,transcrib]'s ,note    ,9 ?is           
transcription1 bold text is d5ot$ by    
equal signs4 ,small  capitals 9 !       
orig9al text h be5 transcrib$ z ,title  
,case4    ,see end ( ?is docum5t =      
details ( corrections & o!r *anges4     
---------------------------- ,/>t (     
,book ----------------------------      
,,telephone ,,tr\bles                   
,,_! ,,location ,,& ,,rem$y4            
,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,wev4                     
,,new ,,york3                           
,,mcgraw ,,publi%+ ,,company4           
#aijg4                                  
,copyright$1 #aijg1                     
by !                           ,mc,graw 
,publi%+ ,company1                      
,new ,york4                             
,,note4      ,9 putt+ ?is little book   
be=e ! telephone work]s ,i d s  ) ! idea
 ( help+ ! beg9n] & furni%+ a guide = ! 
exp]i5c$ man4 ,x is compos$ ( in=mation 
ga9$ by #ae ye>s'  practical exp]i5ce4  
,e4 ,m4 ,w  ,april1 #aijg4              
,,cont5ts4        ,,*apt]4              

,,page4      ,i4   ,direct ,l9e         
#a      ,,ii4  ,two ,p>ty ,l9e          
#ad      ,,iii4  ,f\r ,p>ty ,set        
#ag      ,,iv4  ,h[ to ,te/ ,= & ,cle>  
,tr\bles 9           ,private ,bran*    
,ex*ange ,swit*bo>ds                    
#be           ,inspection               
#dj                                     
,,telephone ,,tr\bles4                  
--------------                          
,,*apt] ,i4                             
,,direct ,,l9e4#a                       
,bell ,doesn't ,r+ at all4    ,may be   
caus$ by any ( foll[+3      #a/4        
,cond5s] op54    #b;d4  ,r+] op54       
#c;d4  ,hook contacts cross$4    #d?4   
,desk /& cords or induction coil cross$4
    #e?4 ,ext5tion bell op54    #f?4    
,r+] %ort-circuit$4    #g?4 ,tr\ble at  
c5tral (fice4    #a/4 ,:5 cond5s] is op5
 y w get weak hook clicks & side  tones 
& he>+ v weak4 ,prove by %ort-circuit+ !
 cond5s] at  ! lugs ) a te/ cord1 :i*   
%\ld make ! r+ ( ! bell &  he>+ ,o4,k4  
7,:ile ! cond5s] is %ort-circuit$ y w   

get only "o hook  click47    #b;d4 ,only
 "o hook click1 ! side tones normal1 & !
 failure ( !  r+] armature to move :5 y 
raise or l[] ! hook1 indicates  t ! r+] 
is op54    ,prove by replac+ ! receiv]  
on ! hook & !n bridge across !  cond5s] 
lugs ) y\r head receiv]2 if y d n get a 
good click  e "t y make contact1 ! r+]  
is op54    ,or y c make ! foll[+ te/2   
op5 ! /rap at ! top ( !  bell1 !n       
%ort-circuit ! cond5s] lugs ) a te/     
cord2 !n  connect "o side ( y\r head    
receiv] to "o ( ! l9e b9d+  po/s1 & feel
 ) ! o!r side on ! t]m9als ( ! r+]2  if 
y get batt]y on "o t]m9al & n on ! o!r !
 r+] is  c]ta9ly op54    #c;d4 ,only "o 
hook click1 side tones normal1 failure (
 ! r+]  armature to move :5 y raise &   
l[] ! hook1 & ! receiv] 9  circuit :ile 
! hook is d[n1 indicates t ! hook       
contacts are  cross$ toge!r4 ,:5 ?is is 
! case1 ! bell w r+ poorly or  n at all1
 & ! r+ c be he>d 9 ! receiv] :5 ! hook 
is  d[n4 ,op5 ! receiv] circuit at "o ( 
! receiv] b9d+ po/s1  ?is %\ld all[ !   

bell to r+ all "r4    #d?4 ,r$ & :ite   
/r&s ( desk /& cord or prim>y & second>y
  ( induction coil cross$ toge!r w      
g5]ally cut d[n he>+2  x may or may n   
cause only "o hook click1 & may or may n
 put  batt]y ?r\gh ! receiv]1 & may     
:olly or only p>tly prev5t  ! bell f    
r++4 ,disconnect ! /rap on top ( ! bell 
&  te/ ) y\r head receiv] f ! ,g po/ to 
! ,l#b po/2 if y  get batt]y !re is a   
cross2 disconnect ! r$ & :ite /r&s  ( ! 
desk /& cord1 ?is w %[ :e!r ! tr\ble is 
9 !  desk /& cord or 9 ! bell4 ,if x is 
9 ! bell1 disconnect ,no4  #b & ,no4 #d 
t]m9als ( ! induction coil1 & te/ aga91 
to prove  c]ta9ly t ! tr\ble is 9 ! coil
 itself & n 9 ! wir+4    #e?4 ,if !re is
 an auxili>y bell1 & x is op51 ! set w  
te/  z ?\gh x _h an op5 r+]4 ,te/ by    
%ort-circuit+ ! ,l#b & ,g  po/s1 :i*    
cuts out ! auxili>y bell & makes x a    
/raight set  = ! "t be+4    #f?4 ,if !  
r+] is %ort-circuit$ y w get batt]y     
?r\gh !  receiv]1 :i* c be detect$ by   
li/5+ :ile y %ort-circuit  ! receiv]    

b9d+ po/s ) y\r screw driv] blade4 ,to  
prove1  disconnect ! bridge f ! top ( ! 
bell1 & connect ! two  l9e wires to !   
,l#b & ,g po/s in/ead ( ! ,l#b & ,l#a   
po/s2  %ort-circuit ! cond5s] lugs ) a  
te/ cord1 & !n bridge y\r  head receiv] 
across ! r+] t]m9als2 if ! r+] is all "r
  y w get a heavy click1 if x is        
completely %ort-circuit$ y  w get no    
click at all1 if x is p>tially          
%ort-circuit$ y w  get a p>tial click4  
,bell ,r+s ,weakly4    ,may be caus$ by3
      ,poor adju/m5t ( armature or      
gongs4      ,pivot screws too loose or  
too tight4      ,clapp] rubb+ on gu>d4  
,wir+ int]f]+ ) ! clapp] /em4           
8,:isk]s0 on ! magnet heads4            
,magnet heads /icky or gummy4      ,desk
 /& cord1 induction coil1 or hook       
contacts cross$4      ,"o or bo? coils (
 ! r+] p>tially %ort-circuit$4          
,pol>iz+ magnet weak4      ,c>bons 9    
protector dirty & g5]ator curr5t jump+  
across !m4      ,tr\ble at ! c5tral     
(fice4                 ,bridge on !     

,l9e1 ,/eady ,light at ,c5tral ,(fice4  
,prove :e!r ! tr\ble is 9 ! in/rum5t or 
n by disconnect+  bo? sides ( ! l9e at !
 top ( ! bell & go+ 9 ) y\r  head       
receiv]4 ,if y get c5tral ! tr\ble is 9 
! in/rum5t &  ! same w be f\nd ei!r 9 ! 
wir+1 desk /& cords1 or !  hook4 ,if    
op5+ ! /rap 7see diagram ,no4 #a7 does  
cle> ! tr\ble1  ! leak is across ?r\gh !
 r+]1 & mu/ be due to3    #a4 ,receiv]  
contact ( hook n break+4 ,if ?is is !   
case1 op5+  ! receiv] circuit at "o ( ! 
receiv] b9d+ po/s w cle>  ! tr\ble      
tempor>ily4    #b4 ,:ite & gre5 /r&s ( !
 desk /& cord cross$ toge!r4 ,if  ?is is
 ! tr\ble1 disconnect+ ! cords f ! bell 
w cle>  x4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4   
#c4 ,! cond5s] mu/ be %ort-circuit$ if !
 tr\ble is n 9 !  hook or cords2 if !   
cond5s] is completely %ort-circuit$1 !re
  w be b "o hook click1 b (t5 !re is    
en\gh resi/ance 9 a  cond5s]            
%ort-circuit to give bo? hook clicks4   
,to make sure t !  tr\ble is 9 ! cond5s]
 itself1 & n 9 ! wir+1 disconnect  "o   

t]m9al ( ! cond5s] & g 9 s]ies ) y\r    
head receiv]4                           
,in/rum5t ,entirely ,dead1 ,no?+ c be   
,he>d                              9 !  
,receiv]4    ,see fir/ t y h batt]y at !
 top ( ! bell4    ,! tr\ble may be due  
to3      #a4 ,receiv] circuit op54      
#b4 ,receiv] %ort-circuit$4    #a4 ,if  
!re is an op5 9 ! receiv] circuit1 x may
 be 9 ei!r !  receiv] itself1 ! receiv] 
cord1 ! :ite /r& ( ! desk /&  cord1 !   
receiv] contact ( ! hook1 or ! second>y2
 bridge y\r  head receiv] successively  
ar\nd ^! p>ts1 :5 y bridge ar\nd  ! op5 
y w get ! side tones 9 ! head receiv]4  
#b4 ,to prove :e!r a receiv] is         
%ort-circuit$ or n1 connect y\r  head   
receiv] 9 s]ies ) x2 if ! head receiv]  
responds :ile  ano!r receiv] 9 s]ies ) x
 does n1 ! o!r "o _c be  op51 & !re=e1  
mu/ be %ort-circuit$4                   
,transmitt] out ( ,circuit1 b ,he>+ n   
,entirely                               
,cut ,out4    ,may be caus$ by3    #a4  
,op5 9 gre5 /r& ( desk /& cord1         

transmitt] or transmitt]     wir+4      
#b4 ,transmitt] %ort-circuit$4    #c4   
,r$ & :ite /r&s ( desk /& cord cross$   
toge!r4    #a4 ,no hook clicks1         
transmitt] entirely dead1 b c he>       
induction on  ! l9e1 & c he> ! effect ( 
%ort-circuit+ ! l9e at !  top ( ! bell  
indicates an op54 ,locate by connect+ "o
 t]m9al (  y\r head receiv] to ! ,l#a   
po/1 & feel+ ) ! o!r t]m9al             
successively on ! sev]al po9ts ( !      
transmitt] circuit f !  ,l#b po/ to !   
hook2 z soon z y pass ! op5 y w cease to
 get  batt]y ?r\gh ! head receiv]4      
#b4 ,/rong hook clicks1 transmitt]      
entirely or ne>ly dead1 b c  he>        
induction on ! l9e & ! effect (         
%ort-circuit+ ! l9e  at ! top ( ! bell1 
indicates transmitt] %ort-circuit$4 ,op5
 at  ! transmitt] & put y\r head receiv]
 9 s]ies to see :e!r !  tr\ble is a     
%ort-circuit inside ( ! transmitt] head1
 or a cross  ( ! transmitt] cord or !   
gre5 /r& ( ! desk /& cord )  ! frame ( !
 desk /&4    #c4 ,two hook clicks1 b !  

transmitt] dead & _c he> induction  on !
 l9e1 & _c he> ! effect ( %ort-circuit+ 
! l9e at  ! top ( ! bell1 & bell r+s    
poorly or n at all1 indicates r$  & :ite
 /r&s ( ! desk /& cord cross$ toge!r :i*
 %ort  circuits ! receiv] :ile ! hook is
 up4 ,disconnect ! /rap at !  top ( !   
bell1 & te/ z previ\sly direct$ f ! ,g  
po/ to !  ,l#b po/2 if y get batt]y !   
cord is cross$4                         
,transmission ,poor4    ,may be due to3 
#a4 ,transmitt] pack$ or o!rwise bad4   
#b4 ,r$ /r& ( desk /& cord1 prim>y1 or  
hook contact op5 79       :i* case !    
he>+ w also be poor74      #c4 ,prim>y  
or second>y rev]s$4      #d4 ,prim>y &  
second>y cross$ toge!r 7?is w also      
affect !       he>+74      #e4 ,high    
resi/ance 9 ! l9e or in/rum5t4    #a4   
,:5 a transmitt] is believ$ to be pack$1
 call ! wire *ief1  be+ v c>eful n to   
%ake x up or j> x1 & get him to note  ! 
way x transmits2 !n %ake x up ?or\ghly1 
& see :at !  effect is on transmission4 
,:5 a transmitt] is suspect$ ( pack+  b 

y fail to cat* x 9 ! act1 y c sometimes 
pack x by  bl[+ g5tly into ! m\? piece =
 a m9ute or s2 b 9 mak+  ?is te/ be     
c>eful n to condemn a good in/rum5t1 z  
almo/ any  transmitt] is liable to a    
c]ta9 am\nt ( pack+1 & w come up  /rong]
 imm$iately aft] hav+ be5 %ak5 up4      
,:5 a transmitt] is suspect$ ( be+      
o!rwise defective a sure  te/ c be made 
by tempor>ily swapp+ faces ) "s o!r     
in/rum5t t is all "r4    #b4 ,only "o   
hook click & weak side tones indicate   
prim>y or r$  cord op54 ,connect "o     
t]m9al ( y\r head receiv] to ! ,l#b po/ 
& te/ ) ! o!r successively on ! ,l#a    
po/1 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b  t]m9als ( !     
induction coil1 r$ cord po/ 9 desk /&1  
hook  spr+1 & hook2 z soon z y pass !   
op5 y w n get batt]y4    #c4 ,exam9e #a 
& #b1 & #c & #d ( ! coil to see t !y are
  n rev]s$1 t is1 see t ! numb]s ( !    
coil t]m9als  correspond ) ! numb]s ( ! 
lugs t !y connect to4 ,if  ! coil is    
rev]s$ int]nally1 s t ! numb]s          
correspond b  nev]!less "o ( ! w9d+s is 

wrong1 x c only be detect$  by ! man at 
! o!r end4 ,call up ! wire *ief or g to 
ano!r  in/rum5t y\rself & li/5 to !     
transmission f ! suspect$  in/rum5t2 if 
! coil is rev]s$ ! transmission w be    
muffl$4  ,prove by rev]s+ ei!r ! prim>y 
or ! second>y1 :i* %\ld  cle> ! tr\ble4 
#d4 ,te/ z previ\sly direct$ = prim>y & 
second>y cross$  toge!r4    #e4 ,get !  
wire *ief to te/ ! resi/ance ( ! l9e1 or
 te/ x  y\rself z foll[s3 ,bridge y\r   
lamp on at ! top ( ! in/rum5t1  ! lamp w
 burn r dimly on an ord9>y l9e1 v dimly 
if x  is a long l9e1 or an ext5sion l9e 
f a private bran* ex*ange  ) a high     
resi/ance drops & ret>dation coils4 7,9 
! latt]  case ! te/ c be made bett] aft]
 ! op]ator has plugg$ up !  l9e47 ,next 
connect y\r l9e 9 s]ies ) ! in/rum5t1   
take !  receiv] (f ! hook1 & comp>e !   
brightness ( ! lamp :ile !  in/rum5t is 
9 circuit1 & :ile x is cut out by       
%ort-circuit+  ! ,l#a & ,l#b po/s4 ,if  
!re is mu* diff]5ce notic$ !re is a     
high resi/ance 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,=ty ohms  

is a fair av]age =  ! resi/ance ( a     
c5tral batt]y in/rum5t1 b x may be high]
 or  may be l[]1 x may run bel[ #cj     
ohms4 ,ab\t #af ohms ( ?is is 9 !       
prim>y & ! re/ is 9 ! transmitt]4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,to prove t  
!re is no resi/ance 9 ! sold]$          
connections or  hook contact1           
%ort-circuit bo? ! prim>y & !           
transmitt]2 ?is  %\ld cut out all ( !   
resi/ance & completely %ort-circuit !   
in/rum5t1 s t y w get no batt]y f ,l#a  
to ,l#b po/s :5  ! hook is up4    ,!    
resi/ance ( a #bd volt te/ lamp is      
some:]e ab\t #djj ohms cold  & #bdj ohms
 hot4                                   
,he>+ ,poor4    ,may be due to3      #a4
 ,receiv] bad4      #b4 ,receiv] cord or
 :ite /r& ( desk /& cord bad4      #c4  
,cond5s] op54      #d4 ,prim>y &        
second>y cross$ toge!r4      #e4 ,prim>y
 %ort-circuit$4      #f4 ,second>y      
%ort-circuit$4      #g4 ,high resi/ance 
9 second>y circuit4    ,!re w be two    
hook clicks ) any ( ! above tr\bles1 b  

"o  ( ! clicks may be cut d[n m or less4
    #a4 ,exam9e ! receiv] = d5t$        
diaphragms1 8:isk]s0 on !  magnets1     
magnets too close to diaphragm1 or      
magnets weak2 te/ by  putt+ y\r head    
receiv] 9 s]ies ) x & comp>+ ! he>+4    
#b4 ,to te/ ! receiv] cord & ! :ite /r& 
( ! desk /&  cord1 put batt]y ?r\gh !m &
 li/5 9 ! receiv] = a cut out  or       
scrat*y s\nd :ile y %ake !m4            
,%ort-circuit+ ! cond5s]  ) a te/ cord  
puts batt]y ?r\gh ! receiv] & its cords 
:5  ! hook is up4    #c4 ,if ! cond5s]  
is op5 ! r+] usually w n r+1 b          
sometimes y c r+ ?r\gh a cond5s] t y _c 
he> ?r\gh  at all4 ,te/ by %ort-circuit+
 x ) a te/ cord4    #d4 ,prim>y &       
second>y cross$ toge!r w usually        
%ort-circuit  ! r+] & prev5t y\r gett+ a
 r+4 ,te/ z previ\sly direct$4    #e4   
,if ! prim>y is %ort-circuit$ bridge y\r
 head receiv] ar\nd  x2 y w get no click
 :5 ! hook comes up1 & no side tones4   
,if ! prim>y is all "r y w get bo?      
clicks & side tones 9  y\r head receiv]4

    #f4 ,a %ort-circuit$ second>y c be  
te/$ by exactly ! same me?od  z is giv5 
above = te/+ ! prim>y4    ,! above te/s 
"w v well if ! prim>y or second>y is    
completely or ne>ly %ort-circuit$1 b if 
! %ort circuit is only  p>tial x is v   
h>d to detect4 ,if y are 9 d\bt1 *ange !
 bell  tempor>ily = ano!r bell t is all 
"r or *ange ! induction  coil1 & comp>e 
results4    #g4 ,to te/ = a high        
resi/ance 9 ! second>y circuit1 put     
batt]y  ?r\gh x by %ort-circuit+ !      
cond5s] ) a te/ cord :ile  ! hook up1 !n
 li/5 9 ! receiv] :ile y %ort-circuit   
successively ! receiv] hook contact1 !  
two sides ( ! receiv]  cord1 ! :ite /r& 
( ! desk /& cord1 ! wir+ f receiv]  cord
 to second>y1 f second>y to cond5s]1 & f
 cond5s] to  ,l#b1 & ! second>y itself2 
:5 y %ort circuit out any "p (  !       
circuit t conta9s resi/ance1 su* z !    
second>y itself1  m batt]y w fl[ ?r\gh !
 receiv]1 giv+ y a click4    ,an        
in/rum5t 9 :i* ! r+] is n connect$1 w1 (
 c\rse1  give b "o hook click4          

,rev]sals 9 ! connect+ up ( desk /&     
cords may cause only  "o hook click or  
poor hook clicks1 poor transmission1    
poor he>+1  transmitt] ne>ly dead1 etc41
 accord+ to ! comb9ation 9 :i*  ! ?ree  
/r&s ( ! cord are connect$4    ,if !    
gr\nd side ( ! l9e is op5 outside ! set 
may be put 9  tempor>y s]vice by work+  
to a local gr\nd4    ,if ! induction    
coil is bad1 tempor>y s]vice c be giv51 
if  necess>y1 by putt+ ! transmitt] &   
receiv] 9 s]ies1 &  prop]ly pol+ !      
receiv]4                                
,,*apt] ,,ii4                           
,,two ,,p>ty ,,l9e4                     
,no4 #a ,set4    7,! batt]y side ( ! l9e
 goes to ! ,l#b po/47    ,gives two hook
 clicks1 & c be te/$ 9 v mu* ! same way 
z  a /raight set1 b ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld 
be rememb]$3 on sets  t r+ to gr\nd an  
op5 gr\nd w1 l r+] op51 cause !  bell n 
to r+ & only "o hook click4             
,resi/ance 9 ! gr\nd may cause poor r+4 
,rev]sal ( ! ?ree wires on top ( ! bell 
may cause only "o hook  click1 bell n to

 r+1 & transmitt] ne>ly dead4           
,transmitt] v poor may be caus$ by !    
gr\nd side ( ! l9e  be+ op5 outside4 7,y
 c /ill call ! op]ator & talk1 )        
difficulty ?r\gh ! r+] & gr\nd47        
,no4 #b ,set4    ,gives b "o hook click1
 b o!rwise c be te/$ 9 v mu* !  same way
 z a /raight set4 ,rememb] ! foll[+     
po9ts3    ,on sets t r+ to gr\nd3       
,gr\nd op5 w prev5t bell f r++4         
,resi/ance 9 ! gr\nd may cause poor r++4
    ,a gr\nd on ! gr\nd side ( ! l9e may
 cause ! bell to r+  poorly or n at all 
by tak+ ! g5]ator curr5t (f to gr\nd    
be=e x rea*es ! in/rum5t4    ,cond5s]   
%ort-circuit$ w n only put a gr\nd on ! 
gr\nd side  ( ! l9e ?r\gh ! r+]1 b on   
ex*anges :i* use pulsat+  curr5t = r++ w
 also cause bell to r+ poorly or n at   
all4    ,rev]sals ( ! ?ree wires on top 
( ! bell may cause two hook  clicks1    
bell n to r+1 & transmitt] ne>ly dead4  
,on two-p>ty sets1 to f9d rev]sals ( !  
wires at ! top ( !  bell1 trace out !   
wire to ! protector1 or else f9d out )  

y\r  head receiv] :i* "o ( ! ?ree wires 
is alive to bo? ( !  o!rs1 or to an     
indep5d5t gr\nd4 ,?is "o is ! batt]y    
side (  ! l9e4    ,to te/ = rev]sal ( ! 
gr\nd wire ) ! gr\nd side ( !  l9e1     
bridge y\r head receiv] f an indep5d5t  
gr\nd to ! two  d\btful wires           
successively4 ,y w get induction on !   
l9e wire1  & none on ! gr\nd wire4 ,or1 
bridge y\r receiv] f ! batt]y  side ( ! 
l9e to ! o!r two wires successively2 !  
"o t  gives ! mo/ induction 9 ?is case  
is ! gr\nd wire4 ,or aga91  te/ by      
bridg+ y\r lamp f ! batt]y side ( ! l9e 
to !  o!r two wires successively4 ,if ! 
gr\nd is good1 bridg+ to x  w give a    
bright] lamp ?an bridg+ to ! gr\nd side 
( ! l9e2  only a little bright] if ! l9e
 is %ort1 mu* bright] if ! l9e  is long4
    ,! above is also ! way to te/ = a   
poor gr\nd4 ,! resi/ance  ( ! gr\nd     
return back to ! c5tral (fice %\ld be   
less ?an  ! return ?r\gh ! cable1 !re=e 
! lamp %\ld burn bright]  on ! gr\nd    
wire ?an on ! gr\nd side ( ! l9e2 v     

little  bright] if ! l9e is %ort1 mu*   
bright] if ! l9e is long4    ,an        
ext5sion bell op5 w prev5t ! ma9 bell f 
r++1 j  z 9 a /raight set4 ,te/ by runn+
 a tempor>y gr\nd1 or by  %ort-circuit+ 
out ! ext5sion bell4    ,if y are 9 d\bt
 :5 te/+ a two p>ty set1 disconnect !   
gr\nd  wire & /rap ! bell1 mak+ x a     
/raight set tempor>ily1 &  !n te/ ! r++1
 transmission1 & he>+4 ,a /raight set w 
respond to all r+s1 direct1 two-p>ty1 & 
f\r-p>ty4    ,if on a two-p>ty set !    
gr\nd side ( ! l9e is op5 outside1      
tempor>y s]vice may be giv51 if         
necess>y1 by work+ to ! local  gr\nd4   
,if ! gr\nd is op51 tempor>y s]vice c be
 giv51 if necess>y1 by  conv]t+ to a    
/raight set2 b 9 ?is case ! bells w     
respond  to bo? calls4    ,if second    
in/rum5t is prop]ly pol$ & bell r+s :5  
fir/  /ation is be+ call$1 ! tr\ble is  
probably due to p>ty at fir/  /ation    
tak+ 8 receiv] (f ! hook be=e ! op]ator 
has  /opp$ r++1 & vice v]sa4            
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          

,,f\r-,,p>ty ,,set4                     
7,diagram ,no4 #c47    ,te/s ( !        
transmitt+ & he>+ circuits c be made 9 v
 mu*  ! same mann] z 9 a /raight set4   
,on acc\nt ( ! relay coil  be+ bridg$   
betwe5 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c t]m9als ( !    
induction coil1  a f\r-p>ty desk set1 if
 9 p]fect ord]1 w give two hook clicks1 
no matt] h[ x is pol$4    ,to make a    
p]fectly sure te/ = prim>y & second>y   
cross$  toge!r1 x is necess>y to        
disconnect "o t]m9al ( ! relay  w9d+2 !n
 ) ! receiv] on ! hook1 te/ f ! ,l#b po/
 to  ! second>y ) y\r head receiv]2 if y
 get curr5t !re is a  cross4            
,rev]sals ( ! ?ree wires at ! top ( !   
in/rum5t may cause a  v>iety ( tr\bles1 
j z 9 ! two-p>ty sets4                  
,r++ ,circuit4    ,relay3 ,failure ( !  
relay to come up :5 ! op]ator r+s may be
  caus$ by3      ,cond5s] op54          
,relay %ort-circuit$ or op54      ,hook 
contacts1 or r$ & :ite /r&s ( desk /&   
cord1 or prim>y    & second>y (         
induction coil cross$ toge!r4           

,prim>y op54      ,tr\ble at c5tral     
(fice4    ,te/ j z ?\gh x 0 a /raight   
set except :5 te/+ =  relay %ort        
circuit$1 or = a cross betwe5 prim>y &  
second>y1  79 :i* case y mu/ op5 "o     
t]m9al ( ! relay w9d+1 z  previ\sly     
direct$72 & except :5 te/+ = relay op51 
:i* y  c d by bridg+ y\r head receiv] f 
,l#b po/ to ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c  t]m9als (
 ! induction coil successively2 y %\ld  
get /rong  batt]y on ,no4 #b t]m9al1 if 
! relay is all "r & a /rong  cond5s]    
dis*>ge :5 y make contact1 b a weak     
batt]y click  :5 y break contact1 on    
,no4 #c t]m9al4    ,a gr\nd on ! gr\nd  
side ( ! l9e may also prev5t ! relay f  
op]at+1 by c>ry+ ! g5]ator curr5t (f to 
gr\nd be=e x  rea*es ! in/rum5t4    ,if 
! relay is held up1 usually ! lamp is   
kept burn+ at !  c5tral (fice also1 &   
?is means t curr5t is fl[+ f !  c5tral  
(fice ov] ! batt]y side ( ! l9e1 pass+  
?r\gh  ! relay w9d+1 & return+ to !     
c5tral (fice ov] !  gr\nd side ( ! l9e1 
or ?r\gh ! gr\nd wire & gr\nd4 ,?is     

condition may be due to3    #a/4 ,w9d+ (
 relay cross$ ) frame4 ,te/ by          
disconnect+ ! 8,a0  or 8,b0 t]m9als ( ! 
r+] f ,l#b :i* %\ld release ! relay4    
#b;d4 ,z 9 ! case ( curr5t ?r\gh ! r+] (
 a /raight set1  ! tr\ble may be caus$  
by receiv] contact ( hook n break+1     
:ite & gre5 /r&s ( desk /& cord cross$  
toge!r1 cond5s]  %ort-circuit$4 ,te/ z  
?\gh x 0 a /raight set4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #c4    ,if ! relay vibrates      
cont9u\sly ! w9d+ is probably cross$ )  
! frame4 ,to f9d out :e!r ?is is ! case1
 disconnect ! gr\nd  wire1 :i* %\ld /op 
! vibrat+4    ,if ! relay 8jumps0 :ile !
 op]ator is r++1 in/ead ( pull+  up &   
/ay+ up z long z ! r++ curr5t cont9ues1 
! relay  may be weak1 due to a "p ( !   
w9d+ be+ %ort-circuit$ out1  or to "s   
o!r cause2 or !re may be too _m bells & 
relays on  ! l9e1 s t1 ow+ to !         
resi/ance ( ! l9e1 n en\gh  g5]ator     
curr5t w fl[ ov] x to divide up & give  
ea* bell &  relay a prop] am\nt (       
curr5t2 or !re may be a slight gr\nd on 

! l9e1 :i* c>ries (f a "p ( ! r++       
curr5t4    ,to prove t a relay is all   
"r3    #a4 ,%ort-circuit ! cond5s]2 ?is 
%\ld hold up ! relay1 by     putt+      
batt]y curr5t ?r\gh x4    #b4 ,prove t !
 spr+ contact is n cross$ ) ! frame z   
foll[s3 ,disconnect 8,a0 & 8,b01 !n     
connect ! frame ( !     relay to batt]y 
) a te/ cord1 & bridge f ! spr+         
contact to gr\nd ) y\r head receiv]2 if 
y get no curr5t     !re is no cross4    
#c4 ,prove t ! w9d+ is n cross$ ) !     
frame z foll[s3     ,disconnect 8,a0 &  
8,b0 & !n te/ ) y\r head receiv] f     !
 frame to ! ,l#b po/s2 if y get no      
batt]y !re is no cross4    ,r+]3 ,if !  
relay comes up1 b ! bell does n r+1 !   
tr\ble may be due to3      ,r+] pol$    
wrong4      ,bias spr+ too tight or too 
loose4      ,r+] op54      ,gr\nd op54  
,r+] %ort-circuit$4    ,bridg+ y\r head 
receiv] across ! r+] :ile ! op]ator is  
r++ w %[ :e!r or n y are gett+ g5]ator  
curr5t on  ! t]m9als ( ! r+] w9d+2 go+ 9
 s]ies at ! 8,a0 & 8,b0  t]m9al w %[    

:e!r or n y are gett+ curr5t ?r\gh !    
r+]4    ,to prove :e!r a r+] is op5 or  
n1 connect 8,a0 to batt]y1 hold  ! relay
 clos$1 & !n te/ f 8,b0 to gr\nd ) y\r  
head  receiv]2 if y get no curr5t !     
circuit is op52 prove t !  op5 is 9 !   
r+] itself by te/+ direct f ! two       
t]m9als  ( ! w9d+ successively4    ,!   
gr\nd c be te/$ 9 ! same mann] z on a   
two-p>ty set4    ,to prove t ! r+] is   
%ort-circuit$1 connect 8,a0 & 8,b0      
across  ! l9e1 close ! relay contact1 & 
bridge across ! t]m9als (  ! r+] w9d+ ) 
y\r head receiv]2 if y get no click !   
r+] mu/ be %ort circuit$2 *eck ?is te/  
by putt+ y\r head  receiv] 9 s]ies ) !  
r+]1 :ile x is connect$ across !  l9e1 &
 clos+ ! relay contact2 ?is %\ld give y 
a /rong  click if ! r+] is              
%ort-circuit$4    ,bell r++ weak may be 
due to3      ,poor adju/m5t ( armature4 
,poor adju/m5t ( bias spr+4      ,pivot 
screw too loose or too tight4           
,clapp] rubb+ on gu>d4      ,wir+       
int]f]+ ) clapp] /em4      8,:isk]s0 on 

magnet head4      ,magnet head /icky or 
gummy4      ,pol>iz+ magnet weak4       
,"o or bo? coils ( r+] p>tially         
%ort-circuit$4      ,too _m bells &     
relays on ! l9e4      ,gr\nd on "o side 
( l9e :i* takes "p ( ! g5]ator curr5t   
(f to gr\nd be=e x rea*es ! in/rum5t4   
,tr\ble at c5tral (fice4      ,e>?      
curr5ts4    ,to te/ = e>? curr5ts bridge
 y\r head receiv] f ! gr\nd  side ( !   
l9e to ! gr\nd2 y %\ld get no curr5t2 if
 y d  get curr5t y w probably f9d t x   
v>ies cont9ually1 be+  due to trolley   
c>s2 report ! matt] to ! *ief inspector4
 ,9  mak+ ?is te/ be sure t ! l9e is n 9
 use2 if ! receiv]  is (f ! hook at any 
/ation on ! l9e y w get a false te/4    
,e>? curr5ts v (t5 cause bell tr\bles on
 suburban /ations1  p>ticul>ly ^? t lie 
ne> to trolley l9es2 b 9 ! city1  e>?   
curr5ts are seldom noticeable4    ,false
 r+s may be caus$ by3      ,v /rong e>? 
curr5ts4      ,"o coil ( r+]            
%ort-circuit$4    ,if a bias$ r+] has "o
 coil %ort-circuit$1 !n :5 x is pol$  = 

ei!r #a/ or #b;d /ations x w respond to 
bo? r+s2 &  likewise :5 pol$ = #c;d or  
#d? /ations x w r+ ) ei!r  curr5t4    ,9
 ! bell diagram ,no4 #c y w see t 8,b0  
connects to ! spr+  contact ( ! relay1 !
 frame ( ! relay connects to ! bias$    
side ( ! r+]1 & ! unbias$ side ( ! r+]  
connects to 8,a40    ,9 ! old] bells1   
8,b0 connects direct to ! bias$ side ( !
  r+]2 ! unbias$ side ( ! r+] connects  
to ! spr+ contact  ( ! relay1 & ! frame 
( ! relay connects to 8,a40    ,!re=e1 9
 connect+ an ext5sion bell to a set t   
has no  ext5sion bell b9d+ po/s1 connect
 "o side ( ! wire to ! frame  screw ( ! 
relay1 "u ! bottom ( ! set1 & ! o!r side
 to  ! po/ at ! top ( ! bell t 8,a0     
connects )4 ,or sold] "o  ( ! ext5sion  
bell wires to ! spr+ contact ( ! relay1 
&  connect ! o!r to ! po/ at ! top ( !  
bell t 8,b0 connects  )4 ,9 e case !    
auxili>y bell mu/ be connect$ across !  
t]m9als ( ! r+] )\t be+ bridg$ ar\nd !  
break ( !  relay4 ,pole ! ext5sion bell 
by rev]s+ ! wires ei!r at !  bell or at 

! set4    ,r+] ,adju/m5ts3 ,9 adju/+ a  
bias$ r+] f9d out ! two  po9ts :]e !    
bell ceases to r+ on acc\nt ( ! bias    
spr+  be+ too tight & too loose1 & adju/
 ! spr+ half way betwe5  ^! po9ts4 ,to  
locate !m1 slack (f ! bias spr+ until x 
has  no t5sion at all1 & !n get !       
op]ator to r+ :ile y tight5  up ! spr+1 
& note ! po9t at :i* ! bell comm5ces to 
r+2  cont9ue to tight5 ! spr+ until !   
bell ceases to r+2 by mak+  ! adju/m5t  
half-way betwe5 ^! two limits1 y w h a  
m>g9 bo? ways1 s t if ! g5]ator rises a 
little above or  falls a little bel[ its
 prop] voltage1 ! bell w /ill r+4    ,! 
little set screw 9 ! yoke at "o end ( ! 
armature %\ld be  adju/$ s z to hold !  
opposite or bias spr+ end ( ! armature  
a little away f ! head ( ! magnet core2 
#j4jb ( an in*1 :i*  is a little less   
?an ! diamet] ( a ,no4 #bb              
cross-connect+ wire1  8,9 e te/ use a   
little judgm5t40                        
,,*apt] ,,iv4                      ,,h[ 
,,to ,,te/ ,,= ,,& ,,cle> ,,tr\bles ,,9 

,,private ,,bran* ,,ex*ange             
,,swit*bo>ds4      ,/ation c't call3 ,:5
 a /ation c't call1 ! tr\ble may be due 
to ! l9e be+ op51 or too mu* resi/ance 9
 ! l9e2 or to !  signal be+ op51 or     
%ort-circuit$1 or /uck4    ,%ort-circuit
 ! l9e 9 ! back ( ! swit*bo>d or at     
correct+  frame2 if ! signal does n     
op]ate plug up ! jack ) a plug &  see if
 ! cord signal w op]ate2 if x w n ! op5 
is betwe5  ! frame & ! spr+s ( ! jacks  
if ! cord signal w op]ate1  ! tr\ble is 
back ( ! jack spr+s1 & may be an op51 or
 x may  be t ! drop is %ort-circuit$ or 
/uck4 ,te/ ) a receiv] or  lamp1 if y   
get good batt]y on ! locknuts b c't ?r[ 
! drop1  x mu/ be %ort-circuit$ or /uck2
 if y get no batt]y !re is an  op52     
%ort-circuit ! inn] contacts ( ! jack1 &
 if ?is br+s  up ! signal ! op5 is 9 !  
jack2 take ! jack out & repair x4  ,if  
%ort-circuit+ ! inn] contacts w n op]ate
 ! signal1 !  same may be op52 te/ f !  
gr\nd /rap ( ! jack direct to !  signal 
t]m9als2 if ! signal te/s all "r ! wire 

lead+ f  "o side ( ! signal to "o inn]  
contact ( ! jack mu/ be op52  prove by  
%ort circuit+ same out ) a te/ cord4    
,if !re is batt]y on ! jack b ! signal  
won't come up1 pu%  g5tly aga9/ ! back (
 ! armature ( ! signal ) a too? pick    
until x />ts to raise2 y c tell by !    
feel+ if x is at all  /uck4    ,ano!r   
good way to tell :e!r ! signal /icks is 
to g to !  /ation & hold ! receiv] to   
y\r e> & !n all[ ! hook to  raise4 ,:5 !
 signal flies up x c be he>d 9 ! receiv]
 z a  sort ( 8tremble40 ,?is 8tremble0  
%\ld take place ! in/ant !  hook comes  
up2 if x is delay$1 ! signal mu/ be     
/ick+4    ,?is te/ c also be made f !   
frame ) a head receiv]4    ,to te/ :e!r 
! signal is %ort-circuit$1 see h[       
brightly y\r  lamp burns :5 connect$ at 
! frame & !n comp>e ) o!r  signals :i*  
are all "r2 a signal :i* is :olly or    
p>tly  %ort-circuit$ w h less resi/ance 
?an ! o!rs1 & ! lamp  w burn bright]4   
,if ! signal comes up f ! frame b w n   
come up f !  in/rum5t1 ! l9e may h too  

mu* resi/ance & ! signal w  h to be     
adju/$ s z to be m s5sitive4    ,if a   
/ation on a long l9e has tr\ble call+ at
 times1 !re may be  a poor connection 9 
! circuit :i* v>ies2 or x may be t !    
signal fails to "w only :5 ! bo>d is    
busy1 due to ! drop 9  voltage on !     
batt]y fe$ :5 mu* curr5t is be+ drawn f 
x2  ! signal w h to be adju/$ m         
delicately or ! batt]y fe$  increas$4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4    ,/ation      
,signal ,/ays up3 ,! l9e mu/ be ei!r    
cross$1 or gr\nd$  on ! batt]y side4    
,plug into ! jack ) a deta*$ plug &     
cord1  & !n te/ successively on ! r+ &  
tip ( ! deta*$ cord  ) a receiv] or lamp
 t is connect$ to batt]y4 ,?is w %[  if 
!re is a gr\nd on ei!r side ( ! l9e4 ,if
 bo? sides te/  cle> ( gr\nds1 !re mu/  
be a cross2 to prove ?is1 gr\nd ! tip   
side by hold+ ! tip ( ! deta*$ cord on !
 tip ( any o!r  plug2 if !re is a cross 
! r+ side w !n te/ gr\nd$4 ,to  locate !
 tr\ble1 op5 ! l9e successively at !    
frame cable box  in/rum5t1 etc41 & note 

! effect on ! signal4    ,9 te/+ ) a    
receiv] = gr\nds or crosses on l9es1 y  
%\ld  be guid$ by ! click :5 y break    
contact2 o!rwise1 y are  likely to be   
deceiv$ by ! electro/atic capacity ( !  
l9e &  cond5s] 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,9 su* te/s
 y may get a /rong click  :5 y make     
contact1 p>ticul>ly if ! l9e runs ?r\gh 
a cable1  & y may also get pl5ty (      
induction on ! l9e2 b if y d n  get a   
click :5 y break contact1 !re is no     
curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh  y\r receiv]1 & !re=e 
! l9e is cle>4    ,if plugg+ into ! jack
 does n re/ore ! signal1 ! tr\ble mu/   
be a cross 9 ! jack1 or 9 ! signal      
itself4 ,exam9e ! jack lugs1  & also !  
inn] end ( ! signal w9d+1 :i* may be 9  
contact  ) ! iron m\nt+ /rip4 ,if !     
tr\ble is n "h1 disconnect  ! wire go+  
to ! jack f ! signal2 ?is w %[ :e!r !   
tr\ble is 9 ! signal itself4    ,if !   
sleeve ( a /ation jack is gr\nd$1 ! cord
 circuit relay  w op]ate :5 y plug into 
! jack1 & cut ! batt]y (f (  t pair (   
cords4 ,t\*+ ! tip ( a plug to ! sleeve 

( a  /ation jack ) ! li/5+ key ?r[n w %[
 if ! sleeve  is gr\nd$ by giv+ a click 
9 ! op]ator's receiv]1 ! same z  t\*+ ! 
sleeve ( a trunk jack w d4 ,! gr\nd may 
be due to  ! sleeve be+ cross$ ) !      
sleeve ( a trunk jack1 or cross$  ) !   
sleeve ( a /ation jack t is connect$ to 
a trunk jack2 or  x may be betwe5 !     
sleeve & ! inn] contact ( ! jack on !   
gr\nd side4    ,batt]y ,fe$ & ,trunks3  
,! batt]y fe$ & trunks mu/ always be    
pol$ prop]ly4 ,to te/ ! pol+ ( ! fe$1   
run a tempor>y gr\nd  & t\* x to ! r+ ( 
! back plug4 ,if ?is does n br+ up  !   
cord signal ! fe$ is pol$ wrong1 & ! fe$
 & gr\nd w  h to be rev]s$4    ,to te/ !
 pol+ ( a trunk1 plug into ! trunk-jack 
) ! front  plug ( any pair1 say ,no4 #a 
pair2 !n t\* ! tip ( any o!r plug  to ! 
r+ ( ! back plug ( ,no4 #a pair2 if ?is 
does n br+ up  ! cord signal on ,no4 #a 
pair ! trunk is pol$ wrong4    ,"o ( !  
tr\bles caus$ by ! wrong pol+ ( a trunk 
is t  if ! op]ator plugs 9 to answ] !   
trunk :ile %e has ano!r  li/5+ key ?r[n1

 h] transmitt] goes dead4    ,if op]ator
 at ! c5tral (fice c't ?r[ a trunk drop 
at a private  bran* swit*bo>d ! same may
 be op51 or ! cond5s] may be op54       
,bridge a receiv] across ! drop2 if y c 
get a good r+ 9 !  receiv] ! cond5s] is 
all "r & ! drop is probably op54 ,if  y 
c't get a r+ across ! drop1 %ort-circuit
 ! cond5s]2 if  ?is puts batt]y ?r\gh ! 
drop & br+s x up1 ! cond5s] mu/  be op54
    ,if a cord circuit relay fails to   
op]ate on any trunk1 ! gr\nd /rap  may  
be brok5 (f ( ! jack4 ,plug up ! jack1  
!n t\* ! butt  ( ! plug ) ! tip ( a plug
 ( any o!r pair2 if ?is op]ates  !      
relay1 x %[s t ! sleeve ( ! jack did n  
op]ate x1 &  !re=e ! sleeve connection  
mu/ be op54    ,! sleeve connections are
 (t5 tak5 (f purposely on tie trunks4   
,if ! op]ator compla9s ( c5tral cutt+ h]
 (f1 "s ( !  hold+ coils may be op54    
,in/ructions are giv5 fur!r ahead =     
te/+ !m4    ,if plugg+ up a trunk causes
 ! cord circuit relay to vibrate !      
batt]y fe$ or gr\nd mu/ be op54    ,if !

 l9e or cord signals fail to come up    
prop]ly ! batt]y fe$  may be weak2 ?is  
may be due to a poor connection 9 ! fe$ 
or  gr\nd1 or to "o ( ! conductors ( !  
fe$ be+ op51 or to !  fe$ be+ gr\nd$    
?r\gh resi/ance4 ,bridge a lamp across !
 fe$2  x %\ld burn brightly if no curr5t
 is be+ us$ on ! swit*bo>d4  ,?r[ a     
li/5+ key1 or bridge a receiv] across ! 
fe$2 if ?is  puts ! lamp out1 or dims x 
excessively1 ! fe$ or gr\nd has a  high 
resi/ance on x1 or "s ( ! conductors are
 op54 ,disconnect  ! conductors "o at a 
"t at ! table head or protector1 & see  
if ea* "o w light y\r lamp prop]ly4 ,if 
! lamp burns dimly  :5 no curr5t is be+ 
us$ on ! swit*bo>d1 ! fe$ is probably   
gr\nd$ ?r\gh resi/ance2 disconnect x f !
 swit*bo>d &  te/2 if x /ill gives a dim
 lamp disconnect at ! protector & te/   
aga9 to prove :e!r tr\ble is inside or  
outside4    ,! am\nt t a lamp bridg$    
across a batt]y fe$ w be dimm$  by ?r[+ 
a li/5+ key or bridg+ on a receiv]      
dep5ds ^u  ! resi/ance ( ! fe$4 ,if !   

fe$ is v long ! lamp w be  dimm$ v mu*2 
if ! fe$ is %ort or consi/s ( sev]al    
pair1 !  lamp w be dimm$ b slightly4    
,ea* inspector %\ld become famili>  ) ! 
behavior ( ! batt]y fe$s on all 8       
important bo>ds2 he  %\ld "k h[ ! lamp  
burns :5 ! bo>d is idle1 & h[ mu* x  is 
dimm$ :5 a c]ta9 numb] ( connections are
 up1 s t 9 case  ( tr\ble he c tell at  
once by a lamp te/ :e!r ! fe$ is ,o4,k4 
or :e!r x has too mu* resi/ance1 or is  
p>tially gr\nd$4                        
,tr\bles ,caus+ ,bells to ,r+4    ,a    
sw++ op5 or sw++ gr\nd on ! batt]y fe$  
causes ! bells  at ! /ations to r+ by   
*>g+ & dis*>g+ ! cond5s]s4    ,g5]ator  
fe$ cross$ ) ! batt]y fe$ causes bells  
to r+4  ,exam9e wir+ & g5]ator contacts 
at r++ keys4    ,:]e ! spr+ ( a /ation  
jack does n break f1 or is cross$  ) !  
inn] contact1 all bells may be rung by  
r++ on t jack  ) p[] g5]ator1 :i* is    
always gr\nd$ on "o side4    ,if ! out] 
contact ( a r++ key makes be=e ! inn]   
contact  breaks1 all bells may be rung  

:5 t key is us$1 by ! g5]ator  curr5t   
pass+ d[n ?r\gh "o side ( ! ret>dation  
coil to !  batt]y fe$4                  
,cord ,circuit4    ,tip & sleeve cross$ 
causes vibrat+ relay on t pair4    ,tip 
& r+ cross$ %ort-circuits ! cord4    ,r+
 & sleeve cross$ causes relay to vibrate
 :5 r+ & tip (  plug are %ort-circuit$1 
or :5 ! plug is put 9 a /ation jack  ) !
 /ation receiv] (f ! hook1--sometimes   
m]ely ?r[+ !  li/5+ key on t pair w make
 ! relay vibrate4    ,t\*+ r+ to tip &  
tip to r+ ( ! two plugs ( any pair  %\ld
 give a sp>k1 & ! signal %\ld also come 
up :5 ! r+  ( ! plug is t\*$ ) a tip4   
,if !re is tr\ble1 take any  o!r plug   
:i* is ,o4,k4 & te/ ! bad pair2 if bo?  
r+s or bo?  tips fail to give a sp>k1   
!re is probably an op5 at ! relay1  !   
ret>dation coil1 or ! sold]$ connections
 on ! li/5+  key4 ,if only "o cord te/s 
op51 & ! o!r "o ( ! same pair  te/s     
,o4,k41 r+ on ! bad cord & feel =       
g5]ator curr5t 9 !  plug4 ,if y get     
curr5t1 ! op5 mu/ be at ! inn] contact (

  ! r++ key2 or1 x may be 9 ! cord      
signal4 ,if y _c get  g5]ator on ! plug1
 ! op5 is 9 ! cord4    ,to locate any   
op5 t effects bo? cords1 te/            
successively on inn]  contacts & sw++   
contacts ( relay1 inn] & out] lugs (    
ret>dation coil1 & sw++ contacts ( li/5+
 key1 y %\ld  get batt]y across all ( ^!
 po9ts4    ,if ei!r cord ( a pair is    
%ort-circuit$ x %ort-circuits bo?  cords
 & y w n get prop] sp>ks :5 t\*+ r+ to  
tip  & tip to r+ b y may get small      
sp>ks4 ,also ! op]ator's  transmitt] w  
be dead on t pair ( cords & if y te/ ) a
  receiv] or lamp y w get little or no  
batt]y betwe5 ! r+  & tip ( ei!r plug1 b
 w get batt]y ( ab\t half ! prop]  /r5g?
 f ei!r ! r+ or ! tip ( ei!r plug to    
ei!r !  r+ or ! tip ( a plug ( any o!r  
pair4    ,y c also tell :e!r a cord     
circuit is %ort-circuit$ by bridg+  y\r 
receiv] ar\nd "o half ( ! ret>dation    
coil2 if !re is a  %ort-circuit1 "p ( ! 
curr5t t is fl[+ ar\nd ?r\gh !  coil w g
 ?r\gh y\r receiv]1 giv+ y a click4     

,to locate ! %ort-circuit1 r+ on ! two  
cords successively1 &  feel on ! plugs =
 g5]ator4 ,if bo? cords te/ cle>1 !     
tr\ble  mu/ be back ( :]e ! circuit     
bran*es at ! li/5+ key2  disconnect     
successively at ! relay1 ! ret>dation   
coil1 & !  li/5+ key until y locate !   
tr\ble4    ,9 mo/ ( ! private bran*     
ex*ange swit*bo>ds ! batt]y goes  fir/  
to ! inn] contacts ( ! relay1 !n ?r\gh !
 sw++  contacts to ! ret>dation coil1 & 
f ! ret>dation coil to !  sw++ contacts 
( ! li/5+ key2 9 o!r bo>ds ! batt]y     
goes fir/ to ! ret>dation coil1 !n ?r\gh
 ! relay contacts to  ! li/5+ key4 ,f ! 
li/5+ key x goes to ! inn] contacts  ( !
 r++ key1 & f ! sw++ contacts ( ! r++   
keys  to ! cord fa/5]s4    ,if a cord   
circuit is op5 at ! relay or ret>dation 
coil1 x w  /ill "w on a trunk           
connection1 ! trunk supply+ ! batt]y1 if
  ! c5tral (fice is common batt]y sy/em4
    ,lamp te/s ( ! ret>dation coils &   
cord signals c be made by  bridg+ a lamp
 across ! bus-b>s & !n %ort-circuit+ !  

tip  & r+ ( e cord successively4 ,ea* "o
 %\ld dim ! lamp  ! same am\nt2 if "o   
cord dims x less ?an ! o!rs1 x %[s  t   
!re is m resi/ance 9 t cord             
circuit--possibly a bad  connection1 or 
a cord signal ) too mu* resi/ance4 ,if  
"o cord dims  x m ?an ! o!rs1 !re mu/ be
 less resi/ance 9 t cord  circuit1      
probably "o half ( ! ret>dation coil is 
%ort-circuit$4  7,?is te/ fails :]e !re 
is a float] batt]y1 or a batt]y fe$ (  v
 l[ resi/ance47 ,to prove t "o side ( ! 
ret>dation coil is  %ort-circuit$1      
%ort-circuit "o ( ! plugs ( t pair1 & !n
  bridge a receiv] successively ar\nd ! 
two sides ( ! coil1 no  click on "o side
 %\ld mean t t side 0 %ort-circuit$4    
,a f9] te/ c be made by bridg+ ! lamp   
across ! tip &  r+ ( ! cord1 &          
%ort-circuit+ out ! two sides ( ! coil  
successively2 ea* side %\ld bright5 !   
lamp exactly ! same  am\nt4 ,if "o side 
bright5s x m ?an ! o!r1 t side has  m   
resi/ance ?an ! o!r4    ,unbalanc$ coils
 are usually noisy1 especially on long  

l9es4 ,an  unbalanc$ coil c usually be  
detect$ by simply li/5+ on ea*  pair (  
cords1 successively2 if ! batt]y fe$    
induction is /rong]  on "o pair ?an on !
 o!r1 t pair is probably unbalanc$4     
,9 mo/ bo>ds ! hold+ coil is bridg$     
across ! out] contacts (  ! relay4 ,9   
o!r bo>ds "o end ( ! coil connects to "o
 sw++  contact ( ! relay1 & ! o!r end to
 ! opposite out] contact4  ,to te/ !    
hold+ coil1 plug into a trunk jack ) !  
back plug  & ?r[ ! li/5+ key1 :i* w br+ 
up ! cord signal1 !n  ?r[ ! li/5+ key   
normal4 ,if ! signal /ays up ! hold+    
coil is ,o4,k41 if x disappe>s ! hold+  
coil circuit mu/ be op54  ,! tr\ble may 
be t ! relay contact does n close1 or ! 
coil  itself may be op54    ,te/ by     
plugg+ into a trunk ) ! back cord & !n  
%ort-circuit+ ! hold+ coil2 if ! cord   
signal comes up  ! hold+ coil mu/ be    
op52 if x does n come up1 leave !       
%ort-circuit on ! coil & bridge out !   
hold+ coil contacts  ( ! relay4 ,:5 y   
bridge out ! contact :]e ! op5 is1 !    

signal w come up4    ,to te/ ! relay on 
any cord circuit1 t\* ! tip ( any o!r   
plug  to ! sleeve ( ei!r plug ( t pair2 
if ?is does n op]ate !  relay ! sleeve  
conductor ( ! cord may be op52 if nei!r 
plug (  ! pair w op]ate x1 ! relay      
itself may be op52 te/ ) a  receiv] or  
lamp4    ,t\*+ ! tip ( "o plug to !     
sleeve ( ! o!r plug ( !  same pair %\ld 
make ! relay vibrate4    ,to te/ a      
swit*bo>d cord1 plug into ! cord te/+   
jack 7e  bo>d %\ld h a te/+ jack        
connect$ to put batt]y direct on  y\r   
head receiv]7 & %ake ! cord1 & turn &   
%ake ! plug 9  ! jack1 :ile y li/5 9 !  
op]ator's receiv] = any cut-(f  or bad  
connection4 ,d n h any li/5+ key ?r[n   
:ile y  are te/+ swit*bo>d cords2 also  
see t ! op]ator's receiv]  is pol$ s t !
 curr5t f ! cord /r5g!ns ! magnetism    
in/ead ( weak5+ x o!rwise y w n get a   
s5sitive te/4  ,! tips & r+s ( ! plugs  
mu/ be clean1 or else !y w be  scrat*y4 
,be v c>eful t none ( ! plugs are b5t or
 8lopsid$20 su*  plugs may "w all "r 9  

"s jacks & cut-(f 9 o!rs4 ,if  turn+ a  
plug ar\nd 9 a jack causes a cut-(f !   
plug %\ld be  condemn$2 sometimes ! jack
 may be at fault1 & ! long spr+ w  h to 
be giv5 m 8set40 ,aft] *ang+ swit*bo>d  
cords1 always  te/ ! new ones = op5s1   
%ort-circuits & rev]sals4               
,cross-,talk3 ,sold] dropp$ on ! cord   
fa/5]s1 or a cross at !  keys1 may      
connect two diff]5t cord circuits       
toge!r1 & cause  cross-talk betwe5 !m4  
,ret>dation coils may be cross$ ) _!    
cases1 & cause cross-talk  by ! cases   
be+ 9 contact4 ,cond5s]s on trunk drops 
may make two  trunks cross talk 9 ! same
 way4 ,te/ by bridg+ a receiv] f  ! case
 ( ! suspect$ coil or cond5s] to batt]y 
& to gr\nd  successively4 ,!re w be no  
click if ! case is cle>4    ,unbalanc$  
ret>dation coils1 or a weak batt]y1 may 
also cause  cross-talk4    ,a li/5+ key 
t does n break contact on bo? sides w   
cause  cross-talk :5 t pair ( cords is  
us$2 if ) all keys normal y  get a click
 9 ! op]ator's receiv] :5 y t\* ! tip ( 

any  plug to ! frame ( ! op]ator's      
transmitt]1 ! op]ator's circuit  is 9   
contact ) "s cord circuit at ! li/5+    
key4 ,to f9d out  :i* key1 see t all    
keys are normal & !n vibrate ! relay on 
ea* pair ( cords successively by t\*+ ! 
tip ( "o plug to !  sleeve ( ! o!r2 :5 y
 come to ! pair :]e ! cross is1 !  buzz 
w be he>d pla9ly 9 ! op]ator's receiv]2 
on ! o!rs x  w be he>d v fa9tly4        
,op]ator's ,set3 ,to te/ ! receiv] cord1
 put a plug 9 ! cord  te/+ jack1 ?is    
puts batt]y ?r\gh ! receiv]1 & by %ak+  
! cord any fault w %[ up provid$ !      
receiv] is pol$  prop]ly4 ,d n h any    
li/5+ key ?r[n :5 mak+ ?is te/4    ,to  
te/ ! transmitt] cords1 ?r[ up any li/5+
 key & li/5 9  ! op]ator's receiv] :ile 
y %ake ! cords4    ,to locate an op5 9 !
 op]ator's prim>y circuit1 ?r[ any      
li/5+ key1 & !n bridge a receiv]        
successively ar\nd !  sev]al p>ts ( !   
circuit1 t is1 ! #bjj ohm resi/ance     
coil1 !  transmitt]1 7includ+ its       
cords71 & ! prim>y4 ,:5 y bridge  ar\nd 

! "p t is op51 y w get a click 9 !      
receiv]4    ,to locate an op5 9 !       
second>y circuit1 %ort-circuit out !    
cond5s] s z to get batt]y ?r\gh !       
circuit & !n bridge  ar\nd ! receiv] &  
second>y ) a receiv] until y h f\nd  :]e
 ! op5 is4    ,buzz] & ,buzz] ,relay3   
,if a buzz] :i* works (f ! batt]y fe$   
fails to op]ate at times1 al?\gh ! buzz]
 relay comes up1 probably  x is n       
s5sitive en\gh1 & :5 ! bo>d is busy !   
batt]y fe$  x n /rong en\gh = x4 ,adju/ 
! buzz] m delicately &  te/ x :5 ! bo>d 
is idle & :5 x is busy4 ,to make a bo>d 
busy artificially1 bridge a head receiv]
 across ! bus-b>s2 t is  equival5t to   
sev]al pairs ( connections be+ up4      
,if "s ( ! /ation l9es are v long1 !    
buzz] relay may fail  to come up on !m1 
or come up s weakly z n to make good    
contact4  ,to cure ?is1 adju/ ! relay m 
delicately4    ,if a trunk drop won't   
op]ate ! buzz] relay :5 ! key is up1 !  
tr\ble is probably at ! night bell      
contact ( ! drop4 ,if none  ( ! trunk   

drops w op]ate x1 ! relay may n be      
adju/$  delicately en\gh1 or ! #ejj ohm 
resi/ance coil may be op54 ,bridge      
ar\nd ! trunk drop contacts ) a receiv]4
 ,if y get no batt]y  ! coil mu/ be op52
 prove by bridg+ ! coil out & repeat+ ! 
te/4    ,a heavy gr\nd on ! gr\nd side (
 any /ation l9e w prev5t !  buzz] relay 
f com+ up by %unt+ x out4 ,a light gr\nd
 w  sometimes cause tr\ble on ! long    
l9es only4    ,a %ort-circuit$ cond5s]  
or a slight leak across any l9e or l9es1
  may hold up ! buzz] relay4 ,te/ ! l9es
 = crosses & gr\nds1  z previ\sly       
in/ruct$4 ,if ! buzz] relay comes up at 
times :5  no signal is up1 ! tr\ble may 
be due to "s /ation on a long l9e  try+ 
to call1 & ! signal n s5sitive en\gh to 
come up4                                
,g5]al4    ,to prove t a bo>d is        
p]fectly cle>1 disconnect ! batt]y fe$  
f ! negative bus-b>1 & put a lamp or    
receiv] 9 s]ies4 ,if y  get no curr5t !n
 all ! l9es are free f crosses1 !y are  
free  f gr\nds on ! batt]y side1 & ! o!r

 circuits 9 ! bo>d  are also cle> (     
crosses4 7,?is te/ c only be made :5 !re
 are  no connections up1 no li/5+ keys  
?r[n1 & no /ations call+47  ,to prove t 
! gr\nd sides ( all ! l9es are cle>1    
disconnect  bo? ! fe$ & gr\nd wires f ! 
bus-b>s1 & !n te/ ?r\gh  a lamp or      
receiv] f ! batt]y fe$ to ! gr\nd       
bus-b>2 if y  get no curr5t1 ! l9es are 
all cle> on ! gr\nd side4               
,,inspection                    ,h[ to  
,inspect ,subscrib]s' ,in/rum5ts4       
#a/4--,ask ! subscrib] if 8 in/rum5t    
works prop]ly & repair  any defect t he 
reports4 ,also be sure ! in/rum5t is    
securely  fa/5$ to ! wall or desk4      
#b;d4--,clean & poli% ! v>ni%$ & nickel$
 p>ts ( !  in/rum5t2 op5 ! bell & see t 
x is clean & 9 prop]  condition inside1 
& t ! hook1 r+]1 & o!r mov+ p>ts  "w    
prop]ly & clean ! hook contacts ) pap]  
if !y are dirty  or make a scrat*+ noise
 9 ! receiv]4    #c;d4--,see t all b9d+ 
po/ connections are tight1 te/ all      
cords2 9  te/+ ! receiv] cord1 put      

batt]y ?r\gh x by %ort-circuit+  !      
cond5s]2 *ange any cords or o!r p>ts t  
are defective or  unsightly4            
#d?4--,clean ! receiv] outside1 remove !
 cap & exam9e !  diaphragm & clean !    
magnets2 9 clean+ ! magnets rub !m (f  )
 y\r coat sleeve or a clean rag r ?an ) 
y\r h&s1 z  ! moi/ure f y\r h& w cause  
!m to ru/4    #e?4--,exam9e ! adju/m5t (
 ! bell & te/ by gett+ a r+ f  !        
op]ator1 at ! same "t te/ ! transmission
 & he>+4    ,te/ all ext5tion bells by  
gett+ a r+ f ! op]ator2 inspect  all o!r
 app>atus1 su* z h& g5]ators1 swit*es1  
local  batt]ies1 fans boo?s & signs4 ,x 
is important t signs %\ld be  kept 9    
good condition2 dirty or unsightly ones 
%\ld be clean$ or  ord]$ *ang$1 & y %\ld
 be p>ticul>ly c>eful to see t all      
signs are securely hung4                
#f?4--,inspect all wir+1 includ+ ! lead+
 9 wires1 ! inside  l9e wires1 ! batt]y 
wires & ! gr\nd wires2 also !           
protection1 ! fuses1 any ext5tion bells 
& also see t !  gr\nd is prop]ly made t 

x is connect$ to ! prop] pipes4 ,if a   
gas pipe has be5 us$ see t ! bridge on !
 met] has n be5  di/urb$ s9ce ! la/     
inspection4    #g?4--,see t ! protector 
conta9s ! prop] k9d ( fuses1 & if  x c  
be gott5 at readily2 exam9e !           
connections & remove ! cap  f ov] !     
c>bons to see t no "o has left ! c>bons 
out4    #h?4--,if a subscrib] applies to
 y to h an additional in/rum5t  in/all$1
 take 8 "n & address & turn !m 9 to !   
manag]2  if he wants 8 telephone mov$ or
 disconnect$1 or circuit numb]  *ang$1  
or ext5tion bell or sign in/all$1 reque/
 him to call up  ! manag]s (fice4    ,if
 he compla9s ( poor op]at+ s]vice1 or ( 
int]f]5ce by o!r  subscrib]s on 8 l9e1  
ref] him to ! manag]4    ,if he compla9s
 ( "s tr\ble t is 9 ! outside l9e or at 
!  c5tral (fice1 report ! matt] to !    
*ief inspector at once4    #i?4--,9 mak+
 recomm5dations1 /ate briefly b pla9ly j
 :at y  want done & give ! reason :y4   
,if ! in/all] has done any "w  at !     
/ation s9ce y\r la/ inspection1 & has   

fail$ to leave x  9 prop] condition1    
accompany ! recomm5dation t y make ) a  
writt5 compla9t4                   ,mak+
 ,fir/ ,inspections ( ,new              
,in/allations4    ,9 inspect+ a new     
in/allation1 or an in/rum5t t has be5   
mov$ or *ang$ s9ce y\r la/ inspection1  
or 9 go+ ov] y\r  in/rum5ts = ! fir/ "t1
 ! inspection %\ld be made m  c>efully  
?an at o!r times4    ,ask ! subscrib] if
 he has any ext5tion /ations1 ext5tion  
bells  or o!r app>atus atta*$ to 8      
in/rum5t1 also look out = !m  :ile y are
 mak+ ! inspection & trac+ out ! wir+4  
,op5 ! desk /& & see t all ! locknuts   
are tight &  sold]$ connections are     
p]fect4    ,exam9e & %ake all sold]$    
connections 9 ! bell4    ,trace out all 
( ! wir+ & be sure to see t all splices 
are  prop]ly sold]$ & tap$ & see t no   
tacks are driv5 9 !  splice4    ,make a 
lamp or receiv] te/ ( ! protector & !   
in/rum5t  gr\nd1 to see t !y are good & 
h no resi/ance4    ,see t ! protector is
 securely fa/5$1 t ! connections are    

all tight1 t ! fuses & c>bons are ( !   
prop] k9d1 & t  ! micas h ! op5 side    
d[n4    ,te/ ! fuses = loose connections
 inside1 by bridg+ y\r head  receiv]    
across ! b9d+ po/ at ! in/rum5t end ( ! 
protector  & li/5+ = a cut-(f1 :ile y   
%ake & j> ! fuses4    ,te/ all swit*es  
to see t !y make all prop] connections1 
oil !  h& g5]ators & see t ! bell clapp]
 works freely4    ,see t !              
specifications h be5 compli$ ) 9 plac+ !
  protector & ! in/rum5t1 9 runn+ all ! 
wire1 & 9 e  o!r p>ticul>2 t ! desk /&  
cords are cleat$1 & protection  cleats  
us$ :]e ne$$2 t desk sets give two hook 
clicks2 t  snap swit*es are ( ! indicat+
 type2 t ! connections to all  b9d+ po/s
 are neat & ( prop] l5g?2 t ! boo? is   
clean  & h plugs 9 all ! screw holes2 t 
!y h no brok5 glass  & h l9oleum on !   
floor1 & t ! doors & lat*es all "w      
freely4    ,see t ! protector is plac$ s
 z n to be 9 ! way (  curta9s2 t no     
damage has be5 done to ! subscrib]s     
prop]ty2  t all app>atus has be5 in/all$

 s t x w n be 9 8  way1 & w n be expos$ 
to disfigurem5t1 damage1 tr\ble f       
dampness or ra91 etc41 t wire is run :]e
 x w be safe f  injury1 dampness & we>2 
9 %ort1 see t ! in/allation is done     
accord+ to specifications 9 e respect4  
,see t ! cut-9 7! wires f ! pole to !   
h\se7 are prop]ly  made & are ( ! prop] 
k9d ( wire4                     ,,don',t
 ,,=get ,,t ,,y\r ,,reputation ,,z ,,an 
,,inspector ,,is ,,at ,,/ake4           
,,footnote    #a ,:]e ref]5ce is made to
 8hook clicks0 9 ^! in/ructions1 !      
in/rum5t is und]/ood to be a desk /&1   
wall sets are s connect$  z to give only
 "o hook click on rais+ or l[]+ ! hook4 
,:5 ref]5ce is made to ! r$1 :ite or    
gre5 /r& ( ! desk  /& cord1 x is        
und]/ood t ! r$ goes to ! hook1 ! :ite  
to ! receiv] & ! gre5 to ! transmitt]1  
us+ ! /&>d  ,we/]n ,electric cord4      
,:5 ref]5ce is made to ,l#a1 ,l#b or ,g 
y w f9d !m on diagram  ,no4 #a or ,no4  
#b4 ,:5 ref]5ce is made to 8,a0 or 8,b0 
y w f9d  !m on diagram ,no4 #c4         

---------------------------- ,end (     
,book ----------------------------      
,transcrib]'s ,note 7cont9u$7      ,page
 #db - 8desk/&0 *ang$ to 8desk /&0 7,op5
 ! desk /&7      ,page #dc - 8l9eoleum0 
*ang$ to 8l9oleum0 7h l9oleum on !      
floor7      ,footnote - 8,g#a0 *ang$ to 
8,g0 7,:5 ref]5ce is made to ,l#a1 ,l#b 
or ,g7    ,! words 8ext5sion0 &         
8ext5tion0 are us$ int]*angeably ?r\gh\t
  ! book & h be5 left un*ang$4 ,"s miss+
 punctuation & o!r  m9or typographical  
errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4    ,!   
s+le footnote has be5 plac$ at ! end ( !
 book4