,,transcrib]',s ,,note      ,bold text  
is d5ot$ by equal signs4      ,"s m9or  
*anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( !  
book4      ,orig9al book did n include a
 table ( cont5ts1 "o has be5    creat$ =
 conv5i5ce ( ! read]4                   
,table ( ,cont5ts                       
,g5]al4                   ,*apt] ,i4    
,tools4                       ,! ,saw4  
,! ,use ( ! ,saw4                       
,! ,plane4                       ,to    
,%>p5 ,planes4                       ,to
 ,use ! ,plane4                         
,*isels4                       ,to ,%>p5
 ,*isels4                       ,to ,use
 ! ,*isel4                       ,!     
,m>k+ ,gauge4                       ,!  
,screw ,driv]4                       ,! 
,bit ,brace4                            
,bits4                       ,to ,%>p5  
,bits4                       ,! ,nail   
,set4                       ,! ,hamm]4  
,oil ,/ones4                       ,!   
,mallet4                       ,! ,try  
,squ>e4                       ,! ,/eel  

,squ>e4                       ,! ,slid+ 
,t ,bevel4                       ,!     
,divid]s4                               
,two-foot ,rule4                        
,*apt] ,,ii4                       ,wood
 ,work+ & ,jo9+4                        
,! ,saw ,horse4                         
,"w ,b5*4                       ,b5*    
,/op4                   ,*apt] ,,iii4   
,squ>+ & ,jo9t+4                        
,half ,t5on & ,halv+4                   
,halv$ ,jo9t4                           
,mortise & ,t5on4                       
,panell+4                       ,d[ell+ 
& ,jo9+4                       ,mitr+4  
,dovetail+4                   ,*apt]    
,,iv4                       ,fa/5+s4    
,*apt] ,v4                       ,dress+
 ,(f & ,smoo?+4                   ,*apt]
 ,,vi4                       ,/a9+1     
,dye+1 ,fill+1 ,poli%+4                 
,designs                       ,piano   
,or ,organ ,b5*4                        
,plant ,/&4                             
,magaz9e ,/&4                           

,music ,cab9et4                         
,hall ,seat4                       ,hat 
,tree4                       ,d9+       
,table4                       ,*air4    
,morris ,*air4                          
,libr>y ,table4                         
,,h& ,,made                             
,,furniture                             
,,&                               ,,h[  
,,to ,,make ,,x      ,design$ = ! use ( 
^? seek+ ei!r a pleasant &    pr(itable 
occupation or su* furniture = _! homes z
 %all    express _! own arti/ic ta/e1 & 
/& = /urdy hone/y (    purpose1 simple  
beauty1 com=t & durability4             
,alb]t ,g4 ,glidd5                      
,,h& ,,made ,,furniture ,,%op1          
,spokane1 ,wa%4                         
,copywrit$ #aiaj                        
by                               ,a4 ,g4
 ,glidd54                               
,,g5]al4      ,!re is probably no home 9
 :i* ! com=t1 conv5i5ce or arti/ic      
appe>ance c\ld n be improv$ by !        
addition or replac+ ( "s  pieces (      

furniture4 ,! reason is simple4 ,!y are 
furni%$ )  /ore furniture1 & /ore       
furniture is made to sell2 ! designs    
limit$ by ! capabilities ( ! ma*9es :i* 
make x2 made ( !  *eape/ mat]ials2 put  
toge!r 9 ! quicke/1 r ?an ! be/  way1 & 
!n f9i%$ up ) ! crude/ v>ni% & /a9 to   
make  a f9e appe>ance4 ,x is a depress+ 
sight to see ?is furniture on  mov+ day1
 pil$ on ! sidewalk1 scrat*$1 brok51    
d+y1 all its  f9e pret5se ( beauty gone 
=ev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *airs1  tables1   
sidebo>ds & o!r pieces t h come d[n to u
 ?r\gh  g5]ations 7 all made by h&1 put 
toge!r by h& & f9i%$  by h& 9 ! days :5 
!re 0 no ma*9]y & ! workman 0 an  arti/4
 ,! result is t in/ead ( f9d+ its way to
 ! scrap heap  ?is old furniture is z   
good today z ev]1 aft] two or ?ree      
hundr$  ye>s ( we> & te> & removal f    
place to place half r\nd !  _w4 ,hamp]$ 
by no limitations ( ma*9]y ^! design]s  
set !  /&>d = ! _w = all times4 ,su*    
furniture is wor? :ile1  & is an ev]la/+
 inspiration to ! home-mak] & work]4    

,our new /yle1 v>i\sly kn[n z 8,arts &  
,crafts10 8,mission10  8,craftsman10    
etc41 is especially adapt$ to h& "w1 &  
:ile  diff]+ f ! ri* old oak & mahogany 
( our fa!rs' 9 =m  & f9i%1 is l !m 9 all
 ! qualities ( beauty & durability  & is
 f> m com=table4 ,a home furni%$ 9 ?is  
/yle n  only expresses ! arti/ic ta/e ( 
its inmates b also ex]ts an  influ5ce ( 
/urdy hone/y ( purpose1 simplicity &    
abs5ce ( all  gaudy pret5se1 :i* bo? its
 frank1 /raight l9es & fre$om f  any?+  
to hide or m> ! natural beauty ( ! wood 
s =cibly  express4 ,x is a /yle ( :i* we
 c nev] tire & ( :i* no  o!r c take !   
place4 ,x w la/ = g5]ations1 = e "p  is 
z /rong z ! wood ( :i* x is made4 ,y c  
make x &  make x bett] ?an y c buy 9 any
 /ore1 = x is made 9 !  mo/ natural way1
 aft] ! mo/ natural design1 ( ! mo/     
natural  mat]ial4    ,( c\rse1 x _c be  
hop$ t ! m]e read+ ( any book c  make an
 exp]t cab9et mak] ( an inexp]i5c$      
workman1 b !  in/ructions conta9$ 9 ?is 
book w enable any "o to make  furniture4

 ,h&some1 com=table1 durable furniture4 
,! l5g? (  "t requir$ on ea* ( !        
ex]cises w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) !  individual
 workman & 8 aptitude = ! "w4 ,all t c  
be said  z to ! numb] ( times ! ex]cises
 %\ld be p]=m$ is simply  to keep at ea*
 "o until y are satisfi$ ) ! results1 y 
c  judge z well z any "o :5 y\r "w is   
good4 ,"t sp5t 9 practice  is "t well   
sp5t1 = y are le>n+ to make some?+ :i* w
  be ) y = ye>s to come4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4    ,mo/ p "k m  
or less ab\t ! use ( tools & to "s x  w 
seem t we are unnecess>ily explicit ab\t
 ?+s :i* to !m  are matt]s ( c\rse1 b z 
we are writ+ = ^? :o h _h no  exp]i5ce  
:atev] 9 ! use ( tools1 z well z o!rs1  
we h  begun ) ! rudim5ts & tak5 "o aft] 
ano!r 9 ! ord] mo/  likely to assure    
rapid progress4 ,= ! same reason we h   
avoid$1  9 s f> z possible1 te*nical    
t]ms & trade names1 ?\gh 9 "s  cases x  
has be5 necess>y to use ! cu/om>y t]ms1 
z no o!rs  w express ! mean+4 ,=        
in/ance1 ! use ( ! ^w 8squ>e10  z appli$

 to our "w1 does n always mean          
rectangul> b (t5]  means at "r angles to
 adjo9+ surfaces4 ,?us1 :5 we say 8saw  
squ>e0 or 8plane squ>e0 we mean to make 
y\r surface /raight &  true & at "r     
angles ) "s o!r surface4 ,! t]m 8"r     
angles0 w be easily und]/ood by ref]5ce 
to ,fig4 #a4 ,:5ev] two  l9es meet !y =m
 an angle1 & hav+ ! direction ( "o l9e  
& ! degree ( ! angle we "k ! direction (
 ! o!r l9e4  ,?us 9 ,fig4 #a all ! l9es 
meet at 7a74 ,tak+ ! l9e 7a-b7 z our    
base & wi%+ to f9d any o!r l9e ( :i* we 
h ! degree  ( angle we draw a circle    
ar\nd 7a74 ,! size ( ! circle does n    
make any diff]5ce4 ,a circle is divid$  
into #cfj degrees1 !re=e1  if we are    
giv5 an angle ( #ij degrees1 we "k t x  
is a qu>t]  ( ! circle & draw+ a l9e f  
7a7 to ! out] rim ( !  circle a qu>t] ( 
! way ar\nd we h ! l9e 7a-c7 :i* =ms  an
 angle ( #ij degrees ) ! l9e 7a-b74 ,9 !
 same way an angle  ( #cj degrees w\ld  
be =m$ by a l9e drawn f 7a7 to ! out]   
rim ( ! circle ? ( ! way r\nd f 7b7     

7a-d74 ,=ty-five  degrees w\ld be ? ( ! 
way r\nd 7a-e71 #fj degrees ? ( !  way  
r\nd 7a-f71 #ahj degrees half way r\nd1 
& s on4 ,! angle (  #ij degrees is spok5
 ( z a "r angle & 9 our "w "o l9e (  !  
angle is said to be squ>e to ! o!r4 ,we 
also use ! t]m 9  speak+ ( angles #a 9  
#f1 or #b 9 #f1 etc4 ,y w und]/& ?is if 
y w take y\r /eel squ>e & place y\r rule
 diagonally across  x & :51 = in/ance1  
we say #a 9 #f we w\ld mean to place y\r
  rule #f 94 f ! corn] ( ! squ>e on "o  
arm & #a 94 f !  corn] on ! o!r arm ( ! 
squ>e2 #b 9 #f w\ld mean keep ! rule  at
 #f 94 on "o arm & move ! o!r end ( !   
rule #b 94 f !  corn] on ! o!r arm4 ,9  
o!r words1 an angle may be said to give 
! degree ( slant4    ,we h includ$ 9 ?is
 book a few designs = pieces ( furniture
  9 ord] to %[ ! me?od ( assembl+ ! p>ts
 & ! mo/  conv5i5t way ( lay+ out &     
beg9n+ a piece ( "w4 ,9 ?is  connection 
we wi% to impress ^u y ! importance (   
lay+ out !  :ole ( a piece ( "w be=e y  
beg9 to cut x at all4 ,y w  appreciate  

?is z y proce$4    ,9 our cuts we h made
 no attempt at f9e draw+ b h us$  !     
fewe/ possible l9es = ! sake ( pla9ness 
& only s mu*  %ad+ z is necess>y4 ,s+le 
l9es usually designate ! outl9e (  solid
 p>ts4 ,dott$ l9es %[ ! outl9es ( p>ts  
ly+ b5ea? !  surface1 or 9 o!r words1 z 
if se5 ?r\gh ! object1 & are us$  m]ely 
to %[ ! location ( p>ts :i* w\ld really 
be invisible4  ,wavy l9es are g5]ally   
us$ :]e only a "p ( a piece is %[n  &   
designate t ! piece is really long] ?an 
drawn b ! "p  beyond ! wavy l9e is n    
necess>y 9 ! illu/ration4 ,we h us$     
%ad+ to %[ end gra9 9 "s cases b m (t5  
to %[ :]e a  "p is cut away1 z 9 ! side 
( a t5on1 etc4 ,dim5sions are %[n  by   
arr[ po9t$ l9es4 ,:]e ^! l9es po9t 9    
opposite directions  ) ! figures betwe5 
!m1 or po9t t[>d ea* o!r ) !  figures at
 ! end ( "o arr[1 !y give ! di/ance 9   
bo? cases  betwe5 ! arr[ po9ts4    ,!   
*oice ( wood dep5ds l>gely on ! purpose 
= :i* x is to  be us$ & p]sonal ta/e4 ,y
 w probably h no occasion to use  o!r   

woods ?an fir1 oak & mahogany1 )        
possibly "s p9e4 ,fir  is s(t & likely  
to spl9t] if n c>efully h&l$1 b is easy 
to  "w1 ! gra9 is wavy & beautiful & x c
 be f9i%$ to equal  oak 9 beauty4 ,oak  
is h>d] b m durable & admits ( a v high 
poli%4 ,x is mu* /rong] & !re=e1 except 
:]e proportion  requires size1 ! p>ts c 
be made mu* small] ?an :5 us+ fir4  ,z1 
= in/ance1 9 *air & table legs1 braces1 
etc4 ,oak also b5ds  bett] ?an fir b x  
is necess>y to /eam x = ?is purpose &   
unless y h prop] /eam box & clamps to   
hold x until dry1 we  d n advise        
attempt+ to b5d ! p>ts4 ,mahogany has   
be5 ! mo/  highly priz$ ( ^! ?ree woods 
until rec5tly1 & is ! mo/  exp5sive1 b  
oak has l>gely tak5 its place 9 f9e     
furniture (  ?is /yle1 z x is m 9 keep+ 
) ! /raight l9es4 ,p9e is  s(t1 light & 
n s likely to spl9t] z fir1 b has little
 gra9  & is n us$ ext5sively except 9   
conceal$ p>ts :]e /r5g? is  n ess5tial4 
,9 mo/ lumb]1 & especially t ) mu* flake
 or  gra91 y w f9d t ! gra9 does n lay  

flat on ! surface1  b comes up to !     
surface at an angle & 9 plan+ x is      
important  to cut 9 ! direction ( ?is   
gra91 n aga9/ x1 z 9 ! latt]  case x w  
*ip up & leave nicks 9 ! surface in/ead 
( cutt+  smoo?4 ,9 us+ ! scrap] on fir y
 h to be c>eful or x w  cut deep] 9 !   
s(t gra9 ( ! wood ?an on ! flake1 & make
 a  wavy surface in/ead ( a flat "o4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 c be avoid$ )  a little    
c>e4    ,we tru/ t ) ^! sugge/ions !    
foll[+ may be q cle>  to y1 b if !re is 
any po9t on :i* y are n q cle>1 or  if  
!re is any advice y w\ld l we w\ld be v 
glad to he>  f y & to assi/ y 9 any way 
t our exp]i5ce w p]mit4                 
,*apt] ,i4      ,,tools4    ,"r "h & n[ 
we want to say1 keep y\r tools %>p4 ,_m 
beg9n]s are disc\rag$ ) ! result ( _! "w
 :5 ! fault  is entirely ) ! dullness ( 
_! tools4 ,a dull tool _c d  good "w no 
matt] h[ skillful ! workman may be4     
,!re=e1 we say  aga91 keep all tools %>p
 all ! "t4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 let u see  :at 
tools are necess>y = our purpose & h[ to

 %>p51 use &  c>e = !m4      ,,! ,,saw4 
,! saw comes fir/ 9 use & p]haps 9      
importance4 ,!re are sev]al  k9ds1 b y w
 ne$ only "o #bd-;in* rip saw1 ab\t #g  
too? 7to an  in*7 = saw+ ) ! gra92 "o   
#bj-;in* cross-cut saw1 #aj too?1  =    
saw+ across ! gra92 "o #ab-;in* back    
saw1 #ab too?1 = saw+  a p]fectly       
/raight1 n>r[ smoo? cut 7k]f72 "o       
#ab-;in* compass  saw1 #h too?1 = saw+  
curves4    ,^! saws are %>p5$ :5 y buy  
!m & we d n advise y to  attempt to file
 y\r saws until y h le>n$ by practice h[
 to d  x prop]ly4 ,h !m %>p5$ by an     
exp]t1 = :ile x is v  simple x requires 
skill1 acquir$ only f exp]i5ce4 ,d n    
neglect  x1 h[ev]4 ,a dull saw leaves a 
ragg$ edge & takes d\ble ef=t4    ,if y 
desire to file y\r saws get an old "o to
 practice on4 ,x is  n a difficult ?+ to
 le>n1 & :ile op9ions diff] z to j  h[ !
 "w %\ld be done !re are a few ess5tials
 :i* mu/ be  obs]v$4 ,! foll[+ is !     
result ( long exp]i5ce & c>eful  /udy & 
w give satisfactory results3    ,y w ne$

 to pur*ase a saw vise 7"o ) rubb] 9 !  
jaws w  prev5t noise71 also a slim      
#g-;in* tap] file = #g & #h too? saws1  
#e-;in* slim tap] file = #aj & #ab too?1
 & a fairly long1 flat  mill file =     
jo9t+2 a saw set ( any ( ! /&>d patt]ns1
 &  !n proce$ z foll[s3 ,fa/5 ! saw vise
 to some?+ /eady1 clamp  ! saw 9 x1 tee?
 up1 take ! /eel squ>e1 or o!r /raight  
edge  & hold x ) ! edge along ! tee? ( !
 saw4 ,if ! tee? d  n all j t\* ! edge (
 ! squ>e !y are n ( equal l5g?  &       
require :at is call$ 8jo9t+40 ,to d ?is 
take ! flat mill  file & lay x flat     
along ! po9ts ( ! tee?1 fil+ z if to    
dull !m until !y are all equal 9 l5g?1  
:i* y te/ ) !  squ>e z be=e4 ,! next /ep
 is to 8set0 ! saw4 ,?is consi/s 9  b5d+
 ! po9ts ( alt]nate tee? to "r & left4  
,?is is done  ) ! saw set4 ,h ! salesman
 %[ y h[ to op]ate :atev]  k9d y buy4 ,!
 tee? %\ld be b5t only j en\gh to cle>1 
d  n set too deep1 only ! po9t %\ld be  
b5t1 or half ! too? at  mo/2 set ! too? 
t[>d ! side on :i* ! po9t is2 ?is w  be 

e o!r too? "o way & alt]nate ones ! o!r 
way2 set "o  side fir/1 !n ! o!r side4  
,y\r saw is n[ ready = fil+4  ,select ! 
size ( file giv5 above = ! p>ticul> saw1
 comm5ce  at ! butt 7h&le end7 ) ! fir/ 
too? set away f y &  file e alt]nate    
too?4 ,keep ! file level1 t is1 ! h&le  
& po9t at ! same height :5 ! saw is     
/raight up on edge4 ,y  w notice t !    
tee? ( y\r ,cross-cut1 ,back & ,compass 
saws  are fil$ on an angle4 ,?is angle  
is entirely at ! discretion ( !  own]4  
,x is ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t ! bevel be fil$
 on ! front  ( ! too?4 ,x w give v      
satisfactory results if y make x  ab\t  
#de degrees4 ,keep ! angle precisely !  
same on all ! tee?4  ,:5 y h fil$ ! tee?
 on "o side turn ! saw ar\nd & file  ^? 
on ! o!r side4 ,z to ! %ape ( ! tee? !re
 is mu*  diff]5ce ( op9ion1 b until y h 
"s reason to *ange keep  x ! same z :5 y
 b\ght ! saw4 ,n[ take ! saw out ( !    
vise1 lay x on a flat bo>d & rub ! sides
 ( ! tee? ) !  oil /one until !y are    
p]fectly ev54 ,to file ! ,rip saw proce$

 z  above1 except file /raight across1 n
 at an angle4 ,file e too?  exactly !   
same size & %ape & y\r saw w run true & 
easy4      ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,saw4     
,! use ( ! saw is con/ant & important4  
,saw true always1 :e!r  ! results make  
any diff]5ce or n4 ,9 ?is way y w tra9  
y\r eye & h&4 ,d n saw )\t a m>k4 ,use a
 h>d p5cil s z  to make a n>r[ l9e4 ,9  
all cases :5 jo9+ m>k ) a knife or  m>k+
 awl1 rememb] t ne>ly always ! saw$ edge
 w h to  be smoo!d ) ! plane1 & all[ =  
?is 9 su* cases4 ,/>t  y\r saw by a few 
%ort /rokes1 z x is likely to 8jump0 if 
y use  too long a /roke be=e ! cut is   
/>t$4 ,z soon z x is />t$  use a full   
/roke4 ,d n saw 9 little j]ks1 b be     
c>eful n to  pull ! saw all ! way out ( 
! cut1 z ?is w m> y\r "w  & may break ! 
saw4 ,y\r ,rip saw & y\r ,cross-cut saw 
%\ld be  held at an angle ( ab\t #de    
degrees4 ,) ! ,compass saw1 y w  g5]ally
 h to hold x /raight ?r\gh ! bo>d 9 ord]
 to foll[  ! curve4 ,! ,back saw is us$ 
flat d[n on ! "w1 ?\gh y may  raise or  

l[] ! butt a little 9 />t+4 ,x w take   
practice to  le>n to saw 8squ>e10 t is1 
s ! cut is at "r angles ) !  surface ( !
 plank4 ,mo/ beg9n]s are incl9$ to tip !
 butt (  ! saw away f !m z ! cut gets   
ne>] to !m4 ,be c>eful ab\t  ?is4 ,x is 
necess>y to br+ ! butt 9 z ! cut gets   
ne>]4 ,(  c\rse1 ?is does n apply to !  
,back saw1 z t cuts /raight  d[n4 ,9 ?is
 case be sure to />t true to y\r m>k &  
hold ! saw  exactly at "r angles to !   
surface ( y\r "w s z to cut squ>e4    ,a
 saw prop]ly set & fil$ does n require  
grease to make x run  smoo?ly b %\ld be 
wip$ (f aft] us+ ) an oily clo? to      
prev5t ru/4      ,,! ,,plane4    ,!     
plane may be ( wood or iron or a        
comb9ation ( ! two4 ,we  recomm5d a ,no4
 #c ,bailey iron plane 7block7 = smoo?+2
 a ,no4 #e  ,bailey iron plane 7jack7 = 
heavi] cutt+ & jo9t+2 a wood5  pl[  in*2
 a wood5 pl[  in*2 a wood5 rabbet plane 
to  in*4  ,if y c>e to sp5d ! money a   
wood & iron jo9t]1 n less ?an  #bd in*  
long is also valuable1 b ) c>e y c d ?is

 "w )  y\r ,no4 #e jack plane4 ,! deal] 
w also %[ y ,/anley ,nos4 #de  & #ee    
planes4 ,^! are exp5sive1 b v conv5i5t1 
z !y w  take ! place ( ! rabbet & pl[1 &
 w also cut m\ld+s1  re$+1 etc4 ,h !    
deal] %[ y h[ to take ap>t & put  toge!r
 :atev] planes y buy4      ,,to ,,%>p5  
,,planes4    ,to %>p5 planes use ! oil  
/one1 & oil t w n gum4 ,!  jack & jo9t] 
h a cap iron on ! blade2 remove ?is &   
rub !  bevell$ side ( ! blade on ! /one 
) ei!r a spiral or figure  eight motion4
 ,"s workm5 hold ! bevel flat on ! /one1
 o!rs  pref] to raise ! blade onto !    
edge a little s z to make a second      
bevel j at ! %>p edge4 ,?is gives a     
/rong] cutt+ edge4 ,we  pref] ! latt]   
me?od4 ,ei!r way w turn up a fea!r edge 
on !  o!r side1 & to remove ?is turn !  
blade ov] on ! flat or long  side & rub 
x p]fectly flat on ! /one4 ,repeat !    
process until  ! edge is v %>p &        
p]fectly smoo?4 ,d n scrat* y\r /one  ) 
! corn] ( ! blade4 ,put y\r plane toge!r
 aga9 keep+ !  cap iron  to  ( an in*   

back f ! cutt+ edge4      ,,to ,,use ,,!
 ,,plane4    ,to use ! plane sight along
 ! bottom & set ! blade s x j  %[s4 ,if 
y want to cut deep] y c set x deep] aft]
 try+ x4  ,/& back ( y\r plane1 r ?an   
ov] x1 s y pu% x away f  y in/ead (     
across 9 front ( y4 ,9 ?is way y w cut  
tru]  & ) less ef=t4 ,avoid a rock+     
motion4 ,hold ! heel firmly d[n  ) ! "r 
h& & ! front ) ! left h&4 ,at ! beg9n+  
( ! /roke hold ! front d[n squ>ely & at 
! end ( ! /roke  ease up on ! front &   
hold ! heel d[n4 ,:5 ! plane runs (f  ! 
end ( ! "w at ! end ( ! /roke1 z y rea* 
! end lift  ! front s t x does n drop   
ov] ! end & make x l[4 ,always  plane   
squ>e1 :e!r x makes any diff]5ce or n1 =
 ! sake (  habit4      ,,*isels4        
,*isels are ( sev]al k9ds & l5g?s4 ,=   
our use we pref] z mo/  conv5i5t "o ea* 
1  &  in* butt *isels 7%ort blade74 ,y  
w h little or no use = any?+ wid] ?an   
in*4      ,,to ,,%>p5 ,,*isels4    ,to  
%>p5 *isels proce$ z ) ! plane blade1   
except hold !  bevel flat on ! /one4 ,d 

n raise on ! edge at all1 z ?is  %\ld be
 ?9 & v ke54      ,,to ,,use ,,!        
,,*isel4    ,to use ! *isel keep ! flat 
side t[>ds ! m>k4 ,= *isel "w  always   
m>k ) a knife4 ,always leave a m>g9 next
 ! l9e until !  f9i%+ cuts4 ,if y cut "r
 to ! l9e 9 ! beg9n+ y are  likely to m>
 ! edge ( y\r cut1 & also 9 s(t wood !  
bevel  ( ! *isel =ces x a little t[>ds !
 flat side4 ,:5 cutt+  across ! gra9    
hold ! *isel v flat on ! "w or x w 8dig 
940      ,,! ,,m>k+ ,,gauge4    ,! m>k+ 
gauge is made 9 sev]al patt]ns4 ,!      
simple/ w d4  ,9 its use y ne$ little   
in/ruction4 ,always tip x a little 9 !  
direction y are mov+ x4 ,if held /raight
 up x w try to foll[  ! gra94 ,hold !   
guide firmly & flat aga9/ ! "w4      ,,!
 ,,screw ,,driv]4    ,! screw driv] %\ld
 be ( ! v be/4 ,= our "w we recomm5d  "o
 ea*  &  in*1 fairly long4    ,always   
bore holes = screws4 ,! hole %\ld be    
ab\t two-?irds !  diamet] ( ! screw4    
,put a little soap on ! screw & x w     
drive  easi] & be less likely to split  

y\r "w4 ,:5 x is ne>ly all !  way 9 &   
beg9s to g h>d] loos5 ! screw driv] aft]
 ea* turn  by a little back twi/ & x w  
be less likely to slip out or m>  !     
screw head4      ,,! ,,bit ,,brace4     
,! bit brace %\ld be ( ! rat*et patt]n &
 r small4 ,oil  ! work+ p>ts            
occasionally4      ,,bits4    ,bits are 
( v>i\s patt]ns4 ,= our "w get "o ea* 1 
&   in* gimlet bits2 "o ea* 1 1 1 1  &  
#a in* aug] bits &  "o c\nt] s9k4    ,! 
gimlet bits y w use pr9cipally = screw  
holes4 ,be c>eful  n to b5d !m4 ,! aug] 
bits are = l>g] holes4 ,:5 us+ !m  x is 
a good plan1 if y int5d to bore all !   
way ?r\gh1 to /op  z soon z ! worm is   
?r\gh & bore 9 f ! o!r side4 ,y are     
less likely 9 ?is way to raise ! gra9   
ar\nd ! hole4      ,,to ,,%>p5 ,,bits4  
,to %>p5 bits use a slip /one 7a ?9 oil 
/one74 ,rub ! %>p5$  edges on ! inside  
keep+ ! angle ! same z :5 new4      ,,! 
,,nail ,,set4    ,! nail set is a small 
/eel pun*1 holl[$ a little on ! end4 ,x 
is = s9k+ nail heads bel[ ! surface ( ! 

"w4 ,always incl9e  ! nail set 9 ! same 
direction z ! nail s x w n slip (f  & m>
 y\r "w4      ,,! ,,hamm]4    ,! hamm]  
%\ld be fairly light4 ,get "o ball pe9  
7r\nd face7 claw  hamm]1 r small2 "o    
rivet+ hamm] 7small74 ,use ! claw hamm] 
= all ord9>y "w & ! rivet+ hamm] = small
 brads &  weld+4 ,always hold a hamm] by
 ! end ( ! h&le4 ,x is balanc$  to be   
held s4 ,make ! /roke f ! elb[ r ?an !  
wri/4  ,nev] drive a nail ) "o or two   
s+le bl[s4 ,x holds bett] :5  driv5 9   
sev]al bl[s4      ,,oil ,,/ones4    ,oil
 /ones are made ( composition & (       
natural /one4 ,! =m] is  p]haps ! bett] 
( ! two4 ,clean (f occasionally ) k]os5e
 to  remove ! /eel & dri$ oil4 ,be      
c>eful n to scrat* x4 ,to true  an oil  
/one :5 holl[$ d[n 9 ! middle fa/5 a    
piece ( ,no4 #a  s&pap] on a flat bo>d1 
moi/5 x slightly & rub ! face ( !  /one 
on x until true4      ,,! ,,mallet4     
,! mallet is = driv+ y\r *isel4 ,nev]   
use x on metal4 ,use !  same /roke z ) !
 hamm] & always hold by ! end ( ! h&le4 

,,! ,,try ,,squ>e4    ,! try squ>e is   
extremely important4 ,h ! deal] te/ x 9 
a  /eel squ>e be=e y buy x4 ,x is = m>k+
 at "r angles &  = te/+ "w4 ,9 use be   
sure to hold ! ?ick end snugly aga9/  ! 
"w t is squ>$4      ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e4 
,! /eel squ>e is = l>g] "w ?an ! try    
squ>e4 ,x also has  _m uses :i* y w n   
require ( x4      ,,! ,,slid+ ,t        
,,bevel4    ,! slid+ ,t bevel is mu* l !
 try squ>e except t x c be  set at any  
angle & clamp$ ) a ?umb screw4 ,y w use 
x =  mitr+1 etc4      ,,! ,,divid]s4    
,! divid]s are = m>k+ circles or arcs & 
= divid+ a giv5  space into equal p>ts4 
,be c>eful n to make deep holes ) !m4   
,j en\gh to %[ is suffici5t4 ,d n b5d ! 
po9ts4      ,,two-,,foot ,,rule4        
,two-foot rule %\ld be divid$ to        
sixte5?s at lea/4 ,be c>eful n  to m> x 
or y\r accuracy w suff] 9 consequ5ce4   
,*apt] ,,ii4      ,,wood ,,work+ ,,&    
,,jo9+4    ,9 y\r "w-room y w ne$ sev]al
 appliances :i* y c ei!r  buy1 h made or
 make y\rself4 ,among ^! are two saw    

horses2 a  "w b5* ) /op & vise2 a tool  
*e/ or closet2 a mitre box  & a b5*     
hook4 ,^! may be m or less elaborate4   
,we give bel[  ! easie/ & simple/ t w d4
 ,y c improve on !m if y  desire4       
,,! ,,saw ,,horse4    ,! saw horse is   
m]ely a /raight b> ) f\r legs on :i* to 
re/  mat]ial :ile work+ x4 ,y w want    
two4 ,to make a saw horse get  two      
pieces ( dry fir or p9e #b 94  #d 94 by 
#ab ft4 long s#ds common  lumb] w d s   
long z x has no knots l>ge en\gh to     
weak5 x4  ,! s#ds means siz$ on f\r     
sides & is ! t]m us$ by ! mills =  plan+
 (f ! saw m>ks4    ,us+ y\r try squ>e1  
m>k across "o piece z ne> ! end z !     
wood is s\nd1 ) y\r cross-cut saw cut (f
 ! end squ>e at ?is  m>k4 ,) y\r rule   
measure (f f\r legs1 ea* #bd in*es long1
 &  "o piece #c feet long = ! rail1 m>k 
& saw z be=e4 ,! legs  mu/ be bevell$ at
 ! tops j l ! bevels on y\r *isels4 ,?is
  w make !m spread prop]ly at ! bottom4 
,to cut ?is bevel lean  "o ( ! legs     
aga9/ ! wall ) ! flat side to ! wall & !

  bottom end ab\t #i in*es out f ! base 
bo>d4 ,n[ place y\r rule1  fold$ up1 )  
its edge aga9/ ! wall & ! flat side     
aga9/  ! upp] end ( ! leg & ) y\r p5cil 
m>k ! side ( ! leg  along ! rule4 ,be   
c>eful to cut squ>e4 ,bevel "o end ( ea*
 leg4  ,lay y\r rail on ! floor on its  
flat side1 set ! bevel ( ! leg  aga9/ x 
ab\t #c in*es f ! end1 ) ! top ( ! leg  
ev5  ) ! top ( ! rail4 ,drive 9 "o nail 
& ) y\r /eel squ>e  see t ! leg is at "r
 angles ) ! rail1 !n put 9 en\gh  m     
nails to make x solid4 ,d likewise on   
o!r end1 !n turn ov]  & put ! o!r two   
legs on4 ,/& ! horse up on its legs1 if 
x  rocks a little put a small w$ge "u ! 
%ort leg & ) y\r rule  fold$1 its edge  
on ! floor & flat side aga9/ ! edge ( ! 
leg1 m>k along ! rule4 ,) y\r try squ>e 
m>k across ! flat  side ( ! leg f ?is   
l9e & saw ! leg (f "h on ! angle  giv5  
by ! two l9es4 ,if ?is is done c>efully 
on all f\r legs y\r  horse w set firmly 
on ! floor4      ,,"w ,,b5*4    ,to make
 a simple "w b5* y w require "o piece #b

 94  #ab 94   #ab ft4 long s#ds2 "o     
piece #a 94  #ab 94  #af ft4 s#ds2 "o   
piece #b  94  #d 94  #aj ft4 s#ds2 "o   
piece #b 94  #f 94  #e ft4 s#ds4 ,common
  lumb] w d if knots are n too l>ge4 ,y 
w also ne$ a #a-;in*  b5* screw4 ,saw ! 
#b 94  #ab 94 into two pieces = ! top4  
,saw  ! #b 94  #d 94 into f\r pieces ea*
 #cj in*es long = legs4 ,f  ! #a 94  #ab
 94 saw (f two pieces ea* #bb in*es long
 & nail a  leg firmly on ea* end ( bo? (
 !m1 ) ! #b-;in* side ( ! leg  next !   
bo>d & keep+ ! top ( ! leg ev5 ) ! top  
edge  ( ! bo>d1 & ! ends ( ! bo>d ev5 ) 
! outside ( !  leg4 ,saw ! rema9d] #a 94
  #ab 94 into two pieces #e feet long & 
nail ! ends to ! flat side ( ! legs ) ! 
tops ev5 ) !  top ( ! leg & ! ends ev5 )
 ! outside ( ! %ort bo>d  previ\sly     
nail$ on ! legs4 ,?is w make ! frame (  
y\r b5*4  ,n[ /& x up & lay ! top on x s
 t ! top projects ab\t #c  in*es beyond 
! frame at ea* end & is flu% ) x 9      
front4 ,nail  ! front top piece on fir/1
 be+ c>eful to get ! frame squ>e at  !  

corn]s1 !n hold+ ! back piece firmly    
aga9/ x nail t  also4 ,set y\r nail     
heads bel[ ! surface ) ! nail set4 ,n[  
/& ! #b 94  #f 94 on ! floor aga9/ ! b5*
 & m>k x j  ! height on ! top ( ! b5*4  
,saw x squ>e across at ?is m>k  = !     
inside jaw ( y\r vise4 ,cut ! outside   
jaw #c in*es %ort]  ?an ?is s x w n t\* 
! floor4 ,ab\t #f in*es bel[ ! top  (   
bo? jaws1 & exactly 9 ! c5t]1 bore an   
in* hole = !  b5* screw4 ,mo/ b5* screws
 h a bulge on ! inn] face ( !  plate & y
 w probably h to cut ar\nd ! hole on !  
outside  jaw z if = a big screw head s  
?is plate w set d[n flat4 ,n[  fa/5 !   
inside jaw to ! b5* ne> ! left-h& end1  
"o end on  ! floor & ! o!r flu% ) ! top 
( ! b5*4 ,putt+ y\r  #a-;in* bit ?r\gh !
 hole 9 ! jaw bore ?r\gh ! apron1 next  
unscrew ! ?read$ coll> f ! b5* screw &  
set x 9 !  c5t] ( a piece ( wood #b 94  
#d 94  #h 94 ,to d ?is bore a hole      
?r\gh ! #b 94  #d 94 & ream x out ) y\r 
knife l>ge en\gh  to take ! coll>1 or   
else take x to a c>p5t] %op & h x  bor$ 

) a l>g] bit4 ,n[1 hav+ fa/5$ ! b5*     
screw to !  outside jaw1 put x ?r\gh !  
inside jaw & apron & !n screw on  ! #b  
94  #d 94 ) ! coll> 9 x4 ,nail ! #b 94  
#d 94 to !  inside ( ! apron4 ,!re only 
rema9s ! slide 9 ! bottom ( !  vise4    
,?ree in*es above ! bottom end1 9 ! c5t]
 ( ! outside  jaw1 bore an in* hole     
?r\gh bo? jaws4 ,get a piece ( h>d wood 
7broom-/ick7 ab\t #ah in*es long t w run
 easily ?r\gh ?is  hole4 ,put x ?r\gh ! 
hole till ! end is flu% ) ! outside  ( !
 outside jaw4 ,!n w$ge x tight1 or nail 
x f ! side s  t x w run easily ?r\gh !  
inside jaw1 b hold ! outside  "o4 ,bore 
in* holes ?r\gh ?is slide f side to side
 ab\t #a  in* ap>t4 ,cut ! head (f a    
#bj;d nail & use ?is z a p9 to hold  !  
bottom ( ! jaws z wide op5 :5 9 use z ! 
?ickness (  ! mat]ial y h 9 ! vise1 or z
 ne>ly s z ! holes 9 !  slide w p]mit4  
,,b5* ,,/op4    ,! b5* /op is us$ to    
brace y\r "w aga9/ :5 plan+1 etc4  ,y c 
buy an adju/able iron "o or make a      
simple "o z foll[s3 ,six  in*es f !     

left-h& end ( ! b5*1 & ab\t #d in*es f !
  front1 bore a hole /raight d[n ?r\gh !
 top ) a bit ! size  ( y\r broom-/ick1  
be=e m5tion$4 ,into ?is drive !         
broom-/ick  tight & ) ! saw cut x (f    
ab\t  in* above ! top ( !  b5*4 ,?is w  
answ] tempor>ily4    ,y n[ h y\r b5* &  
saw horses & c beg9 "w4 ,!y may  appe> a
 little crude b w answ] e purpose & y c 
buy or  build f9] ones :5 y h le>n$ to  
use ! tools easily4    ,we w\ld advise  
po/pon+ ! tool *e/ until y h _h "s      
exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( tools4    ,! mitre   
box is describ$ lat] 9 y\r "w & y w n   
ne$ x  = ! pres5t4                      
,*apt] ,,iii4      ,,squ>+ ,,& ,,jo9t+4 
,= ?is & o!r ex]cises we recomm5d #b 94 
#d 94 kiln dri$  ,no4 #a p9e s#ds4 ,?is 
is less ?an #b 94  #d 941 z ^! are !    
dim5sions 9 ! r\gh & "s surface is tak5 
(f 9 dress+ x4  ,9 speak+ ( lumb] we    
give dim5sions 9 ! r\gh1 b 9 speak+  (  
p>ts ( a piece ( "w actual measurem5ts  
are always giv54    ,illu/ration3       
,ex]cise ,no4 ,i4    ,saw (f a piece (  

#b 94  #d 94 #ah in*es long4 ,! object (
  ?is ex]cise is to le>n to squ>e ?is   
block1 t is1 make e  surface p]fectly   
flat & /raight & exactly at "r angles to
 !  adjo9+ surfaces4 ,?is op]ation is   
necess>y on almo/ e piece  ( "w y w d & 
its accuracy is ( ! utmo/ importance4   
,place  y\r piece on ! b5* ) "o ( ! wide
 sides up & ! end  aga9/ ! b5* /op4 ,set
 y\r jack plane to cut a v ?9 %av+4     
,plane ! upp] surface c>efully1 te/+ x f
 "t to "t )  ! side ( y\r plane to see t
 x is p]fectly /raight4 ,?is is  call$  
jo9t+4 ,x mu/ also be flat4 ,te/ ?is ) !
 side ( y\r  plane laid across x & 9 all
 directions4 ,next turn x up on edge  & 
jo9t & squ>e 9 ! same mann]4 ,to te/ !  
angle use ! try  squ>e ) ! broad arm    
aga9/ ! face ( ! side y h already       
squ>$4 ,plane ! o!r two sides 9 l mann] 
until all f\r sides  are absolutely     
squ>e ) adjo9+ sides & p]fectly /raight 
f  end to end4 ,measure (f  94 f "o end 
& m>k ) try squ>e &  knife across ! top4
 ,turn x up & m>k f ?is l9e d[n ! side  

next y4 ,) ! back saw cut squ>e to ^!   
m>ks4 ,n[ measure #ah  94 f ?is & cut ! 
o!r end (f squ>e 9 ! same mann]4 ,put  !
 piece 9 ! vise end up & project+ ab\t  
an in* above !  vise & ) y\r smoo?+     
plane plane ! ends true1 te/+ f  all f\r
 sides ) ! try squ>e4 ,x is well 9 ?is  
op]ation to  put a piece ( wa/e mat]ial 
back ( y\r "w 9 ! vise1 ) its  upp] edge
 ev5 ) ! upp] edge ( y\r "w4 ,?is w     
prev5t  *ipp+ (f ! fur!r edge z y plane 
across x4 ,squ>e up o!r  end 9 l mann]4 
,y w probably h to try "s little "t     
be=e y c get ?is ex]cise p]fectly1 b    
p]si/4 ,?\gh simple  x is p]haps z      
important z any y w h & y w be call$  ^u
 to repeat ?is process con/antly4 ,d n  
slight x1 !re=e1  & :5 y c squ>e a block
 p]fectly y h made a great /ride  =w>d4 
,,half ,,t5on ,,& ,,halv+4              
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 ,,ii4       
,saw (f a piece ( #b 94  #d 94 #ab in*es
 long4 ,squ>e x up z 9  ,ex]cise ,i4    
,select ! wide side ) ! be/ gra91 etc41 
= y\r  work+ side & m>k x 8,o40 ,measure

 (f #c 94 f ! left-h& end  z x lies on !
 b5* be=e y & ) y\r knife & try squ>e   
m>k across ! work+ face 7a-a74 ,turn up 
on edge & m>k across  f ?is l9e 7b-b74  
,turn on o!r edge & d ! same4 ,next     
measure  #c 94 f>!r f ! end & m>k across
 ! work+ face & d[n  ! two edges 9 !    
same mann] 7c-c-c74 ,!n #c in*es f>!r f 
! end m>k across face & edges z be=e    
7d-d-d74 ,n[ take y\r  m>k+ gauge & set 
x  94 deep4 ,turn "w on its edge1 ) !   
work+ face to y\r "r & ) ! gauge make a 
l9e along !  edge f 7e-e-e71 t is1 a l9e
  ( an in* bel[ ! work+ face  & p>allel 
) x4 ,d likewise betwe5 7c7 & 7d7 &     
7f-f74 ,turn  ! "w ov] & m>k ! o!r side 
9 ! same way & also c>ry  y\r gauge m>k 
across ! end 7g-g74 ,place ! "w on ! b5*
  work+ face up ) ! m>k$ end to ! "r4 ,)
 y\r back saw  cut d[n at 7b7 to ! gauge
 m>k 7e71 be+ c>eful t y\r saw  cuts j  
to ! m>k bo? on top & d[n ! edge4 ,saw 9
 ! same  way at 7c7 to 7f7 & 7d7 to 7f71
 be+ c>eful 9 all cases t y\r  saw cuts 
only to ! middle ( y\r m>k1 ! cut be+ 9 

! wood to  be remov$1 :i* 9 our case is 
betwe5 7b7 & ! end & 7c7 &  7d74 ,d n m>
 corn]s 9 />t+ y\r saw4 ,place ! "w 9 ! 
vise ) ! gauge m>k j above ! jaws4 ,)   
y\r wide/ *isel  cut out ! p>ts to be   
remov$1 cutt+ across ! gra91 flat side  
( ! *isel d[n4 ,d n try to take out too 
mu* at a "t4 ,d n  cut all ! way across 
z ! wood is likely to *ip (f ! f> side  
bel[ y\r gauge l9e1 s cut only half way 
across1 !n turn ! piece  ar\nd & cut f !
 o!r side4 ,:5 y rea* ! bottom 7!  gauge
 l9e7 be v c>eful to hold ! *isel flat1 
t is1 /raight  across1 or y w n h a     
flat1 ev5 bottom4 ,next turn ! "w up  on
 end 9 ! vise & ) y\r rip saw cut d[n ! 
gauge l9e across  ! end 7g-g7 & d[n !   
edge 7e-e74 ,repeat ?is ex]cise until y 
c get x absolutely accurate4 ,all       
surfaces %\ld be 8squ>e0 &  smoo?4 ,^!  
op]ations are con/antly necess>y & mu/  
be accurate  or y\r jo9ts w %[ unsightly
 cracks4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1  :5 y h    
ma/]$ ?is ex]cise1 y h accompli%$ a     
great  deal1 z y w appreciate a little  

lat]4      ,,halv$ ,,jo9t4    ,s f> we h
 n requir$ our mat]ial to be ( any      
p>ticul>  dim5sions :5 f9i%$4 ,we %\ld  
n[ be able to squ>e up to giv5          
dim5sions1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y 9  
mo/ cases4 ,x is 9 ?is  ex]cise4 ,!re=e1
 rememb] to get y\r mat]ial out a trifle
 l>g]  ?an ! dim5sions giv5 = ! f9i%$ "w
 9 ord] to leave room  = squ>+4 ,!      
purpose ( ?is ex]cise is to jo9 two     
pieces (  equal ?ickness :i* cross ea*  
o!r at "r angles1 & h !m  flu% top &    
bottom2 ! pieces to be ( ! exact        
dim5sions giv51  fitt$ closely on bo?   
sides1 ea* piece exactly 9 ! c5t] ( !   
o!r1 bo? sides to be p]fectly smoo? &   
ev5 :5 f9i%$ &  ! ends plan$ squ>e4 ,to 
d ?is get out two pieces :i* squ>e up  z
 9 ,ex4 ,i to #c 94 wide1 #a 94 ?ick &  
#ab 94 long ea*4 ,*oose  & m>k work+    
face ( ea*4 ,f9d ! c5t] 7#f 94 f ea*    
end74  ,measure #a 94 ea* way f ! c5t] &
 m>k across ! work+  face ( "o piece &  
bottom ( ! o!r piece 7a-a7 & 7a-a74 ,n[ 
set y\r m>k+ gauge to half ! ?ickness ( 

! piece 7 947 &  m>k ! bottom ( y\r cut 
z 9 ,ex4 ,,ii 7b-b74 ,d n =get t !      
work+ face ( bo? pieces mu/ be up4      
,!re=e1 ! cut is made on  ! work+ face (
 "o piece & ! bottom ( ! o!r4 ,proce$ to
  saw & *isel out z 9 ,ex4 ,,ii1 :51 if 
accurately done1 ! pieces  w fit toge!r 
p]fectly mak+ a cross ) all f\r arms    
exactly  ! same l5g?4    ,illu/ration3  
,ex]cise ,no4 ,,iii4    ,y w use ?is    
jo9t (t5 9 furniture & c make ! pieces  
cross at any angle by us+ ! slid+ ,t    
bevel set at ! angle y  desire = m>k+   
across ! tops & bottoms ( ! pieces & !  
try squ>e = ! edges4 ,accuracy is       
ess5tial bo? z to dim5sions  & "w4      
,,mortise ,,& ,,t5on4    ,illu/ration3  
,ex]cise ,no4 ,,iv4    ,! mortise & t5on
 are us$ m ?an any o!r k9d ( jo9t 9     
furniture4 ,!re=e great pati5ce & c>e   
are ju/ifi$ 9 le>n+  to make !m nicely4 
,:5 ! end ( "o piece is to be jo9$ to  !
 side ( ano!r1 ! mortise & t5on are     
almo/ always us$4  ,! mortise 7,no4 #a7 
is an op5+1 squ>e or oblong1 to receive 

!  t5on & may g "p way or all ! way     
?r\gh4 ,:5 "p way x is  call$ a 8bl9d0  
mortise2 :5 all ! way a 8?r\gh0 mortise4
 ,!  t5on 7,no4 #b71 is a projection on 
! end ( ! o!r piece1 :i*  fits into !   
mortise4 ,x g5]ally has two %\ld]s1 b   
may h  ?ree or f\r1 made by cutt+ away !
 sides4 ,x %\ld be ab\t  "o-?ird !      
?ickness ( ! piece4 ,9 furniture x is   
fa/5$ )  glue1 & :]e advisable ) a wood5
 p9 also4 ,! objects ( ?is  ex]cise are 
t ! pieces be /raight & accurately squ>$
 to !  measurem5ts2 t ! t5on be exactly 
9 ! c5t] ( ! jo9t2  t ! pieces be squ>e 
to ea* o!r :5 jo9$2 t ! t5on fit  !     
mortise exactly )\t squeez+2 t ! %\ld]s 
fit up to !  cross pieces nicely & t :5 
jo9$ ! two pieces be p]fectly  flu% at !
 jo9t4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,squ>e up  
two pieces to  #a 94  #c 94  #ab 94 long
 ea*1 take "o piece = ! mortise  piece1 
turn x on edge & f9d ! middle4 ,measure 
#a 94 7a-a7 ea*  way f ! middle & m>k   
across ) knife & try squ>e4 ,z !  t5on  
is to be "o-?ird ! ?ickness ( ! piece   

set y\r m>k+  gauge  94 deep & m>k a l9e
 p>allel ) ! side betwe5 ^!  two l9es   
7b-b7 & 7b-b71 be+ c>eful n to run ov] !
 l9e4  ,turn ar\nd & m>k o!r side ( !   
mortise 9 ! same way4 ,y  n[ h ! mortise
 m>k$ on "o edge4 ,to m>k x exactly     
opposite  on ! o!r side1 m>k across !   
flat side ( ! piece v lightly  at ! end 
l9es & across ! o!r edge at ^! l9es4    
,?is w  give y ! end l9es on ! o!r side4
 ,m>k ! side l9es ) !  gauge z be=e4    
,lay ! piece aside & take ! t5on piece4 
,n[1 z  y\r mortise piece is #c 94 wide1
 y\r t5on w h to be #c 94  long & y w   
want a little extra to smoo? (f ! end1 s
 bett]  measure a trifle ov] #c 94 f !  
end1 ! piece be+ on edge &  m>k across  
7c-c74 ,f ?is l9e m>k squ>e across top &
 bottom  sides4 ,also across ! o!r edge4
 ,?is gives ! %\ld] l9e =  ! t5on4 ,take
 ! gauge1 :i* is set at  941 & m>k      
p>allel  ) ! flat sides f ^! %\ld] l9es 
to ! end 7d-d7 7d-d71  & ?is w give !   
?ickness ( ! t5on4 ,lay aside ! piece & 
put ! mortise piece 9 ! vise edge up4 ,)

 y\r  94 *isel &  mallet cut y\r mortise
 "p way ?r\gh1 !n turn ! piece ov] &    
cut f ! o!r side4 ,rememb] to keep !    
flat side ( ! *isel  t[>ds ! edge ( !   
hole & leave a slight m>g9 all ! way    
r\nd4 ,:5 y h cut ! mortise cle> ?r\gh 9
 ?is way1 take  y\r  94 *isel & true up 
to ! l9es1 ! sides fir/ & !n  ! ends4   
,see t all f\r sides ( ! mortise are    
/raight ?r\gh  f side to side or ! t5on 
w jam4 ,lay aside ! piece & take  t5on  
piece4 ,lay x flat side d[n & cut t5on  
exactly ! same on  bo? sides z y did !  
half t5on 9 ,ex4 ,,ii4 ,ins]t t5on ?r\gh
  ! mortise & plane (f ! end flu% ) !   
mortise piece4 ,n[  look c>efully ov]   
y\r "w & see if x fulfills all ! objects
 (  ?is ex]cise4 ,d x ov] until x does4 
,d n get disc\rag$4 ,x is  a mighty nice
 op]ation & :5 y c make ?is jo9t prop]ly
 y  may be pr\d = x is a /ep beyond     
simple c>p5t]+ & belongs to  ! ,jo9]s' &
 ,cab9et ,mak]s' art4      ,,panell+4   
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 ,v4         
,panell+ is us$ 9 doors1 ! ends & backs 

( furniture1 etc4 ,x  may be m or less  
ornam5t$ ) bead+1 m\ld+ & s on1 b  9 !  
be/ mod]n furniture all ornam5t is      
omitt$ & ! panels  absolutely pla94 ,!  
objects ( ?is ex]cise are to make a     
frame #ac  94  #ag 94  #a 94 ?ick ) two 
sunk5 panels2 t x %all lie  p]fectly    
flat :5 put toge!r2 be smoo? & true at  
all jo9ts &  exact 9 dim5sions4 ,! me?od
 is z foll[s3 ,get out a piece :i*  w   
f9i% to #a 94  #c 94  #fj 94 ,jo9t &    
squ>e to requir$  ?ickness1 also squ>e  
up "o edge only4 ,set 9 ! vise ) !      
squ>$ edge up4 ,set y\r gauge  94 deep &
 m>k along ! top edge   94 f & p>allel )
 ! side f>!/ f y4 ,!n turn x  ar\nd &   
m>k o!r side4 ,?is w give y ! wid? ( !  
rabbet  7see end view ,no4 #d71 9 :i* ! 
94 sunk5 panel w slide4 ,to  cut ?is    
rabbet use y\r  94 rabbet plane & pl[   
7cut7 #a 94 deep4  ,if y h a ,/anley    
,no4 #de or ,no4 #ee x has a f5ce to    
guide x1 b  if y h only a wood5 rabbet  
plane y mu/ use a /raight /rip  ( wood  
to guide ! plane4 ,!re are sev]al ways (

 fa/5+ ?is  /rip4 ,! easie/ way is to   
brad x on to y\r "w along ! gauge  l9e1 
b ?is leaves ! brad holes4 ,! be/ way is
 to take a /rip  a little long] ?an y\r 
"w & fa/5 a block on ea* end ( x  :i* w 
drop d[n ov] ! ends ( y\r "w1 !n w$ge x 
tight  at ea* end4 ,9 ?is case ! /rip   
mu/ be /\t en\gh1 ( c\rse1  n to b5d z y
 plane aga9/ x4 ,:5 y h pl[$ an in*     
deep1 turn y\r "w ar\nd1 move guide to  
o!r side1 & ) y\r   94 rabbet plane pl[ 
! o!r  94 to be tak5 out1 mak+ !  rabbet
  94 wide4 ,be sure to plane squ>e or ! 
panel w n lie  flat4 ,:5 pl[$ cut ?is   
piece into two pieces #ah 94 long = !   
sides ( ! frame & ?ree pieces #h 94 long
 = ! top1 bottom  & middle4 ,pl[ "o ( ^!
 #h 94 pieces1 :i* y int5d to use  = !  
middle b>1 on ! side opposite ! "o      
already pl[$1 z  x w h a panel on ea*   
side ( x 7see ,no4 #f74 ,n[ cut a t5on  
#a 94 long by  94 ?ick on ea* end ( all 
?ree #h 94 pieces1 j  z y did 9 ,ex4    
,,iii 7see ,nos4 #b & #c74 ,= ! panels  
saw f an  in* bo>d two pieces #e 94  #h 

941 dress !m d[n to  94 ?ick4  ,put "o (
 ! #ah 94 frame pieces 9 ! vise ) !     
rabbet up4  ,ins]t ! t5on ( an #h 94    
piece 9 ! rabbet  94 f ! end1  ) !      
rabbet 9 itself turn$ s z to receive !  
panel4 ,) y\r   94 aug] bit bore a hole 
/raight ?r\gh ! frame & t5on  94  f !   
edge ( ! frame 9 ! c5t] ( ! t5on1 z at  
7a7 ,no4  #a4 ,make a r\nd plug to fit  
?is hole1 s& pap] x smoo? & drive  x 9  
g5tly4 ,?is w hold ! t5on 9 place4      
,slide a panel into  ?is rabbet & d[n   
into ! rabbet 9 ! frame piece4 ,next    
slide !  c5t] piece 9 s ! rabbet fits   
ov] ! panel & ! t5on 9 !  rabbet 9 !    
frame4 ,bore & p9 l ! fir/ "o1 !n ins]t 
!  o!r panel & end piece 9 l mann]4 ,n[ 
take ! rema9+ #ah 94  frame piece & fit 
x d[n snug ov] ! t5ons & panels1 leav+  
94 m>g9 at ea* end4 ,p9 ea* ( ! ?ree    
t5ons1 be+ c>eful  to hold ! %\ld]s     
snugly aga9/ ! frame & ! piece tight d[n
  on ! panel4 ,cut ! p9s (f flu% & s&   
pap] smoo?4 ,n[ put !  :ole frame 9 !   
vise & ) y\r plane trim to exact size4  

,:5  y c d ?is ex]cise s t all jo9ts are
 p]fect1 all surfaces  flat1 smoo? &    
ev51 & all dim5sions correct & h ma/]$  
! ex]cises be=e x y c pretty ne>ly make 
furniture4 ,!re is  "o ?+ m1 h[ev]1 :i* 
is important1 a little difficult &      
frequ5tly requir$1 & t is d[ell+ & jo9+4
      ,,d[ell+ ,,& ,,jo9+4              
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 ,,vi4    ,= 
?is ex]cise practice w d m = y ?an      
in/ruction4 ,!  object ( ! ex]cise is to
 jo9 two bo>ds at _! edges s z to  make 
a cont9u\s surface ) no crack or        
unev5ness at ! jo9t1 z  9 table tops1   
etc4 ,y w be call$ ^u = ?is op]ation    
:5ev]  y make any piece ( furniture ) a 
pla9 surface m ?an #h to  #aj in*es     
wide4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3 ,take two   
pieces  94  #f  94  #cf 941 select work+
 face ( ea*4 ,f9d ! c5t] ( ea* &  )     
knife & try squ>e m>k across ! edge to  
be jo9$ z at 7a74  ,measure #ab 94 ea*  
way f c5t] 7b-b71 & m>k4 ,take y\r m>k+ 
gauge1 set x half ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d 7 
947 & m>k a  f9e po9t  94 bel[ ! work+  

face on ! knife m>ks1 z at  7c74 ,)     
brace &  94 bit bore a hole #a 94 deep  
exactly squ>e  into edge ( ! bo>d at ea*
 po9t1 z at 7d74 ,repeat ! process  9 ! 
o!r bo>d4 ,^! holes are = ! d[els       
7e-e-e71 :i* are  p9s t keep ! bo>ds f  
wabbl+ at ! jo9t & also hold  !m toge!r4
 ,y w appreciate1 !re=e1 t if ! holes   
are  n exactly /raight 91 ! p9s w lean &
 n fit into ! holes  on ! o!r piece1 or 
else tip x "o way or ! o!r4 ,to make !  
d[els squ>e up a piece  94 squ>e & #i 94
 long1 !n r\nd x  ) y\r smoo?+ plane &  
s& pap] to exactly  94 diamet]1  or1 9  
o!r words1 to fit ! holes tight )\t     
jamm+4 ,cut into #c  94 l5g?s ) back    
saw4 ,be=e ins]t+ ! d[els ! pieces mu/  
be jo9t$4 ,to d ?is turn "o on edge 9 ! 
vise & squ>e up !  top edge 7f-f7 ) y\r 
jack plane4 ,obs]ve /rictly directions  
giv5  9 ,*apt] ,i = plan+4 ,:5 y h !    
edge precisely squ>e &  /raight lay     
aside & squ>e "o edge ( ! o!r piece4 ,:5
 ?is is  done1 be=e tak+ x out ( ! vise1
 te/ x by /&+ ! o!r  piece on x ) !     

squ>$ edges toge!r & work+ faces turn$  
! same way4 ,te/ ! surface ( ! two bo>ds
 by hold+ ! back  ( y\r /eel squ>e      
across ! two1 see+ t x t\*es at ! two   
edges & at ! jo9t & t no lea/ crack %[s 
on ei!r side4  ,n[ ins]t y\r d[els & !  
jo9t w be true4    ,?is is a difficult  
ex]cise & requires mu* practice1 b its  
accompli%m5t br+s ! ke5 delight ( "w    
well done4      ,,mitr+4                
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 ,,vii4    ,!
 mitre is us$ to =m a jo9t :]e two      
pieces come toge!r at  "r angles & make 
a corn]4 ,! end ( ea* piece is cut at an
  angle ( #de degrees 7,no4 #a74 ,to    
make ?is jo9t1 y w want y\r  mitre box  
:i* y c n[ make ) comp>ative ease4 ,x   
mu/ be  precise to be ( use4 ,x is a box
 )\t ends or lid 7,no4 #b71 &  made z   
foll[s3 ,get out ?ree pieces  94  #d 94 
#ah 94 ,jo9t &  squ>e !m4 ,select work+ 
face ( ea*4 ,firmly nail sides to       
bottom1  all faces inw>d2 #c 94 f end   
m>k ) knife & try squ>e across  top (   
bo? sides 7a-a74 ,f ?is l9e m>k 9 same  

way /raight d[n  ! outside ( ! side     
t[>ds y 7b-b74 ,) back saw cut d[n ?is  
l9e till y /rike ! bottom ( ! box1 />t+ 
y\r saw 9 !  m>k 7a-a7 on top ( ! two   
sides4 ,n[ measure #d 94 f>!r f  same   
end & m>k across ! tops ( sides 7c-c74  
,!n #d 94 f>!r  & m>k z be=e 7d-d74     
,take y\r /eel squ>e or o!r p]fectly    
/raight edge laid diagonally across !   
tops ( ! sides f 7c7 to  7d7 & 7d7 to   
7c7 j at ! po9ts :]e ^! m>ks run (f !   
insides ( ! edges & m>k ! tops ( ! sides
 at ?is angle 7#de  degrees74 ,n[ m>k   
squ>e d[n ! outside ne>e/ y 7d7 to 7e71 
&  7c7 to 7f74 ,) y\r back saw cut      
diagonally across 9 ! m>ks on  top &    
/raight d[n ! m>k on ! side to ! bottom 
( ! box4  ,! cut /raight across is = a  
guide = y\r saw 9 cutt+ squ>e  ends & y 
c use x also = ! %\ld]s ( t5ons4 ,!     
#de-;degree  cut is = guid+ y\r saw :5  
cutt+ mitres1 l ! corn] ( a  picture    
frame4 ,y w realize1 !n1 t ! sides ( !  
bottom  piece mu/ be c>efully squ>$ or !
 sides ( ! box w n be  squ>e to !       

bottom1 & x mu/ be exactly #d 94 wide or
 y\r angle  w n be true & y\r mitres w n
 fit4    ,if at any "t y ne$ a mitre box
 to take wid] mat]ial make !  bottom    
wid] & proce$ o!rwise z above1 except t 
! space on  ! inside face ( ! sides     
betwe5 ! diagonal cuts mu/ always be    
exactly ! same z ! wid? ( ! bottom4 ,9  
use1 rememb] t if  y plane any?+ (f !   
outside edge ( a mitr$ end y make !     
piece %ort] & any?+ (f ! inside makes x 
long]1 z y w  readily und]/& by         
exp]im5t+ a little4 ,!re=e1 y mu/ be    
c>eful to h y\r piece ( ! prop]         
dim5sions be=e mitr+ or  else all[ = ?is
 9 its l5g?4      ,,dovetail+4    ,to   
make an accurately lift$ dovetail$ corn]
 is good evid5ce ( a  workman's ability 
to use tools4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds3 ,fir/1
 common  dovetail+ 7,fig4 #a71 :]e /r5g?
 is m important ?an appe>ance1  z 9 box 
corn]s1 etc4 ,! p9s & tails %\ld be (   
equal size &  ab\t z wide z ! mat]ial is
 ?ick4 ,! p9s are ! p>ts wide/  on !    
inside face ( ! piece 7a-a-a7 & ! tails 

are ! p>ts  :i* are wide/ at _! ends    
7b-b74    ,second1 lap dovetail+ 7,fig4 
#b71 :i* %[s only f ! side z  at ! front
 ends ( draw]s4 ,! tails are always on !
 side piece  & %\ld be two to f\r times 
z l>ge z ! p9s4 ,!re is no rule  = size4
 ,use a size t is /rong1 looks well &   
divides ! space  ev5ly4 ,always beg9 &  
f9i% ) a half p94    ,?ird1 ! mitre     
dovetail1 n illu/rat$1 :i* is hidd5     
altoge!r4  ,x is mu* m difficult to make
 & n s /rong z ! o!rs4 ,y  w h no use = 
x4    ,cut y\r p9s fir/ & m>k ! tails f 
!m1 !n if y make a  slip y c correct x  
be=e m>k+ ! tails & aft] y h  _h "s     
exp]i5ce y c le>n to cut ! tails )\t    
m>k+ !  bevels4    ,illu/ration3        
,ex]cise ,no4 ,,viii4    ,! object ( ?is
 ex]cise is to make a lap dovetail jo9t1
 z ( a  draw] front4 ,get out "o piece  
94  #e 94  #ab 94 :5 jo9t$  & squ>$1 = !
 front ( ! draw] & "o piece  94  #e 94  
#ab 94 = ! side ( ! draw]4 ,select work+
 faces :i* w be  ! insides4 ,set y\r    
m>k+ gauge a %ade less ?an ! ?ickness ( 

! side piece & see t ! m>k] is %>p4 ,n[ 
m>k across !  inside face ( ! front     
piece1 gaug+ f ! end 7c-c74 ,?is is  !  
l5g? ( ! p94 ,! l5g? ( ! tails 7:i* are 
on ! side  piece7 %\ld be ab\t  !       
?ickness ( ! front piece1 or ab\t   94 9
 ?is case1 s set y\r gauge  94 deep &   
m>k across !  end ( ! front piece gaug+ 
f ! inside 7d-d74 ,)\t *ang+  y\r gauge 
m>k a l9e across bo? sides ( ! side     
piece1 gaug+  f ! end 7e-e74 ,place     
front piece 9 vise1 m>k$ end up & face  
t[>ds y4 ,) a p5cil1 space out ! tails1 
:i* 9 ?is case  w be ab\t  94 wide1 mak+
 a half p9 at beg9n+ & end &  ?ree full 
ones betwe54 ,make !m ev5 di/ances ap>t1
 ( c\rse1 &  :5 y h locat$ !m set y\r ,t
 bevel at an angle ( #a 9 #f &  m>k !m  
accurately on ! end ( ! front1 & ) y\r  
try squ>e  cont9ue ^! l9es d[n to !     
gauge l9e 7c-c7 on ! face4 ,take  y\r   
back saw & cutt+ on ! inside ( ! bevel  
l9es saw d[n to  ! gauge m>k 7c-c7 on ! 
face1 b n beyond ! gauge m>k 7d-d7  on !
 end4 ,9 o!r words1 y c only saw !      

corn]s4 ,make all cuts  9 "o direction  
fir/1 !n ! o!rs j z y w\ld file a saw4  
,x is easi] to be accurate ?is way4     
,next1 ) y\r *isel clean out  ! spaces  
betwe5 ! p9s4 ,^! spaces w be l a       
mortise1 op5  on ! end & wid] at !      
bottom ?an at ! surface4 ,!re w be  a   
little space close 9 ! corn] :]e y _c   
get ! *isel1  clean ?is out ) y\r knife4
 ,rememb] n to cut q to ! l9e  till ! v 
la/4 ,! p9s are n[ complete4 ,lay ! side
 piece 7,no4  #d7 on ! b5* face up4 ,/& 
! end on x ) its inside face  j cov]+ ! 
gauge m>k 7e-e7 across ! side ne> ! end1
 z  illu/rat$4 ,hold x firmly & m>k !   
side ar\nd ! p9s 9 !  end piece4 ,place 
! side 9 ! vise1 end up1 & squ>e ! tails
  across its end4 ,) ! back saw cut !   
sides ( ! tails 7on inside  ( l9es71 &  
lay on ! b5* & cut betwe5 ! tails ) y\r 
*isel4    ,if y h mu* dovetail+ to d x  
is wor? :ile to get a *isel  bevell$ on 
bo? sides & across ! end1 l a la! *isel4
 ,x is  easi] to get into ! corn]s )    
?is4 ,put y\r pieces toge!r &  dress (f 

! side till x is exactly flu% ) ! front4
    ,:5 y c d ?is ex]cise & ! prec$+    
ones accurately y c  d ab\t any?+ y w be
 call$ ^u to d4 ,x is h>d1 b wor?  :ile4
 ,y w be able to make ! common dovetail 
easily aft] ?is4  ,j rememb]1 9 t case1 
to make p9s & tails ! same size &  ab\t 
z wide z ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial4        
,*apt] ,,iv4      ,,fa/5+s4    ,!re are 
_m ways ( fa/5+ ! p>ts & jo9ts (        
furniture4  ,among ^? mo/ us$ are brads1
 screws1 wood5 p9s1 %ap+ ( !  p>ts &    
glue4 ,glue is us$ 9 almo/ all jo9ts4   
,use brads & screws  v sp>+ly4 ,any o!r 
fa/5+ is pref]able 9 mo/ cases4 ,if  y d
 use ! latt] 9 any "p t is visible1 fir/
 bore a hole  f  to  94 deep1 l>ge en\gh
 to take a wood5 plug to cov] !  head ( 
! metal4 ,= fa/5+ by %ap+ ! p>ts !re are
 _m  devices4 ,y h le>n$ ! mortise &    
t5on1 ! d[el jo9t1 !  mitre & !         
dovetail4 ,^! w answ] almo/ e           
requirem5t1  ) glue 9 mo/ cases1 & 9 "s 
cases p9s to hold !m toge!r4  ,:5 us+   
glue !re are sev]al ?+s to be obs]v$4 ,x

 %\ld n  be too ?ick or too ?94         
,exp]i5ce soon tea*es y h[ ?ick to use  
x = ea* k9d ( "w4 ,z a rule ab\t z ?ick 
z ?9 syrup w  be "r1 b h>d wood requires
 ?9n] glue ?an s(t wood4 ,if !  pieces  
are v cold !y %\ld be w>m$ & ! glue     
always us$  hot4 ,:5 ! jo9t is su* z    
admits rub ! p>ts toge!r1 & 9  all cases
 clamp tight to =ce out ! surplus glue &
 hold ! jo9t  until ! glue is dri$4 ,x  
%\ld /& #h to #ab h\rs be=e be+  h&l$4  
,to glue end gra9 fir/ size x1 t is1 put
 on a coat (  glue1 all[ x to dry & !n  
proce$ z above4 ,use ! be/ furniture    
glue1 ?\gh ! prep>$ glues are good & v  
conv5i5t1 b if  y use ! latt] get a     
small quantity1 z x is bett] to use x   
hot  & x loses /r5g? by frequ5t heat+4  
,to prep>e glue use a glue pot :i* is l 
a d\ble boil]4 ,put z  mu* z y ?9k y w  
use 9 ! inside pot & cov] ) cold  wat]4 
,let x soak six or eight h\rs1 !n put ! 
small] pot 9 !  l>g] "o ) wat] 9 !      
outside "o & heat until ! glue is hot4  
,glue c be made to /& ! wea!r by add+ "o

 "p boil$ l9se$  oil to eight p>ts glue1
 /irr+ all ! "t1 or else use skimm$     
milk in/ead ( wat] 9 ! glue4            
,*apt] ,v4      ,,dress+ ,,(f ,,&       
,,smoo?+4    ,z a rule x is bett] to    
leave ! f9al dress+ (f till ! jo9ts  are
 all made & glu$ or o!rwise fa/5$1 s t 9
 case !re are  any little inaccuracies !
 pieces c be plan$ smoo?4 ,?is always   
has to be done ) a glu$ jo9t1 ei!r )    
plane or scrap]1 or  bo?4    ,! scrap]  
is simply a flat piece ( ?9 /eel ab\t #c
 94  #e 94  ,! be/ ones are cut f an old
 saw1 b y c buy v good ones4  ,to %>p5 a
 scrap] lay x on a flat bo>d & rub !    
side ( !  edge ) a piece ( h>d /eel 7y\r
 nail set is good7 laid flat on  x1 !n  
take x up & draw ! /eel firmly along !  
edge4 ,?is  makes x flat on ! sides &   
edges b turns up a little %>p edge4     
,use bo? h&s ) ! scrap] & tip x 9 !     
direction y are  pu%+ x & scrape a      
little across ! gra94 ,x is well to     
scrape  all surfaces to take out any    
plane m>ks or nicks & x saves "w  :5    

s&pap]+4 ,s&pap] ) co>se1 !n f9e s&pap]1
 or /eel  wool1 always rubb+ ) ! gra94  
,x is h>d to be sure t  y\r "w is q     
smoo? be=e x has any color+ on x1 z !   
%ad[s are v light4 ,look across x t[>ds 
! light bo? ways1  z ! %ad[ is always   
away f ! light1 ( c\rse4 ,if 9 d\bt1    
rub "s m4 ,! f9i% ( furniture is ( !    
utmo/ importance &  x %\ld be absolutely
 smoo? be=e any?+ is put on x4 ,ev5 !   
f9e s&pap] w make scrat*es :i* %[ on a  
poli%$ surface if  n always rubb$ ) !   
gra94 ,h horizontal "w betwe5 y &  !    
light2 v]tical "w /& betwe5 light & "w4 
,) oak x is  well to moi/5 to raise     
fibre1 !n rub aga9 :5 dry4 ,:5 y are    
satisfi$ & d\bly satisfi$ t n a lea/    
blemi% rema9s1 &  n be=e1 !n proce$ to  
put on y\r f9i%4                        
,*apt] ,,vi4      ,,/a9+1 ,,dye+1       
,,fill+1 ,,poli%+4    ,= color+ ! wood  
wipe-/a9 is p]haps ! easie/ & quicke/  &
 is v satisfactory4 ,y c get x at any   
pa9t /ore ready  = use4 ,put x on ) a   
bru% ( conv5i5t size = ! "w &           

imm$iately wipe (f ) old rags or wa/e4  
,x w n %[ bru%  m>ks & d n be fright5$  
if x is mu* d>k] ?an y expect$  be=e x  
is wip$ (f4 ,if ! fir/ coat does n make 
x d>k en\gh1  all[ x to dry #ab h\rs &  
apply a second coat4 ,aft] ! la/ coat   
has dri$ #ab h\rs or m1 & x is ?or\ghly 
h>d1 if on fir or  simil> wood1 y may   
proce$ to poli%4 ,if y\r mat]ial is oak 
or  o!r op5 gra9 wood y w ne$ to apply a
 fill]1 :i* y c  also get at ! pa9t     
/ore4 ,?is %\ld be ( ! same color z !   
/a9 & put on 9 ! same way4 ,:5 x turns  
dull1 :i* w be 9  a few m9utes1 wipe (f 
all on ! surface4 ,?is w leave ! pores  
fill$4 ,all[ fill] to dry at lea/ #ab   
h\rs be=e poli%+4    ,! be/ & easie/    
poli%1 z well z ! mo/ beautiful1 is wax4
  ,to prep>e ?is %ave beeswax into a    
pan1 add z mu* spirits (  turp5t9e z w  
moi/5 x ?r\gh1 & p[d]$ :ite res91 9     
proportion ( "o "p res9 to sixte5 p>ts  
wax4 ,dissolve on /ove1  be+ c>eful n to
 let x cat* fire4 ,/ir x up & :5 cool x 
is  ready = use4 ,roll "s clo?s into a  

ball1 smoo? on ! outside1 &  use to     
apply ! poli%4 ,put ! poli% on v ?9 &   
ev5ly1 all[  x to dry a few h\rs1 !n ) a
 clean ball ( clo? 7pref]ably  wool57   
rub at fir/ g5tly ) ! gra91 !n h>d] 9 a 
circul>  motion & f9ally a few /rokes ) 
! gra94 ,aft] #ab h\rs rub  aga9 ) dry  
clo?1 & if a high] poli% is desir$ apply
 a second  coat ( wax z be=e4 ,?is poli%
 w improve ) age & occasional  rubb+4   
,in/ead ( ! wipe-/a9s y c use wood dyes 
:i* come already  prep>$4 ,!y s9k f>!r  
into ! wood & d n we> (f z soon1  b on !
 o!r h& are mu* h>d] to apply ev5ly4 ,! 
fill]1  h[ev]1 w take (f "s ( ! dye & y 
c sometimes ev5 up a  little any d>k    
spots :5 rubb+ d[n ! fill]4 ,! dye does 
n  take s long to dry z ! wipe /a91 six 
h\rs be+ pl5ty4 ,poli%  z above4    ,!  
fill] 9 bo? cases w d>k5 ! color a      
little4 ,d n =get  ?is 9 apply+ y\r /a9 
or dye1 & 9 "s cases y w n  require any 
o!r color+ ?an ! fill] itself4 ,( ?is y 
c  judge by ! color y desire & a little 
exp]im5t+4    ,! h>d glossy f9i% is n   

us$ on ?is k9d ( furniture & is  v mu* m
 difficult to h&le4 ,9 case y desire to 
use x on  any?+ proce$ z foll[s3 ,put   
into a glaz$ vessel a little gum        
%ellac1 j cov] ) #ij p] c5t alcohol4    
,/ir till dissolv$1  ab\t two h\rs1 ?\gh
 n necess>ily all ! "t4 ,d n use a  t9  
vessel4 ,d n all[ lumps to settle4 ,:5  
?or\ghly dissolv$  take s(t clo?s & make
 a ball ab\t #b 94 9 diamet] smoo? on ! 
bottom4 ,put on ?is half a teaspoon ( ! 
poli%1 !n ar\nd ! ball  put a piece (   
clo? ab\t a foot squ>e1 hold+ ! ends 9  
y\r  h&4 ,on ! smoo? side put a few     
drops ( l9se$ oil & rub y\r  "w lightly 
9 a circul> motion all ov]4 ,:5 x rubs  
h>d] put a  few drops m oil on ! ball & 
also on ! "w4 ,wat* c>efully4  ,if !    
clo? /icks to ! "w1 ?9 ! poli% on ! ball
 ) a  little alcohol1 fir/ tak+ (f !    
outside clo?4 ,replace ! out]  clo? ) ! 
o!r side out4 ,:5 ! "w is all fill$ )   
poli%  & has a good gloss1 *ange ! out] 
clo? = a clean "o4 ,put a  few drops (  
alcohol on x & proce$ z be=e till ! oily

 look  has gone4 ,too mu* alcohol w wipe
 (f ! poli% 9 splot*es4 ,:5  ! ball     
leaves little or no m>k rub fa/ & /rong 
) ! gra9 a  few m9utes & y are done4    
,?is f9i% improves ) age also1 b        
requires practice to apply prop]ly4     
,to describe ! numb]less me?ods ( color+
 & f9i%+ woods  w\ld fill a book sev]al 
times ! size ( ?is "o4 ,! above are !   
be/1 quicke/ & mo/ easily le>n$4        
,,piano ,,or ,,organ ,,b5*4             
,illu/ration3 ,,piano ,,or ,,organ ,,b5*
    ,piano or ,organ ,b5*3 ,?is seat is 
v easy to make & mu* h&som]  ?an !      
ord9>y piano /ool4 ,lumb] requir$ #aj   
ft4 #a 94  #ab 94  & #g ft4 #a 94  #c 94
    ,illu/ration3 7,b5* ,plan7    ,fir/1
 get out ! end pieces to dim5sions giv54
 ,cut ! mortises =  ! ends ( ! /ret*] z 
%[n1 ! top ( ! l[] mortise 7a7 #f  94   
above ! floor & ! top ( ! upp] mortise  
7a7 #ah 94 above  ! floor4 ,! t5on on ! 
/ret*] has only "o %\ld]1 z %[n  at 7c74
 ,next cut a rabbet  94 deep = ! seat to
 fit 9 across  ! inside face at ea* end1

 j above ! upp] mortise z %[n  by dott$ 
l9es at 7d74 ,!n r\nd ! corn]s & cut !  
h&les  & ar*es 9 ! bottoms ) ! compass  
saw4 ,next get out ! seat  exactly !    
same wid? z ! ends &  94 long] ?an !    
space  betwe5 ! ends to all[ = !  94 9 !
 rabbet at ea* end4  ,! /ret*]s 7b7 are1
 ( c\rse1  94 %ort] to _! %\ld]s  ?an ! 
seat = ! same reason1 ?\gh #c 94 long]  
includ+ !  t5ons4 ,to cut ! holes = !   
p9s1 ins]t ! t5on ?r\gh !  end & m>k    
across x on ! outside j :]e x comes     
?r\gh !  mortise1 !n take x out & bore a
 hole ab\t  94 9 diamet]  on ?is l9e s t
 :5 ! t5on is ins]t$ ?r\gh ! mortise    
"o-half ( ! hole w be outside4 ,y c ?us 
make y\r p9s r\nd  & by splitt+ !m 9    
half h two p9s4 ,all %>p edges %\ld  be 
r\nd$ (f a little ) ! plane s !y w n be 
s easily  m>r$4 ,smoo? ?or\ghly be=e    
putt+ toge!r4 ,! seat is held 9  place  
by two screws f und]nea? ?r\gh ! upp]   
/ret*] into  ! seat4 ,^! screws %\ld be 
ne> ! ends ( ! /ret*] &  well into !    
seat1 b be v c>eful !y d n g ?r\gh !    

seat4      ,,plant ,,/&4                
,illu/ration3 ,,plant ,,/&              
,illu/ration3 7,plant ,/& ,plan7        
,plant ,/&3 ,lumb] requir$ #d ft4 #a 94 
#ab 94 ,cut ! top f "o  end ( y\r bo>d4 
,!n lay out ! f\r legs m>k+ ! top ( "o  
next ! bottom ( ! o!r to save saw+ & !  
f\r w j  ab\t take up ! wid? ( y\r bo>d4
 ,! two /ret*]s w cut out  ( ! rema9+   
lumb] leav+ y a piece ab\t #f 94 wide to
 sp>e4  ,smoo? up ! edges ( ! top & take
 (f ! %>p corn]s )  y\r plane4 ,next    
%ape ! legs cutt+ ! rabbet  94 deep = ! 
top to fit 91 !n ! mortises = ! t5ons on
 ! /ret*]4 ,next  %ape /ret*]s1 halv+ !m
 toge!r :]e !y cross & mak+ !  t5ons    
ab\t "o-?ird z ?ick z ! mat]ial itself1 
& %ap$ z  9 ! draw+4 ,smoo? ?or\ghly    
be=e putt+ toge!r4 ,fa/5 !  t5ons ) glue
 & ! top ei!r ) a plug glu$ 9 z at 7a71 
or  ) screws sunk & cov]$ by a plug z at
 7b74 ,?is plug %\ld be  ab\t "o-half   
in* diamet] & all[$ to project ab\t  941
 !  end be+ r\nd$ z 9 illu/ration4      
,?is /& made ab\t #bg 94 high1 #bc 94 9 

diamet]1 makes a pretty  tea table4     
,,magaz9e ,,/&4    ,illu/ration3        
,,magaz9e ,,/&    ,magaz9e ,/&3 ,lumb]  
requir$ #bj ft4 #a 94  #ab 94 ,get out  
ends  fir/ to dim5sions giv54 ,cut      
mortises = ! t5ons on ! ends  ( ! top & 
bottom %elves1 ! top ( ! l[] ones #e 94 
above  ! floor & ! top ( ! upp] ones #ce
 94 above ! floor4 ,^!  %elves d n fit 9
 a rabbet4 ,next cut rabbets  94 deep = 
!  o!r two %elves1 ! top ( ! l[] "o be+ 
#ae 94 & ! top (  ! upp] "o #be 94 above
 ! floor4 ,cut holes = p9s z describ$  9
 directions = piano b5*4 ,! brace 7a71  
bel[ ! l[] %elf has  no t5ons & no      
rabbet b j fits snug & is set back f !  
edge ( ! %elf ab\t an in*1 z %[n by     
dott$ l9es 9 end view4  ,is fa/5$ by two
 screws f und]nea? z %[n4 ,^! screws ne$
  n be plugg$1 z ! holes w n %[4        
,illu/ration3 7,magaz9e ,/& ,plan7      
,make ! t5ons on ! ends ( ! l[] %elf    
ab\t #b 94 wide &  ab\t #a 94 = ! upp]  
t5on1 ! t5ons be+ full ?ickness (  !    
%elves4      ,,music ,,cab9et4          

,illu/ration3 ,,music ,,cab9et    ,music
 ,cab9et3 ,lumb] requir$ #ab ft4 #a 94  
#ab 941 #f ft4 #a 94  #d  941 #b ft4  94
  #i 941 #ad ft4  94  #a 94 & #d ft4  94
  #ab 94    ,illu/ration3 7,music       
,cab9et ,plan7    ,note t ! top & bottom
 %elves are rabbett$  94 into !  sides1 
& held by screws f ! outside cov]$ by   
plugs4 ,!  door is made ) panel  94     
?ick4 ,! ?ree middle %elves are         
adju/able1 t is1 may be set at any      
height by cutt+ not*$  uprights ( !  94 
#a 94 mat]ial & screw+ !m to ! sides  ( 
! case1 z %[n 9 side view at 7a71 &     
cross pieces to fit  9 ^! not*es &      
support ! %elves at 7b74 ,! %elves are n
  fa/5$ at all b ! corn]s cut out to fit
 r\nd ^! uprights &  re/ on ! cross     
pieces 7b74 ,! support "u ! l[] %elf 7c7
 is  simply fitt$ 9 & fa/5$ ) screws f  
und]nea?4 ,x w look  well to set ! door 
9 ab\t  ( an in* f ! front edge ( !     
sides & top & bottom %elves4 ,piece 7c7 
%\ld also be set 9  (  an in*4 ,! back  
%\ld be fitt$ betwe5 ! sides & fa/5$ )  

screws cov]$ by plugs4 ,any k9d ( cat*  
may be us$1 b a squ>e  wood5 knob       
bevell$ to a po9t on ! outside & cut to 
fit a r\nd  hole & fa/5$ ) glue 9 !     
door1 z illu/rat$ at 7d71 w  appe> be/4 
,if ?is knob is us$ get a friction cat* 
& set x 9  ! top ( ! door4      ,,hall  
,,seat4    ,illu/ration3 ,,hall ,,seat  
,illu/ration3 7,seat ,plan7    ,hall    
,seat3 ,lumb] requir$ #ab ft4 #b 94  #ab
 941 #cf ft4 #a 94  #ab 94  ,! ends are 
( ! #b 94  #ab 94 mat]ial d[ell$ & glu$4
 ,! box  "u ! seat has two t5ons on ea* 
end ( back & front1 :i* may  ei!r come  
?r\gh flu% ) ! outside ( ! ends or n q  
all ! way ?r\gh if pref]r$4 ,^! t5ons   
%\ld be ab\t #b 94  wide1 full ?ickness 
( bo>d & are fa/5$ ) glue & wood5  plugs
 /raight 9 f ! front & back4 ,note t !  
box front &  back 7a7 is set 9 ab\t an  
in* f ! edge ( ! seat4 ,! seat  itself  
is h+$ to a #c 94 /rip 7b7 side view at 
! back1 & has  a piece 7c7 across ea*   
end ab\t #b 94 wide same ?ickness z !   
seat & flu% ) x1 in/ead ( batt5s        

und]nea?1 to keep x f  splitt+4 ,!      
bottom ( ! box 7d7 fits inside re/+ on a
 squ>e  /rip at ea* end :i* is screw$ to
 ! ends ( ! seat4 ,! back is  rabbett$  
into ! sides & fa/5$ ) screws f ! back z
 at  7e74 ,?is back is made ( ?ree      
bo>ds1 z at 7f71 & fa/5$ )  screws4     
,note t ! edges ( ^! bo>ds are plan$ to 
an angle (  #de degrees1 !n ! l[] edge (
 ea* is j plan$ (f s t :5  put toge!r   
!re is a little ,v at ! jo9t4 ,?is makes
 an easy &  good look+ jo9t1 z no crack 
w be visible1 :ile at ! same "t  x does 
n require ! c>e & "t necess>y 9 ! ord9>y
 jo9$  edges4 ,?is seat w be f\nd v     
conv5i5t 9 ! hall = rubb]s1  etc41 if y 
h a galvaniz$ pan made to fit 9 ! bottom
 ( ! box4      ,,hat ,,tree4            
,illu/ration3 ,,hat ,,tree              
,illu/ration3 7,hat ,tree ,plan7    ,hat
 ,tree3 ,lumb] requir$ #af ft4 #a 94  #f
 941 #f ft4 #d 94  #d 94 ,!  #d 94  #d  
94 is1 ( c\rse1 = ! po/ :i* %\ld be     
bevell$ to  a po9t at ! top z %[n4 ,!   
feet are made by glu+ ?ree pieces  ( !  

#a 94  #f 94 toge!r1 z %[n at 7a71 & !n 
saw+ to  %ape ) compass saw4 ,x w save  
"w to all[ ! middle piece to  project   
ab\t #a 94 = a t5on to fit into mortise 
9 ! po/1 z  %[n at 7a74 ,! ar* 9 !      
bottom ( ! feet ne$ n be cut all  ! way 
across b simply take ! corn] (f1 z at   
7b71 :i* %[s  ! inn] end ( a foot4 ,?is 
tak+ ! corn] (f saves "w1 gives a  firm 
foot+ & has all ! appe>ance ( be+ cut   
cle> across4    ,to make ! coat & hat   
hooks take a piece ( ! #a 94  #f 941 z  
at 7c71 cut a jog ab\t #a 94 deep 9 !   
l[] inn] corn] = a  %\ld]1 measure #f 94
 f ! inn] end along ! top edge to 7d74  
,us+ ?is z a c5t]1 ) y\r compass m>k !  
half circle 7e71  :i* %\ld be #c 94 9   
diamet]2 #d 94 f ! inn] end ( !  piece &
 #c 94 bel[ ! top edge take ano!r po9t  
7f7 & describe  a circle #c 94 9 diamet]
 z be=e4 ,next bore a #a 94 hole at 7d7 
z  ne> ! edge ( ! bo>d z ! bit w "w & a 
#a 94 hole at  7f74 ,) ! compass saw saw
 r\nd ! out] circle at 7e7 until y  come
 /raight "u 7d71 !n saw /raight to ! top

 side ( ! hole  7f74 ,f ! hole 7f7      
slightly above its l[] side1 s z to     
leave  a little hook1 saw /raight to !  
out] circle & !n foll[ ?is  out] circle 
until directly "u po9t 7f71 !n /raight  
into !  %\ld] z illu/rat$4 ,fit ^! f\r  
pieces into mortises 9 po/1  fa/5 ) glue
 & p9 z illu/rat$4      ,,d9+ ,,table4  
,illu/ration3 ,,d9+ ,,table             
,illu/ration3 7,table ,plan7    ,d9+    
,table3 ,lumb] requir$ #aj ft4 #c 94  #c
 941 #af ft4 #a 94  #d  94 & #ah ft4 #a 
94  #ab 94 ,= ! top jo9 f\r pieces ( !  
#a 94   #ab 94 #d ft4 long ) d[els &    
glue4 ,all[ x to /& at lea/  twelve     
h\rs1 !n cut circle & dress (f ! top )  
plane4 ,!  /ret*]s 7a7 are halv$ toge!r 
:]e !y cross 9 ! c5t] (  ! table &      
mortis$ into ! legs z %[n4 ,/ret*]s 7b7 
are also  halv$ toge!r at c5t] & %ap$ & 
mortis$ z %[n4 ,x adds to  ! appe>ance  
if y put a p9 9 ! top ( ^! /ret*]s :]e  
!y cross z %[n at 7c74 ,?is p9 may be   
ei!r squ>e or r\nd4  ,! top is fa/5$ )  
screws f und]nea? ?r\gh ! /ret*]s  7a74 

,^! screws ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 be long en\gh
 to rea* entirely  ?r\gh ! /ret*]1 b !  
heads may be sunk ab\t #b 941 z %[n  at 
7d74      ,,*air4    ,illu/ration3      
,,side ,,*air    ,*air3 ,lumb] requir$  
#ab ft4 #a 94  #d 941 #ab ft4 #a 94  #b 
941 #d  ft4  94  #b 941 #c ft4 #a 94  #a
 94    ,illu/ration3 7,*air ,plan7      
,fir/ get out ! back po/s f a piece ( #a
 94  #d 94 to  dim5sions giv54 ,cut !   
mortises = ! back slats1 seat frame &   
spread]s at positions indicat$ 9 sket*4 
,! upp] rail 9 ! back  %\ld be ab\t  (  
an in* bel[ ! top ( ! side po/s & by    
foll[+ ! dim5sions giv5 9 draw+ y w get 
! position (  ! l[] rail4 ,! ?ree       
upright slats 9 ! back %\ld be mortis$  
into ! top & bottom rail1 z indicat$ by 
dott$ l9e1 b may be  mortis$ full       
?ickness & s save cutt+ a t5on1 ?\gh if 
y d  cut a t5on x p]haps saves m "t1 z y
 d n h to be s  c>eful 9 cutt+ y\r      
mortise1 :i* is cov]$ by ! %\ld] (  !   
t5on4 ,:5 y h got out ! back po/s1 next 
make ! front  po/s1 cutt+ y\r mortises  

exactly ! same height f ! floor  z ^? 9 
! back po/s4 ,!n get out ! side rails & 
put ^!  pieces toge!r4 ,! t5ons on !    
side rail %\ld be z long z  possible )\t
 go+ q ?r\gh ! leg1 z !y take all !     
/ra9 :5 ! *air is tipp$ back4 ,hav+ glu$
 ! two sides ( !  *air toge!r next get  
out ! top & bottom rail ( ! back &  fit 
& glue ! ?ree slats into !m4 ,!n get out
 ! o!r rails  ( ! back & front & glue !m
 9 "o side ( ! *air4 ,!n put  on ! o!r  
side ( ! *air & ! frame is complete4 ,! 
seat is  :at is kn[n z a slip seat & is 
made & uphol/]$ sep>ately1  !n slipp$   
into ! frame ( ! *air4 ,! inn] frame =  
?is seat  is %[n at 7a7 by dott$ l9es4  
,x is made ( ! #a 94  #b 94 /uff  firmly
 mortis$ & glu$ at ! corn]s & re/s on   
f\r brackets  at ! corn]s ( ! frame1 z  
%[n by dott$ l9es4 ,x %\ld be  a full ? 
( an in* small] all ar\nd ?an ! frame 9 
ord] to  all[ x to slip into ! frame    
aft] ! lea!r seat has be5 tack$  on4    
,?is lea!r seat is made by tack+ /rips (
 /rong webb+ or  canvas ab\t #c 94 wide 

ov] ! top ( ?is inn] frame4 ,int]lace   
^! /rips l basket "w1 leav+ little or no
 space betwe5 !m  & /ret* tightly ov] ! 
frame4 ,) s(t cotton1 hair or o!r  padd+
 laid ev5ly ov] ! :ole surface1 be+     
c>eful to leave no  holl[s & mak+ ! c5t]
 a little ?ick] ?an ! edges1 build up   
y\r seat z ?ick z y want x4 ,!n /ret* ! 
lea!r or o!r  cov]+ tightly ov] bo?     
padd+ & frame & tack x firmly on !  "u  
side ( ! frame4 ,to cov] ! webb+ & ends 
( ! lea!r1  tack a piece ( black clo?   
ov] ! :ole bottom1 !n slip ! seat  into 
! frame4 ,"s workm5 put a p9 ?r\gh ! leg
 & t5on :]e  ! rails are mortis$ into ! 
legs4 ,?is adds /r5g?1 b we ?9k  is     
h>dly necess>y if y\r t5ons fit prop]ly 
& are /rongly glu$4      ,,morris       
,,*air4    ,illu/ration3 ,,morris ,,*air
    ,morris ,*air3 ,lumb] requir$ #h ft4
 #b 94  #b 941 #ad ft4 #a 94  #f  941   
#ad ft4 #a 94  #b 941 #e ft4  94  #aj 94
    ,illu/ration3 7,*air ,plan ,top     
,view7    ,illu/ration3 7,*air ,plan    
,side ,view7    ,fir/ get out ! po/s4   

,cut ! mortises1 z indicat$1 = ! seat   
frame4 ,put ! sides toge!r1 fa/5+ ! arm 
on top ( ! po/s by  a screw d[n ?r\gh ! 
arm into ! top ( ea* po/4 ,?is screw1 ( 
c\rse1 is to be cov]$ by a plug1 or if y
 desire mortise ! top (  ! po/ ?r\gh !  
arm mak+ a squ>e t5on mitr$ to a po9t on
 top  ( ! arm4 ,next put 9 ! front &    
back rail4 ,screw a /rip 7a7 side  view 
on ! inside ( ! side rails & slats      
7b-b-b7 re/+ on ^!  /rips to hold ! seat
 cu%ion4 ,! back is made sep>ately & h+$
  on to ! top ( ! back rail ( ! frame4  
,x re/s aga9/ a b>  :i* fits into not*es
 9 ! arms1 z %[n at 7c71 ! b> itself    
be+ %[n at 7d74 ,note t ! arms project  
ab\t #a 94 inside (  ! po/s & !re=e are 
r\nd$ out to ! po/ at ! back1 :]e  !    
back ( ! *air comes up betwe5 !m4 ,we   
w\ld sugge/ y\r  hav+ ! cu%ions made at 
an uphol/]]'s1 z x is difficult to  make
 good cu%ions y\rself4 ,9 imitation     
lea!r ^! w co/ ab\t  #aj4jj & 9 g5u9e   
,spani% lea!r ab\t #bj4jj4      ,,libr>y
 ,,table4    ,illu/ration3 ,,libr>y     

,,table    ,libr>y ,table3 ,lumb]       
requir$ #bf ft4 #a 94  #ab 941 #aj ft4  
#a 94   #h 941 #bj ft4 ab\t #a 94 or #a 
941 squ>e4    ,illu/ration3 7,table     
,plan ,side ,view7    ,illu/ration3     
7,table ,plan7    ,fir/ select ?ree     
pieces #e ft4 long ( ! be/ ( ! #a 94    
#ab  94 = ! top4 ,jo9 ^! ) d[els & glue4
 ,:5 dry fa/5 f\r  /rips on ! "u side ) 
glue & screws1 z %[n at 7a7 9 side  view
 & bottom view4 ,^! /rips %\ld be set   
back ab\t  94 f  ! edge ( ! top & mitr$ 
at ! corn]s4 ,!y /r5g!n ! top  & give x 
a massive appe>ance4 ,next get out !    
ends4 ,! pieces  7b7 & 7c7 are exactly !
 same4 ,to m>k ! curve place "o po9t (  
y\r compass at ! corn] =m$ by ! dott$   
l9es at 7d7 & )  ! o!r po9t m>k ! curve1
 ! po9ts be+ #c 94 ap>t4 ,!  upright    
pieces 7e-e7 are mortis$ into ! top &   
bottom pieces &  are made z %[n at 7f74 
,! %elf %\ld be made be=e ! table is    
put toge!r1 ! position = ! t5ons be+    
m>k$ by plac+ !  end ( x aga9/ !        
mortises 9 ! uprights aft] ! end is put 

toge!r4 ,! ends are fa/5$ to ! top by   
means ( a squ>e /rip  :i* is screw$ to !
 top & !n ! ends screw$ to ! /rip1  z   
%[n at 7g7 side view & bottom view4 ,!  
t5ons 9 ! ends (  ! %elf %\ld be ab\t #a
 94 wide & full ?ickness ( ! %elf1  :i* 
w make !m squ>e4 ,! p9s = ^! t5ons are  
%[n at 7h7  & %\ld be ab\t  94 ?ick4    
,special ,designs      ,use ! foll[+    
blank pages = p5cil sket*es & clipp+s4  
,we w furni% work+ plans1 ) full        
in/ructions = any piece (  furniture y  
may desire at #ej;c4 ea*4 ,j s5d u a    
r\gh sket* or a  picture1 giv+ y\r idea4
                                 ,! ,f>m
  ,or*>d                                
,publi%+ ,co4    ,illu/ration3 7,union  
pr9t+ m>k3 ,alli$ ,pr9t+42  ,trades     
,c\ncil2 ,union ,label2 ,spokane ,wa%47 
,spokane1                               
,wa%+ton4            ,,transcrib]',s    
,,note      ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h
 be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs    &    
outside quotations4      ,illu/rations  
)\t captions h _h a description add$1   

?is is    d5ot$ ) p>5!ses4