,,paul ,,& ,,8 ,,int]pret]s ,a ,,critical ,,hi/ory ,,by ,,alb]t ,,s*weitz] ,,privatdoz5t ,,9 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/rassburg ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,que/ ,,( ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,jesus0 ,,translat$ ,,by ,w4 ,,montgom]y1 ,,ba41 ,,bd4 ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aiab pg v ,,preface ,,! pres5t "w =ms ! cont9uation ( my ,hi/ory ( ! ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aijf "u ! title 8,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e407#a7 ,any "o :o deals ) ! tea*+ & ! life & "w ( ,jesus1 & (f]s any k9d ( new read+ ( x1 ought n to /op !re1 b mu/ be held "u obligation to trace1 f ! /&-po9t at :i* he has arriv$1 ! pa?way lead+ to ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,only 9 ?is way c x be cle>ly %[n :at 8 discov]y is wor?4 ,! great & /ill undis*>g$ task :i* confronts ^? engag$ 9 ! hi/orical /udy ( primitive ,*ri/ianity is to expla9 h[ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus develop$ into ! e>ly ,greek !ology1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! works ( ,ignatius1 ,ju/91 ,t]tullian & ,ir5aeus4 ,h[ c\ld ! doctr9al sy/em ( ,paul arise on ! basis ( ! life & "w ( ,jesus & ! beliefs ( ! primitive community2 & h[ did ! e>ly ,greek !ology arise out ( ,paul9ism8 ,/rauss & ,r5an recognis$ ! obligation1 & ea* endeav\r$ 9 a s]ies ( works to trace ! pa? lead+ f ,jesus to ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,s9ce _! "t no "o :o has dealt ) ! life ( ,jesus has attempt$ to foll[ ?is c\rse4 ,mean:ile ! hi/ory ( dogma1 on its "p1 has come to place ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 z well z t ( ,paul1 outside ! scope ( its inve/igations & to reg>d its own task z pg vi beg9n+ at ! po9t :]e ! undisput$ & g5]al ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity sets 94 ,x describes !re=e ! gr[? ( ,greek !ology1 b n ( ,*ri/ian !ology z a :ole4 ,& because x leaves ! transition f ,jesus to ,paul1 & f ,paul to ,ju/9 & ,ignatius1 unexpla9$1 & !re=e fails to arrive at any intelligible & consi/5t conception ( ,*ri/ian dogma z a :ole1 ! edifice :i* x erects has no secure basis4 ,any "o :o kn[s & admires ,h>nack's 8,hi/ory ( ,dogma0 is aw>e t ! solid mason-"w only beg9s 9 ! ,greek p]iod2 :at prec$es is n plac$ on firm f\ndations b only support$ on piles4 ,paul9ism is an integral "p ( ! hi/ory ( dogma2 = ! hi/ory ( dogma beg9s imm$iately ^u ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,critical !ology1 9 divid+ up ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght 9 primitive ,*ri/ianity into ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 ,life ( ,jesus1 ,apo/olic ,age1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 & cl++ to ?is division z if x 7 some?+ m ?an a m]e conv5tion ( ! academic syllabus1 makes a confession ( incompet5ce & resigns all hope ( putt+ ! hi/ory ( dogma on a secure basis4 ,moreov]1 ! sep>ate dep>tm5ts ?us left isolat$ are liable to fall into all k9ds ( confusions & errors1 & x becomes a necessity ( exi/5ce to !m n to be compell$ to foll[ _! !ories beyond ! cunn+ly plac$ b\nd>ies1 or to be prep>$ to %[ at any mom5t h[ _! view accords ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,?is indep5d5ce & autonomy ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( /udy beg9s ) ! d[nfall ( ! edifice con/ruct$ by ,baur4 ,he 0 ! la/ :o d>$ to conceive1 & to deal )1 ! hi/ory ( dogma 9 ! l>ge & g5]al s5se z ! sci5tific /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus into ! e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,aft] him beg9s1 ) ,rits*l1 ! n>r[] & m conv5i5t conception ( ! subject1 :i* resigns its imp]ial au?ority ov] ! dep>tm5ts ( /udy deal+ ) ! ,life ( ,jesus1 pg vii ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,paul9ism1 & all[s ^! to become indep5d5t4 ,9 ! works ( ,rits*l himself ?is new dep>ture is n cle>ly app>5t1 because he /ill =mally includes ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 ( ,paul1 & ( primitive ,*ri/ianity )9 ! sph]e ( ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,b in/ead ( expla9+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s types ( belief & doctr9e1 he glosses !m ov] 9 su* a way t he practically d5ies ! developm5t ( ! ?\ghts1 & makes x impossible = a really sci5tific /udy ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & ( ,paul9ism to fit into ! ready-made frame :i* he provides4 ,rits*l %>es ) ,baur ! presupposition t primitive dogma arose out ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus by an organic & logical process4 ,! sep>ate discipl9es :i* began aft] !m h %[n t ?is assumption is false4 ,( a 8developm5t0 9 ! ord9>y s5se !re c be no "q1 because clos] inve/igation has n confirm$ ! exi/5ce ( ! natural l9es ( connexion :i* might priori h be5 suppos$ to be self-evid5t1 b reveals in/ead un9telligible gaps4 ,?is is ! real reason :y ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( /udy ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles /&s ov] aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,jesus z some?+ ( an entirely diff]5t "*1 & does n create ! impression ( hav+ aris5 out ( x4 ,b h[ is su* a new creation ( ,*ri/ian ideas--& t )9 a b>e two or ?ree decades aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus--at all conceivable8 ,f ,paul9ism1 aga91 !re are no visible l9es ( connexion lead+ to e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,ignatius & ,ju/9 d n take ov] 8 ideas1 b create1 9 _! turn1 some?+ new4 ,accord+ to ! assumption :i* 9 itself appe>s mo/ natural1 "o w\ld be prep>$ to see 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus a m\nta9-mass1 cont9u$ by ! l(ty summits ( ! ,paul9e range1 & f ^! gradually fall+ away to ! l[] levels ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic !ology4 ,9 reality ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & t ( ! great ,apo/le are l two sep>ate ranges ( hills1 ly+ irregul>ly dispos$ 9 pg viii front ( ! lat] 8,gospel40 ,ev5 ! relation :i* ea* sev]ally be>s to primitive ,*ri/ianity rema9s unc]ta94 ,?is want ( connexion mu/ h "s explanation4 ,! task ( hi/orical sci5ce is to und]/& :y ^! two sy/ems ( tea*+ are necess>ily indep5d5t1 & at ! same "t to po9t out ! geological fault & dislocation ( ! /rata1 & enable u to recognise ! ess5tial cont9uity ( ^! =mations & ! process by :i* !y h tak5 _! pres5t %ape4 ,! edifice con/ruct$ by ,baur has fall52 b 8 l>ge & compreh5sive conception ( ! hi/ory ( dogma ought n to be giv5 up4 ,x is :olly wrong to ignore ! problem at :i* he lab\r$ & s create ! false impression t x has be5 solv$4 ,pres5t day criticism is f> f hav+ expla9$ h[ ,paul9ism & ,greek !ology h aris5 out ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,all x has really done is to h ga9$ "s insight into ! difficulties1 & to h made x increas+ly evid5t t ! "q ( ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity is ! fundam5tal problem ( ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,x c\ld n really hope to f9d a solution1 because x is /ill work+ away ) ! presuppositions ( ,baur1 ,rits*l1 & ,r5an1 & has already tri$ ?ree or f\r times ov] all ! exp]im5ts :i* are possible on ?is basis1 )\t ev] atta9+ to a real insight into ! c\rse ( ! developm5t4 ,x has approa*$ ?is or t problem diff]5tly1 has giv5 a new v]sion--n to say 9 "s cases a p]v]sion--( x2 b x has n succe$$ 9 giv+ a satisfactory answ] to ! "q :5 & h[ ! ,gospel 0 ,hell5is$4 ,x has n ev5 atta9$ to cle>ness 9 reg>d to ! condition 9 :i* ! ,gospel exi/$ prior to its ,hell5isation4 ,x has n v5tur$ to m>k (f ) p]fect di/9ctness ! two worlds ( ?\ght ) :i* ! process is conc]n$1 & to =mulate ! problem z be+ t ( expla9+ h[ ! ,gospel1 :i* 0 orig9ally purely ,jewi% & es*atological1 became ,greek 9 =m & cont5t4 ,t ?is c\ld really h come ab\t1 x takes to be priori pg ix impossible4 ,x !re=e seeks to s(t5 d[n ! anti!ses z mu* z possible1 to f9d 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ?\ghts :i* =ce _! way out ( ! frame ( ! ,jewi% es*atological conceptions & h ! "* ( univ]sal religion1 & 9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul to discov] a 8g5u9ely ,*ri/ian10 & also a ,hell5ic elem5t1 alongside ( ! ,rabb9ic mat]ial4 ,!ological sci5ce has 9 fact be5 dom9at$ by ! desire to m9imise z mu* z possible ! elem5t ( ,jewi% ,apocalyptic 9 ,jesus & ,paul1 & s f> z possible to repres5t ! ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel z hav+ be5 prep>$ = by !m4 ,x ?9ks x has ga9$ some?+ :5 9 =mulat+ ! problem x has done its be/ to s(t5 d[n ! anti!ses to ! utmo/ ) a view to provid+ e facility = conceiv+ ! transition ( ! ,gospel f "o _w ( ?\ght to ! o!r4 ,9 foll[+ ?is me?od ,baur & ,r5an proce$ ) a simple confid5ce :i* is no long] possible to pres5t day !ology4 ,b 9 spite ( t x mu/ /ill cont9ue to foll[ ! same l9es1 because x has /ill to "w ) ! old presuppositions & ! weak5+ d[n ( ! problem :i* !y imply4 ,! result is 9 e respect unsatisfactory4 ,! solution rema9s z impossible z x 0 be=e1 & ! simplifications :i* 7 suppos$ to be provid$ 9 ! /atem5t ( ! problem h only creat$ new difficulties4 ,! ?or\ghgo+ application ( ,jewi% es*atology to ! int]pretation ( ! tea*+ & "w ( ,jesus has creat$ a new fact ^u :i* to base ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,if ! view develop$ at ! close ( my 8,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus0 is s\nd1 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus does n 9 any ( its aspects g outside ! ,jewi% _w ( ?\ght & project itself into a non-,jewi% _w1 b repres5ts a deeply e?ical & p]fect$ v]sion ( ! contempor>y ,apocalyptic4 ,!re=e ! ,gospel is at its />t+-po9t exclusively ,jewi%-es*atological4 ,! %>ply anti!tic =mulation ( ! problem ( ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* x 0 always hop$ to avoid1 is prov$ by ! facts record$ 9 ! ,synopti/s to be ! only admissible "o4 ,accord+ly1 pg x ! hi/ory ( dogma has to %[ h[ :at 0 orig9ally purely ,jewi%-es*atological has develop$ into some?+ t is ,greek4 ,! exp$i5ts & evasions hi!rto curr5t h be5 dismiss$ f circulation4 ,! prim>y task is to def9e ! position ( ,paul4 ,is he ! fir/ /age ( ! ,hell5is+ process1 or is 8 sy/em ( ?\ght1 l t ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 to be conceiv$ z purely ,jewi%-es*atological8 ,usually ! =m] is tak5 = grant$1 because he deta*$ ,*ri/ianity f ,judaism1 & because o!rwise 8 ?\ghts d n seem to be easily explicable4 ,besides1 x 0 fe>$ t if ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 z well z primitive ,*ri/ianity1 7 reg>d$ z purely ,jewi%-es*atological1 ! problem ( ! ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel w\ld become s acute z to make ! possibility ( solv+ x m remote ?an ev]4 ,moreov]1 ! !ological /udy ( hi/ory is apt1 ev5 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 to give e> to practical consid]ations4 ,at bottom1 x is guid$ by ! in/9ct t :atev] 9 ! primitive ,gospel is capable ( be+ ,hell5is$ may also be consid]$ capable ( be+ mod]nis$4 ,x !re=e seeks to disc]n 9 ,paul's tea*+--z also 9 t ( ,jesus--z mu* z possible t 8transc5ds ,judaism10 t has ! "* ( 8univ]sal religion0 & 8ess5tial ,*ri/ianity40 ,x is haunt$ by ! appreh5sion t ! significance ( ,*ri/ianity1 & its adaptation to our times1 is dep5d5t on ju/ify+ ! mod]nisation ( x on ! l9es hi!rto foll[$ & 9 accordance ) ! hi/orical views hi!rto curr5t4 ,^? :o h fac$ ! recognition t ! tea*+ ( ,jesus is es*atologically condition$ _c be br\ght by consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 sci5tific or unsci5tific1 to ent]ta9 any d\bt z to ! task :i* awaits !m4 ,t is1 to apply ?is new view to ! explanation ( ! transition to ! hi/ory ( dogma1 & z ! fir/ /ep 9 t direction1 to und]take a new =mulation ( ! problem ( ,paul9ism4 ,!y w naturally endeav\r to f9d out h[ f> ! exclusively es*atological conception ( ! pg xi ,gospel manife/s its influ5ce 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 & w take into acc\nt ! possibility t 8 sy/em1 /range z ?is may at fir/ sight appe>1 may h develop$ :olly & solely out ( t conception4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! /udy ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ! problem & ! way to its solution w be develop$ by means ( a survey ( :at has hi!rto be5 done4 ,at ! same "t ?is me?od ( pres5tation w s]ve to promote ! k ( ! pa/ p]iods ( ! sci5ce4 ,s9ce x is impossible = /ud5ts1 & inde$ = ! y\ng] tea*]s1 to read = !mselves all ! works ( e>li] times1 ! dang] arises t on ! "o h& ! names w rema9 m]e empty names1 & on ! o!r t1 f ignorance1 solutions w be tri$ ov] aga9 :i* h already be5 advanc$ & h prov$ unt5able4 ,an attempt has !re=e be5 made 9 ?is book to give a suffici5t insight into :at has be5 done s f>1 & to provide a sub/itute = ! read+ ( su* works z are n ei!r ( classical importance or /ill g5]ally accessible4 ,= practical reasons ! me?od adopt$ 9 my =m] book1 ( atta*+ ! /atem5t ( ! new view to ! hi/ory ( e>li] views1 has n be5 foll[$ "h4 ,?is view w be develop$ & def5d$ 9 a sep>ate "w be>+ ! title 8,! ,paul9e ,my/icism0 78,die ,my/ik des ,apo/els ,paulus071 :i* w appe> at an e>ly date4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican lit]ature ( ! subject has n be5 includ$ 9 ?is /udy1 s9ce ! works 9 "q 7 n 9 all cases accessible to me1 & an insuffici5t acqua9tance ) ! language rais$ a b>ri]4 ,nor h ,i aim$ at giv+1 ev5 ) ?is limitation1 a complete enum]ation ( all ! /udies ( ,paul's tea*+4 ,i h only desir$ to cite works :i* ei!r play$ a "p ( "s value 9 ! developm5t ( ,paul9e /udy1 or 7 9 "s way typical4 ,! fact t a "w has be5 left unm5tion$ does n by any means necess>ily imply t x has n be5 exam9$4 ,,alb]t ,,s*weitz]4 #ai? ,sept4 #aiaa4 pg xiii ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,me?od 4 4 4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,baur ,,& ,,8 ,,critics 4 4 4 #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f ,,baur ,,to ,,holtzmann 4 4 4 #bb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,h4 ,j4 ,,holtzmann 4 4 4 #ajj ,,*apt] ,v ,,critical ,,que/ions ,,& ,,hypo!ses 4 4 4 #aag ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,position ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury 4 4 4 #aea ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,paul9ism ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion 4 4 4 #agi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,summ+-,,up ,,& ,,=mulation ,,( ,,! ,,problem 4 4 4 #bcg ,,index 4 4 4 #bea ,,endnotes ,,paul ,,& ,,8 ,,int]pret]s pg #jja ,i ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,hugo ,grotius4 ,annotationes 9 ,novum ,te/am5tum4 #afda-afdf4 ,johann ,jakob ,ramba*4 ,in/itutiones h]m5euticae sacrae4 #agbc4 ,siegmund ,jakob ,baumg>t54 ,unt]ri*t d] ,auslegung d] heilig5 ,s*rift4 7,in/ructions 9 ! art ( ,exp\nd+ ,holy ,scripture47 #agdb4 ,johann ,*ri/oph ,wolf4 ,curae philologicae et criticae4 #agda4 ,johann ,augu/ ,erne/i4 ,in/itutio int]pretis ,novi ,te/am5ti4 #agfb4 7,eng4 ,trans41 ,biblical ,int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcb-ahcc47 ,johann ,salomo ,seml]4 ,vorb]eitung zur !ologis*5 ,h]m5eutic4 7,introduction to ,!ological ,h]m5eutic47 #agfj-agfi4 ,abh&lung von frei] ,unt]su*ung des ,canons4 7,essay on ! free ,inve/igation ( ! ,canon47 #agga-agge4 ,neu] ,v]su* die geme9ntzige ,auslegung und ,anw5dung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts zu befrd]n4 7,a ,new ,attempt to ,promote a ,g5]ally ,pr(itable ,exposition & ,application ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #aghf4 ,lat9 ,p>aphrases ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans 7#agfi7 & ,cor9?ians 7#aggj1 #aggf74 ,johann ,david ,mi*aelis4 ,e9leitung 9 die gttli*5 ,s*rift5 des ,neu5 ,bundes4 7,introduction to ! ,div9e ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,cov5ant47 #agej4 7,eng4 ,trans4 by ,h4 ,m>%1 ,cambridge1 #agic47 b]setzung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #agij4 ,anm]kung5 fr ,ungelehrte zu se9] b]setzung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,notes = ,unle>n$ ,read]s on 8 ,translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #agij-agib4 ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,david ,s*lei]ma*]4 b] d5 sog5annt5 er/5 ,brief des ,paulus an d5 ,timo!us4 7,on ! s-call$ ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,paul to ,timo?y47 #ahjg4 ,johann ,gottfri$ ,ei*horn4 ,hi/oris*-kritis*e ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t4 7,hi/orical & ,critical ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #c vols4 #ahad4 pg #jjb ,gottlob ,wilhelm ,mey]4 ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs4 7,! ,developm5t ( ! ,paul9e ,sy/em ( ,doctr9e47 #ahja4 ,leonh>d ,u/]i4 ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs4 7,! ,developm5t ( ! ,paul9e ,sy/em ( ,doctr9e47 #ahbd4 ,augu/ ,f]d9& ,dhne4 ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs4 7,! ,developm5t ( ! ,paul9e ,sy/em ( ,doctr9e47 #ahce4 ,k>l ,s*rad]4 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus4 #ahcj-ahcf4 ,j4 ,a4 ,w4 ,ne&]4 ,ges*i*te d] ,pflanzung und ,leitung d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e dur* die ,apo/el4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,plant+ & ,guidance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by ! ,apo/les47 #ahcb4 7,eng4 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryl&1 #ahea47 ,w4 ,m4 ,leb]e*t ,de ,wette4 ,erklrung d] ,briefe an die ,rm]1 ,kor9!r1 ,galat] und ,!ssaloni*]4 7,exposition ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans 7#bnd ed41 #ahch71 ,cor9?ians1 etc4 7#ahda747 ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus4 ,des ,apo/els ,paulus ,lehrbriefe an die ,galat]- und ,rm]-,*ri/54 7,! ,apo/le ,paul's ,doctr9al ,epi/les to ! ,galatian & ,roman ,*ri/ians47 #ahca4 ,,! ,re=mation f\ght & conqu]$ 9 ! "n ( ,paul4 ,consequ5tly ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles took a prom95t place 9 ,prote/ant /udy4 ,nev]!less ! lab\r exp5d$ ^u x did n1 to beg9 )1 advance ! hi/orical und]/&+ ( 8 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,:at m5 look$ = 9 ,paul's writ+s 0 pro(-texts = ,lu!ran or ,re=m$ !ology2 & t 0 :at !y f\nd4 ,re=mation exegesis reads its own ideas into ,paul1 9 ord] to receive !m back aga9 clo!d ) ,apo/olic au?ority4 ,be=e ?is c\ld be alt]$1 ! spell :i* dogma _h laid ^u exegesis ne$$ to be brok54 ,a v promis+ beg9n+ 9 ?is direction 0 made by ,hugo ,grotius1 :o 9 8 ,annotationes 9 ,novum ,te/am5tum7#b7 rises sup]ior to ! limitations ( ecclesia/ical dogma4 ,?is "w appe>$ 9 #afda-afdf4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les are treat$ ) especial gu/o4 ,! great ,ne!rl&] makes x 8 bus9ess to br+ out by pati5t /udy ! simple lit]al mean+1 & besides ref]r+ to patri/ic exegesis1 cites p>allels f ,greek & ,roman lit]ature4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 %[ any special insight into ! peculi> "* ( ! ,paul9e _w ( ?\ght4 pg #jjc ,9 ! ensu+ p]iod ! pr9ciple gradually became e/abli%$ t exegesis ought to be indep5d5t ( dogma4 ,pietism & ,rationalism _h an equal int]e/ 9 promot+ ?is result4 ,! accept$ =mula 0 t ,scripture mu/ be int]pret$ by ,scripture4 ,?is ?\ght is common gr\nd to ! two fam\s works on exegesis :i* belong to ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,in/itutiones h]m5euticae sacrae7#c7 ( ,johann ,jakob ,ramba*1 :i* is writt5 f ! /&-po9t ( a mod]ate pietism1 & ,siegmund ,jakob ,baumg>t5's rationali/ically incl9$ 8,in/ruction 9 ! art ( exp\nd+ ,holy ,scripture407#d7 ,on ! soil ?us prep>$ by pietism & rationalism x 0 possible = a philologically s\nd exegesis to ?rive4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important attempts 9 ?is direction is ,johann ,*ri/oph ,wolf's ,curae philologicae et criticae47#e7 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z au?oritative = sev]al decades1 & ev5 lat] is frequ5tly drawn on by exegetes1 ei!r ) or )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! m]it ( hav+ ga9$ ! wide/ recognition = ! pr9ciples ( philological exegesis belongs to ,johann ,augu/ ,erne/i1 ! re=m] ( ! ,/4 ,?omas's ,s*ool at ,leipzig & ! det]m9$ oppon5t ( its fam\s 8,preceptor10 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,8 ,in/itutio int]pretis ,novi ,te/am5ti appe>$ 9 #agfb47f7 ,x is on ! plan ( ! 8,h]m5eutics0 ( ,ramba* & ,baumg>t51 & deals ) gramm>1 manuscripts1 editions1 translations1 patri/ic exegesis1 hi/ory & geography z sci5ces ancill>y to exegesis4 ,b ,erne/i's "w suffices to %[ t ! undogmatic philological me?od did n 9 itself lead to any pg #jjd result4 ,its au?or is 9 reality by no means free f dogmatic prepossessions1 b he skilfully avoids ^? que/ions :i* w\ld br+ him into conflict ) ,*ur* doctr9e4 ,9 fact ! use he makes ( philology is m or less =mal4 ,he does n v5ture to treat ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t )\t prepossession z witnesses f ! lit]ature ( a di/ant p]iod1 & to %[ ! peculi> m\ld 9 :i* ,*ri/ian ideas are !re ca/ 9 comp>ison ) subsequ5t p]iods & ) ! p]iod = :i* he writes4 ,he did n realise t ! undogmatic1 philological me?od ( exegesis mu/ logically lead to a me?od 9 :i* philology is ! h&maid ( hi/orical criticism4 ,8 great contempor>y1 ,johann ,salomo ,seml]1 v5tures to give expression to ?is tru?1 & s becomes ! creator ( hi/orical !ology4 ,9 8 !oretical works on ! ,scriptures & on exegesis--8,introduction to !ological ,h]m5eutics0 7#agfj-agfi717g7 8,essay on ! free ,inve/igation ( ! ,canon0 7#agga-agge717h7 8,a new attempt to promote a g5]ally pr(itable ,exposition & ,application ( ! ,new ,te/am5t0 7#aghf77i7--! ,halle pr(essor expla9s aga9 & aga9 :at is to be und]/ood by a 8hi/orical0 me?od ( exegesis4 ,he dem&s t ! ,new ,te/am5t %all be reg>d$ z a temporally condition$ expression ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 & exam9$ ) an unprejudic$ eye4 ,9 mak+ ?is claim he does n speak z a pg #jje dis9t]e/$ repres5tative ( hi/orical sci5ce1 b makes x 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,if religion is to develop progressively & purify itself into an e?ical belief1 ! special embodim5ts :i* x has receiv$ 9 ! pa/ mu/ n lay ! emb>go ( a false au?ority ^u its progress4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge to ourselves t _m conceptions & argum5ts1 n only ( ! ,old ,te/am5t b also ( ! ,new1 h n ! same significance = u z !y _h = ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 8 "w ( #aghf1 ,seml] ev5 dem&s t 8= pres5t day ,*ri/ians !re %\ld be made a g5]ally useful selection f ! disc\rses ( ,jesus & ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 9 :i* ! local ref]5ce to contempor>y read]s %all be di/+ui%$ or elim9at$40 ,?is !ory ( hi/orical exegesis is c>ri$ out 9 deal+ ) ! great ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,seml] po9ts ! way to ! critical inve/igation ( ! ,apo/le's ?\ght4 ,he gives p>aphrases ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans & ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 & attempts to make cle> ! cont5t & ! connection ( ?\ght by a p>aphra/ic & exp&$ r5d]+ ( ea* individual v]se47#aj7 ,exegesis is no long] to be encumb]$ ) a panoply ( erudition2 x is no long] to be int]p5etrat$ ) homiletic & dogmatic consid]ations1 & to def] to ! au?ority ( ! old ,greek expositors1 :o1 8:5 x is a "q ( hi/orical argum5ts1 _h no bett] or cle>] k ?an we h ourselves40 ,x mu/ let ! ,scriptural pg #jjf phrases say op5ly & freely :at !y mean 9 _! lit]al s5se1 & devote itself simply to t dispassionate1 objective /udy ( facts :i* has hi!rto be5 too mu* neglect$4 ,! importance ( ! p>aphrases does n h[ev] consi/1 z might be suppos$1 9 _! exhibit+ ! di/9ctive "* ( ! ,paul9e tra9s ( ?\ght 9 comp>ison ) ! views ( ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,by 8 use ( a p>aphra/ic r5d]+ ( ! text ,seml] puts an ob/acle 9 ! way ( 8 ga9+ an insight into ! specifically ,paul9e reason+1 & unconsci\sly imports 8 own logic into ! ,apo/le's argum5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 brilliant p[]s ( obs]vation enable him to call att5tion to "s fundam5tal problems ( lit]>y criticism4 ,he is ! fir/ to po9t out t we d n possess ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 9 _! orig9al =m1 b only 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 read 9 ! *ur*es4 ,! canonical ,epi/le is !re=e n1 z a matt] ( a priori c]ta9ty1 id5tical ) ! hi/orical lett]4 ,x is q possible1 he argues1 t ! lett]s z read 9 ! *ur*es 7 produc$ by jo9+ toge!r1 or work+ up toge!r1 diff]5t lett]s1 & also t writt5 directions & messages1 :i* orig9ally exi/$ 9 a sep>ate =m1 7 atta*$ 9 lat] copies to ! ,epi/les 9 ord] t no "p ( ! h]itage left by ! ,apo/le might be lo/4 ,on ! basis ( consid]ations ( ?is k9d ,seml] arrives at ! result t ! fifte5? & sixte5? *apt]s ( ,romans did n belong to ! orig9al ,epi/le4 ,! sixte5? is1 9 8 view1 a s]ies ( greet+s :i* ,paul--:o1 x is assum$1 0 writ+ f ,ephesus--gave to ! be>]s ( ! ,epi/le to be convey$ to ! *ur*es :i* !y w\ld visit on _! way ?r\gh ,mac$onia & ,a*aia4 ,9 ! n9? *apt] ( #b ,cor9?ians !re is pres]v$1 he ?9ks1 a writ+ int5d$ = ano!r city 9 ,a*aia1 :i* 0 only lat] weld$ into ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,f ! pg #jjg f\rte5? v]se ( ! twelf? *apt] ( #b ,cor9?ians to ! close ( ! ?irte5? *apt] we h to assume ! pres5ce ( a sep>ate writ+1 ( lat] date ?an ! orig9al ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,?us ,seml] takes ! fir/ /eps ^u ! road ( lit]>y hypo!sis4 ,!ology at fir/ took little notice ( ^! inve/igations4 ,9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 8,new ,te/am5t ,introduction0 7#aggg717aa7 ! great ,gtt+5 philologi/ & !ologian ,j4 ,d4 ,mi*aelis treats ! lett]s ( ! ,apo/le 9 a q uncritical _s1 & does n ent] at all into ! lit]>y problems2 9 8 8,translation0 & 8,exposition0 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t7#ab7 he foll[s ! old tracks & makes no attempt to c>ry out ! task :i* ,seml] _h assign$ to hi/orical exegesis4 ,9 g5]al ! eighte5? c5tury1 aft] ,seml]1 contribut$ v little to ! inve/igation ( ,paul9ism4 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 ! fir/ to take a /ep =w>d1 :51 9 a lett] to ,gass1 he express$ 8 d\bts z to ! g5u95ess ( ,i ,timo?y47#ac7 ,%ortly be=e ! battle ( ,j5a--s he rec\nts 9 ! preface--he _h communicat$ 8 d\bts to 8 fri5d1 b _h n got ! l5g? ( sett+ !m =? 9 a reason$ argum5t4 8,! battle--?\gh inde$ x end$ all too quickly--! consequ5t unre/ 9 ! t[n1 & ev5 9 ! h\se1 ! confus$ hurry+ to & fro1 ! sight ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 :i* 0 int]e/+ 9 s _m ways 4 4 4 ! /ill incompreh5sible bl[ :i* /ruck our ,univ]sity ev5 be=e y left1 & ! sad sight ( ! /ud5ts say+ _! f>ewells & tak+ _! dep>ture1--^! 7 c]ta9ly n ! surr\nd+s pg #jjh 9 :i* to set up a critical judgm5t-seat4 ,al?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 y w\ld p]haps h be5 m ready !n1 :5 all seem$ lo/1 to give up a ,new ,te/am5t book1 ?an y are n[40 ,! v]bal promise !n giv5 b n fulfill$ is n[ dis*>g$ 9 writ+4 ,s*lei]ma*] bases 8 argum5t aga9/ ,i ,timo?y ^u #b ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,:ile ! same g5]al conceptions are pres5t 9 ! long] lett] z 9 ! two %ort] ones1 !y are n !re f\nd 9 ! natural connections 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! o!rs4 ,x makes ! impression ( be+ a composite /ructure1 & 9 its vocabul>y1 too1 %[s rem>kable diff]5ces f ! rema9+ lett]s tak5 z a :ole4 ,/rictly speak+ x 0 n ,s*lei]ma*] ! critic1 b ,s*lei]ma*] ! ae/hete :o _h come to h d\bts ab\t #b ,timo?y4 ,! lett] does n suit 8 ta/e4 ,he fails to p]ceive t1 s f> z ! language goes1 ! two o!r lett]s div]ge f ! re/ ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 9 ! same way z ,i ,timo?y1 & t !y also %[ ! same loos5ess & disconnect$ness2 only t1 9 consequ5ce ( _! small] ext5t1 x is n s /rik+4 ,&1 mo/ important ( all1 x escapes him t z reg>ds _! ideas all ?ree lett]s agree 9 div]g+ f ! rema9d] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s omissions are suppli$ by ,ei*horn 9 8 well-kn[n ,introduction47#ad7 ,he lays x d[n t ! ?ree ,epi/les are all by ! same au?or1 & are all spuri\s4 ,8 criticism deals fir/ ) ! language & ?\ght ( ! lett]s1 :i* he %[s to be un-,paul9e2 !n he argues t ! impli$ hi/orical situations _c be fitt$ into ! life ( ! ,apo/le1 z kn[n to u f ! rema9+ lett]s & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 f9ally1 he po9ts to ! unnaturalness ( ! relation pg #jji betwe5 ,paul & 8 help]s z x is repres5t$ by ^! ,epi/les4 ,! ,apo/le1 he po9ts out1 gives !m 9 writ+ exhortations & directions :i* on ! assumption ( a real p]sonal acqua9tance & a long p]iod ( jo9t "w ) !m are 9 any case unnecess>y1 & become mu* m s f ! fact t ! lett]s look =w>d to an e>ly meet+4 ,f ?is ,ei*horn concludes t 8"s "o else has put himself 9 ,paul's place10 & he sees no possibility ( ! success ( any attempt to def5d ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/les aga9/ ! argum5ts :i* he has br\ght =w>d4 ,9 p>ticul> he gives a w>n+ aga9/ ! s$uctive attempt to save ! g5u95ess ( #b ,timo?y by ! assumption ( a second imprisonm5t4 ,no hypo!sis1 he decl>es1 c 9 any way help ! ,pa/orals1 s9ce !y mu/ be pron\nc$ f int]nal evid5ce--because ( _! div]g5ce f ! rema9+ ,epi/les--n to be by ! ,apo/le4 ,?is 0 a long /ep =w>d4 ,! circle ( writ+s :i* h come d[n "u ! "n ( ,paul _h und]gone a re/riction :i* made x possible to give an acc\nt ( 8 sy/em ( ?\ght )\t be+ oblig$ to f9d a place 9 x = ideas :i* already h a q e>ly-,ca?olic r+4 ,t5 ye>s aft] ,ei*horn's lit]>y a*ievem5t1 9 ! ye> #ahbd1 ! ,swiss !ologian ,leonh>d ,u/]i1 a pupil ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s1 publi%$ 8 8,developm5t ( ! ,paul9e ,sy/em ( ,doctr9e107#ae7 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9t ( ! purely hi/orical /udy ( ,paul9ism1 ! fir/ attempt to give effect to ! dem&s ( ,seml]47#af7 ,u/]i wi%es to %[ ! subjective impr9t & pg #jaj enri*m5t :i* ord9>y ,*ri/ianity receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,apo/le1 & he sees 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ! outl9e ( 8 :ole doctr9e4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 v5ture to give full recognition to ! idea ( a real anti!sis betwe5 ! ,paul9e conceptions & ^? ( ! primitive ,apo/les1 & consequ5tly is l$ to s(t5 d[n ! peculi>ities ( ! =m] s f> z possible4 ,! _s ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 :i* t5d$ to level d[n ev]y?+ ( a hi/orical "*1 influ5ces ! book m ?an ! au?or is aw>e47#ag7 ,a peculi> int]lude 9 ! inve/igation ( ,paul9ism 0 due to ! ,heidelb]g] ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus47#ah7 ,he publi%$1 9 ! ye> #ahca1 a /udy ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,romans1 :i* 0 9 reality an essay on ! ,apo/le's sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! "w is und]tak5 entirely 9 ! int]e/s ( a rationalism b5t on oppos+ ! reaction to or?odoxy4 ,accord+ to ! argum5ts ( ,paulus x is n ! case t ! lett]s speak ( expiatory suff]+ & imput$ righte\sness4 ,paul _c h upheld 8legality0 z aga9/ 8morality0 & h ma9ta9$ an 8unpurifi$ conception ( religion40 ,! 8*ief say+s10 ! *>act]i/ic t]ms1 are to be giv5 a purely moral int]pretation4 ,! ,apo/le means t 8fai? 9 ,jesus0 mu/ become 9 u 8! fai? ( ,jesus10 & ! n>r[] conception ( righte\sness mu/ be enl>g$ into ! pg #jaa conception ( 8! righte\sness ( ,god40 ,! 8righte\sness ( ,god0 betok5s righte\sness su* z x exi/s 9 ,god1 & is dem&$ by ,him 9 man's _s z its 8true good10 8! only real atonem5t :i* br+s u into h>mony ) ! ,deity40 ,?us a prop] int]pretation enables u to discov] 9 ^! writ+s 8! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,gospel & a rational fai?40 ,! book appe>$ two or ?ree decades too late4 ,! rationalism :i* x repres5ts _h _h its day4 ,b !re is some?+ impos+ 9 ?is det]m9$ wre/+ ( ! ,apo/le's views4 ,x is p>allel to t :i* 0 practis$ by ! ,re=mation4 ,! latt] int]pret$ ! :ole ( ,paul9ism by ! passages on ! aton+ dea?1 & ignor$ ! o!r ?\ghts 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,! ,heidelb]g rationali/ />ts f ! conceptions connect$ ) ! 8new creature10 :i* 7 lat] to be describ$ z ! e?ical sy/em ( ! ,apo/le1 & int]prets ev]y?+ else by !m4 ,! fact t ! two views--! only ones :i* endeav\r$ to grasp ,paul9ism z a complete1 articulat$ sy/em--?us /& ov] aga9/ ea* o!r anti!tically is significant = ! future4 ,critical /udy 9 ! c\rse ( its inve/igations 0 to come to a po9t :]e x w\ld h to recognise bo? views z ju/ifi$1 & to po9t out ! exi/5ce 9 ,paul ( a tw(old sy/em ( doctr9e--a juridical sy/em bas$ on ! idea ( ju/ification1 & an e?ical sy/em dom9at$ by ! conception ( sanctification--)\t at fir/ be+ able to %[ h[ ! two are int]relat$ & toge!r =m a unity4 pg #jab ,,ii ,,baur ,,& ,,8 ,,critics ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur4 ,die ,*ri/usp>tei 9 d] kor9?is*5 ,geme9de4 7,! ,*ri/-p>ty 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*47 ,appe>$ 9 ! ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie1 #ahca & #ahcf4 b] ,zweck u4 ,v]anlassung des ,rm]briefs 7,purpose & occasion ( ,rom471 ib4 #ahcf4 ,die sog5annt5 ,pa/oralbriefe4 7,! s-call$ ,pa/oral ,epi/les47 #ahce4 ,paulus d] ,apo/el ,jesu ,*ri/i 7#a/ ed41 #ahde2 #bnd ed41 #ahff-fg74 7,eng4 ,trans4 by 8,a4 ,p40 & ,a4 ,m5zies1 #ahgc-ge47 ,beitrge zu d5 ,brief5 an die ,kor9!r1 ,!ssaloni*] und ,rm]4 7,contributions to ! elucidation ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,!ssalonians & ,romans47 ,tb+] ,jahrb*] fr ,!ologie4 #ahej-eg4 ,vorlesung5 b] neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie4 #ahfd4 7,lectures on ,new-,te/am5t ,!ology47 ,vorlesung5 b] die *ri/li*e ,dogm5ges*i*te4 7,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma47 ,vol4 i41 #ahfe4 ,alb]t ,s*wegl]4 ,das na*apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]4 #ahdf4 7,! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age47 ,c>l ,wiesel]4 ,*ronologie des apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt]s4 #ahdh4 7,! ,*ronology ( ! ,apo/olic ,age47 ,on ! ,paul9e ,epp41 #bbe-bgh4 ,albre*t ,rits*l4 ,die ,ent/ehung d] altka?olis*5 ,kir*e4 7,! ,orig9 ( ! ,e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*47 #a/ ed41 #ahej2 #bnd ed41 #aheg4 ,got?>d ,viktor ,le*l]4 ,das apo/olis*e und na*apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]4 7,! ,apo/olic & ,po/-,apo/olic ,age47 #aheb4 7,eng4 ,trans4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,k4 ,davidson1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf47 ,ri*>d ,adalb]t ,lipsius4 ,die paul9is*e ,re*tf]tigungslehre4 7,! ,paul9e ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification47 #ahec4 ,,9 ! f\r? numb] ( ! ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie = ! ye> #ahca1 ,f4 ,c4 ,baur gave to ! /udy ( ,paul9ism a new direction1 by advanc+ ! op9ion t ! ,apo/le _h develop$ 8 doctr9e 9 complete opposition to t ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community1 & t only :5 ?is is recognis$ c we expect to grasp ! peculi> "* ( ! ,paul9e ideas4 pg #jac ,! great m]it ( ! ,tb+5 critic 0 t he all[$ ! texts to speak = !mselves1 to mean :at !y said4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ,acts & ,galatians reg>d+ ,paul's relation to ! orig9al ,apo/les1 & 9 view ( ! divisions & cont5tions :i* reveal !mselves 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,baur concludes t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity two p>ties--a ,petr9e p>ty or p>ty ( ! orig9al ,apo/les1 & a ,paul9e p>ty--/ood oppos$ to "o ano!r1 hold+ div]g5t views on ! subject ( ! r$emption wr\ght by ,*ri/4 ,9 ! gradual adju/m5t ( ^! diff]5ces he sees ! developm5t :i* l$ up to ! =mation ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & he traces ! evid5ce = ?is process 9 ! lit]ature4 ,he ?9ks he c %[ t ! two p>ties gradually approa*$ ea* o!r1 mak+ concessions on ! "o side & ! o!r1 & f9ally1 "u ! pressure ( a movem5t :i* 0 equally inimical to bo? ( !m--! ,gno/icism ( ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury--!y coalesc$ into a s+le unit$ ,*ur*4 ,! recognition ( ! "* & significance ( ,gno/icism makes x possible = ,baur to introduce a new k9d ( criticism4 ,be=e him x 0 only possible to arrive at ! negative result t a writ+ 0 n by ! au?or to :om x 0 traditionally ascrib$4 ,n[1 accord+ to him1 x is possible to det]m9e to :at p]iod x belongs4 ,x is only necess>y to %[ :at position x occupies 9 ! process ( reconciliation ( ! two p>ties1 &1 especially1 :e!r x deals ) speculative error4 ,?is ,baur calls 8positive0 criticism4 ,he applies x 9 ! fir/ place to ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 & argues t ! h]etics combat$ 9 !m d n belong to primitive ,*ri/ianity b are repres5tatives ( ! ,gno/ic movem5t ( ! second c5tury4 ,by ! 8my?s & g5ealogies0 "h m5tion$ are meant ! great speculative sy/ems :i* are kn[n f ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,! description giv5 ( ! h]etics is pg #jad int5tionally c\*$ 9 t]ms :i* are nei!r too g5]al nor too special1 9 ord] to su/a9 ! fiction t ! false doctr9e aris+ at ?is lat] p]iod only revives a movem5t :i* _h already be5 attack$ & defeat$ by ,paul4 ,t nei!r ! assumption ( a second imprisonm5t1 nor any o!r possible or impossible hypo!sis1 c re/ore to ! ,pa/orals _! lo/ g5u95ess is z firm a conviction ) ,baur z x 0 ) ,ei*horn4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udy ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ! ,tb+5 ma/] _h express$ ! op9ion t ! criticism ( ! ,paul9e writ+s w\ld probably n 8come to a halt0 ) ^! ,epi/les4 ,! results ( 8 fur!r /udy 7 (f]$ t5 ye>s lat] 7#ahde7 9 ! brilliantly writt5 "w1 8,paul ! ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,he "h treats fir/ ! life & "w1 !n ! lett]s1 & la/ly ! sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! result arriv$ at 9 8 inve/igation ( ! docum5ts is t only ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans c be confid5tly us$ z s\rces4 ,comp>$ ) ^! f\r1 all ! o!rs mu/ be class$ z 8anti-legom5a10 8:i* does n at all imply ! ass]tion t !y are n g5u9e1 b only indicates ! opposition to :i* _! claim to g5u95ess is 9 "s cases already expos$1 9 o!rs1 may be expos$ 9 ! future1 s9ce !re is n a s+le "o ( ! small] ,paul9e epi/les aga9/ :i*1 if ! f\r ma9 epi/les are tak5 z ! /&>d1 !re _c be rais$ "s objection or o!r40 ,!re are /rong gr\nds = que/ion+ ! ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians2 ^? to ! ,!ssalonians & ,philippians are to be suspect$ because ( ! small am\nt ( dogma !y conta94 ,baur's reason = tak+ up su* a critical attitude t[>ds ! 8small] epi/les0 is t he is b\nd to see 9 ! h]itage :i* has come d[n to u f ! ,apo/le1 writ+s 8:i* belong to ! hi/ory ( ! p>ty :i* bas$ itself on 8 "n1 & ref] to ! relations ( ! v>i\s p>ties10 & %[ u h[ ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity pg #jae s(t5s d[n its pr9ciples & its peculi>ities 9 ord] to meet ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 :i* on its "p 0 go+ ?r\gh a simil> process1 9 ! unity ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is radical view 0 attack$ on all sides4 ,x gave rise to a k9d ( reaction ev5 )9 ! sph]e ( sci5tific !ology1 & l$ to ! call+ 9 "q ( results :i* ! lab\rs ( ,ei*horn _h br\ght into g5]al acceptance4 ,?us ,c>l ,wiesel] prefaces 8 detail$ /udy on ! date ( composition ( ! ,paul9e lett]s ) ! rem>k t he held all ! ?irte5 lett]s :i* are attribut$ to ! ,apo/le 9 ! ,canon to be au!ntic4 ,! ,apo/le's sy/em ( doctr9e culm9ates1 accord+ to ,baur's repres5tation1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s4 ,9 ! brilliant disquisitions ( ?is section x is n s mu* ! hi/orian :o speaks z ! pupil ( ,hegel4 ,paul9ism is 9 its own way an ann\ncem5t ( ! unity ( ! subjective _s ) ! objective _s4 ,x is only f ?is po9t ( view t a consci\sness ( fre$om su* z is f\nd 9 ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles c exi/4 ,8 doctr9e is conc]n$ ) union ) ,*ri/ & ) ,god by fai?1 f :i* comes ,_s4 8,righte\sness0 is 8! prop] relation t[>ds ,god1 to place m5 9 :i* is ! highe/ duty ( all religion40 ,baur does n ent] into ! details ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification4 ,detail is 9 fact some:at neglect$ 9 8 treatm5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 he only includes t :i* c be 9 "s way or o!r express$ 9 ,hegelian ?\ght-=ms1 & t 9 :i* ,paul9ism may be exhibit$ z repres5t+ absolute religion4 ,ev]y?+ else is ?r[n into ! backgr\nd1 & receives only a p>tial appreciation--or depreciation--9 a sep>ate *apt] entitl$ 8,a special discussion ( "s subsidi>y dogmatic que/ions40 ,! *>act]i/ic /amp ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e is l>gely oblit]at$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,paul's views ab\t ! 8la/ ?+s0 & ! angels are n all[$ to become di/urb+ly prom95t4 ,baur does n1 inde$1 hesitate practically to elim9ate pg #jaf !m4 ,! angelology he dismisses ) ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,( ! angels ! ,apo/le says little 9 ! lett]s :i* we h "h to take into consid]ation1 & t little n dogmatically1 b only metaphorically & 9 curr5t popul> phraseology40 ,! ,tb+5 s*ol>1 9 fact1 uses ! language ( ,paul 9 ord] to set =? an impos+ philosophy ( religion in/9ct ) ,hegelian influ5ce4 ,he gives no au!ntic acc\nt ( ! ,apo/le's ?\ght4 ,nev]!less ?is book brea!s ! _s ( ,paul ! prophet ( fre$om m fully ?an almo/ any o!r :i* has be5 devot$ to him4 ,t is :at gives x its rem>kable attractiv5ess4 ,a ye> aft] ! appe>ance ( ,baur's 8,paulus0--9 #ahdf--;,alb]t ,s*wegl] publi%$ 8 "w on ! po/-apo/olic age47#ai7 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool _h hi!rto only1 s to speak1 h9t$ at ! phases ( developm5t by :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* grew up out ( ! controv]sy betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,s*wegl] und]takes a m detail$ description1 & 9 do+ s draws ! l9es s %>ply t1 along ) ! greatness ( ! con/ruction1 its faults become obvi\s4 ,he has no deep] k ( ,paul9ism to imp>t4 ,s*wegl]'s "w _h made x app>5t f :at side ! ,tb+5 position 0 op5 to attack1 & on ?is side ,albre*t ,rits*l proce$$ to attack x 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ! orig9 ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*47#bj7 ,! fir/ edition 7#ahej7 is prim>ily direct$ aga9/ ,s*wegl] only2 9 ! second 7#aheg7 he develops 8 opposition ( pg #jag pr9ciple to ,baur4 ,he (f]s pro( t ! e>lie/ lit]ature is n dom9at$ by ! negotiations = a compromise betwe5 ! two p>ties :i* 0 po/ulat$ by ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool1 & at ! same "t he attacks ! basis ( ! :ole hypo!tical con/ruction4 ,baur1 he urges1 mu/ h =m$ a false conception ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 s9ce1 on 8 view1 x _c be expla9$ :at 0 ! common elem5t t held ! two toge!r4 ,_h !y only1 z ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool 0 oblig$ to assume1 _h ! ext]nal bond ( pr(ession ( fai? 9 ,*ri/1 x w\ld nev] be possible to expla9 :y bo? p>ties felt ! ne$ ( approa*+ "o ano!r by mutual concessions until f9ally !y coalesc$ 9 a s+le unit$ ,*ur*4 ,! ext5t ( ! doctr9al mat]ial common to bo? mu/1 ,rits*l argues1 h be5 mu* great] ?an ,baur repres5ts4 ,he has n dis*>g$ ! fir/ duty ( a hi/orian ( ! ,apo/olic age1 = ?is requires 8t ! po9ts %\ld be cle>ly %[n 9 :i* ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ,paul9ism co9cide40 ,baur _h only giv5 a negative description ( ! ,apo/le's doctr9e1 because he nev] gives any h9t 8t ,paul 9 v ess5tial po9ts held views :i* 7 common also to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity40 ,! problem reg>d+ ! nature ( ! unity betwe5 ,paul9ism & primitive ,*ri/ianity is ?us recognis$ & =mulat$4 ,b x 0 n s easy = ,rits*l to say exactly :at con/itut$ ! common elem5t ( doctr9e1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he po/ulat$4 ,t is especially evid5t 9 ! second edition ( 8,! ,orig9 ( ! ,e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*40 ,he is !n only will+ to admit an 8opposition ( practice0 betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les2 ! area ( ?is opposition is s re/rict$ t 8! ess5tial agreem5t 9 ! lead+ ideas laid d[n by ,*ri/ w be only ! m cle>ly evid5t40 ,b s9ce 9 ,paul9ism little en\gh is to be f\nd ( ! 8lead+ pg #jah ideas laid d[n by ,*ri/0 ! pro( ( ! 8ess5tial agreem5t0 rema9s a pi\s aspiration4 ,! only solid fact :i* ,rits*l is able to adduce is ! expectation ( ! p>\sia4 ,he assumes t x =m$ a v important "p ( ! common doctr9al mat]ial1 & incl9es to believe t ,paul9ism & ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity agre$ 9 an ideal-real expectation ( ! ,second ,com+ 9 ord] to make common cause aga9/ ,*iliasm1 ?\gh ! latt] 9 its co>s] =m only appe>$ lat]4 ,b 9 ?us recognis+ es*atology ,rits*l did n take ! matt] v s]i\sly4 ,he uses ! es*atology1 9 fact1 only 9 ord] to score a dialectical po9t aga9/ ,baur1 :o _h tak5 too little acc\nt ( x4 ,9 ,rits*l's 8,ju/ification & ,reconciliation10 :]e he lat] on _h occasion to give a positive description ( ,paul9ism1 he avoid$ ! fa9te/ h9t ( any es*atological col\r+ ( ! ,apo/le's ideas4 ,ano!r "w :i* is occupi$ ) ! "q ( ! unity betwe5 ,paul9ism & primitive ,*ri/ianity is ,le*l]'s 8,apo/olic & ,po/-,apo/olic ,age407#ba7 ,! "w is a prize essay 9 answ] to ! problem propos$ by ! ,teyl]ian ,society 9 ,holl&1 z to :at con/itut$ 8! absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! doctr9e & attitude ( ! ,apo/le ,paul & t ( ! o!r ,apo/les10 by :i* ! 8s-call$ ,tb+5 ,s*ool endeav\rs to ju/ify its ho/ile treatm5t ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,le*l] opposes 8 tea*]1 b is n able to make any advance ^u ,rits*l 9 produc+ evid5ce ( ! common elem5ts 9 ! two doctr9al sy/ems4 pg #jai ,among ! works :i* controv]t$ ! ,tb+5 view ( ,paul9ism a prom95t place belongs to an e>ly "w ( ,ri*>d ,adalb]t ,lipsius on 8! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification407#bb7 ,along ) 8 sci5tific purpose ! au?or also pursues a practical aim4 ,he puts himself at ! s]vice ( ! anti-rationali/ic reaction :i* aim$ at re/or+ ! old evangelical ideas to a position ( hon\r1 b 9 do+ s did n grasp h&s ) ! or?odoxy ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b took z its />t+-po9t ! ideas :i* x f9ds pres5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 giv+ an objective pres5tation ( ! c5tral ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification he believes t he is (f]+ to ! ,prote/antism ( 8 "t a view :i* x c adopt z its own4 ,= ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 he argues1 ju/ification is n a purely legal1 =5sic act1 b also an e?ical exp]i5ce4 ,fai? is an e?ical attitude :i* produces an inw>d righte\sness4 ,:at is really effectual 9 r$emption is ! fell[%ip ) ,*ri/ 9 life & dea?4 ,x is br\ght ab\t by ! ,_s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 :o unites himself ) ! believ] & trans=ms 8 p]sonality4 ,lipsius is ! fir/ to recognise ! two tra9s ( ?\ght 9 ,paul9ism1 & to rem>k t ! "o is bas$ ^u ! juridical idea ( ju/ification1 :ile ! o!r has its />t+-po9t 9 ! conception ( sanctification--( ! real e?ical new creation by ! ,_s4 ,he does n1 z _h always previ\sly be5 done1 make ev]y?+ ( ! "o & no?+ ( ! o!r1 b aims at %[+ h[ !y are br\ght toge!r 9 ! ,apo/le's ?\ght4 ,! importance ( ! es*atological passages does n escape him4 ,he assumes t ! ?\ght ( ! p>\sia gives an inn] unity to ! ,apo/le's ideas4 ,x is true t ,lipsius did n succe$ 9 fully dis*>g+ ! task :i* he laid ^u himself4 ,he weak5s d[n "o set ( ideas 9 ! int]e/s ( ! o!r1 pg #jbj & sold]s ! two toge!r ext]nally by ! use ( skilfully *os5 expressions2 b x rema9s 8 great m]it t he 0 ! fir/ to recognise ?is duality 9 ,paul's ?\ght4 ,_h he n be5 pursu+ a dogmatic int]e/ alongside ( 8 sci5tific inve/igations he w\ld d\btless h come to /ill clos] qu>t]s ) ! problem4 ,:ile 8 critics 7 at "w ,baur _h n be5 idle4 ,f #ahej onw>ds he publi%$ 9 ! ,tb+] ,jahrb*] fr ,!ologie1 :i* _h sup]s$$ ! ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie1 a s]ies ( sep>ate inve/igations ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les47#bc7 ,he _h resolv$ t ! f9al results ( 8 /udy ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 ) :i* he _h begun 8 "w1 & :i* ?r\gh\t 8 :ole lifetime _h be5 8 fav\rite /udy1 %\ld be set =? 9 a new edition ( 8 ,paulus4 ,?is 0 to be ! cr[n ( 8 "w4 ,b x 0 n to be4 ,dea? snat*$ him away f 8 task :5 he _h only j ca/ ! fir/ "p into its new %ape4 ,! second & mo/ important1 :i* 0 to treat ! 8sy/em ( doctr9e10 he did n rea*47#bd7 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t a sub/itute = :at 0 ?us lo/ 0 furni%$ by ! 8,lectures on ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology10 publi%$ by ! ma/]'s son 9 #ahfd47be7 ,! *apt] on ,paul9ism is v /rik+ 9 its brevity & cle>ness1 & %[s a great advance on ! "w ( #ahde4 ,at t "t ,baur _h exam9$ & int]pret$ ,paul's pg #jba tea*+ by ! light ( ! ,hegelian ,intellectualism4 ,n[ he tries to grasp 8 ideas hi/orically & empirically1 & to describe !m accord+ly4 ,he discusses successively ! ,paul9e views on s9 & fle%2 law & s92 fai? 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/2 law & promise2 law & fre$om2 ! righte\sness ( fai?2 fai? & works2 fai? & pr$e/9ation2 ,*ri/ology2 baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]2 ! p>\sia ( ,*ri/4 ,es*atology1 :i* 9 ! fir/ edition 0 q ov]look$1 receives "h abundant recognition4 ,baur admits t ! ,apo/le fully %>$ ! fai? ( ! primitive community 9 ! ne>ness ( ! p>\sia1 & 0 at "o ) x 9 all ! conceptions ref]r+ to ! ,end4 ,! ,paul9e !ology z ?us empirically appreh5d$ has no long] ! bold effectiv5ess ( ! speculatively con/ruct$ sy/em ( ! ye> #ahde4 ,x becomes app>5t 9 ,baur1 & increas+ly evid5t 9 ! "w ( subsequ5t inve/igators1 t ! self-consi/5cy & logical concat5ation ( ! sy/em become obscur$ & di/urb$ 9 proportion z progress is made 9 ! exact appreh5sion ( ! individual concepts & ideas4 pg #jbb ,,iii ,,f ,,baur ,,to ,,holtzmann ,,monographs ,,^u ,,paul ,adolf ,hausra?4 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus 7#ahfe1 #agb pp42 biographical4 #bnd ed41 #ahgb1 #ejc pp474 ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,/4 ,paul 7#ahfi1 #egj pp42 biographical & !ological74 ,augu/e ,sabati]4 ,l',aptre ,paul 7#ahgj1 !ological74 7,e4,t4 by ,a4 ,m4 ,helli]1 #ahia47 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,d] ,paul9ismus 7#ahgc2 #bnd ed41 #ahij2 !ological74 7,e4,t4 by ,e4 ,pet]s1 #ahgg47 ,c>l ,hol/54 ,das ,evangelium des ,paulus 7#a/ pt41 #ahhj2 #bnd pt41 #ahih74 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,introductions ,edu>d ,reuse4 ,ges*i*te d] heilig5 ,s*rift5 ,neu5 ,te/am5tes 7#e? ed41 #ahgd74 7,e4,t4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,h\ghton4 ,ed94 #ahhd47 ,*ri/ian ,k>l von ,h(mann4 ,pt1 ix4 ( 8,die ,heilige ,s*rift40 #ahha4 ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann4 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t4 #ahhe4 ,b]nh>d ,weiss4 7,same title47 #ahhf4 7,e4,t4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,k4 ,davidson1 #ahhg74 ,frdric ,godet4 ,introduction au ,n\veau ,te/am5t4 #ahic4 ,adolf ,jli*]4 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t4 #ahid4 7,e4,t4 by ,j4 ,p4 ,w>d1 #aijd47 ,!odor ,zahn4 7,same title47 #ahig4 7,e4,t4 ( #crd ed4 #aiji74 ,,works ,,on ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,!ology ,edu>d ,reuss4 ,hi/oire de la ?ologie *rti5ne au sicle apo/olique4 #crd ed41 #ahfd4 7,e4,t4 by ,a4 ,h>wood1 #ahgb47 ,b]nh>d ,weiss4 ,lehrbu* d] biblis*5 ,!ologie des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 #a/ ed41 #ahfh2 #f? ed41 #ahie4 7,e4,t4 ,ed94 #ahhb47 ,*ri/ian ,k>l von ,h(mann4 ,pt4 xi4 ( 8,die ,heilige ,s*rift40 #ahhf4 ,willibald ,beys*lag4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie4 #ahia4 #bnd ed41 #ahif4 7,e4,t4 ,ed94 #ahie47 pg #jbc ,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,primitive ,,*ri/ianity ,erne/ ,havet4 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et ses orig9es 7#d vols41 #ahhd74 ,k>l von ,weizsck]4 ,das apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]4 #ahhf4 7,e4,t4 ,! ,apo/olic ,age1 #ahid47 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum4 #ahhg4 7,e4,t4 ( #bnd4 alt]$ ed41 see lat]47 ,,/udies ,,on ,,special ,,po9ts ,c>l ,hol/54 ,zum ,evangelium des ,paulus und ,petrus4 #ahfh4 ,fr4 ,?4 ,l4 ,erne/i4 ,die ,e?ik des ,apo/els ,paulus4 #ahfh4 ,emmanuel ,fri$ri* ,kautzs*4 ,de ,vet]is ,te/am5ti locis a ,paulo apo/olo allegatis4 #ahfi4 ,franz ,delitzs*4 ,paulus des ,apo/els ,brief an die ,rm] 9 das ,hebris*e b]setzt und aus ,talmud und ,midras* erlut]t4 #ahgj4 7,! ,epi/le ( ,paul ! ,apo/le to ! ,romans translat$ into ,hebrew & illu/rat$ f ,talmud & ,midra%47 ,h]mann ,ldemann4 ,die ,an?ropologie des ,apo/els ,paulus4 #ahgb4 ,albre*t ,rits*l4 ,die *ri/li*e ,lehre von d] ,re*tf]tigung und ,v]shnung1 vol4 ii41 #ahgd4 7,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,ju/ification & ,reconciliation47 7,e4,t4 ( vols4 i4 & iii4 only74 ,h4 ,h4 ,w5dt4 ,die ,begriffe ,fleis* und ,gei/ bei ,paulus4 #ahgh4 7,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]ms ,fle% & ,_s 9 ,paul's ,writ+s47 ,l\is ,eugne ,mngoz4 ,le ,p* et la r$emption d'aprs ,/ ,paul4 #ahhb4 ,edu>d ,grafe4 ,die paul9is*e ,lehre vom ,gesetz4 #ahhd4 7,! ,paul9e ,tea*+ ab\t ! ,law47 ,gu/av ,volkm>4 ,paulus von ,damaskus zum ,galat]brief4 #ahhg4 7,paul1 f ,damascus to ,galatians74 ,a biographical /udy1 ) a critical comp>ison betwe5 ! data ( ,galatians & ,acts4 ,alfr$ ,res*4 ,agrapha4 ,auss]kanonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te4 #ahhh4 ,on ! ,"q :e!r ,say+s ( ,jesus h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,paul's ,writ+s4 ,otto ,ev]l+4 ,die paul9is*e ,angelologie und ,dmonologie4 #ahhh4 ,johann ,glol4 ,d] ,heilige ,gei/ 9 d] ,heilsv]kndigung des ,paulus4 #ahhh4 7,! ,holy ,_s 9 ,paul's ,prea*+ ( ,salvation47 ,h]mann ,gunkel4 ,die ,wirkung5 des ,heilig5 ,gei/es na* d] populr5 ,ans*auung d] apo/olis*5 ,zeit und na* d] ,lehre des ,apo/els ,paulus4 #ahhh4 7,! ,manife/ations ( ! ,holy ,_s accord+ to ! ,popul> ,view ( ! ,apo/olic ,age & accord+ to ! ,tea*+ ( ,paul47 ,edu>d ,grafe4 ,das ,v]hltnis d] paul9is*5 ,s*rift5 zur ,sapi5tia ,salamonis4 #ahib4 7,! ,relation ( ! ,paul9e ,writ+s to ! ,book ( ,wisdom47 ,adolf ,deissmann4 ,die neute/am5tli*e ,=mel 89 ,*ri/o ,jesu40 #ahib4 7,! ,new ,te/am5t ,=mula 89 ,*ri/ ,jesus407 ,ri*>d ,kabis*4 ,die ,es*atologie des ,paulus 9 ihr5 ,zusamm5hng5 mit dem ,gesamtbegriff des ,paul9ismus4 #ahic4 7,paul's ,es*atology 9 ,relation to 8 ,g5]al ,sy/em47 pg #jbd ,w4 ,br&t4 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te und d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums4 #ahic4 7,! ,gospel ,hi/ory & ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,ern/ ,curtius4 ,paulus 9 ,a!n4 #ahid4 ,e4 ,bru/on4 ,la ,vie future d'aprs ,/ ,paul4 #ahid4 ,hans ,vollm]4 ,die altte/am5tli*5 ,zitate bei ,paulus4 #ahie4 ,ern/ ,tei*mann4 ,die paul9is*5 ,vor/ellung5 von ,auf]/ehung und ,g]i*t und ihre ,beziehung zur jdis*5 ,apokalyptik4 #ahif4 7,! ,paul9e ,views ( ,resurrection & ,judgm5t & _! ,relation to ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptic47 ,!odor ,simon4 ,die ,psy*ologie des ,apo/els ,paulus4 #ahig4 ,paul ,w]nle4 ,d] ,*ri/ und die ,snde bei ,paulus4 7,! ,*ri/ian & ,s9 9 ,paul's ,writ+s47 #ahig4 ,,criticism ,,& ,,exegesis ,bruno ,bau]4 ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe4 #ahej-ahea-aheb4 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse4 ,beitrge zur ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe4 #ahfg4 7,contributions to ! ,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les47 ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann4 ,kritik d] ,ephes] und ,koloss]briefe4 #ahgb4 ,die ,pa/oralbriefe4 #ahhj4 ,edu>d ,reuss4 ,les ptres paul9i5nes 78,la ,bible10 pt4 iii474 #ahgh4 ,georg ,he9rici4 ,das er/e ,s5ds*reib5 des ,apo/els ,paulus an die ,kor9!r4 #ahhj4 ,das zweite1 etc4 #ahhg4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el4 ,auslegung d] ,briefe an die ,!ssaloni*] und ,kor9!r 9 ,holtzmann's 8,h&komm5t>40 #ahia4 7,exposition ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians & ,cor9?ians 9 ,holtzmann's 8,h&komm5t>407 ,r4 ,a4 ,lipsius4 ,auslegung d] ,briefe an die ,galat]1 ,rm] und ,philipp] 9 ,holtzmann's 8,h&komm5t>40 #ahia4 ,,works ,,( ,a ,,g5]al ,,"*1 ,,or ,,deal+ ,,) ,,cognate ,,subjects ,emil ,s*r]4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te4 #ahgc4 ,f ! #bnd ed4 7#ahhf7 onw>ds ! "w be>s ! title3 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i4 7,e4,t4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,ed94 #ahhe47 ,k>l ,siegfri$4 ,philo von ,alex&ri5 als ,ausleg] des alt5 ,te/am5ts an si* selb/ und na* se9em ges*i*tli*5 ,e9fluss betra*tet4 #ahge4 7,philo ( ,alex&ria z an ,expositor ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 consid]$ bo? 9 himself & 9 reg>d to 8 hi/orical influ5ce47 ,f]d9& ,web]4 ,sy/em d] altsynagogal5 pal/95s*5 ,!ologie4 #ahhj4 ,! second edition 7#ahig7 be>s ! title ,jdis*e ,!ologie auf ,grund des ,talmud und v]w&t] ,s*rift54 7,jewi% ,!ology exhibit$ on ! basis ( ! ,talmud & alli$ writ+s47 ,w4 ,gass4 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik4 #ahha4 ,!obald ,ziegl]4 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik4 #ahhf4 pg #jbe ,edw9 ,hat*4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,hibb]t ,lectures = #ahhh74 ,!odor ,zahn4 ,d] ,/oik] ,epiktet und se9 ,v]hltnis zum ,*ri/5tum4 #ahid4 ,adolf ,h>nack4 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #crd ed41 #ahid4 7,e4,t4 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 #ahid-ahii74 ,die ,*ronologie d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur bis ,eusebius4 ,vol4 i41 #ahig4 ,,problems _m & v>i\s confront$ !ological sci5ce :5 x attempt$ to c>ry =w>d ,paul9e /udies f ! position 9 :i* !y _h be5 left by ,baur4 ,x 0 ne$ful to cle> up once = all ! que/ions ( lit]>y criticism1 to exam9e 9 detail ! individual conceptions & tra9s ( ?\ght1 to make cle> ! unity & inn] connexion ( ! sy/em1 to %[ :at rle ,paul9ism _h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( e>ly ,ca?olic !ology1 & h[ f> x 0 at "o ) primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & to solve ! "q :e!r ! mat]ial employ$ 9 its con/ruction 0 ( purely ,jewi%1 or 9 "p ( ,greek orig94 ,9 reg>d to ! lit]>y "q a c]ta9 measure ( agreem5t 0 9 c\rse ( "t atta9$4 ,baur _h di/+ui%$ ?ree classes ( ,epi/les4 ,9 ! fir/ he plac$1 z beyond d\bt g5u9e1 ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans2 ,ephesians1 ,colossians1 ,philippians1 ,!ssalonians1 & ,philemon =m$ ! second class1 be+ consid]$ unc]ta92 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les =m$ ! ?ird class1 & 7 reg>d$ z prov$ to be spuri\s4 ,! views ( ! ,tb+5 ma/] reg>d+ ! fir/ class & ! ?ird 7 adopt$ by ! majority ( s*ol>s ( ! next g5]ation4 ,no d\bts 7 rais$ aga9/ ! great ,epi/les2 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7 reject$4 ,holtzmann1 9 8 "w on ! ,lett]s to ,timo?y & ,titus17#bf7 suppli$ a detail$ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ?is conclusion4 pg #jbf ,( ! lett]s ( ! int]m$iate class1 ! fir/ to ! ,!ssalonians & t to ! ,philippians 7 by _m rehabilitat$ z ,paul9e4 ,! second to ! ,!ssalonians 0 reject$ ) increas+ confid5ce4 ,a special problem 0 pres5t$ by ! lett]s to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians1 bo? because ( _! evid5t mutual relation%ip & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians :i* made a /rong impression ( g5u95ess4 ,holtzmann (f]$ a solution :i* gave g5]al satisfaction4 ,he adopt$ ! hypo!sis t ,colossians 0 bas$ ^u a g5u9e ,paul9e lett] :i* _h be5 work$ ov] by a lat] h&47#bg7 ,! r$actor he id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,:ile !re 0 ?is g5]al cons5sus 9 ! critical camp1 :i* 0 ratifi$ 9 ,holtzmann's 8,introduction107#bh7 ! mo/ div]se op9ions on special po9ts are f\nd4 ,"s attempts 7 made to save ! pg #jbg g5u95ess ( ! second ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,= "s1 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians are g5u9e ?r\gh\t & repres5t a lat] phase ( ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,nor 7 !re lack+ attempts ( all k9ds to rehabilitate ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,^? :o did n v5ture to def5d !m z :oles make a po9t ( reta9+ at lea/ ! 8p]sonal ref]5ces40 ,! pres5tation ( ! ,paul9e tea*+ 01 h[ev]1 h>dly affect$ by ! lit]>y div]g5ces4 ,n ev5 ! mo/ cons]vative ( ! critics _h ! boldness to place all ! lett]s :i* h come d[n "u ! "n ( ,paul on a foot+ ( equality4 ,ev5 ^? :o reg>d$ ! ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians z g5u9e did n fuse ideas ( ^! ,epi/les ) ! sy/em extract$ f ! f\r ma9 ,epi/les1 b pres5t$ !m sep>ately2 & any :o 7 n conv]t$ to ! rejection ( ! ,pa/orals at all ev5ts took ! precaution to give a sep>ate *apt] to ! ,paul9e !ology ( ^! writ+s47#bi7 ,if only ! p]sonal ref]5ces might be sav$1 ^! ,epi/les 7 z completely exclud$ f ! pres5tation ( ! ,paul9e sy/em z if !y _h be5 pron\nc$ :olly spuri\s4 ,?us x cont9u$ to be ! case1 z x _h be5 ) ,baur1 t1 g5]ally speak+1 only ! f\r ma9 epi/les 7 tak5 into acc\nt 9 describ+ ! ,paul9e sy/em4 ,! only significant *ange 0 t ! epi/le to ! ,philippians began to be put on ! same foot+1 &1 ) a few exceptions1 s*ol>s no long] hesitat$ to reg>d z ,paul9e ! conception ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ :i* is express$ 9 ! section on ! inc>nation & ob$i5ce unto dea?4 ,x 0 realis$ t ! ma9 epi/les also presuppose ?is view1 ev5 if !y d n /ate x s explicitly4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 z "t w5t on1 attempts to pg #jbh expla9 ! composition ( ! f\r ma9 epi/les & ,philippians z aris+ by ! work+ up toge!r 9 ea* s+le epi/le ( two or m orig9als1 b ^! 7 n ( any real importance = ! /udy ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,x 0 only a c>ry+ out ( ! task sugge/$ by ,seml]1 :5 he po9t$ out t we h n got ! lett]s 9 _! orig9al =m b only z prep>$ = public read+ by ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,b ! con/itution ( ! ,paul9e mat]ial is sc>cely affect$ by ! attempts to recon/ruct ^! orig9als4 ,!y h a purely lit]>y int]e/4 ,!ology1 s f> z x 0 occupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! ,paul9e sy/em1 did n all[ itself to be at all disquiet$ by ! rejection ( ! :ole ( ! ,epi/les propos$ by ,bruno ,bau] 9 8 8,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,lett]s407#cj7 ,nor 0 its confid5ce %ak5 by ! hypo!sis t ! lett]s h be5 work$ ov] to a v l>ge ext5t & 9 a v ?or\ghgo+ fa%ion4 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse's 8,contributions to ! ,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les107#ca7 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfg1 :]e he sets =? ! ju/ification & ! pr9ciples ( ?is me?od1 sc>cely attract$ any att5tion1 z 0 inde$ ! case ) almo/ all ! !ological "w ( ?is writ]4 ,! elucidation ( ! details ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e is vigor\sly pursu$4 ,an empirical def9ition is attempt$ ( ! t]ms s91 law1 consci5ce1 ju/ification1 r$emption1 election1 & fre$om4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ! /udy ( ! t]ms fle% & _s4 ,aft] ,hol/5 _h endeav\r$ to trace ! significance ( ! ^w fle%1 ,ldemann--9 a brilliant "w publi%$ 9 #ahgb--;endeav\r$ to arrive at a cle> idea ( ! ,apo/le's an?ropology & its place 9 8 doctr9e ( salvation4 ,!re are1 s runs 8 !sis1 two conceptions ( pg #jbi 8fle%0 9 ,paul4 ,! "o agrees ) ! naive1 simple ,jewi% l+ui/ic usage1 & means only ! natural be+ ( man4 ,! o!r is mu* m precise & belongs to a duali/ic sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,9 x ! fle% is def9$ z ! necess>y cause ( s9 & corruption & z ! absolute anti!sis to _s4 ,on close exam9ation x appe>s t n m]ely two conceptions ( 8! fle%0 exi/+ side by side1 b two diff]5t doctr9es ( man's nature1 & consequ5tly two diff]5t conceptions ( r$emption1 are f\nd 9 ,paul4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em :i* connects itself ) ! simpl]1 broad] conception ( ! fle%1 s9 spr+s f ! fre$om ( ! w2 ! law is assum$ to be inh]5tly possible ( fulfilm5t2 r$emption consi/s 9 a judgm5t ( acquittal pron\nc$ by ,god :i* has its gr\nd solely 9 ,8 m]cy2 righte\sness is imput$2 ! act :i* br+s r$emption consi/s 9 fai?4 ,?is circle ( ideas1 :i* =ms a self-consi/5t :ole1 is describ$ by ,ldemann z ! 8,jewi%-religi\s10 ! 8juridical-subjective10 doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,x has its s\rce 9 reflection on ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,! o!r sy/em ( ideas is def9$ z ! 8e?ico-duali/ic40 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! =m] x makes use ( an 8objectively real0 conception ( r$emption4 ,x presupposes ! m precise1 n>r[] conception ( 8! fle%10 & reg>ds s9 z proce$+ f x by a natural necessity4 ,! law is ! f]m5t ( s92 dea? ! natural outcome ( ! fle%4 ,r$emption c !re=e only consi/ 9 ! abolition ( ! fle%4 ,x is bas$ on ! communication ( ! ,_s1 :i* produces 9 ! man a new creature & a real righte\sness4 ,! r$emptive act takes place 9 baptism4 ,! ideas ( ?is second sy/em are bas$ on ! ,"l's resurrection4 ,! coexi/5ce ( a juridical & an e?ical sy/em ( ?\ght 9 ,paul _h be5 held by o!rs be=e ,ldemann4 ,:at he did1 h[ev]1 0 to foll[ out ea* sep>ately into its details1 & to endeav\r to prove t all ! contradictions & obscurities :i* are to be obs]v$ pg #jcj 9 ! conceptions & /atem5ts ( ! ,paul9e !ology f9d _! ultimate explanation 9 ! coexi/5ce ( two diff]5t doctr9es ( man's nature & two diff]5t doctr9es ( r$emption4 ,hi!rto ! doctr9e ( r$emption :i* appe>s alongside ( ! juridical _h be5 describ$ z 8e?ical40 ,he rem>ks t x is conceiv$ n m]ely e?ically1 b actually physically1 & !re=e def9es x z e?ico-physical4 ,fur!r1 he is ( op9ion t ! two !ories are n co-equal 9 importance4 ,he holds t 9 ! e?ico-physical 8! real view ( ! ,apo/le0 is set =?1 :i* only tol]ates ! o!r alongside ( x1 & m & m t5ds to pu% x aside :]ev] 9 ! discussion ,paul c c\nt ^u a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! real ess5ce ( ! matt]4 ,9 ! ,epi/les ! developm5t1 he ?9ks1 takes ! foll[+ c\rse4 ,! ,lett] to ! ,galatians kn[s only ! primitive ,jewi% sy/em ( ?\ght ) ref]5ce to ,*ri/'s vic>i\s suff]+ & righte\sness by fai?2 x does n advance to ! bold] reali/ic doctr9e ( righte\sness4 ,9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 accord+ to ,ldemann1 ! ,apo/le does n make mu* use ( dogma4 8,! less advanc$ position ( ! *ur* !re may h be5 "o cause ( ?is40 ,b ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! e?ico-physical s]ies ( ideas beg9 to appe> 9 !m4 ,lat] on !y atta9 to 8con/itutive importance0 & 8=ce _! way into ! lead+ dogmatic /atem5ts40 ,9 ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( ,romans ! old view /ill f9ds expression4 ,f ! fif? onw>ds ! new t5ets are develop$ fully & cle>ly4 ,?is second s]ies ( ideas is n ,jewi% b ,greek4 ,ldemann's view is t ,paul1 89 ! attempt to give dogmatic fixity to ! doctr9e ( salvation1 presses on beyond ! horizon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t consci\sness & is c>ri$ 9 ! direction ( ,hell5ism407#cb7 ,! latt] pg #jca (f]$ him a cle>ly-?\ght-out doctr9e ( man1 9 :i* ! dom9ant idea 0 ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s1 & made x necess>y = him to ?9k out a physically real doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,pfleid]]7#cc7 also works out ! two s]ies ( ideas1 sep>at+ !m sc>cely less %>ply ?an ,ldemann does4 ,b he pref]s to describe ! s]ies :i* runs p>allel to ! juridical1 n z physico-e?ical1 b z my/ico-e?ical4 ,moreov]1 he does n admit t ! e?ical s]ies expresses ,paul's view m adequately ?an ! o!r4 ,he is ( op9ion also t ! two sets ( conceptions held an equal place 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,apo/le f ! fir/4 ,by logically ?9k+ out ! ,jewi% idea ( ! aton+ dea?1 ,paul 0 l$--accord+ to ,pfleid]]--to ! anti-,jewi% conclusion t r$emption is = all mank9d1 & t ! law is consequ5tly invalidat$4 ,) ?is view !re is unit$ ano!r1 ! s\rce ( :i* lies 9 ! ,hell5i/ic an?ropology4 ,?is is t r$emption consi/s 9 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,holy ,_s ^u ! fle%ly creaturel9ess1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* s9 & dea? are aboli%$4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is process is to be s\ght 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 ! close connexion ( ! ,ph>isaic & ,hell5i/ic elem5ts 8lies ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( ! g5u9e ,paul9e !ology1 :i* c only be rightly und]/ood :5 ^! two sides ( x bo? receive equal att5tion40 ,t 9 ,paul9ism two l9es ( ?\ght g side by side is recognis$ by almo/ all ! inve/igators ( ?is p]iod4 ,b 9 ! importance assign$ to ea* ( !m great div]g5ces appe>4 ,reuss makes ! juridical ideas entirely subord9ate to ! e?ical2 9 ,mngoz ! =m] are m /rongly emphasis$ ?an ! latt]4 ,no "o except ,pfleid]] holds !m to be on an exactly equal pg #jcb foot+4 ,9 g5]al ! e?ical set ( ideas is reg>d$ z ! orig9al creation ( ! ,apo/le1 & is assum$ to repres5t ! deepe/ /ratum 9 8 ?\ght4 ,accord+ly1 x is g5]ally also held t ! doctr9e ( ! abolition ( ! fle% by ! ,_s comes to its full developm5t lat] ?an ! o!r1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! atonem5t & imput$ righte\sness4 ,ldemann's !ory ( a developm5t )9 ! ,paul9e doctr9e is adopt$ by ! majority1 ?\gh only 9 a less pron\nc$ =m4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! fir/ important attempt to prove ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t phases 9 ! ?\ght & life ( ,paul 0 made by ,sabati]47#cd7 ,8 "w ,l',apotre ,paul appe>$ 9 #ahgj1 two ye>s be=e ,ldemann's /udy4 ,at fir/ ! ,apo/le held1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* s*ol>1 a simple doctr9e :i* c be psy*ologically expla9$ f 8 rabb9ic tra9+ & 8 conv]sion4 ,at ! "t ( 8 great controv]sies he 0 compell$ to "w out = himself a philosophy ( hi/ory :i* w\ld enable him to prove t ! law 0 only a pass+ episode 9 ! hi/ory ( salvation1 & t ju/ification by fai? _h always la9 9 ! purpose ( ,god4 ,?is doctr9e takes a dom9ant position 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans4 ,9 ! lett]s writt5 dur+ 8 imprisonm5t ! ,apo/le advances to a speculative1 gno/ic developm5t ( 8 ideas4 ,! coexi/5ce ( ! juridical & e?ical s]ies ( ideas does n receive ! same prom95ce 9 ,sabati] z 9 ! lat] writ]s1 :o 7 influ5c$ by ,ldemann & ,pfleid]]4 ,:5 all is said & done1 !re is 9 ! works ( ?is p]iod mu* ass]tion & little pro( reg>d+ ! developm5t )9 ,paul9ism4 ,"o almo/ gets ! impression t ! assumption ( diff]5t /ages ( ?\ght 0 *iefly useful z a way ( escap+ ! difficulty ab\t ! inn] unity ( ! sy/em4 ,?is pg #jcc problem is1 h[ev]1 r in/9ctively felt ?an cle>ly grasp$4 ,! s*ol>s ( ?is p]iod d n feel x incumb5t ^u !m to trace out ! connexion 9 :i* ^! disp>ate sets ( ideas mu/ h /ood 9 ! view ( ,paul4 ,!y %[ no surprise at 8 pass+ s easily f ! "o to ! o!r & argu+ f ea* alt]nately1 & !y d n ask !mselves h[ he conceiv$ ! mo/ g5]al ultimate fact ( r$emption :i* und]lies bo? ( !m4 ,!y d n seek to arrive at a really fundam5tal view ( ! ess5ce ( ,paul9ism4 ,_! me?od ( proc$ure 9 _! pres5tation ( ! doctr9e is itself significant4 ,!y d n trace its developm5t f "o fundam5tal conception1 b treat x "u dogmatic loci1 z ,baur _h done 9 8 ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology4 ,! s*eme is m or less closely bas$ on t ( ,re=mation dogmatics4 ,x is !re=e assum$ a priori t ! ,paul9e !ology c be divid$ into practically ! same individual doctr9es z t ( ,lu!r1 ,zw+li1 & ,calv94 ,really1 h[ev]1 a prelim9>y "q arises :e!r ?is arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial does n introduce a wrong gr\p+ & ori5tation into ! ,apo/le's sy/em1 & :e!r x does n de/roy ! natural ord] & relative importance ( ! ?\ghts1 falsify ! p]spective1 te> asund] :at ought n to be disjo9$1 & r5d] impossible ! discov]y ( ! fundam5tal idea 9 :i* all ! utt]ances f9d _! po9t ( union4 ,?is proc$ure is innoc5tly suppos$ to be sci5tific2 z a matt] ( fact x leads to ! result t ! /udy ( ! subject cont9ues to be emb>rass$ by a consid]able remnant ( ! prepossessions ) :i* ! int]pretation ( ,paul's doctr9e 0 approa*$ 9 ! days ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is n less prejudicial :5 o!rs1 z = example ,hol/517#ce7 adopt an arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial sugge/$ by mod]n dogmatics4 ,z ! ,paul9e !ology has1 if possible1 less aff9ity ) ! latt] ?an ) ! ,re=mation !ology1 ! error is almo/ m s]i\s4 pg #jcd ,9 g5]al ^! s*ol>s are q unconsci\s ( ! decisive importance :i* atta*es to ! arrangem5t & articulation ( ! mat]ial4 ,x has1 inde$1 always be5 weakness ( !ological s*ol>%ip to talk mu* ab\t me?od & possess little ( x4 ,otto ,pfleid]]1 alone1 is n entirely 9 ?is /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,he has an inkl+ t ! usual way ( approa*+ ! subject is n :olly free f objection4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,paul9ism 7#ahgc77cf7 he raises ! "q :e!r ! 8g5etic me?od0 is n dem&$ by ! task ( trac+ out ! organic progress ( ! developm5t ( dogma 9 its ,paul9e beg9n+s4 ,practical consid]ations1 h[ev]1 det]m9e him 8to arrange ! matt] v mu* accord+ to ! cu/om>y dogmatic loci10 :ile1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t giv+ z mu* att5tion z possible to ! position ( ! dogma 9 ! ,paul9e sy/em40 ,he fe>s t ! c>ry+ out ( ! g5etic pr9ciple w\ld lead to _m repetitions1 & w\ld make x m difficult to get a g5]al view ( 8! way 9 :i* ! sep>ate doctr9es 7 connect$ ) _! bases40 ,9 ord] to salve 8 consci5ce he gives at ! beg9n+1 8by way ( an introductory outl9e10 a sket* ( ! 8organic developm5t ( ! ,paul9e gnosis f its s+le root40 ,?is g5]al view--x occupies tw5ty-sev5 pages--is ! mo/ important "p ( ! :ole book4 ,! succe$+ *apt]s treat ( s91 fle%1 "* ( ! law1 aim ( ! law1 ,*ri/'s aton+ dea?1 ,*ri/'s dea? z a means ( lib]ation f ! dom9ion ( s91 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,david1 ! ,son ( ,god & heav5ly ,*ri/1 ! appe>+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fle%1 fai?1 ju/ification1 son%ip1 ! beg9n+ & ! progress ( ! new life1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ! election ( grace1 ! p>\sia1 & ! end ( ! _w4 ,ldemann 0 prev5t$ by ! task :i* he _h set himself f adopt+ ! division accord+ to loci4 pg #jce ,8 object 0 only to inve/igate ,paul's conception ( ! fle%ly man 9 its relation to 8 doctr9e z a :ole4 ,9 ?is way he 0 l$ to arrange ! ideas 9 _! natural ord] &1 )\t /rictly int5d+ to d s1 to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ,paul9ism1 :i* is almo/ entirely free f ! defective arrangem5t ( o!r works1 p]mits some?+ ( ! logical articulation ( ! ,apo/le's circle ( ideas to appe>1 & c]ta9ly p5etrates m deeply ?an ! re/ into ! ,apo/le's _w ( ?\ght4 ,z ! works ( ,reuss1 ,weiss1 ,pfleid]]1 ,hol/51 ,r5an1 ,sabati]1 ,mngoz1 ,weizsck]1 d n aim at und]/&+ & %[+ ! developm5t ( ?is doctr9e f a s+le fundam5tal ?\ght1 !re are no real div]g5ces 9 ! g5]al view :i* !y take ( ! sy/em4 ,! diff]5ces ( op9ion ) _! pr$ecessors :i* ! au?ors express 9 _! text & notes relate1 9 po9t ( fact1 only to details & m9utiae1 surpris+ z ?is may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,! plan & design ( ! sy/em are 9 g5]al ev]y:]e ! same2 ! diff]5ces reg>d only ! mix+ & application ( ! col\rs1 & ! "q h[ f> ,greek influ5ces are to be recognis$4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ^! works "o aft] ano!r1 "o is surpris$ to obs]ve h[ great is _! fundam5tal resemblance4 ,at ! same "t !re is some?+ curi\sly 8elusive0 ab\t !m4 ,at a giv5 po9t "o might be incl9$ to ?9k t "o ( ! au?ors 0 =mulat+ a ?\ght m cle>ly1 or giv+ x m exclusive importance ?an ! o!rs2 & "o is j ab\t to note ?is z a special *>act]i/ic ( 8 view4 ,a few pages lat]1 h[ev]1 or 9 a foll[+ *apt]1 "o f9ds additions or res]vations :i* %[ t he does n really ?9k diff]5tly f ! re/4 ,! diff]5ces lie n s mu* 9 ! actual conception z 9 ! lit]>y pres5tation1 & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ial1 :i* is ess5tially a :ole1 is p>cell$ out among ! diff]5t loci4 ,!re is ?us no?+ to be pg #jcf ga9$ by analys+ ! v>i\s conceptions "o by "o & comp>+ !m ) "o ano!r4 ,s9ce !re is no real diff]5ce ( fundam5tal view1 ! comp>ison w\ld lose itself 9 endless & uness5tial detail4 ,to ! g5]al impression ( monotony is to be add$ t ( complexity4 ,at ! end ( ea* ( ^! works "o is incl9$ to inquire :e!r ! au?or really means to ask ! read] to reg>d :at is "h (f]$ z repres5t+ a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* once exi/$ 9 ! bra9 ( a man belong+ to e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 capable ( be+ und]/ood by 8 contempor>ies4 ,all ! arts ( lit]>y pres5tation are employ$ to subtilise ! conceptions1 to describe ! ?\ghts ) exactitude1 & to br+ connexion & ord] into ! *aos ( ideas4 ,b ! result gives no satisfaction4 ,no real elucidation & explanation ( ,paul9ism is atta9$4 ,! result+ impression is ( some?+ q artificial4 ,! welcome :i* ^! au?ors' works receiv$ f _! contempor>ies %[s t ! latt] saw 9 !m an advance 9 ! k ( ,paul9ism4 ,!y felt !m to be satisfactory4 ,t only means t ! read]s' presuppositions & requirem5ts lay )9 ! same limitations z ^? ( ! au?ors4 ,:at _h be5 ! result arriv$ at8 ,a description ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e1 a rem>kably detail$ description1 b no?+ m4 ,t d\btless impli$ a c]ta9 progress4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 ext5d s f> z ! au?ors & _! read]s assum$4 ,bo? innoc5tly suppos$ t 9 ! description !y possess$ at ! same "t an explanation--z ?\gh ! descriptive anatomy ( ?is organism suffic$ to expla9 its physiology4 ,!y 7 unconsci\s t !y _h s f> only look$ at ,paul9e ?\ght f )\t1 & _h nev] ga9$ any insight into ! inn] ess5ce ( ! sy/em4 ,9 ^! works ! ,apo/le's /atem5ts are quot$ "o aft] ano!r1 & develop$ 9 8 own words4 ,! au?ors ?9k !y h dis*>g$ _! task :5 !y pg #jcg h s arrang$ ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation t all important passages c be respectably h\s$4 ,! odd ?+ is t !y write z if !y und]/ood :at !y 7 writ+ ab\t4 ,!y d n feel compell$ to admit t ,paul's /atem5ts tak5 by !mselves are un9telligible1 consi/ ( pure p>adoxes1 & t ! po9t t calls = exam9ation is h[ f> !y are ?\ght ( by _! au?or z hav+ a real mean+1 & c\ld be und]/ood 9 ?is light by 8 read]s4 ,!y nev] call att5tion to ! fact t ! ,apo/le always becomes un9telligible j at ! mom5t :5 he beg9s to expla9 some?+2 nev] give a h9t t :ile we he> ! s\nd ( 8 words ! tune ( 8 logic escapes u4 ,:at is 8 mean+ :5 he ass]ts t ! law is aboli%$ by ! dea? ( ,jesus--accord+ to o!r passages1 by ,8 resurrection8 ,h[ does he repres5t to himself ! process by :i*1 ?r\gh union ) ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,"l a new creaturehood is produc$ 9 a man1 9 virtue ( :i* he is releas$ f ! conditions ( fle%ly exi/5ce1 f s9 & dea?8 ,h[ f> is a union possible betwe5 ! natural man1 alive 9 ?is pres5t _w1 & ! glorifi$ ,*ri/ :o dwells 9 heav52 & "o1 moreov]1 ( su* a k9d t x has a retrospective ref]5ce to ,8 dea?8 ,! au?ors we h nam$ d n raise que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,!y feel no ne$ to trace out ! realities :i* lie beh9d ^! p>adoxical ass]tions4 ,!y take x = grant$ t ,paul has himself expla9$ 8 /atem5ts up to a c]ta9 po9t--s f>1 9 fact1 z ?is is possible 9 ! _w ( feel+ to :i* religion belongs4 ,?is self-deception is made ! m easy = !m by ! fact t !y are accu/om$ to clo! _! own religi\s views 9 ,paul9e phraseology1 & consequ5tly !y come to treat z ! au!ntic logic ( ,paul1 argum5ts :i* !y h unconsci\sly import$ into _! acc\nt ( 8 tea*+4 ,!y fail to reckon ) ! possibility t ! orig9al significance ( 8 utt]ances pg #jch may re/ on presuppositions :i* are n pres5t to our appreh5sion & conception4 ,= ! same reason !y all m or less hold ! op9ion t :at !y h to d ) is ma9ly a psy*ological problem4 ,!y assume t ! ,paul9e sy/em has aris5 out ( a s]ies ( reflexions & conclusions1 & w\ld be z a :ole cle> & intelligible to any "o :o c\ld succe$ 9 really ?9k+ himself into ! psy*ology ( ! rabb9ic zealot :o 0 ov]p[]$ by ! vision ( ,*ri/ on ! road to ,damascus4 ,! writ] :o goes fur!/ 9 ?is direction is ,hol/54 ,9 8 "w on ! 8,gospel ( ,paul & ( ,pet]07#cg7 he describes h[ ,paul1 :ile he 0 p]secut+ ! new fai?1 01 z a ,jewi% ?9k]1 occupi$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! (f5ce ( ! cross & ! alleg$ resurrection4 ,:ile /ill a fanatical zealot 8he con/antly c>ri$ ) him 9 8 consci\sness ! elem5ts ( ! ,messianic fai?1 ev5 ?\gh z negative & negat$40 ,by ! ke5ness ( 8 !ological dialectic he 0 compell$ to imag9e :at ! alleg$ facts w\ld really signify if ! belief ( ! disciples 7 ju/ifi$4 ,! 8pr9ciple ( ! ,messianic fai?0 01 9 him1 8alive 9 great] def9it5ess ?an ev5 9 ! consci\sness ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,messiah :om he p]secut$40 ,! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus c\ld n = him take its place z a hope & fai? )9 ! ,jewi% sy/em ( ?\ght & religi\s life1 pg #jci b necess>ily impli$ ! de/ruction ( :at he _h hi!rto held to be true4 ,?us ! p]secutor _h 9 pr9ciple ?\ght out = himself to its ultimate consequ5ces ! revolution :i* w\ld result f ! acceptance ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,& ?is he translat$ into ^w & de$ aft] he _h exp]i5c$ ! vision on ! ,damascus road4 ,o!r writ]s take z ! />t+-po9t = _! psy*ological argum5ts ! passage 9 ,romans vii41 :]e ,paul depicts ! despair ( ! man :o recognises t ! law1 al?\gh x is spiritual & 0 giv5 ) a view to life1 c only 9 ! fle%ly man produce s91 condemnation1 & dea?4 ,:at we !re read conc]n+ ! /ruggle betwe5 ! natural1 p[]ful w ( ! fle% & ! law1 is1 !y ?9k1 writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! pre-,*ri/ian consci\sness ( ! ,apo/le4 ,he _h exp]i5c$ ?is agony ( s\l1 & x 0 by ?is t ! ,jewi% religi\s attitude _h be5 brok5 d[n 9 him4 ,!re=e 9 8 ,gospel he does n desire to reta9 any?+ f ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs4 ,^! two ma9 l9es ( psy*ological !ory are foll[$ = a long] or %ort] di/ance 9 all ! works ( ?is p]iod4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is psy*ologis+ goes a t5d5cy to mod]nisation4 ,! s*ol>s ( ?is p]iod spiritualise ,paul's ?\ght4 ,! trans=mation v>ies 9 ext5t = ! diff]5t ideas4 ,! /atem5ts ab\t ! atonem5t & imput$ righte\sness are ! lea/ affect$ by x4 ,:at is un9telligible 9 ^! is put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% ,rabb9ic mode ( ?\ght 9 :i* ,paul is suppos$ to be held prison]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conceptions reg>d+ union ) ,*ri/ 9 8 dea? & passion1 & ! new life 9 ,him ?r\gh ! ,_s1 are subject$ to p>aphrase & explanation until no?+ ( ! reali/ic s5se is left rema9+4 ,! "q is n fac$ :y ,paul1 if he want$ to say any?+ s 8spiritual0 & g5]al z ?is1 %\ld h adopt$ s exagg]at$1 p>adoxical1 & mat]iali/ic a me?od ( expression4 pg #jdj ,:atev] rema9s unexpla9$ aft] ! psy*ologis+1 ! depot5tiation1 & mod]nisation1 is ref]r$ to ! peculi> "* ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce :i* ! ,apo/le is suppos$ to h und]gone 9 ! vision on ! ,damascus road4 ,:at ess5tial diff]5ce !re 0 betwe5 ?is appe>ance ( ! ,"l & ^? exp]i5c$ by ! o!r disciples is n[h]e cle>ly work$ out1 n ev5 by ,hol/51 :o makes ! mo/ ext5sive use ( ?is vision4 ,x is simply tak5 = grant$ by !m all t 9 ! vision itself is to be f\nd ! explanation1 n only ( ,paul's conv]sion1 b also 9 "s way or o!r ( 8 call to be a mission>y to ! ,g5tiles & ( ! peculi> "* ( 8 doctr9e4 ,all ^! acc\nts ( 8 tea*+ agree 9 assum+ t ,paul's sy/em ( doctr9e 0 9 ! ma9 a purely p]sonal creation ( 8 own1 & is 9 "s way to be expla9$ by ! special "* ( 8 religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! "q :e!r 9 ?is way 8 integral connexion ) primitive ,*ri/ianity is suffici5tly pres]v$ receives b little att5tion4 ,9 none ( ^! works is ! inve/igation ( ! doctr9al mat]ial common to ,paul & 8 oppon5ts s]i\sly tak5 9 h&4 ,! writ]s are cont5t ) ! affirmation t bo? p>ties took z _! />t+-po9t ! fact ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 )\t ent]+ into any consid]ation ( ! "q h[ f> ,paul's reason+s1 :i* !y ref] back to 8 inn] p]sonal exp]i5ce1 reproduce g5]ally curr5t ideas ( primitive ,*ri/ianity & simply c>ry !m out to _! logical issue4 ,! "q :i* ,rits*l _h =m]ly =c$ on ! consid]ation ( ,baur has !re=e n be5 fac$ or solv$4 ,x is true ! au?or ( 8,ju/ification & ,reconciliation07#ch7 ?9ks t he has n only rais$ ! "q b also answ]$ x4 ,he und]takes to expla9 all ! ,paul9e doctr9al passages on ! basis ( pg #jda ,old ,te/am5t conceptions4 ,9 ?is way he hopes to "w out ! ,apo/le's real conception ( ! aton+ dea? ( ,jesus1 & ( 8righte\sness10 & believes t ^! w !n1 s9ce !y h be5 ga9$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 co9cide ) ! primitive ,*ri/ian views 9 all ess5tial po9ts4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,rits*l's t5d5cy is to make ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,paul9ism & primitive ,*ri/ianity z small z possible1 & to f9d !m1 z he _h already done 9 ! 8,orig9 ( ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur*10 n s mu* 9 8 doctr9e prop] z 9 8 attitude to c]ta9 practical que/ions4 ,rits*l employs ! dialectical skill ) :i* nature _h ri*ly end[$ him to trans=m & %ade (f ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles until x h>monises ) ! fundam5tal ,*ri/ian tea*+ :i* he assumes = ! e>lie/ p]iod & f9ds necess>y = 8 dogmatics4 ,he entirely depot5tiates ! juridical s]ies ( ideas4 ,moreov]1 he refuses to admit t ,paul9ism con/itutes a speculative sy/em4 ,he assumes t ! ,apo/le mov$ 9 a free1 untrammell$ fa%ion among ! v>i\s sets ( ideas & felt no real ne$ to comb9e !m into a unity4 ,9 addition to ,rits*l1 ,b]nh>d ,weiss7#ci7 & ,willibald ,beys*lag17#dj7 9 _! ,new ,te/am5t ,!ologies1 endeav\r to make cle> ! relations betwe5 ,paul & primitive ,*ri/ianity f ! /&-po9t ( critical cons]vatism4 ,9 ord] to secure a broad basis = ! primitive =m ( apo/olic doctr9e1 !y pron\nce ,i ,pet] & ! ,epi/le ( ,james to be docum5ts ( ! pre-,paul9e p]iod4 ,! writ] :o makes ?+s easie/ = himself is ,von ,h(mann47#da7 ,= him !re is no 8,paul9e sy/em pg #jdb ( doctr9e40 ,! ,apo/le nev] utt]$ any?+ t did n belong to ! common doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 b 8accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! occasion0 br\ght into prom95ce ?is or t aspect ( ! sav+ acts ( ,god or ( ! condition ( salvation1 & :at he ?us br\ght =w>d1 n[ "u "o designation n[ "u ano!r1 he sets =? n[ 9 ?is relation & n[ 9 t "o4 ,!re=e ?is writ]1 :o 0 vaunt$ by ! or?odox z a brilliant oppon5t ( ,tb+5 errors1 has no scruple 9 work+ up toge!r ! ,paul9e ideas along ) ^? ( ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t ,epi/les into a s+le :ole1 :i* he (f]s z apo/olic doctr9e4 ,ano!r problem :i* is h>dly appreh5d$ 9 its full difficulty by ! s*ol>s ( ?is p]iod is t ( ! total neglect 9 ! ,paul9e gospel ( ! proclamation ( ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness :i* ,jesus committ$ to ,8 foll[]s4 ,!y seem to feel no surprise at ! fact t ! ,apo/le1 ev5 :]e x w\ld be ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w1 nev] appeals to ! say+s & comm&s ( ! ,ma/]4 ,_m ( !m nev] t\* on ?is "q at all4 ,res*1 h[ev]1 9 8 collection ( extra-canonical ,gospel-fragm5ts1 ev5 und]takes to %[ t 9 ! ,paul9e lett]s a :ole s]ies ( o!rwise unrecord$ say+s ( ,jesus are embodi$1 & def5ds ! hypo!sis t ! ,apo/le _h tak5 !m f a pre-canonical ,gospel :i* rank$ = him z an au?ority ( equal value ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! enigma ( ! untrac$ quotation1 8,:at eye ha? n se51 nei!r ha? e> he>d10 etc41 9 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #i ff41 is solv$ by ref]r+ ! 8z x is writt50 to ! writt5 ,gospel on :i* ,paul draws47#db7 ,x is curi\s t mo/ ( ^! au?ors believe t !y r$uce ! acut5ess ( ! problem by po9t+ pg #jdc out 9 ! ,epi/les z _m rem9isc5ces ( ,synoptic say+s z possible4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 only makes ! matt] m complicat$4 ,if s _m utt]ances ( ,jesus are hov]+ be=e ,paul's m9d1 h[ comes x t he always m]ely p>aphrases !m1 in/ead ( quot+ !m z say+s ( ,jesus1 & ?us %elt]+ himself beh9d _! au?ority8 ,z = ^? :o h "s inkl+ ( ! problem1 _! "o ?\ght is to dispose ( x z rapidly z possible1 in/ead ( fir/ expos+ x 9 its full ext5t4 ,among !m is ,rits*l1 :o "h employs all ! arts & artifices ( 8 exegesis & dialectic4 ,t ,jesus & ,paul did n at bottom tea* ! same ?+ is to ?is undogmatic dogmati/ un?9kable4 ,9 g5]al ! writ]s ( ?is p]iod are involv$ 9 ! mo/ curi\s confusions reg>d+ ! problem ( 8,jesus & ,paul40 ,!y fail to p]ceive t ^! two magnitudes are n directly comp>able ) "o ano!r because !y ?9k ( ,paul 9 complete isolation1 & n z a feature ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! diff]5ces & oppositions :i* reveal !mselves betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & t ( ,paul exi/ also z betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & t ( primitive ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! mom5t\s developm5t did n arise fir/ ) ,paul1 b e>li]1 9 ! community ( ! fir/ disciples4 ,_! 8religion0 is n id5tical ) ! 8tea*+ ( ,jesus10 & did n simply gr[ out ( x2 x is f\nd$ ^u ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,! 8new elem5t0 0 n br\ght into ,*ri/ianity by ,paul2 he f\nd x !re be=e him1 & :at he did 0 to ?9k x out 9 its logical implications4 ,! diff]5ce ( tea*+ betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus is n a diff]5ce betwe5 individuals1 x is--9 almo/ its :ole ext5t--due to ! fact t ! ,apo/le belongs to primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 its false /atem5t ( ! problem ( ,jesus & ,paul ! s*ol>%ip ( ! p]iod aft] ,baur %[s t x has n yet succe$$ 9 und]/&+ ! ,apo/le ( pg #jdd ! ,g5tiles z a ph5om5on1 an aspect1 ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is frequ5t m5tion1 9 all ^! /udies1 ( ! ,jewi% roots ( ! ,paul9e ?\ght4 ,!y attempt to expla9 8 views1 s f> z possible1 f ! mat]ials giv5 9 ! ,law & ! ,prophets4 ,"s au?ors _h be5 incl9$ to assume t 9 reg>d to 8 conception ( ! ,law he did n /& :olly ^u ,old ,te/am5t gr\nd1 9 ! s5se t he sometimes means by x a n>r[] c]emonial code ( tempor>y validity1 & sometimes a univ]sal e?ical law :i* has n be5 invalidat$ by ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,^! confusions 7 put an end to by a /udy ( ,edw>d ,grafe47#dc7 ,he %[s t ,paul :5 he speaks ( ! law1 alike :5 he uses ! article or does n use x1 always has 9 m9d ! :ole legal code1 & nev] v>ies f ! conviction t ?is has be5 set aside by ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,t 9 ,galatians ! ritual aspect ( ! law1 9 ,romans ! e?ical1 is ! m prom95t1 does n alt] ?is fact4 ,nor is ! consi/5cy ( ! ,apo/le's view annull$ by ! fact t 9 _m places he =mulates ! negative judgm5t q def9itely1 :ile 9 o!rs he s(t5s x by an admission ( ! hi/orical & e?ical significance ( ! law4 ,t ,paul's ?9k+ foll[s ! l9es ( ,old ,te/am5t conceptions is self-evid5t4 ,! only "q is :e!r ! motive =ces :i* make _! appe>ance 9 8 gospel are d]iv$ 9 "s way or o!r f ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,t is n ! case4 ,9 work+ up ! primitive ,*ri/ian views he does n h rec\rse to ! ideas ( ! anci5t ,judaism4 ,n[h]e does ,paul atta* himself to ^!4 ,he takes no ideas f ! ,old ,te/am5t ) a view to giv+ !m a new developm5t1 pg #jde b uses only :at he c take f x ready =m$4 ,8 new discov]y re/s on a diff]5t basis4 ,! ,law & ! ,prophets s]ve only to supply him ) ! ,scriptural argum5ts1 positive & negative1 ( :i* he /&s 9 ne$4 ,on ! ess5tial nature ( ! di/9ctively ,paul9e _w ( ?\ght ! ,old ,te/am5t !re=e ?r[s no light4 ,?is negative result is n1 inde$1 ev]y:]e cle>ly =mulat$4 ,!re are "s /ud5ts ( ,paul9ism :o simply ignore x4 ,he9rici1 9 ! preface to 8 /udy ( #b ,cor9?ians 7#ahhg71 v5tures on ! ass]tion t 9 ,paul ! 8_s ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecy0 triumphs ov] contempor>y ,judaism4 ,& he is n ! only "o :o cl+s to ! illusion t mu* help is to be ga9$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,apo/le's _w ( ?\ght4 ,by way ( pro( !y cite e possible p>allel1 ev5 ! mo/ remote4 ,b ! disproportion betwe5 ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial (f]$ & ! smallness ( ! result e/abli%$ tells aga9/ !m4 ,t ,paul is a *ild ( late ,judaism only began to be g5]ally tak5 into acc\nt :5 its _w ( ?\ght 0 made kn[n to !ology by ,s*r]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,new ,te/am5t ,times107#dd7 & ,web]'s 8,sy/em ( ,pale/9ian ,!ology 9 ! ,e>ly ,synagogues407#de7 ,b ev5 aft] ?is mo/ s*ol>s %>$ a c]ta9 dis9cl9ation to recognise a real connexion betwe5 ! ,apo/le's _w ( ?\ght & t ( late ,judaism4 ,he9rici1 :o 9 pg #jdf 8 /udy 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les gives great att5tion to ! "q reg>d+ ! s\rce ( 8 ideas1 def9itely d5ies t 8! intellectual & religi\s =ces ( ,late ,judaism ex]cis$ a dom9ant influ5ce0 on ! ,apo/le4 ,he holds1 l _m o!rs1 t ,paul1 pass+ ov] 8 own "t1 grasp$ h&s ) ! classical ,judaism ( ! prophets1 & t "o s\rce ( 8 /r5g? is to be f\nd 9 ?is fact4 ,?is prejudice is to be expla9$ by ! l[ e/imation 9 :i* late ,judaism _h always be5 held by !ologians4 ,x 0 id5tifi$1 )\t exam9ation1 on ! "o h& ) 8fanta/ic apocalyptic views10 & on ! o!r ) a 8s\lless ,rabb9ism40 ,! admission1 h[ev]1 t ,paul 9 ! pr9ciples ( 8 exegesis 0 9 agreem5t ) ,rabb9ism 0 made by !ologians ) comp>ative read9ess4 ,?is did n c>ry ) x ! surr5d] ( any?+ t _h be5 mu* valu$1 s9ce ! v]bal comp>ison & contra/ ( passages :i* he practises1 & ! illogical & fanta/ic reason+ :i* appe>s 9 8 argum5ts1 _h always be5 di/a/eful to !ological sci5ce4 ,x 0 !re=e r welcome to x ?an o!rwise1 to f9d1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ k ( p>allel products ( late ,judaism1 an explanation ( a weakness :i* did n prop]ly h>monise ) ! greatness ( ?is h]oic _s1 9 ! influ5ces to :i* he _h be5 subject$ by reason ( 8 !ological education47#df7 ,along ) ?is 0 accept$ ! fact t1 9 common ) 8 contempor>ies1 he naively treats ! ,haggadic embelli%m5ts ( ,old ,te/am5t /ories z on ! same foot+ ) ! ,scripture itself4 ,8 assumption t ! ,law 0 giv5 by ! angels 7,gal4 iii4 #ai71 & 8 ref]5ce to ! rock t foll[$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness & p\r$ out wat] 7,i ,cor4 x4 #d71 are to be expla9$ f passages 9 ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature4 pg #jdg ,no ?or\ghgo+ inve/igation 0 und]tak5 ) a view to det]m9+ :e!r ! ,rabb9ic pr9ciples suffice to expla9 ,paul's me?od ( scriptural argum5t4 ,9 g5]al ! view prevails t 8 8typological0 & 8spiritualis+0 7pneumatis*7 int]pretation goes beyond :at c else:]e be %[n 9 ,pale/9ian !ology4 ,x is true ^! two me?ods ( exegesis1 go+ beyond ! simple lit]al s5se1 are n :olly unkn[n1 b !y only came to _! full developm5t 9 contempor>y ,alex&rian ,biblical s*ol>%ip4 ,= ?is reason x is propos$ to assume t ,paul _h also receiv$ an influ5ce f ?is side4 ,z examples ( ,alex&rian exegesis are quot$ ! int]pretation ( ,hag> & ,s>ah z repres5t+ ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly ,j]usalem 7,gal4 iv4 #bb f471 t ( ! wat]-giv+ rock z repres5t+ ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor4 x4 #d71 & ! argum5t f ! ?re%+ ox5 to ! prea*]s ( ! gospel 7,i ,cor4 ix4 #i ff474 ,"o ( ! greate/ problems ( ! ,paul9e use ( ,scripture is n m5tion$ 9 ^! works4 ,x is assum$ t ! ,apo/le atta*$ special importance to prov+ ! ,messiah%ip ( ! crucifi$ ,jesus4 ,h[ !n c we expla9 ! fact t he nev] makes any use ( ! passage ab\t ! ,suff]+ ,s]vant ( ! ,"l 9 ,isaiah liii8 ,?is fact is ! m surpris+ because x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ! apologetic ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community gave ?is passage a mo/ prom95t place 9 its plan ( op]ations4 ,a sci5tific attempt to adduce f ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature explanatory p>allels to ,paul9e ?\ght 0 made by ,franz ,delitzs* 9 #ahgj 9 connexion ) 8 ,hebrew translation ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans47#dg7 ,! pg #jdh net result is n great4 ,! p>allels adduc$ are s un*>act]i/ic t !y ?r[ no new light on ! ,apo/le's ideas4 ,no fur!r consid]able attempts 7 made 9 ?is direction4 ,nor did ,web]'s 8,!ology ( ! ,e>ly ,synagogue0 lead to any o!r important works be+ und]tak5 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 sket* ( ! ,rabb9ic _w ( ideas makes x app>5t t ,paul9e ?\ght does n become any m intelligible by its aid ?an x is 9 itself1 ev5 ?\gh "o p>allel or ano!r may be une>!d4 ,moreov]1 x is to be rem>k$ t ! discov]y ( su* p>allels w\ld only become ( importance if pro( c\ld be giv5 t !y really date f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,su* pro( is1 h[ev]1 q impossible4 ,( ! 8,rabb9ism0 ( ,paul's day we "k practically no?+4 ,ev5 ! e>lie/ /rata ( ! lit]ature :i* is at our disposal 7 n =m$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47#dh7 ,x consi/s ( a codification ( tradition c>ri$ out by ! lat] ,rabb9ic s*ola/icism4 ,h[ f> x (f]s u a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! ideas & "* ( ,rabb9ic ?\ght at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury mu/ rema9 an op5 "q4 ,ev5 if ,paul1 9 virtue ( 8 dialectic & c]ta9 ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 belongs to ! _w :i* ?is lit]ature reveals to u1 9 reg>d to ! cont5t ( 8 ideas & 8 creative =ce z a ?9k] he is n to be und]/ood by its aid4 ,to regi/] ?is fact is1 h[ev]1 by no means to d5y t he has 8 roots 9 ! ,jewi% !ology ( 8 "t1 b only to say t he %[s no aff9ity z reg>ds ! inn] ess5ce ( 8 problems & pg #jdi ideas ) :at a lat] age (f]s u z ! ,rabb9ism ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x is possible1 inde$ x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 t _m ( 8 ideas = :i* no 8,rabb9ic0 p>allels c be adduc$1 nev]!less h _! orig9 9 ! ,jewi% !ology ( 8 "t4 ,:o is to gu>antee t ! lat] s*ola/icism has fai?fully pres]v$ = u ! ,jewi% !ology :i* 0 contempor>y ) ,*ri/ianity8 ,x may well h be5 m liv+ 9 ?\ght & m pr(\nd ?an ! m5 ( ! aft]-"t c\ld und]/&1 or _! tradition pres]ve4 ,! picture :i* !y draw = u %[s only a sun-scor*$ pla91 b ?is yell[1 wilt$ grass 0 gre5 & fre% once4 ,:at did ! mead[s look l !n8 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra1 :i* %[s 9 its own way su* dep?1 :ile x is d]iv$ f ! ,scribal !ology ( ! fir/ c5tury1 is z little to be expla9$ f :at on ! basis ( ! lat] lit]ature we ?9k ( z ! ,rabb9ism ( ! p]iod z are ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,_h ?is writ+ n be5 pres]v$1 x w\ld nev] h occurr$ to anyone t at t "t m5 belong+ to ! circle ( ! ,scribes _h be5 torm5t$ 9 ?is way by ! prim>y problems ( religion1 & _h br\ght ! que/ions aris+ out ( !m into su* close relations ) es*atology4 ,fur!r1 x is to be tak5 into acc\nt t ,pale/9ian ,scribism1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 an indep5d5t entity1 did n1 at ! "t :5 x has to be consid]$ 9 connexion ) ,paul1 exi/ 9 absolute exclusiv5ess1 b ma9ta9$ relations ) ,jewi% ,hell5ism4 ,! latt] work$ on a basis ( ideas :i* x _h 9 l>ge measure tak5 ov] f ,rabb9ism & held 9 common ) ! latt]4 ,?is relation%ip becomes 9 ! case ( ,philo cle>ly app>5t4 ,) him "o c nev] tell :]e ! 8,rabb9i/0 ends & ! ,hell5i/ beg9s4 ,b if ! !ology ( ! ,scribes /ood 9 any k9d ( relation ) ,jewi% ,hell5ism1 x _c h be5 s poor 9 ideas & unspiritual z x appe>s 9 ! lat] tradition4 pg #jej ,ev5 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 9 spite ( ! polemical picture :i* !y give ( x1 create ! impression t ,he _h to d ) a ,rabb9ism :i* 0 int]e/$ 9 really religi\s que/ions1 ev5 ?\gh x %[$ itself incapable ( ris+ to ! height ( ! simple piety to :i* ,8 prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! rep5tance necess>y !reto made its appeal4 ,x seems !re=e probable t ! ,epi/les ( ,paul & ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra1 along ) its satellite ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 are witnesses to a ,rabb9ism1 or a movem5t )9 its sph]e1 ( :i* ! ,rabb9ic tradition :i* lat] became fix$ 9 writt5 =m gives u no in=mation4 ,:at %\ld we "k ( ! mov+ =ces ( ! ,re=mation z !y manife/ !mselves 9 ,lu!r's works ( ! ye> #aeba1 if we 7 dep5d5t = our in=mation on ! ,lu!ran s*ola/icism ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies8 ,h[ w\ld we ?9k ( ! ,re=mation z a :ole if we possess$ only ^! witnesses8 ,) all due respect to ! vaunt$ fai?fulness ( ,rabb9ic tradition1 :i* aft] all we are n 9 a position to *eck1 0 x capable ( pres]v+ ! record ( a p]iod ( liv+ ?\ght8 ,is an oral tradition ev] capable ( do+ s8 ,! hi/orical examples 9 :i* we are able to te/ ! tradition ( lat] g5]ations by ! reality :i* has subsequ5tly come to light1 are calculat$ to %ake our fai? 9 ! assumption t x c d s4 ,:at did ,bee?ov5's "t "k ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! p]iod ( ,ba*8 ,m5tion is made ( ! elaborate fugues :i* _h _! orig9 at t "t2 b t ! eighte5? c5tury _h produc$ *oral works ( deep feel+ & an elevation secure aga9/ *ange ( fa%ion1 0 entirely unkn[n to ! second g5]ation aft] ,ba*1 al?\gh !re _h be5 no?+ to int]rupt tradition4 ,moreov]1 x ought n to be =gott5 t we possess ! hi/ory ( ,judaism only 9 fragm5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! political ev5ts ( ! fir/ c5tury we are pg #jea comp>atively well in=m$1 b ( ! religi\s movem5ts we "k little1 & :at does come to our k is s disconnect$ & self-contradictory t x _c be comb9$ into a s+le picture4 ,! ,bapti/1 ,jesus1 ,philo1 ,paul1 ,josephus1 & ! au?ors ( ! ,apocalypses ( ,ezra & ,b>u* cov] toge!r ab\t two g5]ations4 ,!y are at fir/ sight z entirely diff]5t z if !y belong$ to widely sep>at$ p]iods4 ,! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem int]rupts ! cont9uity ( developm5t ( ! ,jewi% p & ( its ?\ght4 ,its life is ext+ui%$4 ,hell5ism dies out4 ,!re arises a ,rabb9ism :i* is no long] borne on ! tide ( great national & spiritual movem5ts4 ,x becomes ossifi$1 & conf9es itself to m]e unproductive comm5tat+ ^u ! law4 ,f ! pa/ its tradition takes only :at lies )9 ! field ( its own n>r[ int]e/s4 ,! problems & ideas :i* mov$ ! e>li]1 _m-sid$ p]iod no long] come into view1 b fall into z complete oblivion z if !y _h nev] occupi$ ,jewi% religi\s ?\ght4 ,! s*ol>%ip ( ! p]iod aft] ,baur is inde$ f> en\gh f emb>k+ on reflexions ( ?is k9d4 ,x takes sc>cely any notice ( :at rema9s ( ! ,late-,jewi% non-,hell5i/ic lit]ature4 ,ev5 ! comm5tators make sc>cely any use ( ! p>allels to ,paul9e ideas & conceptions :i* are f\nd 9 ,eno*1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra1 & "h & !re 9 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s4 ,x is no?+ less ?an a/oni%+ t ! close aff9ities ) ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra d n receive any recognition4 ,9 ?is "w !re are elaborate discussions ( ! problems ( s91 ! ,fall ( our fir/ p>5ts1 ,election1 ! wra?1 long-suff]+1 & m]cy ( ,god1 ! pr]ogative ( ,israel1 ! significance ( ! law1 ! temporal & ! et]nal ,j]usalem1 ( ! prospect ( dy+ or surviv+ to ! ,p>\sia1 ! tribulation ( ! times ( ! ,end1 & ! ,judgm5t4 ,! close aff9ity betwe5 ?is writ] & ,paul /rikes ! eye at once4 pg #jeb ,writ]s on ,paul9ism are1 h[ev]1 s obsess$ by ! idea t ! tea*+ ( ,paul is a 8p]sonal creation0 t !y _c br+ !mselves to accept ! view t ! religi\s problems :i* /ruggle = solution 9 8 lett]s _h also occupi$ 8 ,jewi% contempor>ies or at lea/ a section ( !m47#di7 ,! claims ( ,late ,judaism on ,paul 7 !re=e tak5 to be dis*>g$ :5 8 ,rabb9ic dialectic & exegesis1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 es*atology also1 _h be5 ascrib$ to x4 ,! *apt] on ! future-hope :i* connect$ ,paul on ! "o h& ) ,judaism & on ! o!r ) primitive ,*ri/ianity1 is nev] omitt$ 9 any acc\nt ( 8 tea*+ giv5 by ! s*ol>s ( ! po/-,baur p]iod4 ,9 x is collect$ all t ! ,epi/les h to say reg>d+ ! p>\sia1 ! resurrection1 ! judgm5t1 & ! ,k+dom ( ! ,la/ ,times4 ,! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 is by no means ?or\gh4 ,sc>cely any:]e is !re an attempt to arrange ! scatt]$ notices 9 an ord]ly way & br+ !m into relation ) "o ano!r4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t !y are inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fanta/ic "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,t ,paul may h _h a cle> plan ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end 9 :i* all 8 /atem5ts c f9d a place1 is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,^! writ]s !re=e set no limit to ! admission ( inconsi/5cies1 & draw a picture :i* is1 to put x pla9ly1 mean+less4 ,s f>1 x occurs to no "o t ! want ( connexion may p]haps result f ! fact t ! sep>ate pg #jec /atem5ts h n be5 c>efully exam9$ 9 reg>d to :at !y actually mean1 & to _! mutual relations4 ,x is tak5 z q c]ta9 t ! 8simple0 es*atology ( ,i ,!ssalonians is sup]s$$ by ! m complicat$ view ( ! ,cor9?ian lett]s2 & ^! 9 turn are n ! la/ /age 9 ?is 8developm5t0 ( ! ,apo/le's ?\ght4 ,no attempt is made to get a cle> idea 9 :at ord] he ?9ks ( ! judgm5t & ! resurrection ( ! dead1 or z to :e!r he holds t !re is "o resurrection & "o judgm5t1 or a resurrection ( ! 8righte\s10 & ano!r besides1 & :e!r he assumes ?is to be accompani$ by "o judgm5t or two4 ,! au?ors reg>d ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-satisfaction ! way 9 :i* !y h emphasis$ ! importance giv5 to ! es*atology by ,paul4 ,9 ! *apt] devot$ to x !y h c]ta9ly emphasis$ aga9 & aga91 8) ! utmo/ en]gy10 ! fact t he really 8%>$0 ! es*atological expectations ( 8 "t & admitt$ !m to an important place 9 8 cre$4 ,! *apt] 9 "q1 h[ev]1 only gets its turn aft] ! :ole 8sy/em ( doctr9e0 has be5 safely h\s$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s )\t seek+ any aid f ! es*atology or ev5 say+ a ^w ab\t x4 ,z 9 ! ,*ur* pray]s ( to-day1 "o cat*es an e*o ( x only at ! end4 ,?is means t1 :5 all is said & done1 ^! writ]s reg>d x only z a k9d ( annexe to ! ma9 edifice ( ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,t is a fact :i* _! brave words ab\t ! importance attribut$ to x 9 _! acc\nt d n alt] 9 ! slighte/4 ,none ( ^! /ud5ts ( ,paul9ism asks himself :e!r !re is an organic connexion betwe5 ! es*atological expectations & ! sy/em z su*1 & :e!r ! fundam5tal conceptions & concat5ation ( ideas are n someh[ or o!r condition$ by ! hope ( ! f9al consummation4 ,x is simply tak5 z self-evid5t t es*atology c only =m an incid5tal *apt] 9 ,paul's tea*+4 pg #jed ,! mo/ natural c\rse to foll[ 9 ! inve/igation w\ld h be5 to beg9 ) ! es*atology z ! mo/ g5]al & 8primitive-,*ri/ian0 elem5t1 & !n to h tri$ to f9d a pa? lead+ f "h to ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! new life 9 union ) ! dy+ & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,?is c\rse is n[h]e foll[$4 ,t is ! m surpris+ z x is g5]ally assum$ t ! 8mission>y prea*+0 ( ! ,apo/le took an almo/ purely es*atological =m1 & 0 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! primitive-,*ri/ian prea*+ ( rep5tance1 ! judgm5t1 & ! p>\sia4 ,! po9t to exam9e w\ld !re=e h be5 precisely h[ ! 8,paul9e !ology0 grew out ( ! es*atology :i* ,paul %>$ ) primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,in/ead ( t1 ^! writ]s beg9 ) ! 8doctr9al sy/em10 & atta* to t by way ( app5dix an acc\nt ( ! es*atology4 ,x "h fir/ becomes fully app>5t :at a mis=tune x 0 = ,paul9e /udy 9 ! po/-,baur p]iod t x kept to ! me?od ( pres5tation "u loci1 & consequ5tly accord$ es*atology1 9 pr9ciple1 no great] importance = ,paul9ism ?an x _h _h = ,re=mation !ology4 ,b]n>d ,weiss1 agree+ 9 ?is ) ,havet1 lays /rong emphasis on ! es*atology1 & makes a beg9n+ 9 ! direction ( an intellig5t pres5tation ( ,paul9ism4 ,in/ead ( beg9n+1 l ! o!rs1 ) ! 8doctr9e ( man10 or ) 8s9 & ! law10 he fir/ sets =? 8! e>lie/ prea*+ ( ,paul z ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles10 :i* he makes to consi/ ( no?+ b ! proclamation ( ! judgm5t & ! p>\sia4 ,b hav+ got ?is l5g?1 he does n feel any ne$ to po9t out ! pa?s :i* lead f "h to ! 8tea*+ ( ! f\r great doctr9al & polemical epi/les40 ,he simply puts ! two sections side by side1 & ev5 falls into ! inconsi/5cy ( devot+ ano!r *apt] to ! es*atology at a lat] po9t4 ,! doctr9e ( ,paul consi/s !re=e = ^! s*ol>s ( a !ology ( ! pg #jee pres5t & a !ology ( ! future :i* h no inn] connexion ) "o ano!r4 ,x is inde$ cit$ z an a*ievem5t on 8 "p t he turn$ ! eye ( fai? f ! exclusive contemplation ( ! 8h]eaft]0 to take 9 ! pres5t also4 ,h[ he came to d s--he alone ( ?is fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation--to po9t to pres5t 8bless+s ( salvation0 9 addition to ^? ( ! future1 is n expla9$4 ,! co-exi/5ce ( ! two is simply not$ z a fact4 ,h[ f> ! s*ol>s ( ?is p]iod 7 f tak+ ! ,paul9e es*atology s]i\sly1 is evid5t f ! fact t !y neglect$ to enquire into its connexion ) t ( ,late ,judaism4 ,otto ,ev]l+1 :o 9 #ahhh took 9 h& to give an acc\nt ( "o ( its ma9 features1 its angelology & demonology1 0 n able to ref] to any previ\s "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t47#ej7 ,a !ologian to :om he spoke ( 8 design answ]$ t 8"o ought n to exam9e ! bir?-m>ks ( a g5ius l ! ,apo/le40 ,ev]l+ br+s =w>d ! passages :i* speak ( ,satan1 ! angels1 & ! demons1 "o aft] ano!r1 & adduces p>allels f ,eno*1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ! ,book ( ,jubilees1 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 & ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*4 ,8 review ( ! mat]ial %[s 9 :at a /ep-mo!rly fa%ion x _h be5 treat$ by previ\s comm5tators ( all %ades ( op9ion4 ,9 ! result x appe>s t ! ,paul9e /atem5ts ab\t angelology & demonology h n sprung f 8 own imag9ation1 b all h _! e>li] analogues 9 ! ,late-,jewi% !ology1 or at any rate c be und]/ood z inf]5ces f ! conceptions !re laid d[n4 ,x fur!r appe>s t 8 /atem5ts /& 9 sy/ematic connexion & mutually supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,9 its ma9 l9es ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! angels %[s u ! foll[+ picture4 ,spiritual be+s :o1 9 accordance ) ! hi]>*ic arrangem5t adopt$ 9 pg #jef ,late-,jewi% !ology1 are divid$ into v>i\s classes1 play$ a prom95t "p at ! giv+ ( ! law4 ,f t "t =w>d !y act$ z ov]se]s ( ! *os5 p1 & also z ! real p[]s beh9d ! gods ( ! hea!n4 ,by ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ _! p[] has be5 9 pr9ciple aboli%$1 al?\gh x cont9ues to be /ill 9 "s way ex]cis$ ^u ^? :o (f] sacrifices to idols or submit !mselves to ! law4 ,believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 h[ev]1 /& ov] aga9/ !m z a class ( m5 :o are lib]at$ f _! sway1 & :o possess a wisdom :i* und]/&s bett] ?an _! own ! great ev5ts 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w is ab\t to close4 ,^! angelic exi/5ces feel t _! dom9ation is ?reat5$1 & fight ) all ! weapons at _! comm&4 ,x is at _! in/igation t ! attempt is made to corrupt ! ,gospel by legalism2 all ! difficulties :i* ! ,apo/le enc\nt]s1 all ! corporeal suff]+s :i* he has to be>1 are to be attribut$ to !m4 ,x is on _! acc\nt t wom5 mu/ be veil$ :5 att5d+ ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur*1 s9ce o!rwise !y run ! risk ( becom+ ! victims ( _! lu/1 z ( old _! "m ,eve 0 s$uc$ by ! devil4 ,mo/ dang]\s ( all is _! skill 9 deception3 ,satan c disguise himself z an angel ( light4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ! ,"l beg9s ! decisive /ruggle :i* is to lead to ! de/ruction ( ^! p[]s4 ,!y are to be deliv]$ up to judgm5t1 to receive _! s5t5ce at ! m\? ( ! sa9ts1 :om1 until ! p>\sia1 !y h /ill ! p[] to h>ass ) cunn+ & cruelty1 ?\gh n to de/roy4 8,9 its prop] hi/orical surr\nd+s ,*ri/ianity %[s up 9 its true maje/y10 said ,ri*>d ,ro! once4 ,ev]l+ drew f ^! words1 :i* he plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 book1 c\rage to make a ?or\gh inve/igation ( matt]s :i* _h previ\sly be5 timidly avoid$ because ( _! /rang5ess4 ,h[ wide-rea*+ 0 ! significance ( 8 syn!tic pg #jeg /udy he _h h>dly realis$4 ,8 int5tion 0 to depict cle>ly & 9 vivid col\rs ! impos+ly fanta/ic ,late-,jewi% backgr\nd ( ,paul9e !ology4 ,! !ology ( 8 "t took ! same view4 ,x accept$ ! (f]$ gift some:at con/ra9$ly1 b on ! :ole gratefully en\gh4 ,if x _h ! impression t ! backgr\nd z ?us re/or$1 :ile no d\bt 8int]e/+10 0 some:at too gl>+ & obtrusive1 x rema9$ confid5t t ! 8doctr9al sy/em0 :i* x ?r[s into relief is n o!rwise affect$ by x4 ,! app5dix-*apt] on es*atology gr[s 9 size & acquires a c]ta9 connect$ness4 ,b !re seem$ no reason to fe> t x might gr[ s vigor\sly z to ov]p[] ^? into :i* ! ,paul9e !ology prop] is neatly p>cell$ out4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !re 0 q suffici5t reason = anxiety4 ,ev]l+ _h %[n t angelology & demonology 71 z a matt] ( fact1 compon5t p>ts ( ,paul's cosmology4 ,t !y consequ5tly also ent]$ into 8 fundam5tal conception ( r$emption 0 a po9t :i* he _h n especially emphasis$4 ,b ! fact 0 writt5 9 giant *>act]s across 8 "w4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ,paul's /atem5ts reg>d+ ,god1 ! devil1 ! angels1 & ! _w are appreh5d$ 9 _! organic connexion1 x becomes abundantly evid5t t = him r$emption1 9 its prim>y & fundam5tal s5se1 consi/s 9 a deliv]ance f ! p[]s :i* h _! abode betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,x is !re=e ess5tially a future good1 dep5d5t on a cosmic ev5t ( univ]sal scope4 ,x at once becomes evid5t t ! inve/igation ( ,paul9ism mu/ take z its />t+-po9t ^! ideas z be+ ( ! mo/ g5]al "*1 & endeav\r to %[ h[ ! o!r /atem5ts reg>d+ r$emption are d]iv$ f !m4 ,!ological sci5ce 0 ?us =c$ into ! road :i* x _h hi!rto s$ul\sly avoid$4 ,! deceptive "* ( ! division ( ,paul9ism "u loci1 by :i* x _h long be5 kept 9 pg #jeh an unhappy /ate ( subs]vi5ce to ,re=mation & mod]n prejudices1 n[ became app>5t4 ,b = all t !ology held to ! old way & 0 det]m9$ to ca/ out anyone :o set foot ^u ! new4 ,t is ! explanation ( ! fate :i* befel ,ri*>d ,kabis*'s 8,es*atology ( ,paul407#ea7 ,kabis* _h be5 consid]+ ! plan ( a "w on ! ,paul9e ,e?ic1 & 9 do+ s _h become aw>e t x 0 to a l>ge ext5t condition$ by ! es*atological expectations4 ,!reupon he resolv$ to beg9 ) a prelim9>y /udy ( ! es*atology47#eb7 8,salvation10 s runs 8 argum5t1 is ?\ght ( by ,paul z 8deliv]ance0 f judgm5t & de/ruction4 8,ju/ification0 & 8reconciliation0 are subs]vi5t to ?is deliv]ance & d n describe a /ate ( salvation indep5d5t ( x4 ,! spiritual goods :i* are *>act]is$ by _m !ologians z ! object ( ! ,apo/le's wre/l+ & /riv+ are 9 reality only ! anticipatory fir/-fruits ( ! bless$ness :i* ! future has 9 /ore4 ,?is bless$ness consi/s 9 ! believ]'s be+ fre$ at ! p>\sia f ! fle%ly body 9 ord] to put on ! heav5ly robe ( glory4 ,?us es*atology is ! f\ndation bo? ( ! dogmatics & e?ics ( ! ,apo/le4 ,life & dea? are = him physical conceptions4 ,spiritual dea? & spiritual life 9 ! mod]n religi\s s5se are unkn[n to him4 ,ev5 :]e1 z 9 ,rom4 vi41 he speaks ( a dy+ & ris+ aga9 :i* are n accompani$ by any *ange 9 ! outw>d & visible exi/5ce ( ! individual1 he does n mean a spiritual dy+ & ris+ aga9 b1 inconceivable z x may pg #jei appe>1 a physical occurr5ce4 ,ev]y?+ spiritual goes back to some?+ corporeal4 ,t is true also z reg>ds ! e?ics4 ,x is n f ! consci\sness ( ! 8ideal possession ( et]nal life0 t he inf]s ! duty ( walk+ 9 newness ( life1 b f ! fact t "o :o %>es ! dea? ( ,*ri/ mu/ also %>e ,8 resurrection4 ,bo? ev5ts h ref]5ce to ! pres5t4 ,x is 8a simple logical consequ5ce0 t we %\ld walk 9 accordance ) ?is physical newness ( life 9 ord] to %[ t ! fle%ly1 s>kic1 body has be5 put (f4 ,! new life ( :i* ,paul speaks z a pres5t _s is !re=e bas$ on ! 8repetition0 ( ,*ri/'s bodily resurrection1 :i* is r5d]$ possible by ! unio my/ica ) him4 ,x gu>antees to ! individual 8 inde/ructibility ev5 ?\gh ! corruptible _w1 to :i* 8 fle%ly corporeity belongs1 falls a prey to de/ruction4 ,! believ] w !n h a "p 9 ! new _w-sub/ance4 ,paul's s\l is !re=e ?rill$ ) ! eag] desire = life1 %ak5 ) ! dread ( de/ruction4 ,8 fai?1 hope1 & fe> all revolve ab\t "o c5tre--! abolition ( corruption & ! be/[al ( incorruption4 ,8 religion is a 8w-to-live0 9 a l>ge elem5tal s5se4 ,he ye>ns = r$emption f ! creaturehood :i* is "u ! sway ( ,satan & 8 p[]s1 & f ! body :i* !y hold 9 ?rall4 ,! mom5t 9 :i* ! relative positions ( ! _w ( spirits & ! _w ( m5 are to be rev]s$1 & a great f9al r5ewal ( all ?+s is to be br\ght 9--t mom5t _c come quickly en\gh = him4 ,!re=e he seeks 9 "s way to ant$ate x4 ,! future condition ( exi/5ce is t ( 8glory40 ,x is anticipat$ 9 ! pres5t life by ! possession ( ! 8,_s0 :i* belongs ess5tially to ! heav5ly light sub/ance4 ,?us ,kabis* endeav\rs to expla9 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s purely on ! gr\nd ( ! ,late-,jewi% metaphysic4 ,a sup]-e>?ly sub/ance ent]s pg #jfj into ! corporeity ( ^? :o 9 virtue ( ! unio my/ica ) ,*ri/ h ent]$ into ! exp]i5ce ( ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,x produces 9 !m a new be+1 & gives !m a claim to ! future p]fect$ glory1 & ?is :ile _! fle%ly exi/5ce /ill cont9ues to ! outw>d eye unalt]$4 ,! great p>adoxes ( ,paul9ism are "h = ! fir/ "t cle>ly po9t$ out & s describ$ t _! real es*atological ess5ce appe>s47#ec7 ,b ,kabis* did n succe$ 9 expla9+ !m4 ,9 :at s5se is a 8repetition0 9 ! believ] ( ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 ( ,*ri/ possible8 ,h[ c x produce a recon/itution ( _! creaturely be+ :ile _! fle%ly exi/5ce cont9ues outw>dly z be=e8 ,to ^! que/ions ,kabis* gives no answ]4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! es*atological ev5ts & _! issue x is %[n t ! bless+s & anticipations ref]r$ to by ,paul are also pres5t 9 ! ,late-,jewi% !ology4 ,t ! ,apo/le expresses 8 views ab\t ! future _w 9 disconnect$ fragm5ts1 app>5tly di/ribut$ =tuit\sly ?r\gh ! text1 does n %[ t x 0 n cle> & consi/5t 9 8 own m9d1 b exactly ! opposite4 ,! es*atological rem>ks come 9 s naturally & )\t appe>+ to ne$ pg #jfa explanation j because ?is :ole set ( conceptions 0 to ! ,apo/le s long famili> & self-explanatory1 t he c draw on x :5ev] he wi%es z easily z an educat$ ,european uses ! multiplication table4 ,/rangely1 h[ev]1 ,kabis* does n succe$ 9 giv+ a cle> & simple picture ( ! ord] & relation ( ! f9al ev5ts presuppos$ 9 ! lett]s4 ,he gets confus$ ov] ! v>i\s resurrections & judgm5ts1 & f9ds ! sole way ( escape 9 attribut+ to ! ,apo/le a resurrection ( ! righte\s only1 & n a g5]al resurrection 9 addition4 ,9 consequ5ce he is =c$ to ! conclusion t ! righte\s ent] ! ,k+dom )\t pass+ ?r\gh a judgm5t1 & t :at is meant by ! judgm5t is always ! de/ruction ( ! wick$ at ! p>\sia4 ,t is to make ! ,apo/le contradict n only ,jewi% apocalyptic1 b 8 own utt]ances1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t ! ,epi/les frequ5tly make m5tion ( believ]s appe>+ at ! judgm5t4 ,! difficulties :i* ,kabis* "h enc\nt]s are significant4 ,!y %[ t x is n possible to und]/& ! ,paul9e /atem5ts simply by ! light ( ! ,late-,jewi% es*atology4 ,:at = ! ,apo/le compos$ a simple picture rema9s = ! writ] :o endeav\rs to describe 8 apocalyptic full ( obscurities & contradictions4 ,x is z if "o or two conceptions 7 lack+ :i* w\ld h enabl$ him to 8get out0 8 game ( pati5ce satisfactorily4 ,x is true ,kabis* has n done ev]y?+ possible 9 ord] to atta9 cle>ness4 ,he has neglect$ to adduce = comp>ison ! es*atology ( ! ,bapti/ & ( ,jesus1 & to exam9e h[ f> ! ,paul9e simplification ( apocalyptic is "h prefigur$4 ,he ?us falls into ! univ]sal b none ! less un9telligible error ( fail+ to call ! two mo/ important witnesses to ! ,late-,jewi% es*atological expectations4 ,are !y ! less s because !y belong to ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,fur!r1 he neglects1 z d all ! o!r writ]s1 to consid] :at pg #jfb are ! prim>y que/ions :i* ! !ory ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end _h to answ]4 ,:at happ5s at ! p>\sia to ! non-elect8 ,& :at to ! elect :o h n become believ]s because ! ,gospel message has n rea*$ !m8 ,! ultimate fate ( ^! two classes ( m5 c surely n be ! same8 ,d ^? :o at ! p>\sia d n ent] into glory suff] 8dea?0 or 8de/ruction08 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ^! two conceptions8 ,accord+ to ,i ,cor4 xv4 #bf1 dea? is only to be vanqui%$ at ! end ( ! ,messianic k+dom4 ,is a g5]al resurrection be=e t conceivable8 ,does x foll[ z a consequ5ce ( ?is triumph ov] dea?8 ,s9ce ,kabis* does n raise ^! & simil> que/ions1 he does n f9d ! pa? :i* alone c lead to ! und]/&+ ( ! logic ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 ! es*atology ( a ?9k] l ,paul1 all ^! problems mu/ h be5 consid]$ & ?\ght out4 ,!y =m ! implicit presuppositions :i* gu>antee & make cle> ! inn] logic ( 8 scatt]$ & seem+ly disconnect$ /atem5ts4 ,al?\gh he has n expla9$ ! p>adoxes ( ! ,paul9e my/icism1 nor succe$$ 9 mak+ cle> ! gr\nd-plan ( 8 es*atology1 ,kabis*'s book is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ a*ievem5ts1 n only 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,paul9e /udy1 b 9 hi/orical !ology z a :ole4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce ,ldemann's inve/igation ( ! ,apo/le's doctr9e ( man1 9 #ahgb1 ! problem ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption receives a new =mulation4 ,! two works %[ a curi\s analogy4 ,_! au?ors h a consci\sness ( ! fact t ! !ology ( ! ,apo/le is a liv+ organism1 & are pres]v$ by "s good g5ius f splitt+ x up into ,re=mation or mod]n loci4 ,!y endeav\r to grasp ! ?\ghts & connect+ l9ks ( ! doctr9e ( r$emption f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,ldemann makes ! 8an?ropology0 8 />t+-po9t1 ,kabis* ! es*atology4 pg #jfc ,bo? are l$1 almo/ contr>y to _! int5tion1 to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ,paul9ism4 ,bo? see 9 ! p>adoxical /atem5ts ab\t ! abolition ( ! fle% 9 ! union ) ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ ! c5tre ( 8 doctr9e2 bo? arrive at ! result t :at is 9 view is a really physical r$emption4 ,9 ! explanation ( ! facts :i* !y agree 9 obs]v+ !y div]ge widely4 ,ldemann claims ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption z ,hell5i/ic2 ,kabis* endeav\rs to und]/& x on ! basis ( ,late ,judaism4 ,!ological sci5ce ca/ out ! innovator & held to ! conviction t ! ,apo/le's sy/em ( ?\ght 0 ,greek4 ,x 0 ackn[l$g$ t he _h made ! es*atology ( ! ,apo/le intelligible2 b 9 ! attempt to pass f ! es*atology to ! c5tre ( ! ,apo/le's sy/em ( doctr9e1 contempor>y s*ol>%ip saw only an extreme onesid$ness = :i* !re 0 no ju/ification 9 ! docum5ts1 :i* des]v$ nei!r exam9ation nor refutation1 b simply rejection4 ,on :at l9es _h !ology develop$ & def5d$ ! !ory ( ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be rem>k$ t 9 reg>d to ! ext5t & importance ( ! influ5ce :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ex]cis$1 v>i\s gr\p+s are to be obs]v$ among ! diff]5t writ]s4 ,pfleid]]1 ,hol/51 ,he9rici17#ed7 ,havet1 & o!rs see 9 ,paul9ism ! actual fir/ /ep 9 ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y assume1 z ,baur also _h tak5 = grant$ be=e !m1 t ! e?ical s]ies ( ideas1 ! s]ies dom9at$ by ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s1 is d]iv$ f ,greek influ5ces4 ,s*mi$el17#ee7 9 8 comm5t>ies1 & ,h>nack7#ef7 express pg #jfd !mselves ) m res]ve4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ,hell5ism1 no d\bt1 8_h its %>e0 9 ,paul4 ,! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 8prep>$ ! way = ! projection ( ! ,gospel ^u ! ,graeco-,roman _w ( ?\ght10 b he nev] gave to ,greek ideas 8any influ5ce ^u 8 doctr9e ( salvation40 ,lipsius17#eg7 ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 & ,weizsck] d n take mu* acc\nt ( borr[+s f ,greek s\rces1 b are conc]n$ to expla9 ,paul f & by himself s f> z possible4 ,x is n s easy z might be suppos$ to det]m9e ! attitude ( ! v>i\s au?ors t[>ds ! problem ( ! ,hell5ic influ5ce 9 ,paul4 ,?is is p>tly due to want ( accuracy 9 ! t]m9ology4 8,hell5i/ic0 is us$ to mean bo? ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic & ,greek 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,! au?ors frequ5tly express !mselves 9 su* a way t x is n obvi\s :e!r !y mean ! "o1 or ! o!r1 or bo? toge!r4 ,attempts to e/abli% an accurate t]m9ology1 to conf9e 8,hell5i/ic0 to ! mean+ 8,jewi%-,hell5i/ic10 & to use ,hell5ic = ,greek 9 ! full s5se1 h n succe$$4 ,b ! want ( cle>ness is n :olly to be put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ! language2 x is p>tly due to ! m5tal attitude ( ! writ]s4 ,! problem really includes two que/ions4 ,fir/1 ,0 ,paul "u ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ,hell5ism8 ,secondly1 ,did ,greek ?\ght 9 itself1 ap>t f ! alliance into :i* x _h ent]$ ) ,judaism1 ex]cise any influ5ce ^u 8 views8 ,in/ead ( keep+ ^! que/ions sep>ate ^! writ]s con/antly confuse !m1 & assume t !y h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ,greek ideas 9 ! pg #jfe ,apo/le's sy/em ( doctr9e :5 !y h only discuss$ 8 relations ) ,jewi%-,hell5ism4 ,sometimes "o actually gets ! impression t 9 ?is difficult "q !y int5tionally make _! discussions a little obscure & inconsi/5t1 & are m conc]n$ to conceal ?an to reveal _! views1 9 ord] n to lay !mselves op5 to attack4 ,! discov]y & ! gr\p+ ( _! op9ions is !re=e associat$ ) difficulties1 & c nev] be c>ri$ out 9 a way entirely free f objection4 ,=tunately ! discussion & decision ( ! "q does n dep5d on draw+ !m up 9 ?ree divisions1 ea* "u ! bann] ( its p>ticul> view1 & s putt+ !m ?r\gh _! fac+s4 ,x suffices to note ! fact t 9 ! /udy ( ! subject f ,baur onw>d ! greatly pr$om9at+ op9ion is t ,paul 0 n only influ5c$ by ,jewi% ,hell5ism b also d]iv$ "s ( 8 ideas directly f ,greek ?\ght4 ,x is also safe to ass]t t ( all ! writ]s 9 "q--ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m take up an attitude ( res]ve to ,pfleid]]'s m ?or\ghgo+ views1 none ( !m d5ies ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ,hell5ism on ,paul4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m consi/s r 9 ! fact t "s assume 9 addition to ?is :at may be call$ 8free0 ,greek influ5ce1 :ile o!rs are sceptical on ?is po9t & ?9k t ! facts c be expla9$ )\t ?is assumption4 ,x is to be expressly rem>k$ t ! latt] d n try to arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,paul's ?\ght by a diff]5t me?od1 b only to clo! ! usual explanations 9 diff]5t words4 ,?is is ! case ) ,weizsck]4 ,! well-kn[n acc\nt ( ,paul9ism 9 8 8,apo/olic ,age07#eh7 nei!r (f]s any new idea nor raises any new problem4 ,?\gh he is 9 "s respects m cauti\s ?an ,pfleid]]1 because he feels ! difficulty ( prov+ ,greek influ5ce m /rongly ?an ! latt]1 9 o!r pg #jff respects he is less exact+ ?an ,pfleid]] ) 8 logical developm5t ( ,baur's ideas1 s9ce he is cont5t ) explanations :i* d n satisfy ,pfleid]]4 ,t ,b]n>d ,weiss 9 deal+ ) ,paul9e !ology disp5ses ) ! assumption ( ,greek influ5ce is due to ! fact t 8 inve/igation holds /rictly to ! l9es ( 8,biblical !ology10 & on pr9ciple takes no acc\nt ( any?+ beyond ! bord]s ( ! ,canon4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t bo? ,weiss & ,weizsck] delib]ately avoid a discussion ( ,greek & ,hell5i/ic influ5ce on ,paul1 & conf9e !mselves to an objective acc\nt ( ,paul's doctr9e4 ,inde$1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! /udy ( ! subject betwe5 ,baur & ,holtzmann ! problem is nev] ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,! "q h[ f> ! alleg$ influ5ces are prov$ or provable may be held ov] = ! pres5t1 & 9 ! fir/ place we may int]rogate ,hol/51 ,pfleid]] & _! foll[]s z to :at _! view really means1 & :at !y ?9k !y c expla9 by means ( x4 ,at bottom ! "q turns on ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s4 ,9 ! cle>ly def9$ =m 9 :i* ?is anti!sis pres5ts itself 9 ,paul1 x is held t x mu/ be reg>d$ z ,greek4 ,?is view _h be5 express$ by ,ldemann1 :o 0 ! fir/ to develop x cle>ly4 ,indep5d5tly ( him1 ,hol/57#ei7 & ,pfleid]] br\ght x into g5]al curr5cy4 ,x is univ]sally tak5 = grant$ t ! dualism is d]iv$ f ,platonism4 ,:e!r ,paul took x direct f ,greek s\rces or f ,jewi% ,hell5ism is n cle>ly expla9$4 ,ldemann seems to assume ! =m]1 ,hol/5 to imply ! latt]2 ,pfleid]] is d\btless to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t bo? possibilities h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 sep>ately & 9 comb9ation4 ,! psy*ological process is diff]5tly conceiv$ by pg #jfg ,hol/5 & by ,pfleid]]4 ,! =m] holds t ,greek ideas 7 already 9 8 pre-,*ri/ian p]iod pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,apo/le1 :o _h be5 9 t\* ) ,jewi% ,hell5ism1 b !y _h z yet play$ no "p 9 8 ?9k+4 ,by 8 religi\s exp]i5ce at ! vision ( ,*ri/ on ! ,damascus road !y 7 call$ into activity & help$ him to give =m to 8 new k4 ,9 ?is way ,hol/5 ?9ks x possible to und]/& ,paul9ism z bo? a p]sonal creation ( ! ,apo/le & at ! same "t a product ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas4 ,! emphasis lies1 h[ev]1 on ! p]sonal creation2 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek ideas is ?\ght ( z subsidi>y4 ,= ,pfleid]] ! process 0 m l>gely det]m9$ f )\t4 ,paul's conv]sion creates z x 7 a void 9 8 ,jewi% consci\sness4 ,! ?\ght-=ms :i* he has hi!rto us$ prove incapable ( deal+ satisfactorily ) ! implications ( 8 new fai?4 ,s ! ,apo/le is driv5 to h rec\rse to ano!r sy/em ( ideas4 ,he no long] rema9s indiff]5t to ! ideas :i* /ream 9 ^u him f ,jewi% ,hell5ism & ,greek ?\ght4 ,!y become significant to him2 he all[s !m to ex]cise _! influ5ce ^u him4 ,9 ?is way !re arises a rem>kable duality 9 8 ?\ght4 ,ph>isaic & ,hell5i/ic tra9s ( ideas =m two /reams 8:i* 9 ,paul9ism meet 9 "o b$ )\t really coalesc+40 ,by way ( conjecture ,pfleid]] sev]al times advances ! sugge/ion t ,apollos ! ,alex&rian may h introduc$ ! ,apo/le to ! ,alex&rian ,platonism4 ,he9rici1 aga91 9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les sugge/s t ! ,apo/le's doctr9e is a syn!sis ( elem5ts tak5 on ! "o h& f ! ,jewi% prophets & on ! o!r f ,greek ?\ght47#fj7 ,paul1 he ?9ks1 rea*$ back beyond ,late ,judaism to jo9 h&s ) ! anci5t prophetism1 & simil>ly rose pg #jfh sup]ior to ,alex&rianism & drew direct f ,greek ?\ght4 ,9 bo? cases :at he seeks is an e?ical =ce4 ,t he possess$ ! insight & ! p[] to f9d ?is 9 ! ?\ght ( ! anci5t _w & to apply x to ! =mation ( a ,*ri/ian sy/em ( ?\ght 0 a great spiritual a*ievem5t1 pregnant ) consequ5ces = ! future developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"o might h expect$ t ^! v>i\s views w\ld be work$ out 9 detail4 ,t is n ! case4 ,9 ! la/ resort none ( ^! writ]s gets beyond ! g5]al & simple ass]tion t ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s is ,greek4 ,b ev5 ?is is n fur!r expla9$ by means ( p>allels f ,greek lit]ature4 ,!re is no attempt to %[ 9 :at s5se ,paul's utt]ances become m intelligible 9 ! light ( ^! analogies ?an !y are 9 !mselves4 8,! ,greek dualism10 writes ,hol/51 8und]lies all ! decisive elem5ts ( 8 ?\ght1 & makes itself app>5t 9 a s]ies ( individual traits40 ,any "o :o goes ?r\gh 8 "w 9 ! expectation ( f9d+ evid5ce adduc$ 9 support ( ?is /atem5t w be disappo9t$4 ,x is z ?\gh ! au?or _h =gott5 z he w5t on writ+ :at he _h set out to d4 ,x is also matt] = a/oni%m5t t no s]i\s attempt is made to ext5d ! range ( ! ,greek elem5ts beyond ! s+le anti!sis ( fle% & _s4 ,! sugge/ion is no d\bt met ) t ! pessimism1 ! long+ = dea?1 & ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le1 belong ess5tially to ! tone ( ?\ght preval5t 9 ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,b ^! rema9 m]e obit] dicta :i* are n work$ out 9 any way4 ,x is z ?\gh ^! writ]s "o & all _h an in/9ctive feel+ t _! !sis1 s long z x is kept q g5]al1 has an admirable air ( cr$ibility & admits ( be+ nicely =mulat$1 b t :5 any attempt is made to foll[ x out into detail x yields little 9 ! way ( tangible results4 ,paul9ism is deceptive4 ,its outw>d appe>ance is su* t ! ass]tion t pg #jfi "h ,greek influ5ces h be5 at "w seems ! mo/ self-evid5t possible1 b :5 ?is has to be %[n 9 detail x leaves ! inve/igator :om x has drawn on by its speci\s appe>ance completely 9 ! lur*4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t ,hol/51 ,pfleid]]1 & _! foll[]s d n v5ture to =mulate ! unwelcome admission :i* may be read betwe5 _! l9es1 b keep up ! game ) "o ano!r z if ev]y?+ 0 go+ z well z he>t c\ld wi%4 ,!y ov]do _! air ( unconc]n1 z ?\gh f an uncom=table s5se t !y might 9 ! end lose confid5ce 9 _! ass]tion1 & s f9d !mselves unable to expla9 h[ ,paul arriv$ at 8 duali/ic anti!sis betwe5 fle% & _s4 ,= ?is is :at x all ultimately comes to4 ,! ass]tion ( ,greek influ5ce is a k9d ( pill>$ portico beh9d :i* !y con/ruct ! edifice ( ,paul9ism z !y und]/& x4 ,! /yle1 h[ev]1 is only ma9ta9$ z reg>ds ! front4 ,:at lies beh9d t is /yleless1 nei!r ,greek nor ,jewi%1 )\t plan1 )\t "*1 )\t proportion4 ,^? writ]s :o :olly or p>tially diss5t f ! assumption ( ,greek influ5ces c>ry out ! same plan ) ! same mat]ials1 & ) ! same unconc]n z reg>ds ! /yle4 ,! only diff]5ce is t !y d n conceal x by build+ a special faade 9 front ( x1 :e!r x be t1 l ,h>nack1 !y h a full] s5se ( ! difficulties1 or1 l ,weiss & ,weizsck]1 p]suade !mselves t ,paul9ism1 accord+ to _! con/ruction ( x1 looks suffici5tly well z x is4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t on :i* ,pfleid]] & 8 foll[]s ?9k t !y c po9t to def9ite results ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! ,apo/le's es*atological expectations h be5 trans=m$ by !m4 ,?is has ref]5ce to ! passage 9 #b ,cor4 v4 ,i ff4 9 :i* ,paul gives expression to 8 desire n to be 8unclo!d0 b to be 8clo!d ^u40 ,! natural int]pretation :i* is giv5 by ,b]n>d ,weiss & o!rs und]/&s ! ,apo/le z speak+ pg #jgj ( 8 eag] desire to exp]i5ce ! p>\sia :ile /ill alive 9 ! body1 9 ord] to %>e t trans=mation 9 :i* 8:at is mortal w be swall[$ up by life10 & n to h to pass ?r\gh a "t ( wait+ 9 an int]m$iate /ate ( non-be+ or dea?4 ,pfleid]] 9 8 8,primitive ,*ri/ianity0 does n accept ?is explanation1 b ma9ta9s t ?is passage & two o!rs--,phil4 i4 #ba f4 & iii4 #h f47#fa7--;imply a dep>ture f ! ,ph>isaic es*atological hope 9 :i* ! ,apo/le's ?\ght else:]e moves4 ,9 ?is lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 repres5t$ by #b ,cor9?ians & ,philippians1 he turns away--s runs ! !ory--f ! primitive view ( an int]m$iate /ate ( dea?1 foll[$ by a subsequ5t resurrection1 & comes to hold t 8 s\l1 imm$iately aft] 8 dep>ture1 w pass into ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 ord] to dwell ) ,him4 ,& ,paul is m & m driv5 to adopt ?is view 9 proportion z 8 life is daily expos$ to great] dang]1 & he has to reckon ) ! possibility ( dy+ be=e ! p>\sia takes place4 ,"u ! pressure ( ?is inw>d anxiety1 guid$ by ,platonis+ ,alex&rianism1 illum9at$ by ! ,greek _s1 he creates--we are /ill foll[+ ,pfleid]]--a spiritualis+ hope ( future bless$ness1 :i* 9 ! sequel becomes ( ! utmo/ value to ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity by enabl+ x to reconcile itself to ! delay ( ! p>\sia4 pg #jga ,pfleid]] believes also t he c %[ ! c\rse ( ! developm5t by :i* ! new conception 0 arriv$ at4 ,9 ,i ,!ssalonians1 he ?9ks1 ! ,apo/le /ill re/$ unque/ion+ly 9 t notion ( a corporeal resurrection :i* primitive ,*ri/ianity %>$ ) ,judaism4 ,b 9 ! explanations 9 ,i ,cor4 xv4 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek ideas becomes obs]vable1 :ile 9 #b ,cor9?ians & ,philippians x becomes dom9ant4 ,?is con/ruction ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts is def5d$ by ,pfleid]] & 8 foll[]s--,hol/5 "h /&s ap>t--) fanatical en]gy1 z ?\gh !y wi%$ to make noise en\gh to di/ract att5tion f ! fact t !y h s v little else to po9t to 9 ! %ape ( positive evid5ce ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,paul4 ,:at are ! difficulties :i* are rais$ by ! assumption ( ,greek ideas 9 ,paul's doctr9e8 ,!y are _m & v>i\s1 & !y gr[ great] 9 proportion z ! new elem5t 9 ,paul is m /rongly emphasis$4 ,take ! problem ( expla9+ ! dualism ( fle% & _s4 ,x is assum$ t ?is has be5 done :5 x has be5 decl>$ to be ,greek4 ,b 9 do+ s a duality has be5 introduc$ into ,paul himself :i* creates _m m difficulties ?an ! dualism x 0 invok$ to solve4 ,! ,apo/le is made to ?9k ,judaically ) "o-half ( 8 m9d & ,hell5ically ) ! o!r1 & nev]!less is suppos$ to be capable ( be+ conceiv$ z a s+le integral p]sonality4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,ldemann & ,hol/5 ! difficulty does n yet appe> 9 its full magnitude4 ,!y und]/& by ! ,jewi% elem5t especially ! juridical s]ies ( ideas ref]r+ to ! atonem5t & imput$ righte\sness4 ,hol/5 is1 moreov]1 9 a specially fav\rable position1 because 9 ! la/ resort he ascribes ! orig9 ( ! sy/em n s mu* to ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas z to ! inw>d exp]i5ce on ! ,damascus road1 :i* ( c\rse eludes analysis4 ,if !y are ?us ref]r$ exclusively to ! sep>ate b coexi/5t juridical & my/ical sets ( pg #jgb ideas1 a ,jewi% & a ,greek elem5t c at ne$ be ?\ght ( z 9 "s way or o!r comb9$ 9 a s+le consci\sness4 ,b = ,pfleid]] ! conception ( ! ,jewi% elem5t has become mu* m compreh5sive & vital1 because he appreciates ! significance ( ! es*atological ideas4 ,! result ( t is to make ! opposition :i* has to be recognis$ mu* m acute4 ,&1 nev]!less1 x mu/ cont9ue to be ass]t$ t ,paul 0 unconsci\s ( ! inconsi/5cies6 ,if ! difficulty c\ld be got ov] by po9t+ to an opposition ( :i* ! ,apo/le 0 consci\s1 & :i* he _h made an ef=t to reconcile1 ! position ( ! !ory w\ld be mu* m fav\rable4 ,b = t x w\ld be a necess>y condition t he %\ld some:]e h express$ ! consci\sness t he bore two s\ls )9 8 brea/17#fb7 & t ! m>ks ( compromise %\ld appe> 9 8 "w z !y d1 = example1 9 t ( ,philo4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,he is consci\s ( no opposition1 & /eps unconc]n$ly f ! "o _w into ! o!r1 turns back aga9 to ! fir/1 & keeps on do+ ?is ov] & ov] aga94 ,:]e1 accord+ to ,pfleid]]'s view1 he is v5tur+ a leap ov] ! abyss1 he has all ! air ( putt+ "o foot calmly be=e ! o!r on a level road4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 take x to be ! case t he _h n ! slighte/ inkl+ ( ! opposition4 ,?is conclusion seems to negate psy*ology & r5d] a hi/orical compreh5sion ( ! ,apo/le impossible1 b ,pfleid]] h>d5s 8 he>t & boldly accepts x4 ,!re rema9s1 he says1 8no alt]native b to admit t ,paul kept ! two diff]5t k9ds ( conceptions 9 8 consci\sness side by side b unrelat$1 & jump$ f "o to ! o!r )\t be+ aw>e ( ! opposition betwe5 !m40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r complication 9 ! pg #jgc "q4 ,pfleid]] holds t 9 #bnd ,cor9?ians & ,philippians a ,greek spiritualis+ future-hope has displac$ ! ,jewi% ,ph>isaic hope4 ,9 ! la/ p]iod ( 8 life1 he ma9ta9s1 ! ,apo/le no long] believes 9 a corporeal resurrection1 b 9 a pres5ce ( ! s\l ) ,*ri/ :i* beg9s imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,b ! new conception does n 9 fact displace ! old1 al?\gh x is diametrically oppos$ to x4 ,pfleid]] has to admit t ,paul1 ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ! late/ p]iod1 advances )\t misgiv+ ! doctr9e ( ! 8awak5+ ( ! :ole man f ! sleep ( dea?10 j z if ! new doctr9e ( 8! pres5ce ) ! ,"l beg9n+ imm$iately aft] dea?0 7 n 9 exi/5ce1 al?\gh x is ! outcome ( long ye>s ( m5tal /ruggle4 ,pfleid]]1 h[ev]1 is prep>$ to accept ev5 ?is port5t\s fact also1 & to g on cont5t$ly believ+ t ,paul liv$ 9 a k9d ( m5tal twilight :i* is at once ,jewi%-es*atological & ,greek-spirituali/ic4 ,he expresses ?is euphemi/ically by speak+ ( ! ,paul9e es*atology z 8hov]+ betwe5 ! ,ph>isaic hope ( ! "h & ! ,greek hope ( ! h]eaft]40 ,! way to a sci5tific und]/&+ ( ,paul9ism lies1 !re=e1 = ,pfleid]] ?r\gh a cr$o quia absurdum4 ,by 8 ass]tions ab\t #b ,cor4 v4 ,i ff4 he _h br\ght ! assumption ( ,hell5i/ic ideas 9 ,paul into a dang]\s position4 ,previ\sly :5 a /ud5t ( ! subject _h /at$ x to be 8 view t ! %>p anti!sis ( fle% & _s 0 ,greek1 !re 0 no way 9 :i* ?is belief c\ld be c\nt]$4 ,if he 01 fur!r1 conv9c$ t ! ,apo/le's bra9 0 s organis$ t he c\ld at ! same "t ?9k consi/5tly along two sep>ate l9es1 ,greek-spirituali/ic & ,jewi%-es*atological1 )\t notic+ _! div]g5ce & )\t ev] m+l+ ! two sets ( ideas1 a m9d accu/om$ to "w by ! me?ods ( hi/orical criticism 0 simil>ly p[]less aga9/ views arriv$ at z if by revelation4 ,pfleid]]1 h[ev]1 makes ! mi/ake ( ref]r+ pg #jgd to a matt] ( fact :5 he ass]ts t ! ,apo/le's conception ( a life aft] dea? became ,hell5is$4 ,!reupon controv]sy ab\t ! ,greek elem5t 9 ,paul rages furi\sly ov] #b ,cor4 v4 ,i ff4--x 0 only n[ t controv]sy _h become possible4 ,! simple word+ ( ! passage is aga9/ ,pfleid]]1 = its subject is n ! s\l's be+ 8at home ) ,*ri/10 b ! ,apo/le's long+ = ! p>\sia4 ,pfleid]] himself w\ld nev] h arriv$ at 8 exposition _h x n be5 = ! laudable desire to produce at la/ "s tangible example ( ! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght ^u ! ,apo/le's ideas4 ,! po9t :i* ,pfleid]] rais$ "h 0 aft] all only a p>ticul> case 9 relation to ! g5]al "q :e!r a ,hell5i/ic influ5ce is to be recognis$ 9 ! ,apo/le's conceptions ( ! f9al /ate & ! times ( ! ,end4 ,x 0 9 ?is wid] aspect t ,kabis* dealt ) ! problem 9 8 "w on ! ,paul9e es*atology4 ,8 decision is 9 ! negative4 ,! mu*-discuss$ 8developm5t0 ( ! views ( ,i ,!ssalonians into ^? ( ,i ,cor9?ians xv41 & ( ^! aga9 into ^? ( #b ,cor9?ians & ,philippians1 is1 he ma9ta9s1 a delusion4 ,! conception ( ! ?+s ( ! ,end is a unity1 & rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,to oppose ?is view ,tei*mann ent]$ ! li/s47#fc7 ,9 8 ov]-confid5t zeal he plays ! "p ( ,polos 9 ,plato's ,gorgias4 ,he goes mu* fur!r ?an ,pfleid]]1 & seeks to %[ t ,greek ideas actually sup]s$$ ! :ole ,jewi% ,es*atology ( ,paul4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! pg #jge influx ( new ?\ghts "o ant9omy aft] ano!r arises 9 ! ,apo/le's conception ( ! ?+s ( ! ,end4 ,to trace out & exhibit ^! 9 detail is ! goal ( ,tei*mann's endeav\r4 ,he arrives at ! foll[+ conclusions3--,9 ,i ,!ssalonians ,paul /ill assumes t ,*ri/ians w ent] ! k+dom ( heav5 ) _! e>?ly bodies4 ,n be=e ,i ,cor9?ians xv4 does he introduce ! idea ( a 8trans=mation40 ,he is !n l$ to d s by ! developm5t ( ! ,greek doctr9e ( fle% & _s4 ,9 ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians he c>ries out ?is new conception to its logical issue4 8,! compromise :i* he _h attempt$ 9 ,i ,cor4 is ab&on$1 & ! result is t ! conception ( ! resurrection ( ! dead is set aside40 ,along ) ! resurrection ( ! dead ! ,apo/le also /rikes out f 8 programme ( ! future ! p>\sia4 8,= ! expectation ( ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ to e>? he sub/itutes ! entry ( ! believ] into ! heav5ly _w4 ,a resurrection ( ! dead1 a desc5t ( ,*ri/ to e>?1 0 n[ no long] necess>y40 ,n only s1 b ! conception ( ! judgm5t is also aboli%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,paul draws ?is inf]5ce 8at lea/ s f> z ,*ri/ians are conc]n$40 ,t subsequ5tly1 9 foll[+ out 8 ideas1 8he %\ld also arrive at ! conception ( univ]sal bless$ness1 c 9 view ( 8 univ]salism cause no surprise40 8,z all m5 7 includ$ 9 ,*ri/ at ,8 resurrection1 s all mu/ receive ! ,_s1 !y mu/ all be made alive40 ,! ,end does n1 !re=e1 mean bless$ness = "s & de/ruction = o!rs1 b et]nal life = all4 ,b s9ce et]nal life dep5ds on ! possession ( ! ,_s1 x mu/ be assum$ t ^? :o are n believ]s at _! dea? 8come to fai? 9 ,*ri/ 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! p>\sia & ! deliv]y ( all au?ority into ! h&s ( ,god1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! ,_s is giv5 to !m40 ,tei*mann pr(esses to h demon/rat$ ! pg #jgf ,hell5isation ( ! ,paul9e es*atology4 ,:at he actually %[s is :at x w\ld h become if x _h really und]gone ,greek influ5ce4 ,n "o ( 8 8results0 c be prov$ f ! ,apo/le's lett]s4 ,:]e is !re a s+le ^w to sugge/ t ! ,apo/le ab&on$ ! conception ( ! judgm5t & t ( pr$e/9ation to life or to damnation8 ,:]e does he ev] speak ( univ]sal bless$ness8 ,:]e does he h9t at ! possibility t mank9d z a :ole is to be conv]t$ to belief 9 ,*ri/ betwe5 ! p>\sia & ! deliv]y ( all au?ority into ! h&s ( ,god1 & w !reupon receive ! ,_s8 ,:at gr\nds are !re = suppos+ t he gives up ! idea ( ! p>\sia z sup]flu\s8 ,9 8 zeal to discov] ant9omies & trace developm5ts1 ,tei*mann =gets to take acc\nt ( ! mo/ elem5t>y facts4 ,he ass]ts1 = in/ance1 t 9 ,i ,!ssalonians ^? :o arise f ! dead ent] ! k+dom ( ,god 9 _! e>?ly bodies4 ,b f ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptic & f ! tea*+ ( ,jesus x cle>ly appe>s t ! resurrection includ$ )9 itself a trans=mation ( ?is creaturely corporeity into a glorifi$ corporeity4 ,x w\ld n d = ,tei*mann to rememb] ?is4 ,he is b\nd1 ev5 :]e he repres5ts ! ,apo/le z /ill :olly "u ! sway ( ,jewi% conceptions1 to br+ him into an inconceivable opposition to ^! 9 ord] t ! trans=mation :i* is taught 9 ,i ,cor9?ians xv4--entirely 9 accordance ) ,jewi% es*atology--may be repres5t$ z d]iv$ f ! ,greek doctr9e ( ! ,_s4 ,)\t int5d+ x1 he ?us supplies ! mo/ brilliant refutation ( ! !ory ( ! ,hell5isation ( ! ,paul9e es*atology4 ,he engag$ battle on gr\nd on :i* ,pfleid]] & 8 s*ool _h incauti\sly v5tur$ =? 9 ! heat ( action1 & he has to f9d by exp]i5ce t he is unable to make good a s+le position4 ,a ,hell5isation ( ! es*atology is q impossible to prove4 ,kabis* turns out to h be5 "r4 ,! pg #jgg ,apo/le holds on ?is po9t too vigor\s & too cle> a language4 ,b if t be s1 ! !ory t ! doctr9e ( fle% & _s is ,greek is itself mo/ s]i\sly imp]ill$4 ,tei*mann felt1 & !re9 he 0 m logical & consi/5t ?an ! re/1 t if !re 7 any ,hell5i/ic ideas 9 ,paul9ism !y mu/ necess>ily h attack$ & displac$ ! ,jewi% es*atology4 ,pfleid]]'s view t ! two c\ld h subsi/$ side by side )\t--except 9 ! case ( #b ,cor9?ians v4 ,i ff4--influ5c+ & int]p5etrat+ "o ano!r is an unt5able !oretical hypo!sis4 ,f ! :ole range ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght no analogy c\ld be produc$ = ?is h>moni\s coexi/5ce ( two diff]5t worlds ( ?\ght4 ,a fur!r difficulty ( ! !ory ( ! ,hell5isation ( ,paul9ism arises f ! fact t ! ,apo/le's views h to be m & m spiritualis$ 9 proportion z ! ,greek elem5t is emphasis$4 ,ldemann1 ov]p[]$ by ! impression ( ! docum5ts1 _h expressly *>act]is$ ! doctr9e ( r$emption :i* is b\nd up ) ! dualism ( fle% & _s z n e?ical b physical4 ,hol/5 & ,pfleid]] d n v5ture to foll[ him 9 t4 ,! ,platonism :i* !y seek to discov] 9 ,paul9ism _c be br\ght into connexion ) a physical doctr9e ( r$emption1 b is ?\ght ( z ! anti!sis ( ! 8crude ,jewi% ideas40 ,! :ole ( ! my/ical tea*+ ab\t dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/1 ab\t ! new creature & ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s1 has !re=e to be spiritualis$4 ,?is br+s !m into conflict ) ! natural1 lit]al mean+ ( ! ,apo/le's /atem5ts1 9 :i* ! mat]iali/ic "* ( 8 conceptions ma9ta9s itself aga9/ all ! arts ( exegesis4 ,! int]pretation giv5 by ,pfleid]] & 8 s*ool deprives !m ( _! orig9al mean+ to an ev5 great] ext5t ?an ! mod]n int]pretation 9 g5]al does4 ,mo/ un=tunately = ^? :o seek to spiritualise ,paul1 8 doctr9e ( ! ,_s 9 p>ticul> %[s no pg #jgh trace ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,z ?\gh f an appreh5sion t !y might be depriv$ ( "o ( _! mo/ indisp5sable illusions1 = ?irty ye>s aft] ,baur ! /ud5ts ( ,paul9ism _h neglect$ to deal ) ?is subject4 ,at la/ 9 ! ye> #ahhh ,gunkel und]took ! task47#fd7 ,he inve/igates ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s z conceiv$ by ! popul> view ( ! ,apo/olic age1 & accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le1 & is oblig$ to come to ! conclusion t a ,greek elem5t 9 ! latt] is n to be assum$4 ,! ,apo/le1 accord+ to ,gunkel's exposition1 takes ov] ! primitive ,*ri/ian view & accepts x 9 all po9ts4 ,8 own doctr9e m]ely repres5ts an elevation1 a developm5t ( :at he f\nd already pres5t4 ,he introduces--,i ,cor4 xii4-xiv4--an e?ical judgm5t & valuation ( spiritual gifts1 :i* 0 new to ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,:ile ! latt] _h reg>d$ 8speak+ ) tongues0 z ! highe/ manife/ation ( sup]natural p[]1 he puts all ! *>ismata on a l[] foot+ ?an love4 ,he gives a fur!r developm5t to ! primitive ,*ri/ian doctr9e by attribut+ to ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s a l>ge numb] ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*ri/ian life :i* 7 n s reg>d$ by ! primitive community4 ,love1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 g5tl5ess1 k9dness1 fai?fulness1 meekness1 *a/ity are1 accord+ to ,gal4 v4 #bb1 fruits ( ,8 p[]4 ,he g5]alises1 !re=e1 9 su* a way t all ,*ri/ian will+1 feel+1 k1 hope1 & action proce$ f ! pneuma1 :i* = ! common view 0 only ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) revelations & miracles4 pg #jgi ,!re is a fur!r po9t 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,gunkel1 ,paul raises to a high] level ! view :i* he took ov]4 ,by ! possession ( ! ,_s ! primitive ,*ur* 0 made c]ta9 t ! end ( ! pres5t age 0 at h& & ! new age 0 ab\t to dawn4 ,= ! ,apo/le ! temporal relation becomes an inn] "o4 ,! ,_s is = him ! e>ne/ ( ! com+ k+dom ( ,god4 ,already 9 ! pres5t he calls into be+ ! future life 9 believ]s & gives !m ! c]ta9ty1 & to "s ext5t ev5 ! reality1 ( ! life :i* is ab\t to dawn = !m4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s is !re=e simply a developm5t ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,t x 0 s long reg>d$ z ,greek is due1 accord+ to ,gunkel1 to ! fact t s*ol>s nev] exam9$ x z a :ole1 b always conf9$ !mselves to ! discussion ( ! dualism ( _s & fle%4 ,?is prev5ts ! relation ( ! doctr9e to ! views ( ! primitive community1 & especially its relation to ! doctr9e ( ! future age1 f becom+ app>5t4 ,"o v weighty !oretic objection to ! admission ( ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism is pass$ ov] by its def5d]s 9 complete sil5ce4 ,if ! ?\ghts develop$ by ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles _h gr[n up ^u ! soil ( ,hell5ism1 ! orig9al apo/les & ^? closely associat$ ) !m w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 aw>e ( ?is & attack$ !m on t gr\nd4 ,f ! records1 h[ev]1 z we h !m 9 ! lett]s1 x appe>s c]ta9 t !y only reproa*$ him ) 8 attitude t[>ds ! law1 & f\nd no o!r po9t to object to 9 8 tea*+4 ,! primitive ,*ri/ian community at ,j]usalem accus$ him ( keep+ back some?+ f 8 *ur*es2 x did n discov] any?+ new & ess5tially =eign 9 8 ?\ght4 ,9 spite ( ! ke5ness ( ! /ruggle1 x 0 nev] made a *>ge aga9/ him t he _h 8hea!nis$0 ! ,gospel4 ,t %[s h[ completely out ( ! "q ! assumption ( ,greek influ5ces 0 = 8 pg #jhj oppon5ts4 ,b ! fact t 8 contempor>ies discov]$ no?+ ( ! k9d 9 him =ms a /rong presumption aga9/ any su* !ory :5 br\ght =w>d 9 lat] times4 ,! objection :i* arises f ! side ( ! hi/ory ( dogma t5ds to ! same result4 ,^? :o hold ! !ory ( ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul mu/1 if !y are to be consi/5t1 ass]t t he pione]$ a pa? = ! ,gospel into ! ,hell5ic _w & prep>$ ! way = ! e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,& !y d s mo/ emphatically4 ,pfleid]] expla9s7#fe7 t ! ,greek ,*ur*-!ology arose by ! expulsion f ,paul9ism ( its specifically ,jewi% elem5ts1 & by ! free developm5t ( its 8univ]sally intelligible ,hell5i/ic side40 ,! noble ,platonic idealism _h a place 9 ! doctr9al sy/em ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 8& conf]r$ on x its capacity to w9 ! ,graeco-,roman _w = ,*ri/ianity40 8,! und]/&+ ( ,paul9ism is !re=e a fundam5tal condition = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*40 ,& all ! adh]5ts ( ! !ory1 :atev] _! precise %ade ( op9ion1 express !mselves to ! same effect4 ,b ! hi/ory ( dogma holds a diff]5t language4 ,x has to record ! fact1 inconceivable z x may appe>1 t on ! g5]ations 9 :i* ,greek dogma 0 tak+ %ape ,paul ex]cis$ no influ5ce :atev]4 ,ev5 ! ext]nal lit]>y influ5ce is v slight4 ,if "o sets aside ! ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians x is n ev5 possible to speak ( a deut]o-,paul9e lit]ature4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & ! second lett] to ! ,!ssalonians pr(ess to be writt5 by ! ,apo/le1 b conta9 n a s+le ?\ght :i* is *>act]i/ic ( 8 tea*+4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 9 #a ,clem5t1 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 9 ! writ+s ( ,ignatius1 9 ! works ( ,ju/91 expressions occur :i* %[ acqua9tance ) ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & may h pg #jha be5 influ5c$ by him 9 respect to _! word+2 b beyond t !y %[ no trace ( 8 conceptions or 8 _s4 ,! rem>kable po9t1 !re=e1 is t ! po/-,apo/olic writ]s1 ?\gh !y are acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 make no real use ( !m4 ,8 ideas rema9 =eign1 lifeless1 s f> z !y are conc]n$4 ,t is also %[n by ! fact t e>ly ,greek ,*ur*-!ology is q indep5d5t ( him4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! inc>nation & resurrection ( ,*ri/ & ) reg5]ation2 ,paul's speculations deal ) ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,"l1 & he nev] speaks ( reg5]ation4 ,! und]ly+ logic is 9 ! two cases s diff]5t t ! repres5tatives ( ,greek !ology1 ev5 if !y wi%$ to d s1 c\ld n appeal to ! ,apo/le4 ,no community ( ?\ght betwe5 him & ,ju/9 is to be discov]$4 ,ev5 ,baur _h to le>n h[ little ,greek !ology atta*$ itself to ,paul17#ff7 al?\gh he wi%$ to d]ive x f a compromise betwe5 ! ,paul9e & ! ,petr9e ,gospel4 ,s long z he is c>ry+ out 8 !ory on ! l9es ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & its lit]ature1 ! mi/ake does n become s app>5t1 because ! univ]salism & fre$om f ! law :i* gradually e/abli% !mselves are set d[n z ,graeco-,paul9e4 ,9 treat+ ! hi/ory ( dogma1 h[ev]1 :]e he is deal+ exclusively ) ! developm5t ( ! ,greek conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ & ( ! r$emption effect$ ?r\gh ,him1 he c1 z a matt] ( fact1 make no?+ ( ,paul4 ,he h>dly m5tions him4 ,:at ,baur 0 unwill+ to ackn[l$ge to himself1 ,h>nack has irrefutably prov$47#fg7 ,accord+ to 8 pg #jhb %[+ !re is no bridge lead+ f ! ,paul9e ,gospel to ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>ly ,greek ,*ur*4 ,! 8hi/ory ( dogma10 /range z x may appe>1 only beg9s aft] ,paul4 ,! =ces :i* are !re at "w h n be5 set 9 motion by him4 ,! same result is arriv$ at by ,edw9 ,hat* 9 8 "w on ,hell5ism & ,*ri/ianity47#fh7 ,a tra9$ philological s*ol> possess+ great k ( & insight into ! late ,greek & e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]atures1 he endeav\rs to describe 9 detail ! process by :i* ,*ri/ianity became ,hell5is$4 ,9 do+ s he does n f9d x necess>y to deal ) ,paul4 ,= ! po9ts ( contact :i* he f9ds to exi/ betwe5 ! two worlds no examples are to be discov]$ 9 ! lett]s ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,hat*'s obs]vations lead him to make ! process ( ,hell5isation only beg9 ) ! second c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( dogma _c1 !re=e1 accept ! sugge/ion t ,paul reca/ ! ,gospel 9 ! m\lds ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,! process began lat]1 & ( its own motion4 ,x did n d]ive its impulse f a s+le great p]sonality1 b began gradually & on all sides4 ,x 0 ! ,greek popul> m9d z repres5t$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,g5tile *ur*es :i* ,hell5is$ ! ,gospel = itself4 ,m5 l ,ignatius & ,ju/9 br+ ?is "w to a provisional complet5ess by comb9+ ! curr5t ideas into a primitive b 9 its own fa%ion impressively cle> & liv+ sy/em1 & creat+ a connexion betwe5 ,*ri/ology1 ! conception ( r$emption & ! doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts2 ! pg #jhc ,f\r? ,evangeli/ c>ries ?is sy/em ( doctr9e back into ! prea*+ ( ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,^! m5 receiv$ no k9d ( impulse f ,paul4 ,( ! "w :i* he did !y make no use4 ,!y "k x1 b x seems z if x 7 impossible = !m to use x4 ,! recognition ( ! true /ate ( ! case beg9s :5 "o gets rid ( ! seem+ly s natural b 9 reality unju/ifi$ assumption t ! univ]salism7#fi7 & fre$om f ! law = :i* ,paul f\ght 8 battles1 imply a ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity & =m ! ,greek elem5t 9 8 doctr9e4 ,rits*l & ,h>nack1 9 oppos+ ?is assumption ( ,baur & 8 successors1 w5t to ! o!r extreme4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t univ]salism & fre$om f ! law 7 purely practical & sep>able views1 :i* _h1 prop]ly speak+1 no?+ to d ) ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,9 ?is way !y succe$$1 no d\bt1 9 lib]at+ ! hi/ory ( dogma f ! prejudices ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool2 b !y did less ju/ice to ! ,apo/le's /atem5ts ?an ^? :om !y 7 attack+1 s9ce on e page ( 8 writ+s he implies an actual connexion betwe5 8 doctr9es & ! practical views :i* he is def5d+4 ,x is to be not$ t ,rits*l & ,h>nack nev] cle>ly expla9 :y ,paul holds a diff]5t view on ^! po9ts f t ( ! primitive community4 ,tru? "h appe>s z ! syn!sis ( a !sis & anti!sis4 ,univ]salism & fre$om f ! law d 9 fact belong to ! hi/ory ( dogma1 b n 9 ! way ,baur ?\ght4 ,& !y are 9 !mselves practical views1 b at ! same "t !y claim to be logically d]iv$ f ! sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! presuppositions on :i* !y are bas$ h no?+ to d ) ,greek ?\ght2 x 0 purely by sy/ematically ?9k+ out to its conclusions ! primitive ,*ri/ian doctr9e t ,paul 0 l$ to 8 !ories ( ! univ]sal pg #jhd de/9ation ( ! ,gospel & ( emancipation f ! law4 ,^! are ! facts z !y lie cle>ly be=e u 9 ! lett]s4 ,b to regi/] !m is n to expla9 !m4 ,h[1 exactly1 d ^! conclusions result f ! logic ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian belief z rightly work$ out 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d8 ,t is ! =m :i* ! "q takes z ! next /age1 aft] ,baur1 ,rits*l1 & ,h>nack4 ,! negative result t ! ,paul9e attitude 9 reg>d to ^! po9ts is n ,greek is 9 any case e/abli%$4 ,& s too is ! o!r result t ! creators ( ,greek dogma did n take him z _! />t+-po9t1 & _c !re=e h discov]$ any?+ ,hell5ic 9 him4 ,!y _h no consci\sness t he _h already qu>ri$ & %ap$ ! mat]ial :i* !y ne$$ = _! edifice4 ,b if !y did n recognise 9 him "o :o _h made a beg9n+ 9 _! direction1 x is m ?an que/ionable :e!r mod]n hi/orical criticism is "r 9 pr(ess+ to f9d ,greek elem5ts 9 him4 ,if s1 x mu/ be suppos$ to h a bett] in/9ct = :at is ,hell5ic ?an ! m5 :o ,hell5is$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 any case x has no "r to talk at l>ge ab\t ! significance ( ,paul9ism = ,greek ,*ri/ianity1 z ?\gh ! hi/ory ( dogma 0 n !re to prove ! contr>y4 ,h[ d ! ,debit & ,cr$it ( ! !ory /& at ?is po9t8 ,= ! cr$it side1 x claims t ! dualism ( fle% & _s is ( ,greek orig91 b x does n get beyond ! g5]al ass]tion4 ,no s]i\s attempt has be5 made to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,greek conceptions 9 ! p>ticul> aspects ( ! doctr9e1 & to expla9 ! pessimism1 ! desire = dea?1 & ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le z d]iv$ f ! non-,jewi% _w ( ?\ght4 ,t ! ,paul9e univ]salism & doctr9e ( fre$om f ! law are directly inspir$ by ! ,greek _s x no long] has ! "r to ass]t4 pg #jhe ,9 a s+le in/ance its def5d]s v5ture to po9t to ! influ5ce ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght on ! ,apo/le's views4 ,!y seek to %[ t 8 ,jewi%1 es*atological conception ( ! future life & 8 view ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end 7 9 "t entirely trans=m$ by x1 if n actually cancell$4 ,b ! attempt to prove ?is f ! docum5ts has n be5 successful4 ,mean:ile ! foll[+ difficulties appe>4 ,! !ory is oblig$ to assume a dualism betwe5 ,jewi% & ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul1 & to ass]t t on ! "o h& he nev] all[$ ! two sy/ems ( ?\ght to coalesce1 :ile on ! o!r he nev] became consci\s ( _! disp>ity2 x has to attribute to him a capacity = comb9+ contradictions1 :i* all[s him to ma9ta9 alongside ( "o ano!r a spirituali/ic doctr9e ( immortality & a crudely mat]iali/ic notion ( resurrection )\t becom+ aw>e ( _! incompatibility2 x is logically =c$ to ! conclusion t he set aside ! ,jewi% es*atology1 ) its conceptions ( judgm5t & condemnation1 9 fav\r ( a doctr9e ( univ]sal bless$ness1 :]eas !re is 9 ! ,epi/les n a s+le h9t po9t+ 9 ?is direction2 x is =c$1 9 ord] to make 8 /atem5ts appe> 8,platonic10 s to spiritualise !m t ! natural s5se ( ! words disappe>s2 x mu/ ignore ! prov$ fact t 8 doctr9e ( ! _s1 :5 tak5 9 its full compass & n conf9$ to ! anti!sis ( _s & fle%1 is mo/ naturally expla9$ z a m]e developm5t ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian view2 x mu/ meet ! objection--:i* x nev] c d--t ! orig9al apo/les nev] discov]$ any?+ ( an ess5tially =eign1 ,greek "* 9 ,paul's views2 x mu/1 :5 confront$ ) ! hi/ory ( dogma1 b5d itself ) :at grace x may to ! admission t ,paul9ism ex]cis$ no influ5ce ^u ! =mation ( e>ly ,greek !ology1 & _c !re=e h be5 felt by ! m5 :o 7 conc]n$ 9 t process z itself repres5t+ a fir/ /age 9 ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity4 pg #jhf ,! !ory !re=e expla9s no?+1 b creates difficulty ^u difficulty4 ,9 view ( ?is relation ( its assets to its liabilities x w\ld h no alt]native b to decl>e itself bankrupt1 _h x n a/utely refra9$ f keep+ any acc\nts4 ,& s f> we h consid]$ ! m]e = & aga9/4 ,ev5 if ! balance _h "h incl9$ 9 fav\r ( ! !ory1 t w\ld n h prov$ any?+4 ,! ideas 9 "q ought n to be consid]$ z ,greek until x _h be5 %[n t !y actually 7 s4 ,b ?is w\ld require x to be %[n t exactly correspond+ ideas 7 to be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ or contempor>y ,greek lit]ature1 & t ,paul betray$ "s k9d ( acqua9tance ) ?is lit]ature4 ,! possibility t x 0 a m]e case ( analogy w\ld h to be sy/ematically exclud$1 s f> z t is possible4 ,b su* a me?od ( pro( has nev] be5 s]i\sly contemplat$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! !ory4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh _! works "o is a/oni%$ to see h[ lightly !y h treat$ _! task4 ,!y h nev] prop]ly collect$ ! mat]ial2 x is mu* if "h & !re a po9t is ?or\ghly consid]$4 ,! assumption ( ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism appe>$ some?+ s self-evid5t1 & inde$1 if "o desir$ to arrive at any und]/&+ ( him1 s necess>y1 t f ! fir/ x came =w>d ) an assurance :i* secur$ cr$it = x ev]y:]e )\t its ne$+ to produce adequate gu>antees4 ,:5 ,ldemann 9 ! ye> #ahgb work$ out cle>ly ! dualism ( fle% & _s1 he add$1 z a ?+ to be tak5 = grant$1 t x 0 ,greek 9 "*4 ,8 successors %[ a simil> abs5ce ( misgiv+4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! "q once = all to an issue1 let u ga!r up & put to ! te/1 along ) ! poor fragm5ts ( attempt$ pro(1 e consid]ation t c be cit$ 9 fav\r ( ! assumption ( ,greek elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism4 ,! ,apo/le 0 born & grew up 9 ,t>sus1 ! pg #jhg 8,a!ns ( ,asia ,m9or0 z ,erne/ ,curtius has call$ x47#gj7 ,9 8 native city1 z ,he9rici expresses himself1 8rhetoric & ,/oic philosophy 7 to be met ) 9 ! m>ket-place407#ga7 ,no limits are set to ! e/imate ( :at ! *ild ( ! ,diaspora may h absorb$1 reta9$1 & laid up 9 8 m9d f ! intellectual life by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,b j z l>ge a place might be claim$ = ! contr>y argum5t1 :i* w\ld lay /ress ^u ! exclusiv5ess ( /rictly ,jewi% circles ( ! ,diaspora 9 reg>d to ! ,greek culture by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,nei!r argum5t proves any?+4 ,a ?\s& possibilities on ! "o side d n produce a c]ta9ty any m ?an on ! o!r4 ,! great] probability1 h[ev]1 is on ! side ( ! assumption ( exclusiv5ess4 ,al?\gh he liv$ 9 ! middle ( ,hell5ism1 x is possible t ,paul absorb$ no m ( x ?an a ,ca?olic p>i% prie/ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury does ( ! critical !ology1 & knew no m ab\t x ?an an ,evangelical pa/or kn[s ( !osophy4 ,! decision lies solely ) 8 works4 ,! case is simil> z reg>ds ! argum5t f 8 language4 ,x is inconceivable1 s writ]s l ,he9rici & ,curtius urge1 t a language l ,greek c\ld be famili> to a man l ,paul )\t caus+ a flood ( anci5t conceptions & ideas to /ream 9 ^u him4 ,he9rici1 inde$1 is prep>$ to decide ! "q on ?is gr\nd alone1 & concludes 8 exposition ( ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les ) a close analysis ( _! vocabul>y4 ,?is %[s1 he ?9ks1 t ,greek concepts & expressions f> outweigh 9 numb] & importance ! 8specifically ,*ri/ian0 & ^? :i* %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! language ( ! synagogue4 pg #jhh ,b 9 opposition to ?is1 ,s*mi$el17#gb7 a n less ?or\gh comm5tator1 expresses himself z foll[s3 8,we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ conclud+ too ha/ily f ! pr$om9antly ,hell5i/ic "* ( ,paul's language to a ,hell5i/ic mode ( ?\ght4 ,) a language ( :i* "o le>ns colloquially ! curr5t use1 "o does n by any means necess>ily assimilate all ! ?\ght-=ms ( :i* x conta9s1 s to speak1 ! geological record40 ,"h too1 !re=e1 "o argum5t is balanc$ by ano!r4 ,a fact :i* seems to c>ry u a little fur!r is ! ,apo/le's exclusive use ( ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 a detail$ /udy1 ( ! ye> #ahfi1 ,kautzs*7#gc7 %[$ t out ( eighty-f\r quotations :i* occur 9 ! ,epi/les ?irty-f\r agree exactly ) ! ,septuag9t1 ?irty-six %[ small deviations1 & t5 dep>t f x m widely4 ,two o!rs %[ a consid]able diff]5ce1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ?r[+ d\bt ^u ! au?or's acqua9tance ) ! word+ ( ! ord9>y translation2 two o!rs1 aga91 f ,job1 diff] f x entirely4 ,?is inve/igation 0 c>ri$ fur!r by ,hans ,vollm]7#gd7 & br\ght to a provisional conclusion4 ,accord+ to him ! deviations are to be expla9$ by ! fact t ,paul did n use a s+le complete rec5sion ( ! ,,lxx1 b _h rec\rse to diff]5t editions = diff]5t books4 ,9 ,job he _h be=e him a v]sion :i* %[s aff9ity ) ! lat] ,jewi% translations4 ,to expla9 ! rema9+ peculi>ities ,vollm] br+s =w>d a hypo!sis4 ,he is incl9$ to assume t ! ,apo/le us$ ,greek ,scriptural an?ologies 9 :i* pg #jhi sep>ate passages 7 collocat$1 or freely comb9$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 su* collections--_! exi/5ce is n demon/rable--v>i\s v]sions 71 he ?9ks1 us$ promiscu\sly4 ,p]haps ! passage quot$ z ,scripture 9 ,i ,cor9?ians ii4 #i1 :i* is n traceable 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1--8,z x is writt51 :at eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r ha? x ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 ha? ,god prep>$ = !m t love ,him0--may be d]iv$ f an an?ology ( ?is k9d4 ,x is 9 any case c]ta9 t ! ,apo/le always makes use ( ,greek translations2 & x is fur!r c]ta9 t he argues f peculi>ities 9 _! word+ :i* = "o :o knew ,hebrew1 z he also c]ta9ly did1 mu/ h be5 recognisable z mi/ranslations4 ,he !re=e goes s f> z to ignore ! orig9al4 ,nev]!less ^! facts d n w>rant u 9 draw+ conclusions ( a too f>-rea*+ "*4 ,if he wrote 9 ,greek at all he c\ld n d o!rwise ?an use ! ,greek translations :i* 7 famili> to him1 & 9 ! synagogues ( ! ,diaspora 7 reg>d$ z 8au!ntic10 z ! ,vulgate is = ! ,lat9 ,*ur* accord+ to ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,t be+ s1 x 0 out ( ! "q = him1 9 mak+ quotations1 to introduce r5d]+s ( 8 own f ! orig9al4 ,9 all hi/orical cases ( !ological bil+ualism ! same fact is to be obs]v$4 ,scripture is nev] 8p]sonally0 translat$1 b always cit$ 9 accordance ) a recognis$ v]sion47#ge7 ,t ,paul %\ld turn to acc\nt ! mi/akes ( ! v]sion ne$ n1 9 view ( 8 exegetical pr9ciples1 cause u any surprise4 ,:e!r he =ces 8 ?\ght pg #jij directly ^u ! orig9al1 or gets x express$ by ! ,greek v]sion1 comes to mu* ! same ?+4 ,! fact t he adopts ! errors ( ! ,,lxx & f9ds 8 acc\nt 9 !m does n make him a ,greek4 ,x only %[s t he belongs to ! ,jewi% ,diaspora4 ,b does ?is imply t he has 8 place 9 ! ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic movem5t8 ,?is assumption is (t5 tak5 z s self-evid5t t any exam9ation ( x appe>s sup]flu\s4 ,! def5d]s ( ! !ory ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,paul1 !re=e1 feel !mselves disp5s$ f ?is duty & act accord+ly4 ,ev5 ^? :o1 l ,h>nack1 d n admit a m f>-rea*+ direct influ5ce ( ,greek ideas ^u ! ,apo/le1 d n feel any d\bt ab\t 8 relations ) ,jewi% ,hell5ism4 ,b ! sceptics ( ! self-evid5t1 ) :om sci5ce c nev] disp5se1 mu/ d>e to be tactless en\gh to put ! "q "h also1 8,:at is really prov$80 ,z we h to d ) a *>act]i/ic lit]ature :i* lies be=e u ) "s measure ( complet5ess1 ! v]dict _c be difficult to arrive at4 ,pfleid]] & 8 foll[]s _h all along ass]t$ t ,paul 9 8 es*atology & an?ropology %[$ dep5d5ce on ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 :i* d\btless dates f ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,o!rs d5i$ ?is4 ,9 an essay :i* appe>$ 9 #ahib1 ,grafe s\ght to sift ! mat]ial & decide ! "q47#gf7 ,z 8crucial0 in/ances = ! relation%ip he ?9ks ! foll[+ may safely be tak53 ,romans ix4 %[s aff9ity ) ,wisdom xii4 & xv4 9 reg>d to :at is said ( ! ,div9e omnipot5ce & m]cy2 9 _! ref]5ces to hea!n idolatry ! two au?ors co9cide 9 a rem>kable way2 ! views reg>d+ ! relation%ip ( body & s\l :i* are impli$ 9 #b ,cor4 v4 ,i ff4 f9d a p>allel 9 ,wisd4 ix4 #ae1 :]e !re is a ref]5ce to pg #jia ! e>?ly tab]nacle :i* weighs d[n ! ?9k+ s\l4 ,! facts d n1 accord+ to ,grafe1 ju/ify ! conclusion t ,paul is dep5d5t on ! pseudo-,salamonian ,book ( ,wisdom1 b he does reg>d x z hav+ be5 made highly probable t ! ,apo/le knew & _h read ! book4 ,x is n a cle> 8yes0 t "o he>s 9 ,grafe's essay4 ,:5 x is quot$1 h[ev]1 by writ]s on ,paul9ism x gets a pu% t[>ds ! positive side :i* makes x say exactly :at ,grafe did n v5ture to ass]t4 ,sc>cely m productive is ,vollm]'s ca/ ( 8 net into ! works ( ,philo47#gg7 ,he ?9ks t1 9 view ( ! aff9ities po9t$ out by him1 8! acqua9tance ( ! ,apo/le ) ! works ( ! ,alex&rian writ] w h become less improbable to o!rs besides himself40 ,b t is n ! po9t at all4 ,t ,paul1 a s*ol> ( ! ,diaspora1 w\ld h be5 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( s important a "w z ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & w\ld n h be5 :olly ignorant ( its cont5ts1 is really self-evid5t4 ,& is x likely t none ( ! writ+s ( 8 old] ,alex&rian contempor>y--,philo di$ probably ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! =ties--w\ld h come to 8 k8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ probable assumption is t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( ! e>li] & lat] ,hell5i/ic lit]ature4 ,:e!r ?is c be m or less cle>ly prov$ by c]ta9 real or suppos$ p>allels does n really matt]4 ,! important po9t is t he does n use ! ideas :i* are "h (f]$ to him4 ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic !ology is s *>act]i/ic a product t x c nev] pg #jib be ov]look$ ev5 :]e x is only a subsidi>y elem5t4 ,b 9 ,paul no trace ( x c be %[n4 ,its problems1 its speculations reg>d+ ! ,logos1 ,_s1 & ,wisdom1 its e?ics1 d n int]e/ him2 he makes no use ( its !ories4 ,on ! o!r h& he is conc]n$ ) es*atology & ) ! p]son ( ! ,messiah1 :i* = x seem to h no exi/5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,jewi% ,hell5ism is t x br+s ! diff]5t ideas into an ext]nal juxtaposition )\t effect+ _! int]p5etration4 ,:e!r x is a "q ( philosophical or o!r writ+s1 ( problems ( e?ics1 or ( ! doctr9e ( ,god & ! ,div9e adm9i/ration ( ! _w1 ! ,greek elem5t always %[s up pla9ly 9 contra/ ) ! ,jewi%1 & c be cle>ly recognis$ z ,platonic or ,/oic4 ,x is a case ( mosaic "w1 bett] or worse execut$ z ! case may be4 ,any "o :o proposes to %[ t ,paul 0 influ5c$ by ,jewi% ,hell5ism ought1 !re=e1 to beg9 by recognis+ t ! union ( ! two worlds ( ?\ght :i* is suppos$ to h tak5 place 9 him is ( an entirely diff]5t ord] f t f\nd 9 o!r cases1 inasmu* z a real syn!sis is effect$1 & ! problems involv$ are su* z d n else:]e occupy ,jewi% ,hell5ism1 :ile on ! o!r h& ^? :i* int]e/ x are "h left out ( acc\nt4 ,h[ mu* is left !n by way ( a common elem5t8 ,paul's attitude t[>ds ,jewi% ,hell5ism is "o ( indiff]5ce4 ,f 8 lett]s1 writt5 z !y are 9 ,greek1 we %\ld nev] le>n t 9 8 "t !re exi/$ a lit]ature 9 :i* ! old ,jewi% !ology1 us+ ! univ]sal language ( ! p]iod1 ent]$ into discussion ) ,greek philosophy & religi\s ?\ght1 & =m$ an ext]nal comb9ation ) !m4 ,all ! pro(s :i* are (f]$ ( 8 acqua9tance ) ?is lit]ature only s]ve to r5d] m un9telligible ! fact t he is n 9 ! slighte/ degree influ5c$ by x4 ,! phrase-mak+ by :i* !ologians ( ! pg #jic po/-,baur p]iod dispos$ ( ,paul's indep5d5ce 9 reg>d to ,jewi% ,hell5ism--s f> z !y became aw>e ( x--is q inept4 ,he9rici1 z we h se51 ma9ta9$ t he _h ris5 sup]ior to ,alex&rianism4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! !oretic "q :e!r he 0 nev] influ5c$ by ?is movem5t1 or :e!r ! influ5ce only ceas$ :5 he became a ,*ri/ian1 mu/ rema9 op54 ,9 ! latt] case he mu/ h put (f along ) :at 0 specifically ,jewi% also :at 0 ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic4 ,x w\ld !n belong to ! ?+s :i*1 accord+ to ,philippians1 7 =m]ly ga9 to him1 b :i* n[ he c\nt$ dross1 & _h ca/ aside 9 ord] to ga9 ,*ri/4 ,?is latt] view is inh]5tly possible if "o is prep>$ to take lit]ally :at ! ,apo/le says ab\t t radical brea* ) ! pa/ to :i* we c apply no /&>d ( measurem5t1 & :i* we are unable to conceive4 ,b ! o!r alt]native--t he _h nev] be5 influ5c$ by x--is ! m probable4 ,practically bo? come to mu* ! same ?+4 ,we "k only ! ,*ri/ian ,paul1 & we f9d x to be a fact t 9 8 lett]s no specifically ,jewi%-,hell5i/ic conceptions are to be f\nd4 ,! 8self-evid5t0 is !re=e once m negat$ by ! facts4 ,we may call att5tion to a curi\s p>allel4 ,a priori ! assumption might appe> ju/ifi$ t ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles w\ld h tak5 f ,jewi% ,hell5ism mat]ial :]e) to ,hell5ise ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 reality he did n d s4 ,a priori x 0 to be expect$ t ! creators ( ,greek !ology w\ld h tak5 f ,paul9ism mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( _! doctr9es4 ,9 reality !y did n d s4 ,! ?ree po9ts :i* x seem$ w\ld all[ !mselves to be jo9$ to =m a triangle1 lie1 9 reality1 9 diff]5t planes1 belong to diff]5t sy/ems1 & h no natural relation to "o ano!r4 ,if ,paul /&s solit>y1 )\t receiv+ or ex]cis+ pg #jid influ5ce1 betwe5 ^! two factors 9 :i* ,greek *>act]i/ics are manife/1 x foll[s t he does n exhibit _! common elem5t4 ,if he did n adopt ,platonism & ,/oicism 9 ! conv5i5t comp\nd :i* ,jewi% ,hell5ism _h mix$ ready = him1 x is antec$5tly little probable t he made use ( ! uncomp\nd$ sub/ances 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are to be met ) 9 ,greek life & lit]ature4 ,:at are ! possibilities ( direct influ5ces :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt8 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,paul nev] gives ! slighte/ h9t t he is mak+ use ( some?+ :i* is famili> to & valu$ by ! ,greeks 9 8 *ur*es4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les inde$ pictures him z a prea*] :o 9 ! ,areopagus at ,a!ns takes z 8 />t+-po9t an inscription ^u an alt>1 & quotes f ! ,greek poet ,aratus ! pan!i/ic say+ t m5 are ( ! ,div9e race 7,acts xvii4 #bh74 ,b = ?is ,paul1 ! au?or ( ,acts1 mu/ take1 all responsibility47#gh7 ,! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles :o is made kn[n to u by ! ,epi/les we>s a diff]5t aspect4 ,9 ?is s5se he nev] became a ,greek to ! ,greeks4 ,we f9d 9 him no trace ( any high e/imation ( hea!nism & its ?\ght4 ,x is = him idolatry1 no?+ less nor m4 ,8 e/imate is purely negative4 ,he c !re=e h>dly h int5tionally tak5 ov] any?+ f ,greek ?\ght4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t he did s unconsci\sly4 ,! mo/ obvi\s sugge/ion is to assume t ?is 0 ! case 9 reg>d to e?ics4 ,:at he says 9 ,rom4 ii4 ab\t consci5ce1 :i* 9 ! hea!n takes ! place ( ! law1 might be bas$ on ideas d]iv$ f ,greek rationalism4 ,b on close exam9ation :at we f9d "h is n s mu* a positive valuation ( natural e?ical feel+1 b r ! creation = dialectic purposes ( some?+ to s]ve z an analogue to ! law4 ,paul's pg #jie purpose is to prove t ,jew & ,greek are alike deliv]$ ov] to s92 consequ5tly ! position 9 ! two cases1 if an inju/ice on ! "p ( ,god is n to be sugge/$1 mu/ be made z simil> z possible4 ,! assumption ( ,greek ideas "h is r5d]$ improbable by ! fact t ,paul's e?ic z a :ole is n to be expla9$ z ,hell5ic4 ,nei!r ,gass nor ,ziegl] 9 _! works on ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian e?ics h v5tur$ any attempt 9 ?is direction47#gi7 ,9 g5]al ! ,paul9e e?ic has be5 little treat$ by ! /ud5ts ( ,paul9ism ( ! po/-,baur p]iod4 ,! only monograph d$icat$ to ! subject took a =m t 0 purely biblico-!ological & )\t int]e/47#hj7 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,kabis*1 :5 he plann$ to "w up ! e?ical mat]ial1 f\nd x necess>y fir/ to deal ) ! es*atology4 ,t does n sugge/ ! pres5ce ( ,hell5ic influ5ces4 ,x has also be5 ma9ta9$ ) a c]ta9 confid5ce t ! pessimism ( ! ,apo/le is ,greek1 because x recalls ! view ( ! _w :i* we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ,s5eca & ,epictetus4 ,s5eca 0 8 contempor>y4 ,t ! ,apo/le knew ! works ( ?is writ] is n held by any "o to be prov$47#ha7 ,epictetus work$ at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 pg #jif 0 himself acqua9t$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 d\btless influ5c$ by x1 ev5 if unconsci\sly47#hb7 ,all t c\ld come into "q1 ev5 z a possibility1 is t ! ,apo/le might h adopt$ ! same g5]ally curr5t ideas ( 8 p]iod :i* are express$ by ^! two writ]s4 ,! expressions :i* are quot$ z p>allel h only an ext]nal resemblance4 ,!y are n really analog\s4 ,! roots f :i* ! pessimism spr+s are entirely diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,9 ! philosoph]s x is purely a result ( reflection on ! conditions ( ! pres5t life4 ,exi/5ce appe>s to ,s5eca a burd5 :i* "o may at any "t ca/ (f--by suicide4 ,= ,paul ! pres5t _w is evil because x is s9ful1 lies "u ! dom9ion ( ! angel p[]s1 & is subject to corruption4 ,he judges x1 n 9 itself1 b ) ref]5ce to a new & p]fect _w :i* is soon to appe>4 ,! idea ( suicide does n ent] into 8 ?\ghts1 inde$ he dreads t he might be releas$ f ! pres5t e>?ly exi/5ce be=e ! p>\sia occurs4 ,s5eca's religion is resignation1 ,paul's is en?usiasm4 ,! two may %[ v]bal simil>ities1 b no aff9ity ( ?\ght exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,fur!r1 ! an?ropology & psy*ology7#hc7 ( ! ,apo/le are claim$ z ,greek4 ,pfleid]] lays great /ress ^u ?is po9t4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 (f] any pro(s4 ,:at ,paul has to say ab\t man re/s 9 ! fir/ place pg #jig on ord9>y obs]vation & is ( a self-evid5t "*4 ,! special features ( 8 view :i* g beyond ?is are to be expla9$ f es*atology & n f ,greek ?\ght4 ,an?ropology & psy*ology1 9 ! developm5t :i* he gives !m1 h ref]5ce n to ! natural man b to ! r$eem$ man1 :o is ris5 ) ,*ri/1 end[$ ) ! ,_s1 & already liv+ 9 a sup]natural condition4 ,8 conception ( ! natural condition ( man is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to its actual abolition1 & !re=e has q a diff]5t ori5tation f t ( ! ,greek ?9k]s4 ,h[ d matt]s /& 9 reg>d to ! ass]tion t 8 sy/em conta9s ,platonic elem5ts8 ,:at comes into "q is n ,platonism prop]1 b ! religi\s modification & popul>isation ( x :i* lat] on1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 came to completion 9 ,neo-,platonism4 ,:at ?is philosophy has 9 common ) ,paul is ! g5]al desire = deliv]ance f corporeity4 ,:5 x is m closely consid]$1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic diff]5ces appe>4 ,platonism z a religion has to d ) ! deliv]ance ( ! s\l f its imprisonm5t 9 ! body1 ,paul looks = ! deliv]ance ( ! :ole human p]sonality4 ,9 ! "o case ! anti!sis is betwe5 s\l & body1 9 ! o!r betwe5 ! sup]natural body & ! corruptible fle%4 ,platonic religi\s feel+ desires release f all corporeity1 :at ,paul hopes = is a diff]5t k9d ( mat]iality4 ,he believes 9 a resurrection1 ,platonism 9 m]e immortality4 ,= him ! fate ( ! individual is s b\nd up ) cosmical1 es*atological ev5ts t ! new /ate ( exi/5ce c only result f a cosmical revolution4 ,platonism kn[s no?+ ( a temporally condition$ r$emption ( ?is k9d1 b repres5ts x z com+ to pass imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,! mat]ialism :i* is implicate 9 es*atology ?us opposes a b>ri] to ! ,platonis+ ( ,paul's religi\s ?\ght4 ,= 8 conception ( _s a p>allel might be s\ght pg #jih 9 ,/oicism1 :i* tea*es t a spiritual sub/ance proce$+ f ,god p]meates ! univ]se1 includ+ corporeal organisms1 & manife/s itself 9 man z ! rational s\l4 ,common to ?is philosophy & to ,paul is ! mat]ial conception ( _s4 ,b ! diff]5ces :i* x exhibits are ( su* a k9d t !re c be no "q ( ! ,apo/le's dep5d5ce ^u x4 ,9 ! ,/oic philosophy ! _s is id5tical ) ! rational s\l2 9 ,paul x is introduc$ z some?+ new alongside ( ! latt]1 & ends by displac+ x4 ,accord+ to ! philosophic conception x is active 9 ! _w f all et]nity2 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le x fir/ appe>s 9 ! times ( ! ,end1 & is only be/[$ ^u a limit$ section ( mank9d4 ,! "o view is a pan!i/ic monism1 ! o!r is a !i/ic dualism4 ,! ,book ( ,wisdom & ,philo are ,/oic 9 _! mode ( ?\ght1 b ,paul is n s4 ,x is inconceivable h[ ! ,/oic heim>m5e c h be5 br\ght into connexion ) ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,! philosophic conception ( fate ?9ks ( ! _w-process z an unbrok5 *a9 ( cause & effect 9 :i* also ! actions ( liv+ be+s h _! place4 ,paul9e =eord9ation is a pure w-act ( ,god1 non-rational & non-moral1 & has to d ) ! ultimate issues ( exi/5ce1 n ) ! vicissitudes ( life4 ,to see a connexion betwe5 ! two doctr9es ( pr$e/9ation is z unju/ifiable z x w\ld be to id5tify ! cosmic conflagration ( ! ,paul9e es*atology ) t ( ! ,/oic !ory4 ,paul9ism has1 9 g5]al1 a diff]5t _s f t ( ! ,/oa4 ,its au?or is mov$ by ! fe> ( dea? & corruption & ye>ns = a new be+4 ,to ! ,/oic su* ideas are1 z 8passion10 contemptible4 ,he reckons--z y may read 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius--) ! pres5t _w z ! only "o !re is1 & ) ! pres5t life z ! only "o :i* he has to live4 pg #jii ,:atev] views & conceptions are br\ght up = comp>ison1 ! result is always ! same--t ,paul9ism & ,greek ?\ght h no?+1 absolutely no?+1 9 common4 ,_! relation is n ev5 "o ( indiff]5ce1 !y /& oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,_h ! ,apo/le be5 influ5c$ by ,hell5ism 9 any %ape or =m1 he c\ld nev] h conceiv$ 8 sy/em 9 ! way he did4 ,nev]!less x is possible to und]/& h[ !ology came to class 8 doctr9e z ,greek4 ,! my/icism :i* ent]s into x be>s a c]ta9 analogy to t :i* spr+s f ,greek religi\s ?\ght & feel+4 ,s9ce ,judaism1 itself guileless ( any my/icism1 produc$ no?+ ( ! k9d1 c\ld n create out ( itself any?+ ( ! k9d1 ! only possible alt]native seem$ to be to expla9 x z due to ,greek influ5ces1 & to expla9 ! ess5tial "* ( ,paul9ism 9 accordance ) ?is hypo!sis4 ,b ?is road leads to an impasse4 ,9 ?is way x is possible only to mis9t]pret ! my/icism ( ! ,apo/le1 n to und]/& x4 ,critical !ology is confront$ ) ! at fir/ app>5tly inexplicable fact t !re has aris5 on ,jewi%-,*ri/ian soil a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* ext]nally has all ! air ( be+ a tw9 =mation to t ( ,greek religi\s my/icism1 b inw>dly has no?+ :atev] to d ) x4 ,! actual result ( ! /udy ( ,paul9ism 9 ! po/-,baur p]iod is !re=e :olly negative1 & x mu/ become evid5t t x is s ! mom5t any "o attempts to sub/itute ref]5ces & pro(s = m]e ass]tions4 ,?is ! s*ol>s ( t p]iod avoid$ do+2 !y 7 prev5t$ f mak+ ! attempt by ! sci5tific in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 pg #ajj ,,iv ,h4 ,j4 ,,holtzmann ,he9ri* ,julius ,holtzmann4 ,lehrbu* d] ,neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie4 #ahig4 ,vol4 ii41 #ecb pp4 ,on ,paul9ism1 #a-bbe4 ,william ,wr$e4 b] ,aufgabe und ,me?ode d] sog5annt5 ,neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie4 7#ahig47 7,on ! ,task & ! ,me?od ( ! s-call$ ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology47 ,,holtzmann',s 8,new ,te/am5t ,!ology0 0 eag]ly await$ on all sides4 ,x 0 hop$ t x w\ld br+ ab\t a cle>+ ( ideas su* z _h be5 produc$ 9 reg>d to que/ions ( criticism by 8 8,introduction40 ,9 ! new "w ! au?or foll[s ! me?od :i* seem$ to him to h prov$ its usefulness 9 ! =m] "w4 ,he lets e writ] :o has dealt ) ! subject h 8 say at ! appropriate place1 ev5 ?\gh he runs ! risk ( n mak+ 8 own op9ion di/9ctly he>d amid ! /rife ( tongues47#hd7 ,:ile 9 ! 8,introduction0 ! advantages ( ! me?od pr$om9ate1 9 ! 8,!ology0 its disadvantages are conspicu\s4 ,! =m] "w dealt ) a s]ies ( que/ions :i* are already =mulat$ & c be answ]$ ) a cle> yes or no4 ,!re is !re=e "s s5se 9 tak+ ! suffrages ( ! writ]s1 liv+ & dead4 ,x leads up to a v]dict :i* 9 a c]ta9 s5se pg #aja may be giv5 =? z ! objective result ( ! p]iod "u survey4 ,b :5 x is a "q ( ! cont5t ( ?\ght 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 ! que/ions are n s cle>ly =mulat$4 ,! cont9ual he>+ ( op9ions has n ! same usefulness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! acc\nt ( ! subject becomes !reby only ! m complicat$ & confus$4 ,"h ! result ( ,holtzmann's ?read+ 8 own view ?r\gh ^? ( o!rs is t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r /&s out ) any cle>ness4 ,und\bt$ly1 he kn[s ! lit]ature z no "o else does1 & has absorb$ into 8 own m9d & work$ up all t x has to (f]4 ,b a cle> view ( ! /ate ( op9ion is :at he does n 9 ! end succe$ 9 convey+1 s9ce he int5tionally omits to give a sket* & criticism ( ! works cit$ & cont5ts himself ) quot+ passages f !m4 ,?is un=tunate atomi/ic me?od does n ev5 all[ ! individual problems to appe> z cle>ly z w\ld be desirable4 ,9 ! po/-,baur /udy ( ,paul9ism1 v>i\s que/ions _h come up "o aft] ano!r :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 =m its fundam5tal problem4 ,! mo/ natural proc$ure = "o :o int5d$ to make critical use ( ! "w already done w\ld h be5 to sket* ^! 9 _! full ext5t & !n =mulate !m m exactly & exhibit _! inn] connexions4 ,b t is n ! k9d ( treatm5t :i* ,holtzmann aims at4 ,he has ! feel+ t ?is is no long] necess>y1 & agrees ) contempor>y s*ol>s 9 ?9k+ t assur$ results h be5 atta9$ 9 suffici5t numb] to admit ( a simple positive acc\nt ( ! sy/em4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view he feels x to be 8 duty to act z a critical cam]a1 focuss+ ! views on 8 l5s & comb9+ !m into a picture4 ,"o looks1 !re=e1 9 va9 9 8 "w = a fundam5tal /atem5t & solution ( ! problems4 ,!y are m5tion$ :]e !y happ5 to come up1 & are pg #ajb !re discuss$ 9 a fragm5t>y fa%ion4 ,9 addition to ?is ! au?or's peculi>ly subtle & delicately %ad$ me?od ( exposition has to be reckon$ )4 ,any "o :o is n famili> ) x runs ! risk ( pass+ too lightly ov] ^! passages & fail+ to appreciate ! significance :i* ,holtzmann himself atta*es to 8 rem>ks4 ,:at he int5ds to give is a ,g5]al-/aff map ( ! results ( inve/igation4 ,! heights & holl[s are n %[n z su*1 b repres5t$ by curves :i* are only lat] to be c>ri$ out 9 relief4 ,holtzmann does n /& above ! po/-,baur /udy ( ! subject1 b )9 x4 ,t is imm$iately evid5t f ! fact t1 speak+ g5]ally1 he takes z ! plan ( 8 exposition ! s*eme1 p>tially 8,re=mation10 p>tially mod]n1 :i* ! head ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool _h us$ 9 8 !ology & left z a legacy to 8 successors4 ,aft] deal+ ) ! doctr9e ( man1 law1 s91 & corruption1 he describes ! 8revolution0 7conv]sion74 ,!n foll[ ,*ri/ology1 ! "w ( r$emption1 & ! ,div9e righte\sness4 ,! close is =m$ by ! *apt]s on ! 8e?ical0 mat]ial1 ! 8my/ical10 & 8es*atology40 ,! difficulties & errors :i* are involv$ 9 ?is division ( ! subject h n be5 escap$ by ,holtzmann any m ?an by o!rs4 ,at e /ep x is evid5t h[ unnatural is an arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial :i* leaves out ( acc\nt ! connexions inh]5t 9 ! sy/em4 ,h[ mu* art is exp5d$ on break+ (f ! ?read at a giv5 mom5t1 9 ord] to take x up aga9 9 a lat] *apt]6 ,h[ _m unnecess>ily fragm5t>y repres5tations6 ,h[ _m annoy+ repetitions6 ,h[ _m ref]5ces =w>d & backw>d6 ,?us1 = example1 :at ,paul has to say ( r$emption is n develop$ connect$ly b split up among a numb] ( *apt]s4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,! division :i* he has tak5 ov] leads ,holtzmann pg #ajc to reg>d ! ,paul9e tea*+ on r$emption f ! /&-po9t ( ! ,re=mation doctr9e4 ,involunt>ily he always ?9ks ei!r ( ! individual man1 or humanity1 in/ead ( ! entity always pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,apo/le1 ! gr\p ( ! elect ( ! la/ g5]ation1 :o h be5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,he quotes ! acute rem>k ( ,s*mi$el7#he7 t 8! m5 :o _h s\ght 7& f\nd7 9 ,jesus be=e ,8 dea? =giv5ess & peace ( s\l0 are left out ( acc\nt by ! ,apo/le1 b he does n g fur!r into ! problem :i* ?is sugge/s4 ,! temporally condition$ "* & ! g5]al po9t ( view ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption is1 ow+ to ! faulty division1 practically ov]look$4 ,n less un=tunate is ! plan on :i* ! significance ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ is dealt )4 ,hav+ begun ) ! psy*ology ( ! natural man1 & ! man 9 process ( conv]sion1 ,holtzmann endeav\rs to expla9 ! facts by :i* r$emption is condition$ f ?is />t+-po9t4 ,he asks :at ^! two ev5ts1 ! dea? & resurrection1 signifi$ = ,jesus & :at !y signifi$ = ! believ]s4 ,jesus is !reby prov$ to be ! ,messiah2 ! influ5ce ^u believ]s is describ$ on ! basis ( ! classical passages 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,b ! inn] connexion ( ! two effects is n cle>1 & x is equally un9telligible :]e9 ! sav+ significance ( ! dea? & resurrection consi/s4 ,holtzmann is1 9 fact1 /ill /raitly conf9$ to ! ,re=mation & mod]n po9t ( view1 f :i* ! tw(old ev5t ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ is consid]$ by itself1 9 isolation1 & an attempt is made to get beh9d x by psy*ologis+1 & ?us to discov] h[1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ,paul1 x produc$ a complete *ange 9 ,god & man1 & effect$ ju/ification & reconciliation4 ,?is attempt ov]looks ! fact t on ! ,apo/le's view x is prim>ily a cosmic pg #ajd ev5t :i* alt]s ! condition ( ! :ole creation & introduces a new ,age1 & t ev]y?+ else is only a consequ5ce ( ?is fundam5tal effect4 ,z ,holtzmann1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 has ?us omitt$ to consid] ! mo/ fundam5tal aspect ( r$emption z conceiv$ by ,paul1 he is n conc]n$ to trace out ! mo/ g5]al conception ( ! effect ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t is z mu* z to say t he1 l ! re/1 is condemn$ to a m]e descriptive treatm5t1 us+ ,paul9e phraseology1 & is practically unable to give any explanation4 ,?is un=tunate result becomes app>5t 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! ,law4 ,he is unable to make x 9 any way intelligible h[ ,paul 0 necess>ily l$1 z a matt] ( reason+1 to ! conviction t x 0 no long] valid4 ,9 ! la/ resort he c only appeal to ! unique "* ( ! vision on ! ,damascus road4 ,he assumes t ?is 8br\ght to an issue 9 ! zeal\s ,ph>isee n only a !oretic1 b also an e?ical crisis1 t]m9at+ t pa9ful condition ( inn] division :i* ,paul pictures out ( 8 own inmo/ consci\sness :5 he speaks ( ! exp]i5ces :i* are associat$ ) subjection to ! law40 8,previ\sly10 he cont9ues1 8! ,ph>isee _h anxi\sly s\ght to conceal f himself1 or to argue away1 ! fact t ! law 0 impossible ( fulfilm5t1 & 0 !re=e no way ( salvation1 b r ! contr>y4 ,!re n[ rose ^u ?is melan*oly sc5e1 /rewn ) ! %att]$ fragm5ts ( attempts to ga9 righte\sness1 a new light /ream+ f ! ,*ri/1 :om ! legali/s _h deliv]$ to dea?1 :]eas ,8 be+ rais$ aga9 by ,god gu>ante$ ! actual pres5ce ( ano!r way ( salvation4 ,n only did 8 =m] legal s]vice appe> to him a life ( s91 8 ,ph>isaic rabb9ism z fooli%ness1 8 attack ^u ! ,messianic community z enmity to ,god1 b ev5 9 8 inmo/ be+ a crisis _h tak5 place 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a t5sion1 "u :i* he _h hi!rto groan$1 _h sudd5ly be5 relax$40 pg #aje ,h[ d we "k t ,paul :5 he 0 /ill a p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 suff]+ inw>d di/ress f 8 exp]i5ces ( ! p[]lessness ( ! law8 ,h[ did ! vision ( ,*ri/ br+ ab\t ! resolution ( ?is t5sion8 ,h[1 exactly1 did x reveal a way ( salvation by :i* ! abolition ( ! law 0 impli$8 ,9 !mselves ! vision ( ,*ri/1 & ! law1 h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r4 ,:at ,paul receiv$ 9 t mom5t 0 ! conviction ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,:ile o!r believ]s 7 cont5t simply to adopt ?is conviction1 he proce$s to draw f x 9 "s way or o!r ! conclusion t ! law 0 h5ce=? invalidat$4 ,:e!r he did t at ! mom5t or only lat]1 we d n "k4 ,:at is c]ta9 is only t he does draw ?is conclusion1 ?\gh x is n contemplat$ ei!r 9 ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus or 9 ^? ( ! primitive community4 ,h[ he came to draw x is n expla9$ by ,holtzmann1 any m ?an by ! s*ol>s ( ! po/-,baur p]iod g5]ally4 ,! assumption t ! ,apo/le exp]i5c$ along ) ! vision an e?ical crisis :i* set him free f ! law1 is a psy*ological hypo!sis ab\t :i* ! lett]s h no?+ :atev] to say4 ,x does n ev5 prove :at x pr(esses to prove4 ,exactly h[ ! abrogation ( ! law is suppos$ to be effect$ by ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ is n obvi\s4 ,x is to be rem>k$1 too1 t ,paul always treats ! abolition ( ! law z a logical conclusion1 n z a psy*ological exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r connexions1 too1 ,holtzmann (t5 has rec\rse to ,hol/5's exp$i5t ( tak+ :at is un9telligible 9 ! ,apo/le's /atem5ts z acc\nt$ = by ! ,damascus vision4 ,9 ?is way ! doctr9e ( ! 8new creature0 is made to g back to a 8p]sonal exp]i5ce10 & 8a p]ception s ke5 z to be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 ( ! de/ruction ( ! law ( s9 9 ! memb]s40 8,! complex ( new e?ical p[]s1 motives1 duties1 pg #ajf & aims 4 4 4 :i* =m$ itself 9 him has z its c5tre ! ris5 ,*ri/ :o _h appe>$ to him 9 t mom5t z light1 to be h5ce=? ! vital c5tre & ! guid+ /> ( 8 individual life4 4 4 4 ,h5ce ! #8new creation4' ,x is a simple g5]alisation & application ( ?is p]sonal exp]i5ce to cov] all analog\s cases1 s9ce n[ all baptiz$ p]sons appe> z1 on ! negative side1 dead to s91 on ! positive side z walk+ 9 a #8newness ( life' correspond+ to ! resurrection40 ,s ,holtzmann4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 nev] speaks ( 8 !ory ( ! new creature z if he 7 express+ by x ! g5]alisation & objectivation ( an inn] exp]i5ce1 b repres5ts x z be+ logically & actually involv$ 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,"l = ^? :o believe 9 him1 & reg>ds 8 own r5ewal z only a special case ( ! g5]al law :i* op]ates 9 all ! believ+ elect4 ,t is j ! *>act]i/ic & un9telligible ?+ ab\t ,paul9ism1 t its creator does n seem to h ! fa9te/ consci\sness ( hold+ up 8 p]sonal exp]i5ces z some?+ to be imitat$1 b pres5ts 8 :ole sy/em z some?+ t imm$iately & objectively gr[s out ( ! facts1 some?+ :i* c be exam9$ by ! high]1 b 9 its own way logical und]/&+ f :i* 8gnosis0 is d]iv$4 ,to treat 8 ,damascus 8exp]i5ce0 z a s\rce ( !oretic k1 z is done by mod]n !ology1 9 ord] to be disp5s$ f r5d]+ any acc\nt to ord9>y or philosophic ?\ght1 w\ld h be5 out ( ! "q = an unsophi/icat$ m9d su* z 81 & inde$ = ! m5tal attitude ( antiquity 9 g5]al4 ,( ,paul's objective /atem5ts ,holtzmann always1 9 ord] to be able to int]pret !m1 makes some?+ subjective4 ,?is error 9 me?od--:i* he %>es ) s*ol>s ( ! po/-,baur p]iod g5]ally--runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 und]tak+4 ,he frequ5tly takes occasion to po9t to ! elem5t ( pg #ajg 8gnosis0 9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 he is afraid t 8 doctr9e may be too mu* consid]$ z an intellectual con/ruction4 ,= t reason he provides a special section on 8! religi\s "* ( ! doctr9e40 8,paul's _w ( ?\ght10 he !re tells u1 8is1 to put x 9 a ^w1 n m]ely a product ( intellection1 x is antec$5tly to t a product ( exp]i5ce also2 9 ?is x diff]s fundam5tally f any ( ! artificially excogitat$ gospels ( ,gno/icism prop]4 4 4 4 ,! fir/ condition = any und]/&+ ( ,paul9ism is t we %\ld n obscure ! volcanic "* ( its orig9 by any me?od :i* implies ! gradual addition ( "o gra9 ( s& to ano!r4 ,! :ole sy/em ( doctr9e means no?+ m nor less ?an ! way 9 :i* ! ,apo/le objectifi$ to himself ! fundam5tal decisive exp]i5ce ( 8 life & !oretically expla9$ its presuppositions & consequ5ces4 ,! doctr9e fits ! exp]i5ce ) a !ory40 ,h[1 !n1 does ,holtzmann "k t ,paul is n aft] all a ,gno/ic pure & simple8 ,! :ole "* ( 8 sy/em makes him appe> s4 ,he himself claims to be "o17#hf7 & is q unaw>e t 8 doctr9e is no?+ m ?an ! =m giv5 by ! con/ructive imag9ation to a p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,he kn[s no di/9ction betwe5 8gno/ic0 & 8religi\s40 ,:at is religi\s is = him gno/ic1 & :at is gno/ic1 religi\s4 ,any "o :o /rictly di/+ui%es ! two 9 him is mod]nis+4 ,8 mission to ! ,g5tiles & 8 univ]salism are also1 accord+ to ,holtzmann1 to be expla9$ directly f ! vision at 8 conv]sion4 ,! ,*ri/ :o has won ?r\gh to triumph by way ( dea?1 s ,holtzmann expla9s1 implies = ! ,apo/le ! purification ( ! ,messianic idea f all ! c>nal elem5ts :i* 9 ,judaism /ill cl+ to x4 ,9 ! exalt$ ,*ri/ he sees pg #ajh also ! head ( ! ,*ur* ga!r$ out f bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,h[1 exactly1 does ! vision at ! conv]sion c>ry ) x ! elim9ation ( ! c>nal elem5ts :i* 9 ,judaism cleave to ! ,messianic idea8 ,paul1 x is true1 sees a glorifi$ ,p]son2 b ! ,jewi% ,son-(-,man ,messiah also belongs to ! sup]natural _w4 ,fur!r1 univ]salism is provid$ = 9 ! es*atology ( ,late ,judaism1 & 9 t prea*$ by ,jesus1 s9ce x is assum$ t among ^? elect$ to ! ,k+dom ( ,god o!rs w be reveal$ :o d n belong to ! p ( ,israel4 ,univ]salism is !re=e involv$ 9 ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 ,late ,judaism & ,jesus only repres5t x z realis$ 9 ! com+ sup]natural ,age1 ,paul ant$ates x & affirms t di/9ctions are already aboli%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 & inf]s f ?is ! ju/ification & ! duty ( prea*+ to ! hea!n4 ,! problem has !re=e no?+ to d ) ! 8purification ( ! ,messianic idea10 & consi/s simply 9 ! fact t ! ,apo/le assumes ?is univ]salism to be already applicable to ! pres5t natural era1 j z he also ass]ts t believ]s are already 9 a condition ( resurrection life4 ,holtzmann is n mu* conc]n$ to %[ ! connexion ( ! ,paul9e /atem5ts ) ,jewi% !ology & es*atology 9 ord] to arrive 9 ?is way at a new =mulation ( ! problems4 ,9 fact he cle>ly betrays ! t5d5cy to make z little use z possible ( es*atology 9 expla9+ ! ,paul9e sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,kabis*'s "w is 9 ! highe/ degree di/a/eful to him4 ,he ref]s to x only occasionally1 & ) res]ve4 ,x is true he _c avoid ackn[l$g+ t1 8) all ! exagg]ations1 mon/rosities1 & inconsi/5cies :i* may be po9t$ out0 9 its emphasis+ ( ! physical "* ( ! conceptions & ideas associat$ ) ! dualism ( fle% & _s1 ! "w embodies a s\nd idea4 ,b he nev] s mu* z m5tions t ?is pg #aji insi/ance on ! 8physical0 is ultimately due to ! fact t all ! conceptions & ideas are trac$ back to es*atology4 ,any "o :o is n already acqua9t$ ) ,kabis*'s fundam5tal idea w n le>n x f ,holtzmann4 ,true to ! ,baur & po/-,baur tradition1 ,holtzmann po/pones ! *apt] on es*atology to ! end4 ,t ?is arrangem5t does n contribute to a satisfactory treatm5t ( ! e?ics is n surpris+4 ,! es*atological roots ( ! conception ( pr$e/9ation discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 or ( ! designation ( believ]s z 8sa9ts0 are h>dly visible4 ,t ! mo/ g5]al e?ical maxims ( ! ,apo/le are condition$ by ! expectation ( ! ne>ness ( ! p>\sia1 & t ! e?ical implications ( ! my/ical dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/ h also 9 ! la/ resort an es*atological ori5tation1 is nev] fairly recognis$4 ,holtzmann f9ds himself1 !re=e1 r helpless :5 he has to deal ) po9ts 9 :i* ! es*atological "* ( ,paul's e?ic comes mo/ cle>ly to light4 ,9 ! directions giv5 9 ,i ,cor9?ians vii4 ab\t m>ri$ & unm>ri$ p]sons1 ab\t m>ry+ or rema9+ s+le1 he f9ds a c]ta9 8hesitation40 ,9 a q g5]al way1 he is will+ to assume t 8! s closely b\nd$ view ( ! future expla9s :y 9 ?is & o!r dep>tm5ts !re 0 no complete developm5t ( ! e?ics40 ,?is halt+ e/imate ( ! e?ical significance ( es*atology %[s t ,holtzmann reg>ds ! ,paul9e e?ical tea*+ f ! mod]n po9t ( view4 ,he is b\nd to take ?is c\rse ) reg>d to es*atology because he agrees ) ,pfleid]] & ! re/ 9 admitt+ a compreh5sive influ5ce ( ,greek ideas ^u ,paul1 & is well aw>e t a man _c s]ve two ma/]s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e ( man he f9ds a ,hell5i/ic factor alongside ( ! ,jewi%1 & ass]ts t ! 8emphasis re/s on ! =m]40 ,:]ev] ref]5ce is made to ! anti!sis ( fle% & _s pg #aaj he ?9ks t ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek elem5t is manife/4 ,by reg>d+ s9 z implicate 9 ! empirical nature ( man 8,paul ab&ons 9 pr9ciple ! ultimate basis ( ! ,jewi% philosophy & e?ic40 ,greek1 or to speak m precisely1 ,alex&rian1 is ! metaphysical backgr\nd ( 8 conception ( ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ,holtzmann1 ,paul nev] really goes back expressly to ,daniel or ! ,apocalyptic ,messiah4 ,8 own special view grew up1 ,holtzmann ?9ks1 out ( speculations alli$ to ^? ( ,philo ab\t ! two acc\nts ( ! creation & ! heav5ly & e>?ly ,adam4 ,! prim>y po9t = him is 8! metaphysical hypo!sis ( ! two classes ( mank9d0 :i* /& oppos$ to ea* o!r z ! 8psy*ic0 & ! 8pneumatic0 creation4 ,t ! 8subjective10 e?ical int]pretation ( ! "w ( r$emption is bas$ on ,hell5i/ic ideas is = ,holtzmann self-evid5t4 ,x is n less c]ta9 = him t ! idea ( pr$e/9ation is 8borr[$0 f ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 & consequ5tly 89 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s po9ts ( ! ,paul9e _w ( ?\ght its ,hell5i/ic orig90 mu/ be reg>d$ z prov$4 ,t ! idea ( pr$e/9ation is inh]5t 9 es*atology1 & t ,jesus ,himself makes use ( x1 is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! doctr9e ( baptism 8comes to base itself entirely on ! ,hell5i/ic side ( ,paul's !ology40 ,9 g5]al1 he trans=m$ ! two sacr$ c]emonies ( primitive ,*ri/ianity aft] ! analogy ( ! ,greek my/]y-cults1 & ?us 8op5$ up = ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur* a way0 into :i* x 0 =c$ by ! natural progress ( ev5ts4 ,holtzmann sees 9 ,paul's sy/em ( ?\ght ! fir/1 b at ! same "t a f>-rea*+ ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,apo/le1 s runs 8 v]dict1 8by br++ ,hell5i/ic =ms ( ?\ght to be> = ! fir/ "t ^u ,*ri/ian conceptions1 prep>$ ! way = ! pass+ ov] ( ! latt] f ! ,semitic to ! ,hell5ic _w1 & beyond ?is aga9 to ! mod]n _w40 pg #aaa ,! influx ( ,greek ideas is ?\ght (1 z by ,pfleid]]1 z com+ ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y *annel ( ,jewi% ,hell5ism4 ,! "q :e!r any lit]>y relation%ip to ! latt] c be detect$ 9 ,paul is dismiss$ 9 a few l9es4 ,holtzmann admits t 8no tangible influ5ce0 ( ,philo's writ+s is to be recognis$4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t ,grafe has prov$ 8) all ! great] c]ta9ty0 ! ,apo/le's dep5d5ce on ! ,alex&rian ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,in/ead ( giv+ a regul> pro( he conf9es himself1 z 8 pr$ecessors _h done1 entirely to g5]al consid]ations1 :i* he sums up 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces 8,9 any case ,paul 0 by bir? & p>5tage a son ( ! ,diaspora1 & f 8 y\? up brea!d at any rate at times a ,greek atmosph]e4 ,8 lett]s %[1 9 reg>d to vocabul>y & rhetoric1 sometimes ev5 z reg>ds tone ( feel+ & m5tal attitude1 n a few surpris+ aff9ities ) ,greek ?\ght4 ,"s k9d ( communication f ?is side1 & t n m]ely occasional or accid5tal1 "o mu/ c]ta9ly assume4 ,! only "q :i* rema9s is 9 reg>d to ! ext5t & int5sity ( ?is ,hell5i/ic1 or ev5 x may be ,hell5ic1 admixture1 :i* became amalgamat$ ) 8 ,jewi% s*ola/icism4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! po9t on :i* dep5d all ! problems :i* ,paul9e /udy is call$ on at ! pres5t day to face4 4 4 40 ,) ?is ! matt] is dispos$ (--on ! ?ird page ( ! "w6 ,gunkel's & ,kabis*'s argum5ts to %[ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s is intelligible ap>t f ,greek influ5ces1 are left out ( acc\nt2 t ,hat* 9 8 8,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas0 _h no?+ to say ab\t any ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel on ! "p ( ,paul is n m5tion$4 ,on ! contr>y !re foll[s a pr(ession ( fai? 9 ,pfleid]]'s doctr9e t ,paul 9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] ev5 advanc$ to ! ,hell5isation ( 8 es*atology4 ,holtzmann *e]fully & c\rage\sly def5ds ?is !ory to its ultimate consequ5ces1 & holds t 9 ,paul's dread ( be+ f\nd unclo!d pg #aab 7#b ,cor4 v4 #c7 8 national mode ( feel+ & a ,greek mode ( ?\ght 8are comb9$ 9 a fa%ion :i* no "o w\ld h dream$ ( inv5t+40 ,! usually s cauti\s s*ol> goes 9 ?is case unhesitat+ly =w>d4 ,! difficulties :i* arise out ( ! assum$ collocation & opposition ( ,jewi% & ,greek ideas fasc9ate in/ead ( al>m+ him4 ,"h1 z 9 "s o!r po9ts1 ,holtzmann betrays ,kantian t5d5cies & in/9cts1 & is incl9$ to exhibit ! problems z ant9omies4 ,paul's sy/em ( tea*+1 z x _h %ap$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( ! /udy ( ! subject s9ce ,baur1 appe>s to him a unique =mation1 s9ce 9 x are comb9$ two worlds ( ?\ght & two diff]5t sets ( religi\s ideas :i* are suppos$ to hold ea* o!r 9 equipoise & mutually int]p5etrate "o ano!r4 ,he takes x to be 8 task to lay b>e ?is rem>kable con/ruction 9 its m9ute/ details1 & to %[ h[ ! mo/ div]se ?\ghts sometimes conflict1 sometimes /& 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 sometimes mutually limit1 & sometimes supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,if he succe$s 9 mak+ cle> ! position & relation ( ! v>i\s /rata ( ?\ght1 ! sy/em1 he believes1 w become intelligible4 ,?is idea runs ?r\gh 8 :ole treatm5t ( ! subject1 & gives him c\rage to take ov] all ! contradictions & compromises :i* s*ol>s f ,baur onw>ds h discov]$1 & ev5 to add new ones 9 addition4 ,he is especially int]e/$ 9 ! que/ions reg>d+ ! juridical & e?ical sets ( ideas1 ! relation ( ! 8popul>0 mission>y prea*+ to ! 8sy/em ( doctr9e10 ! anti!sis betwe5 8!ory0 & 8practice0 9 ! e?ics1 & ! inconsi/5cies ( ! es*atology4 ,9 ^! discussions !re is mu* p5etrat+ obs]vation4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 does n become cle>]1 b r m confus$4 ,8 pr$ecessors _h done _! be/ 9 _! treatm5t ( ! subject to conceal its fragm5t>y "*1 & pg #aac :5 all 0 said & done _h be5 cont5t to put 9 ! =egr\nd only a few lead+ ideas1 :i* c\ld be br\ght "u a s+le po9t ( view4 ,!y work$ ) p]spective1 light & %ade4 ,holtzmann br+s all ! detail into "o l9e & places x "u ! same illum9ation4 ,! fact t ! sy/em becomes 9 ?is way mu* m complicat$ ?an x _h already be5 made by ! s*ol>%ip ( ! p]iod awakes 9 him no misgiv+s1 b increases 8 confid5ce1 s9ce he sees 9 x "o ( ^? (f5ces :i* ne$s mu/ come4 ,ev5 ! objection t s complicat$ a sy/em ( doctr9e c\ld n h be5 und]/ood 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times does n al>m him4 ,he anticipates x by decl>+ t ! actual contempor>ies & adh]5ts ( ! ,apo/le c\ld nei!r und]/& nor imitate him1 ev5 if !y _h wi%$ to d s4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld !y possibly h done s6 ,! :ole ( ,paul9ism is a 8sy/ematisation ( ! ,*ri/-vision0 & a 8g5]alisation0 ( t :i* ! ,apo/le _h exp]i5c$ 9 8 own s\l1 & consequ5tly ascrib$ to all :o walk 9 ! same way z an exp]i5ce :i* !y mu/ necess>ily und]go4 8,:at ?is man ) 8 unique spiritual end[m5t _h exp]i5c$1 felt1 & ?\ght amid influ5ces & surr\nd+s :i* c\ld only once h aris51 c\ld nev] be exactly 9 ! same way exp]i5c$1 felt1 & ?\ght by any o!r man40 ,holtzmann1 !re=e1 l ,h>nack1 accepts ! say+ t no "o ev] und]/ood ,paul1 ) ! sole exception ( ,m>cion 4 4 4 :o misund]/ood him6 ,x is n en\gh = him to reg>d ! sy/em1 z _h be5 usual among s*ol>s s9ce ,baur1 z a p]sonal creation ( ! ,apo/le2 he goes ! :ole way ) ,hol/5 9 ma9ta9+ t ! p]sonal creation 0 no?+ else ?an ! int]pretation ( a unique p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,b t is to admit t no connect+ l9ks betwe5 ,paul9ism & primitive ,*ri/ianity c be discov]$2 & does n t really imply an ab&onm5t ( all attempt to expla9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e8 ,is x pg #aad und]/ood at all if x is n und]/ood 9 relation to primitive ,*ri/ianity8 ,:at "r has any "o to ass]t t x 0 un9telligible to 8 contempor>ies8 ,paul confid5tly ascribes to !m an und]/&+ ( x4 ,& h[ are we to expla9 ! success :i* is evid5c$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,paul9e *ur*es & ! victori\s /ruggle = fre$om f ! law8 ,c ! lea/ und]/ood ( all e>ly ,*ri/ians h ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce8 ,^! fundam5tal que/ions are n ask$ by ,holtzmann4 ,8 confid5ce 9 ! results already atta9$ left no room = !m4 ,:at he aim$ at he has successfully accompli%$4 ,he has work$ up into "o great symphony ! !mes & motifs ( ! ,paul9e s*ol>%ip ( ! po/-,baur p]iod1 a symphony su* z he alone1 at once critic & arti/1 c\ld h writt54 ,ev5 "o :o does n all[ himself to be c>ri$ away by x w aga9 & aga9 take up ! score ) its subtle c\nt]po9t & skilful in/rum5tation1 & always f9d 9 x new beauties4 ,nev] 0 ,holtzmann s impressive--?is 0 to be obs]v$ ev5 9 8 lectures--z 9 8 treatm5t ( ,paul9ism4 ,"h he c\ld grip 8 he>]s1 because he wi%$ to d s--he :o usually %[$ a c]ta9 dread ( all[+ ! feel+1 ! en?usiasm1 :i* gl[$ 9 him1 to become p]ceptible :5 he 0 deal+ ) matt]s ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! sy/em z modell$ by him lives because he has brea!d 8 own life into x4 ,b x is n hi/oric4 ,he ?9ks to sift out & pres]ve :at is ( p]man5t value 9 ! h]itage left by ,baur & 8 pupils1 ( :om he 0 pr\d to c\nt himself spiritually "o4 ,9 reality he leads up to a decl>ation ( bankruptcy1 & t especially 9 ! p[]ful clos+ *apt] entitl$ 8,retrospect & ,prospect40 ,"h he endeav\rs =cibly to comb9e into "o :ole ! results ( ,pfleid]]1 ,hol/51 & ,h>nack4 ,f ,pfleid]] he takes ov] ! view ( ! pg #aae wide-rea*+ ,greek influ5ce 9 ,paul9ism1 & f ,hol/5 he takes ! !ory t ! sy/em _h its bir? 9 ! unique exp]i5ce ( ! vision ( ,*ri/ on ! way to ,damascus4 ,n[ ^! two views might at ne$ be comb9$1 ?\gh x is n q easy to %[--& ?is difficulty is con/antly com+ to light 9 ,holtzmann--h[ :at is 9 "o aspect a purely subjective exp]i5ce1 nev] exactly to be repeat$ by any o!r1 appe>s 9 ano!r aspect1 by a k9d ( miracle1 z ,greek religi\s ?\ght1 & ?us becomes univ]sally intelligible4 ,b into ?is syn!sis ,holtzmann tries to introduce 9 addition ,h>nack's recognition t ,paul9ism _h no "p 9 ! =mation ( e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,n[ ,hol/5 & ,h>nack aga91 on _! "p1 might be comb9$4 ,! ,paul9e tea*+1 if x is ref]r$ to a unique p]sonal exp]i5ce1 might well rema9 = ! ,apo/le's contempor>ies & successors a book ) sev5 seals4 ,b ,pfleid]] & ,hol/5 & ,h>nack _c all be br\ght toge!r4 ,if ,paul9ism 0 l>gely ,greek1 x mu/ h _h "s influ5ce4 ,h[ is x conceivable t ,greeks %\ld n h recognis$ & und]/ood ! ,greek _s8 ,! triumvirate plann$ by ,holtzmann _c1 !re=e1 be br\ght to pass1 ev5 if ,holtzmann is reg>d$ z ! connect+-l9k betwe5 ,h>nack & ,pfleid]]4 ,9 defiance ( all ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( dogma ! la/-nam$ mu/ ass]t an influ5ce ( ! ,paul9e sy/em ^u ! gr[? ( ,greek dogma1 s9ce he sees 9 ,paul ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,any "o :o %>es 8 premisses mu/ also draw 8 conclusions1 & ,holtzmann is n bold en\gh to d t4 ,he agrees ) him 9 ass]t+ ! ,hell5ic "* ( ,paul9e doctr9e1 9 o!r respects he b[s to ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,b ?is means t1 h[ev] he may wrap x up 9 qualify+ clauses1 he is ass]t+ ! impossible1 namely1 t ,*ri/ianity pg #aaf z ,hell5is$ by ,paul rema9$ un9t]e/+ & un9telligible to ! ,greeks4 ,! edifice :i* he con/ructs1 !re=e1 breaks d[n f )91 ev5 ?\gh he may be able = a "t to ma9ta9 x 9 outw>d appe>ance intact4 ,?us !re met 9 ?is univ]sal critical _s1 :i* exam9$ all ?+s & desir$ to d ju/ice to all1 ,baur & ! hi/ory ( dogma :i* took its rise f ,rits*l & 0 oppos$ to ,baur1 & held a new settlem5t ( acc\nts4 ,once m x 0 made manife/ t ! "q ( ,paul's relation to primitive ,*ri/ianity on ! "o h&1 to e>ly ,greek dogma on ! o!r1 _h n be5 solv$1 & t 8 tea*+ !re=e _h n be5 und]/ood4 pg #aag ,v ,,critical ,,que/ions ,,& ,,hypo!ses ,edw>d ,evanson4 ,! ,dissonance ( ! f\r g5]ally receiv$ ,evangeli/s4 7#agib47 ,bruno ,bau]4 ,kritik d] ,apo/elges*i*te 7#ahej74 ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe 7,galatians1 #ahej2 ,i ,cor9?ians1 #ahea2 rema9+ ,epi/les1 #aheb74 ,*ri/us und die ,cs>54 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums aus dem rmis*5 ,grie*5tum 7#ahgg74 7,*ri/ & ! ,caes>s4 ,h[ ,*ri/ianity arose out ( ! ,graeco-,roman ,civilisation47 ,alb]t ,kal?(f4 ,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums4 #aijd4 7,e4,t4 by ,j4 ,mc,cabe1 ,! ,rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aijg47 ,all>d ,pi]son4 ,de ,b]gr$e en &]e synoptis*e ,fragm5t54 7,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & o!r ,synoptic ,fragm5ts47 #ahgh4 ,a4 ,pi]son & ,s4 ,a4 ,nab]4 ,v]isimilia4 #ahhf4 ,a4 ,d4 ,loman4 ,quae/iones ,paul9ae4 7,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 #ahhb2 #ahhc2 #ahhf--writt5 9 ,dut*47 ,rudolf ,/eck4 ,d] ,galat]brief4 #ahhh4 ,w4 ,c4 van ,man54 ,paulus1 #c vols4 ,vol4 i4 deals ) ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7#ahij72 vol4 ii4 ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7#ahia72 vol4 iii4 ) ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians 7#ahif74 ,! criticism ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans has be5 translat$ into ,g]man "u ! title 8,die ,une*!it des ,rm]briefs10 by ,g4 ,s*lg]4 #aijf4 ,m4 ,fri$lnd]4 ,das ,jud5tum 9 d] vor*ri/li*5 grie*is*5 ,welt4 7,judaism 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,greek ,_w47 #ahig4 ,j4 ,fri$ri* 7,maehliss74 ,die ,une*!it des ,galat]briefs4 7,! ,spuri\sness ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians47 #ahia4 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*olt54 ,hi/oris*-kritis*e ,bijdrag54 7,contributions to ,hi/orical ,criticism47 #ahhb4 ,g4 ,he9rici4 ,die ,=s*ung5 b] die paul9is*5 ,briefe2 ihr geg5wrtig] ,/& und ihre ,aufgab54 7,! ,critical ,/udy ( ! ,paul9e ,lett]s2 its ,pres5t ,position1 & ! ,tasks :i* await x47 #ahhf4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,baljon4 ,exegetis*-kritis*e ,v]h&el+ ov] d5 ,brief van ,paulus aan de ,galatirs4 7,exegetic & ,critical ,essay on ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,galatians47 #ahhi4 pg #aah ,wilhelm ,brckn]4 ,die *ronologis*e ,reih5folge1 9 wel*] die ,briefe des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts v]fas/ s9d4 7,! ,*ronological ,ord] 9 :i* ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt547 #ahij4 ,c>l ,clem54 ,die ,*ronologie d] paul9is*5 ,briefe4 #ahic4 ,die ,e9heitli*keit d] paul9is*5 ,briefe4 7,! ,integrity ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les47 #ahid4 ,paulus1 #b vols41 #aijd4 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse4 ,philosophis*e ,dogmatik 7#c vols41 #ahee2 #ahfj2 #ahfb74 ,beitrge zur ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe4 7,contributions to ! ,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les47 ,br\ght out by ,sulze 9 #ahfg4 ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,baljon4 ,de ,text d] ,brev5 van ,paulus4 #ahhd4 ,daniel ,vlt]4 ,die ,composition d] paul9is*5 ,hauptbriefe4 7,! ,composition ( ! *ief ,paul9e ,epi/les47 #ahij4 ,paulus und se9e ,briefe4 #aije4 ,fri$ri* ,spitta4 ,unt]su*ung b] d5 ,brief des ,paulus an die ,rm]4 7,exam9ation ( ! ,epi/le ( ,paul to ! ,romans--9 8 "w1 ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur des ,ur*ri/5tums1 vol4 iii41 #a/ half1 #aija47 ,,^? critics :o reject ! ,paul9e lett]s z a :ole pr(ess to h d]iv$ ! impulse !reto f ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian ,baur1 to be 8 true because logically consi/5t disciples1 & to be> ! same relation to him z ,s*op5hau] did to ,kant4 ,?is pr(ession1 :i* has always fill$ ! 8legitimate0 ,tb+5 s*ool ) indignation1 is 9 _m po9ts well f\nd$4 ,baur's criticism 0 occupi$ ) ! ,corpus ,paul9um :i* rema9$ aft] ! exclusion ( ! ,pa/oral epi/les4 ,9 ! t5 rema9+ ,epi/les1 :i* %[ a l>ge degree ( inn] homog5eity1 he pr(ess$ to discov] diff]5ces on ! basis ( :i* "s 7 to be assign$ to ! ,apo/le1 o!rs to ! s*ool :i* took its rise f him4 ,once ! rights ( su* a criticism are admitt$1 no?+ c prev5t x f work+ itself out to its limit1 & seek+ to expla9 all ! ,epi/les z products ( a s*ool :i* w5t "u ,paul's "n4 ,! ,tb+5 ma/] held t ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians & t to ! ,ephesians c\ld n bo? be f ! same h&4 ,b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! =m] & ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians are 9 _! own way sc>cely less great1 if "o consid]s t ! viol5t pg #aai controv]sy ab\t ! law ) :i* ! latt] is fill$ is nev] m5tion$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,! lett]s to ! ,romans & to ! ,galatians1 on ! o!r h&1 deal p>tly ) ! same subjects1 s9ce !y bo? treat ( s91 law1 & ju/ification by fai?4 ,nev]!less !y are f> f co9cid+4 ,= all _! agreem5t 9 fundam5tal views !y %[ rem>kable diff]5ces 9 detail4 ,is x1 if ?is l9e ( argum5t be foll[$1 aft] all s indubitably c]ta9 t ! f\r ma9 epi/les are f ! same p58 ,is x c]ta9 t !y are by ,paul8 ,/rictly exam9$1 ,baur's assumption t !y are s re/s only on tradition1 :i* 9 respect ( ! o!r lett]s he impugns4 ,has he !n ! "r to rely on x s confid5tly z reg>ds ! ma9 epi/les8 ,9 con=mity ) 8 own pr9ciples he ought to h felt himself oblig$ to ex]cise 8positive criticism0 "h also1 & w\ld only h _h ! "r to reg>d !m z ,paul9e aft] x _h be5 prov$ t !y really belong to primitive ,*ri/ian times & h ! hi/orical ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles z _! au?or4 ,! assumption ( ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r ma9 epi/les is by no means s self-evid5t z x may seem to u 9 our simplicity4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les "k no?+ ( any lit]>y activity ( ,paul4 ,x is only f ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,ignatius1 & ! ,gno/ics t we fir/ he> ( 8 ,epi/les4 ,ju/9 & ! rema9d] ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature are sil5t 9 reg>d to 8 writ+s4 ,suppos+ t ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t does n belong to ! fir/ c5tury1 ! e>lie/ evid5ce = ! ,epi/les comes f ! second c5tury4 ,if ! ,ignatian lett]s are n g5u9e1 ,m>cion1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 is ! fir/ witness to an actual ,corpus paul9um6 ,= any "o :o has to def5d ! ord9>y view1 ! position is v f> f be+ fav\rable4 ,s f> z outw>d evid5ce goes x is h>dly m difficult to def5d ! !ory t ! lett]s orig9at$ 9 an inn] circle pg #abj ( ,gno/icism & 7 gradually giv5 out "u ! "n ( ,paul4 ,moreov]1 ,baur made l>g] concessions ?an he realis$ to ! op9ion :i* jeop>dis$ 8 position1 :5 he ma9ta9$ t ,paul9ism repres5ts a ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel4 ,is x probable t a s+le individual belong+ to ! primitive ,*ri/ian community1 imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 by himself a*iev$ ?is result8 ,hi/orical analogy is uni=mly 9 fav\r ( ! view t developm5ts ( t k9d h a gradual beg9n+1 & are only accompli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,x w\ld !re=e be inh]5tly mu* m probable t ,paul9ism %\ld be ! "w ( a s*ool :i* s\ght to reconcile ,*ri/ianity ) ,hell5ism4 ,9 any case a writ] :o reg>ds x z ,greek ought to face ! difficulty ( expla9+ x z at ! same "t belong+ to primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & ought n to reg>d ?is hypo!sis z self-evid5t1 b z /&+ 9 ne$ ( pro(4 ,^! !oretic consid]ations reg>d+ ! basis ( ! views ( ,baur & 8 successors are s obvi\s t !y 7 b\nd to come up soon] or lat]4 ,! fact 0 t 9 "o p>ticul> po9t ! ,tb+5 ma/] _h held back f unprejudic$ criticism & _h foi/$ ^u critical sci5ce ! traditional belief4 ,9 do+ s he _h obey$ an in/9ct ( caution4 ,^? :o proce$$ fur!r along ! pa? ( que/ion+ & inve/igation arriv$1 "s ) satisfaction & "s ) dismay1 at ! result ( decl>+ all ! epi/les to be spuri\s4 ,x 0 ,bruno ,bau] :o ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$ ! ball ) 8 criticism ( ! ,paul9e lett]s47#hg7 pg #aba ,?is "w is n on ! same level z 8 criticism ( ! ,gospels47#hh7 ,! objections :i* h to be br\ght aga9/ ,f4 ,c4 ,baur's views are n cle>ly develop$ nor completely /at$4 ,9 :at s5se ,paul9ism is to be consid]$ ! "w ( a s*ool ) ,greek sympa?ies )9 ,*ri/ianity is n expla9$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,bruno ,bau] complicates 8 task by reg>d+ n m]ely ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 b ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al1 z a creation ( ! ,greek m9d4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( 8 criticism ( ! ,paul9e lett]s t he attempt$ to prove ?is 9 ! confus$ "w on 8,*ri/ & ! ,caes>s407#hi7 ,x 0 n ,pale/9e1 accord+ to 8 !sis1 b ,rome & ,alex&ria :i* cradl$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,pale/9e m]ely suppli$ ! backgr\nd = ! picture :i* ! fir/ ,evangeli/ und]took to create ( ! beg9n+s ( a movem5t :i* really orig9at$ ) ,s5eca & pg #abb 8 adh]5ts4 ,:e!r !re ev] 0 a ,jesus or a ,paul may be left an op5 "q4 ,x is 9 any case c]ta9 t ! "o did n utt] ! say+s :i* ! ,gospels put into 8 m\?1 & t ! o!r is n to be reg>d$ z ! au?or ( ! lett]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian 8community0 arose among ! oppress$1 ! slaves & ,jews1 ( ! great city4 ,!y =m$ associations & fo/]$ 9 "o ano!r a ye>n+ = ! ,end ( ! ,age1 develop$ ! ,platonico-,/oic ?\ghts ( ,s5eca into ! say+s ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & inv5t$ = !mselves _! h]o1 ,*ri/4 ,! _s ( ! new creation came f ! ,we/2 its framework 0 furni%$ by ,judaism4 ,judaism br\ght ) x a t5d5cy t[>ds legalism4 ,9 ! ,flavian p]iod ! ,greek e?ical philosophy /ruck up an alliance ) ! law4 ,?is movem5t 0 oppos$ by ! fre$om-lov+ ,gnosis4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,hadrian & ! fir/ half ( ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius matt]s came to an issue4 ,s f> z ! /ruggle took a lit]>y =m we h ! evid5ces ( x 9 ! ,paul9e lett]s & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,galatians is ! la/ ( ! lett]s1 issu$ at ! crisis ( ! /ruggle1 & 0 direct$ aga9/ ,acts1 :i* appe>$ at ! same "t4 8,! figure ( ?is *ampion ( a univ]sal ,*ur* & fre$om f ! law ( ord9ances0 mu/ h be5 already kn[n to ! ,*ur*4 ,:at 0 new 0 ! association ) 8 "n ( an epi/ol>y lit]ature1 ! production ( :i* occupi$ a s]ies ( e>ne/ & able m5 = "s =ty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ,paul is co-ord9at$ ) or subord9at$ to ,pet]1 ! repres5tative ( ! ,judaeo-,roman hi]>*ic t5d5cy4 ,t reflects ! issue ( ! /ruggle4 ,! fre$om-lov+ p>ty 0 defeat$2 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury ,ca?olicism became supreme 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,no att5tion 0 paid to ,bau]1 & 9 "p he himself 0 responsible = ! neglect4 ,! bitt]ness & ! pg #abc c>elessness ( 8 writ+1 ! contradictions 9 :i* he becomes involv$1 ! fanta/ic imag9ation :i* he all[s to run riot1 made x impossible = ! few :o read him to reg>d him s]i\sly4 ,nev]!less1 9 deta*$ obs]vations1 & 9 "s ( ! incid5tal ideas1 he displays a critical acum5 :i* has some?+ great ab\t x4 ,aft] dismiss+ him ) a few %>p words1 ! ,tb+5 s*ool & _! successors enjoy$ a respite ( ?irty ye>s1 s f> z radical scepticism 0 conc]n$4 ,at ! end ( t "t ,bau] reappe>$1 l a ,n]o ,r$ivivus1 9 peaceful ,holl&47#ij7 ,9 a critical introduction to 8 /udy ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ,all>d ,pi]son exam9$ ! e>lie/ witnesses = ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 do+ s ?rew out ! "q :e!r ! hi/oricity ( ! ma9 ,paul9e epi/les 0 s completely rais$ above all d\bt t !y c\ld be treat$ ) p]fect confid5ce z ar*ives f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! new fai?47#ia7 ,9 ! ye> #ahhf he publi%$1 9 association ) ! philological s*ol>1 ,samuel ,adrian ,nab]1 ! ,v]isimilia4 ,! book 0 n adapt$ to make a deep impression4 ,x 0 too mu* ! +5i\s essay = t4 ,! two fri5ds comb9$ _! ef=ts 9 ord] to %[ ,new ,te/am5t exegetes h[ mu* !y _h left unexpla9$ 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians1 ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans1 & h[ _m problems1 incoh]5cies1 & contradictions appe> :5 "o reads ^! writ+s ) an op5 m9d47#ib7 pg #abd ,b in/ead ( mak+ a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! problems & labori\sly argu+ ! case ) ! o!r /ud5ts ( ,paul9ism1 ! au?ors at once proce$ to sugge/ :at appe>s to !m a possible solution4 ,!y claim to h discov]$ t ! inconsi/5cies are due 9 ! ma9 to ! pres5ce ( two /rata ( ?\ght :i* h be5 work$ toge!r4 ,! "o is ( a %>ply anti-,jewi% "*2 ! o!r consi/s ( mild] & m conciliatory ideas4 ,if x be assum$1 s runs _! argum5t1 t ,*ri/ianity 0 9 its real orig9 a ,jewi% sect :i* _h lib]al ideas 9 reg>d to ! law & direct$ its expectation t[>ds ! ,messiah1 ! ant9omian sections ( ! ,epi/les repres5t docum5ts ( t p]iod4 ,! pres5t =m ( ! lett]s is due to ! fact t a lat] 8,*ur*man0--! au?ors call him ,paulus episcopus1 & ?9k t he may h s]v$ z model = ! ,paul ( ,acts--work$ into !m ! second1 mild] set ( ideas4 ,at ! "t :5 ,pi]son & ,nab] laun*$ ?is hypo!sis1 ,a4 ,d4 ,loman _h j f9i%$ ! s]ies ( 8,quae/iones ,paul9ae0 :i* he ?rew out 9 ! pg #abe ,!ologis* ,tijds*rift ( #ahhb-ahhf47ic7 ,! battle began 9 e>ne/4 ,loman conf9es himself to deal+ ) ! ext]nal argum5ts1 & only proposes to exam9e h[ f> ! assumption t ^! lett]s 7 writt5 by ! ,apo/le 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times c or _c be prov$ f ! e>ly witnesses4 ,8 decision is negative4 ,b 8 calmly writt5 yet wond]fully liv+ /udy %ook two o!r ?9k]s out ( _! security1 & compell$ !m to c>ry on ! "w ( de/ruction to a fur!r po9t4 ,/eck7#id7 & van ,man57#ie7 und]took ! task ( supplem5t+ ! ext]nal argum5ts1 ( pres5t+ ! int]nal argum5ts by means ( an analysis ( ! lett]s1 & ( (f]+ a detail$ hypo!sis reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e lit]ature4 pg #abf ,9 respect ( ext]nal argum5ts ! ?ree s*ol>s comb9e to urge ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- ,acts1 !y argue1 kn[s no?+ ( any lit]>y activity ( ,paul2 & x tells u no?+ ( ! conflicts :i* ^! lett]s1 if we are to believe _! own evid5ce1 call$ =?4 ,:5 ! ,tb+5 s*ool set up ! axiom t ,acts is less tru/wor?y ?an ! ,epi/les1 !y made ?+s easy = !mselves4 ,!re are weighty argum5ts to support ! opposite op9ion4 ,t ! mom5t a mission to ! hea!n 0 und]tak5 ! "q ( ! obs]vance ( ! law mu/ come up is cle>4 ,! mo/ natural ?+ to happ5 w\ld be t x %\ld come up = discussion on purely practical l9es & %\ld take ! =m3 h[ mu* mu/ ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians take ov] ( ! ,comm&m5ts 9 ord] t ! ,jewi% believ]s might h table-fell[%ip & social int]c\rse ) !m8 ,?is is ! =m ( ! problem :i* ,acts presupposes1 & x gives u 9 ! acc\nt ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,c\ncil a decision 9 accordance !re)4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]ts t ! "q ( ! validity ( ! law z su* 0 rais$ at t "t1 & t ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les agre$ to divide ! sph]es ( _! mission "w into ,g5tile & ,jewi%4 ,ab\t ! mo/ press+ ne$1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a modus viv5di 9 mix$ *ur*es1 no?+ 0 done4 ,?is repres5tation is mu* less natural ?an ! o!r4 ,nor is ! case diff]5t 9 reg>d to ! picture ( ,paul :i* ^! two s\rces give u4 ,9 ,acts ev]y?+ is cle> & simple4 ,! ,apo/le appe>s at fir/ r z an assi/ant to ,b>nabas1 b aft]w>ds makes himself indep5d5t1 & ma9ta9s 8 position 9 relation to ! orig9al apo/les by ! =ce ( 8 p]sonality1 9 a free b n a ho/ile fa%ion4 ,9 ! lett]s1 on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ is un9telligible4 ,/ress is laid on ! fact t ! ,apo/le ( pg #abg ! ,g5tiles aft] 8 conv]sion has no int]c\rse ) ! orig9al apo/les & ! ,*ur*1 receives no?+ :atev] ( ! doctr9al tradition ab\t ,jesus1 & draws 8 gospel entirely f revelation4 ,! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! ext]nal facts ( 8 life are extremely confus$4 ,aft] 8 conv]sion he is said to h fir/ sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 8,arabia0 & !n to h gone to ,damascus1 & f !re1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 to h paid 8 8visit ( c]emony0 to ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 he says t he saw only ,pet]1 & ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,aft] t he sp5t f\rte5 ye>s 9 ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,:o c =m a cle> picture ( ! j\rneys impli$ 9 ! lett]s1 or ( ! relation ( ,paul to 8 *ur*es8 ,:o c und]/& ! "* "h pres5t$8 ,sometimes ! ,apo/le is radical1 sometimes cons]vative1 sometimes bold1 sometimes despair+2 9 small ?+s firm1 9 great ?+s weakly yield+2 n[ viol5t1 !n aga9 mild2 9 all ways full ( unc]ta9ties & contradictions4 ,f> f ar\s+ belief1 ! /atem5ts ( ! lett]s ab\t ! ,apo/le create difficulty ^u difficulty & d\bt ^u d\bt1 if once "o v5tures to read !m ) an op5 m9d4 ,on ! "o side x seems z if a c]ta9 t5d5cy to br+ him into opposition ) ! orig9al apo/les made itself felt ?r\gh\t1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! traits are ?r[n toge!r )\t any ref]5ce to an integral psy*ologically intelligible picture4 ,! mo/ natural view is1 !re=e1 t ,acts repres5ts :at is hi/orically mo/ au!ntic1 :ile 9 ! lett]s an imag9>y picture is drawn1 exhibit+ ?r\gh\t ! same t5d5cy1 b compos$ by v>i\s h&s4 ,! ext]nal atte/ation 9 ! e>ly lit]ature ( a ,paul9e collection ( lett]s1 :i* is 9 any case n too brilliant1 is fur!r r$uc$ by ! radicals4 ,! ,ignatian lett]s are held--z !y also are by ! ,tb+5 pg #abh s*ool--to be spuri\s2 & !y endeav\r to br+ d[n ! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t f ! "t ( ,domitian to ! middle ( ! second c5tury47#if7 ,if all ?is is admitt$1 ! fir/ atte/ation ( ! lett]s is t ( ,m>cion4 ,:at1 !n1 is !re to oppose to ! view t !y _h _! orig9 9 ,gno/ic circles & 7 only lat] =c$ ^u ! ,*ur*8 ,) ?is agrees1 too1 ! fact t ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 :i* alone 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t makes m5tion ( ,paul's lit]>y activity17#ig7 & :i* itself c]ta9ly belongs to ! p]iod ( ! /ruggle ) ,gno/icism1 treats x z some?+ 9 ! nature ( a 8gift f ! ,greeks407#ih7 ,9 any case1 9 view ( ! sil5ce ( ,ju/91 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,dida*e1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 ! atte/ation ( ! ,paul9e lett]s is no bett] ?an t ( ! ,johann9e lit]ature47#ii7 ,great /ress is laid on ! fact t among ! ,gno/ics ! ,epi/les exi/$ 9 a %ort] =m ?an 9 ! ,*ur*1 z appe>s f ! reckon+ :i* ,t]tullian holds ) ,m>cion47#ajj7 ,if ?is %ort] text c be recon/ruct$ pg #abi & proves to be ! bett]1 ?is w\ld %[ t ! ,epi/les pass$ f ! h&s ( ! ,gno/ics into t ( ! ,*ur*1 & und]w5t 9 ! process an expansion ( a c]ta9 8t5d5cy40 ,9 ! hope ( %[+ ?is1 van ,man5 9 ! ye> #ahhg recon/ruct$ ! ,m>cionite text ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians47#aja7 ,9 reg>d to ! o!r ,epi/les he does n attempt ?is1 z ,t]tullian's indications are insuffici5t4 ,! exam9ation ( ! int]nal argum5ts takes ! foll[+ =m4 ,^! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics analyse ! lett]s & po9t out all ! difficulties :i* come to light 9 ! c\rse ( exegetical /udy4 ,!y triumphantly e/abli% ! fact t !re are _m seams & divisions betwe5 ! v>i\s v]ses & sections1 t an e?ico-my/ical doctr9e is f\nd alongside ( ! juridical doctr9e ( ju/ification1 t ! view ( ! law is subject to rem>kable vacillations1 & t x is n possible to weld toge!r ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ,cor9?ians1 to det]m9e ! prop] address ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 :e!r to ! di/rict or ! prov9ce1 to decide :e!r ,romans presupposes ,jewi%-,*ri/ian or ,g5tile-,*ri/ian read]s1 & v>i\s que/ions ( t k9d4 ,! next po9t is to discov]1 if possible1 "s k9d ( sy/em 9 ! difficulties1 inconsi/5cies1 & contradictions4 ,/eck & van ,man5 pr(ess to be able to %[ t !re is su* a sy/em4 ,:at ! lett]s tell u reg>d+ ! conv]sion1 ! life & "w ( ,paul is n1 accord+ to !m1 to be consid]$ e>li] & m au!ntic ?an ,acts1 b is pg #acj bas$ on in=mation :i* ei!r co9cides ) ! reports !re giv5 or po9ts to an e>li] common s\rce4 ,! mat]ial suppli$ by ,acts is work$ up 9 ! lett]s "u ! influ5ce ( a t5d5cy4 ,! exi/5ce ( a writt5 ,gospel is also impli$4 ,all ! passages 9 ! ,epi/les :i* recall say+s ( ! ,"l1 & :at ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians 9 p>ticul> h to tell u ab\t ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] & ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 make1 !y ?9k1 ! impression ( hav+ be5 drawn f ,luke1 or an e>li] ,gospel :i* is "o ( 8 s\rces4 ,/eck & van ,man5 are ev5 incl9$ to hold t 9 ,rom4 ii4 #af & xvi4 #be ! words 8my ,gospel0 ref] to a writt5 ,gospel1 z inde$ ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs also ?\ght4 ,t ! f\r ma9 ,epi/les _c all be f ! same h& is1 !y ?9k1 manife/ f ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,fur!r1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 c1 ^! writ]s ?9k1 be recognis$4 ,?is ord] does n agree ) t g5]ally accept$1 s9ce ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is n plac$ be=e ,cor9?ians & ,romans1 b concludes ! s]ies4 ,/eck endeav\rs to give a detail$ pro( t x 0 writt5 aft] ,romans & presupposes ! latt]4 ,:]ev] 9 ,galatians !re appe> gaps & obscurities1 a glance at ,romans always1 he affirms1 gives ! desir$ explanation4 ,! m /rongly ! opposition to ! law comes to expression1 ! lat] is ! writ+ 9 "q to be plac$ 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,paul9e writ+s1 9 :i* a developm5t is traceable4 ,ano!r po9t to :i* ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics atta* importance is to discov] crit]ia by :i* v>i\s /rata c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! ma9 ,epi/les !mselves4 ,!y propose to reg>d ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians z fragm5ts ( ,paul9e lit]ature :i* h gradually be5 work$ up toge!r into lett]s4 ,9 reg>d to ! lett] to ! ,romans1 van ,man5 holds t x orig9ally consi/$1 r\ghly speak+1 ( *apt]s pg #aca i4-viii41 & 0 only gradually ext5d$ to its pres5t =m47#ajb7 ,x is also1 ^! critics consid]1 c]ta9 t a numb] ( h&s h be5 at "w on ! lett]s1 & t ! increas+ly anti-,jewi% t5d5cy %[s u ! direction foll[$ by ! ef=ts ( ! ,paul9e s*ool4 ,/eck & van ,man5 assume t ! tea*+ repres5t$ 9 ! ,epi/les is ( a ,greek "*4 ,!y ?9k !y c %[ t ! ,paul9e s*ool 7 influ5c$ by ,philo & ,s5eca1 & seek to expla9 ,paul9ism z an 8attempt to spiritualise primitive ,*ri/ianity40 ,ess5tially1 !y ?9k1 x belongs to ,gno/icism1 s9ce x sets aside ! 8au?ority ( tradition0 & d]ives all k1 )\t hi/orical m$iation1 f ! revelation ( ! ,_s1 & conceives ( ?is k z a sy/em4 ,! deification ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! lett]s is also to be reg>d$ z ,greek & ,gno/ic4 ,by ^! obs]vations ,/eck & van ,man5 are inevitably l$ to ! decisive consid]ation reg>d+ 8"t & space40 ,c\ld a ,*ri/ology ( ?is k9d come into be+ a few ye>s only aft] ! dea? ( ! hi/orical ,jesus8 ,is an int5se anti-,judaism 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times intelligible8 ,c ,greek1 ,gno/ical ideas be assum$ to h exi/$ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation8 ,/eck & van ,man5 d5y t ?is is possible & dem& a long] p]iod = ! trans=mation ( :i* ! evid5ce lies be=e u4 ,!re=e ! hi/oric ,paul1 pg #acb if !re ev] 0 su* a man1 z is almo/ c]ta9ly ! case1 0 n ! creator ( ! ,paul9ism repres5t$ by ! ,epi/les4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ! lett]s & ! doctr9e to be expla9$8 ,on ! basis ( ! facts :i* !y obs]ve 9 ! docum5ts1 & ! consid]ation reg>d+ ! necessity ( "t & space1 ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics ?r[ out ! foll[+ hypo!sis4 ,*ri/ianity1 !y hold1 rema9$ at fir/ ,jewi%4 ,b z "t w5t on1 & z x spread beyond ,pale/9e1 two diff]5t t5d5cies manife/$ !mselves )9 x4 ,"o1 z ! result ( contact ) ,g5tiles1 & no d\bt 9 consequ5ce ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate1 mov$ 9 ! direction ( atta*+ less & less importance to ! law1 :ile ! o!r ma9ta9$ ! old] /&-po9t4 ,9 g5]al ! developm5t1 due to ! influ5ce ( ,graeco-,roman ideas1 proce$$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,its goal 0 a 8ca?olicism0 su* z meets u 9 ,ju/94 ,)9 ?is 8,gno/ic0 p>ty1 h[ev]1 !re appe>$ a s*ool :i* put ! "q ( ! relation to ,judaism & ! law 9 its mo/ tr5*ant =m1 z a "q ( pr9ciple1 & s\ght to br+ x to a decisive issue4 ,some:]e or o!r--p]haps 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 p]haps 9 sev]al places at ! same "t--:]e ,gno/ics & repres5tatives ( ! old] view 7 at odds1 an op5 conflict broke out4 ,! =m] p>ty f\ght ) lit]>y weapons1 dat+ back ! controv]sy by means ( an epi/ol>y lit]ature specially creat$ = ! purpose into primitive ,*ri/ian times4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle ! anti!sis became m & m acute4 ,! climax is m>k$ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,"h a 8,gno/ic0 endeav\rs1 ) ! aid ( ! already exi/+ ,paul9e lit]ature1 & dep5d+ m p>ticul>ly on ,romans1 to def5d ! /&-po9t ( lib]al ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity aga9/ a 8,jewi% ,*ri/ianity0 :i*1 z x seems1 0 8mak+ pg #acc headway40 8,) all ! =ce ( 8 intellectual sup]iority0 he sc\rges ! t5d5cies ( a p]iod :i* 0 endeav\r+ to make ,*ri/ianity once m ,jewi%4 ,! =m ( a lett] to ! ,galatians 0 giv5 to ! "w1 accord+ to ,/eck's hypo!sis1 8because ! lit]>y g5re ( ,apo/olic lett]s held an e/abli%$ position2 & s9ce ! *ur*es at ,rome & ,cor9? already _h _! ,epi/les1 ! ,galatian prov9ce1 famili> 9 connexion ) ! fir/ mission>y j\rney 9 ,acts1 sugge/$ itself z ! appropriate sc5e ( ! /ruggle1 s9ce x 0 !re t ! ,apo/le _h fir/ _h to suff] f ! p]secutions ( ! ,jews4 ,z ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians foll[$ on ! ?ree o!r ma9 epi/les1 & ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans _h already select$ z its "t & place ! la/ visit ( ! ,apo/le to ,cor9?1 %ortly be=e 8 arre/ at ,j]usalem1 ! "t ( ! ,roman imprisonm5t sugge/$ itself z ! situation ( ! writ] to be impli$ 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,dur+ 8 imprisonm5t ,paul receives news ( ! ?reat5$1 & 9 "p already accompli%$1 fall+ away ( ! ,galatian *ur*es f 8 ,gospel1 & feel+ himself ab\t to take leave ( ! _w he directs to ! wav]+ *ur*es ?is lett] z ! pure/ & mo/ int5se expression ( 8 he>t & m9d40 ,! ma9 ,epi/les orig9at$ ab\t ! ye>s #abj-adj4 ,! elem5ts f :i* !y are work$ up may be t5 or tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,a f9al r$action may h tak5 place ev5 subsequ5tly to #adj4 ,:y1 exactly1 ! s*ool ( ?\ght :i* creat$ ?is lit]ature took ,paul z its patron1 x is1 accord+ to van ,man51 impossible to expla94 ,he holds t ! hi/oric ,apo/le _h z little to d ) ,paul9ism z ,john ! ,apo/le ) ! !ology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,/eck1 on ! o!r h&1 is incl9$ to admit ! hi/orical ju/ification ( ?is connexion4 ,= him1 x is to be held z c]ta9 t ,paul 0 ! fir/ to 8op5 ! door ( ! ,*ri/ian salvation freely to ! ,g5tiles40 ,! doctr9e pg #acd ( ju/ification by fai? mu/ !re=e already 9 "s %ape or o!r h =m$ "p ( 8 prea*+4 ,only ! /rictly sy/ematic & %>ply anti-,jewi% developm5t ( ! doctr9e 0 suppli$ by ! lat] s*ool4 ,/eck is !re=e "h1 z on "s o!r po9ts1 m cons]vative & less 8critical0 ?an van ,man54 ,nev]!less ! diff]5ces are n v noticeable 9 comp>ison ) ! ext5t ( ! views :i* !y %>e4 ,!ology ( ! po/-,baur p]iod g5]ally _h ignor$ ,bruno ,bau]2 x w\ld will+ly h treat$ 9 ! same way ^? :o took up 8 "w aga94 ,s9ce ?is 0 n possible1 & ref]5ces to 8wild hypo!ses0 & 8ra%1 wrong-head$ critics0 did n completely suffice to dispose ( !m1 ! au?orities great & small _h necess>ily to und]take a refutation1 :i* !y prud5tly conf9$ to ! mo/ press+ & ! easie/ po9ts4 ,! discussions 7 = ! mo/ "p c>ri$ on 9 p]iodicals4 ,a "w on ! o!r side ( an importance at all correspond+ to ^? ( ,loman1 ,/eck1 & van ,man5 0 n =?com+47#ajc7 pg #ace ,h[ f> is x possible to refute _! view8 ,9 ! doma9 ( ! ext]nal argum5ts1 ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! revolution>ies1 ! position is n s fav\rable to !m z ,loman wi%$ to repres5t x4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! middle ( ! second c5tury is n possible47#ajd7 ,! fact t ,ju/9 knew & us$ ,paul's writ+s1 :ile he does n "n him1 is n expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t !y did n rank = him z ,*ur* writ+s47#aje7 ,! ,m>cionite text ( ,galatians recon/ruct$ by van ,man5 is n bett] b worse ?an ! canonical text47#ajf7 ,if ! ,ignatian lett]s1 z is n[ g5]ally held1 are g5u9e1 ! atte/ation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is 9 mu* bett] case ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,t ,acts says no?+ ab\t ! lit]>y activity ( ! ,apo/le has at mo/ ! value ( an argum5tum e sil5tio4 ,x is n o!rwise 9 reg>d to ! fact t ,acts has no?+ to say ( ! conflicts betwe5 him & 8 *ur*es4 ,9 reg>d to ! "q ( priority z betwe5 its n>rative & t ( ,galatians !re is at lea/ no?+ c]ta9 to be said4 ,! position ( matt]s is !re=e t ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ,cor9?ians are witness$ to by ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 b t nei!r ! legitimate nor ! illegitimate pg #acf repres5tatives ( ! ,tb+5 tradition c expla9 :y ,ju/9 & ! rema9+ writ]s ( ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury are n "u ! influ5ce ( ^! ,epi/les1 &1 ) ! exception ( ,clem5t1 d n ev5 m5tion !m4 ,! hypo!sis br\ght =w>d by ,/eck & van ,man5 9 reg>d to diff]5t /rata )9 ! ,epi/les & ! developm5t :i* culm9ates 9 ! ant9omianism ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians _c be prov$ f ! texts2 ! evid5ce is read into !m by ! ex]cise ( great +5uity4 ,b ! negative obs]vation :i* =m$ _! />t+-po9t holds its gr\nd4 ,ord9>y exegesis has n succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( ! illogical transitions & contradictions & mak+ ,paul's argum5ts really intelligible4 ,! impression ( a c]ta9 disconnect$ness is n to be d5i$4 ,b ,/eck & van ,man5 h n succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! law & ord] :i* ought to prevail 9 x1 & %[+ h[ ! *aos arose 9 connexion ) ! creation ( ?is lit]ature4 ,aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism 9 ! second c5tury !re lies ! objection t x is built on purely arbitr>y assumptions4 ,:5ce d ,/eck & van ,man5 "k any?+ ab\t anti-,jewi% conflicts tak+ place at t "t8 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any su* ?+ 9 ! contempor>y lit]ature2 & ! writ+s ( ! apo/olic ,fa!rs make q 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! g5]al consid]ations :i* l$ !m to adopt ?is hypo!sis h n be5 9 any way invalidat$4 ,! illegitimate ,tb+5 critics %>e ) ! legitimate s*ool ! presupposition t ,paul9ism signifies a ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel2 !y are also at "o ) _! adv]s>ies 9 reg>d+ ?is unprov$ & unprovable assumption z prov$4 ,! diff]5ce is t !y d n foll[ ! o!rs 9 _! second exhibition ( navet--t ( reg>d+ ?is ,greek religi\s fai? z be+ co9cid5t ) primitive pg #acg ,*ri/ianity1 b dem& space & "t = a developm5t ( ?is "*4 ,b ! two wre/l]s h ! same *a9 ab\t _! feet2 :i*ev] ( !m ?r[s ! o!r into ! wat] mu/ dr[n along ) him4 ,t !y are bo? involv$ 9 ! same fundam5tal view ( ,paul9ism sometimes comes to ! consci\sness ( ! po/-,baur !ology & its radical oppon5ts4 ,9 a mom5t>y ab]ration ( ?is k9d ,he9rici v5tures to praise ,bruno ,bau] = hav+ discov]$ ! relation%ip ( ,paul to ! religi\s life ( ! anci5t _w1 & is prep>$ to see 8 weakness only 9 ! inf]5ces :i* he draws f ?is discov]y47#ajg7 ,/eck1 on 8 "p1 praises ,he9rici's comm5t>y on ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 9 :i* ! ,hell5i/ic elem5t is s excell5tly trac$1 & expresses ! hope t ! exegete & 8 p>ty w consid] c>efully :e!r ! composition ( ?is "w 8does n /& 9 an ev5 mu* clos] relation%ip to ,hell5ism ?an _h previ\sly be5 suppos$40 ,! m ! !ologians :o d]ive f ,baur emphasise ! ,greek elem5t 9 ,paul9ism ! m helpless !y are aga9/ ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics4 ,= x is aft] all m]ely a matt] ( cle>ness & c\rage ( ?\ght :e!r !y v5ture to raise ! "q ab\t space & "t4 ,! mom5t !y take ?is /ep !y are lo/4 ,nev]more c !y f9d ! way :i* leads back ?r\gh ! gre5 pa/ures ( s\nd common-s5se !ology1 b are condemn$ to w&] ab\t ) ! revolution>ies 9 ! wild]ness ( flat unreason4 ,we>i$ ) problems1 !y come at la/1 l ,/eck & van ,man51 to a condition ( m9d 9 :i* ! wilde/ hypo!sis appeals to !m m ?an rational k1 if ! latt] dem&s ! suppression ( que/ion+4 ,h[ is x conceivable t a man ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian p]iod c\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( a purely practical controv]sy reg>d+ ! obs]vance or non-obs]vance ( ! law by ,g5tile believ]s1 g on1 z ,baur & pg #ach 8 successors repres5t--to reject ! law on pr9ciple8 ,h[ c\ld x be possible t1 at t "t1 doctr9e %\ld take a frankly ,gno/ic %ape1 & 9 delib]ate contempt ( ! tradition ( ! hi/oric ,jesus1 %\ld1 "u ! eyes ( ! m5 :o _h be5 ,8 companions1 appeal only to revelation8 ,t is ! elem5t ( greatness 9 ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics1 t !y did n =get ! duty ( ask+ que/ions1 :5 x _h fall5 out ( fa%ion among o!r !ologians4 ,to %[ t _! hypo!sis is unt5able is by no means to get rid ( x1 z accr$it$ !ology wi%$ to p]suade itself4 ,a few squadrons ( cavalry :i* 7 skirmi%+ 9 ! op5 h be5 cut (f2 ! =tress has n be5 tak51 inde$ ! siege has n ev5 be5 laid4 ,! *ronicle ( ! discussion betwe5 contempor>y !ology & ! revolution>ies is q )\t int]e/4 ,z soon z ! refutation on po9ts ( detail 0 f9i%$1 & ! fundam5tal que/ions reg>d+ "t & place came on ! sc5e1 !re rema9$ no?+ = x to d b to /amm]1 ) an emb>rass$ smile1 some?+ ab\t tradition1 intuition1 an unmi/akable impression1 ! /amp ( g5u95ess1 & ! l1 & to break (f ! conv]sation z quickly z might be4 ,:at x c\ld or c\ld n refute1 & :at ! o!r p>ty c\ld or c\ld n prove1 foll[$ necess>y f ! =m :i* ! problem _h assum$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! illegitimate ,tb+5 critics answ]s1 9 rev]se1 to t ( ! legitimate s*ool1 l ! reflection 9 a mirror to ! object reflect$4 ,! presuppositions & ! difficulties are ! same 9 ! two cases2 ! two solutions correspond except t !y g 9 opposite directions4 ,bo? recognise t n only a conflict ( practice1 b "o involv+ !ory & pr9ciple1 = & aga9/ ! law1 is f\ght out 9 ! lett]s4 ,! legitimate s*ool place x 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times1 b _c %[ h[ x 0 possible at t p]iod1 & h[ x c\ld break (f s sudd5ly t 9 ! po/-,paul9e pg #aci lit]ature !re is n an e*o ( x1 & x seems z ?\gh x _h nev] be54 ,! illegitimate s*ool repres5t ! /ruggle z hav+ occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! second c5tury1 b c cite no evid5ce = ?is f ! rema9+ lit]ature1 c po9t to no traces ( ! gradual gr[? ( ! opposition1 or %[ h[ a /ruggle ( t k9d c\ld break out at t "t4 ,bo? explanations lab\r 9 va9 at ! problem ( ! inexplicable neglect ( ,paul9ism 9 ! po/-,apo/olic lit]ature4 ,bo? p>ties assume z a datum t ! doctr9e ( ! lett]s is to be consid]$ z a ,hell5is$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! "o p>ty repres5ts ! process :i* leads to ?is result z tak+ place 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times1 )\t be+ able to %[ h[ su* a ?+ is possible1 or h[ ! ,greek & ! ,jewi%-es*atological elem5ts mutually tol]at$ & unit$ ) "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ! o!r p>ty1 ! ,hell5isation came ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( a long developm5t4 ,b !y _c expla9 :y ,paul9ism %[s an entirely diff]5t "* f t ( ! ,greek ,*ri/ianity :i* appe>s else:]e 9 ! lit]ature ( ! second c5tury4 ,!y ass]t t x belongs to ,gno/icism2 & are "r 9 ?is s f> z reg>ds ! =m ( ! sy/em4 ,on ! o!r h& !y _c all[ !mselves to consid] s]i\sly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ! lett]s & ! fundam5tal views ( ! kn[n ,gno/ic s*ools1 or ! hypo!sis flies 9 pieces4 ,! ,gno/ics 7 real spirituali/s1 oppos$ to es*atology1 & d5y+ a corporeal resurrection2 ,paul is an es*atologi/1 look+ = ! p>\sia & ! trans=mation ( ! body4 ,!re=e ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 critics mu/ ei!r expla9 ! ,jewi% es*atological elem5t 9 ! sy/em 9 su* a way z to spiritualise x1 or else drop x out ( sight4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ! om9\s ^w es*atology is1 "o might almo/ say1 nev] m5tion$ 9 _! works4 pg #adj ,! p>allel betwe5 :at ! "o & ! o!r con/ruction c & _c make intelligible goes ?r\gh to ! la/ detail4 ,= bo? x is true t ! o/5sible solution 9 ea* case introduces op5ly or o!rwise a new problem :i* arises out ( ! solution itself4 ,! sum ( :at is expla9$ & unexpla9$ is ! same = bo?4 ,at fir/ sight ! position ( ! legitimate successors ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool is m fav\rable ?an t ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,!y h tradition & natural impression on _! side1 & are able to reg>d ! situation impli$ 9 ! ,epi/les z hi/oric1 :]eas _! oppon5ts are b\nd to %[ t x is fictiti\s4 ,:5 subject$ to critical exam9ation1 h[ev]1 !y are no bett] (f1 = !y _c give any pro( t ! ma9 epi/les c belong to primitive ,*ri/ianity & to x only4 ,:5 !y decl>$ aga9 & aga9 t ! attacks ( ! radicals _h s]v$ a useful purpose 9 incit+ !m to exam9e anew _! results1 & to make corrections :]e necess>y1 t 0 ! m]e cant ( criticism4 ,if !y _h d>$ to make an ef=t to und]/& ! objection :i* ,loman1 ,/eck1 & van ,man5 con/antly repeat$1 & to consid] :e!r !y c\ld really prove ! ,paul9e orig9 ( ! ma9 epi/les1 or :e!r !y did n really by _! conception ( ! doctr9e make x improbable1 !y w\ld h be5 b\nd to p]ceive t no?+ c\ld be done by revis+ & correct+2 x 0 a case ( mutually exclusive alt]natives4 ,z matt]s /ood1 !y _h to *oose betwe5 be+ consi/5t b irrational1 or rational b inconsi/5t4 ,!y *ose ! latt] =m ( ! dilemma & left ! o!r to ! radicals4 ,! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics on _! "p _c escape ! blame ( rais+ ! "q 9 a "o-sid$ purely lit]>y =m1 & n conc]n+ !mselves ) ! ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! ,epi/les1 because !y felt t h]e9 lay ! weak po9t ( _! und]tak+4 ,in/ead ( analys+ ! sy/em1 !y made play ) ! pg #ada cat*words ,greek & ,gno/ic1 & ?\ght to h got rid 9 t way ( ! "q reg>d+ ! ess5tial "* ( ,paul9ism4 ,if contempor>y !ology did n grasp ! problem :i* 0 pres5t$ to x 9 its full significance1 t 0 p>tly due to ! pettifogg+ way 9 :i* x 0 =mulat$4 ,! repres5tatives ( radical criticism 7 l crim9als :o _c rise to ! height ( _! crime6 ,= a "t x almo/ look$ z if a modus viv5di _h be5 f\nd betwe5 ! successors ( ,baur's s*ool & ! radicals4 ,/eck1 :o /ood on ! "r w+ ( ! revolution>ies1 refus$ to give up ! belief t ! hi/oric ,paul _h 9 "s way or o!r f\ght a battle = fre$om f ! law1 & might be indirectly claim$ z ! />t+-po9t ( ! !ology :i* rea*es its full developm5t 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,f ?is x 0 only a %ort /ep to ! hypo!sis t ! ,epi/les 7 n :olly spuri\s b comb9$ ?\ghts ( ! ,apo/le ) lat] views4 ,a criticism bas$ on ! di/9ction ( orig9al & int]polat$ elem5ts did n ne$ to be n[ = ! fir/ "t call$ into be+4 ,x already exi/$1 & _h inde$ made its appe>ance contemporane\sly ) ,bruno ,bau]'s4 ,l ! latt] x _h be5 ei!r talk$ d[n or left to die ( neglect4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 8,philosophic ,dogmatic0 7#ahee71 :5 speak+ ( ! docum5t>y s\rces ( our k ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse def9es 8 attitude t[>ds ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & (f]s ! results ( a /udy ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s1 :i* he _h und]tak5 9 opposition to ! cons]vatives on ! "o side & ! ,tb+5 s*ool on ! o!r47#ajh7 ,8 me?od he himself describes z criticism bas$ on /yle4 ,a man l ,paul1 he argues1 has s *>act]i/ic a lit]>y /yle t x w s]ve "o :o has made himself pg #adb ?or\ghly famili> ) x z an unfail+ crit]ion ( :at is g5u9e & :at is n4 ,su* a me?od ( criticism mu/ ( c\rse be prep>$ to be accus$ ( arbitr>9ess & subjectivity4 ,b t is no great matt]4 ,! fruits w v\* = ! goodness ( ! tree4 ,! /&>d ( indubitably g5u9e ,paul9e /yle is furni%$1 accord+ to ,weisse1 by ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,x be>s 9 all its p>ts ! /amp ( ! mo/ complete integrity & g5u95ess4 ,! eye :i* has acquir$ due f95ess ( p]ception by ! /udy ( ?is writ+ discov]s t only ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 ! ,fir/ to ! ,!ssalonians1 & t to ,philemon1 8c boa/ ( pres]v+ 9 ! same purity ! orig9al apo/olic text40 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,romans1 ,galatians1 ,philippians1 & ,colossians 8h int]wov5 9 !m a regul> s]ies ( int]polations1 :i* s f> efface ! g5u9e apo/olic "* ( ! /yle 9 _m places z to r5d] x unrecognisable1 & h giv5 rise to t difficulty ( dis5tangl+ ! mean+ :i* has made ,romans especially a crux int]pretum1 & by ! =c$ artificiality1 intr9sic falsity1 & unnaturalness ( ^! int]pretations has made ?is ,epi/le ! bane ( !ological /udy2 ( :i*1 9 virtue ( ! "* ( its fundam5tal ideas1 x 0 fitt$ to be ! mo/ preci\s treasure407#aji7 ,! :ole ( ^! int]polations are1 he ?9ks1 f "o & ! same h&1 & g back to a "t previ\s to ! ecclesia/ical use ( ! writ+s4 ,! r$actor *]i%$ )al ! mo/ respectful awe ( ! ,apo/le's words1 & has h>dly delet$ a s+le "o ( !m4 ,:at rema9s aft] ! elim9ation ( ! second>y /ratum 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & ,philippians pg #adc does n prove to be an integral :ole4 ,! latt] consi/s ( two lett]s to ?is *ur*1 ! second beg9n+ ) iii4 #c4 ,) ! =m] !re has be5 work$ up a lett] to a *ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or1 consi/+ ( ix4-xi4 & xvi4 #a-bj47aaj7 ,weisse did n get ! l5g? ( publi%+ ! recon/ruct$ text ( ! ,epi/les4 ,:5 8 pupil ,sulze c>ri$ x ?r\gh aft] 8 dea?17#aaa7 ! prophecy :i* ! au?or _h put on record 9 8 8,dogmatics0 reg>d+ 8 und]tak+ 0 fulfill$4 ,x met ) 8univ]sal disbelief40 ,9 "p ! cause ( ?is ill-success lay 9 ! "o-sid$ness ( ! pr9ciple ma9ta9$ by ! au?or4 ,weisse conf9es himself entirely to 8/yli/ic criticism40 ,:ile he recognises ! possibility ( a di/9ction betwe5 g5u9e & spuri\s bas$ on ! cont5ts1 ! tra9s ( ?\ght1 ( ! lett]s1 he w h no?+ to d ) x4 ,) ! controv]sy ab\t ! g5u95ess ( ! ma9 ,epi/les !re began a new era ( 8int]polation criticism40 ,daniel ,vlt]1 r5d]$ confid5t by ! pr(ess$ly 8assur$ results0 ( ! criticism ( ! ,apocalypse 9 reg>d to ! di/9ction ( s\rces1 ?9ks to f9d 9 a simil> proc$ure ! solution ( ! ,paul9e problem1 & hopes t x w be possible by 8c>eful criticism0 to sep>ate ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s47#aab7 ,he diff]s entirely f ,weisse 9 seek+ ! crit]ion = ! di/9ction ( :at is g5u9e f :at is spuri\s 9 ! subject-matt]4 ,:at is simple & 8pla90--! pg #add latt] expression recurs aga9 & aga9--is to be reg>d$ z primitive-,*ri/ian & ,paul9e1 b any?+ :i* has ! appe>ance ( be+ complicat$ or hav+ ! "* ( a speculative sy/em is to be reg>d$ z ( lat] orig94 ,?us :]ev] we f9d a highly develop$ ,*ri/ology1 speculations reg>d+ ! ,_s1 & es*atology1 /rongly pr$e/9>ian views1 & an advanc$ e/imate ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 we are1 accord+ to ,vlt]1 9 ! pres5ce ( int]polations4 ,a fur!r m>k by :i* ^! may be recognis$ is an advanc$ ant9omianism4 ,! doctr9e ( ! hi/oric ,paul includes1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! c5tral po9t 9 x is ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 reg>d$ z an aton+ dea? appo9t$ by ,god & ratifi$ by ! resurrection4 ,man becomes p>tak] ( its fruits by fai?1 & ?us obta9s ju/ification by ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 ( :i* he is giv5 assurance by ! te/imony ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,fai? also includes )9 x1 h[ev]1 a 8my/ico-e?ical p>tak+ 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/40 ,!re=e 9 ! act ( fai? !re takes place at ! same "t an inn] conv]sion to a life well-pleas+ to ,god1 :i* causes ! believ] 8to appe> blameless on ! day ( ,*ri/ & makes him a p>tak] 9 ! resurrection40 ,z reg>ds ! relation ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians to ,acts ,vlt] takes ov] ! conclusions1 unfav\rable to ! =m]1 ( ! radical critics4 ,consequ5tly ?is "w is spuri\s ?r\gh\t4 ,x only reproduces ! ideas ( ! int]polators ( ! lett]s to ! ,romans & ,cor9?ians1 & pu%es to an extreme ! ant9omianism !re repres5t$4 ,x dates f ne> ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury4 pg #ade ,9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians--we are /ill foll[+ ,vlt]--! int]polations are n v ext5sive4 ,! mo/ important is ! correction appli$ to ! orig9al ,paul9e doctr9e ( resurrection1 9 #b ,cor9?ians #d & #e1 :]e ! r$actor has work$ 9 8 ,platonico-,/oic doctr9e ( immortality4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans has be5 v ext5sively int]polat$47#aac7 ,! orig9al writ+ 0 address$ to ,g5tile read]s4 ,! int]polator1 on ! o!r h&1 has 9 view read]s 8:o occupy an ,old ,te/am5t /&-po9t40 ,t is connect$ ) ! f>-rea*+ developm5t :i* began at ,rome aft] ! ,n]onian p]secution4 ,at t "t1 z is prov$1 ,vlt] ?9ks1 by ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 toge!r ) ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,*ur* at ,rome 8fell back ^u a religi\s /&-po9t det]m9$ by ,old ,te/am5t ideas40 ,x is ?is 8r$uction ( ,*ri/ianity to ,jewi% ,old ,te/am5t religion1 modifi$ by ,*ri/ianity10 t ! int]polator is conc]n$ to combat4 ,9 do+ s he is =c$ to ent] ^u g5]al speculations reg>d+ ! fle%1 s91 & ! law2 9 ord] 8to def5d ! indep5d5ce & sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity0 he develops an ant9omianism1 accord+ to :i* ! law _h z its sole purpose1 8by int5sify+ ! mis]y ( s91 to prep>e m5 = deliv]ance f s9 & ! law1 by ! r$emption :i* is 9 ,jesus ,*ri/407#aad7 ,vlt]'s "w is "o ( ! adroite/ p]=mances 9 ! :ole field ( ,paul9e /udy4 ,x is n only t x repres5ts :at is 9 its own way a brilliant syn!sis betwe5 ,weisse & ! radicals2 its ma9 significance pg #adf lies 9 ! fact t x breaks (f ! b>r5 lit]>y-critical logoma*y1 & directs att5tion once m to ! subject-matt]4 ,/eck & van ,man5 _h fail$1 once !y w5t beyond ! simple regi/ration ( inconc9nities 9 ! text2 ,vlt] lets ! !ological problems h some?+ to say = !mselves4 ,he obs]ves m cle>ly ?an any "o _h /at$ x be=e exactly :]e9 ! complexity ( ! "q ( ! law consi/s1 & rightly ref]s x to ! fact t "s passages take = grant$ its obs]vance by ! ,jews z unque/ionably "r & prop]1 & only seek to ma9ta9 ! fre$om ( ! ,g5tiles 9 reg>d to x1 :]eas o!rs reject x 9 pr9ciple1 9 su* a way t ,paul w\ld be oblig$ to ma9ta9 also ! emancipation ( ! ,jews 4 4 4 if ! rules ( logical inf]5ce are to be appli$4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 !re is a want ( congru5ce betwe5 ! negative !ory & ! limitation ( ! practical dem&4 ,9 an equally ?or\ghgo+ fa%ion ,vlt] deals ) ! problems ( ,*ri/ology & ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s1 & es*atology4 ,8 solution is +5i\s & elegant4 ,( ! hypo!sis :i* places ! controv]sies ab\t ! law 9 ! po/-apo/olic p]iod only s mu* is tak5 ov] z is absolutely necess>y4 ,! connexion betwe5 ,paul9ism & ,gno/icism is made z loose z possible4 ,! es*atology has a c]ta9 importance giv5 to x4 ,hell5ic elem5ts are n assum$ to be pres5t 9 ! primitive doctr9e2 on ! o!r h&1 a k ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ,philo1 ,s5eca & ! ,graeco-,roman philosophy 9 g5]al is ascrib$ to ! int]polators4 ,! crit]ion by :i* to di/+ui% :at is g5u9e f :at is n is +5i\sly *os54 ,x is n p>ticul>ly difficult to sep>ate 9 ! lett]s ! p>ts :i* are ma9ly pla9 & practical f ^? :i* relate to an ant9omian speculative sy/em4 ,! result+ division betwe5 orig9al text & int]polations has a pg #adg m natural & simple air ?an is ! case 9 any ( ! o!r attempts to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 sc>cely possible t ?is "w %\ld contribute any?+ to ! solution ( ! ,paul9e problem4 ,x is built ^u s&1 = ! argum5t on :i* ev]y?+ is bas$ is uns\nd4 ,vlt] ass]ts t 8simplicity0 is ! m>k ( :at is g5u9ely apo/olic & ,paul9e4 ,s9ce :58 ,h[ does he "k ?is8 ,h[1 if x 7 j ! o!r way r\nd1 & ! /range1 ! ab/ruse1 ! sy/ematic1 ! ant9omian1 ! pr$e/9>ian repres5t$ ! orig9al elem5t1 & :at is simple came 9 lat]6 ,:at he describes z ! doctr9e ( ! hi/oric ,paul has n a v conv9c+ look4 ,x has n ! r+ ( :at we f9d else:]e 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 b has a suspici\s resemblance to ! ,good ,friday & ,ea/]-day m$itations ( ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt47#aae7 ,:at does n /rike ! mod]n man & 8 !ology z di/9ctly peculi> is ga!r$ toge!r & receives ! /amp ( approval z hi/oric ,paul9ism6 ,vlt]1 l e "o else1 has fail$ to consid]1 or to grasp1 t fundam5tal "q z to :at is primitive-,*ri/ian 9 ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 :i*1 s9ce ! enc\nt] betwe5 ,baur & ,rits*l1 _h tacitly dom9at$ ! discussion & _h be5 aga9 =c$ on ! !ological c5tre-p>ty by ! radicals4 ,o!rwise x w\ld h be5 impossible t he1 aft] promis+ a 8cauti\s criticism10 %\ld h s incauti\sly decid$ t :at is simple is :at is primitive-,*ri/ian4 ,ap>t f ,vlt]1 ! criticism :i* claims to di/+ui% v>i\s s\rces & detect int]polations is ( a m innoc5t & guileless description4 ,x does n plunge into ! dep?s ( ! ,paul9e problems 9 ! attempt to rea* ! firm gr\nd t has nev] yet be5 rea*$1 b amuses itself by det]m9+ :at & h[ _m orig9al writ+s ( ! ,apo/le may h be5 work$ up into ! canonical ,epi/les to ! pg #adh ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 & ,philippians4 ,?is "w1 at :i* ,seml] _h already made a beg9n+1 is 9 itself necess>y & int]e/+4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 prove to be unc]ta9 & contradictory1 because ! crit]ia by :i* ! deletions1 dissections1 & comb9ations are det]m9$1 are always d]iv$ f subjective impression4 ,! "o consolation 9 reg>d to !m is t any importance :i* atta*es to ^! results conc]ns almo/ exclusively ! pre-canonical lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,epi/les & does n affect our k ( ! ,paul9e sy/em4 ,! suppos$ int]polations are ( a subsidi>y "*4 ,! text z a :ole is h>dly s]i\sly affect$ by !m4 ,! s5se is sc>cely alt]$ by ! dislocations & conflations by :i* "o critic or ano!r re/ores ! orig9al lett]s & releases ! pres5t-day read] f ! tutelage ( ! s inconceivably a/ute r$actor4 ,x rema9s to rem>k t mo/ ( ! s*ol>s :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ?is "w d n tr\ble !mselves v mu* ab\t ! mean+ & ! connexion ( ,paul's /atem5ts1 b are l surgeons :o ?9k m ( _! skill 9 h&l+ ! knife ?an ( be+ q sure ab\t ! diagnosis :i* is to direct ! incision1 & !re=e n seldom fall victims to ! temptation ( hav+ rec\rse to an op]ation 9 cases :]e x turns out to h be5 unnecess>y or ev5 injuri\s47#aaf7 ,z a "w :i* /&s mu* above ! av]age ( pg #adi ! usual cutt+-up hypo!ses we may m5tion ,spitta's "w on ,romans47#aag7 ,he di/+ui%es 9 ! canonical ,epi/le two writ+s1 a long] "o consi/+ (1 9 ! ma9--all[+ = incid5tal int]polations--*apt]s i4-xi4 ) fragm5ts f xv4 & xvi41 & a %ort] writ+ :i* is made up ( *apt]s xii41 xiii4 & xiv41 ) fragm5ts ( xv4 & xvi4 ,! long] "o1 :i* is ! old]1 is suppos$ to h be5 pres]v$ entire1 ! %ort] is ( lat] orig91 & x lacks ! introduction4 ,! problem ( ! composite "* ( ! ma9 epi/le 9 connexion ) ! address & simil> que/ions1 is solv$ by suppos+ t x is a work+ up ( an e>li] g5]al treatise int5d$ = ,jewi% ,*ri/ians into a lett] address$ to ! ,roman ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,! controv]sy ab\t ! mu*-discuss$ s]ies ( greet+s 9 ,rom4 xvi4 is dispos$ ( by atta*+ ?is to ! %ort] epi/le1 :i* is held to h be5 writt5 betwe5 ! fir/ & second imprisonm5t4 ,x is true ?is solution c only f9d fav\r ) ^? :o h made up _! m9ds to take ^u !m ! burd5some hypo!sis ( ! second imprisonm5t along ) ! complete or p>tial acceptance ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral epi/les4 ,9 work+ !m up1 ! r$actor is suppos$ to h foll[$ ! me?od ( br++ 9 ! argum5ts ( ! second lett] 9 ^? places 9 ! fir/ :]e !y seem$ mo/ appropriate4 ,t he %[$ no rem>kable address 9 ?is process is cr$it$ to him z a pro( ( 8 hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,holtzmann has no?+ v complim5t>y to say ab\t ! repres5tatives ( ! dissection & int]polation criticism4 ,9 8 ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology he reproa*es !m ) 8/ra9+ out ! gnat10 & indulg+ 9 critical vivisection1 in/ead ( /udy+ ! pg #aej curr5ts & und]curr5ts ( ,jewi% & ,hell5i/ic ?\ght :i* run side by side ?r\gh ,paul's "w1 & s becom+ cur$ ( _! mania4 ,9 connexion ) ?is1 x is1 h[ev]1 curi\s t he himself1 :5 he 0 ask$ :y he nev] lectur$ on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 us$ to say t ! composition ( ,romans 01 9 8 op9ion1 too problematical = him to v5ture to deal ) ! ,epi/le1 s long z he 0 n oblig$ to d s4 pg #aea ,,vi ,,! ,,position ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury #ahii4 ,paul ,fe9e4 ,das gesetzesfreie ,evangelium des ,paulus na* se9em ,w]degange d>ge/ellt4 7,paul's ,gospel ( ,fre$om f ! ,law3 a ,/udy ( its ,gr[?47 ,paul ,w]nle4 ,paulus als ,heid5mission>4 7,paul z a ,mission>y to ! ,g5tiles47 ,he9ri* ,we9el4 ,paulus als kir*li*] ,organisator4 7,paul z a ,*ur* ,organis]47 ,h]mann ,jakoby4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,e?ik4 7,new ,te/am5t ,e?ics47 #aijj4 ,ar?ur ,titius4 ,d] ,paul9ismus unt] dem ,gesi*tspunkt d] ,seligkeit4 7,paul9ism ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,f9al ,salvation47 ,a4 ,dres*]4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu bei ,paulus4 7,! ,life ( ,jesus 9 ,paul's ,writ+s47 ,k>l ,dick4 ,d] s*rift/ell]is*e ,plural bei ,paulus4 7,! ,lit]>y ,use ( ! ,fir/ ,p]son ,plural 9 ,paul's ,writ+s47 ,adolf ,h>nack4 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums4 7,translat$ "u ! title 8,:at is ,*ri/ianity807 #aija4 ,paul ,w]nle4 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion4 7,translat$ "u ! title 8,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity407 #aijb4 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 se9e ,s*rift5 und ,lehr54 7,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 its ,docum5ts & ,doctr9es47 ,second1 revis$ & ext5d$ edition4 7,translat$1 #d vols41 ,london1 #aijf-aiaa47 ,paul ,fe9e4 ,jesus ,*ri/us und ,paulus4 ,g4 ,f4 ,he9rici4 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum4 7,primitive ,*ri/ianity47 #aijc4 ,georg ,hollmann4 ,ur*ri/5tum 9 ,cor9?4 7,primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 ,cor9?47 ,emil ,sokol[ski4 ,die ,begriffe ,gei/ und ,leb5 bei ,paulus 9 ihr] ,beziehung zu e9&]4 7,! ,conceptions ( 8,_s0 & 8,life0 9 ,paul1 9 _! ,relations to "o ano!r47 ,wilhelm ,b\sset4 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]4 7,! ,religion ( ,judaism 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,times47 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik1 ihre religionsges*i*tli*e ,h]kunft und ihre ,b$eutung fr das ,neue ,te/am5t4 7,jewi% ,apocalyptic3 its ,orig9 z indicat$ by ,comp>ative ,religion1 & its ,significance = ! ,new ,te/am5t47 pg #aeb ,paul ,volz4 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba4 7,jewi% ,es*atology f ,daniel to ,akiba47 ,w4 ,heitmll]4 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus4 7,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ,paul's ,tea*+47 ,m>t9 ,brckn]4 ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie4 7,h[ ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology arose47 #aijd4 ,he9ri* ,we9el4 ,paulus4 7,e4 ,t4 ,/4 ,paul3 ,! ,man & 8 ,"w1 #aijf47 ,ern/ von ,dobs*tz4 ,die ,probleme des apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt]s4 7,! ,problems ( ! ,apo/olic ,age47 ,maurice ,goguel4 ,l',aptre ,paul et ,jsus-,*ri/4 ,alfr$ ,junck]4 ,die ,e?ik des ,apo/els ,paulus4 ,william ,wr$e4 ,paulus4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,e4 ,lummis1 #aijg47 #aije4 ,hugo ,gressmann4 ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis*-jdis*5 ,es*atologie4 7,! ,orig9 ( ! ,israeliti%-,jewi% ,es*atology47 #aijf4 ,paul ,fe9e4 ,paulus als ,!ologe4 7,paul z a ,!ologian47 ,p4 ,klb+4 ,die gei/ige ,e9wirkung d] ,p]son ,jesu auf ,paulus4 7,! ,spiritual ,influ5ce ( ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ^u ,paul47 ,eb]h>d ,vis*]4 ,die ,paulusbriefe4 7,! ,paul9e ,epi/les47 ,wilhelm ,k>l4 ,beitrge zum ,v]/ndnis d] sot]iologis*5 ,erfahrung5 und ,spekulation5 des ,apo/els ,paulus4 7,contributions t[>ds ! ,und]/&+ ( ! ,sot]iological ,exp]i5ces & ,speculations ( ! ,apo/le ,paul47 ,w4 ,b\sset4 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus4 #aijg4 ,adolf ,jli*]4 ,paulus und ,jesus4 ,arnold ,mey]4 ,w] hat das ,*ri/5tum gegrndet1 ,jesus od] ,paulus8 7,:o f\nd$ ,*ri/ianity1 ,jesus or ,paul87 ,a4 ,s*ettl]4 ,die paul9is*e ,=mel 8,dur* ,*ri/us40 7,! ,paul9e ,=mula 8?r\gh ,*ri/407 ,j4 ,wellhaus54 ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te 7#f? ed474 #aijh4 ,c>l ,munz+]4 ,paulus 9 ,cor9?4 ,hans ,w9dis*4 ,die ,entsndigung des ,*ri/5 na* ,paulus4 7,! ,purification ( ! ,*ri/ian f ,s9 9 ,paul's ,tea*+47 ,re9hold ,seeb]g4 ,dogm5ges*i*te4 7,hi/ory ( ,dogma47 #bnd edition4 ,wilhelm ,wal!r4 ,pauli ,*ri/5tum1 ,jesu ,evangelium4 #aiji4 ,adolf ,h>nack4 ,dogm5ges*i*te4 #d? edition4 ,m>t9 ,dibelius4 ,die ,gei/]welt im ,glaub5 des ,paulus4 7,! ,_w ( ,spirits accord+ to ,paul's ,belief47 ,johannes ,weiss4 ,paulus und ,jesus4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,h4 ,t4 ,*aytor1 #aiji47 ,*ri/us3 ,die ,anfnge des ,dogmas4 7,*ri/3 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,dogma4 ,e4 ,t4 by ,v4 ,d4 ,davis1 #aiaa47 ,johann ,haussleit]4 ,paulus4 ,r4 ,knopf4 ,paulus4 ,w4 ,ols*ewski4 ,die ,wurzeln d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie4 7,! ,roots ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ologie47 #aiaj4 ,a4 ,s*latt]4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie4 pg #aec ,r4 ,dres*]4 ,das ,leb5 ,jesu bei ,paulus4 ,eb]h>d ,vis*]4 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus und se9 ,w]k4 ,julius ,s*niew9d4 ,die ,begriffe ,wort und ,evangelium bei ,paulus 7,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]ms 8,^w0 & 8,gospel0 9 ,paul's ,writ+s47 #aiaa4 ,adolf ,deissmann4 ,paulus1 e9e kultur- und religionsges*i*tli*e ,skizze4 7,paul1 ,a ,sket* ) a ,backgr\nd ( ,anci5t ,civilisation & ,religion47 ,johannes ,mll]4 ,die ,ent/ehung des p]snli*5 ,*ri/5tums d] paul9is*5 ,geme9d54 7,h[ ! p]sonal ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es arose47 ,,! dawn ( ! tw5tie? c5tury f\nd ,paul9e s*ol>%ip 9 a peculi> frame ( m9d4 ,! criticism ( ! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics _h n succe$$ 9 disquiet+ x1 nor ,holtzmann 9 reassur+ x4 ,t ! problems by :i* ,loman1 ,/eck1 & van ,man5 7 torm5t$ 7 m]e cobwebs ( ! imag9ation 0 s completely tak5 = grant$ t 9 deal+ ) ! ,paul9e tea*+ no fur!r att5tion 0 paid to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! problems previ\sly recognis$ by critical s*ol>%ip _h n be5 s completely solv$ by ,holtzmann t !y c\ld be consid]$ z done )4 ,! disquisitions 9 :i* 9 8 8,new ,te/am5t ,!ology0 he resum$ ! results ( ! :ole /udy ( ! subject s9ce ,baur1 did n h ! effect :i* he _h expect$4 ,!y 7 mu* discuss$ & mu* prais$2 ! massive le>n+ & wide read+1 ! art ( ! lit]>y treatm5t & ! subtlety ( ! dialectic compell$ admiration4 ,b beh9d all ?is *orus ( appreciation1 a c]ta9 s5se ( depression made itself felt4 ,p 7 dismay$ to f9d t ,paul9ism 0 s complicat$1 & t ! web ( ,paul's ?\ght mu/ be s delicately & cauti\sly h&l$ if x 0 to be dis5tangl$4 ,0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles really a product ( su* extremely intricate m5tal processes z x 0 "h repres5t$ to be8 ,! process ( disillusionm5t did n g s f> z to lead to ! call+ 9 "q ( ! fundam5tal view !re (f]$4 ,b results 7 n put =w>d ) pg #aed ! same confid5ce z be=e2 ef=t 0 direct$ r to /r5g!n !m by revision & correction4 ,x 0 9 ?is frame ( m9d t ,pfleid]] prep>$ ! second edition ( 8 8,primitive ,*ri/ianity407#aah7 ,:]eas he _h =m]ly tak5 = grant$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek _w ^u ,paul1 z be+ some?+ self-evid5t1 he n[ feels oblig$ to (f] pro( ( x1 9 a newly ins]t$ *apt] ^u ,hell5ism1 ,/oicism1 & ,s5eca1 9 ord] to arrive at ! result 4 4 4 t 8 ,greek education 0 9 any case 8a problematical possibility40 ,:ile he _h previ\sly held t ! comb9ation ( ! ,alex&rian ,platonic doctr9e ( immortality ) es*atology 0 ! great "w accompli%$ by ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 he n[ is incl9$ to see a spiritualisation ( ! future-hope already prep>$ = 9 ,judaism1 & quotes ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra & ,jewi% ,hell5i/ic lit]ature 9 te/imony ( ?is47#aai7 ,fate will$ t ab\t ! same "t !ology %\ld be seiz$ by ! impulse ( popul>isation1 & n[ f\nd itself 9 ! position ( be+ oblig$ to (f] assur$1 absolutely assur$1 results 9 ref]5ce to ,paul9ism4 ,! mo/ important works ( ?is "* are ,paul ,w]nle's 8,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity0 & ,he9ri* ,we9el's 8,paul407#abj7 pg #aee ,! ef=ts ( ^! writ]s are direct$ to br+ ! au?or & 8 ?\ghts into close relations ) our "t4 ,x is n 8 !ology 9 its subtleties & its contradictions t !y seek to grasp & to portray1 b 8 religion--:at lies beh9d ! sy/em & ! =mula4 ,9 ?is way !y hope to escape _m difficulties ov] :i* ,holtzmann _h lab\r$1 & to be able to br+ out ! fundam5tal & intelligible elem5ts :i* 9 him _h be5 r to seek4 ,w]nle makes ,paul disc\rse 9 ! "* ( ! great mission>y apologi/2 ,we9el draws him z ! prea*] ( ! religion ( inw>dness1 :o z 8,ph>isee10 8,seek] aft] ,god10 8prophet10 8apo/le10 8f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*10 8!ologian10 & 8man10 0 all ?+s 9 "o4 ,! lively portraiture1 q diff]5t f ! conv5tional works on ! subject1 f\nd a ready welcome1 & incit$ o!rs to imitation4 ,9 consi/5tly emphasis+ ! apologetic aspect ( ,paul's tea*+ ,w]nle br\ght up _m +5i\s ideas = discussion4 ,we9el1 on 8 "p1 br\ght aga9 to ! consci\sness ( bo? !ologians & laym5 ! poetic & emotional elem5t 9 ! ,apo/le's _w ( ideas4 ,b !y f\nd no new way ( grasp+ & und]/&+ him4 ,!y walk 9 a %ady pa? :i* runs p>allel to ! ma9 road4 ,b its pleasantness is associat$ ) c]ta9 dang]s1 :i* !y !mselves1 & ^? :o foll[$ !m1 h n always escap$4 ,:5 e>li] writ]s on ! subject mod]nis$1 !y did s unconsci\sly4 ,w]nle & ,we9el1 h[ev]1 d pg #aef s on pr9ciple1 & h no scruple ab\t ?r[+ light on :at is obscure 9 ,paul9ism by ! use ( m or less appropriate cat*words ( ! mo/ mod]n !ology4 ,n seldom !y imag9e !y are expla9+ some?+ :5 !y are 9 reality only talk+ r\nd ! subject4 ,9 ?is way !re ent]s into _! treatm5t a k9d ( =c$ +5uity1 "o might almo/ say flims9ess4 ,_! love ( graphic description also sometimes becomes a temptation to !m4 ,!y d n always rememb] to keep x )9 b\nds1 & sometimes all[ !mselves to fall into a k9d ( artificial navet4 ,w]nle 9 p>ticul> delights to wield a pre-,raphaelite bru%4 ,he pictures ! ,apo/le1 = in/ance1 9 ! ev5+ at 8 inn1 receiv+ visitors1 exhort+ & consol+ !m1 weav+ t5t-clo?1 busy ) a lett]1 all at ! same "t4 8,sometimes /ones w\ld come fly+ into ! room z he 0 dictat+--! ,jews _h set on ! city mob to attack him4 ,_m an abrupt transition 9 8 lett]s may h _h its orig9 9 a viol5t int]ruption ( ?is k9d407#aba7 ,fe9e & ,titius beg9 ) a critical exam9ation ( previ\s views4 ,!y are n 9 ?is :olly dis9t]e/$1 be+ 9 se>* ( a ,paul9ism :i* has m to (f] to mod]n religion1 z !y appreh5d x1 ?an ! "o-sid$ly hi/orical po/-,baur lib]alism4 ,! result is t :ile !y %[ !mselves free f _m ( ! presuppositions & prejudices :i* are common to ! o!rs1 !y are at ! same "t n 9 a position to put ,paul9ism on a new hi/orical basis4 ,!y agree pg #aeg 9 oppos+ ! sep>ation ( ,paul9ism f ,primitive ,*ri/ianity :i* is practis$ by ,hol/5 & ,holtzmann4 ,!y refuse to be conv]t$ to ! unsatisfactory view t ,paul9ism1 z be+ a s unique p]sonal creation1 mu/ h rema9$ un9telligible ev5 to ,paul's contempor>ies4 ,be=e mak+ up _! m9ds to d]ive ! :ole ( ,paul's doctr9e f ! vision at 8 conv]sion & ! influ5ce ( ,greek ideas1 !y propose to exam9e x 9 ref]5ce to ! conceptions :i* connect x ) ,jesus1 ) primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & ) ,judaism4 ,consequ5tly !y are lo? to admit ,greek elem5ts & ! result+ duality 9 ! ,apo/le's ?\ght4 ,fe9e ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d be=e 8 conv]sion1 ,greek ideas 7 only pres5t 9 s f> z !y _h already be5 adopt$ by ,ph>isaism4 ,titius 8w n d5y t !re is a t\* ( ,hell5ism 9 ! great ,apo/le10 b is f> f seek+ to expla9 ! doctr9e ( fle% & _s & ! my/icism connect$ ) ! 8new creation0 purely f ?is po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h& bo? ( !m assign a l>ge "p 9 ! =mation ( ,paul's doctr9e to 8 ,jewi% consci\sness1 & consequ5tly are l$ to a compreh5sive recognition ( es*atology4 ,9 8 exam9ation ( ! individual views ,titius always takes ! future-hope z 8 />t+-po9t--inde$ 8 book beg9s ) *apt]s on ,god & es*atology4 ,he %[s t r$emption1 9 ! mo/ g5]al conception ( x1 is a lib]ation f ! pres5t evil _w & a deliv]ance look+ to ! _w :i* is to come1 & t ju/ification 0 orig9ally b\nd up ) ! ?\ght ( ! judgm5t at ! p>\sia4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( sy/ematically c>ry+ out ! analysis 9 ?is fa%ion1 he breaks (f & beg9s to "w up ! hi/orical mat]ial :i* he has br\ght to light on ! l9es ( ! problems1 def9itions1 & di/9ctions ( mod]n !ology1 because1 z ! v title ( 8 book %[s1 he und]takes 8 inve/igation ) a view pg #aeh to %[+ ! significance ( ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ = ! pres5t day4 ,9 ord] to portray ! 8religi\s life0 he makes x a pr9ciple 8n to hesitate to turn aside f ! highway1 to :i* ! te*nical t]ms s]ve z sign-po/s40 ,?us he comes f9ally to discov] ev]y:]e t ,paul cl>ifi$ ! doctr9es :i* he took ov] & trans=m$ !m into e?ico-religi\s tea*+ & subjective exp]i5ce4 ,f 8! edifice ( es*atologico-en?usia/ic ?\ght1 mo/ closely connect$ ) x b unmi/akable 9 its di/9ctive "*10 he sees1 to 8 satisfaction1 8! spiritual life ( ! new religion0 %[+ =?4 ,"h also1 !re=e1 z ) ,w]nle & ,we9el1 !re is consci\s & int5tional mod]nisation1 9 ord] to discov] ! religion ( ,paul beh9d 8 !ology4 ,"o diff]5ce !re is1 h[ev]4 ,! o!rs br\ght to ?is und]tak+ a c]ta9 navet & en?usiasm :i* enabl$ !m to see ! mod]n & ! hi/orical ! "o 9 ! o!r4 ,titius is an obs]v] ) a ke5 eye = ! really hi/orical4 ,he holds pa/ & pres5t side by side b sep>ate1 & mu/ apply a mighty ef=t ( w & und]/&+ & d viol5ce to 8 feel+s 9 ord] to br+ !m into connexion4 ,out ( ^! inn] pangs a book has come to ! bir? :i* 9 matt]s ( detail is full ( j & sugge/ive rem>ks1 b z a :ole is unsatisfactory4 ,! problem ( ! relation ( ,paul to ,jesus /&s = ,titius & ,fe9e z ! =egr\nd ( ! int]e/4 ,bo? hold ! view t ! connexion is a mu* clos] "o ?an criticism _h hi!rto be5 prep>$ to admit4 ,! indiff]5ce :i* ! ,apo/le pr(esses reg>d+ 8,*ri/ aft] ! fle%0 is n to be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t he _h no conc]n ) ,8 tea*+4 ,9 8 detail$ monograph ,fe9e endeav\rs to prove t ,paul %[s himself famili> ) ! words & ?\ghts ( ! hi/oric ,jesus1 & 9 8 es*atology1 doctr9e ( r$emption1 e?ics1 attitude t[>ds ! law1 & conception ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 only c>ries to a fur!r pg #aei po9t ( developm5t :at is already pres5t or =e-%ad[$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,titius set himself ! same task1 & believes himself to h prov$ 8to h[ great an ext5t ! ,apo/le bases 8 views on ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus1 atta*es himself to !m1 & fur!r develops !m407#abb7 ,?is result is oppos$ by ,maurice ,goguel17#abc7 :o (f]s a ?or\ghgo+ def5ce ( ! usual view4 ,he is prep>$ to admit t ,paul knew m ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus ?an 8 ,epi/les %[2 b a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 doctr9e is1 he ?9ks1 n to be d5i$1 & he f9ds t x consi/s 9 ! fact t ! "o prea*es 8salvation10 ! o!r ! way ( obta9+ x4 ,9 8 utt]ances ab\t r$emption ?r\gh ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! p>\sia1 ,*ri/ology1 ,*ur* & sacram5ts1 ,paul expresses1 accord+ to ,goguel1 views :i* g mu* beyond ! horizon ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,a po9t ( contact is only to be f\nd 9 ! simple e?ical tea*+4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! law1 ,jesus prep>$ ! way = :at ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles accompli%$1 )\t fully measur+ ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( 8 attitude4 ,! problem :i* !ology s9ce ! "t ( ,baur _h always avoid$ n[ !re=e came at la/ to discussion4 ,goguel's essay did n inde$ greatly elucidate ! matt]4 ,t ! !sis ( ,fe9e & ,titius goes f> beyond :at ! mat]ial w>rants 0 n difficult to prove4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h1 9 ju/ice1 to be conc$$ to !m t !y _h %[n t !re 0 pg #afj some?+ 9 common betwe5 ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ,jesus & ,paul on :i* suffici5t /ress _h n previ\sly be5 laid4 ,goguel's %>p anti!ses are at fir/ sight m conv9c+ ?an ! some:at involv$ argum5t ( ,fe9e1 because he has ! direct evid5ce ( ! text on 8 side4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 imm$iately makes itself felt :5 he endeav\rs to make x intelligible exactly :y ,paul 0 =c$ to create new conceptions4 ,he _c po9t to any objective factors to acc\nt = ?is developm5t1 & is consequ5tly r$uc$ to expla9+ ev]y?+ psy*ologically4 ,f ?is exce$+ly complicat$ controv]sy "o ?+ results ) c]ta9ty1 namely1 t ! problem1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is /at$1 is an unreal "o4 ,! /atem5t ( ! problem :i* is "h presuppos$ leaves out ( acc\nt ! middle t]m1 primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ express$ ?is cle>ly1 & ?us put an end to ! unpr(itable wrangl+ ab\t 8,jesus & ,paul0 & 8,jesus or ,paul10 belongs to ,h>nack47#abd7 ,if1 he writes 9 ! #aiji edition ( 8 8,hi/ory ( ,dogma10 ev5 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ! religion ( ,jesus und]w5t a *ange1 x mu/ be said t x 0 n ,paul :o 0 responsible = ?is b ! primitive ,*ri/ian community4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 able to expla9 :y ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles goes /ill fur!r ?an ! primitive community4 ,! "q ( ! peculi>ly inconsi/5t attitude ( ! ,apo/le t[>ds ! law is n elucidat$ by ,titius & ,fe9e4 ,! e?ics are treat$ 9 monographs by ,jakoby & ,junck]47#abe7 ,! =m] gives a detail$ description4 pg #afa ,! latt] tries to discov] ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & naturally f9ds himself oblig$ to deal ) ! :ole doctr9e ( r$emption4 ,9 ! me?od :i* he applies he recalls ,titius4 ,) hi/orical insight he recognises1 9 8 f9e *apt] ^u ! orig9 ( ! new life1 t all ! e?ical conceptions ( ,paul are 9 "o way or ano!r ( an es*atological & 8physical0 "*4 ,lat] on he falls a victim to ! temptation to mod]nise4 ,?us he tries1 = in/ance1 to %[ t ,paul did n ?9k ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s 9 man z analog\s to a physical process1 b1 on ! contr>y1 8reg>d$ ! feel+ ( ?ankful love t[>ds ,god & ,*ri/ z ! subjective root ( ! new way ( life40 ,s t we f9d "h1 too1 ! dread ( recognis+ any?+ objective 9 ! ,apo/le's views & ! t5d5cy1 n inde$ to fall into ! 8"o-sid$ly intellectual view10 b to br+ into ! =egr\nd ! 8specifically religi\s e/imate ( ! ,apo/le's p]son & gospel40 ,x is no accid5t t ! s*ol>s ( ?is p]iod are s anxi\s to di/+ui% betwe5 !ology & religion4 ,?is exp$i5t cov]s dismay & appreh5sion4 ,mean:ile ! /udy ( ,late ,judaism _h be5 go+ its own way4 ,! fur!r x advanc$ ! m evid5t x became t ?is 0 ! soil on :i* ! !ology ( ,paul _h gr[n up4 ,holtzmann's ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology _h n avail$ to r5d] !ological sci5ce pro( aga9/ ! assaults :i* x 0 to exp]i5ce 9 ! next few ye>s f ?is direction4 ,! impression 0 too /rong to be escap$4 ,& :5 ! results pg #afb ( ! /udy 7 pres5t$1 ) a c]ta9 provisional complet5ess1 9 ,b\sset's p[]ful book on 8,jewi% ,religi\s ,life 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,times10 x became c]ta9 t ! appreh5sion _h n be5 unf\nd$47#abf7 ,! nave spiritualisation ( ! !ology z practis$ by ,hol/51 ,pfleid]]1 & ,holtzmann--by ! latt] no long] q navely1--0 ov] & done )47#abg7 ,! recognition ( a 8physical07#abh7 aspect 9 ,paul's expectations ( ! future 0 no long] suffici5t4 ,x _h to be pg #afc admitt$ t 8 doctr9e ( r$emption z a :ole bore ?is "*1 & t ! fundam5tal /ra9 9 8 my/icism 0 n e?ical b physical1 z ,ldemann _h decl>$ z long ago z #ahgb )\t suspect+ ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( 8 obs]vation4 ,! only "q n[ 0 h[ mu* _h to be conc$$ to ?is ali5 sy/em ( ?\ght :i* 0 endeav\r+ to draw ,paul )9 its bord]s1 & h[ mu* c\ld be sav$ f x4 ,9 ?is qu&>y !ologians _h rec\rse to ! exp$i5t ( apply+ ! di/9ction betwe5 8!oretical0 7!ological7 & 8religi\s0 to ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le1 z ,holtzmann _h already tri$ to d :5 he c\ld no long] refuse to recognise its ,gno/ic1 intellectuali/ic "*4 ,! position became especially critical 9 view ( ! concessions :i* _h to be made reg>d+ ! ,paul9e conception ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,up to ?is "t1 t *apt] _h giv5 little tr\ble to !ological sci5ce4 ,x _h be5 tak5 = grant$ t at bottom x c\ld only be a "q ( symbolism4 ,! doctr9e ( r$emption on its e?ical side f\nd1 x 0 ?\ght1 9 ! sacr$ c]emonies its cultual expression4 ,holtzmann1 too1 9 ! section on 8,my/ical ,conceptions07#abi7 7,my/]ises7 _h /ill to all int5ts & purposes tak5 ! same gr\nd4 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] are1 he expla9s1 9 ! fir/ place1 acts ( confession by :i* ! dea? ( ! ,"l is proclaim$4 ,to ?is has to be add$1 9 ! case ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ! significance ( a communion meal1 & 9 ! case ( baptism ! value ( a symbolic act4 ,x creates1 accord+ to ,romans vi41 a my/ical fell[%ip ) ! buri$ & ris5 ,*ri/4 8,! outw>d symbol ( complete imm]sion signifies & repres5ts ! disappe>ance ( ! old1 fle%ly man1 ! com+ =? out ( ! wat] repres5ts ! =?go+ ( a new1 spiritual man40 ,paul1 ,holtzmann ?9ks1 puts ! cont5t ( 8 pg #afd 8exp]i5ce0 into ?is c]emonial act1 & !reby cuts x loose f ! e>li] view :i* _h aris5 f its connexion ) ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,/rictly speak+1 he trans=ms bo? ! cultus-acts1 by br++ 8 new conception ( ,*ri/ianity into connexion ) !m 9 ord] to give x cultual expression4 ,probably--we are /ill foll[+ ,holtzmann--he did ?is "u ! guidance ( analogies :i* he f\nd 9 ! ,my/]y-religions ( ! p]iod4 ,! expressions :i* he uses at any rate rem9d u sometimes ( ! language :i* is associat$ ) !m4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! po9t f :i* ! lat] trans=mation began4 8,x 01 9 fact1 ,paul :o f an outly+1 "o might almo/ say a remote po9t ( 8 sy/em ( ?\ght1 op5$ up = ! e>ly ,ca?olic ,*ur* a road :i* x w\ld1 inde$1 mo/ probably h foll[$ ev5 )\t ?is prec$5t1 :i* 0 giv51 z x 71 m]ely incid5tally & casually40 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve precisely :at views are int5d$ to be exclud$ by ^! gu>d$ explanations4 ,holtzmann is conc]n$ to emphasise ! view t baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] h 9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e a r subord9ate importance1 & t !y are n real sacram5ts b quasi-sacram5tal acts4 ,he delib]ately avoids ! pla9 issue1 on :i* aft] all ev]y?+ really dep5ds1 :e!r baptism & ! ,supp] effect r$emption or only repres5t x4 ,b ^? :o came aft] him 7 oblig$ to raise ?is "q1 & s f> z !y 7 will+ to respect ! docum5ts 7 oblig$ to answ] t ! sacram5ts n only repres5t b effect r$emption4 ,w]nle rem>ks regretfully t ! cultus-acts h 9 ,paul a mu* great] importance ?an "o w\ld be incl9$ to expect1 & t 9 c]ta9 passages he tol]ates or ev5 sugge/s 8pagan0 views4 ,we9el is oblig$ to admit t alongside ( ! religion ( inw>dness :i* he has discov]$ 9 ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 a sacram5tal religion1 :i* is inh]5tly oppos$ to x1 f "t to pg #afe "t appe>s4 8,sometimes10 he writes1 8x is fai? t br+s ! ,_s1 sometimes baptism1 sometimes x is fai? t unites ) ,*ri/1 sometimes ! ,"l's ,supp]40 ,titius feels himself oblig$ to give up ! symbolical int]pretation ( ,romans vi41 :i* = ,holtzmann /ill =ms a fix$ datum1 & admits t ! atmosph]e ( ?is *apt] is 8supranaturali/ic10 & t ! baptism !re ref]r$ to is a real baptism into ! dea? ( ,*ri/ & an equally real p>tak+ 9 ,8 resurrection4 ,fe9e1 9 ,jesus ,*ri/us & ,paulus1 insi/s t ! sacram5tal "* ( ! cultus-acts describ$ by ,paul %\ld be univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,heitmll]1 9 8 "w on 8,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ,paul's ,writ+s107#acj7 gives ! old & ! new view side by side1 & %[s t x is ! latt] :i* alone is ju/ifi$ by ! docum5ts4 ,! my/ical connexion :i* 9 baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] is set up betwe5 ! believ] & ,*ri/ is a 8physico-hyp]physical "o10 & has z its consequ5ce t ! believ] %>es realit] 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! lib]al conception ( ,paul9ism ?is 0 a bl[ at ! he>t4 ,if r$emption is effect$ ?r\gh ! sacram5ts1 ^! are no long] an 8outly+ po9t0 9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e1 b lie at its c5tre4 ,& at ! same "t ! di/9ction betwe5 8!oretical0 7!ological7 & 8religi\s0 is r5d]$ impossible4 ,a doctr9e ( r$emption :i* is ?us b\nd up ) ,my/]ies :i* "w 9 a physico-hyp]physical way is 9 its ess5ce purely sup]naturali/ic47#aca7 pg #aff ,! c\rage ( !ological ?9k]s 0 put to a sev]e te/4 ,:5 ,baur & 8 foll[]s made _! pr(ession ( fai? 9 unbiass$ free inve/igation !y c\ld h _h no inkl+ t x w\ld become s difficult = a lat] g5]ation to rema9 true to ?is pr9ciple4 ,to give up ! di/9ction betwe5 8!oretical0 & religi\s & to foll[ a purely hi/orical me?od meant1 z ?+s /ood at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 to be left ) an entirely temporally condition$ ,paul9ism1 ( :i* mod]n ways ( ?\ght c\ld make no?+1 & to trace out a sy/em :i* = our religion is dead4 ,at ?is crisis !ology enc\nt]$ 9 ,william ,wr$e a c&id fri5d :o s\ght to keep x 9 ! pa? ( s9c]ity4 ,8 ,paulus1 %ort & writt5 9 su* a way z to be univ]sally intelligible1 appe>$ 9 ! ye> #aijd47acb7 ,! 8!ology10 he writes1 is 9 ,paul n to be sep>at$ f ! 8religion40 ,8 religion is ?r\gh & ?r\gh !ological2 8 !ology is 8 religion4 ,! !ory :i* ,holtzmann introduc$ 9 8 8,new ,te/am5t ,!ology10 & :i* ,w]nle1 ,we9el1 ,heitmll]1 ,titius1 & ! re/ _h develop$1 ?us came to an untimely end be=e x _h left its nonage4 ,x surviv$ only sev5 ye>s4 ,& !n ! second exp$i5t--t ,paul _h ?\ght out no sy/em1 b j put d[n 8 ?\ghts 9 any k9d ( =tuit\s ord]--is set aside4 ,! framework ( ! doctr9e ( r$emption1 ,wr$e decl>es1 is v closely articulat$4 ,fur!r1 x is n really complicat$1 b is at bottom q simple1 if once we take acc\nt ( ! ?\ght-mat]ial out ( :i* x is con/ruct$ & take ! mo/ g5]al conceptions z ! />t+-po9t4 ,r$emption--?is is1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 ,paul's tra9 pg #afg ( ?\ght--is n some?+ :i* takes place 9 ! individual z su*1 z ! lat] ,*ri/ian view 01 b signifies a univ]sal ev5t 9 :i* ! individual has a "p4 ,x consi/s 9 ! deliv]ance ( mank9d f ! dom9ion ( ! p[]s :i* hold sway ov] ?is _w4 ,^! p[]s h be5 de/roy$ by ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 z w become manife/ at ! p>\sia4 ,?us r$emption is ess5tially an insurance = ?is future4 ,b x is ev5 9 ! pres5t real1 ?\gh n visible4 ,*ri/ is ! repres5tative ( ! human race4 ,:at happ5$ to ,him1 happ5$ to all4 8,all m5 are !re=e f ! mom5t ( ,8 dea? set free1 z ,he is ,himself1 f ! ho/ile p[]s2 & all are by ,8 resurrection transf]r$ into a condition ( inde/ructible life40 ,! pro( ( ?is *ange is giv5 by ! ,_s4 ,he repres5ts 9 ! r$eem$ ! sup]-e>?ly life1 z a 8gift ( ! la/ times 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ! _w to come already ex]cise an influ5ce ^u ! pres5t exi/5ce40 ,?is :olly 8objective0 conception ( r$emption is1 ,wr$e admits1 = our mod]n modes ( ?\ght r imp]sonal & cold4 8,x takes place 9 a way :i* is :olly ext]nal to ! individual man1 & ! ev5ts seem1 z x 71 to be only enact$ 9 ,*ri/40 ,r$emption is effect$ 9 ! sacram5ts4 8,! #8physical' trans=mation is effect$ by physical processes40 ,paul's ?\ght moves1 !re=e1 among crude1 unsubtilis$ conceptions4 ,8 /atem5ts ab\t ju/ification by fai? & ab\t ! law are bas$ ^u ?is fundam5tal view1 & repres5t m]ely ! 8controv]sial tea*+0 to :i* he 0 =c$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! cause ( fre$om f ! law4 ,! mat]ial ( 8 _w ( ?\ght 01 !re=e1 ,jewi%4 ,:at 0 ! trans=mation by :i* x became ,*ri/ian8 pg #afh ,paul's conception ( ! ,*ri/7#acc7 0 fully =m$ be=e he came to believe 9 ,jesus4 ,at 8 conv]sion1 by ! vision on ! road to ,damascus1 ! only new elem5t t he took up into 8 conception 0 t ?is heav5ly be+ _h tempor>ily assum$ a human =m ( exi/5ce 9 ord] by ,8 dea? & resurrection to r$eem mank9d & to br+ 9 ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,an influ5ce ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ^u ! !ology ( ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles is n to be recognis$4 ,wr$e makes ! gap betwe5 ! two z wide z possible1 & insi/s t ,paul's gospel mu/ be consid]$ z indep5d5t (1 & ess5tially diff]5t 9 "* f1 t ( ,jesus4 ,! ,apo/le's adoption ( ! view t ! end ( ! law _h come1 is1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 p>tly due to 8 exp]i5ces at 8 conv]sion1 p>tly to ! exig5cies ( ! mission to ! ,g5tiles4 ,( ! value & ! rem>kable lit]>y beauty ( ! book x is impossible to say too mu*4 ,x belongs1 n to !ology1 b to ! lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,b "o mu/ n1 9 "o's admiration1 =get ju/ice4 ,:at is "h set =? is n absolutely new4 ,a view ( a simil> "*1 & m closely reason$1 _h be5 put =w>d by ,kabis*--,kabis*17#acd7 :om !ologians _h pass$ ov] 9 complete sil5ce1 because !y did n "k :at to make ( him4 ,wr$e does no?+ else ?an to give to ! pres5tation ( ! latt]'s discov]ies ! advantage ( 8 lit]>y skill1 :ile at ! same "t %[+ t ! sep>ation ( 8!ory0 7!ology7 & 8religion0 :i* _h b>r$ ! way to _! acceptance is n t5able4 ,!re is "o ?+ :i* is to be regrett$ 9 ,wr$e's book1 & t is t ! t]se popul> me?od ( pres5tation =bids any detail$ discussion ( ! problems4 ,if ! au?or _h work$ pg #afi out 8 argum5ts ?or\ghly1 & repli$ to 8 oppon5ts & pr$ecessors1 he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to face _m que/ions :i*1 z x 01 did n =ce !mselves ^u him4 ,:at are ! po9ts t rema9 obscure8 ,wr$e proposes to conceive ! possibility ( r$emption 9 su* a way t 8mank9d10 9 view ( ,*ri/'s solid>ity ) ! race by virtue ( ,8 e>?ly life1 has a "p 9 ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,?is view is1 9 ?is =m1 unt5able4 ,9 ,paul1 salvation has n ref]5ce to mank9d z a :ole1 b only to ! elect4 ,x is also que/ionable :e!r ! idea ( racial solid>ity suffices to expla9 h[ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus c realise !mselves 9 o!r m54 ,:at is ! basis ( ! my/ical union ) ,*ri/8 ,to ?is "q ,wr$e has giv5 no answ]4 ,!n1 too1 ! inconsi/5t attitude ( ,paul t[>ds ! law 0 n expla9$ by him4 ,he does n ev5 succe$ 9 %[+ h[ ! ,apo/le arriv$ at ! idea t ! law 0 no long] valid4 ,! sugge/ion t x 0 9 "p ?r\gh 8 exp]i5ce at 8 conv]sion1 9 "p ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( ! mission to ! ,g5tiles1 is a m]e exp$i5t4 ,unless x is possible to expla9 ,paul's attitude1 ) all its inn] contradictions1 z a logical & necess>y conclusion f 8 sy/em z a :ole1 x rema9s = u practically unexpla9$47#ace7 ,aga91 ,wr$e gives no s*eme ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end1 al?\gh su* a s*eme obvi\sly belongs to ! 8sy/em40 ,x is n expla9$1 ei!r1 h[ ! dea? ( ,jesus c be int]pret$ at ! same "t z tak+ place = ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,9 g5]al1 ! relation betwe5 ! ess5tial !ology1 z laid d[n 9 ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption1 & ! 8controv]sial doctr9es0 is n cle>4 pg #agj ,9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! relation ( ,paul to ,jesus1 ,wr$e holds t !y liv$ 9 two :olly diff]5t worlds ( ?\ght4 ,?is is connect$ ) 8 view t ! ,galilaean ,ma/] made no claim to ! ,messiah%ip1 b 0 fir/ rais$ to ,messianic dignity aft] ,8 dea?1 & t ?is claim 0 !n project$ back into ! ,gospels 9 ! =m t ,jesus _h made ,8 rank kn[n to ,8 disciples only1 & _h enjo9$ ^u !m to keep sil5ce until aft] ,8 dea?47#acf7 ,8 prea*+ 01 above all ?+s1 e?ical4 ,s f> z conc]ns es*atology & ! mean+ to be atta*$ to ,8 dea?1 ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles receiv$ no impulse ( a !ological "* f ,him4 ,paul1 !re=e1 creat$ some?+ ess5tially new1 :i* has1 "o might almo/ say1 no?+ to d ) ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 & also goes f> beyond ! conceptions ( primitive ,*ri/ianity47#acg7 ,?us = ,wr$e1 z = ,hol/5 & ,holtzmann1 ! doctr9e ( ,paul is an isolat$ entity )\t connexion 9 ! pa/ or influ5ce ^u ! future4 ,& he1 too1 f9ds himself unable to expla9 :y ! sy/em ?us rema9$ )\t influ5ce4 ,t ! 8controv]sial !ology10 ) its insi/5ce on ! aton+ dea?1 lo/ its significance :5 ! "q ( ! law ceas$ to be actual may appe> plausible4 ,b :y did ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption get pu%$ aside in/ead ( be+ fur!r develop$8 ,its presuppositions--if ,wr$e's acc\nt ( pg #aga matt]s is correct--c\ld h>dly h be5 mu* alt]$ 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,a valuable supplem5t 9 _m respects to ,wr$e's views is (f]$ by ,m>t9 ,brckn]'s /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology47#ach7 ,! au?or (f]s a detail$ pro( t ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology arose by ! ins]tion ( ! e>?ly episode ( ! inc>nation1 dy+ & ris+ aga9 into ! already pres5t conception ( a pre-exi/5t heav5ly ,p]sonality47#aci7 ,incid5tally he gives an admirably cle> acc\nt ( ! ,jewi% es*atology & its =mation47#adj7 ,he %[s t ! ,jewi% es*atology itself1 9 ! ,apocalypses ( ,ezra & ,b>u*1 di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! temporally limit$ ,messianic ,k+dom & ! subsequ5t complete r5ewal ( ! _w1 & t1 9 con=mity ) ?is1 two resurrections h to be recognis$4 ,"o1 9 :i* only a limit$ numb] h a "p1 takes place at ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah2 ! o!r1 ! g5]al resurrection1 only foll[s at ! end ( ! int]v5+ ,k+dom4 ,! sc5e ( ! latt] 0 pictur$1 he ?9ks1 by ,paul1 z by 8 ,jewi% pr$ecessors1 z ! l& ( ,pale/9e1 ) ! ,new ,j]usalem z its c5tre4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice h[ ,wr$e & ,brckn]1 )\t !mselves rem>k+ x1 h refut$ "o ( ! weightie/ objections ( ! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics4 pg #agb ,! latt] _h ass]t$ t x 0 impossible t ! process ( deification ( ! ,p]son ( ,jesus c\ld h rea*$ its completion )9 a few ye>s1 & _h claim$ = x at lea/ two g5]ations4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is %[n t x is n ?is process at all1 b ano!r1 :i* c\ld take place 9 a mom5t1 :i* has to be consid]$1 s9ce x is only a "q ( ! tak+ up ( ! episode ( ! inc>nation1 dea?1 & resurrection into ! already pres5t & liv+ conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ,wr$e's pres5tation ( matt]s 0 t writ]s v5tur$ m confid5tly to accept ! 8physical0 view ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption1 & t ! di/9ction betwe5 8!ory0 7!ology7 & religion1 :]e writ]s c\ld n make up _! m9ds to d )\t x1 0 appli$ ) mod]ation47#ada7 pg #agc ,b he did n succe$ 9 =c+ on a ?or\gh revision ( previ\s views4 ,h>nack1 = in/ance1 9 ! #aiji edition ( ! 8,hi/ory ( ,dogma0 /&s by 8 acc\nt ( #ahic1 un%ak547#adb7 ,re9hold ,seeb]g7#adc7 und]took 9 #aijh a v int]e/+ attempt to walk 9 new pa?s1 b does n deal ) ,wr$e & 8 problems4 ,he holds to ! view t ! ,apo/le did n create 8a unifi$ sy/em10 b t 8 ?\ght mov$ amid a numb] ( diff]5t sets ( ideas1 :i* = him 7 held toge!r by 8religion z an exp]i5ce40 ,?is neglect ( ,wr$e's "w does n mean any?+2 x 0 simply t ! hi/ory ( dogma c\ld make no?+ ( 8 view4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 t among ^? :o accept$ 8 view 9 sub/ance1 no "o made ! attempt to c>ry x to victory by a compreh5sive pres5tation ( x on an adequate scale4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 ! peculi> difficulties :i* lie conceal$ 9 ! s*eme :i* he sket*$ out4 ,! fact is t ! 8physical0 elem5t :i* is to be recognis$ 9 ,paul's doctr9e is nei!r all ( "o piece nor :olly to be expla9$ f ,late ,judaism4 ,/rictly pg #agd speak+1 x takes ?ree diff]5t =ms1 ( :i* "o is peculi> to ! es*atology1 ano!r to ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption1 & ! ?ird to ! sacram5ts4 ,! 8mat]ialism0 ( ! conception ( r$emption :i* is direct$ t[>ds ! future has to d ) sup]-e>?ly p[]s1 ) judgm5t1 bodily resurrection & trans=mation4 ,some:at diff]5t is ! 8realism0 ( ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! new creation1 :i* ass]ts t believ]s "h & n[ exp]i5ce dea? & resurrection 9 fell[%ip ) ,*ri/1 & s put on1 b5ea? ! e>?ly ext]ior :i* conceals x1 a nature ess5tially immune f corruption4 ,diff]5t f ?is conception aga9 is ! sacram5tal1 inasmu* z x repres5ts 9 "s inexplicable fa%ion an ext]nalisation ( x4 ,:at1 accord+ to ! my/ical doctr9e1 seem$ to take place by itself )\t be+ connect$ ) an ext]nal act1 is "h to be ?\ght ( z ! effect ( eat+ & dr9k+1 & cleans+ ) wat]4 ,! sacram5tal conception is a magical conception4 ,( ^! ?ree v>ieties ( ! 8physical10 only ! fir/ c be imm$iately expla9$ f ,late ,judaism4 ,= ! two o!rs x (f]s no analogy4 ,late ,judaism rema9$ true to its ,judaic "* 9 kn[+ no?+ ( ei!r my/icism or sacram5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! ?ree v>ieties ( ! 8physical0 9 ,paul's doctr9e ( r$emption d n /& side by side unrelat$1 b seem to be someh[ connect$ 9 su* a way t ! es*atological elem5t dom9ates & supplies ! basis ( ! o!r two4 ,! mo/ obvi\s proc$ure w\ld h be5 to attempt to d]ive ! my/ical & sacram5tal conceptions f ! es*atological1 z be+ ! root-conception4 ,a beg9n+ 9 ?is direction _h be5 made by ,kabis* :5 he attempt$ to exhibit ! connexion betwe5 es*atology & ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! real dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/47#add7 pg #age ,b 9 do+ s he did n take into acc\nt ! sacram5ts4 ,x 0 j ^!1 h[ev]1 :i* seem$ to make x a priori impossible to expla9 ,paul9ism exclusively on ! basis ( ,late ,judaism4 ,!re=e ,wr$e & 8 foll[]s seek o!r s\rces4 ,!y try to expla9 ! sy/em1 n solely f ! side ( es*atology1 b f t ( 8,comp>ative ,religion10 & hold t x betrays ! influ5ce n only ( ,late-,jewi% b also ( ,ori5tal ideas g5]ally1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,no d\bt ! fir/ "q :i* "h arises is :e!r ! me?ods ( ,comp>ative ,religion are ess5tially applicable to ! explanation ( ,paul9ism4 ,to apply ! me?ods ( ,comp>ative ,religion means to /udy ! individual religions1 n 9 isolation1 b ) ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! mutual influ5ces :i* !y h op5ly or cov]tly ex]cis$ on "o ano!r4 ,at bottom1 !re=e1 x is a necess>y outcome ( ! application ( sci5tific me?ods g5]ally1 & x only receiv$ a special "n because !ological s*ol>%ip s long %ut its doors aga9/ x4 ,"u ?is di/9ctive "n ! me?od atta9$ to influ5ce & hon\r 9 connexion ) ! critical /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,graeco-,ori5tal cults4 ,9 ! =m] dep>tm5t ( /udy x made an end ( ! prepossession t ,judaism _h develop$ entirely by its own inn] impulses1 & %[$ h[ mu* mat]ial ( a g5]ally ,ori5tal "* x _h adopt$4 ,9 p>ticul> x %[$ t ,late-,jewi% ,apocalyptic is full ( conceptions f ! ,babylonian & ! ,irano-,z>a?u/rian religions1 & repres5ts a comb9ation ( univ]sal cosmological speculations ) ! future-hope ( ! anci5t ,jewi% prophetism47#ade7 ,9 ! comp>ative /udy ( ! hea!n religions x became app>5t t ! ,my/]y-religions1 :i* pg #agf ent]$ on _! conqu]+ progress we/w>ds ab\t ! same "t z ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism1 comb9$ ,greek religi\s feel+ & a ,greek cosmogony ) ,ori5tal cultus-ideas4 ,9 bo? ^! cases x is a "q ( contacts & influ5ces :i* 7 due to political & cultural relations1 & produc$ _! effect 9 ! c\rse ( ext5d$ p]iods ( "t & "u fav\rable hi/orical circum/ances4 ,! me?od _c simply be appli$ )\t m ado to ! explanation ( ! ideas ( an individual man1 s9ce mo/ ( its presuppositions w\ld n "h be valid4 ,9 ! case ( religions1 syncretism c "w its way 9 & develop2 9 ! case ( individuals x c only be recognis$ 9 a v limit$ degree4 ,! tak+ ov] & rem\ld+ ( =eign conceptions is a process requir+ numb]s & "t4 ,! individual comes into "q only s f> z he is organically unit$ ) a community :i* is active 9 ?is way1 & all[s its in/9cts to influ5ce him4 ,paul belongs to ,late ,judaism4 ,:atev] he receiv$ 9 ! way ( influ5ces su* z ,comp>ative ,religion takes acc\nt ( came to him ma9ly ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,! sugge/ion t ap>t f ?is he might be p]sonally & directly affect$ by 8,ori5tal0 influ5ces calls = v cauti\s consid]ation4 ,9 p>ticul> we ought to be v c>eful to gu>d aga9/ rais+ ?is possibility to a c]ta9ty by g5]al consid]ations reg>d+ all t ! *ild ( ! ,diaspora might h se51 he>d1 & read4 ,! "q c only be decid$ by :at we actually f9d 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$ t ,late ,judaism 0 no long] 9 8 "t s op5 to ext]nal influ5ces t any & e k9d ( religi\s conception :i* 0 float+ ab\t any:]e 9 ! ,ori5t c\ld necess>ily impose itself on ,paul's m9d ?r\gh ?is m$ium4 ,! p]iod ( assimilation 01 speak+ g5]ally1 at an end4 ,! new mat]ial _h be5--be=e ,paul's day--work$ up along ) ! old into a set ( ,apocalyptic conceptions1 pg #agg :i*1 9 spite ( ! elb[-room :i* ! het]og5e\s ideas necess>ily claim$ = !mselves1 did =m a sy/em1 & appe>$ f )\t z relatively complete & self-suffic+4 ,! ,ori5tal mat]ial has be5 p\r$ into ,jewi% m\lds & receiv$ a ,jewi% impress4 ,a /ill fur!r po9t is t any "o ^: ?\ght moves 9 ! ,apocalyptic sy/em creat$ by ! books ( ,daniel & ,eno* is n s mu* expos$ to1 z )drawn f1 ! action ( free ,ori5tal influ5ce4 ,he is already saturat$ ) ^? elem5ts 9 reg>d to receptivity :i* ! ,jewi% m9d possesses & ! t5d5cy to assimilation1 & possesses x n z some?+ =eign to himself b z ,jewi%4 ,apocalyptic t5ds to produce 9 him immunisation z aga9/ fur!r syncreti/ic infection4 ,?is ass]tion is susceptible ( hi/orical pro(4 ,late ,judaism /&s1 ev5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ap>t f ! ,ori5tal religi\s movem5ts4 ,& x cont9ues unaffect$ by !m4 ,n "o ( its repres5tatives 0 conc]n$ 9 ! syncreti/ic movem5t4 ,philo seeks to rationalise ,judaism by ! aid ( ,platonico-,/oic philosophy1 b he gives no place to ! religi\s & cultural ideas by :i* he 0 surr\nd$ 9 ,egypt4 ,x is z ?\gh !y _h no exi/5ce = him4 ,to apply ! comp>ative me?od to ,paul w\ld1 !re=e1 g5]ally speak+1 mean no?+ m or less ?an to expla9 him on ! basis ( ,late ,judaism4 ,^? :o give due weight to ! es*atological "* ( 8 doctr9e & to ! problems & ideas :i* connect x ) works l ! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra are ! true expon5ts ( 8,comp>ative ,religion10 ev5 ?\gh !y may make no claim to ?is title4 ,any "o :o goes beyond ?is & tries to br+ ,paul into direct connexion ) ! ,ori5t z su* commits himself to ! p]il\s pa? ( sci5tific adv5ture4 ,consid]ations ( t k9d 7 n tak5 into acc\nt by ,wr$e & 8 foll[]s4 ,b ev5 if !y _h become consci\s ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ! application ( ! me?od to ,paul1 !y c\ld n h act$ o!rwise4 pg #agh ,9 spite ( all !oretical w>n+s ?is pa? _h to be foll[$4 ,if once ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/ is recognis$ to be 8physical10 & ! view ( baptism & ! ,supp] to be sacram5tal1 & if x is a fur!r datum ( ! "q t ,late ,judaism kn[s no?+ ( my/icism or sacram5ts2 & if "o is n cont5t to assume t ! ,apo/le has creat$ or inv5t$ ?is non-,jewi% elem5t out ( 8 inn] consci\sness2 !re is at fir/ sight no alt]native b to make ! attempt to expla9 x f conceptions & sugge/ions :i* are suppos$ to h come into x f )\t1 f "s =m or o!r ( ,ori5tal syncretism4 pg #agi ,,vii ,,paul9ism ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,gu/av ,anri*4 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,*ri/5tum4 7,! ,anci5t ,my/]ies 9 _! ,influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity47 #ahid4 ,m>t9 ,brckn]4 ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il& 9 d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion5 und ihr ,v]hltnis zum ,*ri/5tum4 7,! ,savi\r-,god :o dies & rises aga9 9 ! ,ori5tal ,religions2 & _! ,relation to ,*ri/ianity47 #aijh4 ,k>l ,clem54 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,an ,explanation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! basis ( ,comp>ative ,religion47 #aiji4 ,franz ,cumont4 ,les ,my/res de ,mi?ra4 #ahii4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack1 #aijc47 ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma94 #aijf4 ,adolf ,deissmann4 ,li*t vom ,o/54 #aijh4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,l4 ,r4 ,m4 ,/ra*an1 8,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/10 #aiaj47 ,die ,urges*i*te des ,*ri/5tums im ,li*te d] ,spra*=s*ung4 7,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,light ( ,l+ui/ic ,rese>*47 #aiaj4 ,albre*t ,diet]i*4 ,abraxas4 #ahia4 ,nekyia4 #ahic4 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie4 #aijc4 ,ar?ur ,drews4 ,die ,*ri/usmy!4 #aiji4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,c4 ,d4 ,burns47 ,alb]t ,ei*horn4 ,das ,ab5dmahl im ,neu5 ,te/am5t4 7,! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t47 #ahih4 ,johannes ,geffk54 ,aus d] ,w]dezeit des ,*ri/5tums4 7,f ! ,=mative ,p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity71 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 ,p4 ,g5nri*4 ,die ,lehre von d] ,wi$]geburt 4 4 9 d] dogm5ges*i*tli*5 und religionsges*i*tli*5 ,betra*tung4 7,! ,doctr9e ( ,reg5]ation 4 4 4 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma & ( ,comp>ative ,religion47 #aijg4 ,otto ,gruppe4 ,die grie*is*5 ,kulte und ,my!n 9 ihr] ,beziehung zu d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion54 7,! ,greek ,cults & ,my?s 9 _! ,relation to ! ,ori5tal ,religions71 vol4 i41 #ahhg4 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te4 7,greek ,my?ology & ,comp>ative ,religion71 #b vols41 #aijf4 ,h]mann ,gunkel4 ,zum religionsges*i*tli*5 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts4 7,contributions to ! ,und]/&+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f ! po9t ( view ( ,comp>ative ,religion47 #aijc4 pg #ahj ,adolf ,h>nack4 ,mission und ,ausbreitung des ,*ri/5tums 9 d5 er/5 drei ,jahrhund]t51 vol4 i41 #aijf4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,j4 ,m(fatt1 8,! ,mission & ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies10 #bnd ed41 #aijh47 ,hugo ,hepd+4 ,attis1 se9e ,my!n und se9 ,kult4 7,attis1 8 ,my?s & ,cultus47 #aijc4 ,w4 ,heitmll]4 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus4 7,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ,paul's ,tea*+47 #aijc4 ,im ,nam5 ,jesu4 ,e9e spra*- und religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung zum neu5 ,te/am5t1 speziell zur alt*ri/li*5 ,taufe4 #aijc4 7,9 ! ,"n ( ,jesus4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,language & ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,baptism47 ,adolf ,jacoby4 ,die antik5 ,my/]i5religion5 und das ,*ri/5tum4 7,! ,anci5t ,my/]y-religions & ,*ri/ianity47 #aiaj4 ,georg ,mau4 ,die ,religionsphilosophie ,kais] ,julians 9 se95 ,r$5 auf ,knig ,helios und die ,gtt]mutt]4 7,! ,emp]or ,julian's ,philosophy ( ,religion z %[n 9 8 ,orations on ,k+ ,helios & ! ,dea ,mat]47 #aijh4 ,max ,maur5bre*]4 ,von ,j]usalem na* ,rom4 7,f ,j]usalem to ,rome47 #aiaj4 ,salomon ,re9a*4 ,cultes1 my!s et religions4 7#aije-aijf-aijh47 ,ri*>d ,reitz5/e94 ,poim&res4 #aijd4 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion54 ,ihre ,grundg$ank5 und ,wirkung54 7,! ,hell5i/ic ,my/]y-,religions4 ,_! fundam5tal ,ideas & _! ,influ5ce47 #aiaj4 ,e4 ,rohde4 ,psy*e4 #ahid4 #crd ed4 #aijc1 #b vols4 ,h4 ,r4 ,ros*]4 ,lexikon d] grie*is*-rmis*5 ,my?ologie4 7,lexicon ( ,graeco-,roman ,my?ology47 #c vols4 #ahhd-aiji4 ,ern/ ,edu>d ,s*w>tz4 ,paulus4 ,*>akt]kpfe aus d] antik5 ,lit]atur4 7,"* ,sket*es f ,anci5t ,lit]ature47 #aiaj4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?4 ,d] vor*ri/li*e ,jesus neb/ weit]5 ,vor/udi5 zur ,ent/ehungsges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums4 7,! pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus1 ) o!r ,prelim9>y ,/udies = a ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,wilhelm ,soltau4 ,das ,=tleb5 des ,heid5tums 9 d] alt*ri/li*5 ,kir*e4 7,! ,survival ( ,paganism 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*47 #aijf4 ,h]mann ,us5]4 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung54 7,/udies 9 ,comp>ative ,religion47 #ahhi2 #ahii4 ,paul ,w5dl&4 ,die hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu ,jud5tum und ,*ri/5tum4 7,hell5i/ic-,roman ,civilisation 9 ,relation to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity47 #aijg4 ,paul ,w]nle4 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion4 #aija4 7,e4 ,t4 by ,g4 ,a4 ,bi5emann1 8,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity10 #aijc47 ,georg ,wobb]m94 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,/udi5 zur ,frage d] ,bee9flussung des ,ur*ri/5tums dur* das antike ,my/]i5wes54 7,/udies 9 ,comp>ative ,religion ) ref]5ce to ! ,"q ( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies on ,primitive ,*ri/ianity47 #ahif4 pg #aha ,,to ! ,bonn philologi/ ,h]mann ,us5] belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to br+ ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! pagan religions z !y exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era into contact ) !ological sci5ce47#adf7 ,9 ,e4 ,rohde's ,psy*e ! ,greek & late-,greek conceptions reg>d+ gho/-wor%ip & immortality 7 introduc$ to a wid] circle ( read]s4 ,a g5]ally intelligible survey ( ! cults :i* come into "q is (f]$ by ,franz ,cumont 9 8 "w on ! ,ori5tal religions 9 ,roman paganism47#adg7 ,x 0 ,phrygia 9 ,asia ,m9or :i* gave to ! _w ! wor%ip ( ,attis & ! ,dea ,mat]2 f ,egypt came t ( ,isis & ,s]apis2 ,syria suppli$ ! great sun-god :om ,heliogabalus & ,aurelian1 = reasons ( pg #ahb /ate1 proclaim$ z ! supreme div9ity4 ,! religion ( ,mi?ra is ( ,p]sian orig94 ,( ^! cults1 anci5t lit]ature1 bo? pagan & ,*ri/ian1 has pres]v$ "s records1 b x is only s9ce discov]ies ( inscriptions & papyri h supplem5t$ ?is in=mation7#adh7 t any real und]/&+ ( ! "* & hi/ory ( ^! religions has become possible4 ,! my? on :i* ! wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis is bas$ has be5 h&$ d[n 9 v>i\s & conflict+ v]sions4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t ,attis1 ! belov$ ( ! ,dea ,mat]1 0 repres5t$ z hav+ be5 kill$ by a bo> s5t by ,zeus1 or by ! jeal\s goddess h]self4 ,e ye> 9 ! spr+-"t !re took place at ,pess9us ! great orgia/ic lam5tation = him1 :i*1 h[ev]1 end$ ) a joyful fe/ival4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 z if a resurrection ( ! sla9 ,attis 0 assum$ to h tak5 place1 al?\gh ! my? _h no?+ to say ab\t t1 b only 9 "s ( ! v]sions relat$ t he 0 *ang$ into an ev]gre5 fir tree4 ,at bottom x is a =m ( nature-wor%ip1 :i* %[s a close relation%ip ) t ( ! ,?racian ,dionysus-,sabazios & ) t ( ,adonis z wor%ipp$ at ,byblos 9 ,syria1 & x has 9 "s respects und]gone modification due to contact ) ^!4 ,! prim>y idea und]ly+ bo? my? & cultus is ! decay & revival ( vegetable life4 ,! wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis p5etrat$ to ,rome z e>ly z ! ye> #bjd ,b4,c4 ,9 ! previ\s ye> ! ,sibyll9e books _h giv5 ! oracle t ,hannibal w\ld n be driv5 out ( ,italy until ! sacr$ /one f ,pess9us 0 br\ght to ,rome4 ,?is 0 done2 pg #ahc & ! ,c>?ag9ians vacat$ ! c\ntry4 ,! =eign div9ities _h a temple assign$ to !m on ! ,palat9e4 ,b :5 ! ,s5ate came to "k ( ! orgia/ic fea/ :i* 0 associat$ ) _! wor%ip1 x =bade ! citiz5s to take "p 9 x & plac$ ! cult "u /rict control4 ,?us1 9 spite ( its (ficial recognition1 x l$ a some:at obscure exi/5ce until ,claudius1 by ! public fe/ival :i* he e/abli%$ = x--:i* la/$ f ! #ae? to ! #bg? ,m>*--gave x a high position 9 public e/eem4 ,9 ! deep5+ ( its religi\s "* :i* x und]w5t 9 becom+ associat$ ) ,greek religi\s feel+ ( ! decad5ce p]iod1 ! wor%ip ( ,attis 0 br\ght into connexion ) ! ?\ght ( immortality4 ,9 ! 8,agape10 9 :i* ! p>tak]s 7 h&$ food 9 ! 8tympanon0 & dr9k 9 ! 8cymbalon10 !y 7 initiat$ z 8my/ae0 ( ,attis & !reby became p>tak]s ( a high] life4 ,my/]ies 7 also celebrat$ 9 :i* a dy+ & ris+ aga9 0 symbolis$2 & !re 7 o!rs bas$ ^u ! ?\ght ( a union ) ! div9ity 9 ! bridal *amb]4 ,f ! middle ( ! second c5tury onw>d ! 8taurobolium0 appe>s 9 connexion ) ! s]vice ( ,cybele & ,attis4 ,?is is a k9d ( blood-baptism4 ,! 8my/es0 lies d[n 9 a pit1 :i* is cov]$ ) bo>ds4 ,?r\gh ! int]/ices !re trickles d[n on him ! blood ( a bull (f]$ 9 sacrifice4 ,! lam5tation = ! dead ,attis s\nds =?2 ! 8my/es0 applies x to himself4 ,!n :5 ! hymn ( jubilation foll[s1 he rises out ( ! grave z "o :o is n[ initiate & deifi$47#adi7 ,! process by :i* ! wor%ip ( ,attis 0 trans=m$ into a my/]y-religion :i* gave gu>antees ( immortality rema9s = ! mo/ "p %r\d$ 9 obscurity4 ,9 view ( ! scant9ess ( our in=mation pg #ahd we are ?r[n back ^u hypo!tical recon/ruction = ! details ( ! developm5t & ! significance ( ! my/]ies47#aej7 ,! wor%ip ( ,s]apis 0 a creation ( ,ptolemy ,sot]1 :o desir$ to unite ! ,greek & ,egyptian populations ( 8 empire by ! bond ( a common wor%ip4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w ,s]apis is unc]ta94 ,:e!r x arose f ,osiris-,apis or f ! ,*aldaean ,s>-,aps is a debat$ po9t4 ,! cultus language 0 ,greek4 ,s]apis 0 d\bl$ ) ,osiris4 ,! new cult w5t =? into ! _w z ! religion ( ,s]apis & ,isis4 ,9 ,rome x 0 vehem5tly oppos$ z be+ immoral2 ! temples ( ,isis1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ,v5us1 ju/ifi$ ?is reputation4 ,x 0 n (ficially recognis$ until ! "t ( ,caligula4 ,by ?is "t x 01 h[ev]1 widely diffus$ :]ev] ! ,greek language 0 spok54 ,its adh]5ts 7 f\nd *iefly among ! slaves & fre$m54 ,f ! ?ird c5tury onw>ds x is ov]-%ad[$ by ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra4 ,! my?1 :i* 0 repres5t$ annually1 makes ! m\rn+ ,isis seek out ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! corpse ( ,osiris & raise a lam5t ov] x4 ,!n ! limbs are laid toge!r & w\nd r\nd ) b&ages1 :]eupon ,?o? & ,horus raise ! sla9 ,osiris to life aga91 & ?is is ann\nc$ amid jubilant outcries4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ,osiris-,s]apis ! wor%ipp] ga9s assurance ( et]nal life4 ,!re9 consi/$ ! attraction ( ?is religion4 ,! e>ly ,egyptian doctr9e 0 simple en\gh4 ,aft] 8 resurrection ,osiris became "l ( ! _w pg #ahe & at ! same "t judge ( ! dead4 ,^? :o at _! trial be=e him are n approv$ fall a prey to de/ruction2 o!rs h et]nal life ) him 9 a realm bel[ ! e>?4 ,life--& ?is 0 ! trem5d\sly s]i\s feature ( ?is religion--0 !re=e reg>d$ z a prep>ation = dea?4 ,?is is ! ?\ght reflect$ 9 ! my/]ies1 no d\bt modell$ on ^? ( ,eleusis17#aea7 :i* 7 atta*$ to ! ,egyptian cultus aft] ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis-,osiris _h be5 orda9$ by au?ority4 ,!y repres5t ! esot]ic elem5t4 ,by means ( ! te/s :i* he und]goes 9 ! ,s]apeum1 ( ! ec/asy :i* he exp]i5ces & ! c]emonies ( initiation 9 :i* he takes "p ! believ] w9s 8 way1 along ) ,osiris1 f dea? to life1 & acquires ! assurance ( et]nal be+4 ,di/9ct f ^! my/]ies is ! exot]ic religion ) its daily acts ( wor%ip4 ,^! consi/ 9 ! unveil+1 awak+1 clo?+1 & fe$+ ( ! /atues ( ! gods4 ,! 8liturgy10 :i* 0 ev]y:]e punctili\sly foll[$1 is d]iv$ f ! primitive ,egyptian religion4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! exot]ic =m ( ! wor%ip ( ,osiris c\ld come to t]ms ) any1 ev5 ! l[e/1 =ms ( paganism4 ,! ,syrian ,baal-cults _h no d\bt f ! second c5tury onw>ds become widely diffus$1 & 9 ! ?ird c5tury enjoy$ ! fav\r ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,= ! developm5t ( popul> religion1 h[ev]1 !y 7 ( less significance ?an ! religions ( ,attis & ,osiris1 because !y 7 n capable ( becom+ ennobl$ & deep5$ by ! religi\s ye>n+s ( ! ,greek _s4 ,mi?ra 0 ! fa!r ( ! sun-god47#aeb7 ,! orig9 ( pg #ahf ! cult is obscure4 ,x fir/ became kn[n ?r\gh ! pirates :o 7 tak5 prison]s by ,pompey4 ,x spread ?r\gh ! ,roman armies :i* 9 ! fir/ c5tury advanc$ t[>ds ! ,euphrates2 !y took x ov] f _! oppon5ts4 ,?us ,mi?ra 0 prim>ily a soldi]s' god4 ,) ! legions he p5etrat$ to ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,he !re=e pass$ direct f ! b>b>ians into ! ,roman _w )\t previ\sly becom+ at home 9 ! ,greek _w4 ,f ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury onw>ds ! new cult spread s vigor\sly t x 0 reg>d$ z ! /ronge/ rival ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! int]v5+ p]iod1 f ! fir/ c5tury onw>d1 x adopt$ 9 gr[+ measure elem5ts f all ! o!r cults1 & 9 ?is way became ! univ]sal 8wor%ip40 ,reg>d+ ! my?1 little is kn[n2 & 9 ! cultus x play$ no special "p4 ,z ! 8slay] ( ! bull0 ,mi?ra d\btless belongs to ! class ( />-gods1 & repres5ts ! supreme sun-god4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ?is religion is its dualism4 ,mi?ra1 z ! supreme1 good god1 is oppos$ by ! p[]s ( ! evil "u-_w4 ,h5ce ! e>ne/ "* ( its e?ic1 :i* is n contemplative z 9 ! ,osiris cult1 b active4 ,! secret ( ! p[] ( ?is new fai? lies inde$ ma9ly 9 ! impulse to action :i* ess5tially belongs to x1 & 9 ! l>ge & simple e?ical life to :i* ?is conception ( ! div9ity gives rise4 ,! ,mi?ra-religion1 diff]+ 9 ?is f ! ,egyptian cults1 places ! sc5e ( et]nal life 9 an upp] realm ( light & n 9 ! "u-_w4 ,! supreme div9ity himself guides ! s\ls ( dep>t$ believ]s ?r\gh ! sev5 planet>y sph]es to ! l& ( ! bless$1 & ?us becomes _! 8,r$eem]40 ,z ,my/]ies !re are obs]v$ "h1 z 9 o!r cults1 sacr$ meals & baptismal rites4 ,above ^! aga9 !re 01 accord+ to ,diet]i*1 a supreme initiation1 pg #ahg :i* repres5t$ a progress to ! ?rone ( ,mi?ra4 ,! actions & ! =mulae us$ 9 ?is c]emony are1 he ?9ks1 pres]v$ almo/ complete 9 ! great ,p>isian 8magic0 papyrus4 ,diet]i*1 :o is oppos$ on ?is po9t by ,cumont & ,reitz5/e91 d5om9ates ?is docum5t a 8,mi?ra-liturgy10 & supposes ! pray]s to be us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! asc5t :i* conducts ! 8my/es0 f ! _w ( ! f\r elem5ts ?r\gh ! />s to ! realm ( ! gods1 :]e1 "u ! guidance ( ! sun-god1 he passes ?r\gh ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s & atta9s to ! pres5ce ( ! highe/ god47#aec7 ,?is process he conceives z hav+ be5 repres5t$1 z "p ( ! cultus1 9 ! ,mi?ra-grottos1 :i* is r5d]$ n improbable by ! discov]ies ( objects :i* might h to d ) a mise en scne correspond+ to ?is conception4 ,9 any case !re 0 "s sacram5tal repres5tation ( ! heav5w>d j\rney ( ! s\l t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( immortality4 ,x rema9s que/ionable :e!r1 z ! supreme my/]y :i* ! religion possess$1 x 0 8exp]i5c$0 by ! believ]s only once1 or _h its regul> place 9 ! cultus4 ,! pray]s extol 9 l(ty language re-bir? f ! mortal to ! immortal life4 ,! invocation ) :i* ! 8my/es0 approa*es ,mi?ra is highly impressive4 8,hail to !e1 "l1 rul] ( ! wat]2 hail to !e1 /abli%] ( ! e>?2 hail to !e1 dispos] ( ! _s4 ,"l1 ,i t am born aga9 take my dep>ture1 be+ exalt$ on high1 & s9ce ,i am exalt$1 ,i die2 born by ! bir? :i* eng5d]s life1 ,i am r$eem$ unto dea?1 pg #ahh & g ! way :i* ?\ ha/ appo9t$1 z ?\ ha/ made = a law & creat$ ! sacram5t 4 4 407#aed7 ,"h ! text breaks (f4 ,p]haps lat] on ! return ( ! initiate to e>? 0 describ$4 ,diet]i*1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ?is improbable4 ,accord+ to ,diet]i* ! liturgy arose 9 ! second c5tury1 & belongs to ! ,graeco-,egyptian ,mi?ra-cult2 ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 x 0 annex$ by ! 8magians0 & f t "t =w>d 0 pres]v$ among !m2 ab\t #cjj x 0 embodi$ 9 ! ,p>is manuscript :i* has come d[n to u4 ,a valuable insight into ! feel+s & impressions associat$ ) ! ,my/]ies is giv5 by ! ,h]metic writ+s1 pres]v$ ma9ly 9 8,poim&res407#aee7 ,!y pr(ess to be d]iv$ f ,h]mes1 :o 9 ! ?\ght ( lat] times became ! god ( revelation1 & 9 ! prom95ce :i* !y give to ! philosophico-religi\s elem5t !y m>k a /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght f ! ,my/]y-religions to ,neo-,platonism4 ,9 _! pres5t =m ! docum5ts ( ?is lat] ,h]metic religion1 :i* is m>k$ by a c]ta9 pr(undity1 d\btless belong to ab\t ! ?ird c5tury2 b ! orig9al =m dates1 p]haps1 f be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 ,^! are ! cults & religions :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!y are p>allel to ,*ri/ianity 9 s f> t !y1 l x--?\gh 9 g5]al d\btless some:at lat]--make _! appe>ance 9 ! anci5t _w z religions ( r$emption4 ,c]ta9 analogies are n to be d5i$4 ,! only "q is h[ f> ^! g1 & h[ f> ! ,my/]y-religions really ex]cis$ an influ5ce ^u ! views & ! pg #ahi cultus-=ms ( ! e>ly1 & especially ( ! primitive1 *ur*47#aef7 ,! fir/ to exam9e ! facts ) any clos5ess 0 ,anri* 9 8 "w1 8,! ,anci5t ,my/]ies & _! ,influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity407#aeg7 ,he comes to ! conclusion t bo? ! ,paul9e & ! ,johann9e views ( ,*ri/ianity 8are to be und]/ood z 9 ! ma9 orig9al creations ( ! ,*ri/ian _s on ! basis ( g5u9e ,judaism10 & if !y %[ ! influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght1 x is at mo/ 9 a second>y fa%ion4 ,!re is1 he ass]ts1 8no app>5t reason to ref] ! views on baptism & ! communion-meal :i* meet u 9 ! two cases to influ5ces ( ! latt] "*40 ,x is only at a lat] "t t a real influ5ce comes into "q4 pg #aij ,?is negative conclusion has s9ce be5 mu* disput$4 ,t ! au?or1 9 accordance ) ! position ( ,paul9e s*ol>%ip at t p]iod1 did n suffici5tly take into acc\nt ! 8physical0 elem5t 9 ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption & 9 ! conception ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & consequ5tly does n give suffici5t weight to ! analogy betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles & t ( ! ,my/]ies1 is c]ta94 ,b x ought to be recognis$ z equally c]ta9 t to _m po9ts he has giv5 ! prom95ce :i* !y des]v$1 & t ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion w\ld h 9 _m respects done bett] if !y _h all[$ _! bold advance to be some:at *eck$ by 8 prud5t w>n+s1 & _h le>n$ some?+ f him 9 reg>d to ! =mulation ( ! problems4 ,a po9t :i* ought to be m cle>ly grasp$ ?an x has hi!rto be51 9 ! inve/igation ( ,paul's relation to ! ,my/]y-religions1 is t = purposes ( comp>ison ,paul9ism mu/ be reg>d$ z a di/9ct entity2 v (t5 ,paul's doctr9e has be5 includ$ 9 ! 8,religion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t0 or tak5 toge!r ) ! ,johann9e & ! ,e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,on ?is me?od only false results c be look$ =4 ,paul9ism1 & !re9 lies ! special problem :i* x (f]s to s*ol>%ip1 is an orig9al ph5om5on :i* is :olly di/9ct f ,greek !ology4 ,?is implies1 too1 t only ! lit]al s5se ( ! language ( ! ,epi/les mu/ be consid]$1 & t x is n p]missible to int]pret x ?r\gh ! ,johann9e !ology1 z is almo/ always done4 ,x is no?+ less ?an incr$ible t1 to take ! mo/ flagrant example1 philologi/s l ,diet]i* & o!rs 9 discuss+ ,paul9ism1 always calmly talk ab\t 8,re-bir?10 al?\gh 9 ! ,epi/les :i* rank z c]ta9ly g5u9e1 ?is ^w & ! correspond+ v]b nev] occur47#aeh7 ,t pg #aia _m !ologians fall into ! same confusion is no excuse47#aei7 ,! surpris+ ?+ is precisely t ,paul1 :5 he is speak+ ( ! trans=mation ( ! man into a new creature1 always makes use ( ! two words dea? & resurrection1 & describes ! new ?+ t comes ab\t z an already exp]i5c$ resurrection1 )\t ev] introduc+ ! conception ( re-bir? :i* seems to lie s ne> at h&4 ,9 ?is limitation lies 8 z yet unexpla9$ peculi>ity1 & !re) ! problem ( 8 relation to ,greek !ology &1 9 g5]al1 to ev]y?+ t c be call$ ,greek religi\s life4 ,! ,johann9e doctr9e1 t ( ! e>li] ,greek ,fa!rs1 & ! ,my/]y-religions1 h ?is 9 common1 t !y make use ( ! conception ( re-bir?4 ,9 t1 !y %[ !mselves to be gr[?s ( ! same soil1 & /& toge!r ov] aga9/ ,paul9ism4 ,any "o :o int]prets ! language ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 9 accordance ) ! conception ( re-bir?1 has1 by ! aid ( ! ,johann9e !ology1 fir/ con=m$ x to ! ,my/]y-religions1 & has himself introduc$ ! conception :i* =ms ! common basis4 ,! same proc$ure has be5 foll[$ 9 reg>d to o!r po9ts also4 ,! ,paul9ism :i* ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion h 9 view is ma9ly an artificial product :i* has be5 previ\sly treat$ ) ! acids & reag5ts ( ,greek !ology4 ,ano!r po9t :i* calls = close att5tion is ! *ronological "q 9 connexion ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,x is f ! beg9n+ ( ! pg #aib second c5tury onw>ds t ^! cults become widely ext5d$ 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,x is only at ?is p]iod--! wor%ip ( ,s]apis z an artificial ,graeco-,egyptian creation is p]haps an exception--t !y come "u ! influ5ce ( late ,greek religi\s ?\ght & feel+1 :i* develop$ ) ! decl9e ( ! ,/oa1 & become trans=m$ f import$ cults into univ]sal ,my/]y-religions4 ,! dates & ! inn] c\rse ( ?is developm5t are = u obscure4 ,s mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t ,paul _c h kn[n ! my/]y-religions 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are kn[n to u1 because 9 ?is fully-develop$ =m !y did n yet exi/4 ,assum+ ! mo/ fav\rable case1 t f 8 y\? up he _h _h op5 eyes & e>s = ! hea!n religions by :i* he 0 surr\nd$1 he c only h kn[n ! cults z !y 7 9 _! uncomp\nd$ /ate1 n z :at !y pass$ into :5 !y became fill$ ) ! ,greek ye>n+ = r$emption1 & mutually influ5c$ "o ano!r4 ,consid]ations ( ?is k9d lead an au?ority l ,cumont to insi/ aga9 & aga9 ^u ! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( assum+ an influ5ce ( ! ,my/]y-cults on ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity47#afj7 ,especially does he hold x to be q impossible t ! ,mi?ra-religion %\ld h _h any po9t ( contact ) ,paul4 ,ano!r po9t :i* %\ld be m5tion$ is t ^? :o are engag$ 9 mak+ ^! comp>isons are r apt to give ! ,my/]y-religions a great] def9it5ess & articulation ( ?\ght ?an !y really possess1 & d n always give suffici5t prom95ce to ! di/9ction betwe5 _! own hypo!tical recon/ruction & ! m$ley ( /atem5ts on :i* x is bas$4 ,almo/ all ! popul> writ+s fall into ?is k9d ( inaccuracy4 ,!y manufacture out ( ! v>i\s fragm5ts ( in=mation a k9d ( univ]sal pg #aic ,my/]y-religion :i* nev] actually exi/$1 lea/ ( all 9 ,paul's day47#afa7 ,9 p>ticul>1 ^! works aim at gett+ hold ( ! idea ( a 8,greek ,r$eem]-god0 :o might s]ve z an analogue to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,no figure des]v+ ( ?is designation occurs 9 any my? or 9 any ,my/]y-religion2 x is creat$ by a process ( g5]alisation1 ab/raction1 & recon/ruction4 ,be=e us+ ! phrase ,r$eem]-,god1 "o %\ld rememb] t x means a ,god :o = ! sake ( m5 came into ! _w1 di$ & rose aga94 ,hav+ realis$ t1 "o may !n try h[ f> ! ,my/]y-religions supply any?+ correspond+ to ?is--! only adequate--def9ition47#afb7 pg #aid ,x is also to be rem>k$ t1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no 8,r$eem]-god0 9 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus is1 x _c be suffici5tly emphasis$1 n ?\ght ( z a god1 b only z a heav5ly be+1 :o is entru/$ ) ! mission ( br++ 9 ! new _w4 ,x 0 only lat] 9 ! ,greek & ,gno/ic !ology t ,he 0 deifi$4 ,= ,paul he is 8,son ( ,god0 9 ! simple1 ,old-,te/am5t & ,apocalyptic s5se4 ,we may fur!r recall ,cumont's w>n+ t analogies d n necess>ily imply dep5d5ce4 8,resemblances10 he writes 9 ! preface to 8 ,religions ori5tales1 8d n always imply imitation1 & ! resemblance ( views or usages mu/ (t5 be expla9$ by community ( orig91 n by any k9d ( borr[+40 ,9 ! same essay he po9ts out t analogies are sometimes exagg]at$1 if n actually creat$1 by ! use ( language *os5 by ! critic4 ,& ,diet]i* expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ t]ms aga9/ ?is mania = f9d+ analogies4 8,x is10 he writes1 9 8 edition ( ! 8,mi?ra-liturgy10 8"o ( ! wor/ faults ( ! sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 :i* is at pres5t becom+ con/antly less cauti\s1 to ov]look ! mo/ natural explanations1 n to say ignore & avoid !m1 9 ord] to h rec\rse to ! mo/ f>-fet*$1 &1 by ! mo/ ecc5tric me?ods1 to drag out analogies :i*1 to ! unsophi/icat$ eye1 are absolutely invisible40 ,^! are ! pr9ciples by :i* x has to be decid$1 :e!r ,comp>ative ,religion has hunt$ d[n its game accord+ to fair =e/-law1 or :e!r its 8bag0 is poa*$4 ,! *ief po9t to :i* rese>* 0 at fir/ direct$ 0 ! discov]y ( relation%ips betwe5 ! two sets ( sacram5tal views4 ,x seem$ s easy to discov] common conceptions pg #aie "h1 9 view ( ! fact t 9 bo? cases cultus-meals & lu/rations play$ a "p & _h a sacram5tal value4 ,b1 on clos] exam9ation1 x appe>s t x is v difficult to get beyond ! simple fact ( resemblance ( a v g5]al "*4 ,diet]i*1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! 8,mi?ra-liturgy10 is oblig$ to admit t we h v little exact k reg>d+ ! sacr$ meals ( ! ,my/]y-religions47#afc7 ,t !y 7 suppos$ to convey sup]natural p[]s is ab\t ! only ?+ t c be said ) safety4 ,reg>d+ ! special conceptions & actions :i* made ?is eat+ & dr9k+ sacram5tal no in=mation has be5 pres]v$4 ,a comp>ison--n to speak ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a relation ( dep5d5ce--is !re=e impossible4 ,z soon z ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion attempt to br+ =w>d concrete facts1 !y are oblig$ to leave ! doma9 ( ! my/]y-religions & draw _! mat]ial f ! primitive ,nature-religions4 ,"h !y f9d ! prim>y conception--a man believes t he unites himself ) ! div9ity by eat+ portions ( him1 or--?is is a second>y /age ( ! conception--by consum+ "s sub/ance :i* has be5 m>k$ out = ?is purpose z repres5tative ( ! div9ity & has _h 8 "n atta*$ to x4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( examples recurs 9 all ! books3-- ,! dead ,ph>aoh1 :5 he ent]s heav51 causes 8 s]vants to seize1 b9d1 & slay ! gods1 & !n dev\rs !m 9 ord] ?us to absorb into himself _! /r5g? & wisdom1 & to become ! /ronge/ ( all4 ,9 ,egypt anyone :o wi%es to become tru?ful swall[s a small image ( ! goddess ( tru?4 ,9 ! ,?racian orgia/ic wor%ip ( ,dionysos ,sabazios pg #aif ! sacrificial ox is torn to pieces by ! p>ticipants :ile yet alive1 & swall[$ raw4 ,a ,b$\9 tribe 9 ! ,s9ai p59sula slaught]s1 amid *ant+1 a camel b\nd ^u ! alt>1 & !n eag]ly dr9ks its blood & imm$iately dev\rs ! /ill bloody fle% half raw4 ,! ,aztecs1 be=e sacrific+ & eat+ _! prison]s ( w>1 give !m ! "n ( ! deity to :om ! sacrifice is (f]$4 ,n[1 by ! r\nd-ab\t way ( ?is primitive conception ! connexion betwe5 ,paul's cultus-fea/ & t ( ! ,my/]y-religions--:i* _c be directly %[n--is suppos$ to be e/abli%$4 ,x is sugge/$ t ?is primitive conception ( union ) ! god 9 ! cultus1 by an act ( eat+ p]=m$ ) ?is special purpose1 aft] x _h 9 ! normal developm5t ( ! v>i\s religions be5 trans=m$ or completely laid aside1 came to life aga9 9 ! my/icism ( ! ,my/]y-religions & ( ,paul9ism4 ,my/icism1 accord+ to ,diet]i*'s view1 draws its n\ri%m5t f ! l[e/ /rata ( religi\s ideas4 ,! belief 9 ! union ( ,god & man :i*1 among ! cultur$ classes1 0 no long] any?+ b a metaphor1 rises up aga9 f bel[ ) irrepressible p[]4 8,ris+ f bel[1 ! old ideas acquire new p[] 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! revolution f b5ea? creates new religi\s life )9 ! primeval1 inde/ructible =ms407#afd7 ,t we h "h a comb9ation ( two /ill unprov$ hypo!ses is n suffici5tly emphasis$4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions anci5t cults c]ta9ly ent] into direct union ) high] religi\s conceptions1 s t ! g5]al presupposition on :i* ?is hypo!sis ( ,comp>ative ,religion is bas$ is to a c]ta9 ext5t admissible4 ,b :e!r precisely ?is primitive conception ( ! my/ic fell[%ip creat$ by eat+ & dr9k+ ! god awak5$ to new life 9 !m1 mu/ rema9 an op5 "q1 s9ce our in=mation does n suffice to prove pg #aig x4 ,( an eat+ ( ! god !re is n[h]e any m5tion4 ,& ! primitive ,my/]ies 7 n f\nd$ on ?is idea4 ,r1 !y consi/ ess5tially 9 ! repres5tation ( ! actions p]=m$ by ! div9ity1 & re/ on ! ?\ght t ! reproduction ( ^! ev5ts w create 9 ! p>ticipant "s k9d ( correspond+ reality4 ,x is a symbolism :i* is *>g$ ) a c]ta9 en]gy1 a drama :i* becomes real4 ,?is be+ s1 ! significance ( ! cultus-meal comes mu* less into view ?an t ( ! patt]n actions :i* _h to be fur!r develop$ & int]pret$4 ,if we possess s few typical /atem5ts ab\t ! ,my/]y-fea/s1 is x n p>tly because !y _h no v rem>kable features & did n take a v exalt$ position 9 ! hi]>*y ( cultus-acts8 ,if 9 ! ,p>is ,magic-papyrus we really possess a ,mi?ra-liturgy1 & if ! inf]5ces & explanations :i* ,diet]i* has atta*$ to x are s\nd1 !n we h pro( t 9 ?is develop$ cultus ( ! second c5tury ! highe/ sacram5t 0 a pictorial my/]y 9 :i* ! 8my/es0 believ$ t he 9 "s way exp]i5c$ ! heav5ly j\rney ( ! s\l :i* he1 along ) o!rs1 enact$4 ,9 any case1 ! ass]tion t 9 ! ,my/]y-religions ! anci5t cultus-conception ( a union ) ! div9ity effect$ by a meal1 came to life aga91 goes f> beyond :at c be prov$4 ,t union is1 ev5 9 its second>y =ms1 always closely connect$ ) a sacrificial fea/1 & _c prop]ly be deta*$ f x4 ,! sacrificial fea/1 h[ev]1 is n a feature 9 ! ,my/]y-religions1 & s f> z we c get a glimpse ( _! beg9n+s nev] _h any supreme importance 9 !m4 ,! int]pretation ( ^! cults on ! analogy ( ! primitive religions ( v>i\s races1 anci5t or mod]n1 :o dev\r$ ox51 camels1 or prison]s ( w> z sub/itutes = ! div9ity1 _c !re=e be e/abli%$4 ,! ve/iges ( ?is anci5t conception are to be f\nd1 n 9 ! ,my/]y-religions1 b 9 ! ord9>y hea!n sacrificial wor%ip1 9 cases :]e ! sacrificial pg #aih fea/ has be5 reta9$ 9 connexion ) x4 ,"h !re c]ta9ly exi/s 9 "s =m or o!r ! conception ( a fell[%ip ) ! god set up by eat+4 ,x is to be not$ t ,paul 9 ,i ,cor4 x4 draws a p>allel betwe5 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 :i* unites u to ,*ri/1 & ^! fea/s4 ,h[ expositors h arriv$ at ! idea ( mak+ him ref] "h to ! cultus-meal ( ! ,my/]y-religions is q inexplicable4 ,! hypo!sis t ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 "s way repres5t$ ! surviv+ influ5ce ( an anci5t cultus idea1 is at fir/ sight mu* m plausible ?an ! correspond+ hypo!sis 9 ! case ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,at any rate ! exi/5ce ( ! desid]at$ fact is "h prov$4 ,! conception ( ! sacram5tal eat+ /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! belief2 by ?is act1 fell[%ip ) a div9e ,be+ :o has di$ & ris5 aga9 is ma9ta9$2 & :at is eat5 & drunk is br\ght into relation to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 inasmu* z x is call$1 9 "s s5se or o!r1 ,8 body & blood4 ,nev]!less 9 ! decisive po9t ! alleg$ facts break d[n4 ,paul kn[s no?+ ( an eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! body & blood ( ! ,"l4 ,:5 ,diet]i* gives x z ! ,apo/le's view t 8,*ri/ is eat5 & drunk by ! believ]s & is !reby 9 !m10 & adds t no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ab\t ! matt]1 :at he has done is1 in/ead ( tak+ ,paul's words z !y /&1 to int]pret ,paul ?r\gh ,john--& ?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( ,john at t4 ,x is n ( an eat+ & dr9k+ ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ t ,paul speaks 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians2 he always speaks only ( eat+ & dr9k+ ! bread & ! cup4 ,he assumes1 no d\bt1 t ?is someh[ or o!r ma9ta9s a communion ) ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 7,i ,cor4 x4 #af-ag71 & t anyone :o p>takes unwor?ily s9s aga9/ ! body & blood ( ! ,"l 7,i ,cor4 xi4 #bg74 ,he quotes1 too1 ! words pg #aii 9 :i* ! ,"l1 on ! hi/oric night1 aft] ! ,supp]1 speaks ( bread & w9e z ,8 body & ,8 blood4 ,b ! conception :i* seems inevitably to arise out ( ?is1 t ! p>ticipant p>takes ( ! body & blood ( ! ,"l1 is n f\nd 9 him4 ,! recognition ( ?is fact does n make 8 sacram5tal doctr9e any cle>]4 ,x is a "q ( fulfill+ ! dem& ( s\nd s*ol>%ip t we %\ld respect ! text1 & n int]pret x on ! basis ( inf]5ces :i* ! ,apo/le nei!r drew nor c\ld draw4 ,8 fundam5tal view t ! fea/ effects or ma9ta9s fell[%ip ) ! exalt$ ,*ri/ is p]fectly cle>4 ,:at is n cle> is h[ he br\ght ?is view into relation ) ! hi/oric words ( ,jesus ab\t ! bread & w9e z be+ ,8 body & blood1 & int]pret$ x 9 accordance !re)4 ,did x arise out ( ^! words1 or did he receive x f "s o!r qu>t] & aft]w>ds make use ( x = ! int]pretation ( ! hi/oric words8 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! fact t = ,paul ! body & blood ( ! hi/oric ,*ri/ no long] exi/1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! glorifi$ ,*ri/ has1 inde$1 a body1 x is n a body ?r\gh :i* blood fl[s & :i* is capable ( be+ consum$ on e>?4 ,to speak ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ is1 f ! /&-po9t ( ! ,apo/le's doctr9e1 an absurdity4 ,he _c 9 8 doctr9e ( ! ,supp] br+ ! hi/oric words into h>mony ) 8 ,*ri/ology1 & yet is oblig$ to d s4 ,! compromise rema9s = u obscure4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t nei!r he nor ! primitive ,*ri/ian community held t ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 0 p>tak5 ( 9 ! ,supp]4 ,t is evid5t f ! fact t ! hi/oric words ( ,jesus did n =m "p ( ! s]vice1 & ?is is ! case d[n to a lat] date4 ,no k9d ( consecration ( ! elem5ts z ! body & blood ( ! ,"l occurr$ 9 ! liturgy4 ,if !re is any?+ :i* may be consid]$ z a def9ite result ( rec5t rese>*1 x is t ! view ( primitive & e>ly ,*ri/ianity reg>d+ ! ,"l's pg #bjj ,supp] 0 n arriv$ at by way ( inf]5ce f ! words ( ,jesus ab\t bread & w9e & fle% & blood1 b1 /range z x may appe>1 arose f a diff]5t qu>t]4 ,! ,*ur*'s celebration 0 n %ap$ by ! 8words ( in/itution0 at ! hi/oric ,supp]2 x 0 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 :i* 7 expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! significance ( ! celebration4 ,x is a no less s]i\s error :5 ,diet]i* ass]ts t ! ,gospel ( ,john 9 *apt] vi4 proclaims ! ,paul9e doctr9e 8only 9 a /ill m corporeal fa%ion40 ,9 ! ,evangeli/1 bread & w9e are--z is evid5t to anyone :o w take ! tr\ble to acqua9t himself ) 8 presuppositions 9 ! spiritually relat$ works ( ,ignatius1 ,ju/91 & ,t]tullian--n ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 b ! fle% & blood ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,9 ?is *ange 9 ! expression lies ! logic ( ! ?\ght4 ,! elem5ts ( ! ,"l's ,supp] p]petuate ! appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! _w inasmu* z !y1 z be+ ! fle% & blood ( t hi/oric ,p]sonality1 possess ! capacity ( be+ vehicles ( ! ,_s4 ,z a comb9ation ( matt] & ,_s :i* c be communicat$ to ! corporeity ( m51 !y execute judgm5t4 ,! elect c 9 ! sacram5t become p>tak]s ( t spiritual sub/ance1 & c ?us be prep>$ = ! resurrection2 o!rs :o are n f above1 & are n capable ( receiv+ ! ,_s1 receive simply e>?ly food & dr9k1 & fall a prey to corruption4 ,!re=e ! ,evangeli/ makes ! ,"l close ,8 disc\rse ab\t ! eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! fle% & blood ( ! ,son ( ,man ) ! words1 8,x is ! _s t give? life40 ,?is is ! language ( ! e>ly ,greek !ology1 :i* expla9s ! work+ ( ! sacram5ts by ! comb9ation ( ! ,_s ) matt] :i* takes place !re94 ,! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ projects ?is lat] view back into ! disc\rses ( ! hi/oric ,jesus1 & makes ,him prophetically ann\nce t aft] ,8 exaltation a "t w come :5 ! ,_s :i* is n[ 9 ,him w unite itself pg #bja ) ! bread :i*1 by ! miracle ( ! loaves1 has j be5 rais$ 9 a significant way out ( ! category ( simple e>?ly elem5ts1 & w subsequ5tly manife/ its p[] 9 prep>+ m5 = ! resurrection4 ,9 ?is s5se1 z vehicles ( ! ,_s1 ! elem5ts c>ry on ! manife/ation ( ! ,son ( ,man2 9 ?is s5se x is possible to speak ( eat+ & dr9k+ ,8 fle% & blood1 & to reg>d ?is z necess>y to life4 ,b all ?is is n ?\ght ( 8corporeally0 9 ! nave s5se ( an eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! body & blood ( ,jesus1 b c only be und]/ood on ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ! work+ ( ! ,_s 9 ! sacram5ts4 ,ap>t f ! ,_s1 !re is 9 ! ,supp] no body & no blood ( ,*ri/4 ,t is = ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ s mu* a fix$ datum t he is oblig$ to omit ! acc\nt ( ! hi/oric ,la/ ,supp] ( ,jesus ) ,8 disciples4 ,t ! ,"l c\ld h s designat$ ! bread :i* 0 eat5 & ! w9e :i* 0 drunk on t occasion1 is = him un?9kable4 ,z long z ,he ,himself is alive !re is c]ta9ly no ,_s2 x is only on ,8 exaltation t ! ,_s is lib]at$ f ! hi/oric p]sonality ( ! ,son ( ,man & becomes sep>at$ f ! ,logos z ! ,holy ,_s1 9 ord] 9 ! sacram5ts to lead a new exi/5ce--& ?is "t an exi/5ce capable ( be+ communicat$ to o!rs4 ,f ?is mom5t onw>ds bread & w9e become1 9 ! ,*ur*'s celebration ( ! sacram5t1 ! fle% & blood ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! s5se expla9$ above4 ,previ\sly ?is _h by no means be5 ! case1 any m ?an !re _h be5 a ,*ri/ian baptism :i* effect$ reg5]ation4 ,! ,_s :o associates ,himself ) ! wat] & produces ?is effect1 did n z yet exi/ 9 ?is =m ( be+4 ,jesus _c1 !re=e1 on ?is view1 h baptiz$1 any m ?an ,he c celebrate ! ,supp] ) ,8 disciples4 ,!re=e1 ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ possible misund]/&+s1 def9itely ass]ts t ev5 if ! disciples did baptize--a m]e baptism ) wat] pg #bjb :i* is incapable ( work+ reg5]ation--! ,ma/] ,himself made no use ( wat] 9 ?is fa%ion47#afe7 ,8 task consi/$ only 9 m>k+ out wat] = ?is use by ! miracle at ,cana ( ,galilee1 &1 by ,8 disc\rses ab\t ! wat] ( life & reg5]ation by wat] & ! ,_s1 po9t+ m5's m9ds to ! ?\ght t 9 ! future1 wat]1 9 association ) ! ,_s1 w\ld be necess>y to life & bless$ness4 ,9 t day 8out ( 8 body %all fl[ riv]s ( liv+ wat]0 because ! ,_s w be pres5t 7,john vii4 #cg-ci74 ,! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion are s f> 9 ! "r z aga9/ ord9>y !ology t !y make an end ( ! un9tellig5t spiritualis+ ( ! ,johann9e doctr9e1 & try to give due weight to ! 8physical0 elem5t 9 its conception ( r$emption4 ,!y are mi/ak51 h[ev]1 9 reg>d+ ?is 8physical0 elem5t z some?+ primitive1 & 9 ?9k+ to expla9 x by analogies drawn f ! primitive nature-religions4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel repres5ts ! views ( a speculative religi\s mat]ialism :i* conc]ns itself ) ! problem ( matt] & _s1 & ! p]meation ( matt] by ,_s1 & endeav\rs to int]pret ! manife/ation & ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 ! action ( ! sacram5ts & ! possibility ( ! resurrection ( ! elect1 all on ! basis ( "o & ! same fundam5tal conception4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,*ri/ came into ! _w 9 ord] to accompli% 9 ,8 own ,p]son ! z yet non-exi/5t union ( ! ,_s ) ! fle%ly sub/ance ( humanity4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is act ! elect among mank9d c 9 ! future become p>tak]s ( ! ,_s4 ,jesus ,himself1 h[ev]1 _c z yet imp>t ?is to !m ei!r z ! ,_s ( k--t is :y ! disciples are portray$ z s 8un9tellig5t0--or z ! ,_s ( life4 ,! ,_s always ne$s1 9 ! _w ( s5se1 to pg #bjc be connect$ ) mat]ial vehicles4 ,he _c "w directly1 9 ! s5se ( communicat+ ,himself f ,jesus to believ]s4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 9 ord] to ent] into ! elect1 be receiv$ by !m 9 comb9ation ) "s mat]ial elem5t4 ,! mat]ial m$ia *os5 = ?is purpose are made kn[n by ,jesus by means ( miracles & by ref]5ces to ! future4 ,! nave--& unhi/orical--conception t ,jesus in/itut$ ! sacram5ts is n recognis$ by ! ,johann9e gnosis4 ,accord+ to x ,he did n e/abli% !m1 b creat$ & pr$ict$ !m4 ,by ,8 inc>nation ! possibility ( ! union ( humanity & ,_s ^u :i* ! work+ ( ! sacram5ts dep5ds1 is provid$4 ,by ,8 action 9 reg>d to ! food & w9e & ! words ,he spoke 9 connexion !re)1 ,he po9t$ to a my/]y :i* 0 to be reveal$ 9 connexion ) ^! sub/ances2 by ,8 dea?1 resurrection1 & exaltation ,he aboli%$ ,8 e>?ly mode ( exi/5ce & set ! ,_s free = ! new me?od ( work+1 9 virtue ( :i* ,he 0 able to prep>e m5 = ! resurrection4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ?is view1 came into ! _w to introduce ! era ( effectual sacram5ts4 ,x 0 ?us t ,he became ! ,r$eem]4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,johann9e !ology1 !re=e1 re/s ^u ! two pr9ciples1 t ! ,_s c only "w ^u m5 9 comb9ation ) matt]1 & t x only becomes pres5t 9 ?is /ate z a consequ5ce ( ! exaltation ( ! ,"l4 ,anyone :o has once recognis$ ^! presuppositions w give up once = all ! se>* = a primitive elem5t :i* is to be expla9$ f ! nature-religions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t ,*ri/ianity "h pres5ts itself z ! mo/ highly develop$ ,greek ,my/]y-religion :i* x is possible to conceive4 ,n[ = ,paul aga94 ,anyone :o ascribes to him ! conception ( a sacram5tal eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ does viol5ce to 8 words4 pg #bjd ,b admitt+ t he really ?\ght 9 ?is way1 t w\ld prove no?+4 ,x w\ld fir/ ne$ to be %[n t x really 0 a cultus-conception drawn f ! primitive nature-religions :i* came to life aga9 9 him4 ,n[1 = ! ,my/]y-religions ! necess>y presuppositions might appe> to be pres5t1 s9ce !y arise out ( anci5t cults :i* spr\t$ & grew up aga9 9 lat] times4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 is a ,jew1 & ev5 z a believ] 9 ,*ri/ he /&s1 9 spite ( 8 polemic aga9/ ! law1 :olly & solely on ! basis ( ! absolute1 transc5d5t ,jewi% conception ( ,god4 ,any relation on 8 "p to ! nature-cults _c be prov$ & ought n to be assum$4 ,by :at w9d 7 ! se$s ( ?is primitive conception waft$ to 8 m9d8 ,& h[ c\ld !y sudd5ly spr\t & gr[ 9 ! /ony soil ( a ,jewi% he>t8 ,! ,apo/le w\ld c]ta9ly be ! fir/ & ! only ,jewi% !ologian to fall "u ! spell ( ! primitive conception ( eat+ ! god6 ,& :]e 0 su* a conception at t "t to be f\nd8 ,b :at matt] su* prosaic consid]ations :5 x is a "q ( great ideas1 ( ideas1 moreov]1 fa!r$ by ,comp>ative ,religion8 ,:5 ,heitmll] 9 ! spr+ ( #aijc appe>$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,cl]gy ,!ological ,society7#aff7 9 ,hanov] to give !m ! late/ in=mation ab\t baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 he l$ !m abroad1 aft] an introduction on ! 8physico-hyp]physical0 9 ,paul1 fir/ to ! ,aztecs1 !n 9 ! cl\ds ( night1 by ! tor*'s gleam1 to ! ,?racian m\nta9 sides1 & !nce to ,s9ai47#afg7 ,& :5 !y _h assi/$ at ! slaught]+ & dev\r+ ( ! prison]s ( w>1 ! ox1 & ! camel1 he express$ himself to ! foll[+ effect3 8,little z ! ( ,paul might seem to h 9 common ) ^! 4 4 4 proce$+s1 & pg #bje lo? z we at fir/ are ev5 to "n ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! same brea? ) !m1 z little is x to me a matt] ( d\bt t1 :5 look$ at f ! po9t ( view ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 ! ,"l's ,supp] ( primitive ,*ri/ianity has ! close/ connexion ) !m4 ,^? pictures supply ! backgr\nd f :i* ! ,"l's ,supp] /&s out2 !y %[ u ! _w ( ideas to :i* ! ,"l's ,supp] belongs 9 its mo/ primitive1 & !re=e p]spicu\s1 =m40 ,ent]+ m into detail1 ?is 8,hylic07#afh7 ( ! ,comp>ative me?od expla9s t ! primeval concrete & s5su\s conception ( ! communio e/abli%$ by p>tak+ ( ! fle% & blood ( ! animal 9 :i* ! div9ity itself dwelt1 comes to light aga9 9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian ,"l's ,supp]1 at ! highe/ /age ( ! developm5t ( religion1 & "u ?is new =m acquires a new life47#afi7 ,x w\ld be prec>i\s1 he fur!r obs]ves1 9 view ( ! fragm5t>y condition ( ! s\rces to attempt to prove a direct dep5d5ce on def9ite ph5om5a--on ! cultus fea/ ( ! ,mi?ra-my/]ies1 = example3 8,x w be saf] to po9t to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! "t1 :i* ab\nd$ ) ideas ( t k9d4 ,! infant ,*ri/ianity liv$ 9 an atmosph]e :i*1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 0 impregnat$ ) ,my/]y-bacilli1 & grew up on a soil :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ & made friable by ! decay & int]mixture ( ! mo/ v>i\s religions1 & pg #bjf 0 specially adapt$ to fav\r ! upgr[? ( se$s & spores :i* _h be5 long 9 ! gr\nd40 ,n[1 !re is no su* ?+ z an atmosph]e impregnat$ ) bact]ia4 ,m$ical sci5ce has long s9ce %[n t ?is conception re/s on an error1 ! air be+ practically free f g]ms4 ,9 !ology x is m difficult to get rid ( fanta/ic imag9ations1 s9ce hi/orical pro(s are only available = ^? :o are capable ( ?9k+ hi/orically4 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! eat+ & dr9k+ :i* e/abli%es communion ) ,*ri/ is only "o side ( ! ,paul9e conception ( ! ,supp]4 ,alongside ( x !re exi/s ! o!r1 :i* sees 9 ! fea/ a confession ( fai? 9 ! dea? & ! p>\sia ( ! ,"l1 & is q z significant z ! =m]4 ,x is--9 ,i ,cor4 xi4--develop$ 9 connexion ) ! repetition ( ! hi/oric words ( ,jesus2 on x is bas$ ! argum5t t a c>eless p>tak+ is a transgression aga9/ ! body ( ! ,"l4 ,& on ! basis ( ?is conception1 cases ( illness & dea? 9 ! *ur* are to be und]/ood z a w>n+ *a/isem5t po9t+ to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,?is conception mu/ be someh[ or o!r es*atologically condition$4 ,! communion :i* is e/abli%$ 9 ! ,"l's ,supp] is a communion ( ! eag]ly-wait+ man ) ! com+ ,"l ( ,glory4 ,! only ?+ :i* rema9s obscure is h[ ?is is br\ght ab\t4 ,! confession ( fai? 9 ! dea? & p>\sia :i* is comb9$ ) ! act ( eat+ & dr9k+ does n suffice to expla9 ?is fur!r effect4 ,fur!r1 x rema9s inh]5tly obscure h[ by eat+ & dr9k+ ! dy+ & return ( ! ,"l c be %[n =?1 especially z ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian celebration consi/$ only 9 a common meal1 & 9 no way reproduc$1 z pres5t-day celebrations d1 ! actions & words ( ,jesus at ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,:at are ! results to :i* ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion h to po9t 9 reg>d to ! ,"l's ,supp]8 ,!y are oblig$ at ! outset to give up ! pg #bjg attempt to expla9 x f ! ,my/]y-religions1 or ev5 to po9t out 9 ! latt] any v close analogies4 ,9 place ( ?is !y attempt to make intelligible bo? ! meal :i* =m$ "p ( ! my/]y-cults1 & t ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 z gr[?s :i*1 f scatt]$ se$s ( anci5t conceptions ( ! cultus-eat+ ( ! div9ity1 spr+ up f ! soil ( syncretism 9 two diff]5t places at ! same "t4 ,nei!r 9 ! "o case nor ! o!r1 h[ev]1 c !y r5d] ?is ev5 approximately probable4 ,up to ! pres5t1 !re=e1 nei!r a direct nor an indirect connexion betwe5 ! cultus-meal ( ,paul & ^? ( ! ,my/]y-religions has be5 %[n4 ,! only ?+ :i* is c]ta9 is t 9 bo? cases a cultus-meal exi/$4 ,ab\t t ( ! ,my/]ies we "k almo/ no?+2 ab\t t :i* ,paul presupposes we h m in=mation1 b n su* z to enable u at once to und]/& x4 ,! "q reg>d+ baptism took f ! fir/ a simpl] =m1 s9ce ! hypo!sis ( a r5asc5ce ( primitive cultus-conceptions has n to be consid]$4 ,bo? ,paul & ! ,my/]y-religions atta* a religi\s significance to wa%+s4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n suffice to e/abli% a peculi>ity :i* w\ld connect !m toge!r1 s9ce ! atta*m5t ( ?is significance to lu/ration is b\nd up ) ! elem5tal symbolism ( cleans+ & is f\nd m or less 9 all religions4 ,! real "q is :e!r ,paul9ism & ! ,my/]y-religions1 :5 !y g beyond ! mo/ g5]al notions1 & advance f ! symbolic to ! effectively sacram5tal1 foll[ ! same l9es & pres5t ! same views4 ,once aga91 ,paul's view is ! m fully1 t ( ! ,my/]y-religions ! less fully kn[n4 ,develop$ baptismal doctr9es & rites seem only to h be5 pres5t 9 ! ,egyptian cults4 ,^! di/+ui% betwe5 ! ba? ( purification & baptism1 ! latt] consi/+ pg #bjh 9 a spr9kl+ ) a few drops ( a consecrat$ & consecrat+ fluid47#agj7 ,! advance beyond ! idea ( purification1 :]e x is to be obs]v$1 moves 9 ! direction ( ! idea ( ,re-bir?1 ,reg5]ation4 ,a cle> =mulation ( ?is develop$ view--comp>able 9 def9it5ess ) ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ref]5ce to ! 8ba? ( reg5]ation0 7#aga7 --does n occur4 ,! ?\ght rema9s hov]+ betwe5 purification & r5ewal4 ,t is z mu* z to say t1 s f> z our in=mation goes1 no typical po9ts ( contact ) ,paul9ism pres5t !mselves4 ,! ,apo/le implies a baptism 9 ! "n ( a div9e p]son4 ,( a baptism p]=m$ 9 ! "n ( ,osiris1 ,attis1 or ,mi?ra we "k no?+1 ?\gh no d\bt ! assumption naturally sugge/s itself t ! lu/rations & baptisms practis$ 9 ^! cults 7 consid]$ to be at ! same "t acts ( confession ( fai? 9 ! div9ity ) ^: wor%ip !y 7 associat$4 ,b ?is "* 0 by no means s di/9ctly /amp$ on !m z 0 ! case 9 ,*ri/ian baptism--z is1 inde$1 readily intelligible4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions ! confession ( ! god is naturally impli$2 9 ,*ri/ianity !re is ! special confession ( fai? 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 ,to ?is !re 0 no?+ analog\s4 ,z reg>ds ! utt]ance ( ! "n ( ! div9ity & ! magical efficacy atta*+ !reto accord+ to anci5t conceptions1 _m illu/rations c be adduc$ f ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,b ! really important po9t1 ! association ( ! utt]ance ( ! "n ) a baptismal rite1 _c be directly %[n to h exi/$ 9 ! ,my/]y-religions47#agb7 pg #bji ,9 ord] to arrive at 8 sacram5tal view ,paul does n foll[ ! natural me?od ( advanc+ by way ( ! ?\ght ( purification to t ( r5ewal by reg5]ation1 b foll[s a diff]5t r\te1 :i* leads him to an e/imate ( x t has no?+ to d ) ! fundam5tal conception ( purification1 & !re=e rema9s )\t analogy 9 ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,?is is a fact ( great significance4 ,! ,my/]y-religions speak1 z ,paul also does1 ( ! pneuma & its work+s1 b ! possession ( ! pneuma is nev] repres5t$ z an imm$iate & inevitable consequ5ce ( baptism4 ,) ! ,my/]y-religions are associat$ speculations ab\t ! r5ewal ( man's be+1 repres5t$ z tak+ place 9 reg5]ation1 :i* !y br+ into "s k9d ( relation1 clos] or m remote1 ) baptism4 ,b :5 ,paul speaks ( ! new creature :i* comes into be+ 9 ! sacram5t1 ! ?\ght ( reg5]ation does n = him come into view1 = he makes no use ( x at all4 ,in/ead ( t he ass]ts 9 ,rom4 vi4 t 9 baptism !re is an exp]i5ce ( dea? & resurrection 9 fell[%ip ) ,*ri/1 f :i* results newness ( life & ! new e?ic associat$ !re)4 ,h[ ! act & ! result are logically connect$ he does n expla94 ,he is cont5t to place !m side by side4 pg #baj ,s f> z we "k1 !re exi/s 9 ! ,my/]y-religions no analogue to ?is dy+ & ris+ aga9 effect$ solely by ! use ( wat]4 ,to int]pret ,rom4 vi41 z ,diet]i* does1 z ref]r+ to a spiritual dea? & 8new bir?0 is n p]missible1 s9ce ! text says n a ^w ab\t t4 ,! po/-,paul9e !ology1 t is ! ,johann9e & ,e>ly ,greek !ology1 expla9 baptism z reg5]ation1 & seek to f9d a logical basis = ?is effect 9 ! doctr9e t ! ,_s unites ) ! wat] z ! g5]at+ p[]4 ,paul has no?+ ( all ?is4 ,nor does he %[ any k ( ! idea t ,*ri/ian baptism arose out ( ! baptism ( ,jesus z an imitative reproduction ( x4 ,he nev]1 9 fact1 m5tions ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,n[h]e does he sugge/ t 9 baptism ! new man1 ! 8,*ild ( ,god10 is born 9 ! believ]1 z ,jesus 0 9 ?is act rais$ to ,8 ,messianic (fice4 ,!re is 9 fact no evid5ce f ! e>li] lit]ature :i* sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( views ( t k9d reg>d+ ! orig9 & significance ( ,*ri/ian baptism4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity x is z f> f be+ an imitative reproduction ( ! baptism ( ,jesus z ! ,*ur*'s ,"l's ,supp] 0 f be+ an imitative reproduction ( ! hi/oric ,la/ ,supp]4 ,! conception ( an 8imitative reproduction0 0 fir/ introduc$ by mod]n !ology4 ,to cite ! taurobolium z an analogue ( ,paul's baptism1 ) ! dea? & resurrection :i* x effects1 is n admissible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! taurobolium is a baptism ( blood2 9 ! next place x is closely connect$ ) a sacrifice2 9 ! ?ird place1 ! burial & ris+ aga9 are actually repres5t$4 ,! sacram5tal significance is ?us d]iv$ f ! _m-sid$ symbolism4 ,9 ,paul !re is no trace ( all ?is4 8,pla9 wat]0 effects ev]y?+4 ,"o po9t 9 reg>d to :i* great hopes _h be5 plac$ on ! ,my/]y-religions 0 ! solution ( ! enigma ( ,i ,cor4 xv4 #bi4 ,w]nle reg>d$ x z self-evid5t t ! ,apo/le 9 p]mitt+ & approv+ pg #baa baptism = ! dead _h all[$ himself to become infect$ by ! hea!n sup]/ition ( 8 ,cor9?ian conv]ts1 & took him to task = ?is lapse 9 8 book on ! 8,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,9 8 zeal he =got to enquire :e!r ! hea!n _h any sup]/ition ( ! k9d47#agc7 ,^? :o tri$ to supply ?is omission did n meet ) mu* success4 ,! hea!n %[$ !mselves bett] ?an _! reputation & less 8sup]/iti\s0 ?an ! ,*ri/ians6 ,( a baptism = ! dead1 or any?+ at all ( ?is nature1 !y %[ no trace4 ,fail+ m relevant evid5ce1 "s h quot$ ,plato1 :o 9 ! ,republic 7ii4 #cfd-e7 makes ,adeimantos say1 appeal+ 9 confirmation to ! ,orphic writ+s1 t by means ( (f]+s & fe/ivals1 atonem5t & purification = pa/ misde$s is effect$ = :ole t[ns z well z = s+le individuals1 = ! liv+ & also = ! dead4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 does n ref] at all to p]sonal d$ications ) a view to 8r5ewal10 su* z ! baptism practis$ 9 ! ,my/]y-religions & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b to expiatory sacrifices 9 ! anci5t ,greek s5se47#agd7 ,9 ! ,taurobolia1 repres5tation ( "o liv+ p]son by ano!r is suppos$ to h be5 possible1 b !re is no m5tion ( a repres5tation ( ! dead47#age7 pg #bab ,! baptism ( ! dead :i* is atte/$ by a papyrus is n a baptism = ! dead47#agf7 ,t liv+ p]sons w5t ?r\gh ! c]emonies ( initiation = ! dead is n kn[n4 ,?us baptism = ! dead has n1 s f> at lea/1 prov$ susceptible ( explanation f hea!n s\rces1 b mu/ be reg>d$ z a peculi>ity ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,! outcome ( ! /udy ( ! sacram5ts f ! po9t ( view ( ,comp>ative ,religion is a v curi\s "o4 ,! ,apo/le ?9ks sacram5tally2 9 fact 8 doctr9e is mu* m 8my/]i\s0 ?an t ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,b ! nature ( ! sacram5tal conception is q diff]5t 9 him f :at x is 9 !m2 x is z if !y _h gr[n up on diff]5t soils4 ,! diff]5ce relates bo? to ! conception ( ! sup]natural work+ ( ! sacram5ts1 & also to ! position :i* ! sacram5tal elem5t takes 9 ! doctr9e z a :ole4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions ! sacram5tal idea arises by way ( an int5sification & mat]ialisation ( ! symbolic4 ,! act effects :at x repres5ts4 ,! result c 9 a s5se be logically und]/ood :5 once ! ?\ght is grasp$ t ! _w ( appe>ance & ! _w ( reality /& 9 my/]i\s connexion ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ,paul we h an unm$iat$ & nak$ notion ( sacram5t su* z is n[h]e else to be met )4 ,symbolism is no d\bt involv$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al significance ( ! act4 ,9 ?is s5se baptism is a 8cleans+0 & a 8consecration107#agg7 & ! sacr$ fea/ e/abli%es pg #bac fell[%ip among ! p>tak]s4 ,b ! ass]tions :i* g beyond ?is %[ n ! fa9te/ connexion ) ! outw>d significance ( ! rite4 ,contact ) ! wat] is suppos$ to effect a dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/1 a p>tak+ 9 ,8 my/ical body1 & ! possession ( ! ,_s4 ,! eat+ & dr9k+ at ! ,"l's ,supp] is a confession ( fai? 9 ! dea? & ! p>\sia ( ,*ri/1 & is also fell[%ip ) ,him4 ,! sacram5tal is !re=e non-rational4 ,! act & its effect are n b\nd toge!r by religi\s logic1 b laid "o ^u ! o!r & nail$ toge!r4 ,) t is connect$ ! fact t 9 ,paul we f9d ! mo/ prosaic conception imag9able ( ! opus op]atum4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions !re is a my/]i\s proc$ure surr\nd$ by impos+ accessories4 ,! impressive appeal ( symbolism is br\ght to be> 9 e "p4 ,e detail is significant1 & lays hold ^u ! att5tion4 ,9 ,paul ev]y?+ is flat & col\rless4 ,:ile "s ( 8 ref]5ces might sugge/ ! impression t 8 conception ( ,*ri/ianity bore "s k9d ( analogy to ! ,my/]y-religions1 yet z a :ole x entirely lacks ! correspond+ atmosph]e4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! effective mise en scne *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek sacram5tal beliefs4 ,h[ lack+ 9 solemnity mu/ h be5 ! me?od ( celebrat+ ! ,"l's ,supp]1 :5 x c\ld deg5]ate into an ugly & disord]ly exhibition ( gluttony6 ,h[ little does ! ,apo/le ?9k ( ! ext]nal act ( baptism1 :5 he f\nds a *ur* 9 ,cor9? & himself p]=ms ! rite only 9 ! case ( "o or two individuals67#agh7 ,he prea*es sacram5ts1 b does n feel himself to be a my/agogue2 r1 he reta9s ! simplicity 9 reg>d to =ms ( wor%ip :i* belongs to ! ,jewi% _s4 ,!re 7 no long prep>ations = ! cultus c]emonies1 & no?+ is kn[n ( a di/9ction betwe5 high] & l[] grades ( initiation1 su* z =m an pg #bad ess5tial "p ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,! fir/ c]emony ( initiation conf]s at once f9al p]fection4 ,among ^? :o are admitt$ !re prevails ! mo/ complete equality4 ,! conception ( ! 8my/es0 does n exi/4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions ev]y?+ c5tres 9 ! sacr$ c]emonies4 ,!y dom9ate ?\ght1 feel+1 & w4 ,if !y are remov$ ! :ole religion collapses4 ,9 ,paul9ism x is o!rwise4 ,! doctr9e ( r$emption is no d\bt closely connect$ ) ! sacram5ts1 b ! latt] are n its be-all & end-all4 ,if baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] are tak5 away ! doctr9e is n de/roy$1 b /&s unmov$4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! weight ( ! build+ re/$ ^u ^! two pill>s1 b 9 reality x does n tott] ev5 if ^! supports are )drawn4 ,! ,johann9e & ! e>ly ,greek doctr9e are conceiv$ z real ,my/]y-religions4 ,! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ & ,ignatius "k no o!r r$emption ?an t :i* is b\nd up ) ! sacram5ts4 ,9 ,paul ! r$emption c be ?\ght ( ap>t f !m1 s9ce ! :ole my/ical doctr9e ( fell[%ip ) ,*ri/ re/s ^u ! s+le conception ( fai?4 ,nev]!less he all[s x to be closely b\nd up ) ! ext]nal c]emonies1 & seems to h no consci\sness ( ! fact t ?is connexion is unnecess>y & illogical4 ,! rem>kable duality 9 ,paul9ism lies1 !re=e1 9 ! fact t ! sacram5tal idea is int5sifi$ to an extreme & un9telligible degree1 :ile at ! same "t ! necessity ( ! sacr$ c]emonies does n logically result f ! sy/em z a :ole1 z ?is w\ld lead u to expect4 ,! sacram5tal views ( ! ,apo/le h ?us no?+ primitive ab\t !m1 b are r ( a 8!ological0 "*4 ,paul connects 8 my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption ) c]emonies :i* are n specially design$ ) ref]5ce to x4 ,x is f t fact1 & n f a specially deep love = ,my/]ies1 pg #bae t ! exagg]at$ly sacram5tal "* ( 8 view ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] results4 ,x is 9 ! la/ resort a "q ( ext]nalisation1 n ( int5sification4 ,x is !re=e useless to ransack ! hi/ory ( religions = analogies to 8 conceptions4 ,x has none to (f]1 = ! case is unique4 ,! problem lies :olly )9 ! sph]e ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & repres5ts only a p>ticul> aspect ( ! "q ( ,paul's relation to primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fact is1 he did n introduce ! sacram5tal view into ! sacr$ c]emonies1 b f\nd already exi/+ a baptism & a ,"l's ,supp] :i* gu>ante$ salvation on gr\nds :i* 7 intelligible f e>ly ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,he1 h[ev]1 trans=m$ ! primitive view ( salvation into ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 9 fell[%ip ) ,*ri/4 ,s9ce ! connexion betwe5 r$emption & ! sacram5ts 0 giv5 a priori1 he draws ! inf]5ce t ! sacram5ts effect precisely t :]e91 accord+ to 8 gnosis1 ! inn] ess5ce ( r$emption consi/s4 ,h[ f> !y are appropriate to ! effect :i*1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 my/ical doctr9e1 he holds to take place1 does n = him come into "q4 ,9 ! sacram5ts ! believ] becomes p>tak] 9 salvation4 ,!re=e1 he concludes1 9 !m t happ5s :i* con/itutes r$emption1 namely1 ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/4 ,paul !re=e takes ! sacram5ts by /orm4 ,he does n !orise ab\t ! c]emony1 b ascribes to x )\t m ado ! po/ulat$ effect4 ,t is n a proc$ure :i* c\ld h be5 foll[$ ei!r by a ,greek or by a mod]n m9d4 ,paul9ism is ?us a !ological sy/em ) sacram5ts1 b n a ,my/]y-religion4 ,?is may be confirm$ by a fur!r obs]vation4 ,! ,apo/le occupies a /rongly pr$e/9>ian /&-po9t4 ,^? :o are 8call$0 inevitably receive salvation2 ^? :o are n1 c nev] 9 any way obta9 x4 ,!re pg #baf is no analogue to ?is 9 ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,!y c only conceive ( election 9 ! s5se & to ! ext5t ( hold+ t !re is a call+ & pr$e/9ation to ! receiv+ ( ! initiation :i* conf]s immortality4 ,& !re are actually "s beg9n+s ( su* a conception47#agi7 ,b ,paul9e pr$e/9ation is q diff]5t4 ,x is absolute1 & seems inevitably to aboli% ! necessity & mean+ ( ! sacram5ts4 ,anyone :o belongs to ! numb] ( ! elect becomes ipso facto p>tak] ( ! resurrection4 ,at ! end ( all ?+s a great company f ! g5]ations ( long-pa/ times w arise to life )\t ev] hav+ receiv$ baptism or p>tak5 ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,t be+ s1 :at becomes ( ! sacram5ts8 ,9 :at respect are !y necess>y8 ,a good deal ( en]gy has be5 exp5d$ 9 seek+ analogies f o!r religions = ! ,cor9?ian baptism = ! dead2 x w\ld really h be5 mu* m to ! po9t to enquire :y baptism = ! dead 0 consid]$ desirable4 ,if ! dead are among ! elect1 !y h no ne$ ( x2 if n1 !y c\ld n h inh]it$ life1 ev5 if !y _h receiv$ ! sacram5t dur+ _! soj\rn on e>?4 ,to :at end1 !n1 is ?is baptism = ! dead8 ,! mo/ important po9t to notice is t ev]y:]e 9 ! ,paul9e sacram5ts ! es*atological int]e/ breaks ?r\gh4 ,!y effect1 n re-bir?1 b resurrection4 ,t :i* 9 ! ne> future is to become visible reality1 !y make 9 ! pres5t invisibly real by anticipation4 ,! ,greek ,my/]ies are timeless4 ,!y rea* back to primitive antiquity1 & !y pr(ess to be able to manife/ _! p[] 9 all g5]ations4 ,9 ,paul ! sacram5ts h temporal b\nd>ies4 ,_! p[] is d]iv$ f ! ev5ts ( ! la/ times4 ,!y put believ]s 9 ! same position z ! ,"l1 9 t !y pg #bag cause !m to exp]i5ce a resurrection a few _w-mom5ts be=e ! "t1 ev5 ?\gh ?is does n 9 any way become manife/4 ,x is a precursory ph5om5on ( ! approa*+ end ( ! _w4 ,sep>at$ f ! es*atology1 ! ,paul9e sacram5ts w\ld become mean+less & ineffectual4 ,!y are conf9$ to ! "t betwe5 ! resurrection ( ,jesus & ,8 p>\sia1 :5 ! dead %all arise4 ,_! p[] dep5ds on ! pres5t1 & also on ! future1 fact4 ,9 ?is s5se !y are 8hi/orically0 condition$4 ,:ile !re=e 9 ! ,my/]y-religions & 9 ! ,johann9e !ology ! sacram5ts "w ( !mselves1 9 ,paul !y draw _! en]gy f a univ]sal _w-ev5t1 f :i* x is1 z x 71 transmitt$4 ,x n[ becomes cle> :y ! ,apo/le _c describe z a 8,re-bir?0 ! condition br\ght ab\t by baptism4 ,! r5ewal consi/s 9 ! fact t ! com+ resurrection-life is1 = ! %ort p]iod :i* rema9s ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ! _w1 receiv$ by anticipation4 ,re-bir?1 on ! o!r h&1 implies an unes*atological sy/em ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! individual reckons m or less on a normal span ( life1 = :i* he seeks an inn] div9e be+ :i* %all subsi/ alongside ( or above ! e>?ly4 ,x is only at a p]iod :5 es*atology is fall+ into ! backgr\nd t ! ,greek conception ( re-bir?1 su* z is associat$ ) ! ,my/]ies1 c sup]s$e ! old my/ico-es*atological conception ( ! proleptic resurrection4 ,accord+ly x pres5tly appe>s 9 ,ju/9 & ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,f t po9t onw>ds baptism br+s re-bir?4 ,9 ,paul x produc$ only an ant$at$ dy+ & ris+ aga94 ,! sacram5tal conception ( ! ,apo/le is !re=e d]iv$ f an entirely diff]5t _w ( ?\ght f t ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,x is a diff]5t "q1 h[ev]1 9 :at relation 8 8physical07#ahj7 my/icism 9 itself1 ap>t f ! pg #bah sacram5ts1 be>s to ! _w ( ideas associat$ ) ! ,greek ,my/]y-religions4 ,to ?is "q ,reitz5/e91 ! 8pneumatic07#aha7 among ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 devotes a c>eful /udy4 ,he avoids conv5tional cat*words & ra% conclusions1 & endeav\rs to discov] ! conceptions & ideas :i* are common to bo?1 & to foll[ !m out 9 detail4 ,) ?is purpose he br+s toge!r ev]y?+ :i* he c f9d 9 ! language ( ! ,my/]ies & ! ,h]metic lit]ature relat+ to su* ideas z 8s]vice0 & 8milit>y s]vice0 ( ,god1 8ju/ification10 8pre-exi/5ce10 8gnosis10 8_s10 8revelation10 8pneumatic10 8heav5ly g>m5t10 & 8trans=mation40 ,= ! fir/ "t ! mat]ial = a /udy ( ,paul f ! po9t ( view ( ,comp>ative ,religion is br\ght toge!r ) a c]ta9 complet5ess1 & ! impression :i* x makes is v p[]ful4 ,! !ologian :o reads ^! passages ) an op5 m9d w be lift$ out ( ! ruts ( conv5tional int]pretation4 ,x is z if a flood ( new ?\ght _h /ream$ into ! *annels ( ord9>y exegesis1 :e!r critical or o!rwise1 & swept away ! accumulations ( rubble4 ,:e!r all ! explanations are s\nd1 & :e!r _m expressions1 su* z e4g4 8s]vant0 & 8prison]0 ( ,*ri/1 & imag]y--= example1 t tak5 f ! milit>y life--c\ld n be j z well expla9$ directly z by ! r\ndab\t way ( _! use 9 ! ,my/]y-religions1 may be left an op5 "q4 ,:at is c]ta9 is1 t ,reitz5/e9 has made an end ( ! cut-&-dri$ conception t ,paul simply translat$ 8 !ology f ,jewi% ?\ght into ,greek language1 & proves t pg #bai he kn[s ! scope & exact application ( ! words ( ! religi\s vocabul>y1 & along ) ! t]ms & expressions has tak5 ov] sugge/ions = ! pres5tation ( 8 ideas4 ,)\t ! possibilities & presuppositions suppli$ by ! religi\s language ( ! ,greek ,ori5t x w\ld h be5 m difficult = him to create 8 my/icism4 ,he f\nd 9 exi/5ce a tone-sy/em 9 :i* ! modulations necess>y = ! developm5t ( 8 !me (f]$ !mselves = 8 disposal47#ahb7 ,reitz5/e9 rem>ks ) mu* ju/ice t p>ticul> words & phrases d n ( !mselves prove v mu*1 b t :at is really ( importance is ! connexion ( ! passages4 ,are !re sets ( ideas 9 ,paul :i* are alli$ ) ^? ( ! ,my/]y-religions8 ,:at realities /& 9 ! two cases beh9d ! ref]5ces to ! my/ical doctr9e ( ! miracul\s new creation ( ! man :ile 9 8 liv+ body8 ,! description & p>aphras+ :i* comm5t>ies & ,new ,te/am5t !ologies be/[ ^u ! ,apo/le's ass]tions d n suffice = ,reitz5/e94 ,he wants to und]/& & come to grips ) ! ?\ght1 & to ar\se 9 o!rs ! same discont5t4 ,! possibility t ! ,paul9e my/icism might be capable ( be+ expla9$ f )9 appe>s to him exclud$4 ,) all ! res]ve :i* he imposes ^u himself he nev]!less believes himself to h prov$ t ! c5tral conception ( 8! deification & pg #bbj transfiguration ( ! liv+ man is d]iv$ f ! ,my/]ies40 ,! conviction ( a miracle ( trans=mation tak+ place 9 8 own p]son1 is1 he pron\nces1 n ,jewi%4 ,!re=e he ?9ks t ,paul repres5ts a k9d ( anci5t ,jewi% prophetism modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,my/]y beliefs4 ,! 8hi/ory ( ! developm5t0 ( ,paul's ?\ght he conceives z foll[s3 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek my/icism1 ) :i* he _h already a lit]>y acqua9tance1 help$ to prep>e ! way = t mom5t\s inn] exp]i5ce :i* ev5tually caus$ a rupture betwe5 ! ,apo/le & 8 ance/ral religion4 8,?is influ5ce10 he ?9ks1 8increas$ 9 ! two ye>s ( solit>y /ruggle = ! work+ out ( a new religion40 ,a r5ew$ /udy ( ,greek religi\s lit]ature became necess>y 8f ! mom5t :5 ! ,apo/le d$icat$ himself to1 & began to prep>e =1 8 mission to ! 40 ,by ! me?od :i* he applies1 ,reitz5/e9 is necess>ily driv5 to adopt ?is f>-rea*+ view4 ,he makes no ef=t to take into ! field ( 8 argum5t ! ,late-,jewi% es*atology1 z pres]v$ 9 ! po/-,danielic lit]ature1 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & ! ,apocalypses ( ,b>u* & ,ezra4 ,:atev] is n self-explanatory1 & _c be expla9$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is1 accord+ to him1 d]iv$ f ! _w ( ?\ght associat$ ) ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,! prop] proc$ure w\ld really h be5 to exam9e ! conceptions drawn f apocalyptic ?\ght & ^? f ! ,my/]y-religions indep5d5tly1 & !n to decide :i* ( !m r5d]$ possible ! bett] explanation4 ,! be/ way w\ld h be5 = ,reitz5/e9 to discuss ! matt] /ep by /ep ) ,kabis*1 :o _h s\ght to d]ive ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! ,paul9e my/icism f es*atology4 ,! total neglect ( es*atology =ces him to "s curi\s conclusions4 ,aft] %[+1 9 opposition to a canonis$ confusion ( ?\ght1 t !re is n ! slighte/ connexion betwe5 ,paul's doctr9e ( ! fir/ pg #bba & second ,adam 9 ,i ,cor4 xv4 #de-di & ,philo's !ory ab\t ! two acc\nts ( ! creation 9 ,g5esis1 s9ce 9 t case ! pneumatic heav5ly man w\ld be ! fir/1 & ! psy*ic e>?ly man ! second17#ahc7 he comes to ! conclusion t ! view set =? 9 ,i ,cor9?ians mu/ h und]ly+ x 8! belief 9 a god #8,an?ropos1'0 :o came to be id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,?is hypo!sis naturally sugge/s itself to ,reitz5/e91 because 9 ,poim&res he believes himself to h discov]$ a my? ab\t ,an?ropos47#ahd7 ,b is ?is1 ev5 if x 7 held to be prov$1 ( su* a "* t ! ,paul9e conception ( ! fir/ & second ,adam c\ld )\t m ado be d]iv$ f x8 ,is ! complicat$ hypo!sis necess>y8 ,paul's conception c be expla9$ )\t ! lea/ difficulty on es*atological gr\nds4 ,! fir/ ,adam br\ght mank9d "u ! dom9ion ( dea?4 ,*ri/ is ! ,second ,adam because ,he by ,8 resurrection becomes ! f\nd] ( a new race1 :i* 9 virtue ( t :i* has tak5 place 9 ,him becomes p>tak] ( an imp]i%able life1 & acquires a claim to ! future possession ( ! pneumatic heav5ly body :i* ,he already be>s4 ,! ,second ,man comes f heav5 because ! pre-exi/5t ,*ri/1 9 ord] to become ! f\nd] ( ! 8humanity ( ! resurrection10 mu/ appe> ^u e>? & assume fle%ly corporeity4 ,he is 8life-giv+ _s0 because ! pneuma :i* goes =? f ,him z ! glorifi$ ,*ri/1 works 9 believ]s z ! p[] ( ! resurrection4 ,?is be+ s1 :at purpose is s]v$ by br++ 9 ! v d\btful my?s ab\t ! god ,an?ropos1 especially z ,paul1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly ?9ks ( 8 ,second ,adam z a heav5ly be+1 nev] any:]e speaks ( ,him z ,god4 pg #bbb ,?is is typical ( a s]ies ( simil> cases47#ahe7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is j ?is "o-sid$ness :i* makes ! *>m & ! significance ( ! book4 ,reitz5/e9 %[s1 bo? positively & negatively1 h[ f> ! analogies f ! ,my/]y-religions w take u4 ,ord9>y !ologians--s9ce ,kabis* _h rema9$ )\t influ5ce--_h simply designat$ z ,greek ev]y?+ :i* !y c\ld n und]/& f ,late ,judaism1 & describ$ z ,late-,jewi% :atev] !y c\ld n und]/& z ,greek4 ,reitz5/e91 !--unconsci\s8--antipodes ( ,kabis*1 w\ld l to make an end ( ?is simple game & compel p to *oose "o horn or o!r ( ! dilemma4 ,in/ead ( ent]+ on !oretic discussions1 full ( 8n only1 b also10 & 8ei!r 4 4 4 or10 he goes /raight =w>d z f> z he ?9ks he c feel firm gr\nd "u 8 feet1 & has ?us contribut$1 to an extraord9>y degree1 to ! cle>+ up ( ! situation4 ,contr>y to 8 int5tion & conviction1 h[ev]1 ! outcome is n positive b negative4 ,l ,diet]i* & o!rs1 ,reitz5/e9 takes x = grant$ t ,paul9ism makes use ( ! conception ( ,re-bir?1 & he feels t t is 9 itself a suffici5t reason = n reg>d+ x z a product ( ,judaism47#ahf7 ,! assumption be+ uns\nd1 all ! discussions & argum5ts bas$ on x fall to ! gr\nd4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! f9e p>allels f ! ,h]metic lit]ature mu/ be giv5 up4 ,fur!r1 x is n legitimate to treat ! pg #bbc my/icism ( ! ,my/]y-religions & t ( ,paul z directly correspond+ to "o ano!r4 ,! =m] is a ,god-my/icism1 ! latt] a ,*ri/-my/icism4 ,! result+ diff]5ces are great] ?an at fir/ sight appe>s4 ,9 ! ,graeco-,ori5tal conception1 :at is 9 view is ! 8deification0 ( ! individual man4 ,z ! div9ity ( ! p>ticul> ,my/]y :i* is be+ celebrat$ is always ?\ght ( z ! highe/ div9ity1 ! mortal ent]s into union ) ! be+ ( ,god z su*4 ,! ,paul9e ,*ri/1 h[ev]1 ev5 ?\gh ,he is call$ ! ,son ( ,god1 is n ,god1 b only a heav5ly ,be+4 ,! r5ewal :i* is effect$ by fell[%ip ) ,him is n a deification--! ^w nev] occurs 9 ! ,apo/le's writ+s--b only a transf]5ce into a /ate ( sup]-s5su\s corporeity1 :i* has to d ) a com+ new condition ( ! _w4 ,greek ?\ght is conc]n$ ) ! simple anti!sis ( ! div9e _w & ! e>?ly _w4 ,paul9ism makes out ( ?is duality a triplicity4 ,x divides ! sup]-e>?ly factor into two1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ,god & ! div9e sup]-e>?ly1 :i* is p]sonifi$ 9 ,*ri/ & made pres5t 9 ,him4 ,god1 & !re9 speaks ! voice ( ,judaism1 is purely transc5d5t4 ,a ,god-my/icism does n exi/ = ! ,apo/le--or1 at lea/1 does n yet exi/4 ,a "t w come no d\bt 9 ! future1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 :5 ,god w be 8all 9 all0 7,i ,cor4 xv4 #bh74 ,until !n !re is only a ,*ri/-my/icism1 :i* has to d ) ! anticipation ( ! sup]-e>?ly life ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom4 ,to treat ,graeco-,ori5tal & ,paul9e my/icism z correspond+ factors1 is to p]=m a piece 9 two-f\r "t & a piece 9 ?ree-f\r "t toge!r1 & to imag9e t "o he>s an id5tical rhy?m 9 bo?4 ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce is t ,graeco-,ori5tal my/icism works ) p]man5t factors2 ! ,paul9e ) temporal & *ang+ ones4 ,! ,messianic-,div9e drives out ! sup]-e>?ly angelic p[]s :i* pg #bbd previ\sly occupi$ a place betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,x is 9 ! v act ( com+4 ,b 9 proportion z x advances1 !re passes away n only ! sup]-s5su\s angelic elem5t1 b also ! e>?ly & s5su\s4 ,*ri/-my/icism dep5ds ^u ! movem5t ( ^! two worlds1 "o ( !m mov+ t[>ds be+1 ! o!r t[>ds n-be+1 & x cont9ues only s long z !y are 9 t\* ) "o ano!r z !y move pa/ 9 opposite directions4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is contact is m>k$ by ! resurrection ( ! ,"l1 ! end by ,8 p>\sia4 ,be=e ! =m] x is n yet possible to pass f "o to ! o!r1 aft] ! latt] x is no long] possible4 ,a my/icism :i* is ?us b\nd up ) temporal conditions c h>dly be d]iv$ f ! ,greek timeless conceptions4 ,! act1 moreov]1 by :i* ! individual becomes p>tak] 9 ! new be+ is 9 ! two cases q diff]5t4 ,! ,my/]y-religions repres5t ! 8transfiguration0 ( ! liv+ be+ z effect$ by 8 receiv+ into himself a div9e ess5ce1 by means ( ! gnosis & ! vision ( ,god4 ,x is ?us a subjective act4 ,accord+ to ,paul's tea*+ ! 8transfiguration0 is n br\ght ab\t by ! gnosis & vision ( ,god4 ,^! are r ! consequ5ce ( ! r5ewal1 ! effici5t cause ( :i* is f\nd1 n 9 ! act ( ! individual1 & n 9 ! inh]5t efficacy ( ! sacram5t1 b 9 a _w-process4 ,s soon z ! individual ent]s by fai? & baptism into ?is new cosmic process he is imm$iately r5ew$ 9 h>mony !re)1 & n[ receives _s1 ec/asy1 gnosis1 & ev]y?+ t ^! imply4 ,:at accord+ to ! ,greek view is ! cause1 is = ,paul ! consequ5ce4 ,?us1 ev5 ?\gh ! conceptions %[ a c]ta9 simil>ity1 !y d n correspond1 because !y are connect$ ) ! c5tral ev5t ( ! my/icism 9 ea* case by *a9s :i* run 9 opposite directions4 ,a figure :i* exactly illu/rates "o's mean+ may claim p>don ev5 = some:at d\btful ta/e4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions1 individuals climb up a /aircase /ep pg #bbe by /ep t[>ds deification2 9 ,paul9ism !y spr+ 9 a body into a lift :i* is already 9 motion & :i* c>ries !m into a new _w4 ,! /aircase is op5 to all2 ! lift c only be us$ by ^? = :om x is especially provid$4 ,s f> z ,comp>ative ,religion is conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! case is exactly ! same 9 reg>d to ! 8physical0 elem5t 9 ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption z x 0 9 reg>d to t ( ! sacram5tal doctr9e4 ,on close exam9ation ! hi/orico-es*atological "* ( ! ,paul9e conception is 9 bo? cases s all-p]vad+ t x invalidates any p>allel ) ! ,my/]y-religions1 & leaves !m ) no?+ 9 common b ! l+ui/ic expression4 ,! my/ical & sacram5tal aspects ( ! 8physical0 elem5t 9 r$emption d n = him /& on ! same foot+ ) ! es*atological1 :i* is imm$iately giv5 ) ! conceptions ( trans=mation & resurrection1 b mu/ be 9 "s way capable ( be+ d]iv$ f x4 ,only :5 t is done w ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( r$emption be expla9$4 ,x is to be not$ t ,reitz5/e9 tries 9 va9 to r5d] intelligible ei!r ! connexion ( ! sot]iological my/icism ) ! facts ( ! dea? & resurrection1 or ! fell[%ip :i* is !re9 presuppos$ betwe5 ! believ] & ! ,"l4 ,9 8 exposition ( ,rom4 vi4 ! p>allels ) ! ,my/]y-religions =ce him into a wrong l9e1 & compel him to ?9k ( ! objective process z a subjective "o4 ,he assumes t ev]y?+ becomes cle> & simple if once ! ,apo/le is und]/ood to speak ( a volunt>y dy+1 :i* is nei!r purely physical nor m]ely metaphysical1 b is bas$ ^u ! ?\ght t we mu/ n s9 any m because we h tak5 ^u u ,*ri/'s p]son & lot1 & h crucifi$ our natural man4 ,b 9 ,paul x is n a "q ( an act :i* ! believ] accompli%es 9 himself2 :at happ5s is t 9 ! mom5t :5 he receives baptism1 ! dy+ & pg #bbf ris+ aga9 ( ,*ri/ takes place 9 him )\t any coop]ation1 or ex]cise ( w or ?\ght1 on 8 "p4 ,x is l a me*anical process :i* is set 9 motion by press+ a spr+4 ,! m9ute =ce employ$ 9 press+ ! spr+ be>s no relation to t :i* !reon comes into play2 only s]ves to release a set ( =ces already 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,my/]y-religions ! ?\ght is3 ,we desire n to s9 any m1 !re=e we w und]go initiation4 ,paul's logic is ! conv]se ( ?is1 & takes ! objective =m3 ,*ri/'s dea? & resurrection is effectually pres5t 9 u2 !re=e1 we are no long] natural m5 & _c s9 any m4 ,! :ole di/9ction lies 9 ! fact t ! my/icism ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles is bas$ on hi/orico-es*atological ev5ts1 :]eas ! ,my/]y-religions are 9 _! nature non-hi/orical4 ,:]e !y make use ( my?s !y use !m 9 ! la/ resort m]ely z pictures ( t :i* ! 8my/es0 p]=ms or und]goes1 n z ev5ts *>g$ ) a real en]gy1 z ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus are = ,paul4 ,b ! fact ( ! f>-rea*+ outw>d & inw>d resemblances ( language betwe5 ! ,graeco-,ori5tal & ! ,paul9e my/icism are n affect$ by t4 ,z ?\gh by a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 x came ab\t t ! my/icism :i* develop$ out ( es*atology 0 able to f9d complete repres5tation 9 ! language ( ! ,my/]y-religions1 & f\nd !re ready to its h& conceptions & expressions :i* facilitat$1 sugge/$1 & 9 "s cases 7 ev5 indisp5sable to its full] developm5t4 ,reitz5/e9's m]it is t ( hav+ det]m9$ exactly & unmi/akably ! mean+ ( ,paul's language1 & hav+ at ! same "t %[n t ,jewi% ,hell5ism & ,greek philosophy _h practically no "p 9 him4 ,( c\rse1 x is n possible to decide h[ mu* ( ?is pg #bbg religi\s language ,paul f\nd already 9 exi/5ce1 & h[ mu* he creat$ = 8 purpose4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,ori5tal ,my/]y-religions did n receive _! complete developm5t "u ,greek influ5ce until a consid]able "t aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say t he & !y f\nd 9 exi/5ce ! same ,greek religi\s vocabul>y1 laid hold ( x1 & p]fect$ x4 ,"o error ( ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion des]ves p>ticul> m5tion1 = x is typical4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! p>allelism :i* !y ma9ta9 betwe5 ! ,my/]y-religions & ,paul9ism1 !y come to ascribe to ! ,apo/le ! creation ( a 8religion407#ahg7 ,no?+ ( ! k9d ev] ent]$ into 8 purpose4 ,= him !re 0 only "o religion3 t ( ,judaism4 ,x 0 conc]n$ ) ,god1 fai?1 promise1 hope & law4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! com+1 ! dea?1 & ! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 x became its duty to adju/ its tea*+s & dem&s to ! new era ?us introduc$1 & 9 ! process _m ?+s 7 mov$ f ! %ad[ into ! light & o!rs f ! light into ! %ad[4 8,*ri/ianity0 is = ,paul no new religion1 b simply ,judaism ) ! c5tre ( gravity %ift$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! new era4 ,8 own sy/em ( ?\ght is c]ta9ly = him no new religion4 ,x is 8 belief1 z fully kn[n & work$ out 9 its implications1 & x pr(esses to be no?+ else ?an ! true ,jewi% religion1 9 accord bo? ) ! "t & ) ! ,scriptures4 ,ano!r rem>k t has to be made is t ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion are incl9$ to make an illegitimate use ( ! ^w es*atology :5 x suits _! purpose4 ,!y ?9k !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ x :]ev] 9 ! ,my/]y-religions !re is m5tion ( dea?1 judgm5t1 & life aft] dea?1 b !y =get t 9 do+ s !y are us+ x 9 a mu* m g5]al s5se ?an t :i* we h to reckon ) 9 ! ,paul9e pg #bbh doctr9e4 ,! t]m es*atology ought only to be appli$ :5 ref]5ce is made to ! end ( ! _w z expect$ 9 ! imm$iate future1 & ! ev5ts1 hopes1 & fe>s connect$ !re)4 ,! use ( ! ^w to designate ! subjective future end ( individuals1 9 connexion ) :i* no imm95t cata/rophe affect+ all mank9d is 9 "q1 c only be mislead+1 s9ce x creates ! false impression--exempla doc5t--t ! ,paul9e es*atology c be p>allel$ & comp>$ ) an es*atology belong+ to ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,( es*atology 9 ! late ,jewi% or e>ly ,*ri/ian s5se !re is n a s+le trace to be f\nd 9 any ,graeco-,ori5tal doctr9e47#ahh7 ,!re=e1 ! ,my/]y-religions & ,paul9ism _c 9 ! la/ resort be comp>$ at all1 z is inde$ confirm$ by ! fact t ! real analogies bo? 9 ! my/icism & ! sacram5tal doctr9e are s surpris+ly few4 ,reitz5/e9's attempt has n succe$$ 9 alt]+ ?is result1 b only 9 confirm+ x4 ,:at rema9s ( 8 mat]ial :5 ! circle ( ideas connect$ ) ! ?\ght ( 8re-bir?0 is elim9at$1 & ! all-p]vad+ es*atological "* ( ! fundam5tal ideas & und]ly+ logic ( ,paul9ism are duly consid]$ 9 mak+ ! comp>ison8 ,f9ally1 ! "q may be p]mitt$1 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! be>+ ( ! result if ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 _h really prov$ ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,apo/le's doctr9e ^u ! ,my/]y-religions8 ,! simple decl>ation ( ! result w\ld h be5 only pg #bbi ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 = imm$iately ! problem :e!r1 und]/ood 9 ?is way1 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e c\ld /ill h belong$ to primitive ,*ri/ianity w\ld h aris5 & call$ al\d = solution4 ,! !ory t ,paul p]sonally trans=m$ ! ,gospel on ! analogy ( ! ,graeco-,ori5tal ,my/]y-religions is m5ac$ by ! same difficulties :i* previ\sly br\ght ab\t ! d[nfall ( ! !ory held by ! ,baur & po/-,baur !ology1 t he ,hell5is$ ! ,gospel4 ,! hypo!sis advanc$ by ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion is only a special =m ( t g5]al !ory1 & c d no?+ to m9imise ! a priori difficulties1 or ^? rais$ by ! hi/ory ( dogma 9 connexion ) x4 ,h[ does ,paul9ism z und]/ood by ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 fit into ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,if ! ,apo/le dur+ ! fir/ g5]ation _h introduc$ su* a trem5d\s innovation z ! ,greek 8physical0 my/icism ( r$emption & ! sacram5ts into primitive ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld ! latt] h p]mitt$ ?is & cont9u$ to keep him 9 its mid/8 ,h[ 0 x possible = x to admit )\t a /ruggle1 inde$ unnotic$1 some?+ s entirely ali51 & to raise no objections ei!r to ! ,*ri/ology or to ! my/icism or to ! sacram5tal doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le1 b simply & solely to 8 attitude t[>ds ! law8 ,& h[1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld ! lat] ,hell5is+ !ology pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! man :o _h be5 its precursor 9 unit+ ! conceptions ( ,graeco-,ori5tal religion ) ! ,gospel8 ,! inexplicable fact t ,paul9ism play$ no "p 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t1 b is left to lie unus$ & uncompreh5d$1 becomes /ill m inexplicable if ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 are "r4 ,!y ass]t t ! ,hell5is+ =ce did n issue f philosophy b f ! ,graeco-,ori5tal religi\s movem5t1 & f\nd expression 9 ,paul n less ?an 9 ! ,johann9e & e>ly ,greek !ology4 pg #bcj ,:y1 !n1 are ! results s diff]5t 9 ! two cases t !y h no k9d ( out] or inn] relation to "o ano!r8 ,if ! same =ce is appli$ at diff]5t times to ! same object & 9 ! same l9e1 c ! resultant movem5t v>y s mu* 9 direction8 ,h[ is x possible t ,paul repres5ts a ,hell5isation ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is s unique 9 "* & s unnotic$ by o!rs8 ,h[ c\ld two diff]5t types ( ,greek trans=mation ( ! ,gospel come into exi/5ce1 & 9 su* a way1 moreov]1 t ! second discov]$ no?+ ,hell5ic 9 ! fir/8 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e91 ,paul9ism ought to be deta*$ f e>ly ,*ri/ianity & closely connect$ ) ,greek !ology4 ,! contr>y is ! case4 ,x /&s 9 undi/urb$ connexion ) ! =m]1 :]eas x %[s no connexion :atev] ) ! latt]4 ,any "o :o ?9ks ( ! ,apo/le's doctr9e z 9 any s5se a ,hell5isation ( ! ,gospel1 :e!r he owes allegiance to ord9>y !ology or to ,comp>ative ,religion1 has gone ov] to ! radicalism ( ! ,ultra-,tb+5 p>ty1 & mu/1 l x1 g =? ) 8 ,paul out ( primitive ,*ri/ianity into a lat] p]iod1 unless1 inde$1 z ! ,comp>ative me?od admits1 he is prep>$ to consid] ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ur* z ,graeco-,ori5tal1 or ,paul z ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 any case ! hypo!sis ( a ,hell5is+ ( ! ,gospel 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity c>ri$ out by ,paul z an individual is a hi/oric impossibility4 ,f ! dilemma1 ei!r e>ly ,*ri/ian or ,greek1 !re is no escape1 h[ev] "o may twi/ & turn4 ,if ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion _h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! attempt ( ! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics1 & _h _h a m accurate und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,paul9ism & ! ,johann9e & e>ly ,greek !ology1 !y c\ld h>dly h reta9$ ! op5-m9d$ness necess>y to ! comm5cem5t ( _! und]tak+2 = 9 t case !y w\ld h be5 pg #bca =c$ to reflect on ! inconv5i5t consequ5ces ( _! possible victory4 ,s9ce !y did n ent] on su* consid]ations x 0 difficult = !m to d ju/ice to ,h>nack4 ,"h & !re !y took occasion to accuse him ( be+ beh9d ! times & reproa* him ) hav+ giv5 too mu* importance to ! influ5ce ( philosophy 9 relation to ! ,hell5is+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 & too little to t ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,!y are n :olly wrong 9 ?is4 ,he does n give suffici5t recognition to ! 8physical0 & sacram5tal elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism1 & does n "w out suffici5tly fully ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,my/]y-religions & ! ,johann9e & e>ly ,greek !ology4 ,9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( 8 hi/ory ( dogma he is too exclusively int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ology1 in/ead ( />t+ f ! curi\s complex ( ,*ri/ology1 sot]iology1 & sacram5tal doctr9e :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,paul9e z well z ( ! ,johann9e & e>ly ,greek !ology1 & det]m9es ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( dogma4 ,b ?is some:at "o-sid$ view ( primitive & e>ly ,*ri/ianity is f> f af=d+ ! complete explanation ( 8 attitude ( res]ve 9 reg>d to ! results arriv$ at by ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,if he =ms a l[ e/imate ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,my/]y-religions ^u ,paul & ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity1 he is l$ to t result by press+ consid]ations f ! hi/ory ( dogma1 by :i* ! consequ5ces ( ! !ory put =w>d by ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion are made cle> to him4 ,l ,anri*1 he recognis$ f ! beg9n+ ! weaknesses ( ! !ory1 :i* rema9$ hidd5 f ! *ampions ( ! me?od4 ,x is n possible = any "o :o holds t ,paul9ism %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,my/]y-religions to /op half-way2 he has to c>ry 8 conclusion back into primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al & to expla9 ev5 ! g5esis ( ! new fai? z due to syncretism4 ,! latt] pg #bcb /&-po9t is tak5 up by ,h]mann ,gunkel7#ahi7 & ,max ,maur5bre*]47#aij7 ,!y hold t ! belief 9 a r$eem]-god1 su* z 0 pres5t 9 ,jewi% ,messianism1 0 also widely curr5t 9 ! ,graeco-,ori5tal religions1 & t subsequ5tly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! hi/oric com+ ( ,jesus1 ^! two worlds ( ?\ght came into a contact :i* g5]at$ a creative en]gy4 ,f ! process ?us set 9 motion primitive ,*ri/ianity arose4 ,?is acc\nt ( its g5esis also expla9s1 !y ?9k1 :y x goes mu* beyond ! 8tea*+ ( ,jesus0 & ! religi\s ideas :i* =m$ ! cont5t ( ,late ,judaism1 & includes my/ical & sacram5tal beliefs4 ,! hi/oric ,jesus did n1 accord+ to ,gunkel & ,maur5bre*]1 hold ,himself to be ! 8,r$eem]40 ,!re=e1 ! real orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity does n lie ) ,him b ) ! disciples4 ,!y1 hav+ be5 laid hold ( by ! p[] ( ,8 p]sonality1 & f9d+ !mselves compell$ to seek a solution ( ! problem ( ,8 dea?1 ref]r$ to ,him ! already exi/+ my? ( ! ,savi\r-,god1 & !reby gave to ! set ( ideas :i* _h hi!rto only exi/$ z su* a po9t ( hi/orical atta*m5t1 bo? = ,ori5tals & ,jews4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! religi\s ideas :i* atta*$ !mselves 9 ! "o case & ! o!r to ! conception ( a r$eem]-god fl[$ into a common b$ & =m$ ! /ream :i*1 z ,*ri/ianity1 ov]fl[$ ! _w4 ,maur5bre*]1 :o seeks to "w out ! hypo!sis 9 r full] detail1 holds t 9 ,galilee1 :i* 9 view ( its hi/ory _h c]ta9ly n always be5 a purely ,jewi% c\ntry1 ! ,messianic idea & ! non-,jewi% belief 9 r$emption 7 already pres5t & _h to "s ext5t int]m+l$1 & t x 01 !re=e1 no accid5t t ! new religion :i* aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus took pg #bcc its rise 9 ! revelation made to ,pet] %\ld h gone =? f ,galilee4 ,! advantage1 he goes on to expla91 :i* ! "y ,*ri/ianity possess$ among a purely hea!n population 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r compet+ ,ori5tal religions1 arises f ! ,jewi% elem5t1 8:i* 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> int]mixture ( :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 ! outcome _h ent]$ into ! univ]sal ,ori5tal religion ( r$emption40 8,conv]sely1 h[ev]1 x 0 precisely ! non-,jewi% elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai? :i* = ! ,jews made ?is new religion a really new & high] /age ( _! religi\s life40 ,?is hypo!sis is unable to recognise any unique "* 9 ,paul4 ,:at ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 claim = him1 x f9ds already completely realis$ 9 ! primitive community4 ,! result is t ,maur5bre*] h>dly kn[s :at to make ( him1 & emphasises 8 ,jewi% side mu* m /rongly ?an 8 ,graeco-,ori5tal aspect4 ,! solution ( ! problem work$ out by ,gunkel & ,maur5bre*] is n bas$ purely on ,comp>ative ,religion1 b1 z ! latt] writ] ju/ly po9ts out1 is a k9d ( syn!sis betwe5 ! views ( lib]al !ology & t ( its oppon5ts4 ,! fundam5tal idea comes f ! latt]2 b 9 agreem5t ) ! =m] ! exi/5ce ( a hi/orical ,jesus is reta9$4 ,! ret5tion ( ?is remnant ( critical hi/ory is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y & illogical4 ,if ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity ess5tially dep5ds on ! int]mixture ( an ,ori5tal belief 9 a r$eem] ) ! ,jewi% expectation ( ! ,messiah1 &1 giv5 a contact & int]p5etration betwe5 ! two1 mu/ necess>ily h aris51 x is n obvi\s :y ! rle ( a hi/orical ,jesus %\ld be--or :e!r x c be--reta9$ 9 connexion ) x4 ,9 ,gunkel & ,maur5bre*] x is only a /op-gap1 :i* is br\ght into a :olly ext]nal connexion ) ! gr[? ( ! new religion4 ,!y reta9 ,8 com+ z ! ph5om5on by :i* ! contact ( ! two religi\s worlds is set up1 b n z a fructify+ elem5t4 pg #bcd ,!re is no obvi\s reason = cont9u+ to take into acc\nt ?is by no means indisp5sable auxili>y =ce4 ,if ! ,ori5tal belief 9 a r$eem] & ! ,jewi% ,messianic hope 7 inh]5tly adapt$ to "o ano!r1 & de/9$ to produce by _! fruitful union a new religion1 !n1 aft] all1 any k9d ( impulse1 ev5 a m]e tra9 ( ?\ght1 might h set ! process 9 motion4 ,! assumption ( ! exi/5ce & ! dea? ( ! ,galilaean ,rabbi becomes sup]flu\s if once x ceases to supply ! effici5t cause = ! aris+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,s9ce ,comp>ative ,religion f9ds ! latt] 9 ! mutual int]p5etration ( ,jewi% & ,graeco-,ori5tal elem5ts1 x c get along j z well ) my? z ) ! que/ionable hi/ory ( ! ,synopti/s4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,william ,b5jam9 ,smi?17#aia7 & ,ar?ur ,drews4 ,bo? ^! writ]s make a r extravagant use ( ! privilege ( /&+ outside ! ranks ( sci5tific !ology4 ,_! imag9ation leaps ) playful elegance ov] ob/acles ( fact & enables !m to discov] ev]y:]e ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus :om _! s\l desires1 ev5 9 places :]e an ord9>y intellig5ce c f9d no trace ( him4 ,smi? takes x = grant$ t ! 8,naas5es1 ^: orig9 goes back to ! mo/ remote antiquity1 wor%ipp$ a ,jesus z a div9ity40 ,h[ ,*ri/ianity grew out ( ?is cult he does n tell u1 b consoles u ) ! promise ( lat] revelations4 ,9 ! preface he betrays ! fact t he is n[ only publi%+ 8! fir/ qu>t] ( ! evid5ce :i* he has collect$10 & int5ds to g on quietly collect+ & arrang+ 8 mat]ial 8until pg #bce ! :ole irresi/ible ho/ c take ! field toge!r10 & fur!r1 t x is n !--inevitable--victory :i* is 8 ma9 conc]n1 b ! /imulus imp>t$ to o!rs4 ,drews7#aib7 does n play ! amateur q s completely1 b endeav\rs on ! basis ( 8 belief 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus to pres5t a coh]5t picture ( ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity arose2 & he makes ,paul its creator4 8,! ,jesus-fai?10 s runs 8 !sis1 8_h long exi/$ 9 num]\s ,m&aean sects 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 _m respects di/9ct f "o ano!r1 be=e ! belief 9 ! ,jesus-religion acquir$ a fix$ =m & its adh]5ts became consci\s ( _! religi\s diff]5tia & _! indep5d5ce ( ! (ficial ,jewi% religion40 ,?is anci5t fai? fir/ meets u z a new religion 9 ! lett]s ascrib$ to ,paul4 ,! citiz5 ( ,t>sus1 tra9$ z a ,ph>isee1 he>d ( a sect-god nam$ ,jesus1 & br\ght ?is conception into connexion ) ! belief 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis & ! ?\ght ( ! suff]+ 8s]vant ( ! ,"l0 9 ,isaiah liii41 & ?us arriv$ at ! idea t a god _h appe>$ 9 human =m1 & _h by 8 dea? & resurrection become ! ,r$eem]1 & _h enabl$ m5 8to become ,god40 ,?is 0 ! bir?-h\r ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,= a hi/oric p]sonality1 8to s]ve1 s to speak1 z ! liv+ model = ! ,god-man10 !re 0 no ne$ 9 ord] to produce ?is ,jesus-religion1 :i* !n ent]$ on its _w-wide c>e] ( victory4 ,drews' !sis is n m]ely a curiosity2 x indicates ! natural limit at :i* ! hypo!sis advanc$ by ! advocates ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 :5 left to its own mom5tum1 f9ally comes to re/4 ,paul9ism1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! adh]5ts ( ?is mu*-vaunt$ me?od1 is to be reg>d$ z a syn!sis betwe5 primitive ,*ri/ianity & ! conceptions curr5t 9 ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,if ?is be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t1 x is necess>y to proce$ to ! conclusion--s9ce ! syn!sis _c be conceiv$ z pg #bcf accompli%$ by an individual--t ,*ri/ianity itself is a product ( syncretism4 ,& if ! con/itutive factor 9 ! new fai? is se5 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ,jewi% ,messianic expectation ) a ,graeco-,ori5tal belief 9 a r$eem]-god :o dies & rises aga91 ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a hi/oric ,jesus :o 0 n ,himself t\*$ by ,hell5ic ideas becomes a wor?less subsidi>y hypo!sis4 ,x becomes q a natural /ep to leave x on "o side & to reg>d ! syn!sis z ei!r develop+ gradually1 by an imp]sonal process1 or z com+ to bir? 9 ! bra9 ( ! au?or ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 :o ?us becomes ! creator ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,drews is ju/ifi$ 9 appeal+ to ,gunkel1 & ass]t+ t he is only (f]+ 8 ideas ) a logically necess>y correction4 ,( c\rse1 e fur!r logical /ep 9 ?is direction involves fur!r sacrifice ( hi/orical und]/&+ & an increas+ necessity to indulge 9 imag9>y con/ructions4 ,b all ^! consequ5ces are already pres5t 9 g]m 9 ! m]e ass]tion t ,paul is to be und]/ood f ! ,my/]y-religions1 ev5 ?\gh ^? :o ma9ta9 ?is view d n want to proce$ any fur!r ?an ! facts :i* h to be expla9$ seem to !m to w>rant4 ,z betwe5 ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion & ,drews ! relation is simil> to t betwe5 ! legitimate & illegitimate ,tb+5 s*ools4 ,"h1 too1 ! alt]native lies betwe5 8sci5tific & inconsi/5t1 & consi/5t & unsci5tific40 ,t means t an absolute ant9omy appe>s betwe5 ! logic ( ! attempt$ solution & t ( ! data ( fact2 :i* is z mu* z to say t ! problem has be5 wrongly grasp$1 & t ?is way1 :e!r x be foll[$ = a c]ta9 di/ance only1 or "r to ! end1 c nev] lead to ! goal ( a satisfactory solution4 pg #bcg ,,viii ,,summ+-,,up ,,& ,,=mulation ,,( ,,! ,,problem ,,! /udy ( ,paul9ism has no?+ v brilliant to %[ = itself 9 ! way ( sci5tific a*ievem5t4 ,le>n+ has be5 lavi%ly exp5d$ ^u x1 b ?\ght & reflection h be5 to seek4 ,writ]s w5t to "w ) an almo/ inconceivable abs5ce ( plan1 & want$ to (f] solutions be=e !y _h made cle> to !mselves ! scope ( ! problem4 ,in/ead ( seek+ a def9ite diagnosis1 !y treat$ ! symptoms sep>ately1 ) :atev] means happ5$ to come to h&4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !re=e1 t ! /udy ( ! subject %\ld move along intricate & cont9ually recross+ pa?s1 & engage 9 long & devi\s w&]+s1 only1 9 "s cases1 to arrive back aga9 at ! po9t f :i* x />t$4 ,t ,paul's doctr9e ( r$emption 0 ?\ght out on ! l9es ( a physical nature-process _h be5 ass]t$ by ,ldemann z long ago z ! ye> #ahgb4 ,nev]!less1 !ology hit on ! plan ( 8spiritualis+0 x1 & took v ne>ly ?irty ye>s to get back to ?is discov]y4 ,! acc\nt :i* we h giv5 ( ! hi/ory ( ! subject has reveal$ ! /ructure ( ! problem & giv5 x room to develop itself4 ,! inn] connexion ( ! que/ions det]m9es 9 advance :at ! individual solutions c & _c effect1 & at ! same "t pg #bch %[s :at mu/ be provid$ = 9 any solution :i* pr(esses to (f] a really hi/orical explanation4 ,to neglect ?is /ructure1 ?is s*ematism ( ! problem is n p]missible4 ,x has n be5 indep5d5tly inv5t$ & impos$ f )\t ^u ! pa/ hi/ory ( rese>*1 b repres5ts its actual results1 & po9ts ! way = all subsequ5t attempts at a solution4 ,! problem consi/s 9 ! two great que/ions3 :at ,paul's doctr9e has 9 common ) primitive ,*ri/ianity1 & :at x has 9 common ) ,greek ideas4 ,x is complicat$ by ! fact t our only in=mation ab\t ! beliefs ( ! primitive ,*ur* comes f ,paul4 ,8 writ+s are ! fir/--& inde$ ! only--witnesses :i* we possess ^u ! po9t1 s9ce ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] & ! ,epi/le ( ,james give u in=mation at be/ ab\t a non-,paul9e1 c]ta9ly n ab\t a pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /&>d by :i* ! primitiv5ess ( ,paul's ,*ri/ianity has to be measur$ & te/$ has1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place to be arriv$ at by ! me?od ( argu+ backw>d f itself4 ,nev]!less1 ! difficulty is n s great z x appe>s :5 ?us !oretically /at$4 ,! mo/ g5]al features ( ! e>lie/ dogma c be f\nd )\t difficulty 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,^! consi/$ 9 ! belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ! ,jesus :o _h di$ & ris5 aga91 & 9 ! expectation ( ,8 p>\sia 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,moreov]1 ! problem z a :ole is simplifi$ by ! fact t ! second ( ! fundam5tal que/ions has be5 cle>ly answ]$ by ! hi/ory ( ,paul9e /udy4 ,! answ] is ?is3 ,paul9ism & ,hell5ism h 9 common _! religi\s t]m9ology1 b1 9 respect ( ideas1 no?+4 ,! ,apo/le did n ,hell5ise ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 conceptions are equally di/9ct f ^? ( ,greek philosophy & f ^? ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,! aff9ities & analogies :i* h be5 alleg$ _c /& an exam9ation :i* takes acc\nt ( _! real ess5ce & ( ! diff]5t way 9 :i* ! ideas pg #bci are condition$ 9 ! two cases4 ,nei!r ,baur nor ! !ology :i* owes allegiance to him1 nor ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 h succe$$ 9 prov+ _! ass]tions4 ,x is also int]e/+ to obs]ve t ^? :o und]take to expla9 ,paul by ! aid ( ! ,graeco-,ori5tal ,my/]y-religions1 entirely d5y ! philosophic ,hell5ism :i* a m conv5tional !ological op9ion has f\nd 9 him2 s t x is a case ( ,satan's be+ driv5 out by ,beelzebub4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,comp>ative /udy ( ,paul9ism has ! m]it ( hav+ made an end ( ! 8spiritualis+0 & 8psy*ologis+0 :i* 7 practis$ = a :ole g5]ation4 ,! impossibility ( any?+ 9 ! nature ( a ,hell5ic gospel be+ pres5t 9 ,paul appe>s f ! fact1 t e view ( ?is k9d :5 ?\ght out 9 its logical implications mu/ arrive at a po9t :]e x has to d viol5ce to hi/orical tradition4 ,x became app>5t t x is impossible = a ,hell5is$ ,paul9ism to subsi/ alongside ( a primitive ,*ri/ianity :i* %>$ ! ,jewi% es*atological expectations4 ,"o mu/ ei!r1 z ! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics did1 transplant ! ,epi/les & ! doctr9e f ! primitive p]iod to ! second c5tury1 or1 z "s ( ! vot>ies ( ,comp>ative ,religion h endeav\r$ to d1 expla9 primitive ,*ri/ianity z a product ( ,graeco-,ori5tal syncretism4 ,t only a v few inve/igators h drawn ^! inf]5ces is n due to ! fact t !y are n ju/ifi$4 ,x 0 want ( c\rage1 ( logical consi/5cy1 & ( ! necess>y contempt = ! re/ ( ! facts :i* prev5t$ !m f mak+ ! v5ture4 ,s !y (f]$ compromises1 impos+ly dress$ out 9 words b inw>dly unt5able1 & talk$ !mselves & o!rs into believ+ ! impossible1 namely1 t a ,hell5isation ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian belief effect$ by ,paul z an individual is really conceivable4 ,! half-&-half !ories :i* repres5t ,paul9ism z consi/+ p>tly ( ,greek1 p>tly ( ,jewi% ideas1 are pg #bdj 9 a /ill worse case ?an ^? :i* m or less neglect ! =m] elem5t4 ,encumb]$ ) all ! difficulties ( ! ,hell5is+ !ory !y become involv$ 9 ! jungle ( ant9omies :i* !y discov] or imag9e1 & !re p]i% mis]ably4 ,! solution mu/1 !re=e1 consi/ 9 leav+ out ( ! "q ,greek influ5ce 9 e =m & 9 e comb9ation1 & v5tur+ on ! 8"o-sid$ness0 ( endeav\r+ to und]/& ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles entirely on ! basis ( ,jewi% primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,t implies1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ,paul9e es*atology mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 its full compass1 z requir$ by ! utt]ances ( ! lett]s4 ,b m]ely to emphasise x is n ev]y?+4 ,! next po9t is to expla9 x4 ,:at 0 ! s*eme ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,end1 & :at answ] 0 giv5 by es*atological expectation to ! fundam5tal que/ions :i* c\ld n be avoid$8 ,are !re two resurrections or "o2 "o judgm5t or two8 ,:o are to rise aga9 at ! p>\sia8 ,does a judgm5t take place !n8 ,on :om is x held8 ,:at are its /&>ds & its subject8 ,:]e9 d rew>d & puni%m5t consi/8 ,:at happ5s to ! m5 ( ! surviv+ g5]ation :o are n de/9$ to ! ,messianic k+dom8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 judgm5t & election8 ,:at is ! fate ( believ]s :o are elect & baptis$ b :o h fall5 f grace by unwor?y conduct8 ,c !y lose _! f9al bless$ness1 or are !y only exclud$ f ! ,messianic k+dom8 ,does ,paul recognise a g5]al resurrection8 ,if s1 :5 does x take place8 ,is x accompani$ by a judgm5t1 or d only ! elect rise aga98 ,:5 does ! judgm5t take place at :i* ! elect judge ! angels8 ,n until ,paul9e es*atology gives an answ] to all ! 8idle0 que/ions ( ?is k9d :i* c be ask$ w x be really und]/ood & expla9$4 ,& x mu/ be someh[ possible1 by ! discov]y ( its inn] logic1 to recon/ruct x f ! scatt]$ /atem5ts 9 ! docum5ts4 pg #bda ,we h no "r to assume t = ,paul !re exi/$ 9 8 expectation manife/ obscurities1 mu* less t he _h ov]look$ contradictions 9 x4 ,is !re1 !n1 any possibility ( expla9+ ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption & ! sacram5tal tea*+ on ! basis ( ! ,jewi% es*atological elem5t8 ,! attempt is by no means s hopeless z x might seem 9 view ( ! g5]al consid]ation t ,judaism knew nei!r my/icism nor sacram5ts4 ,x is n really a "q ( ,judaism z su*1 b ( apocalyptic ?\ght1 :i* is a sep>ate & indep5d5t ph5om5on aris+ )9 ,judaism1 & has special presuppositions :i* are entirely peculi> to x4 ,we saw 9 analys+ ! 8physical0 elem5t 9 ! doctr9e ( r$emption & ! sacram5ts t ! conceptions connect$ !re) are condition$ by ! und]ly+ es*atology :i* ev]y:]e %[s ?r\gh47#aic7 ,x ne$s no special le>n+ to make ?is discov]y4 ,any "o :o v5tures to read ! docum5ts ) an op5 m9d & pays att5tion to ! prim>y l9ks ( connexion w soon arrive at ?is conclusion4 ,t ,paul's my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption & 8 doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts belong to es*atology is pla9 to be se54 ,! only "q is 9 :at way1 exactly1 !y h aris5 out ( x4 ,! future-hope1 rais$ to ! highe/ degree ( int5sity1 mu/ someh[ or o!r h possess$ ! p[] ( produc+ !m4 ,if ! impulse1 ! press+ ne$ to :i* !y 7 ! response1 is once recognis$1 !n ,paul9ism is und]/ood1 s9ce 9 its ess5ce x c be no?+ else ?an an es*atological my/icism1 express+ itself by ! aid ( ! ,greek religi\s t]m9ology4 ,!oretically1 too1 x is possible to =m an approximate idea h[ ! int5sifi$ expectation ( ! future might take a my/ical =m4 ,9 apocalyptic ?\ght s5su\s & sup]-s5su\s conv]ge1 9 su* a mann] t ! =m] is ?\ght ( z pass+ away into ! latt]4 ,?us pg #bdb !re is pres5t 9 x ! mo/ g5]al presupposition ( all my/icism1 s9ce x is ! object ( ! latt] to aboli% ! e>?ly 9 ! sup]-e>?ly4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! my/icism :i* arises out ( ,apocalyptic is t x does n br+ ! two worlds into contact 9 ! m9d ( ! individual man1 z ,greek & m$ieval my/icism did1 b dovetails "o into ! o!r1 & ?us creates = ! mom5t at :i* ! "o passes ov] into ! o!r an objective1 temporally condition$ my/icism4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only available = ^? :o by _! de/9y belong to bo? worlds4 ,es*atological my/icism is pr$e/9>ian4 ,t a my/icism ( ?is k9d exi/$ be=e ,paul is n kn[n4 ,x may be conjectur$ t ! conditions "u :i* x c\ld develop 7 n pres5t until aft] ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,b sacram5tal t5d5cies already make _! appe>ance 9 ! future-hope :i* 0 to lead up to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! usual view is to ! effect t ,paul 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! my/ical elem5t into baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,!re is no?+ to prove t4 ,h[ c we possibly tell t ^! c]emonies 7 previ\sly purely symbolic acts8 ,any "o :o reads ) an op5 m9d ! ,synoptic acc\nts ( ,john's baptism mu/ recognise t x 0 n only a symbol ( purification on rep5tance1 b is ?\ght ( z 9 "s way or o!r gu>antee+ salvation47#aid7 ,a transaction1 h[ev]1 :i* itself gives & effects su* a result is to be reg>d$ z a sacram5t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,paul speaks ( e>ly ,*ri/ian baptism & ( ! ,"l's ,supp] does n make ! impression t he is ass]t+ = ! fir/ "t ! effectual work+ ( ! c]emony2 x is r z if he took x = grant$ z some?+ giv5 & self-evid5t4 ,?is w\ld agree ) ! obs]vation not$ above t ! baptism ( ,john1 f :i* primitive ,*ri/ian pg #bdc baptism 0 d]iv$1 0 already ?\ght ( z a sacram5t4 ,:e!r ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! int5tion ( ,jesus ,himself directly convey$ some?+ to ! p>tak]s1 or :e!r x only became a sacram5t 9 primitive ,*ri/ian times1 mu/ be left undecid$4 ,t ! int5sifi$ es*atological expectation %\ld g s f> z to produce sacram5tal conceptions is 9 itself intelligible4 ,^? :o /ood on ! ?re%old ( ! com+ glory mu/ h be5 eag]ly anxi\s to ga9 an assurance t !y !mselves w\ld be p>tak]s !re9 & to obta9 tangible gu>antees ( 8deliv]ance0 f ! com+ judgm5t4 ,! conception ( 8m>k+ out0 & 8seal+0 plays 9 apocalyptic ?\ght a v important "p4 ,simil> provisions are a *>act]i/ic product ( any int5se expectation ( ! future4 ,x is1 !re=e1 highly probable t ! ,bapti/1 & primitive ,*ri/ianity1 creat$ es*atological sacram5ts :i*1 z already e/abli%$ & accr$it$1 ,paul _h only to take ov]4 ,! be>+ ( ^! /atem5ts & consid]ations mu/ be %[n f ! ,epi/les4 ,h[ f> x is possible to trace ! g5esis ( ! my/icism & ! sacram5tal doctr9e f ! es*atological beliefs ( ! ,apo/le _c be det]m9$ a priori4 ,! "o ?+ c]ta9 is t no o!r way ( explanation is possible ?an t :i* leads f ! circumf]5ce ( 8 future-hope to ! c5tral idea ( 8 8!ology40 ,all o!r int]pretations hang 9 ! air4 ,!ology has h]et(ore f\nd itself r helpless 9 pres5ce ( ! vot>ies ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,x c\ld n accept _! results z correct1 b on ! o!r h& x 0 n 9 a position to expla9 ,paul's sacram5tal views1 because x _h nev] tak5 into consid]ation ! possibility t !y might h aris5 out ( ! ,jewi% & primitive ,*ri/ian future-hope4 ,!re 0 ?us no c\rse op5 to x b to engage 9 an +lori\s gu]illa w>f>e ) ! new sci5ce & skirmi% ) pg #bdd x ov] p>ticul> passages & /atem5ts4 ,x is only ! acceptance ( ! fact t ! ,apo/le's doctr9e is integrally1 simply & exclusively es*atological1 :i* puts x 9 a position to assume ! (f5sive 9 a sy/ematic way & ) good prospect ( success4 ,! ,apo/le's mo/ g5]al views mu/ be tak5 z ! />t+ po9t f :i* to expla9 h[ he arrives at ! p>adox t ! believ] is unit$ ) ,*ri/1 exp]i5ces along ) ,him dea? & resurrection1 & becomes a new creature1 emancipat$ f fle%ly corporeity4 ,! ass]tion t ^! /atem5ts are meant 9 a 8physical0 s5se does n c>ry u v f>4 ,! reason :i* expla9s _! 8reality0 mu/ be %[n4 ,simply 9 & by !mselves !y are n explicable4 ,:at has be5 advanc$ reg>d+ ! solid>ity ( ,jesus ) ! human race is f> f suffic+ to make x 9 any degree intelligible1 especially z ,paul has n 9 view ,*ri/ & humanity1 b ,*ri/ & ! elect4 ,! mi/ake 9 ! attempts at explanation hi!rto made consi/s 9 ! fact t !y seek to argue f ! facts ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 simply z su*1 directly to t :i* takes place 9 ! believ]4 ,9 reality1 x c only be a "q ( a g5]al ev5t1 :i* 9 ! "t imm$iately prec$+ ! ,end br+s ab\t ?is dy+ & ris+ aga9 9 ,jesus & believ]s z toge!r =m+ a s+le category ( mank9d1 & ?us ant$ates ! future into ! pres5t4 ,= t :i* happ5s bo? to ! ,"l & to ! elect x mu/ be possible to f9d "s k9d ( common-d5om9ator :i* exactly conta9s ! factors1 ! =ces :i* are at "w 9 ! two cases4 ,s9ce ^? :i* produce _! effect 9 ,*ri/ are ! fir/ to become manife/1 ,paul c ca/ 8 !ory into ! =m t ! believ]s h di$ & ris5 aga9 ) ,him4 ,! g5]al fact :i* comes into "q mu/ result f ! condition ( ! _w betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ,8 p>\sia4 ,! ,apo/le ass]ts an ov]lapp+ ( ! /ill natural1 & ! already sup]natural1 pg #bde condition ( ! _w1 :i* becomes real 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ & believ]s 9 ! =m ( an op5 or hidd5 work+ ( ! =ces ( dea? & resurrection--& becomes real 9 !m only4 ,! doctr9e ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus & ! my/ical doctr9e ( r$emption are alike cosmically condition$4 ,x is n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to expla9 ! my/ical doctr9e & ! sacram5tal doctr9e :i* is b\nd up ) x4 ,to ! problem ( ,paul9ism belong o!r di/9ct que/ions :i* h n yet f\nd a solution4 ,! prim>y que/ions are ! relation ( ! ,apo/le to ! hi/orical ,jesus1 8 attitude t[>ds univ]salism7#aie7 & t[>ds ! law1 & ! nature ( 8 compromise betwe5 pr$e/9>ian & sacram5tal doctr9e4 ,w 8 views on ^! po9ts1 :i* x has hi!rto be5 impossible to grasp cle>ly1 simil>ly admit ( explanation on ! basis ( ! unique cosmic conditions obta9+ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ & ! p>\sia8 ,x is to be notic$ t ! ,apo/le does n advance 8 ass]tions ) ref]5ce ei!r to e>li] or to subsequ5t times1 b simply & solely = ?is %ort int]v5+ p]iod4 ,_! explanation is !re=e d\btless to be look$ = "h4 ,paul mu/ h _h m k ab\t ,jesus ?an he uses 9 8 tea*+s & polemics4 ,8 proc$ure is delib]ate4 ,he does n appeal to ! ,ma/] ev5 :]e x might seem inevitable to d s1 z 9 reg>d to ! e?ics & ! doctr9e ( ! significance ( ,8 dea? & resurrection2 & 9 fact decl>es t z a matt] ( pr9ciple he desires no long] to 8"k ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%40 ,psy*ological consid]ations are q inadequate to expla9 ^! facts4 ,x is z ?\gh he held t betwe5 ! pres5t _w-p]iod & t 9 :i* ,jesus liv$ & taught !re exi/s no l9k ( connexion1 & 0 conv9c$ t s9ce ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,"l conditions 7 pres5t :i* pg #bdf 7 s :olly new t !y made ,8 tea*+ inapplicable1 & r5d]$ necess>y a new basis = e?ics & a deep] k respect+ ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,! case lies simil>ly 9 reg>d to ! ,apo/le's views ab\t univ]salism & ! law4 ,x 0 n by 8 exp]i5ces among ! ,g5tiles t he 0 l$ to univ]salism4 ,& ! ?\ght is n simply t mission "w among ! hea!n ought to be p]mitt$4 ,he ma9ta9s ! view t !re is a press+ necessity to c>ry ! ,gospel abroad4 ,x is "u ! impulsion ( ?is ?\ght t he becomes ! ,apo/le ( ! ,greeks4 ,! sole & suffici5t reason = ?is view he f9ds 9 ! peculi> condition ( ! _w betwe5 ! dea? & ! p>\sia ( ,*ri/4 ,to x are due ! conditions 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a %>e 9 ! privileges ( ,israel is op5 to ! ,g5tiles )\t _! be+ oblig$1 by tak+ ^u !m ! law & its sign1 to ent] into union ) ,israel4 ,9 say+ ?is x is n ! ,apo/le's mean+ t !y m]ely d n ne$ to d s2 !y mu/ n d s1 on pa9 ( los+ _! salvation4 ,s9ce ,rits*l1 ! repres5tatives ( ! hi/ory ( dogma h be5 conc]n$ to obscure ! problem ( ! law 9 ,paul & to turn !ology into pa?s ( eas9ess4 ,!y ass]t t x 0 a purely practical "q1 :i* did n t\* doctr9e 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,?is 0 ! exp$i5t by :i* !y escap$ f ! difficulty :5 x 0 rais$ by ,baur4 ,x is "t t x %\ld be giv5 up4 ,:5 ,paul proclaims t ! ,greeks d n ne$ to submit to ! law1 he is n l$ to d s by ! exp]i5ce t ?is 0 reasonable & practical4 ,he decl>es !m free because ! logical implications ( 8 doctr9e compel him to d s4 ,:at ,jesus ?\ght ab\t ! matt] is j z indiff]5t to him z ,8 op9ion reg>d+ ! legitimacy ( prea*+ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,! peculi> conditions ( ! "t betwe5 ,8 dea? & pg #bdg ,8 p>\sia =bid any ext5sion ( ! law to believ]s outside ( ,israel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! conditions require t believ]s belong+ to ! ,*os5 ,p mu/ cont9ue to practise x z be=e4 ,! ass]tion ( ! non-validity ( ! law is nev] int5d$ by ,paul 9 a s5se :i* w\ld ju/ify ! inf]5ce ( its total abolition = all believ]s4 ,x has receiv$ its dea?-bl[1 b reta9s its position outw>dly up to ! "t ( ! p>\sia4 ,= ?is limit$ p]iod ! wat*word is3 he :o is "u ! law %all cont9ue to obs]ve x2 he :o is free f x %all on no acc\nt place himself "u x4 ,f "o & ! same fact two diametrically opposite conclusions are drawn2 = s ! unique "* ( ! "t dem&s4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 pr$e/9ation & ! sacram5ts8 ,:y d ! elect ( ! f9al g5]ation ne$ a provision :i* 0 n made = ^? ( e>li] g5]ations8 ,?is too mu/ result f ! unique "* ( ! "t4 ,! only logical assumption is t to ?is special provision corresponds a special bless$ness1 go+ beyond ! ord9>y bless$ness involv$ 9 election z su*1 :i* is res]v$ = ! f9al g5]ation & _c be obta9$ o!rwise ?an ?r\gh baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,b :]e9 does x consi/8 ,all ^! que/ions are1 l ! my/ical doctr9e1 to be answ]$ by ref]5ce to ! special conditions ( ! p]iod betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! p>\sia4 ,x mu/ be possible to ref] back ! :ole ( ! tea*+s to "o & ! same fundam5tal fact4 ,x foll[s t !re mu/ be no m talk+ ab\t ! 8uniqu5ess ( ! ev5t at ,damascus0 & psy*ologis+ ab\t ,paul's 8religi\s exp]i5ce10 no m spiritualis+ & mod]nis+1 no mak+ play ) ! di/9ction betwe5 religion & !ology1 or ) ! discov]y or concealm5t ( contradictions & ant9omies1 or o!r simil> ex]cises ( +5uity4 ,all explanations :i* repres5t ! sy/em ( doctr9e pg #bdh z some?+ aris+ subjectively 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d may be assum$ a priori to be false4 ,only ^? :i* seek to d]ive x objectively f ! fundam5tal facts ( ! primitive es*atological belief are to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! only k9d ( int]pretation :i* c be consid]$ hi/orical is "o :i* makes x cle> h[ a man :o believ$ 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus & ,8 imm95t p>\sia 01 9 virtue ( t belief1 9 a position to und]/& ! ?\ghts ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles & to foll[ 8 argum5ts1 & 0 logically oblig$ to accept !m4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! solution mu/ expla9 ! enigmatic attitude :i* subsequ5t g5]ations take up 9 reg>d to ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y "k him1 b !y owe no allegiance to him4 ,he creat$ no s*ool4 ,! !ology ( an ,ignatius or a ,ju/9 does n atta* itself to him4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 ?is ?an a simple ov]sight4 ,if ^! !ologians d n turn to him = aid1 ?\gh he /&s l a giant among !m1 t mu/ be due to ! fact t x is impossible to d s1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ! natural developm5t ( ?+s !y h be5 l$ to foll[ q o!r pa?s4 ,= "s reason or o!r1 ! conditions "u :i* he creat$ 8 sy/em mu/ be = !m unimag9able4 ,x is true !y are /ill 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! dea? & ! p>\sia ( ,jesus1 b !y c no long] int]pret x 9 ! same way z ! ,apo/le did4 ,:y are !y no long] able to br+ into play ! =ces :i* he assumes to be 9 op]ation :5 he ref]s ev]y?+ to ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 ( ,*ri/ & ! believ]8 ,:i* ( 8 presuppositions is = !m lack+8 ,may x be t ! int5sity ( ! es*atological expectation has s decl9$ t ! my/icism associat$ !re) c no long] ma9ta9 its gr\nd8 ,! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics dem&$ ( !ology pro( t ! canonical ,paul & 8 ,epi/les belong$ to e>ly ,*ri/ianity2 & ! dem& 0 ju/ifi$4 ,! "q is n to be decid$ 9 ! doma9 ( pg #bdi lit]>y hi/ory1 s9ce ! only ?+ we h to deal ) is ! self-witness ( ! ,epi/les1 :i* c nei!r be /r5g!n$ nor %ak5 by indications drawn f else:]e4 ,argum5t & c\nt]-argum5t mu/ be drawn f ! cont5ts4 ,! !ological s*ol>%ip :i* _h to meet ! attacks ( ,/eck & van ,man5 _h no solid argum5ts to oppose to !m4 ,its ,paul9ism 0 s complicat$1 ,hell5is$ & mod]nis$1 t x c\ld at ne$ f9d a place 9 !ological text-books1 b n 9 primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an explanation :i* %[s t ! ,apo/le's sy/em is bas$ on ! mo/ primitive es*atological premises1 & at ! same "t makes x intelligible :y subsequ5t g5]ations c\ld n cont9ue to foll[ ! road on :i* he />t$1 !reby demon/rates 8 primitive ,*ri/ianity &1 to ?is ext5t1 also ! g5u95ess ( 8 *ief ,epi/les4 ,! possibility t !y might be primitive-,*ri/ian1 & yet n writt5 by ! hi/oric ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 h>dly calls = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,any "o :o works out ?is solution is ! true pupil ( ,baur1 h[ev] widely he may div]ge f him 9 8 views & results4 ,by unequivocally det]m9+ ! date ( ! writ+s 9 "q on int]nal gr\nds & exclud+ all o!r possibilities he is ex]cis+ 8positive criticism0 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ! ,tb+5 ma/]1 & ju/ifies him 9 ! face ( ! adv]s>ies aga9/ :om he c no long] def5d himself4 ,x may no d\bt prove to be ! case t ?is 8positive0 criticism w appe> di/ress+ly negative to ^? :o look = results :i* c be imm$iately co9$ into dogmatic & homiletic curr5cy4 ,_! op9ion1 h[ev]1 is ( small importance4 ,x is ! fate ( ! 8,little-fai?s0 ( tru? t !y1 true foll[]s ( ,pet]1 :e!r !y be ( ! ,roman or ! ,prote/ant obs]vance1 cry out & s9k 9 ! sea ( ideas1 :]e ! foll[]s ( ,paul1 believ+ 9 ! ,_s1 walk secure & undismay$4 pg #bea ,,index ,ammon1 ,c4 ,f4 von1 #c n4 ,anri*1 ,gu/av1 #agi1 #ahi1 #bca ,aratus1 #id ,aub]t91 ,*>les1 #ie n4 ,augu/9e1 #ie n4 ,aurelian1 #aha ,baljon1 ,j4 ,m4 ,s41 #aag1 #aah1 #abe1 #adh n4 ,bau]1 ,bruno1 #bd1 #bh1 #aag1 #abj ff4 ,baumg>t51 ,mi*ael1 #if n4 ,baumg>t51 ,s4 ,j41 #a1 #c ,baur1 ,f4 ,c41 #ab ff41 #bj f41 #be1 #cc1 #ha1 #aah f4 ,baur1 ,f4 ,f41 #bj n4 ,beys*lag1 ,willibald1 #bb1 #bf1 #da ,b\sset1 ,w41 #dh n41 #aea1 #aeb1 #afb ,br&t1 ,w41 #bd1 #fj n4 ,brckn]1 ,m>t91 #aeb1 #aga1 #agi1 #aic n4 ,brckn]1 ,wilhelm1 #aah1 #acd n4 ,bru/on1 ,e41 #bd1 #gd n4 ,caligula1 #ahd ,calv91 #cc ,claudius1 #ahc ,clem51 ,k>l1 #aah1 #agi1 #ahi n4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #aai1 #abh1 #ace ,cumont1 ,franz1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahc n41 #ahe n41 #aib ,curtius1 ,ern/1 #bd1 #hg1 #id n4 ,dhne1 ,a4 ,f41 #b1 #aj n4 ,deissmann1 ,adolf1 #bc1 #fj n41 #aec1 #agb n41 #agi1 #ahi n4 ,de ,jong1 ,h4 ,e41 #aha ,delitzs*1 ,franz1 #bc1 #dg ,de ,wette1 ,w4 ,m4 ,l41 #b1 #aj n4 ,dibelius1 ,m>t91 #aeb1 #afb n4 ,dick1 ,k>l1 #aea1 #aee n4 ,diet]i*1 ,albre*t1 #agi1 #ahf ff41 #aij1 #aic n41 #aid1 #aie1 #bbh n41 #bcj ,dobs*tz1 ,ern/ von1 #aeb1 #afi ,domitian1 #abh ,dres*]1 ,a41 #aea1 #aec1 #aei n4 ,drews1 ,ar?ur1 #agi1 #bcd f4 ,ei*horn1 ,alb]t1 #agi1 #bje ,ei*horn1 ,j4 ,g41 #a1 #h f41 #ae ,epictetus1 #ie ,erne/i1 ,fr4 ,?4 ,l41 #bc1 #ie n4 ,erne/i1 ,j4 ,a41 #a1 #c f4 ,evanson1 ,e41 #aag1 #aba n4 ,ev]l+1 ,otto1 #bc1 #ee f4 ,fe9e1 ,paul1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aef ff41 #afe ,fleury1 ,amde1 #ie n4 ,fri$lnd]1 ,m41 #aag1 #abd n4 ,fri$ri* 7,maehliss71 #aag1 #ace n4 ,gass1 ,j4 ,c41 #g ,gass1 ,w41 #bd1 #ie n4 ,geffk51 ,j41 #agi1 #ahi n4 ,g5nri*1 ,p41 #agi1 #aia n4 ,glol1 ,j41 #bc1 #gh n4 ,godet1 ,f41 #bb1 #bf n4 ,goguel1 ,m41 #aeb1 #aei f4 ,grafe1 ,e41 #bc1 #dd1 #ij f41 #aaa ,gressmann1 ,h41 #aeb1 #afb n4 ,grotius1 ,hugo1 #a1 #b ,gruppe1 ,otto1 #agi1 #aha n41 #aic n4 ,gunkel1 ,h41 #bc1 #gh f41 #aaa1 #agi1 #ahi n41 #bcb f41 #bcf ,hadrian1 #abb ,h>nack1 ,adolf1 vi1 #be1 #fc1 #fi1 #ha f41 #hc1 #hd1 #ij1 #aac1 #aad f41 #aea1 #aeb1 #afj1 #agc1 #ahj1 #ahi n41 #bca ,hat*1 ,edw91 #be1 #hb ,hausra?1 ,adolf1 #bb ,haussleit]1 ,j41 #aeb1 #agb ,havet1 ,e41 #bc1 #ed1 #fc ,hegel1 #ae1 #af1 #ba ,he9rici1 ,g4 ,f41 #bd1 #de1 #fc n41 #fg1 #hj n41 #hg1 #ic1 #aag1 #aea1 #afb n4 ,heitmll]1 ,w41 #aeb1 #afe1 #ahj1 #bjd ff41 #bjh n4 ,heliogabalus1 #aha ,hepd+1 ,h41 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahd ,hilg5feld1 ,a41 #abi ,h(mann1 ,c4 ,k4 von1 #bb1 #da ,hollmann1 ,g41 #aea1 #baa n4 pg #beb ,hol/51 ,k41 #bb1 #bc1 #ce1 #ch f41 #fc1 #ff ff41 #aje1 #aac1 #aad f4 ,holtzmann1 ,h4 ,j41 #bb1 #bd1 #be f41 #ajj1 #aaf1 #adi f41 #aec1 #afc f41 #bba n4 ,ignatius1 v1 vi1 vii1 #hj1 #hb1 #aai1 #abg1 #ace1 #bjj1 #bdh ,jacoby1 ,adolf1 #ahj1 #aic n4 ,jakoby1 ,h]mann1 #aea1 #afj f4 ,j]ome1 #ie n4 ,josephus1 #ea ,julian1 #aha n4 ,jli*]1 ,adolf1 #bb1 #aeb1 #agj n4 ,junck]1 ,alfr$1 #aeb1 #afj f4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 v1 vi1 vii1 #hj1 #hb1 #aai1 #abh1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf1 #bjj1 #bag1 #bdh ,kabis*1 ,r41 #bc1 #eh ff41 #gd1 #gf1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #afh1 #agd1bbb ,kal?(f1 ,a41 #aag1 #abc n4 ,kant1 #aab1 #aah ,k>l1 ,w41 #ha n41 #aeb ,kautzs*1 ,e4 ,f41 #bc1 #hh ,knopf1 ,r41 #aeb1 #agb ff4 ,klb+1 ,p41 #aeb1 #agj ff4 ,krey]1 ,j41 #ie n4 ,le*l]1 ,g4 ,v41 #ab1 #ah ,lightfoot1 ,john1 #dh n4 ,lipsius1 ,r4 ,a41 #ab1 #ai f41 #bd1 #fd n4 ,loman1 ,a4 ,d41 #aag1 #abd f41 #adj1 #aec ,lo(s1 ,f41 #fc n41 #agc n4 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#ce ,res*1 ,a41 #bc1 #db n4 ,reuss1 ,e41 #bb1 #bd1 #ca1 #ce ,rits*l1 ,albre*t1 #ab1 #af f41 #bc1 #dj f41 #dc1 #hc1 #hd ,rohde1 ,e41 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe n4 ,ros*]1 ,h4 ,r41 #ahj ,ro!1 ,r41 #ef ,sabati]1 ,a41 #bb1 #cb1 #ce ,s*ettl]1 ,a41 #aeb1 #agb n4 ,s*lg]1 ,g41 #aag ,s*latt]1 ,a41 #aeb ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,f4 ,e4 ,d41 #a1 #g f4 ,s*midt1 ,ern/1 #ahb n4 ,s*mi$el1 ,p4 ,w41 #bd1 #fc1 #hh1 #ajc ,s*n$]mann1 ,g41 #de n4 ,s*niew9d1 ,j41 #aec1 #agb n4 ,s*olt51 ,j4 ,h41 #aag1 #acd n4 ,s*op5hau]1 #aah ,s*ttg51 ,c41 #dh n4 ,s*rad]1 ,k>l1 #b1 #aj n4 ,s*r]1 ,emil1 #bd1 #de ,s*w>tz1 ,e4 ,e41 #ahj1 #bai ,s*wegl]1 ,a41 #ab1 #af ,s*weitz]1 ,a41 #agj ,seeb]g1 ,r41 #aeb1 #agc ,seml]1 ,j4 ,s41 #a1 #d f41 #adh ,s5eca1 #ie f41 #abb ,siegfri$1 ,k41 #bd1 #ia n4 ,simon1 ,!odor1 #bd1 #if n4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,b41 #ahj1 #bcd f4 ,sokol[ski1 ,e41 #aea1 #afj n4 ,soltau1 ,w41 #ahj1 #ahi n4 ,spiegelb]g1 ,w41 #bab n4 ,spitta1 ,f41 #eb n41 #aah1 #adi ,/eck1 ,rudolf1 #aag1 #abe1 #abh n41 #abi ff41 #adj1 #ada1 #aec ,sulze1 ,e41 #aah1 #adc ,sur5hus 7,sur5huys71 ,w41 #dh n4 ,tei*mann1 ,ern/1 #bd1 #gd ff4 ,t]tullian1 v1 #ie1 #abh1 #abi1 #bjj ,titius1 ,ar?ur1 #aea1 #aef ff41 #afe pg #bec ,us5]1 ,h41 #ahj1 #aha ,u/]i1 ,l41 #b1 #i f4 ,vis*]1 ,e41 #aeb1 #aec1 #agb n4 ,volck1 ,w41 #bf n41 #da n4 ,volkm>1 ,g41 #bc ,vollm]1 ,h41 #bd1 #dh n41 #hh1 #ia ,vlt]1 ,daniel1 #aah1 #adc ff4 ,volz1 ,paul1 #aeb1 #afb n4 ,wal!r1 ,w41 #aeb1 #agj n4 ,web]1 ,f41 #bd1 #de ,we9el1 ,he9ri*1 #aea1 #aed f41 #afe n4 ,weiss1 ,b]nh>d1 #bb1 #bg n41 #ce1 #da1 #ed1 #fd1 #ff1 #fi ,weiss1 ,johannes1 #aeb1 #agj n4 ,weisse1 ,c4 ,h41 #bd1 #bh1 #aah1 #ada f4 ,weizsck]1 ,k>l von1 #bc1 #ce1 #fd1 #fe f41 #fi1 #abh n4 ,wellhaus51 ,j41 #df n41 #aeb1 #aei n4 ,w5dl&1 ,p41 #ahj1 #ahi n4 ,w5dt1 ,h4 ,h41 #bc1 #cj n4 ,w]nle1 ,p41 #bd1 #fj n41 #aea1 #aed f41 #ahj1 #baj f4 ,wiesel]1 ,k41 #ab1 #ae ,w9dis*1 ,h41 #aeb1 #afa n4 ,wobb]m91 ,g41 #ahj ,wolf1 ,j4 ,c41 #a1 #c ,wr$e1 ,william1 #ajj1 #aeb1 #aff ff41 #agg ,wns*1 ,r41 #ahg n4 ,zahn1 ,!odor1 #bb1 #be1 #if n4 ,zell]1 ,e41 #bj n4 ,ziegl]1 ,!obald1 #bd1 #ie n4 ,zw+li1 #cc ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 ,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,footnotes ,,notes ,,= ,,preface #a ,sub-title3 8,e9e ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5-,jesu-,=s*ung40 ,engli% translation 8,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus40 ,london1 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 #aiaj1 #bnd ed4 #aiaa4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,i #b ,9 ! ,am/]dam edition ( ! :ole 9 #afgi1 ! ,annotationes on ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 7#ajji pp471 ) ^? on ! o!r ,epi/les & ! ,apocalypse1 =m vol4 iii4 #c #agbc1 #hbb pp4 #d #a/ ed4 #agdb2 #bnd1 #agde1 #bcb pp4 7,= title see head ( *apt]47 #e ,ble1 #agda4 ,five vols41 cov]+ ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les are treat$ 9 ! #crd 7#hbj pp47 & #d? 7#hcg pp474 ,! full title is3 ,curae philologicae et criticae 4 4 4 quibus integritati contextus ,graeci consulitur1 s5sus v]borum ex praesidiis philologicis illu/ratur1 div]sae ,int]pretum ,s5t5tiae summatim en>rantur et mode/o exam9i subjectae vel approbantur vel repelluntur4 #f #ace pp4 ,lat] editions #agfe1 #aggd1 #agib1 #ahji4 ,! la/ two 7 br\ght out "u ! c>e ( ,ammon4 #g ,f\r p>ts4 ,p>ts i4 & ii4 =m ! fir/ volume 7#dbd pp471 "p iii4 vol4 ii4 7#cif pp471 "p iv4 vol4 iii4 7#cif pp474 ,"p i4 is occupi$ ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( exegesis1 "p ii4 ) ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p>ts iii4 & iv4 ) t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #h ,f\r volumes4 ,! fir/ 79 ! repr9t ( #aggf1 #ccc pp473 ,on ! natural conception ( ,scripture4 ,! second 79 ! fir/ edition1 #aggb1 #fjh pp473 ,on ,inspiration & ! ,canon1 ,answ]s to criticisms & attacks4 ,?ird 7#a/ ed41 #aggc1 #efg pp473 ,on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 ,answ]s to criticisms & attacks4 ,! f\r? 7#agge1 #dfj pp47 is :olly occupi$ by an answ] to ! "w ( a c]ta9 ,dr4 ,s*ub]t4 ,?is (t5 m5tion$ b little read "w does n !re=e pres5t exactly ! appe>ance t might be expect$ f its title4 ,! polemical replies occupy a mu* l>g] space ?an ! orig9al argum5ts4 #i #bih pp4 ,a /rik+ & brilliantly writt5 "w4 #aj ,p>aphrasis ,epi/olae ad ,romanos 4 4 4 cum ,diss]tatione de ,app5dice1 capp4 xv4 et xvi41 #agfi1 #caa pp4 7,d$icat$ to ,johann ,augu/ ,erne/i47 ,p>aphrasis 9 ,primam ,pauli ad ,cor9?ios ,epi/olam1 #aggj1 #edj pp4 7,d$icat$ to ,johann ,david ,mi*aelis47 ,p>aphrasis ,,ii4 ,epi/olae ad ,cor9?ios1 #aggf1 #chh pp4 ,ea* ( ^! works conta9s a preface ( "s l5g? on ! pr9ciples ( hi/orical exegesis4 ,z a specim5 ( ! p>aphrase we may quote t ( ,rom4 vi4 ,i3 ,jam si haec e/ ,evangelii tam exoptata hom9ibusque cunctis tam frugif]a doctr9a1 num audebimus /atu]e1 p]sev]>e nos tam5 posse 9 i/a pecc&i consuetud9e1 ut quasi eo fiat amplior gratiae div9ae locus8 #aa ,johann ,david ,mi*aelis1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,s*rift5 des ,neu5 ,bundes1 #a/ ed41 #agej4 ,9 its successive editions ?is "w dom9ates ! !ology ( all ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? x is sup]s$$ by ,ei*horn's ,introduction4 ,! ?ird edition 7#aggg7 conta9s #acef pp4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les occupy pp4 #ajja-aabh4 #ab b]setzung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #agij1 #eff pp4 ,anm]kung5 fr ,ungelehrte zu se9] b]setzung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #d vols41 #agij-ib4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les are treat$ 9 vols4 iii4 & iv4 #ac ,fri$ri* ,ern/ ,david ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 sog5annt5 er/5 ,brief des ,paulus an d5 ,timo!us4 ,e9 kritis*es ,s5ds*reib5 an ,joa*im ,*ri/ian ,gass1 #ahjg4 ,9 8 complete works ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! second volume ( ! fir/ division1 #ahcf1 pp4 #bbc-cbj4 #ad ,johann ,gottfri$ ,ei*horn1 ,hi/oris*-kritis*e ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #a/ ed41 vol4 iii41 second half 7#ahad71 pp4 #cae-daj4 ,ei*horn po9ts out t he _h recognis$ ! spuri\sness ( ! ?ree ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 & _h express$ 8 conviction 9 8 ,univ]sity lectures be=e ,s*lei]ma*] publi%$ 8 criticisms ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,timo?y4 #ae ,leonh>d ,u/]i1 ,die ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs1 #ahbd1 #aia pp4 ,! editions ( #ahbi1 #ahcj1 & #ahcb 7 revis$ by ! au?or1 :o di$ 9 #ahcc4 ,aft] 8 dea? two m appe>$ 7#ahcd1 #ahea74 ,ref]5ce may be made also to ,u/]i's 8,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians10 #ahcc1 #beb pp4 #af ,! fir/ "w :i* und]took to give an acc\nt ( ! ,apo/le's sy/em ( ?\ght z su* is ,gottlob ,wilhelm ,mey]'s ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs1 #ahja1 #chj pp4 ,! au?or has collect$ ! mat]ial well1 b does n "k 9 :at direction ,paul's peculi>ity lies4 #ag ,( ! works :i* criticise ,u/]i & m>k an advance 9 ,paul9e /udy ! foll[+ may be nam$3-- ,k>l ,s*rad]1 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus2 vols4 i41 #ahcj 7#bfd pp471 & ii41 #ahcb 7#cgc pp471 deal ) ! life ( ! ,apo/le ,paul2 vol4 iii41 #ahcc 7#cca pp471 ) ! doctr9e2 vols4 iv41 #ahce 7#dij pp471 & v41 #ahcf 7#egd pp471 conta9 ! exposition ( ! ,epi/les4 ,augu/ ,f]d9& ,dhne1 ,entwicklung des paul9is*5 ,lehrbegriffs1 #ahce1 #baa pp4 ,m5tion may also be made ( ! *apt] on ,paul9ism 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,w4 ,ne&]'s ,ges*i*te d] ,pflanzung und ,leitung d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*e dur* die ,apo/el1 #a/ ed41 #ahcb2 #bnd ed41 #a/ vol41 #ahch 7#dcc pp474 ,paul is treat$ 9 pp4 #ajb-dcc2 #d? ed41 #ahdg2 #e?1 #ahfb4 ,z typical ( ! exegesis ( ! p]iod prior to ,baur may be m5tion$ ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,w4 ,m4 ,l4 de ,wette on ,romans 7#bnd ed471 #ahch2 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 #ahda2 ,galatians & ,!ssalonians1 #ahda4 #ah ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,paulus1 ,des ,apo/els ,paulus ,lehrbriefe an die ,galat]- und ,rm]-,*ri/51 #ahca1 #cfh pp4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,baur ,,& ,,8 ,,critics #ai ,alb]t ,s*wegl]1 ,das na*apo/olis*e ,zeitalt] 9 d5 ,hauptmom5t5 se9] ,entwicklung 78,! ,po/-,apo/olic ,age 9 ! ma9 ,features ( its ,developm5t071 #ahdf1 vol4 i4 #ebb pp41 vol4 ii4 #cib pp4 ,9 ! writ+s :i* m>k ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ,paul9ism ?ree gr\ps are di/+ui%$4 ,to ! fir/1 ! apologetic gr\p1 belongs ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]2 to ! second1 ! conciliatory writ+s1 are to be reckon$ ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 & ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians2 ! ?ird is repres5t$ by ! ca?olicis+ writ+s1 ! ,pa/orals1 ! ,lett] ( ,polyc>p1 & ! ,ignatian ,lett]s4 #bj ,albre*t ,rits*l1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] altka?olis*5 ,kir*e1 e9e kir*5- und dogm5ges*i*tli*e ,monographie1 #ahej1 #fbb pp42 #bnd ed41 #aheg1 #fje pp4 #ba ,got?>d ,viktor ,le*l]1 ,das apo/olis*e und das na*apo/olis*e ,zeitalt] mit ,rcksi*t auf ,unt]s*i$ und ,e9heit 9 ,lehre und ,leb5 7 4 4 4 ) special ref]5ce to _! diff]5ce & unity 9 life & doctr9e71 #a/ ed41 #aheb2 #bnd ed41 #aheg1 #ecf pp4 ,! portion deal+ ) ,paul is pp4 #cc-aed2 9 ! #crd ed41 #ahhe 7#fce pp47 ,paul is treat$ on pp4 #bfi-djg4 ,9 ! fir/ two editions ! :ole ( ! ,paul9e epi/les are reg>d$ z g5u9e2 9 ! ?ird ! au?or no long] v5tures to treat ! ,pa/orals z on ! same foot+ ) ! o!r ,epi/les4 ,! v cle>ly & compreh5sively /at$ problem is pr9t$ at ! beg9n+4 #bb ,die paul9is*e ,re*tf]tigungslehre1 #ahec1 #bai pp4 #bc ,9 #ahej1 ,beitrge zur ,erklrung d] ,kor9!sbriefe1 pp4 #aci-ahe4 ,cont9u$ 9 #aheb1 pp4 #a-dj & #ece-egd4 ,9 #ahee1 ,die beid5 ,briefe an die ,!ssaloni*]2 ihre ,a*!it und ,b$eutung fr die ,lehre d] ,p>usie ,*ri/i1 pp4 #ada-afh 7 4 4 4 _! g5u95ess & _! significance = ! doctr9e ( ! p>\sia ( ,*ri/74 ,9 #aheg1 b] ,zweck und ,g$ank5gang des ,rm]briefs neb/ d] ,errt]ung e9ig] paul9is*5 ,begriffe1 pp4 #fj-ajh & #ahd-bji 78,on ! ,purpose & ! ,argum5t ( ,romans1 ) a ,discussion ( c]ta9 ,paul9e ,conceptions407 #bd ,paulus d] ,apo/el ,jesu ,*ri/i1 #bnd ed41 edit$ by ,zell]1 #ahff-ahfg1 vol4 i4 #dfi pp41 revis$ by ,baur2 vol4 ii4 #cgf pp4 conta9s a repr9t ( ! *apt] on ,paul's doctr9e f ! fir/ edition4 #be ,vorlesung5 b] neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie4 ,publi%$ by ,f]d9& ,fri$ri* ,baur1 #ahfd1 #djg pp4 ,pages #abh-bjg deal ) ! doctr9al sy/em ( ,paul4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,f ,,baur ,,to ,,holtzmann #bf ,die ,pa/oralbriefe kritis* und exegetis* beh&elt1 #ahhj1 #ejd pp4 ,adolf ,h>nack 79 ,die ,*ronologie d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur bis ,eusebius1 vol4 i41 #ahig1 #gcb pp4--on ,paul1 #bcc-bci7 is dispos$ to reg>d ! p]sonal notices ( ! ,pa/orals z g5u9e ) ! aid ( ! hypo!sis ( ! second imprisonm5t4 #bg ,kritik d] ,ephes]- und ,koloss]briefe1 #ahgb1 #cch pp4 #bh ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #ahhe2 #bnd ed41 #ahhf2 #crd ed41 #ahib4 ,second ,!ssalonians1 ,ephesians1 & ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 spuri\s2 ,colossians1 work$ ov]4 ,a simil> critical /&-po9t is occupi$ by ,adolf ,jli*]1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #ahid1 #djd pp4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les are treat$ 9 pp4 #ai-abh4 ,a m$iat+ position is tak5 up by ,e4 ,reuss1 ,ges*i*te d] heilig5 ,s*rift5 ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 7#e? ed41 #ahgd1 #ceb pp42 #f? ed41 #ahhg74 ,all t c be said 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/orals & #b ,!ssalonians is set =? ) ! greate/ complet5ess1 s9ce ! au?or is v reluctant to give up ^! writ+s4 ,see ! same au?or's ,hi/oire de la ?ologie *rti5ne au sicle apo/olique 7#aheb2 #bnd ed41 #ahfj1 #b vols41 i4 #dhi pp41 ii4 #fbi pp4 ,paul9ism is treat$ 9 vol4 ii41 #c-bfb2 #crd ed41 #ahfd74 ,mild polemic aga9/ ,baur4 ,ano!r m$iat+ "w is ,willibald ,beys*lag's ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie1 #ahia2 #bnd ed41 #ahif4 ,only ! ,pa/orals spuri\s4 ,a cons]vative /&-po9t is occupi$ by ,b]nh>d ,weiss1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #ahhf1 #feb pp4 ,paul & 8 ,epi/les occupy pp4 #aab-ccb4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are sav$ by ! hypo!sis ( ! second imprisonm5t4 #b ,!ssalonians & ,ephesians are held to be g5u9e 7#crd ed41 #ahig1 #fag pp474 ,cons]vative also is ,!odor ,zahn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #a/ ed41 #ahig1 vol4 i41 #dhi pp4 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 pp4 #aji-dhi4 ,*4 ,k4 v4 ,h(mann 9 8 ,e9leitung 7pt4 ix4 ( 8,die ,heilige ,s*rift10 edit$ by ,volck1 #ahha1 #daa pp4 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #a-bjj7 proposes by means ( ! hypo!sis ( a lib]ation ( ! ,apo/le f 8 fir/ imprisonm5t to make n only ! ,pa/orals1 b also ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews g5u9e4 ,t #b ,!ssalonians & ,ephesians are g5u9e is = him self-evid5t4 ,frdric ,godet too 7,introduction au ,n\veau ,te/am5t1 #ahic1 #gcg pp47 reg>ds all ?irte5 ,epi/les z g5u9e4 #bi ,typical 9 ?is respect is ! proc$ure ( ,b]nh>d ,weiss 9 8 ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie 7#ahfh74 ,he treats ! doctr9e ( ! ,epi/les ( ! imprisonm5t & t ( ! ,pa/orals by !mselves aft] he has develop$ t ( ! ma9 ,epi/les1 al?\gh he reg>ds !m all z ,paul9e4 #cj ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe1 #c pts41 #ahej1 #gd pp42 #ahea1 #gf pp42 #aheb1 #abi pp42 ,*ri/us und die ,cs>51 #ahgg1 #chg pp4 #ca ,beitrge zur ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe an die ,galat]1 ,rm] ,philipp] und ,koloss]4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,sulze1 #ahfg1 #fe pp4 #cb ,ldemann 0 oppos$ by ,h4 ,h4 ,w5dt 9 8 "w ,die ,begriffe ,fleis* und ,gei/ im biblis*5 ,spra*gebrau*1 #ahgh1 #bai pp4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,rits*l he und]took to prove t ! mean+ ( ^! two words conf9$ itself 8)9 ! b\nd>ies set by ,old ,te/am5t usage10 & t !re=e ! assumption ( ,greek influ5ce 0 unnecess>y4 #cc ,otto ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 #ahhg4 #cd ,augu/e ,sabati]1 ,l',aptre ,paul1 esquisse d'une hi/oire de sa p5se1 #ahgj1 #bif pp4 7#bnd ed41 #ahha2 #crd ed41 #ahig74 #ce ,das ,evangelium des ,paulus1 pt4 #b 7edit$ by ,mehlhorn71 #ahih1 #agb pp4 #cf ,p4 #ca4 #cg ,zum ,evangelium des ,paulus und des ,petrus1 #ahfh1 #ddg pp4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or collects "s ( 8 e>li] & lat] essays4 ,! foll[+ are its compon5t p>ts1 8,paul's ,vision ( ,*ri/0 7#ahfa71 8,pet]'s ,vision ( ! ,messiah0 7#ahfh71 8,cont5ts & ,argum5t ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians0 7#ahei71 8,! ,significance ( ! ^w 7fle%7 9 ,paul's ,sy/em ( ,doctr9e0 7#ahee74 ,! collection is d$icat$ to ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 8:o ?\gh dead yet lives40 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! "w ,das ,evangelium des ,paulus1 #ahhj1 #dih pp41 ,hol/5 deals ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians & ! ,fir/ to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! second "p 0 int5d$ to give an exposition ( ,romans & #b ,cor9?ians & to close ) a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,at ,hol/5's dea? only ! clos+ section 0 f\nd to be ready = pr9t+4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahih "u ! editor%ip ( ,c>l ,mehlhorn1 & be>s ! title 8,c>l ,hol/51 ,das ,evangelium des ,paulus1 "p ii41 ,paul9is*e ,!ologie10 #agc pp4 ,:at 0 ?us publi%$ is bas$ on a manuscript prep>$ = 8 lectures 9 ! w9t] session ( #ahic-ahid1 & on /ud5ts' notes4 #ch ,albre*t ,rits*l1 ,die *ri/li*e ,lehre von d] ,re*tf]tigung und ,v]shnung1 #ahgd1 vol4 ii4 #cgg pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #bae-bei & #cjj-cfi4 #ci ,lehrbu* d] biblis*5 ,!ologie des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #a/ ed4 #ahfh1 #gef pp4 ,on ,paul9ism1 pp4 #baf-ejg2 #f? ed4 #ahie1 #fgg pp4 ,on ,paul9ism1 #bja-dfc4 #dj ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie1 #a/ ed4 #ahia2 #bnd ed4 #ahif1 vol4 ii4 #eeb pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #a-bhe4 #da ,*4 ,k4 v4 ,h(mann1 ,biblis*e ,!ologie 7vol4 xi4 ( 8,die heilige ,s*rift ,neu5 ,te/am5ts02 edit$ by ,volck71 #ahhf1 #cbh pp4 #db ,texte und ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] alt*ri/li*5 ,kir*e1 vol4 v41 #ahhh1 "p iv4 ,alfr$ ,res*1 8,agrapha4 ,auss]kanonis*e ,evangeli5fragm5te gesammelt und unt]su*t10 #dhj pp4 ,! 8logia0 numb]$ #ac-df he holds1 on ! evid5ce ( e*oes 9 ! lett]s1 to h be5 kn[n to ,paul4 ,see pp4 #aeb-bdc4 #dc ,die paul9is*e ,lehre vom ,gesetz 78,! ,paul9e ,doctr9e ( ! ,law074 ,bas$ on ! f\r ma9 ,epi/les1 #ahhd1 #bf pp4 ,! second edition 7#ahic1 #cc pp47 is a revision ( ! fir/1 b 9 ! results arriv$ at bo? agree4 #dd ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te4 ,9 ! second edition ! "w be>s ! title ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,jesu ,*ri/i 7,engli% ,translation3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhe74 ,! second volume deals ) ! lit]ature & ! v>i\s curr5ts ( ?\ght4 ,!re h s9ce appe>$ a ?ird & f\r? edition4 #de ,sy/em d] altsynagogal5 pal/95sis*5 ,!ologie aus ,t>gum1 ,midras* und ,talmud d>ge/ellt1 #cii pp4 7,edit$ aft] ! au?or's dea? by ,delitzs* & ,s*n$]mann47 ,! second edition 7#ahig1 #dbg pp47 be>s ! title ,jdis*e ,!ologie auf ,grund des ,talmud und v]w&t] ,s*rift5 78,jewi% ,!ology describ$ on ! ,basis ( ! ,talmud & cognate ,writ+s074 ,! e>li] lit]ature is ref]r$ to 9 ,hans ,vollm]'s ,die altte/am5tli*5 ,zitate bei ,paulus 7#ahie71 #ha pp4 #df ,a typical utt]ance is t ( ,j4 ,wellhaus5 7,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te1 #f? ed4 #aijg1 #chf pp471 8,paul has n be5 able to free himself f ! ,rabb9ic me?ods ( exegesis4 ,he employs x 9 8 argum5ts1 especially 9 connexion ) ju/ification by fai?4 ,b ! inn] ess5ce ( 8 religi\s conviction 0 n affect$ by x40 #dg ,paulus des ,apo/els ,brief an die ,rm] 9 das ,hebris*e b]setzt1 und aus ,talmud und ,midras* erlut]t1 #ahgj1 #abb pp4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! au?or gives an int]e/+ review ( previ\s ,hebrew translations ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t or ( s+le books4 ,he also ref]s to ! ,rabb9ic reason+ 9 ! apo/le's argum5ts4 ,! illu/rations f ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature1 pp4 #gc-ajj1 foll[ ! translation4 ,he expects z a result ( ?is translation t x w br+ into prom95ce ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,rabb9ic1 & ,hell5i/ic elem5ts 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian modes ( ?\ght & expression4 ,e>li] attempts to po9t out ,rabb9ic p>allels to ,paul9e ideas 7 made by ,lightfoot1 ,sur5hus1 ,s*ttg51 ,meus*51 & ,nork4 ,in=mation ab\t ?is lit]ature w be f\nd 9 ,hans ,vollm]'s "w 7,die altte/am5tli*5 ,zitate bei ,paulus1 #ahie1 pp4 #hj1 #ha74 #dh ,a good g5]al idea ( ! ,rabb9ic lit]ature z a :ole is giv5 by ,b\sset 9 8 "w ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 #aijc1 #bnd ed41 #aijf1 pp4 #de-ec4 #di ,among ! few s*ol>s :o /em ! tide ( conv5tional /upidity ,fr$]ick ,spitta des]ves a =emo/ place4 ,9 8 pr9t$ works1 no d\bt--^? 9 "q are ,d] zweite ,brief des ,petrus und d] ,brief des ,judas 7#ahhe1 #edd pp47 & ! /udies ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur des ,ur*ri/5tums 7vol4 i4 #ahic2 vol4 ii4 #ahif7--;he is *iefly engag$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! g5]al !sis t ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature %[s mu* m dep5d5ce on ! ,late-,jewi% ?an is g5]ally admitt$4 ,a detail$ pro( ( ?is k9d = ! ,paul9e lett]s has only be5 giv5 9 8 exegetical lectures1 :i* h n be5 publi%$4 ,! /imulus :i* he gave to o!rs is cle>ly app>5t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! n9eties4 ,kabis*'s /udy ( ! es*atology ( ,paul 7#ahic7 is p>tly bas$ on ! f\ndation :i* he _h prep>$4 #ej ,die paul9is*e ,angelologie und ,dmonologie1 #ahhh1 #abf pp4 #ea ,die ,es*atologie des ,paulus 9 ihr5 ,zusamm5hng5 mit dem ,gesamtbegriff des ,paul9ismus 7 444 9 its relations ) ! g5]al conception ( ,paul9ism71 #ahic1 #cch pp4 ,! "w is d$icat$ to ,fri$ri* ,spitta4 ,aft] a hi/orical introduction1 ! pr9cipal passages :i* come into "q are exam9$4 ,aft] t ! es*atology is develop$ accord+ to its cont5ts & motives1 & 9 ! process its relations ) ! v>i\s doctr9es ( ! ,paul9e !ology come up = discussion4 #eb ,he did n1 un=tunately1 foll[ x up ) ! "w on ! ,e?ics4 #ec ,! es*atological "* ( ! ,paul9e my/icism is also po9t$ out by ,paul ,w]nle 9 8 sugge/ive /udy ,d] ,*ri/ und die ,snde bei ,paulus 7#ahig1 #ach pp471 b he does n foll[ out ! idea 9 all its consequ5ces4 ,a c]ta9 recognition ( ! 8physical0 "* ( ! doctr9e ( r$emption is also arriv$ at by ,adolf ,deissmann4 ,9 8 /udy1 ,die neute/am5tli*e ,=mel 89 ,*ri/o ,jesu0 7#ahib1 #acf pp47 he comes to ! conviction t ,paul _h creat$ ! =mula on ! analogy ( a l+ui/ic usage already obta9+ 9 non-biblical ,greek1 & int5d$ 9 us+ x to indicate ! relation to ,*ri/ z an exi/5ce )9 ! pneumatic ,*ri/ :i* 0 to be locally conceiv$4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 ?9k ( expla9+ x f es*atology4 ,! old psy*ologis+ & spiritualis+ me?ods are 9 no way dep>t$ f by ,w4 ,br&t4 ,9 8 "w1 ,die evangelis*e ,ges*i*te und d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/5tums 78,! ,gospel ,hi/ory & ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity10 #ahic1 #eia pp42 on ,paul1 pp4 #eae-ebd71 he ma9ta9s t x 0 ! visions ( ! disciples :i* fir/ made ,jesus into ! ,messiah4 ,paul1 he ?9ks1 89 8 pr(\nd reflexion ov] 8 conv]sion1 came to ?9k ( ?is revolution 9 8 life z a dy+ & ris+ aga9 ( 8 inn] man40 #ed ,georg ,he9rici1 ,auslegung d] ,kor9!rbriefe 7,i ,cor41 #ahhj1 #egd pp42 #b ,cor41 #ahhg1 #fjf pp474 #ee ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el1 8,auslegung d] ,briefe an die ,!ssaloni*] und ,kor9!r10 9 ,holtzmann's ,h&komm5t>1 vol4 ii4 section i42 #a/ ed41 #ahia2 #bnd ed41 #ahib4 #ef ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #crd ed41 #ahid1 vol4 i4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #hc-ie4 ,fri$ri* ,lo(s 9 8 ,dogm5ges*i*te 7#ahij1 #ddc pp47 takes up no def9ite attitude t[>ds ! ,paul9e problem4 ,re9hold ,seeb]g1 too 7,dogm5ges*i*te1 fir/ half1 #ahie1 #ccb pp471 does n g into ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le4 #eg ,r4 ,a4 ,lipsius1 8,auslegung d] ,briefe an die ,galat]1 ,rm] und ,philipp]10 9 ,holtzmann's ,h&komm5t>1 vol4 ii4 section i4 #a/ ed41 #ahia2 #bnd ed41 #ahib4 ,?is comm5tator's position is indicat$ by ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,! great anti!sis betwe5 fle% & _s gradually =ces out ! ,jewi% conceptions "o aft] ano!r1 ?\gh x is n "r to say t ,hebrew ideas are driv5 out by ,hell5ic ones4 ,:5 ,paul goes outside ! circle ( ,old ,te/am5t views he does s 9 consequ5ce ( a deep] e?ical grasp ( ! orig9ally ,hebrew anti!sis betwe5 fle% & _s1 n by a borr[+ ( ,greek ideas40 #eh ,das apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aje-aea4 #ei ,x is mo/ cle>ly develop$ by ,hol/5 on pp4 #cg & #ch ( ! second "p ( 8 ,evangelium des ,paulus1 #ahif4 #fj ,vol4 i41 #ahhj2 vol4 ii41 #ahhg4 ,see especially ! ,introduction & ! ,epilogue to vol4 ii4 #fa ,9 ,phil4 i4 #ba f4 ! ref]5ce is to an inn] /ruggle :i* ! ,apo/le exp]i5ces4 ,he desires to dep>t & be ) ,*ri/1 :i*1 inde$1 w\ld be mu* bett]1 b he kn[s t to rema9 9 ! fle% is m ne$ful = ! sake ( 8 *ur*es4 ,f ?is conviction he draws ! confid5t conclusion t he w rema9 ) !m = _! progress & joy 9 ! fai?4 ,9 ,phil4 iii4 #h he decl>es t he has c\nt$ all ?+s b loss 9 ord] to w9 ,*ri/ & be f\nd 9 ,him1 to "k ,him & ! p[] ( ,8 resurrection & ! fell[%ip ( ,8 suff]+s1 to be con=m$ unto ,8 dea?1 if s be t he might atta9 787 to ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,bo? passages are c]ta9ly obscure1 & d n to a lit]al int]pretation yield any satisfactory mean+4 ,"o feels t ! logic ( ^! close-pack$ ass]tions is n self-evid5t1 b mu/ someh[ dep5d on presuppositions ( :i* ! basis is n "h giv54 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be ma9ta9$ t ! assumption ( a spiritualis+ hope reg>d+ ! future makes all cle>4 #fb ,an allusion to ! passage 9 ,fau/1 8,zwei ,seel5 wohn51 a*1 9 me9] ,bru/40--,,translator4 #fc ,ern/ ,tei*mann1 ,die paul9is*5 ,vor/ellung5 von ,auf]/ehung und ,g]i*t und ihre ,beziehung zur jdis*5 ,apokalyptik 78,! ,paul9e ,conceptions ( ,resurrection & ,judgm5t & _! relation to ,jewi% ,apocalyptic071 #ahif1 #abe pp4 ,ak9 to ,tei*mann's /udy is t ( ,c4 ,bru/on1 8,la ,vie future d'aprs ,/ ,paul0 9 ! ,revue de ,?ologie et de ,philosophie 7,lausanne71 #ahid1 pp4 #ejf-ecj4 ,! au?or ma9ta9s t ,paul _h nev] really held ! conceptions connect$ ) ! resurrection ( ! dead at ! p>\sia1 b _h always ?\ght 8spiritually0 & assum$ a pass+ into glory imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,b :ile 9 8 e>li] writ+s he /ill us$ c]ta9 expressions borr[$ f ! 8,rabb9ic es*atology10 lat] he q ab&on$ ^!4 #fd ,h]mann ,gunkel1 ,die ,wirkung5 des ,heilig5 ,gei/es na* d] populr5 ,ans*auung d] apo/olis*5 ,zeit und na* d] ,lehre des ,apo/els ,paulus 78,! ,manife/ations ( ! ,holy ,_s accord+ to ! ,popul> ,view ( ! ,apo/olic ,age & accord+ to ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le ,paul071 #ahhh1 #aaj pp4 ,%ortly be=e t appe>$ ! purely biblico-!ological treatm5t ( x by ,johannes ,glol1 ,d] ,heilige ,gei/ 9 d] ,heilsv]kndigung des ,paulus 78,! ,holy ,_s 9 ,paul's ,prea*+ ( ,salvation071 #ahhh1 #djb pp4 ,x keeps entirely to description & does n ent] into ! "q reg>d+ ! orig9 & inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,pfleid]]'s view is1 h[ev]1 call$ 9 "q4 #fe ,ur*ri/5tum1 #ahhg4 ,simil>ly ,he9rici 9 8 comm5t>y on #b ,cor9?ians4 #ff ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ,vorlesung5 b] die *ri/li*e ,dogm5ges*i*te 78,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma071 vol4 i4 ,f ! apo/olic p]iod to ! synod ( ,nicaea1 #ahfe 7edit$ by ,f]d9& ,fri$ri* ,baur74 #fg ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #ahhe1 vol4 i42 #crd ed41 #ahid2 #d? ed41 #aiji4 ,wilhelm ,k>l1 too1 9 8 ,beitrge zum ,v]/ndnis d] sot]iologis*5 ,erfahrung5 und ,spekulation5 des ,apo/els ,paulus 78,contributions to ! ,und]/&+ ( ! ,sot]iological ,exp]i5ces & ,speculations ( ! ,apo/le ,paul10 #ahii1 #aaf pp471 does n feel oblig$ to h rec\rse to ,greek ?\ght 9 ord] to expla9 ! ,apo/le's doctr9e4 ,he (f]s a ?or\gh & indep5d5t analysis ( ! sy/em :i* 9 _m po9ts is mu* sup]ior to ! ord9>y view4 #fh ,edw9 ,hat*1 ,hibb]t ,lectures on 8,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*40 ,! "w 0 translat$ into ,g]man by ,erw9 ,preus*5 9 #ahib4 ,its divisions are3 7i47 ,introductory1 7ii47 ,greek culture1 7iii47 ,greek & ,*ri/ian ,exegesis1 7iv47 ,rhetoric1 7v47 ,philosophy1 7vi47 ,e?ics1 7vii4-ix47 ,!ology1 7x47 ,my/]ies1 7xi47 ,corpus doctr9ae1 7xii47 ,! ,trans=mation ( ! basis ( ,*ri/ian ,unity3 ,doctr9e 9 ! ,place ( ,conduct4 #fi i4e4 z us$ 9 ?is connexion1 "h & lat]1 ! belief 9 ! univ]sal de/9ation ( ! ,gospel1 n 9 univ]sal salvation4 #gj ,paulus 9 ,a!n4 ,collect$ ,essays1 vol4 ii41 #ahid1 pp4 #ebg-edc ,9 ?is essay ! au?or seeks to exhibit ) "s fulness ! view1 :i* seems to him self-evid5t1 t ! ,apo/le 0 fill$ ) ! ,hell5ic _s4 #ga ,preface to 8 ,exposition ( #b ,cor9?ians1 #ahhg4 #gb ,holtzmann's ,h&komm5t>1 #bnd ed4 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 p4 #ib4 #gc ,emil ,fri$ri* ,kautzs*1 ,de vet]is ,te/am5ti locis a ,paulo ,apo/olo allegatis1 #ahfi1 #aaj pp4 #gd ,hans ,vollm]1 ,die altte/am5tli*5 ,zitate bei ,paulus 4 4 4 neb/ e9em ,anhang b] das ,v]hltnis des ,apo/els zu ,philo1 #ahie1 #ajc pp4 78,! ,old ,te/am5t quotations 9 ,paul 4 4 4 ) an ,app5dix on ! ,apo/le's relation to ,philo074 #ge ,! au?or has _h occasion to obs]ve ?is 9 ,alsatian !ologians & 9 himself4 ,"o :o is equally famili> ) ,fr5* & ,g]man w nev]1 ei!r 9 prea*+ or 9 conv]sation1 give 8 own v]sion ( ,biblical passages1 b w )\t exception keep to ! traditional =m 9 ! language :i* he is us+1 & ?is ev5 :]e he w\ld be capable ( giv+ a m exact r5d]+4 ,& 9 prea*+ he w turn to acc\nt ! peculi>ities ( ! word+ ( ! v]sion1 if x l5ds itself to 8 ?\ght1 & w ev5 p]haps use an argum5t :i* goes aga9/ ! s5se ( ! orig9al1 :i* he is suppos$ to be acqua9t$ )--exactly z ,paul does4 #gf ,edu>d ,grafe1 ,das ,v]hltnis d] paul9is*5 ,s*rift5 zur ,sapi5tia ,salamonis 78,! ,relation ( ! ,paul9e ,writ+s to ! ,book ( ,wisdom071 9 ! ,!ological ,essays d$icat$ to ,c>l von ,weizsck] on 8 sev5tie? bir?day1 #ahib1 pp4 #bea-bhf4 #gg b] das ,v]hltnis des ,apo/els zu ,philo1 an app5dix to 8 "w on ,die altte/am5tli*5 ,zitate bei ,paulus1 #ahie1 pp4 #hj-ih4 ,see also ,c>l ,siegfri$1 ,philo von ,alex&ria als ,ausleg] des alt5 ,te/am5ts an si* selb/ und na* se9em ges*i*tli*5 ,e9fluss betra*tet 78,philo ( ,alex&ria z an ,expositor ( ,scripture1 consid]$ bo? 9 ,himself & 9 ,reg>d to 8 ,hi/orical ,influ5ce071 #ahge1 #dah pp4 ,9 pp4 #cjd-aj ?\ghts & passages are cit$ f ,paul :i* are suppos$ to %[ aff9ity ) ,philo4 ,! resemblance is1 h[ev]1 s g5]al & col\rless t x _c be consid]$ z prov+ any?+4 ,! au?or quotes ! passages )\t draw+ any conclusion4 #gh ,ern/ ,curtius 9 ! essay cit$ above def5ds ! hi/oricity ( ,acts xvii4 #gi ,w4 ,gass1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik1 #ahha1 vol4 i4 #deg pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #cd-ch4 ,!obald ,ziegl]1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 ,e?ik1 #ahhf1 #eic pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #gb-ij4 #hj ,fr4 ,?4 ,l4 ,erne/i1 ,die ,e?ik des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #ahfh1 #aee pp42 #crd ed41 #ahhj4 #ha ,! ,*ri/ian "* ( ,s5eca's ?\ght 0 rem>k$ z e>ly z ,t]tullian1 :o 9 de ,anima1 xx41 :5 he quotes a phrase f him1 describes him z 8saepe no/]40 ,augu/9e & ,j]ome "k ( a correspond5ce betwe5 ,s5eca & ! ,apo/le4 ,f ! lit]ature we may m5tion ! foll[+ works3 ,amde ,fleury1 ,sa9t ,paul et ,snque4 ,re*]*es sur les rapports du philosophe avec l'aptre et sur l'infiltration du ,*ri/ianisme naissant trav]s le paganisme1 #b vols41 #ahec1 #djd & #chc pp4 ,s5eca is suppos$ to h drawn on ,paul4 ,at ! end ( ! second "p ! correspond5ce betwe5 !m is pr9t$4 ,! "w is uncritical 9 "*4 ,johann ,kreyh]1 ,l4 ,annaeus ,s5eca und se9e ,beziehung5 zur ,ur*ri/5tum 7 4 4 4 & 8 relations ) e>ly ,*ri/ianity71 #ahhg1 #aih pp4 ,s5eca is suppos$ to h _h "s relations ) ,*ri/ianity 9 ,rome ev5 be=e ! ,apo/le's com+1 & !nce=w>d to h ent]$ into a close relation%ip ) him4 ,*>les ,aub]t91 tude critique sur les rapports supposs entre ,snque et ,/ ,paul1 #aheg1 #ddb pp4 ,all connexion betwe5 ,s5eca & ,*ri/ianity is d5i$4 ,9 ! "w ( ,mi*ael ,baumg>t51 ,lucius ,annaeus ,s5eca und das ,*ri/5tum 7#ahie1 #cfh pp47 no connexion betwe5 ,s5eca & ,paul is admitt$4 #hb ,see ,!odor ,zahn1 ,d] ,/oik] ,epiktet und se9 ,v]hltnis zum ,*ri/5tum4 ,a ,rectorial address at ,erlang51 #ahid1 #bg pp4 ,! lecture (f]s pro( t 9 spite ( _m resemblances ( expression & 9 spite ( 8 acqua9tance ) ,*ri/ianity1 ! tea*+ ( ,epictetus conta9s no?+ :i* really connects x ) ! new religion4 ,inconceivable z x may appe>1 ev5 ! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius--( ! second half ( ! second c5tury--h be5 sometimes cit$ to prove ! ,greek "* ( ,paul's religi\s ?\ght4 #hc ,!odor ,simon1 ,die ,psy*ologie des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #ahig1 #aah pp4 ,a leisurely analysis ( ! mat]ial4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,iv ,h4 ,j4 ,,holtzmann #hd ,9 connexion ) ! foll[+ rem>ks on que/ions ( pr9ciple1 see also ,w4 ,wr$e1 b] ,aufgabe und ,me?ode d] sog5annt5 ,neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie1 #ahig1 #hj pp4 ,! essay discusses ! plan & arrangem5t ( ,holtzmann's "w4 ,on p4 #cb ,wr$e rem>ks3 8,! treatm5t is f> too mu* influ5c$ by ! desire to include all k9ds ( op9ions f o!r writ]s4 ,to a l>ge ext5t my objections h to d ) ^! me?odological que/ions40 #he ,holtzmann1 p4 #aaa4 #hf ,cf4 #b ,cor4 xi4 #f1 :]e ,paul speaks ( himself z 8inexp]t 9 spee*1 b n 9 k0 7 74 ,see also ,i ,cor4 i4 #e1 viii4 ,i2 ,phil4 i4 #i1 etc4 8,gno/ic0 is us$ above 9 ! g5]al s5se ( "o :o lays /ress on !oretic religi\s k4--,,translator4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,v ,,critical ,,que/ions ,,& ,,hypo!ses #hg ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #ahej1 #adc pp4 ,acts1 x is argu$1 is a "w ( 8free reflexion0 9 :i* v>i\s h&s h _h a "p4 ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe1 "p i41 ,! ,orig9 ( ,galatians 7#ahej1 #gd pp472 "p ii41 ,! ,orig9 ( ,i ,cor9?ians 7#ahea1 #gf pp472 "p iii41 #b ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ,!ssalonians1 ,ephesians1 ,colossians1 & ,philippians 7#aheb1 #abi pp474 ,! great] "p ( ! epi/les 7 n writt5 until aft] ,acts4 ,c]ta9ly ,galatians is lat]4 ,i ,cor9?ians is e>li] ?an ,acts1 & is d\btless drawn f common s\rces4 ,! fir/ to v5ture an attack on "o ( ! ma9 ,epi/les 0 ,edw>d ,evanson1 ,! ,dissonance ( ! f\r g5]ally receiv$ ,evangeli/s1 & ! evid5ce ( _! respective au!nticity exam9$ 7translat$ into ,dut*1 #agif71 :o holds ,romans1 z well z ,hebrews1 ,colossians1 & ,ephesians1 to be spuri\s4 ,fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ?is1 z x seems1 r r>e book w\ld be desirable4 ,:e!r any great critical importance is to be atta*$ to x rema9s que/ionable4 ,evanson 7#agca-ahje71 a ,cambridge graduate1 vic> ( ,tewkesbury1 adopt$ ,unit>ian views1 & resign$ 8 liv+ 9 #aggh4 ,8 gr\nds = reject+ ,romans are1 ! difficulty ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a *ur* at ,rome prior to ,paul's visit1 ! numb] ( greet+s 9 *apt] xvi41 & suppos$ ref]5ces to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 xi4 #ab1 #ae1 #ba1 #bb4 ,! treatm5t ( ! ,epi/les is mu* slight] ?an t ( ! ,gospels1 :]e he %[s "s insight into ! difficulties ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,synoptic problem4 ,! ,dissonance made "s /ir1 & 0 answ]$ by ,joseph ,prie/ley 9 ,lett]s to a ,"y ,man1 #agib-ic1 & by ,t4 ,falcon]1 ,bampton ,lecture1 #ahaj4--,,translator4 #hh ,see ,a4 ,s*weitz]1 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 pp4 #acg-aei 7,eng4 trans41 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus1 pp4 #acg-afj74 #hi ,*ri/us und die ,cs>51 #ahgg1 #chg pp4 ,:at ! diffusely told /ory ( ! ,roman c\rt has to d ) ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity has c]ta9ly nev] be5 q cle> to any read]4 ,9 attempt+ to describe its cont5ts "o is nev] q c]ta9 :e!r ! au?or's mean+ has be5 rightly repres5t$4 #ij ,a spiritual desc5dant ( ,bau]'s :o writes on popul> l9es is ,alb]t ,kal?(f 7,die ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijd1 #aee pp474 ,b nei!r z reg>ds ! problem nor its solution has he contribut$ any?+ to ,paul9e s*ol>%ip4 #ia ,all>d ,pi]son1 ,de ,b]gr$e en &]e synoptis*e ,fragm5t51 #ahgh1 #bfj pp42 on ,paul1 #ih-aab4 ,) 8 d\bt ( ! ,epi/les ! au?or associates a d\bt ( ! ,gospels1 & asks :e!r ,*ri/ianity z !y repres5t x c h be5 f\nd$ by a hi/orical ,jesus4 #ib ,a4 ,pi]son & ,s4 ,a4 ,nab]1 ,v]isimilia4 ,lac]am conditionem ,novi ,te/am5ti exemplis illu/r>unt et ab orig9e repeti]unt1 #ahhf1 #bie pp4 ,! "w gives a runn+ analysis ( ! lett]s 9 ! c\rse ( :i* v int]e/+ que/ions are ?r[n out4 ,:y is no?+ said ab\t ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus8 ,:y is no trace ( ! influ5ce ( ?is ,paul's ?\ght to be f\nd 9 hi/ory8 ,d ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics & actions ( 8 :i* are record$ %[ u a "* :i* is at all intelligible8 ,! au?ors assume t ! ,jewi% movem5t :i* l$ up to 8,*ri/ianity0 at fir/ _h only to d ) ! ,messianic belief 9 g5]al4 ,only lat]1 ?r\gh ! bl5d+ ( ,greek my?s ) ,isaiah liii41 did ! belief arise t ! expect$ ,messiah _h already come & _h pass$ ?r\gh dea? & resurrection4 ,! analysis ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is foll[$ by essays ^u ! ,paul ( ,acts & "s *apt]s on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! close is =m$ by an essay on ! gradual orig9 ( ! conception ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! !ory t ,*ri/ianity develop$ out ( an already exi/+ ,jewi% movem5t is ma9ta9$ also by ,m4 ,fri$lnd] 9 8 popul> & unimportant "w1 ,das ,jud5tum 9 d] vor*ri/li*5 grie*is*5 ,welt1 a contribution t[>ds expla9+ ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahig1 #gd pp474 ,! opposition betwe5 a cons]vative & a fre] t5d5cy z reg>ds ! law1 :i* appe> 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 are "h held to h appe>$ previ\sly 9 ! ,judaism f :i* ,*ri/ianity orig9at$4 #ic ,a4 ,d4 ,loman1 8,quae/iones ,paul9ae10 ,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ada-ahe1 #cjb-cbh1 #deb-dhg2 #ahhc1 pp4 #ad-ea4 #ahhf1 #db-aac 7,dut*74 ,9 ! prologue he tells u ab\t ! fir/ impression :i* ,bau]'s criticism ( ! ,paul9e epi/les made ^u him3 8,) an ,apage ,satana6 ,i took leave ( ?is antipa!tic critic1 firmly resolv$ to take no fur!r notice ( him40 ,! ord] foll[$ is to treat fir/ ! relation ( ,acts to ,galatians1 !n to discuss ! 8necess>y pro(s0 ( ! g5u95ess ( ?is "w1 :ile ! witnesses f ! lit]ature1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 are exam9$ lat]1 9 ! second "p1 #ahhf4 #id ,rudolf ,/eck1 ,d] ,galat]brief na* se9] ,e*!it unt]su*t neb/ kritis*5 ,bem]kung5 zu d5 paul9is*5 ,hauptbrief5 78,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians exam9$ ) ,ref]5ce to its ,g5u95ess1 ) critical ,rem>ks on ! ma9 ,paul9e ,epi/les071 #ahhh1 #chf pp4 ,! exam9ation ( ,galatians goes only z f> z p4 #aea2 ! rema9+ *apt]s deal ) ! ord] ( ! ma9 ,epi/les1 ! relation ( ,paul to ! ,gospels1 ! quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd 9 ! ,epi/les1 ! aff9ities ) ,philo & ,s5eca1 ! m>ks ( lat] au?or%ip1 ! ext]nal evid5ces f ! ,new ,te/am5t & f e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,9 conclusion1 a hypo!sis ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ,paul9ism is sket*$4 ,! au?or tells 9 ! preface ! /ory ( 8 conv]sion to ! ,dut* h]esy4 ,at fir/ he diss5t$ f ,loman1 b 9 ! c\rse ( repeat$ly treat+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 9 8 lectures he f\nd to 8 dismay t he 0 gradually arriv+ at ! !ory ( its spuri\sness4 ,! views ( ,pi]son1 ,loman1 & ,/eck are critically exam9$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,baljon 9 8 ,exegetis*-kritis*e ,v]h&el+ ov] d5 ,brief van ,paulus an de ,galatirs1 #ahii1 #dbd pp4 #ie ,w4 ,c4 van ,man51 ,paulus1 #c vols4 7see head ( *apt] = p>ticul>s74 ,! au?or describes on pp4 #i-aa h[ he came to reject ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 #if ,! fir/ epi/le ( ,clem5t m5tions 7xlvii4 ,i7 8! lett] ( ! bless$ ,paul0 to ! ,cor9?ians1 has a direct borr[+ f ,romans 7xxxv4 #e ! catalogue ( vices 9 ,rom4 i4 #bi-cb71 & 9 o!r respects also frequ5tly %[s dep5d5ce on ! ma9 epi/les4 ,= ! detail$ attempt to place x at a lat] date see ,/eck1 #bid-caj4 #ig #b ,pet] iii4 #ae-ag1 8,& c\nt ! long-suff]+ ( ! ,"l z salvation1 z also our belov$ bro!r ,paul1 accord+ to ! wisdom giv5 to him1 wrote to y1 z 9 all 8 ,epi/les :5 he m5tions ^! ?+s1 9 :i* no d\bt occur "s ?+s :i* are difficult to und]/&1 :i* ! unle>n$ & un/$fa/ wre/1 z !y d also ! o!r ,scriptures1 to _! own de/ruction40 7,! ,g]man foll[s ,weizsck]'s r5d]+47 #ih ,z 9 ! pres5t context ?is phrase might possibly be mislead+1 x may be wor? po9t+ out t x is simply an allusion to ! fam\s 8timeo ,danaos et dona f]5tes10 ,a54 ii4 #di4--,,translator4 #ii ,! puzzle 9 ! case ( ,ju/9 is t he uses ,paul9e phrases1 & !re=e seems to "k ! ,epi/les1 b nev] m5tions _! au?or4 ,accord+ to ,/eck ! explanation ( ?is sil5ce lies 9 ! fact t ! ,epi/les are1 = ! au?or ( ! ,apology & ! ,dialogue1 m]e lit]>y works & n z yet ,*ur* books4 ,! ,dida*e1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas %[ no c]ta9 evid5ce ( acqua9tance ) ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 #ajj ,t]tullian adv]sus ,m>cionem1 bk4 v41 goes ?r\gh ! ,epi/les ( ,paul z us$ by ,m>cion 9 ^? 8,anti!ses0 :i* are n[ lo/ to u4 #aja ,!ologis* ,tijds*rift1 #ahhg1 pp4 #chb-ecc4 8,m>cions ,brief van ,paulus aan de ,galatirs40 ,! text ?us arriv$ at is giv5 on pp4 #ebh-ecc4 ,van ,man5 is also incl9$ to hold t e>ly ,*ur* witnesses may be f\nd = a %ort] rec5sion ( ,romans4 ,see ,die ,une*!it des ,rm]briefs1 #id-ajj4 ,a recon/ruction ( ! ,m>cionite text ( ,galatians _h already be5 und]tak5 by ,adolf ,hilg5feld1 ,d] ,galat]brief1 #aheb1 #bci pp41 pp4 #bah-bcd4 ,he holds t x 0 n ! orig9al b a mutilat$ =m4 #ajb ,ev5 ! lett] consi/+ ( *apt]s i4-viii4 is n1 accord+ to van ,man51 all ( a piece1 z is evid5t1 he ?9ks1 f ! complicat$ op5+ salutation1 ! vacillat+ use ( 8,jesus ,*ri/0 & 8,*ri/ ,jesus10 & o!r peculi>ities ( detail4 ,"o or m treatises--on ju/ification by fai?1 on ! equal importance ( ! ,gospel = ,jews & ,g5tiles1 on ! significance ( ! law1 on ! s5se 9 :i* believ]s are entitl$ to call ,abraham _! fa!r ev5 if !y are n by bir? ( 8 po/]ity--may h =m$ ! basis ( ! long] writ+4 ,its close 0 probably =m$ by ,rom4 xv4 #ad-cc4 ,lat] on1 ! essays :i* we h 9 *apt]s ix4-xi41 xii4-xiv4 & xv4-xvi4 7 work$ 94 ,! ,epi/le is suppos$ to h und]gone sev]al successive r$actions4 #ajc ,/eck 9 ! introduction to 8 "w gives ref]5ces to ! articles :i* _h appe>$ up to #ahhh4 ,! *ronicles ( ! foll[+ ye>s appe> 9 van ,man54 ,at ! head ( ! c\nt]-movem5t among critics 9 ,holl& /ood ,j4 ,h4 ,s*olt54 ,8 "w1 ,hi/oris*-critis*e ,bijdrag5 na> ,aanleid+ van de nieuwe/e ,hypo!se aanga&e ,jesus en d5 ,paulus d] vi] ,ho(dbriev5 78,contributions to ,hi/orical ,criticism ) ,ref]5ce to ! late/ ,hypo!ses reg>d+ ,jesus & ! ,paul ( ! f\r ma9 ,epi/les071 #ahhb1 #aah pp41 is direct$ aga9/ ,loman's argum5ts4 ,f ! ,g]man lit]ature we may cite ,g4 ,he9rici1 ,die ,=s*ung5 b] die paul9is*5 ,briefe3 ihr geg5wrtig] ,/& und ihre ,aufgab5 78,! ,/udy ( ! ,paul9e ,lett]s2 its pres5t ,position1 & ,task074 ,lectures giv5 be=e ! !ological conf]5ce at ,giess51 #ahhf1 pp4 #fi-abj4 ,wilhelm ,brckn]1 ,die *ronologis*e ,reih5folge1 9 wel*] die ,briefe des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts v]fas/ s9d 78,! ,*ronological ,ord] 9 :i* ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 writt5071 #ahij1 #cjf pp4 7,an essay :i* receiv$ ! prize (f]$ = ! treatm5t ( ?is "q by ! ,teyl]ian ,society ( ,ha>lem47 8,on ! ,*ronological ,ord] ( ! ,f\r ma9 ,epi/les1 pp4 #agd-bjc4 ,c>l ,clem51 ,die ,*ronologie d] paul9is*5 ,briefe1 #ahic1 #bib pp4 ,by ! same writ]1 ,die ,e9heitli*keit d] paul9is*5 ,briefe 78,! ,integrity ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les071 #ahid1 #ahc pp4 ,9 ^! writ+s ,clem5 makes "s concessions to ! ,ultra-,tb+5 critics4 ,?us1 = example1 he is prep>$ to put ,galatians aft] ,romans & ,cor9?ians4 ,! m$iat+ views "h (f]$1 ?\gh sometimes int]e/+1 ne$ nev]!less no long] occupy u1 z ,clem5 has 9 ! meantime completely recov]$ 8 confid5ce & has contradict$ himself4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,paulus 7#aijd1 #daf pp41 exam9ation ( ! s\rces7 he pron\nces t ! f\r ma9 epi/les are to be reg>d$ z entirely g5u9e1 if only we may divide ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians into f\r4 ,9 addition to ,i ,!ssalonians & ,philippians1 ev5 ,colossians & #b ,!ssalonians are to be reg>d$ z f ! ,apo/le's p54 ,9 ! preface ! au?or begs t he may n be held acc\ntable = 8 views prior to 8 ,damascus4 ,! second volume ( ! "w1 ,paulus4 ,se9 ,leb5 und ,w]k51 #aijd1 #cci pp41 is 9 biographical =m1 & does n ent] fur!r into ! problems ( ! doctr9e4 ,a writ] :o takes ! 8,ultra-,tb+50 side is ,j4 ,fri$ri* 7,maehliss74 ,9 8 "w entitl$ ,die ,une*!it des ,galat]briefs 78,! ,spuri\sness ( ,galatians071 #ahia1 #fg pp41 he def5ds bo? ! rights ( radical criticism & ( a 8simplifi$ or?ography40 #ajd ,see p4 #abh1 sup4 #aje ,see p4 #abh1 sup4 #ajf ,see p4 #abi1 sup4 #ajg ,see pp4 #aad & #aae ( ! "w cit$ above1 p4 #acd4 #ajh ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse1 ,philosophis*e ,dogmatik od] ,philosophie des ,*ri/5tums1 #c vols41 #ahee1 #fj1 #fb2 vol4 i41 #gab pp4 ,on ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 pp4 #add-adg4 #aji ,on ,romans see also vol4 iii4 ( ! ,philosophis*e ,dogmatik 7#ahfb1 #gcf pp471 pp4 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 ! ,second to ! ,cor9?ians1 & ! ,fir/ to ,timo?y1 ,weisse holds to be 8entirely unapo/olic02 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus & ! ,second to ,timo?y he is prep>$ to recognise z a possibility ! g5u95ess ( ! p]sonal notices4 #aaj ,9 #b ,cor9?ians1 :i* %[s no evid5ce ( int]polation1 ?ree diff]5t lett]s to ?is *ur* are work$ up toge!r4 #aaa ,*ri/ian ,h]mann ,weisse1 ,beitrge zur ,kritik d] paul9is*5 ,briefe an die ,galat]1 ,rm]1 ,philipp] und ,koloss] 78,contributions to ! ,criticism ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to ! ,galatians1 ,romans1 ,philippians1 & ,colossians074 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,sulze1 #ahfg1 #fe pp4 ,by way ( introduction ! pupil prefixes an essay on ! pr9ciples ( 8 ma/]'s 8/yli/ic criticism40 ,9 ! recon/ruct$ texts x is app>5t t ! au?or _h sp5t on !m1 z he says 9 8 ,dogmatic1 ! 8dilig5t "w ( _m ye>s40 ,x is a piece ( really skill$ workman%ip4 #aab ,daniel ,vlt]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,apokalypse1 #ahhb1 #gb pp4 ,die ,komposition d] paul9is*5 ,hauptbriefe1 #ahij1 #agd pp4 ,! ,epi/les exam9$ are ^? to ! ,romans & ,galatians4 ,paulus und se9e ,briefe4 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung5 zu e9] neu5 ,grundlegung d] paul9is*5 ,brieflit]atur und ihr] ,!ologie1 #aije1 #cca pp4 ,"h he deals ) ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 ,galatians1 & ,philippians4 ,! results arriv$ at 9 ! previ\s book are1 z a rule1 tak5 ov]4 ,vlt] rejects ! g5u95ess ( #a ,!ssalonians1 & sees 9 ! lett]s to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians1 & 9 ! ,pa/orals1 new 8phases 9 ! developm5t0 ( ,paul9ism4 #aac ,9 its orig9al =m x consi/$1 ,vlt] ?9ks1 ( ! foll[+ sections3 i4 ,i1 #e;b-#g1 #h-ag2 v4 ,i-#ab1 #ae-ai1 #ba2 vi4 ,i-#ac1 #f3af-bc2 *apt]s xii4 & xiii42 xiv4 ,i-xv4 #f2 xv4 #ad-af1 #bc;b-#cc1 xvi #ba-bd4 #aad ,vlt] is also able to indicate additions :i* h tak5 place subsequ5tly to ?is r$action4 ,! int]polations 9 ,philippians relate1 accord+ to him1 *iefly to ,*ri/ology & es*atology4 ,! au?or ( ^! additions _h be=e him ,romans & ,cor9?ians 9 _! int]polat$ =m1 & 0 also d\btless acqua9t$ ) ,galatians4 #aae ,! well-kn[n ,g]man religi\s j\rnal4 #aaf ,! lab\r ( mak+ an inv5tory ( :at has be5 done 9 ?is k9d ( criticism up to ! ye> #ahid 0 und]tak5 by ,c4 ,clem5 9 8 "w1 ,die ,e9heitli*keit d] paul9is*5 ,briefe an d] ,h& d] bi%] mit ,bezug auf sie aufge/ellt5 ,int]polations- und ,kompilation%ypo!s5 78,! ,integrity ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,hypo!ses ( ,int]polation or ,compilation :i* h be5 appli$ to !m071 #ahid1 #ahc pp4 ,he takes acc\nt also ( all contributions to ! j\rnals4 ,?is gives a special value to ?is labori\s & unselfi% "w4 ,a survey ( previ\s "w 9 conjectural criticism is giv5 by ,j4 ,m4 ,s4 ,baljon 9 ,de ,tek/ d] ,briev5 van ,paulus aan de ,rome951 de ,cor9?irs en de ,galatirs1 #ahhd1 #ahi pp4 #aag ,fri$ri* ,spitta1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,brief des ,paulus an die ,rm] 78,a ,/udy ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans071 #aija1 #aic pp4 ,9 ! "w ,zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur des ,ur*ri/5tums1 vol4 iii4 "p i4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,position ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury #aah ,otto ,pfleid]]1 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 se9e ,s*rift5 und ,lehr51 #bnd ed41 #aijb1 vol4 i4 #fif pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #bd-cce4 7,eng4 trans4 8,primitive ,*ri/ianity10 vol4 i4 pp4 #cc-dga47 #aai ,on ?is po9t ,pfleid]] foll[s sugge/ions giv5 by ,tei*mann 9 8 "w1 ,die paul9is*5 ,vor/ellung5 von ,auf]/ehung und ,g]i*t 78,! ,paul9e ,conceptions ( ,resurrection & ,judgm5t071 #ahif1 #abe pp4 ,z a matt] ( fact he _c any m ?an 8 pr$ecessors give any pro( ( ?is evolution4 #abj ,paul ,w]nle1 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion1 #a/ ed41 #aija1 #daj pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #ie-bbj4 ,by ! same au?or1 ,paulus als ,heid5mission> 78,paul z a ,mission>y to ! ,g5tiles071 ,lecture1 #ahii1 #cf pp4 ,he9ri* ,we9el1 ,paulus1 #aijd1 #caf pp4 ,! book grew out ( essays :i* ! au?or publi%$ 9 ! ,*ri/li*e ,welt4 ,by ! same au?or1 ,paulus als kir*li*] ,organisator4 7,inaugural ,lecture47 #ahii1 #cj pp4 ,o!r works f ?is popul> lit]ature are3 ,adolf ,h>nack1 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijj1 #ahi pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #aaj-aah4 ,georg ,hollmann1 ,ur*ri/5tum 9 ,cor9?1 #aijc1 #cb pp4 ,paul ,fe9e1 ,paulus als ,!ologe1 #aijf1 #hj pp4 ,c>l ,munz+]1 ,paulus 9 ,cor9?4 ,neue ,wege zum ,v]/ndnis des ,ur*ri/5tums 78,paul 9 ,cor9?4 ,new ,ways ( arriv+ at an ,und]/&+ ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity407 #aijh1 #bjh pp4 ,! au?or pictures ! "w ( ! ,apo/le 9 ! ,greek city 9 ! light ( analogies (f]$ by mod]n mission>y practice4 ,:e!r ! new way really leads to a bett] und]/&+ ( primitive ,*ri/ianity rema9s op5 to "q4 ,z a special inve/igation ( a po9t ( detail at ?is date we may m5tion ,k>l ,dick's "w1 ,d] s*rift/ell]is*e ,plural bei ,paulus 78,! ,au?or's #8,we' 9 ,paul's ,writ+s407 #aijj1 #afi pp4 ,!re are n _m ( ^! /udies at ?is p]iod s9ce ! t5d5cy among !ologians has be5 m to popul>isation ?an to sci5tific rese>*4 #aba ,paulus als ,heid5mission>1 p4 #cf4 ,ern/ von ,dobs*tz calls att5tion to ! dang]s ( ?is me?od1 :i* easily becomes unsci5tific 9 ,probleme des apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt]s4 7,five ,lectures1 #aijd1 #ach pp4 ,see p4 #fa47 ,paul ,fe9e1 ,das gesetzesfreie ,evangelium des ,paulus na* se9em ,w]degange d>ge/ellt1 #ahii1 #bcb pp4 ,jesus ,*ri/us und ,paulus1 #aijb1 #cji pp4 ,ar?ur ,titius1 ,d] ,paul9ismus unt] dem ,gesi*tspunkt d] ,seligkeit 7#bnd ,"p ( ! "w ,die neute/am5tli*e ,lehre von d] ,seligkeit und ihre ,b$eutung fr die ,geg5w>t--8,! ,new ,te/am5t ,doctr9e ( ,f9al ,bless$ness & its ,significance = ! pres5t ,"t071 #aijj1 #bij pp4 ,a4 ,s*latt]1 9 8 ,n,tle4 ,!ologie 7,pt4 ii4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les1 #aiaj1 #eib pp4 ,on ,paul1 #aii-djg71 foll[s a cons]vative biblico-!ological me?od l t ( ,b4 ,weiss4 #abb ,r4 ,dres*]1 too 8,das ,leb5 ,jesu bei ,paulus0 9 ,fe/gruss an ,/ade1 #aijj1 pp4 #aja-afa1 is ( op9ion t ! lett]s1 rightly und]/ood1 (f] u 8an impos+ am\nt ( mat]ial0 on ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! au?or ?9ks t :]ev] possible ,paul ref]r$ to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 & he f\ght 8 battle = fre$om f ! law ) su* confid5ce 8because he knew t he _h ,jesus on 8 side40 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ,j4 ,wellhaus5 takes up a simil> /&-po9t4 ,he gives x z 8 op9ion1 ,israelitis*e und jdis*e ,ges*i*te 7#f? ed41 #aijg1 #chf pp471 t ,paul 80 really ! man :o be/ und]/ood ! ,ma/] & c>ri$ on ,8 "w40 #abc ,l',aptre ,paul et ,jsus-,*ri/1 #aijd1 #cic pp4 #abd ,adolf ,h>nack1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #d? ed41 #aiji1 vol4 i41 #hbf pp4 ,see p4 #ajg4 ,to ! same effect1 ,adolf ,jli*]1 ,paulus und ,jesus1 #aijg1 #gb pp4 ,see p4 #cd4 #abe ,h]mann ,jakoby4 ,neute/am5tli*e ,e?ik1 #ahii1 #dhj pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #bdc-djf4 ,alfr$ ,junck]1 ,die ,e?ik des ,apo/els ,paulus1 "p i41 #aijd1 #bhh pp4 ,among o!r monographs we h to notice ,emil ,sokol[ski's ,die ,begriffe ,gei/ und ,leb5 bei ,paulus 9 ihr] ,beziehung zu e9&]1 #aijc1 #bhd pp4 ,! au?or ascribes little importance to ,greek influ5ce 9 comp>ison ) ,jewi%1 & tries to expla9 :at is peculi> & vital 9 ! ,apo/le's views z due to 8 individual exp]i5ce1 especially ! vision on ! ,damascus road4 ,hans ,w9dis*1 ,die ,entsndigung des ,*ri/5 na* ,paulus1 #aijh1 #acb pp4 ,! difficulties rais$ = ,paul by 8 my/icism are po9t$ out4 ,x is %[n t ?is1 /rictly speak+1 makes x impossible = him to admit s9 9 ! case ( baptiz$ p]sons4 ,! es*atological "* ( ! sacram5tal-my/ical !ory ( deliv]ance f s9 is /rongly br\ght out4 ,! au?or cont9ues ! inve/igation :i* ,paul ,w]nle1 9 8 "w ,d] ,*ri/ und die ,snde bei ,paulus 7#ahig1 #ach pp471 0 ! fir/ to und]take4 ,see p4 #fj ( ! pres5t "w4 #abf ,wilhelm ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 #aijc1 #eab pp4 ,simultane\sly appe>$ ! same writ]'s "w1 ,die jdis*e ,apokalyptik1 ihre religionsges*i*tli*e ,h]kunft und ihre ,b$eutung fr das neue ,te/am5t 78,jewi% ,apocalyptic1 its ,orig9 9 ! ,light ( ,comp>ative ,religion & its ,significance = ! ,new ,te/am5t40 ,a ,lecture1 #aijc47 ,es*atology receives special att5tion 9 ! f9e "w ( ,hugo ,gressmann1 ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis* jdis*5 ,es*atologie 78,! ,orig9 ( ! ,israeliti% & ,jewi% ,es*atology071 #aije1 #cgh pp4 ,! au?or takes up an attitude ( "s res]ve 9 reg>d to ! 8religi\s-hi/orical me?od10 & seeks to det]m9e 9 ! case ( e /atem5t :e!r x c h aris5 9 ,israel or mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 introduc$ f )\t4 ,paul ,volz1 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba1 #aijc1 #dab pp41 endeav\rs1 some:at unconv9c+ly1 to give a sket* ( ,jewi% conceptions ( ! future age4 ,ev]l+'s inve/igations are cont9u$1 on mod]n l9es1 by a /udy ( ,m>t9 ,dibelius1 ,die ,gei/]welt im ,glaub5 des ,paulus1 #aiji1 #bdi pp4 78,! ,_w ( ,spirits z conceiv$ 9 ,paul's ,belief074 ,9 addition to ! ,late ,jewi% passages ! au?or cites also ! ,rabb9ical & ^? sugge/$ by ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religion4 ,! excursuses on ! l+ui/ic hi/ory ( ! subject are v in/ructive 7pp4 #bji-bcb74 ,on ,ev]l+1 see pp4 #ee-eg ( ! pres5t "w4 #abg ,g4 ,f4 ,he9rici's "w1 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 #aijb1 #adb pp41 /ill occupies ! old /&-po9t4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #ga-aja4 ,= :at he has to say aga9/ ! 8physical0 9 ! doctr9e ( r$emption1 see pp4 #ie1 #if4 ,w4 ,b\sset1 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus1 #aijf1 holds t we %all nev] completely und]/& ! ,apo/le's doctr9e4 ,we mu/ make up our m9ds to ! fact 4 4 t 9 8 lett]s we h be=e u only fragm5ts ( 8 spiritual life1 ! full weal? ( :i* we c only vaguely imag9e4 ,! individual argum5ts ( ,paul look to u l erratic b\ld]s2 only toilsomely & p>tially c we recon/ruct ! connexion ( ?\ght4 #abh ,r5d]+ naturhaft4 ,dr4 ,s*weitz] has fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ note on ?is difficult concept1 :i* f ?is po9t becomes prom95t 9 ! discussions4 ,aft] consultation ) him1 ! ^w has be5 r5d]$ 8physical10 b plac$ 9 quotation m>ks to indicate ! special use4--,,translator4 8,9 ! special s5se 9 :i* x is "h us$ naturhaft is int5d$ to convey t x is n a "q ( a purely spiritual r$emption1 b t ! :ole physical & hyp]physical be+ ( ! man is !reby translat$ into a new condition4 ,body & s\l are r$eem$ toge!r2 & 9 su* a way t n only ! elect portion ( mank9d1 b ! :ole _w is completely trans=m$ 9 a great cata/rophic ev5t40 #abi ,neute/am5tli*e ,!ologie1 vol4 ii41 #ahig1 pp4 #age-ahg4 #acj ,w4 ,heitmll]1 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus1 #aijc1 #ef pp4 #aca ,h[ unwill+ !ology 0 to draw ?is inevitable inf]5ce is to be se5 f ! works ( ,we9el & ,heitmll]4 ,!y refuse to g beyond ! /atem5t t ! sacram5ts /& 9 %>p opposition to ! real 8religion0 ( ,paul1 & ?9k t !y h solv$ ! problem by ass]t+ t ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles did n notice ! contradiction4 ,we9el rem>ks1 8,paul himself is q unconsci\s ( ! problem rais$ by ! collision ( ! #8physical' doctr9e ( r$emption ( ! ,my/]ies ) ! e?ical doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,heitmll] says1 8,^! views ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] /& 9 unreconcil$ & unreconcilable opposition ) ! c5tral significance ( fai? = ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 t is to say1 ) ! purely spiritual1 p]sonal view ( ! religi\s relation :i* /&s 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,paul9e religi\s life & religi\s ?\ght40 #acb ,william ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #aijd1 #aac pp4 7,9 ! s]ies entitl$ 8,religionsges*i*tli*e ,volksb*]407 #acc ,9 ! s5se ( ! ,messiah4--,,translator4 #acd ,h[ f> ,wr$e 0 consci\sly influ5c$ by ,kabis*1 & h[ f> he has ! s5se ( creat+ some?+ new1 is n q evid5t4 ,he reckons ! book among ! 8v important /udies on special po9ts10 to :i* he ref]s 9 ! bibliography1 b he does n quote x4 #ace ,c4 von ,dobs*tz1 ,probleme des apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt]s 78,problems ( ! ,apo/olic ,age10 #aijd1 #ach pp471 does n ent] 9 detail into ! "q reg>d+ ! g5esis ( ! ,paul9e view ( ! law1 al?\gh he treats ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity ) "s fulness4 #acf ,see ! pres5t writ]'s ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 e9e ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5-,jesu-,=s*ung 7#aijf1 #dah pp474 ,on ,wr$e1 pp4 #cbg-cdg4 7,engli% translation1 8,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus40 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black1 ,london1 #bnd ed41 #aiaa4 ,on ,wr$e1 pp4 #cbh-cdh47 #acg ,?is !sis ( ,wr$e's call$ into be+ a new lit]ature ^u ,paul & ,jesus :i* attack$ ,wr$e *iefly on ! score ( 8 "o-sid$ness4 ,p4 ,klb+1 ,die gei/ige ,e9wirkung d] ,p]son ,jesu auf ,paulus1 #aijf 78,! ,spiritual ,influ5ce ( ! ,p]son ( ,jesus on ,paul074 ,adolf ,jli*]1 ,paulus und ,jesus1 #aijg1 #gb pp4 ,arnold ,mey]1 ,w] hat das ,*ri/5tum begrndet1 ,jesus od] ,paulus8 #aijg1 #ajd pp4 78,:o f\nd$ ,*ri/ianity1 ,jesus or ,paul807 ,wilhelm ,wal!r1 ,pauli ,*ri/5tum1 ,jesu ,evangelium1 #aijh1 #ea pp4 ,johannes ,weiss1 ,paulus und ,jesus1 #aiji1 #gb pp4 ,*ri/us3 ,die ,anfnge des ,dogmas1 #aiji1 #hh pp4 78,*ri/3 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,dogma074 #ach ,m>t9 ,brckn]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc1 #bcg pp4 ,! "w appe>$ "s mon?s be=e ,wr$e's ,paulus1 b ! au?or1 :o _h ! opportunity ( p]sonal int]c\rse & ! int]*ange ( ideas ) him1 0 acqua9t$ ) 8 me?od & fundam5tal views4 ,z he is also an indep5d5t ?9k]1 8 "w repres5ts n only a supplem5t b a real advance4 #aci ,viz4 ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah4--,,translator4 #adj ,william ,ols*ewski replies to ,wr$e & ,brckn] 9 8 ?\ghtful b obscure & heavily writt5 diss]tation1 ,die ,wurzeln d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie 7#aiji1 #agj pp47 78,! ,roots ( ! ,paul9e ,es*atology074 ,he ?9ks t ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity :i* !y sugge/ does n expla9 ! 8*>act]i/ic & peculi> connexion ( ,*ri/ology ) ,pneumatology10 & insi/s t 9 ! ,damascus vision is to be f\nd ! suffici5t reason = 8! intimately organic fusion0 ( ! conception ( ,*ri/ ) t ( ! ,_s :i* op]ates ?r\gh ,him4 ,9 any case he holds x to be 8false 9 pr9ciple & me?od to try to d]ive ! roots ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology f ! ,jewi% ,apocalyptic ,*ri/ology40 #ada ,f ! lit]ature we may m5tion ,a4 ,s*ettl]1 ,die paul9is*e ,=mel 8,dur* ,*ri/us0 78,! ,paul9e ,=mula ,?r\gh ,*ri/071 #aijg1 #hb pp4 ,j4 ,haussleit]1 ,paulus1 #aiji1 #if pp4 7,lectures1 popul>47 ,r4 ,knopf1 ,paulus1 #aiji1 #abc pp4 ,eb]h>d ,vis*]1 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus und se9 ,w]k1 #aiaj1 #adc pp4 ,by ! same au?or1 ,die ,paulusbriefe1 #aijf1 #hj pp4 ,a rem>kably good1 cle>ly & simply writt5 guide to que/ions ( 8,introduction40 ,julius ,s*niew9d1 ,die ,begriffe ,wort und ,evangelium bei ,paulus 78,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]ms #8,^w' & #8,gospel' 9 ,paul's ,writ+s071 #aiaj1 #abj pp4 ,johannes ,mll]1 ,die ,ent/ehung des p]snli*5 ,*ri/5tums d] paul9is*5 ,geme9d51 #aiaa1 #cjf pp4 ,a good analysis ( ! g5]al cont5ts ( ,paul's gospel4 ,! !ological sy/em & ! my/icism ( ! ,apo/le are n expla9$4 ,! book is ! second edition ( a /udy :i* appe>$ 9 #ahih "u ! title ,das p]snli*e ,*ri/5tum d] paul9is*5 ,geme9d5 na* se9] ,ent/ehung unt]su*t 78,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,p]sonal ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es074 ,adolf ,deissmann1 ,paulus1 #aiaa1 #bjb pp4 ,! book grew out ( lectures4 ,! au?or is oppos$ to ! me?od ( inve/igation :i* aims at und]/&+ ! 8,sy/em ( ,paul9e ,!ology10 & ?9ks t 9 foll[+ ^! 8doctr9aire int]e/s0 x w\ld g fur!r & fur!r a/ray4 ,= him ,paul is prim>ily 8a h]o ( ! religi\s life0 = :om 8!ology is a second>y matt]40 ,he holds t ! ,apo/le 0 m a man ( pray] & te/imony1 a confessor & a prophet1 ?an a le>n$ exegete & labori\s dogmati/4 ,8 aim is1 ) ! aid ( rem9isc5ces ( two j\rneys to ! ,ea/1 to 8place ! man ( ,t>sus 9 ! sunlight ( 8 ,anatolian home1 & 9 ! cle> air ( ! anci5t ,m$it]ranean l&s10 & he believes t :5 ?is is done 8:at previ\sly tir$ our eyes1 l a set ( fad$ & rubb$ p5cil sket*es1 becomes at once pla/ic & liv+ 9 its light & %ad[40 ,?is hope is by no means realis$ 9 8 "w4 ,x appe>s "h1 z 0 also noticeable 9 ! writ]'s e>li] ,li*t vom ,o/5 78,light f ! ,ea/071 t he has a high appreciation ( local col\r & ! memorials ( anci5t civilisation1 b :5 x comes really to expla9+ ! ideas he is n able to draw ne>ly s mu* pr(it f !m z he expect$4 ,& 8 contempt = 8doctr9aire int]e/s0 rev5ges itself ^u 8 treatm5t4 ,x is obscure & confus$1 & does n get at ! ess5ce ( ! ?\ghts4 ,9 reg>d to ,paul's my/icism ,deissmann has appli$ new cat*words to old psy*ological consid]ations1 b 9 n[ise contributes to ! explanation ( x4 ,aft] ,wr$e's ,paulus1 8 book seems a k9d ( ana*ronism4 ,x is1 besides1 n fitt+ t :at pr(esses to be a new view %\ld be pres5t$ 9 ! inadequate =m ( a collection ( lectures4 #adb ,adolf ,h>nack1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #d? ed41 vol4 i41 #aiji1 #hbf pp4 ,on ,paul1 pp4 #if-ajg 7#crd ed41 #ahic74 #adc ,re9hold ,seeb]g1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #bnd ed41 vol i41 #aijh1 #egj pp4 ,on ,paul1 #fh-gh4 ,! fir/ circle ( ideas embraces ! ?\ghts reg>d+ fle% & _s1 ! p[] ( grace & ! /r5g? ( s91 ,*ri/ & ! new creation2 ! second consi/s ( ! =mulas :i* 7 creat$ 9 opposition to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity2 ! ?ird has to d ) ! my/ical body ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* ! natural di/9ctions betwe5 m5 are aboli%$4 ,on po9ts ( detail !re are _m discrim9at+ obs]vations4 ,! fir/ edition1 ( #ahie1 did n ev5 conta9 any section on ,paul4 ,! #d? ed4 ( ,lo(s' ,dogm5ges*i*te 7#aijf1 vol4 i41 #egf pp47 does n deal ) ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 any m ?an ! prec$+ editions4 #add ,on ,kabis* see above1 pp4 #eh-fc4 #ade ,a sift+ & a survey ( results is (f]$ 9 ! clos+ *apt]1 8,das religionsges*i*tli*e ,problem0 7#ddh-dic7 9 ,b\sset's book1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums im neute/am5tli*5 ,zeitalt]1 #aijc 78,! ,religion ( ,judaism 9 ,new ,te/am5t ,times074 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,paul9ism ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,religion #adf ,h]mann ,us5]1 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung53 8,das ,weihna*tsfe/0 7#ahhi1 #ccg pp472 8,die ,s9tflutsag50 7#ahii1 #bgf pp47 78,/udies 9 ,comp>ative ,religion1 #8,*ri/mas1' #ahhi4 #8,! ,flood-leg5ds1' #ahii074 ,o!r works :i* play$ an important "p 9 creat+ ! new horizon 7 ,albre*t ,diet]i*'s works on ,comp>ative ,religion1 ,abraxas 7#ahia1 #bba pp4 ,on a ,hell5i/ic my? ( ! ,creation1 & ,judaeo-,orphico-,gno/ic cults7 & ,nekyia1 contributions to ! explanation ( ! 8,apocalypse ( ,pet]0 7#ahic1 #bch pp474 ,! description ( ! torm5ts ( hell 9 ! ,akhmim fragm5t is bas$1 he ?9ks1 n on ,jewi% es*atology1 b on conceptions :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,orphic lit]ature4 #adg ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 #a/ ed41 #aijf2 #bnd ed41 #aiji1 #dbg pp4 ,bas$ on ,lectures deliv]$ 9 ! ye> #aije 9 ! ,collge de ,france4 ,we may note also "s ( ! essays 9 ,salomon ,re9a*'s ,cultes1 my!s et religions1 #c vols41 #aije-aijf-aijh 7#dff1 #dff1 & #ecg pp474 ,otto ,gruppe1 ,die grie*is*5 ,kulte und ,my!n 9 ihr] ,beziehung zu d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion5 78,greek cults & ,my?s 9 _! relation to ! ,ori5tal ,religions071 vol4 i41 #ahhg1 #gjf pp42 & ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te 78,greek ,my?ology & ! ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,religions074 ,9 ,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu* d] klassis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft 78,h&book ( ,classical ,antiquities071 #aijf1 #b vols41 embrac+ #aibc pp4 ,georg ,mau4 ,die ,religionsphilosophie ,kais] ,julians 9 se95 ,r$5 auf ,knig ,helios und die ,gtt]mutt] 78,! ,emp]or ,julian's ,philosophy ( ,religion 9 8 ,orations on ,k+ ,helios & ! ,dea ,mat]071 #aijh1 #afi pp4 ,9 ! app5dix !re is a ,g]man translation ( bo? disc\rses4 ,( a popul> & unsci5tific "* is ,h4 ,e4 de ,jong's ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 9 religionsges*i*tli*]1 e?nologis*] und psy*ologis*] ,beleu*tung 78,! ,anci5t ,my/]y-religions 9 ! ,light ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 ,e?nology1 & ,psy*ology071 #aiji4 #cfb pp4 ,! au?or is dispos$ to cite ! mod]n occult 8manife/ations0 9 relation to ! a/ral body 9 ord] to expla9 c]ta9 8appe>ances0 9 ! c]emonies ( initiation to ! my/]ies4 #adh ,on :at foll[s see ,hugo ,hepd+1 ,attis1 se9e ,my!n und se9 ,kult1 #aijc1 #bbd pp4 ,fir/ volume ( ! s]ies ( 8,religionsges*i*tli*e ,v]su*e und ,vor>beit510 edit$ by ,diet]i* & ,wns*4 ,cf4 also ,ern/ ,s*midt1 ,kultb]tragung5 7,cultus-,transf]5ces3 8,magna ,mat]10 8,asklepios10 8,s>apis074 ,9 ! same s]ies vol4 viii41 #aiji4 #adi ,on ! orig9al significance ( ! ,taurobolium see ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ori5tales1 pp4 #aja-ajc4 #aej ,note ! admission ( ,hugo ,hepd+ at ! close ( 8 *apt] on ! ,my/]ies 7p4 #aii73--8;,i am well aw>e t ?is acc\nt ( ! ,phrygian ,my/]ies is 9 its details ma9ly hypo!tical4 ,9 view ( ! paucity ( ! in=mation :i* has come d[n to u1 no?+ else is possible4 ,9 p>ticul> ! association ( ! blood baptism ) ! ,m>* fe/ival _c be %[n f our docum5t>y mat]ial444440 ,he wants to di/+ui% betwe5 an e>li] & a lat] =m ( ! taurobolium4 ,! e>li] =m is n a c]emony ( initiation b a sacrifice4 ,x 0 only ! lat] :i* _h 9 view ! initiation ( ! individual4 8,! fir/ p]son :om we "k by lit]>y evid5ce to h und]gone ! c]emony ( ! taurobolium is ,heliogabalus40 #aea ,on ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies see ,rohde1 ,psy*e 7#crd ed41 #aiji7 pp4 #bgh-cjj4 ,f 8 acc\nt x cle>ly appe>s h[ little we "k ab\t ^! c]emonies ( initiation4 ,9 any case !y 7 q diff]5t f ^? ( ! lat] ,my/]y-religions4 ,!y belong to e>ly ,greek religion4 #aeb ,franz ,cumont1 ,les ,my/res de ,mi?ra 7#a/ ed41 #ahii2 #bnd ed41 #aijb74 #aec ,albre*t ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 #a/ ed41 #aijc2 #bnd ed41 #aiaj 7edit$ aft] ! au?or's dea? by ,ri*>d ,wns*71 #bdh pp4 ,! excursuses1 pp4 #ib-bab1 really give a sket* ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,my/]y-religions 9 g5]al4 ,cumont refuses to reg>d ! docum5t z a fragm5t belong+ to a ,mi?ras-liturgy because he _c f9d 9 x ! specific *>act]i/ics ( ! ,p]sian es*atology & conception ( heav54 ,on ?is controv]sy see ! #bnd edition ( ! ,mi?ras-liturgy1 pp4 #bbe-bbh4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 bett] if ,diet]i* _h n giv5 ! book ! unnecess>y & cont5ti\s title4 #aed ,f ,diet]i*1 p4 #ae4 #aee ,ri*>d ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res4 ,/udies 9 ,graeco-,egyptian & ,e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 #aijd1 #chb pp4 ,! ,poim&res 8community0 ,geme9de1 ! ^w is 9 quotation m>ks 9 ! ,g]man1 p]haps to recall its frequ5t use 9 speak+ ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,egypt ab\t ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,its ma9 *>act]i/ic is ! my/ical basis ( ! doctr9e4 ,lat] on1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird c5tury 787 ! ,poim&res community 0 gradually m]g$ 9 ! g5]al ,h]metic communities4 #aef ,f ! lit]ature we may note3 ,h]mann ,gunkel1 ,zum religionsges*i*tli*5 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 78,contributions to ! ,und]/&+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! ,basis ( ,comp>ative ,religion071 #aijc1 #if pp4 ,paul ,w5dl&1 ,die hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu ,jud5tum und ,*ri/5tum 78,! ,hell5i/ic-,roman ,civilisation 9 ,relation to ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity071 #aijg1 #aij pp4 ,adolf ,deissmann1 ,li*t vom ,o/5 78,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/071 #aijh1 #cfd pp4 ,?is book1 :i* is r rhetorically writt51 treats ma9ly ! g5]al lit]>y side ( ! matt] )\t ent]+ specially into ! religi\s problems & ! ideas ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,! same au?or has publi%$ a lecture1 ,die ,urges*i*te des ,*ri/5tums im ,li*te d] ,spra*=s*ung 78,! ,hi/ory ( ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,light ( ,l+ui/ic ,rese>*071 #aiaj1 #dh pp4 ,k>l ,clem51 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts 78,int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! ,basis ( ,comp>ative ,religion071 #aiji1 #cja pp4 ,works :i* to a l>ge ext5t deal ) ! same class ( subject are3 ,wilhelm ,soltau1 ,das ,=tleb5 des ,heid5tums 9 d] alt*ri/li*5 ,kir*e 78,! ,survival ( ,paganism )9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*071 #aijf1 #cjg pp4 ,adolf ,h>nack1 ,mission und ,ausbreitung des ,*ri/5tums 9 d5 er/5 drei ,jahrhund]t5 78,mission & ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,c5turies071 vol4 i41 #aijf1 #dba pp4 #aeg ,gu/av ,anri*1 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,*ri/5tum1 #ahid1 #bcg pp4 ,f ! same /&-po9t1 & 9 "s respects supplem5t+ ,anri*'s "w1 is ,georg ,wobb]m9's ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,/udi5 zur ,frage d] ,bee9flussung des ,ur*ri/5tums dur* das antike ,my/]i5wes5 78,/udies f ! ,po9t ( ,view ( ,comp>ative ,religion on ! ,"q ( ! ,influ5ce ( ! anci5t ,my/]ies ^u ,*ri/ianity071 #ahif1 #aij pp4 ,johannes ,geffk5 9 8 popul> "w1 ,aus d] ,w]dezeit des ,*ri/5tums1 #bnd ed41 #aiji1 #abf pp4 78,f ! ,=mative ,p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity071 does n hold t any v deep influ5ce 0 ex]cis$ by ! ,graeco-,roman ,syncretism on e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t ,paul 8adopt$ all k9ds ( ori5tal views40 #aeh ,see e4g4 ,diet]i*1 ,mi?rasliturgie1 #bnd ed41 p4 #aaj4 ,typical also are pp4 #agf1 #agg1 :]e he cont9ually speaks ( ! 8dea? & re-bir?0 ( believ]s z taught by ,paul4 ,wi$]geburt has be5 translat$ 8re-bir?0 :5 ! g5]al s5se impli$ 9 ! comp>ison ) o!r religions is 9 view2 8reg5]ation0 :5 ! ref]5ce is prim>ily to ! specific ,*ri/ian doctr9e z su*4 #aei ,p4 ,g5nri* 9 8 book1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,wi$]geburt 4 4 9 dogm5ges*i*tli*] und religionsges*i*tli*] ,beleu*tung 78,! ,doctr9e ( ,reg5]ation 444 9 ! ,light ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 & ( ,comp>ative ,religion071 #aijg1 #cfc pp41 notes t ,paul speaks only ( ! 8new creature0 & n ( reg5]ation2 b he does n inve/igate ! cause ( ?is peculi>ity1 b ha/5s to give a psy*ological explanation ( 8 utt]ances z a 8precipitate f 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce40 #afj ,see ! introduction to ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 #bnd ed41 #aiji4 #afa ,typical 9 ?is respect is ! "w ( ,m>t9 ,brckn]1 ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il& 9 d5 ori5talis*5 ,religion5 und ihr ,v]hltnis zum ,*ri/5tum 78,! div9e ,savi\r :o dies & rises aga9 9 ! ,ori5tal ,religions2 & _! ,relation to ,*ri/ianity074 ,9 ! s]ies ( ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,volksb*]1 #aijh1 #dh pp4 8,z 9 ,*ri/ianity1 s 9 _m ,ori5tal religions1 a belief 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( a ,r$eem]-,god1 :o 0 subord9at$ to ! ,supreme ,god 7sometimes z ,8 ,son7 occupi$ a c5tral place 9 ! wor%ip & cultus40 ,:at manipulation ! my?s & rites ( ! cults 9 "q mu/ h und]gone be=e ?is g5]al /atem5t c\ld become possible6 ,:]e is !re any?+ ab\t dy+ & resurrection 9 ,mi?ra8 ,x is in/ructive to see h[ ! au?or on p4 #cj argues away ! effect ( ?is admission6 ,a popul> treatm5t :i* is kept )9 due b\nds is ,adolf ,jacoby's "w1 ,die antik5 ,my/]i5religion5 und das ,*ri/5tum 78,! anci5t ,my/]y-religions & ,*ri/ianity071 #aiaj1 #dd pp41 9 ! s]ies ( ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,volksb*]4 ,! au?or des]ves special cr$it = (f]+ 8 read]s typical texts f :i* !y c =m _! own impression4 ,diet]i* rem>ks ) great ju/ice 9 ! ,mi?rasliturgie 7#bnd ed41 #bjg7 h[ necess>y x is to get beyond ! cat*word 8,syncreti/ic10 & po9t out 9 e case ! s\rce ( p>ticul> my?ological /atem5ts & ideas4 #afb ,o4 ,gruppe1 too1 is oblig$ to admit t ! late ,greek religi\s ?\ght nev] really _h ! conception ( a 8_w-r$eem]0 7,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te71 vol4 ii41 pp4 #adhh-adhi4 ,x _c1 9 fact1 be o!rwise4 ,! 8_w-r$eem]0 ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian apocalyptic ?\ght corresponds to ! 8new _w0 :i* he is 9 "s sup]natural fa%ion to br+ 91 9 ord] to reign 9 x along ) ! elect4 ,graeco-ori5tal religions did n look = a k+dom ( t k9d1 & !re=e ! idea ( ! rul] ( su* a k+dom 0 also undiscov]able & unatta9able = !m4 ,! ,messiah is ! ,_w-r$eem] or ,"l ( ! com+ age4 ,he does n make atonem5t = ! guilt ( mank9d nor = t ( individuals1 b suff]s & dies vic>i\sly = ! elect1 & 9 ord] to set ! ev5ts ( ! ,end 9 motion4 ,8 e>?ly fate is no?+ 9 itself1 b falls :olly "u ! conception ( ! 8,messianic woes0 :i* are ?\ght ( z ! tribulation ( ! ,times ( ! ,end4 ,h[ c x be propos$ to f9d an analogue to a figure ( ?is k9d 9 my?s1 ! sc5e ( :i* is laid 9 ! dawn ( ! _w1 & :i* h no sort ( relation to its ultimate fate4 #afc ,p4 #ajb ff4 ,he has at ?is po9t a detail$ discussion ( ! relations betwe5 ! cultus-meal 9 ,paul & t ( ! ,my/]y-religions4 ,on ! sacram5ts see also ,k4 ,clem51 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aiji1 #cja pp4 ,baptism & ! ,supp]1 #afe-bjg4 #afd ,mi?rasliturgie1 #bnd ed4 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh4 #afe ,!re=e ! /atem5t t ,jesus baptiz$ 9 ! ,judaean c\ntry 7,jn iii4 #bb7 is correct$ to ! effect t ,he ,himself did n baptize1 b only ! disciples 7,jn iv4 #b74 #aff ,d] wiss5s*aftli*e ,pr$ig]v]e94 #afg ,w4 ,heitmll]1 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus 78,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ,paul's tea*+074 ,a description & an inve/igation 9 ! light ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 #aijc1 #ef pp4 ,^! j\rney+s on pp4 #dj-db4 #afh i4e4 ,mat]iali/ 9 8 explanation1 9 contra/1 z appe>s lat]1 ) ,reitz5/e91 :o is describ$ z ! 8,pneumatic0 ( ! sci5ce4 #afi ,alb]t ,ei*horn1 ,das ,ab5dmahl im ,neu5 ,te/am5t 78,! ,"l's ,supp] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t10 #ahih1 #ca pp471 simil>ly holds t 9 ,paul we h be=e u a sacram5tal eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ :i* c only be expla9$ z bas$ on ,ori5tal ,gno/ic presuppositions4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 con/ra9$ to admit t we h no k ( a 8sacram5tal meal :i* c\ld h s]v$ z ! model = ! ,"l's ,supp]40 ,b ?is does n %ake 8 fai? 9 8 !ory4 ,he ?9ks t pro( is only want+ because !re is "h a gap 9 our hi/orical k4 ,he has calculat$ out ! position ( ! planet2 ! m]e fact t x _c be discov]$ ) ! telescope is :olly due to ! inadequacy ( ! in/rum5t4 #agj ,see on ?is ,r4 ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion5 78,! ,hell5i/ic ,my/]y ,religions071 p4 #ch4 #aga ,tit4 iii4 #e 7,r4 ,v4 m>g43 lav] ( reg5]ation74 #agb ,wilhelm ,heitmll]1 ,im ,nam5 ,jesu4 ,e9e ,spra*- und religionsges*i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung zum ,neu5 ,te/am5t1 speciell zur alt*ri/li*5 ,taufe 78,9 ! ,"n ( ,jesus4 ,a ,new ,te/am5t ,/udy bas$ on ,l+ui/ics & ,comp>ative ,religion1 ) special ,ref]5ce to ,e>ly ,*ri/ian baptism071 #aijc1 #cdg pp4 ,9 ?is ?or\gh & extremely int]e/+ /udy ! au?or arrives at ! result t 9 ! employm5t ( ! "n ( ,jesus x is tak5 = grant$ t ! "n 9 "s way or o!r repres5ts a p[]4 ,! ,*ri/ian 8belief 9 ! "n10 he holds1 /&s on ! same foot+ z ,jewi% & hea!n beliefs4 8,! solemn pron\ncem5t ( ! "n ( ,jesus at baptism is n a m]ely symbolic =m1 hav+ to d1 = example1 ) ! confession ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 b is ?\ght ( z associat$ ) real my/ical1 my/]i\s effects2 ! effects mu/1 h[ev]1 be simil>1 mutatis mut&is1 to ^? :i* are ascrib$ to ! use ( ! "n 9 o!r cases3 a be+ actually tak5 possession ( by ! p[] :i* is designat$ by ! #8"n' ( ,jesus1 ! expulsion ( all ho/ile p[]s1 consecration & inspiration40 8,baptism 9 ! "n ( ,jesus repres5ts1 !re=e1 ! comb9ation ( two sacram5tal factors--wat] & ! "n40 ,un=tunately1 ,heitmll] has n emphasis$ ! fact t ! ,my/]y-religions (f] no typical analogies to ?is d\ble sacram5t4 ,x is also op5 to "q :e!r ! p[] ( ! "n & ( wat] suffice1 z he ?9ks1 to expla9 ! ,paul9e view ( baptism4 #agc ,paul ,w]nle1 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion1 #aija1 p4 #abi4 #agd ,9 ord] to preclude ?is misuse ( x ! passage may be quot$ "h 9 full3-- 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 8,& !y p]suade1 n only individuals1 b :ole cities t sacrifices & pleasureable amusem5ts af=d absolution & purification f crimes committ$1 bo? = ! liv+ & also = ! dead2 ^! !y call ,my/]ies 7initiations71 & !y free u f ! torm5ts ( ! o!r _w1 :]eas t]rible ?+s await ^? :o neglect to (f] sacrifice40 ,on expiation see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 i4 7#aijc71 #bei ff4 #age ,reg>d+ ! evid5ce :i* has a m remote be>+ on ! "q1 see ,hollmann1 ,ur*ri/5tum 9 ,kor9? 78,primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 ,cor9?071 #aijc1 #cb pp41 pp4 #bb-bd4 #agf ,r4 ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion51 p4 #hd4 ,! dead man is1 accord+ to ,spiegelb]g1 repres5t$ z /&+ betwe5 two gods1 :o spr9kle ! sacr$ fluid ^u 8 head4 #agg ,9 ,i ,cor4 vi4 #aa1 aft] say+ t ?ieves1 adult]]s1 sl&]]s1 & robb]s _c inh]it ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ! ,apo/le proce$s1 8,& su* 7 "s ( y4 ,b ye 7 cleans$1 ye 7 consecrat$1 ye 7 ju/ifi$40 ,! passage is no d\bt int5d$ s>ca/ically1 ironically1 ) ref]5ce to ! fact t1 9 spite ( _! baptism1 accord+ to pres5t appe>ances !y h n *ang$ mu*4 ,9 reg>d to self-delusion on ! gr\nd ( baptism see also ,i ,cor4 x4 #agh ,i ,cor4 i4 #ad-af4 #agi ,see ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion5 7#aiaj71 pp4 #ii1 #ajj4 #ahj ,see above1 p4 #afb1 note #c4 #aha ,9 contra/ ) ,heitmll]1 :o 0 describ$ above z ! 8hylic10 mat]iali/ 7see p4 #bje74 ,r4 ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion54 ,ihre ,grundg$ank5 und ,wirkung5 78,! ,hell5i/ic ,my/]y-religions4 ,_! fundam5tal ,ideas & ,influ5ce071 #aiaj1 #bag pp4 ,! "w is compos$ out ( a lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,cl]ical ,!ological ,society ( ,alsace-,lorra9e 7pp4 #a-fj71 along ) ext5sive notes & excursuses 7pp4 #fc-bad74 #ahb ,especially impressive are ! inve/igations reg>d+ ! pneuma4 ,reitz5/e9 believes himself to be able to %[ t all ! passages 9 ,paul's writ+s :i* ref] to ?is subject 8are explicable f ,hell5i/ic usage10 & leaves op5 ! "q :e!r !y 8are all equally easy to und]/& on ! basis ( ! ,hebraic use ( rua* or nephe%1 or ! ,,lxx4 use ( 40 ,a detail$ discussion is giv5 ( ! foll[+ passages1 ,rom4 vi4 #a-ad1 xii4 ,i ff42 ,i ,cor4 ii41 xiii41 xv4 #cd ff42 #b ,cor4 iii4 #ah1 v4#a ff41 v4 #f ff41 x4-xiii41 & "s int]e/+ light is ?r[n on ! ,epi/le to ,philemon 7pp4 #ha1 #hb74 ,x may also be m5tion$ t ,edu>d ,s*w>tz 9 8 essay 8,paulus0 7,*>akt]kpfe aus d] antik5 ,lit]atur1 #aiaj1 #acf pp4 pp4 #ajg-acf7 e/imates v highly ! indirect influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic surr\nd+s & language4 ,9 ! second edition 7#aiaa1 #adb pp47 he goes a little m fully into ! individual problems ( ! doctr9e4 #ahc ,ev5 ,holtzmann %>es ?is confusion4 8,! ,paul9e doctr9e10 he pron\nces 9 8 ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology 7ii4 p4 #ef71 8is n exactly ,philonian1 b d\btless1 l ! closely alli$ ,philonian doctr9es & ! m widely div]g5t lat] views1 grew out ( ! same /ock ( ,jewi% reflection on ! ,creation-n>ratives4 4 4 40 #ahd ,poim&res1 p4 #ha ff4 #ahe ,reitz5/e9 takes mu* pa9s to r5d] intelligible1 by a s]ies ( examples f anci5t & mod]n times1 ! 8dual p]sonality0 :i* (t5 seems to manife/ itself 9 ,paul 7pp4 #ec-eg4 #bjg1 #bjh74 ,he ov]looks ! fact t 9 ! =m 9 :i* x occurs 9 ,paul x is tak5 = grant$ by es*atology1 & appe>s 9 ,jesus & ! disciples4 ,x is mu* m primitive ?an any?+ f\nd 9 ,hell5i/ic my/icism or 9 any =m ( romanticism1 s9ce ! di/9ction ( out] appe>ance & inn] be+ :i* occurs 9 ,paul1 dep5ds ^u ! contra/ ( ! two worlds :i* are /ruggl+ toge!r = exi/5ce4 ,! dual self-consci\sness ( ,paul is1 9 contradi/9ction to all o!r cases1 n subjectively b objectively condition$4 ,besides1 x dep5ds on ! temporal opposition ( 8!n0 & 8n[10 z naturally results f ! ard5t es*atological expectation4 ,on ! 8d\bl+0 ( "o's own p]sonality1 su* z is possible = ,greek s5sibility1 see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 vol4 ii4 7#aiji71 pp4 #dac1 #dad4 #ahf ,see pp4 #eg1 #eh4 #ahg ,see e4g4 ,reitz5/e91 p4 #bji4 #ahh ,t ,greek 8es*atology0 & e>ly ,*ri/ian are mutually exclusive appe>s cle>ly 9 ,albre*t ,diet]i*'s ,nekyia 7#ahic1 #bch pp474 ,! fanta/ic torm5ts ( hell z portray$ 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet] h no?+ to d ) ! ,jewi% & primitive ,*ri/ian es*atology1 s9ce ! latt] are conc]n$ ) ! 9-com+ ( ! new _w1 & n ) ! special puni%m5t ( individuals4 ,diet]i* is q "r :5 he expla9s ?is detail$ description ( torm5t z due to influ5ces f ! ,orphic lit]ature4 ,greek religi\s feel+ 0 conc]n$ ) ! fate ( individuals aft] dea?4 ,! ?\ght ( a com+ _w :i* dom9ates ,jewi% & primitive ,*ri/ian es*atology is ali5 to x1 because its 8es*atology0 0 n creat$1 l ! =m]1 by ! hi/orico-e?ical conceptions & aspirations ( successive g5]ations ( prophets4 #ahi ,h]mann ,gunkel1 ,zum religionsges*i*tli*5 ,v]/ndnis des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aijc1 #if pp4 #aij ,max ,maur5bre*]1 ,von ,j]usalem na* ,rom1 #aiaj1 #bhh pp4 ,?is "w is ! cont9uation ( ,von ,naz>e? na* ,golga?a1 #aiji1 #bgd pp4 #aia ,w4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,d] vor*ri/li*e ,jesus1 neb/ weit]5 ,vor/udi5 zur ,ent/ehungsges*i*te des ,ur*ri/5tums1 #bdc pp4 ,x 0 issu$ 9 ,g]man 9 #aijf ) a preface by ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el4 ,! au?or is ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ,tulane ,univ]sity1 ,new ,orleans4 ,! book consi/s ( five some:at disconnect$ essays3 i4 8,! ,pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus02 ii4 8,! ,significance ( ! ,nick-"n1 ,! ,naz>5e02 iii4 8,ana/asis02 iv4 8,! ,s[] s[s ! ,logos02 v4 8,saeculi sil5tium40 7,beh9d ?is title masqu]ades a /udy ( ! ext]nal argum5ts = ! hi/oricity ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 9 :i* ,smi? /amm]s out confus$ly :at ,/eck & van ,man5 _h cle>ly express$ be=e him47 #aib ,ar?ur ,drews1 ,die ,*ri/usmy!1 #aiji1 #aij pp4 ,,notes ,,= ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,summ+-,,up ,,& ,,=mulation ,,( ,,! ,,problem #aic ,see above1 p4 #agc f4 #aid ,h5ce ,john's indignation at see+ ! 8vip]'s brood0 approa*+ to take advantage ( x8--,,translator4 #aie ,= ! s5se ( ! t]m "h1 see above1 p4 #hc1 note4 --,,translator4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,?is book is ! fir/ edition ( ! translation4 ,no second edition 0 publi%$ until #aidh :i* conta9$ only a few m9or *anges anyway4 ,consequ5tly !re are a lot ( errors_/inconsi/5cies 9 ! spell+ & hyph5ation4 ,i h left almo/ all ( ^! z is1 except = a few cases :]e l9e-end hyph5s ne$$ to be correct$ 7l9e #bdif on p4 #fe3 ?or\ghgo+_/?or\gh-go+2 l9e #gdib on p4 #bag3 ,rebir?_/,re-,bir?74 ,! special case ( #8primitive-,*ri/ian' - #8primitive ,*ri/ian' 0 exam9$ 9 detail4 ,9 only six cases does x seem t #8primitive-,*ri/ian' is us$ z a comp\nd ^w4 ,all ! o!rs seem to be legitimate z sep>ate words4 ,! inconsi/5t uses ( naive 7#a71 nave 7#c71 naively 7#a71 navely 7#a71 navet 7#c7 7 left z is4 ,s 0 a priori 7#g71 priori 7#b7 & ,l',aptre 7#d71 ,l',apotre 7#a74 ,two un-pair$ quotation m>ks 7 also left z is3 up-pair$ p4 #cd l9e #aebh 7wrong b left 97 un-pair$ n4 #ajc p4 #acd l9e #ifch 7wrong b left 97 ,because ( ! use ( ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 & ,lat9 !re 7 _m diff]5t spell+s ( words flagg$ z errors :i* 7 due to ! same ^w be+ spell$ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t languages4