,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,n]o ,illu/ration ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,n]o ,,be+ ,a ,,translation ,,( ,,! ,,quae/iones ,,naturales ,,( ,,s5eca ,,by ,,john ,,cl>ke1 ,m4,a4 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,,) ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,treatise ,,by ,,sir ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie ,k4,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,sc4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaj ,plurimum ad inv5i5dum contulit qui sp]avit posse rep]iri4 ,,s5eca1 ,q4,n4 ,,vi4 ,v4 #b4 ,,preface ,?is book is int5d$ prim>ily = ,engli% read]s1 to mo/ ( :om x w probably be at lea/ new4 ,?omas ,lodge1 ! well-kn[n dramati/1 publi%$ 9 #afad a translation ( ! :ole ( ,s5eca's prose works 7except ! ,apocolocyntosis71 b no ,engli% editor or comm5tator seems to h turn$ 8 att5tion to ! ,quae/iones ,naturales1 ei!r be=e or s9ce4 ,lodge's translation1 a folio volume ( ne>ly a ?\s& pages1 0 probably v good = its day1 b is n[ out ( date4 ,! ,introduction is design$ to give a sett+ to ! translation1 & to answ] a few ( ! que/ions t w\ld naturally occur to ! m9d ( an intellig5t read] :o 0 n a classical s*ol>4 ,9 ! ,index also "s details are includ$ t may be helpful to ^? :o h nei!r "t nor opportunity = hunt+ up hi/orical & o!r allusions 9 books ( ref]5ce4 ,! object has be5 to make ! volume self-int]pret+1 ?\gh x may be t ! c\rse has n always be5 judici\sly /e]$ betwe5 too little & too mu*4 ,! ,quae/iones ,naturales mu/ be reg>d$ z occupy+ hi/orically an important position4 ,x 0 ! late/ deliv]ance ( ! classical _w ^u ! subject ( physical speculation4 ,its curr5cy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages r5d]$ x = _m c5turies ! *ief au?ority 9 sci5ce 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,its cosmology repres5t$ n only popul> b also educat$ op9ion1 & became ! s\rce ( _m ( ! accept$ ideas conc]n+ ! univ]se t pass$ into e>ly mod]n lit]ature 9 our own & o!r c\ntries4 ,indebt$ness to editors ( ,s5eca & to o!rs1 :i* has be5 v great1 is ackn[l$g$ z fully z possible 9 ! ,introduction & else:]e :]e help has be5 avail$ (4 ,! int]e/ tak5 9 ! book by v>i\s fri5ds is also gratefully ackn[l$g$4 ,pr(essor ,sir ,joseph ,l>mor & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson h made sev]al useful sugge/ions4 ,pr(essor ,h]b]t ,j4 ,c4 ,gri]son has v k9dly read ! pro(s & giv5 valuable assi/ance 9 o!r respects4 ,b my *ief ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie4 ,to him ! translation ow$ its inception3 8 con/ant aid & enc\ragem5t h enabl$ me to complete a task f :i* ,i %\ld probably h o!rwise %runk4 ,i am indebt$ to him also = ! ,comm5t>y app5d$ to ! translation1 9 :i* ! que/ions treat$ by ,s5eca are consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,x has be5 to him a lab\r ( love3 may our read]s enjoy some?+ ( ! same satisfaction6 ,j4 ,c4 ,old ,ab]de51 ,septemb] #bg1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface v ,,introduction xxi ,,book ,i ,,meteors1 ,,halo1 ,,ra9b[1 ,,mock ,,sun1 ,,etc4 ,,preface ,,page ,contra/ betwe5 human 7moral7 philosophy & div9e 7natural1 physical74 ,! sublime "* ( ! latt] :i* lifts u above ! contemplation ( ! littl5esses ( ! e>? & e>?ly life to ! k ( ,god & ,8 nature4 ,comp>$ ) a/ronomical conceptions & dim5sions ! _w ( man is b z a ?re%+-floor1 ! haunt ( ants4 ,! m9d ( man atta9s its true height 9 contemplation & inve/igation ( ^! sublime facts4 ,"s ( ! problems ?us rais$ #c ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,meteoric fires--%e-goat1 kid1 etc4 ,occasions ( _! appe>ance2 connection ( port5t ) ev5t4 ,explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!y may be due to pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ari/otle attributes !m to ! effect ( t]re/rial evaporation3 diff]5ce ( d5sity causes v>i\s outbur/s ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are analog\s to lightn+1 b less viol5t #h ,,ii4 ,halos4 ,produc$ by ! light ( a heav5ly body /rik+ ! surr\nd+ air & =m+ a circle z a /one does :5 ?r[n into a pond4 ,=m$ f> away f ! heav5ly body & comp>atively ne> ! e>? 9 ! region ( ! w9d4 ,require a p>ticul> /ate ( ! atmosph]e nei!r too d5se nor too ?94 ,m frequ5t at night ?an day = ?is reason3 by day ! sun r>efies ! air too mu* by its heat4 ,me?od ( dissipation gives indication ( w9d or ra94 ,calmness a condition ( =mation1 z 9 ! analog\s case ( wat] #ab ,,iii4 ,ra9b[s4 ,g5]ally by day1 produc$ by inequalities ( surface & d5sity 9 cl\ds4 ,ano!r species se5 9 a bur/ pipe or a full] at "w4 ,v>i\s explanations4 ,light & %ade w n expla9 ! v>i$ col\rs4 ,"s expla9 ! ra9b[ z a confus$ reflection ( ! sun f individual drops ( ra93 e b\nd$ surface1 l>ge or small1 ?us reflects--fi%-pond & dew-drop equally4 ,ari/otle attributes ! confusion ( col\rs to weakness ( human sight2 p>allels may be f\nd 9 p]sons ^: sight is abnormally weak4 ,z ! innum]able drops1 app>5tly )\t int]vals1 fall1 human vision fails to di/+ui% sev]ally ! reflections ( ! sun1 :i* ?us become bl5d$ & confus$4 ,vision is simil>ly deceiv$ 9 ! case ( an o> 9 wat]1 apples 9 a glass globe1 etc41 ev5 9 ! size & movem5ts ( ! sun himself4 ,at any rate ! ra9b[ requires bo? sun & cl\d1 & ^! opposite to ea* o!r4 ,^! two 9 op]ation produce ! v>ieties ( col\r #af ,,iv4 ,t ! ra9b[ is an image is %[n by ! relation ( sun to cl\d 9 position1 by ! rapidity ( =mation & disp]sion4 ,artemidorus' explanation ( ! %ape ( ! cl\d 7concave71 & ! consequ5t position ( ! r$ 9 ! ra9b[ #bb ,v4 ,argum5ts to %[ t ! cl\d is col\r$ by ! sun1 l a dove's neck or a peacock's tail1 & t ! ra9b[ is n a reflection ( ! sun4 ,! position 7opposite7 w\ld be equally necess>y 9 ?is case4 ,answ] to ?is cont5tion by ,posidonius4 ,! col\r effects4 ,au?or agrees ) ,posidonius' position b n 8 argum5ts4 ,! only pro( is ! geometrical "o #bc ,,vi4 ,argum5ts f ! size--nev] m ?an a semicircle--& %ape ( ! b[4 ,z ! col\r1 :e!r real or reflect$1 is d]iv$ f ! sun1 s mu/ also ! %ape be4 ,! size is acc\nt$ = by ! magnify+ p[] ( wat]1 glass1 etc4 ,! sun z he appe>s 9 ! ra9b[ is se5 ?r\gh moi/ure #bh ,,vii4 ,! argum5ts f ! disp]sion ( ! sun's rays ?r\gh glass 7prism74 ,cont5tion t !y confirm au?or's view #cj ,,viii4 ,! =m once m2 :y x is nev] l>g] ?an a semicircle4 ,a wrong explanation refut$4 ,explanation ( ,ari/otle's rem>k z to ! seasons ( ra9b[s1 9 summ] only 9 ! morn+ or ev5+1 9 autumn at any "t #ca ,,ix4 ,/reaks or wea!r-galls4 ,m]ely abortive or imp]fect ra9b[s #cc ,x4 ,relations & diff]5ces ( halos1 b[s1 & wea!r-galls #cd ,,xi4 ,mock suns4 ,_! appe>ance & position 9 relation to ! sun4 ,!y are a reflection ( ! sun 9 a suitable m$ium #cd ,,xii4 ,! =mation ( a mock sun may be comp>$ to ! image ( ! sun 9 eclipse z se5 reflect$ 9 a di% ( oil or pit*3 ! m$ium mu/ be adapt$ to give ! impression4 ,! mock sun requires a c]ta9 consi/5cy ( cl\d1 fail+ :i*1 a diff]5t effect is produc$--obscuration1 dissipation1 etc4 #ce ,,xiii4 ,!re may be two mock suns simultane\sly4 ,"s ?9k ! "o is a reflection ( ! o!r1 ! cl\ds act+ z mirrors set opposite to "o ano!r4 ,mock suns1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 are a sign ( ra9 #cf ,,xiv4 ,o!r cele/ial fires4 8,cave meteors10 8,b>rel meteors10 8,*asms10 ) a brief description ( ea*4 ,! rapidity ( _! flight1 j z ( lightn+1 deceives ! sight4 ,_! orig9 & cause4 ,!y indicate w9d #cg ,,xv4 ,gleams 7fla%es1 74 ,_! production & motions1 v>ieties ( !m4 ,"s d damage4 ,"s are analog\s to comets4 8,be>d$10 8tor*es10 8cypress0 are diff]5t k9ds4 8,beams0 & 8b>rels0 may be ( ! same class4 ,a curi\s case :]e su* an appe>ance rais$ an al>m ( fire4 ,!y are real fires4 ,on ! contr>y1 ra9b[s & halos are m]e reflections4 ,mirrors h ?is wond]ful p[] ( false pres5tation #ci ,,xvi4 ,! 8mirror$ d50 ( ,ho/ius ,quadra #da ,,xvii4 ,! philosophy ( ! look+-glass4 ,! evolution ( mirrors4 ,mirrors ( full l5g? are n[ us$4 ,!y co/ a =tune great] ?an ! ,s5ate gave ,scipio's daught]s4 ,a h>mless necess>y device has become an in/rum5t ( luxury1 ! adornm5t ( wom51 ! burd5 ( m51 nay1 "p ( ! kit ( ! soldi] #dd ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,air4 ,,?und] ,,& ,,lightn+ ,i4-,,xi4 ,prefatory to treatm5t ( ?und] & lightn+1 descriptive ( ! nature ( ! air1 9 :i* ^! ph5om5a occur4 ,i4 ,divisions ( physical sci5ce--a/ronomy1 meteorology1 geography4 ,cross divisions1 e4g4 e>?quakes1 belong to meteorology1 be+ produc$ by air2 s ! e>?1 z a planet1 belongs to ,a/ronomy b its prop]ties belong to ,geography #ea ,,ii4 ,unity & composition 9 bodies4 ,! analogy ( ! se5 applies to ! unse54 ,! atmosph]e is possess$ ( unity 7unitas7 #eb ,,iii4 ,p>ts & mat]ial ( bodies di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! human body blood is bo? #ed ,,iv4 ,! atmosph]e is an integral "p ( ! univ]se3 has unity #ed ,v4 ,! e>? is bo? "p & mat]ial ( ! univ]se4 ,f x n\ri%m5t is suppli$ to ! latt] #ee ,,vi4 ,! atmosph]e has unity--is n compact ( atoms1 o!rwise x c\ld n ex]t t5sion1 :i* is "o ( its ma9 features1 ) endless manife/ations #ee ,,vii4 ,!re is no vacuum 9 ! air1 z ! analogy ( wat] %[s #eg ,,viii4 ,! ex]tion ( t5sion presupposes t5sibility1 j z motion does mobility4 ,its exi/5ce 9 air prov$ by ! effects ( air1 :i* tosses ab\t m\nta9s1 h\ses1 walls1 etc4 ,! propagation ( sight & s\nd proves ! same #eh ,,ix4 ,its t5sion is se5 9 rais+ wat]1 z 9 ! jet 9 ! amphi!atre4 ,pro(s f a %ip upborne ( wat]1 a quoit flung f a height1 s\nd he>d ?r\gh a wall #ei ,x4 ,v>ieties ( d5sity & temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e3 ! c5tral lay] is colde/ #fj ,,xi4 ,! l[] p>ts are mo/ subject to *ange4 ,! cause ( ?is is 9 "p ! e>?1 9 "p ! sun1 moon1 & o!r />s4 ,s mu* by way ( preface to expla9 ! nature ( t atmosph]e 9 :i* ?und] & lightn+ occur #fa ,,xii4 ,lightn+1 ?und]-bolt1 ?und]4 ,all agree t !y occur 9 ! cl\ds1 b diff]5t explanations are giv5 ( _! cause & relations4 ,anaxagoras connects !m ) ! e!r2 ,ari/otle says !y are due to exhalations ( v>i\s k9ds1 f ! e>?1 com+ 9 contact ) ! cl\ds #fb ,,xiii4 ,! fire _c be inh]5t 9 ! cl\ds & fall f !m4 ,:5 x s comes x is =c$ #fd ,,xiv4 ,!re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ?is 9 ! explanation giv5 7,i4 xv47 ( meteors4 ,!re may be an analogy ) :at is obs]v$ 9 cases ( fire :5 isolat$ gr\ps ( h\ses take fire ?r\gh gradual accumulation ( heat #fe ,,xv4 ,"s 7,/oics7 ?9k t spontane\s combu/ion takes place 9 ! air #ff ,,xvi4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 a fla% ( lightn+ & a bolt #ff ,,xvii4 ,"s expla9 ! noise ( ?und] z due to hot meet+ cold1 z 9 ! case ( hot iron plung$ into wat] #fg ,,xviii4 ,anaxim&] attributes ! effects to air & expla9s all ! ph5om5a by ref]5ce to x #fg ,,xix4 ,anaxagoras says x is ! e!r t acts on ! l[] atmosph]e to produce !m3 x s5ds out fire #fh ,,xx4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia ?9ks t fire & air int]act1 produc+ "o ano!r1 z may be obs]v$ 9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a #fh ,,xxi4 ,au?orities disc>d$3 indep5d5t explanation4 ,a fla% & a bolt are fire 9 "s =m3 !y diff] only 9 degree #fi ,,xxii4 ,analogy ( fire on e>?3 x mu/ apply above4 ,lightn+ due ei!r to impact or friction4 ,hurricanes are a suffici5t cause ( ! =m] #gj ,,xxiii4 ,cl\ds & air may ?r\gh friction also be a cause4 ,! fires s produc$ are insub/antial & evanesc5t #ga ,,xxiv4 ,fire by reason ( its lightness levitates1 j z wat] gravitates4 ,b 9 ! case ( a bolt x is =c$ d[n1 contr>y to its nature1 l a 8weep+0 tree #ga ,,xxv4 ,b x is said t wet cl\ds produce fire4 ,h[8 #gb ,,xxvi4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy 9 ! comb9ation 9 ! same cl\d ( pot5tial fire & wat]4 ,a log burns at "o end1 exudes moi/ure at ! o!r4 ,an isl& on ea* ( two occasions 0 ?r[n up by fire 9 ! ,aegean ,sea1 fire ov]com+ wat]4 ,& cl\ds are1 z a matt] ( fact1 requir$ = lightn+3 exceptions to ?is are only app>5t #gb ,,xxvii4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ?und]4 ,! gr[l+ & ! cra%+1 ) _! causes #ge ,,xxviii4 ,9 ord] to ! s\nd ( ?und]1 cl\ds ( a p>ticul> %ape mu/ meet 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,a bladd] does n bur/ ) a report if cut4 ,a broad simultane\s bl[ ov] ! :ole cl\d is necess>y to an explosion #gf ,,xxix4 ,! prop] %ape & ! rupture ( ! cl\d are necess>y4 ,comp>e drums1 etc4 #gg ,,xxx4 ,accord+ to "s1 cl\ds are n necess>y to ?und]3 witness eruptions ( ,etna & ! ov]?r[ ( ,cambyses' army1 :]e p>ticles ( s& 7 ! m$ium ( ! ?und] & lightn+4 ,b 9 ?is case1 too1 a cl\d 0 =m$1 x may be1 a d5s]1 & m solid ?an "o compos$ ( m]e air1 be=e ! s\nd 0 emitt$ #gg ,,xxxi4 ,/range effects ( lightn+ #gh ,,xxxii4 ,port5ts & ev5ts1 _! und\bt$ & widespread connection #gi ,,xxxiii4 ,?und]bolts4 ,?reefold division ( ! art ( deal+ ) !m #ha ,,xxxiv4 ,mi/ak5 views z to ! relation ( lightn+ to o!r presages4 ,! =m] are ( equal1 n sup]ior1 value #hb ,,xxxv4 ,fate _c be *ang$ by expiation & entreaty #hc ,,xxxvi4 8,god is n a man0 t he %\ld *ange fate4 ,:at is ! use1 !n1 ( rites8 #hd ,,xxxvii4 ,answ]--,fate fixes "s ?+s only conditionally3 ! alt]native issues are det]m9$ by ! conduct1 active or passive1 ( ! wor%ipp] #hd ,,xxxviii4 ,?is action ( 8 is likewise a "p ( fate4 ,! soo?say]1 l ! physician1 is ! m9i/] ( fate4 ,discussion ( free w def]r$ #he ,,xxxix4 ,?ree classes or k9ds ( ?und]bolts1 z judg$ by _! indications1 accord+ to ,caec9a #hf ,,xl4 ,^! are k9ds ( progno/ications r ?an ( bolts4 ,! diff]5t species ( ! latt] are di/+ui%$ by _! effects--bor+1 splitt+1 burn+4 ,f9e di/9ctions ( ,lat9 t]ms #hg ,,xli4 ,a k9d t /a9s or discol\rs4 ,! ,etruscan view ( ! ?ree k9ds ( bolt accord+ to _! division #hh ,,xlii4 ,! ,etruscans knew :at !y 7 ab\t 9 attribut+ c]ta9 motives & actions to ,jupit]4 ,_! !ory 0 = ! b5efit ( ! ignorant mass ( humanity #hi ,,xliii4 8,:i* ?+s are an allegory40 ,an example is set to e>?ly rul]s to be m]ciful & consid] well _! judgm5ts #ij ,,xliv4 ,jove does n *ange 8 missiles2 b !re are gradations 9 ! (f5ce to be puni%$4 ,t is ! lesson #ia ,,xlv4 ,by ,jove ! ,etruscans meant1 z we d1 all t is greate/ & be/--,fate1 ,provid5ce1 ,nature1 ! ,univ]se #ia ,,xlvi4 ,he is ! s\rce ( ! ?und]'s p[]1 ?\gh he does n sup]9t5d ea* /roke4 ,:y he sp>es ! guilty is ano!r affair1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ano!r place #ib ,,xlvii4 ,an errone\s classification ( ?und]bolts accord+ to "t #ib ,,xlviii4 ,x mu/ be wrong1 because ! "t is always limit$4 ,a bett] basis ( treatm5t is t ( ,attalus4 ,place1 "t1 p]son1 etc41 mu/ all be look$ into #ic ,,xlix4 ,caec9a's division1 8 names & _! mean+s #id ,l4 ,t ( ,attalus is mu* bett]1 be+ bas$ on ! true signification #ie ,,li4 ,! signification ( "s does n affect1 ( "s does n rea*1 u #ie ,,lii4 ,! =ce ( lightn+ z se5 9 diff]5t mat]ials1 & at diff]5t times 9 ! same mat]ial 7cf4 xxxi47 #if ,,liii4 ,poison\s effects3 may be foll[$ up aft]w>ds4 ,panegyric on philosophy #ig ,,liv4 ,returns to ,posidonius' 7,ari/otle's7 op9ion z to ! cause ( ?und]1 an explosion ( air #ih ,,lv4 ,! collision ( cl\ds may produce x4 ,air is ! cause 9 ?is in/ance also4 ,%oot+ />s are associat$ ) ?und]1 b ?is is ! exception1 n ! rule #ih ,,lvi4 ,h]aclitus & ,caec9a ?9k %eet lightn+ an int]mitt5t incipi5t fire4 ,*ange 9 ! pronunciation ( ! ,lat9 ^w #ajj ,,lvii4 ,lightn+ is probably due to ! air turn+ into fire ?r\gh r>efaction ( ! cl\ds4 ,x is naturally mo/ frequ5t 9 summ]4 ,%eet & =k$ lightn+ diff] 9 degree1 n 9 k9d #ajj ,,lviii4 ,reasons = rapidity ( lightn+ & its obliquity #aja ,,lix4 ,e /ory %\ld h a moral4 ,dea? _c be prev5t$2 :y fe> x8 ,x is c[>dly & silly4 ,dea? by lightn+ is r an hon\r ?an o!rwise4 ,besides1 fe> is futile #ajb ,,book ,,iii ,,on ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat] ,,preface ,hav+ begun a mighty task 9 my old age ,i mu/ make up = lo/ "t by hurry+ on4 ,! magnitude ( x is actually an inc5tive to ef=t4 ,su* /udies are f> sup]ior to ! hi/orian's task ( record+ ! de$s ( ! robb]s & but*]s ( mank9d4 ,! =m] raise u above ! vicissitudes ( =tune4 8,! pr9cipal ?+0 is to h a pure he>t & clean h&s1 to escape slav]y to self4 ,! /udy ( ! univ]se exalts u to ?is #aji ,i4 ,! cause ( riv]s & _! v>ieties4 ,wat]s v>y 9 am\nt at diff]5t seasons1 9 temp]ature1 9 m$ic9al qualities #aad ,,ii4 ,v>ieties ( ta/e1 weight1 col\r1 utility to heal?1 consi/5cy #aae ,,iii4 ,gravitation or ! =ce ( air det]m9es ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,surface & spr+ wat]3 !y may be comb9$ z 9 ,lake ,fuc9us #aae ,,iv4 ,:y is ! sea n fill$ nor ! e>? dra9$ dry by riv]s8 #aaf ,v4 ,"s hold t :at fl[s into ! sea returns by secret passages cleans$ ( its sal9ity #aaf ,,vi4 ,"s ?9k ra9 supplies ! riv]s1 & 9 pro( cite ! int]ior ( ,africa z contra/$ ) ,gaul & ,g]many #aag ,,vii4 ,objections to ?is argum5t4 ,ra9 does n p5etrate m ?an #aj feet4 ,if ! e>? is dry1 x absorbs ! ra92 if x is saturat$1 ! ra9 runs (f4 ,aga91 riv]s rise 9 rocks & m\nta9s1 :]e :at ra9 ev] fell mu/ h run (f4 ,ri* wells ( 8liv+0 wat] are f\nd 9 ! drie/ gr\nd at dep?4 ,f\nta9s well out at m\nta9 tops #aag ,,viii4 ,! int]ior ( ! e>? is1 accord+ to "s1 a huge receptacle ( fre% wat] #aah ,,ix4 ,o!rs ?9k ! air :i* is conta9$ )9 ! e>? be+ prev5t$ f circulat+ turns into wat] #aai ,x4 ,b inde$ ! f\r elem5ts are all int]*angeable #abj ,,xi4 ,?\gh ! supply ( wat] is p]5nial1 riv]s & spr+s are int]mitt5t #aba ,,xii4 ,! abundance ( wat] is no difficulty1 s9ce x is a f\r? "p ( ! univ]se #abc ,,xiii4 ,! relation ( wat] to ! o!r elem5ts4 ,?ales' silly notion t ! e>? sails 9 wat] l a %ip at sea #abd ,,xiv4 ,! ,egyptians divide ea* ( ! elem5ts into male & female #abe ,,xv4 ,! ve9s ( ! e>? resemble ^? ( ! human body4 ,!re are likewise ! analogies ( m>r[1 mucus1 etc41 ( injuries & ( ble$+1 ( p>turition1 p]spiration1 etc4 #abe ,,xvi4 ,int]mitt5t f\nta9s are an illu/ration ( seasonal activity4 ,! great vacant spaces ( ! e>? & _! t5ants4 ,und]gr\nd fi% #abh ,,xvii4 ,! incr$ible wond]s ( nature are p>allel$ & ev5 outdone by ! excesses ( luxury #abi ,,xviii4 ,! extravagances ( luxury1 :i* make a wise man mad #acj ,,xix4 ,to return--a sudd5 eruption ( wat] ca/s up fi%1 g5]ally poison\s4 ,?is po9ts to ! unfail+ supply ( subt]ranean wat] #acb ,,xx4 ,v>i\s ta/es ( wat] due to f\r causes2 qualities ( wat]--petrify+1 soporific1 intoxicat+1 fatal #acc ,,xxi4 ,! same pe/il5tial influ5ce z ta9ts riv]s is p]ceiv$ 9 caves3 ! noxi\s riv]s fl[ f or ?r\gh !m #acd ,,xxii4 ,! ,ocean & seas are coeval ) ! univ]se4 ,s probably are abnormal riv]s l ! ,danube & ! ,nile #ace ,,xxiii4 ,ra9 & surface wat] mu/ be add$ to subt]ranean #ace ,,xxiv4 ,! causes ( hot spr+s #acf ,,xxv4 ,poison\s riv]s4 ,col\r+ p[] ( o!rs4 ,great specific gravity ( c]ta9 wat]s1 its effects & cause #acg ,,xxvi4 ,int]mitt5t riv]s & spr+s4 ,means possess$ by riv]1 f\nt1 & sea ( purify+ !mselves #ada ,,xxvii4 ,digression on ! univ]sal deluge :i* w de/roy ! _w4 ,nature is nigg>dly 9 creation1 lavi% 9 de/ruction4 ,ovid is unequal 9 8 treatm5t ( ?is cata/rophe #adc ,,xxviii4 ,fur!r imag9ative pictures ( :at wat] c d by way ( de/ruction4 ,alt]native me?ods ( de/roy+ ! e>?--wat] & fire #adh ,,xxix4 ,fur!r possibilities ( ! same "*4 ,di/9ctions ( seas1 gulfs1 etc41 w all be oblit]at$2 nature & ! works ( man w alike be ov]?r[n #aej ,,xxx4 ,nature %[s by ! *af+ ( ! sea t %e designs to inundate ! _w4 ,a deluge is "p ( ! =e-orda9$ plan4 ,b !re w be a new e>? & a new race ( m5 :o w n s9--= a "t #aed ,,book ,,iv ,,conta9+ ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,sn[1 ,,hail1 ,,& ,,ra94 ,,! ,,nile ,,preface ,! dang]s ( flatt]y & its insidi\sness4 ,if y mu/ h praise1 praise y\rself4 ,lucilius has good cause3 he mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ?9k too mu* ( himself because he is gov]nor ( t hi/oric prov9ce ,sicily1 :i* has ere n[ decid$ ! fate ( g5]als & ( empire #aei ,i4 ,leav+ ,sicily & its m>vels let u deal ) ! omitt$ "p ( ! la/ book1 ! ,nile4 ,!re is no real analogy betwe5 x & ! ,danube #aff ,,ii4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,nile2 its cat>acts4 ,! inundation ( ! riv]4 ,its mean+ to ,egypt4 ,its d5iz5s2 crocodiles & dolph9s 9 conflict4 ,causes ( ! ov]fl[3 melt+ ( sn[2 ,etesian ,w9ds2 dry+ up ( ! spr+s ?r\gh int]nal heat ( ! e>? 9 w9t]2 ! attraction ( ! sun 9 ,africa draws wat] f ! sea to fill up ! gap caus$ by evaporation none ( ! acc\nts app>5tly accept$ #afg ,,iii4 ,orig9 ( hail2 :y x diff]s f sn[ #agg ,,iv4 ,causes ( sn[ 9 w9t]1 hail 9 spr+ #agi ,v4 ,x is said t ! cool] air ( ! ,nor? 7,scy?ia1 etc47 is /irr$ by ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 spr+ & floats ,s\?1 caus+ hail in/ead ( ra9 #ahj ,,vi4 ,hail1 x is aga9 alleg$1 is av]t$ by sacrifice4 ,if !re is n a victim h&y y h m]ely to prick y\r f+]6 #aha ,,vii4 ,?is belief 9 ! p[] ( blood 0 an anci5t sup]/ition #ahb ,,viii4 ,?ree causes :y ! air ne> ! e>? is w>me/1 & !re=e produces sn[ r ?an hail #ahb ,,ix4 ,democritus' view--d5se bodies are heat$ mo/ quickly1 & reta9 _! heat longe/ #ahc ,x4 ,! air ne>e/ ! e>? is d5s] ?an else:]e #ahd ,,xi4 ,! tops ( m\nta9s1 x is urg$1 %\ld be w>m] because ne>] ! sun4 ,! diff]5ce is :olly inappreciable if we adopt ! scale ( ! univ]se1 ! true "o #ahd ,,xii4 ,! comp>atively mild air ne> ! e>? causes sn[1 b n hail #ahf ,,xiii4 ,! despicable luxury ( ! effem9ate ,romans1 :o b\ght sn[1 ba!d 9 x1 & mu/ resort ev5 to ice to cool ! unnatural fev]i% ?ir/ born ( _! indulg5ce #ahf ,,book ,v ,,treat+ ,,( ,,w9ds ,,& ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,i4 ,def9ition ( w9d--air fl[+ 9 "o direction4 ,! air1 l ! sea1 is always mov+1 ev5 :5 x is ?\ght to be /ill2 h5ce ! necessity ( ! additional qualification--9 "o direction #aic ,,ii4 ,democritus says w9d arises f a multitude ( atoms 9 a small space /riv+ to get free1 j l a cr[d jo/l+ ea* o!r #aid ,,iii4 ,b w9d does n ?us dep5d on d5sity2 cl\dy or mi/y wea!r does n necess>ily produce w9d1 :ile w9d is produc$ :5 ! morn+ sun dissipates ! air4 ,democritus is1 !re=e1 wrong #aie ,,iv4 ,w9d arises 9 two ways--f ! int]ior ( ! e>? by emission--l w9d on ! /oma*6--& f evaporation #aif ,v4 ,! air has inh]5t p[] ( movem5t1 :i* is ! *ief cause ( w9d1 evaporation be+ a less p[]ful "o4 ,wat] has ! p[] ( mov+ & ( imp>t+ life to animals & plants #aig ,,vi4 ,fire ev51 ! de/roy]1 sometimes g5]ates life4 ,air 9 l mann] has a peculi> p[] ( its own #aig ,,vii4 ,breezes be=e dawn arise f riv]s1 etc4 ,d n la/ long #aih ,,viii4 ,! 8gulf0 w9d 773 its orig9 & duration #aih ,,ix4 ,connection ( w9ds ) seasons ( ! ye> & ) ! heat & light ( ! sun4 ,! sun does n directly cause ! w9ds #bjj ,x4 ,"s cite ! ,etesian ,w9ds z pro( t he does4 ,!y bl[ 9 summ] :5 ! sn[s melt & ! moi/ure is c>ri$ ,s\? #bja ,,xi4 ,b z to ! effect ( ! sun1 !re is no analogy betwe5 ! ,etesian ,w9ds1 :i* d n spr+ up till late 9 ! day1 & ! w9ds :i* rise at dawn & fall z ! day advances #bjb ,,xii4 ,cl\d squalls 774 ,_! =mation & comb9ations #bjc ,,xiii4 ,! break+ up ( cl\ds produces w9d4 ,air1 9 an ef=t to get free1 or heat1 may produce ?is4 ,int]ruption ( free passage may produce a :irlw9d1 j z an ob/acle 9 a riv] a :irlpool4 ,viol5t :irlw9ds take fire 774 ,"s w9ds produce diff]5t ones4 ,an analogy holds betwe5 air & drops ( moi/ure4 ,a union ( =ces 9 air or 9 dew is necess>y to give impulse & produce a curr5t4 ,air & w9d are m]ely a matt] ( degree #bjd ,,xiv4 ,mode 9 :i* ! subt]ranean w9ds are g5]at$ & make _! escape #bje ,,xv4 ,anci5t m9]s ( ,philip's saw riv]s & va/ und]gr\nd res]voirs4 ,x is "s consolation to read su* a /ory1 :i* %[s gre$ is no new vice3 ! old] g5]ations 7 z reckless z we are 9 _! que/ = treasure bett] hid #bjg ,,xvi4 ,! f\r c>d9al w9ds4 ,! full li/ includes twelve4 ,_! names & directions #bjh ,,xvii4 ,! great circles ( ! e>? :i* give twelve divisions1 & !re=e prescribe ! possible numb] ( ! w9ds #baj ,,xviii4 ,! uses ( w9d & ! illu/ration af=d$ ( ! wisdom ( ,provid5ce4 ,! crops are dep5d5t on x4 ,s is comm]ce4 ,b we make ! sea a highway to w> & n to peace4 ,we g to seek = dea?1 z if x 7 n always ne>4 ,x]xes1 ,alex&]1 ,crassus are w>n+s ( ! mis*iev\s use ( p[] to cross ! sea4 ,bett]1 p]haps1 ! w9ds _h nev] be5 giv5 at all4 ,b ! value ( a natural gift mu/ n be e/imat$ by ! deprav$ use ( x4 ,e gift1 ev5 sight & spee*1 man has p]v]t$ 9 ! same way #bab ,,book ,,vi ,,treat+ ,,( ,,e>?quakes ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,e>?quake at ,pompeii & ! al>m x caus$1 _m giv+ up ,campania z a resid5ce altoge!r4 ,if ! solid e>? fail1 :at c be done8 ,refuge f tempe/ & fire & ?und]/orm & w> is possible1 b n f e>?quake4 ,b 7#a7 ! :ole e>? is subject to su* movem5t3 we _c escape by *ang+ our gr\nd--,tyre1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,a*aia h all suff]$4 7#b7 ,dea? is ! same 9 :atev] =m x come1 ! circum/ances matt] n1 a /one is all "o ) a m\nta9 #bba ,,ii4 ,we _c escape dea?4 ,! hopeless f9d refuge 9 despair4 ,! k ( our frailty & mortality is our true solace4 ,dea? mu/ come1 a dea? ) circum/ance is r to be pref]r$ ?an o!rwise4 ,9 an e>?quake ! e>? %[s itself mortal z m5 are #bbe ,,iii4 ,our fe>s are due to ignorance4 ,?r\gh lack ( a philosophic view ( ! univ]se we consid] ph5om5a /range :i* are m]ely r>e1 e4g4 eclipses4 ,fe> may be remov$ by k #bbh ,,iv4 ,! /udy ( su* problems is ! v wor?ie/2 x reveals ! secrets ( nature1 & is dis9t]e/$4 ,b x is highly pr(itable at ! same "t #bbi ,v4 ,v>i\s explanations ( e>?quakes h be5 sugge/$4 ,! e>li] ones are crude1 b n !re=e to be despis$4 ,e subject develops z "t goes on4 ,gratitude is due to ! inve/igators :o fir/ d>$ to "q nature #bcj ,,vi4 ,! cause ( e>?quakes is by "s said to be wat]4 ,?ales ( ,miletus expla9s h[ ?is takes place1 b he mu/ be wrong3 ! analogy ( a %ip sail+ ! ocean w n apply to ! e>? 7cp4 ,,iii4 xiii47 #bca ,,vii4 ,wat] may be ! cause1 b may op]ate 9 q diff]5t ways f ^? suppos$ by ,?ales4 ,/orms1 etc41 9 subt]ranean seas may cause e>?quakes #bcc ,,viii4 ,!re mu/ be su* subt]ranean wat]4 ,! ,tigris & ,are?usa prove x4 ,n]o1 ! virtu\s & ! v]aci\s1 s5t two (fic]s to inve/igate ! s\rces ( ! ,nile2 _! acc\nt confirms ! assumption #bce ,,ix4 ,fire is ano!r alleg$ cause4 ,x ei!r bur/s out ?r\gh oppos+ ob/acles1 z 9 ! cl\ds 7,anaxagoras71 or burns away ! f\ndation & causes a subsid5ce at ! spot #bcf ,x4 ,pieces ( ! e>? fall+ 9 m]ely ?r\gh ! decay ( age may produce ! effect )\t fire or any ext]nal influ5ce4 ,?is is ,anaxim5es' op9ion #bcg ,,xi4 ,fire is suppos$ by "s to cause e>?quakes by exp&+ ! vap\r :i* x fir/ causes to be giv5 (f f ! subt]ranean wat]s #bch ,,xii4 ,ar*elaus sets d[n ! cause z air press+ up ! e>?'s int]nal w9d :i* is already cond5s$ to bur/+ po9t #bci ,,xiii4 ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us take evaporation to be ! cause4 ,/rato1 mu* 9 ! same way1 ?9ks t diff]5ces ( int]nal temp]ature are ! cause #bdj ,,xiv4 ,by "s x is ?\ght t air is ! cause1 b t its op]ation1 along ) wat]1 is l t ( blood & air 9 ! vessels ( ! body4 ,! e>?1 x is assum$ 9 ?is case1 admits air1 :i* mu/ f9d an exit4 ,:5 x does s viol5tly1 ! result is an e>?quake #bdb ,,xv4 ,! e>? is por\s1 p]=at$ at _m po9ts1 & x is ?us t ! air ent]s #bdc ,,xvi4 ,! e>? is full ( air1 n\ri%+ plants root$ 9 x1 & exhal+ en\gh to fe$ ! sun & ! o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,air is ! mo/ movable ( elem5ts2 !re=e ! e>?1 if x is full ( air1 mu/ also h frequ5t movem5ts #bdd ,,xvii4 ,ob/ruction ( air1 j z ( wat]1 causes great] impetuosity :5 x escapes4 ,w9d is frequ5tly associat$ ) e>?quakes1 z at ,*alcis #bde ,,xviii4 ,additional consid]ations to prove t ! great cause ( e>?quakes is air1 i4e4 w9d #bdg ,,xix4 ,metrodorus ( ,*ios comp>es ! rumbl+ ( an e>?quake to ! resonance ( ! voice 9 a tub2 ! und]gr\nd caves imp>t ! s\nd #bdh ,,xx4 ,v>i\s comb9ations ( wat] & air suppos$ by ,democritus & ,epicurus to co-op]ate to ! production ( e>?quakes #bdi ,,xxi4 ,air mu/ be ! cause4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( e>?quakes #bea ,,xxii4 ,fir/ species--%ak+ ( ! e>?3 its causes #beb ,,xxiii4 ,next comes ! =m ( concussion caus$ by air4 ,! great ,calli/h5es1 :o brav$ ! fury ( ,alex&] & lo/ 8 life = x1 supports ?is view4 ,subm>9e effects ( x are p>ticul>ly noticeable #bec ,,xxiv4 ,diff]5t explanations may be giv5 ( ! exact me?od 9 :i* air acts #bee ,,xxv4 ,! /riv+ ( ! air 9 subt]ranean cav]ns produces a concussion or collapse 9 ! e>? above4 ,! area ( di/urbance is limit$1 nev] ov] #bjj miles1 z num]\s in/ances prove4 ,! ,p5es & ,ladon 7 ?us produc$ #bef ,,xxvi4 ,! nature ( ! soil compos$ ( muddy accretions )\t int]/ices is said to acc\nt = ! exemption ( ,egypt f e>?quakes4 ,s ,delos 9 ! sea has por\s rocks :i* emit ! air easily4 ,b ! facts are wrong4 ,!re is abundant pro( t proximity to ! sea is no safegu>d aga9/ %ock #beh ,,xxvii4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! ,campanian e>?quake1 t x kill$ #fjj %eep1 is expla9$ by ! emission ( pe/il5tial vap\r1 by :i* %eep1 ) _! heads close to ! gr\nd1 naturally 7 mo/ readily affect$ #bei ,,xxviii4 ,noxi\s vap\rs are n1 h[ev]1 peculi> to e>?quakes4 ,!y are f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,italy habitually4 ,su*1 too1 is ! orig9 ( new diseases #bfa ,,xxix4 ,excessive fe> drives p mad4 ,e>?quakes split /atues & divide k+doms1 e4g4 ,sicily f ,italy1 ,spa9 f ,africa #bfb ,,xxx4 ,! action ( ! air acc\nts = all ! detail$ ph5om5a1 splitt+ ( walls1 h\ses1 t[]s1 /atues2 also = ! prolongation ( %ocks = sev]al days #bfc ,,xxxi4 ,a fur!r pro( t air is ! ag5t is to be f\nd 9 ! gradually dim9i%+ viol5ce ( ! successive %ocks4 ,ph5om5a 9 ! pavem5t witness$ by a philosoph] :o 0 9 8 ba? #bfd ,,xxxii4 ,! moral4 ,life hangs on a ?read2 :y %\ld "o dread ! loss ( x8 ,! greatness ( ! cause ( dea? is no s\rce ( t]ror4 ,! h]eaft] is bett] & saf] ?an e>?4 ,!re !re is no fe> ( e>?quake or ?und]/orm1 fire or flood4 ,fe> ( dea? magnifies all human risks4 ,d n dread dea?1 long = x1 &1 if necess>y1 meet x half way #bfe ,,book ,,vii ,,treat+ ,,( ,,comets ,i4 ,ph5om5a1 h[ev] wond]ful1 are n not$ & admir$ unless !y are uncommon4 ,! sun & moon & />ry heav5s h no obs]v]s1 b a ,comet at once sets ! :ole _w agog4 ,! nature ( ! />s is a sublime & likewise a pr(itable /udy #bga ,,ii4 ,! nature ( ,comets has n be5 hi!rto fully inve/igat$4 ,!y are s r>e t "o wants a record ( ! movem5ts ( all ev] obs]v$ #bgc ,,iii4 ,democritus1 ,eudoxus1 ,conon1 ,epig5es1 & ,apollonius ( ,myndus all fail to give any satisfactory acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,nor _h ! ,egyptians or ,*aldaeans inve/igat$ !m #bgd ,,iv4 ,epig5es expla9s ! ,comet z due to a conjunction ( ,saturn ) ,m>s or ! ,sun3 x is ak9 to :irlw9d & 8beam0 meteors #bge ,v4 ,b !re are ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 :irlw9d1 :i* is t]re/rial1 & beams & tor*es1 :i* are above ! cl\ds4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( duration also4 ,beams & ,comets1 x is true1 h be5 mi/ak5 = "o ano!r4 ,x 0 a ,comet1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 t appe>$ be=e ! de/ruction ( ,buris & ,helice4 ,! "* ( ! flame diff]s 9 ! two =ms #bgf ,,vi4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,comets1 accord+ to ,epig5es4 ,!y are produc$ by air driv5 up & sett+ on fire suitable mat]ial above1 :i* takes place e day at ! same h\r #bgg ,,vii4 ,b ,comets are n concomitants ( w9ds2 !re is no p>allelism 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,! high] ones1 :i* h an orbit1 he attributes to ! nor? w9d1 b ! facts d n squ>e "h ei!r #bgh ,,viii4 ,! c\rse & altitude ( ,comets r5d] ! :irlw9d explanation impossible #bgi ,,ix4 ,! =ce & duration ( :irlw9ds are simil>ly inadequate #bhj ,x4 ,! sl[ness & /ead9ess ( ! ,comet c\ld n be acc\nt$ = on ?is assumption1 nor its g5]al behavi\r & %ape #bha ,,xi4 ,we mu/ look = "s o!r explanation4 ,n[ ,comets1 x mu/ be premis$1 appe> 9 all qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,:atev] ! divisions ( !m made by ! ,greeks1 !y are all ( "o orig94 ,"s ( ! anci5ts ?\ght !y 7 due to ! union ( two planets #bhc ,,xii4 ,aga9 ! facts d n squ>e4 ,comets & planets appe> simultane\sly4 ,a conjunction is mom5t>y1 a ,comet la/s six mon?s sometimes4 ,! planets d n pass mu* beyond ! ecliptic1 b ,comets appe> 9 e qu>t] ( ! sky4 ,& !re are o!r objections #bhd ,,xiii4 ,artemidorus ?9ks ! firmam5t is solid & has op5+s = />s4 ,comets are casual planets1 or =m$ by conjunctions ( !m4 ,8 acc\nt is a tissue ( b>efac$ falsehoods #bhf ,,xiv4 ,h[ w\ld a solid firmam5t be support$8 ,no feasible explanation c be (f]$4 ,besides1 ! numb] ( />s is s great--& !y may all be 8w&]]s0 if an indef9ite numb] is--t !re mu/ be innum]able conjunctions ( !m1 i4e4 ,comets4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,comets are r>e #bhg ,,xv4 ,aga9 ! huge ,comets ( ! times ( ,demetrius & ,attalus w\ld require scores ( planet>y conjunctions to =m !m #bhh ,,xvi4 ,ephorus1 a m]e *ronicl]1 :o takes ?is view1 has no?+ to support him4 ,he tries1 l o!rs ( 8 set1 to embelli% 8 "w by n>rat+ m>vels4 ,:y did he n tell u :at ! two />s 7 into :i* ! ,comet resolv$ itself1 z he alleges x did8 #bhi ,,xvii4 ,apollonius ( ,myndus holds ! ,comet to be a true /> 7planet7 ) an erratic c\rse1 visible only :5 x approa*es ! l[] "p ( its orbit4 ,diff]5t col\rs ( ,comets #bij ,,xviii4 ,b ,comets d n wax & wane z !y approa* & rec$e l planets4 ,nor d _! orbits lie )9 ! ecliptic4 ,besides1 we c see ?r\gh a ,comet b n ?r\gh a true /> 7planet7 #bia ,,xix4 ,z5o ! ,/oic ?9ks ! light ( conv]g+ />s gives ! appe>ance ( a long] />4 ,o!rs hold modifi$ =ms ( ! same op9ion or analog\s views #bia ,,xx4 ,mo/ ( ! ,/oics hold ,comets to be evanesc5t1 & attribute !m to friction ( ! air4 ,v>i\s ph5om5a are analog\s #bib ,,xxi4 ,_! me?ods ( acc\nt+ = v>ieties ( orbits 9 ,comets #bic ,,xxii4 ,i d n agree ) any ,s*ool4 ,reasons #bie ,,xxiii4 ,fur!r argum5ts %[+ diff]5ce betwe5 fires & ,comets #bie ,,xxiv4 ,!re may be _m />s 9 ! univ]se ^: pa?s h n be5 trac$3 ,comets are su*4 ,no satisfactory explanation has be5 giv5 ( ! m9d1 b its exi/5ce is n d\bt$ #big ,,xxv4 ,comets are n yet fully und]/ood4 ,_m ?+s are 9 ! same category4 ,a future age w be amaz$ at our ignorance ( su* matt]s #bih ,,xxvi4 ,reasons ( app>5t movem5ts ( ,comets4 ,! transp>5ce & %ape acc\nt$ = #bii ,,xxvii4 ,p>allels to ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,comets & o!r planets #cjj ,,xxviii4 ,comets give progno/ications1 b n ( imm$iate ev5ts or wea!r #cjb ,,xxix4 ,d5ial ( heav9ess & sl[ness ( ,comets #cjc ,,xxx4 ,humility is z becom+ 9 inve/igators ( ! nature ( ! heav5s z 9 wor%ipp]s4 ,god has reveal$ b a little ( ,himself to man #cjd ,,xxxi4 ,"o _c be surpris$ t ev]y?+ has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,we mu/ leave some?+ to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,we are n yet fully pr(ici5t 9 vice1 ?\gh we h /riv5 s long & h>d4 ,we /ill reta91 /range to say1 "s traces ( manhood #cje ,,xxxii4 ,we are all giv5 up to l[ pleasures & vices1 & devote our /r5g? to !m4 ,philosophy is kept = wet days4 ,! old tea*]s h no successors4 ,9 fact1 we are lett+ g :at !y discov]$4 ,we at be/ play ) tru?1 :i*1 z ( old1 lies at ! bottom ( ! well1 & ne$s ! be/ ef=ts ( "y & old1 late & e>ly1 to br+ x to light #cjg ,,notes ,,by ,,sir ,a4 ,,geikie #cji ,,translator',s ,,notes ,,on 8,,air10 ,,quotations1 ,,& ,,g]cke',s ,,read+s #cdd ,,index #cea ,,introduction ,,s5eca ,i4 ,,life ,lucius ,annaeus ,s5eca 0 ! second son ( ,annaeus ,s5eca 7g5]ally1 b app>5tly )\t au?ority1 call$ ,m>cus ,annaeus ,s5eca7 ( ,corduba 7,cordova7 9 ,spa93 8 "m 0 a ,spani% lady nam$ ,helvia4 ,! eld] ,s5eca 0 himself a man ( note4 ,he is kn[n z ,s5eca ! ,orator or ,rhetorician1 9 contradi/9ction to 8 m fam\s son1 ! ,philosoph]4 ,8 works t h come d[n to u sugge/ by _! titles1 ,controv]siae & ,suasoriae1 ! rhetorical "* ( ! cont5ts4 ,s5eca _h an eld] bro!r1 ,m4 ,annaeus ,novatus1 & a y\ng] "o1 ,l4 ,annaeus ,mela 7or ,mella71 fa!r ( ,lucan ! poet 7,m4 ,annaeus ,lucanus74#a ,! family 0 ?us a di/+ui%$ "o4 ,! poet ,m>tial1 himself a ,spani>d1 speaks ( 8! h\se ( le>n$ ,s5eca ?rice to be numb]$0 7iv4 #dj4 #b73 ! allusion might ) equal appropriat5ess apply ei!r to ! ?ree bro!rs or to ! ?ree g5]ations3 ,s5eca ! ,eld]1 ,s5eca1 ,lucan--fa!r1 son1 gr&son4 #a ,lucan1 ow+ to ! jeal\sy ( ,n]o1 0 induc$ to jo9 ,piso's conspiracy 9 #fe & suff]$ ! p5alty4 ,8 h]oic poem1 ! ,ph>salia1 ?\gh 9 _m respects crude1 is a wond]ful production = a man ( tw5ty-six4 ,! elde/ bro!r ( ! ,s5ecan family1 ,novatus1 0 adopt$ by a fri5d ( ! family1 ,junius ,gallio1 by ^: "n he is kn[n to hi/ory4 ,s5eca on m ?an "o occasion makes ref]5ce to him 9 ! ,q4,n41 & always 9 ! mo/ laudatory t]ms4 ,9 iv4 ,pref4 #i et sqq41 he pays a high tribute to 8 "*1 & a fur!r pro( ( 8 admiration & affection is af=d$ by 8 address+ to him 8 treatise on ,a ,happy ,life4 ,gallio is ( int]e/ 9 ano!r connection4 ,he 0 proconsul ( ,a*aia dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,apo/le ,paul's activity !re 7,acts xviii471 & 8 conduct on ! occasion ( a sect>ian upro> at ,cor9? has atta*$ to 8 "n a c]ta9 /igma :i*1 p]haps1 he does n altoge!r des]ve4 ,s5eca 0 born ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 probably 9 ! ye> #c4 ,by ?is "t ! language & ! arts ( ,rome _h spread widely ov] ! conqu]$ prov9ces1 9 _m ( :i* indep5d5t c5tres ( culture & lit]>y activity _h sprung up4 ,:ile ,rome z ! capital & he>t ( ?+s cont9u$ to draw to h]self all t 0 be/1 or1 at any rate1 all t 0 mo/ ent]pris+ & ambiti\s1 h] lit]>y & ev5 h] political life 0 l>gely recruit$ & ma9ta9$ by supplies f ext]nal s\rces1 su* z ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ,africa4#b #b ,f ,spa91 besides ! ,s5ecas1 ,lucan & ,m>tial1 already m5tion$1 came ,columella1 ,pomponius ,mela1 ,qu9tilian1 etc42 f ,gaul came _m rhetoricians2 ,africa s5t s _m ( ! same class t by ,juv5al's "t 7circ4 #ajj7 x c\ld ) propriety be designat$ 8nurs]y ( lawy]s0 7see ,teuffel1 ,hi/4 ( ,rom4 ,lit4 vol4 ii4 #f74 ,s5eca 0 br\ght by 8 fa!r to ,rome at an e>ly age1#c & !re he 0 educat$ & sp5t practically 8 :ole life4 ,8 lot 0 ca/ 9 p]il\s times1 ^? ( ,caligula ! madman 7#cg-da71 ,claudius ! imbecile 7#da-ed71 ,n]o ! mon/] 7#ed-fh74 ,s5eca's e>ly /udies 7 devot$ to rhetoric4 ,) su* assiduity did he prosecute !m1 & ) su* brilliant success 7 8 ef=ts at ! b> cr[n$1 t he spe$ily awak5$ ! jeal\sy ( ,caligula4 ,! h9t ( dang] 0 tak54 ,by 8 fa!r's advice he ab&on$ law 9 ! meantime & devot$ himself ) equal ard\r & en?usiasm to philosophy4 ,among 8 philosophic tutors 7 ,attalus1 a ,/oic1 & ,sotion1 a pupil ( ! ,sextii1 ! decl9e ( ^: s*ool is lam5t$ 9 ! ,q4,n4 7#cjg74 ,he fir/ embrac$ ! ,/oic doctr9e1 b f9d+ ! t5ets & practices ( ?is sect n suffici5tly sev]e1 he adopt$ ^? ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,8 fa!r1 a man ) a good deal ( worldly wisdom1 saw ! dang]s ( extreme ecc5tricities ( ?is k9d1 :i* impli$ a cov]t condemnation ( ! :ole _w4 ,he exhort$ 8 son to live m l o!r p2 he might o!rwise be mi/ak5 = a ,jew 7i4e4 a ,*ri/ian76 ,! "y b>ri/]'s difficulties 71 h[ev]1 end$ = a "t by ! dea? ( ,caligula 7#da74 ,s5eca1 :o 0 n[ ?irty-eight1 resum$ 8 practice at ! b>1 & op5$ a s*ool = y\?s ( noble bir?1 :i* 0 l>gely att5d$4 ,ab\t ?is "t also he obta9$ ! quae/or%ip1 ! duties ( :i* introduc$ a "y man into public s]vice & enabl$ him to obta9 "s insight into ! f9ancial me?ods ( ! ,empire4 #c ,8 mat]nal aunt act$ z nurse on ! occasion3 see ,consol4 ad ,helviam1 xvii4 ,8 re-entry on public life 01 h[ev]1 de/9$ to be ! prelude to ano!r disa/]4 ,inde$1 all ?r\gh 8 subsequ5t life 8 int]e/s 7 s involv$ ) ! affairs ( ! rul]s ( ! ,/ate t he mu/ always /& on slipp]y gr\nd4 ,! fact is1 ,s5eca's abilities 7 too great = 8 position4 ,he 0 a man ( ! mo/ brilliant p>ts1 8"o ( ^? ard5t natures ! virg9 soil ( ^: tal5t %[s a luxuri\s ri*ness unkn[n to ! h>ass$ bra9s ( an old civilisation0 7,cruttwell1 ,hi/4 ( ,rom4 ,lit]4 p4 #cgh74 ,9 an age ( absolute & suspici\s tyranny all em95ce is obnoxi\s to ! rul+ p[]s4 ,x is a /&+ reproa* to !m1 h5ce a s\rce ( fe> & al>m1 a m5ace z !y imag9e1 & an inc5tive to disloyalty4 ,dur+ ! v fir/ ye> ( ,claudius' reign ,s5eca 0 bani%$ to ,corsica1 :]e ! next eight ye>s f9d him4 ,x 0 ! outcome ( a ,c\rt intrigue4 ,messal9a1 wife ( ! ,emp]or1 0 app>5tly jeal\s ( ! influ5ce ( ,claudius' nieces1 ,julia & ,agripp9a1 :om he _h j recall$ f bani%m5t4 ,julia 0 aga9 bani%$1 & ,s5eca1 on ! gr\nd ( an alleg$ improp] intimacy ) h]1 0 made to %>e h] disgrace4 ,8 bani%m5t 0 really a bless+ 9 disguise4 ,he employ$ assidu\sly ! p]iod ( en=c$ leisure1 devot+ himself aga9 to philosophy1 & return+ to 8 fir/ love1 ,/oicism4 ,"h he p]fect$ 8 /udy1 & probably elaborat$ mo/ ( ^? doctr9es ) :i* 8 writ+s ab\nd4 ,9 ,cruttwell's words1 he 8/ruck out ! mild & ca?olic =m0 ( ! ,/oic philosophy 8:i* has made 8 tea*+1 ) all its imp]fections1 ! pure/ & noble/ ( antiquity0 7op4 cit4 #cgi74 ,to ?is p]iod1 too1 belong "s ( :at may be call$ 8 e>li] works1 already %[+ rem>kable p[]4 ,8 exile _h be5 compass$ by ! notori\s ,messal9a1 ! ?ird wife ( ,claudius4 ,on h] fall ,claudius m>ri$1 z 8 f\r? wife1 8 niece1 ! /ill m notori\s ,agripp9a1#d daught] ( ,g]manicus ,caes> & si/] ( ,caligula & ( ,julia4 ,"o ( ,agripp9a's fir/ acts 0 to h ,s5eca recall$ & appo9t$ tutor to ! "y ,n]o1 h] son by a =m] m>riage & n[ heir-app>5t to ! ?rone4 ,?is 0 9 #dh1 :5 ,n]o 0 b elev5 ye>s ( age1 & h5ce=? to ! end ( 8 life ,s5eca's =tunes are closely associat$ ) ^? ( ,n]o1 8a "n to all succe$+ ages cur/40 ,to be tutor to a pr9ce means mu* if ! pupil is docile4 ,if he prove head/rong & at ! same "t vici\s1 z ,n]o spe$ily did1 ! *oice ( ! tutor is an un5viable "o1 ei!r to foll[ 8 pupil & palliate 8 conduct1 or else to resi/ at ! risk ( position & influ5ce &1 x may be ev5tually1 ( life4 ,) ,s5eca at fir/ all w5t well4 ,! pr9ce 0 am5able1 ! tuition seem$ to be> good fruit4 ,! tea*] 0 fai?ful to 8 *>ge1 & loyal to ! pr9ce's "m1 ,agripp9a1 to :om he ow$ 8 (fice & influ5ce4 ,"m & son 7 /ill 9 accord4 ,to ! philosoph] !re 0 no conflict ( duty1 no necessity = ! *oice ( "o ( two evils4 #d ,?is lady mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) h] "m1 :o bore ! same "n4 ,9 #ed ! vacillat+ ,claudius 0 poison$ by ,agripp9a1 & ,n]o succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,= a "t ! gov]nm5t 0 virtually 9 ! h&s ( ,s5eca & ( ,burrus1 also an excell5t man1 comm&] ( ! praetorian gu>ds4 ,9 ^! e>li] ye>s ! "y ,emp]or ga9$ a reputation = ju/ice & mod]ation :i* has ?r[n a halo r\nd t gold5 qu9qu5nium4 ,8 tutor mu/ 9 fairness receive a portion ( ! cr$it4 ,he seems to h be5 ?r\gh\t imbu$ ) an hone/ desire to promote virtue & good gov]nm5t & to *eck su* vici\s prop5sities z a y\? ) ,n]o's antec$5ts 0 n unlikely to develop2 b :e!r ! means adopt$ 7 always unimpea*able seems m op5 to "q4 ,s5eca's own int]e/s 7 app>5tly n neglect$4 ,9 #ej he _h be5 made praetor2 %ortly aft] he 0 rais$ to ! consul%ip4 ,)9 ! %ort space ( f\r ye>s f 8 appo9tm5t z ,n]o's ma/] he _h atta9$ a position ( comm&+ influ5ce 9 ! ,/ate1 & _h amass$ a colossal =tune 7ne>ly #c1jjj1jjj x is said74 ,! latt] he attribut$ to ! unsolicit$ g5]osity ( 8 ma/]1 b 8 enemies & detractors _h q a diff]5t v]sion ( ! matt]4 ,= m ?an a decade aft] ,n]o's succession ,s5eca's life is "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! philosoph] _h become1 z x appe>$1 de facto k+ & a new era seem$ to h aris5 on mank9d4 ,philosoph]s1 x is true1 h nei!r 9 anci5t nor 9 mod]n times %one 9 ! sph]e ( action4 ,! tr\bl$ sea ( practical politics is /rewn ) ! wrecks ( philosophic reputations4 ,/ill1 ev5 be=e ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 ,s5eca1 if any man1 might h be5 ! exception to prove ! rule4 ,he 0 a man ( v]satile g5ius1 he _h _h a practical tra9+1 he 0 a man ( affairs4 ,! facts %[ t he _h a true conception ( ! necessities z well z ( ! duties ( gov]nm5t4 ,b he 0 plac$ 9 an impossible situation4 ,agripp9a wi%$ to rule h] son1 & h] *os5 means 0 ?r\gh 8 tutor4 ,n]o1 on ! o!r h&1 once he _h ta/$ ! sweets ( p[]1 det]m9$ n to be rul$ by 8 "m1 b to make h] in/rum5t 8 tool4 ,! condition ( un/able equilibrium c\ld n long cont9ue4 ,! conflict came to a head ?r\gh a disgraceful intrigue ( ,n]o's ab\t ! ye> #ei4 ,s5eca _h to make 8 *oice1 & nev] 0 *oice m difficult4 ,to ,agripp9a he ow$ ev]y?+--life1 position1 =tune1 8 pa/ belong$ to h]4 ,b he saw t ,n]o 0 to be ! w9n] 9 ! /ruggle2 8 safety1 8 hopes1 8 future lay ) ! rul+ p[]4 ,he may h felt t expo/ulation 0 va9 & resi/ance fruitless4 ,he does n appe> to h attempt$ ei!r4 ,he decid$ to ca/ 9 8 lot ) ! ,emp]or4 ,:5 ,n]o f9ally decid$ to get rid ( 8 "m1 ,s5eca n only adh]$ to ! plan b cons5t$ to vilify h] memory by compos+ ! lett] to ! ,s5ate1 9 :i* ! matricide s\ght to ju/ify 8 act4 ,x 0 ! great treason ( 8 life4 ,9 a critical situation he _h *os5 a wrong c\rse1 & x _c h be5 )\t a pang1 a s5se ( moral c[>dice & t]giv]sation4 ,he _h sacrific$ self-respect1 he _h lo/ philosophic ca/e4 ,aft] ! murd] ( 8 "m1 ,n]o ab&on$ himself to ! wilde/ excesses & extravagances4 ,! philosoph] _h p]=ce to foll[ 9 8 wake1 & humiliat+ en\gh he mu/ h felt ! "p he 0 oblig$ to play4 ,/ill1 he & ,burrus cont9u$ to act z a sort ( drag1 conspir+ ) :at ( consci5ce 0 left to ,n]o 9 *eck+ 8 headlong c\rse4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! end1 s f> z ,s5eca 0 conc]n$1 came ) ! dea? 9 #fc ( ,burrus1 8 con/ant fri5d & ally4 ,v>i\s indications n[ %[$ t ! tyrant 0 anxi\s to be fre$ f ! la/ rema9+ re/ra9t4 ,! philosoph] felt 8 position 0 insecure4 ,! man :o _h murd]$ 8 "m1 n to m5tion 8 7/ep-7bro!r & 8 wife--two ( 8 o!r victims--0 n likely to h great compunction 9 ridd+ himself ( 8 tutor4 ,s5eca s\ght to anticipate ! /orm by ab&on+ politics1 retir+ f ,c\rt1 & surr5d]+ 8 e/ates4 ,n]o refus$ ! (f]1 & express$ pr(usely 8 cont9u$ reg>d = 8 tutor2 %ortly aft]w>ds he display$ ! s9c]ity ( 8 pr(essions by an insidi\s attempt to poison him6 ,! philosoph] !n r5\nc$ all 8 /ate1 adopt$ a volunt>y pov]ty1 & by putt+ into practice 8 pr(ess$ t5ets ( ! simple life endeav\r$ to avoid a repetition ( ! risk at lea/ ( poison4 ,8 diet 0 h]bs1 8 dr9k1 wat] f ! f\nta94 ,b x 0 only a matt] ( "t n[4 ,! occasion = :i* ! ,emp]or 0 on ! wat* came 9 #fe4 ,9 t ye> ,piso's conspiracy 0 =m$ aga9/ ! ,emp]or's life1 & ,s5eca 0 accus$1 falsely s f> z we c judge1 ( complicity4 ,he 0 ord]$ to prep>e = dea?1 :i*1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! day1 all[$ ! victim ! *oice ( means1 & 0 usually a volunt>y op5+ ( ! ve9s 9 ord] to ble$ to dea?4 ,tacitus has ) *>act]i/ic p[] & pa?os depict$ ! sc5e 7,annals1 xv4 #fa-d74 ,no act ( 8 life1 x w\ld seem1 became ,s5eca bett] ?an ! leav+ ( x4 ,8 dea? 0 wor?y ( a philosoph] & a ,/oic4 ,) ! utmo/ calmness1 amid a ?rong ( m\rn+1 sympa?is+ fri5ds1 he fac$ 8 fate1 & yet ) ! /udi$ pose ( a man :o _h conn$ ! "p4 ,! age 0 "o ( po/ur+4 ,m5 7 always "u ! eye ( ! in=m] & ! spy1 & le>nt to act _! "p accord+ly4 ,! 8m$itation ( dea?0 mu/ (t5 h occupi$ ! philosoph]'s latt] days4 ,he 0 a second ,socrates consign$ to an unju/ end2 ! la/ sc5e 0 enact$ ) all ! dignity1 composure1 & ev5 *e]fulness ( 8 great prototype4 ,! cock due to ,aesculapius has a p>allel m wor?y ( ! occasion 9 ! libation to ,jupit] ! ,lib]ator4 ,! supreme act aton$ = _m weaknesses & failures4 ,?\gh ,s5eca 0 n )\t _m detractors1#e 8 wor? z a man is atte/$ by _m pro(s4 ,8 "y wife ,paul9a desir$ to %>e 8 fate1 & op5$ h] ve9s along ) h] husb&4 ,by ,n]o's ord]s %e 0 sav$1 b %e cont9u$ to ! end ( h] life to be> 9 h] unnatural pallor ! m>ks ( h] devotion4 ,tacitus1 writ+ at a di/ance ( ?irty or =ty ye>s1 describes ! "* ( ,s5eca 9 t]ms ( comm5dation & e/eem4 ,no d\bt ! hi/orian _h himself borne ! yoke ( ! savage ,domitian1 & knew :at life "u a tyrant meant4 ,b )al he 0 too acute an obs]v] & too imp>tial a critic to be bl9d$ by any m]e s5tim5tal sympa?y4 ,he und]/ood & appreciat$ ,s5eca1 to ^: g5u9e wor? 8 te/imony is ! mo/ endur+ tribute4 #e ,dio ,cassius is (t5 v cau/ic 9 8 criticisms1 b ev5 he recognises ,s5eca's /]l+ m]it & s]vices to ! /ate4 ,! age ( ,s5eca1 ^: 8life almo/ co9cides ) ! ,julio-,claudian tyranny10 has be5 made to re-live = u 9 ,pr(essor ,dill's ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :i* ought to be /udi$ by ^? :o desire to und]/& m ( ,s5eca z /atesman1 philosoph]1 & man4#f ,9 addition to a %ort acc\nt & criticism ( ! ,quae/iones ,naturales 7pp4 #cjj et sqq471 ! *apt] 7,book ,,iii4 *4 i4 pp4 #bhi-ccc7 on 8,! ,philosophic ,director0 is p>ticul>ly illum9at+4 ,! foll[+ tribute f x may fitt+ly close our brief sket*3-- #f ,mr4 ,h5d]son's ,! ,life & ,pr9cipate ( ! ,emp]or ,n]o %\ld also be /udi$4 8,! man :o approa*es ,s5eca ?9k+ only ( sc&als glean$ f ,tacitus & ,dio ,cassius1 & froz5 by a criticism :i* _c feel ! p[] ( g5ius1 spiritual imag9ation1 & a pr(\nd moral exp]i5ce1 beh9d a rhetoric sometimes =c$ & extravagant1 _h bett] leave him alone4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! tw5tie? c5tury might well hail ) delight ! adv5t ( su* a prea*]1 & w\ld c]ta9ly =get all ! accusations ( pruri5t gossip 9 ! accession ( an imm5se & fasc9at+ spiritual =ce4 ,! man ) any hi/orical imag9ation mu/ be /ruck ) amazem5t t su* spiritual deta*m5t1 su* l(ty moral ideals1 s pure an en?usiasm = ! salvation ( s\ls1 %\ld em]ge f a palace reek+ ) all ! crimes ( ! haunt$ races ( ,greek leg5d0 7op4 cit4 p4 #bie74 ,,ii4 ,,writ+s ,s5eca 0 a volum9\s writ]4 ,mo/ ( 8 works p>take m or less ( a philosophical "*4 ,9 a class by !mselves may be plac$ ! t5 trag$ies1 toge!r ) "s v]ses1 attribut$ to him4 ,! titles1 ,m$ea1 ,h]cules ,fur5s1 ,hippolytus1 ,agamemnon1 etc41 sugge/ ! ,greek subjects z well z ! plays ( ! same names by ,euripides & ,aes*ylus4 ,! treatm5t ( ! !mes is all ,s5eca's own4 ,moral maxims ab\nd2 ! plays are homiletic & 7 nev] design$ to be act$4 ,"o ( ! plays is ( special int]e/ z deal+ ) curr5t topics4 ,?is is ! ,octavia1 ^: *ief "* is ,n]o's wife ( t "n1 exil$ by him 9 ord] to make room = ! lic5ti\s ,poppaea ,sab9a4 ,s5eca himself is introduc$ z "o ( ! *>act]s1 deplor+ ! vices ( ! age & ! unhapp9ess ( ^? set 9 high position4 ,if ! play is g5u9e1 :i* has be5 d\bt$ on ! gr\nd ( ref]5ces 9 x t seem to apply to ,n]o's dea?1 x goes to prove t ,s5eca us$ v pla9 language t[>d 8 ma/] & pupil4 ,9 any case1 x %[s :at ! relation ( ,s5eca to ,n]o 0 g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,tacitus 7xv4 #fa7 repres5ts ,s5eca z tell+ ,n]o by mess5g] t ! latt] has _h m frequ5t exp]i5ce ( 8 indep5d5ce ?an ( 8 s]vility1 & ! ,octavia is fair comm5t ^u 8 /atem5t4 ,"h is a specim5 ( ! dialogue3-- ,n]o4 ,=tune has put ev]y?+ 9 my p[]4 ,s5eca4 ,di/ru/ h] fav\rs3 %e is a fickle goddess4 ,n4 ,to fail to see all t "o may d1 betrays ! c[>d4 ,s4 ,! cr$it lies 9 do+ n :at "o may1 b :at "o ought4 ,n4 ,! cr[d tramples on a feeble pr9ce4 ,s4 ,!y w cru% a hat$ "o3 & s =?4 ,s5eca's la/ rem>k may be a prophecy--"s w\ld say aft] ! ev5t4 ,! play conta9s o!r allusions :i* sugge/ "s ( ! actual details ( ,n]o's end4 ,! prose works include3 7a7 ,philosophical ,essays su* z ,ang]1 ,clem5cy1 ,b5efits1 ,calmness ( ,m9d1 ,a ,happy ,life1 ,! ,%ortness ( ,life1 ,provid5ce1 or ,:y ,provid5ce all[s tr\bles to afflict ! ,j1 ,! ,con/ancy ( ! ,sage1 ,! ,leisure ( ! ,sage4 7b7 ,lett]s1 or r ,treatises1 ( ,condol5ce1 ! s-call$ ,consolations1 address$ respectively to 8 ,"m ,helvia2 to ,m>cia1 ! daught] ( ,cordus1 on ! dea? ( h] son2 to ,polybius1 ! p[]ful fre$man ( ,claudius1 on ! loss ( 8 bro!r4 7c7 ,lett]s to ,lucilius1 a hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]4 7d7 ,apocolocyntosis--a lampoon on ! deceas$ ,emp]or ,claudius4 ,on su* occasions deification 7apo!osis7 0 accord$ to ! late rul]1 & he 0 receiv$ into ! numb] ( ! gods4 ,?is skit describes ! reception ( ,claudius 9 heav5 & 8 expulsion !nce to ! l[] regions1 ) 8 trial & s5t5ce !re4 ,pumpk9ification is ! ne>e/ ,engli% translation ( ! title4#g #g ,"o w\ld h expect$ t ,claudius' fate w\ld be to be enroll$ among--! ,pumpk9s4 ,b ! piece z we h x conta9s no allusion to ?is4 7e7 ,quae/iones ,naturales4 7f7 ,works no long] extant1 ! only "o ( !m t conc]ns u be+ t on ,e>?quakes1 ref]r$ to z a "w ( 8 y\? 9 ,q4,n4 #bcj4 7g7 ,a spuri\s "w1 z is n[ on all h&s conc$$1 is ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,s5eca & ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 8 opposition to popul> beliefs & sup]/itions1 & 9 ! purity ( 8 moral t5ets1 ,s5eca approa*$ "s ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 & x 0 no improbable supposition t at ! ,c\rt ( ,n]o he might h became acqua9t$ ) ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4#h ,b ! assumption ( a correspond5ce ( ?is k9d is ano!r affair4 ,its g5u95ess 0 believ$ f ! "t ( ,j]ome 7#djj7 till ! sixte5? c5tury4 #h ,see ,mr4 ,h5d]son's ,life & ,pr9cipate ( ,n]o1 #bhf-g1 & ,mr4 ,glov]'s ,! ,conflict ( ,religions 9 ! ,e>ly ,roman ,empire1 #adi4 ,s5eca is g5]ally consid]$ to appe> at 8 be/ 9 ! ,consolation to 8 ,"m ,helvia & 9 ! ,epi/les to ,lucilius1 :i* are !re=e usually rank$ z among/ 8 f9e/ works4 ,! latt] "w1 :i* f ! outset 0 design$ = publication1 is n an ord9>y correspond5ce on ! curr5t affairs & int]e/s ( ev]yday life l ,cic]o's ,lett]s1 b is philosophic 9 "*2 x cov]s a wide range ( moral discussion & reflection1 & is full ( admirable maxims4 ,_m ( its s5tim5ts h become commonplaces2 _! almo/ hackney$ "* detracts p]haps some:at f our appreciation ( _! intr9sic m]it4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spitefulness ( ! ,apocolocyntosis1 ! s]vility ( ! ,consolation to ,polybius1 & ! flatt]y ( ! ,clem5cy1 :i* 0 address$ to ,n]o1 %[ ! rev]se ( ,s5eca's "*4 ,( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8 /yle1 h[ev]1 & ( 8 position 9 ,roman lit]ature--"o ( comm&+ importance--?is is n ! place to speak4 ,8 works reflect truly en\gh bo? ! iron & ! miry clay :i* ent]$ into 8 m5tal & moral composition4 ,,iii4 8,,quae/iones ,,naturales0 ,?is "w /&s 9 a category by itself4 ,x raises a numb] ( difficult problems1 9 :i* e read] ( x1 :e!r classical s*ol> or n1 is int]e/$4 ,! hi/orical title1 ,natural ,que/ions1 is conv5i5t1 ?\gh1 )\t explanation1 a little mislead+4 ,! ne>e/ r5d]+ ( ! ,lat9 =m ,quae/iones ,naturales is ,physical ,inquiries1 or ,inve/igations 9 ! ,doma9 ( ,physics1 or1 z 9 ! title1 :at we %\ld n[ call ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,! t]ms ,physics & ,sci5ce _h a v diff]5t connotation 9 t age & 9 ours4 ,plut>*1 almo/ a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,s5eca1 gravely discusses 9 a "w ) a simil> title su* que/ions z ,:y %eph]ds give _! %eep salt1 ,:y horses' hair is sup]ior to m>es' = ca/+-l9es1 & ev51 ,:y a dog runs aft] a /one r ?an aft] ! p]son :o ?rew x6 ,! ext5t ( su* a title is det]m9$ pretty mu* by ! range ( topics an au?or decides to include4 ,9 ,s5eca's case1 z x happ5s1 ! bran*es *iefly dealt ) are ,a/ronomy & ,meteorology1 toge!r ) c]ta9 portions ( :at may be designat$ z ,physical ,geography includ+ ,seismology4 ,sci5ce 0 9 t day synonym\s ) ,philosophy1 or at any rate ,philosophy embrac$ all t c\ld claim to be ,sci5ce4 ,le>n+ 0 homog5e\s2 its subdivisions _h n yet be5 sep>at$ or diff]5tiat$4 ,! treatise 0 address$ 9 a quasi-epi/ol>y =m to ,lucilius ,junior1 procurator#i ( ,sicily4 ,mo/ ( our k ( him is d]iv$ f ,s5eca1 :o1 besides ! ,q4,n41 address$ to him 8 ,epi/les & 8 tract on ,provid5ce4 ,lucilius seems to h be5 a protg ( ,s5eca1 & ris+ f ! ranks "u 8 fo/]+ c>e & guidance1 n only to h atta9$ a position ( influ5ce1 b also to h a*iev$ lit]>y di/9ction4 ,8 philosophical pr$ilections 7 t[>d ,epicureanism1 b he 0 a man ( high pr9ciple & "*1 ?\gh n exempt f dang]\s temptations at v>i\s po9ts 9 8 c>e]4 ,8 public lab\rs _h associat$ him ) ,sicily1 & ! !mes ( 8 writ+s1 *iefly poems z x w\ld appe>1 _h be5 drawn f ! same qu>t]4 ,he is1 n )\t probability1 suppos$ to h be5 ! au?or ( ! anonym\s didactic poem ,aetna1 = long attribut$ to ,virgil1 a "w :i* pres5ts _m int]e/+ p>allelisms to ! ,q4,n4 bo? 9 its sci5ce & its philosophy4 ,s5eca's ,epi/le lxxix4 conta9s a special *>ge to ,lucilius1 :o 0 at ! "t mak+ a circuit ( 8 prov9ce1 to report ! facts conc]n+ ,*>ybdis--,s5eca knew all !re 0 to "k ab\t ,scylla--& to inve/igate 9 detail ! pres5t condition ( ,aetna4 ,! lett] goes on to bant] ,lucilius ^u ! inclusion ( ,aetna 9 ! poem on :i* he 0 engag$--no d\bt ! "w ref]r$ to 9 ,q4,n4 #aad1 #adb2 cf4 #afg4 ,! :ole "q is discuss$ ) full k by ,pr(essor ,rob9son ,ellis 9 ! ,introduction 7xxxvi-xlviii7 to 8 edition ( ! ,aetna1 to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,= o!r allusions to ,lucilius 9 ,s5eca see1 besides ! ,q4,n41 ,epi/les xix4 xxvi4 xxxiv4 etc4 #i ,! procurator 0 9 ?is case practically gov]nor4 ,9 "s in/ances he 0 ! repres5tative ( a *ief gov]nor 7praeses7 to :om he 0 subject1 e4g4 ,pontius ,pilate 0 procurator ( ,judaea "u ! ,gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,! ,q4,n4 0 compos$ probably ab\t ! ye> #fc or #fd4 ,we might cont5t ourselves ) ! /atem5t ( ! fact1 did n ! circum/ances ( composition ?r[ light ^u difficulties ( arrangem5t & sequ5ce :i* c sc>cely be pass$ unnotic$4 ,! evid5ce on :i* we h to rely is *iefly int]nal4 ,! exact date ( ,lucilius' procurator%ip 9 ,sicily 7#aei7 is unkn[n1 b ! consul%ip ( ,regulus & ,virg9ius1 :i* witness$ ! ,campanian e>?quake 7#bba71 fell 9 #fc1 t is1 "s two ye>s be=e ,s5eca's dea?4 ,! allusions 9 ! ,preface to ,book ,,iii4 7#aji7 are /ill m direct & conv9c+4 ,! writ] 0 draw+ ne> 8 end1 press$ h>d on ! re> by old age1 ) e necessity & inc5tive to hurry on ! completion ( 8 task4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mission despat*$ by ,n]o to ! s\rces ( ! ,nile 7#bce-f7 w\ld naturally po9t to an e>li] date dur+ ! m promis+ ye>s ( 8 reign--unless inde$1 z is by no means improbable1 ! complim5t>y ref]5ce to ! emp]or's virtues be a piece ( adulation4 ,a simil> ref]5ce recurs 9 connection ) ! comet 9 ,n]o's reign 7#bij71 ! date ( :i* mu/ 7aft] ,tacitus7 be assign$ to ! ye> #fa4 ,! ,eld] ,pl9y1 writ+ 9 #gg1 ab\t a doz5 ye>s aft] ,s5eca's dea?1 adds to ea* ,book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory an exhau/ive li/ ( ! au?orities1 native & =eign1 t he _h us$4 ,book ,,ii4 deals ) _m ( ! subjects ( ! ,q4,n41 ( :i* x is 9 "s places an expansion1 b 9 mo/ little m ?an an epitome4#aj ,& yet no m5tion ( ,s5eca occurs 9 ! li/ ( au?orities atta*$1 :i* seems /range if ! "w _h !n be5 giv5 to ! _w4#aa #aj ,see p>ticul>ly ,pl9y's treatm5t ( ,comets 7ii4 xxii471 ,w9ds 7xliv4-l471 ,lightn+ 7liii471 ,float+ ,isl&s 7xcvi474 ,b mo/ /rik+ ( all is ! reproduction 7lxiii47 ( ,s5eca's rem>k 7#bjh end ( c4 xv471 8,if any ne!r gods exi/$1 !y w\ld h be5 dug up long ere ?is 9 ! m9es sunk by our av>ice & luxury40 ,! two au?ors _h hit ^u ! same ?\ght1 & ,s5eca _h happ5$ to use x fir/4 ,or x may h be5 a curr5t witticism 9 an age ( unbelief4 #aa ,s5eca's "n does occur 9 ! li/s atta*$ to ,books ,,vi4 ,,ix4 & ,,xxxvi42 ! fir/ is geographical1 deal+ ) ,asia & ,africa1 ! second has = subject fi%es & aquatic life 9 g5]al1 :ile ! ?ird deals ) ! natural hi/ory ( /ones4 ,we read 9 ! ,six? ,book ( ! ,q4,n4 7#bcj7 t ! au?or _h previ\sly1 :5 a "y man1 compos$ a "w ^u ,e>?quakes4 ,?is1 tak5 9 connection ) :at prec$es1 & ) :at we "k ( ! au?or's "* & int]e/s1 af=ds "s gr\nd = ! conjecture t he may h work$ int]mitt5tly at ! subject at v>i\s p]iods ( life4 ,b no d\bt ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials & ! completion ( ! "w belong to 8 latt] ye>s4 ,he _h by ?is "t lo/ 8 hold ^u ,n]o1 & _h practically retir$ f political activity4 ,8 tru/ 9 pr9ces _h be5 f\nd misplac$4 ,he 0 disappo9t$ if n embitt]$4 ,! discussion ( public affairs 0 preclud$4 ,x 0 dang]\s ev5 to let "o's ?\ghts re/ ^u !m4 ,b !re 7 consolations = political disappo9tm5t & inactivity4 ,rec\rse might be made to ! contemplation ( ^? great works & work+s ( ,nature :i* are exempt f ! caprices ( human passion4 ,! /udy ( ,nature 0 equally fitt$ to humble & to console2 to x ,s5eca betook himself = refuge4#ab #ab 8,! ,/oics affect$ to despise physical /udies1 or at any rate to po/pone !m to morals4 ,s5eca %>$ ?is edify+ b f> f sci5tific p]suasion4 ,b aft] 8 f9al )drawal f c\rt1 z ! wond]s ( nature =c$ !mselves on 8 notice1 he reconsid]$ 8 old prejudice1 & ent]$ ) ard\r on ! contemplation ( physical ph5om5a0 7,cruttwell1 op4 cit4 #cha74 ,! ,q4,n4 may1 ?us1 h be5 compos$ at diff]5t dates1 mat]ials = x be+ ga!r$ at v>i\s times z opportunity (f]$4 ,b ! f9al arrangem5t & sy/ematisation belong to ! la/ ye>s ( ! au?or's life1 ab\t ! ye>s #fc or #fd4 ,! publication may n h tak5 place until "s "t subsequ5tly1 & may h be5 c>ri$ out by ,lucilius1 :o 0 ,s5eca's lit]>y executor4 ,s mu* is c]ta91 t ! "w z we h x is n ! "w z x left ! au?or's h&4 ,mu* "t & +5uity h be5 be/[$ on attempts to re/ore ! ,q4,n4 to :at may be suppos$ to h be5 its orig9al =m4 ,! mo/ casual read+ ( x z x /&s1 %[s t x is full ( inequalities4 ,if ! clue c\ld only be recov]$1 mu* ( its difficulty & obscurity w\ld disappe>4 ,z x is1 x ab\nds 9 abrupt transitions1 int]ruptions ( ! logical sequ5ce1 repetitions1 excresc5ces1 & ev5 irrelevancies & inconsi/5cies1 :i* x c h>dly be suppos$ t an au?or w\ld h all[$ to rema9 9 a treatise prep>$ = publication4 ,"o or two consid]ations d]iv$ f ! pres5t arrangem5t w s]ve to ?r[ light ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,book ,,iv41 z we h x1 is evid5tly composite4 ,betwe5 ,*aps4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 !re is a deep hiatus4 ,9 ! =m] *apt] ! discussion ( ! ,nile is cut %ort1 & ! au?or's own view is n ev5 indicat$1 mu* less e/abli%$2 :ile ! latt] op5s s abruptly z at lea/ to sugge/ t x may h orig9ally be5 prec$$ by some?+ ) :i* x /ood 9 organic sequ5ce4 ,aga91 ! sev]al ,books d n con=m to ! au?or's division ( ! subject z set =? 9 ! op5+ ( ,book ,,ii4 7#ea71 b foll[--or prec$e--"o ano!r anyh[4 ,!n1 ?ree ( ! ,books 7,i4 ,,iii4 ,,iv47 h a =mal ,preface1 :ile ! o!rs h n1 ?\gh 9 !m1 too1 ) ! exception ( ! ,six?1 ! op5+ *apt] is introductory 9 "*4 ,any attempt to re/ore a m intelligible ord] mu/ dep5d = its success on ! ext5t to :i* we may assume ,s5eca to h be5 a me?odis]4 ,9 ,book ,,ii4 i1 he c]ta9ly /ates v di/9ctly ! divisions ( 8 subject--7a7 ?+s 9 ! heav5s1 7b7 ?+s betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 7c7 ?+s on ! e>?4 ,b x by no means foll[s t he himself ma9ta9$ ?is ord] ( treatm5t1 or t he always exhau/$ "o subject be=e pass+ on to ! next4 ,! division evid5tly enum]ates ! subjects 9 ord] ( dignity or wor?1 & may h little1 if any1 relation to ! ord] ( _! discussion2 9 fact1 9 ,book ,,ii4 he goes on imm$iately to deal ) meteorology1 8 second & n 8 fir/ topic4 ,b]nh>dt 7,die ,ans*auung des ,s5eca vom ,univ]sum1 p4 #g7 frankly accepts ! traditional ord] ( ! ,books1 & f9ds its explanation 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5a & elem5ts4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,books deal ) ! ph5om5a ( heav51 air1 e>?1 respectively2 ! la/ f\r respectively ) ! elem5ts--wat]1 air1 e>?1 fire4 ,?is is +5i\s1 if n altoge!r conv9c+4 ,! mo/ rec5t editor1 ,pr(essor ,g]cke1 divides ,book ,,iv4 into its two con/itu5ts1 ,,iv4 7a7 ,,iv4 ,pref4-ii41 ,,iv4 7b7 ,,iv4 iii4-xiii41 & arranges ! ,books 9 asc5d+ scale ?us3 ,e>? ,,iii4 ,,iv4 7a72 ,air ,,iv4 7b71 ,,ii4 ,v4 ,,vi2 ,heav5 ,,vii4 ,i4 ,!re seems great probability1 almo/ am\nt+ to c]ta9ty1 t !re 7 orig9ally eight ,books1 z he supposes4 ,b a consi/5t & fairly natural ord] might p]haps be re/or$ ) less viol5ce to ! accept$ =m ?an 8 s*eme involves4 ,books ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 7a7 seem to h be5 misplac$ or transpos$1 be+ plac$ aft] ,book ,,ii4 in/ead ( aft] ,book ,,vi41 :]e !y orig9ally /ood2 ,book ,,iv4 7a7 _h someh[ got mutilat$1 :i* ! m easily l$ to ! confusion4 ,book ,,iv4 7b7 also suff]$ some:at 9 ! process4 ,?us ! orig9al ord] may h be5 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 7b71 ,v4 ,,vi42 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 7a72 ,,vii42 ! fir/ five ,books deal ) ,meteorology1 includ+ ,seismology 7air71 ! next two ) ,physical ,geography 7e>?71 ! la/ ,book ) ,a/ronomy 7heav574 ,a s+le *ange ( ! ord] is ?us all t is requir$2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! regrettable gap aft] ,,iv4 7a7 rema9s4 ,ev5 ) ?is re>rangem5t ! sequ5ce leaves some?+ to be desir$4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! au?or makes a claim to philosophic lib]ty 7#agh71 & t 9 no case c ! rules ( mod]n requirem5t be appli$ to him4 ,( c\rse1 if ! assumption ( me?odical arrangem5t be unf\nd$1 & ! au?or compos$ j z ! hum\r took him1 ! exi/+ ord] may be all "r3 x is z good z any o!r =tuit\s collocation4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! "w 0 left unf9i%$ at ! au?or's dea?1 b ( ?is we h no pro(4 ,! language ( ! ,preface to ,book ,,iii4 has be5 tak5 by "s to imply t ?is 0 ! op5+ ( ! :ole "w4 ,:e!r ?is is s mu/ rema9 to "s ext5t matt] ( op9ion4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out 7a7 t ! claim ( ! ,preface to ,book ,i4 seems at lea/ equally /rong1 7b7 t ! language ( #d ( ! ,preface to ,book ,,iii4 7#aaj71 8h[ mu* is unaccompli%$ ( my plan1 ?\gh n ( my life10 seems inapplicable to a "w t 0 n begun or m]ely beg9n+4 ,!re 0 a remnant ( ! "w & a remnant ( life1 b !y 7 disproportionate1 ! "o l>ge1 ! o!r small4 ,?is 0 a rem9d] to hurry on to completion a "w ) :i*1 ex hypo!si1 "s progress _h already be5 made4 ,:5 all has be5 said1 we mu/1 = practical purposes1 accept ! book z x has be5 h&$ d[n to u & make :at we c ( x4 ,! difficulties are n exhau/$ ev5 :5 ! pri/9e ord] is re/or$4 ,:at is true ( ! "w z a :ole is true ( x also 9 detail4 ,! text is full ( unc]ta9ties & corruptions4 ,! "w 0 popul> & 0 frequ5tly copi$1 & ?is naturally gave rise to v>iations1 :i*1 be+ improv$ ^u by succe$+ g5]ations ( copyi/s1 9 c\rse ( "t r5d]$ ! text 9 _m places v obscure if n unmean+4 ,! nature ( ! subject matt]1 frequ5tly little und]/ood1 no d\bt facilitat$ & ha/5$ ! process ( corruption4 ,h5ce ! translator has at e turn to decide fir/ :at1 & !n h[1 he %all translate4#ac #ac ,g]cke says 7,preface1 xlvi7 t ! traditional text ( ! ,q4,n4 is utt]ly corrupt & /ill requires ! unit$ ef=ts ( _m e>ne/ s*ol>s = its re/oration4 ,he writes z rec5tly z two ye>s ago 7#aijg71 & has himself probably made ! mo/ consid]able contribution ( all ! editors to ! correction ( ! text2 b he mode/ly calls himself only a pione]4 ,an add$ difficulty is ! =m ( address to ,lucilius4 ,! adoption ( ! epi/ol>y /yle1 :atev] its o!r advantages1 has n1 x mu/ be admitt$1 conduc$ to ! lucidity ( ! argum5t4 ,sci5ce does n readily l5d itself to exposition by dialogue1 & ! tr\ble is aggravat$ :51 9 addition to ! correspond5t1 an imag9>y oppon5t is f "t to "t introduc$ & indiff]5tly address$ 9 ! second p]son1 or ref]r$ to 9 ! ?ird4 ,to make matt]s /ill worse1 ! au?or frequ5tly conceals himself beh9d ! mask ( "o or o!r ( ! disputants1 irrespective ( pron\ns4 ,f9ally1 he employs 8we0 sometimes ( himself & 8 correspond5t1 sometimes ( 8 philosophic sect1 ! ,/oics1 sometimes ( 8 nation1 ! ,romans1 sometimes ( 8 k9d1 man 9 g5]al6 ,,iv4 ,,s5eca',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,subject ,9 ord] to appreciate ,s5eca's treatm5t ( 8 subject we mu/ und]/& some?+ ( 8 philosophical t5ets4 ,he 0 9 ! ma9 a ,/oic1 b ) su* a /rong t5d5cy t[>d indep5d5ce t he may be consid]$ an ,eclectic4 ,! ,/oics1 :e!r or n !y orig9at$1 at any rate recognis$ & adopt$ ! ?reefold division ( philosophy--,physics1 ,e?ics1 ,logic#ad--:i* 0 orig9at$ among ! ,greeks & h&$ d[n by !m to ! ,romans1 :o 7 9 ?is dep>tm5t _! pupils4 ,s5eca is typical ( ! ,/oics 9 reg>d+ ,e?ics z ( supreme importance4 ,on ,logic he did n app>5tly set any great /ore1 ?\gh he mu/ h be5 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! cognate bran*1 ,rhetoric4 ,physics1 z we h se51 did n claim mu* att5tion f him 9 e>ly life2 only z he approa*$ ! mature age ( ?reescore did 8 /udy ( x become m detail$ & sy/ematic4 ,no cle> l9e ( dem>cation exi/$ 9 8 m9d1 or = ! matt] ( t 9 8 age1 betwe5 philosophy & sci5ce4 ,yet !re is consid]able int]nal evid5ce 9 ! ,q4,n4 t 8 pursuit ( su* /udies 0 9 "p an outcome ( ! true sci5tific _s1 & t he possess$ 9 no ord9>y degree ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,/ill1 :5 all due all[ance is made = ?is1 x rema9s true t ,s5eca 0 morali/ fir/ & physici/ or sci5ti/ aft]w>ds4 ,physics l$ to !ology1#ae & _h ?us a direct be>+ on man's de/9y & fate4 ,_h !re be5 no ,e?ics1 ^: int]e/s 7 involv$ 9 a k ( ! univ]se1 its p>ts1 its function1 & its au?or1 ! impell+ motive = ! /udy ( ,physics w\ld h be5 remov$4 ,possibly :5 8 political c>e] 0 clos$ by ! dea? ( ,burrus 9 #fc1 ,s5eca might 9 any case h devot$ "s ( 8 leisure to a subject :i* (f]$ su* opportunities ( exalt$ contemplation4 ,b x 0 8 e?ical aims t add$ ! *ief ze/ to ! pursuit4#af ,z ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k _h n assum$ def9ite div]g5t =ms1 !re 0 no?+ incongru\s to 8 m9d 9 ! mixture1 or z he might h reg>d$ x1 ! union1 ( :at to u seem s diff]5t f "o ano!r z ,physics & ,e?ics4 ,! facts ( nature _h1 9 8 view1 to be br\ght into connection ) ! lessons t may be d]iv$ f !m4 ,9 s _m words he tells u 7#ajb7 t e /udy mu/ h a moral atta*$ to x1 or to put x o!rwise1 t physical ph5om5a mu/ be made ! occasion = driv+ home "s g5]al tru?1 e/abli%+ "s e?ical position1 cl9*+ an argum5t1 reprobat+ a vice4 ,! conclusion ( ea* ,book ( ! ,q4,n4 conta9s ! practical application ( ! lessons to be d]iv$ f its subject3 !re are n infrequ5t digressions1 too1 = ! same or a cognate purpose4 ,! au?or's moral zeal sometimes ran (f ) him1 & he felt con/ra9$ to break (f = ! "t 8 discussion ( sci5tific tru?s & to assume ! rle ( ! morali/ & re=m]4#ag #ad ,see ,pr(essor ,davidson's ,! ,/oic ,cre$1 p4 #db1 :]e x is po9t$ out t ea* ( ^! may be subdivid$ s z to br+ ! numb] up to six--,physics & ,!ology1 ,e?ics & ,politics1 ,logic & ,rhetoric4 ,see also ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 lxxxix41 :]e ! division is discuss$4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ! article on ! ,/oics 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica & any ( ! hi/ories ( philosophy1 e4g4 ,erdmann or ,zell]1 may be consult$4 #ae ,cf4 ,pr(essor ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy = illu/ration ( ?is 9 e>li] times4 #af ,cf4 footnote #b to p4 xxxiv4 #ag ,! me?od 0 n obsolete = _m c5turies1 ev5 if x is yet :olly dead4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory has be5 advocat$ on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( figures ( spee* t may be drawn f x6 ,erasmus e/eem$ x because ( ! light x ?rew on ! classics2 8 ins5sibility to ! wond]s ( natural =ces & processes provok$ ,lu!r's rem>k t 8,erasmus looks ^u ext]nal objects z c[s look ^u a new gate40 ,! read] ( ! ,q4,n4 ne$ n1 !re=e1 reg>d z matt] ( surprise ?is curi\s m$ley ( sci5ce & morality1 :i* is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! au?or's pr9ciples & purpose4 ,s5eca p]=ms ?is "p ( 8 task ) evid5t reli%4 ,he is always ready to improve ! occasion1 & w ev5 g out ( 8 way to f9d x4 ,8 c5sure ( vice1 8 d5unciation ( luxury & self-indulg5ce1 8 ca/igation ( immorality1 seem to af=d him a k9d ( morbid satisfaction4 ,ev5 a note ( ins9c]ity may sometimes be suspect$4 ,he is r too ready to display 8 own acqua9tance ) all ! ref9em5ts ( ! vices ( 8good society03 p]haps x 0 ! fault ( 8 age to gloat ov] unsav\ry details t a morali/ w\ld n[ be m anxi\s to conceal ?an to reveal4#ah #ah 8,!re are pictures ( voluptu\s ease & jad$ satiety :i* may be ! "w ( a ke5 sympa!tic obs]vation1 b :i* may also be ! expression ( rep5tant memory0 7,dill1 op4 cit4 p4 #bih74 ,) ,s5eca z morali/1 h[ev]1 we are n "h directly conc]n$4 ,b :at attitude are we to assume t[>d 8 ,sci5ce8 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t ( ,sci5ce 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury s5se1 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era knew v little4 ,its greate/ weakness 0 t x possess$ practically no means ( int]rogat+ nature save ^? af=d$ by ! human s5ses4 ,! sundial 0 kn[n1 b ! !rmomet]1 ! b>omet]1 ! telescope1 & ev5 ! microscope1 _h /ill to be inv5t$4 ,exp]im5t except 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y =m 0 impossible4 ,obs]vation 0 ! only me?od available1 & x lo/ mu* ( its value f ! necess>y loos5ess & inaccuracy atta*+ to x4 ,s5eca 0 fully alive to ! necessity ( procur+ correct data4 ,he records 8 own obs]vation :5 digg+ among 8 v9es 7#aag72 he _h visit$ ! ,sab9e c\ntry to see a float+ isl& 7#aci72 he _h evid5tly wat*$ closely ra9b[1 lightn+1 meteors1 comets1 etc1 etc4 ,he laid fri5ds l ,lucilius "u contribution1 & he insi/s on ! necessity = keep+ records ( obs]vation1 especially :5 ! ph5om5on is comp>atively r>e1 z a ,comet 7#bgd74 ,besides1 he draws n only ^u ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 b also ^u ! le>n+ ( o!r nations--,greeks1 ,babylonians1 & ,egyptians--records :i* = ! mo/ "p are no long] extant4 ,! ,q4,n4 ?us embodies _m out-(-!-way facts :i* o!rwise w\ld be unkn[n to u4 ,accuracy is ne>ly always a relative t]m3 approximate accuracy is ! mo/ we c look = 9 t age4 ,s5eca's contribution ( data is curi\s1 int]e/+1 & valuable4 ,aga91 9 argu+ f facts1 or suppos$ facts1 ,s5eca is entitl$ to cr$it = 8 me?od if n always = 8 results4 ,a great m]it is t he endeav\rs to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a obs]v$1 he habitually raises ! causal issue1 & he is n satisfi$ until he has pass$ 9 review all ! consid]ations involv$ 9 ! obs]vation or problem4 ,he is scrupul\s 9 always giv+ ! o!r side a he>+1 & 9 discuss+ views ) :i* he disagrees1 ev5 ?\gh only to reject !m4 ,on ! negative side he is g5]ally fairly conv9c+1 & succe$s 9 %[+ ! fallacies involv$ 9 a proposition4 ,b on ! con/ructive side he is _m times +5i\sly p]v]se1 curi\sly bl9d to ! inadequacy ( ! !ories :i* he himself advances1 & :i* he w\ld readily h confut$ 9 an oppon5t4 ,sometimes he adopts an error already curr5t1 z old z ,ari/otle or old]2 sometimes he advances a fre% "o ( 8 own4 ,b ev5 8 errors are in/ructive1 & repres5t a phase ( progress4 ,! l9e ( progress is zigzag4 ,only aft] errors h be5 exhau/$ does ! tru? em]ge & advance become possible4 ,! am5ities ( anci5t sci5ce seem to h be5 some:at scanty4 ,a mi/ake1 a false inf]5ce1 an errone\s view1 is met ) ! lie direct4 ,! moral /igma ( falsehood is1 at any rate 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 atta*$ to su* a deviation f fact4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! :ole "* mu/ be bad if a man has 8li$40 ,! au?ors1 :om ,s5eca calls *ronicl]s1 & p>ticul>ly ,epig5es1 are 9 "o passage q fi]cely attack$ 7#bhi74 ,9 ju/ice to ,s5eca x mu/ be said t he is h>dly m polite t[>d himself4 ,! words on p4 #aed1 #b1 r5d]$1 8,i c give my own ^w1 etc410 read lit]ally1 8,i'm a li> if wat] does n meet u1 etc40 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 x is only a mann] ( speak+4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( public education 9 ,brita9 a ,gov]nm5t report record$ z a pro( ( moral progress ! sub/itution 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry ( 8,i beg y\r p>don0 = 8,y're a li>60 ,! *ild seems to h "h re-liv$ ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,s5eca _h a wide outlook1 too1 & a spl5did sci5tific fai?4 ,) prophetic eye he sees ! day :5 an a/ronom] w arise to demon/rate ! nature & orbit ( ,comets#ai 7#bii72 he is cont5t to let po/]ity h a %>e ( ! cr$it6 ,nor is 8 humility less ?an 8 confid5ce4 ,8 lessons may /ill usefully be tak5 home2 we imag9e we h pi]c$ to nature's inmo/ sanctum1 yet we are /ill loit]+ r\nd h] out] c\rt 7#cjf72 let u n despise ! day ( small ?+s1 ! inve/igation ( nature's m>vels requires g5]ations ( work]s & ages ( "w2 !re w come a day :5 all w be reveal$1 :5 po/]ity w smile at our feeble & clumsy ef=ts & wond] h[ we miss$ su* obvi\s tru?s 7#bih74 ,! anci5ts mu/ be treat$ l5i5tly2 x 0 a l>ge contribution to discov]y to h conceiv$ ! hope ( its possibility 7#bca74 ,s5eca ma9ta9$ & promot$ ?is belief 9 ultimate success4 ,he displays ?r\gh\t ! same al]t1 buoyant1 en?usia/ic confid5ce1 toge!r ) pati5t1 rev]5t se>* = tru? 9 nature & tru? ab\t ,god4 #ai ,! fulfilm5t1 or at lea/ ! beg9n+ ( ! fulfilm5t1 ( ?is pr$iction may be dat$ f ,newton 9 #afhj4 ,s5eca n[h]e gives u a reason$ connect$ exposition ( ! views ent]ta9$ by him reg>d+ ! ,univ]se z a :ole or ! relation ( its p>ts4 ,only 8by p>cels0 & inf]5ce c we glean !m f scatt]$ rem>ks & comm5ts t he makes 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w4 ,9 ,physics ev5 m ?an 9 ,e?ics he 0 an ,eclectic2 he criticises freely1 & occasionally rejects entirely1 ! op9ions ( 8 own s*ool1 ! ,/oics1 at "o po9t go+ s f> z to call !m silly 7#aha1 cf4 #bie74 ,he claims au?ority1 too1 = 8 own rese>*1 & ass]ts ! "r to hypo!sise = himself3 he is hopeful1 if n c]ta91 ( discov]y 7#cjd74 ,he frequ5tly quotes rival op9ions )\t indicat+ 8 own4 ,he is famili> ) conflict+ !ories :i* he does n attempt1 or fails 9 8 attempt1 to h>monise4 ,& 9 ! end "o is tempt$ to ask :e!r he himself _h rea*$ any consi/5t compreh5sive cosmical s*eme4 ,!re is mu* t is qua9t & int]e/+ & +5i\s1 b x seems d\btful :e!r an attempt to con/ruct f ! ,q4,n4 a complete cosmology w\ld 9 ! end repay ! lab\r4 ,! s*eme might prove self-contradictory2 x w\ld 9 any case be full ( error1 & !re w\ld 9 no case be ! assurance t x 0 all ,s5eca's own4 ,?is seems suffici5t reason = decl9+ ! task4 ,if "o c>e to pursue x fur!r1 helpful in=mation may be obta9$ f ,b]nh>dt's bro*ure 7,die ,ans*auung1 etc47 already ref]r$ to1 :ile a discussion ( ! :ole subject w be f\nd 9 ,cr\sl's ,!sis1 writt5 9 ,lat91 ,de ,l4 ,annaei ,s5ecae ,nat4 ,quae/41 :i* = fulness & fairness leaves no?+ to be desir$4#bj ,9 ! ,comm5t>y & ,notes at ! end ( ! volume ,s5eca's sci5tific op9ions & me?ods are discuss$ by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie4 #bj ,idel]'s ,meteorologia vet]um ,graecorum et ,romanorum1 :i* =ms ! ,prolegom5a to 8 edition ( ,ari/otle's ,meteorology1 b is pr9t$ z a sep>ate volume1 also conta9s mu* curi\s in=mation on ?is recondite subject4 ,v4 ,,"s ,,( ,,s5eca',s ,,pr$ecessors ,,& ,,contempor>ies ,! hi/ory ( anci5t ,sci5ce is a v tangl$ & ab/ruse subject1 a portion ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,philosophy1 :i* lies z mu* outside ! scope ( ! pres5t "w z beyond ! p[]s ( ! writ]4 ,/ill1 ,s5eca _c be altoge!r deta*$ f :at prec$$ him4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ light ^u 8 "w1 x may be p]missible to pass 9 rapid review a few ( ! *ief s\rces f :i* he drew4 ,our />t+-po9t may be ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle is ) good reason nam$ 8! ma/] ( ^? :o "k0 7,dante1 ,h4 iv474 ,he may be said to h summ$ up ! k ( ! anci5t _w1 at lea/ z f> z ,greece is conc]n$1 on all subjects4 ,if n ! f\nd] ( ,sci5ce any m ?an ( ,philosophy1 he recapitulat$ s fully all t w5t be=e t he became ! f\nta9-head & s\rce f :i* all succe$+ work]s ma9ly drew4 ,he sy/ematis$ ! exi/+ mat]ials1 add+ 8 own criticisms & obs]vations1 & illum9at+ ! :ole ) ! /rong light ( 8 unrivall$ p[]s4 ,he drew ^u _m au?orities ^: works are n[ lo/1 ! lead+ names among !m be+ famili> f ! ,q4,n4--,?ales1 ,anaxim&]1 ,py?agoras1 & ! re/4 ,! ext5t & v>iety ( ! mat]ial may1 p]haps1 be/ be und]/ood f a "w l ,pr(essor ,burnet's ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 to :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,a reason$ consecutive acc\nt w !re be f\nd ( ! individual contributions made to philosophy 7includ+ sci5ce7 by ! e>ly ,greek ?9k]s4 ,long be=e ,ari/otle's "t num]\s physical !ories _h be5 prop\nd$1 & _h be5 support$ by _! au?ors ) great acut5ess ( argum5t2 h>dly any "q _h be5 left unask$ t relat$ to matt]1 motion1 or m9d4 8,we may smile1 if we please1 at ! /range m$ley ( *ildi% fancy & true sci5tific insight4444 ,b we %all d well to rememb] at ! same "t t ev5 n[ x is j su* h>dy anticipations ( exp]i5ce t make sci5tific progress possible1 & t ne>ly e "o ( ! e>ly inquir]s 444 made "s p]man5t addition to ! /ore ( positive k1 besides op5+ up new views ( ! _w 9 e direction0 7op4 cit4 #bi74 ,s5eca probably possess$ full] details ( ! inve/igations & speculations ( ^! e>ly work]s ?an we n[ d4 ,! exi/+ mat]ials are conta9$ 9 ,pr(essor ,diels' ,die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 ) :i* 8 o!r great "w1 ! ,doxographi ,graeci1 %\ld be comp>$4#ba #ba ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 only = ! classical s*ol>4 ,! *ief "w ( ,ari/otle ^u :i* ,s5eca drew 0 ! ,meteorologica4 ,! ext5t to :i* its subject co9cid$ ) t ( ! ,q4,n4 may be inf]r$ f a glance at its cont5ts4 ,! ,meteorologica is divid$ into f\r ,books1 arrang$ ?us3-- ,i4 ,scope & relations ( ,meteorology4 ,! f\r elem5t>y bodies--e>?1 wat]1 fire1 air--& _! relations4 ,cele/ial fires4 ,%oot+ />s4 ,comets4 ,! ,milky ,way4 ,cl\ds4 ,fog4 ,dew4 ,ho>-fro/4 ,ra94 ,sn[4 ,hail4 ,w9d4 ,=mation ( riv]s4 ,*ange 9 l& ?r\gh action ( riv]s3 effects on movem5ts ( races4 ,,ii4 ,! sea & its sal9ity4 ,!ory ( ! w9ds1 _! v>ieties1 positions1 etc4 ,e>?quakes & _! explanation4 ,lightn+ & ?und]4 ,,iii4 ,lightn+1 ?und]1 & simil> ph5om5a4 ,halo & ra9b[4 ,mock sun & cognate appe>ances4 ,exhalation & its influ5ce4 ,,iv4 ,!ory ( ! elem5ts 7 +r$i5ts or fir/ pr9ciples72 two active--hot & cold1 two passive--dry & moi/4 ,_! effect on bodies4 ,cohesion1 ,liquefaction1 ,solidification1 ,coagulation1 ,fusion1 ,solubility1 & o!r prop]ties4 ,homog5e\s & non-homog5e\s bodies4 ,effects ( temp]ature4 ,place ( ?is "w 9 au?or's s*eme4 ,ano!r "w t goes "u ,ari/otle's "n1 b is n[ g5]ally consid]$ spuri\s1 is ! ,de ,mundo 7! ,univ]se71 :i* 9 "p repeats ! subjects ( ! latt] "p ( ! ,meteorology4 ,s5eca may also h drawn on ! ,de ,coelo 7! ,heav5s71 ^: subject cov]s portions ( ! ,q4,n4 ,he ref]s m ?an a doz5 ( times to ,ari/otle by "n1 b x 0 n cu/om>y to ref] to individual works4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ,ari/otle is 8 au?ority1 ?\gh no specific m5tion ( him occurs4 ,!ophra/us1 ! pupil ( ,ari/otle1 &1 8 successor z head ( ! ,academy1 is also frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,q4,n4 ,8 ma/] bequea!d to him 8 libr>y & orig9al manuscripts1 & ,!ophra/us 0 himself also a volum9\s writ]4 ,among 8 extant works on ,sci5ce1 we h treatises or tracts deal+ ) ,fire2 ,w9ds2 ,/ones2 ,signs ( ,ra91 ,w9d1 ,/orm1 & ,f9e ,wea!r2 n to m5tion ,col\rs1 ,od\rs1 etc41 & an ext5sive "w on ,plants & _! ,hi/ory4 ,8 "w on ,p]ception & ,p]cepts is said to be a *apt] ( a l>g] "w on ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,at any rate1 x records & discusses ! op9ions ( e>li] writ]s on ! subjects to :i* ! title ref]s4 ,= 8 fur!r views on ,physics1 & ! lo/ treatise on ! subject1 see ,diels1 ,dox4 ,graec4 #aai et sqq41 & #dgc et sqq4 ,aratus1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #bhj-bgj ,b4,c41 wrote two poems 79 ,greek7 entitl$ respectively ,pha5om5a1#bb an introduction to ! k ( ! con/ellations2 & ,progno/ics1 a me?od ( =eca/+ ! wea!r f a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,aratus sc>cely ranks z a sci5tific writ]1 b ,s5eca ref]s to 8 op9ions on "o occasion 9 ! ,q4,n4 ,he 0 app>5tly held 9 high e/eem by ! ,romans1 = he f\nd a translator 79 "p7 9 ,cic]o1 & an imitator 9 ,virgil 7,georgics74 #bb ,x is f ?is poem 7l4 #e7 t ,paul quotes 7,acts xvii4 #bh71 8,= we are also 8 (fspr+40 ,aratus 0 a native ( ,soli 9 ,cilicia1 & !re=e a compatriot ( ,paul4 ,plut>* /&s 9 a some:at diff]5t relation to ,s5eca4 ,he 0 a little subsequ5t 9 date1 b !re is a sort ( p>allelism betwe5 ! two1 bo? 9 _! sci5tific & _! m g5]al int]e/s4 ,besides ! ,physical ,causes1 already ref]r$ to1 ,plut>* made a compilation 9 five ,books--at lea/ x goes "u 8 "n--( ! ,t5ets ( ! ,philosoph]s 7,placita ,philosophorum7 reg>d+ a va/ numb] ( physical1 especially a/ronomical & physiological1 subjects4 ,diels 7op4 cit4 #fe7 sc\ts ! idea ( ! g5u95ess ( ! 8wret*$ epitome10 & assigns x to ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n does n mu* affect its value = u4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! "w %[s ! nature ( ! mat]ial :i* 0 available 9 ,s5eca's age4 ,! "w is a k9d ( di/ant e*o ( ,!ophra/us' lo/ treatise & pres]ves _m op9ions ( ! old] philosoph]s1 ( :i*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 we %\ld o!rwise h be5 less fully in=m$4 ,! p>allelism ( ! ,placita to ! ,q4,n4 w appe> f a few ( ! titles4 ,books ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ( ! =m] reproduce a long array ( op9ions ( ,?ales1 ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 ,diog5es1 ,anaxim5es1 ,democritus1 ,x5ophanes1 ,x5ocrates1 n to m5tion ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,/oics1 etc41 etc41 reg>d+ su* subjects z ,eclipses1 ! ,milky ,way1 ,comets1 ,e>?quakes1 ,cl\ds1 ,w9ds1 ,?und] & ,lightn+1 etc41 etc4 ,plut>* also has que/ions reg>d+ ,aratus ,progno/ics1 & a ,miscellanea ( discussions on alli$ subjects4 ,( ,lat9 writ]s two h special be>+ on ,s5eca4 ,lucretius 7#ie-ea ,b4,c471 9 8 great poem on ,nature 7,de ,r]um ,natura71 has exp\nd$ ! ,epicurean view ( ! univ]se4 ,9 s f> z sci5ce is capable ( metrical & poetical exposition1 he ranks high among sci5tific writ]s2 :ile ! rec5t resuscitation ( ! atomic !ory l5ds special int]e/ to 8 views4 ,! ,romans 7 always a practical & n a speculative nation1 & any deviation f ! type1 su* z ,lucretius or ,s5eca1 becomes especially notewor?y & valuable4 ,num]\s p>allelisms betwe5 !m h be5 br\ght out 9 ! ,comm5t>y & ,notes app5d$ to ?is ,translation4 ,pl9y ! ,eld] /&s 9 respect ( date 9 mu* ! same relation to ,s5eca z ,plut>* does4 ,8 great "w on ,natural ,hi/ory1 :i* 0 address$ to ! reign+ ,emp]or1 ,vespasian1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #gg1 t is1 ab\t a doz5 ye>s aft] ,s5eca's dea?4 ,we h already glanc$ at ! be>+ ( ?is date ^u t ( ! publication ( ! ,q4,n4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ r ) ! relation ( ! cont5ts ( ! two works4 ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall1 *ap4 xiii47 speaks ( 8t imm5se regi/] :]e ,pl9y has deposit$ ! discov]ies1 ! arts1 & ! errors ( mank9d40 ,nor is ! description unju/4 ,! "w is ( port5t\s l5g?1 ext5d+ to ?irty-sev5 ,books2 x treats ( an enorm\s v>iety ( subjects1 physical1 geological1 geographical1 e?nographical1 botanical1 m$ical1 etc41 _m ( :i* are n[ q dissociat$ f ! title1 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,pl9y seems to h read ev]y?+ t exi/$ 9 writ+ on ! v>i\s subjects includ$1 & 8 array ( au?orities atta*$ to ! cont5ts ( ea* ,book is v impos+4#bc ,b un=tunately 8 judgm5t does n appe> to h be5 equal to 8 indu/ry4 ,ev]y?+ is record$1 cr$ible & incr$ible1 :e!r d]iv$ f tru/wor?y lit]ature or bas$ on m]e report3 a m uncritical cong]ies ( tru? & error x w\ld be difficult to imag9e4 #bc ,he claims to h read ab\t #bjjj volumes ( #ajj *oice au?ors1 b 8 li/s seem to include a mu* l>g] numb] ( names--#adf ,roman & #cbg =eign writ]s4 ,see ,teuffel1 ,rom4 ,lit4 vol4 ii41 "u ,pl9y ! ,eld]4 ,cf4 ,dill1 op4 cit4 p4 #adf & note4 ,book ,,ii4 deals ) ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 includ+ a/ronomical & meteorological ph5om5a1 su* z ,meteors1 ,halos1 ,eclipses1 ,w9ds1 ,e>?quakes1 ,ra91 etc41 etc4 ,_m ( ^! cov] ! same gr\nd z ! ,q4,n4 ,among ! dome/ic au?ors cit$ = ?is ,book are ,m4 ,v>ro1 ,livy1 ,cornelius ,nepos1 ,caec9a1 8:o wrote on ! ,etruscan cult02 among ! =eign au?ors are ,plato1 ,anaxim&]1 ,democritus1 ,ar*im$es1 ,ari/otle1 etc41 etc4 ,! omission ( ,s5eca f ! ,lat9 li/ is balanc$ by t ( ,!ophra/us f ! ,greek li/4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 unsafe to build any !ory on a m]ely negative basis4 ,obvi\sly ,pl9y _h read at any rate portions ( ^! au?ors1 to :om he else:]e ref]s1 & may1 ?r\gh m]e ov]sight or neglig5ce1 h omitt$ specific m5tion ( !m "h3 he usually ref]s to au?ors & n to _! individual works4 ,if1 at ! "t ( ! composition ( ,book ,,ii41 :i* may h be5 consid]ably e>li] ?an ! date ( publication ( ! :ole "w1 he did n "k ( ,s5eca's ,q4,n41 !n ! inf]5ce seems inevitable t !re 7 curr5t a collection or collections ( ! op9ions 77 ( ! old] philosoph]s :i* 7 common prop]ty to any "o int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s4 ,! ,placita attribut$ to ,plut>*1 ?\gh its pres5t =m may be mu* lat] ?an ,pl9y's "t1 may h be5 d]iv$ f s\rces ( ?is k9d4 ,we %all n be f> wrong 9 suppos+ t1 9 addition to ! works /ill extant1 !re 0 a mass ( mat]ial available to ,s5eca & ,pl9y alike :i* repres5t$ ! traditional views on physical & alli$ subjects h&$ d[n f ! old ,greek philosophy4 ,mo/ ( ! ,lat9 au?ors1 sev5te5 9 numb] 9 all1 cit$ by ,pl9y on ,book ,,ii4 are n[ kn[n to u only by "n2 ( ^? ^: works rema91 ,v>ro is ! only "o :om we %\ld consid] likely to furni% mu* mat]ial = ! topic 9 h&4 ,( ,pl9y's li/s 9 g5]al x may be said t !y indicate t a good _m writ]s ev5 among ! ,romans _h be5 attract$ by subjects ( a sci5tific or quasi-sci5tific "*1 if we may n v5ture to say t _! works c rank z sci5ce ev5 9 ! modifi$ s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is applicable to ,s5eca or ,pl9y4 ,x is 9 keep+ ) ! "* ( ! p t practical sci5ces l agriculture 7,v>ro1 ,columella7 & ar*itecture 7,vitruvius71 n to m5tion cook]y1 %\ld h receiv$ special att5tion4 ,^! au?ors1 ) o!rs l ,manilius 7,a/ronomica7 & ,pomponius ,mela 7geography71 h[ev] int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 h only an indirect & sometimes only a remote be>+ on ! ,physical ,sci5ce ( _! day4 ,,vi4 ,,! 8,,quae/iones ,,naturales0 ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,! ,q4,n4 is a l&m>k 9 ! progress ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,f ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us !re is a great gap until we rea* ,s5eca3 ! gap is /ill great] betwe5 ,s5eca & ! ,r5asc5ce1 f :i* ! era ( true sci5ce is to be dat$4 ,! ,q4,n4 is ! la/ ^w spok5 on ! subject by ! classical _w1 & practically ! only "w ( its k9d t survives to u 9 ,lat94 ,v>i\s comm5tators on ,ari/otle & ,s5eca h1 probably unconsci\sly1 appe>$ z *ampions ( ei!r au?or's claim to be consid]$ z ! au?ority 9 ,sci5ce dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,all ! mat]ials = =m+ an unbiass$ judgm5t are to be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,s&ys' ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip 7vol4 i474 ,s5eca possess$ "o or two initial advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,lat91 9 :i* he wrote1 0 und]/ood & spok5 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :]eas = _m c5turies ,greek 0 ov] l>ge tracts ( x1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/1 an unkn[n tongue4 ,aga91 ,s5eca 0 = long suppos$ to be a ,*ri/ian1 claim$ by ! e>ly fa!rs z 8"o ( u10 & rank$ by ,j]ome among ! ,ecclesia/ical ,writ]s4 ,!re 0 n !re=e ! same prejudice aga9/ 8 works z is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies aga9/ pagan au?ors1 especially aga9/ ! poets4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! k ( ,ari/otle's works1 at any rate 9 ! ,we/1 seems to h be5 d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,arabic translations made 9 ! n9? c5tury & br\ght to ,spa9 ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 :ile f #abjd onw>ds he 0 kn[n 9 ,lat9 translations made direct f ! ,greek ,,mss41 :i* 7 n[ accessible4 8,9 ,rog] ,bacon's day1 n-)/&+ 8 eag]ness = promot+ ! /udy ( ,ari/otle 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 x 0 ! ,lat9 ,ari/otle alone t 0 /udi$ 9 ! s*ools0 7,s&ys1 op4 cit4 #ege74 ,t 0 ab\t ! ye> #abfg4 ,s5eca seems to h be5 well kn[n1 *iefly z a morali/1 ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he 80 fam\s z ! au?or ( ! ,naturales ,quae/iones0 7ib4 #fbgbd7 also4 ,sa9t-,hilaire's claim1 !re=e 7,ari/4 ,meteor4 ,pref4 ii4 iii471 8t ,ari/otle laid d[n ! law on ,meteorology1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 f ! age ( ,alex&] "r up to ! ,r5asc5ce10 mu/ be accept$ ) "s qualification4 ,!re seems room = ,ruhkopf's explanation 7,q4,n4 ,pref47 t ,s5eca's "w 01 & cont9u$ to be1 ! sole f\nta9 :5ce ,natural ,philosophy d]iv$ its s\rce & drew its supplies dur+ _m c5turies1 8until ,ari/otle's books 7 transmitt$ = public use into ,we/]n ,europe40 #bd ,see1 besides1 pp4 #chg1 #eda1 #edg1 #efj1 #efi1 etc4 ,by ! ?irte5? c5tury ,ari/otle _h come fully into vogue1 & ! ref]5ces to 8 tea*+ 9 ,dante 7#abfe-acba71 said to numb] upw>ds ( #cjj1 %[ :at a hold he _h obta9$ ^u ! greate/ man ( ! age4 ,! 8moral ,s5eca0 is also kn[n to ,dante1 & plac$ by him 9 ! same region ( ! unse5 _w 7,h4 iv471 b ! ref]5ces to 8 tea*+ are insignificant by comp>ison 7less ?an t574 ,dr4 ,s&ys /ates 7op4 cit4 #eia n47 t ! ref]5ces to ,ari/otle are ma9ly to ! ,e?ics1 ,physics1 ,metaphysics1 & ,de ,anima4 ,b we are n[ on ! eve ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 ^: 8morn+-/> 444 arose 9 ! p]son ( ,petr>*0 7op4 cit4 #fej71 e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7#acjd-acgd74 ,greek s*ol>%ip 0 reviv+ 9 ! ,we/1 & ,petr>* /udi$ ! language 9 8 lat] days4 ,b 8 inspiration 0 d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,lat91 8! philosophical works ( ,cic]o & ! moral lett]s ( ,s5eca0 7op4 cit4 ii4 #d74 ,! latt] he cites z _m z sixty times 7ib4 #g71 & he 0 also famili> ) ! ,s5ecan trag$ies 7ib4 #f74 ,f ?is & f ! g5]al c\rse ( hi/ory we seem ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 default ( any g5]al k ( ,ari/otle1 ,s5eca 0 ! *ief au?ority on ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,! views transmitt$ by him1 = !y 7 comp>atively seldom altoge!r 8 own1 hav+ obta9$ curr5cy1 f\nd _! way into lit]ature1 & probably w5t f> to col\r ! conceptions ent]ta9$ on ! subject 9 all ! e>li] lit]ature ( ,mod]n ,europe4 ,lat]1 :5 ,ari/otle's works became m widely kn[n1 8 au?ority became supreme alike 9 philosophy & 9 sci5ce4 ,nor does ! tempor>y asc5dancy ( ,s5eca1 ?\gh hi/orically v important1 c>ry ) x any presumption ( rivalry1 n to say sup]iority1 to ,ari/otle4 ,s5eca may be/ be reg>d$ z pupil & int]pret] ( ,ari/otle1 9 s f> z ! two come into competition4 ,8 date1 ! language employ$ z 8 m$ium1 8 position1 8 reputation z a ,*ri/ian1 & 8 activity 9 o!r fields1 all conspir$ to give him a position 9 ! ,middle ,ages :i* is n necess>ily ! measure ( 8 intr9sic m]it z comp>$ ) ,ari/otle4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,translation ,f :at has prec$$1 x w appe> t ! pa? ( ! translator ( ! ,quae/iones ,naturales is beset ) sn>es4 ,at be/ he has a *oice ( difficulties1 ,x may p]haps1 !re=e1 be well to say a ^w or two ^u ! me?od 9 :i* ^! h be5 dealt ) on ! pres5t occasion4 ,a translator's prime duty is to foll[ 8 au?or1 = :i* purpose he mu/ fir/ und]/& him1 a requirem5t n v easily "h fulfill$4 ,! texts ( ! ,q4,n4 v>y greatly1 z already indicat$1 & x is no easy matt] to select any "o t might be consi/5tly foll[$4 ,! mo/ rec5t & be/ text1 ! ,teubn]1 edit$ by ,g]cke1 has /rong claims1 & _h x be5 my good =tune to h x by me :5 ! translation 0 made1 ,i %\ld h be5 tempt$ to adopt x simplicit]1 ev5 ?\gh 9 _m details x dep>ts some:at viol5tly f ! accept$ arrangem5t4 ,z x 01 x did n come to h& until ! translation 0 f9i%$ & pag$ = publication1 s t full use c\ld n be made ( x4 ,9 a few cases its corrections _h be5 anticipat$2 9 "s its read+s h be5 adopt$2 "s t c\ld n be incorporat$ are ref]r$ to 9 a note on ! subject4 ,! text be+ settl$1 ! translator mu/1 if possible1 put himself 9 ! au?or's position & obta9 8 po9t ( view4 ,9 sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly1 ! milieu ( ! au?or mu/ be caught if 8 ?\ghts are to be accurately reproduc$4 ,! dang] ( attribut+ to ,s5eca ideas t 7 unkn[n to him & t are due to mod]n analysis & discov]y has to be con/antly pres5t to "o's m9d4 ,= example1 8homog5eity10 8ela/icity10 8electricity10 8gas10 8explosion10 etc41 are a few ( ! t]ms t 8 language sugge/s1 b t w\ld probably convey a wrong impression ( 8 conception ( ! ph5om5a to :i* !y relate4 ,!y h be5 ?us rul$ out4 ,nor is ,s5eca consi/5t 9 ! use ( ! t]ms he employs2 he has no sci5tific vocabul>y4 ,9 a sep>ate note att5tion is call$ to 8 words = 8air0 & 8atmosph]e02 b !re are _m o!r t]ms t belong to ! same category4 ,^! are1 = in/ance1 ?ree words = 8?ick0 or 8d5se10 crassus1 d5sus1 spissus1 :i* he seems to use almo/ indiff]5tly1 at any rate )\t any precise discrim9ation4 ,s ) t]ms l 8impetus0 7impulse1 onset7 8impulsus0 7%ove1 impulse71 8ictus0 7/roke1 bl[71 8vis0 7=ce1 quantity1 am\nt71 8curro0 7to run 7riv]71 to revolve 7heav5ly body771 & its comp\nds1 eo 7to g71 & its comp\nds1 etc41 etc4 ,ap>t f any peculi>ity ( ,s5eca1 ,lat9 all[s ! use ( adjectives & pron\ns1 ^: di/9ctive g5d] po9ts _! ref]5ce1 :]e ,engli% requires sub/antives or _! equival5t4 ,lat91 too1 (t5 conveys by m]e sugge/ion :]e ,engli% requires explicit expression4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s ) connectives1 :]e a sep>ate clause may be requir$ to develop ! nuance ( a subtle collocation4 ,9 g5]al1 assum+--& x is no great /ret*--t ! au?or meant to express some?+1 :e!r "r or wrong1 ,i h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at t some?+ 0 & to convey x to ! ,engli% read]4 ,9 do+ s ,i h _h no scruple 9 us+ m words ?an ,lat91 or 9 mak+ explicit :at ,i conceiv$ to be implicit1 or 9 v>y+ ! r5d]+ ( ! same t]m to suit ! context & idiom4 ,ambiguity has1 z f> z possible1 be5 avoid$ & ev5 remov$4 ,at ! same "t ! au?or has be5 foll[$ z closely & fai?fully z may be4 ,:]e he repeats a t]m purposely1 z he frequ5tly does1 ! repetition is reta9$1 ?\gh a v>iant might h s\nd$ m euphoni\s4 ,probably1 9 "s cases--x may be 9 a good _m--! mean+ has be5 misconceiv$2 c]ta9ly1 !re w be diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 reg>d to read+s adopt$ = translation1 :]e "o _h to be tak5 & two or m almo/ equally good _h to be left out4 ,ruhkopf 0 ! text *iefly us$2 9 addition ,koel] & ! ,v>iorum ,edition ( ,b\illet 7 con/antly at h&1 & ,i h be5 mu* indebt$ to all ?ree 9 que/ions ( int]pretation4 ,nis>d's ,fr5* ,translation has also be5 ( "s s]vice1 indirectly by sugge/ion p]haps r ?an directly2 9 a few passages ! translation is f a diff]5t text f t pr9t$ on ! same page4 ,! old ,tau*nitz text has be5 habitually consult$1 :ile ,g]cke's text has be5 c>efully collat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! latt] does n m5tion ,ruhkopf at all 9 8 ,bibliography--surely an involunt>y omission4 ,!re is a useful ,bibliography also 9 ,b\illet1 b ! date ( 8 ,edition is z f> back z #ahcj4 ,to my regret ,i h n be5 able to procure ,lagrange's fam\s ,fr5* ,translation1 & ! same rem>k applies to sev]al ,g]man works ( repute4 ,lodge's ,translation 7#afad7 0 n ( any s]vice = my purpose4 ,,! ,,natural ,,que/ions ,,( ,l4 ,,annaeus ,,s5eca ,,address$ ,,to ,,lucilius ,,book ,i ,,meteors1 ,,halo1 ,,ra9b[1 ,,mock ,,sun1 ,,etc4 ,,preface ,lucilius1 my mu* e/eem$ fri5d--,:ile a great gulf sep>ates #a philosophy f ! o!r le>n$ arts1 !re is to my m9d an equally wide gulf 9 philosophy itself betwe5 ! portion :i* relates to human conduct & t :i* deals ) ! nature & p[] ( heav54 ,! latt] is m exalt$ & m speculative1 x all[s itself wide lib]ty4 ,x is n satisfi$ ) m]e obs]vation1 x surmises t !re is a great] & fair] realm plac$ by nature beyond human sight4 ,betwe5 ^! two divisions ( philosophy1 9 %ort1 !re is z wide a gulf z betwe5 _! subjects1 ,god & man4 ,! "o tea*es u :at %\ld be done on e>?2#be ! o!r1 :at #b is done 9 heav54 ,! "o dispels our errors & fla%es a light by :i* to ?read ! mazes ( life2 ! o!r f> transc5ds ?is gloom 9 :i* we grope1 rescues u f ! d>kness1 & leads u to ! v s\rce ( light itself4 ,= myself1 ,i am grateful to nature1 n s mu* :5 ,i see h] on ! side t is op5 to ! _w1 z :5 ,i am p]mitt$ to ent] h] %r9e4 ,!n "o may seek to "k ( :at /uff ! univ]se is made1 :o is its au?or or gu>dian1 :at is ! nature ( ,god4 ,is ,he :olly absorb$ 9 ,himself1 or does ,he sometimes reg>d u8 does ,he d some?+ daily1 or has ,he done once = all8 is ,he a portion ( ! _w1 or ! :ole _w8 may ,he issue new decrees ev5 to-day & ?us modify ! laws ( fate1 or is x an infr+em5t ( ,8 maje/y & an ackn[l$gm5t ( error to alt] :at has once be5 made8 = surely ! same mu/ always please ,him :o c be #c pleas$ only ) :at is be/4 ,nor yet )al is ,8 fre$om or p[] dim9i%$1 = ,he is a law unto ,himself4 #be ,9 o!r words1 ! pr9ciples ( human conduct4 ,life w\ld h be5 a useless gift1 7 ,i n admitt$ to ! /udy ( su* !mes4 ,:at cause = joy w\ld x be to be set m]ely 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o live8 ,9 ord] to dige/ food & dr9k8 ,to repair a diseas$1 enfeebl$ body1 t w\ld p]i% unless x 7 cont9ually refill$1 & ?us lead ! life ( a sick man's att5dant8 ,to fe> dea?1 to :i* our v bir? de/9es u8 ,away ) ! priceless boon6 ,life is n wor? ! heat & ! sweat4 ,h[ #d despicable a creature is man1 unless he rise above ! e>?6 ,:at great ?+ c we d z long z we h to wre/le ) our passions8 ,ev5 if we prevail1 we b conqu] mon/]s4 ,:at cause h we to e/eem ourselves because we are n q s bad z ! v wor/8 ,i c see no great reason = self-satisfaction because "o's /r5g? is r above ! av]age ( ^? 9 ! same hospital4 ,y are /ill f> f good heal? & vig\r4 ,or1 aga91 y h escap$ vices ( s\l1 ! hypocrite's br[1 ! flatt]]'s spee* fa%ion$ to s]ve ano!r's w1 ! dissembl]'s he>t1 ! mis]'s _s1 :i* robs all1 b yet mortifies itself4 ,y are a prey nei!r to luxury1 :i* loses basely & repairs its losses /ill m basely2 nor to ambition1 :i* leads to place ( wor? only by unwor?y means4 ,b #e yet y h accompli%$ no?+4 ,y h escap$ _m p]ils1 b n yet t ( self6 ,! virtue we aim at raises to a spl5did em95ce2 n s mu* because escape f vice is 9 itself a bless$ ?+1 b r because ! s\l is emancipat$1 prep>$ = ! k ( heav5ly ?+s1 & r5d]$ wor?y ( ent]+ into communion ) ,god4 ,! full consummation ( human felicity is atta9$ :51 all vice trampl$ "u foot1 ! s\l seeks ! heights & rea*es ! inn] recesses ( nature4 ,:at joy !n to roam ?r\gh ! v />s1 to look d[n ) d]ision on ! gild$ saloons ( ! ri* & ! :ole e>? ) its /ore ( gold6 ,gold1 did ,i say8 ,yes1 all ! gold ! e>? ev] produc$ & s5t into curr5cy1 & all t %e keeps hidd5 9 secret to glut ! av>ice ( po/]ity4 ,only :5 "o has survey$ ! :ole univ]se c "o truly despise gr& colonnades1 #f ceil+s glitt]+ ) ivory1 trim groves & cool+ /reams transport$ into weal?y mansions4 ,f above1 "o c n[ look d[n ^u ?is n>r[ _w1 cov]$ = ! mo/ "p by sea1 &1 ev5 :]e x rises above ! sea1 an ugly wa/e ei!r p>*$ or froz54 ,! philosoph] says to himself3 ,is ?is ! plot t s _m tribes portion out by fire & sword8 ,h[ ludicr\s are _! fronti]s6 ,! ,dacian mu/ n pass ! l[] ,danube2 ! ,/rymon mu/ %ut (f ! #g ,?racians2 ! ,euphrates mu/ be ! b>ri] ( ! ,p>?ians2 ! ,danube mu/ =m ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,s>matian & ,roman2 ! ,rh9e mu/ set a limit to ,g]many2 ! ,pyr5ees mu/ raise _! *a9 betwe5 ,gallic & ,spani% prov9ces2 betwe5 ,egypt & ,e?iopia a des]t ( b>r5 s&s mu/ /ret*6 ,:y1 if ants are ev] end[$ ) human intellig5ce1 w n !y 9 l mann] portion out a ?re%+-floor into _m prov9ces8 ,b :5 y rise to :at is truly great1 !n1 z (t5 z y #h see armies m>*+ =? ) float+ bann]s1 & ! cavalry n[ sc\t+ 9 front1 n[ mass$ on ! flanks1 z if "s great design 7 t[>d1 y w pleasantly rem>k3 ,! black sw>m is hurry+ ?r\gh ! pla9s4 ,t ho/ is a ?rong ( ants1 its evolutions are 9 a back g>d54 ,9 :at d we excel ! ants1 save 9 ! measure ( ! puny little body8 ,t is a m]e po9t 9 :i* y sail1 & w>1 & dispose y\r k+doms4 ,y\r k+doms are lilliputian ev5 :5 !y /ret* f ,ocean to ,ocean4 ,only on high are ! doma9s spaci\s2 to _! #i possession ! m9d is admitt$1 provid$ always t x br+ ) x no ta9t ( ! body1 b wipe (f all /a9 & pass =? l an arm$ man1 lightly equipp$1 nimble1 mode/ 9 8 wants4 ,:5 ! s\l rea*es ^? regions1 x receives n\ri%m5t & gr[?2 z if fre$ f ! %ackles ( e>?1 x returns to ! true s\rce ( its be+4 ,a pro( ( its div9e orig9 is furni%$ by ! pleasure x d]ives #aj f :at is div9e2 "h x feels itself at home1 n 9 a /range l&4 ,)\t al>m x views ! sett+ ( ! />s & _! ris+1 & ! mazy orbits ( ! heav5ly bodies t yet move all 9 unison4 ,x notes :5 ea* /> fir/ %[s its light on e>?1 :5 x atta9s its m]idian height1 obs]ves its orbit & ! limits ( its desc5t4 ,an int]e/$ spectator1 x exam9es & inve/igates e detail4 ,& :y %\ld x n8 ,x feels t !y are ak9 to itself4 ,!n contempt = ! n>r[ limits ( its =m] dwell+ succe$s4 ,= #aa :at aft] all is ! space t lies f ,india to ! f>!/ %ores ( ,spa98 ,a few days' j\rney if a prosp]\s w9d waft ! vessel4 ,b t heav5ly region af=ds a r\te dur+ full ?irty ye>s to ! swifte/ ( ! planets1 ru%+ ) untir+ velocity1 nev] once hal t+4 ,"h at la/ ! s\l comes to le>n :at x has long s\ght1 x beg9s to "k ,god4 ,b :at is ,god8 ,! univ]sal intellig5ce4 ,:at is #ab ,god1 did ,i say8 ,all t y see & all t y _c see4 ,8 greatness exce$s ! b\nds ( ?\ght4 ,r5d] ,him ,8 true greatness & ,he is all 9 all1 ,he is at once )9 & )\t ,8 works4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! div9e nature & ! human8 ,9 u ! bett] "p is _s1 9 ,him !re is no?+ except _s4 ,he #ac is :olly reason3 ?\gh mortal eyes are s seal$ by error t m5 believe ?is frame ( ?+s to be b a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 ! sport ( *ance4 ,& yet ?an ?is univ]se c\ld aught be fair]1 m c>efully adju/$1 m consi/5t 9 plan8 ,b m5 w h x t x is toss$ ab\t at r&om 9 ! confusion ( ?und]1 cl\d1 & /orm1 & ! o!r =ces by :i* ! e>? & its purlieus are haunt$4 ,nor is ?is m]ely ! madness ( vulg> error2 ev5 ! philosoph]s are ta9t$ by x4 ,m5 !re are :o ?9k t !y !mselves h #ad a m9d1 "o1 too1 t =esees & ord]s ev5ts 9 detail :e!r relat+ to !mselves or to o!rs4 ,b ?is frame ( ?+s1 9 :i* we m5 along ) ! re/ ( creation are set1 !y deem void ( c\nsel1 hurri$ hi!r & ?i!r at r&om2 or at be/1 nature1 !y suppose1 does n "k :at h] own aim is4 ,h[ pr(itable !n1 ?9k y1 w x be to asc]ta9 ! tru? on su* que/ions & exactly to def9e ea* position6 ,= example1 :at is ! ext5t ( ! p[] ( ,god8 ,does ,he create matt] or does ,he employ matt] already giv58 ,does ! pre-exi/+ ar*etype give %ape to matt]1 or does ! matt] det]m9e ! %ape8 ,c ,god p]=m any?+ ,he wi%es1 or does mat]ial fail ,him 9 _m cases1 j z a great arti/ (t5 produces inf]ior "w1 n ?r\gh any defect 9 8 art1 b because ! #ae mat]ial on :i* x is ex]cis$ is refractory8 ,to se>* into su* ?+s1 to le>n !m1 to m$itate ^u !m--:y1 is x n 9 effect to transc5d ! limits ( mortality & to be enroll$ a citiz5 ( a high] /ate8 ,:at good w x d y1 y ask4 ,well1 if no?+ else1 ,i %all1 at any rate1 "k t measur$ by div9e /&>d all e>?ly ?+s are mean4 ,b ( ?is m anon4 ,i ,to come n[ to my purpose--li/5 to ! explanation (f]$ by #a ,natural ,philosophy conc]n+ ! ,fires :i* ! atmosph]e drives a?w>t4 ,_! oblique c\rse & amaz+ velocity furni% pro( t !y are ?ru/ out ) great viol5ce4 ,evid5tly !y d n come =? ( !mselves1 !y are %ot out4 ,!re are _m diff]5t =ms ( !m4 ,a c]ta9 k9d ( !m ,ari/otle calls a ,%e-,goat4 ,if y ask me :y1 ,i mu/ retort by ask+ y fir/ to expla9 :y !y are also call$ ,kids4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be m to ! purpose n to #b cross-exam9e "o ano!r ) que/ions su* z3 ,:at does su* & su* an au?or say8 ,answ] me4 ,bett] exam9e ! cause ( ! ph5om5on itself ?an =m surmises z to :y ,ari/otle has appli$ ! "n ,%e-,goat to a ball ( fire4 ,?is 0 ! %ape ( ! "o z big z ! moon t appe>$ :5 ,paulus 0 engag$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ,p]seus4 ,9 our own days we h m ?an once se5 a huge ball-%ap$ flame :i* broke up 9 ! v middle ( its c\rse4 ,we #c saw a simil> port5t ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! late ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,we aga9 saw "o :5 ,sejanus 0 execut$4 ,a w>n+ ( ! same k9d prec$$ ! dea? ( ,g]manicus4 ,y may1 p]haps1 exclaim3 ,are y !n s b5ight$ z to suppose t ! gods s5d out previ\s intimation ( ! dea? ( great m58 ,d y imag9e t any?+ on e>? is s great t ! ,univ]se %\ld p]ceive its loss8 ,t "q mu/ be res]v$ = ano!r season4 ,we %all !n see :e!r a fix$ succession is obs]v$ 9 all ev5ts1 & :e!r "o ev5t is s b\nd up ) ano!r t :at prec$es is ei!r cause or at lea/ tok5 ( :at foll[s4 ,we %all !n see1 #d too1 :e!r ! gods tr\ble !mselves ab\t human conc]ns1 & :e!r ! m]e s]ies ( ev5ts reveals by unmi/akable signs :at its effects mu/ be4 ,meantime1 ,i v5ture ! op9ion t fires ( ! class ref]r$ to are produc$ by viol5t friction ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! pressure incl9es t[>d "o or o!r side1 & z !re is no yield+ !re1 an int]nal /ruggle ensues4 ,f viol5t action ( ?is k9d arise ! diff]5t v>ieties ( fires--beams1 balls1 tor*es1 & gleams4 ,:5 ! %ock is less sev]e1 & ! atmosph]e is m]ely graz$1 z x 71 small] lights are emitt$1 ,& ! fly+ />s drag _! hairy tail4 ,!n _! ?9 fires m>k a sl5d] pa?1 :i* !y prolong across #e ! sky4 ,= t reason no night is )\t sights ( ! k9d2 no great movem5t ( ! atmosph]e is requir$ to produce !m4 ,9 fact1 to put x %ortly1 !y are due to ! v same cause z ?und]bolts1 only !y require less =ce4 ,cl\ds t enc\nt] ea* o!r ) little =ce cause fla%es ( lightn+2 if impell$ by great] viol5ce1 ?und]bolts4 ,ari/otle (f]s ! foll[+ explanation3 ,! e>? gives =? _m #f diff]5t exhalations1 "s moi/1 "s dry1 "s cold1 "s conta9+ ! se$s ( fire4 ,& little wond] if ! e>?'s evaporation is ( all v>i$ k9ds4 ,:y1 ev5 9 ! heav5s ! col\r ( objects does n %[ uni=m2 ! r$ ( ! ,dog-/> is bright]1 t ( ,m>s dull]2 ,jupit] has no r$1 8 %e5 is prolong$ into pure light4 #g ,well1 9 ! great abundance ( m9ute bodies emitt$ by ! e>? & driv5 up to ! high] regions1 ( necessity "s ( ! elem5ts t rea* ! cl\ds furni% mat]ial = fires4 ,!y d n require any collision 9 ord] to burn1 ! brea? ( ! sun's rays is suffici5t to k9dle !m4 ,s ) u1 %av+s spr9kl$ ) sulphur cat* fire at "s di/ance4 ,probably1 !re=e1 t9d] ( ?is k9d ga!r+ #h )9 ! cl\ds is easily k9dl$2 great] or less fires are produc$ j z !re has be5 m or less sub/ance 9 ! elem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to suppose ei!r t actual />s fall or leap across ! sky1 or t "s portion ( !m is tak5 away or p>$ (f1 is %e] folly4 ,if ?is _h be5 s1 !y w\ld ere ?is h #i disappe>$4 ,= !re is n a s+le night on :i* !re is n a v l>ge numb] ( />s t seem to break up z !y pass across ! sky4 ,yet !y are all f\nd aga9 9 _! wont$ places3 ea* "o ma9ta9s its size unimpair$4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! fires ref]r$ to h _! orig9 bel[ ! />s1 & t1 be+ )\t solid f\ndation on fix$ abode1 !y quickly p]i%4 ,:y1 !n1 y ask1 d !y n cross ! sky by day z well z by night8 ,! next #aj ?+ y w say w be t !re are no />s by day because !y are n visible6 ,! />s are1 ( c\rse1 !re1 b obscur$ by ! sun's brightness4 ,simil>ly1 meteor fires l tor*es cross ! sky by day too1 b !y are hidd5 by ! brightness ( ! daylight4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 a bur/ ( light %oots out /rong en\gh to ass]t its brilliance ev5 9 ! face ( day1 !n !y d become visible4 ,9 fact1 our own age has m ?an once se5 tor*es by day1 "s #aa ru%+ f ea/ to we/1 o!rs f we/ to ea/4 ,sailors consid] x a sign ( /orm :5 !re are _m %oot+ />s4 ,if _! appe>ance really is a sign ( w9d1 !y mu/ occur 9 ! qu>t] :]e w9d is f\nd1 9 o!r words1 9 ! atmosph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4 ,9 viol5t /orms at sea !re sometimes appe>1 z x 71 />s settl+ on ! sails4 ,! sailors :o are 9 jeop>dy !n suppose t !y are be+ aid$ by ! p[] ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,!y h really gr\nd = bett] #ab hope 9 ?is appe>ance1 because x makes pla9 t ! /orm is break+1 & ! w9d fall+4 ,o!rwise ! fires w\ld flit ab\t )\t settl+4 ,:5 ,gylippus 0 on ! voyage to ,syracuse1 a /> appe>$1 re/+ on ! v tip ( 8 lance4 ,9 ! camp ( ! ,romans at times pikes appe>$ to be on fire1 no d\bt because fires ( ?is k9d glid$ d[n on to !m3 ^! fires are (t5 wont to /rike animals & trees1 j l ?und]bolts4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y #ac are dis*>g$ ) less =ce1 !y m]ely glide d[n & settle1 & d n inflict /roke or w\nd4 ,aga91 "s are =c$ out f among cl\ds1 o!rs come f a cle> sky1 if ! atmosph]e has got into a condition to emit fire4 ,9 l mann]1 x occasionally ?und]s ) a cle> sky1 & f ! same cause z ) a cl\dy "o1 ! atmosph]e und]go+ int]nal collision4 ,ev5 :5 ! air is comp>atively cle> & dry1 x may become cond5s$1 & =m bodies simil> to cl\ds1 ! cla%+ ( :i* causes ! s\nd ( ! ?und]4 ,f "t to #ad "t1 !re=e1 arise meteors l beams & l %ields1 & ! semblance ( va/ fires ov] ! sky1 if a =ce simil> 9 k9d b great] 9 degree enc\nt] suitable mat]ial4 ,,ii ,let u n[ see h[ ! brightness is produc$ t sometimes envelops #a ! heav5ly bodies4 ,hi/ory has put on record t1 on ! day ( ! late ,emp]or ,augu/us' entrance into ,rome on 8 return f ,apollonia1 a p>ti-col\r$ circle1 su* z is wont to be se5 9 a ra9b[1 appe>$ r\nd ! sun4 ,! ,greeks call ?is a ,halo2 our mo/ appropriate "n = x is a ,cr[n4 ,let me expla9 h[ x is =m$4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into a pond1 ! wat] is obs]v$ to "p #b 9 num]\s circles1 :i*1 v n>r[ at fir/1 gradually wid5 out m & m until ! impulse disappe>s1 lo/ 9 ! surface ( ! smoo? wat] beyond4 ,let u suppose some?+ ( ! same k9d to occur 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 cond5s$ x is capable ( receiv+ an impact3 ! light ( sun1 moon1 or any heav5ly body enc\nt]+ x =ces x to rec$e 9 ! =m ( circles4 ,moi/ure1 be x obs]v$1 & air1 & ev]y?+ else t takes %ape f a bl[1 is driv5 into ! same =m z t possess$ by ! object t /rikes x4 ,n[ e k9d ( light is r\nd4 ,!re=e1 ! air :5 /ruck by light w #c assume ?is =m4 ,accord+ly ! ,greeks gave ! "n ,?re%+-floor 7i4e4 ,halo7 to a brightness ( ?is k9d1 because spaces set ap>t = ?re%+ corn 71 z a rule1 r\nd4 ,be ! bett] "n ?re%+-floors1 or be x cr[ns1 !re is no reason to suppose t !y are =m$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!y are a v long di/ance f !m1 ?\gh z se5 f ! e>? !y seem to t\* & encircle !m4 ,9 reality su* an image is =m$ n v f> f ! e>?1 b ! wont$ #d frailty ( human vision is deceptive1 & we imag9e ! r+ is =m$ close r\nd ! heav5ly body itself4 ,b no su* ?+ c\ld possibly occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun & />s1 z !re is no?+ b ?9 e!r !re4 ,x is only :5 bodies h become r\gh & d5se t %ape c be impress$ ^u !m4 ,9 subtle bodies !re is no po9t on :i* =m c lay hold or to :i* x c adh]e4 ,a ph5om5on ( ! same nature z ! halo may (t5 be witness$ 9 ba?s1 because ! atmosph]e is ?ick & d>k3 x is mo/ frequ5t :5 ! w9d is 9 ! s\?1 :5 ! air is heavie/ & mo/ d5se4 ,halos sometimes are dissolv$ gradually & fade away1 sometimes !y #e are brok5 up on "o side4 ,9 ! latt] case seaf>+ m5 look = w9d 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! circle ( ! cr[n has be5 brok54 ,if ! p>t+ is on ! nor?1 !re w be a nor? w9d1 if on ! we/1 zephyrs w foll[4 ,?is is a pro( t ^! cr[ns are =m$ 9 ! region ( ! sky 9 :i* ! w9ds are usually =m$4 ,! upp] regions ( air h no cr[ns because !y h no w9ds ei!r4 ,an additional pro( ( ! connection ( w9ds & halos is af=d$ #f by ! fact t ! halo is nev] =m$ unless ! atmosph]e is at re/1 & ! w9d1 z x 71 inactive4 ,"u o!r circum/ances x is n usually obs]v$4 ,! atmosph]e :5 x is at re/ may be fa%ion$ to any patt]n by be+ driv5 or drawn 9 any direction4 ,b :5 x is 9 motion1 light _c ev5 /rike x4 ,x takes no %ape & (f]s no resi/ance1 because ! "p fir/ affect$ is always dissipat$ by ! motion4 ,!re=e x is t no heav5ly body c ev] be surr\nd$ by a #g figure ( ! k9d ref]r$ to unless :5 ! atmosph]e is d5se & motionless1 & s pres]ves ! ray ( r\nd light t /rikes ^u x4 ,nor is x )\t good reason4 ,recollect ! analogy m5tion$ a little ago4 ,a pebble ?r[n into a pond or lake or any o!r circumscrib$ piece ( wat] produces innum]able circles2 b x has n ! same effect if ?r[n into a riv]4 ,& :y s8 ,because 9 ! latt] case ! wat] z x hurries on prev5ts ! =mation ( any def9ite figure4 ,s 9 ! atmosph]e ! same ?+ happ5s2 :5 #h x is /ation>y1 x may receive a patt]n2 :5 x ru%es 9 rapid motion1 x evades all control1 w>d+ (f e bl[ & e =m z x approa*es4 ,:5 ^! cr[ns1 ( :i* ,i h spok51 h disappe>$ uni=mly on all sides1 & vani%$ 9 _! own tracks1 x is an indication ( equilibrium 9 ! atmosph]e3 !re is p]fect quietness & y may !n look out = ra94 ,:5 !y break up #i at "o side1 x means w9d 9 t qu>t]4 ,if !y bur/ at sev]al po9ts1 a /orm is brew+4 ,! reason ( ?is may be ga!r$ f ! explanations ,i h n[ giv54 ,if ! r+ fade all r\nd1 x is evid5t t ! atmosph]e is equable1 & !re=e calm4 ,b if x is brok5 ?r\gh on "o side1 evid5tly !re mu/ be an incl9ation ( ! air 9 t direction3 h5ce t qu>t] w produce w9d4 ,b :5 ! halo is r5t & torn on all sides1 pla9ly an attack is be+ made on x f sev]al qu>t]s at once1 & a disquiet$ atmosph]e is assail+ x on ?is side & on t4 ,s ?is di/urbance ( ! heav5s1 ! repeat$ ef=t & /riv+ 9 all directions1 #aj betok5s evid5tly t a /orm is com+ up ) sudd5 %ift+s ( ! w9d4 ,^! cr[ns may be obs]v$ g5]ally by night r\nd ! moon & o!r />s1 b v seldom by day2 9 fact1 s r>ely 9 ! latt] case1 t c]ta9 ( ! ,greeks h d5i$ t !y appe> at all by day4 ,b hi/ory proves t !y d4 ,! cause ( ! infrequ5cy ( _! appe>ance by day is t ! sun's light is /rong] !n1 & ! atmosph]e itself :5 /irr$ & w>m$ by x is less d5se4 ,! moon's p[]1 on ! o!r h&1 is feebl]1 & is !re=e m easily resi/$ by ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! re/ ( ! heav5ly #aa bodies are equally weak1 & unable by _! own =ce to bur/ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,s _! %ape is impress$ & reta9$ 9 ! m solid & less yield+ m$ium4 ,=1 9 ord] to produce ! ph5om5on1 ! atmosph]e mu/ nei!r be s ?ick z to exclude or dissipate ! light t /reams 9 on x1 nor yet s ?9 & r>e z to furni% no hold to ! rays t fall ^u x4 ,?is p>ticul> consi/5cy is obta9$ at night3 ! sluggi% air is at t "t /ruck ) ! fa9t light f moon or />s )\t viol5ce or rud5ess1 &1 be+ ?ick] ?an x is wont to be by day1 is t+$ !reby4 ,,iii ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,ra9b[ does n occur by night1 except on #a v r>e occasions1 inasmu* z ! moon has n suffici5t /r5g? to pi]ce ! cl\ds & suffuse !m ) hues su* z !y receive f ! brilliant light ( ! sun4 ,! %ape & v>i$ col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are due to ! peculi>ities ( diff]5t k9ds ( cl\ds4 ,"s p>ts ( ! cl\ds are swoll51 o!rs holl[2 "s are too d5se to transmit sunlight1 o!rs too r>e to exclude x4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 #b consi/5cy causes alt]nations ( light & %ade1 & produces t m>vell\s v>iety pres5t$ by ! ra9b[4 ,ano!r explanation is (f]$ 9 in/ances l ! foll[+3 ,:5 a pipe bur/s any:]e1 ! wat] is obs]v$ to be =c$ by pressure ?r\gh ! small op5+2 ! drops se5 aga9/ a slant+ sun reproduce ! appe>ance ( ! ra9b[4 ,aga91 if y w at any "t wat* a full] at "w1 y w obs]ve ! same appe>ance3 :5 he has fill$ 8 m\? ) wat] & spirts x lightly on ! clo!s /ret*$ on pegs1 ! air ?us bespr9kl$ exhibits pla9ly ! v>i\s col\rs t %9e 9 ! b[4 ,"o _c d\bt t ! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! moi/ure4 #c ,= a ra9b[ nev] occurs except :5 !re are cl\ds ab\t4 ,let u inquire h[ x is produc$4 ,"s au?orities say t !re are c]ta9 drops ( wat] t transmit light1 :ile "s are too compact to be transluc5t4 ,?us ! brightness is ! effect ( ! =m]2 ! %ad[1 ( ! latt]2 by ! int]m+l+ ( ! two is =m$ ! ra9b[1 "p ( :i* is bright1 to wit1 t :i* admits sunlight1 "p d>k]1 namely1 t :i* has %ut out ! light & ca/ a %ad[ f itself ov] ! objects ne>e/ x4 ,o!rs aga9 d5y t #d ?is is s4 ,%ade & light1 !y say1 might be ! cause if ! ra9b[ _h only two col\rs1 & ?us 0 made up ( light & %ade4 ,b n[1 ?\gh !re gleam a ?\s& div]se hues1 ,_! *anges )al elude ! eyes t behold4 ,! hues t t\* seem actually "o1 yet ! edges are q diff]5t4 ,9 x sight detects some?+ t is r$1 some?+ t is orange1 some?+ t is blue2 & !re are o!r col\rs too1 laid on 9 f9e/ l9es j l a skilful pa9t+1 s t1 z ! poet rem>ks above1 x is impossible to discov] :e!r ! col\rs diff] f "o ano!r until ! la/ ( !m is comp>$ ) ! fir/4 ,! junction #e ( col\r ) col\r deceives ! sight3 ) su* m>vell\s skill does nature />t+ f :at is l end 9 :at is totally unlike4 ,:at good1 !n1 d ! two alleg$ col\rs1 light & %ade1 d 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 :5 ! pres5ce ( an endless v>iety mu/ be acc\nt$ =8 ,aga91 c]ta9 au?orities are ( op9ion t ! foll[+ is ! me?od ( =mation ( ! ra9b[3 ,9 ! qu>t] ( ! sky :]e ra9 is fall+1 !y say1 ! drops ( fall+ ra9 are s _m mirrors2 f ea* mirror1 !re=e1 is reflect$ an image ( ! sun4 ,by & by1 _m1 9 fact1 c\ntless1 images1 desc5d+ & cross+ abruptly1 are all bl5d$ toge!r4 ,!re=e ! ra9b[ is j a bl5d+ ( a great numb] ( images ( ! sun4 ,!y appeal to ! foll[+ argum5t 9 pro( ( ?is3 ,on a cle> day1 say !y1 #f set out a ?\s& bas9s1 & !y w all conta9 images ( ! sun4 ,or arrange s+le drops ( wat] on s+le leaves2 !y w ea* h an image ( ! sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an imm5se pond w h no m ?an "o image4 ,:y s8 ,j because e smoo? surface t is f5c$ (f1 & surr\nd$ by its own b\nd>ies1 is a mirror4 ,aga91 divide a pond ( v l>ge size into sev]al small ponds by ins]t+ p>tition walls2 x w %[ z _m images ( ! sun z x has divisions4 ,leave x z x 01 spread+ out to its full ext5t1 & x w %[ b "o reflection ( him4 ,! small ext5t ( ! liquid or #g pond makes no mann] ( diff]5ce4 ,if ! surface is circumscrib$1 x =ms a mirror4 ,well !n1 ^? c\ntless drops1 :i* are c>ri$ d[n by a fall+ %[]1 are s _m mirrors1 & conta9 s _m reflections ( ! sun4 ,to an obs]v] "r 9 front ( !m !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( be+ mix$ up3 ! int]vals :i* "p !m f ea* o!r are n di/+ui%$1 _! m]e di/ance f ! obs]v] prev5ts discrim9ation ( !m4 ,by & by in/ead ( individual drops !re is se5 a s+le blurr$ mass t conta9s !m all4 ,ari/otle agrees ) ?is op9ion4 ,8 words are3 ,beams ( light are reflect$ by sight f e smoo? surface4 ,n[1 no?+ is #h smoo!r ?an wat] & air4 ,!re=e1 our sight is reflect$ back on u f ?ick air4 ,inde$1 :]e ! vision is dull & feeble1 ! slighte/ /roke ( air *ecks x4 ,"s p suff] f an affection :i* causes !m to ?9k t !y are meet+ _! own image1 & !y see ev]y:]e ! reflection ( !mselves4 ,& :y8 ,because ! p[] ( _! eyes is s weak t x _c ov]come ! resi/ance ( ev5 ! ne>e/ lay] ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:at d5se air effects 9 ord9>y cases1 any k9d ( air is suffici5t to effect 9 ! cases ref]r$ to by ,ari/otle4 ,= :atev] ! nature ( ! air1 x is /rong en\gh to defeat weak sight4 ,n[1 mu* m is our vision reflect$ ^u u by wat] because x is d5s] & _c be pi]c$2 x absolutely /ops ! rays f our eyes1 & turns !m back to ! s\rce :5ce !y proce$$4 ,well !n1 :5 !re are num]\s #i ra9drops1 !y are j s _m mirrors4 ,b on acc\nt ( _! smallness !y express ! sun's col\r )\t di/9ct %ape4 ,by & by :5 ! same col\r is reflect$ 9 ! c\ntless drops t fall )\t int]mission1 x beg9s to take on ! appe>ance n ( num]\s images ) int]vals betwe51 b ( a s+le1 long1 un9t]rupt$ image4 ,b h[1 y may object1 c y tell me t !re are _m ?\s&s ( images !re1 :]e ,i c see none at all8 ,besides1 z !re is b "o col\r 9 ! sun1 :y are !re diff]5t col\rs 9 ! #aj reflections ( him8 ,^! objections :i* y h put =w>d1 z well z o!rs t no less call = refutation1 ,i w endeav\r to refute4 ,& let me say1 fir/ ( all1 t no?+ is m deceptive ?an our eyesight1 n m]ely 9 objects ^: c>eful exam9ation is prev5t$ by di/ance 9 position1#bf b ev5 9 objects se5 close at h&4 ,an o>1 ?\gh q :ole1 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( be+ brok5 :5 se5 9 cle> %all[ wat]4 ,apples se5 ?r\gh glass appe> mu* l>g] ?an !y really are4 ,9 long colonnades1 pill>s #aa set at int]vals pres5t an app>5tly unbrok5 cont9uity ( l9e4 ,or g back to ! case ( ! sun himself2 8 orb1 :i* reason proves to be l>g] ?an ! :ole e>?1 is s contract$ by human sight t "s ( ! philosoph]s h ma9ta9$ t x is only a foot 9 diamet]4 ,he is1 we "k1 ! swifte/ ( all lum9>ies1 yet none ( u c see him move2 nor %\ld we believe t he does advance1 7 x n evid5t f "t to "t t he has advanc$4 ,! _w itself glides on ) headlong spe$2 )9 an in/ant ( "t x unfolds its ris+s & its sett+s1 yet none ( u is aw>e ( its movem5t4 ,:at cause1 !n1 is !re = wond] if our eyesight _c sep>ate #ab ! drops ( ! ra9 %[]s1 & loses ! di/9ction ( ! images on acc\nt ( ! va/ di/ance at :i* !y are beheld8 ,at any rate no "o c d\bt ?is1 t ! ra9b[ is a reflection ( ! sun1 =m$ 9 a holl[ cl\d full ( moi/ure4 ,?is is made pla9 f ! simple fact t ! image is nev] se5 except opposite ! sun1 high up or l[ d[n1 9 inv]se relation1 j z he s9ks or elevates 8 c\rse4 ,:5 he desc5ds1 x is high]2 :5 he is high 9 ! heav5s1 x is m sunk54 ,a cl\d ( ! requir$ k9d is (t5 at ! side #ac ( ! sun )\t produc+ a ra9b[1 because x does n cat* 8 image /raight 9 front4 #bf ,! receiv$ text gives 8div]sity ( col\rs40 ,z to ! v>iegation 9 col\r1 x is due simply to its d\ble s\rce1 d]iv$ p>tly f ! sun1 p>tly f ! moi/ cl\d4 ,! moi/ure produces l9es n[ blue1 n[ gre51 n[ purple-l1 & orange or r$--! two %ades1 dull & bright1 comb9+ to produce ?is div]sity4 ,s also1 a purple g>m5t does n always come out #ad 9 exactly ! same t9t f ! same dye4 ,diff]5ces dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( "t x has be5 /eep$1 ! consi/5cy & ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! dye x has imbib$3 x may be dipp$ & boil$ m ?an once1 or x may h receiv$ only "o imm]sion4 ,9 l mann] !n1 :5 !re are ! two elem5ts1 sun & cl\d1 9 o!r words1 object & mirror1 x is little wond] t z _m v>ieties ( col\r are g5]at$ z c be produc$ f !m 9 high] or l[] tone 9 c\ntless diff]5t categories4 ,= example1 !re is "o #ae col\r t proce$s f ! light ( fire1 ano!r f a light t is dull] & less viol5t ?an fire4 ,9 o!r details conc]n+ ! ra9b[ ! me?od ( inquiry is full ( unc]ta9ty2 !re is no?+ concrete to lay hold ^u1 & conjecture mu/ be v5tur$ 9 e direction4 ,b 9 ?is "q ( its orig9 d\bt is preclud$2 = x is evid5t t ! causes ( ! ra9b[ are two 9 numb]1 sun & cl\d4 ,! b[ nev] appe>s :5 ! sky is cle>1 & nev] :5 x is s cl\dy z to hide ! sun4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 unque/ionably arise f ^!1 fail+ ei!r ( :i* x _c come into be+4 ,,iv ,a fur!r consid]ation mu/ be m5tion$1 :i* is j z manife/ #a z ! prec$+1 to prove t ! reflection is giv5 back aft] ! fa%ion ( a mirror2 x is nev] giv5 back save f /raight opposite to ! sun1 t is1#bg unless on "o side /&s ! object to be reflect$1 & on ! o!r ! mirror t reveals x4 ,pro(s are adduc$ by ! ma!maticians t are n m]ely conv9c+ b t compel belief ( ?is4 ,nor c d\bt be left 9 any m9d t ! ra9b[ is an image ( ! sun1 imp]fectly reflect$ ow+ to ! defective %ape ( ! mirror4 ,b meantime let u recall o!r pro(s t may1 s to speak1 be pick$ up 9 ! /reet )\t any #b ref]5ce to ma!matics4 ,among ! pro(s ( ?is orig9 ( ! b[ ,i place ! extreme rapidity ( its em]g5ce4 ,9 a s+le mom5t ! huge =m ) its ?\s& l9es is inwov5 9 ! texture ( ! heav5s1 & j z rapidly does x fade4 ,n[1 no?+ is return$ s quickly z an image f a mirror4 ,! mirror does n create any?+1 x m]ely reveals x4 ,artemidorus ( ,p>ium tells u fur!r ev5 ! k9d ( cl\d requir$ to reflect su* an image ( ! sun4 ,if y #c make a concave mirror1 he says1 t is1 "o resembl+ half ( a ball cut ?r\gh ! middle1 & take y\r /& outside ! c5tre1 !n ^? :o /& beside y w appe> 9 ! reflection inv]t$ & ne>] to y ?an to ! mirror4 ,! v same ?+1 accord+ to him1 takes place :5 we look at a r\nd holl[ cl\d f ! side3 #d ! image ( ! sun deta*es itself f ! cl\d1 & is ne>] u & m turn$ 9 our direction4 ,!re=e ! r$ col\r is f ! sun1 ! d>k blue is f ! cl\d3 ! o!r hues are produc$ by a bl5d+ ( ^! two4 #bg ,9 a writ] less prone to repetition ! words to ! end ( ! s5t5ce w\ld seem ! ins]tion ( a copyi/4 ,v ,b !re are argum5ts on ! o!r side4 ,ab\t mirrors !re are #a two op9ions2 "s p ?9k t only phantoms are se5 9 !m2 9 o!r words1 ! %ape ( our bodies1 an emanation sep>at$ f our bodies4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 affirm t images d n exi/ 9 ! mirror1 b t x is ! v bodies t are se51 ! eyesight be+ b5t back & reflect$ on itself aga94 ,n[1 ! po9t is n h[ d we see :atev] x is we see3 ! "q is1 h[ ! image %\ld resemble ! orig9al 9 ! cl\d z 9 a mirror4#bh ,c\ld any?+ be m #b unlike ?an ! sun & a ra9b[ 9 :i* nei!r ! col\r nor ! %ape nor ! size ( ! sun is to be se58 ,a b[ is f> l>g] &1 9 ! bright "p1 f> r$d] ?an ! sun3 9 ! o!r col\rs1 too1 x is diff]5t f him4 ,besides1 :5 y insi/ on comp>+ a mirror to ! atmosph]e 7i4e4 z embodi$ 9 a cl\d71 y mu/ %[ me 9 ! latt] ! same smoo?ness ( texture1 ! same levelness ( surface1 ! same brightness z 9 ! =m]4 ,b surely no cl\ds resemble mirrors to ?is ext5t4 ,we (t5 pass ?r\gh ! middle ( cl\ds )\t see+ ourselves 9 !m4 ,p :o climb to ! tops ( m\nta9s look d[n on cl\d1 b _c make out _! reflection #c 9 x4 ,true en\gh1 b x is sep>ate drops t are sep>ate mirrors1 says my oppon5t4 ,admitt$4 ,/ill1 ,i d5y t a cl\d consi/s ( fully =m$ drops4 ,x no d\bt conta9s ! elem5ts f :i* ! drops are =m$1 b n z drops4 ,cl\ds d n conta9 ev5 wat]1 b only ! mat]ial to =m wat]4 ,grant+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t !re are c\ntless drops 9 ! cl\ds & t !y c reflect an object1 yet !y d n all produce "o & ! same reflection1 b ea* its own4 ,fur!r1 y may jo9 mirrors to "o ano!r1 b !y w n unite to =m a s+le reflection3 #d ea* portion w enclose a lik5ess ( ! object4 ,"s mirrors are compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( v small p>ts4 ,set be=e !m "o man & a :ole p is reflect$1 ea* portion produc+ an image ( its own4 ,! portions ( ! mirror ?us unit$ & plac$ side by side none ! less keep _! images sep>ate1 & out ( "o man make a cr[d4 ,b !y d n bl5d 9 "o t troop2 #e !y sep>ate & di/+ui% ! individual faces4 ,n[1 a ra9b[ is b\nd$ by a s+le outl9e1 ! :ole pres5ts b "o repres5tation4 #bh ,! read+ ( ! ,,mss4 is admitt$ly corrupt4 ,i h foll[$ ,ruhkopf's conjecture1 ?\gh )\t conviction4 ,! argum5t seems to require dissimilis unlike1 or non similis 7cf4 c4 v4 #ac71 in/ead ( similis l 78resemble0 9 ! text73 9 t case ! mean+ w\ld be3 h[ an image unlike ! orig9al ought to be reflect$ f ! cl\d z f a mirror4 ,cf4 #ac bel[4 ,well1 b1 says our oppon5t1 is n ! wat] t is scatt]$ f a bur/ pipe1 or t is toss$ up by ! o>1 wont to exhibit some?+ simil> to ^! col\rs t are se5 9 ! b[8 ,true1 b n = ! reason :i* y wi% to br+ out1 to wit1 t ea* s+le droplet receives an image ( ! sun4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! #f drops fall too quickly to be able to =m su* an image4 ,! m$ium mu/ be /ation>y 9 ord] to receive ! impression ( :at is to be reproduc$4 ,h[1 !n1 x may be ask$1 does x come ab\t8 ,! drops1 ,i reply1 receive ! col\r1 b n ! image ( ! sun4 ,besides1 z ,n]o ,caes> says v elegantly3 ,! neck ( ,v5us' dove glitt]s z ! bird tosses its head1 & s ! neck ( ! peacock %9es ) v>i$ col\rs z (t5 z x is turn$ hi!r & ?i!r4 ,are we1 !re=e1 to say t fea!rs ( ?is k9d1 ^: e turn passes into new col\rs1 are #g mirrors8 ,well1 cl\ds diff] 9 "* f mirrors no less ?an ! birds m5tion$1 & z *ameleons & ! o!r animals ^: col\r *anges4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cause is sometimes subjective3 ! creatures :5 inflam$ ) ang] or passion v>y _! hue ?r\gh ! suffusion ( moi/ure3 at o!r times ! position ( ! light1 direct or slant+1 gives ! col\r its p>ticul> hue4 ,:at resemblance1 ,i say1 is !re betwe5 mirrors & cl\ds8 ,:]eas #h ^? are n transluc5t1 ^! transmit light4 ,^? are d5se & compact1 ^! are r>e4 ,mirrors are ( uni=m mat]ial ?r\gh\t1 cl\ds are made up ( v>i\s elem5ts br\ght toge!r at r&om1 & !re=e are full ( int]nal /rife1 & _c long hold toge!r4 ,consid] fur!r2 at sunrise "o sees a c]ta9 portion ( ! sky ruddy2 at o!r times "o sees cl\ds ( fi]y r$4 ,?is p>ticul> col\r is receiv$ by ! cl\ds f enc\nt]+ ! sun3 :at1 !n1 is !re to prev5t ! _m col\rs ( ! b[ be+ d]iv$ by !m 9 ! same way f him1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n possess ! p[] ( mirrors8 ,a little ago1 my oppon5t retorts1 y advanc$ ! argum5t #i t ! ra9b[ is always produc$ opposite ! sun1 because an image c\ld n be reflect$ f a mirror unless ! object 7 9 front ( x4 ,we agree 9 ?is po9t1 he adds4 ,yes1 = j z ! object ^: image is to be transf]r$ to ! mirror mu/ be set opposite ! mirror1 9 l mann]1 9 ord] t ! cl\ds may be t+$ by ! sun's rays1 ! sun mu/ occupy a suitable position4 ,he does n produce ! same effect if 8 light /reams 9 on all sides2 !re mu/ be a prop] incid5ce ( ! rays to produce ! effect4 ,su* are ! reasons alleg$ by ^? :o w h x t ! ra9b[ is a col\r$ cl\d4 ,posidonius & ^? :o are ( op9ion t ! ph5om5on is produc$ by reflection z f a mirror1 answ] _! argum5ts ?us3 ,if !re #aj 7 any real col\r 9 a b[1 x w\ld p]si/1 & be se5 m di/9ctly1 ! ne>] x is4 ,z x is1 ! image ( ! b[ is cle> only 9 ! di/ance2 x is lo/ z x beg9s to approa*4 ,i d n agree ) ?is argum5t 9 refutation1 ?\gh ,i approve ! ma9 s5tim5t :i* x supports4 ,& ,i w tell y :y4 ,! cl\d is col\r$1 b 9 su* a way t ! col\r _c be se5 f e po9t4 ,& no m c ! cl\d itself3 = no "o :o is 9 x c see x4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if its col\r _c be se5 by "o #aa to :om itself is n visible8 ,& yet1 al?\gh ! cl\d is n se51 x is !re3 & s is ! col\r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no pro( ( ! deceptiv5ess ( ! col\r t x ceases to be manife/ :5 "o approa*es x4 ,=1 ,i repeat1 ! same happ5s to ! cl\ds !mselves3 !y are n all a %am m]ely because "u c]ta9 conditions !y cease to be visible4 ,besides1 :5 y are told t ! cl\d is dy$ by ! sun1 x does n mean t t col\r ( 8 is m+l$1 z x 71 ) a h>d1 firm1 durable body1 b ) a liquid un/able body t is incapable ( m ?an a v brief impress4 ,let me add t !re are c]ta9 artificial col\rs :i* #ab display _! virtue at a di/ance4 ,! bett] & ri*] ! ,tyrian purple is1 ! high] up y mu/ hold x to display its full blaze4 ,x does n cease to possess its col\r simply because x does n reveal its be/ %ade 9 any & e position 9 :i* x is exhibit$4 ,i am ( ! same op9ion z ,posidonius 9 hold+ t ! b[ is =m$ 9 a cl\d %ap$ l a holl[ r\nd mirror1 ^: =m is t ( a section ?r\gh a ball4 ,?is _c be prov$ )\t ! aid ( #ac geometry3 ! ma!matical pro(s leave no d\bt t ! b[ is an image ( ! sun1 b "o t does n resemble x4 ,nor1 inde$1 are all objects fai?fully repres5t$ 9 mirrors4 ,!re are "s mirrors "o is t]rifi$ to let "o's eyes re/ ^u1 su* is ! mis%ap5 & di/ort$ image !y reproduce ( ^? :o gaze ^u !m4 ,!y de=m ! lik5ess !y pres]ve )al4 ,"s1 aga91 !re are1 a glance at :i* causes great self-satisfaction 9 "o's /r5g?3 ! arms are #ad enorm\sly increas$1 & ! appe>ance ( ! :ole body is enl>g$ to sup]human proportions4 ,!re are mirrors t turn faces to ! "r1 & mirrors t turn !m to ! left1 o!rs twi/ & ev5 inv]t !m4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t a mirror ( ?is k9d %\ld be =m$ 9 a cl\d by :i* a defective appe>ance ( ! sun %\ld be pres5t$8 ,,vi ,among ! o!r argum5ts x mu/ be m5tion$ t a ra9b[ nev] #a is se5 great] ?an a semicircle3 ! high] ! sun is1 too1 ! small] is ! b[4 ,z our c\ntryman ,virgil says3 ,& deep dr9ks ,! mighty b[1 :5 ra9 is brew+4 ,b ! ?reat ! b[ conveys is n ! same :atev] ! qu>t] x has %[n itself 94 ,if x rises t[>d ! #b s\?1 x w br+ a heavy fall4 ,! ra9 9 t qu>t]1 su* is its =ce1 _c be ma/]$ by ! /ronge/ midday sun4 ,if x %9e t[>d ! we/1 !re w be only a dew or a light ra94 ,if x rise 9 ! ea/ or !reab\ts1 x progno/icates f9e wea!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! b[ is ! sun's reflection1 :y does x appe> ( f> l>g] size ?an ! sun himself8 ,j because !re is a k9d ( mirror t exhibits objects on a f> l>g] scale ?an t on :i* !y are pres5t$ to x1 increas+ _! =m to a port5t\s magnitude3 & 9 turn !re is ano!r k9d t r$uces ! size4 ,& tell me ?is aga91 :y does an image assume ! =m ( a circle if x does n answ] to a circle8 ,y may1 p]haps1 tell me :y ! col\r #c ( ! b[ is v>i$3 :y its %ape is :at x is1 y w n be able to tell me except by cit+ "s model aft] :i* x is =m$4 ,n[1 o!r model !re is none save t ( ! sun2 :5 y admit t ! ra9b[ receives its col\r f him1 x foll[s t x receives its %ape also f him4 ,9 %ort1 y & ,i are agre$ t ^? col\rs by :i* its qu>t] ( ! heav5 is adorn$ proce$ f ! sun4 ,b on "o po9t we are n agre$3 y say t ! col\r is real2 ,i ma9ta9 t x is only app>5t4 ,:i*ev] x is1 real or app>5t1 x comes f ! sun4 ,on y\r assumption its sudd5 cessation _c be expla9$1 see+ t all o!r bright lights 9 ! sky are dispell$ gradually4 ,its sudd5 appe>ance &1 at ! same "t1 its #d sudd5 ext9ction make = my cont5tion4 ,= x is a peculi>ity ( a mirror t ! reflection 9 x is n built up piecemeal1 b all at once comes fully into be+4 ,e image 9 x is de/roy$1 too1 ) z great rapidity z x 0 =m$4 ,= to ! con/ruction or removal ( ! images no?+ is requir$ b ! pres5tation & )drawal ( ! objects4 ,9 ! ra9b[-cl\d ^: nature is 9 "q1 !re is no prop] sub/ance or mat]ial3 !re is only a %am & a lik5ess )\t reality4 ,w y be conv9c$ t ?is is s8 ,! pro( is1 ! #e ra9b[ w cease if y conceal ! sun4 ,place ano!r cl\d1 ,i repeat1 9 front ( ! sun1 & all ! bright hues ( ! b[ are gone4 ,b :at is to be said1 y may ask1 9 explanation ( ! size ( ! b[ :i* is consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! sun8 ,i h already said t !re are c]ta9 mirrors t multiply e object !y reflect4 ,i may n[ add t e object mu* exce$s its natural size :5 se5 ?r\gh wat]4 ,lett]s1 h[ev] small & dim1 are comp>atively l>ge & di/9ct :5 se5 ?r\gh a glass globe fill$ ) wat]4 ,apples float+ 9 a glass vessel seem m beautiful ?an !y are 9 reality4 ,! />s appe> bigg] if se5 ?r\gh a cl\d1 #f because our vision is blurr$ 9 ! moi/ure1 & _c accurately grasp its object4 ,?is w become pla9 to demon/ration if y fill a cup ) wat] & ?r[ a r+ into x4 ,:ile ! r+ lies "r at ! bottom its appe>ance is visible on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,any?+1 9 fact1 t is3 se5 ?r\gh moi/ure appe>s f> l>g] ?an4 9 reality x is4 ,:at wond] t ! image ( ! sun1 be+ #g se5 9 a moi/ cl\d1 %\ld be reproduc$ on a scale l>g] ?an ! orig9al1 & t = ! two reasons indicat$8 ,! cl\d conta9s ! two elem5ts1 "o l glass1 :i* c transmit light1 & "o also ( ! "* ( wat]2 at any rate1 if x does n j yet conta9 ! actual wat]1 x is n[ =m+ x1 its nature is already su* z c easily be *ang$ into wat]4 ,,vii ,z y h m5tion$ glass1 "s "o int]poses1 ,i c draw f #a ?is same mat]ial an argum5t to confute y4 ,glass /icks are manufactur$1 ei!r flut$ or bulg+1#bi ) _m corn]s l a club4 ,if "o ( ^! /icks is plac$ obliquely 9 ! pa? ( ! sun's rays1 x s5ds back ! col\r :i* is wont to be se5 9 ! ra9b[4 ,?is proves t !re is n "h an image ( ! sun1 b an imitation ( 8 col\r f reflection4 ,n[1 9 ?is argum5t !re are _m po9ts t make = my view4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is pla9 t #b !re mu/ be "s smoo? surface l a mirror to reflect ! sun4 ,secondly1 x is pla9 t no col\r is =m$ 9 ! rod1 b only a false appe>ance ( col\r1 su* z ,i m5tion$ above1 :i* ! neck ( a pigeon1 z x is b5t hi!r & ?i!r1 alt]nately puts on & (f4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is se5 likewise 9 ! case ( a mirror1 :i* assumes no real col\r1 b only a c]ta9 imitation ( ! col\r ( a =eign body4 #bi ,ano!r read+ gives 8twi/$40 ,/ill1 ?is "o po9t requires explanation2 x is n ! sun's #c image t is beheld 9 t glass /ick1 because x is n capable ( express+ x accurately4 ,true en\gh x tries to reproduce ! image1 because ! mat]ial is smoo? & suitable = ?is purpose4 ,b x fails because its %ape is unsymmetrical4 ,if x _h be5 suitably con/ruct$1 x w\ld reflect z _m images ( ! sun z x _h faces4 ,b s9ce ! sides are n di/9ctly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & n bright en\gh to s]ve z mirrors1 ! images are only incipi5t1 n fully express$2 !y get confus$ ?r\gh be+ cr[d$ toge!r1 & are r$uc$ to ! appe>ance ( a s+le b& ( col\r4 ,,viii ,b to return--:y does ! b[ n complete ! full circle 9 its #a =m1 b appe> z only a semicircle :5 /ret*$ to ! full ext5t ( its greate/ span8 ,"s are ( op9ion t ! reason is t ! sun1 be+ mu* high] ?an ! cl\ds1 /rikes !m only on ! upp] side4 ,h5ce _! l[] p>ts are n t\*$ by 8 light4 ,receiv+ ! sun only on "o side1 ! cl\ds reproduce only "o portion ( him1 & ?is is nev] m ?an a half4 ,!re is v little =ce 9 ?is cont5tion4 ,my reason = say+ s8 ,! sun1 ev5 ?\gh he is on #b ! upp] side1 yet /rikes1 & !re=e col\rs1 ! :ole cl\d4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,8 rays are wont to be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! cl\ds & to p5etrate any d5sity 9 !m4 ,fur!r1 ! pro( !y advance is flatly 9 opposition to _! ma9 proposition4 ,= if ! sun is high] ?an ! cl\ds1 & 8 beams1 !re=e1 %$ only on _! upp] side1 ! b[ w\ld nev] come d[n z f> z ! e>?4 ,yet x does desc5d to ! v gr\nd4 ,besides1 ! b[ is nev] #c se5 except opposite to1 n bel[1 ! sun4 ,! fact is1 ! sun's highness or l[ness does n affect ! matt]3 ! side ( ! cl\d t faces him is /ruck by him ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,fur!rmore1 sometimes ev5 ! sett+ sun produces a ra9b[2 surely at t "t1 be+ ne>#cj ! e>?1 he /rikes ! cl\ds on _! l[] side4 ,& yet !n1 too1 ! b[ is only a semicircle1 ?\gh ! cl\ds receive ! sunlight on _! l[] & d>k] portions4 ,! ,/oics1 :o hold t ! light is reflect$ 9 ! cl\d z #d 9 a mirror1 make ! cl\d holl[ l ! section ( a ball4 ,su* a mirror1 be+ b "p ( a circle1 _c1 !y ?9k1 reproduce a :ole circle4 ,i give my adh]5ce to ! proposition1 b ,i _c agree to ! argum5t 9 its support4 ,=1 if ! :ole figure ( a circle plac$ opposite a concave mirror is reproduc$ 9 x1 !n !re c surely be no?+ to prev5t ! :ole ( a ball be+ se5 9 a semicircul> circul> mirror4 ,besides1 we h already %[n t #e complete r+s resembl+ a ra9b[ surr\nd ! sun & ! moon at times4 ,:y %\ld ! circle be complete 9 ! halo1 b nev] 9 ! ra9b[8 ,& !n aga91 :y %\ld ! cl\ds t receive ! sunlight be always holl[ ones1 & n sometimes flat or bulg+8 #cj ,! common read+ makes ?is adjective ref] to cl\ds--! cl\ds :i* are ne> ! e>?4 ,ari/otle says t ra9b[s are =m$1 aft] ! autumnal equ9ox1 at any h\r ( ! day1 b 9 summ] only ei!r 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day1 or :5 ! sun has begun to s9k4 ,! cause ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ab\t midday ! great heat ( ! sun #f dispels ! cl\ds3 he _c be reflect$ 9 ! cl\ds :i* he breaks up4 ,b 9 ! e>ly morn+ & z he s9ks t[>d ! we/1 8 rays h less p[]1 & c ?us be resi/$ & reflect$ by ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! second place1 ! sun is n wont to =m a b[ except :5 he faces ! cl\ds 9 :i* x is =m$4 ,:5 ! days are #g %ort5+ 9 autumn1 8 rays are always slant+4 ,!re=e1 he has "s cl\ds fac+ him t he c /rike1 at any "p ( ! day1 ev5 at ! h\r at :i* he atta9s 8 m]idian height4 ,b 9 ! summ] season he sails "r ov]head4 ,!re=e1 9 ! great altitude ( 8 midday c\rse1 he looks d[n on ! e>? too directly to enc\nt] any cl\ds4 ,he has !m at t p]iod all b5ea? him4 ,,ix ,i mu/ n[ g on to speak ( ,/reaks 7wat]galls1 sun-dogs71 :i* #a are z bright & v>i$ z ! ra9b[1 & commonly receiv$ by u z equally indicative ( ra94 ,no great lab\r ne$ be sp5t 9 expla9+ !m1 = !y are j incomplete ra9b[s4 ,!y h ! v>iegat$ #b appe>ance ( ! b[1 b none ( its curve4 ,!y lie 9 a /raight l9e4 ,!y are =m$ ne> ! sun1 z a rule1 9 a moi/ cl\d t has begun to break up4 ,?us1 !y h ! same col\r z is f\nd 9 ! ra9b[1 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! %ape1 due to ! correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! cl\ds ov] :i* !y /ret*4 ,x ,!re is a simil> v>iety ( col\rs 9 ,halos4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a3 ,halos are =m$ at any po9t 9 ! sky1 :]ev] !re is a heav5ly body2 ra9b[s are n f\nd except opposite ! sun2 /reaks1 only 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun4 ,i may express _! diff]5ce 9 ano!r way3 ,bisect a halo & y h a ra9b[2 make x a /raight l9e & y h a /reak4 ,9 all ?ree !re is ! same multiplicity ( col\rs1 ! scale runn+ f d>k blue to orange4 ,/reaks1 !n1 are f\nd only close to ! sun4 ,ra9b[s are all ei!r sol> or lun>4 ,halos are se5 ) all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,,xi ,ano!r k9d ( /reak is visible :5 ?9 rays ( bright light #a equidi/ant f "o ano!r are %ot out ?r\gh n>r[ ap]tures 9 ! cl\ds4 ,^!1 too1 are a progno/ication ( ra94 ,h[ am ,i to express myself "h8 ,:at %all ,i call !m8 ,images ( ! sun8 ,! *ronicl]s call !m m]ely suns1 & h put on record t !y h be5 se5 9 twos & ?rees4 ,! ,greeks call !m ,mock #b ,suns 7p>elia beside ! sun71 because !y are g5]ally se5 9 proximity to ! sun1 & some:at resemble ! sun4 ,!y d n give a complete reproduction ( ! sun1 b exhibit only 8 size & %ape4 ,!y are dull1 h[ev]1 & languid )\t any ( 8 heat4 ,:at "n are we to apply to !m8 ,%all ,i d z ,virgil did---hesitat+ ab\t ! "n1 employ ! v "n :i* causes ! hesitation8 ,& by :at "n#ca %all ,i call y1 ,rhaetian w9e8 ,b yet y mu/ n seek to compete ) ! ,fal]nian b9s4 #ca ,he has alt]$ ,virgil's ^w 8c>m9e0 to 8nom9e0 to suit 8 mean+1 or1 z ! editors say1 lapsu memoriae4 ,!re is no objection to my call+ ^!1 mock suns4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 images ( ! sun =m$ 9 a ?ick cl\d close to him aft] #c ! fa%ion ( a mirror4 ,"s writ]s def9e a mock sun z a cl\d1 r\nd1 bright1 & resembl+ ! sun4 ,! mock sun foll[s ! sun1 & is nev] left f>!r beh9d him 9 8 orbit ?an x 0 at its fir/ appe>ance4 ,none ( u1 ,i suppose1 is surpris$ at see+ a reflection ( ! sun 9 "s f\nta9 or quiet lake4 ,well1 8 disc may be reflect$ 9 ! heav5s j z readily z on e>?1 if only ! mat]ial is suitable to produce ! reflection4 ,,xii ,:5ev] we wi% to obs]ve an eclipse ( ! sun1 we place on ! #a gr\nd bas9s fill$ ) oil or pit*4 ,! ?ick liquid is n easily di/urb$1 & !re=e reta9s ! images x receives4 ,images1 ,i may obs]ve1 _c be se5 except 9 a liquid at re/4 ,!n we are 9 ! habit ( not+ h[ ! moon ob/ructs ! sun1 & by ! int]position ( h] body hides 81 :i* is s mu* l>g]1 sometimes p>tially1 if x s fall out t %e only enc\nt] a portion ( 8 orb1 sometimes completely4 ,! latt] is call$ a total eclipse3 x q %uts out ! light & %[s u ! />s2 x occurs :5 ! #b c5tre ( ! two bodies lies 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,n[1 j z ! image ( bo? sun & moon c be se5 on e>?1 s x is 9 ! case ( mock suns 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! /ill air is s compact & yet cle> t x c receive ! sun's lik5ess4 ,o!r cl\ds receive x1 b let x g if !y are ei!r 9 motion1 or ?91 or black4 ,! mov+ cl\ds disp]se x1 ! r>e let x slip1 ! black & impure d n take ! impress ( x1 j z on e>? soil$ objects d n reflect an image4 ,,xiii ,mock suns are wont to be =m$ 9 pairs & on ! same pr9ciple4 #a ,!re is no?+1 9 fact1 to prev5t ! =mation ( z _m z !re are cl\ds suitable = exhibit+ an image ( ! sun4 ,"s writ]s are incl9$ to hold t :5 two su* phantoms are visible1 "o arises directly f ! sun1 ! o!r f 8 image4 ,=1 to use an illu/ration f common exp]i5ce1 :5 sev]al mirrors are s arrang$ t "o is 9 sight ( ! o!r1 all reflect ! same image2 b only "o is directly f ! orig9al1 ! re/ are reflections ( images4 ,! nature ( ! object pres5t$ to ! mirror makes #b no diff]5ce 9 ! effect4 ,:atev] x sees x reproduces4 ,s1 up on high !re1 if "s *ance has s dispos$ ! cl\ds t !y face "o ano!r1 "o ( !m reflects ! image ( ! sun1 ! o!r ! image ( 8 image4 ,! cl\ds t produce ?is effect mu/ be d5se1 smoo?1 bright & flat1 analog\s 9 "* to ! sun4 ,all phantoms ( ?is k9d are :ite & resemble s _m discs ( ! moon1 = ! reason t ! sun's light t !y receive & reflect back is always oblique4 ,if ! cl\d1 on ! contr>y1 is b5ea? ! #c sun & too ne> him1 8 rays dispel x3 or aga91 if situat$ too f> away1 x does n reflect !m nor produce any image4 ,9 ord9>y exp]i5ce 9 ! same way mirrors )drawn to a di/ance f u d n reproduce our features because our sight _c c>ry back to u f !m4 ,^! suns1 too--to employ ! "n giv5 by ! *ronicl]s1--are an indication ( ra91 especially if !y h _! position 9 a s\!rn qu>t]1 f :i* ! mo/ heavily-*>g$ cl\ds *iefly come up4 ,:5 su* an image surr\nds ! sun on bo? sides1 !n1 if we are to believe ,aratus1 a /orm is brew+4 ,,xiv ,x is n[ high "t t ,i ran ov] ! o!r v>ieties ( cele/ial #a fires1 ^: =ms are div]se "o f ! o!r4 ,sometimes !re is a %oot+ />1 sometimes !re are gl[+ lights1 :i* are occasionally /ation>y1 /ick+ to "o spot1 & at times able to ru% ?r\gh ! air4 ,sev]al species ( ^! may be obs]v$4 ,!re are1 = example1 ,bo?ynae 7cave-l meteors7 :5 )9 an out] circle !re is a blaz+ gulf 9 ! sky l a circul> grotto excavat$ 9 x4 ,!n !re are ,pi?itae 7b>rel-%ap$ meteors7 :5 a va/ circul> mass ( fire l a cask ei!r ru%es ?r\gh ! sky1 or blazes away 9 "o spot4 ,!re are ,*asmata 7*asms71 too1 :5 #b !re is a subsid5ce ( "s portion ( ! heav5s1 :i* s5ds out hiss+ flame1 z x 71 f its hidd5 recesses4 ,!re are also a great numb] ( col\rs 9 all ^!4 ,"s are ( brighte/ r$1 "s ( light insub/antial flame1 "s ( :ite light1 "s glitt]+1 "s ) a uni=m gl[ ( orange )\t sp>ks or rays4 ,we see1 !re=e1 ,! />s' long tracks t gleam :ite beh9d4 ,^! />s1 = s !y appe> to be1 d>t =? & flit across #c ! sky1 & by reason ( _! extraord9>y rapidity seem to leave a long trail ( fire4 ,our sight _c foll[ _! c\rse1 & :]ev] _! c>e] leads we imag9e ! heav5 is all on fire4 ,su* is ! swiftness ( _! flight t its sep>ate portions are n di/+ui%$ & x c be grasp$ only z a :ole4 ,we are aw>e r ( ! qu>t] 9 :i* ! /> appe>s ?an ( its r\te4 ,x1 !re=e1 seems to m>k its entire c\rse ) a l9e ( cont9u\s #d fire1 because ! sl[ness ( our vision fails to keep pace ) ! /ages ( its c>e] & sees at ! same mom5t ! />t & ! f9i%2 z happ5s 9 a fla% ( lightn+1 ! fire seems a long tra9 because ! meteor trav]ses its pa? rapidly & ! space ?r\gh :i* x falls pres5ts itself to our eyes z a :ole4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! fire does n ext5d itself all ?r\gh ! space cross$ by ! meteor4 ,nor h su* long ?9 bodies /r5g? en\gh = ! #e ef=t4 ,h[1 !n1 x may be ask$1 d !y issue =?8 ,! answ] is1 ! fire is k9dl$ by ! friction ( ! atmosph]e & is urg$ headlong by ! w9d4 ,/ill1 x does n always arise f w9d or friction4 ,sometimes its orig9 is due to c]ta9 peculi> conditions 9 ! atmosph]e2 = on high !re are _m elem5ts1 dry & hot & e>?y1 among :i* fire is g5]at$4 ,x !n /reams d[n 9 pursuit ( fuel to su/a9 x1 & !re=e is hurri$ rapidly along4 ,! reason = ! diff]5ces ( col\r x pres5ts lies 9 ! #f nature ( ! mat]ial set on fire & 9 ! degree ( viol5ce ( ! conflagration4 ,a fall+ body ( ?is k9d betok5s w9d1 :i* may be look$ = 9 ! qu>t] 9 :i* ! meteor has bur/ out4 ,,xv ,h[1 "s "o fur!r inquires1 are ^? bright gleams ( light #a :i* ! ,greeks call ,sela 7lum9osities7 produc$8 ,9 _m ways1 p say4 ,!y may arise f ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds1 or f ! f]v5t heat ( ! upp] heav5s4 ,fire is a v widely diffus$ elem5t !re1 & sometimes cat*es ! l[] regions if !y are combu/ible4 ,! m]e motion ( ! />s 9 _! c\rses may k9dle fire1 & convey x to all t lies b5ea? !m4 ,nay1 is x n q possible t ! atmosph]e %\ld drive up ev5 to ! e!r ! g]ms ( fire1 f :i* may arise a gl[ or burn+ or d>t+ resembl+ a />8 ,"s ( ^! gleams ru% headlong l %oot+ #b />s1 "s rema9 fix$ 9 _! place1 emitt+ light suffici5t to dispel d>kness & re9/ate daylight1 until _! fuel is us$ up1 & !y gradually gr[ dimm]1 & by & by1 j l a flame :i* is dy+ out1 are by gradual subsid5ce r$uc$ to no?+ness4 ,"s ( ^! appe> 9 ! cl\ds1 "s above !m3 9 su* cases ! ?ick #c air ne>] ! e>? fe$s !m = a long "t1 b ev5tually =ces !m "r up to ! />s4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! la/ no consid]able "t3 !y /raightway d>t across ! sky1 or are ext+ui%$ j at _! po9t ( orig94 ,^! are call$ gleams because _! appe>ance is fitful & %ort-liv$1 ?\gh _! fall is n always unatt5d$ by injury3 !y h (t5 caus$ z mu* damage z lightn+4 ,"o has se5 h\ses /ruck by !m1 :at ! ,greeks call a/rapoplecta#cb 7 />-/ruck74 ,^? t h a long] c>e] & a /rong] fire #d :i* foll[s ! motion ( ! heav5s1 or ^? t pursue an orbit ( _! own1 are reg>d$ by ! ,/oic philosoph]s z ,comets3 ( :i* m anon4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( ^! are pogoniae 7be>d$71 lampades 7tor*es71 & cyp>issiae 7l cypress trees71 & all ! re/ ( !m3 !y h a ?9 tail ( fire4 ,x is d\btful :e!r beams 7trabes7 & ! r>e b>rel-meteors 7pi?itae7 %\ld be plac$ 9 ?is category or n4 ,su* meteors require a great mass ( #e fire1 s9ce _! imm5se orb sometimes surpasses 9 size t ( ! morn+ sun4 #cb ,! t]m might also mean /ruck by lightn+4 ,a common] read+ gives ! mean+3 :i*1 :5 graz$ by ?is means1 ! ,greeks call$ plecta 7 /ruck74 ,among ^! %\ld c]ta9ly be plac$ a ph5om5on ( :i* we (t5 read 9 ! *ronicles--! heav5s appe>$ to be on fire4 ,! blaze ( x is occasionally s high z to m\nt to ! v />s2 occasionally x is s l[ z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a di/ant fire4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius ,caes> ! fire brigade hurri$ (f #f to ! relief ( ! colony at ,o/ia1 suppos+ x to be 9 flames2 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! night !re _h be5 a dull gl[ 9 ! sky1 :i* appe>$ to proce$ f a ?ick smoky fire4 ,no "o has any d\bt t ^! burn+s 9 ! heav5s conta9 flame z really z !y display x3 !y h a c]ta9 sub/ance 9 !m4 ,z to ^? =m]ly discuss$1 ,i mean ra9b[s & halos1 x is a #g "q :e!r !y deceive ! sight & consi/ ( an illusion2 or really conta9 :at appe>s 9 !m4 ,i & ^? :o ?9k ) me _c conv9ce ourselves t ! ra9b[ & halo h a basis ( any def9ite mat]ial 9 !m4 ,= we judge t 9 a mirror !re is no?+ b a deception3 ! mirror only pret5ds to %[ a =eign body4 ,:at is reveal$ does n exi/ 9 ! mirror4 ,o!rwise #h x w\ld n come out ( x1 nor w\ld x be =?) obscur$ by ano!r image3 nor w\ld innum]able =ms n[ fade f x1 n[ be receiv$ by x4 ,:at foll[s1 !n8 ,t ^! are m]e phantoms & ! insub/antial imitation ( real bodies4 ,inde$1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 p h s arrang$ mirrors t ! objects h be5 di/ort$ & degrad$ 9 ! reflection4 ,=1 z ,i h already said1 !re are "s mirrors t twi/ ! faces ( ^? :o look into !m1 "s t enorm\sly increase !m until !y exce$ all size & proportions ( ^! bodies ( ours4 ,,xvi ,at ?is po9t ,i wi% to tell y a little /ory to %[ y h[ #a unscrupul\s lu/ is 9 seiz+ e in/rum5t t w r\se passion3 s res\rceful is x 9 goad+ to madness its own morbid fury4 ,!re 0 "o ,ho/ius ,quadra ^: obsc5ity =m$ a model = ev]y?+ t 0 lewd on ! /age4 ,he 0 ri* & av>ici\s1 a v slave to 8 millions4 ,he 0 ev5tually murd]$ by 8 own slaves1 b ! late ,emp]or ,augu/us consid]$ 8 murd] undes]v+ ( puni%m5t1 & z good z decl>$ t he _h be5 ju/ly sla94 ,?is man's lu/ knew no di/9ction ( sex4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he #b _h mirrors con/ruct$ ( ! k9d j m5tion$1 t reflect$ images ( abnormal size1 caus+1 = example1 a f+] to exce$ ! size ( an arm 9 l5g? & ?ickness4 ,he s arrang$ 8 mirrors t he c\ld see all 8 accomplices' movem5ts1 & c\ld gloat ov] ! imag9$ proportions ( 8 own body4 ,he rais$ a levy ( scamps #c l himself 9 all ! public ba?s1 :]e he *ose m5 ( ! regulation height2 ?is b :ett$ 8 appetite to h 8 sc5es ( riot reproduc$ 9 false unnatural proportions4 ,g to1 y t say ! mirror 0 inv5t$ = purposes ( adornm5t6 ,i c\ld n soil my p5 by record+ ! f\l words & de$s ( t mon/]3 he des]v$ to be torn by 8 own jaws4 ,to aggravate 8 guilt1 mirrors fac$ him on e side t he might be a witness ( 8 own infamy4 ,de$s ( d>kness1 :i* lie heavy on ! consci5ce1 ! #d imputation ( :i* ord9>y m5 w indignantly spurn1 weigh$ s lightly ) him t he ?ru/ !m be=e 8 face1 & into 8 v eyes4 ,crimes1 9 fai?1 usually dread ! sight ( !mselves4 ,ev5 9 ^? lo/ to %ame1 & expos$ to e insult1 ! eye is /ill delicately susceptible4 ,b t bea/ ?\ght 8 unp>allel$ wick$ness b a trifle2 he summon$ 8 eyes to witness x4 ,aye1 n cont5t ) see+ 8 s91 he surr\nd$ himself ) mirrors to multiply & gr\p 8 sc5es ( vice4 ,ev5 :5 he c\ld n see #e directly1 he employ$ ! reflect+ p[] ( ! mirrors to reveal sc5es ( revolt+ & abom9able iniquity4 ,! fil?y blackgu>d left no?+ t c\ld be call$ a de$ ( d>kness4 ,he _h no #f dread ( ! daylight1 b complac5tly applaud$ himself 9 all 8 be/ial vice4 ,n[1 don't y ?9k he w\ld h lik$ to h 8 portrait pa9t$ 9 t attitude8 ,! m9i/]s ( public vice draw ! veil ( mode/y ov] !m 9 "p3 9 fact1 a h\se ( ill-fame is 9 "s degree %ame-fac$ ,b t brute _h made an exhibition ( #g 8 obsc5ity1 & pres5t$ to 8 own sight :at ! d>ke/ night is n deep en\gh to hide4 ,i w be out & out bad1 0 ! mon/]'s resolve2 my eyes mu/ %>e my lu/1 !y mu/ witness & sup]9t5d6 ,by my art ,i w defeat nature's %yness3 nobody mu/ imag9e t ,i #h d n "k :at ,i am ab\t6 ,nature is nigg>dly to man1 %e is m g5]\s to ! cattle4 ,i w f9d means to ?w>t h]1 & to indulge my little weakness4 ,my lu/ %all g "o bett] ?an nature4 ,i w con/ruct a mirror$ *amb] t w reflect %apes ( enorm\s size4 ,i only wi% ,i c\ld make ! size real2 b ,i mu/ be cont5t ) #i ! belief ( x4 ,my vice mu/ see m ?an x c compass1 & mu/ re/ cont5t ) wond] at its own re/ra9t4 ,away ) su* a fell[6 ,p]*ance he met a spe$y dea? ev5 be=e he c\ld gloat ov] ! sight4 ,he ri*ly des]v$ to be (f]$ up z a victim be=e 8 own mirror-idol4 ,,xvii ,g n[ & laugh at ! philosoph]s = discuss+ ! nature ( #a ! mirror & inquir+ :y our face is reflect$ 9 x1 & is turn$ t[>d u too4 ,:at did nature mean by giv+ u real bodies & !n orda9+ t phantoms ( !m also %\ld be visible8 ,:at 0 h] purpose 9 provid+ mat]ial ( ! sort capable ( receiv+ & return+ images8 ,n1 ,i tr[1 t we m5 might use a #b look+-glass to pluck out ! /raggl+ hairs ( our be>d & poli% up our face4 ,nature has nev] at any po9t m]ely provid$ res\rces = luxury4 ,fir/ ( all1 h] motive 0 to %[ u ! sun ) 8 gl>e dull$1 s9ce our eyes are too weak to gaze at him direct1 & )\t some?+ to reflect him we %\ld be :olly ignorant ( 8 %ape4 ,no d\bt "o may /udy him z he rises & z he sets4 ,b we #c %\ld "k no?+ ( 8 true figure z he %9es 9 fi]ce noonday brightness1 )\t 8 s(t5+ ruddy gl[1 unless an image ( him c\ld be mirror$ 9 "s liquid :]e he %9es less directly & is m easy to obs]ve4 ,9 ! second place1 we %\ld be unable to see or inve/igate ! conjunction ( two heav5ly bodies1 by :i* ! daylight is wont to be int]rupt$1 unless we c\ld exam9e ! reflections ( sun & moon 9 bas9s on ! gr\nd ) comp>ative fre$om4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 mirrors 7 discov]$ 9 ord] t #d man might come to "k himself4 ,_m b5efits h ensu$2 fir/1 ! k ( self1 aft] t1 devices to secure specific results4 ,! comely man 0 taught to %un conduct t w\ld degrade him4 ,! uncomely le>n$ t bodily defects mu/ be comp5sat$ by virtue ( "*4 ,! "y man 0 rem9d$ by 8 vig\r t y\? 0 ! "t = le>n+ & = p]=m+ d>+ de$s ( *ivalry4 ,! grey-be>d 0 w>n$ to h respect = 8 ho>y hair & turn 8 ?\ghts sometimes to dea?4 ,x 0 = ?is t ev5 objects 9 nature h af=d$ u ! #e opportunity ( see+ ourselves4#cc ,a cle> f\nta9 or a smoo? /one gives ea* back 8 image4 ,9 ! poet's words3 ,lately ,i saw myself on ! %ore1 ,:5 ! sea /ood calm )\t a brea? ( w9d4 #cc ,! mean+ may be1 ,9 addition1 i4e4 to artificial mirrors1 objects 9 nature1 etc4 ,:at1 ?9k y1 0 ! /yle ( life ( ! p :o dress$ at a mirror ( ?is k9d8 ,! age 0 unsophi/icat$1 satisfi$ ) :at supplies *ance pres5t$4 ,x did n z yet degrade a boon into a vice1 or turn nature's inv5tion to purposes ( lu/ & luxury4 ,at fir/1 *ance reveal$ to ea* 8 =m4 ,9 due "t ! inh]5t #f self-love ( mank9d ende>$ ! sight ( _! own figure1 & !y came to look m frequ5tly into ! mirror held up by nature 9 :i* !y _h fir/ beheld _! image4 ,lat] on1 :5 a worse race ( m5 ransack$ ! v b[els ( ! e>? = treasure bett] hid m deeply1 iron fir/ came into use2 its production might h caus$ no damage _h ! _w produc$ only t "o metal4 ,b !n 9 good #g e>ne/ 7 br\ght to light ! o!r preci\s banes ( e>?4 ,_! smoo? surface pres5t$ ! image ( _! possessors1 :o _h 9 view "s q diff]5t purpose4 ,"o saw 8 reflection 9 a cup1 ano!r 9 a brass vessel procur$ = "s ord9>y use4 ,pres5tly a r\nd mirror 0 con/ruct$ specially to r5d] ?is s]vice3 x 0 n z yet ( poli%$ silv]1 b ( a common brittle w>e4 #cc ,! m5 ( anci5t days liv$ a homely life2 !y ?\ght !mselves sm>t en\gh if !y wa%$ (f 9 ! /ream ( ! riv] ! dirt contract$ 9 _! "w4 ,b ev5 !n !y be/[$ pa9s on dress+ _! hair & comb+ out _! fl[+ be>ds4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! toilet ea* att5d$ to himself & at ! same "t help$ 8 neighb\r4 ,! #h ?ick /ream+ hair ( ! m51 :i* x 0 ( old ! fa%ion to we>1 01 ( c\rse1 comb$ out by ! wives4 ,b sometimes !y ?\ght !mselves h&some en\gh )\t any su* arti/ic h&1 & !y j %ook x out = !mselves z spirit$ animals d _! mane4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 luxury _h n[ ga9$ sway1 emboss$ mirrors ( gold & silv] ( full-l5g? size 7 made1 & at la/ !y 7 actually adorn$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,"o ( ^! has ere n[ co/ a woman m ?an ! am\nt ( a d[ry giv5 9 ! old days at ! public exp5se to ! p5niless daught]s ( fam\s g5]als4 ,d y suppose ,scipio's daught]s b\ght mirrors *as$ ) gold #i f ! iron money t _! d[ry 0 paid 98 ,happy ! pov]ty t gave occasion to e>n su* a title to glory6 ,! ,s5ate w\ld n h d[]$ !m if !y _h be5 able to af=d mirrors4 ,:oev] ! man 0 to :om ! ,s5ate act$ ! "p ( fa!r-9-law1 he knew t he _h got a wife t 0 above suspicion4 ,n[adays ! :ole ( ! d[ry t ! ,roman p gave ,scipio w\ld n be en\gh to buy a s+le look+-glass = "s ( ! loose1 silly daught]s ( our fre$m56 ,luxury has be5 gradually develop$ m]ely by ! #aj possession ( weal?1 & has n[ gone to oppressive l5g?s2 !re) vices h receiv$ an imm5se accession ( /r5g?4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y?+ has got s mix$ up ?r\gh our p]v]t$ ref9em5ts t all t us$ to be reg>d$ z ! decoration ( wom5 has become "p & p>cel ( ! outfit ( man2 ,i am und]/at+1 x is n[ an ess5tial portion ( a soldi]'s kit4 ,! mirror 0 introduc$ = ! sake ( ! toilet2 n[adays !re is no vice to :i* x is n an indisp5sable adjunct4 ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,air4 ,,?und] ,,& ,,lightn+ ,i ,e inquiry into ! nature & con/itution ( ! univ]se falls #a into ?ree divisions--a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & geography4 ,! fir/ inve/igates ! nature ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! size & %ape ( ! fires t r+-9 ! _w4 ,x inquires :e!r ! heav5s are solid1 compos$ ( /rong rigid mat]ial1 or wov5 ( a f9e ?9 /uff2 :e!r !y receive or imp>t motion2 :e!r ! heav5ly bodies are b5ea? !m or fix$ 9 _! texture2 9 :at mann] ! sun ma9ta9s ! succession ( ! seasons2 :e!r he returns ^u 8 track or n1 & all ! o!r que/ions ( a simil> "*4 ,! second division deals ) :at lies betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 to #b wit1 cl\ds1 ra91 sn[1 & ,?und] t frights ! he>t ( man3 9 %ort1 all t ! atmosph]e does or suff]s4 ,?is subject is call$ meteorology 7sublimia rais$ on high71 because x deals ) ph5om5a exalt$ above ! l[ e>?4 ,! ?ird "p inquires ab\t wat]s1 l&s1 trees1 crops1 or to use a legal phrase1 ev]y?+ t is conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,h[ comes x1 y ask me1 t y h put ! "q ( #c e>?quakes 9 ! division "u :i* y are go+ to treat ( ?und] & lightn+8 ,= t is my plan4 ,well1 ! e>?quake is due to air1 & air is ! atmosph]e 9 viol5t motion4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! air may ent] ! e>? 9 ord] to produce e>?quakes1 ! treatm5t ( e>?quakes does n fall "u geography1 b m prop]ly belongs to meteorology1 :i* deals ) ! sph]e to :i* nature has assign$ ! atmosph]e4 ,i c tell y some?+ t w s\nd /rang] /ill3 ,i mu/ speak ( ! e>? :5 deal+ ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:y8 y ask4 ,= ?is reason3 we discuss 9 #d _! own prop] place1 z "p ( geography1 ! prop]ties ( ! e>?1 = example1 :e!r x is broad1 project+ unequally 9 a huge bulge to "o side1 or :e!r x all assumes ! %ape ( a ball1 ga!r+ up its p>ts into a globe2 :e!r x b9ds its wat]s or is itself b\nd by !m2 :e!r x is an animal or a lifeless mass )\t feel+1 full ( air no d\bt1 b n its own brea?4 ,^!1 & all o!r que/ions ( ! k9d1 z (t5 z !y crop up1 w #e be relegat$ to geography1 & be plac$ 9 ! l[e/ category4 ,b :5 ! "q comes to be ! situation ( ! e>?1 ! "p ( ! univ]se 9 :i* x has settl$1 its position ) respect to ! heav5s & heav5ly bodies1 !n ! inquiry w take its place 9 ! high] category1#cd & obta9 high] rank s to speak4 #cd ,viz4 t ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* con/itute ! subject matt] ( a/ronomy4 ,,ii ,hav+ describ$ ! ?ree divisions into :i* all ! mat]ial ( #a nature falls1 ,i mu/ add a few g5]al rem>ks on ! subject4 ,& ?is mu/ be premis$1 t ! atmosph]e belongs to ! class ( bodies t possess unity4 ,:at exactly ?is means1 & :y x mu/ be laid d[n z an axiom1 w appe> if ,i g back a little1 & ent]+ m fully into ! subject1 tell y t c]ta9 bodies are cont9u\s1 & c]ta9 =m$1 by a union ( diff]5t elem5ts4#ce ,cont9uity may be def9$ z unbrok5 union ( p>ts "o ) ano!r4 ,unity #b is cont9uity )\t a break2 x is ! contact ( two bodies jo9$ to "o ano!r4 ,!re c be no %ad[ ( d\bt t ( ! bodies ar\nd u :i* we see & h&le1 & :i* are ei!r p]ceiv$ or p]ceive1 c]ta9 are composite4 ,!y are s ei!r ?r\gh nexus or #c ?r\gh m]e accumulation2 take z illu/rations a rope1 corn1 a %ip4 ,aga91 !re are bodies t are n composite1 z a tree1 a /one4 ,y mu/1 !re=e1 grant t likewise among ! objects t elude s5se1 & are grasp$ only by ?\ght1 "s are possess$ ( unity#cf :ile "s arise f junction ( p>ts4 ,see h[ c>eful ,i am ( y\r susceptibilities4 ,if ,i _h *os5 to employ ! j>gon ( philosophy1 #d ,i might h got out ( ! difficulty by m]ely say+ 8unit$ bodies40 ,y mu/1 9 turn1 be duly grateful = ?is concession to y\r weakness6 ,:at am ,i driv+ at8 ,?is3 if at any "t ,i speak ( 8unity0 9 ?is connection1 be> 9 m9d t x is n us$ ( numb]1 b has ref]5ce to ! composition ( a body t coh]es ?r\gh no ext]nal aid1 b by its own unity4 ,to ?is category ! atmosph]e belongs4 #ce ,?is difficult passage1 accord+ to ,g]cke's text1 runs3 ,y w und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is1 & ! necessity = my axiomatic position if ,i take up ! argum5t a little f>!r back1 & say t !re is "o k9d ( body possess+ unity1 ano!r t is cont9u\s1 & ano!r t is =m$ by junction4 ,= junction is ! contact ( two bodies jo9$ "o to ano!r1 cont9uity is ! un9t]rupt$ jo9+ ( p>ts "o to ano!r1 unity is cont9uity )\t junction 7i4e4 )\t a break74 #cf ,t is1 are n composite4 ,,iii ,! univ]se embraces all ! objects t fall1 or t c fall1 #a "u our cognisance4 ,( ^! "s are its p>ts1 ! rema9+ ones mu/ =m its mat]ial4 ,nature1 j l e manual art ev]y:]e1 requires mat]ial4 ,let me make ?is a little pla9]4 ,9 ourselves #b ! p>ts are h&1 bones1 s9ews1 eyes2 ! mat]ial is ! sap ( ! dige/$ food1 :i* w be di/ribut$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! p>ts4 ,aga91 blood is 9 a c]ta9 s5se a "p ( u1 b /ill x is mat]ial z well4 ,= x goes to =m o!r p>ts1 &1 none ! less1 x is among ! p>ts t g to make up ! :ole body4 ,,iv ,s ! atmosph]e is a "p1 a mo/ necess>y "o1 ( ! _w4 #a ,?is x is t jo9s heav5 & e>?1 sep>at+ highe/ & l[e/ 9 su* a way z yet to unite !m4 ,x sep>ates by com+ 9 betwe51 x unites by r5d]+ possible communication betwe5 ! two4 ,x transmits to ! high] regions :at x receives f ! e>?2 & aga91 x transfuses t]re/rial objects ) ! influ5ces ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,i call x a "p ( ! _w 9 ! same s5se z animals & trees are p>ts4 ,! :ole class ( animals & trees =ms #b "p ( ! univ]se1 s9ce x has to be tak5 9 to make up ! :ole1 & )\t x ! univ]se is n complete4 ,a s+le animal or tree is a quasi-"p3 ?\gh x is lo/1 t f :i* x is lo/ is /ill entire4 ,n[ ! atmosph]e1 z ,i h be5 say+1 adh]es bo? to sky & e>?4 ,9 bo? x is inborn4 ,:atev] is an inborn "p ( any?+ else possesses unity1 = )\t unity no?+ c be born4 ,v ,! e>? is at once "p & mat]ial ( ! _w4 ,y are n1 ,i #a ?9k1 m likely to ask :y x is a "p ?an :y ! sky is a "p4 ,! "o is j z ess5tial z ! o!r to ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole1 :i* !y g to make up1 & f :i* f ! "o no less ?an f ! o!r#cg su/5ance is provid$ = all animals & crops & />s4 ,f ! e>? all ! /r5g? ( e man1 all #b ! en]gy ( ! _w ) its ceaseless dem&s1 are suppli$4 ,h5ce proce$s ! =ce t1 by day & by night1 su/a9s 9 _! lab\rs s _m />s1 s active & s eag]1 & t provides _! food4 ,! univ]sal nature d]ives f ?is s\rce :at suffices = its n\ri%m5t4 ,! _w has appropriat$ all t x requires ?r\gh\t et]nity4 ,to adopt a t9y illu/ration ( a great subject3 eggs enclose )9 !m z mu* moi/ure z !y require = ! completion ( ! creature t is to be hat*$4 #cg ,! words 9 brackets are 9 all probability spuri\s1 ! addition ( "s comm5tator4 ,! :ole passage is v unc]ta94 ,,vi ,! atmosph]e is 9 unbrok5 contact ) ! e>?1 9 su* close #a juxtaposition t x mu/ always occupy ! space t %e has j quitt$4 ,x is a "p1 z ,i h said1 ( ! univ]se4 ,at ! same "t x receives all t ! e>? s5ds =? = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! heav5ly bodies2 s t1 ( c\rse1 x %\ld be und]/ood 9 ?is connection z mat]ial r ?an "p4 ,x is ^! e>?y elem5ts t cause its fickl5ess & con/ant turmoil4 ,"s au?orities believe ! atmosph]e to be compos$ ( sep>ate bodies z du/ is1 b !y are sadly 9 error4 ,= !re c nev] be int]nal ef=t 9 a body held toge!r 9 any o!r way ?an by unity1#ch #b s9ce ! elem5ts mu/ be 9 agreem5t 9 ord] to contribute _! unit$ /r5g? t[>d ! t5sion4 ,n[1 ! atmosph]e1 if assum$ to be cut up into atoms1 mu/ be disp]s$4 ,scatt]$ elem5ts _c hold toge!r z "o body4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! t5sion ( ! atmosph]e is prov$ by inflat$ objects t w n yield to a bl[4 ,x is prov$1 too1 by weights c>ri$ up to a great height m]ely by ! support ( ! w9d4 ,x is prov$ by ! s\nd ( voices s9k+ or swell+1 accord+ to ! /irr+ 7 vibration7 ( ! air4 ,= :at is voice save t5sion ( ! air m\ld$ by a #c /roke ( ! tongue s z to become audible8 ,:at is all runn+ & motion8 ,are !y n ! effects ( t5se air8 ,?is x is t imp>ts /r5g? to ! s9ews1 & end[s ! runn] ) 8 spe$4 ,:51 be+ viol5tly /irr$1 x has twi/$ itself into an eddy1 x uproots trees & woods1 c>ries al(t & %att]s :ole build+s4 ,:5 ! sea lies all peaceful1 ! air raises x 9 waves4 ,or1 to desc5d to #d less viol5t manife/ations1 :at song c be sung )\t t5sion ( brea?8 ,or1 take horns & trumpets1 or ^? organs t by means ( hydraulic pressure c produce a great] volume ( s\nd ?an ! m\? is capable ( do+3 is x n ?r\gh atmosph]ic t5sion t !y display _! functions8 ,or1 let u note :at an enorm\s =ce is #e ex]t$ 9 secret by q t9y se$s1 ^: smallness has all[$ !m to f9d a lodgm5t 9 ! clefts ( /ones4 ,_! sl5d] dim9utive roots ga!r /r5g? en\gh to dislodge huge b\ld]s1 split /atues1 & cleave crags & rocks4 ,& to :at is ?is due b air t5sion1 #f )\t :i* !re is no /r5g?1 ov] :i* no /r5g? c prevail8 ,! unity ( ! atmosph]e may1 9 fact1 be inf]r$ f ! m]e coh]5ce ( our bodies4 ,:at else is x t holds !m toge!r save air8 ,:at else is x by :i* ! s\l is /irr$ 7lit]ally1 mov$78#ci ,:at con/itutes t motion if x be n t5sion8 ,:at #g t5sion c !re be except f unity8 ,:at unity c\ld !re be unless x 7 9 ! air8 ,:at else1 too1 br+s =? f ! e>? its fruits & sl5d] gra91 & sets erect ! v]dant trees1 & /ret*es out _! bran*es1 or sets !m on high1 b ! t5sion & unity ( air8 #ch ,or1 except 9 a body ( uni=m texture4 #ci ,nis>d translates1 ,:at imp>ts movem5t1 9 man1 to ! vital pr9ciple8 ,,vii ,"s writ]s believe t ! air is r5t & sep>at$ into small #a p>ts ) void spaces1 z !y suppose1 betwe54 ,!y consid] ! easy flight ( birds ?r\gh x a pro( t x has n a compact body1 b has l>ge empty spaces3 f[ls1 great & small1 pass ?r\gh x )\t difficulty4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,= wat] also af=ds ! same easy motion1 & !re is no d\bt ( its unity4 ,:5 x #b receives bodies1 x always retreats 9 ! direction opposite to !m4 ,?is ! ,/oics call displacem5t1 9 ,greek x is p]i/asis1#dj :i* takes place 9 air j z x does 9 wat]4 ,= x lit]ally /&s r\nd e body by :i* x is press$4 ,!re is no ne$ to assume an admixture ( vacuum ) ! elem5t4 ,b m ( ?is ano!r "t4 #dj a /&+ ar\nd4 ,! ,lat9 equival5t 9 ! text is circum/antia1 r5d]$ 8displacem5t40 ,,viii ,f :at has be5 said x mu/ be inf]r$ t 9 nature !re #a exi/s a pr9ciple ( activity ( enorm\s =ce4 ,= !re is no?+ t does n become m active ?r\gh t5sion2 & x is no less true1 no?+ w be f\nd capable ( t5sion f ano!r body unless x h 9 itself capacity ( t5sion4#da ,9 ! same way we say t no?+ c\ld be mov$ by ano!r body )\t possess+ ! quality ( mobility 9 itself4 ,b :at elem5t c be conceiv$ m likely to possess t5sion 9 itself ?an air8 ,w any "o d5y t x c be subject to t =ce aft] see+ h[ x tosses ab\t ! e>? #b ) its m\nta9s1 h\ses1 & walls & t[]s1 & great cities ) _! inhabitants1 seas1 & :ole coa/-l9es8 ,! t5sion ( air is prov$1 too1 by its velocity & expansion4 ,illu/rations ( ^! prop]ties are common3 9 an in/ant ! eye ext5ds its sight ov] _m miles2 a s+le voice res\nds at ! same mom5t ?r\gh :ole cities2 light does n creep =? little by little1 b is %$ simultane\sly ov] ! :ole _w4 #da ,! read+ at sev]al po9ts is s unc]ta9 t "o _c be at all sure ( ! mean+4 ,probably ! :ole passage is v corrupt4 ,s f> z ! ma9 !me is conc]n$1 ! argum5t seems to be1 ,z mobility is a presupposition ( motion1 s t5sibility is a necess>y condition ( actual t5sion produc$ 9 a body by ano!r body4 ,"o is tempt$ to employ 8ela/icity10 b ! t]m conta9s implications ) :i* ! au?or 0 app>5tly unfamili>4 ,,ix ,aga91 h[ c\ld wat] be subject to t5sion )\t ! aid ( #a air8 ,y ent]ta9 no d\bt1 ,i suppose1 t ! jet ( wat] 9 ! amphi!atre1 :i* is ?r[n f ! c5tre ( ! ar5a to ! highe/ p9nacle1 is accompani$ by t5sion ( ! wat]8 ,& yet nei!r h&#db nor any o!r eng9e c s5d or =ce wat] m effectively ?an air4 ,x l5ds itself readily to ! influ5ce ( ! #b air1 by ! compell+ =ce ( :i* )9 ! pipe x is rais$4 ,its nature is to fl[ d[n1 b "u pressure x m\nts & accompli%es great results contr>y to its nature4 ,yes1 & d n heavily lad5 vessels also prove t x is ! resi/ance ( air1 n ( wat]1 t prev5ts _! s9k+8 ,! wat] ( itself w\ld give way1 & w\ld be unable to be> up ! bur!ns1 7 x n itself upborne4 ,s1 too1 a quoit ?r[n f a height into a pond does n fall /raight #c 91 b recoils1 & t m]ely because ! air be>s x back4 ,9 :at way1 aga91 c\ld ! s\nd ( a voice be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ?ick b>ri] ( a wall unless ! solid masonry conta9$ "s air to receive & transmit ! s\nd f )\t8 ,! t5sion ( ! air1 ( c\rse1 affects n only :at is expos$1 b :at is conceal$ & enclos$ z well4 ,?is is easy = x to d1 s9ce x is nev] #d divid$1 b ma9ta9s an unbrok5 cont9uity ev5 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( objects by :i* x appe>s to be p>t$4 ,! int]position ( walls & high m\nta9s r5d]s x impassable by u1 b is no ob/acle to itself4 ,! air is !re all ! same1#dc b a portion is enclos$ & we _c foll[ x ?r\gh2 t's all4 #db ,a conjecture widely adopt$ gives 8crane40 #dc ,! g5]al s5se is cle>1 b ! p>ticul> text is unc]ta94 ,x ,?us ! air passes ?r\gh ! middle ( an ob/acle by :i* x is #a app>5tly divid$4 ,x n m]ely surr\nds & encircles all objects1 b p]meates !m likewise4 ,x is %$ abroad f ! bright e!r on high d[n to ! v e>?4 ,x is nimbl] & r>] & m exalt$ ?an ! e>?1 & no less s ?an ! wat]s ( e>?2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is ?ick] & heavi] ?an ! e!r1 & is naturally cold & d>k1 its light & heat com+ f )\t4 ,x is n ( ! same specific quality 9 e region1 b borr[s its qualities f its surr\nd+s4 ,! highe/ "p ( x is extremely dry & #b hot1 & s1 v r>e also1 f ! proximity ( ! et]nal fires1 ! endless motions ( ! />s1 & ! con/ant revolution ( ! heav5s4 ,b ! l[e/ portion next ! e>? is d5se & d>k1 because x =ms a receptacle = ! exhalations ( ! e>?4 ,! int]m$iate portion1 9 dryness & r>ity1 runs to nei!r extreme z comp>$ ) ! highe/ & l[e/ /rata1 b is cold] ?an ei!r4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,! high] p>ts are affect$ by ! heat ( ! #c heav5ly bodies t are close by2 & aga9 ! l[] p>ts are w>m$ 9 ! fir/ place by ! e>?'s brea? :i* is *>g$ ) heat1 :ile 9 addition ! sun's rays are reflect$ f ! gr\nd1 & z f> z ! reflection ext5ds x r5d]s ! atmosph]e k9dli] & m g5ial4 ,besides1 ! temp]ature ( ! l[] air is rais$ by ! w>m brea? ( all animals1 trees1 & crops1 ^: life is dep5d5t on heat4 ,add to ?is also fires on ! e>?1 n m]ely ! #d artificial ones ab\t :i* we "k1 b also ^? conceal$ b5ea? x1 "s ( :i* h ere ?is brok5 out1 & myriads ( :i* are blaz+ away 9 ! hidd5 dep?s incessantly4 ,add1 too1 t all ! f]tile p>ts ( ! e>? h "s degree ( heat :i* is exhal$ into ! air3 heat is a condition ( g5]ation1 ! frigid is /]ile4 ,s1 !n1 ! middle portion ( ! atmosph]e be+ remote f all ^! influ5ces abides 9 its native cold3 = air is by nature *illy4 ,,xi ,su* be+ ! divisions ( ! atmosph]e1 ,i may obs]ve t 9 #a its l[e/ lay] x is mo/ v>iable1 un/able1 & *angeful4 ,x is ne> ! e>? t ! air is1 s to speak1 mo/ ent]pris+ & mo/ long-suff]+1 z x tosses or is toss$4 ,b )al1 x is n all affect$ 9 ! same way1 b at diff]5t times at diff]5t po9ts its diff]5t p>ts are 9 unre/ & turmoil4 ,! reasons ( ! *angefulness & incon/ancy are 9 "p d]iv$ f ! e>?3 h] position turn+ hi!r & ?i!r is a pot5t factor 9 det]m9+ ! quality ( ! atmosph]e4 ,o!r reasons are due to ! heav5ly bodies1 *iefly ! sun1 ^: c\rse directs ! ye>1 ^: sol/ices det]m9e w9t] & summ]4 ,next 9 importance is ! moon's influ5ce4 ,b ev5 ! o!r />s produce an effect alike on #b ! e>? & on ! air t re/s ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,_! ris+ or _! correspond+ sett+ & _! di/urbances cause n[ cold1 n[ ra91 n[ o!r damage su* z e>? is subject to4 ,x 0 necess>y = me to make ^! prelim9>y rem>ks be=e go+ on to speak ( ?und] & ?und]bolts & lightn+s4 ,= z ^! ph5om5a occur 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,i _h to expla9 ! nature ( ! latt]1 t x might m readily appe> :at active or passive capacities x possess$4 ,,xii ,!re are1 ,i h j said1 ?ree ph5om5a--lightn+s1 #a ?und]bolts1 ?und]+s3 ! la/ is simultane\s 9 occurr5ce ) ! o!rs1 b its s\nd rea*es u subsequ5tly4 ,lightn+ 7i4e4 %eet7 m]ely reveals fire1 ! ?und]bolt 7=k$ lightn+7 actually despat*es x on its mission4 ,! =m] is1 s to speak1 a ?reat5+ & fe9t )\t a bl[1 ! latt] a /roke & a bl[4 ,!re are "s ( ! facts connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( ?und] & lightn+ on :i* !re is g5]al agreem5t1 o!rs on :i* !re is mu* div]sity ( op9ion4 ,= example1 !re is agreem5t t !y #b occur 9 ! cl\ds & issue f ! cl\ds2 fur!r1 x is agre$ t lightn+ ( bo? k9ds is ei!r compos$ ( fire or at any rate pres5ts ! appe>ance ( fire4 ,b to pass on to ! po9ts :i* are disput$--"s au?orities believe t ! fire is actually resid5t 9 ! cl\ds1 "s t x is m]ely produc$ = ! occasion1 & t x does n exi/ until x issues out4 ,b yet !re is no agreem5t z to :at br+s out ! fire4 ,"o expla9s x z due to #c light4 ,aga91 a c]ta9 au?or says t ! sun's rays accumulate ?r\gh recurr5t int]section1 & k9dle ! fire4 ,anaxagoras ass]ts t x is di/ill$ f ! e!r1 t f su* heat 9 ! sky _m sp>ks fall :i* ! cl\ds enclose & reta9 = a long "t4 ,ari/otle supposes t ! fire does n ga!r 9 ! cl\ds any long "t previ\sly1 b r t x bur/s out at ! same in/ant z x is =m$4 ,8 op9ion runs ?us3 ,two elem5ts ( ! _w1 #d l& & wat]1 lie 9 its l[] "p2 ea* exhales its peculi> emanation4 ,! vap\r ( e>? is dry1 resembl+ smoke1 & produces w9d1 ?und]1 & lightn+2 ! brea? ( wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 is moi/1 & produces ra9 & sn[4 ,b t dry vap\r f ! e>?1 to :i* z m5tion$ w9ds owe _! orig91 on acc\nt ( its accumulation 9 l>ge masses1 is subject to viol5t lat]al pressure :5 x is cond5s$ = ! =mation ( cl\ds4 ,!reupon x /rikes ! adjac5t cl\ds ov] a l>g] surface1 & ! bl[ #e rev]b]ates l\dly 9 ?und]4 ,! effect is analog\s to t produc$ by ! crackl+ ( flame f ! moi/ure conta9$ 9 gre5 unseason$ firewood4 ,9 ?is case ! air enclos$ 9 ! wood has "s moi/ure 9 x1 & :5 x accumulates x bur/s out 9 ! flame4 ,s likewise ! air :i*1 z ,i said a little ago1 is driv5 out ?r\gh a collision ( two cl\ds1 _c bur/ or leap out )\t noise4 ,! s\nd v>ies accord+ to ! v>iety ( impact 9 ! cl\ds2 ! #f l>g] cavity 9 "s cl\ds1 ! small] 9 o!rs acc\nt = ! v>iety4 ,t air viol5tly driv5 out is fire1 :i* is call$ %eet lightn+ :5 x =ms a fitful flame ( no great viol5ce4 ,we see ! fla% be=e we c he> ! s\nd3 eyesight is swift] ?an he>+1 & f> out/rips x4 ,,xiii ,! mi/ak5ness ( ! op9ion t ! fire is /or$ up 9 ! #a cl\ds may be inf]r$ f _m consid]ations4 ,= example1 if ! fire m]ely falls f ! sky1 :y does x n d s e day f ! gl[+ mass t is con/antly up !re8 ,!n1 aga91 ! !ory gives no explanation ( ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ! fire1 an elem5t :i* naturally rises4 ,fires on e>? f :i* emb]s fall belong to a diff]5t category2 ! emb]s possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( weight1 :i* c>ries !m d[n4 ,fire _c desc5d 9 ! same way1 b mu/ be =c$ or conduct$ d[n4 ,no?+ analog\s to a t]re/rial fire #b c take place 9 t pure e!real fire :i* conta9s no?+ t c c>ry x d[n to e>?4 ,o!rwise1 if any portion ( x fall d[n1 ! :ole is endang]$2 = any?+ susceptible ( gradual dim9ution piecemeal may evid5tly also fall 9 a mass4 ,besides1 if an elem5t ^: lightness habitually prev5ts its fall conta9 any weight 9 its hidd5 dep?s1 h[ c\ld x ma9ta9 itself 9 ! place :5ce x fell8 ,b1 x is urg$1 are n c]ta9 =ms ( fire wont to desc5d into ! l[] p>ts ( air v mu* l ^! bolts ( lightn+ t we are inve/igat+8 ,admitt$4 ,only !y are convey$1 !y d #c n proce$ ( !mselves4 ,"s =ce n resid5t 9 ! e!r c>ries !m d[n4 ,= 9 ! e!r no viol5t compulsion1 no brea*1 no int]ruption ( ! wont$ cont9uity1 c occur4 ,x pres]ves a fix$ succession2 its fire cleans$ ( impurity claims ! upp] regions z its own1 & p]=ms its functions 9 pres]vation ( ! univ]se ) beautiful precision4 ,x _c leave its place1 no1 nor ev5 be ?ru/ f x by ext]nal =ce1 because no di/urb+ body c f9d lodgm5t 9 e!r4 ,its fix$ & ord]$ composition r5d]s conflict impossible4 ,,xiv ,"s ( y\r fri5ds ! philosoph]s1 a critic may say to me1 9 #a giv+ an explanation ( %oot+ />s h told u t "s p>ts ( ! atmosph]e contract fire :i* is drawn f ^! same high] regions1 & t ! fires are k9dl$ by ! gl[ ( ! e!r4 ,yes1 b ,i reply t x makes all ! diff]5ce :e!r ! fire is alleg$ to fall f ! e!r1 :i* is incompatible ) its nature2 or :e!r x is ass]t$ t f its fi]ce gl[ ! heat leaps ! b\nd>y betwe5 x & ! l[] regions1 fir+ !m by its p[]4 ,= on ! latt] assumption1 ! fire does n fall f ! upp] region1 :i* is impossible1 b is k9dl$ 9 ! l[]4 ,surely1 too1 :5 a widely spread conflagration occurs 9 "o ( our cities1 we #b see deta*$ blocks :i* h = long be5 heat$ by ! fire f a di/ance at la/ cat* fire ( !mselves4 ,s 9 ! upp] atmosph]e1 :i* is end[$ ) ! p[] ( draw+ fire1 9 all probability !re are cases ( ignition f ! heat ( ! sup]pos$ e!r4 ,9 nature !re is nev] a sudd5 transition f "o elem5t to a totally diff]5t "o4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be "s congruity betwe5 l[e/ e!r & highe/ atmosph]e2 conv]sely highe/ atmosph]e _c be :olly dissimil> to l[e/ e!r4 ,on ! conf9es ! two elem5ts pass s imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r t at a p>ticul> po9t !re might well be d\bt :e!r "o is 9 atmosph]e or 9 e!r4 ,,xv ,"s ( ! ,/oics believe t air1 be+ int]*angeable ) o!r elem5ts su* z fire & wat]1 does n d]ive f )\t a fre% cause ( fire2 x k9dles itself by its int]nal motion4 ,!n 9 dissipat+ masses ( ?ick1 compact cl\ds x necess>ily emits a l\d noise f ! bur/+ ( su* l>ge bodies4 ,besides1 ! v conflict ( ! resi/+ cl\ds contributes to ! en]gy ( ! fire4 ,9 ! same way ! h& contributes to ! cutt+ p[] ( an in/rum5t1 b ! actual cutt+ is done by ! /eel4 ,,xvi ,let me n[ expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fla% & ! bolt ( lightn+ :i* y naturally wi% to "k4 ,! fla% is ! fire widely spread out1 ! bolt is ! cond5s$ fire hurl$ ) viol5ce4 ,let me use a homely illu/ration4 ,we sometimes jo9 our two h&s 9 ord] to take up wat] 9 !m2 !n we squeeze our palms toge!r & squirt out ! wat] l a syr+e4 ,imag9e some?+ l ?is to take place 9 ! cl\ds4 ,:5 !y are compress$ ! re/rict$ space drives out ! air betwe5 !m1 sett+ x on fire at ! same "t1 & hurl+ x =? l a cannon ball4 ,! missiles f our bali/ae#a & scorpions#dd give =? a l\d noise z !y are hurl$4 #dd ,! anci5t c\nt]p>ts ( cannon4 ,,xvii ,a c]ta9 numb] ( writ]s are ( op9ion t ! air ( itself emits a report z x trav]ses ! cold & moi/ regions4 ,iron1 !y po9t out1 :5 heat$ _c be dipp$ 9 moi/ure )\t noise4 ,a mass ( heat$ metal :5 plung$ 9 wat] causes a l\d sputt]+ z x is cool$2 s1 accord+ to ,anaxim5es1 air meet+ cl\d produces peals ( ?und]2 !n z x ru%es /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! ob/ructions t b> its way x k9dles ! flame ( lightn+ m]ely by its escape4 ,,xviii ,anaxim&] ref]s all ! ph5om5a ( ?und] to air4 ,peals ( ?und] are1 he says1 ! s\nds ( bl[s on a cl\d4 ,he expla9s ! inequality ( ! peals by ! inequality ( ! bl[s4 ,to ! "q1 :y x ?und]s 9 a cle> sky also1 he answ]s t ev5 9 abs5ce ( cl\d ! atmosph]e is %ak5 & r5t by ! bur/+ =? ( air4 ,b :y is !re ?und] sometimes & yet no lightn+8 ,! r>ity & feebl5ess ( ! air r5d] x incapable ( produc+ flame1 :ile yet suffici5t to produce s\nd4 ,lightn+1 accord+ to him1 !n1 is really a di/urbance :]e ! atmosph]e is m]ely p>t$ & ru%es hi!r & ?i!r1 display+ a fa9t fire t w n issue f its place4 ,z = ! ?und]bolt1 x is ! c>e] ( ! m active & d5s] air4 ,,xix ,anaxagoras says all ! ph5om5a correspond to ! desc5t ( "s #a =ce f ! e!r to ! l[] regions4 ,s :5 ! fire enc\nt]s cold cl\ds x emits a s\nd2 :5 x cleaves !m !re is a fla%2 less viol5ce 9 ! fires produces lightn+1 great]1 ?und]bolts4 #b ,,xx ,diog5es ( ,apollonia ass]ts t ?und] arises 9 "s cases f #a fire1 9 "s f air4 ,fire prec$es ^? x produces1 to h]ald !m4 ,^? t are att5d$ ) rattl+ noise1 b )\t fla%1 are produc$ by air4 ,ei!r s\nd or fla%1 ,i grant1 c & sometimes does occur )\t ! o!r4 ,/ill1 _! p[]s are n di/9ct1 ea* may be produc$ by ea*4 ,= w any "o say t air borne ) great viol5ce1 :5 x c produce s\nd1 w n also produce fire8 ,w n e "o grant1 too1 t fire z well z air may #b sometimes bur/ ! cl\ds )\t d>t+ f !m1 = example1 if x has bur/ ?r\gh a few ( ! cl\ds1 b is buri$ b5ea? an accumulation ( !m8 ,s fire w pass into air1 & lose its %9+ appe>ance 9 cutt+ ?r\gh "s cl\dy ob/acles & k9dl+ :at is )94 ,add n[ ano!r inevitable result--! ru% ( ! ?und]bolt s5ds out bla/s ( air & drives !m be=e x1 & raises a w9d beh9d x ?r\gh ! great ext5t ( its impact on ! atmosph]e4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! vibration caus$ by ! w9d :i* ! fire drives 9 front ( x1 all objects quiv] be=e !y are actually /ruck by ! bolt ( lightn+4 ,,xxi ,we mu/ n[ dismiss our tutors & try to walk alone z we pass on #a f :at is admitt$ to :at is debatable 9 ?is subject4 ,:at is to be class$ z admitt$8 ,x is admitt$ t ! ?und]bolt is fire ( "s k9d2 simil>ly ) ! lightn+ fla%1 :i* is simply flame ready to become a bolt if x _h m /r5g?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is n 9 "* b 9 =ce4 ,! fi]y nature ( ! bolt is prov$ by its heat4 ,ap>t f t1 its effects prove x1 = x has (t5 be5 ! cause ( great conflagrations4 ,=e/s & #b portions ( cities h be5 burnt to a%es by x4 ,ev5 objects t are n /ruck are yet se5 to be scor*$1 "s are discol\r$ z if by smoky grime4 ,!n1 aga91 ev]y?+ t lightn+ /rikes has ! smell ( sulphur4 ,& s x is beyond dispute t bo? ph5om5a are a =m ( fire1 & t !y diff] m]ely 9 _! me?od ( movem5t4 ,a fla% is a bolt t has n /r5g? to c>ry x d[n to ! #c e>?4 ,& conv]sely y may say t ! bolt is a fla% t has be5 convey$ "r d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,x is n = ! purpose ( ref9em5t ( t]ms t ,i deal at "s l5g? ) !m1 b 9 ord] to prove ! ph5om5a relat$ & ( ! same category & "*4 ,a bolt is some?+ m ?an a fla%4 ,inv]t+ ! /atem5t1 a fla% is all b a bolt4 ,,xxii ,n[ t x is agre$ t ! two ?+s are bo? fire1 let u see #a h[ fire arises on e>?1 = no d\bt ! same me?od prevails al(t4 ,!re are two common me?ods ( produc+ fire--"o by /rik+ x out1 z1 = example1 f a /one2 ! o!r by ! m t$i\s me?od ( friction1 z :5 two pieces ( wood are rubb$ toge!r = "s "t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n e k9d ( sub/ance t gives ! desir$ result2 y mu/ *oose "o suitable = giv+ out fire1 = example1 laurel1 ivy1 & o!r trees famili> to %eph]ds = ?is purpose4 ,probably1 !re=e1 cl\ds may 9 ! same way emit fire ei!r f a bl[ or f friction4 ,consid] = a mom5t ! =ce ) :i* squalls ru% =?1 ! impetu\s eddy+ revolution ( #b ! :irlw9d4 ,any?+ t enc\nt]s a missile f an eng9e ( w> is scatt]$ & remov$ & driv5 f> f its position4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t su* viol5ce 9 ! w9d extracts fire ei!r f "s ext]nal object or m]ely f itself8 ,y c readily see :at a gl[ all neighb\r+ bodies graz$ by its passage mu/ receive4 ,b ! =ce ( /orms _c = a mom5t be comp>$ ) ! en]gy ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ^: imm5se p[] is beyond "q4 ,,xxiii ,p]*ance1 too1 :5 ! w9d only bl[s s(tly & ex]ts no great #a =ce1 ! cl\ds1 waft$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 w emit fire /rong en\gh to %[ a gleam1 ?\gh n to issue f !m4 ,less =ce is requir$ = lightn+ ?an = ! ?und]bolt4 ,we f\nd above :at a gl[ ! friction ( c]ta9 woods caus$4 ,n[ :5 ! air1 :i* is int]*angeable ) fire1 has be5 *ang$ 9 full =ce into fire #b &#de und]goes friction1 x is cr$ible & ev5 probable t fire is /ruck out1 b ( an evanesc5t & transitory "*1 z x arises f no solid mat]ial & has no fuel 9 :i* x c lodge4 ,x !re=e quickly passes2 its duration is no long] ?an its r\te & c\rse2 x has no?+ to support x :5 hurl$ =? into space4 #de ,^! words seem ( m ?an d\btful g5u95ess4 ,,xxiv ,b h[1 y ask me1 :5 y philosoph]s say t x is ! nature #a ( fire to rise1 does ! bolt seek ! e>?8 ,p]haps :at y said ab\t fire is n true8 ,x seems to take its c\rse d[n z well z up4 ,bo? my /atem5ts1 ,i reply1 may be true4 ,fire naturally does rise & m\nts if no?+ prev5ts x1 j z wat] naturally gravitates d[nw>ds4 ,b wat] if affect$ by a =ce :i* drives x uphill is press$ up 9 ! direction f :i* x 0 precipitat$ 9 ra94 ,9 l mann] ! same =ce z laun*$ ! bolt f ! cl\d causes x to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d happ5s to ^! #b cele/ial fires z to trees :5 b5t4 ,! topmo/ bran*es if sl5d] may be dragg$ d[n s z to t\* ! gr\nd2 b :5 y let !m g1 !y reb\nd to _! orig9al position4 ,y mu/ n reg>d ! condition :i* an object involunt>ily assumes z *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,if y all[ fire to g :]e x w1 x w return to ! sky1 ! abode ( all ! lighte/ bodies4 ,b :5 !re is any?+ to c>ry x d[n & div]t x f its natural c\rse1 t is n a m>k ( its disposition b a tok5 ( its subjection4 ,,xxv ,y & y\r fri5ds say1 an objector int]poses1 t cl\ds emit fire ?r\gh mutual friction :5 !y are moi/1 inde$ wet4 ,h[ c su* cl\ds produce fire1 :i* is no m likely to be g5]at$ by a cl\d ?an by pure wat]8 ,,xxvi ,well1 fir/ ( all1 ! fire :i* is ?us produc$ is1 z x is #a f\nd 9 ! cl\ds1 n wat]1 b ?ick air1 adapt$ = ! g5]at+ ( wat]2 x is n yet *ang$ into x1 b is already incl9$ t[>d1 & ready =1 ! *ange4 ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t wat] is fir/ ga!r$ 9 ! cl\ds & aft]w>ds %$ f !m4 ,x falls simultane\sly ) its =mation4 ,b 9 ! second place1 ?\gh ,i grant t ! cl\d is moi/ & *>g$ ) fully =m$ wat]1 /ill !re is no?+ to prev5t fire be+ drawn f :at is moi/1 yes--& :at w surprise y m to le>n--out ( pure moi/ure4 ,"s au?orities h actually affirm$ #b t no?+ c be conv]t$ into fire )\t a prior *ange into wat]4 ,a cl\d1 !n1 )\t prejudice to ! wat] x may conta91 may emit fire at "s "p ( x1 j z (t5 "o end ( a log is blaz+ :ile ! o!r exudes moi/ure4 ,i d n d5y t fire & wat] are oppos+ elem5ts & t ! "o de/roys ! o!r4 ,b :]e ! fire is /rong] ?an ! wat] x w9s ! day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e !re is a sup]abundant supply ( moi/ure1 !n fire is p[]less4 ,t is :y gre5 wood won't burn4 ,! result dep5ds1 !re=e1 on ! quantity ( wat] pres5t4 ,if x is small1 no effectual resi/ance is (f]$1 ! fire is n prev5t$4 ,:y1 #c accord+ to ,posidonius' acc\nt1 :5 an isl& rose 9 ! ,aegean ,sea long ago 9 our =efa!rs' days1 ! sea 0 la%$ into foam = a long "t previ\sly & s5t up smoke f its dep?s4 ,at la/ fire 0 emitt$1 n cont9u\sly1 b 9 flames %oot+ out at int]vals1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ?und]bolts1 j z (t5 z ! f]v5t heat ( :at lay bel[ _h ov]come ! weight ( wat] above x4 ,by & by b\ld]s 7 ?r[n up & rocks1 "p ( !m /ill unimpair$1 #d :i* ! air _h ?ru/ out be=e _! calc9ation1 "p ( !m corrod$ by ! fire & *ang$ to light pumice2 at la/ ! cone ( a bla/$ m\nta9 issu$ f ! waves4 ,subsequ5tly1 !re 0 an addition to its height1 & ! rock grew 9 ext5t into an isl&4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ )9 our own recollection dur+ ! second consul%ip ( ,val]ius ,asiaticus4 ,:y h ,i n>rat$ ^! incid5ts8 ,my purpose 0 to make x #e evid5t t nei!r is fire necess>ily ext+ui%$ by hav+ ! :ole sea p\r$ ov] x1 nor its viol5ce prev5t$ f bur/+ out by ! weight ( huge waves4 ,asclepiodotus1 a pupil ( ,posidonius1 has left x on record t ! height to :i* ! fire m\nt$1 aft] ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! waves1 0 a hundr$ fa?oms4 ,n[1 if su* a huge mass ( wat] 0 unable to ov]come ! =ce ( ! flames t rose f its dep?s1 h[ mu* less c ! ?91 dewy moi/ure 9 ! cl\ds ext+ui% fire 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,9 %ort1 ! #f moi/ure ( ! cl\ds is s f> f pres5t+ any ob/acle to ! =mation ( fire t lightn+ is nev] se5 to fla% except :5 ! sky ?reat5s ra94 ,a cle> sky has no bolts to hurl4 ,no t]ror ( t sort proce$s f a bright day1 nor = ! matt] ( t f a night t is n envelop$ 9 cl\d4 ,b :at6 ,i he> "s "o say4 ,does x n sometimes light5 9 a calm night :5 ! />s are visible8 ,x does1 b y mu/ rememb] t !re are cl\ds all ! #g same 9 t qu>t] :5ce issues ! fla%2 only1 ! e>?'s hump does n all[ !m to be se5 by u4 ,add1 too1 :at is q possible1 t l[ cl\ds ne> ! e>? may produce fire ?r\gh friction4 ,?is fire :5 =c$ up to ! upp] regions becomes visible 9 ! cle> bright "p ( ! sky1 b none ! less its place ( orig9 0 9 ! d>k vic9ity ( e>?4 ,,xxvii ,"s writ]s h di/+ui%$ diff]5t k9ds ( ?und]1 say+ #a !re 0 "o k9d ) a deep gr[l l t :i* prec$es an e>?quake1 :5 ! w9d moans & tries to bur/ its prison walls1 ,let me tell y h[ !y suppose ?is k9d ( ?und] to arise4 ,:5 ! cl\ds h enclos$ air1 x rolls ?r\gh _! cav]n\s dep?s & emits a ho>se1 regul>1 cont9u\s s\nd l bell[+4 ,s also :5 t qu>t] ( ! heav5s is *>g$ ) moi/ure1 its exit is prev5t$ until ! ?und] beg9s4 ,!re=e1 ?und] ( ?is k9d #b is a sure sign t ra9 is to foll[4 ,!re is ano!r k9d1 :i* is %>p1 & x might be describ$ m accurately z a crackl+ ?an z a regul> s\nd2 x resembles ! report "o he>s :5 a bladd] is bur/ ov] "s "o's head4 ,su* ?und] is ! result ( ! break+ up ( a d5sely mass$ cl\d & ! release ( ! air by :i* x 0 inflat$4 ,?is is appropriately nam$ a peal1 sudd5 & viol5t4 ,:5 x occurs1 p collapse & are sometimes lit]ally fright5$ to dea? by x2 o!rs reta9 life1 b are daz$ & completely lose _! wits3 we call !m ?und]-/ruck1 = t s\nd 9 ! heav5s has q unh+$ _! m9ds4 ,?is s\nd may also be produc$ by #c ! atmosph]e %ut up 9 a holl[ cl\d be+ r>efi$1 m]ely ?r\gh motion1 & exp&$4 ,by & by 9 seek+ m room = itself x res\nds aga9/ ! walls t envelop x4 ,9 fact1 is x n j simil> to ! applause giv5 out by ! clapp+ ( ! h&s8 only1 :5 ! cl\ds collide1 ! s\nds may be expect$ to correspond 9 volume to ! greatness ( ! enc\nt]+ bodies4 ,,xxviii ,b cl\ds1 says "s "o1 are se5 /rik+ ^u m\nta9s4 )\t #a caus+ any s\nd4 ,h[ is t consi/5t ) y\r !ory8 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 a s\nd is n caus$ by any & e me?od ( cl\d collision1 b only :5 !re is an arrangem5t ( _! position suitable = produc+ a s\nd4 ,/rik+ ! backs ( ! h&s does n produce clapp+1 b ! contact ( palm ) palm does4 ,x makes a great diff]5ce1 too1 :e!r ! cl\ds t /rike are holl[1 or flat & ext5d$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! cl\ds mu/ n m]ely drift1 z aga9/ a m\nta91 b be driv5 ) great tempe/u\s viol5ce4 ,besides1 a m\nta9 does n cut ?r\gh a cl\d1 x m]ely #b disp]ses x by displac+ ! successive front lay]s ( x4 ,ev5 a bladd] does n give a report irrespectively ( ! me?od 9 :i* x emits ! air 9 x2 x dep5ds on ! way 9 :i* ! air escapes4 ,if ! bladd] is cut ) a knife1 ! air is emitt$ )\t ! e> p]ceiv+ x4 ,x mu/ be bur/1 n cut1 9 ord] to give a report4 ,! same1 ,i ass]t1 holds 9 reg>d to ! cl\ds3 !y emit no peal unless brok5 up ) great viol5ce4 ,besides1 cl\ds driv5 aga9/ a m\nta9 are n brok5 up1 b m]ely p\r r\nd c]ta9 p>ts ( #c ! m\nta91 tree bran*es1 %rubs1 & r\gh project+ b\ld]s4 ,!y are r5t !reby1 & emit by num]\s exits :atev] air !y may conta92 b !re is no rattle unless ! air all bur/ out at once4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 be> 9 m9d t ! w9d bl[+ ?r\gh a tree1 #d :i* cuts x1 hisses b does n ro>4 ,a broad bl[1 s to speak1 t dissipates ! :ole mass at once1 is requir$ 9 ord] to ! emission ( a s\nd su* z is he>d :5 !re is ?und]4 ,,xxix ,moreov]1 ! atmosph]e is by con/itution adapt$ to ! transmission ( s\nd4#df ,( necessity ?is is s1 s9ce s\nd is no?+ b an impact ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! cl\ds t z indicat$ are completely r5t mu/ !re=e be holl[ & taut4 ,"o sees h[ mu* m resonant empty vessels are ?an full1 & di/5d$ ones ?an slack4 ,s ?is acc\nts = ! s\nd ( tamb\r9es & cymbals2 ! =m] res\nd because ! bl[ ^u ! air is resi/$ at ! f>!r side2 ! latt] are beat5 aga9/ ! air directly1 b unless !re 7 a cavity 9 ! in/rum5t x w\ld n t9kle4 #df ,! specific ^w vox voice is us$ 9 ! text4 ,,xxx ,"s au?ors1 includ+ ,asclepiodotus1 are conv9c$ t ?und] #a & lightn+ may also be produc$ by ! collision ( c]ta9 solid bodies4 ,once ,etna 0 9 viol5t eruption & ca/ up a huge quantity ( burn+ s&4 ,! daylight 0 veil$ ) ! cl\d ( du/1 & sudd5 night t]rifi$ ! _w4 ,on t occasion1 !y allege1 !re 0 mu* ?und] & lightn+1 produc$1 !y ma9ta91 by ! conc\rse ( dry bodies1 n ( cl\ds3 ) su* a gl[ 9 ! firmam5t !re probably 7 no cl\ds at all4 ,cambyses once s5t an army to ! temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon 9 ! des]t4 ,! s& rais$ by #b ! s\? w9d fell on x l sn[flakes1 fir/ cov]+ & f9ally ov]:elm+ x4 ,probably on t occasion also !re 0 ?und] & lightn+1 caus$ by ! mutual friction ( ! p>ticles ( s&4 ,su* a view is n inconsi/5t ) my cont5tion above4 ,i h said t #c ! e>?'s exhalations conta9 bodies ( two k9ds1 dry & moi/1 portions ( :i* roam ?r\gh ! :ole expanse ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s if any heavy elem5t be introduc$1 x makes a cl\d ?ick] & m solid ?an if its texture 7 ( pure air exclusively4 ,su* a solid cl\d may bur/ ) a l\d report4 ,! elem5ts ,i h #d m5tion$1 :e!r !y h *>g$ ! atmosph]e ) moi/ fires or ) e>?-sweep+ w9ds1 mu/ produce a cl\d be=e !y produce a report4 ,dry elem5ts no less ?an moi/ may make up a cl\d4 ,= cl\d1 z we h already said1 is j a cond5sation ( ?ick air4 ,,xxxi ,b fur!r1 if y w b op5 y\r eyes to !m1 !re are #a m>vell\s effects 9 lightn+ t leave no d\bt t a subtle div9e p[] is inh]5t 9 x4 ,= example1 co9s are fus$ :ile ! purse conta9+ !m is un9jur$ & intact4 ,a sword is melt$ :ile ! %ea? rema9s4 ,! iron po9t is fus$ 9 a javel91 b ! wood5 %aft suff]s no damage4 ,! j> is sma%$ & ! w9e froz51 b ! /iffness does n la/ = m ?an ?ree days4 ,!re are o!r no less notable effects ( lightn+4 ,! head ( #b man or o!r animal /ruck by x always po9ts 9 ! direction :5ce ! lightn+ issu$3 ! twigs ( all trees t are /ruck rise /raight up 9 ! direction ( ! lightn+4 ,let me add1 too1 :5 v5om\s s]p5ts or o!r animals ^: bite is fatal are /ruck ) lightn+1 all ! poison disappe>s4 ,h[1 y say1 c ,i tell t8 ,9 ! dead bodies ( poison\s animals worms are n produc$4 ,b :5 /ruck ) lightn+ !y bre$ worms )9 a few days4 ,,xxxii ,lightn+ port5ds ! future1 too4 ,nor d ! signs x gives ref] #a to only "o or two ev5ts4 ,(t5 a complete s]ies ( fate's succe$+ decrees is intimat$1 ) pro(1 too1 pla9 to demon/ration1 f> m di/9ct ?an if x 7 record$ 9 writ+4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( int]pretation1 h[ev]1 betwe5 our c\ntrym5 & ! ,tuscans1 ! latt] ( :om possess consummate skill 9 ! explanation ( ! mean+ ( lightn+4 ,we ?9k t because cl\ds collide1 !re=e #b lightn+ is emitt$2 !y hold t cl\ds collide 9 ord] t lightn+ may be emitt$4 ,!y ref] ev]y?+ to ! w ( ,god3 !re=e !y are /rong 9 _! conviction t lightn+ does n give an indication ( ! future because x has occurr$1 b occurs because x is meant to give ?is indication4 ,:e!r ! indication is its purpose or its consequ5ce makes no diff]5ce 9 ! me?od ( its occurr5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 d !y give indication unless !y are s5t by ,god8 ,j 9 ! same way z birds give fav\rable or unfav\rable #c om5s1 ?\gh !y are n mov$ on _! flight = ! express purpose ( meet+ u4 ,god moves !m too1 x is urg$4 ,y imag9e ,he has s little to d t ,he c att5d to trifles ( ?is sort1 if y w h ,him arrange visions = "o1 entrails ( victims = ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 all ^? ?+s are manag$ by ,div9e ag5cy1 n1 #d h[ev]1 9 ! s5se t ! w+s ( birds are imm$iately direct$ by ,god1 or ! b[els ( cattle arrang$ by ,him 9 c]ta9 =ms "u ! prie/'s axe4 ,x is 9 f> o!r way t ! roll ( fate is unfold$2 x s5ds ahead 9 all directions intimations ( :at is to foll[1 :i* are 9 "p famili>1 9 "p unkn[n to u4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s is a sign ( some?+ t is go+ to happ53 m]e *ance occurr5ces uncontroll$ by any rational pr9ciple d n admit ( ! application ( div9ation4 ,an ev5t t belongs to a #e s]ies !reby becomes capable ( be+ pr$ict$4 ,b :y1 !n1 is ! hon\r conf]r$ ^u ! eagle ( giv+ om5s conc]n+ great ev5ts8 or a simil> function assign$ to ! rav5 & a v few o!r birds1 :ile all ! re/ give no presage by _! notes8 ,! reason simply is t "s dep>tm5ts h n yet be5 br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( ! art ( augury1 :ile "s are incapable ( ev] be+ br\ght )9 x1 because our acqua9tance ) !m is too slight4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no liv+ creature ^: movem5t or #f meet+ ) u does n =etell some?+4 ,( c\rse1 only "s1 n all1 c be obs]v$4 ,! om5 lies 9 ! obs]vation4 ,s x conc]ns ! p]son :o directs 8 att5tion to x4 ,b o!r ?+s z well conc]n him1 ?\gh !y pass unhe$$4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,*aldaeans conf9$ _! obs]vation to ! five great planets4 ,b d y suppose t ! influ5ce ( s _m ?\s&s ( o!r bright />s is naught8 ,! ess5tial error ( ^? :o pret5d to skill 9 #g ca/+ ! horoscope lies 9 limit+ our de/9ies to ! influ5ce ( a few ( ! />s1 :ile all t float above u 9 ! heav5s claim "s %>e 9 u4 ,p]*ance ! l[] />s ex]t _! =ce on u m directly2 &#dg ! same may be true ( ! />s t by reason ( _! m frequ5t movem5ts turn _! view ^u man 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* x is turn$ ^u o!r liv+ creatures4 ,b ev5 ^? />s t are ei!r /ation>y or1 f _! velocity be+ ! same z t ( ! _w z a :ole1 seem to be s1 are n )\t sway & dom9ion ov] u4 ,add "o o!r #h consid]ation & y h ! subject set out ) due arrangem5t ( its p>ts3#dh x is n m easy to asc]ta9 :at ! p[] ( ! />s is ?an ju/ifiable to d\bt t !y possess su* p[]4 #dg ,or1 ,turn _! view ^u man no less ?an on ! o!r liv+ creatures n[ f "o po9t1 n[ f ano!r1 i4e4 "u m v>i$ aspects4 ,! passage is d\btful4 ,! g5]al s5se is pla93 ne>ness1 frequ5cy ( appe>ance1 & v>iety ( aspect sev]ally are or may be special factors 9 det]m9+ a />'s influ5ce on ! fate ( man4 #dh ,! text is corrupt & ! s5se m or less conjectural4 ,ruhkopf sugge/s t ! words may h be5 transf]r$ f "s o!r passage to ?is4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$ to suspect t adjice add1 in/ead ( aspice see1 reg>d1 is ! correct ^w at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,,xxxiii ,to return n[ to lightn+3 ! art relat+ to x falls into ?ree divisions--its obs]vation1 its int]pretation1 its deprecation4 ,! fir/ has reg>d to ! category 9 :i* x %\ld be plac$1 ! second to div9ation1 ! ?ird to ! propitiation ( ! gods1 ^: bless+s we ought to ask & ^: ?reats we mu/ av]t by pray]4 ,we mu/ ask !m to fulfil _! promises1 pray !m to remit _! ?reats4 ,,xxxiv ,p are conv9c$ t lightn+ possesses sov]eign p[]1 #a because its occurr5ce de/roys ! =ce ( o!r port5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] x port5ds is reg>d$ z unalt]able1 & ! appe>ance ( no o!r om5 less5s its import4 ,any?+ ?reat5$ by unfav\rable entrails or inauspici\s birds w be cancell$ by fav\rable lightn+4 ,b any w>n+ giv5 by lightn+ _c be defeat$ by oppos+ entrail or om54 ,n[ ?is belief seems to me mi/ak54 ,my reason8 ,simply t no?+ c be tru] ?an ! tru?4 #b ,if birds h truly =etold ! future1 ! om5 _c be nullifi$ by lightn+3 if x c1 !n x 0 n a true prophecy ! birds utt]$4 ,x is n bird & lightn+ ^: =ce ,i am "h comp>+1 b two revelations ( tru?1 :i* mu/ be equal 9 au?ority if !y are equally intimations ( tru?4 ,!re=e1 if ! occurr5ce ( lightn+ de/roys ! indications giv5 by prie/s or augurs1 !re mu/ h be5 a flaw 9 ! inspection ( ! entrails or ! obs]vation ( ! auguries4 ,x is n a "q ( :i* ( ! #c two k9ds ( om5 possesses ! m exalt$ or p[]ful "*3 if bo? h furni%$ indications ( tru?1 !y are s f> equal4 ,y w\ld be q ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! p[] ( flame 0 great] ?an t ( smoke2 b flame has j ! same p[] z smoke1 & no m1 9 giv+ indication ( ! exi/5ce ( fire4 ,s if ! /atem5t is conf9$ to ! ass]tion ( ! great] au?ority ( lightn+ on occasions :5 ! entrails give "o indication & lightn+ a diff]5t "o1 ,i %all p]haps agree4 ,b if ! /atem5t g on to affirm t al?\gh o!r signs h =etold ! tru?1 #d yet ! lightn+ /roke has de/roy$ all t w5t be=e & claims cr$it only = itself1 !n ! /atem5t is untrue4 ,& = ?is reason3 ! m]e numb] ( ! auspices makes no diff]5ce4 ,fate is b "o4 ,if x 0 rightly und]/ood ?r\gh ! fir/ auspice1 x is n de/roy$ ?r\gh ! second2 x rema9s j ! same4 ,& s ,i say aga9 x does n matt] :e!r ! means ( our inquiry 7 auspice7 is ! same or diff]5t1 s9ce ! object ( ! inquiry rema9s ! same4 ,,xxxv ,fate _c be *ang$ by lightn+4 ,& :y8 ,lightn+ is itself #a a "p ( fate4 ,well1 !n1 x may be ask$1 :at is ! good ( expiation & atonem5t if ! fates are immutable8 ,let me uphold ! rigid sect t takes exception to su* rites & reg>ds v[s z b com=t to a brea/ ill at ease4 ,! fates p]=m _! function 9 a f> diff]5t way f t suppos$2 !y are n mov$ by any pray] nor *ang$ by pity nor by fav\r4 ,! c\rse !y hold is irrevocable2 once !y h ent]$ ^u x !y fl[ on by unalt]able decree4 #b ,z ! wat] ( ru%+ cat>acts returns n ^u itself1 nor yet l+]s1 s9ce ea* succe$+ wave drives headlong t :i* w5t be=e2 s ! ord] ( ev5ts is roll$ on by ! et]nal succession ( fate1 ^: fir/ law x is to abide by its decrees4 ,,xxxvi ,= :at is "o to und]/& z meant by fate8 ,i suppose x is ! #a b9d+ necessity ( all ev5ts & actions1 a necessity t no =ce c break4 ,if y believe t su* a p[] c be prevail$ ^u to *ange ?r\gh sacrifice or ! head ( a sn[-:ite lamb1 y "k little ab\t ! ,div9e disp5sation4 ,y say t ev5 a wise man #b does n *ange 8 m9d3 h[ mu* less is ,god a man t he %\ld *ange8 ,ev5 ! wise man kn[s :at is be/ "u pres5t conditions2 to ! ,div9e wisdom ev]y?+ is pres5t4 ,/ill1 ,i wi%1 = ! mom5t1 to advocate ! views ( ^? :o hold t atonem5t %\ld be made = lightn+1 & :o h no d\bt t expiation is ( avail1 n[ to remove dang]s1 n[ to mitigate !m1 n[ to delay !m4 ,,xxxvii ,9 a little ,i w foll[ up :at ,i h said & %[ ! #a consequ5ces involv$4 ,meantime we h s mu* 9 common ) ! p]sons la/ m5tion$ 9 hold+ t v[s are ( s]vice1 b )\t prejudice to ! p[] & sway ( fate4 ,"s ?+s are1 9 fact1 left by ! immortal gods 9 su* a /ate ( susp5se z to turn to ! advantage ( wor%ipp]s if !y employ pray] to heav5 & take v[s ^u !m4 ,?is1 !n1 is s f> f be+ oppos$ to fate t x is actually a "p ( fate4 ,b my oppon5t argues ?us3 an ev5t is ei!r go+ or is n go+ to take place4 ,if x is go+ to1 !n #b x w take place1 ev5 ?\gh y take no v[s ^u y4 ,if x is n go+ to1 !n x won't1 ev5 ?\gh y take ! v[s4 ,! dilemma1 ,i reply1 is no valid "o3 y ov]look an alt]native t lies betwe5 ^? horns ( y\rs4 ,?is1 say ,i1 w take place1 b n unless v[s h be5 tak5 ^u ^? conc]n$4 ,?is1 too1 "o may say1 mu/ be includ$ 9 ! ord] ( fate1 ei!r t y und]take ! v[s or t y d n4 ,,xxxviii ,suppose t ,i surr5d] at discretion & admit t x is likewise #a includ$ 9 fate t v[s be assur$ly p]=m$4 ,!n = t reason !y w be p]=m$4 ,x is fat$ t a man be eloqu5t1 b only if he use due means & apply himself to /udy4 ,! same de/9y enjo9s t he %\ld /udy2 !re=e he w /udy4 ,ano!r w be ri*1 b he mu/ fir/ g to sea4 ,b 9 ! ord] ( fate 9 :i* he is promis$ a great =tune1 x is also decre$ t he g to sea2 !re=e he w g to sea4 ,9 reg>d to expiation1 ,i apply j #b ! same pr9ciple4 ,a man is fat$ to escape dang] if he expiate ! ?reats =etold by heav54 ,b x is likewise conta9$ 9 fate t he (f] expiation2 !re=e he w (f] x4 ,an objection is usually urg$ aga9/ ?is view :i* seeks to prove t no fre$om ( w is on ?is assumption left to u1 all sway is h&$ ov] to fate4 ,:5 ,i come to treat ( t subject1 ,i w expla9 h[1 )\t infr++ ! p[] ( fate1 some?+ may /ill be left to human *oice4 ,= ! nonce1 ,i h expla9$ ! po9t at #c issue1 viz4 h[1 consi/5tly ) an ord] fix$ by fate1 p]ils f prodigies may be av]t$ ?r\gh expiation & sacrifice1 inasmu* z !y d n conflict ) fate1 b1 on ! contr>y1 are assum$ by ! v law ( fate4 ,:at b5efit1 !n1 y say1 c ,i d]ive f a soo?say]8 ,9 any case ,i mu/ ( necessity (f] expiation1 ev5 ?\gh he be n by to advise x4 ,he s f> does good 9 t he is ! in/rum5t ( fate4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 recov]y f illness seems ! "w ( fate1 x is due at ! same "t to ! doctor1 because ! boon ( fate passes ?r\gh 8 h&s 9 ord] to rea* u4 ,,xxxix ,!re are1 ,caec9a says1 ?ree k9ds ( lightn+--! c\nsell+1 #a ! au?oritative1 & :at is call$ ! ord9>y4 ,! c\nsell+ occurs be=e an ev5t1 b aft] ! design is =m$4 ,:5 some?+ is simm]+ 9 "o's m9d1 ! lightn+ /roke ei!r urges x or det]s f x4 ,! au?oritative "o succe$s an ev5t1 indicat+ its outcome z good or ill =tune4 ,9 ! ord9>y case1 p #b are busi$ nei!r ) action nor design :5 ! lightn+ sudd5ly occurs4 ,! fla% conveys ei!r ?reat1 promise1 or w>n+4 ,! la/ =m is inde$ call$ admonitory3 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k x is id5tical ) ! c\nsell+ m5tion$ above4 ,"o :o w>ns at ! same "t c\nsels4 ,yet !re is a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,!re=e !y are put 9 diff]5t classes4 ,! "o applies suasion or dissuasion1 ! o!r is re/rict$ to w>n+ h[ to avoid an imp5d+ dang]2 z1 = example1 fire1 or deception f #c neighb\rs1 or a plot by slaves4 ,besides1 ,i c p]ceive ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds3 if "o has a design1 !n ! lightn+ t occurs c\nsels2 b if "o has no su* design1 x w>ns4 ,ea* situation has its own peculi> features4 ,9 delib]ation advice is appropriate1 b a w>n+ comes uns\ght4 ,,xl ,on ! face ( x1 "o's comm5t on ?is view w\ld be t ^! #a are s _m k9ds ( progno/ications & n ( lightn+4 ,( ! latt] ! k9ds are ! bor+1 ! splitt+1 & ! scor*+4 ,! fir/ has a subtle flame1 :i* f its unalloy$ purity c w9 escape ?r\gh ! t9ie/ ap]ture4 ,! second1 :i* scatt]s to ! w9ds :at x /rikes1 is mass$ fire ) an admixture ( cond5s$ tempe/u\s w9d4 ,s ! fir/ k9d escapes aga9 by ! op5+ by :i* x ent]$4 ,! second spreads wide ! effects ( its viol5ce1 x bur/s :at x /rikes1 & does n p]=ate x4 ,! ?ird k9d m5tion$1 ! scor*+1 has mu* e>?9ess 9 its composition1 #b & conta9s fire r ?an flame4 ,x !re=e leaves deep sc>s ( fire1 :i* w be br&$ 9 :at x has /ruck4 ,no lightn+1 x is true1 t comes to e>? is fireless1 b ?is k9d is di/9ctively call$ fi]y1 because x impr9ts ! m>ks ( fire s manife/ly1 by ei!r scor*+ or /a9+4 ,x scor*es 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 t is1 x ei!r brea!s on its object1 s to speak1 inflict+ slight injury1 or burns x "r up1 or sets x on fire4 ,all ^? are me?ods ( :at ,i h call$ scor*+1 diff]+1 h[ev]1 9 "* & degree4 ,:atev] is1 = example1 burnt up is necess>ily scor*$ z well4 ,b ! conv]se is n equally true1 ev]y?+ #c t is scor*$ is n necess>ily burnt up4 ,& s ) :at is set on fire2 x is n necess>ily consum$1 ! fire may m]ely h scor*$ x 9 pass+4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ?+s may be scor*$ )\t break+ out into fire1 b t no?+ c break out into fire )\t be+ scor*$4 ,i h only "o fur!r rem>k on ! po9t3 an object may be consum$ )\t be+ set on fire2 x may also be set on fire )\t be+ consum$4 ,,xli ,i pass on n[ to ! k9d ( lightn+ t /a9s objects /ruck by #a x4 ,! /a9+ is ei!r discol\r+ or col\r+1 betwe5 :i* ,i draw a di/9ction4 ,:5 ! col\r is spoil$1 )\t be+ *ang$1 !re is discol\r+4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is col\r+ :5 ! aspect ( an object becomes diff]5t 9 k9d f :at x 01 = example1 :5 x turns d>k blue or black or pale4 ,s f> ! ,etruscans & ! philosoph]s are 9 agreem5t4 ,b disagreem5t beg9s :5 ! =m] g on to ass]t t lightn+ is s5t by ,jupit]1 to :om !y assign ?ree species ( bolt4 ,! fir/1 accord+ to _! #b /atem5t1 gives a peaceful w>n+1 be+ s5t by ,jove's own c\nsel4 ,! second is1 x is true1 s5t also by him1 b by advice ( 8 c\ncil1 to :i* he summons ! twelve gods z assessors4 ,?is bolt is no d\bt b5eficial1 b n )\t do+ damage to "s ext5t4 ,! ?ird k9d ( bolt is /ill ( ,jove's s5d+1 b he summons into c\ncil ! s-call$ supreme veil$ gods4 ,?is bolt causes de/ruction ( :at x enc\nt]s1 & 9 p>ticul> x *anges ! exi/+ condition ( private & public affairs t x f9ds4 ,= fire all[s no?+ to rema9 z x is4 ,,xlii ,tak+ a sup]ficial view "o w\ld pron\nce ^! old beliefs all #a wrong4 ,:at c\ld be m absurd ?an to believe t ,jupit] hurls bolts f ! cl\ds1 aim+ at pill>s1 trees1 aye1 & /atues ( himself sometimes1 or t1 pass+ by ! sacrilegi\s unbeliev]s1 he /rikes %eep1 sets fire to alt>s1 & smites innoc5t flocks8 or c "o imag9e t great ,jove %\ld call ! gods into c\ncil1 z if he 7 himself lack+ 9 c\nsel8 ,or t ^? bolts br+ promise ( peace & joy t he hurls unaid$1 & ^? cause de/ruction 9 ^: despat* a great] cr[d ( deities 0 conc]n$8 ,if y ask my #b op9ion on ! po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i may tell y t ,i d n = a mom5t suppose ^? p ( old 7 s obtuse z to believe t ,jupit] 0 evilly dispos$ or1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 insuffici5tly prep>$ ) 8 missiles4 ,:5 he issu$ fi]y bolts to pass ov] ! heads ( ! wick$ & /rike ! innoc5t1 z is alleg$1 did he1 d y suppose1 refuse to s5d !m ) tru] aim1 or did he miss 8 %ot8 ,if t _c be ! explanation1 :at 0 ! idea ( ^? anci5ts 9 speak+ z !y did8 ,be+ m5 ( pr(\nd wisdom #c !y 71 9 my op9ion1 ( ! settl$ conviction t fe> 0 ess5tial to re/ra9 ! passions ( ! ignorant2 we mu/ rev]5ce some?+ high] ?an ourselves4 ,9 a "t ( su* audaci\s crime x 0 exp$i5t t !re be a belief 9 some?+ :i* no crim9al c\ld seem p[]ful en\gh to resi/4 ,& s x 0 to t]rify ^? wret*es1 aga9/ ^: passions innoc5ce is no protection unless back$ up by fe>1 t !y plac$ ov] u 9 ! heav5s ! image ( an av5g]1 & him well arm$4 ,,xliii ,:y1 !re=e1 on ?is assumption1 is ! bolt t ,jupit] s5ds alone1 peaceful1 :ile ! o!r is de/ructive on :i* he has s\ght c\nsel1 & :i* he has s5t d[n ) ! approval ( o!r gods besides8 ,! reason is t ,jupit]1 t is1 an absolute mon>*1 :5 act+ alone ought to be always a p[] = good2 he %\ld n inflict injury unless :5 a num]\s c\ncil has ratifi$ ! decision4 ,f ?is let all ^? :o h inh]it$ great e>?ly p[] le>n t n ev5 ! bolt ( heav5 is s5t )\t c\nsel tak54 ,let !m call to !m _! advis]s1 let !m pond] ! op9ions ( a multitude ( c\nsellors1 let !m temp] ! rig\r ( _! decrees2 & :5 "s bl[ mu/ fall1 let !m n =get t ev5 ,jupit] ne$s m ?an 8 own wisdom to guide him4 ,,xliv ,nor1 aga91 7 ! anci5t sages s /upid z to suppose t #a ,jupit] *ang$ 8 missiles4 ,x is only ! lic5ce ( poetry t c ) dec5cy say3 ,!re is ano!r & light] bolt to :i* ! ,cyclopes' h&s ,h add$ less ( h>%ness & ( flame1 less1 too1 ( wra?4 ,! dwell]s above call !m missiles ( peace4 ,^? m5 ( exalt$ wisdom 7 und\bt$ly n possess$ ) ! #b delusion t ,jupit] sometimes employs light] bolts1 weapons ( ! practis+ s*ool1 s to speak4 ,_! object 0 to w>n ^? :o h to direct _! bolts aga9/ ! s9s ( m51 t all (f5ces are n to be visit$ aft] ! same fa%ion3 "s (f5d]s mu/ be cru%$1 "s c5sur$ & lightly puni%$1 "s#di dismiss$ ) an admonition4 #di ,admon]i to be admoni%$1 seems necess>y1 in/ead ( ! au?oris] admov]i1 to :i* x is impossible to atta* any satisfactory mean+ 9 ?is connection4 ,! ^w means to be mov$ t[>ds2 amov]i to be remov$1 w\ld make s5se4 ,,xlv ,nor yet did ^! anci5t sages believe t ! ,jupit] we wor%ip #a 9 ! ,capitol & ! re/ ( ! temples ev] really hurl$ ?und]bolts f 8 h&4 ,!y recognis$ ! same ,jupit] z we d1 ! gu>dian & rul] ( ! univ]se1 its s\l & brea?1 ! mak] & "l ( ?is e>?ly frame ( ?+s1 to :om e "n ( p[] is appropriate4 ,if y pref] to call him fate1 y w n be wrong4 ,he x is on :om dep5d all ?+s1 f :om proce$ all causes ( causes4 ,if y pref] to call him provid5ce1 y w /ill be "r2 = he x is by ^: c\nsel provision is made = ! _w t #b x may pursue its ord]ly c\rse & unfold ! drama ( its be+4 ,if y pref] to call him nature1 y w make no mi/ake2 = x is he f :om all ?+s d]ive be+1 & by ^: brea? we live4 ,if y pref] to call him ! _w1 y w n be 9 error2 = he is ev]y?+ t y c see1 he is :olly infus$ 9 all 8 p>ts1 self-su/a9$ ?r\gh inh]5t p[]4 ,! ,etruscans ?\ght s too4 ,!y said bolts 7 s5t by ,jove1 j because no?+ is p]=m$ except by 8 p[]4 ,,xlvi ,b1 y ask1 :y does ,jupit] pass ov] ! guilty & /rike ! innoc5t8 ,t is too big a "q to ent] on "h2 x %all h its own place & "t4 ,meantime ,i insi/ on ?is1 t bolts are n s5t directly by ,jupit]1 b t all ?+s are s arrang$ t ev5 :at is n done by him is yet n done )\t "s plan1 :i* plan is 84 ,! =ce ( ! bolts is a consequ5ce ( 8 p]mission4 ,= ev5 ?\gh ,jupit] does n make !m1 he caus$ !m to be made4 ,he does n sup]9t5d e detail2 b to all he gives ! signal1 =ce1 & cause4 ,,xlvii ,!re is ano!r division ( !m made to :i* ,i _c agree4 ,!y are1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( "s1 ei!r con/ant or limit$ or def]r$4 ,! con/ant are ^? ^: progno/ication ext5ds all ov] life1 n m]ely intimat+ a s+le occurr5ce1 b embrac+ ! s]ies ( com+ ev5ts ?r\gh ! :ole subsequ5t life4 ,?is is ! k9d ( bolt t occurs fir/ aft] entrance on an inh]itance1 or :5 an individual or a city has ent]$ on a new phase ( exi/5ce4 ,limit$ ones answ] exactly to a def9ite date4 ,def]r$ are ^? ^: ?reats may be delay$1 ?\gh !y _c be av]t$ & completely avoid$4 ,,xlviii ,i w n[ /ate my reasons = disagree+ ) ?is division4 ,"o #a is t ev5 ! bolt :i* is call$ con/ant la/s = a limit$ p]iod4 ,su* bolts correspond no less ?an o!rs to a def9ite date4 ,nor d !y cease to be limit$ because ! p]iod !y signify is a long "o4 ,s1 too1 :at is ?\ght to be def]r$ is limit$4 ,= by ! admission ( ! advocates ( ?is division ! p]iod = :i* delay c be procur$ is a def9ite "o4 ,bolts t relate to private matt]s _c1 accord+ to !m1 be delay$ long] ?an t5 ye>s1 ^? relat+ to public affairs n m ?an ?irty4 ,s ?is class1 z well z ! fir/1 is limit$1 z x includes ! date beyond :i* ! progno/ication _c be def]r$4 ,!re is ?us a fix$ p]iod #b = bolts & results ( e k9d4 ,= ( :at is unc]ta9 !re c\ld be no di/9ct k4 ,!n1 too1 ^! p talk 9 too vague & g5]al t]ms ab\t ! po9ts to be not$ 9 lightn+4 ,!y ought r to divide !m accord+ to ! s*eme ( ! philosoph] ,attalus1 :o _h specialis$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,! inspection %\ld det]m9e :]e ! lightn+ occurr$1 :51 to :om1 9 :at connection1 ( :at k9d1 ( :at am\nt4 ,if ,i 7 to attempt to arrange & classify all ^!1 ,i %\ld j be committ+ myself to an endless task4 ,,xlix ,let me n[ glance at ! names ( ! lightn+ adopt$ by ,caec9a1 #a & expla9 my own op9ion ( !m4 ,he calls "o k9d imp]ative1 z x dem&s ! re-e/abli%m5t ( sacrifices neglect$ or in=mally (f]$4 ,admonitory is ! second k9d1 giv+ in=mation ( :at mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,pe/il5tial is a k9d t port5ds dea? or exile4 ,deceptive is t :i*1 "u guise ( "s b5efit1 inflicts injury2 = example1 x gives ! consul%ip to "s "o ^: ru9 #b ! (fice w prove1 or be/[s an e/ate ! pr(it ( :i* mu/ be comp5sat$ by "s great loss4 ,! av]tible1 aga91 br+ an appe>ance ( dang] )\t real dang]4 ,! de/ructive remove ! ?reats ( previ\s lightn+4 ,! atte/$ signify an agreem5t ) =m] lightn+4 ,! e>?-borne occur 9 a cov]$ place4 ,! ov]:elm+ /rike :at 0 previ\sly /ruck )\t due atonem5t hav+ be5 made4 ,! royal smite ei!r ! election gr\nd or ! #c gov]nm5t qu>t] ( a free city2 _! progno/ication ?reat5s a free /ate ) an absolute mon>*y4 ,inf]nal are :5 fire issues f ! gr\nd4 ,hospitable summon or1 to use a m polite ^w1 invite ,jupit] to %>e a sacrificial fea/ ) u4 ,if he happ5 to be angry ) 8 ho/ :5 he is invit$1 !n 8 com+1 ,caec9a says1 is fraught ) dang] to 8 ent]ta9]s4 ,auxili>y come by summons too1 b br+ good to ! summon]4 ,l ,b h[ mu* simpl] is ! division employ$ by our di/+ui%$ #a ,/oic1 ,attalus1 :o comb9$ skill 9 ! ,etruscan lore ) all ! subtlety ( ,greek ?\ght6 ,( ! diff]5t k9ds ( lightn+1 he says1 "o gives intimation ( some?+ t conc]ns u1 ano!r k9d intimates ei!r a ?+ ( no importance or some?+ ^: mean+ does n rea* u4 ,( ! significant lightn+ !re are sev]al v>ieties--"o is fav\rable1 "o unfav\rable1 a ?ird nei!r "o nor o!r4 ,( ! unfav\rable !re are all ^! =ms--! evils #b port5d$ may be ei!r unavoidable or avoidable1 or su* z may be mitigat$1 or su* z may be delay$4 ,aga91 ! b5efits =etold by ! fav\rable may be ei!r abid+ or transi5t4 ,! mixture ( fav\rable & unfav\rable may ei!r consi/ ( half & half1 good & ill2 or ill may be turn$ by !m into good1 or good into ill4 ,! lightn+ t is nei!r unfav\rable nor fav\rable gives u intimation ( "s action by :i* we ne$ nei!r be t]rifi$ nor elat$1 = example1 a j\rney abroad f :i* !re is no?+ ei!r to fe> or hope4 ,,li ,let me rev]t = a mom5t to ! lightn+ t port5ds some?+1 b a some?+ t does n conc]n u2 = in/ance1 :e!r ! same k9d ( lightn+ z has occurr$ w aga9 occur 9 ! same ye>4 ,sometimes lightn+ conta9s no indication at all1 or "o ^: grasp eludes u2 z1 = example1 ^? manife/ations ( x t are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! spaces ( ! sea or 9 lonely des]ts4 ,_! indication1 if any1 is lo/4 ,,lii ,i h /ill a few rem>ks to add 9 ord] to %[ m fully ! #a =ce ( lightn+ 9 v>i\s ways1 = its p[] is n always display$ 9 j ! same way 9 e k9d ( mat]ial4 ,= in/ance1 ! /rong] bodies are %att]$ ) great] viol5ce on acc\nt ( _! resi/ance2 x sometimes passes ?r\gh ! yield+ ones )\t do+ any damage4 ,) /one & iron & all ! h>d sub/ances x ent]s into conflict1 because 9 its impetu\s c\rse x mu/ f9d a way ?r\gh !m2 s x makes a way by :i* to escape4 ,! m flexible & ?9n] sub/ances1 ?\gh !y seem v suitable mat]ial = flames1 x sp>es1 mitigat+ its fury :5 x enc\nt]s no ob/acle to its passage4 ,& s1 z ,i said at a previ\s po9t1 co9 is f\nd fus$1 :ile ! purse t conta9$ x is unt\*$2 ! extremely ?9 fire runs ?r\gh ! invisible int]/ices ( ! latt]4 ,b :atev] solidity x meets 9 a beam x subdues z be+ refractory4 ,=1 z ,i h j said1 its fury does n always #b take ! same =m2 ! nature ( ! =ce 9 ea* case is reveal$ m]ely by ! k9d ( ! damage1 & y c tell ! species ( ! lightn+ by its effect4 ,aga91 ! =ce ( ! same fla% produces _m v>ieties ( damage 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,= example1 9 a tree x scor*es any portion t is v dry2 :at is firm & h>d x bores ?r\gh & sma%es2 ! out] b>k x scatt]s1 ! inn] lay]s ne>] ! c5tre x bur/s & cuts up1 ! leaves x la%es & /rips (f4 ,w9e is froz51 iron & copp] fus$4 ,,liii ,x is a /range fact t :5 w9e t has be5 ?us froz5 is us$ #a aft] x returns to its liquid /ate1 x ei!r kills or drives mad ^? :o h drunk ( x4 ,:5 "o inquires :y ?is effect %\ld be produc$1 ! sugge/ion pres5ts itself t ! lightn+ conta9s a pe/il5tial =ce1 "s ta9t ( :i* probably is left 9 ! liquid x has cond5s$ & froz54 ,inde$1 ! sub/ance c\ld nev] h be5 solidifi$ _h n "s bond ( cohesion be5 introduc$4 ,moreov]1 9 oil & e k9d ( ungu5t !re is a f\l smell aft] lightn+ has t\*$ !m4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t ?is #b subtle fire1 driv5 9 a direction contr>y to its nature1 conta9s a pe/il5tial p[]1 = n only its bl[ b ev5 its m]e brea? is ov]:elm+4 ,moreov]1 :]ev] lightn+ has /ruck !re is sure always to be a smell ( sulphur1 a sub/ance :i*1 be+ naturally poison\s1 causes delirium if brea!d too freely4 ,b we %all return to ?is po9t :5 we are m at leisure4 ,= ,i %\ld l "s day to prove ! ext5t to :i* ! _w is indebt$ to philosophy1 ! p>5t ( ! arts1 = k ( all su* matt]s4 ,%e x 0 t fir/ bo? inve/igat$ ! causes ( ?+s & not$ _! effects4 ,%e p]=m$ a s]vice f> m valuable ?an ! inspection ( lightn+ 9 ?us comp>+ results ) ! pr9ciples f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,,liv ,i w at ?is po9t rev]t to ,posidonius' op9ion ( ! cause ( #a ?und]4 ,f ! e>? & its conf9es are exhal$ c]ta9 elem5ts1 p>tly moi/1 p>tly dry & smoke-l4 ,! latt] elem5t rema9s 9 ! sky z mat]ial = lightn+1 :ile ! =m] falls 9 ra94 ,! dry smoky p>ticles t rea* ! atmosph]e w n all[ !mselves to be enclos$ 9 cl\ds1 b bur/ _! envelope4 ,!nce comes ! report :i* we "n ?und]4 ,besides ?is1 any?+ 9 ! atmosph]e itself t is r>efi$ is at ! same "t dri$ & heat$ up4 ,?is also1 if x is enclos$1 seeks an exit ) equal eag]ness1 & #b causes a report z x escapes4 ,on "o occasion x makes a complete bur/1 & ! ?und] is consequ5tly ! m viol5t2 on ano!r x escapes by degrees 9 small portions4 ,air ( ?is k9d1 !n1 by ei!r bur/+ or fly+ ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 produces peals ( ?und]4 ,! roll+ ( ! air enclos$ 9 a cl\d is ! mo/ pot5t cause ( sett+ fire to :at is /ruck4 ,,lv ,?und] is1 9 %ort1 simply ! report ( explosions ( dry air1 #a :i* _c occur unless !re is ei!r friction or a r5t 9 a cl\d4 ,posidonius adds t if ! cl\ds m]ely collide ) ea* o!r1 ! k9d ( bl[ ne$$ to produce an explosion is giv51 b n completely2 cl\ds d n meet ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t1 b only "p ) "p4 ,& aga91 s(t sub/ances d n res\nd unless knock$ aga9/ h>d ones2 a wave is n he>d unless :5 x beats on ! h>d %ore4 ,b fire1 :i* is s(t1 says an oppon5t1 :5 let into wat]1 also a s(t sub/ance1 produces s\nd 9 be+ ext+ui%$4 ,well1 suppose x is s1 x makes = ! opposite view #b :i* ,i urge4 ,= x is n really ! fire t makes ! s\nd1 b ! air escap+ ?r\gh ! wat] t is qu5*+ x4 ,grant$ t fire is bo? produc$ & ext+ui%$ 9 ! cl\d1 x arises f air & friction4 ,well !n1 x is urg$1 may n "s ( ! %oot+ />s plunge into a cl\d & be ext+ui%$8 ,ev5 suppos+ t su* a ?+ c & sometimes does occur1 x does n remove ! difficulty4 ,x is n ! occasional *ance cause b ! natural normal "o t we are 9 se>* (4 ,suppose ,i admit ! tru? ( y\r cont5tion t occasionally aft] ?und] fires gleam 9 ! heav5s mu* l %oot+ & fall+ />s4 ,yet ?is does n prove t #c ! ?und] 0 caus$ by !m2 x m]ely %[s t ! ?und] occurr$ simultane\sly ) ?is o!r ph5om5on4 ,clidemus ass]ts t a lightn+ fla% is an empty reflection1 & n real fire2 = 9 ! same way aft] nightfall a gleam appe>s f ! motion ( o>s 9 wat]4 ,8 illu/ration is n on all f\rs ) ! ph5om5on4 ,9 ! latt] case ! gleam is se5 actually )9 ! wat]2 9 ! =m]1 9 ! atmosph]e1 x bur/s & leaps out ( its elem5t4 ,,lvi ,h]aclitus is ( op9ion t ! fla% ( lightn+ is ! fir/ #a attempt ( a fire to k9dle2 j z on e>? :5 ! flame is at fir/ un/eady1 n[ dy+ d[n & n[ d>t+ up aga94 ,! anci5ts us$ to call ?is summ] lightn+4 ,we n[ say 9 ! plural ?und] peals 7tonitrua72 ! anci5ts said ei!r ?und] 7tonitruum1 s+47 or m]ely peal 7noise1 tonus74 ,! =ego+ rem>k ,i #b f9d 9 ,caec9a1 an eloqu5t man1 :o w\ld h _h a consid]able reputation z su* _h he n be5 ov]%ad[$ by ,cic]o's t[]+ =m4 ,besides1 ! anci5ts _h o!r v>iants ( a simil> k9d4 ,!y employ$ ) ! p5ult %ort ! ^w t we use ) x long2 we say fulgre 7to light57 j z we d spl5dre 7to gleam74 ,b 9 ord] to d5ote ?is sudd5 bur/ ( light f ! cl\ds _! usage 0 to %ort5 ! middle syllable s z to make x fulgre4 ,,lvii ,:at d ,i ?9k myself ab\t ! matt]1 y ask4 ,= up to ?is #a po9t ,i h be5 reproduc+ ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,well1 ,i w tell y4 ,!re is lightn+ :5 light bur/s out sudd5ly & widely4 ,?is occurs :5 ! atmosph]e has be5 *ang$1 by ! r>efaction ( ! cl\ds1 into fire1 :i* has n ga!r$ /r5g? to issue to any consid]able di/ance4 ,!re is1 ,i presume1 no cause = surprise ei!r t movem5t r>efies air or t r>efaction k9dles fire4 ,9 ! same way a lead5 bullet is liquefi$ :5 dis*>g$ f a sl+1 & falls 9 drops by reason ( atmosph]ic friction j z x w\ld d ?r\gh fire4 ,bolts ( lightn+ are m num]\s 9 #b summ]1 = ! reason t !re is mo/ heat at t season4 ,fire naturally />ts m readily :5 ! friction is 9 w>m] air4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ :i* m]ely gleams & a bolt :i* is dis*>g$ are produc$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,b !re is less =ce 9 ! =m] case & less fuel4 ,to put my op9ion on ! po9t %ortly3 a bolt is j lightn+ 9 its mo/ int5se =m4 ,s !n1 :5 a body #c ( ! nature ( heat or smoke is exhal$ f ! e>? &1 meet+ ) cl\ds1 is = a long "t roll$ ab\t 9 _! holl[s1 at la/ x bur/s out4 ,s9ce x possesses no /r5g?1 x is m]ely a fla%4 ,b :5 lightn+s h m mat]ial & burn ) fi]c] gl[1 !y n m]ely become visible1 b also fall to ! e>?4 ,,lviii ,"s writ]s are firmly conv9c$ t ! lightn+ bolt always #a returns to ! cl\ds4 ,o!rs hold t ! bolt settles 9 ! gr\nd1 at lea/ :5 its fuel is heavy1 & :5 x has comp>atively little =ce 9 its /roke z x glides d[n4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 does ! bolt make its appe>ance sudd5ly1 & is !re n a cont9u\s trail ( fire8 ,x is on acc\nt ( ! extreme rapidity ( its motion2 x fires ! air at ! same mom5t z x bur/s ?r\gh ! cl\d4 ,by & by :5 ! motion ceases1 ! flame subsides4 ,= ! c\rse ( ! air t =ms ! bolt is int]mitt5t1 :i* #b prev5ts cont9uity 9 ! fire4 ,z (t5 z ! air by its m viol5t agitation sets itself on fire x conceives an impulse t[>d flight4 ,:5 ! int]nal conflict has be5 end$ by its escape1 x is aft]w>ds = ! same reason sometimes c>ri$ d[n z f> z ! e>?1 & sometimes1 if urg$ d[n ) less =ce1 x is dissipat$ 9 air4 ,:y1 aga91 is ! c\rse ( ! lightn+ oblique8 ,! reason is t ! air curr5t ( :i* x is compos$ is oblique & tortu\s4 ,nature summons fire upw>d1 viol5ce presses x d[nw>d1 #c & s x beg9s to be zigzag4 ,sometimes1 :5 nei!r =ce gives way to ! o!r1 ! fire is at ! same mom5t urg$ t[>d ! upp] & depress$ t[>d ! ne!r regions4 ,:y are ! peaks ( m\nta9s frequ5tly /ruck by x8 ,because !y are expos$ to ! cl\ds1 & objects fall+ f heav5 to e>? mu/ pass by way ( !m4 ,,lix ,i "k q well :at y h long be5 anxi\s to say & :at y #a dem&4 ,i _h r1 y say1 get rid ( fe> ( ?und]bolts ?an le>n all ab\t !m4 ,s y may res]ve = o!rs y\r in/ruction reg>d+ _! orig94 ,let me be deliv]$ f fe> ( !m r ?an be in=m$ ( _! nature4 ,well1 ,i w foll[ y\r invitation1 = ,i q all[ t "s moral %\ld be atta*$ to all /udies & all disc\rse4 ,z we dive into ! secrets ( nature & treat #b ( ?+s 9 ! heav5s1 ! s\l mu/ be deliv]$ f its errors & f "t to "t reassur$4 ,ev5 ! le>n$ :o devote !mselves exclusively to ?is pursuit require su* reassurance2 n 9 ord] to escape ! arr[s ( =tune1 = h] missiles are hurl$ on u f e side1 b 9 ord] to be> !m ) resolution & con/ancy4 ,unvanqui%$ we may be1 unassail$ we _c be1 ?\gh meantime ! hope sometimes ins9uates itself t ev5 ?is is possible4 ,h[8 y exclaim4 ,despise dea? & !n ev]y?+ t leads to dea? is #c despis$1 be x w> or %ipwreck1 or ! jaws ( wild bea/s1 or ! weight ( ro(s ru%+ d[n ) sudd5 fall4 ,:at m c !y d ?an "p ! body f ! s\l8 ,& ?is p>t+ no c>e c %un1 no good =tune c remove1 no p[] c prev5t4 ,o!r features 9 human lot are v>i\sly assign$2 to dea?'s call all are alike subject4 #d ,:e!r heav5 is propiti\s or wra?ful1 die we mu/4 ,let c\rage be d]iv$ f our v despair4 ,! mo/ c[>dly ( animals :i* nature has creat$ = flight1 if !y f9d no way ( escape op5 to !m1 %[ fight ) _! unw>like body4 ,9 fact1 no foe is m deadly ?an "o into :om a tight corn] has put c\rage4 ,f> m viol5t resi/ance is (f]$ to dea? ?r\gh necessity ?an ?r\gh val\r4 ,a desp]ate s\l %[s z mu* d>+ z a #e c\rage\s1 probably m4 ,let u assume t1 s f> z conc]ns dea?1 we are giv5 ov] to x2 & s we are4 ,! fact is s1 ,lucilius2 we are all de/9$ to dea?4 ,all ?is nation t y see1 all ! p y c any:]e suppose to exi/1 w "s day soon be recall$ by nature to ! grave4 ,!re is no "q ( ! fact1 only ( ! day4 ,soon] or lat] we mu/ all g to ! "o place4 ,well1 !n1 does n he seem to y ! mo/ fe>ful & sillie/ ( m5 #f :o by great entreaty seeks to delay dea?8 ,w\ld y n despise a man :o 0 set 9 a company ( ^? appo9t$ to dea? if he ask$ by way ( fav\r to be all[$ to be ! la/ to lay 8 head ^u ! block8 ,we d ! same 9 sett+ su* /ore ^u a little delay 9 ! "t ( dea?4 ,capital puni%m5t is ! s5t5ce on all mank9d1 & ! s5t5ce is mo/ j4 ,we possess :at is wont to be reg>d$ z #g ! greate/ consolation t ^? s5t5c$ to ! extreme p5alty c\ld enjoy2 ! circum/ances ( all be+ ! same1 our fate is ! same4 ,if h&$ ov] by a judge or magi/rate to execution1 we %\ld foll[ & r5d] ob$i5ce to our execution]2 :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r x is by ord] ( ano!r or ( our own accord t we g to dea?8 ,h[ fooli% y mu/ be1 h[ =getful ( y\r feebl5ess if y are afraid ( dea? e "t x ?und]s6 ,does y\r abid+ safety really dep5d on ?is8 ,w life be secure if y escape ! lightn+8 ,y #h w be a victim ( ! sword1 ( a /one1 ( a fev]4 ,! lightn+ is n ! mo/ s]i\s ( dang]s1 x is only ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,y\r fate1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 w\ld n be a bad "o if ! inconceivable rapidity ( y\r dea? prev5t$ any s5se ( x1 if y\r dea? 0 ! occasion ( sacrificial c]emonies1 if ev5 :5 y brea! y\r la/1 y are n q a sup]fluity1 b rema9 z a sign ( "s great ev5t4 ,y\r fate is surely n bad if y are buri$ along #i ) ! bolt ( lightn+4 ,& yet y are 9 panic at a cra% 9 ! sky1 y tremble at ! s\nd ( a holl[ cl\d2 z (t5 z !re is a fla% y are ready to give up ! gho/4 ,well !n1 is x 9 y\r judgm5t m cr$itable to die ( %e] *ick5-he>t$ness ?an to be kill$ by lightn+8 ,r1 say ,i1 confront all ! m resolutely ! ?reats ( ! heav5s1 & :5 ! univ]sal _w is 9 flames ar\nd y1 consid] t 9 su* a mighty mass y h no?+ to lose4 ,b if y c br+ y\rself to believe t t wreck ( #aj heav51 t conflict ( ! /ormy w9ds1 is aim$ at y1 if x is on y\r acc\nt t ! cl\ds are pil$ up & collide & ro>1 if x is = y\r de/ruction t su* a mass ( fire is scatt]$ abroad1 !n y may surely reg>d x z "s consolation t y\r dea? has co/ s de>6 ,b !re w !n be no room = su* a reflection4 ,! fate ( "o /ruck by lightn+ removes all fe>4 ,among o!r advantages x includes ?is1 t x anticipates y\r expectation2 no man ev] 0 afraid ( lightn+ except "o :o _h escap$ x4 ,,book ,,iii ,,:i* ,,treats ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat] ,,preface ,i am n unaw>e1 my de> fri5d ,lucilius1 ( ! greatness ( ! #a edifice ^: f\ndations ,i am lay+ 9 my old age1 :5 ,i resolve to survey ! univ]se1 to une>? its motives & secrets1 & to reveal !m to ! k ( o!rs4 ,:5 %all ,i ev] manage to cov] su* a field1 ga!r toge!r su* widely-spread mat]ial1 behold ) cle> vision su* pr(\nd secrets8 ,old age presses h>d on ! re>1 upbraid+ me ) ! ye>s be/[$ on va9 pursuits4 ,we mu/ ply our task all ! m vigor\sly1 & toil mu/ n[ make good ! loss ( a lifetime )drawn f its true purpose4 ,night mu/ be add$ to day1 engagem5ts cut %ort1 c>e ab&on$ ( prop]ty t lies f> away #b f its own]4 ,! m9d mu/ be :olly set free f o!r ?\ghts1 & at lea/ at ! mom5t ( its flight f e>? mu/ be/[ itself 9 self-contemplation4 ,x %all d s1 & %all urge itself on1 & ea* day x %all measure ! brief span ( "t left4 ,:at has be5 lo/ %all be repair$ by dilig5t use ( ! rema9d] ( life4 ,! sure/ pl$ge ( virtue is rep5tance & am5dm5t4 ,i may exclaim 9 #c ! words ( an illu/ri\s poet3 ,high is ! c\rage t inspires me1 great ! "w1 b %ort ,! "t 9 :i* to plan4 ,i %\ld say ! same 7 ,i plann+ x 9 boyhood or 9 y\?4 ,no p]iod c\ld be any?+ b n>r[ 9 face ( su* an und]tak+4 ,z x is1 :5 ! midday ( life is pa/1 ,i h ent]$ ^u a task t is s]i\s1 difficult1 limitless4 ,let me act z p g5]ally d #d 9 a j\rney--^? t are late 9 />t+ make up = ! delay by _! spe$4 ,i mu/ hurry on1 & )\t fur!r excuse on ! score ( age proce$ to tackle my problem--und\bt$ly a va/1 possibly an insup]able1 "o4 ,my m9d swells ) pride :5 ,i survey ! magnitude ( my und]tak+ & reflect h[ mu* is unaccompli%$ ( my plan1 ?\gh n ( my life4 ,"s writ]s h wa/$ _! ef=ts 9 n>rat+ ! do+s ( #e =eign k+s1 & 9 tell+1 z ! case may be1 ! suff]+s or ! cruelties ( nations4 ,surely x is wis] to try to end "o's own ills ?an to record = a com+ g5]ation ! ills ( o!rs4 ,h[ mu* bett] to make "o's !me ! works ( ! gods ?an ! robb]ies ( ,philip1 or ,alex&]1 or ! o!r conqu]ors :o e>n$ _! fame by ! de/ruction ( mank9d6 ,su* m5 7 z truly sc\rges ( humanity z a flood by :i* a :ole pla9 has be5 inundat$1 or a conflagration by :i* ! great] "p ( its liv+ creatures has be5 burnt up4 ,! hi/orians tell u h[ ,hannibal #f cross$ ! ,alps1 h[ he sudd5ly transf]r$ into ,italy a w> r5d]$ m =midable by ,roman disa/]s 9 ,spa92 h[1 :5 8 =tunes 7 %att]$1 m det]m9$ /ill1 ev5 ?\gh ! fate ( ,c>?age 0 seal$1 he w&]$ ?r\gh all k+doms1 (f]+ to be lead] aga9/ ,rome1 & begg+ = an army2 h[ he nev] ceas$ ev5 9 8 old age to seek to r\se up w> 9 e corn] ( ! _w4 ,he c\ld1 x 0 pla91 endure to be )\t a c\ntry1 b n )\t a foe4 ,h[ mu* bett] is x to inquire :at ought to be done ?an :at #g has be5 done1 & to tea* ^? :o h entru/$ _! /ate to =tune t no?+ %e gives is /able1 b t all h] gifts are m fickle ?an ! v air6 ,= %e _c re/1 h] delight is to mat* sadness ) joy1 & to m+le smiles ) te>s4 ,!re=e 9 ! day ( prosp]ity let no man exult1 9 ! day ( adv]sity let no man fa9t3 ! successions ( =tune alt]nate4 ,:y %\ld y boa/ y\rself8 ,! wave meantime be>s y al(t on its cre/2 b :]e #h x may /r& y1 y _c tell4 ,its end w be ( its own *oice1 n ( y\rs4 ,or :y1 aga91 d y despond8 ,y h be5 c>ri$ d[n to ! nadir2 n[ is ! *ance ( ris+ aga94 ,adv]sity alt]s = ! bett]1 success = ! worse4 ,*anges ( ! k9d mu/ be anticipat$1 n m]ely 9 private families1 :i* are affect$ by a slight cause1 b also 9 sov]eign h\ses4 ,dyna/ies ris+ f ! gutt] h ere n[ e/abli%$ !mselves above ! rul+ p[]s1 :ile anci5t empires h fall5 :5 9 ! v heyday ( _! #i p[]4 ,! numb] _c be reckon$ ( ! k+doms t h be5 ov]?r[n by o!r k+doms4 ,god n[ makes x ,8 special aim to exalt "s & to ov]?r[ o!rs2 nor does ,he let !m g5tly d[n1 b da%es !m f _! p9nacle1 s t no remnant ( !m is left4 ,a great sight x is2 we ?9k x s only because we are ourselves small4 ,!re are _m dep>tm5ts 9 :i* ! /&>d is n d]iv$ f #aj ! actual size ( ! objects1 b f our own littl5ess4 ,:at1 ,i ask1 !n1 is ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 human life8 ,n to h fill$ ! seas ) fleets1 nor to h plant$ ! /&>d ( ! nation on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 nor1 :5 l& has be5 exhau/$1 to h w&]$ = ! injury ( o!rs ov] ! ,ocean 9 que/ ( ! unkn[n4 ,r x is to h grasp$ 9 m9d ! :ole univ]se1 & to h ga9$ :at is ! greate/ ( all victories1 ! ma/]y ov] besett+ s9s4 ,!re are ho/s ( conqu]ors :o h _h cities & nations "u _! p[]1 b a v few :o h subdu$ self4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal ?+8 ,i say aga94 ,to raise ! s\l above ! ?reats & promises ( =tune2 to consid] no?+ z wor? hop+ =4 ,= :at does =tune possess wor? sett+ y\r he>t ^u8 #aa ,:y1 z (t5 z y lapse f conv]se ) :at is div9e back to :at is human1 y\r eyes w be bl9d$ j l ! eyes ( ^? :o h return$ f bright sunlight into gross d>kness4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal ?+8 ,to be able to endure adv]sity ) joyful he>t2 to be> :atev] betide j z if x 7 ! v ?+ y desir$ to happ54 ,= y w\ld h felt x y\r duty to desire x1 _h y kn[n t all ?+s happ5 by ,god's decree4 ,te>s1 compla9ts1 lam5tation1 are rebellion4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal ?+8 ,a he>t #ab 9 face ( calamity resolute & inv9cible2 an adv]s>y1 yea1 a sworn foe1 to luxury2 nei!r anxi\s to meet nor anxi\s to %un p]il2 a he>t t kn[s h[ to fa%ion =tune to its w )\t wait+ = h]2 :i* c g =? to face ill or good dauntless & unemb>rass$1 p>alys$ nei!r by ! tumult ( ! "o nor ! glam\r ( ! o!r4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal ?+8 ,n to admit evil #ac c\nsel into ! he>t1 & to lift up clean h&s to heav52 to seek = no advantage :i* "s "o mu/ give & "s "o lose 9 ord] t x may rea* y2 to pray--a pray] t no "o w envy--= purity ( he>t2 z = o!r bless+s :i* are highly e/eem$ by ! _w1 ev5 %\ld "s *ance br+ !m to y\r home1 to reg>d !m z sure to dep>t by ! same door by :i* !y ent]$4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal ?+8 ,to lift "o's c\rage high above all t #ad dep5ds ^u *ance2 to rememb] :at man is1 s t :e!r y be =tunate1 y may "k t ?is w n be = long2 or :e!r y be un=tunate1 y may be sure y are n s if y d n ?9k y\rself s4 ,! pr9cipal ?+ is to h life on ! v lips1 ready to issue :5 summon$4 ,?is makes a man free1 n by "r ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 b by "r ( nature4 ,he is ! true freeman :o has escap$ f bondage to self4 ,t slav]y is con/ant1 f x !re is no deliv]ance2 x presses u day & night alike1 )\t pause1 )\t respite4 ,to be a slave to self is ! mo/ griev\s k9d #ae ( slav]y2 yet its fett]s may easily be /ruck (f1 if y w b cease to make l>ge dem&s ^u y\rself1 if y w cease to seek a p]sonal rew>d = y\r s]vices1 & if y w set cle>ly be=e y y\r nature & y\r "t ( life1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! bloom ( y\?2 if y w say to y\rself1 ,:y d ,i rave1 & pant1 & sweat8 ,:y d ,i ply ! e>?8 :y d ,i haunt ! =um8 ,man ne$s b little1 nor ne$s t little long4 ,to ?is end x w be pr(itable = u to exam9e ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! fir/ place we %all rise above :at is base2 9 ! second1 we %all set ! _s free f ! body1 imp>t+ to x t c\rage & elevation ( :i* x /&s 9 ne$4 ,besides1 subtlety ( ?\ght practis$ on ! hidd5 my/]ies ( nature wil #af prove no less efficaci\s 9 problems t lie m on ! surface4 ,& no?+ is m on ! surface ?an ^! salut>y lessons we are taught z safegu>ds aga9/ ! prevail+ vice & madness--faults we all condemn1 b d n ab&on4 ,i ,let u ent] !n on an inve/igation ( =ms ( wat]1 & let u #a trace ! causes t produce !m2 :e!r1 z ,ovid says3 ,!re 0 a f\nta9 silv]y cle> ) gleam+ wavelets2 or1 z ,virgil says3 ,:5ce ?r\gh n9e m\?s ) mighty ro> ( ! m\nta9 ,! sea issues 9 brok5 waves1 ov]spread+ ! fields ) its res\nd+ flood2 or1 z ,i f9d x 9 y\r own poem1 my de> ,lucilius3 ,! /ream ( ,elis wells up f ,sicilian f\nta9s4 ,let u inquire by :at me?od ! wat]s are suppli$2 h[ x is t day & night unceas+ly s _m huge riv]s roll d[n _! c\rse2 #b :y "s are swoll5 by ! ra9 ( w9t]1 "s increase 9 summ] :5 all ! o!r /reams fail4 ,meantime let u sep>ate ! ,nile f ! common cr[d2 x is a riv] ( peculi> & unique "*4 ,we %all give x its turn by & by4 ,at pres5t we w conf9e our treatm5t to ! common wat]s1 cold z well z hot4 ,9 reg>d to ! latt] we mu/ inquire :e!r ! heat is due to natural or artificial causes4 ,we %all discuss o!r wat]s too :i* are r5d]$ rem>kable by ta/e or "s special virtue4 ,"s1 = example1 ,i may expla91 alleviate affections ( ! eyes1 "s1 ^? ( ! s9ews1 #c "s effect complete cure ( *ronic maladies giv5 up by doctors z hopeless4 ,"s aga9 heal sores1 "s by be+ drunk ease int]nal pa9 & relieve compla9ts ( ! lungs & b[els4 ,"s /aun* ! fl[ ( blood2 9 fact _! individual uses are z v>i$ z _! ta/e4 ,,ii ,all wat]s are class$ z ei!r /&+ or runn+2 !y are ei!r ga!r$ 9 "o or occupy diff]5t *annels und]gr\nd4 ,"s ( !m are sweet1 o!rs h pung5t flav\rs ( diff]5t k9ds1 among !m salt1 bitt]1 m$ic9al4 ,belong+ to ! la/ class "o may "n sulphur1 iron1 alum wat]s4 ,! ta/e %[s ! quality4 ,wat]s ( diff]5t k9ds h _m o!r diff]5ces4 ,fir/ !re is t\*1 hot & cold2 !n weight1 light & heavy2 !n col\r1 pure1 muddy1 d>k blue1 yell[i%2 !n :olesom5ess1 :olesome & useful1 or deadly or capable ( petrifaction4 ,"s wat]s are ?91 "s ?ick2 "s give n\ri%m5t1 o!rs pass ?r\gh ! sy/em )\t b5efit+ x at all2 ! use ( "s removes b>r5ness4 ,,iii ,! lie ( ! gr\nd makes wat] ei!r /& or run2 on a slope x fl[s d[n1 a pla9 keeps x 91 caus+ x to /agnate4 ,sometimes "u pressure ( air x is =c$ uphill2 x is !n driv51 x does n fl[4 ,surface wat] comes f ra92 spr+ wat] f a natural f\nta94 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ to prev5t surface & spr+ wat] 9 ! same spot4 ,?is we see 9 ,lake ,fuc9us1 into :i* ! /reams dra9 all ! ra9fall ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 :ile !re are also l>ge spr+s conceal$ "u ! surface ( ! lake itself4 ,s1 ev5 :5 ! torr5ts dis*>ge into x 9 w9t]1 x pres]ves its appe>ance unalt]$4 ,,iv ,let u inquire !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ ! e>? c conta9 suffici5t wat] to ma9ta9 ! unbrok5 fl[ ( ! riv]s1 & :]e su* a va/ quantity ( wat] comes f4 ,we are surpris$ t ! ocean is n s5sible ( ! additional wat] d]iv$ f riv]s4 ,x is no less surpris+ t ! e>? is n s5sible ( ! loss ( all ! wat] t issues f x4 ,:at is x t has s fill$ x up t x c f its hidd5 recesses furni% su* quantities & cont9ually make good ! loss z x does8 ,:atev] explanation we give reg>d+ a riv] mu/ apply also to /reams & spr+s4 ,v ,"s are ( op9ion t ! e>? receives back all ! wat] x has lo/4 ,! sea1 !re=e1 does n get l>g]1 because x does n assimilate ! wat] t runs into x1 b =?) re/ores x to ! e>?4 ,= ! sea wat] returns by a secret pa?1 & is filt]$ 9 its passage back4#ej ,be+ da%$ ab\t z x passes ?r\gh ! endless1 w9d+ *annels 9 ! gr\nd1 x loses its sal9ity1 &1 purg$ ( its bitt]ness 9 su* a v>iety ( gr\nd z x passes ?r\gh1 x ev5tually *anges into pure1 fre% wat]4 #ej ,! ord9>y text1 z ,koell] saw1 is evid5tly wrong4 ,x runs3 8,= by a secret pa? ! sea wat] ent]s ! gr\nd & becomes visible1 & returns /eal?ily1 & is filt]$1 etc40 ,no au?or c be suppos$ to h writt5 su* a s5t5ce4 ,! re/oration mu/ be conjectural4 ,i h adopt$ :at seems simple/ & mo/ 9 keep+ ) ! context4 ,,vi ,"s suppose t all ! wat] t ! e>? dr9ks 9 f ra9 is s5t out aga9 into ! riv]s4 ,!y set d[n by way ( pro( ! fact t !re are fewe/ riv]s 9 ! localities :]e !re is lea/ frequ5t ra94 ,on t acc\nt1 !y say1 ! des]ts ( ,e?iopia are de/itute ( /reams1 & few spr+s are f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 because !re is always a blaz+ sky & almo/ p]petual summ]4 ,!re=e !re are ugly /ret*es ( s&y wa/e1 )\t tree & )\t inhabitant1 spr9kl$ at r>e int]vals by %[]s t !y imm$iately swall[ up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well kn[n t !re are abundant /reams & riv]s 9 ,g]many & ,gaul & next to !m 9 ,italy1 because !y enjoy a moi/ climate1 & ev5 ! summ] is n )\t ra9fall4 ,,vii ,a great deal c obvi\sly be urg$ 9 reply to ?is4 ,fir/ ( all1 #a z a dilig5t digg] among my v9es1 ,i c affirm f obs]vation t no ra9 is ev] s heavy z to wet ! gr\nd to a dep? ( m ?an #aj feet4 ,all ! moi/ure is absorb$ 9 ! upp] lay] ( e>? )\t gett+ d[n to ! l[] ones4 ,h[1 !n1 c ra91 :i* m]ely damps ! surface1 /ore up a supply suffici5t = riv]s8 ,! great] "p ( x is c>ri$ (f at once into ! sea by riv]-*annels4 ,b a small portion is absorb$ by ! gr\nd1 & ev5 t is n reta9$4 ,= ! gr\nd is ei!r dry & s uses up at #b once ! wat] p\r$ into x2 or else x is saturat$ & ?r[s (f :at ( ! ra9fall x does n require4 ,?is is ! reason :y riv]s d n rise ) ! fir/ ra9fall2 ! ?ir/y gr\nd absorbs x all4 ,& !n1 aga91 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t "s riv]s bur/ out f rocks & m\nta9s8 ,:at contribution c be made to !m by ra9s t are c>ri$ d[n ov] ! b>e crags & h no e>? into :i* to s9k8 ,besides1 wells sunk 9 ! v drie/ localities #c to a dep? ( #bjj or #cjj feet reveal ri* spr+s ( wat] at a dep? to :i* ra9 wat] does n p5etrate4 ,"o may be sure !re is no ra9 wat] !re nor any ga!r+ ( moi/ure1 b liv+ 7 spr+7 wat] z x is usually call$4 ,! op9ion 9 "q is disprov$ by ?is o!r argum5t1 too2 "s spr+s well up 9 ! v summit ( a m\nta94 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ! wat] 9 !m is =c$ up or =ms on ! spot1 s9ce all ! ra9 wat] runs (f4 ,,viii ,"s writ]s ?9k !re is an exact p>allelism betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! e>?4 ,on ! out] surface are huge m>%es1 great navigable lakes1 & seas cov]+ imm5se tracts ( e>? & p\r+ ov] its holl[s4 ,s 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? !re is abundant /ore ( fre% wat]1 :i* ov]fl[s great spaces no less ?an ! ,ocean & its gulfs above gr\nd2 9 fact1 /ill m ext5sively1 z ! dep? ( ! e>? ext5ds f>!r d[n ?an t ( ! sea4 ,f t supply 9 ! deeps1 !re=e1 ^? riv]s ( :i* we h spok5 issue4 ,& :y %\ld "o be surpris$ t ! e>? is n s5sible ( _! )drawal s9ce ! sea is n s5sible ( _! addition8 ,,ix ,"s approve ! foll[+ explanation3 ,! e>? conta9s1 !y #a ass]t1 _m holl[ recesses & a great quantity ( air4 ,?is air1 "u pressure ( ! gross d>kness1 ( necessity freezes4 ,!n rema9+ sluggi% & unmov$ x ceases to circulate & turns into wat]4 ,j z on e>? a *ange 9 ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e produces ra91 s b5ea? ! e>? ! *ange ( d5sity />ts a riv] or a /ream4 ,9 ! =m] case ! air above our heads _c long rema9 sluggi% & heavy2 = sometimes x is r>efi$ by ! sun's heat1 sometimes exp&$ by ! w9d's =ce4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 long int]vals betwe5 falls ( ra94 ,b und]gr\nd #b ! =ces1 :atev] !y are1 t turn air into wat]1 are con/ant--p]petual d>kness1 ev]la/+ cold1 in]t d5sity2 !y c1 !re=e1 supply )\t a break ! s\rces ( f\nta9 or flood4 ,we ,/oics are satisfi$ t ! e>? is int]*angeable 9 its elem5ts4 ,s all ?is air t %e has exhal$ 9 h] int]ior1 s9ce x is n tak5 up by ! free atmosph]e1 cond5ses & is =?) conv]t$ into moi/ure4 ,x ,!re y h ! fir/ cause ( ! orig9 ( und]gr\nd wat]4 #a ,y may add ! m g5]al pr9ciple t all elem5ts arise f all3 air comes f wat]1 wat] f air2 fire f air1 air f fire4 ,s :y %\ld n e>? be =m$ f wat]1 & conv]sely wat] f e>?8 ,if ! e>? is capable ( transmutation into o!r elem5ts1 wat] mu/ be "o ( !m1 9 fact1 ! mo/ suitable ( !m4 ,! two ?+s are cognate2 bo? are heavy1 cond5s$1 bo? driv5 by nature d[n to ! v conf9es ( ! univ]se4 ,e>? is =m$ f wat]2 :y n wat] f e>? 9 l mann]8 ,b1 y say1 ! riv]s are too l>ge to be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,well1 aft] y h consid]$ ! size ( ! riv]s1 j look at ! size ( ! res]voir :5ce !y issue4 ,are y surpris$ t a #b fre% supply ( wat] is always =?com+ = !m1 s9ce !y fl[ on = ev]1 "s ev5 ru%+ d[n _! *annel ) impetu\s ha/e8 ,surely y might z well be surpris$1 :5 ! w9ds drive hi!r & ?i!r ! :ole atmosph]e1 t ! supply ( air does n fail1 b fl[s on day & night unceas+ly4 ,& ! w9d1 rememb]1 is n conf9$ to a def9ite *annel1 z riv]s are1 b goes ) wide sweep ov] ! broad expanse ( heav54 ,y might well1 too1 be surpris$ t aft] s _m break]s h sp5t _! =ce1 any succe$+ wave is left4 ,! tru? is1 no?+ is ev] exhau/$ t returns ^u itself 7i4e4 is self-support$74 ,all ! f\r elem5ts #c return alt]nately ^u "o ano!r2 :at is lo/ 9 "o is cons]v$ by pass+ into ano!r4 ,nature1 too1 weighs h] p>ts z if ) nice adju/m5t 9 ! balance1 le/ _! j proportion %\ld be di/urb$ & ! _w topple ov] into ru9 7 lose its equilibrium74 ,all elem5ts are 9 all4 ,air n only passes into fire1 b x is nev] )\t fire4 ,deprive x ( its heat & x w gr[ /iff1 /agnant1 h>d4 ,air passes into moi/ure1 b nev]!less conta9s moi/ure4 ,e>? yields bo? air & wat]1 & is nev] at any "t devoid #d ( wat] any m ?an x is ( air4 ,! mutual transition is ! easi]1 because !re is already an admixture ( ! elem5t to :i* ! transition is to be made4 ,s 7#a7ea1 !n1 ! e>? conta9s moi/ure1 :i* x =ces out4 7#b7ea ,x conta9s air1 :i* ! d>kness ( its w9try cold cond5ses s z to =m moi/ure4 7#c7ea ,by nature1 too1 x has itself ! p[] ( *ang+ into moi/ure3 ?is p[] x habitually ex]ts4 #ea ,! num]als "h h no c\nt]p>t 9 ! orig9al4 ,,xi ,y h /ill a difficulty1 y say4 ,if ! causes giv+ rise to #a riv]s & f\nta9s are con/ant1 :y are _! wat]s sometimes dri$ up8 & :y d !y sometimes appe> 9 places :]e !y did n exi/ be=e8 ,_! r\tes1 ,i %\ld reply1 are (t5 di/urb$ by e>?quakes2 ! *annel is cut (f by a fall ( rock or e>?1 & ! wat] be+ held back seeks a fre% exit1 :i* x =ces ) a c]ta9 measure ( viol5ce2 or m]ely by ! e>?'s vibration ! c\rse is %ift$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? "o may obs]ve t riv]s t h lo/ _! *annels are fir/ ( all damm$ back1 b aft]w>ds1 9 lieu ( ! c\rse !y h lo/1 =ce a new "o4 ,!ophra/us affirms t an incid5t ( #b ! k9d took place 9 ! ,corycian ,m\nt1#eb :]e1 aft] a slight %ock ( e>?quake1 a f\nta9 bur/ out f a fre% s\rce4 #eb ,9 ,cilicia4 ,b "s writ]s are ( op9ion t o!r causes too are at "w to call up wat] 9 o!r ways1 or to drive or turn x f its c\rse4 ,m\nt ,haemus 0 once de/itute ( wat]2 b aft] a tribe ( ! ,gauls1 be+ h>d press$ by ,cass&]1 took refuge !re1 & fell$ ! woods1 an imm5se supply ( wat] appe>$4 ,no d\bt ! woods _h attract$ x = _! n\ri%m5t previ\sly4 ,:5 !y 7 uproot$1 ! moi/ure1 ceas+ to be us$ up by _! roots1 ov]fl[$4 ,!ophra/us affirms t ! same ?+ happ5$ ne> ,magnesia4 #c ,b ) all respect to ,!ophra/us1 ?is is n a v likely /ory4 ,ev]y?+ t is mo/ %ady t5ds mo/ to ga!r wat]4 ,b t w\ld n be ! case if trees dra9$ (f wat]4 ,roots draw _! n\ri%m5t f _! imm$iate vic9ity2 b ! volume ( riv] wat] fl[s f recesses f> d[n1 & is d]iv$ f a s\rce deep] ?an roots c p5etrate4 ,besides1 :5 trees are cut d[n1 m moi/ure ?an be=e is requir$2 ! /umps suck up a supply1 n m]ely = life1 b = new gr[?4 ,!ophra/us tells u1 too1 t r\nd ,arcadia1 :i* 0 a city 9 #d ! isl& ( ,crete1 ! wells & lakes disappe>$1 because ! l& ceas$ to be till$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city2 b aft] x _h got back its till]s1 x recov]$ its wat]s also4 ,he sets d[n z ! cause ( ! dryness1 t ! e>? _h got hideb\nd & q h>d1 & n be+ /irr$ c\ld n transmit to ! und]gr\nd res]voirs ! ra9 t fell4 ,b if ?is is true1 h[ comes x t we see spr+s 9 great pl5ty 9 ! mo/ des]t gr\nd8 ,9 fact1 "o f9ds #e a great deal m gr\nd t began to be till$ on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( wat] ?an t began to h an abundant supply ( wat] because x 0 till$4 ,y may be q sure t x is n m]e ra9 wat] t is c>ri$ d[n 9 our greate/ riv]s1 navigable by l>ge vessels f _! v s\rce1#ec z is prov$ by ! fact t ! fl[ f ! f\nta9-head is uni=m w9t] & summ]4 ,ra9fall may cause a torr5t1 b x _c ma9ta9 ! /eady1 con/ant fl[ ( a full riv]4 ,ra9s _c produce1 !y c only enl>ge & quick51 a riv]4 #ec ,! text seems to be at fault1 b ! argum5t is q cle>4 ,,xii ,let u1 if y please1 g into ! matt] a little m deeply1 & #a y w soon see t y h no cause to put fur!r que/ions1 once y rea* ! true orig9 ( riv]s4 ,a riv] is1 ( c\rse1 =m$ by a supply ( wat] t is always con/ant4 ,if y ask me1 !re=e1 h[ wat] is produc$1 ,i w ask 9 my turn h[ air or e>? is produc$4 ,if !re are f\r elem5ts 9 nature1 y are n entitl$ to ask :]e wat]1 "o ( !m1 comes f2 x is ! f\r? "p ( nature4 ,:y1 !re=e1 are y surpris$ t s great a portion #b ( nature c furni% a p]petual supply ( liquid f itself8 ,j z ! atmosph]e1 :i* is likewise a f\r? "p ( ! univ]se1 is ! s\rce ( w9ds & breezes1 s is wat]1 ( /reams & riv]s4 ,if w9d is atmosph]e 9 motion1 s is a riv] wat] 9 motion4 ,i h giv5 x /r5g? en\gh 9 say+ t x is "o ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,y mu/ be aw>e t :at has an elem5t z its s\rce c nev] run %ort4 ,,xiii ,wat] is1 accord+ to ,?ales1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! elem5ts4 #a ,he ?9ks x 0 ! fir/ ( !m1 & t all ! o!rs sprang f x4 ,we ,/oics1 too1 are also ( ! same op9ion2 or p]haps ,i %\ld r say t we ?9k x is ! la/4#ed ,= we say t x is fire t lays hold ^u ! _w & *anges all ?+s into its own nature4 ,we suppose t fire ev5tually fades & s9ks1 & t1 :5 ! fire is qu5*$1 no?+ is left 9 nature save moi/ure1 9 :i* lies ! hope ( ! _w t is to come4 ,s fire is ! end1 moi/ure ! beg9n+1 ( ! _w4 ,c y wond] t riv]s may always issue f ?is1 :i* 0 be=e all ?+s1 & f :i* all ?+s h be5 =m$8 ,9 ! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts at ! #b beg9n+ ! moi/ure 0 r$uc$ to a f\r? "p1 & 0 plac$ 9 su* a situation t x c\ld furni% a suffici5t supply = riv]s1 /reams1 & f\nta9s4 ,! next op9ion express$ by ,?ales is a silly "o4 ,! :ole e>?1 he says1 is upborne by wat]1 & floats j l a boat2 :5 x is spok5 ( z trembl+1 x is roll+ by ! movem5t ( ! wat]4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t !re %\ld be abundance ( wat] to p\r =? 9 riv]s1 s9ce ! _w is itself :olly set 9 wat]4 ,y %\ld put out ( c\rt su* an antiquat$1 unsci5tific idea4 ,!re is no gr\nd = believ+ t ! wat] comes 9 ?r\gh ! *9ks 9 ! e>?'s sides1 & =ms bilge-wat] 9 h] c5tre4 #ed ,i4e4 t to :i* all o!rs may be r$uc$3 ! text seems corrupt1 & ! mean+ is m or less conjectural4 ,g]cke's text reads1 8are also ( ! same or an analog\s op9ion40 ,,xiv ,! ,egyptians h recognis$ f\r elem5ts also2 & !y !n =m ea* into two1 male & female4 ,! atmosph]e !y consid] male :]e x is w9dy1 female :]e x is cl\dy & sluggi%4 ,!y call ! sea manly wat]1 e o!r k9d ( wat] !y call womanly4 ,fire !y call mascul9e :]e a flame is burn+1 & fem99e :]e !re is a gl[ t is h>mless to t\*4 ,! firm] k9ds ( e>?1 su* z b\ld]s & crags1 !y call male1 res]v+ ! t]m female = ! p>ts t are am5able to cultivation4 ,,xv ,!re is b "o sea1 :i* has s exi/$ no d\bt f ! #a beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,x has s\rces ( its own1 f :i* its impulses & tides are d]iv$4 ,z ) ! rag+ sea1 s ) ?is g5tl] k9d ( wat]1 !re is a va/ supply#ee 9 secret1 :i* no riv] c\rse c dra9 dry4 ,! exact explanation ( its res]ve /r5g? has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,x is only ! sup]flu\s portion ( x t is releas$4 ,n[1 !re are "s ( ^! beliefs to :i* #b we may safely subscribe2 b ,i hold ?is fur!r op9ion4 ,my firm conviction is t ! e>? is organis$ by nature mu* aft] ! plan ( our bodies1 9 :i* !re are bo? ve9s & art]ies1 ! =m] blood-vessels1 ! latt] air-vessels4 ,9 ! e>? likewise #c !re are "s r\tes by :i* wat] passes1 & "s by :i* air4 ,s exactly alike is ! resemblance to our bodies 9 nature's =mation ( ! e>?1 t our ance/ors h spok5 ( ve9s 7 spr+s7 ( wat]4 ,aga91 9 our bodies !re is n m]ely blood1 b _m o!r k9ds ( moi/ure1 "s ess5tial to life1 o!rs ta9t$ & some:at ?ick--bra9 9 ! head1 m>r[ 9 ! bones1 mucus1 saliva1 te>s1 & a k9d ( lubricat+ sub/ance t suffuses ! jo9ts1 & enables !m to turn m quickly 7 synovial fluid74 #ee ,all ! texts give via way4 ,! obvi\s correction is vis am\nt1 supply4 ,g]cke confirms ?is correction4 ,s1 too1 9 ! e>? !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( moi/ure4 ,!re are "s k9ds t gr[ h>d :5 fully =m$4 ,h5ce arises #d all ! metallif]\s soil1 f :i* our av>ice seeks gold & silv]4 ,!n !re is ! k9d :i* turns f liquid into /one4 ,9 "s localities ! e>? & its moi/ure comb9e to =m a liquid l bitum5 & o!r sub/ances ( ! same k9d4 ,!re1 !n1 we f9d ! cause ( wat]s produc$ accord+ to ! law & w ( nature4 ,b z 9 our bodies1 s 9 ! e>?1 hum\rs (t5 contract #e ta9ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a bl[1 or "s %ock1 or exhau/ion ( ! gr\nd1 or cold or heat injures ! natural vig\r4 ,a ve9 ( sulphur1 too1 may solidify ! moi/ure1 la/+ = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,!re=e1 z 9 our bodies1 :5 a ve9 is cut1 ! fl[ ( blood la/s till ! blood is exhau/$ or ! incision 9 ! ve9 has clos$ up & /opp$ x1 or until "s o!r cause has /aun*$ ! blood2 9 l mann] 9 ! gr\nd1 :5 ! seams h be5 loos5$ & laid b>e1 a /ream or riv] ru%es =?4 ,! way 9 :i* ! #f wat] is us$ up dep5ds on ! ext5t ( ! op5+ 9 ! seam4 ,at "o po9t its fl[ is *eck$ by "s ob/acle2 at ano!r x heals up1 s to speak1 into a sc> & *okes ! pa? x _h made2 at ano!r ! p[] ( transmutation1 :i* we h said ! e>? possesses1 rea*es its limit & _c long] supply mat]ial t may be liquefi$3 sometimes ! exhau/$ s\rce is repl5i%$1 n[ by en]gy self-recruit$1 n[ by a supply drawn f ext]nal s\rces4 ,= ,i ought to say t (t5 dry objects plac$ opposite to wet attract ! moi/ure to !m4 ,e>? itself1 :i* easily assumes ano!r =m1 #g (t5 wa/es away1 & is dissolv$ 9 moi/ure4 ,! same ph5om5on occurs "u ! e>? z above x 9 ! cl\ds2 becom+ too d5se & heavy to reta9 long] its own "*1 solid begets liquid4 ,!re is (t5 a ga!r+ ( ?91 scatt]$ moi/ure l dew1 :i* f _m po9ts fl[s into "o spot4 ,! d[s]s call x sweat1 because a k9d ( drop is ei!r squeez$ out by ! pressure ( ! gr\nd or rais$ by ! heat4 ,?is sl5d] trickle sc>ce suffices to =m a spr+4 ,b if ! s\rces are great & ! ga!r+s great1 riv]s issue4 ,sometimes !y fl[ g5tly if ! wat] m]ely desc5ds by its own weight1 sometimes ) viol5ce & l\d ro> if air be int]m+l$ & eject ! wat]4 ,,xvi ,ano!r peculi>ity requires explanation3 "s wells are full = #a six h\rs & dry = six alt]nately3 :y is ?is s8 ,x is h>dly necess>y to "n ! riv]s individually :i* are at c]ta9 mon?s broad1 at c]ta9 n>r[1 & to give sep>ate causes ( ?is1 see+ ,i c give a common explanation t applies to all4 ,an ague returns at ! same h\r1 g\t always keeps its appo9tm5t1 ! cu/om ( wom51 unless int]rupt$1 obs]ves its /at$ p]iod1 bir? is ready at ! prop] mon?4 ,9 l mann] wat]s h _! int]vals ( recurr5ce1 at :i* to )draw & at :i* to return4 ,n[1 "s int]vals are %ort]1 & ! m /rik+ on t acc\nt2 "s are long]1 #b b no less c]ta94 ,& :at is /range 9 t1 :5 y see t ! succession ( ev5ts1 & all nature1 by decree pres]ve _! appo9t$ ord]8 ,w9t] has nev] mi/ak5 its "t4 ,summ] has always blaz$ =? 9 its season4 ,! *anges ( spr+ & autumn h occurr$ accord+ to _! wont4 ,sol/ice & equ9ox alike h kept _! appo9t$ days4 ,b5ea? ! e>? likewise !re are laws ( nature1 less famili> to u1 b no less fix$4 ,be assur$ t !re exi/s bel[ ev]y?+ t y see above4 ,!re1 too1 !re are antres va/1 imm5se recesses1 & vacant spaces1 ) m\nta9s ov]hang+ on ei!r h&4 ,!re are yawn+ gulfs /ret*+ d[n into ! abyss1 :i* #c h (t5 swall[$ up cities t h fall5 into !m1 & h buri$ 9 _! dep?s _! mighty ru9s4 ,^! retreats are fill$ ) air1 = n[h]e is !re a vacuum 9 nature2 ?r\gh _! ample spaces /ret* m>%es ov] :i* d>kness ev] broods4 ,animals also are produc$ 9 !m1 b !y are sl[-pac$ & %apeless2 ! air t conceiv$ !m is d>k & clammy1 ! wat]s are torpid ?r\gh inaction4 ,mo/ ( ^! creatures are bl9d1 su* z moles & und]gr\nd rats1 :i* h no s5se ( sight1 s9ce x is unnecess>y = !m4 ,f ^! dep?s fi% are1 accord+ to ,!ophra/us1 dug up 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,,xvii ,at ?is po9t _m pleasantries w occur to y to apply to my #a incr$ible n>rative1 :i* y w politely call a good /ory4 ,a man w no long] g to fi% ) net & hook1 b ) 8 mattock6 ,! next ?+ w be = "s "o to g out hunt+ at sea4 ,n[ :at reason is !re1 ,i ask1 :y fi% %\ld n cross ! l& if we c cross ! sea & *ange our abodes8 ,y are surpris$ at ?is happ5+4 ,h[ mu* m incr$ible are ! a*ievem5ts ( luxury z (t5 z x ei!r c\nt]feits or vanqui%es nature8 ,fi% are to be f\nd swimm+ 9 ! d9+ c\*2 "o is caught "r "u ! table1 to be transf]r$ imm$iately to ! table4 ,a mullet is n ?\ght fre% en\gh unless x expires 9 ! h& ( ! banquet]4 #b ,^! fi% are h&$ r\nd enclos$ 9 glass j>s1 & _! col\rs are obs]v$ :ile !y expire2 dea? pa9ts _m hues on !m z !y draw _! la/ /ruggl+ brea?4 ,o!rs are pickl$ alive & kill$ 9 ! sauce4 ,^! are ! p :o ?9k "o is romanc+ :o ass]ts t a fi% c live und]gr\nd & in/ead ( be+ caught c be dug up6 ,h[ inconceivable x w\ld s\nd to !m to he> t a fi% swam 9 sauce & 0 kill$ dur+ d9n]1 b n to be s]v$ at d9n]2 t fir/ x 0 long admir$1 & t ! eyes 7 fea/$ on x be=e ! gullet 06 ,,xviii ,suff] me "h to lay aside my subject1 & to apply ! sc\rge to #a luxury6 ,comm5d me = a beautiful sight1 says "o1 to an expir+ mullet4 ,9 ! dea?-/ruggle1 z its life ebbs away1 fir/ a ruddy gl[1 !n a pallor suffuses x4 ,h[ symmetrical are ! v>iations z x *anges f t9t to t9t betwe5 life & dea?6 ,our somnol5t1 jad$ luxury gets a long respite by means ( ?is4#ef ,x 0 late 9 wak+ up to f9d h[ cruelly x _h be5 circumscrib$ 9 be+ *eat$ ( su* a pleasure6 ,hi!rto only fi%]m5 h be5 able to enjoy ?is gr& & beaute\s sight4 ,b :y %\ld we at ! #b banquet be satisfi$ ) a cook$1 a lifeless fi%8 ,let him expire on ! v tray4 ,we us$ to be surpris$ at ! fa/idi\sness ( our epicures 9 refus+ to t\* fi% unless x _h be5 caught on ! same day1 :51 z ! say+ goes1 x smack$ ( ! br9y4 ,x us$ = t reason to be deliv]$ po/ ha/e--way _h to be made = ! brea?less port]s z !y hurri$ along %\t+4 ,to :at #c l5g?s h ref9em5ts n[ be5 pu%$8 ,a fi% kill$ to-day has come to be consid]$ z already /9k+4 8,he 0 tak5 out ( ! wat] ?is day1 ,i assure y40 8,i _c tru/ y 9 a matt] ( su* mom5t4 ,i mu/ h ! evid5ce ( my own s5ses2 let ! creature be br\ght "h & brea! out 8 life be=e my eyes40 ,su* a pit* ( fa/idi\sness has ! g\rm&s' palate rea*$ t !y w n ta/e a fi% unless !y h se5 x swimm+ & ?robb+ 9 ! v banquet+ room4 #ef ,! passage is almo/ hopelessly corrupt4 ,! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce seems to be t luxury gets "s respite f ! fatigues ( ! table by wat*+ ! mullet's dea?-/ruggle4 ,ruhkopf sugge/s an em5dation :i* w\ld give ! s5se3 ,our somnol5t1 jad$ luxury has tak5 a long "t to discov] ?is new enjoym5t4 ,t w\ld c]ta9ly be well 9 keep+ ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce4 ,! m skill our jad$ luxury has _h plac$ at its disposal1 #d ! m ref9$ & elegant ! devices t 9 its fr5zy x day by day inv5ts2 x spurns ev]y?+ t is common4 ,we us$ to he> ! rem>k1 8,no?+ c surpass a mullet caught on ! rocks02 b n[ x runs1 8,no?+ equals ! beauty ( an expir+ mullet4 ,let me hold 9 my own h&s ! glass vase1 to see him jump & quiv]40 ,aft] long & fulsome praise has be5 lavi%$ on him1 he is tak5 #e out ( 8 transp>5t pond4 ,!n ea* gue/ %[s (f 8 exp]i5ce ( su* sc5es by po9t+ out ! hues to 8 fell[s4 8,look h[ ! r$ bur/s =?1 deep] ?an any c>m9e2 look at ! ve9s he has along 8 sides3 see1 y w\ld ?9k 8 belly 0 cov]$ ) blood2 :at a gleam ( d>k blue %ot =? j "u ! br[6 ,n[ he is /ret*+ himself out1 & s9k+ to a uni=m pallid hue60 ,n "o ( ^! selfi% fell[s w\ld sit by a dy+ fri5d's b$side1 none ( !m c endure ! sight ( a fa!r's dea?--a sight !y h de>ly long$ =4 ,h[ few w att5d ! fun]al ( a relative6 ,! #f la/ h\r ( bro!rs & fri5ds is %unn$ by !m2 !y are all 9 a hurry to be 9 at ! dea? ( a mullet6 ,= he has a delicate beauty1 don't y "k1 t no?+ c surpass4 ,my impati5ce makes me sometimes exce$ ! b\nds ( dec5cy & use words at r&om4 ,^! drivell]s are n satisfi$ to br+ tee?1 & palate1 & /oma* to ! revel2 !y make _! v eyes p>tn]s 9 ! gluttony4 ,,xix ,b to return to my subject4 ,"h is a pro( ,i h to give y #a t 9 ! und]gr\nd recesses are conceal$ great quantities ( wat] :i* ab\nd 9 fil?y fi%4 ,any "t t ! wat] bur/s out1 x br+s 9 its tra9 a huge cr[d ( creatures f\l to sight1 disgu/+ & noxi\s to ta/e4 ,at any rate1 once1 ne> ! city ( ,hydissus 9 ,c>ia1 a flood ( und]gr\nd wat] ?rew up to ! light ( day a numb] ( /range fi%es1 & all :o ate !m di$4 ,& no wond]4 ,_! bodies 7 full ( oil f _! long inactivity2 #b !y _h be5 fatt5$ 9 ! d>kness )\t ex]cise1 & depriv$ ( t light :5ce heal? is d]iv$4 ,a fur!r pro( t fi% may be produc$ 9 ^? dep?s ( e>? is af=d$ by ! bre$+ ( eels 9 %ady places2 !y also are a heavy diet ?r\gh _! want ( ex]cise1 especially if a consid]able dep? ( mud has hidd5 !m q out ( sight4 ,s !n ! e>? conta9s n only ve9s ( wat] #c by ! union ( :i* riv]s may be =m$1 b also /reams ( v great size4 ,9 "s cases _! *annel is conceal$ ?r\gh\t1 until !y are swall[$ up 9 "s cav]n2 o!rs ( !m well up 9 ! bottom ( "s lake4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t "s m>%es h no bottom4 ,:at is ! po9t ( my argum5t8 ,x %[s pla9ly t mighty riv]s h "h un5d+ supplies ^: limits are incalculable1 j z is ! duration ( riv]s & f\nta9s !mselves4 ,,xx ,= ! v>iety ( ta/e 9 wat] !re are f\r causes4 ,! fir/ is #a ! k9d ( soil ?r\gh :i* x fl[s4 ,! second also dep5ds on ! soil :5 ! wat] arises f transmutation ( x4 ,! ?ird is f air :i* has be5 trans=m$ into wat]4 ,! f\r? comes f "s ta9t :i* wat] (t5 contracts :5 injuri\sly affect$ by =eign bodies4 ,^! causes imp>t to wat]1 fir/1 v>iety ( ta/e1 !n #b m$ic9al p[]1 its heavy pe/il5tial smell1 its lightness & heav9ess1 its heat & its excessive a/r+5cy4 ,x is affect$ by its passage ?r\gh gr\nd full ( sulphur1 or nitre 7 saltpetre71 or bitum54 ,if ! wat] is ta9t$ 9 ?is way1 ! dr9k+ ( x endang]s life4 ,?is is ! explanation ( a passage 9 ,ovid3 ,! ,ciconians h a riv] a draught ( ^: wat]s turns into /one4 ,! b[els2 :i* mantles 9 m>ble all t x t\*es4 ,! riv] 9 "q has m$ic9al prop]ties1 its mud be+ ( #c ! k9d t glues toge!r & h>d5s ! bodies x enc\nt]s4 ,j z ! du/ at ,puteoli becomes /one if x t\*es wat]1 s1 contr>iwise1 if ! wat] ( ?is riv] t\*es a solid body1 x adh]es & gets firmly affix$ to x4 ,?is is ! reason :y objects ?r[n into ! same lake#eg are con/antly f\nd to be turn$ to /one :5 !y are tak5 out4 ,?is occurs at sev]al places 9 ,italy2 y may put into ! wat] a twig or b\gh & a few days aft] y c take out a /one4 ,! mud surr\nds ! object & gradually #d coats x ov]4 ,?is w seem ! less surpris+ if y h rem>k$ t ! ,albula1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 all wat] *>g$ ) sulphur1 deposit a coat+ ( x on ! banks ( _! *annels & /reams4 ,"s "o or o!r ( ! =ego+ causes acc\nts = ! peculi>ities ( ^? lakes1 :]e( :o ta/es ) ! lips1 9 ! words ( ! same poet1 #eg ,! allusion is n q evid5t4 ,goes rav+ mad or endures a sleep ( wondr\s dep?4 ,! effect is l t ( /rong dr9k1 only m viol5t4 ,drunk5- #e ness is madness until its effects pass (f2 ) a weight l lead x be>s d[n its victim into sleep4 ,9 ! l mann] ! /rong infusion ( sulphur 9 ?is wat] conta9s a sort ( poison t is m pot5t ow+ to ! noxi\s atmosph]e1 & ei!r goads ! m9d to madness or weighs x d[n 9 deep sleep4 ,! riv] 9 ,lynce/is likewise possesses ?is baleful p[]3 ,= :oso ) intemp]ate lips has dra9$ a draught1 ,/agg]s z if hav+ drunk deep ( w9e undilut$4 ,,xxi ,!re are c]ta9 caves a glance d[n into :i* has co/ p _! life4 ,s swift is _! de/ructive p[] t x kills 9 flight ! birds t cross !m4 ,t is ! k9d ( air & ! k9d ( place f :i* wat]s ( dea? escape4 ,if ! infection ( ! air & place is less sev]e1 ! damage is less fatal too1 m]ely affect+ ! s9ews l m5 ov]p[]$ by intoxication4 ,i am n at all surpris$ t place & air infect wat] & r5d] x simil> 9 "* to ! tract ?r\gh :i* & f :i* x proce$s4 ,simil>ly1 milk %[s ! ta/e ( ! c['s fodd]1 ! quality ( ! w9e comes out ev5 9 ! v9eg> x yields4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no?+ t does n be> m>ks ( its orig9 9 ! same way4 ,,xxii ,!re is ano!r species ( wat] :i* we ,/oics are satisfi$ mu/ be coeval ) ! _w4 ,if ! latt] has exi/$ f all et]nity1 s mu/ x too4 ,if ! _w has _h "s beg9n+1 !n ! wat] 0 assign$ its place at ! creation4 ,y want to "k :at k9d ( wat] ,i mean8 ,i mean ! ,ocean & all its seas t wa% ! cont95ts ( ! e>?4 ,"s philosoph]s are conv9c$ t ! riv]s likewise ^: nature is inexplicable1 date f ! creation ( ! _w2 su* are ! mighty riv]s ,danube & ,nile1 too rem>kable to be suppos$ by any possibility to h ! same orig9 z o!r riv]s4 ,,xxiii ,su* is ! division ( v>i\s k9ds ( wat]1 z x pres5ts itself to "s m9ds4 ,aft] t come wat]s ( ! sky1 :i* ! cl\ds p\r d[n f ! upp] regions4 ,( t]re/rial wat]s1 !y say1 !re are "s t ov]fl[1 s to speak1 & creep along ! surface2 o!rs are conceal$ und]gr\nd4 ,i h already expla9$ all ^!4 ,,xxiv ,sev]al explanations are giv5 ( ! temp]ature ( wat]4 ,"s- #a times x is hot1 sometimes x boils s fi]cely t x _c be us$ until x has giv5 (f its /eam 9 ! op51 or is temp]$ by mix+ cold wat] ) x4 ,emp$ocles is ( op9ion t z !re are fires conceal$ 9 _m places b5ea? ! e>?1 wat] is heat$ :5 !y happ5 to lie b5ea? ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* x has to fl[4 ,let me use an illu/ration4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( con/ruct+ s]p5t9es1#eh & cyl9d]s1 & vessels ( sev]al o!r designs 9 :i* ?9 copp] pipes are laid 9 desc5d+ spiral coils4 ,! object is to make ! wat] meet ! same fire ov] & ov] aga91 & fl[ ?r\gh a space suffici5t = heat+ x up2 s1 ent]+ z cold x comes out hot4 ,emp$ocles supposes some?+ ( ! same k9d to take #b place und]gr\nd4 ,p :o h _! ba?s heat$ )\t fire may well believe t he is "r4 ,9 ?is case air f ! heat$ furnace is introduc$4 ,! air glides along ! passages1 w>m+ up ! walls & vessels ( ! ba?room j z if fire _h be5 directly appli$4 ,9 %ort1 all ! cold wat] 9 ^! in/ances is *ang$ into hot by m]ely pass+ ?r\gh a heat$ m$ium2 & inasmu* z x is convey$ 9 an enclosure !re is no evaporation to imp>t a flav\r to x4#ei ,o!rs1 aga91 suppose t ! wat] contracts heat by issu+ f or pass+ ?r\gh gr\nd *>g$ ) sulphur2 ! heat is imp>t$ by ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ial1 to :i* also smell & ta/e be> witness4 ,all sub/ances1 ,i may say 9 g5]al t]ms1 t5d to reproduce ! qualities ( ! m$ium by :i* !y h be5 w>m$4 ,if y are surpris$ at sulphur w>m+ wat]1 y h only to p\r wat] ov] quicklime2 x w at once evolve heat4 #eh ,! te*nical "n is 8worm40 #ei ,!re is consid]able d\bt reg>d+ ! correct text & mean+4 ,,xxv ,"s wat]s are fatal1 al?\gh !y give no indication ( ?is #a ei!r by smell or ta/e4 ,9 ,arcadia1 ne> ,nonacris1 ! riv] call$ by ! p !re ! ,/yx lures /rang]s to ru91 z its appe>ance & smell r\se no suspicion4 ,?is is l ! drugs ( accompli%$ poison]s1 :i* _c be detect$ save by _! fatal effects4 ,! wat] ,i m5tion$ a little above br+s de/ruction ) amaz+ swiftness1 & all[s no opportunity ( apply+ a rem$y4 ,x h>d5s imm$iately x is drunk1 &1 mu* l *alk "u ! influ5ce (cccc #b wat]1 x sets & b9ds fa/ ! b[els4 ,!re is a poison\s wat] 9 ,!ssaly1 ne> ,tempe1 %unn$ by all cattle & wild bea/s4 ,x comes out ?r\gh seams ( iron & copp]1 & conta9s ! p[] ( s(t5+ ! v h>de/ mat]ial4 ,x does n n\ri% any trees ei!r1 & x kills grass4 ,c]ta9 riv]s possess a peculi> & /range p[]4 ,"s !re are ^: draught dyes :ole flocks ( %eep4 ,)9 a %ort "t ^? t 7 black h :ite fleeces2 9 o!r cases ^? t came :ite g away black4 ,?is is :at two riv]s 9 ,boeotia d1 "o ( :i* f its effect is call$ ,melas 7,blackwat]74 ,bo? ! riv]s issue f ! same lake1 to g on _! opposite missions4 ,s1 too1 9 ,mac$onia1 ,!ophra/us ass]ts !re #c is a riv] to :i* %eph]ds :o desire to turn _! %eep :ite br+ !m4 ,if ! %eep dr9k x = any l5g? ( "t1 _! col\r *anges z if !y _h be5 dy$4 ,b if ^? p want a d>k wool1 !y h a dy] ready at h& :o *>ges no?+2 !y h m]ely to drive ! same flock to ! riv] ,p5eus4 ,i h rec5t au?orities = ! /atem5t t !re is a riv] 9 ,galatia t has ! same p[] ( *ang+ ! col\r 9 all animals1 :ile 9 ,cappadocia !re is "o :i* if drunk *anges ! col\r ( horses b n ( any o!r animal2 _! sk9 is dappl$ ) :ite spots4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are lakes ^: wat]s be> up ^? #d :o _c swim4 ,!re us$ to be a pool 9 ,sicily1 !re /ill is "o 9 ,syria1 9 :i* brickbats float1 & no objects ?r[n 91 h[ev] heavy1 w s9k4 ,! cause ( x is obvi\s4 ,weigh any object & comp>e x ) wat] :ile !y are equal bulk = bulk4 ,if ! wat] is ! heavi]1 x w be> ! object t is light] ?an itself1 & w raise x above its surface to a height proportionate to its lightness2 objects heavi] ?an ! wat] w s9k 9 x4 ,b if ! weight ( wat] & ( ! object comp>$ ) x 9 #e respect ( weight be equal1 ! object w nei!r g to ! bottom nor yet w x /ick up2 x w j be 9 equipoise ) ! wat]4 ,x w float1 x is true1 b almo/ subm]g$ & )\t any "p project+4 ,! diff]5ces 9 weight give ! reason :y "s logs float almo/ entirely above wat]1 :ile "s s9k to _! c5tre1 & "s g d[n until !y are 9 equipoise ) ! wat]4 ,= x always holds good t1 :5 ! weights ( ! two are equal1 nei!r yields to ! o!r2 b objects heavi] ?an wat] s9k1 ^? light] are upborne4 ,n[ heavy & light d n ref] to our judgm5t ( weight1 b are #f relative to ! m$ium by :i* an object is to be support$4 ,s :5 wat] is heavi] ?an ! human body or ?an a /one1 x does n all[ ! inf]ior weight to s9k4 ,s x comes to pass t 9 "s lakes ev5 /ones w n g to ! bottom2 ,i mean h>d solid /ones4 ,!re are _m light pumice /ones1 ( :i* 9 ,lydia :ole isl&s t float are compos$4 ,!ophra/us is my au?ority = ! /atem5t4 ,i h myself se5 a float+ isl& 9 ! lake ne> ,cutiliae4 ,ano!r is c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! ,vadimonian ,lake1 ano!r 9 ! lake by ,/atonia4 ,! isl& at ,cutiliae conta9s trees & gr[s grass1 & #g yet x is borne up by ! wat]1 & is waft$ n[ 9 ?is direction1 n[ 9 t1 n m]ely by w9d1 b ev5 by a m]e air4 ,s light ! brea? t moves x t night & day x nev] rema9s /ation>y 9 "o spot4 ,!re are two reasons = x3 fir/1 !re is ! weight ( ! wat]1 :i* is m$icat$ & !re=e heavy2 & !n !re is ! portable mat]ial ( ! isl& itself1 :i* conta9s no solid body1 al?\gh x supports trees4 ,p]haps 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! #h ?ick liquid laid hold ^u & made fa/ light trunks & b\ghs scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! lake4 ,s also :atev] rocks are 9 ! isl&1 y w f9d por\s & holl[4 ,!y resemble ^? =m$ ( moi/ure t has h>d5$ especially ne> ! banks ( m$ic9al spr+s2 9 su* cases ! sc\r+s ( ! spr+ coalesce & ! foam is solidifi$4 ,x is necess>ily light1 be+ =m$ by concretions ( w9dy1 empty mat]ial4 ,!re are o!r peculi>ities atta*+ to wat]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 #i ( :i* no explanation c be (f]$4 ,= example1 :y %\ld ,nile wat] make wom5 m fruitful8 ,s effective is x 9 ?is respect t 9 "s in/ances wombs %ut up 9 prolong$ b>r5ness h relax$ s z to r5d] conception possible4 ,or :y %\ld c]ta9 wat]s 9 ,lycia prev5t misc>riage1 be+ s\ght aft] by ladies :o are subject to ?is frailty8 ,= my own "p ,i set ^! d[n among vulg> errors4 ,x is firmly believ$ by p t c]ta9 wat]s1 :e!r appli$ outw>dly or tak5 inw>dly1 affect ! body ) scab1 c]ta9 ) leprosy & f\l blot*es ov] ! sk94 ,wat] ga!r$ f dew1 !y say1 has ?is fault4 ,w\ldn't any "o suppose t wat] t #aj turns into ice is ! heavie/ ( all8 ,! tru? is j ! opposite ( ?is4 ,! *ange takes place 9 ! ?9ne/ wat]1 :i* = t v reason is mo/ easily congeal$ by ! cold4 ,! orig9 ( ! /one t resembles ice is pla9 f ! v "n us$ = x by ! ,greeks4 ,!y apply ! t]m cry/al 77 equally to ! transp>5t /one & to ! ice f :i* ! /one is suppos$ to be =m$4 ,ra9 wat]1 :i* conta9s v little solid matt]1 once x is froz5 becomes m & m cond5s$ ?r\gh ! p]si/5ce ( ! long] cold until all ! air is expell$1 & x is compress$ to ! la/ degree2 !n :at 0 once moi/ure is *ang$ into /one4 ,,xxvi ,"s riv]s rise 9 summ] l ! ,nile1 ( :i* ,i w give an #a acc\nt lat] on4 ,!ophra/us makes himself responsible = ! /atem5t t 9 ,pontus likewise c]ta9 riv]s rise 9 ! summ] season4 ,f\r diff]5t causes are assign$ = ?is4 ,fir/1 ! e>? is at t p]iod mo/ readily *ang$ into moi/ure4 ,second1 !re are 9 ! remote di/ricts heavi] ra9s1 ! wat] f :i*1 f9d+ its way by secret *annels1 comes unnotic$ to swell ! volume ( ! riv]s4 ,a ?ird explanation is t ! e/u>y is expos$ to m frequ5t w9ds1 & is la%$ by ! sea waves2 ! riv] is *eck$ & seems to increase because x _c dis*>ge freely4 ,! f\r? reason connects itself ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,^! bodies by #b _! m sev]e pressure dur+ c]ta9 mon?s dra9 ! riv]s2 :5 !y retire to a great] di/ance1 ! wa/e & dra9 are less4 ,:at 0 previ\sly lo/ n[ accrues by way ( increase4 ,c]ta9 riv]s fall visibly into "s grotto or o!r1 & ?us are )drawn f sight2 "s are gradually wa/$ & disappe>4 ,!y return1 h[ev]1 at "s di/ance (f & recov] _! "n & c\rse4 ,! reason is pla9 en\gh4 ,!re is vacant space und]gr\nd4 ,all liquid naturally #c is c>ri$ to ! l[] level & to ! unoccupi$ space4 ,! riv]s receiv$ into ^! recesses h run _! c\rse !re 9 secret4 ,b z soon z any solid ob/acle blocks ! way1 !y bur/ ?r\gh ! "p t (f]s ! slighte/ ob/ruction to _! escape & rega9 _! *annel above gr\nd4 ,s :5 ,lycus has be5 swall[$ up by ! yawn+ e>?1 ,he comes =? f> !nce1 & is born f ano!r s\rce4 ,s is n[ drunk up1 n[ glid+ ) sil5t /ream1 ,is re/or$ to its ,argolic waves ! mighty ,eras9us4 ,9 ! ,ea/ z well z ! ,we/ ?is happ5s4 ,! ,tigris is absorb$ #d by ! e>? & aft] long abs5ce reappe>s at a po9t f> remov$1 b und\bt$ly ! same riv]4 ,"s f\nta9s ca/ out _! sc\r+s at a fix$ p]iod2 ! f\nta9 ,are?use does s e fif? summ] dur+ ! ,olympic fe/ival4 ,!nce comes ! belief t ! ,alpheus makes its way "r f ,a*aia to ,sicily1 /eal+ "u sea by secret sluice1 & reappe>+ only :5 x rea*es ! coa/ at ,syracuse4 ,on t acc\nt1 dur+ ! days on :i* ! ,olympic fe/ival is tak+ place1 ! dung ( ! victims (f]$ 9 sacrifice be+ ?r[n into ! /ream ( ! riv] 7,alpheus7 turns up 9 quantity away 9 ,sicily4 ,y h y\rself told ! /ory1 my de> ,lucilius1 9 y\r own poem1 #e & s has ,virgil1 :o says 9 8 address to ,are?use3 ,s :5 ?\ glid'/ b5ea? ,sicilian seas1 ,nev] may sea nymph m+le bitt] salt waves ) ?9e4 ,9 ! ,c>ian ,*]sonese !re is a f\nta9 ( ! ,rhodians :i* at long int]vals s5ds up f its dep?s c]ta9 f\l excretions ( mud1 until x is set free ( !m by be+ clean$ out4 ,at c]ta9 places #f wells ?r[ up n m]ely mud b also leaves1 & bits ( crock]y & any o!r fil?y ?+s t h accumulat$ 9 !m4 ,! sea does ! same ev]y:]e1 its nature be+ to drive a%ore all fil?y impurities4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,messana & ,mylae z x boils & tosses 9 /orms x ?r[s up on ! bea* some?+ actually l ordure1 :i* has a vile smell too4 ,:5ce comes ! fable t ! ox5 ( ! sun are /all$ 9 t neighb\rhood4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( ?is k9d x is difficult to rea* ! true explanation1 especially :5 ! "t ( ! occurr5ce 9 "q has n actually be5 obs]v$ & is !re=e d\btful4 ,b ?\gh ! imm$iate & #g special cause _c be discov]$1 !re is a g5]al "o wor? m5tion+2 all wat]s :5 /&+ & enclos$ t5d to ?r[ (f impurities4 ,9 wat] t has a curr5t ! impurities _c settle1 z !y are c>ri$ d[n & expell$ by ! m]e =ce ( ! /ream4 ,! wat]s :i* d n ?r[ (f =eign bodies t settle 9 !m always boil m or less4 ,z = ! sea1 x drags f its l[e/ dep?s dead bodies1 refuse ( vegetation1 & all k9ds ( wreckage1 & purges itself ( !m1 n m]ely :5 its bill[s rage 9 a /orm b likewise 9 its calm & peaceful mom5ts4 ,,xxvii ,! occasion rem9ds me ( a wid] "q4 ,:5 ! fat$ day ( #a deluge comes1 aft] :at fa%ion w ! e>? = ! mo/ "p be ov]:elm$ by ! waves8 ,w x be by ! /r5g? ( ,ocean & ! rise ( ! out] sea aga9/ u8 ,or w ! ra9 desc5d un9t]rupt$ly1 & w summ] be cut out ( ! ye> :ile p]si/5t w9t] bur/s its cl\ds & p\rs d[n endless masses ( wat]8 ,or w e>? h]self op5 new res]voirs & %$ =? #b riv]s m abundantly8 ,or w a s+le cause be insuffici5t to produce su* a cata/rophe1 & all ! me?ods conspire toge!r1 ! ra9s desc5d+ & ! riv] floods ris+1 & ! seas hurry+ 9 hot ha/e f _! place--all ag5cies 9 conc]t b5t ^u ! "o aim1 ! de/ruction ( ! human race8 ,! la/ is ! tru?4 ,nature f9ds no difficulties 9 compass+ h] ends1 especially :5 %e ha/5s to make an end ( h]self4 ,at ! creation ( ?+s %e economises h] ef=ts1 putt+ =? h] en]gy 9 small imp]ceptible increase3 = de/ruction %e comes ) sudd5 & irresi/ible might4 ,h[ long a "t is ne$$ to br+ ! embryo *ild to ! bir?6 ,h[ #c great ! toil call$ = 9 re>+ ! t5d] infant6 ,h[ c>eful ! nurture ?r\gh :i* ! frail body is at l5g? br\ght to manhood6 ,b h[ insignificant ! ef=t ne$$ to undo x all6 ,cities take c5turies to e/abli%3 an h\r br+s _! ru94 ,ages re> ! =e/3 a mom5t turns x to a%es4 ,to its /ability & vig\r ?is univ]se ( ?+s calls = great & con/ant protection2 quickly & sudd5ly dissolution comes4 ,deviation by nature f h] e/abli%$ #d ord] 9 ! _w suffices = ! de/ruction ( ! race4 ,s :5 t day ( fate comes1 _m causes w be at "w 9 fulfill+ its decrees2 & z "s1 includ+ ,fabianus1 ?9k1 su* a *ange w n come )\t a %ock to ! :ole univ]se4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance !re w be excessive ra9fall1 a dull lead5 sky ) nev] a glimpse ( ! sun4 ,! cl\ds w be unbrok51 ! ga!r+ moi/ure w cause ?ick d>kness1 & !re w be no w9ds to lick x up4 ,h5ce ! crops w be diseas$1 ! gra9 ere x be gr[n #e w )] )\t fruit4 ,all tillage ( man's h& w be ru9$2 m>% grass w spr+ up ov] all ! pla9s4 ,pres5tly ! /rong] plants feel ! /ra92 _! roots are loos5$1 & ! poll>d elms fall =w>d1 c>ry+ _! v9es ) !m4 ,all %rubs lose _! hold on ! soil1 :i* has become s(t & flabby4 ,soon ! gr\nd is s saturat$ t x c support nei!r gra9 nor fruitful pa/ure4 ,! /ress ( fam9e is felt1 & rec\rse is _h to ! anci5t su/5ance ( b]ries4 ,! fruit is %ak5 f ilex & oak1 & any o!r tree t has be5 able to keep its gr\nd by ! support ( ! clefts ( ! rocks 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,ro(s are sodd5 & rickety2 ! ra9 has p5etrat$ to ! dep?s1 & ! f\ndations s9k4 ,! #f gr\nd is all a m>%4 ,x is va9 to seek supports to ! tott]+ h\ses2 e f\ndation is set on slipp]y gr\nd1 & 9 ! muddy soil no?+ is firm4 ,aft] ! /orm-cl\ds h m & m d5sely mass$1 & ! accumulat$ sn[s ( c5turies h melt$1 a cat>act sweeps d[n f ! l(ty m\nta9s c>ry+ be=e x ! woods n[ insecure 9 _! place1 te>+ (f b\ld]s f _! fa/5+s1 & :irl+ !m d[n 9 fi]ce c>e]4 ,x wa%es (f ! c\ntry #g h\ses1 & takes d[n ) x flocks ( %eep among ! dbris4 ,! small] hamlets x c>ries (f z x passes1 b at l5g? x leaves its c\rse & ru%es 9 fury ^u ! l>g] home/eads4 ,x draws 9 its c>e] :ole cities1 inhabitants1 & build+s all mix$ toge!r3 p "k n :e!r to compla9 ( a cata/rophe or a %ipwreck4 ,s utt]ly cru%$ are !y & at ! same "t subm]g$ by its com+4 ,by & by1 z x advances1 ! cat>act is swoll5 by ! absorption ( o!r torr5ts1 & 9 deva/at+ c\rse roams ?r\gh ! :ole pla94 ,f9ally1 x holds univ]sal sway2 x has e>n$ a title by ! widespread de/ruction ( ! _w :i* x c>ries z its bur!n4 ,! riv]s1 too1 orig9ally l>ge1 h be5 s hurri$ d[n by #h ! /orms t !y h left _! *annels4 ,! ,rhone1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 ev5 :5 conf9$ )9 _! banks1 h an impetu\s torr5t4 ,:at1 suppose y1 are !y n[ t !y h ov]fl[$ & made !mselves new banks1 &1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! soil h all w&]$ f _! wont$ c\rse8 ,) :at headlong ru% !y roll d[n6 ,! ,rh9e ov]spreads ! pla9s1 b ! wid5ess ( ! space causes no slack5+ ( its en]gy2 x p\rs its wat]s 9 full =ce ov] ! :ole ext5t z if x 7 ru%+ ?r\gh a gorge4 ,! ,danube no long] wa%es ! base1 or ev5 ! middle1 ( ! m\nta9s2 x #i la%es ! v summits1 be>+ d[n ) x ! m\nta9 sides x has flood$1 ! crags x has ov]turn$1 ! beetl+ promontories ?r\gh :ole prov9ces2 x und]m9es _! f\ndations1 & c>ries !m f> (f f ! ma9l&4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! riv] f9ds no exit--= x _h clos$ up e passage aga9/ itself--b returns 9 a circuit1 & envelops 9 "o va/ :irlpool ! huge expanse ( l&s & cities4 ,meantime ! ra9s cont9ue1 ! sky becomes /ill m ?reat5+1 & ?us1 = long1 disa/] is heap$ ^u disa/]4 ,:at 0 once cl\d is n[ pr(\nd night1 & t1 too1 dread & t]rible1 ) #aj gleams ( lurid light betwe54 ,= frequ5t fla%es %[1 & squalls di/urb ! sea4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t1 feel+ ! increase f ! riv]s1 & too n>r[ to conta9 itself1 ! ma9 advances its %ores4 ,its own b\nds _c conta9 x1 & yet ! torr5ts f l& prev5t its escape1 & drive back its waves4 ,/ill1 ! great] "p ( ! torr5ts deta9$ by _! n>r[ m\? recoil 9 pools1 r$uc+ ! fields to ! aspect ( a cont9u\s lake4 ,n[ ev]y?+1 f> z ! eye c rea*1 is a wa/e ( wat]s4 ,e hill is hidd5 9 ! abyss1 ev]y:]e is fa?omless dep? ( wat]4 ,only 9 ! #aa highe/ m\nta9 tops are !re %all[s4 ,to ^! heights m5 h fl$ ) wives & *ildr51 & h driv5 up _! cattle4 ,all int]c\rse & communication h be5 cut (f among ! wret*$ survivors2 = all ! l[] gr\nd has be5 fill$ by ! waves4 ,! remnants ( ! human race cl+ to e l(ty peak4 ,br\ght to ! la/ %ift1 !y h ?is "o solace1 t appreh5sion has pass$ into /upor4 ,a/oni%m5t s fills !m t !re is no room = fe>4 ,ev5 grief f9ds no place2 = x loses its =ce 9 "o #ab ^: wret*$ness has pass$ beyond p]ception ( suff]+4 ,s !re are only m\nta9 tops t appe> l isl&s above ! wat]1 & increase ! numb] ( ! scatt]$ ,cyclades1 z t accompli%$ poet f9ely says2 ) an exaltation ( language too 9 keep+ ) 8 !me1 he exclaims3 ,all 0 sea2 to ! sea !re 0 no %ore4 ,x is a pity he r$uc$ t bur/ ( g5ius & 8 spl5did subject to *ildi% twaddle by add+3 ,! wolf has to swim among ! %eep1 ! wave c>ries tawny lions4 ,!re is too little s]i\sness 9 mak+ sport 9 ?is way :5 ! #ac e>? has be5 swall[$ up4 ,he express$ a f9e ?\ght & caught a vivid picture ( ! utt] confusion :5 he said3 ,?r\gh ! op5 pla9s ! riv]s w&] at _! w1 444 ,! t[]s tott] & s9k b5ea? ! flood4 ,t 0 spl5did1 if he _h n m9d$ :at ! wolf & ! %eep 7 do+4 ,c\ld any?+1 9 fact1 swim amid su* deluge & de/ruction8 ,0 n e ho( dr[n$ 9 ! same torr5t z c>ri$ x (f8 ,y conceiv$ a wor?y image1 ,ovid1 :5 all ! _w 0 ov]:elm$1 & ! sky itself desc5d$ ^u e>?4 ,keep x up4 ,y w "k :at x ought to be if y reflect t ! :ole _w 0 afloat4 ,n[ we mu/ return to our discussion4 ,,xxviii ,!re is a section ( philosoph]s :o hold t :ile ! e>? may #a be greatly h>ass$ by excessive ra9s1 x _c be ov]:elm$ by !m4 ,by a mighty bl[ ?is mighty e>? mu/ be smitt54 ,ra9 w spoil ! crops1 hail w knock (f ! fruit2 b ! riv]s w only be swoll5 above _! banks1 & w subside aga94 ,"s1 aga91 are satisfi$ t ! cause ( ! widespread de/ruction w be d]iv$ f ! movem5ts ( ! sea4 ,! great %ipwreck ( ! _w _c1 !y ?9k1 arise f injury by cat>act1 riv]1 or ra94 ,i am will+ to grant t :5 t day ( de/ruction is at h&1 & #b ,heav5 is resolv$ to create a new race ( m51 ! ra9 w p\r d[n incessantly1 & !re w be no limit to ! floods1 ! nor? & o!r dry w9ds w cease to bl[2 ! s\? w br+ up 9 pl5ty cl\ds & ra9 & /ream4 ,b hi!rto only damage has be5 inflict$4 ,! crops are laid l[1 & to ! grief ( ! f>m]1 ,all hope ( increase is ab&on$2 ! toil ( ! long ye> is wa/$ & va94 ,b = our purpose ! e>? mu/ be m ?an damag$1 x mu/ be subm]g$4 ,9 fact1 ! disa/]s describ$ are m]ely ! prelude to de/ruction4 ,aft] t1 ! seas swell f> beyond _! wont$ b\nds1 s5d+ out _! waves f> above ! f>!/ high-wat] m>k ( ! mo/ viol5t tempe/4 ,! w9ds w urge !m on f ! re>1 roll+ up huge bill[s t w break f> inl& out ( #c sight ( ! highe/ %ore4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! %ore w ?us be %ift$ =w>d1 ! deep w be e/abli%$ 9 a realm t is n its own2 ! mis*ief w come ne>]1 & f its new base ! tide w issue /ill f ! deepe/ recesses ( ! ma94 ,= j l atmosph]e & e!r1 ?is elem5t1 sea1 has a l>ge res]ve1 & 9 its dep? is f> m copi\s ?an appe>s to ! eye4 ,?is res]ve1 mov$ by fate1 n m]ely by tides--= tides are b ! ag5cy ( fate--raises & drives be=e x a gulf ( va/ ext5t4 ,!n 9 #d wondr\s wise x re>s its cre/1 & ov]tops all man's refuges ( safety4 ,nor d ! wat]s f9d ?is a h>d task1 s9ce1 if ! heights 7 calculat$1 x w\ld be f\nd t ! sea m\nts f an elevation equal to t ( e>?4 ,! surface ( ! sea is ( uni=m level2 = ! e>? itself z a :ole is uni=mly level4 ,holl[s & pla9s are ev]y:]e bel[ ! g5]al level4 ,b ! :ole globe is z a matt] ( fact =m$ into a regul> sph]e1 :ile 9 "p ( x is ! sea1 :i* unites to =m ! unity ( a s+le ball4 ,b j z :5 "o looks out across a pla91 ! #e gr\nd t s9ks gradually deceives ! eye1 s we are n aw>e ( ! sea's curvatures1 & all t is visible is a pla94 ,b be+ on a level ) ! e>?1 ! sea does n require to raise itself to any great height 9 ord] to ov]fl[4 ,9 ord] to ov]top :at is on a level ) x1 x ne$ make only a slight rise4 ,besides1 ! fl[ ( x does n proce$ f ! %ore :]e x is l[]1 b f mid ocean :]e ! heap 9 "q /&s4 ,!re=e1 z ! tide at ! equ9ox soon aft] ! conjunction ( moon & sun rises to a height #f great] ?an at any o!r "t ( ye>2 9 l mann] ?is "o t is s5t out to seize ^u ! e>? mu/ exce$ 9 viol5ce ! highe/ ( ord9>y tides1 & be> a f> great] volume ( wat]2 nor does x beg9 to ebb until x has swoll5 above ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s t are its objective4 ,"s localities h at pres5t a tide t runs up inl& = a hundr$ miles 9 ord9>y c\rse h>mlessly4 ,x fl[s up to its normal limit & !n ebbs aga94 ,b :5 ! "t ( deluge comes1 ! tide1 fre$ f all re/ra9t1 w set no limit #g to its advance4 ,9 :at way8 y say4 ,j 9 ! same way z ! great conflagration is de/9$ to take place4 ,bo? w take place :5 ,god has se5 fit to end ! old ord]1 & br+ 9 a bett]4 ,fire & wat] are lords ( ! e>?4 ,f ^! x took its rise1 & 9 ^! x w f9d its grave4 ,s :5 a new creation ( ! _w has be5 resolv$ ^u by ,heav51 ! sea w be let loose on u f above2 or x may be ! rag+ fire1 if ano!r v>iety ( de/ruction is ,heav5's w4 ,,xxix ,"s suppose t 9 ! f9al cata/rophe ! e>?1 too1 w be #a %ak51 & ?r\gh clefts 9 ! gr\nd w uncov] s\rces ( fre% riv]s :i* w fl[ =? f _! full s\rce 9 l>g] volume4 ,b]osus1 ! translator ( ! records ( ,belus1 affirms t ! :ole issue is br\ght ab\t by ! c\rse ( ! planets4 ,s positive is he on ! po9t t he assigns a def9ite date bo? = ! conflagration & ! deluge4 ,all t ! e>? inh]its w1 he assures u1 be consign$ to flame :5 ! planets1 :i* n[ move 9 diff]5t orbits1 all assemble 9 ,canc]1 s arrang$ 9 "o r[ t a /raight l9e may pass ?r\gh _! sph]es4 ,:5 ! same ga!r+ takes place 9 ,capricorn1 !n we are 9 dang] ( ! deluge4 ,midsumm] is at pres5t br\ght r\nd by ! =m]1 midw9t] by ! latt]4 ,!y are zodiacal signs ( great p[] see+ t !y are #b ! det]m9+ influ5ces 9 ! two great *anges ( ! ye>4 ,i %\ld myself q admit causes ( ! k9d4 ,! de/ruction ( ! _w w n be det]m9$ by a s+le reason4 ,b ,i %\ld l to apply 9 ?is connection z well1 a pr9ciple :i* we ,/oics adopt 9 reg>d to a conflagration ( ! univ]se4 ,:e!r ! _w is a s\l1 or a body "u ! gov]nm5t ( nature1 l trees & crops1 x embraces 9 its con/itution all t x is de/9$ to exp]i5ce actively or passively f its beg9n+ "r on to its end2 x resembles a human be+1 all ^: capacities are wrapp$ up 9 ! embryo be=e bir?4 ,ere ! *ild has se5 ! #c light ! pr9ciple ( be>d & grey hairs is innate4 ,albeit small & hidd51 all ! features ( ! :ole body & ( e succe$+ p]iod ( life are !re4 ,9 l mann] ! creation ( ! _w embraces sun & moon1 />s ) _! successive phases1 & ! bir? ( all s5ti5t life2 & no less ! me?ods ( *ange 9 all e>?ly ?+s4 ,among ! latt] is flood1 :i* comes by a law ( nature j z w9t] & summ] d4 ,s1 t cata/rophe w n be produc$ simply by ra91 b ra9 w contribute3 nor by inroads #d ( ! sea1 b ^! inroads w contribute3 nor by e>?quake1 b e>?quake w contribute4 ,all elem5ts w aid nature1 t nature's decrees may be execut$4 ,! *ief cause ( its inundation w be furni%$ by ! e>? h]self1 :i*1 z has be5 already said1 is subject to transmutation1 & may dissolve 9 moi/ure4 ,!re=e1 !re w "o day come an end to all human life & #e int]e/s4 ,! elem5ts ( ! e>? mu/ all be dissolv$ or utt]ly de/roy$ 9 ord] t !y all may be creat$ anew 9 innoc5ce1 & t no remnant may be left to tutor m5 9 vice4 ,!re w be m moi/ure !n ?an !re ev] 0 be=e4 ,at pres5t ! elem5ts are all c>efully adju/$ to ! p>ts !y h to fulfil4 ,to de/roy ! equipoise 9 :i* ! balance /&s1 !re mu/ be "s addition to "o or o!r ( !m4 ,! addition w be to moi/ure4 ,x has1 at pres5t1 p[] to surr\nd1 b n to ov]:elm ! e>?4 ,any addition to x mu/ ( necessity ov]fl[ into gr\nd t does n n[ belong to x4#fj ,s ! e>? z ! weak] is b\nd to yield to sea :i* has ga!r$ unnatural /r5g?4 ,s x w beg9 to rot1 !n to be loos5$ & conv]t$ into moi/ure1 & to wa/e away by ! #f cont9u\s dra94 ,riv]s w !n issue =? b5ea? m\nta9s1 %ak+ !m to ! f\ndations by _! fury2 !n !y w fl[ on 9 sil5ce )\t a brea? ( air4 ,! soil w ev]y:]e give =? wat]2 ! tops ( m\nta9s w p\r x out1 j z disease corrupts :at is s\nd1 & an ulc] ta9ts its :ole vic9ity4 ,! ne>] ! "p is to ! soil t is be+ liquefi$1 ! m quickly w x be wa%$ (f1 dissolv$1 & f9ally c>ri$ away4 ,! rock w ev]y:]e gape 9 fissures1 & ! fre% supplies ( wat] w leap d[n into ! gulfs1 & unite 9 =m+ "o great sea4 ,!re w be no ,adriatic any long]1 no /rait 9 ! ,sicilian ,sea1 no ,*>ybdis1 no ,scylla4 ,all ! fabul\s dang]s w be swall[$ up 9 ! new sea2 #g ! exi/+ ,ocean :i* surr\nds ! fr+es ( ! e>? w come into ! c5tre4 #fj ,! text is unc]ta91 b ! mean+ fairly obvi\s4 ,nor w ?is be all4 ,z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 w9t] w seize ^u mon?s t are n 81 summ] w be /opp$1 ! heat ( e heav5ly body t dries up e>?'s moi/ure w be qu5*$ & cease4 ,all ^! names w be oblit]at$--,caspian & ,r$ ,sea1 ,ambracian & ,cretan ,gulfs1 ! ,pontus & ! ,propontis4 ,all di/9ctions w disappe>4 ,all w be mix$ up :i* nature has #h n[ arrang$ 9 its sev]al p>ts4 ,nor w walls & battlem5ts af=d protection to any4 ,temples w n save _! wor%ipp]s1 nor citadels _! refugees4 ,! wave w anticipate ! fugitives1 & sweep !m d[n f _! v /ronghold4 ,"s enemies w ha/5 f ! we/1 o!rs f ! ea/4 ,a s+le day w see ! burial ( all mank9d4 ,all t ! long =be>ance ( =tune has produc$1 all t has be5 re>$ to em95ce1 all t is fam\s & all t is beautiful1 great ?rones1 great nations--all w desc5d into ! "o abyss1 w be ov]?r[n 9 "o h\r4 ,,xxx ,nature1 z ,i h said1 f9ds no task h>d1 & especially "o #a resolv$ ^u f ! beg9n+1 to :i* %e does n come ( a sudd51 b ( :i* long w>n+ has be5 giv54 ,f ! _w's fir/ morn+1 :5 out ( %apeless uni=mity x assum$ ?is =m x we>s1 nature's decree _h fix$ ! day :5 all e>?ly ?+s %\ld be ov]fl[$4 ,nay1 f ( old ! seas h practis$ _! /r5g? = ?is purpose1 le/ at any "t de/ruction z a /range "w might be f\nd difficult to compass4 ,d y n see h[ ! break] da%es aga9/ ! bea* z if x wi%$ to leave its elem5t8 ,d y n see h[ ! tide sometimes crosses its b\nds & in/als ! sea 9 possession ( ! l&8 ,d y n see h[ unceas+ is ! w> x #b wages aga9/ its b>ri]s8 ,b :at special appreh5sion ne$ !re be ( ! sea1 ! place :]e y see su* turmoil1 & ( ! riv]s t bur/ =? 9 su* fury8 ,:]e has nature n plac$ wat]8 ,%e c attack u on all sides ! mom5t %e *ooses4 ,i c give my own ^w ( hon\r = x t wat] meets u z we turn up ! soil2 e "t our av>ice s5ds u d[n a m9e1 or any o!r motive induces u to s9k a %aft deep 9 ! e>?1 ! end ( ! excavation is always a ru% ( wat]4 ,rememb]1 too1 t !re are huge lakes hidd5 deep 9 ! e>?1 #c great quantities ( sea /or$ up1 & _m riv]s t glide ?r\gh ! unse5 dep?s4 ,on all sides1 !re=e1 w be causes ( deluge2 = "s wat]s fl[ 9 b5ea? ! e>? & o!rs fl[ r\nd x4 ,?\gh long re/ra9$ !y w at la/ prevail1 & w jo9 /ream to /ream & pool to m>%4 ,! sea w fill up ! m\? ( e f\nta91 & w op5 x out to wid] ext5t4 ,j z ! b[els dra9 ! body 9 ! draught1 or z ! /r5g? goes (f into #d p]spiration1 s ! e>? w dissolve1 & ?\gh o!r causes are inactive1 x w f9d )9 itself a flood 9 :i* to s9k4 ,all ! great =ces w ?us1 ,i %\ld suppose1 comb9e4 ,nor w de/ruction t>ry4 ,! h>mony is assail$ & brok5 :5 once ! _w has relax$ aught ( its ne$$ c>e4 ,at once1 f all sides1 op5 & hidd51 above & b5ea?1 w ru% ! influx ( wat]s4 ,!re is no?+ l ! lett+ loose ( ! sea's full =ce1 #e = viol5ce & ungov]nable fury2 x rises 9 rebellion & spurns e re/ra9t4 ,x w make full use ( its p]mitt$ lib]ty2 z its nature prompts1 :at x r5ds & surr\nds x w soon fill up4 ,j z fire t breaks out at diff]5t po9ts w spe$ily unite ! flames & make "o gr& blaze1 s ! ov]fl[+ seas w jo9 =ces 9 an in/ant4 ,b ! waves w n enjoy _! unre/ra9$ lib]ty = ev]4 ,:5 ! de/ruction ( ! human race #f is consummat$1 & :5 wild bea/s1 ^: nature m5 _h come to %>e1 h be5 consign$ toge!r to a l fate1 ! e>? w once m dr9k up ! wat]s4 ,nature w =ce ! sea to /ay its c\rse1 & to exp5d its rage )9 its wont$ b\nds4 ,ocean w be bani%$ f our abodes into 8 own secret dwell+-place4 ,! anci5t ord] ( ?+s w be recall$4 ,e liv+ creature w be creat$ #g afre%4 ,! e>? w receive a new man ignorant ( s91 born "u happi] />s4 ,b !y1 too1 w reta9 _! innoc5ce only :ile !y are new4 ,vice quickly creeps 92 virtue is difficult to f9d2 %e requires rul] & guide4 ,b vice c be acquir$ ev5 )\t a tutor4 ,,book ,,iv ,,conta9+ ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,sn[1 ,,hail1 ,,& ,,ra9 ,,! ,,nile ,,preface ,y tell me y are delight$1 ,lucilius1 my mo/ e/eem$ ( fri5ds1 #a ) y\r peaceful gov]nm5t ( ,sicily4 ,y w cont9ue to be delight$ if y are will+ to obs]ve ! b\nds ( mod]ation1 & d n try to turn into an empire :at is m]ely a prov9ce4 ,nor d ,i d\bt t ?is w be y\r *oice1 kn[+ z ,i d t y are a /rang] to ambition1 & a fri5d to a peaceful life ( lett]s4 ,let ^? :o _c be> _! own company1 long = a cr[d ( affairs & ( p6 ,y are on ! be/ ( t]ms ) y\rself4 ,x is little wond] t few atta9 su* a happy lot4 ,we are always lay+ #b comm&s ^u ourselves to our own dispeace4 ,we suff] at "o mom5t f love (1 at ano!r f we>9ess (1 ourselves4 ,our unhappy s\l is n[ inflam$ ) pride1 n[ inflat$ ) passion4 ,sometimes we relax x ?r\gh indulg5ce1 sometimes we consume x ) anxiety4 ,! mo/ pitiable ?+ ( all is t we are nev] alone ) ourselves4 ,s1 :]e su* a cr[d ( vices h to mess toge!r1 !re mu/ becccc #c cont9ual wrangl+ among !m4 ,behave1 !re=e1 my de> ,lucilius1 z y are wont to behave4 ,sep>ate y\rself z f> z possible f ! common h]d1 & expose no side to ! attack ( flatt]y4 ,flatt]]s are adepts 9 spread+ a net = _! bett]s4 ,h[ev] mu* y are on y\r gu>d1 y w be no mat* = !m4 ,if y all[ y\rself to be caught1 y w be deliv]+ y\rself up to betrayal1 take my ^w = x4 ,flatt]y has 9 x ! inh]5t *>m1 t ev5 :5 #d spurn$1 x is n unpleas+3 (t5 %ut out1 x is at ! la/ tak5 to ! bosom4 ,flatt]y accepts its rejection z a m>k ( att5tion2 ev5 insults _c subdue x4 ,:at ,i am go+ to tell y may s\nd incr$ible1 yet x is ! simple tru?4 ,e man is mo/ op5 to dang] on ! side on :i* he is #e attack$4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 t is ! v reason :y he is attack$ on t side4 ,y mu/1 !re=e1 lay y\r acc\nt to recognise t1 d :at y w1 y _c manage to be imp]vi\s to adulation4 ,:5 y h clos$ e loophole1 x w /ill w\nd y ?r\gh y\r h>ness4 ,"o assailant w employ 8 flatt]y secretly & sp>+ly2 ano!r1 above bo>d1 op5ly1 ) an affectation ( hone/ s9c]ity1 z if x 7 /raight=w>d bluntness1 n device4 ,plancus1 ! greate/ adept 9 ! art be=e ,vitellius' "t1 us$ to say t secret1 dissembl$ flatt]y 0 n to be employ$4 ,advances1 quo? he1 are lo/ if !y are n recognis$4 ,! flatt]] makes mo/ headway #f :5 he is detect$2 /ill m1 9 fact1 if an op5 rebuke br+s ! blu% to 8 *eek4 ,y mu/ assume t a public "* l y w enc\nt] _m ,plancuses4 ,x is no rem$y aga9/ ! invet]ate plague to refuse to be prais$4 ,i nev] knew a man m %rewd 9 e practical matt] ?an ,crispus ,passi5us1 & especially 9 diagnos+ & treat+ faults ( "*4 ,he (t5 us$ to say t we only put-to ! door aga9/ flatt]y1 & d n %ut x1 mu* 9 ! same way z 9 ! face ( a mi/ress4 ,if %e gives x a %ove1 we are pleas$1 /ill m s if %e =ces x op54 ,i rememb] he>+ t #g di/+ui%$ man1 ,demetrius1 rem>k to a c]ta9 p[]ful fre$man t he1 too1 _h an easy road to ri*es on ! day t he made up 8 m9d to r5\nce all virtu\s resolutions4 ,nor w ,i grudge any ( y1 said he1 ! k ( ! art1 b ,i w tea* ^? :o reg>d ga9 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful h[ !y may atta9 _! object4 ,!y ne$ n foll[ ! d\btful =tune ( ! sea1 nor ! competition ( buy+ & sell+3 !y ne$ n place _! fai? 9 ! fickle proce$s ( ! gr\nd1 nor ! /ill m fickle =tunes ( ! ex*ange4 ,i w tea* !m a means ( mak+ money n m]ely easy1 b positively s m]ry t ! victims :om !y fleece w %>e ! fun4 ,flatt]y %all be ! means4 ,if y h ! /ature #h ( ! pigmy ,?racian mat*$ aga9/ ,?racian 9 ! ar5a1 ,i w swe> t y are tall] ?an ,fidus ,annaeus or ,apollonius ,pycta4 ,i w say t no fell[ c\ld be m lib]al ?an y1 nor %all ,i lie1 s9ce y may be consid]$ to h be/[$ ^u all :atev] y h n robb$ !m (4 ,! fact is1 my de> ,junior1 ! m op5 & %ameless flatt]y is1 & ! m completely x has braz5$ its own features & rais$ ! consci\s blu% 9 ^? ( o!rs1 ! m quickly x /orms ! citadel4 ,we h n[ rea*$ su* a pit* ( madness t he :o uses flatt]y sp>+ly is consid]$ nigg>dly4 ,i us$ to tell y ?atccccc #i my bro!r ,gallio--a man :om ev5 8 mo/ ard5t admir] _c love accord+ to ! measure ( 8 des]ts--0 a /rang] to o!r vices1 b ?is he positively loa!d4 ,y might assail him on e side4 ,"o began by pay+ homage to 8 intellect1 ! greate/ & wor?ie/ ( all1 :i* "o _h r see consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( heav5 ?an wa/$ 9 weak human ef=t2 he ran away f "o :o talk$ ?us4 ,or "o began to praise 8 ?rift--he 0 s indiff]5t to money t he seem$ nei!r to possess x nor to condemn x--he cut %ort ! v fir/ words ( ! panegyric4 ,or1 aga91 "o w\ld admire 8 bonhomie & unaffect$ grace #aj ( "*1 :i* *>ms ev5 ^? x passes unnotic$--a s]vice to e "o he meets1 :i* co/s ! au?or no?+4 ,no "o 9 ! _w1 ,i may tell y1 is su* a fav\rite ) 8 "o *os5 fri5d z he is ) all4 ,at ! same "t s great is 8 natural amiability t x is free f all sav\r ( artifice or pret5ce4 ,no "o1 y w\ld ?9k1 c refuse cr$it = a goodness 9 :i* all %>e4 ,at ?is po9t1 too1 he successfully resi/$ y\r bl&i%m5ts1 lead+ y to exclaim t y _h f\nd a man absolutely impregnable to assaults ( ! flatt]y :i* no "o ev] refuses to take to 8 bosom4 ,y 7 =c$ to admit t y respect$ 8 wisdom & #aa det]m9ation 9 escap+ f t unavoidable plague1 all ! m t y _h hop$ t y\r ins9uat+ words w\ld be receiv$ ) op5 e>s because !y 7 true4 ,yet all ! m he saw t he mu/ resi/ y\r wiles4 ,= :5 tru? is attack$ by falsehood1 ! attack always seeks ! aid ( "s measure ( tru?4 ,/ill1 ,i w\ld n h ! flatt]] :o tri$ 8 art ^u my bro!r displeas$ ) 8 success1 z if he _h act$ 8 "p ill :ile ! o!r suspect$ "s joke or trick4 ,y _h n be5 detect$1 y\r advances _h simply #ab be5 reject$4 ,n[ d y1 ,lucilius1 adapt y\rself to ?is model4 ,:5 any flatt]] approa*es y1 say to him3 ,d y wi% to convey a complim5t>y message su* z passes betwe5 magi/rates duly in/all$ 9 (fice8 ,d y ?9k t ,i am prep>$ to return ! complim5t1 & will+1 !re=e1 to li/5 to y\r long /ory8 ,nei!r d ,i wi% to dupe1 nor c ,i be dup$4 ,i %\ld l well en\gh to h ! praise ( p l y\rself if y did n praise ! bad z well z ! good4 ,& yet1 ,lucilius1 :y is x necess>y = y to come d[n to _! level1 & all[ !m to attack y at close qu>t]s8 ,keep a long di/ance betwe5 y & !m4 ,:5 y desire to h g5u9e praise1 :y %\ld y be indebt$ to ano!r = x8 ,y\rself comm5d y\r own ef=ts4 ,say ?us3 ,?\gh my pov]ty prompt$ ano!r k9d ( c>e]1 & tempt$ me to devote my tal5ts to a field :i* promis$ to #ac application a quick return1 yet ,i gave myself up to lib]al pursuits4 ,i turn$ aside to ! unremun]ative doma9s ( poetry1 & be/[$ myself ^u ! :olesome /udy ( philosophy4 ,i h %[$ t se$s ( virtue are plant$ 9 e brea/4 ,i h surm\nt$ ! difficulties ( bir?2 measur+ my p[]s1 n by my lot1 b by my capacity1 ,i h rea*$ a position on a level ) ! highe/4 ,my fri5d%ip ) ,gaetulicus did n sap my allegiance to ! ,emp]or ,caius ,caligula4 ,messal9a & ,n>cissus1 long enemies ( ! ,/ate be=e !y became enemies ( "o ano!r1 7 unable to ov]turn #ad my resolve to be true to o!rs :om x 0 a crime to love4#fa ,i risk$ my head = my loyalty4 ,no ^w 0 wrung f me t ,i c\ld n utt] ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,all my fe>s 7 = my fri5ds1 none = myself1 except ! fe> ( n prov+ a true fri5d4 ,no womani% te>s escap$ me1 nor did ,i cl+ z suppliant to ! h&s ( any rul]4 ,i h done no?+ unbecom+ a man or a good man4 ,ris+ sup]ior to dang]s1 ready to face all !y ?reat5$1 ,i #ae ?ank$ =tune = af=d+ opportunity ( %[+ :at a price ,i put ^u hon\r4 ,su* an issue c\ld n be lightly e/eem$ 9 my eyes4 ,! susp5se 0 n ( long cont9uance4 ,! weights 9 ! scale 7 by no means equal--0 x bett] = me to p]i% = hon\r's sake or = hon\r to p]i% = my sake8 ,i did n ru% headlong to self-de/ruction1 ! refuge ( despair1 to rescue myself f ! mad rage ( ! rul]s4 ,9 ,caius' "t ,i saw tortures & fires ( p]secution4 ,"u 8 reign ,i recognis$ at "o p]iod t ! lot ( humanity _h sunk to su* a dep? ( mis]y t ! loss ( "o's #af life might be rank$ among ! de$s ( m]cy4 ,yet1 ,i did n fall ^u my sword1 nor leap op5-m\!d into ! sea3 ,i w\ld n h x seem t dea? 0 ! only s]vice ,i c\ld r5d] = hon\r's sake4 ,add1 n[1 t my s\l has nev] /oop$ to bribes1 amid ! eag] race = weal? my h& has nev] rea*$ =? to receive unju/ ga94 ,add1 too1 ! ?rift9ess ( my mode ( life1 ! re/ra9t ( my spee*1 my c\rtesy t[>d inf]iors1 my respect = sup]iors4 #fa ,! passage is evid5tly corrupt2 ! facts ) :i* x deals are 9 "p unkn[n4 ,aft] ^! reflections1 ask y\rself1 my fri5d1 :e!r :at y h relat$ ( y\rself be true or false4 ,if x is true1 y h a mo/ important witness to y\r "*2 if false1 !re w be no witness to ! d]ision y h e>n$4 ,i may myself appe> at #ag pres5t to be ei!r seek+ to ?r[ my net ov] y or try+ to make y rise to my fly4 ,take ei!r supposition = true1 & beg91 f ! example ,i (f]1 to fe> all flatt]]s4 ,m$itate on ,virgil's words3 ,n[h]e is hon\r safe2 or on ,ovid's3 ,z f> z e>? ext5ds1 ! savage ,fury rules2 ,= crime1 me?9ks1 all h conspir$2 or on ?is s5tim5t ( ,m5&]'s--= :o has n put =? ! full /r5g? ( 8 indignation on ?is topic1 9 abhorr5ce ( #ah mank9d's agreem5t 9 ru%+ t[>d vice8 ,all are bad liv]s1 says ! poet1 pres5t+ himself on ! /age 9 ! rude "* ( a raw c\ntryman4 ,he excepts nei!r greybe>d nor y\?1 nei!r man nor woman4 ,he adds to ! *>ge t x is n individuals or small numb]s t s91 b t wick$ness is n[ +ra9$ 9 society all ?r\gh4 ,"o mu/ flee f ! _w & return to oneself1 nay1 r "o mu/ escape f oneself4 ,?\gh y & ,i are sep>at$ by ! sea1 ,i w endeav\r to r5d] y "s s]vice3 plac+ my #ai h& 9 y\rs ,i w guide y\r d\btful /eps along ! m excell5t way4 ,at ?is di/ance ,i w m+le my talk ) y\rs1 t y may n feel ! lonel9ess4 ,we %all be unit$ 9 our noble/ "p--! _s4 ,we %all imp>t mutual c\nsel1 &1 z y hang ^u ! lips ( y\r monitor1 ,i w lead y f> away f t prov9ce ( y\rs4 ,= ,i w\ld n h y put too implicit tru/ 9 records ( ! pa/1 or become self-satisfi$ z (t5 z y reflect3 ,i h "u my jurisdiction a prov9ce "h :i* bo? ma9ta9$ & cru%$ #bj ! armies ( ! mightie/ /ates1 :5 x 0 (f]$ z a prize 9 t colossal w> betwe5 ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,x saw ! /r5g? ( f\r ,roman g5]als1 9 o!r words1 ( ! :ole empire1 mass$ 9 "o spot2 x rais$ high ! =tunes ( ,pompey1 br\ght ,caes>'s to _! culm9ation2 transf]r$ ! p[] ( ,lepidus to 8 rivals1 & conta9$ ! fate ( all4 ,sicily 0 an eye-witness ( t great spectacle :i* %[$ pla9ly to ! _w h[ rapid ! desc5t #ba f highe/ to l[e/ c\ld be1 & 9 h[ _m diff]5t ways great p[] might be ov]?r[n by =tune4 ,= at "o & ! same "t x witness$ ! d[nfall ( ,pompey & ,lepidus f ! p9nacle ( p[] 9 opposite ways2 ,pompey _h to run f 8 enemy's army1 ,lepidus f 8 own4 ,i ,al?\gh ,sicily1 !n1 has _m wond]ful sights 9 & ar\nd x1 ,i w meantime )draw y\r m9d :olly f y\r own prov9ce1 &1 pass+ by all que/ions relat+ to x1 w direct y\r ?\ghts to a f> diff]5t sc5e4 ,9 y\r society ,i w resume ! inquiry po/pon$ 9 my la/ book1 :y ! ,nile ov]fl[s 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,n[1 let me rem>k t ! philosoph]s h ass]t$ ! simil>ity ( ! ,danube to ! ,nile1 because its s\rce is unkn[n & x is l>g] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,bo? /atem5ts are cle>ly false4 ,we "k = a fact t ! ,danube rises 9 ,g]many4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! rise ( ! ,danube beg9s 9 summ]1 x is at a p]iod :5 ! ,nile /ill rema9s )9 its ord9>y limits3 ! heat is !n only beg9n+1 & ! /rong] sun t[>d ! latt] "p ( spr+ is s(t5+ ! sn[s1 b x has to melt !m be=e ! ,nile beg9s to rise4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! summ] ! ,danube actually falls until x rea*es its w9t] size1 f :i* 9 due c\rse x beg9s its rise aga94#fb #fb ,! mean+ ( ! la/ clause is tak5 by "s to be3 & ev5 falls bel[ x--a some:at po9tless rem>k4 ,,ii ,b ! increase ( ! ,nile beg9s 9 ! middle ( ! hot season1 #a be=e ! rise ( ! dog-/>1 & cont9ues till aft] ! equ9ox4 ,nature has rais$ up ?is noble riv] be=e ! eyes ( ! _w1 & has s ord]$ its inundation ( ! l& ( ,egypt t x %\ld occur at ! v "t at :i* ! gr\nd is mo/ p>*$ ) heat4 ,! e>? ?us dr9ks ! m deeply1 & imbibes suffici5t to c\nt]act ! dr\ght ( ! :ole ye>4 ,9 ! "p ( ,egypt t /ret*es r\nd ,e?iopia1 y mu/ be> 9 m9d1 !re is ei!r no ra9 at all or x occurs only at long int]vals1 & is insuffici5t to give mu* relief to a l& :i* ord9>ily kn[s no?+ ( wat] f ! cl\ds4 ,x is 9 ! ,nile1 z y are aw>e1 t ,egypt reposes all #b its hopes4 ,accord+ to ! abundance or scant9ess ( its ov]fl[ is ! leanness or ! fatness ( its season4 ,none ( its f>m]s reg>ds ! sky1 are ! words ( y\r own poem4 ,& :y %\ld ,i n crack a joke ) my de> poet fri5d1 & retort ) a v]se f 8 fav\rite ,ovid8#fc :o says3 ,nor d ! h]bs make supplication to ! ra9-god ,jupit]4 #fc ,! quotation is really f ,tibullus4 ,if "o c\ld only asc]ta9 at :at po9t 9 ! c\rse ( ! riv] #c ! rise beg9s1 ! causes ( ! rise w\ld also be discov]$4 ,z x is1 ! riv] w&]s ?r\gh great des]ts1 spreads out into m>%es1 among _m scatt]$ tribes1 be=e x is = ! fir/ "t aft] its w&]+1 mazy c\rse ga!r$ into "o ne> ,philae4 ,philae is a rugg$ isl&1 precipit\s on all sides2 x is surr\nd$ by ! two bran*es ( ! riv] be=e !y unite to =m ! "o riv] :i* h5ce=? be>s ! designation ,nile4 ,! :ole city ( ,philae is surr\nd$ by ! ,nile1 :i* aft] leav+ ,e?iopia is a l>ge r ?an rapid riv]4#fd ,next 9 its c\rse are ! s&y des]ts ?r\gh :i* passes ! trade r\te to ! ,r$ ,sea4#fd ,aft] t #d ! ,nile ent]s ! ,cat>acts1 a spot fam\s = a wond]ful sight4 ,! riv] rises ov] high crags t are at sev]al po9ts jagg$4 ,! oppos+ rocks break up its c\rse & r\se its utmo/ =ce2 z x /ruggles ?r\gh ! n>r[s1 swirls %[ ! po9ts :]e x conqu]s or is conqu]$4 ,a smoo? *annel _h hi!rto conduct$ its wat]s )\t upro>4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t !y are r\s$1 & ! turbul5t cat>act leaps d[n ?r\gh ! n>r[ passage q unlike its =m] self4 ,up to t po9t ! /ream 0 ?ick & muddy4 #e ,b once x ent]s ! craggy gorge x breaks into foam4 ,its col\r is no long] ! natural "o1 b d]iv$ f ! gr\nd ?r\gh :i* x has to =ce its way4 ,:5 at l5g? x has /ruggl$ ?r\gh ! ob/ructions1 sudd5ly depriv$ ( support1 x falls f a va/ height ) a ro> t res\nds ?r\gh all ! surr\nd+ regions4 ,! race plant$ 9 t savage place 0 inde$ unable to endure ! d92 _! e>s 7 deaf5$ by ! con/ant cra%1 & !y 7 !re=e remov$ f ! settlem5t4 #fd ,! text is v unc]ta94 ,among ! wond]ful sights ( ! riv] ,i h be5 told ( a feat ( incr$ible d>+ p]=m$ by ! inhabitants4 ,two ( !m emb>k 9 a small boat1 "o /e]+1 ! o!r bal+ out ! wat]4 ,=?) !y are viol5tly buffet$ f side to side by ! furi\s waves ( #f ! rapid riv]1 & at l5g? rea* ! n>r[e/ *annels1 ?r\gh :i* !y ?read _! way till !y escape f ! craggy gorge4 ,!n !y are c>ri$ d[n along ) ! :ole volume ( ! /ream1 guid+ all ! "t by h& ! ru%+ craft4 ,at "o mom5t !y seem to /& "r on _! head2 ! spectators are 9 great al>m2 "o gives !m up = lo/1 & believes !y mu/ be sunk & ov]:elm$ by su* a mass ( wat]4 ,b f9ally !y are %ot out l an arr[1 & are discov]$ afloat at a po9t f> bel[ :]e !y _h ent]$ ! curr5t4 ,! waves 9 _! fall d n swamp !m1 b pass !m on to smoo? wat]4 ,! fir/ rise ( ! ,nile is obs]v$ ne> ! isl& ,philae :i* ,i #g h j m5tion$4 ,a %ort di/ance f x ! riv] is divid$ by a rock 9 ! c5tre1 :i* ! ,greeks call ! ,inaccessible 774 ,no foot approa*es x save t ( ! prie/ly m9i/]s4 ,^? cliffs fir/ feel ! increase ( ! riv]4 ,!n along di/ance bel[ t two crags project1 call$ by ! natives ! ve9s ( ! ,nile4 ,a great quantity ( wat] is %$ out by !m1 b yet insuffici5t to flood ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,:5 ! date ( ! sacr$ fe/ival comes r\nd1 ! prie/s ?r[ into ^! f\nta9s a public (f]+1 :ile ! magi/rates (f] gifts ( gold4 ,f ?is po9t ! ,nile1 #h obvi\sly display+ ! fre% en]gy x has ga9$1 fl[s onw>d 9 a *annel ( pr(\nd dep?1 b is re/ra9$ by m\nta9 b>ri]s f spread+ widely beyond its banks4 ,only :5 x rea*es ,memphis is x releas$2 & sep>at+ into num]\s *annels1 x roams ov] ! *ampaign4 ,9 ord] to regulate ! supply1 canals are con/ruct$ by h&1 & ?us ! wat] is di/ribut$ ov] all ,egypt4 ,at fir/ ne> its bank ! /ream is simply divid$2 by & by ! wat]s ext5d till !y assume ! aspect ( a wide1 swoll5 sea at re/4 ,! ext5t ( ! c\ntry flood$1 :i* embraces ! :ole l& ( ,egypt to "r & left1 deprives ! curr5t ( all its =ce4 ,! height ( ! ,nile's #i rise det]m9es ! expectation ( gr[? = ! ye>4 ,! f>m] is nev] out 9 8 reckon+2 ! f]tility ( ! l& answ]s unfail+ly to ! measure ( ! riv]'s increase4 ,x spreads a coat+ ( soil z well z wat] ov] ! ?ir/y1 s&y gr\nd4 ,z x comes d[n swoll51 x deposits all its s$im5t 9 ! dry1 gap+ cracks1 & spreads ov] ! p>*$ soil all ! ri* mud x has br\ght d[n4 ,x ?us r5d]s a d\ble s]vice to ! l&--fir/1 by ov]fl[+ x1 & !n by coat+ x ) slime4 ,& s any portion t x does n rea* lies wa/e & unsightly4 ,if ! inundation #aj is unduly high1 x does damage4 ,! riv] possesses ?is wond]ful *>act]i/ic3 :ile all o!r riv]s wa% away & exhau/ l&1 ! ,nile1 ?\gh s mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 f> f eat+ away or rubb+ (f soil1 actually adds to its vig\r2 x conta9s v little t injuri\sly affects ! soil1#fe = by ! mud x br+s d[n1 x soaks & b9ds ! s&s4 ,egypt1 9 fact1 owes to ! riv] n m]ely ! f]tility ( ! soil1 b also ! soil itself4 ,x is a beautiful sight :5 ! #aa ,nile has spread itself ov] all ! fields4 ,! pla9s are hidd51 ! valleys h disappe>$2 only ! t[ns /& out l isl&s4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry !re is no communication except by boat4 ,! p are ov]joy$ ! m1 ! less !y c see ( _! c\ntry4 ,ev5 :5 ! riv] has resum$ its normal c\rse1 x dis*>ges into ! sea by sev5 m\?s1 any "o ( !m itself a sea4 ,moreov]1 x s5ds out _m less fam\s arms t[>d ei!r bank4 #fe ,or1 its lea/ s]vice is t x temp]s ! soil4 ,& !n :5 we look at ! mon/]s x re>s1 !y are equal to ^? ( ocean 9 size1 & no less =midable4 ,"o may judge inde$ ( ! #ab greatness ( ! riv] f ! hug5ess ( ! animals = ^: su/5ance x provides food 9 abundance1 & = ^: free movem5ts x af=ds room4 ,balbillus1 a mo/ excell5t man :o has di/+ui%$ himself 9 e walk ( lett]s1 has record$ t dur+ 8 own gov]nm5t ( ,egypt he himself saw 9 ! l>ge/ m\? ( ! ,nile1 ! ,h]acleotic1 ! /range sight ( :at may be call$ a pit*$ battle betwe5 dolph9s1 com+ up f ! sea1 & crocodiles meet+ !m 9 front f ! riv]4 ,! crocodiles 7 9 ! ev5t #ac vanqui%$ by ! in(f5sive animals ) h>mless bite4 ,x happ5$ on ?is wise3 ,! upp] "p ( ! crocodile's body is h>d1 & _c be pi]c$ by ! tee? ev5 ( l>g] animals2 b ! l[] "p is s(t & t5d]4 ,! dolph9s div$ 9 ! fight & w\nd$ ! belly ( ! crocodiles ) ! project+ spikes !y c>ry on _! back2 !n driv+ home ! /roke1 !y fairly cut up ! enemy4 ,:5 a numb] ( ! crocodiles _h be5 op5$ out 9 ?is #ad fa%ion1 ! rema9d]1 to adopt milit>y language1 :eel$ _! l9e & retreat$4 ,! battle 0 n to ! /rong1 ! flee+ creature successfully resi/$ ! d>+1 ! mo/ d>+ fl$ be=e ! timid6 ,nor is x by any peculi> virtue ( /ock or blood t ! isl&]s f ,t5tyra beat ! crocodiles1 b m]ely ?r\gh pluck & contempt ( !m4 ,!y take ! (f5sive aga9/ !m1 & z ! crocodiles try to escape !y lasso !m & drag !m a%ore4 ,at ! same "t _m ( ! hunt]s lose _! lives ?r\gh lack ( n]ve 9 ! *ase4 ,!ophra/us assures u t ! ,nile has at times br\ght d[n sea wat]4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t = two successive ye>s1 #ae ! t5? & elev5? ( ! reign ( ,cleopatra1 !re 0 no rise 9 ! riv]4 ,p say t ?is 0 an intimation ( ! imp5d+ fall ( its two rul]s4 ,= z a matt] ( fact1 ! rule ( ,antony & ,cleopatra did fall4 ,at an e>li] p]iod ! ,nile did n rise = n9e :ole ye>s1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,callima*us4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ g on to inquire into ! explanations ( ! #af occurr5ce ( ! rise ( ! ,nile 9 summ]2 & ,i w beg9 ) ! mo/ anci5t ( !m4 ,anaxagoras ass]ts t ! sn[ melt+ on ! peaks ( ,e?iopia is con/antly runn+ d[n to ! ,nile4 ,all antiquity %>$ ! same view1 :i* is record$ by ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides4 ,b _m pro(s make x pla9 t x is a mi/ak5 #ag "o4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! black5$ complexion ( ! p %[s t ,e?iopia is exce$+ly hot4 ,s d ! habits ( ! ,troglodytes 7cave-dwell]s71 :o = coolness h und]gr\nd h\ses4 ,! rocks gl[ ) heat z if a fire _h be5 appli$1 & t1 n only at mid-day1 b ev5 t[>d nightfall4 ,! du/y gr\nd is s hot t no foot ( man c endure x4 ,silv] is unsold]$4#ff ,! jo9ts ( /atues are melt$4 ,no coat+ ( plat$ metal w /ick on4 ,! s\? #ah w9d1 too1 com+ f t tract ( c\ntry1 is ! hotte/ ( all w9ds4 ,none ( ! animals t g to e>? 9 w9t] ev] hib]nates !re4 ,ev5 9 midw9t] ! s]p5t is se5 above gr\nd 9 ! op54 ,at ,alex&ria1 too1 :i* lies f> nor? ( ?is excessive heat1 sn[ does n fall2 b ! upp] regions h n ev5 ra94 #ff ,"s r5d]--is dissolv$ & gives (f its lead4 ,h[ !n1 ,i ask1 c\ld a di/rict expos$ to su* broil+ heat receive a sn[fall suffici5t to la/ ?r\gh a :ole summ]8 ,no d\bt "s ( #ai ! m\nta9s 9 ,e?iopia1 z well z else:]e1 int]cept sn[2 b !re c nev] be a great] fall ?an 9 ! ,alps1 or ! peaks ( ,?race1 or ! ,caucasus4 ,x is 9 spr+1 h[ev]1 or e>ly summ]1 t ! riv]s t fl[ f ! ,european m\nta9s are swoll52 subsequ5tly dur+ w9t] "t !y decrease4 ,! reason1 ( c\rse1 is t ! ra9s 9 spr+ wa% (f s mu* ( ! sn[1 & ! fir/ heat ( summ] soon scatt]s ! remnants4 ,nei!r ! ,rh9e1 nor ! ,rhone1 nor ! ,danube1 nor yet ! ,ca/rus is liable to ! cata/rophe ( an ov]fl[ 9 w9t]2 _! increase is 9 summ]1 ?\gh 9 ^? nor!rn peaks :]e !y rise ! sn[ lies v deep4 ,! ,phasis1 too1 & ! ,dniep] w\ld swell dur+ summ] #bj if sn[s _h ! p[] ( rais+ ! riv]s high 9 spite ( ! heat ( t season4 ,besides1 if ?is 7 ! cause ( ! flood+ ( ! ,nile1 its /ream w\ld be fulle/ 9 e>ly summ]2 = t is ! p]iod :5 ! sn[ is deepe/ & lea/ impair$1 & :5 f its s(tness ! ?aw is quicke/4 ,! ,nile1 h[ev]1 has a regul> increase to its /ream dur+ f\r mon?s4 ,if "o may believe ,?ales1 ! ,etesian w9ds h9d] ! desc5t #ba ( ! ,nile & *eck its c\rse by driv+ ! sea aga9/ its m\?s4 ,x is ?us beat5 back1 & returns ^u itself4 ,its rise is n ! result ( increase3 x simply /ops ?r\gh be+ prev5t$ f dis*>g+1 & pres5tly1 :]ev] x c1 x bur/s out into =bidd5 gr\nd4 ,eu?ym5es ( ,m>seilles be>s corroborative te/imony3 ,i h1 he says1 gone a voyage 9 ! ,atlantic ,sea4 ,x causes an increase 9 ! ,nile z long z ! ,etesian w9ds obs]ve _! season4 ,= at t p]iod ! sea is ca/ up by pressure ( ! w9ds4 ,:5 ! w9ds h fall51 ! sea is at re/1 & supplies #bb less en]gy to ! ,nile 9 its desc5t4 ,fur!r1 ! ta/e ( t sea is fre%1 & its d5iz5s resemble ^? ( ! ,nile4 ,n[1 if ! ,etesian w9ds1 z alleg$1 /ir up ! ,nile1 :y1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 does its rise beg9 be=e !m & la/ aft] !m8 ,moreov]1 x does n rise high] 9 proportion to ! viol5ce ( _! bla/4 ,nor does x swell & fall accord+ z !y bl[ furi\sly or g5tly4 ,all :i* w\ld happ5 if x d]iv$ f !m ! /r5g? ( its increase4 ,!n1 aga91 ! ,etesian w9ds beat on ! %ore ( ,egypt1 #bc & ! ,nile comes d[n 9 _! tee?3 :]eas1 if its rise is to be trac$ to !m1 ! riv] ought to come f ! same qu>t] z !y d4 ,fur!rmore1 if x fl[$ out ( ! sea1 its wat]s w\ld be cle> & d>k blue1 n muddy1 z !y are4 ,add to ?is t ,eu?ym5es' evid5ce is refut$ by a :ole cr[d ( witnesses4 ,at su* a "t :5 =eign p>ts 7 all unkn[n1 !re 0 opportunity = falsehood3 p l ,eu?ym5es _h scope = giv+ curr5cy to travell]s' my?s4 ,b n[adays ! :ole coa/ ( ! sea beyond ,gibralt> is visit$ by trad+ vessels3 none ( ! trad]s tell u t ! ,nile rises !re1 or t ! sea 9 ! ,atlantic ta/es diff]5tly f :at x does else:]e4 ,! v nature ( ! sea =bids belief #bd 9 ! /ory t x is fre%3 ! fre%e/ wat] is always lighte/1 & z su* attract$ by ! sun 9 evaporation3 ! residuum1 sea1 mu/ be salt4 ,besides1 :y1 on ?is !ory1 does ! ,nile n rise 9 w9t]8 ,! sea may be rais$ at t season by /orms too1 :i* are consid]ably great] ?an ! ,etesians2 ! latt] are comp>atively mod]ate 9 _! =ce4 ,besides if ! s\rce 7 d]iv$ f ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,egypt w\ld be flood$ all at once2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! increase is v gradual4 ,o5opides ( ,*ios has ano!r explanation3 he says t 9 w9t] #be heat is /or$ up "u ! gr\nd2 t is :y caves are !n w>m1 & ! wat] 9 wells is less cold4 ,! ve9s ( wat] are dri$ up by ?is int]nal heat1 he ?9ks4 ,9 o!r c\ntries riv]s swell ?r\gh ra93 b ! ,nile1 be+ aid$ by no ra9fall1 dw9dles dur+ ! ra9y season ( w9t]1 & by & by increases 9 summ]1 a season at :i* ! int]ior ( ! e>? is cold1 & ! fro/ returns to ! spr+s4 ,n[1 if t 7 true1 riv]s 9 g5]al w\ld #bf increase 9 summ]1 & all wells w\ld !n h great] abundance ( wat]4 ,besides1 x is n true t !re is an increase 9 ! heat und]gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,wat] & caves & wells are w>m at t season because !y d n admit ! fro/y air f )\t4 ,?us1 !y d n possess heat1 !y m]ely exclude cold4 ,= ! same reason !y are *illy 9 summ]1 because ! air heat$ by ! sun is drawn (f to a di/ance1 & does n p5etrate to !m4 ,! next acc\nt is t ( ,diog5es ( ,apollonia4 ,x runs ?us3 #bg ,! sun attracts moi/ure2 ! e>? dra9$ ( x repl5i%es its supply 9 "p f ! sea1 9 "p f o!r wat]4 ,n[1 x is impossible t "o l& %\ld be dry & ano!r ov]fl[+ ) moi/ure4 ,! :ole e>? is full ( p]=ations1 & !re are pa?s ( int]communication f "p to "p4 ,f "t to "t ! dry p>ts draw ^u ! moi/4 ,_h n ! e>? "s s\rce ( supply1 x w\ld ere ?is h be5 completely dra9$ ( its moi/ure4 ,well1 !n1 ! sun attracts ! waves4 ,! localities mo/ affect$ are ! s\!rn4#fg ,:5 ! e>? is p>*$1 x draws to x #bh m moi/ure4 ,j z 9 a lamp ! oil fl[s to ! po9t :]e x is consum$1 s ! wat] incl9es t[>d ! place to :i* ! ov]p[]+ heat ( ! burn+ e>? draws x4 ,b :]e1 x may be ask$1 is x drawn f8 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ be f ^? nor!rn regions ( et]nal w9t]1 :]e !re is a sup]abundance ( x4 ,?is is :y a swift curr5t sets f ! ,black ,sea t[>d ! ,l[] #bi ,sea1 )\t int]ruption1 & n1 z 9 ! case ( o!r seas1 ) alt]nate fl[ & ebb ( tide2 !re is always a desc5d+ flood 9 ! "o direction4 ,unless ?is took place1 & ^! r\tes suppli$ ! means :]eby :at is lack+ may be be/[$ on ea* l&1 & :at is sup]flu\s may be giv5 (f1 ! :ole e>? w\ld ere n[ h be5 ei!r dra9$ or flood$4 ,n[1 "o w\ld l to ask ,diog5es1 see+ ! deep & all /reams are 9 int]communication1 #cj :y ! riv]s are n ev]y:]e l>g] 9 summ]4 ,egypt1 he w p]haps tell me1 is m bak$ by ! sun1 & !re=e ! ,nile rises high] f ! extra supply x draws2 b 9 ! o!r c\ntries1 too1 ! riv]s receive "s addition4 ,ano!r "q--see+ t e l& attracts moi/ure f o!r regions1 & a great] supply 9 proportion to its heat1 :y is any "p ( ! _w )\t moi/ure8 ,ano!r--:y is ! ,nile fre% if its wat] comes f ! sea8 ,no riv] has a fre%] & sweet] ta/e4 #fg ,! text is unc]ta92 ! g5]al mean+ is1 h[ev]1 pla94 ,,iii ,i %\ld be some:at too bold if ,i 7 to assure y z on oa? t #a hail is =m$ 9 ! sky mu* 9 ! way ice is ) u1 only t 9 ! =m] case a :ole cl\d is froz54 ,s ,i may reg>d myself z a witness only 9 ! second degree--"o ( ^? :o say n t !y h actually se5 b h be5 in=m$4 ,or1 ,i may1 = once1 d z ! *ronicl]s d4 ,aft] ly+ at l>ge to _! he>t's cont5t1 !y fix on "s "o po9t = :i* !y refuse to v\*1 add+3 ,evid5ce ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! au?orities4 ,s1 if y d n #b believe me1 ,posidonius w v\*safe to y 8 au?ority bo? = ! /atem5t ,i h made1 & = "o t ,i am go+ to make4 ,he w assure y1 z confid5tly z if he _h witness$ ! process ( =mation1 t hail is =m$ f a cl\d t is *>g$ ) ra91 & has already turn$ into moi/ure4 ,y c discov] )\t a tutor :y ! hail is r\nd if y obs]ve t drops ( all k9ds t5d to become globul>4 ,?is is se51 = example1 9 look+-glasses1 :i* #c ga!r moi/ure f ! brea?1 z well z 9 cups1 & any o!r smoo? surface b$ew$ ) x4 ,s1 too1 9 ! leaves ( grass or trees1 any drops t adh]e take a circul> =m4 ,:at is h>d] ?an rock1 :at s(t] ?an wat]8 ,yet ! h>d rock is holl[$ by drops ( ! s(t wat]2 or1 z ano!r poet tells u3 ,! drip by its fall holl[s ! /one3 & ?is holl[ is itself r\nd4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t its %ape #d resembles ?is drip :i* holl[s x out1 sculptur+ ! spot to its own =m & "*4 ,besides1 ! hail1 ev5 7 x n ( ?is %ape1 might be r\nd$ 9 its fall1 & worn equally on all sides into globul> =m z x is aga9 & aga9 :irl$ r\nd 9 its desc5t ?r\gh ! space ( ?ick air x trav]ses4 ,sn[1 on ! contr>y1 _c be affect$ ?us1 because x is n s solid1 be+ inde$ v mu* scatt]$1 & fall+ f no great height4 ,x has its s\rce 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?1 & its desc5t is ( no great di/ance ?r\gh ! air1 b />ts f a po9t q close by4 ,:y %\ld ,i n all[ myself ! same lic5ce z ,anaxagoras 9 diff]+ #e f my au?orities8 ,n[h]e c equality ( rights be claim$ ) m propriety ?an among ! philosoph]s4 ,hail is simply ice held susp5d$ 9 mid-air2 sn[ is a float+ congeal$ mass ( ! nature ( ho>-fro/4 ,i h already said t ! diff]5ce betwe5 wat] & dew is reproduc$ 9 ! diff]5ce ( ho>-fro/ & ice1 &1 9 l mann]1 9 t betwe5 sn[ & hail4 ,,iv ,i might take leave ( ! "q "h1 hold+ t ,i _h f9i%$ #a x4 ,b ,i w give y good measure1 &1 hav+ begun to tr\ble y ) my speculations1 ,i w discuss ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! topic4 ,"o ( ! cognate que/ions is1 :y 9 w9t] !re is sn[ b no hail1 :ile 9 spr+1 aft] ! wor/ ( ! cold is ov]1 !re are falls ( hail4 ,= let me be deceiv$ = y\r b5efit1 ?\gh ,i may say ,i am fully p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,i am ab\t to affirm4 ,i l5d always a cr$ul\s e> to ^! trivial falsehoods2 p]haps !y des]ve to be puni%$ by hav+ "o's m\? /opp$1 b !y #b h>dly call = ! putt+ out ( "o's eyes6 ,9 w9t] ! atmosph]e is /iff1 & is !re=e n z yet capable ( be+ conv]t$ into wat]1 b only into sn[1 to :i* ! atmosph]e is m ak94 ,b :5 spr+ beg9s1 a great] v>iation ( ! atmosph]e ensues1 &1 ! sky be+ w>m]1 ! drops are l>g]4 ,!re=e1 z our poet ,virgil says3 ,:5 ra9-*>g$ spr+ desc5ds1 !re is a m viol5t *ange 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* ev]y:]e op5s up & relaxes ?r\gh ! action ( ! m]e w>m?4 ,= ?is reason ! cl\ds t are c>ri$ to e>? are heavy & l>ge #c r ?an la/+4 ,w9t] ra9 is ?9 & p]si/5t4 ,! fall (t5 occurs 9 ! =m ( small1 f9e ra91 ) an admixture ( sn[4 ,we call x a sn[y day :5 ! cold is int5se & ! sky lead54 ,besides1 :5 ! nor? w9d do? bl[1 produc+ its *>act]i/ic sky1 !re may be f9e ra94 ,) s\? w9d ! ra9 is m p]si/5t1 & ! drops heavi]4 ,v ,"o position held by ! philosoph]s ( my sect ,i nei!r v5ture #a to adopt on acc\nt ( its seem+ weakness1 nor yet c ,i pass x by )\t m5tion4 ,:]e c be ! h>m ( sugge/+ ev5 an improbable explanation :5 "o has su* an indulg5t judge8 ,if we are to apply a te/ l ! pyx to e argum5t1 we %all soon cease to advance any hypo!sis at all & be r$uc$ to dumbness4 ,!re are v few /atem5ts t pass un*all5g$4 ,all ! re/ h to ass]t _! rights be=e !y c w9 _! case4 ,well1 ! ass]tion ( ! ,/oics is1 t all ! ice-b\nd region ab\t ,scy?ia & ,pontus & ! nor!rn qu>t] is releas$ f its *a9 9 spr+2 !n ! froz5 riv]s resume _! c\rse1 !n ! m\nta9s melt ! sn[s 9 :i* !y h be5 buri$4 ,x is q conceivable1 !re=e1 t cool airs arise f ?is & m+le ) ! atmosph]e ( spr+4 ,!y add a pro( :i* ,i h nev] te/$ nor h any int5tion ( #b te/+4 ,y1 too1 ,i fancy1 h[ev] anxi\s y may be to asc]ta9 ! tru?1 w be cauti\s ab\t mak+ su* a trial ( sn[4 ,! feet are said to suff] less pa9 :5 "o treads on h>d1 solid sn[ ?an if ! sn[ 7 slu%y & half melt$4 ,well1 !n1 if ! ,/oics d n lie1 all ! curr5ts ( air waft$ f ^? nor!rn p>ts1 :5 ! sn[ has n[ be5 dislodg$ & ! ice is break+ up1 cond5se & b9d ! atmosph]e ( ! s\!rn region :i* is already becom+ w>m & moi/4 ,s :at 0 go+ to be ra9 becomes1 ?r\gh ! viol5ce done by ! cold1 hail in/ead4 ,,vi ,i _c refra9 f trott+ out all ! silly fancies ( our,stoic #a fri5ds4 ,! ass]tion 9 "q is t !re are "s p skill$ 9 obs]v+ ! cl\ds :o =etell :5 a hail %[] is com+ on4 ,!y ga!r ?is j f exp]i5ce by m>k+ ! col\r ( ! cl\ds & not+ :i* 0 on previ\s occasions foll[$ by hail4 ,x seems incr$ible t at ,cleonae !re 7 hail-gu>ds 77 appo9t$ by ! /ate to look out = ! approa* ( hail4 ,:5 !y _h giv5 ! signal t ! hail 0 close at h&1 :at d y ?9k8 t p ran (f to get _! ov]coats or cloaks8 ,nay1 !y ea* (f]$ sacrifice z fa/ z !y c\ld1 #b "o a lamb1 ano!r a *ick54 ,=?)1 ^? cl\ds aft] gett+ a little ta/e ( blood drew (f 9 ano!r direction4 ,y smile6 ,!re is some?+ to make y smile m broadly4 ,if "o _h n a lamb or kid by1 "o laid h&s ^u oneself to an ext5t t c\ld be done )\t s]i\s damage4 ,y mu/ n ?9k ! cl\ds gre$y or cruel2 "o m]ely prick$ "o's f+] ) a well-%>p5$ /yle & made atonem5t ) ?is blood4 ,! hail z inv>iably turn$ away f 8 little plot z f ! e/ate ( ! man :o _h prevail$ ^u x ?r\gh ! (f]+ ( great] victims4 ,,vii ,c]ta9 writ]s seek = a rational explanation ( ?is practice4 ,"o #a s*ool1 adopt+ ! only l9e t comports ) philosophy1 d5y ! possibility ( mak+ any b>ga9 ) hail & buy+ (f /orms by paltry pres5ts1 true1 ?\gh x be1 t gifts ov]come ev5 gods4 ,o!rs affirm _! suspicion t blood itself conta9s a virtue pot5t en\gh to av]t & repel a cl\d4 ,b h[1 ,i ask1 %\ld a drop or two ( blood possess a virtue to rea* on high & influ5ce ! cl\ds8 ,is x n mu* easi] to say1 ! :ole ?+ is a p>cel ( lies8 ,b ,cleonae 0 /rict 9 deal+ ) its w>d]s :o _h #b receiv$ *>ge ( look+ out be=eh& = ! /orm1 if x happ5$ t ?r\gh _! neglect ! v9ey>ds _h be5 beat5 d[n or ! crops laid4 ,& among ourselves1 too1 at ,rome ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables introduce safegu>ds aga9/ ! blight+ ( a neighb\r's crops by *>ms4 ,antiquity z yet untutor$ ent]ta9$ ! belief t ra9 c\ld be attract$ or repell$ by incantations4 ,! impossibility ( su* fancies is s evid5t t "o ne$ n ent] a s*ool ( philosophy 9 ord] to be taught h[ to disprove !m4 ,,viii ,i %all add "o m rem>k :i* y w be v glad1 ,i am sure1 to approve & applaud4 ,x is ass]t$ t sn[ is =m$ 9 ! "p ( ! atmosph]e ne> ! e>?4 ,?is lay] has m heat ?an any o!r1 & t = ?ree reasons4 ,"o is t all evaporation f ! e>?1 conta9+ z x does mu* dry1 gl[+ matt]1 is always ! hott]1 ! m rec5tly x has left ! gr\nd4 ,! second is t ! sun's rays are reflect$ f ! gr\nd & return ^u !mselves4 ,_! reflection heats up ! p>ts next ! gr\nd1 :i* ?us h m w>m? f gett+ ! sun's heat twice4 ,! ?ird reason is t ! upp] regions are m subject to w9d2 b all places t are sunk are less w9d-swept4 ,,ix ,to ! =ego+ ,democritus' explanation falls to be add$4 ,e body receives heat m quickly & reta9s x long] 9 proportion to its solidity4 ,= example1 if ?ree vessels1 ( copp]1 glass1 & silv] respectively1 are set 9 ! sun1 ! heat w p5etrate ! copp] "o soone/ & w rema9 9 x longe/4 ,! reason :y ,democritus is ( ?is op9ion may also be add$4 ,9 ! bodies1 he says1 t are h>d]1 m compact1 & d5se1 ! op5+s mu/ ( necessity be small] ?an 9 o!rs1 & 9 ea* ( ! op5+s ! film ( air mu/ be ?9n]4 ,x foll[s t j z small] ba?s & small] cyl9d]s are heat$ m rapidly ?an o!rs1 s ^! conceal$ ap]tures1 s small z to elude ! eye1 bo? feel ! heat m quickly1 & by reason ( ?is same smallness ( calibre give back m sl[ly ! heat !y h receiv$4 ,x ,?is long preamble leads up to ! po9t we are n[ exam9+4 ,all air is ! d5s] ! ne>] x is to ! e>?4 ,9 wat] & o!r liquids ! dregs are always at ! bottom2 9 l mann] 9 ! atmosph]e ! ?icke/ portions settle d[n to ! l[e/ "p ne>e/ ! e>?4 ,b x has already be5 prov$ t all ?+s1 9 proportion z !y are d5s] & m compact 9 _! consi/5cy1 gu>d m fai?fully ! heat !y h receiv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m exalt$ ! air is1 & ! f>!r x is )drawn f ! pollutions ( e>?1 ! less contam9at$ & ! m pure x is2 & s x does n reta9 ! sun's rays1 b transmits !m z if ?r\gh a vacuum2 h5ce x is less w>m$ by !m4 ,,xi ,b contr>iwise1 c]ta9 p]sons ass]t t m\nta9 peaks ought to #a be w>m] 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y are ne>] ! sun4 ,su* p seem to me1 h[ev]1 to be a/ray 9 suppos+ t ! ,ap5n9es & ! ,alps & o!r m\nta9s fam$ = _! exce$+ height are s greatly elevat$ t _! size %\ld enable !m to feel 9 any special way ! sun's proximity4 ,no d\bt ^? are l(ty heights s long z ! /&>d ( comp>ison is ourselves4 ,b :5 "o reg>ds ! size ( ! univ]se1 ! l[ness ( !m all becomes evid5t4 ,comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 m\nta9s are surpass$ or surpass 9 height4 ,b no?+ on e>? is elevat$ s high t ev5 ! #b greate/ ( objects %\ld be any#fh appreciable portion 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole univ]se4 ,7 ?is n s1 we %\ld n be 9 ! habit ( say+ t ! :ole e>? is a ball4 ,! di/9ctive m>k ( a ball is a c]ta9 uni=m rotundity1 mu* ! same z ! uni=mity se5 9 a football or cricket ball4#fi ,! seams & *9ks con/itute no great objection to ! ball be+ describ$ z symmetrical on all sides4 ,z 9 a play+ ball1 ^? spaces d n 9 any way prev5t #c ! appe>ance ( r\ndness1 no m1 9 ! e>? at l>ge reg>d$ z a sph]e1 d l(ty m\nta9s1 ^: height is lo/ 9 a comp>ison ) ! :ole _w4 ,a p]son :o says t a high] m\nta9 ought to be w>m] f receiv+ ! sun's rays at a %ort] di/ance1 may j z well say t a tall] man %\ld be heat$ soon] ?an a dw>f1 & 8 head soon] ?an 8 feet6 ,b any "o :o w take ! tr\ble #d to judge ! univ]se by its prop] /&>d1 & :o w reflect t ?is e>? occupies b a s+le po9t 9 space1 w n fail to p]ceive t no?+ on e>? c be ( su* em95ce z to be m s5sible ?an o!rs ( ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z if x _h approa*$ _! neighb\rhood4 ,^? m\nta9s at :i* we gaze up1 _! summits weigh$ d[n ) et]nal sn[s1 are none ! less b l[ & humble4 ,:ile x is true t a m\nta9 is ne>] ! sun ?an is pla9 or valley1 yet x is 9 ! same s5se z javel9 is spok5 ( z ?ick] ?an javel91 tree z l>g] ?an tree1 m\nta9 ?an m\nta94 ,accord+ly to t mode ( spee* ( y\rs1 "o tree #e mu/ be said to be ne>] ! sky ?an ano!r2 :i* is false1 because among puny objects !re _c exi/ great diff]5ces except :ile !y are comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 "o comes to comp>e su* objects ) ! mighty frame ( ?+s1 x is immat]ial h[ mu* ! "o is bigg] ?an ! o!r1 because ! v small ?+s1 h[ev] great ! diff]5ces among !m1 are q dw>f$ by comp>ison ) ! univ]se4 #fh ,! argum5t seems to require ulla any1 in/ead ( nulla no4 #fi ,! specific ref]5ces are n conta9$ 9 ! ,lat9 words2 ! mod]n c\nt]p>t ( ! ,roman games ( ball s]ves1 h[ev]1 to br+ out ! mean+ ( ! illu/ration4 ,,xii ,b to return to my ma9 !me2 = ! reasons :i* ,i h detail$1 mo/ au?orities are satisfi$ t sn[ is =m$ 9 ! "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* is 9 ! vic9ity ( ! e>?4 ,x is less compact$ ?an hail because congeal$ ?r\gh less int5se cold4 ,= ! air ne> u has at once too mu* cold to all[ its passage into wat] & ra91 & at ! same "t too little to get h>d5$ into hail4 ,?r\gh ?is mod]ate b n too int5se cold ! wat] is mass$ & turns into sn[4 ,,xiii ,:y1 ,i fancy ,i he> y say1 d y pursue s labori\sly ^? #a frivol\s explanations ( y\rs1 by :i* no "o is made ei!r m accompli%$ or m virtu\s8 ,y tell u all ab\t ! =mation ( sn[2 x w\ld be f> m to ! po9t t we %\ld be told :y x is a wrong ?+ = sn[ to be b\ght4#gj ,i see y wi% to drag me into a dispute ) luxury1 a qu>rel ( daily occurr5ce t nev] leads to any tangible result4 ,let u )al brace ourselves = ! /ruggle2 ev5 if luxury w9 ! day1 x mu/ f9d u fight+ & resi/+ to ! dea?4 #gj ,i4e4 ! moral turpitude ( s9k+ into su* debas$ luxury z to require sn[ %\ld be set =? r ?an m]e !ories ( ! =mation ( sn[2 ! e?ical %\ld take prec$5ce ( ! physical4 ,well !n6 d y suppose t ! exam9ation ( nature1 irrelevant z x may appe>1 makes no contribution to ! object y h at he>t8 ,:5 we inquire h[ sn[ is =m$1 tell+ t its "* #b resembles ho>-fro/1 conta9+ m air ?an wat]1 d y n ?9k t x is a reproa* ^u ! epicures8 ,if x is a sc&al\s ?+ to buy wat]1 !y are /ill worse1 = !y d n get ev5 wat] b *iefly air = _! money4 ,let u1 ,i say1 inquire r h[ sn[ is =m$ ?an h[ x is pres]v$4 ,! means ( pres]vation h already be5 discov]$2 n cont5t ) rack+ w9es ( v9tage1 arrang+ !m by flav\r & age1 we h devis$ means ( compress+ sn[ to ov]come ! p[] ( summ]1 & ( protect+ x by ! coolness ( ! iceh\ses f ! hotness ( ! season4 ,& :at h we accompli%$ by all our anxi\s ef=ts8 ,! privilege ( buy+ #c wat] t we might h got = no?+6 ,we are vex$ t we _c buy air & sunlight1 & t ! atmosph]e all ar\nd /reams 9 easily & unb\ght ^u ! fa/idi\s & ! ri*4 ,h[ badly nature treats u 9 leav+ any?+ t is common prop]ty6 ,^u ?is o!r elem5t1 wat]1 :i* nature has all[$ to fl[ = ! free use ( mank9d1 & :i* %e has giv5 ! :ole _w to dr9k1 ?is t %e has %$ =? ) lavi% prodigality = ! s]vice alike ( man & ( bea/s & birds & ! v lazie/ ( ! animal creation--^u ?is1 luxury1 ) ill-conceiv$ +5uity1 has #d manag$ to put a price4 ,9 fact1 no?+ c please luxury unless x is exp5sive4 ,wat] 0 ! "o ?+ t us$ to br+ d[n ! ri* to ! level ( ! common h]d1 9 :i* ! weal?y c\ld n surpass ! v poore/4 ,^? :o f\nd _! ri*es a burd5 h devis$ a plan :]eby wat] %\ld become a luxury4 ,h[ x has come ab\t t no runn+ wat] %\ld be ?\ght cool en\gh1 ,i w n[ expla94 ,z long z ! /oma* is heal?y & is able to reli% :olesome food1 ) :i* x is satisfi$ & n ov]load$1 x is q cont5t ) ! natural /imulants4 ,b :5 ?r\gh daily indige/ion x suff]s f ! heat n ( ! #e season b ( its own indulg5ce1 :5 habitual drunk5ness has tak5 firm hold on ! organs ( life1 & turns into bile :i* p>*es ! inte/9es1 !n x becomes necess>y to seek out "s means ( qu5*+ ! int]nal heat4 ,wat] m]ely inflames x1 ! disease is aggravat$ by ! rem$ies4 ,!re=e1 = ?is purpose !y use sn[ = dr9k1 n only 9 summ]1 b ev5 9 ! dep?s ( w9t]4 ,! cause c be no o!r ?an ! int]nal compla9t4 ,dige/ion is spoil$ ?r\gh indulg5ce2 respite is nev] giv5 x 9 :i* to re/4 ,breakfa/ is heap$ ^u a supp] prolong$ till daylight4 ,:ile ! revell]s are lit]ally bur/+ ) ! lavi%ness & v>iety ( ! c\rses1 heavy dr9k+ plunges !m /ill deep] 9 ! mire4 ,!n ! cont9u\s excess causes he>tburn f ! food previ\sly #f consum$1 & inflames ! con/ant crav+ = "s new /imulant4 ,s1 ?\gh !y protect ! banquet+ hall ) drap]ies & w9d[s1 & seek by ro>+ fires to bani% w9t]'s colds1 none ! less ! langui%+ appetite1 exhau/$ by its own heat1 ye>ns = some?+ new to revive x4 ,j z we spr9kle cold wat] on p :o h lo/ consci\sness ?r\gh a fa9t+ fit1 9 ord] to br+ !m back to _! s5ses2 s ! int]nal organs1 numb$ ?r\gh excess1 are pa/ feel+1 unless !y are smitt5 by ! p>*+1 z x 71 ( m viol5t cold4 ,h5ce x is1 ,i say1 t n cont5t ev5 ) #g sn[1 !y call = ice1 z if ! /imulant 7 ! m c]ta9 f its solidity1 & melt x ) repeat$ d\*es ( wat]4 ,! ice1 too1 is n tak5 f ! surface1 b1 t x may h great] virtue & m la/+ cold1 x is dug out ( ! dep?s ( ! pile4 ,?us x is n ev5 ( uni=m price2 b wat] actually has its hawk]s &--alas ! day6--a v>y+ price4 ,! ,lac$aemonians once bani%$ ! p]fum]s f _! city1 ord]+ !m to quit ! c\ntry ) all spe$1 because !y 7 wa/+ ! oil supply4 ,:at w\ld !y h done1 ,i wond]1 if !y _h se5 cold /ores = pres]v+ sn[ #h & su* an army ( bea/s employ$ 9 c>t+ wat]1 ^: col\r & flav\r are (t5 all spoil$ by ! /raw 9 :i* x is kept8 ,good heav5s6 h[ easy a ?+ x is to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( heal?6 ,b :at feel+ c jaws reta9 t are dead5$ & numb$ by scald+ food8 ,^! epicures c h no?+ cold en\gh1 nei!r c !y h any?+ hot en\gh4 ,mu%rooms tak5 f ! fire & ha/ily dipp$ 9 _! special sauce are cramm$ d[n ! ?roat #i almo/ boil+1 & ! heat has to be allay$ by draughts *ill$ 9 sn[4 ,"o may see1 ,i tell y1 sl5d] y\?s1 rigg$ out 9 cloaks & muffl]s1 pale & sickly1 n m]ely sipp+ ! sn[1 b actually eat+ x1 ?r[+ little pieces ( x into _! glasses to prev5t !m f gett+ w>m dur+ ! int]vals ( dr9k+4 ,d y call t hone/ ?ir/8 ,x is fev]1 ! m acute too z x _c be #aj detect$ by ! pulse or ! wont$ heat t ov]spreads ! sk94 ,! v he>t is dri$ up by t incurable malady1 luxury1 ^: habitual weakness & un/ead9ess are turn$ into endurance & ob/9acy4 ,don't y "k t habit dulls ! =ce ( ev]y?+8 ,! sn[ 9 :i* y are n[1 s to speak1 swimm+#ga has ?r\gh cu/om & ! daily slav]y ( ! /oma* come to occupy ! place ( wat]4 ,y mu/ n[ se>* = some?+ cold] /ill2 = a /imulant t is habitual is no /imulant at all4 #ga ,:i* y n[ use 9 y\r ba?s4 ,,book ,v ,,:i* ,,treats ,,( ,,w9ds ,,& ,,atmosph]ic ,,movem5t ,,9 ,,g5]al ,i ,w9d is ! atmosph]e 9 motion4 ,"s h put ! def9ition ?us3 #a ,w9d is ! atmosph]e 9 motion 9 "o direction4 ,! latt] seems ! m accurate1 because ! atmosph]e is nev] s /ill z n to be 9 agitation ( "s k9d4 ,9 a simil> way ! sea is call$ calm :5 x is only slightly mov$ & does n set 9 a p>ticul> direction4 ,?us1 if y read ! v]se3 ,:5 ! w9ds slumb]$ & ! sea 0 /ill1 y mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! sea 0 n actually /ill1 b heav$ g5tly2 & t x is call$ calm 9 a comp>ative sort ( way #b because x receives no di/9ct impulse to ?is side or to t4 ,! same op9ion is likewise to be adopt$ 9 reg>d to ! atmosph]e3 x is nev] absolutely motionless1 ev5 ?\gh x be /ill4 ,?is y may ga!r f ! foll[+ obs]vation3 ,:5 ! sun p\rs into any circumscrib$ space1 "o sees m9ute p>ticles c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air 9 diff]5t directions1 "s up1 "s d[n1 meet+ ea* o!r 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,!re=e1 if "o say3 a wave is #c an agitation ( ! sea1 "o w v imp]fectly express :at is meant1 because ev5 :5 at re/ ! sea is agitat$4 ,b "o w m ?an suffici5tly safegu>d oneself if ! def9ition be3 a wave is an agitation ( ! sea 9 "o direction4 ,s 9 ! subject :i* at ! mom5t =ms our special topic1 ! def9ition w n be unduly re/rict$ if "o is c>eful to say3 w9d is ! atmosph]e fl[+ 9 "o direction2 or1 w9d is atmosph]e fl[+ ?r\gh "s impulse1 or1 is ! =ce ( ! atmosph]e go+ 9 "o direction1 or1 is a ru% ( ! atmosph]e m =cible ?an usual 9 "s "o direction4 ,i am aw>e ( a criticism t may be made 9 reg>d to ! fir/ def9ition4 ,:at ne$ is !re to add t x is 9 "o #d direction t ! atmosph]e fl[s8 ,= surely :atev] fl[s1 fl[s 9 "o direction4 ,no "o says t wat] fl[s if !re is simply an int]nal movem5t ( x1 b only if x is borne 9 a p>ticul> direction4 ,s a sub/ance may be 9 motion & yet n fl[2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c fl[ except 9 "o direction4 ,well1 if1 on ! "o h&1 ! %ort] def9ition is free f cavil1 let u employ x2 b if1 on ! o!r1 any "o is a /ickl]1 let him n omit ! phrase ^: addition w s]ve to preclude all ambiguity4 ,n[ t we h suffici5tly discuss$ our t]ms1 let u come to grapple ) our problem at clos] qu>t]s4 ,,ii ,democritus av]s t :5 !re are _m p>ticles1 :i* he calls atoms1 9 a small empty space 7i4e4 vacuum71 w9d is ! outcome4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! space is l>ge & ! p>ticles few1 !re is a /ill peaceful condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to illu/rate3 9 ! m>ket squ>e or 9 a side /reet z long z !re is a spr9kl+ ( p !re is no di/urbance z "o walks along x2 b :5 a cr[d meets 9 a n>r[ space1 !n !y jo/le aga9/ ea* o!r1 & qu>rell+ arises4 ,simil>ly 9 ?is space :i* surr\nds our e>?2 :5 _m bodies h cr[d$ a v small portion1 x is unavoidable t !y %\ld jo/le "o ano!r & be driv5 back & =w>d1 & be int]tw9$ & squeez$4 ,h5ce results w9d2 ! p>ticles t 7 /ruggl+ h _h to give way1 & aft] be+ toss$ ab\t & rema9+ 9 susp5se = a long "t !y at l5g? lean _! weight t[>d "o side4 ,b :5 a few bodies occupy a l>ge roomy place1 !y c nei!r ram ea* o!r nor be jo/l$ by "o ano!r4 ,,iii ,! falsity ( ?is view may be inf]r$ m]ely f ! fact t #a w9d by no means inv>iably accompanies a cl\d-lad5 atmosph]e1 & yet m p>ticles h ga!r$ at t ?an at any o!r "t 9 a n>r[ space1 :]e !y produce cond5sation & heav9ess 9 ! cl\ds4 ,besides1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( riv]s & lakes cl\d is frequ5t f ! conf9em5t & accumulation ( p>ticles1 & yet !re is no att5dant w9d4 ,inde$1 sometimes su* a d>kness ov]-spreads ! place t ! view ( objects 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity is cut (f2 :i* w\ld nev] happ5 unless num]\s p>ticles 7 mass$ 9 a small space4 ,yet no p]iod is m free f #b w9d ?an a p]iod ( cl\d4 ,add n[ a consid]ation ( an opposite "*3 ,:5 ! sun r>efies at 8 ris+ ! ?ick dank morn+ air1 !n a breeze spr+s up2 ! p>ticles h got m room n[1 & ! ?ickly pack$ cr[d ( !m is brok5 up4 ,,iv ,b h[1 y w say1 are w9ds !n =m$1 = y won't d5y t #a !y are =m$8 ,n 9 any s+le way1 ,i reply4 ,sometimes ! e>? h]self emits a great quantity ( air1 :i* %e brea!s out ( h] hidd5 recesses4 ,at o!r times a great & long-cont9u$ evaporation drives ! emissions f ! dep?s up on high1 :]e ! *ange :i* ! mix$ brea? und]goes issues 9 w9d4 ,a sugge/ion has be5 made :i* ,i _c make up my m9d to believe1 & yet ,i _c pass ov] )\t m5tion4 ,9 our bodies food produces flatul5ce1 ! emission ( :i* causes great (f5ce to "o's nasal susceptibilities2 sometimes a report accompanies ! relief ( ! /oma*1 sometimes !re is a m polite smo!r+ ( x4 ,9 l mann] x is #b suppos$ ! great frame ( ?+s :5 assimilat+ its n\ri%m5t emits air4 ,x is a lucky ?+ = u t nature's dige/ion is good1 else we might appreh5d "s less agreeable consequ5ces4 ,is x n1 !n1 ne>] ! tru? to say t num]\s p>ticles are con/antly borne up f e "p ( ! _w2 & :5 !y are accumulat$ & subsequ5tly beg9 to be r>efi$ by ! sun1 w9d />ts up8 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple t any?+ conta9$ 9 a n>r[ space :5 x exp&s tries to get m room4 ,v ,well1 !n1 d ,i ask y to believe t evaporation f l& & #a wat] is ! sole cause ( w9d8 ,d ,i affirm t x produces a weight 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! break+ up ( :i* causes a ru% ( air8 t at t mom5t :at 0 previ\sly d5se & /ation>y gets r>efi$ & /rives1 z its nature requires1 to obta9 a wid] space8 ,i d approve ( ?is z sometimes ! explanation4 ,b !re is a f> tru] & m pot5t "o1 to wit1 t ! atmosph]e by its con/itution possesses a native capacity ( movem5t1 ?is p[] n be+ d]iv$ f an ext]nal s\rce1 b be+ l o!rs ( its p[]s inh]5t4 ,= c y suppose t we m5 h be5 endu$ ) /r5g? to #b move ab\t1 :ile ! atmosph]e has be5 left sluggi% & immovable8 ,wat]1 too1 has its own motion1 ev5 ?\gh ! w9ds are at re/2 o!rwise x c\ld n produce animal life4 ,we see also =ms ( vegetable life l moss produc$ by wat]1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( h]bage float+ on its surface4 ,,vi ,well1 !n1 ,i take x1 9 wat] !re resides "s vital pr9ciple4 ,9 wat]1 did ,i say8 ,:y1 fire1 ! univ]sal de/roy]1 has a creative function2 x may n seem a likely ?+1 b all ! same x is b ! tru? t "s animals are g5]at$ by fire4 ,! atmosph]e1 !n1 possesses "s p[] ( ?is k9d2 & t is :y x sometimes gr[s ?ick1 sometimes exp&s & ?r[s (f impurities1 sometimes contracts1 at o!rs op5s up & disp]ses4 ,!re is ?us ! same diff]5ce betwe5 air & w9d z betwe5 lake & riv]4#gb ,!re are occasions :5 ! sun is ! sole cause ( w9d1 z he r>efies ! /iff atmosph]e & op5s x out f its ?ick contract$ /ate4 #gb ,?is rem>k w\ld h be5 m apposite 9 ,*ap4 ,i41 above2 possibly t is its correct place4 ,,vii ,hav+ spok5 ( ! w9ds 9 g5]al1 let u n[ proce$ to ! discussion ( individual w9ds4 ,p]*ance ! discov]y ( ! "t & place ( _! orig9 w conduce to ! discov]y ( _! mann] ( =mation4 ,fir/1 !n1 let u look at breezes be=e dawn1 :i* are borne ei!r f riv]s or holl[ valleys or f "s bay4 ,none ( ^! w9ds la/s long1 b falls :5 ! sun has got /rong]2 nor is x c>ri$ up out ( sight ( ! e>?4 ,?is class ( w9d sets 9 9 spr+1 & does n la/ beyond summ]4 ,x comes *iefly f a qu>t] :]e !re are spaces ( wat] & m\nta9s4 ,pla9s1 = in/ance1 may h abundance ( wat]1 & yet !y h no breeze2 ,i mean a breeze /rong en\gh to be call$ w9d4 ,,viii ,h[1 !n1 is a bla/ ( ?is k9d1 :i* is call$ by ! ,greeks #a a gulf breeze 771 =m$8 ,?is is ! !ory ( !m3 ,all ! exhalations ( m>%es & riv]s--& !y are abundant & con/ant--=m by day ! sun's n\ri%m5t4 ,by night1 h[ev]1 !re is no dra9 on !m1 & !y are enclos$ by ! m\nta9s & accumulate 9 "o qu>t]4 ,:5 !y h fill$ up ?is qu>t] & c no long] f9d accommodation 9 x1 b are squeez$ out on "o side & move 9 a p>ticul> direction1 !n y h ! w9d4 ,x incl9es1 ( c\rse1 t[>d ! side to :i* x is invit$ by ! fre] exit1 & by ! op5ness ( ! place t[>d :i* ! accumulat$ elem5ts c ru%4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t a w9d ( #b ?is k9d does n bl[ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! night4 ,at t "t ! ga!r+ only beg9s1 b by daybreak x has rea*$ ! full1 & seeks relief by fl[+ (f4 ,x *ooses its exit by pref]5ce :]e !re is ! l>ge/ empty space & a great expanse ( op54 ,x is /imulat$ by ! rays ( ! ris+ sun /rik+ on ! *illy air4 ,ev5 be=e he makes 8 appe>ance 8 light ( itself has an influ5ce4 ,! sun does n at t /age1 x is true1 drive away ! atmosph]e ) 8 beams2 /ill1 he already attacks & h>asses x by #c ! %afts ( light he s5ds be=e him4 ,:5 he comes out himself 9 8 p[]1 "p ( ! ga!r+ is c>ri$ (f to a great] altitude1 "p is dissipat$ by 8 heat4 ,:]e=e p[] is n grant$ to ^! w9ds to cont9ue long] ?an ! morn+4 ,all _! /r5g? collapses at sight ( ! sun4 ,ev5 if _! bla/ is some:at viol5t1 yet !y beg9 to subside z mid-day approa*es2 9 fact1 ! breeze#gc nev] la/s z long z noon4 ,any o!r v>iety ( ! breeze is weak] & %ort] 9 duration2 !y v>y accord+ z ! causes to :i* !y owe _! orig9 are m or less p[]ful4 #gc ,! precise mean+ ( ?is & ! foll[+ s5t5ce is d\btful2 "o w\ld suspect t ! latt] orig9ally ran--v>ieties ( ! breeze are long] or %ort] 9 duration accord+ z1 etc4 ,,ix ,b :y1 aga91 are w9ds ( ?is nature /rong] 9 spr+ & #a summ]8 ,= dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye> !y are v light1 nev] ris+ suffici5tly to fill ! sails ( a boat4 ,! reason is t spr+ is a wett] season4 ,!re is at t "t m evaporation go+ on1 bo? f ! abundance ( wat] ly+ ab\t1 & f ! saturation ( ! gr\nd to ov]fl[+ ?r\gh ! moi/ "* ( ! sky4 ,& ! reason :y ?is w9d is equally preval5t 9 summ] is t ! heat ( ! day rema9+ aft] sund[n & la/+ dur+ a great "p ( ! night draws out exhalations1 & attracts m =cibly any ( !m t are wont to be giv5 (f spontane\sly by ! gr\nd4 ,b subsequ5tly ! heat has n suffici5t /r5g? to use up :at x drew out4 ,?is is ! reason1 ,i say1 :y ! soil & #b its moi/ure give (f = a long] p]iod at c]ta9 seasons ! p>ticles d]iv$ f ! e>?'s wont$ emanations & exhalations4 ,! sunrise produces w9d by its /roke z well z by its w>m?4 ,=1 z ,i h already said1 ! light :i* prec$es ! sun does n z yet heat up ! atmosph]e1 b m]ely smites ^u x2 be+ smitt5 ! air retires to "o side4 ,& yet ,i _c g s f> z to admit t ! light is q devoid ( heat1 inasmu* z x is d]iv$ f heat4 ,probably x does n conta9 z great an am\nt z w\ld appe> f its effect4 ,/ill1 x accompli%es its own task by sep>at+ & r>efy+ ! d5se exhalations4 ,moreov]1 places :i* ?r\gh "s #c diss]vice ( nature are s %ut 9 t !y _c receive ! direct rays ( ! sun1 ev5 !y1 ,i say1 are heat$ some:at by ! dull cl\dy light t c pi]ce to !m & are less rigid dur+ ! day ?an by night4 ,fur!rmore1 all heat naturally dispels cl\d & drives x (f f itself4 ,!re=e ! sun likewise has ! same effect4 ,= t reason "s p suppose t ! bla/ mu/ come f ! direction 9 :i* ! sun lies4 ,b ?is op9ion is manife/ly false1 see+ t ! breeze sets 9 any direction1 & "o c sometimes sail "r t[>d ! sunrise ) all canvas set4 ,t c\ld n happ5 if ! w9d 7 always com+ f ! direction ( ! sun4 ,x ,! ,etesian w9ds1 too1 :i* "s drag into ! discussion1 d n #a give mu* support to _! cont5tion4 ,fir/1 ,i w tell y :at _! op9ion is1 &1 secondly1 :y x is n m9e4 ,! ,etesians1 say !y1 d n bl[ 9 w9t]1 because at ! season ( ! %orte/ days ! effect ( ! sun ceases be=e ! cold is ov]come4 ,s1 sn[ accumulates !n & freezes h>d4 ,9 summ] ! ,etesian w9ds beg9 to bl[ at ! "t :5 ! day is l5g!n$ out & ! sun's rays come d[n /raight ^u u4 ,probably1 !re=e1 ! sn[s smitt5 by ! great] heat exhale m moi/ure4 ,! e>? likewise brea!s m freely :5 uncov]$ & reliev$ ( ! sn[4 ,s m p>ticles issue f ! nor!rn portion ( ! heav5s1 & are waft$ t[>d our #b qu>t]1 :i* lies l[] & is w>m]4 ,f ?is ! ,etesians d]ive _! impulse2 :]e=e !y beg9 at ! summ] sol/ice1 & d n bl[ /rongly aft] ! rise ( ! ,dog-/>1 because by t "t a great "p ( ! cold nor!rn exhalations has be5 c>ri$ d[n to our regions4 ,b :5 ! sun has *ang$ 8 c\rse he /ill directs 8 beams /raight d[n on our hemisph]e2 & "o "p ( ! air he attracts1 b ano!r he ?ru/s be=e him4#gd ,?us ! bla/ ( ! ,etesians breaks ! =ce ( ! summ] heat1 protect+ u f ! full sev]ity ( ! mo/ broil+ mon?s4 #gd ,! mean+ is v obscure4 ,! text has be5 suspect$1 n )\t cause3 ! words 8he /ill 444 hemisph]e0 are out ( place1 to say ! lea/ ( x4 ,,xi ,i mu/ n[1 z ,i promis$1 tell y :y ! ,etesian w9ds d n give any assi/ance to _! advocates nor contribute aught to _! argum5t4 ,we h said t ! breeze is /irr$ by ! morn+ light1 b x no less surely subsides :5 ! full sun has t\*$ x4 ,& yet ! ,etesians are call$ by sailors sleepy-head$ & da9ty1 = ! v reason t1 z my bro!r ,gallio puts x1 !y _c get up 9 ! morn+4 ,!y beg9 to %[ face at ! "t :5 ev5 ! mo/ p]si/5t morn+ breeze has fall54 ,?is w\ld n occur if ! sun r$uc$ ! =ce ( ! ,etesians z he does t ( ! morn+ breezes4 ,add also t1 if ! cause ( _! rise 0 ! l5g!n$ space ( ! day1 !y w\ld bl[ ev5 prior to ! sol/ice :5 ! days are at _! longe/1 & :5 ! ?aw ( ! sn[ is at its height4 ,by ! mon? ( ,july ev]y?+ is cle> ( sn[1 or1 at any rate1 v few places are /ill cov]$ ) x4 ,,xii ,!re are "s species ( w9ds :i* issue f cl\ds t are r5t #a & p\r d[n _! cont5ts4 ,!y are call$ by ! ,greeks cl\d w9ds 774 ,_! me?od ( =mation1 z ,i suppose1 is ?is3 among ! p>ticles giv5 (f by ! e>?'s vap\r & c>ri$ al(t !re is great inequality & dissimil>ity1 "s be+ dry & o!rs moi/4 ,:5 ! p>ticles h mass$ 9 "o body !re is great discord & int]nal /rife1 :i* probably leads to ! =m+ ( c]ta9 holl[ cl\ds ) n>r[ pipe-%ap$ spaces left betwe51 mu* l a flute 9 %ape4 ,9 ^! gaps !re is %ut up r>efi$ air1 :i*1 be+ #b buffet$ ab\t 9 ! conf9$ space & becom+ heat$1 /rives to get m room4 ,x exp&s & r5ds its envelope1 break+ =? 9 w9d1 :i*1 z a rule1 is squally1 s9ce x desc5ds f above & falls on u ) fi]ce vehem5ce4 ,x is n diffus$1 nor does x come ?r\gh a wide op5 space1 b x /ruggles & op5s up its way by ma9 =ce4 ,z a rule1 x is a brief gu/4 ,z x bur/s ?r\gh #c ! cl\dy receptacle by :i* x 0 conf9$ & ov]leaps ! battlem5ts1 x comes 9 tumultu\s en]gy1 sometimes n unatt5d$ ) fire & ! s\nd ( ?und] 9 ! heav5s4 ,su* w9ds are mu* m viol5t & ( long] duration if !y h tak5 up 9 _! c\rse o!r gu/s proce$+ f a l cause1 & ?us sev]al h conspir$ to =m "o4 ,x is j l ! fl[ ( torr5ts ( mod]ate size1 n s]i\s z long z ea* has its sep>ate c\rse4 ,b :5 a numb] ( !m h comb9$ _! /reams1 !y surpass 9 #d size regul>1 con/ant riv]s4 ,! same ?+ may probably happ5 9 squalls2 !y are %ort-liv$ :5ev] !y are alone4 ,b :5 !y h jo9$ =ces1 & ! air expell$ f sev]al p>ts ( ! sky at once has all comb9$ 9 "o1 bo? =ce & duration are add$ to !m4 ,,xiii ,s1 !n1 w9d results f ! break+ up ( a cl\d1 :i* brea* #a is effect$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,! accumulation ( air is bur/ sometimes by ! int]nal /ruggle1 z x seeks to ga9 an exit2 sometimes by ! heat produc$ ei!r simply by ! sun or else by ! mutual ramm+ & friction ( ! roam+ bodies4 ,at ?is po9t1 if y h no objection1 "o may raise ! "q :y a :irlw9d occurs4 ,9 riv]s1 :5 _! c\rse has be5 )\t any ob/acle = a long di/ance1 ! *annel is a /raight1 uni=m "o4 ,b :5 !y meet "s b\ld] t juts f ! bank1 ! #b /ream is driv5 back & :irls ! wat]s 9 a circle )\t a way ( escape1 s t 9 _! revolution !y are con/antly suck$ 9 t[>d ! c5tre to =m a :irlpool4 ,9 l mann] ! w9d p\rs out 9 full =ce z long z no ob/acle /&s 9 ! way4 ,b :5 x is reflect$ f "s jutt+ projection1 or is mass$ 9 a qu>t] :i* comb9es to =m a ?9 d[nw>d *annel1 !n x revolves ^u its own axis1 & produces an eddy simil> to t 9 :i*1 z we h j said1 ! wat] revolves4 ,?is revolv+ w9d1 :i* #c always trav]ses ! same spot & is r\s$ to fury by ! m]e giddy :irl+1 is a :irlw9d4 ,if x is a v fi]ce "o1 & revolves long] ?an ord9>y1 x ignites & causes :at ! ,greeks call a fire-w9d 771 :i* is j a fi]y :irlw9d4 ,! bur/+ ( su* w9ds f ! cl\ds produces almo/ all ! disa/]s by :i* h]ds are c>ri$ (f & %ips lift$1 bodily1 "r out ( ! wat]4 ,fur!r1 "s w9ds produce diff]5t ones by disp]s+ ! air & driv+ x be=e !m 9 o!r directions ?an t t[>d :i* !y !mselves h b5t _! c\rse4 ,x occurs to me at ! mom5t to m5tion a p>allel to w9d t #d may be drawn f drops ( moi/ure4 ,! s+le drops may beg9 to incl9e d[nw>ds & be on ! v]ge ( giv+ way1 b yet d n manage to fall4 ,:51 h[ev]1 sev]al h unit$ & ! mass has imp>t$ /r5g?1 !n !y are said to fl[ & to move4 ,s1 z long z !re are slight movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e di/urb$ at sev]al po9ts1 !y d n produce w9d4 ,! latt] beg9s only :5 all ^? movem5ts are unit$ & conc5trat$ 9 a s+le ef=t4 ,air diff]s f w9d 9 degree alone4 ,a m viol5t air is a w9d2 air 9 turn is g5tly fl[+ atmosph]e4 ,,xiv ,let me n[ recall a rem>k t ,i _h made e>ly 9 ?is book1 #a namely1 t w9d issues f cave or inn] recess ( e>?4 ,! :ole e>? is n ( solid compact con/itution d[n to its l[e/ f\ndations1 b at _m po9ts is holl[1 444 hung ov] d>k retreats4 ,9 "s places x conta9s voids t h no moi/ure4 ,?\gh !re is no light !re to %[ ! di/9ctions 9 ! air1 yet ,i v5ture to ass]t t cl\d & mi/ settle 9 t gloom4 ,above gr\nd #b cl\d & mi/ surely d n exi/ because !y are se52 b1 r1 !y are se5 because !y exi/4 ,well1 !re too riv]s none ! less exi/ t !y are n se54 ,y mu/ und]/& t d[n !re riv]s fl[ equal 9 size to our own4 ,"s glide g5tly1 o!rs res\nd z !y tumble d[n headlong ov] ! brok5 gr\nd4 ,s mu/ n y equally all[ t !re are "s lakes und]gr\nd & "s wat] 9 pools )\t an exit8 ,?is be+ s1 x is ( necessity t #c ! air be *>g$ ) moi/ure1 & t1 be+ *>g$1 x lean 9 "o direction1 rais+ ! w9d by its propulsion4 ,we mu/ recognise1 !re=e1 t f ^? subt]ranean cl\ds bla/s ( w9d are rais$ 9 ! d>k1 :at "t !y h ga!r$ /r5g? suffici5t to remove ! ob/acles pres5t$ by ! e>?1 or c seize ^u "s op5 pa? = _! exit1 & f ?is cav]n\s retreat c escape t[>d ! abodes ( m54 ,n[ x is obvi\s t und]gr\nd #d !re are l>ge quantities ( sulphur & o!r sub/ances no less inflammable4 ,:5 ! air 9 se>* ( a pa? ( escape works its tortu\s way ?r\gh gr\nd ( ?is nature1 x necess>ily k9dles fire by ! m]e friction4 ,by & by1 z ! flames spread m widely1 any sluggi% air !re may be is also r>efi$ & set 9 motion2 a way ( escape is s\ght ) great ro>+ & viol5ce4 ,?is po9t ,i w elaborate 9 m detail :5 ,i g on to treat ( e>?quakes4 ,,xv ,y mu/ n[ all[ me to tell y a little /ory6 ,asclepiodotus #a v\*es = ! tale4 ,once on a "t a l>ge p>ty ( m9]s 0 s5t d[n by ,philip into an old m9e1 long s9ce ab&on$1 to asc]ta9 its prospects & condition1 & to see :e!r anci5t av>ice _h left any?+ = po/]ity to glean4 ,d[n !y w5t ) pl5ty ( light to la/ = days4 ,9 due "t1 :5 !y 7 q tir$ by ! l5g? ( ! road1 !y saw a sight to make _! hair /& on end--huge riv]s & va/ res]voirs ( sluggi% wat]s1 equal 9 size to any above gr\nd1 n press$ d[n ei!r ) a weight ( e>? above1 b ov]>*$ ) an op5 vault4 ,i confess ,i felt lively satisfaction 9 read+ ! /ory4 ,x %[$ me t ! vices f :i* our age #b suff]s are n new2 !y h be5 h&$ d[n f anci5t days4 ,nor is x 9 our age t av>ice has = ! fir/ "t ransack$ ! reefs ( soil & /one1 se>*+ 9 ! d>k = treasure badly hidd54 ,^? ance/ors ( ours1 :om we are always vaunt+1 our decl5sion f ^: /&>d we con/antly bemoan1 7 also lur$ by hope to cut d[n ! m\nta9s & /& b5ea? ! ru9s to gloat ov] _! fil?y lucre4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,philip ( ,mac$on !re 7 k+s :o pursu$ #c treasure d[n to its deepe/ lurk+-places2 leav+ ! free air & light ( day beh9d1 !y l[]$ !mselves into ^? cav]ns1 :i* no di/9ction ( night f day c\ld rea*4 ,:at expectation c\ld lead !m on8 ,:at necessity caus$ man1 ^: head po9ts to ! />s1 to /oop bel[1 bury+ him 9 m9es & plung+ him 9 ! v b[els ( inn]mo/ e>? to root up gold8 ,! que/ = ! preci\s bane is no less p]il\s ?an its possession4 ,= ?is he #d drove %afts & crawl$ r\nd 8 dirty1 unc]ta9 booty1 =getful ( day1 =getful ( 8 bett] nature1 :i* he abjur$4 ,on no dead man does e>? lie s heavily z x lies on ^? on :om insi/5t av>ice has ca/ e>?'s weight1 f :om x has )drawn ! light ( day1 :om x has buri$ 9 ! dep?s :]e t noxi\s poison lurks4 ,!y _h ! h>dihood to desc5d to a region :]e !y f\nd a new ord] ( nature1 =ms ( ov]hang+ e>? & w9ds rav+ ?r\gh ! bl9d void1 :]e are dread f\nta9s ( wat]s ^: /reams none dr9k1 & night reigns deep & unbrok54 ,& !n1 aft] all t has come & gone1 !y dread ! gods ( ! ne!r _w6 ,,xvi ,b to return to ! matt] 9 h&2 !re are f\r w9ds1 divid$1 #a accord+ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 into ea/1 we/1 s\?1 & nor?4 ,! re/ ( ! w9ds1 :i* are call$ by diff]5t names1 are atta*$ to ^!3 ,eurus has gone t[>d ! dawn & ! realms ( ,nebaio? ,& ,p]sia & ! peaks t lie b5ea? ! rays ( morn4 ,ev5+ & ! coa/s t are w>m$ by ! sett+ sun ,are close to ,zephyrus4 ,scy?ia & ! ,great ,be> ,are "u ! sway ( dread ,boreas4 ,! l& t faces ^! ,is ba!d 9 unbrok5 cl\d & ra9y ,au/]4 ,or1 if y pref] a brief] enum]ation1 y may ga!r !m 9 "o #b great /orm--a physical impossibility1 by ! way3 ,eurus & ,notus 7s\?7 ru% toge!r1 & ) squall ^u squall ,africus 7s\?-we/74 ,& we may add ,aquilo 7nor?71 :i* has no place 9 ! fam\s battle ( ! w9ds to :i* ,virgil ref]s4 ,"s make ! numb] ( ! w9ds twelve4 ,!y divide ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 into ?ree p>ts ea*1 add+ two subsidi>y w9ds to ea* ( ! pr9cipal ones4 ,on ?is pr9ciple t dilig5t au?or1 ,v>ro1 classifies !m4 ,& #c !re is good gr\nd = x2 ! o!r me?od1 :i* ref]s !m to seasonal *anges1 is v unsatisfactory4 ,= in/ance1 ! sun does n always rise or set at ! same po9t4 ,he has "o place ( ris+ at ! equ9ox--inde$1 ! equ9ox occurs twice a ye>--ano!r at ! summ]1 & /ill ano!r at ! w9t]1 sol/ice4 ,! w9d :i* sets 9 f ! direction ( sunrise at ! equ9oxes is ) u call$ ,subsolane 7ne> ! sun72 ! ,greeks call x 7f ! sun74 ,f sunrise 9 w9t] ,eurus comes1 nam$ by our c\ntrym5 ,vulturnus 7i4e4 f ,mt4 ,vultur 9 ! ,s4,e474 ,livy also calls x #d by ?is "n1 9 connection ) t fam\s battle ( ,cannae1 :i* prov$ s disa/r\s to ,rome4 ,hannibal on t occasion manag$ to get our army ) its face to ! ris+ sun & to ! w9d2 by ! aid ( ! w9d & ! gl>e t dazzl$ ! eyes ( ! enemy he snat*$ ! victory4 ,v>ro likewise uses ! same "n4 ,b ,eurus is a "n n[ naturalis$1 & has a place 9 our vocabul>y t does n sugge/ any =eign orig94 ,! w9d t is rais$ by sunrise at ! #e summ] sol/ice 0 call$ by ! ,greeks 2#ge we h no "n = x4 ,sunset at ! equ9ox s5ds u ,favonius1 :i* ev5 p :o _c speak ,greek w tell y is call$ ! ,zephyr4 ,corus1 :i* is by "s call$ ,arge/es f its cle>ness1 comes f ! sunset at ! summ] sol/ice4 ,i d n approve ( ! id5tification2 ,corus is a vehem5t w9d1 ru%+ 9 "o uni=m direction1 :ile ,arge/es is1 z a rule1 a g5tle w9d1 & bl[s imp>tially on travell]s com+ & go+ along ! same road 7i4e4 is con/antly #f %ift+74 ,f sunset 9 midw9t] comes ! ru%+ furi\s ,africus 7,african w9d71 nam$ by ! ,greeks ! ,libyan 774 ,9 ! nor!rn qu>t] ! highe/ 7i4e4 mo/ ea/]ly7 is ,aquilo1 ! c5tral "o is ,septemtrio1 ! l[e/ ,?racias1#gf = :i* !re is no correspond+ ^w 9 ,lat94 ,9 ! s\!rn region !re is ,euronotus1 !n ,notus1 or 9 ,lat9 ,au/]1 !n ,libonotus1 :i* has no ,lat9 "n4 #ge ,no explanation ( ?is "n ( ! nor'-ea/] is =?com+4 #gf ,i4e4 ! ,?racian2 ,?race mu/ h be5 ,n4,w4 ( ! region 9 :i* ! "n _h its orig94 ,,xvii ,we ,/oics hold t !re are twelve w9ds2 n t !re are #a ev]y:]e s _m 7! slope ( ! e>? i4e4 ( ! e>?'s axis excludes "s71 b because !re are n[h]e m ?an twelve4 ,we speak ( six cases 9 ! same way1 n because e n\n possesses six1 b because none has m ?an six4 ,^? :o ass]t ! numb] ( ! w9ds to be twelve adopt ! pr9ciple t ! numb] mu/ be ! same z ! divisions ( ! heav5s4 ,n[ ! heav5s are divid$ into five zones pass+ ?r\gh ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! _w4 ,^! are ! nor!rn1 ! sol/itial1 ! equ9octial1 ! w9try1 #b ! "o t faces ! nor!rn4 ,a six? is add$ 9 ! zone :i* sep>ates ! upp] "p ( ! _w f ! l[]4 ,z y "k1 !re is always "o-half ! _w above our head1 & "o-half b5ea? our feet4 ,?is l9e :i* lies betwe5 ! visible & ! conceal$ p>ts ( ! sky is call$ by ! ,greeks ! ,horizon 7 b\nd+ l9e73 our s*ool call x ! ,b\nd]2 o!rs1 ! ,b\nd+ l9e4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! m]idian circle1 :i* cuts ! horizon #c at "r angles4 ,"s ( ^! zones run transv]sely1 int]sect+ o!rs4 ,n[ !re mu/ necess>ily be z _m divisions ( ! heav5s z !re are p>ts4 ,s1 !n1 ! horizon or b\nd+ circle cuts ^? five zones1 ( ^: position ,i h j spok51 mak+ t5 p>ts1 five to ea/ & five to we/4 ,! m]idian circle :i* meets ! horizon gives two additional divisions4 ,?us ! air receives its #d twelve divisions1 & yields a l numb] ( w9ds4 ,!re are "s ( ! w9ds t are peculi> to c]ta9 localities2 !y d n c>ry f>1 b rea* only ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,!y d n d]ive _! impulse f a p>ticul> qu>t] ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,= example1 ! w9d ,atabulus haunts ,apulia2 ! ,iapygian1 ,calabria2 ! ,scironian1 ,a!ns2 ,cataegis1 ,pamphylia2 ,circius1 ,gaul4 ,to ! la/ m5tion$1 ?\gh x %akes _! h\ses1 ! p are v grateful1 believ+ !y are indebt$ to x = ! heal?9ess ( _! climate4 ,at any rate1 ! late ,emp]or ,augu/us1 :5 he 0 /ay+ 9 ,gaul1 erect$ to x a temple he _h v[$4 ,my task w\ld nev] be done if ,i 7 to attempt to enum]ate ! individual w9ds4 ,!re is h>dly any di/rict t has n "s p>ticul> w9d t arises 9 x & falls n f> f x4 ,,xviii ,:]e=e among ! o!r works ( ,provid5ce ?is "o mu/ be #a reg>d$ z wor?y ( all admiration4 ,heav5 _h _m purposes 9 view 9 devis+ ! w9ds & di/ribut+ !m ?r\gh all ! v>i$ qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,! fir/ object 0 to prev5t ! atmosph]e f becom+ gross2 by _! con/ant toss+ ! w9ds 7 meant to r5d] x b5eficial1 a s\rce ( life to ^? :o 7 to brea! x4 ,9 ! second place1 !y 7 to supply ! e>? ) ra91 & at ! same "t to re/ra9 excess ( ra94 ,?is !y accompli% by #b n[ ga!r+1 n[ scatt]+ ! cl\ds1 s t ! ra9fall %\ld be fairly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,! s\? w9d drives x t[>d ,italy1 ! nor? s5ds x back to ,africa4 ,! ,etesian w9ds w n suff] ! cl\ds to settle 9 our qu>t]2 b yet ! :ole ( ,india & ,e?iopia are wat]$ ) con/ant ra9 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! preval5ce4 ,moreov]1 crops c\ld n be ga!r$ 9 unless ! wor?less elem5ts 7 w9n[$ by ! bla/ f ! good gra9 ) :i* x is mix$4 ,! breeze is ne$$1 too1 to r\se ! se$ & br+ to light ! lat5t fruit1 by caus+ x to bur/ ?r\gh its cov]+1 ^? wrapp+s :i* ! f>m]s call follicles4 ,fur!rmore1 ! w9d has e/abli%$ int]communication among all #c ! diff]5t nations1 & has unit$ tribes f> remov$ f ea* o!r 9 place4 ,a great s]vice is ?is t nature "h r5d]s1 did n man's madness turn x to 8 own injury6 ,z x is1 ! rem>k may be appli$ to ! w9ds :i* 0 commonly made reg>d+ ,caes> ! ,eld] 7,julius71 z record$ by ,titus ,livius 7,livy72 x 0 d\btful :e!r 8 bir? 0 a bless+ or a curse to ! /ate4 ,9 l mann] all ! useful & necess>y s]vices p]=m$ by ! w9ds _c outweigh ! devices :i* man's madness has ?r\gh !m fram$ = 8 own de/ruction4 ,b !y d n cease to be inh]5tly good1 #d ev5 ?\gh1 ?r\gh fault ( ^? :o degrade _! use1 !y are turn$ to in/rum5ts ( h>m4 ,surely ,provid5ce & ,god1 ! great ,dispos] ( ! _w1 _h a b5efic5t aim 9 e/abli%+ ! w9ds1 & diffus+ !m on e side1 to wit1 t ! atmosph]e might be kept 9 motion by !m1 t no "p ( ! _w %\ld become unsightly ?r\gh inactivity4 ,8 object 0 n t we might man our fleet ) arm$ soldi]s to seize e qu>t] ( ! ma91 & t we might g 9 se>* ( foes ei!r 9 or beyond ! sea4 ,:at fr5zy goads u on1 & mat*es u 9 /rife = our mutual de/ruction8 ,we spread ! sails to ! w9ds to g 9 que/ ( w>1 & we run #e risks ( sea = ! sake ( meet+ risks ( battle6 ,we tempt ! unc]ta9ty ( =tune1 ! =ce ( tempe/s t no human ef=t c ov]come1 dea? )\t hope ( burial4 ,! prize w\ld n be wor? ! toil if ! voyage conduct$ u to peace4 ,z x is1 :5 we h pass$ s _m hidd5 rocks & hidd5 %oals ( a trea*]\s sea2 :5 we h escap$ ! bill[s t rise l m\nta9s above u1 into :i* ! rag+ w9d =ces all voyag]s2 :5 we h pass$ ?r\gh days envelop$ 9 mi/1 & nights r5d]$ /ill m awful #f by cl\d & ?und]1 & by :irlw9ds t r5d ! frail b>k 9 pieces2 :at rew>d %all we h = all ! toil & anxiety8 ,:at h>b\r w give u hospitable %elt]1 worn out z we are ) s _m suff]+s8 ,w>1 ,i tr[1 w meet u1 & an enemy ready prep>$ on %ore & tribes de/9$ to cruel slaught]1 b n )\t mu* damage to ! conqu]or1 & anci5t cities 9 flames4 ,:y d we press :ole nations into arms8 ,:y d we enrol armies to m>%al _! l9es amid ! bill[s8 ,:y d we disquiet ! seas8 ,! l&1 ,i suppose1 #g is n wide en\gh to compass our dea?4 ,=tune deals too t5d]ly ) u3 %e has giv5 u too h>dy bodies1 too s\nd heal?4 ,no ravage ( plague cuts u (f3 ea* "o may com=tably fill up ! measure ( 8 ye>s & rea* ! hav5 ( old age4 ,s let u laun* ^u ! deep & call t[>d u ! loit]+ fates4 ,poor wret*es1 :at is x ye seek8 ,dea?1 :i* is always too mu* ) u8 ,x w attack y1 ev5 9 y\r c\*2 well1 see t ! victims x attacks are innoc5t ( crime4 ,x w seize y 9 y\r h\se2 be sure x f9d y plann+ no mis*ief4 ,b :at c "o call x b pla9 insanity actually to c>ry #h de/ruction 9 y\r tra91 to ru% 9 ang] aga9/ m5 y nev] saw1 to lay wa/e )\t provocation all t comes 9 y\r pa?1 &1 aft] ! fa%ion ( wild bea/s1 to kill a man y d n hate8 ,we are worse ?an bea/s1 = !y bite only 9 retaliation or f hung]2 b we1 utt]ly lavi% ( our own & o!rs' blood1 h>ass ! seas by ! vessels we laun*1 entru/ our safety to ! waves1 & pray = fav\r+ w9ds1 c\nt+ x our good =tune to be borne 9 safety to ! w>s6 ,to :at l5g?s h our crimes hurri$ u crim9als8 ,x is n en\gh to v5t "o's madness )9 "o's own sph]e4 ,y\r #i /upid ,k+ ( ,p]sia mu/ cross into ,greece1 fill+ x ) an army ) :i* he has fail$ to conqu] x4 ,y\r ,alex&]1 leav+ beh9d ,bactra & ,india1 mu/ ne$s seek to le>n :at lies beyond ! great sea1 & w *afe t !re is any po9t beyond :i* he _c g4 ,crassus 9 l mann] w fall a prey to ! ,p>?ians ?r\gh 8 lu/ ( gold4 ,he w n dread ! imprecations ( ! tribune :o calls him back1 nor ! /orms ( ! t$i\s sea1 nor ! lightn+ by ,euphrates t =etold de/ruction1 nor ! resi/ance ( heav5 itself4 ,?r\gh ! wra? ( man & ,god alike gold %all be s\ght4 #aj ,n )\t good cause1 !re=e1 x may be said t nature w\ld h done bett] by u _h %e =bidd5 ! w9ds to bl[ at all1 _h %e *eck$ _! roam+ abroad 9 _! fury1 & ord]$ ea* "o to abide 9 8 own l&4 ,if ?is _h s]v$ no o!r end1 at any rate ! mis*ief ( ea* human life w\ld h be5 re/rict$ to itself & its own nation4 ,z x is1 ! ills ( home are too little = u2 we mu/ toil to %>e ^? abroad z well4 ,no l& is s f> remov$ f neighb\rs t x _c s5d =? 9 "s direction its evil prop5sities4 ,h[ d ,i "k b t "s rul] ( a great nation #aa meantime conceal$ f view1 swoll5 by =tune's k9dness1 may *oose n to conf9e 8 arms )9 ! b\nd>ies ( 8 own realm1 b ) secret design may ev5 n[ be fitt+ out 8 fleet aga9/ u8 ,h[ c ,i tell :e!r ?is w9d or t %all convey w> to me8 ,x w\ld g f> to ensure ! peace ( ! _w if ! seas c\ld be %ut up4 ,/ill1 z ,i said a little ago1 we _c put ! blame on ,god1 our ,au?or1 if we corrupt ,8 bless+s & turn !m into curses4 ,he gave u ! w9ds to ma9ta9 ! equable temp]ature ( e>? & sky1 #ab to call =? or to repress ! wat]s1 to n\ri% ! produce ( field & tree2 ! crops are br\ght to maturity1 among o!r causes1 by _! m]e toss+ 9 ! w9d1 :i* attracts ! n\ri%m5t to ! top1 & by movem5t prev5ts ! /agnation ( decay4 ,he gave ! w9ds t we might ga9 acqua9tance ) =eign l&s4 ,man w\ld h be5 an untutor$ creature )\t mu* exp]i5ce ( ! _w if circumscrib$ by ! b\nds ( 8 native soil4 ,he gave ! w9ds #ac t ! bless+s ( ea* region might become common to all2 n to convey across ! sea regim5ts ( horse & foot1 nor arms = ! de/ruction ( mank9d4 ,if we simply e/imate nature's boons by ! degrad$ uses to :i* !y h be5 put1 !re is no?+ t we h n receiv$ = our own hurt4 ,:o is aught ! bett] ( ! gift ( sight8 or ( spee*8 ,to :om is life itself n a torm5t8 ,i defy y to f9d any?+ ( su* und\bt$ utility t x _c by misuse be conv]t$ into a curse4 ,s x is ) ! w9ds3 nature _h design$ !m = a boon2 we h ourselves made !m ! opposite4 ,!y all lead u to "s disa/]3 "o man has n ! same motive #ad z 8 neighb\r = putt+ to sea1 b none has a good "o4 ,div]se temptations lead u to essay ! way4 ,above all1 we love to g to sea 9 ord] to damage "s "o4 ,plato1 ) ^: te/imony ,i may close1 has obs]v$1 ) great aptness1 x is m]e trifles t m5 pur*ase ) _! lives4 ,yes1 my de> ,lucilius1 if y e/imate aright man's madness1 9 o!r words1 our own--= we all wall[ 9 ! same h]d--y w be /ill m amus$ by ! reflection t we amass = life :at 9 ! end we>s life out4 ,,book ,,vi ,,:i* ,,treats ,,( ,,e>?quakes ,i ,we h j _h news1 my e/eem$ ,lucilius1 t ,pompeii1 ! #a celebrat$ city 9 ,campania1 has be5 ov]:elm$ 9 an e>?quake1 :i* %ook all ! surr\nd+ di/ricts z well4 ,! city1 y "k1 lies on a beautiful bay1 runn+ f> back f ! op5 sea1 & is surr\nd$ by two conv]g+ %ores1 on ! "o side t ( ,surr5tum & ,/abiae1 on ! o!r t ( ,h]culaneum4 ,! disa/] happ5$ 9 w9t]1 a p]iod = :i* our =efa!rs us$ to claim immunity f su* dang]s4 ,on ! #e? ( ,febru>y1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,regulus #b & ,virg9ius1 ?is %ock occurr$1 involv+ widespread de/ruction ov] ! :ole prov9ce ( ,campania2 ! di/rict _h nev] be5 )\t risk ( su* a calamity1 b _h be5 hi!rto exempt f x1 hav+ escap$ "t aft] "t f gr\ndless al>m4 ,! ext5t ( ! disa/] may be ga!r$ f a few details4 ,"p ( ! t[n ( ,h]culaneum fell2 ! build+s left /&+ are v insecure4 ,! colony ( ,nuc]ia _h pa9ful exp]i5ce ( ! %ock1 b su/a9$ no damage4 ,naples 0 j t\*$ by :at might h prov$ a great disa/] to x2 _m private h\ses suff]$1 b no public build+ 0 de/roy$4 ,! villas built on ! cliffs #c ev]y:]e %ook1 b )\t damage be+ done4 ,9 addition1 !y say1 a flock ( six hundr$ %eep 0 de/roy$1 & /atues 7 split op52 "s p 7 driv5 out ( _! m9ds1 & w&]$ ab\t 9 helpless idiotcy4 ,! plan ( my pres5t "w dem&s a discussion ( ! causes ( ?is1 & ! disa/] itself fits 9 ) our pres5t inquiries 7i4e4 our discussion is opportune 9 view ( ! rec5t disa/]74 ,we mu/ seek solace = ! anxi\s & dispel ov]ma/]+ fe>4 ,= :at c any "o believe q safe if ! _w itself is %ak51 & its mo/ solid p>ts tott] to _! fall8 ,:]e1 inde$1 c our fe>s h limit if ! "o ?+ immovably fix$1 :i* #d upholds all o!r ?+s 9 dep5d5ce on x1 beg9s to rock1 & ! e>? lose its *ief *>act]i/ic1 /ability8 ,:at refuge c our weak bodies f9d8 :i!r %all anxi\s ones flee :5 fe> spr+s f ! gr\nd & is drawn up f e>?'s f\ndations8 ,if ro(s at any "t beg9 to crack & premonitions ( fall are giv51 !re is g5]al panic3 all hurry pell-mell out ( doors1 !y ab&on _! h\sehold treasures1 & tru/ = safety to ! public /reet4 ,b if ! e>? itself /ir up de/ruction1 :at refuge or help c #e we look =8 ,if ?is solid globe1 :i* upholds & def5ds u1 ^u :i* our cities are built1 :i* has be5 call$ by "s ! _w's f\ndation1 /agg] & remove1 :i!r are we to turn8 ,:at com=t1 n to say help1 c y ga9 :5 fe> has de/roy$ all way ( escape8 ,:]e1 ,i say1 is !re any protection y c tru/8 :at is !re t w /& z sure def5ce ei!r ( oneself or ( o!rs8 ,an enemy ,i c drive (f f my city wall4 ,! m]e difficulties ( approa* to turrets set on ! dizzy heights w /op ! m>* ev5 ( great armies4 ,f /orm ! h>b\r %elt]s u2 our ro(s are #f able to )/& ! :ole =ce ( cl\ds let loose1 & ! endless deluges ( ra94 ,fire _c pursue u if we run away f x4 ,aga9/ heav5's ?reats 9 ?und] refuges und]gr\nd & cav]ns dug out 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? are ( avail--! fire ( heav5 does n pi]ce ! gr\nd1 b is beat5 back by ! t9ie/ portion ( ! soil4 ,9 "t ( plague we may *ange our place ( abode4 ,no species ( disa/] is )\t "s means ( escape4 ,lightn+ has nev] consum$ :ole nations4 ,a plague-lad5 sky has dra9$ cities1 b has nev] blott$ !m out4 ,b ?is calamity ( e>?quake ext5ds beyond all b\nds1 #g inevitable1 insatiable1 ! de/ruction ( a :ole ,/ate4 ,nor is x only families or h\seholds or s+le cities t x swall[s2 x ov]?r[s :ole nations & regions4 ,at "o "t x hides !m 9 _! ru9s1 at ano!r consigns !m to ! deep abyss2 x leaves n a wrack beh9d to witness t :at no long] is1 once 04 ,! b>e soil /ret*es ov] ! site ( ! mo/ fam\s cities1 & no trace is left ( _! =m] exi/5ce4 ,nor are !re want+ ^? :o dread mo/ ( all ?is k9d ( dea?1 9 :i* !y g d[n alive into ! pit1 h\ses & all1 & are c>ri$ (f f ! numb] ( ! liv+3 z if e =m ( dea? did n lead to ! "o goal4 ,among #h nature's righte\s decrees ?is is ! *ief1 t :5 we rea* ! end ( life we are all on a level4 ,x makes no diff]5ce1 !re=e1 to me :e!r "o /one w\nd me to dea? or ,i am cru%$ b5ea? a :ole m\nta92 :e!r ! weight ( "o h\se come d[n on me1 & ,i expire b5ea? ! du/ ( its humble m\nd1 or :e!r ! :ole _w desc5d ^u my head2 :e!r ,i yield up ?is brea? 9 ! op5 light ( day or 9 ! va/ abyss ( ! yawn+ e>?2 :e!r ,i am borne d[n to ^? dep?s all alone or along ) a great ?rong ( p]i%+ nations4 ,to me x c make no diff]5ce h[ great is ! #i turmoil t accompanies my dea?2 ! ?+ is ev]y:]e j ! same4 ,:]e=e1 let u raise high our c\rage aga9/ t disa/]1 :i* c nei!r be %unn$ nor yet =ese54 ,let u cease to li/5 to ! p t h bid adieu to ,campania s9ce ! "t ( ?is disa/]1 & h remov$ to o!r di/ricts1 v[+ !y w nev] set foot 9 t qu>t] aga96 ,:o c gu>antee !m m solid f\ndations 9 :atev] soil !y *oose8 ,all ! _w is subject to ! same #aj fate4 ,if x has n yet suff]$ f e>?quake1 x may2 p]*ance ?is spot on :i* y /& 9 full security w be r5t ?is night1 or ev5 ?is day be=e night4 ,h[ c "o tell :e!r is bett] ! /ate ( ! places on :i* =tune has already sp5t h] =ce or ( ^? :i* are upheld meantime1 b only = "s disa/] to come8 ,we d greatly err if we suppose any qu>t] ( ! _w :olly exempt f ?is dang]4 ,all qu>t]s are subject to ! same law4 ,nature fram$ no?+ to be immovable4 ,diff]5t ?+s w fall at diff]5t times4 ,j z 9 l>ge cities1 n[ ?is h\se & n[ t leans #aa ov] & has to be %or$ up1 s 9 ! _w z a :ole1 n[ ?is "p conta9s a flaw1 n[ t4 ,tyre 0 once notori\s = a disa/] ( ! k9d4 ,! prov9ce ( ,asia lo/ at a s+le /roke twelve ( its cities4 ,la/ ye> calamity ov]took ,a*aia & ,mac$onia1 n[ ! injury has fall5 ^u ,campania1 :atev] be ! nature ( t =ce :i* ?us assails u4 ,fate makes a circuit1 pay+ a second visit to places %e has long pass$ ov]4 ,on "s places h] attacks are m r>e1 m frequ5t on "s4 ,no?+ is suff]$ to be q exempt #ab f injury4 ,n m]ely we m51 ^: life is frail & fleet+1 b cities too1 & ! e>?'s coa/s & %ores1 yea1 ! v sea falls "u bondage to fate4 ,& 9 face ( ?is we promise ourselves p]man5ce 9 ! boons =tune be/[s6 we suppose !re w be /ability & endurance 9 happ9ess1 ^: fickl5ess is greate/ ( all ?+s on e>?6 ,:ile m5 promise !mselves all ?+s #ac 9 p]petuity1 x nev] ent]s _! ?\ghts t ! v e>? on :i* we /& is n p]man5t4 ,! flaws ( ! gr\nd are to be f\nd ev]y:]e2 !y are n peculi> to ,campania or ,tyre or ,a*aia4 ,! e>? coh]es imp]fectly1 x suff]s brea* f _m causes2 p]man5t z a :ole1 x is subject to collapse 9 its p>ts4 ,,ii ,:at am ,i do+8 ,i _h promis$ to (f] com=t 9 face ( dang]1 #a & lo6 ,i ?reat5 its t]rors on all sides4 ,i tell y t !re c be no assur$ peace 9 :at c suff] or cause de/ruction4 ,b t v fact ,i reg>d z a solace1 &1 inde$1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( all4 ,fe> is b folly :5 !re is no escape f x4 ,philosophy deliv]s ! wise f fe>2 ev5 ! unle>n$ may d]ive great confid5ce f despair4 ,y mu/1 !re=e1 reg>d ! words address$ to ^? amaz$ by sudd5 captivity amid fire & foe z address$ to ! :ole human race3 ,! "o safety ( ! conqu]$ is to hope = none4 ,if y wi% to fe> no?+1 ?9k t ev]y?+ is to be fe>$2 #b consid] by h[ slight causes our life is dissipat$4 ,nei!r food nor dr9k1 nor wak+ nor sleep+1 is heal?ful1 except 9 due measure4 ,"o may soon realise t we are b puny1 insignificant bodies1 weak & un/able1 t small ef=t is ne$$ to compass our de/ruction4 ,! only suffici5cy ( dang]1 d\btless1 w\ld be ! e>?'s trembl+1 its sudd5 dissipation1 ! r5d+ ( its surface into *asms6 ,surely he sets a high value on 8 life :o dreads only lightn+1 #c & e>?quakes ) _! yawn+ abysses2 won't he all[ himself to op5 8 eyes to 8 frailty & be afraid ( *ok+ on 8 phlegm8 ,su*1 =soo?1 is our con/itution by bir?1 su* ! p[]ful frames we h obta9$1 su* ! size we h gr[n to1 t we _c p]i% unless ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w are mov$1 ! heav5s ?und]1 & ! e>? subside6 ,:y1 a pa9 9 a t9y nail1 n ev5 ! :ole #d nail1 b a little ragnail at ! side1 may f9i% u6 ,& ,i mu/ fe> only ! trembl+ ( ! _w1 :5 too ?ick a spittle w *oke me6 ,i am to await ) dread ! removal ( ! sea f its place1 or ! ov]fl[+ ( an abnormal tide ) its excess ( wat]2 :y1 "s ere n[ h be5 /rangl$ by a dr9k t took a wrong c\rse d[n ! ?roat6 ,:at folly to be afraid ( ! sea :5 y "k t a s+le drop may kill y6 ,!re is no solace ( dea? great] ?an #e ! v liability to dea?1 no solace ( all ! t]rors f )\t equal to ! ?\ght t !re are c\ntless dang]s )9 our own bosom4 ,:at great] madness ?an to collapse at ! s\nd ( ?und]1 & ?r\gh fe> ( lightn+ to creep "u ! gr\nd8 ,:at great] folly ?an to /& 9 fe> ( ! e>?'s tott]+ & ! sudd5 #f fall ( m\nta9s1 or inroads ( ! sea ca/ up beyond ! %ore1 :5 dea? is ev]y:]e pres5t & meets u on e side8 ,no?+ is s small z n to be /rong en\gh to compass ! de/ruction ( ! human race4 ,great or unusual dang]s ought n to unn]ve u1 z if !y impli$ m mis*ief ?an a common dea?2 nay1 r :5 "o mu/ quit ! _w & at la/ resign life1 x %\ld be a positive joy to p]i% by "s gr& cause4 ,die we mu/ some:]e1 sometime4 #g ,! gr\nd y tread may /& firm1 x may conf9e itself )9 its own b\nds & n be toss$ ab\t by any viol5ce2 yet "s day ,i %all be b5ea? x4 ,does x really matt]1 !n1 :e!r ,i place x on myself or itself d8 ,x is r5t by ! irresi/ible =ce ( "s disa/]2 x bur/s & draws me into its imm5se dep?s4 ,:at !n8 ,is dea? easi] on ! e>?'s level surface8 ,:at reason = compla9t h ,i if nature w n h me lie 9 a place unkn[n to fame8 or if %e lays on me a portion ( h]self8 ,my fri5d1 ,vagellius1#gg 9 #h t fam\s poem ( 81 says f9ely3 ,if fall ,i mu/1 ,i %\ld desire to fall f ! height ( heav54#gh #gg ,! "n is d\btful1 z is1 inde$1 ! quotation also4 #gh ,! s5se may be3 ,i w\ld h ! heav5s fall along ) me2 ?is mean+ w\ld suit ! context bett]4 ,we may adopt ! language4 ,if fall ,i mu/1 let ! e>? be %ak5 at my fall2 n t "o ought to pray = a public disa/]1 b x is a great solace ( dea? to see t ! e>? is likewise subject to dea?4 ,,iii ,x w be useful also to be assur$ t none ( ^! ?+s is ! #a do+ ( ! gods1 & t ! mov+ ( heav5 or e>? is no "w ( angry deities4 ,^? ph5om5a h causes ( _! own4 ,x is n by special comm& t !y put =? _! rage1 b1 j z 9 our own bodies1 ! di/urbance arises f c]ta9 inh]5t imp]fections2 at ! mom5t :5 !y seem to inflict injury1 !y su/a9 x4 ,?r\gh our ignorance ( ! tru? all ^! ?+s are t]rible1 ! m z _! infrequ5cy increases our al>m4 ,famili> occurr5ces seem less #b s]i\s2 ! unusual causes great] t]ror4 ,b :y is any?+ unusual 9 our e/imation8 ,! reason is t we grasp ! mean+ ( nature only sup]ficially1 & n rationally2 we dwell too exclusively on :at %e has done1 & d n consid] :at %e c d4 ,accord+ly1 we pay ! p5alty ( ?is neglect 9 our t]ror ( ?+s t we suppose unprec$5t$1 :5 !y are n really unprec$5t$1 b m]ely unusual4 ,= in/ance1 are n sup]/iti\s fe>s inspir$ bo? privately & ev5 = ! safety ( ! ,/ate1 if ei!r ! sun has be5 se5 9 eclipse or if ! moon1 ^: obscuration is m frequ5t1 has p>tially or :olly be5 conceal$8 ,& is n ?is f> #c m s 9 ! case ( su* sights z we h spok5 (3 tor*es driv5 a?w>t ! heav5s1 ! sky on fire ov] ! great] "p ( its ext5t1 comets1 mock suns1 />s appe>+ 9 ! daytime1 ! sudd5 passage ( />s t m>k _! trail ) a bright light8 ,our wond] at ^! is 9 no case free f fe>4 ,z ! cause ( ! fe> is ignorance1 is x n wor? :ile to ga9 ! k t w dispel x8 ,h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be to inquire into ! causes ( ! al>m+ sights1 to b5d1 9 fact1 our :ole m9d to ! task8 ,no?+1 surely1 c\ld be f\nd m des]v+ ?an t1 ( hav+ ! m9d's en]gies n only l5t to x1 b devot$ to x4 ,,iv ,let u ask ourselves1 !re=e1 :at x is t /irs ! e>? to #a its f\ndation1 :at moves a mass ( su* weight1 :at x is t is /rong] ?an ! e>?1 & t 9 its viol5ce c %ake su* a load4 ,let u inquire :y at "o "t ! e>? trembles1 at ano!r is loos5$ & s9ks1 & aga9 is divid$ into p>ts & op5s a *asm2 or :y on "s occasions ! int]vals ( de/ruction are prolong$1 on o!rs are sudd5ly cut %ort4 ,:at is ! cause :y x n[ consigns to its dep?s riv]s ( r5[n$ greatness1 & n[ causes fre% riv]s to issue8 :y does x sometimes op5 up spr+s ( hot wat]1 sometimes freeze !m ) cold8 & :y at times are fires #b caus$ to %oot out ?r\gh "s hi!rto unkn[n op5+ 9 m\nta9 or crag1 :ile sometimes well-kn[n fires1 t h be5 fam\s = c5turies1 are suppress$8 ,! e>?quake produces a ?\s& /range sights1 *ang+ ! aspect ( ! gr\nd1 levell+ m\nta9s1 elevat+ pla9s1 exalt+ valleys1 rais+ new isl&s 9 ! deep4 ,:at are ! causes t br+ ^! ?+s to pass8 ,t is a subject well wor?y our discussion4 ,:at1 y say1 w be ! rew>d ( our lab\r8 ,t rew>d1 ,i say1 :i* surpasses all o!rs1 ! k ( nature4 ,among ! _m s]viceable lessons to be d]iv$ f #c su* rese>*es1 no feature is m comm5dable ?an ?is1 t man is !reby made to dwell ^u ! sight ( 8 own gr&eur#gi2 ! /udy is pursu$1 n 9 hope ( ga91 b f ! wond] x excites4 ,let u inquire1 !re=e1 :at x is t br+s ab\t all ?is4 ,! inquiry is s fasc9at+ to me t al?\gh long ago 9 my y\? ,i publi%$ a volume on e>?quakes1 ,i am anxi\s to make ano!r trial ( my p[]s1 & to see :e!r age has add$ any?+ to my k1 or1 at any rate1 to my indu/ry4 #gi ,! mean+ may r be--! gr&eur ( ! subject4 ,v ,! cause ( e>?quakes has be5 assign$ v>i\sly by diff]5t #a au?orities to wat]1 fire1 air1 & to ! e>? itself2 "s assign x to a comb9ation ( sev]al ( ! causes1 o!rs1 to a union ( !m all4 ,c]ta9 writ]s h /at$ t x 0 pla9 to !m t "s "o ( ^! causes produc$ ! e>?quake1 b x 0 n pla9 :i*4 ,let u look at ! v>i\s op9ions 9 detail4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i feel b\nd to say 9 g5]al t]ms t ! old views are crude & inexact4 ,z yet m5 7 grop+ _! way r\nd tru?4 ,ev]y?+ 0 new to ^? :o made ! fir/ attempt to grasp x2 only lat] 7 ! subjects accurately inve/igat$4 ,b all subsequ5t discov]ies mu/ none!less be set d[n to ! cr$it ( ^? e>ly ?9k]s4 ,x 0 a task dem&+ great c\rage to remove ! veil t hid #b nature1 &1 n satisfi$ ) a sup]ficial view1 to look b5ea? ! surface & dive into ! secrets ( ! gods4 ,a great contribution to discov]y 0 made by ! man :o fir/ conceiv$ ! hope ( its possibility4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 li/5 indulg5tly to ! anci5ts4 ,no subject is p]fect$ :ile x is b beg9n+4 ,! tru? holds n m]ely ( ! subject we are deal+ )1 ! greate/ & mo/ complicat$ ( all1 9 :i*1 h[ev] mu* may be accompli%$1 e succe$+ age w /ill f9d some?+ fre% to accompli%4 ,x holds alike 9 e o!r conc]n2 ! fir/ pr9ciples h always be5 a long way (f f ! complet$ sci5ce4 ,,vi ,wat] is ! fir/ cause alleg$3 m au?ors ?an "o adopt ?is #a view1 b x is n /at$ by all 9 ! same t]ms4 ,?ales ( ,miletus is conv9c$ t ! :ole e>? floats1 & is upborne by moi/ure ly+ b5ea? x1 :i* y may call ei!r ,ocean or ! great sea1 or /ill m]e elem5tal wat] ( a diff]5t "* f ! sea1 ! simple +r$i5t1 moi/ure4 ,9 ^! waves1 9 8 op9ion1 ! globe is support$ l "s huge lumb]+ vessel 9 ! wat] :i* be>s x4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to reproduce 8 reasons = suppos+ #b t ! heavie/ "p ( ! _w _c be su/a9$ 9 su* a r>e & nimble elem5t z air3 = ! e>?'s position is n ! "q "h b its movem5t4 ,by way ( argum5t1 to prove t wat] is ! cause1 he adduces ! fact t 9 e consid]able e>?quake1 z a rule1 new spr+s bur/ out4 ,s if a boat leans ov] to "o side away f ! /raight1 ! result is t x %ips wat]4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 9 ! case ( all objects :i* wat] supports1 if !y are unduly sunk1 ! wat] ei!r p\rs ov] !m or at any rate rises to "r & left above its ord9>y height4 ,n[1 no l5g!n$ consid]ation is ne$$ to prove ! falsity ( #c ?is view4 ,:y1 if ! e>? 7 support$ by wat]1 & f "t to "t %ak5 by x1 x w\ld be 9 p]petual %ock2 ! wond] w\ld be n t x 0 toss$ ab\t sometimes1 b t x 0 ev] at re/4 ,!n1 aga91 x w\ld be %ak5 all ov] & n at a s+le po9t3 we nev] f9d only half ! %ip toss$ by ! waves4 ,b1 accord+ to pres5t exp]i5ce1 a %ock nev] occurs ov] ! :ole e>? simultane\sly1 b is always felt at "s p>ticul> spot4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be t :at is c>ri$ z a :ole is n %ak5 z a :ole1 if ! %ock comes f ! body by :i* x is c>ri$8 ,b1 x may be urg$1 :y d wat]s bur/ out at ! "t ( e>?- #d quakes8 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re has (t5 be5 e>?quake )\t any fre% supply ( wat] appe>+4 ,secondly1 if ! suppos$ cause ( ! wat] ru%+ =? 7 ! true "o1 x w\ld p\r all r\nd ! sides ( ! e>?1 z we see happ5+ "u simil> circum/ances 9 sea & riv]s3 :5 boats s9k1 ! increase ( wat] %[s itself *iefly ov] ! sides4 ,f9ally1 ! outbur/ ( wat]s :i* ,?ales describes w\ld n be s small z he says1 nor w\ld x ooze 9 l bilge-wat] ?r\gh a *9k1 b f ! exhau/less res]voir t upbe>s all creation1 a mighty deluge w\ld ensue4 ,,vii ,"s1 :o1 l ,?ales1 attribute e>?quake to ! effects ( wat]1 #a give a diff]5t explanation ( its op]ation4 ,!re are1 !y say1 _m k9ds ( wat]s runn+ ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,9 "o place !re are con/ant riv]s ^: size r5d]s !m fit = navigation1 ev5 )\t ! aid ( ra9s4 ,!re is ! ,nile1 roll+ d[n its huge volume all summ] long3 "h are ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e sep>at+ ) _! /reams ! peaceful f ! ho/ile1 ! =m] *eck+ attacks f ! ,s>matians & =m+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 ! latt] keep+ back ! ,g]mans1 a nation ev] ke5 = w>4 ,!n !re are lakes ( v wide ext5t1 great pools surr\nd$ #b by tribes mutually ignorant ( ea* o!r1 m>%es t no boat c /ruggle ?r\gh1 t _c be pass$ ev5 by ! p t dwell on _! bord]s4 ,add1 !n1 ! multitude ( f\nta9s1 & ( riv] s\rces t bel* out ( _! recesses full-gr[n /reams4 ,besides1 !re are _m ru%+ torr5ts t ga!r only = a "t1 ^: =ce is z %ortliv$ z x is sudd54 ,n[ !re are wat]s1 9 all ?is v>iety ( =m & "*1 )9 z well z above ! #c e>?4 ,away !re bel[ "s are borne along 9 va/ bulk1 & tumble _! :ole volume d[n ! /eep3 o!rs m sluggi% are damm$ back 9 %all[s1 & fl[ ) g5tle1 quiet /ream4 ,& c any "o d5y t )9 ^? va/ und]gr\nd holl[s wat]s are =m$1 & lie sluggi% & inactive 9 _m places8 ,x ne$s no long pro( to %[ t !re mu/ be _m wat]s 9 ! place :]e all wat]s are4 ,! e>? w\ld n be able to produce s _m riv]s unless x p\r$ !m f a copi\s res]ve4 ,?is be+ s1 sometimes bel[ ! e>? a riv] mu/ become swoll51 #d & leav+ its banks assail ) viol5ce all ob/acles t meet x4 ,s !re w be a movem5t ( "s po9t on :i* ! riv] has made an onset1 & :i* x w keep la%+ until its wat]s fall4 ,or x may happ5 t ! con/ant we> ( a /ream may eat away "s qu>t]1 dragg+ d[n !reby "s mass above1 by ^: fall1 9 turn1 ! surface :i* re/$ on x is %ak54 ,n[ surely a man tru/s too #e mu* to ! sight ( ! eyes & _c laun* out 8 imag9ation beyond1 if he does n believe t ! dep?s ( e>? conta9 a va/ sea ) w9d+ %ores4 ,i see no?+ to prev5t or oppose ! exi/5ce ( a bea* d[n !re 9 ! obscurity1 or a sea f9d+ its way ?r\gh ! hidd5 entrances to its appo9t$ place4 ,!re1 too1 x occupies z mu* space z "h1 p]haps m1 s9ce ! regions up on e>? h _h to be %>$ ) s _m liv+ creatures2 b ! hidd5 regions be+ des]t )\t inhabitant give fre] scope to ! waves ( ! ne!r ocean4 ,& :o is !re to h9d] ! sea f #f swell+ !re & be+ toss$ by all ! w9ds t e int]/ice ( ! e>?1 & e species ( atmosph]e c create8 ,s1 !n1 :5 a /orm great] ?an ord9>y has aris51 x may beat ^u "s "o side ( ! e>? ) too great vehem5ce & move x4 ,= on ! surface likewise1 _m places :i* _h be5 f> f ! sea h felt ! viol5ce ( its sudd5 approa*3 villas almo/ out ( sight ( x h be5 invad$ by ! waves :i* us$ only to be he>d 9 ! di/ance4 ,! ne!r sea1 too1 c approa* & retire2 nei!r ( :i* movem5ts c take place )\t %ock to ! e>? t /&s above x4 ,,viii ,i d n1 inde$1 suppose t y w long hesitate to believe t #a !re are und]gr\nd riv]s & a hidd5 sea4 ,f :at o!r cause c\ld ! riv]s bur/ out & come to ! surface unless ! s\rce ( ! moi/ure 7 %ut up )9 ! e>?8 ,= in/ance1 :5 "o sees ! ,tigris int]rupt$ & dri$ up 9 ! middle ( its c\rse1 n div]t$ z a :ole1 b gradually ) imp]ceptible losses fir/ less5 & !n wa/e away1 :]e d y suppose x goes to if n to ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 especially z y see x em]ge aga9 n less 9 volume ?an its =m] /ream8 ,& :at are y to say :5 y #b see ! ,alpheus1 s celebrat$ by ! poets1 s9k 9 ,a*aia &1 hav+ cross$ b5ea? ! sea1 p\r =? 9 ,sicily ! pleasant f\nta9 ,are?use8 ,& don't y "k t among ! explanations giv5 ( ! occurr5ce ( ! inundation ( ! ,nile 9 summ]1 "o is t x bur/s =? f ! gr\nd1 & is swoll5 n by ra9 f above b by wat] giv5 out f )9 ! e>?8 ,i h myself he>d f _! own lips ! /ory told by ! two #c non-commission$ (fic]s s5t to inve/igate ! s\rces ( ! ,nile by our good ,emp]or ,n]o1 a mon>* devot$ to virtue 9 e =m1 b especially solicit\s = ! int]e/s ( tru?4 ,! ,k+ ( ,e?iopia _h suppli$ !m ) assi/ance & furni%$ lett]s ( introduction to ! neighb\r+ k+s1 & s !y _h p5etrat$ into ! he>t ( ,africa & accompli%$ a long j\rney4 8,we came #d inde$10 ,i give _! own words1 8to huge m>%es1 ! limit ( :i* ev5 ! natives did n "k1 & no "o else c\ld hope to "k2 s completely 0 ! riv] entangl$ ) vegetable gr[?1#hj s impassable ! wat]s by foot1 or ev5 by boat1 s9ce ! muddy ov]gr[n m>% w\ld be> only a small boat conta9+ "o p]son4 ,!re10 my in=mants w5t on1 8we saw ) our eyes two rocks f :i* an imm5se quantity ( wat] issu$40 ,n[ :e!r t is ! real s\rce or only an addition to ! riv]2 :e!r x rises !re #e or m]ely returns to ! surface aft] its previ\s c\rse und]gr\nd2 don't y ?9k t1 :atev] x is1 t wat] comes up f a great lake 9 ! e>?8 ,! e>? mu/ conta9 moi/ure scatt]$ 9 num]\s places & collect$ at dep? 9 ord] to be able to bel* x out ) su* viol5ce4 #hj ,! s-call$ 8sudd40 ,,ix ,fire is ! cause assign$ by "s = e>?quakes1 b !y are n #a agre$ z to its me?od ( action4 ,fir/ among !m is ,anaxagoras1 :o is ( op9ion t pretty mu* ! same cause produces concussion 9 ! e>? z 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ne!r p>ts ( e>?1 air 7gas7 causes explosions ( ?ick atmosph]e mass$ 9 cl\ds ) ! same viol5ce z on e>? cl\ds are wont to be bur/4 ,fire is /ruck out by ?is collision ( cl\ds & by ! ru% ( ! atmosph]e t is =c$ out4 ,?is fire 9 seek+ an exit meets ob/ructions & #b bur/s ?r\gh all ob/acles1 until x has ei!r f\nd a way ( escape to ! light ?r\gh ! n>r[ passages1 or has made "o = itself by viol5ce & de/ruction4 ,o!r writ]s :o /ill believe ! cause to lie 9 fire d n suppose t ?is is its me?od ( action3 !y ?9k ! fire pres5ts itself 9 m ?an "o place & burns away ev]y?+ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,!n if ! p>ts eat5 away fall 9 at any "t1 a %ock foll[s 9 ! portions :i* are depriv$ ( _! supports2 !y fir/ tott] & !n collapse2 no?+ enc\nt]s !m to support _! weight4 ,!n *asms & va/ gulfs are op5$ up1 or #c x may be1 aft] hang+ a long "t 9 ! balance1 ! gr\nd settles d[n ov] :at is /ill left /&+4 ,we see ! same ?+ happ5 ord9>ily z (t5 z a "p ( ! city suff]s f a fire4 ,! joi/s are burnt ?r\gh1 or :at gave support to ! upp] "p ( ! build+s is und]m9$4 ,!n ! ro(s aft] toss+ ab\t = a long "t fall 92 _! sway+ & oscillat+ cont9ue until !y f9d a re/+-place on solid gr\nd4 ,x ,anaxim5es affirms t ! e>? is itself ! cause ( ! e>?- #a quake1 & t no?+ enc\nt]s x f )\t to give x a %ock4 ,)9 x1 he ?9ks1 c]ta9 p>ts ( its sub/ance fall ( !mselves1 ei!r loos5$ by moi/ure1 or eat5 away by fire1 or %ak5 (f by ! viol5ce ( air4 ,b ev5 9 abs5ce ( su* active cause !re is n want+ suffici5t to acc\nt = ! loss or removal ( "s portion ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ?+s fall ?r\gh age1 = no?+ is safe f ! ravages ( "t1 :i* wa/e ev5 ! solide/ & /ronge/ edifice4 ,9 old build+s p>ts fall )\t be+ knock$ (f1 m]ely because !y h m weight ?an /r5g?4 ,s 9 ! e>?'s body z a :ole x comes to pass #b t portions are loos5$ by age1 & be+ loos5$1 fall1 caus+ %ock to ! ?+s above !m4 ,?is !y d prim>ily :ile !y are leav+ _! place2 = no?+1 especially if x is l>ge1 c be wr5*$ (f )\t movem5t ( t to :i* x adh]$4 ,b fur!r1 :5 ! objects h fall51 !y meet ! solid e>? & reb\nd l a ball4 ,:5 a ball falls1 x jumps up & b\nces repeat$ly1 j z (t51 9 fact1 z x recoils f ! gr\nd = a new flight4 ,if ! loos5$ objects )9 ! e>? are c>ri$ d[n into /agnant wat]s1 ?is accid5t ( itself causes a %ock to ! vic9ity ?r\gh ! wave ca/ up by ! weight ( ! objects %ot sudd5ly d[n f a great height4 ,,xi ,"s attribute ^! e>?quakes to fire1 b give diff]5t explanations ( its action4 ,:5 fire causes int5se heat at v>i\s po9ts b5ea? ! e>?1 x mu/ roll up a great cl\d ( vap\r1 :i* c f9d no exit1 & :i* dilates ! air by its high temp]ature4 ,if ! pressure ( ! vap\r is excessive1 x scatt]s all ob/ructions2 b if x is comp>atively mod]ate1 x m]ely causes movem5t ( ! e>?4 ,we obs]ve wat] smoke :5 fire is appli$4 ,:at ! fire does to ?is wat] 9 a n>r[ pot1 "o may suppose is done on a mu* great] scale :5 a viol5t & wide-spread+ fire causes imm5se ext5ts ( wat] to boil4 ,x !n by evaporation f ! ov]fl[+ wat]s %akes viol5tly :atev] x /rikes4 ,,xii ,_m ( ! greate/ au?orities are p]suad$ t e>?quakes are #a to be attribut$ to air4 ,ar*elaus1 :o is well v]s$ 9 ! records ( antiquity1 speaks ?us3 ,w9ds are c>ri$ d[n into ! e>?'s holl[s & recesses4 ,:5 !y are all full1 & ! atmosph]e is cond5s$ to ! utmo/ ext5t1 ! air1 :i* cont9ues to come 91 =ces & ?ru/s ! =m] air1 & ) frequ5t bl[s fir/ compresses & !n dislodges x4 ,! air 9 its endeav\r to f9d #b room =ces all ! n>r[ passages & tries to bur/ its b>ri]s4 ,?r\gh ! /ruggle ( ! air z x seeks = an escape x comes to pass t ! e>? is mov$4 ,?is expla9s :y ! approa* ( an e>?quake is prec$$ by /ill & quiet ( ! atmosph]e2 ! =ce ( ! air :i* is wont to r\se ! w9ds is held 9 *eck 9 its ne!r abode4 ,ev5 on ! pres5t occasion ( ! e>?quake 9 #c ,campania1 al?\gh ! season 0 w9t]1 ! atmosph]e 0 p]fectly /ill & calm = sev]al days be=e x4#ha ,well1 !n1 did an e>?quake nev] take place :5 !re 0 a w9d bl[+8 ,on v r>e occasions h !re be5 two w9ds bl[+ simultane\sly4 ,/ill1 su* a ?+ is possible1 & is wont to occur4 ,b if we admit x z an e/abli%$ fact t two w9ds c be 9 activity at "o & ! same "t1 :y %\ldn't x happ5 t at times "o ( !m agitates ! upp] air1 ! o!r ! ne!r8#hb #ha ,! text is unc]ta91 & ! argum5t d[n to ! end ( ! *apt] r obscure4 #hb ,! argum5t seems to be3 ,two w9ds c bl[ simultane\sly4 ,"o may be b5ea? ! e>? 7caus+ or dur+ e>?quake71 "o above4 ,!re=e1 /illness ( ! upp] atmosph]e is n a necess>y concomitant ( e>?quake4 ,! fact has at times be5 o!rwise4 ,,xiii ,9 ?is category y may rank ,ari/otle & 8 disciple ,!o- #a phra/us1 a man ( pleasant ?\gh n ( sup]human eloqu5ce1 z ! ,greeks consid]$ him1 & ( easy1 poli%$ /yle4 ,let me unfold 9 m detail :at !y hold 9 common3 ,!re is always evaporation ( "s k9d go+ on f ! e>?1 :i* is at "o "t dry1 at ano!r has an admixture ( moi/ure4 ,:5 ?is1 ris+ f ! l[e/ p>ts ( e>?1 has be5 rais$ to ! utmo/ ext5t1 & has no place beyond into :i* to issue1 x is borne back & returns ^u itself4 ,! /ruggle ( ! air 9 its ebb & fl[ tosses to & fro all ob/ructions x meets1 &1 :e!r its egress is /opp$ or :e!r x escapes ?r\gh ! n>r[ op5+s1 x causes movem5t ( ! e>? & upro>4 ,to ! same s*ool ( op9ion belongs ,/rato1 :o #b made a special /udy ( ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( natural philosophy4 ,8 v]dict on ! matt] is ?is3 ,cold & heat always move away f "o ano!r 9 opposite directions1 & _c rema9 9 ! same place4 ,cold fl[s into ! spot :5ce ! influ5ce ( heat has dep>t$2 &1 conv]sely1 !re is heat 9 ! place :5ce cold has be5 bani%$4 ,! /atem5t is beyond d\bt1 b ! contr>iety ( ! two may become pla9 to y f ! foll[+3 ,9 ! w9t] season1 :5 !re is cold on ! e>?'s surface1 ! #c wells are w>m1 & caves & all und]gr\nd retreats equally s4 ,! heat1 yield+ possession ( ! upp] regions to ! cold1 retreats d[n !re4 ,:5 x rea*es ! l[] regions1 & is accumulat$ !re to ! utmo/1 ! d5s] x is1 ! m p[]ful is x4 ,to ?is a fur!r supply is add$1 to :i* :at has already ga!r$1 & is compress$ into a n>r[ space1 ( necessity gives way4 ,! same ?+ happ5s f ! opposite cause :5 a great] quantity ( cold is borne d[n to ^! recesses4 ,all ! heat t lurks !re gives way #d to ! cold1 & retires to ! n>r[ passages1 & is driv5 onw>d ) great impetuosity4 ,! nature ( ! two1 z ,i h said1 does n all[ agreem5t1 or abode 9 ! same place4 ,9 its flight1 !n1 & eag] ha/e to escape at all haz>ds ! air pu%es back & tosses ab\t all t lies ne> x4 ,?is is :y1 previ\s to an e>?quake1 a ro>+ is usually he>d1 ?r\gh ! tumult ( ! w9ds 9 ! e>?'s b[els4 ,= n o!rwise1 z our poet ,virgil says1 c\ld #e ,! e>? bell[ b5ea? our feet & ! l(ty peaks be mov$1 7 n ?is ! "w ( ! w9ds4 ,9 ?is conte/ aga9 !re are ups & d[ns4 ,!re are cessations 9 ! mass+ ( ! heat &1 9 turn1 9 its emission4 ,!n ! cold1 too1 is re/ra9$ & gives way1 b "s day soon x w be m p[]ful aga94 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! alt]nat+ =ces ru% to & fro1 & ! air moves hi!r & ?i!r1 ! e>? is %ak54 ,,xiv ,!re are "s :o ?9k t1 :ile air & no o!r cause produces #a e>?quake1 x op]ates 9 a diff]5t way f t :i* ,ari/otle suppos$4 ,li/5 to :at !y say3 ,our body is irrigat$ ) blood1 & ) air :i* c\rses ev]y:]e along its own r\tes4 ,we h "s comp>atively n>r[ vessels ?r\gh :i* !y _c d m ?an pass2 "s wid]1 9 :i* !y accumulate1 & f :i* !y are di/ribut$ to ! memb]s4 ,s ?is :ole body ( ! e>? at #b l>ge has passages alike = wat]1 :i* p]=ms ! function ( blood1 & = w9d1 :i* might be call$ simply ! brea? ( its life4 ,^! two enc\nt] ea* o!r at "s po9ts1 at "s po9ts !y are /ation>y4 ,:ile 9 our bodies good heal? is enjoy$1 ! movem5t ( ! ve9s pres]ves its rate undi/urb$2 b :5 !re is malady ! pulse beats m rapidly1 ! deep brea?+ & pant+ betok5 lab\r$1 we>i$ ef=t4 ,9 l mann] ! e>? rema9s un%ak5 :ile x ma9ta9s its natural position4 ,b if any #c flaw occur 9 x1 !re is a %ak+1 j z ( a body suff]+ f disease2 = ! air :i* fl[$ ?r\gh x ) regul>ity is viol5tly smitt51 & causes its ve9s to quiv]2 b n1 let me add1 9 ! way1 describ$ a little above1#hc imag9$ by ^? :o w h x t ! e>? is a liv+ creature4 ,9 t case ! e>?1 j z an animal does1 w\ld feel ! agitation equally all ov]4 ,:5 a fev] seizes any ( u1 x does n delay = a "t its attack ^u "s p>ts1 b ) uni=m regul>ity spreads ov] !m all4 #hc ,!re seems a slight lapse ( memory "h4 ,cf4 pp4 #abf1 #aif4 ,p]haps y _h bett] assume1 !re=e1 t air f ! surr\nd- #d + atmosph]e ent]s ! e>?4 ,z long z x has free egress1 x glides ?r\gh x )\t do+ h>m2 b if x meet "s ob/acle to block its way1 !n x is1 to beg9 )1 weight$ ) ! atmosph]e t p\rs 9 on ! re>2 by & by x escapes ) difficulty ?r\gh "s *9k1 & makes its way ) ! great] viol5ce ! n>r[] ! op5+ is4 ,t _c take place )\t a /ruggle1 & a /ruggle involves %ak+ ( ! e>?4 ,b if ! conf9$ air _c f9d ev5 a *9k by :i* to issue1 x is mass$ & #e becomes furi\s1 & is driv5 r\nd 9 ?is direction & 9 t1 ov]?r[+ or bur/+ "o ?+ aft] ano!r4 ,x is excessively subtle1 & at ! same "t exce$+ly p[]ful2 x c worm its way into ob/ructions h[ev] great1 splitt+ & scatt]+ :atev] x ent]s4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 !n !re is a regul> toss+ ( ! e>?4 ,= ! e>? ei!r op5s to give room to ! w9d1 or1 aft] giv+ room1 is depriv$ ( its f\ndation & subsides into ! v cav]n f :i* x all[$ ! w9d to issue4 ,,xv ,"s ent]ta9 ! foll[+ op9ion3 ,! e>? is por\s at _m po9ts1 possess+ n m]ely ^? fir/ %afts :i* x receiv$ z v5tilators at its creation1 b _m subsequ5tly op5$ up by v>i\s *anges4 ,9 "s places wat] has wa%$ away ! soil t 0 on ! surface2 "p has be5 eat5 away by torr5ts1 :ile p>ts h be5 expos$ by ! disruptive action ( great tides4 ,?r\gh ! int]/ices ?us produc$ air ent]s4 ,if x s happ5 n[ t ! sea has %ut x 9 & driv5 x deep]1 & ! waves prev5t its escape by ! same road1 egress & regress be+ alike clos$1 ! air rolls ab\t )9 ! e>?4 ,its natural t5d5cy is to hurry /raight =w>d1 b z t pa? is clos$1 x presses upw>d & la%es ! e>?1 ^: weight lies heavy ^u x4 ,,xvi ,i mu/ fur!r m5tion a view held by ! majority ( writ]s1 :i* #a probably ,i %all myself support4 ,! e>? does n lack air )92 t ev]ybody kn[s4 ,i d n mean m]ely ! air :i* holds x toge!r & unites its p>ts1 :i* exi/s ev5 9 /ones & dead bodies2 b ,i mean t fre% vital air :i* supports all life4 ,unless ! e>? possess$ ?is /ore ( air1 h[ c\ld %e infuse x into s _m trees & crops1 :i* d]ive _! life f ?is & no o!r s\rce8 ,h[ c\ld %e n\ri% all ! diff]5t roots t s9k into #b ! soil 9 "o place & ano!r1 "s m]ely atta*$ to ! surface1 o!rs sunk deep]1 _h %e n an abundant supply ( ! brea? ( life1 :i* produces s _m v>i$ gr[?s & re>s !m ) its n\ri%+ draught8 ,^! are ! slight] argum5ts t ,i hi!rto urge4 ,:y1 all ! heav5 we see1 :i* is %ut 9 by fi]y e!r1 ! highe/ portion ( ! univ]se1 all ^! />s1 ^: numb] _c be conceiv$1 all ?is conc\rse ( heav5ly bodies1 &1 to m5tion only "o m1 ?is sun1 t urges 8 c\rse s close to u1 _m times l>g] ?an ! :ole circuit ( ! e>?--all ^! draw _! n\ri%m5t f mat]ials ( e>? :i* !y %>e among !m1 & are su/a9$1 ( c\rse1 by no?+ else ?an ! brea? ( ! #c e>?4 ,?is is _! n\ri%m5t1 ?is _! pa/urage4 ,n[ ! e>? w\ld be unable to n\ri% s _m bodies ( su* size1 l>g] ev5 ?an itself1 unless x 7 full ( brea?1 :i* x exhales f e "p ( x day & night4 ,= !re mu/ be a l>ge res]ve ( t f :i* s mu* is s\ght & tak52 9 fact1 ! supply to be drawn f x is creat$ = ! occasion4 ,! e>? w\ld n possess a #d p]5nial supply ( air suffici5t = ! wants ( s _m heav5ly bodies1 unless ! elem5ts issu$ & return$ alt]nately & 7 transmutable into "o ano!r4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 x is necess>y t ! e>? be abundantly fill$ ) x1 & be able to draw x =? f h] hidd5 /ore4 ,!re is no d\bt !n t a great quantity ( air lurks 9 ! int]/ices ( ! e>?1 & a widely diffus$ atmosph]e occupies ! hidd5 spaces und]gr\nd4 ,if t is true1 ( necessity ! e>? mu/ (t5 be mov$1 s9ce x is full ( a mo/ movable sub/ance4 ,no "o1 ,i suppose1 c d\bt t !re is no?+ s re/less1 s caprici\s1 s fond ( di/urbance z air4 ,,xvii ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t air %\ld obey ! law ( its be+2 #a :at is wont to be mov$ w sometimes move o!r ?+s4 ,& :58 ,:5ev] its free c\rse is *eck$4 ,z long z x is n h9d]$ x fl[s quietly along4 ,:5 x is oppos$ & held back x becomes furi\s1 bur/+ all ob/acles j l t ,araxes t ev] spurn$ a bridge4 ,z long z ! riv] has a free easy *annel x rolls d[n its wat]s #b 9 due & regul> succession4 ,b if ?r\gh *ance or by human ag5cy rocks are plac$ 9 its way to *eck its c\rse1 !n x ga!rs fre% /r5g? f ! b>ri]1 & ! m num]\s ! ob/acles oppos$ to x1 ! great] ! =ce t x mu/]s to ov]come !m4 ,= all ! wat] t accumulates beh9d1 con/antly increases1 & be+ at la/ unable to be> its own weight manife/s its viol5ce ?r\gh ! havoc x works 9 its desc5t1 & escapes headlong d[n its *annel1 be>+ ! v ob/acles t block$ its pa?4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) air1 only t1 9 proportion to its great] /r5g? #c & mobility1 x is ! m rapidly c>ri$ onw>d1 & bur/s ! m viol5tly all t encloses x4 ,f ?is1 ( c\rse1 !re is a di/urbance 9 ! "p ( ! gr\nd "u :i* ! /ruggle has occurr$4 ,! tru? ( ?is ass]tion may be prov$ f ! consid]ation t (t5 :5 an e>?quake has tak5 place1 involv+ a brea* ( only "s "p ( ! e>?1 w9d has issu$ f x = sev]al days4 ,?is is record$ to h tak5 place 9 ! e>?quake #d 9 :i* ,*alcis suff]$1 z y w f9d 9 ,asclepiodotus1 ,posidonius' pupil1 9 8 discussion ( my own topic ( ,physical ,inquiries4 ,9 o!r au?ors1 too1 y w f9d x /at$ t aft] a *asm _h op5$ up at "o spot1 9 no long "t w9d issu$ f x1 hav+ no d\bt made = itself ! way along :i* x travell$4 ,,xviii ,! *ief cause ( e>?quake1 !re=e1 is air1 an elem5t #a naturally swift & %ift+ f place to place4 ,z long z x is n /irr$1 b lurks 9 a vacant space1 x reposes innoc5tly1 giv+ no tr\ble to objects r\nd x4 ,b :5 any cause com+ ^u x f )\t r\ses x1 or compresses x1 & drives x into a n>r[ space1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to be sure1 x m]ely retires & roams ab\t its enclosure4 ,b :5 opportunity ( escape is cut (f1 & resi/ance meets x on all h&s1 !n 444 ,) deep murmur ( ! m\nta9 ,x ro>s ar\nd ! b>ri]s2444 :i*1 aft] long batt]+1 x dislodges & tosses on high1 gr[+ ! m fi]ce1 ! /rong] ! ob/acle ) :i* x has #b cont5d$4 ,by & by1 :5 x has trav]s$ ! :ole space 9 :i* x 0 enclos$1 & has fail$ to f9d a way ( escape1 x recoils f ! side on :i* its impact 0 greate/4 ,x is !n ei!r di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! secret op5+s :i* ! e>?quake ( itself causes "h & !re1 or escapes ?r\gh a new r5t4 ,s uncontrollable is ?is mighty p[]4 ,no bolt c imprison w9d2 x loos5s e bond1 be>s ) x e weight1 & ins9uat+ itself into ! smalle/ crannies w9s its release2 = by ! inv9cible p[] ( nature x is free1 especially :5 r\s$1 & ass]ts its "r = itself4 ,air is #c a ?+ no man c tame2 no?+ w be f\nd :i*1 ,:5 ! w9ds /ruggle & ! tempe/s ro>1 ,c re/ra9 !m by its sway & re9 !m by bonds & prison4 ,d\btless ! poets wi%$ ! place 9 :i* ! w9ds lay p5t up und]gr\nd to be consid]$ a prison4 ,b !y did n p]ceive ei!r t :at 0 %ut up is no long] w9d1 or t :at is w9d c no long] be %ut up4 ,:at is %ut up is at re/1 & ! atmosph]e is at a /&/ill2 :]eas all w9d is 9 flight4 ,besides ^! argum5ts1 !re is a consid]ation by :i* x becomes manife/ t motion #d is br\ght ab\t by air1 namely1 t our bodies nev] tremble except :5 "s cause produces di/urbance ( ! int]nal air1#hd :i* is contract$ by fe>1 gr[s sluggi% 9 old age1 langui%es :5 ! ve9s are numb$1 is *eck$ ) cold1 or aft] "s attack ( fev] is q driv5 f its wont$ c\rse4 ,z long z x fl[s unimp$$1 & moves 9 its wont$ fa%ion1 !re is no quiv]+ ( ! body4 ,:5 any?+ int]v5es to prev5t its function+1 !n be+ no long] able to ma9ta9 :at x upheld by its vig\r1 x fails1 caus+ a collapse ( ev]y?+ t x _h su/a9$ :5 unimpair$4 #hd ,or _s3 !re is almo/ a play ^u ! ambigu\s mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,,xix ,we mu/ n[ he> :at ,metrodorus ( ,*ios desires to urge by way ( #a op9ion4 ,i d n all[ myself ! lib]ty ( pass+ ov] unnotic$ ev5 op9ions t ,i disapprove2 x is bett] to h ! l>ge/ possible v>iety ( views1 & to condemn r ?an omit :at we d n approve4 ,well1 !n1 :at has ,metrodorus to say8 ,he comp>es ! #b subt]ranean di/urbances to ! voice ( a p]son :o puts 8 head into a b>rel & beg9s to s+ out4 ,9 t case !re is a k9d ( quav]+ z ! voice ext5ds & res\nds ?r\gh ! :ole holl[ space2 slight z ! movem5t is1 x passes all r\nd ! vessel 9 :i* x is enclos$1 graz+ its sides & caus+ di/urbance all ?r\gh4 ,9 ! same way ! va/ empty cav]ns t /ret* d[n b5ea? ! e>? h atmosph]e ( _! own1 on :i* o!r air com+ f above falls ) viol5ce4 ,! agitation produc$ diff]s 9 no wise f t ( ! empty vessels :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 :5 !y res\nd ?r\gh %\t+ into !m4 ,,xx ,let u n[ g on to consid] ! au?ors :o h alleg$ z causes #a all ! diff]5t factors m5tion$1 or1 at any rate1 sev]al ( !m4 ,democritus is "o ( ^? :o ?9k t sev]al are conc]n$4 ,he ass]ts t ! e>?quake is produc$ sometimes by air1 sometimes by wat]1 sometimes by bo?4 ,he pursues ! argum5t 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,"s portion ( ! e>? is holl[1 9 :i* a l>ge quantity ( wat] has ga!r$4 ,"p ( ?is wat] is ?9n] & less d5se ?an ! re/4 ,:5 x is driv5 back by a heavy mass desc5d+ ^u x f above1 x comes viol5tly aga9/ ! e>?1 caus+ a commotion ( x4 ,! fluctuat+ movem5t ( ! wat] _c take place )\t correspond+ movem5t ( ! body on :i* x imp+es4 ,besides1 :at we said a little above reg>d+ air mu/ be repeat$ 9 reg>d #b wat]4 ,:5 x is accumulat$ at "o place1 :i* becomes too small to conta9 x1 x incl9es 9 "s p>ticul> direction1 & op5s up a passage = itself1 at fir/ by its m]e weight1 aft]w>ds by ! ga!r+ =ce ( its curr5t4 ,be+ long %ut up x _c escape except d[n an incl9e1 & x _c drop /raight d[n ) any g5tl5ess1 or )\t viol5t %ak+ ( ! p>ts ?r\gh :i* & on :i* x falls4 ,n[1 if aft] x has begun its rapid d[nw>d #c movem5t x is *eck$ at any po9t1 & ! =ce ( ! curr5t is ?r[n back ^u itself1 x is driv5 back on ! e>? :i* enc\nt]s x1 & attacks ! e>? at ! po9t :]e x is mo/ insecure4 ,moreov]1 ! gr\nd is sometimes s saturat$ ) ! moi/ure x has receiv$ into its he>t t x subsides to a l[] level & its v f\ndation is de/roy$4 ,! pressure is !n ex]t$ on ! "p t[>d :i* ! weight ( ! desc5d+ wat]s mo/ incl9es4 ,air1 too1 sometimes urges ! wat]4 ,if x presses ) "s degree ( viol5ce1 x naturally moves ! "p ( ! e>? t[>d :i* x has urg$ ! ga!r+ ( ! wat]s4 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! air is driv5 into passages ?r\gh ! e>?1 & 9 its #d se>* = a way ( escape causes a g5]al movem5t4 ,! e>?1 z we "k1 is p]vi\s to w9d2 air is too subtle to be exclud$1 too viol5t to be resi/$ :5 excit$ to rapid movem5t4 ,turn+ f ,democritus to ,epicurus1 we f9d ! latt] to ass]t t all ! =ego+ may be causes ( e>?quake1 b he tries to introduce "s additional ones4 ,he criticises o!r au?ors = affirm+ too positively t "s p>ticul> "o ( ! causes is responsible1 z x is difficult to pron\nce any?+ z c]ta9 9 matt]s 9 :i* conjecture mu/ be resort$ to4 ,z he says1 !n1 #e wat] is capable ( produc+ e>?quake by wa%+ & rubb+ (f c]ta9 portions1 ! weak5+ ( :i* removes ! support ( :at 0 upborne by !m :5 unimpair$4 ,! =ce ( air is also capable ( mov+ ! e>?4 ,p]haps ! air )9 ! e>? is set 9 viol5t agitation by o!r air ent]+ f )\t4 ,or1 p]*ance1 x may be t ! e>? receives an int]nal bl[ f ! sudd5 fall ( "s portion ( x1 & d]ives !nce ! %ock4 ,or1 p]*ance1 "s portion ( ! e>? is upheld1 z x 71 by c]ta9 pill>s & /akes1 ! injury or )drawal ( :i* causes a tremor to run ?r\gh ! mass !y support4 ,or1 p]*ance1 a quantity ( hot air #f turn+ to fire & assum+ ! "* ( lightn+ c\rses along to ! widespread de/ruction ( all ob/acles x enc\nt]s4 ,or1 p]*ance1 "s w9d /irs ! sluggi% m>%y wat]s1 ^: /roke 9 consequ5ce %akes ! e>?2 or ! toss+ ( ! air1 increas+ to viol5ce ?r\gh ! m]e movem5t1 is c>ri$ f ! l[e/ dep?s "r up to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,/ill1 ,epicurus is satisfi$ t !re is no m pot5t cause ( e>?quake ?an air4 ,,xxi ,we ,/oics also are conv9c$ t x is only air t c attempt #a su* a feat z ! production ( an e>?quake1 = ?an x no?+ 9 ! :ole realm ( nature is m p[]ful1 m en]getic2 9 abs5ce ( x ev5 ! elem5ts t are mo/ viol5t lose _! =ce4 ,x is by air t fire is k9dl$2 if y )draw w9d1 wat] is sluggi%4 ,wat] becomes impetu\s only :5 ! bla/ tosses x ) viol5ce4 ,?is =ce x is t has p[] to scatt] va/ spaces ( e>?1 to raise f ! dep?s new m\nta9s1 & to set 9 mid-ocean isl&s hi!rto unse54 ,c any "o d\bt t ,!re & ,!rasia & ?is #b isl& :i* 9 our days "u our v eyes rose out ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 7 c>ri$ up to ! light by ! =ce ( air8 ,posidonius w h x t !re are two diff]5t v>ieties 9 ! movem5ts ( ! e>?1 ea* ) its di/9ctive "n4 ,! "o is a quak+ :5 ! e>? is %ak5 & moves up & d[n2 ! o!r is a tilt+ :51 l a %ip1 x leans ov] to "o or o!r side4 ,i am ( op9ion t !re is /ill a ?ird v>iety1 :i* we h a #c special t]m to d5ote4 ,our =efa!rs _h good reason = speak+ ( a trembl+ ( ! e>?1 = x is unlike ei!r ( ! o!r k9ds ( movem5t4 ,on su* an occasion ?+s are nei!r all %ak5 nor all tilt$1 b !y quiv]4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d no great damage is usually done2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a tilt+ is f> m de/ructive ?an a %ock2 = unless a contr>y movem5t set 9 v quickly f ! o!r side to re/ore ! level1 d[nfall foll[s ( necessity4 ,,xxii ,^! movem5ts be+ dissimil>1 _! causes are likewise #a diff]5t4 ,let u deal fir/ ) ! %ak+ movem5t4 ,if great loads are be+ convey$ by a r[ ( _m waggons1 & ! :eels1 "u ! unusual /ra91 fall into ! ruts ( ! road1 "o feels ! e>? %ak54 ,asclepiodotus has put x on record t on "o occasion ! fall ( a rock t 0 torn (f f ! m\nta9-side caus$ by ! tremor ! collapse ( "s h\ses 9 its vic9ity4 ,j ! same ?+ may occur b5ea? ! e>?2 p>ts ( ! ov]hang+ crags may be loos5$ & fall ) great weight & noise ^u ! floor ( ! cav]n b5ea?1 & ) a viol5ce proportionate to ! weight ( ! mass & ! height ( ! fall4 ,! :ole ro( ( ! subt]ranean valley is di/urb$ by an occurr5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,x is conceivable1 too1 t rocks are n always wr5*$ (f by _! own weight2 #b :5 riv]s roll ov] !m1 ! con/ant moi/ure weak5s ! jo9ts ( ! /one1 & day by day be>s away "p ( its fa/5+1 caus+ abrasion1 s to speak1 ( ! sk9 9 :i* ! /one is enclos$4 ,! long wa/e ( ages1 ?r\gh con/ant daily rubb+1 by & by s weak5s ! fa/5+s t !y cease to be able to su/a9 _! burd54 ,!n blocks ( va/ size fall d[n1 !n ! crag hurl$ #c headlong w n suff] any?+ to /& t x /rikes 9 ! reb\nd f its fall1 b ,comes away ) a ro>2 & all ?+s seem sudd5ly to ru% headlong1 z our c\ntryman ,virgil says4 ,su* mu/ be ! cause ( ! e>?quake t %akes ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,n[ ,i mu/ pass on to ! second k9d4 ,,xxiii ,! e>? is naturally full ( cavities1 conta9+ mu* empty #a space4 ,?r\gh ^! cavities air roams4 ,:5 an excessive quantity has ent]$ & _c escape x %akes ! e>?4 ,?is explanation is approv$ by o!rs1 too1 z m5tion$ a little above4 ,p]haps ! cr[d ( witnesses w impress y4 ,! view has ! adhesion ( ,calli/h5es1 & he is a man n lightly to be set aside4 ,he 0 end[$ ) a l(ty intellect1 & he d>$ to brave ! wra? ( a k+4 ,8 dea? is an et]nal blot on ! memory ( ,alex&]1 :i* no val\r & no success 9 w> c ev] remove4 ,z (t5 z x is said1 ,alex&] slew _m ?\s&s ( ! ,p]sians1 ! retort w #b be1 ,& ,calli/h5es too4 ,z (t5 z x is said1 ,he slew ,d>ius1 9 ^: h&s !re 0 !n a mighty k+dom1 ! retort w be1 ,yes1 & ,calli/h5es too4 ,z (t5 z x is said1 ,he conqu]$ all l&s "r up to ! ,ocean1 ! ,ocean likewise he essay$ ) fleets /range to its wat]s1 f a corn] ( ,?race he ext5d$ 8 empire to ! b\nds ( ! ,ea/2 x w also be said1 ,yes1 b he slew ,calli/h5es4 ,grant$ t he surpass$ all =m] prec$5ts ( #c g5]als & k+s1 yet ( all t he did1 no?+ w mat* 8 guilt 9 slay+ ,calli/h5es4 ,well1 ?is ,calli/h5es1 9 ! treatise 9 :i* he gives details ( ! s9k+ ( ,helice & ,buris1 & discusses ! disa/] :i* s5t !m into ! sea1 or ! sea into !m1 says :at ,i h said at a previ\s po9t4 ,air1 he says1 ent]s ! e>? by hidd5 op5+s "u ! sea1 j z ev]y:]e else4 ,by & by1 :5 ! pa? is #d block$ by :i* x _h desc5d$1 & ! resi/ance ( ! wat] 9 ! re> has cut (f its retreat1 x is borne hi!r & ?i!r1 & enc\nt]+ itself 9 its c\rse x und]m9es ! e>?4 ,t is ! reason :y l& ov] aga9/ ! sea is mo/ frequ5tly h>ass$ by e>?quakes2 & h5ce x is t ,neptune has be5 assign$ ?is p[] ( mov+ ! e>?4#he ,any "o :o has le>n$ ! elem5ts ( ,greek kn[s t he is call$ among ! ,greeks ,e>?%ak] 774 #he ,! usual read+1 m>is sea1 contradicts ! argum5t2 x _c surely be "r4 ,,xxiv ,i %all be ready to all[ t air is ! cause ( ?is =m ( #a de/ructive e>?quake4 ,b ,i %all h "s criticism to (f] z to ! me?od by :i* x ent]s ! gr\nd4 ,does x ent] by f9e op5+s t ! eye _c detect1 or by l>g] & m evid5t ones8 ,does x come f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 or does x pass ?r\gh ! surface too8 ,! la/-m5tion$ view seems inconceivable4 ,9 our bodies ! sk9 keeps out air1 :i* f9ds no entrance except t ?r\gh :i* x is inhal$4 ,& ev5 :5 tak5 9 by u1 x _c settle except 9 ! loos] portion ( ! body4 ,x does n rema9 among ! s9ews or muscle1 b 9 ! b[els & ! op5 #b vessels ( our int]nal organs4 ,! same arrangem5t may be suspect$ 9 reg>d to ! e>?'s int]ior f ! v fact t ! movem5t 9 an e>?quake is n on ! surface ( ! e>? or ab\t ! surface1 b b5ea? 9 ! l[e/ p>ts4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t seas ( imm5se dep? are toss$ up1 no d\bt f ! movem5t ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y spread4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! e>? #c is mov$ 9 its dep?s1 & t ! air is =m$ !re 9 ! imm5se cav]ns4 ,nay1 says "s critic1 b j z :5 we %iv] f cold a trembl+ foll[s1 s1 too1 ! e>? is %ak5 by air affect+ x f )\t4 ,?is ,i d5y c by any possibility occur4 ,:y1 ! e>? mu/ get a *ill 9 ord] to h ! same happ5 to x z to u1 :om an ext]nal affection drives into a %udd]+ fit4 ,i %\ld q all[ t ! e>? %[s symptoms ( mu* ! same k9d z #d we d1 b ! cause is :olly diff]5t4 ,an injury ( a deep] k9d1 m t[>d its c5tre1 mu/ affect x1 ! v /ronge/ pro( ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! fact t :5 ?r\gh viol5t e>?quake ! soil is laid op5 9 wide de/ruction1 ! *asm sometimes takes 9 & buries :ole cities4 ,?ucydides tells u t1 ab\t ! "t ( ! #e ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ! isl& ( ,atalanta1 ei!r :olly1 or1 at any rate1 = ! mo/ "p1 0 swall[$ up4 ,y may take ,posidonius = witness t ! same ?+ happ5$ to ,sidon4 ,b we d n require evid5ce ( ?is4 ,)9 our own memory ! e>? has be5 torn by int]nal movem5t1 adjo9+ places h be5 r5t asund]1 :ole pla9s h disappe>$4 ,i w n[ expla9 h[ ,i suppose ?is sort ( ?+ to occur4 ,,xxv ,:5 air has completely fill$ a l>ge vacant space )9 ! e>?1 #a & has begun to /ruggle & m$itate escape1 x la%es aga9 & aga9 ! sides ( ! enclosure )9 :i* x lurks1 & "r ov] :i*1 z x happ5s1 cities are sometimes situat$4 ,! %ak+ is at times s viol5t t build+s /&+ above ! area ( di/urbance are ?r[n d[n4 ,sometimes x goes to su* l5g?s t ! walls by :i* ! :ole ro( ( ! cav]n is support$ fall "r d[n into t vacant und]gr\nd space1 & cities s9k entire into ! unfa?om$ dep?s4 ,long ago1 if "o may believe ! /ory1 ,ossa & #b ,olympus 7 unit$2 subsequ5tly !y 7 sep>at$ by an e>?quake1 & ! "o great m\nta9 0 split into two4 ,!n ! ,p5eus made its escape1 dra9+ ! m>%es ) :i* ,!ssaly 0 ov]spread1 & draw+ (f ! wat]s1 :i* f want ( exit _h hi!rto =m$ a lake4 ,x 0 an e>?quake t let loose ,ladon1 ! riv] :i* fl[s betwe5 ,elis & ,magal5opolis4 ,:at1 x is ask$1 d ^! facts g to prove8 ,simply t air ga!rs 9 ! spaci\s caves--= :at #c o!r "n c ,i apply to ! empty places "u ! e>?8 ,7 ?is n s1#hf great spaces ( ! e>? w\ld be convuls$1 & _m ( !m w\ld tott] to ru9 at "o & ! same "t4 ,z x is1 only small portions suff]1 nor does a %ock ev] ext5d z mu* z two hundr$ miles4 ,look at ! rec5t "o1 ! m>vell\s tales ( :i* h fill$ ! :ole _w2 x did n pass beyond ,campania4 ,ne$ ,i say t :5 ,*alcis felt ! e>?quake %ock ,!bes did n fall8 #d :5 ,aegium suff]$1 ,patras1 :i* is q close by1 only le>n$ by report ab\t ! e>?quake8 ,t mighty %ock1 :i* swall[$ up ! two cities ,helice & ,buris1 /opp$ %ort ( ,aegium4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 ! movem5t ext5ds only su* di/ance z ! empty space und]gr\nd /ret*es4 #hf ,i4e4 7 ! air di/ribut$ all ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,,xxvi ,to prove my po9t ,i might h us$1 some:at unfairly p]haps1 ! #a au?ority ( ! great writ]s :o relate t ,egypt nev] exp]i5c$ an e>?quake %ock1 ! reason !y allege = x be+ t x is all compos$ ( mud4 ,if "o may believe ,hom]1 ,ph>os us$ to be z f> f ! ma9l& z a %ip "u full sail c\ld rea* 9 a day's voyage2 b x has n[ become atta*$ to ! ma9l&4 ,! ,nile's swoll5 /ream br+s d[n great quantities ( mud1 & by add+ x f "t to "t to ! exi/+ l& x has by an annual increase con/antly c>ri$ =w>d ! coa/ ( ,egypt4 ,! c\ntry ?us is #b compos$ ( ri* loamy soil )\t int]/ices1 z x has become solid j by ! dry+ up ( ! mud4 ,! composition ( ! mud 0 close & firm1 ! p>ticles ( x be+ /uck toge!r2 no vacant space c\ld int]v5e1 s9ce ! solid 0 always be+ add$ to by ! liquid & s(t slime4 ,b ,egypt is1 z a matt] ( fact1 subject to e>?quake2 & ,delos1 too1 ?\gh ,virgil bade x /& fa/1 ,& grant$ t x %\ld be a settl$ l& ( tillage1 & %\ld laugh ! w9ds to scorn4 ,! philosoph]s1 too1 a cr$ul\s set ( p1 rely+ on ,p9d>'s au?ority1 said t x did n exp]i5ce movem5t4 ,?ucydides ass]ts t 9 =m] times x 0 un%ak51 b su/a9$ a %ock ab\t ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,calli/h5es ass]ts t ! same ?+ happ5$ on ano!r occasion also4 ,among ! num]\s port5ts--^! #c are 8 words--by :i* w>n+ 0 giv5 ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! two cities ,helice & ,buris1 ! mo/ rem>kable 7 ! appe>ance ( a huge pill> ( fire & ! e>?quake %ock 9 ,delos4 ,yet he w h x t ! isl& is comp>atively firm = ! reason t x is plac$ on ! sea & has holl[ crags & por\s rocks1 :i* af=d a way ( escape to air imprison$ 9 !m4 ,= ?is reason1 too1 isl&s h1 he ?9ks1 a firm] soil1 & cities are saf] 9 proportion #d to _! proximity to ! sea4 ,! falsity ( su* an op9ion surely ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum le>n$ to _! co/4 ,add n[ ! fact t e sea-coa/ is p>ticul>ly subject to e>?quakes4 ,paphos1 = in/ance1 0 m ?an once ru9$1 & ! fam\s ,nicopolis is already intimately acqua9t$ ) ?is mis*ief4 ,cyprus is surr\nd$ by a deep sea1 b is subject to %ocks4 ,tyre is z regul>ly %ak5 by e>?quake z x is wa%$ by ! waves4 ,su*1 !n1 are = ! mo/ "p ! explanations t h be5 sugge/$ = ! trembl+ ( ! e>?4 ,,xxvii ,we mu/ n[ essay an explanation ( c]ta9 peculi> features :i* #a are said to h occurr$ 9 ! rec5t ,campanian e>?quake4 ,a flock ( six hundr$ %eep is ass]t$ to h be5 kill$ 9 ! di/rict ne> ,pompeii1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ?is happ5$ to ! %eep ?r\gh fright4 ,we h said t aft] great e>?quakes x is usual = a pe/il5ce to occur4 ,& no wond]1 s9ce 9 ! dep?s ( e>? _m deadly poisons lurk4 ,9 fact1 ! v atmosph]e !re1 #b be+ /agnant ?r\gh "s fault 9 ! e>? or ! sluggi% movem5t & ! ev]la/+ d>kness t prevails1 is dang]\s to brea!4 ,or be+ poison$ by ! fumes ( ! int]nal fires1 :5 x is releas$ f its long inactivity1 x ta9ts & pollutes ?is pure cle> air above1 & br+s new =ms ( disease to ^? :o inhale ! unwont$ draught4 ,y rememb]1 too1 t we f\nd ! wat] lurk+ 9 ! secret dep?s to be useless & ev5 pe/il5tial1 s9ce activity nev] /irs x1 & ! free brea? ( heav5 nev] ruffles x4 ,be+ !re=e ?ick & cov]$ b5ea? gross et]nal d>kness #c x conta9s only elem5ts t are pe/il5tial & injuri\s to our bodies4 ,s1 too1 ! atmosph]e1 :i* m+les ) x & lies amid ^! m>%es1 scatt]s f> & wide its poison :5 x issues out1 & kills ^? :o brea! x4 ,! flocks1 :i* ! pe/il5ce is wont to attack1 feel ! poison\s effects m readily1 because !y are m gre$y 9 fe$+4 ,!y live = ! mo/ "p 9 ! op51 & !y dr9k a great deal ( wat]1 :i* is *iefly responsible = ! pe/il5ce4 ,%eep are ( r delicate con/itution1 &1 z #d !y keep _! heads close to ! e>?1 ,i am n surpris$ at _! be+ attack$ by ! infection2 !y receive ! bla/s ( ta9t$ air j z x issues f ! gr\nd4 ,if x _h issu$ 9 great] volume1 x w\ld h injur$ man too4 ,b ! abundant supply ( pure air c\nt]act$ x be=e x c\ld rise high en\gh to be brea!d by any human be+4 ,,xxviii ,n[ y may inf] t ! e>? conta9s _m deadly elem5ts f #a ! m]e fact t s _m poisons gr[ ( !mselves )\t be+ s[n2 ! soil no d\bt conta9s se$s ( evil z well z ( good4 ,is x n ! case t1 e>?quakes ap>t1 9 sev]al places 9 ,italy a pe/il5tial /eam is emitt$ ?r\gh c]ta9 op5+s1 :i* x is n safe = ei!r man or bea/ to brea!8 ,ev5 birds1 if !y meet x be=e x is neutralis$ by ! pur] brea? ( heav51 fall 9 mid-flight2 _! bodies become livid1 & _! jaws swell j z if !y _h be5 /rangl$4 ,z long z ?is air is conta9$ 9 ! #b e>? & escapes by a n>r[ op5+1 x has no great] p[] ?an to kill creatures t look d[n into1 or volunt>ily approa* too ne>1 x4 ,b :5 = c5turies d>kness has brood$ ov] x1 & ! gloom ( ! place has increas$ ! infection1 x becomes m dang]\s ?r\gh m]e lapse ( "t2 ! m sluggi% x is1 all ! m deadly does x become4 ,!n :5 x has ga9$ an exit x lets loose all t mis*ief conceiv$ 9 ! cold %ades ?r\gh endless ages ( ne!r d>kness1 ta9t+ ) x ! atmosph]e ( our realms ( e>?4 ,! bett] is ev] conqu]$ by ! worse4 ,ev5 t pur] #c air ( heav5 !n *anges to pe/il5tial4 ,!nce come sudd5 & cont9u\s dea?s1 & port5t\s =ms ( disease t spr+ f unexampl$ causes4 ,! disa/] is long or %ort liv$1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! s\rces ( infection4 ,nor does ! plague cease until ! fre$om ( heav5 & ! toss+ ( ! w9ds h bani%$#hg t fatal air4 #hg ,or purifi$4 ,,xxix ,?r\gh fe> "s p h run ab\t z if di/ract$ or mad4 ,= #a fe>1 ev5 :5 9 mod]ation & conf9$ to individuals1 %att]s ! m9d's p[]s4 ,b :5 !re is public al>m ?r\gh fall ( cities1 bury+ ( :ole nations1 & %ak+ ( e>?'s f\ndations1 :at wond] t m9ds 9 ! di/raction ( suff]+ & t]ror %\ld h w&]$ =? b]eft ( s5se8 ,x is no easy matt] 9 ! mid/ ( ov]ma/]+ evils n to lose "o's reason4 ,s x is1 z a rule1 ! feeble/ s\ls t rea* su* a pit* ( dread z to become unh+$4 ,no "o1 inde$1 has suff]$ extreme t]ror )\t #b "s loss ( sanity2 "o :o is afraid is mu* l a madman4 ,b "s quickly recov]+ f ! al>m rega9 self-possession4 ,o!rs x m viol5tly di/urbs & r$uces to %e] madness4 ,h5ce dur+ times ( w> lunatics are to be met w&]+ ab\t4 ,on no occasion w "o f9d m in/ances ( rav+ prophets ?an :5 m+l$ t]ror & sup]/ition h /ruck m5's he>ts4 ,i am n surpris$ t a /atue is split by an e>?quake1 aft] ,i h rec\nt$ t m\nta9s h be5 sep>at$ f m\nta9s & ! gr\nd itself bur/ asund] d[n to its dep?s4 ,^! places1 once convuls$ by ! =ce ( va/ ru9-- #c ,su* ! p[] ( *ange 9 ! lapse ( l5g!n$ ages6 ,leap$ asund]1 !y tell u1 :]eas hi!rto bo? l&s ,7 "o2 into _! mid/ ru%$ ! deep ) its mighty bill[s1 ,cutt+ (f ! ,italian f ! ,sicilian side2 fields & cities ,7 p>t$ 9 sea-l9e & wa%$ by ! n>r[ tide t fl[$ betwe54 ,"o sees :ole regions torn f _! place1 & :at 0 once contigu\s1 n[ ly+ beyond ! sea4 ,"o sees a sep>ation ( cities & nations :5 a "p ( nature is r\s$ by int]nal motion1 or ! sea or fire or air has assail$ "s po9t2 = _! =ce is m>vell\s1 s9ce x has a b\ndless res]ve f :i* to draw4 ,?\gh its rage is v5t$ at b "o po9t1 yet x has ! _w's :ole #d /r5g? to re9=ce its wra?4 ,?us x 0 t ! sea tore away ,spa9 f ! ma9l& ( ,africa4 ,?us x 0 by ! flood1 :i* ! greate/ ( poets h celebrat$1 t ,sicily 0 cut away f ,italy4 ,! movem5ts t proce$ f dep? h mu* m =ce4 ,!y are m en]getic1 z _! ef=t is conc5trat$ ^u a n>r[ area4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ :at mighty de$s ^! e>?quakes h wr\ght & :at wondr\s sights !y h display$4 ,,xxx ,:y1 !n1 %\ld "o be amaz$ t ! bronze ( a s+le /atue #a is bur/1 & t1 n ev5 solid1 b holl[ & ?98 z likely z n air 9 seek+ an escape has got enclos$ 9 x4 ,& does n e "o "k t build+s are sometimes obs]v$ 9 "t ( e>?quake to split at ! corn]s & be unit$ aga98 ,o!r ?+s badly set ^u _! base1 & loosely & c>elessly put toge!r by ! workm51 h be5 kn[n to be weld$ firmly toge!r by ! repeat$ %ak+ ( ! e>?quake4 ,if x splits :ole walls & :ole h\ses1 & r5ds #b ! sides ( great t[]s1 :i* are con/ruct$ ( solid masonry1 & scatt]s ! piles t support ! f\ndations ( great works1 :y %\ld "o ?9k x wor?y ( rem>k t a /atue _h be5 cut equally into two f base to summit8 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 did ! %ock la/ = sev]al days8 ,= ,campania w5t on trembl+ cont9u\sly1 #c m g5tly x is true1 b /ill caus+ great damage1 because :at x %ook 0 already %ak5 & cru%$4 ,?+s /ood s insecurely z to require only a slight %ake1 b n a pu%1 to br+ !m d[n4 ,! explanation ( ! prolong$ %ak+ is no d\bt t all ! air _h n yet escap$1 b ?\gh ! great] "p 0 dis*>g$1 a remnant 0 /ill roam+ ab\t "h & !re4 ,,xxxi ,!re is yet a fur!r pro( t y may unhesitat+ly add to ! #a o!rs t g to %[ t all ^! ph5om5a are ! outcome ( air4 ,aft] ! mo/ viol5t %ock t cities & prov9ces c exp]i5ce has sp5t itself1 ano!r ( l viol5ce _c imm$iately foll[2 aft] ! crisis !re are only slight %ocks1 j because ! mo/ viol5t "o has op5$ a way ( escape = ! /ruggl+ w9ds4 ,! rema9s ( ! air t is left h n ! same p[]1 nor d !y require to /ruggle2 !y h n[ f\nd a way ( escape1 & foll[ ! pa? by :i* ! fir/ & greate/ %ock issu$4 ,i am ( op9ion1 too1 t ! obs]vations ( a c]ta9 le>n$ & #b grave philosoph] ( my acqua9tance des]ve to be put on record2 he happ5$ to be tak+ a ba? :5 ! e>?quake occurr$4 ,he ass]t$ t he saw ! tiles ) :i* ! floor ( ! ba?room 0 pav$1 sep>ate "o f ano!r & unite aga94 ,at "o mom5t1 :5 ! pavem5t op5$1 ! wat] 0 tak5 9 ?r\gh ! jo9ts1 ! next1 :5 ! pavem5t clos$1 x 0 =c$ out all bubbl+4 ,i h he>d ! same le>n$ man relate t he _h se5 s(t mat]ials und]go m frequ5t b m g5tle %ocks ?an mat]ials naturally h>d4 ,,xxxii ,s mu*1 my e/eem$ ,lucilius1 ) respect to ! m]e causes ( #a e>?quakes4 ,n[ we mu/ adduce "s consid]ations t w t5d to reassure u 9 face ( ! p]ils ( e>?quakes4 ,aft] all1 x conc]ns u m closely to acquire resolution ( m9d ?an erudition1 & yet ! =m] _c be _h )\t ! latt]4 ,assurance comes to ! m9d f no s\rce b elevat+ /udies & ! contemplation ( nature4 ,is !re any "o1 ,i say1 t reflects ^u causes1 :o w n be reassur$ & embold5$ by ?is late cata/rophe 9 ,campania to face disa/]s ( all k9ds8 ,:y %\ld ,i fe> man or bea/1 b[ or #b lance8 ,f> great] p]ils are ev] lurk+ = me4 ,lightn+ & e>? %ock1 & all ! great =ces ( nature1 aim _! bl[s at u4 ,dea? mu/ !re=e be resolutely#hh *all5g$ :e!r its attack be ) va/#hh ov]p[]+ onset or by ord9>y means ( daily occurr5ce4 ,x is ( no mom5t h[ ?reat5+ its approa*1 or h[ great ! eng9e x br+s up aga9/ u4 ,! life x asks ( u is a v little ?+4 ,x w be tak5 f u by old age1 or by a little pa9 9 #c ! e>1 or by a sup]abundance ( ta9t$ moi/ure )91 by food t ! /oma* _c assimilate1 or by a slight injury to "o's toe4 ,man's life is a paltry affair1 b a mighty affair is ! contempt ( life4 ,he :o c despise life may look unmov$ ^u ! toss+ ( ! sea1 ev5 ?\gh all ! w9ds h r\s$ x1 ev5 ?\gh by "s upheaval ( ! _w ! tide has turn$ ! :ole ,ocean bodily ^u ! l&4 ,unmov$ he w behold ! fi]ce =bidd+ aspect ( ! #d ?und]+ heav5s1 yes1 ?\gh heav5 itself be cru%$ & unite its fires = ! de/ruction ( mank9d & ( itself fir/ ( all4 ,unmov$ he w behold e>?'s framework r5t & e>?'s f\ndations yawn+ b5ea?4 ,?\gh ! realms ( ! ne!r _w be uncov]$1 he w /& ov] ! abyss /ill dauntless1 & into ! pit into :i* he is doom$ to fall he w p]haps leap4 ,:at is x to me h[ great ! p[]s by :i* ,i p]i%8 ,to p]i% is itself no great matt]4 #hh ,x w\ld seem t +5ti & aequo h by "s means got transpos$ 9 ! ord9>y texts4 ,g]cke reads saevo = aequo4 ,:]e=e1 if we desire to be happy1 to be h>ass$ by no fe> #e ei!r ( m51 or gods1 or circum/ance1 to despise =tune ) h] sup]flu\s promises & h] contemptible ?reats1 if we desire to live ! peaceful life1 & to vie ) ! v gods 9 happ9ess1 !n we mu/ c>ry our life 9 our "r h&4 ,:e!r sn>es or diseases attack x1 ! swords ( foes or ! cra% ( fall+ t5em5ts1 or ! d[nfall ( e>? itself1 or ! viol5ce ( widespread fire envelop+ city & field 9 common disa/]1 let :o w take x4 ,:at m d ,i owe life ?an to enc\rage x on its j\rney1 & to despat* x #f ) good wi%es8 ,g resolutely1 g prosp]\sly6 ,!re mu/ be no hesitation 9 r5d]+ back life4 ,x is m]ely a "q ( "t1 n ( fact4 ,:at y are do+ mu/ be done "s day4 ,besee* n nor fe>1 nor draw back z if />t+ to face "s p]il4 ,nature1 :o bore y1 waits y\r com+ to a place bett] & saf] ?an e>?4 ,!re is no e>?quake !re1 fri5d1 no w9ds cla%+ ) l\d noise ( #g cl\dy sky1 no fires to wa/e prov9ce & city1 no fe> ( %ipwreck swall[+ up :ole fleets1 no armies array$ ) oppos+ bann]s1 or common fury ( ho/s prep>$ = mutual de/ruction1 no plague1 no pyres lit up ar\nd ! promiscu\s re/+-place ( slaught]$ nations4 ,if dea? is a light affair1 :y fe> x8 ,if x is heavy1 !n r let x fall once = all ?an be always hang+ ov] u4 ,%\ld ,i fe> to p]i% :5 e>? mu/ p]i% be=e me1 :5 ! p[]s #h t %ake are %ak51 :5 !y ha/5 to our de/ruction only ?r\gh _! own8 ,! sea receiv$ ,helice & ,buris entire2 %all ,i fe> = "o poor body8 ,%ips sail ov] ! site ( two t[ns1 aye1 t[ns t we "k well1 t ! record pres]v$ by lett]s has br\ght to our intimate k4 ,h[ _m o!rs h be5 sunk 9 o!r places8 h[ _m nations has ei!r e>? or sea engulf$8 ,%all ,i rebel aga9/ my end :5 ,i "k t ,i am n endless8 nay1 :5 ,i am fully assur$ #i t all ?+s come to an end1 %all ,i fe> my late/ sigh8 ,:]e=e /eel y\rself1 ,lucilius1 ) all y\r might aga9/ fe> ( dea?4 ,?is fe> x is t drags u d[n2 ?is x is t torm5ts & de/roys ! life x tries to pres]ve4 ,x magnifies all ^? dang]s1 e>?quakes & lightn+s1 & ! re/4 ,y w be able to be> !m all resolutely if y b reflect t %ort & long 9 life make no diff]5ce4 ,x is b h\rs we lose4 ,b suppose x is days1 #aj or mon?s1 or ye>s1 :at we lose is1 surely1 b\nd to p]i%4 ,:at diff]5ce1 pray1 is x :e!r ,i manage to rea* !m or n8 ,"t fl[s on2 x leaves beh9d ^? mo/ eag] to seize x4 ,nei!r :at is to be is m9e1 nor :at 04 ,i am pois$ ^u a po9t ( fleet+ "t2 x is a great ?+ to h be5 mod]ate 9 "o's ambitions4 ,laelius ! ,wise made a neat retort once to a p]son :o said1 ,i am sixty ye>s old3 y mean1 said he1 ! sixty y no long] #aa are4#hi ,we %[ our failure to grasp ! t]ms ( ?is elusive life ( ours1 & ! conditions ( "t t is nev] our own1 9 reckon+ up z ours ye>s t are n[ lo/4 ,let u fix ?is 9 our m9ds1 & con/antly rem9d ourselves1 ,i mu/ die4 ,:58 ,:at matt] is t to y8 ,dea? is a law ( nature2 dea? is a tribute & a duty impos$ on mortals2 x is ! rem$y ( all ills4 ,:oev] n[ fe>s x w "o day long = x4 ,giv+ up all else1 ,lucilius1 make ?is y\r "o m$itation1 n to dread ! "n dea?4 ,by long reflection make dea? an intimate fri5d1 t1 if s requir$1 y may be able ev5 to g =? to welcome x4 #hi ,x is almo/ impossible to express 9 ,engli% ! play on habeo h2 ,fr5* is m am5able4 8,j'ai soixante ans6 ,p>lez-v\s des soixante ans que v\s n'avez plus80--,,nis>d4 ,,book ,,vii ,,:i* ,,treats ,,( ,,comets ,i ,no man is s utt]ly dull & obtuse1 ) head s b5t on e>?1 #a z nev] to lift himself up & rise ) all 8 s\l to ! contemplation ( ! />ry heav5s1 especially :5 "s fre% wond] %[s a beacon-light 9 ! sky4 ,z long z ! ord9>y c\rse ( heav5 runs on1 cu/om robs x ( its real size4 ,su* is our con/itution t objects ( daily occurr5ce pass u unnotic$ ev5 :5 mo/ wor?y ( our admiration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sight ev5 ( trifl+ ?+s is attractive if _! appe>ance is unusual4 ,s ?is conc\rse ( />s1 :i* pa9ts ) beauty ! spaci\s #b firmam5t on high1 ga!rs no conc\rse ( ! nation4 ,b :5 !re is any *ange 9 ! wont$ ord]1 !n all eyes are turn$ to ! sky4 ,! sun has no obs]v] unless he is 9 eclipse4 ,no "o wat*es ! moon unless %e suff] obscuration4 ,b !n :ole cities cry out1 gr\ndless sup]/ition drives e "o into panic4 ,& yet h[ mu* great] are ! ord9>y movem5ts ( ! sun6 ,he takes1 s to speak1 #c z _m /eps z !re are days1 complet+ ! ye> 9 8 circuit4 ,f ! summ] sol/ice he turns back to ! less5+ days1 f ! sol/ice he slopes 8 rays1#ij & gives m room to ! nights2 he occults ! planets2 ?\gh s mu* l>g] ?an ! e>? he does n burn x up1 b *e]s x by 8 heat1 :i* he s regulates z to make x alt]nately m int5se & m subdu$4 ,he nev] fills up ) light1 nor yet obscures1 ! moon1 except :5 %e is "r opposite #d to him4 ,all ?is we all[ to pass unnotic$ z long z ! usual ord] is pres]v$4 ,b if !re is any di/urbance or any extraord9>y light display$ 9 ! sky1 we gaze at x1 ask que/ions1 & po9t x out to our neighb\rs4 ,s natural is x to admire :at is /range r ?an :at is great4 #ij ,!re is "s corruption 9 ! text1 b no probable re/oration has be5 sugge/$4 ,f ! ,lat9 words x w\ld appe> t ?is clause is m]ely an explanation ( ! previ\s "o1 ins]t$ by "s (fici\s copyi/ & !re=e spuri\s4 ,! same ?+ holds 9 reg>d to comets4 ,if "o ( ^! infrequ5t fires ( unusual %ape h made its appe>ance1 ev]ybody is eag] to "k :at x is4 ,bl9d to all ! o!r cele/ial bodies1 ea* asks ab\t ! newcom]2 "o is n q sure :e!r to admire or to #e fe> x4 ,p]sons !re are :o seek to inspire t]ror by =eca/+ its grave import4 ,& s p keep ask+ & wi%+ to "k :e!r x is a port5t or a />4 ,b1 by my hon\r1 no "o c\ld emb>k on a m exalt$ /udy1 or ma/] a m useful bran* ( k ?an t :i* treats ( ! nature ( ! />s & planets4 ,are !y a conc5tration ( flame z our vision av]s1 & z ! v light t /reams f !m1#ia & ! heat t desc5ds f !m sugge/8 #f ,or are _! orbs n ( flame1 b1 z x 71 solid bodies ( e>? t glide ?r\gh tracts ( fire1 & hav+ no light ( _! own draw !nce _! brightness & heat8 ,t is an op9ion t has be5 held by great m5 :o h believ$ ! />s to be compact ( h>d mat]ial1 & to be n\ri%$ by fire t is n _! own4 ,flame by itself1 !y argue1 w\ld be dissipat$ & w\ld h no?+ to hold or to be held by4 ,if x 7 m]ely mass$ & n atta*$ to a solid body1 ! univ]se w\ld assur$ly long s9ce h scatt]$ x 9 its impetu\s :irl4 #ia ,! common read+1 aliis o!rs1 seems an error = illis !m4 ,,ii ,9 view ( ?is inquiry x w be well to ask :e!r comets are #a :olly analog\s to />s & planets4 ,!y seem to h c]ta9 elem5ts 9 common ) !m--= example1 ris+ & sett+--z well z _! g5]al =m1 al?\gh comets are m scatt]$1 & end 9 a long] tail4 ,!y are alike1 too1 9 _! fi]y bright appe>ance4 ,s1 if all ! />s are e>?y bodies1 comets mu/ %>e ! same lot4 ,b if ! />s are pure fire & no?+ else1 rema9+ = #b six mon?s at a "t unbrok5 by ! rapid :irl ( ! univ]se1 !n comets1 too1 may consi/ ( "s r>efi$ mat]ial1 :i* is n brok5 up by ! con/ant revolution ( ! sky4 ,x w also t5d to cle> up ?is po9t if we endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r ! e>? /&s /ill :ile ! univ]se revolves r\nd x1 or :e!r ! conv]se is ! tru?1 ! univ]se /&+ /ill :ile ! e>? revolves4 ,!re h be5 p]sons :o made bold to say t x is we t all unwitt+ are borne r\nd by ! frame ( ?+s1 t ris+s & sett+s are n produc$ by a movem5t ( ! heav5s1 b t we ourselves rise & set4 ,! subject well des]ves our /udy1 if we are to "k :]e we #c really /&1 :e!r ! abode we h obta9$ z ours is ! mo/ sluggi% or ! swifte/ ( motion1 :e!r ,god causes all ?+s to revolve r\nd u or causes u to revolve4 ,n[1 = ?is x is ess5tial t we h a record ( all ! appe>ances ( comets 9 =m] times4 ,=1 on acc\nt ( _! infrequ5cy1 _! orbit _c z yet be discov]$ or exam9$ 9 detail1 to see :e!r !y obs]ve p]iodic laws1 & :e!r "s fix$ ord] causes _! reappe>ance at ! appo9t$ day4 ,su* a developm5t ( a/ronomy is rec5t1 hav+ be5 lately introduc$ into ,greece4 ,,iii ,democritus1 ! mo/ acute ( all ! anci5t philosoph]s1 says he #a suspects !re are sev]al />s ^: orbits are erratic4 ,b he has giv5 nei!r _! numb] nor _! names1 z ! motions ( ! five planets 7 n 9 8 "t und]/ood4 ,eudoxus 01 9 fact1 ! fir/ to import f ,egypt into ,greece ! k ( ^! motions1 ?\gh he says no?+ ab\t comets4 ,f ?is x becomes pla9 t1 ev5 among ! ,egyptians1 ! p t be/[$ mo/ c>e on obs]vation ( ! sky1 ! portion ( a/ronomy t relates to comets _h n be5 work$ out4 ,subsequ5tly ,conon1 :o 0 himself a #b c>eful inve/igator1 made a record ( ! sun's eclipses t _h be5 obs]v$ by ! ,egyptians2 b he made no m5tion ( comets1 ?\gh he w\ld c]ta9ly n h omitt$ any?+ def9ite on ! subject t he _h le>n$ 9 ,egypt4 ,s mu* is c]ta92 two au?ors1 ,epig5es & ,apollonius ( ,myndus1 ! latt] highly skill$ 9 ca/+ horoscopes1 :o say t !y /udi$ among ! ,*aldaeans1 are at v>iance 9 _! acc\nts4 ,! latt] ass]ts t comets are plac$ by ! #c ,*aldaeans among ! numb] ( ! w&]+ />s 7i4e4 planets71 & t _! orbits h be5 det]m9$4 ,epig5es1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts t ! ,*aldaeans h asc]ta9$ no?+ reg>d+ comets1 :i* are ?\ght by !m to be fires produc$ by a k9d ( eddy ( viol5tly rotat+ air4 ,,iv ,9 ! fir/ place1 if x l y1 let u set d[n ! views ( ! #a la/-m5tion$ au?or & refute !m4 ,he supposes t ! planet ,saturn has mo/ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ all motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 x presses ^u ! con/ellations next ,m>s1 or crosses to ! neighb\rhood ( ! moon1 or enc\nt]s ! rays ( ! sun1 be+ naturally cold & w9dy1 x contracts & masses ! atmosph]e at m ?an "o place4 ,by & by1 if ,saturn absorb all ! sun's rays1 !re is ?und] & lightn+4 ,if he has ,m>s 9 agreem5t1 ! #b lightn+ is =k$4 ,moreov]1 he cont9ues1 =k$ & %eet lightn+ conta9 diff]5t mat]ials4 ,evaporation f wat] or o!r moi/ure produces only gleams t ?reat5 b /op %ort ( /rik+4 ,! hott] & dri] exhalation ( ! e>? =ges ! bolts ( =k$ lightn+4 ,beam meteors & tor*es1 :i* diff] f "o ano!r #c only 9 size1 are produc$ 9 ?is same way4 ,:5 any ball ( air--:at we call a :irlw9d--encloses moi/ e>?y matt]1 :]ev] x ru%es x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an ext5d$ l9e ( fire1 :i* la/s j s long z ! mass ( air rema9s1 :i* c>ries )9 x ! supply ( moi/ e>?y matt]4 ,v ,?is acc\nt ( ,epig5es is a tissue ( falsehoods4 ,to beg9 ) ! #a ne>e/ "o1 ! la/1 x is n true t tor* & beam meteors are due to ! viol5t action ( a :irlw9d4 ,! :irlw9d is =m$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?1 & !re x runs its c\rse4 ,?is is ! reason :y x te>s up trees by ! roots1 & :]ev] x swoops d[n x lays b>e ! soil1 c>ry+ (f 9 ! mean:ile woods & ro(s ( h\ses2 z a rule1 x is l[] ?an ! cl\ds1 & assur$ly nev] high]4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! m exalt$ "p ( heav5 t displays beam meteors1 & s !y nev] int]v5e betwe5 u & ! cl\ds4 ,besides1 a :irlw9d is borne along m swiftly ?an any cl\d1 & rotates z on a pivot4 ,& 9 addition to ?is1 x #b ceases all ( a sudd51 bur/+ by its own =ce4 8,beams10 on ! contr>y1 d n run or fly across1 l tor*es1 b rema9 %9+ = "s "t 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! sky4 ,*>im&]1 too1 9 ! book he wrote on comets1 ass]ts t a great & unusual light 9 ! sky ( ! size ( a l>ge beam 0 once se5 by ,anaxagoras1 & cont9u$ to %9e = a long p]iod4 ,calli/h5es puts x on record t a simil> appe>ance ( a trail ( fire 0 obs]v$ be=e ! sea swall[$ up ,buris & ,helice4 ,ari/otle says x 0 n a 8beam10 #c b a comet2 ! *>act]i/ic disp]sion ( ! fire 0 n se5 at fir/ on acc\nt ( its excessive brightness1 b1 9 process ( "t1 :5 ! gl>e began to die d[n1 x recov]$ ! di/9ctive appe>ance ( a comet4 ,9 ?is fi]y ph5om5on !re 7 _m po9ts wor?y ( rem>k1 none m s ?an ?is1 t1 imm$iately x %one 9 ! sky1 ! sea came ov] ,buris & ,helice4 ,did ,ari/otle1 !n1 "o #d may ask1 believe t n m]ely t beam b all beams are comets8 ,surely n1 = !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t beams h _! fire cont9u\s1 :ile 9 ! o!r bodies x is disp]s$4 ,beams h a regul> flame1 n int]rupt$ or dull at any po9t1 :ile 9 ! end p>ts x is cond5s$1 j l :at ,calli/h5es describes ! "o to h be51 to :i* ,i ref]r$ a mom5t ago4 ,,vi ,!re are1 ,epig5es goes on to say1 two classes ( comets4 ,"o k9d #a %$s its light on all sides )\t *ang+ its position2 ! o!r ext5ds a loose k9d ( fire 9 "o direction1 aft] ! fa%ion ( hair1 & passes ?r\gh among ! />s2 ( ! latt] k9d 7 ! two se5 9 our own days4 ,! =m] v>iety1 ) hair on all sides1 t d n move1 are usually l[ d[n1 & arise f ! same causes z beams & tor*es1 t is1 f a di/emp]$ ?ick atmosph]e t c>ries 9 x _m ( ! e>?'s exhalations1 bo? dry & moi/4 ,air driv5 out ?r\gh n>r[ ap]tures is capable ( sett+ on fire #b ! atmosph]e situat$ ov] x1 :i* is full ( elem5ts suitable = fe$+ a fire2 & x is able aft] t to drive x =w>d f ! cle> space1 le/ f any cause x %\ld fall back & relax its =ce4 ,aft] t1 x c rise aga9 on ! next & foll[+ days & set fire to ! same spot4 ,z presumptive pro( ( ?is1 we see w9ds return dur+ sev]al days at _! set "t4 ,ra91 too1 & /orms 9 o!r =ms recur accord+ to appo9tm5t4 ,8 op9ion may be briefly express$ by say+ t he supposes comets to be =m$ #c pretty mu* 9 ! same way z fires excit$ by :irlw9d4 ,!re is ?is "o diff]5ce1 t ^? :irlw9ds are press$ d[n to e>? f a high] region1 :ile ^! o!rs are rais$ f e>? to ! upp] regions4 ,,vii ,a great deal c be urg$ aga9/ ?is view4 ,fir/ ( all1 if w9d #a 7 responsible1 a comet w\ld nev] make its appe>ance )\t w9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x appe>s :5 ! air is p]fectly /ill4 ,9 ! next place1 if x 7 due to w9d1 x w\ld fall ) ! w9d2 & if x began ?r\gh w9d1 w\ld increase ) increase ( w9d1 & w\ld be ! bright] ! m furi\s ! w9d 04 ,?is po9t1 too1 has to be add$ to ! =ego+3 :ile ! w9d impels _m p>ts ( ! atmosph]e1 a comet appe>s 9 "o spot4 ,! w9d does n m\nt up high1 b comets are se5 high] up ?an ! w9ds are p]mitt$ to g4 ,epig5es aft]w>ds goes on to speak ( ! comets t1 he #b says1 h a m def9ite resemblance to />s1 trav]s+ an orbit & pass+ ?r\gh ! zodiacal signs4 ,he attributes _! orig9 to ! same causes z produce ^? t he call$ l[] comets1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! e>?'s exhalations 9 ?is case conta9 _m dry elem5ts1 & !re=e seek ! high] region1 & are driv5 by ! nor? w9d t[>d ! m exalt$ portions ( ! heav5s4 ,b1 surely1 if ! nor? w9d urg$ !m1 !y w\ld always be borne t[>d ! s\?1 :i!r ?is w9d urges its c\rse4 ,& yet1 z a fact1 !y #c h _h diff]5t movem5ts1 "s to ea/1 o!rs to we/1 all 9 a curv$ pa?1 a direction :i* ! w9d c\ld n imp>t4 ,besides1 if ! impulse :i* produc$ ! comet c>ri$ up on high ^? nor? w9ds f ! e>?1 comets w\ld n arise :5 o!r w9ds blew2 yet !y d arise4 ,,viii ,let u n[ refute ?is o!r explanation ( ,epig5es1 = he employs #a two4 ,he believes t :5 all ! moi/ & dry exhalations ( ! e>? unite1 ! m]e discord ( ! diff]5t bodies turns ! air into :irlw9d4 ,!n ! =ce ( t w9d z x revolves sets fire by its rapid motion to all t x embraces 9 itself1 & raises x on high4 ,! gleam ( ! fire t is ?us extract$ rema9s z long z !re is suffici5t nutrim5t2 :5 ! fuel fails1 ! fire subsides too4 ,n[1 "o :o talks ?us pays no att5tion to ! nature ( ! #b c\rse ( :irlw9ds z comp>$ ) t ( comets4 ,! c>e] ( ! =m] is swift & viol5t1 m rapid ?an ! w9ds !mselves4 ,b a comet's movem5t is s gradual z to r5d] imp]ceptible ! space trav]s$ dur+ a day & a night4 ,besides1 :irlw9ds h an erratic1 disord]ly1 &1 to use a ^w ( ,sallu/'s1 eddy+1 motion4 ,comets h a regul> c\rse1 :i* obs]ves ! appo9t$ track4 ,surely none ( u w believe t ei!r ! moon or ! five planets are c>ri$ by ! w9d or spun r\nd by ! :irlw9d4 ,i tr[ n4 ,& :y8 ,j because !y h n an irregul> & #c unre/ra9$ motion4 ,let u apply ! pr9ciple to comets4 ,!y d n move 9 confusion or irregul>ity s z to ju/ify ! belief t !y are impell$ by unruly & fickle =ces4 ,besides1 ev5 if ^? eddies c\ld enclose moi/ e>?y elem5ts1 & _h p[] to raise !m f ! dep?s to ! heights1 /ill !y c\ld n c>ry !m up high] ?an ! moon4 ,all _! =ce is sp5t :5 !y rea* ! region ( cl\ds4 ,b z = ! comets1 we see !m sail+ ?r\gh ! upp] regions1 m+l+ ) ! v />s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 improbable t a :irlw9d c\ld p]si/ ov] su* a long di/ance1 = ! great] x is1 ! m rapidly is x sp5t4 ,,ix ,let ,epig5es1 !re=e1 make 8 *oice ( ! two alt]natives3 #a if ! =ce is small1 x _c rea* s high2 if x is great & viol5t1 x w ! m quickly break up4 ,b fur!r1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( p l ,epig5es1 ^! l[] comets d n m\nt high] because !y h too mu* e>?9ess 9 !m4 ,_! weight keeps !m 9 ! neighb\rhood ( e>?4 ,& yet ^! o!r comets1 :i* are high] & la/ long]1 mu/ h a m abundant mat]ial4 ,= !y c\ld n la/ s long 7 _! supplies n repl5i%$ f a l>g] /ock4 ,i said a mom5t ago t ! :irlw9d's eddy #b c\ld n long endure1 nor c\ld x m\nt high] ?an ! moon1 or z f> z ! place ( />s4 ,( c\rse1 ! :irlw9d is caus$ by ! mutual /ruggle ( sev]al w9ds1 & ! conte/ _c be kept up = any long "t4 ,:5 ! w&]+ unc]ta9 air assumes a rotatory =m1 9 ! la/ in/ance ! =ce ( all ! w9ds yields to ! s+le /ronge/ "o4 ,no hurricane la/s long4 ,! m /r5g? #c squalls h1 ! %ort] _! duration4 ,:5 w9ds rea* _! maximum1 !y quickly abate all _! viol5ce4 ,by t headlong spe$ !y mu/ ne$s ha/5 to _! own de/ruction4 ,s no "o has ev] se5 a :irlw9d la/ a :ole day1 or ev5 an h\r4 ,its velocity is a/oni%+1 its brevity no less a/oni%+4 ,moreov]1 on ! e>? & ne> x1 its rotation is swift] & m viol5t2 ! high] x #d is1 ! less cond5s$ & compact is x1 & t is ! reason ( its m rapid dissipation4 ,add ! fact1 too1 t ev5 if x rea*$ ! highe/ region :]e ! />s' pa? lies1 x w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be brok5 up by ! motion :i* causes ! univ]se to revolve4 ,= :at c comp>e 9 rapidity ) ! revolution ( ! _w8 ,!reby ! /r5g? ( all ! w9ds comb9$ 9 "o w\ld be %att]$1 aye1 & ! /rong solid *a9 t b9ds ! e>?1 n to say a wisp ( :irl+ air4 ,x ,aga91 a fire c>ri$ along by a :irlw9d _c rema9 on high #a unless ! :irlw9d also rema94 ,b !n :at is s inconceivable z any prolong$ duration 9 a :irlw9d8 ,above all1 ! :irlw9d motion is neutralis$ by ! opposite motion ( ! heav5s4 ,t region on high to :i* x is alleg$ to m\nt has an eddy+ motion ( its own1 :i* c>ries onw>d ! sky1 ,& drags ! l(ty />s1 & turns !m 9 rapid :irl4 ,& ev5 ?\gh "o grant "s duration to :irlw9ds1 :i* is q contr>y to ! fact1 yet :at is to be said ( ! comets t h cont9u$ 9 sight = six mon?s8 ,!n1 z h9t$ above1 !re #b mu/ be two motions 9 ! same spot--"o t con/ant motion ( ! heav51 accompli%+ its task )\t int]mission1 ! o!r a /range new motion convey$ by ! :irlw9d4 ,! "o mu/ inevitably ob/ruct ! o!r4 ,& yet t motion we see ( ! moon 9 h] orbit1 & ( ! o!r heav5ly bodies t pass above ! moon1 is irrevocable4 ,x n[h]e falt]s or /ops1 nor does x convey to u ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( an ob/acle be+ ev] plac$ 9 its way4 ,x is utt]ly beyond belief t a :irlw9d1 ! mo/ viol5t & #c unruly species ( /orm1 %\ld rea* ! v c5tre ( ! ranks ( ! />s1 & %\ld f9d a sph]e = its boi/]\s activity 9 t ord]$ peace ( heav54 ,suppos+ t ! revolution ( a :irlw9d k9dles fire1 :i* is %ot up to ! heights1 furni%+ app>5t gr\nd = ! belief t :at we see is a trail ( fire2 yet surely ! %ape ( ! fire ought to be some?+ l t :i* produces x4 ,n[ a :irlw9d is r\nd 9 appe>ance2 x rema9s 9 ! same #d track1 & revolves aft] ! fa%ion ( a rotat+ pill>4 ,! fire1 !re=e1 t is enclos$ ought to resemble x 9 %ape4 ,b 9 reality x is a trail ( scatt]$ fire1 & resembles any?+ r ?an fire ga!r$ into a ball4 ,,xi ,let u n[ say good-bye to ,epig5es1 & proce$ to exam9e ! #a op9ions ( o!r writ]s4 ,b be=e beg9n+ to set !m =?1 ,i mu/ fir/1 by way ( preface1 rem>k t comets are n obs]v$ only 9 "o "p ( ! sky1 nor m]ely 9 ! zodiac1 b 9 ! ea/ z well z 9 ! we/1 m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! nor?4 ,nor is #b _! %ape uni=m4 ,! ,greeks1 inde$1 di/+ui%$ ?ree classes ( !m3 ^? f :i* ! flame hangs d[n1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a be>d2 ^? t %oot out :at looks l hair r\nd !m on all sides2 & ^? :i* h a scatt]$ k9d ( fire1 :i*1 h[ev]1 /ret*es t[>d an apex4#ib ,b all ! classes h a common *>act]i/ic1 & are rightly call$ comets 7i4e4 long-hair$74 ,z ! diff]5t %apes pres5t !mselves only at long int]vals1 x is difficult to comp>e !m ) "o ano!r4 ,ev5 at ! "t ( _! appe>ance spectators are n agre$ z to _! %ape4 ,accord+ #c z "o's eyesight is ke5] or dull]1 "o ass]ts t ! comet is bright] or r$d]1 & t its hair is compress$ t[>d ! int]ior ( ! />1 or spread out t[>d its sides4 ,b :e!r or n !re are any diff]5ces 9 comets1 !y mu/ all be produc$ by ! same me?od4 ,! "o fact ab\t :i* !re ought to be agreem5t is1 t #d a /> ( /range unwont$ appe>ance is beheld :i* drags along ) x scatt]$ fire4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is explanation3 ,:5 "o ( ! planets has come into conjunction ) ano!r1 ! light ( ! two bl5ds 9 "o1 produc+ ! appe>ance ( a m elongat$ />4 ,?is happ5s n m]ely :5 /> t\*es />1 b ev5 :5 "o approa*es ano!r4 ,! space betwe5 ! two is 9 t case lit up by bo?1 & seems aflame1 produc+ ! trail ( fire4 #ib ,i4e4 are cone-%ap$4 ,,xii ,our fir/ answ] to ?is !ory is t ! numb] ( mov+ />s #a 7planets7 is fix$4 ,x is q usual = !m & comets to appe> at ! same "t2 :5ce x is manife/ t ! comet is n due to ! conjunction ( planets1 b is a di/9ctive indep5d5t />4 ,besides1 x is a matt] ( frequ5t occurr5ce = a /> to come "u ! orbit ( a m elevat$ />4 ,saturn1 = example1 is sometimes above ,jupit]2 ,m>s looks d[n 9 a /raight l9e on ,v5us or ,m]cury4 ,b yet no comet is =m$ f ?is movem5t :]eby ! "o planet #b approa*es ! o!r4 ,7 x o!rwise1 !re w\ld be a comet e ye>1 = e ye> !re are planets 9 ! same con/ellation4 ,aga91 if ! approa* ( /> to /> produc$ a comet1 ! latt] w\ld cease to be 9 a mom5t4 ,! transit ( />s takes place ) ! utmo/ rapidity1 !nce all eclipse ( heav5ly bodies is ( brief duration2 by ! same motion !y are z swiftly sep>at$ z !y 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,! sun & ! moon1 z we see1 "p company #c )9 a brief space aft] ! eclipse has begun4 ,h[ mu* swift] mu/ be ! sep>ation ( />s1 :i* are s mu* small]8 ,yet comets la/ = six mon?s at a "t1 :i* w\ld n happ5 if !y sprang f ! union ( two />s4 ,! />s _c /ick to "o ano!r = any long "t1 & ! law ( _! swift motion mu/ ev] drive !m asund]4 ,besides1 ^? />s appe> to u to be close to "o #d ano!r1 b 9 reality are sep>at$ by imm5se di/ances4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! "o /> transmit fire to ! o!r s t ! two %\ld seem 9 union1 :5 !y are ?us p>t$ by an imm5se tract8 ,! light ( ! two />s1 x is repli$1 mixes1 furni%+ ! appe>ance ( "o4 ,i suppose ?is means t ! ph5om5on is mu* ! same z :5 a cl\d takes a ruddy col\r+ f ! rays ( ! sun /rik+ on x1 or z :5 !re is ! gold5 gl[ ( ev5+ or morn+1 or z :5 ! b[ is pa9t$ 9 its v>i$ hues1 b only 9 sun%9e4 ,well1 my fir/ criticism is t all ! in/ances m5tion$ are ! #e result ( great =ce4 ,x is ! sun t lights !m up4 ,! />s d n possess any?+ l ! same p[]4 ,my second rem>k is t none ( ! ph5om5a arises except bel[ ! moon 9 ! vic9ity ( ! e>?4 ,! upp] regions are pure & spotless1 always reta9+ _! own col\r4 ,i rem>k fur!r1 t if any?+ ( ! k9d did occur1 x w\ld n la/ b w\ld spe$ily disappe>1 z halos :i* surr\nd ! sun or moon fade 9 a v brief space ( "t4 ,ev5 ! ra9b[ #f does n long rema94 ,if !re 0 any?+ ( ! k9d suppos$1 to unite ! space betwe5 ! two />s1 x w\ld disappe> ) equal rapidity4 ,9 any case x w\ld n rema9 z long z comets are 9 ! habit ( do+4 ,! planets h _! orbits )9 ! zodiac1 !y lie ne> ?is circle2 b comets are se5 9 all p>ts ( ! sky4 ,_! "t ( appe>ance is no m c]ta9 ?an ! limits ( ! space :i* !y may n exce$4 ,,xiii ,9 reply to argum5ts l m9e x is urg$ by ,artemidorus t ! #a five planets are n ! only />s ) erratic c\rses1 b m]ely ! only ones ( ! class t h be5 obs]v$4 ,b innum]able o!rs revolve 9 secret1 unkn[n to u ei!r by reason ( ! fa9tness ( _! light1 or ! situation ( _! orbit be+ su* t !y become visible only :5 !y rea* its extremities4 ,x is ?us1 he says1 t c]ta9 new />s ent] our field ( vision1 #b m+l+ _! light ) ! fix$ />s1 b display+ a brightness great] ?an is usual 9 />s4 ,?is is ! lea/ s]i\s ( 8 lies3 8 acc\nt ( ! univ]se is f end to end a %ameless tissue ( lies4 ,= in/ance1 if we are to believe him1 ! upp] regions ( heav5 are p]fectly solid--a l(ty ?ick vault1 z h>d z ! ro( ( a h\se1 =m$ by ! accumulation ( masses ( atoms4 ,! surface imm$iately above x is ( fire s compact t x _c be brok5 up or alt]$4 ,nev]!less1 x has c]ta9 v5tilators1 &1 z #c x 71 w9d[s ?r\gh :i* portions ( ! fire /ream f ! out] "p ( ! univ]se1 b n s l>ge z to cause commotion 9 ! inn]2 & aga9 ! fires pass f ! _w back into ! out] spaces4 ,^! extraord9>y appe>ances1 !re=e1 ,artemidorus supposes1 h /ream$ 9 f t mass ( matt] :i* lies outside ! _w4 ,to set ab\t disprov+ su* a !ory is no?+ %ort ( beat+ ! air = ! sake ( ex]cis+ ! muscles6 ,,xiv ,/ill1 ,i w desc5d to ! task4 ,let ! man :o has plac$ su* a #a solid ro( on ! _w tell me :at reason !re is = believ+ 8 /atem5t t ! heav5s h su* a ?ickness4 ,:at 0 x t took all ^! solid bodies up !re & kept !m !re8 ,!n1 a firmam5t ( su* ?ickness mu/ necess>ily be ( imm5se weight too4 ,h[ is x t heavy bodies rema9 al(t8 ,h[ is x t ! huge mass does n come d[n & sma% itself by its own weight8 ,x is1 ,i imag9e1 a #b physical impossibility t su* a va/ weight z ,artemidorus has br\ght to ! support ( ! heav5s %\ld hang susp5d$1 or be support$ by a slight f\ndation4 ,nor c x be alleg$ t !re are /ays#ic ( "s k9d outside by :i* x is prev5t$ f fall+4 ,nor aga9 c !re be any support 9 ! c5tre#id to receive & prop up ! ?reat5+ mass4 ,& aga91 no "o w v5ture to ass]t t ! univ]se is be+ con/antly c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh ! imm5sities ( space1 fall+ all ! "t1 ?\gh x is n evid5t t x falls1 because its headlong c\rse is to all et]nity1 hav+ no f9al ob/acle ) :i* to collide4 ,?is is inde$ a /atem5t p h made ab\t ! e>?1 :5 !y c\ld discov] no #c explanation = a mass /&+ pois$ 9 air4 ,x is borne d[n1 say !y1 = ev]2 b x is n evid5t t x falls because ! space into :i* x falls is endless4 #ic ,! ^w is usually appli$ to a flexible fa/5+1 haws]1 cable1 or ! l4 #id ,or1 betwe5 ! e>? & x4 ,well1 :at argum5t#ie !n ju/ifies ! ass]tion t x is n m]ely ! five planets t move1 b t !re are _m su* 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! univ]se8 ,or if !re is no probable pro( ( ?is1 "o may rejo93 ,:at is !re to prev5t "o f say+ ei!r t all ! />s move or t none ( !m does8 ,besides1 y\r argum5t #d is 9 no way help$ by t cr[d ( />s :i* y assume to be ev]y:]e roam+ ab\t6 ,= ! m !re are ( !m1 ! (t5] w !y meet ) o!rs2 :]eas comets are r>e1 & = t reason m>vell\s4 ,& w n e age give evid5ce aga9/ y by not+ & record+ = ! use ( po/]ity ! em]g5ce ( su* />s8 #ie ,! argum5t is resum$ f ! beg9n+ ( ,,xiii4 aft] ! digression ab\t ! 8firmam5t40 ,,xv ,aft] ! dea? ( ,demetrius1 k+ ( ,syria1 ^: k+dom 0 #a divid$ by 8 sons ,demetrius & ,antio*us1 a little be=e ! ,a*aean ,w>1 a comet blaz$ =? n inf]ior to ! sun 9 size4 ,its orb 0 at fir/ fi]y r$1 & emitt$ a bright light suffici5t to dispel ! d>kness ( night4 ,by & by its size 0 gradually r$uc$ & its brightness wan$4 ,f9ally x w5t completely out4 ,h[ _m />s1 suppose y1 w\ld require to comb9e to make up su* a huge mass8 ,y might collect 9 "o a ?\s& ( !m )\t ev] #b mat*+ ! size ( ! sun4 ,9 ! reign ( ,attalus a comet appe>$1 mod]ately small 9 size to beg9 )4 ,by & by x m\nt$ up & spread out & mov$ z f> z ! equator1 equall+ 9 ! ext5t ( its imm5se l5g? ! :ole qu>t] ( ! sky :i* we call ! ,milky ,way4 ,h[ _m planets mu/ h comb9$ to occupy ) an unbrok5 l9e ( fire su* a long tract ( ! sky8 ,,xvi ,i h refut$ ! argum5t2 ,i mu/ n[ discr$it its au?ors4 ,x #a requires no great ef=t to /rip ,ephorus ( 8 au?ority2 he is a m]e *ronicl]4 ,"s ( 8 class seek to recomm5d _! n>rative by incr$ible /ories1 & by _! m>vels try to int]e/ ! read]1 :o w\ld probably soon f9d "s o!r occupation if he 7 call$ on to wade ?r\gh _! t$i\s n>rative ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,"s1 aga91 are too cr$ul\s1 "s too c>eless1 "s are delud$1 "s delight$1 by falsehood4 ,! =m] d n %un x1 ! latt] g 9 que/ ( x4 ,! :ole clan ( !m h ?is 9 common2 !y fancy #b _! "w _c m]it approval1 & become popul> unless !y freely int]l>d x ) lies4 ,ephorus is n a p]son ( any scrupul\s hon\r2 he is (t5 dup$1 (t5 he tries to dupe4 ,= example1 he ass]ts t ! great comet :i*1 by its ris+1 sank ,helice & ,buris1 :i* 0 c>efully wat*$ by ! eyes ( ! :ole _w s9ce x drew issues ( great mom5t 9 its tra91 split up into two />s2 b nobody besides him has record$ x4 ,:o1 ,i wond]1 c\ld obs]ve ! mom5t at :i* ! comet broke up & 0 resolv$ into two #c p>ts8 ,& if !re is any "o :o saw x split up into two1 h[ is x t no "o saw x fir/ =m$ out ( ! two8 ,& :y did ,ephorus n add ! names ( ! two />s into :i* x 0 brok5 up1 s9ce !y mu/ h be5 "s ( ! five planets8 ,,xvii ,apollonius ( ,myndus diff]s 9 8 view f ,epig5es4 ,he ass]ts #a t a comet is n "o /> made up ( _m planets1 b t _m comets are planet>y4 ,a comet1 he goes on1 is n an illusion nor a trail ( fire produc$ on ! bord]s ( two />s1 b is a di/9ctive heav5ly body1 j z ! sun or ! moon is4 ,its %ape is n limit$ to ! r\nd1 b is some:at ext5d$ & produc$ l5g?wise4 ,on ! o!r h& its orbit is n visible4 ,x cuts #b 7int]sects7 ! upp] "p ( ! univ]se1 b only em]ges :5 at l5g? x rea*es ! l[e/ portion ( its c\rse4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! same comet reappe>s2 = in/ance t ! "o se5 9 ! reign ( ,claudius 0 ! same z ! "o we saw 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us2 or t ! rec5t "o :i* appe>$ dur+ ! reign ( ,n]o ,caes>--:i* has r$eem$ comets f _! bad "*--0 simil> to ! "o :i* bur/ out aft] ! dea? ( ! late ,emp]or ,julius ,caes>1 ab\t sunset on ! day ( ! games to ,v5us ,g5etrix4 ,comets are z v>i$ z !y are num]\s4 ,!y are #c unequal 9 size1 unlike 9 col\r4 ,"s are ruddy )\t any light2 o!rs are bright ) a pure cle> light2 o!rs are flame-col\r$1 b ! flame is n a pure ?9 flame1 b is envelop$ 9 a mass ( smoky fire4 ,"s are blood-/a9$ & ?reat5+1 br++ progno/ication ( blood%$ to foll[ 9 _! tra94 ,!y wax & wane l o!r planets4 ,!y are bright] :5 !y come d[n t[>d u1 & %[ l>g] f a ne>] po9t1 small] :5 !y dep>t f u1 & dimm] :5 !y retire to a great] di/ance4 ,,xviii ,! reply is ready to ?is la/ /atem5t1 t ! same ?+ does #a n happ5 9 comets z 9 ! o!r />s4 ,"s comets atta9 _! maximum on ! v fir/ day ( _! appe>ance4 ,b1 accord+ to ! argum5t1 !y ought to increase ! ne>] !y approa*4 ,z x is1 _! fir/ aspect rema9s until !y beg9 to fade4 ,besides1 :at has be5 said 9 reply to =m] au?orities applies "h too3 ,if ! comet _h an erratic orbit1 & 7 a true planet1 x w\ld move )9 ! limits ( ! zodiac1 )9 :i* all ! planets conf9e _! orbits4 ,aga91 a /> is nev] se5 ?r\gh ano!r />4 #b ,our sight _c pi]ce ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a planet s z to view ?r\gh x :at lies beyond4 ,b ?r\gh a comet ! fur!r regions are disc]n$ z ?r\gh a cl\d4 ,:5ce x is evid5t t x is no planet b an insub/antial1 irregul> fire4 ,,xix ,! foll[+ is ! op9ion ( our ,/oic sage ,z5o4 ,he is conv9c$ #a t ! />s act 9 conc]t1 & unite _! rays ) "o ano!r--a p>tn]%ip 9 light :i* creates ! image ( a m elongat$ />4 ,!re=e "s p]sons suppose t comets h no real exi/5ce1 & t x is only ! appe>ance ( !m t is reproduc$ ?r\gh ! reflection ( neighb\r+ />s or ! union ( />s t /ick #b toge!r4 ,"s1 aga91 say t comets are true />s1 b ) orbits ( _! own1 & t aft] c]ta9 p]iods !y come out into ! view ( mank9d4 ,"s all[ _! exi/5ce b refuse !m ! title ( />s1 because !y glide out ( sight )\t long duration1 & )9 a brief space are scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,,xx ,mo/ ( our ,/oic bre?r5 ent]ta9 ano!r view1 :i* !y d n #a reg>d z inconsi/5t ) fact4 ,let me expla9 x4 ,we obs]ve _m species ( fire eng5d]$ on high1 n[ ! heav5s ablaze1 n[ ,long gli/5+ tra9s ( flame beh9d1 n[ huge tor*es ( fire be+ hurri$ along4 ,! lightn+ itself1 ^: velocity is s m>vell\s t x at once bl9ds1 & at ! same in/ant re/ores1 ! sight1 is fire aris+ f ! friction ( air t suff]s m viol5t int]nal pressure ?an usual4 ,t is :y x does n rema9 long1 b glides (f once x issues f #b ! cl\d1 =?) p]i%+4 ,b o!r fi]y appe>ances rema9 = a consid]able "t1 & d n break up until all ! fuel on :i* !y f$ has be5 us$ up4 ,"h belong ! /range sights record$ by ,posidonius--pill>s & %ields all ablaze1 & o!r flames ( m>vell\s /rang5ess4 ,!y w\ld attract no att5tion if !y ran _! c\rse aft] cu/om>y laws2 b n[ ! sight ( !m s5ds all m5 agape4 ,!y br+ d[n sudd5 fire f ! heights ( heav51 #c sometimes produc+ a fla% :i* is gone 9 a mom5t1 sometimes compress+ ! air1 :i* is =c$ into a gl[2 x is a miracle all ! same4 ,yes1 & is n sometimes a gulf op5$ 9 ! e!r1 :i* seems to retire on all sides1 ) a great gl>e ( light 9 ! holl[ c5tre8 ,y are ready to cry out4 ,:at is ?is8 444 ,i see ! v c5tre ( heav5 op51 ,& ! />s w&]+ 9 ! sky4444 ,^! />s sometimes d n wait = night to %[ _! light1 b bur/ out 9 ! full light ( day4 ,! reason1 h[ev]1 = ! />s %[+ at a "t n _! own is diff]5t f t alleg$2 x #d is well kn[n t !y are !re all ! "t1 ?\gh hidd54 ,_m comets1 too1 we _c see because !y are obscur$ by ! sun's rays4 ,posidonius1 9 fact1 tells u t dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun a comet once appe>$ :i* ! sun's proximity _h hi!rto conceal$4 ,(t51 :5 ! sun has j set1 /raggl+ fires#if are se5 close to him4 ,no d\bt ! nucleus ( ! comet is ba!d 9 sunlight1 & !re=e _c be disc]n$2 b ! tail escapes ! effect ( ! sun's rays4 #if ,i4e4 ! tail ( a comet4 ,,xxi ,our ,/oic fri5ds1 !re=e1 are satisfi$ t1 l trumpet meteors #a & beams1 & o!r port5ts ( ! sky1 comets are =m$ by d5se air4 ,!y appe> 9 greate/ numb] t[>d ! nor?1 because !re is mo/ ( ! sluggi% air !re4 ,:y1 !n1 y naturally ask1 does ! comet n rema9 /ation>y1 b advance 9 ! sky f day to day8 ,let me expla94 ,! comet1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 pursues its fuel j z fires d4 ,al?\gh its t5d5cy is to rise to ! upp] regions1 /ill1 if mat]ial fail x1 x retrogrades & s9ks4 ,9 ! air1 too1 x does n pursue a direct pa? to "r or left4 ,x has no p>ticul> r\te assign$ to x2 :]ev] ! supply #b ( its fuel leads x1 ?i!r x crawls2 x does n advance 9 its orbit z a />1 b fe$s z a fire4 ,:y1 !n1 does x appe> = a long p]iod1 & :y is x n quickly ext+ui%$8 ,= ! rec5t "o :i* we saw dur+ ?is joy\s reign ( ,n]o display$ itself to view = six mon?s1 revolv+ 9 ! opposite direction to ! =m] "o 9 ,claudius' "t4 ,t "o ris+ f ! nor? up t[>d ! z5i? made = ! ea/1 always gr[+ dimm]4 ,?is "o began 9 ! same qu>t]1 b mak+ t[>d ! we/1 turn$ f9ally t[>d ! s\?1 :]e x )drew f view4 ,no d\bt ! =m] f\nd moi/] elem5ts1 m suitable = its fire1 & pursu$ !m2 ! latt] #c 9 turn *ose a ri*] & m sub/antial di/rict4 ,s !y desc5d t[>d ! direction 9 :i* !y are invit$ by _! mat]ial1 & n by a def9ite pa?1 :i* 9 ! two we h se5 0 diff]5t1 s9ce ! "o mov$ (f t[>d ! "r & ! o!r t[>d ! left4 ,n[ all />s#ig h _! orbit 9 "o direction1 namely1 contr>y to ! motion ( ! univ]se4 ,! latt] moves f ea/ to we/1 ! />s g f we/ to ea/4 ,= ?is reason !y h a d\ble motion1--"o1 _! own prop] motion2 ! o!r1 :i* c>ries !m r\nd along ) ! heav5s4 #ig ,planets may be specially ref]r$ to2 ! ,lat9 ^w is ! g5]ic "o1 /ella4 ,,xxii ,i d n agree ) my s*ool "h1 = ,i _c ?9k a comet is a #a sudd5 fire1 b ,i rank x among ,nature's p]man5t creations4 ,fir/ ( all1 ev]y?+ t ! atmosph]e creates is %ort-liv$2 su* ?+s arise 9 an elem5t t is fugitive & *angeable4 ,h[ c any?+ cont9ue ! same = long 9 ! air1 :i* itself nev] rema9s ! same8 ,x is always 9 a /ate ( flux1 & its quiet is %ort-liv$4 ,x *anges )9 a brief mom5t to ano!r condition f t 9 :i* x _h be54 ,x is n[ ra9y1 n[ cle>1 n[ alt]nates f "o to #b ! o!r4 ,! cl\ds1 s intimately connect$ ) x1 into :i* x collects & f :i* x is releas$ aga91 n[ ga!r1 n[ disp]se1 b nev] rema9 at re/4 ,fire _c possibly abide securely 9 a volatile body1 nor c x keep its place s p]si/5tly z does a fire t ,nature has fix$ nev] to be dislodg$4 ,fur!r1 if ! fire /uck close to its fuel1 x w\ld always s9k4 ,= ! air is ! ?ick]1 #c ! ne>] x is to ! e>?4 ,b a comet is nev] depress$ to ! l[e/ /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 nor does x ev] approa* ! gr\nd4 ,besides1 fire ei!r goes 9 ! direction its nature prompts1 t is1 upw>ds1 or else 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is drawn by ! mat]ial on :i* x has fa/5$1 & on :i* x fe$s4 ,,xxiii ,9 none ( ! ord9>y fires 9 ! sky is ! r\te curv$2 x #a is di/9ctive ( a /> 7planet7 t x describes a curve 9 its orbit4 ,:e!r o!r comets _h ?is circul> orbit ,i _c say4 ,! two 9 our own age at any rate _h4 ,aga91 ev]y?+ k9dl$ by a tempor>y cause quickly gives out4 ,?us tor*es gleam only :ile !y flit across ! sky2 ?us lightn+ has /r5g? = j "o /roke2 ?us s-call$ %oot+ & fall+ />s fly pa/1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,no fires h any consid]able duration unless #b _! /r5g? is inh]5t4 ,i mean ! div9e fires :i* ! univ]se ma9ta9s et]nally1 because !y are its p>ts & works4 ,^!1 ,i say1 are always active2 !y h an orbit ! ev5 t5or ( :i* !y pres]ve1 & !y are uni=m4 ,!y w\ld on alt]nate days be l>g] or small] if ! fire 0 m]ely casual1 ! sudd5 outcome ( "s accid5tal cause4 ,su* a fire w\ld be great] or less accord+ z x 0 f$ m abundantly or m scantily4 ,i said a mom5t ago t no fire c\ld be la/+ :i* arose f "s defect 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,i h n[ to add fur!r1 t x c by no means be fix$ & /eady4 #c ,bo? tor* & lightn+ & %oot+ />1 & any o!r k9d ( fire =c$ out ( ! air by pressure1 are 9 flight2 none ( !m is visible save 9 ! c\rse ( its fall4 ,b a comet has its own settl$ position4 ,= t reason x is n expell$ 9 ha/e1 b /eadily trav]ses its c\rse2 x is n snuff$ out1 b takes its dep>ture4 ,if x 7 a w&]+ /> 7i4e4 planet71 says "s "o1 x w\ld be 9 ! zodiac4 ,:o1 say ,i1 ev] ?9ks ( plac+ a s+le b\nd to ! />s8 or ( coop+ up ! div9e into n>r[ space8 ,^! v #d />s1 :i* y suppose to be ! only ones t move1 h1 z e "o kn[s1 orbits diff]+ "o f ano!r4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !re n be "s />s t h a sep>ate di/9ctive orbit f> remov$ f !m8 ,:at reason is !re :y !re %\ld n be passages into ! heav5s at "s "p ( !m8#ih ,b if y are conv9c$ t e /> 7planet7 _c b t\* ! zodiac1 !n ,i say ! comet might h su* a wide orbit t at "s po9t x may co9cide ) ! zodiac4 ,?is is n necess>y1 b x is possible4 #ih ,! mean+ seems to be1 !re may be passages--inlets & outlets--by :i* occasional visitants l comets may tempor>ily ent] ! heav5s z we "k !m1 & subsequ5tly pass out ( !m4 ,! text is d\btful4 ,,xxiv ,consid] :e!r x is n m 9 keep+ ) ! size ( ! #a univ]se t x be suppos$ to be divid$ into _m r\tes1 & d n keep ?is "o beat5 track :ile e o!r portion is a wa/e4 ,d y suppose t 9 ?is great & fair creation1 among ! c\ntless />s t adorn ! night ) v>i$ beauty1 nev] suff]+ ! atmosph]e to become empty & sluggi%1 !re are only five />s t are all[$ to move freely1 :ile all ! re/ /& /ill1 a fix$1 immovable cr[d8 ,%\ld any "o "h ask me3 ,:y1 !n1 has _! #b c\rse n be5 obs]v$ l t ( ! five planets8 my answ] to him %all be3 ,!re are _m ?+s ^: exi/5ce we all[1 b ^: "* we are /ill 9 ignorance (4 ,we %all all admit t we h a m9d1 by ^: behe/ we are urg$ =w>d & call$ back2 b :at t m9d is :i* directs & rules u1 no "o c expla9 any m ?an he c tell :]e x resides4 ,"o w say t x is brea?2 ano!r1 a k9d ( h>mony2 ano!r1 a div9e =ce & "p ( ,god2 ano!r1 subtle/ air2 ano!r1 disembodi$ p[]4 ,"s w ev5 be f\nd to call x blood1 or heat4 ,s f> is ! m9d f be+ cle> on all o!r subjects t x is /ill 9 se>* ( itself4 ,,xxv ,:y %\ld we be surpris$1 !n1 t comets1 s r>e a sight 9 ! #a univ]se1 are n embrac$ "u def9ite laws1 or t _! beg9n+ & end are n kn[n1 see+ t _! return is at long int]vals8 ,x is n yet fifte5 hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,greece ,c\nt$ ! numb] ( ! />s & nam$ !m e "o4 ,& !re are _m nations at ! pres5t h\r :o m]ely "k ! #b face ( ! sky & d n yet und]/& :y ! moon is obscur$ 9 an eclipse4 ,x is b rec5tly inde$ t sci5ce br\ght home to ourselves c]ta9 k on ! subject4 ,! day w yet come :5 ! progress ( rese>* ?r\gh long ages w reveal to sight ! my/]ies ( nature t are n[ conceal$4 ,a s+le lifetime1 ?\gh x 7 :olly devot$ to ! /udy ( ! sky1 does n suffice = ! inve/igation ( problems ( su* complexity4 ,& !n we nev] make a fair division ( ! few brief ye>s ( life z betwe5 /udy & vice4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 require long successive ages to unfold all4 ,! day w yet come :5 po/]ity w be amaz$ t we #c rema9$ ignorant ( ?+s t w to !m seem s pla94 ,! five planets are con/antly ?ru/+ !mselves on our notice2 !y meet u 9 all ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! sky ) a positive *all5ge to our curiosity4 ,yet x is b lately we h begun to und]/& _! motions1 to realise :at _! morn+ & ev5+ sett+s mean1 :at _! turn+s :5 !y move /raight t[>d u1 :y !y are driv5 back f u4 ,we h le>n$ b a few ye>s ago :e!r ,jupit] w\ld rise or set1 or :e!r he w\ld retrograde--! t]m t has be5 appli$ to 8 retirem5t f u4 ,p h be5 f\nd bold en\gh #d to say to u3 ,y are mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t any /> ev] /ops or :eels 9 its c\rse4 ,! heav5ly bodies may n /& or turn away4 ,all advance2 once ! signal is giv5 !y />t on _! race4 ,_! c>e] w end only ) _! exi/5ce4 ,?is et]nal creation has motions t suff] no recall4 ,%\ld !y once be arre/$1 !y w enc\nt] ob/acles 9 front :i* are meantime held 9 place by ! ord]$1 regul> m>* ( ! univ]se4 ,,xxvi ,:at !n is ! reason1 y may ask1 = ! app>5t retrogression #a ( "s heav5ly bodies8 ,! appe>ance ( sl[ness 9 _! motion is caus$ by _! enc\nt]+ ! sun1 z well z by ! "* ( _! pa?s & ! position ( _! orbits1 :i* are at c]ta9 p]iods calculat$ to deceive ! eye4 ,%ips 9 ! same way mov+ "u full sail seem )al to be /ation>y4 ,m5 w "s day be able to demon/rate 9 :at regions comets h _! pa?s1 :y _! c\rse is s f> remov$ f ! o!r />s1 :at is _! size & con/itution4 ,let u be satisfi$ ) :at we h discov]$1 & leave a little tru? = our desc5dants to f9d out4 ,we _c1 ,apollonius says1 see ?r\gh ! />s :at is beyond1 b sight passes easily ?r\gh ! comets4 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 if #b t is ! case1 x is n s 9 ! "p ( ! body :i* consi/s ( d5se solid fire1 b only :]e ! disp]s$ gl[ ext5ds z x breaks up into ! appe>ance ( hair4 ,"o c see ?r\gh ! gaps 9 ! fire & n ?r\gh ! fire itself4 ,/>s aga91 x is said1 are all r\nd1 comets ext5d$2 :5ce x is pla9 t !y are n true />s4 ,b :o1 pray1 w all[ t comets are long8 ,_! t5d5cy l t ( o!r />s is to a globe %ape1 only ! light f !m is prolong$4 ,! sun %oots out 8 rays f> & wide1 b has himself a %ape diff]5t f t ( ! light t /reams f him4 ,s 9 comets1 ! body is r\nd$1 b ! gl[ f !m pres5ts ! appe>ance ( be+ long] ?an t ( ! o!r />s4 ,,xxvii ,:y is ?is s1 y ask4 ,d y tell me fir/ :y ! light ! #a moon receives is :olly unlike ! sun al?\gh %e receives x f ! sun4 ,:y is x n[ ruddy1 n[ pale8 :y is h] col\r a%5 or black :5 %e is cut (f f ! sun's view8 ,or tell me :y all ! />s h aspects to "s ext5t dissimil> to "o ano!r & all z diff]5t z possible f ! sun4 ,x is no h9drance to _! be+ true />s t !y are n all alike2 s !re is no?+ to prev5t comets f be+ p]man5t ?r\gh all "t1 %>+ ! same de/9y z ! o!r />s1 ev5 ?\gh !y h n an appe>ance l !irs4 ,besides1 is n ! univ]se1 if y w only exam9e x #b c>efully1 made up ( contr>ieties8 ,:y is x t ! sun %\ld be always blaz+ hot 9 ,leo1 scor*+ ! gr\nd ) 8 fi]ce gl[1 :ile 9 ,aqu>ius he br+s w9t]'s *a9 & closes ! riv]s ) ice8 ,! "o con/ellation is subject to ! same law z ! o!r1 ?\gh its *>act]i/ics & influ5ce are s diff]5t4 ,aries aga9 rises 9 a mom5t1 ,libra lifts its scales v sl[ly2 yet ! "o sign is ( ! same nature z ! o!r1 ?\gh t "o m\nts 9 a brief space1 ?is comes =? v delib]ately4 ,d y n see1 too1 h[ contr>y ! elem5ts are to "o ano!r8 ,!y are heavy & #c light1 cold & hot1 moi/ & dry4 ,! :ole concord ( ! univ]se is a h>mony ( discords4 ,y say a comet is n a />1 because its =m does n correspond to ! type1 b is unlike o!r />s4 ,y c see1 no d\bt1 h[ v l t /> t returns to its place aft] ?irty ye>s is to ?is :i* revisits its haunt )9 ! ye>6 ,nature does n turn out h] "w accord+ to a s+le patt]n2 %e prides h]self ^u h] p[] ( v>iation4 ,%e has made "s #d ?+s l>g]1 "s swift] ?an o!rs2 "s /rong]1 "s m limit$ 9 p[]2 "s %e has sep>at$ f ! cr[d1 t _! spl5did isolation might r5d] _! progress conspicu\s2 "s %e has consign$ to a place 9 ! common h]d4 ,he has little conception ( nature's p[] :o ?9ks t %e may n d exceptionally :at %e does n d repeat$ly4 ,%e does n (t5 display comets2 %e has assign$ !m a diff]5t place1 diff]5t p]iods f ! o!r />s1 & motions unlike !irs4 ,%e wi%$ to enhance ! greatness ( h] "w by ^! /range visitants ^: =m is too beautiful to be ?\ght accid5tal1 :e!r y consid] _! va/ness or _! brightness t surpasses 9 size & brilliance all o!r />s4 ,_! appe>ance has1 9 tru?1 an exceptional di/9ction2 !y are n cribb$ & cab9$ )9 n>r[ bonds1 b let loose to roam freely1 to range ov] ! region ( _m />s4 ,,xxviii ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 comets give indications ( /orm & di/urb- #a ances t br+ w9d & ra94 ,well1 !n1 are y ( op9ion x is n a /> because x =etells :at is com+8 ,true ! comet is n a sign ( /orm 9 ! same way z x is a sign ( com+ ra9 :5 ,! oil splutt]s1 & rott5 fungus cov]s ! wick2 or 9 ! same way z x is a =eca/ ( a rag+ sea--if ! sea ,coots#ii sport on l&2 h] haunts 9 ! m>%es ,are des]t$ by ! h]on1 & %e so>s above ! heights ( cl\d3 #ii ,p]haps cormorants3 ! id5tity ( ! bird is difficult to det]m9e4 b 9 ! same way z ! equ9ox is a sign ( ! turn ( ! ye> #b t[>d cold or heat1 or z ! pr$ictions ( ! ,*aldaean soo?say]s :o tell :at sorr[ or joy is det]m9$ at bir? by ! natal />1 are indications ( com+ ev5ts4 ,to conv9ce y ( ! tru? ( ?is1 ,i mu/ w>n y t ! ris+ ( a comet does n convey a ?reat ( w9d & ra9 9 ! imm$iate future1 z ,ari/otle says1 b ca/s suspicion ov] ! :ole ye>4 ,h5ce x is pla9 t ! comet has n d]iv$ progno/ications f its imm$iate surr\nd+s to reveal = ! imm$iate future1 b t x has !m /or$ up & buri$ deep )9 by ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,! comet :i* appe>$ 9 ! consul%ip ( ,pat]culus & ,vopiscus fulfill$ ! anticipations ( ?is k9d ent]ta9$ by ,ari/otle1 & = t matt] by ,!ophra/us2 = !re 7 ev]y:]e sev]e & prolong$ /orms1 #c :ile 9 ,a*aia & ,mac$onia cities 7 ov]turn$ by e>?quakes4 ,! sl[ness ( ! comets' motion1 ,ari/otle says1 is a pro( t !y are r heavy1 conta9+ mu* e>?y matt]4 ,s are _! orbits too1 = !y are usually conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ! poles4 ,,xxix ,bo? /atem5ts are false4 ,let me take !m 9 _! ord]4 ,well1 x #a is ass]t$1 is x1 t all bodies are heavy t move m sl[ly8 ,:at6 is ! planet ,saturn1 :i* accompli%es its circuit mo/ sl[ly ( all ! planets1 heavy8 ,x has1 9 fact1 a pro( ( lightness 9 be+ high] ?an all ! re/4 ,b1 y say1 x takes a wid] sweep1 & does n g m sl[ly ?an ! o!rs1 b only a long] di/ance4 ,let me sugge/ t ,i c make ! same /atem5t ( ! comets2 ev5 if _! c\rse is m sluggi%1 !y h f>!r to g4 ,b x is a falsehood to ass]t t !y move m sl[ly4 ,= ?is #b la/ comet trav]s$ )9 six mon?s half ! span ( heav52 ! previ\s "o )drew f sight 9 a %ort] p]iod4 ,b aga91 x is urg$1 on acc\nt ( _! weight1 !y are borne d[n l[]4 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 a comet is n borne d[n1 b r\nd4 ,9 ! second1 ?is rec5t "o began its motion 9 ! nor?1 & pass+ by way ( ! we/1 rea*$ ! s\!rn qu>t]s1 & 0 elevat+ its orbit :5 x fad$ f sight4 ,t o!r "o1 9 ,claudius' reign1 also #c fir/ appe>$ 9 ! nor?1 & cont9u$ )\t int]mission to rise /raight up to a high] elevation until x disappe>$4 ,su* are ! matt]s relat+ to comets :i* h _h weight ) o!rs & ) myself4 ,:e!r !y are true or n1 ^? :o atta9 k ( ! tru? mu/ decide4 ,we are p]mitt$ only to conjecture & grope 9 ! d>k1 ) no assurance ( discov]y1 & yet n )\t hope4 ,,xxx ,ari/otle has f9ely said t we %\ld nev] be m rev]5t #a ?an :5 we are treat+ ( ! gods4 ,we ent] a temple ) all due gravity1 we l[] our eyes1 draw up our toga1 & assume e tok5 ( mode/y :5 we approa* ! sacrifice4 ,h[ mu* m is all ?is due :5 we discuss ! heav5ly bodies1 ! />s1 ! nature ( ! gods1 le/ 9 ignorance we make any ass]tion reg>d+ !m t is ha/y1 or disrespectful2 or le/ we witt+ly lie4 ,let u n #b be surpris$ t :at is buri$ s deeply %\ld be une>!d s sl[ly4 ,panaetius & o!rs1 :o w h x t a comet is n an ord9>y /> b ! m]e c\nt]feit ( a />1 h be/[$ c>eful treatm5t on ! "q :e!r all seasons ( ! ye> are equally fitt$ to produce comets1 & :e!r all qu>t]s ( ! sky are equally suitable = _! creation4 ,!y h inquir$1 too1 :e!r !y c be =m$ 9 all regions ?r\gh :i* !y c pass1 & h discuss$ o!r po9ts ( a l k9d4 ,b all ^! que/ions are =eclos$ by my /atem5t t !y are n accid5tal fires1 b inwov5 9 ! texture ( ! univ]se1 direct$ by x 9 secret1 b n (t5 reveal$4 ,& h[ _m bodies besides revolve 9 secret1 #c nev] dawn+ ^u human eyes8 ,nor is x = man t ,god has made all ?+s4#ajj ,h[ small a portion ( ,8 mighty "w is entru/$ to u8 ,b ,he :o directs !m all1 :o e/abli%$ & laid ! f\ndations ( all ?is _w1 :o has clo!d ,himself ) creation1 & is ! great] & bett] "p ( ,8 "w1 ,he is hidd5 f our eyes1 ,he c be p]ceiv$ only by ?\ght4 #ajj ,ano!r read+ runs3 ,nor has ,god reveal$ all ?+s to man4 ,,xxxi ,_m ?+s1 moreov]1 ak9 to highe/ deity or hold+ p[] ne> #a x1 are /ill obscure4 ,or1 p]haps1 "o may be /ill m surpris$ to f9d t !y at once fill & elude our sight4 ,ei!r _! subtlety is too great = human vision to grasp1 or su* exalt$ maje/y conceals itself 9 ! holi] sanctu>y1 & rules its k+dom1 :i* is itself1 )\t p]mitt+ access to any p[] except ! _s4 ,:at t is1 )\t :i* no?+ is1 we _c "k3 & :5 ,god1 ! greate/ "p ( ! univ]se1 is an unkn[n ,god1 we are surpris$1 are we1 t !re are "s specks ( fire we d n fully und]/&8 ,h[ _m animals we h come to "k = ! fir/ "t 9 our own #b days6 ,_m1 too1 t are unkn[n to u1 ! p ( a com+ day w "k4 ,_m discov]ies are res]v$ = ! ages /ill to be1 :5 our memory %all h p]i%$4 ,! _w is a poor affair if x d n conta9 matt] = inve/igation = ! :ole _w 9 e age4 ,"s ( ! sacr$ rites are n reveal$ to wor%ipp]s all at once4 ,eleusis reta9s "s ( its my/]ies to %[ to vot>ies on _! second visit4 ,nature does n reveal all h] secrets at once4 ,we imag9e we are initiat$ 9 h] my/]ies3 we are1 z yet1 b hang+ ar\nd h] out] c\rts4 ,^? secrets ( h]s are n op5$ #c to all indiscrim9ately4 ,!y are )drawn & %ut up 9 ! inn] %r9e4 ,( "o ( !m ?is age w cat* a glimpse1 ( ano!r1 ! age t w come aft]4 ,:51 !n1 x may be ask$1 w all ^! ?+s come to our full k8 ,great s*emes mature sl[ly1 especially if ef=t is relax$4 ,!re is "o object we are b5t on1 he>t & s\l1--to be z wick$ z possible--& we h n yet atta9$ p]fection4 ,vice is /ill mak+ progress4 ,luxury is con/antly discov]+ "s new #d outlet = its madness1 indec5cy "s new =m ( insult on itself4 ,dissolute effem9acy & corruption are con/antly discov]+ "s m ref9$ & delicate means ( self-de/ruction4 ,we h n yet :olly ca/ (f our vig\r4 ,we are /ill do+ our be/ to ext+ui% any sp>k ( virtue t is left4 ,by ! smoo?ness & poli% ( our bodies we m5 h outdone ! ref9em5ts ( wom52 we h adopt$ ! col\rs ( h>lots1 t ev5 an hone/ woman w\ld n put on4 ,) delicate m9c+ /ep we *eck our gait2 we d n walk1 ) #e measur$ pace we g4 ,we adorn our f+]s ) r+s4 ,a preci\s /one sp>kles on e jo9t4 ,day by day we devise means ( wrong+ & degrad+ our manhood1 vex$ t we _c /rip x (f4 ,"o becomes a eunu*1 ano!r assumes ! sc&al\s "p ( a gladiator1 &1 hir$ = dea?1 arms = disgrace4 ,! v paup] selects a victim on :om to sate 8 morbid lu/4 ,,xxxii ,d y wond] t wisdom has n yet atta9$ h] p]fect "w8 ,:y1 #a vice has n :olly reveal$ itself4 ,x is /ill 9 its infancy1 & yet on x we be/[ all our ef=ts2 our eyes & our h&s are its slaves4 ,:o att5ds ! s*ool ( wisdom n[8 ,:o ?9ks x wor? :ile to h m ?an a b[+ acqua9tance ) h]8 ,:o has reg>d = philosophy or any lib]al pursuit1 except :5 a ra9y day comes r\nd to int]rupt ! games1 & x may be wa/$ )\t loss8 ,& s ! _m sects ( philosoph]s are all dy+ out = lack ( successors4 #b ,! ,academy1 bo? old & new1 has left no disciple4 ,:o is !re to h& d[n ! precepts ( ,pyrrho8 ,t fam\s s*ool ( ,py?agoras1 despis$ ( ! rabble1 c f9d no ma/]4 ,! new sect ( ! ,sextii1 :i* conta9$ ! vig\r ( ,rome1 />t$ ) great en?usiasm1 b on ! v ?re%old ( its c>e] is also dead4 ,b :at anxi\s c>e we be/[ t ! "n ( no actor may be #c lo/6 ,! h\se ( ,pylades & ,ba?yllus /&s 9 a long l9e ( successors4 ,= arts ( t k9d !re are pl5ty ( pupils & pl5ty ( tea*]s4 ,! actor's plat=m res\nds 9 e private h\se 9 ! :ole city4 ,on x m5 & wom5 alike practise ! ballet /ep4 ,husb&s & wives vie 9 pay+ c\rt to actors4 ,by & by1 :5 ! br[ is rubb$ smoo? by long we>+ ( ! mask1 ! transition to ! bro!l is easy & natural4 ,philosophy gets nev] #d a ?\ght4 ,& s x comes to pass t1 f> f advance be+ made t[>d ! discov]y ( :at ! old] g5]ations left insuffici5tly inve/igat$1 _m ( _! discov]ies are be+ lo/4 ,b yet1 on my s\l ( hon\r1 if we urg$ on ?is task ) all our p[]s1 if our y\? 9 sobriety brac$ !mselves to x1 if ! eld] taught x & ! y\ng] le>n$ x1 ev5 !n sc>ce %\ld we rea* ! bottom ( ! well 9 :i* tru? lies4 ,z x is1 we se>* = h] on ! surface1 & ) a slack h&4 ,,notes ,,on ,,s5eca',s 8,,quae/iones ,,naturales0 ,by ,sir ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,pres4,r4,s4 ,! treatise ( :i* ! pres5t volume is a translation possesses a tw(old int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is probably ! la/ lit]>y "w ( a man :o fill$ a l>ge space 9 ! ,roman _w ( 8 day4 ,aft] a v>i$ c>e] z philosoph]1 b>ri/]1 politician1 /atesman1 c\rti]1 & man ( lett]s1 he at la/ incurr$ ! implacable enmity ( ,n]o1 to :om he _h be5 tutor4 ,hav+ 9 8 y\? paid "s att5tion to physical inquiries1 he _h !n be5 l$ to prep>e & publi% a book on e>?quakes4 ,b 9 subsequ5t ye>s ! absorb+ c>es ( ,/ate probably left him little leisure to cont9ue ^! /udies1 = :i*1 h[ev]1 he _h reta9$ 8 ta/e4 ,h5ce1 :5 9 8 la/ days he s\ght 9 retirem5t to devote himself to philosophical pursuits1 he naturally turn$ to "s ( ! physical problems t _h int]e/$ him 9 e>li] life4 ,! e>?quake :i* on #e? ,febru>y ,a4,d4 #fc _h done mu* damage to ! t[ns ( ,campania1 reviv$ 8 y\?ful en?usiasm = ! inve/igation ( su* ph5om5a1 & may possibly h sugge/$ to him ! prep>ation ( ano!r volume deal+ ) ?is & o!r sci5tific matt]4 ,we "k at lea/ f ! book itself t he wrote a "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( x aft] t date 7#bba1 #bcj71aja & t he took pa9s to collect in=mation ab\t ! cata/rophe4 ,z he 0 9 ! habit ( soj\rn+ on ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 he probably visit$ ! sc5e ( de/ruction himself = ! purpose ( 8 book4 ,we le>n f ,tacitus t x 0 imm$iately aft] 8 return f ,campania to 8 villa ne> ,rome1 br++ ) him1 we may suppose1 8 ne>ly complet$ manuscript1 t ,s5eca receiv$ ! ,emp]or's ord] to commit suicide4 #aja ,! numb]s )9 p>5!ses ?r\gh\t ^! ,notes ref] to ! pages ( ! ,translation4 ,9 ! second place1 ,s5eca's "w on ,natural ,que/ions /&s out z "o ( ! few treatises on physical sci5ce :i* h come d[n to u f antiquity4 ,x is int]e/+ alike = ! quotations x conta9s f ! works ( previ\s au?ors1 "s ( :i* h n surviv$1 & = ! criticisms & op9ions :i* he himself expresses on ! v>i\s subjects ( :i* he treats4 ,x c h>dly1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z an orig9al contribution to sci5ce4 ,its au?or's life _h be5 sp5t 9 o!r & widely diff]5t pursuits1 :i* l$ him f> away f sci5tific inquiry4 ,b z a summ>y ( ! g5]al /ate ( k 9 8 day1 made by a man ( /rong intellect1 :o _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! legal & philosophical s*ools ( ! "t1 & _h read widely & reflect$ mu* on ^! matt]s1 ! book may be tak5 to af=d a fair pres5tation ( ! mann] 9 :i* a numb] ( que/ions 9 a/ronomy1 meteorology1 & physical geography 7 reg>d$ by ?\ghtful m9ds 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,9 judg+ ( ! intr9sic m]it ( su* a "w z ! pres5t1 ! mod]n read] f9ds a difficulty 9 realis+ f ! broad plat=m ( natural k :i*1 aft] ! lab\rs ( ! int]v5+ c5turies1 has n[ be5 laid1 h[ exce$+ly n>r[ 0 ! circle ( asc]ta9$ fact available to ! /ud5t two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! _s ( sci5tific obs]vation & exp]im5t _h n !n be5 develop$1 yet ! famili> ph5om5a ( ev]yday life press$1 z !y /ill d1 = explanation4 ,man's k ( nature 0 !n too limit$ to furni% a basis = di/+ui%+ :at 0 fact f :at 0 m]e guesswork4 ,9 ! infancy ( our race1 z 9 ! *ildhood ( ! individual1 ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d is to p]ceive resemblances r ?an diff]5ces4 ,analogies are readily obs]v$ &1 9 default ( k ( ! facts involv$1 are mi/ak5 = id5tical sequ5ces ( cause & effect4 ,?r\gh\t ! int]pretations ( natural ph5om5a giv5 by ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 x is rem>kable to :at a l>ge ext5t ! mean+ ( "o appe>ance is expla9$ by comp>+ x ) ano!r to :i* 9 reality x may be> no resemblance4 ,s5eca's volume ab\nds 9 examples ( ?is use ( analogy4 ,! au?ority ( great names ex]cis$ a wond]ful fasc9ation on ! m9ds ( ! e>ly inve/igators ( nature4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( writ]s 7 l$ to accept ) little or no modification ! dicta ( em95t philosoph]s :o _h prec$$ !m4 ,an obs]v] might sometimes recognise ! errone\sness ( ! op9ion ( a pr$ecessor1 & yet lack ! means ( detect+ ! falsity ( 8 own1 :i* nev]!less he prop\nd$ ) full assurance ( its tru?4 ,9 su* circum/ances criticism _h no secure f\ndation1 :ile cr$ulity1 rampant 9 ! _w outside1 c\ld h>dly fail to %[ itself 9 philosophic circles4 ,ev5 ! mo/ cauti\s & tru?-seek+ inquir] might easily & almo/ inevitably be l$ to accept /atem5ts :i* did n seem to him unreasonable1 & :i* no previ\s exp]i5ce ( 8 own or o!rs w>rant$ him to disbelieve or ev5 to suspect4 ,x behoves u1 !re=e1 to be on our gu>d le/1 f our mu* high] /&>d ( k1 we may be tempt$ to look ) amus$ contempt on ! pu]ile conceptions ( nature to be met ) 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts--! grave ass]tion ( absurdities z actual facts1 ! inept analogies1 ! confid5t explanations :i* are no explanations at all1 & ! complete abs5ce ( any attempt to te/ by exam9ation or exp]im5t ! validity ( /atem5ts :i* ) b little tr\ble c\ld h be5 disprov$4 ,^! evid5ces ( ! exce$+ly imp]fect k ( 8 "t are fully illu/rat$ 9 ,s5eca's *apt]s4 ,he quotes "s two doz5 ( previ\s writ]s :o _h dealt ) ! same or cognate subjects4 ,x is ne$less to say t !y 7 ,greeks1 no place hav+ yet be5 f\nd 9 ,lat9 lit]ature = treatises on ,sci5ce4 ,! au?or mo/ frequ5tly cit$ by him is ,ari/otle1 ^: ,meteorologica he _h evid5tly /udi$ ) c>e4 ,he gives frequ5t quotations f t "w1 b ev5 :]e he does n specifically quote1 8 views g5]ally accord ) ^? ( ! great philosoph] & naturali/4#ajb ,almo/ ! only quotations f ! works ( 8 own c\ntrym5 are v]ses f "s ( ! poets1 especially f ,virgil & ,ovid4 ,x is rem>kable t he makes only "o quotation f ,lucretius1 al?\gh he w\ld h f\nd 9 t poet's noble "w _m passages m apposite to 8 subject ?an ^? :i* he has tak5 f ! ,a5eid1 ! ,georgics1 & ! ,metamorphoses4 ,we may suppose t ^! works 7 fav\rites ) him1 & t he knew mu* ( !m by he>t1 b t he 0 less famili> ) ! ,de ,r]um ,natura4 #ajb ,s5eca's indebt$ness to ,ari/otle is emphatically express$ by ,b>?lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire 9 ! ,diss]tation prefix$ to 8 translation ( ! ,meteorologica 7,mtorologie d',ari/ote1 #ahfc1 pp4 lxix-lxx74 ,x is manife/ f ! pres5t volume t its au?or1 l ,lucretius be=e him1 _h a l(ty conception ( ! dignity & moral influ5ce ( ! /udy ( nature4 ,?is pursuit seem$ to him to raise u above ! sordid ?+s ( life & to )draw ! m9d f ! body--a dissociation s em95tly b5eficial to our high] aspirations4 ,he believ$ t 9 ! /udy ( ! hidd5 ph5om5a ( ! univ]se a m5tal alacrity is develop$ :i* w be f\nd to be n )\t practical utility 9 ! conduct ( affairs t lie ne>] ! surface 7#aac74 ,) ?is cle> recognition ( ! importance ( 8 !me he resolv$ 9 8 old age to ent] ^u a task :i* o!r less wor?y pursuits _h h9d]$ him f pursu+4 ,he w\ld n[ attempt to survey ! univ]se1 unravel its secrets1 & give ! results ( 8 /udies to ! _w 7#aji74 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 8 aim to compose a sy/ematic treatise on ,natural ,philosophy1 b r to take up "s special subjects & deal ) !m 9 ! light ( :at _h already be5 writt5 ^u !m1 & ( :at 8 own reflections sugge/$4 ,8 und]tak+ assum$ ! =m ( a s]ies ( epi/ol>y essays address$ to 8 fri5d ,lucilius ,junior1 procurator ( ,sicily4 ,! lit]>y %ape ?us select$ all[$ ! use ( an uncon/ra9$1 almo/ colloquial1 /yle :i* w\ld n h be5 suitable to a m ambiti\s "w4 ,_h ,s5eca design$ to prep>e a =mal or me?odical treatise1 he w\ld d\btless h plann$ x to include ! ?ree sections :i* he reg>d$ z compris+ e inquiry t c arise z to ! nature & con/itution ( ! ,univ]se 7,univ]sum7--cele/ial1 atmosph]ic1 & t]re/rial 7,caele/ia1 ,sublimia1 ,t]r5a1 #ea74 ,! _w 7,mundus7 9 8 view compreh5ds all ?+s t come or c come )9 our cognisance 7#ed74 ,in/ead ( ent]+ ^u a full discussion ( any "o ( 8 ?ree sections1 he select$ f !m a few topics :i* _h probably m p>ticul>ly engag$ 8 att5tion4 ,mo/ ( ^! belong to ! second or atmosph]ic division ( 8 s*eme ( arrangem5t1 to :i* he devotes six ( 8 sev5 books1 ! rema9+ "o be+ giv5 to ! discussion ( "s cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,c]ta9 subjects :i* we %\ld naturally range 9 ! t]re/rial s]ies1 su* z ! s\rce & fl[ ( riv]s & ! nature & orig9 ( e>?quakes1 he explicitly includes among 8 atmosph]ic ph5om5a 7#ea74 ,x appe>s to be probable t ,s5eca _h nei!r f9i%$ nor revis$ 8 manuscript at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,p>ts ( ! "w are obvi\sly incomplete1 ?\gh "s ( ^! gaps may be due to defects ( transcription or to ! subsequ5t loss ( p>ts ( ! text4 ,! obscurities ( language1 :i* are n infrequ5t1 may likewise h p>tly aris5 f lack ( ! au?or's revision ( 8 orig9al copy4 ,8 discussion ( ! problem ( ! rise ( ! ,nile sudd5ly breaks (f 9 su* an abrupt mann] z to sugge/ ! loss ( a portion ( ! orig9al volume4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important omissions is ! abs5ce ( any acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes4 ,! au?or does inde$ ref] 9 sev]al places to ?is subject1 b ) ,aetna be=e him1 ( :i* s _m ,greek & ,lat9 poets _h sung1 & :i* _h s (t5 be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! writ+s ( ! philosoph]s1 he c\ld h>dly h meant to (f] no comm5t>y on s notable a feature 9 ! geography & hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,we "k inde$ t he 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ?is m\nta91 & t he wrote to ,lucilius to asc5d ! volcano & s5d him p>ticul>s ab\t x4 ,9 ! lett] convey+ ?is reque/ he alludes to "s ( ! ,roman poets :o _h sung ( its wond]s1 & urges t a description ( ,aetna %\ld =m "p ( a poem on :i* 8 correspond5t appe>s to h be5 !n engag$4#ajc ,ano!r important subject 9 physical geography f9ds no place 9 ,s5eca's volume--! ,sea4 ,( ! out] ocean x 0 n to be expect$ t he c\ld h _h mu* to say1 b we c h>dly suppose t he w\ld h consid]$ 8 essay complete )\t "s discussion ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 #ajc ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 lxxix4 ,a c5tury be=e ,s5eca's prime1 ! immortal ,de ,r]um ,natura ( ,lucretius _h appe>$ at ,rome1 :]e9 ! orig9 & con/itution ( ! _w 7 sung ) ! int5se e>ne/ness1 brilliant imag9ation1 & res\nd+ cad5ce ( a great poet & ) ! grasp & p5etration ( a great philosoph]4 ,9 ?is spl5did "w "s ( ! problems discuss$ by ,s5eca 7 consid]$1 & explanations 7 giv5 ( !m ) ! usual und\bt+ confid5ce ( old5 "t4 ,9 lit]>y quality ! two writ]s /& f> ap>t1 yet x is n un9t]e/+ to comp>e _! respective views ( nature4 ,! vivid & (t5 maje/ic diction ( ! "o is n m div]se f ! some:at famili> & conv]sational tone ( ! o!r ?an are _! respective cre$s4 ,lucretius 0 a conv9c$ & en?usia/ic ,epicurean1 & 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( 8 ma/] d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any div9e co-op]ation 9 ! plan & gov]nm5t ( ! ,univ]se1 nequaquam nobis div9itus esse p>atam naturam r]um1#ajd #ajd ,de ,r]um ,natura1 v4 #aih4 al?\gh no writ] ei!r ( anci5t or mod]n "t has _h a m ov]p[]+ s5se ( ! beauty1 maje/y1 & ord] ( ?is _w4 ,x 0 8 e>ne/ purpose to %[ m5 h[1 by a contemplation ( ! face & ord]$ s*eme ( nature1 !y c\ld free !mselves f ! bond ( religi\s sup]/ition & ! fe> ( dea?4#aje #aje rursus 9 antiquas ref]untur religiones et dom9os acres adsciscunt1 omnia posse quos mis]i cr$unt1 ign>i quid queat esse1 quid nequeat1 f9ita pote/as d5ique cuique quanam sit ratione atque alte t]m9us ha]5s4--,op4 cit4 v4 #hf4 hunc igitur t]rorem animi t5ebrasque necesse/ non radii solis neque lucida tela diei discutiant1 s$ naturae species ratioque4--i4 #adf4 ,s5eca1 on ! o!r h&1 held ! ,/oic belief 9 an all-wise & omnipot5t ,creator4 ,9 an eloqu5t exordium to 8 volume1 & 9 a p]oration ne> its end1 he affirms 8 conviction t ?is ,div9e ,be+ is all 9 all1 at once )9 & )\t 8 works2 ,he has clo!d himself ) creation1 b is hidd5 f our eyes & c be p]ceiv$ only by ?\ght 7#c1 #g1 #cje74 ,our philosoph] c\ld n conceive ( any?+ m beautiful1 m ord]ly1 & m consi/5t ev]y:]e 9 plan ?an ! _w ar\nd u4 ,t su* a _w %\ld h result$ f ! tumult ( *aos1 by ! m]e *ance collocation ( atoms1 appe>$ to him ! madness ( vulg> error4 ,yet x 0 only too true1 ?\gh x might be ?\ght h>dly cr$ible1 t ev5 philosoph]s _h be5 ta9t$ ) ?is p]nici\s doctr9e4 ,h5ce x w\ld be 9 ! au?or's judgm5t a pr(itable task to inquire into ! tru? conc]n+ ^! matt]s4 ,to explore ?is _w1 he rem>ks1 is f> m ?an en\gh = a s+le lifetime4 ,:e!r :at we may be l$ to believe reg>d+ x %all be true mu/ be decid$ by ^? :o may atta9 ! k ( ! tru?2 we c b exam9e & conjecture1 ) no c]ta9 assurance ( discov]y1 yet n )\t hope 7#cjd74 ,x behoves u to be ev] wat*ful aga9/ =m+ conclusions ra%ly1 disrespectfully1 or ignorantly1 & ( be+ kn[+ly untrue4 ,9 ?is que/ aft] k1 :ile mu* may be f\nd out :i* w be ( practical usefulness1 we are enc\rag$ to advance1 n by any hope ( ga91 b by ! wond] ) :i* ! inquiry fills ! s\l4 ,to obta9 a k ( ,nature is ! highe/ rew>d to :i* ! m9d ( man c aspire 7#bcj1 #cjd74 ,s5eca's practical conclusion 0 ?us mu* ! same z t ( ,lucretius4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 attempt 9 ?is volume to en=ce x ) ! solemn e>ne/ness %[n by ! poet1 ?\gh he loses no opportunity ( inveigh+ aga9/ ! follies & vices ( 8 "t4 ,9 discuss+ natural ph5om5a 8 fir/ desire is to expla9 !m1 & 9 s do+ to animadv]t on ! explanations ( previ\s writ]s1 ) p]haps a n unnatural wi% to %[ 8 own ability z a critic & expositor4 ,x 0 9 due accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 s*ool1 z well z ) 8 own natural temp]am5t1 t ,s5eca %\ld cont9ually be l$ to draw e?ical lessons f ! physical ph5om5a :i* he discuss$4 ,! int]polation ( "s ( ^! reflections may occasionally seem to a mod]n read] r irrelevant & f>-fet*$1 b !re c be no "q z to ! _s ( rev]5ce ) :i* he approa*$ 8 subject4 ,l o!r philosoph]s :o _h prec$$ him1 he ma9ta9$ ?is _s1 :ile at ! same "t he _h disc>d$ ! cr[d$ & confus$ poly!ism ( ! preval5t my?ology4 ,b he "h keeps ?is antagonism 9 due re/ra9t1 only occasionally express+ 8 diss5t f ! popul> cre$4 ,he w\ld n admit t ev5 ! old philosoph]s c\ld h be5 s fooli% z to cr$it ! gods ) "s ( ! acts :i* _h be5 popul>ly attribut$ to !m4 ,he refus$ to believe t ! gu>dian & rul] ( ! ,univ]se hurl$ ?und]bolts ) 8 own h&4 ,/ill less c\ld he suppose t ! gods _h light] bolts ) :i* !y amus$ !mselves 9 play4 ,8 expression 7fulm9ibus lusoriis1 #ia7 recalls ! bitt] irony ( ,lucretius & ! s>casm ( 8 "q :e!r1 :5 ! gods aim at lonely places or at ! sea1 !y are only at practice to /r5g!n _! arms4#ajf ,b ,s5eca held ) ,lucretius t 9 ! contemplation ( nature we obta9 ! c\rage & elevation ( m9d :i* fit u = ! trials ( life & ! com+ ( dea? 7#aac74 #ajf an tum brac*ia consuescunt firmantque lac]tos8--vi4 #cig4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( sci5tific problems ,s5eca displays ! same unhesitat+ assurance ( ! tru? ( 8 op9ions1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity4 ,^! writ]s _h h>dly a glimm]+ conception ( nature's inf9ite complexity1 ( ! extreme div]sity & intricacy ( natural processes1 ( ! unbrok5 & endlessly ramify+ relations ( cause & effect1 ( ! long & pati5t inve/igation by :i* alone ^! relations c\ld be unravell$1 & ( ! caution & diffid5ce ) :i* conclusions reg>d+ !m %\ld at lea/ = a "t be =mulat$4 ,s5eca frequ5tly passes cau/ic criticisms on ! views express$ by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he /yles ! philosoph]s1 z a body1 8a cr$ul\s folk40 ,"s ( !m he ev5 goes s f> z to accuse ( p]petrat+ delib]ate falsehoods 7#bgf1 #bhf1 #bhi74 ,nor does he hesitate to bant] 8 bre?r5 ( ! ,/oic ,s*ool1 ^: 8absurdities10 z he calls !m1 he _c refra9 f quot+4 ,yet :5 8 own op9ions are exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! pres5t day1 !y are f\nd to be 9 _m cases no ne>] ! tru? ?an ^? :i* he reject$ ) contempt4 ,x is1 inde$1 sometimes difficult to realise ! m5tal position ( a man :o c\ld adopt & prop\nd !m4 ,9 _m cases he acc\nts = a ph5om5on by ! analogy ( ano!r to :i* x has no real aff9ity1 z :]e he expla9s halos by ! circul> undulations produc$ on a surface ( wat] into :i* a /one is ?r[n 7#ac74 ,he sometimes sugge/s an exp]im5t to prove ! tru? ( 8 ass]tion1 b if he _h made ! exp]im5t he w\ld h f\nd h[ completely x fail$ to support him1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he /ates t a l>ge pond ( wat] reflects only "o image ( ! sun1 b t1 if x is divid$ into sev]al small] ponds by ! ins]tion ( p>titions1 x w %[ z _m images z !re are divisions 7#ah74 ,/rik+ also & num]\s are ! examples ( 8 cr$ul\s acceptance ( /atem5ts :i*1 _h x occurr$ to him to te/ !m by actual exam9ation1 he c\ld easily h f\nd to be errone\s4 ,he affirms1 = in/ance1 m ?an once1 t :ile lightn+ melts metals1 x freezes w9e1 & he gravely alleges t :5 ! w9e is ?aw$ & imbib$1 x ei!r kills or drives mad ^? :o p>take ( x 7#gi1 #ig74 ,he ass]ts t ! wat]s ( c]ta9 riv]s h ! p[] ( dye+ :ole flocks ( %eep1 black fleeces be+ *ang$ into :ite1 & :ite into black 7#acg71 t "s wat]s are s d5se t ev5 ! heavie/ objects w n s9k 9 !m 7#ach72 t ! heat ( ! sun 9 ! ,nile valley is s great z to melt silv] & ! jo9ts ( /atues 7#agc74 ,:5 he proce$s to expla9 ! reason ( su* abnormalities he expresses no hesitation1 b deliv]s 8 op9ion ) ! assurance ( a pr(essor :o has obta9$ ! exp]im5tal demon/ration 9 8 laboratory4 ,x is rem>kable t al?\gh "s progress _h be5 made 9 a/ronomy1 especially by ,greek philosoph]s1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! conclusions arriv$ at by ^! obs]v]s reg>d+ ! relations ( ! e>? to ! o!r heav5ly bodies met ) b little acceptance = _m c5turies1 ev5 among reflect+ m9ds4 ,lucretius1 = example1 /ill believ$ ! e>? to be ! c5tre ( ! ,univ]se to :i* all ! heavi] mat]ials _h conv]g$1 :ile ! fire-lad5 e!r escap$ to ! out] b\nd>ies ( space1 sun1 moon1 & />s occupy+ an int]m$iate place4 ,he did n ?9k t ! sun c be mu* l>g] ?an x looks to be to our s5ses1 nor 0 he q sure :e!r x is ! same sun :i*1 pass+ "u ! e>?1 reappe>s 9 ! morn+1 or if at ! close ( ea* day ! sun is ext+ui%$ & a new collection ( fires makes a fre% sun 9 ! morn+4 ,he 0 q aw>e ( ! diff]5t views ( ,*aldaean sages & a/ronom]s1 b 9 su* que/ions he c\ld see no reason :y "o !ory %\ld be bett] ?an ano!r4#ajg #ajg ,de ,r]4 ,nat4 v4 #efd1 #fej1 #fhj1 #gbg4 ,s5eca1 h[ev]1 _h1 on ! :ole1 a m advanc$ appreciation ( ! relations ( ! e>? to ! heav5ly bodies4 ,he believ$ ! sun to be l>g] ?an our globe1 & t a ?\s& />s might be put toge!r )\t equall+ 8 mass 7#bhd1 #bhh74 ,he ?\ght ! heav5s to be s va/ z to af=d space = ! swifte/ ( ! planets to ru% along ) un9t]rupt$ spe$ dur+ full ?irty ye>s 7#g74 ,he %[$ 8 enlight5$ outlook ^u a/ronomical possibilities :5 he surmis$ t comets may h orbits t c>ry !m f> beyond ! ,zodiac1 & :5 he conjectur$ t o!r planets ?an ^? !n kn[n rema9$ to be discov]$ 7#bif-bii74 ,& yet1 %>+ ^! m enl>g$ conceptions1 he clung ) curi\s p]t9acity to "s ( ! old *ildi% fai? :i* 0 natural 9 ! infancy ( mank9d4 ,he knew t "s philosoph]s held t x is ! e>? :i* revolves & n ! heav5s1 & ?\gh he does n delib]ately reject ?is op9ion1 x is evid5t t he /ill held t ! heav5s circle r\nd ! e>?4#ajh ,aga9 & aga9 he expresses 8 conviction t ! =ce :i* su/a9s ! en]gy ( ! sun & ! />s consi/s ( ! exhalations t arise f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! exhalations1 he says1 are ! pa/urage ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! brea? ( ! _w4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 he ass]ts1 = ! e>? to furni% s ample a /ore ( n\ri%m5t to bodies l>g] ?an itself unless x 7 full ( brea? :i* is pass+ (f f e "p ( its surface bo? by day & night4 ,to ! obvi\s objection t ! supply ( ?is en]gy w\ld soon become exhau/$1 he has ! reply t ?is exhau/ion w\ld c]ta9ly take place 7 x n t ! elem5ts are 9 a condition ( cont9ual trans=mation1 issu+ 9 "o =m1 pass+ into ea* o!r1 & return+ to _! orig9al positions1 !nce to beg9 _! cycle anew 7#ee1 #aih1 #bdd-e74 ,9 ?is univ]sal transmutation wat] passes into air1 air into wat]2 air likewise is *ang$ into fire1 fire into air1 :ile e>? is =m$ f wat]1 & wat] f e>? 7#abj74 #ajh ,see po/ea1 ,notes on ,book ,,vii4 ,9 8 g5]al conception ( ! univ]se1 ,s5eca1 z a ,/oic philosoph]1 recognis$ a pr9ciple ( evolution4 ,he believ$ t ! _w embraces 9 its con/itution ev]y?+ t x is de/9$ to exp]i5ce f its beg9n+ to its end4 ,z a human embryo conta9s ! g]m ( ! future man1 s at ! fir/ creation ( ! univ]se1 sun & moon1 ! *anges ( ! />s1 & ! bir? ( liv+ ?+s 7 all embrac$4 ,& !re 7 likewise includ$ ! =ces :]eby ! e>? is affect$1 & :i* w ultimately lead to ! f9al de/ruction ( ! globe 7#aea74aji #aji ,lucretius1 too1 _h 8 views on evolution1 :i* are well express$ 9 f\r l9es ( v]se3 mutat enim mundi naturam totius aetas1 ex alioque alius /atus excip]e omnia debet1 nec manet ulla sui similis res3 omnia migrant1 omnia commutat natura et v]t]e cogit4 --,de ,r]4 ,nat4 v4 #hbh4 ,) reg>d to ! e>? itself1 :e!r x is to be reg>d$ z a s\l or z an organis$ body1 ,s5eca ann\nc$ 8 conviction t x has be5 con/ruct$ mu* aft] ! plan ( our human bodies4 ,z 9 ^! bodies1 ve9s & art]ies are provid$ = ! reception ( blood & brea?1 s 9 ! e>? !re are passages1 "s = ! transport ( wat]1 o!rs = ! fl[ ( air 7#abf74 ,he 0 sure1 also1 t ev]y?+ on ! surface ( ! e>? has its c\nt]p>t b5ea?--caves1 m\nta9s1 lakes1 & riv]s4 ,,book ,i ,9 ?is "p ( 8 ,essay ! au?or has gr\p$ toge!r a v>iety ( ph5om5a1 "s ( :i* are meteorological 79 ! mod]n s5se ( t ^w71 & belong !re=e to 8 class ( ,sublimia1 :ile o!rs are a/ronomical1 & w\ld be prop]ly plac$ among 8 ,caele/ia4 ,!y all h ref]5ce to light 9 "s =m1 & d\btless = t reason 7 consid]$ z a s]ies4 ,s5eca1 l>gely sway$ by ! op9ions express$ 9 ,ari/otle's ,meteorologica1 agrees ) t philosoph] 9 ! belief t ! e>? gives =? v>i\s k9ds ( exhalations1 among :i* "s conta9 ! se$s ( fire4 ,he ?\ght t high up 9 ! air1 among dry & hot elem5ts1 ^! fires may be k9dl$ by ! sun's rays1 & fur!r1 t :5 ! atmosph]e becomes viol5tly di/urb$ its friction may give rise to fires 7#i1 #aj1 #ci74 ,) ^! ideas1 :i* he held z e/abli%$ tru?s1 x is easy to und]/& t he %\ld h reg>d$ z extremely fooli% ! notion t any ( ! lights :i* move rapidly across ! sky are ( cele/ial orig94 ,_h su* be5 _! s\rce1 he felt sure t by ?is "t !re w\ld h be5 none left 9 ! firmam5t2 yet al?\gh no night passes :5 "s ( !m may n be se51 ea* /> 9 ! sky is f\nd to ma9ta9 its place & its size4 ,h5ce he confid5tly conclud$ t ! meteors1 :i* are se5 at night1 & sometimes ev5 by day1 h _! bir? f> bel[ ! />s1 & are soon ext+ui%$ 9 _! c\rse because !y h no solid & abid+ re/+-place4 ,s+le a]olites & ev5 %[]s ( /ones _h be5 record$ 9 ,roman lit]ature z hav+ fall5 f heav51 b x _h n yet occurr$ to any obs]v] to connect !m ) ! %oot+ />s :i* gleam across ! nocturnal sky1 & are n[ recognis$ to be due to meteorites ( diff]5t sizes1 ent]+ our atmosph]e ) planet>y velocity1 !re break+ up ) v>y+ lum9osity1 & rema9+ visible = %ort] or long] int]vals ( "t4 ,! au?or appe>s to h reg>d$ z ak9 to ^! meteors ! />-l balls ( light1 :i* 9 /ormy wea!r are sometimes se5 on ! ma/s ( vessels at sea1 & :i* be=e 8 "t _h be5 obs]v$ on ! po9ts ( ! spe>s ( an army 9 ! field4 ,?is lum9\s appe>ance1 reg>d$ by ! ,romans z a sign ( ! fri5dly pres5ce ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 is entirely atmosph]ic1 & has no connection ) %oot+ />s4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire1 & has be5 %[n to be a g5tle cont9u\s electric dis*>ge f ! e>? t[>ds a cl\d4 ,s5eca next describes 9 "s detail a s]ies ( optical appe>ances connect$ ) ! sun & moon4 ,until ! laws ( ! reflection & refraction ( light _h be5 discov]$1 x 0 obvi\sly impossible to acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 mu* int]e/ 9 foll[+ ! l9es ( ?\ght by :i* ! old philosoph]s attempt$ to expla9 !m4 ,s5eca cle>ly p]ceiv$ t ! halos & coronae se5 r\nd ! sun & moon 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! atmosph]e d n belong to ^! lum9>ies1 b to our own air1 & may furni% indications ( com+ wea!r4 ,he rem>ks %rewdly en\gh t appe>ances ak9 to ^? se5 9 ! sky may sometimes be obs]v$ 9 ! ?ick moi/ air ( a ba?room4 ,b :5 he confid5tly proce$s to expla9 ! meteorological ph5om5a he betakes himself to analogy1 z he is s fond ( do+4 ,he rem>ks t :5 a /one is ?r[n into a pond a succession ( circles is produc$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* cont9ually wid5 f ! po9t ( impact until !y less5 & disappe>4 ,9 l mann] he believes t :5 ! light ( ! sun or moon /rikes ! cl\dy air x produces a simil> effect1 = z e k9d ( light is r\nd 9 %ape1 ! air is ?us driv5 into a circul> =m4 ,8 love ( analogy g5]ally1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 leads him f> away f ! tru?1 & prev5ts him f see+ ! palpable flaws 9 8 reason+4 ,b ! app>5t simil>ity ( appe>ances1 :i* are 9 reality entirely dissimil>1 cont5ts him ) 8 explanations4 ,8 discussion ( ! ra9b[ 7#af-cc7 is "o ( ! mo/ detail$ & vivaci\s 9 ! :ole volume4 ,x takes ! =m ( a su/a9$ argum5t1 9 :i* ! au?or cites v>i\s au?orities1 & replies to objections br\ght by a suppos$ oppon5t to 8 !sis1 :i* is t ! ra9b[ is unque/ionably an image ( ! sun receiv$ 9 a v moi/ cl\d :i* has ! %ape ( a r\nd concave mirror 7#bj1 #bg74 ,he quotes ) app>5t approbation ! op9ion t 9 a %[] ( ra9 ea* fall+ drop is a mirror reflect+ an image ( ! sun1 & t :5 an obs]v] /&s directly betwe5 ! sun & ! %[] he sees ! reflections ( ! c\ntless drops bl5d$ into "o cont9u\s semicircle4 ,b z ! discussion proce$s ! writ] d5ies t ! cl\d consi/s ( sep>ate ra9-drops1 & he ma9ta9s t ev5 if x did !y w\ld n unite to give "o unbrok5 image4 ,9 pro( ( 8 cont5tion he urges ! fallaci\s ass]tion t if a numb] ( mirrors are jo9$ toge!r & a man is plac$ be=e !m1 ea* gives its own reflection1 & ?us a s+le man becomes multipli$ into a cr[d4 ,if he _h ev] tri$ ! exp]im5t or _h visit$ ! %op ( a m5d] ( mirrors1 he w\ld h se5 t ! sep>ate pieces1 if /rictly arrang$ on ! same plane1 reflect a s+le image4 ,8 imag9>y antagoni/ asks = an explanation ( ! ra9b[-l col\rs display$ by ! spray f a bur/ wat]-pipe1 or ! spla% f an o>1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 cases /rictly p>allel to ! fall+ %[] ( ra9 7#bd74 ,! resemblance is at once grant$1 b is expla9$ away on ! gr\nd t ! drops fall s quickly t !y _c =m reflections ( ! sun1 & t to produce su* reflections ! m$ium mu/ be at re/4 ,! objector once m /rikes 9 ) a ref]5ce to ! ra9b[ col\rs to be se5 9 a glass rod :i* is plac$ obliquely 9 ! pa? ( ! sun's rays 7#cj74 ,^! prismatic t9ts1 z has long be5 kn[n1 are due to ! same decomposition ( :ite light1 z 9 ! ra9b[4 ,b ,s5eca claims ! illu/ration z furni%+ additional argum5ts 9 8 fav\r4 ,he ma9ta9s t no col\r is really produc$ 9 ! rod1 b only a false appe>ance ( col\r1 8 idea be+ app>5tly t unless ! col\r is inh]5t 9 an object ap>t f direct sunlight1 x is only app>5t & n real4 ,! glass1 he says1 tries to reproduce ! sun's image1 b fails because ( its unsymmetrical =m1 ! reflections be+ cr[d$ toge!r & confus$ into ! appe>ance ( a s+le b& ( col\r4 ,9 reg>d to ! fall+ drops ( ra9 9 a %[] he cont5ds t !y receive ! col\r b n ! image ( ! sun1 & he is l$ away by ! false analogy ( ! v>y+ t9ts ( a peacock's neck z ! bird tosses its head 7#be74 ,at "o "p ( ! discussion he affirms t ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ come p>tly f ! sun & p>tly f ! moi/ cl\d 7#ba74 ,fur!r on1 h[ev]1 he agrees t !y proce$ f ! sun1 b are only app>5t1 = if ano!r cl\d comes across ! face ( ! lum9>y !y at once vani% 7#bi74 ,! great] diamet] ( ! ra9b[ comp>$ ) t ( ! sun z se5 by u he acc\nts = by ! analogy ( a concave mirror1 :i* greatly enl>ges ! objects reflect$ f x4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! discussion he repeats 8 belief t ! ra9b[ & ! corona or halo h no def9ite mat]ial inh]5t 9 !m1 b are l a mirror :i* reveals only a deception1 ! m]e phantoms & empty imitations ( real bodies1 :i* c]ta9ly d n exi/ 9 ! mirror1 & !re=e _c come out ( x 7#da74 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xvi4 & ,,xvii4 ! au?or indulges 9 "o ( 8 fav\rite moralis+ episodes1 sugge/$ by ! topics he has be5 discuss+ 9 ! previ\s pages4 ,he takes ! exi/5ce ( reflect+ surfaces z 8 text1 & f ! calm surface ( /ill wat] passes on to artificial mirrors1 contra/+ ! mann]s & morals ( e>ly mank9d1 :o _h only pools & lakes 9 :i* to see _! faces1 ) ! luxury & vice ( lat] ages1 :5 ! use ( metals l$ to ! inv5tion ( metallic mirrors4 ,9 ?is retrospect1 h[ev]1 he places ! discov]y ( ! use ( iron be=e t ( ! o!r metals4 ,! priority ( bronze & ! reason = x are accurately /at$ by ,lucretius3 et prior a]is erat quam f]ri cognitus usus1 quo facilis magis e/ natura et copia maior4#aaj #aaj ,de ,r]4 ,nat4 v4 #abhg4 ,,book ,,ii ,9 ?is division ( 8 "w ! au?or discusses v>i\s aspects ( ! atmosph]e & (f]s an explanation ( ! ph5om5a :i* he describes4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 ! v bright e!r on high1 & ! moi/1 d5s] atmosph]e :i* und]lies x1 b ?9ks t !y mu/ pass ins5sibly into ea* o!r 7#ff74 ,! atmosph]e he reg>ds z a cont9u\s non-composite body1 capable ( great range 9 t5sion1 & =m+ ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* ! exhalations f ! e>? pass outw>ds to ! sky4 ,x does n ev]y:]e possess ! same qualities4 ,9 its l[] p>ts next ! e>? x is d5se & mi/y1 ow+ to ! t]re/rial exhalations1 & is !re w>m$ by ! e>?'s brea?1 by ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f ! gr\nd1 & f ! fires1 artificial & subt]ranean1 z well z f ! w>m? communicat$ by liv+ animals & plants1 = life _c exi/ )\t heat4 ,! highe/ portions ( ! atmosph]e are exce$+ly dry1 hot1 & att5uat$1 ow+ to _! ne>ness to ! et]nal fires & ! heat ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! middle p>ts1 on ! contr>y1 are int]m$iate 9 "*1 b cold] ?an :at lies above & bel[ !m 7#fj1 #fa74 ,x is ! l[] portions t are subject to ! greate/ *anges1 = !y receive ! e>?ly elem5ts :i* involve su* con/ant turmoil4 ,! in/ability ( ! air arises also 9 "p f ! motions ( ! e>? & f ^? ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 to :i* cold1 ra91 & o!r atmosph]ic di/urbances are due 7#ef1 #fa74 ,s5eca1 9 pass+ on to discuss ! nature & orig9 ( ?und] & lightn+1 divides ! ph5om5a into ?ree k9ds--lightn+-fla%es1 ?und]bolts1 & ?und]+s 7#fb74 ,aft] cit+ & comm5t+ on ! op9ions ( v>i\s philosoph]s he proce$s to give 8 own views reg>d+ ^! appe>ances4 ,! lightn+ fla% 7fulguratio7 he looks ^u z fire widely spread out1 ! ?und]bolt 7fulm57 z fire cond5s$ & hurl$ ) viol5ce 7#ff74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is 9 =ce r ?an "*2 a fla% is a bolt )\t /r5g? en\gh to rea* ! e>?1 :ile a ?und]bolt is lightn+ 9 its mo/ int5se =m 7#fi74 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! fire he po9ts out t fire may be artificially produc$ 9 two ways3 ei!r by p]cussion1 z :5 /ones are /ruck2 or by friction1 z :5 two bits ( wood are rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,he ?9ks t probably 9 bo? ( ^! ways cl\ds may emit fire1 & t 9 ! viol5ce ( /orms a s\rce ( en]gy is suppli$ :]eby ! w>m or smoky exhalations f ! e>? may be k9dl$ & fall ) a fi]ce gl[ to ! e>? 7#gj1 #aja74 ,^! exhalations conta9 dry & moi/ bodies1 to :i* heavi] elem5ts may be add$4 ,a comb9ation ( su* mat]ials w =m a ?ick] & m solid cl\d ?an "o ( pure air1 & su* a cl\d may bur/ ) a l\d report 7#gh74 ,!re c be no peal ( ?und] unless ! holl[ cl\ds are brok5 up ) great viol5ce 7#gf74 ,! *>act]i/ic pa? ( ! ?und]bolt is det]m9$ by ! oblique curr5t ( air 9 :i*1 :ile ! natural t5d5cy ( ! fire is upw>d1 ! viol5ce ( its dis*>ge presses x d[nw>ds & compels x to take up a zig-zag c\rse4 ,! peculi> ozone od\r notic$ dur+ ?und]/orms1 & long popul>ly kn[n z ! smell ( sulphur1 is allud$ to by ,s5eca 7#fi1 #ig7 & by ,lucretius4#aaa #aaa ,simil> views on ?und] & lightn+ are express$ 9 ! ,de ,r]um ,natura3 sem9a quod nubes ipsas p]multa necessu/ ignis hab]e4--vi4 #bjf4 po/ ubi conm9uit vis eius et impetus ac]1 tum p]t]ricrepo sonitu dat scissa fragorem4--,ibid4 #abh4 444 notaeque gravis halantis sulpuris auras4--,ibid4 #bba4 ,! discussion ( ^! subjects leads on to a disquisition on ! port5ts t may be drawn f diff]5t k9ds ( ?und] & v>i\s =ms ( lightn+4 ,s5eca inf]s f ! effects produc$ by x t lightn+ possesses an inh]5t div9e p[]4 ,among ^! effects he enum]ates "s 9 :i* he seems to h ?or\ghly believ$1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! sma%+ ( a w9e j> already quot$1 & ! freez+ ( ! w9e = ! space ( ?ree days !reaft]4 ,he is ?us dispos$ to atta* cr$it to ! op9ion t future ev5ts are =etold by bo? lightn+ & ?und]4 ,yet he _c *ange 8 ,/oic fai? t fate1 t is1 ! necessity = ! happ5+ ( all ?+s & all actions1 c be set aside by no =ce1 c be alt]$ by no port5ts1 nor av]t$ by any pray] or sacrifice4 ,?\gh he admits t v[s & supplications may be useful to ! wor%ipp]s1 he kn[s t ev5 ^! also are includ$ 9 ! decrees ( fate4 ,^! reflections lead ! philosoph] to a *>act]i/ic p]oration on ! moral lessons to be d]iv$ f ! subjects he has be5 discuss+4 ,f ! dang]s incid5t to ?und]/orms he passes to ! en=cem5t ( ! ,/oic doctr9e t dea? mu/ be despis$1 & ev]y?+ :i* leads to dea? w !n cease to h any t]ror4 ,,book ,,iii ,! subjects compris$ 9 ?is section ( ! treatise h ref]5ce *iefly to ! spr+s & riv]s :i* appe> on ! surface ( ! e>? or fl[ und]nea? x4 ,! ,book beg9s ) a preface1 :i* may h be5 orig9ally design$ to /& at ! beg9n+ ( ! volume4 ,x be>s int]nal evid5ce ( hav+ probably be5 writt5 at ! "t ( ! au?or's resolve to take up ! discussion ( physical problems1 z x speaks ( old age press+ ^u him & leav+ him b a %ort :ile to cov] ! imm5se field :i* he wi%$ to survey4 ,! ye>s lo/ among va9 pursuits mu/ be repair$ by dilig5ce 9 ! task n[ und]tak52 night mu/ be add$ to day1 & e social or bus9ess c>e :i* c possibly be set aside mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! contemplation ( ! "w be=e him !n leads ! philosoph] into 8 moralis+ mood1 :]e9 he inquires :at %\ld be ! pr9cipal object ( human life1 conclud+ ) ! reflection t ! be/ ?+ a man c set be=e himself1 among ! ups & d[ns ( ?is _w1 is c\rage to accept !m calmly & to be ready to meet dea? boldly :5ev] summon$4 ,to ! acquisition ( su* a c\rage a contemplation ( nature w greatly conduce4 ,s5eca beg9s 8 discussion ( ! v>i\s =ms ( wat] by gr\p+ !m into two *ief classes1 /&+ 9 collect$ %eets1 z 9 lakes1 or runn+ 9 *annels1 z riv]s above gr\nd & spr+s und]nea?4 ,aft] a brief enum]ation ( v>i\s qualities ( wat]1 he inquires :5ce ! va/ volume ( wat] comes t is c>ri$ d[n by riv]s to ! sea1 & h[ x happ5s t nei!r is ! e>? s5sible ( ?is daily loss1 nor does ! ocean %[ any p]ceptible ga94 ,he m]ely notices ! op9ion :i* "s philosoph]s _h express$ t ! sea does n get l>g] because x re/ores to ! e>? z mu* wat] z x receives1 all[+ its own sal9e wat] to s9k ?r\gh endless subt]ranean w9d+ passages :]e9 x is purg$ ( its saltness & rises on ! l& z pure fre% wat]4#aab ,ano!r view1 t mo/ ( ! wat] suppli$ by ra9 ev5tually f9ds its way into ! riv]s1 is approximately t at :i* mod]n rese>* has arriv$1 b x meets ) our philosoph]'s /rong opposition4 ,8 fir/ objection is d]iv$ f 8 own obs]vation4 ,he tells u t1 z a dilig5t digg] among 8 v9es1 he c confid5tly affirm t ev5 ! heavie/ ra9 does n p5etrate to a dep? ( m ?an t5 feet f ! surface4 ,:at is n absorb$ by ! upp] cru/ ( ! gr\nd runs at once into riv] *annels1 & !nce into ! sea4 ,he next asks h[ ra91 :i* imm$iately fl[s (f ! surface ( nak$ rocks1 c possibly be ! s\rce ( ! spr+s & riv]s t issue f b>e crags1 or h[ spr+s t appe> on ! v summit ( m\nta9s c be due to ra94 ,?\gh he c\ld n b be aw>e ( ! close connection ev]y:]e obs]vable betwe5 evaporation1 ra9fall1 & ! volume ( spr+s & riv]s1 he does n seem to h reflect$ on its mean+--h[ 9 seasons ( dr\ght ! surface wat]s fail fir/1 h[ by degrees ! spr+s beg9 to less5 & ev5 to cease1 h[ ! riv]s dw9dle until 9 _m cases _! b$s become almo/ or q dry1 & yet h[1 :5 welcome ra9s set 91 ! spr+s & riv]s gradually resume ! bulk !y _h be=e ! dry wea!r impov]i%$ !m4 ,he _h made no /udy ( ! way 9 :i* ra9 p]colates ?r\gh ! soil1 subsoil1 & rocks und]nea?1 ?\gh !re are places1 su* z 8 v9ey>d may h be51 :]e1 f "s imp]vi\s mat]ial1 only a feeble or inappreciable fl[ ( moi/ure desc5ds beyond a few feet f ! surface4 ,nor 0 he aw>e ( ! innum]able l9es ( jo9t by :i* ! mo/ solid rocks are trav]s$1 & :i* s]ve z passages = ! desc5t & asc5t ( wat]4 ,_h he climb$ _m m\nta9s1 he w\ld h fail$ to f9d a spr+ on ! summit ( any "o ( !m1 unless !re _h be5 a suffici5t area ( high] gr\nd at h& to s]ve = ! supply ( ! wat]4 #aab ,?is is ! view express$ by ,lucretius3 444 ut 9 m>e de t]ris v5it umor aquai1 9 t]ras itidem man>e ex aequore salso2 p]colatur enim virus1 retroque remanat mat]ies umoris et ad caput amnibus omnis confluit1 inde sup] t]ras r$it agm9e dulci4 --,de ,r]4 ,nat4 vi4 #fcc4 ,! orig9 ( und]gr\nd wat] is reg>d$ by ,s5eca z due to ?ree causes4 ,! e>? itself conta9s moi/ure :i* x =ces out at ! surface2 x includes also air :i* 9 ! d>kness ( ! subt]ranean w9try cold is cond5s$ into moi/ure2 by ! pr9ciple ( int]*angeability1 :]eby "o elem5t passes into ano!r1 ! e>? 9 its int]ior resolves itself into moi/ure4 ,if x be urg$ t ! riv]s are too va/ to draw _! supplies f ^! s\rces1 ! ready answ] comes t ! int]nal res]voir is q spaci\s en\gh = ! purpose1 & t x might z well be matt] ( surprise t1 ) all ! w9ds t con/antly bl[1 ! supply ( air does n fail1 or t a s+le wave ( ! sea %\ld be left to foll[ s _m break]s4 ,if ! que/ion]1 /ill unsatisfi$1 %\ld dem& to "k h[ wat] is produc$1 he is met ) ! qu]y h[ air is produc$ on e>?4 ,!re are 9 nature f\r elem5ts1 & he is n entitl$ to ask :]e "o ( !m comes f4 ,ea* is a f\r? "p ( nature1 & x is obvi\s t :at has an elem5t z its s\rce _c fail4 ,h5ce ! philosoph] 9 pron\nc+ wat] to be an elem5t has giv5 x en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 ( /r5g?4 ,9 %ort1 ra9 may give rise to a torr5t1 b n a riv] fl[+ /eadily betwe5 its banks4 ,heavy ra9s w swell su* a riv]1 b _c produce x4 ,hav+1 z he believ$1 cle>$ ! gr\nd 9 ?is way1 ,s5eca proce$s to consid] ! di/ribution ( wat] )9 ! e>?4 ,he op9es t z 9 our body1 s 9 ! e>?1 !re are *annels by :i* bo? air & liquids fl[4 ,he /ates 8 conviction t ! e>? conta9s n only ve9s ( wat]1 b also l>ge /reams1 & 9 a lat] "p ( ! volume he speaks ( bo? und]gr\nd riv]s1 huge lakes1 & a hidd5 sea f :i* riv]s at ! surface are suppli$ 7#aed1 #bcc1 #bce74 ,he is aw>e t "s ( ^! subt]ranean res]voirs conta9 fi%1 ab\t :i* he has "s incr$ible tales to tell4 ,he makes m5tion ( riv]s t s9k und]gr\nd & reappe>1 z if a matt] = great a/oni%m5t4 ,b examples ( x may be f\nd 9 _m lime/one di/ricts1 :]e ! solution ( ! rock by und]gr\nd wat] has giv5 rise to tunnels1 passages1 & cav]ns into :i*1 :5 _! ro(s give way1 surface /reams may be engulf$1 to break out aga9 f o!r op5+s at l[] levels 7#ada74 ,! au?or concludes ?is "p ( 8 argum5t by ask+ if anybody is ignorant t !re are "s /&+ wat]s :i* h no bottom1 :5ce1 he cont5ds1 x is %[n t ?is wat] is ! p]petual s\rce ( l>ge riv]s4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( ta/e possess$ by natural wat]s are !n discuss$1 & "s m>vell\s illu/rations are giv5 ( _! effects4 ,allusion is made to m$ic9al spr+s1 to petrify+ wat]s1 to "s ) extraord9>y dye+ prop]ties1 & to o!rs ) nei!r ta/e nor smell1 b rapidly fatal to ! dr9k] by imm$iately h>d5+ & b9d+ ! inte/9es4 ,ref]5ce is also includ$ to c]ta9 k9ds ( spr+s1 ( :i* ! volcanic tracts ( ,italy supply good examples4 ,su* 7 ^? :i* kill$ visitors :o pe]$ d[n into ! cav]ns :]e _! wat]s lurk1 & suffocat$ birds t flew ov] !m4 ,d\btless _m tales 7 told ( ! effects ( su* emanations ( c>bonic acid gas1 l t ( ! ,grotto del ,cane :i*1 ne> ,naples1 /ill pres]ves _! classic reputation 7#acd1 #bfa74 ,aga91 ! same volcanic di/ricts furni%$ in/ances ( w>m1 sometimes ev5 boil+1 spr+s1 & 9 allud+ to !m ! au?or quotes ! op9ion ( ,emp$ocles1 :o 0 d\btless famili> ) !m 9 ,sicily4 ,to complete 8 record ( m>vels1 ! au?or cites "s lakes on :i* isl&s float to & fro1 ( :i* good illu/rations1 due to a matt$ gr[? ( vegetation1 7 !n well kn[n 9 ! ,vadimonian ,lake 7,lago di ,bassano71#aac & he m5tions o!r lakes 9 :i* he _h equal fai?1 ) wat] s heavy t brickbats w\ld float ^u x1 & no?+1 h[ev] heavy1 n ev5 h>d solid /ones1 w\ld g to ! bottom4 #aac ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ii4 #if4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,epi/4 viii4 #bj4 ,s5eca is incl9$ to agree ) "s philosoph]s t c]ta9 riv]s ( peculi> & inexplicable "* 7 creat$ along ) ! _w1 & he specially cites ! ,danube & ,nile z examples1 ^! va/ /reams be+ too rem>kable to h _h ! same orig9 z o!r riv]s4 ,accord+ly he res]ves ! ,nile = consid]ation 9 a lat] "p ( 8 volume 7#aff74 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( wat] :i*1 ) 8 ,/oic bre?r51 he places at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w--! great ocean & e sea t fl[s f x betwe5 ! l&s4 ,yet he f\nd no place 9 any "p ( ! treatise = a discussion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ocean4 ,! ,book closes ) a vivid description ( ! probable cata/rophe by :i* ! end ( ! _w w be br\ght ab\t4 ,t ! pres5t condition ( ?+s w be swept away to make room = ano!r & bett] race ( m5 he assumes z a matt] ( c]ta9ty1 & he tries to picture by :at physical means ! de/ruction w probably be effect$4 ,he is c]ta9 t x w be by no "o ag5cy1 b t all ! en]gies ( ! _w w be call$ =? to compass ! de/ruction ( ! human race1 no?+ be+ difficult to nature1 especially :5 %e is hurry+ t[>ds h] end4 ,! picture :i* is giv5 ( ! progress ( ! great deluge =ms by f> ! mo/ /rik+ piece ( writ+ 9 ! volume4 ,x ends some:at in>ti/ically 9 "s gib+ criticism ( a quotation f ,ovid4 ,b ! poetic afflatus _h n be5 q qu5*$4 ,! au?or imm$iately returns to ! subject 9 ! succe$+ & f9al *apt]s1 & aft] enum]at+ ! diff]5t ag5cies t may be call$ out to effect ! de/ruction ( ! _w1 he draws a lurid sc5e :5 a s+le day w see ! burial ( ! :ole human race4#aad ,aft] ?is act ( div9e wra? has be5 accompli%$1 ! wat]s w disappe> bel[ gr\nd1 ! sea w retire to its own abode1 & on ! r5ovat$ e>? e animal w be creat$ afre%1 & a new race ( m5 w be in/all$1 ignorant ( s9 & born "u bett] auspices4 #aad ,s ,lucretius3 444 m>ia ac t]ras caelumque-- una dies dabit exitio4 --,de ,r]4 ,nat4 v4 #ib1 #id4 ,,book ,,iv ,?is section ( ! treatise beg9s ) a d5unciation ( flatt]y & ends ) ano!r aga9/ luxury4 ,nei!r ! preface nor ! conclud+ *apt] h any obvi\s connection ) ! text betwe5 !m4 ,x is curi\s to note t :ile ,s5eca "h w>ns 8 fri5d ,lucilius aga9/ flatt]]s1 & inculcates h[ _! approa*es are to be met1 he himself 9 ?is v volume p]petrates f\r pieces ( flatt]y to ! despicable b all-p[]ful ,n]o4 ,he quotes a prosaic l9e f a poem ( ! emp]or's1 :i* he *>act]ises z 8mo/ elegant0 7dis]tissime1 #be74 ,he ref]s to ,n]o z mo/ devot$ to tru? z well z to ! o!r virtues 7#bce72 he ref]s to ! adv5t ( a comet :i* appe>+ 9 ,n]o's reign _h r$eem$ ^! heav5ly bodies f _! evil repute 7#bij71 & he describes t reign z 8mo/ joy\s0 7laetissimus1 #bid74 ,! old c\rti]1 s long habituat$ to ! language ( flatt]y1 0 p]haps h>dly consci\s t he 0 "h mak+ use ( x1 or he may naturally h reflect$ t at a "t :5 ! emp]or _h ceas$ to be> him any good w1 ! abs5ce ( ! cu/om>y adulation might cause z mu* (f5ce z if a direct insult 7 int5d$4 ,:5 f 8 e?ical lecture he turns to resume 8 physical disquisitions1 x is ! my/]i\s ,nile to :i* he devotes att5tion4 ,aft] a brief contradiction ( ! /atem5t ( "s philosoph]s t ! ,nile & ! ,danube are simil> 9 _! *>act]s1 he enum]ates "s ( ! well-kn[n peculi>ities ( ! riv] ( ,egypt4 ,a problem :i* greatly ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 & :i* has only be5 f9ally solv$ 9 our own day1 0 ! cause ( ! annual rise ( ! ,nile on :i* ! f]tility ( ,egypt dep5d$4 ,s5eca says ) ju/ice t if ! po9t ( ! riv] c\ld be asc]ta9$ :]e ! rise beg9s ! "q w\ld be settl$4 ,he does n appe> to h kn[n mu* ab\t ! riv]1 = he believ$ t ! wat] is = ! fir/ "t collect$ into a s+le *annel at ,philae4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( t place & ( ! cat>act !re 7#afh1 #afi71 he speaks ( ! riv]'s egress f ,e?iopia1 & ( des]ts :i* are cross$ by ! trade r\te to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 a subsequ5t "p ( ! treatise he gives ! int]e/+ & important in=mation t he _h himself se5 & conv]s$ ) two c5turions :o _h be5 despat*$ by ,n]o to discov] ! s\rce ( ! ,nile 7#bce74 ,f !m he le>nt t !y _h p5etrat$ f> into ! he>t ( ,africa1 & _h rea*$ a region ( illimitable m>%es :]e ! riv] 0 s cov]$ & imp$$ ) vegetation t nei!r on foot nor by boat c\ld x be asc5d$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! ent]pris+ explor]s _h come to ! sudd1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 f\nd s s]i\s an imp$im5t to navigation4 ,!y in=m$ ,s5eca t 9 ! m>% region !y _h se5 ) _! own eyes 8two rocks f :i* an enorm\s body ( ! riv] came out40 ,!re are app>5tly no rocks along ! c\rse ( ! ,nile 9 ! pres5t m>% region1 :i* is a va/ flat1 & x is !re=e difficult to conjecture to :at ! two milit>y surveyors allude4 ,possibly !y saw ! m\? ( "s afflu5t ( ! ma9 /ream su* z ! ,khor ,ad>1 or ! sudd may h ext5d$ fur!r nor? ?an x does n[4 ,s5eca's acc\nt ( ! ,nile d]iv$ f travell]s & previ\s writ]s gives a cle> summ>y ( :at 0 !n kn[n ab\t ! riv]1 b ( m int]e/ is 8 discussion ( ! op9ions t _h be5 prop\nd$ be=e 8 "t z to ! cause ( ! annual rise4 ,he fir/ quotes ! view ( ,anaxagoras1 %>$ by ! ,greek trag$ians & widely accept$1 t ?is rise 0 due to ! melt+ ( sn[ on ! upl&s ( ,e?iopia4 ,?is idea he cog5tly combats by adduc+ v>i\s k9ds ( evid5ce ( ! great w>m? ( ! climate 9 ^? s\!rn regions4 ,"s ( ^! pro(s1 inde$1 are exagg]ations1 z :]e he affirms t silv] is unsold]$ or melt$4 ,b "o ( 8 pro(s1 drawn f ! habits ( ! animals ( ! c\ntry1 is wor?y ( notice4 ,he rem>ks t no hib]nat+ creature is f\nd !re1 & t ev5 9 midw9t] ! s]p5t is se5 above gr\nd4 ,he argues t 9 ,africa1 z 9 ,europe1 melt+ sn[ w\ld swell ! riv]s 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]1 :]eas ! ,nile flood cont9ues to rise lat] dur+ f\r mon?s4 ,9 a subsequ5t "p ( ?is treatise 7#bce7 allusion is made to an explanation :i* _h be5 giv5 ( ! rise ( ! ,nile1 t x is due n to ! fall ( ra9 f above b to ! outfl[ ( wat] f )9 ! e>?1 & x is 9 connection ) ?is op9ion t he cites ! exp]i5ce ( ,n]o's two c5turions above ref]r$ to1 z if he 7 dispos$ to believe t :at ^! explor]s saw 0 really a va/ body ( wat] issu+ f und]gr\nd4 ,! op9ion ( ,?ales is next criticis$ t ! ,etesian or nor!rly w9ds drive ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean aga9/ ! m\?s ( ! ,nile & consequ5tly pond back ! wat]s ( ! riv]4 ,?is view 0 ( c\rse entirely errone\s1 b ?\gh ,s5eca rejects x1 he does n seem to h q und]/ood x1 = he argues t1 com+ f ! same qu>t] z ! w9ds1 ! ,nile wat] %\ld n h be5 turbid1 b cle> & blue1 l t ( ! sea4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! futile support giv5 by ,eu?ym5es ( ,m>seilles to ! idea ( ,?ales1 ,s5eca ?r[s light on ! wide ext5t to :i* ! coa/s ( ! out] sea _h !n be5 made kn[n by trad+ vessels4 ,9 reject+ ano!r explanation propos$ by ,o5opides ( ,*ios1 ! au?or %[s t he is aw>e ( ! fact t caves & wells are w>m 9 w9t] & cool 9 summ]1 & t he has p>tly div9$ ! reason1 :5 he /ates t 9 w9t] !y are w>m s9ce !y d n admit ! fro/y air f )\t & 9 summ] !y feel cold because ! w>m air f outside has n p5etrat$ into _! recesses4 ,he returns to ?is subject 9 ,book ,,vi4 7#bda74aae #aae ,! v>i\s anci5t int]pretations ( ! cause ( ! ,nile's annual rise are succ9ctly giv5 by ,lucretius 7,de ,r]4 ,nat4 vi4 #gab-cg71 b he does n indicate a pref]5ce = any "o 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh he devotes mo/ space to ! influ5ce ( ! ,etesian w9ds4 ,aft] m5tion+ & dismiss+ a grotesque sugge/ion ( ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 ,s5eca sudd5ly drops ! discussion ( ! ,nile & passes on to ! subject ( hail4 ,x is obvi\s t !re is "h a s]i\s gap 9 ! text4 ,x is n probable t he meant to leave (f 8 exam9ation into ! probable s\rces ( ! ,nile )\t /at+ 8 own view ( a matt] :i* _h be5 s long ! subject ( wond] & debate4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 he nev] complet$ ?is section ( 8 treatise1 or a portion ( ! "w has be5 lo/4 ,! rema9d] ( ,book ,,iv4 is tak5 up ) a desultory discussion ( ! subjects ( hail & sn[1 writt5 :5 ! au?or mu/ h be5 9 a some:at frivol\s mood4 ,he beg9s by tell+ ,lucilius t if he 7 to ass]t t hail is produc$ z ice is ) u1 a :ole cl\d be+ froz51 he w\ld be r audaci\s4 ,s he w imitate ! *ronicl]s1 :o aft] !y h told a great _m lies1 refuse to be responsible = "s "o /atem5t1 & ref] = its tru? to ! au?orities4 ,if1 !re=e1 8 fri5d d\bts 8 ^w1 he w call 9 ,posidonius1 :o w tell him t hail is =m$ f a wat]y cl\d j turn$ into liquid4 ,no tea*] is ne$$ to expla9 :y pellets ( hail are r\nd1 = all drops take t %ape4 ,hail is no?+ else ?an susp5d$ ice1 & sn[ is susp5d$ ho>-fro/4 ,9 ?is light ve9 ,s5eca ?9ks he has f9i%$ ! subject & might dismiss x1 b he _c resi/ ! temptation to cont9ue ! p]siflage a little fur!r4 ,he quotes 9 a bant]+ /yle "s ( ! op9ions ( 8 bro!r ,/oics1 & aft] ?is long preamble beg9s an inquiry into ! di/ribution ( d5sity & temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,x w\ld h be5 int]e/+ _h he s]i\sly & fully /at$ :at 0 kn[n or surmis$ on ?is la/ topic1 b he dismisses x 9 ?ree %ort *apt]s4 ,we le>n f ^! t he reg>d$ ! air to be d5se/ next ! e>?1 & t z all ?+s reta9 heat bett] ! d5s] & m compact !y are1 s ! air becomes less w>m 9 proportion to its height 7#ahd74aaf ,! op9ion ( "s p]sons1 t ! air on m\nta9 summits ought to be w>m] because !y are ne>] ! sun1 is sagaci\sly controv]t$1 & ! insignificance ( all inequalities on ! surface ( ! e>? 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun is =cibly express$ & illu/rat$4 #aaf ,?is view h>dly agrees ) :at is express$ 9 ,book ,,ii4 7#fj1 #fa71 b x m accurately expresses ! fact4 ,! subject ( sn[ & hail is briefly re9troduc$ at ! end ( ! ,book1 probably = ! purpose ( af=d+ a conv5i5t introduction to ! invective aga9/ luxury :i* fills ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,! pres]vation ( sn[ 9 ice-h\ses1 & its use 9 ! rep>ation ( jad$ appetites by cool+ dr9ks1 calls =? a d5unciation ( ! "y rakes ( 8 day1 :i* closes ! discussion4 ,,book ,v ,! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e =m ! subject ( discussion 9 ?is "p ( ! treatise4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ! au?or seeks = an exact def9ition ( ! t]m 8,w9d0 7v5tus71 & ends by adopt+ "o :i* is obvi\sly inaccurate--8w9d is air fl[+ 9 "o direction10--= z he aft]w>ds speaks ( :irlw9ds he 0 well aw>e t ! movem5t may be 9 e direction1 or vorticose4 ,dismiss+ ! op9ion ( ,democritus z to ! orig9 ( w9d1 he /ates t 9 8 judgm5t w9d may arise f f\r diff]5t causes4 ,fir/2 ,! e>? itself brea!s =? a va/ am\nt ( air f its int]ior1 :]e !re are l>ge riv]s & lakes1 & :]e ! moi/ air naturally gives rise to bla/s ( w9d4 ,second2 ,long-cont9u$ evaporation c>ries ! t]re/rial emanations al(t1 :]e ! int]m+l+ ( ! brea? results 9 w9d4 ,?ird2 ,mu* m important is ! fact t ! air 9 its v con/itution possesses an innate p[] ( motion2 we _c imag9e t :ile we ourselves are end[$ ) a capacity ( movem5t--& wat] has ?is p[] also--! atmosph]e %\ld be left in]t & immovable 7#aig74 ,f\r?2 ,sometimes ! sun is itself ! cause ( w9d1 :5 he loos5s & exp&s ! ?ick air 7#aih74 ,9 ?is enum]ation allusion is made to "o or two features ( natural hi/ory :i* ! au?or appe>s to accept z fact4 ,he ?9ks !re mu/ be "s vital =ce 9 wat]1 o!rwise x c\ld n br+ =? animals & plants1 z we "k x does4 ,b n only wat]2 fire1 too1 :i* dev\rs ev]y?+1 possesses ?is g5]ative capacity1 =1 unlikely z x might be ?\ght1 x is nev]!less true t fire gives bir? to "s animals4 ,! air1 too1 has "s vital en]gy1 z x alt]nately ?ick5s1 contracts1 & exp&s1 & rids itself ( its impurities4 ,! portion ( x conta9$ )9 ! e>? is ass]t$ 9 a lat] "p ( ! volume to be ! s\rce ( ! life ( ! vegetation at ! surface 7#bdd74 ,! local w9ds1 n[ kn[n z 8l& & sea breezes10 are next discuss$ 7#aih74 ,in/ead ( ! simple explanation :i* 9 our own day has %[n ^! a]ial curr5ts to be beautiful examples ( ! results ( diurnal v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure1 ! anci5t !ory repres5t$ t dur+ ! day ! exhalations f ! l& are borne on high to supply ! sun ) n\ri%m5t1 :ile at night1 z !y are n ne$$ = t purpose1 !y accumulate until !y h fill$ up a giv5 space enclos$ by m\nta9s4 ,:5 9 su* a space !re is no m room1 !y move t[>ds ! qu>t] to :i* !y c mo/ easily escape2 h5ce ! w9d4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 to note t ,s5eca only describes ! l& breeze1 :i* falls away z ! morn+ advances4 ,he does n specially ref] to ! equally *>act]i/ic sea breeze1 :i* spr+s up aft] ! o!r dies d[n1 & cont9ues dur+ ! day1 until 9 ! ev5+ x is aga9 replac$ by ! l& breeze4 ,! important ,etesian or nor!rly w9ds1 ) all _! important local modifications 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 mu/ h be5 a subject ( con/ant obs]vation to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!re 0 a g5]al belief t z ^! w9ds reappe>$ regul>ly 9 summ]1 !y 7 9 "s way connect$ ) ! position ( ! sun 9 ! firmam5t4 ,s5eca1 aft] briefly /at+ ?is op9ion1 diss5ts f x on ! gr\nd t1 z ! sun r$uces ! /r5g? ( ! morn+ or l& breeze1 x _c be ?r\gh 8 influ5ce t ! ,etesian w9ds !n beg9 to bl[4 ,b he does n expla9 h[ he w\ld himself acc\nt = _! occurr5ce4 ,!y are n[ kn[n to be fur!r illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 summ]1 :5 ! hot region ( ! ,sah>a becomes a va/ area ( l[ pressure1 ! air /reams into x f ! nor? across ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( cl\d w9ds 7#bjc7 is an excell5t illu/ration ( ! utt] ignorance ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity ( ! v rudim5ts ( meteorology1 &1 at ! same "t1 ( ! confid5ce ) :i* !y (f]$ _! explanations ( ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] prolong$ inve/igation1 ! laws t regulate ! production ( furi\s w9ds & gu/s connect$ ) cl\ds are f> f be+ fully und]/ood4 ,! bolde/ meteorologi/ ( to-day1 ) all 8 detail$ exp]i5ce1 w\ld hesitate to express 8 op9ion z dogmatically z is done 9 ! text4 ,! idea t air accumulat+ ei!r above gr\nd or bel[ acquires a va/ disruptive =ce1 obta9$ wide cr$5ce 9 e>ly times4 ,x 0 ?is p5t-up accumulation :i* 0 suppos$ to bur/ cl\ds asund] & produce ?und]-/orms1 :ile ! same en]gy 9 cav]ns "u gr\nd l$ to e>?quakes & ! eruptions ( volcanoes4 ,! occurr5ce ( :irlw9ds is expla9$ by ,s5eca f ! analogy ( eddies 9 a riv]4 ,z ! wat] meets ) imp$im5ts 9 its fl[1 x is driv5 back & made to :irl r\nd be=e x c cont9ue ! onw>d curr5t1 s ! w9d1 z long z x meets ) no ob/acle1 sweeps on1 b :5 x is ?r[n back by any projection 9 its c\rse1 or is collect$ toge!r into a highly incl9$ n>r[ pipe1 x :irls r\nd ^u itself l ! eddies ( a riv]4 ,b ! cause ( ! vorticose movem5t :]e !re is no visible imp$im5t is1 ( c\rse1 left unacc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ?is ,book a /ory is told ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 :o s5t d[n a p>ty ( m9]s to exam9e an old m9e4 ,! m5 br\ght back to daylight a wond]ful tale ( va/ cav]ns ) high ov]-ar*+ ro(s1 & fill$ ) huge riv]s & va/ lakes4 ,if ! au?or's int5tion 0 to connect ! spaci\sness ( ^! und]gr\nd *amb]s ) ! op]ations ( anci5t m9]s1 he 0 sadly mi/ak51 s9ce at no "t has metal-m9+ l$ to ! excavation ( huge cav]ns2 on ! contr>y1 x has always be5 pursu$ 9 n>r[ %afts & passages4 ,if ! report br\ght back to ! k+ 0 v]aci\s1 8 emiss>ies _h only come ^u a s]ies ( natural grottos & tunnels1 su* z are ( common occurr5ce 9 lime/one di/ricts1 & :i* h no connection :atev] ) m9+4#aag ,b ! n>rative s]v$ ,s5eca's purpose1 s9ce x furni%$ him ) ! occasion = a diatribe aga9/ ! curs$ love ( gold1 :i* _h app>5tly be5 rampant 9 days long be=e ^? ( ,philip1 & all[$ him to supply f 8 own imag9ation "s additional lurid horrors ( ! und]gr\nd _w4 #aag ,x is possible t ^! anci5t m9es 7 driv5 9 se>* ( metal seams or ve9s trav]s+ lime/one1 l ^? ( lead among ! cav]n$ lime/ones ( ,d]by%ire4 ,:5 he gets back to 8 subject1 he ent]s ^u an enum]ation ( ! v>i\s w9ds kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,he himself ?9ks t z ! heav5s are divid$ into twelve sections1 s !re are twelve di/9ct w9ds1 n all felt ev]y:]e1 b nev] exce$+ t numb]4 ,he does n attempt1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = !m4 ,9 8 ref]5ce to ! names giv5 to ! v>i\s w9ds1 he gives a quotation f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 9 :i* ! m conspicu\s w9ds f ! diff]5t qu>t]s are m5tion$4 ,to ?is quotation he adds a l9e f ,virgil's graphic picture ( ! /orm 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,a5eid1 :]e ,aeolus op5s 8 cave & ! s\?-ea/1 s\?1 & s\?-we/ w9ds ru% out 9 fury ^u ! sea4 ,s5eca rem>ks1 9 pass+1 t su* a collocation ( w9ds z ,virgil enum]ates c\ld nev] h happ5$ 9 a s+le tempe/4 ,! poet1 h[ev]1 has made no mi/ake4 ,9 a great cyclonic /orm ! w9d ve]s r\nd ) ! compass f s\?-ea/ by s\? to s\?-we/4 ,& ev5 if ,virgil _h add$ ! nor? w9d1 :i* ! philosoph] says he left out1 he w\ld only h foll[$ ! inv>iable c\rse ( ! w9ds 9 ! cyclones ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :i* circle r\nd t[>ds ! nor? z ! /orm area is pass+ ea/w>d4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?or po9ts out ! teleological significance ( ! w9ds1 & is !nce l$ to repeat ! "t-hon\r$ reproa* aga9/ human iniquity :i* turns ! w9ds f _! b5efic5t int5tion to purposes ( w>4 ,,book ,,vi ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! volume1 = x conta9s m ( ! au?or's own obs]vations ?an ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,x deals m p>ticul>ly ) ! great e>?quake ( #e? ,febru>y ,a4,d4 #fc1 :i* occurr$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 & ab\t :i* he c\ld collect in=mation at fir/ h&4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! subject ( e>?quakes _h long fasc9at$ him1 & he _h publi%$1 9 8 y\?1 a volume ab\t x4 ,! calamity :i* br\ght s mu* injury to ! t[ns ( ,campania 0 m especially likely to enli/ 8 vivid int]e/1 = ! region t _h be5 convuls$ 0 ) him a well-kn[n & fav\rite "p ( ,italy1 :]e he (t5 came to sp5d1 on ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 su* leisure z ! life 9 ,rome all[$ him4 ,besides1 x 0 ! native di/rict ( ,lucilius1 to :om ! volume 0 address$1 & ^: t[n ( ,pompeii _h suff]$ f ! %ock4#aah ,h5ce he "h plunges at once into details ( ! damage caus$ by ?is p>ticul> e>?quake4 ,z a prelude to 8 inquiry into ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 ( su* cata/rophes1 he indulges 9 reflections on _! appall+ nature4 ,"s ( ! un=tunate resid5ts 9 ! convuls$ di/rict _h fl$ f x1 v[+ nev] to return4 ,b :]e1 ! writ] asks1 c !y be sure ( safety1 see+ t no qu>t] ( ! _w is exempt f ?is =m ( dang]8 ,he urges t x is at lea/ "s consolation to be assur$ t su* calamities are n ! "w ( angry gods1 z 0 popul>ly believ$1 b are traceable to _! own special causes 9 ! processes ( nature 7#bbh74 #aah ,9 ,s5eca's lett]s1 frequ5t ref]5ce is made to 8 visits to ! di/rict4 ,he seems g5]ally to h tak5 a villa at ,baiae1 or "s adjac5t place on t we/]n "p ( ! coa/4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a poor sailor1 glad to make = ! ne>e/ l&+-place betwe5 ,baiae & ,naples1 s z to escape f ! pangs ( sea-sickness4 ,on "o ( 8 excursions he revisit$ ,pompeii1 & 0 set into a rev]ie ( 8 y\? !re4 ,see 8 ,lett]s1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #gj1 #gg4 ,he !n consid]s ! v>i\s op9ions ent]ta9$ on ?is subject by e>li] writ]s1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 he reg>ds z crude & inexact4 ,! cause ( e>?quakes _h be5 f\nd 9 wat]1 fire1 air1 & ! e>? itself1 or 9 a comb9ation ( sev]al ( ^! ag5cies1 or ev5 9 ! co-op]ation ( ! :ole ( !m4 ,z reg>ds ! action ( wat]1 he dismisses ! op9ion ( ,?ales 7#bca71 b 9 ! /atem5ts ( o!r au?ors1 :o ma9ta9 ! p[] ( int]nal wat] 9 caus+ e>?quakes1 he sees a great] probability ( tru?4 ,he fully admits ! exi/5ce ( l>ge riv]s & ext5sive lakes inside ! e>?1 & t 9 ^! d>k un9habit$ regions flood$ riv]s und]m9+ _! banks1 & a swoll5 sea la%$ into fury by ! subt]ranean w9ds1 may communicate %ocks to ! surface ( ! e>? 7#bcd74 ,t fire is ! orig9 ( e>?quakes _h be5 held by v>i\s philosoph]s1 :o1 h[ev]1 diff]$ z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! fire acts4 ,anaxagoras ?\ght x 0 by explosions caus$ f ! collision ( und]gr\nd cl\ds 7#bcf72 o!rs held t ! imm5se mass ( vap\r produc$ by ! subt]ranean conflagrations z x accumulates may ex]t su* a pressure z to disrupt all ob/ructions2 or :5 ! pressure is less may cause no m ?an a heav+ ( ! surface4 ,! idea t ! %ock ( an e>?quake results f ! removal ( mat]ial und]nea?1 :]eby ! /ability ( ! ov]ly+ portion is und]m9$1 & a collapse ( ! gr\nd ensues1 0 held 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,"s ?\ght t ?is de/ruction arose f ext5sive combu/ion )9 ! e>?4 ,anaxim5es suppos$ t j z at ! surface1 rocks & old build+s yield to ! ravages ( "t & fall d[n1 s 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? simil> l&slips may occur & cause %ocks to ! di/ricts above !m 7#bcg74aai #aai ,! collapse ( ! ro(s or sides ( und]gr\nd cav]ns may und\bt$ly be 9 "s in/ances ! cause ( local e>?quakes4 ,?is orig9 is en=c$ by ,lucretius3 t]ra sup]ne tremit magnis concussa ru9is1 subt] ubi +5tes speluncas subruit aetas4 --,de ,r]4 ,nat4 vi4 #edd4 ,b ! fav\rite op9ion ( antiquity reg>d$ e>?quakes z prim>ily due to ! viol5t commotion ( air4 ,s5eca comm5ts on ! views ( v>i\s philosoph]s1 & m especially ,ari/otle's1 z to ! way 9 :i* ! air acts1 & he !n proce$s to deliv] 8 own judgm5t4 ,he has no d\bt t1 ?\gh "s ( ! o!r ag5cies may co-op]ate1 ! *ief motive =ce 9 e>?quakes is air4 ,by no "p ( nature1 he affirms1 is su* viol5t en]gy display$ z by air2 x k9dles fire1 tosses ! surface ( ! wat]s into waves1 de/roys l>ge tracts ( ! e>?1 uplifts new m\nta9s1 & raises 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea isl&s nev] se5 be=e4 ,n only does air exi/ above gr\nd1 b x also fills ! holl[s & int]/ices ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 into :i* x freely ent]s f ! surface4 ,no?+ 9 nature is s re/less z air1 & ! e>? _c b be affect$ by ! movem5ts ( ! air includ$ 9 its inside4 ,! au?or agrees ) ! g5]al op9ion t :5 ! air beg9s to be agitat$ 9 a subt]ranean cav]n :i* x has fill$1 press$ by t :i* is /ill ent]+1 x /ruggles to escape1 &1 :5 x does s1 em]ges ) a viol5ce proportionate to ! n>r[ness ( ! passage = its exit4 ,b if unable to make its way out1 x becomes furi\s1 acts l a swoll5 impetu\s riv]1 & t ov]?r[s ev]y?+ 9 its pa?4#abj #abj ,lucretius gives a picturesque recital ( ^! views 7,de ,r]4 ,nat4 vi4 #ece-fjg74 ,x is n difficult to realise h[ ?is explanation %\ld h be5 accept$ 9 antiquity1 & %\ld h held its gr\nd d[n ev5 into mod]n times4 ,! viol5ce ( ! commotions ( ! atmosph]e 0 a famili> feature on ! surface ( ! e>?1 al?\gh its physical causes1 v>i\sly guess$ at1 7 utt]ly unkn[n4 ,to m9ds t _h no conception ( ! v rudim5ts ( meteorology1 !re seem$ to be no reason :y air inside ! e>? %\ld n be affect$ by z viol5t hurricanes z ! air outside4 ,& z su* hurricanes 7 ! mo/ p[]ful natural ag5cies kn[n1 _! action 0 n unreasonably invok$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes4 ,assum+ t ! air 9 a l>ge subt]ranean cav]n w\ld behave z ! free op5 atmosph]e does1 ! old philosoph]s did n f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( expla9+ :at 0 to set ! air 9 motion )9 ! subt]ranean recesses & la% x into fury !re1 any m ?an !y _h to acc\nt = tempe/s above gr\nd4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! air f\nd its way f ! outside into ! int]nal p>ts ( ! e>?1 x mu/ h _h equal facilities = egress4 ,& 9 ! convulsions ( an e>?quake x might be suppos$ to issue ) viol5ce ?r\gh "s ( ! previ\s op5+s or f ! r5ts made at ! "t4 ,9 corroboration ( ! tru? ( ! preval5t op9ion1 x 0 ass]t$ t aft] an e>?quake air 0 f\nd to issue f ! gr\nd1 b no acc\nt appe>s to h be5 pres]v$ ( any viol5t outru% ( air4 ,z a fur!r evid5ce t x is to ! =ce ( air t all ^! int]nal di/urbances are due1 ! au?or rem>ks t aft] a viol5t e>?quake ano!r %ock ( equal viol5ce _c occur1 because ! fir/ has op5$ a passage = ! /ruggl+ w9ds4 ,! progress ( inve/igation has1 9 mod]n times1 ?r[n a flood ( light on ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes1 ?\gh !re /ill rema9 _m problems 9 ! subject :i* await solution4 ,x is ne$less to say t no f\ndation :atev] has be5 f\nd = ! anci5t fai? t ! air plays ! *ief "p 9 ^! subt]ranean commotions4 ,s5eca discusses ! nature ( e>?quake motion4 ,he recognises ?ree k9ds ( movem5t--quak+ 7succussio71 tilt+ 7incl9atio71 & trembl+ 7vibratio7--& he gives illu/rations ( ! k9d ( causes to :i* !y may be ref]r$ 7#beb74 ,he believes t ! ext5t ( c\ntry convuls$ by an e>?quake dep5ds ^u ! area ( ! subt]ranean cav]n 9 :i* ! w9d p]=ms its exploits1 & z ^! int]nal cavities d n cont9u\sly und]lie va/ tracts ( ! e>?'s surface1 no l>ge spaces ( t surface are simultane\sly %ak54 ,9 8 day !re appe>s to h be5 no record ( a %ock affect+ ! :ole bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,he ?9ks t no e>?quake ev] ext5ds z mu* z two hundr$ miles4 ,he cites ! rec5t calamity 9 ,campania1 :i* did n pass beyond t di/rict1 ?\gh m>vell\s tales ab\t x _h spread f> & ne>1 & he gives o!r examples ( ! m>k$ly local "* ( ! ph5om5a1 s f> z !n kn[n4 ,he affirms t m>itime di/ricts are ^? mo/ frequ5tly %ak5 7#bee1 #beg71 9 pro( ( :i* he gives v>i\s in/ances1 includ+ ! late disa/] to ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum 9 a region :i* _h nev] be5 kn[n to be %ak5 be=e4 ,he _h receiv$ in=mation ab\t ! ,campanian %ock1 & ! n>rative 9 :i* he embodies x has ! int]e/ ( be+ ! mo/ detail$ acc\nt ( an e>?quake t has come d[n to u f antiquity4 ,fir/ ( all1 z already m5tion$1 he /ates t ! movem5t 0 conf9$ to ! di/rict ( ,campania1 no m5tion be+ made ( its hav+ be5 felt ev5 s ne> z ,rome4 ,he notices ! injury done to ,h]culaneum & to ,naples by ! damage ( public & private build+s2 bronze /atues 7 split op5 & "s p 7 driv5 out ( _! m9ds4 ,he records t ,campania cont9u$ to tremble = "s days aft] ! great %ock4 ,he _h he>d t a flock ( six hundr$ %eep 0 said to h be5 kill$ ne> ,pompeii4 ,accept+ ! report z true1 he sees no reason to suppose t ! animals di$ ( fright1 b ?9ks x n unlikely t !y 7 poison$ by ! asc5t ( pe/il5tial vap\rs f ! gr\nd4 ,?is conjecture ( 8 receives p]haps "s support f ! fact t 9 ?is volcanic di/rict1 aft] an eruption ( ,vesuvius1 s mu* c>bonic acid gas has be5 said to escape f ! gr\nd z to suffocate hundr$s ( h>es1 pheasants1 & p>tridges4 ,b ! mo/ vivid exp]i5ce ( ! e>?quake :i* he n>rates is t ( a grave philosophic fri5d :o1 :5 9 8 ba?1 saw ! tiles ( ! floor sep>ate f ea* o!r1 all[+ ! wat] to s9k ?r\gh ! op5$ jo9ts1 :ile ! next mom5t1 z ! pavem5t clos$ aga91 ! wat] 0 =c$ out all bubbl+4 ,a bett] illu/ration ( ! transit ( a wave ( %ock c\ld n be desir$4 ,s5eca 0 prep>$ to believe t great *anges _h be5 wr\ght by e>?quakes on ! face ( ! l&4 ,he cites 9 support ( ?is view "s rem>kable examples :i* _h occurr$ )9 ! times ( human hi/ory1 su* z ! s9k+ ( ! t[ns ( ,buris & ,helice1 ! disappe>ance :olly or p>tially ( ! isl& ( ,atalanta1 & ! subsid5ce ( ,sidon 7#bef74 ,he ref]s also to v>i\s /rik+ features ( l&scape 9 diff]5t regions :i* _h be5 popul>ly assign$ to ! "w ( e>?quakes1 su* z ! sep>ation ( ,ossa & ,olympus1 ! disruption ( ,sicily f ! ,italian %ore1 & ! sev]ance ( ,spa9 f ! cont95t ( ,africa 7#bfc74 ,t ! ph5om5a ( e>?quakes are closely connect$ ) ^? ( volcanoes 0 ! g5]al belief 9 antiquity1 & cont9u$ to be accept$ up to ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,x 0 believ$ 9 e>ly days t j z ! collision ( cl\ds dur+ /orms produces ! fire se5 9 lightn+1 s dur+ ! tempe/u\s agitation ( ! air )9 ! e>?1 su* heat is g5]at$ z to set fire to b$s ( sulphur or o!r combu/ible mat]ials1 & ?us t rocks are melt$ & are =c$ up to ! surface by ! va/ en]gy ( ! escap+ air4#aba ,x is to be regrett$ t ,s5eca has n left an acc\nt ( 8 own op9ions on ?is subject1 b f ! allusions 9 ! pres5t treatise he may be inf]r$ to h held ! preval5t op9ion4 ,he alludes 9 v>i\s passages to volcanic eruptions t _h tak5 place 9 8 own "t1 or n long be=e1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,an eruption ( ,etna is briefly notic$1 :5 ! m\nta9 0 9 viol5t eruption1 eject+ su* a quantity ( f9e burn+ s& & du/ z to turn day into night1 accompani$ ) mu* ?und] & lightn+ 7#gg74 ,?is may h be5 ! eruption allud$ to 9 simil> language by ,cic]o1 :o adds t = two days nobody c\ld see 8 neighb\r4#abb ,s5eca fur!r cites two eruptions 9 ! ,aegean ,sea1 "o ( :i* _h tak5 place 9 8 own "t1 :5 a new isl& 0 uprais$ 8by ! =ce ( air40 ,he alludes to ,!ra & ,!rasia1 & ! int]e/+ acc\nt giv5 by ,posidonius ( ! uprise ( an isl& 9 ! same sea1 ) att5dant circum/ances closely resembl+ ^? ( ! eruptions at ,santor9 9 mod]n times 7#gc1 #beb74 ,accord+ to ,asclepiodotus1 ! fire1 aft] ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! ?ick mass ( sea1 %ot up above sea-level to a height ( two hundr$ paces4 #aba ,?is view ( ! nature ( volcanic en]gy is graphically express$ by ,lucretius 7op4 cit4 vi4 #fci-gjb74 #abb ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #ch4 ,see also ,lucretius 7ib4 vi4 #fda71 :o describes ! m conspicu\s features ( an eruption1 & concludes ) ! l9e ne dubites qu9 haec animai turbida sit vis 7#fic74 ,f a consid]ation ( ! causes ( e>?quakes ! au?or is l$ by 8 accu/om$ tra9 ( ?\ght to draw ! e?ical lessons :i* ! subject sugge/$ to him4 ,he repeats 8 belief t aga9/ ! p]ils ( e>?quakes1 z aga9/ all ! o!r dang]s & fe>s ( life1 ! only assurance is to be obta9$ f elevat+ /udies & a contemplation ( nature 7#bfe74 ,x matt]s n :5 or 9 :at =m we %all quit life1 :e!r f "s trifle or f a _w-wide cata/rophe4 ,to be happy )\t fe> ( any?+ t may befall u1 we mu/ c>ry our life 9 our h&s1 /eel+ ourselves aga9/ fe>1 & prep>$ ev5 to welcome dea? z ! adv5t ( a fri5d4 ,,book ,,vii ,aft] a brief introduction1 m>k$ by no little elegance & lit]>y skill1 ! au?or introduces ! subject ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & m especially ( ,comets :i* he is to discuss 9 ?is ,book4 ,he proposes at ! outset to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r ! e>? /&s /ill :ile ! univ]se revolves r\nd x1 or if x is ! univ]se t rema9s at re/ :ile ! e>? revolves4 ,b he is l$ on f "o topic to ano!r1 )\t hav+ arriv$ at a def9ite solution ( ?is problem :5 ! volume comes to an end4 ,f v>i\s expressions1 h[ev]1 x may be inf]r$ t he adh]$ to ! primitive belief t x is ! univ]se :i* goes r\nd ! e>?4 ,?us 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 he speaks ( ! movem5t t drags ! univ]se along & asks :at is swift] ?an t revolution 7#bha74 ,! heav5ly bodies may n /& or turn aside1 !y all move onw>d ) ! irrevocable movem5t ( ?is et]nal creation 7#bii74 ,! op9ions ( v>i\s philosoph]s on comets are quot$ & criticis$4 ,he is especially sev]e 9 8 comm5ts on ,epig5es1 :o ?\ght t comets are produc$ some:at z fires are excit$ by :irlw9ds4 ,! ,greek ?reefold classification ( comets is cit$1 & !n ,artemidorus comes 9 = 8 %>e ( vitup]ation2 to disprove 8 !ory ( ! firmam5t be+ a solid ro( to ! _w w\ld be1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 no?+ b beat+ ! air4 ,ephorus f>es no bett]1 be+ briefly dismiss$ z (t5 deceiv+ & (t5 deceiv$4 ,apollonius ( ,myndus held t _m comets are di/9ct planet>y bodies1 :i* wax & wane l ! planets1 be+ brighte/ :5 !y are ne>e/ u & gr[+ dimm] z !y rec$e to a great] di/ance4 ,b ,s5eca refuses to admit t !y h ! "* ( true planets2 9 8 view !y are insub/antial irregul> fire 7#bia74 ,b he does n agree ) 8 ,/oic bre?r5 9 reg>d+ !m z g5]at$ 9 d5se air & pursu+ _! c\rse accord+ to :]e !y c f9d fuel to su/a9 !m 7#bib-d74 ,he conceives t !y are n m]e sudd5 & transi5t fires1 b belong to ! et]nal works ( nature4 ,!y /eadily trav]se _! c\rse1 & he c und]/& t !y may h su* wide orbits z to c>ry !m f> beyond ! limits ( ! ,zodiac 7#bif74 ,he c see no reason :y ! five planets !n kn[n %\ld be ! only />s t move across ! sky1 ?\gh o!rs _h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,a/ronomy1 he rem>ks1 is 9 its infancy1 _m my/]ies ( nature rema9 /ill to be discov]$1 & ! day w come :5 po/]ity w m>vel at our ignorance ( ?+s :i* w !n appe> to be s evid5t4 ,"s future obs]v] w demon/rate ! pa?s ( ! comets1 :y !y w&] s f> f ! o!r />s1 & :at is _! size & con/itution4 ,we may be cont5t ) :at we h f\nd out1 & leave some?+ = po/]ity to discov]4 ,9 a tone ( sad pessimism he br+s 8 volume to a close4 ,f a contemplation ( ! glories t might be a*iev$ by mank9d 9 se>*+ out ! m>vels ( creation he turns to 8 own age & 8 own c\ntry1 only to see on e side pro(s ( decad5ce4 ,no "o n[ c>$ = ! pursuit ( wisdom4 ,philosophy & e lib]al /udy 7 neglect$4 ,! s*ools ( philosophy 7 dy+4 ,if 8 c\ntrym5 ev5 n[ w\ld set !mselves ) all _! en]gy to ! task1 if ! "y w\ld give _! sob] att5tion & ! eld]s w\ld tea* !m1 !y w\ld sc>cely succe$ 9 rea*+ ! bottom ( ! well 9 :i* tru? lies4 ,mean:ile !y 7 se>*+ m]ely on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ) b a slack h&4 ,,notes ,,by ,,translator 8,,air0 ,! ^w 8air0 occurs 9 ! text ov] #bjj times1 b n always z a translation ( ! same ,lat9 ^w4 ,) a t]m s ela/ic & s ambigu\s x w\ld h be5 m]e p$antry to attempt a uni=m r5d]+2 & inde$ su* uni=m r5d]+ w\ld h be5 m mislead+ ?an ! c\rse adopt$ ( r5d]+ accord+ to ! context1 :i* ! idiom ( our language seem$ to dem&4 ,s5eca has two ma9 t]ms = air--ar & spiritus4 ,ar means1 g5]ally speak+1 ei!r air g5]ically1 or ! atmosph]e specifically4 ,spiritus1 on ! o!r h&1 d5otes air "u c]ta9 conditions ( t5sion1 or /ra91 or pressure1 :5 x is capable ( ex]t+ =ce or viol5ce2 to its influ5ce are attribut$ _m effects due 9 reality to gases1 or o!r causes4 ,on p4 #eb1 l4 #a1 we h ! def9ition 8air 7spiritus7 is ! atmosph]e 7ar7 9 viol5t motion02 & on p4 #bje ! conclud+ words ( ,v4 xiii4 are 8air diff]s f w9d 9 degree alone4 ,a m viol5t air is a w9d2 air 9 turn is g5tly fl[+ atmosph]e10 :]e aga9 spiritus is 8air0 & ar 8atmosph]e40 ,aga91 9 ! ,aetna1 l4 #bab1 we read1 8,! w9ds :5 inflat$ are call$ _s2 :5 9 subsid5ce1 air0 7,pr(essor ,ellis's translation71 :]e ! same t]ms spiritus & ar are employ$4#abc #abc ,= a discussion ( ! mean+ ( ! t]m spiritus & ! p>allelisms 9 its use by ,s5eca & ! au?or ( ! ,aetna1 see ,pr(essor ,ellis's edition ( t poem1 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 xl-xliii4 ,n[ if our au?or _h be5 consi/5t 9 ! use ( ! words1 !re w\ld h be5 a /rong case = a uni=m adoption ( 8air0 & 8atmosph]e10 :5ev] !y occurr$4 ,b num]\s passages might be cit$ to %[ t he int]*anges ! words )\t app>5t motive1 j z we d 8air0 & 8atmosph]e40 ,= example1 on p4 #fi1 l4 #b1 8,s fire w pass into air 7spiritus710 :ile on p4 #ga1 l4 #i1 8! air 7ar71 :i* is int]*angeable ) fire40 ,aga91 on p4 #ge1 l4 #f1 8,:5 ! cl\ds h enclos$ air0 7spiritus72 l4 #bf1 8atmosph]e 7ar7 %ut up 9 a holl[ cl\d40 ,a /ill m conclusive case1 ?\gh ! passage is probably 9 o!r respects corrupt1 occurs 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( c4 xxix4 p4 #gg1 :]e ! fir/ 8air0 is spiritus1 ! second1 a m]e synonym or v>iant1 is ar4 ,cf4 p4 #ahg1 l4 #bg1 & ! passages cit$ bel[ f pp4 #bde1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,! translator has little *oice4 ,he mu/ foll[ 8 au?or1 &1 :]e ! latt] makes a di/9ction1 mu/ endeav\r to reproduce x2 o!rwise he mu/1 z ! au?or did1 obs]ve ! idiom ( 8 own language4 ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple ar is usually translat$ 8atmosph]e10 & spiritus 8air02 b circum/ances h r5d]$ unavoidable a consid]able numb] ( exceptions4 ,! discussion ( ph5om5a 9 :i* air plays a "p is conta9$ *iefly 9 ,books ,,ii4 & ,,vi41 & "h ! di/9ction ( t]ms 9 ,engli% has be51 s f> z practicable1 ma9ta9$4 ,9 ,book ,,ii4 8air0 is a translation ( ar ab\t a doz5 ( times out ( a total ( ov] fifty times t 8air0 occurs1 & 9 ,book ,,vi4 ab\t half a doz5 out ( a total ( ne>ly sev5ty4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! places 9 :i* 8air0 translates ar3-- ,book ,i4 ?r\gh\t4 ,book ,,ii4 pp4 #ef1 ll4 #bj1 #ba2 #eg1 ll4 #ag1 #bb2 #eh1 l4 #c2 #ei1 l4 #bf2 #fa1 l4 #ah2 #ff1 l4 #ab2 #ga1 l4 #i2 #gb1 l4 #bb2 #gg1 #a4 #ag2 #ih1 l4 #bf2 #aja1 l4 #bh4 ,book ,,iii4 pp4 #abj1 ll4 #h1 #i 7f\r times72 #aba1 ll4 #aa-bj 7five times72 #abc1 l4 #bh2 #abi1 l4 #c2 #acd1 ll4 #bf1 #bh2 #ace1 l4 #a2 #adj1 l4 #bi4 ,book ,,iv4 pp4 #agf1 ll4 #f1 #i2 #ahd1 l4 #b2 #ahf1 l4 #af4 ,book ,v4 pp4 #aie1 l4 #cb2 #aif1 l4 #g2 #aih1 l4 #c2 #aii1 l4 #af2 #bjb1 l4 #f2 #bje1 l4 #aa2 #bjf1 l4 #c2 #baa1 ll4 #ad1 #bj4 ,book ,,vi4 pp4 #bde1 l4 #bh2 #bdi1 l4 #aj2 #bea1 ll4 #h1 #i2 #bei1 l4 #g2 #bfj1 ll4 #bf1 #bi4 ,book ,,vii4 ?r\gh\t1 ) ?ree exceptions1 viz4 pp4 #bgg1 l4 #bf2 #bgi1 l4 #af2 #bha1 l4 #d4 ,9 a few cases 8air0 occurs z a m explicit repres5tation ( a pron\n or an adjective :i* implies x3 9 ^! in/ances ! context is g5]ally a suffici5t guide4 ,spiritus1 too1 has sometimes q a diff]5t r5d]+1 e4g4 brea?4 ,on pp4 #aaa1 #aci1 #aeb1 8air0 is us$ ( a v slight breeze1 ! v g5tle/ brea? ( w9d1 & repres5ts aura--a good illu/ration ( ! ambiguity ( language4 ,,quotations ,s5eca is fond ( illu/rat+ 8 subject by passages f ! poets4 ,8 fav\rites are ,virgil & ,ovid1 & only once does he quote ,lucretius1 ^: "w 0 mu* m analog\s to 8 own4 ,! quotations are app>5tly f memory & betray occasional inaccuracies1 z ev5 ! be/ memories w4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! ref]5ces3-- ,book ,i4 ,pref41 #h 7p4 #f74 ,virg4 ,a54 iv4 #djd4 i4 #d 7#aj74 ,virg4 ,a54 v4 #ebh4 iii1 #d 7#ag74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 vi4 #fe4 #g4 v4 #f 7#be74 ,n]o 9 an unkn[n poem3 "o or two o!r tags ( t v]satile tyrant h be5 pres]v$4 vi4 #a 7#bh74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #chj4 #a4 xi4 #b 7#ce74 ,virg4 ,georg4 ii4 #ie4 #f4 xiv4 #b 7#ch74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cfg4 7cf4 ,,vii4 xx4 #a74 xvii4 #e 7#de74 ,virg4 ,eclog4 ii4 #be4 #f4 ,book ,,ii4 i4 #b 7#ea74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #ee4 xliv4 #a 7#ia74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 iii4 #cje-g4 ,book ,,iii4 ,pref41 #c 7#aji74 ,orig9 unkn[n3 a some:at simil> s5tim5t occurs 9 ,aetna1 #bd4 i4 #a 7#aad74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 iii4 #djg4 i4 #a 7#aad74 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #bde4 #f4 i4 #a 7#aad74 ,lucilius1 to :om ! ,q4,n4 0 address$4 ,if he 0 ! au?or ( ,aetna1 z seems n improbable1 he may h writt5 o!r poems on ,sicilian topography4 xx4 #b 7#acc74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 xv4 #cac4 #d 7cf4 ,ibid4 xi4 #c sqq474 xx4 #d 7#acd74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 xv4 #cba4 xx4 #e 7#acd74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 xv4 #ccj4 #a4 xxvi4 #c 7#adb74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 xv4 #bgc-f4 xxvi4 #e 7#adb74 ,virg4 ,eclog4 x4 #d4 #e4 xxvii4 #ab 7#adg74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #bib4 xxvii4 #ab 7#adg74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #cjd4 xxvii4 #ac 7#adh74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #bhe4 #bij4 xxviii4 #b 7#adh74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #bgb4 ,book ,,iv4 ,pref41 #ag 7#afe74 ,virg4 ,a54 iv4 #cgc4 ,pref41 #ag 7#afe74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #bda4 #b4 ii4 #b 7#afh74 ,tib4 ,eleg4 ,i4 vii4 #bf4 iii4 #c 7#agh74 ,ovid1 ,ars ,amat4 i4 #dge4 #f4 iii4 #c 7#agh74 ,lucret4 ,de ,r]um ,nat4 i4 #cac4 iv4 #b 7#agi74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cac4 ,book ,v4 i4 #a 7#aic74 ,virg4 ,eclog4 ii4 #bf4 xiv4 #a 7#bjf74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #chh4 xvi4 #a 7#bjh74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 i4 #fa-f4 xvi4 #b 7#bji74 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #he4 ,book ,,vi4 ii4 #a 7#bbe74 ,virg4 ,a54 ii4 #ced4 ii4 #h 7#bbg74 ,bo? quotation & au?or are d\btful3 ano!r read+ attributes ! poem to ,a4 ,gellius4 xiii4 #e 7#bda74 ,virg4 ,a54 vi4 #bef4 xvii4 #a 7#bdf74 ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #gbh4 xviii4 #a 7#bdg74 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #ee4 #f4 xviii4 #c 7#bdh74 ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #ec4 #d4 xxii4 #c 7#bec74 ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #ebe4 xxvi4 #b 7#beh74 ,virg4 ,a54 iii4 #gg4 xxix4 #c 7#bfb74 ,virg4 ,a54 iii4 #dad-i4 ,book ,,vii4 x4 #a 7#bhb74 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 ii4 #ga4 xx4 #a 7#bib74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cfg 7cf4 ,i4 xiv4 #b74 xx4 #c 7#bic74 ,virg4 ,a54 ix4 #bj4 #a4 xxv4 #a 7#bih74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #acg4 xxviii4 #a 7#cjb74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cib4 xxviii4 #a 7#cjb74 ,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #cfb4 ,,"s ,,( ,,g]cke',s ,,read+s ,r5d]+ 9 ! ,text4 ,translation ( ,g]cke's ,text4 ,i4 p4 #e1 #g1 ! ,/rymon4 ! ,danube & ! ,balkans4 #h1 #a1 ! explanation 444 my op9ion4 ,philosophy4 #i1 #b1 su* z 444 answ] :i* ea* kn[s ! o!r me4 _c answ]4 #bj1 #aj1 an o> 444 wat]4 an o> is cov]$ ) %all[ wat] & pres5ts a brok5 appe>ance4 #cg1 #a1 ,bo?ynae 7cave- putei 7well-l44474 l44474 #dj1 #c1 "o has se5 444 :at is /ruck by !m we 7 />-/ruck74 call smitt5 ) a fla%1 t is1 /ruck )\t lightn+-bolt1 :at ! ,greeks call 7 />-/ruck74 #dj1 #d1 ( :i* m anon4 ( :i* we h spok54 #da1 #g1 ,= we judge 444 ,b we judge t x is ! =eign body4 deceptive appe>ance ( a mirror1 :i* m]ely gives a c\nt]feit repre- s5tation ( a =eign body4 ,,ii4 #ea1 #b1 ,aft] 8ra91 sn[10 add 8w9ds1 e>?quakes1 lightn+s40 #ef1 #b1 hold toge!r z "o be subject to t5sion4 body4 #fc1 #d1 on acc\nt ( 444 :5 x has accumulat$1 cl\ds4 is ?ru/ viol5tly upw>d by ! mass+ ( ! cl\ds4 #ge1 #b1 & x might 444 & :i* might ) bladd]4 great] accuracy be call$ h>%1 because x emits a s\nd l t he>d :5 a bladd]4 #ie1 #b1 a ?ird nei!r4 a ?ird mix$1 a f\r? nei!r4 #ih1 #a1 7c4 lv47 dry air4 air 9 rapid motion4 ,,iii4 #abb1 #c1 :5 trees are cut :5 trees are full ( sap d[n4 & n cut d[n4 #abc1 #a1 air is produc$4 ,g]cke places c4 xiv4 imm$iately aft] ?is4 #acb1 #c1 conceal$ ?r\gh\t1 aft] 8?r\gh\t0 ins]t until4 89 o!rs !y run above gr\nd = "s di/ance40 #adb1 #e1 y h y\rself 444 y1 my de> ,lucilius1 believe ,virgil4 ! /ory z 7,i said7 9 ! fir/ "p ( my book1 & s does ,virgil4 #adi1 #d1 nor d ! wat]s1 nor d ! wat]s f9d ?is etc4 a h>d task s9ce ! sea m\nts f an elevation equal to t ( ! e>? 7or l&74 ,if ! heights be calculat$ 7or if ! av]age be tak5 ov] ! heights71 x w appe> t ! surface ( ! sea is ( uni=m level4 ,,iv4 #afa1 #h1 ! /ature 444 ! text & mean+ are ar5a4 some:at conjectural4 ,g]cke reads 8! /ature ( an ape mat*$ aga9/ a ,?racian 9 ! ar5a40 ,= 8,apollonius ,pycta0 he reads 8,a4 ! box]40 #agc1 #ai1 nor yet ! ,ca/rus nor ! ,ca/rus :i* lies 444 deep4 b5ea? ,m\nt ,tmolus increases 9 summ]1 & yet deep sn[ lies !re con/antly z is natural 9 ^? nor!rn regions4 8,tmolo0 is an +5i\s & probable em5dation4 ,,iv4 #ahf1 #a1 no "o 444 virtu\s4 by :i* "o may become only m lett]$ & n m virtu\s4 ,,vi4 #bcb1 #b1 &1 g5]ally if ! boats are unduly speak+ 444 sunk1 ! wat] uses ! :ole =ce ( ! bur!ns x upbe>s1 9 ord] ei!r to p\r ov] !m1 or at any rate to rise to an unwont$ height to "r & left4 #bdd1 7c4 xv47 to hurry to bl[ :]e x li/s4 /raight =w>d4 #beh1 #b1 philosoph]s4 s*ol>s1 or philologi/s4 #bfe1 #b1 7c4 xxxi47 s(t mate- walls und]go m frequ5t rials 444 h>d4 b m g5tle %ocks ?an ! nature ( h>d mat]ial all[s4 ,,vii4 #bif1 #d1 e /> _c b no /> c trav]se its ! zodiac1 !n ,i say a comet may h a diff]5t k9d ( orbit & yet "s po9t 9 x may co9cide ) ! zodiac4 ,,index ,,to ,,! 8,,quae/iones ,,naturales0 a prefix$ to a "n indicates au?orities us$ by ,s5eca4 a ,academy1 #cjg4 ,s*ool & foll[]s ( ,plato4 ,a*aia1 #adb1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bce1 #bhh 7adj471 #cjc4 ,di/rict 9 ,n4,w4 ( s\!rn "p ( ,greece 7,morea74 ,actors1 reg>d =1 #cjg4 ,adriatic1 #aec4 ,adv]sity1 to be fac$ ) joy1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,aegean 7,sea71 #gc1 #beb4 ,ea/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,aegium1 #beg 7#b74 ,a lead+ t[n 9 ,a*aia on ! ,gulf ( ,cor9?4 a ,aes*ylus1 #agb4 ,africa1 #aag1 #bab1 #bcf1 #bfc4 ,africus 7,w9d71 #baj4 ,air1 t5sion (1 #eh2 wide diffusion (1 #fj2 trans=m$ into wat]1 #aai1 #aba2 trans=m$ into fire1 #abj1 #aba1 #bje2 k9dl$ by friction1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bgg2 k9dl$ )9 ! e>?1 #bcf1 #bea2 ! cause ( e>?quakes1 #bci-dh1 #bea1 #bed1 #bee2 ent]s int]ior ( e>?1 #bed1 #bee4 ,albula1 #acd4 ,small /ream fl[+ into ! ,arno ne> ,tibur 7,tivoli7 "s #af miles ,e4 ( ,rome4 ,alex&] 7! ,great71 #aaj1 #bae1 #bed 7#b74 ,alex&ria1 #bgc4 ,alphes1 #adb 7#b71 #bce4 ,riv] 9 ,elis 9 ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,alps1 #aaj1 #agc1 #ahd4 ,ambracian 7,gulf71 #aec4 ,on ,w4 ( ,greece 7,gulf ( ,arta74 ,ammon2 see ,jupit]4 ,amphi!atre1 jets ( wat] 91 #ei4 a ,anaxagoras1 #fc1 #fh1 #agb1 #agh1 #bcf1 #bgf4 ,celebrat$ ,ionian philosoph]1 #ejj-dbh ,b4,c4 a ,anaxim&]1 #fg4 ,ionian philosoph]1 #faj-edg ,b4,c4 a ,anaxim5es1 #fg1 #bcg4 ,ionian philosoph] ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 ,animals1 bl9d 9 subt]ranean wat]s1 #abi4 ,animals1 new =ms (1 discov]$ 9 ,s5eca's "t1 #cje2 _m /ill to be f\nd out1 #cje4 ,antio*us1 #bhh4 ,k+ ( ,syria1 #acg-abh ,b4,c4 ,antony 7,m>k71 #agb4 ,ants1 mank9d comp>$ to1 #f4 ,ap5n9es1 #ahd4 ,apollonia1 #ab1 #fh1 #agf4 ,t[n 9 ,illyria4 a ,apollonius 7( ,myndus71 #bgd1 #bij1 #cjj4 ,said to h fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great 7#ccj ,b4,c474 ,!re may be "s confusion 9 ! text betwe5 him & ! celebrat$ ,py?agorean philosoph]1 ,a4 ( ,tyana1 :o 0 born %ortly be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,apollonius ,pycta 7or pyctes ! box]71 #afa4 ,unkn[n o!rwise2 app>5tly a gladiator4 ,apulia1 #baa4 ,di/rict 9 ,s4,e4 ( ,italy4 ,aqu>ius 7sign ( ! ,zodiac71 #cja4 ,aquilo 7,w9d71 #bji4 a ,aratus1 #cg4 ,( ,cilicia1 a/ronomical poet1 fl\ri%$ #bgj ,b4,c4 ,araxes1 #bdf4 ,riv] 9 ,arm5ia 7,aras74 ,arcadia1 #abb1 #acg4 ,di/rict 9 c5tre ( ,s\!rn ,greece4 a ,ar*elaus1 #bci4 ,philosoph]1 fl\ri%$ ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 ,pupil & p>tly disciple ( ,anaxagoras4 ,are?usa1 #adb 7#b71 #bce4 ,celebrat$ f\nta9 9 ,syracuse 9 ,sicily4 ,arge/es 7,w9d71 #baj4 ,argolic1 #adb4 ,argolis is a di/rict 9 ,n4,e4 ( ,s\!rn ,greece4 a ,ari/otle1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ai 7#b71 #cc1 #fc1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #cjb 7#b71 #cjc 7#b71 #cjd4 ,see ,introduction4 a ,artemidorus 7( ,p>ium71 #bb1 #bhf 7#b71 #bhg4 ,n o!rwise kn[n4 a ,asclepiodotus1 #gd1 #gg1 #bjg1 #bdf1 #bec4 ,n o!rwise kn[n4 ,asia1 #bbd1 #bcc4 ,prov9ce on ! ,w4 coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 or g5]ic "n = area ,e4 & ,n4,e4 ( ,europe4 ,a/ronomy 7,caele/ia71 scope (1 #ea2 ( ,egyptians1 #bgd2 ( ,*aldaeans1 #bge2 ( ,greeks1 #bih4 ,atabulus 7,w9d71 #baa4 ,atalanta1 #bef4 ,small isl& betwe5 ,euboea & ma9l& ( ,greece4 ,! *annel n[ be>s ! "n ,talanta1 :i* is likewise t ( a neighb\r+ t[n4 ,a!ns1 #baa4 a ,attalus1 #id1 #ie4 ,/oic philosoph]1 "o ( ,s5eca's tea*]s4 ,attalus1 #bhh4 ,k+ ( ,p]gamus1 #bda-aig ,b4,c4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 #agd1 #age 7#b74 ,atlantic ,ocean1 gr[? 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( ! ,nile71 #aga4 ,mo/ we/]ly & l>ge/1 n f> f ,alex&ria4 a ,h]aclitus1 #ajj4 ,anci5t repres5tative ( pessimism1 8! weep+ philosoph]10 ( ,ephesus1 t[>d end ( six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,h]culaneum1 #bba 7#b71 #bei4 a ,hom]1 #beh4 ,horizon1 #baa4 ,ho/ius ,quadra1 #db4 ,unkn[n save = ,s5eca's un=tunate m5tion ( him4 ,hydissus1 #acb4 ,or?ography ( ?is ,c>ian t[n is unc]ta92 ,g]cke reads ,idumus4 ,hydraulic organs1 #ef4 ,iapygian 7,w9d71 #baa4 ,ice1 #adj4 ,india1 #g1 #bab1 #bae4 ,int]mitt5t action1 #abh4 ,iron1 discov]y (1 #de2 money made (1 #df4 ,isl&s1 float+1 #aci4 ,i/] 7or ,hi/]71 a "n ( ! ,danube1 :i* see4 ,italy1 #aaj1 #aag1 #acc1 #bab1 #bfa1 #bfb 7adj471 #bfc4 ,junior1 see ,lucilius1 #afh4 ,jupit] 7,jove71 temple (1 9 ,african des]t 7,ammon71 #gh2 8 ?und]bolts1 #hh1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib2 af=ds lessons to e>?ly rul]s1 #ij2 o!r names =1 #ia1 #ib4 ,jupit]1 ! planet1 #bhd1 #bii4 ,lac$aemonians1 #ahi4 ,lac$aemon1 or ,sp>ta1 0 9 ,laconia1 ! di/rict 9 ! ,s4,e4 ( ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,ladon1 #beg4 ,riv] 9 ,arcadia1 tribut>y ( ,alpheus4 ,laelius1 #bfh4 ,fri5d ( ! y\ng] ,scipio ,africanus1 consul #adj ,b4,c4 ,*ief int]locutor 9 ,cic]o's ,dialogue on ,fri5d%ip4 ,lakes1 ) d5se wat]1 #ach1 #aci2 und]gr\nd1 #aed2 wide ext5t ( "s1 #bcc4 ,l& & sea breezes1 #aih4 ,l&slips1 #bch1 #bdi1 #bea2 effects (1 #bec4 ,lat91 #baj 7#b74 ,leo 7sign ( ! ,zodiac71 #cja4 ,lepidus1 #aff 7#c74 ,=m$ ) ,augu/us & ,antony ! ,second ,triumvirate aft] ,caes>'s assass9ation 9 #dd ,b4,c4 ,libonotus 7,w9d71 #baj4 ,libyan 7,w9d71 #baj4 ,life1 ! prop] conduct 91 #aab1 #aei1 #bff2 unc]ta9ty (1 #bbf2 to be c>ri$ 9 our h& if we desire to live happy & )\t fe>1 #bff4 ,lightn+1 #fb1 #ff1 #fi1 #hf1 #hg1 #ajj2 effects (1 #gh1 #hg1 #hh1 #if2 port5ts indicat$ by1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #hf1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #bae2 possible pe/il5tial p[] 91 #ig2 cause ( zigzag c\rse (1 #ajb2 moral lessons to be d]iv$ f a consid]ation (1 #ajd2 safe retreats f1 #bbc2 bl9d+ effects (1 #bib2 connect$ ) ! planets1 #bge4 a ,livy 7,titus ,livius71 #bji1 #bac4 ,roman hi/orian1 #ei ,b4,c4-#ag4 ,l[] ,sea2 see ,propontis4 ,lucilius ,junior1 #a1 #ajc1 #aji1 #aad1 #adb1 #aei 7#b71 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #bag1 #bba1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,see ,introduction4 ,luxury1 introduction (1 #de1 #df2 gr[? (1 #dg1 #ahh2 illu/rations (1 #abi1 #ahg2 d5unciation (1 #acj1 #ahg1 #cjf4 ,lycia1 #adj4 ,di/rict ,s4,w4 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,lycus1 #adb4 ,riv]1 probably ( ,phrygia 9 ,asia ,m9or1 fl[+ into ! ,mae&]4 ,lydia1 #aci4 ,di/rict 9 ,w4 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,lynce/is1 #acd4 ,mac$onia1 #ach1 #bjg1 #bbd1 #cjc4 ,magnesia1 #abb4 ,t[n ( ,lydia4 ,mank9d1 comp>$ to ants1 #f2 e>ly ages (1 #de1 #df2 f9al de/ruction (1 #adg1 #aeb2 re-creation (1 aft] ! deluge1 #aee2 _w n made only =1 #cje4 ,m>mora or ,m>m>a 7,sea (72 see ,propontis4 ,m>s1 ! planet1 #aj1 #bge1 #bhd4 ,m>seilles1 #agd4 ,m>%es1 #bcc2 ( ! ,nile1 #bcf4 ,magal5opolis 7or ,megalepolis or ,megalopolis71 #beg4 ,t[n 9 ,arcadia4 ,melas1 #acg4 ,riv] ( ,boeotia 9 ,c5tral ,greece4 ,memphis1 #agj4 ,great ,egyptian city a little above ,cairo4 a ,m5&]1 #afe4 ,a!nian comic poet1 #cdb-bia ,b4,c4 ,m]cury1 ! planet1 #bhd4 ,messal9a1 #afc4 ,?ird wife ( ,emp]or ,claudius2 put to dea? by ,n>cissus1 #dh4 ,messana 7,mess9a71 #adb4 ,metallif]\s ve9s1 #abf4 ,metals1 melt$ by lightn+1 #gh1 #if2 d5unciation ( ! se>* = ! preci\s1 #bjg1 #bae4 ,meteorology 7,sublimia71 scope (1 #ea4 ,meteors1 #h-aa1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bib1 #bic1 #bif4 a ,metrodorus 7( ,*ios71 #bdh 7#b74 ,philosoph] :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #ccj ,b4,c4 8,sceptic40 ,disciple ( ,democritus1 p]haps4 ,milky ,way1 #bhi4 ,m9d1 ! human1 its nature & seat unkn[n1 #big4 ,m9es1 wat] 91 #aed2 anci5t1 explor$ by ,philip ( ,mac$on1 #bjg4 ,mirrors1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #dg4 ,mock-suns1 #ce4 ,moon1 eclipse (1 #bih2 v>y+ col\r (1 #cjj4 ,moral reflections1 ,s5eca's1 #a-h1 #db1 #dd-dg1 #ajb-aje1 #aji-aad1 #acj-acb1 #adc-aef1 #aei-aff1 #ahf-aij1 #bjg1 #bac-bag1 #bbb-bbi1 #bed1 #bfe-bfh4 ,m\nta9s1 insignificance ( height (1 comp>$ ) ! :ole mass ( ! e>?1 #ahd4 ,mu%rooms1 #ahi4 ,mylae1 #adb4 ,t[n on ,n4 coa/ ( ,sicily1 ne> ,mess9a4 ,myndus1 #bgd1 #bij4 ,t[n 9 ,c>ia4 ,naples1 p>tly damag$ by e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc1 #bba4 ,n>cissus1 #afd4 ,fre$man ( ,claudius1 put to dea? by ,agripp9a1 #ed4 ,natural ,philosophy1 #c1 #h4 ,nature1 influ5ce (1 #c2 orig9 (1 #g2 z a synonym = ,god1 #ib2 advantage ( ! /udy (1 #aac1 #bfe2 f9ds no task h>d1 #add1 #aed2 inadequate conceptions (1 #bbh2 /udy (1 ! highe/ pursuit1 #bcj2 p[] ( v>iation 91 #cja2 inexhau/ibility (1 #cjf2 /ill mo/ imp]fectly kn[n1 #cjf4 ,naval w>s d5\nc$1 #bac4 ,nebaio?1 #bjh4 ,an ,arabian p1 put = ,ea/ 9 g5]al4 ,lat9 =m is ,nabataei4 ,neptune 7,e>?%ak]71 #bee4 a ,n]o ,caes>1 #be1 #bce1 #bij1 #bid2 probably ref]r$ to1 ?\gh n nam$1 #ij 7la/ two s5t5ces74 ,nicopolis1 #bei4 ,city 9 ,w4 ( ,greece at entrance to ,ambracian ,gulf4 ,! ^w means 8city ( victory10 some?+ l our (t-recurr5t 8,victoria40 ,nile1 unusual "* (1 #aad1 #ace1 #aff2 physiological effect ( wat] (1 #adj2 rise (1 #ada1 #afg1 #afi1 #agb2 c\rse (1 #afh1 #agj1 #bcc2 cat>acts (1 #afh2 mode ( desc5t (1 #afi2 delta (1 #agj1 #aga2 canalisation (1 #agj2 deposit (1 #agj1 #beh2 inundation (1 #aga2 suppos$ und]gr\nd supply (1 #bce2 ,n]o's exp$ition to !1 #bce2 transport ( s$im5t by1 #beh4 ,nonacris1 #acg4 ,t[n 9 ,arcadia4 ,notus 7,w9d71 #bji4 ,nuc]ia1 #bba4 ,t[n 9 ,campania4 ,ocean1 #f 7#b71 #aab1 #aai1 #ace1 #adc1 #aec1 #aee1 #bca1 #bed 7#b71 #bff4 a ,o5opides 7( ,*ios71 #age4 ,ma!matician & a/ronom]1 probably contempor>y ( ,anaxagoras1 fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,olympic1 #adb 7#b74 ,olympia 0 9 ,elis4 ,olympus1 #beg4 ,high m\nta9 9 ,!ssaly1 ,nor!rn ,greece4 ,om5s1 arrang$ by ,provid5ce1 #hj2 f lightn+1 #hb4 ,organs 7hydraulic71 #ef4 ,ossa1 #beg4 ,m\nta9 9 ,!ssaly1 ,nor!rn ,greece4 ,o/ia1 #da4 ,t[n at m\? ( ,tib]2 port ( ,rome4 a ,ovid1 #aad1 #acc1 #adh1 #afe1 #afh4 ,lat9 poet1 #dc ,b4,c4-#ah4 ,p>helia1 #ce4 ,pamphylia1 #baa4 ,di/rict on ,s4 ( ,asia ,m9or4 a ,panaetius1 #cjd4 ,/oic philosoph] ( ,rhodes1 fri5d ( ,laelius & ! y\ng] ,scipio ,africanus2 di$ #aaa ,b4,c4 ,paphos1 #bei4 ,t[n on ,w4 ( ,cyprus4 ,p>ium1 #bb4 ,t[n 9 ,mysia on ,n4,w4 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,p>?ians1 #e1 #bae4 ,pat]culus1 #cjc4 ,8 consul%ip is said to h be5 9 ! ye> #fj4 ,patras1 #beg4 ,t[n at entrance ( ,gulf ( ,cor9?4 ,paulus1 #i4 ,l4 ,aemilius ,p41 consul #aha & #afh ,b4,c4 ,peacock1 analogy f col\rs (1 #be4 ,peloponnesian 7,w>71 #bef1 #beh4 ,la/$ #dca-djd ,b4,c4 betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta4 ,p5es1 #ach1 #beg4 ,great riv] dra9+ ! pla9 ( ,!ssaly & fl[+ ?r\gh vale ( ,tempe betwe5 ,olympus & ,ossa2 n[ call$ ,salambria4 ,p]seus1 #i4 ,la/ k+ ( ,mac$onia1 #agh-afh ,b4,c4 ,p]sia1 #bjh1 #bae4 ,p]sians1 #bed4 ,pe/il5tial vap\rs emitt$ f ! gr\nd1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,ph>os1 #beh4 ,isl& (f ,alex&ria ) fam\s ligh?\se1 unit$ to ma9l& by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,phasis1 #agd4 ,riv] ( ,col*is at ,e4 ( ,black ,sea4 ,philae1 #afh 7#c71 #afi4 ,isl& 9 ! ,nile1 j bel[ ,fir/ ,cat>act4 ,s5eca seems to confuse x ) ! s-call$ isl& ( ,m]o1 at ! junction ( ! ,blue ,nile & ,atb>a4 ,philip1 #aaj1 #bjg 7#b74 ,fa!r ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 k+ ( ,mac$onia #cei-ccf ,b4,c4 ,philosoph]s1 debt due to ! e>ly1 #bcj2 cr$ul\s folk1 #beh2 sev]e criticisms (1 #abe1 #age1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,philosophy1 divisions (1 #c2 pleasures (1 #d1 #e2 b5efits conf]r$ by1 #ig2 deliv]s its vot>ies f fe>1 #bbe2 rew>ds (1 #bbi2 decad5ce (1 #cjg1 #cjh4 a ,p9d>1 #beh4 ,greek poet1 #ebb-ddb ,b4,c4 ,pi?itae1 or pi?iae 7meteors71 #ch1 #dj4 ,plancus1 #afj4 ,l4 ,munatius ,p41 a prom95t actor 9 ! civil w>s1 #dh-ca ,b4,c4 ,planets1 col\rs (1 #aj2 enum]at$1 #bge2 fix$ numb] (1 #bhd2 orbits (1 #bhe2 motions (1 #bhh2 possibly great] numb] (1 #big2 conspicu\s movem5ts (1 #bih4 a ,plato1 #baf4 ,pollux1 #aa2 see ,ca/or4 ,pompeii1 #bba1 #bei 7#b74 ,pompey1 #aff 7#c74 ,defeat$ by ,caes> #dh ,b4,c41 & assass9at$ %ortly aft]4 ,pontus 7di/rict 9 ,n4,e4 ( ,asia ,m9or71 #ada4 ,pontus 7,black ,sea71 #aec1 #agf1 #ahj 7874 ,port5ts f meteors1 #i1 #bbh1 #bei2 lightn+1 #gi1 #hf1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #bae2 eclipses1 #bbh2 comets1 #bgb1 #bij1 #cjb4 a ,posidonius1 #bf1 #bg1 #gc1 #gd1 #ih 7#b71 #agg1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bef1 #bib1 #bic4 ,a v di/+ui%$ ,/oic philosoph]1 presid5t ( t s*ool4 ,in/ructor = a "t & fri5d ( ,cic]o4 ,prosecut$ physical inve/igations ) great success4 ,native ( ,syria4 ,liv$ #ace-ea ,b4,c4 ,po/]ity1 great increase ( k to be atta9$ by1 #bih4 ,pr$e/9ation1 #he4 ,progno/ications2 see ,port5ts4 ,propontis 7,sea ( ,m>mora71 #aec1 #agf 7,l[] ,sea74 ,provid5ce1 #ib1 #bac4 ,puteoli1 #acc4 ,on coa/ ( ,campania4 ,pylades1 #cjg4 ,a ,cilician2 a danc] l ,ba?yllus4 ,pyr5ees1 #e4 a ,pyrrho1 #cjg4 ,f\nd] ( ! sect ( ! ,sceptics1 native ( ,elis2 fl\ri%$ ab\t f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 a ,py?agoras1 #cjg4 ,fl\ri%$ 9 second half ( six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,pyx1 trial (1 #ahj4 ,ra91 ,s5eca's obs]vation on desc5t (1 into soil1 #aag2 %>e (1 9 f9al de/ruction ( ! _w1 #adc1 #add1 #adi2 seasonal v>iations (1 #agi2 suppos$ to be influ5c$ by incantations1 #ahb4 ,ra9b[1 #af-cc4 ,ra9less c\ntries1 #afg1 #agc4 ,r$ ,sea1 #aab1 #aec1 #afh4 ,regulus1 #bba4 ,consul #fc4 ,rev]5ce1 duty (1 #cjd4 ,rhaetian1 #ce4 ,! ref]5ce is to w9e gr[n 9 ! ,n4 ( ,italy 7,cisalp9e ,gaul74 ,rh9e1 #adf 7#b71 #agc1 #bcc4 ,rhodians1 #adb4 ,isl& ( ,rhodes 0 at ,s4,w4 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,rhone1 #adf1 #agc4 ,riv]s z political b\nd>ies1 #e1 #bcc2 s\rces ( supply (1 #aaf2 und]gr\nd1 #acb1 #ada1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bcc1 #bce2 summ] rise (1 #ada1 #agc4 ,roman1 #e1 #ab1 #df1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aff4 ,rome1 #aaj1 #aff1 #ahb1 #bji1 #cjg4 ,roots1 disruptive =ce (1 #eg4 ,rul]s1 c\nsel to1 #ij4 ,sacrifice _c alt] fate1 #hd2 to keep (f hail1 #aha4 ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire1 #aa1 #cg4 a ,sallu/1 #bgi4 ,roman hi/orian1 #hf-cd ,b4,c4 ,s>matian1 #e1 #bcc 7pl474 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! ,s4 "p ( ,russia4 ,saturn1 ! planet1 #bge 7#b71 #bhd1 #cjc4 ,scipio1 #df 7#b74 ,! eld] ,sc4 ,africanus1 victor ( ,hannibal at ,zama1 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,scironian 7,w9d71 #baa4 ,scylla1 #aec2 see ,*>ybdis4 ,scy?ia1 #ahj1 #bjh4 ,t]m us$ v loosely ( region 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,asia1 b at times ext5d+ to ,europe1 z f> we/ z ! ,danube4 ,s>matia ( "o age 0 "p ( ,scy?ia ( ano!r4 ,sea1 unity ( !1 #abe2 coeval ) ! _w1 #ace2 ?r[s a%ore ill-smell+ deposits1 #adb2 %>e (1 9 f9al de/ruction ( ! e>?1 #adc1 #aej2 curr5t (1 f ,black ,sea1 #agf2 subt]ranean1 #bcd4 ,sea & l& breezes1 #aih4 ,seaf>+1 condemn$1 #baf4 ,sea-wat]1 purg$ ( its salt )9 ! e>?1 #aaf4 ,sejanus1 #i4 ,notori\s in/rum5t ( ,tib]ius2 put to dea? #ca4 ,sela 7gleams 9 ! sky71 #ci4 ,self1 bondage ( slav]y to1 #aac4 ,septemtrio 7,w9d71 #baj4 a ,sextii1 #cjg4 ,fa!r & son 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us & ,n]o respectively2 taught a comb9ation ( ,/oic & ,py?agorean doctr9es4 ,%eep1 de/ruction (1 dur+ ,campanian e>?quake ( ,a4,d4 #fc1 #bei4 ,sicily & ,sicilian1 #aad1 #ach1 #adb 7#b71 #aec1 #aei1 #aff 7#b71 #bce1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,sidon1 #bef4 ,sn[1 melt+ 9 ,e?iopia errone\sly suppos$ to be ! cause ( ! annual rise ( ! ,nile1 #agc2 supplies "s ,european riv]s1 #agc2 on ,european m\nta9s1 #agc2 orig9 (1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahf2 said to feel cold] to ! feet :5 dry & h>d ?an :5 slu%y & half melt$1 #ahj2 artificial use (1 #ahg4 a ,sophocles1 #agb4 ,s\l1 div9e orig9 (1 #f2 to be rescu$ f error & fe> ( dea?1 #ajc4 ,s\nd less rapid ?an light1 #fd4 ,spa9 & ,spani%1 #f1 #g1 #aaj1 #bfc4 ,spr+s1 #aah1 #aba1 #abg1 #acf1 #adb4 ,squalls1 orig9 (1 #bjd2 %ort duration (1 #bha4 ,/abiae1 #bba4 ,small t[n on coa/ ( ,campania4 ,/>s1 f$ by emanations f ! e>?1 #ee1 #aih1 #bdd2 influ5ce (1 9 human affairs1 #ha2 nature (1 #bgc2 transits (1 #bhd2 suppos$ small size (1 #bhh2 place (1 9 sky1 #big2 v>y+ col\rs (1 #cjj4 ,/>s1 fall+1 #aj1 #aa1 #cg1 #ii1 #bif4 ,/atonia1 #aci4 ,t[n 9 ,etruria1 ab\t #ae miles f ! coa/4 ,/oics1 #cb1 #dj1 #eh1 #ff1 #ie1 #aai1 #abd1 #ace1 #aea1 #ahj1 #aha 7#b71 #baj1 #bea1 #bia1 #bib1 #bic1 #bie 7my s*ool74 a ,/rato1 #bdj4 ,succe$$ ,!ophra/us z head ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool 9 #bhh ,b4,c4 ,native ( ,lampsacus 9 ,mysia on ! ,hellespont4 ,/reaks 9 ! sky1 #cc4 ,/rymon1 #e4 ,riv] ( ,?race & ,mac$onia 7,/ruma74 ,! text ( ! passage is v d\btful4 ,/yx1 #acg4 ,riv] 9 ,arcadia4 ,subm]g5ce ( ,helice & ,buris1 #bed1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfg1 #bgf1 #bhi2 ( ,atalanta1 #bef2 ( ,sidon1 #bef2 ( o!r cities & nations1 #bfg4 ,subsolane 7,w9d71 #bji4 ,sudd1 #bcf n4 ,sulphur1 baneful effects (1 9 wat]1 #acd2 suppos$ to w>m wat]1 #acf2 exi/s 9 l>ge quantity und]gr\nd1 #bjf4 8,sulphur smell0 produc$ by lightn+1 #fi1 #ig4 ,sun1 size (1 #bj1 #bhh2 eclipse (1 #ce1 #bgd1 #bhd1 #bic2 draws 8 su/5ance f ! e>?1 #ee1 #aih1 #bdd2 movem5ts (1 #bga2 among ! con/ellations1 #cja4 ,sup]/ition1 #bga4 ,surr5tum1 #bba4 ,t[n on promontory 9 ,campania4 ,syracuse1 #ab1 #adb4 ,syria1 #ach1 #bhh4 ,tempe1 #acg4 ,vale or gorge 9 ,!ssaly2 see ,p5es4 ,temp]ature ( atmosph]e1 #fj1 #ahc1 #ahd2 ( v>i\s wat]s1 #acf4 ,t5sion1 effects (1 #ef1 #eh4 ,t5tyra1 #agb4 ,isl& 9 ! ,nile 7,d5d]ah71 n f> f ,!bes4 a ,?ales1 #abd1 #abe1 #agd1 #bcc4 ,( ,miletus2 may be consid]$ ! fa!r ( ,greek philosophy1 #fcf-edf ,b4,c4 ,!bes1 #beg4 ,capital ( ,boeotia4 ,!re 0 a m anci5t city ( ! same "n 9 ,upp] ,egypt on ^: site are ! mod]n ,luxor1 ,k>nak1 etc4 a ,!ophra/us #abb 7#c71 #abi1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #agb1 #bdj1 #cjc4 ,( ,lesbos1 fav\rite pupil & successor ( ,ari/otle1 head ( ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 #cbb-bhg ,b4,c4 ,!rasia & ,!re 7,!ra71 #beb4 ,small volcanic isl&s 9 ! gr\p call$ ,sporades1 ,s4 ( ,cyclades4 ,!ssaly1 #acg1 #beg4 ,?race & ,?racians1 #e1 #afa1 #agc1 #bed4 a ,?ucydides1 #bef1 #beh4 ,?und]+s1 #fb1 #fg2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #ge2 causes (1 #ih4 ,tib]ius ,caes>1 #da4 ,tigris1 #adb1 #bce4 ,"t1 wa/+ influ5ce (1 #bch1 #bec2 fleet+ness (1 #bfh4 ,trade to ,atlantic ports1 #age4 ,transmutation ( ! elem5ts1 #abj1 #aba4 ,troglodytes1 #agc4 ,cave-dwell]s1 specially appli$ to tribes on ,w4 ( ,r$ ,sea4 ,tuscans2 see ,etruscans4 ,tyre & ,tyrian1 #bg1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,unity or cont9uity1 def9$1 #ec4 ,univ]se1 def9$1 #ed2 impetu\s :irl (1 #bgc2 ceaseless revolution (1 #bha1 #bid1 #bii2 a h>mony ( discords1 #cja4 ,vacuum1 non-exi/5t 9 nature1 #abh4 ,vadimonian 7,lake71 #aci4 ,9 ,etruria1 n f> f ! ,tib]1 ! ,lago di ,bassano1 n[ dri$ up4 a ,vagellius1 #bbg4 ,"n unkn[n1 probably corrupt4 ,val]ius ,asiaticus1 #gd4 ,consul1 = ! second "t1 9 #df4 a ,v>ro1 #bji 7#b74 ,fam\s gramm>ian1 antiqu>ian1 etc41 #aaf-bh ,b4,c4 ,v5us1 ! planet1 #bhd4 ,vice1 conque/ (1 leads to highe/ happ9ess1 #e2 cont9u$ progress (1 #df1 #ahg1 #cjf1 #cjg4 a ,virgil1 #bh1 #ce1 #aad1 #adb1 #afe1 #bji1 #bda1 #bec1 #beh4 ,virg9ius1 #bba4 ,consul #fc4 ,vitellius1 #afj4 ,"n d\btful2 may ref] to fa!r ( ,emp]or ,vitellius1 :o fl\ri%$ "u ,caligula & ,claudius1 be+ consul 9 #cd4 ,volcanic eruptions1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg1 #beb4 ,vopiscus1 #cjc4 ,consul #fj4 ,vultur1 #bji4 ,m\nta9 on bord]s ( ,apulia4 ,vulturnus 7,w9d71 #bji4 ,w>s1 d5unciation (1 #bac1 #bad4 ,wat]1 =ms (1 #aad1 #aae1 #bcc2 trans=m$ into air1 #abj2 =m$ f e>?1 #abj2 z "o ( ! f\r elem5ts1 #abd2 ,?ales' op9ions on1 #abd1 #bca2 und]gr\nd s\rces (1 #abf1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce2 v>i\s ta/es (1 #acc2 petrify+ p[]s (1 #acc2 v>y+ temp]atures (1 #acf2 artificial heat+ (1 #acf2 baneful k9ds (1 #acg2 dye+ prop]ties ( "s k9ds (1 #acg2 v>y+ d5sities (1 #ach2 suppos$ physiological effects ( "s1 #adj2 9 m9es1 #aed2 produces animal & plant life1 #aig2 z ! cause ( e>?quakes1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,wat]galls & sun-dogs1 #cc4 ,wea!r indications1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #bh1 #cg1 #ci1 #ge1 #aha1 #bge1 #cjb1 #cjc4 ,wells & _! wat]-supply1 #aah1 #abc1 #abh2 w>m w9t] temp]ature (1 #agf1 #bda4 ,:irlw9ds1 #bjd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb4 ,w1 fre$om ( !1 #he1 #hf4 ,w9d1 def9ition (1 #aic2 ,democritus' view ( orig9 (1 #aid2 orig9 (1 #aif1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd2 )9 ! e>?1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bdd2 numb] & names ( ! w9ds1 #bjh-bab2 teleological design (1 #bab1 #baf2 misuse (1 by man1 #baf2 b5eficial influ5ces (1 #baf2 disruptive en]gy (1 #beb4 ,w9ds1 #bjh-baa4 ,! foll[+ are specifi$3 ,africus1 ,aquilo1 ,arge/es1 ,atabulus1 ,au/]1 7 ,subsolane71 ,boreas1 ,cataegis1 ,circius1 ,corus1 ,etesian1 ,euronotus1 ,eurus1 ,favonius1 ,iapygian1 1 ,libonotus1 ,libyan1 ,notus1 ,scironian1 ,septemtrio1 ,subsolane1 ,?racias1 ,vulturnus1 ,zephyrus4 ,w9e1 froz5 by lightn+1 #gi1 #ig4 ,_w1 revolution (1 #bj4 a ,z5o1 #bia4 ,native ( ,cyprus1 f\nd] ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 liv$ betwe5 middle ( f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c4 ,zephyrus 7,w9d71 #bjh4 ,zodiac1 #bhe1 #bia1 #bif4 ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4