome/ic1 b 9 ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 = ! arbitr>y ,go?ic arrangem5ts be+ once disc>d$1 x became possible to comb9e ! circle & /raight l9e 9 _m novel & beautiful ways1 = :i* ! old] ,roman build+s furni%$ admirable examples4 ,! /udy ( ^! plans =ms "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 an ar*itect's education1 & _! exam9ation 9 ^! days ( iron props & twelve-in* walls is fraught ) mu* pleasure & pr(it4 ,! light & brilliant creations ( ! e>ly p]iod are abundant 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 & 7 models ) :i* ! ,fr5* 7 readily impress$4 ,! faade ( ! *ur* 9 ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 ) its elaborate detail & delicate ornam5t1 & su* build+s z ! ,sp9elli ,rezzonico & ,v5dram9 palaces1 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,za*>iah1 ! ,logetta & ,libr>y ( ,/ ,m>k's ( ,sansov9o1 9 ,v5ice1 & f>!r ,s\? ! ,palazzo ,fava 9 ,bologna1 ! ,capella ,pazzi atta*$ to ! old] ,/a4 ,croce 9 ,flor5ce1 & ! monum5t to ,julius ,,ii4 9 ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,popolo 9 ,rome are a few beautiful examples ( ! e>ly treatm5t :i* has s mu* aff9ity ) ! works produc$ 9 ,france "u ! ,valois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,,z ,,orig9ally ,,design$ ,,by ,,mi*ael ,,angelo4 ,! great ,italian ca!dral ^u :i* ne>ly all subsequ5t *ur*es 7 modell$ 0 comm5c$ ^u ! site ( ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome 9 ! ye> #aejf1 ^u plans by ,bramante1 & occupi$ a c5tury & a half 9 completion4 ,aft] ,bramante1 ,giocondo1 ,julian ,sangallo1 ,raphael1 ,p]ruzzi1 ,antonio di ,sangallo1 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,c>lo ,mad]no ea* work$ ^u x 9 turn4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o design$ ! dome1 wi%$ to adopt ! plan ( ! ,greek cross1 t is1 ) equal arms1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ plan4 ,! result w\ld h be5 mu* m monum5tal & w\ld h giv5 ! dome its due effect )9 a mod]ate di/ance1 :ile n[ x c only be prop]ly judg$ f af>1 & ! high faade t]m9at+ ! nave is bo? poor 9 composition & detrim5tal to ! g5]al conception4 ,! build+ is ess5tially ,classic 9 all its details1 b diff]s f ! g5]al design ( any p>ticul> ,classical build+4 ,! nave is =m$ by a ,cor9?ian arcade simil> to ^? ( anci5t ,rome1 ?\gh on a va/ly l>g] scale1 support+ a tunnel-vault1 :i* is decorat$ ) sunk5 panels l ^? ( ! anci5t ,ba?s4 ,! dome is support$ on a circul> drum c>ri$ on f\r imm5se pi]s & improves on ! ,pan!on only 9 size1 :ile x is surpass$ by ,/4 ,sophia 9 sci5tific con/ruction4 ,! ca!dral is mo/ ri*ly1 ev5 gaudily1 decorat$ )91 ) col\r$ m>bles & mosaics & conta9s num]\s tombs ( great magnific5ce & an alt> ) twi/$ columns design$ by ,b]n9i4 ,x is ! l>ge/ *ur* 9 ! _w1 & yet its proportions are s h>moni\sly1 or inh>moni\sly design$1 t x does n produce a correspond+ s5se ( its va/ness ^u ! behold]4 ,! s+le ord] occupy+ ! height ( two /ories is a feature1 ! inv5tion1 or r arrangem5t ( :i*1 is attribut$ to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,9 subsequ5t build+s x 0 ne>ly always adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to ! small] ord]s m>k+ ea* floor4 ,! life ( ?is great arti/ =ms ( itself a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,mi*ael ,buon>otti1 surnam$ ,angelo1 ! mo/ brilliant ar*itect ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 born ( noble p>5tage 9 ,arezzo 9 ! ye> #aege4 ,he develop$ extraord9>y tal5ts at an e>ly age1 & aft] out/ripp+ 8 fir/ in/ructor1 took up 8 resid5ce 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e he /udi$ anatomy & ! human figure until he became ! mo/ exp]t draughtsman ( 8 "t4 ,9 ,rome1 :]e he 0 summon$ by ,julius ,,ii41 he produc$ sev]al f9e works 9 /atu>y1 b ow+ to ! jeal\sy ( ,bramante 0 =c$ to quit ! city & return to ,flor5ce4 ,!re he aid$ ! citiz5s to su/a9 a siege dur+ a ye>1 by 8 sup]ior k ( =tification1 & subsequ5tly w5t to ,v5ice1 :]e he design$ ! fam\s ,rialto bridge4 ,at ! e>ne/ solicitation ( ! pope he return$ to ,rome & comm5c$ ! great pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 to :i* "w he _h be5 assign$ by ! c\nsels ( ,bramante1 :o wi%$ to prove 8 inf]iority to 8 own nephew ,raphael4 ,! result ( ! "w1 complet$ 9 a m>vell\sly %ort p]iod1 h[ev]1 0 s successful t all ,rome ran to see x4 ,aft] ! accession ( ,paul ,,iii4 to ! ,papal see1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 def9itely appo9t$ ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s & work$ on ! build+ dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 al?\gh he return$ to ,flor5ce sev]al times & !re execut$ ! spl5did /atues :i* adorn ! *apel ( ! ,m$icis4 ,9 8 lat] days he 0 assi/$ by ,vignola 9 8 "w1 b di$ be=e its completion at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-eight4 ,giacomo ,b>rozio1 call$ ,vignola f 8 bir?place ne> ,bologna1 is kn[n = 8 great works1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! ,jesuits' *ur* 9 ,rome & ! ca/le ( ,capr>olla at ,vit]bo1 :i* he built = ! ,c>d9al ,alex&] ,f>nese1 & also1 especially to ar*itects1 = ! rules & measurem5ts ( ,classical ord]s :i* he compos$ f ! build+s ( ,rome ) ! aid ( ! manual ( ,vitruvius4 ,?is "w comprises ! elem5ts ( design us$ 9 ne>ly all ! build+s erect$ dur+ ! two foll[+ c5turies1 _m ( _! elevations be+ simple comb9ations ( diff]5t pages ( ,vignola's book1 :i* to ?is day is ! be/ guide = ,classical proportions & ! ar*itects' ,a ,b ,c4 ,! discrim9ator betwe5 ! v>i\s ar*itectural /yles is fond ( draw+ a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,r5aissance1 & illu/rat+ x by views ( ! typical ,italian palace1 ) a flat tile ro( & l[ p$im5ts1 & ! typical ,fr5* h\se1 ) imm5sely high slate ro(s & pret5ti\s dorm]s4 ,al?\gh ! eye ( ! practis$ ar*itect c di/+ui% betwe5 ! repres5tative "w ( ,sansov9o & ,philib]t ,delorme1 & betwe5 t ( ,b]n9i & ,claude ,p]rault1 yet su* di/9ctions d n =m sep>ate /yles1 = !y are b unimportant diff]5ces1 caus$ by local influ5ces4 ,! subject %\ld be look$ ^u 9 a broad] s5se1 = all ^! subdivisions t5d to confuse ! /ud5t & lead him to =get ! sequ5ce ( ! great hi/orical /yle ( :i* !y =m "p4 ,! ,jacobean1 ,que5 ,anne1 & k9dr$ s-call$ /yles 9 ,engl& 7 m]ely ecc5tric /reams fl[+ out ( ! "o ma9 *annel1 :i* 7 sc>cely wor?y ( di/9ction & c]ta9ly n ( revival 9 our times4 ,9 ,france1 "u ea* reign1 !re 0 a slight diff]5ce ( treatm5t1 *iefly 9 ! decoration ( int]iors1 :i* p]mits ( a classification mo/ conv5i5t to ! mod]n uphol/]]1 b = our purposes x is suffici5t to apply ! two divisions--,e>ly & ,late ,r5aissance4 ,! ,*ateaux ( ,blois1 ,*ambord1 & ,*5onceaux 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,loire1 ! ,palaces ( ,fonta9ebleau1 ,/4 ,g]ma9 en ,laye1 ! ,tuil]ies & ! old ,l\vre 9 ,p>is are spl5did examples ( ! =m]1 & monum5ts wor?y ( ! great arti/s1 ,pi]re ,lescot1 ,philib]t ,delorme1 ,jean ,g\jon1 & o!rs1 :o lab\r$ ^u !m4 ,!y are illu/rative ( ! employm5t ( ! small ord]s & ornam5t 9 l[ relief1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! correspond+ p]iod 9 ,italy1 ?\gh !y are g5]ally ri*] & m spirit$ 9 design ?an ! ,italian build+s1 & ! s(t /one :i* is s abundant 9 ,france p]mitt$ m lavi% ornam5t ^u ! ext]iors4 ,! skeletons ( ea* design1 t is to say1 ! ma9 ar*itectural l9es1 /ripp$ ( elaborate detail1 are mu* alike & c ne>ly all be br\ght back to ! anci5t me?od ( sup]pos+ ord]s4 ,?is is no disp>agem5t on ! value ( ! "w1 = ! plans ( _m build+s 7 excell5t1 & ! v>iety ( ornam5tal design 0 ( a delicacy & imag9ative beauty :i* has r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,x is que/ionable1 inde$1 :e!r ! *ange :i* took place 9 ! c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 ! introduction ( l>g] proportions & great] sev]ity ( ornam5t1 0 s mu* a ga9 z x 0 consid]$ at ! "t4 ,to ?is p]iod belong "s ( ! great *ur*es modell$ ^u or r sugge/$ by ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome3 ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,london1 rebuilt by ,*ri/oph] ,wr52 ! ,val de ,grace1 ! jo9t "w ( ,lem]ci]1 ,l$uc1 & ,mans>t1 & ! *ur* ( ! ,hotel des ,invalides 9 ,p>is1 also by ,mans>t1 are among ! f9e/ ( ! p]iod & /yle4 ,! plan ( ! la/-nam$ *ur* is app5d$ z a p>ticul>ly happy example 9 g5]al arrangem5t & symmetrical v>iety1 do+ great cr$it to ,mans>t1 :o also built ! l>g] portion ( ! celebrat$ ,*ateau de ,v]sailles4 ,! publication ( ,/ew>t & ,revetts' great "w ^u ! antiquities ( ,a!ns call$ g5]al att5tion 9 ,engl& to ! beauty ( ,greek art1 t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 & result$ 9 ! erection ( a numb] ( build+s 9 imitation ( ,a!nian monum5ts :i* 7 utt]ly inappropriate & unsuit$ to ! ,engli% climate4 ,9 ,france ar*itecture w5t ?r\gh two or ?ree fa%ionable phases1 f great extravagance ( design "u ,l\is ,,xv4 to extreme simplicity "u ,l\is ,,xvi41 f9ally relaps+ "u ,napoleon into ! s]vile copy+ ( entire ,classic build+s3 a great fall+ (f f ! pr9ciple ( ! sixte5? c5tury "w1 :i* _h always be5 orig9al 9 conception al?\gh borr[+ detail f ! antique4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 ar*itecture sank to ! l[e/ ebb all ov] ! _w1 probably ow+ to ! di/urb+ influ5ces ( ! great ,napoleonic w>s4 ,)9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! spirit$ writ+s ( a few en?usia/s & ! lib]al tea*+s ( ! ,fr5* s*ools h caus$ a g5]al revival1 & bett] "w is be+ done n[ ?an at any "t dur+ ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,*ur* ,,( ,,! ,,hotel ,,des ,,invalides ,,at ,,p>is4 ,av>ici\s comm]ce & ! pr$om9ance ( ! desire = display r ?an quiet love ( ! arts are factors :i* /& mu* 9 ! way ( g5u9e progress1 b x is n improbable t ! spread ( ref9$ education w ev5tually succe$ 9 plant+ ! se$s ( ?is love 9 ! he>t ( ! great masses1 & enable ar*itecture to resume its natural & elevat+ position 9 _! mid/4 ,,xii4 ,,conclusion4 ,at ! pres5t /age ( mod]n art we h ! pr9ciples1 broadly speak+1 ( two great /yles ( ar*itecture to guide u 9 ! design ( ! build+s :i* we may h to erect4 ,^! are ! ,classic & ! ,go?ic2 = we may apply ! t]m ,classic n m]ely to ! works ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 b to _! (f%oots ! ,byzant9e & ,romanesque /yles1 ! "o bran*+ ,ea/w>d & ! o!r ,we/w>d1 alt]$ 9 _m respects1 b f\nd$ on ! old] sy/ems2 & we h se5 t ! ,r5aissance 0 b a revival ( ! same me?ods & =ms4 ,9 ea* ( ^! /yles ! be/ result has always be5 atta9$ :]e ! con/ructional elem5t has be5 held to be z important z ! decorative1 :]e ! ess5tial & useful h n be5 subs]vi5t to consid]ations ( ornam5t or display4 ,9 ,classic "w mu* has be5 done t is unwor?y1 9 ! s5seless repetition ( columns & pila/]s :i* support no?+1 9 decoration :i* s]ves only to conceal ill-adju/$ ar*itectural l9es2 & ! same is equally true ( deg5]ate ,go?ic1 9 :i* :ole walls h be5 cov]$ ) mean+less panels1 & massive buttresses built up to receive no /ra94 ,nev]!less1 by foll[+ only :at is good 9 ! pr9ciples ( ea*1 & by avoid+ ! errors :i* exp]i5ce has enabl$ u to p]ceive1 especially ^? :i* h engraft$ !mselves ^u u by bigot$ cu/om1 we c n only produce f9e "w b assi/ 9 ! advance ( ar*itecture4 ,be=e decid+ ^u :at /yle to employ 9 ! composition ( an edifice1 x is well to fir/ consid] ?or\ghly ! programme ( :at is want$ 9 its plan1 & !n ! special "* ) :i* we desire to inve/ x bo? ext]iorly & int]iorly4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t bo? %\ld be intimately connect$4 ,we h se5 t ! be/ p]iod ( ,go?ic art 0 t :]e9 ! :ole /ructure 0 rais$ on a !ory ( weights & /ra9s ?r[n f vault to pi]1 & pi] to buttress2 x is1 !re=e1 absurd1 :5 a build+ occupies a space betwe5 ! p>ty-walls ( mod]n /reet lots1 to attempt an int]ior con/ruction hav+ ! appe>ance ( correspond+ ) buttresses & simil> contrivances = :i* !re is no room on ! outside4 ,if1 !re=e1 we *oose ,go?ic = our /yle1 let u foll[ no false !ory1 b "w on ! pr9ciples demon/rat$ 9 its innum]able examples1 9 :i* x may be possible to f9d room = fur!r developm5t1 introduc+ no feature ( con/ruction :i* has n a full & consi/5t mean+4 ,"o c sc>cely g ! l5g?s to :i* _m v5ture1 9 say+ t ,go?ic ar*itecture is suit$ only to ecclesia/ical build+s1 = !re are _m spl5did milit>y & civil /ructures1 f ! keeps & ca/les ( ,engl& & ,france1 to ! t[n-halls ( ,belgium4 ,b !re is ?is mu* to be said 9 _! fav\r1 t :ile ! laws ( =tification & dome/ic life h alt]$ entirely s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 on ! "o h&1 ^? gov]n+ ! obs]vances ( religion h rema9$ un*ang$ & no mann] ( build+ is s ess5tially religi\s 9 its "* or bett] calculat$ to comm& ! rev]5ce & awe ( ! devotee1 on ! o!r4 ,9 support ( ?is view _m w agree 9 admitt+ t !re is no?+ ( ?is religi\s s5tim5t express$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian colonnades ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 or1 9 fact1 9 any ( ! great numb] ( ,r5aissance *ur*es :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cities ( ,europe1 :ile x nev] fails to ex]cise its influ5ce ^u anyone ent]+ ! great ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,! great prevail+ ?\ght ( ,m$ival times 0 a religi\s "o1 & we see x reflect$ 9 ! m9ute/ details ( ! lives ( ! p ( t age2 x 01 consequ5tly1 b natural t x %\ld atta9 its highe/ expression :5 !y fill$ _! *ur*es ) ! be/ t c\ld be produc$ 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,:ile ! ,classic ord]s seem out ( place 9 a temple ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip !y are appropriate 9 civil build+s1 & we h no bett] examples = beauty ( proportion4 ,!y are ! result ( ! ?\ght & ta/e ( g5]ations ( ar*itects & h /ood ! te/ ( "t1 = !y are z pleas+ to-day z 9 ! days ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,x is _! proportion r ?an _! compon5t p>ts :i* we %\ld foll[1 = a column1 unless ne$$ z a support1 is a que/ionable decoration1 & pila/]s or engag$ columns are only desirable :]e additional ?ickness ( wall is requir$1 us$ z ! ,go?ic ar*itect w\ld h us$ buttresses1 & nev] z m]e ornam5ts1 :i* are at once a fraudul5t delusion & a retrogression 9 ! progress ( ar*itecture4 ,a multiplicity ( columns & entablatures does n make p]fect ar*itecture1 b great lead+ l9es1 good proportion1 cle> detail1 & appropriate ornam5t4 ,! guid+ rule is to d no?+ :i* has n intr9sic m]it4 ,x is bett] to h an absolutely pla9 wall ?an "o cov]$ ) poor decoration2 f> bett] to h no cornice at all ?an a galvaniz$ iron "o1 pa9t$ to look l /one4 ,! true def9ition ( ar*itecture is 8ornam5tal con/ruction40 ,x is n a utilit>ian sci5ce1 because if s !re w\ld be no raison d'tre = beauty ( design1 = m]e %elt] & commodi\s arrangem5t c\ld z well be provid$ by ! eng9e] z by ! ar*itect4 ,! art ( ! ar*itect lies 9 ! composition ( build+s at once suit$ to _! purpose & beautiful to ! eye2 & z su* 8 art is "o t c progress1 n ?r\gh a s]ies ( *ang+ fa%ions :i* gr[ we>isome be=e !y h la/$ a decade1 b /ep by /ep1 accord+ to ! example ( ! great p]iods ( ! pa/4 ,?is example tea*es u nev] to copy slavi%ly1 b to imitate old examples only s f> z !y may suit mod]n ne$s1 9 pr9ciple r ?an 9 detail1 & to es*ew ! reproduction ( defects1 h[ev] picturesque1 s t ar*itecture may be a liv+ art in/ead ( ! mummifi$ repres5tation ( ar*ological rese>*es4 ,9 pursu+ ! /udy ( s va/ & spl5did an art we %\ld d s ) "s feel+ ( rev]5ce = its dignity1 n look+ ^u x z a m]e money-mak+ trade1 = ! greate/ ar*itects ! _w has kn[n h be5 satisfi$ 9 be+ only wor%ipp]s at a great %r9e4 ,rev]5ce is a s5tim5t slightly reg>d$ 9 an age :5 delicacy ( feel+ 9 su* matt]s is (t5 held up z a butt = ! je/s & d]ision ( ! vulg>1 & ! dignity ( ! art has little foo?old :5 x has become a cu/om = ! v5dor ( *eap furniture to /yle 8 %op an 8,art ,repository10 & ! f\nd] ( ca/-iron abortions to call 8 factory 8,! ,art ,metal ,works40 ,nev]!less all ( our "w mu/ reflect some?+ ( our inn] ?\ghts1 & if we d n place !m ^u a high plane x is n possible = _! reflection to conta9 :at is noble & true4 ,we _c become arti/s 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w )\t lov+ & rev]5c+ ! beauty & pr9ciples :i* h made ! art s great a "o4 ,x is ! cu/om among c]ta9 p to sne] at s5tim5t1 & call = practical art2 b ! mo/ practical art is ess5tially ! product ( ?\ghtful s5tim5ts4 ,z an illu/ration1 let u comp>e ! ,laocon1 ( sculpture2 ! ,halls ( ,k>nak1 ( ar*itecture2 ! ,dead ,m>*1 ( music2 ! 8,desc5t f ! ,cross10 ( pa9t+1 ) ! 8,danc+ ,faun10 ! arabesques ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! waltzes ( ,*op91 & ! gay fea/s depict$ by ,paolo ,v]onese1 & ! contra/ %[s u t ea* bran* ( an univ]sal art expresses ! opposite feel+s ( gravity or trag$y1 ( joy or com$y1 ea* 9 its sep>ate mann]4 ,9 design+1 que/ions arise e mom5t :i* c only be decid$ by an innate s5tim5t ( :at is good & appropriate4 ,!re are no fix$ laws gov]n+ ! height ( a spire or ! projection ( a m\ld+2 !y are matt]s :i* dep5d ^u correct feel+1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^u educat$ ta/e4 ,if x 7 n s1 art w\ld become a me*anical sci5ce1 & c\ld no long] be call$ by t "n4 ,emotion has no place 9 me*anics1 b x has great influ5ce 9 ! arts4 ,we "k ! ,greeks 7 an emotional race1 & x is said t ,mi*ael ,angelo wept be=e a beautiful /atue or pa9t+2 & ! works ( ! p & ( ! individual 7 proportionate to ! dep? ( _! feel+s1 & h p]haps nev] be5 excell$4 ,let u1 !re=e1 comm5ce ?is /udy--= ! omega ( ?is book is b ! alpha ( ar*itecture--despis+ none ( its delicate subtleties1 & endeav\r to grasp its pr9ciples1 9 ! hope ( do+ our %>e 9 its fur!r advance1 lay+ aside ! petty gratification ( our vanity 9 a g5u9e affection = our art4 ,,! ,,end ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,page #ba3 8t5emos0 replac$ by 8tem5os04 #ca3 8,*ilamb>am0 replac$ by 8,*idamb>am04 #cb3 8baldaqu9s0 replac$ by 8balda*9s04 #dj3 8ababa/]0 replac$ by 8alaba/]04 #aaa3 8,adb-el-,rhaman0 replac$ by 8,abd-el-,rhaman04 #aai3 8cont9uons0 replac$ by 8cont9u\s04 #abf3 8we]0 replac$ by 8704