,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics or bold face 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & equal signs respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,*>act]s betwe5 tildes repres5t ! %ape ( ! "* r ?an ! "* itself4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes & a li/ ( *anges made to ! text may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,am]ican ,,locomotive4 ,by ,! ,grant ,locomotive ,works1 ,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,plan ,,( ,,am]ican ,,locomotive4 ,by ,! ,grant ,locomotive ,works1 ,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive ,illu/ration3 #ahhf ,,by ,,mat?ias ,n4 ,,=ney1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,w be s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 on receipt ( price #b4ej4 ,,fr$]ick ,,keppy1 ,sci5tific ,book ,publi%]1 ,no4 #ch ,,/ate ,,/reet1 ,,bridgeport1 ,,conn4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgd1 by ,,! ,,railroad ,,gazette1 ,9 ! (fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,,preface4 ,books1 l individuals1 h _! hi/ories1 & x seems b prop] t 9 introduc+ !m some:at ( _! ance/ry %\ld be detail$4 ,! pres5t book orig9at$ 9 ?is wise3 ! publi%]s ( ! ,,railroad ,,gazette procur$ a copy ( ! 8,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und des ,betriebes d] ,locomotive10 by ,georg ,kosak4 ,z no ,engli% translation ( ?is excell5t little book 0 kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce1 ! editors ( ! above pap] det]m9$ to translate x & adapt x to ! ,am]ican practice 9 ! con/ruction & managem5t ( locomotive /eam eng9es1 & republi% x 9 _! j\rnal4 ,! translation 0 !re=e made & submitt$ to ! writ] = revision & adaptation1 accord+ to ! orig9al int5tion4 ,be=e ! latt] 0 ent]ta9$1 h[ev]1 he _h comm5c$ writ+ an elem5t>y treatise on ! locomotive4 ,9 revis+ ! fir/ "p ( ! translation ( ,mr4 ,kosak's book1 x 0 f\nd t ! latt] occupi$ only to a v limit$ ext5t ! gr\nd :i* ! writ] _h 8/ak$ out0 9 8 own incomplete plan4 ,he !re=e conclud$ to ab&on ! orig9al int5tion ( 8adapt+0 ,mr4 ,kosak's "w1 & det]m9$ to rewrite x & make sub/antially a new book ( x4 ,= ! 8idea10 h[ev]1 & to "s ext5t its plan1 & = mu* valuable mat]ial1 ! au?or mu/ ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,kosak4 ,9 "s few cases ! language ( ! translator has be5 employ$1 9 "p or 9 :ole1 )\t quotation m>ks1 b ) an ackn[l$gm5t 9 a foot-note4 ,a simil> plan has also be5 pursu$ 9 us+ "s o!r books4 ,?is 0 done to avoid cutt+ up p>agraphs & s5t5ces into fragm5t>y p>ts ) num]\s quotation m>ks4 ,! foll[+ books h be5 consult$ & us$ 9 writ+ ! ,cate*ism ( ! ,locomotive3 ,heat consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion1 by ,pr(4 ,tyndall2 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t2 ,railway ,ma*9]y1 by ,d4 ,k4 ,cl>k2 ,treatise on ! ,locomotive ,eng9e1 by ,z]ah ,colburn2 ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,m4 ,rank9e2 ,indicator ,exp]im5ts on ,locomotives1 by ,pr(essor ,baus*+]2 ,ri*>ds' ,/eam ,indicator1 by ,*>les ,t4 ,port]2 ,die ,s*ule des ,locomotivfhr]s1 by ,j4 ,brosius & ,r4 ,ko*2 ,me*anics1 by ,a4 ,mor92 ,! ,new ,*emi/ry1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,jr42 ,combu/ion ( ,coal & ! ,prev5tion ( ,smoke1 by ,c4 ,wye ,williams2 ,a ,treatise on ,/eam ,boil]s1 by ,rob]t ,wilson2 ,reports ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association2 ,l9k ,valve ,motion1 by ,william ,s4 ,au*9closs1 & ,em]g5cies & ,h[ to ,treat ,!m1 by ,dr4 ,joseph ,w4 ,h[e4 ,= ! title ( ! book an apology is p]haps ne$$1 z ! ^w ,cate*ism is associat$ 9 ne>ly all p]sons' m9ds we w tru/ ) e>ly religi\s & !ological in/ruction1 & !re=e a ,cate*ism ( ! ,locomotive is v apt to s\nd m ludicr\s ?an sci5tific4 ,! title ( ,mr4 ,kosak's book 0 adopt$ be=e x 0 det]m9$ to rewrite x1 & x 0 aft]w>ds n deem$ be/ to *ange x4 ,to ^? :o are dispos$ to smile at x1 ! prec$5t ( ,mr4 ,b\rne's excell5t ,cate*ism ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e is quot$1 & if !y w ref] to ,web/]'s ,diction>y = ! def9ition ( ! ^w 8cate*ism10 !y w f9d t x means 8an elem5t>y book conta9+ a summ>y ( pr9ciples 9 any sci5ce or art1 b appropriately 9 religion1 r$uc$ to ! =m ( que/ions & answ]s1 & sometimes ) notes1 explanations & ref]5ce to au?orities10 :i* is exactly :at ! pres5t book is int5d$ to be4 ,to p]sons accu/om$ to books & /udy1 ! cate*etical =m is v apt to seem cumbr\s & awkw>d1 b x has "s v decid$ advantages 9 writ+ = ^? :o h n acquir$ /udi\s habits ( ?\ght4 ,to su* ! "q ask$ pres5ts fir/ a di/9ct image ( ! subject to be consid]$1 s t ! explanation or in/ruction :i* foll[s is mu* m apt to be und]/ood ?an x w\ld be if no su* "q _h be5 ask$4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,grant = ! use ( draw+s f :i* mo/ ( ! engrav+s ( details ( locomotives ) :i* ?is book is illu/rat$ h be5 made1 & to o!r locomotive build]s1 ^: eng9es are illu/rat$ 9 ! full-page plates1 = ! draw+s !re(4 ,he has also receiv$ v valuable aid f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h4 ,buel1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]2 ,mr4 ,william ,bu*anan1 ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad2 ,mr4 ,frank ,d4 ,*ild1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,h9kley ,locomotive ,works2 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,jeffrey1 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,ma*9]y ( ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad4 ,! object 9 writ+ ! book 0 to furni% a cle> & easily und]/ood description ( ! pr9ciples1 con/ruction & op]ation ( ! locomotive eng9e ( ! pres5t day1 a subject :i* is n concisely or adequately treat$ 9 any "o simil> book4 ,if ! au?or has succe$$ 9 mak+ :at he has writt5 pla9 to pla9 p1 8 aim w be fully accompli%$4 ,no4 #gc ,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface iii ,introduction ix ,"p ,i4 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e #a ,,ii4 ,! =ces ( ,air & ,/eam #h ,,iii4 ,on ,"w1 ,en]gy & ! ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat #bb ,,iv4 ,! ,slide-,valve #cj ,v4 ,! ,expansion ( ,/eam #dg ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,description ( a ,locomotive ,eng9e #fb ,,vii4 ,! ,locomotive ,boil] #ga ,,viii4 ,! ,boil] ,atta*m5ts #aae ,,ix4 ,! ,?rottle-,valve & ,/eam-,pipes #aee ,x4 ,! ,cyl9d]s1 ,pi/ons1 ,guide-,rods & ,connect+- ,rods #afd ,,xi4 ,! ,valve-,ge> #aha ,,xii4 ,! ,runn+-,ge> #bfh ,,xiii4 ,adhesion & ,traction #cai ,,xiv4 ,int]nal ,di/urb+ ,=ces 9 ! ,locomotive #cbh ,,xv4 ,miscellane\s #cce ,,xvi4 ,screw ,?reads1 ,bolts & ,nuts #cda ,,xvii4 ,t5d]s #cdi ,,xviii4 ,friction & ,lubrication #ceh ,,xix4 ,combu/ion #cfe ,,xx4 ,! ,resi/ance ( ,tra9s #djf ,,xxi4 ,proportions ( ,locomotives #dab ,,xxii4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,locomotives #dbg ,,xxiii4 ,cont9u\s ,tra9 ,brakes #ddb ,,xxiv4 ,p]=mance & ,co/ ( ,op]at+ ,locomotives #ddh ,,xxv4 ,wat]-,tanks & ,turn-,tables #dea ,,xxvi4 ,inspection ( ,locomotives #dfa ,,xxvii4 ,runn+ ,locomotives #dgh ,,xxviii4 ,accid5ts to ,locomotives #eji ,,xxix4 ,accid5ts & ,injuries to ,p]sons #ecc ,,xxx4 ,responsibility & ,qualification ( ,locomotive ,runn]s #edd ,li/ ( ,books = ,me*anics1 ,locomotive ,runn]s1 ,firem51 etc41 #eej ,plates #eea ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,table ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,/eam #ehe ,,ii4 ,table ( ,hyp]bolic ,log>i?ms #eij ,,iii4 ,table ( ! ,prop]ties ( ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,fuel #eid ,,iv4 ,table ( ! ,resi/ance ( ,tra9s #eif ,index #eih ,,introduction4 ,! ,cate*ism ( ! ,locomotive is int5d$ = a l>ge class ( read]s1 among :om are all k9ds ( railroad (fic]s & employes1 consi/+ ( locomotive runn]s1 firem51 & ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( me*anics employ$ 9 railroad %ops & 9 ! con/ruction ( locomotive & o!r k9ds ( railroad ma*9]y & mat]ial4 ,besides ^! !re are _m amateur eng9e]s1 /ud5ts1 & p]sons int]e/$ directly or indirectly 9 railroads1 & a n inconsid]able class :o are always seek+ in=mation on all subjects :atsoev]4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! only way to adapt ! book to all ! classes = :om x is int5d$1 0 to make x s pla9 t ! 8wayf>+ man0 w h no difficulty 9 compreh5d+ x4 ,x has !re=e be5 writt5 9 z cle> language z ! writ] c\ld comm&1 & ! subjects pres5t$ are treat$ z simply & z pla9ly z 8 ability enabl$ him to d1 & ) ! lea/ possible employm5t ( ei!r sci5tific or practical te*nicalities4 ,! only deviation f ?is plan w be f\nd 9 ! use ( algebraic symbols to designate ari?metical calculations4 ,?is 0 done to save space1 & because x 0 ?\ght t !y c\ld be expla9$ s t ev5 ^? )\t any k :atsoev] ( algebra c\ld easily compreh5d !m4 ,to su* z h no su* k ! foll[+ explanation is giv53 ,suppose x is necess>y to add two numb]s1 say #a1hgb & #dfh4 ,! calculation1 if made ari?metically1 w\ld be ?us3 #a1hgb #dfh ----- #b1cdj ,?is x w be se5 occupies ! space ( sev]al l9es ( pr9t4 ,if we want to express ?is calculation algebraically1 x c be done by simply writ+ ! two numb]s & plac+ ! sign 1 call$ plus1 betwe5 ! two1 :i* indicates t !y are to be add$ toge!r1 ?us3 #a1hgb #dfh ,to indicate :at ! sum w be1 or :at ! two add$ toge!r w am\nt to1 ! sign 1 call$ equal to1 or ! sign ( equality1 is plac$ aft] ! two numb]s & betwe5 !m & ! sum1 ?us3 #a1hgb #dfh #b1cdj1 :i* c be read z foll[s3 #a1hgb add$ to #dfh is equal to #b1cdj4 ,n[ ! only use ( ! algebraic signs & is t !y save "t 9 writ+ & room 9 pr9t+1 & :5 p]sons become accu/om$ to _! use !y make pla9 a numb] ( op]ations at a s+le glance1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,9 ! same way t ! sign means add$ to1 ! sign - means less or subtract$ f1 ?us3 #a1hgb - #dfh #a1djd1 :i* is ! same z ?\gh x 0 pr9t$ z foll[s3 #a1hgb less #dfh is equal to #a1djd4 ,! sign means multipli$ by1 or is ! sign ( multiplication4 ,?us3 #a1hgb #dfh #hgf1jif2 t is1 #a1hgb multipli$ by #dfh is equal to #hgf1jif4 ,! sign means divid$ by1 ?us3 #a1hgb #dfh #d4 :i* means3 #a1hgb divid$ by #dfh is equal to #d4 ,! same ?+ is express$ by putt+ a l9e "u ! divid5d & writ+ ! divisor "u ! l9e1 ?us3 #a1hgb ----- #d4 #dfh ,^! signs are comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?us1 suppos+ we want$ to add #a1hgb to #dfh & !n divide ! sum by #aag1 x w\ld be necess>y1 9 ord] to repres5t ! ari?metical calculation1 to d x z foll[s3 #ahgb #dfh ---- #aag7bcdj7bj #bcd ---- #j ,algebraically x w\ld be /at$ ?us3 #ahgb #dfh ---------- #bj #aag ,if y want$ to add #abd to ! quoti5t #bj above1 ! calculation w\ld be z foll[s3 #ahgb #dfh ---- #aag7bcdj7 #bj #bcd #abd ---- --- #j #add ,?is op]ation c\ld be express$ by writ+ x z foll[s3 #ahgb #dfh ---------- #abd #add4 #aag ,if we want$ to multiply ! quoti5t #bj by #abd we w\ld simply put ! sign in/ead ( be=e #abd1 ?us3 #ahgb #dfh ---------- #abd #bdhj4 #aag ,! sign ( subtraction or division c be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,) ^! explanations x is believ$ t any "o1 ) no?+ m ?an an ord9>y k ( ! f\r elem5t>y rules ( ari?metic1 c und]/& all ! ma!matics conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,a little explanation may also be ne$$ ( ! me?od ( repres5t+ ma*9]y & o!r /ructures by me*anical draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,if we want to repres5t ! outside ( any object1 say an apple1 we make a draw+ ( x z %[n at ,a4 ,n[ if we want to %[ ! inside ( ! apple1 say ! se$s & core1 we c cut x 9 half & repres5t x z %[n at ,c1 :i* is !n call$ a section or sectional view ( ! apple4 ,if we repres5t x z x w appe> if we are above x & look+ d[n on x z %[n at ,b1 x is call$ a top view or plan4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t x might be desirable to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! se$s 9 ! apple z !y w\ld appe> if x 0 cut ?r\gh 9 ! o!r direction1 say on ! l9e a b1 fig4 ,a1 & z is %[n at ,d4 ,!re are !re=e two k9ds ( sections2 "o ,c1 9 :i* ! object is suppos$ to be cut ?r\gh v]tically1 & !re=e call$ a v]tical section1 ! o!r :5 ! object is suppos$ to be cut ?r\gh horizontally1 & !re=e call$ a horizontal section1 z %[n at ,d4 ,x is also evid5t t 9 look+ at a locomotive or any o!r object1 ! appe>ance ( ! eng9e dep5ds ^u our position 9 relation to x4 ,?us1 if we /& on ! side ( x1 we see t "p ( ! eng9e1 & a draw+ :i* repres5ts ! side1 is !re=e call$ a side view or side elevation4 ,a draw+ :i* repres5ts a locomotive or o!r object z x w\ld appe> to u if we /ood 9 front ( x1 is call$ a front view or front elevation1 & a repres5tation ( ! back "p ( any object z x w\ld appe> to u if we /ood beh9d x is call$ a back view or back elevation4 ,plate ,i is a side view1 ,plate ,,ii a section1 ,plate ,,iii a top view or plan2#a ! vignette 9 ! title page is a front view & fig4 #ga a back view ( a locomotive4 ,if ! draw+ is made z ! object w\ld appe> if x 0 turn$ upside d[n1 & we 7 look+ at x f above1 !n x is call$ an inv]t$ plan4 #a ,! boil] ( ! locomotive is suppos$ to be remov$ 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t x is possible to make a great _m diff]5t sectional views ( ne>ly any object1 especially ( a ma*9e4 ,?us1 we c\ld suppose a locomotive cut ?r\gh v]tically & l5g?wise1 z is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,su* a repres5tation is call$ a longitud9al section4 ,a locomotive c\ld also be cut ?r\gh crosswise1 z %[n 9 fig4 #dj1 :i* is call$ a transv]se section4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to repres5t a transv]se section ( a ma*9e l a locomotive at a great _m diff]5t po9ts2 = example1 x c\ld be %[n z ?\gh x 0 cut ?r\gh ! smoke-/ack z 9 fig4 #dj1 or ?r\gh ! boil] f>!r back1 z ! latt] is %[n 9 fig4 #db4 ,usually :5 a section is %[n ?r\gh a cyl9drical object l a smoke-/ack or boil]1 x is %[n ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is n app>5t f ! draw+ or engrav+1 x %\ld be /at$ at :at po9t x is suppos$ to be tak51 ?us ! section ,d ( ! apple is on ! l9e a b ( fig4 ,a1 & ! section ,c is on ! l9e c d4 ,9 draw+ sections1 ! p>ts :i* are suppos$ to be cut 9 two are usually %ad$ ) p>allel diagonal l9es drawn at equal di/ances ap>t1 z %[n 9 ! sections ( ! apple at ,c & ,d4 ,sections are also sometimes repres5t$ ) solid black surfaces1 z 9 ,plates ,,ii & ,,iii1 & 9 ! engrav+ ( a pump 9 fig4 #ff4 ,objects :i* are beh9d o!rs :i* are 9 front ( !m are (t5 %[n ) dott$ l9es1 s z to indicate _! position4 ,! se$s ( ! apple are ?us indicat$ at ,a4 ,x is also cu/om>y1 9 draw+s ( ma*9]y1 to take great lib]ties ) ! objects repres5t$ & to %[ !m ) p>ts remov$ or brok5 away1 if _! con/ruction c ?us be made pla9]4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! purpose ( draw+s ( ?is k9d is n to give a pictorial repres5tation ( ! object z x appe>s to ! eye1 b to make its con/ruction & mode ( op]ation app>5t to ! m9d4 ,9 su* draw+s !re=e all p]spective is disreg>d$4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> 7 we to expla9 ! reasons = ?is1 & !re=e read]s mu/ accept ! ass]tion )\t ! pro(4 ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,,"q #a4 ,:at is ! motive p[] employ$ 9 ord9>y /eam eng9es8 ,answ]4 ,! expansive =ce ( /eam4 ,,"q #b4 ,h[ is ?is expansive =ce ( /eam appli$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,a4 ,cyl9d]4 ,b4 ,pi/on4 ,r4 ,pi/on-,rod4 ,d4 ,front ,cyl9d]-,head4 ,c4 ,back ,cyl9d]-,head4 ,answ]4 ,x is appli$ by admitt+ x into a cyl9d] 7,a1 fig4 #a7 9 :i* a pi/on1 ,b1 is fitt$ s z to move air-tight f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r4 ,! /eam1 if admitt$ at ,c1 w =ce ! pi/on ,b to ! opposite end#b ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 x has rea*$ t end1 if ! /eam is all[$ to escape & a fre% supply is admitt$ to ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! op5+ d1 x w move ! pi/on back aga94 ,9 ?is way1 by alt]nately admitt+ /eam at "o end & exhau/+ x f ! o!r1 ! pi/on receives a reciprocat+ motion1 :i* is communicat$ to ! outside ( ! cyl9d] by a rod1 ,r1 :i* is call$ ! pi/on-rod1 :i* works air-tight ?r\gh an op5+ 9 "o ( ! cyl9d]-cov]s1 or cyl9d]-heads1 z !y are usually call$4 #b ,9 all ord9>y locomotives1 ! cyl9d]s are s plac$ t ! head ,c ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on-rod works is beh9d1 & ! o!r head ,d 9 front4 ,! two ends ( ! cyl9d] are !re=e designat$ ! front & back ends1 respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,a4 ,cyl9d]4 ,b4 ,pi/on4 ,r4 ,pi/on-,rod4 c4 & d4 ,/eam-ways4 g4 ,exhau/-,port4 ,v4 ,slide-,valve4 ,h4 ,exhau/-,cavity4 f4f4 ,valve-,seat4 ,i4 ,i4 ,/eam-,*e/4 ,m4 ,valve-,/em4 r4r4 ,rock]4 ,f4 ,f4 ,fly-,:eel4 s4 ,rock]-,%aft4 ,g4 ,ecc5tric4 ,k4 ,ecc5tric-,/rap4 ,l4 ,ecc5tric-,rod4 ,e4 ,connect+-,rod4 ,p4 ,crank4 ,n4 ,crank-,p94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 c4 & d4 ,/eam-,ports4 g4 ,exhau/-,port4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #c4 ,h[ is ?is reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on conv]t$ into rot>y motion8 ,answ]4 ,by connect+ ! end ( ! pi/on-rod ,r 7fig4 #b7 by ano!r rod1 ,e2 call$ a connect+-rod1 ) a crank1 ,p1 :i* is atta*$ to a revolv+ %aft1 ,s4 ,x is app>5t t if ! pi/on ,b is mov$ 9 ! direction %[n by ! d>t ,r1 a rot>y motion w be giv5 to ! crank 9 ! direction ( ! d>t ,n4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! crank rea*es ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 fig4 #e1 x is pla9 t a =ce appli$ to move ! pi/on 9 ei!r direction w no long] produce a rot>y movem5t ( ! crank & %aft4 ,! same ?+ w occur :5 ! crank is 9 ! opposite position1 %[n by ! full l9es4 ,^! two positions are call$ ! dead-po9ts ( ! crank4 ,,"q #d4 ,h[ is ! crank ( an ord9>y /eam eng9e c>ri$ pa/ ! dead-po9ts8 ,answ]4 ,/ation>y eng9es are usually provid$ ) a l>ge & heavy :eel1 call$ a fly-:eel 7,f ,f1 fig4 #b7 :i* is atta*$ to ! %aft ,s4 ,?is :eel receives a suffici5t am\nt ( mom5tum f ! crank1 :ile ! latt] is mov+ f "o dead-po9t to ! o!r1 to c>ry x pa/ ^? po9ts4 ,,"q #e4 ,h[ is ! /eam admitt$ to & exhau/$ f ! cyl9d]8 ,answ]4 ,x is admitt$ ?r\gh two *annels1 c1 d1 fig4 #b1 call$ /eam-ways1 ca/ 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,^! ways t]m9ate 9 a smoo? flat surface1 f f1 call$ ! valve-seat4 ,_! op5+s 9 ! valve-seat are call$ /eam-ports4 ,betwe5 !m is ano!r port or cavity1 g1 call$ ! exhau/-port1 :i* communicates ) ! op5 air4 ,! =m ( ^! ports is long & n>r[1 z %[n 9 fig4 #d1 :i* repres5ts a plan ( !m4 ,ov] ^! ports a valve1 ,v1 call$ a slide-valve1 usually made ( ca/ iron1 ) a cavity1 ,h1 on its "u side1 is fitt$ s t by mov+ x backw>ds or =w>ds x w alt]nately cov] & uncov] ! two /eam-ports4 ,! valve & valve-seat are inclos$ 9 a sort ( box1 ,i ,i1 fig4 #b1 made ( ca/ iron1 call$ a /eam-*e/1 into :i* /eam is admitt$ f ! boil] by a pipe1 ,j4 ,:5 ! valve is 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b1 ! front /eam-port is uncov]$ & ! /eam is admitt$ to ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ?us =ces ! pi/on t[>ds ! back end4 ,if1 :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! back end1 ! valve be mov$ into ! position %[n 9 fig4 #c1 ! back /eam-port w be uncov]$ & /eam w be admitt$ to t end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! same "t x w be obs]v$ t ! ap]ture ( ! front /eam-port c & t ( ! exhau/-port are bo? cov]$ by ! cavity 9 ! slide-valve1 s t ! /eam :i* 0 admitt$ to ! front end ( ! cyl9d] c escape ?r\gh ! /eam-port c into ! exhau/-port1 & ?us into ! op5 air4 ,9 ?is way1 by mov+ ! valve alt]nately back & =?1 /eam is simultane\sly admitt$ fir/ to "o end & exhau/$ f ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,g4 ,ecc5tric4 ,k4 ,k4 ,ecc5tric-,/rap4 ,l4 ,ecc5tric-,rod4 ,,"q #f4 ,h[ is ! slide-valve mov$ s z to admit & exhau/ ! /eam at ! "r "t8 ,answ]4 ,?is is done by :at is call$ an ecc5tric1 :i* is a circul> disc1 ,g 7fig4 #f71 ! axis ( :i* is n 9 ! c5tre4 ,! outside ( ! ecc5tric is embrac$ by a metal r+1 ,k ,k1 made 9 two halves1 call$ an ecc5tric-/rap4 ,! ecc5tric is atta*$ to ! %aft by screws or keys1 & revolves ) x & inside ( ! ecc5tric-/rap4 ,to ! latt] is also atta*$ a rod1 ,l1 call$ an ecc5tric-rod4 ,x is obvi\s f fig4 #f t if ! ecc5tric revolves inside ( ! /rap x w imp>t a reciprocat+ motion to ! rod ,l4 ,! ecc5tric1 ,g1 /rap1 ,k1 & rod1 ,l1 are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b4 ,be=e describ+ _! op]ation1 or r _! connection ) ! valve ,v1 x is necess>y to und]/& t usually ! valve-seat is plac$ on top ( ! cyl9d]1 9 :i* position x is difficult to connect ! ecc5tric-rod ) ! valve4 ,= conv5i5ce1 !re=e1 :at is call$ a rock]1 r r1 is plac$ betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! ma9 %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,?is rock] has two arms atta*$ to a %aft1 s1 & ! two arms h a vibratory motion ab\t x1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! ecc5tric-rod ,l is atta*$ by a p9 to ! l[] arm ( ! rock]1 & ! valve is connect$ to ! upp] arm by ! rod ,m1 call$ ! valve-/em1 or valve-rod4 ,x is obvi\s t z ! %aft ,s & ecc5tric ,g revolve1 a reciprocat+ or vibratory motion w be giv5 to ! rock]1 :i* w be communicat$ to ! valve by ! valve-/em2 & x is only necess>y to fix ! ecc5tric 9 ! prop] position on ! %aft1 9 relation to ! crank & pi/on1 to give ! valve ! requir$ motion = admitt+ & exhau/+ ! /eam to & f ! cyl9d] at ! "r "t4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=ces ,,( ,,air ,,& ,,/eam4 ,,"q #g4 ,:at is meant by ! pressure ( ! air8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! pressure ex]t$ by ! weight ( ! air on e po9t ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,! globe ( ! e>? is surr\nd$ by a lay] ( air ab\t #ej miles ?ick1 &1 l e o!r sub/ance1 ! air possesses weight1 & h5ce presses ^u e object ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,,"q #h4 ,h[ c x be %[n t ! air possesses weight8 ,answ]4 ,by weigh+ a flask :5 x is fill$ ) air1 & aga9 :5 ! air is exhau/$ f x4 ,9 ! latt] condition ! weight ( ! flask w be f\nd to be s5sibly less ?an x 0 :5 full ( air1 %[+ t ! air :i* ! flask conta9$ :5 x 0 fir/ weigh$ increas$ its weight4 ,,"q #i4 ,:y d we n feel ?is pressure on our bodies8 ,answ]4 ,because ! air surr\nds u on all sides1 & presses j z mu* 9 "o direction z x does 9 ano!r1 s t ! pressures 9 diff]5t directions j balance ea* o!r1 or are 9 equilibrium2 b if y di/urb ?is balance1 = example1 by suck+ ! air f a tube clos$ at "o end1 x w cl+ to y\r tongue2 or if y take a ?ick piece ( lea!r "u ord9>y conditions x w n adh]e to any?+1 b if x be ?or\ghly wet & press$ h>d aga9/ ! surface ( a smoo? /one1 s z to =ce out ! air f "u x1 ! /one1 z ne>ly all s*ool-boys "k1 c be lift$ up if a /r+ is atta*$ to ! lea!r2 or if ! air be suck$ out ( a tube1 "o end ( :i* is ins]t$ 9 a liquid1 ! latt] w be =c$ up ! tube4 ,^! ph5om5a are due to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! fir/ case on "o side ( ! p]son's tongue1 press+ x aga9/ ! m\? ( ! tube2 9 ! second1 to ! same pressure on ! top ( ! lea!r1 caus+ x to adh]e to ! /one2 & 9 ! la/1 to ! weight ( ! air press+ on ! surface ( ! liquid1 =c+ x into ! vacuum 9 ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,scale 4 ,,"q #aj4 ,:at is ! am\nt ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & h[ is x measur$8 ,answ]4 ,x is usually measur$ by ! pressure on "o squ>e in* ( surface1 :i* at ! e>?'s surface is #ae p\nds4#c ,if1 = example1 we h a cyl9d]1 ,a1 fig4 #g1 ) an air-tight pi/on1 ,b1 fitt$ to x ^: area is j "o squ>e in*1 if we exhau/ ! air ?r\gh ! tube ,c f ! cyl9d] above ! pi/on1 ! air w press aga9/ ! "u side ( ! pi/on s t1 if no p[] is requir$ to ov]come its friction 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! pressure ( ! air w raise a weight ( #ae p\nds4 ,! pressure ( ! air v>ies1 h[ev]1 z y asc5d or desc5d f ! surface ( ! e>?1 because z y g up on a m\nta9 or 9 a balloon ! lay] ( air above y becomes ?9n]1 &1 !re=e1 its weight & consequ5t pressure are dim9i%$2 & z y desc5d1 z 9 a deep m9e1 ! lay] is ?ick]1 & its pressure consequ5tly great]4 #c ,9 common practice x is g5]ally tak5 at #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 b ! av]age atmosph]ic pressure is m accurately #ad4g p\nds4 ,,"q #aa4 ,:at is /eam8 ,answ]4 ,/eam is wat] *ang$ by means ( heat into a gas4 ,at e temp]ature !re is =m$ f wat]1 on its surface1 vapor ( :i* ! cl\ds are =m$ at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?is *ange ( wat] into vapor1 or evaporation ( wat]1 takes place at l[ temp]atures only on its surface1 h[ev]4 ,b if we heat wat] 9 a vessel to a temp]ature ( #bab degrees ,fahr5heit1 !n ! inn] p>ticles ( ! mass ( wat] 7ly+ on ! heat+ surface ( ! vessel7 are *ang$ into /eam1 & rise to ! surface 9 bubbles1 :i* is ! ph5om5on we call boil+4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ! visible cl\d :i* escapes f a kettle or ! exhau/-pipe ( a /eam eng9e is true /eam4 ,x is r small p>ticles ( wat]1 into :i* ! /eam has cond5s$ ?r\gh contact ) ! cold air4 ,true /eam is invisible1 z we may obs]ve ne> ! m\? ( a kettle or ! exhau/-pipe ( an eng9e f :i* we "k x is escap+4 ,,"q #ab4 ,if wat] is heat$ 9 an op5 vessel :at occurs8 ,answ]4 ,x cont9ues = "s "t to increase 9 temp]ature1 & ! evaporation becomes m & m rapid4 ,at l5g? bubbles ( vapor break out & rea* ! surface1 & ! process ( boil+ or ebullition has begun4 ,:5 ?is takes place ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ceases to rise1 & x rema9s /ation>y until all ! wat] has boil$ away1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t if ! supply ( heat be v great ! process is v rapid1 & if ! supply ( heat be small ! process is v sl[4 ,! po9t at :i* ebullition comm5ces is call$ ! boil+-po9t4 ,,"q #ac4 ,on :at does ! boil+-po9t dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,*iefly on ! pressure on ! surface ( ! wat]1 b to "s ext5t ^u ! purity ( ! wat]4 ,?us1 boil+1 :i* takes place at #bab degrees "u ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 9 light] air1 z on high m\nta9s1 takes place at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an on l[l&s1 & s wat] boils 9 a glass tube f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$ by ! w>m? ( ! h&1 t is1 at #ib degrees4 ,,"q #ad4 ,:at is ! pressure ( /eam :i* escapes f boil+ wat] 9 an op5 vessel8 ,answ]4 ,x is exactly equal to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x is boil$4 ,ord9>ily ?is is #ae lbs41 & ! boil+-po9t #bab degrees2 b if we g up on a m\nta9 :]e ! atmosph]ic pressure is only #aj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! wat] w !n boil at a temp]ature ( #aic4c degrees1 & ! /eam :i* escapes w h ! same pressure z ! atmosph]e1 or #aj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we c\ld g d[n into a m9e :]e ! atmosph]ic pressure 0 #bj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! wat] w\ld n boil until x 0 heat$ to #bbh degrees1 & ! pressure ( ! escap+ /eam w\ld !n be #bj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,,"q #ae4 ,if wat] is boil$ 9 an enclos$ vessel l a cov]$ tea-kettle or a /eam boil]1 :at occurs8 ,answ]4 ,! /eam rises & fills ! space above ! wat]1 &1 if x _c escape1 increases 9 pressure4 ,! temp]ature ( bo? ! wat] & ! /eam rises ) ! pressure1 & w cont9ue to d s z long z ! heat is increas$1 or until ! /eam c escape or ! vessel is explod$4 ,! boil+ po9t also rises z ! /eam pressure increases4 ,,"q #af4 ,is !re any pressure :i* corresponds to ! temp]ature ( /eam & wat]8 ,answ]4 ,yes4 ,!re is a fix$ pressure = e temp]ature1 :5 /eam is 9 contact ) wat]1 & its pressure _c be increas$ or dim9i%$ )\t at ! same "t heat+ or cool+ ! wat]1 & ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ! great] w be ! correspond+ /eam pressure4 ,?us wat] at #bab degrees produces /eam ) a pressure equal to t ( ! atmosph]e2 at #bdj degrees ! /eam w h a pressure ( #be lbs41 or #aj lbs4 m ?an ! atmosph]ic pressure2 at #bha degrees a pressure ( #ej lbs42 & at #cbh degrees1 #ajj lbs4 ,z ?is relation ( pressure to temp]ature is fix$1 if we "k ! "o we c tell ! o!r4 ,?is is true1 h[ev]1 only :]e ! /eam is 9 contact ) wat]1 :5 x is call$ saturat$ /eam4 ,if x is sep>at$ f wat] x may be heat$ to a high] temp]ature1 & is !n call$ sup]heat$ /eam4 ,,"q #ag4 ,h[ is ! pressure ( /eam measur$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! same way z t ( ! atmosph]e1--t is1 by ! =ce ex]t$ on "o squ>e in* ( surface4 ,?us if /eam is admitt$ into ! cyl9d] ,a1 fig4 #h1 "u ! pi/on ,b1 ^: area is equal to "o squ>e in* ( surface1 suppos+1 z we did be=e1 t no p[] is requir$ to ov]come its friction 9 ! cyl9d]1 if ! /eam ?us admitt$ w\ld j balance ! atmosph]e1 its pressure w\ld be equal to #ae lbs4 ,if1 besides ov]com+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 x w\ld raise a weight ( #ae lbs41 !n its pressure p] squ>e in* w\ld be equal to #cj lbs4 ,:5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is includ$ ) t ( ! /eam1 we call x ! absolute /eam pressure4 ,9 ord9>y eng9es1 h[ev]1 ! /eam mu/ always ov]come ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & !re=e ! only "p ( ! pressure :i* is effective is t above1 or by :i* x exce$s1 ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,= example1 al?\gh ! /eam admitt$ "u ! pi/on 9 fig4 #h has an absolute pressure ( #cj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 yet x w only raise a weight ( #ae lbs41 because x mu/ fir/ ov]come ! pressure ( ! air on ! o!r side ( ! pi/on4 ,! pressure ( ! /eam us$ 9 mo/ /ation>y & 9 locomotive eng9es is1 !re=e1 measur$ by its pressure above ! atmosph]e4 ,t is1 if /eam introduc$ "u ! pi/on 9 fig4 #h w raise a weight ( only #ae lbs41 we say x has a pressure ( #ae lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 if x w raise #ej lbs41 its pressure is said to be #ej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & s on4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is disreg>d$1 & all /eam-gauges us$ on locomotives are graduat$ 9 t way4 ,9 speak+ ( /eam pressure 9 future1 !re=e1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 we %all mean effective & n absolute pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,scale 4 ,,"q #ah4 ,:at is meant by ! expansion ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,9 all gases a repulsion is ex]t$ betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ticles1 s t any gas1 h[ev] small 9 quantity1 w always fill ! vessel 9 :i* x is held4 ,/eam possesses ?is same prop]ty1 & if plac$ 9 any vessel ! p>ticles 9 endeavor+ to sep>ate f ea* o!r w ex]t a =ce on all its sides4 ,?is =ce we call ! /eam pressure4 ,to illu/rate ?is we w suppose t ! cyl9d] ,a 9 fig4 #h is half fill$ ) /eam ( #cj lbs4 pressure4 ,if n[ ! supply ( /eam is %ut (f1 ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] w exp& s z to pu% ! pi/on upw>d1 b ) a some:at dim9i%+ =ce1 ! nature ( :i* we w expla9 h]eaft]4 ,,"q #ai4 ,:at is meant by ! volume ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,x means ! space :i* ! /eam occupies4 ,,"q #bj4 ,:at is ! proportion :i* exi/s betwe5 ! volume & ! pressure ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,if ! temp]atures rema9 ! same !y are ,,inv]sely ,,proportional ,,to ,,ea* ,,o!r2 t is1 ! "o increases 9 ! same proportion z ! o!r dim9i%es4 ,if we admit /eam ( #cj lbs4 pressure p] squ>e in* into ! cyl9d] ,a1 fig4 #h1 & !n cut (f ! supply by clos+ ! cock ,c & all[ ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] to exp& to d\ble its volume by pu%+ ! pi/on to ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! /eam pressure w !n be only #ae lbs42 if x %\ld exp& to ?ree times its volume its pressure w\ld be only "o-?ird1 or #aj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is me?od = calculat+ ! pressure ( /eam aft] x has exp&$ is correct only = ! absolute & n = ! effective pressures ( /eam4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! effective pressures ( /eam aft] expansion1 x is only necess>y to make ! calculation ) ! absolute pressure & d$uct ! atmosph]ic pressure f ! result4 ,if1 aft] be+ ?us exp&$1 ! pi/on be pu%$ d[n aga9 s z to compress ! /eam into its orig9al space1 its pressure w aga9 be #cj lbs41 provid+ no heat has be5 lo/ 9 any way4 ,,"q #ba4 ,) a cyl9d] ( any giv5 /roke#d h[ c we det]m9e approximately ! pressure ( ! /eam aft] expansion = any giv5 po9t ( cut-(f8#e #d ,! /roke ( a pi/on is ! di/ance x moves 9 ! cyl9d]1 & 9 ord9>y eng9es is always twice ! l5g? ( ! crank measur$ f c5t] to c5t] ( ! %aft & crank-p94 #e ,! /eam is said to be cut (f :5 ! /eam-port by :i* /eam is admitt$ to ! cyl9d] is clos$ by ! valve4 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,absolute ,,pressure ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,in* ,,( ,,! ,,/eam ,,9 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,be=e ,,x ,,is ,,cut ,,(f1 ,,by ,,! ,,di/ance ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,/roke ,,at ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,cut ,,(f1 ,,& ,,divid+ ,,! ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,:ole ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,/roke4 ,?us1 if we h a cyl9d] ^: pi/on has a /roke ( #bd in*es1 if we cut (f ! /eam at #h in*es1 & h an ,,absolute pressure ( #ij lbs4 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! calculation is z foll[s3 #ij #h ------ #cj lbs4 f9al pressure4 #bd ,if we cut (f at #aj1 #ab & #ae in*es1 ! f9al pressure w\ld be #cg1 #ej & #ef lbs41 respectively4 ,to get ! effective pressure d$uct ! atmosph]ic pressure f ?is result4 ,,"q #bb4 ,:at is ! proportion betwe5 ! volume ( /eam & t ( ! wat] f :i* x is =m$8 ,answ]4 ,at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#ae lbs47 ea* cubic in* ( wat] w make #a1faj cubic in*es ( /eam4 ,at d\ble t pressure1 or #cj lbs4 absolute pressure1 x w make a little m ?an half z mu*1 or #hch cubic in*es2 at f\r times1 or #fj lbs4 absolute pressure1 #dcg cubic in*es1 or a little m ?an a f\r? z mu* z at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,"q #bc4 ,:y is x t ! quantity ( /eam at high pressures is some:at great] ?an 9 inv]se proportion to ! pressure8 ,answ]4 ,because ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 z has already be5 expla9$1 is high] z ! pressure increases1 & !re=e ! temp]ature ( ! /eam produc$ at su* pressure is also high] ?an at l[] pressures2 & z all gases are exp&$ by heat1 !re=e ! volume ( /eam at ! high] pressures is some:at great] ?an 9 inv]se proportion to its pressure1 on acc\nt ( be+ some:at exp&$ by its high temp]ature4 ,to make ?is pla91 if we take a cubic in* ( wat] & conv]t x into /eam ( atmosph]ic pressure1 its volume w be #a1faj times t ( ! wat]1 & its temp]ature #bab degrees4#f ,if we conv]t ?is quantity ( wat] into /eam ) a pressure d\ble t ( ! atmosph]e1 ! volume ( ! /eam w be #hch times t ( ! wat] & its temp]ature w be #bej4d degrees4 ,if ! volume ( ! /eam 7 exactly inv]sely proportional to ! pressure1 ! cubic in* ( wat] at d\ble ! atmosph]ic pressure w\ld make only #hje cubic in*es ( /eam2 b z ! boil+-po9t at t pressure is #ch4d degrees high]1 ! /eam is exp&$ #cc cubic in*es by ! increase ( its heat due to ! high] boil+-po9t4 #f ,m accurately1 #bac4a degrees1 if we call ! atmosph]ic pressure #ae lbs41 z we h4 ,a table 9 ! app5dix gives ! pressure1 temp]ature & volume ( saturat$ /eam up to #cjj lbs4 absolute pressure4 ,,"q #bd4 ,:at is meant by ! cond5sation ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! reconv]sion ( /eam into wat] by cool+ x1 or depriv+ x ( "p ( its heat4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! temp]ature ( wat] mu/ be rais$ to a c]ta9 po9t to g5]ate /eam ( a giv5 pressure4 ,if ! process is rev]s$1 & we deprive ! /eam ( a "p ( its heat1 "s ( ! /eam is !n at once reconv]t$ into wat]1 or cond5s$1 & ! pressure ( t :i* rema9s w be r$uc$ j 9 proportion z ! heat is lo/4 ,:5 ! temp]ature gets bel[ #bab degrees "u atmosph]ic pressure1 all ! /eam w be cond5s$4 ,z ! useful "w :i* /eam c d 9 an eng9e is due to its pressure1 :i* 9 turn dep5ds on its temp]ature1 any loss ( heat w dim9i% its effective p[]4 ,= ?is reason1 all wa/e ( heat f a /eam eng9e %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be prev5t$4 ,,"q #be4 ,h[ is ! heat ( ! /eam wa/$ or lo/ 9 an ord9>y /eam eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,x is wa/$ 9 ?ree ways3 fir/1 by conduction2 second1 by convection2 & ?ird1 by radiation4 ,,"q #bf4 ,:at is meant by ^! ?ree t]ms8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,by conduction is meant t ph5om5on :i* is manife/$ :5 we put "o end ( a metal b> two or ?ree feet long into ! fire & heat x4 ,! heat is !n gradually convey$ f "o p>ticle ( ! metal to t next to x until f9ally ! end ( ! b> f>!/ f ! fire becomes s hot t x _c be t\*$4 ,! heat is !n said to be conduct$ ?r\gh ! b>4 ,9 ! same way ! metal ( ! boil]1 pipes1 cyl9d]s & o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e becomes heat$ on "o side1 & ! heat is ?us convey$ to ! outside ( ^! p>ts4 #b4 ,! air ) :i* !y are surr\nd$ !n becomes heat$1 & be+ !n light] ?an ! cold air1 x rises & is aga9 replac$ ) air :i* is n heat$4 ,9 ?is way ! heat is convey$ away by ! air1 & ?is ph5om5a is !re=e call$ convection4 #c4 ,if an iron plate be plac$ 9 front ( an ord9>y grate fire ?ree or f\r feet f x & expos$ to ! rays ( heat f ! fire1 x w soon become s hot t y _c be> y\r h& on x4 ,if y place y\r h& betwe5 ! iron plate & ! fire y w f9d t only ! side ( y\r h& :i* is expos$ to ! fire w become hot1 %[+ t ! air betwe5 ! plate & ! fire is n ne>ly s hot z ! plate soon becomes1 & !re=e t ! heat is n convey$ to ! plate by ! air betwe5 x & ! fire1 b by ! rays f ! fire4 ,?is ph5om5on is call$ radiation4 ,! same ?+ occurs f any hot body1 z = example a coil ( /eam pipe = heat+ a room1 a /eam boil] or cyl9d] ( an eng9e4 ,,"q #bg4 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! conduct+ & radiat+ p[] ( diff]5t sub/ances8 ,answ]4 ,yes1 v great4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! conduct+ p[] ( wood & iron is %[n if we place "o end ( a b> ( ea* 9 ! fire4 ,! wood w be consum$ )\t w>m+ ! b> m ?an a few in*es f ! fire1 :]eas ! iron w soon become hot two or ?ree feet f ! fire4 ,ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! conduct+ p[] ( cotton & wool1 we we> cotton clo?+ 9 summ] & wool5 9 w9t]1 because cotton all[s ! heat ( ! body to be conduct$ away f x1 :]eas wool5 clo? prev5ts to a great degree ?is loss ( heat4 ,= ! same reason1 ! v5d]s ( roa/$ *e/nuts on our /reets wrap !m 9 a piece ( blanket to keep !m hot1 t is1 to keep ! heat 92 & 9 summ] we wrap ice 9 ! same way to keep x cold1 t is1 keep ! w>m? ( ! air out4 ,! wool1 be+ a v bad conductor ( heat1 simply prev5ts ! heat f be+ transf]r$ f ! inside to ! outside1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is = ?is reason t /eam boil]s1 pipes & cyl9d]s are ne>ly always cov]$ ) wood1 & sometimes ) felt4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! radiat+ p[] ( v>i\s sub/ances c be %[n if we take a l>ge !rmomet] & heat x up to ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,if ?is !rmomet] is hung up 9 a room hav+ ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 x w lose heat 9 two ways1--fir/ by heat+ ! air :i* surr\nds x1 t is by convection1 & also by radiation4 ,9 ord] to conf9e ourselves to ! latt] process1 we w suppose t ! *amb] is a vacuum4 ,if we fir/ cov] ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] ) a ?9 coat+ ( poli%$ silv]1 & !n asc]ta9 h[ mu* heat x radiates 9 a m9ute1 & !n coat x ) lamp-black1 & repeat ! same exp]im5t1--t is to say1 all[ ! !rmomet] at ! boil+-po9t to cool = "o m9ute 9 a vacuum *amb] at ! freez+-po9t1--x w be f\nd t ! !rmomet] loses mu* m 9 a m9ute :5 coat$ ) lamp-black ?an x did :5 coat$ ) silv]1 %[+ t mu* m heat is radiat$ f a surface cov]$ ) lamp-black ?an f poli%$ silv]4 ,g5]ally x may be /at$ t poli%$ metals radiate mu* less heat ?an surfaces :i* are n poli%$4#g ,= ?is reason1 z well z = ornam5t1 locomotive & o!r boil]s & cyl9d]s are usually cov]$ ) ,russia iron or poli%$ brass4 #g ,! acc\nt ( ! above exp]im5t is copi$ f ,balf\r ,/ew>t's v excell5t little book1 8,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physics10 ( :i*1 & ! same au?or's 8,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,heat10 ! writ] has made frequ5t use4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,"w1 ,,en]gy1 ,,& ,,! ,,me*anical ,,equival5t ,,( ,,heat4 ,,"q #bh4 ,= :at purpose are all /eam eng9es us$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are us$ to produce motion1 :i* is oppos$ by "s resi/ance4 ,?us1 if an eng9e is employ$ to raise gra9 f a railroad c> to ! top ( a w>eh\se1 x mu/ produce motion1 :i* is resi/$ by ! weight ( ! gra92 if x is us$ to saw wood1 x mu/ give motion to ! saw1 :i* is resi/$ by ! fibres ( ! wood2 a locomotive eng9e mu/ produce motion ( a tra9 ( c>s1 :i* is resi/$ by ! air1 ! friction ( ! j\rnals & ! roll+ ( ! :eels on ! track2 if ! locomotive is employ$ on a grade or incl9e1 besides ! frictional resi/ance ref]r$ to x mu/ ov]come t due to its own weight & t ( ! tra91 :i* is gradually lift$ z x asc5ds ! incl9e4 ,9 produc+ motion oppos$ by "s resi/ance an eng9e is said to be do+ 8"w40 ,,"q #bi4 ,c ?is "w be accurately measur$8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 b 9 ord] to measure any?+ we mu/ fir/ e/abli% "s accurate /&>d or unit ( measurem5t4 ,?us we say a b> ( iron is s _m in*es long1 or a road is s _m miles long4 ,9 l mann] we speak ( s _m seconds1 or m9utes1 or h\rs1 or days1 or ye>s1 :5 we speak ( "t4 ,s x is necess>y1 9 ord] to e/imate or measure 8"w0 9 a /rictly sci5tific mann]1 = u to fix ^u "s accurate /&>d or unit4 ,9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,great ,brita9 ! unit agre$ ^u = ?is purpose is ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ to raise ,,"o ,,p\nd ,,"o ,,foot1 & is call$ a foot-p\nd4 ,if we raise "o p\nd two feet we d two foot-p\nds ( "w2 if ?ree feet1 ?ree foot-p\nds1 & s on4 ,aga91 if we raise a weight ( two p\nds "o foot high1 we likewise d two foot-p\nds ( "w2 or if we raise x two feet high1 we d f\r foot-p\nds1 & s on4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( "w done1 we mu/ ,,multiply ,,! ,,motion ,,produc$ 79 feet7 ,,by ,,! ,,resi/ance 79 p\nds71 ,,& ,,! ,,result ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,"w ,,done ,,9 ,,foot-,,p\nds4 ,,"q #cj4 ,h[ _m foot-p\nds ( "w are p]=m$ 9 a pile-driv+ ma*9e 9 rais+ a weight ( #a1bjj lbs4 #bd feet8 ,answ]4 #a1bjj #bd #bh1hjj foot-p\nds4 ,,"q #ca4 ,:5 ?is weight is rais$1 is ! =ce :i* 0 ex]t$ 9 rais+ x annihilat$ or lo/8 ,answ]4 ,no2 because ! weight has ! capacity ( do+ an equal am\nt ( "w :5 x falls1 f ! mom5tum#h x acquires 9 fall+4 ,?is p[] ( do+ "w :i* x acquires 9 fall+ is call$ en]gy4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! weight has no motion-produc+ p[] :5 x is rais$ to ! top ( ! ma*9e1 yet obvi\sly su* action is !n possible :i* :5 x re/$ on ! e>? 0 n possible4 ,x has no en]gy z x hangs !re dead & motionless2 b en]gy is possible to x1 & we might fairly use ! t]m possible en]gy to express ?is p[] ( motion :i* ! weight possesses1#i & :i* is !re=e call$ pot5tial en]gy4 ,z soon z ! weight is all[$ to fall x acquires a great] velocity ! f>!r x falls1 & its pot5tial en]gy ?us becomes & is call$ actual en]gy4 #h ,mom5tum is n a v exact t]m1 b is us$ "h because x ord9>ily conveys ! idea we wi% to express4 #i ,tyndall's 8,heat ,consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion40 ,,"q #cb4 ,h[ d we expla9 su* ph5om5a z ! heat+ ( a c>-axle :ile turn+ "u a c>1 ! heat+ ( brake-blocks :5 ! brakes are appli$ to c>-:eels1 ! heat+ ( an iron rod by hamm]+1 & ( a turn+ tool :5 cutt+ a piece ( metal8 ,answ]4 ,all ( ^! ph5om5a are due to ! fact t ! actual en]gy ( motion is conv]t$ into heat1 z has be5 repeat$ly prov$ by _m able & +5i\s inve/igators & exp]im5ts4 ,,"q #cc4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! pile-driv] falls1 is its en]gy also conv]t$ into heat8 ,answ]4 ,a "p is exp5d$ 9 compress+ ! mat]ial into :i* ! pile is driv5 & 9 ov]com+ ! friction ( ! e>? aga9/ ! pile1 ea* ( :i* ef=ts develops heat1 & ano!r portion is conv]t$ into heat by ! impact or bl[ ( ! fall+ weight on ! head ( ! pile4 ,,"q #cd4 ,is all en]gy conv]tible into heat & heat into en]gy8 ,answ]4 ,yes4 ,sci5ce has demon/rat$ v cle>ly t !y are mutually conv]tible4 ,,"q #ce4 ,has x be5 asc]ta9$ h[ mu* heat is equival5t to "o foot-p\nd ( "w8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 x has be5 f\nd1 f ! mo/ c>efully-made exp]im5ts t ! am\nt ( heat :i* is requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( liquid wat] by "o degree ( ,fahr5heit#aj is equival5t to #ggb foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is is ! !oretical equival5t ( heat1 & t only a v small proportion ( ?is am\nt ( "w is ev] realiz$ f ! heat develop$ by ! combu/ion ( fuel4 #aj ,!rmomet]s are divid$ into diff]5t scales4 ,! "o call$ ! ,fahr5heit scale1 aft] its orig9ator1 is ! "o ord9>ily us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,"q #cf4 ,if1 !n1 heat is conv]tible into "w & "w into heat1 c ! transmutation ( ! heat ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] ( an eng9e into "w1 & ! rev]se process1 be expla9$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,answ]4 ,yes4 ,take a cyl9d]1 fig4 #i1 &1 9 ord] to make ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t z simple z possible1 imag9e x to be plac$ 9 a vacuum4 ,n[ let saturat$ /eam be admitt$ "u ! pi/on s z to fill ! cyl9d] half full at an absolute pressure ( #ajj lbs4 ,if we w all[ ?is /eam to exp& to d\ble its volume & raise ! pi/on )\t do+ any "w1 & !n repeat ! exp]im5t ) a load ( #ej p\nds on ! pi/on1 ^: area is "o squ>e in*1 x w be f\nd t ! temp]ature ( ! /eam is s5sibly less1 aft] lift+ ! weight1 ?an 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 9 :i* x exp&$ )\t do+ "w1 %[+ t "p ( ! heat 0 ab/ract$ f ! /eam by do+ "w1 or1 9 o!r words1 0 conv]t$ into "w4 ,if !n1 aft] ! /eam has exp&$ & lift$ ! weight1 we press ! pi/on d[n s t ! /eam "u ! pi/on is compress$ to its orig9al volume1 we %all f9d t its temp]ature is ! same z be=e1 z ! "w done 9 compress+ x is conv]t$ into heat4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts x is assum$ t !re is no friction ( ! pi/on1 nor loss ( heat f radiation or conduction4 ,! same ph5om5a c be obs]v$ 9 ma*9es us$ = compress+ air1 :i* is heat$ to s high a temp]ature :5 x is compress$ t x is necess>y to cool ! cyl9d]s ( su* ma*9es by circulat+ a curr5t ( cold wat] ar\nd !m4 ,,"q #cg4 ,:at practical relation is !re betwe5 ! conv]tibility ( heat into "w1 & ! conduct+ & radiat+ prop]ties ( diff]5t sub/ances expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #bg8 ,answ]4 ,! fact t heat is only ano!r =m ( en]gy1 or 8! p[] ( do+ "w10 indicates t its loss by conduction or radiation less5s t p[] j z mu* z or m ?an ! loss or wa/e ( coal w\ld1 & !re=e e ef=t %\ld be made to protect ! diff]5t p>ts ( eng9es f loss ( heat by cov]+ !m ) sub/ances :i* conduct or radiate v little heat4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to exclude cold air f circulat+ 9 contact ) ^! p>ts1 & except+ = support+ combu/ion1 ! nature ( :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 x %\ld be exclud$ f ! heat+ surface ( boil]s4 ,,"q #ch4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m ,,lat5t ,,heat ,,( ,,evaporation8 ,answ]4 ,by lat5t heat is meant t heat :i* app>5tly disappe>s :5 wat] or o!r liquids are vaporiz$4 ,?us1 x is f\nd t if any quantity ( wat] is conv]t$ into /eam at any pressure1 x is necess>y n only to heat x to a temp]ature equival5t to t ( ! /eam1 or to ! boil+-po9t1 b aft] x has rea*$ t temp]ature an additional am\nt ( heat mu/ be add$ 9 ord] to keep up ! process ( boil+4 ,not)/&+ ?is addition ( heat to ! wat]1 ! temp]ature ( ! /eam produc$ w n be high] ?an t ( ! boil+ wat]1 ?us %[+ t a consid]able quantity ( heat is absorb$1 ! only effect ( :i* is to *ange ! wat] into a gas or /eam4 ,?is app>5t disappe>ance ( heat c be %[n if we take a p\nd ( boil+ wat] ^: temp]ature is #bab degrees & mix x ) a p\nd ( ice-cold wat] at #cb degrees4 ,! result w be a mixture ( two p\nds ( wat] ( a mean temp]ature ( #abb degrees4 ,if n[ we conv]t a p\nd ( wat] into /eam at atmosph]ic pressure1 ! /eam w heat #f4cg lbs4 ( ice-cold wat] up to #abb degrees1 %[+ t a p\nd ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure conta9s ov] six times z mu* heat z a p\nd ( wat] ( ! same temp]ature z indicat$ by a !rmomet]4 ,a simil> app>5t disappe>ance ( heat occurs :5 o!r liquids are evaporat$1 & :5 ice or any o!r solid is conv]t$ into a liquid4 ,,"q #ci4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a8 ,answ]4 ,! exact reasons :i* w expla9 !m fully are probably n yet cle>ly und]/ood1 b x is at lea/ extremely probable t :5 any sub/ance is *ang$ f a solid to a liquid1 or f a liquid to a gase\s condition1 8a l>ge portion ( ! heat is sp5t 9 do+ "w aga9/ ! =ce ( cohesion40#aa ,! p>ticles ( solid bodies1 z we "k1 are s unit$ t x requires m or less =ce1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance1 to te> !m ap>t4 ,n[ we c conceive t ! heat is *ang$ into a =m ( en]gy1 & 9 t condition resi/s ?is attraction ( ! p>ticles to ea* o!r1 & t be+ ?us trans=m$ x has lo/ ! capacity ( exp&+ ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet]4 ,a simil> effect takes place :5 a liquid is conv]t$ into a gas4 ,9 ! =m] condition ! p>ticles move freely ab\t ea* o!r & h little or no attraction = ea* o!r1 b :5 x becomes a gas !y h a repulsion f ea* o!r4 ,! heat is ?us conv]t$ into ! en]gy ( repulsion1 & !re=e is 9 reality no long] 9 ! condition ( heat & consequ5tly does n affect ! !rmomet]4 ,we c illu/rate ?is by suppos+ t by us+ /eam heat is conv]t$ into "w by rais+ ! weight1 or drop z x is call$1 ( a pile-driv+ ma*9e4 ,:5 ! weight is rais$ to ! top ( ! guides f :i* x falls1 al?\gh1 z already expla9$1 ! heat is conv]t$ into pot5tial en]gy1 yet if we atta*$ a !rmomet] to ! drop we w\ld n f9d t x 0 any w>m] ?an be=e ! drop 0 rais$4 ,if x 7 possible to make an in/rum5t suffici5tly s5sitive to indicate an in/antane\s *ange ( temp]ature 9 ! weight :ile fall+1 we w\ld n f9d any increase ( its temp]ature at ! in/ant x _h acquir$ its greate/ mom5tum & j be=e x /ruck ! object "u x1 al?\gh its pot5tial en]gy w\ld at t in/ant be conv]t$ into actual en]gy ( motion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! weight %\ld /rike an unyield+ object1 its actual en]gy w\ld at once be reconv]t$ into heat1 :i* our !rmomet] w\ld indicate4 ,! ph5om5on ( :at is call$ lat5t heat ( evaporation seems to be v simil> to t describ$--! heat :5 ! wat] is *ang$ f a liquid to a gase\s condition is trans=m$ into en]gy1 :i*1 z already /at$1 has no effect ^u ! m]cury ( ! !rmomet]4 #aa ,balf\r ,/ew>t on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,,"q #dj4 ,:at is meant by ! ,,total ,,heat ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,! 8total heat ( /eam0 is a phrase us$ to d5ote ! sum ( ! heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( wat] f "s giv5 po9t up to ! boil+-po9t due to a giv5 pressure1 & ( ! heat :i* disappe>s 9 evaporat+ "o p\nd ( wat] "u a giv5 pressure 7or lat5t heat ( evaporation47 ,?us ! lat5t heat ( "o p\nd ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure 7#ad4g lbs47 is #iff4a units2 & #bab units ( heat are necess>y to raise wat] f z]o to ! boil+-po9t2 !re=e ! total heat c\nt$ f z]o ( /eam ( atmosph]ic pressure is #a1agh4a units4 ,at #ajj p\nds absolute pressure ! lat5t heat is #hhe4e & ! s5sible heat #cbg4i degrees2 !re=e ! total heat measur$ f z]o is #a1bac4d units4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,! ,,slide-,,valve4 ,,"q #da4 ,:at are ! ess5tial conditions :i* a slide-valve mu/ fulfill 9 gov]n+ ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d] ( an ord9>y eng9e8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,x mu/ admit /eam to "o end only ( ! cyl9d]s at "o "t4 #b4 ,x mu/ all[ ! /eam to escape f "o end at lea/ z soon z x is admitt$ to ! o!r end2 & #c4 x mu/ cov] ! /eam-ports s z n to p]mit ! /eam to escape f ! /eam-*e/ into ! exhau/-port4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #db4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ =m ( slide-valve us$8 ,answ]4 ,t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aj4 ,! smalle/ movem5t ( ?is valve ei!r way op5s "o ( ! /eam-ports = ! admission ( /eam & puts ! o!r 9 communication ) ! exhau/-port4 ,by cutt+ a piece ( ord9>y writ+ pap] to ! =m ( ! section ( ! valve1 & mov+ x on ! l9e f f1 ! action ( ! valve w be cle>ly %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,am]ican ,,locomotive4 ,by ,! ,grant ,locomotive ,works1 ,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #dc4 ,h[ 0 ! admission & escape ( ! /eam effect$ by ?is valve8 ,answ]4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is cle>ly1 a s]ies ( diagrams w be necess>y4 ,be=e ref]r+ to !m1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be expla9$ fir/ t ! motion ( an ecc5tric is exactly ! same z t ( a small crank4 ,x is 9 fact a crank ) a crank-p9 ^: diamet] is v mu* enl>g$4 ,9 ! diagrams1 figs4 #aa to #be1 ! ecc5trics w !re=e be repres5t$ z small cranks1 & mo/ ( ! o!r p>ts by _! c5tre-l9es & po9ts only1 s z to make ! diagrams z simple z possible4 ,! dim5sions select$ = ^! illu/rations are = ! cyl9d] #af 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke1 & a connect+-rod #g ft4 long4 ,! /eam-ports are #a 941 ! exhau/-port #b 941 & ! metal or b>s betwe5 !m1 :i* are call$ bridges1 are #a 94 wide4 ,! ecc5tric produces a lat]al movem5t ( #c 941 :i* is call$ its ?r[4 ,9 fig4 #aa ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,! valve is !n 9 ! c5tre ( ! valve-face1 & ! ecc5tric is consequ5tly at half-?r[4 ,! slighte/ movem5t ( ! crank 9 ! direction ( ! d>t ,n w move ! ecc5tric en\gh to op5 ! front /eam-port to ! /eam & ! back "o to ! exhau/4 ,9 fig4 #ab ! pi/on is repres5t$ z hav+ mov$ #d 94 ( its /roke2 ! valve has !n p>tly op5$ ! front /eam-port1 & ! o!r "o is op5 to ! exhau/4 ,9 fig4 #ac ! pi/on has mov$ #h 94 ( its /roke1 & ! ports are n[ wide op51 ! front "o to ! /eam & ! back "o to ! exhau/4 ,9 fig4 #ad ! pi/on has mov$ #ab 941 or is at half-/roke1 & ! valve has !n mov$ z f> z x w 9 t direction4 ,9 fig4 #ae ! pi/on has mov$ #af 94 & ! valve has begun to return4 ,9 fig4 #af ! pi/on has mov$ #bj 941 & ! valve has ne>ly clos$ ! front port to ! /eam & ! o!r to ! exhau/4 ,9 fig4 #ag ! =w>d /roke is complet$1 & bo? ports are clos$ by ! valve4 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb & #bc repres5t ! pi/on & ! valve on ! return /roke 9 ! positions correspond+ ) ^? describ$ = ! backw>d /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #dd4 ,is !re any o!r me?od by :i* ! motion ( a valve c be repres5t$ by a draw+8 ,answ]4 ,yes1 by :at are call$ motion-curves4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to expla9 ^! cle>ly1 & z !y are purely imag9>y1 x is difficult to und]/& _! nature & purpose4 ,close att5tion w !re=e be requir$ to ! foll[+ description3 ,we w suppose1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! l9e f f1 fig4 #be1 repres5ts ! valve-face1 c & d ! /eam & g ! exhau/-port1 drawn to a l>g] scale ?an 9 ! prec$+ figures4 ,we w n[ draw ! valve ,h 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aa1 :]e ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! valve 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ab1 :]e ! pi/on has mov$ #d 94 ( ! /roke1 we w draw a l9e #d-bj1 f\r in*es bel[ & p>allel to f f1 & ext5d ! l9es1 repres5t+ ! edges ( ! ports c1 d & g1 d[nw>d4 ,on ! horizontal l9e #d-bj we w n[ draw ! edges i1 r1 i1 r1 ( ! valve 9 ! same position 9 relation to ! port c t x has 9 fig4 #ab4 ,we w !n draw ano!r horizontal l9e1 #h-af1 eight in*es bel[ f f1 & p>allel to x1 & on ?is repres5t ! valve 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #ac4 ,9 ! same way we w draw l9es #ab1 #af1 #bj & #bd 94 bel[ f f1 & draw ! valve on ea* "o respectively 9 ! positions %[n 9 figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af & #ag4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l[] l9e #bd-j1 & f f1 w !n repres5t ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 or #bd 94 ,if n[ we beg9 f ! edge h ( ! valve on ! l9e f f1 & draw a curve1 h i j k l m n1 ?r\gh ! same edge ( ! valve1 repres5t$ on ea* ( ! p>allel l9es bel[1 ! curve w indicate ! position ( ! valve 9 relation to ! /eam-port c at ea* po9t ( ! /roke4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 suppose we draw l9es #a-bc1 #b-bb1 & #c-ba1 "o in* ap>t & p>allel to f f1 & betwe5 x & #d-bj4 ,!y w !n repres5t ! position ( ! pi/on aft] x has mov$ #a1 #b & #c 94 f ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 & :]e !y int]sect ! curv$ l9e w be ! position ( ! edge ( ! valve :5 ! pi/on has mov$ #a1 #b & #c 94 ( ! /roke4 ,! curv$ l9e w 9 fact repres5t ! position ( ! valve at any po9t ( ! /roke betwe5 ^! l9es4 ,o!r horizontal l9es1 #e-ai1 #f-ah1 etc41 c be drawn to repres5t e in* ( ! re/ ( ! /roke4 ,! curve l9e h i j k l m n1 or motion-curve z x is call$1 w !n %[ ! exact position ( ! edge ( ! valve & ( ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! /eam-port dur+ ! :ole /roke4 ,f x we see t ! valve op5s ! port c = ! admission ( /eam simultane\sly ) ! movem5t ( ! pi/on1 & :5 ! latt] has made "o in* ( its /roke ! port c is half op54 ,at #d in*es ( ! /roke ! port is wide op51#ab & at #ai in*es x beg9s to be clos$1 b is n completely clos$ until ! end ( ! /roke4 #ab ,by cutt+ a pap] section ( ! valve & plac+ x on ! diagram 9 ea* position nam$1 x w probably help ! read] to und]/& ! movem5t ( ! valve m & ! nature ( ! motion-curves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,simil> motion-curves1 su* z h i j k l m n1 7repres5t$ 9 fig4 #be7 c be drawn to repres5t ! position ( ! o!r edges ( ! valve1 & also = ! return /roke4 ,! latt] are %[n 9 dott$ l9es4 ,if we foll[ ! curve h i j k l m n1 :i* repres5ts ! position ( ! edge ( ! valve h :i* gov]ns ! exhau/ f ! back end ( ! cyl9d]1 we see t ! port d is op5$ & clos$ to ! exhau/ simultane\sly ) ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! port c = ! admission ( /eam to ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 & t !y bo? rema9 op5 until ! completion ( ! /roke4 ,! wid? t ! ports are op5$ by ! valve is ?us asc]ta9able f ^! diagrams1 = any po9t ( ! /roke1 & 9 fact c be se5 at a glance4 ,by ! aid ( su* motion-curves1 ! movem5t ( slide-valves c !re=e be analyz$ m p]fectly ?an is possible )\t !m4 ,,"q #de4 ,:at 7 "s ( ! disadvantages ( valves1 l t %[n 9 fig4 #aj1 & :i* are %[n by ! motion-curves 9 fig4 #be4 ,answ]4 ,! free admission ( ! /eam until ! completion ( ! /roke by ! pi/on 0 hurtful to ! ma*9]y1 z x co-op]at$ ) ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & its connections 9 produc+ undue /ra9s 9 ! work+ p>ts4 ,! /eam !n escap$ f ! cyl9d] )\t expansion1 s t mu* ( its useful en]gy 0 lo/4 ,! /eam 0 n all[$ to escape f "o end ( ! cyl9d] until x 0 admitt$ at ! opposite end1 & z ! process ( exhau/+ x occupies "s "t1 !re 0 always m or less back pressure until all ! exhau/ /eam 0 expell$ f ! cyl9d]4 ,9 practice1 ! imp]fections ( ! valve-ge> frequ5tly delay$ ! op5+ ( ! ports1 bo? = admitt+ & exhau/+ /eam1 until aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4#ac #ac ,d4 ,k4 ,cl>k's 8,railway ,ma*9]y40 ,,"q #df4 ,h[ may "s ( ^! evils be ov]come8 ,answ]4 ,by mov+ ! ecc5tric =w>d on ! axle s t ! motion ( ! valve is advanc$ to ! same ext5t1 & ! admission & exhau/ ( ! /eam w occur a little be=e ! completion ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,9 ?is way ! /eam is admitt$ into ! cyl9d] s z to act z a cu%ion to receive ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on1 & "s "t is giv5 to ! exhau/ /eam to escape1 be=e ! return /roke4 ,,"q #dg4 ,:at is meant by lead8 ,answ]4 ,by lead is meant ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! /eam-ports at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,on ! /eam side ( ! valve x is call$ outside lead2 on ! exhau/ side inside lead4 ,9 fig4 #bf ! op5+ h ( ! /eam-port is ! outside lead & h ! inside lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #dh4 ,:at is meant by ! travel ( a valve8 ,answ]4 ,by ! travel we mean ! motion ( ! valve back & =?1 or 9 o!r words its /roke4 ,if ! arms ( ! rock] are ( ! same l5g?1 ! travel ( ! valve is equal to ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric4 ,= ! prec$+ illu/rations we h select$ an ecc5tric ) ?ree in*es ?r[1 :i* is ! travel ( ! valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #di4 ,h[ is ! /eam made to "w expansively ) a slide-valve8 ,answ]4 ,by giv+ ! valve :at is call$ lap4 ,t is1 by all[+ ! edges ( ! valve :5 x is 9 ! c5t] ( ! valve-seat to ov]lap ! edges ( ! /eam-ports1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bg4 ,:]e ?is ov]lap1 ,l ,l1 is on ! outside ( ! valve1 x is call$ outside lap2 :5 on ! inside1 l l1 inside lap4 ,:5 a valve has lap1 ^? portions ( ! face#ad h1 i1 & h1 q1 :i* cov] ! /eam-ports1 be+ wid] ?an ! ports1 !re=e occupy "s "t 9 mov+ ov] !m1 dur+ :i* "t ! /eam is enclos$ 9 ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 z !re is !n no communication ei!r ) ! /eam-*e/ or ! exhau/-port4 ,?is action is %[n v cle>ly by ! motion-curves 9 fig4 #bf4 ,! valve 9 ?is case has in* lead4 ,at #d in*es ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on ! valve has mov$ z f> z x w g 9 t direction1 & ! /eam-port has its maximum wid? ( op5+4 ,f t po9t ! valve w beg9 to close ! /eam-port1 & at #ad in*es ( ! /roke ! port w be entirely cov]$1 & ! /eam !re=e be cut (f4 ,! port w rema9 clos$ until ! pi/on has mov$ #ba in*es1 :5 x w be obs]v$ f ! motion-curve r s t u v w x1 t ! port c is op5$ to ! exhau/ & ! /eam escapes1 or1 z x is te*nically call$1 ! release takes place4 ,f ! "t ! /eam is cut (f to ! "t x is releas$1 x works expansively 9 ! cyl9d]4 #ad ,! valve-face is ! surface ( ! valve 9 contact ) ! valve-seat4 ,,"q #ej4 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ! am\nt ( lap#ae & ! degree ( expansion8 #ae ,9 speak+ simply ( lap1 outside lap is always meant4 ,answ]4 ,! great] ! lap ) any giv5 travel1 ! %ort] w be ! p]iod ( admission ( /eam1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m "t & space = expansion4 ,,"q #ea4 ,:at is ! effect ( inside lap8 ,answ]4 ,x delays ! release ( ! /eam4 ,?us 9 fig4 #bf ! valve has 94 inside lap4 ,! motion-curve r s t u v w x %[s t ! release takes place dur+ ! back /roke at #ba 94 ,if n[ !re 0 no inside lap1 ! dott$ l9e y1 x w\ld repres5t ! exhau/ edges ( ! valve1 & ! release w\ld !n occur some:at e>li]1 or at #ba 94 ,= ?is reason no inside lap is usually giv5 to valves = eng9es :i* run at high rates ( spe$1 z x all[s too little "t = ! /eam to escape4 ,9 fact1 9 "s cases1 :at is call$ inside cle>ance is giv5 to ! valve2 t is1 ! valve z %[n 9 fig4 #bi1 :5 x is 9 ! middle ( ! valve-face1 does n entirely cov] ! /eam-ports4 ,! effect ( ?is is j ! rev]se ( t produc$ by inside lap2 t is1 x causes ! release to occur e>li] 9 ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #eb4 ,) ! same outside lap1 :at is ! effect ( *ang+ ! travel ( ! valve8 ,answ]4 ,by increas+ ! travel1 ! p]iod ( admission is increas$ & t = expansion less5$2 & by r$uc+ x1 ! admission is less5$1 & ! degree ( expansion is increas$4 ,?is is %[n by ! motion-curves 9 fig4 #bh1 9 :i* ! same valve & ports are repres5t$ z are %[n 9 fig4 #bf1 b ! valve has a travel ( #e in/ead ( #c in*es4 ,! valve also has ! same lead4 ,by foll[+ ! motion-curve h i j k l m n1 x w be se5 t ! /eam is ?us admitt$ up to #bj in*es ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 & ! p]iod ( expansion1 z comp>$ ) t 9 fig4 #bf1 is correspond+ly less5$4 ,x w also be se5 by comp>+ fig4 #bf ) fig4 #bh t ) ! %ort travel ( ! valve ! ports are n op5$ s wide z !y are :5 ! travel is increas$4 ,?is evil is practically obviat$1 h[ev]1 by mak+ ! ports s long t ) a comp>atively small op5+ !y w /ill h area suffici5t to admit en\gh /eam to fill ! cyl9d]s1 & x is kn[n t an op5+ less ?an ! :ole area ( ! /eam-ports is suffici5t to facilitate ! passage ( /eam into ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #ec4 ,h[ is ! exhau/ affect$ by lap & lead8 ,answ]4 ,! /eam is releas$ e>li] 9 ! /roke 9 proportion z ! am\nt ( outside lap & lead is increas$1 b ! /eam-port is also clos$ to ! exhau/1 or compression1 z x is call$1 beg9s e>li] ) lap & lead ?an )\t4 ,?us1 9 fig4 #be1 x w be se5 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke bo? ports are entirely clos$2 9 fig4 #bf1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! valve has bo? lap & lead1 ! port d is ne>ly wide op5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 & by foll[+ ! motion-curve r s t u v w x1 :i* repres5ts ! position ( ! exhau/ edge ( ! valve1 x w be se5 t ! /eam 0 releas$ f ! port c be=e ! pi/on _h complet$ its /roke1 or :5 x _h /ill ne>ly #c in*es to move4 ,9 fig4 #be ! port c is n op5$ to ! exhau/ until ! comm5cem5t ( ! /roke1 b x rema9s op5 to its completion1 :]eas 9 fig4 #bf x is clos$1 or compression beg9s1 at #ah in*es ( ! return /roke1 z %[n by ! dott$ motion-curve4 ,,"q #ed4 ,h[ does ! action ( ! connect+-rod influ5ce ! motion ( ! valve 9 relation to ! pi/on8 ,answ]4 ,by delay+ ! movem5t ( ! crank 9 ! backw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 & accel]at+ x 9 ! =w>d /roke4 ,?is w be be/ expla9$ by ref]5ce to fig4 #ad1 9 :i* ! pi/on is repres5t$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! cyl9d]1 or ! middle ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,if n[ we take a pair ( divid]s set to a l5g? equal to t ( ! connect+-rod1 & f ! c5t]1 f1 describe an arc ( a circle1 a b1 f ! c5t] ( ! %aft1 & ?r\gh ! l[] half ( ! circle :i* repres5ts ! pa? ( ! crank-p91 we w f9d t ! po9t ( int]section1 a1 falls %ort ( ! v]tical l9e1 c d1 & t ! crank-p9 has n made q "o-qu>t] ( a revolution :ile ! pi/on 0 mov+ ?r\gh ! fir/ half ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,by ref]r+ to fig4 #ba1 9 :i* ! pi/on is aga9 9 ! middle ( its /roke1 b is mov+ =w>d1 & by describ+ ano!r arc ( a circle1 b a1 f ! c5t] ( ! %aft & int]sect+ ! pa? ( ! crank-p91 x w be se5 t ! latt] has mov$ m ?an a qu>t] revolution1 :ile ! pi/on has made ! fir/ half ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,ow+ to ?is angul>ity1 z x is call$1 ( ! connect+-rod1 ! crank-p9 is beh9d ! pi/on dur+ its backw>d /roke & ahead ( x dur+ ! =w>d /roke4 ,z ! valve is mov$ by ! ecc5tric1 & x 9 turn by ! %aft & crank1 any irregul>ities ( ! latt] are ( c\rse communicat$ to ! valve4 ,we !re=e f9d1 by ref]r+ to fig4 #bf1 t ! po9t ( cut-(f occurs dur+ ! backw>d /roke at #ad in*es1 & dur+ ! =w>d /roke at #ab in*es4 ,a simil> inequality is obs]vable 9 ! po9ts ( release = ! front & back /rokes4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a matt] ( v great practical importance ) /ation>y eng9es :i* run at comp>atively sl[ spe$s2 b if x is ?\ght desirable1 ! p]iod ( admission & ! po9t ( release = bo? /rokes c be equaliz$1 ei!r by giv+ ! valve m lead or lap at "o end ?an ! o!r1 or by mak+ ! "o /eam-port wid] ?an ! o!r4 ,! me*anism employ$ = mov+ locomotive slide-valves1 h[ev]1 furni%es u ) ! means ( modify+ _! motion 9 relation to t ( ! pi/on1 & ( ?us equaliz+ ! p]iods ( admission & release = ! front & back /rokes4 ,! me?ods ( do+ ?is w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,! ,,expansion ,,( ,,/eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #ee4 ,h[ c we det]m9e by exp]im5t ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] at all po9ts ( ! /roke8 ,answ]4 ,by ! use ( an in/rum5t made = t purpose1 call$ an indicator4 ,its action c be be/ expla9$ by suppos+ t we h a small cyl9d] & pi/on1 ,t1 fig4 #cj1 7%[n on an enl>g$ scale 9 fig4 #ca7 atta*$ by a pipe ,u to "o end ( ! cyl9d] ,a1 s t :5 /eam is admitt$ to ! latt] x w be conduct$ to ! small cyl9d] ,t ?r\gh ! pipe ,u4 ,ov] ! small pi/on & atta*$ to x is a spiral spr+1 s s1 fig4 #ca1 :i* is compress$ :5 ! pi/on rises & ext5d$ :5 x falls4 ,to ! top ( ! pi/on-rod1 ,v1 a p5cil1 ,w1 is atta*$4 ,beh9d ?is p5cil we w suppose !re is a c>d1 a b c d1 & t ?is c>d is s arrang$ t we c slide x horizontally & 9 contact ) ! p5cil po9t4 ,) only ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e above & bel[ ! pi/on ,t1 ! spr+ w\ld be nei!r compress$ nor ext5d$1 & ! pi/on w\ld !n /& 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #ca4 ,if n[ we move c>d horizontally1 ! p5cil w draw a l9e1 g1 h1 call$ ! atmosph]ic l9e4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! t5sion ( ! spr+ is su* t a pressure ( #aj lbs4 p] squ>e in* above or bel[ ! pi/on w ei!r ext5d or compress ! spr+ in*4 ,9 o!r words1 e p\nd ( pressure p] squ>e in* 9 ! pi/on w move x ( an in*4 ,if we c\ld produce a vacuum "u ! pi/on1 x w\ld be press$ d[n by ! atmosph]e above x 1 or ( an in*4 ,if1 :5 x is ?us depress$1 we aga9 slide ! c>d along 9 contact ) ! p5cil-po9t1 x w draw ano!r l9e1 e1 f1 call$ ! vacuum-l9e4 ,assum+ t we h drawn ^! two l9es1 & t ! pi/on & c>d are 9 ! position %[n 9 figs4 #cj & #ca1 we w !n suppose t a reciprocat+ motion c be giv5 to ! c>d by ! lev] ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 fig4 #cj1 :i* is pivot$ at ,m & atta*$ at ,n to ! pi/on-rod by a %ort connect+-rod4 ,x is obvi\s t by connect+ ! upp] end ,l ( ! lev] ) a rod1 ,l c1 to ! c>d1 ! latt] w be mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! motion ( ! pi/on ,b1 & t ! motion ( ! c>d w be simultane\s ) t ( ! pi/on ,b1 b ( c\rse ( %ort] /roke4 ,we w assume t ! /roke ( ! c>d is equal to ! l5g? ( ! atmosph]ic & vacuum l9es g h & e f1 fig4 #ca4 ,if n[1 ! pi/on be+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke z %[n 9 fig4 #cj1 we admit /eam ( #he lbs4 effective pressure p] squ>e in* 7:i* is equal to #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure7 into ! cyl9d] ,a1 x w be convey$ ?r\gh ! pipe ,u to ! cyl9d] ,t1 & w =ce up ! pi/on or #b in*es above ! atmosph]ic l9e1 or or #b in*es above ! vacuum l9e1 z %[n 9 fig4 #cb1 & ! p5cil w draw a v]tical l9e1 g i1 on ! c>d1 7repres5t$ by a dott$ l9e 9 fig4 #cb47 ,we w suppose t /eam is admitt$ dur+ #h in*es ( ! /roke1 & is !n cut (f4 ,:5 ! pi/on ,b1 fig4 #cj1 has mov$ t di/ance1 :i* is "o-?ird ( its /roke1 ! c>d w also h mov$ "o-?ird ( its /roke1 & w /& 9 relation to ! p5cil 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 fig4 #cc1 & z ! absolute /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d] 0 ma9ta9$ at #ajj lbs4 :ile ! c>d 0 mov+ t di/ance1 ! p5cil w h drawn a horizontal l9e1 i j4 ,! /eam is n[ cut (f & beg9s to exp&1 & its pressure is !reby r$uc$4 ,:5 ! pi/on ( ! eng9e is at half-/roke1 ! c>d w also be at half-/roke1 & ! /eam w be exp&$ f #h to #ab in*es ( ! /roke4 ,by ! rule giv5 9 ! answ] to "q #bj1 its absolute pressure w\ld !n be #ff lbs41 & ! indicator-pi/on w !n be press$ d[n by ! spr+1 s t ! p5cil w /& 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #cd1 or #ff =tie?s ( an in* above ! atmosph]ic l9e4 ,! p5cil mean:ile w h drawn ! curv$ l9e j k4 ,:5 ! pi/on has mov$ #af in*es1 ! /eam w be exp&$ to d\ble its volume & its absolute pressure w !re=e be #ej lbs41 & consequ5tly ! p5cil w /& #ej =tie?s or #a in* above ! atmosph]ic l9e z %[n 9 fig4 #ce1 & ! p5cil w h cont9u$ ! curve j k to l4 ,at #bj in*es ! /eam w h #dj lbs41 & at ! completion ( ! /roke #cc lbs4 absolute pressure1 & ! p5cil w h complet$ ! curve j k l m n1 z %[n 9 figs4 #cf & #cg4 ,?is curve is call$ ! expansion curve1 & its =m is t :i* ma!maticians call a hyp]bolic curve4 ,if ! /eam is exhau/$1 ! indicator-pi/on w desc5d & c>ry ! p5cil d[n to ! atmosph]ic l9e1 & ! v]tical l9e n h1 fig4 #ch1 w be drawn4 ,on ! return /roke1 aft] ! /eam is exhau/$ f ! ma9 cyl9d] ,a1 fig4 #cj1 ! p5cil w\ld draw ! atmosph]ic l9e g h1 fig4 #ch1 ?us %[+ t !re is no /eam pressure "u ! pi/on4 ,su* a diagram is call$ an indicator diagram4#af ,9 practice !re are a great _m influ5ces :i* modify x1 su* z cond5sation1 p]=mance ( "w1 imp]fection ( valve ge>1 etc41 b = ! pres5t ^! are disreg>d$4 #af ,! indicator us$ 9 practice1 to %[ ! action ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]s ( /eam eng9es1 diff]s ess5tially 9 its con/ruction f t :i* we h describ$4 ,! pr9ciples ( op]ation are1 h[ev]1 ! same 9 bo?4 ,we w expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,ri*>d's indicator1 ! "o :i* is n[ mo/ g5]ally us$1 h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #ef4 ,h[ c we asc]ta9 ! pressure ( ! /eam = any po9t ( ! /roke f su* a diagram8 ,answ]4 ,by measur+ ! v]tical di/ance by ! expansion curve 7fig4 #ch7 f ! vacuum or ! atmosph]ic l9e1 z = example #h j1 #ab k1 #af l1 #bj m4 ,z ! indicator spr+ is ext5d$ or compress$ "o-=tie? ( an in*#ag f e p\nd ( pressure p] squ>e in*1 ei!r above or bel[ ! indicator pi/on1 if we con/ruct a scale ,s1 ,s1 fig4 #ch1 ) division ( "o-=tie? ( an in* ea*1 "o ( !m w repres5t "o p\nd ( pressure p] squ>e in* if measur$ v]tically f ! atmosph]ic or vacuum l9e4 ,if we sub-divide ! vacuum l9e ) ! same numb] ( p>ts z !re are in*es 9 ! /roke ( ! pi/on 7see fig4 #ci7 we c draw v]tical l9es f ^! po9ts & ?us det]m9e ! pressure by comp>+ ! l5g? ( su* l9es ) ! scale ,s1 ,s4 ,?us ! l9e #h j measures #ajj =tie?s ( an in*1 ?us %[+ t ! absolute /eam pressure at #h in*es ( ! /roke 0 #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 ! l9e #ab k measures #ff =tie?s ( an in*1 ?us %[+ t at #ab in*es ( ! /roke ! /eam pressure 0 #ff lbs4 ,at #af1 #bj & #bd in*es ( ! /roke ! v]tical l9es measure #ej1 #dj & #cc =tie?s2 & !re=e !re 7 t numb] ( p\nds ( /eam pressure :5 ! pi/on 0 at ! po9t ( ! /roke nam$4 ,simil> measurem5ts c\ld be made f o!r po9ts1 su* z #b1 #f1 #aj1 or any o!r numb] ( in*es ( ! /roke4 ,( c\rse1 if we measure f ! vacuum l9e we w h ! absolute /eam pressure1 or ! pressure above a vacuum1 z x is sometimes call$2 if we measure f ! atmosph]ic l9e we w h ! effective pressure1 or ! pressure above ! atmosph]e4 #ag ,indicator spr+s are us$ ( v>i\s degrees ( t5sion1 9 proportion to ! /eam pressure to be indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #eg4 ,h[ c we det]m9e ! av]age pressure dur+ ! :ole /roke ( /eam :i* works expansively8 ,answ]4 ,?is c be det]m9$ approximately by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 divide ! vacuum l9e 7fig4 #ci7 into any numb] ( equal divisions1 say six4 ,f ! po9ts ( division1 #d1 #h1 #ab1 #af & #bj1 :i* 9 ?is case correspond ) ! po9ts :i* repres5t in*es ( ! /roke1 draw p]p5dicul> l9es1 :i* w divide ! indicator diagram into six divisions4 ,x is obvi\s t dur+ ! "t ! /eam is work+ full /roke ! pressure is uni=mly #ajj lbs4 absolute4 ,:ile ! pi/on is mov+ f #h to #ab in*es ! pressure falls f #ajj to #ff lbs41 s t at #aj in*es we h v ne>ly ! av]age pressure dur+ ! p]iod nam$4 ,s f #ab to #af1 #af to #bj & #bj to #bd ! av]age is ne>ly #eg4a1 #dd4d & #cf4c lbs41 respectively4 ,n[1 ,,by ,,add+ ,,toge!r ,,! ,,pressures ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,ea* ,,"o ,,( ,a ,,numb] ,,( ,,equal ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,/roke ,,& ,,divid+ ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,divisions1 ,,we ,,w ,,obta9 ,,approximately ,,! ,,av]age ,,absolute ,,pressure ,,dur+ ,,! ,,:ole ,,/roke4 ,,to ,,get ,,! ,,av]age ,,effective ,,pressure1 ,,d$uct ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure ,,f ,,! ,,result4 ,! calculation w\ld 9 ! above case be z foll[s3 #ajj lbs4 #ajj #hj #eg4a #dd4d #cf4c ----- #f7dag4h ----- #fi4f ,av]age absolute pressure4 #ae ----- #ed4f ,av]age effective pressure4 ,a m accurate way ( calculat+ ! av]age or mean pressure1 z x is call$1 :5 /eam is us$ expansively1 & ! "o :i* is usually employ$1 is to ,,divide ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on',s ,,/roke ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,in*es ,,at ,,:i* ,,! ,,/eam ,,is ,,cut ,,(f3 ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,is ,,! ,,ratio ,,( ,,expansion4 ,,get ,,! ,,hyp]bolic ,,log>i?m ,,( ,,! ,,ratio ,,( ,,expansion ,,f ,,! ,,table ,,( ,,log>i?ms ,,9 ,,! ,,app5dix1 ,,add #a ,,to ,,x1 ,,& ,,divide ,,! ,,sum ,,by ,,! ,,ratio ,,( ,,expansion ,,& ,,multiply ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,by ,,! ,,mean ,,absolute ,,/eam ,,pressure ,,9 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,dur+ ,,its ,,admission4 ,,! ,,result ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,mean ,,absolute ,,pressure ,,dur+ ,,! ,,/roke4 ,,to ,,get ,,! ,,mean ,,effective ,,pressure1 ,,d$uct ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure4 ,! calculation = ! above example w\ld be z foll[s3 #bd -- #c ,ratio ( expansion4 #h #a4jihf #a ---------- #ajj #fi4ie ,mean absolute pressure4 #c #fi4ie - #ae #ed4ie ,mean effective pressure4 ,! table ( hyp]bolic log>i?ms giv5 9 ! app5dix w be ne$$ 9 calculat+ ! mean pressure ( /eam us$ expansively3 ,,"q #eh4 ,:at advantages result f us+ /eam expansively8 ,answ]4 ,!re is a v important sav+ 9 ! am\nt ( /eam requir$ to d a giv5 am\nt ( "w1 & ! /ra9s & %ocks :i* are produc$ by ! rapid motion ( ! pi/on & o!r reciprocat+ & revolv+ p>ts ( ! eng9e are v mu* dim9i%$ by all[+ ! /eam to exp&1 & ?us become r$uc$ 9 pressure dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! /roke4 ,,"q #ei4 ,h[ is /eam sav$ by us+ x expansively8 ,answ]4 ,less /eam is requir$ :5 x is us$ expansively3 #a4 ,because :5 /eam ( a high pressure is introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 & all[$ to exp& until its pressure is comp>atively l[1 x escapes at a l[] pressure ?an ! av]age pressure dur+ ! :ole /roke4 ,if /eam ( a pressure equal to ! av]age pressure is work$ full /roke1 x w\ld ex]t exactly ! same =ce on ! pi/on z ! /eam ( high] pressure did :5 work+ expansively1 b ! pressure 9 ! latt] case1 :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 or ! f9al pressure1 z x is call$1 w\ld be consid]ably l[] ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! pressure ( /eam repres5ts en]gy1 or capacity = do+ "w1 & !re=e if we all[ x to escape ) a comp>atively high pressure )\t do+ "w1 x is a wa/e ( en]gy4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 we w take ! same conditions :i* 7 us$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #eg1 9 calculat+ ! av]age pressure4 ,9 t case ! mean absolute pressure ( ! /eam 0 #fi4ie p\nds p] squ>e in*1 b ! pressure at ! end ( ! /roke1 :5 ! /eam escap$1 0 only #cc p\nds absolute4 ,if1 !re=e1 /eam _h be5 us$ ( ! av]age pressure ?r\gh ! :ole /roke1 x w\ld h escap$ ) a pressure ( #fi4ie p\nds1 or m ?an twice t ( ! exp&$ /eam1 & ! "w done 9 bo? cases w\ld h be5 ! same4 #b4 ,!re is also ano!r incid5tal advantage 9 ?is1 because l[-pressure /eam c be exhau/$ m quickly f a cyl9d] ?an /eam ( a high pressure1 & consequ5tly !re is less resi/ance1 or back pressure1 z x is call$1 9 ! exhau/$ end ( ! cyl9d] to ! movem5t ( ! pi/on4 #c4 ,! causes :i* produce ! greate/ economy :5 /eam is us$ expansively _c be fully expla9$ )\t discuss+ pr9ciples ( sci5ce m ab/ruse ?an x is desirable to introduce "h4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 ) ! aid ( ! table ( ! 8,prop]ties ( ,/eam10#ah 9 ! app5dix1 be illu/rat$ by a few simple calculations1 s t ! economy ( us+ /eam expansively w be app>5t4 #ah ,?is table is copi$ f ,colburn's ,treatise on ! ,locomotive ,eng9e4 ,= ! basis ( ! calculations ! same data & dim5sions w be employ$ t 7 us$ 9 ! previ\s illu/ration2 t is1 a cyl9d] ( #af 94 diamet] & pi/on ) #bd 94 /roke & /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure cut (f at #h 94 ( ! /roke4 ,we w suppose1 fur!r1 t ! /eam us$ is g5]at$ f wat] ( a temp]ature ( #fj degrees1 & we w !n calculate ! total numb] ( units ( heat 9 ! /eam us$ = ea* /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,! area ( a pi/on #af 94 9 diamet] is #bja squ>e in*es2 & z ! /eam is admitt$ until ! pi/on moves #h in*es ( its /roke1 !re=e ! quantity ( /eam w\ld be #h times #bja cubic in*es1 or #afjh #bja #h #afjh cubic 94 ---- cubic ft4 #agbh ,f ! table x w be se5 t "o cubic foot ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 pressure weighs 4#bcjg lbs42 !re=e ! weight ( ! fraction ( a cubic foot giv5 above w\ld be calculat$ z foll[s3 4#bcjg #afjh ------------ 4#badf lb4 #agbh weight ( #afjh cubic 94 ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure4 ,f ! table x w be se5 t ! total heat above z]o ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure is #abac4d degrees4 ,t is1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #dj1ai 9 ord] to boil wat] "u a pressure ( #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in* we mu/ fir/ heat wat] up to #cbg4i degrees1 & !n1 to conv]t x into /eam1 #hhe4e degrees m mu/ be add$4 ,x 0 also expla9$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #ce t "o p\nd ( wat] heat$ "o degree is ! /&>d ( measurem5t or unit ( heat4 ,n[ if we h #a lb4 ( wat] ) a temp]ature ( z]o1 evid5tly x w take #abac4d units ( heat to conv]t x into /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure4 ,b z ! wat] f :i* our /eam 0 g5]at$ _h a temp]ature ( #fj degrees1 we mu/ d$uct t mu* f #abac4d3 #abac4d - #fj #aaec4d units ( heat 9 "o p\nd ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure g5]at$ f wat] ( #fj degrees temp]ature4 #ai ,9 ! illu/ration us$ 9 answ] to ,"q #dj1 /eam ( #ajj lbs4 effective pressure 0 us$1 :]eas 9 ! above case x is absolute pressure4 ,if n[ "o p\nd ( /eam has #aaec4d units ( heat1 ! foll[+ calculation w give ! units ( heat 9 4#badf lbs43 #aaec4d 4#badf #bdg4ea units ( heat 9 4#badf lbs41 or #afjh cubic 94 ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure4 ,x 0 %[n 9 answ] to ,"q #eg t ! av]age pressure ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 cut (f at #h 94 ( ! /roke 0 #fi4ie lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,disreg>d+ ! small fraction1 we w call x #gj lbs4 ,n[ if we admit /eam ( ?is pressure ?r\gh ! :ole /roke ( ! pi/on1 we w use #d1hbd cubic in*es4 ,x w be f\nd by a calculation simil> to ! above1 t to g5]ate ?is quantity ( /eam ( #gj lbs4 pressure f wat] ( a temp]ature ( #fj degrees w\ld require #ebg units ( heat1 or m ?an twice z _m z 7 requir$ to d ! same "w ) /eam ( #ajj lbs4 pressure cut (f at #h in*es :5 us+ x expansively dur+ ! re/ ( ! /roke4 ,! actual diff]5ce 9 practice is n s great z ?is1 because ! loss ( heat f radiation & cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d] & o!r causes is great] :5 /eam ( a high pressure is exp&$ ?an :5 l[] pressure /eam is admitt$ ?r\gh ! :ole /roke4 ,b aft] all[ance is made = all su* s\rces ( loss & wa/e1 !re is /ill an enorm\s ga9 f us+ /eam expansively4 ,,"q #fj4 ,:at is meant by wire-drawn /eam8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! fall :i* ! pressure ( ! /eam und]goes dur+ its passage f ! boil] to ! cyl9d]1#bj & :i* is due to ! contract$ op5+ ( ! /eam pipes or valves4 #bj ,rank9e4 ,,"q #fa4 ,:at is ! economical effect ( r$uc+ ! pressure1 or ( wire-draw+ x1 by p>tly clos+ ! valve by :i* x is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,by r$uc+ ! pressure ( /eam 9 ?is or any o!r way1 x is necess>y 9 do+ ! same am\nt ( "w to admit /eam to ! cyl9d] = a long] p]iod1 & !re=e to r$uce ! degree ( expansion4 ,to illu/rate ! effect ( ?is1 we w e/imate ! total heat requir$ to ex]t a pressure ( #gj lbs4 on ! pi/on describ$ above4 ,x w be assum$ t ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] is #ajj lbs4 absolute1 & t ?is is wire-drawn d[n to #gj lbs4 & admitt$ to ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! :ole /roke4 ,z 0 %[n 9 ! prec$+ answ]1 #d1hbd cubic in*es ( /eam are requir$ to fill ! cyl9d]4 ,n[ #c1cgf4h cubic in*es ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 pressure1 if exp&$ to #gj lbs4 pressure1 w make #d1hbd cubic in*es4 ,! total heat requir$ to g5]ate #c1cgf4h cubic in*es ( /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure f wat] ( #fj degrees is #eai4i units1 s t to d ! same "w by us+ /eam ( high pressure cut (f at "o-?ird ( ! /roke1 us+ /eam ( l[ boil] pressure full /roke1 & us+ wire-drawn /eam full /roke1 w\ld1 9 ! example we h select$1 require #bdg4e1 #ebg & #eai4i units ( heat respectively4 ,,"q #fb4 ,to :at ext5t c we "w /eam expansively1 ) advantage & economy8 ,answ]4 ,! !oretical economy ( us+ /eam increases ) ! degree ( expansion & ! pressure4 ,?is is %[n v cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 ! fir/ column ( :i* ! numb] ( in*es ( ! pi/on /roke is giv5 dur+ :i* /eam is admitt$ to a cyl9d] #af 94 9 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke4 ,9 ! second column is giv5 ! pressure ( ! /eam1 or initial pressure1 z x is call$1 :i* mu/ be admitt$ into ! cyl9d] 9 ord] to produce a mean pressure ( #gj lbs4 p] squ>e in* :5 x is cut (f at ! po9t indicat$ 9 ! fir/ column4 ,9 ! ?ird column is giv5 ! total heat :i* is requir$ to g5]ate ! /eam requir$ 9 ea* case1 & 9 ! la/ column ! p]c5tage ( sav+ is giv5 :i* results f ! diff]5t degrees ( expansion & a mean pressure ( #gj lbs4 p] squ>e in* 9 ea* case4 ,,results ,,( ,,us+ ,,/eam ,,expansively4 ,p]- c5tage ,initial ( ,pressure ,total sav+ ( /eam heat ( comp>$ 9 p\nds /eam ) ,p]iod ( admission or po9t ( p] squ>e us$1 full cut-(f4 in*4 9 units4 /roke4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,full /roke #gj4 #ebg4 #ah 94 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( ! /roke1 #gb4e #djh4g #bb #ab 94 ,"o-half #hb4g #cji4e #da #h 94 ,"o-?ird #ajj4 #bdg4e #ec #f 94 ,"o-qu>t] #aag4d #bae4i #eh #d 94 ,"o-six? #aej4e #ahf4e #fd #c 94 ,"o-eigh? #aha4h #afe4h #fh #b 94 ,"o-twelf? #bda4d #add4h #gb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,f ?is table x w be se5 t !oretically #bb p] c5t4 ( heat is sav$ by cutt+ (f at ( ! /roke & us+ /eam ( #gb4e lbs4 pressure in/ead ( /eam ( #gj lbs4 work$ full /roke4 ,cutt+ (f at half /roke & us+ /eam ( #hb4g lbs41 #da p] c5t4 ( heat is sav$1 & cutt+ (f at qu>t] /roke ) /eam ( #aag4d lbs4 saves #eh p] c5t4 ( heat2 & at "o-twelf? ( ! /roke1 or exp&+ /eam ( #bda4d lbs4 pressure to twelve times its volume1 saves #gb p] c5t4 ( heat4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! above is ! !oretical advantage ( us+ /eam expansively4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 practical difficulties 9 ! way ( us+ "s ( ^! high degrees ( expansion4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t if /eam is cut (f e>ly 9 ! /roke & ! degree ( expansion increas$1 ! pressure & consequ5tly ! temp]ature ( ! /eam mu/ also be increas$4 ,! dang] ( explosion is great] ) ! high] pressures1 & /rong] & m exp5sive boil]s & ma*9]y are !re=e ne$$4 ,) /eam ( v high temp]ature ! metal ( ! cyl9d]s1 pi/ons & valves becomes s mu* heat$ t !y s(t51 & !n ! friction ( ! "o on ! o!r causes !m to cut or scrat* ea* o!r4 ,! high temp]ature at ! same "t de/roys ! oil or o!r lubricant us$ 9 contact ) ! /eam4 ,x is also impossible to admit & cut (f /eam v e>ly 9 ! /roke ) ! ord9>y me*anical appliances us$ = mov+ slide-valves ( locomotives4 ,?is latt] difficulty w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,g5]al ,,description ,,( ,a ,,locomotive ,,eng9e4 ,,"q #fc4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( an ord9>y locomotive eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,a boil] = g5]at+ /eam & a pair ( high-pressure /eam eng9es1 :i* are all m\nt$ on a suitable frame & :eels adapt$ = runn+ on a track consi/+ ( two iron or /eel rails4 ,,"q #fd4 ,h[ is ! p[] ( high-pressure eng9es appli$ to locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,by connect+ ! eng9es ) ! :eels s z to give ! latt] a rot>y motion4 ,,"q #fe4 ,:5 !y revolve :at w occur8 ,answ]4 ,ei!r !y w slip on ! track1 or ! locomotive w move ei!r backw>d or =w>d1 accord+ to ! direction ! :eels are turn+4 ,,"q #ff4 ,:at w det]m9e :e!r ! :eels w slip or ! locomotive move8 ,answ]4 ,! friction or adhesion1 z x is call$1 betwe5 ! :eels & ! track4 ,if ?is adhesion is great] ?an ! resi/ance oppos$ to ! movem5t ( ! locomotive1 ! latt] w ov]come ! resi/ance2 b if ! latt] is great] ?an ! friction1 ! :eels w slip4 ,,"q #fg4 ,^u :at does ! am\nt ( friction or adhesion ( ! :eels dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,*iefly on ! weight :i* !y be>1 b to "s ext5t ^u ! condition ( ! rails4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! adhesion ( ! :eels ( a locomotive is 9 direct proportion to ! weight !y c>ry4 ,,"q #fh4 ,:y are two cyl9d]s employ$ on locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,because if only "o 0 us$1 x w\ld be impossible or v difficult to />t ! eng9e1 if x %\ld /op on "o ( ! dead po9ts4 ,,"q #fi4 ,h[ is ?is difficulty ov]come by ! use ( two cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,by atta*+ ! two cranks to ! same %aft or axle1 & plac+ !m at "r angles to ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! "o is at a dead po9t ! o!r is 9 ! position :]e ! /eam c ex]t ! maximum p[] on ! crank4 ,,"q #gj4 ,h[ are ! cranks ( an ord9>y locomotive made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! :eels t drive ! locomotive1 :i* are !re=e call$ driv+-:eels4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! c5tre portion ( su* :eels1 or :eel-c5tres z !y are call$1 is always made ( ca/ iron1 ) tires ( wr\ght iron or /eel ar\nd ! outside1 & is fa/5$ to ! axles ( ! locomotive4 ,! %aft ( a locomotive eng9e is call$ ! ma9 driv+-axle1 & ! :eels atta*$ to x ! ma9 driv+-:eels4 ,,"q #ga4 ,h[ are ! cyl9d]s & driv+-:eels ( a locomotive usually plac$8 ,answ]4 ,! cyl9d]s ,a1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 are plac$ at ! front end ( ! locomotive1 & ! ma9 driv+-axle1 ,b1 f> en\gh beh9d !m to p]mit ! connect+ rods1 ,c1 to be atta*$ to p9s1 ,d1 9 ! cranks1 call$ crank-p9s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ^! cranks are n[ univ]sally plac$ on ! outside ( ! :eels1 & !re=e ! cyl9d]s mu/ be plac$ f> en\gh ap>t 7z %[n 9 fig4 #dj & ,plate ,,iii7 to p]mit ! connect+-rods to be atta*$ to ! crank-p9s4 ,! cyl9d]s are !re=e plac$ outside ! frames1 ,h1 ,h1 ,plate ,,iii1 7! latt] are inside ( ! :eels17 & are n[ ne>ly always horizontal1 al?\gh 9 old eng9es !y are (t5 incl9$4 ,plate ,i is a side view ( an ord9>y eight-:eel$ ,am]ican locomotive1 ,plate ,,ii a longitud9al section1 ,plate ,,iii a plan1 & fig4 #dj1 a transv]se section ?r\gh ! cyl9d] & smoke-box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #gb4 ,:at are ! small] :eels1 ,e ,e1 call$1 & :at are !y =8 ,answ]4 ,!y are call$ truck-:eels & c>ry ! weight ( ! cyl9d]s & o!r p>ts ( ! front end ( ! locomotive1 & s]ve to guide & /eady ! ma*9e 9 a mann] :i* w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"q #gc4 ,:y are m ?an "o pair ( driv+ :eels necess>y = locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,because if all ! weight :i* is ne$$ to create ! requisite adhesion ( ! :eels ( locomotives to pull heavy loads 0 plac$ on "o pair ( :eels1 x w\ld be s excessive z to p>tly cru% & injure ! rails4 ,x is !re=e di/ribut$1 usually on two pairs1 b sometimes on ?ree or f\r or ev5 m pairs4 ,,"q #gd4 ,:]e is ! second pair ( driv+-:eels usually plac$8 ,answ]4 ,^! :eels1 ,f--call$ ! back or trail+ driv+-:eels--are1 9 ! ord9>y type ( locomotives us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 situat$ beh9d ! ma9 driv+-:eels1 f> en\gh back to give ! room necess>y = ! boil]1 ,g1 betwe5 ! two axles1 z %[n 9 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,,"q #ge4 ,h[ are ! axles1 cyl9d]s1 etc41 held 9 ! "r position 9 relation to ea* o!r8 ,answ]4 ,by longitud9al frames1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 :i* hold ! axles 9 ! prop] position1 & are bolt$ to ! cyl9d]s1 & also fa/5$ to ! boil] at ,i1 ,i1 ,plate ,i4 ,,"q #gf4 ,h[ is a locomotive eng9e made to run ei!r backw>d or =w>d8 ,answ]4 ,by hav+ two ecc5trics1 ,j1 ,j1 ,plate ,,iii 7also %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii17 = ea* cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! is fix$ or set on ! %aft 9 su* a position z to move ! valve s t ! eng9e w run 9 "o direction2 ! o!r ecc5tric is set s t ! eng9e w run ! rev]se way4 ,! ends ( ! two ecc5tric rods are atta*$ to :at is call$ a l9k1 ,l1 7,plates ,,ii & ,,iii17 ! object ( :i* is to furni% ! means ( quickly engag+ & dis5gag+ ei!r ecc5tric rod to or f ! rock]1 ,k4 ,! l9k is op]at$ by a sy/em ( lev]s1 consi/+ ( ! lift+ %aft1 ,m1 & arms1 ,n1 ,n1 & ! rev]se lev]1 ,o1 ,o1 7,plate ,,ii74 ,! pr9ciples & work+ ( ^! w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"q #gg4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p>ts or 8organs0 ( a locomotive boil]8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,a fire-place1 or1 z x is call$ a fire-box1 ,g1 7,plate ,,ii17 :i* is surr\nd$ ) wat]4 #b4 ,a cyl9drical "p1 ,p ,p1 7,plates ,i & ,,ii17 atta*$ to ! fire-box at "o end & to a *amb]1 ,q1 call$ ! smoke-box1 at ! o!r4 #c4 ,! tubes or flues a a1 7,plate ,,ii & fig4 #dj17 :i* connect ! fire-box ) ! smoke-box & pass ?r\gh ! cyl9drical "p ( ! boil] & are surr\nd$ ) wat]4 #d4 ,! smoke-/ack or *imney ,r ,r4 ,,"q #gh4 ,:at is ea* ( ^! p>ts or organs = & ( :at d !y consi/8 ,answ]4 ,! fire-box ,g furni%es ! room = burn+ ! fuel1 & consi/s ( an inn] & out] %ell made ( boil] plate1 ) ! space betwe5 ! two fill$ ) wat]2 a grate1 b b1 7,plate ,,ii17 =m$ ( ca/-iron b>s1 ) spaces betwe5 !m = admitt+ air = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel1 :i* is plac$ on ! top ( !m2 a door1 ,c1 call$ ! furnace-door1 = supply+ ! grate ) fuel2 a receptacle1 d d1 bel[ ! grate1 to collect a%es1 & !re=e call$ ! a%-pan1 :i* is suppli$ ) suitable damp]s1 n1 n1 = admitt+ or exclud+ ! air f ! fire4 ,! cyl9drical "p ,p ,p1 or wai/ ( ! boil] z x is sometimes call$1 conta9s ! great] "p ( ! wat] to be heat$4 ,! flues or tubes1 z !y are g5]ally call$1 ( :i* a locomotive has f "o to two hundr$1 are usually two in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t elev5 feet long4 ,!y conduct ! smoke & products ( combu/ion f ! fire-box to ! smoke-box4 ,^! tubes are made ( small diamet] s z to sub-divide ! smoke into _m small /reams & ?us expose x to a l>ge radiat+ surface ?r\gh :i* ! heat is conduct$ to ! wat]4 ,! smoke-/ack s]ves p>tly = remov+ into ! op5 air ! smoke :i* passes ?r\gh ! flues1 & p>tly = produc+ a /rong draft ( air1 :i* is indisp5sably necess>y = ! rapid combu/ion ( ! fuel1 & also = collect+ & ext+ui%+ ! sp>ks f ! fire4 ,,"q #gi4 ,h[ is ! draft produc$ 9 locomotive boil]s8 ,answ]4 ,by conduct+ ! exhau/ /eam ?r\gh pipes 7e1 e1 fig4 #dj7 f ! cyl9d]s to ! smoke-box & all[+ x to escape up ! smoke-/ack f ap]tures1 f1 f1 7,plate ,,ii1 fig4 #dj47 call$ exhau/ nozzles4 ,! /rong curr5t ( /eam ?us produc$ 9 ! smoke-/ack produces a vacuum1 by :i* ! smoke is suck$ into ! smoke-box ) great p[] & =c$ out ( ! smoke-/ack into ! op5 air4 ,,"q #hj4 ,h[ are ! wat] & fuel c>ri$ :i* mu/ be suppli$ to a locomotive :ile x is runn+8 ,answ]4 ,! wat] is c>ri$ 9 a tank1 :i* is con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,u1 s z to give room = ! /[age ( fuel betwe5 its two bran*es or sides4 ,?is tank is c>ri$ on a set ( :eels1 & =ms a sep>ate vehicle1 indep5d5t ( ! locomotive1 call$ a t5d]1 ! con/ruction ( :i* w be expla9$ 9 a future *apt]4 ,,"q #ha4 ,:at are ! dim5sions ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,!re is a great v>iety 9 ! plan1 size & capacity ( locomotives1 b ! type :i* is m g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an any o!r1 & :i* has be5 select$ = ! prec$+ illu/rations1 & w be describ$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ! ,cate*ism1 has f\r driv+ & f\r truck :eels1 & weighs 9 work+ condition ab\t #fj1jjj lbs4 ,! foll[+ are ! dim5sions ( its pr9cipal p>ts3 ,! driv+-:eels are ab\t #e feet & ! truck-:eels f #bf to #cj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! longitud9al di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! driv+-:eels is usually ab\t #g feet1 & betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! truck-:eels #e ft4 #i 941 & ! total di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! back driv+-:eels to ! c5tre ( ! front truck-:eels1 :i* is call$ ! :eel-base1 is #ba ft4 #h 94 ,! weight on ea* driv+-:eel is usually ab\t #aj1jjj lbs41 & on ea* truck-:eel ab\t #e1jjj lbs4 ,! cyl9d]s are #af 94 9 diamet] & ! pi/on has #bd 94 /roke1 & ! connect+-rod is #g ft4 long measur$ betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! p9s to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! c5tres ( ! cyl9d]s are ab\t #f feet ap>t1 measur$ across ! track4 ,! fire-box inside is #e feet long & #b ft4 #aa 94 wide1 & ! cyl9drical "p ( ! boil] is #d feet 9 diamet] measur$ on ! outside ( ! smalle/ portion4 ,! wat] spaces ar\nd ! fire-box are ab\t #c in*es wide4 ,!re are #adj tubes1 :i* are #b 94 9 diamet] measur$ on _! outside1 & #aa ft4 long4 ,! inside ( ! smoke-/ack is #af 94 9 diamet]1 & x is #ad ft4 #c 94 high measur$ f ! top ( ! rails4 ,! t5d] c>ries ab\t #a1hjj gallons ( wat] & ab\t #h1jjj lbs4 ( coal4 ,:5 load$ x weighs ab\t #dj1jjj lbs41 mak+ ! total weight ( ! eng9e & t5d] #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( p>ts designat$ by ! lett]s ( ref]5ce on plates ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii & fig4 #dj4 ,a1 ,a1 ,cyl9d]s4 ,b1 ,ma9 driv+-axle4 ,c ,c1 ,ma9 connect+-rods4 ,d ,d1 ,ma9 crank-p9s4 ,e1 ,e1 ,truck-:eels4 ,f1 ,axle ( trail+-:eels4 ,g1 ,fire-box4 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,frames4 ,i1 ,i1 ,frame-clamps4 ,j1 ,j1 ,ecc5trics4 ,k1 ,k1 ,rock]s4 ,l ,l1 ,l9ks4 ,m1 ,lift+-%aft4 ,n1 ,n1 ,lift+ arms4 ,o ,o1 ,rev]se-lev]4 ,p ,p1 ,cyl9d] "p ( boil]4 ,q1 ,smoke-box4 ,r ,r1 ,smoke /ack or *imney4 ,s1 ,pilot or c[-cat*]4 ,t1 ,head-light4 ,u1 ,bell4 ,v1 ,s&-box4 ,w1 ,:i/le4 ,x1 ,dome4 ,y ,y1 ,cab or h\se4 ,z1 ,back or trail+-:eel crank-p94 ,a1 ,pump air-*amb]4 ,b1 ,b1 ,ma9 driv+-:eels4 ,c ,c ,c1 ,supply-pipe4 ,d1 ,front plat=m4 ,e1 ,bump] timb]4 ,f ,f1 ,back driv+-:eels4 ,g1 ,c\pl+-p94 ,h1 ,friction-plate4 ,i1 ,*eck-valve4 ,k ,k1 ,foot-bo>d4 ,l1 ,lazy cock4 ,m1 ,mud drum4 ,n ,n1 ,driv+ spr+s4 ,p1 ,pump4 ,r1 ,drop-door or grate4 ,s1 ,/eam gauge4 ,t ,t1 ,fe$ pipe4 ,u ,u1 ,=w>d ecc5tric rods4 ,v ,v1 ,backw>d ecc5tric rods4 ,x1 ,lift+-%aft spr+4 ,y ,y1 ,damp]s4 ,z1 ,pu%+-b>4 a a1 ,tubes4 b b1 ,grate4 c1 ,fire-box door4 d d1 ,a% pan4 f f1 ,exhau/-nozzles or bla/-pipes4 g1 ,safety-valve lev]4 h h1 ,cross-heads4 i i1 ,runn+-bo>d4 j1 ,?rottle-/em4 l1 ,?rottle-pipe4 m m1 ,dry pipe4 n1 ,t-pipe4 o o1 ,/eam-pipe4 p1 ,petticoat pipe4 q1 ,smoke-box door4 r1 ,pi/on4 s1 ,sp>k-deflector or cone4 t t1 ,wire-nett+ 9 /ack4 u u u1 ,boil]-lagg+4 v v1 ,truck-spr+4 w w1 ,sector or quadrant4 x1 ,bl[-(f cock4 e k1 ,rev]s+-rod4 y1 ,truck c5tre-p94 z1 ,?rottle-lev]4 a a1 ,tubes4 b b1 ,truck frame4 c c1 ,b$-plate4 d1 ,boil] brace4 e e1 ,s& pipe4 f f1 ,equaliz+ lev] = driv+ :eels4 g g1 ,guide-b>s or rods4 h h1 ,receptacle = sp>ks4 i i1 ,bell rope4 j j1 ,guide yoke4 k1 ,valve-/em4 l l1 ,truck equaliz+ lev]4 m m m1 ,h&-rail4 n1 ,bl[-(f cock 9 mud drum4 o1 ,spr+ balance4 p1 ,pump plung]4 q q1 ,foot /eps4 r1 ,brace to smoke-box & frame4 s s1 ,/eam-*e/s4 t t t1 ,cr[n-b>s4 u1 ,head-light lamp4 v1 ,ma9 valve4 w1 ,bl[-(f cock h&le4 x1 ,bell-crank = ?rottle-valve4 y1 ,pi/on-rod4 z1 ,draw-b>4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,boil]4 ,,"q #hb4 ,h[ does ! quantity ( /eam g5]at$ 9 locomotive boil]s 9 a giv5 "t comp>e ) t g5]at$ 9 ! boil]s ( /ation>y & m>9e eng9es8 ,answ]4 ,locomotive eng9e boil]s mu/ produce mu* m /eam 9 a giv5 "t1 9 proportion to _! size1 ?an is requir$ ( ! boil]s ( any o!r class ( eng9es1 7except+ p]haps ^? ( /eam fire-eng9es17 because ! space :i* locomotive boil]s c occupy & also _! weight is limit$4 ,,"q #hc4 ,h[ is _! /eam-g5]at+ capacity increas$ above t ( m>9e & /ation>y boil]s8 ,answ]4 ,by creat+ a v /rong draft ( air ?r\gh ! fire & !n pass+ ! smoke & heat$ air ?r\gh a great _m small tubes1 :i* are surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,by ?is means ! smoke & hot air are divid$ into _m small /reams or curr5ts :i* are expos$ to ! inside surface ( ! tubes to :i* & to ! surr\nd+ wat] _! heat is imp>t$4 ,,"q #hd4 ,h[ is ! action ( ! exhau/ /eam 9 produc+ a draft 9 ! *imney expla9$8 ,answ]4 ,! exhau/ /eam escapes f ! cyl9d]s ?r\gh "o or two contract$ op5+s or exhau/-nozzles 7f1 ,plate ,,ii1 also %[n 9 fig4 #djba71 :i* po9t directly up ! c5tre ( ! *imney or smoke-/ack4 ,! exhau/ /eam escapes f ?is orifice ) great velocity1 & exp&s z x rises1 s t x fills ! pipe p & ! smoke-/ack ,r ,r4 ,x ?us acts some:at l a plung] or pi/on =c$ viol5tly up ! *imney1 & pu%es up ! air above x1 &1 ow+ to ! friction ( ! p>ticles ( air1 c>ries t :i* surr\nds x along up ! /ack1 f :i* x all escapes f9ally into ! op5 air1 ?us leav+ a p>tial vacuum beh9d 9 ! smoke-box4 ,! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e !n =ces 9 air ?r\gh any & e op5+ 9 ! smoke-box1 to take ! place ( t already drawn out or exhau/$ f x4 ,z ! only inlet is ?r\gh ! tubes1 to :i* ! gases ( combu/ion h free access f ! fire-box1 & z ! ext]nal air c only pass ?r\gh ! fire-grate1 & ?r\gh ! burn+ fuel1 to rea* ! fire-box1 !re is a con/ant draft ( air ?r\gh ! grate z long z ! wa/e /eam escapes f ! bla/-pipe & up ! *imney4 ,x is ?us t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! m ! /eam t is requir$1 ! m ! /eam t is produc$2 = all ! /eam us$ 9 ! eng9e draws 9 ! air 9 its f9al escape1 to excite ! fire to g5]ate m /eam4#bb ,sometimes "o bla/-orifice is us$ = ea* cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 plates ,,ii & ,,iii & fig4 #dj2 9 o!r cases ! exhau/ /eam f ea* cyl9d] escapes ?r\gh ! same orifice4 #ba ,! t]m bla/-orifice is also (t5 us$ to designate ^! p>ts ( locomotives4 #bb ,colburn's ,locomotive ,eng9e]+4 ,,"q #he4 ,h[ mu* wat] is x necess>y to evaporate 9 ord] to furni% ! /eam requir$ to run an ord9>y tra9 at its usual spe$8 ,answ]4 ,= an ord9>y 8,am]ican0 locomotive1#bc weigh+ #fj1jjj lbs4 & ) cyl9d]s ( #af in*es diamet] & #bd in*es /roke1 f #f1jjj to #ab1jjj lbs4 ( wat] mu/ be evaporat$ p] h\r4 #bc ,9 speak+ ( 8,am]ican0 locomotives1 we mean locomotives l t %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ) f\r driv+-:eels & a f\r-:eel$ truck1 & %all s use ! t]m h]eaft]4 ,,"q #hf4 ,h[ mu* wat] w a p\nd ( coal evaporate 9 ord9>y practice8 ,answ]4 ,! quantity ( wat] :i* is conv]t$ into /eam by a p\nd ( coal v>ies v mat]ially ) ! quality ( ! coal1 & ! con/ruction & condition ( ! boil]2 b f #f to #h lbs4 ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal is ab\t ! av]age p]=mance ( ord9>y locomotives4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to burn f #ejj to #b1jjj lbs4 ( coal p] h\r 9 ord] to g5]ate ! quantity ( /eam requir$ by ord9>y eng9es4 ,,"q #hg4 ,h[ l>ge a grate is ne$$ to burn ?is quantity ( coal8 ,answ]4 ,! maximum rate ( combu/ion may be tak5 at ab\t #abe lbs4 ( coal on ea* squ>e foot ( grate surface p] h\r1 s t to burn #b1jjj lbs4 we ne$ a grate ) ab\t #af squ>e feet ( surface4 ,,"q #hh4 ,h[ mu* heat+ surface is ne$$ = a giv5 size ( grate8 ,answ]4 ,9 common practice ab\t #ej squ>e feet ( heat+ surface are giv5 = ea* squ>e foot ( grate4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no reasons = ! proportions ( ei!r grate or heat+ surface :i* are giv51 except+ t x has be5 f\nd t !y "w well 9 practice4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q c]ta9 t ! l>g] a boil] is1 & ! great] its heat+ surface 9 proportion to ! /eam x mu/ g5]ate1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! m economical w x be 9 its consumption ( fuel1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! m wat] w x evaporate p] p\nd ( coal4 ,,"q #hi4 ,:y is x necess>y to use small tubes or flues 9 ord] to h ! requir$ am\nt ( heat+ surface8 ,answ]4 ,because !re is a great deal m surface 9 a small tube ( a giv5 l5g?1 9 proportion to ! space x occupies1 ?an 9 a l>ge "o4 ,?us a tube two in*es 9 diamet] & elev5 feet long has #hbi squ>e in*es ( surface1 & "o f\r in*es 9 diamet] has #a1feh squ>e in*es1 or j d\ble ! quantity4 ,b ! f\r-in* tube occupies f\r times z mu* space z ! o!r1 z x is twice z high & twice z wide4 ,!re=e1 9 proportion to ! space x occupies1 ! tube :i* is two in*es 9 diamet] has twice z mu* surface z ! l>g] "o4 ,if we comp>e a two-in* ) an eight-in* tube1 we w f9d t ! =m] has f\r times z mu* surface1 9 proportion to its size1 z ! eight-in* tube4 ,z ! size & weight ( locomotive boil]s are limit$1 x is !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] to get ! requisite heat+ surface 9 ! space to :i* we are conf9$1 to use tubes ( small diamet]4 ,small tubes also h ! advantage t !y may be made ( ?9n] mat]ial1 & yet h ! same /r5g? to resi/ a bur/+ pressure f )91 or a collaps+ pressure f )\t1 z l>g] tubes made ( ?ick] metal4 ,! advantage ( ?9 tubes is1 t ! heat inside ( !m is conduct$ to ! wat] outside m rapidly ?an x w\ld be ?r\gh ?ick] metal1 :i* is important :5 combu/ion is z rapid z x is 9 locomotive boil]s4 ,! reason tubes ( small] diamet] ?an two in*es are n ord9>ily us$ is because !y are !n liable to become /opp$ up ) c9d]s & pieces ( unconsum$ fuel4 ,,"q #ij4 ,h[ is ! fire-box ( a locomotive con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x usually consi/s ( a rectangul> box 7,g1 figs4 #da & #db7 ab\t ?ree feet wide#bd &1 = ! size ( eng9e we h select$ z an example1 ab\t five or five & a half feet long inside4 ,?is box is compos$ ( metal plates1 ei!r iron1 /eel or copp]1 :i*1 except+ on ! front side1 are f to ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is box is call$ ! inside %ell ( ! fire-box1 & is surr\nd$ by ano!r %ell1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f1 fig4 #db1 ( ei!r iron or /eel plates1 ( ab\t ! same ?ickness z ^? compos+ ! inside4 ,?is is call$ ! outside %ell ( ! fire-box &1 z already expla9$1 is s mu* l>g] ?an ! inside t !re is a space1 call$ ! wat]-space1 f #b to #d in*es wide1 on all ! sides ( ! fire-box betwe5 ! inn] & out] plates4 #bd ,! wid? is dep5d5t ^u ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails1 or gauge ( ! road1 z x is call$4 ,! above size is = a #d feet #h 94 gauge4 ,! top g1 g1 ( ! inside %ell1 :i* is call$ ! cr[n-%eet or cr[n-plate1 is flat1 :]eas ! outside %ell is ar*$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #db4 ,to ! front plate ( ! inside %ell ! tubes a a1 a a are atta*$4 ,= ?is reason its ?ickness is usually made great] ?an t ( ! o!r plates1 & is usually f to ( an in*4 ,! edges ( "o ( ! plates at ea* corn] ( ! fire-box1 :]e !y are unit$ toge!r1 z %[n 9 figs4 #da & #db1 are b5t at "r angles1 & ! o!r is fa/5$ to x ) rivets f to ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! inside & ! outside %ells ( ! fire-box are unit$ to ea* o!r by a wr\ght-iron b> or r+ 7,a ,f1 figs4 #da & #db7 :i* completely surr\nds ! inn] %ell & closes ! wat]-space betwe5 ! two %ells4 ,?is b> is b5t & weld$ to ! prop] =m to ext5d ar\nd ! bottom ( ! inside fire-box1 & x is rivet$ to bo? %ells4 ,! wat] 9 ! wat]-space is 9 free communication ) ! re/ ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]2 & ?us ! flat sides ( ! respective %ells ( ! fire-box are expos$ to ! full pressure ( ! /eam1 :i* t5ds to bur/ ! outside %ell & collapse ! inside "o4 ,^! flat sides1 by !mselves1 w\ld be unable to resi/ ! /ra9 ^u !m1 b z ! /ra9 ^u ! respective fire-boxes is 9 opposite directions1 & necess>ily equal = equal areas ( surface1 tie-bolts1 n1 n1 n1 n1 7figs4 #da & #db17 or1 z !y are call$ /ay-bolts1 :i* are f to #a in* 9 diamet]1 are screw$ ?r\gh ! plates at frequ5t int]vals1 usually f #c to #d 94 ap>t1 s z to connect ! two fire-boxes securely toge!r1 ! ends ( ! /ay-bolts be+ also rivet$ or spread out by hamm]+ s z /ill fur!r to increase _! hold+ p[]4 ,^! bolts1 ow+ to ! expansion & contraction ( ! boil] & o!r /ra9s to :i* !y are subject$1 v frequ5tly break1 & if !y are made ( solid b>s ( metal !re is no way ( discov]+ ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y are 9 good condition or n )\t tak+ ! boil] to pieces4 ,!y %\ld !re=e be made ( ! be/ quality ( wr\ght iron1 brass or copp] & %\ld also be made tubul>1 t is !y %\ld h a hole ?r\gh ! c5tre1 s t :5 !y break ! wat] w escape at ! fracture into ! hole & ! leak w ?us indicate ! defect & dang]4 ,! latt] is mu* great] f ?is cause ?an is usually suppos$1 & x is n unusual to f9d on tak+ a boil] to pieces t a l>ge numb] ( ! /ay-bolts are brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #ia4 ,h[ c ! /ra9 on ! flat surface ( a boil] betwe5 ! /ay-bolts be calculat$8 ,answ]4 ,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,area ,,9 ,,in*es ,,betwe5 ,,adjac5t ,,/ay-,,bolts ,,by ,,! ,,pressure4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t ea* /ay-bolt mu/ su/a9 ! pressure on a "p ( ! plate to :i* x is atta*$4 ,?us 9 fig4 #dc x is pla9 t ! bolt s mu/ su/a9 ! pressure on "o-half ( t "p ( ! plate betwe5 x & ! bolts v1 t1 w1 u1 ar\nd x1 or ! pressure on ! squ>e a b d c1 ^: sides are equal to ! di/ance 7#d in*es7 betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! bolts4 ,) a pressure ( #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ! calculation w\ld !re=e be3 #d #d #ajj #a1fjj lbs4 on ea* bolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,/ay-bolts %\ld nev] be subject$ to a /ra9 ( m ?an "o-eigh? or "o-t5? ( _! break+ /r5g?4 ,,"q #ib4 ,h[ d /ay-bolts (t5 fail )\t break+8 ,answ]4 ,by te>+ or /ripp+ ! ?read ( ! bolt1 or t 9 ! plate1 b (t5] p]haps by ! /ret*+ ( ! plates betwe5 ! holes4 ,) a heavy pressure1 ! t5d5cy ( ! plates betwe5 ! holes1 especially if !y are heat$ v hot1 is to 8bulge0 outw>d & ?us /ret* ! hole 9 e direction until x is s l>ge t ! bolt is drawn out )\t mu* injury to ! screw-?read4 ,,"q #ic4 ,h[ is ! flat-top or cr[n-%eet /r5g!n$8 ,answ]4 ,x is sometimes /r5g!n$ ) /ay-bolts simil> to ^? us$ = ! sides1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! inn] & out] %ells2#be b usually ! cr[n-%eet is /r5g!n$ by a s]ies ( iron b>s1 7f1 f1 fig4 #da & #db7 call$ cr[n-b>s1 plac$ on edge1 & ( consid]able dep?1 :i* are firmly fa/5$ to x by ,t-head rivets or bolts4 ,! cr[n-%eet c !re=e only be cru%$ d[nw>ds by b5d+ ^! b>s1 :i* are ( great /r5g?4 ,!y usually ext5d crosswise ( ! l5g? ( ! fire-box1 b are sometimes plac$ l5g?wise4 ,^! b>s be> on ! fire-box only at ea* end1 z %[n 9 fig4 #db1 & are usually made ) a projection1 k1 k1 :i* re/s on ! edge ( ! side plates4 ,iron r+s or wa%]s f to #a in*es ?ick are int]pos$ betwe5 ! plate & ! b>s at ! po9ts :]e ! bolts or rivets :i* secure ! rivets pass ?r\gh4 ,?is p]mits ! wat] to circulate "u ! b>s1 & prev5ts ! cr[n-%eet f be+ burnt or ov]heat$1 z x w\ld be if ! wat] 7 exclud$ f ! :ole "u surface ( ! cr[n-b>s4 #bf,! cr[n-b>s are also atta*$ to ! out] %ell & ! dome by braces1 e1 e1 l1 l4 #be ,?is me?od ( /ay+ cr[n-%eets has be5 ext5sively us$ on ! ,baltimore ,ohio & ,read+ railroads1 & is n[ v g5]ally us$ 9 ,europe4 #bf ,colburn's ,locomotive ,eng9e]+4 ,! op5+ c1 fig4 #da1 at ! back end is = ! door ?r\gh :i* fuel is suppli$ to ! grate4 ,,"q #id4 ,h[ are ! grates con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are g5]ally made ( ca/-iron b>s1 & = burn+ coal are usually arrang$ s t ! fire c be %ak5 by mov+ ! b>s4 ,= burn+ an?racite coal1 ! grates are sometimes made ( wr\ght-iron tubes1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( wat] circulates to prev5t !m f be+ ov]heat$4 ,,"q #ie4 ,h[ are c9d]s & burn+ coals prev5t$ f fall+ ?r\gh ! grate ^u ! road8 ,answ]4 ,by atta*+ a %eet-iron receptacle or a%-pan 7d d1 fig4 #da7 z x is call$1 "u ! grate1 :i* x completely encloses f ! outside air4 ,?is !n s]ves two purposes1 z x is (t5 important :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill to prev5t any access ( air to ! fire-box1 & !re=e ! a%-pan is made to fit tightly to ! fire-box4 ,suitable doors1 or damp]s z !y are call$1 are plac$ 9 front & beh9d1 & sometimes on ! sides1 :i* c be op5$ or clos$ to admit or exclude air z may be ne$$4 ,,"q #if4 ,h[ are ! tubes or flues ( a locomotive arrang$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are fa/5$ into accurately drill$ holes 9 ! tube %eet 7a1 a1 figs4 #da & #db7 :i* =ms ! front ( ! fire-box & 9 simil> holes 9 a plate 7a1 a1 fig4 #da17 :i* =ms ! front end ( ! cyl9drical "p ( ! boil]4 ,!y ?us connect ! fire-box ) ! smoke-box4 ,! tubes are arrang$ s t ea* tube w h a space ( f to ( an in* betwe5 x & ^? adjo9+4 ,! position ( ! holes = ! tubes 9 relation to ea* o!r is det]m9$ by describ+ f ! c5tre ( "o tube 7o1 fig4 #dd7 a circle ) a radius1 o k1 equal to ! sum ( ! diamet] ( a tube & ! di/ance :i* !y are int5d$ to be ap>t1 & !n subdivid+ ?is circle ) ! radius into six p>ts1 k1 r1 s1 l1 g & p4 ,ea* po9t ( subdivision & also ! c5tre1 o1 ( ! circle w be ! c5tre ( a tube4 ,by draw+ !m f ^! c5tres x w be f\nd t ! di/ances a b1 c d betwe5 adjo9+ tubes w be ! same betwe5 all ( !m4 ,by describ+ circles f ! c5tres ( ! outside tubes & subdivid+ ! circles z be=e ! position ( o!r tubes w be det]m9$ ar\nd ^? fir/ laid d[n4 ,?is c1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ out indef9itely4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes w be obs]v$ if1 :5 we subdivide ! fir/ circle %[n 9 fig4 #dd1 in/ead ( comm5c+ f ! int]section ( a v]tical l9e we beg9 f a horizontal l9e1 h i1 z %[n 9 fig4 #de4 ,9 ! =m] case ! tubes are said to be 9 v]tical r[s1 & 9 ! latt] 9 horizontal r[s4 ,x is app>5t f ! figures & z %[n by ! arr[s t ! wat] c circulate 9 asc5d+ curr5ts m freely :5 tubes are arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s ?an :5 !y are arrang$ horizontally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,scale 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,scale 4 ,,"q #ig4 ,h[ are ! tubes fa/5$ & made wat]-tight 9 ! tube-%eets8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,scale 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,answ]4 ,!y are ins]t$ into ! holes drill$ to receive !m1 & ! ends are all[$ to project ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* beyond ! tube-%eets4 ,a tap]$ plug1 fig4 #df1 is !n driv5 into ! tube1 to exp& x s t x w fit ! hole4 ,a tool is us$ call$ a tube-exp&]1 fig4 #dg1 :i* is :at might be call$ an exp&+ plug1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( sections1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 held toge!r by a spr+ clasp s1 :i* embraces !m1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,?is plug :5 ! sections are drawn toge!r is ins]t$ into ! m\? ( ! tube1 & ! tap]$ plug p p1 is !n driv5 into ! op5+ left 9 ! c5t] ( ! clu/] ( sections1 :i* are ?us exp&$4 ,by ?is means1 ! ridge a b c d exp&s ! tube at ! inn] edge ( ! tube-%eet1 =m+ a ridge or corrugation1 z %[n at c c1 fig4 #dh4 ,at ! same "t ! %\ld] j k l on ! tool exp&s ! out] edge ( ! tube some:at z is %[n at f f1 fig4 #dh4 ,by repeat+ ?is process1 & slightly turn+ ! exp&] ea* "t1 ! tubes c be made p]fectly wat]-tight4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( tube-exp&]s1 b ! "o describ$1 kn[n z ,pross]'s exp&]1 is m g5]ally us$ ?an any o!r4 ,9 _m cases1 aft] ! tubes are exp&$ ) ! tool describ$1 ! out] edge is turn$ ov] /ill m ) :at is call$ a ?umb-tool1 fig4 #di1 probably f its resemblance 9 =m to a man's ?umb4 ,by plac+ ! curv$ %\ld] a on ! end f1 fig4 #dh1 ( ! tube x is turn$ ov]1 some:at 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! engrav+1 by repeat$ bl[s ( a hamm] on ! end ( ! tool4 ,copp] f]rules1 repres5t$ by ! black %ad+1 a a1 are also mu* us$ n[ on ! outside ( locomotive tubes1 & x is said t ) !m ! jo9ts c be kept tight mu* easi] ?an )\t4 ,by turn+ ov] ! outside edge ( ! tube z %[n 9 fig4 #dh1 x n only protects ! copp] f]rule1 b1 z ! tubes mu/ act z braces to su/a9 ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! flat tube-%eets1 x gives ! jo9ts ! requisite /r5g? = resi/+ su* /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,scale 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,"q #ih4 ,h[ c ! /ra9 on ! cyl9drical "p ( a boil] be calculat$8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,diamet] ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,l5g? ,,9 ,,in*es ,,& ,,! ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,/eam-,,pressure ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,in*4 ,?us = a boil] #dh in*es 9 diamet] & #aj feet long ) #ajj p\nds pressure ! calculation w\ld be #dh #abj #ajj #egf1jjj lbs4 ,,"q #ii4 ,:y d we multiply ! diamet]1 in/ead ( ! circumf]5ce1 by ! l5g?1 to get ! /ra9 on ! cyl9drical "p8 ,answ]4 ,! reason = multiply+ by ! diamet] in/ead ( by ! circumf]5ce is because only a portion ( ! pressure on ! inside surface ( ! boil] ex]ts a =ce to bur/ ! %ell at any "o po9t4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! foll[+ diagram1 fig4 #ej1 to repres5t a section ( a boil]1 if we h a =ce act+ on ! %ell 9 ! direction ( ! l9e a b1 at ! po9t b1 :]e x is ex]t$ aga9/ ! %ell ( ! boil]1 x w\ld be compos$ ( two =ces1 "o act+ 9 ! direction b e1 & t5d+ to te> ! boil] ap>t on ! l9e c d1 & ! o!r act+ 9 ! direction f b1 to te> x ap>t on ! l9e h g4 ,x is s ) all pressure inside ! boil]1 except+ t1 say a h1 :i* acts exactly at "r angles to ! l9e ( rupture c d1 x is all compos$ ( two =ces1 only "o ( :i* t5ds to te> ! boil] ap>t at "o po9t4 ,x is !re=e only a "p ( ! pressure on ! circumf]5ce :i* t5ds to bur/ ! boil] at a giv5 place1 & t "p is equival5t to ! pressure on a surface ^: wid? is equal to ! diamet] & n ! circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,?is we "k is a little difficult = ^? to und]/& :o are n famili> ) ! pr9ciples ( :at is call$ ! 8resolution ( =ces10 & we w !re=e try to make x cle> 9 ano!r way4 ,to d ?is we w suppose t we h a boil]1 a b1 fig4 #ea1 made 9 two halves & bolt$ toge!r at a & b by flanges4 ,x is evid5t t if we br\ght a pressure aga9/ ! inside ( ! flanges 9 ! direction ( ! d>ts c & d1 su* a pressure w\ld n h a t5d5cy to te> ap>t ! bolts a & b4 ,"s di/ortion ( ! boil] might 9 fact take place1 if1 = example1 we put a jack-screw inside & =c$ out ! flanges z indicat$1 )\t subject+ ! bolts to a t5sile /ra94 ,we see !re=e t ! =ces act+ 9 ! direction c & d h no t5d5cy to te> ap>t ! bolts at a & b1 b x is only ! =ces su* z e1 f & g1 :i* act at "r angles to a b1 t ex]t a /ra9 on ! flanges4 ,t ?is =ce is equival5t to a pressure on a surface ) a wid? equal to ! diamet] ( ! boil] is app>5t if we suppose t we h a boil]1 a b1 fig4 #eb1 & t ea* half1 c & d1 is ne>ly fill$ ) "s sub/ance1 say wood or cem5t1 :i* is fitt$ s tight t no /eam c get betwe5 x & ! %ell ( ! boil]4 ,x is app>5t n[ t if we admit /eam into ! space f1 ! =ce ex]t$ on ! bolts a & b is t due to ! pressure on ! surface ( ! wood or cem5t expos$ to ! /eam ^: wid? is equal to ! diamet] ( ! boil]4 ,x might be said ?\gh t if ?is sub/ance 7 ela/ic1 l india-rubb]1 ! effect ( ! /eam w\ld be diff]5t4 ,if x 7 ela/ic1 & a pressure on ! surfaces f caus$ x to spread 9 ! direction g & h s z to produce a pressure 9 ^? directions1 x w\ld1 z has already be5 %[n1 n ex]t a =ce on ! bolts a & b to te> !m ap>t1 b h a t5d5cy to rupture ! boil] at "r angles to a b4 ,! sides ( ! boil] mu/ !re=e h a /r5g? suffici5t to resi/ ?is =ce :i* t5ds to te> !m asund]4 ,if ! boil] is made ( iron in* ?ick !re w\ld be a sectional area ( #de squ>e in*es on ea* side1 or a total ( #ij squ>e in*es1 to resi/ ?is /ra91 s t ea* squ>e in* mu/ be> #f1djj lbs4 ( /ra94 ,! correctness ( ?is rule c be demon/rat$ by ! use ( ma!matics1 :i* w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,its practical tru? has h[ev] be5 prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,"q #ajj4 ,h[ mu* /ra9 p] squ>e in* is good boil] plate capable ( resi/+1 & h[ mu* is x safe to subject x to8 ,answ]4 ,!re is great v>iation 9 ! t5sile /r5g?#bg ( roll$ iron boil] plate1 b t ( good plate w av]age ab\t #ej1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 if ! /ra9 is appli$ 9 ! direction ( ! 8gra90 or ! fibres ( ! iron#bh1 & ab\t t5 p] c5t4 less if ! /ra9 is appli$ crosswise ( ! gra94 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t :5 a t5sile /ra9 is appli$ to a b> ( iron or o!r mat]ial1 x is /ret*$ a c]ta9 am\nt 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! b> & to ! degree ( /ra9 to :i* x is subject$4 ,x is f\nd t if ?is /ra9 does n exce$ ab\t "o-fif? ( t :i* w\ld break ! b>1 x w recov] its orig9al l5g?1 or w contract aft] be+ /ret*$1 :5 ! /ra9 is remov$4 ,! greate/ /ra9 :i* any mat]ial w be> )\t be+ p]man5tly /ret*$ is call$ its limit ( ela/icity1 & s long z ?is is n exce$$ no appreciable p]man5t elongation or 8set0 w be giv5 to iron by any numb] ( applications ( su* /ra9s or loads4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! limit ( ela/icity is exce$$1 ! metal w be p]man5tly elongat$1 & ?is elongation w be increas$ by repeat$ applications ( ! /ra9 until f9ally ! b> w break4 ,at ! same "t ! "* ( ! metal w be alt]$ by ! repeat$ application ( /ra9s great] ?an its ela/ic limit1 & x w become brittle & less able to resi/ a sudd5 /ra91 & w ultimately break %ort (f4 ,x is !re=e unsafe to subject iron1 or 9 fact any o!r mat]ial1 to /ra9s great] ?an its ela/ic limit4 ,?is limit = iron boil] plates may be tak5 at ab\t "o-fif? its break+1 or1 z x is call$1 ultimate /r5g?4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection1 t x (t5 happ5s t ! /eam pressure is n ! greate/ =ce ! boil] mu/ )/&1 z sudd5 or unequal expansion & contraction are probably m de/ructive1 to locomotive boil]s especially1 ?an ! pressure ( ! /eam4 #bg ,a =ce ex]t$ to pull any mat]ial ap>t is call$ a t5sile /ra91 & if ex]t$ to compress x is call$ a compressive /ra94 #bh ,x %\ld be expla9$ t 9 ! process ( manufactur+ iron by roll+1 ! iron is /ret*$ out into fibres 9 ! direction 9 :i* x passes betwe5 ! rolls4 ,,"q #aja4 ,h[ are ! plates ( boil]s fa/5$ toge!r8 ,answ]4 ,) rivets1 :i* are made ) a head at "o end1 & are ins]t$ :ile !y are r$-hot into holes drill$ or pun*$ 9 ! edges ( ! plates4 ,aft] !y are 9 ! holes a head is =m$ on ! o!r end1 ei!r ) bl[s f h& hamm]s1 or by a ma*9e con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ^! ma*9es ! rivet aft] x is 9 ! holes is br\ght betwe5 a fix$ & a movable die1 ! head :i* is made ) ! rivet be+ plac$ aga9/ ! fix$ die1 & ! movable die is !n press$1 ei!r by /eam or hydraulic pressure ) great =ce aga9/ ! o!r end ( ! rivet1 ?us =c+ ! end ( ! rivet into ! =m ( ! die1 :i* is made ( ! prop] %ape & size = ! rivet head4 ,! p[]ful pressure :i* is ?us br\ght on ! rivet causes x to be press$ into all p>ts ( ! two holes1 ?us completely fill+ !m bo?2 :]eas ) h& rivet+1 ! holes are n ne>ly s completely fill$1 z x is impossible ) bl[s ( a hamm] to subject ! rivets to s p[]ful or uni=m a pressure z ! ma*9e br+s ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,"q #ajb4 ,:at is ! /r5g? ( rivet$ seams comp>$ ) t ( ! solid plate8 ,answ]4 ,! /r5g? ( a rivet$ seam dep5ds v mu* ^u ! arrangem5t & proportion ( ! rivets1 b ) ! be/ design & con/ruction1 ! seams are always weak] ?an ! solid plates1 z x is always necess>y to cut away a "p ( ! plate = ! rivet holes1 :i* weak5s ! plate 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,by less5+ ! am\nt ( mat]ial to resi/ ! /ra9s4 #b4 ,by weak5+ t left betwe5 ! holes4 #c4 ,by di/urb+ ! uni=mity ( ! di/ribution ( ! /ra9s4 ,! fir/ cause ( weakness is obvi\s f an inspection ( an ord9>y seam1 rivet$ ) a s+le r[ ( rivets1 fig4 #ec4 ,9 ?is we h two plates #g in*es wide & ?ick fa/5$ ) f\r rivets in*es 9 diamet] & #a in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,! section ( ! plate calculat$ ) decimals#bi w\ld !re=e be 4#cge #g4e #b4ha squ>e in*es4 ,a piece in* wide & in* ?ick w\ld be remov$ to =m ea* hole1 or a sectional area = ! :ole plate ( 4#cge 4#fhge #d #a4jc squ>e in*es1 s t ! section ( ! plate w\ld be r$uc$ ?r\gh ! holes #b4ha - #a4jc #a4gh squ>e in*es4 ,9 o!r words1 on ! dott$ l9e a b x w h only ab\t #fc p] c5t4 ( ! sectional area ( ! solid plate4 #bi ,9 ! foll[+ calculations all ! dim5sions h = conv5i5ce be5 r$uc$ to decimals4 ,! second cause ( ! r$uction ( /r5g? is ow+ to ! injury su/a9$ by ! plates dur+ ! process ( drill+ & pun*+4 ,! k exi/+ reg>d+ ?is subject is n v accurate1 al?\gh num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( weak5+ caus$ by pun*+ plates4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t 9 _m cases ! /r5g? ( ! metal left betwe5 ! holes ( boil] plates is r$uc$ f #aj to #cj p] c5t4 by ! process ( pun*+4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t s(t ductile metal is injur$ less ?an t :i* is h>d] & m brittle4 ,"s k9ds ( /eel plates are especially liable to injury f pun*+4 ,x is also probable t ! condition ( ! pun*1 & ! proportions ( ! die us$ ) x1 h mu* to d ) its effect ^u ! metal ,! ?ird cause ( weakness is ow+ to ! fact t if "o or m holes are made 9 a plate ( any mat]ial1 & x is !n subject$ to a t5sile /ra91 ! /ra91 in/ead ( be+ equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! section left betwe5 ! holes1 w be greate/ 9 t "p ( ! metal ne>e/ !m4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ by tak+ a b& ( india-rubb]1 fig4 #ed1 & cutt+ a r\nd hole 9 x to repres5t a rivet hole4 ,if we draw two p>allel l9es1 ,a ,b1 across ! b& & !n /ret* x1 ! l9es1 in/ead ( rema9+ p>allel :5 ! b& is /ret*$1 w sep>ate mo/ next to ! hole1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ee1 indicat+ t ! fibres ( ! rubb] ne>e/ ! hole are /ra9$ mo/4 ,a simil> effect takes place :5 a plate ( iron is /ret*$1 s t a fracture is liable to beg9 next to ! hole1 aft] :i* ! plate w be brok5 z x 7 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,"q #ajc4 ,h[ may a boil] seam l t %[n 9 fig4 #ec break8 ,answ]4 ,x may break 9 ?ree diff]5t ways3 #a4 ,by ! plate te>+ betwe5 ! rivet holes on ! l9e a b4 #b4 ,by ! rivets %e>+ (f4 #c4 ,by ! plate 9 front ( ! rivets cru%+1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,"q #ajd4 ,h[ c ! /r5g? ( a boil] seam be calculat$ at ea* ( ^! ?ree po9ts8 ,answ]4 ,! /r5g? ?r\gh ! rivet holes is calculat$ by ,,tak+ ,,! ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es ,,( ,,! ,,metal ,,:i* ,,is ,,left ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,rivet ,,holes1 ,,& ,,multiply+ ,,x ,,by ,,! ,,ultimate ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,metal ,,aft] ,,! ,,holes ,,are ,,made4 ,?us1 9 fig4 #ec1 ! area ( ea* ( ! plates betwe5 ! rivet holes is #a4gh squ>e in*es4 ,z already /at$1 good boil] plate w break at a /ra9 ( ab\t #ej1jjj p\nds 9 ! direction ( its fibres1#cj b ! /r5g? ( ! metal left betwe5 pun*$ holes is probably #bj p] c5t4 & t betwe5 drill$ holes #aj p] c5t4 less ?an t ( ! solid plate4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 9 calculat+ ! /r5g? ( a pun*$ seam1 take ! ultimate /r5g? ( ! metal betwe5 ! holes at only #dj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! calculation = ! /r5g? ?r\gh ! holes w\ld !re=e be3 #a4gh #dj1jjj #ga1bjj p\nds4 #cj ,boil] plates %\ld always be s arrang$ t ! greate/ /ra9 w come on !m 9 ! direction ( _! greate/ /r5g?1 :i* is p>allel ) ! fibres ( ! metal4 ,x has also be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! /r5g? ( rivets to resi/ %e>+ is ab\t ! same z t ( good boil] plate to resi/ te>+ ap>t1 or #ej1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! /r5g? ( ! rivets1 !re=e1 is calculat$ by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,area ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es ,,( ,,"o ,,rivet ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,rivets1 ,,& ,,! ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,metal ,,to ,,resi/ ,,%e>+4 ,! calculation = fig4 #ec w\ld !re=e be3 ,area ( rivet 4#cgab #d #ej1jjj #gd1bdj4 or a little m ?an ! /r5g? ( ! plates ?r\gh ! holes4 ,! resi/ance (f]$ by a plate to ! cru%+ /ra9 ( a rivet has be5 f\nd also by exp]im5t to be ab\t #ij1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x c be prov$ t ! area :i* resi/s ! cru%+ /ra9 ( a rivet 9 a plate1 fig4 #ec1 ,,is ,,measur$ ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,diamet] ,,( ,,! ,,rivet ,,by ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,plate4 ,! calculation = ! /r5g? ( ?is "p ( ! seam w !re=e be3 diamet] ( hole 4#fhge 4#cge #d #ij1jjj #ib1hab4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solid plate w\ld be ,,equal ,,to ,,its ,,sectional ,,area ,,multipli$ ,,by #ej1jjj ,,p\nds1 or #g4e 4#cge #ej1jjj #adj1fbe p\nds4 ,! ultimate /r5g? ( our seam w\ld !n be z foll[s3 ,plates ?r\gh rivet holes 7te>+7 #ga1bjj lbs4 ,rivets 7%e>+7 #gb1bdj lbs4 ,plates 9 front ( rivets 7cru%+7 #ib1hab lbs4 ,solid plate 7te>+7 #adj1fbe lbs4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! /r5g? ( ! weake/ "p ( ! above seam1 fa/5$ ) a s+le r[ ( rivets 9 pun*$ holes1 is v little m ?an half 7#ej4f p] c5t47 ( t ( ! plates4 ,x w be notic$ t ! weake/ "p ( ! seam is ! plates betwe5 ! holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,"q #aje4 ,h[ c ! /r5g? ( su* a s+le-rivet$ boil] seam be increas$8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ obvi\s way ( increas+ ! /r5g? ( su* a seam is to place1 or1 z x is call$1 space1 ! rivets fur!r ap>t1 :i* w\ld leave m metal betwe5 ! holes1 & ?us /r5g!n ! seam at its weake/ "p4 ,b if ?is is done1 x is said t !re is difficulty 9 keep+ ! seam wat]-tight1 z ! plates are !n liable to spr+ ap>t betwe5 ! rivets4 ,ano!r way ( increas+ its /r5g? is to drill ! rivet holes4 ,z already /at$1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! metal left betwe5 drill$ & pun*$ holes has be5 %[n to be f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ,!re is also ano!r advantage 9 drill+ ! holes = rivets4 ,9 pun*+ !m1 x is necess>y to pun* ea* plate sep>ately1 & ev5 ) ! utmo/ c>e & skill x is impossible to get ! holes to mat* p]fectly4 ,"s ( !m w ov]lap ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #eg1 s t :5 ! rivet is set1 x w assume some:at ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #eh4 ,!re is !n dang] t ^? rivets :i* fill ! holes t mat* ea* o!r w be subject$ to an undue /ra94 ,if1 = example1 we h five rivet holes1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ei1 & only ! c5tre ones correspond ) ea* o!r1 !n ! rivets 9 all ! o!r holes w assume some:at ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #eh1 & !re=e ! c5tre rivet c1 9 fig4 #ei1 :i* fits ! holes accurately1 mu/ take ! /ra9 ( ! o!r f\r until !y draw up 8to a be>+40 ,"u su* circum/ances1 :i* are n unusual1 !re w be great dang] ei!r ( %e>+ (f ! rivet c1 or ( />t+ a fracture 9 ! plates1 z indicat$ by ! irregul> l9e a b1 betwe5 ! adjo9+ rivets4 ,x is also obvi\s t a rivet l ! "o 9 fig4 #eh w n hold ! plates toge!r s well z "o :i* fits m p]fectly1 z %[n 9 section 9 fig4 #ec1 & !re=e !re is m dang] ( leakage betwe5 ! plates f badly fitt$ rivets ?an f ^? :i* fill ! holes m p]fectly2 consequ5tly rivets :i* fit imp]fectly mu/ be plac$ ne>] toge!r ?an ^? :i* are well fitt$4 ,x is true t rivets :i* are set ) a rivet+ ma*9e fill any inaccuracies ( ! holes m p]fectly ?an ^? :i* are set by h&4 ,b ev5 if !y are made to fill ! holes z %[n 9 fig4 #fj !y are /ill n s /rong to resi/ %e>+ nor s effici5t 9 hold+ ! plates toge!r z !y w\ld be if ! holes con=m$ m p]fectly to ea* o!r4 ,9 drill+ ! holes1 ! second plate c be drill$ f ! holes 9 ! fir/1 s t ! holes 9 ea* w correspond ) ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,! rivets w !re=e fit m accurately1 & consequ5tly c be spac$ fur!r ap>t1 & /ill keep ! plates tight1 & ?us h m mat]ial betwe5 ! holes1 :i* is ! weake/ "p ( ! seam4 ,x has be5 %[n t a rivet in* 9 diamet] has a resi/ance to %e>+ ( #ah1efj p\nds4 ,!re is !re=e no advantage 9 spac+ su* rivets fur!r ap>t ?an #a f c5tre to c5tre1 because ! metal left betwe5 drill$ holes t di/ance ap>t w\ld be slightly /rong] ?an ! rivets4 ,if !re=e ! rivets are plac$ fur!r ap>t1 _! diamet] mu/ be increas$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a limit beyond :i* ! diamet]s ( rivets _c be increas$ ) advantage1 because if we increase _! diamet]s1 _! sectional area to resi/ %e>+ is increas$ 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! diamet]1 :]eas ! section ( metal 9 ! plate to resi/ cru%+ is increas$ only 9 proportion to ! diamet]4 ,?is w be app>5t if we comp>e a rivet in* ) "o #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fir/ has a sectional area ( 4#aifc in*1 ! o!r 4#ghed in*1 or f\r times t ( ! fir/ "o4 ,n[ ! area :i* resi/s ! cru%+ /ra9 ( ! rivets is increas$ only 9 proportion to _! diamet]s1 or is twice z mu* = ! "o z = ! o!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 we increase ! diamet]s ( ! rivets1 we v soon rea* a po9t at :i* ! plate has less /r5g? to resi/ cru%+ ?an ! rivet has to resi/ %e>+4 ,! diamet] ( rivet :i* w give j ! same resi/ance to bo? /ra9s v>ies ) ! ?ickness ( ! plates2 ) in* plates a rivet w h a resi/ance to %e>+ ( #cj1jfe p\nds & ! plate 9 front ( x a resi/ance to cru%+ ( #bi1ecj p\nds4 ,a rivet is1 !re=e1 ! l>ge/ size :i* c be us$ to advantage 9 plates4 ,if n[ we 7 to space su* rivets s f> ap>t t ! metal left betwe5 ! holes w\ld h a /r5g? j equal to t ( ! rivets1 we w\ld h ! /ronge/ possible seam t c be made ) a s+le r[ ( rivets4 ,?is di/ance w\ld be #a in*es betwe5 ! edges ( ! rivets1 or #b f c5t] to c5t]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #fa4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! /r5g? ( su* a seam compos$ ( f\r rivets1 & two plates #aj in*es wide1#ca ) drill$ holes3 ,plates ?r\gh rivet holes 7te>+7 #aah1abe lbs4 ,rivets 7%e>+7 #abj1bfj lbs4 ,plates 9 front ( rivets 7cru%+7 #aah1abe lbs4 ,solid plates 7te>+7 #aif1hge lbs4 #ca ,x has be5 necess>y to take = an illu/ration1 plates ( a diff]5t wid? f ! prec$+ example1 9 ord] to get an ev5 numb] ( spaces betwe5 ! rivets 9 ea* case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,f ?is x is se5 t ! /r5g? ( ! seam ) drill$ plates is #fj p] c5t4 ( t ( ! solid plates1 or x is ab\t #ah p] c5t4 /rong] ?an t made ) plates hav+ pun*$ holes & ! rivets ne>] toge!r4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a great "p ( ! sup]iority ( ! seams made ) drill$ holes is due to ! sup]ior accuracy ( ! "w done 9 t way1 :i* makes x possible to use l>g] rivets spac$ fur!r ap>t4 ,x is probable t ) ! use ( "s rec5tly design$ ma*9es1 int5d$ to produce great] accuracy 9 pun*+ rivet holes1 "p ( ! above advantage may be realiz$ ) t k9d ( "w4 ,! greate/ di/ance t rivets may be spac$ ap>t )\t incurr+ dang] ( leakage betwe5 ! plates mu/1 h[ev]1 be det]m9$ m by practical ?an !oretical consid]ations4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t rivets may be spac$ mu* fur!r ap>t ?an !y are 9 ord9>y practice1 & ! seams /ill be kept tight1 if ! "w is done ) suffici5t accuracy & c>e4 ,,"q #ajf4 ,:at o!r me?ods are !re ( mak+ boil] seams :i* are /rong] ?an ^? :i* h be5 describ$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry two r[s ( rivets are us$ & also :at is call$ a 8welt10 or cov]+-/rip1 ! latt] ) bo? s+le & d\ble-rivet$ seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,,"q #ajg4 ,h[ are ! rivets arrang$ :5 two r[s are us$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are (t5 plac$ j beh9d ea* o!r z %[n 9 fig4 #fb1 :i* is call$ *a9-rivet+4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( rivets obvi\sly adds no?+ to ! /r5g? ( ! seam1 because its weake/ "p1 z has already be5 %[n1 is ! section ( ! plates ?r\gh ! rivet-holes1 & ?is is n at all /r5g!n$ by add+ ano!r r[ ( rivets1 because ! plates are j z liable to break ?r\gh ! rivet-holes ) two r[s ( rivets z !y w\ld be ) "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,a mu* bett] arrangem5t is to place !m alt]nately 9 ! two r[s1 z %[n 9 fig4 #fc4 ,rivets arrang$ 9 t way are said to be /agg]$1 or plac$ zigzag4 ,! me?od ( lay+ (f ! holes & proportion+ su* a seam 9 ord] to get ! mo/ /r5g? is1 fir/1 to det]m9e ! greate/ di/ance :i* c be all[$ betwe5 ! rivet-holes1 & yet keep ! seams wat]-tight4 ,suppos+ ?is is #a in*es1#cb ) plates in* ?ick1 ! diamet] ( rivet ^: sectional area w give an equal am\nt ( /r5g? mu/ !n be calculat$4 ,f ! prec$+ data x w be f\nd t = drill$ plates ! resi/ance ( ! portion left betwe5 su* holes w be #bb1adh p\nds1 & a rivet in* 9 diamet] w h a resi/ance ( #bb1jhe p\nds4 ,on ! l9e a b1 fig4 #fc1 :i* is to be ! fir/ r[ ( rivets1 we w draw "o hole1 c4 ,f ! c5t] ( ?is hole we w describe ! arc ( a circle1 d e1 ) a radius1 c d1 equal to ! sum ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! holes1 #a in*es1 & "o-half ! diamet] ( ! hole1 or in*1 mak+ ! radius #a in*es4 ,f d1 ! int]section ( ?is arc ) ! l9e ( rivets1 a b1 ) ! same radius1 we w /ep (f ! di/ance d f w !n be ! c5tre ( ! second rivet-hole on ! l9e a1 b4 ,! rivet c !re=e be drawn1 & f its c5tre1 ) ! same radius employ$ be=e1 ano!r arc1 d g1 %\ld be drawn4 ,if n[ we draw a rivet-hole 7h7 betwe5 ! two arcs & t\*+ ea* ( !m1 we w h all ?ree ( ! holes s arrang$ t ! metal betwe5 ! holes c1 f1 w be j equal to t betwe5 !m & ! hole h4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /r5g? ( ! plates on ! l9e c f is j ! same z on ! l9e c h f4 ,!re=e ! /r5g? ( ! plates on ! /raight l9e a b is j ! same z on ! zigzag l9e c h f1 etc4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is seam w\ld !re=e be z foll[s3 ,plates ?r\gh rivet-holes 7te>+7 #aaj1gdb lbs4 ,rivets 7%e>+7 #aaj1dbe lbs4 ,plates 9 front ( rivets 7cru%+7 #abf1efb lbs4 ,solid plates 7te>+7 #aeh1bje lbs4 #cb ,t & ev5 great] di/ances betwe5 ! edges ( ! holes are n[ us$ successfully ) -in* plates4 ,! weake/ portion ( ?is seam1 x w be se51 has a /r5g? ( #gj p] c5t4 ( ! plate1 or is #ch p] c5t4 /rong] ?an a s+le-rivet$ seam ) pun*$ holes4 ,if we 7 to use in* rivets & make ! spaces betwe5 !m #a in*es1 ! /r5g? ( a simil> seam w\ld be z foll[s3 ,plates ?r\gh rivet-holes 7te>+7 #adg1fef lbs4 ,rivets 7%e>+7 #aej1cbe lbs4 ,plates 9 front ( rivets 7cru%+7 #adg1fef lbs4 ,solid plates 7te>+7 #bje1jgh lbs4 ,?is seam w\ld !n h a /r5g? ( #gb p] c5t4 ( ! solid plates1 or be #db p] c5t4 /rong] ?an ! ord9>y rivet$ seam ) pun*$ holes4 ,x is important to obs]ve t an increase ( /r5g? results f ! use ( l>g] rivets spac$ f>!r ap>t ?an is usual 9 ord9>y practice1 & t ?is is possible only ) ! be/ & mo/ accurate workman%ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,,"q #ajh4 ,:at is ! =m ( con/ruction ( boil] seams made ) a welt or cov]+-/rip8 ,answ]4 ,! plates 7a1 b1 fig4 #fd7 are lapp$ ov] ea* o!r z = an ord9>y seam4 ,ano!r plate1 c1 ab\t n9e in*es wide1 is !n plac$ on ! inside ( ! seam & b5t s z to con=m to ! lap ( ! two plates4 ,! rivets r1 :e!r a d\ble or s+le r[1 pass ?r\gh all ?ree plates1 & two m r[s ( rivets are put next to ! edges ( ! cov]+ plate1 c4 ,x is pla9 t ! /r5g? ( ! seam1 r1 is increas$ up to a c]ta9 po9t by an am\nt j equal to t ( ! rivets 9 ! edges ( ! cov]+ plate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! are plac$ too close toge!r1 ! plates a & b w be weak] ?r\gh ! outside r[s ( rivets ?an ! seam is ?r\gh ei!r ( ! outside ones & ! middle "o tak5 toge!r4 ,if1 = example1 we take a s+le-rivet$ seam1 l t %[n 9 fig4 #ec1 ^: /r5g? is only a little m ?an half t ( ! solid plate1 & %\ld add to x a cov]+ plate1 z %[n 9 fig4 #fd1 & !n space ! rivets 9 ! edges ( ! cov]+ plate ! same di/ance ap>t z 9 ! middle seam1 !n obvi\sly ! plates w\ld be j z liable to break ?r\gh ! out] r[s ( holes z ?r\gh ! c5t] r[ be=e ! cov]+ plate 0 add$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! holes 9 ! two outside plates are spac$ at say twice ! di/ance ap>t1 or #c in*es1 !n ! only way ! seam c break ?r\gh ! out] r[s ( holes is by %e>+ ! rivets1 because ! plates betwe5 ! holes are !n /rong] ?an ! rivets4 ,b be=e ^! rivets c be %e>$1 ! c5tre seam mu/ give way4 ,?us ! /r5g? ( su* a seam is equal to ,,! ,,sum ,,( ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,at ,,! ,,weake/ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,& ,,! ,,outside ,,seams4 ,! /r5g? ( ! plates betwe5 ! holes ( ! outside r[s ( rivets mu/1 h[ev]1 be z great z ! sum ref]r$ to1 o!rwise ! seam w be ! weake/ at t po9t1 & ! failure w occur !re4 ,! rivets 9 ! outside r[s %\ld be spac$ at lea/ twice z f> ap>t z ^? 9 ! middle seam4 ,! numb] ( rivets to resi/ %e>+ w !n be #ej p] c5t4 great]1 s t ! /r5g? ( a seam l t %[n 9 fig4 #ec1 ) a cov]+ plate add$1 w be z foll[s3 ,plates ?r\gh outside r[s ( rivet-holes 7te>+7 #ia1hhj lbs4 ,rivets 9 "o outside & middle r[ 7%e>+7 #aaa1cfj lbs4 ,plates 9 front ( rivets 7cru%+7 #aci1bah lbs4 ,solid plates 7te>+7 #adj1fbe lbs4 ,an ord9>y s+le-rivet$ seam ) pun*$ holes1 ) a welt or cov]+ plate add$1 w\ld ?us h a /r5g? equal to #fe4c p] c5t4 ( ! solid plate1 or be #bi p] c5t4 /rong] ?an ! seam )\t ! cov]+ plate4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! injury to ! plate f pun*+ ! outside r[s ( holes :i* are fur!r ap>t is n s great z x is :5 !y are pun*$ ne>] toge!r & to ! edge1 s t ! /r5g? is some:at great] ?an our e/imate4 ,! relative /r5g? ( ! diff]5t =ms ( seams describ$ 9 p]c5tage ( ! /r5g? ( ! solid plate is !n z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage ( /r5g? comp>$ ) solid plate4 ,s+le-rivet$ seam1 pun*$ holes rivets #ej4f ,s+le-rivet$ seam1 drill$ holes rivets #fj4 ,d\ble-rivet$ seam1 drill$ zigzag holes rivets #gj4 ,d\ble-rivet$ seam1 drill$ zigzag holes rivets #gb4 ,s+le rivet$ seam1 pun*$ holes ) cov]+ plate #fe4c ,,"q #aji4 ,are !re any o!r =ms ( boil] seams us$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ,europe :at are call$ butt-jo9ts are us$ to "s ext5t4 ,9 ^! ! ends ( ! two plates abut aga9/ ea* o!r1 ) a cov]+ /rip on "o or bo? sides4 ,?is =m ( jo9t is1 h[ev]1 n us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re=e its peculi>ities w n be describ$4 ,,"q #aaj4 ,h[ are ! seams ( boil]s made wat]-tight8 ,answ]4 ,by :at is call$ caulk+4 ,t is1 by ! use ( a blunt in/rum5t some:at resembl+ a *isel1 ! end ( :i* is plac$ aga9/ "o or bo? ( ! edges ( ! plates c1 d1 fig4 #ec1 :i* are !n rivet$ d[n by bl[s ( a hamm]1 some:at z ! jo9ts ( a %ip are made tight4 ,be=e ! edges1 :i* are call$ ! caulk+ edges1 ( ! plates are made tight 9 ?is way1 !y are cut or trimm$ (f ) a *isel4 ,9 ?is process ! plate "u ! edge is (t5 injur$ s]i\sly by ! c>elessness ( workm51 :o sometimes all[ ! *isel to cut a groove 9 ! plate "u ! edge1 ?us weak5+ x at a po9t :]e ! greate/ /r5g? is ne$$4 ,!re is also dang] ( =c+ ! plates ap>t 9 ! mann] %[n 9 fig4 #fe1 if x is done c>elessly & ) a heavy hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,,"q #aaa4 ,h[ are ! flat ends ( ! boil] /r5g!n$8 ,answ]4 ,by braces1 u1 u1 r1 r1 fig4 #da1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! end plates & to ! out] %ell ( ! boil]4 ,!y are fa/5$ at "o end to %ap$ pieces call$ cr[-feet1 :i* are rivet$ to ! end plates ( ! boil]4 ,at ! o!r end !y are made ) a broad foot1 :i* is rivet$ to ! out] %ell ( ! boil]4 ,especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! =m1 proportion & arrangem5t ( ^! braces :5 a boil] is con/ruct$1 & !y %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ :ile ! eng9e is 9 use1 z !y are liable to be neglect$ or c>elessly con/ruct$ & to become weak5$ or brok5 by corrosion1 or ! con/ant /ra9 to :i* !y are subject$4 ,great ignorance is (t5 display$ 9 ! design & proportions ( ^! braces1 especially 9 _! atta*m5ts to ! %ell ( ! boil]4 ,,"q #aab4 ,h[ %\ld ! braces = /r5g!n+ ! ends ( a boil] be proportion$8 ,answ]4 ,e "p %\ld be made equally /rong4 ,if1 = example1 ! brace itself is made ( a b> ( r\nd iron "o in* 9 diamet]1 its sectional area w\ld be 4#ghed squ>e in*4 ,! iron us$ = ^! braces %\ld be ( su* /r5g? t a =ce ( n less ?an #ej1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* ( transv]se section %\ld be requir$ to te> x ap>t l5g?wise4 ,a b> ( ! size ref]r$ to w\ld !re=e require n less ?an #ci1bgj p\nds to pull x ap>t4 ,all ! o!r p>ts %\ld be capable ( resi/+ an equal /ra94 ,x is1 = example1 n unusual to f9d a brace ( ! size we h describ$1 & ev5 ( l>g] diamet]1 fa/5$ to a cr[-foot :i* is atta*$ to ! boil] plate ) two rivets in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a simil> fa/5+ = ! o!r end ( ! brace is also (t5 us$4 ,! sectional area ( ^! two rivets is consid]ably less ?an t ( ! brace1 & at ! same "t ! /ra9 is br\ght ^u !m at su* an angle z to h a t5d5cy to 8snap0 !m (f4 ,= ?is reason1 & also because a rivet is apt to be det]iorat$ 9 /r5g? by ! hamm]+1 ! rivets %\ld always h a sectional area v ne>ly or q d\ble t ( ! b> :i* =ms ! brace4 ,! metal ar\nd ! eyes ?r\gh :i* ! p9s are ins]t$ %\ld also be c>efully proportion$1 & ! transv]se section at any "o po9t %\ld always be at lea/ #a times great] ?an t ( ! b>4 ,! area ( ! p9s us$ = atta*+ ! b>s to ! cr[-feet %\ld always be a little m ?an half t ( ! b>4 ,t is1 an in* b> %\ld h a p9 n less ?an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 flat braces are us$1 x is n unusual to f9d a b> #c in*es wide ) a hole an in* 9 diamet] pun*$ or drill$ s ne> ! end t a p9 is sure ei!r to pull out ! end ( ! b> or else to break x crosswise at ! hole ) a mu* less /ra9 ?an ! brace itself w\ld resi/4 ,! ends ( braces %\ld always be enl>g$ en\gh to give !m suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ z mu* /ra9 z ! b> itself4 ,al?\gh ^! precautions may appe> unimportant1 & un=tunately are (t5 s reg>d$1 yet x is ^u j su* details z ^! t ! lives & ! safety ( e locomotive runn]1 fireman & o!rs ne> !m are con/antly dep5d5t4 ,,"q #aac4 ,h[ mu* wat] is usually c>ri$ 9 a locomotive boil]8 ,answ]4 ,!re mu/ always be en\gh wat] 9 ! boil] to cov] completely all ! p>ts :i* are expos$ to ! fire1 o!rwise !y w be heat$ to s high a temp]ature z to be v mu* weak5$ or p]man5tly injur$4 ,9 ord] to be sure t all ! heat+-surface w at all times be cov]$ ) wat]1 x is usually c>ri$ s t its surface w be f #d to #h in*es above ! cr[n-%eet4 ,,"q #aad4 ,h[ mu* space %\ld !re be ov] ! wat] = /eam8 ,answ]4 ,no exact rule c be giv5 to det]m9e ?is4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 g5]ally be assum$ t ! m /eam space ! bett]4 ,9 ord] to increase ! /eam room1 locomotive boil]s are v g5]ally made 9 ?is c\ntry ) :at is call$ a wagon-top1 ,c1 fig4 #da1 t is1 ! outside %ell ( ! boil] ov] ! fire-box is elevat$ f #d to #ab or ev5 #ah in*es above ! cyl9drical "p4 ,,"q #aae4 ,:at is a /eam-dome & = :at purpose is x int5d$8 ,answ]4 ,a /eam-dome1 ,x1 fig4 #da1 is a cyl9drical *amb] made ( boil]-plate & atta*$ to ! top ( ! boil]4 ,its object is to increase ! /eam room & to furni% a res]voir :i* is elevat$ consid]ably above ! surface ( ! wat]1 f :i* ! supply ( /eam to be us$ 9 ! cyl9d]s c be drawn4 ,! reason = draw+ ! /eam f a po9t consid]ably above ! wat] is t dur+ ebullition m or less spray or p>ticles ( wat] are ?r[n up & mix$ ) ! /eam4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 /eam is said to be wet1 & :5 !re is little or no unevaporat$ wat] mix$ ) x x is said to be dry4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t wet /eam is mu* less effici5t ?an t :i* is dry4 ,!re is also dang] t ! cyl9d]s1 pi/ons or o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9]y may be injur$ if mu* wat] is c>ri$ ov] f ! boil] ) ! /eam1 because wat] w be dis*>g$ s sl[ly f ! cyl9d]s t !re is n "t = x to escape be=e ! pi/on mu/ complete its /roke1 s t ! cyl9d]-heads w be 8knock$ out10 or ! cyl9d] itself or ! pi/on w be brok54 ,! reason = draw+ or 8tak+0 /eam f a po9t consid]ably above ! wat] is because !re is less spray !re ?an !re is ne> ! surface1 & ! hotte/ /eam1 :i* is also ! drye/1 asc5ds to ! highe/ "p ( ! /eam space4 ,,"q #aaf4 ,:]e is ! dome usually plac$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is usually plac$ ov] ! fire-box1 b 9 ,europe x is plac$ fur!r =w>d1 ei!r ab\t ! c5tre ( ! boil] or ne> ! front end ( ! tubes4 ,sometimes two domes are us$ on eng9es1 9 ?is c\ntry1 "o ov] ! fire-box & ano!r ne> ! front end4 ,,"q #aag4 ,h[ is ! /eam conduct$ f ! dome to ! cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,by a pipe ,i m m1 fig4 #da1 call$ ! dry-pipe1 :i* ext5ds f ! top ( ! dome to ! front tube-plate4 ,on ! front side ( ! tube-plate & inside ! smoke-box two curv$ pipes1 ,o1 fig4 #da1 7%[n also 9 fig4 #dj17 call$ /eam-pipes1 are atta*$ to ! dry-pipe at "o end1 & to ! cyl9d]s at ! o!r4 ,! v]tical portion ( ! dry-pipe 9 ! dome1 sometimes call$ ! ?rottle-pipe1 is usually made ( ca/ iron1 ! horizontal "p ( wr\ght iron1 & ! /eam pipes ( ca/ iron4 ,,"q #aah4 ,h[ is ! loss ( heat f locomotive boil]s by radiation & convection prev5t$8 ,answ]4 ,by cov]+ ! boil] & dome ) wood1 call$ lagg+1 ab\t in* ?ick1 :i* is a poor conductor ( heat1 & !n cov]+ ! outside ( ! wood ) ,russia iron1 ! smoo?1 poli%$ surface ( :i* is a poor radiator ( heat4 ,,"q #aai4 ,:at is ! smoke-box =8 ,answ]4 ,! smoke-box ,q is simply a conv5i5t receptacle = ! smoke be=e x escapes into ! *imney or smoke-/ack1 :i* is atta*$ to ! top ( ! smoke-box4 ,x also af=ds a conv5i5t place = ! /eam & exhau/ pipes1 :]e !y are surr\nd$ ) hot air & smoke1 & n expos$ to loss ( heat by radiation4 ,! front end ( ! smoke-box is usually made ( ca/ iron1 ) a l>ge door 9 ! c5tre :i* af=ds access to ! inside4 ,,"q #abj4 ,h[ are ! *imneys or smoke-/acks ( locomotives con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! =ms ( smoke-/acks :i* h be5 us$ are almo/ numb]less4 ,= burn+ bitum9\s coal & wood !y are g5]ally made ) a c5tral pipe1 ,r1 fig4 #da1 & a conical-%ap$ ca/-iron plate1 ,s1 call$ ! cone or sp>k deflector1 :i*1 z ! latt] "n implies1 is int5d$ to deflect ! motion ( ! sp>ks & c9d]s :i* are c>ri$ up ) ! asc5d+ curr5t ( smoke & air 9 ! pipe ,r1 s z to prev5t !m f escap+ into ! op5 air :ile !y are inc&esc5t1 or 8alive40 ,a wire nett+1 t t1 is also provid$1 :i* is int5d$ z a sort ( sieve to enclose ! sp>ks & c9d]s1 & at ! same "t all[ ! smoke to escape4 ,! receptacle h h is int5d$ z a *amb] 9 :i* ! burn+ c9d]s w be ext+ui%$ be=e !y escape4 ,= burn+ an?racite coal1 a simple /raight pipe1 )\t a deflector or wire nett+1 is ord9>ily us$4 ,,"q #aba4 ,:at are ! proportions & mat]ials usually employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( smoke-/acks8 ,answ]4 ,! inside pipe ,r1 fig4 #da1 is usually made ( ! same diamet] z ! cyl9d]s1 or an in* or two small]4 ,= ! o!r dim5sions !re are no e/abli%$ rules1 except+ = ! height ( ! top ( ! *imney above ! rail1 :i* is usually f #ad to #ae feet4 ,! outsides ( smoke-/acks are made ( %eet iron1 b ! upp] "p is n[ sometimes made ( ca/ iron1 s z to )/& ! abrasion ( ! sp>ks & c9d]s long] ?an %eet iron w4 ,= v w>m & damp climates1 ! outsides ( smoke-/acks are sometimes made ( copp] to resi/ corrosion1 :i* is v de/ructive to all iron /ructures 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! wire nett+ is made ( iron or /eel wire f to ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ) f #c to #d me%es to ! in*4 ,,"q #abb4 ,:at is ! pipe ,n1 fig4 #da1 int5d$ =8 ,answ]4 ,x is int5d$ to conduct ! exhau/ /eam & a portion ( ! smoke f ! bottom ( ! smoke-box1 :]e ! /eam escapes1 to ! base ( ! smoke-/ack4 ,9 ne>ly all ,european eng9es1 ! exhau/ /eam escapes at ! top ( ! smoke-box j bel[ ! ap]ture ( ! smoke-/ack4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 (t5 difficulty 9 equaliz+ ! draft 9 ! tubes1 t is1 to get an equal am\nt ( smoke to pass ?r\gh all ( !m4 ,by ! use ( ! pipe ,p1 call$ ! inside pipe or petticoat pipe1 x is ?\ght t ! draft 9 ! tubes c be equaliz$ mu* bett]1 z a "p ( ! smoke is drawn out ( ! smoke-box at ! top & "p at ! bottom ( ! smoke-box4 ,! pipe is usually made 9 two p>ts1 :i* slide into ea* o!r l a telescope4 ,! di/ance ( ! upp] end f ! top ( ! smoke-box & t ( ! l[] end f ! bottom c ?us be increas$ or dim9i%$1 & if ! draft is great] ?r\gh ! upp] tubes ?an ?r\gh ! l[] ones1 or vice v]sa1 x c be regulat$ or equaliz$ by simply rais+ or l[]+ ! top or bottom ( ! petticoat pipe4 ,sometimes ?is pipe is made ) op5+s & a k9d ( deflectors ov] !m betwe5 ! two ends4 ,x is !n call$ a fl\nc$ petticoat pipe1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,no exact !ory c be /at$ reg>d+ ! proportions ( ^! pipes1 or ! results effect$ by !m1 :i* c be det]m9$ only by practical exp]i5ce4 ,"s m accurate k conc]n+ !m is1 h[ev]1 mu* ne$$4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,! ,,boil] ,,atta*m5ts4 ,,"q #abc4 ,h[ is wat] suppli$ to ! boil] to replace t :i* is conv]t$ into /eam8 ,answ]4 ,x is usually =c$ into ! boil] aga9/ ! /eam pressure by =ce pumps1 b ano!r in/rum5t call$ an injector is n[ mu* us$4 ,,"q #abd4 ,:at is ! =m ( con/ruction & pr9ciple ( ! op]ation ( su* =ce pumps8 ,answ]4 ,! ord9>y s+le-act+ =ce pump1 fig4 #ff1 us$ on locomotive & o!r /eam eng9es consi/s ( a pump-b>rel1 ,a ,a1 :i* is a ca/-iron or brass cyl9d] 9 :i* a tight-fitt+ pi/on1 ,b ,b1 call$ ! pump-plung]1 works4 ,?is pi/on or plung] is simply a r\nd rod :i* works air-tight ?r\gh :at is call$ a /uff+ box1 ,c1 ^: con/ruction w be fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! plung] receives a reciprocat+ motion1 usually f ! pi/on-rod ( ! eng9e1 b is sometimes work$ by a small crank atta*$ to "o ( ! crank-p9s1 or by an ecc5tric on "o ( ! axles4 ,! pump-b>rel is connect$ ) ! wat]-tank ( ! t5d] by ! suction-pipe1 ,d1 & ) ! wat]-space ( ! boil] by ! fe$-pipe1 ,e ,e4 ,ov] ! suction-pipe ,d is a valve1 ,f1 call$ ! suction-valve1 :i* op5s upw>d1 & bel[ ! fe$-pipe1 ,e1 is ano!r valve1 ,g1 call$ ! pressure-valve4 ,^! valves are cyl9drical & made ( brass1 & re/ on brass seats1 g1 g1 to :i* !y are fitt$ s z to be wat]-tight4 ,!y "w 9 guides1 k1 k1 call$ cages1 ! =m ( :i* is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! section1 fig4 #fg1 & ! plan1 fig4 #fh4 ,:5 ! plung] is drawn out ( ! pump-cyl9d] x creates a vacuum beh9d x1 & ! pressure above ! valve ,g closes x1 :ile ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! wat] 9 ! tank =ces x into ! suction-pipe1 op5s ! valve ,f1 & fills ! pump-cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! plung] is =c$ back aga9 ! =ce ) :i* x presses aga9/ ! wat] 9 ! pump-b>rel1 ,a1 closes ! valve ,f1 & op5s ! pressure-valve ,g1 & ! wat] is !n =c$ ?r\gh ! fe$-pipe into ! boil]4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta9 t ! wat] 9 ! boil] w n fl[ back into ! pump1 & also to prev5t all ! wat] & /eam 9 ! boil] f escap+ 9 case ( accid5t to ei!r ! fe$-pipe or pump1 ano!r valve1 ,h1 fig4 #ff1 call$ a *eck-valve1 is plac$ betwe5 ! fe$-pipe & ! boil]4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is valve is simil> to t ( ! pressure & suction valves4 ,x is inclos$ 9 a ca/-iron or brass case1 ,i ,i4 ,all ( ^! valves h cages 9 :i* !y "w & :i* also act z /ops1 :i* prev5t !m f ris+ f _! seats fur!r ?an a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,?is di/ance is call$ _! lift1 & ! successful work+ ( ! pumps dep5ds v mu* on ! am\nt ( lift :i* ! valves h4 ,?is is usually f to in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,ov] ! pressure-valve ,g is a *amb]1 ,j1 call$ an air *amb]4 ,:5 wat] is =c$ into ?is *amb]1 x is obvi\s t z soon z x rises above ! m\? ( ! pipe ,e1 ! air above ! surface1 c d1 ( ! wat] w be conf9$ 9 ?is *amb]4 ,?is conf9$ air1 be+ ela/ic1 w be compress$ & exp&$ by ! pressure ( ! wat]1 s t x =ms a sort ( cu%ion1 :i* relieves ! pump & ! pipes f ! sudd5 %ocks to :i* !y are subject1 ow+ to ! rapid motion ( ! pump-plung]4 ,ano!r air-*amb]1 ,k ,k1 is sometimes plac$ bel[ ! suction-valve ,f4 ,! object ( ?is is to supply a cu%ion to relieve ! suction-pipe f ! %ock :i* is caus$ by ! sudd5 arre/ ( ! motion ( ! wat] 9 ! pipe :5 ! valve ,f is clos$4 ,:5 ! pump-plung] is drawn out1 ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! valve ,f to fill ! vacuum 9 ! pump-b>rel1 ,a ,a1 & consequ5tly all ! wat] 9 ! suction-pipe is put 9 motion4 ,z soon z ! plung] returns1 ! valve ,f is clos$ & ! motion ( ! wat] is sudd5ly arre/$1 ?us produc+ m or less ( a %ock 9 ! pipe ,d4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! air *amb] ,k ,k rises above ! l9e a b1 x is evid5t t ! air above t l9e w be conf9$ 9 ! space surr\nd+ ! pipe ,l4 ,?is air !n =ms a cu%ion 9 ! same way z t 9 ! upp] air *amb] ,j does1 :i* has already be5 expla9$4 ,! advantages ( ! l[] air *amb] are1 x is ?\ght1 m imag9>y ?an real4 ,,"q #abe4 ,h[ c ! pump be tak5 ap>t & ! valves exam9$8 ,answ]4 ,by remov+ ! bolts e1 e1 ! upp] air *amb] c be tak5 (f1 & by tak+ out ! bolts f1 f1 ! l[] "o c be tak5 d[n1 & ! valves & cages remov$4 ,! *eck-valve ,h c be tak5 out by remov+ ! bolts l1 l1 :i* hold up ! valve-seat h & ! valve & cage4 ,,"q #abf4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :e!r ! pump is =c+ wat] into ! boil]8 ,answ]4 ,to %[ ?is a cock1 call$ a pet-cock1 is atta*$ to ! upp] air *amb] 9 ! position %[n by ! dott$ circle m4#cc ,by op5+ ?is cock1 if ! pump is work+1 a /rong jet ( wat] w be dis*>g$ f x dur+ ! backw>d /roke ( ! pump-plung]4 ,if ! pump is n =c+ wat] into ! boil]1 or is work+ imp]fectly1 ! /ream dis*>g$ f ! pet-cock w be weak1 & ! backw>d & =w>d /rokes ( ! plung] w ?us n be v def9itely indicat$ by ! dis*>ge f ! pet-cock4 #cc ,! pet-cock is sometimes atta*$ to ! fe$-pipe4 ,ano!r small cock is (t5 atta*$ to ! l[] air *amb]1 or to ! fe$-pipe1 to all[ ! wat] to escape f ! pump 9 cold wea!r1 :5 ! eng9e is n work+1 s z to prev5t x f freez+4 ,,"q #abg4 ,:y is x necess>y to be able to regulate ! quantity ( wat] :i* is =c$ into ! boil] by ! pumps8 ,answ]4 ,because :5 ! eng9e is work+ h>d1 t is1 pull+ a heavy load up a grade1 m /eam & consequ5tly m wat] are consum$ ?an :5 x is n work+ s h>d1 & !re=e m wat] mu/ be =c$ 9 to supply ! place ( t :i* is us$ 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,if m wat] is =c$ 9 ?an is consum$1 ! wat] w rise & fill ! /eam-space & a "p ( x w !n be c>ri$ into ! cyl9d]s )\t be+ evaporat$4 ,if too little wat] is =c$ into ! boil]1 ! heat+ surface w n be cov]$1 & !re w consequ5tly be dang] t ^? portions :i* are expos$ to ! fire w be ov]heat$ & injur$4 ,,"q #abh4 ,h[ is ! supply ( wat] :i* is f$ into ! boil] by ! pump regulat$8 ,answ]4 ,by a cock 9 ! suction-pipe call$ a fe$-cock1 :i* c be regulat$ by ! locomotive runn]1 s t m or less wat] is suppli$ to ! pump4 ,!re is also a valve 9 ! wat] tank by :i* ! supply ( wat] c be regulat$4 ,,"q #abi4 ,on :at "p ( ! locomotive are ! pumps usually plac$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are usually atta*$ to ! frames beh9d ! cyl9d]s1 & are work$ by ! pi/on-rod1 z w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]2 b !y are sometimes plac$ inside ( ! frames1 t is1 betwe5 ! :eels1 & work$ f an ecc5tric on "o ( ! axles1 & sometimes !y are plac$ outside ( ! :eels ne> ! back "p ( ! locomotive1 & work$ f %ort cranks atta*$ to ! crank-p9s4 ,,"q #acj4 ,:at provision is made = prev5t+ ! wat] 9 ! pumps f freez+ 9 cold wea!r8 ,answ]4 ,pipes :i* communicate ) ! /eam-space ( ! boil] are atta*$ to ea* ( ! suction-pipes1 s t1 by op5+ valves 9 ! =m]1 /eam is admitt$ into ! suction-pipes to heat ! wat] 9 !m4 ,by admitt+ ?is hot wat] into ! pump1 x is kept w>m1 & ! wat] is ?us prev5t$ f freez+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,"q #aca4 ,:at is an 8injector08 ,answ]4 ,x is an in/rum5t 9 :i* a jet ( /eam f ! boil] m+les ) & =ces a cont9u\s jet ( wat] into ! same boil] aga9/ its own pressure4 ,,"q #acb4 ,:at is ! action ( ! injector & :at are ! names ( its ess5tial p>ts8 ,answ]4 ,all injectors h c]ta9 p>ts 9 common4 ,^! may be %[n 9 ! simple/ =m ( in/rum5t1 z 9 ! fix$-nozzle injector1 a section ( :i* 7omitt+ all detail ( con/ruction7 is %[n 9 fig4 #fi4 ,! /eam f ! boil]1 pass+ ?r\gh ! pipe ,a1 ent]s ! receiv+-tube ,c4 ,"h x is jo9$ by ! wat] :i* ent]s ! pipe ,b4 ,! wat] cond5ses ! /eam 9 ! comb9+-tube ,d1 & a wat] jet is =m$ :i* is driv5 across ! ov]fl[ space ,f ,f1 & ent]s ! deliv]y-tube ,h1 !nce pa/ ! *eck-valve ,i into ! boil]4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! wat] f ,d to ,h1 z x passes across ! ov]fl[ space ,f1 if too mu* wat] has be5 suppli$ to ! /eam1 "s w escape at ?is po9t & fl[ out ?r\gh ! ov]fl[ nozzle ,g1 :ile if too little wat] has be5 suppli$1 air w be drawn 9 at ,g1 & c>ri$ into ! boil] ) ! wat]4 ,! names ( ! ess5tial p>ts seem v applicable :5 we notice t /eam is receiv$ f ! boil] at ,c1 comb9es ) ! wat] at ,d1 & bo? are deliv]$ to boil] ?r\gh ,h4 ,,"q #acc4 ,h[ is ! op]ation ( ! injector expla9$8 ,answ]4 ,/eam escap+ f "u pressure has a mu* high] velocity ?an wat] w\ld h "u ! same pressure & condition4 ,! escap+ /eam f ! receiv+-tube unites ) ! fe$-wat] 9 ! comb9+-tube1 & gives to ?is wat] a velocity great] ?an x w\ld h if escap+ directly f ! wat]-space 9 ! boil]4 ,! p[] ( ?is wat] to ent] ! boil] comes f its weight mov+ at ! velocity acquir$ f ! /eam1 & x is ?us enabl$ to ov]come ! boil] pressure4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ ) a wood5 croquet ball1 :i* w float on ! surface ( wat] & w require consid]able =ce to make x s9k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is ?r[n viol5tly into ! wat]1 x w s9k to a consid]able dep? be=e its buoyancy w ov]come its mom5tum1 or actual en]gy4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to take a v light1 holl[ wood5 or india-rubb] ball1 no matt] h[ viol5tly we ?r[ x into ! wat]1 x w n s9k1 because ! total actual en]gy ( any body ,,is ,,proportional ,,to ,,its ,,weight ,,multipli$ ,,by ,,! ,,squ>e ,,( ,,its ,,velocity1 & !re=e if we ?r[ ! holl[ ball at ! same velocity z ! solid "o1 ! =m] w /ill h mu* less en]gy ?an ! latt]4 ,n[1 z already /at$1 /eam "u a giv5 pressure escapes f an orifice ) a v mu* great] velocity ?an wat]4 ,b /eam be+ v light1 if its weight is multipli$ by its velocity its total en]gy w be comp>atively small4 ,n[ 9 ! injector1 a portion ( ! high velocity ( /eam is imp>t$ to ! heavy wat]1 because ?is wat] is pres5t$ to ! action ( ! /eam1 n 9 a mass1 z 9 ! boil]1 b 9 small quantity & 9 su* a position t x c easily escape1 s t x gradually acquires z high a velocity z ! escap+ /eam c imp>t1 & at ! same "t ! /eam is cond5s$1 & !re=e !re is a heavy sub/ance ) a high velocity1 ^: actual en]gy is suffici5t to ov]come ! pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,if ! /eam 7 n cond5s$ we w\ld h a comp>atively light sub/ance mov+ at a high velocity1 :i*1 z has already be5 expla9$1 w\ld h little actual en]gy1 & w\ld !re=e n ov]come ! boil] pressure4 ,,"q #acd4 ,does ?is involve any pr9ciple l a p]petual motion1 or ( "w done )\t consumption ( p[]8 ,answ]4 ,no1 ! /eam escapes z /eam1 & is return$ to ! boil] z wat] ) its bulk r$uc$1 say #a1jjj times1 & if x c>ries ) x tw5ty times its weight ( fre% fe$-wat]1 !re w\ld /ill be a loss ( pressure or effective =ce 9 ! boil] suffici5t to d ! "w requir$ 9 introduc+ ! wat]4 ,,"q #ace4 ,w ! injector fe$ hot wat]8 ,answ]4 ,! in/rum5t w n "w :5 ! fe$-wat] is too hot to cond5se ! /eam1 = ! reasons giv5 above1 & ! am\nt ( wat] ?r[n is always ! greate/ :5 ! fe$-wat] is ! colde/4 ,/eam at a l[ pressure c be cond5s$ m readily ?an /eam ( high] pressure1 because x conta9s less heat4 ,! fe$-wat] may be us$ hott] to cond5se l[ /eam ?an to cond5se high /eam4 ,9 us+ ! injector1 ! l[] ! boil] pressure ! hott] may be ! wat] )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! limit be+ ! possible cond5sation ( ! /eam4 ,,"q #acf4 ,w a 8fix$-nozzle0 injector1 su* z has be5 describ$1 answ] z a boil] fe$] on locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,x w answ] at "s "o pressure ( /eam1 to :i* pressure x may h be5 adapt$ 9 mak+ ! in/rum5t1 & at t pressure x w "w admirably2 b x w n "w satisfactorily at any o!r pressure1 ei!r high] or l[]1 & has n mu* range 9 quantity ( wat] deliv]$4 ,,"q #acg4 ,:at is requir$ to make an injector "w at diff]5t pressures8 ,answ]4 ,! in/rum5t mu/ be s made t ! wat] passage betwe5 ! receiv+ tube & ! comb9+ tube c be v>i$ 9 size4 ,?is is usually done by mak+ ! comb9+ & receiv+ tubes conical & mov+ ! =m] to or f ! latt]1 ?us contract+ or enl>g+ ! wat] space4 ,su* adju/m5t mu/ be made at ea* *ange ( /eam pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,if ?is adju/m5t is made by h&1 z 9 "s k9ds ( injectors1 x requires con/ant att5tion1 if ! /eam pressure v>ies frequ5tly4 ,,"q #ach4 ,h[ has ?is regulation be5 accompli%$ )\t su* att5tion8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! ,,self-,,regulat+ ,,injector1 fig4 #gj1 by us+ ! escape wat] at ov]fl[ to pu% ! comb9+ tube t[>ds ! receiv+ tube & ! indraught ( wat] at ! same place to pull ! comb9+ tube away f ! receiv+ tube4 ,?is c be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,! case ,g ( ! in/rum5t has two inlets1 "o = /eam1 ! o!r = wat]1 ! two be+ sep>at$ by ! plate ,f ,f4 ,/eam passes into ! receiv+ tube ,a1 & its escape is regulat$ by a tap]-plug 9 ! end ( ! rod ,b1 mov$ by ! h&le ,h4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! comb9+ tube ,c1 :]e x swells out into a bell m\?1 is a pi/on ,n ,n1 slid+ 9 ! case4 ,! l[] end at ,c is guid$ by ! upp] end ( ! deliv]y tube ,d4 ,! deliv]y tube ,d is /ation>y4 ,! ov]fl[ op5+ is at ,o4 ,! action ( ?is in/rum5t may be ?us describ$3 ,/eam ent]+ ! receiv+ tube ,a escapes ?r\gh its l[] end :5 ! plug ,b has be5 drawn back4 ,x unites ) ! wat] surr\nd+ x 9 ! space ,n ,n1 is cond5s$ & passes ) ! fe$-wat] into ! deliv]y tube ,d1 & !nce into ! boil]4 ,if too mu* wat] ent]s ! comb9+ tube1 "s w escape at ! ov]fl[ ,o1 & fill+ ! space bel[ ! pi/on ,n ,n1 w =ce ! comb9+ tube up t[>d ! receiv+ tube1 &1 ?us contract+ ! space betwe5 !m1 w dim9i% ! wat] supply2 :ile1 if x gets too little wat] 9 ?is space1 x w take "s 9 at ! ov]fl[ ,o1 & ?us draw d[n ! pi/on ,n ,n1 & enl>ge ! space1 giv+ m wat] to ! in/rum5t4 ,?is self-regulat+ pr9ciple enables ! in/rum5t to cont9ue work+ effici5tly1 no matt] h[ mu* ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] v>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,"q #aci4 ,h[ d y />t ?is k9d ( injector8 ,answ]4 ,! in/rum5t j describ$ is ! late/ =m ( self-regulat+ injector1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,sell]s ,co41 & is call$ by its mak]s ! ,,injector ,,( #ahgf4 ,x is />t$ & /opp$ by a simple movem5t ( ! lev] ,h4 ,?is lev] ,h moves a cross-head ,i1 on ! guide-rod ,j2 x also1 by means ( /ops ,t & ,q1 on rod ,l1 op5s & closes ! />t+-valve ,k4 ,9 fig4 #gj ! in/rum5t is %[n %ut (f1 & ) ! />t+-valve ,k op54 ,on ! rod ,b are two valves1 a small "o ,w & a l>g] "o ,x4 ,a /op or coll> is %[n a %ort di/ance beyond ! l>ge valve ,x4 ,if ! lev] ,h be drawn back until ?is coll> comes 9 contact ) ! valve ,k1 x w h rais$ ! valve ,w f its seat1 & /eam w escape ?r\gh a small passage 9 ! c5tre ( ! conical regulat+ plug4 ,! /eam s admitt$ is suffici5t to lift ! wat]1 :i* w !n be driv5 ?r\gh ,d1 & pa/ ! valve ,k1 & escape at ,p4 ,draw+ back ! lev] ,h to ! end ( its /roke1 aft] ! wat] has be5 lift$1 ! l>ge valve ,x is rais$1 & ! lug on ! lev] ,h1 com+ 9 contact ) ! /op ,t1 on ! rod ,l1 ! valve ,k is clos$4 ,! jet is fully e/abli%$ & ! wat] is driv5 into ! boil]4 ,at ! entire end ( /roke ( ! lev] ,h1 ! lat* ,v falls into not*es on ! rod ,j1 :51 z ! lev] is mov$ =w>d t[>d ! position %[n 9 fig4 #gj1 ?is lat* w click ov] ! not*es & hold ! lev] 9 any desir$ position betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum deliv]y4 ,,"q #adj4 ,:at atta*m5ts are ne$$ besides ! in/rum5t to r5d] x effective8 ,answ]4 ,a globe-valve %\ld be plac$ 9 ! /eam pipe lead+ to ! injector1 to be clos$ only :5 !re is occasion to remove ! injector :5 /eam is up1 & 9 cold wea!r1 to prev5t ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! pipes at ! end ( its trips4 ,dur+ all ! work+ "t ( ! injector1 ?is valve %\ld be wide op54 ,,"q #ada4 ,9 :at position1 & 9 :at location on ! eng9e %\ld ! injector be plac$8 ,answ]4 ,on ! "r h& side1 high en\gh up to h an air *amb] bel[ ! injector1 above ! top ( ! wat] 9 ! tank :5 ! latt] is full4 ,,"q #adb4 ,:at is requir$ to keep ! in/rum5t 9 work+ ord]8 ,answ]4 ,con/ant use is bett] ?an occasional use4 ,hav+ two injectors on ! same eng9e1 "o on ea* side1 ! "o on ! runn]'s side w be us$ :ile runn+4 ,! "o on ! o!r side %\ld be us$ :5 /&+4 ,all pipe connections mu/ be tight1 s z to prev5t ! leak+ ( air4 ,! pipe c>ry+ /eam to ! in/rum5t %\ld be f su* "p ( ! boil] z w insure ! use ( dry /eam1 & ! wa/e pipe mu/ n be contract$4 ,! in/rum5t repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is ! injector ( #ahgf1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,william ,sell]s ,co4 ( ,philadelphia4 ,beside ?is1 ,mack's & sev]al o!r k9ds ( injectors are n[ us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,p>ts ,,designat$ ,,by ,,lett]s ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,9 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,a1 ,furnace ,door4 ,b1 ,b1 ,driv+ ,:eels4 ,c1 ,driv+ ,axle4 ,d1 ,d1 ,suction ,pipes4 ,e1 ,a% ,pan ,damp]4 ,f1 ,f1 ,foot ,/eps = gett+ on & (f ! ,locomotive4 ,g1 ,g1 ,h& ,holds = gett+ on & (f ! ,locomotive4 ,h1 ,i1 ,cab4 ,j1 ,j1 ,doors 9 front ( ,cab4 ,k1 ,k1 ,w9d[s 9 front ( ,cab4 ,l1 ,/eam ,gauge4 ,m1 ,spr+ ,balance4 ,n1 ,/eam ,gauge ,lev]4 ,o ,o1 ,?rottle ,lev]4 ,p1 ,wat] ,gauge4 ,q1 ,/& = ,tall[ ,c4 ,r1 ,drip ,pipe = ,gauge ,cock4 ,t ,t1 ,rod = op]at+ ,fe$ ,cock4 ,t1 ,regulator = ,fe$ ,cock4 ,u ,v1 ,rev]se ,lev]4 ,w1 ,:i/le4 ,x1 ,bl[-,(f ,cock4 ,z1 ,z1 ,frames4 a1 a1 ,heat] ,cocks4 a a1 ,heat] ,pipe4 b1 ,bl[] ,cock4 c1 c1 ,oil ,cups = oil+ ,ma9 ,valves4 d1 ,h&le = op5+ ,valves 9 ,s& ,box4 e1 e1 ,h&les = op5+ ,pet ,cocks4 f1 ,h&le = op5+ ,cyl9d] ,cocks4 g1 ,:i/le ,lev]4 h1 ,:i/le ,h&le4 h1 ,rod connect+ ,:i/le ,h&le to ,:i/le ,lev]4 j1 ,h&le = left h& ,fe$ ,cock4 m m1 ,lev] = %ak+ ,grate ,b>s4 n1 ,bell ,crank = op5+ front ,a% ,pan ,damp]4 o1 o1 ,*eck ,*a9s4 p1 ,pipe = c>ry+ (f wat] f ,gauge ,cocks4 s1 s1 s1 s1 ,gauge ,cocks4 w1 ,h&le = op5+ ,bl[-,(f ,cock4 ,,"q #adc4 ,h[ c ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] be kn[n8 ,answ]4 ,two appliances are us$ by :i* ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] c be obs]v$4 ,^! are3 #a4 ,gauge or try cocks4 #b4 ,! glass wat] gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,scale 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,scale1 #c 94 #a foot4 ,e locomotive is provid$ ) f\r or m gauge-cocks1 :i* are usually plac$ at ! back end ( ! boil]1 :]e !y c easily be se5 & rea*$4 ,^! cocks1 s1 s1 s1 s1 are %[n 9 fig4 #ga1 :i* repres5ts ! back end ( a locomotive1 & to :i* frequ5t ref]5ce w be made4 ,!y are also %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #gb1 :i* repres5ts ! end plate ( ! boil] 9 section4 ,!y communicate ) ! inside ( ! boil] & are s plac$ t "o is ?ree or f\r in*es above ! o!r4 ,! two upp] cocks are plac$ above ! po9t :]e ! surface ( ! wat] %\ld be :5 ! eng9e is work+1 & ! two l[] ones bel[ x1 s t ! upp] ones communicate ) ! /eam space & ! l[] ones ) ! wat]4 ,:5 ^! cocks are op5$1 if ! wat] is at its prop] height1 /eam is dis*>g$ f ! two upp] ones1 & wat] f ! two l[] ones4 ,:5 a gauge-cock :i* communicates ) ! /eam space is fir/ op5$1 x is usually fill$ ) cond5s$ wat]1 s t x %\ld usually be kept op5 = a little :ile until ?is wat] is dis*>g$4 ,if ! upp] cocks are op5$ & cont9ue to dis*>ge wat]1 !y indicate t !re is too mu* wat] 9 ! boil]2 on ! o!r h&1 if /eam is dis*>g$ :5 ! l[] cocks are op5$1 !n !re is too little wat] 9 ! boil]1 & ! heat+ surface is 9 dang] ( be+ expos$ to ! fire )\t be+ cov]$ ) wat]1 & consequ5tly ov]heat$1 or z x is call$ 8burn$10 & s injur$ z to become too weak to be> ! /ra9 to :i* x is subject$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,!re is !n great dang] t ! cr[n %eet may be cru%$ d[n by ! pressure ( ! /eam above x1 or t ! boil] may be explod$4 ,ev5 if no accid5t occur1 ! boil] is 9 great dang] ( p]man5t injury f ov]heat+ :5 ! wat] is all[$ to get too l[4 ,bel[ ! gauge-cocks s1 s1 s1 s1 fig4 #ga1 an incl9$ cyl9d]1 ,r1 call$ a drip-pipe1 is plac$ ) op5+s to receive ! wat] & /eam :i* are dis*>g$ f ! cocks4 ,?is wat] is conduct$ away by ! pipe p4 ,! wat]-gauge1 ,p1 fig4 #ga1 :i* is %[n 9 section 9 fig4 #gc1 consi/s ( an upright#cd glass tube1 a a1 :i* is f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f #ab to #ae in*es long4 ,! glass is ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,at its ends x communicates ) ! /eam & wat] ( ! boil] ?r\gh brass elb[s1 b1 c4 ,! op5+s 9 ^! elb[s1 :i* communicate ) ! boil]1 are clos$ by ! valves or plugs1 d1 e1 :i* are work$ by screws & h&les1 f1 g4 ,! glass tube1 :5 x is atta*$ to ! elb[s1 is made /eam-tight by rubb] r+s1 :i* are press$ tight ar\nd ! tube by pack+-nuts1 h1 i4 ,! elb[s are provid$ ) ! valves1 d1 e1 s t 9 case ! glass tube breaks ! /eam & wat] c be %ut (f1 s z n to escape ?r\gh ! elb[s4 ,! l[] elb[ is provid$ ) a bl[-(f cock1 k1 ?r\gh :i* any s$im5t or dirt :i* collects 9 ! glass tube or elb[s c be bl[n out4 ,:5 ! valves 9 ! upp] & l[] elb[s are op5$ ! /eam fl[s into ! glass tube ?r\gh ! upp] "o1 & wat] ?r\gh ! l[] "o1 & ! wat] assumes a position 9 ! glass tube on a level ) ! surface ( t 9 ! inside ( ! boil]2 t is1 ! position ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] becomes visible 9 ! glass tube4 ,on acc\nt ( ! con/ant v>iations ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 ! column ( wat] 9 ! glass nev] rema9s /ation>y1 b plays up & d[n z long z ! boil] is work+4 ,b if ! communication betwe5 ! glass tube & ! boil] is clos$1 !n ! wat] 9 ! tube becomes /ation>y & ! wat] gauge is useless4 ,9 ord] t !re may be no ob/ruction ( ! glass tube by mud or dirt f ! wat]1 x mu/ be bl[n out (t54 ,to d ?is ! l[] valve1 e1 is clos$1 & ! bl[-(f cock1 k1 & ! /eam valve1 d1 are op5$4 ,! /eam pressure 9 ! tube on top ( ! column ( wat] w =ce x out ( ! bl[-(f cock1 & ! mud & dirt w be c>ri$ ) x4 #cd ,sometimes ^! tubes are1 = conv5i5ce1 incl9$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ga4 ,if f any cause ! glass tube is brok51 fir/ ( all ! wat]-valve e %\ld be clos$ & !n ! /eam-valve d1 s z to prev5t ! hot wat] & /eam :i* w escape f ! brok5 glass f scald+ ^? :o are work+ ! eng9e4 ,by unscrew+ ! nuts h & i ! old glass c easily be remov$ & a new "o sub/itut$ 9 its place4#ce ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 putt+ 9 new glasses n to screw ! pack+ nuts d[n any m ?an j suffici5tly to make ! rubb] r+s /eam-tight ar\nd ! glass tubes4 ,if !y are screw$ too tight !y are apt to produce a /ra9 on ! tube1 s t ! slighte/ expansion by heat or contraction f cold w break x4 #ce ,extra glasses %\ld always be c>ri$ ) an eng9e s z to be sub/itut$ 9 case ( accid5t to ! "o 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #add4 ,h[ is ! /eam pressure 9 boil]s prev5t$ f exce$+ a c]ta9 limit8 ,answ]4 ,by :at are call$ safety valves4 ,^! consi/ ( circul> op5+s1 a1 fig4 #gd1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] plac$ usually on ! top ( ! dome1#cf & cov]$ by a valve1 b1 :i* is press$ d[n ei!r by a lev]1 c c1 & spr+1 d1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gd1 or by a spr+ alone1 z 9 fig4 #gf4 ,two ( ^! valves are usually plac$ on ! top ( ! dome1 s t if "o gets out ( ord] ! o!r "o w all[ ! /eam to escape z soon z its pressure exce$s t :i*1 x has be5 decid$1 ! boil] c safely be>4 ,?is pressure1 9 locomotive boil]s1 is usually f #ajj to #acj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 #cf ,"o ( ^!1 v1 is %[n 9 fig4 #da4 ,,"q #ade4 ,h[ is ! am\nt ( pressure :i* mu/ be> on top ( a safety-valve det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,?is pressure is det]m9$ ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,op5+ ,,= ,,! ,,valve ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,greate/ ,,/eam ,,pressure1 ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,in*1 ,,:i* ,,! ,,boil] ,,is ,,int5d$ ,,to ,,be>4 ,?us1 if ! op5+ = a safety-valve is ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 its area w be sev5 squ>e in*es1 &1 !re=e1 if ! greate/ /eam pressure :i* x is int5d$ t ! boil] %all be> is #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! valve mu/ be press$ d[n ) a pressure equival5t to #g #ajj #gjj p\nds4 ,if ! pressure on ! valve is produc$ by a lev]1 z 9 fig4 #gd1cg !n ! total weight ( ! safety-valve mu/ be ,,multipli$ ,,by ,,! ,,%ort ,,arm ,,( ,,! ,,lev]1 7or ! di/ance ,a betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! fulcrum e & t ( ! load f17 ,,& ,,divid$ ,,by ,b1 ,,! ,,total ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,lev]4 ,9 fig4 #gd ! %ort arm ( ! lev] is #c in*es1 & ! :ole l5g? #ce in*es2 !re=e if ! valve is to be press$ d[n ) a pressure ( #gjj p\nds1 ! pressure on ! end ( ! lev] w\ld be calculat$ z foll[s3 #gjj #c ---------- #gj lbs4 #ce #cg ,! lev] is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ ) a piece brok5 out1 9 ord] to save room4 ,! spr+ d mu/ !re=e pull d[n on ! end ( ! lev] ) a t5sion equal to #gj p\nds4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! spr+ be>s directly on ! valve1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gf1 !n ! t5sion ( ! spr+ mu/ be j equal to ! pressure on ! valve4 ,?is t5sion is produc$ by screw+ d[n ! nuts1 c1 c4 ,! spr+ d1 :i* produces ! requisite pressure on ! end ( ! safety-valve lev]1 fig4 #gd1 is arrang$ inside ( two cyl9d]s1 g & h1 :i* slide ov] or into ea* o!r l ! sections ( a telescope4 ,?is arrangem5t is call$ a spr+-balance4 ,! spr+1 d1 is atta*$ to ! cov]$ ends & draws !m t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! upp] cyl9d] g is connect$ by a rod1 i1 to ! flatt5$ end ( ! lev] c1 :i* has a hole drill$ ?r\gh x to receive ! rod4 ,! o!r end ( ! rod is screw$ into ! upp] cyl9d] g4 ,?is rod is sometimes arrang$ s t x c be ei!r l5g!n$ or %ort5$ by ! nut j4 ,by l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! di/ance1 ! t5sion ( ! spr+ is ei!r dim9i%$ or increas$4 ,! l[] cyl9d] ( ! spr+-balance1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gd1 is atta*$ to a lev]1 m1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! back ( ! /eam-gauge k4 ,?is is %[n m cle>ly by fig4 #ge1 :i* repres5ts ! back ( ! gauge1 & also ! lev]1 l m1 ^: fulcrum is at m4 ,! spr+-balance is atta*$ to ! lev] at k4 ,by draw+ d[n ! lev] ! t5sion ( ! spr+ is increas$1 & by rais+ x up x is dim9i%$4 ,! lev] is held 9 any desir$ position by ! lat*1 n1 & ! rat*et r r4 ,by ?is contrivance1 :i* is employ$ on ! eng9es built at ! ,grant & also at ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 ! pressure on ! valve c at once be ei!r increas$ or dim9i%$1 :i* x is (t5 desirable to d1 especially :5 an eng9e is n at "w4 ,! spr+-balance is %[n 9 fig4 #ga1 & is indicat$ by ! lett] ,m & ! lev] by ,n4 ,unless ! pressure ( ! /eam exce$s t on top ( ! valve1 x w ( c\rse n be op5$4 ,z !re is always dang] t a safety-valve or "s ( its atta*m5ts may become corrod$ or o!rwise disord]$1 s t x w n act promptly or ) c]ta9ty1 x is desirable to op5 x frequ5tly1 s z to be sure t x is 9 good work+ ord]4 ,to d ?is ! pressure on ! valve mu/ be r$uc$ bel[ t 9 ! boil]1 :i* c v conv5i5tly be done ) ! spr+-balance lev] :i* has be5 describ$4 ,! l[] cyl9d] ( ! spr+-balance sometimes c>ries an index or po9t]1 t1 fig4 #gd1 :i* protrudes ?r\gh a slot 9 ! cyl9d] g1 & indicates ! am\nt ( pressure ( ! spr+ on a scale m>k$ along ! slot on ! outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,if x is desir$ t ! safety-valve %\ld op5 :5 ! /eam pressure rea*es #ajj or any o!r numb] ( p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ! spr+-balance is subject$ to a t5sion :i* w br+ an am\nt ( pressure on ! top ( ! safety-valve equal 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( its surface to t ( ! /eam pressure desir$4#ch #ch ,9 load+ a safety-valve all[ance mu/ always be made = ! weight ( ! lev] & ! valve4 ,!re %\ld always be "s provision made :i* w r5d] x impossible to increase ! /eam pressure beyond t :i* x has be5 det]m9$ t ! boil] w safely be>4 ,?is is usually done by arrang+ "o ( ! safety-valves ) a lev]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gd1 & ! o!r )\t1 l t 9 fig4 #gf4 ,! latt] is (t5 cov]$ & seal$ or lock$ up1 s z to be beyond ! control ( ! locomotive runn]4 ,! safety-valves are usually fitt$ into conical seats1 ,s ,s1 figs4 #gd & #gf1 s z to be p]fectly /eam-tight1 & are made ) w+s or guides1 t1 t1 ! =m ( :i* is %[n 9 ! sectional plan ,a1 figs4 #gd & #gf1 "u ! valve4 ,^! guides are int5d$ to keep ! valves 9 ! prop] positions 9 relation to _! seats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,scale 4 ,z soon z ! /eam pressure "u ! valves becomes great] ?an ! pressure ( ! spr+s on top ( !m1 ! valves w be lift$ up & ! /eam w escape until ! pressure 9 ! boil] is reliev$4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ! surface ( ! valve :i* is expos$ to ! pressure ( ! /eam is equal to ! area ( ! op5+ = ! valve1 aft] x is lift$ f its seat & ! /eam escapes all ar\nd ! edge1 a l>g] surface w be expos$ to ! pressure ( ! escap+ /eam4 ,= ?is reason1 x w be f\nd t aft] a valve is op5$ /eam w escape1 or 8bl[ (f10 z x is t]m$1 until ! pressure is sev]al p\nds l[] ?an x 0 :5 ! valve fir/ op5$4 ,advantage has be5 tak5 ( ?is fact 9 ! valve %[n 9 fig4 #gf1 :i* is call$ ! 8,ri*>dson0 valve1 :i* is n[ mu* us$4 ,! top ( ?is valve is made l>g] 9 diamet]1 s z to expose m area to ! escap+ /eam4 ,grooves are also made ar\nd ! edge ( ! valve & ! seat4 ,^!1 x is claim$1 produce "s sort ( reflex action ( ! /eam1 :i* keeps ! valve op5 long] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,"q #adf4 ,h[ is ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] indicat$8 ,answ]4 ,by an in/rum5t call$ a /eam-gauge4 ,!re are a great v>iety ( su* in/rum5ts made1 b !y may all be divid$ into two classes1 & !y all op]ate ^u "o ( two pr9ciples4 ,9 ! "o class ! pressure ( ! /eam acts ^u a diaphragm or plate ( "s k9d1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gg1 :i* repres5ts a section ( a gauge ( ?is k9d2 a b is a metal plate made ) circul> corrugations1 z %[n 9 section & also by ! %ad+ 9 fig4 #gh1 :i* repres5ts a front view ( ! gauge ) a "p ( ! dial-plate remov$4 ,! /eam ent]s by ! pipe c & ! small op5+ d1 & fills ! *amb] e beh9d ! metal plate or diaphragm4 ,! corrugations ( ! latt] give x suffici5t ela/icity1 s t :5 ! pressure is ex]t$ beh9d x1 x w be press$ outw>d by ! /eam4 ,if x 7 flat1 x is pla9 t x w\ld n yield1 or only to a v slight degree1 to ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! diaphragm on ! outside is a p9 or /ud1 f1 :i* be>s aga9/ ! plate4 ,?is /ud is atta*$ to a b5t lev] or 8bell-crank10#ci g h k1 ^: fulcrum is at h4 ,to ! out] end1 k1 a rod1 l1 figs4 #gg & #gh1 is atta*$1 ! l[] end ( :i* is connect$ to ! %ort arm m ( a too!d segm5t1 n1 ^: fulcrum is at o4 ,?is segm5t ge>s into a small p9ion1 p1 :i* is atta*$ to a sp9dle or %aft1 :i* c>ries a po9t]1 fig4 #gh4 ,x is obvi\s n[ t if ! diaphragm1 a b1 is press$ outw>d1 x w move ! b5t lev] k h g1 ! motion ( :i* w be communicat$ by ! rod l to ! too!d segm5t n1 :i* w 9 turn revolve ! p9ion p1 & ?us move ! h& or index4 ,we h select$ = ?is illu/ration "o ( _m =ms ( ?is k9d ( gauge4 ,! me*anical appliances = communicat+ ! motion ( ! diaphragm to ! index or po9t] are diff]5t 9 ! gauges made by diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,! =m ( ! diaphragm also diff]s4 ,9 "s cases x is made ( a metal plate2 9 o!rs a spiral spr+ is us$1 cov]$ ) india-rubb] to make x /eam-tight4 ,! /eam-gauge repres5t$ by figs4 #gg & #gh is ! =m manufactur$ by ,m4 ,b4 ,edson1 ( ,new ,york4 #ci ,a bell-crank is a lev] ) an elb[ 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,9 ! o!r class ( gauges1 %[n 9 fig4 #gi1 ! /eam acts ^u a b5t metal tube1 a b c1 usually ( a flatt5$ or elliptical section4 ,x may n be kn[n to all read]s t if a tube b5t1 say 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,u or ,c1 is subject$ to ! pressure ( a liquid or gas on ! inside1 ! =ce ex]t$ by ! pressure has a t5d5cy to /raight5 out ! tube4 ,?is is due to ! t5d5cy :i* a tube ( an elliptical or flat section has to *ange ! %ape ( ! latt] & approximate to a circul> =m :5 ! inside is subject$ to a pressure4 ,?us let ,a ,b1 fig4 #hj1 repres5t a cross section1 & a b d c1 a longitud9al section ( a "p ( su* a tube conta9$ betwe5 two radii1 ,o a & ,o b1 drawn f ! c5tre ,o ( ! curve 9 :i* ! tube is b5t4 ,if n[ we subject ! inside ( ,a ,b to a pressure x w h a t5d5cy to assume ! =m ( ! circle ,c ,d1 & w\ld !n be repres5t$ 9 ! longitud9al section by ! dott$ l9es a b d c4 ,if n[ we draw radial l9es ?r\gh a c & b d1 x w be f\nd t !y int]sect at ,o1 in/ead ( ,o1 :i* 0 ! orig9al c5tre ( ! curve ( ! tube4 ,x w be se5 t z ! section ( ! tube approximates to ! =m ( a circle1 ! portion a b :i* is outside ! curve w be mov$ f>!r f ! c5tre1 :ile ! o!r side1 c d1 is mov$ ne>] to x4 ,z indicat$ by ! radial l9es1 :5 ?is occurs ei!r ! outside mu/ be l5g!n$ & ! inside %ort5$1 to con=m to ! radial l9es a ,o & b ,o1 or else ! tube w be /raight5$ s t ! radial l9es w assume ! position a ,o & b ,o4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! /raight5+ ( ! b5t tubes ( /eam gauges is frequ5tly attribut$ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! area ( ! inside & outside ( ! curve4 ,?is error 0 %>$ by ! writ]1 until ! fallacy ( ! reason+ :i* support$ x 0 po9t$ out to him4 ,9 ! gauge repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gi1 79 :i* ! dial-plate is remov$71 "o end1 c1 ( ! tube is atta*$ at d to a lev] :i* has a too!d segm5t1 e1 at ! o!r end4 ,! end a ( ! tube is connect$ ) ! lev] at f4 ,! connection at d1 !re=e1 =ms ! fulcrum ( ! lev]4 ,x is obvi\s t z ! two ends ( ! b5t tube are =c$ ap>t by ! /eam pressure1 ! lev] & ! segm5t h motion imp>t$ to !m4 ,! latt] ge>s into a p9ion on ! sp9dle ( ! index or po9t]1 r r1 :i* ?us indicates on ! dial ! degree ( pressure 9 ! tube4 ,! latt] is connect$ ) ! boil] by a tube atta*$ at g4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is k9d ( /eam-gauge are also made1 b all act on ess5tially ! same pr9ciple4 ,! position ( ! /eam-gauge on ! eng9e is %[n at ,m1 9 fig4 #ga4 ,,"q #adg4 ,:y is ! pipe :i* connects ! /eam-gauge ) ! boil] b5t z %[n 9 fig4 #ga8 ,answ]4 ,to prev5t ! hot /eam f com+ 9 contact ) ! metal plate or tube1 z x is f\nd t ! heat ( ! /eam affects _! ela/icity4 ,:5 a b5t tube is us$1 ! /eam f ! boil] is cond5s$ & fills ! b5t portion s t :5 ! /eam pressure comes on ! surface ( ! wat] x =ces x up ! o!r leg ( ! tube into ! gauge4 ,a cock is atta*$ to ?is pipe s t ! /eam c be %ut (f 9 case ! gauge %\ld get out ( ord] or require to be remov$ :ile !re is /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,,"q #adh4 ,h[ c ! accuracy ( a /eam-gauge be te/$8 ,answ]4 ,:5 ! gauge is 9 good work+ ord]1 ! index or po9t] moves easily ) e *ange ( pressure 9 ! boil]1 & if ! /eam is %ut (f f ! gauge1 ! index %\ld always g back to #j4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! accuracy ( its indications1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld be te/$ ) a column ( m]cury4 ,?is consi/s ( a long1 v]tical tube1 t]m9at+ at its base 9 a clos$ vessel fill$ ) m]cury4 ,! gauge is !n atta*$ to ! top ( ?is vessel & wat] or oil is =c$ into ! vessel on top ( ! m]cury & into ! gauge4 ,a pressure ( "o p\nd p] squ>e in* w =ce up ! column ( ! m]cury #b4jd in*es1 s t by graduat+ ! tube into spaces t di/ance ap>t1 ! divisions w indicate ! pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?us1 a pressure ( #ej p\nds w\ld =ce up ! column ( m]cury #ajb in*es1 & ) #ajj p\nds pressure ! column w\ld rise #bjd in*es1 & !re=e1 :5 ! m]cury rea*es ^! or any o!r po9ts1 ! /eam-gauge1 if x is accurate1 %\ld indicate equival5t pressures4 ,! ord9>y /eam-gauges are v liable to get out ( ord]1 & !re=e !y %\ld be frequ5tly te/$ to asc]ta9 :e!r _! indications are correct4 ,,"q #adi4 ,:at is ! /eam :i/le1 & = :at purpose is x us$8 ,answ]4 ,! /eam-:i/le1 ,w1 fig4 #ga1 & %[n 9 section on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #ha1 consi/s ( an inv]t$ metal cup or bell1 ,a1 made usually ( brass4 ,! l[] edge ( ?is cup is plac$ imm$iately ov] an annul> op5+1 a a1 f :i* ! /eam escapes & /rikes ! edge ( ! cup or bell1 :i* produces a deep or %rill s\nd1 accord+ to ! size or proportions ( ! :i/le4 ,! annul> op5+ a a is =m$ by ! plate or cov]1 a a1 :i* ne>ly fills ! m\? ( ! cup ,b1 :i* is atta*$ to ! /em c4 ,! latt] is screw$ into ! top1 ,d1 ( ! dome4 ,communication ) ! /eam-space ( ! boil] is ei!r op5$ or clos$ by a valve1 b1 :i* is atta*$ to a sort ( sp9dle1 d1 :i* ext5ds upw>d inside ( ! /em c4 ,?is sp9dle does n entirely fill ! op5+ 9 ! /em c1 s t ! /eam :i* ent]s :5 ! valve b is op5$ rises & escapes ?r\gh ! holes e1 e1 e1 into ! cup ,b & out ?r\gh ! annul> op5+ a a4 ,! valve is op5$ by ! lev] ,e1 ^: fulcrum is at f4 ,! end g ( ?is lev] is connect$ by a rod1 h1 figs4 #ha & #ga1 ) ! cab1 & by a suitable h&le or lev]1 h h1 fig4 #ga1 x c be op5$ & ! :i/le be bl[n at any "t by ! locomotive runn] or fireman to give signals to ! tra9m5 or ( ! approa* ( a tra9 to a /ation1 or to w>n p]sons to get (f ( ! track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #aej4 ,h[ is a locomotive boil] empti$ & clean$8 ,answ]4 ,"o or two l>ge cocks1 call$ bl[-(f cocks1 ,x1 fig4 #ga1 are plac$ ne> ! bottom ( ! fire-box1 ei!r 9 front or beh9d1 & sometimes on ! side4 ,by op5+ ei!r ( ^! ! wat] 9 ! boil] is bl[n out1 & mu* ( ! loose mud & dirt is c>ri$ out ) ! wat]4 ,! cock ,x1 fig4 #ga1 is op5$ by a h&le1 w1 :i* is connect$ ) ! cock by a rod4 ,9 ord] to clean out ! mud & scale :i* are n entirely loose1 :at are call$ mud-holes or h&-holes are plac$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! fire-box ne> ! bottom4 ,^! are oval-%ap$ holes1 ab\t #d in*es long & #b in*es wide1 & cov]$ ) two metal plates1 "o ( :i* is put inside ! boil] & ! o!r outside1 & fa/5$ ) a bolt ?r\gh bo?4 ,ano!r h&-hole is sometimes plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! front tube-%eet4 ,:5 ! boil] is empti$ ( wat] ^! h&-holes are uncov]$1 & z mu* dirt is remov$ z c be scrap$ out ( ^! holes4 ,a hose pipe is !n ins]t$ & a /rong /ream ( wat] is =c$ 91 :i* wa%es out ne>ly all ! loose dirt1 s z to leave ! boil] comp>atively clean4 ,:5 ! wat] is v impure1 :at is call$ a mud-drum1 ,m1 fig4 #da1 is us$4 ,mu* ( ! mud & dirt is deposit$ 9 ?is receptacle1 f :i* x c easily be remov$ by tak+ (f ! ca/-iron cov] on ! bottom ( ! drum4 ,! cov] is also provid$ ) a bl[-(f cock1 :i* is %[n 9 ! figure ref]r$ to4 ,,"q #aea4 ,:at o!r atta*m5ts are !re to ! boil] ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,!re are two cocks1 a1 a1 fig4 #ga1 call$ heat]-cocks1 :i* are connect$ ) pipes to ! fe$-pipes ,d ,d1 to admit /eam to ! latt] to prev5t ! wat] 9 !m f freez+4 ,!re is also ano!r cock1 b1 call$ a bl[]-cock1 :i* is connect$ to ! smoke-/ack by a pipe b1 b4 ,/eam is conduct$ ?r\gh ?is pipe & escapes up ! *imney 9 a jet1 ?us produc+ a draft :5 ! eng9e is n work+4 ,?is arrangem5t is call$ a bl[] & is us$ to bl[ ! fire :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill4 ,! action ( ! jet is simil> to t ( ! exhau/ /eam :i* escapes up ! *imney1 except+ t ! /eam f ! jet escapes 9 a cont9u\s /ream in/ead ( di/9ct 8puffs10 z x does :5 x is lib]at$ alt]nately f "o end ( ! cyl9d]s & !n f ! o!r4 ,t is a h&le :i* is connect$ by a rod1 ,t ,t1 ) ! fe$-cock 7n %[n 9 ! engrav+7 9 ! pipe ,d4 ,?is cock c be op5$ or clos$ by ! h&le1 & ! supply ( wat] f$ into ! boil] by ! pump c ?us be regulat$4 ,j is a h&le on ! o!r side ( ! eng9e1 = regulat+ ! work+ ( ! pump on t side4 e1 e are h&les1 also connect$ by rods ) ! pet-cocks on ! pumps4 ,^! cocks c ?us be op5$ or clos$1 & x c !n be kn[n :e!r ! pumps are work+4 ,a is ! furnace door1 :i* is fa/5$ by a lat*4 ,! latt] has a *a91 ,q1 atta*$ to x by :i* x c be conv5i5tly op5$ or clos$4 ,! door also has a circul> regi/] ) six holes to admit air into ! furnace4 ,^! holes c be op5$ or clos$ by ! revolv+ circul> disc %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #aeb4 ,h[ are ! grates con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,z has already be5 expla9$1 !y are made usually ( ca/-iron b>s1#dj ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 figs4 #hb & #hc1 call$ grate-b>s4 ,fig4 #hb is a plan1 & fig4 #hc a horizontal section ( "o =m ( grate4 ,! b>s 9 ?is k9d ( grate are usually ca/ 9 pairs1 or "s times ?ree or m are ca/ toge!r4 ,!y are made wid] on ! top ?an on ! bottom edges1 z %[n 9 ! section1 fig4 #hc1 s t c9d]s & a%es w fall ?r\gh easily1 & also to give free access to ! air f bel[4 ,!y are usually f to #a in*es wide on ! top1 & ab\t in* on ! l[] edges4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! b>s are made f to #a in*es wide4 ,= burn+ wood ! b>s are plac$ comp>atively close toge!r & are /ation>y1 b = burn+ bitum9\s coal !y are usually made s t !y c be mov$1 9 ord] to %ake or /ir up ! fire1 j z is necess>y 9 an ord9>y /ove or grate fire4 ,9 ! grate we h illu/rat$ ! b>s1 ,a1 ,a1 are ca/ 9 pairs1 & run crosswise ( ! fire-box4 ,! ends are made ) a sort ( j\rnals1 b1 b1 :i* re/ on two supports1 ,b1 ,b1 call$ be>+ b>s1 :i* h suitable ind5tations to receive ! ends ( ! grate-b>s4 ,! latt] h arms1 ,c1 ,c1 fig4 #hc1 ca/ on ! "u side1 to :i* a b>1 ,d ,d1 is atta*$4 ,by mov+ ?is b> back & =?1 ! grate-b>s h a rock+ motion imp>t$ to !m1 z %[n 9 fig4 #hd4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way ! fire ov] ! :ole surface ( ! grates w be di/urb$ or %ak54 ,! b>1 ,d ,d1 is mov$ by a lev]1 m m1 %[n 9 fig4 #ga4 ,an ext5sion piece1 n %[n 9 fig4 #ga1 is us$ ) ! lev] m m1 s z to increase its l5g?2 b x is remov$ aft] x has be5 us$1 s z n to be 9 ! way ( ! fireman4 ,grates :i* h movable b>s are call$ %ak+ or rock+ grates4 ,a great v>iety ( su* grates are made & 9 use1 to describe :i* w\ld require m room ?an is available "h4 #dj ,9 ,europe & 9 "s few cases 9 ?is c\ntry !y are made ( wr\ght iron4 ,= burn+ an?racite coal :at are call$ wat]-grates are us$4 ,^! consi/ ( wr\ght-iron tubes1 #b in*es 9 diamet] outside1 :i* are fa/5$ 9 ! front & back plates ( ! fire-box & are incl9$ upw>d f ! front end1 s t !re w be a cont9u$ circulation ( wat] ?r\gh !m to keep !m cool & ?us prev5t !m f be+ burn$ out by ! int5se heat ( ! fire4 ,,"q #aec4 ,h[ is ! fire remov$ f ! fire-box :5 x is necess>y to d s8 ,answ]4 ,9 bitum9\s coal burn+ eng9es1 :at is call$ a drop-door1 ,e ,e1 figs4 #hb1 #hc & #hd1 is provid$ = t purpose4 ,?is door is support$ p>tly on j\rnals1 d1 d1 simil> to ^? 9 ! grate-b>s1 on :i* x c turn1 & is held up or prev5t$ f dropp+ by arms1 e1 e1 atta*$ to a %aft1 ,f ,f4 ,?is %aft is op]at$ by a lev]1 f f1 fig4 #hb1 outside ! fire-box4 ,:5 ! arms are 9 ! position repres5t$ 9 fig4 #hc1 ! drop-door is held up 9 ! place 9 :i* x is %[n2 b :5 !y are turn$ z 9 fig4 #hd1 ! door falls d[n s t ! burn+ coal c be tak5 out ( ! op5+ at ,g1 &1 by rais+ up ! a%-pan damp]1 ,h1 fig4 #hd1 c be rak$ out on ! track or into suitable pits usually provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,! drop-doors are sometimes p]=at$ s z to admit air to ! fuel on top ( !m4 ,! grates = burn+ an?racite coal usually h ab\t f\r solid wr\ght-iron b>s betwe5 t numb] ( tubes4 ,^! b>s c be )drawn1 & ! fire !n falls into ! a%-pan ?r\gh ! op5+ left by ! )drawal ( ! tubes4 ,,"q #aed4 ,h[ are ! damp]s ( ! a%-pan op]at$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are connect$ by suitable rods & lev]s ) two h&les1 l1 l1 fig4 #ga1 :i* are rais$ or l[]$1 ?us op5+ or clos+ ! damp]s4 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,! ,,?rottle-,,valve ,,& ,,/eam ,,pipes4 ,,"q #aee4 ,h[ is ! /eam admitt$ to & ! supply regulat$ or %ut (f f ! cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,by a valve1 h1 fig4 #da1 call$ a ?rottle-valve1 :i* is usually plac$ at ! end ( ! pipe ,i1 ne> ! top ( ! dome4 ,?rottle-valves are sometimes plac$ 9 ! smoke-box at ! front end1 n1 fig4 #da1 ( ! dry-pipe4 ,until )9 a few ye>s !y consi/$ ( pla9 slide-valves :i* cov]$ op5+s simil> 9 =m to ! /eam-ports1 b small] 9 size4 ,! pressure on su* valves is ( c\rse greate/ :5 !re is no /eam und]nea?1 :i* is ! case :5 ! valves are clos$4 ,x is !n v difficult to op5 !m1 & z x is important t ! supply ( /eam admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s :5 ! locomotive is />t$ %\ld be easily regulat$1 su* valves are objectionable1 & !re=e ! =m has be5 introduc$ :i* is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #da1 & also on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #he1 :i* repres5ts a longitud9al section ( ! ?rottle-pipe & valve4 ,?is is :at is call$ a d\ble-poppet valve1 & consi/s ( two circul> discs1 a & b1 :i* cov] two correspond+ op5+s 9 ! end ( ! pipe ,i4 ,:5 ^! discs are rais$ up1 z %[n 9 fig4 #he1 /eam fl[s 9 ar\nd _! edges1 z repres5t$ by ! d>ts4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] comes on top ( ! disc a & aga9/ ! "u side ( b4 ,! pressure on ! "o ?us neutralizes or balances t on ! o!r4 ,if ! two discs 7 ( ! same size1 ! pressure ( ! "o w\ld be exactly ! same z on ! o!r2 b z !y are jo9$ toge!r & are made to fit /eam-tight on _! seats by :at are call$ c\nt]sunk jo9ts1 _! diamet]s mu/ be some:at l>g] ?an ! op5+s !y cov]4 ,! only practicable way1 !re=e1 by :i* ! l[] disc b c be introduc$ into ! end h ( ! pipe ,i s z to cov] ! l[] op5+ is ?r\gh ! upp] op5+ a4 ,= ?is reason ! l[] disc mu/ be made small] ?an ! upp] "o1 & !re=e ! pressure on ! upp] "o1 be+ 9 proportion to its size1 has a con/ant t5d5cy to close ! valve4 ,z x is ( ! greate/ importance t a ?rottle-valve %\ld rema9 clos$ aft] /eam is %ut (f1 & nev] be op5$ at any "t accid5tally1 ! arrangem5t describ$ accompli%es j :at is ne$$--t is1 makes ! valve "w comp>atively easily1 & at ! same "t keeps x clos$ aft] ! /eam has be5 %ut (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #aef4 ,h[ is ! valve op5$ & clos$8 ,answ]4 ,by a lev]1 ,o ,o1 call$ a ?rottle-lev]1 figs4 #he1 #hfda & #ga4 ,?is lev] is connect$ by a rod1 d1 call$ ! ?rottle-/em1 ) a bell crank1 i1 ! o!r arm ( :i* works ! rod c1 to :i* ! ?rottle-valve is atta*$4 ,! rod d works ?r\gh a /eam-tight /uff+-box1 f1 9 ! back end ( ! boil]4 ,! end ( ! ?rottle-lev] is atta*$ to two l9ks1 g1 fig4 #hf1 :i* are fa/5$ by a p9 to ! /ud h4 ,^! l9ks h a slight vibratory motion1 :i* enables ! p9 k1 by :i* ! lev] ,o ,o1 is fa/5$ to ! rod d1 to move 9 a /raight l9e1 :i* is necess>y 9 ord] t ! rod d may "w /eam-tight 9 ! /uff+-box1 f4 ,! ?rottle-lev] has a lat*1 l1 :i* ge>s into a curv$ rack1 n1 s z to hold ! lev] & valve 9 any requir$ position4 ,?is lat* is op]at$ by a trigg]1 m4 ,v>i\s o!r devices are us$ to fa/5 ! ?rottle-lev] & ?us hold x 9 any position requir$4 #da ,fig4 #hf is a plan1 %[+ ! top ( ! valve & lev]4 ,,"q #aeg4 ,h[ are ! /eam pipes con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! /eam1 aft] x is admitt$ by ! ?rottle-valve1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #aee1 passes into ! ?rottle-pipe ,i & ! dry-pipe m m1 fig4 #da4 ,at ! front end ( ! dry-pipe a pipe1 n1 figs4 #dj & #da1 :i* divides into two bran*es l ! top ( ! lett] ,t & is !re=e call$ a ,t-pipe1 is atta*$4 ,! /eam-pipes o1 o1 fig4 #dj1 are connect$ to ea* ( ! two bran*es ( ! ,t-pipe at "o end & to ! cyl9d]s at ! o!r4#db #db ,9 fig4 #dj ! "r-h& side repres5ts a section ?r\gh ! /eam-pipe o o1 & ! left a section ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe e e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,^! pipes1 be+ 9 ! smoke-box1 are expos$ to great *anges ( temp]ature1 & are !re=e subject$ to expansion by heat & contraction by cold4 ,! jo9ts are !re=e con/antly subject to di/urbance by ! contraction & expansion ( ! pipes & s are difficult to keep tight4 ,x is also practically impossible to con/ruct ! boil]1 ! cyl9d]s & ! pipes ) p]fect accuracy1 & !re=e a small am\nt ( adju/ability & flexibility is necess>y 9 ! jo9ts ( ! pipes4 ,if1 = example1 ! op5+ x 9 ! cyl9d]1 fig4 #dj1 7 ei!r too ne> or too f> f ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e1 x w\ld be necess>y to move ! end ( ! pipe o ei!r to ! "r or to ! left 9 ord] to connect x ) x4 ,if ! jo9t ( ! upp] end ( ! /eam-pipe 7 atta*$ to ! ,t-pipe ) a flat jo9t l t %[n at a b1 fig4 #hg1 x w\ld be impossible to move ! l[] end ( ! /eam-pipe ei!r to ! "r or to ! left )\t di/urb+ ! jo9t & caus+ x to leak4 ,= ?is reason ^! pipes are connect$ ) :at are call$ ball jo9ts1 fig4 #hh1 t is1 ! end a b ( "o ( ! pipes is turn$ into ! =m ( a "p ( a sph]e1#dc & ! o!r end into a correspond+ concave =m4 ,x is kn[n t a sph]e w fit into a correspond+ socket 9 any position2 = example1 an acorn 9 its cup or ! bones at ! hip or %\ld] jo9ts4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pipes are jo9$ ) su* sph]ical or ball-jo9ts z !y are call$1 ! l[] end c be mov$ sideways sev]al in*es ei!r way1 & ! jo9t w /ill be /eam-tight if x is !n firmly bolt$ toge!r4 ,ev5 aft] x is bolt$ toge!r x w h s mu* flexibility t ! expansion & contraction ( ! pipes w n cause x to leak4 #dc ,! dott$ l9es indicate :at w\ld be ! =m ( ! sph]e if ! pipe 0 solid in/ead ( holl[4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /ill ano!r difficulty4 ,al?\gh ! l[] end ( ! pipe1 o o1 fig4 #dj1 c1 ) a ball-jo9t above1 be mov$ 9 any direction horizontally1 yet if ! pipe is too long or too %ort x is obvi\s su* a jo9t w n p]mit x to be mov$ up or d[n4 ,a jo9t ) a flat surface1 l t %[n 9 fig4 #hg1 w\ld1 h[ev]1 p]mit su* motion 9 ! pipe )\t leak+4 ,if1 = example1 ! /eam-pipe 7 ( an in* too %ort1 x might be drawn d[n t di/ance1 & if ! upp] jo9t 7 !n screw$ up x w\ld /ill be /eam-tight4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to get bo? v]tical & lat]al flexibility 9 ! jo9ts ( ! /eam-pipes1 a r+1 a b1 fig4 #hi1 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! pipes4 ,"o side ( ?is r+ is sph]ical & ! o!r flat1 s t ! pipes c move ei!r ar\nd ! sph]ical "p or slip up or d[n or sideways on ! flat surface ( ! r+4 ,9 ?is way ! pipes are flexible & adju/able 9 e direction1 & = all k9ds ( motion caus$ by expansion1 or :i* may be ne$$ :5 ! p>ts are put toge!r4 ,sometimes ! jo9ts at "o end only ( ! /eam-pipes are made 9 ?is way1 & ! o!r is connect$ ) a simple ball-jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,9 design+ ^! jo9ts _! =m %\ld be drawn ) a radius1 c d1 fig4 #hh1 f "o c5tre1 c1 s t ! surface ( ! jo9t w =m a "p ( a sph]e4 ,if !y are drawn f two c5tres1 z is sometimes done1 x is obvi\s t ! surface ( ! jo9t w n be a "p ( a sph]e1 & !re=e w n h ! requisite flexibility4 ,! surfaces ( ! jo9ts are c>efully turn$ to ! prop] =m1 & !n made /eam-tight by scrap+ or gr9d+ !m ) em]y & oil1 & ! pipes are !n fa/5$ toge!r ) bolts1 g1 g1 fig4 #hi1 & flanges1 f1 f1 ca/ on ! pipes4 ,,"q #aeh4 ,h[ are ! exhau/ pipes con/ruct$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( ca/ iron4 ,:5 two nozzles are us$ !y are g5]ally ca/ toge!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ij4 ,:5 only "o is us$1 ! =m ( ! pipes resembles some:at t ( an inv]t$ lett] 1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ia1 s z to cov] ! two op5+s :i* connect ) ! cyl9d]s4 ,! tops ( ^! pipes h r+s or bu%+s1 a a1 fitt$ into !m1 :i* are held by set screws1 b1 s t !y c easily be remov$ & o!rs ) l>g] or small] op5+s be sub/itut$4 ,if ! op5+s 9 ! exhau/-nozzles are small1 ! /eam mu/ be dis*>g$ at a high] rate ( spe$1 9 ord] to exhau/ all t is 9 ! cyl9d]s1 ?an if ! bla/ orifices are l>g]4 ,!re=e1 if ! latt] are r$uc$ 9 size1 ! draft becomes m viol5t1 b at ! same "t ! back-pressure 9 ! cyl9d] 7:i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]7 is increas$4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to adju/ ! size ( ! bla/ orifices ) ! greate/ c>e1 s z to h !m j small en\gh to produce ! requir$ draft & yet leave !m z l>ge z possible1 s z to r$uce ! back-pressure4 ,= ^! reasons :at are call$ v>iable exhau/s are sometimes us$4 ,9 ^! ! bla/ orifice c be increas$ or dim9i%$ at pleasure1 & ?us regulat$ to suit ! conditions "u :i* an eng9e is work+4 ,a great v>iety ( su* devices has be5 us$1 b n[ ne>ly all h be5 ab&on$ = ! simpl] arrangem5t describ$1 :i* is n v>iable :5 ! eng9e is work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"p ,x4 ,,! ,,cyl9d]s1 ,,pi/ons1 ,,guide-,,rods ,,& ,,connect+-,,rods4 ,,"q #aei4 ,h[ are ! /eam cyl9d]s con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( h>d ca/ iron1 & h ! /eam & exhau/ ports & valve-seats ca/ ) !m4 ,! h>d] ! iron ! bett] w ! cyl9d]s )/& ! we> ( ! pi/ons & valves1 b !y mu/ at ! same "t be made s(t en\gh1 s t aft] !y are ca/ ! inside c be bor$ out p]fectly cyl9drical1 ! ends turn$ (f1 ! bolt-holes drill$1 & ! valve-seats plan$ smoo?4 ,fig4 #ib repres5ts a longitud9al section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] & /eam-*e/4 ,fig4 #id is a plan ( ! same p>ts ) ! cov] ( ! /eam-*e/ & ! valve remov$4 ,! left-h& side ( fig4 #ie %[s a transv]se section ?r\gh ! c5tre c d1 fig4 #ib1 ( ! cyl9d]s1 & ! "r side is a section ?r\gh ! /eam-pipe ,g h1 fig4 #id4 ,! same lett]s indicate l p>ts 9 ! ?ree diff]5t views4 ,! cyl9d]s ( locomotives 9 ?is c\ntry are n[ univ]sally plac$ on ! outside ( ! :eels1 z has already be5 describ$4 ,9 ord] to fa/5 !m securely toge!r & to ! boil]1 !y are atta*$ to :at is call$ a b$-plate or b$-ca/+1 ,d ,d1 figs4 #id & #ie1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,"s build]s make ?is b$-ca/+ 9 a sep>ate piece1 & ! cyl9d]s are !n bolt$ to x on ! outside1 ab\t at ! dott$ l9es1 l1 m1 fig4 #ie4 ,o!rs ca/ "o-half ( x ) ea* cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 our engrav+s1 & !n bolt !m toge!r at ! l9e i1 j1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! eng9e4 ,! b$-ca/+ is also bolt$ to ! smoke-box by ! flanges ,e1 ,e4 ,! cyl9d]s are bolt$ to ! frame ,f ) bolts1 m & k1 fig4 #ie4 ,aft] ! cyl9d]s are bor$ out1 & ! ends turn$ (f1 heads1 ,a & ,b1 figs4 #ib & #id1 are fitt$ ) /eam-tight jo9ts to ea* end4 ,^! heads are fa/5$ ) bolts & nuts1 a1 a1 a1 to flanges1 ,c1 ,c4 ,,"q #afj4 ,h[ is ! /eam conduct$ to & f ! cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,two pipes or passages are ca/ 9 ea* cyl9d]1 ! "o1 ,g ,g1 fig4 #ie1 = admitt+ /eam into ! /eam-*e/1 & ! o!r1 ,h ,h1 = exhau/+ x f ! cyl9d]s4 ,! "o ,g ,g is call$ ! /eam-passage1 & ! o!r1 ,h ,h1 ! exhau/-passage4 ,! /eam-passage t]m9ates at "o end ) a r\nd op5+1 ,g1 figs4 #id & #ie1 to :i* ! /eam-pipe o1 figs4 #dj & #ie1 is atta*$ inside ( ! smoke-box4 ,at ! o!r end x divides into two bran*es1 ,g1 ,g1 fig4 #id1 ea* ( :i* t]m9ates 9 an op5+1 g1 g1 inside ( ! /eam-*e/4 ,! /eam is ?us deliv]$ at bo? ends ( ! *e/1 & c pass freely into ea* ( ! /eam-ports4 ,by mak+ ! cyl9d]s 9 ?is way1 !y are exactly alike = ea* side ( ! eng9e1 or1 to use a %op phrase1 !re are 8no rights & lefts10 s t a cyl9d] ca/+ c be us$ = ei!r side ( ! eng9e4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ cyl9d]s has be5 adopt$ by a numb] ( ! pr9cipal build]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 b is by no means univ]sal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #afa4 ,h[ is ! /eam-*e/ con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x usually consi/s ( two ca/+s1 "o ( :i*1 ,j1 figs4 #ib & #id1 is a squ>e ca/-iron box made op5 at ! top & bottom4 ,?is re/s on ! top ( ! cyl9d] ca/+ & is jo9$ to ! latt] ) a /eam-tight jo9t4 ,on top ( x is a ca/-iron cov]1 ,k ,k4 ,! /eam-*e/ & cov] are held d[n by bolts1 p1 p1 :i* are screw$ into ! cyl9d] ca/+ & h nuts on top4 ,,"q #afb4 ,h[ are ! slide-valves made to "w /eam-tight on ! valve-seats8 ,answ]4 ,!y are fir/ plan$ (f smoo?1 & !n fil$ & scrap$ until ! two t\* ea* o!r ov] ! :ole ( _! surfaces 9 contact4 ,! valve-/em v1 fig4 #ib1 works /eam-tight ?r\gh a /uff+-box on ! /eam-*e/4 ,,"q #afc4 ,h[ are ! valves & pi/ons oil$8 ,answ]4 ,! oil is usually introduc$ into ! /eam-*e/ ?r\gh a cock1 c1 fig4 #ib1 call$ an oil-cock4 ,f ?is cock x fl[s d[n ^u ! valve & is conduct$ by suitable holes & *annels to ! valve-face & f !re ?r\gh ! /eam-ports to ! cyl9d] & pi/on4 ,sometimes1 = great] conv5i5ce1 oil-cocks c1 c1 fig4 #ga1 are plac$ inside ( ! cab & communicate by pipes ) ! /eam-*e/s4 ,! valves are oil$ by p\r+ oil or melt$ tall[ into ! oil-cocks :5 ! /eam is %ut (f f ! /eam-*e/s & cyl9d]s4 ,:5 ! pi/ons are work+ 9 ! cyl9d]s )\t /eam1 !y create a p>tial vacuum1 s t if oil is !n p\r$ into ! oil-cocks x w be suck$ into ! /eam-*e/s1 or1 9 o!r words1 x w be =c$ 9 by ! pressure ( ! air above x4 ,q1 fig4 #ga1 is a %elf atta*$ to ! boil] to receive an oil-c fill$ ) oil or tall[1 :i* is ?us melt$ or kept 9 a fluid condition by ! heat ( ! boil]4 ,,"q #afd4 ,h[ are ! cyl9d]s & /eam-*e/s protect$ s z to prev5t1 z f> z possible1 ! heat 9 ! /eam f be+ lo/8 ,answ]4 ,! sides ( ! cyl9d]s are cov]$ ) wood1 w1 w1 w1 fig4 #ie1 call$ ! cyl9d] lagg+1 & ! wood is cov]$ outside ) ,russia iron or brass1 :i* is call$ ! cyl9d]-cas+4 ,! ends ( ! cyl9d]s h light metal cov]s1 call$ cyl9d]-head cov]s1 made ( ca/ iron1 brass or %eet metal4 ,! /eam-*e/ is cov]$ 9 a simil> way s z to be surr\nd$ ei!r ) a cov]+ ( wood or ( conf9$ air4 ,sometimes co>se felt is us$ = ! purpose4 ,! cov]+1 except+ ! cyl9d] lagg+1 is n %[n 9 ! engrav+s4 ,,"q #afe4 ,= :at purpose are ! cocks ,c1 ,c1 figs4 #ib & #ie1 at ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 us$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are us$ to exhau/ ! wat] :i* collects 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,:5 ! eng9e is n work+ ! cyl9d]s & /eam-pipes are all cool$ (f1 s t :5 /eam is fir/ introduc$ into !m a great deal ( x is cond5s$ until !y become w>m$4 ,wat] is also frequ5tly c>ri$ ov] f ! boil] ) ! /eam4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! boil] is said to prime1 or to 8"w wat]40 ,?is wat] & t produc$ by ! cond5sation ( /eam collect 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] & w n escape ?r\gh ! exhau/-pipes until ! pi/on moves up s ne> to ! end ( ! cyl9d] t ! wat] w fill ! :ole space betwe5 x & ! cyl9d]-head4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 x w !n escape s sl[ly t ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & o!r ma*9]y is liable to 8knock out0 ! cyl9d]-heads or ev5 break ! cyl9d] itself4 ,! cocks ,c1 ,c1 call$ cyl9d]-cocks1 are !re=e plac$ 9 ! "u side ( ! cyl9d]1 s t :5 !y are op5 if !re is any wat] 9 ! cyl9d] x w escape ?r\gh ! cocks4 ,!y are !re=e always op5$ :5 ! eng9e is />t+1 or at any o!r "t :5 !re is any indication t !re is wat] 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,,"q #aff4 ,h[ are ^! cocks op5$ & clos$8 ,answ]4 ,a %aft1 ,r ,r1 figs4 #ib & #id1 :i* ext5ds across ! frames1 has an arm1 ,r ,s1 fig4 #ib1 at ea* end4 ,^! arms are connect$ by rods1 ,s ,t1 ) ! h&les ( ! cyl9d]-cocks4 ,! %aft also has a v]tical arm1 ,r ,u1 ! upp] end ( :i* is connect$ by a rod ) ! cab4 ,at ! end ( ! rod is a suitable h&le1 f1 fig4 #ga1 by :i* ! cocks c be ei!r op5$ or clos$ at pleasure by ! locomotive runn]4 ,,"q #afg4 ,h[ is ! pi/on-rod fa/5$ to ! pi/on8 ,answ]4 ,x fits into a /raight or tap]$ hole 9 ! pi/on-head1 9 :i* x is fa/5$ ei!r ) a key1 k k1 z %[n 9 figs4 #if & #ig1dd or by a nut on ! front side ( ! pi/on4 #dd ,fig4 #if is an end view ( ! pi/on ) ! foll[]-plate remov$4 ,fig4 #ig is a section ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #afh4 ,h[ is ! pi/on con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x is made ( two ca/-iron pieces1 ,b & ,c1 fig4 #ig1 ! "o1 ,b1 call$ ! pi/on-head or spid]1 to :i* ! pi/on-rod ,d is atta*$4 ,! o!r "p1 ,c1 call$ ! foll[]-plate1 is bolt$ to ! pi/on-head by ! bolts c1 c1 call$ foll[]-bolts4 ,! pi/on-head has lugs or projections1 d1 d1 d1 fig4 #if1 ca/ on ! inside1 to :i* ! foll[] plate is bolt$4 ,holl[ spaces are ?us left betwe5 ^! lugs4 ,,"q #afi4 ,h[ is ! pi/on made to "w /eam-tight 9 ! cyl9d]8 ,answ]4 ,by means ( two r+s1 ,a1 ,a1 figs4 #if & #ig1 call$ pack+-r+s4 ,^! r+s are turn$ ( ! same size or a little l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! cyl9d]4 ,!y are !n cut op5 at "o po9t 9 _! circumf]5ce s t !y c be press$ ap>t or exp&$ by ! spr+s a1 a1 call$ pack+ spr+s1 on ! inside ( ! r+s4 ,^! spr+s are press$ out by ! nuts & bolts b1 b1 call$ pack+-bolts & pack+-nuts1 s t :5 ! r+s we> !y c be exp&$ s z to fill ! cyl9d] completely4 ,! place :]e ! "o r+ is cut is plac$ opposite t ( ! op5+ 9 ! o!r r+1 or !y are made to break jo9ts1 z x is call$4 ,?is is done to prev5t ! /eam :i* leaks ?r\gh ! op5+ :]e ! "o r+ is cut f pass+ ?r\gh to ! o!r side ( ! pi/on4 ,^! r+s are usually made ( brass & h grooves1 c1 c1 fig4 #ig1 turn$ 9 !m1 :i* are fill$ ) :at is call$ ,babbitt's metal4 ,?is metal is us$ because x is less liable to scrat* ! cyl9d]s ?an brass alone4 ,ano!r r+1 l l1 made ( ca/ iron & z wide z ! two brass r+s1 is plac$ inside ( ! latt] & is int5d$ to furni% a be>+ = ! spr+s1 & ?us di/ribute ! pressure ( ! spr+s equally on ! pack+ r+s4 ,?is iron r+ is also cut op5 at "o po9t4 ,,"q #agj4 ,h[ is ! pi/on-rod made to "w /eam-tight ?r\gh ! cyl9d]-head8 ,answ]4 ,by :at is call$ a /uff+-box4 ,?is consi/s ( a cyl9drical *amb]1 r r1 fig4 #ib1 :i* is made ab\t #a in*es l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! pi/on-rod4 ,?is leaves a space ( an in* wide all ar\nd ! rod4 ,?is space is fill$ ) hemp or "s o!r fibr\s mat]ial1 call$ pack+1 saturat$ ) oil or melt$ tall[4 ,?is pack+ is compress$ by a holl[ cyl9d]1 s s1 call$ a gl&1 ! inside ( :i* fits ! pi/on-rod & ! outside ! /uff+-box4 ,?is gl& is =c$ into ! /uff+-box by nuts1 t1 t1 :i* are screw$ d[n on a flange1 u1 atta*$ to ! gl&4 ,! pack+ is ?us compress$ 9 ! /uff+-box & =c$ aga9/ ! pi/on-rod1 :i* is made smoo? & p]fectly r\nd & /raight1 & aga9/ ! side ( ! /uff+-box1 s t no /eam c escape ar\nd ! pi/on-rod4 ,a brass r+ or 8bu%+0 is (t5 put into ! cyl9d]-head & 9 ! gl& :]e x t\*es ! pi/on-rod1#de because brass w be> ! friction ( ! rod bett] ?an ca/ iron1 & :5 x is worn out x c be remov$ & a new "o sub/itut$ 9 its place4 #de ,locomotive pi/on-rods are n[ usually made ( /eel4 ,,"q #aga4 ,:y is ! end ( ! pi/on-rod made to "w 9 guides8 ,answ]4 ,because x mu/ move 9 a /raight l9e if x & ! pi/on "w /eam-tight 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,by ref]r+ back to fig4 #b1 x is obvi\s t if a pressure be ex]t$ aga9/ ! pi/on ,b & communicat$ to ! crank-p9 ,n by ! connect+-rod ,e1 ! latt]1 except+ at ! dead-po9ts1 w ex]t a pressure ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d1 accord+ to ! direction ! pi/on is mov+4 ,?is pressure w\ld b5d ! pi/on-rod if no provision 7 made to prev5t x4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 ! end ( ! pi/on-rod is atta*$ to :at is call$ a cross-head1 ,l1 figs4 #ib & #id1 :i* works 9 guides1 ,m1 ,m4 ,! cross-head is made ( ca/ iron & has slides1 ,n1 ,n1 figs4 #ic & #id1 "o on ea* side1 ea* ( :i* works betwe5 a pair ( guide-b>s or rods1 ,m1 ,m1 %[n 9 section 9 fig4 #ic4df ,^! guide-rods1 or guides z !y are call$1 are plan$ & f9i%$ ) great accuracy s z to be /raight & smoo?1 & are atta*$ to ! cyl9d]-head at "o end1 & to a support1 ,o1 call$ ! guide-yoke1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! frame at ,f1 fig4 #id1 & also usually atta*$ to ! boil]4 ,! guides are set ) great c>e1 s z to be exactly p>allel ) ! axis or c5tre l9e ( ! cyl9d]1 s t ! cross-head w slide 9 exactly ! same pa? t ! pi/on-rod w if x moves 9 a /raight l9e4 ,if !n ! pi/on-rod & ! connect+-rod are atta*$ to ! cross-head1 all ! /ra9 produc$ by ! obliquity ( ! connect+-rod w be borne by ! guides1 ?us reliev+ ! pi/on-rod1 & mak+ x c]ta9 t x w move 9 a /raight l9e4 #df ,fig4 #ic is a transv]se section ?r\gh ! guides at n1 fig4 #ib4 ,,"q #agb4 ,h[ are ! pi/on & connect+-rods atta*$ to ! cross-head8 ,answ]4 ,! end ( ! pi/on-rod fits into a tap]$ hole 9 ! cross-head & is held by a key1 w1 figs4 #ib & #id4 ,! connect+-rod is atta*$ to a p91 ,q1 call$ a wri/-p91 :i* is ca/ ) ! cross-head4 ,,"q #agc4 ,h[ is ! we> ( ! slides less5$ & comp5sat$8 ,answ]4 ,sometimes !y are made ) brass we>+ pieces call$ gibs1 %[n at ,n1 ,n1 fig4 #ic1 :i* are plac$ betwe5 ! slides & ! guides4 ,^! gibs c ei!r be remov$ & new ones sub/itut$ :5 !y become v mu* worn1 or by ins]t+ ?9 pieces ( metal1 call$ l9]s1 betwe5 !m & ! cross-head1 !y w be spread ap>t s z to fill ! space betwe5 ! slides4 ,! slides are n[1 h[ev]1 (t5] made )\t gibs1 & h recesses ei!r ca/ or drill$ 9 !m1 :i* are fill$ ) ei!r ,babbitt's metal or glass be>+s1 :i* latt] are said to we> v well4 ,! guides are bolt$ at ea* end to blocks1 x1 x1 call$ guide-blocks1 :i* c be plan$ (f s z to br+ ! guides ne>] toge!r :5 !y & ! slides are worn4 ,sometimes l9]s are plac$ betwe5 ! blocks & ! guides1 :i* c be remov$ :5 x is necess>y to br+ ! guides ne>] toge!r4 ,,"q #agd4 ,are ! top & bottom guides worn alike8 ,answ]4 ,no3 ! top guide 9 ord9>y eng9es is worn ! mo/1 because ! pressure ( ! slides is always on ! top guide :5 ! eng9e is runn+ =w>d1 & on ! bottom guide :5 x is runn+ backw>d4 ,?is w be und]/ood by ref]r+ back to ! s]ies ( figures f #aa to #bd4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! backw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 repres5t$ by figs4 #aa to #ag1 ! /ra9 on ! connect+-rod t5ds to pu% ! cross-head upw>d1 & 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! /roke1 figs4 #ah to #bd1 ! connect+ rod pulls ! cross-head 9 ! same direction4 ,if ! crank turn$ ! opposite way1 ?is action w\ld be rev]s$ & ! cross-head w\ld !n be alt]nately pu%$ & pull$ d[nw>d1 & ! bottom guides w\ld !n be worn ! mo/4 ,z ne>ly all locomotives run =w>d m ?an backw>d1 ! top guides are usually worn ! mo/4 ,,"q #age4 ,h[ are ! slides oil$8 ,answ]4 ,oil cups1 n1 o1 figs4 #ib1 #ic & #id1 are plac$ ab\t ! middle ( ! top guide4 ,^! cups usually h a res]voir to hold a supply ( oil1 & are s con/ruct$ t x w be gradually f$ on ! slides1 :i* are ?us con/antly & regul>ly lubricat$4 ,,"q #agf4 ,h[ are ! pumps work$ f ! pi/on-rods8 ,answ]4 ,! pump-plung] is atta*$ to a projection1 ,w1 figs4 #ib & #ic1 call$ ! pump-lug1 ca/ on "o ( ! slides ( ! cross-head4 ,! plung] ?us receives a reciprocat+ motion f ! pi/on4 ,,"q #agg4 ,h[ are ! connect+-rods made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( flat b>s ( wr\ght iron4 ,! rods :i* connect ! cross-heads ) ! driv+-:eels are call$ ma9 connect+-rods1 & ! rods :i* connect or c\ple ! driv+-:eels toge!r are call$ c\pl+-rods4#dg ,fig4 #ih repres5ts a side view & a plan ( a ma9 connect+-rod4 ,9 ! side view ! end ,b1 & 9 ! plan bo? ends ( ! rod are %[n 9 section4 ,x is atta*$ to ! wri/-p9 at ,a & to ! crank-p9 at ,b4 ,fig4 #ii repres5ts simil> views ( a c\pl+-rod4 ,to save room 9 ! engrav+ ea* ( ^! rods is repres5t$ ) a "p ( ! middle brok5 away4 ,! ma9 rods are usually made wid] at ,g1 next ! crank-p91 ?an at ! o!r end1 z x has be5 f\nd t !y are mo/ liable to break at t end4 ,! c\pl+-rods are n[ made ei!r /raight or some:at wid] 9 ! c5tre4 #dg ,!y are also (t5 call$ side or p>allel-rods1 b ! t]m c\pl+-rods is consid]$ ! be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #agh4 ,h[ are ^! rods prev5t$ f gett+ loose on ! p9s f ! we> ( ! latt] 9 ! inside ( ! holes ( ! rods8 ,answ]4 ,! ends ( ! rods are provid$ ) :at are call$ brass-be>+s1#dh or 8brasses10 c1 d1 & e1 f4 ,^! brasses are made 9 pairs1 s z to embrace ! p9s1 f ea* side4 ,!y are held by -%ap$ clamps1 s s s1 call$ /raps1 :i* are bolt$ to ! rods4 ,:5 ! brass-be>+s become worn1 !y are tak5 out ( ! /raps1 & a portion ( _! surfaces ( contact ) ea* o!r is fil$ away1 ?us all[+ !m to come ne>] toge!r1 & !reby r$uc+ ! size ( ! hole :i* receives ! p9 or j\rnal4 ,9 ord] to prev5t _! be+ loose 9 ! /raps1 tap]$ or w$ge-%ap$ keys1 k1 k1 :i* be> aga9/ ! brasses1 are fitt$ 9 ! /raps & rods4 ,by driv+ d[n ^! keys ! brass be>+s are =c$ toge!r1 ?us r$uc+ ! size ( ! hole = ! j\rnal1 & mak+ ! rods fit tightly on ! p9s4 ,a h>d /eel plate1 %[n by d>k %ad+ 9 ! engrav+1 is sometimes int]pos$ betwe5 ! keys & ! brasses to prev5t ! key f ind5t+ ! surface ( ! s(t brass4 ,z ! keys are v liable to get loose & fall out1 !y are held ei!r by screws & nuts1 x1 x1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 or by set-screws on ! side ( ! rods4 ,! :ole arrangem5t ( /raps1 keys & brasses is call$ a /ub-end4 #dh ,! portion ( a %aft p9 or sp9dle subject$ to friction is call$ a j\rnal1 & ! surface :i* presses or 8be>s0 aga9/ x is call$ a be>+4 ,,"q #agi4 ,h[ are ! j\rnals ( ! crank-p9s oil$8 ,answ]4 ,by oil-cups atta*$ to ! /raps1 above ! j\rnals1 simil> to ! cups us$ on ! guide-rods1 b :i* are n %[n 9 ! engrav+s ( ! connect+-rods4 ,sometimes oil-cell>s1 z !y are call$1 are atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! /raps4 ,^! are metal boxes1 :i* are fill$ ) oil1 :i* is agitat$ viol5tly by ! rapid motion ( ! rods1 & is ?us appli$ to ! j\rnals ?r\gh holes drill$ 9 ! /raps4 ,9 ord] to conf9e ! oil & prev5t its leak+ out ar\nd ! j\rnals ( ! c\pl+-rods1 ! brasses at n1 n1 fig4 #ii1 are usually made s z to enclose ! outside end ( ! crank-p91 :i* ?us n only keeps ! oil 91 b excludes ! du/4 ,! brasses are usually l9$ ) ,babbitt's or "s o!r k9d ( s(t metal1 :i* is ?\ght to be less liable to heat f ! friction ( ! j\rnals4 ,,"q #ahj4 ,are ! c\pl+-rods always made ) /ub-ends8 ,answ]4 ,no2 _! ends are sometimes made 9 "o piece--t is1 )\t /raps or keys4 ,! holes :i* receive ! crank-p9s !n h brass r+s or bu%+s1 z !y are call$1 :i* fit tightly & are driv5 into ! holes1 & =m ! be>+s on ! p9s4 ,:5 ^! r+s become worn !y are driv5 out & new ones put 94 ,,"q #aha4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m lo/ motion8 ,answ]4 ,x is us$ to designate ! we> ( ma*9]y1 :i* causes a loss ( motion 9 "s ( ! p>ts4 ,?us if ! be>+s ( ! ma9 connect+-rods are worn1 ! pi/on mu/ move a di/ance equal to ! we> at ea* end ( ! /roke be=e x moves ! crank-p94 ,lo/ motion might !re=e be call$ ! loos5ess ( ! p>ts4 ,:5 we speak ( tak+ up ! lo/ motion1 we mean mak+ p>ts :i* 7 loose fit tightly4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,! ,,valve-,,ge>4 ,,"q #ahb4 ,:at is meant by ! valve-ge> ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,by ! valve-ge> is meant ! arrangem5t ( ecc5trics1 rods1 l9ks1 rock]s1 etc41 by :i* ! valves are mov$ & _! motion regulat$4 ,,"q #ahc4 ,:at is requir$ ( ! valve-ge> 9 work+ a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x mu/ be s arrang$ t ! locomotive c be run ei!r backw>d or =w>d1 & s t ! motion ( ! :eels c be rev]s$ quickly & ) c]ta9ty4 ,x %\ld enable ! runn] to employ ! greate/ p[] ( ! eng9e by admitt+ /eam into ! cyl9d]s dur+ ! :ole or ne>ly ! :ole ( ! /roke ( ! pi/ons1 or :5 less p[] is requir$1 to use ! /eam m economically by work+ x expansively1 :i* latt] is accompli%$ ) ! pres5t appliances by *ang+ ! travel ( ! valve4 ,,"q #ahd4 ,h[ is ! valve-ge> con/ruct$ s z to run ! eng9e ei!r backw>d or =w>d8 ,answ]4 ,z already expla9$1 9 answ] to "q #gf1 two ecc5trics are provid$ = ea* cyl9d]4 ,^! are set s t "o ( ea* pair w run ! locomotive 9 "o direction1 & ! o!r two ! rev]se way4 ,,"q #ahe4 ,h[ mu/ ! ecc5trics = ea* cyl9d] be set 9 ord] t ! "o may run ! eng9e =w>d & ! o!r backw>d8 ,answ]4 ,?is c be be/ expla9$ by ref]5ce to fig4 #ajj1 9 :i* ! pi/on1 ,p1 is repres5t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke1 & ! valve ,v has ! requisite lead & is j ab\t to op5 ! front /eam-port4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 ord] to complete ! backw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 ! front port mu/ be op5$ to admit /eam into ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 & !re=e ! valve mu/ be mov$ 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! d>t a4 ,to d ?is1 ! upp] arm ( ! rock] r mu/ move 9 ! same direction1 & ! l[] arm mu/ be mov$ ! rev]se way1 z indicat$ by ! d>t e4 ,if ! crank is int5d$ to move 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! d>t ,n1 !n ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric mu/ be above ! c5tre ( ! %aft or axle1 9 ord] to move ! rock] 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! d>t e4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 x 0 int5d$ to move ! crank ! rev]se direction1 z %[n by ! d>t ,n 9 fig4 #aja2 x is evid5t 9 t case t ! valve mu/ be mov$ 9 ! same direction z be=e1 9 ord] to op5 ! front /eam-port & ?us admit /eam to =ce ! pi/on back4 ,b if ! crank turns 9 ! direction %[n by ! d>t ,n1 fig4 #aja1 !n ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric mu/ be plac$ bel[ ! c5tre ( ! axle 9 ord] to move ! l[] rock] arm 9 ! direction ( ! d>t e & ! valve 9 t indicat$ by a4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! c5tres ( ! ecc5tric = runn+ =w>d & t ( ! "o = runn+ backw>d mu/ be plac$1 ! "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! c5tre ( ! axle at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 z %[n 9 figure #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,fig4 #aja4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #ahf4 ,:y is x t ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics are n plac$ opposite to ea* o!r on ! axle8 ,answ]4 ,because be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on x is necess>y to move ! valve f its middle position a di/ance equal to ! lap be=e ! /eam-port beg9s to op54 ,if we h a valve l t %[n 9 fig4 #aj--t is1 )\t any lap--! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics c\ld be plac$ at "r angles1 or1 z me*anics say1 8squ>e0 ) ! crank1 z 0 %[n 9 fig4 #aa1 & exactly opposite to ea* o!r1 because su* a valve beg9s to take /eam z soon z x moves f ! middle ( ! valve-face4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h a valve l t %[n 9 fig4 #bg1 x is pla9 t be=e x w admit or take /eam1 z x is call$1 9 ei!r ( ! /eam-ports1 x mu/ be mov$ f ! c5tre ( ! valve-face1 or its middle position1 a di/ance equal to ! lap1 ,l4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 ! ecc5tric1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ at half-?r[1#di z x is call$1 mu/ be s f> ahead ( ! middle position z to h mov$ ! valve a di/ance equal to ! lap1 & if any lead is giv5 to ! valve1 equal to ! lap & lead toge!r4 ,9 figs4 #ajj & #aja1 f g is a v]tical l9e at "r angles to ! crank at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,x w be se5 t ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! ecc5trics is set f> en\gh ahead ( ?is l9e to give ! valve ! requir$ lead4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! back end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! two ecc5trics w occupy ! position %[n 9 fig4 #ajb1 9 :i* position ! l[] "o w\ld move ! valve s z to turn ! crank 9 ! direction ( ! d>t ,n1 & ! upp] "o 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?is position bo? ( ! ecc5trics are aga9 ahead ( half-?r[1 :5 ! pi/on is at t end ( its /roke4 #di ,?is w\ld be at "r angles to ! crank :5 ! pi/on is at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #ahg4 ,h[ is ! motion ( ei!r ecc5tric communicat$ to ! valve8 ,answ]4 ,! ends ( ea* pair ( ecc5tric-rods are connect$ toge!r by a l9k1 a b1 fig4 #ajc4 ,?is l9k has a curv$ groove or slot1 a b1 9 x1 9 :i* a block1 ,b1 fits accurately1 s t x c slide freely f "o end to ! o!r4 ,?is block is atta*$ to ! l[] rock]-arm by a p91 c1 :i* works freely 9 ! block4 ,! two ecc5tric-rods ,c & ,d are atta*$ to ! ends ( ! l9k at e & f by p9s & knuckle-jo9ts4 ,x is app>5t t if ! l9k is d[n1 or 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #ajc & also on a small] scale 9 fig4 #ajd1 ! motion ( ! upp] ecc5tric-rod1 :i* is usually us$ = ! =w>d motion1 w be imp>t$ to ! rock]1 & ?us to ! valve1 & :5 ! l9k is 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #aje1 t ! valve w be mov$ by ! l[] or backw>d ecc5tric-rod ,b4 ,9 ord] to rev]se ! eng9e1 x is !n only necess>y to provide ! means ( rais+ & l[]+ ! l9ks4 ,?is is done by a %aft1 ,a1 fig4 #ajc1 call$ a lift+-%aft1 :i* has two horizontal arms1 ,e1#ej "o = ea* l9k1 & a v]tical arm1 ,f4 ,! l9ks are susp5d$ f ! ends ( ! horizontal arms by rods or b>s1 g h1 call$ l9k-hang]s1 :i* are connect$ to ! l9ks & to ! arms above by p9s1 :i* enable ! hang]s to vibrate freely4 ,! l[] p9 is atta*$ to a plate1 ,l d1 call$ a l9k-saddle1 :i* is bolt$ to ! l9k4 ,! v]tical arm ( ! lift+-%aft is connect$ by a rod1 ,g ,g1 call$ ! rev]se-rod1 to a lev] ,o1 ,o1 ,plate ,,ii4 9 ! cab call$ a rev]se-lev]1 ! con/ruction ( :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,?is lev] is work$ by ! locomotive runn]1 & by mov+ ! upp] end ( x =w>d1 ! l9k w be l[]$1 & ! rock] & valve w be mov$ by ! =w>d ecc5tric2 & if ! rev]se-lev] is mov$ back1 ! l9k w be rais$1 & ! backw>d ecc5tric w move ! valve4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! valve-ge> is said to be ?r[n into ! =w>d or backw>d motion1 or =w>d or back ge>4 #ej ,only "o ( ^! is %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,fig4 #aje4 ,scale1 in* #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,scale1 in* #a foot4 ,,"q #ahh4 ,h[ is ! travel ( ! valve *ang$ by ! motion ( ! l9k8 ,answ]4 ,by ei!r rais+ or l[]+ ! l9k1 s t ! l9k-block & rock]-p9 w be "s di/ance above or bel[ ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,?us 9 fig4 #ajd1 ! motion ( ! upp] ecc5tric-rod1 & 9 fig4 #aje t ( ! l[] or back ecc5tric-rod is communicat$ to ! rock]-p9 & ! valve4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! l9k %\ld be rais$ s t ! l9k-block & rock]-p9 are some:at bel[ ! upp] or =w>d ecc5tric-rod1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ajf1 !n ! motion imp>t$ to ! rock] & valve w p>take some:at ( t ( ! upp] & also ( ! l[] ecc5tric-rod4 ,s long z ! rock]-p9 is above ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 ! motion ( ! valve w p>take mo/ ( t ( ! upp] or =w>d rod1 & ! eng9e w !n run =w>d1 b :5 ! rock]-p9 is bel[ ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 its motion w be influ5c$ m by ! back ecc5tric-rod1 & ! eng9e w !n run backw>d4 ,! motion ( ! l9k1 :i* is some:at complex & difficult to und]/& cle>ly1 w p]haps be und]/ood bett] if we repres5t x 9 a numb] ( successive positions ( ! :ole /roke ( ! pi/on1 z 0 done to %[ ! motion ( ! ecc5tric 9 figs4 #aa to #bd4 ,we w !re=e suppose t ! l9k is 9 :at is call$ full ge> =w>d1 z %[n 9 figs4 #ajc & #ajd4 ,9 fig4 #ajh ! l9k is 9 ! position x w\ld occupy at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on2 9 fig4 #aji x is 9 t :i* x w be 9 :5 ! pi/on has mov$ f\r in*es2 9 fig4 #aaj1 :5 x has mov$ eight in*es2 9 fig4 #aaa1 twelve2 & 9 figs4 #aab1 #aac & #aad1 sixte51 tw5ty & tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,figs4 #aad to #aai repres5t ! successive positions ( ! l9k dur+ ! return /roke4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! diff]5t positions ( ! l9k we h repres5t$ on a l>g] scale1 9 fig4 #abj1 ! successive positions ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! l9k1 :i* w indicate ! motion imp>t$ by x to ! rock]4 ,9 ord] to designate ea* ( ^! positions1 ! c5tre l9es 9 fig4 #abj are numb]$ & -#j1 #d1 #h1 etc41 etc41 to correspond ) simil> numb]s 9 figs4 #ajh to #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,fig4 #aji4 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,fig4 #aab4 ,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,fig4 #aae4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,?us ! l9e -#j -#j repres5ts ! position ( ! c5tre ( ! l9k :i* x occupies at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke z %[n 9 fig4 #ajh4 ,! l9e -#d -#d1 t repres5t$ by fig4 #aji1 :5 ! pi/on has mov$ #d 94 ,! l9es -#h -#h1 -#ab -#ab1 -#af -#af1 -#bj -#bj1 #bd #bd1 #d #d1 etc41 ! successive positions ( ! c5tre ( ! l9k repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ajh to #aai4 ,! dott$ l9es h a & h b repres5t ! two extreme positions into :i* ! rock]-arm w\ld be mov$ by ! action ( ! l9k4 ,x w be se5 t :5 ! l9k is 9 ! position %[n1 x imp>ts ! full /roke ( ! ecc5trics to ! rock]-p9 & consequ5tly to ! valve4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! l9k is rais$ up z %[n 9 fig4 #ajf1 s t ! position ( ! rock]-p9 is j half-way betwe5 ! end ( ! ecc5tric-rod & ! c5tre ( ! l9k4 ,?is position is call$ half-ge>4 ,9 fig4 #aba ! diff]5t positions ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! l9k & ( ! rock] h be5 laid out = half-ge> 9 ! same way z 0 done = full-ge> be=e4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! travel1 a b1 imp>t$ to ! rock]-p9 & valve by ! l9k :5 x is 9 ! position %[n1 in/ead ( be+ #e 94 is only #c 94 ,9 fig4 #ajg ! l9k is rais$ up1 s t ! rock]-p9 is 9 ! c5tre ( x or midway betwe5 ! ecc5trics4 ,?is position is call$ mid-ge>4 ,! successive positions ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! l9k 9 ?is position h be5 laid d[n 9 fig4 #abb 9 ! same way z 0 done = full & half-ge>4 ,! movem5t ( ! rock]1 x w be se51 is1 = mid-ge>1 only #b 94 ,^! diagrams %[ t :5 ! rock]-p9 is opposite ! ecc5tric-rod1 ! valve receives ! full ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric1 & t ! motion imp>t$ by ! ecc5tric dim9i%es z ! rock]-p9 approa*es ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 s t1 ) ecc5trics hav+ #e 94 ?r[ & a valve ) lap & 94 lead1 we c increase or dim9i% ! travel ( ! valve f #b to #e 94 by simply rais+ or l[]+ ! l9k1 :i* is done by ! rev]se-lev]4 ,,"q #ahi4 ,:at is ! effect ( ?is v>iation ( travel on ! work+ ( ! valve & ! admission & release ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d]8 ,answ]4 ,x is almo/ precisely ! same z t :i* is effect$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric1 :i* 0 expla9$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #eb4 ,9 ord] to %[ ?is effect m cle>ly1 we h repres5t$ by motion-curves1#ea fig4 #abc1 ! movem5t imp>t$ to ! valve by ! l9k :5 x is 9 full1 half & mid-ge>1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ figures4 ,! curve = full-ge> is engrav$ 9 full heavy l9es2 t = half-ge> 9 light] l9es1 & = mid-ge> 9 dott$ l9es4 ,f ^! curves x w be se5 t :5 ! valve is work$ 9 full-ge> ! /eam-port is op5$ wide at #b 94 ( ! /roke & /eam cut (f at #ba in*es4 ,:5 ! valve is work$ 9 half-ge> ! port is n at any "t op5$ wide & /eam is !n cut (f at #ag 94 ( ! /roke1 & :5 work$ 9 mid-ge> ! greate/ op5+ ( ! /eam-port is no great] ?an ! lead & ! cut-(f occurs at #d in*es ( ! /roke4 #ea ,! nature ( ^! curves 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #dd4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to "w ! l9k 9 any int]m$iate position betwe5 ^? :i* we h repres5t$4 ,usually ! rev]se-lev] is arrang$ s t ! /eam w be cut (f at #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah1 & #bj in*es ( ! /roke4 ,,"q #aij4 ,:at is ! greate/ & ! lea/ admission ( /eam possible ) ! ord9>y l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,) #bd 94 /roke ( pi/on & #e 94 travel & 94 lap1 /eam c be admitt$ z %[n by ! motion-curves dur+ #ba 94 or #hg p] c5t4 ( ! /roke1 & c be cut (f at ab\t #d 94 or #af p] c5t4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t 9 mid-ge> ! motion-curve becomes a /raight l9e1 & t ! pre-admission ( /eam1 t is ! admission ( /eam be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 is equal to t admitt$ aft]1 s t x is impossible to "w ! locomotive ) ! l9k 9 t position4 ,practically x is f\nd t no useful "w c be done ) a l9k if ! /eam is cut (f at less ?an six in*es1 or "o-f\r? ( ! /roke4 ,ev5 !n ! op5+ ( ! /eam-ports is s small t ! /eam :i* ent]s ! cyl9d]s is v mu* wire-drawn4 ,,"q #aia4 ,h[ are ! curves drawn :i* repres5t ! motion ( ! valve8 ,answ]4 ,^! motion-curves z produc$ by ! l9k-motion are v difficult to draw1 z ! motion ( ! l9k is extremely complicat$4 ,x is d\btful1 !re=e1 :e!r ^? :o h no k ( me*anical draw+ w be able to und]/& ! foll[+ description ( ! me?od ( do+ x1 :i* we w try to make z cle> z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c5tre ,s1 fig4 #abd1 ( ! axle1 ,a1 ( ! rock]1 & ,b ( ! lift+-%aft1 mu/ be laid d[n 9 _! prop] positions4 ,if1 n[1 ! valve has 94 lap & lead1 ! l[] rock]-p9 mu/ be "o in* ahead ( its middle position :5 ! pi/on is at ! front end ( ! cyl9d]1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,we w1 !re=e1 m>k ! c5tre1 a1 ( ! rock]-p9 9 ?is position4 ,if f ! c5tre ( ! axle a circle1 c d e1 be drawn ^: diamet] is equal to ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics1 ?is circle w repres5t ! pa? 9 :i* ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics w revolve4 ,if1 n[1 ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! axle to ! c5tre ( ! l[] rock]-p91 a1 :5 ! latt] is 9 its middle position1 be tak5 = a radius1#eb & f ! position ( ! rock]-p9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke z a c5tre1 ! circle repres5t+ ! pa? ( ! ecc5trics be int]sect$ at two po9ts1 c & d1 ! po9ts ( int]section w repres5t ! positions ( ! c5tres ( ! =w>d & backw>d ecc5trics4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^! positions1 draw arcs ( circles1 f & g1 f ^! c5tres ) a radius equal to ! di/ance f ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics to ! c5tres ( ! p9s :i* connect ! rods to ! l9k4 ,x is evid5t t at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ! c5tres ( ! p9s 9 ! l9k mu/ ea* be 9 "o ( ^! arcs4 ,b ! l9k is susp5d$ by ! hang]1 i h1 :i* oscillates f ! end1 i1 ( ! lift+-arm1 :i* = any "o po9t ( cut-(f is /ation>y2 & !re=e ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! l9k mu/ always be 9 ! arc1 j k1 describ$ f ! c5tre ( ! p91 i1 9 ! lift+-arm1 ) a radius equal to ! l5g? ( ! hang]4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree po9ts 9 ! l9k1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be 9 "o ( ! arcs :i* h be5 drawn1 & :i* w det]m9e ! position ( ! l9k4 ,?is c be done easie/ by draw+ ! l9k1 ,l1 fig4 #abe1 on a /iff piece ( pap]1 m n1 & cutt+ (f ! back1 p q1 ( x ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! p9s1 s & t1 & also cutt+ out a triangul> piece1 u1 ! apex ( :i* w correspond ) ! c5tre ( ! po9t ( susp5sion1 o4 ,by plac+ ?is piece ( pap] on ! draw+ x c be mov$1 s t ! ?ree c5tre po9ts1 s1 t & o1 w respectively con=m ) ! arcs1 f g & j k1 fig4 #abd4 ,9 ?is position ! piece ( pap] w !n be 9 ! position ( ! l9k = ! po9t ( ! /roke repres5t$4 ,by m>k+ ! c5tres ( ! l9k-p9s on ! arcs f & g1 & f !m z c5tres1 ) ! l5g? ( ! rods us$ to draw ! arcs1 two o!r arcs1 v1 w1 be drawn int]sect+ ea* o!r1 ! po9t d1 :]e !y int]sect w be ! c5tre f :i* ! c5tre l9e ( ! l9k c be drawn ) a radius1 l d1 equal to ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! ecc5trics to ! c5tre ( ! l9k4 ,?is w give ! fir/ position -o -o1 ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! l9k4 ,z ! rock]-p9 mu/ always be 9 ! c5tre ( ! l9k1 x is obvi\s t ! po9t at :i* ! c5tre-l9e ( ! l9k int]sects ! arc 9 :i* ! rock]-p9 oscillates mu/ be ! position ( ! c5tre ( ! rock]-p94 ,) ?is det]m9$ ! position ( ! valve c easily be locat$4 #eb ,?is is usually ! radius ( ! l9k b 9 "s cases ei!r a long] or %ort] radius is tak5 to draw ! l9k4 ,9 ! foll[+ explanation x is assum$ t ! l9k is drawn ) ?is radius1 or f ! c5tre ( ! axle4 ,( c\rse if a great] or less] radius is us$1 due all[ance mu/ be made !re=4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,9 ord] to repres5t ! l9k at any o!r po9t ( ! /roke1 say aft] ! pi/on has mov$ f\r in*es1 ! position ( ! crank mu/ fir/ be laid d[n4 ,to d ?is1 all[ance mu/ be made = ! irregul>ity due to ! angul>ity ( ! connect+-rod1 :i* 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ed4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! axle1 a circle1 ,c ,d1 ^: diamet] is equal to ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 is fir/ drawn1 :i* w repres5t ! pa? ( ! crank-p94 ,a horizontal c5tre l9e1 ,e ,f1 %\ld also be drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! axle & ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! int]section o ( ?is l9e ) ! pa? ( ! crank-p9 w be ! position ( ! latt] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,if f ?is po9t a di/ance1 o o1 be laid (f on ! c5tre l9e equal to ! l5g? ( ! connect+-rod1#ec x w give ! position ( ! wri/-p9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 s t f ?is its successive positions = ea* in* ( ! /roke c be laid (f4 ,f its position aft] ! pi/on has made say f\r in*es ( ! /roke z a c5tre1 & ! l5g? ( ! connect+-rod z a radius1 if ! pa? ( ! crank-p9 be int]sect$ at -#d1 ! po9t ( int]section w repres5t ! position ( ! crank-p9 at f\r in*es ( ! /roke4 ,! di/ance f o to -#d is equal to #dd degrees ( ! :ole circle4 ,! ecc5trics1 be+ atta*$ to ! axle1 ( c\rse move ! same numb] ( degrees t ! crank does1 & !re=e1 9 ord] to det]m9e _! position :5 ! crank has mov$ any di/ance1 x is only necess>y to move !m z _m degrees z ! crank has4 ,?is c be done v easily by ext5d+ ! radii ( ! ecc5trics1 :5 !y are 9 ! fir/ position1 until !y int]sect ! pa? ( ! crank-p9 at c & d4 ,by /epp+ (f f ! latt] po9ts ( int]section a di/ance c c & d d1 equal to o -#d1 :i* ! crank has mov$1 & !n draw+ o!r radii f ! two po9ts c1 d1 _! int]section1 c d1 ) ! pa? ( ! ecc5trics w repres5t ! position ( ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics :5 ! crank is at -#d4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! position ( ! ecc5trics1 ! l9k c be laid d[n z be=e1 t is1 f c & d z c5tres & ) ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric-rods z a radius arcs1 f & g1 are drawn4 ,!n ) ! pap] template ! positions ( ! c5tres ( ! l9k-p9s 9 ^! arcs are det]m9$ & m>k$1 & f !m ) ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rods z a radius1 two int]sect+ arcs1 v1 w1 are drawn1 ^: int]section gives ! c5tre ( ! l9k f :i* its c5tre l9e1 -#d -#d1 is drawn4 ,?is w give ! position ( ! rock]-p9 = ano!r po9t ( ! /roke4 ,9 a simil> mann] its position c be det]m9$ = any numb] ( po9ts ( ! /roke1 f :i* ! position ( ! valve c easily be det]m9$ & laid d[n on ! diagram = ! motion-curve z 0 describ$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #dd4 ,( c\rse ! valve w be mov$ f its middle position ! same di/ance t ! rock]-p9 is1#ed only 9 an opposite direction4 ,9 ord] to lay d[n ! position ( ! valve on ! diagram = motion-curves1 x is1 !re=e1 only necess>y to draw x 9 ! same relative position z t ( ! rock]-p9 :i* is giv5 by ! po9t ( int]section ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! l9k ) ! pa? 9 :i* ! rock]-p9 oscillates4 ,to con/ruct ! motion-curves x is necess>y to det]m9e ! positions ( ! valve = diff]5t po9ts ( ! /roke & m>k !m on ! horizontal l9es :i* repres5t ! respective positions ( ! pi/on4 ,curves are !n drawn ?r\gh ^! po9ts1 ei!r by h& or by con/ruct+ templates4 ,! m po9ts !re are det]m9$1 ! m accurate w be ! curves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 be/ to lay d[n ! position ( ! valve = ea* in* ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,!y %\ld also be drawn full size1 :i* ( c\rse 0 impossible = ! illu/rations :i* are giv5 h]e)4 #ec ,9 ord] to get ! engrav+ )9 ! requir$ limits1 ! diagram is drawn ) a connect+-rod only #e in/ead ( #g feet4 ,! latt] is ! l5g? us$ 9 previ\s illu/rations4 #ed ,?is w be ! case :5 ! two arms ( ! rock] are ( ! same l5g?1 z !y usually are4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 !y are ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,,"q #aib4 ,is !re any o!r me?od ( draw+ ^! motion curves8 ,answ]4 ,yes3 models :i* %[ ! work+ ( ! valve-ge> h be5 con/ruct$ ) a p5cil1 to :i* ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! valve is imp>t$1 & :i* traces a curve on a surface hav+ ! same motion z ! pi/on4 ,?is me?od has be5 employ$ by ! writ] 9 an in/rum5t :i* he has appli$ to ! locomotive itself4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* x works w be und]/ood by suppos+ t ! /eam & exhau/-ports z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram = motion-curves1 fig4 #abc1 be drawn on a bo>d1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 fig4 #abf1 b in/ead ( /&+ v]tical1 z 9 fig4 #abc1 !y are repres5t$ 9 a horizontal position1 & ! bo>d on :i* !y are drawn is fa/5$ to ! cross-head1 ,l1 s t ! =m] w move backw>d & =w>d simultane\sly ) ! latt] & ! pi/on4 ,a small %aft1 ,f1 is atta*$ to suitable supports1 j1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! guides4 ,?is %aft has two arms1 ,g & ,e1 "o v]tical & ! o!r horizontal & ( ! same l5g?4 ,! upp] end ( ! v]tical "o1 ,g1 is !n atta*$ to ! valve-/em or rock]-arm by a %ort connect+-rod1 ,h1 or o!r suitable means1 s t ! movem5t ( ! valve-/em w be imp>t$ to ! arm & %aft4 ,( c\rse ! end ( ! horizontal %aft !n has exactly ! same motion v]tically t ! valve-/em & valve h horizontally1 ) ! v trifl+ inaccuracy due to ! fact t ! movem5t ( ! "o is 9 a /raight l9e1 :]eas ! o!r is 9 ! arc ( a circle4 ,n[ if a p5cil1 ,p1 is atta*$ to ! end ( ! horizontal arm1 ,e1 & is set s t its po9t indicates ! exact position ( ! /eam edge1 h1 ( ! valve1 z %[n 9 fig4 #abc1 x is obvi\s t :5 ! pi/on & bo>d h mov$ f\r in*es1 ! p5cil w h mov$ d[nw>d & h drawn ! portion ( ! motion-curve f h to i2 & :5 ! pi/on has mov$ eight in*es ! curve w be drawn to j1 & at #ab1 #af1 #bj & #bd in*es ( ! /roke ! curve w be drawn to k1 l1 m & n4 ,dur+ ! return /roke a correspond+ curve1 n o h1 w1 ( c\rse1 be drawn4 ,) su* an in/rum5t curves c be drawn = any position ( ! l9k1 & !y w %[ ! exact movem5t ( ! valve dur+ ! :ole /roke1 & w indicate all ! defects result+ f bad proportions or con/ruction1 lo/ motion 9 ! p>ts1 or o!r causes ( error or irregul>ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,scale 94 #a foot4 ,9 us+ ?is in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 x is impracticable to atta* a bo>d to ! inside ( ! cross-head1 & x mu/ !re=e be fa/5$ to ! outside4 ,! horizontal arm ,e %\ld be made ( ?9 /eel1 s z to =m a spr+4 ,! end has a small boss#ee ) a hole 9 x ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is hole has a screw ?read cut 9 x1 into :i* an ord9>y h>d draw+ p5cil is screw$4 ,! spr+ is s arrang$ t ! p5cil w n be 9 contact ) ! bo>d unless x be press$ aga9/ x4 ,! locomotive is !n plac$ on a smoo? piece ( track ) /eam on & run v sl[ly1 s t a p]son walk+ alongside c press ! p5cil aga9/ ! surface ( ! bo>d1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) draw+ pap]4 ,by wat*+ ! cross-head :5 x rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 ! p5cil c !n be press$ aga9/ ! pap] & kept 9 contact ?r\gh ! :ole /roke & in/antly releas$ :5 ! motion-curve is complet$4 ,! l9k c !n be plac$ 9 ano!r position1 & ?us any numb] ( curves c be drawn1 :i* w furni% ! mo/ accurate means ( analyz+ ! motion ( ! valve4 #ee ,! t]m 8boss0 is us$ to imply an enl>gem5t or increas$ ?ickness ( any "p4 ,9 practice x is be/ n to draw ! l9es :i* repres5t ! edges ( ! ports1 until aft] ! curves are drawn & ! pap] remov$ f ! bo>d4 ,a c5tre l9e mu/1 h[ev]1 be drawn on ! eng9e f :i* to lay (f ! ports4 ,?is c be done by plac+ ! valve 9 its middle position1 & !n fa/5+ ! %aft ,f 9 t position ) a nut :i* %\ld be provid$ = t purpose on ! end ( ! %aft4 ,aft] x is fa/5$ 9 ?is position1 deta* ! connect+-rod ,h1 & ) "o /roke ( ! pi/on a c5tre l9e c be drawn ) ! p5cil ,p4 ,f ?is c5tre l9e ! edges ( ! ports c easily be laid (f & drawn on ! pap] aft] x is tak5 (f ! eng9e4 ,,"q #aic4 ,c ! position ( ea* edge ( ! valve1 ) any giv5 am\nt ( travel1 be %[n 9 its relation to ! ports by "o motion-curve1 or is x necess>y to draw su* curves = ea* edge ( ! valve1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bh8 ,answ]4 ,"o motion-curve is suffici5t to repres5t ! position ( any "p ( ! valve dur+ ! entire /roke4 ,?is w be app>5t if x is rememb]$ t ea* motion-curve is exactly l ! o!rs1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bh1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! ports occupy diff]5t positions 9 relation to ! curves4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only necess>y to draw l9es to repres5t ! relative positions ( ! ports to ! o!r curves to %[ ! entire motion ( ! valve by "o curve4 ,to illu/rate ?is x w be assum$ t a motion-curve1 h i j k l m n o p1 & a c5tre l9e1 a b1 fig4 #abg1 h be5 drawn ) ! in/rum5t describ$ 9 ! answ] to ! previ\s "q4 ,! c5tre l9e a b1 :i* w be equal 9 l5g? to ! /roke ( ! pi/on1 %\ld !n be divid$ into in*es1 & l9es ff1 #bc #a1 #bb #b1 etc41 %\ld be drawn ?r\gh ! po9ts ( division & at "r angles to a b4 ,if1 n[1 we want to %[ ! movem5t ( ! front /eam edge ( ! valve 9 relation to ! correspond+ /eam port1 a l9e1 t1 %\ld be drawn p]p5dicul> to f f1 to repres5t t edge ( ! valve at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,z x is impossible to det]m9e accurately ! position ( ?is /eam edge at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke f ! motion-curve1 :i* is !n tang5t#ef to ! l9e f f1 we mu/ lay x (f f ! c5tre l9e1 a b4 ,?is c readily be done if we rememb] t if a valve has 94 lap :5 x is 9 ! middle position1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bg1 & 94 lead at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 x mu/ h mov$ 94 f ! middle position at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke z %[n 9 fig4 #bh4 ,! l9e t mu/ !re=e be drawn 94 f a b to repres5t its prop] position 9 relation to ! motion-curve1 & z x has 94 lead1 ! /eam edge1 h h1 ( ! /eam-port mu/ be drawn at t di/ance f t4 ,ano!r l9e1 m m1 c !n be drawn to repres5t ! wid? ( ! front /eam-port1 c c4 ,f ^! l9es ! movem5t ( ! valve 9 relation to ! front port1 c c1 & ! admission ( /eam are %[n z cle>ly z 9 fig4 #bh4 #ef ,a curve is said to be tang5t to ano!r c>ve or to a /raight l9e :5 ! two j t\*1 b d n int]sect or cross ea* o!r4 ,if n[ we want to repres5t ! motion & relative position ( ! back /eam edge ( ! valve 9 relation to its port1 x is only necess>y to assume t ! l9e t repres5ts t edge1 & t ! curve h i j k l m n o h repres5ts its motion1 & to draw ! back /eam-port 9 its prop] relation to x4 ,:5 ! valve is 9 its middle position1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bg1 ! outside edge ( ! port h is 941 or a di/ance equal to ! lap1 f ! /eam edge q ( ! valve4 ,z ! c5t] l9e a b1 fig4 #abg1 repres5ts ! middle position ( ! edge ( ! valve1 x is only necess>y to draw a l9e1 n n1 941 or ! same di/ance f ! c5tre l9e a b t ! out] edge ( ! port d is f q 9 fig4 #bh1 to repres5t ?is edge ( ! port 9 fig4 #abg1 & ano!r b b1 at a di/ance f ! =m] equal to ! wid? ( ! port1 to repres5t its inn] edge4 ,a l9e1 q1 bel[ ! l9e #j #bd1 w repres5t ! edge ( ! valve at ! beg9n+ ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,! curves 9 relation to ! port d w !n %[ ! motion ( ! valve 9 relation to ?is port1 9 ! same way t ! dott$ curve d f does 9 fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,scale in* #a in*4 ,if x is desir$ to repres5t ! motion ( ! exhau/ edge h1 fig4 #bh1 ( ! valve1 x is only necess>y to imag9e t ! l9e t1 fig4 #abg1 repres5ts t edge1 & !n draw 9 ! port d 9 ! same relation to x t x be>s to ! edge h1 9 fig4 #bh4 ,?is has be5 done 9 dott$ l9es1 c c & e e1 9 fig4 #abg4 ,if ! read] w cut a pap] section ( a valve l t %[n 9 fig4 #bg & place ! diff]5t edges1 h1 i1 h & q1 s t !y w successively correspond ) ! l9e t 9 fig4 #abg1 ! diagram w p]haps be m cle>4 ,if1 = example1 ! pap] section be plac$ to ! "r ( ! l9e t1 s t ! edge h w correspond ) t1 !n x w be se5 t ! port c occupies ! same relation to x t x does 9 fig4 #bh4 ,if ! valve be plac$ to ! left1 s t ! edge q corresponds ) t1 !n ! port d w be 9 ! same relation to x t x has 9 fig4 #bh4 ,if ! edges i & h be made to correspond ) t1 !n ! ports drawn 9 dott$ l9es 9 fig4 #abg w repres5t ! ports c & d 9 fig4 #bh4 ,! position ( ! ports 9 relation to ! c5tre l9e ( ! motion-curve c be det]m9$1 if x is kept 9 m9d t ! c5tre l9e a b1 fig4 #abg1 repres5ts ! position ( ! diff]5t edges ( ! valve :5 ! latt] is 9 ! middle ( ! valve-face z %[n 9 fig4 #bg1 & t ! ports mu/ be on ! same side1 & ! same di/ance f ! c5tre l9e t !y are f ! edge ( ! valve ^: motion is repres5t$4 ,?us if ! movem5t ( ! /eam edge h 9 relation to its port1 c1 0 repres5t$1 ! edge ( ! latt] mu/ be drawn on ! motion diagram ! same di/ance f ! c5tre l9e t x is f h :5 ! valve is 9 its middle position z %[n 9 fig4 #bg4 ,?is di/ance is ( c\rse j equal to ! lap ( ! valve4 ,if ! motion ( ! exhau/ edge h 0 repres5t$ 9 relation to ! /eam port d1 !n ! inside edge ( ! latt] w\ld be drawn ! same di/ance f ! c5tre l9e a b 9 ! diagram t ! inn] edge ( ! port is f ! edge h ( ! valve1 :i* is equal to ! inside lap4 ,! exhau/ port c\ld also be drawn 9 ! same way1 b x w\ld be liable to confuse a diagram made to s small a scale z t :i* has be5 employ$ = ! accompany+ illu/rations1 & x has !re=e be5 omitt$4 ,diagrams ( ?is k9d :i* are made full size w1 ( c\rse1 %[ ! movem5t ( ! valve m di/9ctly ?an is possible 9 ! space occupi$ by ! illu/rations h]e)4 ,:5 !y are made ( full size1 ! l9es indicat+ ! ports %\ld be drawn ( diff]5t colors1 s z to di/+ui% !m f ea* o!r easily4 ,su* diagrams w %[ ! position ( ! valve 9 relation to ! ports1 & indicate ! di/ribution ( ! /eam dur+ ! :ole /roke4 ,x is only necess>y to ref] ! curve to ! prop] l9e to det]m9e ! position ( ! valve 9 relation to ei!r ( ! ports = ei!r ! admission or release ( ! /eam4 ,if1 = example1 we want to obs]ve h[ ! admission ( /eam is gov]n$ by ! valve1 by ref]r+ to fig4 #abg we see t at ! beg9n+ ( ! backw>d /roke ! valve has in* lead2 t at #a in*es ( ! /roke ! port c is wide op51 z %[n by ! int]section ( ! motion-curve ) ! l9e m m2 t ! valve has receiv$ its maximum backw>d travel at #i in*es ( ! /roke1 & beg9s to close ! port at #ae in*es1 & completely closes x at #ba in*es ( ! /roke4 ,by ref]r+ ! motion-curve to ! l9es n n & b b1 we see t ! valve z %[n by ! l9e q at n aga9 has in* lead at ! beg9n+ ( ! =w>d /roke2 t ! /eam port is wide op5 at #a in*es ( ! /roke2 beg9s to close at #af in*es1 & is completely clos$ at #ba in*es4 ,by ref]r+ ! curve to ! l9es e e & c c we see t ! front port beg9s to op5 to ! exhau/ be=e ! pi/on has complet$ its =w>d /roke & :5 x has ne>ly an in* to move1 t x is wide op5 almo/ imm$iately aft] ! pi/on beg9s its /roke1 does n beg9 to close until ! pi/on has mov$ #ai in*es ( its /roke1 & is completely clos$ at #bc in*es ( ! /roke4 ,by ref]r+ ! curve to ! l9es d d & g g1 almo/ ! same ph5om5a w be obs]v$ = ! =w>d /roke4 ,9 fact f su* a diagram ! :ole motion ( ! valve c be /udi$ & analyz$ ) ! greate/ accuracy2 &1 z has already be5 %[n1 ! motion imp>t$ to a slide valve by a l9k is ( s complicat$ a nature t x is almo/ or q impossible to obs]ve its exact nature )\t su* diagrams4 ,,"q #aid4 ,c a motion diagram be con/ruct$ to repres5t ! motion ( ! valve ) diff]5t am\nts ( travel8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 x is only necess>y to con/ruct motion-curves = ! same diagram = ea* di/ance travel$1 & !y w %[ ! movem5t ( ! valve = ! giv5 am\nt ( travel repres5t$ by ! curves4 ,?is has be5 done 9 fig4 #abh1 :i* is a r$uc$ copy ( a s]ies ( motion-curves tak5 f a locomotive4 ,f ?is diagram ! movem5t ( a slide-valve work$ by ! l9k-motion c be se5 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ practicable po9t ( cut-(f4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce ! curves h be5 numb]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,scale in* #a in*4 ,! smalle/ travel ( ! valve repres5t$ by curve ,no4 #a is a little less ?an #b 941 & ! ports are !n op5$ only ab\t 941 & ! /eam is cut (f at #h 94 on ! backw>d & #f 94 on ! =w>d /roke4 ,! exhau/ is op5$ or ! /eam is releas$ dur+ ! backw>d /roke at #ag 941 & dur+ ! =w>d /roke at #af4 ,:5 ! valve works ) its greate/ travel1 z repres5t$ by curve #h1 x travels #e 941 & op5s ! /eam port wide at #c 94 ( ! backw>d /roke & #b 94 ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,! /eam is cut (f at #bj & #bj 941 & its release takes place at #bc 94 ( ea* /roke4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! greate/ wid? ( op5+1 ! po9t ( cut-(f1 ! po9t ( release1 & ! lead = ea* motion-curve on ! diagram4 ,?is table has be5 made up f ! motion-curves drawn ) ! in/rum5t describ$ 9 answ] to ,"q #aia1 on a locomotive :i* _h be5 runn+ ab\t eighte5 mon?s & ^: valve-ge> consequ5tly 0 consid]ably worn1 z s indicat$ by ! flatness ( ! motion-curves on ea* side at ! po9t :5 ! motion ( ! valve 0 rev]s$4 ,?is flatness 0 caus$ by ! lo/ motion 9 ! valve-ge>1 ! p5cil rema9+ = a "t /ation>y :5 ! motion 0 rev]s$ & :ile ! p>ts 7 mov+ f _! be>+s on "o side to ^? on ! o!r4 ,! curves & ! table !re=e %[ ! op]ation n ( a !oretically p]fect valve-ge>1 b are examples ( actual practice1 ) su* imp]fections z are incid5tal to ord9>y locomotives4 ,x w be se5 t ! in/rum5t %[s n only :at ! valve-ge> %\ld1 b :at x actually does d1 & del9eates all its imp]fections4 ,wid? ( op5+ ,po9t ( ,po9t ( ( /eam-port4 cut-(f4 release4 ,no4 ,travel--------------------------------- --------- ( ( ,backwd,=w'rd ,backwd,=w'rd,backwd ,=w'rd curve4valve4/roke4/roke4/roke4/roke4/rok e4/roke4,lead4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 #a #b #h #f #ag #af #b #b #i #i #ah #ah #c #b #ab #aa #ai #ai #d #c #ad #ad #bjbj #e #c #af #af #baba #f #d #a #a #ah #ah #bb #bb #g #d #a #a #ai #ai #bbbb #h #e #a #a #bj #bj #bc #bc - ,,"q #aie4 ,:at are ! *ief dim5sions ( ! valve-ge> repres5t$ 9 fig4 #abh8 ,answ]4 ,! ?r[ ( ecc5trics 0 #e 941 ! /eam-ports 7 #a 941 & ! exhau/-port #b 94 wide1 ! valve _h 94 outside & inside lap & 94 lead at full /roke4 ,,"q #aif4 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ! di/ance :i* ! ports are op5$ by ! valve1 & its travel :5 work$ by a l9k8 ,answ]4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #eb1 ! wid? :i* ! /eam-ports are op5$ by ! valve = ! admission ( /eam dim9i%es ) ! travel ( ! valve4 ,?is is %[n v cle>ly by ! motion-curves1 & also 9 ! above table1 f bo? ( :i* x w be se5 t :5 ! valve travels only #b 94 ! /eam-ports are op5$ only 94 = ! back /roke & = ! front4 ,) #b travel ! op5+ is & 94 ,) #d 94 travel ! port is op5$ #a & #a 94 & ) #d 94 travel !y w\ld be op5$ wide4 ,) #d & #e 94 travel1 z w be se5 f ! motion diagram1 ! ports are n only op5$ wide1 b ! valve ?r[s 8ov]0 !m1 or travels beyond _! inn] edges4 ,,"q #aig4 ,h[ is ! po9t ( cut-(f affect$ by ! l9k8 ,answ]4 ,*ang+ ! travel ( a valve ) a l9k has a v simil> effect to t produc$ by ecc5trics ( diff]5t ?r[--t is1 ! p]iod ( admission is increas$ ) ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric & t = expansion less5$4 ,?is is %[n cle>ly 9 bo? ! motion diagram & ! table4 ,) ! fir/ curve & a travel ( #b 94 ! /eam is cut (f at #h 94 = ! backw>d /roke & #f 94 = ! front1 & ) #e 94 travel /eam is admitt$ dur+ #bj 94 ( ! backw>d & #bj 94 ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,,"q #aih4 ,h[ is ! po9t ( release or exhau/ ( ! /eam affect$ by ! l9k8 ,answ]4 ,z ! travel increases1 x is delay$ until lat] 9 ! /roke4 ,?us1 ) #b 94 travel ! /eam is exhau/$ or releas$ f ! cyl9d] dur+ ! backw>d /roke :5 ! pi/on has mov$ #ag 941 & on ! return /roke at #af 941 :]eas1 ) #e 94 travel ( ! valve1 ! release is delay$ until #bc 94 ( ! /roke4 ,an exam9ation ( ! diagram & table w %[ v cle>ly ! relation ( ! po9t ( release to ! travel4 ,,"q #aii4 ,h[ is ! lead affect$ by ! ord9>y l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,x is increas$ z ! travel is dim9i%$1 z is %[n 9 ! table1 & also by ! incl9ation ( ! curves at ! top & bottom ( ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,fig4 #acj4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bjj4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is *ange ( ! am\nt ( lead8 ,answ]4 ,?is c be be/ expla9$ by ref]5ce to fig4 #abi1 :i* repres5ts a l9k ) v %ort ecc5tric rods4 ,if n[ ! c5tre f :i* ! l9k 0 drawn 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! axle ,s1 & ! ecc5tric /raps embrac$ ! axle in/ead ( ! ecc5trics1 _! ends c & d w\ld ea* describe ! same arc1 a b1 p>allel ) ! c5tre l9e1 x y1 ( ! l9k1 & ! latt] c\ld !n obvi\sly be rais$ & l[]$ )\t mov+ ! rock]-p9 at all4 ,b ! ecc5tric /raps be+ atta*$ to ! ecc5trics1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 :5 ! rods are rais$ or l[]$ !y describe arcs1 c e & g h1 f ! c5tres s & t ( ! ecc5trics1 & n f ! c5tre ( ! axle4 ,:5 ! l9k is rais$ !n1 ! end ( ! upp] rod obvi\sly moves 9 ! arc c e1 & ! top ( ! l9k is mov$ f ! axle1 z %[n 9 fig4 #acj1 a di/ance equal to ! int]val betwe5 ! arc1 a b1 drawn f ! c5tre ( ! axle1 & e f1 :i* ! rod describes f ! c5tre ( its ecc5tric4 ,:5 ! l9k is l[]$ f back to mid-ge>1 a simil> action takes place1 z ! end1 d1 fig4 #acj1 ( ! l[] rod describes an arc1 f g1 s t ! :ole l9k is ?r[n f ! axle a di/ance equal to ! space betwe5 ! arcs describ$ f ! c5tre ( ! axle & ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics4 ,:5 ! position ( ! ecc5trics is rev]s$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aca1 ! l9k is mov$ t[>ds ! axle1 ?us caus+ an increase ( lead on ! opposite side ( ! valve4 ,we h employ$ = our illu/rations v %ort ecc5tric rods1 9 ord] to make ?is action app>5t by exagg]at+ x4 ,x is obvi\s f ! engrav+s t ! diff]5ce 9 ! lead is increas$ z ! ecc5tric rods are %ort5$1 & also z ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( connection ( ! rods ) ! l9k is increas$4 ,x w also be pla9 t increas+ ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics1 t is1 increas+ ! di/ance ( ! c5tres s1 s1 ( ! ecc5trics f ! c5tre ,s ( ! axle w also increase ! v>iation 9 ! lead 9 full & mid-ge>4 ,,"q #bja4 ,:at is meant by ! di/ribution ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]8 ,answ]4 ,x means ! admission & exhau/ ( /eam to & f ! cyl9d] 9 relation to ! /roke ( ! pi/on or ! revolution ( ! crank4 ,,"q #bjb4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal p]iods or elem5ts ( ! di/ribution ( /eam by ! slide-valve & l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,! pre-admission or lead1 t is1 ! admission ( /eam into ! cyl9d]s 9 front ( ! pi/on be=e x has complet$ its /roke4 #b4 ,! admission ( /eam aft] ! pi/on has comm5c$ its /roke4 #c4 ,! expansion ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]4 #d4 ,! pre-release1 or exhau/ ( /eam be=e ! pi/on has complet$ its /roke4 #e4 ,! release1 or exhau/ dur+ ! return /roke ( ! pi/on4 #f4 ,! compression ( /eam1 or clos+ ! exhau/ be=e ! pi/on has complet$ its return /roke4 ,,"q #bjc4 ,:at is meant by ! cle>ance ( ! pi/on8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! space betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d]-head :5 ! =m] is at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,if ! pi/on t\*$ ! cyl9d]-head at ! end ( ea* /roke1 x w\ld cause a concussion or 8?ump0 :i* w\ld injure ^! p>ts4 ,ow+ to ! impossibility ( con/ruct+ ma*9]y ) absolute accuracy1 x is !re=e necess>y to leave a space1 usually f to 94 wide1 betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d]-heads1 s z to be c]ta9 t !y w n /rike ea* o!r %\ld !re be any slight inaccuracies 9 ! l5g? ( ! pi/on-rods1 connect+-rods1 frames or o!r p>ts4 ,,"q #bjd4 ,:y is x desirable to op5 ! /eam-port & admit /eam at ! end ( ! cyl9d] t[>ds :i* ! pi/on is mov+ ,,be=e ! latt] has complet$ its /roke8 ,answ]4 ,because x is ess5tial1 9 ord] to insure a good action ( ! /eam1 t ! maximum cyl9d] pressure %\ld be atta9$ at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! /roke4 ,if ! /eam-port 0 n op5$ until aft] ! pi/on _h comm5c$ its /roke1 "s appreciable "t w\ld be consum$ 9 fill+ ! cle>ance space & ! /eam-way ) /eam4#eg ,x is also f\nd1 especially if an eng9e is work+ at a high spe$1 t a slide-valve work$ by ! ord9>y l9k-motion w n op5 ! /eam-port rapidly en\gh to enable /eam ( ! maximum boil] pressure to fill ! space aft] ! rec$+ pi/on1 unless ! valve beg9s to op5 ! port be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke4 #eg ,! /eam-ways are ! passages :i* lead f ! /eam-*e/ to ! cyl9d]1 & are sometimes call$ /eam-ports1 b ! t]m /eam-ways is us$ to di/+ui% ! passages f _! op5+s 9 ! valve-seat1 :i* latt] are m prop]ly call$ /eam-ports4 ,ano!r advantage result+ f ! pre-admission ( /eam consi/s 9 ! smoo? work+ ( ! eng9e at high spe$s1 a circum/ance :i* r$uces greatly ! we> & te> ( ! work+ ge>4 ,z ! pi/on approa*es ! end ( its /roke1 ! pre-admitt$ /eam =ms a k9d ( ela/ic cu%ion1 :i* is well calculat$ to absorb ! mom5tum ( ! reciprocat+ p>ts at t in/ant4 ,! pressure due to ! mom5tum ( ^! p>ts w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u _! weight & ! spe$ ( work+1 increas+ directly z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! lead %\ld increase ) ! spe$1 & t x %\ld be greate/ at high spe$s4 ,z has be5 %[n be=e1 ?is condition is fully accompli%$ by ! ord9>y %ift+-l9k motion4 ,,"q #bje4 ,^u :at does ! admission ( /eam into ! cyl9d] dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,x dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place ^u ! op5+ ( ! ?rottle-valve1 & ! size ( ! pipes & passages ?r\gh :i* x is convey$ f ! boil] to ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! second place1 x dep5ds ^u ! "t & am\nt ( op5+ ( ! /eam-port by ! valve4 ,,"q #bjf4 ,:at %\ld be ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ admission8 ,answ]4 ,9 ord] t ! /eam may be us$ to mo/ advantage1 x %\ld be admitt$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] at full boil] pressure dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( admission4 ,if ! op5+ ( ei!r ! ?rottle-valve or ! /eam-ports is n suffici5t to all[ ! /eam to fl[ into ! cyl9d] at full boil] pressure1 ! /eam is said to be wire-drawn1 & mu* ( ! advantage ( us+ x expansively z has already be5 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ei1 is !n lo/4 ,,"q #bjg4 ,:y is x difficult to admit & ma9ta9 /eam at ! full boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ admission8 ,answ]4 ,because x is necess>y to r$uce ! travel ( ! slide-valve 9 ord] to cut (f ! /eam 8%ort10 or soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,:5 ! travel is r$uc$1 ! valve op5s ! port only a small di/ance1 s t ! area ( ! op5+ is n !n suffici5t to all[ ! /eam to fl[ into ! cyl9d] ) suffici5t rapidity to fill x at full boil] pressure1 especially if ! eng9e is work+ at a high spe$4 ,?us1 by ref]r+ to ! table giv5 on page #baf & to ! motion curves 9 fig4 #abh1 x w be se5 t :5 ! /eam is cut (f at f to /roke1 ! port is op5$ = ! admission ( /eam only f to in* wide4 ,f ! curves x w also be se5 t ! valve !n acquires its maximum travel & ! /eam-port its greate/ wid? ( op5+ v soon aft] ! pi/on beg9s its /roke2 aft] :i* ! port is gradually clos$1 s t be=e ! /eam is entirely cut (f ! op5+ is s mu* r$uc$ 9 area t ! /eam _c fl[ ?r\gh x rapidly en\gh to ma9ta9 ! /eam at full boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! eng9e is work+ at high spe$s4 ,,"q #bjh4 ,:at means are us$ to ov]come ?is difficulty & ?us admit /eam at full boil] pressure :5 ! valve is cutt+ (f %ort8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /eam-ports are made f t5 to twelve times z long z !y are wide1 s t a n>r[ op5+ w h a comp>atively l>ge area4 ,9 ! second place1 by giv+ ! valve lead1 n only are ! cle>ance space & ! /eam-way fill$ ) /eam :5 ! pi/on beg9s its /roke1 b ! port is !n op5 a di/ance equal to ! lead4 ,) ! ord9>y l9k motion1 z has already be5 %[n1 ?is lead increases z ! travel & p]iod ( admission dim9i%1 s t ! small] ! total di/ance t ! port is op5$1 ! great] is its op5+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,z ! /eam is usually cut (f %ort :5 locomotives run at high spe$s1 x w be se5 t ! increas$ lead :i* is imp>t$ to ! valve by ! %ift+ l9k is an advantage r ?an a disadvantage4 ,b :ile x is (t5 possible 9 ?is way to secure a pressure ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke equal or ne>ly s to t 9 ! boil]1 yet x is almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 ?is pressure dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( admission1 :5 ! /eam is cut (f %ort & ! eng9e work+ at a high spe$4 ,to obviate ?is evil :at is call$ ! ,all5 valve 0 design$1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acb4 ,?is valve has a *annel or supplem5t>y port1 a a1 :i* passes ov] ! exhau/ cavity1 & has two op5+s1 b1 b1 9 ! valve-face4 ,:5 ! valve beg9s to admit or 8take0 /eam at c1 z %[n 9 fig4 #acc1 x w be se5 t x also uncov]s ! op5+ b at e & admits /eam at b1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! *annel b a a b & ent]s ! /eam-port c at b1 & 9 ?is way !re is a d\ble op5+ = ! admission ( /eam4 ,! op5+ b ( ! supplem5t>y port is clos$ z ! valve advances1 b :5 ?is takes place ! /eam-port is uncov]$ f> en\gh to admit all ! /eam t is requir$4 ,?is =m ( valve is v effici5t :5 ! travel & po9t ( cut-(f are v %ort4 ,x !n gives j twice z mu* op5+ z ! ord9>y valve = ! admission ( /eam4 ,?is improv$ valve has be5 mu* us$ 9 ,europe2 b1 al?\gh x is an ,am]ican inv5tion1 has n receiv$ ! att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry :i* its m]it des]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,fig4 #acc4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #bji4 ,:at is meant by ! pre-release ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! release ( ! /eam be=e ! pi/on has complet$ its /roke4 ,if x is conf9$ until ! pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 !re w n be "t nor w x be possible1 ) a slide valve & l9k-motion1 to secure a suffici5tly l>ge op5+ ( ! port to p]mit ! /eam to escape f ! cyl9d] be=e ! pi/on beg9s its return /roke4 ,if !re 7 no pre-release1 !re w\ld !re=e be m or less back pressure on ! pi/on4 ,,"q #baj4 ,^u :at does ! am\nt ( pre-release dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,fir/1 z has already be5 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ea1 on ! am\nt ( inside lap2 & second1 on ! outside lap ( ! valve & lead ( ! ecc5trics2 & ?ird1 on ! travel ( ! valve4 ,! less ! inside lap1 ! great] ! outside lap & consequ5t lead ( ! ecc5trics2 & ! %ort] ! travel ( ! valve1 ! e>li] w be ! release4 ,! prop] am\nt ( ?is pre-release dep5ds ^u ! velocity ( ! pi/on & ! quantity ( /eam to be dis*>g$ or ! degree ( expansion4 ,f ! motion-curves 9 fig4 #abh x w be se5 t x is a m>k$ feature ( ! %ift+-l9k motion t ! pre-release occurs e>li] 9 ! /roke z ! l9k approa*es mid-ge>1 or z ! travel ( ! valve dim9i%es4 ,z ! l9k is usually work$ ne> t position :5 ! eng9e is run at a high spe$1 x w be se5 t 9 ?is respect aga9 ! l9k-motion is well adapt$ = work+ ! slide-valves ( locomotives4 ,,"q #baa4 ,:at gov]ns ! p]iod ( release8 ,answ]4 ,! release l pre-release is dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( inside lap1 ! outside lap & consequ5t lead ( ! ecc5trics1 & ! travel ( ! valve4 ,! addition ( inside lap has ! effect ( clos+ ! port e>li] ?an x w\ld be clos$ )\t1 & ?us %ort5+ ! p]iod ( release & also ( r$uc+ ! area ( ! op5+ ( ! port4 ,?is w be app>5t by ref]r+ to fig4 #abh1 9 :i* ! valve _h 94 lead4 ,! dott$ l9es :i* repres5t ! edges ( ! ports 9 relation to ! exhau/ edges ( ! valve are !re=e drawn 94 f ! c5tre l9e a b4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re _h be5 no inside lap1 !n ! edges ( ! ports w\ld h con=m$ to ! l9e a b4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! fir/ curve crosses ! dott$ l9e g g at #ae 94 ( ! =w>d /roke1 :i* is ! po9t at :i* ! port is clos$ to ! exhau/1 or :]e ! p]iod ( release ends & compression beg9s4 ,if !re _h be5 no lap & ! l9e g g _h !re=e occupi$ ! same position z a b1 !n ! motion-curve w\ld n h cross$ x until ! pi/on _h rea*$ #af 94 ( its /roke1 ?us %[+ t ! p]iod ( release _h be5 l5g!n$ & compression delay$4 ,z ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! port is repres5t$ by ! di/ance ( ! motion-curve f ! "r h& side ( ! l9e g g1 :i* repres5ts ! edge ( ! port1 x is obvi\s t if !re _h be5 no lap1 s t ! position ( ! l9e repres5t+ ! edge ( ! port _h occupi$ ! position ( a b1 !n ! space betwe5 x & ! motion-curve w\ld h be5 great]1 ?us %[+ t ! port w\ld h be5 op5$ wid] if !re _h be5 no inside lap4 ,! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! port to ! exhau/ is 9 fact always dim9i%$ by an am\nt equal to ! inside lap4 ,) ! same travel1 increase ( outside lap & lead %ort5s ! p]iod ( release1 b has no effect on ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! port to ! exhau/4 ,increase ( travel1 ) ! same outside lap1 l5g!ns ! p]iod ( release & also increases ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! port to ! exhau/4 ,,"q #bab4 ,:at gov]ns ! p]iod ( compression8 ,answ]4 ,z compression beg9s :5 release ends1 or :5 ! port is clos$ to ! exhau/1 x is controll$ by exactly ! same causes1 & z ! two ev5ts occur simultane\sly1 ( c\rse :atev] %ort5s ! p]iod ( release l5g!ns t ( compression4 ,,"q #bac4 ,:at effect d ! cle>ance spaces & /eam-ways h ^u ! compression ( ! conf9$ /eam8 ,answ]4 ,by ref]r+ to ! motion-curves 9 fig4 #abh1 x w be se5 t ! /eam-port is clos$ by ! exhau/ edge ( ! valve1 or compression beg9s "s "t be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! result is t ! rema9+ portion ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh :i* ! pi/on mu/ move aft] ! port is clos$ to ! exhau/1 is fill$ ) /eam ( atmosph]ic pressure1 or possibly a little above t pressure4 ,z ?is is conf9$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 x is compress$ by ! advance ( ! pi/on4 ,if !re 0 no room betwe5 x & ! cyl9d] at ! end ( ! /roke1 !n ei!r ! cyl9d] w\ld be bur/ or ! valve w\ld lift s z to all[ ! compress$ /eam to fl[ back into ! /eam-*e/4 ,! cle>ance & ! /eam-passages1 h[ev]1 af=d consid]able room1 into :i* ! conf9$ /eam c be compress$ )\t dang] ( bur/+ ! cyl9d]1 or ( rais+ ! slide-valve :5 !re is /eam 9 ! /eam-*e/4 ,z ! cle>ance spaces & /eam-ways mu/ be fill$ ) high-pressure /eam at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke1 x mu/ be obta9$ ei!r by tak+ a supply ( 8live0#eh /eam f ! boil]1 or by compress+ into ! cle>ance spaces ! l[-pressure /eam t /ill rema9$ 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! port 0 clos$ to ! exhau/4 ,by ! latt] process1 a c]ta9 quantity ( /eam is sav$ at ! exp5se ( increas$ back pressure4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d also t ! total heat ( ! compress$ /eam increases ) its pressure1 & z ?is latt] approa*es t 9 ! boil]1 ! temp]ature ( ! =m] mu/ h be5 rais$ f t due to ab\t atmosph]ic pressure to ne>] ! temp]ature ( t 9 ! boil]4 ,^! *anges ( temp]ature :i* ! /eam und]goes w affect ! surface ( ! metal ) :i* ! /eam is 9 contact dur+ ! p]iod ( compression2 x foll[s f ?is1 t ! ends ( ! cyl9d] pr9cipally compris+ ! cle>ance spaces mu/ acquire a high] temp]ature ?an ^? p>ts :]e expansion only takes place4 ,?is is an important consid]ation1 s9ce ! fre% /eam f ! boil] comes fir/ 9 contact ) ^! spaces1 & by t\*+ surfaces :i* h ?us previ\sly be5 heat$1 z x 71 by ! high temp]ature ( ! compress$ /eam1 less heat w be ab/ract$ f ! fre% /eam1 & !re=e a less am\nt ( wat] w be deposit$ 9 ! cyl9d]4#ei #eh ,! t]m 8live0 /eam means /eam tak5 direct f ! boil] & :i* has n be5 us$ 9 ! cyl9d] or to d any "w4 #ei ,baus*+]'s ,indicator ,exp]im5ts on ,locomotives1 publi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ! ,,railroad ,,gazette4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! effect ( compression is to fill ! cle>ance spaces & /eam-ways ) compress$ /eam be=e pre-admission beg9s4 ,z already /at$1 ?is is done at ! exp5se ( back pressure 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ! en]gy1 except+ t "p :i* is wa/$ by loss ( heat1 friction1 etc41 :i* is consum$ 9 compress+ ! conf9$ /eam1 is aga9 giv5 out to ! pi/on by expansion4 ,! conf9$ /eam also acts z an ela/ic cu%ion to receive ! pi/on1 j z ! /eam :i* is admitt$ be=e ! end ( ! /roke w\ld if !re 7 no compression4 ,compression1 !re=e1 has ! effect ( sav+ ! quantity ( live /eam :i* x w\ld o!rwise be necess>y to admit be=e ! end ( ! /roke to fill ! cle>ance spaces & /eam-ways & also to 8cu%ion0 ! pi/on4 ,z already /at$1 ! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & o!r p>ts dep5ds ^u _! weight & ! spe$ at :i* !y are work+1 increas+ directly z ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 f :i* x foll[s t ! compression %\ld increase rapidly ) ! spe$1 & %\ld be ! greate/ at high spe$s4 ,z ! ports are prematurely clos$ to ! exhau/ ) ! %ift+-l9k motion1 & z ! lead increases rapidly z ! l9k approa*es mid-ge>1 & ! am\nt ( compression is at ! same "t correspond+ly augm5t$1 x w be se5 t ! %ift+-l9k motion fulfills ^! conditions v p]fectly4 ,! pressure to :i* ! conf9$ /eam w rise dep5ds ( c\rse ^u ! am\nt ( ! p]iod ( compression1 & also on ! size ( ! cle>ance spaces4 ,z x is possible to h su* an am\nt ( compression t x w exce$ ! boil] pressure1 & ?us raise ! valve f its seat & be =c$ back into ! /eam-*e/1 "s c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to proportion ! "o to ! o!r1 s t ! degree ( ! conf9$ /eam may n be excessive4 ,,"q #bad4 ,h[ c ! effect ( ! di/ribution ( ! /eam ^u its action 9 ! cyl9d] be det]m9$ by exp]im5t8 ,answ]4 ,z already expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ee1 ?is c be done by an in/rum5t call$ a /eam indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,scale #c 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bae4 ,:at is ! con/ruction ( ?is in/rum5t8 ,answ]4 ,! indicator n[ ord9>ily us$ is ! ,ri*>ds indicator1 ! outside ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acd & a section 9 fig4 #ace4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d]1 ,b1 into :i* a pi/on1 ,c1 is accurately fitt$1 b s t x w move freely 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on rod is surr\nd$ ) a spiral spr+1 ,d1 ! l[] end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! top ( ! pi/on1 & ! upp] end to ! cyl9d] cov]4 ,:5 /eam is introduc$ bel[ ! pi/on x pu%es x up 9 ! cyl9d] & ! spr+ is compress$4 ,if !re %\ld be a vacuum bel[ ! pi/on1 ! air above x w press ! pi/on d[nw>d & ext5d ! spr+4 ,?is latt] occurs only :5 ! indicator is us$ on cond5s+ eng9es4 ,( c\rse ! di/ance :i* ! pi/on is =c$ up by ! /eam pressure bel[ x dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( pressure & also on ! t5sion ( ! spr+2 & !re=e by atta*+ a p5cil to ! pi/on-rod s t x c m>k on a mov+ c>d 9 front ( x1 a diagram w be drawn :i* w\ld indicate ! /eam pressure1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ee4 ,b !re are "s practical difficulties 9 ! way ( do+ ?is4 ,x is f\nd t if ! p5cil is atta*$ directly to ! pi/on-rod ( ! indicator1 ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* !y mu/ move1 9 ord] to make ! scale ( ! diagram suffici5tly l>ge to be cle>1 is s great t ! mom5tum ( ! p>ts c>ries !m fur!r ?an ! pressure ( ! /eam alone w\ld move !m4 ,! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! pi/ons or in/rum5ts move1 moreov]1 makes x impossible t ! *anges ( pressure %\ld be indicat$ simultane\sly ) ! position ( ! pi/on2 ! latt] mu/ travel :ile ! action is tak+ place1 & ?us ! diagram %[s *anges ( pressure lat] or m gradually ?an !y occur4#fj ,to ov]come ^! & o!r difficulties1 ! pi/on-rod ( ! indicator :i* we h illu/rat$ is atta*$ at h to ! %ort arm ( a lev]1 ,f ,g1 & to ! end ( ! long arm a piece1 ,f ,i1 is atta*$1 :i* c>ries a p5cil1 ,j4 ,by ?is means ! pi/on has only "o-f\r? ( ! motion t x imp>ts to ! p5cil1 s t ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ p>ts is comp>atively slight4 ,if ! p5cil 0 atta*$ directly to ! end ( ! lev]1 x is obvi\s t x w\ld move 9 ! arc ( a circle1 & t ?is w\ld be a s\rce ( error 9 ! diagram4 ,to avoid ?is ! p5cil is atta*$ to :at is call$ a 8p>allel motion40 ,?is consi/s ( a c\pl+-rod1 ,f ,i1 :i* connects ! ends ( two lev]s1 ,f ,g & ,i ,h4 ,! c5tre ( ! rod ,f ,i1 to :i* ! p5cil is atta*$1 w ) ?is arrangem5t move 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! lev]s & all ! p>ts are ( c\rse all made z light z possible1 s t _! weight w h little effect on ! motion ( ! indicator pi/on4 #fj ,ri*>ds' ,/eam ,indicator1 by ,*>les ,t4 ,port]4 ,! pap] or c>d on :i* ! diagram is drawn is wrapp$ ar\nd a brass cyl9d]1 ,a ,a4 ,?is cyl9d] is made to revolve "p ( ! way ar\nd by a /rong tw9e1 a b1 :i* is wrapp$ ar\nd a pulley1 b1 at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! tw9e is atta*$ to a lev]1 simil> to t %[n 9 fig4 #cj1 :i* receives a reciprocat+ motion f ! pi/on ( ! eng9e4 ,! tw9e c ( c\rse move ! cyl9d] only 9 "o direction1 & !re=e a coil$ spr+ simil> to a clock spr+ is plac$ inside ( ! cyl9d] to draw x back :5 ! tw9e is relax$4 ,9 ?is way ! pap] cyl9d] or drum receives a "p ( a revolution at ea* /roke ( ! pi/on1 & moves simultane\sly ) x4 ,?is drum is us$ in/ead ( a flat c>d1 on acc\nt ( ! practical difficulties ( employ+ ! latt]4 ,! motion ( ! pap] on ?is drum w1 h[ev]1 be exactly ! same 9 relation to ! p5cil z ! motion ( a flat c>d w\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf;a4 ,! me?od ( atta*+ an indicator to a locomotive is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acf;a4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t x is plac$ ov] ! c5t] ( ! /eam *e/ & connect$ to ea* end ( ! cyl9d] ) -in* pipes4 ,a globe valve 0 9 ! case repres5t$ plac$ on ea* side ( ! indicator1 s t x c\ld be put into communication ) ei!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 or c\ld be completely %ut (f f bo?4 ,a bett] plan1 h[ev]1 is to h a ?ree-way cock at ! po9t :]e ! horizontal pipe connects ) ! v]tical "o lead+ to ! indicator1 z ! passages 9 a ?ree-way cock are m direct ?an ^? 9 globe valves4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! lev]s = giv+ motion to ! indicator drum1 & ( ! seat1 :i* is v requisite = ! exp]im5t]1 w be readily und]/ood f ! engrav+ )\t fur!r explanation4 ,x is ?\ght by "s eng9e]s t ! indicator %\ld be appli$ z ne> to ea* end ( ! cyl9d] z possible4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t if ! pipes1 cocks1 & _! connections are made l>ge en\gh s z n to imp$e ! motion ( ! /eam1 no appreciable error w arise f ! me?od illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #acf;a4 ,,"q #baf4 ,:at %\ld be ! =m ( an indicator diagram1 if ! /eam is di/ribut$ by a l9k motion s z to produce ! be/ practicable action 9 ! cyl9d]s8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld approximate to t %[n 9 fig4 #acf;b4 ,9 ?is diagram ! v]tical l9es repres5t in*es ( ! /roke1 & ! scale on ! left ! /eam pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! atmosph]ic & vacuum l9es are also indicat$1 z already expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ee4 ,! po9ts at :i* ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/ribution beg9 are indicat$ by ! lett]s a1 b1 c1 d1 e & f4 ,^! are 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur3 a1 pre-admission2 b1 admission2 c1 expansion2 d1 pre-release2 e1 release2 & f1 compression4 ,! l9es =m+ ! outl9e ( ! diagram w be designat$ = conv5i5ce ( description z foll[s3 ,! l9e f a to b1 ! admission l9e4 ,! l9e f b to c1 ! /eam l9e4 ,! l9e f c to d1 ! l9e or curve ( expansion4 ,! l9e f d to e1 ! exhau/ l9e4 ,! l9e f e to f1 ! l9e ( back pressure4 ,! l9e f f to a1 ! l9e or curve ( compression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf;b4 ,! diagram repres5ts a di/ribution ( /eam produc$ by a valve hav+ 94 outside & inside lap1 & op]at$ by ! l9k motion repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ajc4 ,! ecc5trics h #e 94 ?r[1 & ! /eam-ports are #a & ! exhau/ #b 94 wide4 ,! valve z %[n by ! diagram is cutt+ (f at #h 941 or "o-?ird ( ! /roke4 ,pre-admission beg9s :5 ! pi/on /ill has 94 to move be=e rea*+ ! end ( its /roke4 ,admission ( c\rse beg9s ) ! /roke1 expansion at #h 941 pre-release at #ah 941 release at ! end ( ! /roke1 & compression at #ag 94 ( ! return /roke4 ,! valve is suppos$ to be set )\t any lead1 or 8l9e & l9e10#fa z x is call$ at full /roke4 ,:5 ! /eam is cut (f at #h 94 ( ! /roke1 ! valve has #b 94 travel & 94 lead4 ,! /eam pressure 9 ! boil] is suppos$ to be #ajj p\nds above ! atmosph]e4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ! valve cuts (f at diff]5t po9ts ( ! /roke1 ! p]iods ( di/ribution w be some:at *ang$2 b f ! above diagram ! pr9cipal features ( a good di/ribution c be expla9$4 #fa ,t is1 ! /eam edges ( ! valve correspond ) ! /eam edges ( ! port at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 t ! /eam pressure %\ld rise rapidly dur+ ! p]iod ( pre-admission1 s t !re w be full boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! pre-admission l9e w rise f a to b1 to su* a po9t at b :i* w indicate full boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! same pressure %\ld !n be ma9ta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( admission1 & ! admission l9e f b to c %\ld !re=e be a /raight horizontal l9e1 z %[n 9 fig4 #acf;b4 ,:5 expansion beg9s1 ! pressure w fall1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ee4 ,! expansion l9e %\ld approximate a hyp]bolic curve1 b if !re is mu* loss ( heat by radiation or o!r causes1 ! diagram w fall consid]ably bel[ ! !oretical curve4 ,) cyl9d]s well protect$ & ) dry /eam ! expansion l9e w fall slightly bel[ a hyp]bolic curve at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod ( expansion1 & rise above x dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! same p]iod4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! cyl9d] is heat$ by ! admission ( live /eam ( comp>atively high pressure & temp]ature1 s t1 :5 ! pressure becomes r$uc$ by expansion1 a "p ( ! wat] :i* is cond5s$ 9 ! cyl9d] w be re-evaporat$ by ! heat 9 ! latt]4 ,f ! po9t ( ! pre-release1 d1 to ! end ( ! /roke1 e1 ! exhau/ l9e %\ld fall rapidly1 s t !re w be no pressure beh9d ! pi/on dur+ its return /roke4 ,to expla9 ! !oretical =m ( ! exhau/ l9e w\ld lead u into a v ab/ruse discussion1 :i* w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purpose to call att5tion to ! fact t ! pre-release %\ld all[ all ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] to escape be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 s t ! back pressure dur+ ! return /roke may be z l[ z possible4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only at comp>atively sl[ spe$s t ! /eam 9 locomotive cyl9d]s escapes dur+ ! p]iod ( pre-release1 s t ! back pressure is r$uc$ to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is necess>y 9 locomotives1 z has already be5 expla9$1 to contract ! area ( ! bla/ orifices or exhau/ nozzles1 9 ord] to /imulate ! draft ?r\gh ! fire1 s t ! /eam _c escape ) suffici5t rapidity to r$uce ! back pressure to t ( ! atmosph]e if ! eng9e is runn+ fa/4 ,( c\rse e p\nd ( back pressure on ! pi/on is s mu* loss ( en]gy1 & a r$uction ( ! am\nt ( "w done by ! eng9e2 b x is a sacrifice :i* mu/ be made 9 ord] to be able to g5]ate ! requisite quantity ( /eam4 ,9 /udy+ ! di/ribution ( /eam1 h[ev]1 e ef=t %\ld be made to r$uce ! back pressure z mu* z is practicable1 & yet ma9ta9 a suffici5t supply ( /eam1 & !re=e ! l9e ( back pressure %\ld con=m z closely z possible to ! atmosph]ic l9e4 ,! compression l9e %\ld be a hyp]bolic curve1 beg9n+ ) ! p]iod ( compression4 ,9 calculat+ bo? ! compression & expansion1 all[ance mu/ be made = ! cle>ance space & /eam-way4 ,9 a cyl9d] l t illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ib1 _! cont5ts w\ld be ab\t equal to t ( two in*es ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!re=e1 :5 /eam is cut (f at #h 94 ( ! /roke1 in/ead ( hav+ a quantity ( /eam :i* w fill a cyl9d] #af 94 diamet] & #h 94 long1 we h z mu* z w\ld fill a cyl9d] ( t diamet] & #aj 94 long4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! compression4 ,?is mu/ occur 9 ! above example :5 ! pi/on has #f 94 m to move be=e complet+ its /roke4 ,!re is !re=e a quantity ( /eam 9 front ( x suffici5t to fill a cyl9d] #h 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is /eam is ( c\rse compress$ by ! advance ( ! pi/on1 & if its pressure :5 compression beg9s is ! same z t ( ! atmosph]e1 !n x w be #j4i lbs4 above x :5 ! pi/on has only #f 94 to move & #c4b1 #f4b1 #aj4e1 #af4i1 & #bg4e lbs4 effective pressure :5 ! pi/on has #e1 #d1 #c1 #b & #a in*es to move respectively1 & :5 pre-admission beg9s1 ! pressure w h ris5 to #dh4g lbs4 ,if ! back pressure is above t ( ! atmosph]e1 ( c\rse ! compression w be correspond+ly increas$4 ,x w also be se5 t1 )\t any or ) v little cle>ance space1 ! compression w\ld at ! end ( ea* /roke rise above ! boil] pressure4 ,x be+ a peculi>ity ( ! ord9>y %ift+-l9k motion t z ! p]iod ( admission is r$uc$ t ( compression is l5g!n$1 ! latt] becomes v excessive :5 ! /eam is cut (f at less ?an "o-?ird or "o-f\r? ( ! /roke4 ,,"q #bag4 ,9 :at respect w\ld a diagram made by an indicator diff] f ! !oretical =m repres5t$ 9 fig4 #acf;b8 ,answ]4 ,x w\ld be drawn ) less exactness2 t is1 ! corn]s in/ead ( be+ %>ply def9$1 z 9 fig4 #acf;b1 w\ld be m or less r\nd$1 z 9 fig4 #acg1 & ! curves & /raight l9es w\ld v>y some:at f ! exact ma!matical =m indicat$ 9 fig4 #acf;b4 ,! high] ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9e is work+ :5 ! diagrams are tak51 ! great] w be ! v>iation f ! !oretical =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,,"q #bah4 ,if ! am\nt ( pre-admission is insuffici5t1 h[ w x be %[n 9 ! indicator diagram8 ,answ]4 ,! effect ( too little pre-admission is to l[] ! pressure ( ! /eam at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 & at high spe$s !re w n be "t en\gh nor suffici5t op5+ ( ! /eam-port to supply ! defici5cy aft] ! /roke has comm5c$4 ,! corn] ( ! diagram at b w !n be v mu* r\nd$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ach4 ,?is is apt to be ! case :5 /eam is admitt$ dur+ a consid]able "p ( ! /roke1 z a %ift+-l9k motion !n gives less lead ?an :5 x is work$ ne>] mid-ge>4 ,if ! /eam is cut (f %ort1 !n ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ admission is v mu* bel[ boil] pressure1 & is apt to fall rapidly aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! /roke1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,,"q #bai4 ,if ! op5+ ( ! /eam-ports dur+ admission is too small1 :at w be ! =m ( ! diagram8 ,answ]4 ,! effect w be v mu* ! same z t produc$ by too little pre-admission or lead2 t is1 ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] w be mu* l[] ?an 9 ! boil] & w fall rapidly dur+ ! p]iods ( admission1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ach4 ,,"q #bbj4 ,:at defects w be indicat$ by ! expansion curve ( indicator diagrams8 ,answ]4 ,if ! cyl9d]s are n well protect$1 & !re is mu* loss ( heat f radiation1 !re w be a rapid fall ( pressure dur+ ! p]iod ( expansion1 :i* w be %[n by ! expansion curve fall+ bel[ ! !oretical curve %[n 9 fig4 #acf;b4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! indicator curve is mu* above ! !oretical curve1 x may be caus$ by a leak 9 ! valve4 ,z /eam is q z likely to leak f ! /eam-port into ! exhau/ z f ! /eam-*e/ into ! /eam-port1 a valve :i* is n tight may produce j ! contr>y effect ^u ! indicator diagram4 ,z x is usually q easy to detect a leak 9 ! valve by o!r means1 ! use ( ! indicator = ?is purpose is unnecess>y4 ,att5tion is call$ to x1 h[ev]1 to %[ ! impossibility ( gett+ results ( any value ) ! indicator if ! valves are n /eam-tight4 ,,"q #bba4 ,:at %\ld be obs]v$ reg>d+ ! exhau/ l9e ( ! indicator diagram8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ important po9t to be obs]v$ is1 :e!r ! pressure at ! end ( ! /roke is r$uc$ z l[ z possible1 z at high spe$s x is usually mu* m difficult to exhau/ ! /eam f ?an to admit x into ! cyl9d]4 ,z already /at$1 ! bla/ 9 ! *imney makes x almo/ impossible to exhau/ ! /eam to atmosph]ic pressure :5 ! locomotive is runn+ fa/4 ,if ! /eam is releas$ too late 9 ! /roke1 z already expla9$1 !re w n be "t en\gh nor suffici5t op5+ ( ! port to all[ ! conf9$ /eam to escape f ! cyl9d] be=e ! end ( ! /roke1 & ?is w be indicat$ on ! diagram by ! space betwe5 ! l9e ( back pressure & ! atmosph]ic l9e dur+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! return /roke1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ach4 ,,"q #bbb4 ,:at %\ld be obs]v$ reg>d+ ! l9e ( back pressure8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ important po9t is1 t x %\ld approximate z closely z possible to ! atmosph]ic l9e1 z all ! back pressure n only dim9i%es ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e1 b is a total loss ( en]gy4 ,too mu* inside lap w increase ! am\nt ( back pressure1 b g5]ally x is m influ5c$ by ! area ( ! bla/ orifices ?an by any o!r cause4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made1 !re=e1 to h !m z l>ge z possible & yet h ! boil] make z mu* /eam z is ne$$4 ,:5 only "o bla/ orifice is us$ = bo? cyl9d]s1 x (t5 happ5s t :5 ! /eam is exhau/$ f ! "o cyl9d] x 8bl[s0 ov] into ! o!r1 & ?us produces an additional am\nt ( back pressure4 ,?is is %[n by a rise or 8hump0 9 ! l9e ( back pressure1 z indicat$ 9 fig4 #ach4 ,,"q #bbc4 ,c ! am\nt ( compression :i* is ne$$ be det]m9$ by calculation8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 b x involves m ab/ruse pr9ciples ( ma!matics ?an x is ?\ght be/ to introduce "h4 ,"s ( ! reasons c1 h[ev]1 be giv51 :i* w make ! subject cle>]1 & enable ! read]1 if he has suffici5t k ( ma!matics1 to inve/igate ! subject /ill fur!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a well-kn[n fact t ! motion ( a pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] ( a /eam eng9e is n a uni=m "o1 b increases 9 spe$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke to ! middle1 & dim9i%es 9 spe$ f ! middle to ! opposite end4 ,! cause ( ?is is t ! crank revolves at a uni=m spe$ dur+ ! entire revolution1 b ! pi/on moves mu* less at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 ) a giv5 am\nt ( revolution ( ! crank1 ?an x does at ! middle4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #adj1 9 :i* ,a is a cyl9d] & ,b ! pi/on & a b c d ! pa? ( ! crank4 ,n[ :ile ! crank moves f a to #a1 or ( a revolution1 ! pi/on has mov$ #a 941 or a di/ance equal to t f a to #a or to ! base ( a p]p5dicul> drawn f #a to ! c5tre l9e a c4 ,:ile ! crank moves f #a to #b1 or ?r\gh ! second twelf? ( a revolution1 ! pi/on has mov$ f #a to #b1 or #d 941 or #b 94 fur!r ?an dur+ ! fir/ twelf? ( ! crank's revolution4 ,dur+ ! ?ird twelf? ( ! revolution ! pi/on moves f #b to #c1 or #f 941 ?us %[+ t x cont9ues to increase 9 ! di/ance mov$ dur+ ea* p]iod ( ! revolution ( ! crank until ! latt] has made a qu>t] revolution4 ,! spe$ ( ! pi/on !n beg9s to dim9i% until x rea*es ! end ( ! /roke4 ,x is slightly affect$ by ! angul>ity ( ! connect+-rod1 z already expla9$1 b = ! pres5t ?is is disreg>d$4 ,x is obvi\s n[ t if ! mom5tum1 or actual en]gy /or$ up 9 ! pi/on & o!r reciprocat+ p>ts aft] !y h pass$ ! middle ( ! /roke1 add$ to ! pressure beh9d ! pi/on1 is great] ?an ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! crank1 ! motion ( ! latt] w !n be accel]at$ & ?us convey$ to ! mov+ eng9e & tra94 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is any mom5tum 9 ! pi/on :5 x rea*es ! end ( ! /roke1 evid5tly x c ex]t no p[] to cause ! crank to revolve1 b mu/ be exp5d$ by produc+ a pressure on ! crank-p9 & ?us on ! axle-boxes4 ,n only w su* a pressure n cause ! crank to revolve1 b x w be m difficult to turn ! crank ) su* a pressure aga9/ x ?an x w\ld be )\t4 ,! mom5tum ( ! pi/on & o!r reciprocat+ p>ts at ! dead po9t !re=e creates a resi/ance to ! movem5t ( ! crank in/ead ( help+ to turn x4 ,x w also be obs]v$ t aft] ! crank has mov$ slightly f ! dead po9t1 any pressure on ! pi/on w ex]t v little =ce :i* w t5d to turn ! crank4 ,9 fact ! ne>] ! pi/on is to ! end ( ! /roke ! great] is ! proportion :i* ! friction ( ! crank-p9 & axle be>s to ! useful effect ( ! /ra9 9 caus+ ! crank to turn4 ,calculation %[s t = ab\t ?ree degrees on ei!r side ( ! dead po9ts ! effect ( pressure on ! crank-p9 is actually to ret>d ! eng9e4 ,if n[ ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( unexp5d$ mom5tum /or$ up 9 x1 if ?is en]gy is exp5d$ by produc+ pressure on ! crank1 !n x w n only be a wa/e ( en]gy b a d\ble wa/e by ret>d+ ! motion ( ! crank4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is en]gy c be absorb$ by compress+ /eam :i* w fill ! cle>ance spaces1 x w n only prev5t ! ret>d+ effect ref]r$ to1 b ! en]gy 9 ! pi/on & o!r p>ts w be conv]t$ into /eam pressure1 :i* w be giv5 out 9 useful "w dur+ ! next /roke4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impossible to arre/ ! motion ( ! pi/on in/antly1 & !re=e its mom5tum is gradually absorb$ f ! "t compression beg9s until x rea*es ! end ( ! /roke4 ,z ! en]gy ( a mov+ body is equal to its weight multipli$ by ! squ>e ( its spe$1 x is obvi\s t to ov]come ?is a diff]5t am\nt ( compression w\ld be requir$ = ea* spe$1 & also t x mu/ be adju/$ to ! weight ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,su* exact adaptation is n practicable on locomotives1 nor does ! l9k motion enable u to alt] ! am\nt ( compression ) s mu* exactness3 b ! explanation %[s ! value ( increas+ ! am\nt ( compression ) ! spe$1 :i* =tunately ! peculi>ities ( ! %ift+-l9k motion enable u to d )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,,"q #bbd4 ,:at cause produces ! =m ( diagram repres5t$ by ,fig4 #aci8 ,answ]4 ,x is produc$ by excessive compression1 :i* causes ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] to rise above boil] pressure be=e pre-admission beg9s4 ,z soon z ! port is op5$1 "p ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] fl[s back into ! /eam-*e/1 & ?us ! pressure is r$uc$1 z %[n by ! diagram4 ,,"q #bbe4 ,h[ c we det]m9e :e!r ! /eam is di/ribut$ 9 ! cyl9d]s to ! be/ advantage1 & h[ c we discov] ! fault1 if !re is "o1 9 ! l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,! indicator w %[ ! action ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]1 & motion-curves drawn ) ! in/rum5t describ$ 9 answ] to ,"q #aib w %[ ! exact movem5t ( ! valve4 ,by comp>+ ! indicator diagram ) ! motion-curves1 ! "o w %[ ! defects 9 ! o!r4#fb #fb ,see description ( ,ri*>ds' ,improv$ ,/eam ,eng9e ,indicator1 ) directions = its use1 by ,*>les ,t4 ,port]1 ,london4 ,,"q #bbf4 ,to :at ext5t c ! movem5t ( ! valve be modifi$ by alt]ations 9 ! proportions ( ! l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,! motion ( ! valve is susceptible ( an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( *anges1 by diff]5t v>iations & comb9ations ( proportions ( ! work+ p>ts ( ! l9k motion4 ,^! *anges are1 h[ev]1 limit$ by ! g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! motion ( ecc5trics1 & !re=e _c influ5ce ! motion ( ! valve beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,h>dly any v>iation c be made ei!r 9 ! proportions or arrangem5t ( ! work+ p>ts :i* w n h "s influ5ce ^u ! movem5t ( ! valve4 ,aside f ! proportions ( ! valve itself1 :i* h already be5 discuss$1 ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics1 ! l5g? ( ! rods & ( ! l9k1 ! po9t ( connection ( ! rods ) ! l9k1 ! po9t ( susp5sion1 ! position ( ! lift+ %aft1 ! l5g? ( ! arms1 ! l5g? & position ( ! rock] arms w ea* ( !m effect ! di/ribution ( /eam4 ,! numb] ( comb9ations ( all ^! diff]5t proportions is ( c\rse almo/ inf9ite1 & !re=e any full discussion ( !m w be impossible "h4 ,,"q #bbg4 ,:at are ! mo/ important po9ts :i* require att5tion 9 design+ a l9k motion8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld be proportion$ s t-- ,fir/1 ! lead & ! p]iod ( admission %\ld be ! same = ea* end ( ! cyl9d]1 = ea* po9t ( cut-(f1 &1 if possible1 9 back z well z =w>d ge>4 ,second1 ! wid? ( op5+ = bo? admission & exhau/ %\ld be z l>ge z possible :5 /eam is cut (f %ort4 ,?ird1 ! exhau/ or pre-release %\ld occur e>ly en\gh & be ma9ta9$ long en\gh to r$uce back-pressure z l[ z possible4 ,,"q #bbh4 ,h[ c ! lead & p]iod ( admission be equaliz$8 ,answ]4 ,x is impossible to make ! p]iods ( admission absolutely alike = e po9t ( cut-(f 9 bo? =e & back ge>4 ,x is !re=e cu/om>y to disreg>d ! back ge>1 z eng9es are work$ b little ) ! l9k 9 t position4 ,ev5 = =w>d ge> ! p]iods ( admission _c be made exactly alike = ea* end ( ! cyl9d] & = ea* po9t ( cut-(f1 & !re=e x is usual to make ! p]iods ( admission alike = half-ge> =w>d1 9 :i* position ! l9k is work$ mo/4 ,! p]iods ( admission = ! front & back ends ( ! cyl9d] c be *ang$ mo/ 9 relation to ea* o!r by alt]+ ! position ( ! po9t ( susp5sion on ! l9k4 ,?is c be done ei!r by mov+ ?is po9t up or d[n1 or horizontally4 ,usually l9ks are susp5d$ f a po9t halfway betwe5 ! po9ts ( connection ( ! ecc5tric-rods & f to 94 back ( ! c5tre l9e ( ! slot 9 ! l9k4 ,a some:at bett] di/ribution c be secur$ by susp5d+ x ab\t #c 94 above ! c5tre1 b ! susp5d+ l9k mu/ !n be made s %ort t x is subject$ to v great /ra9s by ! motion ( ! l9k1 & ?is evil is usually consid]$ mu* great] ?an ! advantage :i* is ga9$ !reby 9 ! m equal di/ribution4 ,! po9t at :i* ! upp] end ( ! susp5sion l9k is hung also influ5ces ! relative am\nt ( admission front & back4 ,?is po9t1 ( c\rse1 v>ies z ! end ( ! lift+ arm is rais$ or l[]$4 ,9 design+ valve ge> x is usually te/$ by a full-siz$ model1 :i* w %[ ! exact motion ( all ! p>ts4 ,! be/ position = ! lift+ %aft & ! l5g? ( its arm c be det]m9$ p]haps mo/ satisfactorily by plac+ ! l9k 9 full ge> =w>d1 !n mov+ ! po9t ( susp5sion ( ! upp] end ( ! l9k-hang] horizontally s t ! front & back admission w be alike1 & !n m>k+ ?is position4 ,! same process %\ld !n be repeat$ = half ge> & = ! %orte/ po9t ( cut-(f4 ,if ! position ( ! lift+ %aft & ! l5g? ( its arm are !n s arrang$ t ! end ( ! latt] w move ?r\gh ! ?ree po9ts :i* h be5 ?us det]m9$1 ! admission w be v ne>ly equal = ea* end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to arrange ! %aft & arm s t !y w con=m exactly to ^! conditions1 & !re=e an approximation is made :i* w come z ne> z possible to :at is requir$4 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! lift+ %aft %\ld be kept z l[ z possible1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! ecc5tric-rods4 ,9 "s cases ! %aft has be5 susp5d$ f ! boil]1 s t ! outside ecc5tric-rod w\ld "w pa/ or ov] ! end ( ! lift+ %aft1 ?us all[+ ! latt] to be locat$ l[] ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,,"q #bbi4 ,:i* p>ts ( ! l9k-motion h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( /eam8 ,answ]4 ,! lap ( ! valve & ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics4 ,! effect ( any *ange ( ^! ^u ! di/ribution is v simil> to t produc$ if a s+le ecc5tric is us$1 :i* 0 expla9$ 9 ! answ]s to ,que/ions #di1 #ej & #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,"q #bcj4 ,:at is ! effect ^u ! admission ( increas+ ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5trics ) ! same lap8 ,answ]4 ,z already expla9$1 ! effect is to increase ! p]iod ( admission1 or 9 o!r words to cut (f lat] 9 ! /roke1 & also to increase ! wid? ( ! op5+ ( ! /eam-port or ! di/ance :i* ! valve ?r[s ov] ! port4 ,?is has an important influ5ce ^u ! admission1 :5 ! l9k-motion is us$4 ,,"q #bca4 ,:at is meant by ! angul> advance ( ! ecc5trics8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! angle :i* a l9e1 e f1 fig4 #ada1 drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! axle & ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric makes ) a v]tical l9e a b1 :5 ! crank is on "o ( ! dead-po9ts or c5tres4 ,?us 9 fig4 #ada ! crank ,a is repres5t$ on ! front c5tre4 ,9 ord] to give ! valve ! necess>y lead ! ecc5tric mu/ be mov$ ahead ( ! v]tical l9e a b4 ,! angle c :i* ! l9e e f 7drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( g ( ! ecc5tric & f ( ! axle7 makes ) ! v]tical l9e is call$ ! angul> advance4 ,,"q #bcb4 ,:at is meant by l9e> advance8 ,answ]4 ,by l9e> advance is meant ! di/ance :i* ! valve has mov$ f its middle position at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,?is1 :5 ! two rock] arms are ! same l5g?1 is ! same z ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric g f ! v]tical l9e a b1 fig4 #ada4 ,,"q #bcc4 ,:y does ! cut-(f occur e>li] ) an ecc5tric hav+ a %ort ?r[ ?an ) "o :i* gives m travel to ! valve8 ,answ]4 ,because x is necess>y to give ! ecc5tric ) ! %ort ?r[ m angul> advance 9 ord] to give ! valve ! requir$ lead4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #adb1 9 :i* a section ( a valve1 ,v1 & ports c1 g1 & d1 are repres5t$4 ,9 ord] to simplify ! diagram z mu* z possible ! rock] is left out & ! valve is suppos$ to be mov$ by ! rod ,r directly f ! c5tre a ( ! ecc5tric4#fc ,! effect ( ! angul>ity ( ! connect+ rod & ecc5tric rod is also neglect$4 ,! circle a b e f repres5ts ! pa? ( ! c5tre ( an ecc5tric hav+ #e 94 ?r[1 & h i j ! pa? ( "o hav+ #c 94 ?r[4 ,9 ord] to give ! valve ! requir$ lead1 :i* is suppos$ to be j l9e-&-l9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 ! l9e> advance ( ! valve mu/ be equal to ! lap1 or 94 ,if !re=e we draw a l9e1 p a1 p>allel to ! v]tical c5tre l9e1 e k1 & 94 f x1 ! int]section ( p a at a & h ) ! pa?s ( ! ecc5tric w be ! c5tres ( ! ecc5trics4 ,if ?r\gh ^! c5tres & ! c5tre ( ! circle1 l9es1 o a & o p1 be drawn1 ! angles :i* !y make ) ! v]tical e k w be ! angul> advance4 ,x w be se5 f ^! l9es t 9 ord] to give ! valve ! requir$ lead x is necess>y to give ! ecc5tric ) ! small travel m angul> advance ?an is necess>y = ! "o ) ! l>g] ?r[4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t :5 ! c5tre ( ! l>g] ecc5tric has rea*$ ! po9t b ! valve w h receiv$ its greate/ travel1 & t :5 x rea*es p ! /eam-port c w aga9 be clos$ or ! /eam cut (f4 ,if ! small ecc5tric is employ$1 ! valve w !n h its maximum travel :5 ! c5tre h rea*es s1 & ! port w be clos$ :5 x rea*es i4 ,by draw+ l9es1 o p & o n1 ?r\gh i & p1 x w be se5 t f ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke until ! /eam is cut (f1 if ! l>ge ecc5tric is employ$1 x1 & consequ5tly ! %aft & crank1 mu/ move ov] an angle measur$ by ! arc q t p4 ,if ! small ecc5tric is us$1 x & ! crank mu/ move ?r\gh an angle measur$ by ! arc u t n4 ,9 o!r words1 ! crank mu/ turn a consid]ably great] di/ance be=e /eam is cut (f ) an ecc5tric hav+ a l>ge ?an ) "o hav+ a small ?r[4 #fc ,x w be se5 t ?is causes ! position ( ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric to be rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,fig4 #adc4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,x is also q obvi\s f fig4 #adb :y ! port is op5$ a %ort] di/ance ) a small ?an ) a l>ge ecc5tric4 ,! di/ances o s & o b are equal to half ! ?r[s ( ! ecc5trics1 or #a & #b 94 ,! l9e> advance o r is 9 bo? cases 941 & !re=e aft] ! port beg9s to op5 ! valve w be mov$ by ! small ecc5tric a di/ance :i* is equal to #a - 941 & by ! l>ge "o #b - #a 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #bcd4 ,:at is ! effect on ! admission ( giv+ an ecc5tric ) a small ?r[ ! same angul> advance z "o ) a l>ge ?r[1 & !n r$uc+ ! lap ( ! valve s t ! lead w be ! same 9 bo? cases8 ,answ]4 ,! admission & ! cut-(f w !n occur at ! same po9ts ( ! /roke1 b ! ports w n be op5$ s wide4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #adc1 9 :i* ! pa?s ( two ecc5trics hav+ ! same ?r[ z ^? 9 fig4 #adb are repres5t$4 ,! c5tre1 a1 ( ! l>g] ecc5tric is repres5t$ 9 ! same position 9 fig4 #adc z 9 fig4 #adb4 ,if a l9e is drawn f ! c5tre ( ! l>g] ecc5tric to t ( ! axle1 & if ! c5tre1 h1 ( ! small] ecc5tric is locat$ on ! int]section ( ?is l9e ) ! circle repres5t+ its pa?1 !n ! small] ecc5tric w h ! same angul> advance1 b ! l9e> advance measur$ by ! di/ance o t w be only 94 ,if ! valve h ! same lap z 9 fig4 #adb1 its /eam edges at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 if ! small ecc5tric is employ$1 w occupy ! position repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es ,a & ,b4 ,if ^! edges are cut (f1 z %[n by ! full l9es & %ad+1 !n ! valve w h ! same lead z 9 fig4 #adb4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t if ! small] ecc5tric has ! same angul> advance x w rea* ! po9t v1 at :i*1 ) ! r$uc$ lap1 ! /eam w be cut (f1 at ! same "t t ! c5tre1 a1 ( ! l>ge ecc5tric w rea* p1 at :i* po9t x cuts (f ! /eam ) ! valve hav+ ! l>ge lap4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce 9 ! di/ribution1 t 9 ! "o case ! valve op5s ! port a di/ance equal to t s1 & 9 ! o!r a di/ance equal to r b4 ,z o t is equal to ! l9e> advance ( ! small ecc5tric1 or 941 & o s to half ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric1 or #a1 t s is equal to #a - #a 94 ,! di/ance r b1 z %[n above1 is equal to #b - #a 941 s t ! effect produc$ ^u ! admission ( us+ an ecc5tric ) a small ?r[ & correspond+ am\nt ( lap is1 t ! ports are n op5$ s wide z ) an ecc5tric hav+ a l>g] ?r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bce4 ,h[ d ecc5trics ) a %ort ?r[1 & valves ) a correspond+ am\nt ( lap1 affect ! admission ) a l9k motion z comp>$ ) ecc5trics hav+ a l>g] am\nt ( ?r[ & great] lap ( valve8 ,answ]4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is t ! ports are n op5$ s wide = ! same p]iod ( admission4 ,?us 9 fig4 #add is a s]ies ( motion-curves drawn ) a model ( a l9k motion l t illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #ajc4 ,! ecc5trics _h #e 94 ?r[1 & ! valve 94 lap outside & 94 inside4 ,fig4 #ade repres5ts a s]ies ( curves1 drawn ) ! same arrangem5t ( valve-ge>1 except+ t ! ecc5trics _h #c 94 ?r[ & ! valve 94 lap4 ,9 bo? cases ! curves repres5t ! motion ( ! valve :5 cutt+ (f at ! same po9t ( ! /roke4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! relative am\nt ( op5+ ( ! port4 ,wid? ( ,op5+ ( ,/eam-port4 --------------------------- ,po9t ( ,ecc5tric ,ecc5tric ,cut-,(f4#e 94 ?r[4#c 94 ?r[4 ----------------------------------- #f 94 94 94 #h #aj #ab #ae #ah #ba #afd #a ----------------------------------- #fd ,! valve ?r[s ov] #a 94 at ?is po9t4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t ! ecc5tric ) #e 94 ?r[ gives a great] wid? ( op5+ = e po9t ( cut-(f ?an ! "o ) #c 94 ?r[4 ,= ! high] admissions ?is is n important1 b :5 /eam is cut (f %ort x w be obs]v$ t ! wid? ( ! op5+ is v small4 ,at high spe$s ! small op5+ is a great disadvantage4 ,,"q #bcf4 ,has x be5 det]m9$ :at am\nt ( op5+ is requir$ = giv5 spe$s ( ! pi/on8 ,answ]4 ,n ) any degree ( accuracy4 ,x is cu/om>y to make ! area ( ! ports ab\t "o-t5? t ( ! pi/on4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ) /eam-ports ( ?is proportion an op5+ consid]ably less ?an _! :ole area is suffici5t to ma9ta9 /eam at boil] pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,"o ( ! defects ( ! l9k motion is t ! op5+ ( ! port is v small :5 ! /eam is cut (f %ort4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to secure ! l>ge/ practicable op5+ ( ! ports = ! l[] po9ts ( cut-(f4 ,,"q #bcg4 ,:at are ! proportions ( ! valves & ecc5trics us$ 9 ! ord9>y practice 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,answ]4 ,! foll[+ report made by a committee ( ! ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association w %[ ! proportions us$ on ?irty-five diff]5t railroads1 & is a fair indication ( ! common practice4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,lap1 ,,lead ,,& ,,travel ,,( ,,! ,,valves ,,( ,,locomotives ,,us$ ,,on #ce ,,( ,,! ,,railroads ,outside,inside ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada4 ,lap ,lap ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 94 94 ,= locomotives runn+ express pass4 tra9s #be use #f #d #a accom4 #bj #aj #e heavy freight #ai #aa #e ,,table ,lead ,,%[+ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,lap1 ,,lead ,,& ,,travel ,,( ,,! ,travel 9 ,,valves ,,( ,,locomotives ,,us$ ,,on #ce ,,( ,,! ,,railroads ( full ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada4 ,valve,ge> ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 94 94 ,= locomotives runn+ express pass4 tra9s #be use #e #f #d #d #e accom4 #bj #e #aj #e #e #d heavy freight #ai #e #aa #d #e #d ,,"q #bch4 ,:at %\ld be ! wid? ( ! bridge betwe5 ! /eam & exhau/ ports8 ,answ]4 ,x is usually made ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 9 ord] to secure a good ca/+2 b sometimes x is necess>y to make x wid]1 9 ord] to prev5t /eam f escap+ f ! /eam-*e/ into ! exhau/1 :i* is apt to be ! case if a valve has little lap & a long travel4 ,,"q #bci4 ,:at det]m9es ! wid? ( ! exhau/-port8 ,answ]4 ,! ?r[ ( ! valve4 ,?is w be cle> if we ref] to fig4 #adf1 :i* repres5ts a valve ) a travel ( #e 94 ,x w be se5 t :5 x is 9 ! extreme position 9 :i* x is %[n ! wid? ,a ( ! op5+ ( ! exhau/-port is v small4 ,if ?is op5+ is contract$ too mu* x w ( c\rse int]f]e ) ! free escape ( ! exhau/ /eam4 ,x is !re=e be/ to make ! exhau/-port s wide t ) ! greate/ travel ( ! valve ! wid? ( its op5+ w be ei!r q or v ne>ly equal to ! wid? ( ! /eam-port4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,fig4 #adg4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bdj4 ,:]e is ! rev]se lev] locat$ & h[ is x con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x is locat$ on ! foot-bo>d#fe ,k ,k1 z %[n 9 plate ,,ii4 ,x consi/s ( a lev] ,o1 ,o1 ) ! fulcrum at ! l[] end4 ,! rev]se-rod e k1 :i* connects ! lev] ) ! v]tical arm k ( ! lift+-%aft1 is atta*$ above ! fulcrum ( ! rev]se lev]4 ,figs4 #adg & #adh repres5t side & end views ( ! lev] on an enl>g$ scale & ) "s ( ! details atta*$ :i* are omitt$ on plate ,,ii4 ,c1 ,c are two curv$ b>s1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry are usually call$ quadrants1 b 9 ,engl& are call$ 7& m prop]ly7 sectors4 ,^! are plac$ on ea* side ( ! rev]se-lev] & are fa/5$ to "s portion ( ! eng9e4 ,!y h not*es1 n1 n1 n1 cut 9 !m to receive ! lat* ,l1 :i* slides 9 a clamp1 ,h1 & holds ! rev]se-lev] 9 ! not*es 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,?is lat* is op]at$ by a trigg]1 ,d1 :i* is grasp$ by ! locomotive runn] :5 he takes hold ( ! h&le ,a ( ! rev]se-lev]4 ,! trigg] works on a p91 ,e1 z a fulcrum & is atta*$ to ! lat* by a rod1 r r4 ,:5 ! trigg] is press$ up aga9/ ! h&le1 ! lat* is rais$ out ( ! not*es by ! rod r r1 & is press$ into !m aga9 by ! spr+ s :5 ! trigg] is releas$4 ,f is a set-screw :i* presses aga9/ a gib1 ,g1 & is int5d$ to keep ! lat* tight & prev5t ! rev]se-lev] f %ak+4 #fe ,! foot-bo>d ,k ,k1 plates #b & #c1 is a plat=m = ! locomotive runn] & fireman to /& on & is locat$ at ! back end ( ! eng9e4 ,,"q #bda4 ,h[ are ! not*es 9 ! sector arrang$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are usually arrang$ s t ! /eam w be cut (f at "s full numb] ( in*es ( ! /roke :5 ! rev]se-lev] is 9 ea* "o ( ! not*es4 ,!y are !re=e locat$ s t ! /eam w be cut (f at #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah & #ba in*es1 or at #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae1 #ah & #ba in*es ( ! /roke4 ,a not* is also plac$ s z to hold ! l9k 9 mid-ge>4 ,9 "s cases z _m not*es z !re is room = are put into ! sectors4 ,! latt] seems to be mu* ! be/ plan1 z x gives m gradations 9 :i* ! valve-ge> c be work$1 & x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce :atev] 9 ! work+ ( an eng9e :e!r ! /eam is cut (f at "s full or "s fractional numb] ( in*es ( ! /roke4 ,by ref]r+ to fig4 #add x w be se5 h[ v great ! diff]5ce ( ! di/ribution ( /eam mu/ be1 z indicat$ by ! #e?1 #f? & #g? motion-curves4 ,,"q #bdb4 ,h[ long %\ld ! rev]se-lev] be8 ,answ]4 ,! lev] %\ld be suffici5tly long s t 9 ?r[+ ! l9k f full ge> =w>d to full ge> backw>d ! h&le ,a w move n less ?an f\r times ! di/ance t ! l9k is mov$4 ,x is mu* bett] to give ! end ( ! h&le ,a five or ev5 six times ! motion ( ! l9k1 z !re w !n be a mu* easi] action 9 rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,?is w also make x possible to use long] sectors1 & give room = m not*es4 ,,"q #bdc4 ,:at provision is made 9 ! rev]s+ ge> = ov]com+ or neutraliz+ ! weight ( ! l9k & o!r p>ts ( ! valve-ge>8 ,answ]4 ,_! weight is c\nt]balanc$ by ! pressure ( a spr+ ( "s k9d4 ,9 fig4 #ajc ! two volute spr+s enclos$ 9 a case1 ,h1 are us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! are compress$ by ! rod m1 :i* is atta*$ to a %ort arm l1 on ! rev]se %aft ,a1 :5 ! l9k is l[]$1 & consequ5tly ! t5sion ( ! spr+ resi/s ! weight ( ! l9k :5 ! latt] is d[n or 9 =w>d ge>4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( spr+s are us$ = ?is purpose & sometimes are atta*$ to ! rev]se-lev] in/ead ( to ! lift+-%aft4 ,,"q #bdd4 ,:at is meant by 8sett+0 a slide-valve8 ,answ]4 ,x is to fa/5 ! ecc5trics 9 ! "r position on ! axle & to adju/ ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric-rods & valve-/em s t ! valves w give ! requir$ di/ribution ( /eam4 ,,"q #bde4 ,h[ are ! valves ( a locomotive set8 ,answ]4 ,aft] ! :eels1 axles1 ma9 connect+-rods & valve-ge> are connect$ toge!r1 put ! rock]-arm 9 its middle position1 & l5g!n or %ort5 ! valve-/em s t ! valve w be 9 ! c5tre ( ! valve-face4 ,!n place ! crank on ! =w>d c5tre & ! full "p ( ! =w>d motion ecc5tric above & t ( ! backw>d motion ecc5tric bel[ ! axle1 & fa/5 !m to ! axle tempor>ily by tight5+ up ! set-screws4 ,!n ?r[ ! l9k d[n until ! block comes opposite to ! end ( ! ecc5tric-rod1 & turn ! :eels1#ff & at ! same "t1 obs]ve :e!r ! travel ( ! valve is equal to ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric & also :e!r x travels equally on ea* side ( ! c5tre ( ! valve-face4 ,if its travel is great] ?an ! ?r[ ( ! ecc5tric1 raise ! l9k up2 if less1 l[] x d[n until ! two are j equal1 & !n m>k ! position = ! not*es on ! sections or quadrants to receive ! lat* ( ! rev]se-lev]4 ,if ! valve does n travel equally on ea* side ( ! c5tre ( ! valve-face1 ei!r l5g!n or %ort5 ! ecc5tric-rod1 z may be necess>y4 ,repeat ?is op]ation = ! backw>d motion1 by rais+ ! l9k up until ! block is opposite ! end ( ! l[] ecc5tric-rod4 ,aft] hav+ done ?is1 g ov] ! :ole process aga9 to see :e!r x is all correct4 ,n[ ) ! crank on ! =w>d c5tre1 & ! l9k 9 full ge> =w>d1 loos5 ! set-screws 9 ! =w>d ecc5tric1 & move x ar\nd ! axle s t ! valve w h ! requir$ lead & !n fa/5 x aga94 ,n[ raise ! l9k up into full back ge>1 & set ! backw>d ecc5tric 9 ! same way4 ,!n turn ! :eels s z to br+ ! crank on ! back c5tre1 & obs]ve :e!r ! lead is correct = ! back end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,if x is n1 l5g!n or %ort5 ! valve-/em or ecc5tric-rod s z to make ! lead alike at bo? ends1 & if x is !n too mu* or too little1 x c be increas$ or dim9i%$ by mov+ ! ecc5trics on ! axle4 #ff ,?is c be done by mov+ ! eng9e on ! track1 or by rais+ x (f its :eels1 s t ! latt] c be turn$ )\t mov+ ! =m]4 ,9 "s %ops a pair ( roll]s is put 9 ! track s t by plac+ ! driv+ :eels on !m !y c be turn$ )\t any difficulty4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 sett+ valves to be sure t ! cranks are exactly on ! c5tres or dead po9ts1 & x is impossible to set !m 9 t position ) suffici5t accuracy f ! motion ( ! pi/on or cross-head1 & !re=e ! c5tres ( ! crank-p9s %\ld always be set s z to con=m to a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] & ! axle4 ,:5 ! cyl9d]s are horizontal1 x is ( c\rse only necess>y to place ! cranks on a horizontal l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! axle4 ,:5 ! valves are set x %\ld also be notic$ :e!r ! axle-boxes 7^: con/ruction w be expla9$ h]eaft]7 are 9 ! c5tre ( ! jaws1 & if n !y %\ld be mov$ to ! c5tre by driv+ wood5 w$ges betwe5 !m & ! frames1 ei!r above or bel[1 z may be requir$4 ,! position ( ! boxes has a v mat]ial influ5ce on ! valve-ge>4 ,if x is int5d$ to lay (f ! not*es on ! sectors s z to cut (f /eam at c]ta9 def9ite po9ts ( ! /roke1 ^! po9ts %\ld be laid (f 9 ! guides f ! motion ( ! cross-head4 ,! latt] be+ plac$ 9 any ( ! requir$ positions at :i* /eam is to be cut (f1 ! rev]se-lev] %\ld !n be mov$ s t ! l9k w j close ! admission port4 ,! lev] c !n be clamp$ to ! sectors1 & ! :eels turn$ s z to %[ :e!r its position is correct = ea* end ( ! /roke4 ,z be=e /at$ x is impossible to get ! ord9>y l9k-motion to cut (f at exactly ! same po9ts at bo? ends ( ! cyl9d]1 b a v close approximation c be made by proportion+ ! diff]5t p>ts prop]ly4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 x is believ$ to be a mu* bett] plan to put z _m not*es 9 ! sectors z possible1 ?an to locate !m = c]ta9 def9ite po9ts ( ! /roke4 ,9 sett+ ! valves ( locomotives1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to turn ! :eels =w>d = ! =w>d motion & backw>d = ! backw>d motion4 ,aft] ! valves are set ! position ( ! ecc5trics on ! %aft %\ld be m>k$1 s t 9 case !y become loose on ! road !y c easily be set aga94 ,x is usual1 too1 to m>k ! position ( ! valves ) c5tre-pun* m>ks on ! valve-/em & on ! /uff+-box ( ! /eam-*e/1 s t ) a gauge made = ! purpose ! position ( ! valve c be det]m9$ )\t tak+ (f ! /eam-*e/ cov]4 ,9 "s cases ! ecc5trics are key$ on1 :i* is done aft] _! position is det]m9$ by sett+ ! valves4 ,! ends ( ! set-screws :i* are us$ to fa/5 ! ecc5trics %\ld be cup-%ap$ & case-h>d5$1 s z to hold z securely z possible to ! axle :5 !y are screw$ d[n4 ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,! ,,runn+ ,,ge>4 ,,"q #bdf4 ,:at is meant by ! runn+ ge> ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x means ^? p>ts1 su* z ! :eels1 axles & frames1 :i* c>ry ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e4 ,z ! ,g]mans express x1 x is ! 8wagon0 ( ! locomotive4 ,,"q #bdg4 ,h[ may ! :eels be classifi$8 ,answ]4 ,z driv+ & c>ry+ or truck :eels4 ,,"q #bdh4 ,:at s]vice mu/ ! driv+ :eels p]=m8 ,answ]4 ,! driv+ :eels1 z indicat$ by _! "n1 8drive0 or move ! locomotive on ! track1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,que/ions #fd1 #fe & #ff4 ,z _! adhesion dep5ds ^u ! pressure ) :i* !y be> ^u ! rails1 !y mu/ c>ry ei!r a "p or ! :ole ( ! weight ( ! eng9e4 ,,"q #bdi4 ,:at proportion ( ! weight ( ord9>y locomotives is usually c>ri$ on ! driv+ :eels8 ,answ]4 ,eight-:eel$ 8,am]ican0 locomotives1 :i* are mo/ commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h ab\t two-?irds ( _! weight on ! driv+ :eels4 ,,"q #bej4 ,:at is meant by ! 8truck0 ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x means "o or m pairs ( :eels :i* are atta*$ to a sep>ate frame & to ! locomotive by a flexible connection1 s t ! axles are n held rigidly at "r angles to ! ma9 frame1 b c assume positions :i* approximate to t ( radii ( ! curves ( ! track4 ,9 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 ,e ,e are ! truck :eels1 b b ! truck frame1 & y1 plate ,,ii1 & fig4 #dj1 ! c5tre-p91 ar\nd :i* ! truck frame turns4 ,,"q #bea4 ,:at s]vice does ! truck p]=m8 ,answ]4 ,x c>ries ! weight ( ! front end ( ! locomotive1 & also guides x into & ar\nd curves & swit*es4#fg #fg ,a swit* is a movable pair ( rails1 by :i* a locomotive is enabl$ to run f "o track to ano!r4 ,,"q #beb4 ,h[ does x p]=m ! latt] s]vice8 ,answ]4 ,x does x v mu* 9 ! same way z ! front :eels ( an ord9>y wagon enable x to turn ar\nd corn]s2 t is1 ! truck :eels be+ atta*$ to a sep>ate frame1 :i* is connect$ to ! locomotive by a c5tre-p91 j z ! front axle ( an ord9>y wagon is connect$ by ! k+-bolt1 c turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,fig4 #aej4 ,scale1 in* #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,"q #bec4 ,:y are two pairs ( :eels us$ on a locomotive in/ead ( "o1 z on an ord9>y wagon8 ,answ]4 ,because x is necess>y to h "o pair ( :eels guide ! o!r4 ,9 an ord9>y wagon ! front axle is guid$ by ! pole or %afts4 ,ne>ly e "o kn[s ! difficulty ( mov+ a wagon :5 ! pole or %afts are remov$1 especially if x be pu%$ f beh9d4 ,! movem5t ( ! front axle is !n uncontroll$1 & x is impossible to direct ! motion ( ! vehicle4 ,! same ?+ w\ld occur ) a locomotive if a s+le pair ( :eels 7 us$1 & atta*$ 9 ! same way z ! front axle ( a wagon4 ,?us if a s+le pair ( :eels 7 connect$ to a locomotive by a c5tre-p91 a1 fig4 #adi1 s t ! axle w\ld be free to move ar\nd ?is p91 !n if "o ( ! :eels %\ld /rike an ob/ruction1 say a /one1 s1 fig4 #aej1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t ! axle f be+ ?r[n into ! position %[n 9 fig4 #aej1 & ! :eels w\ld be q sure to leave ! track4 ,:5 two pairs ( :eels are us$ & bo? axles atta*$ to ! same frame1 :i* is connect$ to ! eng9e by a c5tre-p91 s1 fig4 #aea1 betwe5 ! two axles1 !n ! :eels 9 mov+ r\nd ! c5tre-p9 mu/ move ar\nd ! c5tre s 9 arcs ( circles1 m n1 m n1 describ$ f ! c5tre s4 ,^! arcs1 x w be obs]v$1 cross ! rails4 ,n[ if ! :eels %\ld move 9 t direction1 ! flange ( "o ( !m w\ld come 9 contact ) ! rail & prev5t x f mov+ any f>!r4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t :eels arrang$ 9 t way c only move ab\t ! c5tre-p9 z f> z ! curvature ( ! track w p]mit4 ,trucks are sometimes us$ ) only "o pair ( :eels1 b ! c5tre-p9 is !n plac$ "s di/ance beh9d ! c5tre ( ! axle1 or 9 ! same relation to x t ! c5tre s is to ! axle a a 9 fig4 #aea4 ,x is evid5t t if ! frame = su* a truck turns ar\nd ! c5tre-p91 ! :eels mu/ move across ! track 9 ! same way z repres5t$ by ! arcs m n1 9 fig4 #aea4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( trucks ) a s+le pair ( :eels w be m fully expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,scale ,in* #a ,foot4 ,fig4 #aed4 ,fig4 #aee4 ,fig4 #aef4 ,,"q #bed4 ,:y w a locomotive run ar\nd curves easi] if ! front axles are atta*$ to a truck frame :i* is connect$ to ! locomotive by a flexible connection8 ,answ]4 ,because ! truck axles c !n assume positions :i* con=m v ne>ly to ! radii ( ! curves ( ! track1 & x is well kn[n t if two or m axles1 ea* ) a pair ( :eels on x1 are atta*$ to a frame ) _! c5tre l9es p>allel ) ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aeb1 !y w roll 9 a /raight l9e1 b if ! c5tre l9es ( ! axles are incl9$ to ea* o!r1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aec1 ! t5d5cy w be to roll 9 a curve1 ! radius ( :i* w dep5d ^u ! degree ( incl9ation ( ! axles to ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] to make ! :eels 9 fig4 #aeb roll on ! curves a b & c d1 x w be necess>y to slide !m lat]ally a di/ance equal to t betwe5 ! curves & ! /raight l9es m o & p r1 & z ! l5g? ( ! outside curve is great] ?an ! inside "o1 if ! :eels are fa/5$ to ! axles s !y _c turn on !m & roll on ! curves1 ei!r ! :eels on ! inside or ^? on ! outside mu/ slip a di/ance equal to ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! two curves4 ,consid]able =ce w !re=e be requir$ to ov]come ! resi/ance due to ! comb9$ lat]al & circumf]5tial slid+ ( ! :eels1 s t m p[] w be ne$$ to make !m roll 9 a curve ?an is necess>y to make !m roll 9 a /raight l9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! axles are incl9$ to ea* o!r1 !n ! :eels w naturally roll on a curv$ pa?1 & x w n be necess>y to slide !m sideways to make !m con=m to su* a pa?4 ,b if ! :eels are all atta*$ to ! axles s t ^? on ! same axle _c turn indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r & are all ( ! same diamet]1 !n ei!r ! inside or ! outside ones mu/ slip1 because ! pa? 9 :i* ! outside ones roll is long] ?an ! inside curve1 s t ev5 if ! axles are incl9$ to ea* o!r m p[] w be ne$$ to roll ! truck 9 a curv$ pa? ?an to roll ! :eels %[n 9 fig4 #aeb 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t a cone or a portion ( a cone l t %[n 9 fig4 #aed w ( itself roll on a curve4 ,x w d ! same ?+ if ! middle is cut away1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es 9 fig4 #aed & z %[n 9 fig4 #aee4 ,if n[ ! :eels are made s t _! p]iph]ies#fh =m portions ( a cone & ! axles are incl9$ to ea* o!r z %[n 9 fig4 #aef1 !n !re w be no slipp+ on ! track1 because ! outside :eel1 be+ l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! inside "o1 advances fur!r 9 "o revolution ?an ! latt] does1 & ?us rolls on ! longe/ pa? 9 ! same "t t ! inside or small] :eel does on ! %ort] "o4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 su* :eels w roll 9 a curve z easily z ^? 9 fig4 #aeb w 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! degree ( incl9ation ( ! axles & ( ! sides ( ! cone mu/1 h[ev]1 v>y ) ! radius ( ! curve4 ,b if ! axles are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ! :eels conical1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aeg1 !y w n roll ei!r 9 a /raight l9e or 9 a curve )\t great difficulty1 because if !y roll 9 a /raight l9e1 ! :eels on "o side be+ l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ^? on ! o!r1 ei!r ! l>g] or ! small] ones mu/ slip on ! pa? 9 :i* !y roll4 ,if !y roll on a curve1 !n ea* pair ( :eels has a t5d5cy to roll 9 a curve indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & !re=e ! :eels mu/ slip lat]ally if bo? pairs roll on ! same track4 ,?us1 suppose two pairs ( :eels1 a1 a1 & b1 b1 fig4 #aeg1 to be made conical & atta*$ to a frame s t _! axles are p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,n[ ea* pair ( su* :eels w h a t5d5cy to roll 9 circul> pa?s1 a i1 a h1 & b k1 b j1 ! c5tres ( :i* are at m & n1 or at ! apices ( ! cones ( :i* _! p]iph]ies =m a "p4 ,if !y are made to roll 9 circul> pa?s1 c d1 e f1 describ$ f a po9t g1 !n ea* pair ( :eels mu/ slip lat]ally ov] ! space betwe5 ! pa?s a i1 a h1 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally roll & t 9 :i* !y are made to roll4 ,?us ! :eel a w\ld slide lat]ally ! di/ance betwe5 ! curve a h & a f1 & a t betwe5 a i & c d2 b w\ld slide f b j to b f & b f b k to b d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 ord] t two pairs ( :eels may roll ) equal ease 9 a /raight l9e & 9 curves1 ! :eels 9 ! "o case mu/ be ( equal diamet]s & ! axles p>allel1 & 9 ! o!r case ! :eels mu/ be ( unequal diamet]s & _! axles be radial#fi to ! curve4 ,?is is equally true ( any numb] ( pairs ( :eels4 ,if we h ?ree1 f\r1 or any numb] ( axles1 ) :eels all atta*$ to ! same frame1 if _! axles are p>allel1 & ! :eels ( ! same diamet]1 !y w roll 9 a /raight l9e2 b if _! :eels are conical & _! axles radial1 !y w roll 9 a curve4 #fh ,! p]iph]y is ! outside surface on :i* ! :eel rolls4 ,?is "p ( a :eel is usually call$ ! 8tread40 #fi ,t is1 t _! c5tre l9es incl9e t[>ds ea* o!r1 & if ext5d$ f> en\gh w\ld meet at ! c5tre ( ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,scale ,94 #a ,foot4 ,= ! prec$+ reasons x is !re=e suffici5tly obvi\s t if a locomotive is to run on bo? /raight & curv$ tracks1 on ! =m] ! :eels %\ld be ( ! same diamet] & ! axles p>allel1 & on ! latt] ! :eels %\ld be conical & ! axles radial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,fig4 #aei4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bee4 ,h[ are ! :eels made s t 9 curves !y w act z ?\gh !y 7 ( ! conical =m describ$ & on a /raight track all be ( ! same diamet]s8 ,answ]4 ,! p]iph]y or tread ( ea* :eel is made conical1 b ( ! same size z ! o!r1 & ) ! small diamet] ( ! cone outside1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aeh4 ,on a /raight track if ! position ( ! :eels on ! rails is su* t _! two flanges are equally di/ant f ! rails1 z %[n1 !n obvi\sly at ! po9ts ( contact ) ! rails ! :eels are ( ! same diamet]4 ,t is1 a is equal to b4 ,b 9 runn+ on a curv$ track1 if ! :eels are ( ! same diamet]1 z has be5 %[n1 !y w roll 9 a /raight l9e & consequ5tly t[>ds ! outside ( ! curve4 ,! flange c--suppos+ x to be at ! outside ( ! curve--w !re=e roll t[>ds ! rail1 & consequ5tly ! outside :eel w re/ on ! rail at a po9t ne>] ! flange1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aei1 :]e ! diamet] a is l>g]1 & ! inside "o fur!r f ! flange :]e ! diamet] b is small] ?an at a & b 9 fig4 #aeh2 & consequ5tly ! action ( ! :eels is ! same z ?\gh _! p]iph]ies 7 made ( ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #aeg4 ,,"q #bef4 ,h[ are ! axles ( locomotives made to assume a position radial to ! curves 9 ! track8 ,answ]4 ,?is is only done approximately1 z ! me*anical difficulties 9 ! way ( do+ x p]fectly are s great z to r5d] x impracticable4 ,by atta*+ ! truck to ! locomotive by a flexible connection or c5tre-p91 s1 z %[n 9 fig4 #afj 7:i* repres5ts a plan ( ! :eels ( an ord9>y locomotive71 x is pla9 t ! truck axles e f & g h1 in/ead ( rema9+ p>allel to ! driv+-axles a b & c d1 w1 by turn+ ar\nd ! c5tre-p91 s1 adju/ !mselves to ! curve s z to approximate z closely to radii z is possible = two axles :i* are held p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,( c\rse ! fur!r ap>t !y are ! great] w be _! div]g5ce f ! position ( radii1 & :e!r ! tread ( ! :eels be cyl9drical or conical ! fur!r ap>t _! axles are ! great] w be ! div]g5ce ( ! pa?s 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally roll f t ( any curve on :i* !y mu/ roll4 ,?us1 if ! axles 7 twice z f> ap>t z !y are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aeg1 & 9 ! position %[n 9 ! dott$ l9es l l & o o1 ! :eels1 if !y are conical1 w\ld !n naturally roll 9 curves drawn f ! c5tres p & q4 ,if ! :eels are cyl9drical1 !y w\ld roll 9 /raight l9es4 ,9 ei!r case ! div]g5ce ( _! pa?s l s & l r f ! curve ( ! track is great] ?an a h & a i1 ! pa?s 9 :i* !y w\ld roll if _! axles 7 ne>] toge!r4 ,?is div]g5ce increases ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! axles1 & !re=e ! lat]al slip ( ! :eels mu/ be 9 ! same proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,scale ,in* -- #a ,foot4 ,,"q #beg4 ,is ! resi/ance to roll+ dim9i%$ by plac+ ! truck axles ne>] toge!r8 ,answ]4 ,x is1 )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! ne>] ea* o!r !y are plac$1 ! clos] w ! c5tre-p9 ( ! truck be to ! c5tre ( ! axles4 ,! clos] x is to ! c5tre ( ! axle1 ! great] is ! t5d5cy ( ! :eels to become 8slew$10 or to assume a diagonal position to ! rails z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aej1 & ?us increase ! resi/ance & also ! dang] ( runn+ (f ! track4 ,! increase ( resi/ance f ?is cause1 aft] ! axles rea* a c]ta9 di/ance f ea* o!r1 is great] ?an ! decrease f a clos] approximation to ! position ( radii4 ,9 ord9>y locomotives x is necess>y to place ! truck :eels f #e ft4 #f 94 to #f ft4 ap>t1 9 ord] to get ! cyl9d]s betwe5 !m 9 a horizontal position4 ,?is di/ance ap>t works v well 9 ord9>y practice4 ,,"q #beh4 ,:at is meant by flange friction8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! friction ( ! flanges ( ! :eels aga9/ ! head ( ! rails4 ,?us if two pairs ( :eels1 a a1 b b1 fig4 #aea1 be plac$ on a curve & roll$ 9 ! direction ( ! d>t1 ! :eel a w roll t[>ds ! outside ( ! curve until ! flange comes 9 contact ) ! rail4 ,z already expla9$1 if two axles are p>allel to ea* o!r1 no matt] :e!r ! :eels are conical or cyl9drical1 !y mu/ slip lat]ally 9 ord] to roll 9 a curv$ pa?4 ,z ! flange mu/ foll[ ! curve ( ! rail1 x =ces ! :eel lat]ally & ?us compels x to roll 9 ! curv$ pa? into :i* ! rail is b5t4 ,z ! :eel (f]s consid]able resi/ance to slid+ !re is a correspond+ pressure ( ! flange aga9/ ! rail1 & consequ5tly ! revolutions ( ! :eel produce an abrasive action betwe5 ! two4 ,?is action is obvi\sly increas$ ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! axles1 because1 z has be5 %[n1 ! lat]al slip ( ! :eels is !n great] ?an :5 !y are ne>] toge!r4 ,x is also obvi\s t if ! :eels are p>allel ) ! rails !re w be no abrasive action ( ! flanges1 b t ! great] ! angle at :i* ! :eels /& to ! rails ! h>d] w ! flanges rub aga9/ ! rails1 & ! great] w be ! flange friction4 ,) ! aid ( geometry x c v easily be prov$ t ! f>!r ap>t two p>allel axles are1 ! great] w be ! angle ( ! :eels to ! rails on a curv$ track1 &1 !re=e1 ! great] w be _! flange friction4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t if ! :eels are s close toge!r t !y are liable to become 8slew$10 or assume a diagonal position across ! rails1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aej1 ! angle at :i* ! :eels w\ld /& to ! rails w\ld ?us be v mu* increas$4 ,x has !re=e come to be a v g5]ally recogniz$ rule t ! c5tres ( axles %\ld nev] be plac$ ne>] toge!r ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails4 ,,"q #bei4 ,is ! flange friction ( all ! :eels ( a truck ! same on any giv5 curve8 ,answ]4 ,no2 ( ! front :eels obvi\sly only ! flange ( ! "o on ! outside ( ! curve comes 9 contact ) ! rail4 ,z ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! eng9e presses ! back pair ( :eels t[>ds ! outside ( ! curve1 ! flange ( ! outside :eel alone comes 9 contact ) ! rail4 ,b z ?is :eel is con/antly roll+ away f ! rail1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es h g1 fig4 #aea1 obvi\sly ! friction ( its flange is less ?an t ( ! front outside :eel1 :i* always rolls t[>ds ! rail4 ,! flange ( ! back inside :eel is c>ri$ outw>ds by ! c5trifugal =ce & also by ! t5d5cy ( ! :eels to roll on _! l>ge/ diamet]s on a curve1 s t its flange w n t\* ! rail4 ,,"q #bfj4 ,c ! axles ( driv+ :eels assume positions radial to ! track8 ,answ]4 ,9 ord9>y eng9es !y _c4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( enabl+ !m to d s1 b x is only rec5tly t !y h met ) any success4 ,"s ( ^! plans w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( less importance t ! driv+ axles1 :5 !y are beh9d ! c5tre ( ! locomotive1 %\ld assume positions radial to a curv$ track ?an t ! front :eels %\ld4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a common road wagon1 z all "k ! ease ) :i* su* a vehicle c turn a corn] if we run x ) ! front axle ahead1 & ! difficulty ( do+ s :5 ! back axle is 9 front4 ,9 ! case ( a locomotive ! reason = x is v mu* ! same z t :i* makes ! flange friction ( ! back :eels ( a truck less ?an t ( ! front ones4 ,f fig4 #afj x w be se5 t ! outside driv+-:eels1 :5 ! eng9e is runn+ ) ! truck 9 front1 are roll+ f ! rail & n aga9/ x4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! eng9e :5 9 motion has a t5d5cy to ?r[ ! :eels t[>ds ! outside ( ! curve4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! front driv+ axle is ne> ! c5tre ( t portion ( ! curve :i* lies betwe5 ! c5tre s ( ! truck & ! c5tre k ( ! back axle4 ,if x 7 9 ! middle betwe5 !m1 x w\ld be exactly radial to ! curve2 be+ ne> ! middle1 x approximates closely to t position1 & !re=e ! flange friction ( its :eels is v slight4 ,x w be notic$ t if ! flange ( ! back or trail+-:eel on ! inside ( ! curve 7 n kept away f ! rail x w\ld roll t[>d & imp+e aga9/ t rail4 ,b x w be notic$ t ! flange ( ! front driv+-:eel w come 9 contact ) ! inside rail be=e t on ! back :eel c t\* x4 ,= ?is reason1 & also on acc\nt ( ! effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce ex]t$ on ! eng9e & ! t5d5cy ( ! :eels to roll on _! l>ge/ diamet]s1 ! flange ( ! inside back :eel is kept out ( contact ) ! rail1 & z ! back :eel on ! outside ( ! curve rolls away f ! rail !re is v little friction ( ! flanges ( ! back driv+-:eels4 ,x w also be notic$ f fig4 #afj1 t if ! radius ( ! curve is v %ort1 ! b5d ( ! rails betwe5 ! back pair ( driv+-:eels & ! c5tre ( ! truck is s great t ! inside rail w press h>d aga9/ ! flange ( ! front or ma9 driv+-:eel next t rail4 ,?is ( c\rse produces a great deal ( friction1 & if ! curve is excessively %ort ! flange w m\nt on top ( ! rail & ! tread ( ! opposite :eel w fall (f f its rail4 ,= ?is reason ! c5tre-p9 ( ! truck is sometimes arrang$ s t x c move lat]ally1 t is cross-wise ( ! track4 ,9 fig4 #afj ! c5tre-p9 is repres5t$ z hav+ mov$ "s di/ance f ! actual c5tre ( ! truck1 :i* is repres5t$ ) dott$ l9es4 ,! front :eels ( locomotives are also sometimes made ) wide 8flat0 tires1 t is1 tires )\t flanges1 s t !re w be no friction aga9/ ! "o rail & no dang] ( fall+ (f ! o!r4 ,ano!r action also takes place :i* facilitates ! motion ( ! driv+-:eels ( ord9>y eng9es ar\nd curves4 ,e "o kn[s h[ easy ! direction 9 :i* ! front :eels ( a common wagon c be controll$ by tak+ hold ( ! end ( ! tongue or pole4 ,) ! lev]age :i* x gives ! :eels & axle c easily be direct$ :]ev] x is desir$4 ,a simil> action takes place 9 an ord9>y locomotive4 ,! front driv+-axles are guid$ by ! truck1 :i* is atta*$ to ! frame t5 or twelve feet 9 front ( ! driv+-axle1 & ?us ! track ex]ts a lev]age to guide ! movem5t ( ! driv+-axles1 j z a common wagon c be guid$ by ! pole4 ,if ! locomotive is run backw>d1 !n none ( ^! advantages exi/1 & ! flange friction ( ! back driv+-:eels is excessive4 ,eng9es su* z con/ruction locomotives1 :i* run backw>d z mu* z =w>d1 we> out ! flanges ( ! back :eels v rapidly on crook$ roads4 ,,"q #bfa4 ,:at is meant by ! 8spread0 ( ! :eels or axles8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( two axles4 ,,"q #bfb4 ,:at is ! 8:eel-base0 ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! front & back or trail+-:eels4 ,on ord9>y eng9es1 su* z t illu/rat$ 9 plate ,i1 x is ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! front truck to ! c5tre ( ! back driv+-:eels4 ,,"q #bfc4 ,is ! 8con+0 ( ! tread ( ! :eels ( mu* practical importance8 ,answ]4 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ x1 b ev5 if its action is v b5eficial1 ! advantage is v soon lo/1 ow+ to ! we> ( ! :eels4 ,x is1 !re=e1 believ$ t ! advantage is m app>5t 9 !ory ?an 9 practice4 ,,"q #bfd4 ,h[ are ! driv+-:eels ( locomotives con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( ca/ iron ) wr\ght-iron or /eel tires ar\nd ! outside4 ,fig4 #afa repres5ts a p]spective view ( a pair ( locomotive :eels & axle4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! :eel1 t is ! hub1 spokes & rim1 are ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,usually ! hub & ! rim1 & sometimes ! spokes1 are ca/ holl[4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! :eel1 t is ! "p :i* is made ( ca/ iron1 is call$ ! :eel-c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,,"q #bfe4 ,h[ are ! tires fa/5$ on ! :eel-c5tres8 ,answ]4 ,! insides ( ! tires are usually turn$ out some:at small] ?an ! outside ( ! :eel-c5tre4 ,! tire is !n heat$ s t x w exp& en\gh to g on ! c5tre4 ,x is !n cool$ (f1 & ! contraction ( ! metal b9ds x firmly ar\nd ! ca/ iron "p ( ! :eel4 ,z an additional security bolts or set-screws1 a1 a1 fig4 #afa1 are screw$ ?r\gh ! rim & into ! tire to prev5t x f slipp+ (f 9 case x becomes loose4 ,9 "s cases ! :eel-c5tre & ! inside ( ! tire are turn$ conical1 & ! tires are !n put on cold & held on ) hook-head$ bolts1 ,c1 z %[n 9 fig4 #afb1 :i* is a section ( ! tire & ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,! :eel-c5tre is made l>ge/ on ! inside4 ,z ! /ra9 aga9/ ! flange ( ! tire is inw>d1 ! cone ( ! :eel-c5tre resi/s ?is /ra94 ,if x 0 curv$ or tap]$ ! rev]se way1 ! /ra9 w\ld come on ! bolts1 & x w\ld also be impossible to remove ! tires )\t fir/ tak+ ! :eels (f ! axles4 ,?is me?od ( putt+ on tires has ! advantage t !y c be remov$ quickly & )\t heat+ ! tires4#gj #gj ,x is exclusively us$ on ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,scale #c 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bff4 ,are !re any /&>d sizes = ! inside diamet]s ( tires8 ,answ]4 ,yes4 ,to avoid ! great inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! div]sity 9 ! inside diamet]s ( tires1 ! ,am]ican ,railway ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association has recomm5d$ t ! inside diamet] ( tires %\ld be made #cf1 #dj1 #dd1 #ej1 #ef & #fb in*es4 ,! ?ickness = ! fir/ ?ree sizes to be #c 94 & ! la/ ?ree #b 94 ,,"q #bfg4 ,h[ are ! driv+-:eels fa/5$ on ! axles8 ,answ]4 ,! hubs are accurately bor$ out to receive ! axles1 & ! latt] are turn$ (f s z to fit ! hole bor$ 9 ! :eel4 ,! axles are !n =c$ into ! :eel by a p[]ful pressure produc$ ei!r ) a hydraulic or screw press1 made = ! purpose4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! /ra9 ^u ! crank-p9s f turn+ ! :eels ^u ! axle1 !y are key$ fa/ ) squ>e keys driv5 into grooves cut 9 ! axle & 9 ! :eel to receive !m4 ,! ends ( ^! keys are %[n at b1 fig4 #afa4 ,,"q #bfh4 ,h[ are ! crank-p9s made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( wr\ght iron or /eel & accurately turn$ to ! size requir$ = ! j\rnals = ! connect+-rods4 ,fig4 #afd repres5ts "o ( ! ma9 crank-p9s1 & fig4 #afc a back p9 = an ,am]ican eng9e4 ,! ma9 p9 has two j\rnals1 "o1 ,b1 to :i* ! ma9 connect+-rod is atta*$1 & ! o!r1 ,a1 receiv+ ! c\pl+-rod4 ,! back p9 has only "o j\rnal1 ,a1 = ! c\pl+-rod4 ,,"q #bfi4 ,h[ are ! crank-p9s fa/5$ to ! :eels8 ,answ]4 ,!y are turn$ s z to fit accurately holes :i* are bor$ 9 ! :eels1 & are usually 8/raight0 or cyl9drical4 ,! p9s are !n ei!r driv5 9 ) bl[s f a heavy weight swung f ! end ( a rope1 or else press$ 9 ) a screw or hydraulic press4 ,sometimes ! holes are bor$ tap]$ or conical & ! p9s turn$ to ! same =m4 ,!y are !n gr\nd 9 ) em]y & oil1 s z to fit p]fectly1 & are secur$ by a l>ge nut & key on ! inside ( ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,fig4 #afd4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bgj4 ,:at are ! pieces ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #afa1 betwe5 ! spokes ( ! :eel =8 ,answ]4 ,!y are call$ c\nt]balance weights1 & are put 9 ! :eels to balance ! weight ( ! crank-p9s1 connect+-rods & pi/ons4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! action w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"q #bga4 ,on :at "p ( ! axle does ! weight ( ! eng9e re/8 ,answ]4 ,x re/s on ! driv+-axle boxes ,l1 fig4 #afa1 :i* are plac$ j inside & close to ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,,"q #bgb4 ,:at are ! driv+-axle boxes = & h[ are !y made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are ca/ iron blocks1 ,l1 fig4 #afa1 :i* embrace & re/ on ! axle4 ,! "p ( ! axle on :i* ! box be>s is call$ ! j\rnal4 ,ea* box has a brass be>+1 c1 fig4 #afe1 :i* be>s on top ( ! j\rnal & :i* is consequ5tly expos$ to ! friction & we>4 ,fig4 #afe is a p]spective view ( a driv+-box1 :i* %[s :at is call$ ! oil-cell>1 d4 ,?is is a receptacle und]nea? ! axle :i* is fill$ ) wool or cotton wa/e & saturat$ ) oil = ! purpose ( lubricat+ ! j\rnal4 ,! oil-cell> is held 9 its position by two bolts1 f1 f1 :i* pass ?r\gh x & ! driv+-box ca/+4 ,by remov+ ! bolts ! oil-cell> c easily be remov$ & ! box c !n be tak5 (f ! axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,fig4 #afg4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bgc4 ,h[ are ! truck :eels made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( ca/ iron1 usually 9 "o piece4 ,figs4 #aff & #afg repres5t sections ( two =ms ( :eels us$ = c>s4 ,^? us$ = locomotive trucks are simil> to ^!1 except+ t !y are usually a little small] 9 diamet]4 ,!y are made ) a disc or plate :i* unites ! tire to ! hub1 & 9 "s cases !y h ribs ca/ 9 ! inside1 z %[n 9 ! two figures4 ,"s are made ) s+le & o!rs ) d\ble plates1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+s1 & /ill o!rs ) spokes simil> to ! driv+-:eels4 ,! tread ( ! :eel is h>d5$ by a process call$ *ill+4 ,?is is done by p\r+ ! melt$ ca/ iron into a m\ld ( ! =m ( ! tread ( ! :eel4 ,! m\ld is also made ( ca/ iron1 b be+ cold cools ! melt$ iron v sudd5ly1 & ?us h>d5s x some:at z /eel is h>d5$ :5 x is heat$ & plung$ into cold wat]4#ga #ga ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t x is only c]ta9 k9ds ( ca/ iron :i* w be h>d5$ 9 ?is way1 or w 8*ill10 z x is call$4 ,! cause to :i* ?is *ill+ prop]ty is due is n kn[n4 ,,"q #bgd4 ,h[ are ! boxes1 j\rnals & j\rnal-be>+s ( ! truck-:eels made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are v simil> to ^? = ! driv+-:eels1 _! *ief diff]5ce be+ t ^? = ! truck-:eels are small] ?an ^? = ! driv+-:eels4 ,,"q #bge4 ,h[ are ! frames = locomotives con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! frames1 ,h ,h ,h1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 are made ( b>s ( wr\ght iron f #c to #d in*es ?ick & ab\t ! same 9 wid?4 ,!y are usually made 9 two p>ts1 ! "o at ! back "p ( ! eng9e1 to :i* ! driv+-boxes & axles are atta*$1 & ! o!r at ! front end1 to :i* ! cyl9d]s are bolt$4 ,! back "p1 or ma9 frame1 z x is call$1 is repres5t$ 9 figs4 #afh & #afi1 & consi/s ( a top b>1 ,h ,h1 to :i* pieces1 a1 a1 b1 b1 call$ frame-legs1 are weld$4 ,two ( ^! =m :at is call$ a jaw1 :i* receives ! axle-box1 z %[n 9 fig4 #afi4 ,to ! bottom ( ea* jaw a clamp1 c1 is bolt$ to hold ! two legs toge!r4 ,! two legs1 a & b1 are unit$ by a brace1 d d1 weld$ to ! bottom ( ! legs4 ,a brace1 m1 unites ! back end ( ! frame ) ! leg b1 & is weld$ to ea*4 ,! front "p ( ea* frame consi/s ( a s+le b>1 e1 :i* is bolt$ to ! back end1 z repres5t$ 9 figs4 #afh & #afi1 :i* %[ ! con/ruction cle>] ?an any description w\ld4 ,^! front b>s ext5d =w>d to ! front end ( ! eng9e1 & a heavy timb]1 call$ a bump]-timb]1 ,e ,e1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 ext5ds across f "o to ! o!r & is bolt$ to ea* ( !m4 ,?is timb] is int5d$ to receive ! %ock or bl[ :5 ! locomotive runs aga9/ any object1 su* z a c>4 ,! c[-cat*] or pilot1 ,s1 is fa/5$ to ?is timb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,fig4 #afi4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,! front b> ( ! frames also has usually two lugs or projections =g$ on x1 betwe5 :i* ! cyl9d]s are atta*$4 ,! latt] are securely held 9 _! position by w$ges1 :i* are driv5 9 betwe5 ! lugs & ! cyl9d] ca/+s4 ,! frames1 z already /at$1 are made ( wr\ght iron & are accurately plan$ (f ov] _! :ole surface4 ,,"q #bgf4 ,h[ are ! frames fa/5$ to ! boil]8 ,answ]4 ,z already /at$1 !y are fa/5$ to ! cyl9d]s ) w$ges & bolts1 & z ! cyl9d]s are bolt$ to ! smoke-box ! frames are ?us rigidly atta*$ to ! front end ( ! boil]4 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n ^? portions ( ! frames :i* ext5d beyond ! front ( ! smoke-box & to :i* ! bump]-timb] is atta*$1 diagonal braces1 r r1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii are bolt$ bo? to ! timb] & to ea* ( ! frames at _! l[] ends4 ,! upp] ends are bolt$ to ! smoke-box4 ,o!r braces1 d1 plate ,,ii1 are also fa/5$ to ! frames & to ! b>rel ( ! boil]4 ,! frames are fa/5$ to ! fire-box by clamps1 ,i1 ,i1 plate ,i1 call$ expansion clamps4 ,^! clamps embrace ! frames s t ! latt] c slide ?r\gh ! =m] longitud9ally4 ,!re are also usually two diagonal braces n %[n 9 plate ,,ii1 ! upp] ends ( :i* are fa/5$ to ! back end ( ! %ell ( ! fire-box at ab\t ! level ( ! cr[n-%eet1 & ! l[] ends to ! back ends ( ! frames4 ,!re are also usually transv]se braces atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( ! frames1 ?us unit+ ! two toge!r4 ,! guide-yokes1 j j1 plate ,i1 are also usually bolt$ to ! frames & to ! boil]4 ,9 _m cases "o only is us$1 :i* ext5ds across f "o frame to ! o!r & is fa/5$ to ! boil]4 ,,"q #bgg4 ,:y are ! frames atta*$ to ! %ell ( ! fire-box s z to slide longitud9ally ?r\gh ! fa/5+s8 ,answ]4 ,because :5 ! boil] becomes heat$ x exp&s1 & if x c\ld n move indep5d5t ( ! frames its expansion w\ld create a great /ra9 on bo? itself & ! frames4 ,! fa/5+s to ! fire-box are !re=e made s t ! frames c move freely ?r\gh !m l5g?wise1 b 9 no o!r direction4 ,,"q #bgh4 ,h[ mu* m w ! boil] exp& ?an ! frames 9 gett+ up /eam8 ,answ]4 ,f to ( an in*4 ,,"q #bgi4 ,:y is x necess>y to support ! eng9e on spr+s8 ,answ]4 #gb;,because1 h[ev] well a road may be kept up1 !re w always be %ocks 9 runn+ ov] x2 ^! occur at ! rail jo9ts & especially :5 ! balla/+ ( ! ties is n q p]fect4 ,^! %ocks affect ! :eels fir/1 & by !m are transf]r$ ?r\gh ! axle-boxes to ! frame1 ! eng9e & ! boil]4 ,! fa/] ! locomotive runs1 ! m p[]ful d !y become1 & !re=e ! m de/ructive to ! eng9e & road1 & consequ5tly ! fa/] a locomotive has to run ! m p]fect %\ld be ! arrangem5t ( ! spr+s4 #gb ,! above answ] & mu* ( ! mat]ial ref]r+ to spr+s has be5 translat$ f 8,die ,s*ule des ,locomotivfhr]s10 by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,brosius & ,r4 ,ko*4 ,if we /rike repeat$ly ) a hamm] on a rail1 ! latt] is soon de/roy$1 :ile x c be> )\t damage a mu* great] weight ?an ! hamm] ly+ quietly on x4 ,! axles1 axle-boxes & :eels /rike l a hamm] on ! rails at ea* %ock1 :ile ! %ock ( ! re/ ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9e fir/ rea*es & b5ds ! spr+s1 b on ! rails has only ! effect ( a load great] ?an usual re/+ on !m4 ,ano!r comp>ison w make /ill pla9] ! less5+ by ! spr+s ( ! injuri\s effect :i* ! weight ( ! boil]1 etc41 ex]cises on ! rails4 ,a light bl[ ) a hamm] on a pane ( glass is suffici5t to %att] x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 on ! pane ( glass is laid "s ela/ic sub/ance1 su* z india-rubb]1 & we /rike on t1 ! =ce ( ! bl[ or ! weight ( ! hamm] mu/ be consid]ably increas$ be=e produc+ ! above-nam$ effect4 ,if ! locomotive boil] is put 9 place ( ! hamm]1 ! spr+s 9 place ( ! india-rubb]1 & ! rails 9 place ( ! glass1 ! comp>ison w agree ) ! case above4 ,f ?is consid]ation x w be se5 h[ important x is to make ! weights ( ! axles1 axle-boxes & :eels z light z possible4 ,,"q #bhj4 ,h[ are ! driv+-axle boxes arrang$ s t ! weight ( ! eng9e w re/ on spr+s8 ,answ]4 ,!y are arrang$ s z to slide up & d[n 9 ! jaws4 ,spr+s1 ,b1 ,b1 fig4 #afi1 are !n plac$ ov] ! axle-boxes & above ! frames4 ,^! spr+s re/ on -%ap$ saddles1 ,g1 ,g1 :i* be> on ! top ( ! axle-boxes4 ,! frames are susp5d$ to ! ends ( ! spr+s by rods or b>s1 g1 g1 g1 g1 call$ spr+-hang]s4 ,z ! boil] & mo/ ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e are fa/5$ to ! frames1 _! weight is susp5d$ on ! ends ( ! spr+s1 :i*1 be+ flexible1 yield to ! weight :i* !y be>4 ,,"q #bha4 ,h[ are ! frames protect$ f ! we> ( ! axle-boxes :i* results f _! slid+ up & d[n 9 ! jaws8 ,answ]4 ,! insides ( ! legs1 a1 a1 b1 b1 are protect$ ) %oes or w$ges1 h1 h1 :i* are held /ation>y1 & ! box slides aga9/ ! faces ( ! %oes1 ?us we>+ ! %oe or w$ge b n ! frame4 ,,"q #bhb4 ,:y are ! %oes usually made w$ge-%ap$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made 9 t way s t :5 !y become worn1 by mov+ "o or bo? ( !m up 9 ! jaws1 ! space betwe5 !m is n>r[$ & ! lo/ motion is tak5 up4 ,!y are mov$ by ! screws i1 i4 ,if ! boxes %\ld become loose f we>1 x w\ld cause ! eng9e to ?ump at ea* revolution ( ! :eels or /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,,"q #bhc4 ,h[ are ! spr+s = ! driv+-:eels made8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( /eel plates :i* are plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,^! plates are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 z %[n at ,b1 ,b1 9 fig4 #afi1 & are f #c to #d 94 wide & to ?ick4 ,! l5g? ( ! spr+s measur$ f ! c5tre ( "o hang] to ! c5tre ( ! o!r is usually ab\t ?ree feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,,"q #bhd4 ,:at det]m9es ! am\nt :i* a spr+ w b5d "u a giv5 load8 ,answ]4 ,! numb] ( plates1 _! ?ickness1 l5g? & bread?1 & ( c\rse ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made4 ,?is c be expla9$ if we suppose we h a spr+ plate ( a uni=m ?ickness1 h1 & a triangul> =m1 ( :i* fig4 #agj is a side view & #aga a plan1 & t x is clamp$ fa/ at its base1 b4 ,x is a well kn[n me*anical law t any mat]ial ( ?is =m & "u ^! conditions w h a uni=m /r5g? ?r\gh its :ole l5g? to support any load1 ,p1 susp5d$ at its end1 & also t x w b5d or deflect 9 ! =m ( an arc ( a circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,fig4 #agc4 ,fig4 #agd4 ,fig4 #age4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bhe4 ,h[ are locomotive spr+s usually made8 ,answ]4 ,9 locomotives ! arrangem5t ( spr+s is always su* t !y are ei!r support$ 9 ! middle & mov$ at ! two ends1 or su* t !y are support$ at ! two ends & load$ 9 ! middle2 = our consid]ation x is indiff]5t :i* ( ! two k9ds ( spr+s is tak5 = ! pres5t illu/ration4 ,t %[n 9 plan & elevation 9 figs4 #agb & #agc1 :i* is =m$ ( a wide plate plac$ diagonally1 & :i* 9 reality consi/s ( two su* triangul> pieces z 7 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #aga unit$ at _! bases m m1 & load$ at two opposite corn]s1 e & f1 w\ld answ] ! requirem5ts m5tion$ if ! great bread?1 m m1 7 n an ob/acle4 ,?is bread? is obviat$ by cutt+ ! spr+ into sev]al /rips1 a a1 b b1 c c1 d d1 444 i1 fig4 #agc1 ( equal wid?1 & plac+ ^! n side by side1 b "o ov] ! o!r1 z %[n 9 figs4 #agd & #age4 ,9 ord] t ! sep>ate /rips & lay]s ( ! spr+ s made1 figs4 #agd & #age1 may n slip out ( place1 ! /rips a a1 b b1 etc41 are made 9 "o piece1 & all ! plates are inclos$ ) a /rap1 ,f1 figs4 #agf & #agg4 ,! plates1 in/ead ( be+ cut f a piece l t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #agc1 are1 h[ev]1 made out ( /eel ( ! prop] wid?1 & ! ends1 in/ead ( be+ cut (f po9t$ z repres5t$1 are sometimes drawn out ?9n] on ! ends1 l ! po9t ( a *isel1 or (t5] /ill cut (f /raight1 z %[n 9 fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,fig4 #agg4 ,fig4 #agh4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,9 ord] to hold ! plates toge!r a b&1 ,f1 is put ar\nd ! middle4 ,?is is put on hot1 & becomes tight by contract+ z x cools4 ,! c5tre ( ! spr+ has a hole drill$ ?r\gh x ) a p91 s1 fig4 #agh 7:i* %[s a cross section ( a spr+71 to prev5t ! plates f slid+ endwise4 ,! plates at ea* end usually h a depression1 a1 fig4 #agi 7:i* is a cross section ( a plate on a l>g] scale ?an ! prec$+ figure71 made 9 !m on "o side1 & a correspond+ elevation1 b1 on ! o!r4 ,! elevation on "o plate fits into ! depression on ! o!r1 & ?us prev5ts ! plates f slipp+ sideways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,scale #f 94 #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bhf4 ,h[ %\ld spr+s be curv$8 ,answ]4 ,spr+s %\ld be curv$ s t :5 !y be> ! greate/ load :i* !y mu/ c>ry !y w be /raight4 ,if !y are curv$ too mu* !y are subject$ n only to a /ra9 :i* b5ds ! plates1 b to "o :i* has a t5d5cy to compress !m endwise4 ,?us if a spr+ l t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ahj is b5t into a half-circle1 x is obvi\s t ! /ra9 at ! ends has no t5d5cy at all to b5d ! plates1 b only to compress !m endwise4 ,ne> ! middle ! /ra9 w ( c\rse b5d ! spr+4 ,9 ! "o direction ! spr+ is flexible & ela/ic1 & 9 ! o!r x is n2 & z ! /ra9 ( compression dep5ds on ! am\nt ( curvature1 ! great] ! latt] is1 ! less flexibility & ela/icity ! spr+ w h4 ,spr+s are (t5 giv5 a d\ble curve1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aha4 ,?is is n to be recomm5d$1 because :5 a spr+ b5ds ! plates mu/ slide on ea* o!r4 ,if !y h b a s+le curve1 !y w d s & rema9 9 contact ?r\gh _! :ole l5g?1 b if !y h two curves !y w sep>ate & !re=e 8gape10 z x is call$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bhg4 ,:at is meant by ! ela/icity ( a spr+8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! am\nt :i* a spr+ w deflect or b5d "u a giv5 load )\t hav+ its =m p]man5tly *ang$4 ,if ! b5d+ is s great t ! spr+ does n recov] its orig9al =m :5 ! load is remov$1 !n ! /ra9 to :i* x is subject$ is said to exce$ ! limits ( ela/icity1 & if repeat$ (t5 x w ultimately break ! spr+4 ,,"q #bhh4 ,:at is meant by ! ela/ic /r5g? & ! ultimate /r5g? ( a spr+8 ,answ]4 ,! ela/ic /r5g? is ! /ra9 x w be> )\t be+ /ra9$ beyond ! limits ( ela/icity1 & ! ultimate /r5g? is ! /ra9 :i* w break x4 ,,"q #bhi4 ,:at det]m9es ! /r5g? ( a spr+8 ,answ]4 ,x dep5ds ( c\rse 7#a7 ^u ! mat]ial ( :i* ! spr+ is made2 7#b7 its /r5g? increases 9 proportion to ! numb] ( plates1 & 7#c7 to _! wid?1 & 7#d7 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( _! ?ickness1 & 7#e7 z ! l5g? dim9i%es4 ,?us1 if we want$ to d\ble ! /r5g? ( a spr+ l t %[n 9 figs4 #agj & #aga1 x c\ld be done 9 ei!r ( ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 by mak+ x ( mat]ial twice z /rong2 7#b7 by putt+ ano!r plate j l x on top2 7#c7 by d\bl+ ! wid? ( ! base b1 :i* w\ld make ! /r5g? ( ! :ole plate twice :at x 0 be=e2 7#d7 by mak+ ! :ole plate ab\t f\r-t5?s ?ick]1 :i* w\ld increase its /r5g?1 z already /at$1 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! ?ickness z #a4d #a4d #b ne>ly2 7#e7 by r$uc+ ! l5g? to "o-half :at x is 9 fig4 #agj4 ,,"q #bij4 ,:at det]m9es ! ela/icity ( a spr+8 ,answ]4 7#a7 ,! mat]ial ( :i* x is made2 ) ! same mat]ial ! ela/icity increases 7#b7 z ! numb]1 & 7#c7 z ! wid? ( ! plates dim9i%es1 & 7#d7 ) ! cube ( ! l5g?1 & 7#e7 decreases ) ! cube ( ! ?ickness ( plate4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! plate 9 figs4 #agj & #aga to be 94 ?ick & ! deflection d #b 942 ! latt] w\ld be only half z mu* or #a 94 7#a7 if x 7 made ( mat]ial twice z /iff1 or 7#b7 ) two su* plates1 or 7#c7 ) "o twice z wide at ! base4 ,if 7#d7 ! l5g? 7 d\bl$1 ! deflection w\ld be equal to #b #b #b #h times :at x 0 be=e1 or 9 proportion to ! cube ( ! l5g?4 ,if 7#e7 ! ?ickness 7 d\bl$ ! deflection w\ld be r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion1 & w\ld be only "o-eigh? ( #b 941 or 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #bia4 ,:at %\ld be ! proportion ( ! plates ( a spr+ 9 relation to ea* o!r8 ,answ]4 ,! l[] plates %\ld dim9i% regul>ly 9 _! l5g?s4 ,! reason = ?is w be app>5t f ! fact :i* has already be5 /at$1 t if a triangul> plate ( uni=m ?ickness is clamp$ fa/ at its base1 x w1 if load$ at ! end1 be ( uni=m /r5g? ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,x is immat]ial :at ! l5g? ( ! base ( su* a triangle is1 if ! two sides are ( equal l5g? & ! ?ickness ( ! plate is uni=m1 n only its /r5g? b ! am\nt ( deflection or b5d+ f any load w be equal all ?r\gh its l5g?4 ,if1 !re=e1 we make a spr+ by cutt+ a plate =m$ ( two su* triangul> pieces unit$ at _! bases into /rips1 z has already be5 expla9$1 evid5tly ! spr+ made ( !m w h a uni=m /r5g? ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,z ! /rips ?us made dim9i% 9 l5g? regul>ly1 x is evid5t t if ! spr+ plates are made ( /eel roll$ ( ! requisite wid?1 _! l5g? %\ld be ! same z t ( ^? cut f ! plate ref]r$ to above4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! l[] outl9e1 a b b a1 fig4 #ahc1 ( ! spr+ w1 :5 ! spr+ is n b5t1 be /raight l9es4 ,sometimes ! l[] outl9e ( spr+s is made curv$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ahb4 ,?is gives too mu* /r5g? ne> ! /rap ,f1 & too little ne> ! ends4 ,9 draw+ spr+s1 !re=e1 x is be/ to lay !m out ) ! plates /raight1 z %[n 9 figs4 #ahb & #ahc1 & aft] det]m9+ ! ?ickness1 draw+ a /raight l9e f ! /rap to ! end ( ! longe/ plate w give ! be/ =m ( ! spr+ & ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! plates4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to put a suffici5t numb] ( long plates 9 ea* spr+ to give x ! requir$ /r5g? next to ! atta*m5t ( ! hang]4 ,sometimes "o or m ( ^! long plates are made heavi] ?an ! re/4 ,! evil ( ?is me?od ( con/ruction w be app>5t if x is rememb]$ t ! greate/ p]missible deflection up to ! break+ ( ! spr+ decreases ) ! cube ( ! ?ickness ( ! plate & its /r5g? increases ) ! squ>e ( ! ?ickness4 ,n[ if we h a spr+ ) say t5 plates 94 ?ick & "o on top 94 ?ick1 ! ?ick plate w h a /r5g? f\r times t ( ! ?9 plates1 b its ela/icity w be only "o-eigh? t ( ! ?9 plates1 & !re=e x w require eight times z mu* load to b5d x any giv5 di/ance z is ne$$ to b5d ! ?9n] plates ! same di/ance4 ,b its /r5g? is only f\r times t ( ! ?9 plates1 s t = any giv5 am\nt ( ela/icity ! ?ick plate mu/ be> twice z mu* load z x has /r5g? to c>ry4 ,?is %[s :at a great mi/ake is committ$ if "s ( ! plates are made ?ick] ?an o!rs1 a conclusion :i* is support$ by practical exp]i5ce1 z x is f\nd t if ! top plates are made ?ick] ?an o!rs1 ! ?ick ones break mo/ frequ5tly1 :i* is ! necess>y result ( ! suppos$ /r5g!n+ by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! top plates4 ,,"q #bib4 #gc;,h[ c we f9d by calculation ! ela/icity or deflection ( a giv5 /eel spr+8 #gc ,! foll[+ rules = calculat+ ! proportion & /r5g? ( /eel spr+s are f ,cl>k's ,railway ,ma*9]y4 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,! ,,plates ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,cube ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates3 ,,divide ,,! ,,cube ,,( ,,! ,,span#gd ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,product ,,s ,,f\nd1 ,,& ,,multiply ,,by #a4ff4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,ela/icity ,,9 ,,sixte5?s ,,( ,,an ,,in* ,,p] ,,ton ,,( ,,load4 #gd ,! span is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! spr+-hang]s :5 ! spr+ is load$4 ,,"q #bic4 ,h[ c we f9d ! span due to a giv5 ela/icity & numb] & size ( plates8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,ela/icity ,,9 ,,sixte5?s ,,p] ,,ton ,,by ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,plate ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,cube ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates3 ,,divide ,,by #a4ff1 ,,& ,,f9d ,,! ,,cube ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,quoti5t4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,span ,,9 ,,in*es4 ,,"q #bid4 ,h[ c we f9d ! numb] ( plates due to a giv5 ela/icity1 span1 & size ( plate8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,cube ,,( ,,! ,,span ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by #a4ff2 ,,!n ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,ela/icity ,,9 ,,sixte5?s ,,by ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,plate ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,cube ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s3 ,,divide ,,! ,,=m] ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,latt]4 ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,is ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates4 ,,"q #bie4 ,h[ c we f9d ! work+ /r5g?1 t is ! greate/ weight x %\ld be> 9 practice1 ( a giv5 /eel-plate spr+8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,plates ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,squ>e ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates2 ,,multiply1 ,,also1 ,,! ,,work+ ,,span ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by #aa4c3 ,,divide ,,! ,,=m] ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,latt]4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,work+ ,,/r5g? ,,9 ,,tons 7,,( #b1bdj ,,p\nds7 ,,burd54 ,,"q #bif4 ,h[ c we f9d ! span due to a giv5 /r5g?1 & numb] & size ( plate8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,plate ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,squ>e ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates2 ,,multiply1 ,,also1 ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,9 ,,tons ,,by #aa4c3 ,,divide ,,! ,,=m] ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,latt]4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,work+ ,,span ,,9 ,,in*es4 ,,"q #big4 ,h[ c we f9d ! numb] ( plates due to a giv5 /r5g?1 span & size ( plates8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,9 ,,tons ,,by ,,! ,,span ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,& ,,by #aa4c2 ,,multiply ,,also1 ,,! ,,bread? ,,( ,,plate ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,squ>e ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,sixte5?s3 ,,divide ,,! ,,=m] ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,latt]4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,plates4 ,,"q #bih4 ,h[ c we f9d ! requir$ am\nt ( curvature or set ( ! spr+ be=e x is load$8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,ela/icity1 ,,p] ,,ton1 ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,by ,,! ,,work+ ,,/r5g? ,,9 ,,tons2 ,,add ,,! ,,product ,,to ,,! ,,desir$ ,,work+ ,,compass4 ,,! ,,sum ,,is ,,! ,,:ole ,,orig9al ,,set1 ,,to ,,:i* ,,an ,,all[ance ,,( ,,to ,,94 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,add$ ,,to ,,! ,,p]man5t ,,sett+ ,,( ,,! ,,spr+4 ,,"q #bii4 ,h[ are ! spr+-hang]s atta*$ to ! ends ( ! spr+s8 ,answ]4 ,a great v>iety ( me?ods h be5 us$4 ,! mo/ common ones are ^? %[n 9 fig4 #afi4 ,!re ! hang] embraces ! spr+ at ! ends1 g1 g1 7%[n on an enl>g$ scale at a1 9 figs4 #agf & #agg47 ,! end ( ! spr+ has two projections =g$ on its end to receive ! upp] end ( ! hang]1 :i* is made to fit ! groove ?us =m$ betwe5 ! two projections4 ,! o!r end1 b1 ( ! spr+1 figs4 #agf & #agg1 has an eye cut 9 x :i* receives ! hang] b4 ,! latt] is made ( a s+le b>1 & also has an eye1 c1 to receive a key :i* su/a9s ! weight susp5d$ on ! hang] b4 ,! back end ( ! front spr+s & ! front end ( ! back spr+s are made 9 ?is way because !y come on ! side ( ! fire-box1 & if _! wid? 0 increas$ by ! ?ickness ( ! hang]1 z %[n at a 9 fig4 #agg1 x w\ld rub aga9/ & we> ! out] %ell ( ! fire-box4 ,,"q #cjj4 ,h[ are ! l[] ends ( ! hang]s atta*$8 ,answ]4 ,! front hang]1 g1 fig4 #afi1 ( ! front spr+1 & ! back hang]1 g1 ( ! back spr+ h eyes & p9s 9 _! l[] ends1 k1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! p9s are support$ by rubb] spr+s1 l1 l1 :i* are held betwe5 two concave ca/+s1 n1 k1 "o ( ea* ( :i* re/s aga9/ ! frames4 ,! object ( ! rubb] spr+s is to relieve ! spr+-hang]s f sudd5 %ocks & /ra9s4 ,! b5efit d]iv$ f _! use is believ$ to be purely imag9>y1 z ! spr+ itself1 if suffici5tly ela/ic1 %\ld absorb ! sudd5 %ocks :i* ! :eels & axles w convey to ! hang]s4 ,,"q #cja4 ,:y are ! ends g1 g ( ! spr+s atta*$ to ! lev]#ge ,a ,a8 #ge ,?is lev] is call$ an equaliz+ lev] or beam1 or1 m briefly1 an equaliz]4 ,answ]4 ,because if !re is a spr+ = e axle & ! hang]s are fa/5$ to ! frame1 !n evid5tly ! locomotive has z _m po9ts ( support z x has axle-boxes4 ,e %ock f ! rails is transf]r$ ?r\gh ! :eel & ! axle to ! ne>e/ axle-box & ! spr+ belong+ to x1 & ! latt] mu/ be made /rong en\gh to receive & dispose ( ! :ole ( x4 ,if ! adjac5t hang]s1 g1 g1 fig4 #afi1 ( ! adjo9+ spr+s1 ,b & ,b1 are connect$ by an equaliz+ lev]1 ,a ,a1 :i* turns on ! fix$ po9t ,c1 !n ! %ock :i* affects "o :eel w be transf]r$ fir/ to ! correspond+ spr+4 ,f ?is spr+ a "p ( ! %ock w be transf]r$ to ! frame by ! hang] g1 & a "p by ! hang] g to ! equaliz]1 :i* w transf] ! pressure to ! adjo9+ spr+ ,b4 ,if by "s unev5ness ( ! road or a p[]ful oscillation ( ! locomotive1 a spr+ is mom5t>ily burd5$1 ! equaliz] ?us causes ! next :eel to receive "p ( ?is load4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are evid5t3 s9ce ! spr+s h to receive only a "p ( ! %ocks1 !y c be made less /rong & !re=e m flexible4 ,! dang] ( runn+ (f ! track & t ( break+ axles1 spr+s & hang]s1 is !re=e r$uc$ by ! use ( equaliz+ lev]s4 ,,"q #cjb4 ,h[ are ! equaliz+ lev]s con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( wr\ght iron & are support$ 9 ! c5tre by a fulcrum1 ,c1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! frame or boil] or bo?4 ,! spr+-hang]s g1 g are usually atta*$ to ! lev] by eyes & keys4 ,sometimes eyes are made 9 ! lev]1 z %[n 9 fig4 #afi1 & ! hang] is ins]t$ into ! eye & held ei!r ) a key or else ) projections :i* are =g$ on ! hang] bel[ ! lev]4 ,9 o!r cases ! hang]s are made ) an eye :i* embraces ! end ( ! lev]4 ,,"q #cjc4 ,h[ is ! di/ribution ( weight ( ! eng9e affect$ by ! equaliz+ lev]s8 ,answ]4 ,! weight is equally di/ribut$ on all ! driv+-:eels4 ,?is is app>5t if x is obs]v$ t ! weight susp5d$ f ea* ( ! spr+-hang]s ( ea* spr+ 9 fig4 #afi mu/ be ! same2 = if ! weights 9 ! two hang]s1 g & g1 7 unequal1 !n ! end ( ! spr+ :i* supports ! heavie/ weight w\ld be drawn d[n until ! pressure 0 equaliz$4 ,if ! weights susp5d$ f ! two hang]s1 g & g1 atta*$ to ! equaliz+ lev] 7 unequal1 !n ! "o support+ ! greate/ load w\ld draw up its end ( ! equaliz] until ! weights 7 aga9 9 equilibrium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,ano!r effect ( ! equaliz+ lev]s is t ea* side ( ! locomotive is support$ 9 su* a way t ! action is ! same z x w\ld be if x 0 support$ on "o po9t4 ,if1 = example1 we h a heavy beam1 say a piece ( timb] l t %[n by ,a ,b1 fig4 #ahd1 susp5d$ at "o po9t1 ,c1 9 its c5tre1 to ! middle1 a1 ( a long spr+1 ,d ,e1 ! ends ( :i* re/ on two supports1 ,f & ,g1 x is evid5t t if ! po9t ( susp5sion is at ! middle1 ,c1 ( ! timb] & a ( ! spr+1 ! weight ( ! timb] w re/ equally on ! two supports1 ,f & ,g1 & t ! ends ( ! timb] c move up or d[n or vibrate ab\t ! po9t ( susp5sion1 ,c1 )\t affect+ ! di/ribution ( weight on ! supports1 ,f & ,g4 ,if1 n[1 ! timb] is susp5d$ f ?ree po9ts1 ,a1 ,c & ,b1 fig4 #ahe1 t is1 its middle & two ends1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ahe1 ! ends1 ,a & ,b1 be+ atta*$ to ! ends ( ! spr+s b c & d e1 ! latt] re/+ on ! supports ,f & ,g1 & connect$ at _! opposite ends to an equaliz]1 f g1 ^: fulcrum is at a1 x is evid5t t ea* ( ! end hang]s mu/ support "o-half ( t "p ( ! weight ( ! timb] betwe5 x & ! middle1 & t ! c5tre hang] mu/ support "o-half ! weight betwe5 ! middle & ! two ends4 ,?us ! hang] ,a b mu/ support "o-half ! weight ( ! timb] betwe5 ,a & ,c1 & ,b e mu/ support "o-half ( t betwe5 ,b & ,c2 9 o!r words1 ! end hang]s w\ld ea* su/a9 "o-f\r? ( ! weight ( ! timb] & ! middle "o-half ( its weight4 ,if ! weight ( ! timb] is #a1jjj p\nds1 ! end hang]s w\ld ea* su/a9 #bej & ! middle "o #ejj p\nds4 ,! weight ( ! middle ( ! timb] is hung on ! equaliz]1 & "o-half1 or #bej p\nds ( x is ?us transf]r$ to ea* ( its ends f & g1 & !nce to ! hang]s f c & g d1 & ?us to ! spr+s1 s t ! ends1 c & d1 ( ! spr+s1 su/a9 a weight ( #bej p\nds1 !re=e1 z ! opposite ends also su/a9 ! same weight1 x is evid5t t ea* ( ! spr+s be>s a total load ( #ejj p\nds1 or "o-half ( ! weight ( ! timb]1 :i* is ! same load !y su/a9$ 9 fig4 #afd4 ,if ! ends ( a timb] support$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ahe are mov$ up or d[n ab\t ! c5tre po9t ( susp5sion1 x is evid5t t ! di/ribution ( weight w\ld n be affect$ any m ?an x 0 9 fig4 #afd by a simil> movem5t1 because if ! ends ( ! timb] move z %[n by ! dott$ l9es ar\nd ! c5tre po9t ( susp5sion ,c1 ! end ,a w asc5d z mu* z ,b desc5ds4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! ends b & e ( ! spr+s & ( _! opposite ends c & d1 & also ( ! ends ( ! equaliz]1 s t :5 ! timb]1 spr+s & equaliz] are 9 ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 x is 9 equilibrium1 j z x 0 :5 ! timb] 0 horizontal2 & !re=e ! weight on ! supports is ! same 9 bo? cases1 ?us %[+ t ! load ,a ,b c move ab\t ! c5tre ( susp5sion :5 support$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ahe z freely z x c if arrang$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ahd4 ,x !re=e foll[s t 9 ! di/ribution ( ! weight ( ea* side ( ! locomotive on ! :eels & on ! track1 x may be reg>d$ ! same z ?\gh x 0 support$ at "o po9t1 :i* is ! fulcrum ( ! equaliz+-lev]4 ,,"q #cjd4 ,:at advantage results f support+ ! weight ( ! back "p ( ! locomotive on two po9ts8 ,answ]4 ,if ! back "p ( ! locomotive re/s on only two po9ts & ! front end on ! c5tre ( ! truck1 !n ! :ole weight ( ! eng9e w be su/a9$ on ?ree po9ts4 ,n[ x is a well kn[n fact t any tripod1 l t on :i* an eng9e]'s level is m\nt$1 or a ?ree-legg$ /ool1 w adju/ itself to any surface1 h[ev] unev51 & /& firmly 9 any position2 :]eas if !re are m ?an ?ree po9ts ( support1 if !y are all ( ! same l5g? ! surface on :i* !y re/ mu/ be a plane1 o!rwise "s ( !m w n t\*4 ,all railroad tracks h inequalities ( surface1 & !re=e x is ( ! utmo/ importance t a locomotive %\ld be able to adju/ itself on its po9ts ( support to any unev5ness ( ! track on :i* x mu/ run4 ,?is is possible only :5 ! weight re/s on ?ree po9ts ( support4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,scale1 in* #a foot4 ,,"q #cje4 ,h[ is ! truck con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x consi/s1 z has already be5 /at$1 ( two pairs ( :eels4#gf ,^! are atta*$ to a frame1 b b1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,! axles h boxes call$ truck-boxes1 & brass be>+s simil> to ^? us$ on ! driv+-axles4 ,^! boxes "w 9 jaws1 also simil> to ^? on ! ma9 eng9e frame1 except+ t !y h no atta*m5t to prev5t !m f be+ worn by ! motion ( ! boxes up & d[n 9 ! jaws4 ,fig4 #ahf is a horizontal section1 fig4 #ahg a plan1 & fig4 #ahh a transv]se section#gg ( a truck4 ,! frame ,c ,d ,e ,f1 fig4 #ahg1 %[n also at h h1 figs4 #ahf & #ahh1 is ( rectangul> =m & is =g$ 9 "o piece4 ,! legs f f :i* =m ! jaws = ! boxes1 are bolt$ to ! frame z %[n 9 fig4 #ahf4 ,to ! l[] end ( ^! legs a brace1 g g g1 is bolt$1 :i* ?us unites !m toge!r4 ,on ea* side "o spr+1 ,s ,f ,s1 is plac$ "u ! frame & 9 ! rev]se or inv]t$ position to t ( ! driv+-spr+s4 ,a pair ( equaliz+ lev]s1 ,g ,g ,g1 is plac$ on ea* side ( ! truck1 "o ( !m on ! inside ( ! frame & ! o!r on ! outside1 z %[n 9 ! plan4 ,! ends ( ^! equaliz]s re/ on ! top ( ! truck-boxes1 & ! spr+s are atta*$ to ! lev]s at i i by ! hang]s1 j j4 ,! truck-frame re/s on ! top ( ! spr+-/rap1 ,f1 :i* is made ( ! =m ( an arc ( a circle1 or 8r\nd$10 z x is t]m$ by workm51 s t x c move freely ab\t ! po9t ( support4 ,x is evid5t t ?is arrangem5t ( spr+ & equaliz] op]ates 9 ! same way z t employ$ = ! driv+-:eels 9 di/ribut+ ! weight on ea* ( ! :eels1 & t ! truck-frame is support$ on two po9ts1 k1 k1 figs4 #ahf & #ahg4 ,! weight ( ! front end ( ! eng9e re/s on a ca/ iron c5tre-plate1 ,h ,h4 ,?is c5tre-plate re/s on f\r b>s1 l l1 l l1 & m m1 m m1 two ( :i* are bolt$ to ! frame transv]sely & ! o!r two longitud9ally1 z %[n 9 ! plan4 ,^! b>s are elevat$ 9 ! c5tre z %[n 9 figs4 #ahf & #ahh4 ,! transv]se b>s are truss$ ) two correspond+ b>s1 n n1 fig4 #ahh1 bel[4 ,^! truss-b>s z !y are call$1 are bolt$ to ! upp] b>s ) bolts1 o1 o1 b are sep>at$ f ! top-b>s by di/ance pieces1 ,p1 ,p1 figs4 #ahf & #ahh4 ,! c5tre-plate ,h ,h1 call$ ! l[] c5tre-plate1 has an annul> groove 9 x1 :i* receives a correspond+ projection on ! ca/+ ,k ,k1 call$ ! upp] c5tre-plate1 :i* is bolt$ to ! b$-plate ( ! cyl9d]s1 z %[n 9 plate ,,ii4 ,! upp] c5tre-plate has a p91 y1 call$ a c5tre-p91 fig4 #ahf & plate ,,ii1 atta*$ to x1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! l[] c5tre-plate1 & has a key und]nea? ! latt] plate4 ,?is key is int5d$ to prev5t ! eng9e f 8jump+0 (f ( ! truck on a r\gh track or 9 case ( accid5t4 ,! annul> groove & ! projection :i* fits into x are int5d$ to receive ! /ra9 :i* o!rwise w\ld be> aga9/ ! c5tre-p9 & w\ld be liable to break or b5d x4 #gf ,9 "s r>e cases ?ree pairs ( :eels are employ$ = locomotive trucks4 ,six-:eel$ trucks are v commonly us$ "u pass5g] c>s4 #gg ,! "r half is a section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! axle1 or ( ,g g1 ( fig4 #ahf1 & ! left half a section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! truck1 or on g g1 ( fig4 #ahf4 ,f ?is description x w be se5 t :ile ! truck-frame re/s on two po9ts1 k & k1 ! weight ( ! eng9e is support$ by ! c5tre-plate ( ! truck4 ,z ! back "p sub/antially re/s on ! c5tres ( ! two equaliz]s1 x w be se5 t ?is di/ribution ( ! weight fulfills ! conditions ( ! tripod1 or z x has be5 call$1 ! 8?ree-legg$ pr9ciple40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,fig4 #aij4 ,fig4 #aia4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #cjf4 ,h[ are trucks arrang$ s z to give !m lat]al motion8 ,answ]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! l[] c5tre-plate is usually susp5d$ 9 "s way f ! truck-frame on l9ks or hang]s1 s t x c sw+ lat]ally4 ,"o me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 figs4 #ahi1 #aij & #aia4 ,fig4 #aij is a front view1 fig4 #aia a plan1 & fig4 #ahi a transv]se section ( su* an arrangem5t4 ,! c5tre-plate ,h ,h has ca/ ) x an ext5sion1 ,b ,b1 ! ends ( :i* are susp5d$ on l9ks1 ,l1 ,l1 call$ susp5sion-l9ks1 ! upp] ends ( :i* are atta*$ to b>s1 m1 m1 :i* are set edgeways & ext5d across ! truck-frames4 ,x is evid5t t ) ?is arrangem5t ! l[] c5tre ca/+ c sw+ crosswise ( ! track on ! l9ks ,l1 ,l1 & t ! front end ( ! eng9e w ?us h a lat]al motion indep5d5t ( ! truck4 ,,"p ,,xiii4 ,,adhesion ,,& ,,traction4 ,,"q #cjg4 ,:at is meant by ! 8adhesion0 ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! resi/ance :i* prev5ts or opposes ! slipp+ ( ! driv+-:eels on ! rails1 & is due to ! friction ( ! =m] on ! latt]4 ,,"q #cjh4 ,on :at does ! am\nt ( ?is friction dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,l all friction x dep5ds ^u ! weight or pressure ( ! surfaces 9 contact1 & consequ5tly ^u ! load :i* re/s on ea* :eel4 ,x also dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! rails1 & probably to "s ext5t ^u ! mat]ial ( :i* !y & ! tires on ! :eels are made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #cji4 ,h[ mu* =ce is requir$ to make ! driv+-:eels ( a locomotive slip on an ord9>y railroad track8 ,answ]4 ,! =ce requir$ to make !m slip w1 z already /at$1 v>y v mu* ) ! condition ( ! rails4 ,if !y are q dry & clean x w require a =ce equal to ab\t "o-f\r? ! weight on ! :eels4 ,t is1 suppos+ we h a :eel1 ,a ,b1 fig4 #aib1 atta*$ to a frame :i* is fa/5$ s t x _c move1 & t ! :eel re/s on a rail & is load$ ) say #aj1jjj p\nds1 if n[ a rope or *a9 c\ld be atta*$ at a po9t1 ,b1 exactly at ! tread ( ! :eel1 & c>ri$ ov] a pulley1 ,c1 !n x w\ld require a weight1 ,d1 ( ab\t #b1ejj p\nds atta*$ to ! end ( ! rope to make ! :eel slip4 ,if ! rails 7 s&$1 ! adhesion w\ld be some:at great]1 & if !y 7 wet or muddy or greasy1 consid]ably less4 ,= ord9>y circum/ances ! adhesion may safely be assum$ to be "o-fif? ( ! weight ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,( c\rse ! total weight on all ! driv+-:eels mu/ be tak5 9 calculat+ ! adhesion4 ,?us1 if a locomotive has f\r driv+-:eels & ea* "o ( !m be>s a load ( #aj1jjj p\nds1 !n ! total weight on ! driv+-:eels1 or adhesive weight1 z x is call$1 w be #aj1jjj #d #dj1jjj p\nds1 & ! adhesion w be #dj1jjj ------ #h1jjj p\nds4 #e ,,"q #caj4 ,:at is meant by ! tractive p[] ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! =ce ) :i* ! locomotive is urg$ 9 a horizontal direction by ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]s1 & :i* !re=e t5ds to move ! locomotive & draw ! load atta*$ to x4 ,! tractive p[] is ( c\rse due to ! pressure ( /eam on ! pi/on1 & !re=e its am\nt is dep5d5t ^u ! av]age /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]1 on ! area ( ! pi/on1 & also on ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! pressure is ex]t$1 or1 9 o!r words1 on ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,?us if we h a cyl9d] #af in*es 9 diamet] & two feet /roke & an av]age /eam pressure ( #ej p\nds p] squ>e in*1 !n z ! area ( su* a pi/on w\ld be #bja squ>e in*es1 ! av]age pressure on x w\ld be #bja #ej #aj1jej p\nds1 & z ea* pi/on moves ?r\gh f\r feet dur+ "o revolution ( ! :eels1 ! numb] ( foot-p\nds ( en]gy ex]t$ by x w\ld be #aj1jej #d #dj1bjj1 & = ! two cyl9d]s ( a locomotive d\ble t am\nt1 or #hj1djj foot-p\nds4 ,n[ if ! driv+-:eels are five feet 9 diamet]1 _! circumf]5ce w be #ae4g feet1 & !re=e ! locomotive w move t di/ance on ! rails dur+ "o revolution1 if ! :eels d n slip4 ,! #hj1djj foot-p\nds ( en]gy is !re=e ex]t$ ?r\gh a di/ance ( #ae4g feet1 & !re=e #hj1djj ------ #e1aba p\nds1 #ae4g :i* is ! =ce ex]t$ ?r\gh ea* foot t ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel revolves & ! locomotive moves4 ,if ! :eels 7 only half ! diamet]1 or #b feet1 !n _! circumf]5ce w\ld be #g4he feet & ! tractive p[] w\ld be #hj1djj ------ #aj1bdb p\nds1 #g4he or d\ble :at x 0 be=e4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! tractive =ce ( a locomotive is dep5d5t ^u 7#a7 ! av]age /eam pressure 9 ! cyl9d]s1 7#b7 ! area1 7#c7 ! /roke ( ! pi/ons1 & 7#d7 ! diamet] ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,,"q #caa4 ,h[ is ! tractive p[] ( a locomotive calculat$8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,toge!r ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es1 ,,! ,,av]age ,,/eam ,,pressure ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,p] ,,squ>e ,,in* ,,on ,,! ,,pi/on ,,dur+ ,,! ,,:ole ,,/roke1 ,,& ,,f\r ,,times ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,/roke ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on1#gh ,,& ,,divid+ ,,! ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,circumf]5ce ,,( ,,! ,,:eel4 ,! result w be ! tractive p[] ex]t$ 9 p\nds4 ,! adhesion mu/ ( c\rse always exce$ ! tractive =ce1 o!rwise ! :eels w slip4 #gh ,?is l5g? may be tak5 9 feet1 in*es or any o!r measure1 b 9 mak+ ! calculation ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel mu/ be tak5 9 ! same measure z ! /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,,"q #cab4 ,h[ is ! locomotive made to advance by caus+ ! :eels to revolve8 ,answ]4 ,! pressure ( /eam 9 ! cyl9d]s is ex]t$ 9 "o direction aga9/ ! pi/on1 & 9 ! opposite direction aga9/ ! cyl9d] head1 z %[n 9 fig4 #aib1 9 :i* ! /eam is repres5t$ by ! dott$ %ad+ 9 ! back end ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! direction ( ! pressure by ! d>ts s1 s4 ,! pressure aga9/ ! pi/on is communicat$ by ! connect+-rod to ! crank-p9 ,e1 & t on ! cyl9d]-head is c>ri$ to ! axle by ! frame ,f ,f1 & ! direction ( ! two =ces is indicat$ by ! two d>ts1 a & b4 ,we may n[ reg>d ! spokes ( ! :eels z act+ z lev]s1 & assume t ! fulcrum is ei!r at ! c5tre ,g ( ! axle1 or at ,b1 ! po9t ( contact ( ! :eel ) ! rail4#gi ,we w assume t x is at ! c5tre ,g ( ! axle & = ! sake ( ev5 figures t ! :eel is six feet 9 diamet] & cyl9d]s h two feet /roke4 ,we w also suppose t ! eng9e is support$ s t ! :eels d n t\* ! rails1 & t a *a9 or rope pass+ ov] a pulley ,c is atta*$ to ! :eels at ,b & ) a weight at ,d4 ,we n[ h a =ce1 a1 ( #aj1jjj p\nds ex]t$ on ! crank-p91 or at ! end ( ! %ort arm ,e ,g ( ! lev] ,e ,g ,b4 ,z ,e ,g is "o foot & ,g ,b ?ree feet long1 #aj1jjj w\ld be balanc$ by #aj1jjj #a ---------- #c1ccc p\nds1 #c at ,b4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld require #c1ccc p\nds susp5d$ f ! *a9 at ,d to resi/ ! /ra9 at ,e4 ,b :5 ?is is ! case1 ! pressure ( ! axle at ! fulcrum1 9 ! direction ( ! d>t c1 is equal to ! pressure aga9/ ! crank-p9 ,e add$ to t ex]t$ by ! weight ,d at ,b1 or #aj1jjj #c1ccc #ac1ccc p\nds4 #gi ,! "q :e!r ! c5tre ( ! axle or ! po9t ( contact ) ! rail is ! fulcrum ( ! lev] 9 ?is case has be5 ! subject ( mu* animat$ discussion & cont5tion4 ,z ! ^w fulcrum means 8a po9t ab\t :i* a lev] moves10 x is believ$ t ! dispute is due simply to a diff]5ce 9 ! mean+ assign$ to ! ^w fulcrum4 ,if we reg>d ! fulcrum z ! po9t :i* is fix$ 9 relation to ! locomotive1 !n x is at ! c5tre ( ! axle1 b if we ref] x to ! surface ( ! e>?1 !n x is at ! top ( ! rail4 ,z ! pressure aga9/ ! axle 9 ! opposite direction1 b1 is only #aj1jjj p\nds1 !re w be an unbalanc$ =ce ( #c1ccc p\nds act+ 9 ! direction ( ! d>t c1 & t5d+ to move x t way4 ,z ! axle is atta*$ to ! locomotive frame1 ?is =ce w ( c\rse h a t5d5cy to move ! :ole ma*9e1 & is really ! tractive =ce ( ! eng9e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we reg>d ! po9t ( contact ,b ( ! :eel ) ! rail z a fulcrum1 we h a =ce ( #aj1jjj p\nds act+ aga9/ a lev]1 ,e ,g ,b1 f\r feet long4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be a =ce1 c1 ( #aj1jjj #d ---------- #ac1ccc p\nds #c ex]t$ at ,g1 & z ! pressure 9 ! direction ( ! d>t b is only #aj1jjj1 !re w\ld be an unbalanc$ /ra9 ( #ac1ccc - #aj1jjj #c1ccc p\nds act+ aga9/ ! axle 9 ! direction ( ! d>t c1 or1 9 o!r words1 !re is #c1ccc p\nds m ( =ce pull+ ! axle =w>d ?an !re is pu%+ x backw>d4 ,:5 ! crank-p9 is bel[ ! axle1 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #aic1 !n if ! c5tre ( ! axle is reg>d$ z ! fulcrum we h a pressure ( #aj1jjj p\nds pu%+ aga9/ ! front cyl9d]-head1 :i* is transf]r$ to ! axle by ! frames1 & acts 9 ! direction ( ! d>t c1 & we also h a pressure aga9/ ! crank-p9 ,e 9 ! direction ( ! d>t a4 ,n[ #aj1jjj p\nds at ,e w\ld ex]t a =ce ( #aj1jjj #a ---------- #c1ccc p\nds #c at ,b & #aj1jjj #b ---------- #f1fff p\nds #c at ,g 9 ! direction ( b4 ,b ! pressure on ! cyl9d]-head pulls aga9/ ! axle ,g 9 ! direction c ) a =ce ( #aj1jjj1 s t ! excess ( /ra9 9 ! direction b w be equal to #aj1jjj - #f1fff #c1ccc p\nds4 ,if we reg>d ,b z ! fulcrum1 ! calculation is exactly ! same1 z #aj1jjj p\nds at ,e ex]ts a =ce at ,g equal to #aj1jjj #b ---------- #f1fff p\nds1 #c & ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! pressure ex]t$ by ! /ra9 aga9/ ! front cyl9d]-head is ! =ce :i* urges ! axle & ) x ! locomotive =w>d4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t x is immat]ial :i* po9t is reg>d$ z ! fulcrum1 z ! result ( ! calculations is exactly ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ha/ily suppos$ f :at has be5 said t ! total pressure aga9/ ! axle c be great] ?an its resi/ance to ! pressure4 ,z soon z ! "o exce$s ! o!r x w move4 ,b suppos+ t x requires a =ce equal to #c1ccc p\nds to draw a tra9 c\pl$ to ! eng9e1 z soon z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ce ex]t$ aga9/ ! axle by ! pi/on to move x =w>d & t :i* presses x back exce$s #c1ccc p\nds1 ! locomotive w move ! tra94 ,if x cont9ues to exce$ x ! spe$ ( ! tra9 w be accel]at$ & ?us ! resi/ance :i* holds ! eng9e back & t :i* pu%es x =w>d w always be equal4 ,,"q #cac4 ,does ! fact t ! pi/on is work+ f ! end ( a long] lev] ,e ,g ,b1 fig4 #aib1 :5 ! crank-p9 is above ! axle1 enable ! locomotive to />t a heavi] tra9 ?an :5 ! crank-p9 is bel[ ! axle & ! pi/on is work+ aga9/ a %ort] lev]1 ,g ,e ,b1 fig4 #aic8 ,answ]4 ,no2 because1 z has already be5 %[n1 ! pressure aga9/ ! axle is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,x is 9 fact only dur+ ! =w>d /roke t ! pressure on ! crank-p9 moves ! eng9e =w>d4 ,! =w>d pressure :i* is ex]t$ by ! crank-p9 at ! axle is !n great] ?an t ex]t$ aga9/ ! latt] 9 ! opposite direction by ! cyl9d]-head & frames4 ,x is ?is excess ( crank pressure :i* moves ! eng9e & :i* is ! tractive =ce dur+ ! =w>d /roke4 ,dur+ ! backw>d /roke ! pi/on is pu%+ ! axle backw>d1 & ! pressure aga9/ ! front cyl9d]-head is pull+ x =w>d4 ,! latt] !n exce$s ! =m]1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is ! =ce :i* moves ! eng9e =w>d4 ,z has be5 %[n1 ?is diff]5ce is ! same 9 bo? positions ( ! crank1 & !re=e ! locomotive c n f ?is cause pull m :5 ! crank is above ! axle ?an :5 x is bel[4 ,,"p ,,xiv4 ,,int]nal ,,di/urb+ ,,=ces ,,9 ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,,"q #cad4 ,:at are ! int]nal di/urb+ =ces 9 a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,!y are3 #a1 ! mom5tum ( ! p>ts :i* h a reciprocat+ motion2 #b1 ^? due to ! v>y+ pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d]-heads2 #c1 ^? caus$ by ! ?ru/ ( ! connect+-rods aga9/ ! guide-b>s2 & #d1 ^? produc$ by unbalanc$ revolv+ p>ts4 ,,"q #cae4 ,h[ c ! effects ( ^! di/urb+ =ces be neutraliz$8 ,answ]4 ,by putt+ c\nt]weights1 ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #afa1 9 ! driv+-:eels opposite ! crank-p9s4 ,! motion ( ^! w !n be 9 ! rev]se direction to t ( ! weight ( ! p>ts atta*$ to ! crank-p9s1 & ! motion ( ! "o w ?us1 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 neutralize ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,,"q #caf4 ,c ! weight ( ^! c\nt]weights be calculat$ = any locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x c probably be calculat$1 b x is an exce$+ly complicat$ problem1 & "o ab\t :i* !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,! difficulty is also increas$ by ! fact t :ile c\nt]weights may be heavy en\gh = "o spe$1 !y may be too heavy or too light = a sl[] or fa/] spe$1 & q disproportion$ :5 ! eng9e is n work+ /eam4 ,! foll[+ rules are giv5 9 8,cl>k's ,railway ,ma*9]y10 & are p]haps suffici5tly close to f9d a fir/ approximation to ! requisite position & weight ( ! c\nt]weights2 b ! f9al adju/m5t %\ld be made by trial4 ,?is c be done by susp5d+ ! locomotive by *a9s atta*$ to ! f\r corn]s ( its frame1 & sett+ ! ma*9]y 9 motion at ! spe$ x is int5d$ to run4 ,by atta*+ a p5cil to "o or to ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( ! frame1 & arrang+ x s t x w m>k on a horizontal fix$ c>d1 a diagram w be drawn1 be+ usually an oval1 :i* w %[ ! am\nt & =m ( ! oscillations4 ,! c\nt]weights c !n be adju/$ s t ! diagram drawn by ! p5cil is r$uc$ to ! lea/ possible size4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t is successful1 ! diamet] ( ! diagram is r$uc$ to ab\t ( an in*4#hj ,ano!r & simpl]1 b less accurate1 way is to place a pail or o!r vessel fill$ ) wat] on ! front ( ! eng9e & run ! locomotive on a smoo? track at a high spe$1 & adju/ ! c\nt]weights s t ! lea/ am\nt ( wat] w be spill$4 #hj ,rank9e's ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,,"q #cag4 ,h[ c ! c5tre ( gravity ( a c\nt]weight 9 "o segm5t be f\nd8 ,answ]4 ,,by ,,cutt+ ,a ,,wood5 ,,templet ,,( ,,uni=m ,,?ickness ,,to ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,surface1 ,,& ,,freely ,,susp5d+ ,,x ,,by ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,corn]s1 a1 ,,z ,,9 ,,fig4 #aid2 ,a ,,plummet-,,l9e1 ,p a1 ,,dropp$ ,,f ,,! ,,same ,,po9t ,,( ,,susp5sion ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,templet ,,w ,,int]sect ,,! ,,c5tre ,,l9e b c ,,at ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,,"q #cah4 ,h[ c ! c5tre ( gravity ( a c\nt]weight 9 ?ree segm5ts be f\nd8 ,answ]4 ,,f9d ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity ,c1 ,,fig4 #aie1 ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,c\nt]weights1 ,,z ,,above2 ,,?r\gh ,c ,,/rike ,,an ,,arc ,,f ,,! ,,c5tre1 a1 ,,( ,,! ,,:eel1 ,,cross+ ,,! ,,c5tre ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,segm5ts ,,at ,,_! ,,c5tres1 ,c ,c2 ,,draw ,c ,c ,,meet+ ,a ,b ,,at ,d1 ,,& ,,set ,,(f ,d ,e1 ,,"o-,,?ird ,,( ,,! ,,int]val ,d ,c4 ,,!n ,e ,,is ,,! ,,common ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,,"q #cai4 ,h[ c ! c5tre ( gravity ( a c\nt]weight 9 two segm5ts be f\nd8 ,answ]4 ,?is is requir$ :5 ! crank is opposite to a spoke1 z 9 fig4 #aif4 ,,f9d ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity1 ,c1 ,,( ,,"o ,,segm5t ,,z ,,be=e1 ,,& ,,by ,,an ,,arc ,,f9d ,,! ,,o!r ,,c5tre ,c2 ,,draw ,c ,c1 ,,cutt+ ,a ,b ,,at ,d1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,! ,,common ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,,"q #cbj4 ,h[ c ! c5tre ( gravity ( a c\nt]weight 9 f\r segm5ts be f\nd8 ,answ]4 ,,f9d1 ,,z ,,be=e1 ,,! ,,c5tres ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,,fig4 #aig1 ,,( ,,! ,,segm5ts2 ,,draw ,c ,c ,,& ,c ,c1 ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,l9e ,a ,b2 ,,bisect ,,! ,,int]val ,,s ,,inclos$ ,,at ,e ,,= ,,! ,,common ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,,"q #cba4 ,h[ is ! c\nt]weight = outside-cyl9d] eng9es ) a s+le pair ( driv+-:eels calculat$8 ,answ]4 ,,f9d ,,! ,,total ,,weight1 ,,9 ,,p\nds1 ,,( ,,! ,,revolv+ ,,& ,,reciprocat+ ,,masses ,,= ,,"o ,,side1 ,,namely1 ,,! ,,pi/on ,,& ,,app5dages1 ,,connect+-,,rod1 ,,crank-,,p9 ,,& ,,crank-,,p9 ,,boss2 ,,multiply ,,by ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,crank ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,& ,,divide ,,by ,,! ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,in*es ,,( ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,gravity ,,( ,,! ,,space ,,to ,,be ,,occupi$ ,,by ,,! ,,c\nt]weight4 ,,! ,,result ,,is ,,! ,,c\nt]weight ,,9 ,,p\nds1 ,,to ,,be ,,plac$ ,,exactly ,,opposite ,,to ,,! ,,crank4 ,"q #cbb4 ,h[ is ! c\nt]weight = outside-cyl9d] eng9es ) c\pl$ driv+-:eels calculat$8 ,answ]4 ,,f9d ,,! ,,sep>ate ,,revolv+ ,,weights1 ,,9 ,,p\nds1 ,,( ,,crank-,,p91 ,,crank-,,p9 ,,boss1 ,,c\pl+-,,rods ,,& ,,connect+-,,rod1 ,,= ,,ea* ,,:eel1 ,,also ,,! ,,reciprocat+ ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on ,,& ,,app5dages1 ,,& ,,half ,,! ,,connect+-,,rod2 ,,divide ,,! ,,reciprocat+ ,,weight ,,equally ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,c\pl$ ,,:eels1 ,,& ,,add ,,! ,,"p1 ,,s ,,allott$1 ,,to ,,! ,,revolv+ ,,weight ,,on ,,ea* ,,:eel2 ,,! ,,sums ,,s ,,obta9$ ,,are ,,! ,,weights ,,to ,,be ,,balanc$ ,,at ,,! ,,sev]al ,,:eels1 ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,necess>y ,,c\nt]weight ,,may ,,be ,,f\nd ,,by ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,rule4 ,"q #cbc4 ,h[ are ! c\nt]weights con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are usually made ( ca/ iron1 s z to fill or p>tly fill ! spaces betwe5 ! spokes ( ! :eel1 z %[n at ,a ,a 9 fig4 #afa4 ,ea* ( ! segm5ts consi/s ( two pieces1 "o ( :i* is put 9 f ! outside ( ! :eel & ! o!r f ! inside4 ,! two are !n bolt$ toge!r ) bolts1 :i* are %[n 9 ! above figure4 ,9 "s cases ! c\nt]weights are ca/ solid ) ! :eels1 & 9 o!rs1 cavities are ca/ 9 ! :eels :i* are fill$ ) lead1 :i* is p\r$ 9 :5 melt$4 ,"s locomotive build]s make ! rims & spokes ( ! :eels holl[ & fill !m ) lead opposite to ! crank-p9s4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to get ! requir$ weight 9 su* :eels unless !y are ( l>ge diamet]4 ,,"q #cbd4 ,:at effect has ! /ra9 on ! draw-b>1 :5 ! eng9e is pull+ a load1 ^u ! di/ribution ( ! weight on ! :eels8 ,answ]4 ,x has ! effect ( pull+ ! back end ( ! eng9e d[n1 &1 z x is balanc$ on ! fulcrums ( ! equaliz+ lev]s1 x at ! same "t lifts up ! front end4 ,9 ?is way ! h>d] a locomotive is pull+ ! great] w be ! weight :i* is ?r[n on ! driv+-:eels1 & t on ! truck w be correspond+ly dim9i%$4 ,! high] ! draw-b> is above ! rails ! great] w be ! t5d5cy to pull ! eng9e d[n beh9d & up 9 front4 ,,"p ,,xv4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,,"q #cbe4 ,:at is ! s&-box1 ,v1 plates ,i & ,,ii =1 & h[ is x con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,x is int5d$ to c>ry a supply ( dry s&1 :i* is scatt]$ on ! rails 9 front ( ! driv+-:eels :5 ! latt] are liable to slip4 ,?is is done by two pipes1 e1 e1 plate ,i1 "o on ea* side ( ! eng9e4 ,!y lead f ! s&-box to )9 a few in*es ( ! rail4 ,at ! upp] end & inside ! s&-box !y ea* h a valve :i* is op]at$ by a lev] :i* is connect$ to ! cab by a rod :i* enables ! locomotive runn] to op5 or close ! valve at pleasure4 ,! s&-box is usually made ( %eet iron ) a ca/ iron base1 & a top ( a m or less ornam5tal design4 ,x also has an op5+ on top ?r\gh :i* ! s& is suppli$ to ! box4 ,?is op5+ has a loose cov] to exclude ra9 & dirt f ! s&4 ,! s&-box is usually locat$ on top ( ! boil] 9 front ( ! front driv+-:eels4 ,,"q #cbf4 ,:at is ! bell ,u =8 ,answ]4 ,x is us$ = giv+ signals ( ! />t+ or approa* ( ! eng9e4 ,x also is locat$ on top ( ! boil] & is usually hung on a ca/ iron frame & rung ) a rope connect+ x ) ! cab4 ,,"q #cbg4 ,:at is ! weight ( an ord9>y locomotive bell8 ,answ]4 ,f #ej to #ajj p\nds4 ,,"q #cbh4 ,:at is a locomotive head-light8 ,answ]4 ,x is a l>ge lamp1 ,t1 plates ,i & ,,ii1 plac$ 9 front ( ! locomotive to signal its approa* at night & also to illum9ate ! track = ! locomotive runn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,scale #a 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #cbi4 ,h[ is a head-light con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! lamp has :at is call$ an ,arg& burn]2 t is1 a burn] ) a holl[ cyl9drical wick1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* a curr5t ( air circulates1 :i* ?us supplies ! flame ) a l>g] quantity ( air ?an is possible if ! latt] c come 9 contact ) ! =m] only f ! outside4 ,! result is t ! combu/ion is mu* m brilliant ?an ) ord9>y burn]s4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ all ! light on ! track ! burn] is plac$ inside ( a concave reflector1 a b c1 fig4 #aih1 :i* is ( a p>abolic =m4 ,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is =m ( reflector is t if a light is plac$ 9 its focus f ! rays w be reflect$ f its surface 9 p>allel l9es4 ,?us1 let a b c1 fig4 #aih1 repres5t a section ( su* a reflector4 ,n[1 if a light be plac$ 9 ! focus f ! rays w /rike aga9/ ! reflector1 be ?r[n 9 ! direction ( ! dott$ l9es f #a x1 f #b x 444 f #i x1 etc41 & ?us be ?r[n directly 9 front ( ! eng9e4 ,! reflectors are usually made ( copp] & plat$ ) silv]4 ,! lamps & reflectors = head-lights are inclos$ 9 a rectangul> case :i* is support$ on two brackets bolt$ to ! front ( ! smoke-box4 ,on ^! brackets a wood5 %elf is fa/5$ on :i* ! head-light re/s4 ,,"q #ccj4 ,:at are ! runn+-bo>ds & h&-rails8 ,answ]4 ,! runn+-bo>ds are planks1 i i1 plate ,i1 plac$ on ea* side ( ! boil] to enable ! locomotive runn] or fireman to g f ! cab to ! front end ( ! eng9e :5 x is runn+4 ,! h&-rails1 m m m1 are brass or iron pipes atta*$ to ! top ( ! boil] & ext5d+ f ! cab to ! smoke-box1 & are plac$ !re1 z _! "n indicates1 to support or = a h&-hold = p]sons on ! runn+-bo>d4 ,,"q #cca4 ,:at provision is made = remov+ f ! track su* ob/acles z cattle or fall5 rocks1 :i* may be 9 front ( locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,:at is call$ a c[-cat*] or pilot1 ,s1 plates ,i & ,,ii1 is atta*$ to ! front ( ! locomotive4 ,?is is usually made ( wood1 & consi/s ( a triangul> frame at ! bottom :i* is support$ ab\t f\r in*es above ! tops ( ! rails4 ,/raight pieces ( wood ( ab\t #b #d in*es section are fa/5$ to ?is frame & also to a horizontal piece :i* is bolt$ to ! bump]-timb] ,e4 ,^! pieces arrang$ 9 ?is way & only a few in*es ap>t give to ! c[-cat*] a peculi> curv$ =m some:at resembl+ t ( ! m\ld-bo>d ( a pl[1 :i* is v well adapt$ = ?r[+ any ob/acles f ! track4 ,sometimes ^! pieces are plac$ horizontally in/ead ( be+ incl9$ up & d[n4 ,c[-cat*]s are also 9 "s cases made ( r\nd iron b>s or angle iron4 ,!y are always bolt$ securely to ! bump]-timb] & /r5g!n$ by /rong iron braces atta*$ to ! bottom frame at ! front & back4 ,^! braces are usually fa/5$ at ! o!r end to ! bump]-timb]1 b are sometimes atta*$ to ! b$-plates ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is also usually a /rong pu%+-b> atta*$ ) a bolt & h+$ jo9t to ! bump]-timb]4 ,?is is %[n 9 plates ,,ii & ,,iii 9 ! position x occupies :5 n 9 use4 ,x is us$ 9 pu%+ c>s1 z v (t5 !re is n room = ! pilot "u ! end ( ! c>4 ,9 us+ x is rais$ up1 & ! front end is !n c\pl$ to ! draw-head ( ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,,"q #ccb4 ,:at is ! foot-bo>d or foot-plate ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,x is a wr\ght or ca/ iron plate :i* ext5ds across & re/s ^u ! two frames at ! back "p ( ! locomotive & beh9d ! boil]1 & on :i* ! locomotive runn] & fireman /&4 ,x also unites ! two frames v securely1 & furni%es an atta*m5t = ! draw-b>4 ,! foot-bo>d is (t5 made mu* heavi] ?an is necess>y = /r5g?1 9 ord] to increase ! weight1 & ?us ! adhesion1 on ! driv+-:eels4 ,x is a fact (t5 n suspect$ t any weight plac$ on ! back end ( an ord9>y locomotive w increase ! load on ! driv+-:eels by an am\nt consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! weight itself4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! locomotive re/s on ! c5tre ( ! truck & ! c5tres ( ! equaliz]s1 & !re=e ! weight1 if appli$ to ! back end ( ! eng9e1 ga9s consid]able lev]age4 ,?is w be cle> if we take a beam1 ,a ,b1 & re/ x on two supports1 m & n1 fig4 #aii4 ,if n[ we put a weight ,w on ! end1 ov]hang+ ! po9t ( support1 ! weight :i* w re/ on n w be equal to t ( ,w multipli$ by its di/ance ,c f m & divid$ by ! di/ance ,d betwe5 m & n4 ,?us if a foot-bo>d weighs #a1jjj p\nds1 & its c5tre ( gravity is #e feet beh9d ! c5tre ( ! equaliz]1 & ! latt] #ad feet f ! c5tre ( ! truck1 !n ! weight ?r[n on ! driv+-:eels w be equal to #a1jjj #ai ------------- #a1cic p\nds4 #ad ,! same ?+ is ( c\rse true ( any o!r weight plac$ on ! back end ( ! eng9e4 ,,"q #ccc4 ,:at are ! 8:eel-gu>ds0 ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,!y are %eet iron cov]s ov] ! upp] half ( ! p]iph]y or tread ( ! :eels1 & are plac$ !re to protect ! eng9e f ! dirt & mud :i* adh]e to ! :eels & are !n ?r[n (f on ! ma*9]y by ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,,"q #ccd4 ,:at are 8*eck0 or 8safety *a9s80 ,answ]4 ,!re are two k9ds ( su* *a9s1 ! "o atta*$ to ! trucks & frames ( ! locomotive & ! t5d]4 ,! object ( ^! *a9s is to prev5t ! trucks f turn+ ar\nd & gett+ crosswise ( ! track if ! trucks %\ld leave ! rails4 ,! o!r k9d ( safety *a9s connects ! eng9e to ! t5d]1 s t1 9 case ! draw-b> or c\pl+-p9s %\ld break1 ! two w n sep>ate4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to atta* ! truck *a9s s z to be /rong en\gh to resi/ ! /ra9s to :i* !y w be subject$ 9 case ! trucks run (f ! track4 ,! grosse/ c>elessness & ignorance are (t5 %[n 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! p>ts4 ,,"p ,,xvi4 ,,screw-,,?reads1 ,,bolts ,,& ,,nuts4 ,,"q #cce4 ,h[ mu/ ! screws ( bolts & nuts be made1 9 ord] to fit ea* o!r8 ,answ]4 ,ea* size ( screw mu/ be made ( exactly ! same diamet]1 & _! ?reads ( ! same =m & proportions & pit*4 ,,"q #ccf4 ,:at is meant by ! 8pit*0 ( a ?read8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! di/ance ! ?read progresses l5g?wise ( ! screw 9 "o revolution4 ,?us if a s+le-?read$ screw has "o-eigh? ( an in* pit*1 x means t ! ?reads are ( an in* ap>t measur$ f ! c5tre ( "o ?read to ! c5tre ( t next to x1 & !re=e !re are eight ?reads to ea* in* 9 l5g? ( ! screw4 ,,"q #ccg4 ,:at is meant by a 8s+le-?read$0 screw8 ,answ]4 ,x means a screw ) b "o ?read in/ead ( two or m4 ,?us if we take a /r+ & w9d x ar\nd a p5cil1 x w repres5t a s+le-?read$ screw1 & if we take two or ?ree /r+s & w9d !m p>allel to ea* o!r1 !y w repres5t a d\ble or treble-?read$ screw4 ,! latt] k9ds are seldom or nev] us$ on locomotives1 s t 9 ! foll[+ discussion only s+le-?read$ screws w be ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,full ,size4 ,,"q #cch4 ,:at is ! usual =m ( ! ?reads ( screws8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ common is :at is call$ ! ,v-?read1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bjj1 :i* is made %>p at bo? ! top & bottom4 ,if su* a ?read = "o screw is made v po9t$ & t = ano!r is blunt1 x is pla9 t ! nut = ! "o w n fit ! o!r accurately1 & also t if a nut has eight ?reads to ! in*1 x w n fit on a bolt ) n9e4 ,ow+ to ! fact t1 until )9 a few ye>s1 no common /&>d has be5 agre$ ^u = ! =m1 proportions or pit* ( screws !re has be5 v great div]sity 9 ^! respects 9 ! screws :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( locomotives & o!r ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahfd ! inconv5i5ce & confusion f ?is cause became s great t x attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia1 & a committee 0 appo9t$ by t association to inve/igate & report on ! subject4 ,t committee recomm5d$ ! adoption ( ! ,sell]s sy/em ( screw-?reads & bolts1 :i* 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,william ,sell]s1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,?is same sy/em 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ z ! /&>d by bo? ! ,army & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n by ! ,ma/] ,me*anics' & ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' associations1 s t x may n[ be reg>d$1 & 9 fact is call$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 b ! design is due to ,mr4 ,sell]s4 ,,"q #cci4 ,9 e/abli%+ a /&>d sy/em ( screws & ?reads1 :at is ! fir/ ?+ :i* mu/ be det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,! numb] ( ?reads to ! in*1 or ! pit* ( ! ?reads = screws ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,full size4 ,,"q #cdj4 ,:at is ! /&>d = ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* = ! diff]5t siz$ screws ( ! ,sell]s sy/em8 ,answ]4 ,! numb] ( ?reads ) _! o!r proportion is giv5 9 ! table at ! end ( ?is *apt] on page #cdh4 ,,"q #cda4 ,:at is ! =m ( ! ?read ( ?is /&>d8 ,answ]4 ,! =m is %[n 9 fig4 #bja1 & is simil> to ! ,v-?read1 except+ t x is flatt5$ at ! top & bottom4 ,,"q #cdb4 ,:at are ! reasons = ! adoption ( ?is =m ( ?read8 ,answ]4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t if a screw is made ) a 8blunt0 ?read x w n fit a nut ) v acute or 8%>p0 ?reads2 or1 if ! ?read ( ! bolt 0 acute & t 9 ! nut obtuse1 !y w\ld fit imp]fectly4 ,x is !re=e necess>y 9 a /&>d sy/em to fix ^u ! angle :i* ! sides ( ! ?read %all be> to ea* o!r4 ,?is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d sy/em 0 det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,sell]s at #fj degrees1 because t angle is easily laid (f )\t special in/rum5ts#ha & is p]haps z good z or bett] ?an any o!r =m = ! ?reads4 #ha ,?is c be done by draw+ a circle ( any diamet]1 & subdivid+ ! circumf]5ce into six equal p>ts ) ! radius4 ,l9es1 drawn f ! po9ts ( division to ! c5tre w h an incl9ation ( #fj degrees to ea* o!r4 ,x is obvi\s t if a tool is gr\nd ) its sides at an angle ( #fj degrees to ea* o!r1 if ! po9t is made %>p aft] a v little use x w be worn m or less s t ! bottom ( ! ?read w n be cut p]fectly %>p1 & !re=e x w be difficult to make bolts & nuts ) %>p ?reads fit ea* o!r accurately4 ,x is also pla9 t ! %>p edge ( a ?read gives v little /r5g? to ! screw1 & yet dim9i%es t ( ! bolt v mat]ially4 ,x w also be impossible to measure ! diamet] ( ! screw at ! bottom ( ! ?read if x is made %>p1 z its dep? w v>y z ! po9t ( ! tool we>s1 & x is almo/ impossible to measure ! diamet] ( su* a screw accurately ) ord9>y calip]s4 ,a %>p-edg$ ?read 9 a bolt is also v liable to be injur$ & bruis$ by com+ 9 contact ) o!r objects4 ,to obviate ^! evils ! /&>d ?reads are !re=e made flat on ! top1 & x is evid5t t a simil> %ape at ! bottom w give increas$ /r5g? to ! bolt z well z con=m to & fit ! ?read 9 ! nut4 ,to give ?is =m requires only t ! po9t ( ! cutt+ tool %all be tak5 (f1 & !n x is evid5t ?is =m ( ?read c be cut 9 a la! ) ! same tool & 9 ! same mann] z ! %>p ?read4 ,! wid? ( ! flat top & bottom %\ld ( c\rse be> a def9ite proportion to ! size or pit* ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,,"q #cdc4 ,:at are ! proportions ( ! /&>d ?reads8 ,answ]4 ,! rule giv5 by ,mr4 ,sell]s = proportion+ ! ?read is z foll[s3 8,,divide ,,! ,,pit*1 ,,or1 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,same ,,?+1 ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,?read1 ,,into ,,eight ,,equal ,,p>ts2 ,,take ,,(f ,,"o ,,"p ,,f ,,! ,,top ,,& ,,fill ,,9 ,,"o ,,"p ,,9 ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,?read3 ,,!n ,,! ,,flat ,,top ,,& ,,bottom ,,w ,,equal ,,"o-,,eigh? ,,( ,,! ,,pit*1 ,,! ,,we>+ ,,surface ,,w ,,be ,,?ree-,,qu>t]s ,,( ,,! ,,pit* ,,& ,,! ,,diamet] ,,( ,,screw ,,at ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,?read ,,w ,,be ,,express$ ,,by ,,! ,,=mula3 diamet] - #a4bii ------------------------ no4 ?reads p] in*40 ,9 ord] to make ! =m & proportions ( ?is /&>d ?read z pla9 z possible1 we h _h an enl>g$ diagram1 fig4 #bjb1 engrav$1 s z to repres5t ! diff]5t p>ts cle>ly4 x repres5ts ! pit*1 d ! diamet] ( ! screw 9 in*es1 v ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in*1 n ! diamet] at bottom ( ?read1 m ! wid? ( back "p ( ?read at ! top & bottom1 & s ! l5g? ( ! side ( ?read4 ,f ,mr4 ,sell]s' rule ! foll[+ =mul c be d$uc$3 #a4bii n d - ----- v x m --- #h #cx s ---- #d ,f ?is rule any ?read c be con/ruct$1 x be+ only necess>y to "k ! pit* or numb] ( ?reads to ! in*4 ,?is1 ) all ! dim5sions ( ! /&>d ?reads = bolts f to #b in* diamet]1 is giv5 9 ! table on page #cdh4 ,= practical use 9 ! %op a gauge l t %[n 9 fig4 #bjc w be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t = gr9d+ ! tools to ! prop] =m = mak+ ! /&>d screws4 ,) ?is gauge ! screw-cutt+ tool c fir/ be gr\nd to ! prop] angle by fitt+ x to ! deepe/ not*1 & ! requisite quantity %\ld !n be tak5 (f ! po9t by fitt+ x to ! not* repres5t+ ! =m ( ?read = ! siz$ bolt or numb] ( ?reads to ! in* :i* x is int5d$ to cut4 ,:]ev] ?is /&>d = ?reads is us$1 if any pret5se at all is made to accuracy ( workman%ip1 c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! =m & proportion ( ! ?reads z well z to ! numb] to ! in*4 ,9 buy+ taps & dies ! pur*as] %\ld see t !y con=m 9 e respect to ! /&>d1 & 9 mak+ specifications = new "w simil> c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to secure ! true /&>d1 =m & proportion ( screws4 ,9 _m %ops ! workm5 :o h ! c>e ( ^? tools are entirely ignorant ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,sell]s sy/em1 & h only ! vague idea t s long z !y get ! prop] numb] ( ?reads to ! in* !y are do+ all t is necess>y to secure uni=mity4 ,unless1 !re=e1 "s c>e is ex]cis$ to insure accuracy ( workman%ip 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ! adoption ( a 8/&>d0 = screws w n insure ! advantages :i* w\ld result f uni=mity ( screws & ?reads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,full size4 ,,"q #cdd4 ,h[ ?ick mu/ a nut be1 measur+ l5g?wise ( ! bolt1 s t ! ?read 9 ! nut w be ( equal /r5g? to t ( ! bolt8 ,answ]4 ,its ?ickness mu/ be equal to ! outside diamet] ( ! screw4 ,,table ,,giv+ ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,or ,,sell]s ,,/&>d ,,sy/em ,,( ,,screw-,,?reads4 ,diamet] ( screw at !,wid? ( top ,outside root ( ! & bottom ( diamet],numb] ( ?read 9 ?read 9 ( screw ?reads decimals ( decimals ( 9 in*es p] in* an in* an in* ---------------------------------------- --- #bj 4#ahe 4#jjfb #ah 4#bdj 4#jjgd #af 4#bid 4#jjgh #ad 4#cdd 4#jjhi #ac 4#djj 4#jjif #ab 4#ded 4#jajd #aa 4#ejg 4#jaac #aj 4#fbj 4#jabe #i 4#gca 4#jach #a #h 4#hcg 4#jaef #a #g 4#idj 4#jagh #a #g #a4jfe 4#jagh #a #f #a4afj 4#jbjh #a #f #a4bhd 4#jbjh #a #e #a4chi 4#jbbg #a #e #a4dia 4#jbej #a #e #a4faf 4#jbej #b #d #a4gab 4#jbgg ,,"p ,,xvii4 ,,t5d]s4 ,,"q #cde4 ,:at are locomotive t5d]s =8 ,answ]4 ,!y c>ry a supply ( fuel & wat] = locomotives :ile !y are runn+4 ,,"q #cdf4 ,h[ are !y usually con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,_! con/ruction is repres5t$ 9 figs4 #bjd1 #bje & #bjf4 ,fig4 #bjd is a side view1 fig4 #bje a longitud9al section1 & fig4 #bjf a plan ( an ord9>y t5d]1 :i* consi/s ( a frame1 ,a ,a ,a ,a1 made ( wood or iron1#hb m\nt$ on a pair ( trucks1 ,t1 ,t4 ,! top ( ! frame is cov]$ ) planks1 ,b1 ,b1 :i* =m ! floor ( ! t5d]4 ,on top ( ?is floor a %eet-iron tank1 ,c ,c ,c1 is plac$1 :i* c>ries ! supply ( wat]4 ,?is tank is made some:at 9 ! =m ( a lett] 1 z %[n 9 ! plan4 ,x is made 9 ?is way s t ! space betwe5 ! two bran*es1 ,c1 ,c1 or 8legs10 z !y are call$1 w give room = fuel4 ,ar\nd ! upp] edge ( ! tank a %eet-iron rim1 ,d ,d1 is rivet$1 s z to prev5t ! fuel f fall+ (f :5 x is fill$ up above ! top ( ! tank4 #hb ,! frame repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ is made ( wood4 ,9 ! plan x is %[n by dott$ l9es4 ,,"q #cdg4 ,h[ is ! tank fill$ ) wat]8 ,answ]4 ,!re is a r\nd op5+1 ,e1 call$ a man-hole1 on top4 ,into ?is ! end ( a lea!r or canvas hose is introduc$1 :i* is atta*$ to a /ation>y tank1 at a wat] /ation1 & a /ream ( wat] is !n all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! hose into ! tank ( ! t5d]4 ,,"q #cdh4 ,h[ is ! wat] conduct$ f ! t5d] to ! eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,to ea* side ( ! front end ( ! tank1 "o end ( a piece ( rubb] hose1 ,f ,f1 is atta*$1 :i* is connect$ at ! o!r end to ! pipe on ! eng9e :i* supplies ! pump ) wat]4 ,! op5+ inside ! tank ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s to ! hose is cov]$ ) a valve1 :i* is n %[n 9 ! engrav+1 b :i* is op]at$ by a lev] or h&le1 ,g4 ,! valve is cov]$ ) a hood or /ra9]1 p]=at$ ) small holes1 :i* is int5d$ to prev5t dirt f ent]+ ! hose & ?us gett+ into & ob/ruct+ ! pump4 ,! hose is connect$ to ! supply pipe by a screw-c\pl+ simil> to t us$ ) ord9>y fire-eng9e hose4 ,,"q #cdi4 ,h[ are ! flat sides ( ! tank /r5g!n$ s z to resi/ ! pressure & weight ( ! wat]8 ,answ]4 ,!y are sometimes brac$ or /ay$ ) rods or b>s1 a1 a1 & h1 h1 fig4 #bje1 ext5d+ f "o side to ! o!r & f ! top to ! bottom1 & angle or iron is also rivet$ to ! sides to /iff5 !m4 ,,"q #cej4 ,h[ is ! t5d] connect$ to ! eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,by ! draw-b>1 ,h1 & c\pl+-p91 o1 fig4 #bje1 & also by ! safety *a9s1 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,scale in* #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,scale in* #a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,scale in* #a foot4 ,,"q #cea4 ,9 :at respect d ! t5d] trucks diff] f ! eng9e truck8 ,answ]4 ,*iefly 9 hav+ ! j\rnal-be>+s & frames outside ( ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,,"q #ceb4 ,:y are ! be>+s plac$ outside in/ead ( inside8 ,answ]4 ,because !y are !n m accessible ?an if !y are inside1 & ! oil-boxes on ! axles c be entirely clos$ ov] ! ends ( ! axles1 s t no oil c leak out1 :]eas if ! boxes are inside1 !y mu/ be left op5 at bo? ends4 ,:5 ! boxes are on ! outside1 !y c be oil$1 or a j\rnal-be>+ c be remov$ & a new "o put 9 its place1 ) mu* less difficulty ?an if ! boxes 7 on ! inside ( ! :eels4 ,! only reason :y ! be>+s ( eng9e truck-axles are plac$ inside ! :eels is because !y w\ld be 9 ! way ( ! cyl9d]s if !y 7 outside4 ,,"q #cec4 ,h[ are ! axle-boxes = ! t5d] axle con/ruct$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,answ]4 ,_! con/ruction is simil> to t ( a c> axle-box1 ! /&>d =m ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 figs4 #bjg1 #bjh & #bji4 ,fig4 #bjg is a section l5g?wise ( ! axle1 fig4 #bjh a section crosswise ( ! axle1 & fig4 #bji a sectional plan4 ,a is ! j\rnal ( ! axle1 :i* is inclos$ by a ca/ iron box1 ,k ,k1 :i* is op5 9 front & at ! back4 ,! front has a cov]1 ,h1 :i* is ei!r fa/5$ by a spr+1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations1 or is bolt$ to ! box4 ,! axle ent]s ! box f ! back1 ,i1 & has ei!r a wood or lea!r pack+1 ,j ,j1 call$ a du/-gu>d1 to keep ! du/ f gett+ 9 & ! oil f leak+ out ( ! box4 ,d is a brass j\rnal-be>+1 :i* re/s aga9/ a ca/ iron be>+ piece or key1 ,e1 :i* is put 9 s t by remov+ x ?r\gh ! op5+ ,f ,f1 ! brass be>+ c be rais$ up high en\gh to cle> ! coll>1 ,g1 on ! end ( ! axle & ?us be remov$ 9 ! same way4 ,! l[] portion1 ,l1 ( ! box "u ! axle is usually fill$ ) cotton or wool5 wa/e saturat$ ) oil4 ,?is con/antly presses aga9/ ! axle1 & ?us keeps x oil$4 ,,"q #ced4 ,h[ are ! t5d] trucks con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are made ( v>i\s patt]ns1 "s ( :i* h wood5 frames & 9 o!r cases ! frames are made ( iron4 ,! truck illu/rat$ 9 our engrav+1 figs4 #bjd & #bje1 is made ( iron & is v simil> to ! eng9e truck1 except+1 z already /at$1 ! frames are outside in/ead ( inside ( ! :eels4 ,,"q #cee4 ,h[ is ! t5d] support$ on ! trucks8 ,answ]4 ,x re/s on ! c5tre ( ! front truck & on a be>+1 n1 fig4 #bjd1 on ! frames on ea* side ( ! back truck4 ,?is arrangem5t gives ?ree be>+ po9ts1 ! advantages ( :i* h already be5 expla9$4 ,a truck :i* supports ! load :i* x c>ries 9 ! c5tre is said to be c5tre-be>+1 & if ! load is c>ri$ on ea* side1 side-be>+4 ,,"q #cef4 ,h[ are ! brakes atta*$ to ! t5d]8 ,answ]4 ,!y are atta*$ usually to ! back truck alone1 b 9 "s cases to bo? trucks1 & are op]at$ by a :eel1 ,n1 fig4 #bjd1 & a %aft :i* ext5ds bel[ ! t5d] frame & on :i* a *a9 atta*$ to ! brakes is w\nd4 ,,"q #ceg4 ,h[ mu* wat] & coal does an ord9>y t5d] c>ry8 ,answ]4 ,a t5d] = a ?irty-ton eng9e c>ries f #a1ejj to #b1jjj gallons ( wat] & ?ree to f\r tons ( coal1 & weighs f #dj1jjj to #de1jjj p\nds load$4 ,an eng9e ( ?is k9d & its t5d] !re=e weigh ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds1 :i*1 be+ ev5 figures1 c easily be rememb]$4 ,,"p ,,xviii4 ,,friction ,,& ,,lubrication4 ,,"q #ceh4 ,:at is meant by friction8 ,answ]4 ,friction is ! resi/ance betwe5 two bodies 9 contact :i* opposes ! slid+ ( ! "o on ! o!r4 ,?us if a brick is plac$ on a bo>d ) a slight incl9ation1 x w n slide because ! friction betwe5 !m1 or ! resi/ance oppos$ to motion1 is great] ?an ! =ce ex]t$ by ! weight ( ! brick to move x d[nw>d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! incl9ation ( ! bo>d is increas$ suffici5tly s t a l>g] proportion ( ! weight ( ! brick urges x d[nw>d1 !n ! friction w be ov]come1 & x w slide4 ,:5 ! brake-blocks ( a c> are press$ aga9/ ! :eels1 !y produce friction1 :i* resi/s ! revolv+ motion ( ! :eels & w ultimately /op ! c>2 & :5 ! weight ( an eng9e is support$ on ! driv+-:eels & !y re/ on ! rails1 ! friction betwe5 !m1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 resi/s _! slipp+ on ea* o!r1 & ?us enables a locomotive to ex]t tractive =ce4 ,friction also resi/s ! turn+ ( an axle on its j\rnal & !re=e makes ! tractive =ce ( ! locomotive necess>y to move a tra9 ( c>s4 ,,"q #cei4 ,on :at does ! am\nt ( friction dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,! am\nt ( friction ( two bodies 9 contact dep5ds 7#a7 ,,^u ,,! ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,"o ,,on ,,! ,,o!r1 ,,& ,,is ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,surfaces ,,9 ,,contact2 7#b7 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,9 ,,contact2 7#c7 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sub/ance1 ,,su* ,,z ,,oil ,,or ,,o!r ,,lubricant1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,int]pos$ ,,betwe5 ,,!m4 ,?us1 a brick w slide d[n an incl9$ bo>d z easily if x is laid on its broade/ side z x w if plac$ edgewise2 & if a ca/ iron plate1 say #aj in*es squ>e1 is plan$ & scrap$1 s z to be z ne>ly a p]fect plane surface z x is possible to make x1 x w1 if load$ ) say a hundr$ p\nds weight1 slide on a simil> true surface z easily z ano!r plate ) half z mu* area & load$ ) ! same weight4 ,a %aft re/+ aga9/ a long be>+ w require no m p[] to turn x ?an w\ld be ne$$ if ! be>+ 0 %ort4#hc #hc ,9 fact1 ord9>ily less p[] is requir$ to turn x if ! be>+ is long ?an if x is %ort1 ! reasons = :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,,"q #cfj4 ,:at is meant by ! 8co-effici5t ( friction80 ,answ]4 ,x is ! proportion :i* ! resi/ance to slid+ motion be>s to ! =ce press+ ! surfaces toge!r4 ,?us a smoo?1 clean & dry ca/ iron plate load$ ) #ajj p\nds w require a =ce ( ab\t #ae p\nds1 or fifte5 "o-hundr$?s ( ! weight or pressure ( ! plates1 to slide !m on ea* o!r4 ,! co-effici5t ( friction is !re=e said to be #j4ae1 & ) any o!r weight or pressure on ! plates we c\ld det]m9e ! =ce requir$ to slide !m on ea* o!r by multiply+ ! pressure by ! co-effici5t ( friction4 ,?us1 if ! plates 7 load$ ) #bej p\nds1 ! =ce requir$ to slide ! "o on ! o!r w\ld be equal to #bej 4#ae #cg4e p\nds4 ,! co-effici5t ( friction1 h[ev]1 v>ies = diff]5t mat]ials4 ,?us1 :ile ! co-effici5t ( friction betwe5 two pieces ( smoo?1 clean & dry ca/ iron is #j4ae1 t ( a piece ( brass on ca/ iron1 "u simil> conditions1 is #j4bb1 & ( two pieces ( wood ab\t #j4d4 ,,"q #cfa4 ,:at is ! effect ( introduc+ "s ungu5t or lubricat+ mat]ial1 su* z oil1 betwe5 ! surfaces 9 contact8 ,answ]4 ,! co-effici5t ( friction is v mu* r$uc$ !reby4 ,?us ! co-effici5t ( friction ( ! ca/ iron plates1 if _! surfaces are greas$ ) tall[1 is #j4a2 if lubricat$ ) l>d #j4jg1 ) olive oil #j4jfd1 & ) l>d & plumbago #j4jee1 ?us %[+ t ! am\nt ( ! friction dep5ds v mu* ^u ! nature ( ! lubricant :i* is us$1 z well z on t ( ! mat]ials 9 contact4 ,,"q #cfb4 ,:at effect on ! am\nt ( friction has ! mann] ( apply+ ! lubricat+ mat]ial to ! surfaces 9 contact8 ,answ]4 ,! m p]fect ! lubrication ! less w be ! co-effici5t ( friction4 ,x has1 = example1 be5 f\nd by exp]im5ts made ) ca/ iron %afts turn+ on be>+s ( ! same mat]ial t :5 ! lubricat+ mat]ial 0 appli$ s t ! surfaces 7 only 8unctu\s10 t is slightly greasy1 ! co-effici5t ( friction 0 v little less ?an :5 !y 7 dry1 t is :5 !re 0 no lubricat+ sub/ance betwe5 !m1 & t :5 !y 7 greas$ 8f "t to "t0 ! co-effici5t 0 r$uc$ to #j4jg & #j4jh2 b :5 !y 7 cont9ually oil$ x av]ag$ #j4je1 & sometimes fell z l[ z #j4jbe1 %[+ t ) ! be/ lubrication ! friction 0 only "o-six? :at x 0 :5 ! surfaces 7 only 8unctu\s40 ,betwe5 ^! two limits !re is e degree ( frictional resi/ance1 accord+ to ! condition ( lubrication4 ,?is %[s h[ important x is t ! oil+ fixtures %\ld be kept 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition & ! utmo/ c>e be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ e "p ( a locomotive ?or\ghly lubricat$4 ,,"q #cfc4 ,:at effect does ! pressure p] squ>e in* ( ! surfaces 9 contact h ^u ! lubrication8 ,answ]4 ,! t5d5cy is1 :5 ?is pressure becomes excessive1 to press out ! lubricant :i* is betwe5 ! two surfaces1 & ord9>y exp]i5ce proves t ! great] ! weight or ! =ce p] squ>e in* ) :i* two bodies are press$ toge!r1 ! great] is ! difficulty ( keep+ !m p]fectly lubricat$4 ,?us x is easi] to keep ! j\rnals ( a c> well lubricat$ :5 x is empty ?an :5 x is heavily load$1 & ! guide-b>s ( a locomotive are m liable to be cut :5 ! eng9e is pull+ a heavy load ?an ) a light "o4 ,,"q #cfd4 ,:at effect has ! velocity ( ! surfaces 9 contact on ! friction & lubrication8 ,answ]4 ,) ! surfaces 9 ! same condition1 ! friction is indep5d5t ( ! velocity ( motion ( ! surfaces aga9/ ea* o!r1 b p]fect lubrication becomes m difficult z ! velocity increases1 s t an increase ( velocity w (t5 increase indirectly ! am\nt ( friction4 ,?us1 tak+ our previ\s illu/rations1 x is m difficult to keep ! j\rnals ( a c> or eng9e well lubricat$ :5 runn+ fa/ ?an :5 runn+ sl[1 & ! same ?+ is true ( ! guide-b>s4 ,,"q #cfe4 ,:at consid]ations %\ld gov]n ! proportions ( frictional be>+s = locomotives & o!r ma*9es8 ,answ]4 ,! dim5sions to be giv5 !m %\ld n be det]m9$ f a consid]ation solely ( _! resi/ance to rupture1#hd b !y %\ld be made s l>ge t ! pressure !y mu/ be> w be di/ribut$ ov] s mu* surface t ! proportion borne by ea* squ>e in* w be comp>atively small1 ?us mak+ good lubrication mu* less difficult1 & consequ5tly r$uc+ ! co-effici5t ( friction4 #hd ,mor9's ,me*anics4 ,,"q #cff4 ,is n ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ to ov]come ! friction on a j\rnal ( l>ge diamet] great] ?an w\ld be requir$ if ! j\rnal 0 small]8 ,answ]4 ,if ! co-effici5t ( friction 9 ! two cases is ! same1 und\bt$ly ! l>ge j\rnal w require ! greate/ exp5diture ( en]gy to turn x1 because its p]iph]y moves fur!r ?an t ( ! small "o2 b ! advantage attribut$ to l>ge j\rnals is t !y c be lubricat$ m p]fectly1 because _! surfaces be+ l>g] ! pressure is n s great p] squ>e in*1 & ?us ! ga9 f ! r$uction ( ! co-effici5t ( friction is great] ?an ! loss attributable to ! increase ( ! diamet] ( ! j\rnal4 ,?us if a c> j\rnal is #c in*es 9 diamet] #e in*es long1 ! available surface expos$ to friction is equal to t ( a longitud9al section ( ! j\rnal1 or #c #e #ag4hge squ>e in*es4#he ,suppos+ n[ t ! j\rnal is load$ ) #e1jjj p\nds1 & ! av]age co-effici5t ( friction is #j4jhe4 ,9 "o revolution ( ! :eel ! j\rnal w move #j4he ( a foot1 & !re=e #e1jjj 4#jhe #cfa foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,if n[ ! j\rnal is made1 z has be5 propos$1 #c #g in*es1 !n its effective surface w be equal to #bf squ>e in*es1 b ! j\rnal w move #j4ih ( a foot 9 "o revolution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lubrication is improv$ by ! increas$ area ( ! j\rnal s t ! co-effici5t ( friction is r$uc$ f #j4jhe to #j4jg1 !n ! en]gy consum$ 9 "o revolution w be equal to #e1jjj #j4g 4#ih #cdc foot-p\nds1 or less ?an 0 consum$ ) ! small j\rnals4 ,! co-effici5t ( friction is assum$1 & c\ld only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 b ! assumption %[s h[ ! resi/ance ( ! l>ge j\rnals may be less ?an t ( ! small ones4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be bett] to give ! increas$ be>+ surface by add+ to ! l5g? ( ! j\rnal1 b ne>ly all locomotives & c> j\rnals mu/ be increas$ 9 diamet] z well z 9 l5g? :5 !y are enl>g$1 9 ord] to h ! requisite /r5g? to c>ry ! loads !y mu/ be>4 #he ,! reason = ?is is t ! effective surface ( ! j\rnal ,a1 fig4 #bji4 :i* resi/s ! pressure ( ! be>+1 is equival5t only to ! horizontal area repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e a4 b4 j z ! surface :i* resi/s ! pressure inside ( a boil] is equival5t to ! diamet] multipli$ by its l5g?1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ii4 ,,"q #cfg4 ,is ! law t ,,friction ,,is ,,9 ,,proportion ,,to ,,! ,,pressure ,,on ,,ea* ,,o!r ,,by ,,! ,,surfaces ,,( ,,contact true "u all circum/ances8 ,answ]4 ,no2 !re is a limit to ! exactness ( ! above law1 :5 ! pressure becomes s int5se z to cru% or gr9d ! p>ts ( ! bodies at & ne> _! surfaces ( contact4 ,at & beyond t limit ! friction increases m rapidly ?an ! pressure2#hf & ! friction !n becomes v irregul>4 #hf ,rank9e4 ,,"q #cfh4 ,9 :at cases is ! limit ref]r$ to probably rea*$8 ,answ]4 ,probably 9 "s locomotives ! pressure ( ! driv+-:eels on ! rails is suffici5t to p>tly cru% ! latt]4 ,,"q #cfi4 ,:at effect has ! nature ( ! mat]ials 9 contact on ! friction8 ,answ]4 ,! am\nt ( friction & also ! lubrication is v mu* influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! be>+ surface & also by ! mat]ial us$ z a lubricant4 ,"s metals1 su* z brass & o!r alloys1 are mu* less liable to abrasion & seem to reta9 lubricants on _! surfaces bett] ?an o!r metals1 & are !re=e mu* us$ = j\rnal & o!r be>+s4 ,"s sub/ances1 especially oils1 are good lubricants1 :ile o!r mat]ials ( app>5tly simil> nature are n4 ,! reason :y ^! mat]ials possess ^! prop]ties :ile o!rs are )\t !m is n kn[n1 & ! value ( any mat]ial z a lubricant1 or ! degree to :i* ano!r w resi/ friction )\t abrasion1 c only be te/$ by exp]im5t4 ,,"p ,,xix4 ,,combu/ion4 ,,"q #cgj4 ,:at is meant by combu/ion8 ,answ]4 ,by combu/ion is meant ! ph5om5on ord9>ily call$ burn+1 z :5 a piece ( wood or coal or a c&le is burnt4 ,9 reality combu/ion is a union ( "o ( ! 8*emical elem5ts10 oxyg51 ( :i* ! atmosph]e is compos$1 ) ! elem5ts :i* con/itute ! fuel4 ,,"q #cga4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m 8*emical elem5t80 ,answ]4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry has demon/rat$ t ne>ly all sub/ances by :i* we are surr\nd$ are compos$ ( c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 :i* latt]1 z f> z is n[ kn[n1 are n comp\nds1 & are !re=e call$ elem5t>y sub/ances1 or *emical elem5ts4 ,?us ! air by :i* we are surr\nd$ is compos$ ( two gases1 call$ nitrog5 & oxyg52 wat] is compos$ ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 & coal *iefly ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,!re are n[ ov] sixty ( ^! elem5t>y sub/ances kn[n4 ,f no "o ( !m h *emi/s be5 able to extract any mat]ial except+ ! sub/ance itself4 ,^! elem5t>y sub/ances w comb9e ) o!rs s z to =m :at is app>5tly a new mat]ial1 b on weigh+ x x w be f\nd t ! weight ( ! new mat]ial is great] ?an ! orig9al elem5t>y sub/ance1 %[+ t some?+ 0 add$ to x :i* effect$ ! *ange4#hg #hg 8,! ,new ,*emi/ry10 by ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,jr4 ,,"q #cgb4 ,to :at fact is ?is comb9ation or combu/ion ( elem5t>y sub/ances due8 ,answ]4 ,x is ow+ to ! fact--! exact reason = :i* is p]haps n yet und]/ood fully--t ! atoms ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances ( :i* fuel is compos$1 t is hydrog5 & c>bon1 & ! atoms ( oxyg51 :i* =ms "p ( ! atmosph]e by :i* we are surr\nd$1 attract ea* o!r ) great en]gy :5 !y are excit$ into activity by ! application ( heat4 ,,"q #cgc4 ,:at ph5om5on always att5ds *emical comb9ation ( sub/ances8 ,answ]4 ,su* comb9ation always gives out heat1 :]eas _! sep>ation absorbs heat4 ,x has fur!r be5 prov$ by actual exp]im5t t ! am\nt ( heat lib]at$ by ! *emical union ( ! same quantity or numb] ( atoms ( two or m sub/ances is always ! same1 & t :51 by any cause1 ! atoms ?us jo9$ are sep>at$1 exactly ! same am\nt ( heat is absorb$4#hh #hh 8,! ,new ,*emi/ry10 by ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,jr4 ,,"q #cgd4 ,9 :at proportions d ! elem5t>y sub/ances comb9e ) ea* o!r8 ,answ]4 ,x is a law ( *emi/ry t ea* ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances comb9es ) ! o!rs 9 c]ta9 def9ite proportions only4 ,^! proportions v>y = ! diff]5t elem5ts1 & h be5 det]m9$ ) great accuracy by *emi/s4 ,?us1 eight p>ts by weight ( oxyg5 w comb9e ) nitrog5 & =m atmosph]ic air1 or ! same proportion ( oxyg5 w comb9e ) hydrog5 & =m wat]1 or ) c>bon & =m c>bonic acid1 :i* is ! deadly gas :i* accumulates at ! bottom ( wells4 ,n[ oxyg5 always comb9es ) o!r sub/ances 9 ! proportion ( eight p>ts by weight1 or by "s simple multiple ( eight1 t is #h #b #af p>ts1 or #h #c #bd p>ts1 etc4 ,ea* ( ! o!r elem5t>y sub/ances also has a c]ta9 fix$ proportion 9 :i* x comb9es ) o!rs1 & ?is proportion1 :i* is usually giv5 by weight1 is repres5t$ by a numb] call$ its *emical equival5t4 ,?us #h is ! *emical equival5t ( oxyg54 ,c>bon comb9es ) o!r elem5ts 9 proportions ( #f & nitrog5 9 proportions ( #ad1 s t #f & #ad are ! *emical equival5ts ( c>bon & nitrog54 ,n[ #h p>ts by weight ( oxyg5 c be made to comb9e ) #ad p>ts ( nitrog51 or #h #b #af p>ts ( oxyg5 w comb9e ) #ad ( nitrog51 b x is impossible to make1 say #ab p>ts ( oxyg5 comb9e ) #ad p>ts ( nitrog54 ,we c comb9e #ad #b #bh p>ts ( nitrog5 ) #h p>ts ( oxyg51 b no *emical process c make say #aj or #bj p>ts ( nitrog5 comb9e ) #h p>ts ( oxyg54 ,if #bj p>ts ( nitrog5 are mix$ ) #h p>ts ( oxyg51 !n ! latt] w comb9e ) #ad p>ts ( ! =m]1 b #f p>ts ( nitrog5 w be left1 & *emical comb9ation w !n cease4 ,! foll[+ table w give ! *emical equival5ts ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts :i* ent] into ! process ( combu/ion ( ! fuel us$ 9 locomotives3 ,*emical equival5t by weight4 ,oxyg5 #h ,nitrog5 #ad ,hydrog5 #a ,c>bon #f ,sulphur #af ,,"q #cge4 ,:at effect d ! proportions 9 :i* elem5ts are comb9$ h ^u ! sub/ances :i* are produc$ by ! comb9ation8 ,answ]4 ,a *ange 9 ! proportions 9 :i* ! elem5ts are comb9$ usually alt]s ! entire nature ( ! sub/ance1 s f> at lea/ z x affects our s5ses4 ,= in/ance1 oxyg5 unites *emically ) nitrog5 9 diff]5t proportions1 =m+ five di/9ct sub/ances1 ea* ess5tially diff]5t f ! o!rs1 ?us3 #ad p>ts ( ,nitrog5 ) #h ( ,oxyg5 =ms ,nitr\s ,oxide4 #ad #af ,nitric ,oxide4 #ad #bd ,hyponitr\s ,acid4 #ad #cb ,nitr\s ,acid4 #ad #dj ,nitric ,acid4 ,we "h f9d ! elem5ts ( ! air we brea!1 by a m]e *ange 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are unit$1 =m+ di/9ct sub/ances1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r z mu* z laugh+ gas 7nitr\s oxide7 does f t mo/ de/ructive ag5t nitric acid1 commonly call$ aqua =tis4#hi #hi ,combu/ion ( ,coal & ! ,prev5tion ( ,smoke1 by ,c4 ,wye ,williams4 ,,"q #cgf4 ,:at occurs :5 a fre% supply ( bitum9\s coal is ?r[n on a bright fire 9 ! fire-box ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,! fre% coal is fir/ heat$ by ! fire1 & if a suffici5t quantity is ?r[n 9 to prev5t ! imm$iate =mation ( flame1#ij a volume ( gas or vapor1 usually ( a d>k yell[ or br[n color1 is giv5 (f4 ,! quantity evolv$ w be greate/ :5 ! coal is v small4 ,?is gas or vapor is commonly call$ smoke1 b x does n deposit soot & 9 reality is n true smoke4 ,if a %eet ( :ite pap] be held ov] ! vapor z x escapes f ! coal & !re is no flame1 ! %eet w become sl[ly coat$ ) a /icky matt] ( br[n color difficult to remove1 & hav+ a /rong t>ry or sulphur\s smell2 :]eas if a %eet ( pap] is held ov] smoke x w quickly be cov]$ ) black soot4 ,! color & smell left on ! pap] 9 ! fir/ case are due to ! t>ry matt]1 sulphur1 & o!r +r$i5ts 9 ! gas4 ,depriv$ ( ! color+ matt]s1 ! vapor is a *emical mixture ( #b p>ts ( hydrog5 & #f p>ts ( c>bon1 & is call$ c>burett$ hydrog51 & is ne>ly ! same z ! colorless gas by :i* our h\ses are light$4#ia ,a simil> gas is g5]at$ at ! wick ( a burn+ c&le or lamp & is consum$ 9 ! flame4 ,be=e ! gas is expell$ f ! fre% coal ! latt] mu/ be heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #a1bjj degrees1 s t if #ajj p\nds at a temp]ature ( #ej degrees is put on ! fire #bc1jjj units ( heat w be absorb$ to heat ! coal4#ib ,nor is ?is all1 z has be5 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ch1 :5 any sub/ance is vaporiz$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat app>5tly disappe>s1 :i* has be5 call$ ! heat ( evaporation or ( gasification4 ,av]age bitum9\s coal conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #e p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 & #ae p] c5t4 ( o!r sub/ances usually reg>d$ z impurities4 ,:5 ! coal is heat$ up to ab\t #a1bjj degrees1 ! #e p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 unites ) ?ree times its weight ( c>bon1 & ?us #bj p] c5t4 ( ! coal is conv]t$ into ! gas describ$4 ,9 ?is process a l>ge am\nt ( heat is absorb$ or becomes lat5t1 z x does :5 wat] or any o!r sub/ance is conv]t$ into vapor4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t ! fir/ effect ( putt+ fre% coal on ! fire is to cool ! fire4 ,?is fact has an important be>+ on ! "q ( combu/ion & w be ref]r$ to h]eaft]4 #ij ,usually if m ?an two or ?ree %ovels full are ?r[n 9 !re w be no imm$iate =mation ( flame4 #ia ,a ,treatise on ,/eam ,boil]s1 by ,rob]t ,wilson4 #ib ,! quantity ( heat requir$ to heat coal is only ab\t "o-fif? t ne$$ to heat ! same weight ( wat] to ! same temp]ature4 ,,"q #cgg4 ,h[ c ! process ( ! combu/ion ( ! gas g5]at$ f ! coal be be/ expla9$8 ,answ]4 ,z ?is gas is sub/antially ! same z ord9>y illum9at+ gas1 ! mann] 9 :i* x burns c p]haps be made cle>] by exam9+ ! combu/ion ( an ord9>y gas-light4 ,z /at$ be=e1 combu/ion is a *emical union ( ! oxyg5 :i* =ms "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! air ) ! hydrog5 & c>bon ( ! fuel1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 =m gas4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly kept 9 m9d t combu/ion is ! result ( ?is union1 & t ! oxyg5 is z ess5tial to combu/ion z coal or gas1 & 9 fact is ! fuel ( combu/ion j z mu* z coal or gas is4 ,if we 7 to conduct a pipe f ! ext]nal air into a vessel fill$ ) coal gas we c\ld light ! air & x w\ld burn 9 ! gas z ! gas burns 9 ! air4 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t be=e ei!r ! gas or ! air w burn1 !y mu/ be light$4 ,air & gas1 ev5 if mix$ toge!r 9 ! same vessel1 w n burn unless !y are light$4 ,?is c be done by ! flame ( any burn+ mat]ial1 or ) a piece ( metal heat$ to a v high temp]ature1 or by an electric sp>k4 ,9 o!r words x may be said t ! atoms ( ! two gases mu/ be excit$ into activity by ! application ( heat1 t is1 :at is call$ an ignit+ temp]ature mu/ be communicat$ to !m be=e *emical comb9ation w beg94 ,! *ief feature :i* di/+ui%es combu/ion f o!r *emical union is ! circum/ance t ! heat g5]at$ dur+ ! comb9ation is suffici5t to ma9ta9 an ignit+ temp]ature1 & ! necessity ( do+ s 9 ord] to cont9ue ! process is ( v great importance 9 ! combu/ion ( coal 9 locomotive boil]s1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,,"q #cgh4 ,h[ does an ord9>y gas-light burn aft] x is light$8 ,answ]4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! hydrog51 :i* is ! mo/ combu/ible ( ! two elem5ts ( :i* coal gas is =m$1 is ! fir/ to burn4 ,?is "p ( ! combu/ion =ms ! l[] blui% "p ( ! flame4 ,! combu/ion ( ! hydrog5 ?us sep>ates x f ! c>bon1 :i* is !n set free2 & z c>bon is nev] f\nd 9 a gase\s condition :5 uncomb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 x at once assumes ! =m ( f9e soot :5 ! hydrog5 is burn$ away f x4 ,?is f9e soot1 or pulv]iz$ c>bon1 is1 h[ev]1 int5sely heat$ by ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog54 ,n[ c>bon :5 heat$ to an ignit+ temp]ature w1 if br\ght into contact ) a suffici5t quantity ( oxyg51 comb9e ) x or be burn$4 ,ea* p>ticle ( c>bon ?us becomes a gl[+ c5tre ( radiation1 ?r[+ out its lum9\s rays 9 e direction4 ,! sp>ks la/1 h[ev]1 b an in/ant1 = ! next mom5t !y are consum$ by ! oxyg5 :i* is ar\s$ to full activity by ! heat1 & only a transp>5t gas rises f ! flame4 ,b ! same process cont9ues2 o!r p>ticles succe$1 :i* become heat$ & ignit$ 9 _! turn1 & x is to ?is combu/ion ( ! solid p>ticles ( c>bon t ! light :i* is giv5 out by a gas-burn] or c&le is due4#ic #ic 8,! ,new ,*emi/ry0 by ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,jr4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,fig4 #baa4 ,,"q #cgi4 ,:y does a gas-burn]1 c&le or o!r flame sometimes smoke8 ,answ]4 ,because ! supply ( oxyg5 is !n insuffici5t to consume ! p>ticles ( solid c>bon :i* are set free & :i* !n assume ! =m ( soot4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ if we cut a hole 9 a c>d1 d d1 fig4 #baj1 s z to fit ov] an ord9>y gas-burn]1 b4 ,if we !n light ! gas & place a glass *imney1 a a1 ov] ! burn] & let x re/ on ! c>d1 x w be f\nd t ! flame w at once beg9 to smoke1 because v little air c !n come 9 contact ) ! flame1 & !re=e :5 ! f9e p>ticles ( c>bon are set free by ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog51 in/ead ( be+ burn$ z !y w\ld be if ! air ) its supply ( oxyg5 7 n exclud$ f ! flame by ! *imney1 !y escape unconsum$ 9 ! =m ( f9e black p[d] or soot4 ,if we raise ! *imney up f ! c>d1 z %[n 9 fig4 #baa1 s z to leave en\gh space betwe5 !m at ! bottom ( ! *imney to p]mit air to ent] s z to supply ! flame ) oxyg51 ! smoke w in/antly cease1 z ! p>ticles ( c>bon are !n consum$4 ,! same pr9ciple is illu/rat$ 9 an ord9>y k]os5e lamp4 ,x is well kn[n t )\t a *imney ! flames ( ne>ly all su* lamps smoke intol]ably1 :]eas ) a glass *imney & ! peculi>ly =m$ deflector :i* surr\nds ! wick ! light burns )\t smoke unless ! wick is turn$ up high4 ,! effect ( ! *imney is to produce a draft1 :i* is ?r[n aga9/ ! flame by ! deflector1 & ?us a suffici5t supply ( oxyg5 is furni%$ to consume all ! p>ticles ( c>bon1 :]eas )\t ! draft produc$ by ! *imney ! supply ( oxyg5 is insuffici5t to ignite all ! c>bon1 :i* !n escapes 9 ! =m ( smoke or soot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,fig4 #bac4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ha/ily assum$ t if ! flame does n give out a bright light1 !re=e ! combu/ion is n complete4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! light ( ! gas flame is due to ! pres5ce ( burn+ p>ticles ( solid c>bon1 :i* is set free by ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog5 ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,aft] x is sep>at$ f ! hydrog5 x imm$iately assumes a solid =m4 ,if ! coal gas is mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( air be=e x is burn$1 ! oxyg5 9 ! latt] w be 9 su* intimate contact ) ! =m] t ! diff]5ce ( aff9ity ( oxyg5 = ! c>bon & hydrog5 does n come into play1 & z !re is en\gh oxyg5 = all1 ! c>bon is burnt be=e x is set free1 & z !re are !n no solid p>ticles 9 ! flame1 !re is no light4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a 8,buns5 burn]10 fig4 #bab1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 *emical laboratories4 ,x consi/s ( a small tube or burn]1 a1 :i* is plac$ inside ( ano!r l>g] tube b4 ,! latt] has holes1 c1 c1 a little bel[ ! top ( ! small tube4 ,! curr5t ( gas escap+ f ! small tube produces :at is call$ an induc$ curr5t ( air 9 ! l>ge tube4 ,?is air ent]s ?r\gh ! holes c1 c1 & is mix$ ) ! gas 9 ! tube b1 & ! mixture is burn$ at d4 ,! flame f su* a burn] gives h>dly any light1 b ! heat is int5se1 z is %[n if a metal wire is held 9 x = a few seconds1 z x w v soon gl[ ) heat4 ,,"q #chj4 ,:at important diff]5ce is !re 9 ! /ructure ( ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn] & t ( an ord9>y gas-burn] or c&le8 ,answ]4 ,! gas :i* escapes f ! m\? d ( ! pipe b1 fig4 #bab1 is mix$ ) air1 & !re=e conta9s )9 itself ! elem5ts :i* only ne$ to comb9e to produce combu/ion2 :]eas ) an ord9>y gas-burn] or c&le ! air comes 9 contact ) ! flame only f ! outside1 or on its surface4 ,?is is %[n bett] p]haps 9 ! flame ( an ord9>y c&le4 ,! heat ( su* a flame di/ils a gas f ! melt$ tall[1 :i* is simil> 9 nature to t :i* escapes f coal at a high temp]ature4 ,n[ by obs]v+ ! c&le v closely x w be se5 t at ! bottom close to ! wick !re is v little combu/ion1 z ! gas !re fir/ escapes f ! wick & is n heat$ to a suffici5tly high temp]ature to burn freely4 ,a little above ! l[]mo/ "p ! flame is ( a pale blui% color1 :i* is due to ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog54 ,above t1 :]e ! c>bon is set free1 its p>ticles gl[ ) heat imp>t$ by ! burn+ hydrog5 & are !n consum$ by unit+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! combu/ion occurs only at ! surface ( ! flame1 ! inside be+ a mass ( combu/ible gas :i* _c burn until x 9 turn comes 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is c be prov$ by ins]t+ "o end ( a small tube1 fig4 #bac 7a pipe /em w d71 :i* is op5 at bo? ends1 into ! flame4 ,! combu/ible gas w !n escape at ! o!r end & c easily be light$ ) a mat*4 ,x w be f\nd t ! flame f ! ,buns5 burn] is mu* m int5se ?an t ( an ord9>y c&le or gas-burn]4 ,! reason ( ?is is t combu/ion1 z already /at$1 takes place ?r\gh ! :ole mass ( its flame1 :]eas an ord9>y flame burns only at its surface4 ,common gas-jets are !re=e arrang$ s t ! flames w be flat1 ?us expos+ z mu* surface to ! air z possible1 &1 z expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #cbi1 9 describ+ ! lamps = head-lights1 _! burn]s are usually made ) a circul> wick1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* a curr5t ( air circulates4 ,?is arrangem5t exposes a l>g] surface ( ! flame to ! air1 & also ) ! aid ( a *imney furni%es an abundant supply = combu/ion4 ,9 /ation>y boil]s ) long flues ( a l>ge sectional area ! flame w (t5 ext5d = ?irty feet1 %[+ t :ile combu/ion is go+ on only at ! surface ( ! flame1 x takes a long "t to complete ! process4 ,! same ?+ is %[n if a gas-burn] is made ) a s+le r\nd hole4 ,! flame w !n be v long & liable to smoke at ! top4 ,,"q #cha4 ,f ! prec$+ consid]ations :at may we inf] to be necess>y 9 ord] to consume coal gas p]fectly8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t !re mu/ exi/ a c]ta9 degree ( :at *emi/s call 8molecul> activity10 :i* is produc$ by heat1 or :at we h call$ ! ignit+ temp]ature4 ,! necessity ( ?is is suffici5tly obvi\s ) ord9>y gas-burn]s1 z !y mu/ always be light$ be=e !y w burn4 ,n[ imag9e t x 0 requir$ to burn gas :i* 0 issu+ f a hundr$ jets1 ( e v>iety ( size1 9 a viol5t w9d /orm1 or gu/s ( w9d4 ,obvi\sly x w\ld be necess>y to keep a light$ tor* all ! "t to relight ^? :i* w\ld be bl[n out4 ,! gas 9 a locomotive fire-box is 9 reality burnt 9 a /orm ( w9d m viol5t ?an any natural "o4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to be con/antly ready to relight ! /reams ( gas :i* ! fa9te/ brea? w\ld ext+ui%1 or ^? ( l>g] volume :i* h absorb$ a great deal ( heat & ?us r$uc$ ! temp]ature at ! "t & place ( _! bir?1 :5 !y assum$ ! gase\s =m1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #cgf4 ,to relight !m ) c]ta9ty x is necess>y to keep a con/ant temp]ature 9 ! fire-box high en\gh to ignite ! gas :i* escapes or is di/ill$ f ! coal4 ,second4 ,t ! *emical *ange 9 combu/ion consi/s simply 9 ! union ( ! elem5ts burn$ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air2 & !re=e1 to burn ! gas p]fectly1 )\t smoke or wa/e1 en\gh air mu/ be furni%$ to supply all ! oxyg5 :i* w comb9e ) ! fuel4 ,?ird4 ,t ! air mu/ be mix$ ) ! gas1 o!rwise combu/ion w occur only at ! surface ( ! flame1 & w !re=e be s sl[ t mu* ( ! gas w escape unconsum$4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly kept 9 m9d t no "o or two ( ^! requirem5ts alone1 )\t ! ?ird1 w burn coal p]fectly4 ,:at is ne$$ is all ?ree 9 comb9ation4 ,a v common error is to suppose t pass+ smoke ov] a hot fire1 or 9 o!r words1 ma9ta9+ an ignit+ temp]ature1 w alone effect p]fect combu/ion2 or t if a suffici5t supply ( air is admitt$1 )\t an ignit+ temp]ature 9 ! fire-box1 ! fuel w be burnt completely4 ,nei!r ( !m w accompli% ! object alone1 & ! gas & air mu/ at ! same "t be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! burn+ gas 9 ! fire-box4 ,,"q #chb4 ,:at sub/ances are produc$ by ! combu/ion ( coal gas8 ,answ]4 ,! hydrog5 ( coal gas unites dur+ combu/ion ) oxyg5 9 ! proportion1 z indicat$ by _! *emical equival5ts1 ( #a "p by weight ( hydrog5 ) #h p>ts ( oxyg51 ! product ( :i* is wat]4 ,( c\rse at ! high temp]ature at :i* ! gases comb9e or burn ! wat] is produc$ 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,t wat] or /eam is "o ( ! products ( combu/ion is %[n e cold ev5+1 :5 ! insides ( %op %[-w9d[s are cov]$ ) moi/ure1 :i* is due to ! /eam t is giv5 (f by ! burn+ gas-lights or lamps inside1 & is !n cond5s$ aga9/ ! cold glass4 ,c>bon comb9es ) oxyg5 9 two proportions3 fir/1 #f p>ts ( ! =m] w unite ) #h ( ! latt]1 =m+ :at is call$ c>bonic oxide2 or #f p>ts ( c>bon w comb9e ) #af p>ts ( oxyg51 =m+ c>bonic acid gas or c>bonic dioxide1 z x is call$ 9 "s ( ! new books on *emi/ry4 ,x is probable t ! =m] comp\nd1 t is c>bonic oxide1 is nev] or v r>ely =m$ 9 ! flame ( coal gas2 b1 z w be se5 h]eaft]1 is a v common & wa/eful product ( ! combu/ion ( ! solid portion ( ! coal :i* is left aft] ! gas is expell$ f x4 ,:5 !re is n en\gh oxyg5 = ! p]fect combu/ion ( ! c>bon 9 ! flame1 x smokes1 & ! c>bon escapes 9 ! =m ( soot4 ,?is1 z w be %[n1 may 9 a locomotive fire-box help to =m c>bonic oxide aft] x leaves ! flame4 ,,"q #chc4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! coal aft] all ! gas is expell$ by heat8 ,answ]4 ,:at rema9s is ord9>ily call$ coke1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( "s incombu/ible sub/ances1 su* z s&1 a%es & c9d]s1 :i* ! coal conta9s1 is ne>ly pure c>bon4 ,,"q #chd4 ,:at is ! *emical process ( ! combu/ion ( coke8 ,answ]4 ,! solid c>bon ( ! coke :5 rais$ to an ignit+ temp]ature2 or1 9 o!r words1 on be+ light$1 unites ) ! oxyg5 9 "o ( ! two proportions already giv52 t is1 if ! supply ( oxyg5 is suffici5t1 #f p>ts ( ! c>bon ( ! coke unite ) #af p>ts ( oxyg51 =m+ c>bonic acid gas1 or c>bonic dioxide4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lay] ( fuel on ! grates is ?ick1 or ! supply ( air is comp>atively small1 !re w n be en\gh oxyg5 to supply #af p>ts ( ! latt] to ea* #f p>ts ( ! c>bon1 s t :5 t occurs1 in/ead ( comb9+ 9 t proportion1 & ?us =m+ c>bonic dioxide1 #h p>ts ( oxyg5 w unite ) #f p>ts ( c>bon & =m c>bonic oxide4 ,n[ x %\ld be c>efully kept 9 m9d t ! heat ( combu/ion is due to ! union1 or1 z x is sometimes express$1 x is ! cla%+ toge!r ( ! molecules ( ! two elem5ts :i* unite4 ,if1 !re=e1 only half ! quantity ( oxyg5 unites ) #f p>ts ( c>bon1 evid5tly !re w be less heat evolv$ ?an !re w\ld be if twice t am\nt ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! c>bon4 ,f c>efully made exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! total heat ( ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( c>bon :5 conv]t$ into c>bonic oxide 0 #d1djj units1 :]eas :5 x 0 conv]t$ into c>bonic dioxide #ad1ejj units 7 giv5 out4 ,x w ?us be se5 t x is extremely wa/eful to burn coal )\t a suffici5t supply ( air to produce c>bonic dioxide4 ,! dang] ( wa/e f ?is cause is also increas$ by ! fact t c>bonic oxide is colorless & odorless1 & !re=e its production is n app>5t1 especially z mo/ p]sons h ! impression t :5 !re is no smoke f a fire combu/ion is !n complete4 ,x burns ) a blue or yell[i% flame :5 air is admitt$ into ! fire-box1 & its pres5ce c (t5 be detect$ by ^! ph5om5a :5 ! furnace door is op5$4 ,,"q #che4 ,h[ c ! requisite quantity ( air be suppli$ to ! fire 9 a locomotive fire-box8 ,answ]4 ,x is done 9 two ways3 "o is to keep b little coal on ! grates1 or 9 ! phraseology ( firem51 to 8c>ry a light fire40 ,! o!r me?od is to admit fre% air above ! fire4 ,if ! latt] plan is adopt$ :5 ! supply ( air ?r\gh ! grates is insuffici5t = p]fect combu/ion1 ! c>bonic oxide w unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air above ! fire1 & ?us a second combu/ion w take place1 ! product ( :i* w be c>bonic dioxide4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t n only mu/ !re be en\gh air suppli$ to ! fire to consume ! coke1 b ! gases :i* are di/ill$ f ! coal mu/ also be suppli$ ) oxyg5 9 ord] to effect _! p]fect combu/ion4 ,ev5 if en\gh air is admitt$ to consume ! coke p]fectly1 if ! c>bonic dioxide ?us =m$ is mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( smoke above ! fire1 ! solid c>bon or soot ( ! smoke may !n comb9e ) ! dioxide & ?us =m c>bonic oxide1 if !re is n en\gh fre% air pres5t to furni% ! requisite oxyg5 = ! c>bon 9 ! smoke4 ,a v common error is to suppose t smoke c be burn$ by pass+ x ov] or ?r\gh a v hot fire4 ,! smoke may ?us be made invisible1 x is true1 b x does n !re=e foll[ t x is p]fectly consum$4 ,,"q #chf4 ,is x possible to admit too mu* air into ! fire-box ( a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 probably all ! air t is admitt$ :i* is n necess>y = combu/ion1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! oxyg5 ( :i* does n comb9e ) ! fuel1 in/ead ( increas+ dim9i%es ! am\nt ( wat] conv]t$ into /eam4 ,x does ?is 9 two ways2 fir/1 by r$uc+ ! temp]ature ( ! gases 9 contact ) ! heat+ surfaces1 & second1 by increas+ ! volume or quantity ( ! gases :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,heat is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! heat+ surface ( a boil] 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( ! temp]ature ( ! products ( combu/ion on "o side & ! wat] on ! o!r4#id ,?us1 if ! temp]ature ( ! wat] on "o side is #bej degrees1 & ! hot gases on ! o!r is #ejj1 !re w be only half z mu* heat transmitt$ to ! wat] 9 a giv5 "t z !re w\ld be if ! gases _h a temp]ature ( #gej degrees4 ,if ! volume ( gases is d\bl$ by ! admission ( too mu* air1 !n obvi\sly 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh ! tubes !y mu/ move at d\ble ! velocity1 s t n only is _! temp]ature dim9i%$1 b ! "t !y are 9 contact ) ! heat+ surface is dim9i%$ 9 l proportion4 ,?is is %[n by ! effect ( op5+ ! furnace door1 or ( all[+ ! fire to burn away s t portions ( ! grate are left uncov]$4 ,! volume ( cold air :i* w 9 ei!r ( ^! cases ent] ! fire-box w be s great t ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil] w beg9 to fall at once4 #id ,?is law is p]haps n absolutely correct1 b is ne> en\gh = our pres5t illu/ration4 ,,"q #chg4 ,:at det]m9es ! am\nt ( air :i* mu/ be admitt$ to ! fire-box ( a locomotive to effect p]fect combu/ion8 ,answ]4 ,?is dep5ds *iefly ^u ! rate ( combu/ion1 t is1 ! numb] ( p\nds ( coal consum$ p] h\r on ea* squ>e foot ( grate surface4 ,( c\rse if #ajj p\nds is burnt x w require twice ! supply ( air t w\ld be ne$$ if only #ej p\nds 7 burnt4 ,,"q #chh4 ,h[ %\ld ! air be admitt$ s z to burn ! coal p]fectly8 ,answ]4 ,9 burn+ bitum9\s coal x has be5 %[n t !re are two di/9ct bodies to be dealt )1 ! "o coke1 a solid1 ! o!r coal gas1 :i* is ( c\rse a gase\s body4 ,! combu/ion ( ea* ( ^! is necess>ily a di/9ct process4 ,if ! requisite quantity ( air is suppli$ to ! burn+ coke1 or solid portion ( ! coal1 x w1 z has be5 %[n1 be conv]t$ into c>bonic dioxide1 & ?us be p]fectly consum$4 ,if ! supply ( air is insuffici5t1 ! product ( ! combu/ion w be c>bonic oxide1 :i* is v wa/eful4 ,if1 = example1 !re is a ?ick lay] ( coke on ! grate1 ! air w ent] & unite ) ! l[] lay] ( coal & =m c>bonic dioxide1 b z x rises !re w n be en\gh air to supply oxyg5 to ! c>bon1 & ano!r equival5t ( ! latt] w !re=e comb9e ) ! c>bonic dioxide & =m c>bonic oxide4 ,x is evid5t1 ?\gh1 t ! ?9n] ! fire1 ! easi] x is = air to pass ?r\gh x1 & consequ5tly ! great] w be ! quantity :i* w ent] ! fire-box4 ,no?+ w\ld seem easi] !n ?an to regulate ! ?ickness ( ! fire on ! grates s t j ! ne$$ am\nt ( air w\ld pass ?r\gh x4 ,if coke alone 0 to be burn$1 und\bt$ly v p]fect combu/ion w\ld be 7& has be57 effect$ 9 ?is way1 b if a *>ge ( fre% coal1 say #ajj p\nds1 is ?r[n on ! fire1 ! coal gas is v soon g5]at$ & escapes into ! fire-box4 ,?is gas ne$s an additional am\nt ( air = its combu/ion4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is c\ld be suppli$ by r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! fire /ill fur!r1 s t m air w\ld pass ?r\gh x ?an 0 ne$$ = ! combu/ion ( ! coke alone4 ,if ?is 0 done !n too mu* air w\ld pass ?r\gh ! coke aft] ! gases _h all escap$ f ! fre% coal & 7 burn$4 ,besides1 ! passage ( ! air w\ld be ! mo/ re/rict$ aft] ! fre% *>ge _h be5 put on ! fire1 j at ! "t :5 ! mo/ is ne$$4 ,?is difficulty might be ov]come if a con/ant supply ( fre% coal j equal to t consum$ 7 kept on ! fire all ! "t1 & ! ?ickness ( fuel on ! grates 0 !n regulat$ s z to admit j air en\gh = ! combu/ion ( ! coke & also t ( ! gases1 ! production ( :i* w\ld !n be uni=m4 ,an approximation to ?is me?od ( fe$+ ! fire is1 9 fact1 :at is aim$ at on mo/ locomotives1 & probably ! be/ practical results are produc$ by t me?od4 ,two difficulties are1 h[ev]1 enc\nt]$ 9 ?is me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is impossible to fe$ a fire cont9u\sly ) a %ovel4 ,!re w be int]vals betwe5 ! *>ges :i* are ?r[n 91 s t ! supply is n uni=m1 ev5 if ! *>ges d n consi/ ( m ?an a portion ( a %ovel-full at a "t2 & if ! fire 0 f$ 9 ?is way z uni=mly z possible x w\ld !n be necess>y to op5 ! furnace door e "t fre% coal 0 put on ! fire1 & s mu* cold air w\ld ?us be admitt$ t m w\ld be lo/ by l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! boil] ?an w\ld be ga9$ by ! improv$ combu/ion4 ,ano!r difficulty also is enc\nt]$ 9 ?is me?od ( burn+ coal 9 locomotives4 ,9 ord] to admit en\gh air ?r\gh ! fire x is necess>y to keep ! latt] s ?9 on ! grates t ! viol5t draft produc$ by ! bla/ lifts ! coal f ! grate-b>s & c>ries ! light] p>ticles ?r\gh ! flues unconsum$4 ,x is ?us extremely difficult to keep ! grate uni=mly cov]$ ) coal1 & if x is n1 ! air w ent] 9 irregul> & rapid /reams or masses ?r\gh ! uncov]$ p>ts1 & at ! v "t :5 x %\ld be !re mo/ re/rict$4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s at once bids defiance to all regulation or control1 s t x is f\nd almo/ uni=mly t firem5 ( locomotives keep en\gh coal on ! grates to avoid ! dang] ( 8los+ _! fire10 z !y express x2 t is1 hav+ all ! burn+ coal drawn ?r\gh ! tubes by ! bla/4 ,n[1 on ! control ( ! supply ( air dep5ds all t human skill c d 9 effect+ p]fect combu/ion & economy2 & unless ! supply ( fuel & ! quantity on ! b>s c be regulat$1 x w be impossible to control ! admission ( ! air4#ie #ie ,! ,combu/ion ( ,coal1 by ,c4 ,wye ,williams4 ,ano!r me?od ( fe$+ locomotive boil]s is to pile up ! coal 9 ! back "p 9 a ?ick lay] & slope x d[nw>d t[>ds ! front1 s t !re is a comp>atively ?9 fire 9 front4 ,! mass pil$ up at ! door becomes conv]t$ into coke1 & ! production ( gas f ! coal is m gradual & uni=m ?an x is :5 only a small quantity is ?r[n 9 at a "t1 & !re=e a m uni=m supply ( air is ne$$ = its combu/ion4 ,b x is app>5t t v little air c pass ?r\gh ! ?ick heap ( coal at ! back "p ( ! fire-box1 & t !re=e all1 or ne>ly all ! air :i* ent]s x mu/ come 9 ?r\gh a comp>atively small portion ( ! grate4 ,x w ( c\rse be difficult to admit ! requisite quantity1 = ! reasons already /at$4 ,x is consequ5tly app>5t t x is practically impossible to admit en\gh air ?r\gh ! grates to effect a con/antly p]fect combu/ion ( bitum9\s coal4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to admit a portion ( ! air above ! fire4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to effect p]fect combu/ion ! air ?us admitt$ mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! gases1 & 9 ord] to be able to ent] into *emical comb9ation1 or 9 o!r words1 to burn1 ! gases mu/ comb9e ) ! air at an ignit+ temp]ature4 ,if too mu* air is admitt$1 x w r$uce ! temp]ature 9 ! fire-box s mu* t ! gases w n ignite2 or1 if x is admitt$ 9 /rong curr5ts1 ! air & ! gases w fl[ side by side l ! curr5ts ( two /reams ( wat]1 ! "o muddy & ! o!r cle>1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 m+le v sl[ly4 ,besides1 if a hot /ream ( gas enc\nt]s a /rong /ream ( cold air & comes 9 contact ) x only at its surface1 ! latt] w be cool$ d[n bel[ ! ignit+ temp]ature2 :]eas if ! two _h be5 intimately mix$ 9 ! "r proportion1 ! :ole mixture w\ld h be5 hot en\gh to burn4 ,x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t ! air :i* is admitt$ above ! fire %\ld ent] ! fire-box 9 _m small jets4 ,none ( ! op5+s = its admission %\ld exce$ in* 9 diamet]4 ,) ! viol5t draft 9 a locomotive fire-box !re is an extremely brief p]iod ( "t = *emical comb9ation to take place aft] ! gases are expell$ f ! coal & be=e !y are hurri$ into ! tubes4 ,z ! *emical action betwe5 ! gases & ! oxyg5 c only take place :5 ! two are 9 intimate contact1 too mu* pa9s _c be tak5 to di/ribute ! curr5ts ( admitt$ air & ?us mix !m ) ! combu/ible gases4 ,9 _m cases means are adopt$ to delay ! air & ! gases 9 ! fire-box s z to give !m "t = *emical comb9ation or combu/ion be=e ent]+ ! tubes4 ,,"q #chi4 ,does any combu/ion take place aft] ! gases ent] ! tubes8 ,answ]4 ,v little2 z ! flames are ext+ui%$ soon aft] !y ent]4 ,,"q #cij4 ,:y are ! flames ext+ui%$ 9 ! tubes8 ,answ]4 ,!y are !n 9 contact ) l>ge quantities ( incombu/ible gas & beyond ! rea* ( a supply ( air2 besides1 ! temp]ature ( ! tubes :i* are surr\nd$ ) wat] is s l[ t ! flame is soon cool$ d[n bel[ an ignit+ temp]ature4 ,,"q #cia4 ,:at temp]ature is necess>y to ignite coal gas or produce flame8 ,answ]4 ,a temp]ature consid]ably hott] ?an r$-hot iron is ne$$1 z c easily be %[n by ! fact t a gas-light c n be ignit$ ) a r$-hot pok]4 ,,"q #cib4 ,are !re any p>ts ( ! fire-box :]e ! temp]ature is probably bel[ ! ignit+ po9t8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 along ! sides & ends ne> ! plates1 :i* are cov]$ ) wat] on ! opposite side4 ,at ^! po9ts ! coal is usually 8dead0 or inc&esc5t1 z x rema9s at too l[ a temp]ature to burn4 ,= ?is reason1 9 "s cases a space ( f #h to #ab in*es on ea* side & /ill m at ! ends ( ! grates1 is made ( solid plates1 )\t any op5+s1 & !re=e call$ 8dead-grates10 s t no cold air c ent] at ^? po9ts4 ,^! plates are made slop+ d[nw>ds f ! sides t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fire-box1 s t ! coal :i* falls on !m & is ?us cok$1 c easily be rak$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! fire4 ,?is arrangem5t ( dead plates (t5 improves ! combu/ion & results 9 great] economy ( fuel4 ,! r$uction ( ! area ( ! op5+s betwe5 ! grate-b>s c usually be comp5sat$ by mak+ ! b>s n>r[] or ! spaces betwe5 !m wid]4 ,,"q #cic4 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( ! coal :5 x is put on ! fire8 ,answ]4 ,x is true ( ! coal z well z ( ! gases t ! *emical action betwe5 x & ! oxyg5 c only take place :5 ! two are 9 intimate contact1 & !re=e ! rapidity & complet5ess ( combu/ion & int5sity ( heat w be increas$ by increas+ ! numb] ( po9ts ( contact1 or by r$uc+ ! size ( ! fuel4 ,! coal %\ld !re=e be brok5 up1 b n s small z to fall betwe5 ! grate-b>s or be c>ri$ out ( ! fire-box by ! bla/4 ,,"q #cid4 ,:at am\nt ( air mu/ be admitt$ to ! fire to effect p]fect combu/ion8 ,answ]4 ,x 0 /at$ t av]age bitum9\s coal conta9s ab\t #hj p] c5t4 c>bon1 #e p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 & #ae p] c5t4 ( o!r sub/ances4 ,z a l>ge proportion ( ! latt] are incombu/ible1 we w conf9e ourselves = ! pres5t to ! consid]ation ( ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog5 & c>bon alone4 ,! hydrog51 z has be5 expla9$1 unites ) oxyg5 9 ! proportion by weight ( #a "p ( ! =m] to #h p>ts ( ! latt]1 & ! product ( ?is union is wat]1 or /eam4 ,z #cf p>ts ( air conta9 only #h ( oxyg51 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,burn ,,! ,,hydrog5 ,,x ,,mu/ ,,be ,,suppli$ ,,) #cf ,,times ,,its ,,weight ,,( ,,air4 ,9 ord] to burn ! c>bon p]fectly x mu/1 z has be5 expla9$1 be conv]t$ into c>bonic dioxide1 :i* consi/s ( #f p>ts ( c>bon & #af ( oxyg52 & z air consi/s ( #bh p>ts ( nitrog5 to e #h ( oxyg51 we mu/ furni% #gb p>ts ( air to e #f ( c>bon1 or1 9 o!r words1 ,,c>bon ,,ne$s #ab ,,times ,,its ,,weight ,,( ,,air ,,= ,,its ,,p]fect ,,combu/ion4 ,e p\nd ( av]age bitum9\s coal !re=e requires #a4h lbs4 ( air to burn its hydrog51 & #i4f lbs4 = ! c>bon1 or #aa4d = bo?4 ,z a portion ( ! o!r sub/ances ( :i* coal is compos$1 besides ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 :i* o!rs h be5 class$ z impurities1 are combu/ible1 !re w be no mat]ial error if we e/imate ! am\nt ( air requir$ = ! combu/ion ( bitum9\s coal at #ab ,,p\nds ,,p] ,,p\nd ,,( ,,fuel4 ,z ea* cubic foot ( air weighs #j4jhjgb lb41 #ab p\nds w be equal to #ab ------- #adh4f cubic feet ( air1 #j4jhjgb or = ! sake ( ev5 figures & a quantity :i* c easily be rememb]$1 we w say #aej ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,air ,,are ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,! ,,combu/ion ,,( ,,ea* ,,p\nd ,,( ,,coal4 ,?is is ! !oretical quantity ( air :i* is ne$$ = combu/ion4 ,n[1 un=tunately1 ! process ( combu/ion 9 ! fire-boxes ( locomotives is "o 9 :i* any v exact comb9ation ( ! sub/ances :i* unite is n possible ) ! appliances :i* are n[ employ$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we admitt$ ! exact am\nt ( air giv5 above1 :ile "s portions ( ! fire :]e combu/ion 0 n v active might h m air ?an is ne$$1 o!r portions w\ld h too little2 & if ! air is n v ?or\ghly mix$1 ! flame & burn+ coal may be surr\nd$ ) ! products ( combu/ion1 :i* w\ld exclude ! air & ?us r$uce its effect ^u ! fire4 ,= ?is reason1 besides ! air requir$ to furni% ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! complete combu/ion ( ! fuel1 x is also necess>y to furni% an additional quantity ( air = ! dilution ( ! gase\s products ( combu/ion1 :i* w\ld o!rwise prev5t ! free access ( air to ! fuel4 ,! m m9ute ! division & ! great] ! velocity ) :i* ! air ru%es among ! fuel1 ! small] is ! additional quantity ( air requir$ = dilution4 ,9 locomotive boil]s1 al?\gh ?is quantity has n be5 exactly asc]ta9$1 !re is reason to believe t x may on an av]age be e/imat$ at ab\t "o-half ( ! air requir$ = combu/ion4#if ,we w\ld !re=e h z ! quantity ( air ne$$ = combu/ion #aej #aej --- #bbe cubic feet4 #b ,?is e/imate is r\ghly made1 b x is ! ne>e/ approximation at pres5t atta9able4 ,x is probable t ! supply ( air requir$ = dilution v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! fire-box & = diff]5t k9ds ( fuel1 & x is possible t by admitt+ ! air = combu/ion 9 small en\gh jets1 & deflect+ ! curr5ts ( smoke & gases s z to cause !m to m+le ) ! air1 ! quantity requir$ = dilution might be r$uc$ bel[ t indicat$ by ! above calculation4 ,und\bt$ly all ! air :i* is admitt$ into ! fire-box :i* does n comb9e ) ! *emical elem5ts ( ! fuel less5s ! am\nt ( /eam g5]at$ 9 ! boil]1 bo? ) ref]5ce to "t1 t is to say p] m9ute1 & to fuel1 t is p] p\nd ( coal consum$4 ,b ) ! pres5t locomotive boil] x is simply a *oice ( two evils4 ,if no m air is admitt$ ?an !ory indicates to be ne$$ = combu/ion1 !n1 ow+ to ! imp]fect means :i* are usually employ$ to cause ! air & fuel to comb9e1 a portion ( ! latt] w escape unconsum$2 & if m air is admitt$1 ! temp]ature ( ! products ( combu/ion is l[]$ & _! volume increas$1 ! evils ( :i* h already be5 po9t$ out4 ,x !re=e becomes a matt] 9 :i* we are oblig$ to consult exp]i5ce & det]m9e by exp]im5t :at am\nt ( air x is necess>y to admit to ! fuel to produce ! mo/ economical results4 #if ,rank9e4 ,,"q #cie4 ,:at proportion ( ! air %\ld be admitt$ ?r\gh ! grate1 & h[ mu* above ! fire8 ,answ]4 ,?is1 too1 is a "q :i* c probably be answ]$ be/ by consult+ exp]i5ce4 ,! relative quantity ( air requir$ above & bel[ ! fire dep5ds v mu* on ! nature ( ! fuel4 ,coal :i* 8runs toge!r0 or cakes v mu* or has a great deal ( cl9k] 9 x1 d\btless1 w ne$ m air above ! fire ?an o!r coal :i* is said to be 8dry]10 = ! reason t x w be f\nd impossible to admit s mu* air ?r\gh ! cak+ coal 9 ! grate z ?r\gh ! o!r k9d4 ,an idea ( ! relative quantity :i* %\ld be admitt$ above & bel[ ! fire may be f\nd if we "k h[ mu* air is ne$$ to burn ! solid c>bon or coke :i* is left aft] ! gas is expell$ f x1 & h[ mu* = ! gas itself4 ,! gas :i* is expell$ f a p\nd ( coal consi/s ( ab\t #j4je lb4 ( hydrog5 & #j4ae lb4 ( c>bon4 ,n[1 x has be5 %[n t hydrog5 requires #cf times its weight ( air to burn x p]fectly1 s t #j4je lb4 w\ld ne$ #j4je #cf #a4h lbs42 & c>bon requires #ab times its weight ( air1 s t = #j4ae lb4 ( c>bon #j4ae #ab #a4h lbs4 is ne$$1 s t = bo? #c4f lbs4 ( air is requir$ = p]fect combu/ion4 ,z has be5 %[n1 #ab lbs4 is ne$$ to consume ! :ole ( ! fuel1 s t #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole supply is requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! gas alone4 ,if ?is is dilut$ 9 ! same proportion z t requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon1 & x probably %\ld be ev5 m s1 we w\ld h #cj p] c5t4 ( #bbe #fg4e cubic feet ( air requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! gas4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! solid coke on ! grates is n p]fectly consum$1 or1 9 o!r words1 conv]t$ into c>bonic dioxide1 especially :5 ! lay] ( x on ! grates is v ?ick4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! air com+ 9 contact ) ! l[] lay] ( coke =ms c>bonic dioxide1 b z x rises ?r\gh ! burn+ coke ano!r equival5t ( c>bon unites ) ! c>bonic dioxide1 & ?us =ms c>bonic oxide4 ,if1 n[1 en\gh air is admitt$ above ! fire1 ?is c>bonic oxide w comb9e ) x1 &1 z has be5 expla9$ be=e1 a second combu/ion w take place if !re is "t & opportunity = comb9ation be=e ! gases ent] ! flues4 ,x is !re=e probable t m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole supply ( air %\ld be admitt$ above ! fire4 ,x is at any rate be/ to provide ! means = admitt+ m1 & also appliances = regulat+ ! supply1 s t x c be gov]n$ z exp]i5ce may indicate to be be/4 ,,"q #cif4 ,is x n possible by enl>g+ ! grate to admit en\gh air to ! fire to produce p]fect combu/ion8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 :5 no air is admitt$ above ! fire1 l>ge grates are f\nd to produce ! be/ combu/ion4 ,b :ile x is true t ! same am\nt ( heat w be produc$ by ! union ( ea* equival5t ( oxyg5 & fuel1 yet if we c =ce m air & fuel to unite 9 ! same place1 a high] temp]ature is produc$ 9 t place1 j z a fire 9 a blacksmi?'s =ge is hott] because ( ! =c$ bla/ ?an t 9 an ord9>y /ove1 or a smelt+ furnace ?an a p>lor grate4 ,if1 !n1 we c conc5trate ! draft 9 ! fire ( a locomotive1 we secure a great] int5sity ( combu/ion2 & :5 ! air is urg$ aga9/ ! solid c>bon ) consid]able =ce1 x comes 9 contact ) e po9t ( its surface1 & !re=e less dilution ( ! air is ne$$1 & consequ5tly ! products ( combu/ion h a high] temp]ature2 &1 z has be5 expla9$1 a l>g] proportion ( ! heat is !n transf]r$ to ! wat] ?an if ! temp]ature is l[] & ! volume great]4 ,int5sity ( combu/ion also has ! effect ( ma9ta9+ an ignit+ temp]ature2 :]eas1 if ! same am\nt ( fuel is burn$ sl[ly1 its heat may n be high en\gh to ignite ! gases z !y are produc$4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 to h all ! space t is possible 9 ! fire-box1 s z to give room = ! mix+ ( ! gases2 b ) a l>ge fire-box & l>ge grate a decid$ improvem5t & economy w (t5 result by dim9i%+ ! effective area ( ! grate by cov]+ a "p ( x ) dead plates1 b at ! same "t mak+ provision = ! admission ( air above ! fire4 ,,"q #cig4 ,:at is meant by ! 8,total ,heat ( ,combu/ion80 ,answ]4 ,x is ! numb] ( units ( heat giv5 out by ! combu/ion ( a giv5 quantity 7usually a p\nd7 ( fuel4 ,,"q #cih4 ,h[ is ?is det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,! heat giv5 out by ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( ! *emical elem5ts ( :i* coal is compos$ has be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & f su* data1 kn[+ ! sub/ances ( :i* fuel is compos$1 we c det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld be develop$ if !y 7 ea* p]fectly consum$4 ,?us ! total heat ( combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( hydrog5 is #fb1jcb units1 & ( ! same quantity ( c>bon #ad1ejj units4#ig ,!re=e1 if a p\nd ( coal conta9s #e p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 ! heat giv5 out by ! combu/ion ( t elem5t w be #fb1jcb #j4je #c1aja4fj units1 & if x has #hj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ! combu/ion ( ! latt] w\ld develop #ad1ejj #j4hj #aa1fjj units1 s t ! total heat ( ! combu/ion ( ^! two elem5ts w\ld be #c1aja4f #aa1fjj #ad1gja4f units4 ,x 0 %[n 9 answ] to ,"q #dj t x requir$ #a1bac4d units ( heat to conv]t wat] at z]o to /eam ( #ajj p\nds pressure4 ,z /eam is usually g5]at$ f wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj degrees1 ! total heat requir$ to conv]t x into /eam ( #ajj p\nds pressure w\ld be #a1bac4d - #fj #a1aec4d units4 ,a p\nd ( av]age bitum9\s coal1 !re=e1 conta9s heat en\gh to conv]t #ab lbs4 ( wat] into /eam ( #ajj lbs4 absolute pressure4 ,ord9>ily only ab\t half t am\nt ( wat] is evaporat$ 9 locomotive boil]s p] p\nd ( fuel4 #ig ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made to det]m9e ^! am\nts d n agree exactly1 b ^? giv5 are ?\ght to be ! mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,,"q #cii4 ,:at are ! *ief causes ( ?is wa/e ( heat8 ,answ]4 ,x is due1 fir/1 to ! wa/e ( unburnt fuel 9 ! solid /ate4 ,?is occurs :5 fuel :i* is v f9e falls ?r\gh ! grates1 or is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! tubes & out ( ! /ack 9 ! =m ( c9d]s4#ih #ih ,x %\ld be rem>k$ "h t "s & p]haps mo/ ( ! c9d]s :i* are c>ri$ out ( ! /ack are n combu/ible b are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials t =m cl9k]s on ! grate4 ,second1 to ! wa/e ( unburnt fuel 9 ! gase\s or smoky /ate4 ,! me?od ( prev5t+ ?is wa/e by a suffici5t supply & prop] di/ribution ( air has be5 expla9$ 9 ! answ] to prec$+ que/ions4 ,?ird1 to ! wa/e or loss ( heat 9 ! hot gases :i* escape up ! *imney or smoke /ack4 ,! temp]ature ( ! fire 9 a locomotive fire-box 9 a /ate ( active combu/ion is probably f #c1jjj to #d1jjj degrees4 ,?is heat is 9 "p radiat$ & conduct$ to ! heat+ surface ( ! fire-box1 & x is f\nd t m wat] is evaporat$ by ?is portion ( ! heat+ surface 9 proportion to its area ?an by any o!r 9 ! boil]4 ,! gases :5 !y ent] ! tubes transmit a portion ( _! heat to ! surfaces ) :i* !y are fir/ 9 contact4 ,! am\nt ( heat ?us transmitt$1 z has be5 /at$1 is 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! gases inside ! tubes & t ( ! wat] outside4 ,aft] pass+ ov] ! "p ( ! tube ) :i* ! gases are fir/ 9 contact1 !y !n arrive at ano!r portion ( ! tube surface ) a dim9i%$ temp]ature1 & ! rate ( conduction is !re=e dim9i%$2 s t ea* successive equal portion ( ! heat+ surface transmits a less & less quantity ( heat1 until ! hot air at la/ leaves ! heat+ surface & escapes up ! *imney ) a c]ta9 rema9+ excess ( temp]ature above t ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 ! heat correspond+ to :i* excess is wa/$4#ii ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable to extract z mu* heat z possible f ! gases be=e !y escape f ! tubes4 ,n[ x w be impossible to heat ! wat] outside ( ! tubes hott] ?an ! gases inside4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is equal to t ( ! gases1 no m heat w be transmitt$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is #cej degrees1 t ( ! gases 9 ! tubes w nev] be any l[]1 b w escape into ! smoke-box ) n less ?an t am\nt ( heat4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cold wat] is introduc$ at ! front end ( ! tubes1 s t ! surface ) :i* ! gases are la/ 9 contact has a temp]ature consid]ably l[] ?an #cej1 !n an additional am\nt ( heat w be transmitt$ be=e !y escape4 ,x is1 !re=e1 important t ! cold fe$-wat] %\ld be admitt$ ne> ! front end ( ! boil]1 s t ! products ( combu/ion w be 9 contact ) ! colde/ "p ( ! heat+ surface la/1 & ?us give out z mu* ( _! heat z possible be=e !y escape4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! gases escape at a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! writ] %[$ t ! temp]ature 9 ! smoke-box ( a locomotive :5 fir/ />t+ 0 #bgj degrees1 & :5 work+ at its maximum capacity on a /eep grade & ) a heavy tra9 x 0 z high z #fge degrees4 ,! av]age temp]ature :ile runn+ 01 9 ?ree trials on diff]5t p>ts ( ! road1 z foll[s3 ,av]age /eam pressure1 #ih4h lbs42 av]age temp]ature1 #dii4h lbs4 ,av]age /eam pressure1 #ajf lbs42 av]age temp]ature1 #ece4a lbs4 ,av]age /eam pressure1 #aab4b lbs42 av]age temp]ature1 #eed lbs4 #ii ,rank9e4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts a record 0 made ( ! indications ( a pyromet] & ( ! /eam gauge once e m9ute :ile ! eng9e 0 runn+4 ,! di/ance run 0 #ai miles = ! fir/ exp]im5t1 #ac = ! second & #f = ! ?ird1 ) #cj load$ freight c>s 9 ! tra94 ,! la/ exp]im5t 0 made :ile ! eng9e 0 work+ on a heavy grade & v ne>ly up to its maximum capacity4 ,x w ?us be se5 t a great deal ( heat is wa/$ by escap+ up ! *imney4 ,f\r?1 by ext]nal radiation f ! boil]4 ,?is occurs *iefly f ! fact t x is n suffici5tly well protect$ or cov]$ ) non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,! practice1 or r ! neglect1 ( n cov]+ ! outside ( ! fire-box ) lagg+ d\btless causes a v consid]able loss ( heat by radiation & convection f ! hot boil] plates4 ,,"q #djj4 ,:at is ! ord9>y =m ( fire-box employ$ = burn+ bitum9\s coal8 ,answ]4 ,x is t repres5t$ 9 plate ,,ii & figs4 #da & #dd1 & is simply a rectangul> box1 & = t reason x is call$ a pla9 fire-box4 ,sometimes provision is made = admitt+ air into su* fire-boxes ?r\gh holl[ or r tubul> /ay-bolts1 :i* are put into ! sides & front4 ,9 mo/ cases1 too1 ! fire-box door has p]=ations = admitt+ air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #dja4 ,:at o!r appliances are us$ = burn+ bitum9\s coal8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ common appliance :i* is add$ to ! pla9 fire-box is :at is call$ a fire-brick ar*4 ,?is is %[n 9 fig4 #bad4 ,b ,c is ! ar* :i*1 z its "n implies1 is =m$ ( fire-brick & ext5ds backw>d & upw>d f a po9t 9 ! tube-%eet bel[ ! tubes4 ,9 ord] to be self-support+ x is built 9 ! =m ( an ar*1 ! two sides ( ! fire-box act+ z abutm5ts = its support4 ,! engrav+ repres5ts ) suffici5t cle>ness ! direction ( ! flames & smoke4 ,^! mu/ take a m circuit\s 8run10 z x is call$1 aft] leav+ ! fire1 9 ord] to rea* ! tubes4 ,"t is ?us giv5 = ! gases to comb9e & combu/ion to take place4 ,! fire-brick becomes heat$1 & ?us to "s ext5t prev5ts ! gases f be+ cool$ d[n bel[ an ignit+ temp]ature by contact ) ! cold surface ( ! fire-box be=e combu/ion is complete4 ,! fire-brick1 h[ev]1 soon burns out1 & mu/ be replac$1 b ow+ to its *eapness & ! ease ) :i* x c be remov$1 ?is does n make a s]i\s objection to its use4 ,air is ne>ly always admitt$ above ! fire :5 ! brick ar* is us$1 ei!r by tubul> /ay-bolts1 a1 a1 a1 or p]=ations 9 ! door1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! inconv5i5ce & exp5se ( replac+ ! fire-brick ar*1 :at is kn[n z ! 8,jauriet wat]-table0 has be5 ext5sively us$ on "s roads4 ,?is is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,jauriet & is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bae1 & consi/s ( a flat 8table10 ,b ,c1 =m$ ( two boil] plates plac$ ab\t #d 94 ap>t1 ) ! space betwe5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,! two plates are /ay$ ) ord9>y /ay-bolts 9 ! same way z ! sides ( ! fire-box4 ,! =m ( ! wat]-table is simil> to t ( ! fire-brick1 except+ t x is n ar*$1 ?is =m n be+ necess>y1 z ! plates are rivet$ to ! sides ( ! fire-box4 ,air is admitt$ above ! fire bo? by holl[ /ay-bolts & holes 9 ! door1 z %[n at ,a4 ,tubes1 f1 are put into ! front & l[] portion ( ! wat]-table to all[ ! a%es & c9d]s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be deposit$ above1 to fall d[n on ! grates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,:5 air is admitt$ at ! furnace door ( an ord9>y fire-box1 x is v apt to ru% directly into ! tubes )\t m+l+ ) ! gases4 ,x 0 f\nd by "s ( ! firem5 on ,engli% railroads t by plac+ a %ovel ov] ! top ( ! furnace door1 ! curr5t ( air :i* ent]$ c\ld ?us be deflect$ d[nw>d1 & 9 ?is way smoke c\ld be almo/ entirely prev5t$4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption ( a hood or deflector1 ,a1 fig4 #baf1 :i* is made ( %eet iron & is plac$ ov] ! fire-box door & is arrang$ ) a lev]1 ,b1 s t x c be rais$ 9 ord] to be out ( ! way :5 coal is ?r[n on ! fire4 ,x is susp5d$ f a hook1 ,c1 f :i* x c easily be deta*$ & tak5 out = repairs4 ,?is is frequ5tly necess>y1 z ! int5se heat ( ! fire-box burns away ! %eet iron ( :i* x is made v rapidly4 ,x c be made ( old boil] plate1 s t ! exp5se ( r5ewal is v slight4 ,:5 ?is plan is us$1 a d\ble slid+ door1 %[n 9 fig4 #bag1 is commonly us$ ) x4 ,^! doors are op5$ by ! lev]s f d2 & e g1 :i* are all connect$ toge!r4 ,) ^! slid+ doors ! op5+ = ! admission ( air c easily be regulat$1 & ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! lev]1 ,b1 is atta*$ to ! deflector1 ,a1 c be arrang$ m conv5i5tly ?an ) a sw++ door4 ,?is plan has be5 employ$ by ! ,rog]s ,locomotive ,works4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,ano!r plan ( fire-box1 :i* 0 design$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,william ,bu*anan1 ,ma/] ,me*anic ( ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad1 & us$ ext5sively on t l9e1 is %[n 9 fig4 #bah4 ,?is consi/s ( a wat]-table1 b x ext5ds completely across ! fire-box f ! tube %eet to ! back-plate1 ?us divid+ ! fire-box into two comp>tm5ts1 ,m & ,n4 ,9 ord] to af=d communication f ! l[] "o to ! upp] "o a r\nd hole1 ,d1 ab\t #bd 94 9 diamet]1 is put 9 ! wat]-table 9 ! position %[n4 ,x w ?us be se5 t all ! curr5ts ( gas1 smoke & air mu/ unite 9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is op5+1 & are ?us br\ght into close contact ) ea* o!r4 ,aft] !y ent] ! upp] *amb] & be=e !y ent] ! tubes1 !re is room & "t = combu/ion4 ,! position ( ! l[] side ( ! table1 x w be se51 is simil> to t ( ! deflector %[n 9 fig4 #baf1 s t x acts 9 some:at ! same way1 by direct+ ! curr5ts ( air1 :i* ent] ?r\gh ! furnace door1 d[nw>d on ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #djb4 ,h[ d ^! diff]5t plans op]ate8 ,answ]4 ,!y w all burn coal m p]fectly1 & !re=e m economically1 if !y are c>efully & skillfully manag$1 ?an is possible 9 ord9>y pla9 fire-boxes2 b x is probable t m economy 9 ! consumption ( coal w\ld result f ! improvem5t ( ! practice & k ( firem5 ?an c be expect$ f ! use ( any ( ! appliances describ$1 if !y are us$ )\t c>e1 or k ( ! pr9ciples ( combu/ion4 ,,"q #djc4 ,9 :at respect does an?racite coal diff] f bitum9\s8 ,answ]4 ,x diff]s *iefly 9 ! fact t x conta9s a mu* l>g] proportion ( c>bon & less ( hydrog51 & 9 ! fact t x consequ5tly gives (f v little or no coal gas4 ,its combu/ion is !re=e m simple ?an t ( bitum9\s coal1 z !re is v little else ?an solid c>bon to burn4 ,,"q #djd4 ,9 :at k9d ( a fire-box is an?racite usually burn$8 ,answ]4 ,x is usually burn$ 9 a v long grate1 & z ! heat is v int5se1 ! grate-b>s are usually made ( iron tubes1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( wat] circulates1 s z to prev5t !m f melt+4 ,,"q #dje4 ,is x important to admit air above an an?racite fire to facilitate combu/ion8 ,answ]4 ,z !re are no gases to be burn$1 x is n s important z x is ) bitum9\s coal1 b if ! lay] ( an?racite on ! grates is v ?ick1 x w be impossible to get en\gh air ?r\gh ! coal to conv]t all ! c>bon into c>bonic dioxide1 & ! c>bon & oxyg5 w !re=e unite s z to =m c>bonic oxide4 ,if air is admitt$ above ! fire1 z has already be5 expla9$1 ano!r equival5t ( oxyg5 w unite ) ! c>bonic oxide1 & a second combu/ion w !n take place above ! fire1 & ! c>bonic oxide w ?us be conv]t$ into c>bonic dioxide4 ,if1 "u ^! circum/ances1 no air 0 admitt$ above ! fire1 ! second combu/ion w\ld n occur1 & all ! heat produc$ !reby w\ld be lo/4 ,,"q #djf4 ,h[ c we det]m9e ! relative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( fuel = use 9 locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,?is c only be det]m9$ satisfactorily by actual exp]im5t4 ,! *emical composition1 except+ s f> z x indicates ! pres5ce ( delet]i\s sub/ances1 su* z sulphur1 a%es1 cl9k]s1 etc41 af=ds b little assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! value ( fuel4 ,ne>ly ! same quantities ( elem5ts 9 diff]5t fuels may arrange !mselves1 be=e & dur+ combu/ion1 s z to produce v diff]5t s]ies ( comp\nds4 ,x is true t ! composition ( coal gives u "s indication ( its heat-produc+ capacity1 b ! ext5t to :i* t capacity c be conv]t$ into actual /eam 9 locomotive boil]s1 dep5ds to a v great ext5t ^u ! conditions "u :i* ! fuel is burn$4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! rapidity ) :i* /eam c be g5]at$ is a v important matt] 9 locomotive practice4 ,:e!r a heavy freight tra9 c be tak5 up a giv5 grade1 or a fa/ express make "t1 (t5 dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( /eam :i* c be g5]at$ by ! fuel 9 ea* second ( "t t ! boil] is work$ to its maximum capacity4 ,!re=e any appliance = improv+ combu/ion1 :i* r$uces ! quantity ( /eam :i* c be g5]at$ by ! boil] 9 a giv5 "t1 is q sure to fall into disuse or be ab&on$4 ,x is ( c\rse (t5 necess>y to adapt ! appliances = burn+ fuel to ! fuel itself2 & :5 a poor quality ( ! latt] mu/ be us$1 m boil] capacity mu/ be giv5 ?an is ne$$ to d ! same "w ) bett] fuel4 ,! table 9 ! app5dix w no d\bt be valuable z indicat+ ! prop]ties & relative value ( sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( fuel us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! table is copi$ f a report made to ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,pr(essor ,walt] ,b4 ,johnson 9 #ahdd1 & ! conclusions are d$uc$ f a s]ies ( v elaborate exp]im5ts made = ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is report furni%es ! mo/ full & reliable data reg>d+ ! value ( ,am]ican fuel ?us f> 7#ahgd7 publi%$2 b x conta9s little or no in=mation conc]n+ ! fuels :i* are n[ us$ on railroads 9 our ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,! fir/ eight specim5s ( coal giv5 9 ! table are an?racite2 all ! re/ are bitum9\s coals4 ,,"p ,,xx4 ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,tra9s4 ,,"q #djg4 ,:at is meant by ! resi/ance ( tra9s or c>s8 ,answ]4 ,x is ! p[] requir$ to move !m on ! track4 ,?us if a rope1 fig4 #bai1 0 atta*$ to a c> at "o end1 & ! o!r pass$ ov] a pulley1 a1 & a suffici5tly heavy weight1 ,w1 0 hung on ! end ( ! rope1 x w\ld move ! c>4 ,! weight ,w w\ld !n be equal to ! resi/ance ( ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,,"q #djh4 ,h[ c ! resi/ance ( c>s "u diff]5t circum/ances be det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t x takes a =ce ( ab\t #f lbs4 p] ton 7( #b1jjj lbs47 to move a c> sl[ly on a level & /raight track aft] x is />t$4 ,t is1 if a c> weighs #bj tons & a rope1 fig4 #bai1 is atta*$ to x at "o end & ! o!r pass$ ov] a pulley1 a1 ) a weight1 ,w1 susp5d$ to x1 x w require a weight equal to #bj #f #abj lbs4 to keep ! c> mov+ sl[ly4 ,if two c>s ( ! above weight 7 c\pl$ toge!r1 x w\ld require twice #abj or #bdj lbs41 & if ?ree 7 atta*$ to ea* o!r1 ?ree times #abj1 or #cfj lbs41 & s on4 ,9 o!r words1 ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,total ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,c>s ,,9 ,,tons 7,,( #b1jjj ,,lbs47 ,,by #f ,,w ,,give ,,u ,,_! ,,resi/ance1 ,,or ,,! ,,=ce ,,requir$ ,,to ,,keep ,,!m ,,mov+ ,,on ,a ,,level ,,& ,,/raight ,,track ,,at ,a ,,sl[ ,,spe$ ,,aft] ,,!y ,,are ,,/>t$4 ,! resi/ance is repres5t$ by ! weight above1 & ! locomotive mu/ ex]t a =ce equal to t weight to keep ! tra9 mov+4 ,z ! spe$ increases ! resi/ance increases1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ table4 ,x %\ld be /at$ "h1 h[ev]1 t our k reg>d+ ?is :ole subject ( ! resi/ance ( ,am]ican c>s & tra9s is exce$+ly inaccurate & imp]fect1 & ! data giv5 9 ! books are ne>ly all bas$ on exp]im5ts made 9 ,europe1 ) c>s ( a diff]5t con/ruction f ^? us$ "h4 ,!re is reason = believ+1 h[ev]1 t ! resi/ance ( ,am]ican c>s is less ?an t ( ,european c>s1 & we h assum$ x to be #f lbs4 p] ton on a level at v sl[ spe$1 :i* is less ?an ! resi/ance :i* is usually giv51 b ! foll[+ figures %\ld be reg>d$ m]ely z an approximation to ! actual facts1 ( :i* we are /ill 9 ignorance3 ,velocity ( tra9s 9 miles p] h\r #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce #dj #de #ej #fj #gj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,resi/ance on /raight l9e 9 lbs4 p] ton 7( #b1jjj lbs47 #f4af4fg4ch4ci4faa4bac4aae4cag4hbj4fbgcd 4f ,n[1 if we want to get ! resi/ance at #cj miles an h\r ( a tra9 ( t5 c>s weigh+ ea* #bj tons1 ! calculation w\ld be #aj #bj #aa #b1bej lbs4 ,?is w give ! resi/ance on a level & /raight track4 ,on an asc5d+ grade ! resi/ance is great] ?an t giv5 above1 because1 besides pull+ ! c> horizontally1 x is necess>y to raise x v]tically a di/ance equal to ! asc5t ( ! grade4 ,?us if we h a grade ) a rise ( =ty feet 9 a mile1 ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ to simply raise ! weight ( a c> w\ld be equal to its weight 9 p\nds multipli$ by ! v]tical height ( ! asc5t4 ,?us1 suppos+ a c> :i* weighs #dj1jjj lbs4 to be run "o mile on a grade ( =ty feet asc5t 9 t di/ance1 !n ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 simply rais+ ! c> w be equal to #dj1jjj #dj #a1fjj1jjj foot-p\nds4 ,n[1 if x 0 necess>y to raise t weight by a direct v]tical lift or pull1 x w\ld require a =ce equal to or a little great] ?an ! load to d x4 ,b 9 pull+ a c> or tra9 up a grade1 :i* is an incl9$ plane1 ! =ce1 :i* is ! locomotive1 in/ead ( be+ ex]t$ ?r\gh ! v]tical di/ance is ex]t$ ?r\gh ! horizontal di/ance1 :i* 9 ?is case is "o mile1 or #e1bhj feet4 ,!re=e1 if we divide ! numb] ( foot-p\nds ( en]gy requir$ by ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! p[] is ex]t$1 x w give u ! =ce ex]t$ ?r\gh "o foot4 ,t is1 #a1fjj1jjj --------- #aea4e lbs4 #e1bhj ,! resi/ance due to ! asc5t alone ( a tra9 on a grade or incl9e c !re=e be calculat$ by ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,tra9 ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,by ,,! ,,asc5t ,,9 ,,any ,,giv5 ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,feet ,,& ,,divid+ ,,! ,,product ,,by ,,! ,,horizontal ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,feet4 ,?us 9 ! above example ! rate ( ! asc5t is giv5 9 s _m feet p] mile2 we !re=e multiply by #dj & divide by #e1bhj1 :i* is ! numb] ( feet 9 a mile4 ,if ! rate ( ! gradi5t _h be5 giv51 z x sometimes is1 z #a 9 #acb1 we w\ld simply h divid$ ! weight ( ! tra9 by ! latt] numb]4 ,if we want to get ! resi/ance p] ton ( tra9 we sub/itute = its weight t ( "o ton 9 p\nds2 ?us3 #b1jjj #dj ---------- #ae4a lbs4 #e1bhj ,if1 n[1 we h ! resi/ance :i* is due to ! asc5t or gravity alone1 we mu/ add to ?is ! resi/ance on a /raight & level track1 at ! spe$ at :i* ! tra9 runs1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! total resi/ance on ! grade4 ,on a level road at a spe$ ( #e miles p] h\r x w\ld be #f4a lbs4 p] ton1 s t on a grade ( =ty feet to a mile at t spe$ ! resi/ance w\ld be #f4a #ae4a #ba4b lbs41 p] ton1 & at #aj miles x w\ld be #f4f #ae4a #ba4g lbs41 & at #cj miles p] h\r on ! grade ! resi/ance w\ld be #aa4b #ae4a #bf4c lbs4 p] ton4 ,to get ! total resi/ance on a grade = any spe$1 we ,,add ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,= ,,t ,,spe$ ,,on ,a ,,/raight ,,& ,,level ,,l9e ,,to ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,due ,,to ,,! ,,asc5t ,,alone4 ,! resi/ances = v>i\s rates ( spe$ & grades has be5 calculat$1 & is giv5 9 ! table 9 ! app5dix4 ,! top horizontal r[ ( figures ( t table gives ! rates ( spe$4 ,! left-h& v]tical r[ gives ! rise ( grade 9 feet p] mile4 ,! resi/ance = any giv5 grade & spe$ is giv5 :]e ! v]tical r[ ( figures "u ! rate ( spe$ & ! horizontal r[ opposite ! rise ( ! grade int]sect ea* o!r4 ,?us1 = a grade ( #cj feet p] mile & a spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r1 we foll[ ! v]tical column "u ! #de d[nw>d1 & ! horizontal column opposite #cj to ! "r1 & :]e ! two int]sect ! resi/ance1 #bi4a lbs4 is giv54 ,,"q #dji4 ,:at effect d curves h on ! resi/ance ( tra9s8 ,answ]4 ,!y increase ! resi/ance1 b 9 :at proportion or to :at degree is n kn[n accurately4 ,european au?orities say t ! resi/ance is increas$1 ov] :at x w\ld be 9 a /raight & level l9e1 ab\t #a p] c5t4 = e degree ( ! curve occupi$ by a tra94 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! resi/ance ( ,am]ican c>s1 :i* ne>ly all h d\ble trucks1 is n s great on curves z t ( ,european c>s1 :i* ne>ly all h long & rigid :eel-bases1 & ^: :eels !re=e c n adju/ !mselves s easily to ! curvature ( ! track z !y c :5 ! ,am]ican sy/em ( d\ble trucks is us$4 ,,"q #daj4 ,:at is meant by a degree ( a curve8 ,answ]4 ,9 ord] to measure circles1 !y are all suppos$ to be divid$ into #cfj equal p>ts1 :i* are call$ degrees4 ,"o degree ( a curve is !re=e ( a complete circle2 b if ! curve has a long radius1 "o degree ( su* a curv$ track w be long] ?an "o degree ( a curve ) a %ort radius1 b ea* w h ! same am\nt ( 8b5d0 or curvature4 ,x is ?is latt] :i* increases ! resi/ance ( tra9s1 & ! great] ! numb] ( degrees ( a curve occupi$ by a tra9 ( c>s1 ! great] w be ! 8b5d0 ( ! track1 & !re=e ! great] ! resi/ance4 ,,"q #daa4 ,:at o!r causes affect ! resi/ance ( tra9s8 ,answ]4 ,! condition ( ! track & ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d4 ,on a r\gh track ! resi/ance is v mu* great] ?an on a smoo? "o1 & a /rong head-w9d makes x mu* m difficult to pull a tra9 ?an x is 9 calm wea!r4 ,,"p ,,xxi4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #dab4 ,9 proportion+ a locomotive to any giv5 k9d ( "w1 :at are ! fir/ facts :i* %\ld be kn[n8 ,answ]4 ,we %\ld fir/ "k ! weight ( ! tra9 :i* ! locomotive mu/ draw2 second1 ! spe$ at :i* x mu/ run2 & ?ird1 ! /eepe/ grades & ! %orte/ curves ( ! road on :i* x mu/ "w4 ,f ^! data ! resi/ance ( ! tra9 :i* ! locomotive mu/ ov]come c be at lea/ approximately det]m9$4 ,,"q #dac4 ,:5 ! greate/ resi/ance ( ! tra9 is kn[n1 :at is ! next ?+ to be det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 answ] to ,"q #ff1 if ! :eels revolve & _! adhesion is great] ?an ! resi/ance oppos$ to ! movem5t ( ! locomotive1 ! latt] w ov]come ! resi/ance2 b if ! latt] is great] ?an ! friction1 ! :eels w slip4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! adhesion mu/ be some:at great] ?an ! resi/ance4 ,z ! adhesion is equal to ab\t "o-fif?#ajj ( ! adhesive weight or pressure ( ! driv+-:eels on ! rails1 obvi\sly ?is weight %\ld be five times ! resi/ance4 ,?us1 if we h a tra9 weigh+ #djj tons :i* we want to take up a grade ( #dj feet p] mile at a spe$ ( #bj miles p] h\r1 its resi/ance1 calculat$ f ! table giv5 9 ! previ\s "p1 w\ld be #i1cfj lbs4 ,!re=e1 #i1cfj #e #df1hjj lbs4 ! requir$ adhesive weight4 #ajj ,see answ] to ,"q #cji4 ,,"q #dad4 ,:at consid]ations det]m9e ! mann] ( di/ribut+ ?is weight on ! :eels8 ,answ]4 ,x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t if too mu* weight is plac$ ^u "o :eel1 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! rails are made is p>tly cru%$ & injur$1 & !y !n we> out mu* m rapidly ?an !y w\ld if ! weight 0 di/ribut$ on m :eels1 & ?us a small] am\nt ( weight re/$ on ea* po9t ( contact ) ! rails4 ,! am\nt ( weight :i* c be c>ri$ on a s+le :eel dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial ( :i* ! rails are made1 & to "s ext5t on _! =m & size1 or z ! latt] is usually express$1 on _! weight p] y>d4 ,,"q #dae4 ,:5 ! adhesive weight & ! numb] ( driv+-:eels are kn[n1 h[ is ! size ( ! latt] & ( ! cyl9d]s det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,! size ( ! :eels w to a c]ta9 ext5t dep5d ^u ! spe$1 because ! l>g] ! :eels1 ! fur!r w ! locomotive move 9 "o revolution2 b no exact rule c be giv5 = _! size4 ,at pres5t !re is /ill a great div]sity ( op9ion among eng9e]s reg>d+ ! be/ sizes ( :eels & cyl9d]s = any giv5 s]vice4 ,probably ! safe/ plan w be to consult ! be/ practice1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any bett] reasons be guid$ = ! pres5t by t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! mo/ common size ( locomotives us$ is t :i* we h select$ = our illu/rations1 t is1 :at are call$ five-feet :eels1 & cyl9d]s ( #af in*es diamet] & #bd in*es /roke4 ,m eng9es ( ^! dim5sions are us$ ?an ( any o!r4 ,= freight s]vice ! :eels are sometimes made ( small] & = pass5g] tra9s ( l>g] diamet]2 b locomotives ) driv+-:eels & cyl9d]s ( ! dim5sions giv5 are us$ = bo? pass5g] & freight s]vice4 ,x %\ld be /at$ "h t :at are call$ five-feet :eels are usually ab\t #a 94 l>g] 9 diamet] ?an five feet4 ,?is arose f ! fact t ! tires :i* are n[ us$ are made ?ick] ?an !y 7 on ! fir/ eng9es1 & ! practice ?us e/abli%$ has be5 cont9u$4 ,we w !re=e take ! diamet] ( :at is call$ a five-feet :eel at :at x really is1 #fa 94 ,su* locomotives also h ab\t #dj1jjj lbs4 ( adhesive weight4 ,n[1 ! circumf]5ce ( su* :eels is #aic4b 941 & !re=e 9 "o revolution ( ! :eels1 if !y d n slip1 ! locomotive w move t di/ance on ! rails4 ,at ! same "t ea* pi/on w sweep ?r\gh ! cyl9d] twice1 & !re=e 9 "o revolution #d times "o cyl9d] full ( /eam is us$4 ,n[ a cyl9d] ( #af 94 diamet] & #bd 94 /roke conta9s or w hold #d1hbe cubic in*es1 s t 9 "o revolution ( ! :eels #d1hbe #d #ai1cjb cubic in*es ( /eam are us$4 ,z has be5 /at$1 9 "o revolution ( ! :eels1 if !y d n slip1 ! locomotive w move #aic4b 94 ,if1 n[1 we divide #ai1cjb by #aic4b x w give u ! am\nt ( /eam us$ to move ! locomotive & tra9 "o in*4 ,n[1 #ai1cjb #aic4b #ii4i1 :i*1 = ! sake ( ev5 figures we w call #ajj4 ,we ?us see t a locomotive ) #dj1jjj p\nds or #bj tons 7( #b1jjj lbs47 ( adhesive weight requires #ajj cubic in*es ( cyl9d] capacity#aja to move x "o in*4 ,n[1 if a locomotive _h only half z mu* weight on ! driv+-:eels1 x c\ld pull only half z mu* load1 & w\ld !re=e use only half z mu* /eam1 & consequ5tly ne$ only half ! cyl9d] capacity ( ! o!r locomotive4 ,if !re 0 ?ree-qu>t]s or a ?ird z mu* adhesive weight1 ! cyl9d] capacity %\ld also be ?ree-qu>t]s or a ?ird4 ,we ?us see t ! cyl9d] capacity %\ld be proportion$ to ! total adhesive weight4 ,n[ z #ajj cubic in*es ( cyl9d] capacity are ne$$ to move an eng9e ) #bj tons adhesive weight "o in*1 if we divide #ajj by #bj we w get ! cyl9d] capacity ne$$ = ea* ton4 ,t is1 #ajj #bj #e ,,cubic ,,94 ,,cyl9d] ,,capacity ,,p] ,,ton 7( #b1jjj lbs47 ,,( ,,adhesive ,,weight ,,is ,,ne$$ ,,to ,,move ,,any ,,locomotive ,,"o ,,in*4 ,?is quantity we h nam$ ! modulus ( propulsion4 #aja ,! cyl9d] capacity is ! space swept ?r\gh by ! two pi/ons4 ,9 ! above illu/rations :at is meant is1 t ! av]age space 9 ! cyl9d] swept ?r\gh by ! pi/on is #ajj cubic in*es = ea* in* t ! locomotive advances4 ,suppos+ n[ t x is requir$ to calculate ! cyl9d] capacity = a locomotive ) #ae tons adhesive weight1 & :eels #d feet or #ed 94 9 diamet]4 ,we w fir/ multiply #ae by ! modulus ( propulsion1 #ae #e #ge ! numb] ( cubic in*es ( cyl9d] capacity requir$ to move su* a locomotive "o in*4 ,multiply+ ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eels1 :i* 9 ?is case is #afi4f 94 by #ge1 w give u ! total cyl9d] capacity = "o revolution4 ,t is #afi4f #ge #ab1gbj cubic in*es ( cyl9d] capacity1 or ! space :i* %\ld be swept ?r\gh by ! two pi/ons4 ,divid+ ?is by #d w give u ! cubical cont5ts 9 in*es ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,?us1 #ab1gbj #d #c1ahj cubic in*es ! capacity ( "o cyl9d]4 ,n[ z ! capacity ( a cyl9d] is calculat$ by multiply+ ! area ( ! pi/on by ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 if we h ! "o we c easily det]m9e ! o!r4 ,?us1 suppos+ x 0 int5d$ to make ! /roke ( ! pi/ons #bb 941 divid+ #c1ahj by #bb w give u ! area ( ! pi/on4 ,?us1 #c1ahj #bb #add4e squ>e in*es4 ,n[ by ! well-kn[n rule 9 m5suration1 if we ,,divide ,,! ,,area ,,( ,a ,,circle ,,by #j4ghed1 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,diamet] ,,( ,,! ,,circle4 ,?us1 #add4e #j4ghed #ahc4i4 ,! squ>e root ( #ahc4i is #ac ne>ly1 :i* %\ld be ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,in/ead ( calculat+ ! diamet] ( ! circle1 a m conv5i5t way is to ref] ! area to a table ( areas1 & f x f9d ! diamet]4 ,( c\rse if we h ! diamet] ( ! pi/on & want to get ! /roke1 we ,,divide ,,! ,,cubical ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,by ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,pi/on4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t illu/ration1 if x 0 int5d$ to h ! pi/on #ac 94 diamet]1 we w\ld h divid$ #c1ahj by ! area ( a pi/on #ac 94 diamet]1 :i* is #adc4a1 s t we w\ld h #c1ahj #adc4a #bb ne>ly1 in*es ( /roke ( pi/on4 ,f ! above consid]ations we c d$uce ! foll[+ ,,rule ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,cyl9d]s ,,:5 ,,! ,,adhesive ,,weight ,,is ,,kn[n3 ,,multiply ,,! ,,total ,,weight ,,on ,,! ,,driv+-,,:eels ,,9 ,,tons 7( #b1jjj lbs47 ,,by #e1 ,,& ,,!n ,,by ,,! ,,circumf]5ce ,,( ,,! ,,:eels ,,9 ,,in*es1 ,,& ,,divide ,,by #d4 ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,cubical ,,cont5ts ,,9 ,,in*es ,,( ,,ea* ,,cyl9d]4 ,f ?is1 if ei!r ! diamet] or /roke is giv5 ! o!r c easily be f\nd1 z has be5 expla9$4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ "h t x is unimportant1 s f> z ! p[] ( ! locomotive is conc]n$1 :e!r ! cyl9d]s h a l>ge diamet] & a %ort /roke or a small diamet] & a long /roke1 provid$ ! cubical cont5ts are ! same4 ,?us cyl9d]s #ag 94 9 diamet] & ) #bj 94 /roke w\ld h almo/ exactly ! same capacity & ! same p[] w\ld be ex]t$ ) !m z ) cyl9d]s #af #bd 942 ! only diff]5ce w\ld be t ) ! cyl9d] ( ! l>ge/ diamet] ! pressure on ! pi/on & consequ5tly on ! crank-p9 j\rnal & ! /ra9 on ! p>ts w\ld be great] ?an ) ! small] cyl9d]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 pressure w\ld1 h[ev]1 be exactly comp5sat$ by ! loss or ga9 9 ! lev]age ex]t$ ?r\gh ! driv+-:eels on ! rails4 ,,"q #daf4 ,:at circum/ances %\ld det]m9e ! size ( locomotive boil]s8 ,answ]4 ,!y %\ld be proportion$ to ! am\nt ( adhesive weight1 & to ! spe$ at :i* ! locomotive is int5d$ to "w4 ,?us1 a locomotive ) a great deal ( weight on ! driv+-:eels c\ld pull a heavi] load & w\ld1 by ! above rule = proportion+ ! cyl9d]s1 h a great] cyl9d] capacity ?an "o ) little adhesive weight1 & w\ld !re=e consume m /eam1 & !re=e %\ld h a l>g] boil]4 ,x is also obvi\s t if a locomotive l t %[n 9 plates ,i & ,,ii %\ld h a boil] j l>ge en\gh to furni% /eam :5 runn+ at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r1 x w\ld be too small if ! locomotive ran #dj miles an h\r1 ! tra9 resi/ance be+ ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,driv+-:eels #e feet 9 diamet] w\ld at #bj miles p] h\r make #aab revolutions p] m9ute1 & w\ld !re=e consume #ddh cyl9d]s full ( /eam4 ,at #dj miles p] h\r d\ble ! numb] ( revolutions w\ld be made1 & consequ5tly twice ! quantity ( /eam w\ld be us$1 & !re=e ! boil] %\ld h twice ! /eam-produc+ capacity4 ,if1 !re=e1 we "k ! size ( a boil] requir$ = a giv5 am\nt ( adhesive weight & a giv5 spe$1 we c easily calculate ! boil] capacity = any o!r weight & spe$4 ,,"q #dag4 ,h[ c we det]m9e ! boil] capacity ne$$ = an eng9e ) a giv5 am\nt ( adhesive weight & = a giv5 spe$8 ,answ]4 ,?is mu/ be det]m9$ empirically1 t is f exp]i5ce4 ,,"q #dah4 ,on :at does ! /eam-g5]at+ capacity ( a boil] dep5d8 ,answ]4 ,fir/1 ^u ! size ( its grate & fire-box1 because m fuel c be burn$ 9 a l>ge fire-place ?an 9 a small "o2 second1 on ! am\nt ( heat+ surface to :i* ! products ( combu/ion are expos$1 & ?ird1 on ! draft produc$ by ! bla/ or exhau/ /eam4 ,( c\rse ! am\nt ( /eam g5]at$ is also dep5d5t ^u a great v>iety ( o!r circum/ances1 su* z ! nature ( ! combu/ion1 ! fir+1 ! arrangem5t ( ! fire-box1 grates1 etc41 & ! condition ( ! heat+ surfaces2 b ^! h no?+ to d ) ! proportions or size ( ! boil]4 ,,"q #dai4 ,:at are ! proportions ( boil]s us$ 9 locomotives l t :i* has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ^! articles & repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,i & ,,ii8 ,answ]4 ,! area ( ! grate is ab\t #b1ajj squ>e in*es & ! total heat+ surface ab\t #hjj squ>e feet1 & ! wat] capacity ab\t #e1jjj lbs41 & ! total weight ( ! boil]1 includ+ all ! boil] atta*m5ts & appliances = promot+ combu/ion1 ab\t #cj1jjj lbs4 ,,"q #dbj4 ,at :at spe$ are su* eng9es usually run8 ,answ]4 ,! spe$ v>ies s mu* "u diff]5t circum/ances1 t x is impossible to give ev5 approximately ! av]age spe$ ( su* eng9es4 ,,"q #dba4 ,h[ !n c we det]m9e ! prop] proportions ( a boil] = a locomotive int5d$ = any giv5 s]vice8 ,answ]4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ?is c only be done empirically4 ,! safe/ me?od is to select a locomotive :i* is do+ ! be/ s]vice1 & le>n ! av]age spe$ at :i* x runs1 ! size ( its grate & ! am\nt ( its heat+ surface1 & its adhesive weight4 ,,n[ ,,multiply ,,! ,,above ,,spe$ ,,9 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r ,,by ,,! ,,adhesive ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive ,,9 ,,tons 7( #b1jjj lbs47 ,,& ,,divide ,,! ,,product ,,into ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,grate ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es4 ,,!n ,,multiply ,,! ,,adhesive ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,boil] ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,provid$ ,,by ,,its ,,spe$1 ,,9 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r1 ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,obta9$ ,,above3 ,,! ,,product ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,grate ,,9 ,,squ>e ,,in*es ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,eng9e4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 suppose an eng9e ( ! dim5sions giv5 to run at an av]age spe$ ( #bj miles p] h\r4 ,n[1 multiply+ t spe$ by ! numb] ( tons ( adhesive weight & divid+ ! product into ! area ( ! grate1 we h #bj #bj #djj & #bajj #djj #e4be4 ,we n[ want to det]m9e ! size ( a grate = ! boil] ( a locomotive ) #cj tons adhesive weight & to run at a spe$ ( #ae miles p] h\r4 ,we !re=e multiply #ae by #cj & ! product by ! above quoti5t1 or #ae #cj #e4be #b1cfb4e squ>e in*es ( grate surface = ! boil]4 ,! requir$ heat+ surface c be obta9$ 9 a simil> way1 by sub/itut+ x in/ead ( ! grate surface 9 ! calculations4 ,,"q #dbb4 ,h[ is ! size ( locomotive boil]s usually limit$8 ,answ]4 ,by ! weight ( ! locomotive & to "s ext5t by ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails4 ,x w be f\nd (t5 t x is impossible to make ! boil] ( ! size indicat$ by a calculation simil> to ! above )\t at ! same "t mak+ ! weight ( ! locomotive & ! adhesive weight great] ?an 0 assum$4 ,! result ( su* a calculation indicates1 !re=e1 t too l>ge a proportion ( ! weight ( ! locomotive is on ! driv+-:eels = ! spe$ at :i* x is int5d$ to "w1 & t ei!r !y %\ld be> less weight or ! spe$ be r$uc$4 ,,"q #dbc4 ,9 :at respects is ! op]ation ( locomotive boil]s diff]5t f t ( ne>ly all o!r /eam boil]s8 ,answ]4 ,! am\nt ( /eam g5]at$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( heat+ surface is mu* great] 9 locomotive boil]s ?an 9 any o!r k9d4 ,to produce combu/ion :i* w be suffici5tly active to g5]ate ! requisite quantity ( /eam1 ! fire mu/ be /imulat$ by ! bla/ creat$ by ! exhau/ /eam to a degree unkn[n 9 o!r k9ds ( boil]s4 ,s rapid is ! movem5t ( ! products ( combu/ion t a small] proportion ( ! heat is imp>t$ to ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! boil]1 & consequ5tly a less am\nt ( wat] is evaporat$ 9 proportion to any giv5 am\nt ( fuel ?an 9 boil]s 9 :i* combu/ion is less viol5t4 ,! combu/ion is also less p]fect1 because ! /rong draft does n all[ "t = a p]fect comb9ation ( ! gases :i* produce combu/ion4 ,! supply ( /eam :i* a locomotive boil] mu/ furni% is also mu* m irregul> ?an ! dem&s made ^u any o!r k9d ( boil]4 ,at "o "t ! fire mu/ be urg$ to ! greate/ possible int5sity 9 ord] to furni% /eam en\gh to pull a tra9 up a /eep grade4 ,:5 ! top is rea*$ ! dem& ceases1 & ! boil] c be cool$4 ,! load :i* a locomotive c pull ov] a giv5 l9e ( road is usually limit$ by ! utmo/ capacity ( ! boil] to supply /eam at ^! critical p]iods4 ,,"q #dbd4 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ?is irregul> action & ! size ( ! boil]8 ,answ]4 ,! small] ! boil]1 or r ! l>g] ! am\nt ( /eam :i* mu/ be g5]at$ 9 a giv5 "t 9 proportion to ! heat+ surface1 ! m mu/ ! fire be urg$2 & !re=e ! small] ! boil] 9 proportion to ! "w x mu/ d1 ! less w be its economy4 ,9 ord] to produce a rapid combu/ion 9 a small boil]1 x is necess>y to contract ! exhau/ nozzles 9 ord] to create a draft /rong en\gh4 ,9 do+ ?is ! back pressure on ! pi/ons is v mu* increas$1 & :5 ! bla/ becomes v viol5t a great deal ( solid coal is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! tubes & escapes at ! smoke-/ack unconsum$4 ,at ! same "t l>ge quantities ( unconsum$ gases escape1 because !re is n "t = combu/ion to take place 9 ! fire-box4 ,! fact t ) a viol5t draft ! flame & smoke are 9 contact ) ! heat+ surface = a s5sibly %ort] p]iod ( "t also has its influ5ce2 z less heat w be imp>t$ to ! wat] if ! products ( combu/ion are only ( a second in/ead ( 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation :i* %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ?is connection1 :i* is1 t if a boil] is s small t x is work$ ne>ly up to its maximum capacity at all times1 x w be impossible to accumulate any res]ve p[] 9 x 9 ! =m ( wat] heat$ to a high temp]ature to be us$ z occasion may require4 ,) a boil] hav+ a great am\nt ( heat+ surface & capacity = c>ry+ a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ! latt] c be heat$ at times :5 ! eng9e is n work+ h>d1 & ! heat ?us /or$ up 9 ! wat] c !n be us$ :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,?us we w suppose t to pull a tra9 ( c>s on a level #bej lbs4 ( /eam are consum$ p] mile4 ,on a grade ( #cj feet p] mile ! resi/ance w be ?ree times :at x is on a level1 & !re=e ?ree times ! quantity ( /eam w be consum$1 s t ! boil] mu/ !n evaporate #gej lbs4 ( wat] p] mile4 ,n[ to conv]t #bej lbs4 ( wat] heat$ up to a temp]ature due to #acj lbs4 ( effective pressure1 or #cee4f degrees1 into /eam ( t pressure w require #baf1ege units ( heat4 ,if at ! same "t t ?is /eam is be+ consum$1 we pump into ! boil] #bej lbs4 ( wat] ( a temp]ature ( #fj degrees1 #gc1ijj m units ( heat w be ne$$ to raise ! wat] to ! temp]ature due to #acj lbs4 effective pressure1 s t on ! level "p ( ! road x w\ld be necess>y to transmit to ! wat] 9 ! boil] #baf1ege #gc1ijj #bij1dge units ( heat 9 a mile4 ,if !re is no room 9 ! boil] = /or+ a surplus quantity ( hot wat]1 x w be necess>y on a grade z fa/ z ! /eam is consum$ to fe$ an equival5t am\nt ( cold wat] to take ! place ( t :i* 0 conv]t$ into /eam1 s t on a #cj feet grade x w\ld be necess>y to conv]t at ! rate ( #gej lbs4 ( hot wat] into /eam 9 a mile1 :i* w\ld require #fdi1gbe units ( heat1 & at ! same "t heat an equal am\nt ( cold wat] to a temp]ature due to ! pressure ( ! /eam1 :i* w\ld require #bba1gjj m units4 ,s t x w be necess>y to transmit at ! rate ( #hga1dbe units ( heat to ! wat] p] mile4 ,n[ if ! boil] 0 s l>ge t m wat] c\ld be pump$ into x & heat$ ?an 0 us$ on ! level portion ( ! road1 & c\ld !re be /or$ up = future use1 ! pumps might be ei!r p>tly or entirely %ut (f :5 ! eng9e 0 work+ ! h>de/ on ! grade4 ,9 ?is way1 in/ead ( be+ oblig$ to conv]t hot wat] into /eam1 & at ! same "t heat an equal am\nt ( cold fe$-wat]1 !re w\ld be a surplus ( hot wat] /or$ up already heat$4 ,x w\ld !re=e only be necess>y to conv]t ?is hot wat] into /eam1 :i* w require a transmission ( heat to ! wat] at ! rate ( #fdi1gbe units ( heat in/ead ( #hga1dbe4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t on ne>ly all roads !re are c]ta9 difficult places :i* practically limit ! capacity ( ! locomotives on t l9e4 ,if !re=e ! capacity ( ! eng9es c be increas$ at ^? po9ts1 _! capacity ov] ! :ole l9e is increas$4 ,x w be se5 by ! above illu/ration t by hav+ a l>ge boil] x is necess>y = x to d v mu* less "w at ! critical p]iod1 :51 z e locomotive runn] kn[s1 x is (t5 ( ! utmo/ importance to make use ( e possible available means 9 ord] to pull ! tra9s4 ,x is true t on a v long grade ! supply ( surplus hot wat] w\ld soon be exhau/$1 b ev5 9 su* cases !re is usually "o place1 ow+ to a curve or o!r cause1 :i* is m difficult to surm\nt ?an any o!r1 9 :i* case x w be necess>y to use m /eam = a %ort "t ?an ! locomotive c g5]ate if ! boil] is f$ cont9u\sly4 ,= su* cases a surplus ( wat] c be us$4 ,b ev5 if ! resi/ance is equal ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! incl9e1 /ill ! l>ge boil] w h ! advantage1 because x c at all times g5]ate m /eam ?an a small] "o4 ,x may !re=e1 we ?9k1 safely be assum$ t locomotive boil]s %\ld always be made z l>ge z ! weight ( ! locomotive w p]mit4 ,,"q #dbe4 ,:at effect does ! size ( ! driv+-:eels h ^u ! combu/ion & evaporation ( locomotive boil]s8 ,answ]4 ,z small :eels make m revolutions 9 runn+ a giv5 di/ance ?an l>ge ones1 !re w be m /rokes ( ! pi/on ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]1 if ! locomotive 9 bo? cases runs at ! same spe$4 ,z small] cyl9d]s are usually employ$ ) small :eels1 ! bla/ up ! *imney is !n compos$ ( a l>g] numb] ( dis*>ges ( /eam1 b ea* "o ( less quantity1 ?an :5 l>g] :eels & cyl9d]s are us$4 ,9 ! "o case ! 8puffs0 ( /eam are _m & small1 & 9 ! latt] few & l>ge4 ,if ! cyl9d]s are proportion$ by ! rule :i* has be5 giv5 = t purpose1 ! am\nt ( /eam dis*>g$ 9 runn+ any giv5 di/ance w be ! same ) eng9es hav+ l>ge & ^? ) small :eels1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t x w be subdivid$ into a great] numb] ( dis*>ges 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,n[1 x is f\nd t ! draft ( eng9es is mu* m effective on ! fire :5 ! bla/ is ?us subdivid$1 t is :5 small :eels & cyl9d]s are us$1 ?an x is ) l>ge ones1 & !re=e m /eam is g5]at$ ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4 ,,"q #dbf4 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ! size ( ! :eels & t ( ! boil]8 ,answ]4 ,z has be5 expla9$1 ! size ( ! boil] is limit$ by ! weight ( ! locomotive4 ,! boil] & its atta*m5ts ( an ,am]ican locomotive1 :5 ! =m] is fill$ ) wat]1 weigh ab\t half z mu* z ! locomotive2 !re=e unless we increase ! weight ( ! latt] or decrease ! weight ( ! ma*9]y1 we c n increase ! size ( ! boil]4 ,n[1 l>ge :eels are heavi] ?an small ones2 !y require l>g] cyl9d]s1 /rong] connections1 heavi] frames1 & 9 fact ne>ly all ! p>ts ( ! ma*9]y us$ ) l>ge :eels mu/ be heavi] ?an are requir$ :5 small :eels are us$4 ,!re=e1 by decreas+ ! size ( ! :eels all ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e prop] c be made light] ?an is possible if l>ge :eels are us$1 & ?us ! size & weight ( ! boil] c be increas$ )\t increas+ ! :ole weight ( ! locomotive4 ,!re is ( c\rse a practical limit bel[ :i* ! size ( ! :eels c n be r$uc$1 because ! spe$ ( ! pi/on w\ld become s great z to be injuri\s to ! ma*9]y4 ,by r$uc+ ! /roke1 h[ev]1 ) ! diamet] ( ! :eels1 ! evil ref]r$ to may be obviat$ to a great ext5t4 ,a cyl9d] ) a l>ge diamet] & comp>atively small /roke has also ! advantage t !re is less surface expos$ to radiation ( heat ?an !re is 9 a cyl9d] 9 :i* ^! proportions are rev]s$4 ,,"p ,,xxii4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #dbg4 ,into :at classes may locomotives be divid$ conv5i5tly8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,locomotives = 8swit*+10 8%unt+0 or 8drill+0 s]vice1 t is1 = transf]r+ c>s f "o place to ano!r at /ations2 #b1 = freight traffic2 #c1 = ord9>y pass5g] traffic1 & #d1 = suburban or metropolitan railroads1 :]e a great _m light tra9s are run4 ,,"q #dbh4 ,:at k9ds ( locomotives are us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = swit*+ c>s at /ations8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,answ]4 ,f\r-:eel$ locomotives simil> to t %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,9 "s cases !y are made ) six driv+-:eels4 ,eng9es l t %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv h sep>ate t5d]s1 b !y are sometimes made s z to c>ry ! wat]-tank & fuel on ! locomotive itself1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bbj1 & are !n call$ tank locomotives4 ,fig4 #bbj repres5ts a swit*+ eng9e built by ! ,taunton ,locomotive ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,,"q #dbi4 ,:y are f\r-:eel$ locomotives us$ = swit*+8 ,answ]4 ,because 9 su* s]vice x is con/antly necess>y to />t tra9s1 _m ( :i* are v heavy1 & !re=e a great deal ( adhesion is ne$$4 ,= ?is reason ! :ole weight ( ! locomotive & 9 ! case ( tank locomotives t ( ! wat] & fuel is plac$ on ! driv+-:eels4 ,x is also necess>y = su* locomotives to run ov] curves ( v %ort radius & into swit*es ^: angle ) ! ma9 track is v great1 & !re=e 9 ord] t !y may d ?is & rema9 on ! track1 _! :eel-bases mu/ be v %ort1 & consequ5tly ! :eels are all plac$ ne> toge!r betwe5 ! smoke-box & fire-box4 ,,"q #dcj4 ,:y are su* locomotives n suit$ = g5]al traffic8 ,answ]4 ,ow+ to ! %ortness ( _! :eel-bases !y become v un/eady at high spe$s1 & acquire a pit*+ motion1 simil> to t ( a horse-c> :5 runn+ rapidly ov] a r\gh track4 ,?is un/ead9ess n only becomes v uncom=table to ! m5 :o run ! locomotive1 b !re is dang] ( ! eng9e runn+ (f ! track4 ,z ne>ly all swit*+ is done at v sl[ spe$s1 x is n s objectionable = t s]vice z x w\ld be on ! 8op5 road0#ajb at high spe$s4 #ajb ,! t]m 8op5 road0 is a lit]al translation f ! ,g]man1 = :i* !re is no correspond+ ,engli% t]m1 & means ! road betwe5 /ations :]e tra9s run fa/4 ,,"q #dca4 ,:at k9ds ( locomotives are us$ = freight s]vice8 ,answ]4 ,! great] "p ( ! freight s]vice ( ?is c\ntry is p]=m$ by locomotives l t select$ = ! illu/rations ( ^! articles1 & repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,su* locomotives h be5 call$ 8,am]ican0 locomotives because !y fir/ orig9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry & are n[ m g5]ally us$ "h ?an any:]e else4 ,side elevations ( locomotives ( ?is k9d1 built by ! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 ! ,grant ,locomotive ,works1 ! ,dan=? ,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,company1 ! ,mason ,ma*9e ,works & ! ,h9kley ,locomotive ,works are repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii & ,,ix4 ,su* locomotives h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,,"q #dcb4 ,:at are ! dim5sions ( su* eng9es8 ,answ]4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! eng9es illu/rat$ are giv5 9 ! table 9 ! app5dix1 b locomotives ( ?is plan are built ( mu* small] & also ( l>g] sizes ?an ^? repres5t$ by ! engrav+s4 ,9 "s cases su* locomotives d n weigh m ?an #ce or #cf1jjj lbs41 ) cyl9d]s f #h to #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 o!r cases !y weigh z mu* z #ff1jjj lbs41 ) cyl9d]s #ag or #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! :eels v>y f #d to #f feet 9 diamet]1 b ! mo/ common sizes are #d & #e feet4 ,,"q #dcc4 ,:5 x is desirable to pull heavi] loads ?an is possible ) ! adhesive weight t c be plac$ on f\r driv+-:eels1 :at is done8 ,answ]4 ,"o or m pairs ( driv+-:eels are add$1 z 9 ! t5-:eel$ locomotive repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,x1 ! 8,mogul0 eng9e1 ,plate ,,xi1 & ! 8,consolidation0 eng9e1 ,plate ,,xii4 ,! t5-:eel$ locomotive1 x w be se51 is simil> 9 con/ruction to an ord9>y ,am]ican locomotive1 except+ t x has ano!r pair ( driv+-:eels 9 front ( ! ma9 driv+-:eels4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t x is necess>y to keep ^! close to ! latt]1 because if !y are br\ght fur!r =w>d !y w be too ne> ! back truck-:eels4 ,= ?is reason a truck consi/+ ( a s+le pair ( :eels1 ,a1 ,a1 is plac$ 9 front ( ! cyl9d]s1 z repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,,xi & ,,xii1 is n[ mu* us$4 ,! front driv+-:eels are !n plac$ fur!r =w>d1 & ?us be> a l>g] proportion ( weight ?an !y d 9 locomotives l t %[n 9 ,plate ,x4 ,,"q #dcd4 ,h[ are trucks ) a s+le pair ( :eels con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! truck frame is ext5d$ "s di/ance beh9d ! truck-axle1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bba1 & ! c5tre-p91 a1 ab\t :i* x vibrates1 is plac$ at ! back end4 ,! weight ( ! locomotive1 or t portion to be c>ri$ on ! truck1 is !n made to re/ ov] ! c5tre ( ! axle1 b 9 su* a way t x c move lat]ally or crosswise ov] ! track4 ,su* trucks 7 fir/ made s t ! weight ( ! eng9e re/$ on slides on ! truck frame1 b rec5tly !y are ne>ly always susp5d$ on l9ks1 s t !y c sw+ l a p5dulum1 z %[n 9 figs4 #aij & #aia4 ,! weight ( ! eng9e !n re/s on ! c5tre-plate1 ,h ,h2 :i* =ms "p ( ! plate1 ,b ,b4 ,?is is susp5d$ by l9ks1 ,l ,l1 repres5t$ by dott$ l9es1 :i* are atta*$ by bolts to ! cross-pieces1 m m1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! truck frame4 ,9 ?is way ! truck-:eels c move sideways indep5d5t ( ! eng9e itself4 ,z ! :eels & axles1 ,a ,a1 mu/ move ab\t ! c5tre-p91 a1 fig4 #bba1 ! axle assumes a radial position to ! curves ( ! track4 ,x does ?is1 too1 q indep5d5t ( ! driv+-:eels1 z is %[n 9 fig4 #bba1 :i* repres5ts a plan ( ! :eels on a curve4 ,x w be se5 t ! truck is n at all influ5c$ by ! position ( ! driv+-:eels4 ,?is arrangem5t !re=e gives great flexibility to ! :eel-base1 & enables ! :eels to adju/ !mselves to any lat]al curvature or alignm5t ( ! track4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #dce4 ,= :at purpose are locomotives l t %[n 9 ,plates ,,xi & ,,xii us$8 ,answ]4 8,mogul0 locomotives are (t5 us$ = ord9>y freight s]vice :]e heavy tra9s mu/ be haul$1 & also on /eep grades4 8,consolidation0 locomotives1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xii1 :i* h eight driv+-:eels1 are employ$ almo/ exclusively = traffic ov] heavy m\nta9 grades4 ,,"q #dcf4 ,:at o!r k9ds ( locomotives are us$ = freight traffic8 ,answ]4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( tank locomotives1 t is1 locomotives :i* h no sep>ate t5d]s1 b c>ry ! wat]-tanks & fuel on ! frame & :eels ( ! locomotive itself1 h be5 devis$ & are to "s ext5t us$4 ,plate ,,xiii repres5ts a locomotive ( ?is k9d on :i* ! tanks are plac$ on ea* side ( ! boil]1 & ! fuel on a ,bissell truck at ! back end4 ,a simil> truck is plac$ at ! front end1 s t a locomotive ( ?is k9d c run equally well ei!r way4 ,! lat]al movem5t ( ! two trucks also gives great flexibility to ! :eel-base1 s t su* an eng9e w adju/ itself easily to ! curvature ( ! track4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! two pairs ( truck-:eels %\ld bo? /& on an elevat$ "p ( ! track1 & ! driv+-:eels on a depression1 ! latt] w\ld evid5tly n c>ry z mu* & ! truck-:eels w\ld c>ry m ( ! weight ( ! eng9e ?an !y did on a level "p ( ! track4 ,if ! rev]se condition ( ?+s %\ld occur1 t is1 if ! driv+-:eels %\ld be on an elevation & "o or bo? pairs ( ! truck-:eels on a depression1 !n ! latt] w\ld be> less weight ?an !y did & ! driv+-:eels m4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ord] to di/ribute ! weight ev5ly on all ! :eels1 x is necess>y to equalize ! weight on ! truck & driv+-:eels1 by connect+ !m ) equaliz+ lev]s1 simil> to ^? :i* 7 describ$ 9 answ] to ,"q #cja4 ,^! lev]s di/ribute any undue weight :i* may come on "o :eel to t next to x4 ,?is is important1 because if ! driv+-:eels bore less weight at "s times ?an at o!rs1 _! adhesion & _! capacity to draw loads w\ld be r$uc$ 9 l proportion4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t if ! wat]-tank or fuel is c>ri$ on ! driv+-:eels1 !re w be a great] weight on !m :5 ! tank is full ?an :5 x is empty1 & t !re=e !re w ei!r be s mu* weight on ! :eels at "o "t z to be injuri\s to ! rails1 or else !re w be too little = adhesion at ano!r4 ,( c\rse cases are conceivable1 & d\btless exi/ 9 practice1 :]e m adhesion is requir$ to />t a tra9 & haul x dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! 8run0 ?an w be ne$$ dur+ ! latt] "p4 ,9 su* cases d\btless ! v>iable "* ( ! weight might be an advantage in/ead ( ! rev]se1 b = ord9>y practice a v>iable load on ! driv+-:eels w\ld h ! disadvantages :i* h be5 describ$4 ,= ?is reason tank locomotives h be5 built l t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,9 ?is x w be se5 t ! weight ( ! wat]-tank re/s on a f\r-:eel$ truck at ! back end4 ,a ,bissell or two-:eel$ truck is1 h[ev]1 plac$ 9 front 9 ! same position z 9 ! eng9e repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 & c>ries a portion ( ! weight ( ! boil] & ma*9]y4 ,9 ord] to get all ! advantages :i* a f\r-:eel$ swit*+ eng9e possesses 9 hav+ its :ole weight on ! driv+-:eels1 & at ! same "t avoid ! disadvantages :i* result f a %ort :eel-base1 & also f a v>y+ am\nt ( weight on ! driv+-:eels1 a locomotive l t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xv 0 design$ by ! writ] ) ! :ole weight ( ! boil] & ma*9]y re/+ on ! driv+-:eels1 & ! wat] & fuel on a truck4 ,by ?is means n only ! objections to c>ry+ ! weight ( ! wat] on ! driv+-:eels is ov]come1 b at ! same "t ! disadvantages aris+ f ! %ort :eel-base ( ! swit*+ locomotive1 ,plate ,,iv1 are also obviat$4 ,t is1 all ! p]man5t weight ( ! boil] & ma*9]y ( su* a locomotive re/s on ! driv+-:eels1 & is !re=e all adhesive weight1 z x is 9 ! swit*+ eng9e1 & at ! same "t by ext5d+ ! frame beyond ! fire-box & plac+ ! wat]-tank & fuel on ?is ext5sion ( ! frame & support+ _! weight on a truck1 ! eng9e has a :eel-base :i* is z long & z flexible z t ( ord9>y ,am]ican eng9es1 repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii & ,,ix1 & z ! latt] h only ab\t two-?irds ( _! weight on ! driv+-:eels1 locomotives l t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xv1 ( ! same weight z ! o!rs1 h fifty p] c5t4 m adhesion1 or !y may be "o-?ird light] & h ! same adhesion4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #bfj1 if an ord9>y ,am]ican locomotive runs backw>ds1 t is1 ) ! driv+-:eels 9 front1 ! friction ( _! flanges aga9/ ! rails on curves ( %ort radius w be v excessive4 ,to avoid ?is ) locomotives ( ! design la/ describ$1 !y are run ) ! truck fir/1 :i*1 be+ at ! opposite end ( ! boil] f ! position :i* x usually occupies1 rev]ses ! position ( ! boil] & o!r p>ts relative to ! motion ( ! eng9e4 ,t is1 ! fire-box is !n 9 front & ! smoke-/ack beh9d4 ,eng9es ( ?is k9d h be5 built & are n[ work+ & do+ excell5t s]vice2 b ! prejudice :i* exi/s aga9/ runn+ locomotives 9 ! rev]se direction to :at has be5 cu/om>y seems to be ! *ief ob/acle 9 ! way ( _! use4 ,ano!r plan :i* possesses all ! advantages ( ! locomotive describ$ above & is free f ! la/ objection is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,?is plan 0 fir/ adopt$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,fairlie 9 ,engl&1 b has be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry & v mu* improv$ by ,mr4 ,william ,mason1 ( ,taunton1 ,mass4 ,9 ^! locomotives1 ! driv+-:eels & cyl9d]s are atta*$ to a truck frame :i* turns ar\nd a c5tre-p9 l any ord9>y truck4 ,! /eam & exhau/ pipes are connect$ to ! boil] & cyl9d] ) pipes :i* h flexible jo9ts4 ,by ?is means ! truck c move indep5d5tly ( ! boil]1 & ?us ! driv+-:eels c adju/ !mselves to ! curvature ( ! track1 j z ! :eels ( any o!r truck d1 & !re=e ! driv+-:eels c be run ahead j z well z ! truck-:eels :i* c>ry ! tank4 ,?is plan possesses ! additional advantage t ! fire-box c be made z wide & z long z may be desir$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! driv+-:eels4 ,! flexible pipes are1 h[ev]1 usually consid]$ an objection2 b ) ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 _! design & con/ruction1 ! difficulties :i* 7 at fir/ enc\nt]$ h probably be5 ov]come4 ,at any rate if !re is no o!r objection to ! use ( su* locomotives1 +5uity & c>e %\ld 9 "t ov]come t "o4 ,plate ,,xvii repres5ts a locomotive ( ?is plan1 ) six driv+-:eels & a six-:eel$ c>ry+ truck "u ! tank4 ,?is latt] plan ( locomotive is int5d$ = heavy freight traffic4 ,,"q #dcg4 ,:at k9d ( locomotives is us$ = pass5g] tra9s8 ,answ]4 ,eight-:eel$ ,am]ican locomotives are us$ almo/ exclusively = pass5g] s]vice4 ,usually ! driv+-:eels ( su* locomotives are l>g] 9 diamet] ?an are us$ = freight traffic4 ,_! size v>ies f #e feet to #e ft4 #i 94 9 diamet]4 ,! locomotive by ! ,mason ,ma*9e ,works repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,viii has #e feet driv+-:eels4 ,= v heavy express tra9s locomotives ) #ag #bd in* cyl9d]s & weigh+ #cd tons are n[ us$ on _m ?r\gh l9es4 ,,"q #dch4 ,:at is meant by suburban & metropolitan railroads1 :at is ! nature ( _! traffic1 & :at k9ds ( locomotives are ne$$ = x8 ,answ]4 ,! traffic ( suburban railroads consi/s *iefly ( ! transportation ( pass5g]s :o d bus9ess 9 ! city to ! latt] 9 ! morn+ & to _! homes 9 ! ev5+4 ,z ! l>ge/ numb] ( pass5g]s mu/ be c>ri$ dur+ a few h\rs 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 x is necess>y to run v heavy tra9s at ^? times4 ,z ! pass5g]s mu/ be di/ribut$ at _m /ations :i* are ne> toge!r1 x is necess>y to /op (t52 & 9 ord] t ! av]age spe$ may be reasonably fa/ ! tra9s mu/ run v rapidly betwe5 ^! /ations4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to h heavy locomotives1 ) m ?an ! usual proportion ( adhesive weight1 s t ! tra9s c be />t$ quickly )\t slipp+ ! :eels4 ,! ma9 valves %\ld also h a lib]al am\nt ( travel1 s t /eam w be admitt$ to & exhau/$ f ! cyl9d]s quickly4 ,9 "s cases x is ?\ght desirable to h locomotives :i* w run equally well ei!r way1 s t x w n be necess>y to turn !m ar\nd at ea* end ( ! 8run40 ,by metropolitan railroads are meant railroads 9 l>ge cities4 ,!y may be divid$ into two classes1 "o = c>ry+ freight c>s f ! outskirts ( cities to ! w>eh\ses & /ores at _! bus9ess c5tres1 & also f ! t]m9us ( "o road to t ( ano!r4 ,metropolitan railroads ( ?is k9d are usually bran*es ( l9es :i* ext5d f ! city4 ,locomotives = su* traffic mu/ h great tractive p[]1 9 ord] to pull heavy tra9s1 & z ! spe$ is usually sl[ ! :eels & ! boil] capacity may be small4 ,!y mu/ g5]ally be capable ( runn+ ?r\gh curves ( v %ort radius2 & z ! traffic is usually c>ri$ ?r\gh /reets 9 close proximity to build+s1 ! locomotives %\ld be z ne>ly z possible noiseless4 ,! o!r class ( metropolitan roads is = c>ry+ pass5g]s4 ,! traffic ( ! latt] is simil> to t usually c>ri$ on horse railroads1 & consi/s almo/ exclusively ( pass5g]s4 ,at pres5t 7#ahgd7 !re are only "o or two metropolitan railroads 9 ?is c\ntry = c>ry+ pass5g]s :i* are op]at$ by /eam p[]4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t _! use w soon become v g5]al 9 all l>ge cities4 ,_! traffic w consi/ ( _m light tra9s run at %ort int]vals & at comp>atively sl[ spe$s1 & !re=e v light locomotives are requir$4 ,,"q #dci4 ,:at k9ds ( locomotives are us$ = suburban railroads8 ,answ]4 ,! ord9>y ,am]ican eight-:eel$ locomotive is us$ m ?an any o!r k9d2 b a numb] ( locomotives l t repres5t$ by fig4 #bbb h be5 built & are us$ = ?is traffic4 ,^! h "o pair ( driv+-:eels 9 front ( ! ma9 pair & a ,bissell truck 9 front ( ! cyl9d]4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! driv+-:eels be> a l>g] proportion ( weight ?an !y d if arrang$ on ! ord9>y ,am]ican plan ) a f\r-:eel$ truck4 ,ano!r plan is t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,su* eng9es1 z w be se51 h a ,bissell truck at ea* end1 & !re=e !y run equally well ei!r way4 ,9 "s cases ! tanks ( su* eng9es are c>ri$ on ! top & sides ( ! boil]4 ,:5 !y are oblig$ to run only a %ort di/ance1 & a small supply ( wat] is ne$$1 ?is arrangem5t answ]s v well2 b x is impossible to c>ry a l>ge supply ( wat] 9 ?is way )\t ov]load+ ! :eels ( ! locomotive1 & at ! same "t increas+ ! evils ( a v>y+ load on ! driv+-:eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,,light ,,pass5g] ,,& ,,freight ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,locomotives l t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiv are also us$ = suburban traffic4 ,z %[n 9 ! engrav+ !y h a f\r-:eel$ truck at "o end & "o ) two :eels at ! o!r1 s t x is ?\ght t !y c be run safely ei!r way4 ,! f\r-:eel$ truck c>ries ! weight ( ! wat] & fuel4 ,! plan ( eng9e repres5t$ by ,plate ,,xv is v well adapt$ = ?is k9d ( traffic4 ,except+ on curves ) a v %ort radius x c\ld be run 9 ei!r direction at any requir$ spe$1 )\t enc\nt]+ any o!r difficulty except+ ! prejudices ( ^? :o run x4 ,z d\ble-truck locomotives simil> to t %[n 9 ,plate ,,xvi c adju/ !mselves to any curve1 ?is objection c\ld n be urg$ aga9/ _! use4 ,,"q #ddj4 ,:at k9ds ( locomotives are us$ on metropolitan railroads8 ,answ]4 ,= freight traffic ord9>y swit*+ locomotives l t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,iv are (t5 employ$4 ,9 "s cases ^! h ! tanks on ! locomotives4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 ?\gh1 t su* traffic mu/ be conduct$ 9 ! /reets ( a city1 & t ! noise1 especially ( ! exhau/+ /eam1 is ?us liable to fright5 horses & di/urb ! occupants4 ,x is1 !n1 necess>y ei!r to cond5se ! exhau/ /eam or r5d] its escape noiseless1 :i* is done by all[+ x to escape into ! wat]-tanks4 ,/reet locomotives :i* h a cond5s] simil> to ! surface cond5s]s us$ on m>9e eng9es are us$ on ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad 9 ,new ,york4 ,! exhau/ /eam passes ?r\gh ^! & !n escapes into ! tanks4 ,! latt] are long & n>r[1 s z to expose a great deal ( surface to radiation1 & 9 ?is way cool ! wat] :i* becomes heat$ by ! /eam4 ,! eng9es h f\r driv+-:eels & v]tical boil]s4 ,! cyl9d]s are connect$ to a crank %aft ) a p9ion on x1 :i* ge>s ) ano!r :eel ( l>g] size on ! driv+-axle4 ,9 ?is way ! spe$ is r$uc$ & great tractive p[] c be ex]t$4 ,! :ole ( ! eng9e is enclos$ s z to hide ! ma*9]y1 ! sight ( :i* is suppos$ to fright5 horses4 ,! eng9es 7 design$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,smi?1 =m]ly ,ma/] ,me*anic ( t road4 ,= roads 9 cities c>ry+ pass5g]s almo/ exclusively1 an entirely diff]5t class ( locomotives is ne$$4 ,to suit pass5g]s x is ( c\rse necess>y to run a great _m tra9s at v %ort int]vals4 ,:5 ?is is done ! tra9s are necess>ily v light1 & !re=e only light locomotives are ne$$4 ,plate ,,xix repres5ts ! locomotives employ$ on ! ,gre5wi* ,/reet ,elevat$ ,railroad 9 ,new ,york4 ,^! eng9es weigh only #aj1jjj lbs41 & ! :eels are #cj 94 diamet] & ! cyl9d]s #g #aj 94 ,! peculi>ity 9 _! con/ruction consi/s 9 _! hav+ an int]m$iate %aft betwe5 ! two pairs ( driv+-:eels4 ,?is %aft has two cranks inside ( ! frames & two outside4 ,! cyl9d]s are connect$ to ! inside cranks1 & ! c\pl+-rods to ^? on ! outside4 ,! wat] is c>ri$ 9 a tank on top ( ! boil]4 ,! fuel is an?racite coal4 ,,"p ,,xxiii4 ,,cont9u\s ,,tra9 ,,brakes4 ,,"q #dda4 ,:at are meant by automatic or cont9u\s tra9 brakes8 ,answ]4 ,cont9u\s tra9 brakes are brakes :i* c be appli$ to all ! c>s ( a tra9 by ! locomotive runn] on ! locomotive4 ,9 "s cases su* brakes are arrang$ 9 su* a way t !y c also be appli$ f any c> 9 ! tra91 or are made self-act+ 9 case ( an accid5t1 su* z a c> gett+ (f ! track or a tra9 break+ 9 two4 ,,"q #ddb4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal sy/ems ( brakes ( ?is k9d 9 use8 ,answ]4 ,:at is call$1 aft] its inv5tor1 ! ,we/+h\se atmosph]ic brake is n[ us$ m ?an any o!r4 ,next to ?is1 ,smi?'s vacuum brake is us$ mo/4 ,besides ^! two1 ,cream]'s1 ,w>d's1 ,l\ghridge's & ,h5d]son's sy/ems ( brakes are us$ to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! two fir/ are1 h[ev]1 ! only ones :i* h come into suffici5tly ext5sive use z yet to ju/ify u 9 describ+ !m "h4 ,,"q #ddc4 ,h[ does ! ,we/+h\se brake act & h[ is x con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,z its "n indicates1 ! m$ium employ$ = transmitt+ ! p[] = op]at+ ! brakes is atmosph]ic air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,?is is compress$ to any requir$ d5sity by a /eam pump :i* is locat$ betwe5 ! driv+-:eels1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t place on ! locomotive4 ,?is pump is %[n 9 section 9 fig4 #bbc & consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 ! upp] "o1 ,a1 ! /eam cyl9d]1 ! pi/on ( :i* is connect$ by its rod ) ! pi/on 9 ! l[] cyl9d]1 ,b4 ,?is latt] is op]at$ by ! /eam pi/on1 & at ea* /roke a quantity ( air1 equal to ! space swept ?r\gh by ! l[] pi/on1 is compress$ & ?us =c$ into a cyl9drical res]voir1 :i* is usually plac$ "u ! foot-bo>d ( ! locomotive1 9 :i* x is /or$ = use at any "t :5 ! brakes are to be appli$4 ,! air & /eam cyl9d]s are suppli$ ) suitable valves = admitt+ & releas+ ! air & /eam4 ,f ?is res]voir x is conduct$ back "u ! t5d] & c>s by pipes1 :i* are connect$ toge!r betwe5 ! eng9e & t5d] & betwe5 ! c>s by ,india rubb] hose4 ,two pieces ( hose are atta*$ to ! eng9e & also to ea* end ( ! t5d] & c>s1 s t 9 case "o piece %\ld break ! o!rs w act4 ,ea* ( ^! pieces is unit$ or c\pl$ to ! correspond+ piece opposite to x by a peculi> c\pl+ made = ! purpose1 s t !y c be quickly disconnect$ if ! c>s1 eng9e or t5d] are unc\pl$4 ,"u ! t5d] & also "u ea* c> is a cyl9d] & pi/on4 ,! compress$ air is conduct$ to ?is cyl9d] 9 front ( ! pi/on :5 ! brakes are to be appli$4 ,z ! pi/on-rod is connect$ by a bell crank to ! brake lev]s :5 ! pi/on is =c$ out by ! pressure ( ! air1 ! brakes are at once appli$ to ! :eels4 ,z ! res]voir "u ! foot-bo>d is connect$ by ! pipes :i* h be5 describ$ ) ! cyl9d]s "u ea* c> & ! t5d]1 by simply op5+ communication betwe5 ! res]voir & ! pipes1 ! air at once ru%es f ! res]voir back ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! tra91 & s rapid is its motion & quick its action t only a second or two int]v5es betwe5 ! op5+ ( communication & ! application ( ! brakes4 ,to relieve or 8let (f0 ! brakes x is only necess>y to close ! res]voir cock & op5 communication f ! air-pipes to ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 :5 ! compress$ air 9 ! brake cyl9d]s w escape1 & ! spr+s ord9>ily us$ on c> brakes w cause ! pi/ons to resume _! =m] positions4 ,= ! purpose ( op5+ ! connection f ! res]voir to ! brake cyl9d]1 & clos+ ?is connection & op5+ "o f ! latt] to ! ext]nal air1 a s+le ?ree-way cock is commonly us$4 ,?is is arrang$ at su* a po9t z to be "u ! control ( ! eng9e]1 s t he c at pleasure turn on ! compress$ air ) any degree ( =ce1 in/antane\sly1 or sl[ly1 or ) a v>y+ p[]1 or by ano!r turn ( ! cock let x (f z freely1 /ill keep+ x "u ! same complete control4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,scale #a in* #a foot4 ,,"q #ddd4 ,h[ does ! vacuum brake act & h[ is x con/ruct$8 ,answ]4 ,! p[] is appli$ to ! brakes ( ! c>s 9 ?is sy/em by exhau/+ in/ead ( compress+ ! air4 ,?is is done by means ( an ejector1 ( :i* fig4 #bbd is a section4 ,?is op]ates some:at l an injector4 ,/eam is admitt$ into ! pipe ,b1 & escapes ?r\gh ! annul> or circul> op5+ a a4 ,! effect ( ?is is to create :at is call$ an 8induc$ curr5t10 or to draw ! air f ! pipe ,c ,c1 :i*1 ) ! /eam1 escapes at ,a4 ,?is produces a p>tial vacuum 9 ! pipe ,c1 :i* ext5ds back "u ! c>s4 ,! pipes "u ! c>s are connect$ toge!r by rubb] hose1 :i* are prev5t$ f collaps+ by coils ( wire inside4 ,"u ! t5d] & "u ea* c> are ,india rubb] cyl9d]s ) ca/ iron ends1 "o fa/5$ to ! c> & ! o!r movable4 ,! rubb] cyl9d]s c be ext5d$ or compress$ some:at l ! bell[s ( an accordeon4 ,! rubb] is support$ by iron r+s inside1 plac$ f #d to #f in*es ap>t1 s z to prev5t !m f collaps+ :5 ! air is exhau/$ f !m4 ,:5 ?is is done ! pressure on ! movable ca/ iron end draws x t[>ds ! fix$ "o1 & by atta*+ ! =m] to ! brake lev]s by a rod1 ! =ce ( ! pressure on ! head is communicat$ to ! brakes4 ,! ejector is plac$ on top ( ! boil]1 & :5 ! brakes are to be appli$ ! locomotive runn] op5s a valve1 :i* admits /eam into ! ejector1 :i* in/antly beg9s to produce a p>tial vacuum & ?us apply ! brakes4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! brakes is to be releas$1 ! release valve1 ,d1 is op5$1 :i* admits air into ! pipe1 ,c1 ?r\gh :i* x is conduct$ back to ea* ( ! ,india rubb] cyl9d]s1 & ?us c\nt]acts ! pressure on ! ends & releases ! brakes4 ,bo? ! atmosph]ic & ! vacuum brakes h rec5tly be5 appli$ to ! driv+-:eels ( locomotives ) v excell5t results4 ,,"p ,,xxiv4 ,,p]=mance ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #dde4 ,:at is ! co/ ( op]at+ ord9>y locomotives p] mile run8 ,answ]4 ,! av]age co/ at ! pres5t "t 7#ahgd7 is f #bj to #be c5ts p] mile4#ajc #ajc ,d$uct+ #aj p] c5t4 f ?is am\nt w give v ne>ly ! gold value ( ! co/4 ,! figures giv5 above repres5t ! co/ 9 ! depreciat$ promises to pay ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,,"q #ddf4 ,:at items ( co/ are includ$ 9 ?is1 & :at proportion d !y ea* be> to ! total co/8 ,answ]4 ,! items ( co/ & ! p]c5tage ( ea* to ! :ole exp5se ( op]at+ locomotives1 & also to ! total ( all ! exp5ses ( op]at+ locomotives are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ( total ,approximate ( total co/ ( all av]age co/ ( ! op]at+ co/ p] op]at+ exp5ses ( mile run4 locomotives4 railroads4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,fuel #f4j cts4 #j4cj 4#jc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,oil & wa/e #j4d cts4 #j4jb 4#jjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,wages ( locomotive runn]s & firem5 #f4j cts4 #j4cj 4#jf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,repairs ( locomotives #g4j cts4 #j4ce 4#jg ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,clean+ locomotives #j4f cts4 #j4jc 4#jjf ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #bj4j cts4 #a4jj 4#bj ,f ?is table x w be se5 t ! locomotive exp5ses are #bj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole co/ ( op]at+ railroads4 ,?is co/ ( c\rse v>ies "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! above is probably some:at l[] ?an ! av]age co/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,"q #ddg4 ,h[ _m miles d locomotives ord9>ily run p] ton ( coal & p] cord ( wood8 ,answ]4 ,?is also v>ies greatly "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,an av]age tak5 f ! mon?ly reports ( #eb diff]5t roads gives #ch miles run p] ton ( coal1 & an av]age f ! reports ( #af roads gives #dg miles run p] cord ( wood4 ,no d$uctions %\ld1 h[ev]1 be made f ?is ( ! relative value ( wood & coal = fuel1 because ! tra9s :i* are run ) wood = fuel are usually light] ?an ^? haul$ ) coal-burn+ eng9es4 ,! above figures are ! av]age results dur+ ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahga1 ( all ! tra9s on ! roads f ^: locomotive reports x has be5 compil$4 ,! foll[+ report ( exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 c>efully made by ! writ]1 w give ! p]=mance ( a locomotive :5 great c>e is tak5 to produce good results4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! eng9e ) :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 made _h be5 9 s]vice eighte5 mon?s1 )\t receiv+ ?or\gh repairs1 & t ! boil] at times prim$ badly1 s t ! rate ( evaporation ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal is n a fair indication ( ! p]=mance ( ! eng9e 9 t respect4 ,! coal us$ 0 kn[n z ,brazil coal1 f ,indiana1 & 9 ord] to comp>e ! p]=mance ( two eng9es only lumps ( coal 7 us$1 s z to leave no room = "q reg>d+ ! relative am\nt ( f9e coal us$ by ea* eng9e4 ,! maximum grades on ! road on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made 7 #cj feet p] mile1 & ! total asc5t f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ po9t on ! road 0 #cgd feet4 ,,locomotive ,,exp]im5ts4 #ahgc4 #ahgc4 #ahgc4 ,date ( exp]im5t ,july #ba4 ,july #bh4 ,augu/ #b4 ,numb] ( miles run #ade #ade #ade ,numb] ( c>s haul$ #da #ca #da ,total weight ( c>s1 lbs4 #a1dig1bdj #a1aai1fej #a1ejh1hfj ,total am\nt ( coal burn$1 lbs4 #h1fgf #e1ajb #g1bba ,total am'nt ( wat] consum$1 lbs4 #fc1eca #de1gai #eb1fji ,wat] evaporat$ p] lb4 ( coal1 lbs4 #g4cb #h4jb #g4jd ,miles run p] ton 7( #b1jjj lbs47 ( coal #cc4d #ej4h #ch4h ,coal consum$ p] c> p] mile1 lbs4 #a4de #a4ac #a4ba ,av]age spe$1 includ+ /ops1 miles #aa4a #ac #ac4h ,,"q #ddh4 ,h[ c we det]m9e ! spe$ at :i* an eng9e is runn+8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any special in/rum5ts = ! purpose1 ,,by ,,c\nt+ ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,revolutions ,,( ,,! ,,driv+-,,:eels ,,p] ,,m9ute1 ,,!n ,,multiply+ ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,_! ,,circumf]5ce ,,9 ,,in*es ,,by ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,_! ,,revolutions ,,p] ,,m9ute ,,& ,,! ,,product ,,by #fj1 ,,& ,,divid+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,product ,,by #fc1cfj4 ,,! ,,quoti5t ,,w ,,be ,,! ,,spe$ ,,9 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,?us1 suppos+ driv+-:eels :i* are #fa 94 9 diamet]1 & ^: circumf]5ce is !re=e #aic4b 941 %\ld make #afd revolutions p] m9ute1 !n #aic4b #afd #fj #fc1cfj #cj1 7ne>ly7 miles p] h\r4 ,,"p ,,xxv4 ,,wat]-,,tanks ,,& ,,turn-,,tables4 ,,"q #ddi4 ,h[ are locomotive t5d]s or tanks suppli$ ) wat]8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,answ]4 ,at suitable po9ts1 call$ wat] /ations1 along ! l9e ( ! road1 l>ge tanks or res]voirs are locat$1 :i* are fill$ ei!r f a natural /ream :i* is high] ?an ! tank & ?us fl[s into ! latt]1 or else ! wat] is pump$ 91 ei!r by h& or by horse1 w9d1 wat] or /eam p[]4 ,^! tanks are usually1 :5 !re is room = !m1 locat$ ne> ! track1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bbe1 s t ! wat] c be conduct$ by a sp\t1 a1 direct f ! tank to ! man-hole ( ! t5d]4 ,communication to & f ?is sp\t is op5$ & clos$ by a valve1 b1 inside ( ! tank4 ,! sp\t is usually atta*$ to ! tank by a h+$ jo9t1 s t x c be l[]$ to ! t5d] & !n rais$ up out ( ! way ( ! eng9e & tra94 ,x is g5]ally balanc$ by a c\nt]weight1 susp5d$ to "o end ( a rope1 :i* passes ov] a pulley & is fa/5$ to ! sp\t at ! o!r end4 ,su* tanks are n[ g5]ally made ( wood5 /aves l a tub or pail1 & support$ on a heavy frame1 c c c1 made ( wood1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 or on /one or brick masonry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,:5 !re is no room = ! tank or res]voir ne> ! track1 x is plac$ 9 any conv5i5t position at "s di/ance f x1 & ! wat] is !n convey$ by an und]gr\nd pipe to ! place :]e ! locomotive mu/ take wat]4 ,at ! end ( ?is pipe :at is call$ a wat]-crane1 fig4 #bbf1 is locat$4 ,?is consi/s ( a v]tical pipe1 ,a1 ) a horizontal arm1 ,b1 :i* is made s z to sw+ ar\nd ov] ! man-hole ( ! t5d] :5 ! latt] is to be fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 "s cases ! horizontal arm alone sw+s ar\nd1 b 9 o!rs ! v]tical pipe turns ) ! horizontal "o 9 a jo9t1 ,c1 und]nea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! latt] plan is ?\ght to be pref]able to ! fir/1 z ! pipe is less liable to freeze fa/ 9 ! jo9t :5 ! latt] is und]gr\nd ?an :5 x is expos$ above4 ,a suitable valve1 ,d1 is also atta*$ to ! pipe bel[ gr\nd1 s t ! /ream ( wat] c be turn$ (f or on at pleasure by ! :eel ,e4 ,,"q #dej4 ,:at consid]ations %\ld det]m9e ! s\rce f :i* a supply ( wat] %\ld be drawn8 ,answ]4 ,! fir/ mu/ ( c\rse be its conv5i5ce to ! po9t :]e ! wat] is to be us$2 b m att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! quality ( ! wat] ?an x ord9>ily receives1 z ! use ( impure wat]1 or t :i* conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( mud or solid matt] mix$ ) x1 or 9 susp5sion z x is call$1 or has lime or o!r m9]al sub/ances *emically comb9$ ) x1 w v soon coat ! inside ( ! boil] ) a cov]+ ( scale1 :i* is a v bad conductor ( heat1 & consequ5tly ! boil] is mu* less effici5t & mu* m heat is wa/$ ?an if ! heat+ surfaces 7 cle>4 ,besides ?is loss ( effici5cy1 :5 boil] plates are cov]$ ) non-conduct+ scale1 !y are mu* m liable to be injur$ by ! action ( ! fire ?an :5 ! wat] comes directly 9 contact ) ! metal ( ! plates4 ,"s wat]1 too1 has a corrod+ effect on ! metal ( ! boil] :i* is v de/ructive4 ,,"q #dea4 ,h[ c ! relative am\nt ( incru/at+ sub/ances 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wat] be det]m9$8 ,answ]4 ,! relative quantity ( solid matt] or mud :i* is held 9 susp5sion c be at lea/ approximately det]m9$ by simply fill+ vessels1 say l>ge cle> glass bottles1 ) diff]5t k9ds ( wat] & lett+ !m /& = "s "t until ! solid matt] settles to ! bottom4 ,an easy me?od ( precipitat+ ! lime & "s o!r salts :i* are held 9 solution & :i* w n settle until !y are conv]t$ into a solid =m is ! foll[+3 ,dissolve 9 a goblet ( pure wat] 7di/ill$ or fre%ly caught ra9 wat]7 two or ?ree teaspoonfuls ( ! oxalate ( ammonia4 ,h equal quantities1 say a goblet-full ( ea* ( ! wat]s to be te/$1 rang$ side by side & m>k$ s z to be id5tifi$4 ,into ea* ( ^! goblets /ir equal quantities ( ! solution m5tion$--ab\t ?ree teaspoonfuls w be en\gh--& let !m /& = a day4 ,! lime & "s o!r salts w be precipitat$ & fall to ! bottom z a p[d]2 & ! quantity ( ?is precipitate 9 ea* glass w =m a v good index ( its relative injuri\sness 9 ! =mation ( scale4 ,:5 ! oxalate ( ammonia _c easily be procur$1 an exp]im5t may be tri$1 9 ! same way1 by dissolv+ common :ite soap1 or o!r pure soap1 9 a goblet ( pure wat]1 & !n /irr+ into ! glasses ( wat] to be te/$ a few teaspoonfuls ( ?is solution4 ,! comp>ative am\nt ( lime 9 ! wat] w be %[n by ! am\nt ( coagulat$ matt] :i* w be ?r[n d[n4#ajd #ajd ,correspond5t ( ! ,railroad ,gazette4 ,,"q #deb4 ,h[ are locomotives turn$ ar\nd on ! track8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ common means employ$ = t purpose is a turn-table1 fig4 #bbg4 ,?is consi/s ( two heavy beams made ( wood1 ca/ or wr\ght iron1 plac$ side by side & re/+ on a pivot 9 ! c5tre1 on :i* !y turn4 ,!y are plac$ 9 a circul> pit bel[ ! level ( ! track1 s t :5 rails are laid 9 ! ord9>y way on top ( ! beams !y w be exactly level ) ! track :i* leads up to ! pit4 ,by turn+ ! beams on ! c5tral pivot s t ! rails w come exactly 9 l9e ) ! p]man5t track :i* leads up to ! pit1 ! locomotive c be run on ! turn-table1 :i* is !n revolv$ a half-revolution1 :i* ( c\rse rev]ses ! position ( ! locomotive & br+s x opposite ! p]man5t track s t x c be run (f f ! table4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! beams f tipp+ d[n :5 ! eng9e fir/ runs on or (f ( ! turn-table1 :eels are plac$ at _! out] ends :i* run on a circul> track & be> any inequality ( weight t may be ?r[n on !m if ! locomotive is n equally balanc$ on ! c5tral pivot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,scale 94 #a foot4 ,,"q #dec4 ,h[ is ! c5tral pivot con/ruct$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,scale in* #a foot4 #ej-;,,foot ,,turn-,,table1 ,,by ,,william ,,sell]s ,,co41 ,,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,answ]4 ,x usually consi/s ( a v]tical po/1 ,a1 %[n 9 fig4 #bbh1 :i* is a transv]se section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! turn-table1 ! end ( :i* re/s on h>d ca/ iron or /eel be>+s4 ,9 "s cases1 z %[n 9 figs4 #bbg & #bbh1 :i* repres5t a turn-table built by ,william ,sell]s ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 ! weight re/s on conical /eel roll]s1 m m1 :i* revolve 9 a circul> pa? =m$ 9 ! top plates4 ,sometimes turn-tables are fitt$ ) ge>+ & cranks1 ,d1 fig4 #bbh2 b if !y are made s t ! :ole weight re/s on ! c5tre1 & if !y are ( suffici5t l5g? s t an eng9e & t5d] c be mov$ on !m suffici5tly to be balanc$ ov] ! c5tre1 ge>+ w n be ne$$2 b a simple lev] fa/5$ to ! turn-table w be all t w be requir$ to turn ! table & ! eng9e & t5d] on x4 ,! tables %\ld be ( su* a diamet] or l5g? across ! c5tre z w enable ! class ( eng9e 9 use on any road to be balanc$4 ,) light eng9es ! #ej-;feet table is l>ge en\gh2 ) ! long1 heavy eng9e n[ us$ on ! great trunk l9es1 ! eng9e & t5d] q fill up ! entire l5g? ( #ej feet1 leav+ no m>g9 = adju/m5t4 ,9 su* cases1 ! #ed feet1 #ef feet1 or1 bett]1 ! #fj feet1 %\ld be employ$4 ,^! l>ge tables are also made heavi] 9 proportion4 ,! table %\ld be ( su* a l5g? t eng9es1 ) t5d] ei!r empty or full1 :5 run on ! table c be s plac$ z to br+ ! c5tre ( gravity imm$iately ov] ! c5tre4 ,:5 s balanc$1 "o man c turn ! load$ table ) ease4 ,9 sett+ up turn-tables x is necess>y t ! f\ndation at c5tre1 ^u :i* ! pivot re/s1 %\ld be ( ! mo/ sub/antial "*1 s z n to be liable to settle4 ,! circul> track1 :i* may be made ( light rails1 say #bh or #cj lbs4 to ! y>d1 %\ld be level1 & ! table %\ld be s adju/$ z to sw+ cle> ( ! circul> track :5 load$4 ,! pit requir$ is q %all[ ne> ! edge & deep5s t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,provision is made = cov]+ ! entire pit by a plat=m turn+ ) ! table1 b ?is %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible1 z ! be/ con/ruct$ cov] does (f] "s resi/ance 9 turn+4 ,ev5 9 r\ndh\ses1 :]e a cov]$ pit might be consid]$ pref]able z pres5t+ a smoo? floor = cross+ 9 any direction1 x has be5 f\nd advisable1 9 view ( ! greate/ ease 9 turn+ & ! facility (f]$ by ! op5 pit = clean+1 to disp5se ) ! cov]4 ,! c5tre ^u :i* ! table turns is con/ruct$ ( ! be/ ca/ /eel1 & consi/s ( conical roll]s ( /eel betwe5 two /eel plates groov$ out to receive ^! roll]s4 ,?is "p ( ! table mu/ be kept clean & well oil$1 say ) be/ sp]m or l>d oil & tall[ ( su* a consi/5cy z n to h>d5 9 cold wea!r4 ,! top cap at c5tre is held 9 place by a circle ( bolts4 ,^! bolts take ! entire weight ( ! table & load2 by slack+ (f ! bolts ! table c be l[]$ on ! :eels on ! circul> track & ! cap lift$ (f to ga9 access to ! plates & roll]s4 ,^! %\ld be op5$1 exam9$ & clean$ at lea/ once e ?ree mon?s4 ,"u ! cap & betwe5 x & ! top ( ! c5tre box are segm5ts ( wood4 ,^! c be alt]$ 9 ?ickness to br+ ! table 9 prop] adju/m5t4 ,if ! c5tre f\ndation settles1 ^! segm5ts %\ld be ?9n$ suffici5tly to enable ! table to be screw$ up to a prop] height4 ,) prop] c>e su* tables are practically inde/ructible4#aje #aje ,wm4 ,sell]s ,co4 ,,"q #ded4 ,is !re any o!r me?od ( turn+ locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,yes2 :at is call$ a ,y is sometimes us$4 ,?is consi/s ( a sy/em ( tracks laid some:at 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,y1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bbi1 9 :i* ,a ,b is ! ma9 track1 ) two curves1 ,a ,c & ,b ,c1 laid z %[n4 ,if n[ x is desir$ to turn a locomotive :i* is /&+ 9 ! position ( ! d>t ,a1 x is run on ! curve ,a ,c to ! position ( ! d>ts a & ,c4 ,x is !n run backw>d f ,c on ! curve ,c ,b1 z repres5t$ by ! d>t b1 & :5 x rea*es ! ma9 track 9 ! position ( ! d>t ,b x is evid5t t its position w be rev]s$1 z is %[n if we comp>e ! direction ( ! d>t ,a ) t ( ,b4 ,,"p ,,xxvi4 ,,inspection ,,( ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #dee4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! "w ( op]at+ or runn+ a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,inspection & lubrication2 t is1 an exam9ation ( ! p>ts to see t !y are 9 good work+ ord]1 & ! application ( oil to ! j\rnals & o!r p>ts subject$ to we>4 #b4 ,sett+ ! eng9e 9 motion & />t+ ! locomotive & tra94 #c4 ,managem5t :ile runn+4 #d4 ,/opp+ ! eng9e & tra94 #e4 ,lay+ up4 #f4 ,managem5t 9 case ( accid5t4 #g4 ,clean+ ! eng9e4 ,,"q #def4 ,:5 ! locomotive is inspect$1 :at %\ld be especially obs]v$ ab\t ! boil]8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all new boil]s %\ld be te/$ by pressure be=e be+ us$1 & ,,all boil]s1 :e!r new or old1 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,te/$ ,,p]iodically4 ,! (t5] ! bett]4 ,! ways ( apply+ ! pressure te/ are3 #a1 ! cold-wat] te/1 t is1 by fill+ ! boil] ) cold wat] & !n =c+ 9 an additional quantity ) a =ce-pump s z to raise ! pressure to t at :i* x is int5d$ to te/ ! boil]2 #b1 ! w>m-wat] te/1 by fill+ ! boil] entirely full ( cold wat] & !n k9dl+ a fire 9 ! grate s z to w>m ?is wat]4 ,z wat] exp&s ab\t "o tw5ty-f\r? 9 ris+ f #fj to #bab degrees1 ! rise 9 temp]ature w cause a correspond+ increase 9 pressure2 #c1 by /eam pressure4 ,if ! latt] me?od 7 n s commonly us$1 x w\ld seem ! height ( madness to te/ a boil]--:i* is nei!r m nor less ?an an attempt to explode x--9 ! %op :]e x is built or repair$1 & :]e ! results ( an explosion w\ld be m disa/r\s & fatal ?an any:]e else1 9 ord] to see :e!r x w explode :5 put into s]vice on ! l9e ( ! road4 ,! dang] ( explosion is also increas$ at su* times by hamm]+ & caulk+ at leaky rivets & jo9ts4#ajf ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 v mu* m rational to te/ boil]s fir/ by hydraulic pressure4 ,= a fir/ te/ ?is is pref]able1 because cold wat] w leak ?r\gh crevices :i* w\ld be tight :5 ! boil] is heat$1 s t leaks c be m surely detect$ ) cold ?an ) w>m or hot wat]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btless true t boil]s are (t5 /ra9$ mu* m by ! unequal expansion ( ! diff]5t p>ts ?an by ! actual pressure4 ,x is !re=e ?\ght t aft] ! hydraulic te/ has be5 appli$ ! second or w>m-wat] te/ %\ld be us$4 ,?is c be easily done1 z ! boil] mu/ be fill$ full ( wat] = ! fir/ te/4 ,:5 ! boil] is subject$ to ! te/ pressure1 x %\ld be c>efully exam9$ to see :e!r any indications ( weakness are reveal$4 ,any mat]ial *ange ( =m or any v irregul> *ange ( pressure is indicative ( weakness4 ,! flat /ay$ surfaces %\ld be c>efully exam9$ by apply+ a /raight edge to !m be=e & aft] !y are subject$ to pressure1 to see :e!r !y *ange _! =m mat]ially4 ,"o ( ! greate/ dang]s & mo/ common accid5ts to locomotive boil]s1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is ! break+ ( /ay-bolts1 to detect :i*1 a locomotive runn] & ma/] me*anic %\ld ex]cise con/ant vigilance4 ,:ile ! pressure is on1 ! outside surface ( ! boil] %\ld be ?or\ghly exam9$ ) slight bl[s ( a hamm]1 :i* w (t5 reveal a flaw 9 ! metal or a defect 9 workman%ip4 ,aft] ! hydraulic & w>m-wat] te/s h be5 appli$1 ! boil] %\ld be empti$1 & ! inside exam9$ c>efully to see :e!r any ( ! /ays & braces h be5 brok5 or displac$ by ! te/4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 & n until !n1 %\ld /eam be g5]at$ 9 ! boil]4 ,9 mak+ ! latt] te/ x w\ld d\btless be m safe to employ a pressure some:at l[] ?an t employ$ ) ! cold & w>m wat]4 ,!re is great div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ ! maximum pressure :i* %\ld be employ$ 9 te/+ boil]s4 ,x is d\btless true t a weak boil] might be injur$ & ?us made dang]\s by subject+ x to a v sev]e pressure1 :ile )\t su* a te/ x w\ld h be5 safe4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h indicat$1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ cases ! ultimate /r5g? ( mat]ial is actually increas$ by subject+ x to a /ra9 :i* ev5 exce$s ! ela/ic limit1 provid$ su* a /ra9 is impos$ only a few times4 ,al?\gh no absolute rule c be giv5 to gov]n all su* cases1 x is ?\ght t = ! hydraulic & w>m-wat] te/s1 a pressure ab\t #ej p] c5t4 great] & = ! /eam te/ #be p] c5t4 great] ?an ! maximum work+ pressure %\ld be employ$4 #ajf ,wilson on ,boil] ,con/ruction4 ,be=e old boil]s are te/$1 !y %\ld be v c>efully exam9$1 bo? inside & outside1 to see :e!r !y are injuri\sly corrod$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! insides ( locomotive boil]s are usually made s difficult ( access t x is impossible to discov] ! ext5t & ! effects ( corrosion )\t ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation4 ,?is is n possible )\t gett+ inside ( ! boil]4 ,:5ev] ?is c be done1 a prud5t locomotive runn] %\ld use ! opportunity ( inspect+ ! boil] ( 8 eng9e himself1 & n dep5d ^u ! boil]-mak]s :o are employ$ = t purpose4 ,he %\ld rememb] t x is 8 life & n !irs :i* is expos$ to dang] by any weakness or defect 9 ! con/ruction ( ! boil] ( ! locomotive :i* he runs4 ,be=e />t+ ! fire 9 a locomotive1 ! fire-box %\ld be c>efully exam9$ to see if !re are any indications ( leaks1 :i* w (t5 reveal crack$ plates1 defective /ay-bolts or flues4 ,if ! latt] simply leak at ! jo9ts1 !y c g5]ally be made tight by caulk+ or ! use ( ! tube exp&]4 ,?is is easily done :5 ! eng9e is cold1 b if n att5d$ to may be v tr\blesome on ! road4 ,leaks at o!r p>ts ( ! boil] %\ld be exam9$1 z !y may reveal dang]\s fractures4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 bo? = safety & = economy ( work+1 t boil]s %\ld be kept clean1 t is1 free f mud & incru/ation4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ?is is ! greate/ evil aga9/ :i* locomotive runn]s & ^? hav+ ! c>e ( locomotives mu/ cont5d4 ,! cures :i* h be5 propos$ are numb]less1 b t :i* is n[ *iefly reli$ ^u is1 fir/1 ! use ( ! be/ wat] t c be procur$1 & second1 frequ5t & ?or\gh wa%+ out ( ! boil]4 ,,"q #deg4 ,:at sort ( exam9ation %\ld be giv5 to ! boil] atta*m5ts8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ :e!r ! grate-b>s or drop-doors ( ! grate are prop]ly fa/5$1 & :e!r ! a%es h be5 clean$ out ( ! a%-pan1 & also :e!r ! fire is clean1 t is1 :e!r ! grates are free f c9d]s or cl9k]s4 ,! height ( wat] 9 ! boil] %\ld be obs]v$ by te/+ x ) ! gauge-cocks & by notic+ x 9 ! glass gauge1 if "o ( ! latt] is us$4 ,x is also well to bl[ out ! s$im5t & mud f ! latt] be=e />t+1 & to see t ! valves :i* admit /eam & wat] to ! glass are op54 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be op5$ only a v %ort di/ance1 s t only a small quantity ( /eam or hot wat] w escape 9 case ! glass tube %\ld be brok54 ,! injector1 if "o is us$1 %\ld be te/$ to see t x is 9 work+ ord]1 & z soon z ! eng9e />ts out ( ! eng9e h\se bo? ( ! pumps %\ld also be te/$1 9 ord] to see :e!r !y are 9 good work+ condition4 ,! safety-valves %\ld be rais$1 s z to be sure t !y are n ru/$ or o!rwise fa/5$ to _! seats4 ,!re is no "p ( a locomotive m liable to disord] ?an ! /eam gauge4 ,= ?is reason x %\ld be frequ5tly te/$1 & :5ev] !re is any indication ( irregul>ity 9 its action x %\ld be exam9$4 ,z ! wire nett+ on ! smoke-/ack (t5 has holes cut into x by ! action ( ! sp>ks1 x %\ld be frequ5tly exam9$ to see :e!r x is 9 good condition4 ,x is also liable to be 8gumm$ up10 especially if too mu* oil is us$ 9 lubricat+ ! cyl9d]s & valves4 ,z soon z holes are cut into ! nett+ !re is dang] t ! sp>ks :i* escape w set fire to ! combu/ible mat]ial ne> ! track1 & if ! nett+ is gumm$ up ! draft w be ob/ruct$ & ! eng9e w n make /eam4 ,! gummy matt] c (t5 be remov$ by build+ a wood fire on top ( ! nett+4 ,9 ?is way ! oil 9 ! gummy matt] is burn$ up1 :i* leaves a dry mat]ial :i* c !n1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 be beat5 out ( ! nett+4 ,,"q #deh4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :e!r ! pumps are work+ well8 ,answ]4 ,_! op]ation is indicat$ by ! =ce ( ! /ream :i* escapes f ! pet-cock :5 x is op54 ,:5 ! pump is 9 good condition ! wat] beg9s to escape promptly 9 a /rong /ream z soon z ! pump-plung] beg9s its inw>d /roke1 & cont9ues to escape until ! plung] completes its /roke4 ,if ! pump is n 9 good condition1 ?is escap+ /ream is weak & is apt to cont9ue dur+ ! outw>d /roke ( ! pump-plung]4 ,x is difficult to tell1 h[ev]1 :5 ! eng9e is runn+ sl[ly1 :e!r ! pump w "w well at high] spe$s1 & !re=e a locomotive runn] %\ld always te/ ! condition ( ! pumps dur+ ! previ\s run4 ,,"q #dei4 ,:at %\ld be notic$ 9 connection ) ! ?rottle-valve8 ,answ]4 ,z a failure ( ! ?rottle-valve to "w may be ! cause ( a mo/ s]i\s accid5t1 x %\ld be c]ta9 t x is 9 good work+ condition1 t all ! bolts1 p9s & screws & o!r accessories are 9 good work+ ord]4 ,x %\ld also be kn[n :e!r ! ?rottle-valve is /eam-tight4 ,?is c be le>n$ by obs]v+ :e!r /eam escapes f ! exhau/-pipes or cyl9d]-cocks :5 ! latt] are op51 ! rev]se lev] 9 full ge>1 & ! ?rottle-valve clos$4 ,if ! ?rottle-valve leaks1 en\gh /eam may accumulate 9 ! cyl9d]1 :5 !re is no "o on ! eng9e1 to />t x1 & 9 ?is way cause a s]i\s accid5t4 ,! ?rottle-lev] %\ld always he fa/5$ ) a set-screw or lat* ( "s k9d :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill4 ,,"q #dfj4 ,9 inspect+ ! cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 guides & connect+-rods1 to :at po9ts %\ld ! att5tion be direct$8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld be kn[n :e!r ! pi/on pack+ is prop]ly set out1 t is1 :e!r x is s tight t x w n 8bl[ ?r\gh10 or leak /eam f "o end ( ! cyl9d] to ! o!r1 :i* ( c\rse w wa/e a great deal ( /eam4 ,( ! two evils1 x is1 h[ev]1 bett] to h pi/on-pack+ too loose ?an too tight1 because if x is too tight1 x is liable to cut or scrat* ! cyl9d]s s z to make x necess>y to rebore !m1 & at ! same "t if ! pack+-r+s are l9$ ) ,babbitt metal1 ! heat creat$ by ! int5se pressure & friction w melt ! metal4 ,9 "s cases ! cyl9d]s become heat$ to s high a temp]ature f ?is cause t ! wood-lagg+ ) :i* !y are cov]$ on ! outside is burn$4 ,! pack+ ( ! pi/on-rods %\ld be /eam-tight1 & x %\ld be obs]v$ :e!r ! rod & ! pump-plung] are securely atta*$ to ! cross-head4 ,! utmo/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep ! guides well oil$4 ,! oil cups on ! guide-rods or cross-heads1 :5 !y are plac$ on ! latt]1 mu/ be kept clean1 s t ! oil w fl[ freely1 & yet n too rapidly1 on ! surfaces expos$ to friction4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! oil-cups on ! connect+-rods4 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! brass be>+s ( ! connect+-rods to see t !y are n s loose z to ?ump1 nor key$ s tight on ! crank z to be liable to heat4 ,! latt] c be easily kn[n by mov+ ! /ub-end l5g?wise ( ! j\rnal4 ,!y %\ld nev] be s tight t !y _c be ?us mov$ ) ! h&4 ,especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to see+ t all ! bolts & nuts on ! connect+-rods are tight4 ,!re are no p>ts ( a locomotive :i* require m c>eful att5tion 9 ord] to keep !m lubricat$1 & ?us prev5t !m f heat+ & be+ 8cut10 ?an ! be>+s on ! crank-p9s & ! slides ( ! cross-head4 ,exam9ation %\ld be made to see t nei!r ! pi/on-rods1 pump-plung]s1 guides1 connect+-rods nor crank-p9s are b5t or sprung4 ,,"q #dfa4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :e!r ! pi/on-pack+ is too loose or 8bl[s ?r\gh80 ,answ]4 ,x c usually be notic$ 9 ! s\nd ( ! exhau/1 :i* c be he>d v di/9ctly on ! foot-bo>d :5 ! furnace door is op5$4 ,if ! pack+ is n tight1 x produces a peculi> :eez+ s\nd betwe5 & aft] ea* dis*>ge ( /eam4 ,if ! pack+ leaks1 x w also be indicat$ by ! escape ( /eam f bo? ! cyl9d]-cocks1 if !y are op51 j aft] ! crank passes ! dead po9t4 ,?is w usually %[ 9 :i* ( ! cyl9d]s ! pack+ is too loose4 ,! same ?+ w occur1 h[ev]1 if ei!r or bo? ( ! ma9 valves leak1 s t x is (t5 h>d to det]m9e :e!r ! 8bl[0 is due to a leak f ! valve or f ! pi/on4 ,( c\rse1 x may sometimes happ5 t bo? leak1 or t ! pi/on on "o side & ! valve on ! o!r leak1 s t (t5 ! diagnosis ( ! disease1 z ! doctors say1 is extremely difficult4 ,c>eful obs]vation & exp]i5ce w1 h[ev]1 aid a locomotive runn] 9 detect+ su* defects mu* m ?an any directions :i* c be giv5 "h4 ,,"q #dfb4 ,:at is meant by 8sett+ out pack+10 & h[ %\ld x be done8 ,answ]4 8,sett+ out pack+0 is simply exp&+ ! r+s :5 !y get too loose4 ,) ord9>y spr+ pack+1 figs4 #if & #ig1 :i* is n[ g5]ally us$1 ?is is done by screw+ up ! nuts b1 b1 b1 :i*1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #afi1 compresses ! spr+s a1 a1 a1 & ?us exp&s ! r+s ,a1 ,a4 ,9 do+ ?is1 z already /at$1 great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to screw ! nuts up too h>d1 & x is always bett] to h ! pack+ too loose ?an too tight4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 to keep ! pi/on-rod 9 ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 o!rwise !re w be undue pressure & we> on ! /uff+-box4 ,aft] ! nuts are screw$ up1 ! position ( ! pi/on-head %\ld be te/$ ) a pair ( callip]s4 ,?is is done by plac+ "o leg ( ! callip]s aga9/ ! side ( ! cyl9d]1 & sett+ !m s t ! o!r leg w j t\* ! edge ( ! projection ,e1 fig4 #if1 or ! end ( ! pi/on-rod4 ,!n by plac+ ! callip]s above & bel[1 & on ea* side ( ! pi/on1 x w appe> :e!r x is too high or too l[ or too ne> ei!r side2 !n by loos5+ ! nuts on "o side & tight5+ !m on ! o!r x c be mov$ to a c5tral position4 ,ord9>ily ?is "w is intru/$ to p]sons :o are employ$ = ! purpose4 ,a "y locomotive runn]1 fireman or me*anic w1 h[ev]1 always d well to famili>ize himself ) su* duties1 &1 if possible1 d x himself1 "u ! direction ( ^? :o are skill$ 9 t k9d ( "w4 ,,"q #dfc4 ,if ! /uff+-box ( ! pi/on-rod leaks1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,if ! pack+ 9 x is 9 good condition1 x c usually be made tight by simply screw+ up ! gl&4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! nuts on ! bolts %\ld n be screw$ up m ?an is necess>y to make ! pack+ /eam-tight4 ,any great] pressure only increases ! friction on ! pi/on-rod unnecess>ily4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! two bolts mu/ be screw$ up equally1 o!rwise ! gl& w be 8cant$10 t is1 incl9$ s z to 8b9d0 or be> unequally & v h>d aga9/ ! pi/on-rod1 & ?us be liable to cut or scrat* x4 ,aft] pack+ has be5 9 ! /uff+-box a long "t1 x becomes v h>d & compact1 & sometimes p>tly *>r$4 ,!n ei!r x mu/ be remov$ & new pack+ be put 91 or1 if 9 tol]ably good condition1 x c (t5 be made to "w well by simply rev]s+ x1 t is1 by putt+ t :i* 0 at ! bottom ( ! /uff+-box on top & vice v]sa4 ,be=e pack+ is put into a /uff+-box1 ! =m] %\ld always be ?or\ghly oil$4 ,,"q #dfd4 ,:5 ! slides ( ! cross-heads we>1 h[ is ! lo/ motion tak5 up8 ,answ]4 ,:5 !re are gibs on ! cross-head1 ! lo/ motion c be tak5 up by putt+ 8l9]s0 or 8%ims10 t is1 ?9 pieces ( metal1 betwe5 !m & ! cross-head1 s t !y w fill up ! space betwe5 ! guide-b>s4 ,:5 !re are no gibs1 ! guide-b>s mu/ be tak5 d[n1 & ! blocks betwe5 !m at ea* end mu/ be r$uc$ 9 ?ickness s z to br+ ! b>s ne>] toge!r4 ,9 do+ ?is1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! guides are accurately 89 l9e0 ) ! c5tre l9e or axis ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is "w %\ld nev] be intru/$ to any except+ skill$ workm51 f :om ^? :o are inexp]i5c$ %\ld seek in/ruction4 ,,"q #dfe4 ,:5 ! brass be>+s ( ! connect+-rods become too loose on _! j\rnals1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,!y mu/ be tak5 d[n1 & ! two surfaces 9 contact mu/ be fil$ away s z to br+ !m clos] toge!r4 ,9 do+ ?is !y mu/ be fil$ squ>e ) ! o!r surfaces1 o!rwise !y w n be> equally on ! j\rnals :5 !y are key$ up4 ,be=e atta*+ !m p]man5tly to ! rods1 !y %\ld be key$ on ! j\rnal 9 ! /rap alone1 s t x c be kn[n by trial :e!r !y move freely & yet are tight en\gh to prev5t ?ump+ on ! j\rnal4 ,:5 !y are atta*$ to ! rod1 x is v important1 especially ) c\pl+ or p>allel-rods1 t ! correct l5g? f c5tre to c5tre ( ! be>+s be ma9ta9$4 ,x is mu* bett] to leave c\pl+-rods loose on _! j\rnals1 because1 if ! be>+s are key$ up tight1 ! rods are sure to ?r[ an enorm\s /ra9 on ! crank-p9s1 z ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! axles is n always absolutely ! same1 ow+ to ! rise & fall ( ! axle-boxes 9 ! jaws4 ,x is !re=e always be/ to h a little play 9 ! c\pl+-rods1 & x is safe to say t mu* m mis*ief is done by m$dl+ ) ! c\pl+-rod brasses ?an by neglect+ !m4 ,,"q #dff4 ,:at "p ( ! valve ge> %\ld receive att5tion :5 ! eng9e is inspect$8 ,answ]4 ,all ! bolts1 nuts & keys %\ld be c>efully exam9$ to see t !y are prop]ly fa/5$4 ,! bolts & nuts 9 ! ecc5tric /raps are especially liable to become loose1 & z !y are betwe5 ! :eels1 & !re=e n easy ( access1 are (t5 neglect$4 ,! oil-holes %\ld all be se5 to be cle>1 o!rwise x w be impossible to keep ! j\rnals well oil$4 ,! ecc5tric /raps & ! l9k blocks are v liable to be imp]fectly oil$1 & :5 ! =m] become dry & cut1 !y ?r[ a great /ra9 on ! ecc5tric-rods1 :i* is liable to break !m4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! /rap & ! portion ( ! rod :i* is atta*$ to x revolve ) ! ecc5tric1 & frequ5tly a hole is ?us knock$ into ! front ( ! fire-box1 :i* disables ! eng9e4 ,! valve ge> is1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! pumps & injector1 ! mo/ delicate "p ( ! locomotive1 & m liable to get out ( ord] ?an any o!r1 & %\ld !re=e be wat*$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,,"q #dfg4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :e!r ! ma9 valves ( a locomotive are tight8 ,answ]4 ,z already indicat$1 ! symptoms :i* manife/ !mselves :5 a valve leaks are v simil> to ^? :i* appe> :5 ! pi/on pack+ leaks4 ,if ! valve is mov$ to its middle position & /eam is admitt$ into ! /eam-*e/1 & x !n escapes f bo? cyl9d]-cocks1 x is app>5t t ! valve is n tight4 ,b ! valve faces ( locomotives usually we> concave1 because ! valves are work$ mo/ ab\t half-/roke1 s t !y w (t5 be tight :5 9 ! c5tre ( ! face1 b w leak at ! ends ( ! full /roke4 ,?is w become app>5t by ! peculi> :eez+ s\nd1 already ref]r$ to1 :5 ! eng9e is at "w4 ,z has be5 expla9$1 x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 v difficult to det]m9e :e!r ?is s\nd is due to a leak at ! pi/ons or ! valves4 ,if ! pack+ ( ! valve-/em leaks1 x c be rem$i$ 9 ! mann] describ$ = mak+ t ( ! pi/on-rod tight4 ,,"q #dfh4 ,to :at po9ts ( ! runn+ ge> %\ld att5tion be direct$ dur+ inspection8 ,answ]4 ,all ! :eels ( ! eng9e & t5d] %\ld be c>efully exam9$ to see t !y are s\nd4 ,a fracture 9 a driv+-:eel is usually app>5t if ! :eel is c>efully exam9$4 ,! condition ( ord9>y ca/ iron t5d] & truck-:eels is reveal$ on /rik+ !m ) a hamm]1 :5 if !y are s\nd !y w give out a peculi> cle> r+2 :]eas if !y are fractur$1 ! s\nd produc$ by ! bl[ ( ! hamm] w be dead1 l t ( a crack$ bell4 ,! flanges ( ! :eels %\ld also receive att5tion to see t !y are n brok51 z su* a fracture is n always reveal$ by ! s\nd produc$ by a bl[ f a hamm]4 ,! axles too %\ld be exam9$ to see t ! :eels h n work$ loose on ! :eel-seat4 ,:5 ?is occurs x (t5 becomes app>5t by ! oil f ! axle-boxes work+ ?r\gh betwe5 ! hubs ( ! :eel & ! axle4 ,?is c be obs]v$ on ! outside ( ! :eels :5 ! be>+s are inside1 & inside ! :eels :5 ! be>+ is outside4 ,! spr+s %\ld be exam9$ to see t !y are 9 good condition1 & ! oil-holes 9 ! boxes mu/ be kept cle>1 s t ! oil c rea* ! be>+s4 ,! t5d] boxes are kept oil$ by pack+ !m ) cotton or wool5 wa/e saturat$ ) oil4 ,?is %\ld be tak5 out occasionally & r5ew$ & ! boxes clean$4 ,! work+ ( ! driv+-boxes up & d[n ! jaws w 9 "t we> !m s t !re w be "s lo/ motion 9 ! jaws4 ,?is w be indicat$ by a ?ump :5 ! cranks pass ! dead po9t4 ,a simil> ?ump w1 h[ev]1 be produc$ by lo/ motion 9 ! boxes ( ! ma9 connect+-rod1 s t x is difficult to det]m9e1 )\t special exam9ation1 ! cause :i* produces ! concussion4 ,x is !re=e be/ :5 an eng9e works ) a ?ump at ea* revolution = ! runn] to /& by ! side ( x :]e he c t\* ! connect+-rods & driv+-:eels1 & !n h ! fireman op5 ! ?rottle-valve s z to move ! eng9e sl[ly4 ,if ! lo/ motion is 9 ! connect+-rods x c be felt by ! j> z x passes ! dead po9ts4 ,! same is true ( lo/ motion 9 ! jaws1 :i* c be felt by t\*+ ! driv+-:eels4 ,:5 ! jaws become worn ! lo/ motion c be tak5 up by mov+ up "o or bo? ( ! w$ges4 ,:5 ?is is done1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! c5tres ( ! driv+-axles ! same di/ance ap>t on bo? sides ( ! eng9e1 & also to keep _! c5tre l9es squ>e ) ! frames4 ,!re %\ld always be c5tre-pun* m>ks plac$ on ! frames or guide-yokes on ea* side ( ! eng9e 9 front ( ! ma9 axle1 & at equal di/ances f its c5tres1 s t :5 ! boxes or jaws become worn ! position ( ! axle c be adju/$ ) a tram f ^! m>ks4 ,( c\rse1 if ! ma9 axle is squ>e1 x is easy to adju/ ! trail+ axle f x ) a tram4 ,if ! axles are n squ>e ) ! frames & p>allel ) ea* o!r1 ! eng9e w run t[>ds "o side or ! o!r ( ! track1 accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! axles4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! bolts :i* hold up ! w$ges 9 ! jaws are brok54 ,:5 ?is occurs ! w$ge drops d[n1 & ( c\rse ! box has s mu* lo/ motion t x soon manife/s itself 9 ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,^! bolts1 & also ^? :i* hold up ! clamps on ! frames at ! bottom ( ! jaws1 %\ld be exam9$ :5 ! eng9e is inspect$1 s z to be sure !y are 9 good condition4 ,! bolts & nuts ab\t bo? ! eng9e & t5d] trucks %\ld be wat*$ to see t none are lo/ or "w loose4 ,! eng9e & t5d] %\ld occasionally be lift$ up f ! c5tre plates ( ! truck1 & ! latt] be lubricat$ ) tall[4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ^! become dry1 s t !y are difficult to turn :5 ! weight re/s on !m1 & !re=e !y w n adju/ !mselves easily to ! curves ( ! track4 ,,"q #dfi4 ,:at o!r p>ts ( a locomotive %\ld be exam9$ be=e />t+8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld be c]ta9 t ! brakes on ! t5d] are 9 good work+ condition1 t is1 t ! bolts1 nuts & keys are all secure1 ! lev]s1 rods & *a9s prop]ly connect$1 & ! %oes fa/5$ & n too mu* worn4 ,if ei!r an atmosph]ic or vacuum brake is us$1 x %\ld be te/$ be=e />t+1 to see t ! pump or ejector is 9 good work+ condition4 ,x is also well to apply ! brakes to ! tra9 be=e />t+1 s z to see :e!r ! connections are 9 good condition & prop]ly connect$4 ,x is always be/ = ! locomotive runn] to exam9e ! connections ( ! brake hose ?r\gh ! :ole tra9 himself1 to be sure t !y are prop]ly made4 ,! inside ( ! wat]-tank %\ld also be exam9$ occasionally1 to see :e!r x is clean1 & if n x %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ out4 ,! man-hole %\ld always be cov]$ be=e />t+1 9 ord] to prev5t c9d]s & coal f fall+ 91 :i* are liable to ob/ruct ! pump valves4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t x mu/ always be c]ta9 be=e />t+ t !re is en\gh wat] 9 ! tank to fe$ ! boil] until ! next po9t is rea*$ at :i* a supply c be obta9$4 ,! s&-box mu/ also be fill$1 ! bell rope 9 good condition1 & if runn+ at night ! reflector ( ! head-light mu/ be poli%$ & ! lamp suppli$ ) oil & ! wick trimm$ s z to burn brilliantly4 ,! locomotive runn] mu/ also see t ! prop] signals are display$ 9 front ( 8 eng9e4 ,,"q #dgj4 ,:at tools1 etc41 %\ld e locomotive runn] on ! road c>ry8 ,answ]4 ,a coal %ovel1 coal pick1 long-h&l$ hoe#ajg & pok]1 a pair ( jacks1 ei!r screw or hydraulic1 *a9s1 rope & tw9e to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t1 a heavy p9*-b> = mov+ ! eng9e1 a small cr[-b>1 oil-cans ) %ort & long sp\ts & ano!r small] "o ) spr+ bottom1 a /eel & a copp] hamm]1 a cold & a cape *isel1 a h&-saw1 axe & hat*et1 "o l>ge & "o small monkey-wr5* & a full assortm5t ( solid wr5*es = ! bolts & nuts ( ! eng9e1 ca/ iron plugs = plugg+ tubes1 ) a b> = ins]t+ !m1 two %eet iron pails or buckets1 diff]5t color$ lant]ns & flags1 accord+ to ! colors us$ = signals on ! l9e1 & a box ) a half-doz5 torp$oes4 #ajg ,^! are ( c\rse n ne$$ on wood-burn+ eng9es4 ,,"q #dga4 ,:at duplicate p>ts %\ld be c>ri$ ) ! eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,keys1 bolts & nuts = connect+-rods1 split-keys1 w$ge bolts1 bolts = oil-cell>s ( driv+ & truck boxes1 driv+ & truck spr+-hang]s1 wood5 blocks = fa/5+ guides 9 case ( accid5t1 blocks = driv+-boxes & l9ks1 a half-doz5 -94 bolts1 f six in*es to two feet long1 to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t1 two extra wat]-gauge glasses1 two glass head-light *imneys4 ,,"q #dgb4 ,:at %\ld be obs]v$ 9 lubricat+ a locomotive or any o!r ma*9]y8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ important ?+ to obs]ve is t ! oil rea*es ! surface to be lubricat$4 ,x is ( mu* great] importance t ! lubricant %\ld rea* ! "r place ?an t a l>ge quantity %\ld be us$4 ,a few drops c>efully introduc$ on a j\rnal w d mu* m good ?an a l>ge quantity p\r$ on ! "p c>elessly4 ,= ?is reason all oil-cups & oil-holes %\ld be kept clean s z to =m a free passage = ! oil4 ,,"p ,,xxvii4 ,,runn+ ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #dgc4 ,be=e />t+ ! fire 9 a locomotive1 :at mu/ be obs]v$8 ,answ]4 ,x mu/ always be notic$1 be=e k9dl+ ! fire1 :e!r ! boil] has ! requisite quantity ( wat] 9 x2 t all c9d]s1 cl9k]s & a%es are remov$ f ! grates & a%-pan2 t ! grates & drop-door are prop]ly fa/5$1 & t ! ?rottle-valve is clos$ & ! lev] secur$4 ,locomotive boil]s are sometimes s]i\sly injur$ by build+ a fire 9 !m :5 !re is no wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,9 fill+ a boil] x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! wat] is heat$ x w exp&1 & t :5 bubbles ( /eam are =m$ !y w mix ) ! wat] & ?us increase its volume1 s t aft] ! wat] is heat$ its surface w be consid]ably high] ?an :5 x is cold4 ,,"q #dgd4 ,h[ %\ld ! fire 9 a locomotive be />t$8 ,answ]4 ,x %\ld be />t$ v sl[ly1 s z n to heat any "o "p sudd5ly4 ,probably ! greate/ /ra9s :i* a locomotive boil] has to be> are ^? due to ! unequal expansion & contraction ( its diff]5t p>ts4 ,:5 ! fire is />t$1 ( c\rse ! p>ts expos$ to x are heat$ fir/1 & consequ5tly exp& be=e ! o!rs4 ,n[1 if ! fire is k9dl$ rapidly1 ! heat+ surfaces w become v hot be=e ! heat is communicat$ to ! p>ts n expos$ to ! fire4 ,?us ! tubes1 = example1 w be exp&$ s z to be consid]ably long] ?an ! outside %ell ( ! boil]1 & !re=e !re w be a sev]e /ra9 on ! tube-plates1 :i* w be communicat$ to ! fire-box1 /ay-bolts1 braces1 etc4 ,! inside plates ( ! fire-box w also become mu* hott] ?an ^? on ! outside1 & z x is rigidly fa/5$ to ! b> to :i* bo? ! inside & ! outside %ells are fa/5$ at ! bottom1 its expansion w all be upw>d1 :i* ?us /ra9s ! /ay-bolts 9 t direction4 ,z ! motion due to ?is expansion is greate/ ne> ! top ( ! fire-box1 ! top /ay-bolts are ( c\rse /ra9$ ! mo/1 & x is ^? 9 t position1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 :i* are ! mo/ liable to break4 ,:5 /eel plates are us$ ! expansion or contraction (t5 cracks !m1 & sometimes1 h\rs aft] ! fire is )drawn f ! fire-box1 ! inside plates w crack ) a report l t ( a pi/ol4 ,x is !re=e v important bo? to heat & cool a locomotive boil] v sl[ly1 & ! fire %\ld always be k9dl$ sev]al h\rs be=e ! eng9e />ts on its run4 ,,"q #dge4 ,:at %\ld be done :5 ! locomotive leaves ! eng9e-h\se & be=e ! tra9 is />t$8 ,answ]4 ,be=e leav+ ! eng9e-h\se ! cyl9d] cocks %\ld be op5$1 s t all ! wat] or /eam :i* is cond5s$ 9 w>m+ ! cyl9d]s c escape4 ,be=e ! eng9e is />t$ f ! eng9e-h\se ! bell %\ld be rung & "t en\gh all[$ = any workm5 employ$ ab\t ! eng9e to get out ( ! way4 ,?is rule mu/ be scrupul\sly obey$ "u all circum/ances1 & a locomotive %\ld nev] be />t$ )\t fir/ giv+ su* a signal4 ,)\t x !re is always dang] t "s "o ab\t ! eng9e w be hurt or kill$4 ,:ile runn+ f ! eng9e-h\se to ! tra9 ! runn] %\ld obs]ve v c>efully ! work+ ( all ! p>ts ( 8 eng9e1 & z f> z possible see t !y are 9 good work+ condition4 ,! fireman %\ld /ay on ! t5d] to h&le ! brake1 z may be necess>y1 & %\ld assi/ 9 c\pl+ ! t5d] to ! fir/ c> ( ! tra94 ,! junction ) ! tra91 especially :5 x is a pass5g] tra91 %\ld be made v g5tly1 z o!rwise pass5g]s may be injur$ by ! %ock4 ,be=e />t+ ! runn] %\ld see himself t ! eng9e & t5d] are securely c\pl$ toge!r1 & ! latt] to ! tra91 t ! frictional p>ts are prop]ly lubricat$1 z expla9$ h]et(ore1 t ! fire is 9 good condition & t ! requisite quantity ( /eam has be5 g5]at$4 ,if ! /eam is too l[1 ! bl[] is />t$1 :i* /imulates ! fire4 ,,"q #dgf4 ,:5 ! tra9 is ready1 h[ %\ld ! eng9e be />t$8 ,answ]4 ,aft] ! signal to />t is giv5 by ! conductor1 ! runn] also gives a signal by ei!r r++ ! bell or bl[+ ! :i/le4 ,! latt] %\ld1 h[ev]1 be us$1 especially at /ations1 z little z possible1 on acc\nt ( ! risk ( fright5+ horses & ! %ock :i* x produces on p]sons :o are unaccu/om$ to he>+ x1 or are suff]+ f any n]v\s disord]4 ,aft] giv+ ! requisite signal1 ! runn] places ! rev]se-lev] s t ! valve w "w ei!r 9 full ge> or v ne> x4 ,he !n op5s ! ?rottle sl[ly & cauti\sly s z to />t ! tra9 gradually4 ,if ! tra9 is a v heavy "o1 x is be/ to back ! eng9e s z j to 8take up ! slack ( ! tra910 t is1 to pu% ! c>s toge!r s t !re w be no space betwe5 !m & ?us compress ! c> draw-spr+s4 ,:5 ! c>s /& 9 ?is way1 ^? at ! front end ( ! tra9 are />t$ "o aft] ano!r1 :i* makes ! />t easi] ?an x w\ld be if x 7 necess>y to />t !m all at once4 ,if ! ?rottle is op5$ too rapidly1 ! driv+-:eels are apt to slip1 b ) a v heavy tra91 ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e1 ?is is liable to occur4 ,if ! tra9 c n be />t$ o!rwise1 ! rails mu/ be s&$ by op5+ ! valves 9 ! s&-box4 ,z little s& %\ld be us$ z possible1 because ! resi/ance ( c>s runn+ on s&$ rails is great] ?an on clean rails1 & ?us ! tra9 is m difficult to draw aft] x rea*es ! rails to :i* s& has be5 appli$4 ,?us ! difficulty to be ov]come may be increas$ by ! means employ$ to ov]come x4 ,:ile ! tra9 is sl[ly set 9 motion ! fireman & runn] mu/ asc]ta9 by wat*+ :e!r ! :ole tra9 moves toge!r1 & t none ( ! c\pl+s are brok5 9 />t+1 & also :e!r any signal is giv5 to /op1 z is sometimes necess>y aft] ! tra9 has />t$4 ,on leav+ ! /ation he %\ld obs]ve :e!r all ! signals indicate t ! track is cle> & t ! swit*es are set "r1 & also look out = ob/ructions on ! track4 ,! tra9 %\ld always be run sl[ly & cauti\sly until x has pass$ all ! frogs1 swit*es & cross+s ( ! /ation y>d1 & n until !n & :5 ! runn] has se5 t ev]y?+ is 9 ord] %\ld he run at full spe$4 ,z ! eng9e ga9s 9 spe$ ! rev]se lev] %\ld be ?r[n back & ne>] ! c5tre ( ! quadrant or sector1 s z to cut (f 8%ort]40 ,,"q #dgg4 ,aft] ! eng9e is />t$1 h[ c x be run mo/ economically8 ,answ]4 ,! advantage ( us+ /eam expansively has already be5 expla9$ 9 ,"p ,v42 x is m economical to use /eam ( a high pressure :i* is done by keep+ ! ?rottle-valve wide op51 & !n regulat+ ! spe$ by cutt+ (f %ort]--t is1 exp&+ x m4 ,if ! spe$ is r$uc$ by p>tly clos+ ! ?rottle-valve1 ! /eam is wire-drawn &1 z 0 %[n 9 answ] to ,"q #ei1 x !n produces mu* less useful effect ?an x w\ld if x 0 admitt$ into ! cyl9d] at full boil] pressure4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m cases if ! /eam is cut (f v %ort ! f9al pressure :5 x escapes is s l[ t x does n produce bla/ en\gh to /imulate ! fire1 & !re=e ! boil] w n make en\gh /eam4 ,?is is m liable to occur ) eng9es :i* h small ?an ) ^? :i* h l>ge boil]s1 or :5 ! boil]s are 9 bad condition or ! fuel is ( poor quality4 ,:5 x does occur x is necess>y to "w /eam dur+ a long] portion ( ! /roke1 s z to increase ! f9al pressure :5 x is exhau/$ & regulate ! spe$ ) ! ?rottle-valve4 ,( c\rse ?is is v wa/eful1 b x is (t5 ! be/ :i* c be done & pull ! tra94 ,!re is also ano!r practical difficulty 9 us+ /eam ( a high pressure & runn+ ) ! ?rottle wide op5 & regulat+ ! spe$ ) ! rev]se lev] alone4 ,! l9k motion1 z has already be5 expla9$1 w n be effective 9 cutt+ (f at a po9t bel[ ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! /roke4 ,n[ x (t5 happ5s1 ev5 :5 cutt+ (f at t %ort po9t1 ) light tra9s on a level or slightly desc5d+ grade1 t ! spe$ w be too great if ! ?rottle is wide op5 & ) full /eam pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 x is absolutely necess>y to r$uce ! spe$ ei!r by p>tly clos+ ! ?rottle1 or r$uc+ ! pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,und\bt$ly if valve-ge> = locomotives 0 s con/ruct$ t /eam c\ld be cut (f effectively at a %ort] po9t ( ! /roke1 x w\ld result 9 increas$ economy 9 ! use ( /eam4 ,! runn] %\ld aim to run at z ne>ly uni=m spe$ z possible1 & 9 ord] to d s %\ld divide ! di/ance betwe5 /opp+ po9ts & ! "t giv5 = runn+ x into z small divisions z he conv5i5tly c1 s z to be able to tell z (t5 z possible :e!r he is runn+ too fa/ or too sl[1 & ?us travel ov] ! %ort] spaces 9 correspond+ p]iods ( "t4 ,,"q #dgh4 ,h[ %\ld ! boil] be f$8 ,answ]4 ,! fe$+ ( ! boil] %\ld if possible be cont9u\s1 & ! quantity ( wat] pump$ into x %\ld be adju/$ to ! am\nt ( "w :i* ! eng9e is do+4 ,ord9>ily "o pump is m ?an suffici5t = fe$+ ! boil]1 s t usually only ! "o on ! "r side ( ! eng9e1 :]e ! runn] /&s1 is us$4 ,! fl[ ( ! wat] is regulat$ by p>tly op5+ or clos+ ! fe$-cock4 ,! injector is commonly us$ only :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill1 :5 ! pumps w n fe$4 ,9 fe$+ ! boil] x mu/ be se5 t ! wat] is nei!r too high nor too l[4 ,if x is too l[ !re w be dang] ( ov]heat+ ! cr[n-plates or ev5 ( an explosion2 if x is too high1 ! /eam space 9 ! boil] is dim9i%$ unnecess>ily1 & w cause ! wat] to rise 9 ! =m ( a spray1 & ?us be c>ri$ into ! cyl9d]s ) ! /eam1 or ! boil] w prime or foam1 z x is call$4 ,?is wat]1 if x collects 9 ! cyl9d] z already expla9$1 may by ! concussion produc$ by ! motion ( ! pi/on break ! cyl9d]4 ,,"q #dgi4 ,:at is ! cause ( prim+ 9 a boil]8 ,answ]4 ,x is (t5 caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature & pressure 9 ! wat] bel[ & ! /eam above4 ,?us1 if we h a boil] 9 :i* ! wat] is heat$ to a temp]ature due to #ajj lbs4 effective pressure1 or #cch degrees1 & we !n op5 ! ?rottle-valve sudd5ly1 s z to relieve ! pressure on top ( ! wat]1 !re w at once be a rapid g5]ation ( /eam 9 ! wat] :i* w ru% to fill ! space f :i* ! /eam has be5 drawn4 ,?is newly g5]at$ /eam w be =m$ at ! hotte/ "p ( ! boil] fir/1 t is1 next to ! heat+ surface4 ,x w !re=e happ5 t z soon z ! pressure is reliev$1 bubbles ( /eam f all p>ts ( ! heat+ surface ( ! boil] w fl[ to ! po9t at :i* ! /eam escapes4 ,! motion ( ^! bubbles w be s rapid t l>ge quantities ( wat] w be c>ri$ ) !m4 ,! same ?+ w also occur if ! heat ( ! wat] is increas$ v rapidly4 ,! wat] w !n become hott] ?an ! temp]ature due to ! pressure ( ! /eam above x1 & consequ5tly !re w be a rapid =mation & escape ( bubbles ( /eam f ! wat]1 :i* w ?us h ! same effect z !y w\ld h if ! /eam pressure 0 r$uc$4 ,! am\nt ( wat] c>ri$ up ) ! /eam is increas$ if ! escape ( ! latt] is ob/ruct$ 9 any way1 ow+ to imp]fect circulation ( wat] 9 ! boil]1 or by float+ impurities1 su* z oil1 on ! surface4 ,:5 ?is condition ( ?+s exi/s1 ! ebullition is1 z x 71 convulsive1 & ! wat] is ?us c>ri$ up ) ! /eam :5 x escapes4 ,prim+ is also probably due 9 "s measure to ! fl[ ( /eam ov] ! surface ( ! wat] to ! po9t ( outfl[1#ajh c>ry+ p>ticles ( wat] ) x j z a high w9d w1 :5 bl[+ ov] ! cre/s ( ! waves ( ! sea4 #ajh ,wilson on ,/eam ,boil]s4 ,:5 /eam is drawn1 z x usually is 9 locomotives1 f ! top ( ! dome to :i* ! safety-valves are atta*$1 ! t5d5cy to prime is v mu* increas$ :5 !y are bl[+ (f1 s t "s eng9e]s advocate ! use ( two domes1 f bo? ( :i* ! supply ( /eam is sometimes drawn1 & 9 o!r cases ! safety-valves are m\nt$ on "o1 & ! /eam-pipe is plac$ 9 ano!r dome4 ,:5ev] ! safety-valves beg9 bl[+ (f /eam1 ! pressure 9 ! boil] %\ld be r$uc$ z soon z possible1 n only because :5 !y are bl[+ (f x t5ds to produce prim+1 b because ! /eam :i* escapes f !m is wa/$4 ,! pressure c be mo/ economically r$uc$ ei!r by increas+ ! am\nt ( wat] :i* is f$ into ! boil] or by op5+ ! heat] cocks & all[+ ! /eam to escape into ! tank & ?us w>m ! wat]4 ,if ! boil] is too full1 ! =m] me?od _c be employ$1 & 9 heat+ ! wat] 9 ! tank ! runn] mu/ be c>eful n to get x too hot1 because 9 t case nei!r ! pumps nor ! injectors w "w satisfactorily1 & ! pa9t on ! t5d]s is also liable to be bli/]$ & de/roy$ by ! heat4 ,by feel+ ! tank ) ! h& x c soon be discov]$ :e!r ! wat] is too hot4 ,if ! /eam pressure _c be r$uc$ 9 any o!r way1 ! furnace door mu/ be p>tly op5$4 ,! use ( muddy wat] w also sometimes cause a boil] to prime4 ,x is probable t prim+ is sometimes due to ! =mation ( foam on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & !re=e all prim+ is (t5 call$ foam+2 :]eas x is ?\ght t (t5 a boil] w prime :5 ! wat] does n foam4 ,m accurate in=mation reg>d+ ! prim+ ( boil]s is1 h[ev]1 mu* ne$$1 z _m ( ! ph5om5a h ?us f> n be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! pr9cipal causes ( prim+ 9 ord9>y practice are1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly ow+ to defective circulation1 too little /eam room1 impure wat]1 or too mu* wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,,"q #dhj4 ,h[ c x be kn[n :e!r an eng9e is prim+1 & :at %\ld be done to prev5t x8 ,answ]4 ,! prim+ ( a boil] c be kn[n by ! :ite appe>ance ( ! /eam :i* escapes f ! smoke-/ack & ! cyl9d] cocks4 ,dry /eam always has a blui% color4 ,:5 an eng9e primes or works wat] into ! cyl9d]s1 x is usually indicat$ by a peculi> dead s\nd ( ! exhau/1 :i* f ?is cause loses its di/9ctly def9$ & %>p s\nd4 ,?is c be obs]v$ be/ :5 ! furnace door is op5$4 ,x is also indicat$ by ! dis*>ge f ! gauge-cock1 z ! wat] :i* !n escapes f ! l[] cocks is mix$ ) /eam1 or1 z runn]s say1 is n 8solid10 & ! /eam f ! upp] cocks is n cle>1 b mix$ ) wat]4 ,to use a phrase employ$ by practical m51 ! prim+ or foam+ ( ! boil] may be kn[n by ! 8flutt]0 ( ! gauge-cocks4 ,z soon z !re are any indications ( prim+1 foam+1 or t wat] is work+ into ! cyl9d]s1 ! cyl9d] cocks %\ld be op5$ at once1 o!rwise ! cyl9d]s1 cyl9d] heads or pi/ons may be brok54 ,! ?rottle-valve %\ld be ei!r p>tly or entirely clos$4 ,:5 ! latt] is done ! foam+ w 9 mo/ cases cease = ! "t1 s t ! runn] c tell h[ mu* solid wat] !re is 9 ! boil]4 ,if he f9ds t ! boil] has too mu* wat] 9 x8 x is be/ to %ut (f ! pumps1 & 9 _m cases ! bl[-(f cock is op5$4 ,! latt] is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) "s dang]1 because if any ob/ruction %\ld get into ! bl[-(f cock1 or x %\ld /ick fa/1 s t x c\ld n be clos$1 all ! wat] w\ld escape f ! boil]1 & ) a heavy fire 9 ! fire-box !re w\ld be great dang] ( ov]heat+1 & ?us injur+ ! boil] or ( 8burn+0 x1 z x is ord9>ily t]m$4 ,a mu* bett] me?od ( af=d+ relief 9 su* cases is to place :at is call$ a surface-cock 9 ! back end ( ! fire-box1 ab\t half way betwe5 ! upp] & l[] gauge-cocks4 ,) su* a cock1 ! wat] c be bl[n (f f ! surface in/ead ( f ! bottom4 ,z foam+ or prim+ is (t5 caus$ by oil1 or o!r float+ impurities on ! surface1 !y c be bl[n out ( ! boil] ) ?is arrangem5t1 :]eas1 if ! wat] escapes f ! bottom ( ! boil]1 ! float+ impurities w always rema9 aft] x is bl[n (f4 ,a p]=at$ pipe1 :i* ext5ds = "s di/ance along ! surface ( ! wat] inside ! boil]1 is sometimes atta*$ to ! surface-cock1 s t ! wat] :i* is bl[n (f w be drawn f a numb] ( po9ts along ! surface4 ,if ! /eam is ris+ rapidly :5 foam+ beg9s1 x w be well to cool ! boil] (f by op5+ ! furnace door "p way4 ,?is means ( relief %\ld1 h[ev]1 be us$ z little z possible1 because !re is always dang] ( caus+ ! tubes or o!r p>ts ( ! boil] to leak1 by ei!r heat+ or cool+ sudd5ly or rapidly4 ,if ! eng9e primes :5 !re is b little wat] 9 ! boil]1 & at a "t :5 ! /eam is ris+ rapidly1 x may sometimes be rem$i$ by increas+ ! am\nt ( fe$-wat]1 & ?us p>tly cool+ ! wat] inside4 ,! use ( pure wat]1 c>eful fir+ s z to keep ! /eam pressure regul>1 fe$+ ! boil] s t ! level ( ! wat] w be ne>ly uni=m1 & !n />t+ ! eng9e c>efully1 t is1 op5+ ! ?rottle-valve gradually1 are ! mo/ effective means 9 practice ( prev5t+ a locomotive boil] f prim+4 ,,"q #dha4 ,:at is ! economical effect ( prim+ on ! consumption ( fuel 9 locomotives8 ,answ]4 ,x causes a great wa/e ( heat1 fir/ by ! escape ( t conta9$ 9 ! hot wat] :i* passes ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s & :i* does no "w1 & second1 :5 /eam is mix$ ) a great deal ( wat]1 x w n fl[ ei!r to or f ! cyl9d]s z quickly or easily z dry /eam w4 ,consequ5tly ! initial pressure on ! pi/on1 if ! eng9e is runn+ ev5 mod]ately fa/1 & is cutt+ (f %ort1 w n be s great z x w\ld be if dry /eam 0 us$4 ,wet /eam is also m difficult to exhau/ f ! cyl9d] ?an t :i* is dry1 & !re=e ! back pressure on ! pi/on is great] :5 ! boil] primes ?an :5 dry /eam alone is us$4 ,,"q #dhb4 ,:5 runn+ on ! op5 road1 :at %\ld ! locomotive runn] obs]ve8 ,answ]4 ,ei!r he or ! fireman %\ld con/antly wat* ! track 9 front ( !m1 & also obs]ve1 f "t to "t1 :e!r ! tra9 ( c>s1 especially if x is a long "o :i* he is h&l+1 is 9 good condition4 ,,he ,,mu/ ,,obs]ve ,,e ,,signal ,,scrupul\sly1 ,,& ,,%\ld ,,nev] ,,pass ,,"o ,,until ,,he ,,is ,,sure ,,t ,,he ,,is ,,au?oriz$ ,,to ,,d ,,s4 ,! well-kn[n maxim1 8be sure y are "r2 !n g ahead10 %\ld be *ang$ = locomotive runn]s to1 ,,don',t ,,g ,,ahead ,,until ,,y ,,are ,,sure ,,y ,,are ,,"r1 ,,& ,,:5 ,,9 ,,d\bt ,,always ,,*oose ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,safety4 ,9 runn+ ?r\gh curves1 ! spe$ ( ! tra9 %\ld always be mod]at$ 9 proportion to ! %>pness ( ! curve1 & be=e rea*+ x4 ,9 runn+ ?r\gh curves1 ! t5d5cy ( ! tra9 is to cont9ue 9 a /raight l9e1 & !re is ?us dang] ( runn+ (f ! track4 ,! high] ! spe$1 ( c\rse1 ! great] is ! resi/ance :i* is requir$ to prev5t ! tra9 f runn+ 9 a /raight l9e1 & consequ5tly ! great] is ! /ra9 :i* is ?r[n on ! flanges ( ! :eels & on ! rails & axles4 ,9 runn+ ?r\gh curves1 x is also impossible1 usually1 to see fur!r ?an a %ort di/ance ahead1 & !re=e1 if ! tra9 is runn+ v fa/1 x _c be /opp$ 9 "t1 %\ld !re be any ob/ruction or dang] on ! track4 ,,"q #dhc4 ,:at precautions %\ld be obs]v$ 9 runn+ ov] /eep grades8 ,answ]4 ,on approa*+ an asc5d+ grade ! runn] %\ld see t ! fire is 9 good condition1 & z mu* coal %\ld be put on x z c be burn$ to advantage4 ,he %\ld also fill ! boil] z full ( wat] z he safely c1 )\t dang] ( prim+1 & %\ld heat ?is wat] z hot z possible )\t bl[+ (f /eam at ! safety-valves4 ,! object ( ?is is to h a supply ( wat] already heat$ be=e rea*+ ! grade4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s ) a heavy tra91 ! boil] w n make z mu* /eam z ! eng9e consumes1 if !re is a l>ge supply ( hot wat] 9 ! boil] x c be us$ z a res]ve1 %\ld x be necess>y to d s1 )\t dang] ( injury to ! boil]4 ,if !re 0 s little wat] 9 ! boil] t x w\ld be dang]\s to all[ x to get l[]1 !n x w\ld be necess>y to fe$ cold wat] z rapidly z ! hot wat] escap$ 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,x is (t5 impossible to heat all ?is cold wat] z fa/ z x is pump$ into ! boil]1 )\t r$uc+ ! /eam pressure until !re is !n n suffici5t p[] to pull ! tra94 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a supply ( hot wat] 9 ! boil]1 at ! critical po9t on ! grade1 :]e ! eng9e is mo/ liable to fail1 ! pump c be p>tly %ut (f1 & ?us less wat] w be pump$ into ! boil]1 & ! /eam pressure be ma9ta9$ )\t dang]4 ,und\bt$ly x is bett] to fe$ locomotive boil]s uni=mly1 if t is possible1 b x (t5 happ5s t a res]ve supply ( hot wat] 9 ! boil] enables an eng9e to pull a tra9 up ! mo/ difficult place1 :]eas1 )\t su* a supply1 ! locomotive w\ld /ick fa/4 ,z ! capacity ( locomotives is rat$ on ne>ly all roads by ! numb] ( c>s !y c 8pull up ! hill10 ( c\rse :atev] aids !m at ! critical po9t increases _! capacity4 ,x is ?is fact :i* gives eng9es ) l>ge boil]s s mu* advantage ov] ^? ) small ones4 ,9 runn+ up /eep grades1 all[ance %\ld always be made = ! effect ( ! incl9ation ( ! track ^u ! position ( ! wat] surface 9 ! boil]1 & also ! fact t z soon z ! ?rottle-valve is clos$1 & /eam %ut (f1 ! surface ( ! wat] w be consid]ably l[] ?an :5 ! eng9e 0 work+ h>d4 ,on a grade ( #ej feet to a mile1 ! front end ( ! tubes ( an ord9>y locomotive w\ld be ab\t #a in*es high] ?an ! back end ( ! cr[n-%eet4 ,if1 !n1 on work+ h>d up su* a grade1 x is succe$$ by ano!r ( equal desc5t1 ! front ends ( ! tubes w\ld be #a in*es l[] ?an !y 7 :ile com+ up1 s t if ! back end ( ! cr[n-%eet 0 cov]$ ) #a in*es ( wat] j be=e rea*+ ! top1 x w\ld be expos$ to ! fire z soon z ! eng9e rea*$ ! desc5t4 ,?is exposure w\ld be dang]\s1 because n only w\ld ! wat] be #a in*es l[] ov] ! cr[n-%eet1 b x w\ld fall consid]ably m :5 ! ?rottle-valve 0 clos$4 ,^! consid]ations w %[ ! dang] ( runn+ ! wat] too l[ :ile asc5d+ /eep grades4 ,9 pull+ tra9s up /eep grades1 especial caution %\ld be ex]cis$ to prev5t any ( ! c>s f break+ loose f ! tra91 because su* an accid5t may cause great disa/]4 ,z soon z ! eng9e rea*es ! top ( ! grade1 ! fireman %\ld oil ! ma9 valves1 because x c only be done :5 /eam is %ut (f1 z ! oil w n run into ! /eam-*e/ :5 !re is a pressure ( /eam 9 x2 & z ! valves are always subject$ to ! sev]e/ we> :ile pull+ up a /eep grade1 ! valves & valve-faces are apt to become dry4 ,z saturat$ /eam to "s ext5t prev5ts valves f cutt+1 x is n s important t !y be lubricat$ :ile ! eng9e is work+ ) /eam1 b z soon z /eam is %ut (f !y %\ld be oil$1 o!rwise !re is dang] ( _! be+ injur$ by _! friction on ! valve-seats4 ,9 runn+ d[n grades1 ! runn] has ! greate/ possible cause = us+ e precaution1 because n only is ! tra9 mu* m difficult to control1 b usually frequ5t %>p curves prev5t a view ( ! track = any consid]able di/ance ahead4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 wat* ! track 9 front ( him ) ! greate/ vigilance1 s z to be ready to give ! requisite signals to ! brakem5 to apply ! brakes1 or1 if ! eng9e & tra9 are provid$ ) cont9u\s brakes1 to apply ! latt]1 or ev5 rev]se 8 eng9e1 9 case ( dang]4 ,,"q #dhd4 ,h[ %\ld an eng9e be run pa/ ^? /ations :]e ! tra9 does n /op8 ,answ]4 ,! spe$ ( ! tra9 %\ld be slack5$ 9 pass+ /ations1 especially if a cle> view ( ! track & swit* signals c n be obta9$ at "s di/ance be=e rea*+ ! /ation4 ,!re is always a possibility t ! swit*es may be turn$ wrong1 or t !re may be "s ob/ruction on ! track at /ations1 s t "s caution %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 runn+ pa/ !m4 ,! prop] signal1 ei!r by ! :i/le#aji or ! bell1 %\ld be giv5 on approa*+ /ations1 & also at all common road cross+s4 #aji ,! me?ods ( giv+ signals v>y s mu* on diff]5t roads t no g5]al direction t w suit all cases c be giv54 ,,"q #dhe4 ,:at mu/ be done on approa*+ a draw-bridge or a cross+ ( ano!r railroad at ! same level8 ,answ]4 ,9 _m ( ! ,/ates x is provid$ by law t all tra9s mu/ come to a dead /op be=e cross+ a draw-bridge or ano!r railroad at ! same level4 ,:e!r su* a law exi/s or n1 ! rule %\ld always be obs]v$4 ,aft] com+ to a /op1 ! tra9 %\ld "u no circum/ances be />t$ until ! signal has be5 giv5 to />t ! tra9 by ! signal-man at ! bridge or cross+4 ,a runn] %\ld nev] assume t ! signal has be5 giv51 nor take ano!r p]son's ^w = x1 b %\ld see & "k x himself4 ,9 "s conditions ( ! wea!r & ) ! light fall+ on a signal 9 c]ta9 directions1 x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e its color or =m4 ,if !re is any d\bt ab\t x1 ! te/imony ( ano!r p]son %\ld always be s\ght4 ,!re is good reason = believ+ t color-bl9dness1 t is1 an incapacity = di/+ui%+ "o color f ano!r1 is a mu* m common infirmity ?an is usually suppos$4 ,x is c]ta91 too1 t p :o ord9>ily di/+ui% colors v accurately are subject to color-bl9dness 9 c]ta9 conditions ( heal?1 & t x is sometimes ! result ( ov]work or great we>9ess2 & a case is record$ ( a p]son :o 0 always color-bl9d aft] a debau*4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 good reasons :y a locomotive runn] %\ld n always place too implicit confid5ce 9 :at he 8sees ) 8 own eyes10 b if he has any d\bt1 he %\ld take ! 8b5efit ( ! d\bt10 :i* %\ld always lead him to take ! side ( safety4 ,,"q #dhf4 ,h[ %\ld ! eng9e & tra9 be manag$ 9 runn+ into a /ation8 ,answ]4 ,fir/ ( all :5 runn+ into a /ation :5 ! tra9 /ops1 ! spe$ mu/ be *eck$ s t ! tra9 w n ent] ) v great mom5tum4 ,!re=e1 at a di/ance v>y+ f "o to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! grades & track1 ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f1 s t ! spe$ w be r$uc$ s mu* t ! tra9 "u any circum/ances w be "u full control4 ,x is always bett] to ent] a /ation at too l[ a spe$ ?an to run 9 too fa/1 because if x is necess>y1 m /eam c always be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s to increase ! spe$ be=e com+ to a /op2 :]eas x is n s easy to /op ! tra9 if x is runn+ too fa/1 & x becomes necess>y to *eck x be=e ent]+ ! /ation4 ,?is w sometimes be necess>y1 because x may readily happ5 ?r\gh neglig5ce or accid5t at /ations t 9 swit*+ c>s "o or m may be left /&+ :olly or p>tly on ! track1 :i* ! arriv+ tra9 mu/ run ov]1 9 :i* case a collision ) its t]rible consequ5ces may be unavoidable4 ,:5 a tra9 is equipp$ ) cont9u\s brakes1 ! control :i* !y usually give to a locomotive runn] ov] ! tra9 is s great t he is apt to approa* /ations1 cross+s or draw-bridges at a high rate ( spe$1 & rely on su* brakes to /op ! tra94 ,?is practice is always att5d$ ) great dang]1 because if x 0 f\nd1 on gett+ ne> to ! /ation1 cross+ or draw-bridge1 t ! track 0 n cle>1 & t x 0 ob/ruct$ by a c> or tra91 or ! draw 0 op51 if ! runn] %\ld attempt to apply ! brakes & f "s cause !y %\ld fail to "w1 z sometimes occurs1 !n a collision or o!r disa/] w\ld be inevitable1 because x w\ld be impossible to /op ! tra9 ) ! ord9>y h& brakes4 ,= ?is reason a locomotive runn] %\ld always approa* su* places cauti\sly & ) 8 tra9 "u suffici5t control1 s t if he f9ds !re is dang] ahead he c /op ! tra9 ) ! ord9>y means1 or at ! wor/ by rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,cont9u\s brakes %\ld always1 except+ 9 cases ( imm95t dang]1 be appli$ gradually1 s z n to *eck ! c>s ) a j]k or too sudd5ly4 ,! practice ( op5+ ! cock :i* admits air to atmosph]ic brakes sudd5ly1 & !n turn+ x back aga9 z quickly1 is almo/ sure to produce disagreeable & dang]\s %ocks to ! c>s4 ,! cock %\ld be op5$ gradually1 s z to *eck ! c>s sl[ly at fir/4 ,,"q #dhg4 ,:at mu/ be att5d$ to :5 runn+ a locomotive at night8 ,answ]4 ,z soon z x beg9s to gr[ d>k1 ! head-light mu/ be light$ & prop]ly trimm$1 & ! prop] lamp signals plac$ 9 front ( ! eng9e1 if ! rules ( ! road require ! display ( su* signals4 ,a lamp %\ld always be plac$ 9 ! cab1 s z to ?r[ its light on ! /eam-gauge1 b n into ! runn]'s face1 because he is unable to see di/ant signals s well if 8 eyes are expos$ to ! gl>e ( a light ne> him4 ,at night1 z objects :i* are pass$ c n be se5 di/9ctly1 x is m difficult to tell ! spe$ at :i* an eng9e is runn+ ?an x is 9 ! day "t4 ,a runn] %\ld !re=e consult 8 wat* frequ5tly1 & by c\nt+ ! revolutions ( ! :eels1 :i* he c d by ! s\nd ( ! pump valve or o!r "p ( ! ma*9]y1 he c tell f ! rule giv5 9 ! answ] to ,"q #dch ! spe$ at :i* ! locomotive is runn+4 ,f ?is rule a table c easily be con/ruct$ = an eng9e ) any size ( driv+-:eels1 %[+ ! spe$ = any giv5 numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x w be a good ex]cise = a "y locomotive runn] to con/ruct su* a table1 :i* w be f\nd v conv5i5t = ref]5ce if plac$ 9 a conspicu\s place 9 ! cab4 ,,"q #dhh4 ,:at mu/ be att5d$ to 9 v cold wea!r8 ,answ]4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! wat] 9 ! pumps1 pipes & 9 ! t5d] f freez+4 ,if x does x w be almo/ c]ta9 to break ! pump or bur/ ! pipes4 ,to avoid ?is ! heat] cocks mu/ be op5$ s z to keep ! wat] 9 ! t5d] w>m4 ,9 excessively cold wea!r ! eng9e %\ld be run ) great] caution ?an at o!r times1 z iron is !n m brittle1 & also m liable to break1 ow+ to ! froz5 condition & consequ5t solidity ( ! track4 ,,"q #dhi4 ,9 runn+ a locomotive 9 sev]e sn[ or ra9-/orms1 :at %\ld be obs]v$8 ,answ]4 ,:5ev] x sn[s ! pilot or c[ cat*] %\ld be cov]$ ) bo>ds1 or1 bett] /ill1 ) %eet iron1 s z to act l a sn[ pl[4 ,brooms made ( /eel wire %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( ! front :eels ( ! eng9e1 s z to sweep ! sn[ f ! rails4 ,! front damp] on ! a%-pan %\ld be kept clos$ s z to exclude ! sn[ f ! a%-pan1 :i* w\ld soon fill x up1 & 9 ?is way ob/ruct ! draft4 ,if ! fall ( sn[ is v heavy or x bl[s into drifts1 ! tra9 mu/ ( necessity run v sl[ly1 & ev5 if a "p ( ! track is cle> ( sn[1 x is unsafe to run fa/ on x1 z !re w\ld be dang] ( ?r[+ ! eng9e (f ! rails if x %\ld run into a heavy drift at a high spe$4 ,9 sev]e ra9 /orms bridges1 culv]ts & su* portions ( ! track z are liable to be wa%$ away %\ld be approa*$ cauti\sly1 especially at night4 ,9 bo? sn[ & ra9-/orms1 & also 9 fogs1 great caution is requir$1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( see+ signals4 ,,"q #dij4 ,:at is meant by a res]ve eng9e or 8help]80 ,answ]4 ,a res]ve eng9e is a locomotive :i* is n employ$ 9 haul+ a regul> tra91 b is kept z a 8res]ve0 to g to ! help ( an eng9e :i* may be compell$ to /op on acc\nt ( an accid5t ( any k9d1 or to assi/ eng9es 9 mov+ tra9s up heavy grades1 or is us$ 9 cle>+ away a wreck$ tra91 rebuild+ bridges or o!r /ructures4 ,,"q #dia4 ,:at mu/ be obs]v$ 9 runn+ a res]ve eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,z no special arrangem5ts are usually made 9 prep>+ "t-tables#aaj = ! runn+ ( res]ve1 or z !y are usually call$ by railroad m51 8wild0 eng9es1 x may v probably happ5 t x w be call$ ^u to assi/ o!r eng9es :5 ! road is n cle>1 & !re=e its runn] mu/ con/antly be on ! look-out = signals to /op1 :i* are (t5 giv5 sudd5ly4 ,he mu/ swit* (f ) special caution 9 ord] to be sure to keep out ( ! way ( regul> tra9s runn+ 9 ! opposite direction on ! same track4 ,:5 he rea*es ! tra9 or place :]e ! assi/ance ( ! res]ve eng9e is ne$$1 he mu/ approa* x sl[ly & c>efully1 9 ord] to avoid a viol5t %ock4 ,on ! return f ! assi/$ tra91 he incurs ! same dang]1 & mu/ pay close att5tion to any signal to /op made to him by any opposite tra9 on ! same track1 & also on 8 "p w>n su* tra9s by ! prop] signals4 #aaj ,a "t-table is a table :i* gives ! "t :5 ea* tra9 %all arrive at ! /ations x passes1 ! /ations at :i* x %all /op1 & all ! regulations by :i* x %all be run4 ,:5 a tra9 is run ) two eng9es1 bo? 9 front ( x1 ! =w>d "o always takes ! managem5t ( ! tra94 ,! runn] ( ! h9d eng9e mu/ be guid$ by ! signals ( ! runn] ( ! =w>d eng9e4 ,9 />t+1 ! =w>d eng9e mu/ be set 9 motion fir/ & !n ! "o beh9d x4 ,9 /opp+1 ! /eam mu/ be %ut (f fir/ 9 ! h9d eng9e4 ,likewise 9 decreas+ ! spe$ dur+ ! trip1 ! h9d eng9e mu/ fir/ regulate ! fl[ ( /eam4 ,if ^! precautions are n obs]v$ ! =w>d eng9e may easily be ?r[n f ! track by ! fa/] motion ( ! h9d "o4 ,:5 a tra9 is assi/$ by a 8help]0 plac$ beh9d ! tra91 & !re=e pu%+ x1 ! =w>d eng9e mu/ likewise be set 9 motion fir/1 & /eam %\ld be let on 9 ! h9d eng9e only aft] a signal has be5 giv5 by ! runn] ( ! head eng9e4 ,dur+ ! run bo? eng9es mu/ move ) ! same spe$4#aaa #aaa ,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und des ,betriebes d] ,locomotive1 by ,georg ,kosak4 ,,"q #dib4 ,h[ %\ld swit*+ eng9es be manag$8 ,answ]4 ,9 pu%+ & swit*+ ! freight c>s 9 ! /ation-y>d1 !y %\ld be mov$ c>efully & sev]e %ocks mu/ be avoid$1 z ! c>s1 ! goods ) :i* !y are load$ & ! p]sons employ$ ab\t !m may be injur$ by viol5t concussions4 ,! runn] mu/ also foll[ ! in/ructions ( 8 sup]ior /rictly & *e]fully1 & %\ld exam9e pati5tly & obs]ve ) discretion ! sugge/ions ( employes :o are n 8 sup]iors4 ,9 ?is s]vice x is also ( special importance t ! runn] give a di/9ct signal ) ! :i/le or bell be=e e movem5t ( 8 eng9e1 9 ord] to w>n 9 "t ^? :o at su* times (t5 /& on ! track 9 ! way ( ! eng9e or c>s1 or ! p]sons engag$ 9 load+1 clean+ or repair+ ! c>s1 & ?us give !m "t to get out ( ! way4#aab #aab ,georg ,kosak4 ,,"q #dic4 ,9 fir+ a locomotive1 :at are ! mo/ important ends to be atta9$8 ,answ]4 ,t :i* is ( fir/ & *ief importance is to make /eam en\gh1 s t ! locomotive c pull its tra9 & 8make "t0#aac2 second1 x mu/ make ! requisite quantity ( /eam ) ! lea/ consumption ( coal1 & ?ird1 ) ! lea/ production ( smoke1 al?\gh ! latt]1 indep5d5t ( ! economy ( combu/ion1 is consid]$ ( importance only ) pass5g] tra9s4 ,:at is frequ5tly lo/ sight ( 9 consid]+ ?is subject is ! fact t ) all locomotives x (t5 happ5s t x is a matt] ( extreme difficulty to make en\gh /eam to d ! "w requir$ ( ! eng9es4 ,:5 a freight tra9 is /ruggl+ up a grade ) a heavy tra91 or an express eng9e is oblig$ to make "t "u simil> conditions1 x (t5 dep5ds entirely ^u ! quantity ( /eam :i* c be g5]at$ 9 ! boil] 9 a giv5 "t :e!r ! eng9e w fail or n4 ,9 fir+1 !re=e1 ! mo/ important end to be aim$ at is (t5 simply to produce ! l>ge/ am\nt ( /eam possible 9 a giv5 "t1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( economy or by produc+ any quantity ( smoke4 ,any means ( economiz+ fuel or ( smoke prev5tion1 :i* r$uces ! /eam-produc+ capacity ( boil]s1 is !re=e q sure to be ab&on$ 9 "t4 #aac ,! t]m make "t means to run at ! spe$ indicat$ on ! "t-table4 ,,"q #did4 ,h[ c a boil] be made to produce ! l>ge/ quantity ( /eam 9 a giv5 "t8 ,answ]4 ,by burn+ ! greate/ quantity ( fuel possible on ! grate 9 t "t4 ,?is c be done by keep+ ! grates free f cl9k]s & ! a%-pan f a%es1 & !n di/ribut+ ! coal ev5ly ov] ! grates 9 a lay] six to twelve in*es ?ick4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lay] :i* w give ! be/ results w1 h[ev]1 v>y ) ! quality ( ! fuel1 & mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,if ! lay] is too ?ick1 n en\gh air w pass ?r\gh x to burn ! coal4 ,if x is too ?91 !n s mu* air w pass ?r\gh t ! temp]ature 9 ! fire w be r$uc$4 ,! rapidity ( combu/ion w also be promot$ by break+ up ! coal into lumps ! size ( a man's fi/ or small]4 ,if f9e coal is us$ x %\ld be wet1 o!rwise x w be c>ri$ into ! flues by ! bla/ be=e x is burn$ or cak$ or ev5 rea*es ! grate4 ,exp]i5ce w indicate ! am\nt ( air :i* c advantage\sly be admitt$ above ! fire 9 ord] to secure ! maximum production ( /eam4 ,! be/ size ( ! exhau/ nozzles & ! position ( ! petticoat pipe mu/ also be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x w usually be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t if en\gh air is admitt$ above ! fire to prev5t smoke1 x w r$uce ! maximum am\nt ( /eam :i* c be g5]at$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! fire %\ld also be f$ regul>ly & ) comp>atively small quantities ( fuel at a "t1 al?\gh if ! fe$+ is too frequ5t !re is m loss f ! cool+ effect :i* results f ! frequ5t op5+ ( ! furnace door ?an is ga9$ f ! regul>ity ( ! fir+4 ,9 ?is1 too1 a fireman mu/ consult exp]i5ce to guide him4 ,,"q #die4 ,h[ c a locomotive be fir$ ) ! lea/ consumption ( coal8 ,answ]4 ,two sy/ems ( fir+ are practic$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 "o kn[n z ! 8bank+ sy/em0 & ! o!r ! 8spread+ sy/em40 ,:5 ! bank+ sy/em is employ$1 ! coal is pil$ up at ! back "p ( ! fire-box1 z %[n 9 fig4 #bah1 & slopes d[n t[>ds ! front ( ! grate1 :]e ! lay] ( coal is comp>atively ?9 & 9 an active /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,! heap ( coal beh9d is gradually cok$ by ! heat 9 ! fire-box & ! gases are ?us expell$4 ,op5+s 9 ! furnace door admit air :i* m+les ) ! escap+ gases1 :i* !n pass ov] ! bright fire 9 front1 & are ?us suppos$ to be consum$4 ,:5 ! 8bank0 ( coal beh9d becomes ?or\ghly cok$1 x is pu%$ =w>d on ! bright fire & fre% coal is aga9 put on beh9d to be cok$4 ,?is sy/em ( fir+ is practic$ on "s roads ) good results1 b x is d\btful :e!r x c\ld be us$ successfully ) coal :i* cakes & cl9k]s badly4 ,! spread+ sy/em is mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ! coal conta9s a great deal ( cl9k]4 ,:5 ?is is practic$1 ! coal is spread ev5ly ov] ! :ole ( ! grate 9 a ?9 lay]1 & its success & economy dep5d ^u ! regul>ity & ev5ness ) :i* ?is lay] ( coal is ma9ta9$ & ! fire f$4 ,! ?ickness ( ! coal mu/ be adapt$ to ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,:5 x is work+ lightly1 ! lay] ( coal %\ld be ?91 b :5 ! eng9e is pull+ h>d ! lay] ( coal mu/ be ?ick]1 o!rwise ! viol5t bla/ may lift ! coal (f ! grates4 ,! success ( ?is sy/em1 z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #chh1 dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! ?ickness ( ! fire is regulat$1 on ! admission ( ! prop] am\nt ( air above ! fire1 & on ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! fire is suppli$ ) coal4 ,:5 ?is sy/em ( fir+ is employ$ n m ?an two %ovels-full ( coal %\ld be put into ! fire-box at once1 & if ! eng9e is n work+ h>d1 "o or ev5 less w be suffici5t4 ,! firem5 mu/1 h[ev]1 det]m9e by exp]i5ce ! ?ickness ( fire1 am\nt ( air :i* %\ld be admitt$ & ! frequ5cy ( fir+ :i* w give ! be/ results 9 practice4 ,d\btless ^! w v>y ) diff]5t k9ds ( fuel & ! con/ruction ( eng9es4 ,usually ! greate/ ob/acle 9 ! way ( produc+ good results is ! fact t firem5 w\ld r 8take ?+s easy0 ?an ex]cise t dilig5ce & obs]vation :i* w alone insure success 9 any occupation4 ,,"q #dif4 ,h[ c smoke be mo/ effectually prev5t$8 ,answ]4 ,! means ( prev5t+ smoke 7 v fully expla9$ 9 answ] to ,que/ions #cgi & #chh4 ,x may be said briefly t ?is c be done only by prop]ly regulat+ ! supply ( air :i* is admitt$ to ! fire4 ,! means ( do+ ?is h already be5 expla9$4 ,,"q #dig4 ,:at me?od ( fir+ is employ$ :5 an?racite coal is us$8 ,answ]4 ,! spread+ sy/em alone is !n us$4 ,,"q #dih4 ,h[ may ! rules :i* firem5 %\ld obs]ve :5 bitum9\s coal is us$ be briefly /at$8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,keep ! grate1 a%-pan & tubes clean4 #b4 ,break ! coal into small lumps4 #c4 ,fire (t5 & 9 small quantities4 #d4 ,keep ! furnace door op5 z little z possible4 #e4 ,consult ! /eam gauge frequ5tly1 & ma9ta9 a uni=m /eam pressure1 & if necess>y to r$uce ! pressure d x by clos+ ! a%-pan damp]s r ?an by op5+ ! furnace door4 ,,"q #dii4 ,on arriv+ at a /ation :]e a tra9 /ops long] ?an a few m9utes1 :at %\ld ! locomotive runn] & fireman att5d to8 ,answ]4 ,! runn] %\ld exam9e ?or\ghly all ! p>ts ( 8 eng9e1 z has be5 h]et(ore expla9$4 ,he %\ld especially exam9e all ! j\rnals & we>+ surfaces to see :e!r !y are hot4 ,?is he c discov] by feel+ !m4 ,if any ( !m h become v mu* heat$1 !y mu/ be cool$ by ?r[+ cold wat] on !m1 & !n ?or\ghly oil$4 ,9 oil+ a hot j\rnal m9]al oil %\ld nev] be us$1 z x is easily evaporat$ by ! heat & !n takes fire4 ,animal oil %\ld !re=e always be us$ on a hot be>+4 ,! work+ p>ts %\ld be ?or\ghly lubricat$1 z already expla9$4 ,! fireman %\ld exam9e ! tank & see :e!r x is necess>y to take 9 a fre% supply ( wat]4 ,he %\ld !n exam9e ! grates & a%-pan1 & clean ! c9d]s & cl9k]s f ! =m]1 & ! a%es f ! latt]4 ,neglect+ to clean ! a%-pan may result 9 melt+ & de/roy+ ! grate-b>s1 & by ob/ruct+ ! admission ( air to ! grates ! a%es prev5t ! combu/ion f be+ z complete z x w\ld be o!rwise4 ,) "s k9ds ( fuel x is necess>y to clean ! tubes frequ5tly1 :i* mu/ (t5 be done at /ations :]e ! tra9 /ops4 ,dur+ ! /op1 z ?or\gh an inspection ( ! eng9e %\ld be made by ! runn] & fireman z ! "t w p]mit2 b any unnecess>y wa/e ( "t mu/ be avoid$1 & ! fir+ %\ld be s manag$ t no?+ ne$ be done ab\t x dur+ ! halt at ! /ation4 ,on />t+ aga9 ! same precautions %\ld be ex]cis$ z on mak+ ! fir/ />t4 ,,"q #ejj4 ,aft] rea*+ ! end ( its run1 h[ %\ld an eng9e be clean$ & repair$8 ,answ]4 ,be=e rea*+ ! la/ /ation ! fir+ %\ld be s manag$ t !re w be z little fire z possible rema9+ 9 ! fire-box at ! end ( ! run4 ,aft] ! arrival ! eng9e %\ld be run ov] a pit :i* is usually provid$ = ! purpose1 & ! fire %\ld be rak$ out ( ! fire-box by dropp+ ! drop-door if !re is "o to ! grate1 or turn+ ! grate-b>s edgewise1 or )draw+ "o or m ( !m if x is necess>y to d s4 ,9 ?is way ! fire w fall into ! a%-pan1 f :i* x c easily be rak$4 ,aft] all ! fire is )drawn ! damp]s & furnace door %\ld be clos$ s z n to all[ ! cold air to cool ! fire-box & tubes too rapidly4 ,9 ord] to keep ! boil] clean1 t is z free z possible f s&1 s$im5t or incru/ation1 x is necess>y to bl[ x out frequ5tly if ! wat] :i* is us$ conta9s mu* solid or incru/at+ matt]4 ,) 8bad wat]0 ! boil] %\ld be bl[n out z (t5 z possible4 ,on "s roads ?is is done aft] ea* trip4 ,9 bl[+ a boil] out1 ! bl[-(f cocks mu/ be left op51 & aft] all ! wat] has escap$ ! eng9e %\ld be left to /& until x is cool$ (f4 ,if !re is any consid]able accumulation ( mud or s$im5t ! h&-holes at ! bottom ( ! fire-box & ! cov] to ! mud-drum %\ld be tak5 (f1 & z mu* ( ! mud remov$ z c be scrap$ out ?r\gh ^? ap]tures4 ,a hose pipe atta*$ to ! hose ( a =ce pump %\ld !n be ins]t$ ?r\gh ^! same op5+s1 & a /rong /ream ( wat] =c$ into ! boil]4 ,by ?is means mu* ( ! loose mud & scale w be wa%$ out4 ,! (t5] ?is is repeat$ ( c\rse ! clean] c a boil] be kept4 ,if a l>ge am\nt ( incru/ation or mud has accumulat$ ab\t ! tubes1 "s or all ( !m mu/ be tak5 out1 s z to be able to remove ! dirt4 ,aft] an eng9e is bl[n out1 "u no circum/ances except+ absolute necessity %\ld x be fill$ ) cold wat] until x is entirely cool$ (f4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t any sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature 9 a boil] subjects x to v great /ra9s & incurs ! dang] ( crack+ ! fire-box plates1 or caus+ ! tubes to leak4 ,! t5d] %\ld also be clean$ ( ! mud :i* settles 9 x f "t to "t1 b x is n necess>y to d ?is z (t5 z x is to clean ! boil]4 ,all ! plates & flues %\ld h ! soot :i* /icks to !m ?or\ghly clean$ (f4 ,al?\gh ! clean+ ( ! boil] & ! grates is usually committ$ to a special set ( m51 yet ! locomotive runn] %\ld exam9e !m p]sonally to see t x is prop]ly done4 ,he %\ld pay att5tion to ! condition ( ! grate1 & see :e!r x is level & smoo?4 ,z soon z "o or m ( ! b>s are b5t crook$1 !y usually burn out4 ,if "o ( ! b>s is burnt out ! fire falls ?r\gh ! hole t x leaves into ! a%-pan1 & !n ! fire "u ! grate w heat x r$ hot1 & f9ally may melt e b>4 ,e grate-b> :i* is only a little damag$ or b5t mu/ !re=e be remov$ z quickly z possible & replac$ ) a new "o4 ,z soon z ! eng9e is run into ! eng9e-h\se1 all sup]flu\s grease :i* has escap$ f ! we>+ surfaces & ! du/ or mud :i* adh]es to ! eng9e %\ld be wip$ (f ) cotton wa/e or rags4 ,?is is usually done by m5 employ$ = ! purpose4 ,:ile !y are do+ ?is1 !y %\ld exam9e e "p ?or\ghly & obs]ve :e!r x is 9 good condition1 & if any defects are f\nd !y %\ld be report$ to ! prop] p]son ^: bus9ess x is to h !m repair$4 ,z ! fai?fulness & skill ( a fireman are (t5 e/imat$ by ! good or bad condition ( 8 eng9e1 he %\ld1 if = no o!r reason1 take pa9s to keep x clean & ev]y?+ 9 z good condition z possible4 ,if ! eng9e is tak5 to pieces 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly repair$1 ! runn]1 if he does n help to d ?is1 %\ld wat* c>efully ! tak+ x ap>t & ! putt+ x toge!r aga91 z 9 ?is way he c become ?or\ghly famili> ) ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e he runs4 ,,"q #eja4 ,:at precaution mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! wat] 9 a locomotive f freez+1 if x is laid up8 ,answ]4 ,9 v cold wea!r1 if eng9es are laid up = any consid]able "t1 no wat] mu/ be left 9 ! t5d]1 boil] or any ( ! pipes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! eng9e mu/ be soon us$1 & x is impracticable to let ! wat] out ( ! boil] & t5d]1 !n1 if expos$ to ! cold1 a light fire mu/ be kept 9 ! boil] suffici5t to make /eam en\gh to w>m ! wat] 9 ! t5d]4 ,! wat] %\ld1 h[ev]1 be drawn out ( ! pumps & ! fe$ & supply pipes4 ,?is c be done by op5+ ! pet-cocks1 & clos+ ! t5d] valves & unc\pl+ ! hose1 :i* w all[ ! wat] 9 ! supply pipes to run out4 ,by runn+ ! eng9e a few revolutions ! pumps w !n be empti$4 ,! pipes & ! pumps c also be prev5t$ f freez+ )\t unc\pl+ ! hose if ! t5d] valves are clos$ & ! pet-cocks op5$1 & /eam is !n admitt$ into ! supply pipes by ! heat]-cocks4 ,?is =ces "p ( ! wat] :i* is 9 ! pumps out ( ! pet-cocks & w>ms ! re/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 requires con/ant wat*fulness to prev5t freez+1 & 9 excessively cold wea!r1 if ! eng9e mu/ lay up = any consid]able "t1 x is always be/ to empty ! pumps & pipes4 ,,"p ,,xxviii4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,locomotives4 ,,"q #ejb4 ,:at are ! mo/ s]i\s accid5ts :i* may happ5 9 runn+ a locomotive8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ s]i\s accid5ts are3 #a4 ,collision ( two tra9s approa*+ ea* o!r4 #b4 ,collision ( a mov+ ) a /&+ tra94 #c4 ,collision ( tra9s at ! cross+ ( two railroads4 #d4 ,runn+ a tra9 into ! op5+ left by an op5 draw-bridge4 #e4 ,escape ( an eng9e )\t any "o on x4 #f4 ,runn+ (f ! track4 #g4 ,explosion ( ! boil]4 #h4 ,bur/+ or r collapse ( a flue4 #i4 ,bl[+ out ( a bolt1 /ud or rivet f ! boil]4 #aj4 ,failure ( ! fe$-pumps1 injector or *eck-valve4 #aa4 ,break+ or bur/+ ( a cyl9d]1 cyl9d]-head1 /eam-*e/1 or /eam-pipe4 #ab4 ,break+ or gett+ loose ( ! pi/on or cross-head or b5d+ ( ! pi/on-rod4 #ac4 ,break+ or b5d+ ( a connect+-rod or crank-p94 #ad4 ,break+ ( a tire1 :eel or axle4 #ae4 ,break+ ( a spr+1 spr+-hang] or equaliz]4 #af4 ,break+ ( a frame4 #ag4 ,break+ or gett+ loose ( a "p ( ! valve-ge>4 #ah4 ,failure ( ! ?rottle-valve4 #ai4 ,break+ ( a c\pl+4 ,,"q #ejc4 ,:at %\ld be done to prev5t a collision :5 two tra9s are approa*+ ea* o!r8 ,answ]4 ,! obvi\s ?+ to d is to /op ! tra9s z soon z possible4 ,?is is done by apply+ ! brakes at once ) all _! p[]1 & !n rev]s+ ! eng9e1 al?\gh x is be/ n to d ! latt] until ! tra9 is some:at *eck$1 z !re is always dang] ( bur/+ ! cyl9d] or break+ ! cyl9d]-heads1 pi/on or connections if an eng9e is rev]s$ sudd5ly at a high spe$4 ,( c\rse ! high] ! spe$1 ! great] is ! dang] ( injury f ?is cause1 & !re=e x is be/1 if !re is "t1 fir/ to *eck ! spe$ ( ! tra9 be=e rev]s+ ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! eng9e is rev]s$1 ! s&-valves %\ld be op5$ s z to increase ! adhesion ( ! :eels1 s t :5 _! motion is rev]s$ !y may *eck ! spe$ ( ! tra9 z soon z possible4 ,on p]ceiv+ dang] ahead ! ord] ( proc$ure %\ld be z foll[s3 #a4 ,%ut ! ?rottle-valve4 #b4 ,if ! tra9 is equipp$ ) h& brakes alone1 bl[ ! dang] signal = _! application1 or if ! tra9 has a cont9u\s brake1 apply x ) its full =ce4 #c4 ,rev]se ! eng9e & op5 ! ?rottle & ! s& valves4 #d4 ,if a collision is inevitable1 %ut ! ?rottle-valve be=e ! eng9es meet1 because if x is left op51 aft] ! collision & :5 ! spe$ ( ! tra9 is *eck$1 ! eng9e1 if n disabl$1 w by its own p[] cru% ?r\gh ! wreck & ?us d additional damage4 ,,"q #ejd4 ,:at %\ld be done if a /&+ tra9 %\ld see ano!r tra9 approa* x & !re %\ld be dang] ( a collision8 ,answ]4 ,! locomotive runn] ( ! /&+ tra9 %\ld />t 8 eng9e 9 ! same direction z ! approa*+ tra9 is runn+1 z quickly z possible1 because ! %ock ( ! collision w be v mu* less5$ if bo? tra9s are mov+ 9 ! same direction comp>$ ) :at x w\ld be if "o 0 /&+ /ill4 ,,"q #eje4 ,:at %\ld be done to avoid a collision at a railroad cross+8 ,answ]4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #dhe1 tra9s %\ld always come to a dead /op be=e cross+ ano!r railroad on ! same level4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh any means dang] ( su* a collision %\ld be incurr$1 !n evid5tly ! "o tra9 %\ld be /opp$ & ! o!r mov$ out ( ! way z soon z possible4 ,,"q #ejf4 ,h[ c an accid5t by runn+ into ! op5+ at a draw-bridge be avoid$8 ,answ]4 ,fir/ by ,,always com+ to a dead /op be=e rea*+ x1 & second by n />t+ aga9 until x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! draw is clos$4 ,( c\rse if a locomotive runn] ( an approa*+ tra9 f9ds a draw op51 ! only ?+ he c d is to /op z soon z possible4 ,,"q #ejg4 ,:at measures %\ld be tak5 to prev5t locomotives f escap+ )\t a responsible p]son on !m8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place :5 a locomotive is left /&+ ! ?rottle-valve %\ld always be clos$ & fa/5$1 ! cyl9d] cocks %\ld also be op5$ s t if any /eam leaks into ! cyl9d]s x w n accumulate !re1 b w escape1 & ! rev]se lev] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sector1 s t if by any accid5t ! ?rottle %\ld be op5$ ! eng9e w n />t4 ,,"q #ejh4 ,if a locomotive %\ld escape1 :at %\ld be done1 & h[ may x be captur$8 ,answ]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to telegraph to ! /ations t[>ds :i* ! escap$ eng9e is runn+1 ei!r to keep ! track cle>1 or1 if !re is a tra9 approa*+1 to op5 a swit* & ?us let ! eng9e run (f ! track4 ,an escap$ eng9e may be captur$ by a swift] eng9e foll[+ x1 b ?is is always att5d$ ) great dang]1 z ! fir/ eng9e may leave ! track or become wreck$4 ,a saf] plan is to telegraph ahead ( ! escap$ eng9e & h an eng9e plac$ 9 a position :]e ! track c be se5 = a long di/ance 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! runaway is expect$4 ,z soon z ! latt] comes 9 sight1 ! wait+ eng9e %\ld />t 9 ! same direction1 s t :5 !y get ne> to ea* o!r !y w bo? be runn+ 9 ! same direction & at ne>ly ! same spe$4 ,by regulat+ ! spe$ ( ! front eng9e1 ! foll[+ "o may be all[$ to come up to x q g5tly1 & !n a man c easily climb f ! "o eng9e to ! o!r1 & ?us bo? be /opp$4 ,,"q #eji4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case an eng9e gets (f ! track8 ,answ]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to close ! ?rottle-valve & 8signal = brakes10#aad or apply ! cont9u\s brakes if ! tra9 is equipp$ ) !m1 & !n rev]se ! eng9e4 ,if its position aft] x /ops is mu* incl9$1 x is g5]ally necess>y to draw ! fire to prev5t injury to ! heat+-surface1 a "p ( :i* is !n usually expos$ to ! /eam1 & !re=e n cov]$ ) wat]4 #aad ,?is expression means1 among railroad m51 to signal to brakem5 by bl[+ ! :i/le to h !m apply ! brakes4 ,,"q #eaj4 ,h[ is a locomotive replac$ on ! track 9 case x gets (f8 ,answ]4 ,x is impossible to give any directions = replac+ locomotives on ! track :i* w meet ! great v>iety ( circum/ances :i* occur 9 practice4 ,if ! eng9e has n run f> f ! rails1 x c usually be run on aga9 by plac+ blocks ( wood "u ! :eels & ?us runn+ !m up to _! prop] position1 b if ! eng9e falls on its side or runs d[n an embankm5t1 x is usually necess>y to s5d = ! appliances :i* are n[ provid$ on ne>ly all roads = remov+ wrecks & replac+ eng9es on ! track4 ,^! appliances are g5]ally /or$ 9 :at is call$ a wreck+ or tool c>1 :i* is plac$ at a conv5i5t po9t on ! road1 f :i* x c be s5t to any place :]e its s]vices are likely to be ne$$4 ,su* c>s are g5]ally provid$ ) ropes1 jack-screws1 *a9s1 cr[b>s1 lev]s1 etc41 to be us$ 9 su* cases1 & g5]ally a special set ( m5 is s5t ) ! wreck+ c> to direct & assi/ 9 replac+ eng9es & c>s on ! track4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> to describe all ! me?ods ( do+ ?is employ$ "u v>i\s circum/ances2 & z su* "w seldom =ms "p ( ! duties ( a locomotive runn]1 a complete description w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,,"q #eaa4 ,aft] an accid5t :i* disables ! eng9e1 :at is ! fir/ ?+ to d8 ,answ]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is always to 8protect ! tra920 t is1 to s5d out signal m5 9 ea* direction to /op approa*+ tra9s2 o!rwise !y might run into ! wreck$ tra91 & ?us cause a d\ble accid5t4 ,,"q #eab4 ,:at is ! *ief cause ( boil] explosions8 ,answ]4 ,! cause ( all boil] explosions1 z happily express$ by a prom95t ,am]ican eng9e]1#aae is ,,t ,,! ,,pressure ,,inside ,,! ,,boil] ,,is ,,great] ,,?an ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,outside ,,to ,,resi/ ,,t ,,pressure4 ,?is may occur 9 two ways3 fir/1 & mo/ frequ5tly ) locomotives1 f insuffici5t /r5g? ( ! boil] to be> ! ord9>y work+ pressure2 & second1 f ! gradual increase ( heat & pressure until ! latt] is great] ?an ! boil] 0 calculat$ to be>4 #aae ,see ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association1 page #aif4 ,insuffici5t /r5g? may be due3 #a1 to defects ( ! orig9al design1 ow+ to ! ignorance ( ! /ra9s to :i* ! mat]ial ( ! boil] w be expos$1 & its p[] ( resi/ance2 #b1 to defective workman%ip & mat]ial1 :i* c usually be discov]$ by c>eful inspection2 #c1 to ! r$uction ( ! orig9al /r5g? ( ! boil] by ord9>y we> & te> or neglect1 :i* c also usually be discov]$ by c>eful inspection4 ,! fir/ two causes h be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! "p relat+ to boil] con/ruction1 & ! la/ "u ! head ( inspection ( locomotives4 ,ov]-pressure is ne>ly always due to "s defect ( ! safety-valve1 or to ! fact t x is ov]load$4 ,?is latt] (t5 occurs :5 safety-valves are set by a defective /eam gauge1 :i* indicates too little pressure4 ,ov]-pressure may also occur by lett+ an eng9e /& alone ) a l>ge fire 9 its fire-box & possibly ) ! bl[] turn$ on4 ,a boil] may1 by sudd5ly op5+ ! ?rottle-valve1 und\bt$ly be subject$ to v sev]e /ra9 t may possibly be suffici5t to cause its de/ruction1 ev5 ?\gh x _h suffici5t /r5g? to be> ! ord9>y pressure at :i* ! safety-valve bl[s (f4 ,sudd5ly op5+ or clos+ ! ?rottle-valve may produce a viol5t ru% ( /eam & wat] aga9/ ! "p ( ! boil] :5ce ! /eam is drawn4 ,! p]cussion ( ! wat] & /eam 9 su* cases has be5 kn[n to %ake ! :ole boil]1 & to lift ! safety-valve mom5t>ily "r (f its seat4#aaf ,! weake/ p>ts ( a locomotive are ! two sides :]e ! b>rel jo9s ! outside fire-box4 ,_m boil]s1 especially ^? ) a high wagon-top1 h flat spaces at ?is po9t1 :i* x is impossible to /ay prop]ly4 ,x is at ?is po9t1 too1 t ! expansion & contraction ( ! tubes & ! outside %ell ex]t _! greate/ /ra9s1 & x w !re=e be f\nd1 g5]ally1 t ! seams at ?is po9t beg9 to leak be=e any o!rs1 & = ^! reasons x is believ$ t all ! seams :i* jo9 ! outside %ell ( ! fire-box to ! b>rel %\ld be d\ble-rivet$4 #aaf ,wilson on ,boil] ,con/ruction4 ,! practice ( ascrib+ /eam-boil] explosions to obscure causes has be5 productive ( mu* mis*ief1 z x eng5d]s a c>elessness on ! "p ( ^? hav+ *>ge ( !m1 :o h be5 l$ to believe t no am\nt ( c>e w avail aga9/ ! my/]i\s ag5ts at "w )9 ! boil]4 ,explosions are also1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r conv5i5t reasons1 v g5]ally attribut$ to %ortness ( wat]4 ,?is is (t5 no?+ m ?an a conv5i5t me?od ( %ift+ ! responsibility f ! build] or own] ( ! locomotive to ! runn] or fireman1 :o1 if n kill$ by ! explosion1 9 _m cases might j z well be1 s f> z 8 ability to def5d himself is conc]n$4#aag #aag ,wilson on ,boil] ,con/ruction4 ,,"q #eac4 ,:at %\ld a locomotive runn] & fireman d to avoid & prev5t explosions8 ,answ]4 #a4 ,! height ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] %\ld always be ma9ta9$ s z to cov] ! heat+ surfaces4 #b4 ,! boil] %\ld be kept z clean1 t is1 z free f scale1 mud & o!r impurities1 z possible4 #c4 ,x %\ld nev] be subject$ to /ra9s f sudd5 heat+ or cool+4 #d4 ,! /eam-gauge & safety-valves %\ld be exam9$ & te/$ frequ5tly1 to be sure !y are 9 ord]2 & #e1 !y %\ld exam9e e "p ( ! boil] :i* is accessible1 b especially ! /ay-bolts1 to see t !re is no fracture ( any "p or any injuri\s corrosion or o!r dang]\s defect4 ,,"q #ead4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( ! bur/+ or collapse ( a tube8 ,answ]4 ,z soon z possible aft] x occurs1 ! runn] mu/ /op ! tra91 & close fir/ ! end ( ! flue 9 ! fire-box1 & !n t 9 ! smoke-box1 by driv+ 9 iron plugs1 :i* are usually provid$ = ! purpose4 ,^! plugs are atta*$ to ! end ( a b>1 ) :i* !y are ins]t$ into ! tubes4 ,if ! escape ( wat] & /eam f ! tube is s great z to make x difficult to see ! end ( ! tube1 ! /eam may sometimes be drawn up ! *imney by />t+ ! bl[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! escape is s great z to make x impossible to ins]t ! plug1 !n ! /eam pressure mu/ be r$uc$ by runn+ ) bo? pumps on1 or by />t+ ! injector2 or x may be necess>y to draw ! fire & cool (f ! eng9e4 ,:5 a flue collapses1 ! front end ( :i* is beh9d ! /eam or petticoat pipes1 x is usually necess>y to cool (f ! eng9e be=e a plug c be ins]t$1 especially if any consid]able am\nt ( wat] & /eam escape f x4 ,:ile driv+ 9 ! plug1 ! runn] & fireman %\ld always keep !mselves 9 su* positions t ! plug c n hit !m 9 case x is bl[n out by ! /eam4 ,if ! eng9e is n suppli$ ) iron flue-plugs1 a wood5 plug c be cut ( ! prop] size & driv5 94 ,?is c be atta*$ to ! b> ref]r$ to & ins]t$2 b if no su* b> is c>ri$ ) ! eng9e1 ! wood5 plug c be made on ! end ( a long pole & !n cut ne>ly (f4 ,x is !n ins]t$ into ! flue & driv5 9 & brok5 (f4 ,x w be f\nd t su* plugs w burn (f ev5 ) ! end ( ! flue1 b w n burn entirely out4 ,,"q #eae4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case a bolt1 /ud or rivet bl[s out ( ! boil] & ?us all[s ! /eam or hot wat] to escape8 ,answ]4 ,if x is accessible1 cut a plug on ! end ( a long pole & drive x 9 9 ! same way z describ$ above4 ,?is w avoid ! necessity ( cool+ (f ! eng9e2 b 9 "s cases x w be f\nd t a plug c n be ins]t$ or driv5 9 )\t draw+ ! fire & cool+ (f ! boil]4 ,,"q #eaf4 ,9 case x is f\nd necess>y to draw ! fire & cool (f ! boil]1 & if s mu* wat] has escap$ z to uncov] ! cr[n plate1 :at mu/ be done8 ,answ]4 ,if ! leak has be5 /opp$ or ! fault rem$i$1 "o ( ! safety-valves %\ld be tak5 (f & wat] p\r$ into ! boil] ) pails or buckets ?r\gh ! op5+ left by ! removal ( ! safety-valve until ! cr[n %eet is cov]$4 ,! fire may !n be k9dl$ aga9 & ! eng9e complete its j\rney4 ,:5 bitum9\s coal is us$ = fuel1 ! necessity = draw+ ! fire 9 case ( accid5t may (t5 be avoid$ by completely cov]+ or 8bank+0 ! fire ) f9e coal :i* has be5 wet1 & clos+ ! damp]s & op5+ ! furnace door4 ,9 ?is way ! fire may be smo!r$ & ! boil] cool$ )\t putt+ ! fire out1 s t aft] ! defect is rem$i$ x w n be necess>y to rek9dle x4 ,,"q #eag4 ,:at mu/ be done 9 case ( ! failure ( "o or bo? ( ! fe$ pumps or ( ! injector or *eck-valve8 ,answ]4 ,if "o ( ! pumps fails ! o!r "o may be us$1 b ! defect or ob/ruction to ! fir/ %\ld be rem$i$ z soon z possible1 because ! second may also fail4 ,x w !n be necess>y to dep5d ^u ! injector alone1 if !re is "o1 = fe$+ ! boil]4 ,only aft] all ! appliances = fe$+ ! boil] h fail$ & ! wat] is s l[ z to be 9 dang] ( expos+ ! cr[n %eet1 %\ld ! fire be drawn or bank$1 & ! runn] %\ld !n at once give ! prop] signals = w>n+ & ! protection ( 8 tra91 & if he is unable to repair ! pumps or injector1 he mu/ s5d = aid to ! ne>e/ accessible po9t4 ,,"q #eah4 ,9 case a pump fails1 h[ %\ld x be exam9$ 9 ord] to discov] ! defect8 ,answ]4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #deh1 ! work+ ( a pump is usually indicat$ by ! /ream :i* escapes f ! pet-cock4 ,if1 :5 ?is is op5$1 /eam & wat] escape1 x is an indication t ! *eck-valve is n work+ prop]ly4 ,:5 ?is occurs hot wat] w escape if ! pet-cock is op5$ :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill1 b ! pump may /ill fe$ ! boil] if ! upp] or pressure-valve works prop]ly4 ,:5 ! *eck-valve does n "w z x %\ld1 x is also indicat$ by ! heat+ ( ! fe$-pipe1 ow+ to ! escape ( hot wat] f ! boil] ?r\gh ! *eck-valve :5 ! pet-cock is op5$4 ,if1 :5 ! plung] is drawn out ( ! pump1 air is suck$ 9 ?r\gh ! op5 pet-cock1 !n ! upp] or pressure-valve ( ! pump does n "w1 b ! work+ ( ! pump may /ill be secur$ by ! work+ ( ! *eck-valve2 b if ! pump1 air-*amb] & fe$-pipe !n get fill$ ) air1 ! plung] may compress ?is air at ea* /roke1 & z x c !n foll[ ! plung] dur+ its outw>d /roke1 ! latt] w n suck wat]1 b w simply compress ! air dur+ ! inw>d /roke1 :i* w !n exp& dur+ ! outw>d /roke4 ,?is w be indicat$ by ! escape ( air f ! pet-cock :5 ! plung] is mov+ inw>d1 & ! suction ( air :5 ! plung] is mov+ outw>d4 ,?is c be kn[n by hold+ ! h& 9 front ( ! pet-cock4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! air is mix$ ) wat] s t ! /ream :i* escapes f ! pet-cock is brok5 or irregul>4 ,if air escapes f ! pet-cock dur+ ! inw>d /roke ( ! plung]1 b none is suck$ 9 dur+ ! outw>d /roke1 x %[s t !re is a leak some:]e 9 ! pump or pipes1 & t x is pump+ air in/ead ( wat]4 ,! leak may be 9 ! /uff+-box ( ! plung]1 ! jo9ts ( ! pump or pipes1 9 ! hose or _! connections ) ! supply-pipe or t5d]4 ,if nei!r air nor wat] escapes f ! pet-cock dur+ ! inw>d /roke ( ! pump plung]1 or1 if ! /ream ( wat] at t "t is weak1 !n x indicates t ! suction or l[] valve ( ! pump is n work+ prop]ly4 ,! same ?+ w occur if ! pipe1 pump or t5d]-valve is ob/ruct$4 ,if !re is a cock1 z !re always %\ld be1 j above ! suction-valve1 x w aid u v mu* to discov] ! fault :5 ! pump w n "w4 ,if1 :5 ?is cock is op5$1 cold wat] escapes f x1 ! fault is 9 ! suction-valve2 if hot wat]1 !n x is ! pressure & *eck-valves :i* are leaky1 ob/ruct$ or brok51 & consequ5tly ! hot wat] f ! boil] leaks back into ! pump4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a cock1 ! fault c (t5 be discov]$ by feel+ ! pump b>rel ) ! h&4 ,if ! pump c n be made to "w1 & ! fault is f\nd to be 9 ! l[] valve1 x mu/ be tak5 out & exam9$2 or if ! fault is 9 ! pipes1 x c usually be easily rem$i$4 ,if ! pipes are bur/ ) only a small fracture1 x c usually be rem$i$ by cov]+ ! ap]ture ) canvas or rubb] & wrapp+ tw9e ar\nd x tightly4 ,! upp] valve ( a pump mu/1 h[ev]1 nev] be tak5 d[n )\t fir/ be+ sure t ! *eck-valve is tight1 because if x is n1 ! p]son w be likely to be scald$ 9 tak+ ! pump ap>t4 ,directions = manag+ an injector1 & also = tak+ c>e ( pumps 9 cold wea!r1 h already be5 giv5 9 ! answ]s to ,que/ions #adb & #dhh4 ,,"q #eai4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case ( ! break+ or bur/+ ( a cyl9d] or cyl9d]-head8 ,answ]4 ,! ma9 connect+ rod mu/ be tak5 d[n on t side ( ! eng9e4 ,! pi/on %\ld !n be mov$ to ! front or back end ( ! cyl9d] & wood5 blocks be plac$ betwe5 ! guides s z to fill up ! space betwe5 ! cross-head & ! end ( ! guide-b>s1 & ?us prev5t ! cross-head & pi/on f mov+4 ,! valve /em %\ld !n be disconnect$ f ! rock]1 & ! valve mov$ to ! middle ( ! valve face1 s z to cov] up bo? /eam-ports4 ,x mu/ !n be fa/5$ 9 t position by screw+ up "o ( ! bolts ( ! /uff+-box ( ! valve /em1 s z to make ! gl& b9d aga9/ ! valve /em4 ,! tra9 %\ld !n be run cauti\sly to ! next /ation ) ! use ( "o cyl9d]4 ,if ! eng9e is n able to haul ! tra9 ) "o cyl9d]1 !n x %\ld be unc\pl$ f ! tra9 & run to ! fir/ telegraph /ation or o!r po9t :]e ! aid ( a help+ eng9e c be obta9$ or telegraph$ =4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! tra9 mu/ be protect$ by ! prop] signals4 ,%\ld ! eng9e cont9ue its j\rney ) "o cyl9d]1 x mu/ be />t$1 if x %\ld happ5 to be /&+ at ! dead po9t1 by pu%+ or by means ( cr[-b>s4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 ! b>s %\ld n be put betwe5 ! spokes ( ! :eels1 z !y may easily be caught 9 ! :eels :5 ! eng9e />ts1 & 9 ?is way ! spokes be brok5 or ! p]sons :o are us+ ! cr[-b>s be badly hurt4 ,,"q #ebj4 ,:at mu/ be done 9 case a /eam-*e/ or /eam-pipe is brok58 ,answ]4 ,if a /eam-*e/ is brok5 a block ( wood %\ld be bolt$ ov] ! m\? ( ! /eam passage1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( ! /eam f ! /eam-pipe on t side4 ,x w sometimes require consid]able +5uity to devise means ( fa/5+ su* a block or blocks ( wood s z to cov] ! m\? ( ! /eam passage4 ,z cyl9d]s are n[ usually made1 ! blocks c be fa/5$ by cutt+ !m to ! prop] =m & size1 & !n plac+ a ?ick block on top1 & bolt+ ! /eam-*e/ cov] d[n on top ( x4 ,if ! cov] is brok51 a "p ( x may be us$ or a piece ( plank ) a few holes bor$ into x be employ$ in/ead4 ,9 "s cases a piece ( bo>d c be bolt$ ov] ! end ( ! /eam-pipe4 ,:5 ! latt] is brok51 x %\ld be tak5 d[n & a piece ( bo>d or plank bolt$ ov] ! op5+ ( ! -pipe to :i* ! /eam-pipe 0 atta*$4 ,! eng9e c !n be run ) "o cyl9d] z be=e1 al?\gh usually 9 su* cases x is n necess>y to disconnect any o!r p>ts ?an ! valve /em4 ,,"q #eba4 ,:at mu/ be done if a pi/on1 cross-head1 connect+-rod or crank-p9 is brok5 or b5t8 ,answ]4 ,if ! pi/on1 cross-head or ma9 connect+-rod is brok51 ! same c\rse mu/ be pursu$ z :5 a cyl9d] is brok54 ,if a c\pl+-rod or a crank-p9 ( a trail+-:eel is brok51 !n x is necess>y to take d[n bo? ! c\pl+-rods1 b n to disconnect ! ma9 connect+-rods or _! atta*m5ts1 unless !y are injur$4 ,,"q #ebb4 ,if "o c\pl+-rod is brok5 or tak5 d[n1 :y mu/ ! o!r be tak5 d[n also8 ,answ]4 ,because if only "o rod is us$ !re is !n no?+ to help ! cranks ( ! trail+ :eels pa/ ! dead-po9ts1 s t 9 />t+1 or if !y are mov+ sl[ly :5 !y rea* ^! po9ts1 !y are q z likely to revolve 9 "o direction z ! o!r4 ,if !y happ5 to turn 9 ! rev]se direction to t 9 :i* ! :eels to :i* !y are c\pl$ are mov+1 !n ! crank-p9s ( "o or ! o!r pair ( :eels are v liable to be brok5 or b5t4 ,,"q #ebc4 ,:at mu/ be done if a driv+-:eel tire or driv+-axle breaks8 ,answ]4 ,if a tire on a ma9 driv+-:eel or ! :eel itself breaks1 ! driv+-box ( ! brok5 :eel or tire %\ld be held up by putt+ a wood5 block "u ! box4 ,an ord9>y ,am]ican eng9e c !n be run on ?ree driv+-:eels1 b x mu/ be run ) ! utmo/ caution4 ,if ! eng9e has m ?an f\r driv+-:eels !re is usually less difficulty 9 runn+ x1 if "o ( ! ma9 :eels is injur$1 ?an if !re are only f\r4 ,b x is almo/ impossible to give directions :i* w be applicable to all ! accid5ts ( ?is k9d t may occur to diff]5t k9ds ( eng9es4 ,if none ( ! connect+-rods1 crank-p9s or crank-p9 bosses are injur$1 x is n necess>y to disconnect ei!r side1 b if ! injury is ( su* a nature t ! c\pl+-rod mu/ be tak5 d[n on "o side1 ! "o on ! o!r side mu/ be tak5 d[n too4 ,if ! ma9 crank-p9 & connect+-rod are n disabl$1 bo? cyl9d]s may be us$ ev5 if "o ( ! ma9 :eels or tires is brok54 ,b ev5 if "o side ( ! eng9e mu/ be entirely disconnect$1 ! eng9e may /ill be run ) "o cyl9d] & by driv+ "o :eel4 ,if a ma9 axle breaks ! eng9e c usually be run1 b great caution mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 if assi/ance or a telegraph (fice is ne> :]e ! accid5t occurs1 x is usually be/ to s5d = assi/ance at once1 r ?an take ! risks :i* att5d ! attempt to run an eng9e s s]i\sly injur$4 ,,"q #ebd4 ,:at mu/ be done :5 a trail+ or lead+ driv+-:eel1 tire or axle breaks8 ,answ]4 ,v mu* ! same c\rse mu/ be pursu$ z 0 describ$ 9 ! previ\s answ]1 al?\gh x is g5]ally less difficult to run ) a trail+ or lead+ axle brok5 ?an x is :5 ! ma9 axle has met ) su* an accid5t4 ,,"q #ebe4 ,:at mu/ be done if an eng9e-truck :eel or axle breaks8 ,answ]4 ,x is usually be/ to *a9 up ! end ( ! truck-frame ov] ! brok5 axle or :eel to ! eng9e frame & place a cross-tie across ! o!r end ( ! truck-frame1 betwe5 x & ! eng9e frame1 s t ! weight ( ! eng9e may re/ on ! cross-tie4 ,if a "p ( ! flange or a piece ( ! :eel is brok5 out1 ! :eels %\ld be turn$ ar\nd s t ! unbrok5 "p w re/ on ! rail1 & !y %\ld !n be *a9$ or o!rwise fa/5$ s t !y _c revolve1 & ?us be made to slide on ! rails & c>ry ! weight ( ! eng9e 9 t way4 ,! same plan is employ$ if a t5d] :eel breaks1 b "o end ( a t5d]-truck frame mu/ be *a9$ up4 ,x is usually necess>y to place a cross-tie across ! top ( ! t5d]1 & fa/5 ! *a9s to x4 ,,"q #ebf4 ,:at mu/ be done 9 case a driv+-spr+1 spr+-hang] or equaliz+-lev] breaks8 ,answ]4 ,z ! break+ ( a spr+ or spr+-hang] may cause a m s]i\s accid5t1 ! eng9e & tra9 %\ld be /opp$ z soon z possible aft] x occurs4 ,if ! hang] is brok5 & !re is a duplicate on h&1 x %\ld be sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! brok5 "o4 ,if !re is no duplicate1 !n ! spr+ %\ld be tak5 d[n1 & a wood5 block be plac$ betwe5 ! top ( ! driv+-box & ! frame to support ! weight :i* be=e re/$ on ! spr+4 ,9 ord] to ins]t ?is block1 if x is a front spr+ :i* is brok51 x is usually be/ to raise ! eng9e ) jack-screws or run ! back :eels on incl9$ blocks ( wood plac$ "u ea* ( ! back :eels4 ,?is raises ! weight (f f ! front-:eels1 & ! block c !n be ins]t$ betwe5 ! box & frame4 ,if x is "o ( ! spr+s ov] ! back :eels :i* is brok51 ! front :eels %\ld be run on ! wood5 w$ges4 ,su* w$ges c soon be cut out ( a cross-tie ) an axe1 or by saw+ a squ>e /ick ( wood diagonally x w make two su* w$ges4 ,! end ( ! equaliz+ lev] next to ! brok5 spr+ mu/ be support$ by ins]t+ a piece ( wood "u x4 ,?is w usually be held securely by ! weight :i* is susp5d$ f ! opposite end1 be>+ ! block$ end d[n on ! block4 ,,"q #ebg4 ,:at %\ld be done if an eng9e-truck or t5d] spr+ breaks8 ,answ]4 ,v mu* ! same c\rse mu/ be pursu$ t is employ$ :5 a driv+-spr+ breaks1 except+ t usually ! weight c be lift$ (f f a truck-box easi] by plac+ a jack "u ! end ( ! truck-frame ?an by ! me?od describ$4 ,usually1 too1 ea* ( ! truck-spr+s supports ! weight on two ( ! :eels1 s t ! two boxes mu/ be block$ up4 ,,"q #ebh4 ,:at mu/ be done 9 case ! eng9e-frame is brok58 ,answ]4 ,usually v little ne$ be done except+ to ex]cise m ?an usual caution 9 runn+1 & to r$uce ! spe$4 ,( c\rse ! breakage ( a frame may disable ! eng9e1 b ord9>ily 9 su* accid5ts t is n ! case4 ,,"q #ebi4 ,h[ c x be kn[n if an ecc5tric has slipp$ on ! axle8 ,answ]4 ,x is indicat$ at once by ! irregul> s\nd ( ! exhau/1 or1 z locomotive runn]s say1 ! eng9e w be 8lame40 ,,"q #ecj4 ,:5 x is kn[n t an ecc5tric has slipp$1 h[ c x be le>n$ :i* is ! "o t is misplac$8 ,answ]4 ,?is c usually be le>n$ by exam9+ ! m>ks :i* %\ld always be made on ! ecc5trics & on ! axles4 ,if no su* m>ks h be5 made by ! build] ( ! eng9e1 ! runn] himself %\ld make !m1 aft] ! valves h be5 set correctly4 ,! effect ^u ! valve :5 an ecc5tric slips is ei!r to increase or dim9i% ! lead4 ,!re=e1 by runn+ ! eng9e sl[ly ) ! l9k fir/ 9 full =w>d & !n 9 full back ge>1 & obs]v+ :e!r /eam is admitt$ at ea* end ( ! cyl9d] j be=e ! crank rea*es ! dead po9ts1 x c be kn[n :i* ecc5tric has mov$4 ,if x has slipp$ 9 "o direction ! lead w be increas$ & /eam w be admitt$ to ! cyl9d] "s "t be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! /roke4 ,if x has mov$ ! opposite way1 ! lead w be dim9i%$ & /eam w n be admitt$ until aft] ! pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( its /roke4 ,! admission ( /eam w be indicat$ by its escape f ! cyl9d] cocks4 ,,"q #eca4 ,if by any means ! valve /em or ei!r ( ! ecc5tric rods %\ld be l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 h[ c x be kn[n8 ,answ]4 ,! crank on "o side %\ld be plac$ at "o ( ! dead po9ts & ! cyl9d]-cocks op5$2 !n admit a little /eam to ! cyl9d]1 by op5+ ! ?rottle-valve slightly1 & ?r[ ! rev]se lev] f full ge> =w>d to full ge> backw>d1 & obs]ve :e!r /eam escapes all ! "t f ! end ( ! cyl9d] at :i* ! pi/on /&s4 ,!n repeat ! op]ation ) ! crank at ! o!r dead po9t4 ,if ei!r ( ! ecc5tric rods or ! valve /em h be5 l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 x w cause ! valve to cov] ! /eam-port ei!r at ! front or back end ( ! cyl9d]1 s t no /eam w escape f ! cock at t end4 ,if ! l5g? ( "o ( ! ecc5tric rods has be5 *ang$1 !n :5 ! alt]$ rod is 9 ge> ! valve w h too little or no lead at "o end ( ! cyl9d] & too mu* at ! o!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is occurs :5 ! =w>d rod is 9 ge> & n 9 back ge>1 x indicates t ! l5g? ( ! =w>d rod has be5 alt]$4 ,if ! rev]se occurs x %[s t x is ! back-motion rod ^: l5g? has be5 *ang$4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t if ! l5g? ( an ecc5tric rod is alt]$ ! lead w be *ang$ only at t "p ( ! l9k :i* is op]at$ by ! alt]$ rod4 ,t is1 if ! =w>d ecc5tric rod is too long or too %ort1 ! lead at ! front & back ends ( ! cyl9d] 9 =w>d ge> only w be affect$4 ,if ! back ecc5tric rod is *ang$ ! valve w be affect$ only 9 back ge>4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! l5g? ( ! valve /em is *ang$1 ! lead w be *ang$ 9 bo? =w>d & back ge>4 ,! valves on ea* side ( ! eng9e c1 ( c\rse1 be te/$ 9 ! same way4 ,,"q #ecb4 ,:5 x is discov]$ :i* ecc5tric has slipp$1 h[ %\ld x be reset8 ,answ]4 ,if x has be5 m>k$1 x is simply turn$ back s t ! m>ks correspond ) ea* o!r aga94 ,?is is done by fir/ loos5+ ! set-screws1 &1 aft] ! ecc5tric is turn$ to ! prop] place1 tight5+ !m up aga94 ,:5 an ecc5tric slips x is (t5 caus$ by ! cutt+ ( ! ecc5tric-/raps1 valve or o!r "p ( ! valve-ge>1 s t ^! %\ld always be exam9$ to see :e!r !y are prop]ly oil$4 ,if ! ecc5trics h n be5 m>k$1 ! valve may be set by plac+ ! crank at ! =w>d dead-po9t1 & ! rev]se lev] 9 ! front not* ( ! sector & ! full "p ( ! =w>d-motion ecc5tric above ! axle4 ,!n admit a little /eam into ! /eam-*e/1 op5 ! cyl9d] cocks1 & move ! =w>d-motion ecc5tric sl[ly =w>d until /eam escapes f ! front cyl9d] cock1 :i* w %[ t ! /eam-port is op5$ & ! valve has "s lead4 ,to set ! backw>d-motion ecc5tric ! crank is plac$ 9 ! same position1 b ! rev]se lev] is ?r[n into ! back not* & ! full "p ( ! ecc5tric is plac$ bel[ ! axle4 ,!n move ?is ecc5tric =w>d until /eam escapes f ! front cyl9d] cock z be=e4 ,9 ord] to v]ify ! position ( ! ecc5trics ! crank may be plac$ at ! back dead-po9t & ! rev]se lev] mov$ backw>d & =w>d1 at ! same "t obs]v+ :e!r /eam escapes f ! back cyl9d] cock :5 ! l9k is 9 back & =w>d ge>4 ,,"q #ecc4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 case an ecc5tric-/rap or rod1 or rock] arm or %aft1 or ! valve /em breaks8 ,answ]4 ,if an ecc5tric-/rap or rod breaks1 ! brok5 rod & /rap %\ld be tak5 d[n1 & ! valve-/em disconnect$ f ! rock] & ! valve fa/5$ 9 ! middle position ( ! valve face1 & ! eng9e %\ld be run ) "o cyl9d] only4 ,! same c\rse mu/ usually be pursu$ if a rock] breaks4 ,if ! valve-/em breaks1 x is n necess>y to disconnect ! l9k & ecc5tric rods1 b simply to fa/5 ! valve 9 ! c5tre ( ! valve face4 ,,"q #ecd4 ,if a l9k hang] or saddle1 or a lift+ arm %\ld break1 :at may be done8 ,answ]4 ,! valve-ge> may be us$ on t side ( ! eng9e by putt+ a wood5 block 9 ! l9k slot above ! l9k block1 s z to support ! l9k ne> ! position at :i* x works ! valve full /roke =w>d4 ,( c\rse ! eng9e c !n be run 9 only "o direction1 & %\ld !re=e be run ) ! utmo/ caution4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be necess>y to back ! tra9 on a side track1 x c be done by tak+ out ! wood5 block & sub/itut+ a long] "o1 s t ! l9k w be support$ 9 a position ne> t at :i* x works ! valve full /roke backw>d4 ,^! blocks mu/ be fa/5$ 9 "s way1 ei!r ) rope or tw9e1 s t !y w be held 9 _! position :5 ! eng9e is at "w4 ,,"q #ece4 ,if ! lift+ %aft itself or its v]tical arm1 ! rev]se lev] or rod1 %\ld break1 :at c be done8 ,answ]4 ,if x is impossible to devise any tempor>y sub/itute or me?od ( m5d+ !m1 bo? l9ks c be block$ up z describ$ above4 ,,"q #ecf4 ,9 case ! ?rottle-valve %\ld fail1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,if su* an accid5t occurs1 especially if x happ5s ab\t a /ation1 x is att5d$ ) great dang]4 ,if x is f\nd t /eam c n be %ut (f f ! cyl9d]s ) ! ?rottle-valve1 !n ! rev]se lev] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! sector4 ,if ?is does n prev5t ! eng9e f mov+1 ! rev]se lev] %\ld be alt]nately ?r[n into =w>d & !n into back ge>1 & at ! same "t e ap]ture1 su* z ! safety-valve & heat] cocks1 %\ld be op5$1 & e means be tak5 to cool ! boil] z quickly z possible4 ,! fireman %\ld op5 ! furnace door1 close ! a%-pan damp]s1 & />t ! bl[] s z to draw a /rong curr5t ( cold air into ! furnace & ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,at ! same "t ! injector %\ld be />t$ & ! fire drawn z quickly z possible4 ,aft] ! boil] is cool$1 ! cov] ( ! /eam-dome may be remov$ & ! valve exam9$ if ! defect c n be discov]$ 9 any o!r way4 ,( c\rse if ! accid5t occurs on ! op5 road1 ! tra9 mu/ be at once protect$ by s5d+ out signals 9 ea* direction4 ,,"q #ecg4 ,:at mu/ be done 9 case a c\pl+ breaks8 ,answ]4 ,:5 a c\pl+ betwe5 ! c>s or t5d] breaks1 if ! front end ( ! tra9 is imm$iately /opp$1 !re w be dang] t ! back end ( x1 :i* is brok5 loose1 w run into ! front end1 & ?us d great damage4 ,z x always occurs1 :5 a c\pl+ ( a pass5g] tra9 breaks1 t ! signal bell 9 ! cab is rung1 ! fir/ impulse ( a runn] "u su* circum/ances is to /op ! eng9e4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>eful n to d s if on %utt+ (f /eam he f9ds t ! tra9 has brok5 9 two1 b %\ld at once op5 ! ?rottle 9 ord] to get ! front end ( ! tra9 out ( ! way ( ! re> end4 ,! ease ) :i* ! spe$ ( a tra9 is arre/$ ) cont9u\s brakes has increas$ ! dang] ( accid5t f ?is cause4 ,usually a runn] le>ns by ! sudd5 />t ( ! eng9e t ! tra9 has sep>at$1 & :5 t occurs he %\ld nev] apply ! brakes4 ,,"q #ech4 ,if f any cause ! supply ( wat] 9 ! t5d] becomes exhau/$1 :at mu/ be done8 ,answ]4 ,x is be/1 if x c be done )\t risk ( injury to ! eng9e1 to run ! tra9 on a side track & !n draw ! fire4 ,if no wat] c be obta9$ ne> en\gh to supply ! t5d] ) buckets1 help mu/ be s5t =2 b if !re is a well1 /ream or pond ( wat] ne>1 ! t5d] c be p>tly fill$ by c>ry+ wat]4 ,,"q #eci4 ,9 case an eng9e becomes blockad$ 9 a sn[ /orm ) pl5ty ( fuel1 b runs out ( wat]1 :at c be done8 ,answ]4 ,sn[ %\ld be %ovel$ into ! t5d] & /eam admitt$ ?r\gh ! heat] cocks s z to melt ! sn[4 ,,"q #edj4 ,if a locomotive )\t an injector %\ld be ob/ruct$ 9 a sn[ /orm or 9 any o!r way s t x c\ld n move1 & !re=e c\ld n "w ! pumps1 :at %\ld be done 9 case ! wat] 9 ! boil] %\ld get l[8 ,answ]4 ,! weight ( ! eng9e %\ld be lift$ (f f ! ma9 driv+-:eels & ! c\pl+ rods disconnect$ f ! ma9 crank-p91 s t ! ma9 :eels c turn )\t mov+ ! eng9e4 ,^! c !n be run & ! pumps ?us be work$4 ,! weight c usually be mo/ conv5i5tly tak5 (f f ! ma9 :eels by runn+ ! trail+ :eels on wood5 blocks1 & ?us rais+ up ! back end ( ! eng9e4 ,,"q #eda4 ,if x is impossible1 9 a sn[ /orm or 9 v cold wea!r1 to keep /eam 9 ! boil] )\t dang]1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,draw ! fire1 bl[ all ! wat] out ( ! boil]1 empty ! tanks1 disconnect ! hose & slack5 up ! jo9ts 9 ! pumps & injector s t all ! wat] 9 !m c escape1 & ?us prev5t !m f freez+ up4 ,,"p ,,xxix4 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,injuries ,,to ,,p]sons4 ,,"q #edb4 ,9 case an accid5t occurs & "o or m p]sons are s]i\sly injur$1 :at c be done by ^? pres5t8 ,answ]4 ,9 su* cases x v (t5 happ5s t ) k & suffici5t coolness to apply t k1 "o or m non-m$ical p]sons :o are pres5t :5 an accid5t occurs c d z mu* or m t[>d sav+ life & allay+ pa91 be=e a doctor comes1 ?an he c aft]w>ds4 ,! foll[+ cases cit$ by ,dr4 ,h[e 9 8 book on 8,em]g5cies0 w illu/rate ?is3 8,case #a4--;,a ma*9i/ 0 admitt$ to a ,new ,york hospital suff]+ f w\nds ( ! wri/ & palm ( ! h&4 ,on arriv+ at ! hospital ! entire clo?+ on "o side ( 8 body 0 saturat$ ) blood1 f ! loss ( :i* he 0 p>tly ins5sible4 ,on mak+ an exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd by ! surgeon t a fold$ h&k]*ief 0 b&ag$ ov] ! c5tre ( ! wri/1 & t ! w\nd 9 ! palm ( ! h& 0 unt\*$4 ,! pad 0 plac$ on ! wri/1 z if ! greate/ c>e _h be5 ex]cis$ to avoid press+ on ei!r ( ! two art]ies4 ,! ble$+ 9 ?is case c\ld easily h be5 controll$ if ! b&age & pad _h be5 prop]ly appli$4 ,! pati5t1 h[ev]1 develop$ erysipelas1 &1 n hav+ suffici5t vitality to c>ry him ?r\gh1 di$ ! fif? day40 8,case #b4--;,a labor] fell f ! front plat=m ( a c> at ,h>lem1 & _h 8 "r foot cru%$ by "o ( ! :eels4 ,an ord9>y b&age 0 plac$ on ! limb )\t any compress ov] ! vessels4 ,9 br++ ! man to ! hospital1 ! r\gh jolt+ ( ! c>riage set ! w\nd ble$+1 & by ! "t he rea*$ 8 de/9ation he 0 app>5tly lifeless4 ,! vessels 7 ti$ & /imulants adm9i/]$1 b he nev] ralli$4 ,dea? occurr$ six h\rs aft] 8 admission4 ,8 injuries1 indep5d5t ( ! ble$+1 might inde$ h t]m9at$ 8 life2 /ill ! *ances w\ld h be5 9 8 favor if a compress _h be5 appli$ to ! limb to prev5t ble$+4 ,! fact t su* a ?+ 0 n done %[s ei!r culpable neglig5ce or deplorable ignorance40 ,_m simil> cases con/antly occur :]e a little intellig5t timely action ( ^? pres5t w\ld save ! life ( an injur$ p]son1 :o )\t su* help mu/ die be=e pr(essional surgical aid c be obta9$4 ,,"q #edc4 ,:5 x is f\nd t "o or m p]sons are s]i\sly injur$1 :at is ! fir/ ?+ to be done8 ,answ]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to extricate ! p]son or p]sons f ! dang]1 & at ! same "t s5d a mess5g] = a doctor4 ,if x is d\btful if "o c be obta9$ by s5d+ 9 "o direction1 s5d two or m mess5g]s 9 diff]5t directions4 ,,"q #edd4 ,to :at k9d ( injuries are locomotive runn]s & o!r p]sons employ$ or travel+ on railroads expos$8 ,answ]4 ,!y are liable to be bruis$ or cru%$ 9 case ( collision or runn+ (f ! track1 or ( injury f fall+ (f ! tra91 or ( be+ run ov] by a mov+ tra94 ,brakem5 & o!rs ^: duty x is to c\ple c>s are liable to h _! h&s1 arms or bodies cru%$ betwe5 ! c>s1 & locomotive runn]s are sometimes burn$ or scald$ if an accid5t happ5s to _! eng9es4 ,tra9-m5 are also frequ5tly expos$ to v great cold 9 w9t] & heat 9 summ]1 & are ?us liable to be fro/-bitt5 or sun-/ruck4 ,pass5g]s are seldom injur$ except+ ?r\gh _! own c>elessness1 unless 9 cases ( collision or runn+ (f ! track & ! de/ruction ( ! c>s4 ,/rang]s & ev5 railroad employes are frequ5tly run ov] by tra9s :ile walk+ on ! track1 & frequ5t accid5ts occur to deaf p 9 ?is way1 & x is n v unusual to he> ( tra9-m5 :o sit on ! ma9 track at night :ile _! tra9s are wait+ on ! side-track = ano!r tra9 to pass1 g to sleep :ile 9 t position1 & !n are run ov] by ! pass+ tra94 ,,"q #ede4 ,:5 p]sons are cru%$ or dang]\sly w\nd$1 :at are ! *ief imm$iate s\rces ( dang] & dea? :5 _! w\nds are n necess>ily fatal8 ,answ]4 ,fir/1 excessive ble$+ 9 case an art]y is ruptur$2 second1 ! %ock to ! :ole sy/em1 f :i* ! suff]] may n h ! /r5g? to recov]4 ,,"q #edf4 ,:5 does ble$+ f a w\nd become dang]\s8 ,answ]4 ,pr(use ble$+ is always dang]\s1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ble$+ occurs f two s\rces3 fir/ f ! art]ies1 :i* are ! vessels :i* convey ! blood f ! he>t1 & second f ! ve9s1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood fl[s back to ! he>t4 ,! fir/ is call$ art]ial ble$+ & ! second v5\s ble$+4 ,n[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! he>t is ! great =ce-pump ( ! body1 & t x supplies all p>ts ( ! body ) blood1 some:at z ! fe$-pump ( a locomotive supplies ! boil] ) wat]4 ,! art]ies ref]r$ to fulfill ! same purpose t ! fe$-pipe does to a locomotive pump--!y convey ! fluid f ! pump to ! place :]e x is ne$$4 ,n[ ! blood is =c$ into ^! art]ies ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( pressure1 s t if any ( !m are cut or injur$ ! blood w fl[ out 9 a jet or spurt j z ! wat] w escape f a fe$-pipe if t is ruptur$4 ,! blood :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! ve9s back to ! he>t may1 on ! o!r h&1 be comp>$ to ! wat] 9 ! supply pipes ( a locomotive pump1 t is1 !re is v little pressure on x1 & !re=e if !y are injur$ ! fl[ ( blood f !m is less rapid ?an f ! art]ies4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t art]ial ble$+ is mu* m dang]\s1 because ! blood fl[s f !m "u a pressure4 ,,"q #edg4 ,h[ c art]ial ble$+ be di/+ui%$ f v5\s ble$+8 ,answ]4 ,! blood is ( a bright sc>let color1 & is =c$ out 9 successive jets2 ea* jet corresponds ) ! movem5ts ( ! he>t4 ,?is *>act]i/ic spurt+ is caus$ by ! int]mitt5t =ce-pump action ( ! he>t1 driv+ out ! blood4 ,v5\s ble$+ is di/+ui%$ f art]ial by ! d>k-blue color ( ! blood :5 fl[+ f ! w\nd4 ,x nev] fl[s 9 repeat$ jets1 b oozes sl[ly f ! w\nd$ surfaces4 ,v5\s blood is travel+ t[>d ! he>t1 & !re is consequ5tly little =ce beh9d to cause a m rapid fl[4 ,?is =m ( ble$+ is comp>atively h>mless1 unless occurr+ f v l>ge ve9s4#aah #aah 8,em]g5cies & ,h[ to ,treat ,!m10 by ,joseph ,w4 ,h[e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,,"q #edh4 ,h[ c ! ble$+ be /opp$ 9 case an art]y is cut or ruptur$8 ,answ]4 ,! mo/ effici5t & available me?od is ! application ( ,,pressure on ! art]y ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,w\nd ,,& ,,! ,,he>t4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ?is c be mo/ effectively done ) :at is call$ a field t\rniquet1 :i* is simply a h&k]*ief pass$ ar\nd ! limb above ! w\nd1 ! ends ( :i* are !n ti$ toge!r4 ,a pad is !n made1 ei!r ( clo? roll$ up1 a piece ( wood1 or a r\nd /one ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg well wrapp$1 or any sub/ance f :i* a firm pad c be quickly made1 :i* is plac$ ov] ! art]y4 ,! h&k]*ief is !n plac$ ov] ! pad & a %ort /ick put ?r\gh x on ! opposite side ( ! limb & twi/$ ar\nd until ! pad compresses ! art]y firmly4 ,:ile ! t\rniquet is be+ prep>$1 "s "o %\ld compress ! art]y ) 8 f+]s or ?umb1 s z to prev5t z mu* loss ( blood z possible4 ,,"q #edi4 ,:at is ! position ( ! art]ies 9 ! body & h[ c _! location be kn[n8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,answ]4 ,! position ( ! pr9cipal art]ies is %[n 9 fig4 #bcj4 ,!y proce$ f ! he>t h ) bran*es1 a1 a1 & b1 b1 :i* ext5d along ea* limb4 ,^! bran*es subdivide aga9 bel[ ! knees & elb[s1 & aga9 9 ! h&s & feet4 ,! position ( ! art]ies c be felt by _! pulsation at almo/ any "p ( !m1 b :5 !y are buri$ bel[ ! muscles x is m difficult ?an :5 !y are ne> ! surface4 ,,"q #eej4 ,9 case ( a w\nd & rupture ( ! art]ies 9 ! arm1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,! art]y at a %\ld be firmly compress$ ) ! ?umb until a b&age & pad f :i* a t\rniquet c be made are prep>$4 ,! pad %\ld !n be appli$ ov] ! art]y & compress$ z expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #edh4 ,! ble$+ c also be /opp$ by plac+ a r\nd piece ( wood or o!r =m ( pad betwe5 ! arm at a & ! body & !n ty+ ! arm tightly aga9/ ! body1 s t ! pad w be press$ aga9/ ! arm4 ,,"q #eea4 ,9 case ( rupture to an art]y bel[ ! knee1 :]e %\ld ! pressure be appli$8 ,answ]4 ,! art]y approa*es ne> ! surface at c1 c1 imm$iately back ( ! knee1 :]e x is repres5t$ 9 dott$ l9es 9 fig4 #bcj4 ,pressure %\ld !re=e be appli$ at t po9t fir/ ) ! ?umb until a t\rniquet c be appli$4 ,! ble$+ c also be /opp$ by elevat+ ! leg & all[+ x to re/ on ! back ( a *air or o!r simil> support4 ,! weight ( ! leg w !n br+ suffici5t pressure on ! art]y to /op ! ble$+4 ,a t[el or o!r s(t mat]ial %\ld be plac$ ov] ! back ( ! *air1 s t ! pressure w n be too pa9ful to ! suff]]4 ,,"q #eeb4 ,if an art]y is ruptur$ 9 ! leg above ! knee1 :]e %\ld ! pressure be appli$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! ?igh at b1 :]e ! beat+ or pulsations 9 ! art]y c be di/9ctly felt4 ,! read] %\ld famili>ize himself ) ! position ( ! art]ies by feel+ _! location 9 8 own body4 ,by do+ s he may be able to save ! life ( a companion or o!r p]son 9 case ( accid5t1 :]eas )\t su* k ! injur$ p]son w\ld die4 ,,"q #eec4 ,aft] ! art]ial ble$+ has be5 /opp$1 if blood %\ld cont9ue to ooze out ( ! w\nd1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,! w\nd %\ld be fill$ ) l9t or cotton wa/e2 & ! limb !n be b&ag$ by beg9n+ at its extremity & wrapp+ ! b&age closely & ev5ly ar\nd x s z to br+1 z ne>ly z possible1 an equal pressure on ! :ole ( x4 ,b&ag+ ! limb 9 ?is way up to ! po9t :]e ! pressure is appli$ to ! art]y1 w prev5t swell+1 & ! ve9s w be compress$ s t ! blood w n fl[ f _! torn extremities4 ,,"q #eed4 ,:5 ! ble$+ has be5 /opp$1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,! injur$ p]son %\ld be laid 9 z com=table a place z c be procur$ = him1 & %\ld be giv5 a mod]ate dr9k ( wat]4 ,if mu* exhau/$1 two or ?ree tablespoonsful ( br&y or :isky1 mix$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]1 %\ld be giv5 fir/1 & small] quantities1 ( n ,,m ,,?an ,a ,,tablespoonful at a "t1 %\ld !n be giv5 e half h\r4 ,usually w\nd$ p]sons are giv5 too mu* /imulant1 s t frequ5tly !y are injur$ m ?an !y are b5efit$ !reby4 ,aft] a p]son has lo/ mu* blood1 he feels an intol]able ?ir/1 b if too mu* wat] is giv5 him1 he is apt to become sick & vomit1 :i* weak5s him /ill m4 ,x is !re=e be/ to give him v little wat]1 say a teaspoonful at a "t1 aft] ! fir/ dr9k1 or if ice c be obta9$1 give ! suff]] pieces ( ice frequ5tly1 :i* c be all[$ to melt sl[ly 9 8 m\?4 ,,"q #eee4 ,:5 a p]son is ins5sible1 :at %\ld be done = him8 ,answ]4 ,lay him d[n 9 z com=table a place z ! circum/ances w p]mit1 & protect him f cold1 ra9 or hot sun1 z may be ne$$4 ,a common error is to place injur$ & ins5sible p]sons 9 an erect position or 9 a *air4 ,if he is ins5sible he %\ld always be laid d[n ) 8 head slightly l[] ?an 8 body4 ,!n wat] %\ld be da%$ two or ?ree times on 8 face1 & w>m bricks1 /ones or pieces ( iron1 su* z c\pl+ l9ks or p9s1 appli$ to 8 feet & 9 ! arm-pits & betwe5 ! ?ighs1 be+ c>eful t ! w>m objects appli$ are n hot en\gh to burn4 ,!n cov] ! p]son ) blankets1 heavy coats or any?+ else :i* w keep him w>m4 ,w\nd$ p]sons soon become cold & *ill$1 ! effects ( :i* are v injuri\s1 & !re=e especial pa9s %\ld be tak5 to keep !m w>m4 ,9 v cold wea!r !re is great dang] t injur$ p]sons w be fro/-bitt51 :i* mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 case ( %ock1 :5 ! injur$ p]son lies pale1 fa9t1 cold & sometimes ins5sible1 ) feeble pulse & labor$ brea?+1 any?+ l excitem5t mu/ be avoid$1 z x t5ds to exhau/ ! pati5t4 ,all assi/ance & att5tion %\ld be giv5 to a w\nd$ p]son ) ! lea/ noise & excitem5t1 & all cr[ds & idle spectators %\ld be driv5 away & e ef=t made to keep ! suff]] com=table & quiet4 ,if food is giv5 x %\ld be 9 ! =m ( beef tea or bro?1 & 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,,"q #eef4 ,9 case any bones are brok51 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,! limb %\ld be support$ z com=tably z possible until a doctor's s]vices c be obta9$4 ,!re is dang] ) a brok5 limb t ! bones w protrude ?r\gh ! fle% & sk91 to avoid :i* ! limb %\ld be plac$ 9 a natural position & laid on a pill[1 c> cu%ion or o!r s(t object4 ,?is %\ld !n be wrapp$ ar\nd ! limb & ti$ 9 ?is position1 s z to prev5t any movem5t ( ! brok5 bones4 ,,"q #eeg4 ,if a p]son is cru%$ or sev]ely burn$1 :at %\ld be done8 ,answ]4 ,! imm$iate dang] f su* injuries arises f ! 8%ock0 to ! sy/em4 ,x is usually be/ to b&age ! "p :i* is cru%$ until surgical aid c be obta9$1 & ! suff]] treat$ z expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #edh4 ,,"q #eeh4 ,:at %\ld be done = a p]son :o has be5 burn$ or scald$8 ,answ]4 ,l9t or cotton wa/e saturat$ ) molasses & wat] %\ld be appli$ to ! w\nd1 or ! latt] %\ld be du/$ ) :eat fl\r1 & !n dress$ ) l9t or cotton wa/e1 & loosely b&ag$4 ,if ! injury %\ld be sev]e1 a %iv]+ foll[$ by depression is v likely to come on4 ,to *eck ?is1 w>m? 9 ! =m ( hot applications & /imulants %\ld be us$1 z already expla9$4 ,,"q #eei4 ,:at %\ld be done = a fro/-bite8 ,answ]4 ,w>m? %\ld be appli$ to ! froz5 "p v gradually by rubb+ ) sn[ or p\r+ cold wat] on x4 ,! occurr5ce ( /++ pa91 ) a *ange 9 color1 is a signal to /op all rubb+ or o!r measure :i* might excite inflammation4 ,if ! froz5 "p turns black ! next day1 a p\ltice %\ld be appli$4 ,if p]sons expos$ to ! cold become v mu* exhau/$ or sleepy1 /imulants %\ld be giv51 z expla9$ 9 answ] to ,"q #eed1 & ! body briskly rubb$ ) ! h&s & w>m flannel or o!r wool5 mat]ial4 ,,"q #efj4 ,h[ %\ld a p]son be treat$ :o has be5 sun-/ruck8 ,answ]4 ,apply cold wat] or ice to ! head1 place ! suff]] 9 a cool place1 & make him com=table4 ,aft] be+ sun-/ruck ! p]son %\ld n "w = "s days or weeks !reaft]1 until 8 heal? & /r5g? are fully recov]$4 ,,"p ,,xl4 ,,responsibility ,,& ,,qualifications ,,( ,,locomotive ,,runn]s4#aai #aai ,,note4--,! great] "p ( ?is *apt] is a translation f ,pr(4 ,george ,kosak's 8,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und des ,betriebes d] ,locomotive40 ,,"q #efa4 ,:at are ! dang]s to :i* ! runn] & ! fireman are expos$ by _! "w on ! eng9e8 ,answ]4 ,runn]s & firem5 are n only expos$ to great bodily injury or ev5 dea? by e accid5t :i* may happ5 to _! eng9e1 b unless !y are v c>eful to pres]ve _! heal? x is quickly de/roy$ by ! con/ant *anges ( ! wea!r to :i* _! position exposes !m1 & also by ! effect ( ! heat ( ! fire & by ! smoke by :i* !y are (t5 surr\nd$4 ,9 ord] to protect !mselves 9 a measure f ! injuri\s effects ( *ange ( wea!r1 smoke1 cold1 etc41 frequ5t ba?+ & cleans+ ( ! sk9 are absolutely necess>y1 & also ! we>+ ( a wool5 und]%irt next ! sk9 at all seasons4 ,! gases ( coal :i* p\r out ( ! furnace-door1 if x is op5$ :5 ! ?rottle is clos$1 h an especially injuri\s effect on ! ?roat1 lungs1 etc4 ,!y %\ld always see to x1 !re=e1 t ! bl[] is always />t$ be=e ! fire-door is op5$1 9 ord] t ^! injuri\s gases1 :i* h collect$ dur+ a halt1 may be drawn =w>d & up ! smoke-/ack by ! draft4 ,! /eady1 l\d clatt] :i* ! eng9e makes :ile runn+ has an injuri\s influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! runn] %\ld !re=e endeavor to less5 ^! %ocks ( ! eng9e z f> z possible by keep+ wat* ov] x & keep+ its p>ts accurately adju/$4 ,9 ord] to keep himself fre% & /rong 9 8 s]vice1 :i* is extremely exhau/ive to body & m9d1 ! runn] mu/ try to /r5g!n himself by regul>1 temp]ate liv+1 & eat+ abundant n\ri%+ food4 ,! common use ( /rong dr9ks1 :i* und]m9es ! m5tal & physical /r5g? ( m51 %\ld be avoid$ by a p]son occupy+ ! exhau/ive & responsible position ( a locomotive runn]4 ,if 9 ord9>y life a drunk5 man is unfit = any simple "w1 h[ %all a drunk5 runn] or fireman und]take ! difficult managem5t ( s great1 s delicate & s co/ly a ma*9e z a locomotive8 ,h[ c hundr$s ( m5 quietly tru/ _! lives & limbs to su* a man1 :om no "o c help despis+8 ,rightfully1 !re=e1 consci5ti\s railroad manag]s place ! greate/ /ress on ! sobriety ( ! runn]s & firem51 & in/antly dis*>ge f _! s]vice ^? :o give !mselves up to a passion = dr9k4 ,ow+ to ! dem&s :i* _! daily labor makes ^u _! /r5g? & endurance1 locomotive runn]s %\ld be c>eful n to increase ! dra9 by dissipation1 irregul> h\rs or ov]work4 ,!re seems to be some?+ ab\t ! p[] ( endurance ( ! human frame analog\s to ! capacity ( a b> ( iron or /eel to resi/ /ra9s4 ,s long z ! /ra9s d n exce$ ! ela/ic limit1 t is if ! b> recov]s its orig9al l5g? :5 ! /ra9 is remov$1 x w be> millions ( su* /ra9s )\t becom+ weak]2 b if x is /ra9$ s h>d t x is p]man5tly /ret*$1 !n comp>atively few applications ( ! =ce w rupture ! b>4 ,9 a simil> way1 if ! /ra9 or fatigue :i* a man endures is no m ?an he w recov] f aft] ! ord9>y re/1 he c endure an almo/ unlimit$ numb] ( su* /ra9s1 b if ! fatigue exce$s 8 8ela/ic limit10 !n he soon becomes p]man5tly injur$ !reby4 ,x (t5 happ5s t an excessive am\nt ( "w is unavoidable1 b :5 x c be avoid$ x %\ld be by ^? :o wi% to pres]ve _! heal? & /r5g?4 ,9 ord] to save !mselves f great injuries1 runn]s & firem5 %\ld always act ) ! greate/ caution1 & nev] ru% c>elessly into dang]4 ,!y %\ld nev] adopt ! pr9ciple ( foolh>dy & ?\ghtless p1 :o by ! consci\sness ( cont9ual dang] fall into ! habit ( c>elessly 8tru/+ to _! luck10 etc4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y %\ld always face ! dang] ) _! eyes op5 & ) ! greate/ consci5ti\sness4 ,_m try to %[ great c\rage by scorn+ ! dang]1 & "s su* ev5 wi% to meet a little 9 ord] to be able to %[ _! pluck4 ,^! %\ld be> 9 m9d t !y h a great responsibility laid ^u !m1 & t x is n alone _! own well-be+ or life :i* is at /ake 9 case ( any mi%ap1 b t by _! c>eless behavior !y may w\nd or kill ! helpless p :o are committ$ to _! c>e1 cause incalculable mis]y by robb+ families ( _! sole support & ( _! *ildr52 & br+ great sorr[ & m\rn+ to _! fell[-m54 ,! ?\ght ( ! curse & ! despair ( ! survivors may give sleepless h\rs ev5 to a locomotive runn] :o kn[s himself to h be5 )\t any fault reg>d+ an accid5t2 h[ mu* m mu/ x be ) him :o _c give himself ?is assurance8 ,!re are n want+ in/ances 9 :i* ! runn] :o caus$ su* an accid5t by 8 ?\ghtlessness1 driv5 to despair by 8 own heavily-burd5$ consci5ce1 w5t mis]ably to ru94 ,,"q #efb4 ,:at requirem5ts & duties %\ld e locomotive runn] fulfill8 ,answ]4 ,e locomotive runn] %\ld fulfill ! foll[+ requirem5ts & duties3 #a4 ,he %\ld h an exact k ( ! eng9e intru/$ to him1 & a g5]al k ( ! nature & con/ruction ( /eam eng9es g5]ally4 ,likewise1 he %\ld be p]fectly famili> ) ! managem5t ( ! boil]1 ! runn+ ( ! eng9e1 & ! way ( keep+ ! work+ p>ts 9 good condition2 also1 ) ! =ms & peculi>ities ( ! l9e ( road on :i* he runs1 ! rules :i* gov]n ! runn+ ( tra9s & ) ! signal sy/em adopt$4 #b4 ,heal? & bodily /r5g? he mu/ h 9 abundant measure 9 8 position1 :i* is exhau/+ & 9 :i* he is expos$ to all sorts ( wea!r4 #c4 ,he %\ld h a good1 pla9 common-s*ool education1 & be ready at read+1 writ+ & ari?metic4 #d4 ,he %\ld always c>ry out exactly & *e]fully ! regulations ( ! s]vice1 or ! in/ructions giv5 him by special ord]s f ! (fic]s ov] him4 #e4 ,fai?fulness1 frankness & hone/y1 :i* *>act]ize an upright man 9 ord9>y life1 & also ! /ricte/ temp]ance 9 ! use ( /rong dr9k1 he %\ld possess 9 a high degree 9 8 v responsible position4 #f4 ,he %\ld h acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( skill 9 putt+ toge!r & tak+ ap>t locomotives1 & also 9 repair+ sep>ate p>ts ( !m4 ,x is desirable t he %\ld always be pres5t :5 8 own eng9e is tak5 ap>t1 put toge!r or repair$1 9 ord] t he may acquire a ?or\gh k ( its condition & le>n to und]/& prop]ly ! importance ( its v>i\s p>ts4 #g4 ,9 c>+ = 8 eng9e he mu/ pres]ve p]fect cleanl9ess & ord]1 & 9 us+ fuel he mu/ manife/ ! greate/ c>e & rigid economy4 #h4 ,:5ev] !re is dang]1 coolness & self-possession are indisp5sably necess>y1 & any ?\ghtlessness or recklessness is to be /rictly avoid$4 #i4 ,t[>ds 8 sup]ior (fic]s 8 behavior %\ld be respectful & oblig+2 t[>ds ^? "u him1 pati5t & k9dly1 & at all times he %\ld avoid pr(anity & all intemp]ate language4 ,he %\ld endeavor1 z f> z possible1 to in/ruct ! fireman :o accompanies him & make him famili> ) ! con/ruction & managem5t ( ! eng9e1 & %\ld see t he does 8 "w /rictly 9 accordance ) 8 in/ructions4 ,x is ! fireman's duty to foll[ ! runn]'s in/ructions /rictly1 & 9 case ( any sudd5 disability ( ! runn] he mu/ /op ! eng9e 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions giv5 him1 & !n give ! prop] signals = help1 until ano!r runn] arrives4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! eng9e is to be kept at a halt ) all ! usual precautions4 #aj4 ,! runn] %\ld try to keep himself in=m$ ( ! progress & improvem5t ( locomotives by read+ suitable hooks & te*nical p]iodicals1 & :5 possible acquire "s skill 9 geometrical & me*anical draw+1 9 ord] to accu/om himself to accurate "w & s\nd & sy/ematic ?9k+4 ,,"q #efc4 ,:at /udies %\ld me*anics1 locomotive runn]s & firem5 take up1 & :at te*nical books %\ld !y read8 ,answ]4 ,z already /at$1 !y %\ld "k h[ to read & write _! own language1 & und]/& ari?metic & h "s k ( geography4 ,e locomotive runn] & fireman has a good deal ( sp>e "t1 a "p ( :i* he c devote to /udy1 & all ( !m1 ev5 if !y h n _h ! advantage ( e>ly education1 c\ld by indu/ry & p]sev]ance acquire a k ( 8read+1 writ+ & ciph]+40 ,! assi/ance ( a good tea*] %\ld always be procur$1 if possible4 ,) s mu* k1 "s book on natural philosophy c be read to advantage1 & !n "s book on me*anics4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( books is giv51 :i* ! /ud5t w d well to read 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are nam$4 ,x %\ld always be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! m]e buy+ ( books contributes v little k to ! own]4 ,x is ! read+ & und]/&+ !m :i* 8increases k40 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,= ,,me*anics1 ,,locomotive ,,runn]s1 ,,firem51 ,,etc4 ,a ,h& ,book ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 by ,john ,b\rne2 publi%$ by ,longmans1 ,london2 #b4jj4 ,a ,cate*ism ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 by ,john ,b\rne2 publi%$ by ,longmans1 ,london2 #b4jj4 ,lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,physics1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t2 publi%$ by ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york2 #a4ej4 ,exp]im5tal ,me*anics1 by ,pr(4 ,ball2 publi%$ by ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york2 #f4jj4 ,! ,new ,*emi/ry1 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke2 publi%$ by ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york2 #b4jj4 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,heat1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t2 publi%$ by ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york2 #c4jj4 ,combu/ion ( ,coal1 by ,c4 ,wye ,williams2 publi%$ by ,lockwood ,co41 ,london2 #a4bj4 ,a ,treatise on ,/eam ,boil]s1 by ,rob]t ,wilson2 publi%$ by ,lockwood ,co41 ,london2 #c4jj4 ,l9k-,valve ,motion1 by ,wm4 ,s4 ,au*9closs2 publi%$ by ,d4 ,van ,no/r&1 ,new ,york2 #c4jj4 ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t2 publi%$ by ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york2 #a4ej4 ,ri*>ds' ,/eam ,eng9e ,indicator1 by ,*>les ,t4 ,port]2 publi%$ by ,longmans1 ,london2 #b4ej4 ,,plates ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,swit*+ ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,h9kley ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #f ft4 #i 94 ,di/ance betwe5 ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #f ft4 #i 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #dh1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #dh1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #ej 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ae 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bb ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] r+ #dd 94 ,size ( ,grate #c #c ft4 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aba ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aj ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #aa ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ga ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #ehj ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #fea ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #aj #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #d 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve ,none4 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal ,none4 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bb 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1bjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv4 ,,f\r-,,:eel$ ,,swit*+ ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,h9kley ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,v4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #ba ft4 #i 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #if 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fe1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #db1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #fj 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck ,:eels #bh 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #af 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #dh 94 ,size ( ,grate #fe #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #add ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aj ft4 #aa 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ae4e ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ajj4f ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #hbe4d ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #ibf ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b to #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a #ae 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #ae 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1jjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,scale1 94 #a foot4 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #ba ft4 #i 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #h ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fb1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #db1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #fa 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #bh 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #af 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #dh 94 ,size ( ,grate #fj #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #adj ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ad ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ih ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #hje ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #ijc ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c to #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a #ad 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #ad 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve ,none4 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f dia4 #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f dia4 #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d dia4 #h 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1jjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive ,,by ,,! ,,dan=? ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,co41 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #ba ft #b 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+- ,:eels1 #g ft4 #i 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fj1bjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #ch1cej lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #e ft4 #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #b ft4 #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ae 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #c ft4 #aj 94 ,size ( ,grate #ef #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #acf ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ac4e ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #hf ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #gge ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #hfa ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a #ac 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #ac 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1hjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4 ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,dan=? ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,co41 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,mass4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h ,94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #bb ft4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #h ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fb1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #dj1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #e ft4 #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #b ft4 #i 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #a ft4 #e 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #b ft4 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #c ft4 #aj 94#abj ,size ( ,grate #ff #ce 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aee ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft #b 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #af4ch ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #aje ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #ijf ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #ajaa ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,s+le4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ae #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ae #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #d 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #c #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1bej gallons4 #abj ,! ,boil] is made conical1 #df 94 diamet] at ! ,smoke-,box & #ej 94 at ! ,fire-,box4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4 ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive ,,by ,,! ,,h9kley ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #ba ft4 #d 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #g ft4 #f 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fc1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #da1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #fh 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #cj 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #af 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #df 94 ,size ( ,grate #c ft4 #e ft4 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aej ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ae ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ajj ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #gee ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #hee ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ad #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve ,none4 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1jjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix4 ,,eight-,,:eel$ 8,,am]ican0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,h9kley ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,bo/on1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,x4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,t5-,,:eel$ ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #f ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #bc ft4 #f 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #hh 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #gh1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #eh1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #ed 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #bf 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ah 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #ej 94 ,size ( ,grate #fj #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aeb ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #ab ft4 #i 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ad4cg ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #id ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #ajad ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #aajh ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c to #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a #af 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #af 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1bjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x4 ,,t5-,,:eel$ ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( 8,,mogul0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #f ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #b ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #bb ft4 #h 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #if 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #gg1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #ff1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #eb 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #cj 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ah 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #ej 94 ,size ( ,grate #ff #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #afa ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft4 #c 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #af ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ajb4g ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #idh ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #ajea ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c to #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a #af 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #af 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #g 94 dia4 #h 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #e 94 dia4 #h 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1bjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi4 8,,mogul0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,baldw9 ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,philadelphia4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( 8,,consolidation0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,dan=? ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,co41 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #h ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #b ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #bc ft4 #b 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #ae ft4 #g 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #if1eej lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #hf1dcj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ft4 #b 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #b ft4 #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #bj 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bd 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #d ft4 #b 94 ,size ( ,grate #abj #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #afe ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #ac ft4 #i 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #bi ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #aci ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #acgj ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #aeji ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #a x #ae 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #b #ae 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve ,none4 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #e 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #b 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bd 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #b1djj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii4 8,,consolidation0 ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,dan=? ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,co41 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,d\ble-,,end ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,rog]s ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #f ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #b ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels #b ,total ,:eel ,base #bd ft4 #g 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #ab ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #hd1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #fh1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #dj 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #bf 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ae 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bj 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #df 94 ,size ( ,grate #cd #dh 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #acb ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #i ft4 #i 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #aa4g ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #fg ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #fjh ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #fge ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b to #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ac #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ac #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #d 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #h 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bj 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1fjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,,d\ble-,,end ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,rog]s ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,d\ble-,,end ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,rog]s ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #b ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels #d ,total ,:eel ,base #be ft4 #h 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #f ft4 #f 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #ge1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #dj1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #dh 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #cj & #bf 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ae 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bb 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #dc 94 ,size ( ,grate #cd #ej 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aci ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #h ft4 #aj 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #aa4hd ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #hb ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #gaa ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #gic ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b to #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ac #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ac #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #d 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #g 94#aba ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #bb 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1jjj gallons4 #aba ,above is ! ,front ,truck-axle ,j\rnal4 ,t ( ! ,back ,truck-axle is #d #g 94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,,d\ble-,,end ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,rog]s ,,locomotive ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,improv$ ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,design$ ,,by ,m4 ,n4 ,,=ney1 #gc ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #bj ft4 #i 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+- ,:eels #f ft4 #h 94 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #fj1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #dd1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #ej 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #bf 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ad 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bj 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #df 94 ,size ( ,grate #ed #cf 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aci ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aj ft4 #a 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #ad ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #gh ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #gcd ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #hab ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ab #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ab #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #c #g 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #d 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #e 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1ejj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv4 ,,improv$ ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,design$ ,,by ,m4 ,n4 ,,=ney1 #gc ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,d\ble-,,truck ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,mass4 ,gauge ( ,road #c ft4 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels #d ,total ,:eel ,base #ai ft4 #f 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #e ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #bd1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #b ft4 #i 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #b ft4 #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #aj 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #a ft4 #c 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #c ft4 ,size ( ,grate #da #ca 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #ha ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #h ft4 #b 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #h4ic ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #ef ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #cdf ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #djb ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,s+le4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #i #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #i #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #c 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #e #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #c #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] ,capacity ( ,tank #hjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,d\ble-,,truck ,,n>r[-,,gauge ,,tank ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,d\ble-,,truck ,,tank ,,freight ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,mass4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #f ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #f ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels #f ,total ,:eel ,base #ca ft4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #h ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #ff1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #c ft4 #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #b ft4 #f 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #a ft4 #d 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #b ft4 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #d ft4 ,size ( ,grate #ff #dh 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #aed ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #aa ft4 #f 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #bb4ag ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #abf ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #ibg ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #ajec ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,s+le4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle ,v>iable4 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ae #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ae #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #h 94#abb ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f #aj 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d #h 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] ,capacity ( ,tank #b1ecj gallons4 #abb ,?is eng9e has ,wals*a]t's valve ge>1 :i* is work$ by a crank ( #h in*es ?r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,,d\ble-,,truck ,,tank ,,freight ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,mason ,,ma*9e ,,works1 ,,taunton1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,d\ble-,,end ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #h 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels #b ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels #b ,total ,:eel ,base #ai ft4 #i 94 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #g ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #eb1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #db1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #ef 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels #bh 94 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #ad 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #bb 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #db 94 ,size ( ,grate #gc #cd 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #abd ,diamet] ( ,tubes #b 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #g ft4 #aj 94 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #af4e ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #hj4h ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #dfh4e ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #edi4c ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b to #c 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #ad #a 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #ad #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #e 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve ,none4 ,size ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f dia4 #g 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #f dia4 #g 94 ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal #d dia4 #h 94 ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #c 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #e 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #a1fjj gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,,d\ble-,,end ,,locomotive1 ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,locomotive ,,works1 ,,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,dim5sions1 ,,weight1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,locomotive ,,= ,,! ,n4 ,y4 ,,elevat$ ,r4 ,r4 ,,design$ ,,by ,d4 ,w4 ,,wyman1 ,,sup]9t5d5t4 ,gauge ( ,road #d ft4 #aj 94 ,numb] ( ,driv+-,:eels #d ,numb] ( ,front ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,numb] ( ,back ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,total ,:eel ,base #e ft4 ,di/ance betwe5 c5tres ( ,front & ,back ,driv+-,:eels #e ft4 ,total ,weight ( ,locomotive 9 work+ ord] #h1jjj lbs4 ,total ,weight on ,driv+-,:eels #h1jjj lbs4 ,diamet] ( ,driv+-,:eels #cj 94 ,diamet] ( ,truck-,:eels ,none4 ,diamet] ( ,cyl9d]s #g 94 ,/roke ( ,cyl9d]s #aj 94 ,outside ,diamet] ( smalle/ ,boil] ,r+ #bh 94 ,size ( ,grate #bh #bh 94 ,numb] ( ,tubes #adj ,diamet] ( ,tubes #a 94 ,l5g? ( ,tubes #c ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,grate surface #e ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,fire-,box #be ft4 ,squ>e ,feet ( ,heat+ surface 9 ,tubes #abf ft4 ,total ,feet ( ,heat+ surface #aea ft4 ,exhau/ ,nozzles--s+le or d\ble ,d\ble4 ,diamet] ( ,nozzle #b 94 ,size ( ,/eam ,ports #f 94 ,size ( ,exhau/ ,ports #f #b 94 ,?r[ ( ,ecc5trics #b 94 ,outside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,inside ,lap ( ,valve 94 ,diamet] ( ,ma9 ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal #c 94 ,size ( o!r ,driv+-axle ,j\rnal ,size ( ,truck-axle ,j\rnal ,diamet] ( ,pump ,plung] #a 94 ,/roke ( ,pump ,plung] #aj 94 ,capacity ( ,tank #aji gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix4 ,,locomotive ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,elevat$ ,,railroad1 ,,design$ ,,by ,d4 ,w4 ,,wyman1 ,,sup]9t5d5t4 ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,app5dix ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,saturat$ ,,/eam4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,relative ,total volume ( pressure ,weight ! /eam p] sq4 ,s5sible ,total heat ( "o comp>$ in*1 temp]ature 9 degrees cubic ) ! measur$ ,pressure 9 f z]o foot wat] f f a above ! ,fahr5heit ( ( :i* x vacuum4atmosph]e4 degrees4 ,fahr5heit4 /eam40 rais$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,lb4 ,lb4 ,deg4 ,deg4 ,lb4 #a 44 #ajb4a #aadd4e 4#jjcj #bjehb #b 44 #abf4c #aaea4g 4#jjeh #ajgba #c 44 #ada4f #aaef4f 4#jjhe #gcbb #d 44 #aec4a #aafj4a 4#jaab #eehc #e 44 #afb4c #aafb4i 4#jach #debg #f 44 #agj4b #aafe4c 4#jafc #chac #g 44 #agf4i #aafg4c 4#jahi #cbih #h 44 #ahb4i #aafi4b 4#jbad #biji #i 44 #ahh4c #aagj4h 4#jbci #bfjd #aj 44 #aic4c #aagb4c 4#jbfd #bceh #aa 44 #aig4h #aagc4g 4#jbhi #baeg #ab 44 #bjb4j #aage4j 4#jcad #aihf #ac 44 #bje4i #aagf4b 4#jcch #ahdb #ad 44 #bji4f #aagg4c 4#jcfb #agbj #ad4g #j4 #bab4j #aagh4a 4#jchj #afdb #ae 4#c #bac4a #aagh4d 4#jchg #afaj #af #a4c #baf4c #aagi4d 4#jdaa #aeae #ag #b4c #bai4f #aahj4c 4#jdce #adca #ah #c4c #bbb4d #aaha4b 4#jdei #aceg #ai #d4c #bbe4c #aahb4a 4#jdhc #abij #bj #e4c #bbh4j #aahb4i 4#jejg #abbi #ba #f4c 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#a4gaee #e4eg #a4gagc #e4eh #a4gaia #e4ei #a4gbji #e4fj #a4gbbg #e4fa #a4gbde #e4fb #a4gbfc #e4fc #a4gbha #e4fd #a4gbih #e4fe #a4gcaf #e4ff #a4gccd #e4fg #a4gcea #e4fh #a4gcfi #e4fi #a4gchg #e4gj #a4gdjd #e4ga #a4gdbb #e4gb #a4gdci #e4gc #a4gdeg #e4gd #a4gdgd #e4ge #a4gdia #e4gf #a4geji #e4gg #a4gebf #e4gh #a4gedd #e4gi #a4gefa #e4hj #a4gegh #e4ha #a4geie #e4hb #a4gfac #e4hc #a4gfcj #e4hd #a4gfdg #e4he #a4gffd #e4hf #a4gfha #e4hg #a4gfih #e4hh #a4ggae #e4hi #a4ggcb #e4ij #a4ggdi #e4ia #a4ggff #e4ib #a4gghc #e4ic #a4ghjj #e4id #a4ghag #e4ie #a4ghcc #e4if #a4ghej #e4ig #a4ghfg #e4ih #a4ghhd #e4ii #a4gijj #f4jj #a4giag #f4ja #a4gicd #f4jb #a4giej #f4jc #a4gifg #f4jd #a4gihd #f4je #a4hjjj #f4jf #a4hjag #f4jg #a4hjcc #f4jh #a4hjej #f4ji #a4hjff #f4aj #a4hjhb #f4aa #a4hjii #f4ab #a4haae #f4ac #a4haca #f4ad #a4hadh #f4ae #a4hafd #f4af #a4hahj #f4ag #a4haif #f4ah #a4hbac #f4ai #a4hbbi #f4bj #a4hbde #f4ba #a4hbfa #f4bb #a4hbgg #f4bc #a4hbic #f4bd #a4hcji #f4be #a4hcbe #f4bf #a4hcda #f4bg #a4hceg #f4bh #a4hcgc #f4bi #a4hchi #f4cj #a4hdje #f4ca #a4hdba #f4cb #a4hdcg #f4cc #a4hdec #f4cd #a4hdfh #f4ce #a4hdhd #f4cf #a4hejj #f4cg #a4heae #f4ch #a4heca #f4ci #a4hedg #f4dj #a4hefb ----------- ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,value & ,prop]ties ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cubic ,weight feet p] ( space ,volatile cubic requir$combu/ible foot by to /[ matt] 9 ,,designation ,,( ,,coal4 exp]im5t a ton #ajj p>ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #c ,pa4 #ed4ic #dj4gh #b4ch ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #e ,pa4 #ef4ai #ci4hf #b4ff ,=e/ improvem5t ,pa4 #ec4ff #da4ge #c4jg ,pea* ,m\nta9 ,pa4 #ec4g #da4fd #b4if ,lehigh ,pa4 #ee4cb #dj4ej #e4bh ,lackawanna ,pa4 #dh4hi #de4hb #c4ia ,lyk5's ,valley ,pa4 #dh4ef #df4ac #f4hh ,beav] ,mead[ 7,navy ,y>d7 ,pa4 #ee4jh #dj4fe --- ,natural coke ( ,virg9ia ,va4 #df4fd #dh4jc #ab4dd ,coke ( ,midlo?ian coal ,va4 #cb4gj #fh4ej --- ,coke ( ,neff's 7,cumb]l&7 coal ,md4 #ca4eg #gj4ie --- ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ #ed4bi #da4bf --- ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ #ed4ea #da4ji --- ,new ,york & ,m>yl& ,m9+ ,company's ,md4 #ec4gj #da4ga #ab4ca ,neff's ,cumb]l& ,md4 #ed4bi #da4bf #ab4fg ,easby's 8coal 9 /ore0 ,md4 #ec4dg #da4ij #ad4ih ,atk9son ,templeman's ,md4 #eb4ib #db4cc #ae4ec ,easby ,smi?'s ,md4 #ea4af #dc4gh #ae4eb ,cumb]l& 7,navy ,y>d7 ,md4 #ec4bi #db4jd #ad4hg ,dauph9 ,susquehanna ,pa4 #ej4ed #dd4cb #ac4hb ,blossburg ,pa4 #ec4je #db4bb #ad4gh ,lycom+ ,creek ,pa4 #ee4ch #dj4de #ac4hd ,qu9's ,run ,pa4 #ej4cd #dd4ej #ag4ig ,k>?aus ,pa4 #eb4ed #db4fc #ai4ec ,cambria ,c\nty ,pa4 #ec4df #da4ij #bj4eb ,b>r's ,deep ,run ,va4 #ec4ag #db4ac #ai4gh ,cr\* ,snead's ,va4 #ec4ei #da4hj #bd4ch ,midlo?ian 7#ijj feet %aft7 ,va4 #ej4eb #dd4cd #bg4bh ,creek ,company's coal ,va4 #df4ej #dh4ag #cb4dg ,clov] ,hill ,va4 #de4di #di4be #cb4ba ,*e/]field ,m9+ ,company's ,va4 #de4ee #di4ah #cb4fc ,midlo?ian 7av]age7 ,va4 #ed4jd #da4de #bi4hf ,tippecanoe ,va4 #de4aj #di4fg #cd4ed ,midlo?ian 7new %aft7 ,va4 #dg4ij #df4gf #ce4gg ,midlo?ian 7scre5$7 ,va4 #de4gb #dh4ii #cd4gj ,midlo?ian 7,navy ,y>d7 ,va4 #ed4dg #da4ac #bi4ab ,pict\ 7f ,new ,york7 ,n4 ,s4 #ec4ee #da4hc #bg4hc ,sidney ,n4 ,s4 #dg4dd #dg4bb #bc4ha ,pict\ 7,cun>ds7 ,n4 ,s4 #di4be #de4dh #be4ig ,liv]pool ,eng4 #dg4hh #df4gh #ci4if ,newca/le ,eng4 #ej4hb #dd4jh #ce4hc ,scot* ,scotl& #ea4ji #dc4hd #ci4ai ,pittsburg ,pa4 #df4ha #dg4he #cf4gf ,cannelton ,ind4 #dg4fe #dg4ja #cc4ii ,dry ,p9e ,wood #ba4ja #ajf4jb --- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total wa/e 9 ! ,p\nds /ate ( ,fix$,e>?y ( /eama%es & c>bonmatt] to #a cl9k] 9 #ajj;9 #ajj ( coal f #ajj ,,designation ,,( ,,coal4 p>ts p>tsf #bab ( coal ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #c ,pa4 #hh4id #g4aa #i4ba #aa4if ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #e ,pa4 #ia4d #e4ae #i4hh #f4gd ,=e/ improvem5t ,pa4 #ij4ge #d4da #aj4jf #f4ig ,pea* ,m\nta9 ,pa4 #hi4jb #f4ac #aj4aa #f4ig ,lehigh ,pa4 #hi4ae #e4ef #h4ic #g4bb ,lackawanna ,pa4 #hg4gd #f4ce #i4gi #h4ic ,lyk5's ,valley ,pa4 #hc4hd #i4be #i4df #ab4bd ,beav] ,mead[ 7,navy ,y>d7 ,pa4 --- #h4aj #i4jh #h4aj ,natural coke ( ,virg9ia ,va4 #ge4jh #aa4hc #h4dg #ah4df ,coke ( ,midlo?ian coal ,va4 --- #af4ee #h4fc #af4ed ,coke ( ,neff's 7,cumb]l&7 coal ,md4 --- #ac4cd #i4jj #ac4cd ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ --- #h4hh #h4hf #h4hh ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ --- #h4ah #i4ah #h4ah ,new ,york & ,m>yl& ,m9+ ,company's ,md4 #gc4ej #ab4dj #i4gh #ab4ga ,neff's ,cumb]l& ,md4 #gd4ec #aj4cd #i4dd #aj4if ,easby's 8coal 9 /ore0 ,md4 #gf4bf #h4jh #aj4jb #h4ch ,atk9son ,templeman's ,md4 #gf4fi #g4cc #aj4gj #g4if ,easby ,smi?'s ,md4 #gd4bi #i4cj #i4if #i4fi ,cumb]l& 7,navy ,y>d7 ,md4 #gj4he #ad4ih --- #ad4ec ,dauph9 ,susquehanna ,pa4 #gd4bd #aa4di #i4cd #af4cf ,blossburg ,pa4 #gc4aa #aj4gg #i4gb #aa4bj ,lycom+ ,creek ,pa4 #ga4ec #ac4if #h4ia #af4ib ,qu9's ,run ,pa4 #gb4gi #h4da #aj4bg #h4id ,k>?aus ,pa4 #gc4gg #g4jj #i4ji #g4hi ,cambria ,c\nty ,pa4 #fi4cg #i4ae #i4bd #i4ge ,b>r's ,deep ,run ,va4 #fg4if #aj4dg #i4jb #aa4jg ,cr\* ,snead's ,va4 #ei4ih #ad4bh #h4cd #ad4cd ,midlo?ian 7#ijj feet %aft7 ,va4 #fa4jh #aj4dg #h4eh #aj4gj ,creek ,company's coal ,va4 #fj4cj #h4eg #h4db #h4fd ,clov] ,hill ,va4 #ef4hc #aj4ac #g4fg #aj4fj ,*e/]field ,m9+ ,company's ,va4 #eh4gi #h4fc #i4jj #i4jg ,midlo?ian 7av]age7 ,va4 #ec4ja #ad4gd #h4bi #ad4hc ,tippecanoe ,va4 #ed4fb #i4cg #g4ge #i4gb ,midlo?ian 7new %aft7 ,va4 #ef4dj #i4dd #h4ge #aj4bf ,midlo?ian 7scre5$7 ,va4 #ed4jf #i4ff #h4id #aj4bg ,midlo?ian 7,navy ,y>d7 ,va4 #ef4aa #ad4ad --- --- ,pict\ 7f ,new ,york7 ,n4 ,s4 #ef4ih #ac4ci #h4da #ac4cg ,sidney ,n4 ,s4 #fg4eg #e4di #g4ii #f4ja ,pict\ 7,cun>ds7 ,n4 ,s4 #fj4gd #ab4ea #h4dh #ab4jf ,liv]pool ,eng4 #ed4ij #d4fb #g4dh #e4jd ,newca/le ,eng4 #eg4jj #e4dj #h4ff #e4fh ,scot* ,scotl& #dh4ha #i4cd #f4ie #aj4aj ,pittsburg ,pa4 #ed4ic #g4jg #h4bj #h4be ,cannelton ,ind4 #eh4dd #d4ig #g4cd #e4ab ,dry ,p9e ,wood --- #j4cj #d4fi #j4cj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,weight,av4 weight ( 9 lbs4 cl9k]( unburnt ,/eam alone coke left f #bab f on grate f #a ( #ajj (aft] ea*combu/ible ,,designation ,,( ,,coal4 coal exp]im5t matt] ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #c ,pa4 #a4ja #aab4d #aj4dfb ,beav] ,mead[1 slope ,no4 #e ,pa4 #j4fj #fa4b #aj4eib ,=e/ improvem5t ,pa4 #j4ha #dj4b #aj4hjg ,pea* ,m\nta9 ,pa4 #c4jc #bf4f #aj4hga ,lehigh ,pa4 #a4jh #cf4a #i4fbf ,lackawanna ,pa4 #a4bd #eg4b #aj4gfd ,lyk5's ,valley ,pa4 #d4dj #ah4j #aj4ghh ,beav] ,mead[ 7,navy ,y>d7 ,pa4 #a4dj #ajg4a #i4hha ,natural coke ( ,virg9ia ,va4 #e4ca #fj4i #aj4chi ,coke ( ,midlo?ian coal ,va4 #aj4ea #ec4b #aj4cdc ,coke ( ,neff's 7,cumb]l&7 coal ,md4 #c4ee #dc4g #aj4cha ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ #d4ia #i4e #i4gbe ,mixture ,cumb4 & ,beav] ,mead[ #c4ji #af4j #i4iig ,new ,york & ,m>yl& ,m9+ ,company's ,md4 #e4dc #aj4a #aa4bjh ,neff's ,cumb]l& ,md4 #d4ec #f4a #aj4fjd ,easby's 8coal 9 /ore0 ,md4 #a4cc #ah4b #aj4ice ,atk9son ,templeman's ,md4 #b4ab #e4a #aa4fbd ,easby ,smi?'s ,md4 #c4jd #e4c #aa4jcd ,cumb]l& 7,navy ,y>d7 ,md4 #b4bi #ac4e --- ,dauph9 ,susquehanna ,pa4 #c4ej #bc4g #aa4aga ,blossburg ,pa4 #c4dj #ac4g #aj4ief ,lycom+ ,creek ,pa4 #c4bf #df4b #aj4gbd ,qu9's ,run ,pa4 #a4ca #ad4g #aa4bge ,k>?aus ,pa4 #c4ff #eb4e #i4hhg ,cambria ,c\nty ,pa4 #c4dh #ad4h #aj4bci ,b>r's ,deep ,run ,va4 #d4gh #f4d #aj4adb ,cr\* ,snead's ,va4 #e4cg #f4j #i4gdj ,midlo?ian 7#ijj feet %aft7 ,va4 #f4dg #e4i #i4faa ,creek ,company's coal ,va4 #d4da #aj4e #i4baa ,clov] ,hill ,va4 #c4hf #aa4e #h4ehh ,*e/]field ,m9+ ,company's ,va4 #d4ai #aj4e #i4hif ,midlo?ian 7av]age7 ,va4 #h4hb #f4d #i4gda ,tippecanoe ,va4 #d4jc #aa4b #h4ehc ,midlo?ian 7new %aft7 ,va4 #d4ba #ag4a #i4gea ,midlo?ian 7scre5$7 ,va4 #c4cc #ad4h #i4igj ,midlo?ian 7,navy ,y>d7 ,va4 #d4db #dc4b --- ,pict\ 7f ,new ,york7 ,n4 ,s4 #f4ac #e4g #i4gaj ,sidney ,n4 ,s4 #b4bd #e4i #h4dig ,pict\ 7,cun>ds7 ,n4 ,s4 #f4ai #c4g #i4fdh ,liv]pool ,eng4 #a4hf #aa4a #h4bee ,newca/le ,eng4 #c4ad #aj4g #i4agh ,scot* ,scotl& #e4fc #e4g #g4gai ,pittsburg ,pa4 #j4id #i4i #h4idb ,cannelton ,ind4 #a4fd #f4d #g4gcd ,dry ,p9e ,wood --- --- #d4gjg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,table ( ,resi/ances ( ,railroad ,tra9s ) ,diff]5t ,grades & ,spe$s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,resi/ance ,total due to resi/ance1 asc5t alone lbs4 ,rise ( 9 lbs4 p] ton1 #aj #ae #bj #be #cj gradi5t1 p] ton at rate (milesmilesmilesmilesmiles feet p]7#b1jjj lbs47 #e miles p] p] p] p] p] mile4 ( tra94 p] h\r4 h\r4h\r4h\r4h\r4h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #j #f4a #f4f #g4c #h4c #i4f #aa4b #e #a4h #g4i #h4d #i4a #aj4a #aa4d #ac4j #aj #c4g #i4h #aj4c #aa4j #ab4j #ac4d #ad4i #ae #e4f #aa4g #ab4b #ab4i #ac4i #ae4b #af4h #bj #g4e #ac4f #ad4a #ad4h #ae4h #ag4a #ah4g #be #i4d #ae4e #af4j #af4g #ag4g #ai4j #bj4f #cj #aa4c #ag4d #ag4i #ah4f #ai4f #ba4i #bb4e #ce #ac4b #ai4c #ai4h #bj4e #ba4e #bb4h #bd4d #dj #ae4a #ba4b #ba4g #bb4d #bc4d #bd4g #bf4c #de #ag4j #bc4a #bc4f #bd4c #be4c #bf4f #bh4b #ej #ah4i #be4j #be4e #bf4b #bg4b #bh4e #cj4a #fj #bb4g #bh4h #bi4c #cj4j #ca4j #cb4c #ch4i #gj #bf4e #cb4f #cc4a #cc4h #cd4h #cf4a #cg4g #hj #cj4c #cf4d #cf4i #cg4f #ch4f #ci4i #dj4e #ij #cd4j #da4j #dj4f #da4c #db4c #dc4f #de4b #ajj #cg4h #dc4i #dd4d #de4a #df4a #dg4d #di4j #aaj #da4f #dg4g #dh4b #dh4i #di4i #ea4b #eb4h #abj #de4d #ea4e #eb4j #eb4g #ec4g #ee4j #ef4f #acj #di4b #ee4c #ee4h #ef4e #eg4e #eh4h #fj4d #adj #ec4j #ei4a #ei4f #fj4c #fa4c #fb4f #fd4b #aej #ef4h #fb4i #fc4d #fd4a #fe4a #ff4d #fh4j #afj #fj4f #ff4g #fg4b #fg4i #fh4i #gj4b #ga4h #agj #fd4c #gj4d #gj4i #ga4f #gb4f #gc4i #ge4e #ahj #fh4a #gd4b #gd4g #ge4d #gf4d #gg4g #gi4c #aij #ga4i #gh4j #gh4e #gi4b #hj4b #ha4e #hc4a #bjj #ge4g #ha4h #hb4c #hc4j #hd4j #he4c #hf4i #baj #gi4e #he4f #hf4a #hf4h #hg4h #hi4a #ij4g #bbj #hc4c #hi4d #hi4i #ij4f #ia4f #ib4i #id4e #bcj #hg4a #ic4b #ic4g #id4d #ie4d #if4g #ih4c #bdj #ij4h #if4i #ig4d #ih4a #ii4aajj4dajb4j #bej #id4f #ajj4g #aja4baja4iajb4iajc4baje4h #bfj #ih4d #ajd4e #aje4jaje4gajf4gajg4jajh4f #bgj #ajb4b #ajh4c #ajh4haji4eaaj4eaaa4haac4d #bhj #ajf4j #aab4a #aab4faac4caad4caae4faag4b #bij #aji4h #aae4i #aaf4daag4aaah4aaai4daba4j #cjj #aac4f #aai4g #abj4babj4iaba4iabc4babd4h ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,resi/ance due to asc5t alone ,rise ( 9 lbs4 #ce #dj #de #ej #fj #gj gradi5t1 p] ton milesmilesmilesmilesmilesmiles feet p]7#b1jjj lbs47 p] p] p] p] p] p] mile4 ( tra94 h\r4h\r4h\r4h\r4h\r4h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #j #ac4a #ae4c #ag4h #bj4f #bg4j #cd4f #e #a4h #ad4i #ag4a #ai4f #bb4d #bh4h #cf4d #aj #c4g #af4h #ai4j #ba4e #bd4c #cj4g #ch4c #ae #e4f #ah4g #ba4i #bd4d #bg4b #cc4f #da4b #bj #g4e #bj4f #bb4h #be4c #bh4a #cd4e #db4a #be #i4d #bb4e #bd4g #bg4b #ca4j #cg4d #de4j #cj #aa4c #bd4d #bf4f #bi4a #ca4i #ch4c #de4i #ce #ac4b #bf4c #bh4e #ca4j #cc4h #dj4b #dg4h #dj #ae4a #bh4b #cj4d #cb4i #ce4g #db4a #di4g #de #ag4j #cj4a #cb4c #cd4h #cg4f #dd4j #ea4f #ej #ah4i #cb4j #cd4b #cf4g #ci4e #de4i #ec4e #fj #bb4g #ce4h #ch4j #dj4e #dc4e #di4i #eg4e #gj #bf4e #ci4f #da4h #dd4c #dg4a #ec4e #fa4a #hj #cj4c #db4d #dd4f #dg4a #di4i #ef4c #fc4i #ij #cd4j #dg4a #di4c #ea4h #ed4f #fa4j #fh4f #ajj #cg4h #ea4i #ed4a #ef4f #ei4d #fe4h #gc4d #aaj #da4f #ed4g #ef4i #ei4d #fb4b #fh4f #gf4b #abj #de4d #eh4e #fj4g #fc4b #ff4j #gb4d #hj4j #acj #di4b #fb4c #fd4e #fg4j #fi4h #gf4b #hc4h #adj #ec4j #ff4a #fh4c #gj4h #gc4f #hj4j #hg4f #aej #ef4h #fi4i #gb4a #gd4f #gg4d #hc4h #ia4d #afj #fj4f #gc4g #ge4i #gh4d #ha4b #hg4f #ie4b #agj #fd4c #gg4d #gi4f #hb4a #hd4i #ia4c #ih4i #ahj #fh4a #ha4b #hc4d #he4i #hh4g #ie4aajb4g #aij #ga4i #he4j #hg4b #hi4g #ib4e #ih4iajf4e #bjj #ge4g #hh4h #ia4j #ic4e #if4cajb4gaaj4c #baj #gi4e #ib4f #id4h #ig4cajj4aajf4eaad4a #bbj #hc4c #if4d #ih4faja4aajc4iaaj4caag4f #bcj #hg4a #ajj4bajb4dajd4iajg4gaad4aaba4g #bdj #ij4h #ajc4iajf4aajh4faaa4daag4habe4d #bej #id4f #ajg4gaji4iaab4daae4baba4fabi4b #bfj #ih4d #aaj4eaab4gaae4baah4jabd4dacb4j #bgj #ajb4b #aae4caag4eabj4jabb4habi4bacf4h #bhj #ajf4j #aai4aaba4cabc4habf4facc4jadj4f #bij #aji4h #abb4iabe4aabg4facj4dacf4hadd4d #cjj #aac4f #abf4gabh4iaca4dacd4badj4fadh4b ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,index4 ,,! ,,figures ,,bel[ ,,ref] ,,to ,,! ,,numb]s ,,( ,,! ,,pages4 ,absolute pressure1 #ac4 ,accid5ts to locomotives1 #eji4 ,accid5ts & injuries to p]sons1 #ecc2 dang] f1 #ece4 ,actual en]gy1 #bd4 ,adhesion1 #fb1 #cai2 am\nt (1 #cbj2 proportion ( to resi/ance1 #dab4 ,adhesive weight1 #cba4 ,admission1 dep5ds on1 #bbb2 h[ affect$1 #bee2 h[ equaliz$1 #bdi2 ( /eam1 #cj2 p]iod (1 #bdi4 ,admission l9e1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,air1 admission ( to fire-box1 #chj2 control ( supply (1 #chd2 =ces (1 #h2 me?od ( admitt+ to ! fire-box1 #chb2 pressure (1 #h1 #i2 quantity necess>y = combu/ion1 #cha1 #chh2 quantity ne$$ = dilution ( gases1 #chi2 quantity to be admitt$ ?r\gh ! grate & above ! fire1 #cia2 weight (1 #h4 ,air *amb]1 #aag4 ,al>m *eck1 #abf4 ,algebra1 x4 ,algebraic symbols1 x4 ,all5 valve1 #bbd4 ,am]ican locomotive1 #dbi2 engrav+ (1 #eee1 #eeg1 #eei1 #efa1 #efc4 ,am]ican ,railway ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association1 #bfj1 #bhh4 ,angul> advance1 #bea4 ,animal oil1 #ejd4 ,an?racite coal1 #aab1 #aeb1 #djc2 fir+ )1 #ejc4 ,aqua=tis1 #cfh4 ,arg&-burn]1 #ccf4 ,art]ial ble$+1 #ecf4 ,art]y1 #ecf2 injury to1 #ecg1 #eci2 position (1 #ecg4 ,a%-pan1 #fg2 con/ruction (1 #ha4 ,a%-pan damp]s1 #ha2 op]ation (1 #aec4 ,atmosph]ic l9e1 #dh4 ,automatic brakes1 #ddb2 managem5t (1 #die4 ,axle1 adju/m5t (1 #dge2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebc2 h[ made to assume a radical position1 #bgh1 #bhb2 ma9 driv+1 #fc4 ,axle box1 arrangem5t (1 #bif2 be>+ (1 #bij2 driv+1 #bij2 = t5d]s1 #cee2 we> (1 #big4 ,babbitt's metal1 #agc1 #age1 #ahj4 ,back elevation1 xiv4 ,back pressure1 #ef1 #afc2 l9e (1 #bcf1 #bdc4 ,back view1 xiv4 ,backw>d motion or ge>1 #ahg4 ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works1 #dbi2 locomotive by1 #eee1 #efe1 #efg4 ,ball jo9t1 #afj4 ,be>+s1 brass1 #agg2 = driv+ axles1 #bij2 = t5d] axles1 #ced2 = truck axles1 #bib2 proportions (1 #cfb2 we> (1 #agi4 ,be>+-b>s1 #aeb4 ,b$-ca/+1 #afd4 ,b$-plate1 #adf4 ,bell1 #cce2 use (1 #dgi4 ,bissell truck1 #dcb4 ,bitum9\s coal1 #cfh2 composition (1 #cfi1 #chh2 use (1 #ejc4 ,bla/ orifice1 #ga2 7see also exhau/ nozzle74 ,ble$+1 dang] f1 #ece2 /opp+ (1 #ecg1 #edj4 ,bl[]1 #adi2 use (1 #dhj4 ,bl[] cock1 #adi4 ,bl[-(f cock1 #adh4 ,block1 l9k1 #ahe2 7see l9k block74 ,boil]1 #ff1 #ga2 advantages ( l>ge size1 #dbb2 calculations (1 #dai2 capacity (1 #ga1 #dah2 clean+ (1 #adg1 #eje2 empty+ (1 #adg2 expansion (1 #ij1 #bie1 #dgh2 explosion (1 #eji1 #ead2 fe$+ (1 #dhc2 fill+ (1 #ejf2 inspection (1 #dfa2 irregul> action (1 #dba2 organs (1 #ff2 op]ation (1 #dbj2 proportions (1 #dai2 size (1 #dag1 #dbj2 /ra9s on1 #he1 #dgh2 te/+ (1 #dfa4 ,boil] atta*m5ts1 #aae2 exam9ation (1 #dfe4 ,boil] plate1 fa/5+s (1 #ij2 resi/ance (1 #ie2 /r5g? (1 #hi1 #ie2 unequal /ra9 on1 #ib4 ,boil] pressure1 #bbc2 difficulty ( ma9ta9+ 9 cyl9d]s1 #bbc4 ,boil] seams1 =m (1 #ajc2 /r5g? (1 #ic1 #ajf4 ,boil+1 #aj4 ,boil+ po9t1 #aa4 ,bones1 injury to1 #edb4 ,books1 li/ (1 #eej4 ,boss1 #bjg4 ,boxes1 = driv+ axles1 #bij2 = t5d] axles1 #cee2 = truck axles1 #bib4 ,braces1 #hj1 #ajg2 = frames1 #bib2 proportions (1 #ajh4 ,brakes1 cont9u\s tra91 #ddb2 = t5d]s1 #cef2 inspection (1 #dge2 reliance on1 #did4 ,brass be>+s1 #agg2 7see be>+s74 ,brasses1 #agg4 ,break+ jo9ts1 #agc4 ,bridges1 #ca2 wid? (1 #bfj4 ,bu*anan1 ,william1 see preface1 #djb4 ,bump]-timb]1 #bib4 ,buns5 burn]1 #cgd4 ,burns1 treatm5t (1 #edb4 ,bu%+1 #agd1 #ahj4 ,butt-jo9ts1 #ajf4 ,cages1 #aaf4 ,c&le1 #cge2 flame (1 #cge4 ,c>bon1 #cfi1 #cga2 air requir$ = combu/ion (1 #chh2 total heat ( combu/ion1 #chj4 ,c>bonic-acid gas1 #cgh4 ,c>bonic dioxide1 #cgh4 ,c>bonic oxide1 #cgh4 ,c>burett$ hydrog51 #cfi4 ,c>ry+ :eels1 #bfh4 ,c>s1 resi/ance (1 #djf4 ,cas+1 = cyl9d]s1 #agj4 ,caulk+1 #ajf2 effect (1 #ajg4 ,caulk+ edge1 #ajf4 ,c5tre be>+1 #cef2 lubrication (1 #dge4 ,c5tre ( gravity1 calculation =1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,c5tre-p91 #bfi1 #bga1 #caf4 ,c5tre-plate1 l[]1 = truck1 #caf2 lubrication (1 #dge2 upp]1 #caf4 ,*eck-*a9s1 #cdj1 #cej4 ,*eck-valve1 failure (1 #eji1 #eah2 = injector1 #abj2 = pump1 #aag4 ,*emical elem5t1 #cfe2 comb9ation (1 #cff4 ,*emical equival5t1 #cfg4 ,*ill+1 #bia4 ,*imney1 #ff2 con/ruction (1 #aab4 ,cle>ance1 ( pi/on1 #bba2 effect (1 #bbh2 ( valve1 #db4 ,coal1 am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ by1 #gc1 #cid2 condition ( :5 put on fire1 #chg2 value & prop]ties (1 #eid4 ,cock1 bl[]1 #adi2 bl[-(f1 #adh2 cyl9d]1 #aga2 fe$1 #aai2 fro/1 #aai2 gauge1 #acj2 heat]1 #adi2 oil1 #afi2 pet1 #aah2 try1 #acj4 ,co-effici5t ( friction1 #cei4 ,coke1 #cgi2 air ne$$ = combu/ion (1 #cib4 ,cold wea!r1 #dif4 ,color bl9dness1 #dic4 ,collision1 #eji2 prev5tion (1 #eaj4 ,combu/ion1 #cfe2 air requir$ =1 #chj1 #chh2 *emical process (1 #cgi2 effect on ( enl>g+ ! grate1 #cib2 h[ expla9$1 #cgj2 9 locomotive fire-box1 #cgg2 int5sity (1 #cic2 9 tubes1 #chf2 products (1 #cgh2 rate (1 #gc1 #cfe2 total heat (1 #chj1 #cic2 :5 complete1 #cgc4 ,compression1 #dd1 #bba2 calculation (1 #bdc2 effect$ by1 #bbh2 effect (1 #bdg2 l9e or curve (1 #bcf4 ,compressive /ra91 #hi4 ,comb9+ tube1 #ca4 ,cond5sation1 #ag4 ,conduction1 #ah2 ( heat ?r\gh heat+ surfaces1 #cie4 ,cone1 #aab2 cone ( :eel1 effect (1 #bgd1 #bgg2 advantage (1 #bhe4 ,connect+-rod1 #e1 #afd2 angul>ity (1 #de1 #age2 break+ (1 #eji2 con/ruction (1 #agg2 effect (1 #dd2 inspection (1 #dfg1 #dga2 ma91 #agg2 pressure (1 #agd2 we> (1 #agg4 ,consolidation locomotive1 #dcj1 #efi4 ,cont9u\s tra9 brakes1 #ddb4 ,convection1 #aaa1 #aah4 ,c\nt]balance weights1 7see c\nt]weights47 ,c\nt]sunk jo9t1 #aef4 ,c\nt]weights1 #bhi1 #cbh2 calculation =1 #cbh1 #cca1 #ccc2 con/ruction (1 #ccc4 ,c\pl+1 break+ (1 #eaj1 #eca2 eng9e to t5d]1 #dhj4 ,c\pl+-p91 #cej4 ,c\pl+-rod1 #agg2 :y tak5 d[n1 #ebc4 ,cov]+ /rip1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,c[-cat*]1 #bid1 #cch4 ,crank1 #e1 #fc4 ,crank-p91 #fd2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebb2 con/ruction (1 #bhh2 h[ fa/5$1 #bhh2 inspection (1 #dfh2 pressure on1 #bdd4 ,cream]'s brake1 #ddb4 ,cr[-feet1 #ajg4 ,cross-head1 #agd2 accid5t to1 #eji2 inspection (1 #dga4 ,cross+1 approa* to1 #dic1 #eaa4 ,cr[n-b>s1 #hj4 ,cr[n-%eet1 or cr[n-plate1 #ge1 #hj4 ,cru%+1 #ie1 #ih2 treatm5t (1 #edb4 ,curve1 degree (1 #daj2 resi/ance on1 #daj2 runn+ ?r\gh1 #dhi4 ,curve ( compression1 #bcf4 ,curve ( expansion1 #bcf4 ,cut-(f1 #af1 #da2 advantage (1 #dhc2 effect ( l9k on1 #bag2 effect ( ?r[ ( ecc5tric on1 #beb4 ,cu%ion1 #ch1 #bcj4 ,cyl9d]1 #afc1 #afd2 break+ (1 #eji1 #eba2 con/ruction (1 #afd2 di/ance betwe51 #fi2 inspection (1 #fc2 location (1 #fc2 protection (1 #agj2 size (1 #fi1 #dac4 ,cyl9d] capacity1 #dad2 calculation =1 #dae1 #daf4 ,cyl9d] cas+1 #agj4 ,cyl9d] cocks1 #aga2 use (1 #dgi4 ,cyl9d]-heads1 #afe2 break+ (1 #eba4 ,cyl9d]-head cov]s1 #agj4 ,cyl9d] lagg+1 #agj4 ,damp]s1 = a%-pan1 #ha1 #aec4 ,dan=? ,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,co41 #dbi2 locomotive by1 #eei1 #efi4 ,dang]s to :i* locomotive runn]s are expos$1 #edd4 ,dead-po9t1 #e4 ,dead-grate1 #chg4 ,deflector1 = fire-box door1 #djj2 = sp>ks1 #aab4 ,deliv]y-tube1 #abj4 ,diaphragm1 #adj4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( locomotives1 #dbg4 ,dilution ( gases1 air ne$$ =1 #chi4 ,di/ribution ( /eam1 #bbj2 defects (1 #bdh2 effect (1 #bca4 ,di/ribution ( weight1 on driv+ :eels1 #dac4 ,dome1 #aaj2 location (1 #aaj4 ,d\ble-end tank locomotive1 #ega1 #egc1 #eha4 ,d\ble poppet valve1 #aee4 ,d\ble truck locomotive1 #dce1 #egg1 #egi4 ,draft1 #fg1 #gb4 ,draw-b>1 #ccd4 ,draw-bridge1 approa* to1 #dic2 runn+ into1 #eji1 #eaa4 ,draw+s1 xiii4 ,drill$ holes1 #ib1 #if1 #ih1 #ajc4 ,drill+ c>s1 #dbg4 ,drip-pipe1 #acb4 ,driv+-axle1 break+ (1 #ebc2 ma91 #gj2 7see also axle74 ,driv+-axle boxes1 #bij2 be>+ (1 #bij4 ,driv+-:eels1 #gj1 #bfh2 action (1 #cbc2 adhesion (1 #fb1 #cai2 break+ (1 #ebc2 con/ruction (1 #bhe2 di/ance betwe51 #fh2 effect ( _! size on combu/ion & evaporation1 #dbd2 friction (1 #fb1 #cai2 h[ fa/5$1 #bhh2 motion ( ar\nd curves1 #bhd2 relation betwe5 size ( & t ( boil]1 #dbe2 size (1 #fh1 #dac1 #dbe2 weight on1 #fi4 ,drop-door1 #aec4 ,dry-pipe1 #aaa4 ,duplicate p>ts1 #dgg4 ,du/ gu>d1 #cef4 ,ebullition1 #aa1 #dhe4 ,ecc5tric1 #f2 effect ( ?r[ (1 #beb1 #bee2 h[ set1 #ahb1 #ebh2 motion h[ communicat$ to valve1 #ahe2 motion same z t ( crank1 #ca2 slipp+ (1 #ebf1 #ebh2 ?r[ (1 #ca1 #bea2 ) v>y+ lap1 #beh4 ,ecc5tric-rod1 #g2 break+ (1 #ebg1 #ebi4 ,ecc5tric-/rap1 #f2 break+ (1 #ebi4 ,effective pressure1 #ad4 ,eight-:eel$ ,am]ican locomotive1 #eee1 #eeg1 #eei1 #efa1 #efc4 ,ejector1 #ddf4 ,ela/icity1 limit (1 #hi1 #cjb2 ( spr+1 #cjb4 ,ela/ic /r5g?1 ( spr+1 #cjb4 ,elem5t>y sub/ances1 #cfe4 ,en]gy1 #bb1 #bc2 actual1 #bd1 #bi2 ( repulsion1 #bh2 possible or pot5tial1 #bh4 ,endurance1 #ede4 ,equaliz+ lev]1 #cji2 advantages (1 #cac2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebe2 con/ruction (1 #caj2 di/ribution ( weight by1 #caj2 ( truck1 #caf4 ,evaporation1 am\nt requir$1 #gb2 lat5t heat (1 #bf4 ,exhau/ ( /eam1 #cj1 #fg2 h[ affect$ by l9k1 #bag1 #bdi4 ,exhau/ l9e1 #bcf1 #bdb4 ,exhau/-nozzle1 #fh1 #ga4 ,exhau/ passage1 #afe4 ,exhau/ pipe1 #afb4 ,exhau/-port1 #e2 wid? (1 #bfj4 ,exhau/ /eam1 action (1 #ga1 #gb4 ,exp&]1 #hd4 ,expansion1 #af1 #bba2 advantages (1 #ee1 #fj1 #dhb2 limits ( economy1 #fj4 ,expansion clamps1 #bid4 ,expansion curve or l9e1 #ea4 ,exp]im5ts ) locomotives1 #dej4 ,explosion ( boil]1 #eji2 cause (1 #ead2 prev5tion (1 #eaf4 ,fairlie eng9e1 #dce4 ,fe$-cock1 #aai1 #adi4 ,f9al pressure1 #ef1 #dhb4 ,fire1 dep? or ?ickness (1 #chc2 managem5t (1 #ejj2 me?od ( fe$+1 #chc2 me?od ( />t+1 #dgh4 ,fir+1 #dii1 #eja4 ,fire-box1 #ff1 #fg2 con/ruction (1 #ge2 expansion (1 #dgi2 =m (1 #cig2 size (1 #fi4 ,fire-brick ar*1 #cig4 ,flame1 l5g? (1 #cgf2 nature (1 #cga1 #cge4 ,flange ( :eel1 #bgh2 friction (1 #bha4 ,flue1 #ff1 #fg2 arrangem5t (1 #ha2 bur/+ or collapse (1 #eji1 #eaf2 fa/5+ (1 #hc4 ,flue exp&]1 #hd4 ,flutt] ( wat]1 #dhg4 ,fly-:eel1 #e4 ,foam+1 #dhd2 cause (1 #dhf2 effect (1 #dhh2 prev5tion (1 #dhf4 ,foll[] bolts1 #agb4 ,foll[] plate1 #agb4 ,foot-bo>d or plate1 #bfa1 #cch2 effect ( weight (1 #cci4 ,foot p\nd1 #bc4 ,=ce-pump1 #aae4 ,=ney locomotive1 #dcd1 #ege4 ,=w>d motion or ge>1 #ahg4 ,f\r-:eel$ locomotive1 #dbh2 disadvantages (1 #dbh2 engrav+ (1 #eec4 ,frames1 #fe1 #bib2 atta*m5t to ! fire-box1 #bie2 break+ (1 #eaj1 #ebf2 fa/5+ (1 #bid4 ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 sy/em ( screw ?reads1 #cdb4 ,freez+ ( wat] 9 boil]1 #ejg2 9 pumps1 #aai1 #ejg1 #ecb4 ,freight locomotive1 #dbi4 ,freight traffic1 #dbg1 #dbi4 ,friction1 #ceh2 dep5ds on1 #ceh2 co-effici5t (1 #cei2 effect ( pressure & velocity ( surfaces on1 #cfa2 effect ( area ( surfaces 9 contact1 #cfd2 law (1 #cfc2 ( :eel flanges1 #bha2 ( :eels1 #fb1 #cai4 ,front view1 xiv4 ,front elevation1 xiv4 ,fro/-bite1 treatm5t (1 #edc4 ,fro/-cock1 #aai4 ,fuel1 value (1 #djd42 wa/e (1 #cid4 ,fulcrum ( driv+ :eel1 #cab4 ,furnace door1 #fg1 #hj1 #adi4 ,gas1 #cfh2 combu/ion (1 #cgf4 ,gas-light1 #cga4 ,gauge ( road1 #ge4 ,gauge-cocks1 #acj4 ,gibs1 #age4 ,gl&1 #agc4 ,glass wat]-gauge1 #acj2 inspection (1 #dfe4 ,grades1 effect ( on wat] level1 #dia2 resi/ance on1 #djh2 runn+ on1 #dij4 ,grant ,locomotive ,works1 #dbi2 locomotive by1 #eeg4 ,grate1 #fg1 #gc1 #ha1 #adi2 dead1 #chg2 inspection (1 #dfe2 managem5t (1 #ejd1 #ejf2 rock+1 #aeb2 %ak+1 #aeb2 surface1 #dai2 wat]1 #aeb4 ,grate-b>s1 #aej4 ,gre5wi* ,/reet ,elevat$ ,railroad1 #dda4 ,guide-blocks1 #agf4 ,guide-rods or b>s1 #afd2 inspection (1 #dfg2 object (1 #agd2 we> (1 #agf4 ,guide-yoke1 #age4 ,half-ge>1 #aie4 ,h&-holes1 #adh4 ,h&-rails1 #ccg4 ,head-light1 #ccf2 inspection (1 #dgf2 use (1 #die4 ,heat1 conduction (1 #gd2 conv]tible into "w1 #be2 equival5t (1 #bd2 lat5t1 #bf2 loss (1 #cie2 me*anical equival5t (1 #bb2 total (1 /eam1 #bi1 #ehe2 transmission (1 #cha1 #cie1 #dbc2 wa/e (1 #ah1 #cie4 ,heat]-cocks1 #adi2 use (1 #dhf4 ,heat+ surface1 #fg2 am\nt ne$$1 #gc1 #dai1 #dbj4 ,heat ( evaporation or gasification1 #cfi4 ,help]1 #dig4 ,h5d]son's brake1 #ddb4 ,h9kley ,locomotive ,works1 #dbi2 locomotive by1 #eec1 #efc4 ,hood = fire-box door1 #djj4 ,horizontal section1 xiv4 ,hose1 #cej4 ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad1 locomotives us$ on1 #ddj4 ,hydrog51 #cfi1 #cga2 air requir$ = combu/ion (1 #chh4 ,hyp]bolic curve1 #ea1 #bcg4 ,hyp]bolic log>i?ms1 #ed2 table (1 #eij4 ,hyponitr\s acid1 #cfh4 ,ignit+ temp]ature1 #cgj1 #cgf2 ( coal gas1 #chg4 ,incru/at+ sub/ances1 #ded4 ,indicator1 /eam1 #dg1 #bca2 me?od ( atta*+1 #bcd4 ,indicator1 diagram1 #ea1 #bcc2 =m (1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg4 ,induc$ curr5t1 #cgd4 ,initial pressure1 #fj4 ,injector1 #abj2 action (1 #abj2 action ( fix$ nozzle injector1 #abc2 action ( hot wat] on1 #abc2 fix$ nozzle1 #abj2 failure (1 #eji1 #eah2 inspection (1 #dfe2 location (1 #abg2 self-regulat+1 #abd4 ,injuries to p]sons1 #ecc4 ,ins5sibility1 treatm5t (1 #eda4 ,inside pipe1 #aac4 ,inspection ( locomotives1 #dfa4 ,int5sity ( combu/ion1 #cic4 ,int]nal di/urb+ =ces1 #cbh4 ,introduction1 ix4 ,inv]t$ plane1 xv4 ,jauriet1 ,c4 ,f42 wat] tables1 #cii4 ,jaws1 #bib4 ,johnson1 ,walt] ,b41 exp]im5ts on coal1 #dje4 ,j\rnal1 #agg2 effect ( increas$ diamet]1 #cfb2 heat+ (1 #ejd2 oil+ (1 #agi2 ( driv+ axle1 #bij2 ( truck axles1 #bib4 ,j\rnal be>+1 ( driv+ axle1 #bij2 ( t5d] axles1 #cea2 ( truck axles1 #ced4 ,keys1 #agi4 ,lagg+1 #aaa2 = cyl9d]s1 #afi4 ,lamp1 #cgc2 = head-light1 #ccf1 #cgf4 ,lap1 #dj1 #bea2 inside1 #dj2 effect (1 #da2 outside1 #dj2 effect (1 #da1 #dd2 effect ( r$uc+1 #bee2 effect ( v>y+1 #beh4 ,lat5t heat1 #bf2 ( evaporation1 #bf1 #bi4 ,lat]al motion1 #cag1 #dcj4 ,laugh+ gas1 #cfh4 ,lead1 #ch1 #bbj1 #bdi1 #bec2 cause (1 #bah2 effect (1 #dd2 h[ affect$ by l9k1 #bah2 h[ equaliz$1 #bdi2 inside1 #ch2 necessity =1 #bba4 ,lift ( pump valves1 #aag4 ,lift+ arm1 #ff2 break+ (1 #ebi4 ,lift+ %aft1 #ahe2 break+ (1 #ecj2 position (1 #bej4 ,limit ( ela/icity1 #hi2 ( spr+1 #cjb4 ,l9e & l9e1 #bcg4 ,l9e> advance1 #beb4 ,l9e ( back-pressure1 #bcf1 #bdc4 ,l9e ( compression1 #bcf4 ,l9e ( expansion1 #bcf4 ,l9]s1 #age4 ,l9k1 #ff1 #ahe2 motion (1 #ahi2 radius (1 #bjj4 ,l9k-block1 #ahe4 ,l9k-hang]1 #ahe1 #bej2 break+ (1 #ebi4 ,l9k motion1 #aha1 #aif1 #bdh4 ,l9k-saddle1 #ahg2 break+ (1 #ebi4 ,li/ ( books1 #eej4 ,live /eam1 #bbi4 ,locomotive1 #fb2 advance (1 #cbc2 capacity (1 #dba2 clean+ & repair+ (1 #eje2 co/ ( op]at+1 #ddh2 diff]5t k9ds1 #dbg2 dim5sions (1 #fh1 #dbi2 escape (1 #eji1 #eaa2 exp]im5ts )1 #dej2 g5]al description (1 #fb2 h[ turn$ ar\nd1 #dee2 inspection (1 #dfa2 li/ ( p>ts (1 #fi2 numb] ( miles run to a ton ( coal1 #ddi2 pr9cipal p>ts (1 #fb2 proportions (1 #dab2 resi/ance (1 #fb2 spe$ (1 #dai2 />t+ (1 #dhj2 weight (1 #fg4 ,longitud9al section1 xv4 ,lo/ motion1 #ahj4 ,l\ghridge's brake1 #ddb4 ,lubricant1 #cfj2 mann] ( apply+1 #cfj4 ,lubrication1 #ceh2 effect ( pressure & velocity ( surfaces on1 #cfa2 me?od (1 #dgg4 ,man-hole1 #cdi4 ,mason ,ma*9e ,works1 #dbi1 #dcf2 locomotive by1 #efa1 #egg1 #egi4 ,mason1 ,william1 #dce4 ,ma/] ,me*anics' ,association1 #bfj1 #bhh4 ,me*anical equival5t ( heat1 #bb4 ,metropolitan railroads1 #dbg1 #dcg2 locomotives =1 #dcf1 #dch1 #ddj4 ,mid-ge>1 #aie4 ,miles run to ton ( coal1 #ddi4 ,m9]al oil1 #ejd4 ,miscellane\s1 #cce4 ,model ( valve-ge>1 #bjd4 ,modulus ( propulsion1 #dae4 ,mogul locomotive1 #dcj1 #efg4 ,molecul> activity1 #cgf4 ,mom5tum ( pi/on1 #bcj1 #bdd2 creates resi/ance to turn+ ( crank1 #bdf4 ,motion1 reciprocat+1 #e2 rot>y1 #e4 ,motion curves1 #cd1 #aif2 h[ drawn1 #aig1 #bjd1 #bjh4 ,motion diagram1 #bac1 #bad4 ,mud-drum1 #adh4 ,mud-holes1 #adh4 ,new ,york elevat$ railroad1 #dda2 locomotive =1 #ehc4 ,nitric acid1 #cfh4 ,nitrog51 #cfh4 ,nitr\s acid1 #cfh4 ,nitr\s oxide1 #cfh4 ,nuts1 #cda2 proportions (1 #cdh4 ,oil1 #cfj2 animal1 #ejd2 mann] ( apply+1 #cfj2 m9]al1 #ejd4 ,oil boxes1 = t5d]1 #ced4 ,oil cell>s1 #agi1 #bij4 ,oil-cock1 #afi4 ,oil-cup1 #agf4 ,op5-road1 #dbh2 runn+ on1 #dhi4 ,op]at+ locomotives1 co/ (1 #ddh4 ,outside %ell ( fire-box1 #ge4 ,ov]fl[1 #abj4 ,ov]fl[-nozzle1 #aba4 ,oxalate ( ammonia1 #ded4 ,oxyg51 #cfh1 #cgj4 ,pack+1 #agc4 ,pack+-bolts1 #agc4 ,pack+-nuts1 #acb1 #agc4 ,pack+-r+s1 #agb2 inspection (1 #dfh2 sett+ out1 #dfi4 ,pack+-spr+s1 #agb4 ,p>abolic reflector1 #ccg4 ,p>allel motion1 #bcc4 ,p>allel-rods1 #agg4 ,pass5g] traffic1 #dbg2 locomotive =1 #dcf4 ,p]=at$ pipe1 #dhh4 ,p]=mance & co/ ( op]at+ locomotives1 #ddh4 ,p]iods ( di/ribution ( /eam1 #bbj4 ,p]iph]y ( :eel1 #bgg4 ,pet-cock1 #aah1 #adi4 ,petticoat-pipe1 #aac4 ,pile-driv+ ma*9e1 #bh4 ,pilot1 7see c[-cat*]17 #bid1 #cch4 ,pi/on1 #a2 accid5t to1 #eji1 #ebb2 diamet] (1 #fi1 #afd1 #daf2 con/ruction (1 #agb2 h[ oil$1 #afi2 inspection (1 #dfg2 mom5tum (1 #ch1 #bcj1 #bdd2 /roke (1 #daf4 ,pi/on-head1 #agb4 ,pi/on-rod1 #b2 action (1 #agd2 break+ (1 #eji2 con/ruction (1 #aga4 ,pit* ( screw-?reads1 #cda1 #cdc4 ,plan1 xiv4 ,plates1 #eea4 ,pot5tial en]gy1 #bd1 #bh4 ,pre-admission1 #aig1 #bbj1 #bcg1 #bdj4 ,preface1 iii4 ,pre-release1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bdi4 ,pressure-valve1 #aae4 ,prim+1 #agj1 #dhd2 cause & prev5tion (1 #dhf2 effect (1 #dhh4 ,prop]ties ( saturat$ /eam1 table (1 #ehe4 ,proportions ( locomotives1 #dab4 ,pross]'s exp&]1 #hd4 ,pump1 #aae2 con/ruction (1 #aae2 failure (1 #eji1 #eah2 freez+ (1 #abj1 #ejg1 #ecb2 inspection (1 #dff2 location (1 #aai2 regulation (1 #aai2 work+ (1 #agf2 9 a sn[ /orm1 #ecb4 ,pump-b>rel1 #aae4 ,pump-lug1 #agg4 ,pump-plung]1 #aee1 #agg4 ,pump-valve1 #aae4 ,pun*$ holes1 #i1 #ic1 #ajc4 ,pun*+ holes1 #ia1 #ic4 ,pu%+-b>1 #cch4 ,pyromet]1 #cig4 ,quadrants1 #bfa4 ,radiation1 #ah1 #aaa2 f boil]1 #cig4 ,ra9 /orm1 runn+ 91 #dig4 ,receiv+-tube1 #abj4 ,reciprocat+ motion1 #e4 ,reflector1 #ccg4 ,release ( /eam1 #da1 #bba2 gov]n$ by1 #bbg2 h[ affect$ by l9k1 #bag4 ,repulsion ( p>ticles1 #bh4 ,requirem5ts & duties ( locomotive runn]s1 #edg4 ,res]ve eng9e1 #dig4 ,resi/ance ( tra9s1 #djf2 on curves1 #daj2 on grades1 #djh2 table (1 #djg1 #eif4 ,responsibility & qualifications ( locomotive runn]s1 #edd4 ,rev]se-lev]1 #ff1 #ahg2 break+ (1 #ecj2 con/ruction & location (1 #bfa2 l5g? (1 #bfc4 ,rev]se-rod1 #ahg1 #bfa2 break+ (1 #ecj4 ,rev]s+ ge>1 #bfd4 ,ri*>dson safety valve1 #adj4 ,ri*>d's /eam eng9e indicator1 #bca4 ,rivet$ seams1 #ia2 /r5g? (1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajf4 ,rivet+1 *a91 #ajj2 d\ble1 #ajj2 ma*9e1 #ig2 s+le1 #ie2 /r5g? (1 #ajc2 /ronge/ =m (1 #ii4 ,rivets1 #ij2 arrangem5t (1 #ia2 cru%+ (1 #ie1 #ih2 diamet] (1 #ih2 proportions (1 #ia2 %e>+ (1 #id2 /agg]$1 #aja2 /r5g? (1 #id2 zigzag1 #aja4 ,rock]1 #g2 accid5t to1 #ebi4 ,rock]-arm1 break+ (1 #ebi2 l5g? (1 #bjd4 ,rock]-p91 #ahe4 ,rock+ grate1 #aeb4 ,rog]s ,locomotive ,works1 #djb1 #ega1 #egc4 ,rot>y motion1 #e4 ,runn+-bo>d1 #ccg4 ,runn+-ge>1 #bfh2 inspection (1 #dgc4 ,runn+ locomotives1 #dgh4 ,runn+ (f ! track1 #eji1 #eab4 ,russia iron1 #aaa4 ,saddles1 #bif4 ,safety *a9s1 #cdj1 #cej4 ,safety-valve1 #acd2 effect ( bl[+ (f1 #dhe2 inspection (1 #dfe2 pressure on1 #acf2 ,ri*>dson's1 #adj4 ,safety-valve lev]1 #ace4 ,safety-valve seat1 #aci4 ,s& box1 #cce2 use (1 #dha4 ,saturat$ /eam1 #ac2 prop]ties (1 #ehe4 ,scalds1 treatm5t (1 #edb4 ,scale1 #dec4 ,screw-?reads1 #cda2 =m (1 #cdc2 proportions (1 #cde2 sy/em (1 #cdb2 table (1 #cdh4 ,seams1 rivet$1 #ia2 /r5g? (1 #ie4 ,section1 xiv4 ,sectional view1 xiv4 ,sectors1 #bfa2 arrangem5t ( not*es 91 #bfc4 ,sell]s1 ,william1 #cdb2 sy/em ( screw-?reads1 #cdb1 #cdd4 ,sell]s1 ,william ,co41 turn table by1 #def4 ,sett+ out pack+1 #dfi4 ,set-screws1 #agi4 ,%ak+ grate1 #aeb4 ,%e>+1 #id1 #ih4 ,%ock1 treatm5t (1 #eda4 ,%oes1 #big4 ,%unt+1 #dbg4 ,side-be>+1 #cef4 ,side elevation1 xiv4 ,side rods1 #agg4 ,side view1 xiv4 ,signals1 #ddg2 obs]vance (1 #dha1 #dhi1 #dic4 ,slack ( ! tra91 #dha4 ,slides1 #agd2 h[ oil$1 #agf2 we> (1 #age4 ,slide-valve1 #f1 #cj2 advance (1 #ch2 conditions :i* x mu/ fulfill1 #cj2 disadvantages ( fir/ =m (1 #cg2 fir/ =m (1 #cj2 h[ made /eam tight1 #afi2 inspection (1 #dgb2 lap (1 #dj2 middle position (1 #ahd2 motion ( modifi$ by ! proportions ( l9k motion1 #bdh2 oil+ (1 #afi1 #dib2 proportions (1 #bfj2 sett+ (1 #bfd2 travel (1 #ch4 ,smi?1 ,a4 ,f41 #dda4 ,smi?'s vacuum brake1 #ddb4 ,smoke1 #cfh2 cause (1 #cgb2 prev5tion (1 #ejc4 ,smoke-box1 #ff1 #aaa2 temp]ature 91 #cif4 ,smoke-/ack1 #ff2 con/ruction (1 #aab2 inspection (1 #dfe2 proportions (1 #aab2 size (1 #fi4 ,sn[1 #dig2 melt+ (1 #ecb4 ,sn[ /orm1 blockade by1 #ecb2 runn+ 91 #dig4 ,sobriety1 importance (1 #ede4 ,soot1 #cga4 ,spac+ rivets1 #if1 #ih4 ,sp>k deflector1 #aab4 ,spe$ ( locomotives1 #dej4 ,sph]ical jo9ts1 #afj4 ,spid]1 #agb4 ,spread ( :eels1 #bhe4 ,spr+1 #bie1 #big2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebe2 con/ruction (1 #big2 curvature (1 #cja1 #cjg2 ela/icity (1 #big1 #cjc1 #cjf2 necessity =1 #bie2 numb] ( plates (1 #cjf2 proportions (1 #cjd2 span (1 #cjf2 /r5g? (1 #cjc4 ,spr+ balance1 #acg4 ,spr+ balance lev]1 #ach4 ,spr+ hang]1 #big2 atta*m5t (1 #cjh2 break+ (1 #eji4 ,spr+ /rap1 #cjj4 ,/agg]$ rivets1 #aja4 ,/>t+-valve1 #abf4 ,/ations1 runn+ into1 #did2 runn+ pa/1 #dib2 /op at1 #ejc4 ,/ay-bolts1 #gf2 break+ (1 #gi1 #dfc2 /ra9 on1 #gh4 ,/eam1 #aj2 absolute pressure (1 #ac1 #ehe2 admission (1 #cj1 #aee2 advantages ( us+ expansively1 #ee2 application (1 #a2 cond5sation (1 #ag2 cut-(f1 #da2 effective pressure (1 #ad2 exhau/ (1 #cj2 expansion (1 #ad1 #da1 #dg2 expansive =ce (1 #a2 g5]ation ( greate/ am\nt (1 #ejj2 pressure 9 cyl9d]s1 #dg1 #eb1 #ec1 #bbc2 pressure1 limit (1 #acd2 pressure (1 #aa2 pressure ( aft] expansion1 #af2 prop]ties (1 #ef1 #ehe2 quantity requir$1 #dbj2 release (1 #da2 saturat$1 #ac2 sup]heat$1 #ac2 total heat (1 #bi1 #eg1 #ehe2 temp]ature (1 #ehe2 weight (1 #ehe2 volume (1 #ad1 #afc1 #ehe2 wire drawn1 #ei4 ,/eam-dome1 #aaj2 location (1 #aaj4 ,/eam-*e/1 #f2 bur/+ (1 #eji1 #ebb2 con/ruction (1 #afi2 protection (1 #agj4 ,/eam-*e/ cov]1 #afi4 ,/eam-gauge1 #adj2 connection (1 #ade2 inspect+ (1 #dfe2 te/+ (1 #ade4 ,/eam indicator1 #bca2 me?od ( apply+1 #bcd4 ,/eam l9e1 #bcf4 ,/eam passage1 #afe4 ,/eam pipes1 #aaa1 #aee2 bur/+ (1 #eji1 #ebb2 con/ruction (1 #aeh4 ,/eam ports1 #e2 op5+ (1 #bag4 ,/eam space1 #aji4 ,/eam ways1 #e1 #abb2 effect (1 #bbh4 ,/eam :i/le1 #adf4 ,/eel plates1 #dgi4 ,/raps1 #agg4 ,/roke1 #af4 ,/ub-end1 #agi4 ,/udies = me*anics1 locomotive runn]s1 c41 #edi4 ,/uff+-box1 #agc2 inspection (1 #dgj4 ,suburban railroads1 #dbg2 locomotives =1 #dcf1 #dch4 ,suction-pipe1 #aae4 ,suction-valve1 #aae4 ,sun /roke1 treatm5t (1 #edc4 ,sup]heat$ /eam1 #ac4 ,surface-cock1 #dhg4 ,susp5d+-l9k1 #bej4 ,susp5sion1 po9t (1 #bdi4 ,susp5sion-l9ks1 #cah4 ,swit*1 #bfi4 ,swit*+ locomotive1 #dbg1 #dbh2 runn+ (1 #dii2 engrav+ (1 #eec4 ,tang5t1 #bji4 ,tank1 #fh1 #cdi2 capacity & weight (1 #fi1 #cdf1 #cei2 h[ /r5g!n$1 #cej4 ,tank locomotive1 #dbh1 #dcb1 #ega1 #egc1 #ege1 #egg1 #egi1 #eha1 #ehc4 ,taunton ,locomotive ,manufactur+ ,company1 #dbh4 ,temp]ature 9 fire-box1 #chg2 necess>y to ignite coal gas1 #chg4 ,t5d]1 #fh2 capacity & weight (1 #fi1 #cdi1 #ceg2 con/ruction (1 #cdi4 ,t5d] trucks1 #cej1 #cef4 ,t5d]-valve1 #cej4 ,t5sile /ra91 #hi4 ,t5-:eel$ locomotive1 #dcj1 #efe4 ,te/+ ( boil]s1 #dfa2 ( /eam gauges1 #ade4 ,?reads 7( screws72 see screw-?reads1 #cda4 ,?ree-legg$ pr9ciple1 #cag4 ,?rottle-pipe1 #aaa4 ,?rottle-valve1 #aee2 failure (1 #eaj1 #ecj2 inspection (1 #dff2 op]ation (1 #aeh2 use (1 #dha4 ,?rottle-valve lev]1 #aeh4 ,?r[ ( ecc5tric1 #ca4 ,?umb tool1 #hd4 ,tires1 #fc1 #bhe2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebd2 h[ fa/5$1 #bhf2 /&>d size (1 #bhh4 ,tools = eng9e1 #dgf4 ,top view1 xiv4 ,total heat ( combu/ion1 #chj1 #cic2 ( /eam1 #bi1 #eg4 ,total pressure ( /eam1 table (1 #ehe4 ,t\rniquet1 #ecg4 ,t pipe1 #aei4 ,traction1 #cai4 ,tractive p[]1 #cba4 ,traffic1 freight & pass5g]1 #dbg4 ,trail+ :eels1 #fe2 break+ (1 #ebd4 ,tra91 protection (1 #ead4 ,transv]se section1 xv4 ,travel ( valve1 #ch2 effect ( *ang+1 #db1 #aie1 #bad1 #baf2 h[ *ang$1 #ahg4 ,tread ( :eel1 #bgg4 ,truck1 #bfh2 con/ruction (1 #cad2 effect ( on movem5t ( locomotive ar\nd curves1 #bgc2 = t5d]1 #cef2 lat]al motion (1 #cag2 resi/ance to roll+1 #bhj2 use (1 #bfi2 ) s+le pair ( :eels1 #bga1 #dcj4 ,truck axle1 #bhj2 break+ (1 #ebd4 ,truck boxes1 #bib1 #cad4 ,truck frame1 #cad4 ,truck spr+s1 #cad4 ,truck :eels1 #fe1 #bfh2 break+ (1 #ebd2 con/ruction (1 #bia2 size (1 #fh2 slip (1 #bgc2 weight on1 #fi2 :y two are us$1 #bfi4 ,truss-b>s1 #caf4 ,try-cocks1 #acj4 ,tubes1 #ff2 arrangem5t (1 #ha2 bur/+ or collapse (1 #eji1 #eaf2 fa/5+ (1 #hc2 numb] & size (1 #fi1 #gd4 ,tube-exp&]1 #hd4 ,turn-table1 #dea2 con/ruction (1 #dee4 ,ungu5t1 #cfj4 ,ultimate /r5g?1 #ij2 ( spr+s1 #cjb4 ,unit ( heat1 #eh4 ,unit ( "w1 #bc4 ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d = screw-?reads1 #cdc4 ,vacuum brake1 #ddb2 con/ruction (1 #ddf4 ,vacuum l9e1 #dh4 ,valve1 slide1 #f4 7,see slide-valve74 ,valve1 ,all5's1 #bbd4 ,valve-face1 #dj4 ,valve-ge>1 #aha2 con/ruction (1 #aha2 dim5sions (1 #baf2 injury to1 #eaj2 inspection (1 #dgb2 model (1 #bej4 ,valve-rod1 #g4 ,valve-seat1 #e4 ,valve-/em1 #g2 accid5t to1 #ebi4 ,vapor1 #aj4 ,v>iable exhau/1 #afc4 ,v5\s ble$+1 #ecf4 ,v]tical section1 xiv4 ,volume1 #ad4 ,wagon top1 #aji4 ,wai/ ( boil]1 #fg4 ,w>d's air brake1 #ddb4 ,wat]1 am\nt evaporat$ p] p\nd ( coal1 #gc1 #cid2 freez+ (1 #ejg2 height ( 9 boil]1 #acj1 #dhd2 muddy1 #dhf2 8solid10 #dhg2 supply exhau/$1 #eca4 ,wat] crane1 #deb4 ,wat] gauge1 #acj1 #acb4 ,wat] grate1 #aeb4 ,wat] space1 #fg2 size (1 #fi1 #ge4 ,wat] supply1 #dec4 ,wat] table1 #cii4 ,wat] tank1 effect ( c>ry+ weight ( on driv+-:eels1 #dcc1 #dea4 ,w$ges1 #bid1 #big2 bolts =1 #dge4 ,weight1 di/ribution (1 #dac4 ,welt1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,we/+h\se brake1 #ddb4 ,:eels1 driv+1 #bfh2 adhesion (1 #fb2 break+ (1 #eji1 #ebd2 c>ry+1 #bfh2 size (1 #fh2 trail+1 #fe2 truck1 #fe1 #bfh4 ,:eel-base1 #fi1 #bhe4 ,:eel c5tres1 #fc1 #bhf4 ,:eel gu>ds1 #cdj4 ,wild eng9e1 #dih4 ,wire drawn1 #ei1 #aig1 #dhb4 ,wire nett+1 #dfe2 me?od ( clean+1 #dff4 ,"w1 #bb2 conv]tible into heat1 #be4 ,work+ wat]1 #agj4 ,wri/-p91 #age4 ,wyman1 ,d4 ,w41 locomotive by1 #ehc4 ,y1 #dfj4 ,zigzag rivets1 #aja4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 lay-out1 hyph5ation1 etc4 h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ "u ,*anges bel[4 ,"s ref]5ce lett]s' case 9 ! text does n correspond to t %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & "s ( ! ref]5ce lett]s are us$ inconsi/5tly 9 diff]5t illu/rations2 ?is has n be5 rectifi$ unless m5tion$ bel[4 ,! n always num]ical ord] ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is e-text is ! ord] ( ! s\rce docum5t4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,! scale z indicat$ 9 ! illu/rations 9 ?is e-text is n necess>ily correct4 ,sev]al *>act]s z us$ 9 ?is text are us$ to repres5t ! %ape ( ! symbol or lett] r ?an ! symbol's 7e4g41 7 or lett]'s 7e4g41 ,u7 actual mean+4 ,page #dg1 444 a spiral spr+1 s s1 fig4 #ca1 :i* is compress$ 4443 ! lett]s s are n visible 9 ! illu/ration 7! spr+ is74 ,page #eb1 444 if we con/ruct a scale ,s1 ,s1 fig4 #ch1 4443 ! pr9t+ quality ( ! s\rce docum5t 0 n suffici5t to make ?is entirely visible 9 ! illu/ration2 ! text & fig4 #ci may provide cl>ity4 ,! p>ts t 7 legible h be5 enhanc$4 ,page #gg3 ,fig4 #da conta9s diff]5t ref]5ce lett]s h3 two 9 ! smoke /ack 7left-h& side ( ! illu/ration71 "o und]nea? ! /eam :i/le4 ,bo? are ref]5c$ 9 ! text4 ,page #ajb1 444 ! di/ance d f w !n be ! c5tre 4443 "o or m words may be miss+ 7444 :i* w !n be 444 or simil>74 ,page #aed1 444 ) two h&les1 l1 l1 fig4 #ga1 :i* are rais$ 4443 ref]5ce lett]s l d n occur 9 ! illu/ration 7nor are !y li/$ 9 ! p>ts li/ foll[+ ! illu/ration74 ,page #aff1 ,fig4 #ic3 ! "r-mo/ ref]5ce lett] is an upside-d[n ,w1 n an ,m4 ,page #aha1 444 & ! o!r two ! rev]se way3 possibly an error = 444 & ! o!r ! rev]se way4 ,page #beh1 caption ) fig4 #ade3 ,scale 94 #a foot is probably an error = ,scale 94 #a in*4 ,page #bfi1 444 & y1 plate ,,ii1 & fig4 #dj1 ! c5tre-p9 4443 ! c5tre-p9 is indicat$ by ,y 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,page #ccg1 ,! runn+-bo>ds are planks1 i i1 plate ,i1 4443 ! ref]5ce lett]s i i are n visible 9 ,plate ,i4 ,page #dcj1 ,s5t5ce />t+ ,= ?is reason a truck consi/+ ( a s+le pair ( :eels1 4443 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 "s text may be miss+4 ,page #ddh_/ddi1 ,table & p>agraph />t+ ,f ?is table x w be se5 4443 probably ! la/ two columns ( ! table li/ decimal fractions r ?an p]c5tages 7e4g41 fuel is probably #j4c ( op]at+ co/s ( locomotives r ?an #j4c74 ,page #edd3 ,"p ,,xl %\ld h be5 call$ ,"p ,,xxx4 ,app5dices3 unless m5tion$ "u ,*anges bel[ ! tables are giv5 "h z pr9t$1 al?\gh !y may conta9 7m9or7 errors4 ,*anges made ,footnotes & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations h be5 rotat$4 ,figure numb]s & scale indicators h be5 remov$ f )9 "s illu/rations & h be5 transcrib$ z 7top or bottom7 captions4 ,:]e !y 7 miss+1 p]iods h be5 add$ to illu/ration captions4 ,numb]$ que/ions h 7:]e relevant7 be5 /&>dis$ to end 9 a "q m>k4 ,ref]5ce lett]s 9 ! text h be5 /&>dis$ to italics4 ,"s obvi\sly miss+ punctuation has be5 ins]t$2 "s m9or obvi\s typographical errors 7 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 "s tables & li/s ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,page iv3 ,die ,s*ule des ,locomotivfuhr]s 444 *ang$ to ,die ,s*ule des ,locomotivfhr]s 4444 ,page xvi3 444 z %[n 9 ! sections ( ! apple at ,a & ,b4 *ang$ to 444 z %[n 9 ! sections ( ! apple at ,c & ,d4 ,page #a3 ,! /eam1 if admitt$ at c 444 *ang$ to ,! /eam1 if admitt$ at ,c 4444 ,page #dj3 444 ^? portions ( ! face h1 i1 & p1 q1 :i* cov] ! /eam-ports1 444 *ang$ to 444 ^? portions ( ! face h1 i1 & h1 q1 :i* cov] ! /eam-ports 4444 ,page #ef3 444 conditions :i* 7 us$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #fj 444 *ang$ to 444 conditions :i* 7 us$ 9 ! answ] to ,"q #eg 4444 ,page #eh3 ,x 0 %[n 9 answ] to ,"q #ef 444 *ang$ to ,x 0 %[n 9 answ] to ,"q #eg 4444 ,page #ajb3 444 we w /ep (f ! di/ance d f f 444 *ang$ to 444 we w /ep (f ! di/ance d f 4444 ,page #aaa3 444 7%[n also 9 fig4 #dc17 444 *ang$ to 444 7%[n also 9 fig4 #dj17 4444 ,page #abi3 fir/ comma delet$ f a1 a1 ,heat] ,pipe4 ,page #ace3 ,fig4 #gd3 ref]5ce lett] ,j *ang$ to j4 ,page #afb3 444 flanges1 f f1 ca/ on ! pipes4 *ang$ to flanges1 f1 f1 ca/ on ! pipes4 ,page #afe3 444 heads1 ,a & ,b1 444 *ang$ to 444 heads1 ,a & ,b1 4444 ,page #agf3 444 ! tops guides are usually 444 *ang$ to 444 ! top guides are usually 4444 ,page #agi3 444 ! j\rnals ( ! c\pl+-rods1 ! brasses at m1 m1 444 *ang$ to 444 ! j\rnals ( ! c\pl+-rods1 ! brasses at n1 n1 4444 ,page #aie3 ,?us ! l9e -o -o1 444 *ang$ to ,?us ! l9e -#j -#j 4444 ,page #baf1 table1 r[ #d1 column ,po9t ( release1 ,backw>d /roke #bj *ang$ to #bj4 ,page #bbj3 444 ! slide-valve & ink motion8 *ang$ to 444 ! slide-valve & l9k motion8 ,page #bcd & #bcf3 ,! fir/ illu/ration ) caption ,fig4 #acf has be5 r5umb]$ ,fig4 #acf;a1 ! second "o ,fig4 #acf;b4 ,page #bcf1 ,fig4 #acf;b3 ref]5ce lett] e 7top c5tre7 *ang$ to c4 ,page #bfa3 ,! rev]se-rod l k1 :i* connects ! lev] ) ! v]tical arm k 444 *ang$ to ,! rev]se-rod e k1 :i* connects ! lev] ) ! v]tical arm k 4444 ,page #bha3 444 if two pairs ( :eels1 a1 a1 b1 b1 fig4 #aea1 444 *ang$ to 444 if two pairs ( :eels1 a a1 b b1 fig4 #aea1 4444 ,page #bib3 444 a heavy timb]1 call$ a bump]-timb]1 ,e ,e1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 444 *ang$ to 444 a heavy timb]1 call$ a bump]-timb]1 ,e ,e1 plates ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 4444 ,page #big3 ,^! plates are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 z %[n at ,b1 ,b1 9 fig4 #afi1 444 *ang$ to ,^! plates are ( diff]5t l5g?s1 z %[n at ,b1 ,b1 9 fig4 #afi1 4444 ,page #cjh1 answ] to "q #bii3 ref]5ces to ,fig4 #agh *ang$ to ,fig4 #agg 7?ree times74 ,page #cbg3 444 ! end ( a long] lev] ,e ,g ,b1 fig4 #aib1 444 *ang$ to 444 ! end ( a long] lev] ,e ,g ,b1 fig4 #aib1 4444 ,page #ccg3 ,! h&-rails1 m m m1 are brass or iron pipes 444 *ang$ to ,! h&-rails1 m m m1 are brass or iron pipes 4444 ,page #cde3 clos+ quote m>k ins]t$ aft] =mula4 ,page #cdf1 fir/ =mula3 #a1bff *ang$ to #a4bff z else:]e4 ,page #cff3 ! s\rce has two footnote an*ors = a s+le footnote2 ! footnote has be5 copi$4 ,page #dbc3 444 #fdi1gbe units ( heats1 444 *ang$ to 444 #fdi1gbe units ( heat1 4444 ,page #dcb1 answ] to "q #dce3 quote m>ks ins]t$ ar\nd ,consolidation z else:]e4 ,page #dii1 footnote #aaa3 ,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und ,betriebes d] ,locomtive *ang$ to ,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und des ,betriebes d] ,locomotive4 ,page #edd1 footnote#aai3 ,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und ,betriebes d] ,locomotive *ang$ to ,kate*ismus d] ,e9ri*tung und des ,betriebes d] ,locomotive4 ,page #efa1 ,plate ,,viii3 ,scale1 94 ft4 *ang$ to ,scale1 94 #a ft4 ,app5dices3 *apt] head+s ,app5dix ,i1 ,app5dix ,,ii1 ,app5dix ,,iii & ,app5dix ,,iv h be5 ins]t$4 ,index3 "s page numb]s 7 correct$4 ,m9or spell+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! text & ! index h n be5 *ang$4