,transcrib]'s ,note ,bold surr\nd+ text2 italics surr\nd+ text4 ,!re are two types ( sid5ote 9 ?is book4 ,! sid5otes 9 italics are ! orig9al page head]s1 & h be5 pres]v$ z a guide to ! conv]sation 7!y sometimes repeat f page to page74 ,! sid5otes n 9 italics are ! 8m>g9al analyses0 ref]r$ to on ! title page1 :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 ! m>g9s alongside ! text4 ,!y h be5 jo9$ toge!r into complete s5t5ces :]e necess>y4 ,all sid5otes h be5 plac$ at ! ne>e/ p>agraph break4 ,note on *anges made to ! text is at ! end4 ,,! ,,dialogues ,,( ,,plato ,,j[ett ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,dialogues ,,( ,,plato ,,translat$ ,,into ,,engli% ,,) ,,analyses ,,& ,,introductions ,,by ,b4 ,,j[ett1 ,m4,a4 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,balliol ,,college ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,doctor ,,9 ,,!ology ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,9 ,,five ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,?ird ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,correct$ ,,?r\gh\t1 ,,) ,,m>g9al ,,analyses ,,& ,,an ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,,& ,,prop] ,,names ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,am]ican ,,bran* ,,new ,,york3 #ia ,,& #ic1 ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de #ahib ,,copyright1 #ahib1 ,,by ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,de ,v9ne ,press4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,m5o #a ,,eu?yphro #fe ,,apology #ie ,,crito #acg ,,pha$o #aeg ,,gorgias #bfg ,,app5dix ,i3-- ,,less] ,,hippias #dcc ,,alcibiades ,i #deg ,,m5ex5us #eaa ,,app5dix ,,ii3-- ,,alcibiades ,,ii #ece ,,eryxias #eee ,,m5o4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o4 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,?is ,dialogue beg9s abruptly ) a "q ( ,m5o1 :o ,/eph4 #gj asks #8:e!r virtue c be taught4' ,socrates replies t he does n z yet "k :at virtue is1 & has nev] kn[n #ga any "o :o did4 #8,!n he _c h met ,gorgias :5 he 0 at ,a!ns4' ,yes1 ,socrates _h met him1 b he has a bad memory1 & has =gott5 :at ,gorgias said4 ,w ,m5o tell him 8 own notion1 :i* is probably n v diff]5t f t ( ,gorgias8 #8,o yes--no?+ easi]3 !re is ! virtue #gb ( a man1 ( a woman1 ( an old man1 & ( a *ild2 !re is a virtue ( e age & /ate ( life1 all ( :i* may be easily describ$4' ,socrates rem9ds ,m5o t ?is is only an enum]ation ( ! #gc virtues & n a def9ition ( ! notion :i* is common to !m all4 ,9 a second attempt ,m5o def9es virtue to be #8! p[] ( comm&4' ,b to ?is1 aga91 exceptions are tak54 ,= !re mu/ be a virtue ( ^? :o obey1 z well z ( ^? :o comm&2 & ! p[] ( comm& mu/ be ju/ly or n unju/ly ex]cis$4 ,m5o is v ready to admit t ju/ice is virtue3 #8,w\ld y say virtue or a virtue1 = !re are o!r virtues1 su* z c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ! l2 j z r\nd #gd is a figure1 & black & :ite are col\rs1 & yet !re are o!r figures & o!r col\rs4 ,let ,m5o take ! examples ( figure & col\r1 & try to def9e !m4' ,m5o confesses 8 inability1 & aft] a process ( int]rogation1 9 :i* ,socrates expla9s to him ! nature ( a #8simile 9 multis1' ,socrates #ge himself def9es figure z #8! accompanim5t ( col\r4' ,b "s "o may object t he does n "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w #8col\r2' & if he is a c&id fri5d1 & n a m]e disputant1 ,socrates is will+ to furni% him ) a simpl] & m philosophical def9ition1 into :i* no disput$ ^w is all[$ to intrude3 #8,figure is ! limit ( =m4' ,m5o imp]i\sly #gf insi/s t he mu/ /ill h a def9ition ( col\r4 ,"s raill]y foll[s2 & at l5g? ,socrates is induc$ to reply1 #8t col\r is ! efflu5ce ( =m1 s5sible1 & 9 due proportion to ! sight4' ,?is def9ition is exactly suit$ to ! ta/e ( ,m5o1 :o welcomes ! famili> language ( ,gorgias & ,emp$ocles4 ,socrates is ( op9ion t ! m ab/ract or dialectical def9ition ( figure is f> bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #gh-ha4 ,n[ t ,m5o has be5 made to und]/& ! nature ( a g5]al def9ition1 he answ]s 9 ! _s ( a ,greek g5tleman1 & 9 ! words ( a poet1 #8t virtue is to delight 9 #gg ?+s hon\rable1 & to h ! p[] ( gett+ !m4' ,?is is a ne>] approximation ?an he has yet made to a complete def9ition1 &1 reg>d$ z a piece ( prov]bial or popul> morality1 is n f> f ! tru?4 ,b ! objection is urg$1 #8t ! hon\rable is ! good1' & z e "o equally desires ! good1 ! po9t ( ! def9ition is conta9$ 9 ! words1 #gh #8! p[] ( gett+ !m4' #8,& !y mu/ be got ju/ly or ) ju/ice4' ,! def9ition w !n /& ?us3 #8,virtue is ! p[] ( gett+ good ) ju/ice4' ,b ju/ice is a "p ( #gi virtue1 & !re=e virtue is ! gett+ ( good ) a "p ( virtue4 ,! def9ition repeats ! ^w def9$4 ,m5o compla9s t ! conv]sation ( ,socrates has ! effect #hj ( a torp$o's %ock ^u him4 ,:5 he talks ) o!r p]sons he has pl5ty to say ab\t virtue2 9 ! pres5ce ( ,socrates1 8 ?\ghts des]t him4 ,socrates replies t he is only ! cause ( p]plexity 9 o!rs1 because he is himself p]plex$4 ,he proposes to cont9ue ! enquiry4 ,b h[1 asks ,m5o1 c he enquire ei!r into :at he kn[s or into :at he does n "k8 ,?is is a sophi/ical puzzle1 :i*1 #ha z ,socrates rem>ks1 saves a great deal ( tr\ble to him :o accepts x4 ,b ! puzzle has a real difficulty lat5t "u x1 to :i* ,socrates w endeav\r to f9d a reply4 ,! difficulty is ! orig9 ( k3-- ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ha-ic4 ,he has he>d f prie/s & prie/esses1 & f ! poet ,p9d>1 ( an immortal s\l :i* is born aga9 & aga9 9 successive p]iods ( exi/5ce1 return+ into ?is _w :5 %e has paid ! p5alty ( anci5t crime1 &1 hav+ w&]$ ov] all places ( ! upp] & "u _w1 & se5 & kn[n all ?+s at "o "t or o!r1 is by association out ( "o ?+ capable ( recov]+ all4 ,= nature is ( "o k9dr$2 & e s\l has a se$ or g]m :i* may be develop$ into all #hb k4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is lat5t k is fur!r prov$ by ! int]rogation ( "o ( ,m5o's slaves1 :o1 9 ! skilful h&s ( ,socrates1 is made to ackn[l$ge "s elem5t>y relations ( geometrical figures4 ,! !orem t ! squ>e ( ! diagonal is d\ble ! squ>e ( ! side--t #hc-he fam\s discov]y ( primitive ma!matics1 9 hon\r ( :i* ! leg5d>y ,py?agoras is said to h sacrific$ a hecatomb--is elicit$ f him4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( tea*+ has made him consci\s ( 8 own ignorance4 ,he has _h ! #8torp$o's %ock' giv5 him1 & is ! bett] = ! op]ation4 ,b :5ce _h ! un$ucat$ man ?is k8 ,he _h #hf nev] le>nt geometry 9 ?is _w2 nor 0 x born ) him2 he mu/ !re=e h _h x :5 he 0 n a man4 ,& z he always ei!r 0 or 0 n a man1 he mu/ h always _h x4 7,cp4 ,pha$o1 #gc ,b47 ,aft] ,socrates has giv5 ?is specim5 ( ! true nature ( tea*+1 ! orig9al "q ( ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue is r5ew$4 ,aga9 he pr(esses a desire to "k #8:at virtue is' fir/4 ,b he is will+ to argue ! "q1 z ma!maticians #hg say1 "u an hypo!sis4 ,he w assume t if virtue is k1 !n virtue c be taught4 7,?is 0 ! /age ( ! #hh argum5t at :i* ! ,protagoras conclud$47 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ic-ajj4 ,socrates has no difficulty 9 %[+ t virtue is a good1 & t goods1 :e!r ( body or m9d1 mu/ be "u ! direction ( k4 ,^u ! assumption j made1 !n1 virtue is tea*able4 ,b :]e are ! tea*]s8 ,!re are #hi none to be f\nd4 ,?is is extremely disc\rag+4 ,virtue is no soon] discov]$ to be tea*able1 ?an ! discov]y foll[s t x is n taught4 ,virtue1 !re=e1 is & is n tea*able4 ,9 ?is dilemma an appeal is made to ,anytus1 a respectable & #ij well-to-d citiz5 ( ! old s*ool1 & a family fri5d ( ,m5o1 :o happ5s to be pres5t4 ,he is ask$ #8:e!r ,m5o %all #ia g to ! ,sophi/s & be taught4' ,! sugge/ion ?r[s him into #ib a rage4 #8,to :om1 !n1 %all ,m5o g8' asks ,socrates4 ,to #ic any ,a!nian g5tleman--to ! great ,a!nian /atesm5 ( pa/ times4 ,socrates replies "h1 z else:]e 7,la*es #agi ,c foll42 ,prot4 #cai foll471 t ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 & o!r great m51 #id _h sons to :om !y w\ld surely1 if !y c\ld h done s1 h imp>t$ _! own political wisdom2 b no "o ev] he>d t ^! sons ( !irs 7 rem>kable = any?+ except rid+ & wre/l+ & simil> accompli%m5ts4 ,anytus is angry at ! imputation :i* is ca/ on 8 fav\rite /atesm51 & on a class to :i* he supposes himself to belong 7cp4 #ie ,a72 he breaks (f ) a significant h9t4 ,! m5tion ( #ie ano!r opportunity ( talk+ ) him 7#ii ,e71 & ! sugge/ion t ,m5o may d ! ,a!nian p a s]vice by pacify+ him 7#ajj71 are evid5t allusions to ! trial ( ,socrates4 ,socrates returns to ! consid]ation ( ! "q #8:e!r virtue is tea*able1' :i* 0 d5i$ on ! gr\nd t !re are no tea*]s ( x3 7= ! ,sophi/s are bad tea*]s1 & ! #if re/ ( ! _w d n pr(ess to tea*74 ,b !re is ano!r po9t :i* we fail$ to obs]ve1 & 9 :i* ,gorgias has nev] in/ruct$ ,m5o1 nor ,prodicus ,socrates4 ,?is is ! nature ( "r op9ion4 ,= virtue may be "u ! guidance ( "r #ig op9ion z well z ( k2 & "r op9ion is = practical purposes z good z k1 b is incapable ( be+ taught1 & is also liable1 l ! images ( ,da$alus1 to #8walk (f1' #ih because n b\nd by ! tie ( ! cause4 ,?is is ! sort ( in/9ct :i* is possess$ by /atesm51 :o are n wise or kn[+ p]sons1 b only inspir$ or div9e4 ,! high] virtue1 #ii :i* is id5tical ) k1 is an ideal only4 ,if ! /atesman _h ?is k1 & c\ld tea* :at he knew1 he w\ld be l ,tiresias 9 ! _w bel[1--#8he alone has wisdom1 #ajj b ! re/ flit l %ad[s4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,?is ,dialogue is an attempt to answ] ! "q1 ,c virtue be taught8 ,no "o w\ld ei!r ask or answ] su* a "q 9 mod]n times4 ,b 9 ! age ( ,socrates x 0 only by an ef=t t ! m9d c\ld rise to a g5]al notion ( virtue z di/9ct f ! p>ticul> virtues ( c\rage1 lib]ality1 & ! l4 ,& :5 a hazy conception ( ?is ideal 0 atta9$1 x 0 only by a fur!r ef=t t ! "q ( ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue c\ld be resolv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue1 k1 & true op9ion4 ,! answ] :i* is giv5 by ,plato is p>adoxical en\gh1 & seems r int5d$ to /imulate ?an to satisfy enquiry4 ,virtue is k1 & !re=e virtue c be taught4 ,b virtue is n taught1 & !re=e 9 ?is high] & ideal s5se !re is no virtue & no k4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s is confess$ly inadequate1 & ,m5o1 :o is _! pupil1 is ignorant ( ! v nature ( g5]al t]ms4 ,he c only produce out ( _! arm\ry ! sophism1 #8t y c nei!r enquire into :at y "k nor into :at y d n "k2' to :i* ,socrates replies by 8 !ory ( rem9isc5ce4 ,to ! doctr9e t virtue is k1 ,plato has be5 con/antly t5d+ 9 ! previ\s ,dialogues4 ,b ! new tru? is no soon] f\nd ?an x vani%es away4 #8,if !re is k1 !re mu/ be tea*]s2 & :]e are ! tea*]s8' ,!re is no k 9 ! high] s5se ( sy/ematic1 connect$1 reason$ k1 su* z may "o day be atta9$1 & su* z ,plato himself seems to see 9 "s f> (f vision ( a s+le sci5ce4 ,& !re are no tea*]s 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w2 t is to say1 no real tea*]s :o w ar\se ! _s ( enquiry 9 _! pupils1 & n m]ely in/ruct !m 9 rhetoric or imp>t to !m ready-made in=mation = a fee ( #8"o' or ( #8fifty dra*ms4' ,plato is desir\s ( deep5+ ! notion ( education1 & !re=e he ass]ts ! p>adox t !re are no educators4 ,?is p>adox1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 =m1 is n really diff]5t f ! rem>k :i* is (t5 made 9 mod]n times by ^? :o w\ld depreciate ei!r ! me?ods ( education commonly employ$1 or ! /&>d atta9$--t #8!re is no true education among u4' ,!re rema9s /ill a possibility :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,ev5 if !re be no true k1 z is prov$ by #8! wret*$ /ate ( education1' !re may be "r op9ion1 :i* is a sort ( guess+ or div9ation re/+ on no k ( causes1 & incommunicable to o!rs4 ,?is is ! gift :i* our /atesm5 h1 z is prov$ by ! circum/ance t !y are unable to imp>t _! k to _! sons4 ,^? :o are possess$ ( x _c be said to be m5 ( sci5ce or philosoph]s1 b !y are inspir$ & div9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem9isc5ce & immortality4 ,!re may be "s trace ( irony 9 ?is curi\s passage1 :i* =ms ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,dialogue4 ,b ,plato c]ta9ly does n mean to intimate t ! sup]natural or div9e is ! true basis ( human life4 ,to him k1 if only atta9able 9 ?is _w1 is ( all ?+s ! mo/ div9e4 ,yet1 l o!r philosoph]s1 he is will+ to admit t #8probability is ! guide ( life#a2' & he is at ! same "t desir\s ( contra/+ ! wisdom :i* gov]ns ! _w ) a high] wisdom4 ,!re are _m in/9cts1 judgm5ts1 & anticipations ( ! human m9d :i* _c be r$uc$ to rule1 & ( :i* ! gr\nds _c always be giv5 9 words4 ,a p]son may h "s skill or lat5t exp]i5ce :i* he is able to use himself & is yet unable to tea* o!rs1 because he has no pr9ciples1 & is incapable ( collect+ or arrang+ 8 ideas4 ,he has practice1 b n !ory2 art1 b n sci5ce4 ,?is is a true fact ( psy*ology1 :i* is recogniz$ by ,plato 9 ?is passage4 ,b he is f> f say+1 z "s h imag9$1 t inspiration or div9e grace is to be reg>d$ z high] ?an k4 ,he w\ld n h pref]r$ ! poet or man ( action to ! philosoph]1 or ! virtue ( cu/om to ! virtue bas$ ^u ideas4 ,also "h1 z 9 ! ,ion & ,pha$rus1 ,plato appe>s to ackn[l$ge an unreason+ elem5t 9 ! high] nature ( man4 ,! philosoph] only has k1 & yet ! /atesman & ! poet are inspir$4 ,!re may be a sort ( irony 9 reg>d+ 9 ?is way ! gifts ( g5ius4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t he is d]id+ !m1 any m ?an he is d]id+ ! ph5om5a ( love or ( en?usiasm 9 ! ,symposium1 or ( oracles 9 ! ,apology1 or ( div9e intimations :5 he is speak+ ( ! daemonium ( ,socrates4 ,he recognizes ! l[] =m ( "r op9ion1 z well z ! high] "o ( sci5ce1 9 ! _s ( "o :o desires to include 9 8 philosophy e aspect ( human life2 j z he recognizes ! exi/5ce ( popul> op9ion z a fact1 & ! ,sophi/s z ! expression ( x4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s less] traits ( ! ,dialogue4 ,?is ,dialogue probably conta9s ! fir/ intimation ( ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4#b ,! pro( is v slight ev5 slight] ?an 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic4 ,because m5 _h ab/ract ideas 9 a previ\s /ate1 !y mu/ h always _h !m1 & _! s\ls !re=e mu/ h always exi/$ 7#hf ,a74 ,= !y mu/ always h be5 ei!r m5 or n m54 ,! fallacy ( ! latt] words is transp>5t4 ,& ,socrates himself appe>s to be consci\s ( _! weakness2 = he adds imm$iately aft]w>ds1 #8,i h said "s ?+s ( :i* ,i am n altoge!r confid5t4' 7,cp4 ,pha$o #aad ,d1 #aae ,d47 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! fanciful notion ( pre-exi/5ce is comb9$ ) a true b p>tial view ( ! orig9 & unity ( k1 & ( ! association ( ideas4 ,k is prior to any p>ticul> k1 & exi/s n 9 ! previ\s /ate ( ! individual1 b ( ! race4 ,x is pot5tial1 n actual1 & c only be appropriat$ by /r5u\s ex]tion4 ,! idealism ( ,plato is "h pres5t$ 9 a less develop$ =m ?an 9 ! ,pha$o & ,pha$rus4 ,no?+ is said ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ideas ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l4 ,nor is ,socrates positive ( any?+ b ! duty ( enquiry 7#hf ,b74 ,! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce too is expla9$ m 9 accordance ) fact & exp]i5ce z aris+ out ( ! aff9ities ( nature 7 74 ,mod]n philosophy says t all ?+s 9 nature are dep5d5t on "o ano!r2 ! anci5t philosoph] _h ! same tru? lat5t 9 8 m9d :5 he affirm$ t out ( "o ?+ all ! re/ may be recov]$4 ,! subjective 0 conv]t$ by him into an objective2 ! m5tal ph5om5on ( ! association ( ideas 7cp4 ,pha$o #gc foll47 became a real *a9 ( exi/5ces4 ,! g]ms ( two valuable pr9ciples ( education may also be ga!r$ f ! #8words ( prie/s & prie/esses3' 7#a7 t true k is a k ( causes 7cp4 ,ari/otle's !ory ( 72 & 7#b7 t ! process ( le>n+ consi/s n 9 :at is br\ght to ! le>n]1 b 9 :at is drawn out ( him4 ,"s less] po9ts ( ! dialogue may be not$1 su* z 7#a7 ! acute obs]vation t ,m5o pref]s ! famili> def9ition1 :i* is embelli%$ ) poetical language1 to ! bett] & tru] "o 7#gf ,d72 or 7#b7 ! %rewd reflection1 :i* may admit ( an application to mod]n z well z to anci5t tea*]s1 t ! ,sophi/s hav+ made l>ge =tunes1 ?is mu/ surely be a crit]ion ( _! p[]s ( tea*+1 = t no man c\ld get a liv+ by %oemak+ :o 0 n a good %oemak] 7#ia ,c72 or 7#c7 ! rem>k1 convey$ almo/ 9 a ^w1 t ! v]bal sceptic is sav$ ! lab\r ( ?\ght & enquiry 1 7#hj ,e74 ,*>act]i/ic also ( ! temp] ( ! ,socratic enquiry is1 7#d7 ! proposal to discuss ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue "u an hypo!sis1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ma!maticians 7#hg ,a72 & 7#e7 ! repetition ( ! fav\rite doctr9e :i* occurs s frequ5tly 9 ! e>li] & m ,socratic ,dialogues1 & gives a col\r to all ( !m--t mank9d only desire evil ?r\gh ignorance 7#gg1 #gh foll472 7#f7 ! exp]im5t ( elicit+ f ! slave-boy ! ma!matical tru? :i* is lat5t 9 him1 & 7#g7 ! rem>k 7#hd ,b7 t he is all ! bett] = kn[+ 8 ignorance4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>act]s ( ,m5o & ,anytus4 ,! "* ( ,m5o1 l t ( ,critias1 has no relation to ! actual circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,plato is sil5t ab\t 8 trea*]y to ! ,t5 ,?\s& ,greeks1 :i* ,x5ophon has record$1 z he is also sil5t ab\t ! crimes ( ,critias4 ,he is a ,!ssalian ,alcibiades1 ri* & luxuri\s--a spoilt *ild ( =tune1 & is describ$ z ! h]$it>y fri5d ( ! great k+4 ,l ,alcibiades he is inspir$ ) an ard5t desire ( k1 & is equally will+ to le>n ( ,socrates & ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,he may be reg>d$ z /&+ 9 ! same relation to ,gorgias z ,hippocrates 9 ! ,protagoras to ! o!r great ,sophi/4 ,he is ! sophi/icat$ y\? on :om ,socrates tries 8 cross-exam9+ p[]s j z 9 ! ,*>mides1 ! ,lysis1 & ! ,eu?ydemus1 +5u\s boyhood is made ! subject ( a simil> exp]im5t4 ,he is treat$ by ,socrates 9 a half-playful mann] suit$ to 8 "*2 at ! same "t he appe>s n q to und]/& ! process to :i* he is be+ subject$4 ,= he is exhibit$ z ignorant ( ! v elem5ts ( dialectics1 9 :i* ! ,sophi/s h fail$ to in/ruct _! disciple4 ,8 def9ition ( virtue z #8! p[] & desire ( atta9+ ?+s hon\rable1' l ! fir/ def9ition ( ju/ice 9 ! ,republic1 is tak5 f a poet4 ,8 answ]s h a sophi/ical r+1 & at ! same "t %[ ! sophi/ical incapacity to grasp a g5]al notion4 ,anytus is ! type ( ! n>r[-m9d$ man ( ! _w1 :o is indignant at innovation1 & equally dete/s ! popul> tea*] & ! true philosoph]4 ,he seems1 l ,ari/ophanes1 to reg>d ! new op9ions1 :e!r ( ,socrates or ! ,sophi/s1 z fatal to ,a!nian greatness4 ,he is ( ! same class z ,callicles 9 ! ,gorgias1 b ( a diff]5t v>iety2 ! immoral & sophi/ical doctr9es ( ,callicles are n attribut$ to him4 ,! mod]ation ) :i* he is describ$ is rem>kable1 if he be ! accus] ( ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ! ,m5o to o!r ,dialogues4 ,socrates1 z is app>5tly indicat$ by 8 p>t+ words4 ,p]haps ,plato may h be5 desir\s ( %[+ t ! accusation ( ,socrates 0 n to be attribut$ to badness or malevol5ce1 b r to a t5d5cy 9 m5's m9ds4 ,or he may h be5 reg>dless ( ! hi/orical tru? ( ! *>act]s ( 8 dialogue1 z 9 ! case ( ,m5o & ,critias4 ,l ,*a]ephon 7,apol4 #ba7 ! real ,anytus 0 a democrat1 & _h jo9$ ,?rasybulus 9 ! conflict ) ! ,?irty4 ,! ,protagoras arriv$ at a sort ( hypo!tical conclusion1 t if #8virtue is k1 x c be taught4' ,9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ,socrates himself (f]$ an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! true tea*] may draw out ! m9d ( y\?2 ?is 0 9 contra/ to ! quibbl+ follies ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ! ,m5o ! subject is m develop$2 ! f\ndations ( ! enquiry are laid deep]1 & ! nature ( k is m di/9ctly expla9$4 ,!re is a progression by antagonism ( two opposite aspects ( philosophy4 ,b at ! mom5t :5 we approa* ne>e/1 ! tru? d\bles ^u u & passes out ( our rea*4 ,we seem to f9d t ! ideal ( k is irreconcilable ) exp]i5ce4 ,9 human life !re is inde$ ! pr(ession ( k1 b "r op9ion is our actual guide4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( progress f ! g5]al notions ( ,socrates1 :o ask$ simply1 #8:at is fri5d%ip8' #8:at is temp]ance8' #8:at is c\rage8' z 9 ! ,lysis1 ,*>mides1 ,la*es1 to ! transc5d5talism ( ,plato1 :o1 9 ! second /age ( 8 philosophy1 s\ght to f9d ! nature ( k 9 a prior & future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! difficulty 9 fram+ g5]al notions :i* has appe>$ 9 ?is & 9 all ! previ\s ,dialogues recurs 9 ! ,gorgias & ,!aetetus z well z 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 ! ,gorgias too ! /atesm5 reappe>1 b 9 /rong] opposition to ! philosoph]4 ,!y are no long] all[$ to h a div9e insight1 b1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ to h be5 clev] m5 & good speak]s1 are d5\nc$ z #8bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d4' ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is also c>ri$ fur!r1 be+ made ! f\ndation n only ( a !ory ( k1 b ( a doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,9 ! ,republic ! relation ( k to virtue is describ$ 9 a mann] m consi/5t ) mod]n di/9ctions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! virtues )\t ! possession ( k 9 ! high] or philosophical s5se is admitt$ to be possible4 ,"r op9ion is aga9 introduc$ 9 ! ,!aetetus z an acc\nt ( k1 b is reject$ on ! gr\nd t x is irrational 7z "h1 because x is n b\nd by ! tie ( ! cause71 & also because ! conception ( false op9ion is giv5 up z hopeless4 ,! doctr9es ( ,plato are necess>ily diff]5t at diff]5t times ( 8 life1 z new di/9ctions are realiz$1 or new /ages ( ?\ght atta9$ by him4 ,we are n !re=e ju/ifi$1 9 ord] to take away ! appe>ance ( inconsi/5cy1 9 attribut+ to him hidd5 mean+s or remote allusions4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! ,dialogue4 ,!re are no ext]nal crit]ia by :i* we c det]m9e ! date ( ! ,m5o4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t any ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato 7 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( ,socrates2 ! ,m5o1 :i* appe>s to be "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !m1 is prov$ to h be5 ( a lat] date by ! allusion ( ,anytus 7#id ,e1 #ie ,a4 ,cp4 also #hj ,b1 #ajj ,b74 ,we _c argue t ,plato 0 m likely to h writt51 z he has done1 ( ,m5o be=e ?an aft] 8 mis]able dea?2 = we h already se51 9 ! examples ( ,*>mides & ,critias1 t ! *>act]s 9 ,plato are v f> f resembl+ ! same *>act]s 9 hi/ory4 ,! repulsive picture :i* is giv5 ( him 9 ! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon 7ii4 #f71 :]e he also appe>s z ! fri5d ( ,ari/ippus #8& a fair y\? hav+ lov]s1' has no o!r trait ( lik5ess to ! ,m5o ( ,plato4 ,! place ( ! ,m5o 9 ! s]ies is d\btfully indicat$ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,! ma9 "* ( ! ,dialogue is ,socrates2 b to ! #8g5]al def9itions' ( ,socrates is add$ ! ,platonic doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce4 ,! problems ( virtue & k h be5 discuss$ 9 ! ,lysis1 ,la*es1 ,*>mides1 & ,protagoras2 ! puzzle ab\t kn[+ & le>n+ has already appe>$ 9 ! ,eu?ydemus4 ,! doctr9es ( immortality & pre-exi/5ce are c>ri$ fur!r 9 ! ,pha$rus & ,pha$o2 ! di/9ction betwe5 op9ion & k is m fully develop$ 9 ! ,!aetetus4 ,! lessons ( ,prodicus1 :om he faceti\sly calls 8 ma/]1 are /ill runn+ 9 ! m9d ( ,socrates4 ,unlike ! lat] ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! ,m5o arrives at no conclusion4 ,h5ce we are l$ to place ! ,dialogue at "s po9t ( "t lat] ?an ! ,protagoras1 & e>li] ?an ! ,pha$rus & ,gorgias4 ,! place :i* is assign$ to x 9 ?is "w is due ma9ly to ! desire to br+ toge!r 9 a s+le volume all ! ,dialogues :i* conta9 allusions to ! trial & dea? ( ,socrates4 ,on ! ,ideas ( ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,! popul> notion ( ! ideas ( ,plato4 ,plato's doctr9e ( ideas has atta9$ an imag9>y cle>ness & def9it5ess :i* is n to be f\nd 9 8 own writ+s4 ,! popul> acc\nt ( !m is p>tly d]iv$ f "o or two passages 9 8 ,dialogues int]pret$ )\t reg>d to _! poetical environm5t4 ,x is due also to ! misund]/&+ ( him by ! ,ari/otelian s*ool2 & ! errone\s notion has be5 fur!r n>r[$ & has become fix$ by ! realism ( ! s*oolm54 ,?is popul> view ( ! ,platonic ideas may be summ$ up 9 "s su* =mula z ! foll[+3 #8,tru? consi/s n 9 p>ticul>s1 b 9 univ]sals1 :i* h a place 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 or 9 "s f>-(f heav54 ,^! 7 reveal$ to m5 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 & are recov]$ by rem9isc5ce 77 or association f s5sible ?+s4 ,! s5sible ?+s are n realities1 b %ad[s only1 9 relation to ! tru?4' ,^! unmean+ propositions are h>dly suspect$ to be a c>icature ( a great !ory ( k1 :i* ,plato 9 v>i\s ways & "u _m figures ( spee* is seek+ to unfold4 ,poetry has be5 conv]t$ into dogma2 & x is n rem>k$ t ! ,platonic ideas are to be f\nd only 9 ab\t a ?ird ( ,plato's writ+s & are n conf9$ to him4 ,! =ms :i* !y assume are num]\s1 & if tak5 lit]ally1 inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,at "o "t we are 9 ! cl\ds ( my?ology1 at ano!r among ! ab/ractions ( ma!matics or metaphysics2 we pass imp]ceptibly f "o to ! o!r4 ,reason & fancy are m+l$ 9 ! same passage4 ,! ideas are sometimes describ$ z _m1 coext5sive ) ! univ]sals ( s5se & also ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?ics2 or aga9 !y are absorb$ into ! s+le idea ( good1 & subord9at$ to x4 ,!y are n m c]ta9 ?an facts1 b !y are equally c]ta9 7,pha$o #ajj ,a74 ,!y are bo? p]sonal & imp]sonal4 ,!y are ab/ract t]ms3 !y are also ! causes ( ?+s2 & !y are ev5 trans=m$ into ! demons or spirits by ^: help ,god made ! _w4 ,& ! idea ( good 7,rep4 vi4 #eje ff47 may )\t viol5ce be conv]t$ into ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o #8because ,he 0 good' creat$ all ?+s 7,tim4 #bi ,e74 ,sid5ote3 ,_m modes ( describ+ ! ideas1 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to try & reconcile ^! diff]+ modes ( ?\ght4 ,!y are n to be reg>d$ s]i\sly z hav+ a di/9ct mean+4 ,!y are p>ables1 prophecies1 my?s1 symbols1 revelations1 aspirations aft] an unkn[n _w4 ,!y d]ive _! orig9 f a deep religi\s & contemplative feel+1 & also f an obs]vation ( curi\s m5tal ph5om5a4 ,!y ga!r up ! elem5ts ( ! previ\s philosophies1 :i* !y put toge!r 9 a new =m4 ,_! great div]sity %[s ! t5tative "* ( e>ly endeav\rs to ?9k4 ,!y h n yet settl$ d[n into a s+le sy/em4 ,plato uses !m1 ?\gh he also criticises !m2 he ackn[l$ges t bo? he & o!rs are always talk+ ab\t !m1 especially ab\t ! ,idea ( ,good2 & t !y are n peculi> to himself 7,pha$o #ajj ,b2 ,rep4 vi4 #eje2 ,soph4 #bdh ff474 ,b 9 8 lat] writ+s he seems to h laid aside ! old =ms ( !m4 ,z he proce$s he makes = himself new modes ( expression m ak9 to ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,yet amid all ^! v>ieties & incongruities1 !re is a common mean+ or _s :i* p]vades 8 writ+s1 bo? ^? 9 :i* he treats ( ! ideas & ^? 9 :i* he is sil5t ab\t !m4 ,?is is ! _s ( idealism1 :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy has _h _m names & tak5 _m =ms1 & has 9 a measure influ5c$ ^? :o seem$ to be mo/ av]se to x4 ,x has (t5 be5 *>g$ ) inconsi/5cy & fancifulness1 & yet has _h an elevat+ effect on human nature1 & has ex]cis$ a wond]ful *>m & int]e/ ov] a few spirits :o h be5 lo/ 9 ! ?\ght ( x4 ,x has be5 bani%$ aga9 & aga91 b has always return$4 ,x has attempt$ to leave ! e>? & so> heav5w>ds1 b soon has f\nd t only 9 exp]i5ce c\ld any solid f\ndation ( k be laid4 ,x has deg5]at$ into pan!ism1 b has aga9 em]g$4 ,no o!r k has giv5 an equal /imulus to ! m9d4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( sci5ces1 :i* are also ideas1 & "u ei!r aspect require to be def9$4 ,!y c only be ?\ght ( 9 due proportion :5 conceiv$ 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,!y are ! glasses ?r\gh :i* ! k+doms ( sci5ce are se51 b at a di/ance4 ,all ! greate/ m9ds1 except :5 liv+ 9 an age ( reaction aga9/ !m1 h unconsci\sly fall5 "u _! p[]4 ,sid5ote3 b a common mean+ or _s 9 !m4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,platonic ideas 9 ! ,m5o is ! simple/ & cle>e/1 & we %all be/ illu/rate _! nature by giv+ ?is fir/ & !n comp>+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y are describ$ else:]e1 e4 g4 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 ,republic2 to :i* may be add$ ! criticism ( !m 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 ! p]sonal =m :i* is attribut$ to !m 9 ! ,timaeus1 ! logical "* :i* !y assume 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,philebus1 & ! allusion to !m 9 ! ,laws 7xii4 #ifd74 ,9 ! ,cratylus !y dawn ^u him ) ! fre%ness ( a newly-discov]$ ?\ght 7#dci74 ,! ,m5o 7#ha ff47 goes back to a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* m5 did & suff]$ good & evil1 & receiv$ ! rew>d or puni%m5t ( !m until _! s9 0 purg$ away & !y 7 all[$ to return to e>?4 ,?is is a tradition ( ! old5 "t1 to :i* prie/s & poets be> witness4 ,! s\ls ( m5 return+ to e>? br+ back a lat5t memory ( ideas1 :i* 7 kn[n to !m 9 a =m] /ate4 ,! recollection is awak5$ into life & consci\sness by ! sight ( ! ?+s :i* resemble !m on e>?4 ,! s\l evid5tly possesses su* innate ideas be=e %e has _h "t to acquire !m4 ,?is is prov$ by an exp]im5t tri$ on "o ( ,m5o's slaves1 f :om ,socrates elicits tru?s ( ari?metic & geometry1 :i* he _h nev] le>n$ 9 ?is _w4 ,he mu/ !re=e h br\ght !m ) him f ano!r4 ,! notion ( a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce is f\nd 9 ! v]ses ( ,emp$ocles & 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,h]acleitus4 ,x 0 ! natural answ] to two que/ions1 #8,:5ce came ! s\l8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( evil8' & prevail$ f> & wide 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x f\nd its way into ,hellas probably ?\gh ! m$ium ( ,orphic & ,py?agorean rites & my/]ies4 ,x 0 easi] to ?9k ( a =m] ?an ( a future life1 because su* a life has really exi/$ = ! race ?\gh n = ! individual1 & all m5 come into ! _w1 if n #8trail+ cl\ds ( glory1' at any rate able to ent] into ! inh]itance ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bde ff471 z well z 9 ! ,m5o1 x is ?is =m] r ?an a future life on :i* ,plato is dispos$ to dwell4 ,!re ! ,gods1 & m5 foll[+ 9 _! tra91 g =? to contemplate ! heav5s1 & are borne r\nd 9 ! revolutions ( !m4 ,!re !y see ! div9e =ms ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l1 9 _! un*angeable beauty1 b n )\t an ef=t m ?an human4 ,! s\l ( man is lik5$ to a *>iote] & two /e$s1 "o mortal1 ! o!r immortal4 ,! *>iote] & ! mortal /e$ are 9 fi]ce conflict2 at l5g? ! animal pr9ciple is f9ally ov]p[]$1 ?\gh n ext+ui%$1 by ! comb9$ en]gies ( ! passionate & rational elem5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ^? passages 9 ,plato :i*1 p>tak+ bo? ( a philosophical & poetical "*1 is necess>ily indi/9ct & inconsi/5t4 ,! magnific5t figure "u :i* ! nature ( ! s\l is describ$ has n mu* to d ) ! popul> doctr9e ( ! ideas4 ,yet !re is "o little trait 9 ! description :i* %[s t !y are pres5t to ,plato's m9d1 namely1 ! rem>k t ! s\l1 :i* _h se5 tru?s 9 ! =m ( ! univ]sal 7#bdh ,c1 #bdi ,c71 _c aga9 return to ! nature ( an animal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( !m 9 ,m5o1 ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 ,9 ! ,pha$o1 z 9 ! ,m5o1 ! orig9 ( ideas is s\ght = 9 a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 no "t :5 !y c\ld h be5 acquir$ 9 ?is life1 & !re=e !y mu/ h be5 recov]$ f ano!r4 ,! process ( recov]y is no o!r ?an ! ord9>y law ( association1 by :i* 9 daily life ! sight ( "o ?+ or p]son recalls ano!r to our m9ds1 & by :i* 9 sci5tific enquiry f any "p ( k we may be l$ on to inf] ! :ole4 ,x is also argu$ t ideas1 or r ideals1 mu/ be d]iv$ f a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce because !y are m p]fect ?an ! s5sible =ms ( !m :i* are giv5 by exp]i5ce 7#gd ff474 ,b 9 ! ,pha$o ! doctr9e ( ideas is subord9ate to ! pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 #8,if ! s\l exi/$ 9 a previ\s /ate1 !n x w exi/ 9 a future /ate1 = a law ( alt]nation p]vades all ?+s4' ,&1 #8,if ! ideas exi/1 !n ! s\l exi/s2 if n1 n4' ,x is to be obs]v$1 bo? 9 ! ,m5o & ! ,pha$o1 t ,socrates expresses himself ) diffid5ce4 ,he speaks 9 ! ,pha$o 7#aad ,d1 #aae ,d7 ( ! words ) :i* he has com=t$ himself & 8 fri5ds1 & w n be too confid5t t ! description :i* he has giv5 ( ! s\l & h] mansions is exactly true1 b he #8v5tures to ?9k t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4' ,& 9 ! ,m5o1 aft] dwell+ ^u ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he adds1 #8,( "s ?+s :i* ,i h said ,i am n altoge!r confid5t' 7cp4 #hf ,c1 & ,apology1 pp4 #dj ff42 ,gorgias #ebg ,b74 ,f ?is class ( unc]ta9ties he exempts ! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & appe>ance1 ( :i* he is absolutely conv9c$ 7#ih ,b74 ,sid5ote3 9 ! ,republic & ,timaeus4 ,9 ! ,republic ! ideas are spok5 ( 9 two ways1 :i* ?\gh n contradictory are diff]5t4 ,9 ! t5? book 7#eif ff47 !y are repres5t$ z ! g5]a or g5]al ideas "u :i* individuals hav+ a common "n are conta9$4 ,= example1 !re is ! b$ :i* ! c>p5t] makes1 ! picture ( ! b$ :i* is drawn by ! pa9t]1 ! b$ exi/+ 9 nature ( :i* ,god is ! au?or4 ,( ! latt] all visible b$s are only ! %ad[s or reflections4 ,?is & simil> illu/rations or explanations are put =?1 n = _! own sake1 or z an exposition ( ,plato's !ory ( ideas1 b ) a view ( %[+ t poetry & ! mimetic arts are conc]n$ ) an inf]ior "p ( ! s\l & a l[] k9d ( k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! #f? & #g? books ( ! ,republic we rea* ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect conception1 :i* ,plato is able to atta91 ( ! nature ( k4 ,! ideas are n[ f9ally se5 to be "o z well z _m1 causes z well z ideas1 & to h a unity :i* is ! idea ( good & ! cause ( all ! re/4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h lo/ _! fir/ aspect ( univ]sals "u :i* individuals are conta9$1 & to h be5 conv]t$ into =ms ( ano!r k9d1 :i* are inconsi/5tly reg>d$ f ! "o side z images or ideals ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 hol9ess & ! l2 f ! o!r z hypo!ses1 or ma!matical tru?s or pr9ciples4 ,9 ! ,timaeus1 :i* 9 ! s]ies ( ,plato's works imm$iately foll[s ! ,republic1 ?\gh probably writt5 "s "t aft]w>ds1 no m5tion occurs ( ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,geometrical =ms & ari?metical ratios furni% ! laws accord+ to :i* ! _w is creat$4 ,b ?\gh ! conception ( ! ideas z g5]a or species is =gott5 or laid aside1 ! di/9ction ( ! visible & intellectual is z firmly ma9ta9$ z ev] 7#cj1 #cg74 ,! idea ( good likewise disappe>s & is sup]s$$ by ! conception ( a p]sonal ,god1 :o works accord+ to a f9al cause or pr9ciple ( goodness :i* he himself is4 ,no d\bt is express$ by ,plato1 ei!r 9 ! ,timaeus or 9 any o!r dialogue1 ( ! tru?s :i* he conceives to be ! fir/ & highe/4 ,x is n ! exi/5ce ( ,god or ! idea ( good :i* he approa*es 9 a t5tative or hesitat+ mann]1 b ! inve/igations ( physiology4 ,^! he reg>ds1 n s]i\sly1 z a "p ( philosophy1 b z an innoc5t recreation 7,tim4 #ei ,d74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideas 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 ,sophi/1 ,philebus1 ,laws4 ,pass+ on to ! ,p>m5ides 7#abh-acf71 we f9d 9 t dialogue n an exposition or def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ideas1 b an assault ^u !m1 :i* is put into ! m\? ( ! vet]an ,p>m5ides1 & might be ascrib$ to ,ari/otle himself1 or to "o ( 8 disciples4 ,! doctr9e :i* is assail$ takes two or ?ree =ms1 b fails 9 any ( !m to escape ! dialectical difficulties :i* are urg$ aga9/ x4 ,x is admitt$ t !re are ideas ( all ?+s1 b ! mann] 9 :i* individuals p>take ( !m1 :e!r ( ! :ole or ( ! "p1 & 9 :i* !y become l !m1 or h[ ideas c be ei!r )9 or )\t ! sph]e ( human k1 or h[ ! human & div9e c h any relation to ea* o!r1 is held to be incapable ( explanation4 ,& yet1 if !re are no univ]sal ideas1 :at becomes ( philosophy8 7,p>m5ides #acj-ace74 ,9 ! ,sophi/ ! !ory ( ideas is spok5 ( z a doctr9e held n by ,plato1 b by ano!r sect ( philosoph]s1 call$ #8! ,fri5ds ( ,ideas1' probably ! ,meg>ians1 :o 7 v di/9ct f him1 if n oppos$ to him 7,sophi/ #bdb ff474 ,nor 9 :at may be t]m$ ,plato's abridgem5t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy 7,soph4 #bda ff471 is any m5tion made su* z we f9d 9 ! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 ( ! d]ivation ( su* a !ory or ( any "p ( x f ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,eleatics1 ! ,h]acleiteans1 or ev5 f ,socrates4 ,9 ! ,philebus1 probably "o ( ! late/ ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! conception ( a p]sonal or semi-p]sonal deity express$ "u ! figure ( m9d1 ! k+ ( all1 :o is also ! cause1 is reta9$4 ,! "o & _m ( ! ,pha$rus & ,!aetetus is /ill work+ 9 ! m9d ( ,plato1 & ! correlation ( ideas1 n ( #8all ) all1' b ( #8"s ) "s1' is ass]t$ & expla9$4 ,b !y are spok5 ( 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & are n suppos$ to be recov]$ f a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! metaphysical conception ( tru? passes into a psy*ological "o1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 ! ,laws1 & is ! f9al =m ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 s f> z c be ga!r$ f 8 own writ+s 7see especially ,laws v4 #gbg ff474 ,9 ! ,laws he h>ps once m on ! old /r+1 & returns to g5]al notions3--^! he ackn[l$ges to be _m1 & yet he insi/s t !y are also "o4 ,! gu>dian mu/ be made to recognize ! tru?1 = :i* he has cont5d$ long ago 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! virtues are f\r1 b !y are also 9 "s s5se "o 7,laws xii4 pp4 #ife-iff2 cp4 ,protagoras #cbi74 ,s v>i\s1 & if reg>d$ on ! surface only1 inconsi/5t1 are ! /atem5ts ( ,plato respect+ ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,if we attempt$ to h>monize or to comb9e !m1 we %\ld make out ( !m1 n a sy/em1 b ! c>icature ( a sy/em4 ,!y are ! ev]-v>y+ expression ( ,plato's ,idealism4 ,! t]ms us$ 9 !m are 9 _! sub/ance & g5]al mean+ ! same1 al?\gh !y seem to be diff]5t4 ,!y pass f ! subject to ! object1 f e>? 7diesseits7 to heav5 7j5seits71 )\t reg>d to ! gulf :i* lat] !ology & philosophy h made betwe5 !m4 ,!y are also int5d$ to supplem5t or expla9 ea* o!r4 ,!y relate to a subject ( :i* ,plato himself w\ld h said t #8he 0 n confid5t ( ! precise =m ( 8 own /atem5ts1 b 0 /rong 9 ! belief t some?+ ( ! k9d 0 true4' ,x is ! _s1 n ! lett]1 9 :i* !y agree--! _s :i* places ! div9e above ! human1 ! spiritual above ! mat]ial1 ! "o above ! _m1 ! m9d be=e ! body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,anci5t & mod]n philosophy4 ,! /ream ( anci5t philosophy 9 ! ,alex&rian & ,roman times wid5s into a lake or sea1 & !n disappe>s und]gr\nd to reappe> aft] _m ages 9 a di/ant l&4 ,x beg9s to fl[ aga9 "u new conditions1 at fir/ conf9$ betwe5 high & n>r[ banks1 b f9ally spread+ ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,x is & is n ! same ) anci5t philosophy4 ,!re is a great deal 9 mod]n philosophy :i* is inspir$ by anci5t4 ,!re is mu* 9 anci5t philosophy :i* 0 #8born out ( due "t' & be=e m5 7 capable ( und]/&+ x4 ,to ! fa!rs ( mod]n philosophy1 _! own ?\ghts appe>$ to be new & orig9al1 b !y c>ri$ ) !m an e*o or %ad[ ( ! pa/1 com+ back by recollection f an eld] _w4 ,( ?is ! enquir]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o to !mselves appe>$ to be work+ out indep5d5tly ! enquiry into all tru?1 7 unconsci\s4 ,!y /ood 9 a new relation to !ology & natural philosophy1 & = a "t ma9ta9$ t[>ds bo? an attitude ( res]ve & sep>ation4 ,yet ! simil>ities betwe5 mod]n & anci5t ?\ght are great] f> ?an ! diff]5ces4 ,all philosophy1 ev5 t "p ( x :i* is said to be bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 is really ideal2 & ideas are n only d]iv$ f facts1 b !y are also prior to !m & ext5d f> beyond !m1 j z ! m9d is prior to ! s5ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n philosophy has a rem9isc5ce ( anci5t2 ,e>ly ,greek speculation culm9ates 9 ! ideas ( ,plato1 or r 9 ! s+le idea ( good4 ,8 foll[]s1 & p]haps he himself1 hav+ arriv$ at ?is elevation1 in/ead ( go+ =w>ds w5t backw>ds f philosophy to psy*ology1 f ideas to numb]s4 ,b :at we p]ceive to be ! real mean+ ( !m1 an explanation ( ! nature & orig9 ( k1 w always cont9ue to be "o ( ! fir/ problems ( philosophy4 ,plato also left beh9d him a mo/ pot5t in/rum5t1 ! =ms ( logic--arms ready = use1 b n yet tak5 out ( _! arm\ry4 ,!y 7 ! late bir? ( ! e>ly ,greek philosophy1 & 7 ! only "p ( x :i* has _h an un9t]rupt$ hold on ! m9d ( ,europe4 ,philosophies come & g2 b ! detection ( fallacies1 ! fram+ ( def9itions1 ! inv5tion ( me?ods /ill cont9ue to be ! ma9 elem5ts ( ! reason+ process4 ,sid5ote3 beg9s ) simple ideas3 ,desc>tes4 ,mod]n philosophy1 l anci5t1 beg9s ) v simple conceptions4 ,x is almo/ :olly a reflection on self4 ,x might be describ$ z a quick5+ into life ( old words & notions lat5t 9 ! semi-b>b>\s ,lat91 & putt+ a new mean+ into !m4 ,unlike anci5t philosophy1 x has be5 unaffect$ by impressions d]iv$ f outw>d nature3 x arose )9 ! limits ( ! m9d itself4 ,f ! "t ( ,desc>tes to ,hume & ,kant x has _h little or no?+ to d ) facts ( sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t & m$iaeval logic reta9$ a cont9u\s influ5ce ov] x1 & a =m l t ( ma!matics 0 easily impress$ ^u x2 ! pr9ciple ( anci5t philosophy :i* is mo/ app>5t 9 x is scepticism2 we mu/ d\bt ne>ly e traditional or receiv$ notion1 t we may hold fa/ "o or two4 ,! be+ ( ,god 9 a p]sonal or imp]sonal =m 0 a m5tal necessity to ! fir/ ?9k]s ( mod]n times3 f ?is alone all o!r ideas c\ld be d$uc$4 ,!re _h be5 an obscure pres5tim5t ( #8cogito1 ergo sum' m ?an #bjjj ye>s previ\sly4 ,! ,eleatic notion t be+ & ?\ght 7 ! same 0 reviv$ 9 a new =m by ,desc>tes4 ,b n[ x gave bir? to consci\sness & self-reflection3 x awak5$ ! #8ego' 9 human nature4 ,! m9d nak$ & ab/ract has no o!r c]ta9ty b ! conviction ( its own exi/5ce4 #8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am2' & ?is ?\ght is ,god ?9k+ 9 me1 :o has also communicat$ to ! reason ( man 8 own attributes ( ?\ght & ext5sion--^! are truly imp>t$ to him because ,god is true 7cp4 ,rep4 ii4 #chb ff474 ,x has be5 (t5 rem>k$ t ,desc>tes1 hav+ begun by dismiss+ all presuppositions1 introduces sev]al3 he passes almo/ at once f scepticism to dogmatism4 ,x is m important = ! illu/ration ( ,plato to obs]ve t he1 l ,plato1 insi/s t ,god is true & incapable ( deception 7,rep4 ii4 #chb7--t he proce$s f g5]al ideas1 t _m elem5ts ( ma!matics may be f\nd 9 him4 ,a c]ta9 influ5ce ( ma!matics bo? on ! =m & sub/ance ( _! philosophy is disc]nible 9 bo? ( !m4 ,aft] mak+ ! greate/ opposition betwe5 ?\ght & ext5sion1 ,desc>tes1 l ,plato1 supposes !m to be reunit$ = a "t1 n 9 _! own nature b by a special div9e act 7cp4 ,pha$rus #bdf ,c71 & he also supposes all ! p>ts ( ! human body to meet 9 ! p9eal gl&1 t alone af=d+ a pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! mat]ial frame ( man4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ p]iod ( mod]n philosophy1 t hav+ begun 7l ! ,presocratics7 ) a few g5]al notions1 ,desc>tes fir/ falls absolutely "u _! influ5ce1 & !n quickly disc>ds !m4 ,at ! same "t he is less able to obs]ve facts1 because !y are too mu* magnifi$ by ! glasses ?r\gh :i* !y are se54 ,! common logic says #8! great] ! ext5sion1 ! less ! compreh5sion1' & we may put ! same ?\ght 9 ano!r way & say ( ab/ract or g5]al ideas1 t ! great] ! ab/raction ( !m1 ! less are !y capable ( be+ appli$ to p>ticul> & concrete natures4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allels ( anci5t & mod]n philosophy4 ,n v diff]5t f ,desc>tes 9 8 relation to anci5t philosophy is 8 successor ,sp9oza1 :o liv$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is less p]sonal & also less duali/ic t ?an ( ,desc>tes4 ,9 ?is respect ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is l t betwe5 ,x5ophanes & ,p>m5ides4 ,! tea*+ ( ,sp9oza might be describ$ g5]ally z ! ,jewi% religion r$uc$ to an ab/raction & tak+ ! =m ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,l ,p>m5ides1 he is ov]p[]$ & intoxicat$ ) ! idea ( ,be+ or ,god4 ,! greatness ( bo? philosophies consi/s 9 ! imm5sity ( a ?\ght :i* excludes all o!r ?\ghts2 _! weakness is ! necess>y sep>ation ( ?is ?\ght f actual exi/5ce & f practical life4 ,9 nei!r ( !m is !re any cle> opposition betwe5 ! inw>d & outw>d _w4 ,! sub/ance ( ,sp9oza has two attributes1 :i* alone are cognizable by man1 ?\ght & ext5sion2 ^! are 9 extreme opposition to "o ano!r1 & also 9 insep>able id5tity4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z ! two aspects or expressions "u :i* ,god or sub/ance is unfold$ to man4 ,"h a /ep is made beyond ! limits ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,! fam\s !orem ( ,sp9oza1 #8,omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1' is already conta9$ 9 ! #8negation is relation' ( ,plato's ,sophi/4 ,! gr& description ( ! philosoph] 9 ,republic vi1 z ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 may be p>allel$ ) ano!r fam\s expression ( ,sp9oza1 #8,contemplatio r]um sub specie et]nitatis4' ,accord+ to ,sp9oza f9ite objects are unreal1 = !y are condition$ by :at is ali5 to !m1 & by "o ano!r4 ,human be+s are includ$ 9 ! numb] ( !m4 ,h5ce !re is no reality 9 human action & no place = "r & wrong4 ,individuality is accid5t4 ,! boa/$ fre$om ( ! w is only a consci\sness ( necessity4 ,tru?1 he says1 is ! direction ( ! reason t[>ds ! inf9ite1 9 :i* all ?+s repose2 & h]e9 lies ! secret ( man's well-be+4 ,9 ! exaltation ( ! reason or intellect1 9 ! d5ial ( ! volunt>9ess ( evil 7,timaeus #hf ,c1 ,d2 ,laws1 ix4 #hfj71 ,sp9oza approa*es ne>] to ,plato ?an 9 8 conception ( an inf9ite sub/ance4 ,z ,plato1 foll[+ ,socrates1 said t virtue is k1 s ,sp9oza w\ld h ma9ta9$ t k alone is good1 & :at contributes to k1 useful4 ,bo? are equally f> f any real exp]i5ce or obs]vation ( nature4 ,& ! same difficulty is f\nd 9 bo? :5 we seek to apply _! ideas to life & practice4 ,!re is a gulf fix$ betwe5 ! inf9ite sub/ance & f9ite objects or individuals ( ,sp9oza1 j z !re is betwe5 ! ideas ( ,plato & ! _w ( s5se4 ,remov$ f ,sp9oza by less ?an a g5]ation is ! philosoph] ,leibnitz1 :o aft] deep5+ & int5sify+ ! opposition betwe5 m9d & matt]1 reunites !m by 8 preconc]t$ h>mony 7cp4 aga9 ,pha$rus #bdf ,c74 ,to him all ! p>ticles ( matt] are liv+ be+s :i* reflect on "o ano!r1 & 9 ! lea/ ( !m ! :ole is conta9$4 ,"h we cat* a rem9isc5ce bo? ( ! or simil> p>ticles ( ,anaxagoras1 & ( ! _w-animal ( ! ,timaeus4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp9oza1 ,leibnitz1 ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,b]keley1 ,hume4 ,9 ,bacon & ,locke we h ano!r developm5t 9 :i* ! m9d ( man is suppos$ to receive k by a new me?od & to "w by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,b we may rem>k t x is ! idea ( exp]i5ce1 r ?an exp]i5ce itself1 ) :i* ! m9d is fill$4 ,x is a symbol ( k r ?an ! reality :i* is v\*saf$ to u4 ,! ,organon ( ,bacon is n mu* ne>] to actual facts ?an ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle or ! ,platonic idea ( good4 ,_m ( ! old rags & ribbons :i* defac$ ! g>m5t ( philosophy h be5 /ripp$ (f1 b "s ( !m /ill adh]e4 ,a crude conception ( ! ideas ( ,plato survives 9 ! #8=ms' ( ,bacon4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m passages ( ,plato 9 :i* ! importance ( ! inve/igation ( facts is z mu* insi/$ ^u z by ,bacon4 ,bo? are almo/ equally sup]ior to ! illusions ( language1 & are con/antly cry+ out aga9/ !m1 z aga9/ o!r idols4 ,locke _c be truly reg>d$ z ! au?or ( s5sationalism any m ?an ( idealism4 ,8 sy/em is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 b ) him exp]i5ce includes reflection z well z s5se4 ,8 analysis & con/ruction ( ideas has no f\ndation 9 fact2 x is only ! dialectic ( ! m9d #8talk+ to h]self4' ,! philosophy ( ,b]keley is b ! use ( "o ^w in/ead ( two1 :i* h ! same mean+ ) x4 ,= objects ( s5se he w\ld sub/itute s5sations4 ,he imag9es himself to h *ang$ ! relation ( ! human m9d t[>ds ,god & nature2 !y rema9 ! same z be=e1 ?\gh he has drawn ! imag9>y l9e by :i* !y are divid$ at a diff]5t po9t4 ,he has annihilat$ ! outw>d _w1 b x in/antly reappe>s gov]n$ by ! same laws & describ$ "u ! same names4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy & ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,a l rem>k applies to ,david ,hume1 ( ^: philosophy ! c5tral pr9ciple is ! d5ial ( ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,he w\ld deprive m5 ( a famili> t]m :i* !y c ill af=d to lose2 b he seems n to h obs]v$ t ?is alt]ation is m]ely v]bal & does n 9 any degree affect ! nature ( ?+s4 ,/ill less did he rem>k t he 0 argu+ f ! necess>y imp]fection ( language aga9/ ! mo/ c]ta9 facts4 ,& "h1 aga91 we may f9d a p>allel ) ! anci5ts4 ,he goes beyond facts 9 8 scepticism1 z !y did 9 _! idealism4 ,l ! anci5t ,sophi/s1 he relegates ! m important pr9ciples ( e?ics to cu/om & probability4 ,b crude & unmean+ z ?is philosophy is1 x ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on 8 successors1 n unlike t :i* ,locke ex]cis$ ^u ,b]keley & ,b]keley ^u ,hume himself4 ,all ?ree 7 bo? sceptical & ideal 9 almo/ equal degrees4 ,nei!r !y nor _! pr$ecessors _h any true conception ( language or ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,hume's p>adox has be5 =gott5 by ! _w1 & did n any m ?an ! scepticism ( ! anci5ts require to be s]i\sly refut$4 ,l "s o!r philosophical p>adoxes1 x w\ld h be5 bett] left to die out4 ,x c]ta9ly c\ld n be refut$ by a philosophy su* z ,kant's1 9 :i*1 no less ?an 9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ sy/ems1 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d & ! nature ( language are almo/ :olly ignor$1 & ! c]ta9ty ( objective k is transf]r$ to ! subject2 :ile absolute tru? is r$uc$ to a figm5t1 m ab/ract & n>r[ ?an ,plato's ideas1 ( #8?+ 9 itself1' to :i*1 if we reason /rictly1 no pr$icate c be appli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,possibility ( a new me?od4 ,! "q :i* ,plato has rais$ respect+ ! orig9 & nature ( ideas belongs to ! infancy ( philosophy2 9 mod]n times x w\ld no long] be ask$4 ,_! orig9 is only _! hi/ory1 s f> z we "k x2 !re c be no o!r4 ,we may trace !m 9 language1 9 philosophy1 9 my?ology1 9 poetry1 b we _c argue priori ab\t !m4 ,we may attempt to %ake !m (f1 b !y are always return+1 & 9 e sph]e ( sci5ce & human action are t5d+ to g beyond facts4 ,!y are ?\ght to be innate1 because !y h be5 famili> to u all our lives1 & we c no long] dismiss !m f our m9d4 ,_m ( !m express relations ( t]ms to :i* no?+ exactly or no?+ at all 9 r]um natur corresponds4 ,we are n su* free ag5ts 9 ! use ( !m z we sometimes imag9e4 ,fix$ ideas h tak5 ! mo/ complete possession ( "s ?9k]s :o h be5 mo/ det]m9$ to r5\nce !m1 & h be5 vehem5tly affirm$ :5 !y c\ld be lea/ expla9$ & 7 incapable ( pro(4 ,! _w has (t5 be5 l$ away by a ^w to :i* no di/9ct mean+ c\ld be atta*$4 ,ab/ractions su* z #8au?ority1' #8equality1' #8utility1' #8lib]ty1' #8pleasure1' #8exp]i5ce1' #8consci\sness1' *ance1' #8sub/ance1' #8matt]1' #8atom1' & a heap ( o!r metaphysical & !ological t]ms1 are ! s\rce ( q z mu* error & illusion & h z little relation to actual facts z ! #8ideas' ( ,plato4 ,few /ud5ts ( !ology or philosophy h suffici5tly reflect$ h[ quickly ! bloom ( a philosophy passes away2 or h[ h>d x is = "o age to und]/& ! writ+s ( ano!r2 or h[ nice a judgm5t is requir$ ( ^? :o are seek+ to express ! philosophy ( "o age 9 ! t]ms ( ano!r4 ,! #8et]nal tru?s' ( :i* metaphysicians speak h h>dly ev] la/$ m ?an a g5]ation4 ,9 our own day s*ools or sy/ems ( philosophy :i* h once be5 fam\s h di$ be=e ! f\nd]s ( !m4 ,we are /ill1 z 9 ,plato's age1 grop+ ab\t = a new me?od m compreh5sive ?an any ( ^? :i* n[ prevail2 & also m p]man5t4 ,& we seem to see at a di/ance ! promise ( su* a me?od1 :i* c h>dly be any o!r ?an ! me?od ( idealiz$ exp]i5ce1 hav+ roots :i* /rike f> d[n into ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,x is a me?od :i* does n divorce ! pres5t f ! pa/1 or ! "p f ! :ole1 or ! ab/ract f ! concrete1 or !ory f fact1 or ! div9e f ! human1 or "o sci5ce f ano!r1 b lab\rs to connect !m4 ,along su* a road we h proce$$ a few /eps1 suffici5t1 p]haps1 to make u reflect on ! want ( me?od :i* prevails 9 our own day4 ,9 ano!r age1 all ! bran*es ( k1 :e!r relat+ to ,god or man or nature1 w become ! k ( #8! revelation ( a s+le sci5ce' 7,symp4 #baj1 #baa71 & all ?+s1 l ! />s 9 heav51 w %$ _! light ^u "o ano!r4 ,,m5o4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,m5o4 ,a ,,slave ,,( ,,m5o4 ,,socrates4 ,,anytus4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o4 ,m5o4 ,c y tell me1 ,socrates1 :e!r virtue is acquir$ by tea*+ or by practice2 or if nei!r by tea*+ nor by practice1 !n :e!r x comes to man by nature1 or 9 :at o!r way8 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o asks ,socrates #8,h[ virtue c be acquir$8' ,be=e giv+ an answ] ,socrates mu/ enquire #8,:at is virtue8' ,socrates4 ,o ,m5o1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! ,!ssalians 7 fam\s among ! o!r ,hell5es only = _! ri*es & _! rid+2 b n[1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 !y are equally fam\s = _! wisdom1 especially at ,l>isa1 :i* is ! native city ( y\r fri5d ,ari/ippus4 ,& ?is is ,gorgias' do+2 = :5 he came !re1 ! fl[] ( ! ,aleuadae1 among !m y\r admir] ,ari/ippus1 & ! o!r *iefs ( ! ,!ssalians1 fell 9 love ) 8 wisdom4 ,& he has taught y ! habit ( answ]+ que/ions 9 a gr& & bold /yle1 :i* becomes ^? :o "k1 & is ! /yle 9 :i* he himself answ]s all com]s2 & any ,hell5e :o likes may ask him any?+4 ,h[ diff]5t is our lot6 my de> ,m5o4 ,"h at ,a!ns !re is a de>? ,/eph4 #ga ( ! commodity1 & all wisdom seems to h emigrat$ f u to y4 ,i am c]ta9 t if y 7 to ask any ,a!nian :e!r virtue 0 natural or acquir$1 he w\ld laugh 9 y\r face1 & say3 #8,/rang]1 y h f> too good an op9ion ( me1 if y ?9k t ,i c answ] y\r "q4 ,= ,i lit]ally d n "k :at virtue is1 & mu* less :e!r x is acquir$ by tea*+ or n4' ,& ,i myself1 ,m5o1 liv+ z ,i d 9 ?is region ( pov]ty1 am z poor z ! re/ ( ! _w2 & ,i confess ) %ame t ,i "k lit]ally no?+ ab\t virtue2 & :5 ,i d n "k ! #8quid' ( any?+ h[ c ,i "k ! #8quale'8 ,h[1 if ,i knew no?+ at all ( ,m5o1 c\ld ,i tell if he 0 fair1 or ! opposite ( fair2 ri* & noble1 or ! rev]se ( ri* & noble8 ,d y ?9k t ,i c\ld8 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( virtue4 ,m54 ,no1 inde$4 ,b are y 9 e>ne/1 ,socrates1 9 say+ t y d n "k :at virtue is8 ,& am ,i to c>ry back ?is report ( y to ,!ssaly8 ,sid5ote3 ,he does n "k1 & nev] met ) any "o :o did4 ,soc4 ,n only t1 my de> boy1 b y may say fur!r t ,i h nev] kn[n ( any "o else :o did1 9 my judgm5t4 ,m54 ,!n y h nev] met ,gorgias :5 he 0 at ,a!ns8 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,m54 ,& did y n ?9k t he knew8 ,soc4 ,i h n a good memory1 ,m5o1 & !re=e ,i _c n[ tell :at ,i ?\ght ( him at ! "t4 ,& ,i d>e say t he did "k1 & t y "k :at he said3 please1 !re=e1 to rem9d me ( :at he said2 or1 if y w\ld r1 tell me y\r own view2 = ,i suspect t y & he ?9k mu* alike4 ,m54 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n z he is n "h1 nev] m9d him1 & d y tell me3 ,by ! gods1 ,m5o1 be g5]\s1 & tell me :at y say t virtue is2 = ,i %all be truly delight$ to f9d t ,i h be5 mi/ak51 & t y & ,gorgias d really h ?is k2 al?\gh ,i h be5 j say+ t ,i h nev] f\nd anybody :o _h4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o describes ! diff]5t k9ds ( virtue1 b is unable to give a common notion ( !m4 ,m54 ,!re w be no difficulty1 ,socrates1 9 answ]+ y\r "q4 ,let u take fir/ ! virtue ( a man--he %\ld "k h[ to adm9i/] ! /ate1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( x to b5efit 8 fri5ds & h>m 8 enemies2 & he mu/ also be c>eful n to suff] h>m himself4 ,a woman's virtue1 if y wi% to "k ab\t t1 may also be easily describ$3 h] duty is to ord] h] h\se1 & keep :at is indoors1 & obey h] husb&4 ,e age1 e condition ( life1 "y or old1 male or female1 bond or free1 has a diff]5t virtue3 !re are virtues numb]less1 #gb & no lack ( def9itions ( !m2 = virtue is relative to ! actions & ages ( ea* ( u 9 all t we d4 ,& ! same may be said ( vice1 ,socrates#c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( def9ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o1 n )\t difficulty & by help ( _m illu/rations1 is made to und]/& ! nature ( common notions4 ,soc4 ,h[ =tunate ,i am1 ,m5o6 ,:5 ,i ask y = "o virtue1 y pres5t me ) a sw>m ( !m#d1 :i* are 9 y\r keep+4 ,suppose t ,i c>ry on ! figure ( ! sw>m1 & ask ( y1 ,:at is ! nature ( ! bee8 & y answ] t !re are _m k9ds ( bees1 & ,i reply3 ,b d bees diff] z bees1 because !re are _m & diff]5t k9ds ( !m2 or are !y n r to be di/+ui%$ by "s o!r quality1 z = example beauty1 size1 or %ape8 ,h[ w\ld y answ] me8 ,m54 ,i %\ld answ] t bees d n diff] f "o ano!r1 z bees4 ,soc4 ,& if ,i w5t on to say3 ,t is :at ,i desire to "k1 ,m5o2 tell me :at is ! quality 9 :i* !y d n diff]1 b are all alike2--w\ld y be able to answ]8 ,m54 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& s ( ! virtues1 h[ev] _m & diff]5t !y may be1 !y h all a common nature :i* makes !m virtues2 & on ?is he :o w\ld answ] ! "q1 #8,:at is virtue8' w\ld d well to h 8 eye fix$3 ,d y und]/&8 ,m54 ,i am beg9n+ to und]/&2 b ,i d n z yet take hold ( ! "q z ,i c\ld wi%4 ,soc4 ,:5 y say1 ,m5o1 t !re is "o virtue ( a man1 ano!r ( a woman1 ano!r ( a *ild1 & s on1 does ?is apply only to virtue1 or w\ld y say ! same ( heal?1 & size1 & /r5g?8 ,or is ! nature ( heal? always ! same1 :e!r 9 man or woman8 ,m54 ,i %\ld say t heal? is ! same1 bo? 9 man & woman4 ,sid5ote3 ,heal? & /r5g?1 & virtue & temp]ance & ju/ice are ! same bo? 9 m5 & wom54 ,soc4 ,& is n ?is true ( size & /r5g?8 ,if a woman is /rong1 %e w be /rong by reason ( ! same =m & ( ! same /r5g? subsi/+ 9 h] :i* !re is 9 ! man4 ,i mean to say t /r5g?1 z /r5g?1 :e!r ( man or woman1 is ! same4 ,is !re any diff]5ce8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sam5ess ( virtue4 ,soc4 ,& w n virtue1 z virtue1 be ! same1 :e!r #gc 9 a *ild or 9 a gr[n-up p]son1 9 a woman or 9 a man8 ,m54 ,i _c help feel+1 ,socrates1 t ?is case is diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,soc4 ,b :y8 ,7 y n say+ t ! virtue ( a man 0 to ord] a /ate1 & ! virtue ( a woman 0 to ord] a h\se8 ,m54 ,i did say s4 ,soc4 ,& c ei!r h\se or /ate or any?+ be well ord]$ )\t temp]ance & )\t ju/ice8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n !y :o ord] a /ate or a h\se temp]ately or ju/ly ord] !m ) temp]ance & ju/ice8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n bo? m5 & wom51 if !y are to be good m5 & wom51 mu/ h ! same virtues ( temp]ance & ju/ice8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& c ei!r a "y man or an eld] "o be good1 if !y are intemp]ate & unju/8 ,m54 ,!y _c4 ,soc4 ,!y mu/ be temp]ate & j8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n all m5 are good 9 ! same way1 & by p>ticipation 9 ! same virtues8 ,m54 ,su* is ! inf]5ce4 ,soc4 ,& !y surely w\ld n h be5 good 9 ! same way1 unless _! virtue _h be5 ! same8 ,m54 ,!y w\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n :at is virtue8 ,gorgias & ,m5o reply1 #8,! p[] ( gov]n+ mank9d4' ,soc4 ,!n n[ t ! sam5ess ( all virtue has be5 prov51 try & rememb] :at y & ,gorgias say t virtue is4 ,m54 ,w y h "o def9ition ( !m all8 ,soc4 ,t is :at ,i am seek+4 ,m54 ,if y want to h "o def9ition ( !m all1 ,i "k n :at to say1 b t virtue is ! p[] ( gov]n+ mank9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( def9ition4 ,soc4 ,& does ?is def9ition ( virtue include all virtue8 ,is virtue ! same 9 a *ild & 9 a slave1 ,m5o8 ,c ! *ild gov]n 8 fa!r1 or ! slave 8 ma/]2 & w\ld he :o gov]n$ be any long] a slave8 ,sid5ote3 ,b ?is _c apply to all p]sons4 ,m54 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,no1 inde$2 !re w\ld be small reason 9 t4 ,yet once m1 fair fri5d2 accord+ to y1 virtue is #8! p[] ( gov]n+2' b d y n add #8ju/ly & n unju/ly'8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates2 ,i agree !re2 = ju/ice is virtue4 ,soc4 ,w\ld y say #8virtue1' ,m5o1 or #8a virtue'8 ,m54 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i mean z ,i might say ab\t any?+2 t a r\nd1 = example1 is #8a figure' & n simply #8figure1' & ,i %\ld adopt ?is mode ( speak+1 because !re are o!r figures4 ,m54 ,q "r2 & t is j :at ,i am say+ ab\t virtue--t !re are o!r virtues z well z ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,:at are !y8 tell me ! names ( !m1 z ,i w\ld #gd tell y ! names ( ! o!r figures if y ask$ me4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o names ! virtues1 b is unable to get at ! common notion ( !m4 ,m54 ,c\rage & temp]ance & wisdom & magnanimity are virtues2 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,m5o2 & aga9 we are 9 ! same case3 9 se>*+ aft] "o virtue we h f\nd _m1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way z be=e2 b we h be5 unable to f9d ! common virtue :i* runs ?r\gh !m all4 ,m54 ,:y1 ,socrates1 ev5 n[ ,i am n able to foll[ y 9 ! attempt to get at "o common notion ( virtue z ( o!r ?+s4 ,soc4 ,no wond]2 b ,i w try to get ne>] if ,i c1 = y "k t all ?+s h a common notion4 ,suppose n[ t "s "o ask$ y ! "q :i* ,i ask$ be=e3 ,m5o1 he w\ld say1 :at is figure8 ,& if y answ]$ #8r\ndness1' he w\ld reply to y1 9 my way ( speak+1 by ask+ :e!r y w\ld say t r\ndness is #8figure' or #8a figure2' & y w\ld answ] #8a figure4' ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& = ?is reason--t !re are o!r figures8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if he proce$$ to ask1 ,:at o!r figures are !re8 y w\ld h told him4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,m54 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& if he simil>ly ask$ :at col\r is1 & y answ]$ :it5ess1 & ! que/ion] rejo9$1 ,w\ld y say t :it5ess is col\r or a col\r8 y w\ld reply1 ,a col\r1 because !re are o!r col\rs z well4 ,m54 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& if he _h said1 ,tell me :at !y are8--y w\ld h told him ( o!r col\rs :i* are col\rs j z mu* z :it5ess4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,he has a simil> difficulty ab\t ! nature ( ,figure4 ,soc4 ,& suppose t he 7 to pursue ! matt] 9 my way1 he w\ld say3 ,ev] & anon we are l&$ 9 p>ticul>s1 b ?is is n :at ,i want2 tell me !n1 s9ce y call !m by a common "n1 & say t !y are all figures1 ev5 :5 oppos$ to "o ano!r1 :at is t common nature :i* y designate z figure--:i* conta9s /raight z well z r\nd1 & is no m "o ?an ! o!r--t w\ld be y\r mode ( speak+8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 speak+ ?us1 y d n mean to say t ! r\nd is r\nd any m ?an /raight1 or ! /raight any m /raight ?an r\nd8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,y only ass]t t ! r\nd figure is n m a figure ?an ! /raight1 or ! /raight ?an ! r\nd8 ,m54 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,to :at !n d we give ! "n ( figure8 ,try & answ]4 ,suppose t :5 a p]son ask$ y ?is "q ei!r ab\t figure or col\r1 y 7 to reply1 ,man1 ,i d n und]/& :at y want1 or "k :at y #ge are say+2 he w\ld look r a/oni%$ & say3 ,d y n und]/& t ,i am look+ = ! #8simile 9 multis'8 ,& !n he might put ! "q 9 ano!r =m3 ,m5o1 he might say1 :at is t #8simile 9 multis' :i* y call figure1 & :i* includes n only r\nd & /raight figures1 b all8 ,c\ld y n answ] t "q1 ,m5o8 ,i wi% t y w\ld try2 ! attempt w be good practice ) a view to ! answ] ab\t virtue4 ,m54 ,i w\ld r t y %\ld answ]1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,%all ,i indulge y8 ,m54 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,def9ition ( col\r & figure4 ,soc4 ,& !n y w tell me ab\t virtue8 ,m54 ,i w4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i mu/ d my be/1 = !re is a prize to be won4 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,figure is def9$ by ,socrates to be t :i* always foll[s col\r4 ,soc4 ,well1 ,i w try & expla9 to y :at figure is4 ,:at d y say to ?is answ]8--,figure is ! only ?+ :i* always foll[s col\r4 ,w y be satisfi$ ) x1 z ,i am sure t ,i %\ld be1 if y w\ld let me h a simil> def9ition ( virtue8 ,m54 ,b1 ,socrates1 x is su* a simple answ]4 ,soc4 ,:y simple8 ,m54 ,because1 accord+ to y1 figure is t :i* always foll[s col\r4 7,soc4 ,grant$74 ,m54 ,b if a p]son 7 to say t he does n "k :at col\r is1 any m ?an :at figure is--:at sort ( answ] w\ld y h giv5 him8 ,soc4 ,i %\ld h told him ! tru?4 ,& if he 7 a philosoph] ( ! eri/ic & antagoni/ic sort1 ,i %\ld say to him3 ,y h my answ]1 & if ,i am wrong1 y\r bus9ess is to take up ! argum5t & refute me4 ,b if we 7 fri5ds1 & 7 talk+ z y & ,i are n[1 ,i %\ld reply 9 a mild] /ra9 & m 9 ! dialectician's ve92 t is to say1 ,i %\ld n only speak ! tru?1 b ,i %\ld make use ( premisses :i* ! p]son int]rogat$ w\ld be will+ to admit4 ,& ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to approa* y4 ,y w ackn[l$ge1 w y n1 t !re is su* a ?+ z an end1 or t]m9ation1 or extremity8--all :i* words ,i use 9 ! same s5se1 al?\gh ,i am aw>e t ,prodicus might draw di/9ctions ab\t !m3 b /ill y1 ,i am sure1 w\ld speak ( a ?+ z end$ or t]m9at$--t is all :i* ,i am say+--n any?+ v difficult4 ,m54 ,yes1 ,i %\ld2 & ,i believe t ,i und]/& y\r mean+4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld speak ( a surface & also ( a solid1 #gf z = example 9 geometry4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,well !n1 y are n[ 9 a condition to und]/& my def9ition ( figure4 ,i def9e figure to be t 9 :i* ! solid ends2 or1 m concisely1 ! limit ( solid4 ,m54 ,& n[1 ,socrates1 :at is col\r8 ,sid5ote3 ,! imp]i\sness ( ,m5o4 ,sid5ote3 ,& n[1 :at is col\r8 ,soc4 ,y are outrage\s1 ,m5o1 9 ?us plagu+ a poor old man to give y an answ]1 :5 y w n take ! tr\ble ( rememb]+ :at is ,gorgias' def9ition ( virtue4 ,m54 ,:5 y h told me :at ,i ask1 ,i w tell y1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,a man :o 0 bl9dfold$ has only to he> y talk+1 & he w\ld "k t y are a fair creature & h /ill _m lov]s4 ,m54 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,soc4 ,:y1 because y always speak 9 imp]atives3 l all beauties :5 !y are 9 _! prime1 y are tyrannical2 & also1 z ,i suspect1 y h f\nd out t ,i h a weakness = ! fair1 & !re=e to hum\r y ,i mu/ answ]4 ,m54 ,please d4 ,soc4 ,w\ld y l me to answ] y aft] ! mann] ( ,gorgias1 :i* is famili> to y8 ,m54 ,i %\ld l no?+ bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o1 ,gorgias1 & ,emp$ocles are all agre$ t col\r is an efflu5ce ( exi/5ce1 proportion$ to c]ta9 passages4 ,soc4 ,d n he & y & ,emp$ocles say t !re are c]ta9 efflu5ces ( exi/5ce8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& passages into :i* & ?r\gh :i* ! efflu5ces pass8 ,m54 ,exactly4 ,soc4 ,& "s ( ! efflu5ces fit into ! passages1 & "s ( !m are too small or too l>ge8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& !re is su* a ?+ z sight8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& n[1 z ,p9d> says1 #8read my mean+3'--col\r is an efflu5ce ( =m1 comm5surate ) sight1 & palpable to s5se4 ,m54 ,t1 ,socrates1 appe>s to me to be an admirable answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! def9ition ( virtue4 ,soc4 ,:y1 yes1 because x happ5s to be "o :i* y h be5 9 ! habit ( he>+3 & y\r wit w h discov]$1 ,i suspect1 t y may expla9 9 ! same way ! nature ( s\nd & smell1 & ( _m o!r simil> ph5om5a4 ,m54 ,q true4 ,soc4 ,! answ]1 ,m5o1 0 9 ! or?odox solemn ve91 & !re=e 0 m acceptable to y ?an ! o!r answ] ab\t figure4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& yet1 ,o son ( ,alexidemus1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! o!r 0 ! bett]2 & ,i am sure t y w\ld be ( ! same op9ion1 if y w\ld only /ay & be initiat$1 & 7 n compell$1 z y said ye/]day1 to g away be=e ! my/]ies4 ,m54 ,b ,i w /ay1 ,socrates1 if y w give me _m su* answ]s4 #gg ,sid5ote3 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,m5o1 is ! desire ( ! hon\rable & ! good4 ,8 def9ition is analys$ by ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,well !n1 = my own sake z well z = y\rs1 ,i w d my v be/2 b ,i am afraid t ,i %all n be able to give y v _m z good3 & n[1 9 y\r turn1 y are to fulfil y\r promise1 & tell me :at virtue is 9 ! univ]sal2 & d n make a s+ul> into a plural1 z ! faceti\s say ( ^? :o break a ?+1 b deliv] virtue to me :ole & s\nd1 & n brok5 into a numb] ( pieces3 ,i h giv5 y ! patt]n4 ,m54 ,well !n1 ,socrates1 virtue1 z ,i take x1 is :5 he1 :o desires ! hon\rable1 is able to provide x = himself2 s ! poet says1 & ,i say too-- #8,virtue is ! desire ( ?+s hon\rable & ! p[] ( atta9+ !m4' ,soc4 ,& does he :o desires ! hon\rable also desire ! good8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n are !re "s :o desire ! evil & o!rs :o desire ! good8 ,d n all m51 my de> sir1 desire good8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,!re are "s :o desire evil8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,d y mean t !y ?9k ! evils :i* !y desire1 to be good2 or d !y "k t !y are evil & yet desire !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,! desire ( good & evil4 ,m54 ,bo?1 ,i ?9k4 ,soc4 ,& d y really imag9e1 ,m5o1 t a man kn[s evils to be evils & desires !m not)/&+8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly ,i d4 ,soc4 ,& desire is ( possession8 ,m54 ,yes1 ( possession4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 desire evil1 b n :at !y ?9k to be evil4 ,soc4 ,& does he ?9k t ! evils w d good to him :o possesses !m1 or does he "k t !y w d him h>m8 ,m54 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ! evils w d !m good1 & o!rs :o "k t !y w d !m h>m4 ,soc4 ,&1 9 y\r op9ion1 d ^? :o ?9k t !y w d !m good "k t !y are evils8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,is x n obvi\s t ^? :o are ignorant ( _! nature d n desire !m2 b !y desire :at !y suppose to be goods al?\gh !y are really evils2 & if !y are mi/ak5 & suppose ! evils to be goods !y really desire goods8 ,m54 ,yes1 9 t case4 ,soc4 ,well1 & d ^? :o1 z y say1 desire evils1 & ?9k t evils are hurtful to ! possessor ( !m1 "k t !y w be hurt by !m8 ,m54 ,!y mu/ "k x4 ,soc4 ,& mu/ !y n suppose t ^? :o are hurt #gh are mis]able 9 proportion to ! hurt :i* is inflict$ ^u !m8 ,m54 ,h[ c x be o!rwise8 ,soc4 ,b are n ! mis]able ill-fat$8 ,m54 ,yes1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,& does any "o desire to be mis]able & ill-fat$8 ,m54 ,i %\ld say n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,b if !re is no "o :o desires to be mis]able1 !re is no "o1 ,m5o1 :o desires evil2 = :at is mis]y b ! desire & possession ( evil8 ,m54 ,t appe>s to be ! tru?1 ,socrates1 & ,i admit t nobody desires evil4 ,soc4 ,& yet1 7 y n say+ j n[ t virtue is ! desire & p[] ( atta9+ good8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,i did say s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! self-contradiction ( ,m5o4 ,sid5ote3 ,! desire ( good is really common to all ( !m4 ,soc4 ,b if ?is be affirm$1 !n ! desire ( good is common to all1 & "o man is no bett] ?an ano!r 9 t respect8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if "o man is n bett] ?an ano!r 9 desir+ good1 he mu/ be bett] 9 ! p[] ( atta9+ x8 ,m54 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue is ! p[] ( atta9+ good ) ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r def9ition1 virtue w\ld appe> to be ! p[] ( atta9+ good8 ,m54 ,i entirely approve1 ,socrates1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* y n[ view ?is matt]4 ,soc4 ,!n let u see :e!r :at y say is true f ano!r po9t ( view2 = v likely y may be "r3--,y affirm virtue to be ! p[] ( atta9+ goods8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! goods :i* y mean are su* z heal? & weal? & ! possession ( gold & silv]1 & hav+ (fice & hon\r 9 ! /ate--^? are :at y w\ld call goods8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,i %\ld include all ^?4 ,soc4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,m5o1 :o is ! h]$it>y fri5d ( ! great k+1 virtue is ! p[] ( gett+ silv] & gold2 & w\ld y add t !y mu/ be ga9$ pi\sly1 ju/ly1 or d y deem ?is to be ( no consequ5ce8 ,& is any mode ( acquisition1 ev5 if unju/ or di%one/1 equally to be deem$ virtue8 ,m54 ,n virtue1 ,socrates1 b vice4 ,soc4 ,!n ju/ice or temp]ance or hol9ess1 or "s o!r "p ( virtue1 z w\ld appe>1 mu/ accompany ! acquisition1 & )\t !m ! m]e acquisition ( good w n be virtue4 ,m54 ,:y1 h[ c !re be virtue )\t ^!8 ,soc4 ,& ! non-acquisition ( gold & silv] 9 a di%one/ mann] = oneself or ano!r1 or 9 o!r words ! want ( !m1 may be equally virtue8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n ! acquisition ( su* goods is no m virtue ?an ! non-acquisition & want ( !m1 b :atev] is accompani$ by ju/ice or hone/y is virtue1 & :atev] is devoid ( ju/ice is vice4 #gi ,sid5ote3 ,! :ole _c be def9$ by a "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ?is def9ition repeats ! ?+ def9$3--virtue ! p[] ( atta9+ good ) a "p ( virtue4 ,m54 ,x _c be o!rwise1 9 my judgm5t4 ,soc4 ,& 7 we n say+ j n[ t ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l1 7 ea* ( !m a "p ( virtue8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& s1 ,m5o1 ?is is ! way 9 :i* y mock me4 ,m54 ,:y d y say t1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,:y1 because ,i ask$ y to deliv] virtue into my h&s :ole & unbrok51 & ,i gave y a patt]n accord+ to :i* y 7 to frame y\r answ]2 & y h =gott5 already1 & tell me t virtue is ! p[] ( atta9+ good ju/ly1 or ) ju/ice2 & ju/ice y ackn[l$ge to be a "p ( virtue4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n x foll[s f y\r own admissions1 t virtue is do+ :at y d ) a "p ( virtue2 = ju/ice & ! l are said by y to be p>ts ( virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if we d n "k ! nature ( virtue z a :ole1 h[ c we "k :at a "p ( virtue is8 ,m54 ,:at ( t8 ,soc4 ,:at ( t6 ,:y1 did n ,i ask y to tell me ! nature ( virtue z a :ole8 ,& y are v f> f tell+ me ?is2 b decl>e e action to be virtue :i* is done ) a "p ( virtue2 z ?\gh y _h told me & ,i mu/ already "k ! :ole ( virtue1 & ?is too :5 fritt]$ away into little pieces4 ,&1 !re=e1 my de> ,m5o1 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ beg9 aga9 & repeat ! same "q3 ,:at is virtue8 = o!rwise1 ,i c only say1 t e action done ) a "p ( virtue is virtue2 :at else is ! mean+ ( say+ t e action done ) ju/ice is virtue8 ,ought ,i n to ask ! "q ov] aga92 = c any "o :o does n "k virtue "k a "p ( virtue8 ,m54 ,no2 ,i d n say t he c4 ,soc4 ,d y rememb] h[1 9 ! example ( figure1 we reject$ any answ] giv5 9 t]ms :i* 7 z yet unexpla9$ or unadmitt$8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & we 7 q "r 9 do+ s4 ,soc4 ,b !n1 my fri5d1 d n suppose t we c expla9 to any "o ! nature ( virtue z a :ole ?r\gh "s unexpla9$ portion ( virtue1 or any?+ at all 9 t fa%ion2 we %\ld only h to ask ov] aga9 ! old "q1 ,:at is virtue8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,m54 ,i believe t y are4 ,soc4 ,!n beg9 aga91 & answ] me1 ,:at1 accord+ to y & y\r fri5d ,gorgias1 is ! def9ition ( virtue8 ,sid5ote3 ,! torp$o's %ock4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5o comp>es ,socrates to a torp$o ^: t\* has tak5 away 8 s5se & spee*4 ,m54 ,o ,socrates1 ,i us$ to be told1 be=e ,i knew y1 t y 7 always d\bt+ y\rself & mak+ o!rs d\bt2 #hj & n[ y are ca/+ y\r spells ov] me1 & ,i am simply gett+ bewit*$ & en*ant$1 & am at my wits' end4 ,& if ,i may v5ture to make a je/ ^u y1 y seem to me bo? 9 y\r appe>ance & 9 y\r p[] ov] o!rs to be v l ! flat torp$o fi%1 :o torpifies ^? :o come ne> him & t\* him1 z y h n[ torpifi$ me1 ,i ?9k4 ,= my s\l & my tongue are really torpid1 & ,i d n "k h[ to answ] y2 & ?\gh ,i h be5 deliv]$ ( an inf9ite v>iety ( spee*es ab\t virtue be=e n[1 & to _m p]sons--& v good ones !y 71 z ,i ?\ght--at ?is mom5t ,i _c ev5 say :at virtue is4 ,& ,i ?9k t y are v wise 9 n voyag+ & go+ away f home1 = if y did 9 o!r places z y d 9 ,a!ns1 y w\ld be ca/ into prison z a magician4 ,soc4 ,y are a rogue1 ,m5o1 & _h all b caught me4 ,m54 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i c tell :y y made a simile ab\t me4 ,m54 ,:y8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is ! cause ( dulness 9 o!rs because he is himself dull4 ,soc4 ,9 ord] t ,i might make ano!r simile ab\t y4 ,= ,i "k t all pretty "y g5tlem5 l to h pretty similes made ab\t !m--z well !y may--b ,i %all n return ! complim5t4 ,z to my be+ a torp$o1 if ! torp$o is torpid z well z ! cause ( torpidity 9 o!rs1 !n inde$ ,i am a torp$o1 b n o!rwise2 = ,i p]plex o!rs1 n because ,i am cle>1 b because ,i am utt]ly p]plex$ myself4 ,& n[ ,i "k n :at virtue is1 & y seem to be 9 ! same case1 al?\gh y did once p]haps "k be=e y t\*$ me4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h no objection to jo9 ) y 9 ! enquiry4 ,m54 ,& h[ w y enquire1 ,socrates1 into t :i* y d n "k8 ,:at w y put =? z ! subject ( enquiry8 ,& if y f9d :at y want1 h[ w y ev] "k t ?is is ! ?+ :i* y did n "k8 ,sid5ote3 ,p9d> & ! poets4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c y enquire ab\t :at y d n "k1 & if y "k :y %\ld y enquire8 ,soc4 ,i "k1 ,m5o1 :at y mean2 b j see :at a tiresome dispute y are introduc+4 ,y argue t a man _c enquire ei!r ab\t t :i* he kn[s1 or ab\t t :i* he does n "k2 = if he kn[s1 he has no ne$ to enquire2 & if n1 he _c2 = he does n "k ! v subject ab\t :i* he is to enquire#e4 ,m54 ,well1 ,socrates1 & is n ! argum5t s\nd8 #ha ,soc4 ,i ?9k n4 ,m54 ,:y n8 ,soc4 ,i w tell y :y3 ,i h he>d f c]ta9 wise m5 & wom5 :o spoke ( ?+s div9e t-- ,m54 ,:at did !y say8 ,soc4 ,!y spoke ( a glori\s tru?1 z ,i conceive4 ,m54 ,:at 0 x8 & :o 7 !y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! anci5t poets tell u t ! s\l ( man is immortal & has a recollection ( all t %e has ev] kn[n 9 =m] /ates ( be+4 ,soc4 ,"s ( !m 7 prie/s & prie/esses1 :o _h /udi$ h[ !y might be able to give a reason ( _! pr(ession3 !re h be5 poets also1 :o spoke ( ^! ?+s by inspiration1 l ,p9d>1 & _m o!rs :o 7 inspir$4 ,& !y say--m>k1 n[1 & see :e!r _! words are true--!y say t ! s\l ( man is immortal1 & at "o "t has an end1 :i* is t]m$ dy+1 & at ano!r "t is born aga91 b is nev] de/roy$4 ,& ! moral is1 t a man ought to live always 9 p]fect hol9ess4 #8,= 9 ! n9? ye> ,p]sephone s5ds ! s\ls ( ^? f :om %e has receiv$ ! p5alty ( anci5t crime back aga9 f b5ea? into ! light ( ! sun above1 & ^! are !y :o become noble k+s & mighty m5 & great 9 wisdom & are call$ sa9tly h]oes 9 aft] ages#f4' ,! s\l1 !n1 z be+ immortal1 & hav+ be5 born aga9 _m times1 & hav+ se5 all ?+s t exi/1 :e!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! _w bel[1 has k ( !m all2 & x is no wond] t %e %\ld be able to call to remembrance all t %e ev] knew ab\t virtue1 & ab\t ev]y?+2 = z all nature is ak91 & ! s\l has le>n$ all ?+s1 !re is no difficulty 9 h] elicit+ or z m5 say le>n+1 out ( a s+le recollection all ! re/1 if a man is /r5u\s & does n fa9t2 = all enquiry & all le>n+ is b recollection4 ,& !re=e we ought n to li/5 to ?is sophi/ical argum5t ab\t ! impossibility ( enquiry3 = x w make u idle1 & is sweet only to ! slugg>d2 b ! o!r say+ w make u active & inquisitive4 ,9 t confid+1 ,i w gladly enquire ) y into ! nature ( virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,! crucial exp]im5t4 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates2 b :at d y mean by say+ t we d n le>n1 & t :at we call le>n+ is only a process ( recollection8 ,c y tea* me h[ ?is is8 ,soc4 ,i told y1 ,m5o1 j n[ t y 7 a rogue1 & n[ y ask :e!r ,i c tea* y1 :5 ,i am say+ t !re is no tea*+1 b only recollection2 & ?us y #hb imag9e t y w involve me 9 a contradiction4 ,m54 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i prote/ t ,i _h no su* int5tion4 ,i only ask$ ! "q f habit2 b if y c prove to me t :at y say is true1 ,i wi% t y w\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,greek slave is introduc$1 f :om c]ta9 ma!matical conclusions :i* he has nev] le>n$ are elicit$ by ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,x w be no easy matt]1 b ,i w try to please y to ! utmo/ ( my p[]4 ,suppose t y call "o ( y\r num]\s att5dants1 t ,i may demon/rate on him4 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,come hi!r1 boy4 ,soc4 ,he is ,greek1 & speaks ,greek1 does he n8 ,m54 ,yes1 inde$2 he 0 born 9 ! h\se4 ,soc4 ,att5d n[ to ! que/ions :i* ,i ask him1 & obs]ve :e!r he le>ns ( me or only rememb]s4 ,m54 ,i w4 ,soc4 ,tell me1 boy1 d y "k t a figure l ?is is a squ>e8 ,boy4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,& y "k t a squ>e figure has ^! f\r l9es equal8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& ^! l9es :i* ,i h drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( ! squ>e are also equal8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,a squ>e may be ( any size8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& if "o side ( ! figure be ( two feet1 & ! o!r side be ( two feet1 h[ mu* w ! :ole be8 ,let me expla93 if 9 "o direction ! space 0 ( two feet1 & 9 ! o!r direction ( "o foot1 ! :ole w\ld be ( two feet tak5 once8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & ! boy4 ,soc4 ,b s9ce ?is side is also ( two feet1 !re are twice two feet8 ,boy4 ,!re are4 ,soc4 ,!n ! squ>e is ( twice two feet8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& h[ _m are twice two feet8 c\nt & tell me4 ,boy4 ,f\r1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& might !re n be ano!r squ>e twice z l>ge z ?is1 & hav+ l ?is ! l9es equal8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ( h[ _m feet w t be8 ,boy4 ,( eight feet4 ,soc4 ,& n[ try & tell me ! l5g? ( ! l9e :i* =ms ! side ( t d\ble squ>e3 ?is is two feet--:at w t be8 ,boy4 ,cle>ly1 ,socrates1 x w be d\ble4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is p>tly guess+4 ,soc4 ,d y obs]ve1 ,m5o1 t ,i am n tea*+ ! boy any?+1 b only ask+ him que/ions2 & n[ he fancies t he kn[s h[ long a l9e is necess>y 9 ord] to produce a figure ( eight squ>e feet2 does he n8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& does he really "k8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,he only guesses t because ! squ>e is d\ble1 ! l9e is d\ble4 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,obs]ve him :ile he recalls ! /eps 9 regul> ord]4 7,to ! ,boy47 ,tell me1 boy1 d y ass]t t a #hc d\ble space comes f a d\ble l9e8 ,rememb] t ,i am n speak+ ( an oblong1 b ( a figure equal e way1 & twice ! size ( ?is--t is to say ( eight feet2 & ,i want to "k :e!r y /ill say t a d\ble squ>e comes f a d\ble l9e8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b does n ?is l9e become d\bl$ if we add ano!r su* l9e "h8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& f\r su* l9es w make a space conta9+ eight feet8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & ! boy4 ,soc4 ,let u describe su* a figure3 ,w\ld y n say t ?is is ! figure ( eight feet8 ,illu/ration ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are !re n ^! f\r divisions 9 ! figure1 ea* ( :i* is equal to ! figure ( f\r feet8 ,boy4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& is n t f\r times f\r8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& f\r times is n d\ble8 ,boy4 ,no1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,b h[ mu*8 ,boy4 ,f\r times z mu*4 ,soc4 ,!re=e ! d\ble l9e1 boy1 has giv5 a space1 n twice1 b f\r times z mu*4 ,boy4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,f\r times f\r are sixte5--are !y n8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:at l9e w\ld give y a space ( eight feet1 z ?is gives "o ( sixte5 feet2--d y see8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! space ( f\r feet is made f ?is half l9e8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,good2 & is n a space ( eight feet twice ! size ( ?is1 & half ! size ( ! o!r8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,su* a space1 !n1 w be made out ( a l9e great] ?an ?is "o1 & less ?an t "o8 ,boy4 ,yes2 ,i ?9k s4 ,soc4 ,v good2 ,i l to he> y say :at y ?9k4 ,& n[ tell me1 is n ?is a l9e ( two feet & t ( f\r8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,he has n[ le>n$ to realize 8 own ignorance1 & !re=e w endeav\r to rem$y x4 ,soc4 ,!n ! l9e :i* =ms ! side ( eight feet ought to be m ?an ?is l9e ( two feet1 & less ?an ! o!r ( f\r feet8 ,boy4 ,x ought4 ,soc4 ,try & see if y c tell me h[ mu* x w be4 ,boy4 ,?ree feet4 ,sid5ote3 ,! progress ( ! boy's education4 ,soc4 ,!n if we add a half to ?is l9e ( two1 t w be ! l9e ( ?ree4 ,"h are two & !re is "o2 & on ! o!r side1 "h are two also & !re is "o3 & t makes ! figure ( :i* y speak8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b if !re are ?ree feet ?is way & ?ree feet t way1 ! :ole space w be ?ree times ?ree feet8 ,boy4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,& h[ mu* are ?ree times ?ree feet8 ,boy4 ,n9e4 ,soc4 ,& h[ mu* is ! d\ble ( f\r8 ,boy4 ,eight4 ,soc4 ,!n ! figure ( eight is n made out ( a l9e ( ?ree8 ,boy4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,b f :at l9e8--tell me exactly2 & if y #hd w\ld r n reckon1 try & %[ me ! l9e4 ,boy4 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i d n "k4 ,soc4 ,d y see1 ,m5o1 :at advances he has made 9 8 p[] ( recollection8 ,he did n "k at fir/1 & he does n "k n[1 :at is ! side ( a figure ( eight feet3 b !n he ?\ght t he knew1 & answ]$ confid5tly z if he knew1 & _h no difficulty2 n[ he has a difficulty1 & nei!r kn[s nor fancies t he kn[s4 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,is he n bett] (f 9 kn[+ 8 ignorance8 ,m54 ,i ?9k t he is4 ,soc4 ,if we h made him d\bt1 & giv5 him ! #8torp$o's %ock1' h we done him any h>m8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,we h c]ta9ly1 z w\ld seem1 assi/$ him 9 "s degree to ! discov]y ( ! tru?2 & n[ he w wi% to rem$y 8 ignorance1 b !n he w\ld h be5 ready to tell all ! _w aga9 & aga9 t ! d\ble space %\ld h a d\ble side4 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b d y suppose t he w\ld ev] h enquir$ into or le>n$ :at he fanci$ t he knew1 ?\gh he 0 really ignorant ( x1 until he _h fall5 into p]plexity "u ! idea t he did n "k1 & _h desir$ to "k8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!n he 0 ! bett] = ! torp$o's t\*8 ,m54 ,i ?9k s4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ruction ( ! figure ( eight feet squ>e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! boy arrives at ano!r true conclusion3 :i* is1 t ! squ>e ( ! diagonal is d\ble ! squ>e ( ! side4 ,soc4 ,m>k n[ ! f>!r developm5t4 ,i %all only ask him1 & n tea* him1 & he %all %>e ! enquiry ) me3 & d y wat* & see if y f9d me tell+ or expla9+ any?+ to him1 in/ead ( elicit+ 8 op9ion4 ,tell me1 boy1 is n ?is a squ>e ( f\r feet :i* ,i h drawn8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& n[ ,i add ano!r squ>e equal to ! =m] "o8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& a ?ird1 :i* is equal to ei!r ( !m8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,suppose t we fill up ! vacant corn]8 ,boy4 ,v good4 ,soc4 ,"h1 !n1 !re are f\r equal spaces8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& h[ _m times l>g] is ?is space ?an ?is o!r8 ,boy4 ,f\r times4 ,soc4 ,b x ought to h be5 twice only1 z y w rememb]4 ,boy4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& does n ?is l9e1 rea*+ f corn] to corn]1 bisect ea* ( ^! spaces8 #he ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are !re n "h f\r equal l9es :i* conta9 ?is space8 ,boy4 ,!re are4 ,soc4 ,look & see h[ mu* ?is space is4 ,boy4 ,i d n und]/&4 ,soc4 ,has n ea* int]ior l9e cut (f half ( ! f\r spaces8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& h[ _m su* spaces are !re 9 ?is section8 ,boy4 ,f\r4 ,soc4 ,& h[ _m 9 ?is8 ,boy4 ,two4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce4 ,soc4 ,& f\r is h[ _m times two8 ,boy4 ,twice4 ,soc4 ,& ?is space is ( h[ _m feet8 ,boy4 ,( eight feet4 ,soc4 ,& f :at l9e d y get ?is figure8 ,boy4 ,f ?is4 ,soc4 ,t is1 f ! l9e :i* ext5ds f corn] to corn] ( ! figure ( f\r feet8 ,boy4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& t is ! l9e :i* ! le>n$ call ! diagonal4 ,& if ?is is ! prop] "n1 !n y1 ,m5o's slave1 are prep>$ to affirm t ! d\ble space is ! squ>e ( ! diagonal8 ,boy4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,:at d y say ( him1 ,m5o8 ,7 n all ^! answ]s giv5 out ( 8 own head8 ,m54 ,yes1 !y 7 all 8 own4 ,soc4 ,& yet1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 he did n "k8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b /ill he _h 9 him ^? notions ( 8--_h he n8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o does n "k may /ill h true notions ( t :i* he does n "k8 ,m54 ,he has4 ,sid5ote3 ,at pres5t he is 9 a dream2 he w soon gr[ cle>]4 ,soc4 ,& at pres5t ^! notions h j be5 /irr$ up 9 him1 z 9 a dream2 b if he 7 frequ5tly ask$ ! same que/ions1 9 diff]5t =ms1 he w\ld "k z well z any "o at la/8 ,m54 ,i d>e say4 ,soc4 ,)\t any "o tea*+ him he w recov] 8 k = himself1 if he is only ask$ que/ions8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ?is spontane\s recov]y ( k 9 him is recollection8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ?is k :i* he n[ has mu/ he n ei!r h acquir$ or always possess$8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is m confid5t ( "s ?+s ?an ( o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,ei!r ?is k 0 acquir$ by him 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 or 0 always kn[n to him4 ,soc4 ,b if he always possess$ ?is k he w\ld always h kn[n2 or if he has acquir$ ! k he c\ld n h acquir$ x 9 ?is life1 unless he has be5 taught geometry2 = he may be made to d ! same ) all geometry & e o!r bran* ( k4 ,n[1 has any "o ev] taught him all ?is8 ,y mu/ "k ab\t him1 if1 z y say1 he 0 born & br$ 9 y\r h\se4 ,m54 ,& ,i am c]ta9 t no "o ev] did tea* him4 ,soc4 ,& yet he has ! k8 ,m54 ,! fact1 ,socrates1 is und5iable4 ,soc4 ,b if he did n acquire ! k 9 ?is life1 !n he mu/ h _h & le>n$ x at "s o!r "t8 #hf ,m54 ,cle>ly he mu/4 ,soc4 ,:i* mu/ h be5 ! "t :5 he 0 n a man8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if !re h be5 always true ?\ghts 9 him1 bo? at ! "t :5 he 0 & 0 n a man1 :i* only ne$ to be awak5$ into k by putt+ que/ions to him1 8 s\l mu/ h always possess$ ?is k1 = he always ei!r 0 or 0 n a man8 ,m54 ,obvi\sly4 ,soc4 ,& if ! tru? ( all ?+s always exi/$ 9 ! s\l1 !n ! s\l is immortal4 ,:]e=e be ( good *e]1 & try to recollect :at y d n "k1 or r :at y d n rememb]4 ,m54 ,i feel1 someh[1 t ,i l :at y are say+4 ,sid5ote3 ,bett] to enquire ?an to fancy t !re is no su* ?+ z enquiry & no use 9 x4 ,soc4 ,& ,i1 ,m5o1 l :at ,i am say+4 ,"s ?+s ,i h said ( :i* ,i am n altoge!r confid5t4 ,b t we %all be bett] & brav] & less helpless if we ?9k t we ought to enquire1 ?an we %\ld h be5 if we indulg$ 9 ! idle fancy t !re 0 no kn[+ & no use 9 seek+ to "k :at we d n "k2--t is a !me ^u :i* ,i am ready to fight1 9 ^w & de$1 to ! utmo/ ( my p[]4 ,m54 ,!re aga91 ,socrates1 y\r words seem to me excell5t4 ,soc4 ,!n1 z we are agre$ t a man %\ld enquire ab\t t :i* he does n "k1 %all y & ,i make an ef=t to enquire toge!r into ! nature ( virtue8 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( hypo!sis4 ,m54 ,by all means1 ,socrates4 ,& yet ,i w\ld mu* r return to my orig9al "q1 ,:e!r 9 seek+ to acquire virtue we %\ld reg>d x z a ?+ to be taught1 or z a gift ( nature1 or z com+ to m5 9 "s o!r way8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates _c enquire :e!r virtue c be taught until he kn[s :at virtue is1 except ^u an hypo!sis1 su* z geometricians sometimes employ3 e4 g4 c a triangle ( giv5 area be inscrib$ 9 a giv5 circle1 if :5 ! side ( x is produc$ ?is or t consequ5ce foll[s8 ,! hypo!sis appe>s to be r trivial & to h no ma!matical value4 ,sid5ote3 ,^u ! hypo!sis #8t virtue is k1' c x be taught8 ,soc4 ,_h ,i ! comm& ( y z well z ( myself1 ,m5o1 ,i w\ld n h enquir$ :e!r virtue is giv5 by in/ruction or n1 until we _h fir/ asc]ta9$ #8:at x is4' ,b z y ?9k only ( controll+ me :o am y\r slave1 & nev] ( controll+ y\rself1--su* be+ y\r notion ( fre$om1 ,i mu/ yield to y1 = y are irresi/ible4 ,& !re=e ,i h n[ to enquire into ! qualities ( a ?+ ( :i* ,i d n z yet "k ! nature4 ,at any rate1 w y condesc5d a little1 & all[ ! "q #8,:e!r virtue is giv5 by in/ruction1 or 9 any o!r way1' to be argu$ ^u hypo!sis8 ,z ! geometrician1 :5 he is ask$ #g:e!r #hg a c]ta9 triangle is capable ( be+ inscrib$ 9 a c]ta9 circle#g1 w reply3 #8,i _c tell y z yet2 b ,i w (f] a hypo!sis :i* may assi/ u 9 =m+ a conclusion3 ,if ! figure be su* t #h:5 y h produc$ a giv5 side ( x#h1 ! giv5 area ( ! triangle falls %ort by an area #i;correspond+ to ! "p produc$#i1 !n "o consequ5ce foll[s1 & if ?is is impossible !n "s o!r2 & !re=e ,i wi% to assume a hypo!sis be=e ,i tell y :e!r ?is triangle is capable ( be+ inscrib$ 9 ! circle3'--t is a geometrical hypo!sis4 ,& we too1 z we "k n ! nature & qualities ( virtue1 mu/ ask1 :e!r virtue is or is n taught1 "u a hypo!sis3 z ?us1 if virtue is ( su* a class ( m5tal goods1 w x be taught or n8 ,let ! fir/ hypo!sis be t virtue is or is n k1--9 t case w x be taught or n8 or1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 #8rememb]$'8 ,= !re is no use 9 disput+ ab\t ! "n4 ,b is virtue taught or n8 or r1 does n e "o see t k alone is taught8 ,m54 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,!n if virtue is k1 virtue w be taught8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue & k4 ,soc4 ,!n n[ we h made a quick end ( ?is "q3 if virtue is ( su* a nature1 x w be taught2 & if n1 n8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 #8,( c\rse4' ,soc4 ,! next "q is1 :e!r virtue is k or ( ano!r species8 ,m54 ,yes1 t appe>s to be ! "q :i* comes next 9 ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,b is virtue k8 ,soc4 ,d we n say t virtue is a good8--,?is is a hypo!sis :i* is n set aside4 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue is a good1 & pr(itable3 & all pr(itable ?+s are ei!r pr(itable or ! rev]se accord+ z !y are or are n "u ! guidance ( k4 ,soc4 ,n[1 if !re be any sort ( good :i* is di/9ct f k1 virtue may be t good2 b if k embraces all good1 !n we %all be "r 9 ?9k+ t virtue is k8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& virtue makes u good8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if we are good1 !n we are pr(itable2 = all good ?+s are pr(itable8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n virtue is pr(itable8 ,m54 ,t is ! only inf]5ce4 ,soc4 ,!n n[ let u see :at are ! ?+s :i* sev]ally pr(it u4 ,heal? & /r5g?1 & beauty & weal?--^!1 & ! l ( ^!1 we call pr(itable8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& yet ^! ?+s may also sometimes d u #hh h>m3 w\ld y n ?9k s8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :at is ! guid+ pr9ciple :i* makes !m pr(itable or ! rev]se8 ,are !y n pr(itable :5 !y are rightly us$1 & hurtful :5 !y are n rightly us$8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,next1 let u consid] ! goods ( ! s\l3 !y are temp]ance1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 quickness ( appreh5sion1 memory1 magnanimity1 & ! l8 ,m54 ,surely4 ,soc4 ,& su* ( ^! z are n k1 b ( ano!r sort1 are sometimes pr(itable & sometimes hurtful2 z1 = example1 c\rage want+ prud5ce1 :i* is only a sort ( confid5ce8 ,:5 a man has no s5se he is h>m$ by c\rage1 b :5 he has s5se he is pr(it$8 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue is k4 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ! same may be said ( temp]ance & quickness ( appreh5sion2 :atev] ?+s are le>n$ or done ) s5se are pr(itable1 b :5 done )\t s5se !y are hurtful8 ,m54 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& 9 g5]al1 all t ! s\l attempts or endures1 :5 "u ! guidance ( wisdom1 ends 9 happ9ess2 b :5 %e is "u ! guidance ( folly1 9 ! opposite8 ,m54 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& s all virtue mu/ be a sort ( wisdom or k4 ,soc4 ,if !n virtue is a quality ( ! s\l1 & is admitt$ to be pr(itable1 x mu/ be wisdom or prud5ce1 s9ce none ( ! ?+s ( ! s\l are ei!r pr(itable or hurtful 9 !mselves1 b !y are all made pr(itable or hurtful by ! addition ( wisdom or ( folly2 & !re=e if virtue is pr(itable1 virtue mu/ be a sort ( wisdom or prud5ce8 ,m54 ,i q agree4 ,soc4 ,& ! o!r goods1 su* z weal? & ! l1 ( :i* we 7 j n[ say+ t !y are sometimes good & sometimes evil1 d n !y also become pr(itable or hurtful1 accord+ly z ! s\l guides & uses !m rightly or wrongly2 j z ! ?+s ( ! s\l h]self are b5efit$ :5 "u ! guidance ( wisdom & h>m$ by folly8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ! wise s\l guides !m rightly1 & ! fooli% s\l wrongly8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& is n ?is univ]sally true ( human nature8 ,all o!r ?+s hang ^u ! s\l1 & ! ?+s ( ! s\l h]self hang ^u wisdom1 if !y are to be good2 & #hi s wisdom is inf]r$ to be t :i* pr(its--& virtue1 z we say1 is pr(itable8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue is ei!r :olly or p>tly wisdom4 ,soc4 ,& ?us we arrive at ! conclusion t virtue is ei!r :olly or p>tly wisdom8 ,m54 ,i ?9k t :at y are say+1 ,socrates1 is v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,c virtue be taught8 ,soc4 ,b if ?is is true1 !n ! good are n by nature good8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ?is is true1 virtue mu/ be taught2 b !n :]e are ! tea*]s8 ,soc4 ,if !y _h be51 !re w\ld assur$ly h be5 disc]n]s ( *>act]s among u :o w\ld h kn[n our future great m52 & on _! %[+ we %\ld h adopt$ !m1 & :5 we _h got !m1 we %\ld h kept !m 9 ! citadel out ( ! way ( h>m1 & set a /amp ^u !m f> r ?an ^u a piece ( gold1 9 ord] t no "o might tamp] ) !m2 & :5 !y grew up !y w\ld h be5 useful to ! /ate8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates1 t w\ld h be5 ! "r way4 ,soc4 ,b if ! good are n by nature good1 are !y made good by in/ruction8 ,m54 ,!re appe>s to be no o!r alt]native1 ,socrates4 ,on ! supposition t virtue is k1 !re c be no d\bt t virtue is taught4 ,soc4 ,yes1 inde$2 b :at if ! supposition is errone\s8 ,m54 ,i c]ta9ly ?\ght j n[ t we 7 "r4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,m5o2 b a pr9ciple :i* has any s\ndness %\ld /& firm n only j n[1 b always4 ,m54 ,well2 & :y are y s sl[ ( he>t to believe t k is virtue8 ,soc4 ,i w try & tell y :y1 ,m5o4 ,i d n retract ! ass]tion t if virtue is k x may be taught2 b ,i fe> t ,i h "s reason 9 d\bt+ :e!r virtue is k3 = consid] n[ & say :e!r virtue1 & n only virtue b any?+ t is taught1 mu/ n h tea*]s & disciples8 ,m54 ,surely4 ,soc4 ,& conv]sely1 may n ! art ( :i* nei!r tea*]s nor disciples exi/ be assum$ to be incapable ( be+ taught8 ,m54 ,true2 b d y ?9k t !re are no tea*]s ( virtue8 ,sid5ote3 ,! appeal to ,anytus4 ,sid5ote3 ,c ,anytus tell u :o !y are8 ,soc4 ,i h c]ta9ly (t5 enquir$ :e!r !re 7 any1 & tak5 great pa9s to f9d !m1 & h nev] succe$$2 & _m h assi/$ me 9 ! se>*1 & !y 7 ! p]sons :om ,i ?\ght ! mo/ likely to "k4 ,"h at ! mom5t :5 he is want$ we =tunately #ij h sitt+ by u ,anytus1 ! v p]son ( :om we %\ld make enquiry2 to him !n let u repair4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is ! son ( a weal?y & wise fa!r1 ,an!mion1 :o acquir$ 8 weal?1 n by accid5t or gift1 l ,ism5ias ! ,!ban 7:o has rec5tly made himself z ri* z ,polycrates71 b by 8 own skill & indu/ry1 & :o is a well-condition$1 mode/ man1 n insol5t1 or ov]be>+1 or annoy+2 moreov]1 ?is son ( 8 has receiv$ a good education1 z ! ,a!nian p c]ta9ly appe> to ?9k1 = !y *oose him to fill ! highe/ (fices4 ,& ^! are ! sort ( m5 f :om y are likely to le>n :e!r !re are any tea*]s ( virtue1 & :o !y are4 ,please1 ,anytus1 to help me & y\r fri5d ,m5o 9 answ]+ our "q1 ,:o are ! tea*]s8 ,consid] ! matt] ?us3 ,if we want$ ,m5o to be a good physician1 to :om %\ld we s5d him8 ,%\ld we n s5d him to ! physicians8 ,any4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,or if we want$ him to be a good cobbl]1 %\ld we n s5d him to ! cobbl]s8 ,any4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& s =?8 ,any4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arts are taught by ! pr(essors ( !m4 ,& h we n he>d ( ^? :o pr(ess to tea* virtue at a fix$ price8 ,soc4 ,let me tr\ble y ) "o m "q4 ,:5 we say t we %\ld be "r 9 s5d+ him to ! physicians if we want$ him to be a physician1 d we mean t we %\ld be "r 9 s5d+ him to ^? :o pr(ess ! art1 r ?an to ^? :o d n1 & to ^? :o dem& paym5t = tea*+ ! art1 & pr(ess to tea* x to any "o :o w come & le>n8 ,& if ^! 7 our reasons1 %\ld we n be "r 9 s5d+ him8 ,any4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& might n ! same be said ( flute-play+1 & ( ! o!r arts8 ,w\ld a man :o want$ to make ano!r a flute-play] refuse to s5d him to ^? :o pr(ess to tea* ! art = money1 & be plagu+ o!r p]sons to give him in/ruction1 :o are n pr(ess$ tea*]s & :o nev] _h a s+le disciple 9 t bran* ( k :i* he wi%es him to acquire--w\ld n su* conduct be ! height ( folly8 ,sid5ote3 ,anytus attacks1 ,socrates def5ds1 ! ,sophi/s4 ,any4 ,yes1 by ,zeus1 & ( ignorance too4 ,soc4 ,v good4 ,& n[ y are 9 a position to advise #ia ) me ab\t my fri5d ,m5o4 ,he has be5 tell+ me1 ,anytus1 t he desires to atta9 t k9d ( wisdom & virtue by :i* m5 ord] ! /ate or ! h\se1 & hon\r _! p>5ts1 & "k :5 to receive & :5 to s5d away citiz5s & /rang]s1 z a good man %\ld4 ,n[1 to :om %\ld he g 9 ord] t he may le>n ?is virtue8 ,does n ! previ\s argum5t imply cle>ly t we %\ld s5d him to ^? :o pr(ess & av\* t !y are ! common tea*]s ( all ,hellas1 & are ready to imp>t in/ruction to any "o :o likes1 at a fix$ price8 ,any4 ,:om d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,y surely "k1 d y n1 ,anytus1 t ^! are ! p :om mank9d call ,sophi/s8 ,sid5ote3 ,anytus inveighs aga9/ ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,any4 ,by ,h]acles1 ,socrates1 =be>6 ,i only hope t no fri5d or k9sman or acqua9tance ( m9e1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 w ev] be s mad z to all[ himself to be corrupt$ by !m2 = !y are a manife/ pe/ & corrupt+ influ5ce to ^? :o h to d ) !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y surely !y _c really be corrupt]s8 ,see :at =tunes !y make1 & :at an excell5t reputation _m ( !m be>6 ,soc4 ,:at1 ,anytus8 ,( all ! p :o pr(ess t !y "k h[ to d m5 good1 d y mean to say t ^! are ! only ones :o n only d !m no good1 b positively corrupt ^? :o are entru/$ to !m1 & 9 return = ?is diss]vice h ! face to dem& money8 ,inde$1 ,i _c believe y2 = ,i "k ( a s+le man1 ,protagoras1 :o made m out ( 8 craft ?an ! illu/ri\s ,pheidias1 :o creat$ su* noble works1 or any t5 o!r /atu>ies4 ,h[ c\ld t be8 ,a m5d] ( old %oes1 or pat*] up ( clo!s1 :o made ! %oes or clo!s worse ?an he receiv$ !m1 c\ld n h rema9$ ?irty days undetect$1 & w\ld v soon h />v$2 :]eas dur+ m ?an =ty ye>s1 ,protagoras 0 corrupt+ all ,hellas1 & s5d+ 8 disciples f him worse ?an he receiv$ !m1 & he 0 nev] f\nd out4 ,=1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 he 0 ab\t sev5ty ye>s old at 8 dea?1 =ty ( :i* 7 sp5t 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession2 & dur+ all t "t he _h a good reputation1 :i* to ?is day he reta9s3 & n only ,protagoras1 b _m o!rs are well spok5 (2 "s :o liv$ be=e him1 & o!rs :o are /ill liv+4 ,n[1 :5 y say t !y deceiv$ & #ib corrupt$ ! y\?1 are !y to be suppos$ to h corrupt$ !m consci\sly or unconsci\sly8 ,c ^? :o 7 deem$ by _m to be ! wise/ m5 ( ,hellas h be5 out ( _! m9ds8 ,sid5ote3 ,! rage ( ,anytus at ! ,sophi/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wise/ m5 9 ,hellas c\ld n h be5 out ( _! m9ds8 ,no3--! p :o gave _! money to !m 7 out ( _! m9ds4 ,any4 ,out ( _! m9ds6 ,no1 ,socrates2 ! "y m5 :o gave _! money to !m 7 out ( _! m9ds1 & _! relations & gu>dians :o entru/$ _! y\? to ! c>e ( ^! m5 7 /ill m out ( _! m9ds1 & mo/ ( all1 ! cities :o all[$ !m to come 91 & did n drive !m out1 citiz5 & /rang] alike4 ,soc4 ,has any ( ! ,sophi/s wrong$ y1 ,anytus8 ,:at makes y s angry ) !m8 ,any4 ,no1 inde$1 nei!r ,i nor any ( my belong+s has ev] _h1 nor w\ld ,i suff] !m to h1 any?+ to d ) !m4 ,soc4 ,!n y are entirely unacqua9t$ ) !m8 ,any4 ,& ,i h no wi% to be acqua9t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c ,anytus "k t !y are bad1 if he does n "k !m at all8 ,soc4 ,!n1 my de> fri5d1 h[ c y "k :e!r a ?+ is good or bad ( :i* y are :olly ignorant8 ,any4 ,q well2 ,i am sure t ,i "k :at mann] ( m5 ^! are1 :e!r ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m or n4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n :o w tea* ,m5o virtue8 ,soc4 ,y mu/ be a div9]1 ,anytus1 = ,i really _c make out1 judg+ f y\r own words1 h[1 if y are n acqua9t$ ) !m1 y "k ab\t !m4 ,b ,i am n enquir+ ( y :o are ! tea*]s :o w corrupt ,m5o 7let !m be1 if y please1 ! ,sophi/s72 ,i only ask y to tell him :o !re is 9 ?is great city :o w tea* him h[ to become em95t 9 ! virtues :i* ,i 0 j n[ describ+4 ,he is ! fri5d ( y\r family1 & y w oblige him4 ,any4 ,:y d y n tell him y\rself8 ,soc4 ,i h told him :om ,i suppos$ to be ! tea*]s ( ^! ?+s2 b ,i le>n f y t ,i am utt]ly at fault1 & ,i d>e say t y are "r4 ,& n[ ,i wi% t y1 on y\r "p1 w\ld tell me to :om among ! ,a!nians he %\ld g4 ,:om w\ld y "n8 ,sid5ote3 ,! lesson taught by ! example ( ,!mi/ocles4 ,sid5ote3 ,any ,a!nian g5tleman :o has le>n$ ( a previ\s g5]ation ( g5tlem54 ,any4 ,:y s+le out individuals8 ,any ,a!nian g5tleman1 tak5 at r&om1 if he w m9d him1 w d f> m good to him ?an ! ,sophi/s4 ,soc4 ,& did ^? g5tlem5 gr[ ( !mselves2 & )\t hav+ be5 taught by any "o1 7 !y nev]!less able to tea* o!rs t :i* !y _h nev] le>n$ #ic !mselves8 ,any4 ,i imag9e t !y le>n$ ( ! previ\s g5]ation ( g5tlem54 ,h !re n be5 _m good m5 9 ?is city8 ,soc4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 ,anytus2 & _m good /atesm5 also !re always h be5 & !re are /ill1 9 ! city ( ,a!ns4 ,b ! "q is :e!r !y 7 also good tea*]s ( _! own virtue2--n :e!r !re are1 or h be51 good m5 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 b :e!r virtue c be taught1 is ! "q :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,n[1 d we mean to say t ! good m5 ( our own & ( o!r times knew h[ to imp>t to o!rs t virtue :i* !y _h !mselves2 or is virtue a ?+ incapable ( be+ communicat$ or imp>t$ by "o man to ano!r8 ,t is ! "q :i* ,i & ,m5o h be5 argu+4 ,look at ! matt] 9 y\r own way3 ,w\ld y n admit t ,!mi/ocles 0 a good man8 ,any4 ,c]ta9ly2 no man bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,good m5 may n h be5 good tea*]s4 ,!re nev] 0 a bett] man ?an ,!mi/ocles3 b he did n make mu* ( 8 own son4 ,soc4 ,& mu/ n he !n h be5 a good tea*]1 if any man ev] 0 a good tea*]1 ( 8 own virtue8 ,any4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1--if he want$ to be s4 ,soc4 ,b w\ld he n h want$8 ,he w\ld1 at any rate1 h desir$ to make 8 own son a good man & a g5tleman2 he c\ld n h be5 jeal\s ( him1 or h int5tionally ab/a9$ f imp>t+ to him 8 own virtue4 ,did y nev] he> t he made 8 son ,cleophantus a fam\s horseman2 & _h him taught to /& upright on horseback & hurl a javel91 & to d _m o!r m>vell\s ?+s2 & 9 any?+ :i* c\ld be le>n$ f a ma/] he 0 well tra9$8 ,h y n he>d f our eld]s ( him8 ,any4 ,i h4 ,soc4 ,!n no "o c\ld say t 8 son %[$ any want ( capacity8 ,any4 ,v likely n4 ,soc4 ,b did any "o1 old or "y1 ev] say 9 y\r he>+ t ,cleophantus1 son ( ,!mi/ocles1 0 a wise or good man1 z 8 fa!r 08 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/ides1 ,p]icles1 ,?ucydides ! son ( ,melesias4 ,sid5ote3 ,he _h him taught accompli%m5ts because !re 0 no "o to tea* virtue4 ,any4 ,i h c]ta9ly nev] he>d any "o say s4 ,soc4 ,& if virtue c\ld h be5 taught1 w\ld 8 fa!r ,!mi/ocles h s\ght to tra9 him 9 ^! m9or accompli%m5ts1 & all[$ him :o1 z y mu/ rememb]1 0 8 own son1 to be no bett] ?an 8 neighb\rs 9 ^? qualities 9 :i* he himself excell$8 ,any4 ,inde$1 inde$1 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,"h 0 a tea*] ( virtue :om y admit to be among ! be/ m5 ( ! pa/4 ,let u take ano!r1--,ari/ides1 #id ! son ( ,lysima*us3 w\ld y n ackn[l$ge t he 0 a good man8 ,any4 ,to be sure ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/ides 0 also a good man1 & ,p]icles & ,?ucydides3--!y made _! sons good horsem51 & wre/l]s1 & ! l1 b !y did n h !m taught to be good1 because virtue _c be taught4 ,soc4 ,& did n he tra9 8 son ,lysima*us bett] ?an any o!r ,a!nian 9 all t c\ld be done = him by ! help ( ma/]s8 ,b :at has be5 ! result8 ,is he a bit bett] ?an any o!r mortal8 ,he is an acqua9tance ( y\rs1 & y see :at he is l4 ,!re is ,p]icles1 aga91 magnific5t 9 8 wisdom2 & he1 z y are aw>e1 _h two sons1 ,p>alus & ,xan?ippus4 ,any4 ,i "k4 ,soc4 ,& y "k1 also1 t he taught !m to be unrivall$ horsem51 & _h !m tra9$ 9 music & gymna/ics & all sorts ( arts--9 ^! respects !y 7 on a level ) ! be/--& _h he no wi% to make good m5 ( !m8 ,nay1 he mu/ h wi%$ x4 ,b virtue1 z ,i suspect1 c\ld n be taught4 ,& t y may n suppose ! incompet5t tea*]s to be only ! mean] sort ( ,a!nians & few 9 numb]1 rememb] aga9 t ,?ucydides _h two sons1 ,melesias & ,/ephanus1 :om1 besides giv+ !m a good education 9 o!r ?+s1 he tra9$ 9 wre/l+1 & !y 7 ! be/ wre/l]s 9 ,a!ns3 "o ( !m he committ$ to ! c>e ( ,xan?ias1 & ! o!r ( ,eudorus1 :o _h ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ celebrat$ wre/l]s ( t day4 ,d y rememb] !m8 ,any4 ,i h he>d ( !m4 ,soc4 ,n[1 c !re be a d\bt t ,?ucydides1 ^: *ildr5 7 taught ?+s = :i* he _h to sp5d money1 w\ld h taught !m to be good m51 :i* w\ld h co/ him no?+1 if virtue c\ld h be5 taught8 ,w y reply t he 0 a mean man1 & _h n _m fri5ds among ! ,a!nians & allies8 ,nay1 b he 0 ( a great family1 & a man ( influ5ce at ,a!ns & 9 all ,hellas1 &1 if virtue c\ld h be5 taught1 he w\ld h f\nd out "s ,a!nian or =eign] :o w\ld h made good m5 ( 8 sons1 if he c\ld n himself sp>e ! "t f c>es ( /ate4 ,once m1 ,i suspect1 fri5d ,anytus1 t virtue is n a ?+ :i* c be taught8 ,sid5ote3 ,! sophi/s aga94 ,any4 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t y are too ready to speak evil ( m53 &1 if y w take my advice1 ,i w\ld recomm5d y to be c>eful4 ,p]haps !re is no city 9 :i* x is n easi] to d m5 h>m ?an to d !m good1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case at ,a!ns1 z ,i believe t y #ie "k4 ,sid5ote3 ,anytus gives an angry w>n+ to ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,o ,m5o1 ,i ?9k t ,anytus is 9 a rage4 ,& he may well be 9 a rage1 = he ?9ks1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i am defam+ ^! g5tlem52 & 9 ! second place1 he is ( op9ion t he is "o ( !m himself4 ,b "s day he w "k :at is ! mean+ ( defamation1 & if he ev] does1 he w =give me4 ,mean:ile ,i w return to y1 ,m5o2 = ,i suppose t !re are g5tlem5 9 y\r region too8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly !re are4 ,soc4 ,& are !y will+ to tea* ! "y8 & d !y pr(ess to be tea*]s8 & d !y agree t virtue is taught8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,!ssalian g5try are n agre$ ab\t ! possibility ( tea*+ virtue4 ,m54 ,no inde$1 ,socrates1 !y are any?+ b agre$2 y may he> !m say+ at "o "t t virtue c be taught1 & !n aga9 ! rev]se4 ,soc4 ,c we call ^? tea*]s :o d n ackn[l$ge ! possibility ( _! own vocation8 ,m54 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y ?9k ( ^! ,sophi/s1 :o are ! only pr(essors8 ,d !y seem to y to be tea*]s ( virtue8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sophi/s no tea*]s ( virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias pr(esses to tea* rhetoric1 b laughs at ^? :o pret5d to tea* virtue4 ,m54 ,i (t5 wond]1 ,socrates1 t ,gorgias is nev] he>d promis+ to tea* virtue3 & :5 he he>s o!rs promis+ he only laughs at !m2 b he ?9ks t m5 %\ld be taught to speak4 ,soc4 ,!n d y n ?9k t ! ,sophi/s are tea*]s8 ,m54 ,i _c tell y1 ,socrates2 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,i am 9 d\bt1 & sometimes ,i ?9k t !y are tea*]s & sometimes n4 ,soc4 ,& are y aw>e t n y only & o!r politicians h d\bts :e!r virtue c be taught or n1 b t ,!ognis ! poet says ! v same ?+8 ,m54 ,:]e does he say s8 ,sid5ote3 ,!ognis implies 9 "o passage t virtue c1 & 9 ano!r t x _c1 be taught4 ,soc4 ,9 ^! elegiac v]ses#aj3-- #8,eat & dr9k & sit ) ! mighty1 & make y\rself agreeable to !m2 = f ! good y w le>n :at is good1 b if y mix ) ! bad y w lose ! intellig5ce :i* y already h4' ,d y obs]ve t "h he seems to imply t virtue c be taught8 ,m54 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,b 9 "s o!r v]ses he %ifts ab\t & says#aa3-- #8,if und]/&+ c\ld be creat$ & put into a man1 !n !y' :o 7 able to p]=m ?is feat #8w\ld h obta9$ great rew>ds4' ,& aga93-- #8,nev] w\ld a bad son h sprung f a good sire1 = #if he w\ld h he>d ! voice ( in/ruction2 b n by tea*+ w y ev] make a bad man into a good "o4' ,& ?is1 z y may rem>k1 is a contradiction ( ! o!r4 ,m54 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c !y be tea*]s :o are s inconsi/5t ) !mselves8 ,soc4 ,& is !re any?+ else ( :i* ! pr(essors are affirm$ n only n to be tea*]s ( o!rs1 b to be ignorant !mselves1 & bad at ! k ( t :i* !y are pr(ess+ to tea*8 or is !re any?+ ab\t :i* ev5 ! ackn[l$g$ #8g5tlem5' are sometimes say+ t #8?is ?+ c be taught1' & sometimes ! opposite8 ,c y say t !y are tea*]s 9 any true s5se ^: ideas are 9 su* confusion8 ,m54 ,i %\ld say1 c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,b if nei!r ! ,sophi/s nor ! g5tlem5 are tea*]s1 cle>ly !re c be no o!r tea*]s8 ,m54 ,no4 ,soc4 ,& if !re are no tea*]s1 nei!r are !re disciples8 ,m54 ,agre$4 ,sid5ote3 ,k & ,op9ion4 ,soc4 ,& we h admitt$ t a ?+ _c be taught ( :i* !re are nei!r tea*]s nor disciples8 ,m54 ,we h4 ,sid5ote3 ,if !re are no tea*]s & no s*ol>s1 virtue _c be taught4 ,soc4 ,& !re are no tea*]s ( virtue to be f\nd any:]e8 ,m54 ,!re are n4 ,soc4 ,& if !re are no tea*]s1 nei!r are !re s*ol>s8 ,m54 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is true4 ,soc4 ,!n virtue _c be taught8 ,m54 ,n if we are "r 9 our view4 ,b ,i _c believe1 ,socrates1 t !re are no good m53 ,& if !re are1 h[ did !y come into exi/5ce8 ,sid5ote3 ,b 7 we n mi/ak5 9 our view8 ,!re may be ano!r guide to good action z well z k4 ,soc4 ,i am afraid1 ,m5o1 t y & ,i are n good = mu*1 & t ,gorgias has be5 z poor an educator ( y z ,prodicus has be5 ( me4 ,c]ta9ly we %all h to look to ourselves1 & try to f9d "s "o :o w help 9 "s way or o!r to improve u4 ,?is ,i say1 because ,i obs]ve t 9 ! previ\s discussion none ( u rem>k$ t "r & good action is possible to man "u o!r guidance ?an t ( k 772--& inde$ if ?is be d5i$1 !re is no see+ h[ !re c be any good m5 at all4 ,m54 ,h[ d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i mean t good m5 are necess>ily useful or pr(itable4 ,7 we n "r 9 admitt+ ?is8 ,x mu/ #ig be s4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 suppos+ t !y w be useful only if !y are true guides to u ( action--!re we 7 also "r8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b :5 we said t a man _c be a good guide unless he h k 771 9 ?is we 7 wrong4 ,m54 ,:at d y mean by ! ^w #8"r'8 ,soc4 ,i w expla94 ,if a man knew ! way to ,l>isa1 or any:]e else1 & w5t to ! place & l$ o!rs ?i!r1 w\ld he n be a "r & good guide8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& a p]son :o _h a "r op9ion ab\t ! way1 b _h nev] be5 & did n "k1 might be a good guide also1 might he n8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& :ile he has true op9ion ab\t t :i* ! o!r kn[s1 he w be j z good a guide if he ?9ks ! tru?1 z he :o kn[s ! tru?8 ,m54 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! images ( ,da$alus4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r op9ion is z good a guide to action z k4 ,soc4 ,!n true op9ion is z good a guide to correct action z k2 & t 0 ! po9t :i* we omitt$ 9 our speculation ab\t ! nature ( virtue1 :5 we said t k only is ! guide ( "r action2 :]eas !re is also "r op9ion4 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n "r op9ion is n less useful ?an k8 ,m54 ,! diff]5ce1 ,socrates1 is only t he :o has k w always be "r2 b he :o has "r op9ion w sometimes be "r1 & sometimes n4 ,soc4 ,:at d y mean8 ,c he be wrong :o has "r op9ion1 s long z he has "r op9ion8 ,m54 ,i admit ! cog5cy ( y\r argum5t1 & !re=e1 ,socrates1 ,i wond] t k %\ld be pref]r$ to "r op9ion--or :y !y %\ld ev] diff]4 ,soc4 ,& %all ,i expla9 ?is wond] to y8 ,m54 ,d tell me4 ,soc4 ,y w\ld n wond] if y _h ev] obs]v$ ! images ( ,da$alus#ab2 b p]haps y h n got !m 9 y\r c\ntry8 ,m54 ,:at h !y to d ) ! "q8 ,soc4 ,because !y require to be fa/5$ 9 ord] to keep !m1 & if !y are n fa/5$ !y w play truant & run away4 ,m54 ,well1 :at ( t8 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ! argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,b "r op9ions are apt to walk away1 l ! images ( ,da$alus4 ,soc4 ,i mean to say t !y are n v valuable possessions if !y are at lib]ty1 = !y w walk (f l runaway slaves2 b :5 fa/5$1 !y are ( great value1 = !y are really beautiful works ( art4 ,n[ ?is is an illu/ration ( ! nature ( true op9ions3 :ile !y abide #ih ) u !y are beautiful & fruitful1 b !y run away out ( ! human s\l1 & d n rema9 long1 & !re=e !y are n ( mu* value until !y are fa/5$ by ! tie ( ! cause2 & ?is fa/5+ ( !m1 fri5d ,m5o1 is recollection1 z y & ,i h agre$ to call x4 ,b :5 !y are b\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y h ! nature ( k2 &1 9 ! second place1 !y are abid+4 ,& ?is is :y k is m hon\rable & excell5t ?an true op9ion1 because fa/5$ by a *a94 ,m54 ,:at y are say+1 ,socrates1 seems to be v l ! tru?4 ,soc4 ,i too speak r 9 ignorance2 ,i only conjecture4 ,& yet t k diff]s f true op9ion is no matt] ( conjecture ) me4 ,!re are n _m ?+s :i* ,i pr(ess to "k1 b ?is is mo/ c]ta9ly "o ( !m4 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & y are q "r 9 say+ s4 ,soc4 ,& am ,i n also "r 9 say+ t true op9ion lead+ ! way p]fects action q z well z k8 ,m54 ,!re aga91 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t y are "r4 ,soc4 ,!n "r op9ion is n a :it inf]ior to k1 or less useful 9 action2 nor is ! man :o has "r op9ion inf]ior to him :o has k8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& surely ! good man has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be useful8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,see+ !n t m5 become good & useful to /ates1 n only because !y h k1 b because !y h "r op9ion1 & t nei!r k nor "r op9ion is giv5 to man by nature or acquir$ by him--7d y imag9e ei!r ( !m to be giv5 by nature8 ,m54 ,n ,i47 ,soc4 ,!n if !y are n giv5 by nature1 nei!r are ! good by nature good8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& nature be+ exclud$1 !n came ! "q :e!r virtue is acquir$ by tea*+8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,if virtue 0 wisdom or k1 !n1 z we ?\ght1 x 0 taught8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if x 0 taught x 0 wisdom8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,div9]s & div9e m54 ,soc4 ,& if !re 7 tea*]s1 x might be taught2 & if !re 7 no tea*]s1 n8 ,m54 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b surely we ackn[l$g$ t !re 7 no tea*]s ( virtue8 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n we ackn[l$g$ t x 0 n taught1 & 0 n wisdom8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& yet we admitt$ t x 0 a good8 #ii ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! "r guide is useful & good8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,if virtue & k _c be taught1 ! only "r guides ( m5 are true op9ions4 ,soc4 ,& ! only "r guides are k & true op9ion--^! are ! guides ( man2 = ?+s :i* happ5 by *ance are n "u ! guidance ( man3 b ! guides ( man are true op9ion & k4 ,m54 ,i ?9k s too4 ,soc4 ,b if virtue is n taught1 nei!r is virtue k4 ,m54 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n ( two good & useful ?+s1 "o1 :i* is k1 has be5 set aside1 & _c be suppos$ to be our guide 9 political life4 ,m54 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e n by any wisdom1 & n because !y 7 wise1 did ,!mi/ocles & ^? o!rs ( :om ,anytus spoke gov]n /ates4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y !y 7 unable to make o!rs l !mselves--because _! virtue 0 n gr\nd$ on k4 ,m54 ,t is probably true1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,"r op9ion is 9 politics :at div9ation is 9 religion2 div9]s1 prophets1 poets1 /atesm51 may all be truly call$ #8div9e m54' ,soc4 ,b if n by k1 ! only alt]native :i* rema9s is t /atesm5 mu/ h guid$ /ates by "r op9ion1 :i* is 9 politics :at div9ation is 9 religion2 = div9]s & also prophets say _m ?+s truly1 b !y "k n :at !y say4 ,m54 ,s ,i believe4 ,soc4 ,& may we n1 ,m5o1 truly call ^? m5 #8div9e' :o1 hav+ no und]/&+1 yet succe$ 9 _m a gr& de$ & ^w8 ,m54 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conclusion4 ,soc4 ,!n we %all also be "r 9 call+ div9e ^? :om we 7 j n[ speak+ ( z div9]s & prophets1 includ+ ! :ole tribe ( poets4 ,yes1 & /atesm5 above all may be said to be div9e & illum9$1 be+ inspir$ & possess$ ( ,god1 9 :i* condition !y say _m gr& ?+s1 n kn[+ :at !y say4 ,m54 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! wom5 too1 ,m5o1 call good m5 div9e--d !y n8 & ! ,sp>tans1 :5 !y praise a good man1 say #8t he is a div9e man4' ,m54 ,& ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t !y are "r2 al?\gh v likely our fri5d ,anytus may take (f5ce at ! ^w4 ,soc4 ,i d n c>e2 z = ,anytus1 !re w be ano!r opportunity ( talk+ ) him4 ,to sum up our enquiry--! result seems to be1 if we are at all "r 9 our view1 t virtue is nei!r natural nor acquir$1 b an in/9ct giv5 by ,god to ! virtu\s4 ,nor is ! in/9ct accompani$ #ajj by reason1 unless !re may be suppos$ to be among /atesm5 "s "o :o is capable ( educat+ /atesm54 ,& if !re be su* an "o1 he may be said to be among ! liv+ :at ,hom] says t ,tiresias 0 among ! dead1 #8he alone has und]/&+2 b ! re/ are flitt+ %ades2' & he & 8 virtue 9 l mann] w be a reality among %ad[s4 ,m54 ,t is excell5t1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue comes by ! gift ( ,god4 ,soc4 ,!n1 ,m5o1 ! conclusion is t virtue comes to ! virtu\s by ! gift ( ,god4 ,b we %all nev] "k ! c]ta9 tru? until1 be=e ask+ h[ virtue is giv51 we enquire into ! actual nature ( virtue4 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ g away1 b d y1 n[ t y are p]suad$ y\rself1 p]suade our fri5d ,anytus4 ,& d n let him be s exasp]at$2 if y c conciliate him1 y w h done good s]vice to ! ,a!nian p4 ,,footnotes #a ,butl]'s ,analogy4 #b ,cp4 infra p4 #ab1 ad f94 #c ,cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 i4 #ac1 #aj4 #d ,cp4 ,!aet4 #adf ,d4 #e ,cp4 ,ari/ot4 ,po/4 ,anal4 ,i4 i4 #f4 #f ,p9d>1 ,frag4 #ih 7,boeckh74 #g ,or1 :e!r a c]ta9 area is capable ( be+ inscrib$ z a triangle 9 a c]ta9 circle4 #h ,or1 :5 y apply x to ! giv5 l9e1 i4 e4 ! diamet] ( ! circle 774 #i ,or1 simil> to ! area s appli$4 #aj ,!og4 #cc ff4 #aa ,!og4 #dce ff4 #ab ,cp4 ,eu?yphro #aa ,b4 ,,eu?yphro4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! ,m5o1 ,anytus _h p>t$ f ,socrates ) ! significant words3 #8,t 9 any city1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! city ( ,a!ns1 x is easi] to d m5 h>m ?an to d !m good' 7#id ,e72 & ,socrates 0 anticipat+ ano!r opportunity ( talk+ ) him 7#ii ,e74 ,9 ! ,eu?yphro1 ,socrates is await+ 8 trial = impiety4 ,b be=e ! trial beg9s1 ,plato w\ld l to put ! _w on _! trial1 & conv9ce !m ( ignorance 9 t v matt] t\*+ :i* ,socrates is accus$4 ,an incid5t :i* may p]haps really h occurr$ 9 ! family ( ,eu?yphro1 a le>n$ ,a!nian div9] & soo?say]1 furni%es ! occasion ( ! discussion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,?is ,eu?yphro & ,socrates are repres5t$ z meet+ 9 ! por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on4 7,cp4 ,!aet4 sub f947 ,bo? h ,/eph4 #b legal bus9ess 9 h&4 ,socrates is def5dant 9 a suit = impiety :i* ,meletus has br\ght aga9/ him 7x is rem>k$ by ! #c way t he is n a likely man himself to h br\ght a suit aga9/ ano!r72 & ,eu?yphro too is pla9tiff 9 an action = murd]1 :i* he has br\ght aga9/ 8 own fa!r4 ,! latt] #d has orig9at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a poor dep5dant ( ! family _h sla9 "o ( _! dome/ic slaves 9 ,naxos4 ,! guilty p]son 0 b\nd & ?r[n into a dit* by ! comm& ( ,eu?yphro's fa!r1 :o s5t to ! int]pret]s ( religion at ,a!ns to ask :at %\ld be done ) him4 ,be=e ! mess5g] came back ! crim9al _h di$ f hung] & exposure4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #e-i4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! *>ge ( murd] :i* ,eu?yphro br+s aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,socrates is confid5t t be=e he c\ld h und]tak5 ! responsibility ( su* a prosecution1 he mu/ h be5 p]fectly in=m$ ( ! nature ( piety & #e impiety2 & z he is go+ to be tri$ = impiety himself1 he ?9ks t he _c d bett] ?an le>n ( ,eu?yphro 7:o w be admitt$ by ev]ybody1 includ+ ! judges1 to be an unimpea*able au?ority7 :at piety is1 & :at is impiety4 ,:at !n is piety8 ,eu?yphro1 :o1 9 ! abundance ( 8 k1 is v will+ to und]take all ! responsibility1 replies3 ,t piety is do+ z ,i d1 prosecut+ y\r fa!r 7if he is guilty7 on a *>ge ( murd]2 do+ z ! gods d--z ,zeus did to ,cronos1 & ,cronos to ,uranus4 ,socrates has a dislike to ^! tales ( my?ology1 & he fancies #f t ?is dislike ( 8 may be ! reason :y he is *>g$ ) impiety4 #8,are !y really true8' #8,yes1 !y are2' & ,eu?yphro w gladly tell ,socrates "s m ( !m4 ,b ,socrates w\ld l fir/ ( all to h a m satisfactory answ] to ! "q1 #8,:at is piety8' #8,do+ z ,i d1 *>g+ a fa!r ) murd]1' may be a s+le in/ance ( piety1 b c h>dly be reg>d$ z a g5]al def9ition4 ,eu?yphro replies1 t #8,piety is :at is de> to ! gods1 #g & impiety is :at is n de> to !m4' ,b may !re n be diff]5ces ( op9ion1 z among m51 s also among ! gods8 ,especially1 ab\t good & evil1 :i* h no fix$ rule2 & ^! are precisely ! sort ( diff]5ces :i* give rise to qu>rels4 ,& !re=e :at may be de> to "o #h god may n be de> to ano!r1 & ! same action may be bo? pi\s & impi\s2 e4 g4 y\r *a/isem5t ( y\r fa!r1 ,eu?yphro1 may be de> or pleas+ to ,zeus 7:o inflict$ a simil> *a/isem5t on 8 own fa!r71 b n equally pleas+ to ,cronos or ,uranus 7:o suff]$ at ! h&s ( _! sons74 ,eu?yphro answ]s t !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion1 ei!r among gods or m51 z to ! propriety ( puni%+ a murd]]4 ,yes1 rejo9s ,socrates1 :5 !y "k him to be a murd]]2 b y are assum+ ! po9t at issue4 ,if all ! circum/ances ( ! case are consid]$1 are y able to %[ t y\r fa!r #i 0 guilty ( murd]1 or t all ! gods are agre$ 9 approv+ ( our prosecution ( him8 ,& mu/ y n all[ t :at is hat$ by "o god may be lik$ by ano!r8 ,waiv+ ?is la/1 h[ev]1 ,socrates proposes to am5d ! def9ition1 & say t #8:at all ! gods love is pi\s1 & :at !y all hate is impi\s4' ,to ?is ,eu?yphro agrees4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #i-ae4 ,socrates proce$s to analyze ! new =m ( ! def9ition4 #aj ,he %[s t 9 o!r cases ! act prec$es ! /ate2 e4 g4 ! act ( be+ c>ri$1 lov$1 c4 prec$es ! /ate ( be+ c>ri$1 lov$1 c41 & !re=e t :i* is de> to ! gods is de> to ! gods because x is fir/ lov$ ( !m1 n lov$ ( !m because x is de> to !m4 ,b ! pi\s or holy is lov$ by ! gods because x is pi\s or holy1 :i* is equival5t to say+1 t x is lov$ by !m because x is de> to !m4 ,"h !n appe>s to be a contradiction1--,eu?yphro has be5 giv+ an #aa attribute or accid5t ( piety only1 & n ! ess5ce4 ,eu?yphro ackn[l$ges himself t 8 explanations seem to walk away or g r\nd 9 a circle1 l ! mov+ figures ( ,da$alus1 ! ance/or ( ,socrates1 :o has communicat$ 8 art to 8 desc5dants4 ,socrates1 :o is desir\s ( /imulat+ ! indol5t intellig5ce #ab ( ,eu?yphro1 raises ! "q 9 ano!r mann]3 #8,is all ! pi\s j8' #8,yes4' #8,is all ! j pi\s8' #8,no4' #8,!n :at "p ( ju/ice is piety8' ,eu?yphro replies t piety is t "p ( ju/ice :i* #8att5ds' to ! gods1 z !re is ano!r "p ( ju/ice :i* #8att5ds' to m54 ,b :at is ! mean+ #ac ( #8att5d+' to ! gods8 ,! ^w #8att5d+1' :5 appli$ to dogs1 horses1 & m51 implies t 9 "s way !y are made bett]4 ,b h[ d pi\s or holy acts make ! gods any bett]8 ,eu?yphro expla9s t he means by pi\s acts1 acts ( s]vice or m9i/ration4 ,yes2 b ! m9i/rations ( ! husb&man1 ! physician1 & ! build] h an end4 ,to :at end d we s]ve ! gods1 & :at d we help !m to accompli%8 #ad ,eu?yphro replies1 t all ^! difficult que/ions _c be resolv$ 9 a %ort "t2 & he w\ld r say simply t piety is kn[+ h[ to please ! gods 9 ^w & de$1 by pray]s & sacrifices4 ,9 o!r words1 says ,socrates1 piety is #8a sci5ce ( ask+ & giv+'--ask+ :at we want & giv+ #ae :at !y want2 9 %ort1 a mode ( do+ bus9ess betwe5 gods & m54 ,b al?\gh !y are ! giv]s ( all good1 h[ c we give !m any good 9 return8 #8,nay1 b we give !m hon\r4' ,!n we give !m n :at is b5eficial1 b :at is pleas+ or de> to !m2 & ?is is ! po9t :i* has be5 already disprov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion ( ! lett] & ( ! _s4 ,socrates1 al?\gh we>y ( ! subt]fuges & evasions ( ,eu?yphro1 rema9s un%ak5 9 8 conviction t he mu/ "k ! nature ( piety1 or he w\ld nev] h prosecut$ 8 old fa!r4 ,he is /ill hop+ t he w condesc5d to in/ruct him4 ,b ,eu?yphro is 9 a hurry & _c /ay4 ,& ,socrates' la/ #af hope ( kn[+ ! nature ( piety be=e he is prosecut$ = impiety has disappe>$4 ,z 9 ! ,eu?ydemus ! irony is c>ri$ on to ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,! ,eu?yphro is manife/ly design$ to contra/ ! real nature ( piety & impiety ) ! popul> conceptions ( !m4 ,b :5 ! popul> conceptions ( !m h be5 ov]?r[n1 ,socrates does n (f] any def9ition ( 8 own3 z 9 ! ,la*es & ,lysis1 he prep>es ! way = an answ] to ! "q :i* he has rais$2 b true to 8 own "*1 refuses to answ] himself4 ,eu?yphro is a religioni/1 & is else:]e spok5 (1 if he be ! same p]son1 z ! au?or ( a philosophy ( names1 by ^: #8pranc+ /e$s' ,socrates 9 ! ,cratylus is c>ri$ away 7p4 #cif74 ,he has ! conceit & self-confid5ce ( a ,sophi/2 no d\bt t he is "r 9 prosecut+ 8 fa!r has ev] ent]$ into 8 m9d4 ,l a ,sophi/ too1 he is incapable ei!r ( fram+ a g5]al def9ition or ( foll[+ ! c\rse ( an argum5t4 ,8 wrong-head$ness1 "o-sid$ness1 n>r[ness1 positiv5ess1 are *>act]i/ic ( 8 prie/ly (fice4 ,8 failure to appreh5d an argum5t may be comp>$ to a simil> defect :i* is obs]vable 9 ! rhapsode ,ion4 ,b he is n a bad man1 & he is fri5dly to ,socrates1 ^: famili> sign he recognizes ) int]e/4 ,?\gh unable to foll[ him he is v will+ to be l$ by him1 & eag]ly cat*es at any sugge/ion :i* saves him f ! tr\ble ( ?9k+4 ,moreov] he is ! enemy ( ,meletus1 :o1 z he says1 is avail+ himself ( ! popul> dislike to innovations 9 religion 9 ord] to injure ,socrates2 at ! same "t he is amus+ly confid5t t he has weapons 9 8 own arm\ry :i* w\ld be m ?an a mat* = him4 ,he is q s9c]e 9 8 prosecution ( 8 fa!r1 :o has accid5tally be5 guilty ( homicide1 & is n :olly free f blame4 ,to purge away ! crime appe>s to him 9 ! light ( a duty1 :oev] may be ! crim9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree def9itions ( piety4 ,?us beg9s ! contra/ betwe5 ! religion ( ! lett]1 or ( ! n>r[ & un5light5$ consci5ce1 & ! high] notion ( religion :i* ,socrates va9ly endeav\rs to elicit f him4 #8,piety is do+ z ,i d' is ! idea ( religion :i* fir/ occurs to him1 & to _m o!rs :o d n say :at !y ?9k ) equal frankness4 ,= m5 are n easily p]suad$ t any o!r religion is bett] ?an _! own2 or t o!r nations1 e4 g4 ! ,greeks 9 ! "t ( ,socrates1 7 equally s]i\s 9 _! religi\s beliefs & difficulties4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 u & !m is1 t !y 7 sl[ly le>n+ :at we are 9 process ( =gett+4 ,greek my?ology h>dly admitt$ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 accid5tal homicide & murd]3 t ! pollution ( blood 0 ! same 9 bo? cases is also ! feel+ ( ! ,a!nian div9]4 ,he _h n z yet le>n$ ! lesson1 :i* philosophy 0 tea*+1 t ,hom] & ,hesiod1 if n bani%$ f ! /ate1 or :ipp$ out ( ! assembly1 z ,h]acleitus m rudely propos$1 at any rate 7 n to be appeal$ to z au?orities 9 religion2 & he is ready to def5d 8 conduct by ! examples ( ! gods4 ,^! are ! v tales :i* ,socrates _c abide2 & 8 dislike ( !m1 z he suspects1 has br&$ him ) ! reputation ( impiety4 ,"h is "o answ] to ! "q1 #8,:y ,socrates 0 put to dea?1' sugge/$ by ! way4 ,ano!r is convey$ 9 ! words1 #8,! ,a!nians d n c>e ab\t any man be+ ?\ght wise until he beg9s to make o!r m5 wise2 & !n = "s reason or o!r !y are angry3' :i* may be said to be ! rule ( popul> tol]ation 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 & n at ,a!ns only4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t 7#g ,a1 ,b7 ,socrates rem>ks t ! controv]sial nature ( morals & religion arises out ( ! difficulty ( v]ify+ !m4 ,!re is no measure or /&>d to :i* !y c be ref]r$4 ,! next def9ition1 #8,piety is t :i* is lov$ ( ! gods1' is %ipwreck$ on a ref9$ di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate & ! act1 correspond+ respectively to ! adjective 77 & ! p>ticiple 771 or r p]haps to ! p>ticiple & ! v]b 7 & 74 ,! act is prior to ! /ate 7z 9 ,ari/otle ! prec$es ! 72 & ! /ate ( be+ lov$ is prec$$ by ! act ( be+ lov$4 ,b piety or hol9ess is prec$$ by ! act ( be+ pi\s1 n by ! act ( be+ lov$2 & !re=e piety & ! /ate ( be+ lov$ are diff]5t4 ,?r\gh su* subtleties ( dialectic ,socrates is work+ 8 way into a deep] region ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,he means to say t ! words #8lov$ ( ! gods' express an attribute only1 & n ! ess5ce ( piety4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,dialogue4 ,!n foll[s ! ?ird & la/ def9ition1 #8,piety is a "p ( ju/ice4' ,?us f> ,socrates has proce$$ 9 plac+ religion on a moral f\ndation4 ,he is seek+ to realize ! h>mony ( religion & morality1 :i* ! great poets s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,p9d> _h unconsci\sly anticipat$1 & :i* is ! univ]sal want ( all m54 ,to ?is ! soo?say] adds ! c]emonial elem5t1 #8att5d+ ^u ! gods4' ,:5 fur!r int]rogat$ by ,socrates z to ! nature ( ?is #8att5tion to ! gods1' he replies1 t piety is an affair ( bus9ess1 a sci5ce ( giv+ & ask+1 & ! l4 ,socrates po9ts out ! an?ropomorphism ( ^! notions4 7,cp4 ,symp4 #bjb ,e2 ,rep4 ii4 #cfe ,e2 ,/atesman #bij ,c1 ,d47 ,b :5 we expect him to g on & %[ t ! true s]vice ( ! gods is ! s]vice ( ! _s & ! coop]ation ) !m 9 all ?+s true & good1 he /ops %ort2 ?is 0 a lesson :i* ! soo?say] c\ld n h be5 made to und]/&1 & :i* e "o mu/ le>n = himself4 ,!re seem to be altoge!r ?ree aims or int]e/s 9 ?is little ,dialogue3 7#a7 ! dialectical developm5t ( ! idea ( piety2 7#b7 ! anti!sis ( true & false religion1 :i* is c>ri$ to a c]ta9 ext5t only2 7#c7 ! def5ce ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ! ,dialogue4 ,! subtle connection ) ! ,apology & ! ,crito2 ! hold+ back ( ! conclusion1 z 9 ! ,*>mides1 ,lysis1 ,la*es1 ,protagoras1 & o!r ,dialogues2 & deep insight into ! religi\s _w2 ! dramatic p[] & play ( ! two *>act]s2 ! inimitable irony1 are reasons = believ+ t ! ,eu?yphro is a g5u9e ,platonic writ+4 ,! _s 9 :i* ! popul> repres5tations ( my?ology are d5\nc$ recalls ,republic ,,ii 7#cgh ff47 ,! virtue ( piety has be5 already m5tion$ z "o ( five 9 ! ,protagoras1 b is n reckon$ among ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( ,republic ,,iv 7#dbh ff474 ,! figure ( ,da$alus 7#ae ,c7 has occurr$ 9 ! ,m5o 7#ig ,d72 t ( ,proteus 7#ae ,d7 9 ! ,eu?ydemus 7#bhh ,b7 & ,io 7#eda ,e74 ,! k+ly sci5ce has already appe>$ 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 & w reappe> 9 ! ,republic & ,/atesman4 ,b nei!r f ^! nor any o!r indications ( simil>ity or diff]5ce1 & /ill less f argum5ts respect+ ! suitabl5ess ( ?is little "w to aid ,socrates at ! "t ( 8 trial or ! rev]se1 c any evid5ce ( ! date be obta9$4 ,,eu?yphro4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,socrates4 ,,eu?yphro4 ,,sc5e3--,! ,por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro & ,socrates meet at ! ,por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on4 ,bo? h legal bus9ess on h&4 ,eu?yphro4 ,:y h y left ! ,lyceum1 ,socrates8 & :at are y do+ 9 ! ,por* ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on8 ,/eph4 #b ,surely y _c be conc]n$ 9 a suit be=e ! ,k+1 l myself8 ,socrates4 ,n 9 a suit1 ,eu?yphro2 impea*m5t is ! ^w :i* ! ,a!nians use4 ,eu?4 ,:at6 ,i suppose t "s "o has be5 prosecut+ y1 = ,i _c believe t y are ! prosecutor ( ano!r4 ,soc4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,eu?4 ,!n "s "o else has be5 prosecut+ y8 ,soc4 ,yes4 ,eu?4 ,& :o is he8 ,soc4 ,a "y man :o is little kn[n1 ,eu?yphro2 & ,i h>dly "k him3 8 "n is ,meletus1 & he is ( ! deme ( ,pit?is4 ,p]haps y may rememb] 8 appe>ance2 he has a beak1 & long /raight hair1 & a be>d :i* is ill gr[n4 ,eu?4 ,no1 ,i d n rememb] him1 ,socrates4 ,b :at is ! *>ge :i* he br+s aga9/ y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ways ( ! ,a!nian p4 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus has br\ght a *>ge aga9/ ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,:at is ! *>ge8 ,well1 a v s]i\s *>ge1 :i* %[s a good deal ( "* 9 ! "y man1 & = :i* he is c]ta9ly n to be despis$4 ,he says he kn[s h[ ! y\? are corrupt$ & :o are _! corruptors4 ,i fancy t he mu/ be a wise man1 & see+ t ,i am ! rev]se ( a wise man1 he has f\nd me out1 & is go+ to accuse me ( corrupt+ 8 "y fri5ds4 ,& ( ?is our "m ! /ate is to be ! judge4 ,( all our political m5 he is ! only "o :o seems to me to beg9 9 ! "r way1 ) ! cultivation ( virtue 9 y\?2 l a good husb&man1 he makes ! "y %oots 8 fir/ #c c>e1 & cle>s away u :o are ! de/roy]s ( !m4 ,?is is only ! fir/ /ep2 he w aft]w>ds att5d to ! eld] bran*es2 & if he goes on z he has begun1 he w be a v great public b5efactor4 ,eu?4 ,i hope t he may2 b ,i r fe>1 ,socrates1 t ! opposite w turn out to be ! tru?4 ,my op9ion is t 9 attack+ y he is simply aim+ a bl[ at ! f\ndation ( ! /ate4 ,b 9 :at way does he say t y corrupt ! "y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( ! *>ge aga9/ ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,he br+s a wond]ful accusation aga9/ me1 :i* at fir/ he>+ excites surprise3 he says t ,i am a poet or mak] ( gods1 & t ,i inv5t new gods & d5y ! exi/5ce ( old ones2 ?is is ! gr\nd ( 8 indictm5t4 ,eu?4 ,i und]/&1 ,socrates2 he means to attack y ab\t ! famili> sign :i* occasionally1 z y say1 comes to y4 ,he ?9ks t y are a neologian1 & he is go+ to h y up be=e ! c\rt = ?is4 ,he kn[s t su* a *>ge is readily receiv$ by ! _w1 z ,i myself "k too well2 = :5 ,i speak 9 ! assembly ab\t div9e ?+s1 & =etell ! future to !m1 !y laugh at me & ?9k me a madman4 ,yet e ^w t ,i say is true4 ,b !y are jeal\s ( u all2 & we mu/ be brave & g at !m4 ,soc4 ,_! laught]1 fri5d ,eu?yphro1 is n a matt] ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,= a man may be ?\ght wise2 b ! ,a!nians1 ,i suspect1 d n mu* tr\ble !mselves ab\t him until he beg9s to imp>t 8 wisdom to o!rs2 & !n = "s reason or o!r1 p]haps1 z y say1 f jeal\sy1 !y are angry4 ,eu?4 ,i am nev] likely to try _! temp] 9 ?is way4 ,soc4 ,i d>e say n1 = y are res]v$ 9 y\r behavi\r1 & seldom imp>t y\r wisdom4 ,b ,i h a b5evol5t habit ( p\r+ out myself to ev]ybody1 & w\ld ev5 pay = a li/5]1 & ,i am afraid t ! ,a!nians may ?9k me too talkative4 ,n[ if1 z ,i 0 say+1 !y w\ld only laugh at me1 z y say t !y laugh at y1 ! "t might pass gaily en\gh 9 ! c\rt2 b p]haps !y may be 9 e>ne/1 & !n :at ! end w be y soo?say]s only c pr$ict4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro *>ges 8 fa!r ) murd]4 ,eu?4 ,i d>e say t ! affair w end 9 no?+1 ,socrates1 & t y w w9 y\r cause2 & ,i ?9k t ,i %all w9 my own4 ,soc4 ,& :at is y\r suit1 ,eu?yphro8 are y ! pursu] or ! def5dant8 ,eu?4 ,i am ! pursu]4 ,soc4 ,( :om8 ,eu?4 ,y w ?9k me mad :5 ,i tell y4 #d ,soc4 ,:y1 has ! fugitive w+s8 ,eu?4 ,nay1 he is n v volatile at 8 "t ( life4 ,soc4 ,:o is he8 ,eu?4 ,my fa!r4 ,soc4 ,y\r fa!r6 my good man8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ( :at is he accus$8 ,eu?4 ,( murd]1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! irony ( ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,by ! p[]s1 ,eu?yphro6 h[ little does ! common h]d "k ( ! nature ( "r & tru?4 ,a man mu/ be an extraord9>y man1 & h made great /rides 9 wisdom1 be=e he c\ld h se5 8 way to br+ su* an action4 ,eu?4 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 he mu/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! murd]] murd]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro is "u a sacr$ obligation to prosecute a homicide1 ev5 if he be 8 own fa!r4 ,soc4 ,i suppose t ! man :om y\r fa!r murd]$ 0 "o ( y\r relatives--cle>ly he 02 = if he _h be5 a /rang] y w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( prosecut+ him4 ,eu?4 ,i am amus$1 ,socrates1 at y\r mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 "o :o is a relation & "o :o is n a relation2 = surely ! pollution is ! same 9 ei!r case1 if y kn[+ly associate ) ! murd]] :5 y ought to cle> y\rself & him by proce$+ aga9/ him4 ,! real "q is :e!r ! murd]$ man has be5 ju/ly sla94 ,if ju/ly1 !n y\r duty is to let ! matt] alone2 b if unju/ly1 !n ev5 if ! murd]] lives "u ! same ro( ) y & eats at ! same table1 proce$ aga9/ him4 ,n[ ! man :o is dead 0 a poor dep5dant ( m9e :o work$ = u z a field lab\r] on our f>m 9 ,naxos1 & "o day 9 a fit ( drunk5 passion he got into a qu>rel ) "o ( our dome/ic s]vants & slew him4 ,my fa!r b\nd him h& & foot & ?rew him into a dit*1 & !n s5t to ,a!ns to ask ( a div9] :at he %\ld d ) him4 ,mean:ile he nev] att5d$ to him & took no c>e ab\t him1 = he reg>d$ him z a murd]]2 & ?\ght t no great h>m w\ld be done ev5 if he did die4 ,n[ ?is 0 j :at happ5$4 ,= su* 0 ! effect ( cold & hung] & *a9s ^u him1 t be=e ! mess5g] return$ f ! div9]1 he 0 dead4 ,& my fa!r & family are angry ) me = tak+ ! "p ( ! murd]] & prosecut+ my fa!r4 ,!y say t he did n kill him1 & t if he did1 ! dead man 0 b a murd]]1 & ,i ought n to take any notice1 = t a son is impi\s :o prosecutes a fa!r4 ,:i* %[s1 ,socrates1 h[ little !y "k :at ! gods ?9k ab\t piety & impiety4 ,soc4 ,good heav5s1 ,eu?yphro6 & is y\r k ( religion & ( ?+s pi\s & impi\s s v exact1 t1 suppos+ ! circum/ances to be z y /ate !m1 y are n afraid le/ y too may be do+ an impi\s ?+ 9 br++ an action aga9/ y\r fa!r8 ,eu?4 ,! be/ ( ,eu?yphro1 & t :i* di/+ui%es him1 ,socrates1 f o!r m51 is 8 exact k ( all #e su* matt]s4 ,:at %\ld ,i be good = )\t x8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 :o is accus$ ( false !ology1 ?9ks t he _c d bett] ?an become ! disciple ( s great a !ologian z ,eu?yphro4 ,soc4 ,r>e fri5d6 ,i ?9k t ,i _c d bett] ?an be y\r disciple4 ,!n be=e ! trial ) ,meletus comes on ,i %all *all5ge him1 & say t ,i h always _h a great int]e/ 9 religi\s que/ions1 & n[1 z he *>ges me ) ra% imag9ations & innovations 9 religion1 ,i h become y\r disciple4 ,y1 ,meletus1 z ,i %all say to him1 ackn[l$ge ,eu?yphro to be a great !ologian1 & s\nd 9 8 op9ions2 & if y approve ( him y ought to approve ( me1 & n h me into c\rt2 b if y disapprove1 y %\ld beg9 by indict+ him :o is my tea*]1 & :o w be ! ru91 n ( ! "y1 b ( ! old2 t is to say1 ( myself :om he in/ructs1 & ( 8 old fa!r :om he admoni%es & *a/ises4 ,& if ,meletus refuses to li/5 to me1 b w g on1 & w n %ift ! indictm5t f me to y1 ,i _c d bett] ?an repeat ?is *all5ge 9 ! c\rt4 ,eu?4 ,yes1 inde$1 ,socrates2 & if he attempts to indict me ,i am mi/ak5 if ,i d n f9d a flaw 9 him2 ! c\rt %all h a great deal m to say to him ?an to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates becomes ! disciple ( ,eu?yphro4 ,sid5ote3 ,he asks1 #8,:at is piety8' ,soc4 ,& ,i1 my de> fri5d1 kn[+ ?is1 am desir\s ( becom+ y\r disciple4 ,= ,i obs]ve t no "o appe>s to notice y--n ev5 ?is ,meletus2 b 8 %>p eyes h f\nd me out at once1 & he has indict$ me = impiety4 ,& !re=e1 ,i adjure y to tell me ! nature ( piety & impiety1 :i* y said t y knew s well1 & ( murd]1 & ( o!r (f5ces aga9/ ! gods4 ,:at are !y8 ,is n piety 9 e action always ! same8 & impiety1 aga9--is x n always ! opposite ( piety1 & also ! same ) itself1 hav+1 z impiety1 "o notion :i* includes :atev] is impi\s8 ,sid5ote3 ,piety is do+ z ,i am do+2--l ,zeus1 ,i am proce$+ aga9/ my fa!r4 ,eu?4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& :at is piety1 & :at is impiety8 ,eu?4 ,piety is do+ z ,i am do+2 t is to say1 prosecut+ any "o :o is guilty ( murd]1 sacrilege1 or ( any simil> crime--:e!r he be y\r fa!r or "m1 or :oev] he may be--t makes no diff]5ce2 & n to prosecute !m is impiety4 ,& please to consid]1 ,socrates1 :at a notable pro( ,i w give y ( ! tru? ( my words1 a pro( :i* ,i h already giv5 to o!rs3--( ! pr9ciple1 ,i mean1 t ! impi\s1 :oev] he may be1 ought n to g unpuni%$4 ,= d n m5 reg>d ,zeus z ! be/ & mo/ righte\s ( ! gods8--& #f yet !y admit t he b\nd 8 fa!r 7,cronos7 because he wick$ly dev\r$ 8 sons1 & t he too _h puni%$ 8 own fa!r 7,uranus7 = a simil> reason1 9 a nameless mann]4 ,& yet :5 ,i proce$ aga9/ my fa!r1 !y are angry ) me4 ,s inconsi/5t are !y 9 _! way ( talk+ :5 ! gods are conc]n$1 & :5 ,i am conc]n$4 ,sid5ote3 ,does ,eu?yphro believe ^! amaz+ /ories ab\t ! gods8 ,soc4 ,may n ?is be ! reason1 ,eu?yphro1 :y ,i am *>g$ ) impiety--t ,i _c away ) ^! /ories ab\t ! gods8 & !re=e ,i suppose t p ?9k me wrong4 ,b1 z y :o are well in=m$ ab\t !m approve ( !m1 ,i _c d bett] ?an ass5t to y\r sup]ior wisdom4 ,:at else c ,i say1 confess+ z ,i d1 t ,i "k no?+ ab\t !m8 ,tell me1 = ! love ( ,zeus1 :e!r y really believe t !y are true4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is piety8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & ?+s m wond]ful /ill1 ( :i* ! _w is 9 ignorance4 ,soc4 ,& d y really believe t ! gods f\ght ) "o ano!r1 & _h dire qu>rels1 battles1 & ! l1 z ! poets say1 & z y may see repres5t$ 9 ! works ( great arti/s8 ,! temples are full ( !m2 & notably ! robe ( ,a!ne1 :i* is c>ri$ up to ! ,acropolis at ! great ,pana!naea1 is embroid]$ ) !m4 ,are all ^! tales ( ! gods true1 ,eu?yphro8 ,sid5ote3 ,yes1 & ?+s m amaz+ /ill4 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 &1 z ,i 0 say+1 ,i c tell y1 if y w\ld l to he> !m1 _m o!r ?+s ab\t ! gods :i* w\ld q amaze y4 ,soc4 ,i d>e say2 & y %all tell me !m at "s o!r "t :5 ,i h leisure4 ,b j at pres5t ,i w\ld r he> f y a m precise answ]1 :i* y h n z yet giv51 my fri5d1 to ! "q1 ,:at is #8piety'8 ,:5 ask$1 y only repli$1 ,do+ z y d1 *>g+ y\r fa!r ) murd]4 ,eu?4 ,& :at ,i said 0 true1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,no d\bt1 ,eu?yphro2 b y w\ld admit t !re are _m o!r pi\s acts8 ,eu?4 ,!re are4 ,soc4 ,rememb] t ,i did n ask y to give me two or ?ree examples ( piety1 b to expla9 ! g5]al idea :i* makes all pi\s ?+s to be pi\s4 ,d y n recollect t !re 0 "o idea :i* made ! impi\s impi\s1 & ! pi\s pi\s8 ,eu?4 ,i rememb]4 ,soc4 ,tell me :at is ! nature ( ?is idea1 & !n ,i %all h a /&>d to :i* ,i may look1 & by :i* ,i may measure actions1 :e!r y\rs or ^? ( any "o else1 & !n ,i %all be able to say t su* & su* an action is pi\s1 su* ano!r impi\s4 ,eu?4 ,i w tell y1 if y l4 ,sid5ote3 ,a m correct def9ition3--,piety is t :i* is de> to ! gods4 ,soc4 ,i %\ld v mu* l4 ,eu?4 ,piety1 !n1 is t :i* is de> to ! gods1 & impiety is t :i* is n de> to !m4 ,soc4 ,v good1 ,eu?yphro2 y h n[ giv5 me ! #g sort ( answ] :i* ,i want$4 ,b :e!r :at y say is true or n ,i _c z yet tell1 al?\gh ,i make no d\bt t y w prove ! tru? ( y\r words4 ,sid5ote3 ,! qu>rels ( ! gods4 ,eu?4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,come1 !n1 & let u exam9e :at we are say+4 ,t ?+ or p]son :i* is de> to ! gods is pi\s1 & t ?+ or p]son :i* is hateful to ! gods is impi\s1 ^! two be+ ! extreme opposites ( "o ano!r4 ,0 n t said8 ,eu?4 ,x 04 ,soc4 ,& well said8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i ?\ght s2 x 0 c]ta9ly said4 ,soc4 ,& fur!r1 ,eu?yphro1 ! gods 7 admitt$ to h enmities & hatr$s & diff]5ces8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 t 0 also said4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ces ab\t numb]s & figures create no ill-w because !y c be settl$ by a sum or by a weigh+ ma*9e1 b enmities ab\t ! j & unju/ are ! occasions ( qu>rels1 bo? among gods & m54 ,soc4 ,& :at sort ( diff]5ce creates enmity & ang]8 ,suppose1 = example1 t y & ,i1 my good fri5d1 diff] ab\t a numb]2 d diff]5ces ( ?is sort make u enemies & set u at v>iance ) "o ano!r8 ,d we n g at once to ari?metic1 & put an end to !m by a sum8 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,or suppose t we diff] ab\t magnitudes1 d we n quickly end ! diff]5ce by measur+8 ,eu?4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& we end a controv]sy ab\t heavy & light by resort+ to a weigh+ ma*9e8 ,eu?4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,b :at diff]5ces are !re :i* _c be ?us decid$1 & :i* !re=e make u angry & set u at enmity ) "o ano!r8 ,i d>e say ! answ] does n occur to y at ! mom5t1 & !re=e ,i w sugge/ t ^! enmities arise :5 ! matt]s ( diff]5ce are ! j & unju/1 good & evil1 hon\rable & di%on\rable4 ,are n ^! ! po9ts ab\t :i* m5 diff]1 & ab\t :i* :5 we are unable satisfactorily to decide our diff]5ces1 y & ,i & all ( u qu>rel1 :5 we d qu>rel#ac8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ! nature ( ! diff]5ces ab\t :i* we qu>rel is su* z y describe4 ,sid5ote3 ,w\ld all ! gods approve ( ,eu?yphro's conduct8 ,soc4 ,& ! qu>rels ( ! gods1 noble ,eu?yphro1 :5 !y occur1 are ( a l nature8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,soc4 ,!y h diff]5ces ( op9ion1 z y say1 ab\t good & evil1 j & unju/1 hon\rable & di%on\rable3 !re w\ld h be5 no qu>rels among !m1 if !re _h be5 no su* diff]5ces--w\ld !re n[8 ,eu?4 ,y are q "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 & gods alike love ! ?+s :i* !y deem noble & j1 b !y are n agre$ :at ^! are4 ,soc4 ,does n e man love t :i* he deems noble & j & good1 & hate ! opposite ( !m8 ,eu?4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,b1 z y say1 p reg>d ! same ?+s1 "s z j & o!rs z unju/1--ab\t ^! !y dispute2 & s !re arise w>s & fight+s among !m4 #h ,eu?4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n ! same ?+s are hat$ by ! gods & lov$ by ! gods1 & are bo? hateful & de> to !m8 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ^u ?is view ! same ?+s1 ,eu?yphro1 w be pi\s & also impi\s8 ,eu?4 ,s ,i %\ld suppose4 ,soc4 ,!n1 my fri5d1 ,i rem>k ) surprise t y h n answ]$ ! "q :i* ,i ask$4 ,= ,i c]ta9ly did n ask y to tell me :at action is bo? pi\s & impi\s3 b n[ x w\ld seem t :at is lov$ by ! gods is also hat$ by !m4 ,& !re=e1 ,eu?yphro1 9 ?us *a/is+ y\r fa!r y may v likely be do+ :at is agreeable to ,zeus b disagreeable to ,cronos or ,uranus1 & :at is acceptable to ,hephae/us b unacceptable to ,h]1 & !re may be o!r gods :o h simil> diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,eu?4 ,b ,i believe1 ,socrates1 t all ! gods w\ld be agre$ z to ! propriety ( puni%+ a murd]]3 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t t4 ,soc4 ,well1 b speak+ ( m51 ,eu?yphro1 did y ev] he> any "o argu+ t a murd]] or any sort ( evil-do] ought to be let (f8 ,sid5ote3 ,or condemn 8 fa!r's8 ,eu?4 ,i %\ld r say t ^! are ! que/ions :i* !y are always argu+1 especially 9 c\rts ( law3 !y commit all sorts ( crimes1 & !re is no?+ :i* !y w n d or say 9 _! own def5ce4 ,soc4 ,b d !y admit _! guilt1 ,eu?yphro1 & yet say t !y ought n to be puni%$8 ,eu?4 ,no2 !y d n4 ,soc4 ,!n !re are "s ?+s :i* !y d n v5ture to say & d3 = !y d n v5ture to argue t ! guilty are to be unpuni%$1 b !y d5y _! guilt1 d !y n8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n !y d n argue t ! evil-do] %\ld n be puni%$1 b !y argue ab\t ! fact ( :o ! evil-do] is1 & :at he did & :58 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r ,god nor man w say t ! do] ( evil is n to be puni%$1 b !y are d\btful ab\t p>ticul> acts4 ,:at pro( is !re t all ! gods approve ( ! prosecution ( y\r fa!r8 ,soc4 ,& ! gods are 9 ! same case1 if z y ass]t !y qu>rel ab\t j & unju/1 & "s ( !m say :ile o!rs d5y t inju/ice is done among !m4 ,= surely nei!r ,god nor man w ev] v5ture to say t ! do] ( inju/ice is n to be puni%$8 ,eu?4 ,t is true1 ,socrates1 9 ! ma94 ,soc4 ,b !y jo9 issue ab\t ! p>ticul>s--gods & m5 alike2 &1 if !y dispute at all1 !y dispute ab\t "s act :i* is call$ 9 "q1 & :i* by "s is affirm$ to be j1 by o!rs to be unju/4 ,is n t true8 ,eu?4 ,q true4 ,soc4 ,well !n1 my de> fri5d ,eu?yphro1 d tell me1 = #i my bett] in/ruction & in=mation1 :at pro( h y t 9 ! op9ion ( all ! gods a s]vant :o is guilty ( murd]1 & is put 9 *a9s by ! ma/] ( ! dead man1 & dies because he is put 9 *a9s be=e he :o b\nd him c le>n f ! int]pret]s ( ! gods :at he ought to d ) him1 dies unju/ly2 & t on behalf ( su* an "o a son ought to proce$ aga9/ 8 fa!r & accuse him ( murd]4 ,h[ w\ld y %[ t all ! gods absolutely agree 9 approv+ ( 8 act8 ,prove to me t !y d1 & ,i w applaud y\r wisdom z long z ,i live4 ,eu?4 ,x w be a difficult task2 b ,i c\ld make ! matt] v cle> inde$ to y4 ,soc4 ,i und]/&2 y mean to say t ,i am n s quick ( appreh5sion z ! judges3 = to !m y w be sure to prove t ! act is unju/1 & hateful to ! gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,! priority ( ! act to ! /ate4 ,eu?4 ,yes inde$1 ,socrates2 at lea/ if !y w li/5 to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,let u say !n t :at all ! gods approve is pi\s & holy4 ,soc4 ,b !y w be sure to li/5 if !y f9d t y are a good speak]4 ,!re 0 a notion t came into my m9d :ile y 7 speak+2 ,i said to myself3 #8,well1 & :at if ,eu?yphro does prove to me t all ! gods reg>d$ ! dea? ( ! s]f z unju/1 h[ d ,i "k any?+ m ( ! nature ( piety & impiety8 = grant+ t ?is action may be hateful to ! gods1 /ill piety & impiety are n adequately def9$ by ^! di/9ctions1 = t :i* is hateful to ! gods has be5 %[n to be also pleas+ & de> to !m4' ,& !re=e1 ,eu?yphro1 ,i d n ask y to prove ?is2 ,i w suppose1 if y l1 t all ! gods condemn & abom9ate su* an action4 ,b ,i w am5d ! def9ition s f> z to say t :at all ! gods hate is impi\s1 & :at !y love pi\s or holy2 & :at "s ( !m love & o!rs hate is bo? or nei!r4 ,%all ?is be our def9ition ( piety & impiety8 ,eu?4 ,:y n1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,:y n6 c]ta9ly1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,eu?yphro1 !re is no reason :y n4 ,b :e!r ?is admission w greatly assi/ y 9 ! task ( in/ruct+ me z y promis$1 is a matt] = y to consid]4 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,i %\ld say t :at all ! gods love is pi\s & holy1 & ! opposite :i* !y all hate1 impi\s4 ,soc4 ,ought we to enquire into ! tru? ( ?is1 ,eu?yphro1 or simply to accept ! m]e /atem5t on our own au?ority & t ( o!rs8 ,:at d y say8 ,eu?4 ,we %\ld enquire2 & ,i believe t ! /atem5t w /& ! te/ ( enquiry4 ,sid5ote3 ,b does ! /ate foll[ ! act1 or ! act ! /ate8 ,soc4 ,we %all "k bett]1 my good fri5d1 9 a little :ile4 ,! po9t :i* ,i %\ld fir/ wi% to und]/& is :e!r ! pi\s or holy is belov$ by ! gods because x #aj is holy1 or holy because x is belov$ ( ! gods4 ,eu?4 ,i d n und]/& y\r mean+1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,i w endeav\r to expla93 we speak ( c>ry+ & we speak ( be+ c>ri$1 ( lead+ & be+ l$1 see+ & be+ se54 ,y "k t 9 all su* cases !re is a diff]5ce1 & y "k also 9 :at ! diff]5ce lies8 ,eu?4 ,i ?9k t ,i und]/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! priority ( ! act to ! /ate4 ,soc4 ,& is n t :i* is belov$ di/9ct f t :i* loves8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,well2 & n[ tell me1 is t :i* is c>ri$ 9 ?is /ate ( c>ry+ because x is c>ri$1 or = "s o!r reason8 ,eu?4 ,no2 t is ! reason4 ,soc4 ,& ! same is true ( :at is l$ & ( :at is se58 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& a ?+ is n se5 because x is visible1 b conv]sely1 visible because x is se52 nor is a ?+ l$ because x is 9 ! /ate ( be+ l$1 or c>ri$ because x is 9 ! /ate ( be+ c>ri$1 b ! conv]se ( ?is4 ,& n[ ,i ?9k1 ,eu?yphro1 t my mean+ w be intelligible2 & my mean+ is1 t any /ate ( action or passion implies previ\s action or passion4 ,x does n become because x is becom+1 b x is 9 a /ate ( becom+ because x becomes2 nei!r does x suff] because x is 9 a /ate ( suff]+1 b x is 9 a /ate ( suff]+ because x suff]s4 ,d y n agree8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,is n t :i* is lov$ 9 "s /ate ei!r ( becom+ or suff]+8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! latt] is ! tru] acc\nt1 & !re=e we c only say t :at is lov$ by all ! gods is 9 a /ate to be lov$ by !m2 b hol9ess has a wid] mean+ ?an ?is4 ,soc4 ,& ! same holds z 9 ! previ\s in/ances2 ! /ate ( be+ lov$ foll[s ! act ( be+ lov$1 & n ! act ! /ate4 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y say ( piety1 ,eu?yphro3 is n piety1 accord+ to y\r def9ition1 lov$ by all ! gods8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,because x is pi\s or holy1 or = "s o!r reason8 ,eu?4 ,no1 t is ! reason4 ,soc4 ,x is lov$ because x is holy1 n holy because x is lov$8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& t :i* is de> to ! gods is lov$ by !m1 & is 9 a /ate to be lov$ ( !m because x is lov$ ( !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5ce & ! attribute4 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n t :i* is de> to ! gods1 ,eu?yphro1 is n holy1 nor is t :i* is holy lov$ ( ,god1 z y affirm2 b !y are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,eu?4 ,h[ d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i mean to say t ! holy has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be lov$ ( ,god because x is holy1 n to be holy because x is lov$4 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b t :i* is de> to ! gods is de> to !m because x is lov$ by !m1 n lov$ by !m because x is de> to !m4 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! ess5tial mean+ ( hol9ess or piety8 ,soc4 ,b1 fri5d ,eu?yphro1 if t :i* is holy is ! same ) t :i* is de> to ,god1 & is lov$ because x is holy1 !n t :i* is de> to ,god w\ld h be5 #aa lov$ z be+ de> to ,god2 b if t :i* is de> to ,god is de> to him because lov$ by him1 !n t :i* is holy w\ld h be5 holy because lov$ by him4 ,b n[ y see t ! rev]se is ! case1 & t !y are q diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,= "o 77 is ( a k9d to be lov$ because x is lov$1 & ! o!r 77 is lov$ because x is ( a k9d to be lov$4 ,?us y appe> to me1 ,eu?yphro1 :5 ,i ask y :at is ! ess5ce ( hol9ess1 to (f] an attribute only1 & n ! ess5ce--! attribute ( be+ lov$ by all ! gods4 ,b y /ill refuse to expla9 to me ! nature ( hol9ess4 ,& !re=e1 if y please1 ,i w ask y n to hide y\r treasure1 b to tell me once m :at hol9ess or piety really is1 :e!r de> to ! gods or n 7= t is a matt] ab\t :i* we w n qu>rel72 & :at is impiety8 ,eu?4 ,i really d n "k1 ,socrates1 h[ to express :at ,i mean4 ,= someh[ or o!r our argum5ts1 on :atev] gr\nd we re/ !m1 seem to turn r\nd & walk away f u4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates #8a great] ?an ,da$alus4' ,soc4 ,y\r words1 ,eu?yphro1 are l ! h&iwork ( my ance/or ,da$alus2 & if ,i 7 ! say] or prop\nd] ( !m1 y might say t my argum5ts walk away & w n rema9 fix$ :]e !y are plac$ because ,i am a desc5dant ( 84 ,b n[1 s9ce ^! notions are y\r own1 y mu/ f9d "s o!r gibe1 = !y c]ta9ly1 z y y\rself all[1 %[ an incl9ation to be on ! move4 ,eu?4 ,nay1 ,socrates1 ,i %all /ill say t y are ! ,da$alus :o sets argum5ts 9 motion2 n ,i1 c]ta9ly1 b y make !m move or g r\nd1 = !y w\ld nev] h /irr$1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i mu/ be a great] ?an ,da$alus3 = :]eas he only made 8 own inv5tions to move1 ,i move ^? ( o!r p z well4 ,& ! beauty ( x is1 t ,i w\ld r n4 ,= ,i w\ld give ! wisdom ( ,da$alus1 & ! weal? ( ,tantalus1 to be able to deta9 !m & keep !m fix$4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,z ,i p]ceive t y are lazy1 ,i w myself endeav\r to %[ y h[ y might in/ruct me 9 ! nature ( piety2 & ,i hope t y w n grudge y\r lab\r4 ,tell me1 !n1--,is n t :i* is pi\s necess>ily j8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,all :i* is pi\s is j3--is !re=e all :i* is j pi\s8 ,soc4 ,& is1 !n1 all :i* is j pi\s8 or1 is t :i* is pi\s all j1 b t :i* is j1 only 9 "p & n all1 #ab pi\s8 ,eu?4 ,i d n und]/& y1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& yet ,i "k t y are z mu* wis] ?an ,i am1 z y are y\ng]4 ,b1 z ,i 0 say+1 rev]$ fri5d1 ! abundance ( y\r wisdom makes y lazy4 ,please to ex]t y\rself1 = !re is no real difficulty 9 und]/&+ me4 ,:at ,i mean ,i may expla9 by an illu/ration ( :at ,i d n mean4 ,! poet 7,/as9us7 s+s-- #8,( ,zeus1 ! au?or & creator ( all ^! ?+s1 ,y w n tell3 = :]e !re is fe> !re is also rev]5ce4' ,n[ ,i disagree ) ?is poet4 ,%all ,i tell y 9 :at respect8 ,eu?4 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,we may say1 e4 g41 t :]ev] !re is rev]5ce !re w be fe>1 b n t :]ev] !re is fe> !re w be rev]5ce4 ,soc4 ,i %\ld n say t :]e !re is fe> !re is also rev]5ce2 = ,i am sure t _m p]sons fe> pov]ty & disease1 & ! l evils1 b ,i d n p]ceive t !y rev]5ce ! objects ( _! fe>4 ,eu?4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,b :]e rev]5ce is1 !re is fe>2 = he :o has a feel+ ( rev]5ce & %ame ab\t ! commission ( any action1 fe>s & is afraid ( an ill reputation4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro 9 ! h&s ( ,socrates4 ,eu?4 ,no d\bt4 ,soc4 ,!n we are wrong 9 say+ t :]e !re is fe> !re is also rev]5ce2 & we %\ld say1 :]e !re is rev]5ce !re is also fe>4 ,b !re is n always rev]5ce :]e !re is fe>2 = fe> is a m ext5d$ notion1 & rev]5ce is a "p ( fe>1 j z ! odd is a "p ( numb]1 & numb] is a m ext5d$ notion ?an ! odd4 ,i suppose t y foll[ me n[8 ,eu?4 ,q well4 ,soc4 ,t 0 ! sort ( "q :i* ,i meant to raise :5 ,i ask$ :e!r ! j is always ! pi\s1 or ! pi\s always ! j2 & :e!r !re may n be ju/ice :]e !re is n piety2 = ju/ice is ! m ext5d$ notion ( :i* piety is only a "p4 ,d y diss5t8 ,eu?4 ,no1 ,i ?9k t y are q "r4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if piety is a "p ( ju/ice1 ,i suppose t we %\ld enquire :at "p8 ,if y _h pursu$ ! enquiry 9 ! previ\s cases2 = in/ance1 if y _h ask$ me :at is an ev5 numb]1 & :at "p ( numb] ! ev5 is1 ,i %\ld h _h no difficulty 9 reply+1 a numb] :i* repres5ts a figure hav+ two equal sides4 ,d y n agree8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,i q agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,piety or hol9ess is t "p ( ju/ice :i* att5ds ^u ! gods4 ,soc4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i want y to tell me :at "p ( ju/ice is piety or hol9ess1 t ,i may be able to tell ,meletus n to d me inju/ice1 or indict me = impiety1 z ,i am n[ adequately in/ruct$ by y 9 ! nature ( piety or hol9ess1 & _! opposites4 ,eu?4 ,piety or hol9ess1 ,socrates1 appe>s to me to be t "p ( ju/ice :i* att5ds to ! gods1 z !re is ! o!r "p ( ju/ice :i* att5ds to m54 ,soc4 ,t is good1 ,eu?yphro2 yet /ill !re is a little #ac po9t ab\t :i* ,i %\ld l to h fur!r in=mation1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( #8att5tion'8 ,= att5tion c h>dly be us$ 9 ! same s5se :5 appli$ to ! gods z :5 appli$ to o!r ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 horses are said to require att5tion1 & n e p]son is able to att5d to !m1 b only a p]son skill$ 9 horseman%ip4 ,is x n s8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( att5tion8 ,soc4 ,i %\ld suppose t ! art ( horseman%ip is ! art ( att5d+ to horses8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,nor is e "o qualifi$ to att5d to dogs1 b only ! huntsman8 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ,i %\ld also conceive t ! art ( ! huntsman is ! art ( att5d+ to dogs8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,z ! art ( ! oxh]d is ! art ( att5d+ to ox58 ,eu?4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,9 l mann] hol9ess or piety is ! art ( att5d+ to ! gods8--t w\ld be y\r mean+1 ,eu?yphro8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,att5tion to o!rs is design$ to b5efit & improve !m4 ,b h[ are ! gods b5efit$ or improv$ by ! holy acts ( m58 ,soc4 ,& is n att5tion always design$ = ! good or b5efit ( t to :i* ! att5tion is giv58 ,z 9 ! case ( horses1 y may obs]ve t :5 att5d$ to by ! horseman's art !y are b5efit$ & improv$1 are !y n8 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,z ! dogs are b5efit$ by ! huntsman's art1 & ! ox5 by ! art ( ! oxh]d1 & all o!r ?+s are t5d$ or att5d$ = _! good & n = _! hurt8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly1 n = _! hurt4 ,soc4 ,b = _! good8 ,eu?4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,& does piety or hol9ess1 :i* has be5 def9$ to be ! art ( att5d+ to ! gods1 b5efit or improve !m8 ,w\ld y say t :5 y d a holy act y make any ( ! gods bett]8 ,eu?4 ,no1 no2 t 0 c]ta9ly n :at ,i meant4 ,soc4 ,& ,i1 ,eu?yphro1 nev] suppos$ t y did4 ,i ask$ y ! "q ab\t ! nature ( ! att5tion1 because ,i ?\ght t y did n4 ,eu?4 ,y d me ju/ice1 ,socrates2 t is n ! sort ( att5tion :i* ,i mean4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro gr[s impati5t ( ! argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! att5tion to ! gods call$ piety is su* z s]vants %[ _! ma/]s4 ,soc4 ,good3 b ,i mu/ /ill ask :at is ?is att5tion to ! gods :i* is call$ piety8 ,eu?4 ,x is su*1 ,socrates1 z s]vants %[ to _! ma/]s4 ,soc4 ,i und]/&--a sort ( m9i/ration to ! gods4 ,eu?4 ,exactly4 ,soc4 ,m$ic9e is also a sort ( m9i/ration or s]vice1 hav+ 9 view ! atta9m5t ( "s object--w\ld y n say ( heal?8 ,eu?4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,aga91 !re is an art :i* m9i/]s to ! %ip-build] ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( "s result8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ) a view to ! build+ ( a %ip4 ,soc4 ,z !re is an art :i* m9i/]s to ! h\se-build] ) a view to ! build+ ( a h\se8 ,eu?4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,b 9 :at way d m5 help ! "w ( ,god8 ,soc4 ,& n[ tell me1 my good fri5d1 ab\t ! art :i* m9i/]s to ! gods3 :at "w does t help to accompli%8 ,= y mu/ surely "k if1 z y say1 y are ( all m5 liv+ ! "o :o is be/ in/ruct$ 9 religion4 ,eu?4 ,& ,i speak ! tru?1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,tell me !n1 oh tell me--:at is t fair "w :i* ! gods d by ! help ( our m9i/rations8 ,eu?4 ,_m & fair1 ,socrates1 are ! works :i* !y d4 ,soc4 ,:y1 my fri5d1 & s are ^? ( a g5]al4 ,b #ad ! *ief ( !m is easily told4 ,w\ld y n say t victory 9 w> is ! *ief ( !m8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,_m & fair1 too1 are ! works ( ! husb&man1 if ,i am n mi/ak52 b 8 *ief "w is ! production ( food f ! e>?8 ,eu?4 ,exactly4 ,soc4 ,& ( ! _m & fair ?+s done by ! gods1 :i* is ! *ief or pr9cipal "o8 ,eu?4 ,i h told y already1 ,socrates1 t to le>n all ^! ?+s accurately w be v tiresome4 ,let me simply say t piety or hol9ess is le>n+ h[ to please ! gods 9 ^w & de$1 by pray]s & sacrifices4 ,su* piety is ! salvation ( families & /ates1 j z ! impi\s1 :i* is unpleas+ to ! gods1 is _! ru9 & de/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,piety a sci5ce ( ask+ & giv+4 ,soc4 ,i ?9k t y c\ld h answ]$ 9 mu* few] words ! *ief "q :i* ,i ask$1 ,eu?yphro1 if y _h *os54 ,b ,i see pla9ly t y are n dispos$ to in/ruct me--cle>ly n3 else :y1 :5 we rea*$ ! po9t1 did y turn aside8 ,_h y only answ]$ me ,i %\ld h truly le>n$ ( y by ?is "t ! nature ( piety4 ,n[1 z ! ask] ( a "q is necess>ily dep5d5t on ! answ]]1 :i!r he leads ,i mu/ foll[2 & c only ask aga91 :at is ! pi\s1 & :at is piety8 ,d y mean t !y are a sort ( sci5ce ( pray+ & sacrific+8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,& sacrific+ is giv+ to ! gods1 & pray] is ask+ ( ! gods8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,^u ?is view1 !n1 piety is a sci5ce ( ask+ & giv+8 ,eu?4 ,y und]/& me capitally1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,yes1 my fri5d2 ! reason is t ,i am a vot>y ( y\r sci5ce1 & give my m9d to x1 & !re=e no?+ :i* y say w be ?r[n away ^u me4 ,please !n to tell me1 :at is ! nature ( ?is s]vice to ! gods8 ,d y mean t we pref] reque/s & give gifts to !m8 ,eu?4 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,is n ! "r way ( ask+ to ask ( !m :at we want8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 give to ! gods1 & ! gods give to m52 !y d bus9ess ) "o ano!r4 ,soc4 ,& ! "r way ( giv+ is to give to !m 9 return :at !y want ( u4 ,!re w\ld be no mean+ 9 an art :i* gives to any "o t :i* he does n want4 ,eu?4 ,v true1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!n piety1 ,eu?yphro1 is an art :i* gods & m5 h ( do+ bus9ess ) "o ano!r8 ,eu?4 ,t is an expression :i* y may use1 if y l4 ,soc4 ,b ,i h no p>ticul> lik+ = any?+ b ! tru?4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 t y w\ld tell me :at b5efit accrues to ! gods f our gifts4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t :at !y give to u2 = !re is no good ?+ :i* !y #ae d n give2 b h[ we c give any good ?+ to !m 9 return is f> f be+ equally cle>4 ,if !y give ev]y?+ & we give no?+1 t mu/ be an affair ( bus9ess 9 :i* we h v greatly ! advantage ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro is fairly puzzl$4 ,eu?4 ,& d y imag9e1 ,socrates1 t any b5efit accrues to ! gods f our gifts8 ,soc4 ,b if n1 ,eu?yphro1 :at is ! mean+ ( gifts :i* are conf]r$ by u ^u ! gods8 ,eu?4 ,:at else1 b tributes ( hon\r2 &1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 :at pleases !m8 ,soc4 ,piety1 !n1 is pleas+ to ! gods1 b n b5eficial or de> to !m8 ,eu?4 ,i %\ld say t no?+ c\ld be de>]4 ,soc4 ,!n once m ! ass]tion is repeat$ t piety is de> to ! gods8 ,eu?4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,aga91 ! argum5t walks away4 ,soc4 ,& :5 y say ?is1 c y wond] at y\r words n /&+ firm1 b walk+ away8 ,w y accuse me ( be+ ! ,da$alus :o makes !m walk away1 n p]ceiv+ t !re is ano!r & f> great] arti/ ?an ,da$alus :o makes !m g r\nd 9 a circle1 & he is y\rself2 = ! argum5t1 z y w p]ceive1 comes r\nd to ! same po9t4 ,7 we n say+ t ! holy or pi\s 0 n ! same ) t :i* is lov$ ( ! gods8 ,h y =gott58 ,eu?4 ,i q rememb]4 ,soc4 ,& are y n say+ t :at is lov$ ( ! gods is holy2 & is n ?is ! same z :at is de> to !m--d y see8 ,eu?4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n ei!r we 7 wrong 9 our =m] ass]tion2 or1 if we 7 "r !n1 we are wrong n[4 ,eu?4 ,"o ( ! two mu/ be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,nev]!less1 ,socrates is confid5t t ,eu?yphro kn[s ! tru?1 b w n tell him4 ,soc4 ,!n we mu/ beg9 aga9 & ask1 ,:at is piety8 ,t is an enquiry :i* ,i %all nev] be we>y ( pursu+ z f> z 9 me lies2 & ,i entreat y n to scorn me1 b to apply y\r m9d to ! utmo/1 & tell me ! tru?4 ,=1 if any man kn[s1 y are he2 & !re=e ,i mu/ deta9 y1 l ,proteus1 until y tell4 ,if y _h n c]ta9ly kn[n ! nature ( piety & impiety1 ,i am confid5t t y w\ld nev]1 on behalf ( a s]f1 h *>g$ y\r ag$ fa!r ) murd]4 ,y w\ld n h run su* a risk ( do+ wrong 9 ! sight ( ! gods1 & y w\ld h _h too mu* respect = ! op9ions ( m54 ,i am sure1 !re=e1 t y "k ! nature ( piety & impiety4 ,speak out !n1 my de> ,eu?yphro1 & d n hide y\r k4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro dep>ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,eu?yphro is 9 a hurry to dep>t1 & f9ally leaves ,socrates to 8 fate4 ,eu?4 ,ano!r "t1 ,socrates2 = ,i am 9 a hurry1 & mu/ g n[4 ,soc4 ,alas6 my companion1 & w y leave me 9 despair8 ,i 0 hop+ t y w\ld in/ruct me 9 ! nature ( piety & impiety2 & !n ,i might h cle>$ myself ( ,meletus & 8 indictm5t4 ,i w\ld h told him t ,i _h be5 enlight5$ by ,eu?yphro1 & _h #af giv5 up ra% innovations & speculations1 9 :i* ,i indulg$ only ?r\gh ignorance1 & t n[ ,i am ab\t to lead a bett] life4 ,,footnotes #ac ,cp4 #a ,alcib4 #aaa foll4 ,,apology4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,apology4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,9 :at relation ! ,apology ( ,plato /&s to ! real def5ce ( ,socrates1 !re are no means ( det]m9+4 ,x c]ta9ly agrees 9 tone & "* ) ! description ( ,x5ophon1 :o says 9 ! ,memorabilia 7iv4 #d1 #d7 t ,socrates might h be5 acquitt$ #8if 9 any mod]ate degree he w\ld h conciliat$ ! fav\r ( ! dica/s2' & :o in=ms u 9 ano!r passage 7iv4 #h1 #d71 on ! te/imony ( ,h]mog5es1 ! fri5d ( ,socrates1 t he _h no wi% to live2 & t ! div9e sign refus$ to all[ him to prep>e a def5ce1 & also t ,socrates himself decl>$ ?is to be unnecess>y1 on ! gr\nd t all 8 life long he _h be5 prep>+ aga9/ t h\r4 ,= ! spee* brea!s ?r\gh\t a _s ( defiance1 #8ut non supplex aut reus s$ magi/] aut dom9us vid]etur esse judicum' 7,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #ed72 & ! loose & desultory /yle is an imitation ( ! #8accu/om$ mann]' 9 :i* ,socrates spoke 9 #8! agora & among ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s4' ,! allusion 9 ! ,crito 7#de ,b7 may1 p]haps1 be adduc$ z a fur!r evid5ce ( ! lit]al accuracy ( "s p>ts 7#cg ,c1 ,d74 ,b 9 ! ma9 x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! ideal ( ,socrates1 accord+ to ,plato's conception ( him1 appe>+ 9 ! greate/ & mo/ public sc5e ( 8 life1 & 9 ! height ( 8 triumph1 :5 he is weake/1 & yet 8 ma/]y ov] mank9d is greate/1 & 8 habitual irony acquires a new mean+ & a sort ( tragic pa?os 9 ! face ( dea?4 ,! facts ( 8 life are summ$ up1 & ! features ( 8 "* are br\ght out z if by accid5t 9 ! c\rse ( ! def5ce4 ,! conv]sational mann]1 ! seem+ want ( arrangem5t1 ! ironical simplicity1 are f\nd to result 9 a p]fect "w ( art1 :i* is ! portrait ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,platonic def5ce ( ,socrates4 ,yet "s ( ! topics may h be5 actually us$ by ,socrates2 & ! recollection ( 8 v words may h rung 9 ! e>s ( 8 disciple4 ,! ,apology ( ,plato may be comp>$ g5]ally ) ^? spee*es ( ,?ucydides 9 :i* he has embodi$ 8 conception ( ! l(ty "* & policy ( ! great ,p]icles1 & :i* at ! same "t furni% a comm5t>y on ! situation ( affairs f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/orian4 ,s 9 ! ,apology !re is an ideal r ?an a lit]al tru?2 mu* is said :i* 0 n said1 & is only ,plato's view ( ! situation4 ,plato 0 n1 l ,x5ophon1 a *ronicl] ( facts2 he does n appe> 9 any ( 8 writ+s to h aim$ at lit]al accuracy4 ,he is n !re=e to be supplem5t$ f ! ,memorabilia & ,symposium ( ,x5ophon1 :o belongs to an entirely diff]5t class ( writ]s4 ,! ,apology ( ,plato is n ! report ( :at ,socrates said1 b an elaborate composition1 q z mu* s 9 fact z "o ( ! ,dialogues4 ,& we may p]haps ev5 indulge 9 ! fancy t ! actual def5ce ( ,socrates 0 z mu* great] ?an ! ,platonic def5ce z ! ma/] 0 great] ?an ! disciple4 ,b 9 any case1 "s ( ! words us$ by him mu/ h be5 rememb]$1 & "s ( ! facts record$ mu/ h actually occurr$4 ,x is significant t ,plato is said to h be5 pres5t at ! def5ce 7,apol4 #ch ,b71 z he is also said to h be5 abs5t at ! la/ sc5e 9 ! ,pha$o 7#ei ,b74 ,is x fanciful to suppose t he meant to give ! /amp ( au!nticity to ! "o & n to ! o!r8--especially :5 we consid] t ^! two passages are ! only ones 9 :i* ,plato makes m5tion ( himself4 ,! circum/ance t ,plato 0 to be "o ( 8 sureties = ! paym5t ( ! f9e :i* he propos$ has ! appe>ance ( tru?4 ,m suspici\s is ! /atem5t t ,socrates receiv$ ! fir/ impulse to 8 fav\rite call+ ( cross-exam9+ ! _w f ! ,oracle ( ,delphi2 = he mu/ already h be5 fam\s be=e ,*a]ephon w5t to consult ! ,oracle 7,riddell1 i4 p4 xvi71 & ! /ory is ( a k9d :i* is v likely to h be5 inv5t$4 ,on ! :ole we arrive at ! conclusion t ! ,apology is true to ! "* ( ,socrates1 b we _c %[ t any s+le s5t5ce 9 x 0 actually spok5 by him4 ,x brea!s ! _s ( ,socrates1 b has be5 ca/ anew 9 ! m\ld ( ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ag-ai4 ,!re is n mu* 9 ! o!r ,dialogues :i* c be comp>$ ) ! ,apology4 ,! same recollection ( 8 ma/] may h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,plato :5 depict+ ! suff]+s ( ! ,j 9 ! ,republic 7ii4 #cfa foll41 vi4 #ejj ,a74 ,! ,crito may also be reg>d$ z a sort ( app5dage to ! ,apology1 9 :i* ,socrates1 :o has defi$ ! judges1 is nev]!less repres5t$ z scrupul\sly ob$i5t to ! laws4 ,! idealization ( ! suff]] is c>ri$ /ill fur!r 9 ! ,gorgias 7#dgf foll471 9 :i* ! !sis is ma9ta9$1 t #8to suff] is bett] ?an to d evil2' & ! art ( rhetoric is describ$ z only useful = ! purpose ( self-accusation4 ,! p>allelisms :i* occur 9 ! s-call$ ,apology ( ,x5ophon are n wor? notic+1 because ! writ+ 9 :i* !y are conta9$ is manife/ly spuri\s4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,memorabilia 7i4 #b2 iv4 #h7 respect+ ! trial & dea? ( ,socrates agree g5]ally ) ,plato2 b !y h lo/ ! flav\r ( ,socratic irony 9 ! n>rative ( ,x5ophon4 ,! ,apology or ,platonic def5ce ( ,socrates is divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 #a/4 ,! def5ce prop]ly s call$2 #bnd4 ,! %ort] address 9 mitigation ( ! p5alty2 #crd4 ,! la/ words ( prophetic rebuke & exhortation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ "p comm5ces ) an apology = 8 colloquial /yle2 he is1 z he has always be51 ! enemy ( rhetoric1 & ,/eph4 #ag kn[s ( no rhetoric b tru?2 he w n falsify 8 "* by mak+ a spee*4 ,!n he proce$s to divide 8 accus]s into #ah two classes2 fir/1 !re is ! nameless accus]--public op9ion4 ,all ! _w f _! e>lie/ ye>s _h he>d t he 0 a corrupt] ( y\?1 & _h se5 him c>icatur$ 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,secondly1 !re are ! pr(ess$ accus]s1 :o are b ! m\?-piece ( ! o!rs4 ,! accusations ( bo? might be summ$ up 9 a =mula4 ,! fir/ say1 #8,socrates is an evil-do] & a curi\s p]son1 se>*+ into ?+s "u ! e>? & above ! heav52 & mak+ ! worse appe> ! bett] cause1 & tea*+ all ?is to o!rs4' ,! second1 #8,socrates is an evil-do] & corrupt] ( ! y\?1 :o does n receive ! gods :om ! /ate receives1 b introduces o!r new div9ities4' ,^! la/ words appe> to h be5 ! actual indictm5t 7cp4 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #a72 & ! previ\s =mula1 :i* is a summ>y ( public op9ion1 assumes ! same legal /yle4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ai-bc4 ,! answ] beg9s by cle>+ up a confusion4 ,9 ! repres5tations ( ! ,comic poets1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! multitude1 #ai he _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! tea*]s ( physical sci5ce & ) ! ,sophi/s4 ,b ?is 0 an error4 ,= bo? ( !m he pr(esses a respect 9 ! op5 c\rt1 :i* contra/s ) 8 mann] ( speak+ ab\t !m 9 o!r places4 7,cp4 = ,anaxagoras1 ,pha$o #ih ,b1 ,laws xii4 #ifg2 = ! ,sophi/s1 ,m5o #ie ,d1 ,rep4 vi4 #dib1 ,tim4 #ai ,e1 ,!aet4 #aed ,e1 ,soph4 #bfe foll41 etc47 ,b at ! same "t he %[s t he is n "o ( !m4 ,( natural philosophy he kn[s no?+2 n t he despises su* pursuits1 b ! fact is t he is ignorant ( !m1 & nev] says a ^w ab\t !m4 ,nor is he paid = giv+ in/ruction--t is ano!r mi/ak5 notion3--he has no?+ to tea*4 ,b he comm5ds #bj ,ev5us = tea*+ virtue at su* a #8mod]ate' rate z five m9ae4 ,some?+ ( ! #8accu/om$ irony1' :i* may p]haps be expect$ to sleep 9 ! e> ( ! multitude1 is lurk+ "h4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #bc-cj4 ,he !n goes on to expla9 ! reason :y he is 9 su* an evil "n4 ,t _h aris5 out ( a peculi> mission :i* he _h tak5 ^u himself4 ,! en?usia/ic ,*a]ephon 7probably 9 #ba anticipation ( ! answ] :i* he receiv$7 _h gone to ,delphi & ask$ ! oracle if !re 0 any man wis] ?an ,socrates2 & ! answ] 01 t !re 0 no man wis]4 ,:at c\ld be ! mean+ ( ?is--t he :o knew no?+1 & knew t he knew no?+1 %\ld be decl>$ by ! oracle to be ! wise/ ( m58 ,reflect+ ^u ! answ]1 he det]m9$ to refute x by f9d+ #8a wis]2' & fir/ he w5t to ! politicians1 & !n to ! poets1 & !n to ! craftsm51 b #bb always ) ! same result--he f\nd t !y knew no?+1 or h>dly any?+ m ?an himself2 & t ! little advantage :i* 9 "s cases !y possess$ 0 m ?an c\nt]-balanc$ by _! conceit ( k4 ,he knew no?+1 & knew t he knew no?+3 !y knew little or no?+1 & imag9$ t !y knew all ?+s4 ,?us he _h pass$ 8 #bc life z a sort ( mission>y 9 detect+ ! pret5d$ wisdom ( mank9d2 & ?is occupation _h q absorb$ him & tak5 him away bo? f public & private affairs4 ,"y m5 ( ! ri*] sort _h made a pa/ime ( ! same pursuit1 #8:i* 0 n unamus+4' ,& h5ce bitt] enmities _h aris52 ! pr(essors ( k _h rev5g$ !mselves by call+ him a villa9\s corrupt] ( y\?1 & by repeat+ ! commonplaces ab\t a!ism & mat]ialism & sophi/ry1 :i* are ! /ock-accusations aga9/ all philosoph]s :5 #bd !re is no?+ else to be said ( !m4 ,! second accusation he meets by int]rogat+ ,meletus1 :o is pres5t & c be int]rogat$4 #8,if he is ! corrupt]1 :o is ! improv] ( ! citiz5s8' 7,cp4 ,m5o #ia ,c47 #8,all m5 ev]y:]e4' ,b h[ absurd1 h[ contr>y to analogy is ?is6 #be ,h[ inconceivable too1 t he %\ld make ! citiz5s worse :5 he has to live ) !m4 ,?is surely _c be int5tional2 & if un9t5tional1 he ought to h be5 in/ruct$ by ,meletus1 #bf & n accus$ 9 ! c\rt4 ,b !re is ano!r "p ( ! indictm5t :i* says t he tea*es m5 n to receive ! gods :om ! city receives1 & has o!r new gods4 #8,is t ! way 9 :i* he is suppos$ to corrupt ! y\?8' #8,yes1 x is4' #8,has he only new gods1 or none at all8 #8,none at all4' #8,:at1 n ev5 ! sun & moon8' #8,no2 :y1 he says t ! sun is a /one1 & ! moon e>?4' ,t1 replies ,socrates1 is ! old confusion ab\t ,anaxagoras2 ! ,a!nian p are n s ignorant z to attribute to ! influ5ce ( ,socrates notions :i* h f\nd _! way into ! drama1 & may be le>n$ at ! !atre4 ,socrates und]takes to %[ t ,meletus 7r unju/ifiably7 has be5 comp\nd+ #bg a riddle 9 ?is "p ( ! indictm5t3 #8,!re are no gods1 b ,socrates believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! sons ( gods1 :i* is absurd4' ,leav+ ,meletus1 :o has _h en\gh words sp5t ^u him1 #bh he returns to ! orig9al accusation4 ,! "q may be ask$1 ,:y w he p]si/ 9 foll[+ a pr(ession :i* leads him to dea?8 ,:y8--because he mu/ rema9 at 8 po/ :]e ! god has plac$ him1 z he rema9$ at ,potidaea1 & ,amphipolis1 & ,delium1 :]e ! g5]als plac$ him4 ,besides1 he is #bi n s ov]wise z to imag9e t he kn[s :e!r dea? is a good or an evil2 & he is c]ta9 t des]tion ( 8 duty is an evil4 ,anytus is q "r 9 say+ t !y %\ld nev] #cj h indict$ him if !y meant to let him g4 ,= he w c]ta9ly obey ,god r ?an man2 & w cont9ue to prea* to all m5 ( all ages ! necessity ( virtue & improvem5t2 & if !y refuse to li/5 to him he w /ill p]sev]e & reprove !m4 ,?is is 8 way ( corrupt+ ! y\?1 :i* he w n cease to foll[ 9 ob$i5ce to ! god1 ev5 if a ?\s& dea?s await him4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #cj-ce4 ,he is desir\s t !y %\ld let him live--n = 8 own sake1 b = !irs2 because he is _! heav5-s5t fri5d 7& #ca !y w nev] h su* ano!r71 or1 z he may be ludicr\sly describ$1 he is ! gadfly :o /irs ! g5]\s /e$ into motion4 ,:y !n has he nev] tak5 "p 9 public affairs8 ,because ! famili> div9e voice has h9d]$ him2 if he _h be5 a public man1 & _h f\ght = ! "r1 z he w\ld c]ta9ly h f\ght aga9/ ! _m1 he w\ld n h liv$1 & c\ld !re=e h done no good4 ,twice 9 public matt]s #cb he has risk$ 8 life = ! sake ( ju/ice--once at ! trial ( ! g5]als2 & aga9 9 resi/ance to ! tyrannical comm&s ( ! ,?irty4 ,b1 ?\gh n a public man1 he has pass$ 8 days 9 in/ruct+ ! citiz5s )\t fee or rew>d--?is 0 8 mission4 ,:e!r 8 disciples h turn$ out well or ill1 he _c ju/ly be *>g$ ) ! result1 = he nev] promis$ to tea* !m #cc any?+4 ,!y might come if !y lik$1 & !y might /ay away if !y lik$3 & !y did come1 because !y f\nd an amusem5t 9 he>+ ! pret5d]s to wisdom detect$4 ,if !y h be5 corrupt$1 _! eld] relatives 7if n !mselves7 might surely come into c\rt & witness aga9/ him1 & !re is an opportunity /ill = !m to appe>4 ,b _! fa!rs #cd & bro!rs all appe> 9 c\rt 7includ+ #8?is' ,plato71 to witness on 8 behalf2 & if _! relatives are corrupt$1 at lea/ !y are uncorrupt$2 #8& !y are my witnesses4 ,= !y "k t ,i am speak+ ! tru?1 & t ,meletus is ly+4' ,?is is ab\t all t he has to say4 ,he w n entreat ! judges to sp>e 8 life2 nei!r w he pres5t a spectacle ( weep+ *ildr51 al?\gh he1 too1 is n made ( #8rock or oak4' #ce ,"s ( ! judges !mselves may h compli$ ) ?is practice on simil> occasions1 & he tru/s t !y w n be angry ) him = n foll[+ _! example4 ,b he feels t su* conduct br+s discr$it on ! "n ( ,a!ns3 he feels1 too1 t ! judge has sworn n to give away ju/ice2 & he _c be guilty ( ! impiety ( ask+ ! judge to break 8 oa?1 :5 he is himself be+ tri$ = impiety4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #cf-da4 ,z he expect$1 & probably int5d$1 he is convict$4 ,& #cf n[ ! tone ( ! spee*1 in/ead ( be+ m conciliatory1 becomes m l(ty & comm&+4 ,anytus proposes dea? z ! p5alty3 & :at c\nt]-proposition %all he make8 ,he1 ! b5efactor ( ! ,a!nian p1 ^: :ole life has be5 sp5t 9 do+ !m good1 %\ld at lea/ h ! ,olympic victor's rew>d ( ma9t5ance 9 ! ,prytaneum4 ,or :y #cg %\ld he propose any c\nt]-p5alty :5 he does n "k :e!r dea?1 :i* ,anytus proposes1 is a good or an evil8 & he is c]ta9 t imprisonm5t is an evil1 exile is an evil4 ,loss ( money might be no evil1 b !n he has none to give2 p]haps he c make up a m9a4 ,let t be ! p5alty1 or1 #ch if 8 fri5ds wi%1 ?irty m9ae2 = :i* !y w be excell5t securities4 ,he is condemn$ to dea?4 ,he is an old man already1 & ! ,a!nians w ga9 no?+ b disgrace by depriv+ him ( a few ye>s ( life4 ,p]haps he c\ld h escap$1 if he _h *os5 to ?r[ d[n 8 arms & entreat = 8 life4 ,b he does n at all rep5t ( ! mann] ( 8 def5ce2 he w\ld r die 9 8 own fa%ion ?an live 9 !irs4 ,= ! p5alty ( unrighte\sness is swift] ?an #ci dea?2 t p5alty has already ov]tak5 8 accus]s z dea? w soon ov]take him4 ,& n[1 z "o :o is ab\t to die1 he w prophesy to !m4 ,!y h put him to dea? 9 ord] to escape ! necessity ( giv+ an acc\nt ( _! lives4 ,b 8 dea? #8w be ! se$' ( _m disciples :o w conv9ce !m ( _! evil ways1 & w come =? to reprove !m 9 h>%] t]ms1 because !y are y\ng] & m inconsid]ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #da-db4 ,he w\ld l to say a few words1 :ile !re is "t1 to ^? #dj :o w\ld h acquitt$ him4 ,he wi%es !m to "k t ! div9e sign nev] int]rupt$ him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 def5ce2 ! reason ( :i*1 z he conjectures1 is t ! dea? to :i* he is go+ is a good & n an evil4 ,= ei!r dea? is a long sleep1 ! be/ ( sleeps1 or a j\rney to ano!r _w 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead are ga!r$ toge!r1 & 9 :i* !re may be a hope ( see+ ! h]oes ( old--9 :i*1 too1 #da !re are j judges2 & z all are immortal1 !re c be no fe> ( any "o suff]+ dea? = 8 op9ions4 ,no?+ evil c happ5 to ! good man ei!r 9 life or dea?1 & 8 own dea? has be5 p]mitt$ by ! gods1 because x 0 bett] = him to dep>t2 & !re=e he =gives 8 judges because !y h done him no h>m1 al?\gh !y nev] meant to d him any good4 ,he has a la/ reque/ to make to !m--t !y w tr\ble #db 8 sons z he has tr\bl$ !m1 if !y appe> to pref] ri*es to virtue1 or to ?9k !mselves some?+ :5 !y are no?+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 #8,few p]sons w be f\nd to wi% t ,socrates %\ld h def5d$ himself o!rwise1'--if1 z we mu/ add1 8 def5ce 0 t ) :i* ,plato has provid$ him4 ,b leav+ ?is "q1 :i* does n admit ( a precise solution1 we may g on to ask :at 0 ! impression :i* ,plato 9 ! ,apology int5d$ to give ( ! "* & conduct ( 8 ma/] 9 ! la/ great sc5e8 ,did he int5d to repres5t him 7#a7 z employ+ sophi/ries2 7#b7 z design$ly irritat+ ! judges8 ,or are ^! sophi/ries to be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! age 9 :i* he liv$ & to 8 p]sonal "*1 & ?is app>5t haught9ess z fl[+ f ! natural elevation ( 8 position8 ,= example1 :5 he says t x is absurd to suppose t "o man is ! corrupt] & all ! re/ ( ! _w ! improv]s ( ! y\?2 or1 :5 he argues t he nev] c\ld h corrupt$ ! m5 ) :om he _h to live2 or1 :5 he proves 8 belief 9 ! gods because he believes 9 ! sons ( gods1 is he s]i\s or je/+8 ,x may be obs]v$ t ^! sophisms all occur 9 8 cross-exam9ation ( ,meletus1 :o is easily foil$ & ma/]$ 9 ! h&s ( ! great dialectician4 ,p]haps he reg>d$ ^! answ]s z good en\gh = 8 accus]1 ( :om he makes v light4 ,also !re is a t\* ( irony 9 !m1 :i* takes !m out ( ! category ( sophi/ry4 7,cp4 ,eu?yph4 #b47 ,t ! mann] 9 :i* he def5ds himself ab\t ! lives ( 8 disciples is n satisfactory1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,fre% 9 ! memory ( ! ,a!nians1 & dete/able z !y des]v$ to be to ! newly re/or$ democracy1 7 ! names ( ,alcibiades1 ,critias1 ,*>mides4 ,x is obvi\sly n a suffici5t answ] t ,socrates _h nev] pr(ess$ to tea* !m any?+1 & is !re=e n ju/ly *>geable ) _! crimes4 ,yet ! def5ce1 :5 tak5 out ( ?is ironical =m1 is d\btless s\nd3 t 8 tea*+ _h no?+ to d ) _! evil lives4 ,"h1 !n1 ! sophi/ry is r 9 =m ?an 9 sub/ance1 ?\gh we might desire t to su* a s]i\s *>ge ,socrates _h giv5 a m s]i\s answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,"* ( ! def5ce4 ,truly *>act]i/ic ( ,socrates is ano!r po9t 9 8 answ]1 :i* may also be reg>d$ z sophi/ical4 ,he says t #8if he has corrupt$ ! y\?1 he mu/ h corrupt$ !m involunt>ily4' ,b if1 z ,socrates argues1 all evil is involunt>y1 !n all crim9als ought to be admoni%$ & n puni%$4 ,9 ^! words ! ,socratic doctr9e ( ! involunt>9ess ( evil is cle>ly int5d$ to be convey$4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! def5ce ( ,socrates is untrue practically1 b may be true 9 "s ideal or transc5d5tal s5se4 ,! commonplace reply1 t if he _h be5 guilty ( corrupt+ ! y\? _! relations w\ld surely h witness$ aga9/ him1 ) :i* he concludes ?is "p ( 8 def5ce1 is m satisfactory4 ,aga91 :5 ,socrates argues t he mu/ believe 9 ! gods because he believes 9 ! sons ( gods1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is is a refutation n ( ! orig9al indictm5t1 :i* is consi/5t en\gh--#8,socrates does n receive ! gods :om ! city receives1 & has o!r new div9ities'--b ( ! int]pretation put ^u ! words by ,meletus1 :o has affirm$ t he is a d[nright a!i/4 ,to ?is ,socrates fairly answ]s1 9 accordance ) ! ideas ( ! "t1 t a d[nright a!i/ _c believe 9 ! sons ( gods or 9 div9e ?+s4 ,! notion t demons or less] div9ities are ! sons ( gods is n to be reg>d$ z ironical or sceptical4 ,he is argu+ #8ad hom9em' accord+ to ! notions ( my?ology curr5t 9 8 age4 ,yet he ab/a9s f say+ t he believ$ 9 ! gods :om ! ,/ate approv$4 ,he does n def5d himself1 z ,x5ophon has def5d$ him1 by appeal+ to 8 practice ( religion4 ,probably he nei!r :olly believ$1 nor disbeliev$1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! popul> gods2 he _h no means ( kn[+ ab\t !m4 ,accord+ to ,plato 7cp4 ,pha$o #aah ,b2 ,symp4 #bbj ,d71 z well z ,x5ophon 7,mem4 i4 #a1 #cj71 he 0 punctual 9 ! p]=mance ( ! lea/ religi\s duties2 & he mu/ h believ$ 9 8 own oracul> sign1 ( :i* he seem$ to h an int]nal witness4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ,apollo or ,zeus1 or ! o!r gods :om ! ,/ate approves1 w\ld h appe>$ to him bo? unc]ta9 & unimportant 9 comp>ison ( ! duty ( self-exam9ation1 & ( ^? pr9ciples ( tru? & "r :i* he deem$ to be ! f\ndation ( religion4 7,cp4 ,pha$r4 #bcj2 ,eu?yph4 #f1 #g2 ,rep4 ii4 #cgc ff47 ,sid5ote3 ,did ,socrates int5d to irritate 8 judges8 ,! second "q1 :e!r ,plato meant to repres5t ,socrates z brav+ or irritat+ 8 judges1 mu/ also be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,8 irony1 8 sup]iority1 8 audacity1 #8reg>d+ n ! p]son ( man1' necess>ily fl[ out ( ! l(t9ess ( 8 situation4 ,he is n act+ a "p ^u a great occasion1 b he is :at he has be5 all 8 life long1 #8a k+ ( m54' ,he w\ld r n appe> insol5t1 if he c\ld avoid x 7 74 ,nei!r is he desir\s ( ha/5+ 8 own end1 = life & dea? are simply indiff]5t to him4 ,b su* a def5ce z w\ld be acceptable to 8 judges & might procure an acquittal1 x is n 9 8 nature to make4 ,he w n say or d any?+ t might p]v]t ! c\rse ( ju/ice2 he _c h 8 tongue b\nd ev5 #89 ! ?roat ( dea?4' ,) 8 accus]s he w only f5ce & play1 z he _h f5c$ ) o!r #8improv]s ( y\?1' answ]+ ! ,sophi/ accord+ to 8 sophi/ry all 8 life long4 ,he is s]i\s :5 he is speak+ ( 8 own mission1 :i* seems to di/+ui% him f all o!r re=m]s ( mank9d1 & orig9ates 9 an accid5t4 ,! d$ication ( himself to ! improvem5t ( 8 fell[-citiz5s is n s rem>kable z ! ironical _s 9 :i* he goes ab\t do+ good only 9 v9dication ( ! cr$it ( ! oracle1 & 9 ! va9 hope ( f9d+ a wis] man ?an himself4 ,yet ?is s+ul> & almo/ accid5tal "* ( 8 mission agrees ) ! div9e sign :i*1 accord+ to our notions1 is equally accid5tal & irrational1 & is nev]!less accept$ by him z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( 8 life4 ,socrates is n[h]e repres5t$ to u z a free?9k] or sceptic4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt 8 s9c]ity :5 he speculates on ! possibility ( see+ & kn[+ ! h]oes ( ! ,trojan w> 9 ano!r _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 hope ( immortality is unc]ta92--he also conceives ( dea? z a long sleep 79 ?is respect diff]+ f ! ,pha$o71 & at la/ falls back on resignation to ! div9e w1 & ! c]ta9ty t no evil c happ5 to ! good man ei!r 9 life or dea?4 ,8 absolute tru?fulness seems to h9d] him f ass]t+ positively m ?an ?is2 & he makes no attempt to veil 8 ignorance 9 my?ology & figures ( spee*4 ,! g5tl5ess ( ! fir/ "p ( ! spee* contra/s ) ! aggravat$1 almo/ ?reat5+1 tone ( ! conclusion4 ,he *>act]i/ically rem>ks t he w n speak z a rhetorician1 t is to say1 he w n make a regul> def5ce su* z ,lysias or "o ( ! orators might h compos$ = him1 or1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 did compose = him4 ,b he fir/ procures himself a he>+ by conciliatory words4 ,he does n attack ! ,sophi/s2 = !y 7 op5 to ! same *>ges z himself2 !y 7 equally ridicul$ by ! ,comic poets1 & almo/ equally hateful to ,anytus & ,meletus4 ,yet incid5tally ! antagonism betwe5 ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s is all[$ to appe>4 ,he is poor & !y are ri*2 8 pr(ession t he tea*es no?+ is oppos$ to _! read9ess to tea* all ?+s2 8 talk+ 9 ! m>ket-place to _! private in/ructions2 8 t>ry-at-home life to _! w&]+ f city to city4 ,! tone :i* he assumes t[>ds !m is "o ( real fri5dl9ess1 b also ( conceal$ irony4 ,t[>ds ,anaxagoras1 :o _h disappo9t$ him 9 8 hopes ( le>n+ ab\t m9d & nature1 he %[s a less k9dly feel+1 :i* is also ! feel+ ( ,plato 9 o!r passages 7,laws xii4 #ifg ,b74 ,b ,anaxagoras _h be5 dead ?irty ye>s1 & 0 beyond ! rea* ( p]secution4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! prophecy ( a new g5]ation ( tea*]s :o w\ld rebuke & exhort ! ,a!nian p 9 h>%] & m viol5t t]ms 01 z f> z we "k1 nev] fulfill$4 ,no inf]5ce c be drawn f ?is circum/ance z to ! probability ( ! words attribut$ to him hav+ be5 actually utt]$4 ,!y express ! aspiration ( ! fir/ m>tyr ( philosophy1 t he w\ld leave beh9d him _m foll[]s1 accompani$ by ! n unnatural feel+ t !y w\ld be fi]c] & m inconsid]ate 9 _! words :5 emancipat$ f 8 control4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! ,apology ! real spee* ( ,socrates8 ,! above rem>ks mu/ be und]/ood z apply+ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty to ! ,platonic ,socrates only4 ,=1 al?\gh ^! or simil> words may h be5 spok5 by ,socrates himself1 we _c exclude ! possibility1 t l s mu* else1 e4 g4 ! wisdom ( ,critias1 ! poem ( ,solon1 ! virtues ( ,*>mides1 !y may h be5 due only to ! imag9ation ( ,plato4 ,! argum5ts ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,apology 0 compos$ dur+ ! process1 re/+ on no evid5ce1 d n require a s]i\s refutation4 ,nor are ! reason+s ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o argues t ! ,platonic def5ce is an exact or ne>ly exact reproduction ( ! words ( ,socrates1 p>tly because ,plato w\ld n h be5 guilty ( ! impiety ( alt]+ !m1 & also because _m po9ts ( ! def5ce might h be5 improv$ & /r5g!n$1 at all m conclusive4 7,see ,engli% ,translation1 p4 #acg47 ,:at effect ! dea? ( ,socrates produc$ on ! m9d ( ,plato1 we _c c]ta9ly det]m9e2 nor c we say h[ he w\ld or mu/ h writt5 "u ! circum/ances4 ,we obs]ve t ! enmity ( ,ari/ophanes to ,socrates does n prev5t ,plato f introduc+ !m toge!r 9 ! ,symposium engag$ 9 fri5dly int]c\rse4 ,nor is !re any trace 9 ! ,dialogues ( an attempt to make ,anytus or ,meletus p]sonally odi\s 9 ! eyes ( ! ,a!nian public4 ,,apology4 ,sid5ote3 ,apology4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates begs to be all[$ to speak 9 8 accu/om$ mann]4 ,h[ y1 ,o ,a!nians1 h be5 affect$ by my accus]s1 ,/eph4 #ag ,i _c tell2 b ,i "k t !y almo/ made me =get :o ,i 0--s p]suasively did !y speak2 & yet !y h h>dly utt]$ a ^w ( tru?4 ,b ( ! _m falsehoods told by !m1 !re 0 "o :i* q amaz$ me2--,i mean :5 !y said t y %\ld be ^u y\r gu>d & n all[ y\rselves to be deceiv$ by ! =ce ( my eloqu5ce4 ,to say ?is1 :5 !y 7 c]ta9 to be detect$ z soon z ,i op5$ my lips & prov$ myself to be any?+ b a great speak]1 did inde$ appe> to me mo/ %ameless--unless by ! =ce ( eloqu5ce !y mean ! =ce ( tru?2 = if su* is _! mean+1 ,i admit t ,i am eloqu5t4 ,b 9 h[ diff]5t a way f !irs6 ,well1 z ,i 0 say+1 !y h sc>cely spok5 ! tru? at all2 b f me y %all he> ! :ole tru?3 n1 h[ev]1 deliv]$ aft] _! mann] 9 a set oration duly ornam5t$ ) words & phrases4 ,no1 by heav56 b ,i %all use ! words & argum5ts :i* occur to me at ! mom5t2 = ,i am confid5t 9 ! ju/ice ( my cause#ad3 at my "t ( life ,i ought n to be appe>+ be=e y1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 9 ! "* ( a juv5ile orator--let no "o expect x ( me4 ,& ,i mu/ beg ( y to grant me a fav\r3--,if ,i def5d myself 9 my accu/om$ mann]1 & y he> me us+ ! words :i* ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ 9 ! agora1 at ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 or any:]e else1 ,i w\ld ask y n to be surpris$1 & n to int]rupt me on ?is acc\nt4 ,= ,i am m ?an sev5ty ye>s ( age1 & appe>+ n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 a c\rt ( law1 ,i am q a /rang] to ! language ( ! place2 & !re=e ,i w\ld h y reg>d me z if ,i 7 really a /rang]1 :om y w\ld excuse if #ah he spoke 9 8 native tongue1 & aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 c\ntry3--,am ,i mak+ an unfair reque/ ( y8 ,nev] m9d ! mann]1 :i* may or may n be good2 b ?9k only ( ! tru? ( my words1 & give he$ to t3 let ! speak] speak truly & ! judge decide ju/ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & 8 accus]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judges mu/ excuse ,socrates if he def5ds himself 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,he has to meet two sorts ( accus]s4 ,& fir/1 ,i h to reply to ! old] *>ges & to my fir/ accus]s1 & !n ,i w g on to ! lat] ones4 ,= ( old ,i h _h _m accus]s1 :o h accus$ me falsely to y dur+ _m ye>s2 & ,i am m afraid ( !m ?an ( ,anytus & 8 associates1 :o are dang]\s1 too1 9 _! own way4 ,b f> m dang]\s are ! o!rs1 :o began :5 y 7 *ildr51 & took possession ( y\r m9ds ) _! falsehoods1 tell+ ( "o ,socrates1 a wise man1 :o speculat$ ab\t ! heav5 above1 & se>*$ into ! e>? b5ea?1 & made ! worse appe> ! bett] cause4 ,! dissem9ators ( ?is tale are ! accus]s :om ,i dread2 = _! he>]s are apt to fancy t su* enquir]s d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! gods4 ,& !y are _m1 & _! *>ges aga9/ me are ( anci5t date1 & !y 7 made by !m 9 ! days :5 y 7 m impressible ?an y are n[--9 *ildhood1 or x may h be5 9 y\?--& ! cause :5 he>d w5t by default1 = !re 0 none to answ]4 ,& h>de/ ( all1 ,i d n "k & _c tell ! names ( my accus]s2 unless 9 ! *ance case ( a ,comic poet4 ,all :o f envy & malice h p]suad$ y--"s ( !m hav+ fir/ conv9c$ !mselves--all ?is class ( m5 are mo/ difficult to deal )2 = ,i _c h !m up "h1 & cross-exam9e !m1 & !re=e ,i mu/ simply fight ) %ad[s 9 my own def5ce1 & argue :5 !re is no "o :o answ]s4 ,i w ask y !n to assume ) me1 z ,i 0 say+1 t my oppon5ts are ( two k9ds2 "o rec5t1 ! o!r anci5t3 & ,i hope t y w see ! propriety ( my answ]+ ! latt] fir/1 = ^! accusations y he>d long be=e ! o!rs1 & mu* (t5]4 ,well1 !n1 ,i mu/ make my def5ce1 & endeav\r to cle> #ai away 9 a %ort "t1 a sl&] :i* has la/$ a long "t4 ,may ,i succe$1 if to succe$ be = my good & y\rs1 or likely to avail me 9 my cause6 ,! task is n an easy "o2 ,i q und]/& ! nature ( x4 ,& s leav+ ! ev5t ) ,god1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ,i w n[ make my def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re is ! accusation ( ! !atres3 :i* decl>es t he is a /ud5t ( natural philosophy4 ,i w beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & ask :at is ! accusation :i* has giv5 rise to ! sl&] ( me1 & 9 fact has enc\rag$ ,meletus to pref] ?is *>ge aga9/ me4 ,well1 :at d ! sl&]]s say8 ,!y %all be my prosecutors1 & ,i w sum up _! words 9 an affidavit3 #8,socrates is an evil-do]1 & a curi\s p]son1 :o se>*es into ?+s "u ! e>? & 9 heav51 & he makes ! worse appe> ! bett] cause2 & he tea*es ! a=esaid doctr9es to o!rs4' ,su* is ! nature ( ! accusation3 x is j :at y h y\rselves se5 9 ! com$y ( ,ari/ophanes#ae1 :o has introduc$ a man :om he calls ,socrates1 go+ ab\t & say+ t he walks 9 air1 & talk+ a deal ( nons5se conc]n+ matt]s ( :i* ,i d n pret5d to "k ei!r mu* or little--n t ,i mean to speak disp>ag+ly ( any "o :o is a /ud5t ( natural philosophy4 ,i %\ld be v sorry if ,meletus c\ld br+ s grave a *>ge aga9/ me4 ,b ! simple tru? is1 ,o ,a!nians1 t ,i h no?+ to d ) physical speculations4 ,v _m ( ^? "h pres5t are witnesses to ! tru? ( ?is1 & to !m ,i appeal4 ,speak1 !n1 y :o h he>d me1 & tell y\r neighb\rs :e!r any ( y h ev] kn[n me hold =? 9 few words or 9 _m ^u su* matt]s4444 ,y he> _! answ]4 ,& f :at !y say ( ?is "p ( ! *>ge y w be able to judge ( ! tru? ( ! re/4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re is ! report t he is a ,sophi/ :o receives money4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5us ! ,p>ian4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ironical "q :i* ,socrates put to ,callias4 ,z little f\ndation is !re = ! report t ,i am a tea*]1 & take money2 ?is accusation has no m tru? 9 x ?an ! o!r4 ,al?\gh1 if a man 7 really able to in/ruct mank9d1 to receive money = giv+ in/ruction w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be an hon\r to him4 ,!re is ,gorgias ( ,leontium1 & ,prodicus ( ,ceos1 & ,hippias ( ,elis1 :o g ! r\nd ( ! cities1 & are able to p]suade ! "y m5 to leave _! own citiz5s by :om !y might be taught = no?+1 & come to !m :om #bj !y n only pay1 b are ?ankful if !y may be all[$ to pay !m4 ,!re is at ?is "t a ,p>ian philosoph] resid+ 9 ,a!ns1 ( :om ,i h he>d2 & ,i came to he> ( him 9 ?is way3--,i came across a man :o has sp5t a _w ( money on ! ,sophi/s1 ,callias1 ! son ( ,hipponicus1 & kn[+ t he _h sons1 ,i ask$ him3 #8,callias1' ,i said1 #8if y\r two sons 7 foals or calves1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 f9d+ "s "o to put ov] !m2 we %\ld hire a tra9] ( horses1 or a f>m] probably1 :o w\ld improve & p]fect !m 9 _! own prop] virtue & excell5ce2 b z !y are human be+s1 :om are y ?9k+ ( plac+ ov] !m8 ,is !re any "o :o und]/&s human & political virtue8 ,y mu/ h ?\ght ab\t ! matt]1 = y h sons2 is !re any "o8' #8,!re is1' he said4 #8,:o is he8' said ,i2 #8& ( :at c\ntry8 & :at does he *>ge8' #8,ev5us ! ,p>ian1' he repli$2 #8he is ! man1 & 8 *>ge is five m9ae4' ,happy is ,ev5us1 ,i said to myself1 if he really has ?is wisdom1 & tea*es at su* a mod]ate *>ge4 ,_h ,i ! same1 ,i %\ld h be5 v pr\d & conceit$2 b ! tru? is t ,i h no k ( ! k9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,god ( ,delphi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! accusations aga9/ me h aris5 out ( a sort ( wisdom :i* ,i practise4 ,sid5ote3 ,my practice ( x arose out ( a decl>ation ( ! ,delphian ,oracle t ,i 0 ! wise/ ( m54 ,i d>e say1 ,a!nians1 t "s "o among y w reply1 #8,yes1 ,socrates1 b :at is ! orig9 ( ^! accusations :i* are br\ght aga9/ y2 !re mu/ h be5 some?+ /range :i* y h be5 do+8 ,all ^! rum\rs & ?is talk ab\t y w\ld nev] h aris5 if y _h be5 l o!r m53 tell u1 !n1 :at is ! cause ( !m1 = we %\ld be sorry to judge ha/ily ( y4' ,n[ ,i reg>d ?is z a fair *all5ge1 & ,i w endeav\r to expla9 to y ! reason :y ,i am call$ wise & h su* an evil fame4 ,please to att5d !n4 ,& al?\gh "s ( y may ?9k t ,i am jok+1 ,i decl>e t ,i w tell y ! entire tru?4 ,m5 ( ,a!ns1 ?is reputation ( m9e has come ( a c]ta9 sort ( wisdom :i* ,i possess4 ,if y ask me :at k9d ( wisdom1 ,i reply1 wisdom su* z may p]haps be atta9$ by man1 = to t ext5t ,i am incl9$ to believe t ,i am wise2 :]eas ! p]sons ( :om ,i 0 speak+ h a sup]human wisdom1 :i* ,i may fail to describe1 because ,i h x n myself2 & he :o says t ,i h1 speaks falsely1 & is tak+ away my "*4 ,& "h1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i mu/ beg y n to int]rupt me1 ev5 if ,i seem to say some?+ extravagant4 ,= ! ^w :i* ,i w speak is n m9e4 ,i w ref] y to a witness :o is wor?y ( cr$it2 t witness %all be ! ,god ( ,delphi--he w tell y ab\t my wisdom1 if ,i h any1 & ( :at sort x is4 ,y mu/ h kn[n ,*a]ephon2 he 0 e>ly a fri5d ( m9e1 & also a fri5d ( y\rs1 = he %>$ 9 #ba ! rec5t exile ( ! p1 & return$ ) y4 ,well1 ,*a]ephon1 z y "k1 0 v impetu\s 9 all 8 do+s1 & he w5t to ,delphi & boldly ask$ ! oracle to tell him :e!r--z ,i 0 say+1 ,i mu/ beg y n to int]rupt--he ask$ ! oracle to tell him :e!r any "o 0 wis] ?an ,i 01 & ! ,py?ian prophetess answ]$1 t !re 0 no man wis]4 ,*a]ephon is dead himself2 b 8 bro!r1 :o is 9 c\rt1 w confirm ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+4 ,sid5ote3 ,i w5t ab\t se>*+ aft] a man :o 0 wis] ?an myself3 at fir/ among ! politicians2 !n among ! philosoph]s2 & f\nd t ,i _h an advantage ov] !m1 because ,i _h no conceit ( k4 ,:y d ,i m5tion ?is8 ,because ,i am go+ to expla9 to y :y ,i h su* an evil "n4 ,:5 ,i he>d ! answ]1 ,i said to myself1 ,:at c ! god mean8 & :at is ! int]pretation ( 8 riddle8 = ,i "k t ,i h no wisdom1 small or great4 ,:at !n c he mean :5 he says t ,i am ! wise/ ( m58 ,& yet he is a god1 & _c lie2 t w\ld be aga9/ 8 nature4 ,aft] long consid]ation1 ,i ?\ght ( a me?od ( try+ ! "q4 ,i reflect$ t if ,i c\ld only f9d a man wis] ?an myself1 !n ,i might g to ! god ) a refutation 9 my h&4 ,i %\ld say to him1 #8,"h is a man :o is wis] ?an ,i am2 b y said t ,i 0 ! wise/4' ,accord+ly ,i w5t to "o :o _h ! reputation ( wisdom1 & obs]v$ him--8 "n ,i ne$ n m5tion2 he 0 a politician :om ,i select$ = exam9ation--& ! result 0 z foll[s3 ,:5 ,i began to talk ) him1 ,i c\ld n help ?9k+ t he 0 n really wise1 al?\gh he 0 ?\ght wise by _m1 & /ill wis] by himself2 & !reupon ,i tri$ to expla9 to him t he ?\ght himself wise1 b 0 n really wise2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t he hat$ me1 & 8 enmity 0 %>$ by sev]al :o 7 pres5t & he>d me4 ,s ,i left him1 say+ to myself1 z ,i w5t away3 ,well1 al?\gh ,i d n suppose t ei!r ( u kn[s any?+ really beautiful & good1 ,i am bett] (f ?an he is1--= he kn[s no?+1 & ?9ks t he kn[s2 ,i nei!r "k nor ?9k t ,i "k4 ,9 ?is latt] p>ticul>1 !n1 ,i seem to h slightly ! advantage ( him4 ,!n ,i w5t to ano!r :o _h /ill high] pret5sions to wisdom1 & my conclusion 0 exactly ! same4 ,:]eupon ,i made ano!r enemy ( him1 & ( _m o!rs besides him4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates goes on 8 way ask+ que/ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,i f\nd t ! poets 7 ! wor/ possible int]pret]s ( _! own writ+s4 ,!n ,i w5t to "o man aft] ano!r1 be+ n unconsci\s ( ! enmity :i* ,i provok$1 & ,i lam5t$ & fe>$ ?is3 b necessity 0 laid ^u me1--! ^w ( ,god1 ,i ?\ght1 ought to be consid]$ fir/4 ,& ,i said to myself1 ,g ,i mu/ to all :o appe> to "k1 & f9d out ! mean+ ( ! oracle4 ,& ,i swe> to y1 ,a!nians1 #bb by ! dog ,i swe>6--= ,i mu/ tell y ! tru?--! result ( my mission 0 j ?is3 ,i f\nd t ! m5 mo/ 9 repute 7 all b ! mo/ fooli%2 & t o!rs less e/eem$ 7 really wis] & bett]4 ,i w tell y ! tale ( my w&]+s & ( ! #8,h]culean' lab\rs1 z ,i may call !m1 :i* ,i endur$ only to f9d at la/ ! oracle irrefutable4 ,aft] ! politicians1 ,i w5t to ! poets2 tragic1 di?yrambic1 & all sorts4 ,& !re1 ,i said to myself1 y w be in/antly detect$2 n[ y w f9d out t y are m ignorant ?an !y are4 ,accord+ly1 ,i took !m "s ( ! mo/ elaborate passages 9 _! own writ+s1 & ask$ :at 0 ! mean+ ( !m--?9k+ t !y w\ld tea* me some?+4 ,w y believe me8 ,i am almo/ a%am$ to confess ! tru?1 b ,i mu/ say t !re is h>dly a p]son pres5t :o w\ld n h talk$ bett] ab\t _! poetry ?an !y did !mselves4 ,!n ,i knew t n by wisdom d poets write poetry1 b by a sort ( g5ius & inspiration2 !y are l div9]s or soo?say]s :o also say _m f9e ?+s1 b d n und]/& ! mean+ ( !m4 ,! poets appe>$ to me to be mu* 9 ! same case2 & ,i fur!r obs]v$ t ^u ! /r5g? ( _! poetry !y believ$ !mselves to be ! wise/ ( m5 9 o!r ?+s 9 :i* !y 7 n wise4 ,s ,i dep>t$1 conceiv+ myself to be sup]ior to !m = ! same reason t ,i 0 sup]ior to ! politicians4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y he 0 s greatly dislik$3 ,sid5ote3 ,! artisans _h "s real k1 b !y _h also a conceit t !y knew ?+s :i* 7 beyond !m4 ,at la/ ,i w5t to ! artisans1 = ,i 0 consci\s t ,i knew no?+ at all1 z ,i may say1 & ,i 0 sure t !y knew _m f9e ?+s2 & "h ,i 0 n mi/ak51 = !y did "k _m ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant1 & 9 ?is !y c]ta9ly 7 wis] ?an ,i 04 ,b ,i obs]v$ t ev5 ! good artisans fell into ! same error z ! poets2--because !y 7 good workm5 !y ?\ght t !y also knew all sorts ( high matt]s1 & ?is defect 9 !m ov]%ad[$ _! wisdom2 & !re=e ,i ask$ myself on behalf ( ! oracle1 :e!r ,i w\ld l to be z ,i 01 nei!r hav+ _! k nor _! ignorance1 or l !m 9 bo?2 & ,i made answ] to myself & to ! oracle t ,i 0 bett] (f z ,i 04 ,sid5ote3 ,! oracle 0 int5d$ to apply1 n to ,socrates1 b to all m5 :o "k t _! wisdom is wor? no?+4 ,?is inquisition has l$ to my hav+ _m enemies ( ! wor/ & mo/ dang]\s k9d1 & has giv5 occasion #bc also to _m calumnies4 ,& ,i am call$ wise1 = my he>]s always imag9e t ,i myself possess ! wisdom :i* ,i f9d want+ 9 o!rs3 b ! tru? is1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 t ,god only is wise2 & by 8 answ] he int5ds to %[ t ! wisdom ( m5 is wor? little or no?+2 he is n speak+ ( ,socrates1 he is only us+ my "n by way ( illu/ration1 z if he said1 ,he1 ,o m51 is ! wise/1 :o1 l ,socrates1 kn[s t 8 wisdom is 9 tru? wor? no?+4 ,& s ,i g ab\t ! _w1 ob$i5t to ! god1 & se>* & make enquiry into ! wisdom ( any "o1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 :o appe>s to be wise2 & if he is n wise1 !n 9 v9dication ( ! oracle ,i %[ him t he is n wise2 & my occupation q absorbs me1 & ,i h no "t to give ei!r to any public matt] ( int]e/ or to any conc]n ( my own1 b ,i am 9 utt] pov]ty by reason ( my devotion to ! god4 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus1 ,anytus1 & ,lycon4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are my imitators :o g ab\t detect+ pret5d]s1 & ! enmity :i* !y ar\se falls ^u me4 ,!re is ano!r ?+3--"y m5 ( ! ri*] classes1 :o h n mu* to d1 come ab\t me ( _! own accord2 !y l to he> ! pret5d]s exam9$1 & !y (t5 imitate me1 & proce$ to exam9e o!rs2 !re are pl5ty ( p]sons1 z !y quickly discov]1 :o ?9k t !y "k some?+1 b really "k little or no?+2 & !n ^? :o are exam9$ by !m in/ead ( be+ angry ) !mselves are angry ) me3 ,?is conf\nd$ ,socrates1 !y say2 ?is villa9\s mislead] ( y\?6--& !n if somebody asks !m1 ,:y1 :at evil does he practise or tea*8 !y d n "k1 & _c tell2 b 9 ord] t !y may n appe> to be at a loss1 !y repeat ! ready-made *>ges :i* are us$ aga9/ all philosoph]s ab\t tea*+ ?+s up 9 ! cl\ds & "u ! e>?1 & hav+ no gods1 & mak+ ! worse appe> ! bett] cause2 = !y d n l to confess t _! pret5ce ( k has be5 detect$--:i* is ! tru?2 & z !y are num]\s & ambiti\s & en]getic1 & are drawn up 9 battle array & h p]suasive tongues1 !y h fill$ y\r e>s ) _! l\d & invet]ate calumnies4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y my ?ree accus]s1 ,meletus & ,anytus & ,lycon1 h set ^u me2 ,meletus1 :o has a qu>rel ) me on behalf ( ! poets2 ,anytus1 on behalf ( ! craftsm5 & politicians2 ,lycon1 on behalf ( ! rhetoricians3 & z ,i said #bd at ! beg9n+1 ,i _c expect to get rid ( su* a mass ( calumny all 9 a mom5t4 ,& ?is1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 is ! tru? & ! :ole tru?2 ,i h conceal$ no?+1 ,i h dissembl$ no?+4 ,& yet1 ,i "k t my pla9ness ( spee* makes !m hate me1 & :at is _! hatr$ b a pro( t ,i am speak+ ! tru?8--,h5ce has aris5 ! prejudice aga9/ me2 & ?is is ! reason ( x1 z y w f9d out ei!r 9 ?is or 9 any future enquiry4 ,sid5ote3 ,! second class ( accus]s4 ,i h said en\gh 9 my def5ce aga9/ ! fir/ class ( my accus]s2 ,i turn to ! second class4 ,!y are head$ by ,meletus1 t good man & true lov] ( 8 c\ntry1 z he calls himself4 ,aga9/ ^!1 too1 ,i mu/ try to make a def5ce3--,let _! affidavit be read3 x conta9s some?+ ( ?is k9d3 ,x says t ,socrates is a do] ( evil1 :o corrupts ! y\?2 & :o does n believe 9 ! gods ( ! /ate1 b has o!r new div9ities ( 8 own4 ,su* is ! *>ge2 & n[ let u exam9e ! p>ticul> c\nts4 ,he says t ,i am a do] ( evil1 & corrupt ! y\?2 b ,i say1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 t ,meletus is a do] ( evil1 9 t he pret5ds to be 9 e>ne/ :5 he is only 9 je/1 & is s eag] to br+ m5 to trial f a pret5d$ zeal & int]e/ ab\t matt]s 9 :i* he really nev] _h ! smalle/ int]e/4 ,& ! tru? ( ?is ,i w endeav\r to prove to y4 ,come hi!r1 ,meletus1 & let me ask a "q ( y4 ,y ?9k a great deal ab\t ! improvem5t ( y\?8 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus is cross-exam9$ by ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,all m5 are discov]$ to be improv]s ( y\? ) ! s+le exception ( ,socrates4 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,tell ! judges1 !n1 :o is _! improv]2 = y mu/ "k1 z y h tak5 ! pa9s to discov] _! corrupt]1 & are cit+ & accus+ me be=e !m4 ,speak1 !n1 & tell ! judges :o _! improv] is4--,obs]ve1 ,meletus1 t y are sil5t1 & h no?+ to say4 ,b is n ?is r disgraceful1 & a v consid]able pro( ( :at ,i 0 say+1 t y h no int]e/ 9 ! matt]8 ,speak up1 fri5d1 & tell u :o _! improv] is4 ,! laws4 ,b t1 my good sir1 is n my mean+4 ,i want to "k :o ! p]son is1 :o1 9 ! fir/ place1 kn[s ! laws4 ,! judges1 ,socrates1 :o are pres5t 9 c\rt4 ,:at1 d y mean to say1 ,meletus1 t !y are able to in/ruct & improve y\?8 ,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,:at1 all ( !m1 or "s only & n o!rs8 ,all ( !m4 ,by ! goddess ,h]1 t is good news6 ,!re are pl5ty ( improv]s1 !n4 ,& :at d y say ( ! audi5ce1--d !y improve !m8 #be ,yes1 !y d4 ,& ! s5ators8 ,yes1 ! s5ators improve !m4 ,b p]haps ! memb]s ( ! assembly corrupt !m8--or d !y too improve !m8 ,!y improve !m4 ,!n e ,a!nian improves & elevates !m2 all ) ! exception ( myself2 & ,i alone am _! corrupt]8 ,is t :at y affirm8 ,t is :at ,i /\tly affirm4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ?is r un=tunate fact does n accord ) ! analogy ( ! animals4 ,i am v un=tunate if y are "r4 ,b suppose ,i ask y a "q3 ,h[ ab\t horses8 ,does "o man d !m h>m & all ! _w good8 ,is n ! exact opposite ! tru?8 ,"o man is able to d !m good1 or at lea/ n _m2--! tra9] ( horses1 t is to say1 does !m good1 & o!rs :o h to d ) !m r injure !m8 ,is n t true1 ,meletus1 ( horses1 or ( any o!r animals8 ,mo/ assur$ly x is2 :e!r y & ,anytus say yes or no4 ,happy inde$ w\ld be ! condition ( y\? if !y _h "o corrupt] only1 & all ! re/ ( ! _w 7 _! improv]s4 ,b y1 ,meletus1 h suffici5tly %[n t y nev] _h a ?\ght ab\t ! "y3 y\r c>elessness is se5 9 y\r n c>+ ab\t ! v ?+s :i* y br+ aga9/ me4 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus is *eckmat$ by ,socrates4 ,& n[1 ,meletus1 ,i w ask y ano!r "q--by ,zeus ,i w3 ,:i* is bett]1 to live among bad citiz5s1 or among good ones8 ,answ]1 fri5d1 ,i say2 ! "q is "o :i* may be easily answ]$4 ,d n ! good d _! neighb\rs good1 & ! bad d !m evil8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& is !re any "o :o w\ld r be injur$ ?an b5efit$ by ^? :o live ) him8 ,answ]1 my good fri5d1 ! law requires y to answ]--does any "o l to be injur$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 ,i d h>m to my neighb\r ,i mu/ d h>m to myself3 & !re=e ,i _c be suppos$ to injure !m int5tionally4 ,& :5 y accuse me ( corrupt+ & det]iorat+ ! y\?1 d y allege t ,i corrupt !m int5tionally or un9t5tionally8 ,int5tionally1 ,i say4 ,b y h j admitt$ t ! good d _! neighb\rs good1 & ! evil d !m evil4 ,n[1 is t a tru? :i* y\r sup]ior wisdom has recogniz$ ?us e>ly 9 life1 & am ,i1 at my age1 9 su* d>kness & ignorance z n to "k t if a man ) :om ,i h to live is corrupt$ by me1 ,i am v likely to be h>m$ by him2 & yet ,i corrupt him1 & int5tionally1 too--s y say1 al?\gh nei!r ,i nor any o!r human be+ is ev] likely to be conv9c$ by y4 ,b ei!r ,i d n corrupt !m1 or #bf ,i corrupt !m un9t5tionally2 & on ei!r view ( ! case y lie4 ,if my (f5ce is un9t5tional1 ! law has no cognizance ( un9t5tional (f5ces3 y ought to h tak5 me privately1 & w>n$ & admoni%$ me2 = if ,i _h be5 bett] advis$1 ,i %\ld h left (f do+ :at ,i only did un9t5tionally--no d\bt ,i %\ld2 b y w\ld h no?+ to say to me & refus$ to tea* me4 ,& n[ y br+ me up 9 ?is c\rt1 :i* is a place n ( in/ruction1 b ( puni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,he nei!r kn[s nor c>es ab\t ! int]e/s ( y\?4 ,x w be v cle> to y1 ,a!nians1 z ,i 0 say+1 t ,meletus has no c>e at all1 great or small1 ab\t ! matt]4 ,b /ill ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,meletus1 9 :at ,i am affirm$ to corrupt ! "y4 ,i suppose y mean1 z ,i inf] f y\r indictm5t1 t ,i tea* !m n to ackn[l$ge ! gods :i* ! /ate ackn[l$ges1 b "s o!r new div9ities or spiritual ag5cies 9 _! /ead4 ,^! are ! lessons by :i* ,i corrupt ! y\?1 z y say4 ,yes1 t ,i say emphatically4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is decl>$ by ,meletus to be an a!i/ & to corrupt ! religion ( ! "y4 ,!n1 by ! gods1 ,meletus1 ( :om we are speak+1 tell me & ! c\rt1 9 some:at pla9] t]ms1 :at y mean6 = ,i d n z yet und]/& :e!r y affirm t ,i tea* o!r m5 to ackn[l$ge "s gods1 & !re=e t ,i d believe 9 gods1 & am n an entire a!i/--?is y d n lay to my *>ge1--b only y say t !y are n ! same gods :i* ! city recognizes--! *>ge is t !y are diff]5t gods4 ,or1 d y mean t ,i am an a!i/ simply1 & a tea*] ( a!ism8 ,i mean ! latt]--t y are a complete a!i/4 ,:at an extraord9>y /atem5t6 ,:y d y ?9k s1 ,meletus8 ,d y mean t ,i d n believe 9 ! god-head ( ! sun or moon1 l o!r m58 ,i assure y1 judges1 t he does n3 = he says t ! sun is /one1 & ! moon e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus has conf\nd$ ,socrates ) ,anaxagoras2 & he has contradict$ himself 9 ! indictm5t4 ,fri5d ,meletus1 y ?9k t y are accus+ ,anaxagoras3 & y h b a bad op9ion ( ! judges1 if y fancy !m illit]ate to su* a degree z n to "k t ^! doctr9es are f\nd 9 ! books ( ,anaxagoras ! ,clazom5ian1 :i* are full ( !m4 ,& s1 =soo?1 ! y\? are said to be taught !m by ,socrates1 :5 !re are n unfrequ5tly exhibitions ( !m at ! !atre#af 7price ( admission "o dra*ma at ! mo/72 & !y might pay _! money1 & laugh at ,socrates if he pret5ds to fa!r ^! extraord9>y views4 ,& s1 ,meletus1 y really ?9k t ,i d n believe 9 any god8 ,sid5ote3 ,meletus is aga9 *eckmat$ by ,socrates4 ,i swe> by ,zeus t y believe absolutely 9 none at all4 ,nobody w believe y1 ,meletus1 & ,i am pretty sure t y d n believe y\rself4 ,i _c help ?9k+1 m5 ( ,a!ns1 t ,meletus is reckless & impud5t1 & t he has writt5 ?is indictm5t 9 a _s ( m]e wantonness & y\?ful bravado4 ,has he n comp\nd$ a #bg riddle1 ?9k+ to try me8 ,he said to himself3--,i %all see :e!r ! wise ,socrates w discov] my faceti\s contradiction1 or :e!r ,i %all be able to deceive him & ! re/ ( !m4 ,= he c]ta9ly does appe> to me to contradict himself 9 ! indictm5t z mu* z if he said t ,socrates is guilty ( n believ+ 9 ! gods1 & yet ( believ+ 9 !m--b ?is is n l a p]son :o is 9 e>ne/4 ,i %\ld l y1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 to jo9 me 9 exam9+ :at ,i conceive to be 8 inconsi/5cy2 & d y1 ,meletus1 answ]4 ,& ,i mu/ rem9d ! audi5ce ( my reque/ t !y w\ld n make a di/urbance if ,i speak 9 my accu/om$ mann]3 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c ,socrates believe 9 div9e ag5cies & n believe 9 gods8 ,did ev] man1 ,meletus1 believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( human ?+s1 & n ( human be+s8444 ,i wi%1 m5 ( ,a!ns1 t he w\ld answ]1 & n be always try+ to get up an int]ruption4 ,did ev] any man believe 9 horseman%ip1 & n 9 horses8 or 9 flute-play+1 & n 9 flute-play]s8 ,no1 my fri5d2 ,i w answ] to y & to ! c\rt1 z y refuse to answ] = y\rself4 ,!re is no man :o ev] did4 ,b n[ please to answ] ! next "q3 ,c a man believe 9 spiritual & div9e ag5cies1 & n 9 spirits or demigods8 ,he _c4 ,h[ lucky ,i am to h extract$ t answ]1 by ! assi/ance ( ! c\rt6 ,b !n y swe> 9 ! indictm5t t ,i tea* & believe 9 div9e or spiritual ag5cies 7new or old1 no matt] = t72 at any rate1 ,i believe 9 spiritual ag5cies1--s y say & swe> 9 ! affidavit2 & yet if ,i believe 9 div9e be+s1 h[ c ,i help believ+ 9 spirits or demigods2--mu/ ,i n8 ,to be sure ,i mu/2 & !re=e ,i may assume t y\r sil5ce gives cons5t4 ,n[ :at are spirits or demigods8 are !y n ei!r gods or ! sons ( gods8 ,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,! example ( ,a*illes4 ,b ?is is :at ,i call ! faceti\s riddle inv5t$ by y3 ! demigods or spirits are gods1 & y say fir/ t ,i d n believe 9 gods1 & !n aga9 t ,i d believe 9 gods2 t is1 if ,i believe 9 demigods4 ,= if ! demigods are ! illegitimate sons ( gods1 :e!r by ! nymphs or by any o!r mo!rs1 ( :om !y are said to be ! sons--:at human be+ w ev] believe t !re are no gods if !y are ! sons ( gods8 ,y might z well affirm ! exi/5ce ( mules1 & d5y t ( horses & asses4 ,su* nons5se1 ,meletus1 c\ld only h be5 int5d$ by y to make trial ( me4 ,y h put ?is into ! indictm5t because y _h no?+ real ( :i* to accuse me4 ,b no "o :o has a p>ticle ( und]/&+ w ev] be conv9c$ by y t ! same m5 c believe 9 div9e & sup]human ?+s1 & yet n believe t !re are gods & demigods & h]oes4 #bh ,i h said en\gh 9 answ] to ! *>ge ( ,meletus3 any elaborate def5ce is unnecess>y2 b ,i "k only too well h[ _m are ! enmities :i* ,i h incurr$1 & ?is is :at w be my de/ruction if ,i am de/roy$2--n ,meletus1 nor yet ,anytus1 b ! envy & detraction ( ! _w1 :i* has be5 ! dea? ( _m good m51 & w probably be ! dea? ( _m m2 !re is no dang] ( my be+ ! la/ ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,let no man fe> dea? or fe> any?+ b disgrace4 ,"s "o w say3 ,& are y n a%am$1 ,socrates1 ( a c\rse ( life :i* is likely to br+ y to an untimely end8 ,to him ,i may fairly answ]3 ,!re y are mi/ak53 a man :o is good = any?+ ought n to calculate ! *ance ( liv+ or dy+2 he ought only to consid] :e!r 9 do+ any?+ he is do+ "r or wrong--act+ ! "p ( a good man or ( a bad4 ,:]eas1 ^u y\r view1 ! h]oes :o fell at ,troy 7 n good = mu*1 & ! son ( ,!tis above all1 :o altoge!r despis$ dang] 9 comp>ison ) disgrace2 & :5 he 0 s eag] to slay ,hector1 8 goddess "m said to him1 t if he av5g$ 8 companion ,patroclus1 & slew ,hector1 he w\ld die himself--#8,fate1' %e said1 9 ^! or ! l words1 #8waits = y next aft] ,hector2' he1 receiv+ ?is w>n+1 utt]ly despis$ dang] & dea?1 & in/ead ( fe>+ !m1 fe>$ r to live 9 di%on\r1 & n to av5ge 8 fri5d4 #8,let me die =?)1' he replies1 #8& be av5g$ ( my enemy1 r ?an abide "h by ! beak$ %ips1 a laugh+-/ock & a burd5 ( ! e>?4' ,_h ,a*illes any ?\ght ( dea? & dang]8 ,= :]ev] a man's place is1 :e!r ! place :i* he has *os5 or t 9 :i* he has be5 plac$ by a comm&]1 !re he ought to rema9 9 ! h\r ( dang]2 he %\ld n ?9k ( dea? or ( any?+ b ( disgrace4 ,& ?is1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 is a true say+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! motives ( ,socrates expla9$ by himself4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 :o has (t5 fac$ dea? 9 battle1 w n make any condition 9 ord] to save 8 own life2 = he does n "k :e!r dea? is a good or an evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,he mu/ always be a prea*] ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 #8,necessity is laid ^u me3' #8,i mu/ obey ,god r ?an man4' ,/range1 inde$1 w\ld be my conduct1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 if ,i :o1 :5 ,i 0 ord]$ by ! g5]als :om y *ose to comm& me at ,potidaea & ,amphipolis & ,delium1 rema9$ :]e !y plac$ me1 l any o!r man1 fac+ dea?--if n[1 :51 z ,i conceive & imag9e1 ,god ord]s me to fulfil ! philosoph]'s mission ( se>*+ into myself & o!r m51 ,i 7 to des]t my po/ ?r\gh fe> #bi ( dea?1 or any o!r fe>2 t w\ld inde$ be /range1 & ,i might ju/ly be arraign$ 9 c\rt = d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 if ,i disobey$ ! oracle because ,i 0 afraid ( dea?1 fancy+ t ,i 0 wise :5 ,i 0 n wise4 ,= ! fe> ( dea? is inde$ ! pret5ce ( wisdom1 & n real wisdom1 be+ a pret5ce ( kn[+ ! unkn[n2 & no "o kn[s :e!r dea?1 :i* m5 9 _! fe> appreh5d to be ! greate/ evil1 may n be ! greate/ good4 ,is n ?is ignorance ( a disgraceful sort1 ! ignorance :i* is ! conceit t a man kn[s :at he does n "k8 ,& 9 ?is respect only ,i believe myself to diff] f m5 9 g5]al1 & may p]haps claim to be wis] ?an !y are3--t :]eas ,i "k b little ( ! _w bel[1 ,i d n suppose t ,i "k3 b ,i d "k t inju/ice & disob$i5ce to a bett]1 :e!r ,god or man1 is evil & di%on\rable1 & ,i w nev] fe> or avoid a possible good r ?an a c]ta9 evil4 ,& !re=e if y let me g n[1 & are n conv9c$ by ,anytus1 :o said t s9ce ,i _h be5 prosecut$ ,i mu/ be put to dea?2 7or if n t ,i ought nev] to h be5 prosecut$ at all72 & t if ,i escape n[1 y\r sons w all be utt]ly ru9$ by li/5+ to my words--if y say to me1 ,socrates1 ?is "t we w n m9d ,anytus1 & y %all be let (f1 b ^u "o condition1 t y are n to enquire & speculate 9 ?is way any m1 & t if y are caught do+ s aga9 y %all die2--if ?is 0 ! condition on :i* y let me g1 ,i %\ld reply3 ,m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i hon\r & love y2 b ,i %all obey ,god r ?an y1 & :ile ,i h life & /r5g? ,i %all nev] cease f ! practice & tea*+ ( philosophy1 exhort+ any "o :om ,i meet & say+ to him aft] my mann]3 ,y1 my fri5d1--a citiz5 ( ! great & mighty & wise city ( ,a!ns1--are y n a%am$ ( heap+ up ! greate/ am\nt ( money & hon\r & reputation1 & c>+ s little ab\t wisdom & tru? & ! greate/ improvem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* y nev] reg>d or he$ at all8 ,& if ! p]son ) :om ,i am argu+1 says3 ,yes1 b ,i d c>e2 !n ,i d n leave him or let him g at once2 b ,i proce$ to int]rogate & exam9e & cross-exam9e him1 & if ,i ?9k t he has no virtue 9 him1 b only says t he has1 ,i reproa* him ) und]valu+ ! great]1 & ov]valu+ ! less4 ,& ,i %all repeat ! #cj same words to e "o :om ,i meet1 "y & old1 citiz5 & ali51 b especially to ! citiz5s1 inasmu* z !y are my bre?r54 ,= "k t ?is is ! comm& ( ,god2 & ,i believe t no great] good has ev] happ5$ 9 ! /ate ?an my s]vice to ! ,god4 ,= ,i d no?+ b g ab\t p]suad+ y all1 old & "y alike1 n to take ?\ght = y\r p]sons or y\r prop]ties1 b fir/ & *iefly to c>e ab\t ! greate/ improvem5t ( ! s\l4 ,i tell y t virtue is n giv5 by money1 b t f virtue comes money & e o!r good ( man1 public z well z private4 ,?is is my tea*+1 & if ?is is ! doctr9e :i* corrupts ! y\?1 ,i am a mis*iev\s p]son4 ,b if any "o says t ?is is n my tea*+1 he is speak+ an untru?4 ,:]e=e1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i say to y1 d z ,anytus bids or n z ,anytus bids1 & ei!r acquit me or n2 b :i*ev] y d1 und]/& t ,i %all nev] alt] my ways1 n ev5 if ,i h to die _m times4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dis9t]e/$ness ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r y nor ,meletus c ev] injure me4 ,m5 ( ,a!ns1 d n int]rupt1 b he> me2 !re 0 an und]/&+ betwe5 u t y %\ld he> me to ! end3 ,i h some?+ m to say1 at :i* y may be incl9$ to cry out2 b ,i believe t to he> me w be good = y1 & !re=e ,i beg t y w n cry out4 ,i w\ld h y "k1 t if y kill su* an "o z ,i am1 y w injure y\rselves m ?an y w injure me4 ,no?+ w injure me1 n ,meletus nor yet ,anytus--!y _c1 = a bad man is n p]mitt$ to injure a bett] ?an himself4 ,i d n d5y t ,anytus may1 p]haps1 kill him1 or drive him into exile1 or deprive him ( civil rights2 & he may imag9e1 & o!rs may imag9e1 t he is inflict+ a great injury ^u him3 b !re ,i d n agree4 ,= ! evil ( do+ z he is do+--! evil ( unju/ly tak+ away ! life ( ano!r--is great] f>4 ,sid5ote3 ,i am ! gadfly ( ! ,a!nian p1 giv5 to !m by ,god1 & !y w nev] h ano!r1 if !y kill me4 ,& n[1 ,a!nians1 ,i am n go+ to argue = my own sake1 z y may ?9k1 b = y\rs1 t y may n s9 aga9/ ! ,god by condemn+ me1 :o am 8 gift to y4 ,= if y kill me y w n easily f9d a successor to me1 :o1 if ,i may use su* a ludicr\s figure ( spee*1 am a sort ( gadfly1 giv5 to ! /ate by ,god2 & ! /ate is a great & noble /e$ :o is t>dy 9 8 motions ow+ to 8 v size1 & requires to be /irr$ into life4 ,i am t gadfly :i* ,god has atta*$ to ! /ate1 & all day long #ca & 9 all places am always fa/5+ ^u y1 ar\s+ & p]suad+ & reproa*+ y4 ,y w n easily f9d ano!r l me1 & !re=e ,i w\ld advise y to sp>e me4 ,i d>e say t y may feel out ( temp] 7l a p]son :o is sudd5ly awak5$ f sleep71 & y ?9k t y might easily /rike me dead z ,anytus advises1 & !n y w\ld sleep on = ! rema9d] ( y\r lives1 unless ,god 9 8 c>e ( y s5t y ano!r gadfly4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i am giv5 to y by ,god1 ! pro( ( my mission is ?is3--if ,i _h be5 l o!r m51 ,i %\ld n h neglect$ all my own conc]ns or pati5tly se5 ! neglect ( !m dur+ all ^! ye>s1 & h be5 do+ y\rs1 com+ to y individually l a fa!r or eld] bro!r1 exhort+ y to reg>d virtue2 su* conduct1 ,i say1 w\ld be unlike human nature4 ,if ,i _h ga9$ any?+1 or if my exhortations _h be5 paid1 !re w\ld h be5 "s s5se 9 my do+ s2 b n[1 z y w p]ceive1 n ev5 ! impud5ce ( my accus]s d>es to say t ,i h ev] exact$ or s\ght pay ( any "o2 ( t !y h no witness4 ,& ,i h a suffici5t witness to ! tru? ( :at ,i say--my pov]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 fe>lessness 9 ! p]=mance ( public duties4 ,sid5ote3 ,! int]nal sign always =bade him to engage 9 politics2 & if he _h done s1 he w\ld h p]i%$ long ago4 ,"s "o may wond] :y ,i g ab\t 9 private giv+ advice & busy+ myself ) ! conc]ns ( o!rs1 b d n v5ture to come =w>d 9 public & advise ! /ate4 ,i w tell y :y4 ,y h he>d me speak at sundry times & 9 div]s places ( an oracle or sign :i* comes to me1 & is ! div9ity :i* ,meletus ridicules 9 ! indictm5t4 ,?is sign1 :i* is a k9d ( voice1 fir/ began to come to me :5 ,i 0 a *ild2 x always =bids b nev] comm&s me to d any?+ :i* ,i am go+ to d4 ,?is is :at det]s me f be+ a politician4 ,& rightly1 z ,i ?9k4 ,= ,i am c]ta91 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 t if ,i _h engag$ 9 politics1 ,i %\ld h p]i%$ long ago1 & done no good ei!r to y or to myself4 ,& d n be (f5d$ at my tell+ y ! tru?3 = ! tru? is1 t no man :o goes to w> ) y or any o!r multitude1 hone/ly /riv+ aga9/ ! _m lawless & unrighte\s de$s :i* are done 9 a /ate1 w save 8 life2 he :o #cb w fight = ! "r1 if he w\ld live ev5 = a brief space1 mu/ h a private /ation & n a public "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,he _h %[n t he w\ld soon] die ?an commit inju/ice at ! trial ( ! g5]als & "u ! tyranny ( ! ,?irty4 ,i c give y conv9c+ evid5ce ( :at ,i say1 n words only1 b :at y value f> m--actions4 ,let me relate to y a passage ( my own life :i* w prove to y t ,i %\ld nev] h yield$ to inju/ice f any fe> ( dea?1 & t #8z ,i %\ld h refus$ to yield' ,i mu/ h di$ at once4 ,i w tell y a tale ( ! c\rts1 n v int]e/+ p]haps1 b nev]!less true4 ,! only (fice ( /ate :i* ,i ev] held1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 0 t ( s5ator3 ! tribe ,antio*is1 :i* is my tribe1 _h ! presid5cy at ! trial ( ! g5]als :o _h n tak5 up ! bodies ( ! sla9 aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae2 & y propos$ to try !m 9 a body1 contr>y to law1 z y all ?\ght aft]w>ds2 b at ! "t ,i 0 ! only "o ( ! ,prytanes :o 0 oppos$ to ! illegality1 & ,i gave my vote aga9/ y2 & :5 ! orators ?reat5$ to impea* & arre/ me1 & y call$ & %\t$1 ,i made up my m9d t ,i w\ld run ! risk1 hav+ law & ju/ice ) me1 r ?an take "p 9 y\r inju/ice because ,i fe>$ imprisonm5t & dea?4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! days ( ! democracy4 ,b :5 ! olig>*y ( ! ,?irty 0 9 p[]1 !y s5t = me & f\r o!rs into ! rotunda1 & bade u br+ ,leon ! ,salam9ian f ,salamis1 z !y want$ to put him to dea?4 ,?is 0 a specim5 ( ! sort ( comm&s :i* !y 7 always giv+ ) ! view ( implicat+ z _m z possible 9 _! crimes2 & !n ,i %[$1 n 9 ^w only b 9 de$1 t1 if ,i may be all[$ to use su* an expression1 ,i c>$ n a /raw = dea?1 & t my great & only c>e 0 le/ ,i %\ld d an unrighte\s or unholy ?+4 ,= ! /rong arm ( t oppressive p[] did n fright5 me into do+ wrong2 & :5 we came out ( ! rotunda ! o!r f\r w5t to ,salamis & fet*$ ,leon1 b ,i w5t quietly home4 ,= :i* ,i might h lo/ my life1 _h n ! p[] ( ! ,?irty %ortly aft]w>ds come to an end4 ,& _m w witness to my words4 ,sid5ote3 ,! reason :y p delight 9 talk+ to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is always talk+ to ! citiz5s1 b he tea*es no?+2 he takes no pay & has no secrets4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p>5ts & k9sm5 ( ^? :om he is suppos$ to h corrupt$ d n come =w>d & te/ify aga9/ him4 ,n[ d y really imag9e t ,i c\ld h surviv$ all ^! ye>s1 if ,i _h l$ a public life1 suppos+ t l a good man ,i _h always ma9ta9$ ! "r & _h made ju/ice1 z ,i ought1 ! fir/ ?+8 ,no inde$1 m5 ( ,a!ns1 nei!r ,i nor any o!r man4 ,b ,i h be5 #cc always ! same 9 all my actions1 public z well z private1 & nev] h ,i yield$ any base compliance to ^? :o are sl&]\sly t]m$ my disciples1 or to any o!r4 ,n t ,i h any regul> disciples4 ,b if any "o likes to come & he> me :ile ,i am pursu+ my mission1 :e!r he be "y or old1 he is n exclud$4 ,nor d ,i conv]se only ) ^? :o pay2 b any "o1 :e!r he be ri* or poor1 may ask & answ] me & li/5 to my words2 & :e!r he turns out to be a bad man or a good "o1 nei!r result c be ju/ly imput$ to me2 = ,i nev] taught or pr(ess$ to tea* him any?+4 ,& if any "o says t he has ev] le>n$ or he>d any?+ f me 9 private :i* all ! _w has n he>d1 let me tell y t he is ly+4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o are 8 accus]s8 ,b ,i %all be ask$1 ,:y d p delight 9 cont9ually conv]s+ ) y8 ,i h told y already1 ,a!nians1 ! :ole tru? ab\t ?is matt]3 !y l to he> ! cross-exam9ation ( ! pret5d]s to wisdom2 !re is amusem5t 9 x4 ,n[ ?is duty ( cross-exam9+ o!r m5 has be5 impos$ ^u me by ,god2 & has be5 signifi$ to me by oracles1 visions1 & 9 e way 9 :i* ! w ( div9e p[] 0 ev] intimat$ to any "o4 ,?is is true1 ,o ,a!nians2 or1 if n true1 w\ld be soon refut$4 ,if ,i am or h be5 corrupt+ ! y\?1 ^? ( !m :o are n[ gr[n up & h become s5sible t ,i gave !m bad advice 9 ! days ( _! y\? %\ld come =w>d z accus]s1 & take _! rev5ge2 or if !y d n l to come !mselves1 "s ( _! relatives1 fa!rs1 bro!rs1 or o!r k9sm51 %\ld say :at evil _! families h suff]$ at my h&s4 ,n[ is _! "t4 ,_m ( !m ,i see 9 ! c\rt4 ,!re is ,crito1 :o is ( ! same age & ( ! same deme ) myself1 & !re is ,critobulus 8 son1 :om ,i also see4 ,!n aga9 !re is ,lysanias ( ,sphettus1 :o is ! fa!r ( ,aes*9es--he is pres5t2 & also !re is ,antiphon ( ,cephisus1 :o is ! fa!r ( ,epig5es2 & !re are ! bro!rs ( sev]al :o h associat$ ) me4 ,!re is ,nico/ratus ! son ( ,!osdotides1 & ! bro!r ( ,!odotus 7n[ ,!odotus himself is dead1 & !re=e he1 at any rate1 w n seek to /op him72 & !re is ,p>alus ! son ( ,demodocus1 :o _h a bro!r ,!ages2 & ,adeimantus ! son ( ,ari/on1 ^: bro!r ,plato is #cd pres5t2 & ,aeantodorus1 :o is ! bro!r ( ,apollodorus1 :om ,i also see4 ,i might m5tion a great _m o!rs1 "s ( :om ,meletus %\ld h produc$ z witnesses 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee*2 & let him /ill produce !m1 if he has =gott5--,i w make way = him4 ,& let him say1 if he has any te/imony ( ! sort :i* he c produce4 ,nay1 ,a!nians1 ! v opposite is ! tru?4 ,= all ^! are ready to witness on behalf ( ! corrupt]1 ( ! injur] ( _! k9dr$1 z ,meletus & ,anytus call me2 n ! corrupt$ y\? only--!re might h be5 a motive = t--b _! uncorrupt$ eld] relatives4 ,:y %\ld !y too support me ) _! te/imony8 ,:y1 inde$1 except = ! sake ( tru? & ju/ice1 & because !y "k t ,i am speak+ ! tru?1 & t ,meletus is a li>4 ,sid5ote3 ,he w n demean himself by entreaties4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is fle% & blood1 b he w n appeal to ! pity ( 8 judges3 or make a sc5e 9 ! c\rt su* z he has (t5 witness$4 ,well1 ,a!nians1 ?is & ! l ( ?is is all ! def5ce :i* ,i h to (f]4 ,yet a ^w m4 ,p]haps !re may be "s "o :o is (f5d$ at me1 :5 he calls to m9d h[ he himself on a simil>1 or ev5 a less s]i\s occasion1 pray$ & entreat$ ! judges ) _m te>s1 & h[ he produc$ 8 *ildr5 9 c\rt1 :i* 0 a mov+ spectacle1 toge!r ) a ho/ ( relations & fri5ds2 :]eas ,i1 :o am probably 9 dang] ( my life1 w d none ( ^! ?+s4 ,! contra/ may occur to 8 m9d1 & he may be set aga9/ me1 & vote 9 ang] because he is displeas$ at me on ?is acc\nt4 ,n[ if !re be su* a p]son among y1--m9d1 ,i d n say t !re is1--to him ,i may fairly reply3 ,my fri5d1 ,i am a man1 & l o!r m51 a creature ( fle% & blood1 & n #8( wood or /one1' z ,hom] says2 & ,i h a family1 yes1 & sons1 ,o ,a!nians1 ?ree 9 numb]1 "o almo/ a man1 & two o!rs :o are /ill "y2 & yet ,i w n br+ any ( !m hi!r 9 ord] to petition y = an acquittal4 ,& :y n8 ,n f any self-ass]tion or want ( respect = y4 ,:e!r ,i am or am n afraid ( dea? is ano!r "q1 ( :i* ,i w n n[ speak4 ,b1 hav+ reg>d to public op9ion1 ,i feel t su* conduct w\ld be discr$itable to myself1 & to y1 & to ! :ole /ate4 ,"o :o has rea*$ my ye>s1 & :o has a "n = wisdom1 ought n to demean himself4 ,:e!r ?is op9ion ( me be des]v$ or n1 at any rate ! _w has decid$ t ,socrates is 9 "s way sup]ior to o!r m54 ,& if ^? #ce among y :o are said to be sup]ior 9 wisdom & c\rage1 & any o!r virtue1 demean !mselves 9 ?is way1 h[ %ameful is _! conduct6 ,i h se5 m5 ( reputation1 :5 !y h be5 condemn$1 behav+ 9 ! /range/ mann]3 !y seem$ to fancy t !y 7 go+ to suff] some?+ dreadful if !y di$1 & t !y c\ld be immortal if y only all[$ !m to live2 & ,i ?9k t su* are a di%on\r to ! /ate1 & t any /rang] com+ 9 w\ld h said ( !m t ! mo/ em95t m5 ( ,a!ns1 to :om ! ,a!nians !mselves give hon\r & comm&1 are no bett] ?an wom54 ,& ,i say t ^! ?+s ought n to be done by ^? ( u :o h a reputation2 & if !y are done1 y ought n to p]mit !m2 y ought r to %[ t y are f> m dispos$ to condemn ! man :o gets up a doleful sc5e & makes ! city ridicul\s1 ?an him :o holds 8 peace4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judge %\ld n be influ5c$ by 8 feel+s1 b conv9c$ by reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rew>d :i* ,socrates truly m]its4 ,b1 sett+ aside ! "q ( public op9ion1 !re seems to be some?+ wrong 9 ask+ a fav\r ( a judge1 & ?us procur+ an acquittal1 in/ead ( in=m+ & conv9c+ him4 ,= 8 duty is1 n to make a pres5t ( ju/ice1 b to give judgm5t2 & he has sworn t he w judge accord+ to ! laws1 & n accord+ to 8 own good pleasure2 & we ought n to enc\rage y1 nor %\ld y all[ y\rselves to be enc\rag$1 9 ?is habit ( p]jury--!re c be no piety 9 t4 ,d n !n require me to d :at ,i consid] di%on\rable & impi\s & wrong1 especially n[1 :5 ,i am be+ tri$ = impiety on ! indictm5t ( ,meletus4 ,= if1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 by =ce ( p]suasion & entreaty ,i c\ld ov]p[] y\r oa?s1 !n ,i %\ld be tea*+ y to believe t !re are no gods1 & 9 def5d+ %\ld simply convict myself ( ! *>ge ( n believ+ 9 !m4 ,b t is n s--f> o!rwise4 ,= ,i d believe t !re are gods1 & 9 a s5se high] ?an t 9 :i* any ( my accus]s believe 9 !m4 ,& to y & to ,god ,i commit my cause1 to be det]m9$ by y z is be/ = y & me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m reasons :y ,i am n griev$1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 at ! vote ( condemnation4 ,i expect$ x1 & am #cf only surpris$ t ! votes are s ne>ly equal2 = ,i _h ?\ght t ! majority aga9/ me w\ld h be5 f> l>g]2 b n[1 _h ?irty votes gone ov] to ! o!r side1 ,i %\ld h be5 acquitt$4 ,& ,i may say1 ,i ?9k1 t ,i h escap$ ,meletus4 ,i may say m2 = )\t ! assi/ance ( ,anytus & ,lycon1 any "o may see t he w\ld n h _h a fif? "p ( ! votes1 z ! law requires1 9 :i* case he w\ld h incurr$ a f9e ( a ?\s& dra*mae4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates accepts 8 fate4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates all 8 life long has be5 seek+ to d ! greate/ good to ! ,a!nians4 ,sid5ote3 ,%\ld he n be rew>d$ ) ma9t5ance 9 ! ,prytaneum8 ,& s he proposes dea? z ! p5alty4 ,& :at %all ,i propose on my "p1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns8 ,cle>ly t :i* is my due4 ,& :at is my due8 ,:at return %all be made to ! man :o has nev] _h ! wit to be idle dur+ 8 :ole life2 b has be5 c>eless ( :at ! _m c>e =--weal?1 & family int]e/s1 & milit>y (fices1 & speak+ 9 ! assembly1 & magi/racies1 & plots1 & p>ties4 ,reflect+ t ,i 0 really too hone/ a man to be a politician & live1 ,i did n g :]e ,i c\ld d no good to y or to myself2 b :]e ,i c\ld d ! greate/ good privately to e "o ( y1 ?i!r ,i w5t1 & s\ght to p]suade e man among y t he mu/ look to himself1 & seek virtue & wisdom be=e he looks to 8 private int]e/s1 & look to ! /ate be=e he looks to ! int]e/s ( ! /ate2 & t ?is %\ld be ! ord] :i* he obs]ves 9 all 8 actions4 ,:at %all be done to su* an "o8 ,d\btless "s good ?+1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 if he has 8 rew>d2 & ! good %\ld be ( a k9d suitable to him4 ,:at w\ld be a rew>d suitable to a poor man :o is y\r b5efactor1 & :o desires leisure t he may in/ruct y8 ,!re c be no rew>d s fitt+ z ma9t5ance 9 ! ,prytaneum1 ,o m5 ( ,a!ns1 a rew>d :i* he des]ves f> m ?an ! citiz5 :o has won ! prize at ,olympia 9 ! horse or *>iot race1 :e!r ! *>iots 7 drawn by two horses or by _m4 ,= ,i am 9 want1 & he has en\gh2 & he only gives y ! appe>ance ( happ9ess1 & ,i give y ! reality4 ,& if ,i am to e/imate ! p5alty fairly1 ,i %\ld say t ma9t5ance 9 ! ,prytaneum #cg is ! j return4 ,sid5ote3 ,! consci\sness ( innoc5ce gives him confid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,he has n des]v$ imprisonm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,& if he is exil$1 h[ wret*$ w be 8 fate6 ,sid5ote3 ,! p5alty--dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,he _c be sil5t1 & he w be driv5 f city to city4 ,p]haps y ?9k t ,i am brav+ y 9 :at ,i am say+ n[1 z 9 :at ,i said be=e ab\t ! te>s & pray]s4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,i speak r because ,i am conv9c$ t ,i nev] int5tionally wrong$ any "o1 al?\gh ,i _c conv9ce y--! "t has be5 too %ort2 if !re 7 a law at ,a!ns1 z !re is 9 o!r cities1 t a capital cause %\ld n be decid$ 9 "o day1 !n ,i believe t ,i %\ld h conv9c$ y4 ,b ,i _c 9 a mom5t refute great sl&]s2 &1 z ,i am conv9c$ t ,i nev] wrong$ ano!r1 ,i w assur$ly n wrong myself4 ,i w n say ( myself t ,i des]ve any evil1 or propose any p5alty4 ,:y %\ld ,i8 ,because ,i am afraid ( ! p5alty ( dea? :i* ,meletus proposes8 ,:5 ,i d n "k :e!r dea? is a good or an evil1 :y %\ld ,i propose a p5alty :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be an evil8 ,%all ,i say imprisonm5t8 ,& :y %\ld ,i live 9 prison1 & be ! slave ( ! magi/rates ( ! ye>--( ! ,elev58 ,or %all ! p5alty be a f9e1 & imprisonm5t until ! f9e is paid8 ,!re is ! same objection4 ,i %\ld h to lie 9 prison1 = money ,i h none1 & _c pay4 ,& if ,i say exile 7& ?is may possibly be ! p5alty :i* y w affix71 ,i mu/ inde$ be bl9d$ by ! love ( life1 if ,i am s irrational z to expect t :5 y1 :o are my own citiz5s1 _c endure my disc\rses & words1 & h f\nd !m s griev\s & odi\s t y w h no m ( !m1 o!rs are likely to endure me4 ,no inde$1 m5 ( ,a!ns1 t is n v likely4 ,& :at a life %\ld ,i lead1 at my age1 w&]+ f city to city1 ev] *ang+ my place ( exile1 & always be+ driv5 out6 ,= ,i am q sure t :]ev] ,i g1 !re1 z "h1 ! "y m5 w flock to me2 & if ,i drive !m away1 _! eld]s w drive me out at _! reque/2 & if ,i let !m come1 _! fa!rs & fri5ds w drive me out = _! sakes4 ,sid5ote3 ,money he has none1 or he w\ld propose a f9e4 ,8 fri5ds bid him (f] #cj m9ae on _! security4 ,"s "o w say3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 b _c y hold y\r tongue1 & !n y may g into a =eign city1 & no "o w int]f]e ) y8 ,n[ ,i h great difficulty 9 mak+ y und]/& my answ] to ?is4 ,= if ,i tell y t to d z y say w\ld be a disob$i5ce to ! ,god1 & !re=e t ,i _c hold my tongue1 y w n believe t ,i am s]i\s2 & if ,i say aga9 t daily to #ch disc\rse ab\t virtue1 & ( ^? o!r ?+s ab\t :i* y he> me exam9+ myself & o!rs1 is ! greate/ good ( man1 & t ! unexam9$ life is n wor? liv+1 y are /ill less likely to believe me4 ,yet ,i say :at is true1 al?\gh a ?+ ( :i* x is h>d = me to p]suade y4 ,also1 ,i h nev] be5 accu/om$ to ?9k t ,i des]ve to suff] any h>m4 ,_h ,i money ,i might h e/imat$ ! (f5ce at :at ,i 0 able to pay1 & n h be5 mu* ! worse4 ,b ,i h none1 & !re=e ,i mu/ ask y to proportion ! f9e to my means4 ,well1 p]haps ,i c\ld af=d a m9a1 & !re=e ,i propose t p5alty3 ,plato1 ,crito1 ,critobulus1 & ,apollodorus1 my fri5ds "h1 bid me say ?irty m9ae1 & !y w be ! sureties4 ,let ?irty m9ae be ! p5alty2 = :i* sum !y w be ample security to y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,!y w be accus$ ( kill+ a wise man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prophecy ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y c\ld !y n wait a few ye>s8 ,n mu* "t w be ga9$1 ,o ,a!nians1 9 return = ! evil "n :i* y w get f ! detractors ( ! city1 :o w say t y kill$ ,socrates1 a wise man2 = !y w call me wise1 ev5 al?\gh ,i am n wise1 :5 !y want to reproa* y4 ,if y _h wait$ a little :ile1 y\r desire w\ld h be5 fulfill$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,= ,i am f> advanc$ 9 ye>s1 z y may p]ceive1 & n f> f dea?4 ,i am speak+ n[ n to all ( y1 b only to ^? :o h condemn$ me to dea?4 ,& ,i h ano!r ?+ to say to !m3 ,y ?9k t ,i 0 convict$ because ,i _h no words ( ! sort :i* w\ld h procur$ my acquittal--,i mean1 if ,i _h ?\ght fit to leave no?+ undone or unsaid4 ,n s2 ! defici5cy :i* l$ to my conviction 0 n ( words--c]ta9ly n4 ,b ,i _h n ! boldness or impud5ce or incl9ation to address y z y w\ld h lik$ me to d1 weep+ & wail+ & lam5t+1 & say+ & do+ _m ?+s :i* y h be5 accu/om$ to he> f o!rs1 & :i*1 z ,i ma9ta91 are unwor?y ( me4 ,i ?\ght at ! "t t ,i ought n to d any?+ common or mean :5 9 dang]3 nor d ,i n[ rep5t ( ! /yle ( my def5ce2 ,i w\ld r die hav+ spok5 aft] my mann]1 ?an speak 9 y\r mann] & live4 ,= nei!r 9 w> nor yet at law ought ,i or any man to use e way ( escap+ dea?4 #ci ,(t5 9 battle !re c be no d\bt t if a man w ?r[ away 8 arms1 & fall on 8 knees be=e 8 pursu]s1 he may escape dea?2 & 9 o!r dang]s !re are o!r ways ( escap+ dea?1 if a man is will+ to say & d any?+4 ,! difficulty1 my fri5ds1 is n to avoid dea?1 b to avoid unrighte\sness2 = t runs fa/] ?an dea?4 ,i am old & move sl[ly1 & ! sl[] runn] has ov]tak5 me1 & my accus]s are ke5 & quick1 & ! fa/] runn]1 :o is unrighte\sness1 has ov]tak5 !m4 ,& n[ ,i dep>t h5ce condemn$ by y to suff] ! p5alty ( dea?1--!y too g _! ways condemn$ by ! tru? to suff] ! p5alty ( villa9y & wrong2 & ,i mu/ abide by my aw>d--let !m abide by !irs4 ,i suppose t ^! ?+s may be reg>d$ z fat$1--& ,i ?9k t !y are well4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sil5ce ( 8 famili> _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y are ab\t to slay ,socrates because he has be5 _! accus]2 o!r accus]s w rise up & d5\nce !m m vehem5tly4 ,& n[1 ,o m5 :o h condemn$ me1 ,i w\ld fa9 prophesy to y2 = ,i am ab\t to die1 & 9 ! h\r ( dea? m5 are gift$ ) prophetic p[]4 ,& ,i prophesy to y :o are my murd]]s1 t imm$iately aft] my dep>ture puni%m5t f> heavi] ?an y h inflict$ on me w surely await y4 ,me y h kill$ because y want$ to escape ! accus]1 & n to give an acc\nt ( y\r lives4 ,b t w n be z y suppose3 f> o!rwise4 ,= ,i say t !re w be m accus]s ( y ?an !re are n[2 accus]s :om hi!rto ,i h re/ra9$3 & z !y are y\ng] !y w be m inconsid]ate ) y1 & y w be m (f5d$ at !m4 ,if y ?9k t by kill+ m5 y c prev5t "s "o f c5sur+ y\r evil lives1 y are mi/ak52 t is n a way ( escape :i* is ei!r possible or hon\rable2 ! easie/ & ! noble/ way is n to be disabl+ o!rs1 b to be improv+ y\rselves4 ,?is is ! prophecy :i* ,i utt] be=e my dep>ture to ! judges :o h condemn$ me4 ,sid5ote3 ,he believes t :at is happ5+ to him w be good1 because ! int]nal oracle gives no sign ( opposition4 ,fri5ds1 :o w\ld h acquitt$ me1 ,i w\ld l also to talk ) y ab\t ! ?+ :i* has come to pass1 :ile ! magi/rates are busy1 & be=e ,i g to ! place at :i* ,i mu/ die4 ,/ay !n a little1 = we may z well talk ) "o ano!r :ile !re is "t4 ,y are my fri5ds1 #dj & ,i %\ld l to %[ y ! mean+ ( ?is ev5t :i* has happ5$ to me4 ,o my judges--= y ,i may truly call judges--,i %\ld l to tell y ( a wond]ful circum/ance4 ,hi!rto ! div9e faculty ( :i* ! int]nal oracle is ! s\rce has con/antly be5 9 ! habit ( oppos+ me ev5 ab\t trifles1 if ,i 0 go+ to make a slip or error 9 any matt]2 & n[ z y see !re has come ^u me t :i* may be ?\ght1 & is g5]ally believ$ to be1 ! la/ & wor/ evil4 ,b ! oracle made no sign ( opposition1 ei!r :5 ,i 0 leav+ my h\se 9 ! morn+1 or :5 ,i 0 on my way to ! c\rt1 or :ile ,i 0 speak+1 at any?+ :i* ,i 0 go+ to say2 & yet ,i h (t5 be5 /opp$ 9 ! middle ( a spee*1 b n[ 9 no?+ ,i ei!r said or did t\*+ ! matt] 9 h& has ! oracle oppos$ me4 ,:at d ,i take to be ! explanation ( ?is sil5ce8 ,i w tell y4 ,x is an intimation t :at has happ5$ to me is a good1 & t ^? ( u :o ?9k t dea? is an evil are 9 error4 ,= ! cu/om>y sign w\ld surely h oppos$ me _h ,i be5 go+ to evil & n to good4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? ei!r a good or no?+3 a pr(\nd sleep4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ bless$ to h a j judgm5t pass$ on u2 to conv]se ) ,hom] & ,hesiod2 to see ! h]oes ( ,troy1 & to cont9ue ! se>* aft] k 9 ano!r _w6 ,let u reflect 9 ano!r way1 & we %all see t !re is great reason to hope t dea? is a good2 = "o ( two ?+s--ei!r dea? is a /ate ( no?+ness & utt] unconsci\sness1 or1 z m5 say1 !re is a *ange & migration ( ! s\l f ?is _w to ano!r4 ,n[ if y suppose t !re is no consci\sness1 b a sleep l ! sleep ( him :o is undi/urb$ ev5 by dreams1 dea? w be an unspeakable ga94 ,= if a p]son 7 to select ! night 9 :i* 8 sleep 0 undi/urb$ ev5 by dreams1 & 7 to comp>e ) ?is ! o!r days & nights ( 8 life1 & !n 7 to tell u h[ _m days & nights he _h pass$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life bett] & m pleasantly ?an ?is "o1 ,i ?9k t any man1 ,i w n say a private man1 b ev5 ! great k+ w n f9d _m su* days or nights1 :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 ,n[ if dea? be ( su* a nature1 ,i say t to die is ga92 = et]nity is !n only a s+le night4 ,b if dea? is ! j\rney to ano!r place1 & !re1 z m5 say1 all ! dead abide1 :at good1 ,o my fri5ds & judges1 c be great] ?an ?is8 ,if inde$ :5 ! pilgrim arrives 9 ! _w bel[1 he is deliv]$ f ! pr(essors #da ( ju/ice 9 ?is _w1 & f9ds ! true judges :o are said to give judgm5t !re1 ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us & ,aeacus & ,triptolemus1 & o!r sons ( ,god :o 7 righte\s 9 _! own life1 t pilgrimage w be wor? mak+4 ,:at w\ld n a man give if he might conv]se ) ,orpheus & ,musaeus & ,hesiod & ,hom]8 ,nay1 if ?is be true1 let me die aga9 & aga94 ,i myself1 too1 %all h a wond]ful int]e/ 9 !re meet+ & conv]s+ ) ,palam$es1 & ,ajax ! son ( ,telamon1 & any o!r anci5t h]o :o has suff]$ dea? ?r\gh an unju/ judgm5t2 & !re w be no small pleasure1 z ,i ?9k1 9 comp>+ my own suff]+s ) !irs4 ,above all1 ,i %all !n be able to cont9ue my se>* into true & false k2 z 9 ?is _w1 s also 9 ! next2 & ,i %all f9d out :o is wise1 & :o pret5ds to be wise1 & is n4 ,:at w\ld n a man give1 ,o judges1 to be able to exam9e ! lead] ( ! great ,trojan exp$ition2 or ,odysseus or ,sisyphus1 or numb]less o!rs1 m5 & wom5 too6 ,:at inf9ite delight w\ld !re be 9 conv]s+ ) !m & ask+ !m que/ions6 ,9 ano!r _w !y d n put a man to dea? = ask+ que/ions3 assur$ly n4 ,= besides be+ happi] ?an we are1 !y w be immortal1 if :at is said is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! la/ ^w4 ,:]e=e1 ,o judges1 be ( good *e] ab\t dea?1 & "k ( a c]ta9ty1 t no evil c happ5 to a good man1 ei!r 9 life or aft] dea?4 ,he & 8 are n neglect$ by ! gods2 nor has my own approa*+ end happ5$ by m]e *ance4 ,b ,i see cle>ly t ! "t _h arriv$ :5 x 0 bett] = me to die & be releas$ f tr\ble2 :]e=e ! oracle gave no sign4 ,= :i* reason1 also1 ,i am n angry ) my condemn]s1 or ) my accus]s2 !y h done me no h>m1 al?\gh !y did n mean to d me any good2 & = ?is ,i may g5tly blame !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,d to my sons z ,i h done to y4 ,/ill ,i h a fav\r to ask ( !m4 ,:5 my sons are gr[n up1 ,i w\ld ask y1 ,o my fri5ds1 to puni% !m2 & ,i w\ld h y tr\ble !m1 z ,i h tr\bl$ y1 if !y seem to c>e ab\t ri*es1 or any?+1 m ?an ab\t virtue2 or if !y pret5d to be some?+ :5 !y are really no?+1--!n reprove !m1 z ,i h reprov$ y1 = n c>+ ab\t t = :i* !y ought to c>e1 & ?9k+ t !y are some?+ :5 !y are really no?+4 ,& if y d ?is1 bo? ,i & my sons w h #db receiv$ ju/ice at y\r h&s4 ,! h\r ( dep>ture has arriv$1 & we g our ways--,i to die1 & y to live4 ,:i* is bett] ,god only kn[s4 ,,footnotes #ad ,or1 ,i am c]ta9 t ,i am "r 9 tak+ ?is c\rse4 #ae ,ari/oph41 ,cl\ds1 #bbe ff4 #af ,probably 9 allusion to ,ari/ophanes :o c>icatur$1 & to ,euripides :o borr[$ ! notions ( ,anaxagoras1 z well z to o!r dramatic poets4 ,,crito4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,! ,crito seems int5d$ to exhibit ! "* ( ,socrates 9 "o light only1 n z ! philosoph]1 fulfill+ a div9e mission & tru/+ 9 ! w ( heav51 b simply z ! good citiz51 :o hav+ be5 unju/ly condemn$ is will+ to give up 8 life 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ! /ate4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,! days ( ,socrates are draw+ to a close2 ! fatal ,/eph4 #dc %ip has be5 se5 (f ,sunium1 z he is in=m$ by 8 ag$ fri5d & contempor>y ,crito1 :o visits him be=e ! dawn has brok52 he himself has be5 w>n$ 9 a dream t on ! ?ird day he mu/ dep>t4 ,"t is preci\s1 & ,crito has come #dd e>ly 9 ord] to ga9 8 cons5t to a plan ( escape4 ,?is c be easily accompli%$ by 8 fri5ds1 :o w incur no dang] 9 mak+ ! attempt to save him1 b w be disgrac$ #de = ev] if !y all[ him to p]i%4 ,he %\ld ?9k ( 8 duty to 8 *ildr51 & n play into ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,money is already provid$ by ,crito z well z by ,simmias & o!rs1 & he w h no difficulty 9 f9d+ fri5ds 9 #df ,!ssaly & o!r places4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dg-ed4 ,socrates is afraid t ,crito is b press+ ^u him ! op9ions ( ! _m3 :]eas1 all 8 life long he has foll[$ ! dictates ( reason only & ! op9ion ( ! "o wise or skill$ man4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,crito himself _h all[$ ! propriety ( ?is4 ,& al?\gh "s "o w say #8! _m c kill u1' t makes no diff]5ce2 b a good life1 9 o!r words1 a j & hon\rable life1 is alone to be valu$4 ,all consid]ations ( loss ( reputation or injury to 8 *ildr5 %\ld be dismiss$3 ! only "q is :e!r he w\ld be "r 9 attempt+ to escape4 ,crito1 :o is a dis9t]e/$ #dg p]son n hav+ ! fe> ( dea? be=e 8 eyes1 %all answ] ?is = him4 ,be=e he 0 condemn$ !y _h (t5 held discussions1 9 :i* !y agre$ t no man %\ld ei!r d evil1 #dh or return evil = evil1 or betray ! "r4 ,are ^! pr9ciples to be alt]$ because ! circum/ances ( ,socrates are alt]$8 ,crito admits t !y rema9 ! same4 ,!n is 8 escape #di consi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( !m8 ,to ?is ,crito is unable or unwill+ to reply4 ,socrates proce$s3--,suppose ! ,laws ( ,a!ns to come #ej & remon/rate ) him3 !y w ask #8,:y does he seek to ov]turn !m8' & if he replies1 #8!y h injur$ him1' w n ! ,laws answ]1 #8,yes1 b 0 t ! agreem5t8 ,has he any objection to make to !m :i* w\ld ju/ify him 9 #ea ov]turn+ !m8 ,0 he n br\ght into ! _w & educat$ by _! help1 & are !y n 8 p>5ts8 ,he might #eb h left ,a!ns & gone :]e he pleas$1 b he has liv$ !re = sev5ty ye>s m con/antly ?an any o!r citiz54' ,?us he has cle>ly %[n t he ackn[l$g$ ! agreem5t1 :i* he _c n[ break )\t di%on\r to himself & dang] to 8 fri5ds4 ,ev5 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial he might h propos$ exile z ! p5alty1 b !n he decl>$ t he pref]r$ dea? to exile4 ,& :i!r w he direct 8 foot/eps8 ,9 any well-ord]$ /ate ! ,laws w consid] him z #ec an enemy4 ,possibly 9 a l& ( misrule l ,!ssaly he may be welcom$ at fir/1 & ! unseemly n>rative ( 8 escape w be reg>d$ by ! inhabitants z an amus+ tale4 ,b if he (f5ds !m he w h to le>n ano!r sort ( lesson4 ,w he cont9ue to give lectures 9 virtue8 ,t w\ld h>dly be dec5t4 ,& h[ w 8 *ildr5 be ! ga9]s if he takes !m into ,!ssaly1 & deprives !m ( ,a!nian citiz5%ip8 #ed ,or if he leaves !m beh9d1 does he expect t !y w be bett] tak5 c>e ( by 8 fri5ds because he is 9 ,!ssaly8 ,w n true fri5ds c>e = !m equally :e!r he is alive or dead8 ,sid5ote3 ,did ,socrates d well to die8 ,f9ally1 !y exhort him to ?9k ( ju/ice fir/1 & ( life & *ildr5 aft]w>ds4 ,he may n[ dep>t 9 peace & innoc5ce1 a suff]] & n a do] ( evil4 ,b if he breaks agreem5ts1 & returns evil = evil1 !y w be angry ) him :ile he lives2 & _! bre?r5 ! ,laws ( ! _w bel[ w receive him z an enemy4 ,su* is ! my/ic voice :i* is always murmur+ 9 8 e>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,t ,socrates 0 n a good citiz5 0 a *>ge made aga9/ him dur+ 8 lifetime1 :i* has be5 (t5 repeat$ 9 lat] ages4 ,! crimes ( ,alcibiades1 ,critias1 & ,*>mides1 :o _h be5 8 pupils1 7 /ill rec5t 9 ! memory ( ! n[ re/or$ democracy4 ,! fact t he _h be5 neutral 9 ! dea?-/ruggle ( ,a!ns 0 n likely to conciliate popul> good-w4 ,plato1 writ+ probably 9 ! next g5]ation1 und]takes ! def5ce ( 8 fri5d & ma/] 9 ?is p>ticul>1 n to ! ,a!nians ( 8 day1 b to po/]ity & ! _w at l>ge4 ,:e!r su* an incid5t ev] really occurr$ z ! visit ( ,crito & ! proposal ( escape is unc]ta93 ,plato c\ld easily h inv5t$ f> m ?an t 7,pha$r4 #bge ,b72 & 9 ! selection ( ,crito1 ! ag$ fri5d1 z ! fitte/ p]son to make ! proposal to ,socrates1 we seem to recognize ! h& ( ! arti/4 ,:e!r any "o :o has be5 subject$ by ! laws ( 8 c\ntry to an unju/ judgm5t is "r 9 attempt+ to escape1 is a !sis ab\t :i* casui/s might disagree4 ,%elley 7,prose ,works1 p4 #gh7 is ( op9ion t ,socrates #8did well to die1' b n = ! #8sophi/ical' reasons :i* ,plato has put into 8 m\?4 ,& !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 argu+ t ,socrates %\ld h liv$ & pref]r$ to a glori\s dea? ! good :i* he might /ill be able to p]=m4 #8,a rhetorician w\ld h _h mu* to say ^u t po9t' 7#ej ,b74 ,x may be obs]v$ h[ev] t ,plato nev] int5d$ to answ] ! "q ( casui/ry1 b only to exhibit ! ideal ( pati5t virtue :i* refuses to d ! lea/ evil 9 ord] to avoid ! greate/1 & to %[ 8 ma/] ma9ta9+ 9 dea? ! op9ions :i* he _h pr(ess$ 9 8 life4 ,n #8! _w1' b ! #8"o wise man1' is /ill ! p>adox ( ,socrates 9 8 la/ h\rs4 ,he mu/ be guid$ by reason1 al?\gh h] conclusions may be fatal to him4 ,! rem>kable s5tim5t t ! _m c d nei!r good nor evil is true1 if tak5 9 ! s5se1 :i* he means1 ( moral evil2 9 8 own words1 !y _c make a man wise or fooli%4' ,sid5ote3 ,! p]sonification ( ! ,laws4 ,?is little dialogue is a p]fect piece ( dialectic1 9 :i* grant+ ! #8common pr9ciple' 7#di ,d71 !re is no escap+ f ! conclusion4 ,x is anticipat$ at ! beg9n+ by ! dream ( ,socrates & ! p>ody ( ,hom]4 ,! p]sonification ( ! ,laws1 & ( _! bre?r5 ! ,laws 9 ! _w bel[1 is "o ( ! noble/ & bolde/ figures ( spee* :i* occur 9 ,plato4 ,,crito4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,socrates4 ,,crito4 ,,sc5e3--,! ,prison ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito appe>s at break ( dawn 9 ! prison ( ,socrates1 :om he f9ds asleep4 ,socrates4 ,:y h y come at ?is h\r1 ,crito8 x mu/ be q e>ly8 ,/eph4 #dc ,crito4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,:at is ! exact "t8 ,cr4 ,! dawn is break+4 ,soc4 ,i wond] t ! keep] ( ! prison w\ld let y 94 ,cr4 ,he kn[s me1 because ,i (t5 come1 ,socrates2 moreov]1 ,i h done him a k9dness4 ,soc4 ,& are y only j arriv$8 ,cr4 ,no1 ,i came "s "t ago4 ,soc4 ,!n :y did y sit & say no?+1 in/ead ( at once awak5+ me8 ,cr4 ,i %\ld n h lik$ myself1 ,socrates1 to be 9 su* great tr\ble & unre/ z y are--inde$ ,i %\ld n3 ,i h be5 wat*+ ) amazem5t y\r peaceful slumb]s2 & = t reason ,i did n awake y1 because ,i wi%$ to m9imize ! pa94 ,i h always ?\ght y to be ( a happy disposition2 b nev] did ,i see any?+ l ! easy1 tranquil mann] 9 :i* y be> ?is calamity4 ,soc4 ,:y1 ,crito1 :5 a man has rea*$ my age he ought n to be rep9+ at ! approa* ( dea?4 ,cr4 ,& yet o!r old m5 f9d !mselves 9 simil> mis=tunes1 & age does n prev5t !m f rep9+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! vision ( ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,t is true4 ,b y h n told me :y y come at ?is e>ly h\r4 ,cr4 ,i come to br+ y a message :i* is sad & pa9ful2 n1 z ,i believe1 to y\rself1 b to all ( u :o are y\r fri5ds1 & sadde/ ( all to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,! %ip f ,delos is expect$4 ,soc4 ,:at8 ,has ! %ip come f ,delos1 on ! arrival ( :i* ,i am to die8 ,cr4 ,no1 ! %ip has n actually arriv$1 b %e w probably be "h to-day1 z p]sons :o h come f ,sunium tell me t !y left h] !re2 & !re=e to-morr[1 ,socrates1 w be ! la/ day ( y\r life4 ,soc4 ,v well1 ,crito2 if su* is ! w ( ,god1 ,i am will+2 b my belief is t !re w be a delay ( a day4 ,cr4 ,:y d y ?9k s8 #dd ,soc4 ,i w tell y4 ,i am to die on ! day aft] ! arrival ( ! %ip4 ,cr4 ,yes2 t is :at ! au?orities say4 ,sid5ote3 ,a vision ( a fair woman :o prophesies 9 ! language ( ,hom] t ,socrates w die on ! ?ird day4 ,soc4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ! %ip w be "h until to-morr[2 ?is ,i inf] f a vision :i* ,i _h la/ night1 or r only j n[1 :5 y =tunately all[$ me to sleep4 ,cr4 ,& :at 0 ! nature ( ! vision8 ,soc4 ,!re appe>$ to me ! lik5ess ( a woman1 fair & comely1 clo!d 9 bright raim5t1 :o call$ to me & said3 ,o ,socrates1 #8,! ?ird day h5ce to f]tile ,ph?ia %alt ?\ g#ag4' ,cr4 ,:at a s+ul> dream1 ,socrates6 ,soc4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! mean+1 ,crito1 ,i ?9k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! devotion ( 8 fri5ds4 ,cr4 ,yes2 ! mean+ is only too cle>4 ,b1 oh6 my belov$ ,socrates1 let me entreat y once m to take my advice & escape4 ,= if y die ,i %all n only lose a fri5d :o c nev] be replac$1 b !re is ano!r evil3 p :o d n "k y & me w believe t ,i might h sav$ y if ,i _h be5 will+ to give money1 b t ,i did n c>e4 ,n[1 c !re be a worse disgrace ?an ?is--t ,i %\ld be ?\ght to value money m ?an ! life ( a fri5d8 ,= ! _m w n be p]suad$ t ,i want$ y to escape1 & t y refus$4 ,soc4 ,b :y1 my de> ,crito1 %\ld we c>e ab\t ! op9ion ( ! _m8 ,good m51 & !y are ! only p]sons :o are wor? consid]+1 w ?9k ( ^! ?+s truly z !y occurr$4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito by a v>iety ( argum5ts tries to induce ,socrates to make 8 escape4 ,! means w be easily provid$ & )\t dang] to any "o4 ,cr4 ,b y see1 ,socrates1 t ! op9ion ( ! _m mu/ be reg>d$1 = :at is n[ happ5+ %[s t !y c d ! greate/ evil to any "o :o has lo/ _! good op9ion4 ,soc4 ,i only wi% x 7 s1 ,crito2 & t ! _m c\ld d ! greate/ evil2 = !n !y w\ld also be able to d ! greate/ good--& :at a f9e ?+ ?is w\ld be6 ,b 9 reality !y c d nei!r2 = !y _c make a man ei!r wise or fooli%2 & :atev] !y d is ! result ( *ance4 ,cr4 ,well1 ,i w n dispute ) y2 b please to tell me1 ,socrates1 :e!r y are n act+ out ( reg>d to me & y\r o!r fri5ds3 are y n afraid t if y escape f prison we may get into tr\ble ) ! in=m]s = hav+ /ol5 y away1 & lose ei!r ! :ole or a great "p ( our prop]ty2 or t ev5 a worse evil may happ5 to u8 #de ,n[1 if y fe> on our acc\nt1 be at ease2 = 9 ord] to save y1 we ought surely to run ?is1 or ev5 a great] risk2 be p]suad$1 !n1 & d z ,i say4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,crito1 t is "o fe> :i* y m5tion1 b by no means ! only "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,! argum5ts ( ,crito4 ,cr4 ,fe> n--!re are p]sons :o are will+ to get y out ( prison at no great co/2 & z = ! in=m]s1 !y are f> f be+ exorbitant 9 _! dem&s--a little money w satisfy !m4 ,my means1 :i* are c]ta9ly ample1 are at y\r s]vice1 & if y h a scruple ab\t sp5d+ all m9e1 "h are /rang]s :o w give y ! use ( !irs2 & "o ( !m1 ,simmias ! ,!ban1 has br\ght a l>ge sum ( money = ?is v purpose2 & ,cebes & _m o!rs are prep>$ to sp5d _! money 9 help+ y to escape4 ,i say1 !re=e1 d n hesitate on our acc\nt1 & d n say1 z y did 9 ! c\rt#ah1 t y w h a difficulty 9 kn[+ :at to d ) y\rself any:]e else4 ,= m5 w love y 9 o!r places to :i* y may g1 & n 9 ,a!ns only2 !re are fri5ds ( m9e 9 ,!ssaly1 if y l to g to !m1 :o w value & protect y1 & no ,!ssalian w give y any tr\ble4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is n ju/ifi$ 9 ?r[+ away 8 life2 he w be des]t+ 8 *ildr51 & w br+ ! reproa* ( c[>dice on 8 fri5ds4 ,nor c ,i ?9k t y are at all ju/ifi$1 ,socrates1 9 betray+ y\r own life :5 y might be sav$2 9 act+ ?us y are play+ into ! h&s ( y\r enemies1 :o are hurry+ on y\r de/ruction4 ,& fur!r ,i %\ld say t y are des]t+ y\r own *ildr52 = y might br+ !m up & educate !m2 in/ead ( :i* y g away & leave !m1 & !y w h to take _! *ance2 & if !y d n meet ) ! usual fate ( orphans1 !re w be small ?anks to y4 ,no man %\ld br+ *ildr5 into ! _w :o is unwill+ to p]sev]e to ! end 9 _! nurture & education4 ,b y appe> to be *oos+ ! easi] "p1 n ! bett] & manli]1 :i* w\ld h be5 m becom+ 9 "o :o pr(esses to c>e = virtue 9 all 8 actions1 l y\rself4 ,& inde$1 ,i am a%am$ n only ( y1 b ( u :o are y\r fri5ds1 :5 ,i reflect t ! :ole bus9ess w be attribut$ entirely to our want ( c\rage4 ,! trial ne$ nev] h come on1 or might h be5 manag$ diff]5tly2 & ?is la/ act1 or cr[n+ folly1 w seem to h occurr$ ?r\gh our neglig5ce & c[>dice1 :o might h sav$ y1 if we _h be5 good = #df any?+2 & y might h sav$ y\rself1 = !re 0 no difficulty at all4 ,see n[1 ,socrates1 h[ sad & discr$itable are ! consequ5ces1 bo? to u & y4 ,make up y\r m9d !n1 or r h y\r m9d already made up1 = ! "t ( delib]ation is ov]1 & !re is only "o ?+ to be done1 :i* mu/ be done ?is v night1 & if we delay at all w be no long] practicable or possible2 ,i besee* y !re=e1 ,socrates1 be p]suad$ by me1 & d z ,i say4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is "o ( ^? :o mu/ be guid$ by reason4 ,sid5ote3 ,! answ] ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,ought he to foll[ ! op9ion ( ! _m or ( ! few1 ( ! wise or ( ! unwise8 ,soc4 ,de> ,crito1 y\r zeal is invaluable1 if a "r "o2 b if wrong1 ! great] ! zeal ! great] ! dang]2 & !re=e we ought to consid] :e!r ,i %all or %all n d z y say4 ,= ,i am & always h be5 "o ( ^? natures :o mu/ be guid$ by reason1 :atev] ! reason may be :i* ^u reflection appe>s to me to be ! be/2 & n[ t ?is *ance has befall5 me1 ,i _c repudiate my own words3 ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h hi!rto hon\r$ & rev]$ ,i /ill hon\r1 & unless we c at once f9d o!r & bett] pr9ciples1 ,i am c]ta9 n to agree ) y2 no1 n ev5 if ! p[] ( ! multitude c\ld inflict _m m imprisonm5ts1 confiscations1 dea?s1 fright5+ u l *ildr5 ) hobgobl9 t]rors#ai4 ,:at w be ! faire/ way ( consid]+ ! "q8 ,%all ,i return to y\r old argum5t ab\t ! op9ions ( m58--we 7 say+ t "s ( !m are to be reg>d$1 & o!rs n4 ,n[ 7 we "r 9 ma9ta9+ ?is be=e ,i 0 condemn$8 ,& has ! argum5t :i* 0 once good n[ prov$ to be talk = ! sake ( talk+--m]e *ildi% nons5se8 ,t is :at ,i want to consid] ) y\r help1 ,crito3--:e!r1 "u my pres5t circum/ances1 ! argum5t appe>s to be 9 any way diff]5t or n2 & is to be all[$ by me or disall[$4 ,t argum5t1 :i*1 z ,i believe1 is ma9ta9$ by _m p]sons ( au?ority1 0 to ! effect1 z ,i 0 say+1 t ! op9ions ( "s m5 are to be reg>d$1 & ( o!r m5 n to be reg>d$4 ,n[ y1 ,crito1 are n go+ to die to-morr[--at lea/1 !re is no #dg human probability ( ?is--& !re=e y are dis9t]e/$ & n liable to be deceiv$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* y are plac$4 ,tell me !n1 :e!r ,i am "r 9 say+ t "s op9ions1 & ! op9ions ( "s m5 only1 are to be valu$1 & t o!r op9ions1 & ! op9ions ( o!r m51 are n to be valu$4 ,i ask y :e!r ,i 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ ?is8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,! good are to be reg>d$1 & n ! bad8 ,cr4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! op9ions ( ! wise are good1 & ! op9ions ( ! unwise are evil8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& :at 0 said ab\t ano!r matt]8 ,is ! pupil :o devotes himself to ! practice ( gymna/ics suppos$ to att5d to ! praise & blame & op9ion ( e man1 or ( "o man only--8 physician or tra9]1 :oev] he may be8 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ pr9ciples4 ,cr4 ,( "o man only4 ,soc4 ,& he ought to fe> ! c5sure & welcome ! praise ( t "o only1 & n ( ! _m8 ,cr4 ,cle>ly s4 ,soc4 ,& he ought to act & tra91 & eat & dr9k 9 ! way :i* seems good to 8 s+le ma/] :o has und]/&+1 r ?an accord+ to ! op9ion ( all o!r m5 put toge!r8 ,cr4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if he disobeys & disreg>ds ! op9ion & approval ( ! "o1 & reg>ds ! op9ion ( ! _m :o h no und]/&+1 w he n suff] evil8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly he w4 ,soc4 ,& :at w ! evil be1 :i!r t5d+ & :at affect+1 9 ! disob$i5t p]son8 ,cr4 ,cle>ly1 affect+ ! body2 t is :at is de/roy$ by ! evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! op9ion ( ! "o wise man is to be foll[$4 ,soc4 ,v good2 & is n ?is true1 ,crito1 ( o!r ?+s :i* we ne$ n sep>ately enum]ate8 ,9 que/ions ( j & unju/1 fair & f\l1 good & evil1 :i* are ! subjects ( our pres5t consultation1 ought we to foll[ ! op9ion ( ! _m & to fe> !m2 or ! op9ion ( ! "o man :o has und]/&+8 ought we n to fe> & rev]5ce him m ?an all ! re/ ( ! _w3 & if we des]t him %all we n de/roy & injure t pr9ciple 9 u :i* may be assum$ to be improv$ by ju/ice & det]iorat$ by inju/ice2--!re is su* a pr9ciple8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly !re is1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,take a p>allel in/ance3--if1 act+ "u ! advice ( ^? :o h no und]/&+1 we de/roy t :i* is improv$ by heal? & is det]iorat$ by disease1 w\ld life be wor? hav+8 ,& t :i* has be5 de/roy$ is--! body8 ,cr4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,c\ld we live1 hav+ an evil & corrupt$ body8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! application ( !m to ! pres5t case4 ,soc4 ,& w life be wor? hav+1 if t high] "p ( man be de/roy$1 :i* is improv$ by ju/ice & deprav$ by inju/ice8 ,d we suppose t pr9ciple1 :atev] x may be 9 man1 :i* has to d ) ju/ice & inju/ice1 to #dh be inf]ior to ! body8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,m hon\rable ?an ! body8 ,cr4 ,f> m4 ,sid5ote3 ,no matt] :at ! _m say ( u4 ,soc4 ,!n1 my fri5d1 we mu/ n reg>d :at ! _m say ( u3 b :at he1 ! "o man :o has und]/&+ ( j & unju/1 w say1 & :at ! tru? w say4 ,& !re=e y beg9 9 error :5 y advise t we %\ld reg>d ! op9ion ( ! _m ab\t j & unju/1 good & evil1 hon\rable & di%on\rable4--#8,well1' "s "o w say1 #8b ! _m c kill u4' ,cr4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 t w cle>ly be ! answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,n life1 b a good life1 to be *iefly valu$4 ,soc4 ,& x is true3 b /ill ,i f9d ) surprise t ! old argum5t is un%ak5 z ev]4 ,& ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r ,i may say ! same ( ano!r proposition--t n life1 b a good life1 is to be *iefly valu$8 ,cr4 ,yes1 t also rema9s un%ak54 ,soc4 ,& a good life is equival5t to a j & hon\rable "o--t holds also8 ,cr4 ,yes1 x does4 ,sid5ote3 ,admitt+ ^! pr9ciples1 ought ,i to try & escape or n8 ,soc4 ,f ^! premisses ,i proce$ to argue ! "q :e!r ,i ought or ought n to try & escape )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,a!nians3 & if ,i am cle>ly "r 9 escap+1 !n ,i w make ! attempt2 b if n1 ,i w ab/a94 ,! o!r consid]ations :i* y m5tion1 ( money & loss ( "* & ! duty ( educat+ "o's *ildr51 are1 ,i fe>1 only ! doctr9es ( ! multitude1 :o w\ld be z ready to re/ore p to life1 if !y 7 able1 z !y are to put !m to dea?--& ) z little reason4 ,b n[1 s9ce ! argum5t has ?us f> prevail$1 ! only "q :i* rema9s to be consid]$ is1 :e!r we %all d rightly ei!r 9 escap+ or 9 suff]+ o!rs to aid 9 our escape & pay+ !m 9 money & ?anks1 or :e!r 9 reality we %all n d rightly2 & if ! latt]1 !n dea? or any o!r calamity :i* may ensue on my rema9+ "h mu/ n be all[$ to ent] into ! calculation4 ,cr4 ,i ?9k t y are "r1 ,socrates2 h[ !n %all we proce$8 ,sid5ote3 ,fir/ pr9ciples4 ,soc4 ,let u consid] ! matt] toge!r1 & d y ei!r refute me if y c1 & ,i w be conv9c$2 or else cease1 my de> fri5d1 f repeat+ to me t ,i ought to escape aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! ,a!nians3 = ,i highly value y\r attempts to p]suade me to d s1 b ,i may n be p]suad$ aga9/ my own bett] judgm5t4 ,& n[ please to consid] my fir/ position1 & try h[ y c #di be/ answ] me4 ,cr4 ,i w4 ,sid5ote3 ,may we sometimes d evil t good may come8 ,soc4 ,are we to say t we are nev] int5tionally to d wrong1 or t 9 "o way we ought & 9 ano!r way we ought n to d wrong1 or is do+ wrong always evil & di%on\rable1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 & z has be5 already ackn[l$g$ by u8 ,are all our =m] admissions :i* 7 made )9 a few days to be ?r[n away8 ,& h we1 at our age1 be5 e>ne/ly disc\rs+ ) "o ano!r all our life long only to discov] t we are no bett] ?an *ildr58 ,or1 9 spite ( ! op9ion ( ! _m1 & 9 spite ( consequ5ces :e!r bett] or worse1 %all we insi/ on ! tru? ( :at 0 !n said1 t inju/ice is always an evil & di%on\r to him :o acts unju/ly8 ,%all we say s or n8 ,cr4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n we mu/ d no wrong8 ,cr4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,nor :5 injur$ injure 9 return1 z ! _m imag9e2 = we mu/ injure no "o at all#bj8 ,cr4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,aga91 ,crito1 may we d evil8 ,cr4 ,surely n1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,may we r5d] evil = evil8 ,soc4 ,& :at ( do+ evil 9 return = evil1 :i* is ! morality ( ! _m--is t j or n8 ,cr4 ,n j4 ,soc4 ,= do+ evil to ano!r is ! same z injur+ him8 ,cr4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! address ( ! ,laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,or is evil always to be deem$ evil8 ,are y ( ! same m9d z =m]ly ab\t all ?is8 ,soc4 ,!n we ought n to retaliate or r5d] evil = evil to any "o1 :atev] evil we may h suff]$ f him4 ,b ,i w\ld h y consid]1 ,crito1 :e!r y really mean :at y are say+4 ,= ?is op9ion has nev] be5 held1 & nev] w be held1 by any consid]able numb] ( p]sons2 & ^? :o are agre$ & ^? :o are n agre$ ^u ?is po9t h no common gr\nd1 & c only despise "o ano!r :5 !y see h[ widely !y diff]4 ,tell me1 !n1 :e!r y agree ) & ass5t to my fir/ pr9ciple1 t nei!r injury nor retaliation nor w>d+ (f evil by evil is ev] "r4 ,& %all t be ! premiss ( our argum5t8 ,or d y decl9e & diss5t f ?is8 ,= s ,i h ev] ?\ght1 & cont9ue to ?9k2 b1 if y are ( ano!r op9ion1 let me he> :at y h to say4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y rema9 ( ! same m9d z =m]ly1 ,i w proce$ to ! next /ep4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito ass5ts4 ,cr4 ,y may proce$1 = ,i h n *ang$ my m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n ought ,socrates to des]t or n8 ,soc4 ,!n ,i w g on to ! next po9t1 :i* may be put 9 ! =m ( a "q3--,ought a man to d :at he admits to be "r1 or ought he to betray ! "r8 ,cr4 ,he ought to d :at he ?9ks "r4 ,soc4 ,b if ?is is true1 :at is ! application8 ,9 leav+ ! prison aga9/ ! w ( ! ,a!nians1 d ,i #ej wrong any8 or r d ,i n wrong ^? :om ,i ought lea/ to wrong8 ,d ,i n des]t ! pr9ciples :i* 7 ackn[l$g$ by u to be j--:at d y say8 ,cr4 ,i _c tell1 ,socrates2 = ,i d n "k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,laws come & argue ) him4--,c a ,/ate exi/ 9 :i* law is set aside8 ,soc4 ,!n consid] ! matt] 9 ?is way3--,imag9e t ,i am ab\t to play truant 7y may call ! proce$+ by any "n :i* y l71 & ! laws & ! gov]nm5t come & int]rogate me3 #8,tell u1 ,socrates1' !y say2 #8:at are y ab\t8 are y n go+ by an act ( y\rs to ov]turn u--! laws1 & ! :ole /ate1 z f> z 9 y lies8 ,d y imag9e t a /ate c subsi/ & n be ov]?r[n1 9 :i* ! decisions ( law h no p[]1 b are set aside & trampl$ ^u by individuals8' ,:at w be our answ]1 ,crito1 to ^! & ! l words8 ,any "o1 & especially a rhetorician1 w h a good deal to say on behalf ( ! law :i* requires a s5t5ce to be c>ri$ out4 ,he w argue t ?is law %\ld n be set aside2 & %all we reply1 #8,yes2 b ! /ate has injur$ u & giv5 an unju/ s5t5ce4' ,suppose ,i say t8 ,sid5ote3 ,! address ( ! ,laws4 ,cr4 ,v good1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,has he any fault to f9d ) !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,no man has any "r to /rike a bl[ at 8 c\ntry any m ?an at 8 fa!r or "m4 ,soc4 #8,& 0 t our agreem5t ) y8' ! law w\ld answ]2 #8or 7 y to abide by ! s5t5ce ( ! /ate8' ,& if ,i 7 to express my a/oni%m5t at _! words1 ! law w\ld probably add3 #8,answ]1 ,socrates1 in/ead ( op5+ y\r eyes--y are 9 ! habit ( ask+ & answ]+ que/ions4 ,tell u1--,:at compla9t h y to make aga9/ u :i* ju/ifies y 9 attempt+ to de/roy u & ! /ate8 ,9 ! fir/ place did we n br+ y into exi/5ce8 ,y\r fa!r m>ri$ y\r "m by our aid & begat y4 ,say :e!r y h any objection to urge aga9/ ^? ( u :o regulate m>riage8' ,none1 ,i %\ld reply4 #8,or aga9/ ^? ( u :o aft] bir? regulate ! nurture & education ( *ildr51 9 :i* y also 7 tra9$8 ,7 n ! laws1 :i* h ! *>ge ( education1 "r 9 comm&+ y\r fa!r to tra9 y 9 music & gymna/ic8' ,"r1 ,i %\ld reply4 ,well !n1 s9ce y 7 br\ght into ! _w & nurtur$ & educat$ by u1 c y d5y 9 ! fir/ place t y are our *ild & slave1 z y\r fa!rs 7 be=e y8 ,&1 if ?is is true y are n on equal t]ms ) u2 nor c y ?9k t y h a "r to d to u :at we are do+ to y4 ,w\ld y h any "r to /rike or revile or d any o!r evil to y\r fa!r or y\r ma/]1 if y _h "o1 because y h be5 /ruck or revil$ by him1 or receiv$ "s o!r evil at 8 h&s8--y w\ld n say ?is8 ,& because we ?9k "r to #ea de/roy y1 d y ?9k t y h any "r to de/roy u 9 return1 & y\r c\ntry z f> z 9 y lies8 ,w y1 ,o pr(essor ( true virtue1 pret5d t y are ju/ifi$ 9 ?is8 ,has a philosoph] l y fail$ to discov] t our c\ntry is m to be valu$ & high] & holi] f> ?an "m or fa!r or any ance/or1 & m to be reg>d$ 9 ! eyes ( ! gods & ( m5 ( und]/&+8 also to be soo!d1 & g5tly & rev]5tly entreat$ :5 angry1 ev5 m ?an a fa!r1 & ei!r to be p]suad$1 or if n p]suad$1 to be obey$8 ,& :5 we are puni%$ by h]1 :e!r ) imprisonm5t or /ripes1 ! puni%m5t is to be endur$ 9 sil5ce2 & if %e lead u to w\nds or dea? 9 battle1 ?i!r we foll[ z is "r2 nei!r may any "o yield or retreat or leave 8 rank1 b :e!r 9 battle or 9 a c\rt ( law1 or 9 any o!r place1 he mu/ d :at 8 city & 8 c\ntry ord] him2 or he mu/ *ange _! view ( :at is j3 & if he may d no viol5ce to 8 fa!r or "m1 mu* less may he d viol5ce to 8 c\ntry4' ,:at answ] %all we make to ?is1 ,crito8 ,d ! laws speak truly1 or d !y n8 ,cr4 ,i ?9k t !y d4 ,sid5ote3 #8,li/5 to u1 ,socrates4' ,sid5ote3 ,! ,laws argue t he has made an impli$ agreem5t ) !m :i* he is n at lib]ty to break at 8 pleasure4 ,soc4 ,!n ! laws w say3 #8,consid]1 ,socrates1 if we are speak+ truly t 9 y\r pres5t attempt y are go+ to d u an injury4 ,=1 hav+ br\ght y into ! _w1 & nurtur$ & educat$ y1 & giv5 y & e o!r citiz5 a %>e 9 e good :i* we _h to give1 we fur!r proclaim to any ,a!nian by ! lib]ty :i* we all[ him1 t if he does n l u :5 he has become ( age & has se5 ! ways ( ! city1 & made our acqua9tance1 he may g :]e he pleases & take 8 goods ) him4 ,none ( u laws w =bid him or int]f]e ) him4 ,any "o :o does n l u & ! city1 & :o wants to emigrate to a colony or to any o!r city1 may g :]e he likes1 reta9+ 8 prop]ty4 ,b he :o has exp]i5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* we ord] ju/ice & adm9i/] ! /ate1 & /ill rema9s1 has ent]$ into an impli$ contract t he w d z we comm& him4 ,& he :o disobeys u is1 z we ma9ta91 ?rice wrong2 fir/1 because 9 disobey+ u he is disobey+ 8 p>5ts2 secondly1 because we are ! au?ors ( 8 education2 ?irdly1 because he has made an agreem5t ) u t he w duly obey our comm&s2 & he nei!r obeys !m #eb nor conv9ces u t our comm&s are unju/2 & we d n rudely impose !m1 b give him ! alt]native ( obey+ or conv9c+ u2--t is :at we (f]1 & he does nei!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! address ( ! ,laws4 #8,^! are ! sort ( accusations to :i*1 z we 7 say+1 y1 ,socrates1 w be expos$ if y accompli% y\r int5tions2 y1 above all o!r ,a!nians4' ,suppose n[ ,i ask1 :y ,i r ?an anybody else8 !y w ju/ly retort ^u me t ,i above all o!r m5 h ackn[l$g$ ! agreem5t4 #8,!re is cle> pro(1' !y w say1 #8,socrates1 t we & ! city 7 n displeas+ to y4 ,( all ,a!nians y h be5 ! mo/ con/ant resid5t 9 ! city1 :i*1 z y nev] leave1 y may be suppos$ to love#ba4 ,= y nev] w5t out ( ! city ei!r to see ! games1 except once :5 y w5t to ! ,i/hmus1 or to any o!r place unless :5 y 7 on milit>y s]vice2 nor did y travel z o!r m5 d4 ,nor _h y any curiosity to "k o!r /ates or _! laws3 y\r affections did n g beyond u & our /ate2 we 7 y\r special fav\rites1 & y acquiesc$ 9 our gov]nm5t ( y2 & "h 9 ?is city y begat y\r *ildr51 :i* is a pro( ( y\r satisfaction4 ,moreov]1 y might 9 ! c\rse ( ! trial1 if y _h lik$1 h fix$ ! p5alty at bani%m5t2 ! /ate :i* refuses to let y g n[ w\ld h let y g !n4 ,b y pret5d$ t y pref]r$ dea? to exile#bb1 & t y 7 n unwill+ to die4 ,& n[ y h =gott5 ^! f9e s5tim5ts1 & pay no respect to u ! laws1 ( :om y are ! de/roy]2 & are do+ :at only a mis]able slave w\ld d1 runn+ away & turn+ y\r back ^u ! compacts & agreem5ts :i* y made z a citiz54 ,& fir/ ( all answ] ?is v "q3 ,are we "r 9 say+ t y agre$ to be gov]n$ accord+ to u 9 de$1 & n 9 ^w only8 ,is t true or n8' ,h[ %all we answ]1 ,crito8 ,mu/ we n ass5t8 ,cr4 ,we _c help x1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is agreem5t he is n[ go+ to break4 ,soc4 ,!n w !y n say3 #8,y1 ,socrates1 are break+ ! cov5ants & agreem5ts :i* y made ) u at y\r leisure1 n 9 any ha/e or "u any compulsion or deception1 b aft] y h _h sev5ty ye>s to ?9k ( !m1 dur+ :i* "t y 7 at lib]ty to leave ! city1 if we 7 n to y\r m9d1 or if our cov5ants appe>$ to y to be unfair4 ,y _h y\r *oice1 & might h gone ei!r to ,lac$aemon or ,crete1 bo? :i* /ates are (t5 prais$ by y = _! good gov]nm5t1 or to "s o!r ,hell5ic or =eign /ate4 ,:]eas y1 #ec above all o!r ,a!nians1 seem$ to be s fond ( ! /ate1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( u h] laws 7& :o w\ld c>e ab\t a /ate :i* has no laws871 t y nev] /irr$ out ( h]2 ! halt1 ! bl9d1 ! maim$ 7 n m /ation>y 9 h] ?an y 74 ,& n[ y run away & =sake y\r agreem5ts4 ,n s1 ,socrates1 if y w take our advice2 d n make y\rself ridicul\s by escap+ out ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 #8,li/5 to u1 ,socrates4' ,sid5ote3 ,if he does he w injure 8 fri5ds & w disgrace himself4 #8,= j consid]1 if y transgress & err 9 ?is sort ( way1 :at good w y d ei!r to y\rself or to y\r fri5ds8 ,t y\r fri5ds w be driv5 into exile & depriv$ ( citiz5%ip1 or w lose _! prop]ty1 is tol]ably c]ta92 & y y\rself1 if y fly to "o ( ! neighb\r+ cities1 z1 = example1 ,!bes or ,meg>a1 bo? ( :i* are well gov]n$1 w come to !m z an enemy1 ,socrates1 & _! gov]nm5t w be aga9/ y1 & all patriotic citiz5s w ca/ an evil eye ^u y z a subv]t] ( ! laws1 & y w confirm 9 ! m9ds ( ! judges ! ju/ice ( _! own condemnation ( y4 ,= he :o is a corrupt] ( ! laws is m ?an likely to be a corrupt] ( ! "y & fooli% portion ( mank9d4 ,w y !n flee f well-ord]$ cities & virtu\s m58 & is exi/5ce wor? hav+ on ^! t]ms8 ,or w y g to !m )\t %ame1 & talk to !m1 ,socrates8 ,& :at w y say to !m8 ,:at y say "h ab\t virtue & ju/ice & in/itutions & laws be+ ! be/ ?+s among m58 ,w\ld t be dec5t ( y8 ,surely n4 ,b if y g away f well-gov]n$ /ates to ,crito's fri5ds 9 ,!ssaly1 :]e !re is great disord] & lic5ce1 !y w be *>m$ to he> ! tale ( y\r escape f prison1 set (f ) ludicr\s p>ticul>s ( ! mann] 9 :i* y 7 wrapp$ 9 a goatsk9 or "s o!r disguise1 & metamorphos$ z ! mann] is ( runaways2 b w !re be no "o to rem9d y t 9 y\r old age y 7 n a%am$ to violate ! mo/ sacr$ laws f a mis]able desire ( a little m life8 ,p]haps n1 if y keep !m 9 a good temp]2 b if !y are out ( temp] y w he> _m degrad+ ?+s2 y w live1 b h[8--z ! flatt]] ( all m51 & ! s]vant ( all m52 & do+ :at8--eat+ & dr9k+ 9 ,!ssaly1 hav+ gone abroad 9 ord] t y may get a d9n]4 ,& :]e w be y\r f9e s5tim5ts ab\t ju/ice & virtue8 ,say t y wi% to live = ! #ed sake ( y\r *ildr5--y want to br+ !m up & educate !m--w y take !m into ,!ssaly & deprive !m ( ,a!nian citiz5%ip8 ,is ?is ! b5efit :i* y w conf] ^u !m8 ,or are y "u ! impression t !y w be bett] c>$ = & educat$ "h if y are /ill alive1 al?\gh abs5t f !m2 = y\r fri5ds w take c>e ( !m8 ,d y fancy t if y are an inhabitant ( ,!ssaly !y w take c>e ( !m1 & if y are an inhabitant ( ! o!r _w t !y w n take c>e ( !m8 ,nay2 b if !y :o call !mselves fri5ds are good = any?+1 !y w--to be sure !y w4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re is no answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,let him ?9k ( ju/ice fir/1 & ( life & *ildr5 aft]w>ds4 #8,li/51 !n1 ,socrates1 to u :o h br\ght y up4 ,?9k n ( life & *ildr5 fir/1 & ( ju/ice aft]w>ds1 b ( ju/ice fir/1 t y may be ju/ifi$ be=e ! pr9ces ( ! _w bel[4 ,= nei!r w y nor any t belong to y be happi] or holi] or ju/] 9 ?is life1 or happi] 9 ano!r1 if y d z ,crito bids4 ,n[ y dep>t 9 innoc5ce1 a suff]] & n a do] ( evil2 a victim1 n ( ! laws b ( m54 ,b if y g =?1 return+ evil = evil1 & injury = injury1 break+ ! cov5ants & agreem5ts :i* y h made ) u1 & wrong+ ^? :om y ought lea/ ( all to wrong1 t is to say1 y\rself1 y\r fri5ds1 y\r c\ntry1 & u1 we %all be angry ) y :ile y live1 & our bre?r51 ! laws 9 ! _w bel[1 w receive y z an enemy2 = !y w "k t y h done y\r be/ to de/roy u4 ,li/51 !n1 to u & n to ,crito4' ,sid5ote3 ,! my/ic voice4 ,?is1 de> ,crito1 is ! voice :i* ,i seem to he> murmur+ 9 my e>s1 l ! s\nd ( ! flute 9 ! e>s ( ! my/ic2 t voice1 ,i say1 is humm+ 9 my e>s1 & prev5ts me f he>+ any o!r4 ,& ,i "k t any?+ m :i* y may say w be va94 ,yet speak1 if y h any?+ to say4 ,cr4 ,i h no?+ to say1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,leave me !n1 ,crito1 to fulfil ! w ( ,god1 & to foll[ :i!r he leads4 ,,footnotes #ag ,hom]1 ,il4 ix4 #cfc4 #ah ,cp4 ,apol4 #cg ,c1 ,d4 #ai ,cp4 ,apol4 #cj ,c4 #bj e4 g4 cp4 ,rep4 i4 #cce ,e4 #ba ,cp4 ,pha$r4 #bcj ,c4 #bb ,cp4 ,apol4 #cg ,d4 ,,pha$o4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,pha$o4 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,aft] an int]val ( "s mon?s or ye>s1 & at ,phlius1 ,/eph4 #eg a t[n ( ,peloponnesus1 ! tale ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,socrates is n>rat$ to ,e*ecrates & o!r ,phliasians by ,pha$o ! #8belov$ disciple4' ,! ,dialogue necess>ily takes ! =m ( a n>rative1 because ,socrates has to be describ$ act+ z well z #eh speak+4 ,! m9ute/ p>ticul>s ( ! ev5t are int]e/+ to di/ant fri5ds1 & ! n>rator has an equal int]e/ 9 !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #fj-fd4 ,dur+ ! voyage ( ! sacr$ %ip to & f ,delos1 :i* has occupi$ ?irty days1 ! execution ( ,socrates has be5 def]r$4 7,cp4 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #h4 #b47 ,! "t has be5 pass$ by him 9 conv]sation ) a select company ( disciples4 ,b n[ #ei ! holy season is ov]1 & ! disciples meet e>li] ?an usual 9 ord] t !y may conv]se ) ,socrates = ! la/ "t4 ,^? :o 7 pres5t1 & ^? :o might h be5 expect$ to be pres5t1 are m5tion$ by "n4 ,!re are ,simmias & ,cebes 7,crito #de ,b71 two disciples ( ,philolaus :om ,socrates #8by 8 en*antm5ts has attract$ f ,!bes' 7,mem4 iii4 #aa4 #ag71 ,crito ! ag$ fri5d1 ! att5dant ( ! prison1 :o is z good z a fri5d--^! take "p 9 ! conv]sation4 ,!re are pres5t also1 ,h]mog5es1 f :om ,x5ophon d]iv$ 8 in=mation ab\t ! trial ( ,socrates 7,mem4 iv4 #h4 #d71 ! #8madman' ,apollodorus 7,symp4 #agc ,d71 ,euclid & ,t]psion f ,meg>a 7cp4 ,!aet4 sub init471 ,ctesippus1 ,anti/h5es1 ,m5ex5us1 & "s o!r less-kn[n memb]s ( ! ,socratic circle1 all ( :om are sil5t auditors4 ,ari/ippus1 ,cleombrotus1 & ,plato are not$ z abs5t4 ,almo/ z soon z ! fri5ds ( #fj ,socrates ent] ! prison ,xan?ipp & h] *ildr5 are s5t home 9 ! c>e ( "o ( ,crito's s]vants4 ,socrates himself has j be5 releas$ f *a9s1 & is l$ by ?is circum/ance to make ! natural rem>k t #8pleasure foll[s pa94' 7,obs]ve t ,plato is prep>+ ! way = 8 doctr9e ( ! alt]nation ( opposites47 #8,aesop w\ld h repres5t$ !m 9 a fable z a creature ) two bodies & a s+le head4' ,! m5tion ( ,aesop rem9ds ,cebes ( a "q :i* _h be5 ask$ by ,ev5us ! poet 7cp4 ,apol4 #bj ,a73 #8,:y ,socrates1 :o 0 n a poet1 :ile 9 prison _h be5 putt+ ,aesop into v]se8'--#8,because sev]al times 9 8 life he _h be5 w>n$ 9 dreams t #fa he %\ld practise music2 & z he 0 ab\t to die & 0 n c]ta9 ( :at 0 meant1 he wi%$ to fulfil ! admonition 9 ! lett] z well z 9 ! _s1 by writ+ v]ses z well z by cultivat+ philosophy4 ,tell ?is to ,ev5us2 & say t ,i w\ld h him foll[ me 9 dea?4' #8,he is n at all ! sort ( man to comply ) y\r reque/1 ,socrates4' #8,:y1 is he n a philosoph]8' #8,yes4' #8,!n he w be will+ to die1 al?\gh he w n take 8 own life1 = t is held to be unlawful4' ,cebes asks :y suicide is ?\ght n to be "r1 if dea? is to #fb be acc\nt$ a good8 ,well1 7#a7 accord+ to "o explanation1 because man is a prison]1 :o mu/ n op5 ! door ( 8 prison & run away--?is is ! tru? 9 a #8my/]y4' ,or 7#b7 r1 because he is n 8 own prop]ty1 b a possession ( ! gods1 & has no "r to make away ) t :i* does n belong to him4 ,b :y1 asks ,cebes1 if he is a possession ( ! gods1 %\ld he wi% to die & leave !m8 = he is "u _! protection2 & surely he _c take bett] c>e ( himself ?an !y take ( him4 ,simmias expla9s t ,cebes is really #fc ref]r+ to ,socrates1 :om !y ?9k too unmov$ at ! prospect ( leav+ ! gods & 8 fri5ds4 ,socrates answ]s t he is go+ to o!r gods :o are wise & good1 & p]haps to bett] fri5ds2 & he pr(esses t he is ready to def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( ,cebes4 ,! company %all be 8 judges1 & he hopes t he w be m successful 9 conv9c+ !m ?an he _h be5 9 conv9c+ ! c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #fd-gc4 ,! philosoph] desires dea?--:i* ! wick$ _w w #fd ins9uate t he also des]ves3 & p]haps he does1 b n 9 any s5se :i* !y are capable ( und]/&+4 ,en\gh ( !m3 ! real "q is1 ,:at is ! nature ( t dea? :i* he desires8 ,dea? is ! sep>ation ( s\l & body--& ! philosoph] desires su* a sep>ation4 ,he w\ld l to be fre$ f ! dom9ion ( bodily pleasures & ( ! s5ses1 :i* are always p]turb+ 8 m5tal vision4 ,he wants to get #fe rid ( eyes & e>s1 & ) ! light ( ! m9d only to behold ! light ( tru?4 ,all ! evils & impurities & necessities ( m5 come f ! body4 ,& dea? sep>ates him f #ff ^! corruptions1 :i* 9 life he _c :olly lay aside4 ,:y !n %\ld he rep9e :5 ! h\r ( sep>ation arrives8 #fg ,:y1 if he is dead :ile he lives1 %\ld he fe> t o!r dea?1 ?r\gh :i* alone he c behold wisdom 9 h] purity8 #fh ,besides1 ! philosoph] has notions ( good & evil unlike ^? ( o!r m54 ,= !y are c\rage\s because !y are afraid ( great] dang]s1 & temp]ate because !y desire #fi great] pleasures4 ,b he disda9s ?is balanc+ ( pleasures & pa9s1 :i* is ! ex*ange ( comm]ce & n ( virtue4 ,all ! virtues1 includ+ wisdom1 are reg>d$ by him only z purifications ( ! s\l4 ,& ?is 0 ! mean+ ( ! f\nd]s ( ! my/]ies :5 !y said1 #8,_m are ! w&-be>]s b few are ! my/ics4' 7,cp4 ,matt4 xxii4 #ad3 #8,_m are call$1 b few are *os54'7 ,& 9 ! hope t he is "o ( ^! my/ics1 ,socrates is n[ dep>t+4 ,?is is 8 answ] to any "o :o *>ges him ) indiff]5ce at ! prospect ( leav+ ! gods & 8 fri5ds4 ,/ill1 a fe> is express$ t ! s\l ^u leav+ ! body #gj may vani% away l smoke or air4 ,socrates 9 answ] appeals fir/ ( all to ! old ,orphic tradition t ! s\ls ( ! dead are 9 ! _w bel[1 & t ! liv+ come f !m4 ,?is he attempts to f\nd on a philosophical assumption t all opposites--e4 g4 less1 great]2 weak]1 /rong]2 sleep+1 #ga wak+2 life1 dea?--are g5]at$ out ( ea* o!r4 ,nor c ! process ( g5]ation be only a passage f liv+ to dy+1 = !n all w\ld end 9 dea?4 ,! p]petual sleep] 7,endymion7 #gb w\ld be no long] di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! circle ( nature is n complete unless ! liv+ come f ! dead z well z pass to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #gc-hj4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce is !n adduc$ z a confirmation ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,"s pro(s ( ?is doctr9e are dem&$4 ,"o pro( giv5 is ! same z t #gc ( ! ,m5o 7#hb foll471 & is d]iv$ f ! lat5t k ( ma!matics1 :i* may be elicit$ f an unle>n$ p]son :5 a diagram is pres5t$ to him4 ,aga91 !re is a p[] ( association1 :i* f see+ ,simmias may rememb] ,cebes1 or f see+ a picture ( ,simmias may rememb] ,simmias4 ,! #gd lyre may recall ! play] ( ! lyre1 & equal pieces ( wood or /one may be associat$ ) ! high] notion ( absolute equality4 ,b "h obs]ve t mat]ial equalities fall %ort ( ! conception ( absolute equality ) :i* !y are comp>$1 & :i* is ! measure ( !m4 ,& ! measure or /&>d mu/ be prior to t :i* is measur$1 ! idea ( #ge equality prior to ! visible equals4 ,& if prior to !m1 !n prior also to ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses :i* recall !m1 & !re=e ei!r giv5 be=e bir? or at bir?4 ,b all m5 h #gf n ?is k1 nor h any )\t a process ( rem9isc5ce2 :i* is a pro( t x is n innate or giv5 at bir?1 unless inde$ x 0 giv5 & tak5 away at ! same in/ant4 ,b if n giv5 to m5 9 bir?1 x mu/ h be5 giv5 be=e bir?--?is is ! only alt]native :i* rema9s4 ,& if we _h ideas 9 a =m] /ate1 !n our s\ls mu/ h exi/$ & mu/ h _h intellig5ce 9 a =m] /ate4 ,! pre-exi/5ce #gg ( ! s\l /&s or falls ) ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,x is object$ by ,simmias & ,cebes t ^! argum5ts only prove a =m] & n a future exi/5ce4 ,socrates answ]s ?is objection by recall+ ! previ\s argum5t1 9 :i* he _h %[n t ! liv+ come f ! dead4 ,b ! fe> t ! s\l at dep>t+ may vani% into air 7especially if !re is a w9d bl[+ at ! "t7 has n yet be5 *>m$ away4 ,he proce$s3 #gh ,:5 we fe> t ! s\l w vani% away1 let u ask ourselves :at is t :i* we suppose to be liable to dissolution8 ,is x ! simple or ! comp\nd1 ! un*ang+ or ! *ang+1 ! invisible idea or ! visible object ( s5se8 ,cle>ly ! latt] & n ! =m]2 & !re=e n ! s\l1 #gi :i* 9 h] own pure ?\ght is un*angeable1 & only :5 us+ ! s5ses desc5ds into ! region ( *ange4 ,aga91 ! s\l comm&s1 ! body s]ves3 9 ?is respect too ! s\l is #hj ak9 to ! div9e1 & ! body to ! mortal4 ,& 9 e po9t ( view ! s\l is ! image ( div9ity & immortality1 & ! body ( ! human & mortal4 ,& :]eas ! body is liable to spe$y dissolution1 ! s\l is almo/ if n q indissoluble4 7,cp4 ,tim4 #da ,a47 ,yet ev5 ! body may be pres]v$ = ages by ! embalm]'s art3 h[ unlikely1 !n1 t ! s\l w p]i% & be dissipat$ into air :ile on h] way to ! good & wise ,god6 ,%e has be5 ga!r$ into h]self2 hold+ alo( f ! body1 & practis+ dea? all h] life long1 & %e #ha is n[ f9ally releas$ f ! errors & follies & passions ( m51 & = ev] dwells 9 ! company ( ! gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #hj-he4 ,b ! s\l :i* is pollut$ & engross$ by ! corporeal1 & has no eye except t ( ! s5ses1 & is weigh$ d[n by ! bodily appetites1 _c atta9 to ?is ab/raction4 ,9 h] fe> ( ! _w bel[ %e l+]s ab\t ! sepul*re1 loa? to leave ! body :i* %e lov$1 a gho/ly app>ition1 saturat$ ) s5se1 & !re=e visible4 ,at l5g? ent]+ into "s animal ( a nature cong5ial to h] =m] life ( s5suality or #hb viol5ce1 %e takes ! =m ( an ass1 a wolf or a kite4 ,& ( ^! e>?ly s\ls ! happie/ are ^? :o h practis$ virtue )\t philosophy2 !y are all[$ to pass into g5tle & social natures1 su* z bees & ants4 7,cp4 ,rep4 x4 #fai ,c1 ,m5o #ajj ,a47 ,b only ! philosoph] :o dep>ts pure is p]mitt$ to ent] ! company ( ! gods4 7,cp4 ,pha$rus #bdi47 ,?is is ! reason :y he ab/a9s f fle%ly lu/s1 & n because he fe>s loss or disgrace1 :i* is ! motive ( o!r m54 ,he too has be5 a captive1 & ! will+ ag5t ( 8 #hc own captivity4 ,b philosophy has spok5 to him1 & he has he>d h] voice2 %e has g5tly entreat$ him1 & br\ght him out ( ! #8miry clay1' & purg$ away ! mi/s ( passion & ! illusions ( s5se :i* envelope him2 8 s\l has escap$ f ! influ5ce ( pleasures & pa9s1 :i* are l nails fa/5+ h] to ! body4 ,to t prison-h\se %e w n #hd return2 & !re=e %e ab/a9s f bodily pleasures--n f a desire ( hav+ m or great] ones1 b because %e kn[s t only :5 calm & free f ! dom9ion ( ! body c %e behold ! light ( tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #he-ic4 ,simmias & ,cebes rema9 9 d\bt2 b !y are unwill+ to raise objections at su* a "t4 ,socrates wond]s at _! reluctance4 ,let !m reg>d him r z ! swan1 :o1 hav+ sung ! praises ( ,apollo all 8 life long1 s+s at 8 #he dea? m lu/ily ?an ev]4 7,cp4 #fj ,d47 ,simmias ackn[l$ges t !re is c[>dice 9 n prob+ tru? to ! bottom4 #8,& if tru? div9e & inspir$ is n to be _h1 !n let a man take ! be/ ( human notions1 & ^u ?is frail b>k let him sail ?r\gh life4' ,he proce$s to /ate 8 difficulty3 ,x has #hf be5 argu$ t ! s\l is invisible & incorporeal1 & !re=e immortal1 & prior to ! body4 ,b is n ! s\l ackn[l$g$ to be a h>mony1 & has %e n ! same relation to ! body1 z ! h>mony--:i* l h] is invisible--has to ! lyre8 ,& yet ! h>mony does n survive ! lyre4 ,cebes has also an objection1 :i* l ,simmias he expresses 9 a figure4 ,he is will+ to admit t ! s\l is m la/+ ?an ! body4 ,b ! m la/+ nature ( ! s\l #hg does n prove h] immortality2 = aft] hav+ worn out _m bodies 9 a s+le life1 & _m m 9 successive bir?s & dea?s1 %e may at la/ p]i%1 or1 z ,socrates aft]w>ds re/ates ! objection1 ! v act ( bir? may be ! beg9n+ ( h] dea?1 & h] la/ body may survive h]1 j z ! coat ( an old weav] is left beh9d him aft] he is dead1 al?\gh a man is #hh m la/+ ?an 8 coat4 ,& he :o w\ld prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 mu/ prove n only t ! s\l outlives "o or _m bodies1 b t %e outlives !m all4 ,! audi5ce1 l ! *orus 9 a play1 = a mom5t int]pret ! feel+s ( ! actors2 !re is a tempor>y depression1 & #hi !n ! enquiry is resum$4 ,x is a melan*oly reflection t argum5ts1 l m51 are apt to be deceiv]s2 & ^? :o h be5 (t5 deceiv$ become di/ru/ful bo? ( argum5ts & ( fri5ds4 ,b ?is un=tunate exp]i5ce %\ld n make u ei!r hat]s ( m5 or hat]s ( argum5ts4 ,! want ( #ij heal? & tru? is n 9 ! argum5t1 b 9 ourselves4 ,socrates1 :o is ab\t to die1 is s5sible ( 8 own weakness2 #ia he desires to be imp>tial1 b he _c help feel+ t he has too great an int]e/ 9 ! tru? ( ! argum5t4 ,& !re=e he w\ld h 8 fri5ds exam9e & refute him1 if !y ?9k t he is 9 error4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ic-ih4 ,at 8 reque/ ,simmias & ,cebes repeat _! objections4 ,!y d n g to ! l5g? ( d5y+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( #ib ideas4 ,simmias is ( op9ion t ! s\l is a h>mony ( ! body4 ,b ! admission ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ideas1 & !re=e ( ! s\l1 is at v>iance ) ?is4 7,cp4 a p>allel difficulty 9 ,!aet4 #bjc1 #bjd47 ,= a h>mony is an effect1 #ic :]eas ! s\l is n an effect1 b a cause2 a h>mony foll[s1 b ! s\l leads2 a h>mony admits ( degrees1 & ! s\l has no degrees4 ,aga91 ^u ! supposition t ! s\l is a h>mony1 :y is "o s\l bett] ?an ano!r8 ,are !y m or less h>moniz$1 or is !re "o h>mony )9 ano!r8 ,b ! s\l does n admit ( degrees1 & _c !re=e be #id m or less h>moniz$4 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is (t5 engag$ 9 resi/+ ! affections ( ! body1 z ,hom] describes ,odysseus rebuk+ 8 he>t4' ,c\ld he h writt5 ?is "u ! idea #ie t ! s\l is a h>mony ( ! body8 ,nay r1 are we n contradict+ ,hom] & ourselves 9 affirm+ any?+ ( ! sort8 ,! goddess ,h>monia1 z ,socrates playfully t]ms ! argum5t ( ,simmias1 has be5 happily dispos$ (2 & n[ an answ] has to be giv5 to ! ,!ban ,cadmus4 ,socrates recapitulates ! argum5t ( ,cebes1 :i*1 z he rem>ks1 involves #if ! :ole "q ( natural gr[? or causation2 ab\t ?is he proposes to n>rate 8 own m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,:5 he 0 "y he _h puzzl$ himself ) physics3 he _h enquir$ into ! gr[? & decay ( animals1 & ! orig9 ( ?\ght1 until at la/ he began to d\bt ! self-evid5t fact t gr[? is ! result ( eat+ & dr9k+2 & s he arriv$ at ! conclusion t he 0 n meant = su* enquiries4 ,nor 0 he less p]plex$ ) notions ( comp>ison & numb]4 ,at fir/ he _h imag9$ himself to und]/& diff]5ces ( great] & less1 & to "k t t5 is two m ?an eight1 & ! l4 ,b n[ ^? v notions appe>$ to him to conta9 a contradiction4 ,= h[ c "o be divid$ into two8 or two be #ig comp\nd$ into "o8 ,^! are difficulties :i* ,socrates _c answ]4 ,( g5]ation & de/ruction he kn[s no?+4 ,b he has a confus$ notion ( ano!r me?od 9 :i* matt]s ( ?is sort are to be inve/igat$4 7,cp4 ,rep4 iv4 #dce ,d2 vii4 #ecc ,a2 ,*>m4 #agj foll47 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ih-ajb4 ,!n he he>d "s "o read+ out ( a book ( ,anaxagoras1 t m9d is ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,& he said to himself3 ,if m9d is ! cause ( all ?+s1 surely m9d mu/ dispose !m all = ! be/4 ,! new tea*] w %[ me ?is #8ord] ( ! #ih be/' 9 man & nature4 ,h[ great _h be5 8 hopes & h[ great 8 disappo9tm5t6 ,= he f\nd t 8 new fri5d 0 any?+ b consi/5t 9 8 use ( m9d z a cause1 & t he soon introduc$ w9ds1 wat]s1 & o!r ecc5tric notions4 7,cp4 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 i4 #d1 #e47 ,x 0 z if a p]son _h said t ,socrates is sitt+ "h because he is made up ( bones & muscles1 #ii in/ead ( tell+ ! true reason--t he is "h because ! ,a!nians h ?\ght good to s5t5ce him to dea?1 & he has ?\ght good to await 8 s5t5ce4 ,_h 8 bones & muscles be5 left by him to _! own ideas ( "r1 !y w\ld long ago h tak5 !mselves (f4 ,b surely !re is a great confusion ( ! cause & condition 9 all ?is4 ,& ?is confusion also leads p into all sorts ( errone\s !ories ab\t ! position & motions ( ! e>?4 ,none ( !m "k h[ mu* /rong] ?an any ,atlas is ! p[] ( ! be/4 ,b ?is #8be/' is /ill undiscov]$2 & 9 enquir+ aft] ! cause1 we c only hope to atta9 ! second be/4 ,n[ !re is a dang] 9 ! contemplation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 z !re is a dang] 9 look+ at ! sun dur+ an eclipse1 #ajj unless ! precaution is tak5 ( look+ only at ! image reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 or 9 a glass4 7,cp4 ,laws x4 #hig ,d2 ,rep4 vii4 #eaf foll47 #8,i 0 afraid1' says ,socrates1 #8t ,i might injure ! eye ( ! s\l4 ,i ?\ght t ,i _h bett] return to ! old & safe me?od ( ideas4 ,?\gh ,i d n mean to say t he :o contemplates exi/5ce ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ideas sees only ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 any m ?an he :o contemplates actual effects4' ,if ! exi/5ce ( ideas is grant$ to him1 ,socrates is ( op9ion t he w !n h no difficulty 9 prov+ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he w only ask = a fur!r admission3--t beauty is ! cause ( ! beautiful1 greatness ! cause ( ! great1 smallness ( ! small1 & s on ( o!r ?+s4 ,?is is a safe #aja & simple answ]1 :i* escapes ! contradictions ( great] & less 7great] by reason ( t :i* is small]671 ( addition & subtraction1 & ! o!r difficulties ( relation4 ,^! subtleties he is = leav+ to wis] heads ?an 8 own2 he pref]s to te/ ideas by ! consi/5cy ( _! consequ5ces1 &1 if ask$ to give an acc\nt ( !m1 goes back to "s high] idea or hypo!sis :i* appe>s to him to be ! be/1 until at la/ he arrives at a re/+-place4 7,rep4 vi4 #eaj foll42 ,phil4 #af foll47 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ajb-ajg4 ,! doctr9e ( ideas1 :i* has long ago receiv$ ! ass5t ( #ajb ! ,socratic circle1 is n[ affirm$ by ! ,phliasian auditor to comm& ! ass5t ( any man ( s5se4 ,! n>rative is cont9u$2 ,socrates is desir\s ( expla9+ h[ opposite ideas may appe> to co-exi/ b d n really co-exi/ 9 ! same ?+ or p]son4 ,= example1 ,simmias may be said to h greatness & also smallness1 because he is great] ?an ,socrates & less ?an ,pha$o4 ,& yet ,simmias is n really great & also small1 b only :5 comp>$ to ,pha$o & ,socrates4 ,i use ! illu/ration1 says ,socrates1 because ,i want to %[ y n only t ideal opposites exclude "o ano!r1 b also ! opposites 9 u4 ,i1 = example1 hav+ ! attribute ( smallness rema9 small1 & _c become great3 ! smallness :i* is 9 me drives out greatness4 #ajc ,"o ( ! company "h rem>k$ t ?is 0 inconsi/5t ) ! old ass]tion t opposites g5]at$ opposites4 ,b t1 replies ,socrates1 0 affirm$1 n ( opposite ideas ei!r 9 u or 9 nature1 b ( opposition 9 ! concrete--n ( life & dea?1 b ( individuals liv+ & dy+4 ,:5 ?is objection has be5 remov$1 ,socrates proce$s3 ,?is doctr9e ( ! mutual exclusion ( opposites is n only true ( ! opposites !mselves1 b ( ?+s :i* are insep>able f !m4 ,= example1 cold & heat are oppos$2 & fire1 :i* is insep>able f heat1 _c co-exi/ ) cold1 or sn[1 :i* is insep>able f cold1 ) heat4 ,aga91 ! numb] ?ree excludes ! numb] f\r1 because ?ree is an odd numb] & f\r is an ev5 numb]1 & ! odd is oppos$ to ! ev54 ,?us we are able to #ajd proce$ a /ep beyond #8! safe & simple answ]4' ,we may say1 n only t ! odd excludes ! ev51 b t ! numb] ?ree1 :i* p>ticipates 9 oddness1 excludes ! ev54 ,& 9 #aje l mann]1 n only does life exclude dea?1 b ! s\l1 ( :i* life is ! insep>able attribute1 also excludes dea?4 ,& t ( :i* life is ! insep>able attribute is by ! =ce ( ! t]ms imp]i%able4 ,if ! odd pr9ciple 7 imp]i%able1 !n #ajf ! numb] ?ree w\ld n p]i% b remove1 on ! approa* ( ! ev5 pr9ciple4 ,b ! immortal is imp]i%able2 & !re=e ! s\l on ! approa* ( dea? does n p]i% b removes4 ,?us all objections appe> to be f9ally sil5c$4 ,& n[ ! #ajg application has to be made3 ,if ! s\l is immortal1 #8:at mann] ( p]sons ought we to be8' hav+ reg>d n only to "t b to et]nity4 ,= dea? is n ! end ( all1 & ! wick$ is n releas$ f 8 evil by dea?2 b e "o c>ries ) him into ! _w bel[ t :i* he is or has become1 & t only4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ajg-aab4 ,= aft] dea? ! s\l is c>ri$ away to judgm5t1 & :5 %e has receiv$ h] puni%m5t returns to e>? 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,! wise s\l is consci\s ( h] situation1 & foll[s ! #ajh att5dant angel :o guides h] ?r\gh ! w9d+s ( ! _w bel[2 b ! impure s\l w&]s hi!r & ?i!r )\t companion or guide1 & is c>ri$ at la/ to h] own place1 z ! pure s\l is also c>ri$ away to h]s4 #8,9 ord] t y may und]/& ?is1 ,i mu/ fir/ describe to y ! nature & con=mation ( ! e>?4' ,n[ ! :ole e>? is a globe plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5s1 & is ma9ta9$ !re by ! p]fection ( balance4 #aji ,t :i* we call ! e>? is only "o ( _m small holl[s1 :]e9 collect ! mi/s & wat]s & ! ?ick l[] air2 b ! true e>? is above1 & is 9 a f9] & subtl] elem5t4 ,& if1 l birds1 we c\ld fly to ! surface ( ! air1 9 ! same mann] t fi%es come to ! top ( ! sea1 !n we %\ld behold ! true e>? & ! true heav5 & ! true />s4 ,our #aaj e>? is ev]y:]e corrupt$ & corrod$2 & ev5 ! l&1 :i* is fair] ?an ! sea1 = t is a m]e *aos or wa/e ( wat] & mud & s&1 has no?+ to %[ 9 comp>ison ( ! o!r _w4 ,b ! heav5ly e>? is ( div]s col\rs1 sp>kl+ ) jewels bright] ?an gold & :it] ?an any sn[1 hav+ fl[]s & fruits innum]able4 ,& ! inhabitants #aaa dwell "s on ! %ore ( ! sea ( air1 o!rs 9 #8islets ( ! ble/1' & !y hold conv]se ) ! gods1 & behold ! sun1 moon & />s z !y truly are1 & _! o!r bless$ness is ( a piece ) ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #aab-aaf4 ,! holl[s on ! surface ( ! globe v>y 9 size & %ape f t :i* we inhabit3 b all are connect$ by passages & p]=ations 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,& !re is "o huge *asm or op5+ call$ ,t>t>us1 into :i* /reams ( fire & wat] & liquid mud are ev] fl[+2 ( ^! small portions f9d _! way to ! surface & =m seas & riv]s & #aab volcanoes4 ,!re is a p]petual inhalation & exhalation ( ! air ris+ & fall+ z ! wat]s pass into ! dep?s ( ! e>? & return aga91 9 _! c\rse =m+ lakes & riv]s1 b nev] desc5d+ bel[ ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 = on ei!r side ! riv]s fl[+ ei!r way are /opp$ by a precipice4 ,^! riv]s are _m & mighty1 & !re are f\r pr9cipal ones1 ,oceanus1 ,a*]on1 ,pyriphlege?on1 & ,cocytus4 ,oceanus is ! riv] :i* encircles ! e>?2 ,a*]on takes an opposite direction1 & aft] fl[+ "u ! e>? ?r\gh des]t places1 at la/ rea*es ! ,a*]usian lake1--?is is ! riv] at :i* ! #aac s\ls ( ! dead await _! return to e>?4 ,pyriphlege?on is a /ream ( fire1 :i* coils r\nd ! e>? & fl[s into ! dep?s ( ,t>t>us4 ,! f\r? riv]1 ,cocytus1 is t :i* is call$ by ! poets ! ,/ygian riv]1 & passes into & =ms ! lake ,/yx1 f ! wat]s ( :i* x ga9s new & /range p[]s4 ,?is riv]1 too1 falls into ,t>t>us4 ,! dead are fir/ ( all judg$ accord+ to _! de$s1 & ^? :o are incurable are ?ru/ into ,t>t>us1 f :i* !y nev] come out4 ,^? :o h only committ$ v5ial s9s are fir/ purifi$ ( !m1 & !n rew>d$ = ! good :i* !y h done4 ,^? :o h committ$ crimes1 great inde$1 b #aad n unp>donable1 are ?ru/ into ,t>t>us1 b are ca/ =? at ! end ( a ye> by way ( ,pyriphlege?on or ,cocytus1 & ^! c>ry !m z f> z ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e !y call ^u _! victims to let !m come out ( ! riv]s into ! lake4 ,& if !y prevail1 !n !y are let out & _! suff]+s cease3 if n1 !y are borne unceas+ly into ,t>t>us & back aga91 until !y at la/ obta9 m]cy4 ,! pure s\ls also receive _! rew>d1 & h _! abode 9 ! upp] e>?1 & a select few 9 /ill fair] #8mansions4' ,socrates is n prep>$ to insi/ on ! lit]al accuracy ( ?is description1 b he is confid5t t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4 ,he :o has s\ght aft] ! pleasures ( k & reject$ ! pleasures ( ! body1 has reason to be ( good hope at ! approa* ( dea?2 ^: voice is already speak+ to him1 & :o w "o day be he>d call+ all m54 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #aag-aah4 ,! h\r has come at :i* he mu/ dr9k ! poison1 & n #aae mu* rema9s to be done4 ,h[ %all !y bury him8 ,t is a "q :i* he refuses to ent]ta91 = !y are bury+1 n him1 b 8 dead body4 ,8 fri5ds _h once be5 sureties t #aaf he w\ld rema91 & !y %all n[ be sureties t he has run away4 ,yet he w\ld n die )\t ! cu/om>y c]emonies ( wa%+ & burial4 ,%all he make a libation ( ! poison8 ,9 #aag ! _s he w1 b n 9 ! lett]4 ,"o reque/ he utt]s 9 ! v act ( dea?1 :i* has be5 a puzzle to aft] ages4 ,) a sort ( irony he rememb]s t a trifl+ religi\s duty is #aah /ill unfulfill$1 j z above 7#fj ,e7 he desires be=e he dep>ts to compose a few v]ses 9 ord] to satisfy a scruple ab\t a dream--unless1 inde$1 we suppose him to mean1 t he 0 n[ re/or$ to heal?1 & made ! cu/om>y (f]+ to ,asclepius 9 tok5 ( 8 recov]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l has sunk deep into ! he>t ( ! human race2 & m5 are apt to rebel aga9/ any exam9ation ( ! nature or gr\nds ( _! belief4 ,!y d n l to ackn[l$ge t ?is1 z well z ! o!r #8et]nal ideas' ( man1 has a hi/ory 9 "t1 :i* may be trac$ 9 ,greek poetry or philosophy1 & also 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,!y conv]t feel+ into reason+1 & ?r[ a network ( dialectics ov] t :i* is really a deeply-root$ in/9ct4 ,9 ! same temp] :i* ,socrates reproves 9 himself 7#ia ,b7 !y are dispos$ to ?9k t ev5 fallacies w d no h>m1 = !y w die ) !m1 & :ile !y live !y w ga9 by ! delusion4 ,& :5 !y consid] ! numb]less bad argum5ts :i* h be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( !ology1 !y say1 l ! companions ( ,socrates1 #8,:at argum5t c we ev] tru/ aga98' ,b !re is a bett] & high] _s to be ga!r$ f ! ,pha$o1 z well z f ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato1 :i* says t fir/ pr9ciples %\ld be mo/ con/antly review$ 7,pha$o #ajg ,b1 & ,crat4 #dcf71 & t ! highe/ subjects dem& ( u ! greate/ accuracy 7,rep4 vi4 #ejd ,e72 also t we mu/ n become misologi/s because argum5ts are apt to be deceiv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #b4 ,9 =m] ages !re 0 a cu/om>y r ?an a reason$ belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 on ! necessity ( su* a belief to morality & ! ord] ( society1 on ! evid5ce ( an hi/orical fact1 & also on analogies & figures ( spee* :i* fill$ up ! void or gave an expression 9 words to a *]i%$ in/9ct4 ,! mass ( mank9d w5t on _! way busy ) ! affairs ( ?is life1 h>dly /opp+ to ?9k ab\t ano!r4 ,b 9 our own day ! "q has be5 reop5$1 & x is d\btful :e!r ! belief :i* 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! /ronge/ motive ( action c survive ! conflict ) a sci5tific age 9 :i* ! rules ( evid5ce are /rict] & ! m9d has become m s5sitive to criticism4 ,x has fad$ into ! di/ance by a natural process z x 0 remov$ fur!r & fur!r f ! hi/orical fact on :i* x has be5 suppos$ to re/4 ,argum5ts d]iv$ f mat]ial ?+s su* z ! se$ & ! e> ( corn or transitions 9 ! life ( animals f "o /ate ( be+ to ano!r 7! *rysalis & ! butt]fly7 are n #89 p>i mat]ia' ) argum5ts f ! visible to ! invisible1 & are !re=e felt to be no long] applicable4 ,! evid5ce to ! hi/orical fact seems to be weak] ?an 0 once suppos$3 x is n consi/5t ) itself1 & is bas$ ^u docum5ts :i* are ( unkn[n orig94 ,! immortality ( man mu/ be prov$ by o!r argum5ts ?an ^! if x is aga9 to become a liv+ belief4 ,we mu/ ask ourselves afre% :y we /ill ma9ta9 x1 & seek to discov] a f\ndation = x 9 ! nature ( ,god & 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality4 #c4 ,at ! outset ( ! discussion we may cle> away a confusion4 ,we c]ta9ly d n mean by ! immortality ( ! s\l ! immortality ( fame1 :i* :e!r wor? hav+ or n c only be ascrib$ to a v select class ( ! :ole race ( mank9d1 & ev5 ! int]e/ 9 ^! few is comp>atively %ort-liv$4 ,to h be5 a b5efactor to ! _w1 :e!r 9 a high] or a l[] sph]e ( life & ?\ght1 is a great ?+3 to h ! reputation ( be+ "o1 :5 m5 h pass$ out ( ! sph]e ( e>?ly praise or blame1 is h>dly wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! memory ( a great man1 s f> f be+ immortal1 is really limit$ to 8 own g5]ation3--s long z 8 fri5ds or 8 disciples are alive1 s long z 8 books cont9ue to be read1 s long z 8 political or milit>y successes fill a page 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! praises :i* are be/[$ ^u him at 8 dea? h>dly la/ long] ?an ! fl[]s :i* are /rew$ ^u 8 c(f9 or ! #8immortelles' :i* are laid ^u 8 tomb4 ,lit]ature makes ! mo/ ( its h]oes1 b ! true man is well aw>e t f> f enjoy+ an immortality ( fame1 9 a g5]ation or two1 or ev5 9 a mu* %ort] "t1 he w be =gott5 & ! _w w get on )\t him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #d4 ,mod]n philosophy is p]plex$ at ?is :ole "q1 :i* is sometimes fairly giv5 up & h&$ ov] to ! realm ( fai?4 ,! p]plexity %\ld n be =gott5 by u :5 we attempt to submit ! ,pha$o ( ,plato to ! requirem5ts ( logic4 ,= :at idea c we =m ( ! s\l :5 sep>at$ f ! body8 ,or h[ c ! s\l be unit$ ) ! body & /ill be indep5d5t8 ,is ! s\l relat$ to ! body z ! ideal to ! real1 or z ! :ole to ! p>ts1 or z ! subject to ! object1 or z ! cause to ! effect1 or z ! end to ! means8 ,%all we say ) ,ari/otle1 t ! s\l is ! entele*y or =m ( an organiz$ liv+ body8 or ) ,plato1 t %e has a life ( h] own8 ,is ! ,py?agorean image ( ! h>mony1 or t ( ! monad1 ! tru] expression8 ,is ! s\l relat$ to ! body z sight to ! eye1 or z ! boatman to 8 boat8 7,ari/4 de ,anim4 ii4 #a1 #aa1 #ab47 ,& 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ is ! s\l to be conceiv$ ( z vani%+ into inf9ity1 h>dly possess+ an exi/5ce :i* %e c call h] own1 z 9 ! pan!i/ic sy/em ( ,sp9oza8 or z an individual in=m+ ano!r body & ent]+ into new relations1 b reta9+ h] own "*8 7,cp4 ,gorgias1 #ebd ,b1 ,c47 ,or is ! opposition ( s\l & body a m]e illusion1 & ! true self nei!r s\l nor body1 b ! union ( ! two 9 ! #8,i' :i* is above !m8 ,& is dea? ! ass]tion ( ?is individuality 9 ! high] nature1 & ! fall+ away into no?+ness ( ! l[]8 ,or are we va9ly attempt+ to pass ! b\nd>ies ( human ?\ght8 ,! body & ! s\l seem to be insep>able1 n only 9 fact1 b 9 our conceptions ( !m2 & any philosophy :i* too closely unites !m1 or too widely sep>ates !m1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ano!r1 di/urbs ! balance ( human nature4 ,no ?9k] has p]fectly adju/$ !m1 or be5 entirely consi/5t ) himself 9 describ+ _! relation to "o ano!r4 ,nor c we wond] t ,plato 9 ! infancy ( human ?\ght %\ld h confus$ my?ology & philosophy1 or h mi/ak5 v]bal argum5ts = real ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #e4 ,aga91 believ+ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we mu/ /ill ask ! "q ( ,socrates1 #8,:at is t :i* we suppose to be immortal8' ,is x ! p]sonal & individual elem5t 9 u1 or ! spiritual & univ]sal8 ,is x ! pr9ciple ( k or ( goodness1 or ! union ( ! two8 ,is x ! m]e =ce ( life :i* is det]m9$ to be1 or ! consci\sness ( self :i* _c be got rid (1 or ! fire ( g5ius :i* refuses to be ext+ui%$8 ,or is !re a hidd5 be+ :i* is alli$ to ! ,au?or ( all exi/5ce1 :o is because he is p]fect1 & to :om our ideas ( p]fection give u a title to belong8 ,:atev] answ] is giv5 by u to ^! que/ions1 !re /ill rema9s ! necessity ( all[+ ! p]man5ce ( evil1 if n = ev]1 at any rate = a "t1 9 ord] t ! wick$ #8may n h too good a b>ga94' ,= ! annihilation ( evil at dea?1 or ! et]nal duration ( x1 seem to involve equal difficulties 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,sometimes we are l$ by our feel+s1 r ?an by our reason1 to ?9k ( ! good & wise only z exi/+ 9 ano!r life4 ,:y %\ld ! mean1 ! weak1 ! idiot1 ! infant1 ! h]d ( m5 :o h nev] 9 any prop] s5se ! use ( reason1 reappe> ) bl9k+ eyes 9 ! light ( ano!r _w8 ,b our second ?\ght is t ! hope ( humanity is a common "o1 & t all or none w be p>tak]s ( immortality4 ,reason does n all[ u to suppose t we h any great] claims ?an o!rs1 & exp]i5ce may (t5 reveal to u unexpect$ fla%es ( ! high] nature 9 ^? :om we _h despis$4 ,:y %\ld ! wick$ suff] any m ?an ourselves8 _h we be5 plac$ 9 _! circum/ances %\ld we h be5 any bett] ?an !y8 ,! wor/ ( m5 are objects ( pity r ?an ( ang] to ! philan?ropi/2 mu/ !y n be equally su* to div9e b5evol5ce8 ,ev5 m ?an ! good !y h ne$ ( ano!r life2 n t !y may be puni%$1 b t !y may be educat$4 ,^! are a few ( ! reflections :i* arise 9 our m9ds :5 we attempt to assign any =m to our conceptions ( a future /ate4 ,!re are "s o!r que/ions :i* are di/urb+ to u because we h no answ] to !m4 ,:at is to become ( ! animals 9 a future /ate8 ,h we n se5 dogs m fai?ful & intellig5t ?an m51 & m5 :o are m /upid & brutal ?an any animals8 ,does _! life cease at dea?1 or is !re "s #8bett] ?+ res]v$' also = !m8 ,!y may be said to h a %ad[ or imitation ( morality1 & imp]fect moral claims ^u ! b5evol5ce ( man & ^u ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,we _c ?9k ( ! lea/ or l[e/ ( !m1 ! insect1 ! bird1 ! inhabitants ( ! sea or ! des]t1 z hav+ any place 9 a future _w1 & if n all1 :y %\ld ^? :o are specially atta*$ to man be deem$ wor?y ( any exceptional privilege8 ,:5 we reason ab\t su* a subject1 almo/ at once we deg5]ate into nons5se4 ,x is a pass+ ?\ght :i* has no real hold on ! m9d4 ,we may argue = ! exi/5ce ( animals 9 a future /ate f ! attributes ( ,god1 or f texts ( ,scripture 7#8,are n two sp>r[s sold = "o f>?+8' c471 b ! tru? is t we are only fill+ up ! void ( ano!r _w ) our own fancies4 ,aga91 we (t5 talk ab\t ! orig9 ( evil1 t great bugbe> ( !ologians1 by :i* !y fright5 u into believ+ any sup]/ition4 ,:at answ] c be made to ! old commonplace1 #8,is n ,god ! au?or ( evil1 if he kn[+ly p]mitt$1 b c\ld h prev5t$ x8' ,ev5 if we assume t ! inequalities ( ?is life are rectifi$ by "s transposition ( human be+s 9 ano!r1 /ill ! exi/5ce ( ! v lea/ evil if x c\ld h be5 avoid$1 seems to be at v>iance ) ! love & ju/ice ( ,god4 ,& s we arrive at ! conclusion t we are c>ry+ logic too f>1 & t ! attempt to frame ! _w accord+ to a rule ( div9e p]fection is oppos$ to exp]i5ce & _h bett] be giv5 up4 ,! case ( ! animals is our own4 ,we mu/ admit t ! ,div9e ,be+1 al?\gh p]fect himself1 has plac$ u 9 a /ate ( life 9 :i* we may "w toge!r ) him = good1 b we are v f> f hav+ atta9$ to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #f4 ,aga91 ideas mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh some?+2 & we are always prone to argue ab\t ! s\l f analogies ( outw>d ?+s :i* may s]ve to embody our ?\ghts1 b are also p>tly delusive4 ,= we _c reason f ! natural to ! spiritual1 or f ! outw>d to ! inw>d4 ,! progress ( physiological sci5ce1 )\t br++ u ne>] to ! great secret1 has t5d$ to remove "s errone\s notions respect+ ! relations ( body & m9d1 & 9 ?is we h ! advantage ( ! anci5ts4 ,b no "o imag9es t any se$ ( immortality is to be disc]n$ 9 our mortal frames4 ,mo/ p h be5 cont5t to re/ _! belief 9 ano!r life on ! agreem5t ( ! m enlight5$ "p ( mank9d1 & on ! insep>able connection ( su* a doctr9e ) ! exi/5ce ( a ,god--also 9 a less degree on ! impossibility ( d\bt+ ab\t ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ^? :om we love & rev]5ce 9 ?is _w4 ,& aft] all has be5 said1 ! figure1 ! analogy1 ! argum5t1 are felt to be only approximations 9 diff]5t =ms to an expression ( ! common s5tim5t ( ! human he>t4 ,t we %all live aga9 is f> m c]ta9 ?an t we %all take any p>ticul> =m ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #g4 ,:5 we speak ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we mu/ ask fur!r :at we mean by ! ^w immortality4 ,= ( ! duration ( a liv+ be+ 9 c\ntless ages we c =m no conception2 f> less ?an a ?ree ye>s' old *ild ( ! :ole ( life4 ,! nak$ eye might z well try to see ! fur!/ /> 9 ! inf9ity ( heav54 ,:e!r "t & space really exi/ :5 we take away ! limits ( !m may be d\bt$2 at any rate ! ?\ght ( !m :5 unlimit$ is s ov]:elm+ to u z to lose all di/9ctness4 ,philosoph]s h spok5 ( !m z =ms ( ! human m9d1 b :at is ! m9d )\t !m8 ,z !n inf9ite "t1 or an exi/5ce out ( "t1 :i* are ! only possible explanations ( et]nal duration1 are equally inconceivable to u1 let u sub/itute = !m a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s aft] dea?1 & ask n :at w be our employm5t 9 et]nity1 b :at w happ5 to u 9 t def9ite portion ( "t2 or :at is n[ happ5+ to ^? :o pass$ out ( life a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,d we imag9e t ! wick$ are suff]+ torm5ts1 or t ! good are s++ ! praises ( ,god1 dur+ a p]iod long] ?an t ( a :ole life1 or ( t5 lives ( m58 ,is ! suff]+ physical or m5tal8 ,& does ! wor%ip ( ,god consi/ only ( praise1 or ( _m =ms ( s]vice8 ,:o are ! wick$1 & :o are ! good1 :om we v5ture to divide by a h>d & fa/ l9e2 & 9 :i* ( ! two classes %\ld we place ourselves & our fri5ds8 ,may we n suspect t we are mak+ diff]5ces ( k9d1 because we are unable to imag9e diff]5ces ( degree8--putt+ ! :ole human race into heav5 or hell = ! great] conv5i5ce ( logical division8 ,are we n at ! same "t describ+ !m bo? 9 sup]latives1 only t we may satisfy ! dem&s ( rhetoric8 ,:at is t pa9 :i* does n become dead5$ aft] a ?\s& ye>s8 or :at is ! nature ( t pleasure or happ9ess :i* nev] we>ies by monotony8 ,e>?ly pleasures & pa9s are %ort 9 proportion z !y are ke52 ( any o!rs :i* are bo? int5se & la/+ we h no exp]i5ce1 & c =m no idea4 ,! words or figures ( spee* :i* we use are n consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,= are we n imag9+ ,heav5 "u ! similitude ( a *ur*1 & ,hell z a prison1 or p]haps a madh\se or *amb] ( horrors8 ,& yet to be+s con/itut$ z we are1 ! monotony ( s++ psalms w\ld be z great an infliction z ! pa9s ( hell1 & might be ev5 pleasantly int]rupt$ by !m4 ,:]e are ! actions wor?y ( rew>ds great] ?an ^? :i* are conf]r$ on ! greate/ b5efactors ( mank9d8 ,& :]e are ! crimes :i* accord+ to ,plato's m]ciful reckon+1--m m]ciful1 at any rate1 ?an ! et]nal damnation ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian tea*]s1--= e t5 ye>s 9 ?is life des]ve a hundr$ ( puni%m5t 9 ! life to come8 ,we %\ld be ready to die ( pity if we c\ld see ! lea/ ( ! suff]+s :i* ! writ]s ( ,inf]nos & ,purgatorios h attribut$ to ! damn$4 ,yet ^! joys & t]rors seem h>dly to ex]cise an appreciable influ5ce ov] ! lives ( m54 ,! wick$ man :5 old1 is n1 z ,plato supposes 7,rep4 i4 #ccj ,d1 ,e71 m agitat$ by ! t]rors ( ano!r _w :5 he is ne>] to !m1 nor ! good 9 an ec/asy at ! joys ( :i* he is soon to be ! p>tak]4 ,age numbs ! s5se ( bo? worlds2 & ! habit ( life is /ronge/ 9 dea?4 ,ev5 ! dy+ "m is dream+ ( h] lo/ *ildr5 z !y 7 =ty or fifty ye>s be=e1 #8patt]+ ov] ! bo>ds1' n ( reunion ) !m 9 ano!r /ate ( be+4 ,mo/ p]sons :5 ! la/ h\r comes are resign$ to ! ord] ( nature & ! w ( ,god4 ,!y are n ?9k+ ( ,dante's ,inf]no or ,p>adiso1 or ( ! ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,heav5 & hell are n realities to !m1 b words or ideas2 ! outw>d symbols ( "s great my/]y1 !y h>dly "k :at4 ,_m noble poems & pictures h be5 sugge/$ by ! traditional repres5tations ( !m1 :i* h be5 fix$ 9 =ms ( art & c no long] be alt]$4 ,_m s]mons h be5 fill$ ) descriptions ( cele/ial or inf]nal mansions4 ,b h>dly ev5 9 *ildhood did ! ?\ght ( heav5 & hell supply ! motives ( our actions1 or at any "t s]i\sly affect ! sub/ance ( our belief4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #h4 ,ano!r life mu/ be describ$1 if at all1 9 =ms ( ?\ght & n ( s5se4 ,to draw pictures ( heav5 & hell1 :e!r 9 ! language ( ,scripture or any o!r1 adds no?+ to our real k1 b may p]haps disguise our ignorance4 ,! true/ conception :i* we c =m ( a future life is a /ate ( progress or education--a progress f evil to good1 f ignorance to k4 ,to ?is we are l$ by ! analogy ( ! pres5t life1 9 :i* we see diff]5t races & nations ( m51 & diff]5t m5 & wom5 ( ! same nation1 9 v>i\s /ates or /ages ( cultivation2 "s m & "s less develop$1 & all ( !m capable ( improvem5t "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,!re are puni%m5ts too ( *ildr5 :5 !y are gr[+ up inflict$ by _! p>5ts1 ( eld] (f5d]s :i* are impos$ by ! law ( ! l&1 ( all m5 at all times ( life1 :i* are atta*$ by ! laws ( nature to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions4 ,all ^! puni%m5ts are really educational2 t is to say1 !y are n int5d$ to retaliate on ! (f5d]1 b to tea* him a lesson4 ,also !re is an elem5t ( *ance 9 !m1 :i* is ano!r "n = our ignorance ( ! laws ( nature4 ,!re is evil too insep>able f good 7cp4 ,lysis #bbj ,e72 n always puni%$ "h1 z good is n always rew>d$4 ,x is capable ( be+ indef9itely dim9i%$2 & z k increases1 ! elem5t ( *ance may m & m disappe>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,= we d n argue m]ely f ! analogy ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?is _w to ano!r1 b f ! analogy ( a probable future to :i* we are t5d+4 ,! greate/ *anges ( :i* we h _h exp]i5ce z yet are due to our increas+ k ( hi/ory & ( nature4 ,!y h be5 produc$ by a few m9ds appe>+ 9 ?ree or f\r fav\r$ nations1 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,may we be all[$ to imag9e ! m9ds ( m5 ev]y:]e work+ toge!r dur+ _m ages = ! completion ( our k8 ,may n ! sci5ce ( physiology trans=m ! _w8 ,aga91 ! majority ( mank9d h really exp]i5c$ "s moral improvem5t2 almo/ e "o feels t he has t5d5cies to good1 & is capable ( becom+ bett]4 ,& ^! g]ms ( good are (t5 f\nd to be develop$ by new circum/ances1 l /unt$ trees :5 transplant$ to a bett] soil4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! savage & ! civiliz$ man1 or betwe5 ! civiliz$ man 9 old & new c\ntries1 may be indef9itely increas$4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce is ! effect ( a few ?\s&1 ! second ( a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,we congratulate ourselves t slav]y has become indu/ry2 t law & con/itutional gov]nm5t h sup]s$$ despotism & viol5ce2 t an e?ical religion has tak5 ! place ( ,feti*ism4 ,!re may yet come a "t :5 ! _m may be z well (f z ! few2 :5 no "o w be weigh$ d[n by excessive toil2 :5 ! necessity ( provid+ = ! body w n int]f]e ) m5tal improvem5t2 :5 ! physical frame may be /r5g!n$ & develop$2 & ! religion ( all m5 may become a reasonable s]vice4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,no?+ !re=e1 ei!r 9 ! pres5t /ate ( man or 9 ! t5d5cies ( ! future1 z f> z we c ent]ta9 conjecture ( !m1 w\ld lead u to suppose t ,god gov]ns u v9dictively 9 ?is _w1 & !re=e we h no reason to inf] t he w gov]n u v9dictively 9 ano!r4 ,! true argum5t f analogy is n1 #8,?is life is a mix$ /ate ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ( great wa/e1 ( sudd5 casualties1 ( disproportionate puni%m5ts1 & !re=e ! l inconsi/5cies1 irregul>ities1 inju/ices are to be expect$ 9 ano!r2' b #8,?is life is subject to law1 & is 9 a /ate ( progress1 & !re=e law & progress may be believ$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( ano!r4' ,all ! analogies ( ?is _w w\ld be aga9/ unmean+ puni%m5ts inflict$ a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s aft] an (f5ce _h be5 committ$4 ,suff]+ !re might be z a "p ( education1 b n hopeless or protract$2 z !re might be a retrogression ( individuals or ( bodies ( m51 yet n su* z to int]f]e ) a plan = ! improvem5t ( ! :ole 7cp4 ,laws1 x4 #ijc74 #i4 ,b "s "o w say3 ,t we _c reason f ! se5 to ! unse51 & t we are creat+ ano!r _w aft] ! image ( ?is1 j z m5 9 =m] ages h creat$ gods 9 _! own lik5ess4 ,& we1 l ! companions ( ,socrates1 may feel disc\rag$ at he>+ our fav\rite #8argum5t f analogy' ?us summ>ily dispos$ (4 ,l himself1 too1 we may adduce o!r argum5ts 9 :i* he seems to h anticipat$ u1 ?\gh he expresses !m 9 diff]5t language4 ,= we feel t ! s\l p>takes ( ! ideal & invisible2 & c nev] fall into ! error ( confus+ ! ext]nal circum/ances ( man ) 8 high] self2 or 8 orig9 ) 8 nature4 ,x is z repugnant to u z x 0 to him to imag9e t our moral ideas are to be attribut$ only to c]ebral =ces4 ,! value ( a human s\l1 l ! value ( a man's life to himself1 is ine/imable1 & _c be reckon$ 9 e>?ly or mat]ial ?+s4 ,! human be+ alone has ! consci\sness ( tru? & ju/ice & love1 :i* is ! consci\sness ( ,god4 ,& ! s\l becom+ m consci\s ( ^!1 becomes m consci\s ( h] own immortality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #aj4 ,! la/ gr\nd ( our belief 9 immortality1 & ! /ronge/1 is ! p]fection ( ! div9e nature4 ,! m]e fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god does n t5d to %[ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( man4 ,an evil ,god or an indiff]5t ,god might h _h ! p[]1 b n ! w1 to pres]ve u4 ,he might h reg>d$ u z fitt$ to m9i/] to 8 s]vice by a succession ( exi/5ces1--l ! animals1 )\t attribut+ to ea* s\l an incomp>able value4 ,b if he is p]fect1 he mu/ w t all rational be+s %\ld p>take ( t p]fection :i* he himself is4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,timaeus1 he is good1 & !re=e he desires t all o!r ?+s %\ld be z l himself z possible4 ,& ! mann] 9 :i* he accompli%es ?is is by p]mitt+ evil1 or r degrees ( good1 :i* are o!rwise call$ evil4 ,= all progress is good relatively to ! pa/1 & yet may be comp>atively evil :5 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! future4 ,good & evil are relative t]ms1 & degrees ( evil are m]ely ! negative aspect ( degrees ( good4 ,( ! absolute goodness ( any f9ite nature we c =m no conception2 we are all ( u 9 process ( transition f "o degree ( good or evil to ano!r4 ,! difficulties :i* are urg$ ab\t ! orig9 or exi/5ce ( evil are m]e dialectical puzzles1 /&+ 9 ! same relation to ,*ri/ian philosophy z ! puzzles ( ! ,cynics & ,meg>ians to ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,!y arise out ( ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to reg>d good & evil bo? z relative & absolute2 j z ! riddles ab\t motion are to be expla9$ by ! d\ble conception ( space or matt]1 :i* ! human m9d has ! p[] ( reg>d+ ei!r z cont9u\s or discrete4 ,9 speak+ ( div9e p]fection1 we mean to say t ,god is j & true & lov+1 ! au?or ( ord] & n ( disord]1 ( good & n ( evil4 ,or r1 t he is ju/ice1 t he is tru?1 t he is love1 t he is ord]1 t he is ! v progress ( :i* we 7 speak+2 & t :]ev] ^! qualities are pres5t1 :e!r 9 ! human s\l or 9 ! ord] ( nature1 !re is ,god4 ,we might /ill see him ev]y:]e1 if we _h n be5 mi/ak5ly seek+ = him ap>t f u1 in/ead ( 9 u2 away f ! laws ( nature1 in/ead ( 9 !m4 ,& we become unit$ to him n by my/ical absorption1 b by p>tak+1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ( t tru? & ju/ice & love :i* he himself is4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,?us ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l re/s at la/ on ! belief 9 ,god4 ,if !re is a good & wise ,god1 !n !re is a progress ( mank9d t[>ds p]fection2 & if !re is no progress ( m5 t[>ds p]fection1 !n !re is no good & wise ,god4 ,we _c suppose t ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god ( :i* we see ! beg9n+s 9 ! _w & 9 ourselves w cease :5 we pass out ( life4 #aa4 ,consid]+ ! #8feebl5ess ( ! human faculties & ! unc]ta9ty ( ! subject1' we are incl9$ to believe t ! few] our words ! bett]4 ,at ! approa* ( dea? !re is n mu* said2 good m5 are too hone/ to g out ( ! _w pr(ess+ m ?an !y "k4 ,!re is p]haps no important subject ab\t :i*1 at any "t1 ev5 religi\s p speak s little to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! fulness ( life ! ?\ght ( dea? is mo/ly awak5$ by ! sight or recollection ( ! dea? ( o!rs r ?an by ! prospect ( our own4 ,we mu/ also ackn[l$ge t !re are degrees ( ! belief 9 immortality1 & _m =ms 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! m9d4 ,"s p]sons w say no m ?an t !y tru/ 9 ,god1 & t !y leave all to ,him4 ,x is a great "p ( true religion n to pret5d to "k m ?an we d4 ,o!rs :5 !y quit ?is _w are com=t$ ) ! hope #8,t !y w see & "k _! fri5ds 9 heav54' ,b x is bett] to leave !m 9 ! h&s ( ,god & to be assur$ t #8no evil %all t\* !m4' ,!re are o!rs aga9 to :om ! belief 9 a div9e p]sonality has ceas$ to h any long] a mean+2 yet !y are satisfi$ t ! end ( all is n "h1 b t some?+ /ill rema9s to u1 #8& "s bett] ?+ = ! good ?an = ! evil4' ,!y are p]suad$1 9 spite ( _! !ological nihilism1 t ! ideas ( ju/ice & tru? & hol9ess & love are realities4 ,!y *]i% an en?usia/ic devotion to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality4 ,?r\gh ^! !y see1 or seem to see1 d>kly1 & 9 a figure1 t ! s\l is immortal4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,b besides diff]5ces ( !ological op9ion :i* mu/ ev] prevail ab\t ?+s unse51 ! hope ( immortality is weak] or /rong] 9 m5 at "o "t ( life ?an at ano!r2 x ev5 v>ies f day to day4 ,x comes & goes2 ! m9d1 l ! sky1 is apt to be ov]cl\d$4 ,o!r g5]ations ( m5 may h sometimes liv$ "u an #8eclipse ( fai?1' to u ! total disappe>ance ( x might be comp>$ to ! #8sun fall+ f heav54' ,& we may sometimes h to beg9 aga9 & acquire ! belief = ourselves2 or to w9 x back aga9 :5 x is lo/4 ,x is really weake/ 9 ! h\r ( dea?4 ,= ,nature1 l a k9d "m or nurse1 lays u to sleep )\t fright5+ u2 physicians1 :o are ! witnesses ( su* sc5es1 say t "u ord9>y circum/ances !re is no fe> ( ! future4 ,(t51 z ,plato tells u1 dea? is accompani$ #8) pleasure4' 7,tim4 #ha ,d47 ,:5 ! end is /ill unc]ta91 ! cry ( _m a "o has be51 #8,pray1 t ,i may be tak54' ,! la/ ?\ghts ev5 ( ! be/ m5 dep5d *iefly on ! accid5ts ( _! bodily /ate4 ,pa9 soon ov]p[]s ! desire ( life2 old age1 l ! *ild1 is laid to sleep almo/ 9 a mom5t4 ,! long exp]i5ce ( life w (t5 de/roy ! int]e/ :i* mank9d h 9 x4 ,s v>i\s are ! feel+s ) :i* diff]5t p]sons draw ne> to dea?2 & /ill m v>i\s ! =ms 9 :i* imag9ation clo!s x4 ,= ?is alt]nation ( feel+ cp4 ! ,old ,te/am5t1--,psalm vi4 #e1 xvi4 #aj1 xc42 ,isaiah xxxviii4 #ah2 ,eccles4 viii4 #h ff41 iii4 #ai1 iv4 #b4 #ab4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ,god & ( man 9 8 relation to ,god2 ( ! imp]fection ( our pres5t /ate & yet ( ! progress :i* is obs]vable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w & ( ! human m9d2 ( ! dep? & p[] ( our moral ideas :i* seem to p>take ( ! v nature ( ,god ,himself2 :5 we consid] ! contra/ betwe5 ! physical laws to :i* we are subject & ! high] law :i* raises u above !m & is yet a "p ( !m2 :5 we reflect on our capacity ( becom+ ! #8spectators ( all "t & all exi/5ce1' & ( fram+ 9 our own m9ds ! ideal ( a p]fect ,be+2 :5 we see h[ ! human m9d 9 all ! high] religions ( ! _w1 includ+ ,buddhism1 not)/&+ "s ab]rations1 has t5d$ t[>ds su* a belief--we h reason to ?9k t our de/9y is diff]5t f t ( animals2 & ?\gh we _c altoge!r %ut out ! *ildi% fe> t ! s\l ^u leav+ ! body may #8vani% into ?9 air1' we h /ill1 s f> z ! nature ( ! subject admits1 a hope ( immortality ) :i* we com=t ourselves on suffici5t gr\nds4 ,! d5ial ( ! belief takes ! he>t out ( human life2 x l[]s m5 to ! level ( ! mat]ial4 ,z ,goe! also says1 #8,he is dead ev5 9 ?is _w :o has no belief 9 ano!r4' ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ac4 ,x is well also t we %\ld sometimes ?9k ( ! =ms ( ?\ght "u :i* ! idea ( immortality is mo/ naturally pres5t$ to u4 ,x is cle> t to our m9ds ! ris5 s\l c no long] be describ$1 z 9 a picture1 by ! symbol ( a creature half-bird1 half-human1 nor 9 any o!r =m ( s5se4 ,! multitude ( angels1 z 9 ,milton1 s++ ! ,almighty's praises1 are a noble image1 & may furni% a !me = ! poet or ! pa9t]1 b !y are no long] an adequate expression ( ! k+dom ( ,god :i* is )9 u4 ,nei!r is !re any mansion1 9 ?is _w or ano!r1 9 :i* ! dep>t$ c be imag9$ to dwell & c>ry on _! occupations4 ,:5 ?is e>?ly tab]nacle is dissolv$1 no o!r habitation or build+ c take !m 93 x is 9 ! language ( ideas only t we speak ( !m4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! ?\ght ( re/ & fre$om f pa92 !y h gone home1 z ! common say+ is1 & ! c>es ( ?is _w t\* !m no m4 ,secondly1 we may imag9e !m z !y 7 at _! be/ & brighte/1 humbly fulfill+ _! daily r\nd ( duties--selfless1 *ildlike1 unaffect$ by ! _w2 :5 ! eye 0 s+le & ! :ole body seem$ to be full ( light2 :5 ! m9d 0 cle> & saw into ! purposes ( ,god4 ,?irdly1 we may ?9k ( !m z possess$ by a great love ( ,god & man1 work+ out ,8 w at a fur!r /age 9 ! heav5ly pilgrimage4 ,& yet we ackn[l$ge t ^! are ! ?+s :i* eye ha? n se5 nor e> he>d & !re=e x ha? n ent]$ into ! he>t ( man 9 any s5sible mann] to conceive !m4 ,f\r?ly1 !re may h be5 "s mom5ts 9 our own lives :5 we h ris5 above ourselves1 or be5 consci\s ( our tru] selves1 9 :i* ! w ( ,god has sup]s$$ our wills1 & we h ent]$ into communion ) ,him1 & be5 p>tak]s = a brief season ( ! ,div9e tru? & love1 9 :i* l ,*ri/ we h be5 inspir$ to utt] ! pray]1 #8,i 9 !m1 & ?\ 9 me1 t we may be all made p]fect 9 "o4' ,^! preci\s mom5ts1 if we h ev] kn[n !m1 are ! ne>e/ approa* :i* we c make to ! idea ( immortality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ad4 ,return+ n[ to ! e>li] /age ( human ?\ght :i* is repres5t$ by ! writ+s ( ,plato1 we f9d t _m ( ! same que/ions h already aris53 !re is ! same t5d5cy to mat]ialism2 ! same inconsi/5cy 9 ! application ( ! idea ( m9d2 ! same d\bt :e!r ! s\l is to be reg>d$ z a cause or z an effect2 ! same fall+ back on moral convictions4 ,9 ! ,pha$o ! s\l is consci\s ( h] div9e nature1 & ! sep>ation f ! body :i* has be5 comm5c$ 9 ?is life is p]fect$ 9 ano!r4 ,beg9n+ 9 my/]y1 ,socrates1 9 ! int]m$iate "p ( ! ,dialogue1 attempts to br+ ! doctr9e ( a future life into connection ) 8 !ory ( k4 ,9 proportion z he succe$s 9 ?is1 ! individual seems to disappe> 9 a m g5]al notion ( ! s\l2 ! contemplation ( ideas #8"u ! =m ( et]nity' takes ! place ( pa/ & future /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,8 language may be comp>$ to t ( "s mod]n philosoph]s1 :o speak ( et]nity1 n 9 ! s5se ( p]petual duration ( "t1 b z an ev]-pres5t quality ( ! s\l4 ,yet at ! conclusion ( ! ,dialogue1 hav+ #8arriv$ at ! end ( ! intellectual _w' 7,rep4 vii4 #ecb ,b71 he replaces ! veil ( my?ology1 & describes ! s\l & h] att5dant g5ius 9 ! language ( ! my/]ies or ( a disciple ( ,zoroa/]4 ,nor c we fairly dem& ( ,plato a consi/5cy :i* is want+ among ourselves1 :o ackn[l$ge t ano!r _w is beyond ! range ( human ?\ght1 & yet are always seek+ to repres5t ! mansions ( heav5 or hell 9 ! col\rs ( ! pa9t]1 or 9 ! descriptions ( ! poet or rhetorician4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ae4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 n new to ! ,greeks 9 ! age ( ,socrates1 b1 l ! unity ( ,god1 _h a f\ndation 9 ! popul> belief4 ,! old ,hom]ic notion ( a gibb]+ gho/ flitt+ away to ,hades2 or ( a few illu/ri\s h]oes enjoy+ ! isles ( ! ble/2 or ( an exi/5ce divid$ betwe5 ! two2 or ! ,hesiodic1 ( righte\s spirits1 :o become gu>dian angels1--_h giv5 place 9 ! my/]ies & ! ,orphic poets to repres5tations1 p>tly fanciful1 ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 7,laws ix4 #hgj47 ,! retic5ce ( ! ,greeks on public occasions & 9 "s "p ( _! lit]ature respect+ ?is #8und]gr\nd' religion1 is n to be tak5 z a measure ( ! diffusion ( su* beliefs4 ,if ,p]icles 9 ! fun]al oration is sil5t on ! consolations ( immortality1 ! poet ,p9d> & ! trag$ians on ! o!r h& con/antly assume ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead 9 an upp] or "u _w4 ,d>ius & ,laius are /ill alive2 ,antigone w be de> to h] bre?r5 aft] dea?2 ! way to ! palace ( ,cronos is f\nd by ^? :o #8h ?rice dep>t$ f evil4' ,! trag$y ( ! ,greeks is n #8r\nd$' by ?is life1 b is deeply set 9 decrees ( fate & my/]i\s work+s ( p[]s b5ea? ! e>?4 ,9 ! c>icature ( ,ari/ophanes !re is also a witness to ! common s5tim5t4 ,! ,ionian & ,py?agorean philosophies arose1 & "s new elem5ts 7 add$ to ! popul> belief4 ,! individual mu/ f9d an expression z well z ! _w4 ,ei!r ! s\l 0 suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! =m ( a magnet1 or ( a p>ticle ( fire1 or ( light1 or air1 or wat]2 or ( a numb] or ( a h>mony ( numb]2 or to be or h1 l ! />s1 a pr9ciple ( motion 7,ari/4 de ,anim4 i4 #a1 #b1 #c74 ,at l5g? ,anaxagoras1 h>dly di/+ui%+ betwe5 life & m9d1 or betwe5 m9d human & div9e1 atta9$ ! pure ab/raction2 & ?is1 l ! o!r ab/ractions ( ,greek philosophy1 sank deep into ! human intellig5ce4 ,! opposition ( ! intelligible & ! s5sible1 & ( ,god to ! _w1 suppli$ an analogy :i* assi/$ 9 ! sep>ation ( s\l & body4 ,if ideas 7 sep>able f ph5om5a1 m9d 0 also sep>able f matt]2 if ! ideas 7 et]nal1 ! m9d t conceiv$ !m 0 et]nal too4 ,z ! unity ( ,god 0 m di/9ctly ackn[l$g$1 ! conception ( ! human s\l became m develop$4 ,! succession1 or alt]nation ( life & dea?1 _h occurr$ to ,h]acleitus4 ,! ,eleatic ,p>m5ides _h /umbl$ ^u ! mod]n !sis1 t #8?\ght & be+ are ! same4' ,! ,ea/]n belief 9 transmigration def9$ ! s5se ( individuality2 & "s1 l ,emp$ocles1 fanci$ t ! blood :i* !y _h %$ 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ 0 cry+ aga9/ !m1 & t = ?irty ?\s& ye>s !y 7 to be #8fugitives & vagabonds ^u ! e>?4' ,! desire ( recogniz+ a lo/ "m or love or fri5d 9 ! _w bel[ 7,pha$o #fh7 0 a natural feel+ :i*1 9 t age z well z 9 e o!r1 has giv5 di/9ctness to ! hope ( immortality4 ,nor 7 e?ical consid]ations want+1 p>tly d]iv$ f ! necessity ( puni%+ ! great] sort ( crim9als1 :om no av5g+ p[] ( ?is _w c\ld rea*4 ,! voice ( consci5ce1 too1 0 he>d rem9d+ ! good man t he 0 n altoge!r innoc5t4 7,rep4 i4 #ccj47 ,to ^! indi/9ct long+s & fe>s an expression 0 giv5 9 ! my/]ies & ,orphic poets3 a #8heap ( books' 7,rep4 ii4 #cfd ,e71 pass+ "u ! names ( ,musaeus & ,orpheus 9 ,plato's "t1 7 fill$ ) notions ( an "u-_w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #af4 ,yet aft] all ! belief 9 ! individuality ( ! s\l aft] dea? _h b a feeble hold on ! ,greek m9d4 ,l ! p]sonality ( ,god1 ! p]sonality ( man 9 a future /ate 0 n insep>ably b\nd up ) ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! p]sonal & imp]sonal1 & also betwe5 ! div9e & human1 0 f> less m>k$ to ! ,greek ?an to ourselves4 ,& z ,plato readily passes f ! notion ( ! good to t ( ,god1 he also passes almo/ imp]ceptibly to himself & 8 read] f ! future life ( ! individual s\l to ! et]nal be+ ( ! absolute s\l4 ,!re has be5 a cle>] /atem5t & a cle>] d5ial ( ! belief 9 mod]n times ?an is f\nd 9 e>ly ,greek philosophy1 & h5ce ! comp>ative sil5ce on ! :ole subject :i* is (t5 rem>k$ 9 anci5t writ]s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,ari/otle4 ,= ,plato & ,ari/otle are n fur!r remov$ 9 _! tea*+ ab\t ! immortality ( ! s\l ?an !y are 9 _! !ory ( k4 #ag4 ,liv+ 9 an age :5 logic 0 beg9n+ to m\ld human ?\ght1 ,plato naturally ca/ 8 belief 9 immortality into a logical =m4 ,& :5 we consid] h[ mu* ! doctr9e ( ideas 0 also "o ( words1 x is n surpris+ t he %\ld h fall5 into v]bal fallacies3 e>ly logic is always mi/ak+ ! tru? ( ! =m = ! tru? ( ! matt]4 ,x is easy to see t ! alt]nation ( opposites is n ! same z ! g5]ation ( !m out ( ea* o!r2 & t ! g5]ation ( !m out ( ea* o!r1 :i* is ! fir/ argum5t 9 ! ,pha$o1 is at v>iance ) _! mutual exclusion ( ea* o!r1 :e!r 9 !mselves or 9 u1 :i* is ! la/4 ,= ev5 if we admit ! di/9ction :i* he draws at p4 #ajc1 betwe5 ! opposites & ! ?+s :i* h ! opposites1 /ill individuals fall "u ! latt] class2 & we h to pass out ( ! region ( human hopes & fe>s to a conception ( an ab/ract s\l :i* is ! imp]sonation ( ! ideas4 ,su* a conception1 :i* 9 ,plato himself is b half express$1 is unmean+ to u1 & relative only to a p>ticul> /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce is also a fragm5t ( a =m] _w1 :i* has no place 9 ! philosophy ( mod]n times4 ,b ,plato _h ! wond]s ( psy*ology j op5+ to him1 & he _h n ! explanation ( !m :i* is suppli$ by ! analysis ( language & ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,! "q1 #8,:5ce come our ab/ract ideas8' he c\ld only answ] by an imag9>y hypo!sis4 ,nor is x difficult to see t 8 cr[n+ argum5t is purely v]bal1 & is b ! expression ( an in/9ctive confid5ce put into a logical =m3--#8,! s\l is immortal because x conta9s a pr9ciple ( imp]i%abl5ess4' ,nor does he himself seem at all to be aw>e t no?+ is add$ to human k by 8 #8safe & simple answ]1' t beauty is ! cause ( ! beautiful2 & t he is m]ely reass]t+ ! ,eleatic be+ #8divid$ by ! ,py?agorean numb]s1' aga9/ ! ,h]acleitean doctr9e ( p]petual g5]ation4 ,! answ] to ! #8v s]i\s "q' ( g5]ation & de/ruction is really ! d5ial ( !m4 ,= ?is he w\ld sub/itute1 z 9 ! ,republic1 a sy/em ( ideas1 te/$1 n by exp]i5ce1 b by _! consequ5ces1 & n expla9$ by actual causes1 b by a high]1 t is1 a m g5]al notion4 ,consi/5cy ) !mselves is ! only te/ :i* is to be appli$ to !m4 7,rep4 vi4 #eaj foll41 & ,pha$o #aja foll47 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ah4 ,to deal fairly ) su* argum5ts1 !y %\ld be translat$ z f> z possible into _! mod]n equival5ts4 #8,if ! ideas ( m5 are et]nal1 _! s\ls are et]nal1 & if n ! ideas1 !n n ! s\ls4' ,su* an argum5t /&s ne>ly 9 ! same relation to ,plato & 8 age1 z ! argum5t f ! exi/5ce ( ,god to immortality among ourselves4 #8,if ,god exi/s1 !n ! s\l exi/s aft] dea?2 & if !re is no ,god1 !re is no exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?4' ,= ! ideas are to 8 m9d ! reality1 ! tru?1 ! pr9ciple ( p]man5ce1 z well z ( intellig5ce & ord] 9 ! _w4 ,:5 ,simmias & ,cebes say t !y are m /rongly p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ideas ?an !y are ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 !y repres5t fairly en\gh ! ord] ( ?\ght 9 ,greek philosophy4 ,& we might say 9 ! same way t we are m c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ?an we are ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & are l$ by ! belief 9 ! "o to a belief 9 ! o!r4 ,! p>allel1 z ,socrates w\ld say1 is n p]fect1 b agrees 9 z f> z ! m9d 9 ei!r case is reg>d$ z dep5d5t on some?+ above & beyond h]self4 ,! analogy may ev5 be press$ a /ep fur!r3 #8,we are m c]ta9 ( our ideas ( tru? & "r ?an we are ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & are l$ on 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght f "o to ! o!r4' ,or m correctly3 #8,! exi/5ce ( "r & tru? is ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & c nev] = a mom5t be sep>at$ f ,him4' ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ai4 ,! ma9 argum5t ( ! ,pha$o is d]iv$ f ! exi/5ce ( et]nal ideas ( :i* ! s\l is a p>tak]2 ! o!r argum5t ( ! alt]nation ( opposites is replac$ by ?is4 ,& !re h n be5 want+ philosoph]s ( ! ideali/ s*ool :o h imag9$ t ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is a !ory ( k1 & t 9 :at has prec$$ ,plato is accommodat+ himself to ! popul> belief4 ,su* a view c only be elicit$ f ! ,pha$o by :at may be t]m$ ! transc5d5tal me?od ( int]pretation1 & is obvi\sly inconsi/5t ) ! ,gorgias & ! ,republic4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 x are imm$iately compell$ to r5\nce ! %ad[ :i* !y h grasp$1 z a play ( words only4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ,plato 9 8 argum5t = ! immortality ( ! s\l has collect$ _m elem5ts ( pro( or p]suasion1 e?ical & my?ological z well z dialectical1 :i* are n easily to be reconcil$ ) "o ano!r2 & he is z mu* 9 e>ne/ ab\t 8 doctr9e ( retribution1 :i* is repeat$ 9 all 8 m e?ical writ+s1 z ab\t 8 !ory ( k4 ,& :ile we may fairly translate ! dialectical into ! language ( ,hegel1 & ! religi\s & my?ological into ! language ( ,dante or ,bunyan1 ! e?ical speaks to u /ill 9 ! same voice1 & appeals to a common feel+4 #bj4 ,two argum5ts ( ?is e?ical "* occur 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,! fir/ may be describ$ z ! aspiration ( ! s\l aft] ano!r /ate ( be+4 ,l ! ,ori5tal or ,*ri/ian my/ic1 ! philosoph] is seek+ to )draw f impurities ( s5se1 to leave ! _w & ! ?+s ( ! _w1 & to f9d 8 high] self4 ,plato recognizes 9 ^! aspirations ! =eta/e ( immortality2 z ,butl] & ,addison 9 mod]n times h argu$1 ! "o f ! moral t5d5cies ( mank9d1 ! o!r f ! progress ( ! s\l t[>ds p]fection4 ,9 us+ ?is argum5t ,plato has c]ta9ly confus$ ! s\l :i* has left ! body1 ) ! s\l ( ! good & wise4 7,cp4 ,rep4 x4 #faa ,c47 ,su* a confusion 0 natural1 & arose p>tly out ( ! anti!sis ( s\l & body4 ,! s\l 9 h] own ess5ce1 & ! s\l #8clo!d ^u' ) virtues & graces1 7 easily int]*ang$ ) "o ano!r1 because on a subject :i* passes expression ! di/9ctions ( language c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortality ( ! s\l4 #ba4 ,! o!r e?ical pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is d]iv$ f ! necessity ( retribution4 ,! wick$ w\ld be too well (f if _! evil de$s came to an end4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t an ,ardiaeus1 an ,ar*elaus1 an ,ism5ias c\ld ev] h suff]$ ! p5alty ( _! crimes 9 ?is _w4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is retribution is accompli%$ ,plato repres5ts "u ! figures ( my?ology4 ,d\btless he felt t x 0 easi] to improve ?an to inv5t1 & t 9 religion especially ! traditional =m 0 requir$ 9 ord] to give v]isimilitude to ! my?4 ,! my? too is f> m probable to t age ?an to ours1 & may fairly be reg>d$ z #8"o guess among _m' ab\t ! nature ( ! e>?1 :i* he clev]ly supports by ! indications ( geology4 ,n t he insi/s on ! absolute tru? ( 8 own p>ticul> notions3 #8no man ( s5se w be confid5t 9 su* matt]s2 b he w be confid5t t some?+ ( ! k9d is true' 7#aad ,d74 ,z 9 o!r passages 7,gorg4 #ebg ,a1 ,tim4 #bi ,d2 cp4 ,crito1 #ajg ,b71 he w9s belief = 8 fictions by ! mod]ation ( 8 /atem5ts2 he does n1 l ,dante or ,sw$5borg1 all[ himself to be deceiv$ by 8 own creations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,dialogue mu/ be read 9 ! light ( ! situation4 ,& fir/ ( all we are /ruck by ! calmness ( ! sc5e4 ,l ! spectators at ! "t1 we _c pity ,socrates2 8 mi5 & 8 language are s noble & fe>less4 ,he is ! same t he ev] 01 b mild] & g5tl]1 & he has 9 no degree lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 dialectics2 he w n =ego ! delight ( an argum5t 9 compliance ) ! jail]'s intimation t he %\ld n heat himself ) talk+4 ,at su* a "t he naturally expresses ! hope ( 8 life1 t he has be5 a true my/ic & n a m]e r\t9e] or w&-be>]3 & he ref]s to passages ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory4 ,to 8 old enemies ! ,comic poets1 & to ! proce$+s on ! trial1 he alludes playfully2 b he vividly rememb]s ! disappo9tm5t :i* he felt 9 read+ ! books ( ,anaxagoras4 ,! return ( ,xan?ipp & 8 *ildr5 indicates t ! philosoph] is n #8made ( oak or rock4' ,"s o!r traits ( 8 "* may be not$2 = example1 ! c\rte\s mann] 9 :i* he incl9es 8 head to ! la/ objector1 or ! ironical t\*1 #8,me already1 z ! tragic poet w\ld say1 ! voice ( fate calls2' or ! depreciation ( ! argum5ts ) :i* #8he com=t$ himself & !m2' or 8 fe> ( #8misology2' or 8 ref]5ces to ,hom]2 or ! playful smile ) :i* he #8talks l a book' ab\t great] & less2 or ! allusion to ! possibility ( f9d+ ano!r tea*] among b>b>\s races 7cp4 ,polit4 #bfb ,d72 or ! my/]i\s ref]5ce to ano!r sci5ce 7ma!matics87 ( g5]ation & de/ruction = :i* he is va9ly feel+4 ,!re is no *ange 9 him2 only n[ he is inve/$ ) a sort ( sacr$ "*1 z ! prophet or prie/ ( ,apollo ! ,god ( ! fe/ival1 9 ^: hon\r he fir/ ( all composes a hymn1 & !n l ! swan p\rs =? 8 dy+ lay4 ,p]haps ! extreme elevation ( ,socrates above 8 own situation1 & ! ord9>y int]e/s ( life 7comp>e 8 jeu d'esprit ab\t 8 burial1 9 :i* = a mom5t he puts on ! #8,sil5us mask'71 create 9 ! m9d ( ! read] an impression /rong] ?an c\ld be d]iv$ f argum5ts t su* a "o has 9 him #8a pr9ciple :i* does n admit ( dea?4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & 8 fri5ds4 ,! o!r p]sons ( ! ,dialogue may be consid]$ "u two heads3 7#a7 private fri5ds2 7#b7 ! respond5ts 9 ! argum5t4 ,fir/ !re is ,crito1 :o has be5 already introduc$ to u 9 ! ,eu?ydemus & ! ,crito2 he is ! equal 9 ye>s ( ,socrates1 & /&s 9 q a diff]5t relation to him f 8 y\ng] disciples4 ,he is a man ( ! _w :o is ri* & prosp]\s 7cp4 ! je/ 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 #cjd ,c71 ! be/ fri5d ( ,socrates1 :o wants to "k 8 comm&s1 9 ^: pres5ce he talks to 8 family1 & :o p]=ms ! la/ duty ( clos+ 8 eyes4 ,x is obs]vable too t1 z 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ,crito %[s no aptitude = philosophical discussions4 ,nor among ! fri5ds ( ,socrates mu/ ! jail] be =gott51 :o seems to h be5 introduc$ by ,plato 9 ord] to %[ ! impression made by ! extraord9>y man on ! common4 ,! g5tle nature ( ! man is indicat$ by 8 weep+ at ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 err& & !n turn+ away1 & also by ! words ( ,socrates to 8 disciples3 #8,h[ *>m+ ! man is6 s9ce ,i h be5 9 prison he has be5 always com+ to me1 & is z good z c\ld be to me4' ,we are rem9d$ too t he has reta9$ ?is g5tle nature amid sc5es ( dea? & viol5ce by ! contra/s :i* he draws betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ,socrates & ( o!rs :5 ab\t to die4 ,sid5ote3 ,pha$o3 ,simmias3 ,cebes4 ,ano!r p]son :o takes no "p 9 ! philosophical discussion is ! excitable ,apollodorus1 ! same :o1 9 ! ,symposium1 ( :i* he is ! n>rator1 is call$ #8! madman1' & :o te/ifies 8 grief by ! mo/ viol5t emotions4 ,pha$o is also pres5t1 ! #8belov$ disciple' z he may be t]m$1 :o is describ$1 if n #8lean+ on 8 bosom1' z seat$ next to ,socrates1 :o is play+ ) 8 hair4 ,he too1 l ,apollodorus1 takes no "p 9 ! discussion1 b he loves above all ?+s to he> & speak ( ,socrates aft] 8 dea?4 ,! calmness ( 8 behavi\r1 veil+ 8 face :5 he c no long] re/ra9 8 te>s1 contra/s ) ! passionate outcries ( ! o!r4 ,at a p>ticul> po9t ! argum5t is describ$ z fall+ be=e ! attack ( ,simmias4 ,a sort ( despair is introduc$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! company4 ,! effect ( ?is is height5$ by ! description ( ,pha$o1 :o has be5 ! eye-witness ( ! sc5e1 & by ! sympa?y ( 8 ,phliasian auditors :o are beg9n+ to ?9k #8t !y too c nev] tru/ an argum5t aga94' ,& ! int5se int]e/ ( ! company is communicat$ n only to ! fir/ auditors1 b to u :o 9 a di/ant c\ntry read ! n>rative ( _! emotions aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s h pass$ away4 ,! two pr9cipal int]locutors are ,simmias & ,cebes1 ! disciples ( ,philolaus ! ,py?agorean philosoph] ( ,!bes4 ,simmias is describ$ 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bdb ,b7 z fond] ( an argum5t ?an any man liv+2 & ,cebes1 al?\gh f9ally p]suad$ by ,socrates1 is said to be ! mo/ incr$ul\s ( human be+s4 ,x is ,cebes :o at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,dialogue asks :y #8suicide is held to be unlawful1' & :o fir/ supplies ! doctr9e ( recollection 9 confirmation ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,x is ,cebes :o urges t ! pre-exi/5ce does n necess>ily involve ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 z is %[n by ! illu/ration ( ! weav] & 8 coat4 ,simmias1 on ! o!r h&1 raises ! "q ab\t h>mony & ! lyre1 :i* is naturally put into ! m\? ( a ,py?agorean disciple4 ,x is ,simmias1 too1 :o fir/ rem>ks on ! unc]ta9ty ( human k1 & only at la/ conc$es to ! argum5t su* a qualifi$ approval z is consi/5t ) ! feebl5ess ( ! human faculties4 ,cebes is ! deep] & m consecutive ?9k]1 ,simmias m sup]ficial & rhetorical2 !y are di/+ui%$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ,adeimantus & ,glaucon 9 ! ,republic4 ,sid5ote3 ,place ( ! ,dialogue 9 ! s]ies4 ,o!r p]sons1 ,m5ex5us1 ,ctesippus1 ,lysis1 are old fri5ds2 ,ev5us has be5 already satiriz$ 9 ! ,apology2 ,aes*9es & ,epig5es 7 pres5t at ! trial2 ,euclid & ,t]psion w reappe> 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,!aetetus1 ,h]mog5es has already appe>$ 9 ! ,cratylus4 ,no inf]5ce c fairly be drawn f ! abs5ce ( ,ari/ippus1 nor f ! omission ( ,x5ophon1 :o at ! "t ( ,socrates' dea? 0 9 ,asia4 ,! m5tion ( ,plato's own abs5ce seems l an expression ( sorr[1 & may1 p]haps1 be an indication t ! report ( ! conv]sation is n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,! place ( ! ,dialogue 9 ! s]ies is d\btful4 ,! doctr9e ( ideas is c]ta9ly c>ri$ beyond ! ,socratic po9t ( view2 9 no o!r ( ! writ+s ( ,plato is ! !ory ( !m s completely develop$4 ,:e!r ! belief 9 immortality c be attribut$ to ,socrates or n is unc]ta92 ! sil5ce ( ! ,memorabilia1 & ( ! e>li] ,dialogues ( ,plato1 is an argum5t to ! contr>y4 ,yet 9 ! ,cyropa$ia ,x5ophon 7viii4 #g1 #ai foll47 has put language into ! m\? ( ! dy+ ,cyrus :i* recalls ! ,pha$o1 & may h be5 d]iv$ f ! tea*+ ( ,socrates4 ,x may be fairly urg$ t ! greate/ religi\s int]e/ ( mank9d c\ld n h be5 :olly ignor$ by "o :o pass$ 8 life 9 fulfill+ ! comm&s ( an oracle1 & :o recogniz$ a ,div9e plan 9 man & nature4 7,x54 ,mem4 ,i1 #d47 ,& ! language ( ! ,apology & ( ! ,crito confirms ?is view4 ,sid5ote3 ,cont5ts ( ! ,dialogue4 ,! ,pha$o is n "o ( ! ,socratic ,dialogues ( ,plato2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c x be assign$ to t lat] /age ( ! ,platonic writ+s at :i* ! doctr9e ( ideas appe>s to be =gott54 ,x belongs r to ! int]m$iate p]iod ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 :i* r\ghly corresponds to ! ,pha$rus1 ,gorgias1 ,republic1 ,!aetetus4 ,)\t pret5d+ to det]m9e ! real "t ( _! composition1 ! ,symposium1 ,m5o1 ,eu?yphro1 ,apology1 ,pha$o may be conv5i5tly read by u 9 ?is ord] z illu/rative ( ! life ( ,socrates4 ,ano!r *a9 may be =m$ ( ! ,m5o1 ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 9 :i* ! immortality ( ! s\l is connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,9 ! ,m5o ! !ory ( ideas is bas$ an ! anci5t belief 9 transmigration1 :i* reappe>s aga9 9 ! ,pha$rus z well z 9 ! ,republic & ,timaeus1 & 9 all ( !m is connect$ ) a doctr9e ( retribution4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus ! immortality ( ! s\l is suppos$ to re/ on ! conception ( ! s\l z a pr9ciple ( motion1 :]eas 9 ! ,republic ! argum5t turns on ! natural cont9uance ( ! s\l1 :i*1 if n de/roy$ by h] own prop] evil1 c h>dly be de/roy$ by any o!r4 ,! s\l ( man 9 ! ,timaeus 7#db foll47 is d]iv$ f ! ,supreme ,creator1 & ei!r returns aft] dea? to h] k9dr$ />1 or desc5ds into ! l[] life ( an animal4 ,! ,apology expresses ! same view z ! ,pha$o1 b ) less confid5ce2 !re ! probability ( dea? be+ a long sleep is n exclud$4 ,! ,!aetetus also describes1 9 a digression1 ! desire ( ! s\l to fly away & be ) ,god--#8& to fly to him is to be l him' 7#agf ,b74 ,! ,symposium may be obs]v$ to resemble z well z to diff] f ! ,pha$o4 ,:ile ! fir/ notion ( immortality is only 9 ! way ( natural procreation or ( po/hum\s fame & glory1 ! high] revelation ( beauty1 l ! good 9 ! ,republic1 is ! vision ( ! et]nal idea4 ,s deeply root$ 9 ,plato's m9d is ! belief 9 immortality2 s v>i\s are ! =ms ( expression :i* he employs4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dialogue a ,drama4 ,z 9 sev]al o!r ,dialogues1 !re is m ( sy/em 9 ! ,pha$o ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! succession ( argum5ts is bas$ on previ\s philosophies2 beg9n+ ) ! my/]ies & ! ,h]acleitean alt]nation ( opposites1 & proce$+ to ! ,py?agorean h>mony & transmigration2 mak+ a /ep by ! aid ( ,platonic rem9isc5ce1 & a fur!r /ep by ! help ( ! ( ,anaxagoras2 until at la/ we re/ 9 ! conviction t ! s\l is insep>able f ! ideas1 & belongs to ! _w ( ! invisible & unkn[n4 ,!n1 z 9 ! ,gorgias or ,republic1 ! curta9 falls1 & ! veil ( my?ology desc5ds ^u ! argum5t4 ,aft] ! confession ( ,socrates t he is an int]e/$ p>ty1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t t no man ( s5se w ?9k ! details ( 8 n>rative true1 b t some?+ ( ! k9d is true1 we return f speculation to practice4 ,he is himself m confid5t ( immortality ?an he is ( 8 own argum5ts2 & ! confid5ce :i* he expresses is less /rong ?an t :i* 8 *e]fulness & composure 9 dea? inspire 9 u4 ,difficulties ( two k9ds occur 9 ! ,pha$o--"o k9d to be expla9$ out ( contempor>y philosophy1 ! o!r n admitt+ ( an entire solution4 7#a7 ,! difficulty :i* ,socrates says t he exp]i5c$ 9 expla9+ g5]ation & corruption2 ! assumption ( hypo!ses :i* proce$ f ! less g5]al to ! m g5]al1 & are te/$ by _! consequ5ces2 ! puzzle ab\t great] & less2 ! resort to ! me?od ( ideas1 :i* to u appe> only ab/ract t]ms1--^! are to be expla9$ out ( ! position ( ,socrates & ,plato 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,!y 7 liv+ 9 a twilight betwe5 ! s5sible & ! intellectual _w1 & saw no way ( connect+ !m4 ,!y c\ld nei!r expla9 ! relation ( ideas to ph5om5a1 nor _! correlation to "o ano!r4 ,! v idea ( relation or comp>ison 0 emb>rass+ to !m4 ,yet 9 ?is intellectual unc]ta9ty !y _h a conception ( a pro( f results1 & ( a moral tru?1 :i* rema9$ un%ak5 amid ! que/ion+s ( philosophy4 7#b7 ,! o!r is a difficulty :i* is t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,republic z well z 9 ! ,pha$o1 & is common to mod]n & anci5t philosophy4 ,plato is n altoge!r satisfi$ ) 8 safe & simple me?od ( ideas4 ,he wants to h prov$ to him by facts t all ?+s are = ! be/1 & t !re is "o m9d or design :i* p]vades !m all4 ,b ?is #8p[] ( ! be/' he is unable to expla92 & !re=e takes refuge 9 univ]sal ideas4 ,& are n we at ?is day seek+ to discov] t :i* ,socrates 9 a glass d>kly =esaw8 ,sid5ote3 ,arti/ic beauty ( ! ,dialogue4 ,"s resemblances to ! ,greek drama may be not$ 9 all ! ,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! ,pha$o is ! trag$y ( :i* ,socrates is ! protagoni/ & ,simmias & ,cebes ! second>y p]=m]s1 /&+ to !m 9 ! same relation z to ,glaucon & ,adeimantus 9 ! ,republic4 ,no ,dialogue has a great] unity ( subject & feel+4 ,plato has c]ta9ly fulfill$ ! condition ( ,greek1 or r ( all art1 :i* requires t sc5es ( dea? & suff]+ %\ld be clo!d 9 beauty4 ,! ga!r+ ( ! fri5ds at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,dialogue1 ! dismissal ( ,xan?ipp1 ^: pres5ce w\ld h be5 out ( place at a philosophical discussion1 b :o returns aga9 ) h] *ildr5 to take a f9al f>ewell1 ! dejection ( ! audi5ce at ! tempor>y ov]?r[ ( ! argum5t1 ! picture ( ,socrates play+ ) ! hair ( ,pha$o1 ! f9al sc5e 9 :i* ,socrates alone reta9s 8 composure--are ma/]pieces ( art4 ,& ! *orus at ! end might h int]pret$ ! feel+ ( ! play3 #8,!re c no evil happ5 to a good man 9 life or dea?4' #8,! art ( conceal+ art' is n[h]e m p]fect ?an 9 ^? writ+s ( ,plato :i* describe ! trial & dea? ( ,socrates4 ,_! *>m is _! simplicity1 :i* gives !m v]isimilitude2 & yet !y t\*1 z if incid5tally1 & because !y 7 suitable to ! occasion1 on "s ( ! deepe/ tru?s ( philosophy4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any trag$y1 anci5t or mod]n1 no?+ 9 poetry or hi/ory 7) "o exception71 l ! la/ h\rs ( ,socrates 9 ,plato4 ,! ma/] c\ld n be m fitly occupi$ at su* a "t ?an 9 disc\rs+ ( immortality2 nor ! disciples m div9ely consol$4 ,! argum5ts1 tak5 9 ! _s & n 9 ! lett]1 are our argum5ts2 & ,socrates by anticipation may be ev5 ?\ght to refute "s #8ecc5tric notions' curr5t 9 our own age4 ,= !re are philosoph]s among ourselves :o d n seem to und]/& h[ mu* /rong] is ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 or ( ! be/1 ?an ( ,atlas1 or me*anical =ce4 ,h[ f> ! words attribut$ to ,socrates 7 actually utt]$ by him we =be> to ask2 = no answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,& x is bett] to resign ourselves to ! feel+ ( a great "w1 ?an to l+] among critical unc]ta9ties4 ,,pha$o4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,pha$o1 :o is ! n>rator ( ! ,dialogue to ,e*ecrates ( ,phlius4 ,,socrates4 ,,att5dant ,,( ,,! ,,prison4 ,,apollodorus4 ,,simmias4 ,,cebes4 ,,crito4 ,,sc5e3--,! ,prison ( ,socrates4 ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,n>ration3--,phlius4 ,sid5ote3 ,pha$o4 ,e*ecrates4 ,7 y y\rself1 ,pha$o1 9 ! prison ,/eph4 #eg ) ,socrates on ! day :5 he drank ! poison8 ,pha$o4 ,yes1 ,e*ecrates1 ,i 04 ,e*4 ,i %\ld s l to he> ab\t 8 dea?4 ,:at did he say 9 8 la/ h\rs8 ,we 7 in=m$ t he di$ by tak+ poison1 b no "o knew any?+ m2 = no ,phliasian ev] goes to ,a!ns n[1 & x is a long "t s9ce any /rang] f ,a!ns has f\nd 8 way hi!r2 s t we _h no cle> acc\nt4 ,pha$4 ,did y n he> ( ! proce$+s at ! trial8 #eh ,e*4 ,yes2 "s "o told u ab\t ! trial1 & we c\ld n und]/& :y1 hav+ be5 condemn$1 he %\ld h be5 put to dea?1 n at ! "t1 b long aft]w>ds4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is8 ,sid5ote3 ,! dea? ( ,socrates 0 def]r$ by ! holy season ( ! mission to ,delos4 ,pha$4 ,an accid5t1 ,e*ecrates3 ! /]n ( ! %ip :i* ! ,a!nians s5d to ,delos happ5$ to h be5 cr[n$ on ! day be=e he 0 tri$4 ,e*4 ,:at is ?is %ip8 ,sid5ote3 ,! n>rative ( ,pha$o4 ,pha$4 ,x is ! %ip 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,a!nian tradition1 ,!seus w5t to ,crete :5 he took ) him ! f\rte5 y\?s1 & 0 ! savi\r ( !m & ( himself4 ,& !y are said to h v[$ to ,apollo at ! "t1 t if !y 7 sav$ !y w\ld s5d a ye>ly mission to ,delos4 ,n[ ?is cu/om /ill cont9ues1 & ! :ole p]iod ( ! voyage to & f ,delos1 beg9n+ :5 ! prie/ ( ,apollo cr[ns ! /]n ( ! %ip1 is a holy season1 dur+ :i* ! city is n all[$ to be pollut$ by public executions2 & :5 ! vessel is deta9$ by contr>y w9ds1 ! "t sp5t 9 go+ & return+ is v consid]able4 ,z ,i 0 say+1 ! %ip 0 cr[n$ on ! day be=e ! trial1 & ?is 0 ! reason :y ,socrates lay 9 prison & 0 n put to dea? until long aft] he 0 condemn$4 ,e*4 ,:at 0 ! mann] ( 8 dea?1 ,pha$o8 ,:at 0 said or done8 ,& :i* ( 8 fri5ds 7 ) him8 ,or did ! au?orities =bid !m to be pres5t--s t he _h no fri5ds ne> him :5 he di$8 ,pha$4 ,no2 !re 7 sev]al ( !m ) him4 ,sid5ote3 ,pha$o is reque/$ by ,e*ecrates to give an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,socrates4 ,e*4 ,if y h no?+ to d1 ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :at pass$1 z exactly z y c4 ,pha$4 ,i h no?+ at all to d1 & w try to gratify y\r wi%4 ,to be rem9d$ ( ,socrates is always ! greate/ delight to me1 :e!r ,i speak myself or he> ano!r speak ( him4 ,e*4 ,y w h li/5]s :o are ( ! same m9d ) y1 & ,i hope t y w be z exact z y c4 ,sid5ote3 ,he describes 8 noble & fe>less demean\r4 ,pha$4 ,i _h a s+ul> feel+ at be+ 9 8 company4 ,= ,i c\ld h>dly believe t ,i 0 pres5t at ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & !re=e ,i did n pity him1 ,e*ecrates2 he di$ s fe>lessly1 & 8 words & be>+ 7 s noble & graci\s1 t to me he appe>$ bless$4 ,i ?\ght t 9 go+ to ! o!r _w he c\ld n be )\t a div9e call1 & t he w\ld be happy1 if any man ev] #ei 01 :5 he arriv$ !re2 & !re=e ,i did n pity him z might h seem$ natural at su* an h\r4 ,b ,i _h n ! pleasure :i* ,i usually feel 9 philosophical disc\rse 7= philosophy 0 ! !me ( :i* we spoke74 ,i 0 pleas$1 b 9 ! pleasure !re 0 also a /range admixture ( pa92 = ,i reflect$ t he 0 soon to die1 & ?is d\ble feel+ 0 %>$ by u all2 we 7 laugh+ & weep+ by turns1 especially ! excitable ,apollodorus--y "k ! sort ( man8 ,sid5ote3 ,! la/ morn+3 ,xan?ipp4 ,e*4 ,yes4 ,pha$4 ,he 0 q beside himself2 & ,i & all ( u 7 greatly mov$4 ,e*4 ,:o 7 pres5t8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,socratic circle3--! abs5ce ( ,plato is not$4 ,pha$4 ,( native ,a!nians !re 71 besides ,apollodorus1 ,critobulus & 8 fa!r ,crito1 ,h]mog5es1 ,epig5es1 ,aes*9es1 ,anti/h5es2 likewise ,ctesippus ( ! deme ( ,paeania1 ,m5ex5us1 & "s o!rs2 ,plato1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 ill4 ,e*4 ,7 !re any /rang]s8 ,pha$4 ,yes1 !re 72 ,simmias ! ,!ban1 & ,cebes1 & ,pha$ondes2 ,euclid & ,t]psion1 :o came f ,meg>a4 ,e*4 ,& 0 ,ari/ippus !re1 & ,cleombrotus8 ,pha$4 ,no1 !y 7 said to be 9 ,aeg9a4 ,e*4 ,any "o else8 ,pha$4 ,i ?9k t ^! 7 ne>ly all4 ,e*4 ,well1 & :at did y talk ab\t8 ,sid5ote3 ,! meet+ at ! prison4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fri5ds are d5i$ admission :ile ! ,elev5 are ) ,socrates4 ,pha$4 ,i w beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & endeav\r to repeat ! entire conv]sation4 ,on ! previ\s days we _h be5 9 ! habit ( assembl+ e>ly 9 ! morn+ at ! c\rt 9 :i* ! trial took place1 & :i* is n f> f ! prison4 ,!re we us$ to wait talk+ ) "o ano!r until ! op5+ ( ! doors 7= !y 7 n op5$ v e>ly72 !n we w5t 9 & g5]ally pass$ ! day ) ,socrates4 ,on ! la/ morn+ we assembl$ soon] ?an usual1 hav+ he>d on ! day be=e :5 we quitt$ ! prison 9 ! ev5+ t ! sacr$ %ip _h come f ,delos2 & s we arrang$ to meet v e>ly at ! accu/om$ place4 ,on our arrival ! jail] :o answ]$ ! door1 in/ead ( admitt+ u1 came out & told u to /ay until he call$ u4 #8,= ! ,elev51' he said1 #8are n[ ) ,socrates2 !y are tak+ (f 8 *a9s1 & giv+ ord]s t he is to die to-day4' ,he soon return$ & said t we might come 94 ,on ent]+ we f\nd #fj ,socrates j releas$ f *a9s1 & ,xan?ipp1 :om y "k1 sitt+ by him1 & hold+ 8 *ild 9 h] arms4 ,:5 %e saw u %e utt]$ a cry & said1 z wom5 w3 #8,o ,socrates1 ?is is ! la/ "t t ei!r y w conv]se ) y\r fri5ds1 or !y ) y4' ,socrates turn$ to ,crito & said3 #8,crito1 let "s "o take h] home4' ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ^: *a9s h n[ be5 tak5 (f1 is l$ by ! feel+ ( relief to rem>k on ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* pleasure & pa9 are always conjo9$4 ,"s ( ,crito's p accord+ly l$ h] away1 cry+ out & beat+ h]self4 ,& :5 %e 0 gone1 ,socrates1 sitt+ up on ! c\*1 b5t & rubb$ 8 leg1 say+1 z he 0 rubb+3 ,h[ s+ul> is ! ?+ call$ pleasure1 & h[ curi\sly relat$ to pa91 :i* might be ?\ght to be ! opposite ( x2 = !y are nev] pres5t to a man at ! same in/ant1 & yet he :o pursues ei!r is g5]ally compell$ to take ! o!r2 _! bodies are two1 b !y are jo9$ by a s+le head4 ,& ,i _c help ?9k+ t if ,aesop _h rememb]$ !m1 he w\ld h made a fable ab\t ,god try+ to reconcile _! /rife1 & h[1 :5 he c\ld n1 he fa/5$ _! heads toge!r2 & ?is is ! reason :y :5 "o comes ! o!r foll[s3 z ,i "k by my own exp]i5ce n[1 :5 aft] ! pa9 9 my leg :i* 0 caus$ by ! *a9 pleasure appe>s to succe$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5us ! poet4 ,^u ?is ,cebes said3 ,i am glad1 ,socrates1 t y h m5tion$ ! "n ( ,aesop4 ,= x rem9ds me ( a "q :i* has be5 ask$ by _m1 & 0 ask$ ( me only ! day be=e ye/]day by ,ev5us ! poet--he w be sure to ask x aga91 & !re=e if y w\ld l me to h an answ] ready = him1 y may z well tell me :at ,i %\ld say to him3--he want$ to "k :y y1 :o nev] be=e wrote a l9e ( poetry1 n[ t y are 9 prison are turn+ ,aesop's fables into v]se1 & also compos+ t hymn 9 hon\r ( ,apollo4 ,sid5ote3 ,hav+ be5 told 9 a dream t he %\ld compose music1 9 ord] to satisfy a scruple ab\t ! mean+ ( ! dream he has be5 writ+ v]ses :ile he 0 9 prison4 ,sid5ote3 ,philolaus ( ,!bes4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5us ! poet _h be5 curi\s to "k :y he _h done s1 & ,socrates gives him ! explanation1 bidd+ him be ( good *e]1 & come aft] him4 #8,b he w n come4' ,tell him1 ,cebes1 he repli$1 :at is ! tru?--t ,i _h no idea ( rivall+ him or 8 poems2 to d s1 z ,i knew1 w\ld be no easy task4 ,b ,i want$ to see :e!r ,i c\ld purge away a scruple :i* ,i felt ab\t ! mean+ ( c]ta9 dreams4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my life ,i h (t5 _h intimations 9 dreams #8t ,i %\ld compose music4' ,! same dream came to me sometimes 9 "o =m1 & sometimes 9 ano!r1 b always say+ ! same or ne>ly ! same words3 #8,cultivate & make music1' said ! dream4 ,& hi!rto ,i _h imag9$ t ?is 0 only int5d$ to exhort & enc\rage me 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 :i* has be5 ! pursuit ( my life1 & is ! noble/ & be/ #fa ( music4 ,! dream 0 bidd+ me d :at ,i 0 already do+1 9 ! same way t ! competitor 9 a race is bidd5 by ! spectators to run :5 he is already runn+4 ,b ,i 0 n c]ta9 ( ?is2 = ! dream might h meant music 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w1 & be+ "u s5t5ce ( dea?1 & ! fe/ival giv+ me a respite1 ,i ?\ght t x w\ld be saf] = me to satisfy ! scruple1 &1 9 ob$i5ce to ! dream1 to compose a few v]ses be=e ,i dep>t$4 ,& fir/ ,i made a hymn 9 hon\r ( ! god ( ! fe/ival1 & !n consid]+ t a poet1 if he is really to be a poet1 %\ld n only put toge!r words1 b %\ld inv5t /ories1 & t ,i h no inv5tion1 ,i took "s fables ( ,aesop1 :i* ,i _h ready at h& & :i* ,i knew--!y 7 ! fir/ ,i came ^u & turn$ !m into v]se4 ,tell ?is to ,ev5us1 ,cebes1 & bid him be ( good *e]2 say t ,i w\ld h him come aft] me if he be a wise man1 & n t>ry2 & t to-day ,i am likely to be go+1 = ! ,a!nians say t ,i mu/4 ,simmias said3 ,:at a message = su* a man6 hav+ be5 a frequ5t companion ( 8 ,i %\ld say t1 z f> z ,i "k him1 he w nev] take y\r advice unless he is oblig$4 ,:y1 said ,socrates1--is n ,ev5us a philosoph]8 ,i ?9k t he is1 said ,simmias4 ,!n he1 or any man :o has ! _s ( philosophy1 w be will+ to die2 b he w n take 8 own life1 = t is held to be unlawful4 ,"h he *ang$ 8 position1 & put 8 legs (f ! c\* on to ! gr\nd1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! conv]sation he rema9$ sitt+4 ,:y d y say1 enquir$ ,cebes1 t a man ought n to take 8 own life1 b t ! philosoph] w be ready to foll[ ! dy+8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates replies t a philosoph] l ,ev5us %\ld be ready to die1 ?\gh he mu/ n take 8 own life4 ,socrates repli$3 ,& h y1 ,cebes & ,simmias1 :o are ! disciples ( ,philolaus1 nev] he>d him speak ( ?is8 ,sid5ote3 ,cebes speak+ 9 8 native dialect4 ,yes1 b 8 language 0 obscure1 ,socrates4 ,my words1 too1 are only an e*o2 b !re is no reason :y ,i %\ld n repeat :at ,i h he>d3 & inde$1 z ,i am go+ to ano!r place1 x is v meet = me to be ?9k+ & talk+ ( ! nature ( ! pilgrimage :i* ,i am ab\t to make4 ,:at c ,i d bett] 9 ! int]val betwe5 ?is & ! sett+ ( ! sun8 ,!n tell me1 ,socrates1 :y is suicide held to be unlawful8 z ,i h c]ta9ly he>d ,philolaus1 ab\t :om y 7 j n[ ask+1 affirm :5 he 0 /ay+ ) u at ,!bes2 & !re are o!rs :o say ! same1 al?\gh ,i h nev] und]/ood :at 0 meant by any ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is incid5tal rem>k leads to a discussion on suicide4 ,d n lose he>t1 repli$ ,socrates1 & ! day may come #fb :5 y w und]/&4 ,i suppose t y wond] :y1 :5 o!r ?+s :i* are evil may be good at c]ta9 times & to c]ta9 p]sons1 dea? is to be ! only exception1 & :y1 :5 a man is bett] dead1 he is n p]mitt$ to be 8 own b5efactor1 b mu/ wait = ! h& ( ano!r4 ,f]y true1 said ,cebes1 laugh+ g5tly & speak+ 9 8 native ,boeotian4 ,sid5ote3 ,man is a prison] :o has no "r to run away2 & he is also a possession ( ! gods & mu/ n rob 8 ma/]s4 ,i admit ! appe>ance ( inconsi/5cy 9 :at ,i am say+2 b !re may n be any real inconsi/5cy aft] all4 ,!re is a doctr9e :isp]$ 9 secret t man is a prison] :o has no "r to op5 ! door & run away2 ?is is a great my/]y :i* ,i d n q und]/&4 ,yet ,i too believe t ! gods are our gu>dians1 & t we m5 are a possession ( !irs4 ,d y n agree8 ,yes1 ,i q agree1 said ,cebes4 ,& if "o ( y\r own possessions1 an ox or an ass1 = example1 took ! lib]ty ( putt+ himself out ( ! way :5 y _h giv5 no intimation ( y\r wi% t he %\ld die1 w\ld y n be angry ) him1 & w\ld y n puni% him if y c\ld8 ,c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,cebes4 ,!n1 if we look at ! matt] ?us1 !re may be reason 9 say+ t a man %\ld wait1 & n take 8 own life until ,god summons him1 z he is n[ summon+ me4 ,sid5ote3 ,& :y %\ld he wi% to leave ! be/ ( s]vices8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 said ,cebes1 !re seems to be tru? 9 :at y say4 ,& yet h[ c y reconcile ?is seem+ly true belief t ,god is our gu>dian & we 8 possessions1 ) ! will+ness to die :i* y 7 j n[ attribut+ to ! philosoph]8 ,t ! wise/ ( m5 %\ld be will+ to leave a s]vice 9 :i* !y are rul$ by ! gods :o are ! be/ ( rul]s1 is n reasonable2 = surely no wise man ?9ks t :5 set at lib]ty he c take bett] c>e ( himself ?an ! gods take ( him4 ,a fool may p]haps ?9k s--he may argue t he _h bett] run away f 8 ma/]1 n consid]+ t 8 duty is to rema9 to ! end1 & n to run away f ! good1 & t !re w\ld be no s5se 9 8 runn+ away4 ,! wise man w want to be ev] ) him :o is bett] ?an himself4 ,n[ ?is1 ,socrates1 is ! rev]se ( :at 0 j n[ said2 = ^u ?is view ! wise man %\ld sorr[ & ! fool rejoice at pass+ out ( life4 ,! e>ne/ness ( ,cebes seem$ to please ,socrates4 #fc ,"h1 said he1 turn+ to u1 is a man :o is always enquir+1 & is n s easily conv9c$ by ! fir/ ?+ :i* he he>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,y y\rself1 ,socrates1 are too ready to run away4 ,& c]ta9ly1 add$ ,simmias1 ! objection :i* he is n[ mak+ does appe> to me to h "s =ce4 ,= :at c be ! mean+ ( a truly wise man want+ to fly away & lightly leave a ma/] :o is bett] ?an himself8 ,& ,i r imag9e t ,cebes is ref]r+ to y2 he ?9ks t y are too ready to leave u1 & too ready to leave ! gods :om y ackn[l$ge to be our good ma/]s4 ,yes1 repli$ ,socrates2 !re is reason 9 :at y say4 ,& s y ?9k t ,i ought to answ] y\r indictm5t z if ,i 7 9 a c\rt8 ,we %\ld l y to d s1 said ,simmias4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates replies t he is go+ to o!r gods :o are wise & good4 ,!n ,i mu/ try to make a m successful def5ce be=e y ?an ,i did be=e ! judges4 ,= ,i am q ready to admit1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 t ,i ought to be griev$ at dea?1 if ,i 7 n p]suad$ 9 ! fir/ place t ,i am go+ to o!r gods :o are wise & good 7( :i* ,i am z c]ta9 z ,i c be ( any su* matt]s71 & secondly 7?\gh ,i am n s sure ( ?is la/7 to m5 dep>t$1 bett] ?an ^? :om ,i leave beh9d2 & !re=e ,i d n grieve z ,i might h done1 = ,i h good hope t !re is yet some?+ rema9+ = ! dead1 & z has be5 said ( old1 "s f> bett] ?+ = ! good ?an = ! evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! gaol]'s importunity4 ,b d y mean to take away y\r ?\ghts ) y1 ,socrates8 said ,simmias4 ,w y n imp>t !m to u8--= !y are a b5efit 9 :i* we too are entitl$ to %>e4 ,moreov]1 if y succe$ 9 conv9c+ u1 t w be an answ] to ! *>ge aga9/ y\rself4 ,i w d my be/1 repli$ ,socrates4 ,b y mu/ fir/ let me he> :at ,crito wants2 he has long be5 wi%+ to say some?+ to me4 ,only ?is1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,crito3--! att5dant :o is to give y ! poison has be5 tell+ me1 & he wants me to tell y1 t y are n to talk mu*2 talk+1 he says1 increases heat1 & ?is is apt to int]f]e ) ! action ( ! poison2 p]sons :o excite !mselves are sometimes oblig$ to take a second or ev5 a ?ird dose4 ,!n1 said ,socrates1 let him m9d 8 bus9ess & be prep>$ to give ! poison twice or ev5 ?rice if necess>y2 t is all4 ,i knew q well :at y w\ld say1 repli$ ,crito2 b ,i 0 oblig$ to satisfy him4 ,nev] m9d him1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true philosoph] is always dy+3--:y !n %\ld he avoid ! dea? :i* he desires8 ,& n[1 ,o my judges1 ,i desire to prove to y t ! real philosoph] has reason to be ( good *e] :5 he is ab\t to die1 & t aft] dea? he may hope to obta9 ! #fd greate/ good 9 ! o!r _w4 ,& h[ ?is may be1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 ,i w endeav\r to expla94 ,= ,i deem t ! true vot>y ( philosophy is likely to be misund]/ood by o!r m52 !y d n p]ceive t he is always pursu+ dea? & dy+2 & if ?is be s1 & he has _h ! desire ( dea? all 8 life long1 :y :5 8 "t comes %\ld he rep9e at t :i* he has be5 always pursu+ & desir+8 ,sid5ote3 #8,h[ ! _w w laugh :5 !y he> ?is6' ,simmias said laugh+ly3 ,?\gh n 9 a laugh+ hum\r1 y h made me laugh1 ,socrates2 = ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! _m :5 !y he> y\r words w say h[ truly y h describ$ philosoph]s1 & our p at home w likewise say t ! life :i* philosoph]s desire is 9 reality dea?1 & t !y h f\nd !m out to be des]v+ ( ! dea? :i* !y desire4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,yes1 !y d n und]/& ! nature ( dea?1 or :y ! philosoph] desires or des]ves x4 ,& !y are "r1 ,simmias1 9 ?9k+ s1 ) ! exception ( ! words #8!y h f\nd !m out2' = !y h n f\nd out ei!r :at is ! nature ( t dea? :i* ! true philosoph] des]ves1 or h[ he des]ves or desires dea?4 ,b en\gh ( !m3--let u discuss ! matt] among ourselves4 ,d we believe t !re is su* a ?+ z dea?8 ,to be sure1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,is x n ! sep>ation ( s\l & body8 ,& to be dead is ! completion ( ?is2 :5 ! s\l exi/s 9 h]self1 & is releas$ f ! body & ! body is releas$ f ! s\l1 :at is ?is b dea?8 ,j s1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,life is be/ :5 ! s\l is mo/ fre$ f ! conc]ns ( ! body1 & is alone & by h]self4 ,!re is ano!r "q1 :i* w probably ?r[ light on our pres5t enquiry if y & ,i c agree ab\t x3--,ought ! philosoph] to c>e ab\t ! pleasures--if !y are to be call$ pleasures--( eat+ & dr9k+8 ,c]ta9ly n1 answ]$ ,simmias4 ,& :at ab\t ! pleasures ( love--%\ld he c>e = !m8 ,by no means4 ,& w he ?9k mu* ( ! o!r ways ( indulg+ ! body1 = example1 ! acquisition ( co/ly raim5t1 or s&als1 or o!r adornm5ts ( ! body8 ,in/ead ( c>+ ab\t !m1 does he n r despise any?+ m ?an nature ne$s8 ,:at d y say8 ,i %\ld say t ! true philosoph] w\ld despise !m4 ,w\ld y n say t he is entirely conc]n$ ) ! s\l & n ) ! body8 ,he w\ld l1 z f> z he c1 to get away f ! body & to turn to ! s\l4 ,q true4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is sort philosoph]s1 above all o!r m51 may be obs]v$ 9 e sort ( way to dissev] ! s\l #fe f ! communion ( ! body4 ,v true4 ,:]eas1 ,simmias1 ! re/ ( ! _w are ( op9ion t to him :o has no s5se ( pleasure & no "p 9 bodily pleasure1 life is n wor? hav+2 & t he :o is indiff]5t ab\t !m is z good z dead4 ,t is also true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s5ses are untru/wor?y guides3 !y mislead ! s\l 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,:at aga9 %all we say ( ! actual acquirem5t ( k8--is ! body1 if invit$ to %>e 9 ! enquiry1 a h9d]] or a help]8 ,i mean to say1 h sight & he>+ any tru? 9 !m8 ,are !y n1 z ! poets are always tell+ u1 inaccurate witnesses8 & yet1 if ev5 !y are inaccurate & indi/9ct1 :at is to be said ( ! o!r s5ses8--= y w all[ t !y are ! be/ ( !m8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,!n :5 does ! s\l atta9 tru?8--= 9 attempt+ to consid] any?+ 9 company ) ! body %e is obvi\sly deceiv$4 ,true4 ,!n mu/ n true exi/5ce be reveal$ to h] 9 ?\ght1 if at all8 ,yes4 ,& ?\ght is be/ :5 ! m9d is ga!r$ into h]self & none ( ^! ?+s tr\ble h]--nei!r s\nds nor sights nor pa9 nor any pleasure1--:5 %e takes leave ( ! body1 & has z little z possible to d ) x1 :5 %e has no bodily s5se or desire1 b is aspir+ aft] true be+8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !re=e ! philosoph] runs away f ! body4 ,& 9 ?is ! philosoph] di%on\rs ! body2 8 s\l runs away f 8 body & desires to be alone & by h]self8 ,t is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r argum5t4 ,! absolute tru? ( ju/ice1 beauty1 & o!r ideas is n p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 :i* only introduce a di/urb+ elem5t4 ,well1 b !re is ano!r ?+1 ,simmias3 ,is !re or is !re n an absolute ju/ice8 ,assur$ly !re is4 ,& an absolute beauty & absolute good8 ,( c\rse4 ,b did y ev] behold any ( !m ) y\r eyes8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or did y ev] rea* !m ) any o!r bodily s5se8--& ,i speak n ( ^! alone1 b ( absolute greatness1 & heal?1 & /r5g?1 & ( ! ess5ce or true nature ( ev]y?+4 ,has ! reality ( !m ev] be5 p]ceiv$ by y ?r\gh ! bodily organs8 or r1 is n ! ne>e/ approa* to ! k ( _! sev]al natures made by him :o s ord]s 8 intellectual vision z to h ! mo/ exact conception ( ! ess5ce ( ea* ?+ :i* he consid]s8 ,sid5ote3 ,! bodily nature4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& he atta9s to ! pure/ k ( !m :o goes to ea* ) ! m9d alone1 n introduc+ or intrud+ 9 ! act ( ?\ght sight or any o!r s5se toge!r ) reason1 b ) ! v light ( ! m9d 9 h] own cle>ness #ff se>*es into ! v tru? ( ea*2 he :o has got rid1 z f> z he c1 ( eyes & e>s &1 s to speak1 ( ! :ole body1 ^! be+ 9 8 op9ion di/ract+ elem5ts :i* :5 !y infect ! s\l h9d] h] f acquir+ tru? & k--:o1 if n he1 is likely to atta9 to ! k ( true be+8 ,:at y say has a wond]ful tru? 9 x1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l 9 h]self mu/ p]ceive ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,& :5 real philosoph]s consid] all ^! ?+s1 w !y n be l$ to make a reflection :i* !y w express 9 words some?+ l ! foll[+8 #8,h we n f\nd1' !y w say1 #8a pa? ( ?\ght :i* seems to br+ u & our argum5t to ! conclusion1 t :ile we are 9 ! body1 & :ile ! s\l is infect$ ) ! evils ( ! body1 our desire w n be satisfi$8 & our desire is ( ! tru?4 ,= ! body is a s\rce ( endless tr\ble to u by reason ( ! m]e requirem5t ( food2 & is liable also to diseases :i* ov]take & imp$e u 9 ! se>* aft] true be+3 x fills u full ( loves1 & lu/s1 & fe>s1 & fancies ( all k9ds1 & endless fool]y1 & 9 fact1 z m5 say1 takes away f u ! p[] ( ?9k+ at all4 ,:5ce come w>s1 & fight+s1 & factions8 :5ce b f ! body & ! lu/s ( ! body8 ,w>s are occasion$ by ! love ( money1 & money has to be acquir$ = ! sake & 9 ! s]vice ( ! body2 & by reason ( all ^! imp$im5ts we h no "t to give to philosophy2 &1 la/ & wor/ ( all1 ev5 if we are at leisure & betake ourselves to "s speculation1 ! body is always break+ 9 ^u u1 caus+ turmoil & confusion 9 our enquiries1 & s amaz+ u t we are prev5t$ f see+ ! tru?4 ,x has be5 prov$ to u by exp]i5ce t if we w\ld h pure k ( any?+ we mu/ be quit ( ! body--! s\l 9 h]self mu/ behold ?+s 9 !mselves3 & !n we %all atta9 ! wisdom :i* we desire1 & ( :i* we say t we are lov]s2 n :ile we live1 b aft] dea?2 = if :ile 9 company ) ! body1 ! s\l _c h pure k1 "o ( two ?+s foll[s--ei!r k is n to be atta9$ at all1 or1 if at all1 aft] dea?4 ,= !n1 & n till !n1 ! s\l w be p>t$ #fg f ! body & exi/ 9 h]self alone4 ,9 ?is pres5t life1 ,i reckon t we make ! ne>e/ approa* to k :5 we h ! lea/ possible int]c\rse or communion ) ! body1 & are n surfeit$ ) ! bodily nature1 b keep ourselves pure until ! h\r :5 ,god himself is pleas$ to release u4 ,& ?us hav+ got rid ( ! fooli%ness ( ! body we %all be pure & hold conv]se ) ! pure1 & "k ( ourselves ! cle> light ev]y:]e1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! light ( tru?4' ,= ! impure are n p]mitt$ to approa* ! pure4 ,^! are ! sort ( words1 ,simmias1 :i* ! true lov]s ( k _c help say+ to "o ano!r1 & ?9k+4 ,y w\ld agree2 w\ld y n8 ,sid5ote3 ,! hope ( ! dep>t+ s\l4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,socrates4 ,b1 ,o my fri5d1 if ?is be true1 !re is great reason to hope t1 go+ :i!r ,i g1 :5 ,i h come to ! end ( my j\rney1 ,i %all atta9 t :i* has be5 ! pursuit ( my life4 ,& !re=e ,i g on my way rejoic+1 & n ,i only1 b e o!r man :o believes t 8 m9d has be5 made ready & t he is 9 a mann] purifi$4 ,c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,sid5ote3 ,purification is ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,& :at is purification b ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 z ,i 0 say+ be=e2 ! habit ( ! s\l ga!r+ & collect+ h]self into h]self f all sides out ( ! body2 ! dwell+ 9 h] own place alone1 z 9 ano!r life1 s also 9 ?is1 z f> z %e c2--! release ( ! s\l f ! *a9s ( ! body8 ,v true1 he said4 ,& ?is sep>ation & release ( ! s\l f ! body is t]m$ dea?8 ,to be sure1 he said4 ,& ! true philosoph]s1 & !y only1 are ev] seek+ to release ! s\l4 ,is n ! sep>ation & release ( ! s\l f ! body _! especial /udy8 ,t is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true philosoph]4 ,&1 z ,i 0 say+ at fir/1 !re w\ld be a ridicul\s contradiction 9 m5 /udy+ to live z ne>ly z !y c 9 a /ate ( dea?1 & yet rep9+ :5 x comes ^u !m4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !re=e ! true philosoph] :o has be5 always try+ to dis5gage himself f ! body w rejoice 9 dea?4 ,& ! true philosoph]s1 ,simmias1 are always occupi$ 9 ! practice ( dy+1 :]e=e also to !m lea/ ( all m5 is dea? t]rible4 ,look at ! matt] ?us3--if !y h be5 9 e way ! enemies ( ! body1 & are want+ to be alone ) ! s\l1 :5 ?is desire ( !irs is grant$1 h[ inconsi/5t w\ld !y be if !y trembl$ & rep9$1 in/ead ( rejoic+ at _! dep>ture to t place :]e1 :5 !y arrive1 !y hope to ga9 t :i* 9 life !y desir$--& ?is 0 wisdom--& at ! same #fh "t to be rid ( ! company ( _! enemy4 ,_m a man has be5 will+ to g to ! _w bel[ animat$ by ! hope ( see+ !re an e>?ly love1 or wife1 or son1 & conv]s+ ) !m4 ,& w he :o is a true lov] ( wisdom1 & is /rongly p]suad$ 9 l mann] t only 9 ! _w bel[ he c wor?ily enjoy h]1 /ill rep9e at dea?8 ,w he n dep>t ) joy8 ,surely he w1 ,o my fri5d1 if he be a true philosoph]4 ,= he w h a firm conviction t !re1 & !re only1 he c f9d wisdom 9 h] purity4 ,& if ?is be true1 he w\ld be v absurd1 z ,i 0 say+1 if he 7 afraid ( dea?4 ,he w\ld inde$1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,& :5 y see a man :o is rep9+ at ! approa* ( dea?1 is n 8 reluctance a suffici5t pro( t he is n a lov] ( wisdom1 b a lov] ( ! body1 & probably at ! same "t a lov] ( ei!r money or p[]1 or bo?8 ,q s1 he repli$4 ,& is n c\rage1 ,simmias1 a quality :i* is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! philosoph]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,he alone possesses ! true secret ( virtue1 :i* 9 ord9>y m5 is m]ely bas$ on a calculation ( less] & great] evils4 ,!re is temp]ance aga91 :i* ev5 by ! vulg> is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! control & regulation ( ! passions1 & 9 ! s5se ( sup]iority to !m--is n temp]ance a virtue belong+ to ^? only :o despise ! body1 & :o pass _! lives 9 philosophy8 ,mo/ assur$ly4 ,= ! c\rage & temp]ance ( o!r m51 if y w consid] !m1 are really a contradiction4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ex*ange ( virtue4 ,h[ s8 ,well1 he said1 y are aw>e t dea? is reg>d$ by m5 9 g5]al z a great evil4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& d n c\rage\s m5 face dea? because !y are afraid ( yet great] evils8 ,t is q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,ord9>y m5 are c\rage\s only f c[>dice2 temp]ate f intemp]ance4 ,!n all b ! philosoph]s are c\rage\s only f fe>1 & because !y are afraid2 & yet t a man %\ld be c\rage\s f fe>1 & because he is a c[>d1 is surely a /range ?+4 ,v true4 ,& are n ! temp]ate exactly 9 ! same case8 ,!y are temp]ate because !y are intemp]ate--:i* might seem to be a contradiction1 b is nev]!less ! sort ( ?+ :i* happ5s ) ?is fooli% temp]ance4 ,= !re are pleasures :i* !y are afraid ( los+2 & 9 _! desire to keep !m1 !y ab/a9 f "s pleasures1 because !y are ov]come by o!rs & al?\gh to be conqu]$ by pleasure is call$ by m5 intemp]ance1 to #fi !m ! conque/ ( pleasure consi/s 9 be+ conqu]$ by pleasure4 ,& t is :at ,i mean by say+ t1 9 a s5se1 !y are made temp]ate ?r\gh intemp]ance4 ,su* appe>s to be ! case4 ,sid5ote3 ,true virtue is insep>able f wisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,! incr$ulity ( ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?yrsus-be>]s & ! my/ics4 ,yet ! ex*ange ( "o fe> or pleasure or pa9 = ano!r fe> or pleasure or pa91 & ( ! great] = ! less1 z if !y 7 co9s1 is n ! ex*ange ( virtue4 ,o my bless$ ,simmias1 is !re n "o true co9 = :i* all ?+s ought to be ex*ang$8--& t is wisdom2 & only 9 ex*ange = ?is1 & 9 company ) ?is1 is any?+ truly b\ght or sold1 :e!r c\rage or temp]ance or ju/ice4 ,& is n all true virtue ! companion ( wisdom1 no matt] :at fe>s or pleasures or o!r simil> goods or evils may or may n att5d h]8 ,b ! virtue :i* is made up ( ^! goods1 :5 !y are sev]$ f wisdom & ex*ang$ ) "o ano!r1 is a %ad[ ( virtue only1 nor is !re any fre$om or heal? or tru? 9 h]2 b 9 ! true ex*ange !re is a purg+ away ( all ^! ?+s1 & temp]ance1 & ju/ice1 & c\rage1 & wisdom h]self are ! purgation ( !m4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! my/]ies w\ld appe> to h _h a real mean+1 & 7 n talk+ nons5se :5 !y intimat$ 9 a figure long ago t he :o passes unsanctifi$ & un9itiat$ into ! _w bel[ w lie 9 a sl\gh1 b t he :o arrives !re aft] initiation & purification w dwell ) ! gods4 ,= #8_m1' z !y say 9 ! my/]ies1 #8are ! ?yrsus-be>]s1 b few are ! my/ics1'--mean+1 z ,i int]pret ! words1 #8! true philosoph]s4' ,9 ! numb] ( :om1 dur+ my :ole life1 ,i h be5 seek+1 accord+ to my ability1 to f9d a place2--:e!r ,i h s\ght 9 a "r way or n1 & :e!r ,i h succe$$ or n1 ,i %all truly "k 9 a little :ile1 if ,god w1 :5 ,i myself arrive 9 ! o!r _w--su* is my belief4 ,& !re=e ,i ma9ta9 t ,i am "r1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 9 n griev+ or rep9+ at p>t+ f y & my ma/]s 9 ?is _w1 = ,i believe t ,i %all equally f9d good ma/]s & fri5ds 9 ano!r _w4 ,b mo/ m5 d n believe ?is say+2 if !n ,i succe$ 9 conv9c+ y by my def5ce bett] ?an ,i did ! ,a!nian judges1 x w be well4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe>s are ent]ta9$ le/ ! s\l :5 %e dies %\ld be scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,cebes answ]$3 ,i agree1 ,socrates1 9 ! great] "p ( :at y say4 ,b 9 :at conc]ns ! s\l1 m5 are apt #gj to be incr$ul\s2 !y fe> t :5 %e has left ! body h] place may be n[h]e1 & t on ! v day ( dea? %e may p]i% & come to an end--imm$iately on h] release f ! body1 issu+ =? disp]s$ l smoke or air & 9 h] flight vani%+ away into no?+ness4 ,if %e c\ld only be collect$ into h]self aft] %e has obta9$ release f ! evils ( :i* y 7 speak+1 !re w\ld be good reason to hope1 ,socrates1 t :at y say is true4 ,b surely x requires a great deal ( argum5t & _m pro(s to %[ t :5 ! man is dead 8 s\l yet exi/s1 & has any =ce or intellig5ce4 ,true1 ,cebes1 said ,socrates2 & %all ,i sugge/ t we conv]se a little ( ! probabilities ( ^! ?+s8 ,i am sure1 said ,cebes1 t ,i %\ld greatly l to "k y\r op9ion ab\t !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! discussion suit$ to ! occasion4 ,i reckon1 said ,socrates1 t no "o :o he>d me n[1 n ev5 if he 7 "o ( my old enemies1 ! ,comic poets1 c\ld accuse me ( idle talk+ ab\t matt]s 9 :i* ,i h no conc]n3--,if y please1 !n1 we w proce$ ) ! enquiry4 ,sid5ote3 ,! alt]nation ( all exi/5ce4 ,suppose we consid] ! "q :e!r ! s\ls ( m5 aft] dea? are or are n 9 ! _w bel[4 ,!re comes into my m9d an anci5t doctr9e :i* affirms t !y g f h5ce into ! o!r _w1 & return+ hi!r1 are born aga9 f ! dead4 ,n[ if x be true t ! liv+ come f ! dead1 !n our s\ls mu/ exi/ 9 ! o!r _w1 = if n1 h[ c\ld !y h be5 born aga98 ,& ?is w\ld be conclusive1 if !re 7 any real evid5ce t ! liv+ are only born f ! dead2 b if ?is is n s1 !n o!r argum5ts w h to be adduc$4 ,v true1 repli$ ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s :i* h opposites are g5]at$ out ( opposites4 ,!n let u consid] ! :ole "q1 n 9 relation to man only1 b 9 relation to animals g5]ally1 & to plants1 & to ev]y?+ ( :i* !re is g5]ation1 & ! pro( w be easi]4 ,are n all ?+s :i* h opposites g5]at$ out ( _! opposites8 ,i mean su* ?+s z good & evil1 j & unju/--& !re are innum]able o!r opposites :i* are g5]at$ out ( opposites4 ,& ,i want to %[ t 9 all opposites !re is ( necessity a simil> alt]nation2 ,i mean to say1 = example1 t any?+ :i* becomes great] mu/ become great] aft] be+ less4 ,true4 ,& t :i* becomes less mu/ h be5 once great] & !n h become less4 #ga ,yes4 ,& ! weak] is g5]at$ f ! /rong]1 & ! swift] f ! sl[]4 ,v true4 ,& ! worse is f ! bett]1 & ! m j is f ! m unju/4 ,( c\rse4 ,& is ?is true ( all opposites8 & are we conv9c$ t all ( !m are g5]at$ out ( opposites8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,life & dea? l wak+ & sleep+4 ,sid5ote3 ,& !re are int]m$iate processes or passages into & out ( "o ano!r1 su* z increase & dim9ution1 division & composition1 & ! l4 ,& 9 ?is univ]sal opposition ( all ?+s1 are !re n also two int]m$iate processes :i* are ev] go+ on1 f "o to ! o!r opposite1 & back aga92 :]e !re is a great] & a less !re is also an int]m$iate process ( increase & dim9ution1 & t :i* gr[s is said to wax1 & t :i* decays to wane8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& !re are _m o!r processes1 su* z division & composition1 cool+ & heat+1 :i* equally involve a passage into & out ( "o ano!r4 ,& ?is necess>ily holds ( all opposites1 ev5 ?\gh n always express$ 9 words--!y are really g5]at$ out ( "o ano!r1 & !re is a pass+ or process f "o to ! o!r ( !m8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,well1 & is !re n an opposite ( life1 z sleep is ! opposite ( wak+8 ,true1 he said4 ,& :at is x8 ,dea?1 he answ]$4 ,& ^!1 if !y are opposites1 are g5]at$ ! "o f ! o!r1 & h _! two int]m$iate processes also8 ,( c\rse4 ,n[1 said ,socrates1 ,i w analyze "o ( ! two pairs ( opposites :i* ,i h m5tion$ to y1 & also its int]m$iate processes1 & y %all analyze ! o!r to me4 ,"o ( !m ,i t]m sleep1 ! o!r wak+4 ,! /ate ( sleep is oppos$ to ! /ate ( wak+1 & out ( sleep+ wak+ is g5]at$1 & out ( wak+1 sleep+2 & ! process ( g5]ation is 9 ! "o case fall+ asleep1 & 9 ! o!r wak+ up4 ,d y agree8 ,i entirely agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,life is oppos$ to dea?1 z wak+ is to sleep+1 & 9 l mann] !y are g5]at$ f "o ano!r4 ,!n1 suppose t y analyze life & dea? to me 9 ! same mann]4 ,is n dea? oppos$ to life8 ,yes4 ,& !y are g5]at$ "o f ! o!r8 ,yes4 ,:at is g5]at$ f ! liv+8 ,! dead4 ,& :at f ! dead8 ,i c only say 9 answ]--! liv+4 ,!n ! liv+1 :e!r ?+s or p]sons1 ,cebes1 are g5]at$ f ! dead8 ,sid5ote3 ,! circle ( nature4 ,t is cle>1 he repli$4 ,!n ! inf]5ce is t our s\ls exi/ 9 ! _w bel[8 ,t is true4 ,& "o ( ! two processes or g5]ations is visible--= surely ! act ( dy+ is visible8 ,surely1 he said4 ,:at !n is to be ! result8 ,%all we exclude ! opposite process8 & %all we suppose nature to walk on "o leg only8 ,mu/ we n r assign to dea? "s correspond+ process ( g5]ation8 ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4 ,& :at is t process8 ,return to life4 ,& return to life1 if !re be su* a ?+1 is ! bir? ( ! dead into ! _w ( ! liv+8 #gb ,q true4 ,!n "h is a new way by :i* we arrive at ! conclusion t ! liv+ come f ! dead1 j z ! dead come f ! liv+2 & ?is1 if true1 af=ds a mo/ c]ta9 pro( t ! s\ls ( ! dead exi/ 9 "s place out ( :i* !y come aga94 ,yes1 ,socrates1 he said2 ! conclusion seems to fl[ necess>ily out ( our previ\s admissions4 ,sid5ote3 ,if !re 7 no comp5sation or return 9 nature1 all ?+s w\ld pass into ! /ate ( dea?4 ,& t ^! admissions 7 n unfair1 ,cebes1 he said1 may be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 z foll[s3 ,if g5]ation 7 9 a /raight l9e only1 & !re 7 no comp5sation or circle 9 nature1 no turn or return ( elem5ts into _! opposites1 !n y "k t all ?+s w\ld at la/ h ! same =m & pass into ! same /ate1 & !re w\ld be no m g5]ation ( !m4 ,:at d y mean8 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( recollection4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sleep+ ,endymion w\ld be unmean+ 9 a _w ( sleep]s4 ,a simple ?+ en\gh1 :i* ,i w illu/rate by ! case ( sleep1 he repli$4 ,y "k t if !re 7 no alt]nation ( sleep+ & wak+1 ! tale ( ! sleep+ ,endymion w\ld 9 ! end h no mean+1 because all o!r ?+s w\ld be asleep too1 & he w\ld n be di/+ui%able f ! re/4 ,or if !re 7 composition only1 & no division ( sub/ances1 !n ! *aos ( ,anaxagoras w\ld come aga94 ,& 9 l mann]1 my de> ,cebes1 if all ?+s :i* p>took ( life 7 to die1 & aft] !y 7 dead rema9$ 9 ! =m ( dea?1 & did n come to life aga91 all w\ld at la/ die1 & no?+ w\ld be alive--:at o!r result c\ld !re be8 ,= if ! liv+ spr+ f any o!r ?+s1 & !y too die1 mu/ n all ?+s at la/ be swall[$ up 9 dea?8#bc ,!re is no escape1 ,socrates1 said ,cebes2 & to me y\r argum5t seems to be absolutely true4 ,yes1 he said1 ,cebes1 x is & mu/ be s1 9 my op9ion2 & we h n be5 delud$ 9 mak+ ^! admissions2 b ,i am confid5t t !re truly is su* a ?+ z liv+ aga91 & t ! liv+ spr+ f ! dead1 & t ! s\ls ( ! dead are 9 exi/5ce1 & t ! good s\ls h a bett] portion ?an ! evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doctr9e ( recollection implies a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,cebes add$3 ,y\r fav\rite doctr9e1 ,socrates1 t k is simply recollection1 if true1 also necess>ily implies a previ\s "t 9 :i* we h le>n$ t :i* we n[ recollect4 ,b ?is w\ld be impossible unless our s\l _h be5 9 "s place be=e exi/+ 9 ! =m ( #gc man2 "h !n is ano!r pro( ( ! s\l's immortality4 ,b tell me1 ,cebes1 said ,simmias1 int]pos+1 :at argum5ts are urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is doctr9e ( recollection4 ,i am n v sure at ! mom5t t ,i rememb] !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,y put a "q to a p]son1 & he answ]s out ( 8 own m9d4 ,"o excell5t pro(1 said ,cebes1 is af=d$ by que/ions4 ,if y put a "q to a p]son 9 a "r way1 he w give a true answ] ( himself1 b h[ c\ld he d ?is unless !re 7 k & "r reason already 9 him8 ,& ?is is mo/ cle>ly %[n :5 he is tak5 to a diagram or to any?+ ( t sort#bd4 ,b if1 said ,socrates1 y are /ill incr$ul\s1 ,simmias1 ,i w\ld ask y :e!r y may n agree ) me :5 y look at ! matt] 9 ano!r way2--,i mean1 if y are /ill incr$ul\s z to :e!r k is recollection8 ,incr$ul\s ,i am n1 said ,simmias2 b ,i want to h ?is doctr9e ( recollection br\ght to my own recollection1 &1 f :at ,cebes has said1 ,i am beg9n+ to recollect & be conv9c$3 b ,i %\ld /ill l to he> :at y 7 go+ to say4 ,?is is :at ,i w\ld say1 he repli$3--,we %\ld agree1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t :at a man recollects he mu/ h kn[n at "s previ\s "t4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! association ( ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,a p]son may recollect :at he has nev] se5 toge!r ) :at he has se54 ,h[ is ?is8 ,& :at is ! nature ( ?is k or recollection8 ,i mean to ask1 ,:e!r a p]son :o1 hav+ se5 or he>d or 9 any way p]ceiv$ any?+1 kn[s n only t1 b has a conception ( some?+ else :i* is ! subject1 n ( ! same b ( "s o!r k9d ( k1 may n be fairly said to recollect t ( :i* he has ! conception8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean :at ,i may illu/rate by ! foll[+ in/ance3--,! k ( a lyre is n ! same z ! k ( a man8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,recollection is ! k ( "s p]son or ?+ d]iv$ f "s o!r p]son or ?+ :i* may be ei!r l or unlike !m4 ,& yet :at is ! feel+ ( lov]s :5 !y recognize a lyre1 or a g>m5t1 or any?+ else :i* ! belov$ has be5 9 ! habit ( us+8 ,d n !y1 f kn[+ ! lyre1 =m 9 ! m9d's eye an image ( ! y\? to :om ! lyre belongs8 ,& ?is is recollection4 ,9 l mann] any "o :o sees ,simmias may rememb] ,cebes2 & !re are endless examples ( ! same ?+4 ,endless1 inde$1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,& recollection is mo/ commonly a process ( recov]+ t :i* has be5 already =gott5 ?r\gh "t & inatt5tion4 ,v true1 he said4 ,well2 & may y n also f see+ ! picture ( a horse or a lyre rememb] a man8 & f ! picture ( ,simmias1 y may be l$ to rememb] ,cebes4 ,true4 ,or y may also be l$ to ! recollection ( ,simmias himself8 ,q s4 #gd ,& 9 all ^! cases1 ! recollection may be d]iv$ f ?+s ei!r l or unlike8 ,x may be4 ,& :5 ! recollection is d]iv$ f l ?+s1 !n ano!r consid]ation is sure to arise1 :i* is--:e!r ! lik5ess 9 any degree falls %ort or n ( t :i* is recollect$8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal equality & ! mat]ial equals4 ,v true1 he said4 ,& %all we proce$ a /ep fur!r1 & affirm t !re is su* a ?+ z equality1 n ( "o piece ( wood or /one ) ano!r1 b t1 ov] & above ?is1 !re is absolute equality8 ,%all we say s8 ,say s1 yes1 repli$ ,simmias1 & swe> to x1 ) all ! confid5ce 9 life4 ,& d we "k ! nature ( ?is absolute ess5ce8 ,to be sure1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! imp]fect equality ( pieces ( wood or /one sugge/s ! p]fect idea ( equality4 ,& :5ce did we obta9 our k8 ,did we n see equalities ( mat]ial ?+s1 su* z pieces ( wood & /ones1 & ga!r f !m ! idea ( an equality :i* is diff]5t f !m8 ,= y w ackn[l$ge t !re is a diff]5ce4 ,or look at ! matt] 9 ano!r way3--,d n ! same pieces ( wood or /one appe> at "o "t equal1 & at ano!r "t unequal8 ,t is c]ta94 ,b are real equals ev] unequal8 or is ! idea ( equality ! same z ( inequality8 ,impossible1 ,socrates4 ,!n ^! 7s-call$7 equals are n ! same ) ! idea ( equality8 ,i %\ld say1 cle>ly n1 ,socrates4 ,& yet f ^! equals1 al?\gh diff]+ f ! idea ( equality1 y conceiv$ & atta9$ t idea8 ,v true1 he said4 ,:i* might be l1 or might be unlike !m8 ,yes4 ,b t makes no diff]5ce3 :5ev] f see+ "o ?+ y conceiv$ ano!r1 :e!r l or unlike1 !re mu/ surely h be5 an act ( recollection8 ,v true4 ,b :at w\ld y say ( equal portions ( wood & /one1 or o!r mat]ial equals8 & :at is ! impression produc$ by !m8 ,are !y equals 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* absolute equality is equal8 or d !y fall %ort ( ?is p]fect equality 9 a measure8 ,yes1 he said1 9 a v great measure too4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if ! mat]ial equals :5 comp>$ to ! ideal equality fall %ort ( x1 ! ideal equality ) :i* !y are comp>$ mu/ be prior to !m1 ?\gh only kn[n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( !m4 ,& mu/ we n all[1 t :5 ,i or any "o1 look+ at any object1 obs]ves t ! ?+ :i* he sees aims at be+ "s o!r ?+1 b falls %ort (1 & _c be1 t o!r ?+1 b is inf]ior1 he :o makes ?is obs]vation mu/ h _h a previ\s k ( t to :i* ! o!r1 al?\gh simil>1 0 inf]ior8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal equality4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& has n ?is be5 our own case 9 ! matt] ( equals & ( absolute equality8 ,precisely4 ,!n we mu/ h kn[n equality previ\sly to ! "t :5 we fir/ saw ! mat]ial equals1 & reflect$ t all #ge ^! app>5t equals /rive to atta9 absolute equality1 b fall %ort ( x8 ,v true4 ,& we recognize also t ?is absolute equality has only be5 kn[n1 & c only be kn[n1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sight or t\*1 or ( "s o!r ( ! s5ses1 :i* are all alike 9 ?is respect8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 z f> z ! argum5t is conc]n$1 "o ( !m is ! same z ! o!r4 ,f ! s5ses !n is d]iv$ ! k t all s5sible ?+s aim at an absolute equality ( :i* !y fall %ort8 ,yes4 ,!n be=e we began to see or he> or p]ceive 9 any way1 we mu/ h _h a k ( absolute equality1 or we c\ld n h ref]r$ to t /&>d ! equals :i* are d]iv$ f ! s5ses8--= to t !y all aspire1 & ( t !y fall %ort4 ,no o!r inf]5ce c be drawn f ! previ\s /atem5ts4 ,& did we n see & he> & h ! use ( our o!r s5ses z soon z we 7 born8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,t high] s5se ( equality mu/ h be5 kn[n to u be=e we 7 born1 0 =gott5 at bir?1 & 0 recov]$ by ! use ( ! s5ses4 ,!n we mu/ h acquir$ ! k ( equality at "s previ\s "t8 ,yes4 ,t is to say1 be=e we 7 born1 ,i suppose8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two alt]natives4 ,& if we acquir$ ?is k be=e we 7 born1 & 7 born hav+ ! use ( x1 !n we also knew be=e we 7 born & at ! in/ant ( bir? n only ! equal or ! great] or ! less1 b all o!r ideas2 = we are n speak+ only ( equality1 b ( beauty1 goodness1 ju/ice1 hol9ess1 & ( all :i* we /amp ) ! "n ( ess5ce 9 ! dialectical process1 bo? :5 we ask & :5 we answ] que/ions4 ,( all ?is we may c]ta9ly affirm t we acquir$ ! k be=e bir?8 ,we may4 ,b if1 aft] hav+ acquir$1 we h n =gott5 :at 9 ea* case we acquir$1 !n we mu/ always h come into life hav+ k1 & %all always cont9ue to "k z long z life la/s--= kn[+ is ! acquir+ & reta9+ k & n =gett+4 ,is n =gett+1 ,simmias1 j ! los+ ( k8 ,q true1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is call$ le>n+ !re=e is only a recollection ( ideas :i* we possess$ 9 a previ\s /ate4 ,b if ! k :i* we acquir$ be=e bir? 0 lo/ by u at bir?1 & if aft]w>ds by ! use ( ! s5ses we recov]$ :at we previ\sly knew1 w n ! process :i* we call le>n+ be a recov]+ ( ! k :i* is natural to u1 & may n ?is be rightly t]m$ recollection8 ,v true4 ,s mu* is cle>--t :5 we p]ceive some?+1 ei!r #gf by ! help ( sight1 or he>+1 or "s o!r s5se1 f t p]ception we are able to obta9 a notion ( "s o!r ?+ l or unlike :i* is associat$ ) x b has be5 =gott54 ,:5ce1 z ,i 0 say+1 "o ( two alt]natives foll[s3--ei!r we _h ?is k at bir?1 & cont9u$ to "k ?r\gh life2 or1 aft] bir?1 ^? :o are said to le>n only rememb]1 & le>n+ is simply recollection4 ,yes1 t is q true1 ,socrates4 ,& :i* alt]native1 ,simmias1 d y pref]8 ,_h we ! k at our bir?1 or did we recollect ! ?+s :i* we knew previ\sly to our bir?8 ,i _c decide at ! mom5t4 ,at any rate y c decide :e!r he :o has k w or w n be able to r5d] an acc\nt ( 8 k8 ,:at d y say8 ,c]ta9ly1 he w4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,b d y ?9k t e man is able to give an acc\nt ( ^! v matt]s ab\t :i* we are speak+8 ,w\ld t !y c\ld1 ,socrates1 b ,i r fe> t to-morr[1 at ?is "t1 !re w no long] be any "o alive :o is able to give an acc\nt ( !m su* z ought to be giv54 ,!n y are n ( op9ion1 ,simmias1 t all m5 "k ^! ?+s8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!y are 9 process ( recollect+ t :i* !y le>n$ be=e8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b :5 did our s\ls acquire ?is k8--n s9ce we 7 born z m58 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,& !re=e1 previ\sly8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if s1 our s\ls mu/ h exi/$ be=e !y 7 9 ! =m ( man2 or if n ! s\ls1 !n n ! ideas4 ,!n1 ,simmias1 our s\ls mu/ also h exi/$ )\t bodies be=e !y 7 9 ! =m ( man1 & mu/ h _h intellig5ce4 ,unless inde$ y suppose1 ,socrates1 t ^! notions are giv5 u at ! v mom5t ( bir?2 = ?is is ! only "t :i* rema9s4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 b if s1 :5 d we lose !m8 = !y are n 9 u :5 we are born--t is admitt$4 ,d we lose !m at ! mom5t ( receiv+ !m1 or if n at :at o!r "t8 ,no1 ,socrates1 ,i p]ceive t ,i 0 unconsci\sly talk+ nons5se4 ,!n may we n say1 ,simmias1 t if1 z we are always repeat+1 !re is an absolute beauty1 & goodness1 & an absolute ess5ce ( all ?+s2 & if to ?is1 :i* is n[ discov]$ to h exi/$ 9 our =m] /ate1 we ref] all our s5sations1 & ) ?is comp>e !m1 f9d+ ^! ideas to be pre-exi/5t & our inborn possession--!n our s\ls mu/ h _h a prior exi/5ce1 b if n1 !re w\ld be no =ce 9 ! argum5t8 ,!re is ! same pro( t ^! ideas mu/ h exi/$ be=e we 7 born1 z t our s\ls exi/$ be=e we 7 born2 & if n ! ideas1 !n n ! s\ls4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes are n q satisfi$4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 ,i am conv9c$ t !re is precisely ! same necessity = ! "o z = ! o!r2 & ! argum5t retreats successfully to ! position t ! exi/5ce #gg ( ! s\l be=e bir? _c be sep>at$ f ! exi/5ce ( ! ess5ce ( :i* y speak4 ,= !re is no?+ :i* to my m9d is s pat5t z t beauty1 goodness1 & ! o!r notions ( :i* y 7 j n[ speak+1 h a mo/ real & absolute exi/5ce2 & ,i am satisfi$ ) ! pro(4 ,well1 b is ,cebes equally satisfi$8 = ,i mu/ conv9ce him too4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes are agre$ 9 ?9k+ t ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! s\l is suffici5tly prov$1 b n ! future exi/5ce4 ,i ?9k1 said ,simmias1 t ,cebes is satisfi$3 al?\gh he is ! mo/ incr$ul\s ( mortals1 yet ,i believe t he is suffici5tly conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l be=e bir?4 ,b t aft] dea? ! s\l w cont9ue to exi/ is n yet prov5 ev5 to my own satisfaction4 ,i _c get rid ( ! feel+ ( ! _m to :i* ,cebes 0 ref]r+--! feel+ t :5 ! man dies ! s\l w be disp]s$1 & t ?is may be ! ext9ction ( h]4 ,= admitt+ t %e may h be5 born else:]e1 & fram$ out ( o!r elem5ts1 & 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ent]+ ! human body1 :y aft] hav+ ent]$ 9 & gone out aga9 may %e n h]self be de/roy$ & come to an end8 ,v true1 ,simmias1 said ,cebes2 ab\t half ( :at 0 requir$ has be5 prov52 to wit1 t our s\ls exi/$ be=e we 7 born3--t ! s\l w exi/ aft] dea? z well z be=e bir? is ! o!r half ( :i* ! pro( is /ill want+1 & has to be suppli$2 :5 t is giv5 ! demon/ration w be complete4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if ! s\l passes f dea? to bir?1 %e mu/ exi/ aft] dea? z well z be=e bir?4 ,b t pro(1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 has be5 already giv51 said ,socrates1 if y put ! two argum5ts toge!r--,i mean ?is & ! =m] "o1 9 :i* we admitt$ t ev]y?+ liv+ is born ( ! dead4 ,= if ! s\l exi/s be=e bir?1 & 9 com+ to life & be+ born c be born only f dea? & dy+1 mu/ %e n aft] dea? cont9ue to exi/1 s9ce %e has to be born aga98--,surely ! pro( :i* y desire has be5 already furni%$4 ,/ill ,i suspect t y & ,simmias w\ld be glad to probe ! argum5t fur!r4 ,l *ildr51 y are haunt$ ) a fe> t :5 ! s\l leaves ! body1 ! w9d may really bl[ h] away & scatt] h]2 especially if a man %\ld happ5 to die 9 a great /orm & n :5 ! sky is calm4 ,sid5ote3 #8,! *ild )9 u4' ,cebes answ]$ ) a smile3 ,!n1 ,socrates1 y mu/ argue u out ( our fe>s--& yet1 /rictly speak+1 !y are n our fe>s1 b !re is a *ild )9 u to :om dea? is a sort ( hobgobl93 him too we mu/ p]suade n to be afraid :5 he is alone 9 ! d>k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fe> t ! s\l w vani% into air mu/ be *>m$ away4 ,socrates said3 ,let ! voice ( ! *>m] be appli$ daily until y h *>m$ away ! fe>4 ,& :]e %all we f9d a good *>m] ( our fe>s1 #gh ,socrates1 :5 y are gone8 ,hellas1 he repli$1 is a l>ge place1 ,cebes1 & has _m good m51 & !re are b>b>\s races n a few3 seek = him among !m all1 f> & wide1 sp>+ nei!r pa9s nor money2 = !re is no bett] way ( sp5d+ y\r money4 ,& y mu/ seek among y\rselves too2 = y w n f9d o!rs bett] able to make ! se>*4 ,! se>*1 repli$ ,cebes1 %all c]ta9ly be made4 ,& n[1 if y please1 let u return to ! po9t ( ! argum5t at :i* we digress$4 ,by all means1 repli$ ,socrates2 :at else %\ld ,i please8 ,v good4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! elem5t :i* is liable to be scatt]$8--,n ! simple & un*angeable1 b ! composite & *ang+4 ,mu/ we n1 said ,socrates1 ask ourselves :at t is :i*1 z we imag9e1 is liable to be scatt]$1 & ab\t :i* we fe>8 & :at aga9 is t ab\t :i* we h no fe>8 ,& !n we may proce$ fur!r to enquire :e!r t :i* suff]s disp]sion is or is n ( ! nature ( s\l--our hopes & fe>s z to our own s\ls w turn ^u ! answ]s to ^! que/ions4 ,v true1 he said4 ,n[ ! comp\nd or composite may be suppos$ to be naturally capable1 z ( be+ comp\nd$1 s also ( be+ dissolv$2 b t :i* is uncomp\nd$1 & t only1 mu/ be1 if any?+ is1 indissoluble4 ,yes2 ,i %\ld imag9e s1 said ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! se5 & ! unse54 ,& ! uncomp\nd$ may be assum$ to be ! same & un*ang+1 :]eas ! comp\nd is always *ang+ & nev] ! same4 ,i agree1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l & ! ideas belong to ! class ( ! un*ang+1 :i* is also ! unse54 ,!n n[ let u return to ! previ\s discussion4 ,is t idea or ess5ce1 :i* 9 ! dialectical process we def9e z ess5ce or true exi/5ce--:e!r ess5ce ( equality1 beauty1 or any?+ else--are ^! ess5ces1 ,i say1 liable at times to "s degree ( *ange8 or are !y ea* ( !m always :at !y are1 hav+ ! same simple self-exi/5t & un*ang+ =ms1 n admitt+ ( v>iation at all1 or 9 any way1 or at any "t8 ,!y mu/ be always ! same1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,cebes4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! _m beautiful--:e!r m5 or horses or g>m5ts or any o!r ?+s :i* are nam$ by ! same names & may be call$ equal or beautiful1--are !y all un*ang+ & ! same always1 or q ! rev]se8 ,may !y n r be describ$ z almo/ always *ang+ & h>dly ev] ! same1 ei!r ) !mselves or ) "o ano!r8 ,! latt]1 repli$ ,cebes2 !y are always 9 a /ate ( *ange4 ,& ^! y c t\* & see & p]ceive ) ! #gi s5ses1 b ! un*ang+ ?+s y c only p]ceive ) ! m9d--!y are invisible & are n se58 ,t is v true1 he said4 ,well !n1 add$ ,socrates1 let u suppose t !re are two sorts ( exi/5ces--"o se51 ! o!r unse54 ,let u suppose !m4 ,! se5 is ! *ang+1 & ! unse5 is ! un*ang+8 ,t may be also suppos$4 ,&1 fur!r1 is n "o "p ( u body1 ano!r "p s\l8 ,to be sure4 ,& to :i* class is ! body m alike & ak98 ,cle>ly to ! se5--no "o c d\bt t4 ,& is ! s\l se5 or n se58 ,n by man1 ,socrates4 ,& :at we mean by #8se5' & #8n se5' is t :i* is or is n visible to ! eye ( man8 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( ! s\l4 ,yes1 to ! eye ( man4 ,& is ! s\l se5 or n se58 ,n se54 ,unse5 !n8 ,yes4 ,!n ! s\l is m l to ! unse51 & ! body to ! se58 ,t foll[s necess>ily1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l :i* is unse51 :5 %e makes use ( ! bodily s5ses1 is dragg$ d[n into ! region ( ! *angeable1 & mu/ return into h]self be=e %e c atta9 to true wisdom4 ,& 7 we n say+ long ago t ! s\l :5 us+ ! body z an in/rum5t ( p]ception1 t is to say1 :5 us+ ! s5se ( sight or he>+ or "s o!r s5se 7= ! mean+ ( p]ceiv+ ?r\gh ! body is p]ceiv+ ?r\gh ! s5ses7--7 we n say+ t ! s\l too is !n dragg$ by ! body into ! region ( ! *angeable1 & w&]s & is confus$2 ! _w sp9s r\nd h]1 & %e is l a drunk>d1 :5 %e t\*es *ange8 ,v true4 ,b :5 return+ into h]self %e reflects1 !n %e passes into ! o!r _w1 ! region ( purity1 & et]nity1 & immortality1 & un*angeabl5ess1 :i* are h] k9dr$1 & ) !m %e ev] lives1 :5 %e is by h]self & is n let or h9d]$2 !n %e ceases f h] err+ ways1 & be+ 9 communion ) ! un*ang+ is un*ang+4 ,& ?is /ate ( ! s\l is call$ wisdom8 ,t is well & truly said1 ,socrates1 he repli$4 ,& to :i* class is ! s\l m ne>ly alike & ak91 z f> z may be inf]r$ f ?is argum5t1 z well z f ! prec$+ "o8 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l is ( ! nature ( ! un*angeable1 ! body ( ! *ang+2 ! s\l rules1 ! body s]ves2 ! s\l is 9 ! lik5ess ( ! div9e1 ! body ( ! mortal4 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t1 9 ! op9ion ( e "o :o foll[s ! argum5t1 ! s\l w be inf9itely m l ! un*angeable--ev5 ! mo/ /upid p]son w n d5y t4 ,& ! body is m l ! *ang+8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pass+ ( ! s\l4 ,yet once m consid] ! matt] 9 ano!r light3 ,:5 ! s\l & ! body are unit$1 !n nature ord]s #hj ! s\l to rule & gov]n1 & ! body to obey & s]ve4 ,n[ :i* ( ^! two functions is ak9 to ! div9e8 & :i* to ! mortal8 ,does n ! div9e appe> to y to be t :i* naturally ord]s & rules1 & ! mortal to be t :i* is subject & s]vant8 ,true4 ,& :i* does ! s\l resemble8 ,! s\l resembles ! div9e1 & ! body ! mortal--!re c be no d\bt ( t1 ,socrates4 ,!n reflect1 ,cebes3 ( all :i* has be5 said is n ?is ! conclusion8--t ! s\l is 9 ! v lik5ess ( ! div9e1 & immortal1 & intellectual1 & uni=m1 & indissoluble1 & un*angeable2 & t ! body is 9 ! v lik5ess ( ! human1 & mortal1 & un9tellectual1 & multi=m1 & dissoluble1 & *angeable4 ,c ?is1 my de> ,cebes1 be d5i$8 ,x _c4 ,b if x be true1 !n is n ! body liable to spe$y dissolution8 & is n ! s\l almo/ or altoge!r indissoluble8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5 f ! body some?+ may be le>n$ ab\t ! s\l2 = ! corpse ( a man la/s = "s "t1 & :5 embalm$1 9 a mann] = ev]4 ,& d y fur!r obs]ve1 t aft] a man is dead1 ! body1 or visible "p ( him1 :i* is ly+ 9 ! visible _w1 & is call$ a corpse1 & w\ld naturally be dissolv$ & decompos$ & dissipat$1 is n dissolv$ or decompos$ at once1 b may rema9 = "s "t1 nay ev5 = a long "t1 if ! con/itution be s\nd at ! "t ( dea?1 & ! season ( ! ye> fav\rable8 ,= ! body :5 %runk & embalm$1 z ! mann] is 9 ,egypt1 may rema9 almo/ entire ?r\gh inf9ite ages2 & ev5 9 decay1 !re are /ill "s portions1 su* z ! bones & ligam5ts1 :i* are practically inde/ructible3--,d y agree8 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ unlikely !n t ! s\l %\ld at once pass away6 ,& is x likely t ! s\l1 :i* is invisible1 9 pass+ to ! place ( ! true ,hades1 :i* l h] is invisible1 & pure1 & noble1 & on h] way to ! good & wise ,god1 :i!r1 if ,god w1 my s\l is also soon to g1--t ! s\l1 ,i repeat1 if ?is be h] nature & orig91 w be bl[n away & de/roy$ imm$iately on quitt+ ! body1 z ! _m say8 ,t c nev] be1 my de> ,simmias & ,cebes4 ,! tru? r is1 t ! s\l :i* is pure at dep>t+ & draws aft] h] no bodily ta9t1 hav+ nev] volunt>ily dur+ life _h connection ) ! body1 :i* %e is ev] avoid+1 h]self ga!r$ into h]self2--& mak+ su* ab/raction h] p]petual /udy--:i* means t %e has be5 a true disciple ( philosophy2 #ha & !re=e has 9 fact be5 always engag$ 9 ! practice ( dy+8 ,= is n philosophy ! /udy ( dea?8-- ,c]ta9ly-- ,sid5ote3 ,r :5 free f bodily impurity %e dep>ts to ! seats ( ! bless$4 ,t s\l1 ,i say1 h]self invisible1 dep>ts to ! invisible _w--to ! div9e & immortal & rational3 ?i!r arriv+1 %e is secure ( bliss & is releas$ f ! error & folly ( m51 _! fe>s & wild passions & all o!r human ills1 & = ev] dwells1 z !y say ( ! initiat$1 9 company ) ! gods#be4 ,is n ?is true1 ,cebes8 ,yes1 said ,cebes1 beyond a d\bt4 ,sid5ote3 ,! impure s\l made corporeal4 ,b ! s\l :i* has be5 pollut$1 & is impure at ! "t ( h] dep>ture1 & is ! companion & s]vant ( ! body always1 & is 9 love ) & fasc9at$ by ! body & by ! desires & pleasures ( ! body1 until %e is l$ to believe t ! tru? only exi/s 9 a bodily =m1 :i* a man may t\* & see & ta/e1 & use = ! purposes ( 8 lu/s1--! s\l1 ,i mean1 accu/om$ to hate & fe> & avoid ! intellectual pr9ciple1 :i* to ! bodily eye is d>k & invisible1 & c be atta9$ only by philosophy2--d y suppose t su* a s\l w dep>t pure & unalloy$8 ,impossible1 he repli$4 ,%e is held fa/ by ! corporeal1 :i* ! cont9ual association & con/ant c>e ( ! body h wr\ght into h] nature4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! s\ls ( ! wick$ are dragg$ d[n by ! corporeal elem5t4 ,& ?is corporeal elem5t1 my fri5d1 is heavy & weighty & e>?y1 & is t elem5t ( sight by :i* a s\l is depress$ & dragg$ d[n aga9 into ! visible _w1 because %e is afraid ( ! invisible & ( ! _w bel[--pr[l+ ab\t tombs & sepul*res1 ne> :i*1 z !y tell u1 are se5 c]ta9 gho/ly app>itions ( s\ls :i* h n dep>t$ pure1 b are cloy$ ) sight & !re=e visible#bf4 ,sid5ote3 ,transmigration ( m5 into animals4 ,t is v likely1 ,socrates4 ,yes1 t is v likely1 ,cebes2 & ^! mu/ be ! s\ls1 n ( ! good1 b ( ! evil1 :i* are compell$ to w&] ab\t su* places 9 paym5t ( ! p5alty ( _! =m] evil way ( life2 & !y cont9ue to w&] until ?r\gh ! crav+ aft] ! corporeal :i* nev] leaves !m1 !y are imprison$ f9ally 9 ano!r body4 ,& !y may be suppos$ to f9d _! prisons 9 ! same natures :i* !y h _h 9 _! =m] lives4 ,:at natures d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,!y w&] into ! bodies ( ! animals or ( birds :i* are ( a l nature ) !mselves4 ,:at ,i mean is t m5 :o h foll[$ aft] gluttony1 & wantonness1 & drunk5ness1 & h _h no ?\ght ( avoid+ !m1 w\ld pass into asses & animals ( t sort4 ,:at d y ?9k8 #hb ,i ?9k su* an op9ion to be exce$+ly probable4 ,& ^? :o h *os5 ! portion ( inju/ice1 & tyranny1 & viol5ce1 w pass into wolves1 or into hawks & kites2--:i!r else c we suppose !m to g8 ,yes1 said ,cebes2 ) su* natures1 beyond "q4 ,& !re is no difficulty1 he said1 9 assign+ to all ( !m places answ]+ to _! sev]al natures & prop5sities8 ,!re is n1 he said4 ,"s are happi] ?an o!rs2 & ! happie/ bo? 9 !mselves & 9 ! place to :i* !y g are ^? :o h practis$ ! civil & social virtues :i* are call$ temp]ance & ju/ice1 & are acquir$ by habit & att5tion )\t philosophy & m9d#bg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! deliv]ance ( ! s\l by philosophy4 ,:y are !y ! happie/8 ,because !y may be expect$ to pass into "s g5tle & social k9d :i* is l _! own1 su* z bees or wasps or ants1 or back aga9 into ! =m ( man1 & j & mod]ate m5 may be suppos$ to spr+ f !m4 ,v likely4 ,no "o :o has n /udi$ philosophy & :o is n entirely pure at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture is all[$ to ent] ! company ( ! ,gods1 b ! lov] ( k only4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 :y ! true vot>ies ( philosophy ab/a9 f all fle%ly lu/s1 & hold out aga9/ !m & refuse to give !mselves up to !m1--n because !y fe> pov]ty or ! ru9 ( _! families1 l ! lov]s ( money1 & ! _w 9 g5]al2 nor l ! lov]s ( p[] & hon\r1 because !y dread ! di%on\r or disgrace ( evil de$s4 ,no1 ,socrates1 t w\ld n become !m1 said ,cebes4 ,no inde$1 he repli$2 & !re=e !y :o h any c>e ( _! own s\ls1 & d n m]ely live m\ld+ & fa%ion+ ! body1 say f>ewell to all ?is2 !y w n walk 9 ! ways ( ! bl9d3 & :5 philosophy (f]s !m purification & release f evil1 !y feel t !y ought n to resi/ h] influ5ce1 & :i!r %e leads !y turn & foll[4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ! philosoph] is temp]ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,! new consci\sness :i* is awak5$ by philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! philosoph] consid]s n only ! consequ5ces ( pleasures & pa9s1 b1 :at is f> worse1 ! false lights 9 :i* !y %[ objects4 ,i w tell y1 he said4 ,! lov]s ( k are consci\s t ! s\l 0 simply fa/5$ & glu$ to ! body--until philosophy receiv$ h]1 %e c\ld only view real exi/5ce ?r\gh ! b>s ( a prison1 n 9 & ?r\gh h]self2 %e 0 wall[+ 9 ! mire ( e sort ( ignorance1 & by reason ( lu/ _h become ! pr9cipal accomplice 9 h] own captivity4 ,?is 0 h] orig9al #hc /ate2 & !n1 z ,i 0 say+1 & z ! lov]s ( k are well aw>e1 philosophy1 see+ h[ t]rible 0 h] conf9em5t1 ( :i* %e 0 to h]self ! cause1 receiv$ & g5tly com=t$ h] & s\ght to release h]1 po9t+ out t ! eye & ! e> & ! o!r s5ses are full ( deception1 & p]suad+ h] to retire f !m1 & ab/a9 f all b ! necess>y use ( !m1 & be ga!r$ up & collect$ into h]self1 bidd+ h] tru/ 9 h]self & h] own pure appreh5sion ( pure exi/5ce1 & mi/ru/ :atev] comes to h] ?r\gh o!r *annels & is subject to v>iation2 = su* ?+s are visible & tangible1 b :at %e sees 9 h] own nature is intelligible & invisible4 ,& ! s\l ( ! true philosoph] ?9ks t %e ought n to resi/ ?is deliv]ance1 & !re=e ab/a9s f pleasures & desires & pa9s & fe>s1 z f> z %e is able2 reflect+ t :5 a man has great joys or sorr[s or fe>s or desires1 he suff]s f !m1 n m]ely ! sort ( evil :i* might be anticipat$--z = example1 ! loss ( 8 heal? or prop]ty :i* he has sacrific$ to 8 lu/s--b an evil great] f>1 :i* is ! greate/ & wor/ ( all evils1 & "o ( :i* he nev] ?9ks4 ,:at is x1 ,socrates8 said ,cebes4 ,! evil is t :5 ! feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 is mo/ int5se1 e s\l ( man imag9es ! objects ( ?is int5se feel+ to be !n pla9e/ & true/3 b ?is is n s1 !y are really ! ?+s ( sight4 ,v true4 ,& is n ?is ! /ate 9 :i* ! s\l is mo/ en?rall$ by ! body8 ,h[ s8 ,:y1 because ea* pleasure & pa9 is a sort ( nail :i* nails & rivets ! s\l to ! body1 until %e becomes l ! body1 & believes t to be true :i* ! body affirms to be true2 & f agree+ ) ! body & hav+ ! same delights %e is oblig$ to h ! same habits & haunts1 & is n likely ev] to be pure at h] dep>ture to ! _w bel[1 b is always infect$ by ! body2 & s %e s9ks into ano!r body & !re g]m9ates & gr[s1 & has !re=e no "p 9 ! communion ( ! div9e & pure & simple4 ,mo/ true1 ,socrates1 answ]$ ,cebes4 ,& ?is1 ,cebes1 is ! reason :y ! true lov]s ( k are temp]ate & brave2 & n = ! reason :i* ! _w gives4 ,c]ta9ly n4 #hd ,sid5ote3 ,! fir/ great argum5t conclud$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l :i* has be5 emancipat$ f pleasures & pa9s w n be bl[n away at dea?4 ,c]ta9ly n6 ,! s\l ( a philosoph] w reason 9 q ano!r way2 %e w n ask philosophy to release h] 9 ord] t !n releas$ %e may deliv] h]self up aga9 to ! ?raldom ( pleasures & pa9s1 do+ a "w only to be undone aga91 weav+ in/ead ( unweav+ h] ,p5elope's web4 ,b %e w calm passion1 & foll[ reason1 & dwell 9 ! contemplation ( h]1 behold+ ! true & div9e 7:i* is n matt] ( op9ion71 & !nce d]iv+ n\ri%m5t4 ,?us %e seeks to live :ile %e lives1 & aft] dea? %e hopes to g to h] own k9dr$ & to t :i* is l h]1 & to be fre$ f human ills4 ,nev] fe>1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 t a s\l :i* has be5 ?us nurtur$ & has _h ^! pursuits1 w at h] dep>ture f ! body be scatt]$ & bl[n away by ! w9ds & be n[h]e & no?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes h _! d\bts1 b ?9k t ?is is n ! "t to express !m4 ,:5 ,socrates _h done speak+1 = a consid]able "t !re 0 sil5ce2 he himself appe>$ to be m$itat+1 z mo/ ( u 71 on :at _h be5 said2 only ,cebes & ,simmias spoke a few words to "o ano!r4 ,& ,socrates obs]v+ !m ask$ :at !y ?\ght ( ! argum5t1 & :e!r !re 0 any?+ want+8 ,=1 said he1 !re are _m po9ts /ill op5 to suspicion & attack1 if any "o 7 dispos$ to sift ! matt] ?or\ghly4 ,%\ld y be consid]+ "s o!r matt] ,i say no m1 b if y are /ill 9 d\bt d n hesitate to say exactly :at y ?9k1 & let u h any?+ bett] :i* y c sugge/2 & if y ?9k t ,i c be ( any use1 all[ me to help y4 ,simmias said3 ,i mu/ confess1 ,socrates1 t d\bts did arise 9 our m9ds1 & ea* ( u 0 urg+ & incit+ ! o!r to put ! "q :i* we want$ to h answ]$ b :i* nei!r ( u lik$ to ask1 fe>+ t our importunity might be tr\blesome at su* a "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates rebukes _! want ( confid5ce 9 him4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! swans' s++8 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes h /ill _! difficulties4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y d n lam5t1 z m5 suppose1 at _! approa*+ dea?2 b !y rejoice because !y are go+ to ! ,god1 ^: s]vants !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 :o is _! fell[-s]vant1 w n leave ! _w less *e]ily4 ,socrates repli$ ) a smile3 ,o ,simmias1 :at are y say+8 ,i am n v likely to p]suade o!r m5 t ,i d n reg>d my pres5t situation z a mis=tune1 if ,i _c ev5 p]suade y t ,i am no worse (f n[ ?an at any o!r "t 9 my life4 ,w y n all[ t ,i h z mu* ( ! _s ( prophecy 9 me z ! swans8 ,= !y1 :5 !y p]ceive t !y mu/ die1 hav+ sung all _! life long1 d !n s+ m lu/ily ?an ev]1 rejoic+ 9 ! ?\ght t !y are ab\t to g away to ! god #he ^: m9i/]s !y are4 ,b m51 because !y are !mselves afraid ( dea?1 sl&]\sly affirm ( ! swans t !y s+ a lam5t at ! la/1 n consid]+ t no bird s+s :5 cold1 or hungry1 or 9 pa91 n ev5 ! night+ale1 nor ! swall[1 nor yet ! hoopoe2 :i* are said inde$ to tune a lay ( sorr[1 al?\gh ,i d n believe ?is to be true ( !m any m ?an ( ! swans4 ,b because !y are sacr$ to ,apollo1 !y h ! gift ( prophecy1 & anticipate ! good ?+s ( ano!r _w2 :]e=e !y s+ & rejoice 9 t day m ?an ev] !y did be=e4 ,& ,i too1 believ+ myself to be ! consecrat$ s]vant ( ! same ,god1 & ! fell[-s]vant ( ! swans1 & ?9k+ t ,i h receiv$ f my ma/] gifts ( prophecy :i* are n inf]ior to !irs1 w\ld n g out ( life less m]rily ?an ! swans4 ,nev] m9d !n1 if ?is be y\r only objection1 b speak & ask any?+ :i* y l1 :ile ! elev5 magi/rates ( ,a!ns all[4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias insi/s t !y mu/ probe tru? to ! bottom4 ,v good1 ,socrates1 said ,simmias2 !n ,i w tell y my difficulty1 & ,cebes w tell y 84 ,i feel myself 7& ,i d>esay t y h ! same feel+71 h[ h>d or r impossible is ! atta9m5t ( any c]ta9ty ab\t que/ions su* z ^! 9 ! pres5t life4 ,& yet ,i %\ld deem him a c[>d :o did n prove :at is said ab\t !m to ! utt]mo/1 or ^: he>t fail$ him be=e he _h exam9$ !m on e side4 ,= he %\ld p]sev]e until he has a*iev$ "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r he %\ld discov]1 or be taught ! tru? ab\t !m2 or1 if ?is be impossible1 ,i w\ld h him take ! be/ & mo/ irrefragable ( human !ories1 & let ?is be ! raft ^u :i* he sails ?r\gh life--n )\t risk1 z ,i admit1 if he _c f9d "s ^w ( ,god :i* w m surely & safely c>ry him4 ,& n[1 z y bid me1 ,i w v5ture to "q y1 & !n ,i %all n h to reproa* myself h]eaft] ) n hav+ said at ! "t :at ,i ?9k4 ,= :5 ,i consid] ! matt]1 ei!r alone or ) ,cebes1 ! argum5t does c]ta9ly appe> to me1 ,socrates1 to be n suffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\bt ( ,simmias4 ,socrates answ]$3 ,i d>e say1 my fri5d1 t y may be "r1 b ,i %\ld l to "k 9 :at respect ! argum5t is insuffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! h>mony does n survive ! lyre2 h[ !n c ! s\l1 :i* is also a h>mony1 survive ! body8 ,9 ?is respect1 repli$ ,simmias3--,suppose a p]son to use ! same argum5t ab\t h>mony & ! lyre--might he n say t h>mony is a ?+ invisible1 incorporeal1 p]fect1 div9e1 exi/+ 9 ! lyre :i* is h>moniz$1 b #hf t ! lyre & ! /r+s are matt] & mat]ial1 composite1 e>?y1 & ak9 to mortality8 ,& :5 "s "o breaks ! lyre1 or cuts & r5ds ! /r+s1 !n he :o takes ?is view w\ld argue z y d1 & on ! same analogy1 t ! h>mony survives & has n p]i%$--y _c imag9e1 he w\ld say1 t ! lyre )\t ! /r+s1 & ! brok5 /r+s !mselves :i* are mortal rema91 & yet t ! h>mony1 :i* is ( heav5ly & immortal nature & k9dr$1 has p]i%$--p]i%$ be=e ! mortal4 ,! h>mony mu/ /ill be some:]e1 & ! wood & /r+s w decay be=e any?+ c happ5 to t4 ,! ?\ght1 ,socrates1 mu/ h occurr$ to y\r own m9d t su* is our conception ( ! s\l2 & t :5 ! body is 9 a mann] /rung & held toge!r by ! elem5ts ( hot & cold1 wet & dry1 !n ! s\l is ! h>mony or due proportionate admixture ( !m4 ,b if s1 :5ev] ! /r+s ( ! body are unduly loos5$ or ov]/ra9$ ?r\gh disease or o!r injury1 !n ! s\l1 ?\gh mo/ div9e1 l o!r h>monies ( music or works ( art1 ( c\rse p]i%es at once2 al?\gh ! mat]ial rema9s ( ! body may la/ = a consid]able "t1 until !y are ei!r decay$ or burnt4 ,& if any "o ma9ta9s t ! s\l1 be+ ! h>mony ( ! elem5ts ( ! body1 is fir/ to p]i% 9 t :i* is call$ dea?1 h[ %all we answ] him8 ,socrates look$ fix$ly at u z 8 mann] 01 & said ) a smile3 ,simmias has reason on 8 side2 & :y does n "s "o ( y :o is bett] able ?an myself answ] him8 = !re is =ce 9 8 attack ^u me4 ,b p]haps1 be=e we answ] him1 we _h bett] also he> :at ,cebes has to say t we may ga9 "t = reflection1 & :5 !y h bo? spok51 we may ei!r ass5t to !m1 if !re is tru? 9 :at !y say1 or if n1 we w ma9ta9 our position4 ,please to tell me !n1 ,cebes1 he said1 :at 0 ! difficulty :i* tr\bl$ y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\bt ( ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,a weav] may outlive _m coats & himself be outliv$ by ! la/3 s ! s\l :i* has pass$ ?r\gh _m bodies may 9 ! end be worn out4 ,cebes said3 ,i w tell y4 ,my feel+ is t ! argum5t is :]e x 01 & op5 to ! same objections :i* 7 urg$ be=e2 = ,i am ready to admit t ! exi/5ce #hg ( ! s\l be=e ent]+ into ! bodily =m has be5 v +5i\sly1 &1 if ,i may say s1 q suffici5tly prov52 b ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? is /ill1 9 my judgm5t1 unprov54 ,n[ my objection is n ! same z t ( ,simmias2 = ,i am n dispos$ to d5y t ! s\l is /rong] & m la/+ ?an ! body1 be+ ( op9ion t 9 all su* respects ! s\l v f> excels ! body4 ,well !n1 says ! argum5t to me1 :y d y rema9 unconv9c$8--,:5 y see t ! weak] cont9ues 9 exi/5ce aft] ! man is dead1 w y n admit t ! m la/+ mu/ also survive dur+ ! same p]iod ( "t8 ,n[ ,i w ask y to consid] :e!r ! objection1 :i*1 l ,simmias1 ,i w express 9 a figure1 is ( any weight4 ,! analogy :i* ,i w adduce is t ( an old weav]1 :o dies1 & aft] 8 dea? somebody says3--,he is n dead1 he mu/ be alive2--see1 !re is ! coat :i* he himself wove & wore1 & :i* rema9s :ole & undecay$4 ,& !n he proce$s to ask ( "s "o :o is incr$ul\s1 :e!r a man la/s long]1 or ! coat :i* is 9 use & we>2 & :5 he is answ]$ t a man la/s f> long]1 ?9ks t he has ?us c]ta9ly demon/rat$ ! survival ( ! man1 :o is ! m la/+1 because ! less la/+ rema9s4 ,b t1 ,simmias1 z ,i w\ld beg y to rem>k1 is a mi/ake2 any "o c see t he :o talks ?us is talk+ nons5se4 ,= ! tru? is1 t ! weav] a=esaid1 hav+ wov5 & worn _m su* coats1 outliv$ sev]al ( !m2 & 0 outliv$ by ! la/2 b a man is n !re=e prov$ to be slight] & weak] ?an a coat4 ,n[ ! relation ( ! body to ! s\l may be express$ 9 a simil> figure2 & any "o may v fairly say 9 l mann] t ! s\l is la/+1 & ! body weak & %ort-liv$ 9 comp>ison4 ,he may argue 9 l mann] t e s\l we>s out _m bodies1 especially if a man live _m ye>s4 ,:ile he is alive ! body deliquesces & decays1 & ! s\l always weaves ano!r g>m5t & repairs ! wa/e4 ,b ( c\rse1 :5ev] ! s\l p]i%es1 %e mu/ h on h] la/ g>m5t1 & ?is w survive h]2 & !n at l5g?1 :5 ! s\l is dead1 ! body w %[ its native weakness1 & quickly decompose & pass away4 ,i w\ld !re=e r n rely on ! argum5t f sup]ior /r5g? to prove ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,= grant+ #hh ev5 m ?an y affirm to be possible1 & ackn[l$g+ n only t ! s\l exi/$ be=e bir?1 b also t ! s\ls ( "s exi/1 & w cont9ue to exi/ aft] dea?1 & w be born & die aga9 & aga91 & t !re is a natural /r5g? 9 ! s\l :i* w hold out & be born _m times--nev]!less1 we may be /ill incl9$ to ?9k t %e w we>y 9 ! lab\rs ( successive bir?s1 & may at la/ succumb 9 "o ( h] dea?s & utt]ly p]i%2 & ?is dea? & dissolution ( ! body :i* br+s de/ruction to ! s\l may be unkn[n to any ( u1 = no "o ( u c h _h any exp]i5ce ( x3 & if s1 !n ,i ma9ta9 t he :o is confid5t ab\t dea? has b a fooli% confid5ce1 unless he is able to prove t ! s\l is altoge!r immortal & imp]i%able4 ,b if he _c prove ! s\l's immortality1 he :o is ab\t to die w always h reason to fe> t :5 ! body is disunit$1 ! s\l also may utt]ly p]i%4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dejection ( ! audi5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! despair ( ! audi5ce at he>+ ! ov]?r[ ( ! argum5t4 ,all ( u1 z we aft]w>ds rem>k$ to "o ano!r1 _h an unpleasant feel+ at he>+ :at !y said4 ,:5 we _h be5 s firmly conv9c$ be=e1 n[ to h our fai? %ak5 seem$ to introduce a confusion & unc]ta9ty1 n only into ! previ\s argum5t1 b into any future "o2 ei!r we 7 incapable ( =m+ a judgm5t1 or !re 7 no gr\nds ( belief4 ,e*4 ,!re ,i feel ) y--by heav5 ,i d1 ,pha$o1 & :5 y 7 speak+1 ,i 0 beg9n+ to ask myself ! same "q3 ,:at argum5t c ,i ev] tru/ aga98 ,= :at c\ld be m conv9c+ ?an ! argum5t ( ,socrates1 :i* has n[ fall5 into discr$it8 ,t ! s\l is a h>mony is a doctr9e :i* has always _h a wond]ful attraction = me1 &1 :5 m5tion$1 came back to me at once1 z my own orig9al conviction4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ beg9 aga9 & f9d ano!r argum5t :i* w assure me t :5 ! man is dead ! s\l survives4 ,tell me1 ,i implore y1 h[ did ,socrates proce$8 ,did he appe> to %>e ! unpleasant feel+ :i* y m5tion8 or did he calmly meet ! attack8 ,& did he answ] =cibly or feebly8 ,n>rate :at pass$ z exactly z y c4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates comes to ! rescue4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* ,socrates soo!s 8 disappo9t$ he>]s & rehabilitates ! argum5t4 ,pha$4 ,(t51 ,e*ecrates1 ,i h wond]$ at ,socrates1 b nev] m ?an on t occasion4 ,t he %\ld be #hi able to answ] 0 no?+1 b :at a/oni%$ me 01 fir/1 ! g5tle & pleasant & approv+ mann] 9 :i* he receiv$ ! words ( ! "y m51 & !n 8 quick s5se ( ! w\nd :i* _h be5 inflict$ by ! argum5t1 & ! read9ess ) :i* he heal$ x4 ,he might be comp>$ to a g5]al rally+ 8 defeat$ & brok5 army1 urg+ !m to accompany him & return to ! field ( argum5t4 ,e*4 ,:at foll[$8 ,pha$4 ,y %all he>1 = ,i 0 close to him on 8 "r h&1 seat$ on a sort ( /ool1 & he on a c\* :i* 0 a good deal high]4 ,he /rok$ my head1 & press$ ! hair ^u my neck--he _h a way ( play+ ) my hair2 & !n he said3 ,to-morr[1 ,pha$o1 ,i suppose t ^! fair locks ( y\rs w be sev]$4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i suppose t !y w1 ,i repli$4 ,n s1 if y w take my advice4 ,:at %all ,i d ) !m8 ,i said4 ,to-day1 he repli$1 & n to-morr[1 if ?is argum5t dies & we _c br+ x to life aga91 y & ,i w bo? %ave our locks3 & if ,i 7 y1 & ! argum5t got away f me1 & ,i c\ld n hold my gr\nd aga9/ ,simmias & ,cebes1 ,i w\ld myself take an oa?1 l ! ,argives1 n to we> hair any m until ,i _h r5ew$ ! conflict & defeat$ !m4 ,yes1 ,i said2 b ,h]acles himself is said n to be a mat* = two4 ,summon me !n1 he said1 & ,i w be y\r ,iolaus until ! sun goes d[n4 ,i summon y r1 ,i rejo9$1 n z ,h]acles summon+ ,iolaus1 b z ,iolaus might summon ,h]acles4 ,t w d z well1 he said4 ,b fir/ let u take c>e t we avoid a dang]4 ,sid5ote3 ,we mu/ n become misologi/s4 ,( :at nature8 ,i said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dang] ( becom+ hat]s ( ideas great] ?an ( becom+ hat]s ( m54 ,le/ we become misologi/s1 he repli$3 no worse ?+ c happ5 to a man ?an ?is4 ,= z !re are misan?ropi/s or hat]s ( m51 !re are also misologi/s or hat]s ( ideas1 & bo? spr+ f ! same cause1 :i* is ignorance ( ! _w4 ,misan?ropy arises out ( ! too great confid5ce ( inexp]i5ce2--y tru/ a man & ?9k him altoge!r true & s\nd & fai?ful1 & !n 9 a little :ile he turns out to be false & knavi%2 & !n ano!r & ano!r1 & :5 ?is has happ5$ sev]al times to a man1 especially :5 x happ5s among ^? :om he deems to be 8 own mo/ tru/$ & famili> fri5ds1 & he has (t5 qu>rell$ ) !m1 he at la/ hates all m51 & believes t no "o has any good 9 him at all4 ,y mu/ h obs]v$ ?is trait ( "*8 ,i h4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are few v bad or v good m52 7al?\gh bad argum5ts may be m num]\s ?an bad m572 ! ma9 po9t is t he :o has be5 (t5 deceiv$ by ei!r is apt to lose fai? 9 !m4 ,& is n ! feel+ discr$itable8 ,is x n obvi\s t su* an "o hav+ to deal ) o!r m51 0 cle>ly )\t any exp]i5ce ( human nature2 = exp]i5ce w\ld h taught him ! true /ate ( ! case1 t few are ! good & few ! evil1 & t ! great majority are 9 #ij ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,:at d y mean8 ,i said4 ,i mean1 he repli$1 z y might say ( ! v l>ge & v small--t no?+ is m uncommon ?an a v l>ge or v small man2 & ?is applies g5]ally to all extremes1 :e!r ( great & small1 or swift & sl[1 or fair & f\l1 or black & :ite3 & :e!r ! in/ances y select be m5 or dogs or any?+ else1 few are ! extremes1 b _m are 9 ! mean betwe5 !m4 ,did y nev] obs]ve ?is8 ,yes1 ,i said1 ,i h4 ,& d y n imag9e1 he said1 t if !re 7 a competition 9 evil1 ! wor/ w\ld be f\nd to be v few8 ,yes1 t is v likely1 ,i said4 ,yes1 t is v likely1 he repli$2 al?\gh 9 ?is respect argum5ts are unlike m5--!re ,i 0 l$ on by y to say m ?an ,i _h int5d$2 b ! po9t ( comp>ison 01 t :5 a simple man :o has no skill 9 dialectics believes an argum5t to be true :i* he aft]w>ds imag9es to be false1 :e!r really false or n1 & !n ano!r & ano!r1 he has no long] any fai? left1 & great disput]s1 z y "k1 come to ?9k at la/ t !y h gr[n to be ! wise/ ( mank9d2 = !y alone p]ceive ! utt] uns\ndness & in/ability ( all argum5ts1 or inde$1 ( all ?+s1 :i*1 l ! curr5ts 9 ! ,euripus1 are go+ up & d[n 9 nev]-ceas+ ebb & fl[4 ,sid5ote3 ,avoid scepticism4 ,t is q true1 ,i said4 ,yes1 ,pha$o1 he repli$1 & h[ melan*oly1 if !re be su* a ?+ z tru? or c]ta9ty or possibility ( k--t a man %\ld h light$ ^u "s argum5t or o!r :i* at fir/ seem$ true & !n turn$ out to be false1 & in/ead ( blam+ himself & 8 own want ( wit1 because he is annoy$1 %\ld at la/ be too glad to transf] ! blame f himself to argum5ts 9 g5]al3 & = ev] aft]w>ds %\ld hate & revile !m1 & lose tru? & ! k ( realities4 ,yes1 inde$1 ,i said2 t is v melan*oly4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 :o is soon to die1 has too mu* at /ake on ! argum5t to be a fair judge4 ,simmias & ,cebes mu/ help him to consid] ! matt] imp>tially4 ,let u !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 he said1 be c>eful ( all[+ or ( admitt+ into our s\ls ! notion t !re is no heal? or s\ndness 9 any argum5ts at all4 ,r say t we h n yet atta9$ to s\ndness 9 ourselves1 & t we mu/ /ruggle manfully & d our be/ to ga9 heal? ( m9d--y & all o!r m5 hav+ reg>d to ! :ole ( y\r future life1 & ,i myself 9 ! prospect ( dea?4 ,= at ?is mom5t ,i am s5sible t ,i h n ! temp] ( #ia a philosoph]2 l ! vulg>1 ,i am only a p>tisan4 ,n[ ! p>tisan1 :5 he is engag$ 9 a dispute1 c>es no?+ ab\t ! rights ( ! "q1 b is anxi\s only to conv9ce 8 he>]s ( 8 own ass]tions4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & me at ! pres5t mom5t is m]ely ?is--t :]eas he seeks to conv9ce 8 he>]s t :at he says is true1 ,i am r seek+ to conv9ce myself2 to conv9ce my he>]s is a second>y matt] ) me4 ,& d b see h[ mu* ,i ga9 by ! argum5t4 ,= if :at ,i say is true1 !n ,i d well to be p]suad$ ( ! tru?2 b if !re be no?+ aft] dea?1 /ill1 dur+ ! %ort "t t rema9s1 ,i %all n di/ress my fri5ds ) lam5tations1 & my ignorance w n la/1 b w die ) me1 & !re=e no h>m w be done4 ,?is is ! /ate ( m9d1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 9 :i* ,i approa* ! argum5t4 ,& ,i w\ld ask y to be ?9k+ ( ! tru? & n ( ,socrates3 agree ) me1 if ,i seem to y to be speak+ ! tru?2 or if n1 )/& me might & ma91 t ,i may n deceive y z well z myself 9 my en?usiasm1 & l ! bee1 leave my /+ 9 y be=e ,i die4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes reassur$ & answ]$4 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias & ,cebes are incl9$ to fe> t ! s\l may p]i% be=e ! body1 b !y /ill hold to ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce4 ,& n[ let u proce$1 he said4 ,& fir/ ( all let me be sure t ,i h 9 my m9d :at y 7 say+4 ,simmias1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 has fe>s & misgiv+s :e!r ! s\l1 al?\gh a fair] & div9] ?+ ?an ! body1 be+ z %e is 9 ! =m ( h>mony1 may n p]i% fir/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cebes appe>$ to grant t ! s\l 0 m la/+ ?an ! body1 b he said t no "o c\ld "k :e!r ! s\l1 aft] hav+ worn out _m bodies1 might n p]i% h]self & leave h] la/ body beh9d h]2 & t ?is is dea?1 :i* is ! de/ruction n ( ! body b ( ! s\l1 = 9 ! body ! "w ( de/ruction is ev] go+ on4 ,are n ^!1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 ! po9ts :i* we h to consid]8 ,!y bo? agre$ to ?is /atem5t ( !m4 ,he proce$$3 ,& did y d5y ! =ce ( ! :ole prec$+ argum5t1 or ( a "p only8 ,( a "p only1 !y repli$4 ,& :at did y ?9k1 he said1 ( t "p ( ! argum5t 9 :i* we said t k 0 recollection1 & h5ce inf]r$ t ! s\l mu/ h previ\sly exi/$ some:]e else be=e %e 0 enclos$ 9 ! #ib body8 ,cebes said t he _h be5 wond]fully impress$ by t "p ( ! argum5t1 & t 8 conviction rema9$ absolutely un%ak54 ,simmias agre$1 & add$ t he himself c\ld h>dly imag9e ! possibility ( 8 ev] ?9k+ diff]5tly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts ( h>mony are prior to h>mony1 b ! body is n prior to ! s\l4 ,b1 rejo9$ ,socrates1 y w h to ?9k diff]5tly1 my ,!ban fri5d1 if y /ill ma9ta9 t h>mony is a comp\nd1 & t ! s\l is a h>mony :i* is made out ( /r+s set 9 ! frame ( ! body2 = y w surely nev] all[ y\rself to say t a h>mony is prior to ! elem5ts :i* compose x4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>mony n prior to ! elem5ts ( h>mony4 ,nev]1 ,socrates4 ,b d y n see t ?is is :at y imply :5 y say t ! s\l exi/$ be=e %e took ! =m & body ( man1 & 0 made up ( elem5ts :i* z yet _h no exi/5ce8 ,= h>mony is n l ! s\l1 z y suppose2 b fir/ ! lyre1 & ! /r+s1 & ! s\nds exi/ 9 a /ate ( discord1 & !n h>mony is made la/ ( all1 & p]i%es fir/4 ,& h[ c su* a notion ( ! s\l z ?is agree ) ! o!r8 ,n at all1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,& yet1 he said1 !re surely ought to be h>mony 9 a disc\rse ( :i* h>mony is ! !me8 ,!re ought1 repli$ ,simmias4 ,b !re is no h>mony1 he said1 9 ! two propositions t k is recollection1 & t ! s\l is a h>mony4 ,:i* ( !m w y reta98 ,sid5ote3 ,simmias ackn[l$ges t 8 argum5t does n h>monize ) ! proposition t k is recollection4 ,i ?9k1 he repli$1 t ,i h a mu* /rong] fai?1 ,socrates1 9 ! fir/ ( ! two1 :i* has be5 fully demon/rat$ to me1 ?an 9 ! latt]1 :i* has n be5 demon/rat$ at all1 b re/s only on probable & plausible gr\nds2 & is !re=e believ$ by ! _m4 ,i "k too well t ^! argum5ts f probabilities are impo/ors1 & unless great caution is obs]v$ 9 ! use ( !m1 !y are apt to be deceptive--9 geometry1 & 9 o!r ?+s too4 ,b ! doctr9e ( k & recollection has be5 prov5 to me on tru/wor?y gr\nds3 & ! pro( 0 t ! s\l mu/ h exi/$ be=e %e came into ! body1 because to h] belongs ! ess5ce ( :i* ! v "n implies exi/5ce4 ,hav+1 z ,i am conv9c$1 rightly accept$ ?is conclusion1 & on suffici5t gr\nds1 ,i mu/1 z ,i suppose1 cease to argue or all[ o!rs to argue t ! s\l is a h>mony4 ,let me put ! matt]1 ,simmias1 he said1 9 ano!r po9t ( view3 ,d y imag9e t a h>mony or any o!r #ic composition c be 9 a /ate o!r ?an t ( ! elem5ts1 out ( :i* x is comp\nd$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,or d or suff] any?+ o!r ?an !y d or suff]8 ,he agre$4 ,!n a h>mony does n1 prop]ly speak+1 lead ! p>ts or elem5ts :i* make up ! h>mony1 b only foll[s !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>mony is an effect1 n a cause4 ,he ass5t$4 ,= h>mony _c possibly h any motion1 or s\nd1 or o!r quality :i* is oppos$ to its p>ts4 ,t w\ld be impossible1 he repli$4 ,& does n ! nature ( e h>mony dep5d ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! elem5ts are h>moniz$8 ,i d n und]/& y1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>mony admits ( degrees1 b 9 ! s\l !re are no degrees2 & !re=e !re _c be a s\l or h>mony )9 a s\l4 ,i mean to say t a h>mony admits ( degrees1 & is m ( a h>mony1 & m completely a h>mony1 :5 m truly & fully h>moniz$1 to any ext5t :i* is possible2 & less ( a h>mony1 & less completely a h>mony1 :5 less truly & fully h>moniz$4 ,true4 ,b does ! s\l admit ( degrees8 or is "o s\l 9 ! v lea/ degree m or less1 or m or less completely1 a s\l ?an ano!r8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,yet surely ( two s\ls1 "o is said to h intellig5ce & virtue1 & to be good1 & ! o!r to h folly & vice1 & to be an evil s\l3 & ?is is said truly8 ,yes1 truly4 ,b :at w ^? :o ma9ta9 ! s\l to be a h>mony say ( ?is pres5ce ( virtue & vice 9 ! s\l8--w !y say t "h is ano!r h>mony1 & ano!r discord1 & t ! virtu\s s\l is h>moniz$1 & h]self be+ a h>mony has ano!r h>mony )9 h]1 & t ! vici\s s\l is inh>monical & has no h>mony )9 h]8 ,i _c tell1 repli$ ,simmias2 b ,i suppose t some?+ ( ! sort w\ld be ass]t$ by ^? :o say t ! s\l is a h>mony4 ,& we h already admitt$ t no s\l is m a s\l ?an ano!r2 :i* is equival5t to admitt+ t h>mony is n m or less h>mony1 or m or less completely a h>mony8 ,q true4 ,& t :i* is n m or less a h>mony is n m or less h>moniz$8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l n a h>mony4 ,& t :i* is n m or less h>moniz$ _c h m or less ( h>mony1 b only an equal h>mony8 ,yes1 an equal h>mony4 ,!n "o s\l n be+ m or less absolutely a s\l ?an ano!r1 is n m or less h>moniz$8 ,exactly4 ,& !re=e has nei!r m nor less ( discord1 nor yet ( h>mony8 ,%e has n4 ,& hav+ nei!r m nor less ( h>mony or ( discord1 "o s\l has no m vice or virtue ?an ano!r1 if vice be discord & virtue h>mony8 ,n at all m4 ,or speak+ m correctly1 ,simmias1 ! s\l1 if %e is a #id h>mony1 w nev] h any vice2 because a h>mony1 be+ absolutely a h>mony1 has no "p 9 ! inh>monical4 ,no4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! s\l is a h>mony1 all s\ls mu/ be equally good4 ,& !re=e a s\l :i* is absolutely a s\l has no vice8 ,h[ c %e h1 if ! previ\s argum5t holds8 ,!n1 if all s\ls are equally by _! nature s\ls1 all s\ls ( all liv+ creatures w be equally good8 ,i agree ) y1 ,socrates1 he said4 ,& c all ?is be true1 ?9k y8 he said2 = ^! are ! consequ5ces :i* seem to foll[ f ! assumption t ! s\l is a h>mony8 ,x _c be true4 ,once m1 he said1 :at rul] is !re ( ! elem5ts ( human nature o!r ?an ! s\l1 & especially ! wise s\l8 ,d y "k ( any8 ,inde$1 ,i d n4 ,& is ! s\l 9 agreem5t ) ! affections ( ! body8 or is %e at v>iance ) !m8 ,= example1 :5 ! body is hot & ?ir/y1 does n ! s\l incl9e u aga9/ dr9k+8 & :5 ! body is hungry1 aga9/ eat+8 ,& ?is is only "o in/ance out ( t5 ?\s& ( ! opposition ( ! s\l to ! ?+s ( ! body4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,en\gh ( ,h>monia4 ,b we h already ackn[l$g$ t ! s\l1 be+ a h>mony1 c nev] utt] a note at v>iance ) ! t5sions & relaxations & vibrations & o!r affections ( ! /r+s out ( :i* %e is compos$2 %e c only foll[1 %e _c lead !m8 ,x mu/ be s1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l leads & does n foll[4 ,%e con/ra9s & reprim&s ! passions4 ,& yet d we n n[ discov] ! s\l to be do+ ! exact opposite--lead+ ! elem5ts ( :i* %e is believ$ to be compos$2 almo/ always oppos+ & co]c+ !m 9 all sorts ( ways ?r\gh\t life1 sometimes m viol5tly ) ! pa9s ( m$ic9e & gymna/ic2 !n aga9 m g5tly2 n[ ?reat5+1 n[ admoni%+ ! desires1 passions1 fe>s1 z if talk+ to a ?+ :i* is n h]self1 z ,hom] 9 ! ,odyssey repres5ts ,odysseus do+ 9 ! words-- #8,he beat 8 brea/1 & ?us reproa*$ 8 he>t3 ,endure1 my he>t2 f> worse ha/ ?\ endur$6' ,d y ?9k t ,hom] wrote ?is "u ! idea t ! s\l is a h>mony capable ( be+ l$ by ! affections ( ! body1 & n r ( a nature :i* %\ld lead & ma/] !m--h]self a f> div9] ?+ ?an any h>mony8 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i q ?9k s4 ,!n1 my fri5d1 we c nev] be "r 9 say+ t ! s\l is a h>mony1 = we %\ld contradict ! div9e #ie ,hom]1 & contradict ourselves4 ,true1 he said4 ,?us mu*1 said ,socrates1 ( ,h>monia1 y\r ,!ban goddess1 :o has graci\sly yield$ to u2 b :at %all ,i say1 ,cebes1 to h] husb& ,cadmus1 & h[ %all ,i make peace ) him8 ,i ?9k t y w discov] a way ( propitiat+ him1 said ,cebes2 ,i am sure t y h put ! argum5t ) ,h>monia 9 a mann] t ,i c\ld nev] h expect$4 ,= :5 ,simmias 0 m5tion+ 8 difficulty1 ,i q imag9$ t no answ] c\ld be giv5 to him1 & !re=e ,i 0 surpris$ at f9d+ t 8 argum5t c\ld n su/a9 ! fir/ onset ( y\rs1 & n impossibly ! o!r1 :om y call ,cadmus1 may %>e a simil> fate4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ! argum5t ( ,cebes4 ,sid5ote3 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! ,!ban ,cadmus4 ,nay1 my good fri5d1 said ,socrates1 let u n boa/1 le/ "s evil eye %\ld put to flight ! ^w :i* ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,t1 h[ev]1 may be left 9 ! h&s ( ^? above2 :ile ,i draw ne> 9 ,hom]ic fa%ion1 & try ! mettle ( y\r words4 ,"h lies ! po9t3--,y want to h x prov5 to y t ! s\l is imp]i%able & immortal1 & ! philosoph] :o is confid5t 9 dea? appe>s to y to h b a va9 & fooli% confid5ce1 if he believes t he w f>e bett] 9 ! _w bel[ ?an "o :o has l$ ano!r sort ( life1 unless he c prove ?is3 & y say t ! demon/ration ( ! /r5g? & div9ity ( ! s\l1 & ( h] exi/5ce prior to our becom+ m51 does n necess>ily imply h] immortality4 ,admitt+ ! s\l to be longliv$1 & to h kn[n & done mu* 9 a =m] /ate1 /ill %e is n on t acc\nt immortal2 & h] entrance into ! human =m may be a sort ( disease :i* is ! beg9n+ ( dissolution1 & may at la/1 aft] ! toils ( life are ov]1 end 9 t :i* is call$ dea?4 ,& :e!r ! s\l ent]s into ! body once only or _m times1 does n1 z y say1 make any diff]5ce 9 ! fe>s ( individuals4 ,= any man1 :o is n devoid ( s5se1 mu/ fe>1 if he has no k & c give no acc\nt ( ! s\l's immortality4 ,?is1 or some?+ l ?is1 ,i suspect to be y\r notion1 ,cebes2 & ,i design$ly recur to x 9 ord] t no?+ may escape u1 & t y may1 if y wi%1 add or subtract any?+4 ,b1 said ,cebes1 z f> z ,i see at pres5t1 ,i h no?+ to add or subtract3 ,i mean :at y say t ,i mean4 ,socrates paus$ a:ile1 & seem$ to be absorb$ 9 reflection4 ,at l5g? he said3 ,y are rais+ a trem5d\s "q1 ,cebes1 involv+ ! :ole nature ( g5]ation & corruption1 ab\t :i*1 if y l1 ,i w #if give y my own exp]i5ce2 & if any?+ :i* ,i say is likely to avail t[>ds ! solution ( y\r difficulty y may make use ( x4 ,i %\ld v mu* l1 said ,cebes1 to he> :at y h to say4 ,sid5ote3 ,! speculations ( ,socrates ab\t physics made him =get ! commone/ ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates incapable ( enquir+ into nature4 ,!n ,i w tell y1 said ,socrates4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 ,cebes1 ,i _h a prodigi\s desire to "k t dep>tm5t ( philosophy :i* is call$ ! inve/igation ( nature2 to "k ! causes ( ?+s1 & :y a ?+ is & is creat$ or de/roy$ appe>$ to me to be a l(ty pr(ession2 & ,i 0 always agitat+ myself ) ! consid]ation ( que/ions su* z ^!3--,is ! gr[? ( animals ! result ( "s decay :i* ! hot & cold pr9ciple contracts1 z "s h said8 ,is ! blood ! elem5t ) :i* we ?9k1 or ! air1 or ! fire8 or p]haps no?+ ( ! k9d--b ! bra9 may be ! orig9at+ p[] ( ! p]ceptions ( he>+ & sight & smell1 & memory & op9ion may come f !m1 & sci5ce may be bas$ on memory & op9ion :5 !y h atta9$ fixity4 ,& !n ,i w5t on to exam9e ! corruption ( !m1 & !n to ! ?+s ( heav5 & e>?1 & at la/ ,i conclud$ myself to be utt]ly & absolutely incapable ( ^! enquiries1 z ,i w satisfactorily prove to y4 ,= ,i 0 fasc9at$ by !m to su* a degree t my eyes grew bl9d to ?+s :i* ,i _h seem$ to myself1 & also to o!rs1 to "k q well2 ,i =got :at ,i _h be=e ?\ght self-evid5t tru?s2 e4 g4 su* a fact z t ! gr[? ( man is ! result ( eat+ & dr9k+2 = :5 by ! dige/ion ( food fle% is add$ to fle% & bone to bone1 & :5ev] !re is an aggregation ( cong5ial elem5ts1 ! less] bulk becomes l>g] & ! small man great4 ,0 n t a reasonable notion8 ,yes1 said ,cebes1 ,i ?9k s4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulty ( expla9+ relative notions4 ,well2 b let me tell y some?+ m4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,i ?\ght t ,i und]/ood ! mean+ ( great] & less pretty well2 & :5 ,i saw a great man /&+ by a little "o1 ,i fanci$ t "o 0 tall] ?an ! o!r by a head2 or "o horse w\ld appe> to be great] ?an ano!r horse3 & /ill m cle>ly did ,i seem to p]ceive t t5 is two m ?an eight1 & t two cubits are m ?an "o1 because two is ! d\ble ( "o4 ,& :at is n[ y\r notion ( su* matt]s8 said ,cebes4 ,i %\ld be f> en\gh f imag9+1 he repli$1 t ,i knew ! cause ( any ( !m1 by heav5 ,i %\ld2 = ,i _c satisfy myself t1 :5 "o is add$ to "o1 ! "o to :i* ! addition is made becomes two1 or t ! two #ig units add$ toge!r make two by reason ( ! addition4 ,i _c und]/& h[1 :5 sep>at$ f ! o!r1 ea* ( !m 0 "o & n two1 & n[1 :5 !y are br\ght toge!r1 ! m]e juxtaposition or meet+ ( !m %\ld be ! cause ( _! becom+ two3 nei!r c ,i und]/& h[ ! division ( "o is ! way to make two2 = !n a diff]5t cause w\ld produce ! same effect1--z 9 ! =m] in/ance ! addition & juxtaposition ( "o to "o 0 ! cause ( two1 9 ?is ! sep>ation & subtraction ( "o f ! o!r w\ld be ! cause4 ,nor am ,i any long] satisfi$ t ,i und]/& ! reason :y "o or any?+ else is ei!r g5]at$ or de/roy$ or is at all1 b ,i h 9 my m9d "s confus$ notion ( a new me?od1 & c nev] admit ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inconsi/5cy ( ,anaxagoras4 ,sid5ote3 ,! great expectations :i* ,socrates _h f ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras1 t all 0 ,m9d4 ,!n ,i he>d "s "o read+1 z he said1 f a book ( ,anaxagoras1 t m9d 0 ! dispos] & cause ( all1 & ,i 0 delight$ at ?is notion1 :i* appe>$ q admirable1 & ,i said to myself3 ,if m9d is ! dispos]1 m9d w dispose all = ! be/1 & put ea* p>ticul> 9 ! be/ place2 & ,i argu$ t if any "o desir$ to f9d out ! cause ( ! g5]ation or de/ruction or exi/5ce ( any?+1 he mu/ f9d out :at /ate ( be+ or do+ or suff]+ 0 be/ = t ?+1 & !re=e a man _h only to consid] ! be/ = himself & o!rs1 & !n he w\ld also "k ! worse1 s9ce ! same sci5ce compreh5d$ bo?4 ,& ,i rejoic$ to ?9k t ,i _h f\nd 9 ,anaxagoras a tea*] ( ! causes ( exi/5ce su* z ,i desir$1 & ,i imag9$ t he w\ld tell me fir/ :e!r ! e>? is flat or r\nd2 & :i*ev] 0 true1 he w\ld proce$ to expla9 ! cause & ! necessity ( ?is be+ s1 & !n he w\ld tea* me ! nature ( ! be/ & %[ t ?is 0 be/2 & if he said t ! e>? 0 9 ! c5tre1 he w\ld fur!r expla9 t ?is position 0 ! be/1 & ,i %\ld be satisfi$ ) ! explanation giv51 & n want any o!r sort ( cause4 ,& ,i ?\ght #ih t ,i w\ld !n g on & ask him ab\t ! sun & moon & />s1 & t he w\ld expla9 to me _! comp>ative swiftness1 & _! return+s & v>i\s /ates1 active & passive1 & h[ all ( !m 7 = ! be/4 ,= ,i c\ld n imag9e t :5 he spoke ( m9d z ! dispos] ( !m1 he w\ld give any o!r acc\nt ( _! be+ z !y are1 except t ?is 0 be/2 & ,i ?\ght t :5 he _h expla9$ to me 9 detail ! cause ( ea* & ! cause ( all1 he w\ld g on to expla9 to me :at 0 be/ = ea* & :at 0 good = all4 ,^! hopes ,i w\ld n h sold = a l>ge sum ( money1 & ,i seiz$ ! books & read !m z fa/ z ,i c\ld 9 my eag]ness to "k ! bett] & ! worse4 ,sid5ote3 ,confusion ( ! causes & conditions ( actions4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greatness ( 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,:at expectations ,i _h =m$1 & h[ griev\sly 0 ,i disappo9t$6 ,z ,i proce$$1 ,i f\nd my philosoph] altoge!r =sak+ m9d or any o!r pr9ciple ( ord]1 b hav+ rec\rse to air1 & e!r1 & wat]1 & o!r ecc5tricities4 ,i might comp>e him to a p]son :o began by ma9ta9+ g5]ally t m9d is ! cause ( ! actions ( ,socrates1 b :o1 :5 he endeav\r$ to expla9 ! causes ( my sev]al actions 9 detail1 w5t on to %[ t ,i sit "h because my body is made up ( bones & muscles2 & ! bones1 z he w\ld say1 are h>d & h jo9ts :i* divide !m1 & ! muscles are ela/ic1 & !y cov] ! bones1 :i* h also a cov]+ or environm5t ( fle% & sk9 :i* conta9s !m2 & z ! bones are lift$ at _! jo9ts by ! contraction or relaxation ( ! muscles1 ,i am able to b5d my limbs1 & ?is is :y ,i am sitt+ "h 9 a curv$ po/ure--t is :at he w\ld say2 & he w\ld h a simil> explanation ( my talk+ to y1 :i* he w\ld attribute to s\nd1 & air1 & he>+1 & he w\ld assign t5 ?\s& o!r causes ( ! same sort1 =gett+ to m5tion ! true cause1 :i* is1 t ! ,a!nians h ?\ght fit to condemn me1 & accord+ly ,i h ?\ght x bett] & m "r to rema9 "h & und]go my s5t5ce2 = ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^! muscles & bones ( m9e w\ld h gone #ii (f long ago to ,meg>a or ,boeotia--by ! dog !y w\ld1 if !y _h be5 mov$ only by _! own idea ( :at 0 be/1 & if ,i _h n *os5 ! bett] & nobl] "p1 in/ead ( play+ truant & runn+ away1 ( endur+ any puni%m5t :i* ! /ate inflicts4 ,!re is surely a /range confusion ( causes & conditions 9 all ?is4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t )\t bones & muscles & ! o!r p>ts ( ! body ,i _c execute my purposes4 ,b to say t ,i d z ,i d because ( !m1 & t ?is is ! way 9 :i* m9d acts1 & n f ! *oice ( ! be/1 is a v c>eless & idle mode ( speak+4 ,i wond] t !y _c di/+ui% ! cause f ! condition1 :i* ! _m1 feel+ ab\t 9 ! d>k1 are always mi/ak+ & misnam+4 ,& ?us "o man makes a vortex all r\nd1 & /eadies ! e>? by ! heav52 ano!r gives ! air z a support to ! e>?1 :i* is a sort ( broad tr\gh4 ,any p[] :i* 9 arrang+ !m z !y are arranges !m = ! be/ nev] ent]s into _! m9ds2 & in/ead ( f9d+ any sup]ior /r5g? 9 x1 !y r expect to discov] ano!r ,atlas ( ! _w :o is /rong] & m ev]la/+ & m conta9+ ?an ! good2--( ! obligatory & conta9+ p[] ( ! good !y ?9k no?+2 & yet ?is is ! pr9ciple :i* ,i w\ld fa9 le>n if any "o w\ld tea* me4 ,b z ,i h fail$ ei!r to discov] myself1 or to le>n ( any "o else1 ! nature ( ! be/1 ,i w exhibit to y1 if y l1 :at ,i h f\nd to be ! second be/ mode ( enquir+ into ! cause4 ,i %\ld v mu* l to he>1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( ! be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eye ( ! s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ab/ract z pla9 or pla9] ?an ! concrete4 ,socrates proce$$3--,i ?\ght t z ,i _h fail$ 9 ! contemplation ( true exi/5ce1 ,i ought to be c>eful t ,i did n lose ! eye ( my s\l2 z p may injure _! bodily eye by obs]v+ & gaz+ on ! sun dur+ an eclipse1 unless !y take ! precaution ( only look+ at ! image reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 or 9 "s simil> m$ium4 ,s 9 my own case1 ,i 0 afraid t my s\l might be bl9d$ altoge!r if ,i look$ at ?+s ) my eyes or tri$ to appreh5d !m by ! help ( ! s5ses4 ,& ,i ?\ght t ,i _h bett] h rec\rse to ! _w ( m9d & seek !re ! tru? ( exi/5ce4 ,i d>e say t ! simile #ajj is n p]fect--= ,i am v f> f admitt+ t he :o contemplates exi/5ces ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?\ght1 sees !m only #8?r\gh a glass d>kly1' any m ?an he :o consid]s !m 9 action & op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 ! me?od :i* ,i adopt$3 ,i fir/ assum$ "s pr9ciple :i* ,i judg$ to be ! /ronge/1 & !n ,i affirm$ z true :atev] seem$ to agree ) ?is1 :e!r relat+ to ! cause or to any?+ else2 & t :i* disagre$ ,i reg>d$ z untrue4 ,b ,i %\ld l to expla9 my mean+ m cle>ly1 z ,i d n ?9k t y z yet und]/& me4 ,no inde$1 repli$ ,cebes1 n v well4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideas4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! ideas h an absolute exi/5ce1 ! s\l is immortal4 ,!re is no?+ new1 he said1 9 :at ,i am ab\t to tell y2 b only :at ,i h be5 always & ev]y:]e repeat+ 9 ! previ\s discussion & on o!r occasions3 ,i want to %[ y ! nature ( t cause :i* has occupi$ my ?\ghts4 ,i %all h to g back to ^? famili> words :i* are 9 ! m\? ( e "o1 & fir/ ( all assume t !re is an absolute beauty & goodness & greatness1 & ! l2 grant me ?is1 & ,i hope to be able to %[ y ! nature ( ! cause1 & to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,cebes said3 ,y may proce$ at once ) ! pro(1 = ,i grant y ?is4 ,well1 he said1 !n ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y agree ) me 9 ! next /ep2 = ,i _c help ?9k+1 if !re be any?+ beautiful o!r ?an absolute beauty %\ld !re be su*1 t x c be beautiful only 9 s f> z x p>takes ( absolute beauty--& ,i %\ld say ! same ( ev]y?+4 ,d y agree 9 ?is notion ( ! cause8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s exi/ by p>ticipation 9 g5]al ideas4 ,he proce$$3 ,i "k no?+ & c und]/& no?+ ( any o!r ( ^? wise causes :i* are alleg$2 & if a p]son says to me t ! bloom ( col\r1 or =m1 or any su* ?+ is a s\rce ( beauty1 ,i leave all t1 :i* is only confus+ to me1 & simply & s+ly1 & p]haps fooli%ly1 hold & am assur$ 9 my own m9d t no?+ makes a ?+ beautiful b ! pres5ce & p>ticipation ( beauty 9 :atev] way or mann] obta9$2 = z to ! mann] ,i am unc]ta91 b ,i /\tly cont5d t by beauty all beautiful ?+s become beautiful4 ,?is appe>s to me to be ! safe/ answ] :i* ,i c give1 ei!r to myself or to ano!r1 & to ?is ,i cl+1 9 ! p]suasion t ?is pr9ciple w nev] be ov]?r[n1 & t to myself or to any "o :o asks ! "q1 ,i may safely reply1 ,t by beauty beautiful ?+s become beautiful4 ,d y n agree ) me8 ,i d4 ,& t by greatness only great ?+s become great & great] great]1 & by smallness ! less become less8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,we ?us escape c]ta9 contradictions ( relation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! puzzles ( relation4 ,!n if a p]son 7 to rem>k t ,a is tall] by a head ?an ,b1 & ,b less by a head ?an ,a1 y w\ld refuse to #aja admit 8 /atem5t1 & w\ld /\tly cont5d t :at y mean is only t ! great] is great] by1 & by reason (1 greatness1 & ! less is less only by1 & by reason (1 smallness2 & ?us y w\ld avoid ! dang] ( say+ t ! great] is great] & ! less less by ! measure ( ! head1 :i* is ! same 9 bo?1 & w\ld also avoid ! mon/r\s absurdity ( suppos+ t ! great] man is great] by reason ( ! head1 :i* is small4 ,y w\ld be afraid to draw su* an inf]5ce1 w\ld y n8 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld1 said ,cebes1 laugh+4 ,9 l mann] y w\ld be afraid to say t t5 exce$$ eight by1 & by reason (1 two2 b w\ld say by1 & by reason (1 numb]2 or y w\ld say t two cubits exce$ "o cubit n by a half1 b by magnitude8--= !re is ! same liability to error 9 all ^! cases4 ,v true1 he said4 ,aga91 w\ld y n be cauti\s ( affirm+ t ! addition ( "o to "o1 or ! division ( "o1 is ! cause ( two8 ,& y w\ld l\dly assev]ate t y "k ( no way 9 :i* any?+ comes into exi/5ce except by p>ticipation 9 its own prop] ess5ce1 & consequ5tly1 z f> z y "k1 ! only cause ( two is ! p>ticipation 9 duality--?is is ! way to make two1 & ! p>ticipation 9 "o is ! way to make "o4 ,y w\ld say3 ,i w let alone puzzles ( division & addition--wis] heads ?an m9e may answ] !m2 inexp]i5c$ z ,i am1 & ready to />t1 z ! prov]b says1 at my own %ad[1 ,i _c af=d to give up ! sure gr\nd ( a pr9ciple4 ,& if any "o assails y !re1 y w\ld n m9d him1 or answ] him1 until y _h se5 :e!r ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ agree ) "o ano!r or n1 & :5 y are fur!r requir$ to give an explanation ( ?is pr9ciple1 y w\ld g on to assume a high] pr9ciple1 & a high]1 until y f\nd a re/+-place 9 ! be/ ( ! high]2 b y w\ld n confuse ! pr9ciple & ! consequ5ces 9 y\r reason+1 l ! ,eri/ics--at lea/ if y want$ to discov] real exi/5ce4 ,n t ?is confusion signifies to !m1 :o nev] c>e or ?9k ab\t ! matt] at all1 = !y h ! wit to be well pleas$ ) !mselves h[ev] great may be ! turmoil ( _! ideas4 ,b y1 if y are #ajb a philosoph]1 w c]ta9ly d z ,i say4 ,sid5ote3 ,! effect ( ! argum5t on ! company4 ,:at y say is mo/ true1 said ,simmias & ,cebes1 bo? speak+ at once4 ,e*4 ,yes1 ,pha$o2 & ,i d n wond] at _! ass5t+4 ,any "o :o has ! lea/ s5se w ackn[l$ge ! wond]ful cle>ness ( ,socrates' reason+4 ,pha$4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,e*ecrates2 & su* 0 ! feel+ ( ! :ole company at ! "t4 ,e*4 ,yes1 & equally ( ourselves1 :o 7 n ( ! company1 & are n[ li/5+ to y\r recital4 ,b :at foll[$8 ,pha$4 ,aft] all ?is _h be5 admitt$1 & !y _h agre$ t ideas exi/1 & t o!r ?+s p>ticipate 9 !m & d]ive _! names f !m1 ,socrates1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 said3-- ,sid5ote3 ,!re may /ill rema9 ! contradiction ( ! same p]son be+ bo? great] & less1 b ?is is only because he has greatness or smallness relatively to ano!r p]son4 ,?is is y\r way ( speak+2 & yet :5 y say t ,simmias is great] ?an ,socrates & less ?an ,pha$o1 d y n pr$icate ( ,simmias bo? greatness & smallness8 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,b /ill y all[ t ,simmias does n really exce$ ,socrates1 z ! words may seem to imply1 because he is ,simmias1 b by reason ( ! size :i* he has2 j z ,simmias does n exce$ ,socrates because he is ,simmias1 any m ?an because ,socrates is ,socrates1 b because he has smallness :5 comp>$ ) ! greatness ( ,simmias8 ,true4 ,& if ,pha$o exce$s him 9 size1 ?is is n because ,pha$o is ,pha$o1 b because ,pha$o has greatness relatively to ,simmias1 :o is comp>atively small]8 ,t is true4 ,& !re=e ,simmias is said to be great1 & is also said to be small1 because he is 9 a mean betwe5 !m1 exce$+ ! smallness ( ! "o by 8 greatness1 & all[+ ! greatness ( ! o!r to exce$ 8 smallness4 ,he add$1 laugh+1 ,i am speak+ l a book1 b ,i believe t :at ,i am say+ is true4 ,simmias ass5t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,greatness absolute & relative4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( greatness c nev] be small2 & ! greatness 9 u drives out smallness4 ,i speak z ,i d because ,i want y to agree ) me 9 ?9k+1 n only t absolute greatness w nev] be great & also small1 b t greatness 9 u or 9 ! concrete w nev] admit ! small or admit ( be+ exce$$3 in/ead ( ?is1 "o ( two ?+s w happ51 ei!r ! great] w fly or retire be=e ! opposite1 :i* is ! less1 or at ! approa* ( ! less has already ceas$ to exi/2 b w n1 if all[+ or admitt+ ( smallness1 be *ang$ by t2 ev5 z ,i1 hav+ receiv$ & admitt$ smallness :5 comp>$ ) ,simmias1 rema9 j z ,i 01 & am ! same small p]son4 ,& z ! idea ( greatness _c condesc5d ev] to be or become small1 9 l mann] ! smallness 9 u _c be or become great2 nor c any o!r opposite :i* rema9s ! same ev] be or become its own opposite1 b ei!r passes away or #ajc p]i%es 9 ! *ange4 ,t1 repli$ ,cebes1 is q my notion4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet ! great] comes f ! less1 & ! less f ! great]4 ,h]eupon "o ( ! company1 ?\gh ,i d n exactly rememb] :i* ( !m1 said3 ,9 heav5's "n1 is n ?is ! direct contr>y ( :at 0 admitt$ be=e--t out ( ! great] came ! less & out ( ! less ! great]1 & t opposites 7 simply g5]at$ f opposites2 b n[ ?is pr9ciple seems to be utt]ly d5i$4 ,sid5ote3 ,di/+ui%3--,! ?+s 9 :i* ! opposites inh]e g5]ate into & out ( "o ano!r3 nev] ! opposites !mselves4 ,socrates incl9$ 8 head to ! speak] & li/5$4 ,i l y\r c\rage1 he said1 9 rem9d+ u ( ?is4 ,b y d n obs]ve t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! two cases4 ,= !n we 7 speak+ ( opposites 9 ! concrete1 & n[ ( ! ess5tial opposite :i*1 z is affirm$1 nei!r 9 u nor 9 nature c ev] be at v>iance ) itself2 !n1 my fri5d1 we 7 speak+ ( ?+s 9 :i* opposites are inh]5t & :i* are call$ aft] !m1 b n[ ab\t ! opposites :i* are inh]5t 9 !m & :i* give _! "n to !m2 & ^! ess5tial opposites w nev]1 z we ma9ta91 admit ( g5]ation into or out ( "o ano!r4 ,at ! same "t1 turn+ to ,cebes1 he said3 ,are y at all disconc]t$1 ,cebes1 at our fri5d's objection8 ,no1 ,i d n feel s1 said ,cebes2 & yet ,i _c d5y t ,i am (t5 di/urb$ by objections4 ,!n we are agre$ aft] all1 said ,socrates1 t ! opposite w nev] 9 any case be oppos$ to itself8 ,sid5ote3 ,a seem+ contradiction solv$4 ,to t we are q agre$1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sn[ may be conv]t$ into wat] at ! approa* ( heat1 b n cold into heat4 ,yet once m let me ask y to consid] ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view1 & see :e!r y agree ) me3--,!re is a ?+ :i* y t]m heat1 & ano!r ?+ :i* y t]m cold8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,b are !y ! same z fire & sn[8 ,mo/ assur$ly n4 ,heat is a ?+ diff]5t f fire1 & cold is n ! same ) sn[8 ,yes4 ,& yet y w surely admit1 t :5 sn[1 z 0 be=e said1 is "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 !y w n rema9 sn[ & heat2 b at ! advance ( ! heat1 ! sn[ w ei!r retire or p]i%8 ,v true1 he repli$4 ,& ! fire too at ! advance ( ! cold w ei!r retire or p]i%2 & :5 ! fire is "u ! influ5ce ( ! cold1 !y w n rema9 z be=e1 fire & cold4 ,t is true1 he said4 ,& 9 "s cases ! "n ( ! idea is n only atta*$ to ! idea 9 an et]nal connection1 b any?+ else :i*1 n be+ ! idea1 exi/s only 9 ! =m ( ! idea1 may also lay claim to x4 ,i w try to make ?is cle>] by an example3--,! odd numb] is always call$ by ! "n ( odd8 ,v true4 ,b is ?is ! only ?+ :i* is call$ odd8 ,are !re n o!r ?+s :i* h _! own "n1 & yet are #ajd call$ odd1 because1 al?\gh n ! same z oddness1 !y are nev] )\t oddness8--t is :at ,i mean to ask--:e!r numb]s su* z ! numb] ?ree are n ( ! class ( odd4 ,& !re are _m o!r examples3 w\ld y n say1 = example1 t ?ree may be call$ by its prop] "n1 & also be call$ odd1 :i* is n ! same ) ?ree8 & ?is may be said n only ( ?ree b also ( five1 & ( e alt]nate numb]--ea* ( !m )\t be+ oddness is odd2 & 9 ! same way two & f\r1 & ! o!r s]ies ( alt]nate numb]s1 has e numb] ev51 )\t be+ ev5ness4 ,d y agree8 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5tial opposites & ?+s :i* admit opposites4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,n only ess5tial opposites1 b "s concrete ?+s :i* conta9 opposites1 exclude ea* o!r4 ,!n n[ m>k ! po9t at :i* ,i am aim+3--n only d ess5tial opposites exclude "o ano!r1 b also concrete ?+s1 :i*1 al?\gh n 9 !mselves oppos$1 conta9 opposites2 ^!1 ,i say1 likewise reject ! idea :i* is oppos$ to t :i* is conta9$ 9 !m1 & :5 x approa*es !m !y ei!r p]i% or )draw4 ,= example2 ,w n ! numb] ?ree endure annihilation or any?+ soon] ?an be conv]t$ into an ev5 numb]1 :ile rema9+ ?ree8 ,v true1 said ,cebes4 ,& yet1 he said1 ! numb] two is c]ta9ly n oppos$ to ! numb] ?ree8 ,x is n4 ,!n n only d opposite ideas repel ! advance ( "o ano!r1 b also !re are o!r natures :i* repel ! approa* ( opposites4 ,v true1 he said4 ,suppose1 he said1 t we endeav\r1 if possible1 to det]m9e :at ^! are4 ,by all means4 ,sid5ote3 ,t is to say ! opposites :i* give an impress to o!r ?+s4 ,are !y n1 ,cebes1 su* z compel ! ?+s ( :i* !y h possession1 n only to take _! own =m1 b also ! =m ( "s opposite8 ,:at d y mean8 ,i mean1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 & z ,i am sure t y "k1 t ^? ?+s :i* are possess$ by ! numb] ?ree mu/ n only be ?ree 9 numb]1 b mu/ also be odd4 ,q true4 ,& on ?is oddness1 ( :i* ! numb] ?ree has ! impress1 ! opposite idea w nev] intrude8 ,no4 ,& ?is impress 0 giv5 by ! odd pr9ciple8 ,yes4 ,& to ! odd is oppos$ ! ev58 ,true4 ,!n ! idea ( ! ev5 numb] w nev] arrive at ?ree8 ,no4 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation4 ,!n ?ree has no "p 9 ! ev58 ,none4 ,!n ! triad or numb] ?ree is unev58 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,natures may n be oppos$1 & yet may n admit ( opposites2 e4 g4 ?ree is n oppos$ to two1 & yet does n admit ! ev5 any m ?an two admits ( ! odd4 ,to return !n to my di/9ction ( natures :i* are n oppos$1 & yet d n admit opposites--z1 9 ! in/ance giv51 ?ree1 al?\gh n oppos$ to ! ev51 does n any ! m admit ( ! ev51 b always br+s ! opposite into play on ! o!r side2 or z two does n receive ! odd1 or fire ! cold--f ^! examples 7& #aje !re are _m m ( !m7 p]haps y may be able to arrive at ! g5]al conclusion1 t n only opposites w n receive opposites1 b also t no?+ :i* br+s ! opposite w admit ! opposite ( t :i* x br+s1 9 t to :i* x is br\ght4 ,& "h let me recapitulate--= !re is no h>m 9 repetition4 ,! numb] five w n admit ! nature ( ! ev51 any m ?an t51 :i* is ! d\ble ( five1 w admit ! nature ( ! odd4 ,! d\ble has ano!r opposite1 & is n /rictly oppos$ to ! odd1 b nev]!less rejects ! odd altoge!r4 ,nor aga9 w p>ts 9 ! ratio #c3b1 nor any fraction 9 :i* !re is a half1 nor aga9 9 :i* !re is a ?ird1 admit ! notion ( ! :ole1 al?\gh !y are n oppos$ to ! :ole3 ,y w agree8 ,yes1 he said1 ,i entirely agree & g along ) y 9 t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m]ely v]bal tru? may be replac$ by a high] "o4 ,& n[1 he said1 let u beg9 aga92 & d n y answ] my "q 9 ! words 9 :i* ,i ask x3 let me h n ! old safe answ] ( :i* ,i spoke at fir/1 b ano!r equally safe1 ( :i* ! tru? w be inf]r$ by y f :at has be5 j said4 ,i mean t if any "o asks y #8:at t is1 ( :i* ! inh]5ce makes ! body hot1' y w reply n heat 7?is is :at ,i call ! safe & /upid answ]71 b fire1 a f> sup]ior answ]1 :i* we are n[ 9 a condition to give4 ,or if any "o asks y #8:y a body is diseas$1' y w n say f disease1 b f fev]2 & in/ead ( say+ t oddness is ! cause ( odd numb]s1 y w say t ! monad is ! cause ( !m3 & s ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 z ,i d>e say t y w und]/& suffici5tly )\t my adduc+ any fur!r examples4 ,sid5ote3 ,application ( ! argum5t to ! s\l4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i q und]/& y4 ,tell me1 !n1 :at is t ( :i* ! inh]5ce w r5d] ! body alive8 ,sid5ote3 ,we may n[ say1 n life makes alive1 b ! s\l makes alive2 & ! s\l has a life-giv+ p[] :i* does n admit ( dea? & is !re=e immortal4 ,! s\l1 he repli$4 ,& is ?is always ! case8 ,yes1 he said1 ( c\rse4 ,!n :atev] ! s\l possesses1 to t %e comes be>+ life8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,& is !re any opposite to life8 ,!re is1 he said4 ,& :at is t8 ,dea?4 ,!n ! s\l1 z has be5 ackn[l$g$1 w nev] receive ! opposite ( :at %e br+s4 ,impossible1 repli$ ,cebes4 ,& n[1 he said1 :at did we j n[ call t pr9ciple :i* repels ! ev58 ,! odd4 ,& t pr9ciple :i* repels ! musical or ! j8 ,! unmusical1 he said1 & ! unju/4 ,& :at d we call t pr9ciple :i* does n admit ( dea?8 ,! immortal1 he said4 ,& does ! s\l admit ( dea?8 ,no4 ,!n ! s\l is immortal8 ,yes1 he said4 ,& may we say t ?is has be5 prov58 ,yes1 abundantly prov51 ,socrates1 he repli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,suppos+ t ! odd 7 imp]i%able1 mu/ n ?ree #ajf be imp]i%able8 ,( c\rse4 ,& if t :i* is cold 7 imp]i%able1 :5 ! w>m pr9ciple came attack+ ! sn[1 mu/ n ! sn[ h retir$ :ole & unmelt$--= x c\ld nev] h p]i%$1 nor c\ld x h rema9$ & admitt$ ! heat8 ,true1 he said4 ,aga91 if ! uncool+ or w>m pr9ciple 7 imp]i%able1 ! fire :5 assail$ by cold w\ld n h p]i%$ or h be5 ext+ui%$1 b w\ld h gone away unaffect$8 ,c]ta9ly1 he said4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mortal & immortal pr9ciples4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! immortal3 if ! immortal is also imp]i%able1 ! s\l :5 attack$ by dea? _c p]i%2 = ! prec$+ argum5t %[s t ! s\l w n admit ( dea?1 or ev] be dead1 any m ?an ?ree or ! odd numb] w admit ( ! ev51 or fire1 or ! heat 9 ! fire1 ( ! cold4 ,yet a p]son may say3 #8,b al?\gh ! odd w n become ev5 at ! approa* ( ! ev51 :y may n ! odd p]i% & ! ev5 take ! place ( ! odd8' ,n[ to him :o makes ?is objection1 we _c answ] t ! odd pr9ciple is imp]i%able2 = ?is has n be5 ackn[l$g$1 b if ?is _h be5 ackn[l$g$1 !re w\ld h be5 no difficulty 9 cont5d+ t at ! approa* ( ! ev5 ! odd pr9ciple & ! numb] ?ree took _! dep>ture2 & ! same argum5t w\ld h held good ( fire & heat & any o!r ?+4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! immortal is imp]i%able1 & !re=e ! s\l is imp]i%able4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! immortal3 if ! immortal is also imp]i%able1 !n ! s\l w be imp]i%able z well z immortal2 b if n1 "s o!r pro( ( h] imp]i%abl5ess w h to be giv54 ,no o!r pro( is ne$$1 he said2 = if ! immortal1 be+ et]nal1 is liable to p]i%1 !n no?+ is imp]i%able4 ,yes1 repli$ ,socrates1 & yet all m5 w agree t ,god1 & ! ess5tial =m ( life1 & ! immortal 9 g5]al1 w nev] p]i%4 ,yes1 all m51 he said--t is true2 & :at is m1 gods1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 z well z m54 ,see+ !n t ! immortal is inde/ructible1 mu/ n ! s\l1 if %e is immortal1 be also imp]i%able8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,!n :5 dea? attacks a man1 ! mortal portion ( him may be suppos$ to die1 b ! immortal retires at ! approa* ( dea? & is pres]v$ safe & s\nd8 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,at dea? ! s\l retires into ano!r _w4 ,!n1 ,cebes1 beyond "q1 ! s\l is immortal & imp]i%able1 & our s\ls w truly exi/ 9 ano!r #ajg _w6 ,sid5ote3 ,revelation 9 a my?4 ,i am conv9c$1 ,socrates1 said ,cebes1 & h no?+ m to object2 b if my fri5d ,simmias1 or any "o else1 has any fur!r objection to make1 he _h bett] speak out1 & n keep sil5ce1 s9ce ,i d n "k to :at o!r season he c def] ! discussion1 if !re is any?+ :i* he wants to say or to h said4 ,b ,i h no?+ m to say1 repli$ ,simmias2 nor c ,i see any reason = d\bt aft] :at has be5 said4 ,b ,i /ill feel & _c help feel+ unc]ta9 9 my own m9d1 :5 ,i ?9k ( ! greatness ( ! subject & ! feebl5ess ( man4 ,yes1 ,simmias1 repli$ ,socrates1 t is well said3 & ,i may add t fir/ pr9ciples1 ev5 if !y appe> c]ta91 %\ld be c>efully consid]$2 & :5 !y are satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 !n1 ) a sort ( hesitat+ confid5ce 9 human reason1 y may1 ,i ?9k1 foll[ ! c\rse ( ! argum5t2 & if t be pla9 & cle>1 !re w be no ne$ = any fur!r enquiry4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 #8,:]e=e1 see+ all ^! ?+s1 :at mann] ( p]sons ought we to be8' ,b !n1 ,o my fri5ds1 he said1 if ! s\l is really immortal1 :at c>e %\ld be tak5 ( h]1 n only 9 respect ( ! portion ( "t :i* is call$ life1 b ( et]nity6 ,& ! dang] ( neglect+ h] f ?is po9t ( view does inde$ appe> to be awful4 ,if dea? _h only be5 ! end ( all1 ! wick$ w\ld h _h a good b>ga9 9 dy+1 = !y w\ld h be5 happily quit n only ( _! body1 b ( _! own evil toge!r ) _! s\ls4 ,b n[1 inasmu* z ! s\l is manife/ly immortal1 !re is no release or salvation f evil except ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ virtue & wisdom4 ,= ! s\l :5 on h] progress to ! _w bel[ takes no?+ ) h] b nurture & education2 & ^! are said greatly to b5efit or greatly to injure ! dep>t$1 at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 j\rney ?i!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! att5dant g5ius ( ea* br+s him aft] dea? to ! judgm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! purgation ( s\ls4 ,sid5ote3 ,! diff]5t de/9ies ( pure & impure s\ls4 ,= aft] dea?1 z !y say1 ! g5ius ( ea* individual1 to :om he belong$ 9 life1 leads him to a c]ta9 place 9 :i* ! dead are ga!r$ toge!r1 :5ce aft] judgm5t has be5 giv5 !y pass into ! _w bel[1 foll[+ ! guide1 :o is appo9t$ to conduct !m f ?is _w to ! o!r3 & :5 !y h !re receiv$ _! due & rema9$ _! "t1 ano!r guide br+s !m back aga9 aft] _m revolutions ( ages4 ,n[ ?is way to ! o!r _w is n1 z s*ylus says 9 ! ,telephus1 a #ajh s+le & /raight pa?--if t 7 s no guide w\ld be ne$$1 = no "o c\ld miss x2 b !re are _m p>t+s ( ! road1 & w9d+s1 z ,i inf] f ! rites & sacrifices :i* are (f]$ to ! gods bel[ 9 places :]e ?ree ways meet on e>?4 ,! wise & ord]ly s\l foll[s 9 ! /raight pa? & is consci\s ( h] surr\nd+s2 b ! s\l :i* desires ! body1 & :i*1 z ,i 0 relat+ be=e1 has long be5 flutt]+ ab\t ! lifeless frame & ! _w ( sight1 is aft] _m /ruggles & _m suff]+s h>dly & ) viol5ce c>ri$ away by h] att5dant g5ius2 & :5 %e arrives at ! place :]e ! o!r s\ls are ga!r$1 if %e be impure & h done impure de$s1 :e!r f\l murd]s or o!r crimes :i* are ! bro!rs ( ^!1 & ! works ( bro!rs 9 crime--f t s\l e "o flees & turns away2 no "o w be h] companion1 no "o h] guide1 b alone %e w&]s 9 extremity ( evil until c]ta9 times are fulfill$1 & :5 !y are fulfill$1 %e is borne irresi/ibly to h] own fitt+ habitation2 z e pure & j s\l :i* has pass$ ?r\gh life 9 ! company & "u ! guidance ( ! gods has also h] own prop] home4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ! div]s regions ( e>?4 ,n[ ! e>? has div]s wond]ful regions1 & is inde$ 9 nature & ext5t v unlike ! notions ( geograph]s1 z ,i believe on ! au?ority ( "o :o %all be nameless4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 said ,simmias4 ,i h myself he>d _m descriptions ( ! e>?1 b ,i d n "k1 & ,i %\ld v mu* l to "k1 9 :i* ( ^! y put fai?4 ,& ,i1 ,simmias1 repli$ ,socrates1 if ,i _h ! art ( ,glaucus w\ld tell y2 al?\gh ,i "k n t ! art ( ,glaucus c\ld prove ! tru? ( my tale1 :i* ,i myself %\ld nev] be able to prove1 & ev5 if ,i c\ld1 ,i fe>1 ,simmias1 t my life w\ld come to an end be=e ! argum5t 0 complet$4 ,i may describe to y1 h[ev]1 ! =m & regions ( ! e>? accord+ to my conception ( !m4 ,t1 said ,simmias1 w be en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,! l[] regions ( e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>? is a r\nd body kept 9 h] place by equipoise & ! equability ( ! surr\nd+ elem5t4 ,well !n1 he said1 my conviction is1 t ! e>? is a r\nd body 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5s1 & !re=e has no ne$ ( air or ( any simil> =ce to be a support1 b is #aji kept !re & h9d]$ f fall+ or incl9+ any way by ! equability ( ! surr\nd+ heav5 & by h] own equipoise4 ,= t :i*1 be+ 9 equipoise1 is 9 ! c5tre ( t :i* is equably diffus$1 w n incl9e any way 9 any degree1 b w always rema9 9 ! same /ate & n deviate4 ,& ?is is my fir/ notion4 ,:i* is surely a correct "o1 said ,simmias4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>? se5 f above4 ,sid5ote3 ,mank9d lives only 9 a small portion ( ! e>? at a di/ance f ! surface4 ,sid5ote3 ,if1 l fi%es :o n[ & !n put _! heads out ( ! wat]1 we c\ld rise to ! top ( ! atmosph]e1 we %\ld behold ! true heav5 & ! true e>?4 ,also ,i believe t ! e>? is v va/1 & t we :o dwell 9 ! region ext5d+ f ! riv] ,phasis to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]acles inhabit a small portion only ab\t ! sea1 l ants or frogs ab\t a m>%1 & t !re are o!r inhabitants ( _m o!r l places2 = ev]y:]e on ! face ( ! e>? !re are holl[s ( v>i\s =ms & sizes1 into :i* ! wat] & ! mi/ & ! l[] air collect4 ,b ! true e>? is pure & situat$ 9 ! pure heav5--!re are ! />s also2 & x is ! heav5 :i* is commonly spok5 ( by u z ! e!r1 & ( :i* our own e>? is ! s$im5t ga!r+ 9 ! holl[s b5ea?4 ,b we :o live 9 ^! holl[s are deceiv$ into ! notion t we are dwell+ above on ! surface ( ! e>?2 :i* is j z if a creature :o 0 at ! bottom ( ! sea 7 to fancy t he 0 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & t ! sea 0 ! heav5 ?r\gh :i* he saw ! sun & ! o!r />s1 he hav+ nev] come to ! surface by reason ( 8 feebl5ess & sluggi%ness1 & hav+ nev] lift$ up 8 head & se51 nor ev] he>d f "o :o _h se51 h[ mu* pur] & fair] ! _w above is ?an 8 own4 ,& su* is exactly our case3 = we are dwell+ 9 a holl[ ( ! e>?1 & fancy t we are on ! surface2 & ! air we call ! heav51 9 :i* we imag9e t ! />s move4 ,b ! fact is1 t ow+ to our feebl5ess & sluggi%ness we are prev5t$ f rea*+ ! surface ( ! air3 = if any man c\ld arrive at ! ext]ior limit1 or take ! w+s ( a bird & come to ! top1 !n l a fi% :o puts 8 head out ( ! wat] & sees ?is _w1 he w\ld see a _w beyond2 &1 if ! nature ( man c\ld su/a9 ! sight1 he w\ld ackn[l$ge t ?is o!r _w 0 ! place ( ! true heav5 & ! true light & ! true e>?4 ,= our e>?1 & ! /ones1 & ! entire region :i* #aaj surr\nds u1 are spoilt & corrod$1 z 9 ! sea all ?+s are corrod$ by ! br9e1 nei!r is !re any noble or p]fect gr[?1 b cav]ns only1 & s&1 & an endless sl\gh ( mud2 & ev5 ! %ore is n to be comp>$ to ! fair] sights ( ?is _w4 ,& /ill less is ?is our _w to be comp>$ ) ! o!r4 ,( t upp] e>? :i* is "u ! heav51 ,i c tell y a *>m+ tale1 ,simmias1 :i* is well wor? he>+4 ,& we1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,simmias1 %all be *>m$ to li/5 to y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! upp] e>? is 9 e respect f> fair] ?an ! l[]4 ,!re is gold & purple1 & pure light1 & trees & fl[]s loveli] f> ?an our own1 & all ! /ones are m preci\s ?an our preci\s /ones4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bless$ gods dwell !re & hold conv]se ) ! inhabitants4 ,! tale1 my fri5d1 he said1 is z foll[s3--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e>?1 :5 look$ at f above1 is 9 appe>ance /reak$ l "o ( ^? balls :i* h lea!r cov]+s 9 twelve pieces1 & is deck$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 ( :i* ! col\rs us$ by pa9t]s on e>? are 9 a mann] samples4 ,b !re ! :ole e>? is made up ( !m1 & !y are bright] f> & cle>] ?an ours3 !re is a purple ( wond]ful lu/re1 also ! radiance ( gold1 & ! :ite :i* is 9 ! e>? is :it] ?an any *alk or sn[4 ,( ^! & o!r col\rs ! e>? is made up1 & !y are m 9 numb] & fair] ?an ! eye ( man has ev] se52 ! v holl[s 7( :i* ,i 0 speak+7 fill$ ) air & wat] h a col\r ( _! own1 & are se5 l light gleam+ amid ! div]sity ( ! o!r col\rs1 s t ! :ole pres5ts a s+le & cont9u\s appe>ance ( v>iety 9 unity4 ,& 9 ?is fair region ev]y?+ t gr[s--trees1 & fl[]s1 & fruits--are 9 a l degree fair] ?an any "h2 & !re are hills1 hav+ /ones 9 !m 9 a l degree smoo!r1 & m transp>5t1 & fair] 9 col\r ?an our highly-valu$ em]alds & s>donyxes & jasp]s1 & o!r gems1 :i* are b m9ute fragm5ts ( !m3 = !re all ! /ones are l our preci\s /ones1 & fair] /ill#bh4 ,! reason is1 t !y are pure1 & n1 l our preci\s /ones1 infect$ or corrod$ by ! corrupt br9y elem5ts :i* coagulate among u1 & :i* bre$ f\lness & disease bo? 9 e>? & /ones1 z well z 9 animals & plants4 ,!y are ! jewels ( ! upp] e>?1 :i* also %9es ) gold & silv] & ! l1 & !y are set 9 #aaa ! light ( day & are l>ge & abundant & 9 all places1 mak+ ! e>? a sight to gladd5 ! behold]'s eye4 ,& !re are animals & m51 "s 9 a middle region1 o!rs dwell+ ab\t ! air z we dwell ab\t ! sea2 o!rs 9 isl&s :i* ! air fl[s r\nd1 ne> ! cont95t2 & 9 a ^w1 ! air is us$ by !m z ! wat] & ! sea are by u1 & ! e!r is to !m :at ! air is to u4 ,moreov]1 ! temp]am5t ( _! seasons is su* t !y h no disease1 & live mu* long] ?an we d1 & h sight & he>+ & smell1 & all ! o!r s5ses1 9 f> great] p]fection1 9 ! same proportion t air is pur] ?an wat] or ! e!r ?an air4 ,also !y h temples & sacr$ places 9 :i* ! gods really dwell1 & !y he> _! voices & receive _! answ]s1 & are consci\s ( !m & hold conv]se ) !m2 & !y see ! sun1 moon1 & />s z !y truly are1 & _! o!r bless$ness is ( a piece ) ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,! *asm ( ,t>t>us4 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? & ( ! subt]ranean seas & riv]s4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! :ole e>?1 & ( ! ?+s :i* are ar\nd ! e>?2 & !re are div]s regions 9 ! holl[s on ! face ( ! globe ev]y:]e1 "s ( !m deep] & m ext5d$ ?an t :i* we inhabit1 o!rs deep] b ) a n>r[] op5+ ?an ours1 & "s are %all[] & also wid]4 ,all h num]\s p]=ations1 & !re are passages broad & n>r[ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 connect+ !m ) "o ano!r2 & !re fl[s out ( & into !m1 z into bas9s1 a va/ tide ( wat]1 & huge subt]ranean /reams ( p]5nial riv]s1 & spr+s hot & cold1 & a great fire1 & great riv]s ( fire1 & /reams ( liquid mud1 ?9 or ?ick 7l ! riv]s ( mud 9 ,sicily1 & ! lava /reams :i* foll[ !m71 & ! regions ab\t :i* !y happ5 to fl[ are fill$ up ) !m4 ,& !re is a sw++ or see-saw 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? :i* moves all ?is up & d[n1 & is due to ! foll[+ cause3--,!re is a *asm :i* is ! va/e/ ( !m all1 & pi]ces "r ?r\gh ! :ole e>?2 ?is is t *asm :i* ,hom] #aab describes 9 ! words1-- #8,f> (f1 :]e is ! inmo/ dep? b5ea? ! e>?2' ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r riv]s ( ! _w bel[4 & :i* he 9 o!r places1 & _m o!r poets1 h call$ ,t>t>us4 ,& ! see-saw is caus$ by ! /reams fl[+ into & out ( ?is *asm1 & !y ea* h ! nature ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,& ! reason :y ! /reams are always fl[+ 9 & out1 is t ! wat]y elem5t has no b$ or bottom1 b is sw++ & surg+ up & d[n1 & ! surr\nd+ w9d & air d ! same2 !y foll[ ! wat] up & d[n1 hi!r & ?i!r1 ov] ! e>?--j z 9 ! act ( respiration ! air is always 9 process ( inhalation & exhalation2--& ! w9d sw++ ) ! wat] 9 & out produces fe>ful & irresi/ible bla/s3 :5 ! wat]s retire ) a ru% into ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?1 z !y are call$1 !y fl[ ?r\gh ! e>? 9 ^? regions1 & fill !m up l wat] rais$ by a pump1 & !n :5 !y leave ^? regions & ru% back hi!r1 !y aga9 fill ! holl[s "h1 & :5 ^! are fill$1 fl[ ?r\gh subt]ranean *annels & f9d _! way to _! sev]al places1 =m+ seas1 & lakes1 & riv]s1 & spr+s4 ,!nce !y aga9 ent] ! e>?1 "s ( !m mak+ a long circuit into _m l&s1 o!rs go+ to a few places & n s di/ant2 & aga9 fall into ,t>t>us1 "s at a po9t a good deal l[] ?an t at :i* !y rose1 & o!rs n mu* l[]1 b all 9 "s degree l[] ?an ! po9t f :i* !y came4 ,& "s bur/ =? aga9 on ! opposite side1 & "s on ! same side1 & "s w9d r\nd ! e>? ) "o or _m folds l ! coils ( a s]p5t1 & desc5d z f> z !y c1 b always return & fall into ! *asm4 ,! riv]s fl[+ 9 ei!r direction c desc5d only to ! c5tre & no fur!r1 = opposite to ! riv]s is a precipice4 ,sid5ote3 ,oceanus1 ,a*]on1 ,pyriphlege?on1 & ,/yx 7or ,cocytus74 ,sid5ote3 ,! geography ( ! _w bel[4 ,n[ ^! riv]s are _m1 & mighty1 & div]se1 & !re are f\r pr9cipal ones1 ( :i* ! greate/ & out]mo/ is t call$ ,oceanus1 :i* fl[s r\nd ! e>? 9 a circle2 & 9 ! opposite direction fl[s ,a*]on1 :i* passes "u ! e>? ?r\gh des]t places into ! #aac ,a*]usian lake3 ?is is ! lake to ! %ores ( :i* ! s\ls ( ! _m g :5 !y are dead1 & aft] wait+ an appo9t$ "t1 :i* is to "s a long] & to "s a %ort] "t1 !y are s5t back to be born aga9 z animals4 ,! ?ird riv] passes out betwe5 ! two1 & ne> ! place ( outlet p\rs into a va/ region ( fire1 & =ms a lake l>g] ?an ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 boil+ ) wat] & mud2 & proce$+ muddy & turbid1 & w9d+ ab\t ! e>?1 comes1 among o!r places1 to ! extremities ( ! ,a*]usian lake1 b m+les n ) ! wat]s ( ! lake1 & aft] mak+ _m coils ab\t ! e>? plunges into ,t>t>us at a deep] level4 ,?is is t ,pyriphlege?on1 z ! /ream is call$1 :i* ?r[s up jets ( fire 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! f\r? riv] goes out on ! opposite side1 & falls fir/ ( all into a wild & savage region1 :i* is all ( a d>k blue col\r1 l lapis lazuli2 & ?is is t riv] :i* is call$ ! ,/ygian riv]1 & falls into & =ms ! ,lake ,/yx1 & aft] fall+ into ! lake & receiv+ /range p[]s 9 ! wat]s1 passes "u ! e>?1 w9d+ r\nd 9 ! opposite direction1 & comes ne> ! ,a*]usian lake f ! opposite side to ,pyriphlege?on4 ,& ! wat] ( ?is riv] too m+les ) no o!r1 b fl[s r\nd 9 a circle & falls into ,t>t>us ov] aga9/ ,pyriphlege?on2 & ! "n ( ! riv]1 z ! poets say1 is ,cocytus4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judgm5t ( ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mansions ( ! bless$4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! o!r _w2 & :5 ! dead arrive at ! place to :i* ! g5ius ( ea* sev]ally guides !m1 fir/ ( all1 !y h s5t5ce pass$ ^u !m1 z !y h liv$ well & pi\sly or n4 ,& ^? :o appe> to h liv$ nei!r well nor ill1 g to ! riv] ,a*]on1 & emb>k+ 9 any vessels :i* !y may f9d1 are c>ri$ 9 !m to ! lake1 & !re !y dwell & are purifi$ ( _! evil de$s1 & hav+ suff]$ ! p5alty ( ! wrongs :i* !y h done to o!rs1 !y are absolv$1 & receive ! rew>ds ( _! good de$s1 ea* ( !m accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,b ^? :o appe> to be incurable by reason ( ! greatness ( _! crimes--:o h committ$ _m & t]rible de$s ( sacrilege1 murd]s f\l & viol5t1 or ! l--su* are hurl$ into ,t>t>us :i* is _! suitable de/9y1 & !y nev] come out4 ,^? aga9 :o h committ$ crimes1 :i*1 al?\gh great1 are n irrem$iable--:o 9 a mom5t ( ang]1 = example1 h done "s viol5ce to a fa!r or a "m1 & h rep5t$ = ! rema9d] ( _! lives1 or1 :o h tak5 #aad ! life ( ano!r "u ! l ext5uat+ circum/ances--^! are plung$ into ,t>t>us1 ! pa9s ( :i* !y are compell$ to und]go = a ye>1 b at ! end ( ! ye> ! wave ca/s !m =?--m]e homicides by way ( ,cocytus1 p>ricides & matricides by ,pyriphlege?on--& !y are borne to ! ,a*]usian lake1 & !re !y lift up _! voices & call ^u ! victims :om !y h sla9 or wrong$1 to h pity on !m1 & to be k9d to !m1 & let !m come out into ! lake4 ,& if !y prevail1 !n !y come =? & cease f _! tr\bles2 b if n1 !y are c>ri$ back aga9 into ,t>t>us & f !nce into ! riv]s unceas+ly1 until !y obta9 m]cy f ^? :om !y h wrong$3 = t is ! s5t5ce inflict$ ^u !m by _! judges4 ,^? too :o h be5 pre-em95t = hol9ess ( life are releas$ f ?is e>?ly prison1 & g to _! pure home :i* is above1 & dwell 9 ! pur] e>?2 & ( ^!1 su* z h duly purifi$ !mselves ) philosophy live h5ce=? altoge!r )\t ! body1 9 mansions fair] /ill1 :i* may n be describ$1 & ( :i* ! "t w\ld fail me to tell4 ,:]e=e1 ,simmias1 see+ all ^! ?+s1 :at ought n we to d t we may obta9 virtue & wisdom 9 ?is life8 ,fair is ! prize1 & ! hope great6 ,sid5ote3 ,^! descriptions are n true to ! lett]1 b some?+ l !m is true4 ,a man ( s5se ought n to say1 nor w ,i be v confid5t1 t ! description :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! s\l & h] mansions is exactly true4 ,b ,i d say t1 inasmu* z ! s\l is %[n to be immortal1 he may v5ture to ?9k1 n improp]ly or unwor?ily1 t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4 ,! v5ture is a glori\s "o1 & he ought to com=t himself ) words l ^!1 :i* is ! reason :y ,i l5g!n out ! tale4 ,:]e=e1 ,i say1 let a man be ( good *e] ab\t 8 s\l1 :o hav+ ca/ away ! pleasures & ornam5ts ( ! body z ali5 to him & work+ h>m r ?an good1 has s\ght aft] ! pleasures ( k2 & has array$ ! s\l1 n 9 "s =eign attire1 b 9 h] own prop] jewels1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice1 & c\rage1 & nobility1 & tru?--9 ^! adorn$ %e #aae is ready to g on h] j\rney to ! _w bel[1 :5 h] h\r comes4 ,y1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 & all o!r m51 w dep>t at "s "t or o!r4 ,me already1 z a tragic poet w\ld say1 ! voice ( fate calls4 ,soon ,i mu/ dr9k ! poison2 & ,i ?9k t ,i _h bett] repair to ! ba? fir/1 9 ord] t ! wom5 may n h ! tr\ble ( wa%+ my body aft] ,i am dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,! la/ words ( ,socrates & 8 fri5ds4 ,:5 he _h done speak+1 ,crito said3 ,& h y any comm&s = u1 ,socrates--any?+ to say ab\t y\r *ildr51 or any o!r matt] 9 :i* we c s]ve y8 ,no?+ p>ticul>1 ,crito1 he repli$3 only1 z ,i h always told y1 take c>e ( y\rselves2 t is a s]vice :i* y may be ev] r5d]+ to me & m9e & to all ( u1 :e!r y promise to d s or n4 ,b if y h no ?\ght = y\rselves1 & c>e n to walk accord+ to ! rule :i* ,i h prescrib$ = y1 n n[ = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev] mu* y may pr(ess or promise at ! mom5t1 x w be ( no avail4 ,we w d our be/1 said ,crito3 ,& 9 :at way %all we bury y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! dead body :i* rema9s is n ! true ,socrates4 ,9 any way t y l2 b y mu/ get hold ( me1 & take c>e t ,i d n run away f y4 ,!n he turn$ to u1 & add$ ) a smile3--,i _c make ,crito believe t ,i am ! same ,socrates :o h be5 talk+ & conduct+ ! argum5t2 he fancies t ,i am ! o!r ,socrates :om he w soon see1 a dead body--& he asks1 ,h[ %all he bury me8 ,& ?\gh ,i h spok5 _m words 9 ! endeav\r to %[ t :5 ,i h drunk ! poison ,i %all leave y & g to ! joys ( ! bless$1--^! words ( m9e1 ) :i* ,i 0 com=t+ y & myself1 h _h1 z ,i p]ceive1 no effect ^u ,crito4 ,& !re=e ,i want y to be surety = me to him n[1 z at ! trial he 0 surety to ! judges = me3 b let ! promise be ( ano!r sort2 = he 0 surety = me to ! judges t ,i w\ld rema91 & y mu/ be my surety to him t ,i %all n rema91 b g away & dep>t2 & !n he w suff] less at my dea?1 & n be griev$ :5 he sees my body be+ burn$ or buri$4 ,i w\ld n h him sorr[ at my h>d lot1 or say at ! burial1 ,?us we lay out ,socrates1 or1 ,?us we foll[ him to ! grave or bury him2 = false words are n only evil 9 !mselves1 b !y infect ! s\l ) evil4 ,be ( good *e] !n1 my de> ,crito1 & say t y are bury+ my body only1 & d ) t :atev] is usual1 & :at y #aaf ?9k be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is ready to dep>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,he takes leave ( 8 family4 ,:5 he _h spok5 ^! words1 he arose & w5t into a *amb] to ba!2 ,crito foll[$ him & told u to wait4 ,s we rema9$ beh9d1 talk+ & ?9k+ ( ! subject ( disc\rse1 & also ( ! greatness ( our sorr[2 he 0 l a fa!r ( :om we 7 be+ b]eav$1 & we 7 ab\t to pass ! re/ ( our lives z orphans4 ,:5 he _h tak5 ! ba? 8 *ildr5 7 br\ght to him--7he _h two "y sons & an eld] "o72 & ! wom5 ( 8 family also came1 & he talk$ to !m & gave !m a few directions 9 ! pres5ce ( ,crito2 !n he dismiss$ !m & return$ to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,! humanity ( ! jail]4 ,n[ ! h\r ( sunset 0 ne>1 = a good deal ( "t _h pass$ :ile he 0 )94 ,:5 he came out1 he sat d[n ) u aga9 aft] 8 ba?1 b n mu* 0 said4 ,soon ! jail]1 :o 0 ! s]vant ( ! ,elev51 ent]$ & /ood by him1 say+3--,to y1 ,socrates1 :om ,i "k to be ! noble/ & g5tle/ & be/ ( all :o ev] came to ?is place1 ,i w n impute ! angry feel+s ( o!r m51 :o rage & swe> at me1 :51 9 ob$i5ce to ! au?orities1 ,i bid !m dr9k ! poison--inde$1 ,i am sure t y w n be angry ) me2 = o!rs1 z y are aw>e1 & n ,i1 are to blame4 ,& s f>e y well1 & try to be> lightly :at mu/ ne$s be--y "k my err&4 ,!n bur/+ into te>s he turn$ away & w5t out4 ,socrates look$ at him & said3 ,i return y\r good wi%es1 & w d z y bid4 ,!n turn+ to u1 he said1 ,h[ *>m+ ! man is3 s9ce ,i h be5 9 prison he has always be5 com+ to see me1 & at times he w\ld talk to me1 & 0 z good to me z c\ld be1 & n[ see h[ g5]\sly he sorr[s on my acc\nt4 ,we mu/ d z he says1 ,crito2 & !re=e let ! cup be br\ght1 if ! poison is prep>$3 if n1 let ! att5dant prep>e "s4 ,sid5ote3 ,crito w\ld deta9 ,socrates a little :ile4 ,yet1 said ,crito1 ! sun is /ill ^u ! hill-tops1 & ,i "k t _m a "o has tak5 ! draught late1 & aft] ! ann\ncem5t has be5 made to him1 he has eat5 & drunk1 & enjoy$ ! society ( 8 belov$2 d n hurry--!re is "t en\gh4 ,sid5ote3 ,! clos+ sc5e4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates ?9ks t !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by delay4 ,socrates said3 ,yes1 ,crito1 & !y ( :om y speak are "r 9 s act+1 = !y ?9k t !y w be ga9]s by ! delay2 b ,i am "r 9 n foll[+ _! example1 = ,i d n ?9k t ,i %\ld ga9 any?+ by dr9k+ ! poison a little lat]2 ,i %\ld only be ridicul\s #aag 9 my own eyes = sp>+ & sav+ a life :i* is already =feit4 ,please !n to d z ,i say1 & n to refuse me4 ,sid5ote3 ,! poison is br\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,he dr9ks ! poison4 ,sid5ote3 ,! company ( fri5ds are unable to control !mselves4 ,crito made a sign to ! s]vant1 :o 0 /&+ by2 & he w5t out1 & hav+ be5 abs5t = "s "t1 return$ ) ! jail] c>ry+ ! cup ( poison4 ,socrates said3 ,y1 my good fri5d1 :o are exp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s1 %all give me directions h[ ,i am to proce$4 ,! man answ]$3 ,y h only to walk ab\t until y\r legs are heavy1 & !n to lie d[n1 & ! poison w act4 ,at ! same "t he h&$ ! cup to ,socrates1 :o 9 ! easie/ & g5tle/ mann]1 )\t ! lea/ fe> or *ange ( col\r or feature1 look+ at ! man ) all 8 eyes1 ,e*ecrates1 z 8 mann] 01 took ! cup & said3 ,:at d y say ab\t mak+ a libation out ( ?is cup to any god8 ,may ,i1 or n8 ,! man answ]$3 ,we only prep>e1 ,socrates1 j s mu* z we deem en\gh4 ,i und]/&1 he said3 b ,i may & mu/ ask ! gods to prosp] my j\rney f ?is to ! o!r _w--ev5 s--& s be x accord+ to my pray]4 ,!n rais+ ! cup to 8 lips1 q readily & *e]fully he drank (f ! poison4 ,& hi!rto mo/ ( u _h be5 able to control our sorr[2 b n[ :5 we saw him dr9k+1 & saw too t he _h f9i%$ ! draught1 we c\ld no long] =be>1 & 9 spite ( myself my own te>s 7 fl[+ fa/2 s t ,i cov]$ my face & wept1 n = him1 b at ! ?\ght ( my own calamity 9 hav+ to "p f su* a fri5d4 ,nor 0 ,i ! fir/2 = ,crito1 :5 he f\nd himself unable to re/ra9 8 te>s1 _h got up1 & ,i foll[$2 & at t mom5t1 ,apollodorus1 :o _h be5 weep+ all ! "t1 broke out 9 a l\d & passionate cry :i* made c[>ds ( u all4 ,sid5ote3 ,says ,socrates1 #8,a man %\ld die 9 peace4' ,sid5ote3 ,! debt to ,asclepius4 ,socrates alone reta9$ 8 calmness3 ,:at is ?is /range outcry8 he said4 ,i s5t away ! wom5 ma9ly 9 ord] t !y might n misbehave 9 ?is way1 = ,i h be5 told t a man %\ld die 9 peace4 ,be quiet !n1 & h pati5ce4 ,:5 we he>d 8 words we 7 a%am$1 & refra9$ our te>s2 & he walk$ ab\t until1 z he said1 8 legs began to fail1 & !n he lay on 8 back1 accord+ to ! directions1 & ! man :o gave him ! poison n[ & !n look$ at 8 feet & legs2 & aft] a :ile he press$ 8 foot h>d1 & ask$ him if he c\ld feel2 & he said1 ,no2 & !n 8 leg1 & s upw>ds & #aah upw>ds1 & %[$ u t he 0 cold & /iff4 ,& he felt !m himself1 & said3 ,:5 ! poison rea*es ! he>t1 t w be ! end4 ,he 0 beg9n+ to gr[ cold ab\t ! gro91 :5 he uncov]$ 8 face1 = he _h cov]$ himself up1 & said--!y 7 8 la/ words--he said3 ,crito1 ,i owe a cock to ,asclepius2 w y rememb] to pay ! debt8 ,! debt %all be paid1 said ,crito2 is !re any?+ else8 ,!re 0 no answ] to ?is "q2 b 9 a m9ute or two a movem5t 0 he>d1 & ! att5dants uncov]$ him2 8 eyes 7 set1 & ,crito clos$ 8 eyes & m\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! end4 ,su* 0 ! end1 ,e*ecrates1 ( our fri5d2 conc]n+ :om ,i may truly say1 t ( all ! m5 ( 8 "t :om ,i h kn[n1 he 0 ! wise/ & ju/e/ & be/4 ,,footnotes #bc ,b cp4 ,rep4 x4 #faa ,a4 #bd ,cp4 ,m5o #hc ff4 #be ,cp4 ,apol4 #dj ,e4 #bf ,comp>e ,milton1 ,comus1 #dfc foll43-- #8,b :5 lu/1 ,by un*a/e looks1 loose ge/ures1 & f\l talk1 ,b mo/ by lewd & lavi% act ( s91 ,lets 9 defilem5t to ! inw>d p>ts1 ,! s\l gr[s clott$ by contagion1 ,imbodies1 & imbrutes1 till %e q lose1 ,! div9e prop]ty ( h] fir/ be+4 ,su* are ^? ?ick & gloomy %ad[s damp ,(t se5 9 *>nel vaults & sepul*res1 ,l+]+1 & sitt+ by a new made grave1 ,z loa? to leave ! body t x lov'd1 ,& l9k$ itself by c>nal s5suality ,to a deg5]ate & degrad$ /ate4' #bg ,cp4 ,rep4 x4 #fai ,c4 #bh ,cp4 ,rev41 esp4 c4 xxi4 v4 #ah ff4 ,,gorgias4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,9 sev]al ( ! dialogues ( ,plato1 d\bts h aris5 among 8 int]pret]s z to :i* ( ! v>i\s subjects discuss$ 9 !m is ! ma9 !sis4 ,! speak]s h ! fre$om ( conv]sation2 no sev]e rules ( art re/rict !m1 & sometimes we are incl9$ to ?9k1 ) "o ( ! dramatis p]sonae 9 ! ,!aetetus 7#agg ,c71 t ! digressions h ! great] int]e/4 ,yet 9 ! mo/ irregul> ( ! dialogues !re is also a c]ta9 natural gr[? or unity2 ! beg9n+ is n =gott5 at ! end1 & num]\s allusions & ref]5ces are int]sp]s$1 :i* =m ! loose connect+ l9ks ( ! :ole4 ,we mu/ n neglect ?is unity1 b nei!r mu/ we attempt to conf9e ! ,platonic dialogue on ! ,procru/ean b$ ( a s+le idea4 7,cp4 ,introduction to ! ,pha$rus47 ,two t5d5cies seem to h beset ! int]pret]s ( ,plato 9 ?is matt]4 ,fir/1 !y h endeav\r$ to hang ! dialogues ^u "o ano!r by ! slighte/ ?reads2 & h ?us be5 l$ to opposite & contradictory ass]tions respect+ _! ord] & sequ5ce4 ,! mantle ( ,s*lei]ma*] has desc5d$ ^u 8 successors1 :o h appli$ 8 me?od ) ! mo/ v>i\s results4 ,! value & use ( ! me?od has be5 h>dly1 if at all1 exam9$ ei!r by him or !m4 ,secondly1 !y h ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely ! scope ( ea* sep>ate dialogue2 9 ?is way !y ?9k t !y h escap$ all difficulties1 n see+ t :at !y h ga9$ 9 g5]ality !y h lo/ 9 tru? & di/9ctness4 ,metaphysical conceptions easily pass into "o ano!r2 & ! simpl] notions ( antiquity1 :i* we c only realize by an ef=t1 imp]ceptibly bl5d ) ! m famili> !ories ( mod]n philosoph]s4 ,an eye = proportion is ne$$ 78 own art ( measur+7 9 ! /udy ( ,plato1 z well z ( o!r great arti/s4 ,we may readily admit t ! moral anti!sis ( good & pleasure1 or ! intellectual anti!sis ( k & op9ion1 be+ an appe>ance1 are nev] f> (f 9 a ,platonic discussion4 ,b because !y are 9 ! backgr\nd1 we %\ld n br+ !m into ! =egr\nd1 or expect to disc]n !m equally 9 all ! dialogues4 ,sid5ote3 ,! subject ( ! ,dialogue4 ,!re may be "s advantage 9 draw+ out a little ! ma9 outl9es ( ! build+2 b ! use ( ?is is limit$1 & may be easily exagg]at$4 ,we may give ,plato too mu* sy/em1 & alt] ! natural =m & connection ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,"u ! idea t 8 dialogues are f9i%$ works ( art1 we may f9d a reason = ev]y?+1 & lose ! highe/ *>act]i/ic ( art1 :i* is simplicity4 ,mo/ great works receive a new light f a new & orig9al m9d4 ,b :e!r ^! new lights are true or only sugge/ive1 w dep5d on _! agreem5t ) ! _s ( ,plato1 & ! am\nt ( direct evid5ce :i* c be urg$ 9 support ( !m4 ,:5 a !ory is runn+ away ) u1 criticism does a fri5dly (fice 9 c\nsell+ mod]ation1 & recall+ u to ! indications ( ! text4 ,l ! ,pha$rus1 ! ,gorgias has puzzl$ /ud5ts ( ,plato by ! appe>ance ( two or m subjects4 ,"u ! cov] ( rhetoric high] !mes are introduc$2 ! argum5t exp&s into a g5]al view ( ! good & evil ( man4 ,aft] mak+ an ineffectual attempt to obta9 a s\nd def9ition ( 8 art f ,gorgias1 ,socrates assumes ! exi/5ce ( a univ]sal art ( flatt]y or simulation hav+ sev]al bran*es2--?is is ! g5us ( :i* rhetoric is only "o1 & n ! highe/ species4 ,to flatt]y is oppos$ ! true & noble art ( life :i* he :o possesses seeks always to imp>t to o!rs1 & :i* at la/ triumphs1 if n "h1 at any rate 9 ano!r _w4 ,^! two aspects ( life & k appe> to be ! two lead+ ideas ( ! dialogue4 ,! true & ! false 9 individuals & /ates1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! s\l z well z ( ! body1 are conceiv$ "u ! =ms ( true & false art4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is opposition !re arise v>i\s o!r que/ions1 su* z ! two fam\s p>adoxes ( ,socrates 7p>adoxes z !y are to ! _w 9 g5]al1 ideals z !y may be m wor?ily call$73 7#a7 t to d is worse ?an to suff] evil2 & 7#b7 t :5 a man has done evil he _h bett] be puni%$ ?an unpuni%$2 to :i* may be add$ 7#c7 a ?ird ,socratic p>adox or ideal1 t bad m5 d :at !y ?9k be/1 b n :at !y desire1 = ! desire ( all is t[>ds ! good4 ,t pleasure is to be di/+ui%$ f good is prov$ by ! simultane\sness ( pleasure & pa91 & by ! possibility ( ! bad hav+ 9 c]ta9 cases pleasures z great z ^? ( ! good1 or ev5 great]4 ,n m]ely rhetoricians1 b poets1 musicians1 & o!r arti/s1 ! :ole tribe ( /atesm51 pa/ z well z pres5t1 are includ$ 9 ! class ( flatt]]s4 ,! true & false f9ally appe> be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ! gods bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "* ( ! ,dialogue4 ,! dialogue naturally falls into ?ree divisions1 to :i* ! ?ree *>act]s ( ,gorgias1 ,polus1 & ,callicles respectively correspond2 & ! =m & mann] *ange ) ! /ages ( ! argum5t4 ,socrates is def]5tial t[>ds ,gorgias1 playful & yet cutt+ 9 deal+ ) ! y\?ful ,polus1 ironical & s>ca/ic 9 8 enc\nt] ) ,callicles4 ,9 ! fir/ division ! "q is ask$--,:at is rhetoric8 ,to ?is !re is no answ] giv51 = ,gorgias is soon made to contradict himself by ,socrates1 & ! argum5t is transf]r$ to ! h&s ( 8 disciple ,polus1 :o ru%es to ! def5ce ( 8 ma/]4 ,! answ] has at la/ to be giv5 by ,socrates himself1 b be=e he c ev5 expla9 8 mean+ to ,polus1 he mu/ enlight5 him ^u ! great subject ( %ams or flatt]ies4 ,:5 ,polus f9ds 8 fav\rite art r$uc$ to ! level ( cook]y1 he replies t at any rate rhetoricians1 l despots1 h great p[]4 ,socrates d5ies t !y h any real p[]1 & h5ce arise ! ?ree p>adoxes already m5tion$4 ,al?\gh !y are /range to him1 ,polus is at la/ conv9c$ ( _! tru?2 at lea/1 !y seem to him to foll[ legitimately f ! premises4 ,?us ! second act ( ! dialogue closes4 ,!n ,callicles appe>s on ! sc5e1 at fir/ ma9ta9+ t pleasure is good1 & t might is "r1 & t law is no?+ b ! comb9ation ( ! _m weak aga9/ ! few /rong4 ,:5 he is confut$ he )draws f ! argum5t1 & leaves ,socrates to arrive at ! conclusion by himself4 ,! conclusion is t !re are two k9ds ( /atesman%ip1 a high] & a l[]--t :i* makes ! p bett]1 & t :i* only flatt]s !m1 & he exhorts ,callicles to *oose ! high]4 ,! dialogue t]m9ates ) a my?us ( a f9al judgm5t1 9 :i* !re w be no m flatt]y or disguise1 & no fur!r use = ! tea*+ ( rhetoric4 ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ ( ,gorgias & ,polus4 ,! *>act]s ( ! ?ree int]locutors also correspond to ! p>ts :i* are assign$ to !m4 ,gorgias is ! great rhetorician1 n[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o goes f city to city display+ 8 tal5ts1 & is celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,l all ! ,sophi/s 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 he is va9 & boa/ful1 yet he has also a c]ta9 dignity1 & is treat$ by ,socrates ) consid]able respect4 ,b he is no mat* = him 9 dialectics4 ,al?\gh he has be5 tea*+ rhetoric all 8 life1 he is /ill incapable ( def9+ 8 own art4 ,:5 8 ideas beg9 to cle> up1 he is unwill+ to admit t rhetoric c be :olly sep>at$ f ju/ice & inju/ice1 & ?is l+]+ s5tim5t ( morality1 or reg>d = public op9ion1 enables ,socrates to detect him 9 a contradiction4 ,l ,protagoras1 he is describ$ z ( a g5]\s nature2 he expresses 8 approbation ( ,socrates' mann] ( approa*+ a "q2 he is q #8"o ( ,socrates' sort1 ready to be refut$ z well z to refute1' & v eag] t ,callicles & ,socrates %\ld h ! game out4 ,he kn[s by exp]i5ce t rhetoric ex]cises great influ5ce ov] o!r m51 b he is unable to expla9 ! puzzle h[ rhetoric c tea* ev]y?+ & "k no?+4 ,polus is an impetu\s y\?1 a runaway #8colt1' z ,socrates describes him1 :o want$ orig9ally to h tak5 ! place ( ,gorgias "u ! pretext t ! old man 0 tir$1 & n[ avails himself ( ! e>lie/ opportunity to ent] ! li/s4 ,he is said to be ! au?or ( a "w on rhetoric 7#dfb ,c71 & is aga9 m5tion$ 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bfg ,b71 z ! inv5tor ( balanc$ or d\ble =ms ( spee* 7cp4 ,gorg4 #ddh ,c1 #dfg ,c2 ,symp4 #ahe ,c74 ,at fir/ he is viol5t & ill-mann]$1 & is angry at see+ 8 ma/] ov]?r[n4 ,b 9 ! judici\s h&s ( ,socrates he is soon re/or$ to good-hum\r1 & compell$ to ass5t to ! requir$ conclusion4 ,l ,gorgias1 he is ov]?r[n because he compromises2 he is unwill+ to say t to d is fair] or m hon\rable ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,?\gh he is fasc9at$ by ! p[] ( rhetoric1 & dazzl$ by ! spl5d\r ( success1 he is n ins5sible to high] argum5ts4 ,plato may h felt t !re w\ld be an incongruity 9 a y\? ma9ta9+ ! cause ( inju/ice aga9/ ! _w4 ,he has nev] he>d ! o!r side ( ! "q1 & he li/5s to ! p>adoxes1 z !y appe> to him1 ( ,socrates ) evid5t a/oni%m5t4 ,he c h>dly und]/& ! mean+ ( ,ar*elaus be+ mis]able1 or ( rhetoric be+ only useful 9 self-accusation4 ,:5 ! argum5t ) him has fairly run out1 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles1 ! man ( ! _w4 ,callicles1 9 ^: h\se !y are assembl$1 is introduc$ on ! /age3 he is ) difficulty conv9c$ t ,socrates is 9 e>ne/2 = if ^! ?+s are true1 !n1 z he says ) real emotion1 ! f\ndations ( society are upside d[n4 ,9 him ano!r type ( "* is repres5t$2 he is nei!r sophi/ nor philosoph]1 b man ( ! _w1 & an accompli%$ ,a!nian g5tleman4 ,he might be describ$ 9 mod]n language z a cynic or mat]iali/1 a lov] ( p[] & also ( pleasure1 & unscrupul\s 9 8 means ( atta9+ bo?4 ,!re is no desire on 8 "p to (f] any compromise 9 ! int]e/s ( morality2 nor is any concession made by him4 ,l ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic1 ?\gh he is n ( ! same weak & vulg> class1 he consi/5tly ma9ta9s t might is "r4 ,8 great motive ( action is political ambition2 9 ?is he is *>act]i/ically ,greek4 ,l ,anytus 9 ! ,m5o1 he is ! enemy ( ! ,sophi/s2 b fav\rs ! new art ( rhetoric1 :i* he reg>ds z an excell5t weapon ( attack & def5ce4 ,he is a despis] ( mank9d z he is ( philosophy1 & sees 9 ! laws ( ! /ate only a violation ( ! ord] ( nature1 :i* int5d$ t ! /rong] %\ld gov]n ! weak] 7cp4 ,rep4 ii4 #ceh-cfj74 ,l o!r m5 ( ! _w :o are ( a speculative turn ( m9d1 he g5]alizes ! bad side ( human nature1 & has easily br\ght d[n 8 pr9ciples to 8 practice4 ,philosophy & poetry alike supply him ) di/9ctions suit$ to 8 view ( human life4 ,he has a good w to ,socrates1 ^: tal5ts he evid5tly admires1 :ile he c5sures ! pu]ile use :i* he makes ( !m4 ,he expresses a ke5 intellectual int]e/ 9 ! argum5t4 ,l ,anytus1 aga91 he has a sympa?y ) o!r m5 ( ! _w2 ! ,a!nian /atesm5 ( a =m] g5]ation1 :o %[$ no weakness & made no mi/akes1 su* z ,miltiades1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 are 8 fav\rites4 ,8 ideal ( human "* is a man ( great passions & great p[]s1 :i* he has develop$ to ! utmo/1 & :i* he uses 9 8 own enjoym5t & 9 ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs4 ,_h ,critias be5 ! "n in/ead ( ,callicles1 ab\t :om we "k no?+ f o!r s\rces1 ! op9ions ( ! man w\ld h seem$ to reflect ! hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! repres5tation ( ,socrates 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,& n[ ! combat deep5s4 ,9 ,callicles1 f> m ?an 9 any sophi/ or rhetorician1 is conc5trat$ ! _s ( evil aga9/ :i* ,socrates is cont5d+1 ! _s ( ! _w1 ! _s ( ! _m cont5d+ aga9/ ! "o wise man1 ( :i* ! ,sophi/s1 z he describes !m 9 ! ,republic1 are ! imitators r ?an ! au?ors1 be+ !mselves c>ri$ away by ! great tide ( public op9ion4 ,socrates approa*es 8 antagoni/ w>ily f a di/ance1 ) a sort ( irony :i* t\*es ) a light h& bo? 8 p]sonal vices 7probably 9 allusion to "s sc&al ( ! day7 & 8 s]vility to ! populace4 ,at ! same "t1 he is 9 mo/ pr(\nd e>ne/1 z ,*a]ephon rem>ks4 ,callicles soon loses 8 temp]1 b ! m he is irritat$1 ! m provok+ & matt] ( fact does ,socrates become4 ,a rep>tee ( 8 :i* appe>s to h be5 really made to ! #8omnisci5t' ,hippias1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,x5ophon 7,mem4 iv4 #d1 #f1 #aj71 is introduc$ 7#dij ,e74 ,he is call$ by ,callicles a popul> declaim]1 & c]ta9ly %[s t he has ! p[]1 9 ! words ( ,gorgias1 ( be+ #8z long z he pleases1' or #8z %ort z he pleases' 7cp4 ,protag4 #ccf ,d74 ,callicles exhibits great ability 9 def5d+ himself & attack+ ,socrates1 :om he accuses ( trifl+ & ^w-splitt+2 he is sc&aliz$ 7p4 #did7 t ! legitimate consequ5ces ( 8 own argum5t %\ld be /at$ 9 pla9 t]ms2 aft] ! mann] ( m5 ( ! _w1 he wi%es to pres]ve ! dec5cies ( life4 ,b he _c consi/5tly ma9ta9 ! bad s5se ( words2 & gett+ confus$ betwe5 ! ab/ract notions ( bett]1 sup]ior1 /rong]1 he is easily turn$ r\nd by ,socrates1 & only induc$ to cont9ue ! argum5t by ! au?ority ( ,gorgias4 ,once1 :5 ,socrates is describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ambiti\s citiz5 has to id5tify himself ) ! p1 he p>tially recognizes ! tru? ( 8 words4 ,! ,socrates ( ! ,gorgias may be comp>$ ) ! ,socrates ( ! ,protagoras & ,m5o4 ,z 9 o!r dialogues1 he is ! enemy ( ! ,sophi/s & rhetoricians2 & also ( ! /atesm51 :om he reg>ds z ano!r v>iety ( ! same species4 ,8 behavi\r is gov]n$ by t ( 8 oppon5ts2 ! lea/ =w>dness or egotism on _! "p is met by a correspond+ irony on ! "p ( ,socrates4 ,he mu/ speak1 = philosophy w n all[ him to be sil5t4 ,he is inde$ m ironical & provok+ ?an 9 any o!r ( ,plato's writ+s3 = he is #8fool$ to ! top ( 8 b5t' by ! worldl9ess ( ,callicles4 ,b he is also m deeply 9 e>ne/4 ,he rises high] ?an ev5 9 ! ,pha$o & ,crito3 at fir/ envelop+ 8 moral convictions 9 a cl\d ( du/ & dialectics1 he ends by los+ 8 me?od1 8 life1 himself1 9 !m4 ,z 9 ! ,protagoras & ,pha$rus1 ?r[+ aside ! veil ( irony1 he makes a spee*1 b1 true to 8 "*1 n until 8 adv]s>y has refus$ to answ] any m que/ions4 ,! pres5tim5t ( 8 own fate is hang+ ov] him4 ,he is aw>e t ,socrates1 ! s+le real tea*] ( politics1 z he v5tures to call himself1 _c safely g to w> ) ! :ole _w1 & t 9 ! c\rts ( e>? he w be condemn$4 ,b he w be ju/ifi$ 9 ! _w bel[4 ,!n ! position ( ,socrates & ,callicles w be rev]s$2 all ^? ?+s #8unfit = e>s polite' :i* ,callicles has prophesi$ z likely to happ5 to him 9 ?is life1 ! insult+ language1 ! box on ! e>s1 w recoil ^u 8 assailant4 7,comp>e ,rep4 x4 #fac1 ,d1 ,e1 & ! simil> rev]sal ( ! position ( ! lawy] & ! philosoph] 9 ! ,!aetetus1 #agc-agf47 ,sid5ote3 ,! repres5tation ( ,socrates 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,!re is an int]e/+ allusion to 8 own behavi\r at ! trial ( ! g5]als aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae1 :i* he ironically attributes to 8 ignorance ( ! mann] 9 :i* a vote ( ! assembly %\ld be tak5 7#dgc ,e74 ,?is is said to h happ5$ #8la/ ye>' 7,b4 ,c4 #djf71 & !re=e ! assum$ date ( ! dialogue has be5 fix$ at #dje ,b4 ,c41 :5 ,socrates w\ld already h be5 an old man4 ,! date is cle>ly m>k$1 b is sc>cely reconcilable ) ano!r indication ( "t1 viz4 ! #8rec5t' usurpation ( ,ar*elaus1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #dac 7#dgj ,d72 & /ill less ) ! #8rec5t' dea? 7#ejc ,b7 ( ,p]icles1 :o really di$ tw5ty-f\r ye>s previ\sly 7#dbi ,b4 ,c47 & is aft]w>ds reckon$ among ! /atesm5 ( a pa/ age 7cp4 #eag ,a72 or ) ! m5tion ( ,nicias1 :o di$ 9 #dac1 & is nev]!less spok5 ( z a liv+ witness 7#dgb ,a1 ,b74 ,b we %all h]eaft] h reason to obs]ve1 t al?\gh !re is a g5]al consi/5cy ( times & p]sons 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 a precise dramatic date is an inv5tion ( 8 comm5tators 7,preface to ,republic1 p4 ix74 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates ! only true politician4 ,! conclusion ( ! ,dialogue is rem>kable1 7#a7 = ! truly *>act]i/ic decl>ation ( ,socrates 7p4 #eji ,a7 t he is ignorant ( ! true nature & be>+ ( ^! ?+s1 :ile he affirms at ! same "t t no "o c ma9ta9 any o!r view )\t be+ ridicul\s4 ,! pr(ession ( ignorance rem9ds u ( ! e>li] & m exclusively ,socratic ,dialogues4 ,b nei!r 9 !m1 nor 9 ! ,apology1 nor 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 does ,socrates express any d\bt ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( morality4 ,he evid5tly reg>ds ?is #8among ! multitude ( que/ions' :i* agitate human life #8z ! pr9ciple :i* alone rema9s un%ak5' 7#ebg ,b74 ,he does n insi/ "h1 any m ?an 9 ! ,pha$o1 on ! lit]al tru? ( ! my?1 b only on ! s\ndness ( ! doctr9e :i* is conta9$ 9 x1 t do+ wrong is worse ?an suff]+1 & t a man %\ld be r ?an seem2 = ! next be/ ?+ to a man's be+ j is t he %\ld be correct$ & become j2 also t he %\ld avoid all flatt]y1 :e!r ( himself or ( o!rs2 & t rhetoric %\ld be employ$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! "r only4 ,! revelation ( ano!r life is a recapitulation ( ! argum5t 9 a figure4 7#b7 ,socrates makes ! s+ul> rem>k1 t he is himself ! only true politician ( 8 age4 ,9 o!r passages1 especially 9 ! ,apology1 he disclaims be+ a politician at all4 ,!re he is conv9c$ t he or any o!r good man :o attempt$ to resi/ ! popul> w w\ld be put to dea? be=e he _h done any good to himself or o!rs4 ,"h he anticipates su* a fate = himself1 f ! fact t he is #8! only man ( ! pres5t day :o p]=ms 8 public duties at all' 7#eba ,d74 ,! two po9ts ( view are n really inconsi/5t1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is wor? notic+3 ,socrates is & is n a public man4 ,n 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 l ,alcibiades or ,p]icles1 b 9 a high] "o2 & ?is w soon] or lat] entail ! same consequ5ces on him4 ,he _c be a private man if he w\ld2 nei!r c he sep>ate morals f politics4 ,nor is he unwill+ to be a politician1 al?\gh he =esees ! dang]s :i* await him2 b he mu/ fir/ become a bett] & wis] man1 = he z well z ,callicles is 9 a /ate ( p]plexity & unc]ta9ty 7#ebg ,d1 ,e74 ,& yet !re is an inconsi/5cy3 = %\ld n ,socrates too h taught ! citiz5s bett] ?an to put him to dea? 7#eai78 ,& n[1 z he himself says 7#ejf ,d71 we w #8resume ! argum5t f ! beg9n+4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ddg-dea4 ,socrates1 :o is att5d$ by 8 insep>able disciple1 ,/eph4 #ddg ,*a]ephon1 meets ,callicles 9 ! /reets ( ,a!ns4 ,he is in=m$ t he has j miss$ an exhibition ( ,gorgias1 :i* he regrets1 because he 0 desir\s1 n ( he>+ ,gorgias display 8 rhetoric1 b ( int]rogat+ him conc]n+ ! nature ( 8 art4 ,callicles proposes t !y %all g ) him to 8 own h\se1 :]e ,gorgias is /ay+4 ,!re !y f9d ! great rhetorician & 8 y\ng] fri5d & disciple ,polus4 #ddh ,soc4 ,put ! "q to him1 ,*a]ephon4 ,*4 ,:at "q8 ,soc4 ,:o is he8--su* a "q z w\ld elicit f a man ! answ]1 #8,i am a cobbl]4' ,polus sugge/s t ,gorgias may be tir$1 & desires to answ] = him4 #8,:o is ,gorgias8' asks ,*a]ephon1 imitat+ ! mann] ( 8 ma/] ,socrates4 #8,"o ( ! be/ ( m51 & a pr(ici5t 9 ! be/ & noble/ ( exp]im5tal arts1' etc41 replies ,polus1 9 rhetorical & balanc$ phrases4 ,socrates is dissatisfi$ at ! l5g? & unmean+ness ( ! answ]2 he tells ! disconc]t$ volunte] t he has mi/ak5 ! quality = ! nature ( ! art1 & rem>ks to ,gorgias1 t ,polus has le>nt h[ to make a spee*1 b n h[ to answ] a "q4 ,he wi%es t ,gorgias w\ld answ] him4 ,gorgias is will+ en\gh1 & replies to ! "q ask$ by ,*a]ephon1--t he is a rhetorician1 & 9 ,hom]ic language1 #8boa/s himself to be a good "o4' ,at ! reque/ ( ,socrates he promises #ddi to be brief2 = #8he c be z long z he pleases1 & z %ort z he pleases4' ,socrates w\ld h him be/[ 8 l5g? on o!rs1 & proce$s to ask him a numb] ( que/ions1 :i* are answ]$ by him to 8 own great satisfaction1 & ) a brevity :i* excites ! admiration ( ,socrates4 ,! result ( ! discussion may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dea-def4 ,rhetoric treats ( disc\rse2 b music & m$ic9e1 & #dej o!r p>ticul> arts1 are also conc]n$ ) disc\rse2 9 :at way !n does rhetoric diff] f !m8 ,gorgias draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! arts :i* deal ) words1 & ! arts :i* h to d ) ext]nal actions4 ,socrates ext5ds ?is di/9ction fur!r1 & divides all productive arts into two classes3 7#a7 arts :i* may be c>ri$ on 9 sil5ce2 & 7#b7 arts :i* h to d ) words1 or 9 :i* words are coext5sive ) action1 su* z ari?metic1 geometry1 rhetoric4 ,b /ill ,gorgias c\ld h>dly h meant to say t ari?metic 0 ! #dea same z rhetoric4 ,ev5 9 ! arts :i* are conc]n$ ) words !re are diff]5ces4 ,:at !n di/+ui%es rhetoric f ! o!r arts :i* h to d ) words8 #8,! words :i* rhetoric uses relate to ! be/ & greate/ ( human ?+s4' ,b tell me1 ,gorgias1 :at are ! be/8 #8,heal? fir/1 beauty next1 weal? ?ird1' 9 ! words ( ! old song1 or h[ w\ld y rank !m8 ,! arts w come to y 9 a body1 ea* #deb claim+ prec$5ce & say+ t h] own good is sup]ior to t ( ! re/--,h[ w y *oose betwe5 !m8 #8,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t ! art ( p]suasion1 :i* gives fre$om to all m51 & to individuals p[] 9 ! /ate1 is ! greate/ #dec good4' ,b :at is ! exact nature ( ?is p]suasion8--is ! p]sev]+ retort3 ,y c\ld n describe ,zeuxis z a pa9t]1 or ev5 z a pa9t] ( figures1 if !re 7 o!r pa9t]s ( figures2 nei!r c y def9e rhetoric simply z an art ( p]suasion1 because !re are o!r arts :i* p]suade1 su* z ari?metic1 :i* is an art ( p]suasion ab\t odd & ev5 numb]s4 ,gorgias is made to see ! necessity ( a fur!r limitation1 & he n[ def9es rhetoric z ! art ( p]suad+ #ded 9 ! law c\rts1 & 9 ! assembly1 ab\t ! j & unju/4 ,b /ill !re are two sorts ( p]suasion3 "o :i* gives k1 & ano!r :i* gives belief )\t k2 & k is always true1 b belief may be ei!r true or #dee false1--!re is !re=e a fur!r "q3 :i* ( ! two sorts ( p]suasion does rhetoric effect 9 c\rts ( law & assemblies8 ,pla9ly t :i* gives belief & n t :i* gives k2 = no "o c imp>t a real k ( su* matt]s to a cr[d ( p]sons 9 a few m9utes4 ,& !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$3--:5 ! assembly meets to advise ab\t walls or docks or milit>y exp$itions1 ! rhetorician is n tak5 into c\nsel1 b ! ar*itect1 or ! g5]al4 ,h[ w\ld ,gorgias expla9 ?is ph5om5on8 ,all :o int5d to become disciples1 ( :om !re are sev]al 9 ! company1 & n ,socrates only1 are eag]ly ask+3--,ab\t :at !n w rhetoric tea* u to p]suade or advise ! /ate8 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #def-dfa4 ,gorgias illu/rates ! nature ( rhetoric by adduc+ ! example ( ,!mi/ocles1 :o p]suad$ ! ,a!nians to build _! docks & walls1 & ( ,p]icles1 :om ,socrates himself has he>d speak+ ab\t ! middle wall ( ! ,piraeus4 ,he adds #def t he has ex]cis$ a simil> p[] ov] ! pati5ts ( 8 bro!r ,h]odicus4 ,he c\ld be *os5 a physician by ! assembly if he pleas$1 = no physician c\ld compete ) a rhetorician 9 popul>ity & influ5ce4 ,he c\ld p]suade ! multitude ( any?+ by ! p[] ( 8 rhetoric2 n t ! rhetorician ought to abuse ?is p[] any m ?an a box] %\ld abuse ! art ( self-def5ce4 ,rhetoric is a good ?+1 #deg b1 l all good ?+s1 may be unlawfully us$4 ,nei!r is ! tea*] ( ! art to be deem$ unju/ because 8 pupils are unju/ & make a bad use ( ! lessons :i* !y h le>n$ f him4 ,socrates w\ld l to "k be=e he replies1 :e!r ,gorgias w qu>rel ) him if he po9ts out a slight inconsi/5cy into :i* he has fall51 or :e!r he1 l himself1 is "o :o loves to be refut$4 ,gorgias decl>es t he is q "o ( 8 sort1 #deh b fe>s t ! argum5t may be t$i\s to ! company4 ,! company *e]1 & ,*a]ephon & ,callicles exhort !m to proce$4 ,socrates g5tly po9ts out ! suppos$ inconsi/5cy into :i* ,gorgias appe>s to h fall51 & :i* he is incl9$ to ?9k may arise out ( a misappreh5sion ( 8 own4 ,! rhetorician has be5 decl>$ by ,gorgias to be m p]suasive #dei to ! ignorant ?an ! physician1 or any o!r exp]t4 ,& he is said to be ignorant1 & ?is ignorance ( 8 is reg>d$ by ,gorgias z a happy condition1 = he has escap$ ! tr\ble ( le>n+4 ,b is he z ignorant ( j & unju/ z he is ( m$ic9e or build+8 ,gorgias is compell$ to admit t if #dfj he did n "k !m previ\sly he mu/ le>n !m f 8 tea*] z a "p ( ! art ( rhetoric4 ,b he :o has le>n$ c>p5try is a c>p5t]1 & he :o has le>n$ music is a musician1 & he :o has le>n$ ju/ice is j4 ,! rhetorician !n mu/ be a j man1 & rhetoric is a j ?+4 ,b ,gorgias has already admitt$ ! opposite ( ?is1 viz4 t rhetoric may be abus$1 & t ! rhetorician may act unju/ly4 ,h[ is ! inconsi/5cy to be expla9$8 #dfa ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dfa-dfd4 ,! fallacy ( ?is argum5t is tw(old2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 a man may "k ju/ice & n be j--"h is ! old confusion ( ! arts & ! virtues2--nor c any tea*] be expect$ to c\nt]act :olly ! b5t ( natural "*2 & secondly1 a man may h a degree ( ju/ice1 b n suffici5t to prev5t him f ev] do+ wrong4 ,polus is naturally exasp]at$ at ! sophism1 :i* he is unable to detect2 ( c\rse1 he says1 ! rhetorician1 l e "o else1 w admit t he kn[s ju/ice 7h[ c he d o!rwise :5 press$ by ! int]rogations ( ,socrates871 b he ?9ks t great want ( mann]s is %[n 9 br++ ! argum5t to su* a pass4 ,socrates ironically replies1 t :5 old m5 trip1 ! "y set #dfb !m on _! legs aga92 & he is q will+ to retract1 if he c be %[n to be 9 error1 b ^u "o condition1 :i* is t ,polus /udies brevity4 ,polus is 9 great indignation at n be+ all[$ to use z _m words z he pleases 9 ! free /ate ( ,a!ns4 ,socrates retorts1 t yet h>d] w be 8 own case1 if he is compell$ to /ay & li/5 to !m4 ,aft] "s alt]cation !y agree 7cp4 ,protag4 #cch71 t ,polus %all ask & ,socrates answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dfd-dgb4 #8,:at is ! art ( ,rhetoric8' says ,polus4 ,n an art at all1 replies ,socrates1 b a ?+ :i* 9 y\r book y affirm to h creat$ art4 ,polus asks1 #8,:at ?+8' & ,socrates answ]s1 ,an exp]i5ce or r\t9e ( mak+ a sort ( delight or gratification4 #8,b is n rhetoric a f9e ?+8' ,i h n yet told y :at rhetoric is4 ,w y ask me ano!r "q--,:at is cook]y8 #8,:at is cook]y8' ,an exp]i5ce or r\t9e ( mak+ a sort ( delight or gratification4 ,!n !y are ! same1 or r fall "u ! same class1 & rhetoric #dfc has /ill to be di/+ui%$ f cook]y4 #8,:at is rhetoric8' asks ,polus once m4 ,a "p ( a n v cr$itable :ole1 :i* may be t]m$ flatt]y1 is ! reply4 #8,b :at "p8' ,a %ad[ ( a "p ( politics4 ,?is1 z might be expect$1 is :olly un9telligible1 bo? to ,gorgias & ,polus2 &1 9 ord] #dfd to expla9 8 mean+ to !m1 ,socrates draws a di/9ction betwe5 %ad[s or appe>ances & realities2 e4 g4 !re is real heal? ( body or s\l1 & ! appe>ance ( !m2 real arts & sci5ces1 & ! simulations ( !m4 ,n[ ! s\l & body h two arts wait+ ^u !m1 fir/ ! art ( politics1 :i* att5ds on ! s\l1 hav+ a legislative "p & a judicial "p2 & ano!r art att5d+ on ! body1 :i* has no g5]ic "n1 b may also be describ$ z hav+ two divisions1 "o ( :i* is m$ic9e & ! o!r gymna/ic4 ,correspond+ ) ^! f\r arts or sci5ces !re are f\r %ams or simulations ( !m1 m]e exp]i5ces1 z !y may be t]m$1 because !y give no reason ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,! art ( dress+ up is ! %am or simulation ( gymna/ic1 ! art ( cook]y1 ( m$ic9e2 rhetoric is ! simulation ( ju/ice1 & sophi/ic ( #dfe legislation4 ,!y may be summ$ up 9 an ari?metical =mula3-- ,tir+ 3 gymna/ic 33 cook]y 3 m$ic9e 33 sophi/ic 3 legislation4 ,&1 ,cook]y 3 m$ic9e 33 rhetoric 3 ! art ( ju/ice4 ,& ?is is ! true s*eme ( !m1 b :5 measur$ only by ! gratification :i* !y procure1 !y become jumbl$ toge!r & return to _! aborig9al *aos4 ,socrates apologizes = ! l5g? ( 8 spee*1 :i* 0 necess>y to ! explanation ( #dff ! subject1 & begs ,polus n unnecess>ily to retaliate on him4 #8,d y mean to say t ! rhetoricians are e/eem$ flatt]]s8' ,!y are n e/eem$ at all4 #8,:y1 h !y n great p[]1 & c !y n d :atev] !y desire8' ,!y h #dfg no p[]1 & !y only d :at !y ?9k be/1 & nev] :at !y desire2 = !y nev] atta9 ! true object ( desire1 :i* is ! good4 #8,z if y1 ,socrates1 w\ld n envy ! possessor ( despotic p[]1 :o c imprison1 exile1 kill any "o :om he pleases4' ,b ,socrates replies t he has no wi% to put any "o -#dfi to dea?2 he :o kills ano!r1 ev5 ju/ly1 is n to be envi$1 & he :o kills him unju/ly is to be piti$2 x is bett] to suff] ?an to d inju/ice4 ,he does n consid] t go+ ab\t ) a dagg] & putt+ m5 out ( ! way1 or sett+ a h\se on fire1 is real p[]4 ,to ?is ,polus ass5ts1 on ! gr\nd t #dgj su* acts w\ld be puni%$1 b he is /ill ( op9ion t evil-do]s1 if !y are unpuni%$1 may be happy en\gh4 ,he in/ances ,ar*elaus1 son ( ,p]diccas1 ! usurp] ( ,mac$onia4 ,does n ,socrates ?9k him happy8--,socrates w\ld l to #dga "k m ab\t him2 he _c pron\nce ev5 ! great k+ to be happy1 unless he kn[s 8 m5tal & moral condition4 ,polus expla9s t ,ar*elaus 0 a slave1 be+ ! son ( a woman :o 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas1 bro!r ( ,p]diccas k+ ( ,mac$on--& he1 by e species ( crime1 fir/ murd]+ 8 uncle & c\s9 & !n 8 half-bro!r1 obta9$ ! k+dom4 ,?is 0 v wick$1 & yet all ! _w1 includ+ ,socrates1 w\ld l to h 8 place4 ,socrates dismisses ! #dgb appeal to numb]s2 ,polus1 if he w1 may summon all ! ri* m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,nicias & 8 bro!rs1 ,ari/ocrates1 ! h\se ( ,p]icles1 or any o!r great family--?is is ! k9d ( evid5ce :i* is adduc$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 :]e tru? dep5ds ^u numb]s4 ,b ,socrates employs pro( ( ano!r sort2 8 appeal is to "o witness only1--t is to say1 ! p]son ) :om he is speak+2 him he w convict out ( 8 own m\?4 ,& he is prep>$ to %[1 aft] 8 mann]1 t ,ar*elaus _c be a wick$ man & yet happy4 #dgc ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dgb-dge4 ,! evil-do] is deem$ happy if he escapes1 & mis]able if he suff]s puni%m5t2 b ,socrates ?9ks him less mis]able if he suff]s ?an if he escapes4 ,polus is ( op9ion t su* a p>adox z ?is h>dly des]ves refutation1 & is at any rate suffici5tly refut$ by ! fact4 ,socrates has only to comp>e ! lot ( ! successful tyrant :o is ! envy ( ! _w1 & ( ! wret* :o1 hav+ be5 detect$ 9 a crim9al attempt aga9/ ! /ate1 is crucifi$ or burnt to dea?4 ,socrates replies1 t if !y are bo? crim9al !y are bo? mis]able1 b t ! unpuni%$ is ! m mis]able ( ! two4 ,at ?is ,polus laughs outright1 :i* leads ,socrates to rem>k t laught] is a new species ( refutation4 ,polus replies1 t he is already refut$2 = if he w take ! votes ( ! company1 he w f9d t no "o agrees ) him4 #dgd ,to ?is ,socrates rejo9s1 t he is n a public man1 & 7ref]r+ to 8 own conduct at ! trial ( ! g5]als aft] ! battle ( ,arg9usae7 is unable to take ! suffrages ( any company1 z he _h %[n on a rec5t occasion2 he c only deal ) "o witness at a "t1 & t is ! p]son ) :om he is argu+4 ,b he is c]ta9 t 9 ! op9ion ( any man to d is worse ?an to suff] evil4 ,polus1 ?\gh he w n admit ?is1 is ready to ackn[l$ge t to d evil is consid]$ ! m f\l or di%on\rable ( ! two4 ,b :at is fair & :at is f\l2 :e!r ! t]ms are appli$ to bodies1 col\rs1 figures1 laws1 habits1 /udies1 mu/ !y n be def9$ ) ref]5ce to pleasure & utility8 ,polus #dge ass5ts to ?is latt] doctr9e1 & is easily p]suad$ t ! f\l] ( two ?+s mu/ exce$ ei!r 9 pa9 or 9 hurt4 ,b ! do+ _c exce$ ! suff]+ ( evil 9 pa91 & !re=e mu/ exce$ 9 hurt4 ,?us do+ is prov$ by ! te/imony ( ,polus himself to be worse or m hurtful ?an suff]+4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dgf-dhb4 ,!re rema9s ! o!r "q3 ,is a guilty man bett] (f :5 he is puni%$ or :5 he is unpuni%$8 ,socrates replies1 #dgf t :at is done ju/ly is suff]$ ju/ly3 if ! act is j1 ! effect is j2 if to puni% is j1 to be puni%$ is j1 & !re=e fair1 & !re=e b5efic5t2 & ! b5efit is t ! s\l is improv$4 ,!re are ?ree evils f :i* a man may #dgg suff]1 & :i* affect him 9 e/ate1 body1 & s\l2--^! are1 pov]ty1 disease1 inju/ice2 & ! f\le/ ( ^! is inju/ice1 ! evil ( ! s\l1 because t br+s ! greate/ hurt4 ,& !re are ?ree arts :i* heal ^! evils--trad+1 m$ic9e1 ju/ice--& #dgh ! faire/ ( ^! is ju/ice4 ,happy is he :o has nev] committ$ inju/ice1 & happy 9 ! second degree he :o has be5 #dgi heal$ by puni%m5t4 ,& !re=e ! crim9al %\ld himself g to ! judge z he w\ld to ! physician1 & purge away 8 #dhj crime4 ,rhetoric w enable him to display 8 guilt 9 prop] col\rs1 & to su/a9 himself & o!rs 9 endur+ ! necess>y p5alty4 ,& simil>ly if a man has an enemy1 he w desire n #dha to puni% him1 b t he %all g unpuni%$ & become worse & worse1 tak+ c>e only t he does no injury to himself4 ,^! are at lea/ conceivable uses ( ! art1 & no o!rs h be5 discov]$ by u4 ,"h ,callicles1 :o has be5 li/5+ 9 sil5t amazem5t1 asks ,*a]ephon :e!r ,socrates is 9 e>ne/1 & on receiv+ ! assurance t he is1 proce$s to ask ! same "q ( ,socrates himself4 ,= if su* doctr9es are true1 life mu/ h be5 turn$ upside d[n1 & all ( u are do+ ! opposite ( :at we ought to be do+4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dhb-dhf4 ,socrates replies 9 a /yle ( playful irony1 t be=e m5 c und]/& "o ano!r !y mu/ h "s common feel+4 ,& su* a community ( feel+ exi/s betwe5 himself & ,callicles1 = bo? ( !m are lov]s1 & !y h bo? a pair ( loves2 ! belov$ ( ,callicles are ! ,a!nian ,demos & ,demos #dhb ! son ( ,pyrilampes2 ! belov$ ( ,socrates are ,alcibiades & philosophy4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,callicles is t he c nev] contradict 8 loves2 he *anges z 8 ,demos *anges 9 all 8 op9ions2 he wat*es ! c\nt5ance ( bo? 8 loves1 & repeats _! s5tim5ts1 & if any "o is surpris$ at 8 say+s & do+s1 ! explanation ( !m is1 t he is n a free ag5t1 b mu/ always be imitat+ 8 two loves4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ,socrates' peculi>ities also4 ,he is always repeat+ :at 8 mi/ress1 ,philosophy1 is say+ to him1 :o1 unlike 8 o!r love1 ,alcibiades1 is ev] ! same1 ev] true4 ,callicles mu/ refute h]1 or he w nev] be at unity ) himself2 & discord 9 life is f> worse ?an ! discord ( musical s\nds4 ,callicles answ]s1 t ,gorgias 0 ov]?r[n because1 z ,polus said1 9 compliance ) popul> prejudice he _h admitt$ t if 8 pupil did n "k ju/ice ! rhetorician mu/ tea* him2 & ,polus has be5 simil>ly entangl$1 because 8 mode/y l$ him to admit t to suff] is m hon\rable ?an to d inju/ice4 ,by cu/om #8yes1' b n by nature1 says ,callicles4 ,& ,socrates is #dhc always play+ betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view1 & putt+ "o 9 ! place ( ! o!r4 ,9 ?is v argum5t1 :at ,polus only meant 9 a conv5tional s5se has be5 affirm$ by him to be a law ( nature4 ,= conv5tion says t #8inju/ice is di%on\rable1' b nature says t #8might is "r4' ,& we are always tam+ d[n ! nobl] spirits among u to ! conv5tional level4 ,b sometimes a great man w rise up & reass]t 8 orig9al rights1 trampl+ "u foot all our =mul>ies1 & !n ! #dhd light ( natural ju/ice %9es =?4 ,p9d> says1 #8,law1 ! k+ ( all1 does viol5ce ) high h&2' z is inde$ prov$ by ! example ( ,h]acles1 :o drove (f ! ox5 ( ,g]yon & nev] paid = !m4 ,?is is ! tru?1 ,socrates1 z y w be conv9c$1 if y leave philosophy & pass on to ! real bus9ess ( life4 ,a little philosophy is an excell5t ?+2 too mu* is ! ru9 ( a man4 ,he :o has n #8pass$ 8 metaphysics' be=e he has gr[n up to manhood w nev] "k ! _w4 ,philosoph]s are ridicul\s :5 !y take to politics1 & ,i d>e say t politicians are equally ridicul\s :5 !y take to philosophy3 #8,e man1' z ,euripides says1 #8is fonde/ ( t 9 :i* he is be/4' #dhe ,philosophy is graceful 9 y\?1 l ! lisp ( infancy1 & %\ld be cultivat$ z a "p ( education2 b :5 a gr[n-up man lisps or /udies philosophy1 ,i %\ld l to beat him4 ,none ( ^? ov]-ref9$ natures ev] come to any good2 !y avoid ! busy haunts ( m51 & skulk 9 corn]s1 :isp]+ to a few admir+ y\?s1 & nev] giv+ utt]ance to any noble s5tim5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dhf-dia4 ,= y1 ,socrates1 ,i h a reg>d1 & !re=e ,i say to y1 z ,ze?us says to ,amphion 9 ! play1 t y h #8a noble s\l #dhf disguis$ 9 a pu]ile ext]ior4' ,& ,i w\ld h y consid] ! dang] :i* y & o!r philosoph]s incur4 ,= y w\ld n "k h[ to def5d y\rself if any "o accus$ y 9 a law-c\rt1--!re y w\ld /&1 ) gap+ m\? & dizzy bra91 & might be murd]$1 robb$1 box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,take my advice1 !n1 & get a little common s5se2 leave to o!rs ^! frivolities2 walk 9 ! ways ( ! weal?y & be wise4 ,socrates pr(esses to h f\nd 9 ,callicles ! philosoph]'s t\*/one2 & he is c]ta9 t any op9ion 9 :i* !y bo? agree mu/ be ! v tru?4 ,callicles has all ! ?ree qualities :i* are ne$$ 9 a critic--k1 good-w1 frankness2 #dhg ,gorgias & ,polus1 al?\gh le>n$ m51 7 too mode/1 & _! mode/y made !m contradict !mselves4 ,b ,callicles is well-educat$2 & he is n too mode/ to speak out 7( ?is he has already giv5 pro(71 & 8 good-w is %[n bo? by 8 own pr(ession & by 8 giv+ ! same caution aga9/ philosophy to ,socrates1 :i* ,socrates rememb]s he>+ him give long ago to 8 own clique ( fri5ds4 ,he w pl$ge himself to #dhh retract any error into :i* he may h fall51 & :i* ,callicles may po9t out4 ,b he w\ld l to "k fir/ ( all :at he & ,p9d> mean by natural ju/ice4 ,d !y suppose t ! rule ( ju/ice is ! rule ( ! /rong] or ( ! bett]8 #8,!re is no diff]5ce4' ,!n are n ! _m sup]ior to ! "o1 & ! op9ions ( ! _m bett]8 ,& _! op9ion is t ju/ice is equality1 & t to d is m di%on\rable ?an to suff] wrong4 ,& z !y are ! sup]ior or /rong]1 ?is op9ion ( !irs #dhi mu/ be 9 accordance ) natural z well z conv5tional ju/ice4 #8,:y w y cont9ue splitt+ words8 ,h ,i n told y t ! sup]ior is ! bett]8' ,b :at d y mean by ! bett]8 ,tell me t1 & please to be a little mild] 9 y\r language1 if y d n wi% to drive me away4 #8,i mean ! wor?i]1 ! #dij wis]4' ,y mean to say t "o man ( s5se ought to rule ov] t5 ?\s& fools8 #8,yes1 t is my mean+4' ,ought ! physician !n to h a l>g] %>e ( meats & dr9ks8 or ! weav] to h m coats1 or ! cobbl] l>g] %oes1 or ! f>m] m se$8 #8,y are always say+ ! same ?+s1 #dia ,socrates4' ,yes1 & on ! same subjects too2 b y are nev] say+ ! same ?+s4 ,=1 fir/1 y def9$ ! sup]ior to be ! /rong]1 & !n ! wis]1 & n[ some?+ else2--:at d y mean8 #8,i mean m5 ( political ability1 :o ought to gov]n & to h m ?an ! gov]n$4' ,?an !mselves8 #8,:at d y mean8' ,i mean to say t e man is 8 own gov]nor4 #8,i see t y mean ^? dolts1 ! temp]ate4 ,b my doctr9e is1 t a man %\ld let 8 desires gr[1 & take ! means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,to ! _m ?is is impossible1 #dib & !re=e !y comb9e to prev5t him4 ,b if he is a k+1 & has p[]1 h[ base w\ld he be 9 submitt+ to !m6 ,to invite ! common h]d to be "l ov] him1 :5 he might h ! enjoym5t ( all ?+s6 ,= ! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t luxury & self-indulg5ce are virtue & happ9ess2 all ! re/ is m]e talk4' ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #dia-did4 ,socrates complim5ts ,callicles on 8 frankness 9 say+ :at o!r m5 only ?9k4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ^? :o want no?+ are n happy4 #8,:y1' says ,callicles1 #8if !y 71 /ones & ! dead w\ld be happy4' ,socrates 9 reply is l$ into a half-s]i\s1 half-comic ve9 ( reflection4 #8,:o kn[s1' z ,euripides says1 #8:e!r life may n be dea?1 & dea? life8' ,nay1 !re are philosoph]s :o ma9ta9 t ev5 9 life we are #dic dead1 & t ! body 77 is ! tomb 77 ( ! s\l4 ,& "s +5i\s ,sicilian has made an allegory1 9 :i* he repres5ts fools z ! un9itiat$1 :o are suppos$ to be c>ry+ wat] to a vessel1 :i* is full ( holes1 9 a simil>ly holey sieve1 & ?is sieve is _! own s\l4 ,! idea is fanciful1 b nev]!less is a figure ( a tru? :i* ,i want to make y ackn[l$ge1 viz4 t ! life ( cont5tm5t is bett] ?an ! life ( indulg5ce4 ,are y dispos$ to admit t8 #8,f> o!rwise4' ,!n he> ano!r p>able4 ,! life ( self-cont5tm5t & self-indulg5ce may be repres5t$ respectively by two m51 :o are fill+ j>s ) /reams ( w9e1 honey1 milk1--! j>s ( ! "o are s\nd1 & ! j>s ( ! o!r leaky2 ! fir/ fills 8 j>s1 & has no m tr\ble ) !m2 ! second is always fill+ #did !m1 & w\ld suff] extreme mis]y if he desi/$4 ,are y ( ! same op9ion /ill8 #8,yes1 ,socrates1 & ! figure expresses :at ,i mean4 ,= true pleasure is a p]petual /ream1 fl[+ 9 & fl[+ out4 ,to be hungry & always eat+1 to be ?ir/y & always dr9k+1 & to h all ! o!r desires & to satisfy !m1 t1 z ,i admit1 is my idea ( happ9ess4' ,& to be it*+ & always scrat*+8 #8,i d n d5y t !re may be happ9ess ev5 9 t4' ,& to indulge unnatural desires1 if !y are abundantly satisfi$8 ,callicles is indignant at ! introduction ( su* topics4 ,b he is rem9d$ by ,socrates t !y are introduc$1 n by him1 b by ! ma9ta9] ( ! id5tity ( #die pleasure & good4 ,w ,callicles /ill ma9ta9 ?is8 #8,yes1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 he w4' ,! answ] does n satisfy ,socrates1 :o fe>s t he is los+ 8 t\*/one4 ,a pr(ession ( s]i\sness on ! "p ( ,callicles reassures him1 & !y proce$ ) ! argum5t4 ,pleasure & good are ! same1 b k & c\rage are n ! same ei!r ) pleasure or good1 or ) "o ano!r4 ,socrates disproves ! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts by %[+ t two opposites _c co-exi/1 b mu/ alt]nate ) "o ano!r--to be well & ill toge!r is #dif impossible4 ,b pleasure & pa9 are simultane\s1 & ! cessation ( !m is simultane\s2 e4 g4 9 ! case ( dr9k+ & ?ir/+1 :]eas good & evil are n simultane\s1 & d n cease #dig simultane\sly1 & !re=e pleasure _c be ! same z good4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #did-eja4 ,callicles has already lo/ 8 temp]1 & c only be p]suad$ to g on by ! int]position ( ,gorgias4 ,socrates1 hav+ already gu>d$ aga9/ objections by di/+ui%+ c\rage & k f pleasure & good1 proce$s3--,! good are good by ! pres5ce ( good1 & ! bad are bad by ! pres5ce ( evil4 ,& ! brave & wise are good1 & ! c[>dly & fooli% #dih are bad4 ,& he :o feels pleasure is good1 & he :o feels pa9 is bad1 & bo? feel pleasure & pa9 9 ne>ly ! same degree1 & sometimes ! bad man or c[>d 9 a great] degree4 ,!re=e ! bad man or c[>d is z good z ! brave or may #dii be ev5 bett]4 ,callicles endeav\rs n[ to av]t ! inevitable absurdity by affirm+ t he & all mank9d admitt$ "s pleasures to be good & o!rs bad4 ,! good are ! b5eficial1 & ! bad are ! hurtful1 & we %\ld *oose ! "o & avoid ! o!r4 ,b ?is1 z ,socrates obs]ves1 is a return to ! old doctr9e ( himself & ,polus1 t all ?+s %\ld be done = ! sake ( ! good4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #eja-ejf4 ,callicles ass5ts to ?is1 & ,socrates1 f9d+ t !y are #ejj agre$ 9 di/+ui%+ pleasure f good1 returns to 8 old division ( empirical habits1 or %ams1 or flatt]ies1 :i* /udy #eja pleasure only1 & ! arts :i* are conc]n$ ) ! high] int]e/s ( s\l & body4 ,does ,callicles agree to ?is division8 ,callicles w agree to any?+1 9 ord] t he may get ?r\gh ! argum5t4 ,:i* ( ! arts !n are flatt]ies8 ,flute-play+1 h>p-play+1 *oral exhibitions1 ! di?yrambics ( ,c9esias are all equally condemn$ on ! gr\nd t !y give pleasure only2 & ,meles ! h>p-play]1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( #ejb ,c9esias1 fail$ ev5 9 t4 ,! /ately muse ( ,trag$y is b5t ^u pleasure1 & n ^u improvem5t4 ,poetry 9 g5]al is only a rhetorical address to a mix$ audi5ce ( m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,& ! orators are v f> f speak+ ) a view to :at is be/2 _! way is to hum\r ! assembly z if !y 7 *ildr54 ,callicles replies1 t ?is is only true ( "s ( !m2 o!rs h a real reg>d = _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,grant$2 !n !re are two species ( oratory2 ! "o a flatt]y1 ano!r :i* has a real reg>d = ! citiz5s4 ,b :]e are ! orators among :om y f9d ! latt]8 ,callicles admits t !re are none #ejc rema9+1 b !re 7 su* 9 ! days :5 ,!mi/ocles1 ,cimon1 ,miltiades1 & ! great ,p]icles 7 /ill alive4 ,socrates replies t none ( ^! 7 true arti/s1 sett+ be=e !mselves ! duty ( br++ ord] out ( disord]4 ,! good #ejd man & true orator has a settl$ design1 runn+ ?r\gh 8 life1 to :i* he con=ms all 8 words & actions2 he desires to implant ju/ice & eradicate inju/ice1 to implant all virtue & eradicate all vice 9 ! m9ds ( 8 citiz5s4 ,he is ! #eje physician :o w n all[ ! sick man to indulge 8 appetites ) a v>iety ( meats & dr9ks1 b insi/s on 8 ex]cis+ self-re/ra9t4 ,& ?is is good = ! s\l1 & bett] ?an ! unre/ra9$ indulg5ce :i* ,callicles 0 rec5tly approv+4 ,"h ,callicles1 :o _h be5 ) difficulty br\ght to ?is po9t1 turns re/ive1 & sugge/s t ,socrates %all answ] 8 own que/ions4 #8,!n1' says ,socrates1 #8"o man mu/ d = two2' & ?\gh he _h hop$ to h giv5 ,callicles an #8,amphion' 9 return = 8 #8,ze?us1' he is will+ to proce$2 at ! #ejf same "t1 he hopes t ,callicles w correct him1 if he falls into error4 ,he recapitulates ! advantages :i* he has already won3-- ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ejf-eaa4 ,! pleasant is n ! same z ! good--,callicles & ,i are agre$ ab\t t1--b pleasure is to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good1 & ! good is t ( :i* ! pres5ce makes u good2 we & all ?+s good h acquir$ "s virtue or o!r4 ,& virtue1 :e!r ( body or s\l1 ( ?+s or p]sons1 is n atta9$ by accid5t1 b is due to ord] & h>moni\s arrangem5t4 ,& ! s\l :i* has ord] is bett] ?an ! s\l #ejg :i* is )\t ord]1 & is !re=e temp]ate & is !re=e good1 & ! intemp]ate is bad4 ,& he :o is temp]ate is also j & brave & pi\s1 & has atta9$ ! p]fection ( goodness & !re=e ( happ9ess1 & ! intemp]ate :om y approve is ! opposite ( all ?is & is wret*$4 ,he !re=e :o w\ld be happy mu/ pursue temp]ance & avoid intemp]ance1 & if possible escape ! necessity ( puni%m5t1 b if he h done wrong he mu/ endure puni%m5t4 ,9 ?is way /ates & individuals %\ld seek to atta9 h>mony1 :i*1 #ejh z ! wise tell u1 is ! bond ( heav5 & e>?1 ( gods & m54 ,callicles has nev] discov]$ ! p[] ( geometrical proportion 9 bo? worlds2 he w\ld h m5 aim at disproportion & excess4 ,b if he be wrong 9 ?is1 & if self-control is ! true secret ( happ9ess1 !n ! p>adox is true t ! only use ( rhetoric is 9 self-accusation1 & ,polus 0 "r 9 say+ t to d wrong is worse ?an to suff] wrong1 & ,gorgias 0 "r 9 say+ t ! rhetorician mu/ be a j man4 ,& y 7 wrong 9 taunt+ me ) my def5celess condition1 & 9 say+ t ,i might be accus$ or put to dea? or box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,= ,i may repeat once m1 t to /rike is worse ?an to be /rick5--to d ?an to suff]4 ,:at ,i said !n #eji is n[ made fa/ 9 adamant9e bonds4 ,i myself "k n ! true nature ( ^! ?+s1 b ,i "k t no "o c d5y my words & n be ridicul\s4 ,to d wrong is ! greate/ ( evils1 & to suff] wrong is ! next greate/ evil4 ,he :o w\ld #eaj avoid ! la/ mu/ be a rul]1 or ! fri5d ( a rul]2 & to be ! fri5d he mu/ be ! equal ( ! rul]1 & mu/ also resemble him4 ,"u 8 protection he w suff] no evil1 b w he also d no evil8 ,nay1 w he n r d all ! evil :i* he c & escape8 ,& 9 ?is way ! greate/ ( all evils w #eaa befall him4 #8,b ?is imitator ( ! tyrant1' rejo9s ,callicles1 #8w kill any "o :o does n simil>ly imitate him4' ,socrates replies t he is n deaf1 & t he has he>d t repeat$ _m times1 & c only reply1 t a bad man w kill a good "o4 #8,yes1 & t is ! provok+ ?+4' ,n provok+ to a man ( s5se :o is n /udy+ ! arts :i* w pres]ve him f dang]2 & ?is1 z y say1 is ! use ( rhetoric 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,b h[ _m o!r arts are !re :i* also save m5 f dea?1 & are yet q humble 9 _! pret5sions--su* z ! art ( swimm+1 or ! art ( ! pilot8 ,does n ! pilot d m5 at lea/ z mu* s]vice z ! rhetorician1 & yet = ! voyage f ,aeg9a to ,a!ns he does n *>ge m ?an two obols1 & :5 he disemb>ks is q unassum+ 9 8 demean\r8 ,! reason is t he is n c]ta9 #eab :e!r he has done 8 pass5g]s any good 9 sav+ !m f dea?1 if "o ( !m is diseas$ 9 body1 & /ill m if he is diseas$ 9 m9d--:o c say8 ,! eng9e] too w (t5 save :ole cities1 & yet y despise him1 & w\ld n all[ y\r son to m>ry 8 daught]1 or 8 son to m>ry y\rs4 ,b :at reason is !re 9 ?is8 ,= if virtue only means ! sav+ ( life1 :e!r y\r own or ano!r's1 y h no "r to despise him or any practis] ( sav+ arts4 ,b is n virtue some?+ diff]5t f sav+ & be+ sav$8 ,i w\ld h #eac y r consid] :e!r y ought n to disreg>d l5g? ( life1 & ?9k only h[ y c live be/1 leav+ all besides to ! w ( ,heav54 ,= y mu/ n expect to h influ5ce ei!r ) ! ,a!nian ,demos or ) ,demos ! son ( ,pyrilampes1 unless y become l !m4 ,:at d y say to ?is8 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #eaa-eae4 #8,!re is "s tru? 9 :at y are say+1 b ,i d n entirely believe y4' ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #eae-ebj4 ,t is because y are 9 love ) ,demos4 ,b let u h a little m conv]sation4 ,y rememb] ! two processes--"o :i* 0 direct$ to pleasure1 ! o!r :i* 0 direct$ to mak+ m5 z good z possible4 ,& ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! city %\ld make ! citiz5s z good z possible4 ,b :o #ead w\ld und]take a public build+1 if he _h nev] _h a tea*] ( ! art ( build+1 & _h nev] con/ruct$ a build+ be=e8 or :o w\ld und]take ! duty ( /ate-physician1 if he _h nev] cur$ ei!r himself or any "o else8 ,%\ld we n exam9e him be=e we entru/$ him ) ! (fice8 ,& z ,callicles is ab\t to ent] public life1 %\ld we n exam9e him8 ,:om has he made bett]8 ,= we h already admitt$ t #eae ?is is ! /atesman's prop] bus9ess4 ,& we mu/ ask ! same "q ab\t ,p]icles1 & ,cimon1 & ,miltiades1 & ,!mi/ocles4 ,:om did !y make bett]8 ,nay1 did n ,p]icles make ! citiz5s worse8 ,= he gave !m pay1 & at fir/ he 0 v popul> ) !m1 b at la/ !y condemn$ him to dea?4 ,yet surely he w\ld be a bad tam] ( animals :o1 #eaf hav+ receiv$ !m g5tle1 taught !m to kick & butt1 & man is an animal2 & ,p]icles :o _h ! *>ge ( man only made him wild]1 & m savage & unju/1 & !re=e he c\ld n h be5 a good /atesman4 ,! same tale might be repeat$ ab\t ,cimon1 ,!mi/ocles1 ,miltiades4 ,b ! *>iote] :o keeps 8 seat at fir/ is n ?r[n out :5 he #eag ga9s great] exp]i5ce & skill4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t ! /atesm5 ( a pa/ age 7 no bett] ?an ^? ( our own4 ,!y may h be5 clev]] con/ructors ( docks & h>b\rs1 b !y did n improve ! "* ( ! citiz5s4 ,i h told y aga9 & aga9 7& ,i purposely use ! same images7 t ! s\l1 l ! body1 may be treat$ 9 two ways--!re is ! mean] & ! high] art4 ,y seem$ to und]/& :at #eah ,i said at ! "t1 b :5 ,i ask y :o 7 ! really good /atesm51 y answ]--z if ,i ask$ y :o 7 ! good tra9]s1 & y answ]$1 ,!>ion1 ! bak]1 ,mi?oecus1 ! au?or ( ! ,sicilian cook]y-book1 ,s>ambus1 ! v9tn]4 ,& y w\ld be affront$ if ,i told y t ^! are a p>cel ( cooks :o make m5 fat only to make !m ?94 ,& ^? :om !y h fatt5$ applaud !m1 in/ead ( f9d+ fault ) !m1 & lay ! blame ( _! subsequ5t disord]s on _! physicians4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,callicles1 y are l !m2 y applaud ! /atesm5 ( old1 :o p&]$ to ! vices ( ! citiz5s1 & fill$ ! city ) docks & h>b\rs1 b neglect$ virtue & ju/ice4 ,& :5 ! fit ( illness comes1 ! #eai citiz5s :o 9 l mann] applaud$ ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 & o!rs1 w lay hold ( y & my fri5d ,alcibiades1 & y w suff] = ! misde$s ( y\r pr$ecessors4 ,! old /ory is always be+ repeat$--#8aft] all 8 s]vices1 ! ungrateful city bani%$ him1 or condemn$ him to dea?4' ,z if ! /atesman %\ld n h taught ! city bett]6 ,he surely _c blame ! /ate = hav+ unju/ly us$ him1 any m ?an ! sophi/ or tea*] c f9d fault ) 8 pupils if !y *eat him4 ,& ! sophi/ #ebj & orator are 9 ! same case2 al?\gh y admire rhetoric & despise sophi/ic1 :]eas sophi/ic is really ! high] ( ! two4 ,! tea*] ( ! arts takes money1 b ! tea*] ( virtue or politics takes no money1 because ?is is ! only k9d ( s]vice :i* makes ! disciple desir\s ( requit+ 8 tea*]4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ebj-ebd4 ,socrates concludes by f9ally ask+1 to :i* ( ! two modes ( s]v+ ! /ate ,callicles invites him3--#8to ! inf]ior & m9i/]ial "o1' is ! +5u\s reply4 ,t is ! only way ( #eba avoid+ dea?1 replies ,socrates2 & he has he>d (t5 en\gh1 & w\ld r n he> aga91 t ! bad man w kill ! good4 ,b he ?9ks t su* a fate is v likely res]v$ = him1 because he rem>ks t he is ! only p]son :o tea*es ! true art ( politics4 ,& v probably1 z 9 ! case :i* #ebb he describ$ to ,polus1 he may be ! physician :o is tri$ by a jury ( *ildr54 ,he _c say t he has procur$ ! citiz5s any pleasure1 & if any "o *>ges him ) p]plex+ !m1 or ) revil+ _! eld]s1 he w n be able to make !m und]/& t he has only be5 actuat$ by a desire = _! good4 ,& !re=e !re is no say+ :at 8 fate may be4 #8,& d y ?9k t a man :o is unable to help himself is 9 a good condition8' ,yes1 ,callicles1 if he h ! true self-help1 :i* is nev] to h said or done any wrong to himself or o!rs4 ,if ,i _h n ?is k9d ( self-help1 ,i %\ld be a%am$2 b if ,i die = want ( y\r flatt]+ rhetoric1 ,i %all die 9 peace4 ,= dea? is no evil1 b to g to ! _w bel[ lad5 ) (f5ces is ! wor/ ( evils4 ,9 pro( ( :i* ,i w tell y a tale3-- ,"u ! rule ( ,cronos1 m5 7 judg$ on ! day ( _! #ebc dea?1 & :5 judgm5t _h be5 giv5 ^u !m !y dep>t$--! good to ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 ! bad to ! h\se ( v5geance4 ,b z !y 7 /ill liv+1 & _h _! clo!s on at ! "t :5 !y 7 be+ judg$1 !re 0 fav\ritism1 & ,zeus1 :5 he came to ! ?rone1 0 oblig$ to alt] ! mode ( proc$ure1 & try !m aft] dea?1 hav+ fir/ s5t d[n ,prome!us to take away f !m ! =ekn[l$ge ( dea?4 ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?us1 & ,aeacus 7 appo9t$ to be ! #ebd judges2 ,rhadaman?us = ,asia1 ,aeacus = ,europe1 & ,m9os 0 to hold ! c\rt ( appeal4 ,n[ dea? is ! sep>ation ( s\l & body1 b aft] dea? s\l & body alike reta9 _! *>act]i/ics2 ! fat man1 ! d&y1 ! br&$ slave1 are all di/+ui%able4 ,"s pr9ce or pot5tate1 p]haps ev5 ! great k+ himself1 appe>s be=e ,rhadaman?us1 & he in/antly detects him1 ?\gh he kn[s n :o he is2 he sees ! sc>s ( #ebe p]jury & iniquity1 & s5ds him away to ! h\se ( torm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #ebd-ebg4 ,= !re are two classes ( s\ls :o und]go puni%m5t--! curable & ! incurable4 ,! curable are ^? :o are b5efit$ by _! puni%m5t2 ! incurable are su* z ,ar*elaus1 :o b5efit o!rs by becom+ a w>n+ to !m4 ,! latt] class are g5]ally k+s & pot5tates2 mean] p]sons1 happily = !mselves1 h n ! same p[] ( do+ inju/ice4 ,sisyphus & ,tityus1 n ,!rsites1 are suppos$ by ,hom] to be und]go+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,n t !re is any?+ to prev5t a great man f be+ a good "o1 z is %[n by ! fam\s example ( ,ari/eides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us4 #ebf ,b to ,rhadaman?us ! s\ls are only kn[n z good or bad2 !y are /ripp$ ( _! dignities & pref]m5ts2 he despat*es ! bad to ,t>t>us1 labell$ ei!r z curable or incurable1 & looks ) love & admiration on ! s\l ( "s j "o1 :om he s5ds to ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,simil> is ! practice ( ,aeacus2 & ,m9os ov]looks !m1 hold+ a gold5 sceptre1 z ,odysseus 9 ,hom] saw him #8,wield+ a sceptre ( gold1 & giv+ laws to ! dead4' ,my wi% = myself & my fell[-m5 is1 t we may pres5t our s\ls undefil$ to ! judge 9 t day2 my desire 9 life is to be able to meet dea?4 ,& ,i exhort y1 & retort ^u y #ebg ! reproa* :i* y ca/ ^u me1--t y w /& be=e ! judge1 gap+1 & ) dizzy bra91 & any "o may box y on ! e>1 & d y all mann] ( evil4 ,p]haps y ?9k t ?is is an old wives' fable4 ,b y1 :o are ! ?ree wise/ m5 9 ,hellas1 h no?+ bett] to say1 & no "o w ev] %[ t to d is bett] ?an to suff] evil4 ,a man %\ld /udy to be1 & n m]ely to seem4 ,if he is bad1 he %\ld become good1 & avoid all flatt]y1 :e!r ( ! _m or ( ! few4 ,foll[ me1 !n2 & if y are look$ d[n ^u1 t w d y no h>m4 ,& :5 we h practis$ virtue1 we w betake ourselves to politics1 b n until we are deliv]$ f ! %ameful /ate ( ignorance & unc]ta9ty 9 :i* we are at pres5t4 ,let u foll[ 9 ! way ( virtue & ju/ice1 & n 9 ! way to :i* y1 ,callicles1 invite u2 = t way is no?+ wor?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! logic & dialectic ( ! ,dialogue4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,we w n[ consid] 9 ord] "s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( ! dialogue4 ,hav+ reg>d 7#a7 to ! age ( ,plato & ! ironical "* ( 8 writ+s1 we may comp>e him ) himself & ) o!r great tea*]s1 & we may note 9 pass+ ! objections ( 8 critics4 ,& !n 7#b7 ca/+ "o eye ^u him1 we may ca/ ano!r ^u ourselves1 & endeav\r to draw out ! great lessons :i* he tea*es = all "t1 /ripp$ ( ! accid5tal =m 9 :i* !y are envelop$4 7#a7 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 z 9 ne>ly all ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato1 we are made aw>e t =mal logic has z yet no exi/5ce4 ,! old difficulty ( fram+ a def9ition recurs4 ,! illusive analogy ( ! arts & ! virtues also cont9ues4 ,! ambiguity ( sev]al words1 su* z nature1 cu/om1 ! hon\rable1 ! good1 is n cle>$ up4 ,! ,sophi/s are /ill fl\nd]+ ab\t ! di/9ction ( ! real & seem+4 ,figures ( spee* are made ! basis ( argum5ts4 ,! possibility ( conceiv+ a univ]sal art or sci5ce1 :i* admits ( application to a p>ticul> subject-matt]1 is a difficulty :i* rema9s unsolv$1 & has n altoge!r ceas$ to haunt ! _w at ! pres5t day 7cp4 ,*>mides1 #aff ff474 ,! defect ( cle>ness is also app>5t 9 ,socrates himself1 unless we suppose him to be practis+ on ! simplicity ( 8 oppon5t1 or r p]haps try+ an exp]im5t 9 dialectics4 ,no?+ c be m fallaci\s ?an ! contradiction :i* he pret5ds to h discov]$ 9 ! answ]s ( ,gorgias 7see ,analysis74 ,! advantages :i* he ga9s ov] ,polus are also due to a false anti!sis ( pleasure & good1 & to an errone\s ass]tion t an ag5t & a pati5t may be describ$ by simil> pr$icates2--a mi/ake :i* ,ari/otle p>tly %>es & p>tly corrects 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ,v4 i4 #d2 xi4 #b4 ,traces ( a #8robu/ sophi/ry' are likewise disc]nible 9 8 argum5t ) ,callicles 7pp4 #dij1 #dif1 #eaf74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ideal ( suff]+ virtue4 7#b7 ,al?\gh ,socrates pr(esses to be conv9c$ by reason only1 yet ! argum5t is (t5 a sort ( dialectical fiction1 by :i* he conducts himself & o!rs to 8 own ideal ( life & action4 ,& we may sometimes wi% t we c\ld h sugge/$ answ]s to 8 antagoni/s1 or po9t$ out to !m ! rocks :i* lay conceal$ "u ! ambigu\s t]ms good1 pleasure1 & ! l4 ,b x w\ld be z useless to exam9e 8 argum5ts by ! requirem5ts ( mod]n logic1 z to criticise ?is ideal f a m]ely utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,if we say t ! ideal is g5]ally reg>d$ z unatta9able1 & t mank9d w by no means agree 9 ?9k+ t ! crim9al is happi] :5 puni%$ ?an :5 unpuni%$1 any m ?an !y w\ld agree to ! /oical p>adox t a man may be happy on ! rack1 ,plato has already admitt$ t ! _w is aga9/ him4 ,nei!r does he mean to say t ,ar*elaus is torm5t$ by ! /+s ( consci5ce2 or t ! s5sations ( ! impal$ crim9al are m agreeable ?an ^? ( ! tyrant dr[n$ 9 luxuri\s enjoym5t4 ,nei!r is he speak+1 z 9 ! ,protagoras1 ( virtue z a calculation ( pleasure1 an op9ion :i* he aft]w>ds repudiates 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,:at !n is 8 mean+8 ,8 mean+ we %all be able to illu/rate be/ by p>allel notions1 :i*1 :e!r ju/ifiable by logic or n1 h always exi/$ among mank9d4 ,we mu/ rem9d ! read] t ,socrates himself implies t he w be und]/ood or appreciat$ by v few4 ,he is speak+ n ( ! consci\sness ( happ9ess1 b ( ! idea ( happ9ess4 ,:5 a m>tyr dies 9 a good cause1 :5 a soldi] falls 9 battle1 we d n suppose t dea? or w\nds are )\t pa91 or t _! physical suff]+ is always comp5sat$ by a m5tal satisfaction4 ,/ill we reg>d !m z happy1 & we w\ld a ?\s& times r h _! dea? ?an a %ameful life4 ,nor is ?is only because we believe t !y w obta9 an immortality ( fame1 or t !y w h cr[ns ( glory 9 ano!r _w1 :5 _! enemies & p]secutors w be proportionably torm5t$4 ,m5 are f\nd 9 a few in/ances to d :at is "r1 )\t ref]5ce to public op9ion or to consequ5ces4 ,& we reg>d !m z happy on ?is gr\nd only1 mu* z ,socrates' fri5ds 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,pha$o are describ$ z reg>d+ him2 or z 0 said ( ano!r1 #8!y look$ ^u 8 face z ^u ! face ( an angel4' ,we are n conc]n$ to ju/ify ?is idealism by ! /&>d ( utility or public op9ion1 b m]ely to po9t out ! exi/5ce ( su* a s5tim5t 9 ! bett] "p ( human nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato's !ory ( puni%m5t4 ,! idealism ( ,plato is f\nd$ ^u ?is s5tim5t4 ,he w\ld ma9ta9 t 9 "s s5se or o!r tru? & "r are alone to be s\ght1 & t all o!r goods are only desirable z means t[>ds ^!4 ,he is ?\ght to h err$ 9 #8consid]+ ! ag5t only1 & mak+ no ref]5ce to ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 z affect$ by him4' ,b ! happ9ess ( o!rs or ( mank9d1 if reg>d$ z an end1 is really q z ideal & almo/ z p>adoxical to ! common und]/&+ z ,plato's conception ( happ9ess4 ,= ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] may mean also ! greate/ pa9 ( ! individual :i* w procure ! greate/ pleasure ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,ideas ( utility1 l ^? ( duty & "r1 may be pu%$ to unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,nor c ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias be deem$ purely self-reg>d+1 consid]+ t ,socrates expressly m5tions ! duty ( imp>t+ ! tru? :5 discov]$ to o!rs4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! side ( e?ics :i* reg>ds o!rs is by ! anci5ts m]g$ 9 politics4 ,bo? 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 z well z 9 ! ,/oics1 ! social pr9ciple1 ?\gh tak+ ano!r =m1 is really f> m prom95t ?an 9 mo/ mod]n treatises on e?ics4 ,! idealiz+ ( suff]+ is "o ( ! conceptions :i* h ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on mank9d4 ,into ! !ological import ( ?is1 or into ! consid]ation ( ! errors to :i* ! idea may h giv5 rise1 we ne$ n n[ ent]4 ,all w agree t ! ideal ( ! ,div9e ,suff]]1 ^: words ! _w w\ld n receive1 ! man ( sorr[s ( :om ! ,hebrew prophets spoke1 has sunk deep into ! he>t ( ! human race4 ,x is a simil> picture ( suff]+ goodness :i* ,plato desires to p\rtray1 n )\t an allusion to ! fate ( 8 ma/] ,socrates4 ,he is conv9c$ t1 someh[ or o!r1 su* an "o mu/ be happy 9 life or aft] dea?4 ,9 ! ,republic1 he endeav\rs to %[ t 8 happ9ess w\ld be assur$ "h 9 a well-ord]$ /ate4 ,b 9 ! actual condition ( human ?+s ! wise & good are weak & mis]able2 su* an "o is l a man fall5 among wild bea/s1 expos$ to e sort ( wrong & obloquy4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato's !ory ( puni%m5t4 ,plato1 l o!r philosoph]s1 is ?us l$ on to ! conclusion1 t if #8! ways ( ,god' to man are to be #8ju/ifi$1' ! hopes ( ano!r life mu/ be includ$4 ,if ! "q c\ld h be5 put to him1 :e!r a man dy+ 9 torm5ts 0 happy /ill1 ev5 if1 z he sugge/s 9 ! ,apology 7#dj ,c71 #8dea? be only a long sleep1' we c h>dly tell :at w\ld h be5 8 answ]4 ,!re h be5 a few1 :o1 q indep5d5tly ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts or ( po/hum\s reputation1 or any o!r influ5ce ( public op9ion1 h be5 will+ to sacrifice _! lives = ! good ( o!rs4 ,x is difficult to say h[ f> 9 su* cases an unconsci\s hope ( a future life1 or a g5]al fai? 9 ! victory ( good 9 ! _w1 may h support$ ! suff]]s4 ,b ?is extreme idealism is n 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ,plato4 ,he supposes a day ( retribution1 9 :i* ! good are to be rew>d$ & ! wick$ puni%$ 7#ebb ,e74 ,?\gh1 z he says 9 ! ,pha$o1 no man ( s5se w ma9ta9 t ! details ( ! /ories ab\t ano!r _w are true1 he w insi/ t some?+ ( ! k9d is true1 & w frame 8 life ) a view to ?is unkn[n future4 ,ev5 9 ! ,republic he introduces a future life z an aft]?\ght1 :5 ! sup]ior happ9ess ( ! j has be5 e/abli%$ on :at is ?\ght to be an immutable f\ndation4 ,at ! same "t he makes a po9t ( det]m9+ 8 ma9 !sis indep5d5tly ( remot] consequ5ces 7x4 #fab ,a74 7#c7 ,plato's !ory ( puni%m5t is p>tly v9dictive1 p>tly corrective4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 z well z 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic1 a few great crim9als1 *iefly tyrants1 are res]v$ z examples4 ,b mo/ m5 h nev] _h ! opportunity ( atta9+ ?is pre-em95ce ( evil4 ,!y are n incurable1 & _! puni%m5t is int5d$ = _! improvem5t4 ,!y are to suff] because !y h s9n$2 l sick m51 !y mu/ g to ! physician & be heal$4 ,on ?is repres5tation ( ,plato's ! criticism has be5 made1 t ! analogy ( disease & inju/ice is p>tial only1 & t suff]+1 in/ead ( improv+ m51 may h j ! opposite effect4 ,l ! g5]al analogy ( ! arts & ! virtues1 ! analogy ( disease & inju/ice1 or ( m$ic9e & ju/ice1 is c]ta9ly imp]fect4 ,b ideas mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh some?+2 ! nature ( ! m9d :i* is unse5 c only be repres5t$ "u figures d]iv$ f visible objects4 ,if ^! figures are sugge/ive ( "s new aspect "u :i* ! m9d may be consid]$1 we _c f9d fault ) !m = n exactly co9cid+ ) ! ideas repres5t$4 ,!y p>take ( ! imp]fect nature ( language1 & mu/ n be con/ru$ 9 too /rict a mann]4 ,t ,plato sometimes reasons f !m z if !y 7 n figures b realities1 is due to ! defective logical analysis ( 8 age4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato's !ory ( puni%m5t4 ,nor does he di/+ui% betwe5 ! suff]+ :i* improves & ! suff]+ :i* only puni%es & det]s4 ,he applies to ! sph]e ( e?ics a conception ( puni%m5t :i* is really d]iv$ f crim9al law4 ,he does n see t su* puni%m5t is only negative1 & supplies no pr9ciple ( moral gr[? or developm5t4 ,he is n f> (f ! high] notion ( an education ( man to be begun 9 ?is _w1 & to be cont9u$ 9 o!r /ages ( exi/5ce1 :i* is fur!r develop$ 9 ! ,republic4 ,& ,*ri/ian ?9k]s1 :o h v5tur$ out ( ! beat5 track 9 _! m$itations on ! #8la/ ?+s1' h f\nd a ray ( light 9 8 writ+s4 ,b he has n expla9$ h[ or 9 :at way puni%m5t is to contribute to ! improvem5t ( mank9d4 ,he has n foll[$ out ! pr9ciple :i* he affirms 9 ! ,republic 7ii4 #chj71 t #8,god is ! au?or ( evil only ) a view to good1' & t #8!y 7 ! bett] = be+ puni%$4' ,/ill 8 doctr9e ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts may be comp>$ fav\rably ) t p]v]sion ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i* makes ! ev]la/+ puni%m5t ( human be+s dep5d on a brief mom5t ( "t1 or ev5 on ! accid5t ( an accid5t4 ,& he has escap$ ! difficulty :i* has (t5 beset div9es1 respect+ ! future de/9y ( ! mean] sort ( m5 7,!rsites & ! l71 :o are nei!r v good nor v bad1 by n c\nt+ !m wor?y ( et]nal damnation4 ,we d ,plato viol5ce 9 press+ 8 figures ( spee* or *a9s ( argum5t2 & n less s 9 ask+ que/ions :i* 7 beyond ! horizon ( 8 vision1 or did n come )9 ! scope ( 8 design4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,gorgias is n to answ] que/ions ab\t a future _w1 b to place 9 antagonism ! true & false life1 & to contra/ ! judgm5ts & op9ions ( m5 ) judgm5t accord+ to ! tru?4 ,plato may be accus$ ( repres5t+ a sup]human or transc5d5tal virtue 9 ! description ( ! j man 9 ! ,gorgias1 or 9 ! companion portrait ( ! philosoph] 9 ! ,!aetetus2 & at ! same "t may be ?\ght to be condemn+ a /ate ( ! _w :i* always has exi/$ & always w exi/ among m54 ,b su* ideals act p[]fully on ! imag9ation ( mank9d4 ,& su* condemnations are n m]e p>adoxes ( philosoph]s1 b ! natural rebellion ( ! high] s5se ( "r 9 man aga9/ ! ord9>y conditions ( human life4 ,! greate/ /atesm5 h fall5 v f> %ort ( ! political ideal1 & are !re=e ju/ly involv$ 9 ! g5]al condemnation4 ,sid5ote3 ,good & pleasure4 ,subord9ate to ! ma9 purpose ( ! dialogue are "s o!r que/ions1 :i* may be briefly consid]$3-- a4 ,! anti!sis ( good & pleasure1 :i* z 9 o!r dialogues is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! p]man5t nature ( ! "o comp>$ ) ! transi5t & relative nature ( ! o!r4 ,good & pleasure1 k & s5se1 tru? & op9ion1 ess5ce & g5]ation1 virtue & pleasure1 ! real & ! app>5t1 ! inf9ite & f9ite1 h>mony or beauty & discord1 dialectic & rhetoric or poetry1 are s _m pairs ( opposites1 :i* 9 ,plato easily pass into "o ano!r1 & are seldom kept p]fectly di/9ct4 ,& we mu/ n =get t ,plato's conception ( pleasure is ! ,h]acleitean flux transf]r$ to ! sph]e ( human conduct4 ,!re is "s degree ( unfairness 9 oppos+ ! pr9ciple ( good1 :i* is objective1 to ! pr9ciple ( pleasure1 :i* is subjective4 ,= ! ass]tion ( ! p]man5ce ( good is only bas$ on ! assumption ( its objective "*4 ,_h ,plato fix$ 8 m9d1 n on ! ideal nature ( good1 b on ! subjective consci\sness ( happ9ess1 t w\ld h be5 f\nd to be z transi5t & prec>i\s z pleasure4 b4 ,! arts or sci5ces1 :5 pursu$ )\t any view to tru?1 or ! improvem5t ( human life1 are call$ flatt]ies4 ,!y are all alike dep5d5t ^u ! op9ion ( mank9d1 f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,to ,plato ! :ole _w appe>s to be sunk 9 error1 bas$ on self-int]e/4 ,to ?is is oppos$ ! "o wise man h>dly pr(ess+ to h f\nd tru?1 yet /rong 9 ! conviction t a virtu\s life is ! only good1 :e!r reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to ?is _w or to ano!r4 ,/atesm51 ,sophi/s1 rhetoricians1 poets1 are alike br\ght up = judgm5t4 ,!y are ! p>odies ( wise m51 & _! arts are ! p>odies ( true arts & sci5ces4 ,all t !y call sci5ce is m]ely ! result ( t /udy ( ! temp]s ( ! ,great ,bea/1 :i* he describes 9 ! ,republic4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ! ,gorgias to ! o!r ,dialogues4 c4 ,v>i\s o!r po9ts ( contact naturally sugge/ !mselves betwe5 ! ,gorgias & o!r dialogues1 especially ! ,republic1 ! ,philebus1 & ! ,protagoras4 ,!re are clos] resemblances bo? ( _s & language 9 ! ,republic ?an 9 any o!r dialogue1 ! v]bal simil>ity t5d+ to %[ t !y 7 writt5 at ! same p]iod ( ,plato's life4 ,= ! ,republic supplies t education & tra9+ ( :i* ! ,gorgias sugge/s ! necessity4 ,! !ory ( ! _m weak comb9+ aga9/ ! few /rong 9 ! =mation ( society 7:i* is inde$ a p>tial tru?71 is simil> 9 bo? ( !m1 & is express$ 9 ne>ly ! same language4 ,! suff]+s & fate ( ! j man1 ! p[]lessness ( evil1 & ! rev]sal ( ! situation 9 ano!r life1 are also po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,! poets1 l ! rhetoricians1 are condemn$ because !y aim at pleasure only1 z 9 ! ,republic !y are expell$ ! ,/ate1 because !y are imitators1 & m9i/] to ! weak] side ( human nature4 ,t poetry is ak9 to rhetoric may be comp>$ ) ! analog\s notion1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! anci5t poets 7 ! ,sophi/s ( _! day4 ,9 "s o!r respects ! ,protagoras r (f]s a contra/ ?an a p>allel4 ,! "* ( ,protagoras may be comp>$ ) t ( ,gorgias1 b ! conception ( happ9ess is diff]5t 9 ! two dialogues2 be+ describ$ 9 ! =m]1 accord+ to ! old ,socratic notion1 z def]r$ or accumulat$ pleasure1 :ile 9 ! ,gorgias1 & 9 ! ,pha$o1 pleasure & good are di/9ctly oppos$4 ,?is opposition is c>ri$ out f a speculative po9t ( view 9 ! ,philebus4 ,!re nei!r pleasure nor wisdom are all[$ to be ! *ief good1 b pleasure & good are n s completely oppos$ z 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,= innoc5t pleasures1 & su* z h no antec$5t pa9s1 are all[$ to rank 9 ! class ( goods4 ,! allusion to ,gorgias' def9ition ( rhetoric 7,philebus1 #eh ,a1 ,b2 cp4 ,gorg4 #deb ,d1 ,e71 z ! art ( p]suasion1 ( all arts ! be/1 = to x all ?+s submit1 n by compulsion1 b ( _! own free w--m>ks a close & p]haps design$ connection betwe5 ! two dialogues4 ,9 bo? ! ideas ( measure1 ord]1 h>mony1 are ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! beautiful & ! good4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s m9or po9ts4 ,9 g5]al _s & "*1 t is1 9 irony & antagonism to public op9ion1 ! ,gorgias mo/ ne>ly resembles ! ,apology1 ,crito1 & portions ( ! ,republic1 & l ! ,philebus1 ?\gh f ano!r po9t ( view1 may be ?\ght to /& 9 ! same relation to ,plato's !ory ( morals :i* ! ,!aetetus be>s to 8 !ory ( k4 d4 ,a few m9or po9ts /ill rema9 to be summ$ up3 7#a7 ,! extravagant irony 9 ! reason :i* is assign$ = ! pilot's mode/ *>ge 7p4 #eab72 & 9 ! propos$ use ( rhetoric z an in/rum5t ( self-condemnation 7p4 #dhj72 & 9 ! mighty p[] ( geometrical equality 9 bo? worlds 7p4 #ejh74 7#b7 ,! ref]5ce ( ! my?us to ! previ\s discussion %\ld n be ov]look$3 ! fate res]v$ = incurable crim9als su* z ,ar*elaus 7p4 #ebe72 ! retaliation ( ! box on ! e>s 7p4 #ebg72 ! nak$ness ( ! s\ls & ( ! judges :o are /ript ( ! clo!s or disguises :i* rhetoric & public op9ion h hi!rto provid$ = !m 7p4 #ebc2 cp4 ,swift's notion t ! univ]se is a suit ( clo!s1 ,tale ( a ,tub1 section #b74 ,! fiction seems to h involv$ ,plato 9 ! necessity ( suppos+ t ! s\l reta9$ a sort ( corporeal lik5ess aft] dea? 7p4 #ebd74 7#c7 ,! appeal to ! au?ority ( ,hom]1 :o says t ,odysseus saw ,m9os 9 8 c\rt #8hold+ a gold5 sceptre1' :i* gives v]isimilitude to ! tale 7p4 #ebf74 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to repeat t ,plato is play+ #8bo? sides ( ! game1' & t 9 criticis+ ! *>act]s ( ,gorgias & ,polus1 we are n pass+ any judgm5t on hi/orical individuals1 b only attempt+ to analyze ! #8dramatis p]sonae' z !y 7 conceiv$ by him4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to enl>ge ^u ! obvi\s fact t ,plato is a dramatic writ]1 ^: real op9ions _c always be assum$ to be ^? :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,socrates1 or any o!r speak] :o appe>s to h ! be/ ( ! argum5t2 or to repeat ! obs]vation t he is a poet z well z a philosoph]2 or to rem>k t he is n to be tri$ by a mod]n /&>d1 b int]pret$ ) ref]5ce to 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & ! op9ion ( 8 "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! irony ( ,socrates4 ,x has be5 said t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,gorgias is ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( diss5t1 or private judgm5t4 ,b ?is mode ( /at+ ! "q is really oppos$ bo? to ! _s ( ,plato & ( anci5t philosophy g5]ally4 ,= ,plato is n ass]t+ any ab/ract "r or duty ( tol]ation1 or advantage to be d]iv$ f fre$om ( ?\ght2 inde$1 9 "s o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s 7e4 g4 ,laws1 x71 he has fairly laid himself op5 to ! *>ge ( intol]ance4 ,no speculations _h z yet aris5 respect+ ! #8lib]ty ( prophesy+2' & ,plato is n affirm+ any ab/ract "r ( ?is nature3 b he is ass]t+ ! duty & "r ( ! "o wise & true man to diss5t f ! folly & falsehood ( ! _m4 ,at ! same "t he ackn[l$ges ! natural result1 :i* he h>dly seeks to av]t1 t he :o speaks ! tru? to a multitude1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 w probably %>e ! fate ( ,socrates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! irony ( ,plato sometimes veils f u ! height ( idealism to :i* he so>s4 ,:5 decl>+ tru?s :i* ! _m w n receive1 he puts on an arm\r :i* _c be pi]c$ by !m4 ,! weapons ( ridicule are tak5 out ( _! h&s & ! laugh is turn$ aga9/ !mselves4 ,! disguises :i* ,socrates assumes are l ! p>ables ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! oracles ( ! ,delphian ,god2 !y half conceal1 half reveal1 8 mean+4 ,! m he is 9 e>ne/1 ! m ironical he becomes2 & he is nev] m 9 e>ne/ or m ironical ?an 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,he h>dly tr\bles himself to answ] s]i\sly ! objections ( ,gorgias & ,polus1 & !re=e he sometimes appe>s to be c>eless ( ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( logic4 ,yet 9 ! highe/ s5se he is always logical & consi/5t ) himself4 ,! =m ( ! argum5t may be p>adoxical2 ! sub/ance is an appeal to ! high] reason4 ,he is utt]+ tru?s be=e !y c be und]/ood1 z 9 all ages ! words ( philosoph]s1 :5 !y are fir/ utt]$1 h f\nd ! _w unprep>$ = !m4 ,a fur!r misund]/&+ arises out ( ! wildness ( 8 hum\r2 he is suppos$ n only by ,callicles1 b by ! re/ ( mank9d1 to be je/+ :5 he is pr(\ndly s]i\s4 ,at l5g? he makes ev5 ,polus 7p4 #dfh7 9 e>ne/4 ,f9ally1 he drops ! argum5t1 & he$less any long] ( ! =ms ( dialectic1 he loses himself 9 a sort ( triumph1 :ile at ! same "t he retaliates ^u 8 adv]s>ies4 ,f ?is confusion ( je/ & e>ne/1 we may n[ return to ! ideal tru?1 & draw out 9 a simple =m ! ma9 !ses ( ! dialogue4 ,sid5ote3 ,worse to d ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,fir/ ,!sis3-- ,x is a great] evil to d ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,comp>e ! ,new ,te/am5t-- #8,x is bett] to suff] = well do+ ?an = evil do+4'--#a ,pet4 iii4 #ag4 ,& ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt-- #8,bless$ are !y t are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake4'--,matt4 v4 #aj4 ,! words ( ,socrates are m ab/ract ?an ! words ( ,*ri/1 b !y equally imply t ! only real evil is moral evil4 ,! righte\s may suff] or die1 b !y h _! rew>d2 & ev5 if !y _h no rew>d1 w\ld be happi] ?an ! wick$4 ,! _w1 repres5t$ by ,polus1 is ready1 :5 !y are ask$1 to ackn[l$ge t inju/ice is di%on\rable1 & = _! own sakes m5 are will+ to puni% ! (f5d] 7cp4 ,rep4 ii4 #cfj ,d74 ,b !y are n equally will+ to ackn[l$ge t inju/ice1 ev5 if successful1 is ess5tially evil1 & has ! nature ( disease & dea?4 ,especially :5 crimes are committ$ on ! great scale--! crimes ( tyrants1 anci5t or mod]n--aft] a :ile1 see+ t !y _c be undone1 & h become a "p ( hi/ory1 mank9d are dispos$ to =give !m1 n f any magnanimity or *>ity1 b because _! feel+s are blunt$ by "t1 & #8to =give is conv5i5t to !m4' ,! tangle ( good & evil c no long] be unravell$2 & al?\gh !y "k t ! end _c ju/ify ! means1 !y feel also t good has (t5 come out ( evil4 ,b ,socrates w\ld h u pass ! same judgm5t on ! tyrant n[ & always2 ?\gh he is surr\nd$ by 8 satellites1 & has ! applauses ( ,europe & ,asia r++ 9 8 e>s2 ?\gh he is ! civiliz] or lib]ator ( half a cont95t1 he is1 & always w be1 ! mo/ mis]able ( m54 ,! greate/ consequ5ces = good or = evil _c alt] a hair's bread? ! morality ( actions :i* are "r or wrong 9 !mselves4 ,?is is ! /&>d :i* ,socrates holds up to u4 ,because politics1 & p]haps human life g5]ally1 are ( a mix$ nature we mu/ n all[ our pr9ciples to s9k to ! level ( our practice4 ,sid5ote3 ,bett] to suff] = wrong do+ ?an n to suff]4 ,& s ( private individuals--to !m1 too1 ! _w occasionally speaks ( ! consequ5ces ( _! actions3--if !y are lov]s ( pleasure1 !y w ru9 _! heal?2 if !y are false or di%one/1 !y w lose _! "*4 ,b ,socrates w\ld speak to !m1 n ( :at w be1 b ( :at is--( ! pres5t consequ5ce ( l[]+ & degrad+ ! s\l4 ,& all high] natures1 or p]haps all m5 ev]y:]e1 if !y 7 n tempt$ by int]e/ or passion1 w\ld agree ) him--!y w\ld r be ! victims ?an ! p]petrators ( an act ( trea*]y or ( tyranny4 ,reason tells !m t dea? comes soon] or lat] to all1 & is n s great an evil z an unwor?y life1 or r1 if rightly reg>d$1 n an evil at all1 b to a good man ! greate/ good4 ,= 9 all ( u !re are slumb]+ ideals ( tru? & "r1 :i* may at any "t awak5 & develop a new life 9 u4 ,second ,!sis3-- ,x is bett] to suff] = wrong do+ ?an n to suff]4 ,!re might h be5 a condition ( human life 9 :i* ! p5alty foll[$ at once1 & 0 proportion$ to ! (f5ce4 ,moral evil w\ld !n be sc>cely di/+ui%able f physical2 mank9d w\ld avoid vice z !y avoid pa9 or dea?4 ,b nature1 ) a view ( deep5+ & enl>g+ our *>act]s1 has = ! mo/ "p hidd5 f u ! consequ5ces ( our actions1 & we c only =esee !m by an ef=t ( reflection4 ,to awak5 9 u ?is habit ( reflection is ! bus9ess ( e>ly education1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 matur] ye>s by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! spoilt *ild is 9 lat] life said to be un=tunate--he _h bett] h suff]$ :5 he 0 "y1 & be5 sav$ f suff]+ aft]w>ds4 ,b is n ! sov]eign equally un=tunate ^: education & mann] ( life are always conceal+ f him ! consequ5ces ( 8 own actions1 until at l5g? !y are reveal$ to him 9 "s t]rible d[nfall1 :i* may1 p]haps1 h be5 caus$ n by 8 own fault8 ,ano!r illu/ration is af=d$ by ! paup] & crim9al classes1 :o sc>cely reflect at all1 except on ! means by :i* !y c compass _! imm$iate ends4 ,we pity !m1 & make all[ances = !m2 b we d n consid] t ! same pr9ciple applies to human actions g5]ally4 ,n to h be5 f\nd out 9 "s di%one/y or folly1 reg>d$ f a moral or religi\s po9t ( view1 is ! greate/ ( mis=tunes4 ,! success ( our evil do+s is a pro( t ! gods h ceas$ to /rive ) u1 & h giv5 u ov] to ourselves4 ,!re is no?+ to rem9d u ( our s9s1 & !re=e no?+ to correct !m4 ,l our sorr[s1 !y are heal$ by "t2 #8,:ile rank corruption1 m9+ all )91 ,infects unse54' ,! #8accu/om$ irony' ( ,socrates adds a coroll>y to ! argum5t3--#8,w\ld y puni% y\r enemy1 y %\ld all[ him to escape unpuni%$'--?is is ! true retaliation4 7,comp>e ! obscure v]se ( ,prov]bs1 xxv4 #ba1 #bb1 #8,!re=e if ?9e enemy hung]1 fe$ him1' etc41 quot$ 9 ,romans xii4 #bj47 ,sid5ote3 ,bett] to suff] = wrong do+ ?an n to suff]4 ,m5 are n 9 ! habit ( dwell+ ^u ! d>k side ( _! own lives3 !y d n easily see !mselves z o!rs see !m4 ,!y are v k9d & v bl9d to _! own faults2 ! rhetoric ( self-love is always plead+ ) !m on _! own behalf4 ,adopt+ a simil> figure ( spee*1 ,socrates w\ld h !m use rhetoric1 n 9 def5ce b 9 accusation ( !mselves4 ,z !y are guid$ by feel+ r ?an by reason1 to _! feel+s ! appeal mu/ be made4 ,!y mu/ speak to !mselves2 !y mu/ argue ) !mselves2 !y mu/ pa9t 9 eloqu5t words ! "* ( _! own evil de$s4 ,to any suff]+ :i* !y h des]v$1 !y mu/ p]suade !mselves to submit4 ,"u ! figure !re lurks a real ?\ght1 :i*1 express$ 9 ano!r =m1 admits ( an easy application to ourselves4 ,= d n we too accuse z well z excuse ourselves8 ,& we call to our aid ! rhetoric ( pray] & prea*+1 :i* ! m9d sil5tly employs :ile ! /ruggle betwe5 ! bett] & ! worse is go+ on )9 u4 ,& sometimes we are too h>d ^u ourselves1 because we want to re/ore ! balance :i* self-love has ov]?r[n or di/urb$2 & !n aga9 we may he> a voice z ( a p>5t consol+ u4 ,9 religi\s di>ies a sort ( drama is (t5 enact$ by ! consci5ces ( m5 #8accus+ or else excus+ !m4' ,= all our life long we are talk+ ) ourselves3--,:at is ?\ght b spee* 7,soph4 #bfc ,e78 ,:at is feel+ b rhetoric8 ,& if rhetoric is us$ on "o side only we %all be always 9 dang] ( be+ deceiv$4 ,& s ! words ( ,socrates1 :i* at fir/ s\nd$ p>adoxical1 come home to ! exp]i5ce ( all ( u4 ,?ird ,!sis3-- ,we d n :at we w1 b :at we wi%4 ,sid5ote3 ,we d n :at we w1 b :at we wi%4 ,socrates w\ld tea* u a lesson :i* we are sl[ to le>n--t good int5tions1 & ev5 b5evol5t actions1 :5 !y are n prompt$ by wisdom1 are ( no value4 ,we believe some?+ to be = our good :i* we aft]w>ds f9d out n to be = our good4 ,! consequ5ces may be inevitable1 = !y may foll[ an inv>iable law1 yet !y may (t5 be ! v opposite ( :at is expect$ by u4 ,:5 we increase paup]ism by almsgiv+2 :5 we tie up prop]ty )\t reg>d to *anges ( circum/ances2 :5 we say ha/ily :at we delib]ately disapprove2 :5 we d 9 a mom5t ( passion :at ^u reflection we regret2 :5 f any want ( self-control we give ano!r an advantage ov] u--we are do+ n :at we w1 b :at we wi%4 ,all actions ( :i* ! consequ5ces are n weigh$ & =ese51 are ( ?is impot5t & p>alytic sort2 & ! au?or ( !m has #8! lea/ possible p[]' :ile seem+ to h ! greate/4 ,= he is actually br++ ab\t ! rev]se ( :at he int5d$4 ,& yet ! book ( nature is op5 to him1 9 :i* he :o runs may read if he w ex]cise ord9>y att5tion2 e day (f]s him exp]i5ces ( 8 own & ( o!r m5's *>act]s1 & he passes !m unhe$$ by4 ,! contemplation ( ! consequ5ces ( actions1 & ! ignorance ( m5 9 reg>d to !m1 seems to h l$ ,socrates to 8 fam\s !sis3--#8,virtue is k2' :i* is n s mu* an error or p>adox z a half tru?1 se5 fir/ 9 ! twilight ( e?ical philosophy1 b also ! half ( ! tru? :i* is especially ne$$ 9 ! pres5t age4 ,= z ! _w has gr[n old] m5 h be5 too apt to imag9e a "r & wrong ap>t f consequ5ces2 :ile a few1 on ! o!r h&1 h s\ght to resolve !m :olly into _! consequ5ces4 ,b ,socrates1 or ,plato = him1 nei!r divides nor id5tifies !m2 ?\gh ! "t has n yet arriv$ ei!r = utilit>ian or transc5d5tal sy/ems ( moral philosophy1 he recognizes ! two elem5ts :i* seem to lie at ! basis ( morality#bi4 ,sid5ote3 ,we ought to be1 n to seem4 ,f\r? ,!sis3-- ,to be & n to seem is ! end ( life4 ,! ,greek 9 ! age ( ,plato admitt$ praise to be "o ( ! *ief inc5tives to moral virtue1 & to mo/ m5 ! op9ion ( _! fell[s is a lead+ pr9ciple ( action4 ,h5ce a c]ta9 elem5t ( seem+ ent]s into all ?+s2 all or almo/ all desire to appe> bett] ?an !y are1 t !y may w9 ! e/eem or admiration ( o!rs4 ,a man ( ability c easily feign ! language ( piety or virtue2 & !re is an unconsci\s z well z a consci\s hypocrisy :i*1 accord+ to ,socrates1 is ! wor/ ( ! two4 ,aga91 !re is ! sophi/ry ( classes & pr(essions4 ,!re are ! diff]5t op9ions ab\t !mselves & "o ano!r :i* prevail 9 diff]5t ranks ( society4 ,!re is ! bias giv5 to ! m9d by ! /udy ( "o dep>tm5t ( human k to ! exclusion ( ! re/2 & /rong] f> ! prejudice eng5d]$ by a pecuni>y or p>ty int]e/ 9 c]ta9 t5ets4 ,!re is ! sophi/ry ( law1 ! sophi/ry ( m$ic9e1 ! sophi/ry ( politics1 ! sophi/ry ( !ology4 ,all ( ^! disguises we> ! appe>ance ( ! tru?2 "s ( !m are v anci5t1 & we d n easily dis5gage ourselves f !m2 = we h inh]it$ !m1 & !y h become a "p ( u4 ,! sophi/ry ( an anci5t ,greek sophi/ is no?+ comp>$ ) ! sophi/ry ( a religi\s ord]1 or ( a *ur* 9 :i* dur+ _m ages falsehood has be5 accumulat+1 & ev]y?+ has be5 said on "o side1 & no?+ on ! o!r4 ,! conv5tions & cu/oms :i* we obs]ve 9 conv]sation1 & ! opposition ( our int]e/s :5 we h deal+s ) "o ano!r 7#8! buy] sai?1 x is n\ght--x is n\ght1' etc471 are always obscur+ our s5se ( tru? & "r4 ,! sophi/ry ( human nature is f> m subtle ?an ! deceit ( any "o man4 ,few p]sons speak freely f _! own natures1 & sc>cely any "o d>es to ?9k = himself3 mo/ ( u imp]ceptibly fall into ! op9ions ( ^? ar\nd u1 :i* we p>tly help to make4 ,a man :o w\ld %ake himself loose f !m1 requires great =ce ( m9d2 he h>dly kn[s :]e to beg9 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,on e side he is met by ! _w1 :i* is n an ab/raction ( !ologians1 b ! mo/ real ( all ?+s1 be+ ano!r "n = ourselves :5 reg>d$ collectively & subject$ to ! influ5ces ( society4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true & ! false /atesman4 ,!n comes ,socrates1 impress$ z no o!r man ev] 01 ) ! unreality & untru?fulness ( popul> op9ion1 & tells mank9d t !y mu/ be & n seem4 ,h[ are !y to be8 ,at any rate !y mu/ h ! _s & desire to be4 ,if !y are ignorant1 !y mu/ ackn[l$ge _! ignorance to !mselves2 if !y are consci\s ( do+ evil1 !y mu/ le>n to d well2 if !y are weak1 & h no?+ 9 !m :i* !y c call !mselves1 !y mu/ acquire firmness & consi/5cy2 if !y are indiff]5t1 !y mu/ beg9 to take an int]e/ 9 ! great que/ions :i* surr\nd !m4 ,!y mu/ try to be :at !y w\ld fa9 appe> 9 ! eyes ( _! fell[-m54 ,a s+le individual _c easily *ange public op9ion2 b he c be true & innoc5t1 simple & indep5d5t2 he c "k :at he does1 & :at he does n "k2 & ?\gh n )\t an ef=t1 he c =m a judgm5t ( 8 own1 at lea/ 9 common matt]s4 ,9 8 mo/ secret actions he c %[ ! same high pr9ciple 7cp4 ,rep4 viii4 #eed ,d7 :i* he %[s :5 support$ & wat*$ by public op9ion4 ,& on "s fitt+ occasion1 on "s "q ( humanity or tru? or "r1 ev5 an ord9>y man1 f ! natural rectitude ( 8 disposition1 may be f\nd to take up arms aga9/ a :ole tribe ( politicians & lawy]s1 & be too mu* = !m4 ,:o is ! true & :o ! false /atesman8-- ,! true /atesman is he :o br+s ord] out ( disord]2 :o fir/ organizes & !n adm9i/]s ! gov]nm5t ( 8 own c\ntry2 & hav+ made a nation1 seeks to reconcile ! national int]e/s ) ^? ( ,europe & ( mank9d4 ,he is n a m]e !ori/1 nor yet a deal] 9 exp$i5ts2 ! :ole & ! p>ts gr[ toge!r 9 8 m9d2 :ile ! head is conceiv+1 ! h& is execut+4 ,al?\gh oblig$ to desc5d to ! _w1 he is n ( ! _w4 ,8 ?\ghts are fix$ n on p[] or ri*es or ext5sion ( t]ritory1 b on an ideal /ate1 9 :i* all ! citiz5s h an equal *ance ( heal? & life1 & ! highe/ education is )9 ! rea* ( all1 & ! moral & intellectual qualities ( e individual are freely develop$1 & #8! idea ( good' is ! animat+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,n ! atta9m5t ( fre$om alone1 or ( ord] alone1 b h[ to unite fre$om ) ord] is ! problem :i* he has to solve4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true & ! false /atesman4 ,! /atesman :o places be=e himself ^! l(ty aims has und]tak5 a task :i* w call =? all 8 p[]s4 ,he mu/ control himself be=e he c control o!rs2 he mu/ "k mank9d be=e he c manage !m4 ,he has no private likes or dislikes2 he does n conceal p]sonal enmity "u ! disguise ( moral or political pr9ciple3 su* meannesses1 into :i* m5 too (t5 fall un9t5tionally1 are absorb$ 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 mission1 & 9 8 love = 8 c\ntry & = mank9d4 ,he w sometimes ask himself :at ! next g5]ation w say ( him2 n because he is c>eful ( po/hum\s fame1 b because he kn[s t ! result ( 8 life z a :ole w !n be m fairly judg$4 ,he w take "t = ! execution ( 8 plans2 n hurry+ !m on :5 ! m9d ( a nation is unprep>$ = !m2 b l ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se ,himself1 work+ 9 ! appo9t$ "t1 = he kn[s t human life1 #8if n long 9 comp>ison ) et]nity' 7,rep4 vi4 #dih ,d71 is suffici5t = ! fulfilm5t ( _m great purposes4 ,he kn[s1 too1 t ! "w w be /ill go+ on :5 he is no long] "h2 & he w sometimes1 especially :5 8 p[]s are fail+1 ?9k ( t o!r #8city ( :i* ! patt]n is 9 heav5' 7,rep4 ix4 #eib ,b74 ,! false politician is ! s]v+-man ( ! /ate4 ,9 ord] to gov]n m5 he becomes l !m2 _! #8m9ds are m>ri$ 9 conjunction2' !y #8be> !mselves' l vulg> & tyrannical ma/]s1 & he is _! ob$i5t s]vant4 ,! true politician1 if he w\ld rule m51 mu/ make !m l himself2 he mu/ #8educate 8 p>ty' until !y cease to be a p>ty2 he mu/ brea! into !m ! _s :i* w h]eaft] give =m to _! in/itutions4 ,politics ) him are n a me*anism = seem+ :at he is n1 or = c>ry+ out ! w ( ! majority4 ,himself a repres5tative man1 he is ! repres5tative n ( ! l[] b ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! nation4 ,!re is a bett] 7z well z a worse7 public op9ion ( :i* he seeks to lay hold2 z !re is also a deep] curr5t ( human affairs 9 :i* he is borne up :5 ! waves ne>] ! %ore are ?reat5+ him4 ,he ackn[l$ges t he _c take ! _w by =ce--two or ?ree moves on ! political *essbo>d are all t he c =esee--two or ?ree weeks or mon?s are grant$ to him 9 :i* he c provide aga9/ a com+ /ruggle4 ,b he kn[s also t !re are p]man5t pr9ciples ( politics :i* are always t5d+ to ! well-be+ ( /ates--bett] adm9i/ration1 bett] education1 ! reconciliation ( conflict+ elem5ts1 increas$ security aga9/ ext]nal enemies4 ,^! are n #8( to-day or ye/]day1' b are ! same 9 all times1 & "u all =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,!n :5 ! /orm desc5ds & ! w9ds bl[1 ?\gh he kn[s n be=eh& ! h\r ( dang]1 ! pilot1 n l ,plato's capta9 9 ! ,republic1 half-bl9d & deaf1 b ) p5etrat+ eye & quick e>1 is ready to take comm& ( ! %ip & guide h] into port4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true & ! false /atesman4 ,! false politician asks n :at is true1 b :at is ! op9ion ( ! _w--n :at is "r1 b :at is exp$i5t4 ,! only measures ( :i* he approves are ! measures :i* w pass4 ,he has no int5tion ( fight+ an uphill battle2 he keeps ! roadway ( politics4 ,he is unwill+ to incur ! p]secution & enmity :i* political convictions w\ld entail ^u him4 ,he beg9s ) popul>ity1 & 9 fair wea!r sails gallantly along4 ,b unpopul>ity soon foll[s him4 ,= m5 expect _! lead]s to be bett] & wis] ?an !mselves3 to be _! guides 9 dang]1 _! savi\rs 9 extremity2 !y d n really desire !m to obey all ! ignorant impulses ( ! popul> m9d2 & if !y fail !m 9 a crisis !y are disappo9t$4 ,!n1 z ,socrates says1 ! cry ( +ratitude is he>d1 :i* is mo/ unreasonable2 = ! p1 :o h be5 taught no bett]1 h done :at might be expect$ ( !m1 & _! /atesm5 h receiv$ ju/ice at _! h&s4 ,! true /atesman is aw>e t he mu/ adapt himself to times & circum/ances4 ,he mu/ h allies if he is to fight aga9/ ! _w2 he mu/ enlight5 public op9ion2 he mu/ accu/om 8 foll[]s to act toge!r4 ,al?\gh he is n ! m]e executor ( ! w ( ! majority1 he mu/ w9 ov] ! majority to himself4 ,he is _! lead] & n _! foll[]1 b 9 ord] to lead he mu/ also foll[4 ,he w nei!r exagg]ate nor und]value ! p[] ( a /atesman1 nei!r adopt+ ! #8laissez faire' nor ! #8pat]nal gov]nm5t' pr9ciple2 b he w1 :e!r he is deal+ ) *ildr5 9 politics1 or ) full-gr[n m51 seek to d = ! p :at ! gov]nm5t c d = !m1 & :at1 f imp]fect education or defici5t p[]s ( comb9ation1 !y _c d = !mselves4 ,he kn[s t if he does too mu* = !m !y w d no?+2 & t if he does no?+ = !m !y w 9 "s /ates ( society be utt]ly helpless4 ,= ! _m _c exi/ )\t ! few2 if ! mat]ial =ce ( a c\ntry is f bel[1 wisdom & exp]i5ce are f above4 ,x is n a small "p ( human evils :i* k+s & gov]nm5ts make or cure4 ,! /atesman is well aw>e t a great purpose c>ri$ out consi/5tly dur+ _m ye>s w at la/ be execut$4 ,he is play+ = a /ake :i* may be p>tly det]m9$ by "s accid5t1 & !re=e he w all[ l>gely = ! unkn[n elem5t ( politics4 ,b ! game be+ "o 9 :i* *ance & skill are comb9$1 if he plays long en\gh he is c]ta9 ( victory4 ,he w n be always consi/5t1 = ! _w is *ang+2 & ?\gh he dep5ds ^u ! support ( a p>ty1 he w rememb] t he is ! m9i/] ( ! :ole4 ,he lives n = ! pres5t1 b = ! future1 & he is n at all sure t he w be appreciat$ ei!r n[ or !n4 ,= he may h ! exi/+ ord] ( society aga9/ him1 & may n be rememb]$ by a di/ant po/]ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true & ! false /atesman4 ,!re are always discont5t$ ideali/s 9 politics :o1 l ,socrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 f9d fault ) all /atesm5 pa/ z well z pres5t1 n except+ ! greate/ names ( hi/ory4 ,mank9d h an uneasy feel+ t !y ought to be bett] gov]n$ ?an !y are4 ,j z ! actual philosoph] falls %ort ( ! "o wise man1 s does ! actual /atesman fall %ort ( ! ideal4 ,& s p>tly f vanity & egotism1 b p>tly also f a true s5se ( ! faults ( em95t m51 a temp] ( dissatisfaction & criticism spr+s up among ^? :o are ready en\gh to ackn[l$ge ! inf]iority ( _! own p[]s4 ,no matt] :e!r a /atesman makes high pr(essions or none at all--!y are r$uc$ soon] or lat] to ! same level4 ,& sometimes ! m unscrupul\s man is bett] e/eem$ ?an ! m consci5ti\s1 because he has n equally deceiv$ expectations4 ,su* s5tim5ts may be unju/1 b !y are widely spread2 we con/antly f9d !m recurr+ 9 reviews & newspap]s1 & /ill (t5] 9 private conv]sation4 ,we may fur!r obs]ve t ! art ( gov]nm5t1 :ile 9 "s respects t5d+ to improve1 has 9 o!rs a t5d5cy to deg5]ate1 z in/itutions become m popul>4 ,gov]n+ = ! p _c easily be comb9$ ) gov]n+ by ! p3 ! int]e/s ( classes are too /rong = ! ideas ( ! /atesman :o takes a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole4 ,accord+ to ,socrates ! true gov]nor w f9d ru9 or dea? />+ him 9 ! face1 & w only be induc$ to gov]n f ! fe> ( be+ gov]n$ by a worse man ?an himself 7,rep4 i4 #cdg ,c74 ,& 9 mod]n times1 ?\gh ! _w has gr[n mild]1 & ! t]rible consequ5ces :i* ,plato =etells no long] await an ,engli% /atesman1 any "o :o is n actuat$ by a bl9d ambition w only und]take f a s5se ( duty a "w 9 :i* he is mo/ likely to fail2 & ev5 if he succe$1 w r>ely be rew>d$ by ! gratitude ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true & ! false /atesman4 ,socrates1 :o is n a politician at all1 tells u t he is ! only real politician ( 8 "t4 ,let u illu/rate ! mean+ ( 8 words by apply+ !m to ! hi/ory ( our own c\ntry4 ,he w\ld h said t n ,pitt or ,fox1 or ,cann+ or ,sir ,r4 ,peel1 are ! real politicians ( _! "t1 b ,locke1 ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am1 ,ric>do4 ,^! dur+ ! great] "p ( _! lives occupi$ an inconsid]able space 9 ! eyes ( ! public4 ,!y 7 private p]sons2 nev]!less !y s[$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 se$s :i* 9 ! next g5]ation h become an irresi/ible p[]4 #8,h]e9 is t say+ true1 ,"o s[e? & ano!r reape?4' ,we may imag9e ) ,plato an ideal /atesman 9 :om practice & speculation are p]fectly h>moniz$2 = !re is no necess>y opposition betwe5 !m4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t !y are commonly divorc$--! ord9>y politician is ! int]pret] or executor ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 & h>dly ev] br+s to ! bir? a new political conception4 ,"o or two only 9 mod]n times1 l ! ,italian /atesman ,cav\r1 h creat$ ! _w 9 :i* !y mov$4 ,! philosoph] is naturally unfitt$ = political life2 8 great ideas are n und]/ood by ! _m2 he is a ?\s& miles away f ! que/ions ( ! day4 ,yet p]haps ! lives ( ?9k]s1 z !y are /ill] & deep]1 are also happi] ?an ! lives ( ^? :o are m 9 ! public eye4 ,!y h ! promise ( ! future1 ?\gh !y are reg>d$ z dream]s & vision>ies by _! own contempor>ies4 ,& :5 !y are no long] "h1 ^? :o w\ld h be5 a%am$ ( !m dur+ _! lives claim k9dr$ ) !m1 & are pr\d to be call$ by _! names4 7,cp4 ,?ucyd4 vi4 #af47 ,sid5ote3 ,! true (fice ( ! poet4 ,:o is ! true poet8 ,plato expels ! poets f 8 ,republic because !y are alli$ to s5se2 because !y /imulate ! emotions2 because !y are ?rice remov$ f ! ideal tru?4 ,& 9 a simil> _s he decl>es 9 ! ,gorgias t ! /ately muse ( trag$y is a vot>y ( pleasure & n ( tru?4 ,9 mod]n times we almo/ ridicule ! idea ( poetry admitt+ ( a moral4 ,! poet & ! prophet1 or prea*]1 9 primitive antiquity are "o & ! same2 b 9 lat] ages !y seem to fall ap>t4 ,! great art ( novel writ+1 t peculi> creation ( our own & ! la/ c5tury1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! si/] art ( review writ+1 ?reat5s to absorb all lit]ature1 has ev5 less ( s]i\sness 9 h] composition4 ,d we n (t5 he> ! novel writ] c5sur$ = attempt+ to convey a lesson to ! m9ds ( 8 read]s8 ,yet ! true (fice ( a poet or writ] ( fiction is n m]ely to give amusem5t1 or to be ! expression ( ! feel+s ( mank9d1 good or bad1 or ev5 to increase our k ( human nature4 ,!re h be5 poets 9 mod]n times1 su* z ,goe! or ,wordswor?1 :o h n =gott5 _! high vocation ( tea*]s2 & ! two greate/ ( ! ,greek dramati/s owe _! sublimity to _! e?ical "*4 ,! noble/ tru?s1 sung ( 9 ! pure/ & sweete/ language1 are /ill ! prop] mat]ial ( poetry4 ,! poet clo!s !m ) beauty1 & has a p[] ( mak+ !m ent] into ! he>ts & memories ( m54 ,he has n only to speak ( !mes above ! level ( ord9>y life1 b to speak ( !m 9 a deep] & t5d]] way ?an !y are ord9>ily felt1 s z to awak5 ! feel+ ( !m 9 o!rs4 ,! old he makes "y aga92 ! famili> pr9ciple he inve/s ) a new dignity2 he f9ds a noble expression = ! commonplaces ( morality & politics4 ,he uses ! ?+s ( s5se s z to indicate :at is beyond2 he raises u ?r\gh e>? to heav54 ,he expresses :at ! bett] "p ( u w\ld fa9 say1 & ! half-consci\s feel+ is /r5g!n$ by ! expression4 ,he is 8 own critic1 = ! _s ( poetry & ( criticism are n divid$ 9 him4 ,8 mission is n to disguise m5 f !mselves1 b to reveal to !m _! own nature1 & make !m bett] acqua9t$ ) ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,true poetry is ! remembrance ( y\?1 ( love1 ! embodim5t 9 words ( ! happie/ & holie/ mom5ts ( life1 ( ! noble/ ?\ghts ( man1 ( ! greate/ de$s ( ! pa/4 ,! poet ( ! future may return to 8 great] call+ ( ! prophet or tea*]2 inde$1 we h>dly "k :at may n be effect$ = ! human race by a bett] use ( ! poetical & imag9ative faculty4 ,! reconciliation ( poetry1 z ( religion1 ) tru?1 may /ill be possible4 ,nei!r is ! elem5t ( pleasure to be exclud$4 ,= :5 we sub/itute a high] pleasure = a l[] we raise m5 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce4 ,might n ! noveli/1 too1 make an ideal1 or r _m ideals ( social life1 bett] ?an a ?\s& s]mons8 ,plato1 l ! ,puritans1 is too mu* afraid ( poetic & arti/ic influ5ces4 ,b he is n )\t a true s5se ( ! noble purposes to :i* art may be appli$ 7,rep4 iii4 #dja74 ,sid5ote3 ,! true (fice ( ! poet4 ,mod]n poetry is (t5 a sort ( play?+1 or1 9 ,plato's language1 a flatt]y1 a sophi/ry1 or %am1 9 :i*1 )\t any s]i\s purpose1 ! poet l5ds w+s to 8 fancy & exhibits 8 gifts ( language & metre4 ,su* an "o seeks to gratify ! ta/e ( 8 read]s2 he has ! #8savoir faire1' or trick ( writ+1 b he has n ! high] _s ( poetry4 ,he has no conception t true art %\ld br+ ord] out ( disord] 7#ejd ,a72 t x %\ld make provision = ! s\l's highe/ int]e/ 7#eja ,c72 t x %\ld be pursu$ only ) a view to #8! improvem5t ( ! citiz5s' 7#ejb1 #ejc74 ,he m9i/]s to ! weak] side ( human nature 7,rep4 x4 #fjc-fje72 he idealizes ! s5sual2 he s+s ! /ra9 ( love 9 ! late/ fa%ion2 in/ead ( rais+ m5 above !mselves he br+s !m back to ! #8tyranny ( ! _m ma/]s1' f :i* all 8 life long a good man has be5 pray+ to be deliv]$4 ,& (t51 =getful ( measure & ord]1 he w express n t :i* is true/1 b t :i* is /ronge/4 ,in/ead ( a great & nobly-execut$ subject1 p]fect 9 e "p1 "s fancy ( a heat$ bra9 is work$ out ) ! /range/ incongruity4 ,he is n ! ma/] ( 8 words1 b 8 words--p]haps borr[$ f ano!r--! fad$ reflection ( "s ,fr5* or ,g]man or ,italian writ]1 h ! bett] ( him4 ,?\gh we are n go+ to bani% ! poets1 h[ c we suppose t su* utt]ances h any heal+ or life-giv+ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m58 ,sid5ote3 ,! triumph ( "r & tru?4 #8,let u he> ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]3' ,art !n mu/ be true1 & politics mu/ be true1 & ! life ( man mu/ be true & n a seem+ or %am4 ,9 all ( !m ord] has to be br\ght out ( disord]1 tru? out ( error & falsehood4 ,?is is :at we mean by ! greate/ improvem5t ( man4 ,& s1 hav+ consid]$ 9 :at way #8we c be/ sp5d ! appo9t$ "t1 we leave ! result ) ,god' 7#eab ,e74 ,plato does n say t ,god w ord] all ?+s = ! be/ 7cp4 ,pha$o1 #ig ,c71 b he indirectly implies t ! evils ( ?is life w be correct$ 9 ano!r4 ,& z we are v f> f ! be/ imag9able _w at pres5t1 ,plato "h1 z 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic1 supposes a purgatory or place ( education = mank9d 9 g5]al1 & = a v few a ,t>t>us or hell4 ,! my? :i* t]m9ates ! dialogue is n ! revelation1 b r1 l all simil> descriptions1 :e!r 9 ! ,bible or ,plato1 ! veil ( ano!r life4 ,= no visible ?+ c reveal ! invisible4 ,( ?is ,plato1 unlike "s comm5tators on ,scripture1 is fully aw>e4 ,nei!r w he dogmatize ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* we are #8born aga9' 7,rep4 vi4 #dih ,d74 ,only he is prep>$ to ma9ta9 ! ultimate triumph ( tru? & "r1 & decl>es t no "o1 n ev5 ! wise/ ( ! ,greeks1 c affirm any o!r doctr9e )\t be+ ridicul\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,virtue indiff]5t to rew>d4 ,!re is a fur!r p>adox ( e?ics1 9 :i* pleasure & pa9 are held to be indiff]5t1 & virtue at ! "t ( action & )\t reg>d to consequ5ces is happ9ess4 ,f ?is elevation or exagg]ation ( feel+ ,plato seems to %r9k3 he leaves x to ! ,/oics 9 a lat] g5]ation to ma9ta9 t :5 impal$ or on ! rack ! philosoph] may be happy 7cp4 ,rep4 ii4 #cfa ff474 ,x is obs]vable t 9 ! ,republic he raises ?is "q1 b x is n really discuss$2 ! veil ( ! ideal /ate1 ! %ad[ ( ano!r life1 are all[$ to desc5d ^u x & x passes out ( sight4 ,! m>tyr or suff]] 9 ! cause ( "r or tru? is (t5 suppos$ to die 9 raptures1 hav+ 8 eye fix$ on a city :i* is 9 heav54 ,b if !re 7 no future1 might he n /ill be happy 9 ! p]=mance ( an action :i* 0 att5d$ only by a pa9ful dea?8 ,he himself may be ready to ?ank ,god t he 0 ?\ght wor?y to d ,him ! lea/ s]vice1 )\t look+ = a rew>d2 ! joys ( ano!r life may n h be5 pres5t to 8 m9d at all4 ,d we suppose t ! m$iaeval sa9t1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,ca?>9e ( ,si5na1 or ! ,ca?olic prie/ :o lately devot$ himself to dea? by a l+]+ disease t he might solace & help o!rs1 0 ?9k+ ( ! #8sweets' ( heav58 ,no2 ! "w 0 already heav5 to him & en\gh4 ,mu* less w ! dy+ patriot be dream+ ( ! praises ( man or ( an immortality ( fame3 ! s5se ( duty1 ( "r1 & tru/ 9 ,god w be suffici5t1 & z f> z ! m9d c rea*1 9 t h\r4 ,if he 7 c]ta9 t !re 7 no life to come1 he w\ld n h wi%$ to speak or act o!rwise ?an he did 9 ! cause ( tru? or ( humanity4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 w he suppose t ,god has =sak5 him or t ! future is to be a m]e blank to him4 ,! greate/ act ( fai?1 ! only fai? :i* _c pass away1 is 8 :o has n kn[n1 b yet has believ$4 ,a v few among ! sons ( m5 h made !mselves indep5d5t ( circum/ances1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come4 ,he :o has atta9$ to su* a temp] ( m9d has already pres5t ) him et]nal life2 he ne$s no argum5ts to conv9ce him ( immortality2 he has 9 him already a pr9ciple /rong] ?an dea?4 ,he :o s]ves man )\t ! ?\ght ( rew>d is deem$ to be a m fai?ful s]vant ?an he :o works = hire4 ,may n ! s]vice ( ,god1 :i* is ! m dis9t]e/$1 be 9 l mann] ! high]8 ,& al?\gh only a v few 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory--,*ri/ himself be+ "o ( !m--h atta9$ to su* a noble conception ( ,god & ( ! human s\l1 yet ! ideal ( !m may be pres5t to u1 & ! remembrance ( !m be an example to u1 & _! lives may %$ a light on _m d>k places bo? ( philosophy & !ology4 ,! ,my?s ( ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?s ( ,plato4 ,! my?s ( ,plato are a ph5om5on unique 9 lit]ature4 ,!re are f\r long] ones3 ^! occur 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bdd-bef71 ,pha$o 7#aaj-aae71 ,gorgias 7#ebc-ebg71 & ,republic 7x4 #fad-fba74 ,t 9 ! ,republic is ! mo/ elaborate & f9i%$ ( !m4 ,?ree ( ^! great] my?s1 namely ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,pha$o1 ! ,gorgias & ! ,republic1 relate to ! de/9y ( human s\ls 9 a future life4 ,! magnific5t my? 9 ! ,pha$rus treats ( ! immortality1 or r ! et]nity ( ! s\l1 9 :i* is includ$ a =m] z well z a future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,to ^! may be add$1 7#a7 ! my?1 or r fable1 occurr+ 9 ! ,/atesman 7#bfh-bgd71 9 :i* ! life ( innoc5ce is contra/$ ) ! ord9>y life ( man & ! consci\sness ( evil3 7#b7 ! leg5d ( ! ,isl& ( ,atlantis1 an imag9>y hi/ory1 :i* is a fragm5t only1 comm5c$ 9 ! ,timaeus 7#ba-bf7 & cont9u$ 9 ! ,critias3 7#c7 ! mu* less arti/ic fiction ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,cretan colony :i* is introduc$ 9 ! preface to ! ,laws 7iii4 #gjb71 b soon falls into ! backgr\nd3 7#d7 ! beautiful b r artificial tale ( ,prome!us & ,epime!us n>rat$ 9 8 rhetorical mann] by ,protagoras 9 ! dialogue call$ aft] him 7#cbj-cbh73 7#e7 ! spee* at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,pha$rus 7#bca-bcd71 :i* is a p>ody ( ! orator ,lysias2 ! rival spee* ( ,socrates & ! recantation ( x 7#bcg-bda74 ,to ^! may be add$ 7#f7 ! tale ( ! gras%opp]s1 & 7#g7 ! tale ( ,?amus & ( ,!u?1 bo? 9 ! ,pha$rus 7#bei & #bgd-e73 7#h7 ! p>able ( ! ,cave 7,rep4 vii4 ad init471 9 :i* ! previ\s argum5t is recapitulat$1 & ! nature & degrees ( k hav+ be5 previ\sly set =? 9 ! ab/ract are repres5t$ 9 a picture3 7#i7 ! fiction ( ! e>?-born m5 7,rep4 iii4 #dad2 cp4 ,laws ii4 #ffd71 9 :i* by ! adaptation ( an old tradition ,plato makes a new beg9n+ = 8 society3 7#aj7 ! my? ( ,ari/ophanes respect+ ! division ( ! sexes1 ,sym4 #ahi3 7#aa7 ! p>able ( ! noble capta91 ! pilot1 & ! mut9\s sailors 7,rep4 vi4 #dhh71 9 :i* is repres5t$ ! relation ( ! bett] "p ( ! _w1 & ( ! philosoph]1 to ! mob ( politicians3 7#ab7 ! ironical tale ( ! pilot :o plies betwe5 ,a!ns & ,aeg9a *>g+ only a small paym5t = sav+ m5 f dea?1 ! reason be+ t he is unc]ta9 :e!r to live or die is bett] = !m 7,gorg4 #eaa73 7#ac7 ! treatm5t ( freem5 & citiz5s by physicians & ( slaves by _! appr5tices1--a some:at lab\r$ figure ( spee* int5d$ to illu/rate ! two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! laws speak to m5 7,laws iv4 #gbj74 ,!re also occur 9 ,plato cont9u\s images2 "s ( !m ext5d ov] sev]al pages1 appe>+ & reappe>+ at int]vals3 su* z ! bees /++ & /+less 7paup]s & ?ieves7 9 ! ,eigh? ,book ( ! ,republic 7#eed71 :o are g5]at$ 9 ! transition f timocracy to olig>*y3 ! sun1 :i* is to ! visible _w :at ! idea ( good is to ! intellectual1 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,republic 7#ejh-i73 ! composite animal1 hav+ ! =m ( a man1 b conta9+ "u a human sk9 a lion & a _m-head$ mon/] 7,rep4 ix4 #ehh-i73 ! great bea/ 7vi4 #dic71 i4 e4 ! populace3 & ! wild bea/ )9 u1 mean+ ! passions :i* are always liable to break out 7ix4 #ega73 ! animat$ comp>isons ( ! degradation ( philosophy by ! arts to ! di%on\r$ maid5 7vi4 #die-f71 & ( ! tyrant to ! p>ricide1 :o #8beats 8 fa!r1 hav+ fir/ tak5 away 8 arms' 7viii4 #efi73 ! dog1 :o is y\r only philosoph] 7ii4 #cgf ,b73 ! grotesque & r paltry image ( ! argum5t w&]+ ab\t )\t a head 7,laws vi4 #geb71 :i* is repeat$1 n improv$1 f ! ,gorgias 7#eji ,d73 ! argum5t p]sonifi$ z veil+ h] face 7,rep4 vi4 #ejc ,a71 z engag$ 9 a *ase 7iv4 #dbg ,c71 z break+ ^u u 9 a fir/1 second & ?ird wave 7v4 #deg ,c1 #dgb ,a1 #dgc ,c73--on ^! figures ( spee* ! *anges are rung _m times ov]4 ,x is obs]vable t ne>ly all ^! p>ables or cont9u\s images are f\nd 9 ! ,republic2 t :i* occurs 9 ! ,!aetetus 7#adi ff471 ( ! midwif]y ( ,socrates1 is p]haps ! only exception4 ,to make ! li/ complete1 ! ma!matical figure ( ! numb] ( ! /ate 7,rep4 viii4 #edf71 or ! num]ical int]val :i* sep>ates k+ f tyrant 7ix4 #ehg-h71 %\ld n be =gott54 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?s ( ,plato4 ,! my? 9 ! ,gorgias is "o ( ^? descriptions ( ano!r life :i*1 l ! ,six? ,a5eid ( ,virgil1 appe> to conta9 rem9isc5ces ( ! my/]ies4 ,x is a vision ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* await good & bad m5 aft] dea?4 ,x supposes ! body to cont9ue1 & to be 9 ano!r _w :at x has become 9 ?is4 ,x includes a ,p>adiso1 ,purgatorio1 & ,inf]no1 l ! si/] my?s ( ! ,pha$o & ! ,republic4 ,! ,inf]no is res]v$ = great crim9als only4 ,! argum5t ( ! dialogue is frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 & ! mean+ breaks ?r\gh s z r to de/roy ! livel9ess & consi/5cy ( ! picture4 ,! /ructure ( ! fiction is v slight1 ! *ief po9t or moral be+ t 9 ! judgm5ts ( ano!r _w !re is no possibility ( concealm5t3 ,zeus has tak5 f m5 ! p[] ( =esee+ dea?1 & br+s toge!r ! s\ls bo? ( !m & _! judges nak$ & undisguis$ at ! judgm5t-seat4 ,bo? are expos$ to view1 /ripp$ ( ! veils & clo!s :i* might prev5t !m f see+ into or be+ se5 by "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?s ( ,plato4 ,! my? ( ! ,pha$o is ( ! same type1 b x is m cosmological1 & also m poetical4 ,! beautiful & +5i\s fancy occurs to ,plato t ! upp] atmosph]e is an e>? & heav5 9 "o1 a glorifi$ e>?1 fair] & pur] ?an t 9 :i* we dwell4 ,z ! fi%es live 9 ! ocean1 mank9d are liv+ 9 a l[] sph]e1 out ( :i* !y put _! heads = a mom5t or two & behold a _w beyond4 ,! e>? :i* we inhabit is a s$im5t ( ! co>s] p>ticles :i* drop f ! _w above1 & is to t heav5ly e>? :at ! des]t & ! %ores ( ! ocean are to u4 ,a "p ( ! my? consi/s ( description ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 :i* gives ! opportunity ( introduc+ sev]al my?ological names & ( provid+ places ( torm5t = ! wick$4 ,!re is no cle> di/9ction ( s\l & body2 ! spirits b5ea? ! e>? are spok5 ( z s\ls only1 yet !y reta9 a sort ( %ad[y =m :5 !y cry = m]cy on ! %ores ( ! lake2 & ! philosoph] alone is said to h got rid ( ! body4 ,all ! ?ree my?s 9 ,plato :i* relate to ! _w bel[ h a place = rep5tant s9n]s1 z well z o!r homes or places = ! v good & v bad4 ,x is a natural reflection :i* is made by ,plato else:]e1 t ! two extremes ( human "* are r>ely met )1 & t ! g5]ality ( mank9d are betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce a place mu/ be f\nd = !m4 ,9 ! my? ( ! ,pha$o !y are c>ri$ d[n ! riv] ,a*]on to ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e !y dwell1 & are purifi$ ( _! evil de$s1 & receive ! rew>ds ( _! good4 ,!re are also incurable s9n]s1 :o are ca/ into ,t>t>us1 !re to rema9 z ! p5alty ( atroci\s crimes2 ^! suff] ev]la/+ly4 ,& !re is ano!r class ( h>dly curable s9n]s :o are all[$ f "t to "t to approa* ! %ores ( ! ,a*]usian lake1 :]e !y cry to _! victims = m]cy2 :i* if !y obta9 !y come out into ! lake & cease f _! torm5ts4 ,nei!r ?is1 nor any ( ! ?ree great] my?s ( ,plato1 nor p]haps any allegory or p>able relat+ to ! unse5 _w1 is consi/5t ) itself4 ,! language ( philosophy m+les ) t ( my?ology2 ab/ract ideas are trans=m$ into p]sons1 figures ( spee* into realities4 ,^! my?s may be comp>$ ) ! ,pilgrim's ,progress ( ,bunyan1 9 :i* discussions ( !ology are mix$ up ) ! incid5ts ( travel1 & my?ological p]sonages are associat$ ) human be+s3 !y are also g>ni%$ ) names & phrases tak5 out ( ,hom]1 & ) o!r fragm5ts ( ,greek tradition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?s ( ,plato4 ,! my? ( ! ,republic is m subtle & also m consi/5t ?an ei!r ( ! two o!rs4 ,x has a great] v]isimilitude ?an !y h1 & is full ( t\*es :i* recall ! exp]i5ces ( human life4 ,x w be notic$ by an att5tive read] t ! twelve days dur+ :i* ,er lay 9 a trance aft] he 0 sla9 co9cide ) ! "t pass$ by ! spirits 9 _! pilgrimage4 ,x is a curi\s obs]vation1 n (t5 made1 t good m5 :o h liv$ 9 a well-gov]n$ city 7%all we say 9 a religi\s & respectable society87 are m likely to make mi/akes 9 _! *oice ( life ?an ^? :o h _h m exp]i5ce ( ! _w & ( evil4 ,x is a m famili> rem>k t we con/antly blame o!rs :5 we h only ourselves to blame2 & ! philosoph] mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev] reluctantly1 t !re is an elem5t ( *ance 9 human life ) :i* x is sometimes impossible = man to cope4 ,t m5 dr9k m ( ! wat]s ( =getfulness ?an is good = !m is a poetical description ( a famili> tru?4 ,we h _m ( u kn[n m5 :o1 l ,odysseus1 h we>i$ ( ambition & h only desir$ re/4 ,we %\ld l to "k :at became ( ! infants #8dy+ almo/ z soon z !y 7 born' 7x4 #fae ,b71 b ,plato only raises1 )\t satisfy+1 our curiosity4 ,! two companies ( s\ls1 asc5d+ & desc5d+ at ei!r *asm ( heav5 & e>?1 & conv]s+ :5 !y come out into ! mead[1 ! maje/ic figures ( ! judges sitt+ 9 heav51 ! voice he>d by ,ardiaeus1 are features ( ! great allegory :i* h an indescribable gr&eur & p[]4 ,! rem>k already made respect+ ! inconsi/5cy ( ! two o!r my?s mu/ be ext5d$ also to ?is3 x is at once an orr]y1 or model ( ! heav5s1 & a picture ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my? 9 ! ,pha$rus4 ,! ?ree my?s are unlike any?+ else 9 ,plato4 ,!re is an ,ori5tal1 or r an ,egyptian elem5t 9 !m1 & !y h an aff9ity to ! my/]ies & to ! ,orphic modes ( wor%ip4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are un-,greek2 at any rate !re is h>dly any?+ l !m 9 o!r ,greek writ+s :i* h a s]i\s purpose2 9 _s !y are m$iaeval4 ,!y are ak9 to :at may be t]m$ ! und]gr\nd religion 9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,!y are pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ lively & graphic mann]1 b !y are nev] insi/$ on z true2 x is only affirm$ t no?+ bett] c be said ab\t a future life4 ,plato seems to make use ( !m :5 he has rea*$ ! limits ( human k2 or1 to borr[ an expression ( 8 own1 :5 he is /&+ on ! outside ( ! intellectual _w4 ,!y are v simple 9 /yle2 a few t\*es br+ ! picture home to ! m9d1 & make x pres5t to u4 ,!y h also a k9d ( au?ority ga9$ by ! employm5t ( sacr$ & famili> names1 j z m]e fragm5ts ( ! words ( ,scripture1 put toge!r 9 any =m & appli$ to any subject1 h a p[] ( _! own4 ,!y are a sub/itute = poetry & my?ology2 & !y are also a re=m ( my?ology4 ,! moral ( !m may be summ$ up 9 a ^w or two3 ,aft] dea? ! ,judgm5t2 & #8!re is "s bett] ?+ rema9+ = ! good ?an = ! evil4' ,all lit]ature ga!rs into itself _m elem5ts ( ! pa/3 = example1 ! tale ( ! e>?-born m5 9 ! ,republic appe>s at fir/ sight to be an extravagant fancy1 b x is re/or$ to propriety :5 we rememb] t x is bas$ on a leg5d>y belief4 ,! art ( mak+ /ories ( gho/s & app>itions cr$ible is said to consi/ 9 ! mann] ( tell+ !m4 ,! effect is ga9$ by _m lit]>y & conv]sational devices1 su* z ! previ\s rais+ ( curiosity1 ! m5tion ( little circum/ances1 simplicity1 picturesqu5ess1 ! naturalness ( ! occasion1 & ! l4 ,?is art is possess$ by ,plato 9 a degree :i* has nev] be5 equall$4 ,! my? 9 ! ,pha$rus is ev5 great] ?an ! my?s :i* h be5 already describ$1 b is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x treats ( a =m] r ?an ( a future life4 ,x repres5ts ! conflict ( reason aid$ by passion or righte\s indignation on ! "o h&1 & ( ! animal lu/s & in/9cts on ! o!r4 ,! s\l ( man has foll[$ ! company ( "s god1 & se5 tru? 9 ! =m ( ! univ]sal be=e x 0 born 9 ?is _w4 ,our pres5t life is ! result ( ! /ruggle :i* 0 !n c>ri$ on4 ,?is _w is relative to a =m] _w1 z x is (t5 project$ into a future4 ,we ask ! "q1 ,:]e 7 m5 be=e bir?8 z we likewise enquire1 ,:at w become ( !m aft] dea?8 ,! fir/ "q is unfamili> to u1 & !re=e seems to be unnatural2 b if we survey ! :ole human race1 x has be5 z influ5tial & z widely spread z ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus x is really a figure ( spee* 9 :i* ! #8spiritual combat' ( ?is life is repres5t$4 ,! maje/y & p[] ( ! :ole passage--especially ( :at may be call$ ! !me or proem 7beg9n+ #8,! m9d ?r\gh all h] be+ is immortal'7--c only be r5d]$ v inadequately 9 ano!r language4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my? 9 ! ,/atesman4 ,! my? 9 ! ,/atesman relates to a =m] cycle ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* m5 7 born ( ! e>?1 & by ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion _h _! lives rev]s$ & 7 re/or$ to y\? & beauty3 ! dead came to life1 ! old grew middle-ag$1 & ! middle-ag$ "y2 ! y\? became a *ild1 ! *ild an infant1 ! infant vani%$ into ! e>?4 ,! connection betwe5 ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion & ! rev]sal ( human life is ( c\rse v]bal only1 yet ,plato1 l !ologians 9 o!r ages1 argues f ! consi/5cy ( ! tale to its tru?4 ,! new ord] ( ! _w 0 imm$iately "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,god2 x 0 a /ate ( innoc5ce 9 :i* m5 _h nei!r wants nor c>es1 9 :i* ! e>? br\ght =? all ?+s spontane\sly1 & ,god 0 to man :at man n[ is to ! animals4 ,!re 7 no great e/ates1 or families1 or private possessions1 nor any traditions ( ! pa/1 because m5 7 all born out ( ! e>?4 ,?is is :at ,plato calls ! #8reign ( ,cronos2' & 9 l mann] he connects ! rev]sal ( ! e>?'s motion ) "s leg5d ( :i* he himself 0 probably ! inv5tor4 ,! "q is !n ask$1 "u :i* ( ^! two cycles ( exi/5ce 0 man ! happi]1--"u t ( ,cronos1 :i* 0 a /ate ( innoc5ce1 or t ( ,zeus1 :i* is our ord9>y life8 ,= a :ile ,plato balances ! two sides ( ! s]i\s controv]sy1 :i* he has sugge/$ 9 a figure4 ,! answ] dep5ds on ano!r "q3 ,:at use did ! *ildr5 ( ,cronos make ( _! "t8 ,!y _h b\ndless leisure & ! faculty ( disc\rs+1 n only ) "o ano!r1 b ) ! animals4 ,did !y employ ^! advantages ) a view to philosophy1 ga!r+ f e nature "s addition to _! /ore ( k8 or1 ,did !y pass _! "t 9 eat+ & dr9k+ & tell+ /ories to "o ano!r & to ! bea/s8--9 ei!r case !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 answ]+4 ,b !n1 z ,plato r mis*iev\sly adds1 #8,nobody kn[s :at !y did1' & !re=e ! d\bt mu/ rema9 undet]m9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,transition 9 ,plato f ! ab/ract to ! concrete4 ,to ! fir/ !re succe$s a second epo*4 ,aft] ano!r natural convulsion1 9 :i* ! ord] ( ! _w & ( human life is once m rev]s$1 ,god )draws 8 guid+ h&1 & man is left to ! gov]nm5t ( himself4 ,! _w beg9s aga91 & arts & laws are sl[ly & pa9fully inv5t$4 ,a secul> age succe$s to a !ocratical4 ,9 ?is fanciful tale ,plato has dropp$1 or almo/ dropp$1 ! g>b ( my?ology4 ,he sugge/s sev]al curi\s & important ?\ghts1 su* z ! possibility ( a /ate ( innoc5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( a _w )\t traditions1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 human & div9e gov]nm5t4 ,he has also c>ri$ a /ep fur!r 8 speculations conc]n+ ! abolition ( ! family & ( prop]ty1 :i* he supposes to h no place among ! *ildr5 ( ,cronos any m ?an 9 ! ideal /ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,plato & ( 8 age to pass f ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 f poetry to reality4 ,language is ! expression ( ! se51 & also ( ! unse51 & moves 9 a region betwe5 !m4 ,a great writ] kn[s h[ to /rike bo? ^! *ords1 sometimes rema9+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! visible1 & !n aga9 compreh5d+ a wid] range & so>+ to ! ab/ract & univ]sal4 ,ev5 9 ! same s5t5ce he may employ bo? modes ( spee* n improp]ly or inh>moni\sly4 ,x is useless to criticise ! brok5 metaphors ( ,plato1 if ! effect ( ! :ole is to create a picture n su* z c be pa9t$ on canvas1 b :i* is full ( life & mean+ to ! read]4 ,a poem may be conta9$ 9 a ^w or two1 :i* may call up n "o b _m lat5t images2 or half reveal to u by a sudd5 fla% ! ?\ghts ( _m he>ts4 ,(t5 ! rapid transition f "o image to ano!r is pleas+ to u3 on ! o!r h&1 any s+le figure ( spee* if too (t5 repeat$1 or work$ out too mu* at l5g?1 becomes prosy & monoton\s4 ,9 !ology & philosophy we necess>ily include bo? #8! moral law )9 & ! />ry heav5 above1' & pass f "o to ! o!r 7cp4 = examples ,psalm xviii4 #a-be1 xix4 #a-i1 etc474 ,:e!r su* a use ( language is pu]ile or noble dep5ds ^u ! g5ius ( ! writ] or speak]1 & ! famili>ity ( ! associations employ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?s n writt51 b spok5 words4 ,9 ! my?s & p>ables ( ,plato ! ease & grace ( conv]sation is n =gott53 !y are spok51 n writt5 words1 /ories :i* are told to a liv+ audi5ce1 & s well told t we are m ?an half-incl9$ to believe !m 7cp4 ,pha$rus #bgd74 ,z 9 conv]sation too1 ! /rik+ image or figure ( spee* is n =gott51 b is quickly caught up1 & allud$ to aga9 & aga92 z x w\ld /ill be 9 our own day 9 a g5ial & sympa!tic society4 ,! descriptions ( ,plato h a great] life & reality ?an is to be f\nd 9 any mod]n writ+4 ,?is is due to _! homel9ess & simplicity4 ,plato c d ) words j z he pleases2 to him !y are inde$ #8m pla/ic ?an wax' 7,rep4 ix4 #ehh ,d74 ,we are 9 ! habit ( oppos+ spee* & writ+1 poetry & prose4 ,b he has discov]$ a use ( language 9 :i* !y are unit$2 :i* gives a fitt+ expression to ! highe/ tru?s2 & 9 :i* ! trifles ( c\rtesy & ! famili>ities ( daily life are n ov]look$4 ,,gorgias4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,callicles4 ,,gorgias4 ,,socrates4 ,,polus4 ,,*a]ephon4 ,,sc5e3--,! h\se ( ,callicles4 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias4 ,callicles4 ,! wise man1 z ! prov]b says1 is late = a fray1 b n = a fea/4 ,/eph4 #ddg ,socrates4 ,& are we late = a fea/8 ,cal4 ,yes1 & a delightful fea/2 = ,gorgias has j be5 exhibit+ to u _m f9e ?+s4 ,soc4 ,x is n my fault1 ,callicles2 our fri5d ,*a]ephon is to blame2 = he w\ld keep u loit]+ 9 ! ,agora4 ,*a]ephon4 ,nev] m9d1 ,socrates2 ! mis=tune ( :i* ,i h be5 ! cause ,i w also repair2 = ,gorgias is a fri5d ( m9e1 & ,i w make him give ! exhibition aga9 ei!r n[1 or1 if y pref]1 at "s o!r "t4 ,cal4 ,:at is ! matt]1 ,*a]ephon--does ,socrates want to he> ,gorgias8 ,*a]4 ,yes1 t 0 our int5tion 9 com+4 ,cal4 ,come into my h\se1 !n2 = ,gorgias is /ay+ ) me1 & he %all exhibit to y4 ,soc4 ,v good1 ,callicles2 b w he answ] our que/ions8 = ,i want to he> f him :at is ! nature ( 8 art1 & :at x is :i* he pr(esses & tea*es2 he may1 z y ,*a]ephon sugge/1 def] ! exhibition to "s o!r "t4 ,cal4 ,!re is no?+ l ask+ him1 ,socrates2 & inde$ to answ] que/ions is a "p ( 8 exhibition1 = he 0 say+ only j n[1 t any "o 9 my h\se might put any "q to him1 & t he w\ld answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias is ready to answ] all com]s4 ,soc4 ,h[ =tunate6 w y ask him1 ,*a]ephon--8 ,*a]4 ,:at %all ,i ask him8 ,soc4 ,ask him :o he is4 ,*a]4 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i mean su* a "q z w\ld elicit f him1 if he _h be5 a mak] ( %oes1 ! answ] t he is a cobbl]4 ,d y und]/&8 ,*a]4 ,i und]/&1 & w ask him3 ,tell me1 ,gorgias1 is our fri5d ,callicles "r 9 say+ t y und]take to answ] any que/ions :i* y are ask$8 ,gorgias4 ,q "r1 ,*a]ephon3 ,i 0 say+ z mu* only j n[2 & ,i may add1 t _m ye>s h elaps$ #ddh s9ce any "o has ask$ me a new "o4 ,*a]4 ,!n y mu/ be v ready1 ,gorgias4 ,gor4 ,( t1 ,*a]ephon1 y c make trial4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus (f]s to take ! place ( ,gorgias 9 ! argum5t4 ,polus4 ,yes1 inde$1 & if y l1 ,*a]ephon1 y may make trial ( me too1 = ,i ?9k t ,gorgias1 :o has be5 talk+ a long "t1 is tir$4 ,*a]4 ,& d y1 ,polus1 ?9k t y c answ] bett] ?an ,gorgias8 ,pol4 ,:at does t matt] if ,i answ] well en\gh = y8 ,*a]4 ,n at all3--& y %all answ] if y l4 ,pol4 ,ask3-- ,*a]4 ,my "q is ?is3 ,if ,gorgias _h ! skill ( 8 bro!r ,h]odicus1 :at ought we to call him8 ,ought he n to h ! "n :i* is giv5 to 8 bro!r8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,*a]4 ,!n we %\ld be "r 9 call+ him a physician8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q is ask$1 #8,:at is ,gorgias8' ,*a]4 ,& if he _h ! skill ( ,ari/ophon ! son ( ,aglaophon1 or ( 8 bro!r ,polygnotus1 :at ought we to call him8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly1 a pa9t]4 ,*a]4 ,b n[ :at %all we call him--:at is ! art 9 :i* he is skill$8 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias sup]s$es ,polus4 ,sid5ote3 ,answ]3--,gorgias is "o ( ! be/ pr(ici5ts 9 ! noble/ art4 ,pol4 ,o ,*a]ephon1 !re are _m arts among mank9d :i* are exp]im5tal1 & h _! orig9 9 exp]i5ce1 = exp]i5ce makes ! days ( m5 to proce$ accord+ to art1 & inexp]i5ce accord+ to *ance1 & diff]5t p]sons 9 diff]5t ways are pr(ici5t 9 diff]5t arts1 & ! be/ p]sons 9 ! be/ arts4 ,& our fri5d ,gorgias is "o ( ! be/1 & ! art 9 :i* he is a pr(ici5t is ! noble/4 ,soc4 ,polus has be5 taught h[ to make a capital spee*1 ,gorgias2 b he is n fulfill+ ! promise :i* he made to ,*a]ephon4 ,gor4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i mean t he has n exactly answ]$ ! "q :i* he 0 ask$4 ,gor4 ,!n :y n ask him y\rself8 ,soc4 ,b ,i w\ld mu* r ask y1 if y are dispos$ to answ]3 = ,i see1 f ! few words :i* ,polus has utt]$1 t he has att5d$ m to ! art :i* is call$ rhetoric ?an to dialectic4 ,pol4 ,:at makes y say s1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,?is is no answ]4 ,soc4 ,because1 ,polus1 :5 ,*a]ephon ask$ y :at 0 ! art :i* ,gorgias kn[s1 y prais$ x z if y 7 answ]+ "s "o :o f\nd fault ) x1 b y nev] said :at ! art 04 ,pol4 ,:y1 did ,i n say t x 0 ! noble/ ( arts8 ,soc4 ,yes1 inde$1 b t 0 no answ] to ! "q3 nobody ask$ :at 0 ! quality1 b :at 0 ! nature1 ( ! art1 & by :at "n we 7 to describe ,gorgias4 ,& ,i w\ld /ill beg y briefly & cle>ly1 z y #ddi answ]$ ,*a]ephon :5 he ask$ y at fir/1 to say :at ?is art is1 & :at we ought to call ,gorgias3 ,or r1 ,gorgias1 let me turn to y1 & ask ! same "q1--:at are we to call y1 & :at is ! art :i* y pr(ess8 ,sid5ote3 ,bett]3--,gorgias is a rhetorician & a tea*] ( rhetoric4 ,gor4 ,rhetoric1 ,socrates1 is my art4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i am to call y a rhetorician8 ,gor4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & a good "o too1 if y w\ld call me t :i*1 9 ,hom]ic language1 #8,i boa/ myself to be4' ,soc4 ,i %\ld wi% to d s4 ,gor4 ,!n pray d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! admirable brevity ( ,gorgias4 ,soc4 ,& are we to say t y are able to make o!r m5 rhetoricians8 ,gor4 ,yes1 t is exactly :at ,i pr(ess to make !m1 n only at ,a!ns1 b 9 all places4 ,soc4 ,& w y cont9ue to ask & answ] que/ions1 ,gorgias1 z we are at pres5t do+1 & res]ve = ano!r occasion ! long] mode ( spee* :i* ,polus 0 attempt+8 ,w y keep y\r promise1 & answ] %ortly ! que/ions :i* are ask$ ( y8 ,gor4 ,"s answ]s1 ,socrates1 are ( necessity long]2 b ,i w d my be/ to make !m z %ort z possible2 = a "p ( my pr(ession is t ,i c be z %ort z any "o4 ,soc4 ,t is :at is want$1 ,gorgias2 exhibit ! %ort] me?od n[1 & ! long] "o at "s o!r "t4 ,gor4 ,well1 ,i w2 & y w c]ta9ly say1 t y nev] he>d a man use few] words4 ,soc4 ,v good !n2 z y pr(ess to be a rhetorician1 & a mak] ( rhetoricians1 let me ask y1 ) :at is rhetoric conc]n$3 ,i might ask ) :at is weav+ conc]n$1 & y w\ld reply 7w\ld y n871 ) ! mak+ ( g>m5ts8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& music is conc]n$ ) ! composition ( melodies8 ,gor4 ,x is4 ,soc4 ,by ,h]1 ,gorgias1 ,i admire ! surpass+ brevity ( y\r answ]s4 ,gor4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i d ?9k myself good at t4 ,sid5ote3 ,& rhetoric is conc]n$ ) disc\rse4 ,soc4 ,i am glad to he> x2 answ] me 9 l mann] ab\t rhetoric3 ) :at is rhetoric conc]n$8 ,gor4 ,) disc\rse4 ,soc4 ,:at sort ( disc\rse1 ,gorgias8--su* disc\rse z w\ld tea* ! sick "u :at treatm5t !y might get well8 ,gor4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,!n rhetoric does n treat ( all k9ds ( disc\rse8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& yet rhetoric makes m5 able to speak8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ is rhetoric di/+ui%$ f m special arts8 ,soc4 ,& to und]/& t ab\t :i* !y speak8 ,gor4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,b does n ! art ( m$ic9e1 :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+1 also make m5 able to und]/& & #dej speak ab\t ! sick8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n m$ic9e also treats ( disc\rse8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,( disc\rse conc]n+ diseases8 ,gor4 ,j s4 ,soc4 ,& does n gymna/ic also treat ( disc\rse conc]n+ ! good or evil condition ( ! body8 ,gor4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,b s are all ! o!r arts4 ,soc4 ,& ! same1 ,gorgias1 is true ( ! o!r arts3--all ( !m treat ( disc\rse conc]n+ ! subjects ) :i* !y sev]ally h to d4 ,gor4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,!n :y1 if y call rhetoric ! art :i* treats ( disc\rse1 & all ! o!r arts treat ( disc\rse1 d y n call !m arts ( rhetoric8 ,gor4 ,because1 ,socrates1 ! k ( ! o!r arts has only to d ) "s sort ( ext]nal action1 z ( ! h&2 b !re is no su* action ( ! h& 9 rhetoric :i* works & takes effect only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( disc\rse4 ,& !re=e ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t rhetoric treats ( disc\rse4 ,soc4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i entirely und]/& y1 b ,i d>e say ,i %all soon "k bett]2 please to answ] me a "q3--y w\ld all[ t !re are arts8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,z to ! arts g5]ally1 !y are = ! mo/ "p conc]n$ ) do+1 & require little or no speak+2 9 pa9t+1 & /atu>y1 & _m o!r arts1 ! "w may proce$ 9 sil5ce2 & ( su* arts ,i suppose y w\ld say t !y d n come )9 ! prov9ce ( rhetoric4 ,gor4 ,y p]fectly conceive my mean+1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,y mean to say t rhetoric belongs to t class ( arts :i* is *iefly conc]n$ ) words4 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric & ari?metic4 ,soc4 ,b !re are o!r arts :i* "w :olly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language1 & require ei!r no action or v little1 z1 = example1 ! arts ( ari?metic1 ( calculation1 ( geometry1 & ( play+ draughts2 9 "s ( ^! spee* is pretty ne>ly coext5sive ) action1 b 9 mo/ ( !m ! v]bal elem5t is great]--!y dep5d :olly on words = _! efficacy & p[]3 & ,i take y\r mean+ to be t rhetoric is an art ( ?is latt] sort8 ,gor4 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,& yet y w\ld n call ari?metic rhetoric4 ,soc4 ,& yet ,i d n believe t y really mean to call any ( ^! arts rhetoric2 al?\gh ! precise expression :i* y us$ 01 t rhetoric is an art :i* works & takes effect only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( disc\rse2 & an adv]s>y :o wi%$ to be capti\s might say1 #8,& s1 ,gorgias1 y call ari?metic rhetoric4' ,b ,i d n ?9k t y really call ari?metic rhetoric any m ?an geometry w\ld be s call$ by y4 #dea ,gor4 ,y are q "r1 ,socrates1 9 y\r appreh5sion ( my mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 let me n[ h ! re/ ( my answ]3--see+ t rhetoric is "o ( ^? arts :i* works ma9ly by ! use ( words1 & !re are o!r arts :i* also use words1 tell me :at is t quality 9 words ) :i* rhetoric is conc]n$3--,suppose t a p]son asks me ab\t "s ( ! arts :i* ,i 0 m5tion+ j n[2 he might say1 #8,socrates1 :at is ari?metic8' & ,i %\ld reply to him1 z y repli$ to me1 t ari?metic is "o ( ^? arts :i* take effect ?r\gh words4 ,& !n he w\ld proce$ to ask3 #8,words ab\t :at8' & ,i %\ld reply1 ,words ab\t odd & ev5 numb]s1 & h[ _m !re are ( ea*4 ,& if he ask$ aga93 #8,:at is ! art ( calculation8' ,i %\ld say1 ,t also is "o ( ! arts :i* is conc]n$ :olly ) words4 ,& if he fur!r said1 #8,conc]n$ ) :at8' ,i %\ld say1 l ! cl]ks 9 ! assembly1 #8z a=esaid' ( ari?metic1 b ) a diff]5ce1 ! diff]5ce be+ t ! art ( calculation consid]s n only ! quantities ( odd & ev5 numb]s1 b also _! num]ical relations to !mselves & to "o ano!r4 ,& suppose1 aga91 ,i 7 to say t a/ronomy is only words--he w\ld ask1 #8,words ab\t :at1 ,socrates8' & ,i %\ld answ]1 t a/ronomy tells u ab\t ! motions ( ! />s & sun & moon1 & _! relative swiftness4 ,gor4 ,y w\ld be q "r1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old dr9k+ song4 ,soc4 ,& n[ let u h f y1 ,gorgias1 ! tru? ab\t rhetoric3 :i* y w\ld admit 7w\ld y n87 to be "o ( ^? arts :i* act always & fulfil all _! ends ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words8 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric has to d ) words3 ab\t ! greate/ & be/ ( human ?+s4 ,gor4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,words :i* d :at8 ,i %\ld ask4 ,to :at class ( ?+s d ! words :i* rhetoric uses relate8 ,gor4 ,to ! greate/1 ,socrates1 & ! be/ ( human ?+s4 ,soc4 ,t aga91 ,gorgias1 is ambigu\s2 ,i am /ill 9 ! d>k3 = :i* are ! greate/ & be/ ( human ?+s8 ,i d>e say t y h he>d m5 s++ at fea/s ! old dr9k+ song1 9 :i* ! s+]s enum]ate ! goods ( life1 fir/ heal?1 beauty next1 ?irdly1 z ! writ] ( ! song says1 weal? hone/ly obta9$4 ,gor4 ,yes1 ,i "k ! song2 b :at is y\r drift8 #deb ,sid5ote3 ,b :i* are !y8 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias is br\ght to ! po9t4 ,soc4 ,i mean to say1 t ! produc]s ( ^? ?+s :i* ! au?or ( ! song praises1 t is to say1 ! physician1 ! tra9]1 ! money-mak]1 w at once come to y1 & fir/ ! physician w say3 #8,o ,socrates1 ,gorgias is deceiv+ y1 = my art is conc]n$ ) ! greate/ good ( m5 & n 84' ,& :5 ,i ask1 ,:o are y8 he w reply1 #8,i am a physician4' ,:at d y mean8 ,i %all say4 ,d y mean t y\r art produces ! greate/ good8 #8,c]ta9ly1' he w answ]1 #8= is n heal? ! greate/ good8 ,:at great] good c m5 h1 ,socrates8' ,& aft] him ! tra9] w come & say1 #8,i too1 ,socrates1 %all be greatly surpris$ if ,gorgias c %[ m good ( 8 art ?an ,i c %[ ( m9e4' ,to him aga9 ,i %all say1 ,:o are y1 hone/ fri5d1 & :at is y\r bus9ess8 #8,i am a tra9]1' he w reply1 #8& my bus9ess is to make m5 beautiful & /rong 9 body4' ,:5 ,i h done ) ! tra9]1 !re arrives ! money-mak]1 & he1 z ,i expect1 w utt]ly despise !m all4 #8,consid]1 ,socrates1' he w say1 #8:e!r ,gorgias or any "o else c produce any great] good ?an weal?4' ,well1 y & ,i say to him1 & are y a creator ( weal?8 #8,yes1' he replies4 ,& :o are y8 #8,a money-mak]4' ,& d y consid] weal? to be ! greate/ good ( man8 #8,( c\rse1' w be 8 reply4 ,& we %all rejo93 ,yes2 b our fri5d ,gorgias cont5ds t 8 art produces a great] good ?an y\rs4 ,& !n he w be sure to g on & ask1 #8,:at good8 ,let ,gorgias answ]4' ,n[ ,i want y1 ,gorgias1 to imag9e t ?is "q is ask$ ( y by !m & by me2 ,:at is t :i*1 z y say1 is ! greate/ good ( man1 & ( :i* y are ! creator8 ,answ] u4 ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om & p[]1 & ! ^w :i* gives !m4 ,gor4 ,t good1 ,socrates1 :i* is truly ! greate/1 be+ t :i* gives to m5 fre$om 9 _! own p]sons1 & to individuals ! p[] ( rul+ ov] o!rs 9 _! sev]al /ates4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y consid] ?is to be8 ,gor4 ,:at is !re great] ?an ! ^w :i* p]suades ! judges 9 ! c\rts1 or ! s5ators 9 ! c\ncil1 or ! citiz5s 9 ! assembly1 or at any o!r political meet+8--if y h ! p[] ( utt]+ ?is ^w1 y w h ! physician y\r slave1 & ! tra9] y\r slave1 & ! money-mak] ( :om y talk w be f\nd to ga!r treasures1 n = himself1 b = y :o are able to speak & to p]suade ! multitude4 ,soc4 ,n[ ,i ?9k1 ,gorgias1 t y h v accurately expla9$ :at y conceive to be ! art ( rhetoric2 & y mean to say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t rhetoric is ! #dec artific] ( p]suasion1 hav+ ?is & no o!r bus9ess1 & t ?is is h] cr[n & end4 ,d y "k any o!r effect ( rhetoric ov] & above t ( produc+ p]suasion8 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric is ! art ( p]suad+1 says ,gorgias4 ,gor4 ,no3 ! def9ition seems to me v fair1 ,socrates2 = p]suasion is ! *ief end ( rhetoric4 ,soc4 ,!n he> me1 ,gorgias1 = ,i am q sure t if !re ev] 0 a man :o ent]$ on ! discussion ( a matt] f a pure love ( kn[+ ! tru?1 ,i am su* a "o1 & ,i %\ld say ! same ( y4 ,gor4 ,:at is com+1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates insi/s on tak+ #8"o /ep at a "t4' ,soc4 ,i w tell y3 ,i am v well aw>e t ,i d n "k :at1 accord+ to y1 is ! exact nature1 or :at are ! topics ( t p]suasion ( :i* y speak1 & :i* is giv5 by rhetoric2 al?\gh ,i h a suspicion ab\t bo? ! "o & ! o!r4 ,& ,i am go+ to ask--:at is ?is p[] ( p]suasion :i* is giv5 by rhetoric1 & ab\t :at8 ,b :y1 if ,i h a suspicion1 d ,i ask in/ead ( tell+ y8 ,n = y\r sake1 b 9 ord] t ! argum5t may proce$ 9 su* a mann] z is mo/ likely to set =? ! tru?4 ,& ,i w\ld h y obs]ve1 t ,i am "r 9 ask+ ?is fur!r "q3 ,if ,i ask$1 #8,:at sort ( a pa9t] is ,zeuxis8' & y said1 #8,! pa9t] ( figures1' %\ld ,i n be "r 9 ask+1 #8,:at k9d ( figures1 & :]e d y f9d !m8' ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& ! reason = ask+ ?is second "q w\ld be1 t !re are o!r pa9t]s besides1 :o pa9t _m o!r figures8 ,gor4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b if !re _h be5 no "o b ,zeuxis :o pa9t$ !m1 !n y w\ld h answ]$ v well8 ,gor4 ,q s4 ,sid5ote3 ,b s is ari?metic1 s is pa9t+4 ,soc4 ,n[ ,i want to "k ab\t rhetoric 9 ! same way2--is rhetoric ! only art :i* br+s p]suasion1 or d o!r arts h ! same effect8 ,i mean to say--,does he :o tea*es any?+ p]suade m5 ( t :i* he tea*es or n8 ,gor4 ,he p]suades1 ,socrates1--!re c be no mi/ake ab\t t4 ,soc4 ,aga91 if we take ! arts ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+3--d n ari?metic & ! ari?meticians tea* u ! prop]ties ( numb]8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e p]suade u ( !m8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ari?metic z well z rhetoric is an artific] ( p]suasion8 ,gor4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& if any "o asks u :at sort ( p]suasion1 & ab\t :at1--we %all answ]1 p]suasion :i* tea*es ! quantity ( odd & ev52 & we %all be able to %[ t all ! o!r arts ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+ are #ded artific]s ( p]suasion1 & ( :at sort1 & ab\t :at4 ,gor4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n rhetoric is n ! only artific] ( p]suasion8 ,gor4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,k & belief4 ,sid5ote3 ,( :at p]suasion is rhetoric ! artific]8 ,soc4 ,see+1 !n1 t n only rhetoric works by p]suasion1 b t o!r arts d ! same1 z 9 ! case ( ! pa9t]1 a "q has aris5 :i* is a v fair "o3 ,( :at p]suasion is rhetoric ! artific]1 & ab\t :at8--is n t a fair way ( putt+ ! "q8 ,gor4 ,i ?9k s4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if y approve ! "q1 ,gorgias1 :at is ! answ]8 ,sid5ote3 ,( p]suasion 9 ! c\rts & assemblies ab\t ! j & unju/4 ,gor4 ,i answ]1 ,socrates1 t rhetoric is ! art ( p]suasion 9 c\rts ( law & o!r assemblies1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 & ab\t ! j & unju/4 ,soc4 ,& t1 ,gorgias1 0 :at ,i 0 suspect+ to be y\r notion2 yet ,i w\ld n h y wond] if by-&-by ,i am f\nd repeat+ a seem+ly pla9 "q2 = ,i ask n 9 ord] to confute y1 b z ,i 0 say+ t ! argum5t may proce$ consecutively1 & t we may n get ! habit ( anticipat+ & suspect+ ! mean+ ( "o ano!r's words2 ,i w\ld h y develope y\r own views 9 y\r own way1 :atev] may be y\r hypo!sis4 ,gor4 ,i ?9k t y are q "r1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!n let me raise ano!r "q2 !re is su* a ?+ z #8hav+ le>n$'8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !re is also #8hav+ believ$'8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,k & belief are n ! same ?+s2 = !re may be a false belief1 b n a false k4 ,soc4 ,& is ! #8hav+ le>n$' ! same z #8hav+ believ$1' & are le>n+ & belief ! same ?+s8 ,gor4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ,socrates1 !y are n ! same4 ,soc4 ,& y\r judgm5t is "r1 z y may asc]ta9 9 ?is way3--,if a p]son 7 to say to y1 #8,is !re1 ,gorgias1 a false belief z well z a true8'--y w\ld reply1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t !re is4 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,well1 b is !re a false k z well z a true8 ,gor4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,no1 inde$2 & ?is aga9 proves t k & belief diff]4 ,gor4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& yet ^? :o h le>n$ z well z ^? :o h believ$ are p]suad$8 ,sid5ote3 ,:at d we really mean conc]n+ rhetoric8 ,gor4 ,j s4 ,soc4 ,%all we !n assume two sorts ( p]suasion1--"o :i* is ! s\rce ( belief )\t k1 z ! o!r is ( k8 ,gor4 ,by all means4 ,soc4 ,& :i* sort ( p]suasion does rhetoric create 9 c\rts ( law & o!r assemblies ab\t ! j & unju/1 ! sort ( p]suasion :i* gives belief )\t k1 or t :i* gives k8 ,gor4 ,cle>ly1 ,socrates1 t :i* only gives belief4 #dee ,sid5ote3 ,& rhetoric is only ! creator ( a belief1 b gives no in/ruction4 ,soc4 ,!n rhetoric1 z w\ld appe>1 is ! artific] ( a p]suasion :i* creates belief ab\t ! j & unju/1 b gives no in/ruction ab\t !m8 ,gor4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ! rhetorician does n in/ruct ! c\rts ( law or o!r assemblies ab\t ?+s j & unju/1 b he creates belief ab\t !m2 = no "o c be suppos$ to in/ruct su* a va/ multitude ab\t su* high matt]s 9 a %ort "t8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r is ! rhetorician tak5 into c\nsel :5 any?+ has to be done4 ,soc4 ,come1 !n1 & let u see :at we really mean ab\t rhetoric2 = ,i d n "k :at my own mean+ is z yet4 ,:5 ! assembly meets to elect a physician or a %ipwright or any o!r craftsman1 w ! rhetorician be tak5 into c\nsel8 ,surely n4 ,= at e election he ought to be *os5 :o is mo/ skill$2 &1 aga91 :5 walls h to be built or h>b\rs or docks to be con/ruct$1 n ! rhetorician b ! ma/] workman w advise2 or :5 g5]als h to be *os5 & an ord] ( battle arrang$1 or a position tak51 !n ! milit>y w advise & n ! rhetoricians3 :at d y say1 ,gorgias8 ,s9ce y pr(ess to be a rhetorician & a mak] ( rhetoricians1 ,i _c d bett] ?an le>n ! nature ( y\r art f y4 ,& "h let me assure y t ,i h y\r int]e/ 9 view z well z my own4 ,= likely en\gh "s "o or o!r ( ! "y m5 pres5t might desire to become y\r pupil1 & 9 fact ,i see "s1 & a good _m too1 :o h ?is wi%1 b !y w\ld be too mode/ to "q y4 ,& !re=e :5 y are int]rogat$ by me1 ,i w\ld h y imag9e t y are int]rogat$ by !m4 #8,:at is ! use ( com+ to y1 ,gorgias8' !y w say--#8ab\t :at w y tea* u to advise ! /ate8--ab\t ! j & unju/ only1 or ab\t ^? o!r ?+s also :i* ,socrates has j m5tion$8' ,h[ w y answ] !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,gorgias & 8 bro!r ,h]odicus4 ,sid5ote3 ,b1 says ,gorgias1 he w p]suade p to d x4 ,gor4 ,i l y\r way ( lead+ u on1 ,socrates1 & ,i w endeav\r to reveal to y ! :ole nature ( rhetoric4 ,y mu/ h he>d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! docks & ! walls ( ! ,a!nians & ! plan ( ! h>b\r 7 devis$ 9 accordance ) ! c\nsels1 p>tly ( ,!mi/ocles1 & p>tly ( ,p]icles1 & n at ! sugge/ion ( ! build]s4 ,soc4 ,su* is ! tradition1 ,gorgias1 ab\t ,!mi/ocles2 & ,i myself he>d ! spee* ( ,p]icles :5 he advis$ u ab\t ! middle wall4 ,gor4 ,& y w obs]ve1 ,socrates1 t :5 a decision #def has to be giv5 9 su* matt]s ! rhetoricians are ! advis]s2 !y are ! m5 :o w9 _! po9t4 ,soc4 ,i _h t 9 my admir+ m9d1 ,gorgias1 :5 ,i ask$ :at is ! nature ( rhetoric1 :i* always appe>s to me1 :5 ,i look at ! matt] 9 ?is way1 to be a m>vel ( greatness4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rhetorician m ?an a mat* = a man ( any o!r pr(ession4 ,sid5ote3 ,! apology ( ,gorgias4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 pupils may make a bad use ( 8 in/ructions1 b he is n to be blam$ = ?is4 ,gor4 ,a m>vel1 inde$1 ,socrates1 if y only knew h[ rhetoric compreh5ds & holds "u h] sway all ! inf]ior arts4 ,let me (f] y a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i h be5 ) my bro!r ,h]odicus or "s o!r physician to see "o ( 8 pati5ts1 :o w\ld n all[ ! physician to give him m$ic9e1 or apply ! knife or hot iron to him2 & ,i h p]suad$ him to d = me :at he w\ld n d = ! physician j by ! use ( rhetoric4 ,& ,i say t if a rhetorician & a physician 7 to g to any city1 & _h !re to argue 9 ! ,ecclesia or any o!r assembly z to :i* ( !m %\ld be elect$ /ate-physician1 ! physician w\ld h no *ance2 b he :o c\ld speak w\ld be *os5 if he wi%$2 & 9 a conte/ ) a man ( any o!r pr(ession ! rhetorician m ?an any "o w\ld h ! p[] ( gett+ himself *os51 = he c speak m p]suasively to ! multitude ?an any ( !m1 & on any subject4 ,su* is ! nature & p[] ( ! art ( rhetoric6 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 rhetoric %\ld be us$ l any o!r competitive art1 n aga9/ ev]ybody1--! rhetorician ought n to abuse 8 /r5g? any m ?an a pugili/ or pancratia/ or o!r ma/] ( f5ce2--because he has p[]s :i* are m ?an a mat* ei!r = fri5d or enemy1 he ought n !re=e to /rike1 /ab1 or slay 8 fri5ds4 ,suppose a man to h be5 tra9$ 9 ! pale/ra & to be a skilful box]1--he 9 ! fulness ( 8 /r5g? goes & /rikes 8 fa!r or "m or "o ( 8 famili>s or fri5ds2 b t is no reason :y ! tra9]s or f5c+-ma/]s %\ld be held 9 dete/ation or bani%$ f ! city2--surely n4 ,= !y taught _! art = a good purpose1 to be us$ aga9/ enemies & evil-do]s1 9 self-def5ce n 9 aggression1 & o!rs h p]v]t$ _! in/ructions1 & turn$ to a bad use _! own /r5g? #deg & skill4 ,b n on ?is acc\nt are ! tea*]s bad1 nei!r is ! art 9 fault1 or bad 9 itself2 ,i %\ld r say t ^? :o make a bad use ( ! art are to blame4 ,& ! same argum5t holds good ( rhetoric2 = ! rhetorician c speak aga9/ all m5 & ^u any subject1--9 %ort1 he c p]suade ! multitude bett] ?an any o!r man ( any?+ :i* he pleases1 b he %\ld n !re=e seek to defraud ! physician or any o!r arti/ ( 8 reputation m]ely because he has ! p[]2 he ought to use rhetoric fairly1 z he w\ld also use 8 a?letic p[]s4 ,& if aft] hav+ become a rhetorician he makes a bad use ( 8 /r5g? & skill1 8 in/ructor surely ought n on t acc\nt to be held 9 dete/ation or bani%$4 ,= he 0 int5d$ by 8 tea*] to make a good use ( 8 in/ructions1 b he abuses !m4 ,& !re=e he is ! p]son :o ought to be held 9 dete/ation1 bani%$1 & put to dea?1 & n 8 in/ructor4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ,gorgias1 l ,socrates1 is "o ( ^? :o rejoice 9 be+ refut$1 he w\ld l to cross-exam9e him2 if n1 n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inconsi/5cy ( ,gorgias4 ,soc4 ,y1 ,gorgias1 l myself1 h _h great exp]i5ce ( disputations1 & y mu/ h obs]v$1 ,i ?9k1 t !y d n always t]m9ate 9 mutual edification1 or 9 ! def9ition by ei!r p>ty ( ! subjects :i* !y are discuss+2 b disagreem5ts are apt to arise--somebody says t ano!r has n spok5 truly or cle>ly2 & !n !y get into a passion & beg9 to qu>rel1 bo? p>ties conceiv+ t _! oppon5ts are argu+ f p]sonal feel+ only & jeal\sy ( !mselves1 n f any int]e/ 9 ! "q at issue4 ,& sometimes !y w g on abus+ "o ano!r until ! company at la/ are q vex$ at !mselves = ev] li/5+ to su* fell[s4 ,:y d ,i say ?is8 ,:y1 because ,i _c help feel+ t y are n[ say+ :at is n q consi/5t or accordant ) :at y 7 say+ at fir/ ab\t rhetoric4 ,& ,i am afraid to po9t ?is out to y1 le/ y %\ld ?9k t ,i h "s animosity aga9/ y1 & t ,i speak1 n = ! sake ( discov]+ ! tru?1 b f jeal\sy ( y4 ,n[ if y are "o ( my sort1 ,i %\ld l to cross-exam9e y1 b if n ,i w let y alone4 ,& :at is my sort8 #deh y w ask4 ,i am "o ( ^? :o are v will+ to be refut$ if ,i say any?+ :i* is n true1 & v will+ to refute any "o else :o says :at is n true1 & q z ready to be refut$ z to refute2 = ,i hold t ?is is ! great] ga9 ( ! two1 j z ! ga9 is great] ( be+ cur$ ( a v great evil ?an ( cur+ ano!r4 ,= ,i imag9e t !re is no evil :i* a man c endure s great z an errone\s op9ion ab\t ! matt]s ( :i* we are speak+2 & if y claim to be "o ( my sort1 let u h ! discussion out1 b if y w\ld r h done1 no matt]2--let u make an end ( x4 ,gor4 ,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t ,i am q ! man :om y indicate2 b1 p]haps1 we ought to consid] ! audi5ce1 =1 be=e y came1 ,i _h already giv5 a long exhibition1 & if we proce$ ! argum5t may run on to a great l5g?4 ,& !re=e ,i ?9k t we %\ld consid] :e!r we may n be deta9+ "s "p ( ! company :5 !y are want+ to d some?+ else4 ,sid5ote3 ,delight ( ! audi5ce at ! prospect ( an argum5t4 ,*a]4 ,y he> ! audi5ce *e]+1 ,gorgias & ,socrates1 :i* %[s _! desire to li/5 to y2 & = myself1 ,heav5 =bid t ,i %\ld h any bus9ess on h& :i* w\ld take me away f a discussion s int]e/+ & s ably ma9ta9$4 ,cal4 ,by ! gods1 ,*a]ephon1 al?\gh ,i h be5 pres5t at _m discussions1 ,i d\bt :e!r ,i 0 ev] s mu* delight$ be=e1 & !re=e if y g on disc\rs+ all day ,i %all be ! bett] pleas$4 ,soc4 ,i may truly say1 ,callicles1 t ,i am will+1 if ,gorgias is4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rhetorician ne$ only "k appe>ance4 ,gor4 ,aft] all ?is1 ,socrates1 ,i %\ld be disgrac$ if ,i refus$1 especially z ,i h promis$ to answ] all com]s2 9 accordance ) ! wi%es ( ! company1 !n1 d y beg91 & ask ( me any "q :i* y l4 ,soc4 ,let me tell y !n1 ,gorgias1 :at surprises me 9 y\r words2 ?\gh ,i d>e say t y may be "r1 & ,i may h misund]/ood y\r mean+4 ,y say t y c make any man1 :o w le>n ( y1 a rhetorician8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,d y mean t y w tea* him to ga9 ! e>s ( ! multitude on any subject1 & ?is n by in/ruction b by p]suasion8 #dei ,gor4 ,q s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rhetorician has great] p[]s ( p]suasion ) ! mob ?an e4 g4 ! physician4 ,soc4 ,y 7 say+1 9 fact1 t ! rhetorician w h great] p[]s ( p]suasion ?an ! physician ev5 9 a matt] ( heal?8 ,gor4 ,yes1 ) ! multitude1--t is4 ,soc4 ,y mean to say1 ) ! ignorant2 = ) ^? :o "k he _c be suppos$ to h great] p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,gor4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m ignorant !re=e w h m p[] ?an he :o kn[s4 ,soc4 ,b if he is to h m p[] ( p]suasion ?an ! physician1 he w h great] p[] ?an he :o kn[s8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,al?\gh he is n a physician3--is he8 ,gor4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,& he :o is n a physician mu/1 obvi\sly1 be ignorant ( :at ! physician kn[s4 ,gor4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,!n1 :5 ! rhetorician is m p]suasive ?an ! physician1 ! ignorant is m p]suasive ) ! ignorant ?an he :o has k8--is n t ! inf]5ce8 ,gor4 ,9 ! case suppos$3--yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! same holds ( ! relation ( rhetoric to all ! o!r arts2 ! rhetorician ne$ n "k ! tru? ab\t ?+s2 he has only to discov] "s way ( p]suad+ ! ignorant t he has m k ?an ^? :o "k8 ,sid5ote3 ,! false analogy ( ! arts4 ,gor4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & is n ?is a great com=t8--n to h le>n$ ! o!r arts1 b ! art ( rhetoric only1 & yet to be 9 no way inf]ior to ! pr(essors ( !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,& is ! rhetorician z ignorant ( good & evil1 j & unju/1 z ab\t special arts2 or w ,gorgias tea* him ^! ?+s fir/8 ,soc4 ,:e!r ! rhetorician is or is n inf]ior on ?is acc\nt is a "q :i* we w h]eaft] exam9e if ! enquiry is likely to be ( any s]vice to u2 b ,i w\ld r beg9 by ask+1 :e!r he is or is n z ignorant ( ! j & unju/1 base & hon\rable1 good & evil1 z he is ( m$ic9e & ! o!r arts2 ,i mean to say1 does he really "k any?+ ( :at is good & evil1 base or hon\rable1 j or unju/ 9 !m2 or has he only a way ) ! ignorant ( p]suad+ !m t he n kn[+ is to be e/eem$ to "k m ab\t ^! ?+s ?an "s "o else :o kn[s8 ,or mu/ ! pupil "k ^! ?+s & come to y kn[+ !m be=e he c acquire ! art ( rhetoric8 ,if he is ignorant1 y :o are ! tea*] ( rhetoric w n tea* him--x is n y\r bus9ess2 b y w make him seem to ! multitude to "k !m1 :5 he does n "k !m2 & seem to be a good man1 :5 he is n4 ,or w y be unable to tea* him rhetoric #dfj at all1 unless he kn[s ! tru? ( ^! ?+s fir/8 ,:at is to be said ab\t all ?is8 ,by heav51 ,gorgias1 ,i wi% t y w\ld reveal to me ! p[] ( rhetoric1 z y 7 say+ t y w\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,he mu/ be taught4 ,gor4 ,well1 ,socrates1 ,i suppose t if ! pupil does *ance n to "k !m1 he w h to le>n ( me ^! ?+s z well4 ,soc4 ,say no m1 = !re y are "r2 & s he :om y make a rhetorician mu/ ei!r "k ! nature ( ! j & unju/ already1 or he mu/ be taught by y4 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,well1 & is n he :o has le>n$ c>p5t]+ a c>p5t]8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he :o has le>n$ music a musician8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he :o has le>n$ m$ic9e is a physician1 9 l mann]8 ,he :o has le>n$ any?+ :atev] is t :i* 8 k makes him4 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inconsi/5cy ( ,gorgias po9t$ out4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ! same way1 he :o has le>n$ :at is j is j8 ,gor4 ,to be sure4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o has le>n$ :at is j1 is admitt$ to be j & to act ju/ly4 ,b if s1 ! rhetorician1 hav+ le>n$ :at is j1 mu/ act ju/ly1 & c nev] !re=e make an ill use ( rhetoric4 ,soc4 ,& he :o is j may be suppos$ to d :at is j8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& mu/ n#cj ! j man always desire to d :at is j8 ,gor4 ,t is cle>ly ! inf]5ce4 ,soc4 ,surely1 !n1 ! j man w nev] cons5t to d inju/ice8 ,gor4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& accord+ to ! argum5t ! rhetorician mu/ be a j man8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w !re=e nev] be will+ to d inju/ice8 ,gor4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,b d y rememb] say+ j n[ t ! tra9] is n to be accus$ or bani%$ if ! pugili/ makes a wrong use ( 8 pugili/ic art2 & 9 l mann]1 if ! rhetorician makes a bad & unju/ use ( 8 rhetoric1 t is n to be laid to ! *>ge ( 8 tea*]1 :o is n to be bani%$1 b ! wrong-do] himself :o made a bad use ( 8 rhetoric--he is to be bani%$--0 n t said8 ,gor4 ,yes1 x 04 ,soc4 ,b n[ we are affirm+ t ! a=esaid rhetorician w nev] h done inju/ice at all8 ,gor4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& at ! v outset1 ,gorgias1 x 0 said t rhetoric treat$ ( disc\rse1 n l ari?metic ab\t odd & ev51 b ab\t j & unju/8 ,0 n ?is said8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,a *ange 9 ! p>ts4 ,soc4 ,i 0 ?9k+ at ! "t1 :5 ,i he>d y say+ s1 t rhetoric1 :i* is always disc\rs+ ab\t ju/ice1 c\ld n possibly be an unju/ ?+4 ,b :5 y add$1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 t ! rhetorician might make a bad use ( rhetoric ,i not$ ) surprise ! inconsi/5cy into :i* #dfa y _h fall52 & ,i said1 t if y ?\ght1 z ,i did1 t !re 0 a ga9 9 be+ refut$1 !re w\ld be an advantage 9 go+ on ) ! "q1 b if n1 ,i w\ld leave (f4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( our inve/igations1 z y w see y\rself1 ! rhetorician has be5 ackn[l$g$ to be incapable ( mak+ an unju/ use ( rhetoric1 or ( will+ness to d inju/ice4 ,by ! dog1 ,gorgias1 !re w be a great deal ( discussion1 be=e we get at ! tru? ( all ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p>adoxes ( ,socrates ar\se ! ire ( ,polus4 ,polus4 ,& d ev5 y1 ,socrates1 s]i\sly believe :at y are n[ say+ ab\t rhetoric8 ,:at6 because ,gorgias 0 a%am$ to d5y t ! rhetorician knew ! j & ! hon\rable & ! good1 & admitt$ t to any "o :o came to him ignorant ( !m he c\ld tea* !m1 & !n out ( ?is admission !re arose a contradiction--! ?+ :i* y s de>ly love1 & to :i* n he1 b y1 br\ght ! argum5t by y\r capti\s que/ions--d y s]i\sly believe t !re is any tru? 9 all ?is8 ,= w any "o ev] ackn[l$ge t he does n "k1 or _c tea*1 ! nature ( ju/ice8 ,! tru? is1 t !re is great want ( mann]s 9 br++ ! argum5t to su* a pass4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is will+ en\gh to receive 8 correction1 if he w only be brief4 ,soc4 ,illu/ri\s ,polus1 ! reason :y we provide ourselves ) fri5ds & *ildr5 is1 t :5 we get old & /umble1 a y\ng] g5]ation may be at h& to set u on our legs aga9 9 our words & 9 our actions3 & n[1 if ,i & ,gorgias are /umbl+1 "h are y :o %\ld raise u up2 & ,i = my "p engage to retract any error into :i* y may ?9k t ,i h fall5--^u "o condition3 ,pol4 ,:at condition8 ,soc4 ,t y contract1 ,polus1 ! prolixity ( spee* 9 :i* y indulg$ at fir/4 ,sid5ote3 #8,am ,i to be depriv$ ( spee* 9 a free /ate8' ,pol4 ,:at6 d y mean t ,i may n use z _m words z ,i please8 ,sid5ote3 #8,am ,i to be compell$ to li/58' ,sid5ote3 ,socrates asks in/ead ( answ]+4 ,soc4 ,only to ?9k1 my fri5d1 t hav+ come on a visit to ,a!ns1 :i* is ! mo/ free-spok5 /ate 9 ,hellas1 y :5 y got !re1 & y alone1 %\ld be depriv$ ( ! p[] ( spee*--t w\ld be h>d inde$4 ,b !n consid] my case3--%all n ,i be v h>dly us$1 if1 :5 y are mak+ a long oration1 & refus+ to answ] :at y are ask$1 ,i am compell$ to /ay & li/5 to y1 & may #dfb n g away8 ,i say r1 if y h a real int]e/ 9 ! argum5t1 or1 to repeat my =m] expression1 h any desire to set x on its legs1 take back any /atem5t :i* y please2 & 9 y\r turn ask & answ]1 l myself & ,gorgias--refute & be refut$3 = ,i suppose t y w\ld claim to "k :at ,gorgias kn[s--w\ld y n8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& y1 l him1 invite any "o to ask y ab\t any?+ :i* he pleases1 & y w "k h[ to answ] him8 ,pol4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& n[1 :i* w y d1 ask or answ]8 ,pol4 ,i w ask2 & d y answ] me1 ,socrates1 ! same "q :i* ,gorgias1 z y suppose1 is unable to answ]3 ,:at is rhetoric8 ,soc4 ,d y mean :at sort ( an art8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates 9 8 answ] contrives to give ,polus a lesson4 ,soc4 ,to say ! tru?1 ,polus1 x is n an art at all1 9 my op9ion4 ,pol4 ,!n :at1 9 y\r op9ion1 is rhetoric8 ,soc4 ,a ?+ :i*1 z ,i 0 lately read+ 9 a book ( y\rs1 y say creat$ art4 ,pol4 ,:at ?+8 ,soc4 ,i %\ld say a sort ( exp]i5ce4 ,pol4 ,does rhetoric seem to y to be an exp]i5ce8 ,soc4 ,t is my view1 b y may be ( ano!r m9d4 ,pol4 ,an exp]i5ce 9 :at8 ,soc4 ,an exp]i5ce 9 produc+ a sort ( delight & gratification4 ,pol4 ,& if able to gratify o!rs1 mu/ n rhetoric be a f9e ?+8 ,soc4 ,:at are y say+1 ,polus8 ,:y d y ask me :e!r rhetoric is a f9e ?+ or n1 :5 ,i h n z yet told y :at rhetoric is8 ,pol4 ,did ,i n he> y say t rhetoric 0 a sort ( exp]i5ce8 ,soc4 ,w y1 :o are s desir\s to gratify o!rs1 af=d a slight gratification to me8 ,pol4 ,i w4 ,soc4 ,w y ask me1 :at sort ( an art is cook]y8 ,pol4 ,:at sort ( an art is cook]y8 ,sid5ote3 ,once m1 #8,:at is rhetoric8' ,soc4 ,n an art at all1 ,polus4 ,pol4 ,:at !n8 ,soc4 ,i %\ld say an exp]i5ce4 ,pol4 ,9 :at8 ,i wi% t y w\ld expla9 to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,he puts rhetoric & cook]y 9 ! same class2 & t class is flatt]y4 ,soc4 ,an exp]i5ce 9 produc+ a sort ( delight & gratification1 ,polus4 ,pol4 ,!n are cook]y & rhetoric ! same8 ,soc4 ,no1 !y are only diff]5t p>ts ( ! same pr(ession4 ,pol4 ,( :at pr(ession8 ,soc4 ,i am afraid t ! tru? may seem disc\rte\s2 & ,i hesitate to answ]1 le/ ,gorgias %\ld imag9e t ,i am mak+ fun ( 8 own pr(ession4 ,= :e!r or no ?is is t art ( rhetoric :i* ,gorgias practises ,i #dfc really _c tell3--f :at he 0 j n[ say+1 no?+ appe>$ ( :at he ?\ght ( 8 art1 b ! rhetoric :i* ,i mean is a "p ( a n v cr$itable :ole4 ,gor4 ,a "p ( :at1 ,socrates8 ,say :at y mean1 & nev] m9d me4 ,soc4 ,9 my op9ion !n1 ,gorgias1 ! :ole ( :i* rhetoric is a "p is n an art at all1 b ! habit ( a bold & ready wit1 :i* kn[s h[ to manage mank9d3 ?is habit ,i sum up "u ! ^w #8flatt]y'2 & x appe>s to me to h _m o!r p>ts1 "o ( :i* is cook]y1 :i* may seem to be an art1 b1 z ,i ma9ta91 is only an exp]i5ce or r\t9e & n an art3--ano!r "p is rhetoric1 & ! art ( attir+ & sophi/ry are two o!rs3 ?us !re are f\r bran*es1 & f\r diff]5t ?+s answ]+ to !m4 ,& ,polus may ask1 if he likes1 = he has n z yet be5 in=m$1 :at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric3 he did n see t ,i _h n yet answ]$ him :5 he proce$$ to ask a fur!r "q3 ,:e!r ,i d n ?9k rhetoric a f9e ?+8 ,b ,i %all n tell him :e!r rhetoric is a f9e ?+ or n1 until ,i h fir/ answ]$1 #8,:at is rhetoric8' ,= t w\ld n be "r1 ,polus2 b ,i %all be happy to answ]1 if y w ask me1 ,:at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric8 ,pol4 ,i w ask1 & d y answ]8 ,:at "p ( flatt]y is rhetoric8 ,sid5ote3 ,%ams & flatt]ies4 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric is ! %ad[ ( a "p ( politics4 ,soc4 ,w y und]/& my answ]8 ,rhetoric1 accord+ to my view1 is ! gho/ or c\nt]feit ( a "p ( politics4 ,pol4 ,& noble or ignoble8 ,soc4 ,ignoble1 ,i %\ld say1 if ,i am compell$ to answ]1 = ,i call :at is bad ignoble3--?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r y und]/& :at ,i 0 say+ be=e4 ,gor4 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i _c say t ,i und]/& myself4 ,soc4 ,i d n wond]1 ,gorgias2 = ,i h n z yet expla9$ myself1 & our fri5d ,polus1 colt by "n & colt by nature1 is apt to run away#ca4 ,sid5ote3 #8,b :at 9 ! _w does ?is mean8' ,gor4 ,nev] m9d him1 b expla9 to me :at y mean by say+ t rhetoric is ! c\nt]feit ( a "p ( politics4 ,soc4 ,i w try1 !n1 to expla9 my notion ( rhetoric1 & if ,i am mi/ak51 my fri5d ,polus %all refute me4 ,we may #dfd assume ! exi/5ce ( bodies & ( s\ls8 ,gor4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,return+ to fir/ pr9ciples1 ,socrates assumes ! exi/5ce ( s\ls & bodies :i* may or may n be 9 a good condition1 real or app>5t4 ,soc4 ,y w\ld fur!r admit t !re is a good condition ( ei!r ( !m8 ,gor4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:i* condition may n be really good1 b good only 9 appe>ance8 ,i mean to say1 t !re are _m p]sons :o appe> to be 9 good heal?1 & :om only a physician or tra9] w disc]n at fir/ sight n to be 9 good heal?4 ,gor4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ?is applies n only to ! body1 b also to ! s\l3 9 ei!r !re may be t :i* gives ! appe>ance ( heal? & n ! reality8 ,gor4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ! s\l corresponds ! art ( politics :i* has two p>ts1 legislation & ju/ice1 & to ! body corresponds ano!r nameless art ( tra9+ :i* has two p>ts1 m$ic9e & gymna/ic2 & ^! f\r h f\r %ams correspond+ to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric & ,sophi/ic4 ,soc4 ,& n[ ,i w endeav\r to expla9 to y m cle>ly :at ,i mean3 ,! s\l & body be+ two1 h two arts correspond+ to !m3 !re is ! art ( politics att5d+ on ! s\l2 & ano!r art att5d+ on ! body1 ( :i* ,i "k no s+le "n1 b :i* may be describ$ z hav+ two divisions1 "o ( !m gymna/ic1 & ! o!r m$ic9e4 ,& 9 politics !re is a legislative "p1 :i* answ]s to gymna/ic1 z ju/ice does to m$ic9e2 & ! two p>ts run into "o ano!r1 ju/ice hav+ to d ) ! same subject z legislation1 & m$ic9e ) ! same subject z gymna/ic1 b ) a diff]5ce4 ,n[1 see+ t !re are ^! f\r arts1 two att5d+ on ! body & two on ! s\l = _! highe/ good2 flatt]y kn[+1 or r guess+ _! natures1 has di/ribut$ h]self into f\r %ams or simulations ( !m2 %e puts on ! lik5ess ( "s "o or o!r ( !m1 & pret5ds to be t :i* %e simulates1 & hav+ no reg>d = m5's highe/ int]e/s1 is ev] mak+ pleasure ! bait ( ! unw>y1 & deceiv+ !m into ! belief t %e is ( ! highe/ value to !m4 ,cook]y simulates ! disguise ( m$ic9e1 & pret5ds to "k :at food is ! be/ = ! body2 & if ! physician & ! cook _h to ent] into a competition 9 :i* *ildr5 7 ! judges1 or m5 :o _h no m s5se ?an *ildr51 z to :i* ( !m be/ und]/&s ! goodness or badness ( food1 ! physician w\ld be />v$ to dea?4 ,a flatt]y ,i deem ?is to be & ( an ignoble sort1 ,polus1 = to y #dfe ,i am n[ address+ myself1 because x aims at pleasure )\t any ?\ght ( ! be/4 ,an art ,i d n call x1 b only an exp]i5ce1 because x is unable to expla9 or to give a reason ( ! nature ( its own applications4 ,& ,i d n call any irrational ?+ an art2 b if y dispute my words1 ,i am prep>$ to argue 9 def5ce ( !m4 ,cook]y1 !n1 ,i ma9ta9 to be a flatt]y :i* takes ! =m ( m$ic9e2 & tir+1 9 l mann]1 is a flatt]y :i* takes ! =m ( gymna/ic1 & is knavi%1 false1 ignoble1 illib]al1 work+ deceitfully by ! help ( l9es1 & col\rs1 & enamels1 & g>m5ts1 & mak+ m5 affect a spuri\s beauty to ! neglect ( ! true beauty :i* is giv5 by gymna/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! %ams are cook+1 dress+ up1 sophi/ry1 rhetoric4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>d words pass betwe5 ,polus & ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates excuses himself = ! l5g? at :i* he has spok54 ,i w\ld r n be t$i\s1 & !re=e ,i w only say1 aft] ! mann] ( ! geometricians1 7= ,i ?9k t by ?is "t y w be able to foll[17 z tir+ 3 gymna/ic 33 cook]y 3 m$ic9e2 or r1 z tir+ 3 gymna/ic 33 sophi/ry 3 legislation2 & z cook]y 3 m$ic9e 33 rhetoric 3 ju/ice4 ,& ?is1 ,i say1 is ! natural diff]5ce betwe5 ! rhetorician & ! sophi/1 b by reason ( _! ne> connection1 !y are apt to be jumbl$ up toge!r1 nei!r d !y "k :at to make ( !mselves1 nor d o!r m5 "k :at to make ( !m4 ,= if ! body presid$ ov] itself1 & 7 n "u ! guidance ( ! s\l1 & ! s\l did n disc]n & discrim9ate betwe5 cook]y & m$ic9e1 b ! body 0 made ! judge ( !m1 & ! rule ( judgm5t 0 ! bodily delight :i* 0 giv5 by !m1 !n ! ^w ( ,anaxagoras1 t ^w ) :i* y1 fri5d ,polus1 are s well acqua9t$1 w\ld prevail f> & wide3 #8,*aos' w\ld come aga91 & cook]y1 heal?1 & m$ic9e w\ld m+le 9 an indiscrim9ate mass4 ,& n[ ,i h told y my notion ( rhetoric1 :i* is1 9 relation to ! s\l1 :at cook]y is to ! body4 ,i may h be5 inconsi/5t 9 mak+ a long spee*1 :5 ,i w\ld n all[ y to disc\rse at l5g?4 ,b ,i ?9k t ,i may be excus$1 because y did n und]/& me1 & c\ld make no use ( my answ] :5 ,i spoke %ortly1 & !re=e ,i _h to ent] into an explanation4 ,& if ,i %[ an #dff equal inability to make use ( y\rs1 ,i hope t y w speak at equal l5g?2 b if ,i am able to und]/& y1 let me h ! b5efit ( y\r brevity1 z is only fair3 ,& n[ y may d :at y please ) my answ]4 ,pol4 ,:at d y mean8 d y ?9k t rhetoric is flatt]y8 ,soc4 ,nay1 ,i said a "p ( flatt]y2 if at y\r age1 ,polus1 y _c rememb]1 :at w y d by-&-by1 :5 y get old]8 ,pol4 ,& are ! good rhetoricians meanly reg>d$ 9 /ates1 "u ! idea t !y are flatt]]s8 ,soc4 ,is t a "q or ! beg9n+ ( a spee*8 ,pol4 ,i am ask+ a "q4 ,soc4 ,!n my answ] is1 t !y are n reg>d$ at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus _c be made to und]/& t rhetoricians h no real p[] 9 a /ate1 because !y d n d :at !y ultimately w1 b only :at !y ?9k be/4 ,pol4 ,h[ n reg>d$8 ,h !y n v great p[] 9 /ates8 ,soc4 ,n if y mean to say t p[] is a good to ! possessor4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus is greatly irritat$ by ,socrates4 ,pol4 ,& t is :at ,i d mean to say4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if s1 ,i ?9k t !y h ! lea/ p[] ( all ! citiz5s4 ,pol4 ,:at6 are !y n l tyrants8 ,!y kill & despoil & exile any "o :om !y please4 ,soc4 ,by ! dog1 ,polus1 ,i _c make out at ea* deliv]ance ( y\rs1 :e!r y are giv+ an op9ion ( y\r own1 or ask+ a "q ( me4 ,pol4 ,i am ask+ a "q ( y4 ,soc4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 b y ask two que/ions at once4 ,pol4 ,h[ two que/ions8 ,soc4 ,:y1 did y n say j n[ t ! rhetoricians are l tyrants1 & t !y kill & despoil or exile any "o :om !y please8 ,pol4 ,i did4 ,soc4 ,well !n1 ,i say to y t "h are two que/ions 9 "o1 & ,i w answ] bo? ( !m4 ,& ,i tell y1 ,polus1 t rhetoricians & tyrants h ! lea/ possible p[] 9 /ates1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+2 = !y d lit]ally no?+ :i* !y w1 b only :at !y ?9k be/4 ,pol4 ,& is n t a great p[]8 ,soc4 ,polus has already said ! rev]se4 ,pol4 ,said ! rev]se6 nay1 t is :at ,i ass]t4 ,soc4 ,no1 by ! great--:at d y call him8--n y1 = y say t great p[] is a good to him :o has ! p[]4 ,pol4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y ma9ta9 t if a fool does :at he ?9ks be/1 ?is is a good1 & w\ld y call ?is great p[]8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 ,= a fool & a flatt]] _c "k :at is good4 ,soc4 ,!n y mu/ prove t ! rhetorician is n a fool1 & t rhetoric is an art & n a flatt]y--& s #dfg y w h refut$ me2 b if y leave me unrefut$1 :y1 ! rhetoricians :o d :at !y ?9k be/ 9 /ates1 & ! tyrants1 w h no?+ ^u :i* to congratulate !mselves1 if1 z y say1 p[] be inde$ a good1 admitt+ at ! same "t t :at is done )\t s5se is an evil4 ,pol4 ,yes2 ,i admit t4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at m5 w is n :at !y ?9k be/4 ,soc4 ,h[ !n c ! rhetoricians or ! tyrants h great p[] 9 /ates1 unless ,polus c refute ,socrates1 & prove to him t !y d z !y w8 ,pol4 ,?is fell[-- ,soc4 ,i say t !y d n d z !y w2--n[ refute me4 ,pol4 ,:y1 h y n already said t !y d z !y ?9k be/8 ,soc4 ,& ,i say s /ill4 ,pol4 ,!n surely !y d z !y w8 ,soc4 ,i d5y x4 ,pol4 ,b !y d :at !y ?9k be/8 ,soc4 ,aye4 ,pol4 ,t1 ,socrates1 is mon/r\s & absurd4 ,soc4 ,good words1 good ,polus1 z ,i may say 9 y\r own peculi> /yle2 b if y h any que/ions to ask ( me1 ei!r prove t ,i am 9 error or give ! answ] y\rself4 ,pol4 ,v well1 ,i am will+ to answ] t ,i may "k :at y mean4 ,soc4 ,d m5 appe> to y to w t :i* !y d1 or to w t fur!r end = ! sake ( :i* !y d a ?+8 :5 !y take m$ic9e1 = example1 at ! bidd+ ( a physician1 d !y w ! dr9k+ ( ! m$ic9e :i* is pa9ful1 or ! heal? = ! sake ( :i* !y dr9k8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly1 ! heal?4 ,soc4 ,& :5 m5 g on a voyage or engage 9 bus9ess1 !y d n w t :i* !y are do+ at ! "t2 = :o w\ld desire to take ! risk ( a voyage or ! tr\ble ( bus9ess8--,b !y w1 to h ! weal? = ! sake ( :i* !y g on a voyage4 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man _c w unless he kn[s ! ultimate good = ! sake ( :i* he acts4 ,soc4 ,& is n ?is univ]sally true8 ,if a man does some?+ = ! sake ( some?+ else1 he wills n t :i* he does1 b t = ! sake ( :i* he does x4 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are n all ?+s ei!r good or evil1 or int]m$iate & indiff]5t8 ,pol4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,good is ! end ( human action4 ,soc4 ,wisdom & heal? & weal? & ! l y w\ld call goods1 & _! opposites evils8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& ! ?+s :i* are nei!r good nor evil1 & #dfh :i* p>take sometimes ( ! nature ( good & at o!r times ( evil1 or ( nei!r1 are su* z sitt+1 walk+1 runn+1 sail+2 or1 aga91 wood1 /ones1 & ! l3--^! are ! ?+s :i* y call nei!r good nor evil8 ,pol4 ,exactly s4 ,soc4 ,are ^! indiff]5t ?+s done = ! sake ( ! good1 or ! good = ! sake ( ! indiff]5t8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly1 ! indiff]5t = ! sake ( ! good4 ,soc4 ,:5 we walk we walk = ! sake ( ! good1 & "u ! idea t x is bett] to walk1 & :5 we /& we /& equally = ! sake ( ! good8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :5 we kill a man we kill him or exile him or despoil him ( 8 goods1 because1 z we ?9k1 x w conduce to our good8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,m5 :o d any ( ^! ?+s d !m = ! sake ( ! good8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& did we n admit t 9 do+ some?+ = ! sake ( some?+ else1 we d n w ^? ?+s :i* we d1 b t o!r ?+ = ! sake ( :i* we d !m8 ,pol4 ,mo/ true4 ,soc4 ,!n we d n w simply to kill a man or to exile him or to despoil him ( 8 goods1 b we w to d t :i* conduces to our good1 & if ! act is n conducive to our good we d n w x2 = we w1 z y say1 t :i* is our good1 b t :i* is nei!r good nor evil1 or simply evil1 we d n w4 ,:y are y sil5t1 ,polus8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,pol4 ,y are "r4 ,soc4 ,h5ce we may inf]1 t if any "o1 :e!r he be a tyrant or a rhetorician1 kills ano!r or exiles ano!r or deprives him ( 8 prop]ty1 "u ! idea t ! act is = 8 own int]e/s :5 really n = 8 own int]e/s1 he may be said to d :at seems be/ to him8 ,sid5ote3 ,w is ! correlative ( good4 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,no man does :at he wills :o does :at is evil4 ,soc4 ,b does he d :at he wills if he does :at is evil8 ,:y d y n answ]8 ,pol4 ,well1 ,i suppose n4 ,soc4 ,!n if great p[] is a good z y all[1 w su* a "o h great p[] 9 a /ate8 ,pol4 ,he w n4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i 0 "r 9 say+ t a man may d :at seems good to him 9 a /ate1 & n h great p[]1 & n d :at he wills8 ,pol4 ,z ?\gh y1 ,socrates1 w\ld n l to h ! p[] ( do+ :at seem$ good to y 9 ! /ate1 r ?an n2 y w\ld n be jeal\s :5 y saw any "o kill+ or despoil+ or imprison+ :om he pleas$1 ,oh1 no6 ,soc4 ,ju/ly or unju/ly1 d y mean8 #dfi ,pol4 ,9 ei!r case is he n equally to be envi$8 ,soc4 ,=be>1 ,polus6 ,pol4 ,:y #8=be>'8 ,soc4 ,because y ought n to envy wret*es :o are n to be envi$1 b only to pity !m4 ,pol4 ,& are ^? ( :om ,i spoke wret*es8 ,soc4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly !y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o makes a bad use ( p[] is n to be envi$1 b piti$4 ,pol4 ,& s y ?9k t he :o slays any "o :om he pleases1 & ju/ly slays him1 is pitiable & wret*$8 ,soc4 ,no1 ,i d n say t ( him3 b nei!r d ,i ?9k t he is to be envi$4 ,pol4 ,7 y n say+ j n[ t he is wret*$8 ,soc4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 if he kill$ ano!r unju/ly1 9 :i* case he is also to be piti$2 & he is n to be envi$ if he kill$ him ju/ly4 ,pol4 ,at any rate y w all[ t he :o is unju/ly put to dea? is wret*$1 & to be piti$8 ,soc4 ,n s mu*1 ,polus1 z he :o kills him1 & n s mu* z he :o is ju/ly kill$4 ,pol4 ,h[ c t be1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,t may v well be1 inasmu* z do+ inju/ice is ! greate/ ( evils4 ,pol4 ,b is x ! greate/8 ,is n suff]+ inju/ice a great] evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,a p>adox4 ,soc4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,pol4 ,!n w\ld y r suff] ?an d inju/ice8 ,sid5ote3 ,bett] to suff] ?an to d inju/ice4 ,soc4 ,i %\ld n l ei!r1 b if ,i mu/ *oose betwe5 !m1 ,i w\ld r suff] ?an d4 ,pol4 ,!n y w\ld n wi% to be a tyrant8 ,soc4 ,n if y mean by tyranny :at ,i mean4 ,pol4 ,i mean1 z ,i said be=e1 ! p[] ( do+ :atev] seems good to y 9 a /ate1 kill+1 bani%+1 do+ 9 all ?+s z y l4 ,sid5ote3 ,a tyrant has no real p[] any m ?an a man :o runs out into ! ,agora c>ry+ a dagg]4 ,soc4 ,well !n1 illu/ri\s fri5d1 :5 ,i h said my say1 d y reply to me4 ,suppose t ,i g into a cr[d$ ,agora1 & take a dagg] "u my arm4 ,polus1 ,i say to y1 ,i h j acquir$ r>e p[]1 & become a tyrant2 = if ,i ?9k t any ( ^! m5 :om y see ought to be put to dea?1 ! man :om ,i h a m9d to kill is z good z dead2 & if ,i am dispos$ to break 8 head or te> 8 g>m5t1 he w h 8 head brok5 or 8 g>m5t torn 9 an in/ant4 ,su* is my great p[] 9 ?is city4 ,& if y d n believe me1 & ,i %[ y ! dagg]1 y w\ld probably reply3 ,socrates1 9 t sort ( way any "o may h great p[]--he may burn any h\se :i* he pleases1 & ! docks & triremes ( ! ,a!nians1 & all _! o!r vessels1 :e!r public or private--b c y believe t ?is m]e do+ z y ?9k be/ is great p[]8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly n su* do+ z ?is4 ,soc4 ,b c y tell me :y y disapprove ( su* a #dgj p[]8 ,pol4 ,i c4 ,soc4 ,:y !n8 ,pol4 ,:y1 because he :o did z y say w\ld be c]ta9 to be puni%$4 ,soc4 ,& puni%m5t is an evil8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld admit once m1 my good sir1 t great p[] is a b5efit to a man if 8 actions turn out to 8 advantage1 & t ?is is ! mean+ ( great p[]2 & if n1 !n 8 p[] is an evil & is no p[]4 ,b let u look at ! matt] 9 ano!r way3--d we n ackn[l$ge t ! ?+s ( :i* we 7 speak+1 ! infliction ( dea?1 & exile1 & ! deprivation ( prop]ty are sometimes a good & sometimes n a good8 ,sid5ote3 ,is ,ar*elaus happy8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,ev5 :at we commonly call ! evils ( life may be goods 9 disguise4 ,soc4 ,ab\t t y & ,i may be suppos$ to agree8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,tell me1 !n1 :5 d y say t !y are good & :5 t !y are evil--:at pr9ciple d y lay d[n8 ,pol4 ,i w\ld r1 ,socrates1 t y %\ld answ] z well z ask t "q4 ,soc4 ,well1 ,polus1 s9ce y w\ld r h ! answ] f me1 ,i say t !y are good :5 !y are j1 & evil :5 !y are unju/4 ,pol4 ,y are h>d ( refutation1 ,socrates1 b might n a *ild refute t /atem5t8 ,soc4 ,!n ,i %all be v grateful to ! *ild1 & equally grateful to y if y w refute me & deliv] me f my fooli%ness4 ,& ,i hope t refute me y w1 & n we>y ( do+ good to a fri5d4 ,pol4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 & ,i ne$ n g f> or appeal to antiquity2 ev5ts :i* happ5$ only a few days ago are en\gh to refute y1 & to prove t _m m5 :o d wrong are happy4 ,soc4 ,:at ev5ts8 ,pol4 ,y see1 ,i presume1 t ,ar*elaus ! son ( ,p]diccas is n[ ! rul] ( ,mac$onia8 ,soc4 ,at any rate ,i he> t he is4 ,pol4 ,& d y ?9k t he is happy or mis]able8 ,soc4 ,i _c say1 ,polus1 = ,i h nev] _h any acqua9tance ) him4 ,pol4 ,& _c y tell at once1 & )\t hav+ an acqua9tance ) him1 :e!r a man is happy8 ,soc4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! great k+ happy8 ,pol4 ,!n cle>ly1 ,socrates1 y w\ld say t y did n ev5 "k :e!r ! great k+ 0 a happy man8 ,soc4 ,& ,i %\ld speak ! tru?2 = ,i d n "k h[ he /&s 9 ! matt] ( education & ju/ice4 ,pol4 ,:at6 & does all happ9ess consi/ 9 ?is8 ,sid5ote3 ,c]ta9ly n1 if he is wick$4 ,soc4 ,yes1 inde$1 ,polus1 t is my doctr9e2 ! m5 & wom5 :o are g5tle & good are also happy1 z ,i ma9ta91 & ! unju/ & evil are mis]able4 ,pol4 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 ! said ,ar*elaus #dga is mis]able8 ,soc4 ,yes1 my fri5d1 if he is wick$4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus attempts to prove ! happ9ess ( ! unju/ by ! /ory ( ,ar*elaus1 :o has lately by _m crimes ga9$ ! ?rone ( ,mac$onia4 ,pol4 ,t he is wick$ ,i _c d5y2 = he _h no title at all to ! ?rone :i* he n[ occupies1 he be+ only ! son ( a woman :o 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas ! bro!r ( ,p]diccas2 he himself !re=e 9 /rict "r 0 ! slave ( ,alcetas2 & if he _h meant to d rightly he w\ld h rema9$ 8 slave1 & !n1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 he w\ld h be5 happy4 ,b n[ he is unspeakably mis]able1 = he has be5 guilty ( ! greate/ crimes3 9 ! fir/ place he invit$ 8 uncle & ma/]1 ,alcetas1 to come to him1 "u ! pret5ce t he w\ld re/ore to him ! ?rone :i* ,p]diccas _h usurp$1 & aft] ent]ta9+ him & 8 son ,alex&]1 :o 0 8 own c\s91 & ne>ly ( an age ) him1 & mak+ !m drunk1 he ?rew !m into a waggon & c>ri$ !m (f by night1 & slew !m1 & got bo? ( !m out ( ! way2 & :5 he _h done all ?is wick$ness he nev] discov]$ t he 0 ! mo/ mis]able ( all m51 & 0 v f> f rep5t+3 %all ,i tell y h[ he %[$ 8 remorse8 he _h a y\ng] bro!r1 a *ild ( sev5 ye>s old1 :o 0 ! legitimate son ( ,p]diccas1 & to him ( "r ! k+dom belong$2 ,ar*elaus1 h[ev]1 _h no m9d to br+ him up z he ought & re/ore ! k+dom to him2 t 0 n 8 notion ( happ9ess2 b n long aft]w>ds he ?rew him into a well & dr[n$ him1 & decl>$ to 8 "m ,cleopatra t he _h fall5 9 :ile runn+ aft] a goose1 & _h be5 kill$4 ,& n[ z he is ! greate/ crim9al ( all ! ,mac$onians1 he may be suppos$ to be ! mo/ mis]able & n ! happie/ ( !m1 & ,i d>e say t !re are _m ,a!nians1 & y w\ld be at ! head ( !m1 :o w\ld r be any o!r ,mac$onian ?an ,ar*elaus6 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates sees no =ce 9 su* argum5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates alone 9 8 op9ion4 ,soc4 ,i prais$ y at fir/1 ,polus1 = be+ a rhetorician r ?an a reason]4 ,& ?is1 z ,i suppose1 is ! sort ( argum5t ) :i* y fancy t a *ild might refute me1 & by :i* ,i /& refut$ :5 ,i say t ! unju/ man is n happy4 ,b1 my good fri5d1 :]e is ! refutation8 ,i _c admit a ^w :i* y h be5 say+4 ,pol4 ,t is because y w n2 = y surely mu/ ?9k z ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! multitude ( witnesses are no?+ to him4 ,sid5ote3 ,he mu/ conv9ce 8 oppon5t & himself by argum5t4 ,soc4 ,n s1 my simple fri5d1 b because y w refute me aft] ! mann] :i* rhetoricians practise 9 c\rts ( law4 ,= !re ! "o p>ty ?9k t !y refute ! o!r :5 !y br+ =w>d a numb] ( witnesses ( good repute 9 pro( ( _! allegations1 & _! adv]s>y has only a s+le "o or none at all4 ,b ?is k9d ( pro( #dgb is ( no value :]e tru? is ! aim2 a man may (t5 be sworn d[n by a multitude ( false witnesses :o h a great air ( respectability4 ,& 9 ?is argum5t ne>ly e "o1 ,a!nian & /rang] alike1 w\ld be on y\r side1 if y %\ld br+ witnesses 9 dispro( ( my /atem5t2--y may1 if y w1 summon ,nicias ! son ( ,nic]atus1 & let 8 bro!rs1 :o gave ! r[ ( tripods :i* /& 9 ! prec9cts ( ,dionysus1 come ) him2 or y may summon ,ari/ocrates1 ! son ( ,scellius1 :o is ! giv] ( t fam\s (f]+ :i* is at ,delphi2 summon1 if y w1 ! :ole h\se ( ,p]icles1 or any o!r great ,a!nian family :om y *oose2--!y w all agree ) y3 ,i only am left alone & _c agree1 = y d n conv9ce me2 al?\gh y produce _m false witnesses aga9/ me1 9 ! hope ( depriv+ me ( my inh]itance1 :i* is ! tru?4 ,b ,i consid] t no?+ wor? speak+ ( w h be5 effect$ by me unless ,i make y ! "o witness ( my words2 nor by y1 unless y make me ! "o witness ( y\rs2 no matt] ab\t ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,= !re are two ways ( refutation1 "o :i* is y\rs & t ( ! _w 9 g5]al2 b m9e is ( ano!r sort--let u comp>e !m1 & see 9 :at !y diff]4 ,=1 inde$1 we are at issue ab\t matt]s :i* to "k is hon\rable & n to "k disgraceful2 to "k or n to "k happ9ess & mis]y--t is ! *ief ( !m4 ,& :at k c be nobl]8 or :at ignorance m disgraceful ?an ?is8 ,& !re=e ,i w beg9 by ask+ y :e!r y d n ?9k t a man :o is unju/ & do+ inju/ice c be happy1 see+ t y ?9k ,ar*elaus unju/1 & yet happy8 ,may ,i assume ?is to be y\r op9ion8 ,sid5ote3 ,a great] p>adox ?an ! la/2 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,accord+ to ,polus ! unju/ man may be happy if he is unpuni%$3 ,socrates ma9ta9s t he is m happy1 or less unhappy1 if he meets ) retribution4 ,soc4 ,b ,i say t ?is is an impossibility--"h is "o po9t ab\t :i* we are at issue3--v good4 ,& d y mean to say also t if he meets ) retribution & puni%m5t he w /ill be happy8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly n2 9 t case he w be mo/ mis]able4 ,soc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! unju/ be n puni%$1 !n1 accord+ to y1 he w be happy8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b 9 my op9ion1 ,polus1 ! unju/ or do] ( unju/ actions is mis]able 9 any case1--m mis]able1 h[ev]1 if he be n puni%$ & does n meet ) retribution1 & less mis]able if he be puni%$ & meets ) retribution at ! h&s ( gods & m54 #dgc ,pol4 ,y are ma9ta9+ a /range doctr9e1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,i %all try to make y agree ) me1 ,o my fri5d1 = z a fri5d ,i reg>d y4 ,!n ^! are ! po9ts at issue betwe5 u--are !y n8 ,i 0 say+ t to d is worse ?an to suff] inju/ice8 ,pol4 ,exactly s4 ,soc4 ,& y said ! opposite8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,i said also t ! wick$ are mis]able1 & y refut$ me8 ,pol4 ,by ,zeus ,i did4 ,soc4 ,9 y\r own op9ion1 ,polus4 ,pol4 ,yes1 & ,i r suspect t ,i 0 9 ! "r4 ,soc4 ,y fur!r said t ! wrong-do] is happy if he be unpuni%$8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& ,i affirm t he is mo/ mis]able1 & t ^? :o are puni%$ are less mis]able--are y go+ to refute ?is proposition also8 ,pol4 ,a proposition :i* is h>d] ( refutation ?an ! o!r1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,say r1 ,polus1 impossible2 = :o c refute ! tru?8 ,sid5ote3 :i* ,polus beg9s by laugh+ at2 ,sid5ote3 ,:at nons5se6 ,d y mean t ! man :o expires among tortures is happi] ?an ! successful tyrant8 ,pol4 ,:at d y mean8 ,if a man is detect$ 9 an unju/ attempt to make himself a tyrant1 & :5 detect$ is rack$1 mutilat$1 has 8 eyes burn$ out1 & aft] hav+ _h all sorts ( great injuries inflict$ on him1 & hav+ se5 8 wife & *ildr5 suff] ! l1 is at la/ impal$ or t>r$ & burn$ alive1 w he be happi] ?an if he escape & become a tyrant1 & cont9ue all ?r\gh life do+ :at he likes & hold+ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 ! envy & admiration bo? ( citiz5s & /rang]s8 ,is t ! p>adox :i*1 z y say1 _c be refut$8 ,soc4 ,!re aga91 noble ,polus1 y are rais+ hobgobl9s in/ead ( refut+ me2 j n[ y 7 call+ witnesses aga9/ me4 ,b please to refre% my memory a little2 did y say--#89 an unju/ attempt to make himself a tyrant'8 ,pol4 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,sid5ote3 ,nei!r is to be call$ happy if bo? are wick$4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i say t nei!r ( !m w be happi] ?an ! o!r1--nei!r he :o unju/ly acquires a tyranny1 nor he :o suff]s 9 ! attempt1 = ( two mis]ables "o _c be ! happi]1 b t he :o escapes & becomes a tyrant is ! m mis]able ( ! two4 ,d y laugh1 ,polus8 ,well1 ?is is a new k9d ( refutation1--:5 any "o says any?+1 in/ead ( refut+ him to laugh at him4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y refute :at nobody believes8 ,ask ! company4 ,pol4 ,b d y n ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y h be5 suffici5tly refut$1 :5 y say t :i* no human be+ w all[8 ,ask ! company4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates nev] c\ld c\nt heads4 ,?is is 8 description ( "o ( ! noble/ actions ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,say r1 :y affirm :at e body kn[s8 ,soc4 ,o ,polus1 ,i am n a public man1 & only la/ ye>1 :5 my tribe 7 s]v+ z ,prytanes1 & x became my duty z _! presid5t to take ! votes1 !re 0 a laugh at me1 because ,i 0 unable to take !m4 ,& z ,i fail$ #dgd !n1 y mu/ n ask me to c\nt ! suffrages ( ! company n[2 b if1 z ,i 0 say+1 y h no bett] argum5t ?an numb]s1 let me h a turn1 & d y make trial ( ! sort ( pro( :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 is requir$2 = ,i %all produce "o witness only ( ! tru? ( my words1 & he is ! p]son ) :om ,i am argu+2 8 suffrage ,i "k h[ to take2 b ) ! _m ,i h no?+ to d1 & d n ev5 address myself to !m4 ,may ,i ask !n :e!r y w answ] 9 turn & h y\r words put to ! pro(8 ,= ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t ,i & y & e man d really believe1 t to d is a great] evil ?an to suff] inju/ice3 & n to be puni%$ ?an to be puni%$4 ,sid5ote3 b ends by ackn[l$g+ ! tru? ( x4 ,pol4 ,& ,i %\ld say nei!r ,i1 nor any man3 w\ld y y\rself1 = example1 suff] r ?an d inju/ice8 ,soc4 ,yes1 & y1 too2 ,i or any man w\ld4 ,pol4 ,q ! rev]se2 nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any man4 ,soc4 ,b w y answ]8 ,pol4 ,to be sure1 ,i w2 = ,i am curi\s to he> :at y c h to say4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus1 :ile d5y+ t to d inju/ice is worse ?an to suff]1 ackn[l$ges x to be m disgraceful4 ,h5ce ! %ipwreck ( 8 argum5t4 ,soc4 ,tell me1 !n1 & y w "k1 & let u suppose t ,i am beg9n+ at ! beg9n+3 :i* ( ! two1 ,polus1 9 y\r op9ion1 is ! wor/8--to d inju/ice or to suff]8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld say t suff]+ 0 wor/4 ,soc4 ,& :i* is ! great] disgrace8--,answ]4 ,pol4 ,to d4 ,soc4 ,& ! great] disgrace is ! great] evil8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,i und]/& y to say1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t ! hon\rable is n ! same z ! good1 or ! disgraceful z ! evil8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,let me ask a "q ( y3 ,:5 y speak ( beautiful ?+s1 su* z bodies1 col\rs1 figures1 s\nds1 in/itutions1 d y n call !m beautiful 9 ref]5ce to "s /&>d3 bodies1 = example1 are beautiful 9 proportion z !y are useful1 or z ! sight ( !m gives pleasure to ! spectators2 c y give any o!r acc\nt ( p]sonal beauty8 ,pol4 ,i _c4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld say ( figures or col\rs g5]ally t !y 7 beautiful1 ei!r by reason ( ! pleasure :i* !y give1 or ( _! use1 or ( bo?8 ,pol4 ,yes1 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld call s\nds & music beautiful = ! same reason8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,laws & in/itutions also h no beauty 9 !m except 9 s f> z !y are useful or pleasant or bo?8 ,pol4 ,i ?9k n4 #dge ,soc4 ,& may n ! same be said ( ! beauty ( k8 ,sid5ote3 ,! /&>d ( utility4 ,pol4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates2 & ,i v mu* approve ( y\r measur+ beauty by ! /&>d ( pleasure & utility4 ,sid5ote3 ,all ?+s may be measur$ by ! /&>d ( pleasure & utility or ( pa9 & evil4 ,soc4 ,& de=mity or disgrace may be equally measur$ by ! opposite /&>d ( pa9 & evil8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n :5 ( two beautiful ?+s "o exce$s 9 beauty1 ! measure ( ! excess is to be tak5 9 "o or bo? ( ^!2 t is to say1 9 pleasure or utility or bo?8 ,pol4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& ( two de=m$ ?+s1 t :i* exce$s 9 de=mity or disgrace1 exce$s ei!r 9 pa9 or evil--mu/ x n be s8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b !n aga91 :at 0 ! obs]vation :i* y j n[ made1 ab\t do+ & suff]+ wrong8 ,did y n say1 t suff]+ wrong 0 m evil1 & do+ wrong m disgraceful8 ,pol4 ,i did4 ,sid5ote3 ,if to d is1 z ,polus admits1 m disgraceful ?an to endure wrong1 x mu/ also be m evil4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if do+ wrong is m disgraceful ?an suff]+1 ! m disgraceful mu/ be m pa9ful & mu/ exce$ 9 pa9 or 9 evil or bo?3 does n t also foll[8 ,pol4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,fir/1 !n1 let u consid] :e!r ! do+ ( inju/ice exce$s ! suff]+ 9 ! consequ5t pa93 ,d ! injur]s suff] m ?an ! injur$8 ,pol4 ,no1 ,socrates2 c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n !y d n exce$ 9 pa98 ,pol4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,b if n 9 pa91 !n n 9 bo?8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n !y c only exce$ 9 ! o!r8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,t is to say1 9 evil8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n do+ inju/ice w h an excess ( evil1 & w !re=e be a great] evil ?an suff]+ inju/ice8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,b h n y & ! _w already agre$ t to d inju/ice is m disgraceful ?an to suff]8 ,sid5ote3 ,! two sorts ( refutation4 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& t is n[ discov]$ to be m evil8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y pref] a great] evil or a great] di%on\r to a less "o8 ,answ]1 ,polus1 & fe> n2 = y w come to no h>m if y nobly resign y\rself into ! heal+ h& ( ! argum5t z to a physician )\t %r9k+1 & ei!r say #8,yes' or #8,no' to me4 ,pol4 ,i %\ld say #8,no4' ,soc4 ,w\ld any o!r man pref] a great] to a less evil8 ,pol4 ,no1 n accord+ to ?is way ( putt+ ! case1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus is refut$ out ( 8 own m\?4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i said truly1 ,polus1 t nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any man1 w\ld r d ?an suff] inju/ice2 = to d inju/ice is ! great] evil ( ! two4 ,pol4 ,t is ! conclusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! next "q3 ,is x bett] = ! guilty to suff] or n to suff] puni%m5t8 ,soc4 ,y see1 ,polus1 :5 y comp>e ! two k9ds ( refutations1 h[ unlike !y are4 ,all m51 ) ! exception ( myself1 are ( y\r way ( ?9k+2 b y\r s+le ass5t & witness are en\gh = me1--,i h no ne$ ( any #dgf o!r2 ,i take y\r suffrage1 & am reg>dless ( ! re/4 ,en\gh ( ?is1 & n[ let u proce$ to ! next "q2 :i* is1 ,:e!r ! greate/ ( evils to a guilty man is to suff] puni%m5t1 z y suppos$1 or :e!r to escape puni%m5t is n a great] evil1 z ,i suppos$4 ,consid]3--,y w\ld say t to suff] puni%m5t is ano!r "n = be+ ju/ly correct$ :5 y d wrong8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y n all[ t all j ?+s are hon\rable 9 s f> z !y are j8 ,please to reflect1 & tell me y\r op9ion4 ,pol4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t !y are4 ,soc4 ,consid] aga93--,:]e !re is an ag5t1 mu/ !re n also be a pati5t8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld say s4 ,soc4 ,& w n ! pati5t suff] t :i* ! ag5t does1 & w n ! suff]+ h ! quality ( ! action8 ,i mean1 = example1 t if a man /rikes1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* is /rick58 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,correspond5ce ( suff]+ & action4 ,soc4 ,& if ! /rik] /rikes viol5tly or quickly1 t :i* is /ruck w be /ruck viol5tly or quickly8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ! suff]+ to him :o is /rick5 is ( ! same nature z ! act ( him :o /rikes8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if a man burns1 !re is some?+ :i* is burn$8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& if he burns 9 excess or s z to cause pa91 ! ?+ burn$ w be burn$ 9 ! same way8 ,pol4 ,truly4 ,soc4 ,& if he cuts1 ! same argum5t holds--!re w be some?+ cut8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if ! cutt+ be great or deep or su* z w cause pa91 ! cut w be ( ! same nature8 ,pol4 ,t is evid5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,s9ce ! affection ( ! pati5t answ]s to ! act ( ! ag5t1 x foll[s t he :o is puni%$ ju/ly suff]s ju/ly1 & !re=e hon\rably1 & is deliv]$ f ! greate/ ( all evils1 ! evil ( ! s\l1 :i*1 be+ ! mo/ disgraceful1 is also ! mo/ pa9ful or hurtful4 ,soc4 ,!n y w\ld agree g5]ally to ! univ]sal proposition :i* ,i 0 j n[ ass]t+3 t ! affection ( ! pati5t answ]s to ! act ( ! ag5t8 ,pol4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,!n1 z ?is is admitt$1 let me ask :e!r be+ puni%$ is suff]+ or act+8 ,pol4 ,suff]+1 ,socrates2 !re c be no d\bt ( t4 ,soc4 ,& suff]+ implies an ag5t8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates2 & he is ! puni%]4 ,soc4 ,& he :o puni%es rightly1 puni%es ju/ly8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e he acts ju/ly8 ,pol4 ,ju/ly4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o is puni%$ & suff]s retribution1 suff]s ju/ly8 ,pol4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,& t :i* is j has be5 admitt$ to be hon\rable8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n ! puni%] does :at is hon\rable1 & ! puni%$ suff]s :at is hon\rable8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,sophi/ry ( ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& if :at is hon\rable1 !n :at is good1 = ! hon\rable is ei!r pleasant or useful8 #dgg ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o is puni%$ suff]s :at is good8 ,pol4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,!n he is b5efit$8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,d ,i und]/& y to mean :at ,i mean by ! t]m #8b5efit$'8 ,i mean1 t if he be ju/ly puni%$ 8 s\l is improv$4 ,pol4 ,surely4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o is puni%$ is deliv]$ f ! evil ( 8 s\l8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& is he n !n deliv]$ f ! greate/ evil8 ,look at ! matt] 9 ?is way3--,9 respect ( a man's e/ate1 d y see any great] evil ?an pov]ty8 ,pol4 ,!re is no great] evil4 ,soc4 ,aga91 9 a man's bodily frame1 y w\ld say t ! evil is weakness & disease & de=mity8 ,pol4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& d y n imag9e t ! s\l likewise has "s evil ( h] own8 ,pol4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,& ?is y w\ld call inju/ice & ignorance & c[>dice1 & ! l8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,s !n1 9 m9d1 body1 & e/ate1 :i* are ?ree1 y h po9t$ out ?ree correspond+ evils--inju/ice1 disease1 pov]ty8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& :i* ( ! evils is ! mo/ disgraceful8--,is n ! mo/ disgraceful ( !m inju/ice1 & 9 g5]al ! evil ( ! s\l8 ,pol4 ,by f> ! mo/4 ,soc4 ,& if ! mo/ disgraceful1 !n also ! wor/8 ,pol4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i mean to say1 t :at is mo/ disgraceful has be5 already admitt$ to be mo/ pa9ful or hurtful1 or bo?4 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,analogy ( s\l & body4 ,soc4 ,& n[ inju/ice & all evil 9 ! s\l has be5 admitt$ by u to be mo/ disgraceful8 ,pol4 ,x has be5 admitt$4 ,soc4 ,& mo/ disgraceful ei!r because mo/ pa9ful & caus+ excessive pa91 or mo/ hurtful1 or bo?8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e to be unju/ & intemp]ate1 & c[>dly & ignorant1 is m pa9ful ?an to be poor & sick8 ,sid5ote3 ,polus /umbles at ! notion :i* he has already admitt$1 t ! evil ( ! s\l is m pa9ful ?an t ( ! body4 ,pol4 ,nay1 ,socrates2 ! pa9fulness does n appe> to me to foll[ f y\r premises4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if1 z y w\ld argue1 n m pa9ful1 ! evil ( ! s\l is ( all evils ! mo/ disgraceful2 & ! excess ( disgrace mu/ be caus$ by "s pret]natural greatness1 or extraord9>y hurtfulness ( ! evil4 ,pol4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& t :i* exce$s mo/ 9 hurtfulness w be ! greate/ ( evils8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n inju/ice & intemp]ance1 & 9 g5]al ! depravity ( ! s\l1 are ! greate/ ( evils8 ,pol4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,n[1 :at art is !re :i* deliv]s u f pov]ty8 ,does n ! art ( mak+ money8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :at art frees u f disease8 ,does n ! art ( m$ic9e8 ,pol4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& :at f vice & inju/ice8 ,if y are n #dgh able to answ] at once1 ask y\rself :i!r we g ) ! sick1 & to :om we take !m4 ,pol4 ,to ! physicians1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& to :om d we g ) ! unju/ & intemp]ate8 ,pol4 ,to ! judges1 y mean4 ,soc4 --,:o are to puni% !m8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& d n ^? :o rightly puni% o!rs1 puni% !m 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 rule ( ju/ice8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! judge & ! physician4 ,soc4 ,!n ! art ( money-mak+ frees a man f pov]ty2 m$ic9e f disease2 & ju/ice f intemp]ance & inju/ice8 ,pol4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,:i*1 !n1 is ! be/ ( ^! ?ree8 ,pol4 ,w y enum]ate !m8 ,soc4 ,money-mak+1 m$ic9e1 & ju/ice4 ,pol4 ,ju/ice1 ,socrates1 f> excels ! two o!rs4 ,soc4 ,& ju/ice1 if ! be/1 gives ! greate/ pleasure or advantage or bo?8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b is ! be+ heal$ a pleasant ?+1 & are ^? :o are be+ heal$ pleas$8 ,pol4 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,a useful ?+1 !n8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,puni%m5t is ! deliv]ance f evil1 & he :o is puni%$1 l him :o is heal$1 is happi] ?an he :o is n puni%$ or n heal$4 ,soc4 ,yes1 because ! pati5t is deliv]$ f a great evil2 & ?is is ! advantage ( endur+ ! pa9--t y get well8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld he be ! happi] man 9 8 bodily condition1 :o is heal$1 or :o nev] 0 out ( heal?8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly he :o 0 nev] out ( heal?4 ,soc4 ,yes2 = happ9ess surely does n consi/ 9 be+ deliv]$ f evils1 b 9 nev] hav+ _h !m4 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& suppose ! case ( two p]sons :o h "s evil 9 _! bodies1 & t "o ( !m is heal$ & deliv]$ f evil1 & ano!r is n heal$1 b reta9s ! evil--:i* ( !m is ! mo/ mis]able8 ,pol4 ,cle>ly he :o is n heal$4 ,soc4 ,& 0 n puni%m5t said by u to be a deliv]ance f ! greate/ ( evils1 :i* is vice8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ju/ice puni%es u1 & makes u m j1 & is ! m$ic9e ( our vice8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,happie/ ( all is he :o is j2 happy 9 ! second degree he :o is deliv]$ f inju/ice by puni%m5t1 mo/ delud$ & mo/ unhappy ( all he :o lives on1 enjoy+ ! fruit ( 8 crimes4 ,soc4 ,he1 !n1 has ! fir/ place 9 ! scale ( happ9ess :o has nev] _h vice 9 8 s\l2 = ?is has be5 %[n to be ! greate/ ( evils4 ,sid5ote3 ,! escape f puni%m5t an evil4 ,pol4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& he has ! second place1 :o is deliv]$ f vice8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,t is to say1 he :o receives admonition & rebuke & puni%m5t8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n he lives wor/1 :o1 hav+ be5 unju/1 has no deliv]ance f inju/ice8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,t is1 he lives wor/ :o commits ! greate/ #dgi crimes1 & :o1 be+ ! mo/ unju/ ( m51 succe$s 9 escap+ rebuke or correction or puni%m5t2 & ?is1 z y say1 has be5 accompli%$ by ,ar*elaus & o!r tyrants & rhetoricians & pot5tates#cb8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,may n _! way ( proce$+1 my fri5d1 be comp>$ to ! conduct ( a p]son :o is afflict$ ) ! wor/ ( diseases & yet contrives n to pay ! p5alty to ! physician = 8 s9s aga9/ 8 con/itution1 & w n be cur$1 because1 l a *ild1 he is afraid ( ! pa9 ( be+ burn$ or cut3--,is n t a p>allel case8 ,pol4 ,yes1 truly4 ,soc4 ,he w\ld seem z if he did n "k ! nature ( heal? & bodily vig\r2 & if we are "r1 ,polus1 9 our previ\s conclusions1 !y are 9 a l case :o /rive to evade ju/ice1 :i* !y see to be pa9ful1 b are bl9d to ! advantage :i* ensues f x1 n kn[+ h[ f> m mis]able a companion a diseas$ s\l is ?an a diseas$ body2 a s\l1 ,i say1 :i* is corrupt & unrighte\s & unholy4 ,& h5ce !y d all t !y c to avoid puni%m5t & to avoid be+ releas$ f ! greate/ ( evils2 !y provide !mselves ) money & fri5ds1 & cultivate to ! utmo/ _! p[]s ( p]suasion4 ,b if we1 ,polus1 are "r1 d y see :at foll[s1 or %all we draw out ! consequ5ces 9 =m8 ,pol4 ,if y please4 ,soc4 ,is x n a fact t inju/ice1 & ! do+ ( inju/ice1 is ! greate/ ( evils8 ,sid5ote3 ,! case ( ,ar*elaus reg>d$ 9 a new light4 ,pol4 ,t is q cle>4 ,soc4 ,& fur!r1 t to suff] puni%m5t is ! way to be releas$ f ?is evil8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& n to suff]1 is to p]petuate ! evil8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,to d wrong1 !n1 is second only 9 ! scale ( evils2 b to d wrong & n to be puni%$1 is fir/ & greate/ ( all8 ,pol4 ,t is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,ar*elaus !n is m mis]able ?an 8 victims4 ,soc4 ,well1 & 0 n ?is ! po9t 9 dispute1 my fri5d8 ,y deem$ ,ar*elaus happy1 because he 0 a v great crim9al & unpuni%$3 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9$ t he or any o!r :o l him has done wrong & has n be5 puni%$1 is1 & ought to be1 ! mo/ mis]able ( all m52 & t ! do] ( inju/ice is m mis]able ?an ! suff]]2 & he :o escapes puni%m5t1 m mis]able ?an he :o suff]s4--,0 n t :at ,i said8 ,pol4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& x has be5 prov$ to be true8 ,pol4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,well1 ,polus1 b if ?is is true1 :]e is ! great use #dhj ( rhetoric8 ,if we admit :at has be5 j n[ said1 e man ought 9 e way to gu>d himself aga9/ do+ wrong1 = he w !reby suff] great evil8 ,pol4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,inju/ice1 if n remov$1 w become ! canc] ( ! s\l4 ,soc4 ,& if he1 or any "o ab\t :om he c>es1 does wrong1 he ought ( 8 own accord to g :]e he w be imm$iately puni%$2 he w run to ! judge1 z he w\ld to ! physician1 9 ord] t ! disease ( inju/ice may n be r5d]$ *ronic & become ! incurable canc] ( ! s\l2 mu/ we n all[ ?is consequ5ce1 ,polus1 if our =m] admissions are to /&3--is any o!r inf]5ce consi/5t ) !m8 ,pol4 ,to t1 ,socrates1 !re c be b "o answ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! only use ( rhetoric is t x enables a man to expose 8 own inju/ice & to petition = spe$y puni%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,( :at use !n is rhetoric8 ,soc4 ,!n rhetoric is ( no use to u1 ,polus1 9 help+ a man to excuse 8 own inju/ice1 or t ( 8 p>5ts or fri5ds1 or *ildr5 or c\ntry2 b may be ( use to any "o :o holds t in/ead ( excus+ he ought to accuse--himself above all1 & 9 ! next degree 8 family or any ( 8 fri5ds :o may be do+ wrong2 he %\ld br+ to light ! iniquity & n conceal x1 t s ! wrong-do] may suff] & be made :ole2 & he %\ld ev5 =ce himself & o!rs n to %r9k1 b ) clos$ eyes l brave m5 to let ! physician op]ate ) knife or se>+ iron1 n reg>d+ ! pa91 9 ! hope ( atta9+ ! good & ! hon\rable2 let him :o has done ?+s wor?y ( /ripes1 all[ himself to be sc\rg$1 if ( bonds1 to be b\nd1 if ( a f9e1 to be f9$1 if ( exile1 to be exil$1 if ( dea?1 to die1 himself be+ ! fir/ to accuse himself & 8 own relations1 & us+ rhetoric to ?is end1 t 8 & _! unju/ actions may be made manife/1 & t !y !mselves may be deliv]$ f inju/ice1 :i* is ! greate/ evil4 ,!n1 ,polus1 rhetoric w\ld inde$ be useful4 ,d y say #8,yes' or #8,no' to t8 ,pol4 ,to me1 ,socrates1 :at y are say+ appe>s v /range1 ?\gh probably 9 agreem5t ) y\r premises4 ,soc4 ,is n ?is ! conclusion1 if ! premises are n disprov58 ,pol4 ,yes2 x c]ta9ly is4 ,sid5ote3 ,a slight] & second>y use ( rhetoric 9 self-def5ce aga9/ an enemy1 or 9 prev5t+ ! puni%m5t ( an enemy4 ,soc4 ,& f ! opposite po9t ( view1 if inde$ x be our duty to h>m ano!r1 :e!r an enemy or n--,i except ! case ( self-def5ce--!n ,i h to be ^u my gu>d--b if my enemy injures a ?ird p]son1 !n 9 #dha e sort ( way1 by ^w z well z de$1 ,i %\ld try to prev5t 8 be+ puni%$1 or appe>+ be=e ! judge2 & if he appe>s1 ,i %\ld contrive t he %\ld escape1 & n suff] puni%m5t3 if he has /ol5 a sum ( money1 let him keep :at he has /ol5 & sp5d x on him & 81 reg>dless ( religion & ju/ice2 & if he h done ?+s wor?y ( dea?1 let him n die1 b r be immortal 9 8 wick$ness2 or1 if ?is is n possible1 let him at any rate be all[$ to live z long z he c4 ,= su* purposes1 ,polus1 rhetoric may be useful1 b is ( small if ( any use to him :o is n int5d+ to commit inju/ice2 at lea/1 !re 0 no su* use discov]$ by u 9 ! previ\s discussion4 ,cal4 ,tell me1 ,*a]ephon1 is ,socrates 9 e>ne/1 or is he jok+8 ,sid5ote3 ,is ,socrates 9 e>ne/8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles asks 9 amazem5t :e!r ,socrates really means :at he says4 ,*a]4 ,i %\ld say1 ,callicles1 t he is 9 mo/ pr(\nd e>ne/2 b y may z well ask him4 ,cal4 ,by ! gods1 & ,i w4 ,tell me1 ,socrates1 are y 9 e>ne/1 or only 9 je/8 ,= if y are 9 e>ne/1 & :at y say is true1 is n ! :ole ( human life turn$ upside d[n2 & are we n do+1 z w\ld appe>1 9 ev]y?+ ! opposite ( :at we ought to be do+8 ,sid5ote3 ,i am only repeat+ ! words ( philosophy1 ^: lov] ,i am4 ,= z y love ! ,a!nian p & _! namesake ,demus1 s ,i h two loves1 philosophy & ,alcibiades4 ,sid5ote3 ,! son ( ,cle9ias is incon/ant1 b philosophy is ev] ! same3 %e x is :om y h to refute3 ,i am only h] m\?-piece4 ,soc4 ,o ,callicles1 if !re 7 n "s community ( feel+s among mank9d1 h[ev] v>y+ 9 diff]5t p]sons--,i mean to say1 if e man's feel+s 7 peculi> to himself & 7 n %>$ by ! re/ ( 8 species--,i d n see h[ we c\ld ev] communicate our impressions to "o ano!r4 ,i make ?is rem>k because ,i p]ceive t y & ,i h a common feel+4 ,= we are lov]s bo?1 & bo? ( u h two loves apiece3--,i am ! lov] ( ,alcibiades1 ! son ( ,cle9ias1 & ( philosophy2 & y ( ! ,a!nian ,demus1 & ( ,demus ! son ( ,pyrilampes4 ,n[1 ,i obs]ve t y1 ) all y\r clev]ness1 d n v5ture to contradict y\r fav\rite 9 any ^w or op9ion ( 82 b z he *anges y *ange1 backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,:5 ! ,a!nian ,demus d5ies any?+ t y are say+ 9 ! assembly1 y g ov] to 8 op9ion2 & y d ! same ) ,demus1 ! fair "y son ( ,pyrilampes4 ,= y h n ! p[] to resi/ ! words & ideas ( y\r loves2 & if a p]son 7 to express surprise at ! /rang5ess ( :at y say f "t to "t :5 "u _! influ5ce1 y w\ld probably reply to #dhb him1 if y 7 hone/1 t y _c help say+ :at y\r loves say unless !y are prev5t$2 & t y c only be sil5t :5 !y are4 ,n[ y mu/ und]/& t my words are an e*o too1 & !re=e y ne$ n wond] at me2 b if y want to sil5ce me1 sil5ce philosophy1 :o is my love1 = %e is always tell+ me :at ,i am n[ tell+ y1 my fri5d2 nei!r is %e caprici\s l my o!r love1 = ! son ( ,cle9ias says "o ?+ to-day & ano!r ?+ to-morr[1 b philosophy is always true4 ,%e is ! tea*] at ^: words y are n[ wond]+1 & y h he>d h] y\rself4 ,h] y mu/ refute1 & ei!r %[1 z ,i 0 say+1 t to d inju/ice & to escape puni%m5t is n ! wor/ ( all evils2 or1 if y leave h] ^w unrefut$1 by ! dog ! god ( ,egypt1 ,i decl>e1 ,o ,callicles1 t ,callicles w nev] be at "o ) himself1 b t 8 :ole life w be a discord4 ,& yet1 my fri5d1 ,i w\ld r t my lyre %\ld be inh>moni\s1 & t !re %\ld be no music 9 ! *orus :i* ,i provid$2 aye1 or t ! :ole _w %\ld be at odds ) me1 & oppose me1 r ?an t ,i myself %\ld be at odds ) myself1 & contradict myself4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus & ,callicles4 ,sid5ote3 ,polus 0 vanqui%$ because he refus$ to take a bold l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles w\ld return to ! rule ( nature 9 ! l[] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv5tion 0 only introduc$ by ! weak majority 9 ord] to protect !mselves aga9/ ! few /rong4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man ( c\rage w\ld easily break d[n ! gu>ds ( conv5tion4 ,sid5ote3 ,conv5tion & nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,a little philosophy n a bad ?+ 9 y\?4 ,cal4 ,o ,socrates1 y are a regul> declaim]1 & seem to be runn+ riot 9 ! argum5t4 ,& n[ y are declaim+ 9 ?is way because ,polus has fall5 into ! same error himself ( :i* he accus$ ,gorgias3--= he said t :5 ,gorgias 0 ask$ by y1 :e!r1 if "s "o came to him :o want$ to le>n rhetoric1 & did n "k ju/ice1 he w\ld tea* him ju/ice1 ,gorgias 9 8 mode/y repli$ t he w\ld1 because he ?\ght t mank9d 9 g5]al w\ld be displeas$ if he answ]$ #8,no2' & !n 9 consequ5ce ( ?is admission1 ,gorgias 0 compell$ to contradict himself1 t be+ j ! sort ( ?+ 9 :i* y delight4 ,:]eupon ,polus laugh$ at y1 des]v$ly1 z ,i ?9k2 b n[ he has himself fall5 into ! same trap4 ,i _c say v mu* = 8 wit :5 he conc$$ to y t to d is m di%on\rable ?an to suff] inju/ice1 = ?is 0 ! admission :i* l$ to 8 be+ entangl$ by y2 & because he 0 too mode/ to say :at he ?\ght1 he _h 8 m\? /opp$4 ,= ! tru? is1 ,socrates1 t y1 :o pret5d to be engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 are appeal+ n[ to ! popul> & vulg> notions ( "r1 :i* are n natural1 b only conv5tional4 ,conv5tion & nature are g5]ally at v>iance ) "o ano!r3 & h5ce1 if a p]son is too mode/ to say :at he ?9ks1 he is compell$ to contradict #dhc himself2 & y1 9 y\r +5uity p]ceiv+ ! advantage to be !reby ga9$1 slyly ask ( him :o is argu+ conv5tionally a "q :i* is to be det]m9$ by ! rule ( nature2 & if he is talk+ ( ! rule ( nature1 y slip away to cu/om3 z1 = in/ance1 y did 9 ?is v discussion ab\t do+ & suff]+ inju/ice4 ,:5 ,polus 0 speak+ ( ! conv5tionally di%on\rable1 y assail$ him f ! po9t ( view ( nature2 = by ! rule ( nature1 to suff] inju/ice is ! great] disgrace because ! great] evil2 b conv5tionally1 to d evil is ! m disgraceful4 ,= ! suff]+ ( inju/ice is n ! "p ( a man1 b ( a slave1 :o inde$ _h bett] die ?an live2 s9ce :5 he is wrong$ & trampl$ ^u1 he is unable to help himself1 or any o!r ab\t :om he c>es4 ,! reason1 z ,i conceive1 is t ! mak]s ( laws are ! majority :o are weak2 & !y make laws & di/ribute praises & c5sures ) a view to !mselves & to _! own int]e/s2 & !y t]rify ! /rong] sort ( m51 & ^? :o are able to get ! bett] ( !m1 9 ord] t !y may n get ! bett] ( !m2 & !y say1 t di%one/y is %ameful & unju/2 mean+1 by ! ^w inju/ice1 ! desire ( a man to h m ?an 8 neighb\rs2 = kn[+ _! own inf]iority1 ,i suspect t !y are too glad ( equality4 ,& !re=e ! endeav\r to h m ?an ! _m1 is conv5tionally said to be %ameful & unju/1 & is call$ inju/ice#cc1 :]eas nature h]self intimates t x is j = ! bett] to h m ?an ! worse1 ! m p[]ful ?an ! weak]2 & 9 _m ways %e %[s1 among m5 z well z among animals1 & inde$ among :ole cities & races1 t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! sup]ior rul+ ov] & hav+ m ?an ! inf]ior4 ,= on :at pr9ciple ( ju/ice did ,x]xes invade ,hellas1 or 8 fa!r ! ,scy?ians8 7n to speak ( numb]less o!r examples74 ,nay1 b ^! are ! m5 :o act accord+ to nature2 yes1 by ,heav51 & accord+ to ! law ( nature3 n1 p]haps1 accord+ to t artificial law1 :i* we inv5t & impose ^u our fell[s1 ( :om we take ! be/ & /ronge/ f _! y\? upw>ds1 & tame !m l "y lions1--*>m+ !m ) ! s\nd #dhd ( ! voice1 & say+ to !m1 t ) equality !y mu/ be cont5t1 & t ! equal is ! hon\rable & ! j4 ,b if !re 7 a man :o _h suffici5t =ce1 he w\ld %ake (f & break ?r\gh1 & escape f all ?is2 he w\ld trample "u foot all our =mulas & spells & *>ms1 & all our laws :i* are aga9/ nature3 ! slave w\ld rise 9 rebellion & be "l ov] u1 & ! light ( natural ju/ice w\ld %9e =?4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! s5tim5t ( ,p9d>1 :5 he says 9 8 poem1 t ,sid5ote3 ,might is "r4 #8,law is ! k+ ( all1 ( mortals z well z ( immortals2' ?is1 z he says1 ,sid5ote3 ,p9d>4 #8,makes might to be "r1 do+ viol5ce ) highe/ h&2 z ,i inf] f ! de$s ( ,h]acles1 = )\t buy+ !m--#8#cd --,i d n rememb] ! exact words1 b ! mean+ is1 t )\t buy+ !m1 & )\t _! be+ giv5 to him1 he c>ri$ (f ! ox5 ( ,g]yon1 accord+ to ! law ( natural "r1 & t ! ox5 & o!r possessions ( ! weak] & inf]ior prop]ly belong to ! /rong] & sup]ior4 ,& ?is is true1 z y may asc]ta91 if y w leave philosophy & g on to high] ?+s3 = philosophy1 ,socrates1 if pursu$ 9 mod]ation & at ! prop] age1 is an elegant accompli%m5t1 b too mu* philosophy is ! ru9 ( human life4 ,ev5 if a man has good p>ts1 /ill1 if he c>ries philosophy into lat] life1 he is necess>ily ignorant ( all ^? ?+s :i* a g5tleman & a p]son ( hon\r ought to "k2 he is inexp]i5c$ 9 ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 ! language :i* ought to be us$ 9 ! deal+s ( man ) man1 :e!r private or public1 & utt]ly ignorant ( ! pleasures & desires ( mank9d & ( human "* 9 g5]al4 ,& p ( ?is sort1 :5 !y betake !mselves to politics or bus9ess1 are z ridicul\s z ,i imag9e ! politicians to be1 :5 !y make _! appe>ance 9 ! ar5a ( philosophy4 ,=1 z ,euripides says1 ,sid5ote3 ,euripides4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy n to be c>ri$ too f>4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! /udy %\ld n be cont9u$ into lat] life4 #8,e man %9es 9 t & pursues t1 & devotes ! greate/ portion ( ! day to t 9 :i* he mo/ excels#ce1' b any?+ 9 :i* he is inf]ior1 he avoids & depreciates1 #dhe & praises ! opposite f p>tiality to himself1 & because he ?9ks t he w ?us praise himself4 ,! true pr9ciple is to unite !m4 ,philosophy1 z a "p ( education1 is an excell5t ?+1 & !re is no disgrace to a man :ile he is "y 9 pursu+ su* a /udy2 b :5 he is m advanc$ 9 ye>s1 ! ?+ becomes ridicul\s1 & ,i feel t[>ds philosoph]s z ,i d t[>ds ^? :o lisp & imitate *ildr54 ,= ,i love to see a little *ild1 :o is n ( an age to speak pla9ly1 lisp+ at 8 play2 !re is an appe>ance ( grace & fre$om 9 8 utt]ance1 :i* is natural to 8 *ildi% ye>s4 ,b :5 ,i he> "s small creature c>efully articulat+ its words1 ,i am (f5d$2 ! s\nd is disagreeable1 & has to my e>s ! twang ( slav]y4 ,s :5 ,i he> a man lisp+1 or see him play+ l a *ild1 8 behavi\r appe>s to me ridicul\s & unmanly & wor?y ( /ripes4 ,& ,i h ! same feel+ ab\t /ud5ts ( philosophy2 :5 ,i see a y\? ?us engag$1--! /udy appe>s to me to be 9 "*1 & becom+ a man ( a lib]al education1 & him :o neglects philosophy ,i reg>d z an inf]ior man1 :o w nev] aspire to any?+ great or noble4 ,b if ,i see him cont9u+ ! /udy 9 lat] life1 & n leav+ (f1 ,i %\ld l to beat him1 ,socrates2 =1 z ,i 0 say+1 su* a "o1 ev5 ?\gh he h good natural p>ts1 becomes effem9ate4 ,he flies f ! busy c5tre & ! m>ket-place1 9 :i*1 z ! poet says1 m5 become di/+ui%$2 he creeps into a corn] = ! re/ ( 8 life1 & talks 9 a :isp] ) ?ree or f\r admir+ y\?s1 b nev] speaks out l a freeman 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,n[ ,i1 ,socrates1 am v well incl9$ t[>ds y1 & my feel+ may be comp>$ ) t ( ,ze?us t[>ds ,amphion1 9 ! play ( ,euripides1 :om ,i 0 m5tion+ j n[3 = ,i am dispos$ to say to y mu* :at ,ze?us said to 8 bro!r1 t y1 ,socrates1 are c>eless ab\t ! ?+s ( :i* y ought to be c>eful2 & t y #dhf #8,:o h a s\l s noble1 are rem>kable = a pu]ile ext]ior2 ,nei!r 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice c\ld y /ate a case1 or give any reason or pro(1 ,or (f] valiant c\nsel on ano!r's behalf4' ,& y mu/ n be (f5d$1 my de> ,socrates1 = ,i am speak+ out ( good-w t[>ds y1 if ,i ask :e!r y are n a%am$ ( be+ ?us def5celess2 :i* ,i affirm to be ! condition n ( y only b ( all ^? :o w c>ry ! /udy ( philosophy too f>4 ,= suppose t "s "o 7 to take y1 or any "o ( y\r sort1 (f to prison1 decl>+ t y _h done wrong :5 y _h done no wrong1 y mu/ all[ t y w\ld n "k :at to d3--!re y w\ld /& giddy & gap+1 & n hav+ a ^w to say2 & :5 y w5t up be=e ! ,c\rt1 ev5 if ! accus] 7 a poor creature & n good = mu*1 y w\ld die if he 7 dispos$ to claim ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,& yet1 ,socrates1 :at is ! value ( ,sid5ote3 ,callicles makes an appeal to ! poets4 #8,an art :i* conv]ts a man ( s5se into a fool1' :o is helpless1 & has no p[] to save ei!r himself or o!rs1 :5 he is 9 ! greate/ dang] & is go+ to be despoil$ by 8 enemies ( all 8 goods1 & has to live1 simply depriv$ ( 8 rights ( citiz5%ip8--he be+ a man :o1 if ,i may use ! expression1 may be box$ on ! e>s ) impunity4 ,!n1 my good fri5d1 take my advice1 & refute no m3 #8,le>n ! philosophy ( bus9ess1 & acquire ! reputation ( wisdom4 ,b leave to o!rs ^! niceties1' :e!r !y are to be describ$ z follies or absurdities3 #8,= !y w only ,give y pov]ty = ! inmate ( y\r dwell+4' ,cease1 !n1 emulat+ ^! paltry splitt]s ( words1 & emulate only ! man ( sub/ance & hon\r1 :o is well to d4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles ! desir$ t\*/one ( ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,if my s\l1 ,callicles1 7 made ( gold1 %\ld ,i n rejoice to discov] "o ( ^? /ones ) :i* !y te/ gold1 & ! v be/ possible "o to :i* ,i might br+ my s\l2 & if ! /one & ,i agre$ 9 approv+ ( h] tra9+1 !n ,i %\ld "k t ,i 0 9 a satisfactory /ate1 & t no o!r te/ 0 ne$$ by me4 ,cal4 ,:at is y\r mean+1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i w tell y2 ,i ?9k t ,i h f\nd 9 y ! desir$ t\*/one4 ,cal4 ,:y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ga9 ( hav+ an adv]s>y l ,callicles4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r m5 h n ! k or frankness or good-w :i* is requir$2 & !y are too mode/4 ,8 s9c]ity is %[n by 8 consi/5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,b /ill he w\ld ask1 ,:at ,callicles means by ! sup]ior8 ,soc4 ,because ,i am sure t if y agree ) me 9 any ( ! op9ions :i* my s\l =ms1 ,i h at la/ f\nd ! tru? inde$4 ,= ,i consid] t if a man is to make a complete trial ( ! good or evil ( ! s\l1 he ought to #dhg h ?ree qualities--k1 good-w1 outspok5ness1 :i* are all possess$ by y4 ,_m :om ,i meet are unable to make trial ( me1 because !y are n wise z y are2 o!rs are wise1 b !y w n tell me ! tru?1 because !y h n ! same int]e/ 9 me :i* y h2 & ^! two /rang]s1 ,gorgias & ,polus1 are und\bt$ly wise m5 & my v good fri5ds1 b !y are n outspok5 en\gh1 & !y are too mode/4 ,:y1 _! mode/y is s great t !y are driv5 to contradict !mselves1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r ( !m1 9 ! face ( a l>ge company1 on matt]s ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,b y h all ! qualities 9 :i* ^! o!rs are defici5t1 hav+ receiv$ an excell5t education2 to ?is _m ,a!nians c te/ify4 ,& y are my fri5d4 ,%all ,i tell y :y ,i ?9k s8 ,i "k t y1 ,callicles1 & ,tis&] ( ,aphidnae1 & ,&ron ! son ( ,&rotion1 & ,nausicydes ( ! deme ( ,*ol>ges1 /udi$ toge!r3 !re 7 f\r ( y1 & ,i once he>d y advis+ ) "o ano!r z to ! ext5t to :i* ! pursuit ( philosophy %\ld be c>ri$1 &1 z ,i "k1 y came to ! conclusion t ! /udy %\ld n be pu%$ too mu* into detail4 ,y 7 caution+ "o ano!r n to be ov]wise2 y 7 afraid t too mu* wisdom might unconsci\sly to y\rselves be ! ru9 ( y4 ,& n[ :5 ,i he> y giv+ ! same advice to me :i* y !n gave to y\r mo/ intimate fri5ds1 ,i h a suffici5t evid5ce ( y\r real good-w to me4 ,& ( ! frankness ( y\r nature & fre$om f mode/y ,i am assur$ by y\rself1 & ! assurance is confirm$ by y\r la/ spee*4 ,well !n1 ! inf]5ce 9 ! pres5t case cle>ly is1 t if y agree ) me 9 an argum5t ab\t any po9t1 t po9t w h be5 suffici5tly te/$ by u1 & w n require to be submitt$ to any fur!r te/4 ,= y c\ld n h agre$ ) me1 ei!r f lack ( k or f sup]fluity ( mode/y1 nor yet f a desire to deceive me1 = y are my fri5d1 z y tell me y\rself4 ,& !re=e :5 y & ,i are agre$1 ! result w be ! atta9m5t ( p]fect tru?4 ,n[ !re is no nobl] enquiry1 ,callicles1 ?an t :i* y c5sure me = mak+1--,:at ought ! "* ( a man to be1 & :at 8 pursuits1 & h[ f> is he to g1 bo? 9 matur] ye>s & 9 y\?8 ,= be assur$ t if ,i err 9 my own conduct ,i d n err int5tionally1 #dhh b f ignorance4 ,d n !n desi/ f advis+ me1 n[ t y h begun1 until ,i h le>n$ cle>ly :at ?is is :i* ,i am to practise1 & h[ ,i may acquire x4 ,& if y f9d me ass5t+ to y\r words1 & h]eaft] n do+ t to :i* ,i ass5t$1 call me #8dolt1' & deem me unwor?y ( receiv+ fur!r in/ruction4 ,once m1 !n1 tell me :at y & ,p9d> mean by natural ju/ice3 ,d y n mean t ! sup]ior %\ld take ! prop]ty ( ! inf]ior by =ce2 t ! bett] %\ld rule ! worse1 ! noble h m ?an ! mean8 ,am ,i n "r 9 my recollection8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles is drawn into a contradiction4 ,cal4 ,yes2 t is :at ,i 0 say+1 & s ,i /ill av]4 ,soc4 ,& d y mean by ! bett] ! same z ! sup]ior8 = ,i c\ld n make out :at y 7 say+ at ! "t--:e!r y meant by ! sup]ior ! /rong]1 & t ! weak] mu/ obey ! /rong]1 z y seem$ to imply :5 y said t great cities attack small ones 9 accordance ) natural "r1 because !y are sup]ior & /rong]1 z ?\gh ! sup]ior & /rong] & bett] 7 ! same2 or :e!r ! bett] may be also ! inf]ior & weak]1 & ! sup]ior ! worse1 or :e!r bett] is to be def9$ 9 ! same way z sup]ior3--?is is ! po9t :i* ,i want to h cle>$ up4 ,are ! sup]ior & bett] & /rong] ! same or diff]5t8 ,cal4 ,i say unequivocally t !y are ! same4 ,sid5ote3 ,he means ! bett] & /rong]1 & !re=e ! _m :o make ! laws1 :i* are noble because !y are made by ! bett]4 ,soc4 ,!n ! _m are by nature sup]ior to ! "o1 aga9/ :om1 z y 7 say+1 !y make ! laws8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n ! laws ( ! _m are ! laws ( ! sup]ior8 ,cal4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n !y are ! laws ( ! bett]2 = ! sup]ior class are f> bett]1 z y 7 say+8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& s9ce !y are sup]ior1 ! laws :i* are made by !m are by nature good8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! _m are also ( op9ion t to d is m disgraceful ?an to suff] inju/ice4 ,soc4 ,& are n ! _m ( op9ion1 z y 7 lately say+1 t ju/ice is equality1 & t to d is m #dhi disgraceful ?an to suff] inju/ice8--is t s or n8 ,answ]1 ,callicles1 & let no mode/y be f\nd to come 9 ! way#cf2 d ! _m ?9k1 or d !y n ?9k ?us8--,i mu/ beg ( y to answ]1 9 ord] t if y agree ) me ,i may =tify myself by ! ass5t ( s compet5t an au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,he fl\nd]s impati5tly4 ,cal4 ,yes2 ! op9ion ( ! _m is :at y say4 ,soc4 ,!n n only cu/om b nature also affirms t to d is m disgraceful ?an to suff] inju/ice1 & t ju/ice is equality2 s t y seem to h be5 wrong 9 y\r =m] ass]tion1 :5 accus+ me y said t nature & cu/om are oppos$1 & t ,i1 kn[+ ?is1 0 di%one/ly play+ betwe5 !m1 appeal+ to cu/om :5 ! argum5t is ab\t nature1 & to nature :5 ! argum5t is ab\t cu/om8 ,sid5ote3 #8,( c\rse ,i don't mean ! mob4' ,cal4 ,?is man w nev] cease talk+ nons5se4 ,at y\r age1 ,socrates1 are y n a%am$ to be cat*+ at words & *uckl+ ov] "s v]bal slip8 d y n see--h ,i n told y already1 t by sup]ior ,i mean bett]3 d y imag9e me to say1 t if a rabble ( slaves & nondescripts1 :o are ( no use except p]haps = _! physical /r5g?1 get toge!r1 _! ipsissima v]ba are laws8 ,soc4 ,ho6 my philosoph]1 is t y\r l9e8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,i 0 ?9k+1 ,callicles1 t some?+ ( ! k9d mu/ h be5 9 y\r m9d1 & t is :y ,i repeat$ ! "q1--,:at is ! sup]ior8 ,i want$ to "k cle>ly :at y meant2 = y surely d n ?9k t two m5 are bett] ?an "o1 or t y\r slaves are bett] ?an y because !y are /rong]8 ,!n please to beg9 aga91 & tell me :o ! bett] are1 if !y are n ! /rong]2 & ,i w ask y1 great ,sir1 to be a little mild] 9 y\r in/ructions1 or ,i %all h to run away f y4 ,cal4 ,y are ironical4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n once m1--,:o are ! bett]8 ,soc4 ,no1 by ! h]o ,ze?us1 ,callicles1 by ^: aid y 7 j n[ say+ 7#dhf ,a7 _m ironical ?+s aga9/ me1 ,i am n3--tell me1 !n1 :om y mean by ! bett]8 ,cal4 ,i mean ! m excell5t4 ,soc4 ,d y n see t y are y\rself us+ words :i* h no mean+ & t y are expla9+ no?+8--w y tell me :e!r y mean by ! bett] & sup]ior ! wis]1 or if n1 :om8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles gr[s m & m exasp]at$4 ,cal4 ,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i d mean ! wis]4 #dij ,sid5ote3 ,! wis]3 ! "o wise among t5 ?\s& fools1--he ought to rule4 ,soc4 ,!n accord+ to y1 "o wise man may (t5 be sup]ior to t5 ?\s& fools1 & he ought to rule !m1 & !y ought to be 8 subjects1 & he ought to h m ?an !y %\ld4 ,?is is :at ,i believe t y mean 7& y mu/ n suppose t ,i am ^w-cat*+71 if y all[ t ! "o is sup]ior to ! t5 ?\s&8 ,cal4 ,yes2 t is :at ,i mean1 & t is :at ,i conceive to be natural ju/ice--t ! bett] & wis] %\ld rule & h m ?an ! inf]ior4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ?is is contr>y to ! analogy ( ! o!r arts4 ,soc4 ,/op !re1 & let me ask y :at y w\ld say 9 ?is case3 ,let u suppose t we are all toge!r z we are n[2 !re are sev]al ( u1 & we h a l>ge common /ore ( meats & dr9ks1 & !re are all sorts ( p]sons 9 our company hav+ v>i\s degrees ( /r5g? & weakness1 & "o ( u1 be+ a physician1 is wis] 9 ! matt] ( food ?an all ! re/1 & he is probably /rong] ?an "s & n s /rong z o!rs ( u--w he n1 be+ wis]1 be also bett] ?an we are1 & our sup]ior 9 ?is matt] ( food8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,ei!r1 !n1 he w h a l>g] %>e ( ! meats & dr9ks1 because he is bett]1 or he w h ! di/ribution ( all ( !m by reason ( 8 au?ority1 b he w n exp5d or make use ( a l>g] %>e ( !m on 8 own p]son1 or if he does1 he w be puni%$2--8 %>e w exce$ t ( "s1 & be less ?an t ( o!rs1 & if he be ! weake/ ( all1 he be+ ! be/ ( all w h ! smalle/ %>e ( all1 ,callicles3--am ,i n "r1 my fri5d8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles is disgu/$ at ! commonplace p>allels ( ,socrates4 ,cal4 ,y talk ab\t meats & dr9ks & physicians & o!r nons5se2 ,i am n speak+ ( !m4 ,soc4 ,well1 b d y admit t ! wis] is ! bett]8 ,answ] #8,yes' or #8,no4' ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ought n ! bett] to h a l>g] %>e8 ,cal4 ,n ( meats & dr9ks4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates gr[s m & m ironical4 ,soc4 ,i und]/&3 !n1 p]haps1 ( coats ! skilfulle/ weav] ought to h ! l>ge/ coat1 & ! greate/ numb] ( !m1 & g ab\t clo!d 9 ! be/ & f9e/ ( !m8 ,cal4 ,fudge ab\t coats6 ,soc4 ,!n ! skilfulle/ & be/ 9 mak+ %oes ought to h ! advantage 9 %oes2 ! %oemak]1 cle>ly1 %\ld walk ab\t 9 ! l>ge/ %oes1 & h ! greate/ numb] ( !m8 ,cal4 ,fudge ab\t %oes6 ,:at nons5se are y talk+8 ,soc4 ,or1 if ?is is n y\r mean+1 p]haps y w\ld say t ! wise & good & true husb&man %\ld actually h a l>g] %>e ( se$s1 & h z mu* se$ z possible = 8 own l&8 ,cal4 ,h[ y g on1 always talk+ 9 ! same way1 ,socrates6 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,callicles1 & also ab\t ! same ?+s4 #dia ,cal4 ,yes1 by ! ,gods1 y are lit]ally always talk+ ( cobbl]s & full]s & cooks & doctors1 z if ?is _h to d ) our argum5t4 ,soc4 ,b :y w y n tell me 9 :at a man mu/ be sup]ior & wis] 9 ord] to claim a l>g] %>e2 w y nei!r accept a sugge/ion1 nor (f] "o8 ,cal4 ,i h already told y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i mean by sup]iors n cobbl]s or cooks1 b wise politicians :o und]/& ! adm9i/ration ( a /ate1 & :o are n only wise1 b also valiant & able to c>ry out _! designs1 & n ! m5 to fa9t f want ( s\l4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is accus$ ( always say+ ! same ?+s3 he accuses ,callicles ( nev] say+ ! same ab\t ! same4 ,soc4 ,see n[1 mo/ excell5t ,callicles1 h[ diff]5t my *>ge aga9/ y is f t :i* y br+ aga9/ me1 = y reproa* me ) always say+ ! same2 b ,i reproa* y ) nev] say+ ! same ab\t ! same ?+s1 = at "o "t y 7 def9+ ! bett] & ! sup]ior to be ! /rong]1 !n aga9 z ! wis]1 & n[ y br+ =w>d a new notion2 ! sup]ior & ! bett] are n[ decl>$ by y to be ! m c\rage\s3 ,i wi%1 my good fri5d1 t y w\ld tell me1 once = all1 :om y affirm to be ! bett] & sup]ior1 & 9 :at !y are bett]8 ,sid5ote3 ,! delights ( successful wick$ness4 ,cal4 ,i h already told y t ,i mean ^? :o are wise & c\rage\s 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a /ate--!y ought to be ! rul]s ( _! /ates1 & ju/ice consi/s 9 _! hav+ m ?an _! subjects4 ,soc4 ,b :e!r rul]s or subjects w !y or w !y n h m ?an !mselves1 my fri5d8 ,cal4 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i mean t e man is 8 own rul]2 b p]haps y ?9k t !re is no necessity = him to rule himself2 he is only requir$ to rule o!rs8 ,cal4 ,:at d y mean by 8 #8rul+ ov] himself'8 ,soc4 ,a simple ?+ en\gh2 j :at is commonly said1 t a man %\ld be temp]ate & ma/] ( himself1 & rul] ( 8 own pleasures & passions4 ,cal4 ,:at innoc5ce6 y mean ^? fools1--! temp]ate8 ,soc4 ,c]ta9ly3--any "o may "k t to be my mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles reass]ts 8 doctr9e t ! e/eem 9 :i* virtue & ju/ice are held is due only to m5's fe> = !mselves4 ,no man :o has ! p[] to enjoy himself practises self-control4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l ( ! ignorant4 ,cal4 ,q s1 ,socrates2 & !y are really fools1 = h[ c a man be happy :o is ! s]vant ( any?+8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i pla9ly ass]t1 t he :o w\ld truly live ought to all[ 8 desires to wax to ! utt]mo/1 & n to *a/ise !m2 b :5 !y h gr[n to _! greate/ he %\ld h c\rage & intellig5ce to m9i/] to #dib !m & to satisfy all 8 long+s4 ,& ?is ,i affirm to be natural ju/ice & nobility4 ,to ?is h[ev] ! _m _c atta92 & !y blame ! /rong man because !y are a%am$ ( _! own weakness1 :i* !y desire to conceal1 & h5ce !y say t intemp]ance is base4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ already1 !y enslave ! nobl] natures1 & be+ unable to satisfy _! pleasures1 !y praise temp]ance & ju/ice out ( _! own c[>dice4 ,= if a man _h be5 orig9ally ! son ( a k+1 or _h a nature capable ( acquir+ an empire or a tyranny or sov]eignty1 :at c\ld be m truly base or evil ?an temp]ance--to a man l him1 ,i say1 :o might freely be enjoy+ e good1 & has no "o to /& 9 8 way1 & yet has admitt$ cu/om & reason & ! op9ion ( o!r m5 to be lords ov] him8--mu/ n he be 9 a mis]able plight :om ! reputation ( ju/ice & temp]ance h9d]s f giv+ m to 8 fri5ds ?an to 8 enemies1 ev5 ?\gh he be a rul] 9 8 city8 ,nay1 ,socrates1 = y pr(ess to be a vot>y ( ! tru?1 & ! tru? is ?is3--t luxury & intemp]ance & lic5ce1 if !y be provid$ ) means1 are virtue & happ9ess--all ! re/ is a m]e bauble1 agreem5ts contr>y to nature1 fooli% talk ( m51 no?+ wor?#cg4 ,soc4 ,!re is a noble fre$om1 ,callicles1 9 y\r way ( approa*+ ! argum5t2 = :at y say is :at ! re/ ( ! _w ?9k1 b d n l to say4 ,& ,i mu/ beg ( y to p]sev]e1 t ! true rule ( human life may become manife/4 ,tell me1 !n3--y say1 d y n1 t 9 ! rightly-develop$ man ! passions ought n to be controll$1 b t we %\ld let !m gr[ to ! utmo/ & someh[ or o!r satisfy !m1 & t ?is is virtue8 ,cal4 ,yes2 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,!n ^? :o want no?+ are n truly said to be happy8 ,sid5ote3 ,to live )\t pleasure or passion is to be dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,no2 ! true dea?1 z ,py?agorean philosophy tells u1 is to p\r wat] out ( a vessel full ( holes into a col&] full ( holes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\nd & leaky vessels4 ,cal4 ,no inde$1 = !n /ones & dead m5 w\ld be ! happie/ ( all4 ,soc4 ,b surely life accord+ to y\r view is an awful ?+2 & inde$ ,i ?9k t ,euripides may h be5 "r 9 say+1 #8,:o kn[s if life be n dea? & dea? life2' & t we are v likely dead2 ,i h he>d a philosoph] #dic say t at ?is mom5t we are actually dead1 & t ! body 77 is our tomb 7#ch71 & t ! "p ( ! s\l :i* is ! seat ( ! desires is liable to be toss$ ab\t by words & bl[n up & d[n2 & "s +5i\s p]son1 probably a ,sicilian or an ,italian1 play+ ) ! ^w1 inv5t$ a tale 9 :i* he call$ ! s\l--because ( its believ+ & make-believe nature--a vessel#ci1 & ! ignorant he call$ ! un9itiat$ or leaky1 & ! place 9 ! s\ls ( ! un9itiat$ 9 :i* ! desires are seat$1 be+ ! intemp]ate & incont95t "p1 he comp>$ to a vessel full ( holes1 because x c nev] be satisfi$4 ,he is n ( y\r way ( ?9k+1 ,callicles1 = he decl>es1 t ( all ! s\ls 9 ,hades1 mean+ ! invisible _w 771 ^! un9itiat$ or leaky p]sons are ! mo/ mis]able1 & t !y p\r wat] into a vessel :i* is full ( holes out ( a col&] :i* is simil>ly p]=at$4 ,! col&]1 z my in=m] assures me1 is ! s\l1 & ! s\l :i* he comp>es to a col&] is ! s\l ( ! ignorant1 :i* is likewise full ( holes1 & !re=e incont95t1 ow+ to a bad memory & want ( fai?4 ,^! notions are /range en\gh1 b !y %[ ! pr9ciple :i*1 if ,i c1 ,i w\ld fa9 prove to y2 t y %\ld *ange y\r m9d1 &1 in/ead ( ! intemp]ate & insatiate life1 *oose t :i* is ord]ly & suffici5t & has a due provision = daily ne$s4 ,d ,i make any impression on y1 & are y com+ ov] to ! op9ion t ! ord]ly are happi] ?an ! intemp]ate8 ,or d ,i fail to p]suade y1 &1 h[ev] _m tales ,i rehe>se to y1 d y cont9ue ( ! same op9ion /ill8 ,cal4 ,! latt]1 ,socrates1 is m l ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]ate man is ! s\nd1 ! intemp]ate ! leaky vessel4 ,soc4 ,well1 ,i w tell y ano!r image1 :i* comes out ( ! same s*ool3--,let me reque/ y to consid] h[ f> y w\ld accept ?is z an acc\nt ( ! two lives ( ! temp]ate & intemp]ate 9 a figure3--,!re are two m51 bo? ( :om h a numb] ( casks2 ! "o man has 8 casks s\nd & full1 "o ( w9e1 ano!r ( honey1 & a ?ird ( milk1 besides o!rs fill$ ) o!r liquids1 & ! /reams :i* fill !m are few & scanty1 & he c only obta9 !m ) a great deal ( toil & difficulty2 b :5 8 casks are once fill$ he has no ne$ to fe$ !m any m1 & has no fur!r tr\ble ) !m or c>e ab\t !m4 ,! o!r1 9 l mann]1 c procure /reams1 ?\gh n )\t difficulty2 b 8 vessels are leaky & uns\nd1 & night & day he is compell$ to be fill+ !m1 & if he pauses = a mom5t1 he is 9 an agony ( #did pa94 ,su* are _! respective lives3--,& n[ w\ld y say t ! life ( ! intemp]ate is happi] ?an t ( ! temp]ate8 ,d ,i n conv9ce y t ! opposite is ! tru?8 ,sid5ote3 ,! life ( desire & pleasure is n to be comp>$ to a full vessel1 b to an ev]-runn+ /ream4 ,cal4 ,y d n conv9ce me1 ,socrates1 = ! "o :o has fill$ himself has no long] any pleasure left2 & ?is1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 is ! life ( a /one3 he has nei!r joy nor sorr[ aft] he is once fill$2 b ! pleasure dep5ds on ! sup]abundance ( ! influx4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles no long] a te/1 ,soc4 ,b ! m y p\r 91 ! great] ! wa/e2 & ! holes mu/ be l>ge = ! liquid to escape4 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,! life :i* y are n[ depict+ is n t ( a dead man1 or ( a /one1 b ( a cormorant2 y mean t he is to be hung]+ & eat+8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he is to be ?ir/+ & dr9k+8 ,cal4 ,yes1 t is :at ,i mean2 he is to h all 8 desires ab\t him1 & to be able to live happily 9 ! gratification ( !m4 ,soc4 ,capital1 excell5t2 g on z y h begun1 & h no %ame2 ,i1 too1 mu/ dis5cumb] myself ( %ame3 & fir/1 w y tell me :e!r y include it*+ & scrat*+1 provid$ y h en\gh ( !m & pass y\r life 9 scrat*+1 9 y\r notion ( happ9ess8 ,cal4 ,:at a /range be+ y are1 ,socrates6 a regul> mob-orator4 ,soc4 ,t 0 ! reason1 ,callicles1 :y ,i sc>$ ,polus & ,gorgias1 until !y 7 too mode/ to say :at !y ?\ght2 b y w n be too mode/ & w n be sc>$1 = y are a brave man4 ,& n[1 answ] my "q4 ,cal4 ,i answ]1 t ev5 ! scrat*] w\ld live pleasantly4 ,soc4 ,& if pleasantly1 !n also happily8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,b :at if ! it*+ is n conf9$ to ! head8 ,%all ,i pursue ! "q8 ,& "h1 ,callicles1 ,i w\ld h y consid] h[ y w\ld reply if consequ5ces are press$ ^u y1 especially if 9 ! la/ resort y are ask$1 :e!r ! life ( a catamite is n t]rible1 f\l1 mis]able8 ,or w\ld y v5ture to say1 t !y too are happy1 if !y only get en\gh ( :at !y want8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles pr(esses a virtu\s indignation at ! v m5tion ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 own doctr9e4 ,cal4 ,are y n a%am$1 ,socrates1 ( introduc+ su* topics into ! argum5t8 ,soc4 ,well1 my f9e fri5d1 b am ,i ! introduc] ( ^! topics1 or he :o says )\t any qualification t all :o feel pleasure 9 :atev] mann] are happy1 & :o admits ( no di/9ction betwe5 good & bad pleasures8 ,& ,i #die w\ld /ill ask1 :e!r y say t pleasure & good are ! same1 or :e!r !re is "s pleasure :i* is n a good8 ,sid5ote3 because he w n say :at he ?9ks4 ,cal4 ,well1 !n1 = ! sake ( consi/5cy1 ,i w say t !y are ! same4 ,soc4 ,y are break+ ! orig9al agreem5t1 ,callicles1 & w no long] be a satisfactory companion 9 ! se>* aft] tru?1 if y say :at is contr>y to y\r real op9ion4 ,cal4 ,:y1 t is :at y are do+ too1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!n we are bo? do+ wrong4 ,/ill1 my de> fri5d1 ,i w\ld ask y to consid] :e!r pleasure1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 is ! good2 =1 if ?is be true1 !n ! disagreeable consequ5ces :i* h be5 d>kly intimat$ mu/ foll[1 & _m o!rs4 ,cal4 ,t1 ,socrates1 is only y\r op9ion4 ,soc4 ,& d y1 ,callicles1 s]i\sly ma9ta9 :at y are say+8 ,cal4 ,inde$ ,i d4 ,soc4 ,!n1 z y are 9 e>ne/1 %all we proce$ ) ! argum5t8 ,cal4 ,by all means#dj4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles1 hav+ admitt$ t pleasure & good are ! same1 is l$ to make ! fur!r admission t pleasure & k & c\rage are diff]5t4 ,soc4 ,well1 if y are will+ to proce$1 det]m9e ?is "q = me3--,!re is some?+1 ,i presume1 :i* y w\ld call k8 ,cal4 ,!re is4 ,soc4 ,& 7 y n say+ j n[1 t "s c\rage impli$ k8 ,cal4 ,i 04 ,soc4 ,& y 7 speak+ ( c\rage & k z two ?+s diff]5t f "o ano!r8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly ,i 04 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y say t pleasure & k are ! same1 or n ! same8 ,cal4 ,n ! same1 ,o man ( wisdom4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y say t c\rage diff]$ f pleasure8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 let u rememb] t ,callicles1 ! ,a*>nian1 says t pleasure & good are ! same2 b t k & c\rage are n ! same1 ei!r ) "o ano!r1 or ) ! good4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( contradiction4 ,cal4 ,& :at does our fri5d ,socrates1 ( ,foxton1 say--does he ass5t to ?is1 or n8 ,soc4 ,he does n ass5t2 nei!r w ,callicles1 :5 he sees himself truly4 ,y w admit1 ,i suppose1 t good & evil =tune are oppos$ to ea* o!r8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 !n1 l heal? & disease1 !y exclude "o ano!r2 a man _c h !m bo?1 or be )\t !m bo?1 at ! same "t8 ,cal4 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,take ! case ( any bodily affection3--a man may h ! compla9t 9 8 eyes :i* is call$ oph?almia8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 #dif ,soc4 ,b he surely _c h ! same eyes well & s\nd at ! same "t8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& :5 he has got rid ( 8 oph?almia1 has he got rid ( ! heal? ( 8 eyes too8 ,is ! f9al result1 t he gets rid ( !m bo? toge!r8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,t w\ld surely be m>vell\s & absurd8 ,cal4 ,v4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man may h good & evil by turns1 b n at ! same "t4 ,soc4 ,i suppose t he is affect$ by !m1 & gets rid ( !m 9 turns8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he may h /r5g? & weakness 9 ! same way1 by fits8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,or swiftness & sl[ness8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& does he h & n h good & happ9ess1 & _! opposites1 evil & mis]y1 9 a simil> alt]nation#da8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly he has4 ,soc4 ,if !n !re be any?+ :i* a man has & has n at ! same "t1 cle>ly t _c be good & evil--d we agree8 ,please n to answ] )\t consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! law ( contradiction4 ,cal4 ,i entirely agree4 ,soc4 ,g back n[ to our =m] admissions4--,did y say t to hung]1 ,i mean ! m]e /ate ( hung]1 0 pleasant or pa9ful8 ,cal4 ,i said pa9ful1 b t to eat :5 y are hungry is pleasant4 ,soc4 ,i "k2 b /ill ! actual hung] is pa9ful3 am ,i n "r8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ?ir/1 too1 is pa9ful8 ,cal4 ,yes1 v4 ,soc4 ,ne$ ,i adduce any m in/ances1 or w\ld y agree t all wants or desires are pa9ful8 ,cal4 ,i agree1 & !re=e y ne$ n adduce any m in/ances4 ,soc4 ,v good4 ,& y w\ld admit t to dr9k1 :5 y are ?ir/y1 is pleasant8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ! s5t5ce :i* y h j utt]$1 ! ^w #8?ir/y' implies pa98 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! ^w #8dr9k+' is expressive ( pleasure1 & ( ! satisfaction ( ! want8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!re is pleasure 9 dr9k+8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,:5 y are ?ir/y8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 pa98 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,b he may h pleasure & pa9 at ! same "t4 ,soc4 ,d y see ! inf]5ce3--t pleasure & pa9 are simultane\s1 :5 y say t be+ ?ir/y1 y dr9k8 ,= are !y n simultane\s1 & d !y n affect at ! same "t ! same "p1 :e!r ( ! s\l or ! body8--:i* ( !m is affect$ _c be suppos$ to be ( any consequ5ce3 ,is n ?is true8 ,cal4 ,x is4 ,soc4 ,y said also1 t no man c\ld h good & evil =tune at ! same "t8 ,cal4 ,yes1 ,i did4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dialectical process ,soc4 ,b y admitt$1 t :5 9 pa9 a man might also #dig h pleasure8 ,cal4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re=e pleasure & pa9 are n ! same z good & evil4 ,soc4 ,!n pleasure is n ! same z good =tune1 or pa9 ! same z evil =tune1 & !re=e ! good is n ! same z ! pleasant8 ,cal4 ,i wi% ,i knew1 ,socrates1 :at y\r quibbl+ means4 ,soc4 ,y "k1 ,callicles1 b y affect n to "k4 ,cal4 ,well1 get on1 & don't keep fool+3 !n y w "k :at a wiseacre y are 9 y\r admonition ( me4 ,soc4 ,does n a man cease f 8 ?ir/ & f 8 pleasure 9 dr9k+ at ! same "t8 ,cal4 ,i d n und]/& :at y are say+4 ,gor4 ,nay1 ,callicles1 answ]1 if only = our sakes2--we %\ld l to he> ! argum5t out4 ,cal4 ,yes1 ,gorgias1 b ,i mu/ compla9 ( ! habitual trifl+ ( ,socrates2 he is always argu+ ab\t little & unwor?y que/ions4 ,gor4 ,:at matt]8 ,y\r reputation1 ,callicles1 is n at /ake4 ,let ,socrates argue 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,cal4 ,well1 !n1 ,socrates1 y %all ask ^! little p$dl+ que/ions1 s9ce ,gorgias wi%es to h !m4 ,soc4 ,i envy y1 ,callicles1 = hav+ be5 initiat$ into ! great my/]ies be=e y 7 initiat$ into ! less]4 ,i ?\ght t ?is 0 n all[able4 ,b to return to our argum5t3--,does n a man cease f ?ir/+ & f ! pleasure ( dr9k+ at ! same mom5t8 ,cal4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if he is hungry1 or has any o!r desire1 does he n cease f ! desire & ! pleasure at ! same mom5t8 ,cal4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n he ceases f pa9 & pleasure at ! same mom5t8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b he does n cease f good & evil at ! same mom5t1 z y h admitt$3--d y /ill adh]e to :at y said8 ,cal4 ,yes1 ,i d2 b :at is ! inf]5ce8 ,sid5ote3 to ! man ( ! _w is fooli%ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r po9t ( view4 ,soc4 ,:y1 my fri5d1 ! inf]5ce is t ! good is n ! same z ! pleasant1 or ! evil ! same z ! pa9ful2 !re is a cessation ( pleasure & pa9 at ! same mom5t2 b n ( good & evil1 = !y are diff]5t4 ,h[ !n c pleasure be ! same z good1 or pa9 z evil8 ,& ,i w\ld h y look at ! matt] 9 ano!r light1 :i* c\ld h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 consid]$ by y :5 y id5tifi$ !m3 ,are n ! good good because !y h good pres5t ) !m1 z ! beautiful are ^? :o h beauty pres5t ) !m8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& d y call ! fools & c[>ds good m58 ,= y 7 say+ j n[ t ! c\rage\s & ! wise are ! good--w\ld y n say s8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& did y nev] see a fooli% *ild rejoic+8 ,cal4 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,soc4 ,& a fooli% man too8 ,cal4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 b :at is y\r drift8 ,soc4 ,no?+ p>ticul>1 if y w only answ]4 #dih ,cal4 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,soc4 ,& did y ev] see a s5sible man rejoic+ or sorr[+8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:i* rejoice & sorr[ mo/--! wise or ! fooli%8 ,cal4 ,!y are mu* ^u a p>1 ,i ?9k1 9 t respect4 ,soc4 ,en\gh3 ,& did y ev] see a c[>d 9 battle8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& :i* rejoic$ mo/ at ! dep>ture ( ! enemy1 ! c[>d or ! brave8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld say #8mo/' ( bo?2 or at any rate1 !y rejoic$ ab\t equally4 ,soc4 ,no matt]2 !n ! c[>ds1 & n only ! brave1 rejoice8 ,cal4 ,greatly4 ,soc4 ,& ! fooli%2 s x w\ld seem8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are only ! c[>ds pa9$ at ! approa* ( _! enemies1 or are ! brave also pa9$8 ,cal4 ,bo? are pa9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a f>-fet*$ argum5t1 ,soc4 ,& are !y equally pa9$8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld imag9e t ! c[>ds are m pa9$4 ,soc4 ,& are !y n bett] pleas$ at ! enemy's dep>ture8 ,cal4 ,i d>e say4 ,sid5ote3 ,good is 9 proportion to pleasure1 & ! bad are (t5 z mu* or m pleas$ ?an ! good4 ,soc4 ,!n are ! fooli% & ! wise & ! c[>ds & ! brave all pleas$ & pa9$1 z y 7 say+1 9 ne>ly equal degree2 b are ! c[>ds m pleas$ & pa9$ ?an ! brave8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b surely ! wise & brave are ! good1 & ! fooli% & ! c[>dly are ! bad8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! good & ! bad are pleas$ & pa9$ 9 a ne>ly equal degree8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n are ! good & bad good & bad 9 a ne>ly equal degree1 or h ! bad ! advantage bo? 9 good & evil8 i4 e4 9 hav+ m pleasure & m pa94 ,cal4 ,i really d n "k :at y mean4 ,soc4 ,:y1 d y n rememb] say+ t ! good 7 good because good 0 pres5t ) !m1 & ! evil because evil2 & t pleasures 7 goods & pa9s evils8 ,cal4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]4 ,soc4 ,& are n ^! pleasures or goods pres5t to ^? :o rejoice--if !y d rejoice8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n ^? :o rejoice are good :5 goods are pres5t ) !m8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ^? :o are 9 pa9 h evil or sorr[ pres5t ) !m8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y /ill say t ! evil are evil by reason ( ! pres5ce ( evil8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,!n ^? :o rejoice are good1 & ^? :o are 9 pa9 evil8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ( :i* ,callicles fails to see ! drift4 ,soc4 ,! degrees ( good & evil v>y ) ! degrees ( pleasure & ( pa98 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,h ! wise man & ! fool1 ! brave & ! c[>d1 joy & pa9 9 ne>ly equal degrees8 or w\ld y say t ! c[>d has m8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld say t he has4 ,soc4 ,help me !n to draw out ! conclusion :i* foll[s f our admissions2 = x is good to repeat & review :at is good twice & ?rice ov]1 z !y say4 #dii ,bo? ! wise man & ! brave man we all[ to be good8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! fooli% man & ! c[>d to be evil8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& he :o has joy is good8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he :o is 9 pa9 is evil8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,! good & evil bo? h joy & pa91 b1 p]haps1 ! evil has m ( !m8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re=e ! bad man is z good z ! good1 or p]haps ev5 bett]4 ,soc4 ,!n mu/ we n inf]1 t ! bad man is z good & bad z ! good1 or1 p]haps1 ev5 bett]8--is n ?is a fur!r inf]5ce :i* foll[s equally ) ! prec$+ f ! ass]tion t ! good & ! pleasant are ! same3--c ?is be d5i$1 ,callicles8 ,cal4 ,i h be5 li/5+ & mak+ admissions to y1 ,socrates2 & ,i rem>k t if a p]son grants y any?+ 9 play1 y1 l a *ild1 want to keep hold & w n give x back4 ,b d y really suppose t ,i or any o!r human be+ d5ies t "s pleasures are good & o!rs bad8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates beg9s aga9 ) "s obvi\s truisms4 ,soc4 ,alas1 ,callicles1 h[ unfair y are6 y c]ta9ly treat me z if ,i 7 a *ild1 sometimes say+ "o ?+1 & !n ano!r1 z if y 7 mean+ to deceive me4 ,& yet ,i ?\ght at fir/ t y 7 my fri5d1 & w\ld n h deceiv$ me if y c\ld h help$4 ,b ,i see t ,i 0 mi/ak52 & n[ ,i suppose t ,i mu/ make ! be/ ( a bad bus9ess1 z !y said ( old1 & take :at ,i c get out ( y4--,well1 !n1 z ,i und]/& y to say1 ,i may assume t "s pleasures are good & o!rs evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,! unfairness ( ,callicles :o1 :5 beat51 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,! b5eficial are good1 & ! hurtful are evil8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& ! b5eficial are ^? :i* d "s good1 & ! hurtful are ^? :i* d "s evil8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,take1 = example1 ! bodily pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+1 :i* we 7 j n[ m5tion+--y mean to say t ^? :i* promote heal?1 or any o!r bodily excell5ce1 are good1 & _! opposites evil8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ! same way !re are good pa9s & !re are evil pa9s8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& ought we n to *oose & use ! good pleasures & pa9s8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,b n ! evil8 ,cal4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,because1 if y rememb]1 ,polus & ,i h agre$ t all our actions are to be done = ! sake ( ! good2--& w y agree ) u 9 say+1 t ! good is ! end ( all our actions1 & t all our actions are to be done = ! sake ( ! good1 & n ! good = ! sake ( #ejj !m8--w y add a ?ird vote to our two8 ,cal4 ,i w4 ,soc4 ,!n pleasure1 l ev]y?+ else1 is to be s\ght = ! sake ( t :i* is good1 & n t :i* is good = ! sake ( pleasure8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,b c e man *oose :at pleasures are good & :at are evil1 or mu/ he h art or k ( !m 9 detail8 ,cal4 ,he mu/ h art4 ,sid5ote3 pret5ds t 8 answ]s are n s]i\s4 ,soc4 ,let me n[ rem9d y ( :at ,i 0 say+ to ,gorgias & ,polus2 ,i 0 say+1 z y w n h =gott51 t !re 7 "s processes :i* aim only at pleasure1 & "k no?+ ( a bett] & worse1 & !re are o!r processes :i* "k good & evil4 ,& ,i consid]$ t cook]y1 :i* ,i d n call an art1 b only an exp]i5ce1 0 ( ! =m] class1 :i* is conc]n$ ) pleasure1 & t ! art ( m$ic9e 0 ( ! class :i* is conc]n$ ) ! good4 ,& n[1 by ! god ( fri5d%ip1 ,i mu/ beg y1 ,callicles1 n to je/1 or to imag9e t ,i am je/+ ) y2 d n answ] at r&om & contr>y to y\r real op9ion2--= y w obs]ve t we are argu+ ab\t ! way ( human life2 & to a man :o has any s5se at all1 :at "q c be m s]i\s ?an ?is8--:e!r he %\ld foll[ aft] t way ( life to :i* y exhort me1 & act :at y call ! manly "p ( speak+ 9 ! assembly1 & cultivat+ rhetoric1 & engag+ 9 public affairs1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples n[ 9 vogue2 or :e!r he %\ld pursue ! life ( philosophy2--& 9 :at ! latt] way diff]s f ! =m]4 ,b p]haps we _h bett] fir/ try to di/+ui% !m1 z ,i did be=e1 & :5 we h come to an agreem5t t !y are di/9ct1 we may proce$ to consid] 9 :at !y diff] f "o ano!r1 & :i* ( !m we %\ld *oose4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 y d n ev5 n[ und]/& :at ,i mean8 ,cal4 ,no1 ,i d n4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i w expla9 myself m cle>ly3 see+ t y & ,i h agre$ t !re is su* a ?+ z good1 & t !re is su* a ?+ z pleasure1 & t pleasure is n ! same z good1 & t ! pursuit & process ( acquisition ( ! "o1 t is pleasure1 is diff]5t f ! pursuit & process ( acquisition ( ! o!r1 :i* is good--,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y agree ) me ?us f> or n--d y agree8 ,cal4 ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates repeats 8 di/9ction betwe5 true arts & flatt]ies or %ams1 to :i* ,callicles pret5ds to give ass5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles gr[s m & m ,soc4 ,!n ,i w proce$1 & ask :e!r y also agree ) me1 & :e!r y ?9k t ,i spoke ! tru? :5 #eja ,i fur!r said to ,gorgias & ,polus t cook]y 9 my op9ion is only an exp]i5ce1 & n an art at all2 & t :]eas m$ic9e is an art1 & att5ds to ! nature & con/itution ( ! pati5t1 & has pr9ciples ( action & reason 9 ea* case1 cook]y 9 att5d+ ^u pleasure nev] reg>ds ei!r ! nature or reason ( t pleasure to :i* %e devotes h]self1 b goes /raight to h] end1 nor ev] consid]s or calculates any?+1 b works by exp]i5ce & r\t9e1 & j pres]ves ! recollection ( :at %e has usually done :5 produc+ pleasure4 ,& fir/1 ,i w\ld h y consid] :e!r ,i h prov$ :at ,i 0 say+1 & !n :e!r !re are n o!r simil> processes :i* h to d ) ! s\l--"s ( !m processes ( art1 mak+ a provision = ! s\l's highe/ int]e/--o!rs despis+ ! int]e/1 &1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 consid]+ only ! pleasure ( ! s\l1 & h[ ?is may be acquir$1 b n consid]+ :at pleasures are good or bad1 & hav+ no o!r aim b to af=d gratification1 :e!r good or bad4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,callicles1 !re are su* processes1 & ?is is ! sort ( ?+ :i* ,i t]m flatt]y1 :e!r conc]n$ ) ! body or ! s\l1 or :5ev] employ$ ) a view to pleasure & )\t any consid]ation ( good & evil4 ,& n[ ,i wi% t y w\ld tell me :e!r y agree ) u 9 ?is notion1 or :e!r y diff]4 ,cal4 ,i d n diff]2 on ! contr>y1 ,i agree2 = 9 t way ,i %all soone/ br+ ! argum5t to an end1 & %all oblige my fri5d ,gorgias4 ,soc4 ,& is ?is notion true ( "o s\l1 or ( two or m8 ,cal4 ,equally true ( two or m4 ,soc4 ,!n a man may delight a :ole assembly1 & yet h no reg>d = _! true int]e/s8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are arts :i* delight mank9d b :i* nev] consid] ! s\l's high] int]e/4 ,soc4 ,c y tell me ! pursuits :i* delight mank9d--or r1 if y w\ld pref]1 let me ask1 & d y answ]1 :i* ( !m belong to ! pleasurable class1 & :i* ( !m n8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at say y ( flute-play+8 ,does n t appe> to be an art :i* seeks only pleasure1 ,callicles1 & ?9ks ( no?+ else8 ,cal4 ,i ass5t4 ,soc4 ,& is n ! same true ( all simil> arts1 z1 = example1 ! art ( play+ ! lyre at fe/ivals8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y say ( ! *oral art & ( di?yrambic poetry8--are n !y ( ! same nature8 ,d y imag9e t ,c9esias ! son ( ,meles c>es ab\t :at w t5d to ! moral improvem5t ( 8 he>]s1 or ab\t #ejb :at w give pleasure to ! multitude8 ,sid5ote3 impati5t ( ! argum5t4 ,cal4 ,!re c be no mi/ake ab\t ,c9esias1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y say ( 8 fa!r1 ,meles ! h>p-play]8 ,did he p]=m ) any view to ! good ( 8 he>]s8 ,c\ld he be said to reg>d ev5 _! pleasure8 ,= 8 s++ 0 an infliction to 8 audi5ce4 ,& ( h>p-play+ & di?yrambic poetry 9 g5]al1 :at w\ld y say8 ,h !y n be5 inv5t$ :olly = ! sake ( pleasure8 ,cal4 ,t is my notion ( !m4 ,soc4 ,& z = ! ,muse ( ,trag$y1 t solemn & augu/ p]sonage--:at are h] aspirations8 ,is all h] aim & desire only to give pleasure to ! spectators1 or does %e fight aga9/ !m & refuse to speak ( _! pleasant vices1 & will+ly proclaim 9 ^w & song tru?s welcome & unwelcome8--:i* 9 y\r judgm5t is h] "*8 ,cal4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,socrates1 t ,trag$y has h] face turn$ t[>ds pleasure & ! gratification ( ! audi5ce4 ,soc4 ,& is n t ! sort ( ?+1 ,callicles1 :i* we 7 j n[ describ+ z flatt]y8 ,cal4 ,q true4 ,soc4 ,well n[1 suppose t we /rip all poetry ( song & rhy?m & metre1 !re w rema9 spee*#db8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& ?is spee* is address$ to a cr[d ( p8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n poetry is a sort ( rhetoric8 ,cal4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& d n ! poets 9 ! !atres seem to y to be rhetoricians8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,poetry is ( ! nature ( flatt]y4 ,soc4 ,!n n[ we h discov]$ a sort ( rhetoric :i* is address$ to a cr[d ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 freem5 & slaves4 ,& ?is is n mu* to our ta/e1 = we h describ$ x z hav+ ! nature ( flatt]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! two sorts ( rhetoric4 ,cal4 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,oratory1 too1 z practis$ reg>ds ! int]e/ ( ! speak] r ?an ! good ( ! p4 ,soc4 ,v good4 ,& :at d y say ( t o!r rhetoric :i* addresses ! ,a!nian assembly & ! assemblies ( freem5 9 o!r /ates8 ,d ! rhetoricians appe> to y always to aim at :at is be/1 & d !y seek to improve ! citiz5s by _! spee*es1 or are !y too1 l ! re/ ( mank9d1 b5t ^u giv+ !m pleasure1 =gett+ ! public good 9 ! ?\ght ( _! own int]e/1 play+ ) ! p z ) *ildr51 & try+ to amuse !m1 b nev] consid]+ :e!r !y are bett] or worse = ?is8 ,cal4 ,i mu/ di/+ui%4 ,!re are "s :o h a real #ejc c>e ( ! public 9 :at !y say1 :ile o!rs are su* z y describe4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re might be a high] /yle ( oratory2 & ,callicles ?9ks t su* really exi/$ 9 ! great days ( old1 ! days ( ,miltiades & ,!mi/ocles & ,p]icles4 ,soc4 ,i am cont5t$ ) ! admission t rhetoric is ( two sorts2 "o1 :i* is m]e flatt]y & disgraceful declamation2 ! o!r1 :i* is noble & aims at ! tra9+ & improvem5t ( ! s\ls ( ! citiz5s1 & /rives to say :at is be/1 :e!r welcome or unwelcome1 to ! audi5ce2 b h y ev] kn[n su* a rhetoric2 or if y h1 & c po9t out any rhetorician :o is ( ?is /amp1 :o is he8 ,cal4 ,b1 inde$1 ,i am afraid t ,i _c tell y ( any su* among ! orators :o are at pres5t liv+4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 c y m5tion any "o ( a =m] g5]ation1 :o may be said to h improv$ ! ,a!nians1 :o f\nd !m worse & made !m bett]1 f ! day t he began to make spee*es8 =1 inde$1 ,i d n "k ( su* a man4 ,cal4 ,:at6 did y nev] he> t ,!mi/ocles 0 a good man1 & ,cimon & ,miltiades & ,p]icles1 :o is j lately dead1 & :om y he>d y\rself8 ,sid5ote3 ,yet ev5 ^! fam\s m5 _h no ideal or /&>d4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,callicles1 !y 7 good m51 if1 z y said at fir/1 true virtue consi/s only 9 ! satisfaction ( our own desires & ^? ( o!rs2 b if n1 & if1 z we 7 aft]w>ds compell$ to ackn[l$ge1 ! satisfaction ( "s desires makes u bett]1 & ( o!rs1 worse1 & we ought to gratify ! "o & n ! o!r1 & !re is an art 9 di/+ui%+ !m1--c y tell me ( any ( ^! /atesm5 :o did di/+ui% !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,! good man1 l ! good arti/1 a lov] ( ord]4 ,cal4 ,no1 inde$1 ,i _c4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s /&>d ne$$ o!r ?an a man's int]e/4 ,soc4 ,yet1 surely1 ,callicles1 if y look y w f9d su* a "o4 ,suppose t we j calmly consid] :e!r any ( ^! 0 su* z ,i h describ$4 ,w n ! good man1 :o says :atev] he says ) a view to ! be/1 speak ) a ref]5ce to "s /&>d & n at r&om2 j z all o!r arti/s1 :e!r ! pa9t]1 ! build]1 ! %ipwright1 or any o!r look all ( !m to _! own "w1 & d n select & apply at r&om :at !y apply1 b /rive to give a def9ite =m to x8 ,! arti/ disposes all ?+s 9 ord]1 & compels ! "o "p to h>monize & #ejd accord ) ! o!r "p1 until he has con/ruct$ a regul> & sy/ematic :ole2 & ?is is true ( all arti/s1 & 9 ! same way ! tra9]s & physicians1 ( :om we spoke be=e1 give ord] & regul>ity to ! body3 d y d5y ?is8 ,cal4 ,no2 ,i am ready to admit x4 ,sid5ote3 ,ord] is good1 disord] evil1 9 a %ip1 9 a human body1 9 a human s\l4 ,soc4 ,!n ! h\se 9 :i* ord] & regul>ity prevail is good2 t 9 :i* !re is disord]1 evil8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! same is true ( a %ip8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! human body8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! s\l8 ,w ! good s\l be t 9 :i* disord] is preval5t1 or t 9 :i* !re is h>mony & ord]8 ,cal4 ,! latt] foll[s f our previ\s admissions4 ,soc4 ,:at is ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! effect ( h>mony & ord] 9 ! body8 ,cal4 ,i suppose t y mean heal? & /r5g?8 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i d2 & :at is ! "n :i* y w\ld give to ! effect ( h>mony & ord] 9 ! s\l8 ,try & discov] a "n = ?is z well z = ! o!r4 ,cal4 ,:y n give ! "n y\rself1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,well1 if y _h r t ,i %\ld1 ,i w2 & y %all say :e!r y agree ) me1 & if n1 y %all refute & answ] me4 #8,heal?y1' z ,i conceive1 is ! "n :i* is giv5 to ! regul> ord] ( ! body1 :5ce comes heal? & e o!r bodily excell5ce3 is t true or n8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles aga9 turns re/ive4 ,cal4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ord] & law spr+ temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,& #8lawful' & #8law' are ! names :i* are giv5 to ! regul> ord] & action ( ! s\l1 & ^! make m5 lawful & ord]ly3--& s we h temp]ance & ju/ice3 h we n8 ,cal4 ,grant$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! true rhetorician w seek to implant ^! virtues1 to implant ju/ice & take away inju/ice4 ,soc4 ,& w n ! true rhetorician :o is hone/ & und]/&s 8 art h 8 eye fix$ ^u ^!1 9 all ! words :i* he addresses to ! s\ls ( m51 & 9 all 8 actions1 bo? 9 :at he gives & 9 :at he takes away8 ,w n 8 aim be to implant ju/ice 9 ! s\ls ( 8 citiz5s & take away inju/ice1 to implant temp]ance & take away intemp]ance1 to implant e virtue & take away e vice8 ,d y n agree8 ,cal4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,= :at use is !re1 ,callicles1 9 giv+ to ! body ( a sick man :o is 9 a bad /ate ( heal? a quantity ( ! mo/ delightful food or dr9k or any o!r pleasant ?+1 :i* may be really z bad = him z if y gave him #eje no?+1 or ev5 worse if rightly e/imat$4 ,is n t true8 ,cal4 ,i w n say ,no to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! body ( ! sick & ! s\l ( ! wick$ mu/ be *a/is$ & improv$4 ,soc4 ,= 9 my op9ion !re is no pr(it 9 a man's life if 8 body is 9 an evil plight--9 t case 8 life also is evil3 am ,i n "r8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:5 a man is 9 heal? ! physicians w g5]ally all[ him to eat :5 he is hungry & dr9k :5 he is ?ir/y1 & to satisfy 8 desires z he likes1 b :5 he is sick !y h>dly suff] him to satisfy 8 desires at all3 ev5 y w admit t8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& does n ! same argum5t hold ( ! s\l1 my good sir8 ,:ile %e is 9 a bad /ate & is s5seless & intemp]ate & unju/ & unholy1 h] desires ought to be controll$1 & %e ought to be prev5t$ f do+ any?+ :i* does n t5d to h] own improvem5t4 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!n #8,"o man mu/ d = two4' ,soc4 ,su* treatm5t w be bett] = ! s\l h]self8 ,cal4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& to re/ra9 h] f h] appetites is to *a/ise h]8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n re/ra9t or *a/isem5t is bett] = ! s\l ?an intemp]ance or ! abs5ce ( control1 :i* y 7 j n[ pref]r+8 ,cal4 ,i d n und]/& y1 ,socrates1 & ,i wi% t y w\ld ask "s "o :o does4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles does n wi% to be improv$4 ,soc4 ,"h is a g5tleman :o _c endure to be improv$ or to subject himself to t v *a/isem5t ( :i* ! argum5t speaks6 ,cal4 ,i d n he$ a ^w ( :at y are say+1 & h only answ]$ hi!rto out ( civility to ,gorgias4 ,soc4 ,:at are we to d1 !n8 ,%all we break (f 9 ! middle8 ,cal4 ,y %all judge = y\rself4 ,soc4 ,well1 b p say t #8a tale %\ld h a head & n break (f 9 ! middle1' & ,i %\ld n l to h ! argum5t go+ ab\t )\t a head#dc2 please !n to g on a little long]1 & put ! head on4 ,cal4 ,h[ tyrannical y are1 ,socrates6 ,i wi% t y & y\r argum5t w\ld re/1 or t y w\ld get "s "o else to argue ) y4 ,soc4 ,b :o else is will+8--,i want to f9i% ! argum5t4 ,cal4 ,_c y f9i% )\t my help1 ei!r talk+ /raight on1 or que/ion+ & answ]+ y\rself8 ,sid5ote3 ,recapitulation ( ! argum5t4 ,soc4 ,mu/ ,i !n say ) ,epi*>mus1 #8,two m5 spoke be=e1 b n[ "o %all be en\gh'8 ,i suppose t !re is absolutely no help4 ,& if ,i am to c>ry on ! enquiry by myself1 ,i w fir/ ( all rem>k t n only ,i b all ( u %\ld h an ambition to "k :at is true & :at is false 9 ?is matt]1 = ! discov]y ( ! tru? is a common good4 ,& n[ ,i w proce$ to argue accord+ to my own notion4 ,b if any ( y ?9k t ,i arrive at #ejf conclusions :i* are untrue y mu/ int]pose & refute me1 = ,i d n speak f any k ( :at ,i am say+1 ,i am an enquir] l y\rselves1 & !re=e1 if my oppon5t says any?+ :i* is ( =ce1 ,i %all be ! fir/ to agree ) him4 ,i am speak+ on ! supposition t ! argum5t ought to be complet$2 b if y ?9k o!rwise let u leave (f & g our ways4 ,gor4 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t we %\ld n g our ways until y h complet$ ! argum5t2 & ?is appe>s to me to be ! wi% ( ! re/ ( ! company2 ,i myself %\ld v mu* l to he> :at m y h to say4 ,soc4 ,i too1 ,gorgias1 %\ld h lik$ to cont9ue ! argum5t ) ,callicles1 & !n ,i might h giv5 him an #8,amphion' 9 return = 8 #8,ze?us'#dd2 b s9ce y1 ,callicles1 are unwill+ to cont9ue1 ,i hope t y w li/51 & int]rupt me if ,i seem to y to be 9 error4 ,& if y refute me1 ,i %all n be angry ) y z y are ) me1 b ,i %all inscribe y z ! greate/ ( b5efactors on ! tablets ( my s\l4 ,cal4 ,my good fell[1 nev] m9d me1 b get on4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pleasant n ! same z ! good1 & is to be s\ght only = ! sake ( ! good3 & we are good :5 good is pres5t 9 u1 & good is ! effect ( ord] & tru? & art4 ,soc4 ,li/5 to me1 !n1 :ile ,i recapitulate ! argum5t3--,is ! pleasant ! same z ! good8 ,n ! same4 ,callicles & ,i are agre$ ab\t t4 ,& is ! pleasant to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good8 or ! good = ! sake ( ! pleasant8 ,! pleasant is to be pursu$ = ! sake ( ! good4 ,& t is pleasant at ! pres5ce ( :i* we are pleas$1 & t is good at ! pres5ce ( :i* we are good8 ,to be sure4 ,& we are good1 & all good ?+s :atev] are good :5 "s virtue is pres5t 9 u or !m8 ,t1 ,callicles1 is my conviction4 ,b ! virtue ( ea* ?+1 :e!r body or s\l1 in/rum5t or creature1 :5 giv5 to !m 9 ! be/ way comes to !m n by *ance b z ! result ( ! ord] & tru? & art :i* are imp>t$ to !m3 ,am ,i n "r8 ,i ma9ta9 t ,i am4 ,& is n ! virtue ( ea* ?+ dep5d5t on ord] or arrangem5t8 ,yes1 ,i say4 ,& t :i* makes a ?+ good is ! prop] ord] inh]+ 9 ea* ?+8 ,su* is my view4 ,& is n ! s\l :i* has an ord] ( h] own bett] ?an t :i* has no ord]8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! s\l :i* has ord] is ord]ly8 ,( c\rse4 ,& t :i* is ord]ly is temp]ate8 ,assur$ly4 ,& ! #ejg temp]ate s\l is good8 ,no o!r answ] c ,i give1 ,callicles de>2 h y any8 ,sid5ote3 ,! int]communion ( ! virtues4 ,cal4 ,g on1 my good fell[4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i %all proce$ to add1 t if ! temp]ate s\l is ! good s\l1 ! s\l :i* is 9 ! opposite condition1 t is1 ! fooli% & intemp]ate1 is ! bad s\l4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! temp]ate s\l is ! good s\l1 j 9 relation to m51 & holy 9 relation to gods1 & is !re=e happy2 & ! intemp]ate is ! rev]se ( all ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,if x be admitt$ t virtue is happ9ess & vice mis]y1 !n :at ,socrates said ab\t ! use ( rhetoric 9 self-accusation turns out to be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometry 9 bo? worlds4 ,& w n ! temp]ate man d :at is prop]1 bo? 9 relation to ! gods & to m52--= he w\ld n be temp]ate if he did n8 ,c]ta9ly he w d :at is prop]4 ,9 8 relation to o!r m5 he w d :at is j2 & 9 8 relation to ! gods he w d :at is holy2 & he :o does :at is j & holy mu/ be j & holy8 ,v true4 ,& mu/ he n be c\rage\s8 = ! duty ( a temp]ate man is n to foll[ or to avoid :at he ought n1 b :at he ought1 :e!r ?+s or m5 or pleasures or pa9s1 & pati5tly to endure :5 he ought2 & !re=e1 ,callicles1 ! temp]ate man1 be+1 z we h describ$1 also j & c\rage\s & holy1 _c be o!r ?an a p]fectly good man1 nor c ! good man d o!rwise ?an well & p]fectly :atev] he does2 & he :o does well mu/ ( necessity be happy & bless$1 & ! evil man :o does evil1 mis]able3 n[ ?is latt] is he :om y 7 applaud+--! intemp]ate :o is ! opposite ( ! temp]ate4 ,su* is my position1 & ^! ?+s ,i affirm to be true4 ,& if !y are true1 !n ,i fur!r affirm t he :o desires to be happy mu/ pursue & practise temp]ance & run away f intemp]ance z fa/ z 8 legs w c>ry him3 he _h bett] ord] 8 life s z n to ne$ puni%m5t2 b if ei!r he or any ( 8 fri5ds1 :e!r private individual or city1 are 9 ne$ ( puni%m5t1 !n ju/ice mu/ be done & he mu/ suff] puni%m5t1 if he w\ld be happy4 ,?is appe>s to me to be ! aim :i* a man ought to h1 & t[>ds :i* he ought to direct all ! en]gies bo? ( himself & ( ! /ate1 act+ s t he may h temp]ance & ju/ice pres5t ) him & be happy1 n suff]+ 8 lu/s to be unre/ra9$1 & 9 ! nev]-end+ desire to satisfy !m lead+ a robb]'s life4 ,su* a "o is ! fri5d nei!r ( ,god nor man1 = he is incapable ( communion1 & he :o is incapable ( communion is also incapable ( fri5d%ip4 ,& philosoph]s tell u1 ,callicles1 t communion & fri5d%ip & ord]l9ess & temp]ance & ju/ice b9d toge!r #ejh heav5 & e>? & gods & m51 & t ?is univ]se is !re=e call$ ,cosmos or ord]1 n disord] or misrule1 my fri5d4 ,b al?\gh y are a philosoph] y seem to me nev] to h obs]v$ t geometrical equality is mighty1 bo? among gods & m52 y ?9k t y ought to cultivate inequality or excess1 & d n c>e ab\t geometry4--,well1 !n1 ei!r ! pr9ciple t ! happy are made happy by ! possession ( ju/ice & temp]ance1 & ! mis]able mis]able by ! possession ( vice1 mu/ be refut$1 or1 if x is grant$1 :at w be ! consequ5ces8 ,all ! consequ5ces :i* ,i drew be=e1 ,callicles1 & ab\t :i* y ask$ me :e!r ,i 0 9 e>ne/ :5 ,i said t a man ought to accuse himself & 8 son & 8 fri5d if he did any?+ wrong1 & t to ?is end he %\ld use 8 rhetoric--all ^? consequ5ces are true4 ,& t :i* y ?\ght t ,polus 0 l$ to admit out ( mode/y is true1 viz4 t1 to d inju/ice1 if m disgraceful ?an to suff]1 is 9 t degree worse2 & ! o!r position1 :i*1 accord+ to ,polus1 ,gorgias admitt$ out ( mode/y1 t he :o w\ld truly be a rhetorician ought to be j & h a k ( ju/ice1 has also turn$ out to be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p>adoxes are prov54 ,sid5ote3 ,! greate/ evil to d inju/ice1 b !re is a great] /ill1 n to be puni%$ = do+ inju/ice4 ,& n[1 ^! ?+s be+ z we h said1 let u proce$ 9 ! next place to consid] :e!r y are "r 9 ?r[+ 9 my tee? t ,i am unable to help myself or any ( my fri5ds or k9sm51 or to save !m 9 ! extremity ( dang]1 & t ,i am 9 ! p[] ( ano!r l an outlaw to :om any "o may d :at he likes1--he may box my e>s1 :i* 0 a brave say+ ( y\rs2 or take away my goods or bani% me1 or ev5 d 8 wor/ & kill me2 a condition :i*1 z y say1 is ! height ( disgrace4 ,my answ] to y is "o :i* has be5 already (t5 repeat$1 b may z well be repeat$ once m4 ,i tell y1 ,callicles1 t to be box$ on ! e>s wrongfully is n ! wor/ evil :i* c befall a man1 nor to h my purse or my body cut op51 b t to smite & slay me & m9e wrongfully is f> m disgraceful & m evil2 aye1 & to despoil & enslave & pillage1 or 9 any way at all to wrong me & m9e1 is f> m disgraceful & evil to ! do] ( ! wrong ?an to me :o am ! suff]]4 ,^! tru?s1 :i* h be5 already set =? z ,i /ate #eji !m 9 ! previ\s discussion1 w\ld seem n[ to h be5 fix$ & rivet$ by u1 if ,i may use an expression :i* is c]ta9ly bold1 9 words :i* are l bonds ( iron & adamant2 & unless y or "s o!r /ill m ent]pris+ h]o %all break !m1 !re is no possibility ( d5y+ :at ,i say4 ,= my position has always be51 t ,i myself am ignorant h[ ^! ?+s are1 b t ,i h nev] met any "o :o c\ld say o!rwise1 any m ?an y c1 & n appe> ridicul\s4 ,?is is my position /ill1 & if :at ,i am say+ is true1 & inju/ice is ! greate/ ( evils to ! do] ( inju/ice1 & yet !re is if possible a great] ?an ?is greate/ ( evils#de1 9 an unju/ man n suff]+ retribution1 :at is t def5ce ( :i* ! want w make a man truly ridicul\s8 ,mu/ n ! def5ce be "o :i* w av]t ! greate/ ( human evils8 ,& w n ! wor/ ( all def5ces be t ) :i* a man is unable to def5d himself or 8 family or 8 fri5ds8--& next w come t :i* is unable to av]t ! next greate/ evil2 ?irdly t :i* is unable to av]t ! ?ird greate/ evil2 & s ( o!r evils4 ,z is ! greatness ( evil s is ! hon\r ( be+ able to av]t !m 9 _! sev]al degrees1 & ! disgrace ( n be+ able to av]t !m4 ,am ,i n "r1 ,callicles8 ,cal4 ,yes1 q "r4 ,soc4 ,see+ !n t !re are ^! two evils1 ! do+ inju/ice & ! suff]+ inju/ice--& we affirm t to d inju/ice is a great]1 & to suff] inju/ice a less] evil--by :at devices c a man succe$ 9 obta9+ ! two advantages1 ! "o ( n do+ & ! o!r ( n suff]+ inju/ice8 mu/ he h ! p[]1 or only ! w to obta9 !m8 ,i mean to ask :e!r a man w escape inju/ice if he has only ! w to escape1 or mu/ he h provid$ himself ) ! p[]8 ,cal4 ,he mu/ h provid$ himself ) ! p[]2 t is cle>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tyrant & 8 satellites4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y say ( do+ inju/ice8 ,is ! w only suffici5t1 & w t prev5t him f do+ inju/ice1 or mu/ he h provid$ himself ) p[] & art2 & if he h n /udi$ & practis$1 w he be unju/ /ill8 ,surely y might say1 ,callicles1 :e!r y ?9k t ,polus & ,i 7 "r 9 admitt+ ! conclusion t no "o does wrong volunt>ily1 b t all d wrong aga9/ _! w8 ,cal4 ,grant$1 ,socrates1 if y w only h done4 #eaj ,soc4 ,!n1 z w\ld appe>1 p[] & art h to be provid$ 9 ord] t we may d no inju/ice8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& :at art w protect u f suff]+ inju/ice1 if n :olly1 yet z f> z possible8 ,i want to "k :e!r y agree ) me2 = ,i ?9k t su* an art is ! art ( "o :o is ei!r a rul] or ev5 tyrant himself1 or ! equal & companion ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,cal4 ,well said1 ,socrates2 & please to obs]ve h[ ready ,i am to praise y :5 y talk s5se4 ,soc4 ,?9k & tell me :e!r y w\ld approve ( ano!r view ( m9e3 ,to me e man appe>s to be mo/ ! fri5d ( him :o is mo/ l to him--l to l1 z anci5t sages say3 ,w\ld y n agree to ?is8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tyrant naturally hates bo? 8 sup]iors & inf]iors3 he likes only ^? :o resemble him 9 "*4 ,soc4 ,b :5 ! tyrant is rude & un$ucat$1 he may be expect$ to fe> any "o :o is 8 sup]ior 9 virtue1 & w nev] be able to be p]fectly fri5dly ) him4 ,cal4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,nei!r w he be ! fri5d ( any "o :o is greatly 8 inf]ior1 = ! tyrant w despise him1 & w nev] s]i\sly reg>d him z a fri5d4 ,cal4 ,t aga9 is true4 ,soc4 ,!n ! only fri5d wor? m5tion+1 :om ! tyrant c h1 w be "o :o is ( ! same "*1 & has ! same likes & dislikes1 & is at ! same "t will+ to be subject & subs]vi5t to him2 he is ! man :o w h p[] 9 ! /ate1 & no "o w injure him ) impunity3--is n t s8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bad man w kill ! good4 ,soc4 ,& if a "y man beg9s to ask h[ he may become great & =midable1 ?is w\ld seem to be ! way--he w accu/om himself1 f 8 y\? upw>d1 to feel sorr[ & joy on ! same occasions z 8 ma/]1 & w contrive to be z l him z possible8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! way to be a great man & n to suff] injury is to become l him4 ,& !re c be no great] evil to him ?an ?is4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ?is way he w h accompli%$1 z y & y\r fri5ds w\ld say1 ! end ( becom+ a great man & n suff]+ injury8 ,cal4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,b w he also escape f do+ injury8 ,mu/ n ! v opposite be true1 if he is to be l ! tyrant 9 8 inju/ice1 & to h influ5ce ) him8 ,w he n #eaa r contrive to d z mu* wrong z possible1 & n be puni%$8 ,cal4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& by ! imitation ( 8 ma/] & by ! p[] :i* he ?us acquires w n 8 s\l become bad & corrupt$1 & w n ?is be ! greate/ evil to him8 ,cal4 ,y always contrive someh[ or o!r1 ,socrates1 to inv]t ev]y?+3 d y n "k t he :o imitates ! tyrant w1 if he has a m9d1 kill him :o does n imitate him & take away 8 goods8 ,sid5ote3 ,b h[ provok+ t ! bad man %\ld slay ! good6 ,soc4 ,excell5t ,callicles1 ,i am n deaf1 & ,i h he>d t a great _m times f y & f ,polus & f ne>ly e man 9 ! city1 b ,i wi% t y w\ld he> me too4 ,i d>e say t he w kill him if he has a m9d--! bad man w kill ! good & true4 ,cal4 ,& is n t j ! provok+ ?+8 ,sid5ote3 ,nay1 b we %\ld n always /udy ! arts :i* save u f dea?2--! art ( swimm+1 ! art ( ! pilot1 c4 ,soc4 ,nay1 n to a man ( s5se1 z ! argum5t %[s3 d y ?9k t all our c>es %\ld be direct$ to prolong+ life to ! utt]mo/1 & to ! /udy ( ^? arts :i* secure u f dang] always2 l t art ( rhetoric :i* saves m5 9 c\rts ( law1 & :i* y advise me to cultivate8 ,cal4 ,yes1 truly1 & v good advice too4 ,soc4 ,well1 my fri5d1 b :at d y ?9k ( swimm+2 is t an art ( any great pret5sions8 ,cal4 ,no1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,& yet surely swimm+ saves a man f dea?1 & !re are occasions on :i* he mu/ "k h[ to swim4 ,sid5ote3 ,:o c say :e!r to be sav$ ,sid5ote3 ,! pilot dem&s a v mod]ate paym5t z ! f>e ( a pass5g] f ,a!ns to ,aeg9a1 because he is n c]ta9 :e!r salvation f dea? be a good or an evil4 ,& if y despise ! swimm]s1 ,i w tell y ( ano!r & great] art1 ! art ( ! pilot1 :o n only saves ! s\ls ( m51 b also _! bodies & prop]ties f ! extremity ( dang]1 j l rhetoric4 ,yet 8 art is mode/ & unpresum+3 x has no airs or pret5ces ( do+ any?+ extraord9>y1 &1 9 return = ! same salvation :i* is giv5 by ! plead]1 dem&s only two obols1 if he br+s u f ,aeg9a to ,a!ns1 or = ! long] voyage f ,pontus or ,egypt1 at ! utmo/ two dra*mae1 :5 he has sav$1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 ! pass5g] & 8 wife & *ildr5 & goods1 & safely disemb>k$ !m at ! ,piraeus1--?is is ! paym5t :i* he asks 9 return = s great a boon2 & he :o is ! ma/] ( ! art1 & has done all ?is1 gets out & walks ab\t on ! sea-%ore by 8 %ip 9 an unassum+ way4 ,= he is able to reflect & is aw>e t he _c tell :i* ( 8 fell[-pass5g]s he has b5efit$1 & :i* ( !m he has injur$ 9 n all[+ !m to be dr[n$4 ,he kn[s t !y are j ! same :5 he has disemb>k$ !m z :5 !y emb>k$1 #eab & n a :it bett] ei!r 9 _! bodies or 9 _! s\ls2 & he consid]s t if a man :o is afflict$ by great & incurable bodily diseases is only to be piti$ = hav+ escap$1 & is 9 no way b5efit$ by him 9 hav+ be5 sav$ f dr[n+1 mu* less he :o has great & incurable diseases1 n ( ! body1 b ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! m valuable "p ( him2 nei!r is life wor? hav+ nor ( any pr(it to ! bad man1 :e!r he be deliv]$ f ! sea1 or ! law-c\rts1 or any o!r dev\r]2--& s he reflects t su* a "o _h bett] n live1 = he _c live well#df4 ,sid5ote3 f dea? be good or evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,! eng9e]1 too3--h[ mu* bett] ?an ! plead]6 ,sid5ote3 ,he too is ano!r ( y\r savi\rs3 b y despise him1 :]eas y ought to e/eem him highly4 ,sid5ote3 ,i want y to consid] :e!r y c possibly become great among ! p unless y become l !m4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ! pilot1 al?\gh he is our savi\r1 is n usually conceit$1 any m ?an ! eng9e]1 :o is n at all beh9d ei!r ! g5]al1 or ! pilot1 or any "o else1 9 8 sav+ p[]1 = he sometimes saves :ole cities4 ,is !re any comp>ison betwe5 him & ! plead]8 ,& if he 7 to talk1 ,callicles1 9 y\r gr&iose /yle1 he w\ld bury y "u a m\nta9 ( words1 decl>+ & insi/+ t we ought all ( u to be eng9e-mak]s1 & t no o!r pr(ession is wor? ?9k+ ab\t2 he w\ld h pl5ty to say4 ,nev]!less y despise him & 8 art1 & sne]+ly call him an eng9e-mak]1 & y w n all[ y\r daught]s to m>ry 8 son1 or m>ry y\r son to 8 daught]s4 ,& yet1 on y\r pr9ciple1 :at ju/ice or reason is !re 9 y\r refusal8 ,:at "r h y to despise ! eng9e-mak]1 & ! o!rs :om ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+8 ,i "k t y w say1 #8,i am bett]1 & bett] born4' ,b if ! bett] is n :at ,i say1 & virtue consi/s only 9 a man sav+ himself & 81 :atev] may be 8 "*1 !n y\r c5sure ( ! eng9e-mak]1 & ( ! physician1 & ( ! o!r arts ( salvation1 is ridicul\s4 ,o my fri5d6 ,i want y to see t ! noble & ! good may possibly be some?+ diff]5t f sav+ & be+ sav$3--,may n he :o is truly a man cease to c>e ab\t liv+ a c]ta9 "t8--he kn[s1 z wom5 say1 t no man c escape fate1 & !re=e he is n fond ( life2 he leaves all t ) ,god1 & consid]s 9 :at way he c be/ sp5d 8 appo9t$ t]m2--:e!r by assimilat+ himself to ! con/itution "u :i* he lives1 z y at ?is mom5t h to consid] h[ y may #eac become z l z possible to ! ,a!nian p1 if y mean to be 9 _! good graces1 & to h p[] 9 ! /ate2 :]eas ,i want y to ?9k & see :e!r ?is is = ! int]e/ ( ei!r ( u2--,i w\ld n h u risk t :i* is de>e/ on ! acquisition ( ?is p[]1 l ! ,!ssalian en*antresses1 :o1 z !y say1 br+ d[n ! moon f heav5 at ! risk ( _! own p]dition4 ,b if y suppose t any man w %[ y ! art ( becom+ great 9 ! city1 & yet n con=m+ y\rself to ! ways ( ! city1 :e!r = bett] or worse1 !n ,i c only say t y are mi/ak51 ,callicles2 = he :o w\ld des]ve to be ! true natural fri5d ( ! ,a!nian ,demus1 aye1 or ( ,pyrilampes' d>l+ :o is call$ aft] !m1 mu/ be by nature l !m1 & n an imitator only4 ,he1 !n1 :o w make y mo/ l !m1 w make y z y desire1 a /atesman & orator3 = e man is pleas$ :5 he is spok5 to 9 8 own language & _s1 & dislikes any o!r4 ,b p]haps y1 sweet ,callicles1 may be ( ano!r m9d4 ,:at d y say8 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles incl9es = an in/ant to ! ,gospel ( ,socrates1 b ! love ( ! _w & ( popul>ity ov]comes him4 ,sid5ote3 ,reit]ation4 ,cal4 ,someh[ or o!r y\r words1 ,socrates1 always appe> to me to be good words2 & yet1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,i am n q conv9c$ by !m#dg4 ,soc4 ,! reason is1 ,callicles1 t ! love ( ,demus :i* abides 9 y\r s\l is an adv]s>y to me2 b ,i d>e say t if we recur to ^! same matt]s1 & consid] !m m ?or\ghly1 y may be conv9c$ = all t4 ,please1 !n1 to rememb] t !re are two processes ( tra9+ all ?+s1 includ+ body & s\l2 9 ! "o1 z we said1 we treat !m ) a view to pleasure1 & 9 ! o!r ) a view to ! highe/ good1 & !n we d n indulge b resi/ !m3 0 n t ! di/9ction :i* we drew8 ,sid5ote3 ,two processes ( tra9+3 "o hav+ a view to pleasure1 ! o!r to good4 ,cal4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& ! "o :i* _h pleasure 9 view 0 j a vulg> flatt]y3--0 n t ano!r ( our conclusions8 ,cal4 ,be x s1 if y w h x4 ,soc4 ,& ! o!r _h 9 view ! greate/ improvem5t ( t :i* 0 m9i/]$ to1 :e!r body or s\l8 ,cal4 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& we mu/ tra9 our citiz5s ) a view to _! good2 &1 z 9 o!r arts1 we mu/ %[ t we c be tru/$ to improve !m4 ,soc4 ,& mu/ we n h ! same end 9 view 9 ! treatm5t ( our city & citiz5s8 ,mu/ we n try & make !m z good z possible8 ,= we h already discov]$ t !re is no use 9 imp>t+ to !m any o!r #ead good1 unless ! m9d ( ^? :o are to h ! good1 :e!r money1 or (fice1 or any o!r sort ( p[]1 be g5tle & good4 ,%all we say t8 ,cal4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 if y l4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 if y & ,i1 ,callicles1 7 int5d+#dh to set ab\t "s public bus9ess1 & 7 advis+ "o ano!r to und]take build+s1 su* z walls1 docks or temples ( ! l>ge/ size1 ought we n to exam9e ourselves1 fir/1 z to :e!r we "k or d n "k ! art ( build+1 & :o taught u8--w\ld n t be necess>y1 ,callicles8 ,cal4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,9 ! second place1 we %\ld h to consid] :e!r we _h ev] con/ruct$ any private h\se1 ei!r ( our own or = our fri5ds1 & :e!r ?is build+ ( ours 0 a success or n2 & if ^u consid]ation we f\nd t we _h _h good & em95t ma/]s1 & _h be5 successful 9 con/ruct+ _m f9e build+s1 n only ) _! assi/ance1 b )\t !m1 by our own unaid$ skill--9 t case prud5ce w\ld n dissuade u f proce$+ to ! con/ruction ( public works4 ,b if we _h no ma/] to %[1 & only a numb] ( wor?less build+s or none at all1 !n1 surely1 x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 u to attempt public works1 or to advise "o ano!r to und]take !m4 ,is n ?is true8 ,sid5ote3 ,! sil5ce ( ,callicles4 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& does n ! same hold 9 all o!r cases8 ,if y & ,i 7 physicians1 & 7 advis+ "o ano!r t we 7 compet5t to practise z /ate-physicians1 %\ld ,i n ask ab\t y1 & w\ld y n ask ab\t me1 ,well1 b h[ ab\t ,socrates himself1 has he good heal?8 & 0 any "o else ev] kn[n to be cur$ by him1 :e!r slave or freeman8 ,& ,i %\ld make ! same enquiries ab\t y4 ,& if we arriv$ at ! conclusion t no "o1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 man or woman1 _h ev] be5 any ! bett] = ! m$ical skill ( ei!r ( u1 !n1 by ,heav51 ,callicles1 :at an absurdity to ?9k t we or any human be+ %\ld be s silly z to set up z /ate-physicians & advise o!rs l ourselves to d ! same1 )\t hav+ fir/ practis$ 9 private1 :e!r successfully or n1 & acquir$ exp]i5ce ( ! art6 ,is n ?is1 z !y say1 to beg9 ) ! big j> :5 y are le>n+ ! pott]'s art2 :i* is a fooli% ?+8 ,cal4 ,true4 #eae ,sid5ote3 ,& n[1 ,callicles1 :at are y :o are a public "* do+ = ! improvem5t ( ! citiz5s8 ,soc4 ,& n[1 my fri5d1 z y are already beg9n+ to be a public "*1 & are admoni%+ & reproa*+ me = n be+ "o1 suppose t we ask a few que/ions ( "o ano!r4 ,tell me1 !n1 ,callicles1 h[ ab\t mak+ any ( ! citiz5s bett]8 ,0 !re ev] a man :o 0 once vici\s1 or unju/1 or intemp]ate1 or fooli%1 & became by ! help ( ,callicles good & noble8 ,0 !re ev] su* a man1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 slave or freeman8 ,tell me1 ,callicles1 if a p]son 7 to ask ^! que/ions ( y1 :at w\ld y answ]8 ,:om w\ld y say t y _h improv$ by y\r conv]sation8 ,!re may h be5 good de$s ( ?is sort :i* 7 done by y z a private p]son1 be=e y came =w>d 9 public4 ,:y w y n answ]8 ,sid5ote3 ,p]icles a bad political %eph]d4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles makes no answ]4 ,cal4 ,y are cont5ti\s1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,or h[ did ,p]icles & ! great ( old b5efit ! citiz5s8 ,soc4 ,nay1 ,i ask y1 n f a love ( cont5tion1 b because ,i really want to "k 9 :at way y ?9k t affairs %\ld be adm9i/]$ among u--:e!r1 :5 y come to ! adm9i/ration ( !m1 y h any o!r aim b ! improvem5t ( ! citiz5s8 ,h we n already admitt$ _m times ov] t su* is ! duty ( a public man8 ,nay1 we h surely said s2 = if y w n answ] = y\rself ,i mu/ answ] = y4 ,b if ?is is :at ! good man ought to effect = ! b5efit ( 8 own /ate1 all[ me to recall to y ! names ( ^? :om y 7 j n[ m5tion+1 ,p]icles1 & ,cimon1 & ,miltiades1 & ,!mi/ocles1 & ask :e!r y /ill ?9k t !y 7 good citiz5s4 ,cal4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,b if !y 7 good1 !n cle>ly ea* ( !m mu/ h made ! citiz5s bett] in/ead ( worse8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 ,p]icles fir/ began to speak 9 ! assembly1 ! ,a!nians 7 n s good z :5 he spoke la/8 ,cal4 ,v likely4 ,soc4 ,nay1 my fri5d1 #8likely' is n ! ^w2 = if he 0 a good citiz51 ! inf]5ce is c]ta94 ,cal4 ,& :at diff]5ce does t make8 ,sid5ote3 ,p]icles corrupt$ !m by giv+ !m pay4 ,soc4 ,none2 only ,i %\ld l fur!r to "k :e!r ! ,a!nians are suppos$ to h be5 made bett] by ,p]icles1 or1 on ! contr>y1 to h be5 corrupt$ by him2 = ,i he> t he 0 ! fir/ :o gave ! p pay1 & made !m idle & c[>dly1 & enc\rag$ !m 9 ! love ( talk & ( money4 ,cal4 ,y he>d t1 ,socrates1 f ! laconis+ set :o bruise _! e>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,he made !m worse in/ead ( bett]1 = !y all b put him to dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,= he taught ! citiz5s only to kick & butt4 ,soc4 ,b :at ,i am go+ to tell y n[ is n m]e he>say1 b well kn[n bo? to y & me3 t at fir/1 ,p]icles 0 glori\s & 8 "* unimpea*$ by any v]dict ( ! ,a!nians--?is 0 dur+ ! "t :5 #eaf !y 7 n s good--yet aft]w>ds1 :5 !y _h be5 made good & g5tle by him1 at ! v end ( 8 life !y convict$ him ( !ft1 & almo/ put him to dea?1 cle>ly "u ! notion t he 0 a malefactor4 ,cal4 ,well1 b h[ does t prove ,p]icles' badness8 ,soc4 ,:y1 surely1 y w\ld say t he 0 a bad manag] ( asses or horses or ox51 :o _h receiv$ !m orig9ally nei!r kick+ nor butt+ nor bit+ him1 & implant$ 9 !m all ^! savage tricks8 ,w\ld he n be a bad manag] ( any animals :o receiv$ !m g5tle1 & made !m fi]c] ?an !y 7 :5 he receiv$ !m8 ,:at d y say8 ,cal4 ,i w d y ! fav\r ( say+ #8yes4' ,soc4 ,& w y also d me ! fav\r ( say+ :e!r man is an animal8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly he is4 ,soc4 ,& 0 n ,p]icles a %eph]d ( m58 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if he 0 a good political %eph]d1 ought n ! animals :o 7 8 subjects1 z we 7 j n[ ackn[l$g+1 to h become m j1 & n m unju/8 ,cal4 ,q true4 ,soc4 ,& are n j m5 g5tle1 z ,hom] says8--or are y ( ano!r m9d8 ,cal4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,& yet he really did make !m m savage ?an he receiv$ !m1 & _! savag5ess 0 %[n t[>ds himself2 :i* he mu/ h be5 v f> f desir+4 ,cal4 ,d y want me to agree ) y8 ,soc4 ,yes1 if ,i seem to y to speak ! tru?4 ,cal4 ,grant$ !n4 ,soc4 ,& if !y 7 m savage1 mu/ !y n h be5 m unju/ & inf]ior8 ,cal4 ,grant$ aga94 ,soc4 ,!n ^u ?is view1 ,p]icles 0 n a good /atesman8 ,cal4 ,t is1 ^u y\r view4 ,sid5ote3 ,cimon 0 o/racis$2 ,!mi/ocles 0 exil$2 ,miltiades 0 ne>ly ?r[n f ! rock4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old argum5t repeat$1 ) illu/rations tak5 f common life4 ,soc4 ,nay1 ! view is y\rs1 aft] :at y h admitt$4 ,take ! case ( ,cimon aga94 ,did n ! v p]sons :om he 0 s]v+ o/racize him1 9 ord] t !y might n he> 8 voice = t5 ye>s8 & !y did j ! same to ,!mi/ocles1 add+ ! p5alty ( exile2 & !y vot$ t ,miltiades1 ! h]o ( ,m>a?on1 %\ld be ?r[n into ! pit ( dea?1 & he 0 only sav$ by ! ,prytanis4 ,& yet1 if !y _h be5 really good m51 z y say1 ^! ?+s w\ld nev] h happ5$ to !m4 ,= ! good *>iote]s are n ^? :o at fir/ keep _! place1 & !n1 :5 !y h brok5-9 _! horses1 & !mselves become bett] *>iote]s1 are ?r[n out--t is n ! way ei!r 9 *>iote]+ or 9 any pr(ession4--,:at d y ?9k8 ,cal4 ,i %\ld ?9k n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old] /atesm5 no bett] ?an ! exi/+ ones4 ,soc4 ,well1 b if s1 ! tru? is z ,i h said already1 #eag t 9 ! ,a!nian ,/ate no "o has ev] %[n himself to be a good /atesman--y admitt$ t ?is 0 true ( our pres5t /atesm51 b n true ( =m] ones1 & y pref]r$ !m to ! o!rs2 yet !y h turn$ out to be no bett] ?an our pres5t ones2 & !re=e1 if !y 7 rhetoricians1 !y did n use ! true art ( rhetoric or ( flatt]y1 or !y w\ld n h fall5 out ( fav\r4 ,cal4 ,b surely1 ,socrates1 no liv+ man ev] came ne> any "o ( !m 9 8 p]=mances4 ,sid5ote3 ,! old] /atesm5 n able really to elevate ! /ate to a high] level1 b m capable ( gratify+ its desires4 ,sid5ote3 ,y might z well say t ! cook or ! bak] is a good tra9] z t !y 7 great /atesm54 ,sid5ote3 ,! /atesman-l ! ,sophi/2 nei!r has any "r to accuse _! foll[]s ( wrong+ !m2 !y %\ld h taught !m bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,nons5se ab\t ! cry ( +ratitude :i* ,soc4 ,o1 my de> fri5d1 ,i say no?+ aga9/ !m reg>d$ z ! s]v+-m5 ( ! ,/ate2 & ,i d ?9k t !y 7 c]ta9ly m s]viceable ?an ^? :o are liv+ n[1 & bett] able to gratify ! wi%es ( ! ,/ate2 b z to trans=m+ ^? desires & n all[+ !m to h _! way1 & us+ ! p[]s :i* !y _h1 :e!r ( p]suasion or ( =ce1 9 ! improvem5t ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 :i* is ! prime object ( ! truly good citiz51 ,i d n see t 9 ^! respects !y 7 a :it sup]ior to our pres5t /atesm51 al?\gh ,i d admit t !y 7 m clev] at provid+ %ips & walls & docks1 & all t4 ,y & ,i h a ridicul\s way1 = dur+ ! :ole "t t we are argu+1 we are always go+ r\nd & r\nd to ! same po9t1 & con/antly misund]/&+ "o ano!r4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 y h admitt$ & ackn[l$g$ m ?an once1 t !re are two k9ds ( op]ations :i* h to d ) ! body1 & two :i* h to d ) ! s\l3 "o ( ! two is m9i/]ial1 & if our bodies are hungry provides food = !m1 & if !y are ?ir/y gives !m dr9k1 or if !y are cold supplies !m ) g>m5ts1 blankets1 %oes1 & all t !y crave4 ,i use ! same images z be=e int5tionally1 9 ord] t y may und]/& me ! bett]4 ,! purveyor ( ! articles may provide !m ei!r :olesale or retail1 or he may be ! mak] ( any ( !m1--! bak]1 or ! cook1 or ! weav]1 or ! %oemak]1 or ! curri]2 & 9 s do+1 be+ su* z he is1 he is naturally suppos$ by himself & e "o to m9i/] to ! body4 ,= none ( !m "k t !re is ano!r art--an art ( gymna/ic & m$ic9e :i* is ! true m9i/] ( ! body1 & ought to be ! mi/ress ( all ! re/1 & to use _! results accord+ to ! k :i* %e has & !y h n1 ( ! real good or bad effects ( meats & dr9ks on ! body4 ,all o!r arts :i* h to d #eah ) ! body are s]vile & m5ial & illib]al2 & gymna/ic & m$ic9e are1 z !y ought to be1 _! mi/resses4 ,n[1 :5 ,i say t all ?is is equally true ( ! s\l1 y seem at fir/ to "k & und]/& & ass5t to my words1 & !n a little :ile aft]w>ds y come repeat+1 ,has n ! ,/ate _h good & noble citiz5s8 & :5 ,i ask y :o !y are1 y reply1 seem+ly q 9 e>ne/1 z if ,i _h ask$1 ,:o are or h be5 good tra9]s8--& y _h repli$1 ,!>ion1 ! bak]1 ,mi?oecus1 :o wrote ! ,sicilian cook]y-book1 ,s>ambus1 ! v9tn]3 ^! are m9i/]s ( ! body1 fir/-rate 9 _! art2 = ! fir/ makes admirable loaves1 ! second excell5t di%es1 & ! ?ird capital w9e2--to me ^! appe> to be ! exact p>allel ( ! /atesm5 :om y m5tion4 ,n[ y w\ld n be altoge!r pleas$ if ,i said to y1 ,my fri5d1 y "k no?+ ( gymna/ics2 ^? ( :om y are speak+ to me are only ! m9i/]s & purveyors ( luxury1 :o h no good or noble notions ( _! art1 & may v likely be fill+ & fatt5+ m5's bodies & ga9+ _! approval1 al?\gh ! result is t !y lose _! orig9al fle% 9 ! long run1 & become ?9n] ?an !y 7 be=e2 & yet !y1 9 _! simplicity1 w n attribute _! diseases & loss ( fle% to _! ent]ta9]s2 b :5 9 aft] ye>s ! unheal?y surfeit br+s ! att5dant p5alty ( disease1 he :o happ5s to be ne> !m at ! "t1 & (f]s !m advice1 is accus$ & blam$ by !m1 & if !y c\ld !y w\ld d him "s h>m2 :ile !y proce$ to eulogize ! m5 :o h be5 ! real au?ors ( ! mis*ief4 ,& t1 ,callicles1 is j :at y are n[ do+4 ,y praise ! m5 :o fea/$ ! citiz5s & satisfi$ _! desires1 & p say t !y h made ! city great1 n see+ t ! swoll5 & ulc]at$ condition ( ! ,/ate is to be attribut$ to ^! eld] /atesm52 = !y h fill$ ! city full ( h>b\rs & docks & walls & rev5ues & all t1 & h left no room = ju/ice & temp]ance4 ,& :5 ! crisis ( ! disord] comes1 #eai ! p w blame ! advis]s ( ! h\r1 & applaud ,!mi/ocles & ,cimon & ,p]icles1 :o are ! real au?ors ( _! calamities2 & if y are n c>eful !y may assail y & my fri5d ,alcibiades1 :5 !y are los+ n only _! new acquisitions1 b also _! orig9al possessions2 n t y are ! au?ors ( ^! mis=tunes ( !irs1 al?\gh y may p]haps be accessories to !m4 ,a great piece ( "w is always be+ made1 z ,i see & am told1 n[ z ( old1 ab\t our /atesm54 ,:5 ! ,/ate treats any ( !m z malefactors1 ,i obs]ve t !re is a great upro> & indignation at ! suppos$ wrong :i* is done to !m2 #8aft] all _! _m s]vices to ! ,/ate1 t !y %\ld unju/ly p]i%1'--s ! tale runs4 ,b ! cry is all a lie2 = no /atesman ev] c\ld be unju/ly put to dea? by ! city ( :i* he is ! head4 ,! case ( ! pr(ess$ /atesman is1 ,i believe1 v mu* l t ( ! pr(ess$ sophi/2 = ! sophi/s1 al?\gh !y are wise m51 are nev]!less guilty ( a /range piece ( folly2 pr(ess+ to be tea*]s ( virtue1 !y w (t5 accuse _! disciples ( wrong+ !m1 & defraud+ !m ( _! pay1 & %[+ no gratitude = _! s]vices4 ,yet :at c be m absurd ?an t m5 :o h become j & good1 & ^: inju/ice has be5 tak5 away f !m1 & :o h _h ju/ice implant$ 9 !m by _! tea*]s1 %\ld act unju/ly by reason ( ! inju/ice :i* is n 9 !m8 ,c any?+ be m irrational1 my fri5d1 ?an ?is8 ,y1 ,callicles1 compel me to be a mob-orator1 because y w n answ]4 ,sid5ote3 is %[n to /atesm5 at ,a!ns4 ,cal4 ,& y are ! man :o _c speak unless !re is "s "o to answ]8 ,soc4 ,i suppose t ,i c2 j n[1 at any rate1 ! spee*es :i* ,i am mak+ are long en\gh because y refuse to answ] me4 ,b ,i adjure y by ! god ( fri5d%ip1 my good sir1 d tell me :e!r !re does n appe> to y to be a great inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t y h made a man good1 & !n blam+ him = be+ bad8 ,cal4 ,yes1 x appe>s s to me4 ,soc4 ,d y nev] he> our pr(essors ( education speak+ #ebj 9 ?is inconsi/5t mann]8 ,cal4 ,yes1 b :y talk ( m5 :o are good = no?+8 ,sid5ote3 ,sophi/ry is mu* sup]ior to rhetoric4 ,soc4 ,i w\ld r say1 :y talk ( m5 :o pr(ess to be rul]s1 & decl>e t !y are devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! city1 & nev]!less ^u occasion declaim aga9/ ! utt] vil5ess ( ! city3--d y ?9k t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ! o!r8 ,my good fri5d1 ! sophi/ & ! rhetorician1 z ,i 0 say+ to ,polus1 are ! same1 or ne>ly ! same2 b y ignorantly fancy t rhetoric is a p]fect ?+1 & sophi/ry a ?+ to be despis$2 :]eas ! tru? is1 t sophi/ry is z mu* sup]ior to rhetoric z legislation is to ! practice ( law1 or gymna/ic to m$ic9e4 ,! orators & sophi/s1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 are ! only class :o _c compla9 ( ! mis*ief ensu+ to !mselves f t :i* !y tea* o!rs1 )\t 9 ! same brea? accus+ !mselves ( hav+ done no good to ^? :om !y pr(ess to b5efit4 ,is n ?is a fact8 ,cal4 ,c]ta9ly x is4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o tea*es hone/y ought to tea* 8 pupils to pay him = ! lesson4 ,sid5ote3 ,! physician ( ! /ate ,soc4 ,if !y 7 "r 9 say+ t !y make m5 bett]1 !n !y are ! only class :o c af=d to leave _! remun]ation to ^? :o h be5 b5efit$ by !m4 ,:]eas if a man has be5 b5efit$ 9 any o!r way1 if1 = example1 he has be5 taught to run by a tra9]1 he might possibly defraud him ( 8 pay1 if ! tra9] left ! matt] to him1 & made no agreem5t ) him t he %\ld receive money z soon z he _h giv5 him ! utmo/ spe$2 = n because ( any defici5cy ( spe$ d m5 act unju/ly1 b by reason ( inju/ice4 ,cal4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& he :o removes inju/ice c be 9 no dang] ( be+ treat$ unju/ly3 he alone c safely leave ! honor>ium to 8 pupils1 if he be really able to make !m good--am ,i n "r#di8 ,cal4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n we h f\nd ! reason :y !re is no di%on\r 9 a man receiv+ pay :o is call$ 9 to advise ab\t build+ or any o!r art8 ,cal4 ,yes1 we h f\nd ! reason4 ,soc4 ,b :5 ! po9t is1 h[ a man may become be/ himself1 & be/ gov]n 8 family & /ate1 !n to say t y w give no advice gratis is held to be di%on\rable8 ,cal4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& :y8 ,because only su* b5efits call =? a desire to requite !m1 & !re is evid5ce t a b5efit has be5 conf]r$ :5 ! b5efactor receives a return2 o!rwise n4 ,is ?is true8 ,cal4 ,x is4 ,sid5ote3 ,callicles advises ,socrates to be ! s]vant ( ! /ate1 & n run ! risk ( popul> enmity4 ,soc4 ,!n to :i* s]vice ( ! ,/ate d y invite me8 det]m9e = me4 ,am ,i to be ! physician ( ! #eba ,/ate :o w /rive & /ruggle to make ! ,a!nians z good z possible2 or am ,i to be ! s]vant & flatt]] ( ! ,/ate8 ,speak out1 my good fri5d1 freely & fairly z y did at fir/ & ought to d aga91 & tell me y\r entire m9d4 ,cal4 ,i say !n t y %\ld be ! s]vant ( ! ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 & ! flatt]] ( ! /ate4 ,soc4 ,! flatt]]8 well1 sir1 t is a noble invitation4 ,cal4 ,! ,mysian1 ,socrates1 or :at y please4 ,= if y refuse1 ! consequ5ces w be-- ,soc4 ,d n repeat ! old /ory--t he :o likes w kill me & get my money2 = !n ,i %all h to repeat ! old answ]1 t he w be a bad man & w kill ! good1 & t ! money w be ( no use to him1 b t he w wrongly use t :i* he wrongly took1 & if wrongly1 basely1 & if basely1 hurtfully4 ,cal4 ,h[ confid5t y are1 ,socrates1 t y w nev] come to h>m6 y seem to ?9k t y are liv+ 9 ano!r c\ntry1 & c nev] be br\ght into a c\rt ( ju/ice1 z y v likely may be br\ght by "s mis]able & mean p]son4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates has no fe> ( popul> enmity1 b is q aw>e t he w incur x1 because he is ! only true politician ( 8 "t1 & he has no def5ce aga9/ m5 su* z 8 oppon5ts3 t is to say1 he has ! def5ce ( tru?1 b n su* a def5ce z m5 ord9>ily produce4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i mu/ inde$ be a fool1 ,callicles1 if ,i d n "k t 9 ! ,a!nian ,/ate any man may suff] any?+4 ,& if ,i am br\ght to trial & incur ! dang]s ( :i* y speak1 he w be a villa9 :o br+s me to trial--( t ,i am v sure1 = no good man w\ld accuse ! innoc5t4 ,nor %all ,i be surpris$ if ,i am put to dea?4 ,%all ,i tell y :y ,i anticipate ?is8 ,cal4 ,by all means4 ,soc4 ,i ?9k t ,i am ! only or almo/ ! only ,a!nian liv+ :o practises ! true art ( politics2 ,i am ! only politician ( my "t4 ,n[1 see+ t :5 ,i speak my words are n utt]$ ) any view ( ga9+ fav\r1 & t ,i look to :at is be/ & n to :at is mo/ pleasant1 hav+ no m9d to use ^? arts & graces :i* y recomm5d1 ,i %all h no?+ to say 9 ! ju/ice c\rt4 ,& y might argue ) me1 z ,i 0 argu+ ) ,polus3--,i %all be tri$ j z a physician w\ld be tri$ 9 a c\rt ( little boys at ! indictm5t ( ! cook4 ,:at w\ld he reply "u su* circum/ances1 if "s "o 7 to accuse him1 say+1 #8,o my boys1 _m evil ?+s has ?is man done to y3 he is ! dea? ( y1 especially ( ! y\ng] ones among y1 cutt+ & burn+ & />v+ & suffocat+ y1 until y "k #ebb n :at to d2 he gives y ! bitt]e/ potions1 & compels y to hung] & ?ir/4 ,h[ unlike ! v>iety ( meats & sweets on :i* ,i fea/$ y6' ,:at d y suppose t ! physician w\ld be able to reply :5 he f\nd himself 9 su* a pr$icam5t8 ,if he told ! tru? he c\ld only say1 #8,all ^! evil ?+s1 my boys1 ,i did = y\r heal?1' & !n w\ld !re n j be a clam\r among a jury l t8 ,h[ !y w\ld cry out6 ,cal4 ,i d>e say4 ,soc4 ,w\ld he n be utt]ly at a loss = a reply8 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?4 ,cal4 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,soc4 ,& ,i too %all be treat$ 9 ! same way1 z ,i well "k1 if ,i am br\ght be=e ! c\rt4 ,= ,i %all n be able to rehe>se to ! p ! pleasures :i* ,i h procur$ = !m1 & :i*1 al?\gh ,i am n dispos$ to envy ei!r ! procur]s or enjoy]s ( !m1 are deem$ by !m to be b5efits & advantages4 ,& if any "o says t ,i corrupt "y m51 & p]plex _! m9ds1 or t ,i speak evil ( old m51 & use bitt] words t[>ds !m1 :e!r 9 private or public1 x is useless = me to reply1 z ,i truly might3--#8,all ?is ,i d = ! sake ( ju/ice1 & ) a view to y\r int]e/1 my judges1 & to no?+ else4' ,& !re=e !re is no say+ :at may happ5 to me4 ,cal4 ,& d y ?9k1 ,socrates1 t a man :o is ?us def5celess is 9 a good position8 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,callicles1 if he h t def5ce1 :i* z y h (t5 ackn[l$g$ he %\ld h--if he be 8 own def5ce1 & h nev] said or done any?+ wrong1 ei!r 9 respect ( gods or m52 & ?is has be5 repeat$ly ackn[l$g$ by u to be ! be/ sort ( def5ce4 ,& if any "o c\ld convict me ( inability to def5d myself or o!rs aft] ?is sort1 ,i %\ld blu% = %ame1 :e!r ,i 0 convict$ be=e _m1 or be=e a few1 or by myself alone2 & if ,i di$ f want ( ability to d s1 t w\ld inde$ grieve me4 ,b if ,i di$ because ,i h no p[]s ( flatt]y or rhetoric1 ,i am v sure t y w\ld n f9d me rep9+ at dea?4 ,= no man :o is n an utt] fool & c[>d is afraid ( dea? itself1 b he is afraid ( do+ wrong4 ,= to g to ! _w bel[ hav+ "o's s\l full ( inju/ice is ! la/ & wor/ ( all evils4 ,& 9 pro( ( :at ,i say1 if y h no objection1 ,i %\ld l to tell y a /ory4 ,cal4 ,v well1 proce$2 & !n we %all h done4 ,sid5ote3 ,! philosoph] has no reason to dread dea?1 z ,socrates w prove by a relation ( :at happ5s 9 ! _w bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,be=e ! days ( ,zeus1 ! judgm5ts ( ano!r _w too mu* resembl$ ! judgm5ts ( ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,zeus takes measures = ! correction & improvem5t ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,soc4 ,li/51 !n1 z /ory-tell]s say1 to a v pretty #ebc tale1 :i* ,i d>e say t y may be dispos$ to reg>d z a fable only1 b :i*1 z ,i believe1 is a true tale1 = ,i mean to speak ! tru?4 ,hom] tells u#ej1 h[ ,zeus & ,poseidon & ,pluto divid$ ! empire :i* !y inh]it$ f _! fa!r4 ,n[ 9 ! days ( ,cronos !re exi/$ a law respect+ ! de/9y ( man1 :i* has always be51 & /ill cont9ues to be 9 ,heav51--t he :o has liv$ all 8 life 9 ju/ice & hol9ess %all g1 :5 he is dead1 to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 & dwell !re 9 p]fect happ9ess out ( ! rea* ( evil2 b t he :o has liv$ unju/ly & impi\sly %all g to ! h\se ( v5geance & puni%m5t1 :i* is call$ ,t>t>us4 ,& 9 ! "t ( ,cronos1 & ev5 q lately 9 ! reign ( ,zeus1 ! judgm5t 0 giv5 on ! v day on :i* ! m5 7 to die2 ! judges 7 alive1 & ! m5 7 alive2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t ! judgm5ts 7 n well giv54 ,!n ,pluto & ! au?orities f ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$ came to ,zeus1 & said t ! s\ls f\nd _! way to ! wrong places4 ,zeus said3 #8,i %all put a /op to ?is2 ! judgm5ts are n well giv51 because ! p]sons :o are judg$ h _! clo!s on1 = !y are alive2 & !re are _m :o1 hav+ evil s\ls1 are app>ell$ 9 fair bodies1 or encas$ 9 weal? or rank1 &1 :5 ! day ( judgm5t arrives1 num]\s witnesses come =w>d & te/ify on _! behalf t !y h liv$ righte\sly4 ,! judges are aw$ by !m1 & !y !mselves too h _! clo!s on :5 judg+2 _! eyes & e>s & _! :ole bodies are int]pos$ z a veil be=e _! own s\ls4 ,all ?is is a h9drance to !m2 !re are ! clo!s ( ! judges & ! clo!s ( ! judg$4--,:at is to be done8 ,i w tell y3--,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w deprive m5 ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( dea?1 :i* !y possess at pres5t3 ?is p[] :i* !y h ,prome!us has already receiv$ my ord]s to take f !m3 9 ! second place1 !y %all be entirely /ripp$ be=e !y are judg$1 = !y %all be judg$ :5 !y are dead2 & ! judge too %all be nak$1 t is to say1 dead--he ) 8 nak$ s\l %all pi]ce into ! o!r nak$ s\ls2 & !y %all die sudd5ly & be depriv$ ( all _! k9dr$1 & leave _! brave attire /rewn ^u ! e>?--conduct$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! judgm5t w be j4 ,i knew all ab\t ! matt] be=e any ( y1 & !re=e ,i h made my sons judges2 two f ,asia1 ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us1 & "o f ,europe1 ,aeacus4 ,& ^!1 :5 !y are dead1 %all give judgm5t #ebd 9 ! mead[ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 :5ce ! two roads lead1 "o to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$1 & ! o!r to ,t>t>us4 ,rhadaman?us %all judge ^? :o come f ,asia1 & ,aeacus ^? :o come f ,europe4 ,& to ,m9os ,i %all give ! primacy1 & he %all hold a c\rt ( appeal1 9 case ei!r ( ! two o!rs are 9 any d\bt3--!n ! judgm5t respect+ ! la/ j\rney ( m5 w be z j z possible4' ,sid5ote3 ,z ! body is1 s is ! s\l aft] dea?2 !y bo? reta9 ! traces ( :at !y 7 9 life1 & !y are puni%$ accord+ly4 ,f ?is tale1 ,callicles1 :i* ,i h he>d & believe1 ,i draw ! foll[+ inf]5ces3--,dea?1 if ,i am "r1 is 9 ! fir/ place ! sep>ation f "o ano!r ( two ?+s1 s\l & body2 no?+ else4 ,& aft] !y are sep>at$ !y reta9 _! sev]al natures1 z 9 life2 ! body keeps ! same habit1 & ! results ( treatm5t or accid5t are di/9ctly visible 9 x3 = example1 he :o by nature or tra9+ or bo?1 0 a tall man :ile he 0 alive1 w rema9 z he 01 aft] he is dead2 & ! fat man w rema9 fat2 & s on2 & ! dead man1 :o 9 life _h a fancy to h fl[+ hair1 w h fl[+ hair4 ,& if he 0 m>k$ ) ! :ip & _h ! pr9ts ( ! sc\rge1 or ( w\nds 9 him :5 he 0 alive1 y might see ! same 9 ! dead body2 & if 8 limbs 7 brok5 or mis-%ap5 :5 he 0 alive1 ! same appe>ance w\ld be visible 9 ! dead4 ,& 9 a ^w1 :atev] 0 ! habit ( ! body dur+ life w\ld be di/+ui%able aft] dea?1 ei!r p]fectly1 or 9 a great measure & = a c]ta9 "t4 ,& ,i %\ld imag9e t ?is is equally true ( ! s\l1 ,callicles2 :5 a man is /ripp$ ( ! body1 all ! natural or acquir$ affections ( ! s\l are laid op5 to view4--,& :5 !y come to ! judge1 z ^? f ,asia come to ,rhadaman?us1 he places !m ne> him & inspects !m q imp>tially1 n kn[+ ^: ! s\l is3 p]haps he may lay h&s on ! s\l ( ! great k+1 or ( "s o!r k+ or pot5tate1 :o has no s\ndness 9 him1 b 8 s\l is m>k$ ) ! :ip1 & is full ( ! pr9ts & sc>s ( p]juries & crimes ) :i* ea* action has /a9$ him1 & he is all crook$ ) falsehood & impo/ure1 #ebe & has no /raightness1 because he has liv$ )\t tru?4 ,him ,rhadaman?us beholds1 full ( all de=mity & disproportion1 :i* is caus$ by lic5ce & luxury & insol5ce & incont95ce1 & despat*es him ignom9i\sly to 8 prison1 & !re he und]goes ! puni%m5t :i* he des]ves4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hom]ic h]oes 9 ! _w bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prop] (fice ( puni%m5t is ei!r to improve or to det]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mean] sort ( m5 are incapable ( great crimes4 ,sid5ote3 ,great m5 h sometimes be5 good m52 b p[] is apt to corrupt !m4 ,n[ ! prop] (fice ( puni%m5t is tw(old3 he :o is rightly puni%$ ought ei!r to become bett] & pr(it by x1 or he ought to be made an example to 8 fell[s1 t !y may see :at he suff]s1 & fe> & become bett]4 ,^? :o are improv$ :5 !y are puni%$ by gods & m51 are ^? ^: s9s are curable2 & !y are improv$1 z 9 ?is _w s also 9 ano!r1 by pa9 & suff]+2 = !re is no o!r way 9 :i* !y c be deliv]$ f _! evil4 ,b !y :o h be5 guilty ( ! wor/ crimes1 & are incurable by reason ( _! crimes1 are made examples2 =1 z !y are incurable1 ! "t has pass$ at :i* !y c receive any b5efit4 ,!y get no good !mselves1 b o!rs get good :5 !y behold !m endur+ = ev] ! mo/ t]rible & pa9ful & fe>ful suff]+s z ! p5alty ( _! s9s--!re !y are1 hang+ up z examples1 9 ! prison-h\se ( ! _w bel[1 a spectacle & a w>n+ to all unrighte\s m5 :o come ?i!r4 ,& among !m1 z ,i confid5tly affirm1 w be f\nd ,ar*elaus1 if ,polus truly reports ( him1 & any o!r tyrant :o is l him4 ,( ^! fe>ful examples1 mo/1 z ,i believe1 are tak5 f ! class ( tyrants & k+s & pot5tates & public m51 = !y are ! au?ors ( ! greate/ & mo/ impi\s crimes1 because !y h ! p[]4 ,& ,hom] witnesses to ! tru? ( ?is2 = !y are always k+s & pot5tates :om he has describ$ z suff]+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9 ! _w bel[3 su* 7 ,tantalus & ,sisyphus & ,tityus4 ,b no "o ev] describ$ ,!rsites1 or any private p]son :o 0 a villa91 z suff]+ ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 or z incurable4 ,= to commit ! wor/ crimes1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 0 n 9 8 p[]1 & he 0 happi] ?an ^? :o _h ! p[]4 ,no1 ,callicles1 ! v bad m5 come f ! #ebf class ( ^? :o h p[]#ea4 ,& yet 9 t v class !re may arise good m51 & wor?y ( all admiration !y are1 = :]e !re is great p[] to d wrong1 to live & to die ju/ly is a h>d ?+1 & greatly to be prais$1 & few !re are :o atta9 to ?is4 ,su* good & true m51 h[ev]1 !re h be51 & w be aga91 at ,a!ns & 9 o!r /ates1 :o h fulfill$ _! tru/ righte\sly2 & !re is "o :o is q fam\s all ov] ,hellas1 ,ari/eides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 great m5 are also bad1 my fri5d4 ,sid5ote3 ,! spiritual combat4 ,sid5ote3 ,! imp>tiality ( ! judges 9 ano!r _w4 ,z ,i 0 say+1 ,rhadaman?us1 :5 he gets a s\l ( ! bad k9d1 kn[s no?+ ab\t him1 nei!r :o he is1 nor :o 8 p>5ts are2 he kn[s only t he has got hold ( a villa92 & see+ ?is1 he /amps him z curable or incurable1 & s5ds him away to ,t>t>us1 :i!r he goes & receives 8 prop] recomp5se4 ,or1 aga91 he looks ) admiration on ! s\l ( "s j "o :o has liv$ 9 hol9ess & tru?2 he may h be5 a private man or n2 & ,i %\ld say1 ,callicles1 t he is mo/ likely to h be5 a philosoph] :o has done 8 own "w1 & n tr\bl$ himself ) ! do+s ( o!r m5 9 8 lifetime2 him ,rhadaman?us s5ds to ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$4 ,aeacus does ! same2 & !y bo? h sceptres1 & judge2 b ,m9os alone has a gold5 sceptre & is seat$ look+ on1 z ,odysseus 9 ,hom]#eb decl>es t he saw him3 #8,hold+ a sceptre ( gold1 & giv+ laws to ! dead4' ,n[ ,i1 ,callicles1 am p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ^! ?+s1 & ,i consid] h[ ,i %all pres5t my s\l :ole & undefil$ be=e ! judge 9 t day4 ,r5\nc+ ! hon\rs at :i* ! _w aims1 ,i desire only to "k ! tru?1 & to live z well z ,i c1 &1 :5 ,i die1 to die z well z ,i c4 ,&1 to ! utmo/ ( my p[]1 ,i exhort all o!r m5 to d ! same4 ,&1 9 return = y\r exhortation ( me1 ,i exhort y also to take "p 9 ! great combat1 :i* is ! combat ( life1 & great] ?an e o!r e>?ly conflict4 ,& ,i retort y\r reproa* ( me1 & say1 t y w n be able to help y\rself :5 ! day ( trial & judgm5t1 ( :i* ,i 0 speak+1 comes ^u y2 y w g be=e ! judge1 ! son ( ,aeg9a1 &1 :5 he has got y 9 8 grip & is c>ry+ y (f1 y #ebg w gape & y\r head w swim r\nd1 j z m9e w\ld 9 ! c\rts ( ?is _w1 & v likely "s "o w %amefully box y on ! e>s1 & put ^u y any sort ( insult4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bett] pa?4 ,p]haps ?is may appe> to y to be only an old wife's tale1 :i* y w contemn4 ,& !re might be reason 9 y\r contemn+ su* tales1 if by se>*+ we c\ld f9d out any?+ bett] or tru]3 b n[ y see t y & ,polus & ,gorgias1 :o are ! ?ree wise/ ( ! ,greeks ( our day1 are n able to %[ t we ought to live any life :i* does n pr(it 9 ano!r _w z well z 9 ?is4 ,& ( all t has be5 said1 no?+ rema9s un%ak5 b ! say+1 t to d inju/ice is m to be avoid$ ?an to suff] inju/ice1 & t ! reality & n ! appe>ance ( virtue is to be foll[$ above all ?+s1 z well 9 public z 9 private life2 & t :5 any "o has be5 wrong 9 any?+1 he is to be *a/is$1 & t ! next be/ ?+ to a man be+ j is t he %\ld become j1 & be *a/is$ & puni%$2 also t he %\ld avoid all flatt]y ( himself z well z ( o!rs1 ( ! few or ( ! _m3 & rhetoric & any o!r art %\ld be us$ by him1 & all 8 actions %\ld be done always1 ) a view to ju/ice4 ,foll[ me !n1 & ,i w lead y :]e y w be happy 9 life & aft] dea?1 z ! argum5t %[s4 ,& nev] m9d if "s "o despises y z a fool1 & insults y1 if he has a m9d2 let him /rike y1 by ,zeus1 & d y be ( good *e]1 & d n m9d ! insult+ bl[1 = y w nev] come to any h>m 9 ! practice ( virtue1 if y are a really good & true man4 ,:5 we h practis$ virtue toge!r1 we w apply ourselves to politics1 if t seems desirable1 or we w advise ab\t :atev] else may seem good to u1 = we %all be bett] able to judge !n4 ,9 our pres5t condition we ought n to give ourselves airs1 = ev5 on ! mo/ important subjects we are always *ang+ our m9ds2 s utt]ly /upid are we6 ,let u1 !n1 take ! argum5t z our guide1 :i* has reveal$ to u t ! be/ way ( life is to practise ju/ice & e virtue 9 life & dea?4 ,?is way let u g2 & 9 ?is exhort all m5 to foll[1 n 9 ! way to :i* y tru/ & 9 :i* y exhort me to foll[ y2 = t way1 ,callicles1 is no?+ wor?4 ,,footnotes #bi ,comp>e ! foll[+3 #8,n[1 & = u1 x is a "t to ,hell5ize & to praise kn[+2 = we h ,hebraiz$ too mu* & h ov]valu$ do+4 ,b ! habits & discipl9e receiv$ f ,hebraism rema9 = our race an et]nal possession4 ,& z humanity is con/itut$1 "o mu/ nev] assign !m ! second rank to-day )\t be+ ready to re/ore !m to ! fir/ to-morr[4' ,sir ,william ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,preface to ,orissa4 #cj ,omitt+ ! words & 9 next clause4 #ca ,!re is an untranslatable play on ! "n #8,polus1' :i* means #8a colt4' #cb ,cp4 ,rep4 ix4 #egi1 #ehj4 #cc ,cp4 ,rep4 ii4 #cei4 #cd ,fragm4 ,inc]t4 #aea 7,bckh74 #ce ,antiope1 fragm4 #bj 7,d9dorf74 #cf ,cp4 :at is said ( ,gorgias by ,callicles at p4 #dhb4 #cg ,cp4 ,rep4 i4 #cdh4 #ch ,cp4 ,pha$r4 #bej ,c4 #ci ,an untranslateable pun1-- 4 #dj ,or1 #8,i am 9 pr(\nd e>ne/4' #da ,cp4 ,rep4 iv4 #dcf4 #db ,cp4 ,rep4 iii4 #cib foll4 #dc ,cp4 ,laws vi4 #geb ,a4 #dd p4 #dhe4 #de ,cp4 ,republic1 #i4 #egh ff4 #df ,cp4 ,rep4 iii4 #djg ,e4 #dg ,cp4 ,symp4 #baf2 #a ,alcib4 #ace4 #dh ,read+ ) ! majority ( ,,mss4 4 #di ,cp4 ,protag4 #cbh4 #ej ,il4 xv4 #ahg foll4 #ea ,cp4 ,rep4 x4 #fae ,e4 #eb ,odyss4 xi4 #efi4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,sid5ote3 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,x seems impossible to sep>ate by any exact l9e ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,plato f ! spuri\s4 ,! only ext]nal evid5ce to !m :i* is ( mu* value is t ( ,ari/otle2 = ! ,alex&rian catalogues ( a c5tury lat] include manife/ =g]ies4 ,ev5 ! value ( ! ,ari/otelian au?ority is a good deal impair$ by ! unc]ta9ty conc]n+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! writ+s :i* are ascrib$ to him4 ,& sev]al ( ! citations ( ,ari/otle omit ! "n ( ,plato1 & "s ( !m omit ! "n ( ! dialogue f :i* !y are tak54 ,prior1 h[ev]1 to ! enquiry ab\t ! writ+s ( a p>ticul> au?or1 g5]al consid]ations :i* equally affect all evid5ce to ! g5u95ess ( anci5t writ+s are ! foll[+3 ,%ort] works are m likely to h be5 =g$1 or to h receiv$ an errone\s designation1 ?an long] ones2 & "s k9ds ( composition1 su* z epi/les or panegyrical orations1 are m liable to suspicion ?an o!rs2 ^?1 aga91 :i* h a ta/e ( sophi/ry 9 !m1 or ! r+ ( a lat] age1 or ! slight] "* ( a rhetorical ex]cise1 or 9 :i* a motive or "s aff9ity to spuri\s writ+s c be detect$1 or :i* seem to h orig9at$ 9 a "n or /atem5t really occurr+ 9 "s classical au?or1 are also ( d\btful cr$it2 :ile !re is no in/ance ( any anci5t writ+ prov$ to be a =g]y1 :i* comb9es excell5ce ) l5g?4 ,a really great & orig9al writ] w\ld h no object 9 fa!r+ 8 works on ,plato2 & to ! =g] or imitator1 ! #8lit]>y hack' ( ,alex&ria & ,a!ns1 ! ,gods did n grant orig9ality or g5ius4 ,fur!r1 9 attempt+ to balance ! evid5ce = & aga9/ a ,platonic dialogue1 we mu/ n =get t ! =m ( ! ,platonic writ+ 0 common to sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,aes*9es1 ,euclid1 ,pha$o1 ,anti/h5es1 & 9 ! next g5]ation ,ari/otle1 are all said to h compos$ dialogues2 & mi/akes ( names are v likely to h occurr$4 ,greek lit]ature 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 0 almo/ z volum9\s z our own1 & )\t ! safegu>ds ( regul> publication1 or pr9t+1 or b9d+1 or ev5 ( di/9ct titles4 ,an unkn[n writ+ 0 naturally attribut$ to a kn[n writ] ^: works bore ! same "*2 & ! "n once app5d$ easily obta9$ au?ority4 ,a t5d5cy may also be obs]v$ to bl5d ! works & op9ions ( ! ma/] ) ^? ( 8 s*ol>s4 ,to a lat] ,platoni/1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & 8 imitators 0 n s p]ceptible z to ourselves4 ,! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon & ! ,dialogues ( ,plato are b a "p ( a consid]able ,socratic lit]ature :i* has pass$ away4 ,& we mu/ consid] h[ we %\ld reg>d ! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( a p>ticul> writ+1 if ?is lo/ lit]ature _h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,crit]ia ( g5u95ess4 ,^! consid]ations lead u to adopt ! foll[+ crit]ia ( g5u95ess3 7#a7 ,t is mo/ c]ta9ly ,plato's :i* ,ari/otle attributes to him by "n1 :i* 7#b7 is ( consid]able l5g?1 ( 7#c7 great excell5ce1 & also 7#d7 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al _s ( ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,b ! te/imony ( ,ari/otle _c always be di/+ui%$ f t ( a lat] age 7see above72 & has v>i\s degrees ( importance4 ,^? writ+s :i* he cites )\t m5tion+ ,plato1 "u _! own names1 e4 g4 ! ,hippias1 ! ,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,pha$o1 etc41 h an inf]ior degree ( evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,!y may h be5 suppos$ by him to be ! writ+s ( ano!r1 al?\gh 9 ! case ( really great works1 e4 g4 ! ,pha$o1 ?is is n cr$ible2 ^? aga9 :i* are quot$ b n nam$1 are /ill m defective 9 _! ext]nal cr$5tials4 ,!re may be also a possibility t ,ari/otle 0 mi/ak51 or may h confus$ ! ma/] & 8 s*ol>s 9 ! case ( a %ort writ+2 b ?is is inconceivable ab\t a m important "w1 e4 g4 ! ,laws1 especially :5 we rememb] t he 0 liv+ at ,a!ns1 & a frequ5t] ( ! groves ( ! ,academy1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,plato's life4 ,nor mu/ we =get t 9 all 8 num]\s citations f ! ,platonic writ+s he nev] attributes any passage f\nd 9 ! extant dialogues to any "o b ,plato4 ,& la/ly1 we may rem>k t "o or two great writ+s1 su* z ! ,p>m5ides & ! ,politicus1 :i* are :olly devoid ( ,ari/otelian 7#a7 cr$5tials may be fairly attribut$ to ,plato1 on ! gr\nd ( 7#b7 l5g?1 7#c7 excell5ce1 & 7#d7 accordance ) ! g5]al _s ( 8 writ+s4 ,inde$ ! great] "p ( ! evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( anci5t ,greek au?ors may be summ$ up "u two heads only3 7#a7 excell5ce2 & 7#b7 uni=mity ( tradition--a k9d ( evid5ce1 :i* ?\gh 9 _m cases suffici5t1 is ( inf]ior value4 ,sid5ote3 ,inf]ior works n necess>ily spuri\s4 ,proce$+ ^u ^! pr9ciples we appe> to arrive at ! conclusion t n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( all ! writ+s :i* h ev] be5 ascrib$ to ,plato1 are und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,!re is ano!r portion ( !m1 includ+ ! ,epi/les1 ! ,ep9omis1 ! dialogues reject$ by ! anci5ts !mselves1 namely1 ! ,axio*us1 ,de ju/o1 ,de virtute1 ,demodocus1 ,sisyphus1 ,eryxias1 :i* on gr\nds1 bo? ( int]nal & ext]nal evid5ce1 we are able ) equal c]ta9ty to reject4 ,b !re /ill rema9s a small portion ( :i* we are unable to affirm ei!r t !y are g5u9e or spuri\s4 ,!y may h be5 writt5 9 y\?1 or possibly l ! works ( "s pa9t]s1 may be p>tly or :olly ! compositions ( pupils2 or !y may h be5 ! writ+s ( "s contempor>y transf]r$ by accid5t to ! m celebrat$ "n ( ,plato1 or ( "s ,platoni/ 9 ! next g5]ation :o aspir$ to imitate 8 ma/]4 ,n t on gr\nds ei!r ( language or philosophy we %\ld lightly reject !m4 ,"s diff]5ce ( /yle1 or inf]iority ( execution1 or inconsi/5cy ( ?\ght1 c h>dly be consid]$ decisive ( _! spuri\s "*4 ,= :o always does ju/ice to himself1 or :o writes ) equal c>e at all times8 ,c]ta9ly n ,plato1 :o exhibits ! greate/ diff]5ces 9 dramatic p[]1 9 ! =mation ( s5t5ces1 & 9 ! use ( words1 if 8 e>li] writ+s are comp>$ ) 8 lat] ones1 say ! ,protagoras or ,pha$rus ) ! ,laws4 ,or :o c be expect$ to ?9k 9 ! same mann] dur+ a p]iod ( au?or%ip ext5d+ ov] above fifty ye>s1 9 an age ( great intellectual activity1 z well z ( political & lit]>y transition8 ,c]ta9ly n ,plato1 ^: e>li] writ+s are sep>at$ f 8 lat] ones by z wide an int]val ( philosophical speculation z t :i* sep>ates 8 lat] writ+s f ,ari/otle4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,less] ,hippias4 ,! dialogues :i* h be5 translat$ 9 ! fir/ ,app5dix1 & :i* appe> to h ! next claim to g5u95ess among ! ,platonic writ+s1 are ! ,less] ,hippias1 ! ,m5ex5us or ,fun]al ,oration1 ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades4 ,( ^!1 ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,fun]al ,oration are cit$ by ,ari/otle2 ! fir/ 9 ! ,metaphysics1 iv4 #bi1 #e1 ! latt] 9 ! ,rhetoric1 iii4 #ad1 #aa4 ,nei!r ( !m are expressly attribut$ to ,plato1 b 9 8 citation ( bo? ( !m he seems to be ref]r+ to passages 9 ! extant dialogues4 ,f ! m5tion ( #8,hippias' 9 ! s+ul> by ,ari/otle1 we may p]haps inf] t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) a second dialogue be>+ ! same "n4 ,moreov]1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ,great] & ,less] ,hippias1 & ( a ,fir/ & ,second ,alcibiades1 does to a c]ta9 ext5t ?r[ a d\bt ^u bo? ( !m4 ,?\gh a v clev] & +5i\s "w1 ! ,less] ,hippias does n appe> to conta9 any?+ beyond ! p[] ( an imitator1 :o 0 also a c>eful /ud5t ( ! e>li] ,platonic writ+s1 to inv5t4 ,! motive or lead+ ?\ght ( ! dialogue may be detect$ 9 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #ba1 & !re is no simil> in/ance ( a #8motive' :i* is tak5 f ,x5ophon 9 an und\bt$ dialogue ( ,plato4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphold]s ( ! g5u95ess ( ! dialogue w f9d 9 ! ,hippias a true ,socratic _s2 !y w comp>e ! ,ion z be+ ak9 bo? 9 subject & treatm5t2 !y w urge ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle2 & !y w detect 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,sophi/1 9 ! satirical reason+ ^u ,hom]1 9 ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! doctr9e t vice is ignorance1 traces ( a ,platonic au?or%ip4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! la/ po9t we are d\btful1 z 9 "s ( ! o!r dialogues1 :e!r ! au?or is ass]t+ or ov]?r[+ ! p>adox ( ,socrates1 or m]ely foll[+ ! argum5t #8:i!r ! w9d bl[s4' ,t no conclusion is arriv$ at is also 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! e>li] dialogues4 ,! resemblances or imitations ( ! ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 & ,eu?ydemus1 :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,hippias1 _c ) c]ta9ty be adduc$ on ei!r side ( ! argum5t4 ,on ! :ole1 m may be said 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,hippias ?an aga9/ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5ex5us3 ,alcibiades ,i4 ,! ,m5ex5us or ,fun]al ,oration is cit$ by ,ari/otle1 & is int]e/+ z supply+ an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! orators prais$ #8! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians1' falsify+ p]sons & dates1 & ca/+ a veil ov] ! gloomi] ev5ts ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,x exhibits an acqua9tance ) ! fun]al oration ( ,?ucydides1 & 01 p]haps1 int5d$ to rival t great "w4 ,if g5u9e1 ! prop] place ( ! ,m5ex5us w\ld be at ! end ( ! ,pha$rus4 ,! satirical op5+ & ! conclud+ words be> a great resemblance to ! e>li] dialogues2 ! oration itself is pr(ess$ly a mimetic "w1 l ! spee*es 9 ! ,pha$rus1 & _c !re=e be te/$ by a comp>ison ( ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato4 ,! fun]al oration ( ,p]icles is expressly m5tion$ 9 ! ,pha$rus1 & ?is may h sugge/$ ! subject1 9 ! same mann] t ! ,cleitophon appe>s to be sugge/$ by ! slight m5tion ( ,cleitophon & 8 atta*m5t to ,?rasyma*us 9 ! ,republic1 cp4 #dfe ,a2 & ! ,!ages by ! m5tion ( ,!ages 9 ! ,apology & ,republic2 or z ! ,second ,alcibiades seems to be f\nd$ ^u ! text ( ,x5ophon1 ,mem4 i4 #c1 #a4 ,a simil> ta/e = p>ody appe>s n only 9 ! ,pha$rus1 b 9 ! ,protagoras1 9 ! ,symposium1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! ,p>m5ides4 ,to ^! two d\btful writ+s ( ,plato ,i h add$ ! ,fir/ ,alcibiades1 :i*1 ( all ! disput$ dialogues ( ,plato1 has ! greate/ m]it1 & is some:at long] ?an any o!r ( !m1 ?\gh n v]ifi$ by ! te/imony ( ,ari/otle1 & 9 _m respects at v>iance ) ! ,symposium 9 ! description ( ! relations ( ,socrates & ,alcibiades4 ,l ! ,less] ,hippias & ! ,m5ex5us1 x is to be comp>$ to ! e>li] writ+s ( ,plato4 ,! motive ( ! piece may1 p]haps1 be f\nd 9 t passage ( ! ,symposium 9 :i* ,alcibiades describes himself z self-convict$ by ! words ( ,socrates 7#baf ,b1 ,c74 ,= ! disp>ag+ mann] 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] has spok5 ( ?is dialogue !re seems to be no suffici5t f\ndation4 ,at ! same "t1 ! lesson imp>t$ is simple1 & ! irony m transp>5t ?an 9 ! und\bt$ dialogues ( ,plato4 ,we "k1 too1 t ,alcibiades 0 a fav\rite !sis1 & t at lea/ five or six dialogues be>+ ?is "n pass$ curr5t 9 antiquity1 & are attribut$ to contempor>ies ( ,socrates & ,plato4 7#a7 ,9 ! entire abs5ce ( real ext]nal evid5ce 7= ! catalogues ( ! ,alex&rian libr>ians _c be reg>d$ z tru/wor?y72 & 7#b7 9 ! abs5ce ( ! highe/ m>ks ei!r ( poetical or philosophical excell5ce2 & 7#c7 consid]+ t we h express te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( contempor>y writ+s be>+ ! "n ( ,alcibiades1 we are compell$ to susp5d our judgm5t on ! g5u95ess ( ! extant dialogue4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s degrees ( g5u95ess4 ,nei!r at ?is po9t1 nor at any o!r1 d we propose to draw an absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 g5u9e & spuri\s writ+s ( ,plato4 ,!y fade (f imp]ceptibly f "o class to ano!r4 ,!re may h be5 degrees ( g5u95ess 9 ! dialogues !mselves1 z !re are c]ta9ly degrees ( evid5ce by :i* !y are support$4 ,! traditions ( ! oral disc\rses bo? ( ,socrates & ,plato may h =m$ ! basis ( semi-,platonic writ+s2 "s ( !m may be ( ! same mix$ "* :i* is app>5t 9 ,ari/otle & ,hippocrates1 al?\gh ! =m ( !m is diff]5t4 ,b ! writ+s ( ,plato1 unlike ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 seem nev] to h be5 confus$ ) ! writ+s ( 8 disciples3 ?is 0 probably due to _! def9ite =m1 & to _! inimitable excell5ce4 ,! ?ree dialogues :i* we h (f]$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! criticism ( ! read] may be p>tly spuri\s & p>tly g5u9e2 !y may be altoge!r spuri\s2--t is an alt]native :i* mu/ be frankly admitt$4 ,nor c we ma9ta9 ( "s o!r dialogues1 su* z ! ,p>m5ides1 & ! ,sophi/1 & ,politicus1 t no consid]able objection c be urg$ aga9/ !m1 ?\gh greatly ov]-balanc$ by ! weight 7*iefly7 ( int]nal evid5ce 9 _! fav\r4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c we exclude a b>e possibility t "s dialogues :i* are usually reject$1 su* z ! ,great] ,hippias & ! ,cleitophon1 may be g5u9e4 ,! nature & object ( ^! semi-,platonic writ+s require m c>eful /udy & m comp>ison ( !m ) "o ano!r1 & ) =g$ writ+s 9 g5]al1 ?an !y h yet receiv$1 be=e we c f9ally decide on _! "*4 ,we d n consid] !m all z g5u9e until !y c be prov$ to be spuri\s1 z is (t5 ma9ta9$ & /ill m (t5 impli$ 9 ?is & simil> discussions2 b %\ld say ( "s ( !m1 t _! g5u95ess is nei!r prov5 nor disprov5 until fur!r evid5ce ab\t !m c be adduc$4 ,& we are z confid5t t ! ,epi/les are spuri\s1 z t ! ,republic1 ! ,timaeus1 & ! ,laws are g5u9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d\btful works nei!r num]\s nor important4 ,on ! :ole1 n a tw5tie? "p ( ! writ+s :i* pass "u ! "n ( ,plato1 if we exclude ! works reject$ by ! anci5ts !mselves & two or ?ree o!r plausible inv5tions1 c be fairly d\bt$ by ^? :o are will+ to all[ t a consid]able *ange & gr[? may h tak5 place 9 8 philosophy 7see above74 ,t tw5tie? debatable portion sc>cely 9 any degree affects our judgm5t ( ,plato1 ei!r z a ?9k] or a writ]1 & ?\gh sugge/+ "s int]e/+ que/ions to ! s*ol> & critic1 is ( little importance to ! g5]al read]4 ,,less] ,,hippias4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,less] ,hippias4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,! ,less] ,hippias may be comp>$ ) ! e>li] dialogues ( ,plato1 9 :i* ! contra/ ( ,socrates & ! ,sophi/s is mo/ /rongly exhibit$4 ,hippias1 l ,protagoras & ,gorgias1 ?\gh civil1 is va9 & boa/ful3 he kn[s all ?+s2 he c make any?+1 includ+ 8 own clo!s2 he is a manufactur] ( poems & declamations1 & also ( seal-r+s1 %oes1 /rigils2 8 girdle1 :i* he has wov5 himself1 is ( a f9] ?an ,p]sian quality4 ,he is a va9]1 light] nature ?an ! two great ,sophi/s 7cp4 ,protag4 #cad1 #ccg71 b ( ! same "* ) !m1 & equally impati5t ( ! %ort cut-&-?ru/ me?od ( ,socrates1 :om he endeav\rs to draw into a long oration4 ,at la/1 he gets tir$ ( be+ defeat$ at e po9t by ,socrates1 & is ) difficulty induc$ to proce$ 7comp>e ,?rasyma*us1 ,protagoras1 ,callicles1 & o!rs1 to :om ! same reluctance is ascrib$74 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #cgb-cgf4 ,hippias l ,protagoras has common s5se on 8 side1 ,/eph4 -#cfc :5 he argues1 cit+ passages ( ! ,iliad 9 support ( 8 view1 t ,hom] int5d$ ,a*illes to be ! brave/1 ,odysseus ! wise/ ( ! ,greeks4 ,b he is easily ov]?r[n by ! sup]ior dialectics ( ,socrates1 :o pret5ds to %[ t ,a*illes is n true to 8 ^w1 & t no simil> inconsi/5cy is to be f\nd #cfi 9 ,odysseus4 ,hippias replies t ,a*illes un9t5tionally1 b ,odysseus int5tionally1 speaks falsehood4 ,b is x bett] to d #cgj wrong int5tionally or un9t5tionally8 ,socrates1 rely+ on ! analogy ( ! arts1 ma9ta9s ! =m]1 ,hippias ! latt] ( ! two alt]natives4444 ,all ?is is q conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( -#cgb ,plato1 :o is v f> f mak+ ,socrates always argue on ! side ( tru?4 ,! ov]-reason+ on ,hom]1 :i* is ( c\rse satirical1 is also 9 ! _s ( ,plato4 ,poetry turn$ logic is ev5 m ridicul\s ?an #8rhetoric turn$ logic1' & equally fallaci\s4 ,!re 7 reason]s 9 anci5t z well z 9 mod]n times1 :o c\ld nev] receive ! natural impression ( ,hom]1 or ( any o!r book :i* !y read4 ,! argum5t ( ,socrates1 9 :i* he picks out ! app>5t inconsi/5cies & discrepancies 9 ! spee* & actions ( ,a*illes1 & ! f9al p>adox1 #8t he :o is true is also false1' rem9ds u ( ! int]pretation by ,socrates ( ,simonides 9 ! ,protagoras1 & ( simil> reason+s 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,republic4 ,! discrepancies :i* ,socrates discov]s 9 ! words ( ,a*illes are p]haps z great z ^? discov]$ by "s ( ! mod]n sep>ati/s ( ! -#cgf ,hom]ic poems4444 ,at la/1 ,socrates hav+ caught ,hippias 9 ! toils ( ! volunt>y & involunt>y1 is oblig$ to confess t he is w&]+ ab\t 9 ! same labyr9?2 he makes ! reflection on himself :i* o!rs w\ld make ^u him 7cp4 ,protagoras1 sub f9474 ,he does n wond] t he %\ld be 9 a difficulty1 b he wond]s at ,hippias1 & he becomes s5sible ( ! gravity ( ! situation1 :5 ord9>y m5 l himself c no long] g to ! wise & be taught by !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dialogue probably g5u9e4 ,x may be rem>k$ z be>+ on ! g5u95ess ( ?is dialogue3 7#a7 t ! mann]s ( ! speak]s are less subtle & ref9$ ?an 9 ! o!r dialogues ( ,plato2 7#b7 t ! sophi/ry ( ,socrates is m palpable & unblu%+1 & also m unmean+2 7#c7 t _m turns ( ?\ght & /yle are f\nd 9 x :i* appe> also 9 ! o!r dialogues3--:e!r resemblances ( ?is k9d tell 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( an anci5t writ+1 is an important "q :i* w h to be answ]$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,= t a writ] may repeat himself is z true z t a =g] may imitate2 & ,plato else:]e1 ei!r ( set purpose or f =getfulness1 is full ( repetitions4 ,! p>allelisms ( ! ,less] ,hippias1 z already rem>k$1 are n ( ! k9d :i* necess>ily imply t ! dialogue is ! "w ( a =g]4 ,! p>allelisms ( ! ,great] ,hippias ) ! o!r dialogues1 & ! allusion to ! ,less] #bhe1 #bhf ,a1 ,b 7:]e ,hippias sket*es ! programme ( 8 next lecture1 & invites ,socrates to att5d & br+ any fri5ds ) him :o may be compet5t judges71 are m ?an suspici\s3--!y are ( a v poor sort1 su* z we _c suppose to h be5 due to ,plato himself4 ,! ,great] ,hippias m resembles ! ,eu?ydemus ?an any o!r dialogue2 b is immeasurably inf]ior to x4 ,! ,less] ,hippias seems to h m m]it ?an ! ,great]1 & to be m ,platonic 9 _s4 ,! "* ( ,hippias is ! same 9 bo? dialogues1 b 8 vanity & boa/+ are ev5 m exagg]at$ 9 ! ,great] ,hippias4 ,8 art ( memory is specially m5tion$ 9 bo?4 ,he is an inf]ior type ( ! same species z ,hippodamus ( ,miletus 7,ari/4 ,pol4 ,,ii4 #h1 #a74 ,"s passages 9 :i* ! ,less] ,hippias may be advantage\sly comp>$ ) ! und\bt$ly g5u9e dialogues ( ,plato are ! foll[+3--,less4 ,hipp4 #cfi ,b3 cp4 ,rep4 vi4 #dhg 7,socrates' cunn+ 9 argum5t73 ib4 ,d1 ,e3 cp4 ,la*es #ahh 7,socrates' feel+ ab\t argum5ts73 #cgb ,b1 ,c3 cp4 ,rep4 i4 #cch ,b 7,socrates n un?ankful73 #cgc ,b3 cp4 ,rep4 i4 #cdj ,d 7,socrates di%one/ 9 argum5t74 ,! ,less] ,hippias1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! o!r dialogues1 may be reasonably believ$ to h be5 writt5 by ,plato1 on ! gr\nd 7#a7 ( consid]able excell5ce2 7#b7 ( uni=m tradition beg9n+ ) ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool4 ,t ! dialogue falls bel[ ! /&>d ( ,plato's o!r works1 or t he has attribut$ to ,socrates an unmean+ p>adox 7p]haps ) ! view ( %[+ t he c\ld beat ! ,sophi/s at _! own weapons2 or t he c\ld #8make ! worse appe> ! bett] cause'2 or m]ely z a dialectical exp]im5t7--are n suffici5t reasons = d\bt+ ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4 ,,less] ,,hippias4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,eudicus1 ,,socrates1 ,,hippias4 ,sid5ote3 ,less] ,hippias4 ,eudicus4 ,:y are y sil5t1 ,socrates1 aft] ! ,/eph4 #cfc magnific5t display :i* ,hippias has be5 mak+8 ,:y d y n ei!r refute 8 words1 if he seems to y to h be5 wrong 9 any po9t1 or jo9 ) u 9 comm5d+ him8 ,!re is ! m reason :y y %\ld speak1 because we are n[ alone1 & ! audi5ce is conf9$ to ^? :o may fairly claim to take "p 9 a philosophical discussion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,iliad ( ,hom] a f9] "w ?an ! ,odyssey1 because ,a*illes1 ! h]o ( ! poem1 is great] ?an ,odysseus4 ,socrates4 ,i %\ld greatly l1 ,eudicus1 to ask ,hippias ! mean+ ( :at he 0 say+ j n[ ab\t ,hom]4 ,i h he>d y\r fa!r1 ,apemantus1 decl>e t ! ,iliad ( ,hom] is a f9] poem ?an ! ,odyssey 9 ! same degree t ,a*illes 0 a bett] man ?an ,odysseus2 ,odysseus1 he w\ld say1 is ! c5tral figure ( ! "o poem & ,a*illes ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 if ,hippias has no objection to tell me1 :at he ?9ks ab\t ^! two h]oes1 & :i* ( !m he ma9ta9s to be ! bett]2 he has already told u 9 ! c\rse ( 8 exhibition _m ?+s ( v>i\s k9ds ab\t ,hom] & div]s o!r poets4 ,eud4 ,i am sure t ,hippias w be delight$ to answ] any?+ :i* y w\ld l to ask2 tell me1 ,hippias1 if ,socrates asks y a "q1 w y answ] him8 ,hippias4 ,inde$1 ,eudicus1 ,i %\ld be /rangely inconsi/5t if ,i refus$ to answ] ,socrates1 :5 at ea* ,olympic fe/ival1 z ,i w5t up f my h\se at ,elis to ! temple ( ,olympia1 :]e all ! ,hell5es 7 assembl$1 ,i cont9ually pr(ess$ my will+ness to p]=m any ( ! exhibitions :i* ,i _h prep>$1 & to answ] any que/ions :i* any "o _h to ask4 ,sid5ote3 ,a*illes & ,odysseus4 ,soc4 ,truly1 ,hippias1 y are to be congratulat$1 if at #cfd e ,olympic fe/ival y h su* an enc\rag+ op9ion ( y\r own wisdom :5 y g up to ! temple4 ,i d\bt :e!r any muscul> h]o w\ld be s fe>less & confid5t 9 (f]+ 8 body to ! combat at ,olympia1 z y are 9 (f]+ y\r m9d4 ,hip4 ,& ) good reason1 ,socrates2 = s9ce ! day :5 ,i fir/ ent]$ ! li/s at ,olympia ,i h nev] f\nd any man :o 0 my sup]ior 9 any?+#ec4 ,soc4 ,:at an ornam5t1 ,hippias1 w ! reputation ( y\r wisdom be to ! city ( ,elis & to y\r p>5ts6 ,b to return3 :at say y ( ,odysseus & ,a*illes8 ,:i* is ! bett] ( ! two8 & 9 :at p>ticul> does ei!r surpass ! o!r8 ,= :5 y 7 exhibit+ & !re 0 company 9 ! room1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n foll[ y1 ,i did n l to ask :at y meant1 because a cr[d ( p 7 pres5t1 & ,i 0 afraid t ! "q might int]rupt y\r exhibition4 ,b n[ t !re are n s _m ( u1 & my fri5d ,eudicus bids me ask1 ,i wi% y w\ld tell me :at y 7 say+ ab\t ^! two h]oes1 s t ,i may cle>ly und]/&2 h[ did y di/+ui% !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,a*illes ! brave/1 ,ne/or ! wise/1 & ,odysseus ! wilie/ ( ! ,greeks at ,troy4 ,hip4 ,i %all h mu* pleasure1 ,socrates1 9 expla9+ to y m cle>ly ?an ,i c\ld 9 public my views ab\t ^! & also ab\t o!r h]oes4 ,i say t ,hom] int5d$ ,a*illes to be ! brave/ ( ! m5 :o w5t to ,troy1 ,ne/or ! wise/1 & ,odysseus ! wilie/4 ,soc4 ,o r>e ,hippias1 w y be s good z n to laugh1 if ,i f9d a difficulty 9 foll[+ y1 & repeat my que/ions sev]al times ov]8 ,please to answ] me k9dly & g5tly4 ,hip4 ,i %\ld be greatly a%am$ ( myself1 ,socrates1 if ,i1 :o tea* o!rs & take money ( !m1 c\ld n1 :5 ,i 0 ask$ by y1 answ] 9 a civil & agreeable mann]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c\rtesy ( ,hippias4 ,soc4 ,?ank y3 ! fact is1 t ,i seem$ to und]/& :at y meant :5 y said t ! poet int5d$ ,a*illes to be ! brave/ ( m51 & also t he int5d$ ,ne/or to be ! wise/2 b :5 y said t he meant ,odysseus to be ! wilie/1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i c\ld n und]/& :at y 7 say+4 ,w y tell me1 & !n ,i %all p]haps und]/& y bett]2 has n ,hom] made ,a*illes wily8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,socrates2 he is ! mo/ /raight-=w>d ( mank9d1 & :5 ,hom] introduces !m talk+ ) "o ano!r 9 ! passage call$ ! ,pray]s1 ,a*illes is suppos$ by ! poet to say to ,odysseus3-- #8,son ( ,la]tes1 sprung f heav51 crafty ,odysseus1 ,i w #cfe speak out pla9ly ! ^w :i* ,i int5d to c>ry out 9 act1 & :i* w1 ,i believe1 be accompli%$4 ,= ,i hate him l ! gates ( dea? :o ?9ks "o ?+ & says ano!r4 ,b ,i w speak t :i* %all be accompli%$4' ,n[1 9 ^! v]ses he cle>ly indicates ! "* ( ! two m52 he %[s ,a*illes to be true & simple1 & ,odysseus to be wily & false2 = he supposes ,a*illes to be address+ ,odysseus 9 ^! l9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,wily means false3 ,& ! false h ! p[] ( deceiv+ mank9d2 !y are prud5t & kn[+ & wise1 & h ! ability to speak falsely4 ,soc4 ,n[1 ,hippias1 ,i ?9k t ,i und]/& y\r mean+2 :5 y say t ,odysseus is wily1 y cle>ly mean t he is false8 ,hip4 ,exactly s1 ,socrates2 x is ! "* ( ,odysseus1 z he is repres5t$ by ,hom] 9 _m passages bo? ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,soc4 ,& ,hom] mu/ be presum$ to h meant t ! true man is n ! same z ! false8 ,hip4 ,( c\rse1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& is t y\r own op9ion1 ,hippias8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly2 h[ c ,i h any o!r8 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 z !re is no possibility ( ask+ ,hom] :at he meant 9 ^! v]ses ( 81 let u leave him2 b z y %[ a will+ness to take up 8 cause1 & y\r op9ion agrees ) :at y decl>e to be 81 w y answ] on behalf ( y\rself & him8 ,hip4 ,i w2 ask %ortly any?+ :i* y l4 ,soc4 ,d y say t ! false1 l ! sick1 h no p[] to d ?+s1 or t !y h ! p[] to d ?+s8 ,sid5ote3 ,true & ,false4 ,hip4 ,i %\ld say t !y h p[] to d _m ?+s1 & 9 p>ticul> to deceive mank9d4 ,soc4 ,!n1 accord+ to y1 !y are bo? p[]ful & wily1 are !y n8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are !y wily1 & d !y deceive by reason ( _! simplicity & folly1 or by reason ( _! cunn+ & a c]ta9 sort ( prud5ce8 ,hip4 ,by reason ( _! cunn+ & prud5ce1 mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n !y are prud5t1 ,i suppose8 ,hip4 ,s !y are--v4 ,soc4 ,& if !y are prud5t1 d !y "k or d !y n "k :at !y d8 ,hip4 ,( c\rse1 !y "k v well2 & t is :y !y d mis*ief to o!rs4 ,soc4 ,& hav+ ?is k1 are !y ignorant1 or are !y wise8 ,hip4 ,wise1 c]ta9ly2 at lea/1 9 s f> z !y c deceive4 ,soc4 ,/op1 & let u recall to m9d :at y are say+2 #cff are y n say+ t ! false are p[]ful & prud5t & kn[+ & wise 9 ^? ?+s ab\t :i* !y are false8 ,hip4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& ! true diff] f ! false--! true & ! false are ! v opposite ( ea* o!r8 ,hip4 ,t is my view4 ,soc4 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r view1 x w\ld seem t ! false are to be rank$ 9 ! class ( ! p[]ful & wise8 ,hip4 ,assur$ly4 ,soc4 ,& :5 y say t ! false are p[]ful & wise 9 s f> z !y are false1 d y mean t !y h or h n ! p[] ( utt]+ _! falsehoods if !y l8 ,hip4 ,i mean to say t !y h ! p[]4 ,soc4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! false are !y :o are wise & h ! p[] to speak falsely8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,true & ,false4 ,soc4 ,!n a man :o has n ! p[] ( speak+ falsely & is ignorant _c be false8 ,hip4 ,y are "r4 ,soc4 ,& e man has p[] :o does t :i* he wi%es at ! "t :5 he wi%es4 ,i am n speak+ ( any special case 9 :i* he is prev5t$ by disease or some?+ ( t sort1 b ,i am speak+ g5]ally1 z ,i might say ( y1 t y are able to write my "n :5 y l4 ,w\ld y n call a man able :o c\ld d t8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& tell me1 ,hippias1 are y n a skilful calculator & ari?metician8 ,hip4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 assur$ly ,i am4 ,soc4 ,& if "s "o 7 to ask y :at is ! sum ( #c multipli$ by #gjj1 y w\ld tell him ! true answ] 9 a mom5t1 if y pleas$8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,is n t because y are ! wise/ & able/ ( m5 9 ^! matt]s8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& be+ z y are ! wise/ & able/ ( m5 9 ^! matt]s ( calculation1 are y n also ! be/8 ,hip4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates1 ,i am ! be/4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e y w\ld be ! mo/ able to tell ! tru? ab\t ^! matt]s1 w\ld y n8 ,hip4 ,yes1 ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y mu/ truly "k t ab\t :i* !y falsely speak or !y w fall into ! error ( speak+ ! tru? by mi/ake4 ,soc4 ,& c\ld y speak falsehoods ab\t !m equally well8 ,i mu/ beg1 ,hippias1 t y w answ] me ) ! same frankness & magnanimity :i* has hi!rto *>act]iz$ y4 ,if a p]son 7 to ask y :at is ! sum ( #c multipli$ by #gjj1 w\ld n y be ! be/ & mo/ consi/5t tell] ( a falsehood1 hav+ always ! p[] ( speak+ falsely z y h ( speak+ truly1 ab\t ^! same matt]s1 if y want$ to tell a falsehood1 & n to answ] truly8 ,w\ld ! ignorant man be #cfg bett] able to tell a falsehood 9 matt]s ( calculation ?an y w\ld be1 if y *ose8 ,might he n sometimes /umble ^u ! tru?1 :5 he want$ to tell a lie1 because he did n "k1 :]eas y :o are ! wise man1 if y want$ to tell a lie w\ld always & consi/5tly lie8 ,sid5ote3 ,true is false & false is true4 ,hip4 ,yes2 !re y are q "r4 ,soc4 ,does ! false man tell lies ab\t o!r ?+s1 b n ab\t numb]1 or :5 he is mak+ a calculation8 ,hip4 ,to be sure2 he w\ld tell z _m lies ab\t numb] z ab\t o!r ?+s4 ,soc4 ,!n may we fur!r assume1 ,hippias1 t !re are m5 :o are false ab\t calculation & numb]8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:o c !y be8 ,= y h already admitt$ t he :o is false mu/ h ! ability to be false3 y said1 z y w rememb]1 t he :o is unable to be false w n be false8 ,hip4 ,yes1 ,i rememb]2 x 0 s said4 ,soc4 ,& 7 y n y\rself j n[ %[n to be be/ able to speak falsely ab\t calculation8 ,hip4 ,yes2 t 0 ano!r ?+ :i* 0 said4 ,soc4 ,& are y n likewise said to speak truly ab\t calculation8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n ! same p]son is able to speak bo? falsely & truly ab\t calculation8 ,& t p]son is he :o is good at calculation--! ari?metician8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:o1 !n1 ,hippias1 is discov]$ to be false at calculation8 ,is he n ! good man8 ,= ! good man is ! able man1 & he is ! true man4 ,hip4 ,t is evid5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re=e ! same man mu/ be true if he is to be truly false1 9 a/ronomy1 9 geometry1 & 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,soc4 ,d y n see1 !n1 t ! same man is false & also true ab\t ! same matt]s8 ,& ! true man is n a :it bett] ?an ! false2 = inde$ he is ! same ) him & n ! v opposite1 z y 7 j n[ imag9+4 ,hip4 ,n 9 t in/ance1 cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,%all we exam9e o!r in/ances8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly1 if y are dispos$4 ,soc4 ,are y n also skill$ 9 geometry8 ,hip4 ,i am4 ,soc4 ,well1 & does n ! same hold 9 t sci5ce also8 ,is n ! same p]son be/ able to speak falsely or to sneak truly ab\t diagrams2 & he is--! geometrician8 ,sid5ote3 ,! admirable v]satility ( ,hippias4 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,he & no "o else is good at x8 ,hip4 ,yes1 he & no "o else4 ,soc4 ,!n ! good & wise geomet] has ?is d\ble p[] 9 ! highe/ degree2 & if !re be a man :o is false ab\t diagrams ! good man w be he1 = he is able to be false2 :]eas ! bad is unable1 & = ?is reason is n false1 z has be5 admitt$4 ,hip4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,once m--let u exam9e a ?ird case2 t ( ! a/ronom]1 9 ^: art1 aga91 y1 ,hippias1 pr(ess to be a /ill great] pr(ici5t ?an 9 ! prec$+--d y n8 ,hip4 ,yes1 ,i am4 #cfh ,soc4 ,& does n ! same hold ( a/ronomy8 ,hip4 ,true1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& 9 a/ronomy1 too1 if any man be able to speak falsely he w be ! good a/ronom]1 b he :o is n able w n speak falsely1 = he has no k4 ,hip4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 a/ronomy also1 ! same man w be true & false8 ,hip4 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is always weav+ ! me%es ( an argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates complim5ts ,hippias on 8 skill 9 engrav+ gems1 9 mak+ clo!s & %oes & ! f9e/ fabrics1 9 writ+ poetry & prose ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 & on ! art ( memory :i* he has inv5t$4 ,soc4 ,& n[1 ,hippias1 consid] ! "q at l>ge ab\t all ! sci5ces1 & see :e!r ! same pr9ciple does n always hold4 ,i "k t 9 mo/ arts y are ! wise/ ( m51 z ,i h he>d y boa/+ 9 ! agora at ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 :5 y 7 sett+ =? ! great & enviable /ores ( y\r wisdom2 & y said t ^u "o occasion1 :5 y w5t to ! ,olympic games1 all t y _h on y\r p]son 0 made by y\rself4 ,y began ) y\r r+1 :i* 0 ( y\r own workman%ip1 & y said t y c\ld engrave r+s2 & y _h ano!r seal :i* 0 also ( y\r own workman%ip1 & a /rigil & an oil flask1 :i* y _h made y\rself2 y said also t y _h made ! %oes :i* y _h on y\r feet1 & ! cloak & ! %ort tunic2 b :at appe>$ to u all mo/ extraord9>y & a pro( ( s+ul> art1 0 ! girdle ( y\r tunic1 :i*1 y said1 0 z f9e z ! mo/ co/ly ,p]sian fabric1 & ( y\r own weav+2 moreov]1 y told u t y _h br\ght ) y poems1 epic1 tragic1 & di?yrambic1 z well z prose writ+s ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds2 & y said t y\r skill 0 also pre-em95t 9 ! arts :i* ,i 0 j n[ m5tion+1 & 9 ! true pr9ciples ( rhy?m & h>mony & ( or?ography2 & if ,i rememb] rightly1 !re 7 a great _m o!r accompli%m5ts 9 :i* y excell$4 ,i h =gott5 to m5tion y\r art ( memory1 :i* y reg>d z y\r special glory1 & ,i d>e say t ,i h =gott5 _m o!r ?+s2 b1 z ,i 0 say+1 only look to y\r own arts--& !re are pl5ty ( !m--& to ^? ( o!rs2 & tell me1 hav+ reg>d to ! admissions :i* y & ,i h made1 :e!r y discov] any dep>tm5t ( art or any description ( wisdom or cunn+1 :i*ev] "n y use1 9 :i* ! true & false are diff]5t & n ! same3 tell me1 if y c1 ( any4 ,b #cfi y _c4 ,hip4 ,n )\t consid]ation1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,nor w consid]ation help y1 ,hippias1 z ,i believe2 b !n if ,i am "r1 rememb] :at ! consequ5ce w be4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet he :o kn[s & rememb]s all ?+s c call to m9d no in/ance 9 :i* ! false is n also true1 al?\gh he 0 say+ j n[ t ,a*illes is true & ,odysseus false4 ,hip4 ,i d n "k :at y mean1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,i suppose t y are n us+ y\r art ( memory1 d\btless because y ?9k t su* an accompli%m5t is n ne$$ on ! pres5t occasion4 ,i w !re=e rem9d y ( :at y 7 say+3 7 y n say+ t ,a*illes 0 a true man1 & ,odysseus false & wily8 ,hip4 ,i 04 ,soc4 ,& n[ d y p]ceive t ! same p]son has turn$ out to be false z well z true8 ,if ,odysseus is false he is also true1 & if ,a*illes is true he is also false1 & s ! two m5 are n oppos$ to "o ano!r1 b !y are alike4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p]v]t$ +5uity ( ,socrates4 ,hip4 ,o ,socrates1 y are always weav+ ! me%es ( an argum5t1 select+ ! mo/ difficult po9t1 & fa/5+ ^u details in/ead ( grappl+ ) ! matt] 9 h& z a :ole4 ,come n[1 & ,i w demon/rate to y1 if y w all[ me1 by _m satisfactory pro(s1 t ,hom] has made ,a*illes a bett] man ?an ,odysseus1 & a tru?ful man too2 & t he has made ! o!r crafty1 & a tell] ( _m untru?s1 & inf]ior to ,a*illes4 ,& !n1 if y please1 y %all make a spee* on ! o!r side1 9 ord] to prove t ,odysseus is ! bett] man2 & ?is may be comp>$ to m9e1 & !n ! company w "k :i* ( u is ! bett] speak]4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates pays ,hippias ! complim5t :i* he always pays to a wise man1 ( att5d+ to him4 ,he proves by example t ,a*illes1 ! true man1 is always utt]+ falsehoods1 ,odysseus1 ! false man1 nev]4 ,soc4 ,o ,hippias1 ,i d n d\bt t y are wis] ?an ,i am4 ,b ,i h a way1 :5 anybody else says any?+1 ( giv+ close att5tion to him1 especially if ! speak] appe>s to me to be a wise man4 ,hav+ a desire to und]/&1 ,i "q him1 & ,i exam9e & analyse & put toge!r :at he says1 9 ord] t ,i may und]/&2 b if ! speak] appe>s to me to be a poor h&1 ,i d n int]rogate him1 or tr\ble myself ab\t him1 & y may "k by ?is :o !y are :om ,i deem to be wise m51 = y w see t :5 ,i am talk+ ) a wise man1 ,i am v att5tive to :at he says2 & ,i ask que/ions ( him1 9 ord] t ,i may le>n1 & be improv$ by him4 ,& ,i c\ld n help rem>k+ :ile y 7 speak+1 t :5 y recit$ ! v]ses 9 :i* ,a*illes1 z y argu$1 attacks ,odysseus z a deceiv]1 t y mu/ be /rangely mi/ak51 because ,odysseus1 ! man ( wiles1 is nev] f\nd to tell a lie2 b ,a*illes is f\nd to be wily on y\r own %[+4 ,at any #cgj rate he speaks falsely2 = fir/ he utt]s ^! words1 :i* y j n[ repeat$1-- #8,he is hateful to me ev5 z ! gates ( dea? :o ?9ks "o ?+ & says ano!r3'-- ,& !n he says1 a little :ile aft]w>ds1 he w n be p]suad$ by ,odysseus & ,agamemnon1 nei!r w he rema9 at ,troy2 b1 says he1-- #8,to-morr[1 :5 ,i h (f]$ sacrifices to ,zeus & all ! ,gods1 hav+ load$ my %ips well1 ,i w drag !m d[n into ! deep2 & !n y %all see1 if y h a m9d1 & if su* ?+s are a c>e to y1 e>ly 9 ! morn+ my %ips sail+ ov] ! fi%y ,hellespont1 & my m5 eag]ly ply+ ! o>2 &1 if ! illu/ri\s %ak] ( ! e>? gives me a good voyage1 on ! ?ird day ,i %all rea* ! f]tile ,ph?ia4' ,& be=e t1 :5 he 0 revil+ ,agamemnon1 he said1-- #8,& n[ to ,ph?ia ,i w g1 s9ce to return home 9 ! beak$ %ips is f> bett]1 nor am ,i incl9$ to /ay "h 9 di%on\r & amass weal? & ri*es = y4' ,b al?\gh on t occasion1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole army1 he spoke aft] ?is fa%ion1 & on ! o!r occasion to 8 companions1 he appe>s nev] to h made any prep>ation or attempt to draw d[n ! %ips1 z if he _h ! lea/ int5tion ( sail+ home2 s nobly reg>dless 0 he ( ! tru?4 ,n[ ,i1 ,hippias1 orig9ally ask$ y ! "q1 because ,i 0 9 d\bt z to :i* ( ! two h]oes 0 int5d$ by ! poet to be ! be/1 & because ,i ?\ght t bo? ( !m 7 ! be/1 & t x w\ld be difficult to decide :i* 0 ! bett] ( !m1 n only 9 respect ( tru? & falsehood1 b ( virtue g5]ally1 = ev5 9 ?is matt] ( speak+ ! tru? !y are mu* ^u a p>4 ,sid5ote3 ,aye1 b ! falsehood ( ,a*illes is accid5tal2 t ( ,odysseus int5tional4 ,sid5ote3 ,to err int5tionally is bett] ?an ,hip4 ,!re y are wrong1 ,socrates2 = 9 s f> z ,a*illes speaks falsely1 ! falsehood is obvi\sly un9t5tional4 ,he is compell$ aga9/ 8 w to rema9 & rescue ! army 9 _! mis=tune4 ,b :5 ,odysseus speaks falsely he is volunt>ily & int5tionally false4 ,soc4 ,y1 sweet ,hippias1 l ,odysseus1 are a deceiv] y\rself4 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,socrates2 :at makes y say s8 #cga ,soc4 ,because y say t ,a*illes does n speak falsely f design1 :5 he is n only a deceiv]1 b besides be+ a bragg>t1 9 ,hom]'s description ( him is s cunn+1 & s f> sup]ior to ,odysseus 9 ly+ & pret5d+1 t he d>es to contradict himself1 & ,odysseus does n f9d him out2 at any rate he does n appe> to say any?+ to him :i* w\ld imply t he p]ceiv$ 8 falsehood4 ,hip4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,did y n obs]ve t aft]w>ds1 :5 he is speak+ to ,odysseus1 he says t he w sail away ) ! e>ly dawn2 b to ,ajax he tells q a diff]5t /ory8 ,hip4 ,:]e is t8 ,soc4 ,:]e he says1-- #8,i w n ?9k ab\t bloody w> until ! son ( w>like ,priam1 illu/ri\s ,hector1 comes to ! t5ts & %ips ( ! ,myrmidons1 slaught]+ ! ,argives1 & burn+ ! %ips ) fire2 & ab\t my t5t & d>k %ip1 ,i suspect t ,hector1 al?\gh eag] = ! battle1 w nev]!less /ay 8 h&4' ,n[1 d y really ?9k1 ,hippias1 t ! son ( ,!tis1 :o _h be5 ! pupil ( ! sage ,*eiron1 _h su* a bad memory1 or w\ld h c>ri$ ! art ( ly+ to su* an ext5t 7:5 he _h be5 assail+ li>s 9 ! mo/ viol5t t]ms only ! in/ant be=e7 z to say to ,odysseus t he w\ld sail away1 & to ,ajax t he w\ld rema91 & t he 0 n r practis+ ^u ! simplicity ( ,odysseus1 :om he reg>d$ z an anci5t1 & ?9k+ t he w\ld get ! bett] ( him by 8 own cunn+ & falsehood8 ,sid5ote3 to err volunt>ily4 ,hip4 ,no1 ,i d n agree ) y1 ,socrates2 b ,i believe t ,a*illes is induc$ to say "o ?+ to ,ajax1 & ano!r to ,odysseus 9 ! innoc5ce ( 8 he>t1 :]eas ,odysseus1 :e!r he speaks falsely or truly1 speaks always ) a purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,t proves ,odysseus to be bett] ?an ,a*illes4 ,soc4 ,!n ,odysseus w\ld appe> aft] all to be bett] ?an ,a*illes8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,:y1 7 n ! volunt>y li>s only j n[ %[n to be bett] ?an ! involunt>y8 ,hip4 ,& h[1 ,socrates1 c ^? :o int5tionally err1 & volunt>ily & design$ly commit iniquities1 be bett] ?an ^? :o err & d wrong involunt>ily8 ,surely #cgb !re is a great excuse to be made = a man tell+ a falsehood1 or do+ an injury or any sort ( h>m to ano!r 9 ignorance4 ,& ! laws are obvi\sly f> m sev]e on ^? :o lie or d evil1 volunt>ily1 ?an on ^? :o d evil involunt>ily4 ,sid5ote3 ,hippias gr[s impati5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates is conv9c$ ( 8 own ignorance because he nev] agrees ) wise m54 ,b he is will+ to le>n1 & he desires to be cur$ by ,hippias ( 8 ignorance 9 z few words z possible4 ,soc4 ,y see1 ,hippias1 z ,i h already told y1 h[ p]t9aci\s ,i am 9 ask+ que/ions ( wise m54 ,& ,i ?9k t ?is is ! only good po9t ab\t me1 = ,i am full ( defects1 & always gett+ wrong 9 "s way or o!r4 ,my defici5cy is prov$ to me by ! fact t :5 ,i meet "o ( y :o are fam\s = wisdom1 & to ^: wisdom all ! ,hell5es are witnesses1 ,i am f\nd out to "k no?+4 ,= speak+ g5]ally1 ,i h>dly ev] h ! same op9ion ab\t any?+ :i* y h1 & :at pro( ( ignorance c be great] ?an to diff] f wise m58 ,b ,i h "o s+ul> good quality1 :i* is my salvation2 ,i am n a%am$ to le>n1 & ,i ask & enquire1 & am v grateful to ^? :o answ] me1 & nev] fail to give !m my grateful ?anks2 & :5 ,i le>n a ?+ ,i nev] d5y my tea*]1 or pret5d t ! lesson is a discov]y ( my own2 b ,i praise 8 wisdom1 & proclaim :at ,i h le>n$ f him4 ,& n[ ,i _c agree 9 :at y are say+1 b ,i /rongly disagree4 ,well1 ,i "k t ?is is my own fault1 & is a defect 9 my "*1 b ,i w n pret5d to be m ?an ,i am2 & my op9ion1 ,hippias1 is ! v contr>y ( :at y are say+4 ,= ,i ma9ta9 t ^? :o hurt or injure mank9d1 & speak falsely & deceive1 & err volunt>ily1 are bett] f> ?an ^? :o d wrong involunt>ily4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ,i am ( ! opposite op9ion2 = ,i am all abroad 9 my ideas ab\t ?is matt]1 a condition obvi\sly occasion$ by ignorance4 ,& j n[ ,i happ5 to be 9 a crisis ( my disord] at :i* ^? :o err volunt>ily appe> to me bett] ?an ^? :o err involunt>ily4 ,my pres5t /ate ( m9d is due to our previ\s argum5t1 :i* incl9es me to believe t 9 g5]al ^? :o d wrong involunt>ily are worse ?an ^? :o d wrong volunt>ily1 & !re=e ,i hope t y w be good to me1 & n refuse to heal me2 = y w d me a mu* great] b5efit if y cure my s\l ( ignorance1 ?an y w\ld if y 7 to cure my body ( disease4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 tell y be=eh&1 t if y #cgc make a long oration to me y w n cure me1 = ,i %all n be able to foll[ y2 b if y w answ] me1 z y did j n[1 y w d me a great deal ( good1 & ,i d n ?9k t y w be any ! worse y\rself4 ,& ,i h "s claim ^u y also1 ,o son ( ,apemantus1 = y incit$ me to conv]se ) ,hippias2 & n[1 if ,hippias w n answ] me1 y mu/ entreat him on my behalf4 ,eud4 ,b ,i d n ?9k1 ,socrates1 t ,hippias w require any entreaty ( m9e2 = he has already said t he w refuse to answ] no man4--,did y n say s1 ,hippias8 ,hip4 ,yes1 ,i did2 b !n1 ,eudicus1 ,socrates is always tr\blesome 9 an argum5t1 & appe>s to be di%one/#ed4 ,soc4 ,excell5t ,hippias1 ,i d n d s int5tionally 7if ,i did1 x w\ld %[ me to be a wise man & a ma/] ( wiles1 z y w\ld argue71 b un9t5tionally1 & !re=e y mu/ p>don me2 =1 z y say1 he :o is un9t5tionally di%one/ %\ld be p>don$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! analogy ( bodily ex]cises4 ,eud4 ,yes1 ,hippias1 d z he says2 & = our sake1 & also t y may n belie y\r pr(ession1 answ] :atev] ,socrates asks y4 ,hip4 ,i w answ]1 z y reque/ me2 & d y ask :atev] y l4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates by citation ( in/ances n #89 p>i mat]ia' proves t x is bett] to d evil int5tionally3 e4 g4 9 runn+1 9 wre/l+1 9 ! action ( ! body1 9 s++1 9 ! use ( ! feet1 eyes1 e>s1 ( in/rum5ts4 ,soc4 ,i am v desir\s1 ,hippias1 ( exam9+ ?is "q1 z to :i* are ! bett]--^? :o err volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,& if y w answ] me1 ,i ?9k t ,i c put y 9 ! way ( approa*+ ! subject3 ,y w\ld admit1 w\ld y n1 t !re are good runn]s8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !re are bad runn]s8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he :o runs well is a good runn]1 & he :o runs ill is a bad runn]8 ,hip4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& he :o runs sl[ly runs ill1 & he :o runs quickly runs well8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 a race1 & 9 runn+1 swiftness is a good1 & sl[ness is an evil quality8 ,hip4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,:i* ( ! two !n is a bett] runn]8 ,he :o runs sl[ly volunt>ily1 or he :o runs sl[ly involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,he :o runs sl[ly volunt>ily4 ,soc4 ,& is n runn+ a species ( do+8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& if a species ( do+1 a species ( action8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o runs badly does a bad & di%on\rable action 9 a race8 ,hip4 ,yes2 a bad action1 c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& he :o runs sl[ly runs badly8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! good runn] does ?is bad & disgraceful action volunt>ily1 & ! bad involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,t is to be inf]r$4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o involunt>ily does evil actions1 is worse 9 a race ?an he :o does !m volunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,yes1 9 a race4 ,sid5ote3 ,! analogy ( ! human faculties1 ,soc4 ,well2 b at a wre/l+ mat*--:i* is ! bett] #cgd wre/l]1 he :o falls volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,he :o falls volunt>ily1 d\btless4 ,soc4 ,& is x worse or m di%on\rable at a wre/l+ mat*1 to fall1 or to ?r[ ano!r8 ,hip4 ,to fall4 ,soc4 ,!n1 at a wre/l+ mat*1 he :o volunt>ily does base & di%on\rable actions is a bett] wre/l] ?an he :o does !m involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,t appe>s to be ! tru?4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( any o!r bodily ex]cise--is n he :o is bett] made able to d bo? t :i* is /rong & t :i* is weak--t :i* is fair & t :i* is f\l8--s t :5 he does bad actions ) ! body1 he :o is bett] made does !m volunt>ily1 & he :o is worse made does !m involunt>ily4 ,hip4 ,yes1 t appe>s to be true ab\t /r5g?4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y say ab\t grace1 ,hippias8 ,is n he :o is bett] made able to assume evil & disgraceful figures & po/ures volunt>ily1 z he :o is worse made assumes !m involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n volunt>y ungracefulness comes f excell5ce ( ! bodily frame1 & involunt>y f ! defect ( ! bodily frame8 ,hip4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( an unmusical voice2 w\ld y pref] ! voice :i* is volunt>ily or involunt>ily out ( tune8 ,hip4 ,t :i* is volunt>ily out ( tune4 ,soc4 ,! involunt>y is ! worse ( ! two8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y *oose to possess goods or evils8 ,hip4 ,goods4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y r h feet :i* are volunt>ily or involunt>ily lame8 ,hip4 ,feet :i* are volunt>ily lame4 ,soc4 ,b is n lam5ess a defect or de=mity8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& is n bl9k+ a defect 9 ! eyes8 ,sid5ote3 ( implem5ts1 arts1 etc41 confirms ! view ( ,socrates4 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y r always h eyes ) :i* y might volunt>ily bl9k & n see1 or ) :i* y might involunt>ily bl9k8 ,hip4 ,i w\ld r h eyes :i* volunt>ily bl9k4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 y\r own case y deem t :i* volunt>ily acts ill1 bett] ?an t :i* involunt>ily acts ill8 ,hip4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 9 cases su* z y m5tion4 ,soc4 ,& does n ! same hold ( e>s1 no/rils1 m\?1 & ( all ! s5ses--^? :i* involunt>ily act ill are n to be desir$1 z be+ defective2 & ^? :i* volunt>ily act ill are to be desir$ z be+ good8 ,hip4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( in/rum5ts2--:i* are ! bett] sort ( in/rum5ts to h to d )8--^? ) :i* a man acts ill volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,= example1 _h a man bett] h a rudd] ) :i* he w /e] ill1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,he _h bett] h a rudd] ) :i* he w /e] ill volunt>ily4 ,soc4 ,& does n ! same hold ( ! b[ & ! lyre1 ! flute & all o!r ?+s8 ,hip4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y r h a horse ( su* a temp] t y may ride him ill volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,sid5ote3 ,x is true also ( animals1 9 ! practice ( ar*]y1 ( m$ic9e1 9 ! *>act]s ( slaves4 ,hip4 ,i w\ld r h a horse :i* ,i c\ld ride ill #cge volunt>ily4 ,soc4 ,t w\ld be ! bett] horse8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ) a horse ( bett] temp]1 vici\s actions w\ld be produc$ volunt>ily2 & ) a horse ( bad temp] involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& t w\ld be true ( a dog1 or ( any o!r animal8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& is x bett] to possess ! m9d ( an ar*] :o volunt>ily or involunt>ily misses ! m>k8 ,hip4 ,( him :o volunt>ily misses4 ,sid5ote3 ,hippias _c agree ) ,socrates1 ,soc4 ,?is w\ld be ! bett] m9d = ! purposes ( ar*]y8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! m9d :i* involunt>ily errs is worse ?an ! m9d :i* errs volunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 9 ! use ( ! b[4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! art ( m$ic9e2--has n ! m9d :i* volunt>ily works h>m to ! body1 m ( ! heal+ art8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 ! art ( m$ic9e ! volunt>y is bett] ?an ! involunt>y8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,well1 & 9 lute-play+ & 9 flute-play+1 & 9 all arts & sci5ces1 is n t m9d ! bett] :i* volunt>ily does :at is evil & di%on\rable1 & goes wrong1 & is n ! worse t :i* does s involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( ! *>act]s ( slaves8 ,%\ld we n pref] to h ^? :o volunt>ily d wrong & make mi/akes1 & are !y n bett] 9 _! mi/akes ?an ^? :o commit !m involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& %\ld we n desire to h our own m9ds 9 ! be/ /ate possible8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w our m9ds be bett] if !y d wrong & make mi/akes volunt>ily or involunt>ily8 ,sid5ote3 ,hippias revolts at ! conclusion4 ,hip4 ,o1 ,socrates1 x w\ld be a mon/r\s ?+ to say t ^? :o d wrong volunt>ily are bett] ?an ^? :o d wrong involunt>ily6 ,soc4 ,& yet t appe>s to be ! only inf]5ce4 ,hip4 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates recapitulates ! argum5t4 ,soc4 ,b ,i imag9$1 ,hippias1 t y did4 ,please to answ] once m3 ,is n ju/ice a p[]1 or k1 or bo?8 ,mu/ n ju/ice1 at all ev5ts1 be "o ( ^!8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b if ju/ice is a p[] ( ! s\l1 !n ! s\l :i* has ! great] p[] is also ! m j2 = t :i* has ! great] p[]1 my good fri5d1 has be5 prov$ by u to be ! bett]4 ,sid5ote3 nor ,socrates ) himself4 ,hip4 ,yes1 t has be5 prov$4 ,soc4 ,& if ju/ice is k1 !n ! wis] w be ! ju/] s\l1 & ! m ignorant ! m unju/8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b if ju/ice be p[] z well z k--!n w n ! s\l :i* has bo? k & p[] be ! m j1 & t :i* is ! m ignorant be ! m unju/8 ,mu/ x n be s8 ,hip4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& is n ! s\l :i* has ! great] p[] & wisdom also bett]1 & bett] able to d bo? good & evil 9 e action8 ,hip4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,! s\l1 !n1 :i* acts ill1 acts volunt>ily by #cgf p[] & art--& ^! ei!r "o or bo? ( !m are elem5ts ( ju/ice8 ,hip4 ,t seems to be true4 ,soc4 ,& to d inju/ice is to d ill1 & n to d inju/ice is to d well8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w n ! bett] & abl] s\l :5 x does wrong1 d wrong volunt>ily1 & ! bad s\l involunt>ily8 ,hip4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& ! good man is he :o has ! good s\l1 & ! bad man is he :o has ! bad8 ,hip4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! good man w volunt>ily d wrong1 & ! bad man involunt>ily1 if ! good man is he :o has ! good s\l8 ,hip4 ,:i* he c]ta9ly has4 ,sid5ote3 ,hippias1 :o has admitt$ ! previ\s d$uctions1 rebels at ! f9al "o4 ,socrates is himself dissatisfi$4 ,:at rema9s if ,socrates & a wis] ?an ,socrates are alike 9 d\bt8 ,soc4 ,!n1 ,hippias1 he :o volunt>ily does wrong & disgraceful ?+s1 if !re be su* a man1 w be ! good man8 ,hip4 ,!re ,i _c agree ) y4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates ?9ks ! matt] s]i\s4 ,soc4 ,nor c ,i agree ) myself1 ,hippias2 & yet t seems to be ! conclusion :i*1 z f> z we c see at pres5t1 mu/ foll[ f our argum5t4 ,z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 ,i am all abroad1 & be+ 9 p]plexity am always *ang+ my op9ion4 ,n[1 t ,i or any ord9>y man %\ld w&] 9 p]plexity is n surpris+2 b if y wise m5 also w&]1 & we _c come to y & re/ f our w&]+1 ! matt] beg9s to be s]i\s bo? to u & to y4 ,,footnotes #ec ,cp4 ,gorgias #ddh ,a4 #ed ,cp4 ,gorgias #dii1 #eje2 ,rep4 vi4 #dhg4 ,,alcibiades ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades ,i4 ,! ,fir/ ,alcibiades is a conv]sation betwe5 ,socrates & ,alcibiades4 ,socrates is repres5t$ 9 ! "* :i* he attributes to himself 9 ! ,apology ( a "k-no?+ :o detects ! conceit ( k 9 o!rs4 ,! two h met already 9 ! ,protagoras & 9 ! ,symposium2 9 ! latt] dialogue1 z 9 ?is1 ! relation betwe5 !m is t ( a lov] & 8 belov$4 ,b ! n>rative ( _! loves is told diff]5tly 9 diff]5t places2 = 9 ! ,symposium ,alcibiades is depict$ z ! impassion$ b reject$ lov]2 "h1 z coldly receiv+ ! advances ( ,socrates1 :o1 = ! be/ ( purposes1 lies 9 wait = ! aspir+ & ambiti\s y\?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,analysis4 ,alcibiades1 :o is describ$ z a v "y man1 is ,/eph4 #ajc ab\t to ent] on public life1 hav+ an inord9ate op9ion ( himself1 & an extravagant ambition4 ,socrates1 #8:o kn[s :at is 9 man1' a/oni%es him by a revelation ( 8 designs4 ,b has -#ajf he ! k :i* is necess>y = c>ry+ !m out8 ,he is go+ to p]suade ! ,a!nians--ab\t :at8 ,n ab\t any #ajg p>ticul> art1 b ab\t politics--:5 to fight & :5 to make peace4 ,n[1 m5 %\ld fight & make peace on j gr\nds1 & !re=e ! "q ( ju/ice & inju/ice mu/ ent] into peace & w>2 & he :o advises ! ,a!nians mu/ "k -#aji ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,does ,alcibiades "k8 ,if he does1 he mu/ ei!r h be5 taught by "s ma/]1 or he mu/ h discov]$ ! nature ( !m himself4 ,if he has _h a ma/]1 ,socrates w\ld l to be in=m$ :o he is1 t he may g & le>n ( him also4 ,alcibiades admits t he has #aaj nev] le>n$4 ,!n has he enquir$ = himself8 ,he may h1 if he 0 ev] aw>e ( a "t :5 he 0 ignorant4 ,b he nev] 0 ignorant2 = :5 he play$ ) o!r boys at dice1 he *>g$ !m ) *eat+1 & ?is impli$ a k ( j & unju/4 ,accord+ to 8 own explanation1 he _h le>n$ ( ! multitude4 ,:y1 he asks1 %\ld he n le>n ( !m ! nature ( ju/ice1 z he has le>n$ ! ,greek language ( !m8 ,to ?is ,socrates answ]s1 t !y c tea* ,greek1 b !y #aaa _c tea* ju/ice2 = !y are agre$ ab\t ! "o1 b !y are n agre$ ab\t ! o!r3 & !re=e ,alcibiades1 :o #aab has admitt$ t if he kn[s he mu/ ei!r h le>n$ f a ma/] or h discov]$ = himself ! nature ( ju/ice1 is convict$ out ( 8 own m\?4 #aac ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #aaj-abf4 ,alcibiades rejo9s1 t ! ,a!nians debate n ab\t :at is j1 b ab\t :at is exp$i5t2 & he ass]ts t ! two pr9ciples ( ju/ice & exp$i5cy are oppos$4 ,socrates1 by a #aad s]ies ( que/ions1 compels him to admit t ! j & ! exp$i5t co9cide4 ,alcibiades is ?us r$uc$ to ! humiliat+ -#aag conclusion t he kn[s no?+ ( politics1 ev5 if1 z he says1 !y are conc]n$ ) ! exp$i5t4 ,h[ev]1 he is no worse ?an o!r ,a!nian /atesm52 & he w n ne$ tra9+1 = o!rs are z ignorant z he is4 ,he is rem9d$ t he has to cont5d1 n only ) 8 own c\ntrym51 b ) _! enemies--) ! ,sp>tan k+s & -#abj ) ! great k+ ( ,p]sia2 & he c only atta9 ?is high] aim ( ambition by ! assi/ance ( ,socrates4 ,n t ,socrates himself pr(esses to h atta9$ ! tru?1 b ! que/ions :i* he asks br+ o!rs to a k ( !mselves1 & ?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! practice ( virtue4 ,! dialogue cont9ues3--,we wi% to become z good z -#abd possible4 ,b to be good 9 :at8 ,alcibiades replies--#8,good 9 transact+ bus9ess4' ,b :at bus9ess8 #8,! bus9ess ( ! #abe mo/ intellig5t m5 at ,a!ns4' ,! cobbl] is intellig5t 9 %oemak+1 & is !re=e good 9 t2 he is n intellig5t1 & !re=e n good1 9 weav+4 ,is he good 9 ! s5se :i* ,alcibiades means1 :o is also bad8 #8,i mean1' replies ,alcibiades1 #8! man :o is able to comm& 9 ! city4' ,b to comm& :at--horses or m58 & if m51 "u :at circum/ances8 #8,i mean to say1 t he is able to comm& m5 liv+ 9 social & political relations4' ,& :at is _! aim8 #8,! bett] pres]vation ( ! city4' ,b :5 is a city bett]8 #abf #8,:5 !re is unanimity1 su* z exi/s betwe5 husb& & wife4' ,!n1 :5 husb&s & wives p]=m _! own #abg special duties1 !re c be no unanimity betwe5 !m2 nor c a city be well ord]$ :5 ea* citiz5 does 8 own "w only4 ,alcibiades1 hav+ /at$ fir/ t goodness consi/s 9 ! unanimity ( ! citiz5s1 & !n 9 ea* ( !m do+ 8 own sep>ate "w1 is br\ght to ! requir$ po9t ( self-contradiction1 lead+ him to confess 8 own ignorance4 #abh ,sid5ote3 ,analysis #abg-ace4 ,b he is n too old to le>n1 & may /ill arrive at ! tru?1 if he is will+ to be cross-exam9$ by ,socrates4 ,he mu/ "k #abi himself2 t is to say1 n 8 body1 or ! ?+s ( ! body1 b 8 m9d1 or tru] self4 ,! physician kn[s ! body1 & ! tradesman kn[s 8 own bus9ess1 b !y d n necess>ily "k !mselves4 ,self-k c be obta9$ only by look+ into ! m9d & virtue ( ! s\l1 :i* is ! -#acb div9] "p ( a man1 z we see our own image 9 ano!r's eye4 ,& if we d n "k ourselves1 we _c "k :at belongs to ourselves or belongs to o!rs1 & are unfit to take a "p 9 political affairs4 ,bo? = ! sake ( ! individual & ( ! -#acd /ate1 we ought to aim at ju/ice & temp]ance1 n at weal? or p[]4 ,! evil & unju/ %\ld h no p[]1--!y %\ld be ! slaves ( bett] m5 ?an !mselves4 ,none b ! #ace virtu\s are des]v+ ( fre$om4 ,& are y1 ,alcibiades1 a freeman8 #8,i feel t ,i am n2 b ,i hope1 ,socrates1 t by y\r aid ,i may become free1 & f ?is day =w>d ,i w nev] leave y4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,! ,alcibiades has sev]al po9ts ( resemblance to ! und\bt$ dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! process ( int]rogation is ( ! same k9d ) t :i* ,socrates practises ^u ! y\?ful ,cle9ias 9 ! ,eu?ydemus2 & he *>act]i/ically attributes to ,alcibiades ! answ]s :i* he has elicit$ f him4 ,! def9ition ( good is n>r[$ by successive que/ions1 & virtue is %[n to be id5tical ) k4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,socrates awak5s ! consci\sness n ( s9 b ( ignorance4 ,self-humiliation is ! fir/ /ep to k1 ev5 ( ! commone/ ?+s4 ,no man kn[s h[ ignorant he is1 & no man c arrive at virtue & wisdom :o has n once 9 8 life1 at lea/1 be5 convict$ ( error4 ,! process by :i* ! s\l is elevat$ is n unlike t :i* religi\s writ]s describe "u ! "n ( #8conv]sion1' if we sub/itute ! s5se ( ignorance = ! consci\sness ( s94 ,sid5ote3 ,g5u95ess ( ! dialogue4 ,9 "s respects ! dialogue diff]s f any o!r ,platonic composition4 ,! aim is m directly e?ical & hortatory2 ! process by :i* ! antagoni/ is und]m9$ is simpl] ?an 9 o!r ,platonic writ+s1 & ! conclusion m decid$4 ,!re is a good deal ( hum\r 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! pride ( ,alcibiades1 & ( ! ,greeks g5]ally1 is suppos$ to be tak5 d[n by ! ,sp>tan & ,p]sian que5s2 & ! dialogue has consid]able dialectical m]it4 ,b we h a difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! same writ]1 :o has giv5 s pr(\nd & complex a notion ( ! *>act]s bo? ( ,alcibiades & ,socrates 9 ! ,symposium1 %\ld h treat$ !m 9 s ?9 & sup]ficial a mann] 9 ! ,alcibiades1 or t he w\ld h ascrib$ to ! ironical ,socrates ! r unmean+ boa/ t ,alcibiades c\ld n atta9 ! objects ( 8 ambition )\t 8 help 7#aje ,d foll472 or t he %\ld h imag9$ t a mighty nature l 8 c\ld h be5 re=m$ by a few n v conclusive words ( ,socrates4 ,= ! argum5ts by :i* ,alcibiades is re=m$ are n conv9c+2 ! writ] ( ! dialogue1 :oev] he 01 arrives at 8 idealism by crook$ & tortu\s pa?s1 9 :i* _m pitfalls are conceal$4 ,! ana*ronism ( mak+ ,alcibiades ab\t tw5ty ye>s old dur+ ! life ( 8 uncle1 ,p]icles1 may be not$2 & ! repetition ( ! fav\rite obs]vation1 :i* occurs also 9 ! ,la*es & ,protagoras1 t great ,a!nian /atesm51 l ,p]icles1 fail$ 9 ! education ( _! sons4 ,!re is none ( ! und\bt$ dialogues ( ,plato 9 :i* !re is s little dramatic v]isimilitude4 ,,alcibiades ,i4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,alcibiades1 ,,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades ,i4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pride ( ,alcibiades has be5 too mu* = 8 lov]s4 ,socrates4 ,i d>e say t y may be surpris$ to f9d1 ,/eph4 #ajc ,o son ( ,cle9ias1 t ,i1 :o am y\r fir/ lov]1 n hav+ spok5 to y = _m ye>s1 :5 ! re/ ( ! _w 7 we>y+ y ) _! att5tions1 am ! la/ ( y\r lov]s :o /ill speaks to y4 ,! cause ( my sil5ce has be5 t ,i 0 h9d]$ by a p[] m ?an human1 ( :i* ,i w "s day expla9 to y ! nature2 ?is imp$im5t has n[ be5 remov$2 ,i !re=e "h pres5t myself be=e y1 & ,i greatly hope t no simil> h9drance w aga9 occur4 ,mean:ile1 ,i h obs]v$ t y\r pride has be5 too mu* = ! pride ( y\r admir]s2 !y 7 num]\s & high-spirit$1 b !y h all run away1 ov]p[]$ by y\r sup]ior =ce ( "*2 n "o ( !m rema9s4 ,& ,i want y to #ajd und]/& ! reason :y y h be5 too mu* = !m4 ,y ?9k t y h no ne$ ( !m or ( any o!r man1 = y h great possessions & lack no?+1 beg9n+ ) ! body1 & end+ ) ! s\l4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y say to y\rself t y are ! faire/ & talle/ ( ! citiz5s1 & ?is e "o :o has eyes may see to be true2 9 ! second place1 t y are among ! noble/ ( !m1 highly connect$ bo? on ! fa!r's & ! "m's side1 & sprung f "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families 9 y\r own /ate1 :i* is ! greate/ 9 ,hellas1 & hav+ _m fri5ds & k9sm5 ( ! be/ sort1 :o c assi/ y :5 9 ne$2 & !re is "o pot5t relative1 :o is m to y ?an all ! re/1 ,p]icles ! son ( ,xan?ippus1 :om y\r fa!r left gu>dian ( y1 & ( y\r bro!r1 & :o c d z he pleases n only 9 ?is city1 b 9 all ,hellas1 & among _m & mighty b>b>\s nations4 ,moreov]1 y are ri*2 b ,i mu/ say t y value y\rself lea/ ( all ^u y\r possessions4 ,& all ^! ?+s h lift$ y up2 y h ov]come y\r lov]s1 & !y h ackn[l$g$ t y 7 too mu* = !m4 ,h y n rem>k$ _! abs5ce8 ,& n[ ,i "k t y wond] :y ,i1 unlike ! re/ ( !m1 h n gone away1 & :at c be my motive 9 rema9+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! extravagant aspiration ,alcibiades4 ,p]haps1 ,socrates1 y are n aw>e t ,i 0 j go+ to ask y ! v same "q--,:at d y want8 ,& :at is y\r motive 9 annoy+ me1 & always1 :]ev] ,i am1 mak+ a po9t ( com+#ee8 ,i d really wond] :at y mean1 & %\ld greatly l to "k4 ,soc4 ,!n if1 z y say1 y desire to "k1 ,i suppose t y w be will+ to he>1 & ,i may consid] myself to be speak+ to an auditor :o w rema91 & w n run away8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly1 let me he>4 ,soc4 ,y _h bett] be c>eful1 = ,i may v likely be z unwill+ to end z ,i h hi!rto be5 to beg94 ,al4 ,proce$1 my good man1 & ,i w li/54 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades a lov]1 n ( pleasure1 b ( ambition2 & he requires ! help ( ,socrates = ! accompli%m5t ( 8 designs4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ,socrates has clung to him2 he is hop+ :5 ,alcibiades has become ! rul] ( ,a!ns to rule ov] him4 ,sid5ote3 9 :i* ,alcibiades indulges4 ,soc4 ,i w proce$2 &1 al?\gh no lov] likes to speak ) "o :o has no feel+ ( love 9 him#ef1 ,i w make an ef=t1 & tell y :at ,i meant3 ,my love1 ,alcibiades1 :i* #aje ,i h>dly l to confess1 w\ld long ago h pass$ away1 z ,i flatt] myself1 if ,i saw y lov+ y\r good ?+s1 or ?9k+ t y ought to pass life 9 ! enjoym5t ( !m4 ,b ,i %all reveal o!r ?\ghts ( y\rs1 :i* y keep to y\rself2 :]eby y w "k t ,i h always _h my eye on y4 ,suppose t at ?is mom5t "s ,god came to y & said3 ,alcibiades1 w y live z y are1 or die 9 an in/ant if y are =bidd5 to make any fur!r acquisition8--,i v]ily believe t y w\ld *oose dea?4 ,& ,i w tell y ! hope 9 :i* y are at pres5t liv+3 ,be=e _m days h elaps$1 y ?9k t y w come be=e ! ,a!nian assembly1 & w prove to !m t y are m wor?y ( hon\r ?an ,p]icles1 or any o!r man t ev] liv$1 & hav+ prov$ ?is1 y w h ! greate/ p[] 9 ! /ate4 ,:5 y h ga9$ ! greate/ p[] among u1 y w g on to o!r ,hell5ic /ates1 & n only to ,hell5es1 b to all ! b>b>ians :o inhabit ! same cont95t ) u4 ,& if ! ,god 7 !n to say to y aga93 ,"h 9 ,europe is to be y\r seat ( empire1 & y mu/ n cross ov] into ,asia or m$dle ) ,asiatic affairs1 ,i d n believe t y w\ld *oose to live ^u ^! t]ms2 b ! _w1 z ,i may say1 mu/ be fill$ ) y\r p[] & "n--no man less ?an ,cyrus & ,x]xes is ( any acc\nt ) y4 ,su* ,i "k to be y\r hopes--,i am n guess+ only--& v likely y1 :o "k t ,i am speak+ ! tru?1 w reply1 ,well1 ,socrates1 b :at h my hopes to d ) ! explanation :i* y promis$ ( y\r unwill+ness to leave me8 ,& t is :at ,i am n[ go+ to tell y1 sweet son ( ,cle9ias & ,d9oma*4 ,! explanation is1 t all ^! designs ( y\rs _c be accompli%$ by y )\t my help2 s great is ! p[] :i* ,i believe myself to h ov] y & y\r conc]ns2 & ?is ,i conceive to be ! reason :y ! ,god has hi!rto =bidd5 me to conv]se ) y1 & ,i h be5 long expect+ 8 p]mission4 ,=1 z y hope to prove y\r own great value to ! /ate1 & hav+ prov$ x1 to atta9 at once to absolute p[]1 s d ,i indulge a hope t ,i %all h ! supreme p[] ov] y1 if ,i am able to prove my own great value to y1 & to %[ y t nei!r gu>dian1 nor k9sman1 nor any "o is able to deliv] into y\r h&s ! p[] :i* y desire1 b ,i only1 ,god be+ my help]4 ,:5 y 7 "y#eg & y\r hopes 7 n yet matur$1 ,i %\ld h wa/$ my "t1 & !re=e1 z ,i conceive1 ! ,god =bade me to conv]se ) #ajf y2 b n[1 hav+ 8 p]mission1 ,i w speak1 = n[ y w li/5 to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades does n d5y ! impea*m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! qualifications ( ,alcibiades = /atesman%ip ,al4 ,y\r sil5ce1 ,socrates1 0 always a surprise to me4 ,i nev] c\ld und]/& :y y foll[$ me ab\t1 & n[ t y h begun to speak aga91 ,i am /ill m amaz$4 ,:e!r ,i ?9k all ?is or n1 is a matt] ab\t :i* y seem to h already made up y\r m9d1 & !re=e my d5ial w h no effect ^u y4 ,b grant+1 if ,i mu/1 t y h p]fectly div9$ my purposes1 :y is y\r assi/ance necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( !m8 ,c y tell me :y8 ,soc4 ,y want to "k :e!r ,i c make a long spee*1 su* z y are 9 ! habit ( he>+2 b t is n my way4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i c prove to y ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+1 if y w grant me "o little fav\r4 ,al4 ,yes1 if ! fav\r :i* y mean be n a tr\blesome "o4 ,soc4 ,w y be tr\bl$ at hav+ que/ions to answ]8 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades is will+ to answ] que/ions4 ,al4 ,n at all4 ,soc4 ,!n please to answ]4 ,al4 ,ask me4 ,soc4 ,h y n ! int5tion :i* ,i attribute to y8 ,al4 ,i w grant any?+ y l1 9 ! hope ( he>+ :at m y h to say4 ,soc4 ,y d1 !n1 mean1 z ,i 0 say+1 to come =w>d 9 a little :ile 9 ! "* ( an advis] ( ! ,a!nians8 ,& suppose t :5 y are asc5d+ ! bema1 ,i pull y by ! sleeve & say1 ,alcibiades1 y are gett+ up to advise ! ,a!nians--d y "k ! matt] ab\t :i* !y are go+ to delib]ate1 bett] ?an !y8--,h[ w\ld y answ]8 ,sid5ote3 ,he is go+ to advise ! ,a!nians ab\t matt]s :i* he kn[s bett] ?an !y4 ,al4 ,i %\ld reply1 t ,i 0 go+ to advise !m ab\t a matt] :i* ,i d "k bett] ?an !y4 ,soc4 ,!n y are a good advis] ab\t ! ?+s :i* y "k8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& d y "k any?+ b :at y h le>n$ ( o!rs1 or f\nd out y\rself8 ,al4 ,t is all4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y h ev] le>n$ or discov]$ any?+1 if y _h n be5 will+ ei!r to le>n ( o!rs or to exam9e y\rself8 ,al4 ,i %\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 are te/$ by ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y h be5 will+ to le>n or to exam9e :at y suppos$ t y knew8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n !re 0 a "t :5 y ?\ght t y did n "k :at y are n[ suppos$ to "k8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :5 did he ev] le>n ab\t ^! matt]s8 ,soc4 ,i ?9k t ,i "k tol]ably well ! ext5t ( y\r acquirem5ts2 & y mu/ tell me if ,i =get any ( !m3 accord+ to my recollection1 y le>n$ ! arts ( writ+1 ( play+ on ! lyre1 & ( wre/l+2 ! flute y nev] w\ld le>n2 ?is is ! sum ( y\r accompli%m5ts1 unless !re 7 "s :i* y acquir$ 9 secret2 & ,i ?9k t secrecy 0 h>dly possible1 z y c\ld n h come out ( y\r door1 ei!r by day or night1 )\t my see+ y4 ,al4 ,yes1 t 0 ! :ole ( my s*ool+4 ,soc4 ,& are y go+ to get up 9 ! ,a!nian assembly1 #ajg & give !m advice ab\t writ+8 ,al4 ,no1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,or ab\t ! t\* ( ! lyre8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& !y are n 9 ! habit ( delib]at+ ab\t wre/l+1 9 ! assembly8 ,al4 ,h>dly4 ,soc4 ,!n :at are ! delib]ations 9 :i* y propose to advise !m8 ,surely n ab\t build+8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,= ! build] w advise bett] ?an y w ab\t t8 ,al4 ,he w4 ,soc4 ,nor ab\t div9ation8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,ab\t t aga9 ! div9] w advise bett] ?an y w8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,:e!r he be little or great1 good or ill-look+1 noble or ignoble--makes no diff]5ce4 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,a man is a good advis] ab\t any?+1 n because he has ri*es1 b because he has k8 ,sid5ote3 ,! cross-exam9ation ( ,al4 ,assur$ly4 ,soc4 ,:e!r _! c\nsellor is ri* or poor1 is n a matt] :i* w make any diff]5ce to ! ,a!nians :5 !y are delib]at+ ab\t ! heal? ( ! citiz5s2 !y only require t he %\ld be a physician4 ,al4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,!n :at w be ! subject ( delib]ation ab\t :i* y w be ju/ifi$ 9 gett+ up & advis+ !m8 ,al4 ,ab\t _! own conc]ns1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,y mean ab\t %ipbuild+1 = example1 :5 ! "q is :at sort ( %ips !y ought to build8 ,al4 ,no1 ,i %\ld n advise !m ab\t t4 ,soc4 ,i suppose1 because y d n und]/& %ipbuild+3--is t ! reason8 ,al4 ,x is4 ,soc4 ,!n ab\t :at conc]ns ( !irs w y advise !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,he w advise !m ab\t w> & peace1 & ) :om !y _h bett] g to w>1 & :5 & h[ long4 ,al4 ,ab\t w>1 ,socrates1 or ab\t peace1 or ab\t any o!r conc]ns ( ! /ate4 ,soc4 ,y mean1 :5 !y delib]ate ) :om !y ought to make peace1 & ) :om !y ought to g to w>1 & 9 :at mann]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !y ought to g to w> ) ^? aga9/ :om x is bett] to g to w>8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :5 x is bett]8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& = z long a "t z is bett]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b suppose ! ,a!nians to delib]ate ) :om !y ought to close 9 wre/l+1 & :om !y %\ld grasp by ! h&1 w\ld y1 or ! ma/] ( gymna/ics1 be a bett] advis] ( !m8 ,al4 ,cle>ly1 ! ma/] ( gymna/ics4 ,soc4 ,& c y tell me on :at gr\nds ! ma/] ( gymna/ics w\ld decide1 ) :om !y ought or ought n to close1 & :5 & h[8 ,to take an in/ance3 ,w\ld he n say t !y %\ld wre/le ) ^? aga9/ :om x is be/ to wre/le8 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades is cont9u$4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& z mu* z is be/8 #ajh ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& at su* times z are be/8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,aga92 y sometimes accompany ! lyre ) ! song & dance8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:5 x is well to d s8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& z mu* z is well8 ,al4 ,j s4 ,soc4 ,& z y speak ( an excell5ce or art ( ! be/ 9 wre/l+1 & ( an excell5ce 9 play+ ! lyre1 ,i wi% y w\ld tell me :at ?is latt] is2--! excell5ce ( wre/l+ ,i call gymna/ic1 & ,i want to "k :at y call ! o!r4 ,al4 ,i d n und]/& y4 ,soc4 ,!n try to d z ,i d2 = ! answ] :i* ,i gave is univ]sally "r1 & :5 ,i say "r1 ,i mean accord+ to rule4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 0 n ! art ( :i* ,i spoke gymna/ic8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& ,i call$ ! excell5ce 9 wre/l+ gymna/ic8 ,al4 ,y did4 ,soc4 ,& ,i 0 "r8 ,al4 ,i ?9k t y 74 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades %\ld le>n to argue nicely4 ,soc4 ,well1 n[1--= y %\ld le>n to argue prettily--let me ask y 9 return to tell me1 fir/1 :at is t art ( :i* play+ & s++1 & /epp+ prop]ly 9 ! dance1 are p>ts1--:at is ! "n ( ! :ole8 ,i ?9k t by ?is "t y mu/ be able to tell4 ,al4 ,inde$ ,i _c4 ,soc4 ,!n let me put ! matt] 9 ano!r way3 :at d y call ! ,goddesses :o are ! patronesses ( art8 ,al4 ,! ,muses d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i d2 & :at is ! "n ( ! art :i* is call$ aft] !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! bett]8 ,al4 ,i suppose t y mean music4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( #8! bett]1' #8! m excell5t4' ,soc4 ,yes1 t is my mean+2 & :at is ! excell5ce ( ! art ( music1 z ,i told y truly t ! excell5ce ( wre/l+ 0 gymna/ic--:at is ! excell5ce ( music--to be :at8 ,al4 ,to be musical1 ,i suppose4 ,soc4 ,v good2 & n[ please to tell me :at is ! excell5ce ( w> & peace2 z ! m musical 0 ! m excell5t1 or ! m gymna/ical 0 ! m excell5t1 tell me1 :at "n d y give to ! m excell5t 9 w> & peace8 ,al4 ,b ,i really _c tell y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m bett]1 :5 appli$ to food1 means m :olesome4 ,soc4 ,b if y 7 (f]+ advice to ano!r & said to him--,?is food is bett] ?an t1 at ?is "t & 9 ?is quantity1 & he said to y--,:at d y mean1 ,alcibiades1 by ! ^w #8bett]'8 y w\ld h no difficulty 9 reply+ t y meant #8m :olesome1' al?\gh y d n pr(ess to be a physician3 & :5 ! subject is "o ( :i* y pr(ess to h k1 & ab\t :i* y are ready to get up & advise z if y knew1 are y n a%am$1 :5 y are ask$1 n to be able to answ] ! "q8 ,is x n disgraceful8 #aji ,al4 ,v4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 consid] & try to expla9 :at is ! mean+ ( #8bett]1' 9 ! matt] ( mak+ peace & go+ to w> ) ^? aga9/ :om y ought to g to w>8 ,to :at does ! ^w ref]8 ,al4 ,i am ?9k+1 & ,i _c tell4 ,soc4 ,b y surely "k :at are ! *>ges :i* we br+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 :5 we arrive at ! po9t ( mak+ w>1 & :at "n we give !m8 ,al4 ,yes1 c]ta9ly2 we say t deceit or viol5ce has be5 employ$1 or t we h be5 defraud$4 ,soc4 ,& h[ does ?is happ58 ,w y tell me h[8 ,= !re may be a diff]5ce 9 ! mann]4 ,al4 ,d y mean by #8h[1' ,socrates1 :e!r we suff]$ ^! ?+s ju/ly or unju/ly8 ,soc4 ,exactly4 ,al4 ,!re c be no great] diff]5ce ?an betwe5 j & unju/4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! bett]8 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y advise ! ,a!nians to g to w> ) ! j or ) ! unju/8 ,al4 ,t is an awkw>d "q2 = c]ta9ly1 ev5 if a p]son did int5d to g to w> ) ! j1 he w\ld n admit t !y 7 j4 ,soc4 ,he w\ld n g to w>1 because x w\ld be unlawful8 ,al4 ,nei!r lawful nor hon\rable4 ,soc4 ,!n y1 too1 w\ld address !m on pr9ciples ( ju/ice8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 go+ to w> or n go+ to w>1 ! bett] is ! m j4 ,soc4 ,:at1 !n1 is ju/ice b t bett]1 ( :i* ,i spoke1 9 go+ to w> or n go+ to w> ) ^? aga9/ :om we ought or ought n1 & :5 we ought or ought n to g to w>8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,b h[ is ?is1 fri5d ,alcibiades8 ,h y =gott5 t y d n "k ?is1 or h y be5 to ! s*oolma/] )\t my k1 & has he taught y to disc]n ! j f ! unju/8 ,:o is he8 ,i wi% y w\ld tell me1 t ,i may g & le>n ( him--y %all introduce me4 ,al4 ,y are mock+1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :]e did ,alcibiades acquire ?is notion ( j & unju/8 ,soc4 ,no1 inde$2 ,i mo/ solemnly decl>e to y by ,zeus1 :o is ! ,god ( our common fri5d%ip1 & :om ,i nev] w =swe>1 t ,i am n2 tell me1 !n1 :o ?is in/ructor is1 if he exi/s4 ,al4 ,b1 p]haps1 he does n exi/2 may ,i n h acquir$ ! k ( j & unju/ 9 "s o!r way8 ,soc4 ,yes2 if y h discov]$ !m4 ,al4 ,b d y n ?9k t ,i c\ld discov] !m8 ,soc4 ,i am sure t y might1 if y enquir$ ab\t !m4 ,al4 ,& d y n ?9k t ,i w\ld enquire8 ,soc4 ,yes2 if y ?\ght t y did n "k !m4 ,al4 ,& 0 !re n a "t :5 ,i did s ?9k8 ,soc4 ,v good2 & c y tell me h[ long x is s9ce y ?\ght t y did n "k ! nature ( ! #aaj j & ! unju/8 ,:at d y say to a ye> ago8 ,7 y !n 9 a /ate ( consci\s ignorance & enquiry8 or did y ?9k t y knew8 ,& please to answ] truly1 t our discussion may n be 9 va94 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( j & unju/4 ,al4 ,well1 ,i ?\ght t ,i knew4 ,soc4 ,& two ye>s ago1 & ?ree ye>s ago1 & f\r ye>s ago1 y knew all ! same8 ,al4 ,i did4 ,soc4 ,& m ?an f\r ye>s ago y 7 a *ild--7 y n8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !n ,i am q sure t y ?\ght y knew4 ,al4 ,:y are y s sure8 ,sid5ote3 ,he always _h !m4 ,soc4 ,because ,i (t5 he>d y :5 a *ild1 9 y\r tea*]'s h\se1 or else:]e1 play+ at dice or "s o!r game ) ! boys1 n hesitat+ at all ab\t ! nature ( ! j & unju/2 b v confid5t--cry+ & %\t+ t "o ( ! boys 0 a rogue & a *eat1 & _h be5 *eat+4 ,is x n true8 ,al4 ,b :at 0 ,i to d1 ,socrates1 :5 anybody *eat$ me8 ,soc4 ,& h[ c y say1 #8,:at 0 ,i to d'8 if at ! "t y did n "k :e!r y 7 wrong$ or n8 ,al4 ,to be sure ,i knew2 ,i 0 q aw>e t ,i 0 be+ *eat$4 ,soc4 ,!n y suppose y\rself ev5 :5 a *ild to h kn[n ! nature ( j & unju/8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly2 & ,i did "k !n4 ,soc4 ,& :5 did y discov] !m--n1 surely1 at ! "t :5 y ?\ght t y knew !m8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& :5 did y ?9k t y 7 ignorant--if y consid]1 y w f9d t !re nev] 0 su* a "t8 ,al4 ,really1 ,socrates1 ,i _c say4 ,soc4 ,!n y did n le>n !m by discov]+ !m8 ,al4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,b j be=e y said t y did n "k !m by le>n+2 n[1 if y h nei!r discov]$ nor le>n$ !m1 h[ & :5ce d y come to "k !m8 ,al4 ,i suppose t ,i 0 mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,i knew !m ?r\gh my own discov]y ( !m2 :]eas1 9 tru?1 ,i le>n$ !m 9 ! same way t o!r p le>n4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\ld ! _m h taught ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice8 ,soc4 ,s y said be=e1 & ,i mu/ aga9 ask1 ( :om8 ,d tell me4 ,al4 ,( ! _m4 ,sid5ote3 ,he le>n$ !m ( ! _m1 z he le>n$ ,greek2--( ^? :o knew x4 ,soc4 ,d y take refuge 9 !m8 ,i _c say mu* = y\r tea*]s4 ,al4 ,:y1 are !y n able to tea*8 ,soc4 ,!y c\ld n tea* y h[ to play at draughts1 :i* y w\ld ackn[l$ge 7w\ld y n7 to be a mu* small] matt] ?an ju/ice8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& c !y tea* ! bett] :o are unable to tea* ! worse8 ,al4 ,i ?9k t !y c2 at any rate1 !y c tea* _m f> bett] ?+s ?an to play at draughts4 ,soc4 ,:at ?+s8 #aaa ,al4 ,:y1 = example1 ,i le>n$ to speak ,greek ( !m1 & ,i _c say :o 0 my tea*]1 or to :om ,i am to attribute my k ( ,greek1 if n to ^? good-=-no?+ tea*]s1 z y call !m4 ,soc4 ,:y1 yes1 my fri5d2 & ! _m are good en\gh tea*]s ( ,greek1 & "s ( _! in/ructions 9 t l9e may be ju/ly prais$4 ,al4 ,:y is t8 ,soc4 ,:y1 because !y h ! qualities :i* good tea*]s ought to h4 ,al4 ,:at qualities8 ,soc4 ,:y1 y "k t k is ! fir/ qualification ( any tea*]8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& if !y "k1 !y mu/ agree toge!r & n diff]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y say t !y knew ! ?+s ab\t :i* !y diff]8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,!n h[ c !y tea* !m8 ,al4 ,!y _c4 ,sid5ote3 ,yes3 ! _m c tea* ?+s ab\t :i* !y are agre$4 ,soc4 ,well1 b d y imag9e t ! _m w\ld diff] ab\t ! nature ( wood & /one8 are !y n agre$ if y ask !m :at !y are8 & d !y n run to fet* ! same ?+1 :5 !y want a piece ( wood or a /one8 ,& s 9 simil> cases1 :i* ,i suspect to be pretty ne>ly all t y mean by speak+ ,greek4 ,sid5ote3 ,t w>s are caus$ by diff]5ces ab\t j ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,^!1 z we 7 say+1 are matt]s ab\t :i* !y are agre$ ) "o ano!r & ) !mselves2 bo? individuals & /ates use ! same words ab\t !m2 !y d n use "s "o ^w & "s ano!r4 ,al4 ,!y d n4 ,soc4 ,!n !y may be expect$ to be good tea*]s ( ^! ?+s8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if we want to in/ruct any "o 9 !m1 we %all be "r 9 s5d+ him to be taught by our fri5ds ! _m8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,b if we want$ fur!r to "k n only :i* are m5 & :i* are horses1 b :i* m5 or horses h p[]s ( runn+1 w\ld ! _m /ill be able to in=m u8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& y h a suffici5t pro( t !y d n "k ^! ?+s & are n ! be/ tea*]s ( !m1 inasmu* z !y are nev] agre$ ab\t !m8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,b c\ld ! _m tea* ?+s ab\t :i* !y are disagre$8 ,soc4 ,& suppose t we want$ to "k n only :at m5 are l1 b :at heal?y or diseas$ m5 are l--w\ld ! _m be able to tea* u8 ,al4 ,!y w\ld n4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld h a pro( t !y 7 bad tea*]s ( ^! matt]s1 if y saw !m at v>iance8 ,al4 ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,& "o ( ^! ?+s is ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,well1 b are ! _m agre$ ) !mselves1 or ) "o ano!r1 ab\t ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( m5 & #aab ?+s8 ,al4 ,assur$ly n1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!re is no subject ab\t :i* !y are m at v>iance8 ,al4 ,none4 ,sid5ote3 & unju/ prov$ out ( ,hom]4 ,soc4 ,i d n suppose t y ev] saw or he>d ( m5 qu>rell+ ov] ! pr9ciples ( heal? & disease to su* an ext5t z to g to w> & kill "o ano!r = ! sake ( !m8 ,sid5ote3 ,did n a "q ( ju/ice cause ! w> betwe5 ! ,trojans & ,a*aeans1 & betwe5 ! ,a!nians ,lac$aemonians8 ,al4 ,no inde$4 ,soc4 ,b ( ! qu>rels ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 ev5 if y h nev] se5 !m1 y h c]ta9ly he>d f _m p1 includ+ ,hom]2 = y h he>d ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey8 ,al4 ,to be sure1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,a diff]5ce ( j & unju/ is ! argum5t ( & ^? poems8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,:i* diff]5ce caus$ all ! w>s & dea?s ( ,trojans & ,a*aeans1 & ! dea?s ( ! suitors ( ,p5elope 9 _! qu>rel ) ,odysseus4 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& :5 ! ,a!nians & ,lac$aemonians & ,boeotians fell at ,tanagra1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! battle ( ,coronea1 at :i* y\r fa!r ,cle9ias met 8 end1 ! "q 0 "o ( ju/ice--?is 0 ! sole cause ( ! battles1 & ( _! dea?s4 ,al4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& yet !y did n "k :at !y 7 fight+ ab\t8 ,soc4 ,b c !y be said to und]/& t ab\t :i* !y are qu>rell+ to ! dea?8 ,al4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,& yet ^? :om y ?us all[ to be ignorant are ! tea*]s to :om y are appeal+4 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,b h[ are y ev] likely to "k ! nature ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ab\t :i* y are s p]plex$1 if y h nei!r le>n$ !m ( o!rs nor discov]$ !m y\rself8 ,al4 ,f :at y say1 ,i suppose n4 ,soc4 ,see1 aga91 h[ inaccurately y speak1 ,alcibiades6 ,al4 ,9 :at respect8 ,soc4 ,9 say+ t ,i say s4 ,al4 ,:y1 did y n say t ,i "k no?+ ( ! j & unju/8 ,soc4 ,no2 ,i did n4 ,al4 ,did ,i1 !n8 ,sid5ote3 ,is x ,socrates or ,alcibiades ,soc4 ,yes4 ,al4 ,h[ 0 t8 ,soc4 ,let me expla94 ,suppose ,i 7 to ask y :i* is ! great] numb]1 two or "o2 y w\ld reply #8two'8 ,al4 ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,& by h[ mu* great]8 ,al4 ,by "o4 ,soc4 ,:i* ( u n[ says t two is m ?an "o8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,did n ,i ask1 & y answ] ! "q8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n :o is speak+8 ,i :o put ! "q1 or #aac y :o answ] me8 ,al4 ,i am4 ,sid5ote3 ,! answ]]1 n ! que/ion]1 has be5 draw+ ^! inf]5ces4 ,soc4 ,or suppose t ,i ask & y tell me ! lett]s :i* make up ! "n ,socrates1 :i* ( u is ! speak]8 ,al4 ,i am4 ,soc4 ,n[ let u put ! case g5]ally3 :5ev] !re is a "q & answ]1 :o is ! speak]1--! que/ion] or ! answ]]8 ,al4 ,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t ! answ]] 0 ! speak]4 ,soc4 ,& h ,i n be5 ! que/ion] all ?r\gh8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& y ! answ]]8 ,al4 ,j s4 ,soc4 ,:i* ( u1 !n1 0 ! speak]8 ,al4 ,! inf]5ce is1 ,socrates1 t ,i 0 ! speak]4 ,soc4 ,did n "s "o say t ,alcibiades1 ! fair son ( ,cle9ias1 n und]/&+ ab\t j & unju/1 b ?9k+ t he did und]/&1 0 go+ to ! assembly to advise ! ,a!nians ab\t :at he did n "k8 ,0 n t said8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ c y tea* :at y d n "k8 ,soc4 ,!n1 ,alcibiades1 ! result may be express$ 9 ! language ( ,euripides4 ,i ?9k t y h he>d all ?is #8f y\rself1 & n f me'2 nor did ,i say ?is1 :i* y errone\sly attribute to me1 b y y\rself1 & :at y said 0 v true4 ,= inde$1 my de> fell[1 ! design :i* y m$itate ( tea*+ :at y d n "k1 & h n tak5 any pa9s to le>n1 is d[nright insanity4 ,sid5ote3 :o is ! real speak]8 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! exp$i5t1 n ! j1 is ! subject ab\t :i* m5 commonly debate4 ,al4 ,b1 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t ! ,a!nians & ! re/ ( ! ,hell5es d n (t5 advise z to ! m j or unju/2 = !y see no difficulty 9 !m1 & !re=e !y leave !m1 & consid] :i* c\rse ( action w be mo/ exp$i5t2 = !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ju/ice & exp$i5cy4 ,_m p]sons h done great wrong & pr(it$ by _! inju/ice2 o!rs h done rightly & come to no good4 ,soc4 ,well1 b grant+ t ! j & ! exp$i5t are ev] s mu* oppos$1 y surely d n imag9e t y "k :at is exp$i5t = mank9d1 or :y a ?+ is exp$i5t8 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades insi/s t he w n h ! old argum5t ov] aga94 ,al4 ,:y n1 ,socrates8--,b ,i am n go+ to be ask$ aga9 f :om ,i le>n$1 or :5 ,i made ! discov]y4 ,soc4 ,:at a way y h6 ,:5 y make a mi/ake :i* might be refut$ by a previ\s argum5t1 y insi/ on hav+ a new & diff]5t refutation2 ! old argum5t is a worn-out g>m5t :i* y w no long] put on1 b "s "o mu/ produce ano!r :i* is clean & new4 ,n[ ,i #aad %all disreg>d ?is move ( y\rs1 & %all ask ov] aga91--,:]e did y le>n & h[ d y "k ! nature ( ! exp$i5t1 & :o is y\r tea*]8 ,all ?is ,i compreh5d 9 a s+le "q1 & n[ y w manife/ly be 9 ! old difficulty1 & w n be able to %[ t y "k ! exp$i5t1 ei!r because y le>n$ or because y discov]$ x y\rself4 ,b1 z ,i p]ceive t y are da9ty1 & dislike ! ta/e ( a /ale argum5t1 ,i w enquire no fur!r into y\r k ( :at is exp$i5t or :at is n exp$i5t = ! ,a!nian p1 & simply reque/ y to say :y y d n expla9 :e!r ju/ice & exp$i5cy are ! same or diff]5t8 ,& if y l y may exam9e me z ,i h exam9$ y1 or1 if y w\ld r1 y may c>ry on ! discussion by y\rself4 ,al4 ,b ,i am n c]ta91 ,socrates1 :e!r ,i %all be able to discuss ! matt] ) y4 ,soc4 ,!n imag9e1 my de> fell[1 t ,i am ! demus & ! ecclesia2 = 9 ! ecclesia1 too1 y w h to p]suade m5 individually4 ,sid5ote3 ,is ! j ! same ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& is n ! same p]son able to p]suade "o individual s+ly & _m individuals ( ! ?+s :i* he kn[s8 ,! gramm>ian1 = example1 c p]suade "o & he c p]suade _m ab\t lett]s4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ab\t numb]1 w n ! same p]son p]suade "o & p]suade _m8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ?is w be he :o kn[s numb]1 or ! ari?metician8 ,al4 ,q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o c p]suade _m c p]suade "o4 ,alcibiades %\ld !re=e be able to p]suade ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& _c y p]suade "o man ab\t t ( :i* y c p]suade _m8 ,al4 ,i suppose s4 ,soc4 ,& t ( :i* y c p]suade ei!r is cle>ly :at y "k8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! only diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o argues z we are do+1 & ! orator :o is address+ an assembly1 is t ! "o seeks to p]suade a numb]1 & ! o!r an individual1 ( ! same ?+s4 ,al4 ,i suppose s4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 s9ce ! same p]son :o c p]suade a multitude c p]suade individuals1 try conclusions ^u me1 & prove to me t ! j is n always exp$i5t4 ,al4 ,y take lib]ties1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,i %all take ! lib]ty ( prov+ to y ! opposite ( t :i* y w n prove to me4 ,al4 ,proce$4 ,soc4 ,answ] my que/ions--t is all4 ,al4 ,nay1 ,i %\ld l y to be ! speak]4 ,soc4 ,:at1 d y n wi% to be p]suad$8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d4 ,soc4 ,& c y be p]suad$ bett] ?an out ( y\r own m\?8 ,al4 ,i ?9k n4 ,soc4 ,!n y %all answ]2 & if y d n he> ! words1 t ! j is ! exp$i5t1 com+ f y\r own lips1 nev] believe ano!r man aga94 ,sid5ote3 z ! exp$i5t or n8 ,al4 ,i won't2 b answ] ,i w1 = ,i d n see h[ ,i c come to any h>m4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man may d :at is exp$i5t & n j1 b he _c d :at is hon\rable & n j & good4 ,soc4 ,a true prophecy6 ,let me beg9 !n by enquir+ ( #aae y :e!r y all[ t ! j is sometimes exp$i5t & sometimes n8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& sometimes hon\rable & sometimes n8 ,al4 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i am ask+ if y ev] knew any "o :o did :at 0 di%on\rable & yet j8 ,al4 ,nev]4 ,soc4 ,all j ?+s are hon\rable8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& are hon\rable ?+s sometimes good & sometimes n good1 or are !y always good8 ,al4 ,i r ?9k1 ,socrates1 t "s hon\rable ?+s are evil4 ,soc4 ,& are "s di%on\rable ?+s good8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,y mean 9 su* a case z ! foll[+3--,9 "t ( w>1 m5 h be5 w\nd$ or h di$ 9 rescu+ a companion or k9sman1 :5 o!rs :o h neglect$ ! duty ( rescu+ !m h escap$ 9 safety8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& to rescue ano!r "u su* circum/ances is hon\rable1 9 respect ( ! attempt to save ^? :om we ought to save2 & ?is is c\rage8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b evil 9 respect ( dea? & w\nds8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! c\rage :i* is %[n 9 ! rescue is "o ?+1 & ! dea? ano!r8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n ! rescue ( "o's fri5ds is hon\rable 9 "o po9t ( view1 b evil 9 ano!r8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if hon\rable1 !n also good3 ,w y consid] n[ :e!r ,i may n be "r1 = y 7 ackn[l$g+ t ! c\rage :i* is %[n 9 ! rescue is hon\rable8 ,n[ is ?is c\rage good or evil8 ,look at ! matt] ?us3 :i* w\ld y r *oose1 good or evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,! comp>ative eligibility ( goods4 ,al4 ,good4 ,soc4 ,& ! greate/ goods y w\ld be mo/ ready to *oose1 & w\ld lea/ l to be depriv$ ( !m8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,:at w\ld y say ( c\rage8 ,at :at price w\ld y be will+ to be depriv$ ( c\rage8 ,al4 ,i w\ld r die ?an be a c[>d4 ,soc4 ,!n y ?9k t c[>dice is ! wor/ ( evils8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,z bad z dea?1 ,i suppose8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& life & c\rage are ! extreme opposites ( dea? & c[>dice8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !y are :at y w\ld mo/ desire to h1 & _! opposites y w\ld lea/ desire8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,is ?is because y ?9k life & c\rage ! be/1 & dea? & c[>dice ! wor/8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& y w\ld t]m ! rescue ( a fri5d 9 battle hon\rable1 9 z mu* z c\rage does a good "w8 ,al4 ,i %\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,b good may conta9 an elem5t ( evil4 ,good & evil are to be judg$ ( by _! consequ5ces4 ,soc4 ,b evil because ( ! dea? :i* ensues8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,might we n describe _! diff]5t effects z foll[s3--,y may call ei!r ( !m evil 9 respect ( ! evil :i* is ! result1 & good 9 respect ( ! good :i* is ! result ( ei!r ( !m8 #aaf ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& !y are hon\rable 9 s f> z !y are good1 & di%on\rable 9 s f> z !y are evil8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n :5 y say t ! rescue ( a fri5d 9 battle is hon\rable & yet evil1 t is equival5t to say+ t ! rescue is good & yet evil8 ,al4 ,i believe t y are "r1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hon\rable1 ! good1 ! exp$i5t1 all "o4 ,soc4 ,no?+ hon\rable1 reg>d$ z hon\rable1 is evil2 nor any?+ base1 reg>d$ z base1 good4 ,al4 ,cle>ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! hon\rable is id5tifi$ ) ! good1 & ! good is ! exp$i5t1 & !re=e ! j :i* is ! hon\rable is also ! exp$i5t4 ,all ?is has be5 prov$ by ,alcibiades himself4 ,soc4 ,look at ! matt] yet once m 9 a fur!r light3 he :o acts hon\rably acts well8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& he :o acts well is happy8 ,al4 ,( c\rse4 ,soc4 ,& ! happy are ^? :o obta9 good8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& !y obta9 good by act+ well & hon\rably8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n act+ well is a good8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& happ9ess is a good8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! good & ! hon\rable are aga9 id5tifi$4 ,al4 ,manife/ly4 ,soc4 ,!n1 if ! argum5t holds1 :at we f9d to be hon\rable we %all also f9d to be good8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& is ! good exp$i5t or n8 ,al4 ,exp$i5t4 ,soc4 ,d y rememb] our admissions ab\t ! j8 ,al4 ,yes2 if ,i am n mi/ak51 we said t ^? :o act$ ju/ly mu/ also act hon\rably4 ,soc4 ,& ! hon\rable is ! good8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! good is exp$i5t8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n1 ,alcibiades1 ! j is exp$i5t8 ,al4 ,i %\ld inf] s4 ,soc4 ,& all ?is ,i prove out ( y\r own m\?1 = ,i ask & y answ]8 ,al4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge x to be true4 ,soc4 ,& hav+ ackn[l$g$ t ! j is ! same z ! exp$i5t1 are y n 7let me ask7 prep>$ to ridicule any "o :o1 pret5d+ to und]/& ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 gets up to advise ! noble ,a!nians or ! ignoble ,pep>e?ians1 t ! j may be ! evil8 ,sid5ote3 ,! conceit ( k ,sid5ote3 ,yet he /ill f9ds himself 9 a p]plexity1 & ?is is because he ?9ks t he kn[s1 b if he knew t he 7 ignorant he w\ld be 9 no p]plexity4 ,al4 ,i solemnly decl>e1 ,socrates1 t ,i d n "k :at ,i am say+4 ,v]ily1 ,i am 9 a /range /ate1 = :5 y put que/ions to me ,i am ( diff]5t m9ds 9 successive in/ants4 ,soc4 ,& are y n aw>e ( ! nature ( ?is p]plexity1 my fri5d8 ,al4 ,inde$ ,i am n4 ,soc4 ,d y suppose t if "s "o 7 to ask y :e!r y h two eyes or ?ree1 or two h&s or f\r1 or any?+ ( t sort1 y w\ld !n be ( diff]5t m9ds 9 successive in/ants8 ,al4 ,i beg9 to di/ru/ myself1 b /ill ,i d n suppose #aag t ,i %\ld4 ,soc4 ,y w\ld feel no d\bt2 & = ?is reason--because y w\ld "k8 ,al4 ,i suppose s4 ,soc4 ,& ! reason :y y involunt>ily contradict y\rself is cle>ly t y are ignorant8 ,al4 ,v likely4 ,soc4 ,& if y are p]plex$ 9 answ]+ ab\t j & unju/1 hon\rable & di%on\rable1 good & evil1 exp$i5t & inexp$i5t1 ! reason is t y are ignorant ( !m1 & !re=e 9 p]plexity4 ,is n t cle>8 ,al4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,b is ?is always ! case1 & is a man necess>ily p]plex$ ab\t t ( :i* he has no k8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly he is4 ,soc4 ,& d y "k h[ to asc5d into heav58 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ?is case1 too1 is y\r judgm5t p]plex$8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,d y see ! reason :y1 or %all ,i tell y8 ,al4 ,tell me4 ,soc4 ,! reason is1 t y n only d n "k1 my fri5d1 b y d n ?9k t y "k4 ,al4 ,!re aga92 :at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 & ! consci\sness ( ignorance4 ,soc4 ,ask y\rself2 are y 9 any p]plexity ab\t ?+s ( :i* y are ignorant8 ,y "k1 = example1 t y "k no?+ ab\t ! prep>ation ( food4 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& d y ?9k & p]plex y\rself ab\t ! prep>ation ( food3 or d y leave t to "s "o :o und]/&s ! art8 ,al4 ,! latt]4 ,soc4 ,or if y 7 on a voyage1 w\ld y bewild] y\rself by consid]+ :e!r ! rudd] is to be drawn inw>ds or outw>ds1 or d y leave t to ! pilot1 & d no?+8 ,al4 ,x w\ld be ! conc]n ( ! pilot4 ,soc4 ,!n y are n p]plex$ ab\t :at y d n "k1 if y "k t y d n "k x8 ,al4 ,i imag9e n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p :o make mi/akes are nei!r ^? :o "k1 nor ^? :o d n "k1 b ^? :o ?9k t !y "k & d n "k4 ,soc4 ,d y n see1 !n1 t mi/akes 9 life & practice are likewise to be attribut$ to ! ignorance :i* has conceit ( k8 ,al4 ,once m1 :at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i suppose t we beg9 to act :5 we ?9k t we "k :at we are do+8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b :5 p ?9k t !y d n "k1 !y entru/ _! bus9ess to o!rs8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& s !re is a class ( ignorant p]sons :o d n make mi/akes 9 life1 because !y tru/ o!rs ab\t ?+s ( :i* !y are ignorant8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,:o1 !n1 are ! p]sons :o make mi/akes8 ,!y _c1 ( c\rse1 be ^? :o "k8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,b if nei!r ^? :o "k1 nor ^? :o "k t !y d n "k1 make mi/akes1 !re rema9 ^? #aah only :o d n "k & ?9k t !y "k4 ,al4 ,yes1 only ^?4 ,soc4 ,!n ?is is ignorance ( ! disgraceful sort :i* is mis*iev\s8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]icles & ! philosoph]s4 ,soc4 ,& mo/ mis*iev\s & mo/ disgraceful :5 hav+ to d ) ! greate/ matt]s8 ,al4 ,by f>4 ,soc4 ,& c !re be any matt]s great] ?an ! j1 ! hon\rable1 ! good1 & ! exp$i5t8 ,al4 ,!re _c be4 ,soc4 ,& ^!1 z y 7 say+1 are :at p]plex y8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b if y are p]plex$1 !n1 z ! previ\s argum5t has %[n1 y are n only ignorant ( ! greate/ matt]s1 b be+ ignorant y fancy t y "k !m8 ,al4 ,i fe> t y are "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,& y1 l o!r /atesm51 ru% into politics )\t be+ tra9$4 ,p]icles1 alone ( !m all1 associat$ ) ! philosoph]s4 ,soc4 ,& n[ see :at has happ5$ to y1 ,alcibiades6 ,i h>dly l to speak ( y\r evil case1 b z we are alone ,i w3 ,my good fri5d1 y are w$d$ to ignorance ( ! mo/ disgraceful k9d1 & ( ?is y are convict$1 n by me1 b out ( y\r own m\? & by y\r own argum5t2 :]e=e also y ru% into politics be=e y are educat$4 ,nei!r is y\r case to be deem$ s+ul>4 ,= ,i might say ! same ( almo/ all our /atesm51 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( y\r gu>dian1 ,p]icles4 ,al4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & ,p]icles is said n to h got 8 wisdom by ! light ( nature1 b to h associat$ ) sev]al ( ! philosoph]s2 ) ,py?ocleides1 = example1 & ) ,anaxagoras1 & n[ 9 advanc$ life ) ,damon1 9 ! hope ( ga9+ wisdom4 ,soc4 ,v good2 b did y ev] "k a man wise 9 any?+ :o 0 unable to imp>t 8 p>ticul> wisdom8 ,= example1 he :o taught y lett]s 0 n only wise1 b he made y & any o!rs :om he lik$ wise4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& y1 :om he taught1 c d ! same8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& 9 l mann] ! h>p] & gymna/ic-ma/]8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,:5 a p]son is enabl$ to imp>t k to ano!r1 he !reby gives an excell5t pro( ( 8 own und]/&+ ( any matt]4 ,al4 ,i agree4 ,sid5ote3 ,! high] /&>d4 ,soc4 ,well1 & did ,p]icles make any "o wise2 did he beg9 by mak+ 8 sons wise8 ,al4 ,b1 ,socrates1 if ! two sons ( ,p]icles 7 simpletons1 :at has t to d ) ! matt]8 ,sid5ote3 ,& ev5 he c\ld n tea* 8 own sons1 or y\r bro!r ,cle9ias1 nor did any "o ev] gr[ wis] 9 8 society4 ,soc4 ,well1 b did he make y\r bro!r1 ,cle9ias1 wise8 ,al4 ,cle9ias is a madman2 !re is no use 9 talk+ ( him4 ,soc4 ,b if ,cle9ias is a madman & ! two sons ( ,p]icles 7 simpletons1 :at reason c be giv5 :y he neglects y1 & lets y be z y are8 ,al4 ,i believe t ,i am to blame = n li/5+ to him4 ,soc4 ,b did y ev] he> ( any o!r ,a!nian or =eign]1 bond or free1 :o 0 deem$ to h gr[n wis] 9 ! society ( ,p]icles1--z ,i might cite ,py?odorus1 #aai ! son ( ,isolo*us1 & ,callias1 ! son ( ,calliades1 :o h gr[n wis] 9 ! society ( ,z5o1 = :i* privilege !y h ea* ( !m paid him ! sum ( a hundr$ m9ae#eh to ! increase ( _! wisdom & fame4 ,al4 ,i c]ta9ly nev] did he> ( any "o4 ,soc4 ,well1 & 9 ref]5ce to y\r own case1 d y mean to rema9 z y are1 or w y take "s pa9s ab\t y\rself8 ,sid5ote3 ,b if o!r /atesm5 are un$ucat$1 :at ne$ has ,alcibiades ( education8 ,al4 ,) y\r aid1 ,socrates1 ,i w4 ,& inde$1 :5 ,i he> y speak1 ! tru? ( :at y are say+ /rikes home to me1 & ,i agree ) y1 = our /atesm51 all b a few1 d appe> to be q un$ucat$4 ,soc4 ,:at is ! inf]5ce8 ,al4 ,:y1 t if !y 7 educat$ !y w\ld be tra9$ a?letes1 & he :o means to rival !m ought to h k & exp]i5ce :5 he attacks !m2 b n[1 z !y h become politicians )\t any special tra9+1 :y %\ld ,i h ! tr\ble ( le>n+ & practis+8 ,= ,i "k well t by ! light ( nature ,i %all get ! bett] ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lov] is pa9$ at he>+ f ! lips ( ,alcibiades ,soc4 ,my de> fri5d1 :at a s5tim5t6 ,& h[ unwor?y ( y\r noble =m & y\r high e/ate6 ,al4 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates2 :y d y say s8 ,soc4 ,i am griev$ :5 ,i ?9k ( our mutual love4 ,al4 ,at :at8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sp>tan k+s4 ,sid5ote3 s unwor?y a s5tim5t4 ,he %\ld h a high] ambition ?an ?is4 ,soc4 ,at y\r fancy+ t ! conte/ on :i* y are ent]+ is ) p "h4 ,al4 ,:y1 :at o!rs are !re8 ,soc4 ,is t a "q :i* a magnanim\s s\l %\ld ask8 ,al4 ,d y mean to say t ! conte/ is n ) ^!8 ,soc4 ,& suppose t y 7 go+ to /e] a %ip into action1 w\ld y only aim at be+ ! be/ pilot on bo>d8 ,w\ld y n1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t y mu/ possess ?is degree ( excell5ce1 r look to y\r antagoni/s1 & n1 z y are n[ do+1 to y\r fell[ combatants8 ,y ought to be s f> above ^! latt]1 t !y w n ev5 d>e to be y\r rivals2 &1 be+ reg>d$ by y z inf]iors1 w d battle = y aga9/ ! enemy2 ?is is ! k9d ( sup]iority :i* y mu/ e/abli% ov] !m1 if y mean to accompli% any noble action really wor?y ( y\rself & ( ! /ate4 ,al4 ,t w\ld c]ta9ly be my aim4 ,soc4 ,v]ily1 !n1 y h good reason to be satisfi$1 if y are bett] ?an ! soldi]s2 & y ne$ n1 :5 y are _! sup]ior & h y\r ?\ghts & actions fix$ ^u !m1 look away to ! g5]als ( ! enemy4 ,al4 ,( :om are y speak+1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,8 rivals %\ld be ! ,sp>tan & ,p]sian k+s1 n any *ance p]sons4 ,soc4 ,:y1 y surely "k t our city goes to w> #abj n[ & !n ) ! ,lac$aemonians & ) ! great k+8 ,al4 ,true en\gh4 ,soc4 ,& if y meant to be ! rul] ( ?is city1 w\ld y n be "r 9 consid]+ t ! ,lac$aemonian & ,p]sian k+ 7 y\r true rivals8 ,al4 ,i believe t y are "r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greatness ( ! royal family ( ,p]sia4 ,soc4 ,oh no1 my fri5d1 ,i am q wrong1 & ,i ?9k t y ought r to turn y\r att5tion to ,midias ! quail-bre$] & o!rs l him1 :o manage our politics2 9 :om1 z ! wom5 w\ld rem>k1 y may /ill see ! slaves' cut ( hair1 cropp+ out 9 _! m9ds z well z on _! pates2 & !y come ) _! b>b>\s l+o to flatt] u & n to rule u4 ,to ^!1 ,i say1 y %\ld look1 & !n y ne$ n tr\ble y\rself ab\t y\r own fitness to cont5d 9 su* a noble ar5a3 !re is no reason :y y %\ld ei!r le>n :at has to be le>n$1 or practise :at has to be practis$1 & only :5 ?or\ghly prep>$ ent] on a political c>e]4 ,al4 ,!re1 ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t y are "r2 ,i d n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! ,sp>tan g5]als or ! great k+ are really diff]5t f anybody else4 ,soc4 ,b1 my de> fri5d1 d consid] :at y are say+4 ,al4 ,:at am ,i to consid]8 ,soc4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 w y be m likely to take c>e ( y\rself1 if y are 9 a :olesome fe> & dread ( !m1 or if y are n8 ,al4 ,cle>ly1 if ,i h su* a fe> ( !m4 ,soc4 ,& d y ?9k t y w su/a9 any injury if y take c>e ( y\rself8 ,al4 ,no1 ,i %all be greatly b5efit$4 ,soc4 ,& ?is is "o v important respect 9 :i* t notion ( y\rs is bad4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,9 ! next place1 consid] t :at y say is probably false4 ,al4 ,h[ s8 ,soc4 ,let me ask y :e!r bett] natures are likely to be f\nd 9 noble races or n 9 noble races8 ,al4 ,cle>ly 9 noble races4 ,soc4 ,are n ^? :o are well born & well br$ mo/ likely to be p]fect 9 virtue8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,we too h our pride ( bir?1 b h[ inf]ior are we to ^? :o are desc5d$ f ,zeus ?r\gh a l9e ( k+s6 ,soc4 ,!n let u comp>e our antec$5ts ) ^? ( ! ,lac$aemonian & ,p]sian k+s2 are !y inf]ior to u 9 desc5t8 ,h we n he>d t ! =m] are sprung f ,h]acles1 & ! latt] f ,a*aem5es1 & t ! race ( ,h]acles & ! race ( ,a*aem5es g back to ,p]seus1 son ( ,zeus8 ,al4 ,:y1 s does m9e g back to ,eurysaces1 & he to #aba ,zeus6 ,sid5ote3 ,! education ( ! ,p]sian pr9ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! weal? & dignity ( ! ,sp>tan k+s is great1 b x is z no?+ comp>$ ) t ( ! ,p]sians4 ,soc4 ,& m9e1 noble ,alcibiades1 to ,da$alus1 & he to ,hephae/us1 son ( ,zeus4 ,b1 = all t1 we are f> inf]ior to !m4 ,= !y are desc5d$ #8f ,zeus1' ?r\gh a l9e ( k+s--ei!r k+s ( ,argos & ,lac$aemon1 or k+s ( ,p]sia1 a c\ntry :i* ! desc5dants ( ,a*aem5es h always possess$1 besides be+ at v>i\s times sov]eigns ( ,asia1 z !y n[ are2 :]eas1 we & our fa!rs 7 b private p]sons4 ,h[ ridicul\s w\ld y be ?\ght if y 7 to make a display ( y\r ance/ors & ( ,salamis ! isl& ( ,eurysaces1 or ( ,aeg9a1 ! habitation ( ! /ill m anci5t ,aeacus1 be=e ,artax]xes1 son ( ,x]xes4 ,y %\ld consid] h[ inf]ior we are to !m bo? 9 ! d]ivation ( our bir? & 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,did y nev] obs]ve h[ great is ! prop]ty ( ! ,sp>tan k+s8 ,& _! wives are "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! ,ephori1 :o are public (fic]s & wat* ov] !m1 9 ord] to pres]ve z f> z possible ! purity ( ! ,h]acleid blood4 ,/ill great] is ! diff]5ce among ! ,p]sians2 = no "o ent]ta9s a suspicion t ! fa!r ( a pr9ce ( ,p]sia c be any "o b ! k+4 ,su* is ! awe :i* inve/s ! p]son ( ! que51 t any o!r gu>d is ne$less4 ,& :5 ! heir ( ! k+dom is born1 all ! subjects ( ! k+ fea/2 & ! day ( 8 bir? is = ev] aft]w>ds kept z a holiday & "t ( sacrifice by all ,asia2 :]eas1 :5 y & ,i 7 born1 ,alcibiades1 z ! comic poet says1 ! neighb\rs h>dly knew ( ! important ev5t4 ,aft] ! bir? ( ! royal *ild1 he is t5d$1 n by a good-=-no?+ woman-nurse1 b by ! be/ ( ! royal eunu*s1 :o are *>g$ ) ! c>e ( him1 & especially ) ! fa%ion+ & "r =mation ( 8 limbs1 9 ord] t he may be z %apely z possible2 :i* be+ _! call+1 !y are held 9 great hon\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bir? ( ! ,p]sian pr9ces is a _w-fam\s ev5t1 & ! utmo/ pa9s is tak5 ) _! education1 :i* is entru/$ to great & noble p]sons4 ,sid5ote3 ,! weal? ( ! ,sp>tans4 ,sid5ote3 ,:5 ,alcibiades 0 born nobody knew or c>$1 & 8 education 0 h&$ ov] to a worn-out slave ( 8 gu>dian's4 ,sid5ote3 ,! great inf]iority ( ,alcibiades4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c\ntry call$ ! #8que5's girdle1' ! #8que5's veil1' & ! l4 ,sid5ote3 ,! que5 ( ,p]sia or ( ,sp>ta1 if !y he>d t a y\? ( tw5ty1 )\t res\rces & )\t education1 0 go+ to attack _! son or husb&1 w\ld deem him mad4 ,& :5 ! "y pr9ce is sev5 ye>s old he is put ^u a horse & tak5 to ! rid+-ma/]s1 & beg9s to g out hunt+4 ,& at f\rte5 ye>s ( age he is h&$ ov] to ! royal s*oolma/]s1 z !y are t]m$3 ^! are f\r *os5 m51 reput$ to be ! be/ among ! ,p]sians ( a c]ta9 age2 & "o ( !m is ! wise/1 ano!r ! ju/e/1 a ?ird ! mo/ temp]ate1 & a f\r? ! mo/ valiant4 ,! fir/ in/ructs him 9 ! magianism ( ,zoroa/]1 ! son ( ,oromasus1 :i* is ! wor%ip ( #abb ! ,gods1 & tea*es him also ! duties ( 8 royal (fice2 ! second1 :o is ! ju/e/1 tea*es him always to speak ! tru?2 ! ?ird1 or mo/ temp]ate1 =bids him to all[ any pleasure to be "l ov] him1 t he may be accu/om$ to be a freeman & k+ inde$1--"l ( himself fir/1 & n a slave2 ! mo/ valiant tra9s him to be bold & fe>less1 tell+ him t if he fe>s he is to deem himself a slave2 :]eas ,p]icles gave y1 ,alcibiades1 = a tutor ,zopyrus ! ,?racian1 a slave ( 8 :o 0 pa/ all o!r "w4 ,i might enl>ge on ! nurture & education ( y\r rivals1 b t w\ld be t$i\s2 & :at ,i h said is a suffici5t sample ( :at rema9s to be said4 ,i h only to rem>k1 by way ( contra/1 t no "o c>es ab\t y\r bir? or nurture or education1 or1 ,i may say1 ab\t t ( any o!r ,a!nian1 unless he has a lov] :o looks aft] him4 ,& if y ca/ an eye on ! weal?1 ! luxury1 ! g>m5ts ) _! fl[+ tra9s1 ! ano9t+s ) myrrh1 ! multitudes ( att5dants1 & all ! o!r brav]y ( ! ,p]sians1 y w be a%am$ :5 y disc]n y\r own inf]iority2 or if y look at ! temp]ance & ord]l9ess & ease & grace & magnanimity & c\rage & endurance & love ( toil & desire ( glory & ambition ( ! ,lac$aemonians--9 all ^! respects y w see t y are b a *ild 9 comp>ison ( !m4 ,ev5 9 ! matt] ( weal?1 if y value y\rself ^u t1 ,i mu/ reveal to y h[ y /&2 = if y =m an e/imate ( ! weal? ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 y w see t our possessions fall f> %ort ( !irs4 ,= no "o "h c compete ) !m ei!r 9 ! ext5t & f]tility ( _! own & ! ,mess5ian t]ritory1 or 9 ! numb] ( _! slaves1 & especially ( ! ,helots1 or ( _! horses1 or ( ! animals :i* fe$ on ! ,mess5ian pa/ures4 ,b ,i h said en\gh ( ?is3 & z to gold & silv]1 !re is m ( !m 9 ,lac$aemon ?an 9 all ! re/ ( ,hellas1 = dur+ _m g5]ations gold has be5 always fl[+ 9 to !m f ! :ole ,hell5ic _w1 & (t5 f ! b>b>ian also1 & nev] go+ out1 z 9 ! fable ( ,aesop ! fox1 said to ! lion1 #8,! #abc pr9ts ( ! feet ( ^? go+ 9 are di/9ct en\gh2' b :o ev] saw ! trace ( money go+ out ( ,lac$aemon8 & !re=e y may safely inf] t ! inhabitants are ! ri*e/ ( ! ,hell5es 9 gold & silv]1 & t _! k+s are ! ri*e/ ( !m1 = !y h a l>g] %>e ( ^! ?+s1 & !y h also a tribute paid to !m :i* is v consid]able4 ,yet ! ,sp>tan weal?1 ?\gh great 9 comp>ison ( ! weal? ( ! o!r ,hell5es1 is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ( t ( ! ,p]sians & _! k+s4 ,:y1 ,i h be5 in=m$ by a cr$ible p]son :o w5t up to ! k+ at ,susa1 t he pass$ ?r\gh a l>ge tract ( excell5t l&1 ext5d+ = ne>ly a day's j\rney1 :i* ! p ( ! c\ntry call$ ! que5's girdle1 & ano!r1 :i* !y call$ h] veil2 & sev]al o!r fair & f]tile di/ricts1 :i* 7 res]v$ = ! adornm5t ( ! que51 & are nam$ aft] h] sev]al habilim5ts4 ,n[1 ,i _c help ?9k+ to myself1 ,:at if "s "o 7 to g to ,ame/ris1 ! wife ( ,x]xes & "m ( ,artax]xes1 & say to h]1 ,!re is a c]ta9 ,d9oma*1 ^: :ole w>drobe is n wor? fifty m9ae--& t w be m ?an ! value--& %e has a son :o is possess$ ( a ?ree-hundr$ acre pat* at ,er*iae1 & he has a m9d to g to w> ) y\r son--w\ld %e n wond] to :at ?is ,alcibiades tru/s = success 9 ! conflict8 #8,he mu/ rely1' %e w\ld say to h]self1 #8^u 8 tra9+ & wisdom--^! are ! ?+s :i* ,hell5es value4' ,& if %e he>d t ?is ,alcibiades :o is mak+ ! attempt is n z yet tw5ty ye>s old1 & is :olly un$ucat$1 & :5 8 lov] tells him t he ought to get education & tra9+ fir/1 & !n g & fight ! k+1 he refuses1 & says t he is well en\gh z he is1 w\ld %e n be amaz$1 & ask1 #8,on :at1 !n1 does ! y\? rely8' ,& if we repli$3 ,he relies on 8 beauty1 & /ature1 & bir?1 & m5tal end[m5ts1 %e w\ld ?9k t we 7 mad1 ,alcibiades1 :5 %e comp>$ ! advantages :i* y possess ) ^? ( h] own p4 ,& ,i believe t ev5 ,lampido1 ! daught] #abd ( ,leoty*ides1 ! wife ( ,ar*idamus & "m ( ,agis1 all ( :om 7 k+s1 w\ld h ! same feel+2 if1 9 y\r pres5t un$ucat$ /ate1 y 7 to turn y\r ?\ghts aga9/ h] son1 %e too w\ld be equally a/oni%$4 ,b h[ disgraceful1 t we %\ld n h z high a notion ( :at is requir$ 9 u z our enemies' wives & mo!rs h ( ! qualities :i* are requir$ 9 _! assailants6 ,o my fri5d1 be p]suad$ by me1 & he> ! ,delphian inscription1 #8,"k ?yself'--n ! m5 :om y ?9k1 b ^! k+s are our rivals1 & we c only ov]come !m by pa9s & skill4 ,& if y fail 9 ! requir$ qualities1 y w fail also 9 becom+ r5[n$ among ,hell5es & ,b>b>ians1 :i* y seem to desire m ?an any o!r man ev] desir$ any?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! necessity ( education4 ,al4 ,i entirely believe y2 b :at are ! sort ( pa9s :i* are requir$1 ,socrates1--c y tell me8 ,sid5ote3 ,i too ne$ education2 & ,god1 :o is my gu>dian1 inspires me ) ! belief t ,i %all br+ y to hon\r4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i c2 b we mu/ take c\nsel toge!r conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* bo? ( u may be mo/ improv$4 ,= :at ,i am tell+ y ( ! necessity ( education applies to myself z well z to y2 & !re is only "o po9t 9 :i* ,i h an advantage ov] y4 ,al4 ,:at is t8 ,soc4 ,i h a gu>dian :o is bett] & wis] ?an y\r gu>dian1 ,p]icles4 ,al4 ,:o is he1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,god1 ,alcibiades1 :o up to ?is day has n all[$ me to conv]se ) y2 & he inspires 9 me ! fai? t ,i am especially design$ to br+ y to hon\r4 ,al4 ,y are je/+1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,p]haps2 at any rate1 ,i am "r 9 say+ t all m5 greatly ne$ pa9s & c>e1 & y & ,i above all m54 ,al4 ,y are n f> wrong ab\t me4 ,soc4 ,& c]ta9ly n ab\t myself4 ,al4 ,b :at c we d8 ,soc4 ,!re mu/ be no hesitation or c[>dice1 my fri5d4 ,al4 ,t w\ld n become u1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,we mu/ take c\nsel toge!r1 7n ab\t eque/rian or naval affairs71 b ,soc4 ,no1 inde$1 & we ought to take c\nsel toge!r3 = d we n wi% to be z good z possible8 ,al4 ,we d4 ,soc4 ,9 :at sort ( virtue8 ,al4 ,pla9ly1 9 ! virtue ( good m54 ,soc4 ,:o are good 9 :at8 ,al4 ,^?1 cle>ly1 :o are good 9 ! managem5t ( affairs4 ,soc4 ,:at sort ( affairs8 ,eque/rian affairs8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,goodness & wisdom id5tifi$4 ,soc4 ,y mean t ab\t !m we %\ld h rec\rse to horsem58 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,well2 naval affairs8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,y mean t we %\ld h rec\rse to sailors ab\t !m8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n :at affairs8 ,& :o d !m8 ,sid5ote3 ab\t ! ?+s :i* occupy ! m9ds ( wise m54 ,al4 ,! affairs :i* occupy ,a!nian g5tlem54 #abe ,soc4 ,& :5 y speak ( g5tlem51 d y mean ! wise or ! unwise8 ,al4 ,! wise4 ,soc4 ,& a man is good 9 respect ( t 9 :i* he is wise8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& evil 9 respect ( t 9 :i* he is unwise8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,! %oemak]1 = example1 is wise 9 respect ( ! mak+ ( %oes8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n he is good 9 t8 ,al4 ,he is4 ,soc4 ,b 9 respect ( ! mak+ ( g>m5ts he is unwise8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 t he is bad8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ^u ?is view ( ! matt] ! same man is good & also bad8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b w\ld y say t ! good are ! same z ! bad8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n :om d y call ! good8 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! wise are ^? :o take c\nsel = ! bett] ord] & ,al4 ,i mean by ! good ^? :o are able to rule 9 ! city4 ,soc4 ,n1 surely1 ov] horses8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,b ov] m58 ,sid5ote3 improvem5t ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 ,! analogy ( o!r employm5ts4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,:5 !y are sick8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,or on a voyage8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,or reap+ ! h>ve/8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,:5 !y are do+ some?+ or no?+8 ,al4 ,:5 !y are do+ some?+1 ,i %\ld say4 ,soc4 ,i wi% t y w\ld expla9 to me :at ?is some?+ is4 ,al4 ,:5 !y are hav+ deal+s ) "o ano!r1 & us+ "o ano!r's s]vices1 z we citiz5s d 9 our daily life4 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations4 ,soc4 ,^? ( :om y speak are rul+ ov] m5 :o are us+ ! s]vices ( o!r m58 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,are !y rul+ ov] ! signal-m5 :o give ! "t to ! r[]s8 ,al4 ,no2 !y are n4 ,soc4 ,t w\ld be ! (fice ( ! pilot8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b1 p]haps y mean t !y rule ov] flute-play]s :o lead ! s+]s & use ! s]vices ( ! danc]s8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,t w\ld be ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] ( ! *orus8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n :at is ! mean+ ( be+ able to rule ov] m5 :o use o!r m58 ,al4 ,i mean t !y rule ov] m5 :o h common rights ( citiz5%ip1 & deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,soc4 ,& :at sort ( an art is ?is8 ,suppose t ,i ask y aga91 z ,i did j n[1 ,:at art makes m5 "k h[ to rule ov] _! fell[-sailors1--h[ w\ld y answ]8 ,al4 ,! art ( ! pilot4 ,soc4 ,&1 if ,i may recur to ano!r old in/ance1 :at art enables !m to rule ov] _! fell[-s+]s8 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ is a /ate improv$8 ,al4 ,! art ( ! tea*] ( ! *orus1 :i* y 7 j n[ m5tion+4 ,soc4 ,& :at d y call ! art ( fell[-citiz5s8 ,al4 ,i %\ld say1 good c\nsel1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& is ! art ( ! pilot evil c\nsel8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,b good c\nsel8 ,al4 ,yes1 t is :at ,i %\ld say1--good c\nsel1 ( :i* #abf ! aim is ! pres]vation ( ! voyag]s4 ,soc4 ,true4 ,& :at is ! aim ( t o!r good c\nsel ( :i* y speak8 ,al4 ,! aim is ! bett] ord] & pres]vation ( ! city4 ,soc4 ,& :at is t ( :i* ! abs5ce or pres5ce improves & pres]ves ! ord] ( ! city8 ,suppose y 7 to ask me1 :at is t ( :i* ! pres5ce or abs5ce improves or pres]ves ! ord] ( ! body8 ,i %\ld reply1 ! pres5ce ( heal? & ! abs5ce ( disease4 ,y w\ld say ! same8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if y 7 to ask me ! same "q ab\t ! eyes1 ,i %\ld reply 9 ! same way1 #8! pres5ce ( sight & ! abs5ce ( bl9dness2' or ab\t ! e>s1 ,i %\ld reply1 t !y 7 improv$ & 7 9 bett] case1 :5 deafness 0 abs5t1 & he>+ 0 pres5t 9 !m4 ,al4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ?is improvem5t is giv5 by fri5d%ip & agreem5t1 su* z exi/s betwe5 ! memb]s ( a family1 h[ev] !y may diff] 9 _! qualities & accompli%m5ts4 ,soc4 ,& :at w\ld y say ( a /ate8 ,:at is t by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* ! /ate is improv$ & bett] manag$ & ord]$8 ,al4 ,i %\ld say1 ,socrates3--! pres5ce ( fri5d%ip & ! abs5ce ( hatr$ & division4 ,soc4 ,& d y mean by fri5d%ip agreem5t or disagreem5t8 ,al4 ,agreem5t4 ,soc4 ,:at art makes cities agree ab\t numb]s8 ,al4 ,ari?metic4 ,soc4 ,& private individuals8 ,al4 ,! same4 ,soc4 ,& :at art makes ea* individual agree ) himself8 ,sid5ote3 ,! art ( measure4 ,al4 ,! same4 ,soc4 ,& :at art makes ea* ( u agree ) himself ab\t ! comp>ative l5g? ( ! span & ( ! cubit8 ,does n ! art ( measure8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,individuals are agre$ ) "o ano!r ab\t ?is2 & /ates1 equally8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! same holds ( ! balance8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b :at is ! o!r agreem5t ( :i* y speak1 & ab\t :at8 :at art c give t agreem5t8 ,& does t :i* gives x to ! /ate give x also to ! individual1 s z to make him consi/5t ) himself & ) ano!r8 ,al4 ,i %\ld suppose s4 ,soc4 ,b :at is ! nature ( ! agreem5t8--answ]1 & fa9t n4 ,al4 ,i mean to say t !re %\ld be su* fri5d%ip & agreem5t z exi/s betwe5 an affectionate fa!r & "m & _! son1 or betwe5 bro!rs1 or betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,soc4 ,b c a man1 ,alcibiades1 agree ) a woman ab\t ! sp9n+ ( wool1 :i* %e und]/&s & he does n8 ,al4 ,no1 truly4 ,soc4 ,nor has he any ne$1 = sp9n+ is a female accompli%m5t4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld a woman agree ) a man ab\t ! #abg sci5ce ( arms1 :i* %e has nev] le>n$8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,i suppose t ! use ( arms w\ld be reg>d$ by y z a male accompli%m5t8 ,al4 ,x w\ld4 ,soc4 ,!n1 ^u y\r view1 wom5 & m5 h two sorts ( k8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 _! k !re is no agreem5t ( wom5 & m58 ,al4 ,!re is n4 ,sid5ote3 ,app>5t antagonism ( fri5d%ip & ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,nor c !re be fri5d%ip1 if fri5d%ip is agreem5t8 ,al4 ,pla9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n wom5 are n lov$ by m5 :5 !y d _! own "w8 ,al4 ,i suppose n4 ,soc4 ,nor m5 by wom5 :5 !y d _! own "w8 ,al4 ,no4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ev]ybody is do+ 8 own bus9ess1 h[ c ?is promote fri5d%ip8 ,& yet :5 individuals are do+ ea* 8 own "w1 !y are do+ :at is j4 ,soc4 ,nor are /ates well adm9i/]$1 :5 individuals d _! own "w8 ,al4 ,i %\ld r ?9k1 ,socrates1 t ! rev]se is ! tru?#ei4 ,soc4 ,:at6 d y mean to say t /ates are well adm9i/]$ :5 fri5d%ip is abs5t1 ! pres5ce ( :i*1 z we 7 say+1 alone secures _! good ord]8 ,al4 ,b ,i %\ld say t !re is fri5d%ip among !m1 = ?is v reason1 t ! two p>ties respectively d _! own "w4 ,soc4 ,t 0 n :at y 7 say+ be=e2 & :at d y mean n[ by affirm+ t fri5d%ip exi/s :5 !re is no agreem5t8 ,h[ c !re be agreem5t ab\t matt]s :i* ! "o p>ty kn[s1 & ( :i* ! o!r is 9 ignorance8 ,al4 ,impossible4 ,soc4 ,& :5 individuals are do+ _! own "w1 are !y do+ :at is j or unju/8 ,al4 ,:at is j1 c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& :5 individuals d :at is j 9 ! /ate1 is !re no fri5d%ip among !m8 ,al4 ,i suppose t !re mu/ be1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,!n :at d y mean by ?is fri5d%ip or agreem5t ab\t :i* we mu/ be wise & discreet 9 ord] t we may be good m58 ,i _c make out :]e x exi/s or among :om2 accord+ to y1 ! same p]sons may sometimes h x1 & sometimes n4 ,al4 ,b1 inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i d n "k :at ,i am say+2 & ,i h long be51 unconsci\sly to myself1 9 a mo/ disgraceful /ate4 ,soc4 ,nev]!less1 *e] up2 at fifty1 if y _h discov]$ y\r defici5cy1 y w\ld h be5 too old1 & ! "t = tak+ c>e ( y\rself w\ld h pass$ away1 b y\rs is j ! age at :i* ! discov]y %\ld be made4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades is puzzl$4 ,al4 ,& :at %\ld he d1 ,socrates1 :o w\ld make ! discov]y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! way to cle> up difficulties is to answ] que/ions4 ,alcibiades is will+ to h rec\rse to ?is me?od ( improvem5t4 ,soc4 ,answ] que/ions1 ,alcibiades2 & t is a process :i*1 by ! grace ( ,god1 if ,i may put any fai? 9 my oracle1 w be v improv+ to bo? ( u4 ,al4 ,if ,i c be improv$ by answ]+1 ,i w answ]4 ,soc4 ,& fir/ ( all1 t we may n p]adv5ture be #abh deceiv$ by appe>ances1 fancy+1 p]haps1 t we are tak+ c>e ( ourselves :5 we are n1 :at is ! mean+ ( a man tak+ c>e ( himself8 & :5 does he take c>e8 ,does he take c>e ( himself :5 he takes c>e ( :at belongs to him8 ,al4 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 ,soc4 ,:5 does a man take c>e ( 8 feet8 ,does he n take c>e ( !m :5 he takes c>e ( t :i* belongs to 8 feet8 ,al4 ,i d n und]/&4 ,soc4 ,let me take ! h& z an illu/ration2 does n a r+ belong to ! f+]1 & to ! f+] only8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! %oe 9 l mann] to ! foot8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :5 we take c>e ( our %oes1 d we n take c>e ( our feet8 ,al4 ,i d n compreh5d1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,b y w\ld admit1 ,alcibiades1 t to take prop] c>e ( a ?+ is a correct expression8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& tak+ prop] c>e means improv+8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& :at is ! art :i* improves our %oes8 ,al4 ,%oemak+4 ,soc4 ,!n by %oemak+ we take c>e ( our %oes8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& d we by %oemak+ take c>e ( our feet1 or by "s o!r art :i* improves ! feet8 ,al4 ,by "s o!r art4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is le>n+ by examples4 ,soc4 ,& ! same art improves ! feet :i* improves ! re/ ( ! body8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,:i* is gymna/ic8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n by gymna/ic we take c>e ( our feet1 & by %oemak+ ( t :i* belongs to our feet8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& by gymna/ic we take c>e ( our h&s1 & by ! art ( grav+ r+s ( t :i* belongs to our h&s8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& by gymna/ic we take c>e ( ! body1 & by ! art ( weav+ & ! o!r arts we take c>e ( ! ?+s ( ! body8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,x has be5 %[n by examples t a man does n take c>e ( himself1 :5 he only takes c>e ( :at belongs to him4 ,soc4 ,!n ! art :i* takes c>e ( ea* ?+ is diff]5t f t :i* takes c>e ( ! belong+s ( ea* ?+8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n 9 tak+ c>e ( :at belongs to y1 y d n take c>e ( y\rself8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,= ! art :i* takes c>e ( our belong+s appe>s n to be ! same z t :i* takes c>e ( ourselves8 ,al4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,& n[ let me ask y :at is ! art ) :i* we take c>e ( ourselves8 ,al4 ,i _c say4 ,soc4 ,at any rate1 ?us mu* has be5 admitt$1 t ! art is n "o :i* makes any ( our possessions1 b :i* makes ourselves bett]8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b %\ld we ev] h kn[n :at art makes a %oe bett]1 if we did n "k a %oe8 ,al4 ,impossible4 ,soc4 ,nor %\ld we "k :at art makes a r+ bett]1 if we did n "k a r+8 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,a man mu/ "k himself be=e he c improve himself or "k :at belongs to him4 ,soc4 ,& c we ev] "k :at art makes a man bett]1 #abi if we d n "k :at we are ourselves8 ,sid5ote3 ,! k ( self4 ,al4 ,impossible4 ,soc4 ,& is self-k su* an easy ?+1 & 0 he to be lightly e/eem$ :o inscrib$ ! text on ! temple at ,delphi8 ,or is self-k a difficult ?+1 :i* few are able to atta98 ,al4 ,at times ,i fancy1 ,socrates1 t anybody c "k himself2 at o!r times ! task appe>s to be v difficult4 ,soc4 ,b :e!r easy or difficult1 ,alcibiades1 /ill !re is no o!r way2 kn[+ :at we are1 we %all "k h[ to take c>e ( ourselves1 & if we are ignorant we %all n "k4 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 let u see 9 :at way ! self-exi/5t c be discov]$ by u2 t w give u a *ance ( discov]+ our own exi/5ce1 :i* o!rwise we c nev] "k4 ,al4 ,y say truly4 ,soc4 ,come1 n[1 ,i besee* y1 tell me ) :om y are conv]s+8--) :om b ) me8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,z ,i am1 ) y8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,t is to say1 ,i1 ,socrates1 am talk+8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ,alcibiades is my he>]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ,i 9 talk+ use words8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& talk+ & us+ words h1 ,i suppose1 ! same mean+8 ,al4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& ! us] is n ! same z ! ?+ :i* he uses8 ,al4 ,:at d y mean8 ,soc4 ,i w expla92 ! %oemak]1 = example1 uses a squ>e tool1 & a circul> tool1 & o!r tools = cutt+8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b ! tool is n ! same z ! cutt] & us] ( ! tool8 ,al4 ,( c\rse n4 ,sid5ote3 ,m analogies & examples4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ! same way ! in/rum5t ( ! h>p] is to be di/+ui%$ f ! h>p] himself8 ,al4 ,x is4 ,soc4 ,n[ ! "q :i* ,i ask$ 0 :e!r y conceive ! us] to be always diff]5t f t :i* he uses8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,!n :at %all we say ( ! %oemak]8 ,does he cut ) 8 tools only or ) 8 h&s8 ,al4 ,) 8 h&s z well4 ,soc4 ,he uses 8 h&s too8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& does he use 8 eyes 9 cutt+ lea!r8 ,al4 ,he does4 ,sid5ote3 ,he is di/9ct f :at he uses2 & !re=e di/9ct f 8 own body4 ,soc4 ,& we admit t ! us] is n ! same ) ! ?+s :i* he uses8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n ! %oemak] & ! h>p] are to be di/+ui%$ f ! h&s & feet :i* !y use8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& does n a man use ! :ole body8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& t :i* uses is diff]5t f t :i* is us$8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n a man is n ! same z 8 own body8 ,al4 ,t is ! inf]5ce4 ,soc4 ,:at is he1 !n8 ,al4 ,i _c say4 ,soc4 ,nay1 y c say t he is ! us] ( ! body4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ! us] ( ! body is ! s\l8 #acj ,al4 ,yes1 ! s\l4 ,soc4 ,& ! s\l rules8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,let me make an ass]tion :i* w1 ,i ?9k1 be univ]sally admitt$4 ,al4 ,:at is x8 ,sid5ote3 ,b he mu/ be "o ( ?ree ?+s3--,s\l1 body1 or ! union ( ! two4 ,:at is ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 him8 ,cle>ly ! s\l4 ,soc4 ,t man is "o ( ?ree ?+s4 ,al4 ,:at are !y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! true self or be+ ( a man4 ,soc4 ,s\l1 body1 or bo? toge!r =m+ a :ole4 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,b did we n say t ! actual rul+ pr9ciple ( ! body is man8 ,al4 ,yes1 we did4 ,soc4 ,& does ! body rule ov] itself8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,x is subject1 z we 7 say+8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n t is n ! pr9ciple :i* we are seek+8 ,al4 ,x w\ld seem n4 ,soc4 ,b may we say t ! union ( ! two rules ov] ! body1 & consequ5tly t ?is is man8 ,al4 ,v likely4 ,soc4 ,! mo/ unlikely ( all ?+s2 = if "o ( ! memb]s is subject1 ! two unit$ _c possibly rule4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b s9ce nei!r ! body1 nor ! union ( ! two1 is man1 ei!r man has no real exi/5ce1 or ! s\l is man8 ,al4 ,j s4 ,soc4 ,is any?+ m requir$ to prove t ! s\l is man8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! pro( is1 ,i ?9k1 q suffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re rema9s a "q ( absolute exi/5ce1 :i* has n be5 consid]$ by u1 or r is be+ consid]$ by u :5 we speak ( ! s\l4 ,soc4 ,& if ! pro(1 al?\gh n p]fect1 be suffici5t1 we %all be satisfi$2--m precise pro( w be suppli$ :5 we h discov]$ t :i* we 7 l$ to omit1 f a fe> t ! enquiry w\ld be too mu* protract$4 ,al4 ,:at 0 t8 ,soc4 ,:at ,i meant1 :5 ,i said t absolute exi/5ce mu/ be fir/ consid]$2 b n[1 in/ead ( absolute exi/5ce1 we h be5 consid]+ ! nature ( individual exi/5ce1 & ?is may1 p]haps1 be suffici5t2 = surely !re is no?+ :i* may be call$ m prop]ly ourselves ?an ! s\l8 ,al4 ,!re is no?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,y & ,i are talk+ s\l to s\l4 ,soc4 ,!n we may truly conceive t y & ,i are conv]s+ ) "o ano!r1 s\l to s\l8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! man & 8 belong+s4 ,soc4 ,& t is j :at ,i 0 say+ be=e--t ,i1 ,socrates1 am n argu+ or talk+ ) ! face ( ,alcibiades1 b ) ! real ,alcibiades2 or 9 o!r words1 ) 8 s\l4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o bids a man "k himself1 w\ld h him "k 8 s\l8 ,al4 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,sid5ote3 ,b if ! s\l is ! man1 he :o kn[s only ! arts :i* conc]n man does n "k himself4 ,soc4 ,he ^: k only ext5ds to ! body1 #aca kn[s ! ?+s ( a man1 & n ! man himself8 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,!n nei!r ! physician reg>d$ z a physician1 nor ! tra9] reg>d$ z a tra9]1 kn[s himself8 ,al4 ,he does n4 ,soc4 ,! husb&m5 & ! o!r craftsm5 are v f> f kn[+ !mselves1 = !y w\ld seem n ev5 to "k _! own belong+s8 ,:5 reg>d$ 9 relation to ! arts :i* !y practise !y are ev5 fur!r remov$ f self-k1 = !y only "k ! belong+s ( ! body1 :i* m9i/] to ! body4 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,!n if temp]ance is ! k ( self1 9 respect ( 8 art none ( !m is temp]ate8 ,al4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y _! arts are acc\nt$ vulg>1 & are n su* z a good man w\ld practise8 ,al4 ,q true4 ,soc4 ,aga91 he :o *]i%es 8 body *]i%es n himself1 b :at belongs to him8 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,b he :o *]i%es 8 money1 *]i%es nei!r himself nor 8 belong+s1 b is 9 a /age yet fur!r remov$ f himself8 ,al4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,!n ! money-mak] has really ceas$ to be occupi$ ) 8 own conc]ns8 ,al4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! lov] ( ! s\l is ! true lov]4 ,soc4 ,& if any "o has fall5 9 love ) ! p]son ( ,alcibiades1 he loves n ,alcibiades1 b ! belong+s ( ,alcibiades8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b he :o loves y\r s\l is ! true lov]8 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates1 ! only true lov] ( ,alcibiades4 ,al4 ,t is ! necess>y inf]5ce4 ,soc4 ,! lov] ( ! body goes away :5 ! fl[] ( y\? fades8 ,al4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,he only rema9s & goes n away1 s long z ! s\l ( 8 belov$ foll[s aft] virtue4 ,soc4 ,b he :o loves ! s\l goes n away1 z long z ! s\l foll[s aft] virtue8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& ,i am ! lov] :o goes n away1 b rema9s ) y1 :5 y are no long] "y & ! re/ are gone8 ,al4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & !re9 y d well1 & ,i hope t y w rema94 ,soc4 ,!n y mu/ try to look y\r be/4 ,al4 ,i w4 ,soc4 ,! fact is1 t !re is only "o lov] ( ,alcibiades ! son ( ,cle9ias2 !re nei!r is nor ev] has be5 seem+ly any o!r2 & he is 8 d>l+1--,socrates1 ! son ( ,sophroniscus & ,pha5>ete4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& did y n say1 t if ,i _h n spok5 fir/1 y 7 on ! po9t ( com+ to me1 & enquir+ :y ,i only rema9$8 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ,socrates w nev] des]t ,alcibiades s long z he is n spoil$ by ! ,a!nian p4 ,soc4 ,! reason 0 t ,i lov$ y = y\r own sake1 :]eas o!r m5 love :at belongs to y2 & y\r beauty1 :i* is n y1 is fad+ away1 j z y\r true #acb self is beg9n+ to bloom4 ,& ,i w nev] des]t y1 if y are n spoil$ & de=m$ by ! ,a!nian p2 = ! dang] :i* ,i mo/ fe> is t y w become a lov] ( ! p & w be spoil$ by !m4 ,_m a noble ,a!nian has be5 ru9$ 9 ?is way4 ,= ! demus ( ! great-he>t$ ,ere*!us is ( a fair c\nt5ance1 b y %\ld see him nak$2 :]e=e obs]ve ! caution :i* ,i give y4 ,al4 ,:at caution8 ,soc4 ,practise y\rself1 sweet fri5d1 9 le>n+ :at y ought to "k1 be=e y ent] on politics2 & !n y w h an antidote :i* w keep y out ( h>m's way4 ,al4 ,good advice1 ,socrates1 b ,i wi% t y w\ld expla9 to me 9 :at way ,i am to take c>e ( myself4 ,soc4 ,h we n made an advance8 = we are at any rate tol]ably well agre$ z to :at we are1 & !re is no long] any dang]1 z we once fe>$1 t we might be tak+ c>e n ( ourselves1 b ( some?+ :i* is n ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ is a man to take c>e ( himself8 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,& ! next /ep w be to take c>e ( ! s\l1 & look to t8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,leav+ ! c>e ( our bodies & ( our prop]ties to o!rs8 ,al4 ,v good4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o w\ld take c>e ( himself mu/ fir/ ( all "k himself4 ,soc4 ,b h[ c we h a p]fect k ( ! ?+s ( ! s\l8--,= if we "k !m1 !n ,i suppose we %all "k ourselves4 ,c we really be ignorant ( ! excell5t mean+ ( ! ,delphian inscription1 ( :i* we 7 j n[ speak+8 ,al4 ,:at h y 9 y\r ?\ghts1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,i w tell y :at ,i suspect to be ! mean+ & lesson ( t inscription4 ,let me take an illu/ration f sight1 :i* ,i imag9e to be ! only "o suitable to my purpose4 ,al4 ,:at d y mean8 ,sid5ote3 ,! eye :i* w\ld see itself mu/ look into ! pupil ( ano!r1 :i* is ! div9e/ "p ( ! eye1 & w !n behold itself4 ,soc4 ,consid]2 if "s "o 7 to say to ! eye1 #8,see ?yself1' z y might say to a man1 #8,"k ?yself1' :at is ! nature & mean+ ( ?is precept8 ,w\ld n 8 mean+ be3--,t ! eye %\ld look at t 9 :i* x w\ld see itself8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& :at are ! objects 9 look+ at :i* we see ourselves8 ,al4 ,cle>ly1 ,socrates1 9 look+ at mirrors & ! l4 ,soc4 ,v true2 & is !re n some?+ ( ! nature ( a mirror 9 our own eyes8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,did y ev] obs]ve t ! face ( ! p]son look+ into ! eye ( ano!r is reflect$ z 9 a mirror2 & 9 ! visual organ :i* is ov] aga9/ him1 & :i* #acc is call$ ! pupil1 !re is a sort ( image ( ! p]son look+8 ,al4 ,t is q true4 ,sid5ote3 ,! argum5t recapitulat$ ) "s corrections4 ,soc4 ,!n ! eye1 look+ at ano!r eye1 & at t 9 ! eye :i* is mo/ p]fect1 & :i* is ! in/rum5t ( vision1 w !re see itself8 ,al4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,b look+ at any?+ else ei!r 9 man or 9 ! _w1 & n to :at resembles ?is1 x w n see itself8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,!n if ! eye is to see itself1 x mu/ look at ! eye1 & at t "p ( ! eye :]e sight :i* is ! virtue ( ! eye resides8 ,al4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! s\l :i* w\ld "k h]self mu/ look especially at t "p ( h]self 9 :i* %e resembles ! div9e4 ,soc4 ,& if ! s\l1 my de> ,alcibiades1 is ev] to "k h]self1 mu/ %e n look at ! s\l2 & especially at t "p ( ! s\l 9 :i* h] virtue resides1 & to any o!r :i* is l ?is8 ,al4 ,i agree1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& d we "k ( any "p ( our s\ls m div9e ?an t :i* has to d ) wisdom & k8 ,al4 ,!re is none4 ,soc4 ,!n ?is is t "p ( ! s\l :i* resembles ! div9e2 & he :o looks at ?is & at ! :ole class ( ?+s div9e1 w be mo/ likely to "k himself8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& self-k we agree to be wisdom8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b if we h no self-k & no wisdom1 c we ev] "k our own good & evil8 ,al4 ,h[ c we1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,y mean1 t if y did n "k ,alcibiades1 !re w\ld be no possibility ( y\r kn[+ t :at belong$ to ,alcibiades 0 really 88 ,al4 ,x w\ld be q impossible4 ,sid5ote3 ,he :o kn[s n himself & 8 belong+s1 w n "k o!rs & _! belong+s1 & !re=e he w n "k ! affairs ( /ates4 ,soc4 ,nor %\ld we "k t we 7 ! p]sons to :om any?+ belong$1 if we did n "k ourselves8 ,al4 ,h[ c\ld we8 ,soc4 ,& if we did n "k our own belong+s1 nei!r %\ld we "k ! belong+s ( our belong+s8 ,al4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n we 7 n altoge!r "r 9 ackn[l$g+ j n[ t a man may "k :at belongs to him & yet n "k himself2 nay1 r he _c ev5 "k ! belong+s ( 8 belong+s2 = ! disc]nm5t ( ! ?+s ( self1 & ( ! ?+s :i* belong to ! ?+s ( self1 appe> all to be ! bus9ess ( ! same man1 & ( ! same art4 ,sid5ote3 ,happ9ess )\t virtue impossible4 ,al4 ,s mu* may be suppos$4 ,soc4 ,& he :o kn[s n ! ?+s :i* belong to himself1 w 9 l mann] be ignorant ( ! ?+s :i* belong to o!rs8 ,al4 ,v true4 ,soc4 ,& if he kn[s n ! affairs ( o!rs1 he w n "k ! affairs ( /ates8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n su* a man c nev] be a /atesman8 ,al4 ,he _c4 ,soc4 ,nor an economi/8 ,al4 ,he _c4 ,soc4 ,he w n "k :at he is do+8 #acd ,al4 ,he w n4 ,soc4 ,& w n he :o is ignorant fall into error8 ,al4 ,assur$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,&1 if he kn[s n :at he is do+1 he w be mis]able & w make o!rs mis]able4 ,soc4 ,& if he falls into error w he n fail bo? 9 8 public & private capacity8 ,al4 ,yes1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,& fail+1 w he n be mis]able8 ,al4 ,v4 ,soc4 ,& :at w become ( ^? = :om he is act+8 ,al4 ,!y w be mis]able also4 ,soc4 ,!n he :o is n wise & good _c be happy8 ,al4 ,he _c4 ,soc4 ,! bad1 !n1 are mis]able8 ,al4 ,yes1 v4 ,soc4 ,& if s1 n he :o has ri*es1 b he :o has wisdom1 is deliv]$ f 8 mis]y8 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,cities1 !n1 if !y are to be happy1 d n want walls1 or triremes1 or docks1 or numb]s1 or size1 ,alcibiades1 )\t virtue#fj8 ,sid5ote3 ,! div9e mirror4 ,al4 ,inde$ !y d n4 ,sid5ote3 ,he mu/ give ! citiz5s wisdom & ju/ice1 & he _c give :at he has n got4 ,soc4 ,& y mu/ give ! citiz5s virtue1 if y mean to adm9i/] _! affairs rightly or nobly8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,b c a man give t :i* he has n8 ,al4 ,impossible4 ,soc4 ,!n y or any "o :o means to gov]n & sup]9t5d1 n only himself & ! ?+s ( himself1 b ! /ate & ! ?+s ( ! /ate1 mu/ 9 ! fir/ place acquire virtue4 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,y h n !re=e to obta9 p[] or au?ority1 9 ord] to enable y to d :at y wi% = y\rself & ! /ate1 b ju/ice & wisdom4 ,al4 ,cle>ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,if he acts wisely & ju/ly he w act accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,soc4 ,y & ! /ate1 if y act wisely & ju/ly1 w act accord+ to ! w ( ,god8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,z ,i 0 say+ be=e1 y w look only at :at is bright & div9e1 & act ) a view to !m8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! mirror ( ! div9e he w see 8 own good & w act rightly & be happy4 ,soc4 ,9 t mirror y w see & "k y\rselves & y\r own good8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& s y w act rightly & well8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,9 :i* case1 ,i w be security = y\r happ9ess4 ,al4 ,i accept ! security4 ,soc4 ,b if y act unrighte\sly1 y\r eye w turn to ! d>k & godless1 & be+ 9 d>kness & ignorance ( y\rselves1 y w probably d de$s ( d>kness4 ,al4 ,v possibly4 ,soc4 ,= if a man1 my de> ,alcibiades1 has ! p[] to d :at he likes1 b has no und]/&+1 :at is likely to be ! result1 ei!r to him z an individual or to ! /ate--= #ace example1 if he be sick & is able to d :at he likes1 n hav+ ! m9d ( a physician--hav+ moreov] tyrannical p[]1 & no "o d>+ to reprove him1 :at w happ5 to him8 ,w he n be likely to h 8 con/itution ru9$8 ,sid5ote3 ,! conv]sion ( ,alcibiades4 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,or aga91 9 a %ip1 if a man hav+ ! p[] to d :at he likes1 has no intellig5ce or skill 9 navigation1 d y see :at w happ5 to him & to 8 fell[-sailors8 ,al4 ,yes2 ,i see t !y w all p]i%4 ,soc4 ,& 9 l mann]1 9 a /ate1 & :]e !re is any p[] & au?ority :i* is want+ 9 virtue1 w n mis=tune1 9 l mann]1 ensue8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,n p[]1 b virtue1 %\ld be ! aim bo? ( individuals & ( /ates3 & he only is a freeman :o has virtue4 ,soc4 ,n tyrannical p[]1 !n1 my good ,alcibiades1 %\ld be ! aim ei!r ( individuals or /ates1 if !y w\ld be happy1 b virtue4 ,al4 ,t is true4 ,soc4 ,& be=e !y h virtue1 to be comm&$ by a sup]ior is bett] = m5 z well z = *ildr5#fa8 ,al4 ,t is evid5t4 ,soc4 ,& t :i* is bett] is also nobl]8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& :at is nobl] is m becom+8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!n to ! bad man slav]y is m becom+1 because bett]8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n vice is only suit$ to a slave8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& virtue to a freeman8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,&1 ,o my fri5d1 is n ! condition ( a slave to be avoid$8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,& are y n[ consci\s ( y\r own /ate8 ,& d y "k :e!r y are a freeman or n8 ,al4 ,i ?9k t ,i am v consci\s inde$ ( my own /ate4 ,soc4 ,& d y "k h[ to escape out ( a /ate :i* ,i d n ev5 l to "n to my beauty8 ,al4 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,h[8 ,al4 ,by y\r help1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p[] ( ! /ate may be too mu* = u4 ,soc4 ,t is n well said1 ,alcibiades4 ,al4 ,:at ought ,i to h said8 ,soc4 ,by ! help ( ,god4 ,al4 ,i agree2 & ,i fur!r say1 t our relations are likely to be rev]s$4 ,f ?is day =w>d1 ,i mu/ & w foll[ y z y h foll[$ me2 ,i w be ! disciple1 & y %all be my ma/]4 ,soc4 ,o t is r>e6 ,my love bre$s ano!r love3 & s l ! /ork ,i %all be *]i%$ by ! bird :om ,i h hat*$4 ,al4 ,/range1 b true2 & h5ce=w>d ,i %all beg9 to ?9k ab\t ju/ice4 ,soc4 ,& ,i hope t y w p]si/2 al?\gh ,i h fe>s1 n because ,i d\bt y2 b ,i see ! p[] ( ! /ate1 :i* may be too mu* = bo? ( u4 ,,footnotes #ee ,cp4 ,symp4 #bac ,c4 #ef ,cp4 ,symp4 #bag ,e ff4 #eg ,cp4 ,symp4 #aha ,e4 #eh ,ab\t #djf4 #ei ,cp4 ,rep4 i4 #ccb foll4 #fj ,cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 vii4 #a4 #e4 #fa ,cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 i4 #e4 #g4 ,,m5ex5us4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5ex5us4 ,sid5ote3 ,,introduction4 ,! ,m5ex5us has m ! "* ( a rhetorical ex]cise ?an any o!r ( ! ,platonic works4 ,! writ] seems to h wi%$ to emulate ,?ucydides1 & ! f> slight] "w ( ,lysias4 ,9 8 rivalry ) ! latt]1 to :om 9 ! ,pha$rus ,plato %[s a /rong antipa?y1 he is entirely successful1 b he is n equal to ,?ucydides4 ,! ,m5ex5us1 ?\gh n )\t real ,hell5ic int]e/1 falls v f> %ort ( ! rugg$ gr&eur & political insight ( ! great hi/orian4 ,! fiction ( ! spee* hav+ be5 inv5t$ by ,aspasia is well su/a9$1 & is 9 ! mann] ( ,plato1 not)/&+ ! ana*ronism :i* puts into h] m\? an allusion to ! peace ( ,antalcidas1 an ev5t occurr+ =ty ye>s aft] ! date ( ! suppos$ oration4 ,b ,plato1 l ,%akespe>e1 is c>eless ( su* ana*ronisms1 :i* are n suppos$ to /rike ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,! effect produc$ by ^! gr&iloqu5t orations on ,socrates1 :o does n recov] aft] hav+ he>d "o ( !m = ?ree days & m1 is truly ,platonic4 ,su* disc\rses1 if we may =m a judgm5t f ! ?ree :i* are extant 7= ! s-call$ ,fun]al ,oration ( ,demo/h5es is a bad & spuri\s imitation ( ,?ucydides & ,lysias71 con=m$ to a regul> type4 ,!y began ) ,gods & ance/ors1 & ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 to :i* succe$$ an almo/ equally fictiti\s acc\nt ( lat] times4 ,! ,p]sian w> usually =m$ ! c5tre ( ! n>rative2 9 ! age ( ,isocrates & ,demo/h5es ! ,a!nians 7 /ill liv+ on ! glories ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,! ,m5ex5us veils 9 panegyric ! weak places ( ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,! w> ( ,a!ns & ,boeotia is a w> ( lib]ation2 ! ,a!nians gave back ! ,sp>tans tak5 at ,sphact]ia out ( k9dness--inde$1 ! only fault ( ! city 0 too great k9dness to _! enemies1 :o 7 m hon\r$ ?an ! fri5ds ( o!rs 7cp4 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #da1 :i* seems to conta9 ! g]m ( ! idea72 we democrats are ! ari/ocracy ( virtue1 & ! l4 ,^! are ! platitudes & falsehoods 9 :i* hi/ory is disguis$4 ,! tak+ ( ,a!ns is h>dly m5tion$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! au!nticity ( ! ,dialogue4 ,! au?or ( ! ,m5ex5us1 :e!r ,plato or n1 is evid5tly int5d+ to ridicule ! practice1 & at ! same "t to %[ t he c beat ! rhetoricians 9 _! own l9e1 z 9 ! ,pha$rus he may be suppos$ to (f] an example ( :at ,lysias might h said1 & ( h[ mu* bett] he might h writt5 9 8 own /yle4 ,! orators _h rec\rse to _! fav\rite loci communes1 "o ( :i*1 z we f9d 9 ,lysias1 0 ! %ortness ( ! "t all[$ !m = prep>ation4 ,b ,socrates po9ts out t !y _h !m always ready = deliv]y1 & t !re 0 no difficulty 9 improvis+ any numb] ( su* orations4 ,to praise ! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians 0 easy1--to praise !m among ! ,lac$aemonians w\ld h be5 a mu* m difficult task4 ,socrates himself has turn$ rhetorician1 hav+ le>n$ ( a woman1 ,aspasia1 ! mi/ress ( ,p]icles2 & any "o ^: tea*]s _h be5 f> inf]ior to 8 own--say1 "o :o _h le>n$ f ,antiphon ! ,rhamnusian--w\ld be q equal to ! task ( prais+ m5 to !mselves4 ,:5 we rememb] t ,antiphon is describ$ by ,?ucydides z ! be/ plead] ( 8 day1 ! satire on him & on ! :ole tribe ( rhetoricians is transp>5t4 ,! ironical assumption ( ,socrates1 t he mu/ be a good orator because he _h le>nt ( ,aspasia1 is n co>se1 z ,s*lei]ma*] supposes1 b is r to be reg>d$ z fanciful4 ,nor c we say t ! (f] ( ,socrates to dance nak$ out ( love = ,m5ex5us1 is any m un-,platonic ?an ! ?reat ( physical =ce :i* ,pha$rus uses t[>ds ,socrates 7#bhf ,c74 ,nor is !re any real vulg>ity 9 ! fe> :i* ,socrates expresses t he w get a beat+ f 8 mi/ress1 ,aspasia3 ?is is ! natural exagg]ation ( :at might be expect$ f an imp]i\s woman4 ,socrates is n to be tak5 s]i\sly 9 all t he says1 & ,plato1 bo? 9 ! ,symposium & else:]e1 is n sl[ to admit a sort ( ,ari/ophanic hum\r4 ,h[ a great orig9al g5ius l ,plato might or might n h writt51 :at 0 8 conception ( hum\r1 or :at limits he w\ld h prescrib$ to himself1 if any1 9 draw+ ! picture ( ! ,sil5us ,socrates1 are problems :i* no critical in/9ct c det]m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! au!nticity ( ! ,dialogue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dialogue has sev]al ,platonic traits1 :e!r orig9al or imitat$ may be unc]ta94 ,socrates1 :5 he dep>ts f 8 "* ( a #8"k no?+' & deliv]s a spee*1 g5]ally pret5ds t :at he is speak+ is n 8 own composition4 ,?us 9 ! ,cratylus he is run away ) 7#daj ,e72 9 ! ,pha$rus he has he>d somebody say some?+ 7#bce ,c7--is inspir$ by ! g5ius loci 7#bch ,d72 9 ! ,symposium he d]ives 8 wisdom f ,diotima ( ,mant9ea1 & ! l4 ,b he does n impose on ,m5ex5us by 8 dissimulation4 ,)\t violat+ ! "* ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 :o kn[s s well h[ to give a h9t1 or "s "o writ+ 9 8 "n1 intimates cle>ly en\gh t ! spee* 9 ! ,m5ex5us l t 9 ! ,pha$rus is to be attribut$ to ,socrates4 ,! address ( ! dead to ! liv+ at ! end ( ! oration may also be comp>$ to ! num]\s addresses ( ! same k9d :i* occur 9 ,plato1 9 :om ! dramatic elem5t is always t5d+ to prevail ov] ! rhetorical4 ,! rem>k has be5 (t5 made1 t 9 ! ,fun]al ,oration ( ,?ucydides !re is no allusion to ! exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,b 9 ! ,m5ex5us a future /ate is cle>ly1 al?\gh n /rongly1 ass]t$4 ,:e!r ! ,m5ex5us is a g5u9e writ+ ( ,plato1 or an imitation only1 rema9s unc]ta94 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ?\ghts are p>tly borr[$ f ! ,fun]al ,oration ( ,?ucydides2 & ! fact t !y are s1 is n 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4 ,int]nal evid5ce seems to leave ! "q ( au?or%ip 9 d\bt4 ,!re are m]its & !re are defects :i* might lead to ei!r conclusion4 ,! =m ( ! great] "p ( ! "w makes ! enquiry difficult2 ! introduction & ! f9ale c]ta9ly we> ! look ei!r ( ,plato or ( an extremely skilful imitator4 ,! excell5ce ( ! =g]y may be fairly adduc$ z an argum5t t x is n a =g]y at all4 ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty ! express te/imony ( ,ari/otle1 :o quotes1 9 ! ,rhetoric1#fb ! well-kn[n words1 #8,x is easy to praise ! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians1' f ! ,fun]al ,oration1 may p]haps turn ! balance 9 its fav\r4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! "w 0 fam\s 9 antiquity1 & is includ$ 9 ! ,alex&rian catalogues ( ,platonic writ+s4 ,,m5ex5us4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,socrates & ,,m5ex5us4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5ex5us4 ,socrates4 ,:5ce come y1 ,m5ex5us8 ,are y f ! ,agora8 ,/eph4 #bcd ,m5ex5us4 ,yes1 ,socrates2 ,i h be5 at ! ,c\ncil4 ,soc4 ,& :at might y be do+ at ! ,c\ncil8 ,& yet ,i ne$ h>dly ask1 = ,i see t y1 believ+ y\rself to h arriv$ at ! end ( education & ( philosophy1 & to h _h en\gh ( !m1 are m\nt+ upw>ds to ?+s high] /ill1 &1 ?\gh r "y = ! po/1 are int5d+ to gov]n u eld] m51 l ! re/ ( y\r family1 :i* has always provid$ "s "o :o k9dly took c>e ( u4 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i %all be ready to hold (fice1 if y all[ & advise t ,i %\ld1 b n if y ?9k o!rwise4 ,i w5t to ! c\ncil *amb] because ,i he>d t ! ,c\ncil 0 ab\t to *oose "s "o :o 0 to speak ov] ! dead4 ,= y "k t !re is to be a public fun]al8 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i "k4 ,& :om did !y *oose8 ,m54 ,no "o2 !y delay$ ! election until to-morr[1 b ,i believe t ei!r ,ar*9us or ,dion w be *os54 ,sid5ote3 ,! ga9 ( dy+ 9 battle4 ,sid5ote3 ,! effect ^u ,socrates ( panegyrical oratory4 ,sid5ote3 ,easy to praise ,a!nians among ,peloponnesians4 ,soc4 ,o ,m5ex5us6 dea? 9 battle is c]ta9ly 9 _m respects a noble ?+4 ,! dead man gets a f9e & co/ly fun]al1 al?\gh he may h be5 poor1 & an elaborate spee* is made ov] him by a wise man :o has long ago prep>$ :at he has to say1 al?\gh he :o is prais$ may n h be5 good = mu*4 ,! speak]s praise him = :at he has done & = :at he has n done--t is ! beauty ( !m--& !y /eal away our s\ls ) _! embelli%$ words2 9 e conceivable =m !y praise #bce ! city2 & !y praise ^? :o di$ 9 w>1 & all our ance/ors :o w5t be=e u2 & !y praise ourselves also :o are /ill alive1 until ,i feel q elevat$ by _! laudations1 & ,i /& li/5+ to _! words1 ,m5ex5us1 & become en*ant$ by !m1 & all 9 a mom5t ,i imag9e myself to h become a great] & nobl] & f9] man ?an ,i 0 be=e4 ,& if1 z (t5 happ5s1 !re are any =eign]s :o accompany me to ! spee*1 ,i become sudd5ly consci\s ( hav+ a sort ( triumph ov] !m1 & !y seem to exp]i5ce a correspond+ feel+ ( admiration at me1 & at ! greatness ( ! city1 :i* appe>s to !m1 :5 !y are "u ! influ5ce ( ! speak]1 m wond]ful ?an ev]4 ,?is consci\sness ( dignity la/s me m ?an ?ree days1 & n until ! f\r? or fif? day d ,i come to my s5ses & "k :]e ,i am2 9 ! meantime ,i h be5 liv+ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,su* is ! art ( our rhetoricians1 & 9 su* mann] does ! s\nd ( _! words keep r++ 9 my e>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates always mak+ fun ( ! rhetoricians4 ,m54 ,y are always mak+ fun ( ! rhetoricians1 ,socrates2 ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! speak] :o is *os5 w n h mu* to say1 = he has be5 call$ ^u to speak at a mom5t's notice1 & he w be compell$ almo/ to improvise4 ,soc4 ,b :y1 my fri5d1 %\ld he n h pl5ty to say8 ,e rhetorician has spee*es ready made2 nor is !re any difficulty 9 improvis+ t sort ( /uff4 ,_h ! orator to praise ,a!nians among ,peloponnesians1 or ,peloponnesians among ,a!nians1 he w\ld be a good rhetorician :o c\ld succe$ & ga9 cr$it4 ,b !re is no difficulty 9 a man's w9n+ applause :5 he is cont5d+ = fame among ! p]sons :om he is prais+4 ,m54 ,d y ?9k n1 ,socrates8 ,soc4 ,c]ta9ly #8n4' ,sid5ote3 ,c\ld ,socrates himself make a fun]al oration8 ,m54 ,d y ?9k t y c\ld speak y\rself if !re %\ld be a necessity1 & if ! ,c\ncil 7 to *oose y8 ,soc4 ,t ,i %\ld be able to speak is no great wond]1 ,m5ex5us1 consid]+ t ,i h an excell5t mi/ress 9 ! art ( rhetoric1--%e :o has made s _m good speak]s1 & "o :o 0 ! be/ among all ! ,hell5es--,p]icles1 ! son ( ,xan?ippus4 ,sid5ote3 ,aspasia ! tea*] bo? ( ,p]icles & ( ,socrates4 ,m54 ,& :o is %e8 ,i suppose t y mean ,aspasia4 ,sid5ote3 ,yes2 = he is a pupil ( ,aspasia4 ,soc4 ,yes1 ,i d2 & besides h] ,i _h ,connus1 ! son ( ,metrobius1 z a ma/]1 & he 0 my ma/] 9 music1 z #bcf %e 0 9 rhetoric4 ,no wond] t a man :o has receiv$ su* an education %\ld be a f9i%$ speak]2 ev5 ! pupil ( v inf]ior ma/]s1 say1 = example1 "o :o _h le>n$ music ( ,lamprus1 & rhetoric ( ,antiphon ! ,rhamnusian1 might make a figure if he 7 to praise ! ,a!nians among ! ,a!nians4 ,m54 ,& :at w\ld y be able to say if y _h to speak8 ,sid5ote3 ,! fun]al oration compos$ by ,aspasia4 ,soc4 ,( my own wit1 mo/ likely no?+2 b ye/]day ,i he>d ,aspasia compos+ a fun]al oration ab\t ^! v dead4 ,= %e _h be5 told1 z y 7 say+1 t ! ,a!nians 7 go+ to *oose a speak]1 & %e repeat$ to me ! sort ( spee* :i* he %\ld deliv]1 p>tly improvis+ & p>tly f previ\s ?\ght1 putt+ toge!r fragm5ts ( ! fun]al oration :i* ,p]icles spoke1 b :i*1 z ,i believe1 %e compos$4 ,m54 ,& c y rememb] :at ,aspasia said8 ,soc4 ,i ought to be able1 = %e taught me1 & %e 0 ready to /rike me because ,i 0 always =gett+4 ,m54 ,!n :y w y n rehe>se :at %e said8 ,soc4 ,because ,i am afraid t my mi/ress may be angry ) me if ,i publi% h] spee*4 ,m54 ,nay1 ,socrates1 let u h ! spee*1 :e!r ,aspasia's or any "o else's1 no matt]4 ,i hope t y w oblige me4 ,soc4 ,b ,i am afraid t y w laugh at me if ,i cont9ue ! games ( y\? 9 old age4 ,m54 ,f> o!rwise1 ,socrates2 let u by all means h ! spee*4 ,soc4 ,truly ,i h su* a disposition to oblige y1 t if y bid me dance nak$ ,i %\ld n l to refuse1 s9ce we are alone4 ,li/5 !n3 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 %e began z foll[s1 ) ! m5tion ( ! dead#fc3-- ,sid5ote3 ,! panegyric on ! dead4 ,!re is a tribute ( de$s & ( words4 ,! dep>t$ h already _h ! fir/1 :5 go+ =? on _! de/9$ j\rney !y 7 att5d$ on _! way by ! /ate & by _! fri5ds2 ! tribute ( words rema9s to be giv5 to !m1 z is meet & by law orda9$4 ,= noble words are a memorial & a cr[n ( noble actions1 :i* are giv5 to ! do]s ( !m by ! he>]s4 ,a ^w is ne$$ :i* w duly praise ! dead & g5tly admoni% ! liv+1 exhort+ ! bre?r5 & desc5dants ( ! dep>t$ to imitate _! virtue1 & consol+ _! fa!rs & mo!rs & ! survivors1 if any1 :o may *ance to be alive ( ! #bcg previ\s g5]ation4 ,:at sort ( a ^w w ?is be1 & h[ %all we rightly beg9 ! praises ( ^! brave m58 ,9 _! life !y rejoic$ _! own fri5ds ) _! val\r1 & _! dea? !y gave 9 ex*ange = ! salvation ( ! liv+4 ,& ,i ?9k t we %\ld praise !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* nature made !m good1 = !y 7 good because !y 7 sprung f good fa!rs4 ,:]e=e let u fir/ ( all praise ! goodness ( _! bir?2 secondly1 _! nurture & education2 & !n let u set =? h[ noble _! actions 71 & h[ wor?y ( ! education :i* !y _h receiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dep>t$ 7 ! *ildr5 ( ! soil2 & _! c\ntry is de> to ! ,gods1 :o cont5d$ = ! possession ( h]4 ,& fir/ z to _! bir?4 ,_! ance/ors 7 n /rang]s1 nor are ^! _! desc5dants soj\rn]s only1 ^: fa!rs h come f ano!r c\ntry2 b !y are ! *ildr5 ( ! soil1 dwell+ & liv+ 9 _! own l&4 ,& ! c\ntry :i* br\ght !m up is n l o!r c\ntries1 a /epmo!r to h] *ildr51 b _! own true "m2 %e bore !m & n\ri%$ !m & receiv$ !m1 & 9 h] bosom !y n[ repose4 ,x is meet & "r1 !re=e1 t we %\ld beg9 by prais+ ! l& :i* is _! "m1 & t w be a way ( prais+ _! noble bir?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pre-em95ce ( ,attica4 ,sid5ote3 ,%e fir/ br\ght =? man1 & prov$ h] true mo!rhood by provid+ food = h] own (fspr+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gods 7 ! rul]s ( primitive m51 & gave !m arts4 ,! c\ntry is wor?y to be prais$1 n only by u1 b by all mank9d2 fir/1 & above all1 z be+ de> to ! ,gods4 ,?is is prov$ by ! /rife & cont5tion ( ! ,gods respect+ h]4 ,& ought n ! c\ntry :i* ! ,gods praise to be prais$ by all mank9d8 ,! second praise :i* may be fairly claim$ by h]1 is t at ! "t :5 ! :ole e>? 0 s5d+ =? & creat+ div]se animals1 tame & wild1 %e our "m 0 free & pure f savage mon/]s1 & out ( all animals select$ & br\ght =? man1 :o is sup]ior to ! re/ 9 und]/&+1 & alone has ju/ice & religion4 ,& a great pro( t %e br\ght =? ! common ance/ors ( u & ( ! dep>t$1 is t %e provid$ ! means ( support = h] (fspr+4 ,= z a woman proves h] mo!rhood by giv+ milk to h] "y ones 7& %e :o has no f\nta9 ( milk is n a "m71 s did ?is our l& prove t %e 0 ! "m ( m51 = 9 ^? days %e alone & fir/ ( all br\ght =? :eat & b>ley = human food1 :i* is ! be/ & noble/ su/5ance = man1 #bch :om %e reg>d$ z h] true (fspr+4 ,& ^! are tru] pro(s ( mo!rhood 9 a c\ntry ?an 9 a woman1 = ! woman 9 h] conception & g5]ation is b ! imitation ( ! e>?1 & n ! e>? ( ! woman4 ,& ( ! fruit ( ! e>? %e gave a pl5te\s supply1 n only to h] own1 b to o!rs also2 & aft]w>ds %e made ! olive to spr+ up to be a boon to h] *ildr51 & to help !m 9 _! toils4 ,& :5 %e _h h]self nurs$ !m & br\ght !m up to manhood1 %e gave !m ,gods to be _! rul]s & tea*]s1 ^: names are well kn[n1 & ne$ n n[ be repeat$4 ,!y are ! ,gods :o fir/ ord]$ our lives1 & in/ruct$ u 9 ! arts = ! supply ( our daily ne$s1 & taught u ! acquisition & use ( arms = ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,we h a good gov]nm5t1 :i* is sometimes call$ a democracy1 b is really an ari/ocracy1 = ! be/ rule ) ! cons5t ( ! _m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! my?ical glories ( ,a!ns4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9ciple ( our gov]nm5t is equality2 ! only sup]iority is t ( virtue & wisdom4 ,?us born into ! _w & ?us educat$1 ! ance/ors ( ! dep>t$ liv$ & made !mselves a gov]nm5t1 :i* ,i ought briefly to commemorate4 ,= gov]nm5t is ! nurture ( man1 & ! gov]nm5t ( good m5 is good1 & ( bad m5 bad4 ,& ,i mu/ %[ t our ance/ors 7 tra9$ "u a good gov]nm5t1 & = ?is reason !y 7 good1 & our contempor>ies are also good1 among :om our dep>t$ fri5ds are to be reckon$4 ,!n z n[1 & inde$ always1 f t "t to ?is1 speak+ g5]ally1 our gov]nm5t 0 an ari/ocracy--a =m ( gov]nm5t :i* receives v>i\s names1 accord+ to ! fancies ( m51 & is sometimes call$ democracy1 b is really an ari/ocracy or gov]nm5t ( ! be/ :i* has ! approval ( ! _m4 ,= k+s we h always _h1 fir/ h]$it>y & !n elect$1 & au?ority is mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( ! p1 :o disp5se (fices & p[] to ^? :o appe> to be mo/ des]v+ ( !m4 ,nei!r is a man reject$ f weakness or pov]ty or obscurity ( orig91 nor hon\r$ by reason ( ! opposite1 z 9 o!r /ates1 b !re is "o pr9ciple--he :o appe>s to be wise & good is a gov]nor & rul]4 ,! basis ( ?is our gov]nm5t is equality ( bir?2 = o!r /ates are made up ( all sorts & unequal conditions ( m51 & !re=e _! gov]nm5ts are unequal2 !re are tyrannies & !re are olig>*ies1 9 :i* ! "o p>ty are slaves & ! o!r ma/]s4 ,b we & our citiz5s are bre?r51 ! *ildr5 all ( "o #bci "m1 & we d n ?9k x "r to be "o ano!r's ma/]s or s]vants2 b ! natural equality ( bir? compels u to seek = legal equality1 & to recognize no sup]iority except 9 ! reputation ( virtue & wisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,! greatness ( ,p]sia4 ,sid5ote3 ,! battle ( ,m>a?on4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet at ,m>a?on ! army ( ,d>ius 0 ov]come by ! ,a!nians almo/ s+le-h&$4 ,sid5ote3 ,salamis1 ,artemisium1 & ,plataea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! m5 ( ,m>a?on %\ld h ! fir/ place3 ^? :o foll[$ 9 ! w> 7 _! disciples1 except ! m5 :o defeat$ ! ,p]sians at ,salamis & fir/ made pro( ( !m at sea2 ^! h ! second place4 ,sid5ote3 ,& ! ?ird place is to be assign$ to ^? :o f\ght at ,plataea4 ,sid5ote3 ,eurym$on2 ,cyprus2 ,egypt4 ,& s _! & our fa!rs1 & ^!1 too1 our bre?r51 be+ nobly born & hav+ be5 br\ght up 9 all fre$om1 did bo? 9 _! public & private capacity _m noble de$s fam\s ov] ! :ole _w4 ,!y 7 ! de$s ( m5 :o ?\ght t !y ought to fight bo? aga9/ ,hell5es = ! sake ( ,hell5es on behalf ( fre$om1 & aga9/ b>b>ians 9 ! common int]e/ ( ,hellas4 ,"t w\ld fail me to tell ( _! def5ce ( _! c\ntry aga9/ ! invasion ( ,eumolpus & ! ,amazons1 or ( _! def5ce ( ! ,argives aga9/ ! ,cadmeians1 or ( ! ,h]acleids aga9/ ! ,argives2 besides1 ! poets h already decl>$ 9 song to all mank9d _! glory1 & !re=e any commemoration ( _! de$s 9 prose :i* we might attempt w\ld hold a second place4 ,!y already h _! rew>d1 & ,i say no m ( !m2 b !re are o!r wor?y de$s ( :i* no poet has wor?ily sung1 & :i* are /ill woo+ ! poet's muse4 ,( ^! ,i am b\nd to make hon\rable m5tion1 & %all invoke o!rs to s+ ( !m also 9 lyric & o!r /ra9s1 9 a mann] becom+ ! actors4 ,& fir/ ,i w tell h[ ! ,p]sians1 lords ( ,asia1 7 enslav+ ,europe1 & h[ ! *ildr5 ( ?is l&1 :o 7 our fa!rs1 held !m back4 ,( ^! ,i w speak fir/1 & praise _! val\r1 z is meet & fitt+4 ,he :o w\ld rightly e/imate !m %\ld place himself 9 ?\ght at t "t1 :5 ! :ole ( ,asia 0 subject to ! ?ird k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,! fir/ k+1 ,cyrus1 by 8 val\r fre$ ! ,p]sians1 :o 7 8 c\ntrym51 & subject$ ! ,m$es1 :o 7 _! lords1 & he rul$ ov] ! re/ ( ,asia1 z f> z ,egypt2 & aft] him came 8 son1 :o rul$ all ! accessible "p ( ,egypt & ,libya2 ! ?ird k+ 0 ,d>ius1 :o ext5d$ ! l& b\nd>ies ( ! empire to ,scy?ia1 & ) 8 fleet held ! sea & ! isl&s4 ,none #bdj presum$ to be 8 equal2 ! m9ds ( all m5 7 en?rall$ by him--s _m & mighty & w>like nations _h ! p[] ( ,p]sia subdu$4 ,n[ ,d>ius _h a qu>rel aga9/ u & ! ,eretrians1 because1 z he said1 we _h conspir$ aga9/ ,s>dis1 & he s5t #ejj1jjj m5 9 transports & vessels ( w>1 & #cjj %ips1 & ,datis z comm&]1 tell+ him to br+ ! ,eretrians & ,a!nians to ! k+1 if he wi%$ to keep 8 head on 8 %\ld]s4 ,he sail$ aga9/ ! ,eretrians1 :o 7 reput$ to be among/ ! noble/ & mo/ w>like ( ! ,hell5es ( t day1 & !y 7 num]\s1 b he conqu]$ !m all 9 ?ree days2 & :5 he _h conqu]$ !m1 9 ord] t no "o might escape1 he se>*$ ! :ole c\ntry aft] ?is mann]3 8 soldi]s1 com+ to ! bord]s ( ,eretria & spread+ f sea to sea1 jo9$ h&s & pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\ntry1 9 ord] t !y might be able to tell ! k+ t no "o _h escap$ !m4 ,& f ,eretria !y w5t to ,m>a?on ) a l int5tion1 expect+ to b9d ! ,a!nians 9 ! same yoke ( necessity 9 :i* !y _h b\nd ! ,eretrians4 ,hav+ effect$ "o-half ( _! purpose1 !y 7 9 ! act ( attempt+ ! o!r1 & none ( ! ,hell5es d>$ to assi/ ei!r ! ,eretrians or ! ,a!nians1 except ! ,lac$aemonians1 & !y arriv$ a day too late = ! battle2 b ! re/ 7 panic-/rick5 & kept quiet1 too happy 9 hav+ escap$ = a "t4 ,he :o has pres5t to 8 m9d t conflict w "k :at mann] ( m5 !y 7 :o receiv$ ! onset ( ! b>b>ians at ,m>a?on1 & *a/5$ ! pride ( ! :ole ( ,asia1 & by ! victory :i* !y ga9$ ov] ! b>b>ians fir/ taught o!r m5 t ! p[] ( ! ,p]sians 0 n inv9cible1 b t ho/s ( m5 & ! multitude ( ri*es alike yield to val\r4 ,& ,i ass]t t ^? m5 are ! fa!rs n only ( ourselves1 b ( our lib]ties & ( ! lib]ties ( all :o are on ! cont95t1 = t 0 ! action to :i* ! ,hell5es look$ back :5 !y v5tur$ to fight = _! own safety 9 ! battles :i* ensu$3 !y became disciples ( ! m5 ( ,m>a?on4 ,to !m1 !re=e1 ,i assign 9 my spee* ! fir/ place1 & ! second to ^? #bda :o f\ght & conqu]$ 9 ! sea fights at ,salamis & ,artemisium2 = ( !m1 too1 "o might h _m ?+s to say--( ! assaults :i* !y endur$ by sea & l&1 & h[ !y repell$ !m4 ,i w m5tion only t act ( !irs :i* appe>s to me to be ! noble/1 & :i* foll[$ t ( ,m>a?on & came ne>e/ to x2 = ! m5 ( ,m>a?on only %[$ ! ,hell5es t x 0 possible to w>d (f ! b>b>ians by l&1 ! _m by ! few2 b !re 0 no pro( t !y c\ld be defeat$ by %ips1 & at sea ! ,p]sians reta9$ ! reputation ( be+ inv9cible 9 numb]s & weal? & skill & /r5g?4 ,?is is ! glory ( ! m5 :o f\ght at sea1 t !y dispell$ ! second t]ror :i* _h hi!rto possess$ ! ,hell5es1 & s made ! fe> ( numb]s1 :e!r ( %ips or m51 to cease among !m4 ,& s ! soldi]s ( ,m>a?on & ! sailors ( ,salamis became ! s*oolma/]s ( ,hellas2 ! "o tea*+ & habituat+ ! ,hell5es n to fe> ! b>b>ians at sea1 & ! o!rs n to fe> !m by l&4 ,?ird 9 ord]1 = ! numb] & val\r ( ! combatants1 & ?ird 9 ! salvation ( ,hellas1 ,i place ! battle ( ,plataea4 ,& n[ ! ,lac$aemonians z well z ! ,a!nians took "p 9 ! /ruggle2 !y 7 all unit$ 9 ?is greate/ & mo/ t]rible conflict ( all2 :]e=e _! virtues w be celebrat$ 9 times to come1 z !y are n[ celebrat$ by u4 ,b at a lat] p]iod _m ,hell5ic tribes 7 /ill on ! side ( ! b>b>ians1 & !re 0 a report t ! great k+ 0 go+ to make a new attempt ^u ! ,hell5es1 & !re=e ju/ice requires t we %\ld also make m5tion ( ^? :o cr[n$ ! previ\s "w ( our salvation1 & drove & purg$ away all b>b>ians f ! sea4 ,^! 7 ! m5 :o f\ght by sea at ! riv] ,eurym$on1 & :o w5t on ! exp$ition to ,cyprus1 & :o sail$ to ,egypt & div]s o!r places2 & !y %\ld be gratefully rememb]$ by u1 because !y compell$ ! k+ 9 fe> = himself to look to 8 own safety in/ead ( plott+ ! de/ruction ( ,hellas4 ,sid5ote3 ,w>s & exp$itions ( ! ,a!nians4 ,sid5ote3 ,tanagra2 ,o5ophyta4 ,sid5ote3 ,sphact]ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sicilian exp$ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,victories & rev]ses ( ! ,a!nians4 ,sid5ote3 ,cyzicus4 ,sid5ote3 ,hellas betray$ to ! ,p]sian4 ,sid5ote3 ,arg9usae4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tak+ ( ! city is obscurely intimat$4 ,& s ! w> aga9/ ! b>b>ians 0 f\ght out to #bdb ! end by ! :ole city on _! own behalf1 & on behalf ( _! c\ntrym54 ,!re 0 peace1 & our city 0 held 9 hon\r2 & !n1 z prosp]ity makes m5 jeal\s1 !re succe$$ a jeal\sy ( h]1 & jeal\sy begat envy1 & s %e became engag$ aga9/ h] w 9 a w> ) ! ,hell5es4 ,on ! break+ out ( w>1 our citiz5s met ! ,lac$aemonians at ,tanagra1 & f\ght = ! fre$om ( ! ,boeotians2 ! issue 0 d\btful1 & 0 decid$ by ! engagem5t :i* foll[$4 ,= :5 ! ,lac$aemonians _h gone on _! way1 leav+ ! ,boeotians1 :om !y 7 aid+1 on ! ?ird day aft] ! battle ( ,tanagra1 our c\ntrym5 conqu]$ at ,o5ophyta1 & righte\sly re/or$ ^? :o _h be5 unrighte\sly exil$4 ,& !y 7 ! fir/ aft] ! ,p]sian w> :o f\ght on behalf ( lib]ty 9 aid ( ,hell5es aga9/ ,hell5es2 !y 7 brave m51 & fre$ ^? :om !y aid$1 & 7 ! fir/ too :o 7 hon\rably int]r$ 9 ?is sepul*re by ! /ate4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0 a mighty w>1 9 :i* all ! ,hell5es jo9$1 & deva/at$ our c\ntry1 :i* 0 v ungrateful ( !m2 & our c\ntrym51 aft] defeat+ !m 9 a naval engagem5t & tak+ _! lead]s1 ! ,sp>tans1 at ,sphagia1 :5 !y might h de/roy$ !m1 sp>$ _! lives1 & gave !m back1 & made peace1 consid]+ t !y %\ld w> ) _! fell[-c\ntrym5 only until !y ga9$ a victory ov] !m1 & n because ( ! private ang] ( ! /ate de/roy ! common int]e/ ( ,hellas2 b t ) b>b>ians !y %\ld w> to ! dea?4 ,wor?y ( praise are !y also :o wag$ ?is w>1 & are "h int]r$2 = !y prov$1 if any "o d\bt$ ! sup]ior pr[ess ( ! ,a!nians 9 ! =m] w> ) ! b>b>ians1 t _! d\bts _h no f\ndation--%[+ by _! victory 9 ! civil w> ) ,hellas1 9 :i* !y subdu$ ! o!r *ief /ate ( ! ,hell5es1 t !y c\ld conqu] s+le-h&$ ^? ) :om !y _h be5 alli$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,aft] ! peace !re foll[$ a ?ird w>1 :i* 0 ( a t]rible & desp]ate nature1 & 9 ?is _m brave m5 :o are "h int]r$ lo/ _! lives--_m ( !m _h won victories 9 ,sicily1 :i!r !y _h gone ov] ! seas #bdc to fight = ! lib]ties ( ! ,leont9es1 to :om !y 7 b\nd by oa?s2 b1 ow+ to ! di/ance1 ! city 0 unable to help !m1 & !y lo/ he>t & came to mis=tune2 ( :om _! v enemies give a high] praise = temp]ance & val\r ?an fri5ds d ( mo/ o!r m54 ,_m also fell 9 naval engagem5ts at ! ,hellespont1 aft] hav+ 9 "o day tak5 all ! %ips ( ! enemy1 & defeat$ !m 9 o!r naval engagem5ts4 ,& :at ,i call ! t]rible & desp]ate nature ( ! w>1 is t ! o!r ,hell5es1 9 _! extreme animosity t[>ds ! city1 %\ld h ent]$ into negotiations ) _! bitt]e/ enemy1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 :om !y1 toge!r ) u1 _h expell$2--him1 )\t u1 !y aga9 br\ght back1 b>b>ian aga9/ ,hell5es1 & all ! ho/s1 bo? ( ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 7 unit$ aga9/ ,a!ns4 ,& !n %one =? ! p[] & val\r ( our city4 ,h] enemies _h suppos$ t %e 0 exhau/$ by ! w>1 & our %ips 7 blockad$ at ,mityl5e4 ,b ! citiz5s !mselves emb>k$1 & came to ! rescue ) sixty o!r %ips1 & _! val\r 0 confess$ ( all m51 = !y conqu]$ _! enemies & deliv]$ _! fri5ds4 ,& yet by "s evil =tune !y 7 left to p]i% at sea1 & !re=e are#fd n int]r$ "h4 ,ev] to be rememb]$ & hon\r$ are !y1 = by _! val\r n only t sea-fight 0 won = u1 b ! entire w> 0 decid$ by !m1 & ?r\gh !m ! city ga9$ ! reputation ( be+ inv9cible1 ev5 ?\gh attack$ by all mank9d4 ,& t reputation 0 a true "o1 = ! defeat :i* came ^u u 0 our own do+4 ,we 7 nev] conqu]$ by o!rs1 & to ?is day we are /ill unconqu]$ by !m2 b we 7 our own conqu]ors1 & receiv$ defeat at our own h&s4 ,aft]w>ds !re 0 quiet & peace abroad1 b !re sprang up w> at home2 &1 if m5 are de/9$ to h civil w>1 no "o c\ld h desir$ t 8 city %\ld take ! disord] 9 a mild] =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! great reconciliation ( k9dr$4 ,sid5ote3 ,an ,a!nian v]sion ( ! hi/ory ( ,hellas4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ange 9 ! relation ( ! ,a!nians 7#a7 to ! o!r ,hell5es2 7#b7 to ! ,p]sian k+4 ,h[ joyful & natural 0 ! reconciliation ( ^? :o came f ! ,piraeus & ^? :o came f ! city2 ) :at mod]ation did !y ord] ! w> aga9/ ! tyrants 9 ,eleusis1 & 9 a mann] h[ unlike :at ! o!r ,hell5es expect$6 ,& ! reason ( ?is g5tl5ess 0 #bdd ! v]itable tie ( blood1 :i* creat$ among !m a fri5d%ip z ( k9sm51 fai?ful n 9 ^w only1 b 9 de$4 ,& we ought also to rememb] ^? :o !n fell by "o ano!r's h&s1 & on su* occasions z ^! to reconcile !m ) sacrifices & pray]s1 pray+ to ^? :o h p[] ov] !m1 t !y may be reconcil$ ev5 z we are reconcil$4 ,= !y did n attack "o ano!r out ( malice or enmity1 b !y 7 un=tunate4 ,& t su* 0 ! fact we ourselves are witnesses1 :o are ( ! same race ) !m1 & h mutually receiv$ & grant$ =giv5ess ( :at we h done & suff]$4 ,aft] ?is !re 0 p]fect peace1 & ! city _h re/2 & h] feel+ 0 t %e =gave ! b>b>ians1 :o _h sev]ely suff]$ at h] h&s & sev]ely retaliat$1 b t %e 0 indignant at ! +ratitude ( ! ,hell5es1 :5 %e rememb]$ h[ !y _h receiv$ good f h] & return$ evil1 hav+ made common cause ) ! b>b>ians1 depriv+ h] ( ! %ips :i* _h once be5 _! salvation1 & dismantl+ our walls1 :i* _h pres]v$ _! own f fall+4 ,%e ?\ght t %e w\ld no long] def5d ! ,hell5es1 :5 enslav$ ei!r by "o ano!r or by ! b>b>ians1 & did accord+ly4 ,?is 0 our feel+1 :ile ! ,lac$aemonians 7 ?9k+ t we :o 7 ! *ampions ( lib]ty _h fall51 & t _! bus9ess 0 to subject ! rema9+ ,hell5es4 ,& :y %\ld ,i say m8 = ! ev5ts ( :i* ,i am speak+ happ5$ n long ago & we c all ( u rememb] h[ ! *ief peoples ( ,hellas1 ,argives & ,boeotians & ,cor9?ians1 came to feel ! ne$ ( u1 &1 :at is ! greate/ miracle ( all1 ! ,p]sian k+ himself 0 driv5 to su* extremity z to come r\nd to ! op9ion1 t f ?is city1 ( :i* he 0 ! de/roy]1 & f no o!r1 8 salvation w\ld proce$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! end ( ! w>4 ,& if a p]son desir$ to br+ a des]v$ accusation aga9/ our city1 he w\ld f9d only "o *>ge :i* he c\ld ju/ly urge--t %e 0 too compassionate & too fav\rable to ! weak] side4 ,& 9 ?is in/ance %e 0 n able to hold out or keep h] resolution ( refus+ aid to h] injur]s :5 !y 7 be+ enslav$1 b %e 0 #bde s(t5$1 & did 9 fact s5d out aid1 & deliv]$ ! ,hell5es f slav]y1 & !y 7 free until !y aft]w>ds enslav$ !mselves4 ,:]eas1 to ! great k+ %e refus$ to give ! assi/ance ( ! /ate1 = %e c\ld n =get ! trophies ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis & ,plataea2 b %e all[$ exiles & volunte]s to assi/ him1 & !y 7 8 salvation4 ,& %e h]self1 :5 %e 0 compell$1 ent]$ into ! w>1 & built walls & %ips1 & f\ght ) ! ,lac$aemonians on behalf ( ! ,p>ians4 ,n[ ! k+ fe>+ ?is city & want+ to /& alo(1 :5 he saw ! ,lac$aemonians gr[+ we>y ( ! w> at sea1 ask$ ( u1 z ! price ( 8 alliance ) u & ! o!r allies1 to give up ! ,hell5es 9 ,asia1 :om ! ,lac$aemonians _h previ\sly h&$ ov] to him1 he ?9k+ t we %\ld refuse1 & t !n he might h a pret5ce = )draw+ f u4 ,ab\t ! o!r allies he 0 mi/ak51 = ! ,cor9?ians & ,argives & ,boeotians1 & ! o!r /ates1 7 q will+ to let !m g1 & swore & cov5ant$1 t1 if he w\ld pay !m money1 !y w\ld make ov] to him ! ,hell5es ( ! cont95t1 & we alone refus$ to give !m up & swe>4 ,su* 0 ! natural nobility ( ?is city1 s s\nd & heal?y 0 ! _s ( fre$om among u1 & ! in/9ctive dislike ( ! b>b>ian1 because we are pure ,hell5es1 hav+ no admixture ( b>b>ism 9 u4 ,= we are n l _m o!rs1 desc5dants ( ,pelops or ,cadmus or ,egyptus or ,danaus1 :o are by nature b>b>ians1 & yet pass = ,hell5es1 & dwell 9 ! mid/ ( u2 b we are pure ,hell5es1 uncontam9at$ by any =eign elem5t1 & !re=e ! hatr$ ( ! =eign] has pass$ unadult]at$ into ! life-blood ( ! city4 ,& s1 not)/&+ our noble s5tim5ts1 we 7 aga9 isolat$1 because we 7 unwill+ to be guilty ( ! base & unholy act ( giv+ up ,hell5es to b>b>ians4 ,& we 7 9 ! same case z :5 we 7 subdu$ be=e2 b1 by ! fav\r ( ,heav51 we manag$ bett]1 = we end$ ! w> )\t ! loss ( our %ips or walls or colonies2 ! enemy 0 only too glad to be quit ( u4 ,yet 9 ?is w> we lo/ _m brave m51 su* z 7 ^? :o fell ow+ to ! rugg$ness ( ! gr\nd at ! battle ( ,cor9?1 or by treason at ,le*aeum4 ,brave m51 too1 7 ^? :o deliv]$ ! ,p]sian k+1 & drove ! ,lac$aemonians f ! sea4 ,i rem9d y ( !m1 & y mu/ #bdf celebrate !m toge!r ) me1 & d hon\r to _! memories4 ,sid5ote3 ,address ( ! dep>t$ to _! sons4 ,su* 7 ! actions ( ! m5 :o are "h int]r$1 & ( o!rs :o h di$ on behalf ( _! c\ntry2 _m & glori\s ?+s ,i h spok5 ( !m1 & !re are yet _m m & m glori\s ?+s rema9+ to be told--_m days & nights w\ld n suffice to tell ( !m4 ,let !m n be =gott51 & let e man rem9d _! desc5dants t !y also are soldi]s :o mu/ n des]t ! ranks ( _! ance/ors1 or f c[>dice fall beh9d4 ,ev5 z ,i exhort y ?is day1 & 9 all future "t1 :5ev] ,i meet ) any ( y1 %all cont9ue to rem9d & exhort y1 ,o ye sons ( h]oes1 t y /rive to be ! brave/ ( m54 ,& ,i ?9k t ,i ought n[ to repeat :at y\r fa!rs desir$ to h said to y :o are _! survivors1 :5 !y w5t out to battle1 9 case any?+ happ5$ to !m4 ,i w tell y :at ,i he>d !m say1 & :at1 if !y _h only spee*1 !y w\ld fa9 be say+1 judg+ f :at !y !n said4 ,& y mu/ imag9e t y he> !m say+ :at ,i n[ repeat to y3-- #8,sons1 ! ev5t proves t y\r fa!rs 7 brave m52 = we might h liv$ di%on\rably1 b h pref]r$ to die hon\rably r ?an br+ y & y\r *ildr5 into disgrace1 & r ?an di%on\r our own fa!rs & =efa!rs2 consid]+ t life is n life to "o :o is a di%on\r to 8 race1 & t to su* a "o nei!r m5 nor ,gods are fri5dly1 ei!r :ile he is on ! e>? or aft] dea? 9 ! _w bel[4 ,rememb] our words1 !n1 & :atev] is y\r aim let virtue be ! condition ( ! atta9m5t ( y\r aim1 & "k t )\t ?is all possessions & pursuits are di%on\rable & evil4 ,= nei!r does weal? br+ hon\r to ! own]1 if he be a c[>d2 ( su* a "o ! weal? belongs to ano!r1 & n to himself4 ,nor does beauty & /r5g? ( body1 :5 dwell+ 9 a base & c[>dly man1 appe> comely1 b ! rev]se ( comely1 mak+ ! possessor m conspicu\s1 & manife/+ =? 8 c[>dice4 ,& all k1 :5 sep>at$ f ju/ice & virtue1 is se5 to be cunn+ & n wisdom2 :]e=e make ?is y\r fir/ & la/ & con/ant & all-absorb+ aim1 to exce$1 #bdg if possible1 n only u b all y\r ance/ors 9 virtue2 & "k t to excel y 9 virtue only br+s u %ame1 b t to be excell$ by y is a s\rce ( happ9ess to u4 ,& we %all mo/ likely be defeat$1 & y w mo/ likely be victors 9 ! conte/1 if y le>n s to ord] y\r lives z n to abuse or wa/e ! reputation ( y\r ance/ors1 kn[+ t to a man :o has any self-respect1 no?+ is m di%on\rable ?an to be hon\r$1 n = 8 own sake1 b on acc\nt ( ! reputation ( 8 ance/ors4 ,! hon\r ( p>5ts is a fair & noble treasure to _! po/]ity1 b to h ! use ( a treasure ( weal? & hon\r1 & to leave none to y\r successors1 because y h nei!r money nor reputation ( y\r own1 is alike base & di%on\rable4 ,& if y foll[ our precepts y w be receiv$ by u z fri5ds1 :5 ! h\r ( de/9y br+s y hi!r2 b if y neglect our words & are disgrac$ 9 y\r lives1 no "o w welcome or receive y4 ,?is is ! message :i* is to be deliv]$ to our *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,consolation ( p>5ts4 #8,"s ( u h fa!rs & mo!rs /ill liv+1 & we w\ld urge !m1 if1 z is likely1 we %all die1 to be> ! calamity z lightly z possible1 & n to condole ) "o ano!r2 = !y h sorr[s en\gh1 & w n ne$ any "o to /ir !m up4 ,:ile we g5tly heal _! w\nds1 let u rem9d !m t ! ,gods h he>d ! *ief "p ( _! pray]s2 = !y pray$1 n t _! *ildr5 might live = ev]1 b t !y might be brave & r5[n$4 ,& ?is1 :i* is ! greate/ good1 !y h atta9$4 ,a mortal man _c expect to h ev]y?+ 9 8 own life turn+ out accord+ to 8 w2 & !y1 if !y be> _! mis=tunes bravely1 w be truly deem$ brave fa!rs ( ! brave4 ,b if !y give way to _! sorr[s1 ei!r !y w be suspect$ ( n be+ our p>5ts1 or we ( n be+ su* z our panegyri/s decl>e4 ,let n ei!r ( ! two alt]natives happ51 b r let !m be our *ief & true panegyri/s1 :o %[ 9 _! lives t !y are true m51 & _h m5 = _! sons4 ,sid5ote3 ,! /ate ! protector bo? ( p>5ts & orphans4 ,( old ! say+1 8,no?+ too mu*10 appe>$ to be1 & really 01 well said4 ,= he ^: happ9ess re/s ) himself1 if possible1 :olly1 & if n1 z f> z is possible1--:o #bdh is n hang+ 9 susp5se on o!r m51 or *ang+ ) ! vicissitude ( _! =tune1--has 8 life ord]$ = ! be/4 ,he is ! temp]ate & valiant & wise2 & :5 8 ri*es come & g1 :5 8 *ildr5 are giv5 & tak5 away1 he w rememb] ! prov]b--8,nei!r rejoic+ ov]mu* nor griev+ ov]mu*10 = he relies ^u himself4 ,& su* we w\ld h our p>5ts to be--t is our ^w & wi%1 & z su* we n[ (f] ourselves1 nei!r lam5t+ ov]mu*1 nor fe>+ ov]mu*1 if we are to die at ?is "t4 ,& we entreat our fa!rs & mo!rs to reta9 ^! feel+s ?r\gh\t _! future life1 & to be assur$ t !y w n please u by sorr[+ & lam5t+ ov] u4 ,b1 if ! dead h any k ( ! liv+1 !y w displease u mo/ by mak+ !mselves mis]able & by tak+ _! mis=tunes too mu* to he>t1 & !y w please u be/ if !y be> _! loss lightly & temp]ately4 ,= our life w h ! noble/ end :i* is v\*saf$ to man1 & %\ld be glorifi$ r ?an lam5t$4 ,& if !y w direct _! m9ds to ! c>e & nurture ( our wives & *ildr51 !y w soone/ =get _! mis=tunes1 & live 9 a bett] & nobl] way1 & be de>] to u4 #8,?is is all t we h to say to our families3 & to ! /ate we w\ld say--,take c>e ( our p>5ts & ( our sons3 let h] wor?ily *]i% ! old age ( our p>5ts1 & br+ up our sons 9 ! "r way4 ,b we "k t %e w ( h] own accord take c>e ( !m1 & does n ne$ any exhortation ( ours4' ,?is1 ,o ye *ildr5 & p>5ts ( ! dead1 is ! message :i* !y bid u deliv] to y1 & :i* ,i d deliv] ) ! utmo/ s]i\sness4 ,& 9 _! "n ,i besee* y1 ! *ildr51 to imitate y\r fa!rs1 & y1 p>5ts1 to be ( good *e] ab\t y\rselves2 = we w n\ri% y\r age1 & take c>e ( y bo? publicly & privately 9 any place 9 :i* "o ( u may meet "o ( y :o are ! p>5ts ( ! dead4 ,& ! c>e ( y :i* ! city %[s1 y "k y\rselves2 = %e has made provision by law conc]n+ ! p>5ts & *ildr5 ( ^? :o die 9 w>2 ! highe/ au?ority is specially entru/$ ) ! #bdi duty ( wat*+ ov] !m above all o!r citiz5s1 & !y w see t y\r fa!rs & mo!rs h no wrong done to !m4 ,! city h]self %>es 9 ! education ( ! *ildr51 desir+ z f> z x is possible t _! orphanhood may n be felt by !m2 :ile !y are *ildr5 %e is a p>5t to !m1 & :5 !y h arriv$ at man's e/ate %e s5ds !m to _! sev]al duties1 9 full arm\r clad2 & br++ fre%ly to _! m9ds ! ways ( _! fa!rs1 %e places 9 _! h&s ! in/rum5ts ( _! fa!rs' virtues2 = ! sake ( ! om51 %e w\ld h !m f ! fir/ beg9 to rule ov] _! own h\ses array$ 9 ! /r5g? & arms ( _! fa!rs4 ,& z = ! dead1 %e nev] ceases hon\r+ !m1 celebrat+ 9 common = all rites :i* become ! prop]ty ( ea*2 & 9 addition to ?is1 hold+ gymna/ic & eque/rian conte/s1 & musical fe/ivals ( e sort4 ,%e is to ! dead 9 ! place ( a son & heir1 & to _! sons 9 ! place ( a fa!r1 & to _! p>5ts & eld] k9dr$ 9 ! place ( a gu>dian--ev] & always c>+ = !m4 ,consid]+ ?is1 y ought to be> y\r calamity ! m g5tly2 = ?us y w be mo/ ende>$ to ! dead & to ! liv+1 & y\r sorr[s w heal & be heal$4 ,& n[ d y & all1 hav+ lam5t$ ! dead 9 common accord+ to ! law1 g y\r ways4 ,sid5ote3 #8,aspasia mu/ n be told ( ?is spee*4' ,y h he>d1 ,m5ex5us1 ! oration ( ,aspasia ! ,milesian4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is spee*1 ,socrates1 0 n compos$ by ,aspasia1 b by y\rself4 ,m54 ,truly1 ,socrates1 ,i m>vel t ,aspasia1 :o is only a woman1 %\ld be able to compose su* a spee*2 %e mu/ be a r>e "o4 ,soc4 ,well1 if y are incr$ul\s1 y may come ) me & he> h]4 ,m54 ,i h (t5 met ,aspasia1 ,socrates1 & "k :at %e is l4 ,soc4 ,well1 & d y n admire h]1 & are y n grateful = h] spee*8 ,m54 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i am v grateful to h] or to him :o told y1 & /ill m to y :o h told me4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5ex5us promises to keep ! secret4 ,soc4 ,v good4 ,b y mu/ take c>e n to tell ( me1 & !n at "s future "t ,i w repeat to y _m o!r excell5t political spee*es ( h]s4 ,m54 ,fe> n2 only let me he> !m1 & ,i w keep ! secret4 ,soc4 ,!n ,i w keep my promise4 ,,footnotes #fb i4 #i1 #cj2 iii4 #ad1 #aa4 #fc ,?ucyd4 ii4 #ce-df4 #fd ,read+ 1 or tak+ be=e ) 4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,! two dialogues :i* are translat$ 9 ! second app5dix are n m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 or by any e>ly au?ority1 & h no claim to be ascrib$ to ,plato4 ,!y are examples ( ,platonic dialogues to be assign$ probably to ! second or ?ird g5]ation aft] ,plato1 :5 8 writ+s 7 well kn[n at ,a!ns & ,alex&ria4 ,!y exhibit consid]able orig9ality1 & are rem>kable = conta9+ sev]al ?\ghts ( ! sort :i* we suppose to be mod]n r ?an anci5t1 & :i* !re=e h a peculi> int]e/ = u4 ,! ,second ,alcibiades %[s t ! difficulties ab\t pray] :i* h p]plex$ ,*ri/ian !ologians 7 n unkn[n among ! foll[]s ( ,plato4 ,! ,eryxias 0 d\bt$ by ! anci5ts !mselves3 yet x may claim ! di/9ction ( be+1 among all ,greek or ,roman writ+s1 ! "o :i* anticipates 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] ! mod]n sci5ce ( political economy & gives an ab/ract =m to "s ( its pr9cipal doctr9es4 ,= ! translation ( ^! two dialogues ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d & secret>y1 ,mr4 ,knight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,*>act]i/ics1 c4 ,t ! ,dialogue :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,second ,alcibiades is a g5u9e writ+ ( ,plato w n be ma9ta9$ by any mod]n critic1 & 0 h>dly believ$ by ! anci5ts !mselves4 ,! dialectic is poor & weak4 ,!re is no p[] ov] language1 or beauty ( /yle2 & !re is a c]ta9 abruptness & 9 ! conv]sation1 :i* is v un-,platonic4 ,! be/ passage is probably t ab\t ! poets1 p4 #adg3--! rem>k t ! poet1 :o is ( a res]v$ disposition1 is uncommonly difficult to und]/&1 & ! ridicul\s int]pretation ( ,hom]1 are entirely 9 ! _s ( ,plato 7cp4 ,protag4 #cci foll42 ,ion #ecd2 ,apol4 #bb ,d74 ,! *>act]s are ill-drawn4 ,socrates assumes ! #8sup]ior p]son' & prea*es too mu*1 :ile ,alcibiades is /upid & heavy-9-h&4 ,!re are traces ( ,/oic influ5ce 9 ! g5]al tone & phraseology ( ! ,dialogue 7cp4 #ach ,b1 444 3 #aci ,c1 7 & ! writ] seems to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! #8,laws' ( ,plato 7cp4 ,laws #c4 #fhg1 #fhh2 #g4 #hja2 #aa4 #ica ,b74 ,an incid5t f ! ,symposium 7#bac ,e7 is r clumsily introduc$ 7#aea ,a71 & two some:at hackney$ quotations 7,symp4 #agd ,d1 ,gorg4 #dhd ,e7 recur at #adj ,a & #adf ,a4 ,! ref]5ce to ! dea? ( ,ar*elaus z hav+ occurr$ #8q lately' 7#ada ,d7 is only a fiction1 probably sugge/$ by ! ,gorgias1 #dgj ,d1 :]e ! /ory ( ,ar*elaus is told1 & a simil> phrase occurs1-- 1 444 ,!re are sev]al passages :i* are ei!r corrupt or extremely ill-express$ 7see pp4 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #aej74 ,b !re is a mod]n int]e/ 9 ! subject ( ! dialogue2 & x is a good example ( a %ort spuri\s "w1 :i* may be attribut$ to ! second or ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,,alcibiades ,,ii4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,socrates & ,,alcibiades4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades ,,ii4 ,soc4 ,are y go+1 ,alcibiades1 to (f] pray] to ,zeus8 ,/eph4 #ach ,al4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i am4 ,soc4 ,y seem to be tr\bl$ & to ca/ y\r eyes on ! gr\nd1 z ?\gh y 7 ?9k+ ab\t some?+4 ,al4 ,( :at d y suppose t ,i am ?9k+8 ,soc4 ,( ! greate/ ( all ?+s1 z ,i believe4 ,tell me1 d y n suppose t ! ,gods sometimes p>tly grant & p>tly reject ! reque/s :i* we make 9 public & private1 & fav\r "s p]sons & n o!rs8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dang] ( a pray] :i* is ill-advis$4 ,soc4 ,d y n imag9e1 !n1 t a man ought to be v c>eful1 le/ p]*ance )\t kn[+ x he implore great evils = himself1 deem+ t he is ask+ = good1 especially if ! ,gods are 9 ! mood to grant :atev] he may reque/8 ,!re is ! /ory ( ,o$ipus1 = in/ance1 :o pray$ t 8 *ildr5 might divide _! inh]itance betwe5 !m by ! sword3 he did n1 z he might h done1 beg t 8 pres5t evils might be av]t$1 b call$ d[n new ones4 ,& 0 n 8 pray] accompli%$1 & did n _m & t]rible evils !nce arise1 ^u :i* ,i ne$ n dilate8 ,al4 ,yes1 ,socrates1 b y are speak+ ( a madman3 surely y d n ?9k t any "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld v5ture to make su* a pray]8 ,soc4 ,madness1 !n1 y consid] to be ! opposite ( discretion8 ,al4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,d opposites admit ( int]m$iates8 ,soc4 ,& "s m5 seem to y to be discreet1 & o!rs ! contr>y8 ,al4 ,!y d4 ,soc4 ,well1 !n1 let u discuss :o ^! are4 ,we ackn[l$ge t "s are discreet1 "s fooli%1 & t "s are mad8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& aga91 !re are "s :o are 9 heal?8 ,al4 ,!re are4 ,soc4 ,:ile o!rs are ail+8 ,al4 ,yes4 #aci ,soc4 ,& !y are n ! same8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,nor are !re any :o are 9 nei!r /ate8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,a man mu/ ei!r be sick or be well8 ,al4 ,t is my op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades fir/ d5ies & aft]w>ds admits ,soc4 ,v good3 & d y ?9k ! same ab\t discretion & want ( discretion8 ,al4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,soc4 ,d y believe t a man mu/ be ei!r 9 or out ( 8 s5ses2 or is !re "s ?ird or int]m$iate condition1 9 :i* he is nei!r "o nor ! o!r8 ,al4 ,decid$ly n4 ,soc4 ,he mu/ be ei!r sane or insane8 ,al4 ,s ,i suppose4 ,soc4 ,did y n ackn[l$ge t madness 0 ! opposite ( discretion8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& t !re is no ?ird or middle t]m betwe5 discretion & indiscretion8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& !re _c be two opposites to "o ?+8 ,al4 ,!re _c4 ,soc4 ,!n madness & want ( s5se are ! same8 ,al4 ,t appe>s to be ! case4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s elem5t>y que/ions ( logic4 ,soc4 ,we %all be 9 ! "r1 !re=e1 ,alcibiades1 if we say t all :o are s5seless are mad4 ,= example1 if among p]sons ( y\r own age or old] ?an y\rself !re are "s :o are s5seless1--z !re c]ta9ly are1--!y are mad4 ,= tell me1 by heav51 d y n ?9k t 9 ! city ! wise are few1 :ile ! fooli%1 :om y call mad1 are _m8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 t diff]5ces ( k9d d n exclude diff]5ces ( degree4 ,soc4 ,b h[ c\ld we live 9 safety ) s _m crazy p8 ,%\ld we n long s9ce h paid ! p5alty at _! h&s1 & h be5 /ruck & beat5 & endur$ e o!r =m ( ill-usage :i* madm5 are wont to inflict8 ,consid]1 my de> fri5d3 may x n be q o!rwise8 ,al4 ,:y1 ,socrates1 h[ is t possible8 ,i mu/ h be5 mi/ak54 ,soc4 ,s x seems to me4 ,b p]haps we may consid] ! matt] ?us3-- ,al4 ,h[8 ,soc4 ,i w tell y4 ,we ?9k t "s are sick2 d we n8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sick may h _m k9ds ( sickness2 s !re are diff]5t k9ds ( want ( s5se4 ,soc4 ,& mu/ e sick p]son ei!r h ! g\t1 or be 9 a fev]1 or suff] f oph?almia8 ,or d y believe t a man may lab\r "u "s o!r disease1 ev5 al?\gh he has none ( ^! compla9ts8 ,surely1 !y are n ! only maladies :i* exi/8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& is e k9d ( oph?almia a disease8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& e disease oph?almia8 ,al4 ,surely n4 ,b ,i sc>cely und]/& :at ,i mean myself4 ,soc4 ,p]haps1 if y give me y\r be/ att5tion1 #8two ( #adj u' look+ toge!r1 we may f9d :at we seek4 ,al4 ,i am att5d+1 ,socrates1 to ! be/ ( my p[]4 ,soc4 ,we are agre$1 !n1 t e =m ( oph?almia is a disease1 b n e disease oph?almia8 ,al4 ,we are4 ,soc4 ,& s f> we seem to be "r4 ,= e "o :o suff]s f a fev] is sick2 b ! sick1 ,i conceive1 d n all h fev] or g\t or oph?almia1 al?\gh ea* ( ^! is a disease1 :i*1 accord+ to ^? :om we call physicians1 may require a diff]5t treatm5t4 ,!y are n all alike1 nor d !y produce ! same result1 b ea* has its own effect1 & yet !y are all diseases4 ,may we n take an illu/ration f ! artizans8 ,sid5ote3 ,illu/rations ( g5]a & species4 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,!re are cobbl]s & c>p5t]s & sculptors & o!rs ( all sorts & k9ds1 :om we ne$ n /op to enum]ate4 ,all h _! di/9ct employm5ts & all are workm51 al?\gh !y are n all ( !m cobbl]s or c>p5t]s or sculptors4 ,al4 ,no1 inde$4 ,soc4 ,& 9 l mann] m5 diff] 9 reg>d to want ( s5se4 ,^? :o are mo/ out ( _! wits we call #8madm51' :ile we t]m ^? :o are less f> gone #8/upid' or #8idiotic1' or1 if we pref] g5tl] language1 describe !m z #8romantic' or #8simple-m9d$1' or1 aga91 z #8innoc5t' or #8inexp]i5c$' or #8fooli%4' ,y may ev5 f9d o!r names1 if y seek = !m2 b by all ( !m lack ( s5se is int5d$4 ,!y only diff] z "o art appe>$ to u to diff] f ano!r or "o disease f ano!r4 ,or :at is y\r op9ion8 ,al4 ,i agree ) y4 ,soc4 ,!n let u return to ! po9t at :i* we digress$4 ,we said at fir/ t we %\ld h to consid] :o 7 ! wise & :o ! fooli%4 ,= we ackn[l$g$ t !re are ^! two classes8 ,did we n8 ,al4 ,to be sure4 ,soc4 ,& y reg>d ^? z s5sible :o "k :at ought to be done or said8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,! s5seless are ^? :o d n "k ?is8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,! latt] w say or d :at !y ought n )\t _! own k8 ,al4 ,exactly4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 (t51 l ,o$ipus1 pray unadvis$ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! desire = good is sometimes really evil4 ,soc4 ,o$ipus1 z ,i 0 say+1 ,alcibiades1 0 a p]son ( #ada ?is sort4 ,& ev5 n[-a-days y w f9d _m :o h (f]$ inauspici\s pray]s1 al?\gh1 unlike him1 !y 7 n 9 ang] nor ?\ght t !y 7 ask+ evil4 ,he nei!r s\ght1 nor suppos$ t he s\ght = good1 b o!rs h _h q ! contr>y notion4 ,i believe t if ! ,god :om y are ab\t to consult %\ld appe> to y1 &1 9 anticipation ( y\r reque/1 enquir$ :e!r y w\ld be cont5t$ to become tyrant ( ,a!ns1 & if ?is seem$ 9 y\r eyes a small & mean ?+1 %\ld add to x ! dom9ion ( all ,hellas2 & see+ t ev5 !n y w\ld n be satisfi$ unless y 7 rul] ( ! :ole ( ,europe1 %\ld promise1 n only t1 b1 if y s desir$1 %\ld proclaim to all mank9d 9 "o & ! same day t ,alcibiades1 son ( ,cle9ias1 0 tyrant3--9 su* a case1 ,i imag9e1 y w\ld dep>t full ( joy1 z "o :o _h obta9$ ! greate/ ( goods4 ,al4 ,& n only ,i1 ,socrates1 b any "o else :o %\ld meet ) su* luck4 ,soc4 ,yet y w\ld n accept ! dom9ion & lord%ip ( all ! ,hell5es & all ! b>b>ians 9 ex*ange = y\r life8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n3 = !n :at use c\ld ,i make ( !m8 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y accept !m if y 7 likely to use !m to a bad & mis*iev\s end8 ,al4 ,i w\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 ,ar*elaus & 8 belov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 nev] refuse ! goods ( =tune1 h[ev] great ! evils :i* may att5d !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bl9dness ( humanity4 ,soc4 ,y see t x is n safe = a man ei!r ra%ly to accept :atev] is (f]$ him1 or himself to reque/ a ?+1 if he is likely to suff] !reby or imm$iately to lose 8 life4 ,& yet we c\ld tell ( _m :o1 hav+ long desir$ & dilig5tly lab\r$ to obta9 a tyranny1 ?9k+ t ?us !y w\ld procure an advantage1 h nev]!less fall5 victims to design+ enemies4 ,y mu/ h he>d ( :at happ5$ only ! o!r day1 h[ ,ar*elaus ( ,mac$onia 0 sla9 by 8 belov$#fe1 ^: love = ! tyranny 0 n less ?an t ( ,ar*elaus = him4 ,! tyrannicide expect$ by 8 crime to become tyrant & aft]w>ds to h a happy life2 b :5 he _h held ! tyranny ?ree or f\r days1 he 0 9 8 turn conspir$ aga9/ & sla94 ,or look at c]ta9 ( our own citiz5s1--& ( _! actions we h be5 n he>]s1 b eyewitnesses1--:o h desir$ to obta9 milit>y comm&3 ( ^? :o h ga9$ _! object1 "s are ev5 to ?is day #adb exiles f ! city1 :ile o!rs h lo/ _! lives4 ,& ev5 !y :o seem to h f>$ be/1 h n only gone ?r\gh _m p]ils & t]rors dur+ _! (fice1 b aft] _! return home !y h be5 beset by in=m]s worse ?an !y once 7 by _! foes1 insomu* t sev]al ( !m h wi%$ t !y _h rema9$ 9 a private /ation r ?an h _h ! glories ( comm&4 ,if1 inde$1 su* p]ils & t]rors 7 ( pr(it to ! commonweal?1 !re w\ld be reason 9 und]go+ !m2 b ! v contr>y is ! case4 ,aga91 y w f9d p]sons :o h pray$ = (fspr+1 & :5 _! pray]s 7 he>d1 h fall5 into ! greate/ pa9s & suff]+s4 ,= "s h begott5 *ildr5 :o 7 utt]ly bad1 & h !re=e pass$ all _! days 9 mis]y1 :ile ! p>5ts ( good *ildr5 h und]gone ! mis=tune ( los+ !m1 & h be5 s little happi] ?an ! o!rs t !y w\ld h pref]r$ nev] to h _h *ildr5 r ?an to h _h !m & lo/ !m4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ^! & ! l examples are manife/ & kn[n ( all1 x is r>e to f9d any "o :o has refus$ :at has be5 (f]$ him1 or1 if he 7 likely to ga9 aught by pray]1 has refra9$ f mak+ 8 petition4 ,! mass ( mank9d w\ld n decl9e to accept a tyranny1 or ! comm& ( an army1 or any ( ! num]\s ?+s :i* cause m h>m ?an good3 b r1 if !y _h !m n1 w\ld h pray$ to obta9 !m4 ,& (t5 9 a %ort space ( "t !y *ange _! tone1 & wi% _! old pray]s unsaid4 ,:]e=e also ,i suspect t m5 are entirely wrong :5 !y blame ! gods z ! au?ors ( ! ills :i* befall !m#ff3 #8_! own presumption1' or folly 7:i*ev] is ! "r ^w7-- #8,has br\ght ^! unmeasur$ woes ^u !m#fg4' ,he mu/ h be5 a wise poet1 ,alcibiades1 :o1 see+ z ,i believe1 8 fri5ds fooli%ly pray+ = & do+ ?+s :i* w\ld n really pr(it !m1 (f]$ up a common pray] 9 behalf ( !m all3-- #8,k+ ,zeus1 grant u good :e!r pray$ = or uns\ght by u2 #adc ,b t :i* we ask amiss1 d ?\ av]t#fh4' ,sid5ote3 ,"s ignorance is bett] ?an "s k4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,i say1 ! poet spoke bo? well & prud5tly2 b if y h any?+ to say 9 answ] to him1 speak out4 ,al4 ,x is difficult1 ,socrates1 to oppose :at has be5 well said4 ,& ,i p]ceive h[ _m are ! ills ( :i* ignorance is ! cause1 s9ce1 z w\ld appe>1 ?r\gh ignorance we n only d1 b :at is worse1 pray = ! greate/ evils4 ,no man w\ld imag9e t he w\ld d s2 he w\ld r suppose t he 0 q capable ( pray+ = :at 0 be/3 to call d[n evil seems m l a curse ?an a pray]4 ,soc4 ,b p]haps1 my good fri5d1 "s "o :o is wis] ?an ei!r y or ,i w say t we h no "r to blame ignorance ?us ra%ly1 unless we c add :at ignorance we mean & ( :at1 & also to :om & h[ x is respectively a good or an evil8 ,al4 ,h[ d y mean8 ,c ignorance possibly be bett] ?an k = any p]son 9 any conceivable case8 ,soc4 ,s ,i believe3--y d n ?9k s8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,sid5ote3 ,ore/es & ,alcmaeon4 ,soc4 ,& yet surely ,i may n suppose t y w\ld ev] wi% to act t[>ds y\r "m z !y say t ,ore/es & ,alcmaeon & o!rs h done t[>ds _! p>5t4 ,al4 ,good words1 ,socrates1 pri!e4 ,sid5ote3 ,ignorance ( ! be/ is bad3 ignorance ( ! bad good4 ,soc4 ,y ought n to bid him use auspici\s words1 :o says t y w\ld n be will+ to commit s horrible a de$1 b r him :o affirms ! contr>y1 if ! act appe> to y unfit ev5 to be m5tion$4 ,or d y ?9k t ,ore/es1 _h he be5 9 8 s5ses & knew :at 0 be/ = him to d1 w\ld ev] h d>$ to v5ture on su* a crime8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,nor w\ld any "o else1 ,i fancy8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,t ignorance is bad !n1 x w\ld appe>1 :i* is ( ! be/ & does n "k :at is be/8 ,al4 ,s ,i ?9k1 at lea/4 ,soc4 ,& bo? to ! p]son :o is ignorant & ev]ybody else8 ,sid5ote3 ,cases 9 :i* ignorance may be an advantage4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,let u take ano!r case4 ,suppose t y 7 sudd5ly to get into y\r head t x w\ld be a good ?+ #add to kill ,p]icles1 y\r k9sman & gu>dian1 & 7 to seize a sword &1 go+ to ! doors ( 8 h\se1 7 to enquire if he 7 at home1 mean+ to slay only him & no "o else3--! s]vants reply1 #8,yes'3 7,m9d1 ,i d n mean t y w\ld really d su* a ?+2 b !re is no?+1 y ?9k1 to prev5t a man :o is ignorant ( ! be/1 hav+ occasionally ! :im t :at is wor/ is be/8 ,al4 ,no47 ,sid5ote3 ,a man might be prev5t$ f committ+ murd] by ignorance ( ! p]son :om he 0 go+ to murd]4 ,soc4--,if1 !n1 y w5t indoors1 & see+ him1 did n "k him1 b ?\ght t he 0 "s "o else1 w\ld y v5ture to slay him8 ,al4 ,mo/ decid$ly n #fi;x seems to me#fi4 ,soc4 ,= y design$ to kill1 n ! fir/ :o (f]$1 b ,p]icles himself8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& if y made _m attempts1 & ea* "t fail$ to recognize ,p]icles1 y w\ld nev] attack him8 ,al4 ,nev]4 ,soc4 ,well1 b if ,ore/es 9 l mann] _h n kn[n 8 "m1 d y ?9k t he w\ld ev] h laid h&s ^u h]8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,he did n int5d to slay ! fir/ woman he came across1 nor any "o else's "m1 b only 8 own8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,ignorance1 !n1 is bett] = ^? :o are 9 su* a frame ( m9d1 & h su* ideas8 ,al4 ,obvi\sly4 ,soc4 ,y ackn[l$ge t = "s p]sons 9 c]ta9 cases ! ignorance ( "s ?+s is a good & n an evil1 z y =m]ly suppos$8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,soc4 #gj;,& !re is /ill ano!r case :i* w also p]haps appe> /range to y1 if y w consid] x8#gj ,al4 ,:at is t1 ,socrates8 ,sid5ote3 ,! k ( ! be/4 ,sid5ote3 ,all k if unaccompani$ by a k ( ! be/ is hurtful4 ,soc4 ,x may be1 9 %ort1 t ! possession ( all ! sci5ces1 if unaccompani$ by ! k ( ! be/1 w m (t5 ?an n injure ! possessor4 ,consid] ! matt] ?us3--,mu/ we n1 :5 we int5d ei!r to d or say any?+1 suppose t we "k or ought to "k t :i* we propose s confid5tly to d or say8 ,al4 ,yes1 9 my op9ion4 ,soc4 ,we may take ! orators = an example1 :o f "t to "t advise u ab\t w> & peace1 or ! build+ #ade ( walls & ! con/ruction ( h>b\rs1 :e!r !y und]/& ! bus9ess 9 h&1 or only ?9k t !y d4 ,:atev] ! city1 9 a ^w1 does to ano!r city1 or 9 ! managem5t ( h] own affairs1 all happ5s by ! c\nsel ( ! orators4 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b n[ see :at foll[s1 if ,i c #gamake x cle> to y#ga4 ,y w\ld di/+ui% ! wise f ! fooli%8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,! _m are fooli%1 ! few wise8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& y use bo? ! t]ms1 #8wise' & #8fooli%1' 9 ref]5ce to some?+8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 ,soc4 ,w\ld y call a p]son wise :o c give advice1 b does n "k :e!r or :5 x is bett] to c>ry out ! advice8 ,al4 ,decid$ly n4 ,soc4 ,nor aga91 ,i suppose1 a p]son :o kn[s ! art ( w>1 b does n "k :e!r x is bett] to g to w> or = h[ long8 ,al4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,nor1 once m1 a p]son :o kn[s h[ to kill ano!r or to take away 8 prop]ty or to drive him f 8 native l&1 b n :5 x is bett] to d s or = :om x is bett]8 ,al4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,b he :o und]/&s any?+ ( ! k9d & has at ! same "t ! k ( ! be/ c\rse ( action3--& ! be/ & ! useful are surely ! same8-- ,sid5ote3 ,clev]ness 9 ! arts n wisdom4 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4--,su* an "o1 ,i say1 we %\ld call wise & a useful advis] bo? ( himself & ( ! city4 ,:at d y ?9k8 ,al4 ,i agree4 ,soc4 ,& if any "o kn[s h[ to ride or to %oot ) ! b[ or to box or to wre/le1 or to engage 9 any o!r sort ( conte/ or to d any?+ :atev] :i* is 9 ! nature ( an art1--:at d y call him :o kn[s :at is be/ accord+ to t art8 ,d y n speak ( "o :o kn[s :at is be/ 9 rid+ z a good rid]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 a simil> way y speak ( a good box] or a good flute-play] or a good p]=m] 9 any o!r art8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,b is x necess>y t ! man :o is clev] 9 any ( ^! arts %\ld be wise also 9 g5]al8 ,or is !re a diff]5ce betwe5 ! clev] arti/ & ! wise man8 ,al4 ,all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,a /ate w\ld be bad :i* 0 compos$ only ( skilful arti/s & clev] politicians1 b :]e no "o _h ! k ( ! be/4 ,soc4 ,& :at sort ( a /ate d y ?9k t w\ld be :i* 0 compos$ ( good ar*]s & flute-play]s & a?letes & ma/]s 9 o!r arts1 & besides !m ( ^? o!rs ab\t :om we spoke1 :o knew h[ to g to w> & h[ to kill1 z well z ( orators puff$ up ) political pride b 9 :i* n "o ( !m all _h ?is k ( ! be/1 & !re 0 no "o :o c\ld tell :5 x 0 bett] to apply any ( ^! arts or 9 reg>d to #adf :om8 ,al4 ,i %\ld call su* a /ate bad1 ,socrates4 ,soc4 ,y c]ta9ly w\ld :5 y saw ea* ( !m rivall+ ! o!r & e/eem+ t ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! /ate1 #8,:]e9 he himself mo/ excell$#gb4' --,i mean t :i* 0 be/ 9 any art1 :ile he 0 entirely ignorant ( :at 0 be/ = himself & = ! /ate1 because1 z ,i ?9k1 he tru/s to op9ion :i* is devoid ( intellig5ce4 ,9 su* a case %\ld we n be "r if we said t ! /ate w\ld be full ( an>*y & lawlessness8 ,sid5ote3 ,true k a k ( ! be/4 ,al4 ,decid$ly4 ,soc4 ,b ought we n !n1 ?9k y1 ei!r to fancy t we "k or really to "k1 :at we confid5tly propose to d or say8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& if a p]son does t :i* he kn[s or supposes t he kn[s1 & ! result is b5eficial1 he w act advantage\sly bo? = himself & = ! /ate8 ,al4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if he d ! contr>y1 bo? he & ! /ate w suff]8 ,al4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,well1 & are y ( ! same m9d z be=e8 ,al4 ,i am4 ,soc4 ,b 7 y n say+ t y w\ld call ! _m unwise & ! few wise8 ,al4 ,i 04 ,soc4 ,& h we n come back to our old ass]tion t ! _m fail to obta9 ! be/ because !y tru/ to op9ion :i* is devoid ( intellig5ce8 ,al4 ,t is ! case4 ,soc4 ,x is good1 !n1 = ! _m1 if !y p>ticul>ly desire to d t :i* !y "k or suppose t !y "k1 nei!r to "k nor to suppose t !y "k1 9 cases :]e if !y c>ry out _! ideas 9 action !y w be los]s r ?an ga9]s8 ,al4 ,:at y say is v true4 ,soc4 ,d y n see t ,i 0 really speak+ ! tru? :5 ,i affirm$ t ! possession ( any o!r k9d ( k 0 m likely to injure ?an to b5efit ! possessor1 unless he _h also ! k ( ! be/8 ,al4 ,i d n[1 if ,i did n be=e1 ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,! s\l requires ?is k ( ! be/ be=e %e sets sail on ! voyage ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mean+ ( ! poets4 ,soc4 ,! /ate or ! s\l1 !re=e1 :i* wi%es to h a "r exi/5ce mu/ hold firmly to ?is k1 j z ! sick man cl+s to ! physician1 or ! pass5g] dep5ds = safety on ! pilot4 ,& if ! s\l does n set #adg sail until %e h obta9$ ?is %e w be all ! saf] 9 ! voyage ?r\gh life4 ,b :5 %e ru%es 9 pursuit ( weal? or bodily /r5g? or any?+ else1 n hav+ ! k ( ! be/1 s mu* ! m is %e likely to meet ) mis=tune4 ,& he :o has ! love ( le>n+#gc1 & is skilful 9 _m arts1 & does n possess ! k ( ! be/1 b is "u "s o!r guidance1 w make1 z he des]ves1 a sorry voyage3--he w1 ,i believe1 hurry ?r\gh ! brief space ( human life1 pilotless 9 mid-ocean1 & ! words w apply to him 9 :i* ! poet blam$ 8 enemy3-- #8444 ,full _m a ?+ he knew2 ,b knew !m all badly#gd4' ,al4 ,h[ 9 ! _w1 ,socrates1 d ! words ( ! poet apply to him8 ,!y seem to me to h no be>+ on ! po9t :atev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! poets spoke 9 riddles a hidd5 tru?4 ,soc4 ,q ! contr>y1 my sweet fri5d3 only ! poet is talk+ 9 riddles aft] ! fa%ion ( 8 tribe4 ,= all poetry has by nature an enigmatical "*1 & x is by no means ev]ybody :o c int]pret x4 ,& if1 moreov]1 ! _s ( poetry happ5 to seize on a man :o is ( a begrudg+ temp] & does n c>e to manife/ 8 wisdom b keeps x to himself z f> z he c1 x does inde$ require an almo/ sup]human wisdom to discov] :at ! poet w\ld be at4 ,y surely d n suppose t ,hom]1 ! wise/ & mo/ div9e ( poets1 0 unaw>e ( ! impossibility ( kn[+ a ?+ badly3 = x 0 no less a p]son ?an he :o said ( ,m>gites t #8he knew _m ?+s1 b knew !m all badly4' ,! solution ( ! riddle is ?is1 ,i imag9e3--,by #8badly' ,hom] meant #8bad' & #8knew' /&s = #8to "k4' ,put ! words toge!r2--! metre w suff]1 b ! poet's mean+ is cle>2--#8,m>gites knew all ^! ?+s1 b x 0 bad = him to "k !m4' ,&1 obvi\sly1 if x 0 bad = him to "k s _m ?+s1 he mu/ h be5 a good-=-no?+1 unless ! argum5t has play$ u false4 ,al4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t x has1 ,socrates3 at lea/1 if ! argum5t is fallaci\s1 x w\ld be difficult = me to f9d ano!r :i* ,i c\ld tru/4 ,soc4 ,& y are "r 9 ?9k+ s4 ,al4 ,well1 t is my op9ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pray] ( ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades is too un/able to be able to tru/ 8 own pray]s4 ,soc4 ,b tell me1 by ,heav53--y mu/ see n[ ! nature & greatness ( ! difficulty 9 :i* y1 l o!rs1 h y\r "p4 ,= y *ange ab\t 9 all directions1 & nev] come to re/ any:]e3 :at y once mo/ /rongly incl9$ to suppose1 y put aside aga9 & q alt] y\r m9d4 ,if ! ,god to ^: %r9e y are #adh go+ %\ld appe> at ?is mom5t1 & ask be=e y made y\r pray]1 #8,:e!r y w\ld desire to h "o ( ! ?+s :i* we m5tion$ at fir/1 or :e!r he %\ld leave y to make y\r own reque/3'--:at 9 ei!r case1 ?9k y1 w\ld be ! be/ way to take advantage ( ! opportunity8 ,al4 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i c\ld n answ] y )\t consid]ation4 ,x seems to me to be a wild ?+#ge to make su* a reque/2 a man mu/ be v c>eful le/ he pray = evil "u ! idea t he is ask+ = good1 :5 %ortly aft] he may h to recall 8 pray]1 &1 z y 7 say+1 dem& ! opposite ( :at he at fir/ reque/$4 ,soc4 ,& 0 n ! poet ^: words ,i orig9ally quot$ wis] ?an we are1 :5 he bade u pray ,god to def5d u f evil ev5 ?\gh we ask$ = x8 ,al4 ,i believe t y are "r4 ,soc4 ,! ,lac$aemonians1 too1 :e!r f admiration ( ! poet or because !y h discov]$ ! idea = !mselves1 are wont to (f] ! pray] alike 9 public & private1 t ! ,gods w give unto !m ! beautiful z well z ! good3--no "o is likely to he> !m make any fur!r petition4 ,& yet up to ! pres5t "t !y h n be5 less =tunate ?an o!r m52 or if !y h sometimes met ) mis=tune1 ! fault has n be5 due to _! pray]4 ,= surely1 z ,i conceive1 ! ,gods h p[] ei!r to grant our reque/s1 or to s5d u ! contr>y ( :at we ask4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sil5t pray] ( ! ,lac$aemonians bett] ?an all ! (f]+s ( ! o!r ,hell5es4 ,& n[ ,i w relate to y a /ory :i* ,i h he>d f c]ta9 ( our eld]s4 ,x *anc$ t :5 ! ,a!nians & ,lac$aemonians 7 at w>1 our city lo/ e battle by l& & sea & nev] ga9$ a victory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ^w ( ! ,oracle ,! ,a!nians be+ annoy$ & p]plex$ h[ to f9d a rem$y = _! tr\bles1 decid$ to s5d & enquire at ! %r9e ( ,ammon4 ,_! envoys 7 also to ask1 #8,:y ! ,gods always grant$ ! victory to ! ,lac$aemonians8' #8,we1' 7!y 7 to say17 #8(f] !m m & f9] sacrifices ?an any o!r ,hell5ic /ate1 & adorn _! temples ) gifts1 z nobody else does2 moreov]1 we make ! mo/ solemn & co/ly processions to !m e ye>1 & sp5d m money 9 _! s]vice ?an all ! re/ ( ! ,hell5es put toge!r4 ,b ! ,lac$aemonians #adi take no ?\ght ( su* matt]s1 & pay s little respect to ! ,gods t !y h a habit ( sacrific+ blemi%$ animals to !m1 & 9 v>i\s ways are less zeal\s ?an we are1 al?\gh _! weal? is q equal to ours4' ,:5 !y _h ?us spok51 & _h made _! reque/ to "k :at rem$y !y c\ld f9d aga9/ ! evils :i* tr\bl$ !m1 ! prophet made no direct answ]1--cle>ly because he 0 n all[$ by ! ,god to d s2--b he summon$ !m to him & said3 #8,?us sai? ,ammon to ! ,a!nians3 8,! sil5t wor%ip ( ! ,lac$aemonians please? me bett] ?an all ! (f]+s ( ! o!r ,hell5es40' ,su* 7 ! words ( ! ,god1 & no?+ m4 ,he seems to h meant by #8sil5t wor%ip' ! pray] ( ! ,lac$aemonians1 :i* is inde$ widely diff]5t f ! usual reque/s ( ! ,hell5es4 ,= !y ei!r br+ to ! alt> bulls ) gild$ horns or make (f]+s to ! ,gods1 & beg at r&om = :at !y ne$1 good or bad4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,gods he> !m us+ words ( ill om5 !y reject ^! co/ly processions & sacrifices ( !irs4 ,& we ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be v c>eful & consid] well :at we %\ld say & :at leave unsaid4 ,hom]1 too1 w furni% u ) simil> /ories4 ,= he tells u h[ ! ,trojans 9 mak+ _! encampm5t1 #8,(f]$ up :ole hecatombs to ! immortals1' & h[ ! #8sweet sav\r' 0 borne #8to ! heav5s by ! w9ds2 #8,b ! bless$ ,gods 7 av]se & receiv$ x n4 ,= exce$+ly did !y hate ! holy ,ilium1 ,bo? ,priam & ! p ( ! spe>-skill$ k+4' ,s t x 0 9 va9 = !m to sacrifice & (f] gifts1 see+ t !y 7 hateful to ! ,gods1 :o are n1 l vile usur]s1 to be ga9$ ov] by bribes4 ,& x is fooli% = u to boa/ t we are sup]ior to ! ,lac$aemonians by reason ( our mu* wor%ip4 ,! idea is inconceivable t ! ,gods h reg>d1 n to ! ju/ice & purity ( #aej our s\ls1 b to co/ly processions & sacrifices1 :i* m5 may celebrate ye> aft] ye>1 al?\gh !y h committ$ innum]able crimes aga9/ ! ,gods or aga9/ _! fell[-m5 or ! /ate4 ,= ! ,gods1 z ,ammon & 8 prophet decl>e1 are no receiv]s ( gifts1 & !y scorn su* unwor?y s]vice4 ,:]e=e also x w\ld seem t wisdom & ju/ice are especially hon\r$ bo? by ! ,gods & by m5 ( s5se2 & !y are ! wise/ & mo/ j :o "k h[ to speak & act t[>ds ,gods & m54 ,b ,i %\ld l to he> :at y\r op9ion is ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,sid5ote3 ab\t ! ,a!nians & ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,al4 ,i agree1 ,socrates1 ) y & ) ! ,god1 :om1 inde$1 x w\ld be unbecom+ = me to oppose4 ,soc4 ,d y n rememb] say+ t y 7 9 great p]plexity1 le/ p]*ance y %\ld ask = evil1 suppos+ t y 7 ask+ = good8 ,al4 ,i d4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades _c tell :e!r he is ask+ = good or evil4 #8,!re=e let 8 words be few4' ,soc4 ,y see1 !n1 t !re is a risk 9 y\r approa*+ ! ,god 9 pray]1 le/ haply he %\ld refuse y\r sacrifice :5 he he>s ! blasphemy :i* y utt]1 & make y p>take ( o!r evils z well4 ,! wise/ plan1 !re=e1 seems to me t y %\ld keep sil5ce2 = y\r #8highm9d$ness'--to use ! milde/ t]m :i* m5 apply to folly--w mo/ likely prev5t y f us+ ! pray] ( ! ,lac$aemonians4 ,y _h bett] wait until we f9d out h[ we %\ld behave t[>ds ! ,gods & t[>ds m54 ,al4 ,& h[ long mu/ ,i wait1 ,socrates1 & :o w be my tea*]8 ,i %\ld be v glad to see ! man4 ,soc4 ,x is he :o takes an especial int]e/ 9 y4 ,b fir/ ( all1 ,i ?9k1 ! d>kness mu/ be tak5 away 9 :i* y\r s\l is n[ envelop$1 j z ,a!ne 9 ,hom] removes ! mi/ f ! eyes ( ,diom$e t #8,he may di/+ui% betwe5 ,god & mortal man4' ,aft]w>ds ! means may be giv5 to y :]eby y may di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil4 ,at pres5t1 ,i fe>1 ?is is beyond y\r p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,alcibiades & 8 tea*]4 ,al4 ,only let my in/ructor take away ! imp$im5t1 :e!r x pleases him to call x mi/ or any?+ else6 ,i c>e n :o he is2 b ,i am resolv$ to disobey none ( 8 comm&s1 if ,i am likely to be ! bett] = !m4 ,soc4 ,& surely he has a wondr\s c>e = y4 #aea ,al4 ,x seems to be altoge!r advisable to put (f ! sacrifice until he is f\nd4 ,soc4 ,y are "r3 t w be saf] ?an runn+ su* a trem5d\s risk4 ,al4 ,b h[ %all we manage1 ,socrates8--,at any rate ,i w set ?is cr[n ( m9e ^u y\r head1 z y h giv5 me su* excell5t advice1 & to ! ,gods we w (f] cr[ns & p]=m ! o!r cu/om>y rites :5 ,i see t day approa*+3 nor w x be long h5ce1 if !y s w4 ,soc4 ,i accept y\r gift1 & %all be ready & will+ to receive :atev] else y may pr(f]4 ,euripides makes ,creon say 9 ! play1 :5 he beholds ,tiresias ) 8 cr[n & he>s t he has ga9$ x by 8 skill z ! fir/-fruits ( ! spoil3-- #8,an auspici\s om5 ,i deem ?y victor's wrea?3 ,= well ?\ kn[e/ t wave & /orm oppress u#gf4' ,& s ,i c\nt y\r gift to be a tok5 ( good-=tune2 = ,i am 9 no less /ress ?an ,creon1 & w\ld fa9 c>ry (f ! victory ov] y\r lov]s4 ,,footnotes #fe ,cp4 ,ari/otle1 ,pol4 v4 #aj1 #ag4 #ff ,cp4 ,rep4 x4 #fai ,c4 #fg ,hom4 ,odyss4 i4 #cb4 #fh ,! au?or ( ^! l9es1 :i* are probably ( ,py?agorean orig91 is unkn[n4 ,!y are f\nd also 9 ! ,an?ology 7,an?4 ,pal4 #aj4 #ajh74 #fi ,^! words are omitt$ 9 sev]al ,,mss4 #gj ,! read+ is "h unc]ta94 #ga ,"s words appe> to h dropp$ out "h4 #gb ,euripides1 ,antiope1 fr4 #bj 7,d9dorf74 #gc ,or1 read+ 1 #8abundant le>n+4' #gd ,a fragm5t f ! pseudo-,hom]ic poem1 #8,m>gites4' #ge ,! ,hom]ic ^w is said to be "h employ$ 9 allusion to ! quotation f ! #8,m>gites' :i* ,socrates has j made2 b x is n us$ 9 ! s5se :i* x has 9 ,hom]4 #gf ,pho5iss4 #hfe1 #hff4 ,,eryxias4 ,,introduction4 ,sid5ote3 ,eryxias4 ,mu* _c be said 9 praise ( ! /yle or conception ( ! ,eryxias4 ,x is frequ5tly obscure2 l ! ex]cise ( a /ud5t1 x is full ( small imitations ( ,plato3--,phaeax return+ f an exp$ition to ,sicily 7cp4 ,socrates 9 ! ,*>mides f ! army at ,potidaea71 ! figure ( ! game at draughts1 #cie ,b1 borr[$ f ,rep4 vi4 #dhg1 etc4 ,x has also 9 _m passages ! r+ ( sophi/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! r unh&some treatm5t :i* is exhibit$ t[>ds ,prodicus is q unlike ! urbanity ( ,plato4 ,yet !re are "s po9ts 9 ! argum5t :i* are des]v+ ( att5tion4 7#a7 ,t weal? dep5ds ^u ! ne$ ( x or dem& = x1 is ! fir/ anticipation 9 an ab/ract =m ( "o ( ! great pr9ciples ( mod]n political economy1 & ! ne>e/ approa* to x to be f\nd 9 an anci5t writ]4 7#b7 ,! resolution ( weal? into its simple/ implem5ts go+ on to inf9ity is a subtle & ref9$ ?\ght4 7#c7 ,t weal? is relative to circum/ances is a s\nd conception4 7#d7 ,t ! arts & sci5ces :i* receive paym5t are likewise to be compreh5d$ "u ! notion ( weal?1 also t\*es a "q ( mod]n political economy4 7#e7 ,! di/9ction ( po/ hoc & propt] hoc1 (t5 lo/ sight ( 9 mod]n z well z 9 anci5t times4 ,^! metaphysical conceptions & di/9ctions %[ consid]able p[] ( ?\ght 9 ! writ]1 :atev] we may ?9k ( 8 m]its z an imitator ( ,plato4 ,,eryxias4 ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue4 ,,socrates4 ,,eryxias4 ,,erasi/ratus4 ,,critias4 ,,sc5e3--,! portico ( a temple ( ,zeus4 ,sid5ote3 ,eryxias4 ,x happ5$ by *ance t ,eryxias ! ,/eirian 0 walk+ ) me 9 ! ,portico ( ,zeus ! ,deliv]]1 :5 !re ,/eph4 #cib came up to u ,critias & ,erasi/ratus1 ! latt] ! son ( ,phaeax1 :o 0 ! nephew ( ,erasi/ratus4 ,n[ ,erasi/ratus _h j arriv$ f ,sicily & t "p ( ! _w4 ,z !y approa*$1 he said1 ,hail1 ,socrates6 ,soc4 ,! same to y1 ,i said2 h y any good news f ,sicily to tell u8 ,eras4 ,mo/ excell5t4 ,b1 if y please1 let u fir/ sit d[n2 = ,i am tir$ ) my ye/]day's j\rney f ,meg>a4 ,soc4 ,gladly1 if t is y\r desire4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( weal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tr\blesome ,sicilians4 ,eras4 ,:at w\ld y wi% to he> fir/8 he said4 ,:at ! ,sicilians are do+1 or h[ !y are dispos$ t[>ds our city8 ,to my m9d1 !y are v l wasps3 s long z y only cause !m a little annoyance !y are q unmanageable2 y mu/ de/roy _! ne/s if y wi% to get ! bett] ( !m4 ,& 9 a simil> way1 ! ,syracusans1 unless we set to "w 9 e>ne/1 & g aga9/ !m ) a great exp$ition1 w nev] submit to our rule4 ,! petty injuries :i* we at pres5t inflict m]ely irritate !m en\gh to make !m utt]ly intractable4 ,& n[ !y h s5t ambassadors to ,a!ns1 & int5d1 ,i suspect1 to play u "s trick4--,:ile we 7 talk+1 ! ,syracusan envoys *anc$ to g by1 & ,erasi/ratus1 po9t+ to "o ( !m1 said to me1 ,t1 ,socrates1 is ! ri*e/ man 9 all ,italy & ,sicily4 ,= :o has l>g] e/ates or m l& at 8 disposal to cultivate if he please8 ,& !y are ( a quality1 too1 f9] ?an any o!r l& 9 ,hellas4 ,moreov]1 he has all ! ?+s :i* g to make up weal?1 slaves & horses innum]able1 gold & silv] )\t end4 ,i saw t he 0 incl9$ to expatiate on ! ri*es ( ! man2 s ,i ask$ him1 ,well1 ,erasi/ratus1 & :at sort ( "* does he be> 9 ,sicily8 ,sid5ote3 ,! wick$ millionaire4 ,eras4 ,he is e/eem$ to be1 & really is1 ! wick$e/ ( #cic all ! ,sicilians & ,italians1 & ev5 m wick$ ?an he is ri*2 inde$1 if y 7 to ask any ,sicilian :om he ?\ght to be ! wor/ & ! ri*e/ ( mank9d1 y w\ld nev] he> any "o else nam$4 ,soc4 ,i reflect$ t we 7 speak+1 n ( trivial matt]s1 b ab\t weal? & virtue1 :i* are deem$ to be ( ! greate/ mom5t1 & ,i ask$ ,erasi/ratus :om he consid]$ ! weal?i]1--he :o 0 ! possessor ( a tal5t ( silv] or he :o _h a field wor? two tal5ts8 ,eras4 ,! own] ( ! field4 ,soc4 ,& on ! same pr9ciple he :o _h robes & b$d+ & su* ?+s :i* are ( great] value to him ?an to a /rang] w\ld be ri*] ?an ! /rang]8 ,eras4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if any "o gave y a *oice1 :i* ( ^! w\ld y pref]8 ,eras4 ,t :i* 0 mo/ valuable4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? consi/s ( ?+s :i* are valuable4 ,soc4 ,9 :i* way d y ?9k y w\ld be ! ri*]8 ,eras4 ,by *oos+ z ,i said4 ,soc4 ,& he appe>s to y to be ! ri*e/ :o has goods ( ! greate/ value8 ,eras4 ,he does4 ,sid5ote3 ,is wisdom ! mo/ valuable ( all ?+s8 ,soc4 ,& are n ! heal?y ri*] ?an ! sick1 s9ce heal? is a possession m valuable ?an ri*es to ! sick8 ,surely !re is no "o :o w\ld n pref] to be poor & well1 r ?an to h all ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia's weal? & to be ill4 ,& ?is proves t m5 set heal? above weal?1 else !y w\ld nev] *oose ! "o 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,eras4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& if any?+ appe>$ to be m valuable ?an heal?1 he w\ld be ! ri*e/ :o possess$ x8 ,eras4 ,he w\ld4 ,soc4 ,suppose t "s "o came to u at ?is mom5t & 7 to ask1 ,well1 ,socrates & ,eryxias & ,erasi/ratus1 c y tell me :at is ( ! greate/ value to m58 ,is x n t ( :i* ! possession w be/ enable a man to advise h[ 8 own & 8 fri5ds' affairs %\ld be adm9i/]$8--,:at w be our reply8 ,eras4 ,i %\ld say1 ,socrates1 t happ9ess 0 ! mo/ preci\s ( human possessions4 ,soc4 ,n a bad answ]4 ,b d we n deem ^? m5 :o are mo/ prosp]\s to be ! happie/8 ,eras4 ,t is my op9ion4 ,soc4 ,& are !y n mo/ prosp]\s :o commit ! fewe/ errors 9 respect ei!r ( !mselves or ( o!r m58 ,eras4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& !y :o "k :at is evil & :at is good2 :at %\ld be done & :at %\ld be left undone2--^! behave ! mo/ wisely & make ! fewe/ #cid mi/akes8 ,erasi/ratus agre$ to ?is4 ,soc4 ,!n ! wise/ & ^? :o d be/ & ! mo/ =tunate & ! ri*e/ w\ld appe> to be all "o & ! same1 if wisdom is really ! mo/ valuable ( our possessions8 ,sid5ote3 ,( :at use w\ld wisdom be1 if a man _h n ! necess>ies ( life8 ,yes1 said ,eryxias1 int]pos+1 b :at use w\ld x be if a man _h ! wisdom ( ,ne/or & want$ ! necess>ies ( life1 food & dr9k & clo!s & ! l8 ,:]e w\ld be ! advantage ( wisdom !n8 ,or h[ c\ld he be ! ri*e/ ( m5 :o might ev5 h to g begg+1 because he _h n :]e)al to live8 ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ative claims ( wisdom & ( ri*es4 ,i ?\ght t :at ,eryxias 0 say+ _h "s weight1 & ,i repli$1 ,w\ld ! wise man really suff] 9 ?is way1 if he 7 s ill-provid$2 :]eas if he _h ! h\se ( ,polytion1 & ! h\se 7 full ( gold & silv]1 he w\ld lack no?+8 ,eryx4 ,yes2 = !n he might dispose ( 8 prop]ty & obta9 9 ex*ange :at he ne$$1 or he might sell x = money ) :i* he c\ld supply 8 wants & 9 a mom5t procure abundance ( ev]y?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! wisdom ( ,ne/or bett] & ev5 m saleable ?an ! h\se ( ,polytion4 ,sid5ote3 ,& 9 ! arts is n wisdom bett] ?an ri*es8 ,soc4 ,true1 if he c\ld f9d "s "o :o pref]r$ su* a h\se to ! wisdom ( ,ne/or4 ,b if !re are p]sons :o set great /ore by wisdom l ,ne/or's & ! advantages accru+ f x1 to sell ^!1 if he 7 s dispos$1 w\ld be easi] /ill4 ,or is a h\se a mo/ useful & necess>y possession1 & does x make a great diff]5ce 9 ! com=t ( life to h a mansion l ,polytion's in/ead ( liv+ 9 a %abby little cottage1 :]eas wisdom is ( small use & x is ( no importance :e!r a man is wise or ignorant ab\t ! highe/ matt]s8 ,or is wisdom despis$ ( m5 & c f9d no buy]s1 al?\gh cypress wood & m>ble ( ,p5telicus are eag]ly b\ght by num]\s pur*as]s8 ,surely ! prud5t pilot or ! skilful physician1 or ! arti/ ( any k9d :o is pr(ici5t 9 8 art1 is m wor? ?an ! ?+s :i* are especially reckon$ among ri*es2 & he :o c advise well & prud5tly = himself & o!rs is able also to sell ! product ( 8 art1 if he s desire4 ,eryxias look$ askance1 z if he _h receiv$ "s unfair #cie treatm5t1 & said1 ,i believe1 ,socrates1 t if y 7 =c$ to speak ! tru?1 y w\ld decl>e t y 7 ri*] ?an ,callias ! son ( ,hipponicus4 ,& yet1 al?\gh y claim$ to be wis] ab\t ?+s ( real importance1 y w\ld n any ! m be ri*] ?an he4 ,sid5ote3 ,eryxias is suppos$ to reply t argum5ts c prove any?+ & conv9ce no "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,! triangul> argum5t ( ,socrates1 ,eryxias1 ,critias4 ,i d>e say1 ,eryxias1 ,i said1 t y may reg>d ^! argum5ts ( ours z a k9d ( game2 y ?9k t !y h no relation to facts1 b are l ! pieces 9 ! game ( draughts :i* ! play] c move 9 su* a way t 8 oppon5ts are unable to make any c\nt]move#gg4 ,& p]haps1 too1 z reg>ds ri*es y are ( op9ion t :ile facts rema9 ! same1 !re are argum5ts1 no matt] :e!r true or false1 :i* enable ! us] ( !m to prove t ! wise/ & ! ri*e/ are "o & ! same1 al?\gh he is 9 ! wrong & 8 oppon5ts are 9 ! "r4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ /range 9 ?is2 x w\ld be z if two p]sons 7 to dispute ab\t lett]s1 "o decl>+ t ! ^w ,socrates began ) an ,s1 ! o!r t x began ) an ,a1 & ! latt] c\ld ga9 ! victory ov] ! =m]4 ,sid5ote3 ,eryxias disclaims ! answ] :i* is attribut$ to him4 ,eryxias glanc$ at ! audi5ce1 laugh+ & blu%+ at once1 z if he _h _h no?+ to d ) :at _h j be5 said1 & repli$1--,no1 inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i nev] suppos$ t our argum5ts %\ld be ( a k9d :i* w\ld nev] conv9ce any "o ( ^? "h pres5t or be ( advantage to !m4 ,= :at man ( s5se c\ld ev] be p]suad$ t ! wise/ & ! ri*e/ are ! same8 ,! tru? is t we are discuss+ ! subject ( ri*es1 & my notion is t we %\ld argue respect+ ! hone/ & di%one/ means ( acquir+ !m1 &1 g5]ally1 :e!r !y are a good ?+ or a bad4 ,sid5ote3 ,! argum5t is r5ew$ f a fre% po9t ( view4 ,eryxias decl>es ri*es to be a good2 ,critias ma9ta9s t !y are sometimes an evil4 ,v good1 ,i said1 & ,i am oblig$ to y = ! h9t3 9 future we w be m c>eful4 ,b :y d n y y\rself1 z y introduc$ ! argum5t1 & d n ?9k t ! =m] discussion t\*$ ! po9t at issue1 tell u :e!r y consid] ri*es to be a good or an evil8 ,i am ( op9ion1 he said1 t !y are a good4 ,he 0 ab\t to add some?+ m1 :5 ,critias int]rupt$ him3--,d y really suppose s1 ,eryxias8 ,c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,eryxias2 ,i %\ld be mad if ,i did n3 & ,i d n fancy t y w\ld f9d any "o else ( a contr>y op9ion4 ,& ,i1 retort$ ,critias1 %\ld say t !re is no "o :om ,i c\ld n compel to admit t ri*es are bad = "s m54 ,b surely1 if !y 7 a good1 !y c\ld n #cif appe> bad = any "o8 ,sid5ote3 ,! irony ( ,socrates4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates enc\rages ! two disputants to foll[ up ! argum5t4 ,"h ,i int]pos$ & said to !m3 ,if y two 7 hav+ an argum5t ab\t equitation & :at 0 ! be/ way ( rid+1 suppos+ t ,i knew ! art myself1 ,i %\ld try to br+ y to an agreem5t4 ,= ,i %\ld be a%am$ if ,i 7 pres5t & did n d :at ,i c\ld to prev5t y\r diff]5ce4 ,& ,i %\ld d ! same if y 7 qu>rell+ ab\t any o!r art & 7 likely1 unless y agre$ on ! po9t 9 dispute1 to "p z enemies in/ead ( z fri5ds4 ,b n[1 :5 we are cont5d+ ab\t a ?+ ( :i* ! usefulness cont9ues dur+ ! :ole ( life1 & x makes an enorm\s diff]5ce :e!r we are to reg>d x z b5eficial or n1--a ?+1 too1 :i* is e/eem$ ( ! highe/ importance by ! ,hell5es3--7= p>5ts1 z soon z _! *ildr5 are1 z !y ?9k1 come to ye>s ( discretion1 urge !m to consid] h[ weal? may be acquir$1 s9ce by ri*es ! value ( a man is judg$73--,:51 ,i say1 we are ?us 9 e>ne/1 & y1 :o agree 9 o!r respects1 fall to disput+ ab\t a matt] ( su* mom5t1 t is1 ab\t weal?1 & n m]ely :e!r x is black or :ite1 light or heavy1 b :e!r x is a good or an evil1 :]eby1 al?\gh y are n[ ! de>e/ ( fri5ds & k9sm51 ! mo/ bitt] hatr$ may arise betwixt y1 ,i mu/ h9d] y\r diss5sion to ! be/ ( my p[]4 ,if ,i c\ld1 ,i w\ld tell y ! tru?1 & s put an end to ! dispute2 b z ,i _c d ?is1 & ea* ( y supposes t y c br+ ! o!r to an agreem5t1 ,i am prep>$1 z f> z my capacity admits1 to help y 9 solv+ ! "q4 ,please1 !re=e1 ,critias1 try to make u accept ! doctr9es :i* y y\rself ent]ta94 ,crit4 ,i %\ld l to foll[ up ! argum5t1 & w ask ,eryxias :e!r he ?9ks t !re are j & unju/ m58 ,eryx4 ,mo/ decid$ly4 ,crit4 ,& does inju/ice seem to y an evil or a good8 ,eryx4 ,an evil4 ,crit4 ,d y consid] t he :o bribes 8 neighb\r's wife & commits adult]y ) h]1 acts ju/ly or unju/ly1 & ?is al?\gh bo? ! /ate & ! laws =bid8 ,eryx4 ,unju/ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? may furni% ! opportunity ( crime4 ,crit4 ,& if ! wick$ man has weal? & is will+ to #cig sp5d x1 he w c>ry out 8 evil purposes8 :]eas he :o is %ort ( means _c d :at he fa9 w\ld1 & !re=e does n s98 ,9 su* a case1 surely1 x is bett] t a p]son %\ld n be weal?y1 if 8 pov]ty prev5ts ! accompli%m5t ( 8 desires1 & 8 desires are evil8 ,or1 aga91 %\ld y call sickness a good or an evil8 ,eryx4 ,an evil4 ,crit4 ,well1 & d y ?9k t "s m5 are intemp]ate8 ,sid5ote3 ,! argum5t ( ,critias4 ,eryx4 ,yes4 ,crit4 ,!n1 if x is bett] = 8 heal? t ! intemp]ate man %\ld refra9 f meat & dr9k & o!r pleasant ?+s1 b he _c ow+ to 8 intemp]ance1 w x n also be bett] t he %\ld be too poor to gratify 8 lu/ r ?an t he %\ld h a sup]abundance ( means8 ,= ?us he w n be able to s91 al?\gh he desire nev] s mu*4 ,sid5ote3 ,eryxias takes (f5ce at ,critias1 ^: argum5t1 z ,socrates pret5ds1 is only ! repetition ( :i* "o _h be5 us$ by ,prodicus ( ,ceos on ! day be=e1 & _h be5 refut$ by an imp]t95t y\?4 ,critias appe>$ to be argu+ s admirably t ,eryxias1 if he _h n be5 a%am$ ( ! by/&]s1 w\ld probably h got up & /ruck him4 ,= he ?\ght t he _h be5 robb$ ( a great possession :5 x became obvi\s to him t he _h be5 wrong 9 8 =m] op9ion ab\t weal?4 ,i obs]v$ 8 vexation1 & fe>$ t !y w\ld proce$ to abuse & qu>rell+3 s ,i said1--,i he>d t v argum5t us$ 9 ! ,lyceum ye/]day by a wise man1 ,prodicus ( ,ceos2 b ! audi5ce ?\ght t he 0 talk+ m]e nons5se1 & no "o c\ld be p]suad$ t he 0 speak+ ! tru?4 ,& :5 at la/ a c]ta9 talkative "y g5tleman came 91 &1 tak+ 8 seat1 began to laugh & je] at ,prodicus1 torm5t+ him & dem&+ an explanation ( 8 argum5t1 he ga9$ ! e> ( ! audi5ce f> m ?an ,prodicus4 ,c y repeat ! disc\rse to u8 said ,erasi/ratus4 ,soc4 ,if ,i c only rememb] x1 ,i w4 ,! y\? began by ask+ ,prodicus1 ,9 :at way did he ?9k t ri*es 7 a good & 9 :at an evil8 ,prodicus answ]$1 z y did j n[1 t !y 7 a good to good m5 & to ^? :o knew 9 :at way !y %\ld be employ$1 :ile to ! bad & ! ignorant !y 7 an evil4 ,! same is true1 he w5t on to say1 ( all o!r ?+s2 m5 make !m to be :at !y are !mselves4 ,! say+ ( ,ar*ilo*us is true3-- #8,m5's ?\ghts correspond to ! ?+s :i* !y meet )4' ,well1 !n1 repli$ ! y\?1 if any "o makes me wise 9 #cih t wisdom :]eby good m5 become wise1 he mu/ also make ev]y?+ else good to me4 ,n t he conc]ns himself at all ) ^! o!r ?+s1 b he has conv]t$ my ignorance into wisdom4 ,if1 = example1 a p]son tea* me gramm> or music1 he w at ! same "t tea* me all t relates to gramm> or music1 & s :5 he makes me good1 he makes ?+s good to me4 ,sid5ote3 ,prodicus correct$4 ,prodicus did n altoge!r agree3 /ill he cons5t$ to :at 0 said4 ,& d y ?9k1 said ! y\?1 t do+ good ?+s is l build+ a h\se1--! "w ( human ag5cy2 or d ?+s rema9 :at !y 7 at fir/1 good or bad1 = all "t8 ,prodicus began to suspect1 ,i fancy1 ! direction :i* ! argum5t 0 likely to take1 & did n wi% to be put d[n by a m]e /ripl+ be=e all ^? pres5t3--7if !y two _h be5 alone1 he w\ld n h m9d$73--s he answ]$1 clev]ly en\gh3 ,i ?9k t do+ good ?+s is a "w ( human ag5cy4 ,& is virtue 9 y\r op9ion1 ,prodicus1 innate or acquir$ by in/ruction8 ,! latt]1 said ,prodicus4 ,!n y w\ld consid] him a simpleton :o suppos$ t he c\ld obta9 by pray+ to ! ,gods ! k ( gramm> or music or any o!r art1 :i* he mu/ ei!r le>n f ano!r or f9d out = himself8 ,prodicus agre$ to ?is also4 ,& :5 y pray to ! ,gods t y may d well & receive good1 y mean by y\r pray] no?+ else ?an t y desire to become good & wise3--if1 at lea/1 ?+s are good to ! good & wise & evil to ! evil4 ,b 9 t case1 if virtue is acquir$ by in/ruction1 x w\ld appe> t y only pray to be taught :at y d n "k4 ,h]eupon ,i said to ,prodicus t x 0 no mis=tune to him if he _h be5 prov$ to be 9 error 9 suppos+ t ! ,gods imm$iately grant$ to u :atev] we ask$3--if1 ,i add$1 :5ev] y g up to ! ,acropolis y e>ne/ly entreat ! ,gods to grant y good ?+s1 al?\gh y "k n :e!r !y c yield y\r reque/1 x is z ?\gh y w5t to ! doors ( ! gramm>ian & begg$ him1 al?\gh y _h nev] made a /udy ( ! art1 to give y a k ( gramm> :i* w\ld enable y =?) to d ! bus9ess ( a gramm>ian4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at con/itutes weal?8 ,sid5ote3 ,prodicus is desir$ to leave ! gymnasium because he is di/urb+ ! m9ds ( y\?4 ,:ile ,i 0 speak+1 ,prodicus 0 prep>+ to retaliate ^u 8 y\?ful assailant1 int5d+ to employ ! argum5t #cii ( :i* y h j made use2 = he 0 annoy$ to h x suppos$ t he (f]$ a va9 pray] to ! ,gods4 ,b ! ma/] ( ! gymnasium came to him & begg$ him to leave because he 0 tea*+ ! y\?s doctr9es :i* 7 unsuit$ to !m1 & !re=e bad = !m4 ,i h told y ?is because ,i want y to und]/& h[ m5 are circum/anc$ 9 reg>d to philosophy4 ,_h ,prodicus be5 pres5t & said :at y h said1 ! audi5ce w\ld h ?\ght him rav+1 & he w\ld h be5 eject$ f ! gymnasium4 ,b y h argu$ s excell5tly well t y h n only p]suad$ y\r he>]s1 b h br\ght y\r oppon5t to an agreem5t4 ,= j z 9 ! law c\rts1 if two witnesses te/ify to ! same fact1 "o ( :om seems to be an hone/ fell[ & ! o!r a rogue1 ! te/imony ( ! rogue (t5 has ! contr>y effect on ! judges' m9ds to :at he int5d$1 :ile ! same evid5ce if giv5 by ! hone/ man at once /rikes !m z p]fectly true4 ,& probably ! audi5ce h some?+ ( ! same feel+ ab\t y\rself & ,prodicus2 !y ?9k him a ,sophi/ & a bragg>t1 & reg>d y z a g5tleman ( c\rtesy & wor?4 ,= !y d n pay att5tion to ! argum5t s mu* z to ! "* ( ! speak]4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates je/+ pr(esses to be 9 e>ne/4 ,b truly1 ,socrates1 said ,erasi/ratus1 ?\gh y may be jok+1 ,critias does seem to me to be say+ some?+ :i* is ( weight4 ,soc4 ,i am 9 pr(\nd e>ne/1 ,i assure y4 ,b :y1 z y h begun y\r argum5t s prettily1 d y n g on ) ! re/8 ,!re is /ill some?+ lack+1 n[ y h agre$ t weal? is a good to "s & an evil to o!rs4 ,x rema9s to enquire :at con/itutes weal?2 = unless y "k ?is1 y _c possibly come to an und]/&+ z to :e!r x is a good or an evil4 ,i am ready to assi/ y 9 ! enquiry to ! utmo/ ( my p[]3 b fir/ let him :o affirms t ri*es are a good1 tell u :at1 9 8 op9ion1 is weal?4 ,eras4 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i h no notion ab\t weal? beyond t :i* m5 commonly h4 ,i suppose t weal? is a quantity ( money#gh2 & ?is1 ,i imag9e1 w\ld also be ,critias' def9ition4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t k9ds ( money4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is money8 ,x is obs]v$ t diff]5t k9ds ( money pass curr5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries1--,c>?age1 ,lac$aemon1 ,e?iopia1 ,scy?ia4 ,soc4 ,!n n[ we h to consid]1 ,:at is money8 ,or else lat] on we %all be f\nd to diff] ab\t ! "q4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,c>?ag9ians use money ( ?is sort4 ,some?+ :i* is ab\t ! size ( a /at] is ti$ up 9 a #djj small piece ( lea!r3 :at x is1 no "o kn[s b ! mak]s4 ,a seal is next set ^u ! lea!r1 :i* !n passes into circulation1 & he :o has ! l>ge/ numb] ( su* pieces is e/eem$ ! ri*e/ & be/ (f4 ,& yet if any "o among u _h a mass ( su* co9s he w\ld be no weal?i] ?an if he _h s _m pebbles f ! m\nta94 ,at ,lac$aemon1 aga91 !y use iron by weight :i* has be5 r5d]$ useless3 & he :o has ! greate/ mass ( su* iron is ?\ght to be ! ri*e/1 al?\gh else:]e x has no value4 ,9 ,e?iopia engrav$ /ones are employ$1 ( :i* a ,lac$aemonian c\ld make no use4 ,once m1 among ! ,nomad ,scy?ians a man :o own$ ! h\se ( ,polytion w\ld n be ?\ght ri*] ?an "o :o possess$ ,m\nt ,lycabettus among ourselves4 ,& cle>ly ^? ?+s _c all be reg>d$ z possessions2 = 9 "s cases ! possessors w\ld appe> none ! ri*] !reby3 b1 z ,i 0 say+1 "s "o ( !m is ?\ght 9 "o place to be money1 & ! possessors ( x are ! weal?y1 :]eas 9 "s o!r place x is n money1 & ! own]%ip ( x does n conf] weal?2 j z ! /&>d ( morals v>ies1 & :at is hon\rable to "s m5 is di%on\rable to o!rs4 ,& if we wi% to enquire :y a h\se is valuable to u b n to ! ,scy?ians1 or :y ! ,c>?ag9ians value lea!r :i* is wor?less to u1 or ! ,lac$aemonians f9d weal? 9 iron & we d n1 c we n get an answ] 9 "s su* way z ?is3 ,w\ld an ,a!nian1 :o _h a ?\s& tal5ts weight ( ! /ones :i* lie ab\t 9 ! ,agora & :i* we d n employ = any purpose1 be ?\ght to be any ! ri*]8 ,eras4 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld n appe> s to me4 ,soc4 ,b if he possess$ a ?\s& tal5ts weight ( "s preci\s /one1 we %\ld say t he 0 v ri*8 ,eras4 ,( c\rse4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? mu/ be useful4 ,soc4 ,! reason is t ! "o is useless & ! o!r useful8 ,eras4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,& 9 ! same way among ! ,scy?ians a h\se has no value because !y h no use = a h\se1 nor w\ld a ,scy?ian set s mu* /ore on ! f9e/ h\se 9 ! _w z on a lea!r coat1 because he c\ld use ! "o & n ! o!r4 ,or aga91 ! ,c>?ag9ian co9age is n weal? 9 our eyes1 = we c\ld n employ x1 z we c silv]1 to procure :at we ne$1 & !re=e x is ( no use to u4 ,eras4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? is useful1 b o!r ?+s are useful besides weal?4 ,soc4 ,:at is useful to u1 !n1 is weal?1 & :at is useless to u is n weal?8 ,b h[ d y mean1 ,socrates8 said ,eryxias1 int]rupt+4 ,d we n employ 9 our int]c\rse ) "o ano!r #dja spee* & viol5ce 787 & v>i\s o!r ?+s8 ,^! are useful & yet !y are n weal?4 ,soc4 ,cle>ly we h n yet answ]$ ! "q1 ,:at is weal?8 ,t weal? mu/ be useful1 to be weal? at all1--?us mu* is ackn[l$g$ by e "o4 ,b :at p>ticul> ?+ is weal?1 if n all ?+s8 ,let u pursue ! argum5t 9 ano!r way2 & !n we may p]haps f9d :at we are seek+4 ,:at is ! use ( weal?1 & = :at purpose has ! possession ( ri*es be5 inv5t$1--9 ! s5se1 ,i mean1 9 :i* drugs h be5 discov]$ = ! cure ( disease8 ,p]haps 9 ?is way we may ?r[ "s light on ! "q4 ,x appe>s to be cle> t :atev] con/itutes weal? mu/ be useful1 & t weal? is "o class ( useful ?+s2 & n[ we h to enquire1 ,:at is ! use ( ^? useful ?+s :i* con/itute weal?8 ,= all ?+s probably may be said to be useful :i* we use 9 production1 j z all ?+s :i* h life are animals1 b !re is a special k9d ( animal :i* we call #8man4' ,n[ if any "o 7 to ask u1 ,:at is t ( :i*1 if we 7 rid1 we %\ld n want m$ic9e & ! in/rum5ts ( m$ic9e1 we might reply t ?is w\ld be ! case if disease 7 abs5t f our bodies & ei!r nev] came to !m at all or w5t away aga9 z soon z x appe>$2 & we may !re=e conclude t m$ic9e is ! sci5ce :i* is useful = gett+ rid ( disease4 ,b if we are fur!r ask$1 ,:at is t f :i*1 if we 7 free1 we %\ld h no ne$ ( weal?8 c we give an answ]8 ,if we h none1 suppose t we re/ate ! "q ?us3--,if a man c\ld live )\t food or dr9k1 & yet suff] nei!r hung] nor ?ir/1 w\ld he want ei!r money or any?+ else 9 ord] to supply 8 ne$s8 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? is :at is want$3 ,eryx4 ,he w\ld n4 ,sid5ote3 ,if ! body _h no wants or feel+s !re w\ld be no ne$ ( money4 ,soc4 ,& does n ?is apply 9 o!r cases8 ,if we did n want = ! s]vice ( ! body ! ?+s ( :i* we n[ /& 9 ne$1 & heat & cold & ! o!r bodily s5sations 7 unp]ceiv$ by u1 !re w\ld be no use 9 ?is s-call$ weal?1 if no "o1 t is1 _h any necessity = ^? ?+s :i* n[ make u wi% = weal? 9 ord] t we may satisfy ! desires & ne$s ( ! body 9 respect ( our v>i\s wants4 ,& !re=e if ! possession ( weal? is useful 9 m9i/]+ to our bodily wants1 & bodily wants 7 unkn[n to u1 we %\ld n ne$ weal?1 & possibly !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z weal?4 ,eryx4 ,cle>ly n4 ,soc4 ,!n our conclusion is1 z w\ld appe>1 t weal? is :at is useful to ?is end8 ,eryxias once1 m gave 8 ass5t1 b ! small argum5t consid]ably tr\bl$ him4 ,soc4 ,& :at is y\r op9ion ab\t ano!r "q3--,w\ld #djb y say t ! same ?+ c be at "o "t useful & at ano!r useless = ! production ( ! same result8 ,eryx4 ,i _c say m ?an t if we require ! same ?+ to produce ! same result1 !n x seems to me to be useful2 if n1 n4 ,soc4 ,!n if )\t ! aid ( fire we c\ld make a braz5 /atue1 we %\ld n want fire = t purpose2 & if we did n want x1 x w\ld be useless to u8 ,& ! argum5t applies equally 9 o!r cases4 ,eryx4 ,cle>ly4 ,soc4 ,& !re=e conditions :i* are n requir$ = ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ are n useful = ! production ( x8 ,eryx4 ,( c\rse n4 ,sid5ote3 & :5 ceas+ to be want$ ceases to be weal?4 ,soc4 ,& if )\t gold or silv] or any?+ else :i* we d n use directly = ! body 9 ! way t we d food & dr9k & b$d+ & h\ses1--if )\t ^! we c\ld satisfy ! wants ( ! body1 !y w\ld be ( no use to u = t purpose8 ,eryx4 ,!y w\ld n4 ,soc4 ,!y w\ld no long] be reg>d$ z weal?1 because !y are useless1 :]eas t w\ld be weal? :i* enabl$ u to obta9 :at 0 useful to u8 ,eryx4 ,o ,socrates1 y w nev] be able to p]suade me t gold & silv] & simil> ?+s are n weal?4 ,b ,i am v /rongly ( op9ion t ?+s :i* are useless to u are n weal?1 & t ! money :i* is useful = ?is purpose is ( ! greate/ use2 n t ^! ?+s are n useful t[>ds life1 if by !m we c procure weal?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! arts too are weal?1 = by !m ! ne$s ( life are satisfi$4 ,soc4 ,& h[ w\ld y answ] ano!r "q8 ,!re are p]sons1 are !re n1 :o tea* music & gramm> & o!r arts = pay1 & ?us procure ^? ?+s ( :i* !y /& 9 ne$8 ,eryx4 ,!re are4 ,soc4 ,& ^! m5 by ! arts :i* !y pr(ess1 & 9 ex*ange = !m1 obta9 ! necessities ( life j z we d by means ( gold & silv]8 ,eryx4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,!n if !y procure by ?is means :at !y want = ! purposes ( life1 t art w be useful t[>ds life8 ,= d we n say t silv] is useful because x enables u to supply our bodily ne$s8 ,eryx4 ,we d4 ,soc4 ,!n if ^! arts are reckon$ among ?+s useful1 ! arts are weal? = ! same reason z gold & silv] are1 =1 cle>ly1 ! possession ( !m gives weal?4 ,yet a little :ile ago we f\nd x difficult to accept ! argum5t :i* prov$ t ! wise/ are ! weal?ie/4 ,b n[ !re #djc seems no escape f ?is conclusion4 ,suppose t we are ask$1 #8,is a horse useful to ev]ybody8' w n our reply be1 #8,no1 b only to ^? :o "k h[ to use a horse8' ,eryx4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? is weal? :5 we "k h[ to use x4 ,soc4 ,& s1 too1 physic is n useful to e "o1 b only to him :o kn[s h[ to use x8 ,eryx4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& ! same is ! case ) ev]y?+ else8 ,eryx4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,!n gold & silv] & all ! o!r elem5ts :i* are suppos$ to make up weal? are only useful to ! p]son :o kn[s h[ to use !m8 ,eryx4 ,exactly4 ,soc4 ,& 7 we n sav+ be=e t x 0 ! bus9ess ( a good man & a g5tleman to "k :]e & h[ any?+ %\ld be us$8 ,eryx4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! good only "k h[ to use ?+s4 ,soc4 ,! good & g5tle1 !re=e1 w alone h pr(it f ^! ?+s1 suppos+ at lea/ t !y "k h[ to use !m4 ,b if s1 to !m only w !y seem to be weal?4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t :]e a p]son is ignorant ( rid+1 & has horses :i* are useless to him1 if "s "o tea*es him t art1 he makes him also ri*]1 = :at 0 be=e useless has n[ become useful to him1 & 9 giv+ him k he has also conf]r$ ri*es ^u him4 ,eryx4 ,t is ! case4 ,soc4 ,yet ,i d>e be sworn t ,critias w n be mov$ a :it by ! argum5t4 ,crit4 ,no1 by heav54 ,i %\ld be a madman if ,i 74 ,b :y d y n f9i% ! argum5t :i* proves t gold & silv] & o!r ?+s :i* seem to be weal? are n real weal?8 ,= ,i h be5 exce$+ly delight$ to he> ! disc\rses :i* y h j be5 hold+4 ,soc4 ,my argum5t1 ,critias 7,i said71 appe>s to h giv5 y ! same k9d ( pleasure :i* y might h d]iv$ f "s rhapsode's recitation ( ,hom]2 = y d n believe a ^w ( :at has be5 said4 ,b come n[1 give me an answ] to ?is "q4 ,are n c]ta9 ?+s useful to ! build] :5 he is build+ a h\se8 ,crit4 ,!y are4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts ( weal? are inf9ite4 ,soc4 ,& w\ld y say t ^? ?+s are useful :i* are employ$ 9 h\se build+1--/ones & bricks & beams & ! l1 & also ! in/rum5ts ) :i* ! build] built ! h\se1 ! beams & /ones :i* !y provid$1 & aga9 ! in/rum5ts by :i* ^! 7 obta9$8 ,crit4 ,x seems to me t !y are all useful = build+4 ,soc4 ,& is x n true ( e art1 t n only ! mat]ials b ! in/rum5ts by :i* we procure !m & )\t :i* ! "w c\ld n g on1 are useful = t art8 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,& fur!r1 ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! in/rum5ts are procur$1 & s on1 go+ back f /age to /age ad #djd inf9itum1--are n all ^!1 9 y\r op9ion1 necess>y 9 ord] to c>ry out ! "w8 ,crit4 ,we may fairly suppose su* to be ! case4 ,sid5ote3 ,a sophism4 ,gold & silv] w\ld be useless if !y 7 n ne$$ to obta9 food3 & ?+s _c be at "o "t useless1 at ano!r "t useful1 9 ! same actions4 ,soc4 ,& if a man has food & dr9k & clo!s & ! o!r ?+s :i* are useful to ! body1 w\ld he ne$ gold or silv] or any o!r means by :i* he c\ld procure t :i* he n[ has8 ,crit4 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,soc4 ,!n y consid] t a man nev] wants any ( ^! ?+s = ! use ( ! body8 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,soc4 ,& if !y appe> useless to ?is end1 ought !y n always to appe> useless8 ,= we h already laid d[n ! pr9ciple t ?+s _c be at "o "t useful & ano!r "t n1 9 ! same process4 ,crit4 ,b 9 t respect y\r argum5t & m9e are ! same4 ,= y ma9ta9 if !y are useful to a c]ta9 end1 !y c nev] become useless2 :]eas ,i say t 9 ord] to accompli% "s results bad ?+s are ne$$1 & good = o!rs4 ,soc4 ,b c a bad ?+ be us$ to c>ry out a good purpose8 ,crit4 ,i %\ld say n4 ,soc4 ,& we call ^? actions good :i* a man does = ! sake ( virtue8 ,crit4 ,yes4 ,soc4 ,b c a man le>n any k9d ( k :i* is imp>t$ by ^w ( m\? if he is :olly depriv$ ( ! s5se ( he>+8 ,sid5ote3 ,good ends may be atta9$ by bad means4 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly n1 ,i ?9k4 ,soc4 ,& w n he>+ be useful = virtue1 if virtue is taught by he>+ & we use ! s5se ( he>+ 9 giv+ in/ruction8 ,crit4 ,yes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!re are indirect means t[>ds ends4 ,soc4 ,& s9ce m$ic9e frees ! sick man f 8 disease1 t art too may sometimes appe> useful 9 ! acquisition ( virtue1 e4 g4 :5 he>+ is procur$ by ! aid ( m$ic9e4 ,crit4 ,v likely4 ,soc4 ,b if1 aga91 we obta9 by weal? ! aid ( m$ic9e1 %all we n reg>d weal? z useful = virtue8 ,crit4 ,true4 ,soc4 ,& also ! in/rum5ts by :i* weal? is procur$8 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,sid5ote3 ,weal? may be ga9$ discr$itably1 b sp5t 9 ! acquisition ( virtue4 ,soc4 ,!n y ?9k t a man may ga9 weal? by bad & disgraceful means1 &1 hav+ obta9$ ! aid ( m$ic9e :i* enables him to acquire ! p[] ( he>+1 may use t v faculty = ! acquisition ( virtue8 ,crit4 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,soc4 ,b c t :i* is evil be useful = virtue8 ,crit4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,x is n !re=e necess>y t ! means by :i* we obta9 :at is useful = a c]ta9 object %\ld always be useful = ! same object3 = x seems t bad actions may sometimes s]ve good purposes8 ,! matt] w be /ill #dje pla9] if we look at x 9 ?is way3--,if ?+s are useful t[>ds ! sev]al ends = :i* !y exi/1 :i* ends w\ld n come into exi/5ce )\t !m1 h[ w\ld y reg>d !m8 ,c ignorance1 = in/ance1 be useful = k1 or disease = heal?1 or vice = virtue8 ,crit4 ,nev]4 ,soc4 ,& yet we h already agre$--h we n8--t !re c be no k :]e !re has n previ\sly be5 ignorance1 nor heal? :]e !re has n be5 disease1 nor virtue :]e !re has n be5 vice8 ,crit4 ,i ?9k t we h4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 causes & antec$5ts4 ,soc4 ,b !n x w\ld seem t ! antec$5ts )\t :i* a ?+ _c exi/ are n necess>ily useful to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,is he :o ne$s mo/ or :o ne$s lea/ ! happi]8 ,o!rwise ignorance w\ld appe> useful = k1 disease = heal?1 & vice = virtue4 ,critias /ill %[$ great reluctance to accept any argum5t :i* w5t to prove t all ^! ?+s 7 useless4 ,i saw t x 0 z difficult to p]suade him z 7accord+ to ! prov]b7 x is to boil a /one1 s ,i said3 ,let u bid #8good-bye' to ! discussion1 s9ce we _c agree :e!r ^! ?+s are useful & a "p ( weal? or n4 ,b :at %all we say to ano!r "q3 ,:i* is ! happi] & bett] man1--he :o requires ! greate/ quantity ( necess>ies = body & diet1 or he :o requires only ! fewe/ & lea/8 ,! answ] w p]haps become m obvi\s if we suppose "s "o1 comp>+ ! man himself at diff]5t times1 to consid] :e!r 8 condition is bett] :5 he is sick or :5 he is well8 ,crit4 ,t is n a "q :i* ne$s mu* consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,heal? is a bett] condition ?an disease2 & x ne$s less4 ,soc4 ,probably1 ,i said1 e "o c und]/& t heal? is a bett] condition ?an disease4 ,b :5 h we ! greate/ & ! mo/ v>i\s ne$s1 :5 we are sick or :5 we are well8 ,crit4 ,:5 we are sick4 ,soc4 ,& :5 we are 9 ! wor/ /ate we h ! greate/ & mo/ especial ne$ & desire ( bodily pleasures8 ,crit4 ,true4 ,sid5ote3 ,s he is be/ (f :o has fewe/ desires4 ,soc4 ,& see+ t a man is be/ (f :5 he is lea/ 9 ne$ ( su* ?+s1 does n ! same reason+ apply to ! case ( any two p]sons1 ( :om "o has _m & great wants & desires1 & ! o!r few & mod]ate8 ,= in/ance1 "s m5 are gambl]s1 "s drunk>ds1 & "s gluttons3 & gambl+ & ! love ( dr9k & gre$9ess are all desires8 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,soc4 ,b desires are only ! lack ( some?+3 & ^? :o h ! greate/ desires are 9 a worse condition ?an ^? :o h none or v slight ones8 ,crit4 ,c]ta9ly ,i consid] t ^? :o h su* #djf wants are bad1 & t ! great] _! wants ! worse !y are4 ,soc4 ,& d we ?9k x possible t a ?+ %\ld be useful = a purpose unless we h ne$ ( x = t purpose8 ,sid5ote3 ,! ri*e/ are ^? :o are mo/ 9 want4 ,crit4 ,no4 ,soc4 ,!n if ^! ?+s are useful = supply+ ! ne$s ( ! body1 we mu/ want !m = t purpose8 ,crit4 ,t is my op9ion4 ,soc4 ,& he to :om ! greate/ numb] ( ?+s are useful = 8 purpose1 w also want ! greate/ numb] ( means ( accompli%+ x1 suppos+ t we necess>ily feel ! want ( all useful ?+s8 ,crit4 ,x seems s4 ,soc4 ,! argum5t proves !n t he :o has great ri*es has likewise ne$ ( _m ?+s = ! supply ( ! wants ( ! body2 = weal? appe>s useful t[>ds t end4 ,& ! ri*e/ mu/ be 9 ! wor/ condition1 s9ce !y seem to be mo/ 9 want ( su* ?+s4 ,,footnotes #gg ,cp4 ,rep4 vi4 #dhg4 #gh ,cp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 i4 #i1 #aj1 #ad4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,p4 #adg4 #8op9ons' *ang$ to #8op9ions'4 ,p4 #bdj4 #8,odyssee' *ang$ to #8,odyssey'4 ,p4 #bef4 #8,simmais' *ang$ to #8,simmias'4 ,p4 #eed4 #8,teiresias' *ang$ to #8,tiresias'4 ,p4 #efj4 #8,erisa/ratus' *ang$ to #8,erasi/ratus'4 ,p4 #efj4 ,add$ ,soc4 voice to p>agraph4 ,correct$ v>i\s punctuation4 ,sev]al miss+ ,/ephanus page numb]s add$1 by comp>ison ) ! ,,uk pr9t+4