,,illu/rat$ ,,biographies ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,arti/s4 ,,&rea ,,mantegna4 ,,francesco ,,raibol9i1 ,,call$ ,,francia4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,biographies ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,arti/s4 ,! foll[+ volumes1 ea* illu/rat$ ) f #ad to #bj ,engrav+s1 are n[ ready1 price #cs4 #f;d43-- ,,italian1 c4 ,,giotto4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,quilt]1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,by ,,ca!r9e ,,m>y ,,phillimore4 ,,fra ,,b>tolommeo4 ,by ,,lead] ,,scott4 ,,mantegna ,,& ,,francia4 ,by ,,julia ,,c>twright4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,,paul ,,ri*t]4 ,,mi*elangelo4 ,by ,,*>les ,,clem5t4 ,,raphael4 ,f ,j4 ,d4 ,,passavant4 ,by ,n4 ,d',,anv]s4 ,,titian4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,=d ,,hea?1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,t9toretto4 ,by ,w4 ,,roscoe ,,osl]4 ,f rese>*es at ,v5ice4 ,,velazquez4 ,by ,,edw9 ,,/[e1 ,b4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,v]net ,,& ,,del>o*e4 ,by ,j4 ,,runtz ,,rees4 ,,teutonic4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r]4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,=d ,,hea?1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,holbe94 ,f ,dr4 ,a4 ,,woltmann4 ,by ,,joseph ,,cundall4 ,,! ,,little ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,g]many499 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,scott4 ,,rembr&t4 ,f ,,*>les ,,vosma]4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mollett1 ,b4,a4 ,,rub5s4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,kett1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,van ,,dyck ,,& ,,hals4 ,by ,,p]cy ,r4 ,,head1 ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,figure ,,pa9t]s ,,( ,,holl&4 ,by ,,"l ,,ronald ,,g[]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,engli%4 ,,hog>?4 ,by ,,au/9 ,,dobson4 ,,reynolds4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,pull+1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,ga9sbor\gh4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 ,,brock-,,arnold1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4 ,,turn]4 ,by ,w4 ,,cosmo ,,monkh\se4 ,,wilkie4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mollett1 ,b4,a41 ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,l&se]4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,g4 ,,/eph5s4 ,! foll[+ volumes are 9 prep>ation3-- ,,correggio4 ,by ,m4 ,,compton ,,heaton4 ,,cornelius ,,& ,,ov]beck4 ,by ,j4 ,,beav+ton ,,atk9son4 99 ,an ,edition de luxe1 conta9+ #ad extra plates f r>e engrav+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & b\nd 9 ,roxburgh /yle1 may be _h1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,&rea ,,mantegna4 ,f ! bronze bu/1 attribut$ to ,sp]&io1 9 ,sant' ,&rea1 ,mantua4 8,! :ole _w )\t ,art w\ld be "o great wild]ness40 ,,mantegna ,,& ,,francia ,,by ,,julia ,,c>twright ,,au?or ,,( 8,,v>allo ,,& ,,h] ,,pa9t]10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,scribn] ,,& ,,wel=d ,,london3 ,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on1 ,,se>le1 ,,riv+ton #ahha 7,all rights res]v$47 ,,preface4 ,al?\gh no sep>ate biography ( ,mantegna has be5 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 8 life & works h be5 ! subject ( mu* /udy 9 o!r c\ntries dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! ?anks ( ! writ] are especially due to ,dr4 ,woltmann1 ! au?or ( ! biography ( ! pa9t] 9 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,dohme's 8,kun/ und ,kn/l]10 to ,m4 ,arm& ,bas*et1 ,canonico ,willelmo ,braghirolli1 & ,dr4 ,k>l ,brun4 ,x is to be hop$ t be=e long ! la/-nam$ ( ^! s*ol>s w give ! result ( 8 rese>*es to ! public 9 a complete "w on ?is rem>kable man1 :o 0 bo? "o ( ! greate/ arti/s & "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ p]sonalities ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,) reg>d to ,francia1 mat]ials = ! hi/ory ( 8 life are f> less pl5tiful1 & are to be f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ! works ( ,bolognese writ]s1 ( :om ,malvasia & ,calvi are ! fulle/ & mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,9 (f]+ ?is little "w z a guide = ! use ( ^? :o h n ! opportunity ( /udy+ ! ma/]'s works = !mselves ! au?or has only to add t ! pictures m5tion$ h be5 c>efully exam9$1 & _! descriptions writt5 on ! spot4 ,j4 ,m4 ,c4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,mantegna4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,& ,,"w ,,at ,,padua4 ,a4,d4 #adca-adeg #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"w ,,at ,,v]ona ,,& ,,mantua4 ,a4,d4 #adeg-adgj #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,degli ,,sposi4 ,a4,d4 #adgj-adgd #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,"w ,,at ,,mantua ,,& ,,rome4 ,,engrav+s1 ,a4,d4 #adgd-adij #bi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,julius ,c,,s>4 ,,draw+s1 ,a4,d4 #adij-aejj #ch ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,la/ ,,works ,,& ,,dea?--,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,art4 ,a4,d4 #aejj-aejf #ej ,,francia4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,art ,,9 ,,bologna4 ,a4,d4 #acjj-adej #fe ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,life ,,& ,,works4 ,a4,d4 #adej-aejj #ge ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fri5d%ip ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,raphael4 ,a4,d4 #aejj-aejf #hf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,frescoes ,,( ,,/4 ,,cecilia',s ,,*apel4 ,a4,d4 #aejf-aeji #id ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,la/ ,,works ,,& ,,dea?4 ,a4,d4 #aeji-aeag #ajb ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,mantegna #aji ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,francia #aad ,,*ronology #aai ,,bibliography #aba ,,index #abb ,illu/ration ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,mantegna4 ,,bu/ ,,portrait ,,( ,,mantegna ,frontispiece ,,meet+ ,,( ,,lodovico ,,gonzaga ,,& ,,8 ,,son1 ,,! ,,c>d9al ,,francesco #bf ,,! ,,entombm5t 7engrav+7 #ce ,,judi? ,,) ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,hol(]nes 7draw+7 #cg ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,julius ,c,,s> #db ,,! ,,madonna ,,della ,,vittoria #df ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,! ,,magdal5 #dh ,,! ,,crucifixion #eh ,,francia4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,francia ,frontispiece ,,! ,,virg9 ,,en?ron$ ,,) ,,sa9ts #hj ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,,! ,,bird #he ,,deposition ,,f ,,! ,,cross #hi ,a ,,piet #ia ,,! ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,rose-,,g>d5 #aja ,illu/ration ,,&rea ,,mantegna4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,& ,,"w ,,at ,,padua1 ,a4,d4 #adca-adeg4 ,among ! diff]5t s*ools ( pa9t+ :i* fl\ri%$ on ! ma9l& ( ,nor? ,italy dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 t ( ,padua 0 ! only "o :i* atta9$ m ?an a m]ely local importance4 ,indep5d5t ( ,byzant9e traditions & /rik+ly peculi> 9 its *>act]i/ics1 x rivall$ = a "t & ev5 surpass$ ! ,v5etian s*ool 9 ! vig\r & individuality ( its art4 ,a ,paduan by bir?1 ,&rea ,mantegna became ! greate/ ma/] ( 8 day1 & left ! /amp ( 8 p[]ful g5ius n only on ! s*ools ( neighb\r+ cities1 b on ! :ole arti/ic _w4 ,by 8 own a*ievem5ts1 & /ill m by ! greatness ( 8 aims1 he /&s =emo/ among ! m5 ( 8 g5]ation :o c>ri$ on ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance & prep>$ ! way = ! spl5did age t 0 to foll[4 ,?is developm5t 0 ! m rem>kable1 because until ! fifte5? c5tury we d n he> ( a s+le ,paduan arti/ ( note4 ,giotto _h left ! frescoes ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel )9 ! walls ( ! 8le>n$ city10 & ,umbrian influ5ces _h lat] rea*$ h] /ud5ts ?r\gh ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 b ^! se$s 7 sl[ 9 be>+ fruit4 ,! m5 :o pa9t$ 9 ! fam\s basilica ( ,sant' ,antonio 7 mo/ly =eign]s4 ,jacopo d',avanzo & ,alti*i]i ( ,v]ona1 ,giu/o ( ,flor5ce1 belong$ to o!r ,italian cities1 & al?\gh a ,paduan guild exi/$ & increas$ /eadily 9 numb]s ! results 7 poor1 & ! few works :i* its memb]s produc$ 7 feeble imitations ( ,giottesque or ,umbrian orig9als4 ,! fir/ to raise ,paduan art out ( obscurity 0 ,francesco ,squ>cione1 :o1 al?\gh 8n ! be/ ( arti/s himself10 und\bt$ly gave a new direction to pa9t+ 9 8 native city1 & 9 a measure e>n$ ! title ( f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 :i* has be5 lib]ally be/[$ ^u him4 ,born 9 #acid1 & by pr(ession a tailor & embroid]]1 ,squ>cione e>ly devot$ himself to art1 & hav+ inh]it$ "s =tune f 8 fa!r1 sp5t 8 y\? 9 travell+ bo? 9 ,italy & ,greece4#a ,dur+ 8 travels he collect$ a consid]able numb] ( pictures1 & made draw+s & took ca/s ( anci5t m>bles1 :i* on 8 return to ,padua he exhibit$ = ! tea*+ ( "y arti/s4 ,by ^! means he soon obta9$ great reputation z a ma/]1 & z _m z a hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 pupils1 he himself tells u1 7 tra9$ 9 8 s*ool4 ,a man ( excell5t judgm5t 9 art1 b ( sl5d] p[]s ( execution1 :o knew h[ to attract tal5t$ pupils to 8 /udio1 & :o employ$ !m 9 ! production ( works :i* bore 8 "n1 is ! univ]sal v]dict pass$ ^u ,squ>cione by e>ly writ]s4 ,! tru? ( ?is te/imony is tol]ably well prov$ by ! curi\s diff]5ce ( /yle visible 9 ! only two au!ntic works ( 8 t rema91 an alt>-piece 9 ! gall]y ( ,padua1 & a ,madonna pa9t$ = ! ,lazz>a family4 ,! =m] is a co>se & unpleasant "w1 ) ! h>dness ( l9e & heavy col\r+ t m>k ,zoppo & ! inf]ior ,squ>cionesques1 :ile ! latt] 9 ! dignity ( its pose & c>eful modell+ be>s evid5t traces ( ,mantegna's h&4 ,squ>cione no d\bt possess$ a quick eye = disc]n+ tal5t1 & x is 8 la/+ claim on ! gratitude ( po/]ity t he at once saw & appreciat$ ! ris+ g5ius ( ! "y ,mantegna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&rea ,mantegna1 ! greate/ ( ,lomb>d ma/]s1 0 born 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,padua 9 ! ye> #adca4 ,8 fa!r1 ,biagio1 is suppos$ to h be5 a small f>m]1 & ,vas>i tells u t 9 8 *ildhood ,&rea h]d$ cattle until ,squ>cione1 /ruck by ! boy's tal5t = draw+1 adopt$ him z 8 own son4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #adda1 ,mantegna's "n is ent]$ on ! regi/]s ( ! ,paduan guild z ,squ>cione's fo/]-*ild1 & sev5 ye>s lat] he pa9t$ an alt>-piece = ! anci5t *ur* ( ,santa ,s(ia4 ,( ?is y\?ful "w contempor>ies speak ) high praise z be>+ m>ks ( a practis$ h&1 b x _h already disappe>$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! e>lie/ pa9t+ ( ,mantegna t n[ exi/s is ! fresco above ! portal ( ,sant' ,antonio4 ,9 ?is lunette1 :i* be>s ! date ( #adeb1 ! two sa9ts ,an?ony & ,b]n>d9o are repres5t$ support+ ! sacr$ monogram2 b ! figures are too mu* damag$ to be a fair te/ ( ! "y arti/'s /yle1 & ! "w is *iefly int]e/+ z a pro( ( ! high reputation 9 :i* he 0 already held by 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,x is to ! frescoes ( ,/4 ,cri/(oro's *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,eremitani fri>s t we mu/ turn 9 ord] to =m a correct idea ( ,mantegna's p[]s dur+ ?is "t4 ,"h we see him c>ry+ ! pr9ciples :i* he _h le>nt 9 ,squ>cione's work%op to _! fur!/ limits1 & ) ! boldness ( g5ius v5tur+ on new & untri$ pa?s4 ,"h too we f9d him pa9t+ side by side ) ! be/ ( ,squ>cione's o!r pupils1 & we h an opportunity ( comp>+ 8 "w ) t ( arti/s :o _h be5 =m$ on ! same models4 ,?is *apel1 :i* /&s to ! "r ( ! high alt>1 at ! ea/ end ( ! great ,eremitani ,*ur*1 belong$ to ! ,ovet>i family1 ^: la/ repres5tative1 dy+ 9 #addc1 _h left a sum ( sev5 hundr$ gold ducats to be sp5t 9 decorat+ its walls ) frescoes illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,squ>cione receiv$ ! commission f ! dead man's heir1 & betwe5 ! ye>s #addh & #adeh1 ! walls1 apse1 & ceil+ 7 cov]$ ) frescoes by 8 diff]5t pupils4 ,?us1 only a few /eps f ! g>d5 :i* encloses ,giotto's ,*apel1 ano!r great s]ies 0 pa9t$1 to become = ! s*ools ( ,nor? ,italy :at ! ,brancacci ,*apel _h be5 = ,flor5ce4 ,less =tunate ?an ! celebrat$ frescoes ( ! ,c>m9e1 ^! pa9t+s h suff]$ mu* f ! damp ( ! walls1 & a great "p ( ! subjects 9 ! apse1 z well z sev]al figures 9 ! m>tyrdom & burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 are completely de/roy$4 ,o!r portions are /ill 9 good pres]vation1 & af=d excell5t examples ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,paduan s*ool & ! /udies :i* laid ! f\ndation ( ,mantegna's subsequ5t greatness4 ,! lead+ feature :i* m>ks ! "w ( all ,squ>cione's s*ol>s1 & 0 to atta9 its highe/ arti/ic developm5t 9 ,mantegna's lat] conceptions1 is ! sculptural treatm5t ( =m1 :i* 0 a direct result ( an exclusive /udy ( anci5t /atues4 ,pa9t+ 9 _! h&s becomes m pla/ic ?an pictorial1 ! =ms are %>ply def9$1 ! drap]y falls 9 ! small folds ( anci5t bas-relief1 :ile ! sev]ity ( ! :ole is reliev$ by ri* decorations 9 ! %ape ( fe/oons ( fruit & foliage1 :i*1 :5 unskilfully manag$1 give a heavy & ov]-load$ effect4 ,?is pla/ic t5d5cy sprang f ! discov]y1 !n fir/ dawn+ ^u ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 t ! pr9ciples ( ! highe/ art are to be f\nd 9 ! antique1 & 0 s f> z x w5t true & laudable 9 its aim4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,squ>cionesques ?is /udy ( classic /atu>y 0 n comb9$ ) suffici5t k ( nature1 &1 !re=e1 frequ5tly deg5]at$ into a lifeless rigidity & abs5ce ( expression1 if n into positive ugl9ess & co>s5ess ( =m4 ,?is /iffness & want ( vitality /rike u at once 9 ! f\r ,evangeli/s on ! ceil+ ( ! *apel1 wrongly ascrib$ by ,vas>i to ,mantegna1 & 9 ! upp] frescoes ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s life1 attribut$ to ?ree diff]5t arti/s--,m>co ,zoppo1 ,bono ( ,f]r>a1 & ,ansu9o ( ,=li4 ,^! la/-nam$ subjects are n )\t a consid]able degree ( skill 9 p]spective & composition1 b are alike m>k$ by ! same rigidity ( =m & metallic coldness ( col\r+4 ,! feeble/ ( ! ?ree is ,bono's repres5tation ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] be>+ ! *ild ?r\gh ! riv]1 a "w :i*1 9 awkw>dness1 incorrect draw+ & truly pa9ful ugl9ess1 seems to exagg]ate ! wor/ faults ( ! ,paduan s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a decid$ advance 9 ! frescoes ( ,niccolo ,pizzolo1 ! only "o ( ! ,squ>cionesques :o approa*$ ,mantegna's /yle1 & ^: improv$ col\r+ & great] nobl5ess ( type are be/ expla9$ by ! discov]y t he _h work$ ) ! ,flor5t9es1 ,donatello & ,filippo ,lippi1 dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ,padua4 ,to him ,vas>i ascribes ! figure ( ! ,et]nal betwe5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul on ! dome ( ! tribune1 & lat] critics h recognis$ 8 h& 9 ! 8,call ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,john0 & 8,/4 ,james exorcis+ ,devils0 on ! upp] "p ( ! left wall4 ,b ! f9e/ ( all 8 works "h is 8,! ,assumption10 9 ! apse1 a fresco :i* 9 joy\s life & fre$om ( movem5t s f> surpasses ! ord9>y mann] ( ! ,paduans t "o ( ! be/ critics1 ,dr4 ,woltmann1 pron\nces x to be by ,mantegna's h&4 ,aga9/ ?is we h ! te/imony ( ! anonym\s travell] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o says decid$ly t ,&rea pa9t$ ! l[] "p ( ! "r & ! :ole ( ! left wall1 b t 8,! ,assumption0 & cupola are by ,pizzolo4 ,vas>i is sil5t on ?is po9t1 b rem>ks t ,pizzolo's works 9 ?is *apel yield$ no?+ 9 excell5ce to ^? ( ,&rea1 & probably ! be/ solution ( ! "q is to accept bo? 8,! ,assumption0 & ! upp] frescoes ( ,/4 ,james's life z ! jo9t composition ( ! two arti/s1 or at lea/ to all[ t !y 7 p>tly design$ by ,mantegna4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ,pizzolo's lab\rs 9 ! ,eremitani ,*apel 8 promis+ c>e] 0 cut %ort by a viol5t end4 ,he _h1 x appe>s1 an unlucky habit ( tak+ "p 9 /reet brawls & riots1 & "o ev5+ z he 0 return+ home f 8 "w he 0 attack$ & sla9 by "s unkn[n p]sons ^: enmity he _h excit$4 ,mantegna 0 n[ left alone to complete ! unf9i%$ "w1 & :atev] unc]ta9ty re/s on 8 %>e 9 ! e>li] frescoes !re is no d\bt t ! six rema9+ subjects are entirely by 8 h&4 ,9 ea* ( ^! we see "s cle>] revelation ( unfold+ p[]s4 ,/ep by /ep "s fre% difficulty is ov]come1 "s new k ga9$1 until by sl[ degrees ! battle is won1 & ! ma/]y ov] human =m is complete4 ,9 ! fresco ( 8,/4 ,james baptiz+ ,conv]ts0 ! /atuesque air ( ,squ>cione's s*ool is /ill /rongly felt 9 ! pr9cipal figures4 ,! action is /iff1 & ! faces are mo/ly want+ 9 expression4 ,b ! spectators ( ! c]emony are1 on ! contr>y1 full ( life & animation4 ,no?+ c be m natural ?an ! two *ildr5 :o look on ) wond]+ eyes--! tall] ( ! two hold+ a wat]-melon 9 8 h&1 :ile ! small] "o presses close to 8 side--or ! y\? "u ! colonnade 9 ! act ( turn+ r\nd to speak to a figure ^: face is conceal$ by a pill>4 ,if f ^! we turn to ! decorative "p ( ! fresco1 ! w+$ angels 9 ! upp] corn]s at once rem9d u ( ! *>m+ gr\ps ( *ildr5 on ,donatello's bronzes 9 ,sant' ,antonio1 & prove h[ att5tively ,mantegna mu/ h /udi$ ^! rec5tly f9i%$ works ( ! ,flor5t9e ma/]4 ,! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! great sculptor _h already appe>$ 9 ! e>li] frescoes ( ! ,eremitani1 & f 8 example ,&rea n[ le>nt h[ to comb9e ! /udy ( nature ) sculptural treatm5t1 & to adopt a m elevat$ type ( human =m4 ,! next subject1 8,/4 ,james be=e ,h]od10 reveals a new feature1 aft]w>ds to become prom95t 9 8 c>e]1 9 ! accurate k ( ,roman co/umes & classical ar*itecture :i* is "h display$4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ figures is t ( a soldi] lean+ on 8 lance 9 ! left-h& corn] ( ! picture1 an anci5t ,roman1 9 :om we recognise imm$iately ! pa9t]'s own portrait1 f ! close resemblance :i* 8 /rongly m>k$ features & massive br[ be> to ! bu/ on ,&rea's tomb at ,mantua4 ,bo? ( ^! frescoes %[ consid]able skill 9 p]spective1 b 9 ! next1 8,/4 ,james bless+ a kneel+ ,disciple on 8 way to ,execution10 ,mantegna boldly v5tures on an exp]im5t t is altoge!r new4 ,= no app>5t reason1 b purely z a trial ( skill1 he sudd5ly alt]s ! po9t ( sight to a l[ level1 & :ile ! feet ( ! =emo/ figures appe> to /& on ! edge ( ! picture ! l[] extremities ( ^? 9 ! backgr\nd vani% altoge!r4 ,! difficulties ?us creat$ are on ! :ole correctly solv$4 ,ea* figure is c>efully =e%ort5$1 & ! ,roman ar* "u :i* ! procession passes is drawn 9 admirable p]spective1 b fre$om ( action is impair$1 & ! :ole suff]s f an unpleasant s5se ( ef=t & unnatural con/ra9t4 ,p]spective 0 9 ^? days a fav\rite bran* ( le>n+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 & ,mantegna1 ^: vigor\s g5ius took pleasure 9 ! drie/ /udies1 seems to h d]iv$ ?is /range passion = apply+ its laws to ! human =m f ,paolo ,uccelli1 a ,flor5t9e :o _h lately visit$ ,padua4 ,9 8 ard\r to accompli% 8 self-impos$ task he fail$ to see ! mi/ake ( subject+ liv+ figures to ! rules ( ar*itecture1 & ( treat+ !m z exi/+ solely 9 ord] to demon/rate a sci5tific problem4 ,b at ! "t ! "y pa9t]'s exhibition ( skill excit$ ! utmo/ admiration1 & bo? ,daniele ,b>b>o & ,lomazzo praise him z ! fir/ arti/ :o op5$ m5's eyes to ! true pr9ciples ( p]spective4 ,if we are to believe ,vas>i1 ,squ>cione1 :o till n[ _h be5 z pr\d ( 8 pupil's gr[+ fame z if x 7 8 own1 sudd5ly alt]$ 8 tone & op5ly blam$ ,mantegna = ! /ony rigidity ( 8 figures1 decl>+ t !y 7 m]e copies ( m>ble /atues1 altoge!r devoid ( life & expression4 ,! reproa*1 al?\gh n :olly undes]v$1 0 a curi\s "o 9 ,squ>cione's lips1 b ! real cause ( ! brea* :i* took place betwe5 ! ma/] & s*ol> 0 ,&rea's connection ) ! rival work%op ( ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,! ,v5etian pa9t]1 ) 8 two sons1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni1 _h lately tak5 up 8 abode at ,padua1 & a /rong fri5d%ip _h sprung up betwe5 ,mantegna & ! memb]s ( 8 family :i* be=e long l$ to ! m>riage ( ! "y ,paduan ) ,jacopo's daught] ,niccolosia4 ,_! union took place :ile ,mantegna 0 actually engag$ on ! ,eremitani frescoes--probably ab\t #aded or #adee1 s9ce 9 #adeh he _h already two or ?ree *ildr5--& becomes an important fact 9 art hi/ory z /r5g!n+ ! ties betwe5 ^! di/+ui%$ arti/s4 ,! influ5ce ea* 0 to ex]cise on ! o!r 0 de/9$ to prove great & la/+4 ,jacopo ,bell9i1 :o _h sp5t "s "t 9 ,flor5ce1 0 probably in/rum5tal 9 lead+ ,mantegna to foll[ ,donatello & ,uccelli's models1 :ile f ,giovanni1 ,&rea w\ld le>n ! s(t] col\r+ & delicate feel+ t imp>t s pure a *>m to ^? well-kn[n ,madonnas :i* fill ! *ur*es ( ,v5ice4 ,mantegna1 on 8 "p1 gave back at lea/ z mu* z he took1 & no "o c d\bt t ,gian ,bell9i ow$ to 8 bro!r-9-law 9 a great measure 8 k ( classical ar*itecture & p]spective1 z well z ! sculptural ca/ ( drap]y1 t di/+ui% 8 pictures f ^? ( e>li] ,v5etian ma/]s4 ,9 all probability ?is new influ5ce1 r ?an ,squ>cione's jeal\s reproa*es1 0 ! cause ( ! m>k$ improvem5t visible 9 ! lat] frescoes4 ,! pr9cipal figures 9 ! 8,execution ( ,/4 ,james0 are m life-l2 !re is less h>dness 9 ! modell+ & lay+ on ( %ad[s1 :ile ! backgr\nd1 ) its w9d+ road & rocky t]races cr[n$ ) olive-trees1 is an exact copy ( a ,lomb>d hill-side4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m /rik+ 9 ^! frescoes ?an ! close att5tion to natural objects1 :i* %[s h[ /rongly reali/ic 0 ! b5t ( our pa9t]'s g5ius1 9 spite ( 8 ,squ>cionesque tra9+ & love ( antique /atu>y4 ,he n only fills 8 backgr\nds ) fai?ful reproductions ( ,italian l&scape & /reets1 ) r$ ro(s1 ar*$ loggias1 or v9e-trellis$ arb\rs1 b recalls e detail & r5d]s ! furr[s & wr9kles ( old age1 ! ragg$ coat or torn %oe1 ) an accuracy t is almo/ pa9ful4 ,! eag]ness ) :i* he s\ght difficulties & 8 c\rage 9 grappl+ ) !m meet u aga9 9 ! =e%ort5$ rid] :o looks on at ! ,sa9t's m>tyrdom1 & is /ill m triumphant 9 ! bold action ( ! m5 :o drag away ! dead body ( ! giant ,*ri/oph]1 9 itself a ma/]piece ( p]spective :i* s]v$ z a model = ,titian & o!r ,v5etians 9 deal+ ) simil> subjects 9 future ye>s4 ,un=tunately ^! two la/ frescoes1 8,! ,m>tyrdom0 & 8,burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]10 are mu* injur$1 & "s ( ! *ief figures are completely oblit]at$4 ,! portions t rema9 ju/ify ! praises ( =m] critics :o pron\nc$ ^! to be ! f9e/ ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,"h at lea/ ,squ>cione's reproa* is refut$1 ! /ony look ( ! faces has giv5 place to w>m fle%-tones & s(t] modell+1 & ! b& ( ar*]s assembl$ "u ! v9e-trellis 9 ! sc5e :]e ! sa9t is to meet 8 doom are rem>kable = _! en]getic action & expressive faces4 ,accord+ to ,yas>i1 9 ?is la/ subject1 ,mantegna repres5t$ ,squ>cione himself 9 ! "* ( a fat ar*]1 z a pro( t he knew h[ to draw f liv+ models1 & ! same writ] m5tions sev]al o!r contempor>y p]sonages ^: portraits are also introduc$4 ,especially int]e/+ 9 our eyes is ! gr\p1 9 ! "r-h& corn] ( 8,! ,m>tyrdom10 ( an eld]ly man /&+ betwe5 two y\ng] figures1 "o ( :om we>s a r$ cap4 ,! ,v5etian co/ume ( ^! ?ree spectators1 & a c]ta9 resemblance ( "o ( ! y\?ful heads to a m$al be>+ ! lik5ess ( ,g5tile ,bell9i1 g f> to confirm ! tru? ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle's supposition t "h we h portraits ( ,mantegna's fa!r & bro!rs-9-law1 :o 7 all 9 ,padua at ! "t1 & :om he w\ld v naturally introduce among 8 o!r fri5ds4 ,) ^! frescoes ,&rea's lab\rs 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,eremitani end1 & ! decoration ( ! *apel1 ) :i* ,squ>cione's pupils _h be5 intru/$ "s t5 ye>s be=e1 0 f9ally complet$4 ,if f details ( execution we pass to consid] ! "w z a :ole1 x mu/ be own$ t ! g5]al impression left ^u ! spectator's m9d is "o ( coldness & sev]ity4 ,^! /]n & vigor\s figures :i* look d[n ^u u f ! walls awe u by ! p[] & reality ( _! pres5ce2 !y impress u by ! accurate sci5ce & ye>s ( assidu\s lab\r :i* !y reveal1 b !y fail to t\* ! he>t or delight ! eye2 !y are want+ 9 t s5se ( beauty :i*1 is s conspicu\s a feature 9 ,mantegna's lat] "w4 ,if he _h pa9t$ no?+ else he w\ld h left beh9d him ! reputation ( a ma/] ( /rong reali/ic t5d5cy1 :o solv$ difficult problems & atta9$ a rem>kable degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 draw+ & anatomy1 b lack$ ! qualities necess>y = ! highe/ class ( art4 ,=tunately = u ,mantegna's activity does n end "h4 ,! frescoes ( ! ,eremitani 7 only ! fir/ /age 9 a great c>e]1 & z we contemplate !m we c always reflect ) satisfaction t ^! p[]ful works1 9 _! grimness & au/]e dignity1 9 _! curi\s display ( sci5tific k & m9ute att5tion to detail1 7 ! prelim9>y /udies1 by means ( :i* he rea*$ ! p]fection ( aft] ye>s1 & a*iev$ ! ultimate successes t 7 to make 8 "n celebrat$4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"w ,,at ,,v]ona ,,& ,,mantua1 ,a4,d4 #adeg-adgj4 ,! exact date ( ! completion ( ! ,eremitani frescoes is unc]ta91 b !y 7 probably f9i%$ by #adeh1 p]haps e>li]4 ,mantegna 0 /ill a "y man1 n m ?an six or sev5-&-tw5ty1 b 9 actual p[] z well z 9 reputation second to no liv+ pa9t] 9 ,nor? ,italy4 ,we h already notic$ ! *ief influ5ces br\ght to be> on 8 e>ly tra9+4 ,"o by "o we h wat*$ him discov] & assimilate1 ) ! same cle>ness ( intellect & indefatigable en]gy1 ! peculi> virtue ( ea* successive arti/ ) :om he 0 br\ght into contact4 ,we h se5 him add ,flor5t9e pr9ciples to ,squ>cione's tea*+1 le>n f ,donatello h[ to comb9e ! /udy ( nature ) ! laws ( sculpture1 ga9 f ,uccelli t k ( p]spective :i* _h = him s subtle a fasc9ation1 & la/ ( all temp] ?is fi]y g5ius "u ! g5tl] spell ( ,gian ,bell9i's m g5ial art4 ,ano!r & a v important elem5t 9 8 developm5t 0 ! con/ant int]c\rse :i* he ma9ta9$ ) ! mo/ le>n$ ,paduan s*ol>s1 & ! ke5 pleasure ) :i* he jo9$ 9 _! antiqu>ian rese>*es 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,he accompani$ ,felice ,feliciano1 a fam\s collector ( inscriptions1 on sev]al excursions 9 ! environs ( ,v]ona & ! ,lago di ,g>da = ! express purpose ( exam9+ classical rema9s1 & 9 #adfc ?is same ,feliciano d$icat$ 8 "w on anci5t epigrams to ! pa9t]1 ^: le>n+ he extols 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,"o result ( ^! explorations 9 ! classic gr\nd ( ,s]mione appe>s 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,lat9 inscriptions :i* are repeat$ly introduc$1 9 ! ,eremitani frescoes1 & on "o ,roman portico ! "n ( ,vitruvius ,c]do1 a ,v]ona ar*itect ( anci5t days1 is /ill di/9ctly legible4 ,?is practice 0 a common "o ) _m ( ! arti/s ( ,squ>cione & ,mantegna's s*ool1 :o1 9 _! g5u9e en?usiasm = classical art1 copi$ antique monum5ts & inscriptions ) ! m9ute/ accuracy1 & aft]w>ds us$ !m z accessory portions ( _! own compositions4 ,we h a notable example ( ?is habit 9 ! draw+ ( a pagan alt> be>+ an inscription to ! effect t x 0 f\nd 9 a vault ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 !n kn[n z ! ,anton9e palace at ,rome4 ,! draw+1 evid5tly by ! h& ( "s ,paduan arti/1 is n[ pres]v$ at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,besides ,feliciano1 ,&rea numb]$ among 8 intimate fri5ds sev]al em95t s*ol>s !n /udy+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 su* z ,matteo ,bossi1 aft]w>ds ,abbot ( ,fiesole1 & ! ,hung>ian bi%op ,giovanni ,pannonio1 :o celebrat$ ! arti/'s g5ius 9 ,lat9 v]se z e>ly z #adeh1 & ^: portrait ,mantegna pa9t$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,?is r>e degree ( culture :i* made him ! fri5d ( s*ol>s1 ?is g5u9e delight 9 classical /udies & antique art1 0 de/9$ to supply our ma/] ) "s ( 8 highe/ inspirations1 & ultimately r5d] him ! =emo/ repres5tative among pa9t]s ( t en?usiasm = antiquity :i* 0 ! rul+ passion ( ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t ,&rea 0 employ$ on ! ,eremitani frescoes we he> little else ( 8 private life except+ t he m>ri$ ,niccolosia ,bell9i1 & became e/rang$ f 8 old ma/] ,squ>cione1 :ile two panel pictures1 ! ,br]a ,alt>-piece :i* he pa9t$ 9 #aded = ,santa ,giu/9a1 & ! 8,/4 ,euphemia0 n[ at ,naples1 are ! only o!r works t are left u ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! =m]1 a vigor\s b n v pleas+ "w1 ,/4 ,luke is repres5t$ writ+ at a table betwe5 f\r s+le figures ( sa9ts1 :ile above we h a ,piet ) ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,john1 & f\r o!r sa9ts4 ,f> m graceful 9 conception is ! ,/4 ,euphemia /&+ 9 h] g>l&$ ni*e ) ! lily 9 h] h& & ! lion beside h]4 ,?is admirably drawn figure 9 attitude & =m closely resembles an antique /atue1 & w be> comp>ison1 ) ! be/ ( ! lat] frescoes4 ,s f>1 ,&rea's works _h be5 conf9$ to ,padua1 b 8 fame _h spread f> beyond 8 native city1 & be=e he _h f9i%$ 8 lab\rs 9 ! ,eremitani1 press+ invitations to move to ,mantua _h rea*$ him f ,lodovico ,gonzaga1 ,m>quis ( t pr9cipality4 ,?is pr9ce1 a g5]\s patron ( lett]s z well z a brave soldi] & wise rul]1 0 anxi\s to make 8 c\rt a c5tre ( art & le>n+2 &1 hav+ fail$ 9 8 ef=ts to attract ! ag$ ,donatello1 sp>$ no pa9s to secure ! s]vices ( ! ,paduan arti/1 ^: ris+ g5ius 0 already eclips+ t ( all o!rs4 ,z e>ly z #adef we f9d ,lodovico ent]+ into communication ) ,&rea1 fir/ by lett] & !n ?r\gh ! sculptor ,luca ,fancelli1 a confid5tial ag5t ( ! ,m>quis4 ,8 (f]s 7 lib]al2 fifte5 ducats a mon?1 lodg+1 firewood1 & suffici5t :eat to fe$ ! memb]s ( 8 family1 :o are reckon$ z six 9 numb]2 besides1 he propos$ to assi/ him on 8 j\rney to ,mantua by s5d+ a boat to meet him4 ,mantegna l5t a will+ e> to ^! proposals1 b 8 h&s 7 full1 & flatt]+ z 7 ,lodovico's entreaties & assurances ( good-w1 he 0 sl[ to comply ) ! reque/4 ,9 8 lett]s he assigns fir/ "o reason1 !n ano!r1 = delay+ 8 dep>ture4 ,fir/1 he asks = "t to execute an ord] giv5 him by ,gregorio ,corr>o1 ,abbot ( ,san ,z5o ( ,v]ona1 & protonot>y to ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,!n he begs = six mon?s m to complete ! "w1 !n = ano!r respite 9 ord] to d a little piece = ! ,pode/ ( ,padua4 ,! ,m>quis bore all ^! delays ) unalt]able pati5ce & c\rtesy1 :ile he nev] = a mom5t relax$ 8 ef=ts to br+ ! arti/ to ,mantua1 & r$\bl$ 8 assurance ( fav\r4 ,if ,&rea w only come1 he says aga9 & aga91 & himself prove ! tru? ( ! promises made to him1 he w e day ( 8 life f9d great] cause to rejoice t he has ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,gonzagas4 ,:5 ! summ] ( #adei came & ! protonot>y's alt>-piece 0 /ill unf9i%$1 ,lodovico sugge/$ z a la/ res\rce t ! panels %\ld be br\ght to ,mantua & complet$ !re4 ,to ?is proposal ! abbot 0 too wise a man to cons5t1 & he w\ld n ev5 all[ ,mantegna to visit ,mantua = a day until ! picture _h be5 safely deliv]$ into 8 h&s4 ,?is alt>-piece1 ( :i* we he> s mu* 9 ,lodovico's correspond5ce ) our ma/]1 0 ! 8,madonna & ,sa9ts0 9 ,san ,z5o1 ( ,v]ona1 tak5 to ,p>is 9 #agig1 b n[ re/or$ 7)\t its pr$ella7 to its place1 & "o ( ! f9e/ religi\s compositions t ,&rea ev] pa9t$4 ,all ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,&rea's ,paduan "t are "h br\ght toge!r 9 a m elevat$ =m1 & = ! fir/ "t we realise fully h[ great 0 ! progress he _h made s9ce ! days :5 he began to pa9t 9 ! ,eremitani ,*apel4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! simple dignity & grace ( ! y\?ful virg91 :o sits erect "u a portico decorat$ ) a frieze ( *ildr5 be>+ fe/oons ( fruit1 ?r\gh :i* we see a ?ick gr[? ( trees1 & op5 space ( blue sky beyond4 ,on ! pill>s ( ! portico are m$allions 9 :i* ,&rea has aft] 8 usual habit introduc$ reliefs ( classical subjects1 "o ( :i* is a horse-tam]1 evid5tly copi$ f ! fam\s 8,tw9s10 ( ,monte ,cavallo1 & curi\s z adopt$ by a pa9t] :o _h n yet visit$ ,rome4 ,! sa9ts :o /& 9 ! gr\ps on ei!r side ( ! ,madonna's ?rone are /ill too mu* treat$ z isolat$ figures1 b ea* /atue-l =m has a gr&eur ( its own1 & ! graceful heads ( ! "y ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,lawr5ce contra/ f9ely ) ^? ( ! ag$ apo/les & fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile 9 ! boy-angels :o play on ! /eps ( ! ?rone1 or s+ ) wide-p>t$ lips1 we h ! fir/ ( ^? *ild-faces ^: laugh+ eyes look d[n f _m ( ,mantegna's pictures & seem to give u a =eta/e ( ,raphael's sweetness4 ,un=tunately1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! pr$ella t belong$ to ?is beautiful alt>-piece are scatt]$ 9 diff]5t gall]ies1 ! 8,ge?semane0 & 8,asc5sion0 are at ,t\rs1 ! 8,crucifixion10 9 ! dramatic action ( its v>i$ gr\p by f> ! f9e/ ( ! ?ree1 is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i1 ,mantegna pa9t$ sev]al o!r pictures 9 ,v]ona1 b ! only o!r traces ( 8 "w n[ rema9+ 9 t city are "s eque/rian figures & *i>oscuro decorations on ! faade ( a h\se ne> ,san ,f]mo ,maggiore1 & we h no pro( ( 8 ev] hav+ resid$ !re4 ,! 8little piece0 :i* ,&rea execut$ = ,giacomo ,m>cello1 ,pode/ ( ,padua1 has be5 id5tifi$ 9 ! 8,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives0 ( ! ,b>+ collection1 a "w 9 :i* we feel ! same union ( pla/ic t5d5cy ( =m & /rong realism t /rikes u 9 ! frescoes4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 a wild & savage l&scape1 ! desolate aspect ( :i* is height5$ by ! pres5ce ( cranes & birds ( prey1 we recognise ! city ( ,padua ) ! ,eremitani ,*ur*4 ,if we comp>e ?is picture ) ! well-kn[n r5d]+ ( ! same subject by ,giovanni ,bell9i 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 we %all see h[ mu* ( ! orig9al conception & draw+ ! ,v5etian arti/ borr[$ f 8 bro!r-9-law1 & at ! same "t h[ well he knew h[ to modify ,&rea's sev]] /yle by 8 own m delicate grace & feel+ = col\r4 ,^! alt>-pieces 7 ,mantegna's la/ works 9 8 native city4 ,! pati5ce ( ! ,m>quis 0 at l5g? rew>d$1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> #adei1 ,&rea mov$ to ,mantua ) 8 family4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,jacopo ,bell9i di$1 8 sons mov$ to ,v5ice1 & ! ,paduan s*ool ( pa9t+1 left 9 ! h&s ( inf]ior foll[]s ( ,squ>cione1 came to a practical end4 ,b ,paduan art liv$ on 9 ! "w ( h] greate/ son1 & ! new influ5ces & surr\nd+s ( ,mantegna's adopt$ city gave fre% impulse to 8 creative en]gy4 ,t he settl$ at ,mantua be=e ! end ( #adei is prov$ by a lett] ( 8 writt5 to ! ,m>quis 9 ,may1 #adgh1 9 :i* he speaks ( hav+ be5 almo/ n9ete5 ye>s 9 ,lodovico's s]vice1 b x is n till ! spr+ ( #adfc t we he> ( him z engag$ 9 pa9t+ at ,gto1 "o ( ! summ] villas belong+ to ! ,gonzagas4 ,bo? ?is palace & ! neighb\r+ ,ca/le ( ,cavriana1 :]e he also pa9t$1 h be5 de/roy$1 & a few panel pictures n[ disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,europe are ! only productions t rema9 ( 8 fir/ t5 ye>s' resid5ce at ! ,c\rt ( ,mantua4 ,*ief among ^! is ! ,uffizi tripty*1 :i* orig9ally belong$ to a *apel ( ! ,gonzagas1 & may be ! v picture to :i* ,&rea alludes 9 a lett] ( #adfd z de/9$ = ! little *apel1 & :i* ,vas>i tells u conta9$ _m small b mo/ beautiful figures4 ,! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi0 =ms ! subject ( ! c5tral panel1 :ile ! 8,asc5sion0 & ! 8,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple0 are repres5t$ on ! w+s4 ,all ?ree are m>k$ by ! m9iature-l f9i% :i* reveals ! ?or\ghly practis$ h& & lov+ zeal ( "o :o took delight 9 c>ry+ 8 "w to ! highe/ possible p]fection4 ,9 ! seat$ ,virg91 ( ! /rong type ( womanhood :i* ,&rea seems to pref]1 ) ! flight ( *]ubs encircl+ h] head1 & ! pat*es ( r\gh h]bage />t+ out ( ! rocks beh9d h]1 we recognise ! orig9al ( 8 own unf9i%$ engrav+1 ! 8,virg9 ( ! ,grotto40 ,! r$ *]ub-heads1 :i* rem9d u ( ! simil> wrea? ) :i* ,giovanni ,bell9i surr\nds "o ( 8 ,madonnas 9 ! ,academy ( ,v5ice1 are aga9 introduc$ 9 8,! ,asc5sion40 ,"h ! gr\p ( apo/les1 :o gaze upw>ds1 h m ( ! sl5d] =m us$ by ,pizzolo 9 ! ,eremitani frescoes1 & ! panel is inf]ior z a :ole to 8,! ,pres5tation40 ,?is is 9 ,mantegna's be/ mann]1 ! pr9cipal figures full ( grace & dignity1 ! heads excell5t 9 expression1 especially t ( ! *ild suck+ 8 f+] z he leans aga9/ 8 "m1 :ile ,&rea's hi/oric feel+ appe>s 9 ! typical reliefs ( 8,moses break+ ! ,tables0 & 8,abraham sacrific+ ,isaac10 :i* adorn ! alt>4 ,ano!r f9e r5d]+ ( ?is subject by ,mantegna is n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 :i* also possesses two o!r works belong+ to ?is p]iod1 a half-l5g? 8,madonna hold+ ! ,*ild on a ,p>apet10 & a portrait ( an old ecclesia/ic4 ,probably ?is ,madonna 0 ! v "o ( :i* ,vas>i speaks z pa9t$ by ,mantegna1 = 8 old fri5d1 ! fam\s orator1 ,matteo ,bossi1 ,abbot ( ,fiesole1 s9ce ! frame decorat$ ) angels & in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion exactly corresponds ) 8 description1 & ! /rik+ly-tru?ful portrait may well be t ( ! ,abbot himself1 ^: fri5d%ip = ! pa9t] nei!r "t nor di/ance seems to h impair$4 ,a 8,dea? ( ! ,virg910 ) a view ( ,mantua & its lake se5 ?r\gh a colonnade1 n[ at ,madrid1 & *i>oscuro figures kn[n z 8,summ]0 & 8,autumn10 n[ at ,hamilton ,palace1 may be m5tion$ z pa9t$ ab\t #adgj1 :5 ,&rea 0 engag$ 9 works at ! ,ca/le ( ,mantua4 ,m int]e/+ 9 ! eyes ( mo/ ( u are ! two small pictures ( ! ,sa9ts ,seba/ian & ,george1 two y\?ful figures int5d$ to %[ ! contra/ ( suff]+ & repose4 ,9 ! 8,/4 ,seba/ian0 n[ at ,vi5na1 ,mantegna has delib]ately set himself ! task ( repres5t+ ! human =m wrung by physical agony1 & ! div9e /r5g? ( a w t c conqu] pa9 by ! p[] ( its endurance4 ,8 success 0 complete1 & among ! c\ntless repres5tations ( m>tyrdom t exi/1 !re is sc>cely a f9] example ?an ?is ,/4 ,seba/ian b\nd to ! ru9$ column & pi]c$ ) arr[s1 lift+ 8 eyes heav5w>ds 9 8 mortal agony4 ,at 8 feet lie brok5 /atues & m>bles1 %att]$ fragm5ts ( ! old _w t 0 crumbl+ to ru9s ar\nd1 & :i* by ! delicate grace ( _! %apes & m\ld+s help to associate ideas ( beauty ) ?is sc5e ( suff]+ & dea?4 ,! opposite ( ?is picture meets u 9 ! arm$ 8,/4 ,george0 ( ! ,v5ice ,academy1 :o /&s "u an ar*way g>l&$ ) fl[]s1 lean+ on 8 lance 9 satisfi$ repose ( victory1 ) ! dragon dead at 8 feet4 ,8 classical head is n unlike ! y\?ful sa9ts ( ! ,v]ona alt>-piece1 :ile ! highly f9i%$ "* ( ! execution approa*es ! /yle ( ! ,uffizi tripty*1 evid5tly pa9t$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,to ^! we may add ! wond]ful 8,dead ,*ri/0 ( ! ,br]a1 a "w almo/ t]rible 9 its realism1 & exagg]at$ =e%ort5+1 b :i* reveals 9 a surpris+ degree ,mantegna's ma/]y bo? 9 draw+ & managem5t ( light & %ade4 ,?is ,cri/o 9 ,scurto 0 "o ( ^? d>+ trials ( skill :i* he lov$ to attempt1 n to please ! eye or gratify ! ta/e ( 8 employ]s1 b simply 9 ord] to ov]come "s difficulty or solve "s problem f :i* a less p[]ful m9d w\ld h %runk4 ,! satisfaction :i* he felt 9 ! success ( ?is exp]im5t is prov$ by 8 unwill+ness to "p ) ?is "w1 :i* nev] left 8 /udio until 8 dea?1 :5 x is m5tion$ by 8 son 9 ! li/ ( pa9t+s t 7 sold to pay 8 debts4 ,9 ! same /yle z ?is 8,piet10 b ) m attempt at decorative effect1 is ! picture exhibit$ by ,sir ,william ,abdy1 9 ! la/ w9t] exhibition at ,burl+ton ,h\se 7#ahhj-ha74 ,"h ! dead ,*ri/ lies on a c>v$ ?rone ( col\r$ m>bles1 ! back ( :i* is =m$ by ! brok5 tables ( ! law4 ,on ei!r side are two gr&ly def9$ =ms ( ,isaiah & ,j]ome1 z repres5tatives ( ! old & new disp5sations1 betwe5 :om ,*ri/ /&s4 ,! backgr\nd is m elaborate ?an usual4 ,on "o side is a wild tract ( m\nta9\s c\ntry1 on ! o!r a riv] & f]tile valley1 along ! slopes ( :i* we see r[s ( smil+ villages1 *ur*-t[]s1 & fields enclos$ ) h$ges4 ,9 ! =egr\nd skulls & bones are scatt]$ at ! feet ( ! prophets1 & bea/s & birds ( gay plumage enliv5 ! sc5e4 ,a /ag & pan!r & a r$ p>rot are prom95t figures1 b all ^! m9or details are subdu$ to ! lead+ idea 9 ! pa9t]'s m9d4 ,d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ z to ! au?or%ip ( ! picture1 b bo? its g5]al /yle & col\r+ & ! pres5ce ( t weird gr&eur ( imag9ation peculi> to ,mantegna are /rong pro(s ( its g5u95ess4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,degli ,,sposi1 ,a4,d4 #adgj-adgd4 ,rec5t rese>* has br\ght to light a s]ies ( valuable lett]s betwe5 ! ,gonzagas & ,mantegna1 :i* tell u little inde$ ab\t 8 exi/+ works1 b mu* t is ( ! deepe/ int]e/ conc]n+ 8 private life1 & especially 8 relations ) ,lodovico & 8 family4 ,! ,m>quis _h kept 8 ^w & prov$ himself a true fri5d & g5]\s patron to ! ,paduan arti/4 ,c>issm no/]1 dilecte no/]1 are ! t]ms 9 :i* he always addresses him1 & ! ?\ghtful consid]ation & pati5ce ) :i* he treat$ ,&rea 9 :at mu/ frequ5tly h be5 v try+ circum/ances1 are beyond all praise4 ,! fir/ lett] ( ! s]ies is a compla9t :i* ! pa9t]1 writ+ f ,gto1 addresses to ,lodovico1 say+ t 8 /ip5d is irregul>ly paid1 a wrong :i* ! ,m>quis promptly r$ress$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] we f9d him 9 ! same lib]al _s advanc+ "o hundr$ ducats :i* ,mantegna begg$ 9 ord] to decorate & improve 8 h\se 9 ,mantua4 ,!re our pa9t] sp5t ! w9t] ) 8 wife & ?ree *ildr5--tutto la mia brigatela he calls !m 9 a lett] to ! ,m>quis--& ea* ye>1 :5 ! summ] heats return$1 he mov$ to a c\ntry-h\se at ,buscoldo1 :]e he aft]w>ds receiv$ a grant ( l& f 8 patron4 ,9 #adff he paid a visit to ,flor5ce1 :]e he _h at lea/ "o fri5d 9 ! le>n$ ,abbot ( ,fiesole1 & a lett] f ,giovanni ,aldobr&9i1 an ag5t ( ,lodovico1 describes ! great respect ) :i* he 0 receiv$1 & ! admiration excit$ by 8 v>i$ accompli%m5ts4 8,n only 9 pa9t+ b 9 o!r ways he %[$ rem>kable k & mo/ excell5t und]/&+0 is ,aldobr&9i's te/imony1 & we le>n f o!r s\rces t he took mu* pleasure 9 poetry1 & ev5 wrote v]ses himself4 ,a sonnet ( 8 composition address$ to a lady ^: "n is unkn[n1 & writt5 9 ! fa%ionable ,platonic /yle ( ! day1 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,mantuan ar*ives & is giv5 by ,mos*9i4 ,z a collector ( antiquities he _h acquir$ consid]able reputation1 & 9 #adgb we f9d ! "y ,c>d9al ,francesco ,gonzaga1 !n at ,bologna1 begg+ 8 fa!r t ,mantegna may be s5t to him t he may h ! pleasure ( %[+ him 8 cameos1 bronzes1 & o!r antiques4 ,un=tunately ! culture & ref9$ ta/e :i* made ,mantegna s agreeable a companion 7 accompani$ by an irritable temp]1 & a read9ess to take (f5ce1 :i* r5d]$ him ! rev]se ( a pleasant neighb\r4 ,! mo/ trifl+ contradictions 7 suffici5t to excite furi\s outbur/s ( ang] on 8 "p1 & 8 lett]s to ,lodovico are full ( ! pettie/ grievances4 ,! ,m>quis1 x mu/ be said1 treat$ him ) ! utmo/ =be>ance1 & sp>$ no pa9s to inquire into ! gr\nds ( 8 compla9ts1 h[ev] small4 ,on "o occasion he implores ,lodovico to puni% a tailor :o has spoilt a piece ( 8 clo?1 on ano!r he has qu>rell$ ) a g>d5] & 8 wife :o live 9 ! same /reet1 & compla9s t nei!r he nor 8 wife c leave ! h\se )\t be+ attack$ by insult+ words4 ,m s]i\s 0 ! lawsuit 9 :i* he f\nd himself involv$ ) ! engrav]1 ,zoan ,&rea1 :om he suspect$ ( purlo9+ 8 plates1 & to :om he adm9i/]$ a s\nd ?ra%+4 ,^u ?is ,zoan ,&rea _h rec\rse to legal measures1 9 :i* ,mantegna seems to h f>$ badly1 s9ce he 0 aga9 compell$ to seek ! help ( 8 p[]ful patron4 ,b ( all ,&rea's qu>rels1 t :i* excit$ 8 greate/ wra? 0 8 brea* ) 8 ,buscoldo neighb\r1 ,francesco ,alipr&i1 :om he publicly accus$ ( /eal+ five hundr$ qu9ces f a tree :i* grew 9 8 g>d54 ,!re is a s+ul> comb9ation ( ! pa!tic & ludicr\s 9 ,mantegna's description ( ! beauty ( 8 fruit tree1 ) its bran*es s heavily lad5 t !y t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,ea* day he look$ ^u x ) fre% delight1 until "o ,septemb] morn+ he f\nd all ! qu9ces gone1 & ! tree /ripp$ & b>e4 ,8 ang] knew no b\nds1 & he did n hesitate to *>ge 8 ne>e/ neighb\rs1 ! ,alipr&i1 :o he 0 conv9c$ bore him secret ill-w ) ! !ft4 ,^u ?is ,francesco ,alipr&i1 :o seems to h be5 a citiz5 ( good bir?1 d5i$ ! *>ge indignantly1 say+ t dur+ ! two hundr$ ye>s 8 family _h liv$ 9 ,mantua1 !y _h nev] be5 insult$ by s vile an epi!t z t ( ?ief1 & compla9+ ( ,mantegna's disagreeable "* z ! real cause ( all ?is di/urbance4 8,no "o10 ,alipr&i cont9ues1 8c live ne> him 9 peace1 & at ! pres5t mom5t he is engag$ 9 lawsuits ) no less ?an five ( 8 neighb\rs40 ,ev5 ! ,m>quis 0 =c$ to admit ?is "t t ,&rea 0 9 ! wrong1 &1 aft] c>efully inve/igat+ ! case1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! qu9ces _h be5 /ol5 by "s unkn[n ?ief4 ,?is rugg$ness ( disposition & exagg]at$ susceptibility :i*1 by atta*+ excessive importance to ! trifl+ c>es ( daily life1 prov$ a con/ant torm5t to ,mantegna & ^? ar\nd him1 rem9d u curi\sly ( ,mi*elangelo1 :om 9 m ways ?an "o our ma/] resembl$4 ,l ! great ,flor5t9e 9 ?is also1 he nev] /oop$ to flatt]y or s]vile expressions 9 address+ 8 patron4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is f ! fir/ an indep5d5t _s & pr\d consci\sness ( 8 own m]it :i* nev] des]ts him1 & he tells ! ,m>quis repeat$ly t 8 com+ to ,mantua 0 a great fav\r on 8 "p1 & t no o!r pr9ce 9 ,italy has s indu/ri\s an arti/ 9 8 s]vice4 ,! boa/ may n h s\nd$ well 9 ,mantegna's lips1 b x 0 a true "o4 ,8 activity 0 indefatigable1 & :e!r he pa9t$ 9 *apels & palaces1 or made /udies = tape/ry or designs f ! turkey-cocks & h5s :i* /rutt$ 9 ! c\rt p\ltry-y>d1 8 "t & p[]s 7 unres]v$ly plac$ at ,lodovico's disposal4 ,:at we h to regret is t s little ( all 8 spl5did "w is left1 al?\gh :5 we consid] ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,mantua1 x is r to be wond]$ t any?+ has be5 sav$ f ! g5]al wreck4 ,9 #afcj1 little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,mantegna's "t1 ! city 0 besieg$ dur+ ?ree mon?s by ! ,imp]iali/s1 & ultimately tak5 & sack$ = ?ree :ole days4 ,9 #agig x 0 aga9 twice besieg$ & bomb>d$ by ! ,fr5* & ,au/rians1 & dur+ ! w>s ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ducal palace has be5 alt]nately occupi$ by ,fr5* & ,g]man soldi]s4 ,?is once sumptu\s pile is n[ ! dre>ie/ & mo/ desolate ( palaces4 ,! little life t /ill l+]s 9 ! old t[n clu/]s r\nd ! m>ket-place on ! ,piazza delle ,erbe1 & grass gr[s on ! des]t$ squ>e :i* 0 once ! c5tre ( 8,mantova la ,gloriosa40 ,illu/ration3 ,,meet+ ,,( ,,lodovico ,,gonzaga ,,& ,,8 ,,son1 ,,! ,,c>d9al ,,francesco4 ,,by ,,mantegna4 ,9 ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 at ,mantua4 ,we pass ?r\gh endless suites ( spaci\s halls pav$ ) m>ble & adorn$ ) decay+ frescoes & o!r remnants ( fad$ spl5d\r1 till we rea* ! old] "p ( ! palace kn[n 9 ! days ( ! ,gonzagas z ! ,ca/ello di ,corte4 ,f its w9d[s we look d[n on ! sleepy wat]s ( ! va/ lagoon1 :i* seems to divide ,mantua f ! out] _w1 & ov] miles ( swampy m>%es1 ?r\gh :i* 8smoo?-slid+ ,m9cius0 w9ds its way4 ,"h ! ,gonzagas hold _! spl5did c\rt1 "h ! banquet+-halls :]e !y fea/$1 ! ball-rooms--! sc5es ( _! revels & masqu]ades--! suite ( t9y ap>tm5ts expressly built = ! use ( ! dw>fs1 ! c\rty>ds :]e ! dogs 7 kept1 are /ill %[n4 ,"h ,mantegna pa9t$1 & "h ! walls ( a room1 n[ us$ to conta9 ! ar*ives1 7 entirely cov]$ ) frescoes by himself4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 on :i* ,&rea 0 engag$ betwe5 #adgj & #adgd1 & :]e he repres5t$ ,lodovico ,gonzaga & 8 wife1 ,b>b>a ( ,br&5burg1 surr\nd$ by ! diff]5t memb]s ( _! family4 ,all ! frescoes h be5 mu* damag$1 & ^? on two ( ! walls completely oblit]at$2 b ! gr\ps :i* rema9 & ! decorations ( ! ceil+ are ( ! highe/ int]e/1 &1 if we except ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,triumphs1 =m ! mo/ important s]ies t we h f ,mantegna's h&4 ,on ! ea/ wall above ! mantel-piece is ! c5tral gr\p4 ,lodovico & 8 wife1 clad 9 ri* brocad$ robes1 are seat$ 9 a g>d5 surr\nd$ by _! *ildr51 & dw>fs 9 ! act ( receiv+ a mess5g]1 :o h&s ! ,m>quis a lett]4 ,nei!r ,lodovico nor any ( 8 family seem to h be5 rem>kable = p]sonal beauty1 & ,mantegna has n made any attempt to embelli% !m4 ,he pa9ts !m exactly z !y 71 9 ! /iff co/umes ( ! day4 ,b>b>a we>s ! same veil$ horn-%ap$ head-dress z 9 ,&rea's portrait-engrav+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! *ildr5 & c\rti]s are 9 %ort jackets & tight-fitt+ caps4 ,no?+ is omitt$ t c\ld complete ! picture1 :i* is l a page torn out ( ! c\rt life ( ^? times2 a fav\rite greyh\nd lies asleep "u ,lodovico's *air1 & sev]al dw>fs positively repulsive 9 _! ugl9ess are introduc$4 ,!y =m$1 we "k1 an important "p ( ! h\sehold1 s9ce ! ,m>quis kept a p>ticul> race1 br$ at ,mantua1 & res]v$ a :ole w+ ( 8 palace1 ) /aircases1 halls1 & b$rooms adapt$ to _! /ature1 = _! exclusive use4 ,beyond ! f9e figure ( ! c\rti] on ! "r1 evid5tly ! pa9t]'s own portrait1 we h ano!r comp>tm5t :]e ! ,m>quis /&s at ! head ( ! /airs welcom+ 8 gue/s1 or1 z ,selvatico sugge/s1 op5+ 8 arms to 8 son ,f$]ico1 :o _h be5 9 disgrace = refus+ to cons5t to a m>riage :i* ,lodovico _h arrang$ = him4 ,?is subject is mu* damag$1 b on ! entrance-wall is ano!r gr\p1 ! be/ pres]v$ ( ! ?ree1 9 :i* ! ,m>quis meets 8 y\ng] son1 ! boy-c>d9al ,francesco1 on 8 return f ,rome4 ,! composition is /iff & ! dresses awkw>d1 b no?+ c surpass ! life-l "* ( ! heads1 :e!r we fix our eyes on ! baby-faces & demure air ( ! *ildr5 :o advance to welcome _! bro!r1 or on ! vigor\s pr(iles ( ,lodovico & 8 c\rti]s4 ,a tame lion cr\*es at ! feet ( ! ,m>quis1 & a view ( hills & classical temples1 int5d$ to repres5t ,rome1 fills 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! doorway ! s]vants & pages 9 att5dance are introduc$ hold+ _! ma/]'s horse1 & sev]al dogs 9 lea%1 all admirably drawn2 :ile above ! door itself a *>m+ gr\p ( sev5 w+$ boys1 9 e possible attitude1 support a tablet ) ! foll[+ inscription3-- ,ill ,lodovico ,,ii4 ,m4,m4 ,pr9cipi optimo ac ,fide invictissimo ,et ,ill ,b>b> eius ,conjugi ,muli]um ,glor ,incomp>abili ,suus ,&reas ,mant9ia ,patavus opus hoc t5ue ,ad eorum ,decus absolvit4 ,ann4 ,,mcccclxxiiii4 ,! grace & fre%ness ( ^! boy-angels =m a /rik+ contra/ to ! /iff figures on ! walls1 & bo? "h & 9 ! decorations ( ! ceil+ our pa9t]1 releas$ f ! obligations ( portraiture1 all[$ 8 fancy free play4 ,m$allions ( ! ,cs>s wrea!d 9 laurel1 grisaille sc5es f ! my?s ( ,h]cules & ,antu1 ,orpheus1 ,apollo1 & ! ,tritons1 occupy ! vault+ ( ! ceil+2 :ile 9 ! c5tre a circul> op5+ is pa9t$ to repres5t a blue sky1 across :i* :ite cl\ds are float+ by1 z we see 9 actual reality 9 ! ,pan!on ( ,rome4 ,r\nd ?is op5 space runs a balu/rade1 ^u :i* a peacock is p]*$ & a basket ( fruit re/s4 ,two wom51 a girl ) a jewell$ head-dress & a negress1 look d[n f above ) laugh+ faces1 :ile a b& ( w+$ boys play on ! edge ( ! /one-"w4 ,^! are ! fam\s figures1 *e scortano di sotto 9 s1 :i* ,vas>i says excit$ g5]al admiration :5 ,mantegna fir/ pa9t$ !m 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,mantua4 ,in/ead ( treat+ ! ceil+ 9 ! usual fa%ion1 z ano!r flat surface on a level ) ! spectator's eye1 he endeav\r$ to repres5t ! figures he pa9t$ !re z se5 f bel[1 & 9 reality look+ d[n ov] ! balu/rade4 ,! optical illusion is effect$ 9 a ma/]ly way1 & ! playful boys1 :o pu% _! heads ?r\gh ! op5 /one-"w ( ! p>apet or balance !mselves on its edge1 are admirably =e%ort5$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is new pr9ciple ( ceil+ decoration1 :i* 9 ,corregio's days 0 to become univ]sal1 & :i* ,mantegna "h attempt$ = ! fir/ "t1 0 employ$ at almo/ ! same mom5t by ano!r pa9t]1 ,melozzo da ,=li1 9 8 fresco ( ! 8,glory ( ,heav50 9 ! tribune ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,,ss4 ,apo/oli at ,rome4 ,:e!r ! two ma/]s _h ev] be5 br\ght into p]sonal contact we d n le>n1 b we "k t ,giovanni ,santi1 ! fa!r ( ,raphael1 9 8 rhym+ *ronicle1 gives ,mantegna's p]spective ! highe/ praise1 & we may inf] f ?is t ! great ,lomb>d's influ5ce _h p5etrat$ f> en\gh s\? to rea* ! ,umbrian arti/s4 ,! frescoes ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi 7 f9i%$ 9 #adgd1 & t5 ye>s lat] x is record$ t ,mantegna pa9t$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! palace1 kn[n z ! ,scal*]ia2 b a ru9$ ceil+1 ) ! same circul> op5+ & sportive ,loves1 is all t is left ( 8 "w !re4 ,traces ( 8 h& are also visible 9 ano!r hall 9 "s ( ! gr\ps ( a l>ge1 mu*-injur$ fresco1 :]e ! fir/ ,gonzaga is repres5t$ tak+ ! oa? z ,capitano del popolo1 & m especially 9 ! *ildr5 hold+ a tablet :i* once bore a n[-effac$ inscription4 ,all else has p]i%$4 ,! lapse ( "t & ! m cruel ravages ( man h swept away :atev] o!r pa9t+s once adorn$ ^! walls1 & ! preci\s fragm5ts ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi are absolutely ! only works ( ,mantegna t are /ill to be se5 9 ?is 8 adopt$ city1 :]e he sp5t well-nigh fifty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,"w ,,at ,,mantua ,,& ,,rome3 ,,engrav+s1 ,a4,d4 #adgd-adij4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi gave ! ,m>quis an opportunity = ! be/[al ( new fav\rs on 8 *os5 arti/1 8suus ,&reas10 z ,mantegna pr\dly t]ms himself on ! tablet :]e he has record$ ! completion ( ! "w4 ,lodovico n[ grant$ him a piece ( l& ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 9 ,mantua1 :]e ,&rea built a h\se ) ! help ( ! ar*itect ,giovanni di ,padova1 & decorat$ x ) frescoes :i* 7 ! admiration ( 8 contempor>ies1 b :i* p]i%$ 9 ! sack ( ,mantua4 ,un=tunately 8 love ( spl5did und]tak+s l$ him into extravagance2 he _h already incurr$ heavy debts by pur*as+ a prop]ty at ,buscoldo1 & ! exp5ses ( 8 new h\se involv$ him 9 fur!r difficulties4 ,accord+ to 8 usual habit he _h rec\rse to ! ,m>quis1 & address$ him on ! #ac? ( ,may1 #adgh1 9 a qu]ul\s lett]1 compla9+ t he is gr[+ old1 & has sev]al sons & "o daught] ( a m>riageable age1 & yet t :ile o!rs ?9k he is bask+ 9 ! sun%9e ( 8 ,excell5cy's fav\r he is 9 reality poor] ?an :5 he fir/ came to ,mantua4 ,he end$ by ask+ him to pay ! eight hundr$ ducats requir$ to satisfy 8 ,buscoldo cr$itors1 & to give him six hundr$ m 9 ord] to defray ! co/ ( 8 new h\se4 ,lodovico 0 at t "t 9 great difficulties himself1 = he _h be5 defeat$ by 8 enemies1 & ev5 compell$ to pawn 8 jewels4 ,none ! less 8 reply 0 frank & g5]\s4 ,he fully recognis$ 8 obligations1 & assur$ him t all 8 la/ pl$ges %\ld be r$eem$1 b rem9d$ him t ( late =tune _h be5 unfav\rable to 8 arms1 & t x 0 impossible = him to give :at he did n possess4 ,?is lett]1 writt5 9 ! same k9dly _s :i* we h (t5 be=e _h occasion to notice1 0 ! la/ :i* ,&rea ev] receiv$ f 8 noble patron4 ,be=e ano!r mon? _h elaps$ ! good ,m>quis 0 dead1 & _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son ,f$]ico4 ,! "y ,gonzaga _h kn[n ,mantegna f 8 boyhood1 & prov$ z k9d & lib]al a fri5d z 8 fa!r to ! wayw>d arti/4 ,he n only paid 8 debts1 b exempt$ ! e/ates :i* he possess$ bo? at ,gto & at ,mantua f ! l&-tax4 ,all 8 deal+s ) ,&rea are m>k$ by ! same g5]\s feel+4 ,8 lett]s express mu* conc]n on he>+ ( an attack ( illness :i* _h int]rupt$ ! pa9t]'s "w2 & on ano!r occasion1 :5 "o ( ,&rea's sons 0 ill1 he s5t 8 own doctor f ,v5ice to att5d him4 ,dur+ ! six ye>s ( ?is pr9ce's brief reign ,mantegna 0 *iefly employ$ 9 pa9t+ halls at ! villas ( ,m>mirolo & ,gonzaga1 :i* h long s9ce %>$ ! common ru9 ( ! summ] palaces r\nd ,mantua4 ,8 fame 0 n[ at its height4 8,! virtue ( ,&rea10 wrote ! ,m>quis ,f$]ico1 8is kn[n to ! :ole _w20 & 9 #adhc ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici /opp$ at ,mantua to visit our pa9t]'s h\se & r5[n$ collection ( antiquities4 ,o!r sov]eigns s5t him press+ invitations1 & all 7 desir\s ( hav+ a "w by ,mantegna's h&2 b ! great man 0 caprici\s1 & refus$ mo/ ( ^! solicitations4 ,f$]ico himself _h to make 8 pa9t]'s excuses 9 an elaborate epi/le to ! ,du*ess ( ,milan1 ^: portrait ,&rea flatly refus$ to und]take4 ,!re 0 no help = x1 & ! disappo9t$ lady _h to re/ satisfi$ ) ,f$]ico's explanation1 t s9ce ^! excell5t ma/]s 7 s full ( fancies we mu/ be cont5t ) :at !y *oose to give u4 ,b :5 ,f$]ico's e>ly dea? 9 #adhd left ! rule ( 8 pr9cipality to a m]e *ild1 ,&rea1 fill$ ) anxiety = ! future1 & /ill heavily burd5$ ) debt1 began to look ar\nd him = ano!r patron4 ,8 ?\ghts naturally turn$ to ! illu/ri\s patron ( ! f9e arts :o _h rec5tly visit$ 8 /udio1 & he appeal$ to ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 9 a pa!tic lett]1 bewail+ ! losses he _h su/a9$ 9 ! successive dea?s ( two g5]\s ma/]s1 & begg+ to be employ$1 if p]*ance he %\ld h any tal5t likely to please s magnific5t a pr9ce4 ,:at answ] ,lor5zo return$ to ?is entreaty we d n le>n1 b he probably gave him a commission be=e long1 s9ce we "k t x 0 = him ,&rea pa9t$ ! beautiful little ,virg9 ( ! ,uffizi1 :i*1 ) ! ma/]'s habitual sl[ness1 he did n f9i% until ! close ( 8 visit to ,rome4 ,?is little gem rema9s a preci\s memorial ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 two ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonalities ( ! ,r5aissance1 & few ( ,&rea's conceptions are sweet] ?an ! blue-drap$ ,"m gaz+ ) droop+ eyelids on ! ,*ild :om %e rocks to sleep 9 h] arms1 :ile ! peasants are se5 at "w 9 ! field beyond & a b& ( h]dsm5 drive _! flocks up ! /eep hill-side pa?4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! /ate ( affairs at ,mantua 0 m hopeful ?an ,&rea _h imag9$ 9 8 fir/ grief = ! loss ( ,f$]ico2 & be=e long ! contemplat$ m>riage ( ! boy ,m>quis ,francesco ) ,isabella ( ,e/e r5ew$ 8 connection ) ! h\se ( ,f]r>a1 ^: memb]s _h be5 among 8 e>lie/ patrons4 ,he n[ pa9t$ a ,madonna = ! ,du*ess ,eleanor1 :i* ,francesco himself took to ,f]r>a1 :]e 8 "m-9-law 0 impati5tly await+ its arrival4 ,mo/ critics agree 9 id5tify+ ?is picture ) ! noble ,virg91 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,c4 ,ea/lake & n[ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 a "w 9 :i* ! ?\ghtfulness ( ! *ild & t5d] mat]nal feel+ ( ,m>y are peculi>ly impressive4 ,v soon aft]w>ds1 9 ! ye> #adhe1 ,mantegna began ! greate/ "w ( 8 :ole life1 ! 8,triumphs ( ,julius ,cs>10 n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,!y 7 orig9ally de/9$ = ! palace ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 at ,mantua1 :i* ! "y ,m>quis 0 !n build+2 & a lett] ( ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #adhe1 describes h[ ,pr9ce ,ercole ( ,f]r>a saw ,mantegna employ$ on !m 9 8 /udio4 ,:ile engag$ on ?is engross+ "w he 0 int]rupt$ 9 ! summ] ( #adhh by an invitation f ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii41 :o begg$ ,francesco t ! great ,lomb>d arti/ might be all[$ to decorate 8 newly erect$ *apel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,political reasons induc$ ! ,m>quis to cons5t2 he knight$ ,&rea & s5t him to ,rome ) ! mo/ flatt]+ recomm5dations4 ,dur+ two ye>s ,mantegna pa9t$ 9 ! *apel ( ! ,vatican1 & x is a subject ( ! deepe/ regret t a s]ies ( frescoes execut$ 9 8 be/ p]iod %\ld h be5 ru?lessly de/roy$ by ,pius ,,vi4 :5 he enl>g$ ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,on ! entrance wall ! ,madonna sat en?ron$1 above ! alt> 0 ! 8,baptism10 on ! side walls ! 8,bir? ( ,*ri/0 & ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi20 :ile ,old ,te/am5t subjects & ! ,virtues 7 repres5t$ 9 grisaille on ! ceil+1 all pa9t$1 says ,vas>i1 ) ! same m9iature-l f9i%4 ,b ,&rea did n f9d ! ,pope a lib]al patron or ,rome a pleasant resid5ce4 ,he compla9s bitt]ly 9 8 lett]s to ,francesco ( ! irregul> paym5t :i* he receives1 & ! diff]5ce :i* he f9ds betwe5 ! habits ( ! ,vatican & ^? ( ! ,c\rts4 ,:e!r he 0 n treat$ ) ! def]5ce to :i* he 0 accu/om$1 or :e!r fail+ heal? oppress$ 8 spirits1 8 tone becomes m & m melan*oly4 ,a long+ = home _h seiz$ him1 & he implores ! ,m>quis to s5d him a few l9es ( com=t1 s9ce he is n[1 z he always has be51 ! *ild ( ! ,h\se ( ,gonzaga1 & w s]ve no o!r pr9ce4 ,anxiety = 8 unf9i%$ 8,triumphs0 is add$ to ! solicitude :i* he feels = 8 abs5t family1 & he entreats ,francesco 9 ! same brea? to f9d 8 son ,lodovico employm5t1 & to take c>e t 8 8,triumphs0 are n injur$ by ra9 com+ 9 at ! w9d[s1 s9ce he consid]s !m ! be/ & mo/ p]fect ( all 8 works4 ,francesco repli$ 9 ! mo/ fri5dly mann]1 promis+ to att5d to 8 reque/s1 & begg+ ,&rea to be c>eful ( 8 heal?1 & to return z spe$ily z possible to complete ! 8,triumphs10 :i* he c\nts ! greate/ glory ( ,mantua & 8 own h\se4 ,b ! frescoes ( ! ,belv$]e ,*apel 7 no small task1 & ,&rea _h1 z he compla9s1 no assi/ant to help him 9 8 lab\rs4 ,he f\nd means1 h[ev]1 to express 8 dissatisfaction to ! ,pope "o day by add+ ano!r ,virtue to ! figures :i* he _h design$4 ,! ,pope1 :o frequ5tly visit$ him :5 at "w1 ask$ him :o ! la/ ,virtue might be4 8,t is ,discretion10 said ! pa9t]2 ^u :i* ! ,pope1 n to be outdone1 return$ promptly1 8,put h] 9 good company !n1 & add ,pati5ce40 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 giv5 by ,ridolf1 is t he add$ ! figure ( ,+ratitude z an eigh? to ! sev5 deadly s9s1 say+ t ?is 0 ! blacke/ ( all crimes4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,june he writes m *e]fully1 describ+ a s+ul> visitor he has _h 9 ! p]son ( ,zizim1 bro!r ( ! ,sultan ,bajazet1 !n a captive 9 ! ,vatican1 & s5d+ 8 portrait = ,francesco's amusem5t4 ,ano!r six mon?s pass$1 & ! ,m>quis wrote aga91 ?is "t 9 a v urg5t /ra91 bo? to ! ,pope & ,mantegna1 say+ t 8 m>riage ) ,isabella ( ,e/e 0 to take place 9 ,janu>y1 & t ,&rea's pres5ce 0 indisp5sable4 ,! c\ri] :o br\ght ! lett] f\nd ! pa9t] ill 9 b$ & unable to move2 s ! w$d+ fe/ivities _h to be celebrat$ )\t him1 & 8 return 0 delay$ until ! foll[+ summ]1 :5 ! ,pope at l5g? dismiss$ him ) a complim5t>y lett] ( ?anks to ! ,m>quis4 ,besides ! small 8,virg90 ( ! ,uffizi1 only "o o!r "w ( ,&rea's ,roman "t is kn[n to exi/1 a 8,man ( ,sorr[s1 support$ by ,angels10 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,cop5hag51 &1 l ! ,br]a ,piet1 rem>kable = ! skill & k display$ bo? 9 ! draw+ & di/ribution ( light & %ade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has (t5 be5 said t dur+ 8 visit to ,rome1 ,mantegna fir/ le>nt ! new art ( engrav+1 9 ! practice ( :i* he sp5t s l>ge a portion ( 8 "t & p[]s4 ,b if we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! v>iety bo? 9 /yle & subject ( 8 plates1 & on ! o!r ! great und]tak+s on :i* he 0 engag$ dur+ 8 la/ ye>s1 we %all see t ?is is impossible4 ,x is true t no fix$ date 9 8 e>li] c>e] c be assign$ ) c]ta9ty1 b an att5tive /udy ( 8 engrav+s w1 we ?9k1 result 9 ! conclusion t 8 fir/ ef=ts 9 ?is new bran* ( art belong to 8 ,paduan days1 & t he pursu$ x at int]vals all ?r\gh 8 c>e]1 b ) increas$ activity dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life4 ,two plates especially1 ! unf9i%$ 8,sc\rg+0 & ! 8,desc5t ( ,*ri/ into ,limbo10 be> a /rong resemblance to ! ,eremitani frescoes1 :ile o!rs rem9d u 9 a simil> mann] ( ! ,san ,z5o alt>-piece & ! e>li] ,mantuan pa9t+s4 ,at fir/ 8 me?od 0 imp]fect1 b we trace a gradual improvem5t 9 ! plates1 9 proportion z he acquir$ great] te*nical k 9 ! new art & became acqua9t$ ) ,maso di ,f9igu]ra1 & x may be ) ,s*ongau]'s engrav+s4 ,all are m>k$ by ! same firmness ( outl9e1 by ! same closely-m>k$ %ad+ drawn 9 slant+ l9es f "r to left1 &1 above all1 by ! con/ant endeav\r to give ! pr9t some?+ ( ! *>m ( *i>oscuro & col\r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 a :ole s*ool ( engrav]s =m$ !mselves on ,mantegna's /yle1 & ,zoan ,&rea1 ,mocetto1 ,campagnola & o!rs1 all adopt$ 8 me?od & conf9$ !mselves almo/ exclusively to ! reproduction ( 8 works--! task ( di/+ui%+ ,mantegna's orig9al plates is by no means easy4 ,( late ye>s !y h be5 subject$ to a sev]e criticism1 & _m =m]ly attribut$ to him are n[ reject$4 ,b1 :e!r we accept tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty ) ,m4 ,duplessis & ,b>ts*1 or limit ! numb] to ?irte5 ) ,m4 ,wallis1 we %all equally ackn[l$ge h[ wond]fully e aspect ( 8 g5ius is repres5t$ 9 ^! engrav+s1 & h[ inexhau/ible 0 t weal? ( ?\ght & imag]y :i*1 unable to f9d its full expression 9 pa9t+1 s\ght ano!r *annel 9 ! si/] art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entombm5t4 ,f ! engrav+ by ,mantegna4 ,small z is ! cycle ( g5u9e pr9ts1 !y embrace a wide range ( subject2 pagan my?s1 ,roman & ,*ri/ian !mes1 are all treat$ 9 turn ) ! same s]i\sness ( purpose & m>vell\s v>iety ( inv5tion4 ,sometimes he reproduces 8 own pictures--! 8,virg9 ( ! ,grotto0 f ! ,uffizi tripty*1 9 lat] ye>s we h ! 8,triumphs0 & ! 8,danc+ ,muses ( ! ,p>nassus40 ,! ,bac*analia1 & /ill m ! 8,battle ( ! ,sea-gods10 rema9 to %[ u h[ deeply ! _s ( classic bas-relief _h sunk into 8 s\l4 ,c]ta9 subjects !re are 9 :i* he takes especial delight1 :i* he treats ) z great fre%ness & orig9ality z if he _h nev] be=e approa*$ !m4 ,su* are ! 8,h]cules & ,antu10 already repres5t$ 9 grisaille on ! ceil+ ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 & ! 8,/4 ,seba/ian10 :i* h>dly yields 9 beauty to ! sublime pa9t+ ( ! ,belv$]e4 ,at o!r times he reveals "s altoge!r new conception1 z 9 ! noble 8,desc5t f ! ,cross10 :i* suppli$ ! motives :5ce ,albre*t ,dr]1 ,luca ,signorelli1 ,daniele da ,volt]ra1 & ,rub5s 9 turn took _! inspirations4 ,9 dramatic p[] & int5sity ( feel+ ?is plate is only equall$ by ! well-kn[n 8,entombm5t10 :]e all ! horrors ( dea?1 all ! dep?s ( ! wilde/ despair1 seem ga!r$ up & conc5trat$ 9 t "o figure ( ,/4 ,john wr++ 8 h&s al(t & utt]+ ! great & bitt] cry :i* _c be re/ra9$4 ,! same /rong feel+ %[s itself "u ano!r =m 9 ! seat$ ,madonna1 ^: :ole figure is sway$ ) ! =ebod+ ( com+ angui% t m+les ) h] love1 z %e b5ds =w>d to press ! ,*ild clos] to h] face4 ,b al?\gh ^! figures1 animat$ ) rage & despair1 ) a great hatr$ or a /ill great] love1 are ! subjects on :i* ,&rea seem$ to dwell ) pref]5ce 9 8 engrav+s1 he returns at times to ! s]5e repose ( anci5t /atu>y1 & designs = u a gr\p ( p]fect maje/y 9 ! ?ree gr& figures ( 8,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,long9us1 & ! ,ris5 ,*ri/10 :o /&s betwe5 !m1 calm & /rong1 ) ! awe ( t dea? :i* he _h conqu]$ /ill ^u 8 br[4 ,aga91 9 vivid contra/ ) reel+ satyrs & angry ,tritons battl+ on ! r\gh sea-waves1 we h ! quiet portrait heads ( ,lodovico ,gonzaga & 8 wife1 ,b>b>a1#b ^: homely faces & e>ne/ eyes look out ( ! same qua9t co/umes z on _! palace walls at ,mantua1 & on ^: brocad$ robes inf9ite pa9s h be5 be/[$4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into fur!r details1 or a :ole volume might ) pr(it be devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ,mantegna's engrav+s1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ h[ important a "p ( 8 works !y =m1 & h[ extraord9>y 0 ! g5ius ( ! man :o c\ld1 9 8 leisure mom5ts dur+ ! brief int]vals :i* elaps$ betwe5 8 great] tasks1 give to ! _w s ri* a treasure ( pr(\nd & v>i$ ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,judi? ,,) ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,hol(]nes4 ,f ! draw+ by ,mantegna 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,julius ,c,,s>3 ,,draw+s1 #adij-aejj4 ,mantegna1 z we h already m5tion$1 return$ to ,mantua 9 ! summ] ( #adij1 & dur+ ! re/ ( t ye> & ! :ole ( ! foll[+ "o he devot$ himself )\t int]ruption to 8 8,triumphs10 :i* he f9ally complet$ 9 ,febru>y1 #adib4 ,?is fam\s s]ies consi/s ( n9e pieces ( f9e twill$ l951 ^u :i* ,&rea pa9t$ 9 temp]a ! triumphal procession ( ,julius ,cs> on 8 way to ! ,capitol1 aft] ! ,conque/ ( ,gaul4 ,! :ole =m$ a frieze eighty feet long1 & ! sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 ea* n9e feet high1 7 orig9ally divid$ by pila/]s adorn$ ) w>like ornam5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ piece1 ! trumpet]s m>*+ at ! head ( ! procession op5 ! pageant ) a bur/ ( w>like music1 closely foll[$ by /&>d-be>]s c>ry+ pictures ( ,cs>'s victories1 smok+ c5s]s1 & a l>ge bu/ ( ,roma ,victrix4 ,9 ! second1 ! gods ( ! captive cities are borne 9 *>iots1 a colossal ,jupit] & ,juno =emo/1 !n a f9e ,cybele1 & aft] ^! come trophies ( arm\r1 batt]+-rams1 & o!r w>like implem5ts1 lift$ high on m5's %\ld]s4 ,! co/li] "p ( ! spoil foll[s 9 ! ?ird & f\r? comp>tm5ts1 :]e /rong m5 b5d "u ! weight ( vases fill$ ) gold & treasures1 & :ite heif]s g>l&$ ) fl[]s ready = sacrifice1 are l$ by veil$ prie/s & beautiful fair-hair$ y\?s 9 _! :ite tunics & r$ girdles4 ,9 ! fif? picture ano!r b& ( trumpet]s h]alds ! next division1 & f\r l>ge elephants1 hung ) gold *a9s & drap]ies1 be> on _! backs baskets ( fl[]s & "y *ildr51 :o fan ! flames ( light$ c&elabra4 ,m trophies foll[ 9 ! six? comp>tm5t2 ! arm\r ( captive pr9ces is borne al(t on poles1 & s great is its weight t "o old soldi]1 exhau/$ by ! load he be>s1 sits d[n to recov] brea?4 ,9 ! next picture we rea* ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! procession--a tra9 ( captives :o advance ) sl[ & sorr[ful /eps1 b n )\t an air ( noble =titude on _! faces z !y meet ! je]s ( ! populace4 ,m5 & wom5 ( all ages are among !m1 pr\d *iefs1 matrons ( royal blood1 sweet-fac$ maid5s1 a "y bride ) ! myrtle wrea? on h] fair br[ & a coral necklace r\nd h] ?roat4 ,close to h] we see a "m be>+ h] y\nge/ born 9 h] arms & lead+ a boy by ! h&1 :o cries to be tak5 up1 :ile ! old gr&mo!r b5ds d[n to soo! him ) c>esses4 ,9 ! eigh? picture1 imm$iately foll[+ ?is t\*+ gr\p1 come ! je/]s & hide\s buffoons1 :o mock ! prison]s ) _! laught] & ape-l grimaces1 & a troop ( musicians s++ & danc+ to ! s\nd ( timbrels4 ,aft] ^! we h ano!r company ( signif]i1 ?is "t be>+ ! eagles ( ! victori\s legions & ! %e-wolf ( ,rome4 ,_! faces are turn$ backw>ds1 & _! eag]1 expectant gaze prep>e u = ! com+ ( ! conqu]or1 :o appe>s 9 ! la/ picture seat$ on a ri*ly sculptur$ biga ) sceptre & palm 9 8 h&1 & a laurel cr[n1 :i* a w+$ ,victory is 9 ! act ( plac+ on 8 br[4 ,at 8 feet *ildr5 %\t = joy1 & wave laurel b\ghs 9 8 pa?2 ! multitude press r\nd 8 *>iot :eels & a gaily-clad y\?1 ) eag] en?usiasm 9 8 upturn$ gaze1 lifts al(t a bann] be>+ ,cs>'s well-kn[n motto1 ,v5i1 vidi1 vici1 to meet ! victor's eyes4 ,?is subject n[ =ms ! la/ ( ! s]ies b ,mantegna's orig9al s*eme includ$ a t5? picture :i* he aft]w>ds ab&on$1 probably because ! hall = :i* ! 8,triumphs0 7 int5d$ 0 n l>ge en\gh to conta9 m ?an n9e4 ,an engrav+1 h[ev]1 rema9s 9 :i* a body ( ,roman citiz5s1 foll[$ by ! fir/ ranks ( ! advanc+ legions1 are repres5t$ m>*+ 9 ! conqu]or's progress2 & ! great procession1 aft] rea*+ its culm9at+ po9t1 is ?us br\ght to a tranquil close4 ,goe!1 :o knew ! 8,triumphs10 n inde$ 9 ! orig9al1 b f ,&reani's engrav+s1 & :o wrote a ma/]ly criticism on ! s]ies1 0 ! fir/ to feel ! ne$ ( a f9al sc5e to satisfy ! eye1 & to po9t out t ?is mu/ h be5 ! arti/'s orig9al design4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ?is magnific5t "w1 9 :i* ! love ( antiquity1 :i* 0 ! rul+ p[] ( ,mantegna's g5ius1 f\nd its highe/ expression4 ,x 0 a s5tim5t common to _m arti/s 9 ?is age ( reviv$ le>n+1 b :ile o!r m51 l ,botticelli or ,pi]o della ,francesca1 saw pagan !mes ?r\gh ! col\r+ ( _! own m$ieval fancies1 he alone ent]$ ?or\ghly into ! true _s ( anci5t art4 ,a glance at ! 8,triumphs0 is suffici5t to %[ u h[ pr(\ndly ,mantegna _h /udi$ classical au?ors & h[ mu* fre$om he _h acquir$ 9 deal+ ) 8 subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,triumphs ,,( ,,julius ,c,,s>4 ,,by ,,mantegna4 ,at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,^? anci5t ,romans are no /rang]s to him2 he has liv$ among !m & m+l$ ) !m z freely z ) m5 ( 8 own day1 ! folds ( _! drap]ies1 _! v gait & c\nt5ance are all famili> to him4 ,! same intimate k ( ,roman times reveals itself 9 a hundr$ details2 9 ! temples & viaducts ( ! backgr\nd1 9 ! my?ological reliefs :i* adorn *>iots1 %ields & brea/-plates1 9 tablets be>+ ,lat9 inscriptions1 9 ! triumphal ar* "u :i* ,cs> passes z he goes on 8 way4 ,& "h we may notice t ,&rea1 9 "o ( ! reliefs ( ?is ar*1 has aga9 introduc$ ! 8,tw9s0 ( ,monte ,cavallo1 :i* dur+ 8 visit to ,rome he _h d\btless se5 ) 8 own eyes 9 _! "t-hon\r$ place on ! ,quir9al hill4 ,9 ! execution ( ! 8,triumphs0 we obs]ve ! same high degree ( f9i%1 z 9 all 8 lat] "w2 ! drap]y hangs 9 ! small folds ( ,greek sculpture1 b )\t /iffness or =mality2 :ile ! light & transp>5t col\r+ is admirably adapt$ 9 its s(tly-%ad$ t9ts to ! g5]al "* ( ! subject4 ,evid5tly 9 ?is x 0 ,mantegna's int5tion to imitate z closely z possible ! /yle ( anci5t pa9t+4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( ! pictures h suff]$ f repa9t+1 & at ! pres5t day x ne$s a v m9ute exam9ation to appreciate ! delicacy ( ! fragm5ts t h be5 left unt\*$4 ,bo? 9 ! pla/ic t5d5cy ( =m & 9 ! pr9ciples ( p]spective :i* ,mantegna has "h successfully appli$1 we see ! result ( 8 e>li] /udies1 modifi$ & re/ra9$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ?irty ye>s :i* _h pass$ s9ce ! days :5 he pa9t$ ! ,eremitani frescoes4 ,no?+ c surpass ! mann] 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! spl5did pageantry ( ! 8,triumphs0 is subdu$ & gov]n$ by ! laws ( composition1 till e figure moves 9 p]fect rhy?m & h>mony ( l9e4 ,we h only to look at ! episode ( ! 8,triumphs0 by ,rub5s 79 ! ,national ,gall]y7 to see h[ ! subject1 releas$ f ! sev]e re/ra9t ( ,mantegna's art1 c\ld deg5]ate into a ,bac*analian fea/ ( wild bea/s1 revell]s1 & danc+ wom54 ,b = all its sculptur$ t5d5cies & lik5esses to a classic frieze1 ?is great s]ies is no procession ( m>ble /atues1 cold & rigid 9 _! antique beauty4 ,! =ms :i* pass be=e u 9 ! long array are animat$ ) life & w>m?1 _! faces gl[ ) ! fire ( human passion 9 all its endless v>ieties4 ,t5d] & y\?ful1 or worn by age & c>e1 exultant ) ! joy ( victory1 or b[$ d[n to e>? by a cruel fate1 !y are m5 & wom5 l ourselves1 & appeal to u by ! in/9cts ( a common humanity4 ,9 ! well-kn[n words ( ,goe!1 8,! /udy ( ! antique supplies =m1 nature gives movem5t & ! la/ t\* ( life40 ,= m ?an a c5tury ! 8,triumphs0 ( ,mantegna rema9$ 9 ! hall ( ! palace = :i* !y _h be5 int5d$1 & 7 se5 !re bo? by ,vas>i & ! hi/orian ,m>io ,equicola4 ,on fe/ive occasions !y 7 sometimes mov$ to ! ,ca/ello di ,corte1 & 9 ,&rea's lifetime !y 7 us$ z /age decorations :5 ! com$ies ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7 p]=m$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,mantua4 ,sev]al sep>ate episodes ( ! 8,triumphs0 7 engrav$ by ,mantegna himself1 & ! complete s]ies became g5]ally kn[n by ! publication ( ! l>ge wood-cuts by ,&rea ,&reani at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 #afbh1 a %ort "t be=e ! sack ( ,mantua1 ! pictures !mselves 7 sold to ,*>les ,i41 ) sev]al o!r ma/]pieces ( ! ,gonzaga collection4 ,aft] t mon>*'s dea? on ! scaffold !y 7 aga9 sold by ! ,p>liam5t1 b ,cromwell b\ght !m = #a1jjj4c ,*>les ,,ii4 plac$ !m 9 ! palace at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,!re ?is preci\s s]ies /ill rema9s1 irrep>ably injur$ by frequ5t removal & repa9t+1 b /ill 9 beauty & complet5ess bo? ( design & execution "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable works ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! exact date ( ! completion ( ! 8,triumphs0 is fix$ by a fre% grant ( l& :i* ,francesco be/[$ ^u ,mantegna 9 ,febru>y1 #adib1 ) an express m5tion ( ! great "w :i* he _h at l5g? br\ght to a happy t]m9ation4 8,if ! ,m>quis _h lov$ him be=e1 he lov$ him /ill m n[10 says ,vas>i1 & 9 reality ,&rea seem$ to h atta9$ ! highe/ pit* ( hon\r & good =tune4 ,= once 8 affairs 7 prosp]\s4 ,9 #adib he sold 8 small prop]ty at ,padua1 & two ye>s lat] furni%$ 8 own beautiful h\se 9 ! qu>t] ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,at ! same "t he came to a f9al settlem5t ) 8 ,buscoldo cr$itors & ex*ang$ l& ) 8 old enemy ,alipr&i4 ,8 son1 ,lodovico1 obta9$ a good appo9tm5t z ov]se] & ag5t to ! ,m>quis at ,cavriana1 :ile ,francesco1 :o 0 ! lea/ satisfactory ( ! two & frequ5tly caus$ ,&rea anxiety1 embrac$ ! arti/'s pr(ession & became 8 fa!r's assi/ant4 ,la/ly1 8 only daught]1 ,taddea1 0 m>ri$1 on ! #d? ( ,july1 #adii1 ) two hundr$ & sixty ducats z h] d[ry1 to ,viano ,vianesi1 :om he /yles 8uomo prud5te0 9 8 lett]s4 ,besides ^! *ildr5 by m>riage ,&rea _h "o o!r son1 ,gian' ,&rea by "n1 born 9 8 old age aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife ,niccolosia1 & :om 9 8 w ( #aejd he m5tions z be+ /ill a *ild4 ,8 improv$ circum/ances seem to h s(t5$ 8 temp]1 & ! only compla9t we f9d 9 8 lett]s to ! ,m>quis at ?is "t is t ! /ones :i* he _h prep>$ = build+ 9 8 y>d are /ol5 9 broad daylight1 "o ( ! ?ieves :om 8 son _h caught 9 ! act ( c>ry+ away 8 spoil "u 8 mantle be+ an (fic] ( ,francesco's h\sehold4 ,we he> occasionally ( 8 suff]+ f attacks ( illness1 b z a pa9t] 8 p[]s 7 at _! be/1 & _m ( 8 f9e/ works belong to ! p]iod betwe5 8 return f ,rome & ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,among classical subjects are ! two beautiful pictures n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 orig9ally execut$ = ! ,m>*ioness ,isabella's 8/udio ( ! grotto10 a room :i* ,&rea1 ,p]ug9o1 & ,co/a 7 all employ$ to decorate1 & :i* became a complete museum ( bo? antique & ,r5aissance art4 ,&rea pa9t$ sev]al panels = ?is ap>tm5t at ,isabella's comm&1 "s we are told 9 imitation ( bronze-reliefs1 & "o 9 :i* ! prophet ,jonah1 is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( be+ ca/ into ! sea2 b ! 8,wisdom ,victori\s ov] ! ,vices0 & ! 8,p>nassus10 bo? 9 ! ,l\vre1 are ! only works ( ! s]ies :i* h come d[n to po/]ity4 ,bo? closely resemble ! 8,triumphs0 9 /yle ( modell+ & 9 delicacy ( f9i%4 ,"o is an allegorical composition1 su* z ,botticelli might h pa9t$1 9 :i* ,m9]va & ,diana1 l$ by ,wisdom be>+ a tor*1 are driv+ out a tribe ( ,vices "u ! =ms ( c5taurs & satyrs1 :ile ,ju/ice1 ,=ce1 & ,temp]ance hov] 9 ! air1 ab\t to return to e>?4 ,! =m ( ! av5g+ goddesses is ess5tially classic 9 type1 & ! trees ( ! backgr\nd %[ t lov+ c>e 9 ea* leaf :i* entitles ,mantegna to a =emo/ place among ! foliage pa9t]s ( ! age4 ,! o!r1 p]haps ! mo/ poetic ( all ,&rea's conceptions1 br+s be=e u a pleasant l&scape :]e ! ,muses dance h& 9 h& to ! music ( ,apollo's lyre1 :ile ,m]cury leans on ! neck ( ,pegasus h>d by1 & ,m>s & ,v5us pause f _! embraces to li/5 to ! en*ant$ s\nd4 ,bright] t9ts ?an ,&rea g5]ally employs enliv5 ! sc5e1 & 9 ! light flutt]+ drap]y & measur$ /op ( ! danc+ n9e !re is a grace & *>m ( movem5t :i* no contempor>y pa9t] ev] surpass$4 ,^! gr\ps ( danc+ nymphs became a fav\rite motive ) ,mantegna1 & =m ! subject ( "o ( 8 engrav+s z well z ( a f9i%$ draw+1 exce$+ly graceful & *>m+ 9 design1 n[ at ,muni*4 ,classical subjects at ?is "t occupi$ a great "p ( 8 ?\ghts1 & "s ( 8 f9e/ engrav+s1 ! 8,battle ( ! ,sea-,gods10 8,h]cules & ,antu10 & ! 8,bac*analia10 belong to ?is p]iod4 ,closely relat$ to ^! are ! beautiful draw+s ( ! ,briti% ,museum to :i* ,mr4 ,comyns ,c>r rec5tly call$ att5tion1 ! 8,m>s1 ,diana & ,v5us10 :i* 9 ideal beauty ( =m yields to none ( ,&rea's designs1 & ! long frieze-%ap$ composition ( 8,calumny10 aft] ! patt]n ( ,apelles's la/ picture1 :i* ^! arti/s ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance delight$ to recall4 ,sev]al o!r preci\s draw+s by ,mantegna belong ! ,*ri/ ,*ur* collection1 ,ox=d4 ,*ief among !m is ! orig9al composition = 8 celebrat$ engrav+ ( ! 8,entombm5t10 & a f9e example ( ano!r ( 8 fav\rite subjects1 8,h]cules kill+ ! ,lion10 inscrib$ ,divo ,h]culi invicto4 ,_m m are 9 ! h&s ( private collectors1 & a :ole volume conta9+ tw5ty-six %eets ( my?ological subjects 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y 9 #ahgh1 by ,miss ,hannah de ,ro?s*ild 7n[ ,lady ,roseb]y74 ,among ! o!r draw+s ( rem>kable m]it n[ scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 we w only m5tion ! 8,judgm5t ( ,solomon0 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! 8,sagrifizio10 :i* =ms ! *ief ornam5t ( ! ,v]ona ,museum1 & ! well-kn[n 8,judi?0 ( ! ,uffizi 7see page #cg71 :i* once belong$ to ,vas>i1 & be>s ! date ( ,febru>y1 #adia4 ,x 0 n 9 ! nature ( ,mantegna's art to ca/ (f a ha/y sket*1 or to leave to ! _w faces ( r>e lovel9ess drawn 9 a few p5cil /rokes z x 7 at r&om on ! pap]4 ,:e!r he 0 engag$ on ! c>toon ( an alt>-piece1 or on a simple patt]n ( a cup or f\nta91 all he a*iev$ 0 m>k$ by ! same pati5t1 untir+ lab\r1 ! same m9ute c>e1 above all by ! same feel+ = beauty 9 e detail4 ,_m ( u rememb] t exquisite design = a *alice :i* attract$ g5]al att5tion 9 "o ( our la/ w9t] exhibitions4 ,x is true ! p]spective ( ! ,cup 0 faulty1 b ?is defect 0 sc>cely notic$ 9 ! beauty ( ! "w1 ) :i* e "p ( ! *alice 0 cov]$4 ,sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 *]ub heads & elaborate scroll "w adorn$ ! bord] ( ! ,cup4 ,apo/les & prophets 7 figur$ on its base1 :ile ! /em 0 /udd$ ) r[s ( lovely babies & angel heads1 execut$ ) a grace & delicacy :i* r5d]$ ! :ole a p]fect m>vel ( decorative art4 ,& s x is ) 8 l>g] draw+s1 :e!r classical or religi\s 9 subject4 ,ea* hair 9 ! head ( 8 8,judi?0 is di/9ctly drawn1 !re is ! same att5tion to =m 9 ! folds ( h] fall+ drap]y1 or1 to take ano!r in/ance--! fair faces ( ! y\? & maid5 9 ! procession ( ! ,sagrifizio4 ,bo? are designs 9 ! be/ _s ( classical art1 & rem9d u ( ! f9e/ ,greek sculpture4 ,we h said t pagan !mes occupi$ mu* ( ,mantegna's imag9ation dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ! conclusion ( ! 8,triumphs10 b ! ?ree l>ge alt>-pieces :i* also belong to ?is p]iod mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h ! 8,madonna della ,vittoria10 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 p]haps ! noble/ ( all 8 religi\s pictures4 ,?is alt>-piece 0 pa9t$ by ord] ( ! ,m>quis ,francesco to commemorate 8 pret5d$ victory at ,=novo1 :]e he _h enc\nt]$ ! ,fr5*1 b1 f> f be+ victori\s1 _h lo/ ! great] "p ( 8 army1 & n>r[ly escap$ ) 8 life4 ,a curi\s circum/ance *>act]i/ic ( ! mann]s ( ! times is connect$ ) ?is pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,madonna ,,della ,,vittoria4 ,,by ,,mantegna4 ,9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4 ,a ,jew ( ,villafranca1 ,daniele ,norsa by "n1 9 ! ye> #adie b\ght a h\se 9 ,mantua :i* _h a ,madonna pa9t$ ov] ! door1 & fe>+ any accid5tal mis=tune to ! picture might excite popul> displeasure1 prud5tly obta9$ leave f ! bi%op to remove ! sacr$ image4 ,ev5 ?is /ep 0 turn$ to 8 prejudice1 & on ,asc5sion ,day 8 h\se 0 attack$ by ! mob & n>r[ly escap$ de/ruction4 ,! ,jew appeal$ to ! ,m>quis = protection1 & ultimately 8 case 0 br\ght be=e a tribunal1 :i* condemn$ him1 by way ( rep>ation = ! suppos$ insult to ! ,virg91 to place a new picture pa9t$ by ,mantegna 9 "o ( ! ,mantuan *ur*es4 ,9 ! meantime ! battle ( ,=novo took place1 & ,francesco1 :o 9 ! h\r ( dang] _h v[$ to erect a *ur* 9 ,mantua to ! ,virg91 resolv$ to gratify popul> feel+ & give great] effect to ! fulfilm5t ( 8 v[ by plac+ ! build+ on ! spot :]e ! ,madonna's hon\r _h be5 slight$4 ,accord+ly he b\ght ,norsa's h\se1 & on ! anniv]s>y ( ! battle1 ,july #f?1 #adif1 ! votive ,madonna pa9t$ by ,mantegna = ! occasion 0 plac$ above ! high alt> ( ! newly erect$ *ur* ) great popul> rejoic+4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds ! ,fr5* c>ri$ (f ?is picture1 :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ to celebrate ! victory ov] _! nation1 9 triumph to ,p>is1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,few p]haps ( ,&rea's l>g] works are z g5]ally & des]v$ly popul>4 ,! mild ,virg91 9 blue hood & mantle1 sitt+ "u h] leafy b[] hung ) fruit & coral & gay ) twitt]+ birds1 is famili> to all visitors to ! ,l\vre4 ,bo? "m & *ild /ret* out _! h&s 9 bless+ t[>ds ! kneel+ ,m>quis1 ^: life-l portrait excit$ ! univ]sal admiration ( contempor>ies4 ,opposite him1 ! v5]able =m ( ,/4 ,elizabe? is se5 kneel+ at ! side ( ! "y ,/4 ,john1 :o /&s on ! c>v$ p$e/al ( ! ,virg9's ?rone1 & 9 ! backgr\nd are ! patron sa9ts ( ,mantua1 ,&rew & ,long9us4 ,m beautiful ?an ei!r ( ^! are ! two w>rior sa9ts1 ,mi*ael & ,george1 :o /& 9 full arm\r on ei!r side1 hold+ ! hem ( ! ,virg9's mantle1 & :o1 ) _! noble features1 manly =ms1 & fl[+ masses ( fair locks1 are p]fect types ( ,*ri/ian *ivalry--9 o!r words1 ( t union ( /r5g? & t5d]ness :i* is held to con/itute ! h]oic "*4 ,! 8,virg90 ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 long 9 ! possession ( diff]5t ,milanese families1 be>s a close resemblance1 bo? 9 /yle & execution1 to ! 8,madonna della ,vittoria10 & 0 probably pa9t$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,"h ! ,virg9 is seat$ "u a r$ baldac*9o betwe5 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5 & ! ,bapti/1 :o /& erect aga9/ a backgr\nd ( d>k gre5 orange-trees & silv]-cl\d$ sky4 ,! face ( ! ,magdal5 is light$ ) ! glad en?usiasm ( h] love1 & 9 ! foliage we notice ! same c>eful f9i% z 9 ! b[]s ( ! 8,p>nassus0 & 9 ! leaf-pa9t+ ( all ,mantegna's works4 ,to ! same p]iod & class ( picture belongs ! 8,glorifi$ ,madonna0 :i* ,&rea pa9t$ = ! monks ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,organo ( ,v]ona1 n[ 9 ! ,casa ,trivulzi at ,milan4 ,"h ! ,madonna is en?ron$ on ! cl\ds1 ) f\r life-siz$ sa9ts2 a l&scape ( tall lemon-trees is beh9d h]4 ,a troop ( s++ boy-angels hov] 9 ! air1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi frescoes1 & "o be>s a scroll ) ! inscription3-- 8,a ,mant9ia p4 an4 gracie #adig1 #ae ,augu/i40 ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,) ,,/4 ,,john ,,& ,,! ,,magdal54 ,,by ,,mantegna4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,! small blue-mantl$ 8,madonna0 ( ,b]gamo1 & a good portrait ( a ,gonzaga 9 ! same collection1 may h be5 pa9t$ t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury1 to :i* p]iod ! engrav+s ( ! 8,triumphs0 & sev]al o!r subjects are assign$4 ,f9ally1 among ! lab\rs :i* occupi$ ! la/ mon?s ( #adii1 0 ! commission to design a monum5t ( ,virgil = ! *ief squ>e ( ,mantua4 ,! plan orig9at$ ) ! ,m>*ioness ,isabella1 :o consult$ ! le>n$ ,lat9i/s1 ,pontanus & ,v]g]ius1 at ,naples1 z to ! be/ mode ( c>ry+ h] s*eme into effect4 ,!y sugge/$ ,mantegna z ! natural p]son to furni% a design = ! monum5t1 & he ent]$ w>mly into a project s well suit$ to ! _s ( ! age4 ,we c h>dly imag9e a commission m cong5ial to a pa9t] s imbu$ ) ,lat9 traditions z ,mantegna1 & ! /atue :i* he design$ 0 wor?y ( ! occasion1 z ! draw+ rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,8 de la ,salle abundantly proves4 ,virgil is repres5t$ cr[n$ ) laurel & hold+ ! neid 9 8 h&s1 :ile w+$ boys on ! p$e/al at 8 feet support a tablet ) ! words3-- 8,p4 ,v]gilii ,m>onis a t]n sui memori imago40 ,un=tunately1 ,&rea nev] _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ?is design execut$ 9 bronze or m>ble4 ,:e!r ,francesco's treasures 7 exp5d$ 9 w>s1 or :e!r ,isabella's int5tion 0 only a caprice ( ! mom5t1 ! s*eme 0 ab&on$1 & ,mantua rema9$ )\t a monum5t ( h] greate/ son4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,la/ ,,works ,,& ,,dea?3 ,,8 ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,art1 #aejj-aejf4 ,dur+ m ?an =ty ye>s ,&rea _h n[ liv$ at ,mantua 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gonzagas4 ,bo? at _! c\rt & ?r\gh\t ,italy he 0 held 9 ! highe/ hon\r1 & enjoy$ a degree ( fav\r & consid]ation :i*1 b few arti/s h kn[n 9 _! lifetime4 ,8 *ildr5 71 ) ! "o exception ( ,gian' ,&rea1 gr[n up & well provid$ =2 he _h l&s & possessions ( 8 own bo? 9 t[n & c\ntry & :at he valu$ ev5 m--a collection ( preci\s antiquities4 ,beh9d him lay a :ole lifetime ( great works1 & al?\gh n[ 9 8 sev5tie? ye> 8 p[]s z yet %[$ no trace ( weakness or fail+4 ,we h se5 h[ ri* 9 works ( e bran* ( art 0 ?is la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 h[ untir+ 0 8 activity1 & h[ fre% & inexhau/ible ! treasures ( 8 imag9ation4 ,ev]y?+ seem$ to =etell an old age ( hon\r & prosp]ity1 9 :i* ! great ma/] %\ld /ill *>m m5 by ! creations ( 8 bra9 & h&1 & yet z 8 bodily p[]s grew weak] %\ld enjoy m ( ! repose to :i* he 0 s well entitl$4 ,b ?is 0 n to be1 & ! la/ few ye>s ( ,mantegna's lifetime are a we>y record ( sorr[s & mis=tune4 ,aga9 we f9d him involv$ 9 pecuni>y difficulties1 br\ght on by 8 own extravagance1 & v probably by t ( 8 son1 ,francesco2 9 ord] to meet 8 liabilities he 0 compell$ to "p ) ! beautiful h\se :i* he _h decorat$ ) 8 own h&1 & to live 9 lodg+s1 :i* he dislik$ extremely4 ,yet1 ) ! /range recklessness t =m$ "p ( 8 "*1 we f9d him ent]+ into new & imprud5t engagem5ts4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aejd1 he made a w1 leav+ a sum ( money to 8 son ,francesco & ! *ief "p ( 8 =tune to ,lodovico1 toge!r ) ! *>ge ( br++ up ! *ild ,gian' ,&rea1 9 ^: fav\r he aft]w>ds alt]$ c]ta9 provisions4 ,at ! same "t he left two hundr$ ducats = ! end[m5t ( ! *apel ( ,san ,giovanni1 9 ,alb]ti's l>ge *ur* ( ,sant' ,&rea1 z a burial-place = himself & 8 family4 ,special m5tion is made ( 8 wife1 ,niccolosia1 :o _h di$ "s ye>s be=e2 & masses are ord]$ to be said = ! repose ( h] s\l4 ,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> 7#aejd7 he obta9$ possession ( ?is *apel by a contract ) ,sigismondo ,gonzaga1 ,bi%op ( ,mantua1 & ! canons ( ! *ur*4 ,its decoration n[ became 8 fav\rite s*eme1 & x 0 8 int5tion to pa9t ! walls 9 fresco & to erect a family monum5t !re4 ,he b\ght a piece ( gr\nd outside to prev5t ! w9d[s f be+ block$ up by build+1 & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( turn+ x into a g>d51 :]e he c\ld sp5d 8 "t 9 summ]1 & build a small room1 :]e he might keep himself w>m 9 w9t]1 89 ord]10 he adds t\*+ly1 8t ,i may take a little re/ 9 my old age40 ,b all ?is exp5diture became ! cause ( fre% difficulties1 & add$ to ! burd5s "u :i* ,&rea already groan$4 ,o!r trials came to sadd5 8 old age4 ,8 son ,francesco incurr$ ! displeasure ( ! ,m>quis by "s grave misconduct1 & nei!r ,&rea's te>s nor ! int]cession ( ,isabella c\ld prev5t 8 bani%m5t f ,mantua 9 #aeje4 ,?is disgrace 0 a heavy bl[ to ,&rea1 :o own$ t 8 son _h (f5d$ griev\sly1 b ?\ght t 8 fault might h be5 ov]look$ 9 consid]ation ( 8 own s]vices4 8,mess] ,&rea10 wrote ,isabella to h] husb&1 8has j n[ be5 to see me1 s full ( te>s & s alt]$ 9 c\nt5ance t he seem$ to me m dead ?an alive40 ,b 8 activity 0 undim9i%$1 &1 heavy z 8 he>t might be1 bra9 & h& 7 /ill ! same z ev]4 ,we f9d him return+ to a fav\rite subject ( e>li] days 9 ! 8,/4 ,seba/ian10 orig9ally ord]$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,mantua1 b n[ 9 possession ( ! ,sc>pa family at ,la ,motta1 9 ,friuli4 ,! life-siz$ figure1 lean 9 proportions & suff]+ 9 expression1 has a gr&eur ( its own4 ,at ! feet ( ! sa9t is a light$ c&le1 :i* s5ds a ?9 blue smoke upw>ds1 & makes u wond] at its mean+1 until we read ! words on ! scroll :i* hangs to ! coral /r+ above--,nil nisi div9um /abile e/1 ct]a fumus4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! conclusion to :i* he _h come at ! end ( t long life full ( works & hon\r2 ?is ! conviction t old age & ga!r+ tr\bles 7 =c+ ^u ! m9d ( ! great pa9t]1 :o _h se5 s cle>ly & felt s ke5ly ! beauty & ! joy ( life4 ,9 t same sad ye> ( 8 son's bani%m5t he comm5c$ ano!r ( ! classic friezes :i* he lov$ to pa9t4 ,?is 0 ! spl5did composition kn[n z ! 8,triumph ( ,scipio10 n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* a weal?y ,v5etian nam$ ,francesco ,corn>o ord]$ & paid = 9 "p 9 #aeje1 b :i*1 to 8 great indignation1 0 /ill 9 ,&rea's /udio at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :5 x 0 seiz$ ^u by cr$itors ne>] at h&4 ,! real subject ( ?is "w1 execut$ 9 *i>oscuro on a backgr\nd pa9t$ to imitate r$ m>ble1 is ! reception ( ,cybele among ! deities ( ,rome4 ,a colossal bu/ ( ! ,phrygian goddess is borne 9 /ate into ! pres5ce ( ,scipio1 :o receives ! mess5g] 9 consul> array2 :ile ,claudia ,qu9ta1 a ,roman lady1 kneel+ at 8 feet1 welcomes ! image ) out/ret*$ arms4 ,e gradation ( movem5t is repres5t$ "h1 f ! swift tread ( ! be>]s on ^: %\ld]s ! goddess advances1 to ! motionless =ms ( ! ,roman soldi]s :o /& gr\p$ ar\nd ,scipio2 & no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! skill ) :i* ! arti/ br+s ?is rapid action by degrees to a complete pause4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! piece1 its co/umes1 figures1 & drap]ies1 all recall ! 8,triumphs40 ,x is1 z x 71 a la/ e*o ( ! great composition ^: h>monies /ill l+]$ on 9 ,mantegna's e>s4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> ,&rea1 tir$ ( a w&]+ life1 _h aga9 b\ght a h\se1 ?is "t 9 ! ,contrada ,unicorno1 & settl$ himself !re = ! w9t]1 promis+ to pay ! own] ?ree hundr$ & =ty ducats 9 ?ree in/alm5ts4 ,x 0 an unwise v5ture1 z ! issue too soon prov$4 ,a plague drove ! weal?i] ,mantuans f ! city1 provisions became sc>ce1 & 8 own heal? began to give way4 ,/ill he rema9$ 9 ,mantua & pa9t$ on manfully1 endeav\r+ to f9i% a my?ological picture ( ,comus1 :i* ,isabella _h ord]$4 ,b x 0 9 va94 ,he c\ld n "w fa/ en\gh to satisfy 8 cr$itors1 & :5 press$ to pay ! /ipulat$ sum = 8 h\se he 0 compell$ to apply to ! ,m>*ioness = help4 ,isabella 0 !n at a villa ne> ,cavriana1 & ,&rea wrote to h] 9 pa!tic t]ms1 tell+ h] ( 8 di/ress1 & (f]+ to h] = sale ! "o ( all 8 antiques :i* he mo/ valu$1 8la mia c>a ,fau/9a40 ,(t5 9 bright] days great ma/]s & connoisseurs _h wi%$ to buy ?is bu/1 b he _h refus$ all _! (f]s1 & n[ s9ce "p f x he mu/1 ! ,m>*ioness is ! only p]son to :om he c be> to give x up4 ,/range z x seems1 ,isabella did n answ] ?is lett]1 & ) a meanness unwor?y ( h] wrote to h] s]vant1 ,jacopo ,cal&ra1 tell+ him to b>ga9 ) ,&rea & obta9 ! ,fau/9a at ! l[e/ price possible4 ,?is unk9dness cut ,mantegna to ! he>t1 & :5 ,cal&ra communicat$ ,isabella's answ] to him1 he refus$ angrily to "p ) ! bu/ = less ?an ! hundr$ ducats :i* _h be5 (f]$ him 9 =m] days4 ,isabella1 h[ev]1 0 det]m9$ to h x1 & on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ ,cal&ra 0 able to write3--8,y\r ,excell5cy w be glad to he> t ,i h at la/ obta9$ possession ( ,&rea ,mantegna's ,fau/9a4 ,he gave ! bu/ into my h&s ) great reluctance1 recomm5d+ x to my c>e ) mu* solicitude1 & ) su* demon/rations ( jeal\s affection t if he 7 n to see x aga9 = six days ,i feel conv9c$ he w\ld die40 ,! words 7 to come true soon] ?an ,isabella or ,cal&ra _h expect$4 ,&rea c\ld be> to "p ) h\ses & l&s1 b ! m>ble 0 de> to him z 8 own fle% & blood1 & ! p>t+ ) x broke 8 he>t4 ,he 0 already ill at ! "t1 & six weeks lat] he di$1 on ,sunday1 ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #aejf4 ,to ! la/ ! old _s ( loyalty to ! ,gonzagas did n leave him1 & 8 son ,francesco1 writ+ to in=m ! ,m>quis ( ! sad ev5t1 describes h[ a few m9utes be=e 8 dea? he ask$ = 8 ma/]1 & griev$ mu* to ?9k t he %\ld nev] see him aga94 ,francesco 0 at t "t at ,p]ugia1 :i!r he _h gone to meet ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 & _h little "t or ?\ght = ! great pa9t] :o _h j pass$ away4 ,isabella sc>cely tr\bl$ h]self m1 & 9 a lett] full ( joy\s congratulations to h] husb& on 8 entry into ,p]ugia1 m]ely alludes to ,mantegna's dea?3--8,y "k ,mess] ,&rea di$ sudd5ly a few days aft] y\r dep>ture40 ,!re 7 o!rs :o felt m deeply & judg$ m rightly ( ! loss :i* ! _w _h su/a9$ 9 ,mantegna's dea?4 ,albre*t ,dur] 0 at t "t 9 ,v5ice1 on 8 way to visit ! great ,lomb>d arti/ ^: engrav+s _h fill$ him ) admiration1 & f :om he _h le>nt p]haps m ?an f any o!r ma/]4 ,8 purpose 0 fru/rat$ by ! news ( ,&rea's sudd5 dea?1 & 9 lat] ye>s he 0 (t5 he>d to say t he look$ ^u ?is z ! sadde/ ev5t ( 8 :ole life4 ,ano!r graceful tribute to ,mantegna's memory 0 paid by a c]ta9 ,lor5zo di ,pavia1 a collector ( antiquities & objects ( art1 :o _h kn[n ,mantegna at ! c\rt ( ,mantua1 & :o1 on he>+ ( 8 unexpect$ dea?1 wrote to ,isabella 9 ^! t]ms3--8,i grieve deeply ov] ! loss ( our ,mess] ,&rea ,mantegna1 = 9 tru? a mo/ excell5t pa9t]1 ano!r ,apelles1 ,i may say1 is gone f u4 ,b ,i believe t ,god w employ him else:]e on "s great & beautiful "w4 ,= my "p1 ,i "k t ,i %all nev] see aga9 s f9e an arti/ & design]4 ,f>ewell40 ,! melan*oly hi/ory ( ,mantegna's difficulties did n end ) 8 dea?1 & 8 sons _h a h>d task to satisfy 8 cr$itors4 ,"o hundr$ ducats 7 /ill ow+ to ! bi%op & canons = ! mortu>y *apel1 & ,c>d9al ,gonzaga1 ,bi%op ( ,mantua1 laid an emb>go on ! cont5ts ( 8 /udio4 ,francesco ,mantegna _h to obta9 ! p]mission ( ! ,m>quis to sell ! pictures t /ill rema9$ !re1 among :i* he names ! 8,triumph ( ,scipio10 :i* ,corn>o _h nev] receiv$1 ! 8,/4 ,seba/ian10 n[ at ,la ,motta 9 ,friuli1 & ! fam\s ,cri/o 9 scurto4 ,by ?is means 8 debts 7 paid1 & a settlem5t ( 8 affairs conclud$4 ,francesco ,gonzaga seems to h behav$ k9dly1 & bo? ,&rea's sons cont9u$ 9 8 s]vice1 ,lodovico z ag5t1 :ile ,francesco succe$$ to 8 fa!r's place1 & pa9t$ by turns 9 ! palaces ( ,mantua1 ,gonzaga1 & ,m>mirolo4 ,! rema9s ( ! great ma/] 7 buri$ 9 8 own *apel ( ,sant' ,&rea1 :]e half a c5tury lat] 8 gr&son plac$ a bronze bu/1 suppos$ to h be5 ! "w ( ! m$alli/ ,sp]&io1 & :i*1 aft] be+ tak5 to ,p>is 9 #agig1 has be5 re/or$ to its place on ,mantegna's tomb4 ,! *apel itself is b>e & d+y1 its walls are :itewa%$1 rubbi% heaps are all[$ to litt] ! floor1 & ! g5]al aspect is ( ! mo/ *e]less description4 ,b ! gloomy surr\nd+s only s]ve to height5 ! impos+ gr&eur ( ! bu/4 ,! sculptor has caught ! _s :i* animat$ ! great ma/]1 & has repres5t$ ,mantegna1 aft] ! mann] ( an old ,roman1 we>+ a laurel wrea? on ! ?ick clu/]s ( hair t %ade ! deeply furr[$ br[s & massive features ) :i* m ?an "o portrait 9 8 own frescoes has made u famili>4 ,we seem to feel ! fi]y fla%es ( t pi]c+ eye b5t ^u u1 & to realise ! iron /r5g? & unb5d+ =ce ( ! g5ius :i* no difficulty c\ld dismay1 & no lab\r exhau/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sp]&io's bu/ is almo/ ! only ?+ 9 ,mantua :i* /ill speaks ( ,&rea4 ,! p]i%+ frescoes are /ill to be se5 9 ! des]t$ palace1 & ! walls ( ! h\se 9 :i* he once liv$ are /&+2 b 9 ?is city1 :]e he pa9t$ = ne>ly fifty ye>s1 8 "n is =gott51 & :ile e *ild 9 ! /reets w talk to y ( ,giulio ,romano & ! ,hall ( ! ,giants1 sc>cely a creature 9 ! place has ev] he>d ,mantegna's "n4 ,8 ,fau/9a is pres]v$ among o!r antiques 9 ! public museum1 :]e visitors c see = !mselves ! classic outl9e ( ! features :i* he lov$ s well2 b ! cu/odian1 :o unlocks ! hall1 & has mu* to say ( ! _m /atues1 passes by ?is "o 9 sil5ce1 or wond]s :y x is we l+] be=e ?is bu/1 unm9dful ( ! tragic /ory :i* has inve/$ ! m>ble ) s deep an int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,crucifixion4 ,,by ,,mantegna4 ,9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4 ,! "n ( ,mantegna1 h[ev]1 is n "o t dep5ds on local fame1 & !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! important place :i* he holds 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,we h only to consid] h[ great & widespread 0 ! influ5ce :i* 8 works ex]cis$ on contempor>y art bo? 9 ,italy & ,g]many4 ,if we exam9e ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,nor? ,italy we %all f9d t !re is sc>cely "o :i* did n receive "s new impulse f 8 p[]ful g5ius4 ,8 son ,francesco foll[$ 9 8 fa!r's /eps1 & work$ 9 ! same l9es )\t ev] ris+ above ! level ( m$iocrity4 ,! few s*ol>s & assi/ants he _h 9 ,mantua imitat$ 8 example1 & :atev] remnants ( art 7 /ill to be f\nd 9 ,padua bore ! /amp ( ,&rea's e>lie/ /yle4 ,9 ,v5ice we recognise 8 vig\r & precision ( outl9e1 & ! classical t5d5cy ( 8 types1 n only 9 ! works ( 8 bro!rs-9-law1 ! ,bell9i1 b 9 ^? also ( ! rival ,murano pa9t]1 ,luigi ,viv>9i4 ,montagna & ,buonconsiglio at ,vic5za1 ,ercole ,gr&i & ,cosimo ,tura at ,f]r>a1 alike =m$ _! /yle ^u 81 :ile ! be/ ,v]onese ma/]s 7 all ei!r 8 foll[]s or imitators4 ,we "k t ,c>oto & ,bonsignori assi/$ him 9 ! execution ( 8 lat] works1 :ile 8 influ5ce is ev5 m app>5t 9 ! works ( ,lib]ale1 ,girolamo dai ,libri1 & ,francesco ,morone4 ,! ma/]piece ( ! la/-nam$ arti/1 ! frescoes on ! walls & ceil+ ( ! sacri/y ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,organo1 at ,v]ona1 are inde$ exact imitations ( ! /yle ( decoration adopt$ by ,mantegna 9 ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi4 ,we trace ! same all-prevail+ ,mantegnesque 9 ! works ( ,lor5zo ,co/a1 :o sp5t "s ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,mantua1 & if we are to believe ,vas>i x is to ! /imulus ( ,mantegna's example t we owe ! inspiration :i* made a pa9t] ( ,francia4 ,! l9k :i* b9ds ,mantegna to ! ,umbrians is z yet unc]ta91 b ev5 if ,melozzo da ,=li 9 8 ,roman frescoes d]iv$ no help or sugge/ion f ,&rea1 ,giovanni ,santi's /anzas rema9 to %[ u h[ intimate 0 8 acqua9tance ) ! ,paduan ma/]'s works4 ,if f contempor>y art we pass to ! culm9at+ p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 we f9d ,raphael tak+ him z 8 model 9 m ?an "o in/ance4 ,! lik5ess ( ! boy-angels ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi to ! fam\s *]ubs ( ! 8,madonna di ,san ,si/o0 has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$1 & 9 ! be>]s ( ! dead ,*ri/1 :o walk backw>ds 9 ! ,borghese 8,entombm5t10 we f9d a di/9ct rem9isc5ce ( ,&rea's great engrav+4 ,aga91 9 ! treatm5t ( antique !mes1 ,raphael (t5 approa*es ,mantegna1 & we h little d\bt t bo? he & ,leon>do _h closely /udi$ ! works ( _! illu/ri\s pr$ecessor4 ,p]haps ! actual connection betwe5 ,mantegna & ,mi*elangelo is less capable ( demon/ration1 b ! /r5g? & en]gy ( expression :i* 7 s rem>kable features 9 ! g5ius ( bo? m51 z well z a c]ta9 resemblance 9 _! *>act]s1 =m a l9k :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,a v diff]5t arti/1 ,correggio1 :o m>ri$ a ,mantuan wife1 owes 8 k ( ! laws ( p]spective & composition 9 a l>ge measure to ! /udy ( ,mantegna's works1 &1 :e!r or n he visit$ ,mantua himself1 probably d]iv$ ! fir/ idea ( ! dome-pa9t+ = :i* he became fam\s f ! ceil+ ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! engrav+s ( ,mantegna spread 8 influ5ce beyond ! limits ( ,italy into c\ntries nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,!re 0 a robu/ness1 vig\r1 & grave e>ne/ness ( purpose1 z well z a fanta/ic elem5t 9 8 art1 :i* attract$ ! ,teutonic m9d1 & x is p]haps n too mu* to say t he influ5c$ ,g]man art m ?an any o!r ,italian pa9t]4 ,we h already allud$ to ,albre*t ,dr]'s admiration = 8 works & anxiety to become p]sonally acqua9t$ ) him4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ! fasc9ation :i* drew him to ,mantegna appe>s 9 ! highly-f9i%$ copies ( ! 8,bac*analia0 & 8,battle ( ! ,sea ,gods10 :i* ,dr] execut$ ) 8 own h&1 & 9 ! ,/4 ,john ( 8,! ,entombm5t0 :i*1 unable to =get1 he introduc$ 9 8 own 8,crucifixion0 ( #aejh4 ,pr(essor ,colv9 has po9t$ out h[ mu* he le>nt f ! ,italian ma/] 9 ! del9eation ( passionate movem5t1 & h[ close is ! aff9ity betwe5 ! av5g+ angels ( ,dr]'s 8,apocalypse0 & ! angry ,tritons ( ,mantegna's engrav+4 ,nor is ,dr] alone among nor!rn pa9t]s 9 8 adoption ( ,mantegnesque motives4 ,holbe9 repeat$ly avail$ himself ( ^? episodes ( ! 8,triumphs0 :i* he knew f ,&rea's own engrav+s 9 8 works at ,busle & ,luc]ne2 & a portfolio ( ,mantegna's works 0 numb]$ among ! treasures ( art 9 ,rembr&t's possession4 ,m s+ul> is ! admiration :i* ,rub5s conceiv$ = an arti/ ) :om he c h _h few po9ts 9 common1 yet we f9d him visit+ ,mantua 9 ord] to /udy ,&rea's works1 & reproduc+ a sc5e f ! 8,triumphs0 aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,we h already se5 ! great hon\r 9 :i* ,&rea 0 held dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,t he 0 equally e/eem$ by ! succe$+ g5]ation we le>n f ! v]ses ( ,ario/o1 :o places him next to ,leon>do 9 8 8,orl&o40 ,high z ! praise is1 we _c ?9k x excessive1 = ,mantegna /&s half-way betwe5 ^? m5 :o fir/ br\ght art to life aga91 & ^? :o c>ri$ x to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 & he occupies ! =emo/ place among ! arti/s ( ! mid-,r5aissance1 :o saw h[ mu* 0 want+ be=e f>!r progress c\ld be atta9$1 & all[$ no difficulties to /op !m 9 _! endeav\r to acquire k4 ,) ?is end 9 view no rese>* 0 dull1 no toil we>isome4 ,he embrac$ ! drie/ /udios ) ! passionate ard\r ( 8 nature1 & gave life to ! sci5tific problems :i* he attempt$ to solve by ! v =ce ( 8 great zeal4 ,at ! same "t he br\ght to ! task a degree ( culture r>e among ! m5 ( 8 class1 & bo? 8 fri5d%ip ) s*ol>s & antiqu>ians & 8 own classical /udies 7 productive ( ! mo/ important results = ,italian pa9t+4 ,he is ! *ief repres5tative 9 art ( t revival ( le>n+ :i* 0 ! lead+ intellectual impulse ( ! age2 &1 by br++ ?is influ5ce to be> ^u pa9t+1 he won a great /ep 9 ! ,hi/ory ( its developm5t4 ,fir/ among ! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 he saw ) un]r+ in/9ct ! pa? by :i* art w\ld atta9 h] f9al triumphs4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] ! conviction _h =c$ itself ^u 8 s\l t ! mo/ p]fect models ( beauty are to be s\ght 9 antique art1 b t ?is v p]fection c only be rea*$ by a m9ute & fai?ful /udy ( nature4 ,to reconcile anew ^! two pr9ciples1 to comb9e 9 8 "w classic grace & human action1 became ! aim ( 8 life1 ! task :i* he mo/ ne>ly a*iev$ 9 ! 8,triumphs0--al?\gh ev5 !re he is n always successful4 8,we are consci\s10 wrote ,goe!1 8( a s5se ( conflict1 b ?is conflict is surely ! highe/ 9 :i* ev] arti/ 0 engag$40 ,! p]fect union ( ! two pr9ciples 0 to be effect$ by arti/s ( ! next g5]ation1 & :]e ,mantegna _h s[n ,raphael & ,leon>do 7 to reap4 ,x is ?is s5se ( conflict+ elem5ts1 ?is occasional antagonism betwe5 ! ideal =m aft] :i* he /rove & ! actual fact pres5t be=e 8 eyes1 :i* has giv5 rise to s mu* mi/ak5 criticism ( ,mantegna's "w4 ,by "s critics ( ! v fir/ rank he is call$ a m]e reali/1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! old reproa* t he neglect$ ! /udy ( real life to copy /atues has be5 repeat$ till x has gr[n we>isome4 ,al?\gh x is easy to trace _! orig91 bo? *>ges are equally unju/4 ,no man _h ev] a m ?or\gh k ( nature1 or 0 m ke5ly alive to ! m9ute/ details ( ev]yday life ar\nd him4 ,b some?+ he felt 0 ne$$ to lift ?is *angeful sc5e1 ) its see?+ ?rong ( human ?\ght & action1 into ! atmosph]e ( p]fect art4 ,x is j t t\* ( grace1 t p[] to ennoble & ref9e :i* ! ,greeks und]/ood s well1 t ,mantegna felt & s\ght aft] 9 days ( long & ardu\s toil4 ,if at times a c]ta9 rigidity ( =m1 a c>elessness ( desire to please1 is visible 9 8 "w1 x is because 9 8 anxiety to obta9 8 end he occasionally omitt$ ^! m9or matt]s4 ,b to say t ,mantegna 0 alike de/itute ( feel+ = beauty & ( spiritual p]ception appe>s to u simple bl9dness4 ,9 k & ma/]y ( ! human =m1 9 skill & f9i% ( workman%ip1 9 weal? ( imag]y & creative ?\ght1 few h ev] surpass$ him4 ,9 dramatic en]gy & int5sity ( expression he /&s unrivall$ by any b ,mi*elangelo4 ,e v>iety ( emotion1 e passion t c swell ! brea/ ( man is includ$ )9 ! range ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he knew :]e to seek ! pure/ spr+s ( joy1 & 9 d>k] h\rs 8 /rong s\l _h fa?om$ ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! mo/ unutt]able angui%4 ,! sportive dances ( laugh+ *]ubs & nymphs1 ! pleasures & pa9s ( su* my?ical creatures z ,tritons & ,n]eids1 satyrs & sea-mon/]s1 ! sublime & rapt devotion ( a ,magdal51 ! h]oism ( a ,seba/ian1 7 all famili> to him4 ,he ent]s 9 ! fulle/ mann] into ! exultant joy ( ! victors return+ ) _! long array ( spoils & captives f ! fight1 & yet 9 ! mid/ ( ! mighty triumphal procession he pauses to %[ u ! innoc5t *ild /ret*+ out its little arms to its "m4 ,b m ?an all he lov$ to pa9t ! rage ( viol5t passion1 ! wild ge/ures ( uncontrollable grief4 ,!re are c]ta9 figures into :i* he seems to h conc5trat$ ei!r ! tempe/ ( ! mo/ ungov]nable fury or ! agony ( ! bitt]e/ despair4 ,once se51 ^! creations ( 8 bra9 refuse to loose _! hold on our imag9ations1 & rema9 to haunt u ) _! t]rible =ms1 j z ! wail+ ,/4 ,john ( 8,! ,entombm5t0 0 ev] pres5t to ,albre*t ,dr]'s m9d4 ,! v greatness ( ,mantegna's g5ius1 its imm5se /r5g? & p[]1 may 9 itself be ! cause t he is n /rictly speak+ a popul> arti/4 ,8 works h nev] be51 p]haps !y w nev] become1 ! en?usia/ic object ( g5]al wor%ip4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! numb] ( 8 admir]s has increas$ /eadily1 & 8 high m]it has receiv$ ! fulle/ recognition f "s ( our mo/ cultur$ writ]s4 ,t ?is circle w wid5 ye> by ye>1 z a l>g] numb] ( /ud5ts are drawn to exam9e = !mselves ^? works ( ,mantegna :i* are =tunately )9 ! rea* ( u all1 we feel confid5t4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add ! expression ( our conviction t to ^? :o att5tively consid] !m1 no works yield a m g5u9e & la/+ pleasure1 :ile assur$ly !re are none t bett] repay ! devotion ( a life-long /udy4 ,,francesco ,,raibol9i ,,call$ ,,francia ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,francia4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,art ,,9 ,,bologna1 ,a4,d4 #acjj-adej4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ( ! revival ( ,italian pa9t+ ! city ( ,bologna 0 di/+ui%$ = ! cultivation ( art1 & c\ld boa/ a regul> succession ( native pa9t]s4 ,! names ( sev]al ( ^! m5 h be5 pres]v$ by old writ]s1 & we he> ( a ,guido1 a ,v5tura1 & ,ursone1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! real f\nd] ( ! s*ool is ascrib$ by ! hi/orian ,malvasia to a m9iaturi/ kn[n by ! "n ( ,franco ,bolognese1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,dante & ,giotto4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 none ( 8 works h come d[n to ! pres5t day1 we h no opportunity ( /udy+ 8 /yle1 & all t we "k is t he 0 a pupil ( ! m9iaturi/ ,od]isio da ,gubbio1 & is said by ,dante to h eclips$ 8 ma/] 9 ! same way t ,giotto surpass$ ,cimabue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,francesco ,,raibol9i4 ,:5 ,virgil & ,dante meet ,od]isio expiat+ ! s9 ( pride 9 purgatory1 he tells !m m\rnfully t ! pictures :i* ,franco n[ pa9ts are fair] ?an 8 own1 & t ! hon\r once 8 n[ belongs to 8 s*ol>4 ,s x has be5 9 ,dante's own city ( ,flor5ce1 :]e once ,cimabue held undisput$ possession ( ! field1 & n[ ! fame is all ,giotto's4 ,= :at aft] all is ! voice ( e>?ly fame8 ,no?+ b an idle brea? ( w9d t bl[s fir/ f "o qu>t]1 !n f ano!r1 ev] fitful & incon/ant4 ,b if ,franco ,bolognese's only hope ( immortality re/s on ,dante's noble l9es1 ! works ( 8 pupils are /ill to be se5 9 ,bologna1 & af=d u "s idea ( native art 9 ^! e>ly times4 ,*ief among !m 0 ,vitale1 :o pa9t$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ^: few rema9+ pictures are m>k$ by a s(tness & delicacy ( workman%ip :i* reveal ! ,umbrian orig9 ( ! s*ool ( ,gubbio4 ,a 8,madonna & ,angels10 pa9t$ by him 9 ! ye> #acbj = ! anci5t *ur* ( ! ,madonna del ,monte1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,bologna1 has a sweetness & humility ( expression :i* approa*es contempor>y ,si5ese art1 & ! faces ( 8 virg9s are n unwor?y precursors ( ,francia's ,madonna4 ,! same mann] 0 fur!r develop$ 9 ! pa9t+s ( 8 be/ s*ol>1 ,lippo ,dalmasii1 ^: virg9s acquir$ s wide a reputation z to w9 = him ! surname ( 8,lippo delle ,madonne40 ,?is arti/1 :o liv$ at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & pa9t$ betwe5 #acgf & #adaj1 0 held 9 univ]sal respect = ! hol9ess ( 8 life & "*4 ,8 dev\t habits are record$ by ,malvasia1 :o tells u t1 be=e comm5c+ a picture ( ! ,virg91 he inv>iably sp5t ! night 9 pray] & fa/+1 & receiv$ communion on ! morn+ ( ! day itself4 ,9 8 lifetime he 0 ! mo/ popul> arti/ ( ,bologna1 & 8 pictures 7 s mu* 9 reque/ t he c\ld sc>cely pa9t fa/ en\gh to supply ! dem&4 8,no family 0 consid]$ ri* 9 ,bologna10 says ,malvasia1 8:i* did n possess "o ( 8 ,madonnas40 ,aft] ,lippo's dea? 8 ,madonnas 7 rev]$ z sacr$ images1 & 7 only uncov]$ on fe/ivals d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,sev]al are /ill to be se5 9 ! anci5t *ur*es ( ,bologna1 & a lunetto ( ! 8,virg9 betwe5 ,/4 ,sixtus & ,/4 ,b5$ict0 ov] ! portal ( ,san ,procolo1 is po9t$ out z ! v picture :i* excit$ ! admiration ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,viii4 ,on return+ f ! conque/ ( ,f]r>a1 he is said to h paus$ be=e ,lippo's 8,virg910 &1 salut+ x ) ! utmo/ devotion1 to h exclaim$ t no o!r images ev] t\*$ him z deeply z ^? pa9t$ by ! old ,bologna ma/]4 ,9 lat] days1 ,guido pr(ess$ an extraord9>y v5]ation = ,lippo's ,madonnas1 & (t5 decl>$ t "s sup]natural influ5ce mu/ h guid$ ! arti/'s p5cil1 s9ce no mod]n pa9t] c\ld ev] succe$ 9 design+ a figure ( s mu* purity & hol9ess4 ,9 spite ( ^! en?usia/ic expressions x is impossible to give ,lippo a high place among 8 contempor>ies1 & ?is ,fra ,angelico ( ,bologna is z f> bel[ ! fri> ( ,/4 ,m>co z ! s*ool ( 8 native city is inf]ior to t ( ,flor5ce4 ,"o ( ,lippo's pictures1 orig9ally 9 ! ,ercolani ,palace at ,bologna1 is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & may be tak5 z a fair specim5 ( 8 /yle4 ,! ,virg91 embrac+ h] *ild1 appe>s 9 mid-air surr\nd$ by a circul> glory1 angels hov] above1 & a fl[]y mead[ lies bel[4 ,!re is a good deal ( religi\s feel+ & mat]nal t5d]ness 9 ! ,madonna's face1 & "s attempt at r5d]+ natural movem5t1 )\t ei!r beauty ( type or skill ( workman%ip4 ,side by side ) ! my/ic traditions ( ! ,madonna pa9t] we trace a m vigor\s ve9 9 ! e>ly s*ool ( ,bologna1 & see decid$ pro(s ( ! ,giottesque influ5ces :i* _h already rea*$ its arti/s4 ,?is ,flor5t9e t5d5cy is prom95t 9 ! works ( bo? ,simone dai ,crocifissi & ,jacopo degli ,avanzi1 ! only two o!r ,bolognese pa9t]s ( ?is p]iod :o des]ve m5tion4 ,accord+ to ,malvasia1 ,simone execut$ no?+ b crucifixes1 & al?\gh o!r pa9t+s at ,bologna are attribut$ to him1 ?is 0 no d\bt ! *ief bran* ( art 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 ,! be/ ( 8 crucifixes are ^? 9 ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore1 & 9 ! f\r? ( ! sev5 *ur*es belong+ to ! anci5t pile ( ,san ,/efano1 9 bo? ( :i* he to a great ext5t foll[s ,giotto's example1 b reta9s mu* ( ! bad ta/e ( ,byzant9e art 9 ! emaciation ( ! figure & ! grimace ( ! att5dant sa9ts4 ,mu* ( ! same ugl9ess ( type1 accompani$ by great] tru? & "*1 is visible 9 ! curi\s 8,crucifixion0 on gold gr\nd1 ascrib$ to ,jacopo degli ,avanzi1 9 ! ,colonna ,gall]y at ,rome1 & 9 ! o!r alt>-pieces :i* be> 8 "n at ,bologna4 ,! p]sonality ( ?is arti/ has be5 a cause ( endless controv]sy1 b at lea/ x has be5 %[n t ,vas>i is cle>ly wrong 9 confus+ him ) d',avanzo ( ,v]ona1 :o assi/$ ,alti*i]i 9 pa9t+ ! *apel ( ,/4 ,george at ,padua4 ,:e!r ,avanzi ( ,bologna is id5tical ) ! ,jacobus ,pauli :o pa9t$ ! 8,coronation ( ! ,virg90 9 ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore1 is a matt] ( small importance2 b :at we "k = c]ta9 is1 t a ,bolognese pa9t] by "n ,jacopo1 :om ,vas>i probably rightly calls ,avanzo1 0 ! be/ ( all ! diff]5t arti/s :o pa9t$ 9 t mo/ int]e/+ ( all ,bologna *ur*es1 ! ,madonna della ,mezz>atta4 ,?is small *apel1 call$ by ,lanzi ! ,campo-,santo ( ,bologna1 0 built 9 ! twelf? c5tury outside ! ,porta ,san ,mammolo1 & decorat$ ) frescoes 9 ! f\rte5? by a succession ( native pa9t]s4 ,vas>i alludes to x m ?an once 9 8 8,lives0 z ! ,casa di ,mezzo1 & speaks ( ! s]ies pa9t$ !re by ,jacopo d',avanzo1 ,cri/(ano1 ,simone1 & at a lat] p]iod by ,galassi ( ,f]r>a4 ,! frescoes ( ! ,mezz>atta 7 no d\bt ! mo/ important works ( art a*iev$ by e>ly ,bolognese pa9t]s1 &--al?\gh _! execution is too rude1 & _! pres5t condition too imp]fect to all[ ( comp>ison ) ! productions ( ,giotto & 8 s*ol>s at ,padua & ,assisi--! scanty fragm5ts t rema9 are /ill ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to ! /ud5t4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ arti/s ( lat] ages :o _h ! advantage ( see+ ^! frescoes 9 a comp>atively good /ate ( pres]vation are said to h held !m 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,mi*elangelo himself visit$ ! *apel & prais$ its pa9t+s 9 ! w>me/ t]ms1 :ile ! ,c>racci ex]t$ !mselves /r5u\sly to save !m f de/ruction4 ,un=tunately1 lat] g5]ations h be5 less m9dful ( _! condition4 ,! ro( ( ! *ur* 0 tak5 (f "s ye>s ago & ! upp] "p us$ z a gran>y1 :ile mo/ ( ! frescoes 7 :itewa%$ & _m entirely oblit]at$4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! *apel ( ,mezz>atta is atta*$ to a villa1 :i* 0 = _m ye>s ! prop]ty ( ! ,italian ,m9i/]1 ,cavali]e ,m+hetti4 ,?is accompli%$ /atesman took e possible means to save ^! relics ( e>ly art f fur!r de/ruction1 & by 8 c>e sev]al frescoes 7 recov]$ f ! coat ( :itewa% :i* conceal$ !m4 ,! site ( ! *apel itself is s picturesque1 & ! views f ! hill ( ,mezz>atta are s full ( beauty1 t no travell] %\ld leave ,bologna )\t mak+ a pilgrimage to ?is %r9e4 ,a /eep asc5t along a pa? l9$ ) acacias leads f ! gate ( ,san ,mammolo to ! g>d5 ( ,villa ,m+hetti1 & on a summ]'s day1 :5 night+ales are s++ 9 ! acacia ?icket & ! air is sweet ) myrtle & orange-blossom1 !re is n a pleasant] spot 9 all ,bologna4 ,bel[1 ! domes & spires ( ! anci5t city rise above its arcad$ /reets1 & ! eye is at once arre/$ by ! qua9t =ms ( ! tw9 lean+ t[]s1 ,g>is5da & ,as9elli1 :i* 7 already old 9 ,dante's lifetime4 ,all ar\nd ! pla9s /ret* _! va/ expanse1 s(tly %ad[$ by pass+ cl\ds1 f> away t[>ds ,f]r>a & ,mod5a1 except+ :]e "s rocky spur desc5ds f ! ,ap5n9es1 & look+ up an op5+ valley we cat* a glimpse ( a jagg$ peak cr[n$ ) sn[4 ,mezz>atta itself has an additional claim on our int]e/ f hav+ be5 ! fav\rite resort ( ! ,franciscan monk1 ,b]n>d9o da ,si5a1 ^: religi\s revival at ,bologna 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & :o frequ5tly prea*$ 9 ?is humble sanctu>y1 :i* c\ld sc>cely hold ! cr[ds t flock$ to he> him4 ,b]n>d9o's prea*+ & 8 affection = ! spot may h be5 "o cause ( ! celebrity :i* ! *ur* ( ,mezz>atta acquir$ 9 ^? days1 b ! olde/ pa9t+ on ! walls takes u back a :ole c5tury be=e 8 "t4 ,x is a l>ge 8,nativity0 pa9t$ ov] ! door by ,vitale & sign$ ) 8 "n4 ,! composition *iefly adh]es to ! ,byzant9e type1 ) a few v>iations1 z 9 ! action ( ,joseph1 :o is repres5t$ p\r+ wat] into ! b[l = ! wa%+ ( ! ,*ild4 ,its execution is feeble1 z is ! case ) mo/ e>ly ,bolognese pa9t+s1 b 9 ! graceful type ( ! ,virg9's head & 9 ! kneel+ angels we recognise ,vitale's /riv+ aft] a m ideal =m4 ,on ! s\!rn wall an arti/ nam$ ,cri/(ano1 ^: /yle z f> z x is possible to judge m resembles t ( ! ,f]r>a s*ool1 pa9t$ sc5es f ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,bel[ ^! we h a s]ies ( subjects f ! hi/ory ( ,joseph1 ,moses1 & ! ,life ( ,*ri/1 all pa9t$ by ! same h&1 & be>+ 9 "o corn] ! "n ( ,jacobus1 & ! date #adjd4 ,( ^! ! two mo/ /rik+ are ! 8,miracle ( ! ,pool ( ,be!sda0 & ! 8,heal+ ( ! ,p>alytic40 ,9 ! =m]1 a sick man /&s 9 ! middle ( ! pool lift+ 8 h&s 9 pray]1 & ! cripple :o sits up 9 b$ by ! side ( ! heal+ wat]s looks t[>ds ,*ri/ ) an air ( helpless entreaty4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! ro( ( ! h\se 9 :i* ! ,savi\r is tea*+ 8 disciples is uncov]$1 & ! sick ( ! palsy is be+ let d[n by cords4 ,to ! "r he is se51 walk+ away heal$1 be>+ a mattress on 8 %\ld]s4 ,9 bo? ( ^! sc5es--inde$ all ?r\gh ! s]ies--! head ( ,*ri/ is /rik+ly noble & dignifi$1 :ile n ev5 ! arti/'s ignorance ( ! simple/ elem5ts ( draw+ & col\r+ c detract f ! orig9ality & life ( ! repres5tations4 ,ea* head is individual 9 expression & "*1 & ! :ole composition is m>k$ by ! pleas+ navet ( v e>ly art1 & an evid5t anxiety to %ake (f ! fett]s ( conv5tional types4 ,simone is said by ,vas>i to h pa9t$ ! lat] sc5es ( ! ,passion bel[ ,jacopo's frescoes1 & may h be5 ! arti/ ( ! 8,la/ ,supp]10 :i* is /ill visible1 b mo/ ( 8 "w has p]i%$1 & :atev] else has escap$ de/ruction belongs to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & owes its exi/5ce to ,galasso ,galassi1 or o!r ,f]r>ese pa9t]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable po9t 9 ! frescoes ( ,mezz>atta1 & ! real cause ( _! value1 is t1 9 spite ( all ! injury !y h su/a9$1 !y are decid$ly sup]ior 9 m]it to ! contempor>y panel-pictures 9 ! ,gall]y & *ur*es ( ,bologna1 & ?us enable u to =m a bett] judgm5t ( e>ly ,bolognese art4 ,"h we see x inf]ior1 x is true1 9 e respect to ! s*ools !n fl\ri%+ at ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 b /ill possess+ a =ce & individual "* :i* inspires int]e/ & promises well = ! future4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury no native pa9t] ( any g5ius arose1 & ! pictures ( ?is date 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y are pr9cipally by unkn[n foll[]s ( ,lippo ,dalmasii4 ,! only names pres]v$ !re are ^? ( ,pietro ,lianori & ,mi*ele di ,matteo ,lamb]t9i1 :o pa9t$ betwe5 #adej & #adgj1 & 9 ^: "w we trace "s lik5ess to ! contempor>y ,si5a s*ool1 z well z a m>k$ diff]5ce f ,avanzi's mann]4 ,! same may be said ( ! picture ( 8,/4 ,ursula & h] ,companions10 a weak b n unpleas+ "w1 pa9t$ by ,santa ,cat]9a ,vigri1 a ,bolognese nun1 *iefly rem>kable z ! only woman-arti/ :o ov] atta9$ ! hon\rs ( canonization4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury a new elem5t 0 introduc$ into ,bolognese art by ! ,f]r>ese ma/]s1 :om ! patronage ( ! ,b5tivoglio family attract$ f ! neighb\r+ city4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,e/e pr9ces 0 already "o ( ! mo/ brilliant 9 ,italy1 & _h become a fav\rite c5tre = arti/s1 :o 7 employ$ to decorate ! diff]5t palaces ( ! ducal h\se 9 ! same way t ,mantegna 0 engag$ on ! ca/les ( ! ,gonzagas at ,mantua4 ,pi]o della ,francesca _h himself pa9t$ 9 ,duke ,borso's ,s*ifanoia 7,sans-,s\ci7 palace1 & bo? 8 pres5ce & ! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( ,mantegna1 :o _h kn[n sev]al ( ! be/ ,f]r>ese arti/s1 _h contribut$ 9 a l>ge measure to m\ld ! s*ool ( native arti/s4 ,^! diff]5t elem5ts 7 n[ import$ to ,bologna by ! ,f]r>a pa9t]s :o migrat$ !re4 ,"o ( ! fir/ 0 ,galasso ,galassi1 :o pa9t$ ! lat] sc5es f ! ,passion 9 ! *ur* ( ,mezz>atta ab\t ! ye> #adej1 & :o may h be5 ! pa9t] ( ! graceful 8,sposalizio10 :i* is "o ( ! be/-pres]v$ frescoes /ill to be se5 !re4 ,ab\t ! same "t an arti/ ( great] m]it1 ,francesco ,cossa1 0 comm&$ by ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio to re/ore an anci5t picture ( ,lippo kn[n z ! 8,madonna del ,b>accano10 & ,ercole ,gr&i 0 employ$ on ! frescoes ( ! ,g>ganelli *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pietro4 ,) ^! ,f]r>a ma/]s came a ,paduan arti/1 also "o ( ! pa9t]s ( ! ,s*ifanoia1 :o _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,squ>cione & _h work$ ) ,mantegna 9 ! ,eremitani4 ,?is 0 ,m>co ,zoppo1 :o mov$ to ,bologna 9 #adga1 & rema9$ !re tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* p]iod he pa9t$ _m ( 8 pr9cipal works1 & probably became acqua9t$ ) ! goldsmi?1 ,francia1 ^: fir/ ma/] he is said1 by "s1 to h be54#d ,b ! mo/ important ( all ! pa9t]s :o came to ,bologna f ,f]r>a 0 ,lor5zo ,co/a1 ^: fri5d%ip ) ,francia 0 productive ( ri* results1 & ) :om he liv$ = _m ye>s 9 a con/ant int]*ange ( arti/ic ideas4 ,born at ,f]r>a 9 #adfj1 ,co/a came z a "y man to ,bologna & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio ,,ii41 :o employ$ him to decorate 8 palace ) sc5es f ! ,iliad4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s ,co/a 0 actively engag$ 9 ,bologna4 ,9 #adhh he f9i%$ an alt>-piece = ! *apel ( ! ,b5tivogli 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore1 & a few ye>s lat] pa9t$ ! allegorical compositions repres5t+ 8,! ,triumph ( ,life & ,dea?10 & v>i\s o!r works 9 ! great ,basilica ( ,san ,petronio4 ,9 _m ( ^? we already see signs ( new & high] qualities :i* 7 ! direct fruit ( ,francia's influ5ce1 al?\gh 9 te*nical acquirem5ts ! ,bologna ma/] 0 at t "t /ill inf]ior to ,co/a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h s f> trac$ ! rise ( e>ly ,bolognese art ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & wat*$ ! gradual developm5t ( a s*ool ( pa9t]s :o rema9$ f> beh9d _! contempor>ies 9 ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 & at ! be/ nev] rose above m$iocrity4 ,b 9 ,francia1 ,bologna 0 = ! fir/ "t to h an arti/ ( ! highe/ ord]1 & :o w\ld take 8 place among ! be/ ,flor5t9es ( ! day1 rivall+ ev5 ,p]ug9o's g5ius1 & w9n+ ! praise ( ,raphael2 an arti/ n inde$ ( great inv5tive faculty or wide range ( p[]s1 b :o1 9 pure & t5d] feel+1 9 elevation ( aim & ?\ght1 9 ! expression ( ! deepe/ religi\s emotion1 0 to f9d few equals 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,life ,,& ,,works1 ,a4,d4 #adej-aejj4 ,francesco di ,m>co ,raibol9i1 commonly call$ ,il ,francia1 0 born at ,bologna 9 ! ye> #adej4 ,8 fa!r 0 a c>p5t]1 b al?\gh belong+ to ! artisan class 8 family 0 highly respect$ & own$ l&s 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,aft] ! practice ( _m ,flor5t9e pa9t]s1 ,francia began life 9 ! goldsmi?'s %op1 b unlike ,botticelli & ,pollaiuolo1 did n turn 8 att5tion to art until he _h rea*$ middle age & _h acquir$ consid]able reputation 9 8 own trade4 ,sev]al writ]s h ass]t$ t he took 8 surname f ! goldsmi? "u :om he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip1 b x seems m probable t ,francia 0 m]ely ! popul> abbreviation ( ,francesco1 & ! supposition is confirm$ by docum5ts rec5tly f\nd 9 ! ar*ives ( ,bologna4 ,8 tal5ts soon attract$ att5tion & be=e long he became skill$ 9 cutt+ dies1 design+ m$als1 work+ 9 niello & e dep>tm5t ( ! goldsmi?'s art4 ,at ! same "t ! *>ms ( 8 p]son & "* won g5]al fav\r & greatly contribut$ to ! success ( 8 c>e]4 ,contempor>y writ]s describe him z /rik+ly h&some 9 appe>ance1 & gift$ ) a sweetness ( disposition & r>e eloqu5ce :i* c\ld n fail to captivate 8 he>]s4 ,! wit & livel9ess ( 8 conv]sation _h ! p[] to drive away ! sadde/ moods & bright5 ! d>ke/ h\rs4 ,9 ?is mann] he became a g5]al fav\rite1 & he numb]$ memb]s ( ! noble/ families ( ,bologna among 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,at ! "t ,francia grew up ! p[] ( ! ,b5tivogli family 0 supreme 9 ,bologna4 ,?is pr\d h\se claim$ desc5t f ,k+ ,enzio1 ! un=tunate son ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ico ,,ii41 ^: long captivity1 va9 attempts at escape1 & loves ) ! fair ,lucia di ,viadogolo h ?r[n a romantic *>m ov] ! grim walls ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/4 ,no?+ less ?an ! atta9m5t ( sov]eign p[] c\ld cont5t ! ,b5tivogli 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & aft] a long /ruggle ) ! ,popes1 :o claim$ ! supremacy ( ,bologna1 !y f9ally succe$$ 9 accompli%+ _! object4 ,! reign+ pr9ce 0 n[ ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio ,,ii41 :o _h assum$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 9 #adfc1 & 0 undisput$ ma/] ( ! city4 ,al?\gh 8 tyranny became hateful to ! p1 & ultimately prov$ ! cause ( 8 ru91 he 0 a lib]al & munific5t patron ( ,francia1 & rivall$ ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,e/e by ! enc\ragem5t :i* he gave to ! f9e arts4 ,he soon discov]$ ! ris+ g5ius ( ! "y goldsmi?1 & appo9t$ him ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 an (fice :i*1 9 spite ( _m vicissitudes 9 public affairs1 ,francia reta9$ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,o!r di/9ctions fell to 8 %>e4 ,9 #adhc1 & aga9 9 ! ye> #adhi1 he 0 elect$ /ew>d ( ! goldsmi?s' guild1 a fur!r pro( ( ! e/eem & hon\r ) :i* 8 c\ntrym5 reg>d$ him4 ,by ?is "t he 0 already m>ri$1 s9ce 8 sons ,giacomo & ,giulio 7 born1 ! =m] be=e1 & ! latt] 91 #adhg2 b we he> no fur!r p>ticul>s & "k no?+ ( 8 wife except+ t h] "n 0 ,cat]9a4 ,besides co9+ money & design+ m$als = ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio1 ,francia %[$ 8 f9e ta/e & arti/ic p[]s 9 _m works bo? 9 gold & silv] enamels1 & especially 9 niello1 8(t5 introduc+ z _m z tw5ty figures ( excell5t proportion & graceful design into a space sc>cely two f+]s high40 ,mo/ ( ^! preci\s works ( art p]i%$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,b5tivogli's palace at ! "t ( _! expulsion1 & ! fam\s silv] pax1 :i* ,francia execut$ at imm5se co/ = ! w$d+ ( ,giovanni ,s=za & ,lucrezia ,borgia1 has disappe>$1 b two small] ones are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,bologna1 & are int]e/+ specim5s ( _! k9d4 ,"o be>+ a repres5tation ( ! ,resurrection1 surr\nd$ by a wrea? ( delicate foliage1 0 execut$ on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,b>tolommeo ,felic9i & ,dorotea ,r+hi]i1 z we le>n by ! arms ( ^! families :i* are engrav$ ^u ! "w4 ,! o!r is engrav$ ) ! ,s=za & ,b5tivogli arms & ! lett]s ,m4 ,z41 ,mess] ,zoane1 & 0 probably a w$d+ gift f ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio to 8 bride ,g9evra ,s=za4 ,! ,crucifixion is work$ 9 niello on ?is pax1 & bo? 9 ! sorr[+ angels hov]+ r\nd ! cross & 9 ! sa9ts bel[ we recognise ! type ( head :i* ,francia's ,madonnas h r5d]$ famili>1 :ile ! l&scape 9 ! backgr\nd %[s ! pictorial b5t ( ! goldsmi?'s m9d4 ,&rea ,mantegna's visit to ,bologna 9 #adgb is said to h fir/ inspir$ ,francia ) ! wi% to become a pa9t]1 b ,vas>i tells u 9 ! same brea? t our ma/]'s fir/ pa9t+ 0 n execut$ until #adij1 :5 he 0 =ty ye>s old4 ,! actual hon\r ( hav+ fir/ giv5 ,francia in/ruction 9 oil pa9t+ has be5 assign$ to diff]5t arti/s1 pr9cipally to ,m>co ,zoppo & ,lor5zo ,co/a1 bo? ( :om1 we h se51 7 liv+ at ,bologna ab\t #adhj4 ,little aff9ity exi/s betwe5 ! ,squ>cionesque ma/]'s /yle & t ( ,francia1 b x is v possible t he may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! goldsmi? & h giv5 him 8 fir/ lessons4 ,francia's connection ) ,lor5zo ,co/a 0 ( a mu* clos] k9d1 & ,f]r>ese models _h a l>ge %>e 9 8 future developm5t4 ,b 8 fir/ essays 9 pa9t+ are s purely orig9al 9 "* & s free f =eign influ5ces t we ne$ n seek = any cause to expla9 ! reason ( _! exi/5ce1 or ask :at ma/] _h a %>e 9 _! production4 ,he probably acquir$ ! rudim5ts ( temp]a & oil pa9t+ f ei!r ,zoppo or ano!r ( ! humbl] m5 :o frequ5t$ 8 work%op1 & imm$iately tri$ 8 h& on small panels be=e v5tur+ on ! l>g] pictures 9 :i* 8 adoption ( ,co/a's me?od is app>5t4 ,^! e>ly works are v r>e1 b "o excell5t in/ance is to be se5 9 ! 8,/4 ,/eph50 ( ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,rome4 ,?is int]e/+ little piece 0 evid5tly "o ( 8 fir/ ef=ts execut$ at a "t :5 he 0 unskill$ 9 ! rules ( composition & te*nical k4 ,! h& ( ! work] 9 metal is pla9ly se5 9 ! %>p outl9e & poli%$ surface ( ! panel1 9 ! cold1 h>d brightness ( ! deacon's r$ dalmatic :i* ,/4 ,/eph5 we>s1 & 9 ! elaborate ornam5t ( its embroid]ies4 ,!re is no attempt at r5d]+ physical agony 9 ! =m ( ! kneel+ m>tyr quietly rais+ 8 clasp$ h&s z ! /ones fall heavily to ! gr\nd beside him4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,/eph5's c\nt5ance is m>k$ by a c]ta9 abs5ce ( expression1 & is )\t ! rapt devotion ( ,p]ug9o's faces1 or ! ye>n+ g5tl5ess ( ,francia's own ,madonnas4 ,yet !re is a calm dev\tness 9 ! m>tyr's b[$ head1 :i* seems to reflect ! e>ne/ness ( ! pray] :i* ! p>t$ lips h j brea!d1 & :i* 9 its v simplicity is full ( t\*+ beauty4 ,already we feel ! pres5ce ( t /rong religi\s s5tim5t :i* _h fir/ animat$ ! creations ( e>li] ma/]s1 & ( :i* ,francia 0 to be almo/ ! la/ expon5t 9 ! art ( ,italy4 ,ano!r "w belong+ to ?is e>ly p]iod is ! portrait ( ,b>tolommeo ,bian*9i1 =m]ly 9 ! ,nor?wick collection1 "u ! "n ( ,raphael4 ,?is p]sonage 0 a ,bolognese s5ator ( consid]able culture1 ^: poetry e>n$ "s reputation 9 8 days1 & :o wrote flatt]+ v]ses 9 praise ( ,francia's g5ius4 ,we h a fur!r pro( ( ! fri5d%ip t exi/$ betwe5 !m 9 ! small 8,holy ,family0 at ,b]l91 inscrib$ ) ! words1 ,b>?olomei sum7ptu7 ,bian*9i maxima matrom hic vivit manibus ,francia picta tuis4 8,"h--pa9t$ by ?y h&s1 ,o ,francia1 at ! co/ ( ,b>tolommeo ,bian*9i--lives ! greate/ ( mo!rs40 ,! ,madonna holds ! *ild erect on a p>apet1 :ile ,/4 ,joseph /&s beh9d1 mu* 9 ! same /yle ( composition z c\ntless ,holy ,families1 by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 a pa9t] ) :om ,francia _h m ?an "o feature 9 common4 ,"h aga9 we notice ! same %>pness ( outl9e1 high poli%1 & want ( %ad[ t recall ! goldsmi?'s art1 b ! g5]al me?od ( lay+ on col\r & ! r$ gl[ ( ! fle%-t9ts :i* m>ks all ,f]r>ese "w1 po9t unmi/akably to ! influ5ce ( ,lor5zo ,co/a's example4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s ^! two m5 work$ side by side 9 ,bologna1 & pr(it$ by a mutual ex*ange ( ideas :i* has few c\nt]p>ts 9 art hi/ory4 ,:ile ,co/a gave ,francia ! b5efit ( 8 wid] exp]i5ce & great] k1 he receiv$ m ?an he c\ld imp>t f ! nobl] aims & m ref9$ feel+ ( ! ,bologna arti/4 ,be=e long ! pupil 0 to surpass ! ma/]1 b we nev] he> ( ! intimacy betwe5 ! two be+ m>r$ by any jeal\sy or ill-feel+1 & ! unbrok5 h>mony 9 :i* !y liv$ reflects cr$it on bo?4 ,a great advance on ! e>ly works to :i* we h allud$ is visible 9 ! l>ge alt>-piece ( ! 8,madonna & ,sa9ts0 :i* ,francia pa9t$ 9 #adij4 ,! commission 0 giv5 him by a weal?y ,bolognese citiz51 ,b>tolommeo ,felic9i1 :o de/9$ ! picture = a *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,mis]icordia1 a confrat]nity ( nobles = ! assi/ance ( hospitals & o!r works ( m]cy4 ,9 ?is "w1 :i* ,vas>i calls 8 fir/1 ,francia repres5t$ ! ,virg9 seat$ on a m>ble ?rone ) six sa9ts 9 ! =egr\nd1 & a *ild-angel 9 a light blue robe play+ ! viol9 at h] feet4 ,! ar*itectural backgr\nd & g5]al /yle ( col\r+ are pla9ly ! results ( ,co/a's tea*+1 b side by side ) ^! ,f]r>ese features we f9d ano!r influ5ce :i* is altoge!r new4 ,?is is ! ,umbrian t5d5cy1 :i* appe>s "h 9 s m>k$ a mann] z to make u ask :at 0 ! l9k :i* br\ght ,p]ug9o into connection ) ! great ma/] ( ,bologna4 ,un=tunately no hi/orical evid5ce exi/s to satisfy our curiosity1 & !re is no au?ority = ! probable supposition t ,francia visit$ ,flor5ce1 & ?us became acqua9t$ ) ! ,umbrian pa9t]4 ,b !re is e reason to believe t works by ,p]ug9o _h by ?is "t f\nd _! way to ,bologna1 & among !m probably ! beautiful alt>-piece :i* he pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,monte1 & :i* n[ hangs 9 ! ,p9acoteca1 almo/ side by side ) ,francia's ,madonna ( ! ,mis]icordia4 ,x is wor?y ( m5tion t ! same ,umbrian "* appe>s 9 a small ,madonna#e at ,b]l91 ! sole rema9+ "w ( ,antonio ,crevalcore1 a ,bolognese arti/ *iefly kn[n z a fruit & fl[] pa9t]1 betwe5 #adhj & #aejj1 & ^: "n is pres]v$ 9 an epitaph by ,francia's fri5d1 ,girolamo ,casio4 ,evid5tly ,p]ug9o's influ5ce _h 9 "s =m or o!r rea*$ ,bologna1 & _h t\*$ a responsive *ord 9 ,francia's brea/4 ,= n[h]e is ?is ,p]ug9esque ve9 m /rongly pres5t ?an 9 ! f9e head ( ! ,/4 ,seba/ian1 9 ! ,mis]icordia alt>-piece1 :o is lift+ 8 eyes to heav5 ) an int5sity ( expression to :i* ,p]ug9o himself has r>ely atta9$4 ,h5ce=? ?is feature is con/antly recurr+ 9 all ,francia's panels1 animat+ 8 less ideal types1 8 fre%] & m vigor\s conceptions ) a t5d] devotional feel+1 & appeal+ to u 9 ! peculi> half-timid1 half-reproa*ful gaze ( ^? ,madonnas :i* we "k s well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,en?ron$1 ,,) ,,sa9ts4 ,,by ,,francia4 ,9 ! ,p9acoteca1 ,bologna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! revelation ( ,francia's p[]s z a pa9t] 0 ! cause ( mu* en?usiasm among 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 :o 7 nev] sl[ to applaud ! ef=ts ( native arti/s1 & ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio imm$iately commission$ him to pa9t an alt>-piece = 8 family *apel 9 ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore4 ,all ! religi\s communities ( ,bologna n[ press$ ,francia to decorate _! alt>s1 & ,vas>i says t by ! end ( a few ye>s !re 0 sc>cely a *ur* 9 ! city t c\ld n boa/ ! possession ( "o ( 8 pa9t+s4 ,! 8,annunciation0 ( ! ,br]a1 ! 8,madonna & ,angels10 at ,muni*1 ! ,piet1 /ill at ,bologna1 9 ! ,p9acoteca1 foll[$ ea* o!r 9 close succession4 ,= 8 goldsmi? fri5d1 ,jacopo ,gamb>o1 :o is record$ to h /ood godfa!r ) him to ! *ild ( a mutual fri5d1 he pa9t$ ! small 8,holy ,family10 at ,dudley ,h\se1 & = ! *ur* ( ,san ,giobbe1 9 ,bologna1 ! 8,crucifixion0 ( ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ?is s+ul> composition ! patri>* ,job is repres5t$ we>+ a cr[n & ly+ at ! foot ( ! cross1 po9t+ upw>ds to a scroll on :i* we read ! words3 ,maiora su/9uit ipse4 ,?is f9e & orig9al conception is m>r$ by a h>dness ( draw+ & col\r+1 :i* is a suffici5t pro( t x 0 execut$ at an e>ly p]iod2 its surface has suff]$ consid]able injuries :i* increase ?is unpleasant effect4 ,a great /ep 9 advance is m>k$ by ! ,b5tivoglio alt>-piece complet$ 9 #adii1 & /ill occupy+ its orig9al place 9 a *apel ( ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore4 ,"h ! metallic h>%ness ( ! t9ts has giv5 place to m h>moni\s tones & s(t] %ad[s1 & ! ri*1 gl[+ col\rs %[ t ! arti/ _h by ?is "t acquir$ complete ma/]y ( ! means at 8 disposal4 ,! sa9ts are m vigor\s & manly 9 type1 & ! heads are di/+ui%$ by m actual beauty ?an 9 any o!r ( ,francia's pictures4 ,/4 ,seba/ian is aga9 a prom95t figure1 & 0 us$ z a model a c5tury lat] by ! ,c>racci1 :o decl>$ x to be "o ( ! f9e/ /udies ( human =m 9 ,r5aissance pa9t+4 ,! two angels cr[n$ ) roses & /&+ on ! /eps ( ! ,virg9's ?rone are said to be portraits ( *ildr5 ( ! ,b5tivogli family4 ,o!rs hov] ab\t ! ,virg91 & "o1 ! lovelie/ ( all1 leans 8 head ?\ghtfully aga9/ a pill> & /ret*es out 8 little arms 9 wi/ful ye>n+ to ! *ild-,*ri/4 ,9 ! same ye> ,francia pa9t$ ano!r ,en?ron$ ,madonna1#f v simil> to ?is "o 9 /yle & gr\p+1 by desire ( a lady ( ! ,manzuoli family1 = ! *ur* ( ! ,mis]icordia4 ,"h ! att5dant sa9ts are ,/4 ,george & ! ,bapti/1 :o po9t upw>ds to ! *ild1 :il/ ,/4 ,/eph5 gazes m\rnfully at ! /ones ( 8 m>tyrdom1 :i*1 re/ on a book t he holds be=e him1 & ano!r ( ,francia's sweet *ild-angels clasps a tall :ite lily betwe5 its fold$ h&s1 8) s mu* grace t x seems to belong to ,p>adise40 ,vas>i4 ,= ! same *ur* ( ! ,mis]icordia1 ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio's son1 ,ar*deacon ( ,bologna & papal protonot>y1 ord]$ ! 8,nativity10 n[ remov$ to ! ,gall]y1#g :]e mo/ ( ,francia's ma/]pieces are collect$4 ,9 ?is picture ! 8,nativity0 is treat$ n z an hi/orical ev5t b z a ,*ri/ian my/]y1 t is to say1 ! ,virg9 & att5dant sa9ts are repres5t$ 9 ! act ( ador+ ! new-born *ild1 & celebrat+ 8 adv5t on e>?4 ,?is class ( composition1 always a fav\rite ) religi\s pa9t]s1 & mu* us$ bo? by ,p]ug9o & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 0 especially adapt$ to ,francia's g5ius4 ,he nev] possess$ ! faculty ( describ+ a sc5e 9 a vivid & dramatic mann]1 or ( r5d]+ 9 quick succession all ! v>i$ emotions ( ! human brea/1 b no "o has excell$ him 9 ^! gr\ps ( rapt sa9ts1 )\t a ?\ght beyond ! object ( _! sil5t adoration4 ,& s we f9d him con/antly m\ld+ 8 subjects into ?is =m4 ,! ,annunciation1 ,piet1 ,assumption1 & ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 by turns took ?is %ape 9 8 h&s4 ,he conceiv$ 8^! supreme ev5ts z my/]ies at :i* ! successive ages 7 spectators1 & 9 relation to :i* ! great s\ls ( all p]iods became z x 7 contempor>ies40 ,george ,eliot4 ,9 ?is in/ance ,francia has introduc$ sev]al portraits among ! wor%ipp]s4 ,8 ma/]ly pr(ile ( ,b>tolommeo felic9i 9 ! fir/ ,mis]icordia alt>-piece _h already prov$ 8 skill z a portrait pa9t]1 & he n[ repres5t$ ,antonio ,galeazzo ,b5tivoglio1 :o _h lately return$ f a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&1 9 ! mantle ( a knight ( ! ,r$ ,cross kneel+ "u a ru9$ ar* to adore ! infant ,*ri/4 ,! y\?ful %eph]d :o /&s opposite1 we>+ a laurel wrea? on 8 fl[+ locks1 is a portrait ( ,francia's intimate fri5d1 ! poet jewell]1 ,girolamo di ,casio1 on :om ! laurel cr[n 0 be/[$ by ,clem5t ,,viii4 ,?is accompli%$ man _h ! greate/ admiration = ,francia1 ^: epitaph he liv$ to compose1 & :om he address$ dur+ 8 lifetime 9 a sonnet beg9n+3-- 8,felice ,italia *e 9 se *iude1 ,si sublime +egno e si bella effigie ,*e fanno al cielo e a natura gu]ra40 8,happy ,italy1 :i* conta9s a g5ius s l(ty & =ms s fair t !y *all5ge heav5 & nature40 ,la/ly1 9 ! regul> features ( ! ,/4 ,francis 9 ! backgr\nd1 we h ,francia's own lik5ess 7:i* he has "h introduc$ 9 ! =m ( 8 patron sa9t71 ^: expressive face & ref9$ air correspond exactly ) contempor>y descriptions4 ,two angels kneel 9 l[ly adoration on ei!r side ( ! *ild1 :o lifts 8 head & raises 8 t9y h& 9 b5$iction1 :ile a bullf9* p]*$ on a twig at 8 feet looks rev]5tly t[>ds him & almo/ seems to jo9 9 ! act ( wor%ip4 ,z a rule ,francia's l&scapes are simple 9 "*1 g5]ally consi/+ ( a rocky =egr\nd & broad valley op5+ beyond1 su* z we (t5 see 9 ! ,ap5n9es ne> ,bologna2 sometimes 9 8 lat] works !y are m di/9ctly ,umbrian1 b ! backgr\nd ( ?is 8,nativity0 is rem>kable = an unusual degree ( beauty & v>iety4 ,! rocky /eep ) its solit>y p9e-tree is /ill on our "r1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture1 above ! heads ( ! kneel+ sa9ts1 a lovely expanse ( p>k-l sc5]y unfolds itself be=e u4 ,!re we see a broad sunny riv] w9d+ its way betwe5 grassy glades & =e/ av5ues1 cattle are fe$+1 & human life is /irr+ on its banks1 a *ur* t[] & cottage ro(s peep out f among ! trees1 & f> away 9 ! di/ance a l9e ( blue hills rises 9 s(t undulat+ l9es4 ,! :ole ( ?is pa/oral sc5e is *>m+ly conceiv$ & pa9t$1 & =ms a poetic backgr\nd to "o ( ,francia's mo/ graceful compositions4 ,x 0 = ?is picture t ,co/a pa9t$ 8 pr$ella ( ! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi10 n[ 9 ! ,br]a1 "o ( ! _m tok5s ( ! fri5d%ip :i* cont9u$ to exi/ betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,a ,,bird4 ,,by ,,francia4 ,9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,besides ^! works = ! ,mis]icordia1 ,francia execut$ sev]al alt>-pieces = o!r *ur*es 9 ,bologna--ab\t #aejj4 ,! 8,madonna & ,sa9ts10 n[ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 orig9ally pa9t$ = ,san ,lor5zo1 & a simil> subject resembl+ ! ,b5tivoglio alt>-piece is /ill to be se5 9 ,san ,m>t9o ( ,bologna4 ,) ^! l>g] subjects we may m5tion ! *>m+ gr\p ( boy-angels play+ on musical in/rum5ts r\nd an old picture ( ! ,madonna 9 ,san ,vitale1 al?\gh _! ,raphaelesque grace w\ld seem to indicate a lat] date ( production4 ,! ,franciscan *ur* ( ! ,annunziata1 outside ! gate ( ,san ,mammolo1 also possess$ two pictures1 a 8,madonna0 & 8,annunciation10 :i* h be5 remov$ to ! ,gall]y s9ce t sanctu>y has be5 us$ z a b>rack by ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t4 ,bo? h be5 mu* damag$1 b ! 8,annunciation10 9 spite ( its bad /ate ( pres]vation & unpleasant rawness ( col\r1 is s+ul>ly int]e/+4 ,all ?ree p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity assi/ at ! celebration ( ! great my/]y3 ! ,fa!r looks d[n f heav51 ! dove is se5 desc5d+ to re/ on ! br[s ( h] :o 0 bless$ among wom51 & a vision ( ! ,*ild appe>s above 9 glory4 ,! ,angel ( ! ,annunciation hov]s 9 mid-air1 & on e>? ! l[ly ,virg9 kneels ) clasp$ h&s & b5t head1 h] :ole s\l go+ =? 9 unutt]able love & ye>n+ z %e li/5s to 8 message4 ,on ei!r side1 a little bel[ ?is c5tral figure1 /&s a noble gr\p ( sa9ts rev]5tly pond]+ ov] ! my/]y be=e our eyes2 & =emo/ among !m we recognise ,b]n>d9o1 ! fav\rite sa9t ( ,bologna1 ^: memory 0 /ill fre% 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 hold+ an op5 book1 on ! pages ( :i*1 ! sacr$ monogram & 8 motto1 ,9 ,nom9e ,gesu1 are inscrib$4 ,! birds s+ 9 ! bran*es beside him1 & a liz>d crawls along ! gr\nd be>+ a scroll1 on :i* are ! arms ( ! ,franciscans1 a skull & cross-bones1 ! date ,,mccccc41 & ,francia ,aurifex p9xit1 a =m ( signature :i* ! goldsmi? pa9t] reta9$ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fri5d%ip ,,& ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,raphael1 #aejj-aejf4 ,t5 or twelve ye>s _h n[ elaps$ s9ce ,francia _h devot$ himself to pa9t+1 & 9 ?is comp>atively %ort space ( "t he _h produc$ _m important works & obta9$ a wide reputation4 ,m ?an ?is1 8 pictures dur+ ?is p]iod be> signs ( a /eady progress bo? 9 te*nical skill & p[] ( expression2 ! old h>dness & want ( h>mony _h 9 a great measure disappe>$1 & 8 col\r+ _h ga9$ t =ce & ri*ness :i* give him s high a place among oil-pa9t]s4 ,b 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury we see him develop a new /yle1 & pa9t 9 a mann] altoge!r fre] & gr&] ?an ev] be=e4 ,?is m>k$ improvem5t is especially visible 9 ! composition ( 8 pictures :i*1 in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! expression ( s+le heads1 n[ acquire a grace ( l9e & complet5ess t br+ !m ne> to ! be/ ,flor5t9e works ( ! p]iod4 ,! cause ( ?is advance c only be ascrib$ to "o influ5ce--! fri5d%ip :i* ,francia _h =m$ ) ,raphael4 ,x is evid5t f _m ( our ma/]'s works at ?is "t t he _h /udi$ ,raphael's pictures2 b beyond ?is1 bo? ! pres5ce ( ?is new elem5t & c]ta9 expressions :i* ,raphael uses 9 8 lett] ( ,septemb]1 #aejh1 seem to imply ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal acqua9tance betwe5 ! two ma/]s4 ,he _h =m$1 we "k1 ! highe/ op9ion ( ,francia's m]it1 & gives expression 9 emphatic t]ms to 8 conviction t no ,madonnas are s beautiful or s well calculat$ to inspire devotion z ! creations ( ! ,bolognese ma/]4 ,& on receiv+ ,francia's portrait he decl>es x to be s life-l t z he /&s be=e x he feels himself 9 8 fri5d's pres5ce & seems to he> 8 voice4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to m ?an a m]e int]c\rse by lett]1 & !re c be no reason to d\bt ! g5]ally assum$ fact t ,raphael paid a visit to ,bologna on 8 way f ,flor5ce to ,urb9o 9 #aejf4 ,b long be=e ?is !y _h a mutual object ( int]e/ 9 ,timoteo ,viti1 a "y pa9t] ( ,urb9o1 :o became "o ( ,francia's fav\rite pupils & 0 ! fir/ l9k betwe5 him & ,raphael4 ,9 ,july1 #adij1 ,timoteo came to ,bologna to p]fect himself 9 ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,francia's work%op4 ,! date is record$ 9 a regi/] kept by ,francia1 :]e we read ! foll[+ entry3-- 8,timoteo ,viti da ,urb9o 0 tak5 into our %op4 ,he w receive no sal>y dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 & sixty-six flor9s = ?ree mon?s 9 ! second40 ,9 #adia ano!r entry records ! settlem5t ( acc\nts ) ,timoteo1 & m5tions t z he is desir\s to become a pa9t] he w n[ pass into ! hall :]e ! o!r arti/s "w4 ,f\r ye>s lat] we f9d "o m entry1 :i* is z foll[s3-- 8,on ! #d? day ( ,april1 #adie1 my belov$ ,timoteo left u4 ,god grant t all bless+ & good =tune may be ) him40 ,timoteo return$ to ,urb9o1 :]e he became ,raphael's assi/ant1 & c>ri$ ) him ! fame ( ! ma/] :o rememb]$ him s k9dly4 ,soon ,francia receiv$ commissions f ! ,duke ( ,urb9o1 = :om he pa9t$ a ,lucrezia 9 ! act ( plung+ ! dagg] into h] brea/1 & a m>vell\s set ( horse trapp+s decorat$ ) gaily-col\r$ birds & foliage4 ,f ,timoteo's lips ,raphael also he>d ( ,francia's pa9t+s1 & 0 p]haps fir/ introduc$ by him to ^? ,madonnas :i* inspir$ s unfeign$ an admiration 9 8 brea/4 ,aft]w>ds we he> ( an ex*ange ( pictures :i* pass$ betwe5 ! two great ma/]s1 & at ,francia's recomm5dation ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio employ$ ,raphael to pa9t a 8,nativity10 :i* has un=tunately p]i%$4 ,! ,bolognese ma/] 0 ( too g5]\s & loyal a nature to ent]ta9 ! lea/ feel+ ( envy t[>ds ! "y pa9t]1 :o _h already surpass$ all 8 contempor>ies1 & %[$ 8 w>m appreciation ( ,raphael's g5ius 9 ! foll[+ sonnet1 :i* he address$ to him 9 an outbur/ ( en?usiasm3-- 8,non son ,zeusi n ,apelle1 e non son tale1 ,*e di tanti tal nome a me convegna2 ,n mio tal5to1 n v]tudo degna ,hav] da un ,raffael lodo immortale4 ,tu sol1 cui fece il ciel dono fatale1 ,*e ogn' altro exc$e1 e sora ogn' altro regna1 ,l'excell5te artificio noi insegna ,con cui sei reso ad ogn' antico uguale4 ,=tunato g>xon1 *e nei primi anni ,tant' oltre passi2 e *e s> poi qu&o ,9 pi provecta etade opre migliori8 ,v9ta s> natura2 e1 da' tuoi +anni ,resa eloqu5te1 dir1 te lod&o1 ,*e tu solo il pictor sei de' pictori40 8,i am n ,zeuxis nor ,apelles1 nei!r d ,i des]ve t fame s great %all be m9e1 nor is my tal5t wor?y to receive immortal praise f a ,raffael4 8,?\ alone1 on :om heav5 has be/[$ ! fatal gift t ?\ %\lde/ excel all o!rs & reign ov] all1 tea*e/ u ! admirable art by :i* ?\ art become equal to ! anci5ts4 8,=tunate boy1 :o 9 ?y e>lie/ ye>s ha/ already advanc$ s f>1 :at wilt ?\ n be :5 9 matur] age ?\ %alt a*ieve yet great] ?+s8 ,!n nature %all own h]self conqu]$1 & r5d]$ eloqu5t by ?y *>ms1 %all exclaim 9 ?y praise1 t ?\ alone art ! pa9t] ( pa9t]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,deposition ,,f ,,! ,,cross4 ,,by ,,francia4 ,9 ! ,accademia1 ,p>ma4 ,! orig9al manuscript ( ?is sonnet 0 fir/ publi%$ by ! hi/orian ,malvasia1 :o discov]$ x among ! pap]s ( a memb] ( ! ,lamb]t9i family1 & gave ! accompany+ inscription1 :i* proves ,francia to h be5 its au?or4 ,all'excell5te pictore ,raffaello ,sanxio1 ,zeusi del no/ro secolo4 ,di me ,francesco ,raibol9i decto il ,francia4 ,ev5 )\t ^! conv9c+ pro(s ( ,raphael's fri5d%ip ) ,francia1 x w\ld h be5 difficult n to assume ! exi/5ce ( "s simil> connection f ! /rong m>ks ( ! great pa9t]'s influ5ce t meet u 9 ,francia's lat] works4 ,9 ! 8,deposition10 pa9t$ soon aft] #aejj = ! ,b5$ict9es ( ,p>ma1 8 /yle is already p[]fully affect$ by ?is contact ) ,raphael1 :i* c alone acc\nt = a vigor\s action & dramatic "* "h display$4 ,a deep emotion is visible on ! faces ( ! ,/4 ,john1 :o supports ! head1 ! ,magdal51 :o embraces ! feet1 & ! ,virg91 :o gazes at ! dead face ( h] son ) ! grief-/rick5 look :i* ! 8,piet0 ( ! ,national ,gall]y has /amp$ ^u our m9ds4 ,salome1 :o /&s beh9d1 fl+s al(t h] arms 9 an en]gy ( despair unlike any?+ else t ,francia ev] conceiv$1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd ! cross lifts its gaunt =m aga9/ ! gl[+ t9ts ( an ev5+ sky & a s(t di/ance ( cypress-gr[n rocks & f>-away hills4 ,n _m ye>s aft]w>ds ,francia 0 ask$ by a noble ( ,lucca to supply an alt>-piece = ! *ur* ( ,san ,fr$iano 9 t city1 & aft] pa9t+ a 8,madonna & ,sa9ts0 z ! pr9cipal subject1 took ! ,piet z ! motive ( ! lunette bel[4 ,?is "t he return$ p>tly to 8 =m] conception1 & repres5t$ ! ,dead ,*ri/ laid 9 8 "m's arms 9 ! same attitude z 9 ! l>g] ,deposition at ,p>ma1 b ) two angels in/ead ( att5dant sa9ts at ! head & feet4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! alt>-piece pass$ into ! ,duke ( ,lucca's h&s1 & com+ to ,engl& 9 #ahdj ) ! re/ ( ! collection1 became "o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,x is difficult to approa* ?is ,piet 9 a critical _s4 ,we h kn[n x all our lives1 e =m1 almo/ e l9e ( ! well-kn[n gr\p is famili>4 ,to _m ( u x is associat$ ) memories ( days long ago :5 x =m$ a "p ( our e>lie/ religi\s ideas2 & :5 mu* ( ! fai? ( *ildhood has und]gone *ange1 x /ill recalls all t 0 pure/ & be/ 9 ^? fir/ impressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,two ,,angels ,,weep+ ,,ov] ,,! ,,dead ,,body ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,a ,,piet4 ,,by ,,francia4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,:at is x1 we ask1 :i* t\*es u 9 ?is 8,piet10 t has appeal$ to ?\s&s 9 a way :i* no o!r picture has ev] done8 ,surely1 n only ! grace ( its composition1 ! t5d] brightness ( its col\r+1 b m ?an all ( ^! ! deep human pa?os :i* we f9d !re bl5d$ ) a real & liv+ hope4 ,x is ! contra/ betwe5 ! "m m\rn+ ov] h] dead son ) a grief t _c be com=t$ & ! angels :o fold _! h&s 9 l[ly adoration1 & by _! pres5ce trans=m ! sadde/ ( all sc5es into a div9e my/]y full ( hope & love4 ,m>y1 9 ! bitt]ness ( h] sorr[1 is unconsci\s ( ^! heav5ly att5dants1 h] eyes1 fix$ on ! dead face ( h] son1 are clos$ to t vision ( angels1 b we see !m & realise :at ,francia meant u to feel1 all ! promise ( t horizon :i* 0 op5+ beyond1 all ! great future t 0 to gr[ out ( ! suff]+ & dea? :i* %e m\rn$4 8,! wave ,( love :i* set s deep & /rong ,by ,*ri/'s yet op5 grave40 ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,unlike ,mantegna & ,gian ,bell9i1 ,francia has n attempt$ to give any impression ( ! physical agony :i* has pass$ ov] ! corpse1 b has conc5trat$ all 8 =ce 9 ! endeav\r to give ! deep repose & peace ( dea? )\t sacrific+ any?+ ( maje/y ( =m4 ,!re are o!r po9ts 9 ! draw+ :i* might be criticis$1 & a degree ( /iffness 9 ! position ( ! "r arm has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 b no m9or defects c prev5t ,francia's ,piet f be+1 9 ref9em5t ( conception & t5d]ness ( feel+1 ! highe/ ideal repres5tation ( ! subject 9 ! :ole range ( art4 ,! o!r portion ( ?is alt>-piece1 a ,virg9 en?ron$ ) ! ,*ild1 ,/4 ,anna at h] side betwe5 two ar*es1 & ! ,sa9ts ,seba/ian1 ,paul1 ,lawr5ce & ,romualdo bel[1 hangs next to ,p]ug9o's ,c]tosa alt>-piece 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,an excell5t opportunity is ?us af=d$ ( comp>+ ! /yles ( ! two pa9t]s1 & ,francia's "w does n %[ to disadvantage ev5 by ! side ( ,p]ug9o's ma/]piece4 ,9 dep? & ri*ness ( col\r he is at lea/ 8 equal1 & al?\gh 8 types are less ideal !y are fre%] & m natural1 & !re is less affectation 9 ! attitude ( 8 figures4 ,= ! same *ur* ( ,san ,fr$iano at ,lucca1 ,francia pa9t$ ano!r l>ge alt>-piece ! 8,coronation ( ! ,virg910 :i* is /ill to be se5 !re4 ,"h aga9 he gives ! subject a my/ical "* & introduces ! patri>*al ance/ors ( ,m>y & ! *ief advocates ( ! dogma ( ! ,immaculate ,conception among ! figures :o /& bel[ 9 dev\t contemplation4 ,ea* be>s a scroll 9 8 h&3 ,david po9ts to a v]se ( ,psalm xxvii1 8,9 ! secret ( 8 tab]nacle %all he hide me20 ,solomon1 a noble1 k+ly pr(ile1 gazes e>ne/ly upw>ds1 %[+ u a text f 8 song1 8,?\ art all fair1 my love20 :ile ,anselm & ,augu/9e be> scrolls on :i* we read passages f _! own writ+s relat+ to ! ,virg91 & ,antony ( ,padua kneels at ! empty tomb :]e lilies & roses h blossom$4 ,?is alt>-piece1 al?\gh less kn[n ?an ,francia's o!r ma/]pieces1 yields to none ( 8 works 9 gr&eur & f9i%4 ,! kneel+ ,madonna :o1 rob$ 9 purple & gold1 receives h] cr[n f ! h&s ( ! ,et]nal1 reta9s ! same expression ( sweet humility t\*$ ) sadness :i* m>ks all 8 ,virg9s1 & ! sc5es f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,augu/9ian ord] on ! pr$ella are pa9t$ ) exquisite ta/e & delicacy4 ,ano!r l>ge ,coronation1 commonly call$ ! alt>-piece ( ,all ! ,sa9ts f ! multitude ( figures gr\p$ bel[1 is /ill 9 ! ,duomo ( ,f]r>a2 :ile ,ces5a reta9s ! 8,pres5tation0 m5tion$ by ,vas>i1 al?\gh ! beauty ( col\r+ to :i* he alludes has lo/ mu* ( its fre%ness4 ,a 8,nativity10 pa9t$ = 8 intimate fri5d ,paolo ,zambecc>o at ,bologna1 is n[ 9 ! ,picture ,gall]y ( ,=li1 b ! frescoes ) :i* he adorn$ ,zambecc>o's villa h all p]i%$4 ,! same fate has be5 %>$ by ! o!r frescoes :i* he pa9t$ 9 diff]5t palaces ( ,bologna1 & :at is mo/ ( all to be regrett$1 ! 8,judi?0 & 8,dispute ( ,philosoph]s0 :i* he execut$ = ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio 7 de/roy$ 9 ! sack ( ! tyrant's palace by ! mob1 on 8 expulsion 9 #aejg4 ,vas>i1 speak+ f ! te/imony ( eyewitnesses1 decl>es ! ,judi? to h be5 ! f9e/ "w :i* ,francia ev] pa9t$1 & describes m9utely ! spl5d\r ( ! surr\nd+s introduc$1 ! horses1 bann]s1 & arm$ gu>ds br\ght on ! sc5e z belong+ to ! camp ( ,hol(]nes4 ,! fame ( ?is fresco _h also rea*$ ! e>s ( ,raphael1 :o begg$ = a sket* ( ! "w1 b un=tunately n ev5 a draw+ rema9s to give u an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,francia treat$ a !me s unlike 8 usual objects4 ,a 8,lucrezia0 by 8 h&1 p]haps ! v panel :i* he pa9t$ = ,guido ,baldo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 is n[ 9 ,engl&1#h b has no?+ classical 9 "*4 ,! ,roman matron rais+ h] eyes to heav5 z %e plunges ! dagg] into h] brea/ is 9 feature & expression ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ,francia's sa9ts1 & b = ! uplift$ h& might be a ,/4 ,ca?>9e or ,/4 ,agnes ) p]fect propriety4 ,on ! o!r h& draw+s 9 ! /yle ( anci5t bas-reliefs by ,francia1 :i* 9 type & "* admit no d\bt z to _! g5u95ess1 meet u occasionally bo? 9 =eign gall]ies & ,london exhibitions1 & %[ a mu* tru] appreciation ( classical art4 ,su* are ! 8,judgm5t ( ,p>is0 9 ! ,alb]t9a collection1 ,vi5na1 & t beautiful gr\p ( ,greek y\?s be=e an alt> exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,o4 ,rob9son 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ( #ahgi1 9 :i*1 ! grace ( antique art is delicately bl5d$ ) ! ye>n+ expression ( ,*ri/ian devotion4 ,^! & o!rs t resemble !m 7 designs = engrav+s probably int5d$ = ! use ( ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 :o s]v$ 8 fir/ appr5tice%ip 9 ,francia's work%op1 & engrav$ sev]al ( 8 ma/]'s pictures be=e he left = ,v5ice 9 #aeji4 ,m ?an "o ( ?is celebrat$ arti/'s engrav+s be> m>ks ( ?is e>ly tra9+ 9 ! s*ool ( ,francia1 an influ5ce soon to be effac$ by ! v diff]5t associations & examples ( ! ,roman _w1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 8 lat] ye>s 7 sp5t4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,frescoes ,,( ,,/4 ,,cecilia',s ,,*apel1 #aejf-aeji4 ,! only s]ies ( frescoes pa9t$ by ,francia 9 ,bologna ( :i* "s traces /ill rema91 are ^? 9 ! ,oratory ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 atta*$ to ! *ur* ( ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore4 ,?is *apel1 f\nd$ by ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio & erect$ by ! ar*itect ,gasp>o ,nadi 9 #adha1 0 decorat$ entirely by ! h&s ( ,francia & 8 s*ol>s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,co/a's fresco1 :i* alone be>s a date1 0 execut$ 9 #aejf1 & ! :ole s]ies 0 probably complet$ be=e ! exile ( ! ,b5tivogli 9 #aejg4 ,un=tunately ?is *apel1 :i* is = ! ,bolognese s*ool :at ! *apels ( ! ,c>m9e & ,eremitani are = ,flor5t9e & ,paduan art1 has be5 frequ5tly turn$ to o!r uses1 & dur+ its occupation by ,fr5* soldi]s ! frescoes suff]$ great injury4 ,all are mu* damag$1 & "s mutilat$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pr9cipal figures are sc>cely visible4 ,b ev5 9 _! pres5t melan*oly condition ,francia's frescoes are full ( int]e/1 & x is easy to see h[ sup]ior !y are 9 m]it to any o!r works ( ! s*ool4 ,( ! f\r rema9+ arti/s employ$ 9 ! *apel--,lor5zo ,co/a1 ,giovanni ,*iod>olo1 ,amico ,asp]t9i1 & ,giacomo ,raibol9i 7or ,tam>occio7--! ,f]r>ese ma/] is ! only "o :o approa*es him 9 ! excell5ce ( 8 /yle1 & ev5 ,co/a's heads _c comp>e ) ^? ( ,francia = beauty & expression4 ,! subjects ( ! t5 frescoes are all tak5 f ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,cecilia4 ,on ! "r ( ! alt>3-- #a4 ,m>riage ( ,cecilia & ,val]ian4 ,francia4 #b4 ,val]ian in/ruct$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai? by ,pope ,urban4 ,co/a4 #c4 ,baptism ( ,val]ian4 ,ces>e ,tam>occio4#i #d4 ,val]ian & ,cecilia cr[n$ ) roses by an ,angel4 ,*iod>olo4 #e4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,val]ian & 8 bro!r ,tiburtius4 ,asp]t9i4 ,on ! left ( ! alt>3-- #f4 ,! ,burial ( ! ,bro!rs4 ,asp]t9i4 #g4 ,cecilia be=e ! ,prefect4 ,asp]t9i4 #h4 ,cecilia condemn$ to ! boil+ ba?4 ,ces>e ,tam>occio4#i #i4 ,cecilia di/ribut+ h] ri*es to ! poor4 ,co/a4 #aj4 ,burial ( ,cecilia4 ,francia4 ,! two frescoes by ,francia are plac$ ne>e/ to ! alt>1 exactly opposite ea* o!r1 & are on ! :ole ! be/-pres]v$ ( ! s]ies4 ,"h ,raphael's influ5ce is m app>5t ?an 9 any ( ,francia's works1 & x is highly probable t he visit$ ,bologna :ile ! *apel 0 be+ pa9t$4 ,! fresco ( ! ,m>riage at once recalls ,raphael's 8,sposalizio0 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! figures1 & is rem>kable = its grace ( composition4 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ /&s betwe5 ! bride & bride-groom "u ! portal ( a *apel :i* op5s on to a wood$ valley4 ,! bride %r9ks timidly back & turns h] face away z "o ( h] maid5s holds h] h& on :i* ,val]ian places ! r+4 ,on ei!r side are gr\ps ( y\?s & maid5s :o1 by _! int5t gaze & animat$ ge/ure1 %[ _! int]e/ 9 ! m>riage t is be+ celebrat$4 ,! action is simple1 ! heads noble & ref9$2 ^? ( ! maid5s are especially rem>kable = _! beauty1 :ile ! grace ( l9e t m>ks ! gr\p+ is happily cont9u$ 9 ! l&scape beyond1 :i* h>monizes well ) ! sc5e be=e u4 ,evid5tly ! subject 0 exactly suit$ to ,francia's g5ius1 & he has succe$$ admirably4 ,! same praise c sc>cely be giv5 z fully to ! 8,burial ( ,/4 ,cecilia10 wond]ful z is ! p[] ( its simple pa?os4 ,!re is a want ( dramatic action 9 ! spectators1 & at ! same "t a =mality 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\ps on ei!r side ( ! picture1 :i* gives ! :ole an air ( /iffness & r5d]s x inf]ior 9 po9t ( composition to ! ,m>riage4 ,b ^! defects are aton$ = by ! beauty ( ! c5tral portion1 :]e f\r "y m5 hold ! lifeless =m ( ! m>tyr$ sa9t susp5d$ 9 a w9d+-%eet above ! op5+ ( ! vault4 ,a wrea? ( :ite roses cr[ns h] g5tle br[s1 & ! by/&]s press =w>d to take a la/ look at ! sleep+ face t is /ill s fair 9 dea?4 ,z 9 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,piet all trace ( suff]+ has pass$ away1 ! h&s are fold$ ) exquisite t5d]ness1 & ! sweet maid5 seems to lie !re wrapt once m 9 ! deep unconsci\s sleep ( *ildhood4 ,= a mom5t we wond] if ?is happy slumb] c be dea?1 b--if we look a little fur!r1 beyond ! pale light j break+ into ! valley1 above ! tall cliffs & ! topmo/ bran*es ( ! wav+ palm-trees--we %all see ! dim =m ( an angel :o w+s 8 flight upw>ds1 be>+ ! s\l ( ! m>tyr back to ,god4 ,! frescoes ( ,/4 ,cecilia 7 ! la/ works :i* ,francia pa9t$ = 8 patron ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio4 ,9 #aejg1 p]haps ev5 be=e ! *apel 0 complet$1 ! ,b5tivogli 7 driv5 out ( ,bologna by a popul> ris+ & =c$ to flee = _! lives4 ,n only did ,francia lose _! patronage & fri5d%ip1 b he _h ! grief ( see+ "s ( 8 be/ works de/roy$ by an infuriat$ mob 9 ! sack ( _! palace 9 ! ,/rada ,donato4 ,! univ]sal respect 9 :i* he 0 held by 8 c\ntrym5 sav$ him f %>+ 9 ! ru9 ( 8 patrons1 & he reta9$ 8 (fice at ! head ( ! ,m9t "u ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 ,9 ?is capacity he 0 requir$ to co9 ! money :i* ! ,pope ?rew to ! populace on 8 triumphal entry & :i* bore ! inscription3--8,bononia p] ,julium a tyranno lib]ata40 ,b al?\gh he 0 =c$ to l5d 8 tal5ts1 z ,mi*elangelo did on ano!r occasion1 to ! s]vice ( ! victor1 he c\ld n conceal ! bitt]ness ( 8 grief1 & = a :ole ye> aft] ! flight ( ! ,b5tivogli /ill lam5t$ ! loss he _h suff]$4 ,x 0 !n t ,raphael address$ 8 well-kn[n lett] to ,francia1 begg+ him to take he>t1 & assur+ him ( 8 sympa?y4 ,! two pa9t]s _h1 x appe>s1 agre$ to ex*ange portraits1 & 9 ?is lett] ,raphael ?anks ,francia = hav+ s5t him 8 lik5ess pa9t$ by 8 own h&4 ,we give a translation ( ?is int]e/+ docum5t1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ ) ,francia's sonnet 9 ! pap]s ( ! ,lamb]t9i family1 & br\ght to light by ,malvasia3-- 8,my de> ,messor ,francesco1-- 8,i h ?is mom5t receiv$ y\r portrait1 :i* ,bazotto br\ght me safely1 )\t injury ( any k9d1 & = :i* ,i ?ank y exce$+ly4 ,x is v beautiful1 & s life-l t at times x deceives me4 ,i seem to be ) y & to he> y\r voice4 ,i pray y1 p>don my delays1 :i* arise f ! tasks 9 :i* ,i am incessantly engag$1 & :i* h be5 ! cause :y ,i h n yet pa9t$ ! portrait ) my own h&1 accord+ to our agreem5t4 ,nor w\ld ,i all[ x to be pa9t$ by "o ( my pupils & ret\*$ by myself1 s9ce ?is w\ld n h be5 seemly1 al?\gh ,i h no hope ( ev] equall+ y\r "w4 ,h compassion on me1 ,i say1 s9ce y "k by exp]i5ce :at x is to be depriv$ ( lib]ty & b\nd to patrons4 ,i am s5d+ y by ?is same mess5g]1 :o returns 9 six days1 ano!r draw+1 t ( #8,! ,nativity1' some:at diff]5t f ! orig9al1 :i* y 7 good en\gh to praise s highly1 ) ! same k9dness ) :i* y speak ( my o!r works 9 a mann] t causes me to blu%4 ,i hope t y w accept ?is trifle1 m z a tok5 ( love & ob$i5ce ?an = any o!r reason1 & if 9 ex*ange ,i may receive a draw+ ( y\r #8,hi/ory ( ,judi?' ,i w place x among my de>e/ & mo/ preci\s treasures4 ,monsignore il ,dat>io awaits 8 #8,madonella' ) mu* impati5ce1 & ,c>d9al ,ri>io 8 l>ge "o1 all ( :i* y w he> m p>ticul>ly f ! said ,bazotto4 ,i1 = my "p1 %all behold !m ) ! same delight & satisfaction ) :i* ,i see & praise all y\r o!r works1 nev] hav+ se5 any images t are fair] or m dev\t & well pa9t$4 ,9 ! meantime take c\rage1 summon up all y\r habitual wisdom1 & be sure t ,i feel y\r afflictions z ke5ly z if !y 7 my own4 ,cont9ue to love me z ,i love y1 ) my :ole he>t4 8,ev] y\r mo/ oblig$ & devot$1 8,,rafaelle ,,sanzio4 8,roma1 ! fif? day ( ,septemb]1 #aejh40 ,few docum5ts 9 art hi/ory are m int]e/+ ?an ?is lett]1 :i* brea!s all ! sunny gladness ( ,raphael's nature1 & proves h[ s9c]ely he admir$ ,francia z an arti/ & felt = him z a fri5d4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! portrait :i* he praises s w>mly /ill exi/s1 b at ! end ( la/ c5tury a half-l5g? figure ( ,francia hold+ a diamond r+1 by 8 own h&1 0 9 ! ,bos*i collection at ,bologna1 & a few ye>s ago a simil> "w belong$ to a private gall]y at ,tur94#aj ,z a portrait-pa9t] ,francia ranks high1 & all ! works ( ?is class by him :i* rema9 are m>k$ by ! same exquisite f9i% & life-l fidelity4 ,! ,tribune ( ! ,uffizi has a f9e specim5 9 ! head ( ,evangeli/a ,scappi1 ^: pleasant op5 face & bu%y locks mod]n copyi/s h r5d]$ famili>4 ,! ,umbrian "* ( ! l&scape & g5]al /yle ( ! "w resemble ,p]ug9o's heads1 :ile o!r ( ,francia's portraits are pa9t$ m 9 8 ,raphaelesque mann]4 ,su* is ! noble portrait ( ! ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y at ,vi5na long ascrib$ to ,raphael1 b rightfully re/or$ to ,francia by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 & probably ! lik5ess ( "s ,bolognese noble1 s9ce x orig9ally belong$ to an old family ( t city4 ,! poet ,girolamo di ,casio also alludes 9 "o ( 8 sonnets to two female portraits by ,francia rem>kable = _! beauty1 b ^! h p]i%$1 x is to be fe>$1 s9ce no portraits ( wom5 by 8 h& are kn[n to exi/4 ,! expulsion ( ! ,b5tivogli1 al?\gh a sev]e %ock to ,francia1 does n appe> to h dim9i%$ 8 p[]s ( activity1 & _m ( 8 be/ works belong to ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ?is ev5t1 :i* he deplor$ s deeply4 ,9 #aeji he pa9t$ ! 8,baptism ( ,*ri/10 n[ at ,dresd51 :i* /ill reta9s its ri* gl[ ( col\r 9 spite ( injuries receiv$ f ! spl9t]s ( a %ell dur+ ! bomb>dm5t ( t city 9 #agfj4 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ /&+ on ! wat]s ( ,jordan :ile ! ,bapti/ b5ds =w>d f "o ( ! banks1 & two angels ) wi/ful faces wait on ! o!r4 ,a good replica ( ! subject1 ) ! same hilly l&scape b "s v>iations1 is at ,hampton ,c\rt1 & orig9ally belong$ to ! ,mantuan collection pur*as$ by ,*>les ,i4 ,! ,dresd5 ,gall]y possesses two o!r f9e works ( ,francia1 an 8,adoration ( ! ,magi10 ) a lake & m\nta9 backgr\nd1 :i* be>s /rong m>ks ( ,raphael's influ5ce1 & a 8,madonna0 f ! ,qu&t collection4 ,?is la/ is "o ( ! half-l5g? figures ( ! ,virg9 ) ! *ild1 & "o or m att5dant sa9ts1 :i* became s popul> a subject 9 ,francia's s*ool1 & ( :i* s _m repetitions are to be se54 ,! example 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 acquir$ f ! ,beauc\s9 collection1 has un=tunately lo/ mu* ( its orig9al cle>ness1 ow+ to ! wa% ( burnt si5na :i* has be5 laid on ! surface4 ,ano!r f9ely conceiv$ "w1 :i* has be5 ru9$ by repa9t+1 is ! 8,madonna & ,sa9ts0 ( ! ,belv$]e at ,vi5na1 :ile ! same fate has att5d$ ! ,b]l9 alt>-piece1 orig9ally pa9t$ = ! ,fri>s ( ! ,oss]vanza at ,mod5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,rose-,,g>d54 ,,by ,,francia4 ,9 ! ,p9ako!k1 ,muni*4 ,two o!r panels1 :i*1 9 type & execution1 be> a m>k$ resemblance to ! frescoes ( ,/4 ,cecilia's *apel1 & 7 evid5tly pa9t$ soon aft]w>ds1 are 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! fir/1 an 8,annunciation10 ) ,/4 ,j]ome & ! ,bapti/1 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y1 is a picture ( ! same class z ! e>li] ,annunziata alt>-piece1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! ref9em5t & g5tl5ess ( ! ,virg9's face4 ,! o!r is ! beautiful 8,madonna ( ! ,rose ,g>d510 orig9ally pa9t$ = ! ,gonzagas1 into ^: s]vice ,francia's old fri5d1 ,lor5zo ,co/a1 _h pass$ aft] ! exile ( ! ,b5tivogli4 ,x rema9$ 9 ! ,mantua collection till #aghf1 & aft] exp]i5c+ _m *anges ( h&s1 became ! prop]ty ( ! ,empress ,joseph9e1 until 9 #ahae x pass$ f ,malmaison into ! ,p9ako!k ( ,muni*4 ,! *ild lies on a b$ ( fl[]y grass1 /ret*+ out its little arms ) a smile ( delight to its "m1 :o is 9 ! act ( s9k+ ^u h] knees 9 a rapture ( lov+ adoration4 ,a trellis ( tall roses1 :i* might h be5 pa9t$ by a ,botticelli or ,filipp9o1 f5ces ! g>d5 r\nd1 &1 9 ! pleasant mead[s beyond1 horses are fe$+ on ! banks ( a w9d+ /ream1 & *ur*-t[]s rise 9 ! di/ance4 ,n[h]e is ! transp>5t delicacy ( ,francia's col\r+ m pleas+ ?an 9 ! silv]-grey tones ( ! ,virg9's robe1 :ile h] c\nt5ance we>s ! same g5tle air ( t5d] melan*oly :i* haunts 8 conceptions 9 ! same way z ! smile on ,leon>do's faces1 & ! deep] sadness ( ,botticelli's ,madonnas4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,la/ ,,works ,,& ,,dea?1 ,a4,d4 #aeji-aeag4 ,we h few details ( ! la/ ye>s ( ,francia's life1 b ! dates t m>k "s ( 8 pictures %[ u t 8 p[]s 7 n impair$1 nor 8 activity dim9i%$ ) advanc+ age4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ he 0 affect$ by ! return ( 8 fri5ds1 ! ,b5tivogli1 :o 9 #aeaa ent]$ ,bologna aga91 on ! retreat ( ! ,papal troops be=e ! ,fr5* army "u ,ga/on de ,foix4 ,! fickle ,bolognese 7 z glad to be rid ( ! ,pope z !y _h ev] be5 to expel _! =m] tyrant1 & de/roy$ ! /atue :i* ,julius ,,ii4 _h erect$ ( himself on ! pr9cipal squ>e4 ,b ! ,b5tivogli only enjoy$ _! return to p[] dur+ a v brief space4 ,9 a few mon?s ! conqu]+ advance ( ! ,fr5* army 0 *eck$ by ! dea? ( ,ga/on de ,foix 9 ! battle ( ,rav5na2 ! ,pope's troops aga9 ent]$ ,bologna1 ! ,b5tivogli fl$ once m1 & ! city 0 heavily f9$ & depriv$ ( _m ( its =m] privileges4 ,all we he> ( ,francia 9 ^! /ormy times is t 9 #aeaa he 0 elect$ "o ( ! sixte5 ,gonfalion]i ( ! p1 :i* proves t he /ill reta9$ ! popul> fav\r1 & t 8 *angeable fell[-c\ntrym5 _h n wav]$ 9 _! affection & reg>d = him4 ,9 #aeab he 0 once m elect$ ma/] ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,guild1 & 9 #aead he atta9$ ! dignity ( ,ma/] ( ! f\r arts4 8,he 0 rev]5c$ z a god 9 ,bologna10 says ,vas>i1 8& n ev5 8 fri5d%ip = ,raphael1 & 8 desire to see ! l>g] works ( ! great pa9t]1 c\ld te> him away f 8 native city40 ,! fame ( 8 works _h spread ov] all ,italy & _h attract$ a l>ge numb] ( s*ol>s1 z _m1 x is said1 z two hundr$4 ,sev]al ( ! be/ ( ^! pass$ into ! s*ool ( ,raphael1 z ,timoteo ,viti _h already done1 & adopt$ a /yle :i* has little 9 common ) t ( ,francia4 ,su* 7 ,innoc5za da ,imola & ,b>tolommeo ,ram5ghi1 ( ,bagnacavallo1 ^: influ5ce became prom95t 9 ! ,bolognese s*ool aft] ,francia's dea?1 & :o h left _m ( _! works 9 ! *ur*es & ,gall]y ( ,bologna4 ,o!rs foll[$ m closely 9 ,francia's /eps1 & cont5t$ !mselves = ! mo/ "p ) weak & conv5tional repetitions ( ^? ,sa9ts & ,madonnas :i* 8 g5ius _h r5d]$ popul>4 ,*ief among ^! 0 ,francia's own son1 ,giacomo ,raibol9i1 an active & c>eful arti/ :o nev] aspir$ to orig9ality1 & ^: conceptions are g5]ally want+ 9 life & fre$om4 ,?ree ( 8 be/ panels are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & we (t5 f9d !m 9 o!r collections "u 8 fa!r's "n4 ,!re is a f9e portrait ( him 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ,flor5ce1 & z an engrav] he rose to ! fir/ rank1 "s ( 8 pr9ts be+ equal 9 delicacy & f9i% to ^? ( ,m>c ,antonio himself4 ,francia's second son1 ,giulio by "n1 also became a pa9t]1 & 0 associat$ ) ,giacomo 9 ! execution ( sev]al panels1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! signature ,j4 ,j4 ,francia4 ,giacomo di$ 9 #aeeg2 ,giulio at "s "t aft] #aedc4 ,ano!r ( ,francia's assi/ants :om he employ$1 z he did ,giacomo1 9 ! frescoes ( ,cecilia1 0 ,amico ,asp]t9i1 a wayw>d & ecc5tric arti/1 :o travell$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy1 & receiv$ ! surname 8dai due p5nelle10 f 8 habit ( work+ ) bo? h&s1 hold+ "o bru% = d>k1 & ! o!r = pale t9ts4 ,8 num]\s pa9t+s 9 ,bologna h mo/ly p]i%$1 & ! be/ works by him :i* rema9 are ! frescoes ( ! ,volto ,santo 9 ,san ,fr$iano at ,lucca1 pa9t$ by him ab\t ! same "t t ,francia execut$ 8 two alt>-pieces = t *ur*4 ,besides ^!1 ,francia's influ5ce left its m>k on sev]al ( ! ,f]r>ese1 especially on ,co/a's pupil1 ,ercole ,gr&i ,,ii41 & on ! ,rav5na arti/s1 "o ( :om1 ,girolamo ,m>*esi da ,cotignola1 pa9t$ sev]al works at ,bologna1 & 0 summon$ to take ! portrait ( ,ga/on de ,foix z he lay dead on ! battle-field4 ,?us ! latt] "p ( ,francia's life 0 p>tly sp5t 9 direct+ ! ef=ts ( ?is l>ge numb] ( s*ol>s1 all engag$ 9 ! production ( ! num]\s works 9 8 /yle1 & (t5 be>+ 8 "n1 :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,a few g5u9e panels ( 8 la/ ye>s are /ill1 h[ev]1 to be se54 ,a ,madonna dat$ #aeaa is 9 ,casa ,p]tusati at ,milan1 & a small ,god ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,ercolani collection at ,bologna be>s ,francia's signature & ! date #aead4 ,two l>g] & m important works belong to ! foll[+ ye>1 #aeae4 ,"o ( ^! is ! 8,madonna & ,sa9ts0 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,p>ma1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ! ,sanvitale family1 & resembl+ 8 e>li] creations 9 mo/ po9ts2 x is rem>kable = ! f9e pr(ile ( ,/4 ,ju/9a1 :o kneels on ! p$e/al ( ! ,virg9's ?rone1 look+ upw>d ) ard5t devotion4 ,! o!r is ! ,piet ( ! ,tur9 ,gall]y1 a "w :i* has lo/ ! ri*ness ( its col\r+ f subsequ5t re/oration1 b /ill reta9s mu* ( its =m] excell5ce4 ,! lead+ features are ! same z ^? ( ! l>g] ,p>ma 8,deposition40 ,! dead ,*ri/ lies 9 ! ,virg9's arms support$ by ! ,magdal5 & ,/4 ,john4 ,beh9d !m ,nicodemus raises 8 h&s ) a sorr[+ ge/ure1 & a monk /&s ) a lily 9 8 h&1 :ile tall palm-trees 9 ! backgr\nd spread _! fan-l bran*es aga9/ ! we/]n skies4 ,!re is ! same maje/y ( repose 9 ! dead ,*ri/1 ! same expression ( pite\s sorr[ on ! ,virg9's face1 :i* we expect 9 a ,piet by ,francia4 ,x 0 ! old conception ( e>li] days1 :i* _h lo/ none ( its =ce 9 decl9+ ye>s1 b 0 /ill pres5t z vividly z ev] to 8 m9d4 ,! foll[+ ye> is r5d]$ memorable by a la/ communication :i* took place betwe5 ,raphael & ,francia4 ,! great pa9t] _h f9i%$ 8 fam\s alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,cecilia = ! *apel1 :i* a noble ,bolognese lady1 ! ,beata ,el5a ,duglioli1 _h erect$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni del ,monte1 & wrote to ,francia1 begg+ him z a fri5d :om he tru/$ implicitly1 to repair any accid5t ! picture might h suff]$ on ! j\rney1 & to make any correction :i* might appe> to him advisable4 ,! picture rea*$ ,bologna safely e>ly 9 ! ye> #aeaf4 ,francia1 9 accordance ) 8 fri5d's directions1 plac$ x above ! alt> 9 ! *apel = :i* x 0 de/9$4 ,! ,bolognese hail$ ! appe>ance ( ,raphael's ma/]piece ) en?usia/ic acclamations1 & we may well believe t ,francia %>$ 9 _! delight ) ! same g5]\s appreciation :i* he _h always %[n = 8 fri5d's g5ius4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! simple facts1 ! voice ( sl&] f\nd$ ! ridicul\s /ory1 :i* ,vas>i repeats1 ( ,francia hav+ di$ f ! transport ( jeal\s rage ) :i* he 0 fill$ at ! sight ( ,raphael's ma/]piece4 ,! absurdity ( ! fabrication is evid5t :5 we rememb] ! pictures :i* _h be5 ex*ang$ & ! lett]s :i* _h pass$ betwe5 ! two ma/]s1 & is contr>y to all we "k ( ,francia's "* & natural disposition4 ,vas>i himself seems to h felt "s misgiv+s z to ! tru? ( ! /ory1 = he proce$s to qualify 8 /atem5t ) ! words 8come alcuni cr$ono0 7z "s believe71 & adds t o!rs say ,francia di$ ( poison4 ,malvasia1 9 8 zeal to v9dicate ! memory ( ,francia1 endeav\rs to prove t ! ,bolognese ma/] liv$ till #aebb1 b ! real date ( 8 dea? has be5 f9ally prov$ by ! discov]y ( ?ree sep>ate notices 9 contempor>y *ronicles1 :i* all record ! fact t ,francesco ,francia1 t mo/ excell5t goldsmi? & pa9t]1 di$ on ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #aeag 7new /yle #aeah74 ,! illness :i* end$ 8 life1 & ! grave :]e he lies1 are bo? unkn[n1 b x seems probable t he 0 buri$ 9 ! cloi/] ( ! l>ge *ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 a fav\rite place ( sepul*re 9 8 days1 & :i* conta9s ! tomb ( 8 son ,giacomo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! next ?irty ye>s 8 pupils cont9u$ to pa9t 9 ,bologna1 & ma9ta9$ 9 "s measure ! hon\r ( 8 "n1 b be=e ! end ( ! c5tury a new s*ool1 utt]ly diff]5t 9 aim & /yle1 sprang up1 &--9 ! sudd5 blaze ( fame :i* encircl$ ! names ( ! ,c>racci1 ,dom5i*9o1 & ,guido--! works ( ! old] ma/]s 7 =gott54 ,travell]s :o visit$ ,bologna 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 attract$ solely by ! creations ( ! ,eclectic s*ool1 & return$ home )\t be+ ev5 aw>e ( ,francia's exi/5ce4 ,m4 ,rio po9ts out a /rik+ pro( ( ! neglect into :i* 8 works _h fall51 9 ! curi\s fact t among all ! pictures :i* ! ,fr5* invad]s c>ri$ back to ,p>is n a s+le piece 0 by ,francia4 ,) ! revival ( a bett] ta/e ! great ma/] ( ! old s*ool ( ,bologna soon receiv$ j recognition1 & 8 purity & g5tl5ess w always appeal to a l>ge class ( sympa!tic natures :o are attract$ by ! *>m ( an art :i* is app>5t to all4 ,if we consid] ! place :i* he holds 9 contempor>y art we %all see h[ little he _h 9 common ) ! _s ( 8 age1 & h[ mu* ( 8 aspirations & sympa?ies belong$ to ! old _w ( ! e>li] religi\s pa9t]s4 ,liv+ z he did 9 ! days ( ,raphael1 at a mom5t :5 ! ,r5aissance 0 fa/ ha/5+ to its culm9at+ po9t1 ,francia took no %>e 9 ! great movem5t t 0 sway+ =w>d at e po9t1 b /ood ap>t 9 a sph]e ( 8 own4 ,9 an age :5 reviv$ ,paganism _h p5etrat$ into e "p ( society1 & ! love ( ! antique 0 ! rul+ impulse ( intellectual ?\ght1 he sc>cely %[s a trace ( ?is influ5ce1 & d]ives 8 inspiration exclusively f ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,he pa9ts ,lucrezia dy+ ) ! ec/atic smile ( a m>tyr$ sa9t on h] lips1 & designs classical figures only to give !m ! ye>n+ expression ( religi\s emotion4 ,b 9 ?is realm ( my/ic art x mu/ be own$ t he takes ! highe/ place4 ,t f9e say+ ( ,raphael1 :5 he decl>$ t no o!r ,madonnas 7 z beautiful or z religi\s z ^? :i* ,francia pa9t$1 0 no empty complim5t4 ,s9ce ^? days _m h felt ! tru? ( 8 words1 & h confirm$ 8 judgm5t4 ,= to ! e>ne/ness & purity ( ,fra ,angelico's conceptions ,francia br\ght a ma/]y ( res\rces :i* _h be5 lack+ to ^? old] pa9t]s4 ,8 creations are animat$ ) a w>m] humanity & a m vigor\s life1 !y h all ! *>m ( gl[+ col\rs & /rongly contra/$ light & %ad[1 :ile secul> influ5ces are all[$ a l>g] "p 9 ! ri* ornam5t & noble ar*itecture :i* surr\nd !m4 ,?us ,francia %>es ) ,p]ug9o ! praise ( hav+ comb9$ ! te*nical p]fection ( a lat] age ) ! ,*ri/ian motives :i* _h s l>gely influ5c$ ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,italian art4 ,b1 unlike ,p]ug9o1 ! religi\s feel+ :i* =m$ ! secret ( ,francia's inspiration rema9$ fre% & /rong )9 8 brea/ to ! end ( 8 life1 & 0 ) him /ill a real & liv+ p[]1 :5 x _h sunk into conv5tionalism & affectation 9 ! lat] works ( ! ,umbrian ma/]1 & 0 rapidly yield+ to ! gr[+ influ5ces ( a worldly age 9 ! creations ( ,raphael4 ,sl[ly b surely m5's ?\ghts & _! ideals ( life _h und]gone a complete *ange1 & ! art ( ,italy 0 ent]+ on a new phase 9 :i* !re 0 no long] room = ! rapture ( ,fra ,angelico's faces1 or ! sweet g5tl5ess ( ! ,madonnas :o haunt$ ,francia's dreams4 8,! old ord] *ange?1 yield+ place to new1 ,& ,god fulfils himself 9 _m ways40 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,mantegna4 ,,b]gamo4 ,lo*is-,c>r>a ,gall]y4 ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,portrait ( man 9 r$ dress 7,francesco ,gonzaga874 ,,b]l94 ,museum4 ,portrait ( an ,ecclesia/ic4 7,matteo ,bossi1 ,abbot ( ,fiesole47 ,madonna & ,*ild4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adfd47 ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adfd47 ,,cop5hag54 ,museum4 ,man ( ,sorr[ support$ by ,angels4 7,,&reas ,,mant9ea4 ,pa9t$ ab\t #adhi47 ,,dresd54 ,gall]y4 ,holy ,family 7=m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake74 ,,flor5ce4 ,uffizi4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 9 a rocky l&scape4 7,pa9t$ 9 #adhh-ij47 ,adoration ( ! ,magi2 ,pres5tation2 & ,asc5sion4 7,a tripty*1 pa9t$ ab\t #adfd47 ,,frank=t4 ,/del4 ,/4 ,m>k 7d\btful47 ,,glasg[4 ,hamilton ,collection4 ,woman c>ry+ a bas94 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adgj47 ,woman dr9k+4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adgj47 ,,hampton ,,c\rt4 ,! ,triumphs ( ,julius ,cs>1 #adib4 7,n9e c>toons47 ,,la ,,motta4 ,sc>pa ,collection4 ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,,london4 ,national ,gall]y4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild en?ron$2 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ! ,magdal54 ,) ! annex$ signature 7,c4,p4,f4 ,civis ,patav9us fecit47 ,illu/ration3 ,&reas ,mant9ia ,c4,p4,f4 ,! ,triumph ( ,scipio 79 mono*rome3 pa9t$ 9 #aeje74 ,,madrid4 ,museum4 ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 7=m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,i42 pa9t$ ab\t #adgj74 ,,mantua4 ,ca/ello frescoes 9 ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 #adgj-gd4 ,lodovico ,gonzaga & ,b>b>a ( ,br&5burg surr\nd$ by _! family & ,c\rt 7on ! walls74 ,lodovico meet+ 8 son1 ,c>d9al ,francesco1 on 8 return f ,rome 7on ! walls74 ,sc5es f ! fables ( ,h]cules1 ,orpheus1 ,apollo1 c42 ,m$allions ( ,cs>s1 ,cupids1 & o!r figures 79 mono*rome1 on ! ceil+74 ,,milan4 ,br]a4 ,/4 ,luke & o!r sa9ts 7alt>-piece 9 twelve p>ts3 pa9t$ = ,santa ,giu/9a1 ,padua1 9 #aded74 ,! dead ,*ri/ bewail$ by ! ,m>ies4 ,casa ,trivulzi4 ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 glory1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,romualdo1 & ,j]ome1 a bi%op & ?ree angels4 ,a ,,mant9ia ,p4 ,,an4 ,,gracie1 #adig1 #ae ,,augu/i4 ,,muni*4 ,p9ako!k4 ,madonna en?ron$ ) ,sa9ts4 ,,naples4 ,museum4 ,/4 ,euphemia1 ,,opus ,,&re ,,mantegn1 ,,mccccliii4 ,,padua4 ,*ur* ( ! ,eremitani4 ,/4 ,james baptiz+ ,h]mog5es4 ,/4 ,james be=e ,h]od4 ,/4 ,james bless+ a conv]t on 8 way to execution4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,james4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,six frescoes1 #adec-adei4 ,basilica ( ,sant' ,antonio4 ,/4 ,b]n>d9o & ,/4 ,an?ony1 #adeb 7fresco 9 a lunette ov] ! portal74 ,,p>is4 ,l\vre4 ,! ,crucifixion 7"p ( ! pr$ella ( ! alt>-piece ( ,san ,z5o 9 ,v]ona74 ,madonna della ,vittoria 7pa9t$ 9 #adie-if = ,santa ,m>ia della ,vittoria1 ,mantua74 ,p>nassus4 ,wisdom victori\s ov] ! ,vices 7f ,isabella ,gonzaga's 8,grotto074 ,,p>ma4 ,p9acoteca4 ,copies 9 oil ( ! frescoes 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,eremitani at ,padua 7d\btful74 ,,t\rs4 ,museum4 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives 7"p ( ! pr$ella ( ! alt>-piece ( ,san ,z5o 9 ,v]ona74 ,! ,asc5sion 7"p ( ! pr$ella ( ! alt>-piece ( ,san ,z5o 9 ,v]ona74 ,,tur94 ,gall]y4 ,madonna & five sa9ts4 ,,v5ice4 ,academy4 ,/4 ,george4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adfd74 ,,v]ona4 ,san ,z5o4 ,madonna & eight ,sa9ts4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adei2 alt>-piece3 ! pr$ella1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ,san ,z5o1 is "p 9 ! ,l\vre & "p 9 ! ,t\rs ,museum47 ,,vi5na4 ,belv$]e4 ,/4 ,seba/ian4 7,pa9t$ ab\t #adfd47 ,/udies = ! ,triumphs ( ,julius ,cs> 7d\btful74 ,,pa9t+s ,,by ,,mantegna ,,9 ,,private ,,collections ,,9 ,,engl& ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times4#aa ,,at ,,! ,,briti% ,,in/itution 7#ahaf-aheb74 ,date4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ahce4 ,triumph ( ,scipio ,george ,vivian1 ,esq4 #ahfa4 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ,m$ea rescu$ by ! ,nurse ,j4 ,c4 ,rob9son1 ,esq4 ,,at ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,art ,,treasures ,,exhibition1 #aheg4 ,cat4 ,no4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ia4 ,piet1 ) ! ,crucifixion 9 ! ,di/ance ,liv]pool ,royal ,in/itution4 #if4 ,judi? ,e>l ( ,pembroke4 #ig4 ,*ri/ be>+ ! ,cross ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 #ih4 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ,?omas ,b>+1 ,esq4 #ajb4 ,! ,triumph ( ,scipio ,george ,vivian1 ,esq4 ,,at ,,! ,,le$s ,,art ,,treasures ,,exhibition1 #ahfh4 ,cat4 ,no4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ed4 ,sa9t ,colonel ,m>kham4 #ee4 ,a ,triumphal ,procession ,h4 ,d4 ,ow51 ,esq4 #eg4 ,judi? ) ! ,head ( ,hol(]nes ,colonel ,m>kham4 #ei4 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 surr\nd$ by sc5es 9 ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 ,j4 ,w4 ,faulkn]1 ,esq4 ,,at ,,! 8,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s40 ,date4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ahgj4 ,virg9 & ,*ild & ,/4 ,john ) ,,ss4 ,joa*im & ,anna ,lady ,ea/lake4 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ,?omas ,b>+1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 ,angel at ! ,tomb ,lady ,taunton #ahga4 ,! ,triumph ( ,scipio ,george ,vivian1 ,esq4 ,! ,wise ,m5's ,(f]+s ,l\isa1 ,lady ,a%burton4 ,subjects 7f\r7 f ! ,life ( ,*ri/ ,e>l ( ,dudley4 #ahgb4 ,two ,figures2 a ,/udy ,duke ( ,buccleu*4 #ahge4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt ,w4 ,graham1 ,esq4 #ahgf4 ,judi? ) ! ,head ( ,hol(]nes ,colonel ,m>kham4 ,dido 0 #ahgh4 ,a ,triumphal ,procession ,hugh ,ow51 ,esq4 #ahhj4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,*>les ,butl]1 ,esq4 #ahha4 ,a ,piet ,sir ,william ,n4 ,abdy1 ,b>t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,works ,,( ,,francia4 ,,b]l94 ,museum4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,gem9iano1 ,b]n>d1 ,doro!a1 ,ca?>9e1 ,j]ome1 & ,l\is ( ,france4 ,,francia ,,aurifab] ,,bonon1 #aejb 7pa9t$ = ,santa ,cecilia1 ,mod5a74 ,holy ,family 7e>ly "w7 ,,b>?olemei ,,sum7,,ptu7 ,,bian*9i ,,maxima ,,matrom ,,hic ,,vivit ,,manibus ,,francia ,,picta ,,tuis4 ,,bologna4 ,p9acoteca4 #gh4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,monica1 ,augu/91 ,francis1 ,proculus & ,seba/ian & an ,angel 7) portrait ( ,b>tolommeo ,felic9i1 = :om x 0 pa9t$1 ,,opus ,,franci ,,aurificis1 ,,mcccclxxxx 7,,iv8747 #hj4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,augu/91 ,j]ome1 & ,/eph51 & an angel 7pa9t$ = ! ,manzuoli74 #ha4 ,! ,infant ,*ri/ ador$ by ! ,virg91 ,,ss4 ,joseph1 ,augu/91 & ,francis1 ! donor & two angels4 7,pa9t$ = ,antonio ,galeazzo ,b5tivoglio 9 #adii47 #hb4 ,bir?2 ,infancy2 ,dea? ( ,*ri/4 7,a pr$ella47 #hc4 ,piet4 ,^! five 7 =m]ly 9 ,santa ,m>ia della ,mis]icordia1 ,bologna4 #cga4 ,annunciation1 ) ,,ss4 ,george1 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 & ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,p9xit1 ,,mccccc4 #cgb4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,paul1 & ,francis ( ,assisi4 #cgc4 ,crucifixion1 ) ! ,madonna1 ! ,magdal51 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,,opus ,,franci ,,aurif4 ,^! ?ree 7 =m]ly 9 ! ,,ss4 ,annunziata1 ,bologna4 #gi4 ,annunciation1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,j]ome4 ,=m]ly 9 ! ,oratorio ( ,san ,girolamo di ,miramonte ,bologna4 ,san ,giacomo ,maggiore4 ,madonna1 ) ,sa9ts & ,angels4 ,,johanni ,,b5tivoglio ,,ii4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,p9xit4 79 #adii74 ,9 ! ,b5tivoglio ,*apel4 ,m>riage2 & ,burial ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 fresco #aeji4 ,9 ! ,oratory ( ,santa ,cecilia4 ,san ,m>t9o ,maggiore4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,ro*1 ,seba/ian1 ,b]n>d9o1 & ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,p4 ,,ss4 ,vitale ed ,agricola4 ,angels play+ musical in/rum5ts 7r\nd an old] picture ( ! ,madonna74 ,casa ,ercolani4 ,god ! ,fa!r1 #aead4 ,,ces5a4 ,p9acoteca4 ,pres5tation4 ,,francia ,,aurifex4 ,,dresd54 ,gall]y4 ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 7a pr$ella74 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ! bird1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bon4 ,f4 ,m4 ,v4 ,,viiii4 7#aeji74 ,,f]r>a4 ,ca!dral4 ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ) ,,ss4 ,george1 ,/eph51 ,b>?olomew1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,pet]1 ,augu/9 & ,paul1 ,ca!r9e1 & ano!r female ,sa9t4 7,! alt>-piece 8( all ! ,sa9ts407 ,,flor5ce4 ,uffizi4 ,portrait ( ,evangeli/a ,scappi4 ,,s4 ,,vangeli/a ,,sc>pi4 ,,=li4 ,p9acoteca4 ,adoration ( ! ,*ild 7f ! ,palazzo ,zambecc>i1 ,bologna74 ,,frank=t4 ,/del4 ,portrait ( a "y man4 ,,hampton ,,c\rt4 ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bon4 7replica ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y picture74 ,,london4 ,national ,gall]y4 ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,infant ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,anne1 en?ron$1 surr\nd$ by ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,seba/ian1 ,paul1 ,lawr5ce & ,romualdo 7) ! annex$ signature74 ,illu/ration3 ,,francia ,,avrifex ,,bononie,s,,is ,p4 ,! ,virg9 & two angels weep+ ov] ! dead body ( ,*ri/ 7lunette ( ! above74 ,^! two pictures1 =m]ly an alt>-piece1 7 orig9ally 9 ! ,buonvisi ,*apel 9 ,san ,fr$iano1 at ,lucca4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) two ,sa9ts4 ,dudley ,h\se4 ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,joseph4 ,,jacobus ,,camb>us ,,bonon4 ,,p] ,,franciam ,,aurifabrum ,,hoc ,,opus ,,fi]i ,,curavit1 #adie4 ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,,lucca4 ,san ,fr$iano4 ,! ,virg9 9 glory bless$ by ,*ri/1 ) ,,ss4 ,anselm1 ,augu/91 ,an?ony1 & ,david & ,solomon4 ,sc5es f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,augu/9e ord] 7pr$ella74 ,gall]ia ,mansi da ,san ,pellegr9o4 ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,,madrid4 ,duke ( ,f]nan ,nunez4 ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,,milan4 ,br]a4 ,annunciation4 ,casa ,p]tusati4 ,madonna & ,sa9ts4 #aeaa4 ,,muni*4 ,p9ako!k4 ,madonna ( ! ,rose-g>d54 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bono4 7,a copy is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & ano!r 9 ! ,p9acoteca1 ,bologna47 ,madonna & ,*ild 7:o holds a bird71 ) two angels4 ,,p>is4 ,l\vre4 ,! ,nativity4 ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ) ,job1 ! ,virg91 & ,/4 ,john4 ,,francia ,,aurifab] 7=m]ly 9 ,san ,giobbe1 ,bologna74 ,,p>ma4 ,accademia4 ,deposition4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bonon4 ,f4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,,ss4 ,joseph1 ,b5$ict1 ,scola/ica1 & ,placida4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bononi5sis1 ,f4 ,,mdxv4 ,madonna ) ! little ,/4 ,john4 ,,rome4 ,palazzo ,borghese4 ,/4 ,/eph54 ,,v9c5tii ,,desid]ii ,,votum ,,fra,,ci ,,expressum ,,manu 7e>ly "w74 ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg4 ,h]mitage4 ,madonna & ,*ild 79 ! backgr\nd ! 8,resurrection0 & 8,transfiguration074 ,f4 ,,francia4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & two angels4 ,d4,s4 ,,ludovicus ,,de ,,calc9a4 ,,decretoru ,,doctor ,,canonicus4 ,s4,p ,,bon ,,r$ificator ,,auctorq4 ,,domus ,,et ,,re/aurator ,,huius ,,eclesi ,,fecit ,,fi]i4 ,p4 ,,me ,,franciam ,,aurifice ,,bonon4 ,,ano4 ,,mccccc4 ,,tur94 ,museum4 ,piet1 ) ! ,virg91 ! ,magdal51 ! ,evangeli/1 & a ,sa9t4 ,f4 ,,francia ,,aurifex ,,bononi5sis ,f4 ,,mdxv4 ,,vi5na4 ,belv$]e4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,,ss4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,francis1 & ,ca!r9e 7repa9t$74 ,academy4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,sa9ts 7repa9t$1 & d\btful74 ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y4 ,portrait ( a ,bolognese nobleman 7=m]ly ascrib$ to ,raphael74 ,,pa9t+s ,,by ,,francia ,,9 ,,private ,,collections ,,9 ,,engl& ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times4 ,,at ,,! ,,briti% ,,in/itution 7#ahaf-aheb74 ,date4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ahdc4 ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,francis ,hon4 ,t4 ,frankl& ,lewis4 #aheb4 ,baptism ( our ,savi\r ,"r ,hon4 ,h4 ,lab\*]e1 ,m4,p4 #ahec4 ,a ,man's ,head ,john ,freeborn1 ,esq4 #ahfa4 ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,angels ,w4 ,f4 ,maitl&1 ,esq4 #ahfc4 ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man ,j4 ,c4 ,rob9son1 ,esq4 ,,at ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,art ,,treasures ,,exhibition1 #aheg4 ,cat4 ,no4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ha4 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ ,"r ,hon4 ,h4 ,lab\*]e4 #ajh4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,joseph ,"l ,w>d4 #abd4 ,madonna & ,*ild ,daniel ,lee1 ,esq4 #abg4 ,virg9 & ,*ild ,"l ,nor?wick4 #acb4 ,! ,baptism ,! ,que5 7,hampton ,c\rt74 #adf4 ,/4 ,ro* ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,f>quh>1 ,b>t4 ,,at ,,! ,,le$s ,,art ,,treasures ,,exhibition1 #ahfh4 ,cat4 ,no4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #fj4 ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,tripty* ,j4 ,w4 ,faulkn]1 ,esq4 #hj4 ,head ( a ,sa9t ,alex&] ,b>k]1 ,esq4 #hc4 ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,sa9ts ,sixtus & ,laur5ce ,wolsey ,moreau1 ,esq4 #hf4 ,sa9t ,alex&] ,b>k]1 ,esq4 #bdh4 ,holy ,family ,! ,"r ,hon4 ! ,speak]4 ,,at ,,! 8,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s40 ,date4 ,subject4 ,own]4 #ahga4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,e>l ( ,dudley4 #ahgc4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,j4 ,f4 ,jesse1 ,esq4 #ahgf4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild--rocky l&scape 9 di/ance ,?omas ,%effield1 ,esq4 #ahgi4 ,/4 ,francis ,william ,graham1 ,esq4 #ahha4 ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t] ,sir ,william ,n4 ,abdy1 ,b>t4 ,portrait ( ,giovanni ,b5tivoglio1 ( ,bologna 0 0 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,mantegna4 #adca4 ,born 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,padua4 7,page #c47 #adda4 ,ent]$ on ! regi/] ( ,paduan pa9t]s z ! adopt$ son ( 8 ma/] ,squ>cione4 7,p4 #c47 #addh4 ,pa9t$ ! alt>-piece = ,santa ,s(ia ( ,padua4 7,p4 #c47 #adeb4 ,pa9t$ ! fresco ov] ! portal ( ,sant' ,antonio4 7,p4 #c47 #adeb-eh4 ,pa9t$ ! frescoes ( ! ,eremitani ,*ur*1 & m>ri$ ,niccolosia ,bell9i4 7,pp4 #c-aa47 #aded4 ,pa9t$ ! alt>-piece = ,santa ,giu/9a1 ,padua4 7,p4 #ad47 #adef4 ,ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,lodovico ,gonzaga4 7,p4 #ad47 #adeg-ei4 ,pa9t$ ! alt>-piece ( ,san ,z5o at ,v]ona4 7,p4 #ae47 #adei4 ,settl$ at ,mantua ) 8 family4 7,p4 #ag47 #adff4 ,visit$ ,flor5ce4 7,p4 #bb47 #adgb4 ,visit$ ,c>d9al ,francesco ,gonzaga at ,bologna4 7,p4 #bb47 0 ,receiv$ a grant ( l& at ,buscoldo4 7,p4 #bb47 #adgj-adgd4 ,pa9t$ ! frescoes ( ! ,cam]a degli ,sposi4 7,pp4 #be-bh47 #adgc4 ,receiv$ a grant ( l& 9 ,mantua ^u :i* he built 8 h\se4 7,p4 #bi47 #adha4 ,pa9t$ at ,m>mirolo4 7,p4 #cj47 #adhc4 ,receiv$ a visit f ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 7,p4 #cj47 #adhe4 ,pa9t$ a ,madonna = ! ,du*ess ( ,f]r>a4 7,p4 #cb47 #adhe-adhh4 ,pa9t$ ! fir/ pieces ( ! 8,triumphs40 7,p4 #cb47 #adhh-adij4 ,pa9t$ ! frescoes ( ! ,belv$]e ,*apel ( ! ,vatican = ,innoc5t ,,viii4 7,p4 #cb47 0 ,pa9t$ ! ,madonna & ,*ild ( ! ,uffizi = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 7,p4 #cd47 #adij4 ,left ,rome & return$ to ,mantua1 ,sept4 #f4 7,p4 #cd47 #adij-ib4 ,work$ at ! 8,triumphs ( ,julius ,cs>0 & complet$ ! s]ies4 7,p4 #ci47 #adib4 ,receiv$ a fre% grant ( l& f ,francesco ,gonzaga1 ,feb4 #d4 7,p4 #dc47 #adid4 ,furni%$ 8 h\se 9 ! p>i% ( ,s4 ,seba/ian4 7,p4 #dc47 #adie-if4 ,pa9t$ ! ,madonna della ,vittoria4 7,p4 #dg47 #adif-ig4 ,pa9t$ an alt>-piece = ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,organo at ,v]ona1 n[ 9 ,casa ,trivulzi1 ,milan4 7,p4 #dh47 #adii4 ,design$ a monum5t to ,virgil4 7,p4 #di47 #adii4 ,m>riage ( 8 daught] ,taddea to ,viano ,vianesi4 7,p4 #dc47 #aejd4 ,made 8 fir/ w1 ,m>* #a4 7,p4 #ea47 0 ,ent]$ into a contract ) ! ,canons ( ,sant' ,&rea by :i* he obta9$ possession ( a *apel 9 t *ur*1 ,aug4 #aa4 7,p4 #ea47 0 ,sold 8 h\se 9 ,mantua4 7,p4 #ea47 #aeje4 ,disgrace & bani%m5t ( 8 son ,francesco4 7,p4 #ea47 0 ,pa9t$ ! ,/4 ,seba/ian ( ! ,sc>pa gall]y1 & ! ,triumph ( ,scipio = ,francesco ,corn>o4 7,p4 #eb47 0 ,b\ght a h\se 9 ! ,contrada ,unicorno4 7,p4 #ec47 #aejf4 ,alt]$ 8 w 9 fav\r ( ,gian' ,&rea1 8 illegitimate son1 ,jan4 #bd4 7,p4 #ea47 0 ,pa9t$ ! ,masque ( ,comus = ,isabella ,gonzaga4 7,p4 #ec47 0 ,sold 8 bu/ ( ,fau/9a to ,isabella's ag5t1 ,aug4 #a4 7,p4 #ed47 0 ,di$ at ,mantua1 ,sept4 #ac4 7,p4 #ed47 ,,( ,,francia4 #adej4 ,born at ,bologna4 7,p4 #ge47 #adhb4 ,ent]$ ! ,goldsmi?s' ,guild4 7,p4 #gf47 #adhc4 ,elect$ /ew>d ( ! ,guild4 7,p4 #gj47 #adhe4 ,bir? ( 8 son ,giacomo4 7,p4 #gf47 #adhg4 ,bir? ( 8 son ,giulio4 7,p4 #gf47 #adhi4 ,elect$ /ew>d ( ! ,goldsmi?s' ,guild a second "t4 7,p4 #gf47 #adij4 ,pa9t$ 8 fir/ alt>-piece = ,b>tolommeo ,felic9i4 7,p4 #gi47 #adie4 ,pa9t$ a ,madonna & ,*ild = ,jacopo ,gamb>o4 7,p4 #ha47 #adii4 ,pa9t$ alt>-pieces = ! ,b5tivoglio ,*apel & ,*ur* ( ! ,mis]icordia4 7,p4 #ha47 #aejj4 ,pa9t$ alt>-pieces = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata1 & = ,san ,lor5zo4 7,pp4 #hd1 #he47 #aejb4 ,pa9t$ ,madonna & ,sa9ts = ! ,fri>s dell' ,oss]vanza at ,mod5a4 7,p4 #ajj47 #aeje-aejf4 ,pa9t$ frescoes ( ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,cecilia4 7,p4 #id47 #aejg4 ,expulsion ( ! ,b5tivogli4 7,p4 #ig47 #aejh4 ,co9$ money = ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 7,p4 #ig47 0 ,s5t 8 portrait to ,raphael 9 ,rome1 ,sept4 7,p4 #ig47 #aeji4 ,pa9t$ ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 7n[ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y74 7,p4 #ii47 #aeaa4 ,elect$ "o ( ! six ,gonfaloni]i ( ! ,p4 7,p4 #ajb47 #aeab4 ,elect$ /ew>d ( ! ,guild4 7,p4 #ajc47 #aead4 ,elect$ /ew>d ( ! f\r ,guilds4 7,p4 #ajc47 #aeae4 ,pa9t$ ,sanvitale alt>-piece at ,p>ma1 & ,piet at ,tur94 7,p4 #ajd47 #aeaf4 ,raphael s5t 8 ,/4 ,cecilia to ,bologna4 7,p4 #aje47 #aeag4 7,new /yle1 #aeah74 ,di$1 ,jan4 #e4 7,p4 #ajf47 ,,footnotes #a ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle d\bt t he w5t to ,greece4 #b ,we h ,pr(essor ,colv9's au?ority = assign+ ?is pr9t to ,mantegna1 z well z ! /rong inf]5ce drawn f ! lik5ess ( ! engrav+s to ! frescoes ( ! ,ca/ello di ,corte4 7,portfolio1 vol4 #h47 #c ,! ,raphael ,c>toons only realis$ #cjj4 #d ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle d\bt t ,francia /udi$ "u ,zoppo4 #e ,see ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle4 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bid4 ,crevalcore's "n1 h[ev]1 does n occur 9 ! ,b]l9 (ficial catalogue4 #f ,no4 #hj1 9 ! ,p9acoteoa1 ,bologna4 #g ,no4 #ha4 #h ,at ,tew ,p>k1 ,ox=d%ire4 #i ,^! two frescoes are usually ascrib$ to ,giacomo ,raibol9i2 b ,frizzoni & ,milanese aft] him attribute !m to ,tam>occio1 :o assi/$ 8 ma/] ,francia 9 ! *apel4 #aj ,! picture exhibit$ by ,sir ,william ,abdy at ,burl+ton ,h\se la/ w9t] 7#ahha7 z ! pa9t]'s own lik5ess has too little 9 common ) ,francia's /yle to be accept$ z g5u9e ) any c]ta9ty1 al?\gh a pr9t ( x1 be>+ ! date #agfc & ! "n ( ! goldsmi? pa9t]1 is said to exi/4 #aa ,9 ! li/s ( ,mantegna's & ,francia's works exhibit$ at ! ,briti% ,in/itution1 ,man*e/]1 ,le$s1 & ! 8,old ,ma/]s0 at ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ! (ficial catalogues h be5 /rictly adh]$ to2 x mu/ n be suppos$ t e picture class$ z ! "w ( ,mantegna or ( ,francia is recognis$ z g5u9e by ! critics2 = example1 ! ,royal ,academy m]ely catalogues ! works 8"u ! names giv5 to !m by ! contributors10 & 8c accept no responsibility z to _! au!nticity40 ,,bibliography4 ,,cr[e ,,& ,,cavalcaselle4 ,a hi/ory ( pa9t+ 9 ,nor? ,italy4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,milanesi1 ,,gaetano4 ,le op]e di ,giorgio ,vas>i2 con nuove annotazioni e ,comm5ti di ,milanesi4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgi4 ,,mantegna4 ,,goe!1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,von4 ,triumphzug von ,mantegna4 ,w]ke1 ,,xxxix4 ,,arco1 ,,c>lo ,d'4 ,delle ,arti e degli ,artifici di ,mantova1 notizie raccolte ed illu/rate con disegni e con docum5ti4 ,mantova1 #ahei4 ,,bas*et1 ,,arm&4 ,docum5ts sur ,mantegna4 ,9 ! 8,gazette des ,beaux ,arts40 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,,braghirolli1 ,,willelmo4 ,alcuni docum5ti in$ite relative ad ,&rea ,mantegna3 9 ! 8,giornale d',erudizione ,arti/ica40 ,p]ugia1 #ahgb4 ,,brun1 ,,k>l4 ,neue ,docum5te b] ,&rea ,mantegna3 9 ! 8,zeits*rift fr ,bild5de ,kun/10 vol4 xi4 ,leipzig1 #ahge-f4 ,,woltmann1 ,,dr4 ,,alfr$4 ,biography ( ,,&rea ,,mantegna 9 ! 8,kun/ und ,kn/l] des ,mittelalt]s und d] ,neuzeit40 ,edit$ by ,,dr4 ,,rob]t ,,dohme4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,,francia4 ,,calvi1 ,,jacopo ,,aless&ro4 ,memorie della vita ed op]e di ,francesco ,raibol9i4 ,bologna1 #ahab4 ,,malvasia1 ,,c>lo ,,ces>e4 ,fels9a ,pittrice4 ,vite de ,pittori ,bolognesi4 ,bologna1 #ahda4 ,,giordani1 ,,gaetano4 ,catalogo dei ,quadri della ,p9acoteca4 ,bologna1 #ahda4 ,,amor9i1 ,,antonio ,,bologn9i1 ,m>*ese1 ,vite dei ,pittori ed ,artefici ,bolognesi4 ,bologna1 #ahda-dc4 ,,frizzoni1 ,,gu/avo4 ,gli ,affres*i di ,santa ,cecilia 9 ,bologna4 ,bologna1 #ahgf4 ,,index4 ,,to ,,mantegna4 ,aldobr&9i1 #bb ,alipr&i1 qu>rel )1 #bc ex*ang$ l& )1 #dc ,alti*i]i ( ,v]ona1 #b ,&rea1 ,zoan1 #bc1 #ce ,ansu9o ( ,=li1 #e ,ario/o1 #ei ,avanzo1 ,jacopo d'1 #b ,b>b>o1 ,daniele1 #h ,bell9i1 !1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ag ,bono ( ,f]r>a1 #e ,bossi1 ,matteo1 #ac1 #ah ,bu/ ( ,mantegna1 #g ,cal&ra1 #ed ,cam]a degli ,sposi1 #be-bh ,campagnola1 #ce ,c>acalla1 ,ba?s (1 #ac ,c]do1 ,vitruvius1 #ac ,donatello1 #i1 #ab1 #ad ,draw+s-- ,calumny ( ,apelles1 #de ,*alice1 ,design =1 #df ,entombm5t1 #de ,h]cules kill+ ! ,lion1 #de ,judgm5t ( ,solomon1 #de ,judi?1 #de1 #df ,m>s1 ,diana & ,v5us1 #de ,sagrifizio1 #de1 #df ,dr]1 #cf1 #ee ,dw>fs at ,mantua1 #bf ,engrav+s-- ,battle ( ! ,sea-,gods1 #ce1 #de1 #ei ,danc+ ,muses ( ! ,p>nassus1 #ce ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 #cf ,entombm5t1 #cf1 #ei1 #fb ,h]cules & ,antu1 #cf1 #de ,portraits ( ,lodovico & ,b>b>a ,gonzaga1 #cf ,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,long9us & ! ,ris5 ,*ri/1 #cf ,/4 ,seba/ian1 #cf ,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/1 #d ,triumphs1 #ce1 #dj ,virg9 ( ! ,grotto1 #ah1 #ce ,eremitani ,frescoes1 #d-aa ,e/e1 ,isabella d'1 #ca1 #cd ,fancelli1 #ad ,fau/9a1 ,mantegna's1 #ec1 #ed1 #ef ,feliciano1 #ac ,f9igu]ra1 #ce ,gian' ,&rea1 #dc1 #ej1 #ea ,giotto1 #a ,giu/o ( ,flor5ce1 #b ,gonzaga1 ,f$]ico1 #cj1 #ca ,gonzaga1 ,francesco1 #bb ,gonzaga1 ,francesco ,,ii41 #cb1 #cc1 #dc ,gonzaga1 ,lodovico1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ba1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj ,gonzaga1 ,sigismondo1 #ea ,influ5ce ( ,mantegna on-- ,bell9i1 !1 #eg ,bonsignori1 #eg ,buonconsiglio1 #eg ,c>oto1 #eg ,correggio1 #eh ,co/a1 #eg ,dr]1 #ei ,=li1 ,melozzo da1 #eh ,francia1 #eh ,holbe91 #ei ,libri1 ,girolamo dai1 #eg ,gr&i1 ,ercole1 #eg ,leon>do1 #eh1 #fj ,lib]ale1 #eg ,mi*elangelo1 #eh1 #fa ,montagna1 #eg ,morone1 #eg ,raphael1 #eh1 #fj ,rub5s1 #ei ,tura1 ,cosimo1 #eg ,viv>9i1 ,luigi1 #eg ,innoc5t ,,viii41 #cb1 #cc ,julius ,,ii41 #ed ,lomazzo1 #h ,lor5zo di ,pavia1 #ee ,mantegna1 ,&rea 7,see ,*ronology p4 #aai7 ,mantegna1 ,francesco1 #ea1 #eg ,mantegna1 ,lodovico1 #cb1 #dc1 #ea ,mantegna1 ,niccolosia1 #dc1 #ea ,mantegna1 ,taddea1 #dc ,mantua1 sack (1 #bd ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de'1 visits ,mantegna1 #cj ,melozzo da ,=li1 #bh ,mocetto1 #ce ,niccolosia1 #dc1 #ea ,norsa1 #dg ,pa9t+s-- ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ( ! ,uffizi1 #ah ( ! ,vatican1 #cb ,autumn1 #ai ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 #cb ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 #cb ,burial ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 #aj ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 #af ,cri/o 9 ,scurto1 #ee ,comus1 #ec ,dead ,*ri/1 #ai ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 #ai ,desc5t ( ,*ri/ into ,limbo1 #cd ,execution ( ,/4 ,james1 #i ,glorifi$ ,madonna1 ( ,milan1 #dh ,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 #d-aa ,lodovico ,gonzaga & 8 son1 ,francesco1 #bf ,lodovico ,gonzaga & 8 wife1 #be ,madonna1 ( ,b]gamo1 #di hold+ ! *ild on a p>apet1 #ah ,madonna1 ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 #cb ( ,san ,z5o1 #ae1 #af ,madonna della ,vittoria1 #df1 #dg1 #dh ,man ( ,sorr[s1 #cd ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 #aj ,p>nassus1 #dd1 #dh ,piet1 #bj ,portrait ( an ,ecclesia/ic1 #ah ,rub5s's copy ( ! ,triumphs1 #da ,,ss4 ,an?ony & ,b]n>d9o1 #c ,/4 ,euphemia1 #ad ,/4 ,george1 #ai ,/4 ,james baptiz+ ,conv]ts1 #f be=e ,h]od1 #g bless+ a kneel+ disciple1 #g ,/4 ,luke1 #ad ,/4 ,seba/ian1 #ai ( ,la ,motta1 #eb1 #ee ,summ]1 #ai ,triumphs ( ,julius ,cs>1 #cb1 #cc1 #ch1 #dc1 #df1 #fj ,triumph ( ,scipio1 #eb1 #ee ,virg91 ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 #dh ( ! ,uffizi1 #ca1 #cd ,wisdom ,victori\s ov] ! ,vices1 #dd ,pannonio1 #ac ,pizzolo1 ,niccolo1 #e1 #f1 #ah ,santa ,s(ia1 alt>-piece =1 #c ,santi1 ,giovanni1 #bh ,sp]&io's ,bu/ ( ,mantegna1 #ef ,squ>cione1 #b1 #h1 #ad ,uccelli1 #h1 #i1 #ab ,vianesi1 #dc ,virgil1 ,monum5t to1 #di ,zizim1 #cc ,zoppo1 ,m>co1 #e ,,to ,,francia4 ,angelico1 ,fra1 #ajg1 #ajh ,asp]t9i1 #id1 #ie1 #ajd ,avanzi1 ,jacopo degli1 #fg1 #fh ,avanzo1 ,jacopo d'1 #fh ,bagnacavallo1 #ajc ,b5tivoglio1 ,antonio ,galeazzo ,giovanni ,,ii41 #gc1 #gf1 #ha ,b5tivogli driv5 f ,bologna1 #ig ,b5tivogli return to ,bologna1 #ajb ,b]n>d9o da ,si5a1 #gj ,c>racci1 !1 #fi1 #hb1 #ajf ,casio1 #hj1 #hc ,cat]9a1 #gf ,*iod>olo1 #id1 #ie ,clem5t ,,viii41 #fg ,cossa1 ,francesco1 #gc ,co/a1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #id1 #ie ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 #hc ,crevalcore1 #hj ,cri/(ano1 #gj ,dalmasii1 ,lippo1 #ff ,dom5i*9o1 #ajf ,draw+s-- ,greek ,y\?s1 #ic ,judgm5t ( ,p>is1 #ic ,franco ,bolognese1 #fe ,felic9i1 #hj1 #hc ,francia 7,see ,*ronology p4 #abj7 ,galassi1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb ,gamb>o1 #ha ,ga/on de ,foix1 #ajb ,gr&i1 ,ercole1 #gc ,ercole ,,ii1 #ajd ,gubbio1 ,od]isio da1 #fe ,guido ( ,bologna1 #ff ,guido ,r5i1 #ajf ,imola1 ,innoc5za da1 #ajc ,julius ,,ii1 #ig ,lamb]t9i1 #gb ,l&scape1 #hd ,lianori1 #gb ,mantegna1 #gb1 #gg ,m>*esi1 #ajd ,mezz>atta1 ,frescoes ( !1 #fh1 #fi ,mi*elangelo1 #fi ,nadi1 #id ,niello "w1 #gg ,pa9t+s-- ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ( ! ,br]a1 #hd at ,dresd51 #ajj ,annunciation1 ( ! ,annunziata1 #he ,bologna ,gall]y1 #ajj ( ! ,br]a1 #ha ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 ,dresd51 #ii ,hampton ,c\rt1 #ajj ,burial ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 #ie1 #if ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 at ,lucca1 #ia at ,f]r>a1 #ib ,crucifixion1 ( ! ,l\vre1 #ha ,deposition1 ,p>ma1 #hi1 #ajd ,dispute ( ,philosoph]s1 #ib ,god ! ,fa!r1 #ajd ,holy ,family1 ( ,b]l91 #gi ( ,dudley ,h\se1 #ha ,judi?1 #ib ,lucrezia1 #hh1 #ih ,madonna1 ( ! ,annunziata1 #he ,b5tivoglio1 #hb ,manzuoli1 #hb ,p>ma ,gall]y1 #ajj ,dresd51 #ajj ,national ,gall]y1 #ajj ,vi5na1 #ajj ,b]l91 #ajj ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #hd ,san ,m>t9o1 #hd ,muni*1 #ha ( #adij1 #gi ( #aeaa1 #ajd ,madonna ( ! ,rose ,g>d51 #ajj ,m>riage ( ,cecilia & ,val]ian1 #ie ,nativity1 ( ,bologna1 #hb ( ,=li1 #ib ,piet1 at ,bologna1 #ha ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 #hi1 #ij ,tur9 ,gall]y1 #ajd ,portrait ( ,b>tolommeo ,bian*9i1 #gi ,evangeli/a ,scappi1 #ii a ,bolognese ,noble1 #ii ,pres5tation1 ( ,ces5a1 #ib ,/4 ,/eph51 #gh ,virg9 en?ron$ ) ,sa9ts1 ( ,national ,gall]y1 #ia ,paxes1 by ,francia1 #gg ,p]ug9o1 #hj1 #hc ,pietro della ,francesca1 #gb ,raibol9i1 ,francesco 7,see ,*ronology p4 #abj7 ,raibol9i1 ,giacomo1 #id1 #ie1 #gf1 #ajc ,giulio1 #gf1 #ajc ,raimondi1 #ic ,raphael1 ,francia's fri5d%ip =1 #hf ,raphael visits ,bologna1 #hg & ,francia ex*ange pictures1 #hh ,sonnet to1 #hh influ5ce (1 #ie lett] (1 #ig s5ds 8 alt>-piece to ,francia1 #aje ,/4 ,cecilia1 ,frescoes 9 ,oratory (1 #id1 #ie ,simone dai ,crocifissi1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga ,tam>occio1 #id1 #ie ,ursone1 #fe ,v5tura1 #fe ,vigri1 ,santa ,cat]9a1 #gb ,vitale1 #ff1 #gj ,viti1 ,timoteo1 #hg ,zoppo1 ,m>co1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh