,,essays1 ,,or ,,disc\rses1 ,,select$ ,,f ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,feyjoo1 ,,& ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,spani%1 ,,by ,,john ,,brett1 ,,esq4 ,,volume ,,! ,,f\r?4 ,,london1 ,pr9t$ = ! ,,translator3 ,sold by ,h4 ,,payne1 ,pall-,mall2 ,c4 ,,dilly1 9 ! ,p\ltry2 & ,t4 ,,evans1 9 ! ,/r&4 ,,mdcclxxx4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,volume4 ,,physical ,,p>adoxes page #a ,,sceptical ,,philosophy #cf ,,! ,,%ew ,,or ,,affectation ,,( ,,le>n+ #acg ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,p>adoxes #afc ,,! ,,great ,,& ,,ma/]ly ,,au?ority ,,( ,,exp]i5ce #bbf ,a ,,display ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,p1 ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,tal5ts ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,ones #cbi ,,physical ,,p>adoxes4 ,i4 ,! ,greek ^w ,p>adox1 or ,p>adoxologia1 does n prop]ly signify a false or implicatory proposition1 b an improbable or incr$ible "o2 & !re=e1 ?is ^w is commonly appli$ to ^? propositions1 :i* 9 ! eye ( ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 at fir/ sight seem false & contradictory1 & difficult to be ass5t$ to2 b ^u exam9+ !m /rictly & ) att5tion1 appe> to be ei!r true or probable4 ,9 ?is disc\rse1 we %all treat ( "s ( ! ?+s ( ?is species1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! l9e ( natural philosophy4 ,,p>adox ,i4 ,elem5tal ,fire is n hot 9 ! highe/ ,degree4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,vulg> physics1 di/ribute ! f\r qualities :i* are call$ fir/1 among ! f\r elem5ts1 assign+ to ea* elem5t "o ( !m t is int5se 9 ! highe/ degree1 & ano!r :i* approa*es1 or comes ne> to ! highe/4 ,?us to fire !y attribute heat 9 ! highe/ degree1 & dryness :i* is ne>ly approa*+ to ! highe/4 ,to ! air1 humidity 9 ! highe/ degree1 & heat ne> to x4 ,to ! wat]1 coldness 9 ! highe/ degree1 & moi/ure ne> to x4 ,to ! e>?1 dryness 9 ! highe/ degree1 & coldness ne> to x4 ,?is di/ribution1 :i* if regulat$1 n by a nice exam9ation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 b only by an imag9>y proportion1 is expos$ to ?ree s]i\s & weighty objections :i* are />t$ aga9/ x by ! mod]n philosoph]s2 & x is only to ! proposition t fire is hot 9 ! highe/ degree1 t !y h hi!rto made no difficulty ( ass5t+2 b t is ! po9t ,i at pres5t mean to controv]t4 ,,iii4 ,t elem5tal fire is n hot 9 ! highe/ degree1 may be ev9c$1 by %ew+ !re is ano!r heat :i* is mu* great]1 & t is ! heat ( ! sun1 :5 its rays are conc5trat$ 9 a burn+-glass4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! mo/ vigor\s effects & op]ations ( elem5tal fire1 does n come up 9 any degree ( comp>ison1 to ^? ( t mo/ ard5t />4 ,?is has be5 prov$ evid5tly1 by ! exp]im5ts made ) ! burn+-glass inv5t$ & fabricat$ by ,mons4 ,villete1 an em95t arti/ ( ,lions 9 ,france2 a description ( :i*1 0 pr9t$ & publi%$ at ,liege 9 #agae1 & 0 aft]w>ds ins]t$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x ( ! ye> #agaf4 ,! in/ant ! focus ( ?is burn+-glass 0 appli$ to any sort ( wood1 be x ev] s gre5 or moi/1 x set x z sudd5ly 9 a flame1 z elem5tal fire w\ld d dry t[4 ,9 less ?an a m9ute1 x melt$ metals :i* 7 ! mo/ difficult ( liquefaction1 su* z copp]1 iron1 gold1 & all m9]als 9 g5]al4 ,! highe/ op]ation ! *ymi/s h f\nd elem5tal fire capable ( p]=m+1 is t ( vitrifaction1 :i* is s call$ f its r$uc+ matt] to a species ( glass2 b ! mo/ int5se fire1 besides its be+ t>dy 9 ?is op]ation1 c p]=m x only on p>ticul> subjects2 :]eas ! burn+-glass vitrifies 9 a %ort "t1 e k9d ( matt]1 tiles1 bricks1 cem5t1 bones1 /ones ( all sorts1 ev5 m>ble1 & porphyry2 & :at is mo/ extraord9>y1 x vitrifies ^? sort ( /ones also1 ) :i* !y make ! bottoms ( furnaces = melt+ iron ore 91 :i* al?\gh !y w endure t int5se heat = _m ye>s toge!r1 w beg9 to dissolve almo/ imm$iately1 ^u apply+ ! focus ( ! burn+-glass to !m4 ,,iv4 ,al?\gh ?is is v wond]ful1 :at we are ab\t to relate is /ill m s4 ,! analytic resolution ( gold1 or :at is ! same ?+1 ! sep>ation or division ( its pr9cipal compon5t p>ts1 _h till !n be5 deem$ impossible2 = ! mis]s are n m t5aci\s ( ho>d+ or pres]v+ _! gold1 ?an ! gold is ( pres]v+ its intr9sic texture2 = 9 spite ( all ! tortures by fire1 :i* ! *ymi/s c\ld inv5t to break ?is texture1 !y c\ld nev] make x lose its orig9al =m4 ,yet not)/&+ ! val\r ( ?is g5]\s metal1 x submitt$ ob$i5tly to ! p[] ( ! sun ex]t$ ?r\gh ! burn+-glass2 z if t p[] to :om x is said to owe its exi/5ce1 0 ! only "o to :i* x c\ld be> to be subject4 ,v4 ,mons4 ,homb]g1 ( ! ,academy ,royal ( ,sci5ces1 0 ! fir/ :o exp]i5c$ ?is r>e ph5om5on1 by resolv+ into smoak1 ) ! focus ( ! burn+-glass1 at ! ,palace ,royal at ,p>is1 a great portion ( its mass1 :i* ?is celebrat$ *ymi/ judg$ to be ! m]curial "p ( ! gold1 & :5 ?is 0 gone1 ! residue :i* rema9$1 appe>$ to be a t]re/rial matt]1 mix$ ) some:at ( sulphur1 t aft]w>ds vitrifi$4 ,s t 9 ! op9ion ( ,mons4 ,homb]g1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 toge!r ) a portion ( e>?1 is :at gold is compos$ (1 & al?\gh ! two fir/ are by _! nature volatile1 & capable ( be+ dissipat$ & divid$ by ! p[] ( fire 9 all o!r metals1 & 9 all o!r mixtures1 !y 9 gold are s intimately unit$1 t no o!r =ce or influ5ce c sep>ate !m1 b t ( ! sun2 x foll[s !n1 t ! heat ( ! sun is mu* great] ?an t ( elem5tal fire1 & t ?is la/ _c be hot 9 ! highe/ degree1 :i* is :at we und]took to prove4 ,,p>adox ,,ii4 ,! ,air ought r to be e/eem$ cold1 ?an hot4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,vi4 ,! quality :i* ,ari/otle attributes to ! air1 is cold some:at "u ! highe/ degree1 or ne>ly approa*+ to ! highe/ degree4 ,o!r philosoph]s1 ) m f\ndation ( reason1 e/eem x indiff]5t to heat & cold2 & ,i1 )\t sett+ ab\t to combat ?is second op9ion1 say x is m reasonable to suppose x cold ?an hot4 ,:i* ,i %all attempt to demon/rate 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 9 ord] to make a judgem5t ( ! qualities app]ta9+ to a p>ticul> ?+1 we %\ld consid] x 9 a /ate1 :]e x is dive/$ ( ! influ5ce ( any extr9sic ag5t1 by ! op]ations ( :i* x may be affect$2 ! air !n s circum/anc$1 w always be f\nd to be cold2 & f !nce x %\ld be inf]r$1 t x naturally is cold4 ,! m9or ( ?is proposition is prov$1 by ! air be+ only w>m :ile x is affect$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 & by its be+ f\nd1 t :5ev] t influ5ce is )drawn1 x becomes cold aga91 & t x is by s mu* ! m cold1 9 proportion to ! abs5ce ( t influ5ce4 ,f :5ce x is obs]vable1 t 9 ! temp]ate zones1 ! air is colde/ :5 ! nights are long2 & t 9 ! sub-pol>1 & circum-pol> ones1 x is extremely cold1 on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce ( ! sun be+ )drawn f !m = ! space ( six mon?s toge!r2 & t :5 x returns to enlight5 !m1 because ( ! obliquity ( its rays1 x /ill cont9ues cold1 f> beyond ! degree ( m$iocrity4 ,,vii4 ,nor is say+ t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sun1 ! e>? is ! ag5t t cools ! air any reply to ?is2 = if ?is 0 s1 ! l[] region ( ! air w\ld be cold] ?an ! middle "o1 z be+ ne>] to ! infrigidat+ cause2 b ?is is contradict$ by our exp]i5ce2 = we v commonly see1 t ! wat] does n freeze 9 ! l[] region1 :5 9 ! middle "o x is froz5 into hail 9 ! cl\ds2 & v (t5 also1 t :i* 0 froz5 above1 ?aws sudd5ly ^u its fall+ d[n4 ,,viii4 ,if x %\ld be object$ to ?is1 t ,ari/otle & ! ,p]ipatetics1 :5 !y say ! air is w>m1 speak ( ! elem5tal air1 & n ( ! air ( ! atmosph]e :i* is mix$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( het]og5\s corpuscles1 by "s ( :i* x may be made cold1 & especially by ! _m nitr\s ones ) :i* x is impregnat$4 ,to ?is ,i answ] fir/1 t 9 ! c\ntry :]e ,i am n[ writ+1 !re is n ! lea/ appe>ance ( ! air be+ nitr\s1 = t !re is n a gra9 ( nitre to be f\nd 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 not)/&+ :i*1 ! cold 9 w9t] is sometimes pretty %>p4 ,i answ] secondly1 t we c only talk ( ! pure elem5tal air by conjecture1 = no mortal has yet ev] brea!d any ( x1 nor is x possible t any "o ev] %\ld1 on acc\nt ( ?is elem5t be+ an op5 expanse1 expos$ to ! inroads ( ! effluvias ( all o!r bodies2 & we %\ld reason ^u s5sible qualities1 by pursu+ ! ?read ( palpable exp]im5ts2 & n by pursu+ t ( ideal proportions1 z ,ari/otle did 9 mak+ ! division ( 8 elem5tal qualities2 = ! ,au?or ( nature is n conf9$ to pursu+ only su* proportions z fall )9 ! compass ( our compreh5sion4 ,?is is ! false pr9ciple1 ^u :i* all ! ,py?agorean & ,ari/otelic philosophy has proce$$1 & ) respect to ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts1 t seems to be ta9t$ ) ! same vice1 z ,i %all %ew m fully 9 ano!r place4 ,all t ,i %all say at pres5t is1 t ,ari/otle dealt out1 & di/ribut$ ! f\r qualities among ! f\r elem5ts1 z if he _h be5 ! absolute ma/] ( !m all1 & c\ld dispose ( & arrange !m agreeable to 8 w & pleasure4 ,,p>adox ,,iii4 ,wat] consid]$ accord+ to its ,nature1 is r dispos$ to be solid1 ?an fluid4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,ix4 ,?is may be demon/rat$1 ^u ! same pr9ciple ! antec$5t p>adox 02 remove = any l5g? ( "t1 ! int]position ( any extr9sic ag5t t may contribute to w>m ! wat]1 & x w always be f\nd to be solid1 t is1 9 a froz5 /ate4 ,?is !n be+ s1 we may conclude1 t is ! /ate x is dispos$ to cont9ue 9 agreeable to its nature4 ,?is is ev9c$ by ! sea "u ! ,poles1 & 9 ! adjac5t p>ts1 be+1 dur+ ! :ole six mon?s ! sun is abs5t f !m1 froz5 to su* a degree1 t aft] ! sun has revisit$ !m1 & cont9u$ its influ5ce = ! o!r six mon?s1 x is nev] totally ?aw$2 & x is = ?is reason1 t x has always be5 f\nd impracticable to sail to ,*9a by t r\t4 ,x4 ,! wat] be+ "u ?is influ5ce1 is a pro( ad hom9em1 t x _c1 agreeable to ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 be cold 9 ! highe/ degree1 = if t 0 ! case x mu/ ev] cont9ue 9 a froz5 /ate2 s t we c only say1 t by its nature x is mo/ dispos$ to solidity4 ,,xi4 ,froz5 wat] be+ easily made liquid by a mod]ate heat1 is no pro( t x is n naturally incl9$ to solidity4 ,metals may be liquifi$ by an int5se heat1 b t does n %ew t !y are n ( a solid nature2 & a ?+ be+ m easily1 or ) m difficulty dissolv$1 makes no diff]5ce ) respect to ?is mode ( reason+2 & !re=e ! wat] be+ made liquid ) a less int5se heat1 ?an is f\nd necess>y to liquify metals1 does n prove1 t x is n dispos$ 9 its nature to be solid z well z !m4 ,,p>adox ,,iv4 ,ei!r all ,qualities are occult1 or none ( !m are s4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,xii4 ,! s*ool philosoph]s call all ^? qualities occult1 :i* are n reckon$ among ! f\r elem5tal ones1 & :i* d n result f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! elem5tal ones1 because !y suppose _! op]ations move 9 a l9e sup]ior to ^? :i* may be suppos$ to proce$ f humidity1 dryness1 cold1 heat1 h>dness1 s(tness1 col\r1 fav\r1 c4 ,& al?\gh x is true1 t "s by pursu+ ! sy/em ( assign+ second qualities1 :i* result f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! fir/2 or ?ird qualities1 result+ f ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! second2 & among ^! ?ird1 h plac$ ! wond]ful virtues ( ! load-/one1 ! op]ation ( purges1 & o!rs ( ^? :i* !y call occult1 & :i* by ^! means !y h attempt$ to r$uce to manife/ ones2 ?is mode ( proce$+1 has be5 ab&on$ by ! g5]ality ( philosoph]s1 & ) reason2 = x is v cle>1 t comb9e1 & recomb9e1 ! qualities ( humidity1 dryness1 heat1 & cold1 9 :at way y w1 y w n be able to f9d out1 t !y are capable ( direct+ ! load-/one to ! ,pole1 or ( caus+ x to attract iron4 ,,xiii4 ,x is n my int5tion1 to exam9e ! nature & orig9 ( all1 or ei!r ( ^! qualities2 b %all only say1 t !y are all equally occult1 or are all equally manife/4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is1 we w comp>e ! calefactive virtue ( fire :i* is look$ ^u z ! mo/ manife/1 ) ! attractive virtue ( ! load-/one1 :i* is reput$ ! mo/ occult4 ,all t is kn[n1 or t is taught by ! p]ipatetic doctr9e1 ( ! calefactory virtues ( fire1 may be r$uc$ to ?is1 t x is a prop]ty app]ta9+ to t sub/ance1 or a quality t spr+s f1 or arises out ( its =m1 t produces ! effect :i* we call heat1 & t ! action ) :i* x causes x1 is call$ calefaction2 b s x is1 t x is j 9 ! same mann] t we "k ! attractive virtue ( ! load-/one2 viz4 t x is a prop]ty or quality1 spr++ f1 or aris+ out ( ! =m ( ?is entity1 t produces ! s5sible effect ( draw+ ! iron to x1 & t ! action ) :i* x causes x to approa* t[>ds x1 is call$ attraction2 x foll[s !n1 t we "k j z mu* ( ! attractive virtue ( ! load-/one1 z we "k ( ! calefactory virtues ( fire2 & !re=e1 bo? ( !m are equally occult1 & equally manife/4 ,,xiv4 ,& if we 7 to speak ! tru?1 h[ c\ld we d5y1 t ! quality we call heat is occult1 :5 x is ev5 occult1 :e!r x is or is n a quality8 ,n only ! corpuscul> philosoph]s d5y x to be possess$ ( all quality or =m1 b _m ( ^? :o admit ^? prop]ties to be conta9$ 9 x1 con/itute ! heat to proce$ f a v]tical1 or vibratory motion ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( ! body4 ,& s long z we %all rema9 )\t an argum5t to conv9ce u ( ! tru? ( ^! op9ions1 we %all n "k :i* ( !m is "r4 ,,p>adox ,v4 ,x is false1 9 a g5]al & compreh5sive s5se1 t ,virtue by be+ unit$ becomes ! /rong]4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,xv4 ,! axiom ,vis unita =tior1 ,i appreh5d1 applies m ju/ly to civil & political ?+s1 ?an to natural ones4 ,if we att5d1 we %all f9d t two ag5ts1 ea* ( :i* is /rong 9 proportion to f\r1 by be+ jo9$ toge!r1 w n be /rong] ?an 9 proportion to eight4 ,if two m5 sep>ately c support b f\r half hundr$s ea*1 by jo9+ !m toge!r1 y w\ld f9d !m n able to support above eight4 ,x is true1 t a man :o breaks arr[s "o by "o1 _c break a bundle ( arr[s ti$ toge!r1 :i* is ! comp>ison t ,scilurus avail$ himself ( 7,plut4 9 ,apoph?47 to p]suade 8 sons to cont9ue 9 frat]nal union2 b we %\ld n und]/& by ?is1 t by b9d+ !m toge!r1 ea* arr[ sep>ately acquir$ any additional /r5g?1 = ?is example 0 only int5d$ to %ew1 t he :o c\ld ) ease break ea* arr[ sep>ately1 0 n suffici5tly /rong to break ! :ole bundle unit$ toge!r4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! bundle 0 to consi/ ( tw5ty arr[s1 if !re 0 any ?+ less ?an a tw5tie? "p ( ! =ce ex]t$ to break a s+le arr[1 ?an x 0 necess>y to ex]t to break ! :ole bundle1 x is z c]ta9 t t s+le arr[ w\ld n be broke1 z t ! :ole bundle w\ld n4 ,?us ?is example does n prove1 t !re is any additional virtue or /r5g? add$ to ! wood ( :i* ! arr[s are made1 by unit+ !m toge!r1 b only1 t tw5ty jo9$ toge!r c resi/ a great] =ce ?an "o s+ly1 :i* is a ?+ t is self-evid5t4 ,,xvi4 ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an ?is2 b ab/ract$ f ! =ce ( ?is reason+1 exp]i5ce has %ewn u1 t 9 "s ag5ts1 9 contradiction to ! common op9ion1 _! union has dim9i%$ _! /r5g?4 ,x is ! g5]al s5tim5t1 t two ?reads twi/$ toge!r & unit$ 9 "o cord1 w support m weight ?an !y w sep>ately2 & t a rope made ( _m f9e ?reads1 is /rong] ?an all ^! ?reads divid$4 ,mons4 ,reamur1 ( ! ,academy ,royal ( ,sci5ces1 demon/rat$ 9 #agaa1 t ! fact 0 q o!rwise1 & t ! ?reads sep>ate w\ld support a great] weight ?an !y w\ld unit$4 ,he made ?is exp]im5t ) two s+le ?reads1 & f\nd t ea* by itself w\ld support n9e p\nds & a half1 :i* put toge!r make n9ete5 p\nds2 aft] ?is he caus$ !m to be twi/$ toge!r1 & !y 7 broke ) sixte5 p\nds4 ,he made ano!r exp]im5t ) ?ree ?reads1 "o ( :i* support$ six p\nds & a half2 ano!r eight1 & ano!r eight & a half2 ! sum ( all :i* put toge!r am\nt$ to tw5ty-?ree p\nds2 & aft] caus+ !m to be made into a cord1 !y w\ld n su/a9 m ?an sev5te54 ,,xvii4 ,x may p]haps be answ]$ to ?is1 t ! ?reads 9 twi/+ !m toge!r might be /ret*$ & made f9]1 & _! /r5g? weak5$2 & t besides ?is1 !y might h be5 /ra9$ by support+ ! weight 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 b ?is objection1 al?\gh speci\s1 is insuffici5t2 = by att5d+ to ! relation ( ?is matt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,academy ,royal1 we %all f9d1 t by ord] ( ! ,academy1 ano!r exp]im5t 0 made 9 a q opposite way1 = a small silk cord :i* support$ a little m ?an five p\nds1 0 aft]w>ds untwi/$1 & !y f\nd t ! s+le ?reads among !m all su/a9$ six p\nds & a half4 ,,xviii4 ,! true cause ( ?is ph5om5on 9 my judgm5t1 is1 t ! ?reads 9 ! twi/$ cord d n be> equally alike1 because x seems to me morally impossible 9 ! twi/+1 to pres]ve ! exact l5g? or be>+ ( all ! fibres1 b t "s ( !m mu/ be m t5se or tight1 & "s ( !m m slack ?an o!rs2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! be>+ ( "s mu/ v>y m f ! p]p5dicul> or c5tral l9e ( gravity1 ?an t ( ! o!rs1 & t "s "p ( !m are ^u ! /ret*1 & o!rs r slack at "o & ! same "t4 ,f h5ce x foll[s1 t ! weight at fir/ is n support$ by all ! fibres1 b only by ^? :i* are ! mo/ t5se1 & ! lea/ di/ant f ! c5tral l9e ( gravity1 :i* n be+ ( !mselves suffici5t to resi/ ! /ra91 give way1 & t ! weight aft]w>ds fall+ ^u ! o!rs1 !y d ! same2 & t ?is is ! case may be evid5tly se51 by obs]v+ :5 m weight is hung to a rope ?an x is able to su/a91 x does n break in/antly1 b successively1 & al?\gh ! total sep>ation is p]=m$ 9 a v little "t1 !re is space en\gh be=e x is compleat$1 = u to p]ceive1 t "s ?reads break fir/1 & o!rs aft]w>ds4 ,,xix4 ,b al?\gh my op9ion %\ld n exactly co9cide ) ! exp]im5ts made 9 ! academy1 ,i conclude1 t ! judgm5t we %\ld make ( ?is matt] is1 t bo? 9 ?is1 & all o!r physical ag5ts1 virtue unit$ is ! same t x is sep>ate2 = ! cord break+ ) a less weight ?an ! ?reads su/a9$ sep>ate1 did n result f ^! la/ be+ /rong] sep>ate ?an !y 7 unit$1 b f ! fibres ( ! ?reads act+ m toge!r 9 _! sep>ate /ate1 ?an !y did 9 _! unit$ "o1 z 9 ! la/ case1 ! resi/ance ( ! fibres to ! =ce1 0 made m 9 succession ?an x 0 9 ! fir/2 or to speak m prop]ly1 al?\gh ! ?reads 7 unit$ 9 ! cord1 _! p[] or virtue ( resi/ance to ! =ce1 0 n unit$ or ex]t$ toge!r4 ,,p>adox ,,vi4 ,! ,sun 9 consequ5ce ( its own prop] ,nature1 & intr9sic ,disposition1 heats & enlight5s unequally at diff]5t ,times4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,xx4 ,! common causes ( our exp]i5c+ m or less heat1 or m or less light f ! sun1 are ! s]5e or load$ /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 ! oblique direction ) :i* ! sun's rays are reflect$ on u2 ! position1 or situation ( places2 ! l5g? or %ortness ( ! days2 ! tranquillity or agitation ( ! w9ds1 & our vic9ity to cold or w>m places1 su* z sn[y m\nta9s1 or w>m subt]rane\s effluvia4 ,b1 ab/ract$ f any ( ^! sublun>y or inf]ior causes1 ,i say1 t 9 ! sun itself1 is conta9$ a cause1 t occasions x to reflect m or less light or heat1 & t x actually does reflect m or less light & heat1 at "s times ?an x does at o!rs1 & t ?is is 9 virtue ( its own prop] nature & disposition4 ,,xxi4 ,! reason ( :i* ph5om5on is1 ! transitory spots1 :i* ! a/ronom]s h = "s "t pa/ obs]v$ 9 ! sun4 ,^! are a sort ( d>ki% places1 unequal 9 size & duration1 :i* seem z if !y 7 on ! sup]ficies ( ! />1 & :i* at diff]5t times are m or less num]\s1 al?\gh x has happ5$1 t = ye>s toge!r none ( !m h appe>$4 ,"s believe t ! anti5t ,*aldeans _h "s k ( !m1 = 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 we read ! foll[+ expression ( ,job's fri5d ,eliphaz to him1 t ! ,heav5s !mselves are n exempt f _! spots3 ,cli non sunt mundi 9 conspectu ejus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! want ( telescopes among ! anci5ts1 did n r5d] _! mak+ obs]vations on ^! ?+s impossible2 = "s ( ^! spots are s l>ge1 z to be visible )\t a telescope2 z = example t 01 :i* 0 se5 9 ! ye> #agjf1 ^: sup]ficies accord+ to ! computation ( ! a/ronom]s1 0 ?irty-six times l>g] ?an ! :ole e>?2 & :5 !y arrive at ?is magnitude1 or if !y are ev5 mu* less1 !y may be disc]n$1 by look+ at ! sun ) a glass t+$ ) any d>k col\r4 ,,xxii4 ,b ! fir/ p]son we h any acc\nt (1 :o obs]v$ ^! spots1 0 ,fa!r ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]us a jesuit1 :o appli$ himself to x ) su* dilig5ce1 t betwe5 ! ye>s #afaa & #afbg he _h made f\rte5 hundr$ obs]vations ( !m1 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( 9 8 ,rosa ,urs9a4 ,! celebrat$ ,galileus ,galilei began also to obs]ve !m ab\t ! same "t t ,s*e9]us did2 & s9ce !m1 ! mo/ labori\s a/ronom]s ( ! la/ & ! pres5t c5tury1 h appli$ !mselves to mak+ ! same obs]vations2 s t ?is is a matt]1 :i* at pres5t !re is n ! lea/ d\bt ab\t2 & al?\gh "s h ent]ta9$ suspicions :e!r ^! spots 7 9 ! body ( ! sun1 or at a little di/ance f x2 o!rs h remov$ ^? difficulties1 by demon/rat+1 t !y are inh]5t 91 & exi/ on1 ! sup]ficies ( ! sun2 = !y n only revolve 9 ! same proportion ! sun does1 b !y mo/ probably rema9 ^u x dur+ ! :ole "t x takes 9 mak+ an intire revolution1 :i* x does 9 tw5ty-sev5 days1 & !y are to be se5 compleat = half ! "t ( t p]iod2 :i* c\ld n happ51 if ! spots 7 inf]ior to ! />4 ,,xxiii4 ,& :e!r ^! spots are sooty or smoaky vap\rs1 :i* arise f ! great furnace ( ! sun1 z "s ?9k1 or are any o!r diff]5t ?+2 x is cle>1 t dur+ _! cont9uance1 ! light & ! heat ( x reflect$ on ! l[] elem5tal regions1 mu/ be dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! size & numb] ( ! spots2 & to ?is cause may be attribut$1 "s ( ! notable dim9utions ( ! light & heat ( ! sun1 :i* we f9d record$ 9 hi/ory1 provid$ !y 7 n occasion$ by "s ob/ructions 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,mayolus tells u1 t 9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,ju/9ian1 ! light ( ! sun = ! greate/ "p ( a ye> 0 s dim & fa9t1 t x sc>ce exce$$ t ( ! moon2 & ,plut>* tells u1 t at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs>1 ! light ( ! sun 0 equally feeble = a :ole ye> toge!r2 :i* ,virgil also takes notice ( 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,second ,book ( 8 ,georgics3 ,ille etiam ext9cto mis]atus ,cs>e ,romam ,tunc caput obscura nitidum f]rug9e texit3 ,impiaque t]nam timu]unt scula noctem4 ,,p>adox ,,vii4 ,! ,rays ( ! ,sun reflect$ on a ,concave ,body1 produce a great] ,heat 9 ,w9t] ?an 9 ,summ]1 :i* ,heat is great] /ill 9 ,proportion to ! coldness ( ! wea!r4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,xxiv4 ,! exp]im5ts to prove ?is1 7 to ! admiration ( all ! by-/&]s1 repeat$ly made ) ! burn+-glass ( ,mons4 ,villete1 :i* we h spok5 ( be=e2 & x 0 obs]v$ at ! "t ( mak+ !m1 t by s mu* ! m cold ! burn+-glass 01 by s mu* ! quick] & /rong] 0 ! op]ation ( ! focus2 & t by s mu* ! w>m] x 01 by s mu* ! m t>dy & remiss 7 its effects4 ,among ^? :o read ^! acc\nts1 "s look$ ^u !m z wond]ful1 & o!rs z incr$ible4 ,,xxv4 ,b ) all ?is1 ! reason ( ! ph5om5on is n v hidd54 ,x is c]ta91 t cold cond5ses bodies1 & t heat dilates !m4 ,x is also c]ta91 t ! m d5se a body is1 ! m apt & fit x is to cause reflection1 & t x is lea/ s1 ! m lax x is4 ,f ^! two premises x may be cle>ly inf]r$1 t ! effects we h m5tion$ 7 ?+s ( c\rse2 b = a fur!r explanation ( ?is matt]1 ,i w say !y 7 s f two causes2 = ! burn+-glass by be+ 9 a w>m /ate1 mu/ consequ5tly be less compact & h>d1 & ! op]ations ( its focus m remiss & languid4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because a great portion ( ! rays 7 absorb$ 9 ! pores ( ! metal1 :i* _h be5 dilat$ by ! heat1 & made no reflection at all4 ,secondly1 by _! be+ dilat$1 & z we may say1 become m spungy1 ! concave sup]ficies ( ! metal 7 less smoo? & equal1 f :5ce x w\ld foll[1 t _m rays by be+ ob/ruct$ 9 _! desc5t by "s ins5sible prom95ces1 w\ld n make _! reflection 9 a "r l9e on ! po9t ( ! focus4 ,?is may be bett] und]/ood1 by att5d+ to ! reflections ( a ball1 t is /ruck aga9/ a wall ) an unequal surface2 & x is a position agre$ to by all ! ma!maticians :o h treat$ ( catoptrics1 t light & heat 9 _! reflections1 foll[ exactly ! same rules1 t heavy bodies d4 ,,xxvi4 ,nor is !re are any difficulty 9 suppos+1 t a body z h>d z metal1 may und]go "s ins5sible r>efaction :5 x gr[s w>m2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 if a v int5se heat c dilate metal1 s z to make x break all its ligatures & become fluid1 a less heat w\ld h ! same effect1 9 proportion to ! degree ( x1 & might dilate & r>efy x a little4 ,secondly1 exp]i5ce tea*es u1 t e sort ( metal is m sonor\s :5 x is cold1 ?an :5 x is w>m2 f :5ce x may be evid5tly inf]r$1 t heat & cold d some:at alt] its texture2 x be+ c]ta91 t ^u ! texture1 dep5ds its be+ m or less sonor\s4 ,,p>adox ,,viii4 ,a flame ext5d+ itself upw>ds 9 a pyramidical or conic =m1 is occasion$ by a viol5ce done to ! flame itself4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,xxvii4 ,! endeav\r ( ! flame to asc5d1 is ! pro( :i* is vulg>ly exhibit$1 ( !re be+ an elem5t or sph]e ( fire above u1 by ^? :o ma9ta9 t position2 b we %all %ew1 t ?is is a v feeble pro(1 ev5 admitt+ _! own /ate ( ! case1 because e ?+ t is light] ?an ! fluid t surr\nds x1 w1 if x is n by viol5ce re/ra9$ f do+ s1 rise above x1 )\t be+ invit$ to asc5d by a sph]e ( its own species t is al(t2 & x is f h5ce1 t flame1 smoke1 vap\r1 an inf9ity ( elem5tal effluvia1 & div]s o!r species ( ?+s asc5d1 )\t ! assi/ance or int]v5tion ( any o!r cause1 except t ( _! be+ light] ?an ! inf]ior gross air4 ,,xxviii4 ,to ?is we %all add1 t !re is n 9 ! flame1 ! prop5sity to asc5d :i* !y suppose1 & :i* seems to be indicat$ by its ris+ upw>ds 9 a conic =m2 = ?is asc5t is viol5t1 & n natural to ! flame4 ,we %all illu/rate ?is p>adox1 by an exp]im5t :i* my ,"l ,bacon m5tions 9 ! fir/ ,book ( 8 ,c5turies4 ,a small wax c&le1 fitt$ into an iron tube1 & plac$ p]p5dicul> 9 a vessel fill$ ) _s ( w9e1 9 :i* x mu/ be imm]s$ to su* a dep?1 t :5 !y are bo? set fire to1 ! flame ( ! c&le %all n rise high] ?an t ( ! _s2 & y w see1 ! flame ( ! c&le & t ( ! _s be+ di/+ui%able by _! diff]5t col\r1 t ! flame ( ! c&le w appe> 9 ! middle ( t ( ! _s1 ext5d+ itself 9 bread?1 & n 9 a pyramidical1 b a r\nd =m1 t occupies f\r or five times z mu* space1 z t :i* x us$ to occupy :5 burn+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is exp]im5t proves1 t ! pyramidical =m :i* ! flame regul>ly assumes1 is caus$ by ! pressure ( ! air t surr\nds x2 & ?is is ! s5tim5t ( ! mod]n philosoph]s1 :o )\t adv]t+ to ! exp]im5t we h m5tion$1 w\ld make no scruple ( pron\nc+1 t ! =m x assumes is a viol5ce done ! flame4 ,,xxix4 ,by ?is example x may be se51 t exp]im5ts1 provid$ !y are made ) judgm5t1 & att5d$ to ) subtil reflection1 are ! only means by :i* we c atta9 any c]ta9 k ( natural ?+s2 b if !y are made 9 a lump+ way1 & )\t due att5tion1 & exactness1 !y are ! occasion ( innum]able errors4 ,_m h aris51 f attribut+ to a native incl9ation1 or intr9sic virtue ( "s body1 effects1 :i* are only caus$ by ! impulse ( "s o!r neighb\r+ body4 ,be=e ! gravity & ela/icity ( ! air 7 discov]$1 x 0 look$ ^u z a ?+ demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! wat]'s ris+ 9 ! pump1 0 f its incl9ation to ob/ruct or oppose a vacuum1 & n[ x is a ?+ ev9c$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! air is :at impels x to t asc5t4 ,,p>adox ,,ix4 ,9 ! composition ( all vegetables1 !re is conta9$ a portion ( metal4 ,,sect4 ,,ix4 ,,xxx4 ,?is is a novelty 9 physics1 :i* has n be5 discov]$ till ( late ye>s4 ,mons4 ,g(r$y ( ! ,academy ,royal1 hav+ exam9$ ! a%es ( _m diff]5t plants1 f\nd 9 !m all1 "s f9e p>ticles t w\ld adh]e to ! load-/one2 f :5ce he conclud$1 t ^! p>ticles 7 ei!r p>ticles ( iron1 or else 7 p>ticles ( ! load-/one itself4 ,b1 z x 0 a d\bt :i* _h nev] yet be5 cle>$ up1 :e!r ! load-/one w\ld n attract o!r metallic p>ticles1 :i* 7 n "p ( itself1 nor ( iron2 ! ,lem]ies fa!r & son1 made "s fre% enquiries1 :i* remov$ all d\bts respect+ ! matt]4 ,!y ) a burn+-glass melt$ ! p>ticles :i* ! load-/one _h attract$ f ! a%es ( ! plants2 :i* aft] mu* sp>kl+1 liquefi$ into ! v =m & sub/ance ( ! load-/one1 & ( iron also2 & :5 gr[n cold1 =m$ a lump ( ! consi/5ce & h>dness ( metal4 ,ev5 9 honey1 aft] x has be5 di/ill$1 h be5 f\nd ^! p>ticles :i* 7 attractable by ! load-/one2 f :5ce x may be inf]r$1 t ?is metallic composition1 exi/s 91 & is diffus$ ?r\gh ! mo/ subtil juice ( fl[]s & blossoms4 ,,xxxi4 ,b1 aft] all ?is _h be5 done1 x /ill rema9$ to be asc]ta9$1 :e!r ^! p>ticles pre-exi/$ 9 ! plant2 or 7 ! production ( ! fire1 & ! result ( _! calc9ation2 :i* second op9ion appe>$ ! mo/ probable1 because !re seems no difficulty 9 suppos+1 t ! fire might transmute into metal "s ( ! p>ticles ( vegetables2 b !re appe>$ a v great "o1 9 conjectur+ t s heavy a metal z iron1 c\ld rise to ! summit ( trees1 & p]vade ! mo/ subtil fibres ( _! leaves4 ,,xxxii4 ,mons4 ,lem]i ! son cle>$ up ?is d\bt1 by v>i\s subtil & curi\s exp]im5ts1 :i* n only ev9c$ ! volatility ( iron1 b also excit$ a belief1 t ?is metal contribut$ greatly to promote ! vegetation ( all k9ds ( plants4 ,! mo/ rem>kable exp]im5t he made 0 ! foll[+ "o4 ,hav+ p\r$ _s ( nitre ^u ! fil+s ( iron1 !re succe$$ a viol5t eff]vesc5ce1 :i* aft] "s "t ceas$1 & left ! metal dissolv$ into a r$ liquid2 by aft]w>ds p\r+ oil ( t>t> p] deliquium to ?is liquid1 ano!r f]m5tation 0 excit$1 :i* w5t on increas+1 till1 at la/1 x =m$ on ! sides ( ! vessel1 v>i\s subtil bran*es1 :i* aft] all ! s5sible f]m5tation _h ceas$1 cont9u$ to gr[ till !y rea*$ ! top ( ! vessel4 ,,xxxiii4 ,& al?\gh ! fir/ "t he made ?is exp]im5t1 he obta9$ only ! rude l9eam5ts ( a tree1 by v>y+ aft]w>ds ! quantity ( ! oil ( t>t>1 till he hit ^u ! j proportion ( x1 he obta9$ a p]fect metallic vegetation1 & produc$ a tree completely =m$1 ) its roots1 trunks1 bran*es1 leaves1 & fl[]s4 ,?is able *ymi/ conclud$ f 8 v>i\s obs]vations on ?is matt]1 t bo? ! volatility1 & ! vegetation1 7 ow+ to ! fil+s ( ! iron2 = )\t !m1 he c\ld only produce "s cry/all9e lumps at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :i* he conclud$ proce$$ f ! nitre t _h be5 dissolv$4 ,:oev] is desir\s ( kn[+ m ( ! mann] & effects ( ^! op]ations1 may read ! acc\nts ( !m 9 ! ,j\rnals ( ! ,academy ,royal1 ( ,novemb] #agjf4 ,,xxxiv4 ,b we are n to conclude f h5ce1 t metallic vegetation is only to be produc$ by iron4 ,! ,abb ,vallemont 9 8 fir/ volume1 on ! natural ,curiosities & ,art ( ,agriculture1 says1 t !re 7 exhibit$ at ,p>is1 su* l artificial metallic vegetations1 produc$ f gold1 silv]1 iron1 & copp]4 ,b t :i* 0 ! mo/ common1 & ! mo/ 9 vogue !re1 0 ! vegetation procur$ f silv]1 :i* ! *ymi/s call$ ! ,tree ( ,diana2 & :i* 0 produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,dissolve an ounce ( silv]1 9 two or ?ree ounces ( _s ( nitre4 ,evaporate ?is dissolution 9 a s&-heat2 till ne>ly half ( x is consum$4 ,mix ! rema9d] 9 a vessel1 prop]ly proportion$ & suit$ = ! bus9ess1 ) tw5ty ounces ( cle> wat]1 & two ounces ( quick-silv]4 ,by leav+ ?is mixture aft]w>ds 9 a /ate ( re/ = =ty days1 a silv] tree w gr[1 & 9 t space ( "t w be compleatly =m$1 v ne>ly resembl+ a natural "o1 9 %ape & figure4 ,mons4 ,homb]g1 a celebrat$ *ymi/ ( ! ,academy ,royal1 by mak+ use ( ! same mat]ials1 contriv$ to =m a metallic tree 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r2 ! receipt = do+ :i*1 toge!r ) ! physical explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 giv5 by ,mons4 ,homb]g1 may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ,royal1 ( ! ?irte5? ( ,novemb] #afib4 ,,xxxv4 ,^! metallic vegetations1 jo9$ to ! discov]y be=em5tion$1 ( our hav+ f\nd iron 9 ! a%es ( all sorts ( plants1 n only prove t metals may1 by virtue ( c]ta9 f]m5tations1 be made suffici5tly volatile to enable !m to rise upw>ds1 & p]vade all ! tubes ?r\gh :i* ! alim5t>y juices ( plants circulate1 b also make x probable1 t to ?is metallic mixture1 !y 9 great measure owe _! vegetation4 ,,xxxvi4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( :at1 9 support ( ?is p>adox1 ,i h f\nd 9 ! ,works ( ! be=e-quot$ philosoph]s2 to :i* ,i %all add a conjecture ( my own1 :i* appe>s to me v efficaci\s to r5d] cr$ible1 ! =mal exi/5ce ( p>ticles ( iron1 or load-/one1 9 all vegetables :atev]2 :e!r !y are ( load-/one1 or iron1 makes v little diff]5ce1 z all exp]im5tal philosoph]s are agre$1 t load-/one is no?+ else b a fat or ri* ve9 ( iron4 ,,xxxvii4 ,my conjecture is f\nd$ on a !ory1 :i* is embrac$ at pres5t by all ! ma!maticians1 & confirm$ by conclusive reason+s1 :i* are f\nd$ on ! e>? be+ endu$ ) a magnetic virtue4 ,! tru? ( ?is !ory1 is prov$ by innum]able obs]vations4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 t ! magnetic ne$le pois$ 9 equilibrio1 accommodates itself to ! m]idian ( ! e>?1 9 ! same mann] ! load-/one does1 t is1 x does n po9t to ! poles ( ! heav5s1 b to ^? ( ! e>?2 = x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! nor!rn regions1 t x does n appe> to elevate or po9t t[>ds ! pole ( ! heav5s1 b r seems to depress1 or po9t d[n t[>ds t ( ! e>?2 & g5]ally1 9 all1 & e p>ticul>1 ! magnetic ne$le has be5 f\nd to be affect$ 9 ! same proportions ) respect to ! t]raque\s poles1 t x is ) respect to ! load-/one4 ,! v>i\s decl9ations t x is liable to1 f ! pole ( ! e>?1 9 diff]5t places1 _c be attribut$ to any o!r cause1 ?an t ( ! unequal magnetism1 ( ! t]raque\s globe 9 diff]5t regions2 & ! diff]5t decl9ations ( ! poles ( ! load-/one are attribut$ to ! unequal magnetism or p]fection ( ! p>ts ( ! /one4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 t ! e>? itself1 c communicate ! magnetic virtue to iron2 = if y take a b> ( iron r$-hot f ! =ge1 & place x p]p5dicul> 9 ! e>?1 & !re let x rema9 till x becomes cold1 x w manife/ly acquire ! magnetic virtue2 & if x is aft]w>ds pois$ 9 equilibrio1 x w po9t to ! poles ( ! e>?1 9 ! same mann] z if x _h be5 t\*$ by a load-/one4 ,x w also acquire ! same virtue1 if x has rema9$ = _m ye>s 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 )\t its hav+ be5 plac$ s 9 ! e>? r$-hot2 & ! same has be5 exp]i5c$ ) respect to b>s1 t h be5 set be=e w9d[s 9 an upright position4 ,! same effect w also be produc$1 by lay+ a hot b> ^u ! gr\nd1 exactly 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 till x gets cold2 b if x is s laid )\t be+ previ\sly heat$1 & suff]$ to cont9ue 9 t position = sev]al ye>s toge!r1 x w be f\nd to be impregnat$ ) ! magnetic virtue4 ,:oev] is desir\s ( see+ an acc\nt ( ^! obs]vations m at l>ge1 & to satisfy himself h[ !y ev9ce ! magnetical quality ( ! e>?1 %\ld read ! ma!matical au?ors :o treat ( ! load-/one1 & he w f9d1 t all ! mod]n ones make "s rem>ks ^u t p>ticul>4 ,,xxxviii4 ,?is magnetic prop]ty ( ! t]raque\s globe be+ admitt$1 x may be inf]r$ f x1 t except+ ! ext]ior cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* is compos$ ( su* het]og5e\s p>ts1 z are necess>y = ! gr[? & increase ( ! v>i\s productions & mixtures ) :i* x ab\nds1 all ! re/1 is no?+ else1 b a solid qu>ry ( load-/one2 & ?is is ! op9ion t is /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ by "s2 al?\gh !re are o!rs1 :o ?9k t ! magnetic virtue1 is di/ribut$ ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( ! t]raque\s globe4 ,,xxxix4 ,bo? ^! op9ions may be "r1 = !y d n seem incompatible "o ) ano!r2 b 9 fav\r ( ! second1 :i* is t :i* conduces be/ to support my s5tim5t1 we may urge ano!r celebrat$ piece ( exp]i5ce1 :i* ev9ces efficaci\sly1 t ?is v ext]ior e>? :i* we t\* & /& on1 is impregnat$ ) _m ins5sible p>ticles ( load-/one or iron2 & ?is is manife/1 f ! e>? itself be+ endu$ ) ?is magnetic virtue1 or incl9ation ( po9t+ to ! pole2 = bricks t are made f x1 & are well burn$ & purg$ or fre$ f all =eign hum\r or moi/ure1 & especially if !y are made long & n>r[1 by be+ t\*$ ) a load-/one w acquire ! virtue ( po9t+ to ! poles2 & !y w ev5 acquire x )\t be+ t\*$1 if !y are laid 9 a nor? & s\? position1 & suff]$ to cont9ue s = _m ye>s toge!r4 7,see ,fa!r ,de*ales1 lib4 #a #b1 de ,magnete47 ,x be+ !n c]ta91 t ?is quality ( po9t+ to ! pole1 is peculi> to ! load-/one1 or ! iron1 & incommunicable to all o!r sub/ances1 x mu/ evid5tly be inf]r$ f ?is prop]ty 9 ! bricks1 t ! v e>? we t\* & /& ^u1 is impregnat$ ) p>ticles ( load-/one or iron4 ,all vegetables !n receiv+ _! n\ri%m5t f ! e>?1 x is n wond]ful t !re %\ld be f\nd 9 !m all1 "s ( ^! p>ticles4 ,,xl4 ,i w\ld recomm5d x to ^? :o take delight 9 philosophy1 to endeav\r to in=m !mselves1 :e!r x is n probable1 t all o!r mixtures are impregnat$ ) ^! p>ticles2 = if t %\ld be f\nd to be ! case1 we %\ld discov] ! cause ( ! desc5t ( heavy bodies2 = !re be+ 9 ! e>? ! magnetic virtue1 & 9 all o!r mixtures p>ticles ( iron1 9 spite ( all our endeav\rs to sep>ate !m1 !y always w\ld be br\ght toge!r aga9 by attraction4 ,b z he :o is a lov] ( ! tru?1 %\ld conceal no objection t may be made to any supposition t he advances1 ,i w n dissemble1 t ,i f9d a t]rible "o aga9/ ?is idea ( m9e2 :i* is1 t accord+ to ?is sy/em1 iron %\ld be heavi] ?an gold2 = al?\gh we %\ld admit1 t "s iron1 or magnetic p>ticles are mix$ ) ! gold1 x is n cr$ible1 t ! quantity ( !m %\ld be equal to ^? 9 ! iron itself2 = if t 0 ! case1 ! load-/one w\ld attract ! gold1 z x does ! iron4 ,b :e!r !re is 9 ! t]raque\s globe1 ano!r attractive quality di/9ct 9 k9d f t ( ! load-/one1 9 virtue ( :i*1 all bodies may be dispos$ to approa* x :i* we call heavy1 by hav+ 9 !mselves a prop5sity to d x correspond5t to t !re is betwe5 ! load-/one & ! iron1 is v difficult to be prov$4 ,,on ,,sceptical ,,philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,i4 ,!re is s great a latitude 9 scepticism1 & its gradations are s diff]5t1 t accord+ to ! v>i\s ext5sion t is giv5 to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 x is us$ to describe ! mo/ extravagant error1 & ! mo/ prud5t mode ( philosophiz+4 ,rigid scepticism is a wild delirium1 mod]ate is prud5t caution4 ,b ^? :o 9 ?is age1 h und]tak5 to combat ! mod]ate sceptics1 h ei!r f ignorance or malice1 conf\nd$ !m ) ! rigid4 ,:5 ,i reflect h[ gross a ?+ ignorance mu/ be 9 su* a case1 x makes me ?9k !y act$ f malice1 & :5 ,i consid] h[ dete/able a ?+ malice is1 x makes me conclude :at !y did 0 ?r\gh ignorance4 ,,ii4 ,al?\gh ! ,greek ^w scepsis1 f :5ce sceptic & scepticism are d]iv$1 signifies inquisition1 inve/igation1 & speculation1 cu/om has 9 a great measure alt]$ ! mean+ ( ! t]m2 on :i* acc\nt1 sceptical at ?is day1 implies d\bt1 or d\bt+2 & scepticism1 t p>ticul> av[al :i* sceptics make ( d\bt+1 or )hold+ _! ass5t to all matt]s1 t are liable to be controv]t$ or disput$4 ,,iii4 ,?is d\bt or susp5sion ( ass5t1 may be m or less rational1 9 proportion to ! great] or less ext5t t is giv5 to x1 or accord+ to ! matt]s to :i* x relates4 ,?us1 al?\gh d\bt+ ( _m ?+s w\ld be prud5ce1 d\bt+ ( all w\ld be madness4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 ,& al?\gh au?ors commonly repres5t to u1 "s subtil philosoph]s ( antiquity1 z ob/9ately p]si/+ 9 susp5d+ _! ass5t to e ?+ t 0 propos$ to !m1 & :i* 0 evid5t bo? to _! reason1 & _! s5ses1 & likewise repres5t !m1 z e>n$ def5d]s ( univ]sal scepticism1 to :i* op9ion !y refuse to admit ( ! lea/ exception2 yet = all ?is1 x is v d\btful to me1 :e!r ^! 7 _! real s5tim5ts2 & ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k1 !y did x1 to %ew _! +5uity1 & to display _! tal5t = disput+2 or t f "s o!r motive1 !y spoke diff]5tly f :at !y ?\ght4 ,! mo/ fam\s among ?is tribe1 7 ,ar*esilaus1 ,c>neades1 & ,pyrrho4 ,b ! fir/1 if we believe ,sextus ,emp]icus1 0 9 reality a ,platoni/1 & only a sceptic 9 appe>ance2 ^: me?od x 01 always to dispute problematically ^u e ?+ 9 public1 b 0 ev] c>eful to sugge/ 9 private1 to su* ( 8 disciples z he f\nd 7 ! mo/ capable1 ! ,platonic doctr9e4 ,cic]o says1 t 8 zeal = conte/+ e ?+ t 0 advanc$ by 8 s*ool-fell[ & rival ,z5o1 c>ri$ him to ! dang]\s extreme1 ( endeav\r+1 al?\gh x 0 aga9/ ! conviction ( 8 own m9d1 to refute :atev] 0 advanc$ by ,z5o4 ,we may add to ?is1 t accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,ar*esilaus nev] w5t to ! extreme ( d\bt+ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 b r treat$ ) contempt & d]ision1 ^? :o c>ri$ scepticism to t l5g?4 ,v4 ,c>neades 0 a mo/ subtil philosoph]1 & s em95t z an orator1 t ,cic]o 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 works speaks ( him ) admiration & envy2 & assures u1 t by ! ke5ness ( 8 +5uity1 & ! f]tile torr5t ( 8 elocution1 he c\ld p]suade 8 he>]s to believe :atev] he ?\ght fit1 & ,qu9tilian1 & ,num5ius1 decl>e ! same2 & x is probable1 t 8 prop5sity = disputation1 & 8 ambition ( %ew+ 8 +5uity1 excit$ him to conte/ ! mo/ e/abli%$ axioms2 :i* toge!r ) 8 affect+ to di/ru/ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 made him pass = a rigor\s sceptic4 ,b we may v5ture to ass]t1 t if an hi/orical anecdote :i* is relat$ ( him by ,num5ius is to be cr$it$1 ,c>neades believ$ 8 eyes z mu* z any man liv+2 = hav+ surpriz$ a concub9e ( 8 9 ! embraces ( 8 belov$ disciple ,m5tor1 he 0 s (f5d$ at 8 trea*]y1 t he broke ) him = ev]1 & exclud$ him f be+ ! successor to 8 academy4 ,h[ happ5$ x !n1 t l a good sceptic1 he did n d\bt :e!r ! repres5tation ( t obsc5ity1 might n be a deceptio visus8 ,i = my own "p am incl9$ to ?9k1 t !re nev] yet 0 a sceptic 9 ! _w1 :o aft] ! exhibition ( su* evid5ce1 c\ld ma9ta9 8 he>t & 8 m9d 9 a /ate ( susp5ce4 ,,vi4 ,x is commonly said ( ,pyrrho1 :o 0 by s mu* ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! sceptics1 t he 9 a mann] obscur$ ! o!rs1 by giv+ 8 "n to ! sy/em ( univ]sal d\bt1 :i* at ?is day is call$ ,pyrrhonism1 & ! sect>ies ( x ,pyrrhoni/s2 & he 0 s positive 9 ma9ta9+1 t we %\ld susp5d our op9ion1 ) respect to all we saw1 or felt1 t he w\ld n turn ! lea/ aside1 to avoid be+ run ov] by a mad horse1 or bit by a mad dog2 nor w\ld he slack5 8 pace1 al?\gh he 0 w>n$ t he 0 advanc+ ne> ! edge ( a precipice2 & t he w\ld h p]i%$ a ?\s& times by ^! dang]s1 if 8 fri5ds1 :o 7 att5tive to 8 safety1 _h n prev5t$ 8 runn+ headlong into !m4 ,b al?\gh ?is acc\nt ( him is mu* vulg>iz$1 ,i d n "k :e!r any o!r anti5t au?or1 except ,antigonus ,c>y/ius1 a ,greek hi/orian1 :o 0 contempor>y )1 or liv$ v ne>ly 9 ! days ( ,pyrrho1 has v\*$ ! tru? ( x2 at lea/ ! le>n$ ,la ,mo! de la ,vay]1 quotes him z ! only au?or1 :o atte/s ! relation2 & x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ,antigonus ,c>y/ius ass]ts ! ?+ positively1 because 9 ! ,prp>at4 ,evang4 lib4 #ad4 cap4 #ah4 ( ,eusebius1 we f9d ?is au?or quot$ = a fact1 :i* contradicts t relation2 :i* is1 t ,pyrrho1 :5 a dog 0 once ab\t to run at him1 climb$ up a tree to get out ( 8 way1 & avoid ! dang]4 ,^u :i* occasion1 ^? :o 7 pres5t1 railli$ him ^u ! diff]5ce !re 0 betwe5 8 doctr9e & 8 practice4 ,,vii4 ,b let ,antigonus ,c>y/ius1 :o is an au?or ,i h n se51 or any o!r :atev]1 say :at !y w1 to give sanction to ?is relation1 we may )\t ! appreh5sion ( be+ accus$ ( inju/ice1 condemn z incr$ible1 ! acc\nt ( ,pyrrho's hav+ c>ri$ 8 extravagance to su* a l5g?4 ,?is philosoph] liv$ to ! age ( n9ety1 & ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( s long a life1 x is n probable1 he %\ld always h fri5ds at 8 elb[1 ready to save him f ! _m dang]s1 to :i* a man ( s ra% a conduct mu/ unavoidably h be5 v frequ5tly expos$1 & especially1 9 ! long voyage he made to ,india to consult ! ,gymnosophi/s4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 :o is ! p]son t gives u ! acc\nt ( ! great age to :i* ,pyrrho liv$1 & ( 8 voyage to ,india1 assures u1 t ,pyrrho l$ a v solit>y & retir$ life1 :i* is n v compatible ) 8 hav+ always be5 att5d$ by 8 fri5ds1 nor is x reasonable to conclude1 t a man :o 0 s v ridicul\s z he is describ$ to h be51 c\ld h v _m1 or v s9c]e ones4 ,f9ally1 ! citiz5s ( ,elis1 8 c\ntrym51 elect$ him ! high prie/ ( _! religion4 ,n[ h[ is x cr$ible1 t !y %\ld h confid$ su* an employm5t to a p]son1 :o if 8 scepticism _h be5 c>ri$ to ! l5g? we h m5tion$1 !y mu/ c]ta9ly h look$ ^u z a mad man8 ,f ?is circum/ance1 x may also be inf]r$1 t ! *>ge ( impiety1 :i* 0 g5]ally imput$ to him1 0 an unju/ "o2 because 8 c\ntrym5 w\ld h>dly h elect$ him ! supreme m9i/] ( _! religion1 if !y _h kn[n t he pr(ess$ to be ( no religion at all1 & t he d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( a deity4 ,:at devotion or zeal c\ld !y expect = ! s]vice ( ! temple1 f a man1 :o ei!r 0 ignorant (1 or d\bt$ :e!r ! object ( _! wor%ip exi/$8 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,viii4 ,i n only ?9k1 t ^! philosoph]s did n 9 _! he>ts1 adopt ! sy/em ( univ]sal d\bt2 b ,i also believe1 !re nev] 0 any "o :o s9c]ely did x2 because !re are objects1 ) respect to :i*1 !re c be no d\bt b by implication4 ,no "o1 = example1 c d\bt ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,! v act ( d\bt+1 is affirmative ( a c]ta9 k1 because he :o d\bts1 mu/ c]ta9ly be conv9c$ t he does d\bt2 & if ! sceptics are n c]ta9 t !y d\bt1 h[ c !y affirm !y d ) su* ob/9acy & /iffness8 ,!re=e we %\ld conclude1 t x is n f s5tim5t1 b f _! fondness = disputation1 t "s ( !m def5d ! sy/em ( univ]sal scepticism2 & if !re ev] 0 any "o :o truly ass5t$ to x1 we %\ld n consid] him z a philosoph]1 b z a lunatic2 = x w\ld be improp] to call ma9ta9+ su* a sy/em1 a p>ticul> mode ( philosophiz+1 z we ought ) m ju/ice1 to t]m x a p>ticul> mode ( rav+4 ,,ix4 ,x is mo/ likely !n1 t ! mo/ rigid sceptics1 & ^? :o 7 truly & bona fide su*1 admitt$ ( "s exceptions to ! univ]sality ( _! sy/em1 or und]/ood x 9 "s det]m9$ s5se1 :i* limit$ or re/ra9$ x4 ,socrates1 :om "s look ^u z ! primitive fa!r ( ! sceptics1 said ( himself1 t he knew no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 except x 0 8 ignorance ( all ?+s4 ,?is h[ev]1 0 plac+ "s sort ( limitation to ! sy/em1 al?\gh x 0 b a v small "o4 ,b ,i am ( op9ion1 t ,socrates1 :o 0 a v mode/ man1 only meant to say1 t :at he knew am\nt$ to b a small matt]1 & t !re=e we ought to und]/& 8 decl>+ himself totally ignorant1 z an hyp]bolical expression4 ,sa9t ,ju/9 ! m>tyr1 & o!r fa!rs :o highly applaud$ t philosoph]1 w\ld n h done x1 if !y _h tak5 him = a rigid sceptic1 :i* w\ld h am\nt$ to ! same1 z 8 hav+ be5 an impi\s man2 because x is evid5t1 t he :o d\bts ( e ?+1 _c be a p]son ( any religi\s pr9ciples2 b he 0 s f> f su* a k9d ( man1 t x is mo/ probable1 ! ,a!nians condemn$ him to dea?1 because he affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( "o only ,god4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta91 t he treat$ ! multif>i\s numb] ( ! hea!n gods ) great d]ision2 f :5ce we %\ld conclude1 t he knew ?is important tru?1 t ! ,godhead admits ( no multiplication4 ,x4 ,o!r sceptics1 :o said t !y d\bt$ ( e ?+1 & t we ought to d\bt ( e ?+1 did n p]haps mean to exclude all c]ta9ty1 b only sci5tific & demon/rative c]ta9ty1 :i* except 9 ma!matical cases1 we mu/ confess is v r>e to be f\nd4 ,ev5 _m ma!matical demon/rations1 & especially ^? :i* are v complicat$1 are n exempt f ! suspicion1 ( !re be+ "s occult fallacy conta9$ 9 !m1 on :i* acc\nt !y ceas$ to be true demon/rations4 ,h[ _m h presum$ to demon/rate !y c\ld squ>e ! circle1 ^: modes ( do+ x1 & _! reason+s ^u ! subject1 :5 !y came to be submitt$ to rigor\s exam9ation1 h be5 f\nd to h "s sophism involv$ 9 !m1 or to h be5 built ^u "s supposition :i* 0 tak5 = c]ta91 :5 9 reality x 0 n s4 ,! geometrical demon/rations1 ) :i* !y prove ! inf9ite divisibility ( ! cont9u$ quantity1 are suffici5tly simple2 not)/&+ :i*1 !re are au?ors1 :o because ! inf9ite divisibility ( ! quantity is imp]ceptible1 suspect1 t !re is "s occult sophi/ry involv$ 9 ^? demon/rations4 ,,xi4 ,o!rs h refus$ to cr$it ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses2 b n s grossly1 b t !y h condesc5d$ to make use ( !m to direct _! actions 9 ! common affairs ( civil & human life4 ,!y gov]n !mselves by !m = ! purpose ( liv+1 b n = t ( philosophiz+4 ,! in=mation ( _! s5ses s]ves !m to *use ! useful1 & avoid ! p]nici\s1 b n to det]m9e ! !ory ( an object4 ,,xii4 ,! argum5ts !y assign = ?is di/ru/ ( _! s5ses 9 ! la/ in/ance1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree4 ,! fir/ is1 ! di/9ction we %\ld admit betwe5 ! impression :i* objects make on our s5ses1 & ! absolute ess5ce or quality conta9$ 9 ! objects !mselves4 ,= example1 we say t hemlock is bitt]4 ,if by ?is expression1 we mean to decl>e1 t ?is h]b makes on our palate a det]m9$ impression or s5sation1 :i* we call bitt]ness1 we speak prop]ly2 b if we mean to say t ! h]b 9 itself conta9s an absolute quality1 :i* we describe by ! same "n1 we speak improp]ly2 = if ?is 0 ! case1 all ! animals :o reli% hemlock w\ld f9d x bitt]2 b x happ5s o!rwise1 = ! goats are fond ( x1 & eat x gre$ily4 ,9 ! same mann] d all ^? reason1 :o adopt ?is mode ( argu+ ) respect to all o!r s5sible species4 ,!y say1 ! fire produces 9 u t k9d ( impression1 :i* we call heat2 b t we ought n f !nce to conclude1 t x is hot 9 itself4 ,?us al?\gh by approa*+ v ne> to x1 x produces pa9 9 u1 /ill x is n s5sible ( any itself4 ,!re=e we ought n = ?is reason1 to say ! fire conta9s pa91 x be+ at mo/ only capable ( occasion+ pa92 nei!r ought we to call x hot1 b only capable ( produc+ heat2 nor c we call x hot b by equivocation1 z we say1 ,m$ic9e is heal?y1 because x produces heal? 9 ! animal4 ,,xiii4 ,?is di/9ction is ! fundam5tal maxim1 by :i* ! mod]n philosoph]s ma9ta9 _! rejection ( all ! s5sible qualities1 :i* are assign$ by ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s to objects2 & !y c>ry ! matt] s f>1 t !y w positively ass]t to y1 t nei!r sn[ is :ite1 nor *>coal black1 nor a bell sonor\s1 nor a fl[] fragrant2 & if y mean to express by ^! d5om9ations1 intr9sic qualities1 or su* z proce$ f "s accid5tal intr9sic =m conta9$ 9 objects2 !y w n all[ su* descriptions ( ?+s to be good & valid1 b only s f> z !y signify c]ta9 det]m9$ impressions1 :i* by means ( ! physical & corporeal impulse ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( matt]1 are made on our organs1 :i* are ( ! same use to u1 to enable u to *use ! good1 & avoid ! p]nici\s1 z our k ( ! real intr9sic =ms w\ld be4 ,!y proce$ to ass]t1 t m5 w\ld equally ab/a9 f eat+ ars5ic1 if !y believ$ ! mod]ns1 :o say ?is m9]al kills by dissolv+ ! blood1 by ! rapid motion ( its p>ticles2 z !y w\ld by believ+ ,ari/otle1 :o imputes all ! mis*ief x occasions to be ! effect ( a v5om\s quality exi/+ 9 ! ars5ic1 & t !y w\ld be equally anxi\s to acquire gold1 by believ+ ! mod]ns1 :o say its brilliant yell[ hue is ! effect ( a det]m9$ impression made by ! light on ! ret9a1 :]e x appe>s reflect$ 9 t col\r1 f ! p>ticul> texture ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( ! gold1 z !y w\ld1 by believ+ ,ari/otle1 :o says1 ! col\r proce$s f an accid5tal =m1 inh]5t 9 ! gold itself4 ,i "k v well1 t a le>n$ philosoph] said1 a little :ile ago1 t ! ladies _h great reason to compla9 ( ,desc>tes1 = hav+ tak5 f _! faces t delicate smoo? :it5ess :i* makes !m look s tempt+1 & = hav+ plac$ x 9 _! admir]'s eyes4 ,b al?\gh ?is may d v well z a joke1 x is c]ta91 t ! *>m has an equal effect to make !m appe> desirable1 :e!r x is /amp$ on ! eyes1 by ! p>ticul> reflection1 :i*1 by ! det]m9$ texture ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( ! sk91 is made by ! light1 or :e!r x is produc$ by ! intr9sic quality1 :i* ! ,ari/otelicans assign z ! cause ( col\rs2 & ,i mu* d\bt1 :e!r to ?is day1 ! ,c>!sian philosophy has s]v$ any man z a pres]vative1 aga9/ ! v5om ( t sweet poison1 :i* we call beauty4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,xiv4 ,! second reason assign$ = di/ru/+ ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 is ! exp]i5ce we h ( ! alt]ations :i* are produc$ on s5sible species1 ei!r by ! int]position ( a m$ium1 or ! diff]5t dispositions ( our organs4 ,! species1 :i* by pass+ ?r\gh a uni=m1 or homog5e\s m$ium1 appe>s /raight1 by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a diff]5t "o1 w seem crook$1 z may be ev9c$ by pass+ a /raight w& f ! air ?r\gh wat]1 :i*1 by virtue ( ! refraction ( rays produc$ 9 its passage f "o elem5t to ! o!r1 w make x appe> crook$4 ,to him :o has a jaundice1 e ?+ he looks at seems yell[2 & al?\gh x is true1 t ?is is ! effect ( a pret]natural accid5t1 we are n c]ta91 :e!r ab/ract$ f all morbific dispositions1 !re are n 9 v>i\s individuals1 diff]5t temp]am5ts & configuration ( p>ts1 :i* are capable ( produc+ diff]5t s5sations ) respect to ! same object2 & x seems mo/ probable1 f all t is evid5t & manife/ to our obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 t ! ?+ is s1 = we don't see any "o individual1 :o is p]fectly & exactly l ano!r2 & we h kn[n m51 ^: "r eyes h repres5t$ objects1 bo? ) respect to col\r & magnitude1 diff]5t f _! left4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,xv4 ,! ?ird gr\nd = ! said di/ru/1 is d]iv$ f ! errone\s repres5tation ( ?+s made by ! imag9>y faculty1 :i* fancies ext]nal s5sations ( objects t d n exi/4 ,su*1 = example1 z ! imag9ation ( him :o has _h a leg cut (f1 repres5t+ to him a pa9 9 ! leg or foot t has be5 amputat$2 or t ( an hypocondriac p]son1 :o fancies himself to be glass1 e>!n w>e1 a wolf1 or a dog1 ^: imag9ation repres5ts ^? /range =ms1 z evid5tly & manife/ly palpable to 8 s5ses2 s t he :o fancies himself glass1 w swe> ) inv9cible firmness1 t he p]ceives 9 8 own p]son ! transp>5cy1 & feels on 8 own sk9 ! smoo? surface1 :i* is prop] & peculi> to t artificial composition4 ,,xvi4 ,?is error is common to all m5 9 _! w&]+s :5 !y are asleep2 because he :o dreams1 believes he p]ceives ^? objects ) 8 s5ses1 :i* he only p]ceives ) 8 imag9ation2 & f h5ce1 ! rigid sceptics d$uce a mo/ p]nici\s argum5t1 by way ( prov+1 t we %\ld d\bt ( e ?+2 because !y say no man c be positively c]ta91 :e!r he is asleep or awake2 accord+ to :i* mode ( reason+1 no "o c be c]ta91 :e!r he sees1 he>s1 or t\*es any ?+ :atev]2 = not)/&+ 8 hav+ ! greate/ confid5ce t he is awake1 x is possible t he may be sleep+2 & t ! ?+s :i* are repres5t$ to him z se51 he>d1 c4 are all imag9>y4 ,= example1 ,i consid] myself z n[ writ+1 & read+ :at ,i write4 ,b :at c]ta9ty h ,i t ,i am writ+ & read+8 ,h n ,i dream$ a ?\s& times1 t ,i 0 read+ & writ+8 ,& at ^? times1 su* occupations appe>$ to me1 n z ?+s t ,i 0 dream+ (1 b z ex]cises t ,i 0 really & actually practis+2 & !re=e1 t may be ! case ) me at pres5t4 ,,xvii4 ,i h said already1 & ) reason1 t ?is argum5t is a mo/ p]nici\s & dang]\s "o2 = :atev] answ] y make to x1 y\r adv]s>y turns ^u y1 & urges ! opposite op9ion z =cibly1 z y c support y\r reply4 ,at lea/ ,i h nev] se5 any solution ( ?is matt]1 :i* c\ld m or less vanqui% ! =ce ( ! difficulty4 ,x has be5 object$ to ?is sort ( reason+1 t ! argum5t proves too mu*1 & t5ds to involve 91 & r$uce to ! same /ate ( d\bt1 all ! sacr$ dogmas ( religion4 ,?is rem>k is a j "o1 = he :o comes to d\bt1 :e!r all he he>s or sees is n a m]e imag9>y repres5tation1 mu/ necess>ily d\bt ( ! reality ( all ! in/ruction he has receiv$1 bo? ) respect to religion1 & e o!r matt]4 ,b :at advantage %all we ga91 by insi/+ ^u ?is aga9/ a sceptic1 ^: int5tion p]haps is to de/roy all religion8 ,& al?\gh he %\ld n argue ) ?is deprav$ view1 b %\ld reply to ^! objections out ( wantonness1 or f motives ( vanity & o/5tation1 & a fondness ( %ew+ 8 p>ts1 x w\ld be wa/+ "t to dispute ) him1 or to press ! argum5t1 because ^! in/ances1 not)/&+ !y are good ones & may be fairly insi/$ on1 are n answ]s4 ,,xviii4 ,x is c]ta9 !re are "s tru?s1 t maugre ! cle>ness & confid5ce ) :i* ! und]/&+ ass5ts to !m1 are n exempt f be+ expos$ to difficult objections2 or to speak m prop]ly1 !re is no tru? :atev]1 be x ev] s firmly e/abli%$1 aga9/ :i*1 "s sophi/ical objection may n be rais$4 ,x w\ld !re=e n be "r ^u all occasions1 to give up a maxim1 ^: tru? we cle>ly p]ceive & are conv9c$ (1 only because we c't reply to e argum5t t may be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,!re are tru?s ( su* a nature1 t al?\gh !y w\ld /rike1 & be cle> to any man ( ord9>y und]/&+1 /ill1 ! giv+ an answ] to e objection t c\ld be rais$ aga9/ !m1 might possibly be f\nd a difficult task to a p]son ( v subtil +5uity4 ,& not)/&+ we %\ld n be able to hit ^u an argum5t1 t w\ld confront or sil5ce ^? :i* are us$ by ! sceptics1 to p]suade u to d\bt :e!r we are sleep+ or wak+1 we %\ld n ab&on ourselves to su* a d\bt1 b support ourselves 9 a firm confid5ce1 t we are n mi/ak5 ) respect to ! /ate we are 94 ,& 9 tru?1 ! argum5ts us$ to make u d\bt ( x1 are n ( su* a nature1 z t a cle>1 solid1 & unemb>rass$ answ] may n be giv5 to !m4 ,,xix4 ,& 9 ord] to d ?is1 ,i %all beg9 ) suppos+1 t evid5ce 9 ?is case may be ( two sorts1 m$iate1 & imm$iate4 ,an evid5t proposition1 support$ by imm$iate evid5ce1 is1 :5 )\t ! assi/ance ( any k9d ( pro(1 x pres5ts itself s cle>ly to our und]/&+s1 t ! m9d is con/ra9$ by inv9cible necessity to ass5t to x4 ,an evid5t proposition support$ by m$iate evid5ce1 is1 :5 ( itself1 x is n repres5t$ to our und]/&+s ) all ?is cle>ness1 b is necess>ily inf]r$ f "s o!r self-evid5t proposition4 ,,xx4 ,i w suppose1 secondly1 t imm$iate evid5ce %\ld be divid$1 into metaphysical & exp]im5tal4 ,! fir/ is gov]n$ by univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i* ( !mselves p]suade or conv9ce ! und]/&+2 su* z ^!1 ! :ole is great] ?an a "p2 two contradictory propositions c't be bo? true at "o & ! same "t4 ,exp]im5tal evid5ce is d]iv$ f c]ta9 s+ul> tru?s1 :i* /rike e individual ) infallible conviction2 su* z ^!1 t ,i at pres5t h su* or su* a desire1 or t ,i ?9k ( su* or su* a ?+1 t ,i suff] "s pa91 or t ,i am affect$ ) "s p>ticul> s5sation2 = example1 joy1 sadness1 or ang]4 ,,xxi4 ,t e individual feels ?is exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 "s p>ticul> in/ances1 no "o c d\bt1 & ev5 if any p]son1 by giv+ to 8 scepticism all imag9able ext5sion1 %\ld be desir\s ( d\bt+ ( e ?+1 he c\ld nev] /ifle ! exp]im5tal evid5ce t he d\bt$4 ,& "h ,i c't help rem>k+1 t exp]im5tal evid5ce is a ?+ ( su* mom5t to ! ,c>!sians1 t all _! metaphysical te/imonies dep5d on1 or are d]iv$ f x2 because1 f t fir/ maxim or proposition1 ,i ?9k1 is inf]r$ imm$iately1 ! pro( ( _! own exi/5ce2 & m$iately1 all ! o!r demon/rable tru?s1 are e/abli%$ ^u exp]im5tal evid5ce only4 ,,xxii4 ,x is also c]ta91 t f ! tru?s :i* are e/abli%$ ^u exp]im5tal evid5ce1 y c d$uce no demon/rative reason+2 or at lea/ ( t sort1 :i* ! logicians call priori4 ,! reason is1 because !y are evid5t ( !mselves1 or else are support$ by imm$iate evid5ce1 & are n dep5dant ^u any o!r ?+ f :5ce !y are inf]r$4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh = example1 ,i at pres5t am conv9c$ t ,i am desir\s ( eat+ su* or su* a ?+1 ,i _c p]suade any o!r p]son t ,i fancy x1 by any imm$iate demon/ration2 because ?is is evid5t to me1 n f any pr9ciple t is notori\s to all mank9d1 & f :5ce may be inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a desire2 b because ! appetite itself1 is intimately connect$ ) my _s1 & ,i feel x s =cibly1 t ,i _c d\bt ( its exi/5ce3 ! same ?+ happ5s 9 ! cases ( ^? tru?s1 :i* are e/abli%$ ^u imm$iate metaphysical evid5ce4 ,if ,i %\ld be ask$1 h[ ,i "k t ! :ole is great] ?an "o ( its p>ts1 ,i %\ld answ]1 t ,i d n "k x f any pr9ciple f :5ce x may be inf]r$1 b because ! tru?1 t ! :ole is l>g] ?an a "p1 is s cle>ly evid5t to my m9d1 t x is z incompatible ) d\bt1 z ! light ( ! sun ) midnight d>kness4 ,if any "o %\ld d5y to me1 ! tru? ( ! maxim1 t two contradictory propositions _c be bo? true at ! same "t1 x w\ld be impossible = me to prove ! tru? ( ! maxim1 ei!r by argum5ts d$uc$ priori1 or po/]iori4 ,! reason is pla91 because if ,i 0 to argue ! po9t1 ! mo/ ,i c\ld d1 w\ld be insi/+ on ! manife/ contradiction1 & ass]t+ ! impossibility ( ! ?+1 :i* is ! la/ res\rce ( logical dialect4 ,b obs]ve1 :5 we are got ?us f>1 my adv]s>y1 to act consi/5tly ) 8 fir/ caprice1 ?9ks fit to *ange 8 gr\nd1 & to admit bo? extremes ( ! contradiction1 & to insi/ !y are bo? true4 ,n[ h[1 9 ?is case1 am ,i to prove t !y _c be s8 ,:y ,i c d x by no o!r means1 ?an by hav+ rec\rse to ! axiom1 t x is impossible two contradictory propositions c be bo? true at ! same "t4 ,b ?is is begg+ ! "q f ! beg9n+1 & prov+ :at is d5i$1 by ! same proposition :i* is ! subject ( ! dispute4 ,,xxiii4 ,! suppositions we h j made1 conta9 all ! solutions we are capable ( giv+1 to ! above argum5t4 ,i say !n1 t ,i myself1 & ,i say ! same ( all o!rs1 :o are 9 my pres5t situation & circum/ances1 h exp]im5tal ,evid5ce t ,i am n[ awake3 because ! /ate ( wakefulness1 :i* consi/s1 9 ! intimate & ultimate disposition ( ! faculties to ex]cise !mselves 9 prop] op]ations1 is an object1 :i* pres5ts itself to my m9d1 ) su* cle>ness1 t if ,i 0 nev] s desir\s ( do+ x1 ,i _c ent]ta9 a d\bt ( my be+ at pres5t 9 t /ate2 nor c any o!r reason be requir$ ( me1 nor c ,i give any o!r1 = ass5t+ to ?is tru?2 nei!r c ,i = my ass5t to a fir/ pr9ciple1 give any o!r ?an ! be=em5tion$1 nor all$ge any o!r1 to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( any reflection1 :i* my s\l is at pres5t int5t ^u4 ,,xxiv4 ,i w n h[ev] dissemble1 t aft] ?is answ] is giv51 !re /ill rema9s a s]i\s difficulty to surm\nt1 :i* may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! exp]im5tal evid5ce1 f :5ce we d$uce ?is p]suasion1 is fallaci\s2 because :5 we sleep & dream1 we are "u ! same p]suasion t we are awake1 & our s5ses !n repres5t to u1 t we are engag$ 9 actual ex]cises 9 su* a mann]1 t if x 0 at t "t to occur to u1 to make reflection ^u :at we 7 do+1 we %\ld conceive1 t we _h exp]im5tal evid5ce ( our speak+1 see+1 he>+1 c4 ,!re=e ! idea t ,i n[ ent]ta9 ^u reflection1 t ,i h at pres5t exp]im5tal evid5ce ( my be+ at ?is in/ant awake1 & engag$ 9 /udy & writ+1 af=ds me no absolute c]ta9ty t ,i am n asleep1 or t ,i am actually s employ$4 ,,xxv4 ,?is is ! utmo/ ext5t to :i* ! matt] ( d\bt+ c be c>ri$4 ,b by way ( answ] to x1 ,i %all reply1 t ! p]suasion we h ( be+ awake :5 we are dream+1 diff]s greatly f t we h ( be+ awake1 :5 we actually are s4 ,?is la/ is a cle>1 firm1 det]m9$1 inv9cible p]suasion1 & su* a "o1 z is requir$ to con/itute exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! c]ta9ty ( ! fact2 :i* x does 9 su* a mann]1 t not)/&+ all ! reflections we c make1 & all ! d\bts & difficulties we c sugge/1 our ass5t to1 & p]suasion ( ! tru? ( x1 rema9s firm & un%ak54 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we are dream+1 our reflection is obscure1 & ! p]suasion produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( x1 feeble & wav]+2 :i* w evid5tly appe> to be ! case1 if 9 ! c\rse ( our dream+1 x %\ld occur to u to make a d\btful reflection1 :e!r :at our imag9ation repres5ts to u is reality1 or only a dream2 & ! result to a man :o 0 to d ?is w\ld be1 a fa9t & d\btful det]m9ation ( :e!r he actually dreams1 or only believes he is dream+1 & he w\ld rema9 9 a /ate ( d\bt1 :e!r :at 8 fancy repres5ts to him be real or n4 ,i say 9 all ^! cases1 8 decision ( ! matt]1 w\ld n be resolute & firm1 b wav]+ & languid4 ,?is d\bt ( :e!r ,i am asleep or n1 (t5 occurs to me 9 dreams1 :i* nev] fails to produce "o ( ! two foll[+ effects1 ei!r to c]tify to me t ,i am dream+1 or to make me susp5d my ass5t to ! fact4 ,& ,i w v5ture to assure any "o1 :o %all p]si/ = a few mom5ts1 9 propos+ ^! d\bts to himself :5 he is dream+1 t he w f9d ! same ?+ happ5 to him4 ,,xxvi4 ,we may make use ( ! same reason+1 if ! argum5t is appli$ to ! deliriums ( maniacs4 ,e man1 :o aft] hav+ be5 depriv$ ( 8 reason1 comes to be re/or$ to 8 s5ses1 f9ds a great diff]5ce ) respect to ! p]suasions he feels1 & ! cle>ness ( ! op9ions he =ms 9 a /ate ( sanity1 & ^? he ent]ta9$ :5 he 0 mad4 ,mad p seldom make any reflections1 ei!r on ! /ate ( _! m9d1 or ! subject ( _! madness2 & :5 !y d happ5 to make !m1 are g5]ally m or less bl9d$ by _! appreh5sions2 ( :i* ,i myself h kn[n "s in/ances2 & x has fall5 9 my way1 by ! =ce ( lively repres5tations1 fir/ to prevail on "s mad p to d\bt ( ! tru? ( _! appreh5sions1 & aft]w>ds to reason !m out ( !m2 among :om !re 0 a nun1 :o _h be5 exce$+ly mad = "s ye>s1 & ^: life 0 ?\ght to be 9 dang]1 al?\gh 9 reality x 0 n s2 & ,i be+ call$ to adm9i/] ! sacram5ts to h]1 0 s happy z to r$uce h] m9d to a /ate ( calmness1 t r5d]$ h] capable ( receiv+ !m z a p5it5t4 ,?is ,i accompli%$1 by us+ v>i\s reason+s & argum5ts1 t5d+ to undeceive h]1 & at la/ 0 s =tunate z to hit ^u "o1 adapt$ to ! nature ( h] disease1 & ! /ate ( h] m9d1 :i* _h its effect3 b 9 do+ ?is1 great att5tion %\ld be _h to ! tone ( ! voice1 & ! en]gy & vivacity ( ! looks1 & c>e %\ld be tak51 t e action %\ld be su*1 z is likely to give efficacy & =ce to ! argum5ts y use1 9 ord] t !y %\ld make an impression on _! m9ds2 great caution %\ld also be us$ n to irritate !m2 & by ^! means1 !y are (t5 br\ght to int]vals ( s5se2 & al?\gh x is true1 t !y seldom la/ long1 /ill ! ga9+ an h\r ( calm reason1 is a matt] ( great importance1 z x 0 9 ! case ( ! nun we h j m5tion$4 ,,xxvii4 ,! delicacy & curiosity ( ?is subject1 has caus$ me to dwell on x long] ?an 0 necess>y2 = ,i am s f> f appreh5d+1 t ! argum5ts :i* are us$ 9 support ( univ]sal scepticism1 w prevail )1 or h any weight on ! _w 9 g5]al1 t ,i d n believe !re ev] yet 0 a man1 :o 9 reality 0 conv9c$ by !m4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,xxviii4 ,! limitations ) :i* rigid scepticism may be mitigat$1 are innum]able2 consequ5tly1 scepticism w appe> m or less absurd1 accord+ to ! v>i\s exceptions ) :i* x is correct$2 b ?is is a matt] ( su* ext5t1 t to reason ^u x ) any degree ( precision w\ld fill a l>ge volume4 ,i %all !re=e proce$ to treat ( scepticism1 z conf9$ )9 ! l9e ( physics1 :i* is ! po9t1 to :i* ,i propos$ at fir/ to re/ra9 my argum5ts on ?is subject4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,xxix4 ,i h always wond]$1 & d n yet cease to wond]1 at see+ mod]n philosoph]s attack scepticism z a physical error1 & am mu* a/oni%$1 to f9d !m condemn x 9 t s5se z an error1 dang]\s to ! dogmas ( fai?4 ,nor c ,i compreh5d1 h[ su* a *>ge c arise1 o!rwise1 ?an f gross ignorance or malici\s spite2 unless x is appli$ to "s sceptic1 :o f expla9+ himself loosely1 may h giv5 occasion = su* an imputation4 ,,xxx4 ,! sy/em ( physical scepticism1 ass]ts1 t physical & natural ?+s1 d n admit ( demon/ration or sci5tific c]ta9ty1 b t !y are all matt] ( op9ion2 & consequ5tly1 t we %\ld n call natural philosophy a sci5ce1 because /rictly speak+ x is n "o1 b r a habit1 or acquir$ facility1 ( reason+ ) probability ^u natural ?+s4 ,we %all und]/& sci5ce 9 ?is place1 9 ! s5se :i* ,ari/otle & ! s*oolm5 und]/& x1 :o def9e x1 to be an evid5t k ( ! effect by ! cause4 ,b 9 our def9itions1 we %all n exclude exp]im5tal c]ta9ty1 or c]ta9 k1 acquir$ by ! exp]i5ce we h _h1 & ! obs]vations we h made1 ( physical matt]s2 b we %all r ma9ta9 x1 z ! only me?od by :i* we c arrive at atta9+ tru?2 al?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r we %all ev] atta9 by x1 a discov]y ( ! int]nal1 or intimate nature ( ?+s4 ,,xxxi4 ,nei!r w we d5y1 t ) respect to physical objects1 _m propositions may be advanc$ or support$1 :i* are d$ucible ) infallible c]ta9ty f metaphysical pr9ciples3 z = example f ?is1 ! :ole is great] ?an its "p1 is evid5tly inf]r$1 t a man is bigg] ?an 8 head2 & f ?is1 be+ is ! effect ( op]ation1 is inf]r$1 t my fa!r exi/$ :5 he begot me4 ,b ^!1 & o!r innum]able demon/rations ( ?is sort1 af=d no physical k :atev]2 because !y d n manife/ 9 any degree1 ei!r great or small1 ! nature ( ! v entities :i* are ! objects ( !m4 ,:y d ,i say manife/ ! nature ( ! entities8 ,!y d n ev5 display to ! und]/&+1 a s+le tru?1 :i* may n be compreh5d$ )\t _! help1 by ! mo/ ru/ic man ^u e>?4 ,s t ! syllogi/ical conclusions ^u infallible tru?s1 :i* ! s*ool philosoph]s s mu* boa/ (1 d no?+ m1 ?an expla9 by circumlocution & 9 t]ms ( art1 ! v ?+s1 :i* may be imm$iately compreh5d$1 & naturally expla9$1 by any rational man :o nev] /udi$4 ,fur!r1 h[ c !y call by ! "n ( demon/rations1 ?+s :i* demon/rate no?+8 t is1 !y manife/ no?+1 b :at 0 manife/ )\t _! assi/ance4 ,a logician w say1 ?9k+ he says some?+ to ! purpose1 t he kn[s by means ( ! art ( demon/ration1 t :i* he c\ld n "k artificially )\t ?is aid4 ,b ,i answ]1 t ?is artificial k is totally useless1 because x nei!r manife/s to me any "o tru? ( :i* ,i 0 be=e ignorant1 nor does x illu/rate to me ) great] cle>ness1 ! ?+s ,i 0 be=e acqua9t$ )2 x be+ c]ta91 t x is z evid5t & cle> to ! ru/ic1 & t he ass5ts ) z mu* firmness1 t ! :ole tree is bigg] ?an "o ( its bran*es1 )\t ! help ( artificial logic1 z ,i d1 assi/$ ) my :ole armory ( syllogisms4 ,if a le>n$ p]son1 %\ld und]take to in/ruct a man :o walks well1 & ) a good grace1 by expla9+ to him all ! laws ( motion1 to /ep sci5tifically2 & also1 by expla9+ to him ! numb] & use ( ! muscles1 %\ld tea* him ! application ( ^? laws to e memb] ( 8 body conc]n$ 9 t ex]cise2 %\ld n we be apt to say1 t besides 8 tak+ a v t$i\s "o1 he _h also tak5 a v ne$less tr\ble1 x be+ c]ta91 t 8 pupil1 aft] all ?is pa9s1 w\ld n walk a jot bett]1 if s well z he did be=e2 ! cases are simil>4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,xxxii4 ,! ?+ !n be+ und]/ood1 9 ! s5se we h expla9$ x1 ! conclusion ,i draw f ! premises is1 t sci5ce1 or sci5tific c]ta9ty is n to be f\nd 9 physics4 ,doctor ,m>t9ez1 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,m$ic9a ,sceptica1 7,conv]s4 #bg47 proves ?is conclusion abundantly1 bo? by ! au?ority ( scripture1 & by ! s5t5ces ( _m fa!rs2 ?\gh z ! works ( ?is au?or are easily to be met )1 ,i %all n "h ins]t ! au?orities he quotes1 b %all cont5t myself ) add+ to !m two v rem>kable ones t he has omitt$4 ,! fir/ is1 t ( my fa!r ,/4 ,b]n>d 79 ,cant4 ,cantic4 ,s]m4 ,,xxxiii471 :o :5 he is speak+ ( philosoph]s1 says1 ,vagi sunt1 nulla /abiles c]titud9e v]itatis1 semp] disc5tes1 et nunquam ad sci5tiam v]itatis p]v5i5tes4 ,& x is some:at rem>kable1 t ! ,sa9t says fur!r1 philosoph]s nev] arrive at atta9+ a c]ta9 k ( ! v tru?s !y !mselves are 9 se>* (1 & are desir\s ( tea*+ to o!r p3 semp] disc5tes2 & le/ "s %\ld conclude he spoke ( sup]natural tru?s1 ,i ?\ght x necess>y to h9t "h1 t ^! are n ! objects ( philosophical inquiries4 ,nei!r %\ld we suppose1 t he spoke ( ! moral philosoph]s1 because _m ( ^!1 ev5 includ+ ! ,g5tiles1 inve/igat$ _m tru?s1 t came )9 ! compass ( _! plan1 ) intire c]ta9ty2 & x is evid5t1 t if ,ari/otle1 _h writt5 ) z mu* precision ^u physics1 z he did ^u e?ics1 we ne$$ n to h wi%$ = any ?+ bett]4 ,,xxxiii4 ,! second au?ority1 is t ( ,lactantius ,firmianus1 an illu/ri\s p]son1 & a v5]able memb] ( ! *ur*2 ?is great man 7,lib4 ,,iii4 ,div94 ,in/it4 ,cap4 iv4 v4 & vi47 treats l>gely ( ! scepticism ( ,ar*esilaus1 ( :om we h spok5 be=e1 & aft] combat+ & confront+ ?is philosoph] effectually on ! subject ( univ]sal d\bt1 admits )\t res]ve1 t he w\ld h be5 "r1 if he _h limit$ 8 scepticism to matt]s ( physics1 because !re is n1 nor ev] c be any sci5ce1 :i* w tea* mank9d1 ! causes & reasons ( natural ?+s3 ,quanto fac]et sapi5tius1 ac v]ius1 si exceptione facta dic]et causas1 rationesque duntaxat r]um cle/ium1 seu naturalium1 quia sunt abdit1 nec sciri posse1 quia nullus doceat1 nec quri opport]e1 quia inv5iri qur5do non possunt4 ,,xxxiv4 ,"s ( ! sceptics !mselves prove our conclusion1 = !y say1 t ! ?+s app]ta9+ to physics are s+ul>1 & t f s+ul> ?+s y _c d]ive a sci5ce4 ,b ?is reason does n satisfy me4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 not)/&+ physical ?+s are = ! mo/ "p s+ul>1 !y 9 "s in/ances may cease to be s+ul>4 ,?us1 al?\gh e real entity is s+ul>1 x may1 contemplat$ metaphysically1 dep>t f its s+ul>ity4 ,9 fact1 ! s*oolm5 toge!r ) ,/4 ,?omas say1 t physics may dep>t or be sep>at$ f _! s+ul>1 b n f _! s5sible nature2 & t ma!matical ?+s1 may dep>t or be sep>at$ f _! s+ul> & s5sible1 b n f _! intelligible nature2 also1 t metaphysical ones1 may dep>t or be sep>at$ f _! s+ul>1 s5sible1 & intelligible4 ,9 ! next place1 ! axiom t f s+ul> ?+s y c d]ive no sci5ce1 %\ld be und]/ood ) "s gra9s ( all[ance2 t is1 ( su* s+ul> ?+s z are p>ticul>ly necess>y to ! individual1 & are accid5tal to ! species2 b f ^? :i* app]ta9 or belong to ! species1 sci5ce may be d$uc$1 ev5 :5 !y are connect$ ) ! individual4 ,= example4 ,if ,i "k sci5tifically2 t man accord+ to ! g5]al receiv$ op9ion respect+ him1 is risible1 ,i also "k sci5tifically t ,pet] is risible1 = 9 ! foll[+ syllogism2 e man is risible2 ,pet] is a man2 & !re=e ,pet] is risible1 is impli$ ! tru? ( ! premises1 & ! consequ5ce d$ucible f x is1 t x is sci5tifically evid5t4 ,fur!r1 if ev] a philosoph] %\ld arise1 :o %\ld "k ) c]ta9ty1 ! specific nature ( all mat]ial entities1 & f t k1 %\ld be able to demon/rate all _! prop]ties1 & ! respective op]ations app]ta9+ to ea* species1 & 9 virtue ( ?is extraord9>y p5etration1 %\ld be capable ( giv+ reasons priori = all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 we %\ld n be able to d5y1 t su* a philosoph] possess$ physical sci5ce1 not)/&+ ! object ( 8 sci5ce1 relat$ only to ! species1 unconnect$ ) individuals4 ,:at !n rema9s to be prov$1 is1 t 9 physics !re is to be f\nd no sort ( sci5ce1 or evid5t k ( ! matt]s app]ta9+ m]ely to physics1 ab/ract$ f all o!r consid]ations2 & truly ! dogmatic naturali/s1 w\ld be v happy1 c\ld !y be p]mitt$ to possess a k t am\nts to z mu* z ?is2 nor w\ld x di/urb !m1 to h x d9n$ 9 _! e>s1 t ! k ( common conceptions is metaphysical1 & n physical2 = !y w\ld tell y1 t bo? physics1 & metaphysics1 may dep>t or be sep>at$ f _! s+ul>ity1 & t ! pr9cipal di/9ction betwe5 !m is1 t ! la/ reg>ds its object ) a great] degree ( ab/raction2 t is1 z exempt f all matt]1 & consid]s only ^? reasons1 :i* may subsi/ ab/ract$ f matt]1 su* = example z spiritual entities2 on ! contr>y1 physics only contemplate mat]ial & corporeal entities2 ! mo/ sublime ( :i* conceptions1 is t :i* reg>ds ! reason ( ! body1 & ! l[e/1 t :i* is atta*$ to ! corporeal "p ( x4 ,b call ?is k by :at sort ( "n y w1 ei!r physical or metaphysical1 ! way to br+ ! matt] to a %ort issue is1 to %ew t !re is n 9 reality1 any su* k4 ,,xxxv4 ,& :at is m easy to be prov$ ?an ?is8 ,i reason ?us2 physics contemplate ! nature ( an entity t has motion1 or circulation2 ?is may be consid]$1 ei!r accord+ to ! specific1 or g5]ative nature ( ! ?+2 & ,i ass]t1 t no?+ is kn[n ) c]ta9ty ( ! nature ( any entity t has motion or circulation1 ei!r 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! be=e nam$ s5ses4 ,,xxxvi4 ,& to beg9 ) ! specific1 :o c d5y t 9 ?is s5se1 we "k no?+ ( any "o entity8 ,i defy all ! philosoph]s to tell me :at is ! con/itu5t or compon5t physical sub/ance1 ( any "o ( ! mat]ial entities t is to be f\nd 9 ! univ]se1 & w give !m leave to *use t :i* !y h mo/ exam9$4 ,/4 ,basil has "s words 7,epi/4 #afh4 ad ,eunomium7 t are admirably applicable to ?is purpose1 & :i* ,i %all "h ins]t3 ,itaque qui se exi/5tium sci5tiam assequutum esse gloriatur1 exponat nobis quomodo1 quod m9imum esse eorum1 qu 9 lucem prodi]unt1 natura habeat4 ,let ! presumptu\s philosoph]1 :o boa/s ( 8 physical k1 expla9 to u ! nature ( ! lea/ entity :i* ,god has creat$4 ,let him1 adds ! same ,fa!r1 :o is o/5tati\sly va9 ( hav+ p5etrat$ into ! secrets ( nature1 tell u :at is ! nature ( an ant3 ,dicat =mic>um nobis naturam1 qui eorum1 qu 9 natura sunt sci5tiam cum fa/u se prdicat assequutum4 ,b :y %\ld we wa/e "t8 ,!re is n1 nor ev] 0 to ?is day1 any "o1 :o by means ( acquir$ sci5ce1 c\ld p5etrate ! con/itu5t or compon5t physical sub/ance ( any liv+ or inanimate entity2 ! rea* ( our capacities n p]mitt+ u to g fur!r1 ?an to di/+ui% by "s v extr9sic accid5ts1 "o ?+ f ano!r2 & ?is mode ( di/+ui%+1 is conf9$ pr9cipally to ^? we call naturali/s1 & r>ely ext5ds to ^? 9 ! s*ools1 :o acquire ! appellation ( philosoph]s1 & :o g5]ally cont5t !mselves ) di/+ui%+ "s few1 :i* !y commonly d 9 ! unhappy mann] we %all proce$ to po9t out2 b :5 s*ool philosoph]s desc5d to treat ( specific conceptions1 _! philosophy is s mis]able & conf9$1 t !y only attempt to give ! col\r ( a def9ition to a few species ( brutes1 ^: voice !y describe by "s p>ticul> "n1 & !n expla9 _! conception ( !m1 by "s t]m d]iv$ f t "n2 ?us !y call ! lion a ro>+ animal2 ! dog a b>k+ "o1 & ! horse a neigh+ "o2 b ! fi%1 because !y are v num]\s1 & are = ! mo/ "p mute1 _c well be compreh5d$ )9 ?is rule1 & !re=e are oblig$ to g )\t a def9ition4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! s*ool philosoph]s _c be ignorant1 t ^! are n def9itions1 b %\ld r be t]m$ m]e %ad[s ( def9itions1 :i* !y make use ( = want ( true ones1 to express logically1 :at def9ition is1 :at species1 :at g5d]1 :at diff]5ce1 & o!r ?+s app]ta9+ to logical dialect2 b is x n cle>1 t def9+ a horse by call+ him a neigh+ animal1 c give u no bett] conception ( ! creature1 ?an may be convey$ to u by ! mo/ /upid cl[n1 :o w\ld expla9 ! ?+ m simply1 & )\t s*ool j>gon1 by tell+ u t a horse is an animal t neighs1 or is capable ( neigh+8 ,oh6 :at a p5etrat+ philosophical description is ?is ( ! nature ( a horse6 ,,xxxviii4 ,if any "o1 not)/&+ :at has be5 said1 %\ld *use to reply1 t nature1 z ! root ( all op]ations1 %\ld be expla9$ accord+ to ! ord]1 or habit ( ^? op]ations2 & ?us1 t a horse is well & physically def9$1 by ! radical ord] ( ! act ( neigh+2 if any "o1 ,i say1 %\ld reply to me 9 ?is mann]2 ,i apprise him 9 ! fir/ place1 t all sub/antial nature has its absolute be+1 :i* is und]/ood to be antec$5t to ! ord] ( op]ations1 = ! fir/1 is suppos$ to be ! cause or reason ( ! o!r2 t is to say1 because su* a ?+ has su* a be+ 9 nature1 f !nce is d]iv$ ! habit or aptness = su* op]ations4 ,i apprise him secondly1 t if we %\ld p]mit nature to be well def9$ by ! precise or *>act]i/ic ord] ( op]ation1 ?is %\ld n be ext5d$ to e sort ( op]ation1 b %\ld be conf9$ to ! prim>y op]ation1 :i* m>ks ! f\ndation ( ! species2 b alas1 we are ignorant ( :at t is4 ,= example1 if a man1 z is g5]ally ?\ght1 is well def9$ by 8 rational faculty1 or radical p[] ( reason+2 because ! be+ able to reason or reflect1 is ! pr9cipal1 or prim>y op]ation ( man2 a horse !n %\ld be def9$ by 8 radical habit to t act ( p]ception1 in/9ct1 or k1 :i* is prop] to 8 species1 & di/9ct f t ( all o!r animals4 ,b :o has p5etrat$ :at ?is is8 ,or :o has ev] kn[n ! innate diff]5ce1 t !re is betwe5 ! in/9ct ( a horse & a dog8 ,& ?us1 z x w\ld be ridicul\s & absurd to def9e a man by ! radical ord] ( elocution1 by say+1 t he is an animal :o c talk & disc\rse2 because ?is absurdity w\ld be incurr$1 on acc\nt ( ! act ( elocution be+ po/]ior1 or second>y to t ( reason or reflexion2 & x w\ld be mu* m ridicul\s1 to def9e him by ! ord] ( 8 voice1 :i* y describe by "s p>ticul> "n1 & to def9e him 9 ! mann] y def9e a horse1 :i* y call a neigh+ animal2 nor is x less absurd to def9e a horse by ! radical ord] ( 8 neigh+4 ,i apprise him ?irdly1 t if su* def9itions are admitt$ z good & legitimate1 x is ! mo/ easy ?+ 9 ! _w1 to def9e e sub/antial entity :atev]1 because 9 ord] to d x1 y h only to obs]ve its op]ations1 give ! mo/ rem>kable "o a "n1 & def9e x by t "n4 ,by ! help ( ?is in/ruction only1 y may make e peasant a consummate philosoph]1 & enable him to def9e ! nature ( all ! entities 9 ! univ]se4 ,,sect4 ,,ix4 ,,xxxix4 ,^! reflexions answ] no o!r purpose1 ?an t ( confront+ "h & !re a sup]ficial & ba/>d s*oolman1 = all capable p "k & confess1 t we are unable to give a def9ition ( any "o sub/antial entity1 except man4 ,to :at /raight limits !n is our philosophy conf9$6 ,,xl4 ,b ! mis=tune is1 t we h no c]ta9ty1 t ! g5]al receiv$ def9ition ( a man1 to wit1 t he is a rational animal1 is a good & unexceptionable "o2 = we are cle> x w\ld n be a good "o1 if ?is faculty app]ta9s to o!r animals z well z him1 & x is matt] ( d\bt :e!r x does or n2 b ,i w n1 nor _c1 9 support ( ?is d\bt1 avail myself ( ! au?ority ( ,porphyrus1 :o 9 8 ,treatise on ,pr$icables1 supposes ,god to be a rational animal2 & 9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 ,god & man1 def9es man to be a mortal rational animal1 because he ?\ght t )\t ! addition ( ! ^w mortal1 ! def9ition w\ld be applicable to ,god z well z man4 ,nei!r w ,i avail myself ( ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 f ^: second book1 ,de ,sect4 ,py?agora1 ,jamblicus cites ^! words3 ,animalis rationalis aliud quidem e/ ,deus1 aliud autem homo4 ,b ,i may = ?is purpose1 avail myself ( ! au?ority ( "s ,fa!rs1 among :om is ,/4 ,au/91 :o all affirm1 t ! angels are corporeal1 or at lea/ h d\bt$ ( _! incorporeality2 to :i* d\bt1 app]ta9s t1 ( :e!r angels are rational animals1 = 9 ord] to suppose !m s1 !re wants no?+ b _! be+ corporeal1 & consequ5tly x is d\btful1 :e!r ! def9ition ( rational animal1 app]ta9s solely to man4 ,,xli4 ,i may be told1 t ! corporeality ( ,angels has be5 condemn$1 & _! incorporeality def9$1 9 ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 & ! f\r? ,lat]an "o4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 is x c]ta91 t ^! ,c\ncils decl>$ ! incorporeality ( angels to be und5iable1 & t !y decl>$ affirm+ ! contr>y is errone\s2 = x is some:at d\btful1 :e!r ! incorporeality 0 def9$ 9 !m or n2 because1 al?\gh m5tion 0 made 9 ^! ,c\ncils ( ?is matt]1 x 0 n done ) an express design to discuss ! po9t1 b 0 only t\*$ ^u1 z we may say by incid5ce2 :i* is an exception t all em95t !ologians admit1 to our be+ b\nd to obs]ve ?+s t are canvass$ 9 t way ev5 9 ,c\ncils2 z we are n oblig$ to suppose any matt]s def9$ 9 !m1 t are n debat$ & settl$ ) an express int5tion4 ,= :i* reason1 ! mo/ le>n$ ,cano 7lib4 #e4 de ,consid]at47 took ! lib]ty ( say+1 t ! op9ion t angels 7 corporeal1 al?\gh x might be false1 0 n h]etical2 & long be=e him1 ,/4 ,?omas 9 8 book de ,malo1 7qu/4 #af4 art4 #a47 _h said1 t ?is "q 0 no "p ( ! ,ca?olic ,dogmas4 ,my fa!r ,sa9t ,b]n>d 7lib4 #e4 de ,consid]at47 goes fur!r2 = he seems to ?9k1 ! op9ion :i* d5ies ! corporeality ( angels1 to be void ( probability2 & x w n be improp] to rem>k "h1 t he 0 mu* po/]ior to ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 & ,sa9t ,?omas1 n only to ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 b to ! f\r? ,lat]an "o also4 ,?is may likewise be all$g$ z an answ]1 to ! objections t are made 9 consequ5ce ( "s texts ( ,scripture1 :i* give ! epi!t ( spirits to ! angels2 = x is c]ta91 t ! fa!rs :o consid]$ x z def5sible to ma9ta9 ! corporeality ( angels1 7 n ignorant ( ^? texts2 ! exposition ( :i*1 9 tru? is n difficult1 = we may fairly conclude1 ! ,scripture calls !m by ?is "n1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ airy or light bodies1 & we may also suppose1 t x is = ?is reason1 t 9 v>i\s places x gives ! "n ( _s to ! air4 ,spiritus procell>um4 ,adv5i5tis spiritus vehem5tis1 c4 ,,xlii4 ,! second reply ,i %all make1 is1 t suppos+ x to be det]m9$ t ! angels are incorporeal1 ?is tru? is n e/abli%$ by philosophy1 b by fai?2 & z ^u ! k ( ?is tru?1 dep5ds ! c]ta9ty1 t ! def9ition ( a rational animal does n belong to an angel2 x foll[s1 t by ! help ( philosophy alone1 we %\ld nev] h hit ^u giv+ a def9ition ( a man2 & ) respect to def9+ o!r ?+s besides a man1 its insuffici5cy is admitt$4 ,:at sort ( philosophy is ?is8 ,x ought r to be call$ a total want ( philosophy4 ,,xliii4 ,n only ) reg>d to ! angels1 b on ! "p ( brutes also1 we f9d motives = d\bt+1 :e!r ! def9ition ( rational animal1 may n be appli$ to !m z well z to man4 ,if rational animal signifies an animal capable ( reflexion1 ! brutes are rational animals 9 ! op9ion ( all ^?1 :o suppose !m to be end[$ ) reason & reflexion3 & z ?is s5tim5t may be support$ by /rong argum5ts1 x rema9s some:at d\btful1 :e!r rationality is n diffus$ 9 diff]5t proportions to o!r animals z well z m51 or :e!r x is conf9$ to !m only4 ,x is true1 t if ?is op9ion %\ld be admitt$1 we %\ld grant1 t ! reason ( man is di/9ct f1 & ( a sup]ior nature to t ( brutes2 b if 9 ! def9ition1 we d n po9t out ! "* :i* di/+ui%es !m1 we are r$uc$ to assign z ! diff]5ce1 a g5]ical idea4 ,,sect4 ,x4 ,,xliv4 ,z we asc5d ! pr$icam5tal tree1 & advance f ! species1 to ! g5uses or k9ds2 we p]ceive1 t philosophy does n disc]n ^! m cle>ly1 ?an x did ! o!rs2 = we f9d 9 bo? cases1 equal ignorance1 & equal unc]ta9ty4 ,if we ought to h sci5tific c]ta9ty ( any "o g5us 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 x %\ld be ( t "u :i* we ourselves are compreh5d$1 :i* is ! animal k9d1 = t is ! ?+ :i* mo/ imm$iately relates to u1 & because also1 we employ m consid]ation & att5tion ^u t1 ?an we d ^u ! o!rs4 ,we call ! ord] animal1 :i* compreh5ds man1 & e o!r species ( t]re/rial & aquatic brutes1 z likewise e k9d ( fi% or f[l4 ,& :at d we "k ( animals accord+ to ?is g5]al description8 ,:y t !y are s5sitive liv+ be+s2 = t is ! def9ition we give ( !m4 ,b d we "k ?is ) any degree ( c]ta9ty8 ,by no means2 = x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r e animal is s5sitive2 & x has also be5 d\bt$1 :e!r ! s5se ( feel+ does n belong to o!r entities z well z to animals4 ,,xv4 ,! fir/ d\bt is built ^u ! opposition & argum5ts ( ! ,c>tesians1 :o pret5d1 t all brutes are inanimate ma*9es1 & t !re is no o!r s5sible animal b man2 = :i* reason1 9 _! op9ion1 a s5sible be+ is n a g5]ical entity1 b a specific "o1 & prop] to ! human species 9 a qu>t] proportion4 ,i am ?or\ghly p]suad$1 t ?is op9ion ( ! ,c>tesians is a false "o2 b ,i h n yet se5 any evid5t argum5t or demon/ration to confront x2 nor has any p]son hi!rto1 hit ^u "o t ev9ces ! falsity ( x2 = _! pr9cipal f\ndation is n s weak1 b t x has puzzl$ ! mo/ able ,ari/otelites to give an answ] to x4 ,b ,i d n f9d1 t ?is is any ob/acle to our giv+ our firm ass5t to ! s5sibility ( brutes2 al?\gh we h no reason to glory 9 our pro(s ( ?is matt]1 :5 ! contr>y op9ion1 besides ! argum5ts t are produc$ to support x1 f9ds s _m p>tizans2 & among !m "s ( excell5t +5uity4 ,nor h we any reason to suppose1 :at ,i h kn[n _m p ma9ta91 t all ! ,c>tesians1 ?9k diff]5tly f :at !y speak 9 ?is matt]2 = "s ( !m1 are z full ( ! caprice t brutes are ins5sible1 z we are ( ! p]suasion t ! contr>y is ! fact4 ,a few ye>s ago1 c]ta9 ladies :o 7 pres5t at a bull-fea/1 seem$ to express great conc]n = ! suff]+s ( "o ( ! bulls1 :i* ! p employ$ = t purpose1 worri$ excessively4 ,a ,fr5* lady1 :o 0 a ,c>tesian philosoph]1 t sat ne> !m1 begg$ !y w\ld n grieve1 = says ! good ,c>tesian ) great gravity1 ,i believe z firmly z ,i d 9 ,god & ?is cross1 t ! bull feels no m pa9 ?an ! b5* ,i sit on4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! o!r ladies believ$ h]1 b ,i am p]suad$1 t _m are /$fa/ly ( ! same op9ion ) ! ,fr5* lady4 ,,xlvi4 ,! second d\bt1 :e!r o!r entities besides animals are n s5sible1 is patroniz$ by ,campanela1 :o lab\rs by a v>iety ( argum5ts1 to prove 9 div]s p>ts ( 8 ,works1 t all elem5tal ?+s are s5sible4 ,?is d\bt is also support$1 & ) m col\r ( reason1 by ^? philosoph]s1 :o all[ feel+ to plants4 ,& t ?is op9ion may n appe> extravagant2 = ! in=mation ( ^? :o adopt ! common s5tim5t1 x w n be amiss to let !m "k1 t ,ari/otle did n look ^u ?is ?+ 9 t light1 = he r incl9es to patronize ! d\bt2 = 9 8 fir/ book de ,plantis1 he says1 !re is no c]ta9ty :e!r plants are1 or are n1 endu$ ) feel+1 appetite1 & k3 ,nec enim con/at1 habeant ne plant animam1 appet5dique facultatem1 doloris item1 voluptatis1 r]um discretionis4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! naturali/s1 :o build ^u exp]im5tal obs]vations1 attribute feel+ to "s det]m9$ species ( plants1 :i* on t acc\nt1 !y call s5sitive plants4 ,,sect4 ,,xi4 ,,xlvii4 ,if ( our own prop] g5us1 we "k no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 :at mu/ our k be ( o!rs8 ,! g5us mo/ imm$iately next to our own1 is t ( plants1 & 9 ?is1 not)/&+ our proximity1 we c disc]n no?+ b our ignorance2 = we _c v5ture ev5 by conjectures1 to po9t out ! con/itutive diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?is is n only invisible to ! eyes ( evid5ce1 b impalpable to ! essays ( op9ion4 ,we commonly def9e ! g5us ( a plant1 by ! t]m ins5sible liv+ entity4 ,b ! ^w ins5sible1 :i* we use to describe ! diff]5ce1 only signifies want ( s5sibility2 & a positive entity1 su* z a plant is1 _c be asc]ta9$ by a negative4 ,besides ?is1 z we obs]v$ be=e1 x is some:at d\btful1 :e!r plants are1 or are n s5sible4 ,we call !m also liv+ vegetables4 ,b by ?is idea1 we d n assign to ! plant a diff]5t nature f ! animal1 = t ?is also is a liv+ vegetable4 ,if ,i am told1 t ! diff]5ce consi/s1 9 t ! life ( ! animal is vegetative & s5sitive1 & t t ( ! plant is purely vegetative1 ,i reply1 t ! adv]b purely 9 ?is place1 signifies no?+ b ! want ( s5sitive life1 :i* is meant to be express$ 9 ! extreme1 & a want1 _c be made use ( z a descriptive t]m1 to po9t out ! con/itutive diff]5ce betwe5 positive entities4 ,nor w x be ( any use to answ]1 t ! t]m want1 means a want or defect 9 ! mode ( explanation1 & does n apply to ! ?+ signifi$2 = till x c be asc]ta9$ :at ! ?+ signifi$ is1 we mu/ rema9 totally 9 ! d>k2 & x is also false1 t ?is t]m want1 is n applicable to ! ?+ signifi$2 = negative expressions are positive ) respect to ! ?+ signifi$1 :5 !y are us$ to d5y any imp]fection 9 ! object !y relate to2 = ! want ( an imp]fection1 is ! want ( a want1 x be+ c]ta91 t all imp]fection consi/s 9 ! want ( positive p]fection2 = :i* reasons ^! words1 inf9ity1 imm5sity1 indivisibility1 al?\gh negative ) respect to ! mode ( expression1 are positive ) respect to ! ?+ signifi$2 b ! t]m ins5sible1 or ins5sibility1 appli$ to a plant1 signifies want ( p]fection1 & ?us is negative ) respect to ! ?+ signifi$4 ,,xlviii4 ,besides ?is1 "s express a d\bt1 :e!r plants are vegetable or n2 & "s are also d\btful1 :e!r ! prop]ty ( vegetation does n likewise belong to /ones & metals4 ,if we consult ! ,c>tesians ^u ?is po9t1 !y w tell u1 t all we call vegetation or nutrition ( plants1 is pure me*anism1 & t ! attraction ( ! nutriti\s juice :i* we attribute to !m1 is a solemn *im]a4 ,if we =sake ! ,c>tesians1 & apply to ! exp]im5tal philosoph]s1 we %all f9d _m ( !m1 :o w tell u1 t metals & /ones gr[ by means ( vegetation2 :i* is an op9ion1 t n long ago1 0 illu/rat$ by ,joseph ,pitton de ,t\rn=t1 a celebrat$ naturali/ ( ! ,academy ,royal ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 & m especially1 by ! celebrat$ obs]vations he made ^u m>ble 9 ! wond]ful cave ( ,antip>os2 & ) respect to metals1 we1 to ! au?ority ( o!rs1 %all add t ( ,ari/otle1 :o 9 8 book de ,mirabilibus ,auscultationibus1 says1 t 9 a t]ritory ( ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 !y 7 us$ to s[ iron1 & t x grew & vegetat$ l o!r plants4 ,,xlix4 ,& n[ we are speak+ ( ,ari/otle1 we w n omit m5tion+ an au?ority ( 81 :i* is v applicable to our pres5t subject1 because x is totally opposite to a receiv$ op9ion 9 ! s*ools1 to wit1 t plants & animals are ( two diff]5t g5uses1 & t ! di/9ction betwe5 !m is1 t ! animal is a liv+ s5sible entity1 & ! plant a liv+ ins5sible "o4 ,ari/otle 9 8 book de ,plantis says1 t oy/]s & o!r %ell-fi%1 are bo? plants & animals3 scimus autem1 quod con*yla animalia sunt cognitione c>5tia3 quapropt] plant sunt1 animalia4 ,i ask n[1 h[ "o species c be class$ "u two diametrically opposite g5uses8 & h[ an oy/] c be bo? s5sible & ins5sible8 = z an animal1 x ought to be a liv+ s5sible entity1 & z a plant1 a liv+ ins5sible "o4 ,nor c x be said1 t ,ari/otle1 :5 he call$ an oy/] a plant1 spoke 9 a metaphorical s5se1 = ?is mode ( speak+ is n all[$ to philosoph]s1 b is only p]mitt$ to poets & orators4 ,besides1 ! cause he assigns1 %ews1 t he spoke 9 a rigor\s philosophical s5se2 al?\gh1 to speak ! tru?1 ,i d n compreh5d :o c\ld reveal to ,ari/otle1 t oy/]s & o!r %ell-fi% are de/itute ( t sort ( k1 :i* is prop] & natural to ! mo/ /upid brutes4 ,,sect4 ,,xii4 ,l4 ,f ! l[e/ species1 we proce$ to ! next above1 & enquire1 :at is ! nature ( a liv+ entity2 :at we are to und]/& by ! t]m liv+1 & :at is life8 ,to ?is1 we %all be answ]$ f ! s*ools1 t life is motion ab intr9sico1 & t liv+1 means t :i* moves ab intr9sico2 t is1 its motion is produc$ by "s intr9sic faculty1 or virtue1 :i* x has )9 itself4 ,,li4 ,?is def9ition is incumb]$ ) great] difficulties ?an ! antec$5t ones4 ,all ! mod]n philosoph]s oppose x1 al?\gh = di/9ct & contr>y reasons4 ,gass5do1 fa!r ,maignan1 & ! o!r atomi/s1 attribute motion ab intr9sico to atoms1 f :i* dogma x w foll[1 t motion ab intr9sico1 is n di/9ctly peculi> to liv+ animals4 ,! ,c>tesians are v positive 9 ma9ta9+1 t no?+ c give motion to itself1 b t all motion 9 ! univ]se1 proce$s f t impulse1 :i* ,god 9 ! beg9n+ gave to matt]1 :i* does1 & ev] w subsi/1 )\t be+ impair$ or injur$2 & t by virtue ( t impulse1 motion is communicat$ f "o "p ( matt] to ano!r2 s t all :i* 0 be=e at re/1 ^u its beg9n+ to move1 receiv$ its impulse f "s o!r body :i* 0 9 motion be=e1 & transf]r$ its influ5ce to t :i* 0 !n at re/2 & ei!r p>tly1 or 9 ! :ole1 gave x ! p[] ( beg9n+ to move2 & !y say fur!r1 t man1 :i* is ! only liv+ corporeal entity !y admit1 :5 he moves1 _c be prop]ly said to give motion to 8 memb]s1 b only directs _! motion by 8 w1 9 virtue ( ! p[] antec$5tly impress$ by ! impulse ( o!r bodies on ! animal spirits4 ,,lii4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t ?is doctr9e is t]ribly =tifi$1 by ! celebrat$ maxim ( ,ari/otle1 :i* says1 t e ?+ t moves1 is set 9 motion by some?+ else3 & al?\gh ! foll[]s ( ! common op9ion1 expla9 ?is maxim1 s z to r5d] x n incompatible ) ! def9ition !y give ( liv+ entities1 !re results f ?is explanation1 ! inconv5i5ce1 t x weak5s ! pr9cipal =ce ( ! axiom :i* !y avail !mselves ( to prove ! exi/5ce ( a fir/ mov]1 to /imulate a body at re/2 = if we suppose1 t a liv+ entity has ! p[] ( mov+ itself1 we _c ma9ta9 ! necessity ( a div9e influ5ce to produce ?is motion1 )\t admitt+ at ! same "t1 ! exi/5ce ( a fir/ mov] 9 o!r respects1 to be e/abli%$4 ,?us x seems to me1 t ! ,c>tesians c ) "s col\r ( reason pret5d1 t religion is int]e/$ 9 und]/&+ ! axiom 9 all ! rig\r1 :i* !y pr(ess to und]/& x !mselves4 ,,liii4 ,b be x z x may1 ) respect to ?is difficulty1 & all o!rs1 :i* ! mod]ns by virtue ( _! pr9ciples c oppose to ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle2 x is c]ta91 t !re may be v s]i\s ones urg$ aga9/ _! def9ition ( liv+ entities4 ,heavy bodies move ab intr9sico1 & are n liv+ entities4 ,fire moves ab intr9sico1 & is n a liv+ entity4 ,! f]m5tative motion also1 accord+ to common physics1 is und]/ood to be ab intr9sico4 ,& ,i h rem>k$ & prov$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1 t :at ! ,ari/otelites say ( heavy bodies be+ mov$ by communicat$ impulse1 9 ! =m ?is explanation is intelligible1 is also applicable to ! motion ( liv+ entities4 ,,sect4 ,,xiii4 ,,liv4 ,!re n[ only rema9s )9 ! compass ( ! pr$icam5tal scale1 "o o!r ?+ to consid]1 :i* is ! highe/1 & mo/ sublime )9 ! rea* ( physics1 & t is1 ! nature & composition ( ! body2 b :]e w ?is lead u to1 ! po9t be+ equally d\btful ) all ! re/8 ,! composition ( ! body1 is divid$ into elem5tal & mix$2 b z ?is la/ is compos$ ( ! o!r1 unless we "k :at ! elem5tal is1 x is impossible to "k ( :at ! mixture consi/s4 ,v well2 b :o kn[s ! nature & numb] ( ! elem5ts8 ,to ?is "q1 me?9ks ,i he> f\r answ]s1 f f\r sects ( philosoph]s1 :i* are all diff]5t1 al?\gh ea* pret5ds to exclude ! o!rs f a compet5t k ( ! matt]4 ,! ,ari/otelites say1 t !y are air1 fire1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,! *ymi/s1 t !y are salt1 sulphur1 m]cury1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,! ,c>tesians insi/1 t !y are compos$ ( ! subtil1 ! globul\s1 & ano!r matt] :i* is m gross1 & :i* !y call ! ?ird elem5t2 & ! atomi/s1 t !y consi/ ( ! atoms4 ,^! are ! op9ions1 :i* are at pres5t ! mo/ prevail+1 al?\gh !re are numb]s ( o!rs :i* ,i %all omit to m5tion1 because !y h b few vot>ies4 ,n[ :i* ( ^! op9ions is ! true "o8 ,p]haps nei!r4 ,at lea/ !re is b "o sect out ( ! f\r t admits ei!r ( !m to be true1 & :i*ev] t sect adh]es to1 ! o!r ?ree ass]t to be false2 :i* am\nts to ! same1 z say+ t "o witness deposes to ! tru? ( ! matt] 9 "q1 & t ?ree give te/imony aga9/ x4 ,?us no judge to :om ! decision is confid$1 c give s5t5ce 9 fav\r ( ei!r ( ! p>ties2 x be+ out ( 8 p[] to affirm1 t any "o ( _! sy/ems is "r & true4 ,,lv4 ,z ! audi5ce be=e :om ,i prop\nd ?is reflection1 is compos$ *iefly ( ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle1 me?9ks ,i he> !m exclaim1 t if we 7 to collect ! suffrages ( ! academic pr(essors1 we %\ld f9d mo/ votes 9 fav\r ( 8 op9ion4 ,to ?is1 ,i reply 9 ! fir/ place1 t al?\gh a plurality ( sect>ies1 gives great] extr9sic probability to an op9ion1 /ill x does n af=d c]ta9ty1 nor intr9sic probability2 & ! "q "h1 is n :e!r ,ari/otle's op9ion is ! mo/ probable1 b :e!r x is c]ta94 ,i reply secondly1 t x is d\btful1 if we 7 to include ! pr(essors :o tea* physics 9 all nations1 :e!r we %\ld 9 reality f9d a majority ( votes 9 fav\r ( ,ari/otle2 & unless we c\ld prove by "s au!ntic in/rum5t1 t ,god has limit$ ! k ( philosophy to our nation only1 & has exclud$ all o!rs f inh]it+ ! sci5ce1 ,i d n "k ^u :at pret5sion we c gr\nd a "r1 ( admitt+ none b ,spani>ds to vote 9 ! "q4 ,"s ( our anti5t pr(essors say1 t we %\ld n reg>d ! op9ions ( /rang]s1 because !y are noveli/s2 b at ! same "t1 /rang]s reply1 t we %\ld take no acc\nt ( :at ! ,spani>ds ass]t1 because !y are ob/9ate & wrong-head$1 & t !re is no pro(1 be x ev] s cle>1 t w make !m dep>t f _! old op9ions2 to :i* !y add1 t 9 ,spa91 !y d n foll[ ,ari/otle f *oice1 b f necessity2 = t x requires an h]oic _s1 to contradict any ?+ t has be5 advanc$ by ,ari/otle 9 t k+dom1 :]e :oev] d>es v5ture to oppose him1 is in/antly assail$ by tempe/s ( injuries1 :i* fall on 8 head l viol5t hail /orms4 ,nor is ev5 an h]oic _s1 suffici5t to enable a man to support su* an opposition1 because ! duty ( ob$i5ce1 obliges p n to dep>t f ! l9e ( _! s*ool2 & ?is is also frequ5tly ! case1 9 o!r c\ntries2 & f h5ce1 "s ,anti-,ari/otelites h insi/$1 t ! plurality ( votes 9 fav\r ( ,ari/otle %\ld n prevail1 because !y _c be suppos$ to be free4 ,,lvi4 ,b ab/ract$ f ! quantum ( extr9sic probability1 conta9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle respect+ ! elem5ts2 ,i ass]t1 t ^u a /rict exam9ation1 y w n f9d m tru? conta9$ 9 8 s5tim5ts1 ?an 9 ^? ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,?is op9ion1 ,i d$uce f ! position1 t 8 fir/ qualities consi/ ( f\r1 to wit1 heat1 cold1 wet1 & dry1 f :i* 9 exact proportion1 he attributes "o to be impregnat$ 9 ! highe/ degree ) ea* elem5t1 & ano!r ne> to ! highe/4 ,?is pro(1 goes lame 9 innum]able p>ticul>s4 ,fir/1 ! giv+ to ^! qualities ! title ( fir/1 is conf]r+ a m]e volunt>y dignity on !m1 & especially1 :5 we "k ! inv9cible difficulty1 t att5ds e/abli%+1 t all ! o!rs result f !m4 ,secondly1 x is v d\btful1 :e!r all ! f\r be=em5tion$1 c prop]ly be call$ qualities2 = _m ,ari/otelites1 & ) great col\r ( reason1 d5y humidity & dryness to be su*4 ,t :i* is humid1 is n s f any quality x possesses 9 itself1 b because x has imbib$ into its pores "s =eign liquid sub/ance1 & let t be evaporat$1 & x w rema9 dry2 f :i* we may conclude1 t humidity is a sub/ance1 & t dryness consi/s 9 ! want ( t sub/ance4 ,?irdly1 ! appropriat+ ^! z two ( ! f\r elem5ts1 is done )\t any f\ndation or reason4 ,9 ! next place1 h[ c !y prove t wat] is cold 9 ! highe/ degree8 ,if ?is 0 true x w\ld kill u2 nei!r c !y prove x s1 9 a m mod]ate1 or second>y degree1 = we are taught by exp]i5ce1 x is indiff]5t to bo? cold & heat1 accord+ to ! ag5t t is appli$ to x4 ,x is heat$ by ! fire2 & remove x f ! fire1 & x becomes cool aga91 n because x has any prop5sity or natural disposition to be cold1 b because x is made s1 by ! cool atmosph]e :i* surr\nds x4 ,!re are _m o!r v grave objections to be urg$ aga9/ ?is doctr9e ( ! f\r qualities2 & !re=e ! f\ndation ^u :i* x is built1 & ! reason+ d$uc$ f x to e/abli% ! quat]nian sy/em ( ! elem5ts1 are bo? v slight & futil4 ,,lvii4 ,! second argum5t1 is built on ! correspond5ce ( ! f\r hum\rs ( ! body1 ) ! f\r ,ari/otelic elem5ts2 t is to say1 ! blood ) ! air1 ! *ol] ) ! fire1 ! melan*oly ) ! e>?1 & ! pituit\s ) ! wat]4 ,b ?is puts u 9 a worse situation ?an we 7 be=e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a d\bt among ! m$ical p1 :e!r ! hum\rs ( our bodies consi/ precisely ( f\r4 ,"s say !y are m1 & o!rs t !y are less4 ,"s add to ! f\r1 ! lymph1 ! pancreatic juice1 & ! n]v\s fluid2 & "s aga9 w n admit1 t !re is any o!r hum\r except ! blood4 ,secondly1 if ! f\r elem5ts correspond only ) ! f\r hum\rs1 we are left )\t an elem5t to correspond ) ! solids1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! h>dness ( _! sub/ance1 might ) m propriety be comp>$ to ! e>?1 ?an to ! melan*oly hum\r1 :i* is beyond comp>ison less h>d & solid ?an ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 9 ! same volunt>y mann]1 ) :i* !y assign f\r elem5ts to correspond ) ! f\r hum\rs1 !y may assign "o elem5t to correspond ) ! fle%1 ano!r ) ! bones1 ano!r ) ! m>r[1 ano!r ) ! fat1 or adipose sub/ance1 ano!r ) ! t5dons1 & s on4 ,f\r?ly1 9 ord] to reason ju/ly ^u ! human body1 or animal species1 we %\ld n seek = f\r sub/ances t are analog\s to ! f\r hum\rs1 b = f\r t ent] into all ! mixtures2 = ! "q1 relates to elem5ts t p>take ( ! composition ( all mixtures 9 g5]al1 & n precisely ( ! animal4 ,b :at traces c we disc]n1 ( f\r hum\rs1 or f\r sub/ances1 equival5t to ^!1 ei!r 9 m9]als1 or plants8 ,,lviii4 ,! ?ird argum5t 9 support ( ?is quat]nian sy/em1 is pret5d$ to be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce2 = x is all$g$1 t :5 a piece ( wood is burn+1 we see x resolve itself into ! f\r ,ari/otelic elem5ts4 ,at fir/ x emits a small portion ( wat]2 !n x takes fire2 ! fire is foll[$ by smoke1 :i* we "k to be ( an a]ial nature1 by its asc5d+ to ! airy region2 & la/ ( all1 !re rema9s a portion ( e>? 9 ! a%es4 ,,lix4 ,al?\gh z ,etmull] says1 9 matt]s ( physics & m$ic9e1 pr/at unum exp]im5tum c5tum rationibus1 /ill1 ! exp]im5t j all$g$ is s defective1 t x is n ( m value ?an ! argum5ts be=e urg$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 dry wood1 may z prop]ly be call$ a mixture z gre5 wood1 not)/&+ :i*1 x emits no wat] ^u be+ laid on ! fire4 ,secondly1 z we are "h treat+ ( ! elem5ts 9 g5]al :i* ent] into1 & make a "p ( ! composition ( e species ( mixture1 ! fire %\ld produce ! same appe>ances1 & h ! same effect ^u !m1 t x has ^u ! wood2 b ?is does n happ51 = m9]als laid on ! fire emit no wat]1 unless x is :5 !y h imbib$ "s =eign moi/ure4 ,?irdly1 ! *ymi/s by means ( fire diff]5tly appli$1 extract f wood & o!r mixtures1 v>i\s sub/ances1 :i* diff] f ^? f\r t are produc$ f ! wood 9 ! ord9>y way ( burn+ x2 & x seems reasonable f h5ce1 t we %\ld augm5t ! numb] ( ! elem5ts4 ,f\r?ly1 we d n "k :e!r ^! sub/ances pre-exi/$ 9 ! wood1 or :e!r !y 7 produc$ de novo by ! fire4 ,fif?ly1 ! a% is n e>?1 nor an elem5tal or simple body z is suppos$1 = !re may be sep>at$ f x a l>ge portion ( salt1 :i* is a di/9ct sub/ance f ei!r ( ! f\r2 = x is nei!r e>?1 air1 wat]1 or fire4 ,six?ly1 nei!r is ! smoke air1 z is manife/ f ! soot :i* cond5ses 9 ! *imney4 ,if ,i %\ld be told1 t 9 ! smoke is conta9$ a v>iety ( p>ticles1 "s ( :i* compose ! soot1 :i* rema9s 9 ! *imney1 & o!rs :i* m\nt high]1 & are impregnat$ ) ! atmosph]e1 & become air2 ,i reply1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !y %\ld admit ( a fif? elem5t ( soot2 or to speak m prop]ly1 ( five or six additional elem5ts2 = ,mr4 ,boyle in=ms u1 t ! *ymi/s c extract f soot1 five or six diff]5t sub/ances4 ,f9ally1 all t becomes a%es1 exi/$ be=e 9 ! =m ( fire2 f :5ce x foll[s1 t ! =m ( a%es is a new production1 = matt] _c exi/ "u two sub/antial =ms at "o & ! same "t2 & consequ5tly1 ! elem5tal =m ( e>? :i* ! ,ari/otelites ascribe to ! a%es1 c\ld n pre-exi/ 9 ! mixture1 b mu/ be a new production4 ,?is objection militates pr9cipally aga9/ ! ,ari/otelic pr9ciples2 b o!rs might be =m$ 9 diff]5t %apes1 aga9/ e sy/em :atev]4 ,,lx4 ,i h combat$ only ! ,ari/otelic op9ion ( ! elem5ts1 n because ! o!rs are n incumb]$ ) equal difficulties1 & expos$ to equal objections1 b because 9 ,spa91 we suppose ! o!rs to be p]plex+1 & ev5 improbable1 & conclude t ( ! f\r elem5ts1 to be j & "r2 ,i !re=e *ose to attack ?is sy/em1 to let my c\ntrym5 see1 t we "k no?+ ) c]ta9ty respect+ ! elem5ts4 ,,sect4 ,,xiv4 ,,lxi4 ,i h rem>k$ be=e1 t if we are ignorant ( :at ! elem5tal bodies consi/1 we _c possibly "k ! nature ( ! mixtures4 ,b ev5 if we c\ld asc]ta9 :at ! elem5ts are1 we %\ld /ill rema9 9 pr(\nd philosophical ignorance ) respect to ! compon5t p>ts1 ( bo? !m & ! mixtures2 = admitt+ ! f\r foll[+1 air1 fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 to be elem5ts ( all ! mixtures2 :o has yet asc]ta9$ ! nature ( ^? f\r bodies8 ,ari/otle only reason$ ^u _! qualities1 & ?is he did ) s little precision1 t all he said may be look$ ^u z d\btful1 = he _h no solid pr9ciple1 f :5ce he inf]r$1 t !y possess$ ! prop]ties :i* he attribut$ to !m2 b drew all 8 conclusions1 f an ideal proportion :i* /ruck 8 own imag9ation2 & respect+ :i*1 x has s9ce be5 prov$1 t he 0 mi/ak54 ,he says t air is hot1 & fire dry 9 ! highe/ degree2 b 9 our essay on physical p>adoxes1 we h prov$ t ! air is n hot2 & accord+ to ,ari/otle's def9ition ( humidity1 we may inf]1 t a flame is humid1 = x _c be conta9$ )9 its own b\nds1 b p]vades o!r regions4 ,we also prov$ 9 our essay on physical p>adoxes1 t elem5tal fire is n hot 9 ! highe/ degree2 & to :at ,i said !re1 ,i w add 9 ?is place1 t exp]i5ce %ews u1 "o fire is hott] ?an ano!r1 & has great] p[] to heat or melt sub/ances1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( its great] bulk1 or on acc\nt ( ! matt] ) :i* x is made1 or ! mann] ! place is dispos$ & contriv$1 9 :i* x is light$2 f all :i* x may be inf]r$1 t fire 9 its nature is n hot 9 ! highe/ degree1 = if x 01 z 9 e fire ! nature ( fire is pres]v$1 e fire w\ld be hot 9 ! highe/ degree1 & ( c\rse1 c\ld n be exce$$ 9 heat by ano!r fire4 ,,lxii4 ,ari/otle h[ev]1 did no m ?an assign false or unc]ta9 qualities to 8 f\r elem5ts1 & left unt\*$1 sub/antial nature :i* is ! root ( !m2 & ^? :o succe$$ him 9 all aft]-ages1 if !y aim$ at m1 atta9$ no m4 ,! sect>ies ( ,ari/otle cont5t !mselves ) say+ ( ! elem5ts1 :at !y say ( all o!r natural compositions2 t is1 t !y are con/itut$ ( matt] 9 physical =ms1 are real incompleat entities1 & evid5tly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,by all :i*1 admitt+ ?is description to be "r1 !y tea* u no?+1 till !y expla9 to u1 ( :at ! physical =m consi/s1 & :at is ! specific nature ( ! physical =m1 9 e natural composition4 ,b _! sy/em expla9$ 9 ! g5]al way1 9 :i* !y !mselves def9e x1 is /rongly combat$ by ! mod]n philosoph]s1 :o f9d an insurm\ntable difficulty 9 ! g5]ation ( ! mat]ial =ms1 n be+ able to compreh5d1 h[ _! production c be any ?+ else b a new creation2 = ! argum5ts ! ,ari/otelites fly to1 ( d$uc+ !m f ! p[] ( ! matt]1 conta9 no?+ b words1 void ( all real signification2 & truly ,ari/otle himself hav+ said1 t ! =m is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( a natural entity1 & t ! pr9ciples are ^? ?+s1 :i* are nei!r made f _! own sub/ance1 nor f t ( any o!r entity :atev]1 %ew !m to be words :i* h no fix$ mean+3 ,qu nec ex se1 nec ex aliis1 s$ ex quibus omnia fiunt2 h[ !n c we reconcile ?is doctr9e1 ) ! =m be+ made ( ! matt]8 ,,sect4 ,,xv4 ,,lxiii4 ,b h ! mod]ns :o exclaim s mu* aga9/ ,ari/otle1 hit ^u ! tru?8 ,by no means4 ,!y h reason$ m boldly1 b n ) bett] success4 ,!y tell u1 t ! texture1 collocation1 figure1 & motion ( ! p>ticles1 produce all ! op]ations ( nature1 )\t ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse = ?is purpose1 to accid5tal or sub/antial =ms2 b by say+ ?is1 !y expose !mselves to ! same fault :i* !y repreh5d 9 ! ,ari/otelites1 :i* is t ( speak+ too g5]ally2 = z ^! la/1 d n expla9 or def9e1 ( :at ! sub/antial =m consi/s :i* di/+ui%es "o entity f ano!r1 nei!r d ! o!rs det]m9e1 ! texture1 co-ord9ation1 & figure ( ! p>ticles :i* app]ta91 & are prop] to ea* composition2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 !y all involve !mselves 9 innum]able difficulties1 :i* !y reciprocally object aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! ,c>tesian sy/em appe>s *im]ical to ! ,gass5di/s1 & ! ,maignani/s2 & ^! two la/ p>ties1 al?\gh !y agree 9 assign+ ! ,atoms z ! pr9ciples1 & elem5ts ( all mat]ial ?+s1 oppose "o ano!r 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s1 x be+ a pr9ciple ) ! ,maignani/s1 t ! ,atoms are diff]5t 9 species1 & ) ! ,gass5di/s1 t !y diff] only 9 figure2 all ( :i* sy/ems1 are expos$ to be combat$ by argum5ts t are t]ribly /rong4 ,,sect4 ,,xvi4 ,,lxiv4 ,f all t has be5 said1 x may be evid5tly conclud$1 t we "k no?+ ( ! nature ( t pr9cipal object ( physics1 an ens mobile1 ei!r tak5 z conf9$ to individuals1 or consid]$ ) respect to ! species1 or contemplat$ 9 an ab/ract$ s5se1 z relat+ to ! gradations1 ( l[e/1 inf]ior1 or supreme4 ,:at "o sect affirms1 ano!r d5ies1 & ! wor/ is1 t1 att5d to ! reason+ ( :i* ( !m y w1 y w f9d ! argum5ts aga9/ ! sy/em ( ea*1 /rong] ?an ! pro(s 9 fav\r ( x4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,lactantius said wisely1 t philosoph]s h swords1 b no %ields3 ,gladium hab5t1 scutum non hab5t4 ,!y produce p5etrat+ argum5ts :]e) to assail ! op9ions ( _! oppon5ts1 b n solid solutions1 :]e) to def5d _! own4 ,:at c we d !n 9 su* a case8 ,:y no?+ b susp5d our judgm5t1 till "s angel %all decide ! conte/4 ,,lxv4 ,p]haps "s "o w rem>k to me1 t ! sub/antial nature ( ?+s is at a great di/ance f our view1 & t !re=e x is n wond]ful1 t we h n yet p5etrat$ into ! inmo/ recesses ( philosophy2 = t )\t advanc+ s f>1 we may f9d suffici5t matt] :]eon to ex]cise our speculations1 9 contemplat+ ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( nature1 & by endeav\r+ to discov] _! proximate causes2 :i* attempt1 may possibly be cr[n$ ) success1 by obs]v+ & reason+ ^u e species ( movem5t :i* is p]=m$ by an entity1 t has motion or circulation1 accord+ to ! nature ( su* an entity4 ,,lxvi4 ,i w ackn[l$ge1 t philosophy helps u to reason ^u natural ph5om5a1 & to enquire into _! m imm$iate causes2 b 9 do+ ?is1 we frequ5tly w&] 9 ! d>k1 & are mu* expos$ to be int]rupt$ by imp$im5ts1 produc$ by ignorance & d\bts2 except x is 9 ! case ( a few tru?s1 ! discov]y ( :i*1 we owe to ! light ( exp]i5ce2 & ?is fact is ev9c$1 ) respect to ! v in/ance ( motion :i* has be5 j all$g$4 ,,lxvii4 ,) reg>d to ! movem5ts ( g5]ation1 corruption1 alt]ation1 augm5tation1 & ! re/1 :i* are consid]$ z di/9ct f local motion1 y c f9d no?+ t is n que/ionable1 bo? 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,ari/otelites1 & 9 ^? ( ! mod]n philosoph]s4 ,! v def9ition ( motion 9 g5]al1 :i* 0 giv5 by ,ari/otle1 "s reject z obscure1 o!rs z p]plex$1 & o!rs z nugatory4 ,! movem5ts we are n[ treat+ (1 9 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 are acquisitions ( new =ms1 ei!r sub/antial1 or accid5tal2 b ! ,mod]ns1 :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( all mat]ial =ms1 object to ?is def9ition ( ^? movem5ts4 ,ev5 among ! ,ari/otelites !mselves1 x is n agre$1 :e!r motion is n influ5c$ by passion2 nor :e!r ! fir/1 is n ob$i5t z a passive ag5t to ! la/4 ,& ?us 9 e ?+ else1 x is all "q1 & all dispute4 ,,sect4 ,,xvii4 ,,lxviii4 ,& :y %\ld we be surpriz$ t ) respect to ^! movem5ts1 :i* z we may say1 nature executes beh9d ! curta91 human und]/&+ has made s little1 or next to no advances8 :at we ought m to wond] at1 is1 t x happ5s ! same ) respect to all local motion1 :i* lies s pla9 & op5 to our obs]vation4 ,,lxix4 ,! motion ) :i* heavy bodies desc5d1 is ! mo/ frequ5t & common to our view4 ,& :at d we "k ( ?is8 ,( its prop]ties v little2 ( its causes no?+4 ,we "k x acquires "s degree ( accel]ation 9 its passage1 because we see x2 b :at is ! proportion ( ! increas$ accel]ation1 is matt] ( great debate1 bo? among ! philosoph]s1 & ma!maticians4 ,we "k t x is a motion ( desc5t1 b we d n "k :e!r its c\rse is direct$ to ! c5tre1 or ! axis ( ! e>?4 ,! cause ( ?is motion rema9s s hidd51 t ! philosoph]s to ?is day1 h giv5 no op9ion conc]n+ x1 t ,i w n v5ture to pron\nce an absurd "o4 ,! ,ari/otelites1 by say+ ! cause ( ?is motion proce$s f an innate disposition to move 9 e ?+1 say no?+1 unless !y po9t out ! p>ticul> virtue or faculty1 :i* excites motion 9 heavy bodies1 = :at we h j m5tion$1 is ! reason !y g5]ally assign = all species ( movem5ts4 ,!y %\ld n be all[$ to dispute or controv]t :at !y !mselves h advanc$2 & if !y %\ld attempt to give a m rigor\s def9ition ( _! op9ion1 !y w\ld fall into a /ill great] absurdity2 :i* made ! le>n$ ,fa!r ,sagu5s say1 ,quis non palpat crassitiem hujus *im]ic op9ionis8 ,! ,c>tesians to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 recur to ! v]tical motion ( ! subtil matt]1 :i* sep>at+ itself f ! e>?1 & pursu+ ! angle or direction ( tang5ts to ! circle1 impels heavy bodies to desc5d4 ,b ?is reason+ has be5 confut$ by mo/ efficaci\s ma!matical argum5ts4 ,gass5do inv5t$ an effluvia compos$ ( t]raque\s corpuscles1 :i* m\nt into ! air1 & p5etrate ! pores ( heavy bodies1 :i* !y g5]ally enc\nt]1 & aft] turn+ _! fir/ c\rse into a desc5d+ "o1 impel !m d[nw>ds4 ,no?+ has s mu* conv9c$ me ( ! great difficulty ( ?is "q1 z see+ a man ( ! subtil +5uity ( ,gass5do1 recur = ! solution ( x1 to a fiction de/itute ( all probability2 & :i* is expos$ to inv9cible objections4 ,fa!r ,maignan1 & 8 foll[]s also1 make use ( ! t]raque\s effluvia = ! solution ( ?is difficulty2 !y d n all[ t !y act by impulse1 b t by _! sympa!tic & magnetic virtue1 :5 !y come 9 contact ) heavy bodies1 !y dispose !m to desc5d4 ,,lxx4 ,x is v probable1 & p]haps m ?an probable1 t ! asc5t ( light bodies1 is caus$ by ! desc5t ( heavy ones2 because ! heavy body has p[]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impetus ( its desc5t1 to occupy ! l[] /ation1 :]e meet+ ) ! light body1 x obliges him to leave t situation1 & to m\nt upw>ds2 = _m argue ) great col\r ( reason1 t !re is no su* ?+ z absolute lightness to be conceiv$ 9 any body :atev]1 nor is su* a quality necess>y1 a respective or comp>ative lightness1 be+ suffici5t to answ] e purpose4 ,?us we say a body is light1 n because x is void ( gravity1 b because x is less heavy ?an ! "o ) :i* we comp>e x4 ,9 ! same mann] we say ! air is light1 n because x is n pond]\s1 b because x is less s1 ?an e>?1 wat]1 & all ! o!r bodies t surr\nd u2 & t no o!r levity b ! respective1 is necess>y to cause bodies :i* we call light to asc5d1 may be cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( oil1 :i* not)/&+ t x is heavy1 if y p\r a quantity ( wat] into ! vessel :]e x is1 ! wat] on acc\nt ( its sup]ior gravity1 w occupy ! inf]ior /ation1 & oblige ! oil :i* 0 at ! bottom to asc5d4 ,! same ?+ happ5s ) reg>d to air4 ,if y dig a dit* to any dep? 9 dry gr\nd1 ! air w desc5d & occupy ! :ole ( x2 & !re is no o!r way to dispossess ! air f ! bottom1 & to make x rise upw>ds1 b convey+ wat] into ! dit*1 or by ?r[+ into x "s body t is heavi] ?an ! air4 ,,lxxi4 ,x is n ow+ to ! pr9ciples ( physics1 b to exp]i5ce1 t we und]/& ! little we "k ( ?is matt]2 & ) respect to ?is little1 !re /ill rema9s great difficulties = philosoph]s to contemplate2 & ! greate/ ( all1 is asc]ta9+ ! cause ( ! asc5t ( vap\rs to ! region ( ! air4 ,x is c]ta91 t vap\rs are no?+ else b wat]1 resolv$ into exce$+ly m9ute p>ticles4 ,! wat] h[ev] be+ heavi] ?an air1 h[ c ! wat] arise to ! height occupi$ by ! cl\ds8 ,e p>ticle ( wat] not)/&+ x weighs v little1 is mu* heavi] ?an a p>ticle ( air ( equal size1 & ! great] or less gravity ( liquids1 = ! purpose ( _! impell+ "o ano!r1 is comput$ 9 ! gross1 & n accord+ to ! proportion ( globules ( equal size2 & we "k t a p\nd ( wat]1 w cause a qu>t] ( an hundr$ ( oil to rise 9 a vessel4 ,,lxxii4 ,"s philosoph]s1 :o 7 aw>e ( ?is s]i\s difficulty1 ^u reflexion1 conjectur$ t "s portion ( e!real matt] or pure air1 might adh]e to ea* p>ticle ( vap\r2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is conjunction ( ! two1 ! :ole might become light] ?an an equal quantity ( ! inf]ior gross air ( our atmosph]e2 & on ?is acc\nt1 might m\nt on ! top ( x2 = al?\gh iron is mu* heavi] ?an wat]1 if we fa/5 a small portion ( iron to a bit ( deal bo>d1 x w swim1 because ! quantity ( iron & bo>d toge!r1 is light] ?an an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,francis ,bayle1 adopts ?is op9ion ( a portion ( ! e!real matt] adh]+ to ! vap\r2 & on ! o!r h&1 ,fa!r ,p>dies a ,fr5* jesuit supposes1 t a p>ticle ( ext5d$ vap\r1 9 ! =m ( an air bubble1 conta9s 9 its cavity ! e!real matt]4 ,all ?is is f> f c]ta92 b ,i %all n deta9 myself 9 controv]t+1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! modes ( reason+4 ,o!rs aga9 imag9e1 t v>i\s igne\s p>ticles1 :i* arise f ! e>?1 aft] sep>at+ f ! wat] or "s o!r liquid ^? small p>ticles :i* we call vap\r1 ) _! cont9ual impulse & agitation1 =ce !m upw>ds4 ,b nei!r does ?is sy/em appe> to me v def5sible1 any m1 ?an t ( ! vulg> philosoph]s1 :o say1 ! sun by its activity attracts ! vap\rs2 = if ?is 0 s1 ! vap\rs w\ld n /op till !y rea*$ ! sun1 or at lea/ till !y 7 ob/ruct$ 9 ! heav5 ( ! moon1 by ! moon itself1 or "s o!r solid body2 = ! attractive p[] is /rong]1 ! ne>] ! ?+ attract$ advances to t :i* attracts x2 & ! fir/ w\ld nev] cease to move t[>ds ! o!r1 till x came 9 contact ) x1 if x 0 n int]rupt$ 9 its c\rse by "s ob/ruction2 & besides1 ! attractive virtue is a c]ta9 some?+1 :i* nobody c compreh5d1 & is !re=e 9 a mann] :olly bani%$ f philosophy4 ,,lxxiii4 ,:o w\ld n be surpris$1 t physics %\ld n h help$ u to atta9 a k ( s common a ph5om5on1 z t ( ! asc5t ( vap\rs8 b s f> has x be5 f atta9+ x to any degree t comes ne> to tru? or c]ta9ty1 t hi!rto1 we h n be5 able to discov] any ?+ ^u ! po9t1 t is satisfactory to ! und]/&+4 ,& ) respect to all o!r species ( motion1 we are 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,,sect4 ,,xviii4 ,,lxxiv4 ,h we atta9$ a k ( ! cause ( ! ela/ic motion1 :i* is ! prop]ty t makes a w& or a sword-blade :i* is =cibly b5t1 recov] ( itself1 ! /raight =m x _h be=e1 or if x 0 naturally b5t or crook$1 & 0 op5$ & made /raight by =ce1 makes x return to its orig9al crook$ %ape8 ,desc>tes1 = ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 recurs to 8 common asylum1 ! impulse ( ! subtil matt]1 :i* n be+ able to p5etrate ! pores ( ! w& or sword-blade on ! holl[ side1 :]e ! pores are clos$ by ! inflexion1 by its great ef=ts to op5 & p5etrate !m1 causes ! w& or sword-blade to recov] its =m] figure4 ,b :o does n p]ceive1 t = ?is purpose1 x w be necess>y to suppose ! subtil matt] %\ld be = ev] mov+ 9 opposite directions1 f we/ to ea/1 & upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 c4 = ! w& or sword-blade1 to :atev] aspect y turn ! holl[ side1 recov]s its natural figure equally ! same8 ,besides1 ,desc>tes supposes ! subtil matt] to be inf9itely fluid1 f :5ce x foll[s1 t x w be impossible to %ut ! pores 9 su* a mann]1 z t !y w become imp5etrable to x4 ,,lxxv4 ,o!rs say1 t ! same impulse :i* is impress$ on a w& or b[ by him t b5ds x1 is ! ?+ :i* op5s x aft]w>ds4 ,b aga9/ ?is op9ion1 x may be urg$ 9 ! fir/ place1 t he :o b5ds x1 does x gradually & by sl[ degrees2 & ! impetus ) :i* x op5s1 is viol5t & quick4 ,secondly1 ! ar*] :o b5ds a b[1 is n possess$ ( a =ce equal to t1 ) :i* x rev]ts to its =m] figure1 = t is s great :5 ! arr[ is drawn ne> ! head1 t x is capable ( giv+ x an impetus1 t w pi]ce a sub/antial ?ick body ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 & h[ c any "o communicate a =ce or impulse1 :i* is great] ?an t he possesses8 ,,lxxvi4 ,! ,ari/otelites1 :o are great adepts at ! easy inv5tion ( giv+ ! "n ( quality1 virtue1 or faculty1 to express ! cause !y are enquir+ aft]1 & by ! addition ( an adjective to t "n1 :i* is a d5om9ation tak5 f ! effect1 say1 t ! cause ( ! ela/ic motion1 is an ela/ic virtue :i* is inh]5t 9 ! w& or sword-blade4 ,?is is 9 reality1 hav+ f\nd out a ma/] key1 to unlock all ! my/]ies ( nature2 = !re is no?+ s obscure1 t ) ?is inv5tion may n be made manife/4 ,if y ask1 :at is ! cause ( ! m>vell\s prop]ties ( ! load-/one1 ! answ] is1 ! magnetic virtue2 if y ask1 :at are ! causes t p]=m 9 u ! op]ations1 ( ! concoction ( alim5ts1 ! expulsion ( excrem5ts1 & t ( nutrition1 c4 ! answ] is1 t !y are p]=m$ by a concoctive virtue1 an expulsive virtue1 & a nutritive "o2 & accord+ to ! same mode ( reason+1 ! cause ( ! w9ds1 is a v5tilat+ virtue1 t ( lightn+ a fulm9at+ "o1 & t ( ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 is ow+ to two opposite virtues1 ! "o fluxive1 & ! o!r refluxive4 ,by ?is *eap mode ( philosophiz+1 e ?+ is demon/rat$ at a glance4 ,b to speak s]i\sly1 :at is ?is1 b answ]+ 9 ! v language ( ! "q8 ,say+ t ! cause ( ! ela/ic motion1 is ! ela/ic virtue1 is 9 effect ! same z say+1 ! cause ( ! ela/ic motion1 is ! cause ( ! ela/ic motion2 & say+ ! magnetic virtue1 is t :i* causes ! load-/one to attract ! iron1 is answ]+ 9 ! /ile ( pleasantry1 :i* "s *ildr5 h /udi$1 & are v ready at2 :o :5 a p]son asks "o ( !m1 ,my lad1 ^: son are y8 ! boy answ]s my fa!r's4 ,,sect4 ,,xix4 ,,lxxvii4 ,! cause ( ! progressive motion1 is also v difficult to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is h>d to compreh5d1 h[ ! motion ( a /one ?r[n f ! h& subsi/s1 aft] ! action ( ?r[+ x ceases4 ,:o moves ! /one aft] ! h& is /ill8 ,:at _m ( ! ,ari/otelites say1 is1 t ! action ( ! h& produces a quality 9 ! /one1 :i* !y call impetus1 & t ?is quality causes ! /one to move aft] x is ?r[n f ! h&4 ,b ?is solution1 is de/itute ( all appe>ance ( tru?4 ,if e viol5t motion1 z ! ,ari/otelites ma9ta91 proce$s f an extr9sic cause1 h[ c ! motion ( ! /one ?r[n 9 a m\nt+ direction1 :i* is a viol5t "o1 proce$ f an intr9sic quality communicat$ to ! said /one8 ,if all g5]ation1 or accumulation1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! same s*ool1 supposes corruption1 :at quality or accid5tal =m 9 ! /one 0 corrupt$1 to prep>e x = eng5d]+ t new quality1 :i* !y call impetus8 ,:at dispositions prec$$ ?is g5]ation8 ,or :at "t is !re = _! prec$+ x1 :5 a globe ( great bulk1 ) its motion impels a little "o8 ,x be+ c]ta91 t ! contact ( ! two1 does n cont9ue long] ?an an in/ant1 :at prop]ty !n has t quality1 to occasion s quick a corruption8 ,is x p]*ance1 ! gravity ( ! /one itself8 ,?is h[ev]1 z x subsi/$ at ! "t ( receiv+ ! impulse1 if x is a prop]ty opposite to t quality1 w\ld at ! in/ant1 h prev5t$ its g5]ation1 z x is aft]w>ds said to imp$e its cons]vation4 ,we might make _m o!r reflexions1 to prove1 t t quality is *im]ical4 ,o!rs recur to ! air1 = ! means by :i* ! motion is cont9u$1 :i* !y say1 be+ viol5tly divid$ by ! =e "p ( ! /one1 takes a sudd5 turn to ! h9d] "p1 & impels ! /one =w>d4 ,b omitt+ _m o!r objections1 :i* w\ld r5d] ?is mode ( philosophiz+ totally improbable1 ,i %all j rem>k1 t x w\ld foll[ f h5ce1 t a /one c\ld n move ?r\gh a void space1 give x :at impulse y w1 :i* is :at ,i imag9e nobody c believe4 ,desc>tes1 reconciles ?is difficulty1 ) 8 maxim respect+ ! g5]al law ( ! communication ( motion1 e/abli%$ by ! ,au?or ( nature at ! creation1 :i* we %all n combat m9utely1 9 ord] n to wa/e "t2 b %all cont5t ourselves ) obs]v+1 t t maxim appli$ to ! pres5t matt]1 & ?r\ghly inve/igat$ & expla9$1 w\ld signify1 t ! /one ?r[n f ! h&1 moves because ,god has orda9$ t x %\ld move2 b to solve difficulties 9 ?is way1 x is n necess>y to /udy philosophy4 ,,sect4 ,,xx4 ,,lxxviii4 ,f9ally1 !re is no motion :atev]1 ab\t ! cause ( :i*1 ! philosoph]s d n alt]cate4 ,:at conte/s h !re be5 among !m1 to expla9 h[ ! movem5ts ( r>efaction1 & cond5sation are p]=m$8 ,"s fancy1 t r>efaction consi/s1 9 ! same quantity ( matt] occupy+ a l>g] space2 :i* explanation1 o!rs look+ ^u z un9telligible1 ass]t1 x consi/s 9 ! op5+ ( ! pores1 & ! ext5sion 9 consequ5ce ( t op5+1 ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 by ! introduction ( a subtil liquid sub/ance1 9 ! same mann] t wat] ent]s a spunge1 or z r>efi$ air ent]s wat]1 or ! !rial matt] ins9uates itself into ! air4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,c>tesians2 b 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,maignani/s1 & ,gass5di/s1 su* reason+ is no?+ to ! purpose2 = ^!1 z !y admit 9 nature1 n only ( ! possibility1 b ( ! necessity ( a vacuum1 or _m voids di/ribut$ 9 small int]/ices1 f9d no inconv5i5ce 9 suppos+1 t 9 bodies1 !re are small empty spaces1 unpossess$ by any matt] :atev]4 ,,lxxix4 ,f]m5tation1 ?is solemn in/rum5t ( nature = ! p]=mance ( an inf9ite numb] ( h] works2 consi/s 9 no?+1 b an inte/9e motion ( ! ins5sible p>ticles ( ! mixtures1 by :i* is solicit$1 a new comb9ation ( _! elem5ts4 ,b f :5ce does ?is motion proce$8 ,! ,mod]ns1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! acid & ! alkali by ,o?o ,tak5ius1 attribute all ! f]m5tations1 to ! meet+ ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,b ?is is only po9t+ out ! matt]1 on :i* ?is motion has its effect1 & we d n enquire "h = ! mat]ial cause1 b = ! effici5t "o4 ,:o1 or :at1 impels ! acid & ! alkali to ?is conflict8 ,! juice newly express$ f ! grape1 w quiet ?is combu/ion = "s little "t2 b aft] t1 ! tumult beg9s aga94 ,:at new ag5t c we discov] "h1 to excite ! second f]m5tation8 ,?is is a secret1 :i* only ! ,c>tesians h presum$ to unravel1 by recurr+ to _! invisible fairy1 ! subtil matt]2 :om !y make ! au?or ( all ?is dome/ic s$ition4 ,x is ) "s propriety t ,i call x a fairy2 = z ! vulg> attribute to ! fairies1 all ! nocturnal noises & commotions1 ^: causes !y are ignorant (2 s ! ,c>tesians impute all ^? motions1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! d>kness t obscures _! causes1 may be truly t]m$ nocturnal1 to ! impulse ( ! subtil matt]4 ,,lxxx4 ,i am s f> f believ+1 t ! subtil matt] is ! primum mobile1 or fir/ mov] ( e ?+1 t ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 x moves no?+4 ,my reason = ?is op9ion1 is z foll[s4 ,! m fluid a matt] is1 s mu* ! less impulse x makes on any body x enc\nt]s4 ,?us we see1 t wat] gives a mu* less viol5t %ock to a wall1 ?an any o!r solid body ( equal size1 t may be =cibly driv5 aga9/ x2 & air1 a mu* less ?an wat]4 ,no build+ c\ld /& aga9/1 or resi/ a mod]ate gale ( w9d1 if ! air 0 z solid z wat]4 ,! subtil matt] !n1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,c>tesians1 be+ inf9itely fluid1 c h b little impulse1 or be able to impress b little agitation or motion1 on ! bodies x enc\nt]s4 ,?is consequ5ce to me1 is cle> & pla92 because1 if 9 proportion to ! augm5tation ( its fluidity1 ! impulse ( a body is less5$1 :5 ! fluidity comes to be inf9ite1 ! impulse w cease totally4 ,f h5ce x w\ld foll[1 t !re is no body :atev]1 :i* c\ld be mov$ by ! impulse ( ! subtil matt]4 ,,lxxxi4 ,b admitt+ t x has p[]1 z ! ,c>tesians pret5d1 to move ! ins5sible p>ticles ( ! mixtures2 x w n foll[ f !nce1 t x furni%es u ) an explanation ( ! pres5t ph5om5on4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! subtil matt]1 if x has any impulse1 ex]cises x on ! p>ticles ( ! juice ! in/ant t x is press$ f ! grape2 & ev5 p]haps did x be=e1 :ile ! liquor 0 conta9$ )9 ! outside sk9 or cov]+4 ,h[ !n does x happ51 t x did n soon] excite t tumult1 :i* is ! symptom & prop]ty ( f]m5tation8 ,secondly1 h[ c ! acids & alkalies be said to produce ?is effect8 =1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,c>tesians1 ( :atev] p>ticles ! mixtures consi/1 ! subtil matt] w\ld set !m 9 motion1 = t !re is no mixture :atev]1 imp5etrable to its extreme subtilty4 ,?irdly1 h[ c ^? exce$+ sl[ f]m5tations1 :i* are ye>s be=e !y manife/ !mselves1 z 9 ! in/ance ( treacle1 be attribut$ to ! rapid & swift motion ( ! subtil matt]8 ,,sect4 ,,xxi4 ,,lxxxii4 ,sa9t ,au/9 says wisely1 t :at is mo/ surpriz+1 does n seem to /rike u1 al?\gh x is ! object ( our daily exp]i5ce2 :i* is a maxim1 ! sa9t applies to ! wond]s ( nature1 & falls 9 exce$+ly propos to suit ) our pres5t discussion4 ,all ! philosoph]s he obs]ves1 admire z port5t\s ?+s1 ! flight ( ! iron to ! load-/one1 ! po9t+ ( ?is la/ to ! poles1 & ! flux & reflux ( ! ocean4 ,if we ask !m :y !y consid] ^! motions z wond]ful1 !y w answ]1 x is because !y _c asc]ta9 _! causes4 ,b we _c help rem>k+1 t ?is answ] am\nts to a virtual ackn[l$gm5t1 t all ! movem5ts ( nature are equally wond]ful1 ) ^? ( ! iron1 ! load-/one1 & ! ocean1 = _! causes are equally disput$1 because we are equally ignorant ( !m4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t ^! motions are conf9$ to p>ticul> or det]m9$ entities1 & ! o!rs are common1 or ne>ly common to all4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,i confess = my own "p1 t on :atev] side ,i view nature1 ,i equally wond]1 because ,i f9d myself equally ignorant ( x4 ,! same ,sa9t ,au/91 :om we h j quot$ 7,tract4 #bd4 9 ,johan471 obs]ves1 t ! ord9>y multiplication ( gra91 :i* is obta9$ at h>ve/1 by means ( ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 is equally a prodigy1 ) t extraord9>y multiplication ( loaves & fi%es1 :i* 0 effect$ by ! maje/y ( ,*ri/ 9 ! des]t4 ,let n[ ! va9 philosoph] boa/1 t he is able to deciph] t great my/]y1 only because he is possess$ ( a compleat app>atus ( faculty phrases2 su* z sem9al virtue1 previ\s dispositions1 ! corruption ( "o =m1 & ! introduction ( ano!r1 attraction ( ! nutriti\s juice1 ! conv]sion ( x into ! prop] sub/ance1 vegetation1 nutrition1 c4 ,0 ,sa9t ,au/9 p]adv5ture ignorant ( ^? phrases1 or ( o!rs equival5t to !m8 ,yet not)/&+ ?is1 he look$ ^u t natural multiplication ( gra91 z an imp5etrable my/]y4 ,^! phrases1 only express or describe ^? op]ations :i* are famili> & op5 to our exp]i5ce2 b d n reveal to u1 _! causes1 or ! mann] 9 :i* !y are p]=m$4 ,! ru/ics1 are acqua9t$ ) _m m t]ms ?an we1 expressive ( ! v>i\s op]ations ) :i* nature 9 succession1 proce$s to p]fect t "w4 ,are !y p]adv5ture on ?is acc\nt great philosoph]s8 :at d ,i expla91 by call+ vegetation or nutrition1 t progression1 by :i* a plant acquires its increase 9 bulk8 does ?is af=d me any philosophical k1 respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* t op]ation is p]=m$8 ,!re are two pr9cipal ?+s to be consid]$ 9 vegetation2 ! fir/ is1 ! asc5t ( ! nutriti\s juice by ! fibres ( ! plant2 ! second is1 ! conv]sion ( ?is juice into ! vegetable sub/ance2 & we p]ceive 9 ^? two ?+s1 two great my/]ies4 ,if we ask ! s*ool philosoph]s1 h[ ! nutriti\s juice :i* is pond]\s1 rises spontane\sly to ! v upp]mo/ leaves ( ! highe/ trees1 !y w tell u t x rises by attraction4 ,& :at is ?is1 b plac+ u 9 ! same /ate ( d\bt & difficulty1 ) respect to ! mo/ common "w ( vegetation1 t we rema9 91 ) respect to ! motion ( ! iron to ! load-/one8 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r are call$ attraction1 b we are equally ignorant1 :y1 or h[1 ! highe/ leaves ( a tree attract ! juice :i* rises f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 z we are1 :y or h[ ! load-/one attracts ! iron4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,let u proce$ to ! second my/]y4 ,:o c expla9 to me1 ! mann] 9 :i* a juice t is s exce$+ly fluid1 subtil1 & f9e1 z to be able to circulate ?r\gh ! smalle/ *annels ( ! fibres1 is aft]w>ds conv]t$ into ! solidity ( wood or gra92 & ?is difficulty w increase1 if we ca/ our eyes on ! o!r mixtures1 & reflect1 t f ano!r juice1 or r mo/ fluid vap\r1 is g5]at$ copp] & m>ble4 ,ari/otle _h c]ta9ly "s reason = say+1 t nature 0 ! v devil3 ,natura dmonia e/1 non div9a 7,lib4 de ,prs5s4 p] somnum72 = by obs]v+ h] works ) att5tion1 x seems z if %e did e ?+ by en*antm5t4 ,,sect4 ,,xxii4 ,,lxxxv4 ,x w\ld be ev5 "s consolation to u "u our ignorance1 if only ! mann]1 9 :i* nature works 9 ! int]ior "p ( h] op]ations1 0 hidd5 f our eyes2 b ! mo/ humiliat+ circum/ance is1 t x is ! same1 ) respect to e ?+ t imm$iately pres5ts itself to our s5ses4 ,bodies are famili> to our t\*2 b hi!rto1 we h n be5 able to discov]1 :e!r !y are compos$ ( indivisible po9ts1 or ( p>ts inf9itely divisible2 nor to :at x is ow+1 t "o body is h>d1 & ano!r s(t1 "o solid1 ano!r fluid1 "o opake1 & ano!r diaphan\s4 ,we are cont9ually view+ col\rs2 b we d n yet "k1 :at sort ( ?+s col\rs are2 :e!r !y are m]e reflexions ( ! light1 or :e!r !y are intr9sic accid5ts app]ta9+ to ! object4 ,! light illum9ates1 & assi/s u to see2 b we f9d our und]/&+s greatly obscur$1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( light4 ,:e!r we conceive x to be sub/ance1 accid5t1 body1 or _s1 none ( !m are applicable to its nature1 & /ill !y all seem to be s4 ,& ) h[ _m imp5etrable d\bts & difficulties are we surr\nd$1 :5 we consid] ! species :i* we call visible8 ,if !re is any "o difficulty sup]ior to1 or any "o inequality m /rik+ ?an ano!r 9 ! my/]ies ( physics1 ,i w v5ture to pron\nce ?is is x4 ,h[ ! visible species ( a /> 9 ! firmam5t1 c 9 an in/ant1 be translat$ f ! same /> to our eyes1 :5 x mu/ travel 9 t in/ant _m ?\s&s ( miles1 is beyond conception2 z is likewise1 h[ ?is species c exi/ at "o & ! same "t1 9 ! :ole imm5se space betwe5 ?is & ! firmam5t2 x be+ c]ta91 t 9 all ?is space1 !re is n a po9t1 f :i*1 by tak+ ! view1 y w n see ! />4 ,h[ also1 contr>y to ! maxim ( ,ari/otle1 c _m mat]ial species1 diff]+ only 9 numb]1 exi/ or be se51 f ! same po9t ( space2 x be+ c]ta91 t y may f su* an id5tical po9t1 see di/9ctly1 _m />s at ! same "t8 ,i %all omit _m o!r objections1 t are n inf]ior or less =cible to ^! ,i h urg$1 aga9/ ! common op9ion1 t might be also urg$1 aga9/ ! mode ( reason+ ( ! mod]n philosoph]s4 ,,sect4 ,,xxiii4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,s t we see1 our philosophy1 f :at we call fir/ pr9ciples1 d[n to our ultimate conclusions1 is no?+ b a fabrication1 or weav+ toge!r ( fallible conjectures2 & t ev5 ^! conjectures1 t]m9ate 9 no?+ m ?an c]ta9 g5]al notions2 = ! nature ( all ! specific ?+s1 & ! greate/ "p ( ! causes respect+ ! l[e/ species1 are s f> remov$ f our p5etration1 t we c h>dly arrive at atta9+ a d\btful idea ( !m4 ,if we hit ^u a tru?1 we owe ! k ( x to exp]i5ce1 & ?is _c be call$ sci5tific k2 = x is d]iv$ f self-evid5t pr9ciples1 :i* may be compreh5d$ by ! mo/ /upid ( mank9d2 betwe5 ^: mann] ( expla9+ ! matt]1 if !y attempt do+ x1 & ours1 !re is only ?is diff]5ce1 t we def9e x 9 t]ms ( art1 & !y 9 ord9>y & common ones1 :i* are bett] ?an ! o!rs1 because !y are m intelligible4 ,?is made ! le>n$ ,jesuit ,claudius ,franciscus ,de*ales say1 t our physics consi/$ ( no?+ b a p>ticul> idiom1 :i* convey$ no c]ta9 k ( any ?+4 7,tom4 ,i4 tract4 de ,progressu ,ma!seos74 ,,lxxxvii4 ,x is mu* to be lam5t$1 t ^? :o are call$ pr(essors 9 ! s*ools1 d n "k m ( ! nature ( ?+s ?an ! vulg>4 ,b :at w\ld y ?9k1 if ,i 0 to say n[1 !y "k ev5 less8 ,x w\ld seem1 z if ,i 0 advanc+ an extravagant p>adox2 b not)/&+ ?is1 ,i ass]t t ! proposition is a mo/ true "o1 & may be easily prov$2 = z exp]i5ce is ! only *annel1 ?r\gh :i* a k ( nature c be convey$2 !y mu/ h ! be/ exp]im5tal k ( natural ?+s1 :o 9 v>i\s me*anical occupations1 "w up v>i\s natural entities2 & n ^? :o amuse !mselves ) speculations1 & live retir$ 9 s*ools4 ,a fi%]man1 kn[s some?+ ( ! prop]ties ( fi%2 a pilot1 ( ! w9ds & ! tides2 a sportsman1 ( birds & wild animals2 & a husb&man1 ( ! g5]ation & increase ( plants4 ,b :at does ! philosoph] "k8 :y1 he kn[s h[ to raise d\bts ab\t e ?+1 & t is all4 ,?us ! s*ool ( physics is a !atre1 :]e p are taught to d\bt )\t end4 ,i say )\t end1 because x is sc>ce possible ! p]iod %\ld ev] arrive1 :5 !y w be able to pass f d\bt to c]ta9ty4 ,?is may be cle>ly inf]r$1 by _! disput+ at ?is day ) ! same ob/9acy1 ! same que/ions !y disput$ two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,if any elucidation1 or c]ta9 k1 has be5 acquir$ ) respect to "h & !re a physical !orem1 we are n indebt$ = x to ! s*ools1 b owe x to ! b5efit ( exp]i5ce1 :i* comes f ! _w at l>ge4 ,we may ?ank ! exp]im5ts ( ,torriceli1 ,monsieur ,pascal1 ,o?o ,gu]ricus1 & ,boyle1 = our k t ! air is pond]\s4 ,if we are c]ta91 t ! blood circulates f ! he>t ?r\gh ! art]ies1 & is return$ by ! ve9s1 we owe ! discov]y to ! anatomical obs]vations ( ,pet] ,paul ,s>pi & ,william ,h>vey4 ,if we are cle>1 t ! *yle is n convey$ to ! liv]1 b to ! he>t2 :at asc]ta9$ ?is tru?1 b ! dilig5t & practical scrut9ies ( ,john ,paqueto1 ,?omas ,b>tol9o1 & ! ,engli%man ,l[!r8 ,exp]i5ce has be5 ! only arbitrator1 :i* has settl$ "s disputes1 & bani%$ c]ta9 errors f ! s*ools2 & :]ev] matt]s h be5 left to speculation & reason+1 ! suit /ill rema9s dep5d+ & undet]m9$4 ,"o age & ano!r passes away1 & ! _w dur+ ! :ole "t1 has be5 accu/om$ to he> ! same vocif]ations1 ! same argum5ts1 & ! same di/9ctions2 & has se5 ! ob/9acy ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 transf]r$1 z if x 7 by h]$it>y succession1 f pr(essor to pr(essor1 )\t ! lea/ prospect1 ei!r ( victory or reconciliation4 ,,sect4 ,,xxiv4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,f ?is kn[n ignorance ( ours1 we may d$uce a v useful reflexion1 :i* is1 to be firm & /eady 9 obs]v+ a due subjection to ! sacr$ dogmas ( fai?4 ,! inord9ate confid5ce we place 9 our own reason1 is a great enemy to religion4 ,he :o e/imates 8 own und]/&+ at an excessive high rate1 re/s 8 fai? on ! edge ( a precipice2 = ?is vanity has %ewn itself v gl>+ly1 9 all ! h]esies we ev] knew4 ,9 _! pursuits ( o!r vices1 mank9d h tak5 diff]5t turns1 b 9 ?is !y h be5 all uni=m2 = al?\gh !y h nei!r be5 all lascivi\s1 nor all covet\s1 nor all ambiti\s2 /ill 9 ?is in/ance1 !y h all presum$ mu* on _! own und]/&+4 ,& :at c be a m efficaci\s antidote aga9/ ?is mad presumption1 ?an reflect+ ^u ! little or no?+1 we h be5 able to discov] 9 matt]s ( philosophy8 h[ c he1 :o kn[s he _c p5etrate ! mi/]ies ( nature1 d>e attempt fa?om+ ^? ( grace8 ,if he reflects1 !re w result f t reflexion1 a di/ru/ ( 8 own reason1 & he w submit himself ob$i5tly to au?ority4 ,! philosoph] ,anaxagoras1 :om on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y subtilty ( 8 +5uity1 !y by way ( em95ce1 call$ ! s\l or _s ( antiquity1 aft] hav+ lab\r$ ) inf9ite indu/ry 9 philosophy1 said1 t nature 0 all surr\nd$ ) cl\ds & d>kness4 ,anaxagoras pronuntiat circumfussa esse t5ebris omnia4 7,lactant4 lib4 iii4 ,div94 ,in/it4 cap4 #bh47 ,& ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ?is philosoph]1 :o knew nature 0 imp5etrable to 8 und]/&+1 0 ! fir/ ( all ! philosoph]s1 if we believe ,ari/otle1 ,la]tius1 & ,plut>*1 :o decl>$ himself conv9c$ ( ! indisp5sable necessity ( a supreme intellig5ce1 :o mu/ be ! au?or & director ( ! :ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o boa/$1 & flatt]$ !mselves t !y _h discov]$ all ! my/]ies & pr(undities ( nature1 = ! mo/ "p1 d5i$ ei!r ! exi/5ce1 or ! provid5ce ( a deity4 ,,lxxxix4 ,i c ) tru? say ( myself1 t next to ! div9e grace1 a conviction ( my own ignorance ) reg>d to natural ?+s1 is ! mo/ p[]ful weapon ,i c\ld ev] discov]1 :]e) to ov]come all ^? difficulties or objections1 :i* natural reason sugge/s1 aga9/ ! my/]ies ( fai?4 ,i (t5 say to myself1 good ,god6 h[ c ,i und]/& ^? wond]s1 :i* by us+ 8 extraord9>y p[]1 are wr\ght by ! omnipot5t h&1 if ,i _c compreh5d1 ! common effects ( 8 ord9>y p[]8 ,x is true1 ,i am ignorant h[1 or by :at means1 a div9e p]son c unite himself to human nature2 b ,i am also ignorant1 h[ a spiritual s\l c be unit$ to a mat]ial body4 ,not)/&+ :i*1 ?is is a matt] ( fact1 & happ5s )9 myself4 ,nei!r d ,i p]ceive1 h[ ! same wat] :i* falls f heav51 %\ld be conv]t$1 n only into "h & !re a p>ticul> body1 b into all ! animal & vegetable sub/ances ^u e>?4 ,9 ! mo/ plausible "p ( !ological controv]sy1 ,i f9d myself exce$+ly emb>rass$2 = if ,i take ! side ( provid5ce1 ,i am assail$ ) ! =cible argum5ts 9 fav\r ( lib]ty2 & if ,i put myself on ! side ( lib]ty1 !y wage p[]ful w> aga9/ me ) ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( provid5ce4 ,b d n ,i see ! same argum5ts1 urg$ ) great] vehem5ce1 9 ! vulg> philosophical controv]sy respect+ ! composition & unity ( univ]sal space1 9 :i*1 :atev] s5tim5t is ma9ta9$1 !y in/ead ( answ]+ _! oppon5ts argum5ts1 p]plex ! dispute ) a multiplicity ( words8 ,if ,i def5d1 ) ,ari/otle1 ! inf9ite divisibility ( univ]sal space1 al?\gh to avoid be+ conclud$1 ,i don't d x ) my m\?1 ,i _c 9 my m9d1 help ackn[l$g+ ! unity ( a great numb] ( its p>ts2 & if ) ,z5o ,i acquiesce 9 ! indivisibility1 ! ma!matical argum5ts d]iv$ f ! diagonal ( a squ>e1 two conc5tric :eels unit$1 & _m o!r pr9ciples1 n only leave me )\t an answ]1 b 9 a mann] /rike me dumb4 ,,xc4 ,i say aga91 if 9 ^? natural ?+s t are op5 to our view1 & :i* we t\* ) our h&s e day1 !re occur a ?\s& difficulties1 t are insup]able to1 & beyond ! rea* ( our und]/&+s1 h we n ! greate/ reason to suppose1 t ! same ?+ happ5s ) respect to sup]natural matt]s1 !y be+ totally sup]ior to ! sph]e ( our s5ses8 ,if1 maugre all my pry+1 ,i c't p]ceive h[ ,god does an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s1 :i* ,i see him d e day1 w\ld x n be madness 9 me1 to d5y or to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( reveal$ ?+s1 only because ,i c't descry h[ ,god executes ^? ?+s8 ,if !re 0 a man s %ort-sight$1 t he c\ld n see objects t 7 v ne> him1 & %\ld pret5d t he saw ^? :i* 7 at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ miles f 8 eyes1 or else %\ld take x into 8 head to insi/1 t su* objects1 al?\gh !y are well kn[n to be 9 esse1 d n exi/1 only because he c't see !m1 w\ld n all ! _w pron\nce him a lunatic8 ,?is is exactly ! same sort ( madness z t ( ^? :o d5y !re are div9e my/]ies1 only because !y c't compreh5d or pry into !m4 ,little va9 /upid man1 if ! fabric ( ^? mat]ial compositions :i* are ev] be=e y\r eyes1 & are at all times famili> to y\r t\*1 is totally imp5etrable to y\r %ort & limit$ capacity1 h[ c y expect to compreh5d ! ineffable mann]1 9 :i* ,omnipot5ce p]=ms ^? sup]natural wond]s8 ,y w tell me1 t y c f9d no solution ( ! argum5ts1 :i* ! ,g5tile urges to y aga9/ ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity1 or aga9/ t ( ! ,inc>nation2 & ,i answ]1 t nei!r c y f9d any1 to ^? ! philosoph] urges aga9/ ! composition ( univ]sal space1 take :i* side ( ! "q y w1 & suppose x to be made up1 ( ei!r divisible1 or indivisible matt]2 b w\ld y conclude f !nce1 t x is n compos$ ( ei!r "o or ! o!r8 y c]ta9ly w\ld n2 & x w\ld be equal1 if n great] delirium1 to d5y ! tru? ( ^? my/]ies1 only because y c't answ]1 & remove ! objections t are made to !m4 ,is x fit1 t an ,inf9ite ,p[] %\ld proportion 8 works1 to ! limit$ measure ( y\r und]/&+8 or is x reasonable to suppose t ,god c d no?+1 :i* y c't compreh5d8 ,,xci4 ,no nor? w9d1 s quickly disp]ses ! cl\ds :i* int]rupt ! rays ( ! sun1 z ^! reflexions cle> up ! d\bts1 :i* natural reason opposes to ! my/]ies ( fai?4 ,leave !n ! presumptu\s dogmati/s to *ew _! scepticism1 & to make ! mo/ ( ! objections x furni%es aga9/ religion4 ,b ! sort ( scepticism1 :i* is precisely limit$ & conf9$ to physics1 is s f> f prejudic+ fai?1 t x s]ves to confirm & rivet x2 by remov+ ! ob/acles1 :i* ! presumption ( natural reason ?r[s 9 ! way1 to int]rupt ! effect ( t humble docility1 :i* is s necess>y1 to pres]ve ! und]/&+ 9 a due /ate ( subjection to ! au?ority ( revelation4 ,,xcii4 ,^? m5 d great injury1 n only to philosophy1 b to ! *ur* also1 :o ra%ly endeav\r1 to int]e/ ! doctr9e ( revelation 9 ! def5ce ( _! p>ticul> philosophical op9ions4 ,?is ! h]etics lay hold (1 to calumniate u ) conv]t+ philosophical s5tim5ts1 into articles ( fai?2 & by ?is artifice1 !y p]suade _! foll[]s1 t our belief is ardu\s1 & unnecess>ily complicat$4 ,^u ?is presumption1 "s /rang]s f\nd _! ass]tions1 :5 !y accuse u ( c\nt5anc+ idiotism1 & mix+ x ) religion4 ,x is b a little :ile ago1 t "o ( !m decl>$ 9 8 writ+s1 t ! op9ions ( m5 9 ,spa9 7 n m free1 ?an _! p]sons 7 9 ,turkey4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve a due respect = sacr$ ?+s1 x is necess>y1 n to conf\nd !m ) pr(ane ones2 :oev] %\ld beg9 to erect habitations 9 temples1 w\ld be ! au?or ( temples los+ t respectful rev]5ce t ought to be pres]v$ 9 !m4 ,!re are judges app]ta9+ to ! *ur*1 ^: prov9ce x is1 to det]m9e :at doctr9es are useful1 :at p]nici\s1 & :at indiff]5t4 ,let u !n leave ! decision ( ^? matt]s to !m1 & don't let ^? :o s9c]ely seek ! tru?1 be t]rifi$ & di/urb$ by ^? sc>e-cr[s t are set up by p>tiality & faction1 & sometimes by ! pride ( ^?1 :o h giv5 _! names to p>ticul> s*ools1 or by ! envy ( o!rs1 :o c\ld n arrive at do+ s mu*4 ,,sect4 ,,xxv4 ,,xciii4 ,we hav+ %ewn n[1 t we possess no physical sci5ce or demon/rative k ( natural ?+s1 we may ent]ta9 a reasonable d\bt :e!r we %all ev] be able to atta9 any su*4 ,! mo/ le>n$ ,valles1 is cle> t we %all n2 because physical k is conf9$ to s+ul> ?+s1 & all$ges t f s+ul> ?+s1 y c't d]ive a sci5ce4 ,b z we h obs]v$ be=e1 ?is argum5t is ill f\nd$1 & insuffici5t4 ,,xciv4 ,we might lay m /ress ^u two au?orities ! sceptics all$ge 9 _! fav\r1 :i* are tak5 f ! ,ecclesia/es4 ,! fir/ is f ,*ap4 ,,iii4 9 ^! words4 ,cuncta fecit bona 9 tempore suo1 et mundum tradidit disputationi eorum1 ut non inv5iat homo opus1 quod op]atus e/ ,deus ab initio usque ad f9em4 ,! second is m =mal & precise1 & tak5 f ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,et intellexi1 quod omnium op]um ,dei nullam possit homo inv5ire rationem eorum1 qu sunt sub sole3 et quant plus laborav]it ad qur5dum1 tant m9us inv5iat1 etiamsi dix]it sapi5s se nosse1 non pot]it rep]ire4 ,b 9 tru?1 ^! texts1 :5 !y affirm ! impossibility ( discov]+ ! causes & reason ( natural effects1 may be und]/ood to allude to ! provid5tial1 & n to ! natural or physical ones4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* "s fa!rs & expositors und]/& !m4 ,,xcv4 ,o!rs aga9 argue1 t ! desire ( kn[+ ! causes ( natural effects1 is natural to1 & implant$ 9 man by nature itself2 & z a natural desire c't prompt a man to an impossible inquiry1 x foll[s1 t atta9+ ! sci5ce we are speak+ (1 is )9 ! compass ( possibility4 ,to ?is argum5t1 ,valles replies1 x is absolutely possible2 & al?\gh n 9 ?is life1 x is 9 t to come1 at :i* p]iod1 ! bless$ w see ) ,god all ?+s mo/ cle>ly4 ,?is solution is att5d$ ) ! foll[+ difficulty1 t a natural desire c't be direct$ to an impossible object2 nei!r c x t]m9ate 9 a sup]natural "o2 & ! k ! bless$ w h ( sup]natural ?+s1 mu/ be entitively sup]natural1 because x w dep5d imm$iately on ! light ( glory4 ,^u ! :ole1 we may suppose1 t !re may belong to ! s\l 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f ! body1 ab/ract$ f ! sup]natural bless+ ( ! light ( glory1 a c]ta9 k ( all mat]ial ?+s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! species1 infus$ 9 ! c\rse & ord] ( nature2 :i* is ! s5tim5t ( ,egidius ,romanus1 ,fa!r ,saurez1 & o!rs2 & ?is k be+ natural1 may possibly be ! effect ( ! ?ir/ we possess = acquir+ x 9 ?is mortal life4 ,,xcvi4 ,b we c't help rem>k+1 t ! =ego+ argum5t does n /& 9 ne$ ( ?is solution1 because x proce$s ^u a false supposition n adv]t$ to by ,valles2 :i* is1 t ! desire ( kn[+ ?+s philosophically1 is a pr9ciple implant$ 9 man by nature4 ,if ?is 0 s1 all m5 w\ld be impress$ ) ?is desire1 :i* is n ! case2 = ! greate/ "p ( !m seem to h no passion at all = physics2 & _m despise philosophical speculations1 z useless1 va91 & by no means ent]ta9+4 ,x is true1 t all m5 are desir\s ( k1 b ?is desire is n direct$ 9 all ( !m to ! same object1 or to ! same species ( objects4 ,g5]\s s\ls are naturally lov]s ( tru?2 b ! majority1 are only anxi\s to und]/& ^? ?+s1 ! k ( :i*1 may contribute to ! gratification ( _! passions4 ,,xcvii4 ,we h se5 ! little =ce ( ! argum5ts urg$ on bo? sides1 ) respect to ! d\bts we h be5 canvass+4 ,on :i* acc\nt1 ,i won't v5ture to give s5t5ce 9 ! "q4 ,nor d ,i1 nor c any "o else )\t ! assi/ance ( ,revelation1 "k ! j limits ( ! human und]/&+ ) reg>d to natural ?+s4 ,& al?\gh ! v>i\s philosophical sy/ems :i* h hi!rto be5 inv5t$1 are expos$ to great d\bts1 or are impea*able ( conta9+ manife/ nullities 9 !m1 :o kn[s b t1 9 future "s "o may be discov]$ s compleat1 & s well f\nd$1 t ! und]/&+ may be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( x4 ,my op9ion is1 t if ?is is ev] to be accompli%$1 x mu/ be done by pursu+ ! plan & me?od prescrib$ by my ,"l ,bacon4 ,x is true1 t ?is is s labori\s & prolix1 t ! execution ( x may be appreh5d$ to be morally impossible2 = al?\gh ! mon>*s ( two v p[]ful k+doms1 ,france & ,engl&1 = ! space ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 h caus$ f\r hundr$ able m51 at a great exp5ce1 & "u prop] regulations1 to be employ$ 9 mak+ innum]able exp]im5ts1 & 9 reason+ ^u1 & expla9+ !m1 ! "w is n yet f> advanc$2 :5 !n may we expect to see x accompli%$8 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 & ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 don't am\nt to m ?an a %r$ ( my ,"l ,bacon's ext5sive project4 ,on ! ,%ew or ,affectation ( ,le>n+ & ,k4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,i4 ,sci5ce1 l ,virtue1 has its imitators & its hypocrites2 & ! vulg> are z mu* impos$ ^u by ! "o z ! o!r4 ,! numb]s ( unle>n$ p :o pass = m5 ( lit]ature1 is consid]able2 & ! false appe>ances !y put on1 becomes a copi\s s\rce ( errors1 bo? p>ticul> & common4 ,9 ?is e>?ly region :i* we inhabit1 app>5t le>n+ is z mu* rev]5c$1 & (t5-times z mu* respect$1 z true4 ,!re are ^?1 :o are v exp]t at putt+ on ! semblance ( le>n$ m51 & ( impos+ !mselves z su* ^u ! _w1 al?\gh ! portion ( lit]ature !y possess is b v small2 h[ev]1 if !y h ! address to make _! copi$ imitation ( x appe> an orig9al pa9t+1 ! copy w (t5 make ! same impression on m5s m9ds1 z if x actually 0 an orig9al4 ,:5 ,zeuxis ) 8 p5cil imitat$ grapes1 ! birds flew ) z mu* eag]ness to eat ! pa9t$1 z if !y _h be5 real & natural grapes4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ,arnoldus ,brixi5s1 :o 0 a man ( b little lit]ature1 did great mis*ief ) 8 errors1 bo? 9 8 own c\ntry1 & ev5 9 ,rome itself2 = z ,gunt]us ,ligur9us obs]ves1 t besides be+ an elegant reason]1 he _h ! address ( giv+ himself ! air & appe>ance ( a man ( le>n+2 ,assumpta sapi5tis fronte1 diss]to fallebat s]mone rudes2 or z ,o?o ,fr9s+5s rem>ks1 a copi\s v]bosity pass$ 9 him = k & erudition2 ,vir quidem natur non hebetis2 plus tam5 v]borum pr(luvio1 quam s5t5ti>um pond]e copiosus4 ,?us ,vigilantius1 al?\gh he 0 an ignorant man1 by 8 art 9 ga9+ ov] to him booksell]s & publi%]s1 :o 7 ! proclaim]s ( 8 fame1 s f> acquir$ ! reputation ( a p]son ( lit]ature1 t he _h ! assurance to write aga9/ ,sa9t ,j]om1 & to accuse him ( be+ an ,orig5i/4 ,,iii4 ,! vulg>1 :o are incompet5t judges ( m5 ( lett]s1 are apt1 al?\gh x is aga9/ _! own int]e/1 to c\nt5ance & give cr$it to unle>n$ p]sons1 ^: deceptions 9 consequ5ce ( ?is enc\ragem5t become =midable4 ,! delusion ( popul> ignorance is apt to magnify a v small light1 into ! blaze ( a flam+ tor*2 & to fancy x is z lum9\s1 z ! lan?orn plac$ on ! top ( ! t[] ( ,ph>os1 :i* ,pl9y says1 at a great di/ance (f1 appe>s l a /> to ^? :o navigate ! sea ( ,alex&ria4 ,,iv4 ,x may n be improp]ly rem>k$1 t 9 ord] = a man to be e/eem$ a p]son ( le>n+ ) ! populace1 x is n s necess>y t he %\ld really be "o1 z t he %\ld put on ! pomp\s appe>ance ( su* a p]son4 ,arrogance & v]bosity1 if !y are accompani$ ) a small degree ( disc]nm5t1 t helps a man to judge1 :5 are ! prop] times to talk1 & :5 to hold 8 tongue1 & :at are ! subjects he %\ld disc\rse1 & :at be sil5t ^u3 ,i say1 if he has a little discretion to "k h[ to conduct himself 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 su* managem5t w h a notable effect4 ,a confid5t magi/]ial air 9 8 decisions1 & an artificial ge/ure1 :i* :5 he spr9kles ab\t ! little he und]/&s ( ! subject he is talk+ ^u1 & :i* seems to indicate t he has an inf9itely great] /ock ( k ( ! matt] treasur$ up 9 8 inside2 su* affect$ appe>ances1 ,i say1 w h great weight & efficacy to fasc9ate ! ignorant vulg>4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,v4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m5 ( true le>n+1 are mode/ & c&id2 b ^! two virtues1 are enemies1 & also great ob/acles to ! advancem5t ( _! fame4 ,he :o kn[s mo/1 is s5sible1 t :at he really kn[s1 falls greatly %ort ( :at he is ignorant (4 ,8 discretion tea*es him ?is1 & 8 s9c]ity induces him to confess x2 b 8 act+ 9 ?is mann]1 greatly ob/ructs 8 ga9+ ! applause ( ! _w2 = ^! confessions h ! same effect1 t ! evid5ce ( ^? h1 :o be> witness aga9/ !mselves2 t is1 !y are readily believ$2 & al?\gh x is impossible = any man to "k e ?+1 ! vulg> are v unwill+ to e/eem him le>n$1 :o owns himself ignorant ( ! lea/ matt] 9 8 own pr(ession4 ,,vi4 ,m5 ( le>n+1 are also mo/ commonly timid1 because !y are apt to be diffid5t ( !mselves2 s t al?\gh all !y say %\ld be div9e1 if x is pron\nc$ ) a tremul\s tongue1 & a falt]+ voice1 x makes no impression on ^? :o li/5 to !m4 ,a man w\ld ga9 m cr$it ) ! _w 9 g5]al1 by talk+ l\d1 & mak+ extravagant bold ass]tions1 ?an by reason+ diffid5tly1 & z if he 0 n q cle>2 = ! e/imation due to discreet d\bts has always be5 suppress$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is suppression1 has contribut$ to c\nt5ance errors1 & beget false conclusions4 ,h[ has a presumptu\s ignorant fell[1 frequ5tly avail$ himself ( 8 impos+ ge/ure1 & ! l\dness ( 8 voice8 & h[ mu* by ! /r5g? ( 8 lungs has he (t5 conceal$ ! weakness ( 8 argum5t8 ,b 9 tru?1 ! noise made by a vocif]\s p]son1 ought to r5d] 8 solidity suspect$2 because m51 l o!r sonor\s ma*9es1 are l\de/ ! m holl[ & empty !y are4 ,,vii4 ,if to ^! impos+ appe>ances1 !re happ5s to be jo9$ a mod]ate portion ( lit]ature1 x has a mo/ p[]ful effect to captivate ! vulg>1 & to ga9 popul> applause4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ,lu!r1 :o al?\gh he might truly & prop]ly be /il$ a man ( le>n+1 /ill ! =cible mann] 9 :i* he deliv]$ himself1 add$ to 8 address1 may be suppos$ to h contribut$ m to ! success ( 8 prea*+1 ?an 8 lit]ature4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,viii4 ,!re are qualities also1 :i* give p ! reputation ( able & le>n$ m51 :5 9 reality !y are q ! rev]se4 ,gravity & circumspection1 :e!r !y are natural or artificial1 contribute mu* to produce ?is effect4 ,gravity1 says ,magdal5 ,scud]i 9 "o ( h] moral conv]sations1 is a bodily my/]y1 inv5t$ to conceal ! defects ( ! m9d2 & if x is c>ri$ to excess1 elevates ! p]son :o we>s ?is appe>ance1 to ! rank ( an oracle4 ,b ,i c see no reason :y a p]son on ?is acc\nt1 %\ld be e/eem$ m ?an a man1 because t ! ne>] he resembles a /atue1 he 9 reality is by s mu* less ?an a man2 nor :y risibility1 be+ ! di/+ui%$ m>k ( rationality1 he %\ld be e/eem$ ! mo/ rational1 :o is ! lea/ addict$ to laught]4 ,! +5i\s ,fr5* au?or ,montaigne1 says pleasantly1 t among ! :ole brute creation1 !re is no animal s grave z an ass4 ,,ix4 ,ari/otle consid]$ melan*oly z a tok5 ( +5uity4 ,b ,i c't tell :y he did ?is2 = e day's exp]i5ce conv9ces u1 t !re are melan*oly p :o are v dull & /upid4 ,if we 7 to judge ( ?+s z !y appe> to u at fir/ sight1 we might be easily induc$ to conf\nd ! /upid ) ! ?\ghtful1 & to mi/ake ! "o = ! o!r4 ,p ( d>k & gloomy g5iuses1 h 9 "s measure1 ! air & appe>ance ( pr(\nd ?9k]s2 b if we reflect1 we %all be conv9c$1 t insociability is n a *>act]i/ic quality app]ta9+ to a rational be+4 ,9 ^? :o look z if !y 7 always absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 ! negotiation or op]ation ( ! int]ior "p ( ! s\l seems to be inv]t$4 ,in/ead ( ! und]/&+ survey+ & contemplat+ ! species1 ! species seem to seize ^u1 & take possession ( ! und]/&+2 & in/ead ( ! m9d be+ ma/] ( ! object1 ! object appe>s z if x 0 ma/] ( ! m9d2 & ! species t appe> to seize ^u x seem z if !y b\nd x d[n1 & kept x conf9$4 ,a p]son 9 ?is /ate %\ld n be said to be contemplative1 b ought m prop]ly to be comp>$ to a man t is /unn$2 ! immobility ( ^: ?\ghts1 keeps 8 reason 9 a /ate ( susp5ce4 ,i obs]ve1 t !re is no brute ( a m fe/ive & sociable disposition ?an a dog2 & t !re is no "o :i* is endu$ ) a m noble in/9ct2 yet1 maugre ?is exp]i5ce1 ,i look ^u ! opposite extreme to excessive gravity to be ! wor/ symptom ( ! two2 = m5 :o are always giggl+ & bant]+1 are g5]ally v sup]ficial4 ,x4 ,b bo? ! sil5t & ! loquaci\s h _! p>tizans4 ,"s consid] m5 ( few words to be ! mo/ sagaci\s1 & o!rs give ! pref]5ce to ^? :o are r prodigal 9 _! use ( !m4 ,! talk+ b little1 is occasion$ ei!r by excessive caution1 or by fe>1 or else is ! effect ( mode/y1 & ! want ( a ready fl[ ( words2 b n1 z is commonly ?\ght1 does ?is indicate a want ( k4 ,!re is no man1 :o if he 0 to speak all he ?9ks1 or t occurs to him1 w\ld n talk a great deal4 ,,xi4 ,!re are "s1 :o obs]ve an artificial m$ium betwe5 talk+ & hold+ _! tongues1 :i* is v well adapt$ to attract ! v5]ation ( ! vulg>2 t is1 !y speak ) confid5ce ^u su* ?+s z !y und]/&1 & take c>e to be sil5t ^u su* z !y are ignorant (2 b ?is !y d1 9 a mann] z if _! sil5ce proce$$ f res]ve1 & an unwill+ness to ent] ^u ! subject4 ,by ^! artifices1 m5 ( v mod]ate capacities1 & ^: in=mations are v limit$1 pass !mselves ^u ! _w = p]sons ( deep p5etration1 & a sort ( walk+ libr>ies2 & al?\gh !y are possess$ ( only a v m9ute or ab/ract$ portion ( :atev] is ! subject ( conv]sation1 !y engage 9 ! argum5t 9 v g5]al t]ms1 always tak+ c>e n to advance too f>1 & to retreat 9 "t2 :i* !y d 9 a mann]1 z if !y 7 tir$ ( talk+ fur!r ^u ! "q at pres5t1 & !re=e w\ld be glad to po/pone x1 to be discuss$ m at l>ge ano!r "t4 ,9 reality1 !y h said all !y "k1 b behave 9 ?is mann]1 9 ord] to h x ?\ght !y h only giv5 a small specim5 ( _! k ( ! ?+2 al?\gh1 l ! pa9t] :o und]took to pa9t ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s1 b nev] f9i%$ m ?an five ( !m1 & decl>$ t all ! re/ %\ld be suppos$ com+ beh9d 9 procession1 !y w\ld be glad1 t :at !y h already said %\ld conclude ! debate2 /ill1 if any "o1 aw>e ( _! tricks1 %\ld !n press !m to a fur!r discussion ( ! po9t1 !y ei!r artfully turn ! conv]sation1 or affect a scornful dislike to discuss+ s weighty a matt] be=e s ?9 an audi5ce2 or else get rid ( ! invitation made to !m1 ) a disda9ful smile1 & treat bo? ! proposal & ! propos]1 z if !y 7 b5ea? _! notice4 ,^! p are v ready at su* sort ( exp$i5ts1 because !y /udy !m mu*1 & h a great deal ( practice 9 !m4 ,,xii4 ,!re are o!rs aga91 :o h rec\rse to ambigu\s & confus$ expressions2 :i* seem to say a great deal1 :5 9 reality !y say no?+2 & :i*1 l ! answ]s ( ! oracles ( old1 are applicable to all k9ds ( ev5ts4 ,9 fact1 !y may be t]m$ ! images ( ^? oracles2 = al?\gh !y are li/5$ to ) att5tion1 !y are little bett] ?an m]e /ocks or /ones4 ,! obscurity ) :i* !y talk is a d>k %ade1 t conceals :at !y are ignorant (2 & !y make use ( ! /ratagem ( ^? :o h no o!r b false money2 t is1 take c>e to pass x (f "u ! cov] ( ! night4 ,b not)/&+ all ^! gl>+ appe>ances1 !re are n want+ weak p1 :o e/eem _! emb>rassm5t & confusion z m>ks ( _! le>n+1 & :o ?9k1 t m5 are l m\nta9s1 :i* ! m elevat$ & sublime !y are1 ! m liable to be cov]$ ) cl\ds1 & to cause d>k %ades :i* ob/ruct ! f]tility1 & obscure ! *e>ful appe>ance ( ! vallies4 ,majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbr4 ,,xiii4 ,?is deception1 is commonly kept up & assi/$ by a p]suasive c>riage1 & by c]ta9 my/]i\s ge/ures & di/ortions ( ! features2 su* z wr9kl+ ! =ehead1 knitt+ ! eye-br[s1 roll+ ! eyes1 swell+ out ! *eeks1 ?ru/+ =? ! "u-lip1 & %ak+ ! head2 all :i* affect$ tok5s ( wisdom & importance1 are display$ & accompani$1 ) a k9d ( disda9ful c\nt5ance4 ,^! are a sort ( m51 :o h m ?an half ! wisdom !y seem to possess lodg$ 9 _! features & muscles1 :i* s]ve !m to exhibit & express ^! symptoms ( pr(undity4 ,tully v ju/ly ridicul$ ?is artifice 9 ,pison 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,respondes1 alt]o ad frontem sublato1 alt]o ad m5tem depresso sup]cilio1 crudelitatem tibi non plac]e4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,xiv4 ,m51 by affect+ to despise o!rs :o "k m ?an !mselves1 make use ( ! mo/ vile & mean artifices imag9able2 b not)/&+ ?is1 x is ! mo/ sure me?od1 to make !m pass = p]sons ( great k1 among p ( grovel+ & plebeian m9ds4 ,!re c be no great] inju/ice committ$1 nor a va9] ef=t made1 ?an t1 ( an envi\s man's attempt+ to transf] ! m]it :i* he has purlo9$ f ano!r p]son to himself4 ,x is true1 t a small cl\d may ob/ruct ! spl5dor ( ! sun2 b ?is ob/ruction does n prev5t ?is lum9>y f be+ ! illu/ri\s tor* ( heav51 nor c su* a circum/ance be ( m consequ5ce ?an a speck 9 ! atmosph]e2 nor does x require any sci5ce or le>n+1 to enable a man to ca/ a ?\s& reflections & blemi%es ^u o!r p's doctr9es & writ+s4 ,:5 !re is no reason to conclude t su* behavi\r proce$s f envy or malevol5ce1 we ought to suppose t x spr+s f pure ignorance4 ,i rememb] to h read 9 a ,treatise intitl$ ,! ,man ( ,lett]s1 writt5 by ,fa!r ,daniel ,b>toli1 t an ass once happ5+ to /umble ov] ! ,iliad ( ,hom]1 he 9 a passion tore x to pieces ) 8 tee?4 ,?us1 9 ord] to outrage1 abuse1 & de/roy a noble writ+1 no?+ is bett] qualifi$ ?an a bea/4 ,,xv4 ,be+ t5aci\s1 insol5t1 & ov]be>+ 9 argum5t1 is also ano!r means1 :i*1 al?\gh x is equally base & bad ) ! be=em5tion$1 is sometimes v efficaci\s to ga9 a p]son ! reputation ( be+ a le>n$ man4--,fooli% p1 su* z ! ,megalopolitans1 ( :om we h an acc\nt 9 ,pausanias1 pay great] v5]ation to ,boreas ! god ( ! nor?-w9d ?an to any o!r deity1 & are apt to adore tumultu\s g5iuses z be+s ( supreme intellig5ce2 & al?\gh x is absolutely irreconcileable & incompatible ) x1 to look ^u b>efac$ arrogance z ! *ild ( sup]ior le>n+4 ,to ?is we may add ano!r ?+1 t may h an effect to make !m pass = wise & able p]sons1 :i* is1 t ^? :o are truly le>n$1 avoid z mu* z possible1 all controv]sy or dispute ) p :o are ( ?is t5aci\s ov]be>+ disposition2 & ?is prud5t decl9+ to cont5d ) !m1 is (t5 con/ru$ into fe> ( engag+ !m2 z if x 0 necess>y = m5 ( le>n+1 9 ord] to %ew _! _s1 to enc\nt] reptiles & v5om\s snakes4 ,cato's lam5tation1 or rep5tance1 0 j & g5]\s1 :5 he regrett$ hav+ l$ 8 troops into ! burn+ des]ts ( ,africa1 :]e !y _h no o!r enemies to enc\nt] b asps1 horn$ s]p5ts1 vip]s1 fi]y s]p5ts1 & basilisks4 ,! horrors ( ! civil w> 9 ! pla9s ( ,ph>salia1 :]e !y engag$ ! inv9cible troops ( ,cs>1 appe>$ to him less frightful1 ?an ^? !y exp]i5c$ among ! burn+ s&s ( ,libya1 :]e ! mo/ vile & abom9able reptiles f\ght on ,cs>'s side1 ,pro ,cs>e pugnant ,dipsades1 et p]agunt civilia bella ,c]a/4 ,,xvi4 ,he :o c reconcile x to himself1 to be inflexible 9 argum5t1 & to dispute )\t end1 & ) all 8 might1 nev] suff]+ himself to be conv9c$ by reason1 has made a l>ge /ride t[>ds be+ reput$ an ,ari/otle among ! vulg>2 = !y1 ) respect to ! w>s ( ,m9]va1 z well z ^? ( ,m>s1 are apt to decl>e ! victory1 9 fav\r ( him :o rema9s longe/ 9 ! field1 &1 9 _! op9ion1 he nev] fails to come (f conqu]or1 :o has ! la/ ^w4 ,?is is ! way ! vulg> judge2 b he :o w\ld be ?\ght sup]ior to t class ( p1 mu/ p]mit himself to be conv9c$ by reason1 =1 if he does n1 in/ead ( acquir+ ! reputation ( a le>n$ man by su* conduct1 he lets himself d[n to ! level ( a brute4 ,! +5i\s ,doctor ,luis ,rodriguez1 be+ ask$ :at sort ( a man a %all[ physician 0 ) :om he _h be5 argu+1 answ]$ pleasantly1 7al?\gh we mu/ all[ 8 wit fav\r$ ( ! arrogance :i* is r too common ) ! ,portuguese7 ,he is s great an ass1 t goad him ev] s mu*1 x is impossible to make him get on1 or be ! bett] = any reason+ t is be/[$ on him4 ,,xvii4 ,x is also a v common artifice ) ^? :o "k b little1 to br+ ! conv]sation to turn ^u t little !y are in=m$ (4 ,?is is v easy = p ( p[] or au?ority to d4 ,i knew a p]son ( ?is sort myself1 :o1 :atev] conv]sation happ5$ to arise 9 company1 0 us$ to tra9 ! subject ( x ins5sibly1 to fall on ! few po9ts relative to x1 :i* he _h be5 read+ or /udy+ t day1 or ! day be=e1 by :i* piece ( managem5t1 he g5]ally us$ to appe> m le>n$ ?an ! re/ ( ! company4 ,ev5 9 s*ola/ic disputes1 ?is art is (t5 practis$4 ,i h m ?an twice 9 my life1 se5 a good !ologian foil$ by a novice2 :o1 by artfully slid+ "s *im]ical proposition into ! dispute1 has drawn ! argum5t f its prop] object1 & caus$ x to fall into a sumuli/ical labyr9? ( amplifications1 re/rictions1 ali5ations1 oppositions1 conv]sions1 & equipolations2 ! rules ( :i* 7 fre% 9 ! "y man's memory1 & :i* ! old !ologian _h =got4 ,?is 0 adopt+ ! craft ( ! rogue ,cacus1 :o1 hav+ artfully drawn ,h]cules into 8 own cave1 r5d]$ 8 arms & sup]ior /r5g? ( no use to him1 by bl9d+ him ) ! smoak he cont9u$ to eject out ( 8 m\?4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,xviii4 ,besides ! vision>y wise p1 or ^? :i* are su* 9 appe>ance only1 !re are o!rs :o h cr$it giv5 !m = be+ m5 ( pr(\nd k1 m]ely f ! mi/akes & misappreh5sions ( o!rs4 ,he :o /udies logic & metaphysics 9 ! s*ools1 toge!r ) ^? o!r matt]s1 :i* "u ! d5om9ation ( philosophy are taught !re1 not)/&+ ! s\nd+ names1 ( ^! faculties1 & 8 be+ suppos$ to "k e ?+1 9 reality1 kn[s b little m ?an no?+4 ,x is commonly said1 t su* a man is a great philosoph]1 :5 9 tru? he is no philosoph] at all1 ei!r great or little4 ,all ! t5 categorical pr9ciples1 toge!r ) ! :ole cont5ts ( ! eight books on physics1 & _! two adjuncts on g5]ation & corruption1 put into a logical alembic1 w\ld n produce a drop ( true philosophical _s1 t w\ld assi/ u to expla9 ! mo/ vulg> ph5om5on 9 ! s5sible _w4 ,! ,ari/otelic ideas1 h no m to d ) physics1 ?an ! ,platonic ones2 & ! physics ( ! s*ools1 are pure metaphysics4 ,all t ! ,p]ipatetics h hi!rto writt5 or disput$ conc]n+ motion1 has n det]m9$1 :at is ! l9e ( reflection1 by :i* a ball returns back t is /ruck aga9/ a wall1 or :at is ! degree ( velocity1 ) :i* a heavy body desc5ds by an incl9$ plane4 ,he :o by ! ord9>y metaphysical reason+s1 ?9ks to atta9 a true k ( nature1 is z mad1 z he :o %\ld fancy himself ma/] ( ! _w1 because he is possess$ ( a map ( x4 ,,xix4 ,! great advantage ( ^! philosoph]s 9 "n1 if 9 ! s*ools !y manage ) dext]ity ! rules ( sci5ce1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 virtue ( ! f\r species or rudim5ts ( !ology or m$ic9e !y acquire !re1 !y are enabl$ to dazzle ! eyes ( mank9d1 & to pass 9 ! _w1 = great !ologians & doctors ( physic4 ,) respect to !ology1 ! mi/ake 9 ?is matt] is n s great2 b ) reg>d to m$ic9e1 x _c be great]4 ,by ! rule1 ,ubi des9it physicus1 incipit m$icus1 x seems z if x %\ld foll[ ( c\rse1 t a good philosoph] is easily made a good doctor ( physic4 ,^u ?is supposition1 :5 p see a practis+ physician1 :o has tw5ty syllogisms at 8 f+]s ends1 ready to expla9 & demon/rate1 :e!r privation is a pr9ciple annex$ to a natural entity1 or :e!r ! unit$ mass or ! :ole1 c be ( a di/9ct or diff]5t texture f ! p>ts1 !y fancy he is possess$ ( all ! requisites & recomm5dations1 t are necess>y to e/abli% & fix him z a mo/ able1 or fir/ rate man 9 8 pr(ession4 ,,xx4 ,t mo/ le>n$ comm5tator ^u ,discorides1 ,&rew de ,laguna1 says1 t if x c\ld conv5i5tly be done1 x w\ld be good policy to s5d ^? flam+ "y physicians1 :o are j come f ! univ]sity1 brimful ( ! bragadocio arrogance ( ergo & probo1 to practise physic 9 ^? nations we are at w> )1 = t x w\ld be att5d$ ) a great sav+1 bo? ( m5 & money1 to our own c\ntry4 ,,xxi4 ,i c ) confid5ce affirm1 t !re is no art or faculty1 t c be less conducive to ! acquisition ( m$ic9al k1 ?an ! physics ( ! s*ools4 ,if all ! philosoph]s t are1 or ev] 7 9 ! _w1 c\ld be conv5$ toge!r1 & rema9 9 consultation = a hundr$ ye>s1 !y w\ld n 9 all t "t1 by ! m]e help ( philosophical speculations1 be able to in/ruct u h[ we %\ld cure a *ilbla92 nor f t tumultu\s consultation1 %\ld we obta9 any maxim1 t ought n to be prohibit$ z contrab&1 & refus$ admittance into ! *amb] ( a sick p]son4 ,good s5se jo9$ to exp]i5ce1 ei!r acquir$ by a man's own1 or ! practice ( o!r reputable p1 are bo? ! fa!r & "m ( m$ic9al k2 nor has physics1 t is to say ! physics ( ! s*ools1 ! lea/ %>e 9 ! propagation ( ?is species4 ,,xxii4 ,! reason+ ( naturali/s ^u all k9ds ( mixtures1 consi/s1 9 :e!r !y are con/itut$ ( matt] & sub/antial =ms accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 or ( atoms accord+ to t ( ,epicurus1 or ( salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury1 accord+ to t ( ! *ymi/s1 or ( ! ?ree elem5ts1 accord+ to t ( ! ,c>tesians3 :e!r ^! are compos$ ( undivisible po9ts1 or ( p>ts dividable 9 inf9itum2 :e!r _! action or op]ation is f _! texture1 or ! motion ( _! p>ticles1 or f "s accid5tal virtues :i* !y call qualities2 :e!r ^! qualities are ( ! manife/ or ! occult k9d2 & :e!r !y are ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird class or species4 ,n[ :at has all ?is to d ) m$ic9e8 ,i w v5ture to pron\nce no m1 or r less1 ?an x has ) geometry or jurisprud5ce4 ,:5 a physician goes ab\t to cure a t]tian ague1 all ?is f>rago ( que/ions appli$ to ! op]ations or effect ( ! b>k1 is ( no sort ( use to him4 ,! only ?+ t is ( any importance = him to "k1 is1 :e!r 8 exp]i5ce has taught him1 t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! disord]1 x w be prop] to adm9i/] ?is febrifuge2 b ?is he is to inf]1 n f ! maxims1 dici de omni1 dici de nullo2 b f conviction1 drawn f exp]im5ts he has made himself ( its efficacy 9 ! l cases1 & also f ^?1 :i* h be5 made by physicians ( em95ce :o h wrote on ! subject4 ,,xxiii4 ,9 no art :atev]1 is x ( any use1 to h a physical k ( ! implem5ts1 )1 or by :i*1 a man does 8 bus9ess4 ,a man may be an excell5t pilot1 )\t be+ able to expla9 ! directive virtue ( ! load-/one to ! pole2 & a great soldi]1 al?\gh he is totally ignorant ( ! physical compon5t p>ts ( gunp[d]1 & ! metal ) :i* milit>y implem5ts are made2 & he may be a great pa9t]1 )\t kn[+ :e!r col\rs consi/ ( intr9sic accid5ts1 or :e!r !y are produc$ by ! v>i\s reflections ( light4 ,nor does ! be+ able to argue well ^u ^! po9ts1 conduce 9 ! lea/ degree1 to make a man ei!r a pilot1 a soldi]1 or a pa9t]4 ,b !re is no necessity = my enl>g+ fur!r1 9 ord] to extirpate ?is common error f ! _w1 z ! le>n$ ,doctor ,m>t9ez1 has fully & effectually explod$ x 9 8 two volumes1 intitl$ ,m$ic9a ,sceptica4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,xxiv4 ,!re is ano!r common error respect+ ! subject-matt] ( ?is ,essay1 al?\gh ! op9ion built ^u x1 is r bett] f\nd$ ?an ! "o we h j be5 speak+ (1 & t is1 look+ ^u e man z wise1 able1 & skilful1 :o has /udi$ a great deal4 ,! lab\r ( /udy1 seldom makes any great improvem5ts1 if x is n be/[$ on a cle> & p5etrat+ natural und]/&+2 & may be comp>$ to ! toils & exp5ces ( cultivation1 t are employ$ ^u a poor & ne>ly b>r5 soil1 :i* seldom produce mu* fruit4 ,among mank9d1 are to be f\nd ! turtles & ! eagles ( ! human species4 ,! la/1 ) a spe$y & easy flight1 asc5d to ! summit ( ,olympus2 ! fir/1 aft] sev]al days lab\r1 %all n be able to rea* to ! top ( a mod]ate hill4 ,,xxv4 ,mu* "t employ$ 9 read+1 furni%es a man ) a deal ( matt]2 b ! be+ able to p5etrate1 or rightly compreh5d t matt]1 is m a gift ( nature1 ?an a production f toil4 ,!re are "s1 :o may be t]m$ le>n$ f _! memories1 b :o are n s 9 virtue ( _! und]/&+s1 & :o may be comp>$ to m>ble tablets ) inscriptions engrav$ on !m1 :i* display ! lett]s1 b d n p]ceive !m4 ,!y are a k9d ( m5tal books1 t are fill$ ) _m texts1 :i* !y no m compreh5d1 or h a "r idea ( ! mean+ (1 ?an ! leaves on :i* !y are writt54 ,if y obs]ve ! use or application !y make ( ! species !y h acquir$1 y w p]ceive1 !y d$uce no prop] conclusions f :at !y h read1 nor make any obs]vations on ! ?+s !y h be5 p]us+1 t are p]t95t or applicable to ! subject-matt] ( ^? ?+s4 ,?us we see1 t f ! same species or set ( ideas1 may be =m$ good reason+ & bad2 j z ) ! same sort ( mat]ials1 y may build elegant palaces1 & ru/ic habitations4 ,,xxvi4 ,?us x may also happ51 t a man %all "k all ! works ( ,sa9t ,?omas by he>t1 & be a v poor !ologian2 & t he %all 9 ! same mann]1 "k all ! /atutes ( ! civil & canon law1 & be a v bad lawy]4 ,& al?\gh x is commonly said1 t law-k dep5ds almo/ intirely ^u memory1 or at lea/1 t x dep5ds m ^u memory ?an und]/&+1 yet ,i consid] ?is z ano!r common error4 ,) a great _m law-cases & maxims at 8 f+]s ends1 a man may draw a v bad plea2 9 ! same mann] z "o1 al?\gh 8 memory is /or$ ) a va/ v>iety ( texts ( scripture1 may make a v bad s]mon4 ,! *oice ( ! mo/ fit to apply to ! subject1 dep5ds ^u ! und]/&+1 & n ^u ! memory4 ,if m5 7 oblig$ to d law-bus9ess by surprize1 & )\t hav+ "t to consid] & dige/ :at !y 7 ab\t1 a happy memory1 9 :i* 7 treasur$ up p]t95t texts & citations1 w\ld be a mo/ ess5tial +r$i5t1 & "o1 t x is almo/ indisp5sably necess>y !y %\ld be possess$ (4 ,b z ?is1 9 ! regul> c\rse ( practice1 is n ! case2 he :o has att5d$ prop]ly to ! be/ books t h be5 writt5 on ! pr(ession1 & has a good g5]al idea ( !m1 w seldom be at a loss :]e to look = apt cases & au?orities1 :]e) to support 8 argum5ts2 & z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 ! *oice ( ^? :i* are ! mo/ conducive to ?is end1 is m ! bus9ess ( und]/&+1 ?an memory4 ,,xxvii4 ,i h obs]v$1 t pr(essional p 9 all faculties & sci5ces1 h a great prop5sity to compla9 ( ! want ( memory1 & ,i h also obs]v$1 t !y are apt to set a mu* high] value ^u ! gift ( memory1 ?an ! p[] ( reason+2 s t x appe>s to me1 t if !re 7 to be two %ops op5$1 9 "o ( :i* 0 sold memory1 & 9 ! o!r und]/&+1 ! man :o kept ! fir/ w\ld soon make a =tune1 & he :o kept ! second1 w\ld n take z mu* money z w\ld buy him salt to 8 porridge4 ,b my op9ion1 0 always q diff]5t f ?is common notion1 & ,i c say = myself1 t ,i set m value ^u a dra*m ( und]/&+1 ?an ^u an ounce ( memory4 ,i h be5 told1 t ,i d n e/imate memory at a high rate1 because ,i h no occasion = x2 b x is possible t ^? :o told me ?is1 may judge ( me by !mselves1 :o are n anxi\s ab\t an increase ( tal5ts or +5uity1 because !y fancy !y are abundantly provid$ ) all !y /& 9 ne$ (4 ,i w\ld n pret5d to be end[$ ) a great %>e ( memory1 b ,i h[ev] ?9k1 ,i am r bett] furni%$ 9 t respect1 ?an ,i am 9 po9t ( und]/&+2 b ,i d n set a great] value on ! la/ ( ^! faculties on t acc\nt1 nor does x proce$ f my be+ anxi\s ( an increase ( x to myself1 t ,i set a high] value ^u und]/&+1 ?an ,i d ^u memory2 b ,i give ?is pref]5ce f a p]suasion1 t 9 all ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( life1 und]/&+ w af=d a man m assi/ance1 & be ( inf9itely great] use to him ?an memory4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,xxviii4 ,we h n z yet1 said any ?+ ( au?ors or writ]s2 b ?is semblance ( le>n+1 is ! easie/ to put on ( all o!rs4 ,!re is no m difficulty 9 writ+ ill1 ?an !re is 9 talk+ ill2 & provid$ a man writes 9 ! bon ton1 & c fl\ri% ) ! k+'s lic5ce 9 ! front ( 8 "w1 ! book w g (f1 & ! au?or w pass ) ! ideots ( ! _w1 = a le>n$1 & an able man4 ,,xxix4 ,b a p]son may make sure ( ga9+ applause z an au?or ) ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 & ?is may be done 9 two ways1 ei!r by fill+ 8 writ+ ) common-place obs]vations1 & j tak+ c>e to div]sify & scatt] !m ab\t2 or else by /eal+ f o!r au?ors2 & :]e !re are great numb]s ( books to h rec\rse to1 ! dang] ( be+ detect$ 9 ! plagi>y is n v consid]able2 = !re are v few :o read _m books1 & nobody c read all t are publi%$2 s t all ! haz>d a p]son runs ( be+ f\nd out1 is1 t "h & !re "o out ( _m ?\s&s ( read]s1 may discov] f :5ce he made ! !ft2 & among all ! re/1 he w\ld pass = an orig9al au?or1 & !y w\ld ackn[l$ge & respect him z su*4 ,,xxx4 ,! writ+ f alphabetical compilations is also extremely easy4 ,!re is ! ,!atre ( human life1 ! ,polyan!as1 & _m o!r books1 :]e erudition is arrang$ "u ! initial lett]s ( ! sev]al bran*es ( le>n+1 & ^! books1 by hav+ copi\s indexes annex$ to !m1 become a k9d ( public f\nta9s1 :]e all ! animals ( ! _w may dr9k1 bo? m5 & bea/s4 ,:atev] subject a man und]takes to write ^u1 be x politics1 morality1 humanity1 or hi/ory1 he has only to turn to ! index1 :i* w po9t out to him1 :]e he may be furni%$ ) a copi\s assortm5t ( texts1 & citations1 t are amass$ toge!r 9 ^! books = ! use ( all ! _w1 & :]e he may collect :atev] he has occasion =4 ,by ?is managem5t1 ! new au?or may ga9 himself ! reputation ( a man ( great erudition & read+2 = !re are v few :o c di/+ui% by ! connection & regul> s]ies ( a writ+1 t k9d ( copi\s erudition1 :i* is well arrang$ & prop]ly sep>at$ 9 ! bra91 & :i* fl[s opportunely f !nce to ! p52 f t1 :i* a man :5 he is h>d put to x1 is oblig$ to collect f indexes & common-place books1 ) :i* he swells 8 "w1 & ) :i* he heaps up 9 x1 gross & bulky trifles1 t consi/ ( /raw & *aff1 collect$ f common-place ,lat9 citations & numb]s4 ,,moral ,,& ,,political ,,p>adoxes4 ,,p>adox ,i4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,gun-p[d] has be5 ( great ,use1 & also v b5eficial to ,mank9d4 ,i4 ,if 9 ! acc\nt :i* ,virgil gives ( ! desc5t ( neas into hell1 he po9ts out1 z "o ( ! mo/ torm5t$ & afflict$ he saw !re1 ,salmoneus t k+ ( ,elide1 :o 9 ord] to acquire to himself div9e hon\rs1 attempt$ to imitate1 al?\gh x 0 b 9 a v poor way1 ! ?und] & lightn+ ( ,jupit]2 ,vidi1 crudeles dantem ,salmonea pnas1 ,dum flammas ,jovis1 sonitus imitatur ,olympi4 ,i say1 if ?is 0 ! case ( ,salmoneus1 ,i believe ,i may v5ture to pron\nce1 t ! bulk ( mank9d1 w\ld judge ! man des]v+ a mu* m sev]e puni%m5t1 :o inv5t$ gun-p[d]1 & contriv$ cannon1 & w\ld ?9k1 t he _h imitat$ mu* bett] ?an ! k+ ( ,elide1 ! noise1 ! fla%1 & ! havoc made by ^? fi]y fly+ meteors4 ,9 tru?1 ! _w contemplate ! ,au?or ( t inv5tion ) su* horror & indignation1 t !y dete/ 8 "n4 ,& ,quev$o speaks ! s5tim5t ( !m all1 or !y ne>ly all ass5t to ! op9ion he express$ ( him1 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,he 0 ( iron race & he>t1 ,9 concave metal va/ ma*9e1 ,:o fir/ combu/ible ) art ,did %ut2 ,& !n to raise a horrid sc5e1 ,by viol5ce produc'd a flame1 ,de/ructive z 8 savage m9d1 ,& ?us transf]r'd 8 odi\s "n ,z infam\s to all mank9d4 ,,ii4 ,?is abom9ation ( ! inv5tor1 arises f ! _w's consid]+ ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]1 z a mo/ p]nici\s ?+ to ! human race1 z 9 consequ5ce ( x1 ! numb] ( viol5t dea?s has be5 greatly increas$2 b ?is is an error1 :i* 9 ! discussion ( ?is ,p>adox ,i propose to bani% f ! _w2 & d n d\bt1 t by ! help ( a little reason+ & reflexion1 ,i %all be able s to expla9 ! matt]1 z to cause ! mi/ake to vani%4 ,,iii4 ,s f> is ! common conjecture1 t ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d] has increas$ ! mortality ( mank9d1 f be+ true1 t on ! contr>y1 x has less5$ x4 ,x is a notori\s fact1 e/abli%$ ^u ! fai? ( all anti5t & mod]n hi/ories1 t :5 !y only us$ :at are commonly call$ :ite arms 9 w>1 ! battles 7 mu* m bloody ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,x 0 v r>e !n1 t ! dispute 0 decid$1 :5 ! conte/ lay betwe5 troops t 7 ne>ly equal 9 val\r & discipl9e1 till "o ( ! p>ties 7 almo/ half de/roy$2 b at pres5t1 in/ead ( t1 ! dea? ( a t5? "p1 is g5]ally suffici5t to det]m9e ! victory 9 fav\r ( ! conqu]+ side4 ,i confess1 t ?is 9 "s measure may be ow+ to ! sup]ior p]fection ! art ( w> is arriv$ at n[1 comp>$ ) :at x 0 =m]ly4 ,i say 9 "s measure1 because ,i appreh5d ! greate/ diff]5ce1 %\ld be imput$ to ! diff]5t way ( fight+4 ,9 =m] days1 :5 !y f\ght pr9cipally ) swords1 or cutt+ & ?ru/+ weapons1 ! troops c\ld n engage1 )\t be+ intimately mix$ "o ) ano!r4 ,?is mix+1 conduc$ to irritate m5's m9ds1 & caus$ a great] difficulty 9 disc]n+ ! advantages "o army _h ga9$1 & ! disadvantages ! o!r lab\r$ "u3 x also creat$ great confusion1 & made x difficult = !m to att5d to or obey ord]s2 & likewise made x v h>d to )draw ! vanqui%$ out ( ! rea* ( ! conqu]ors2 all :i* causes1 concurr$ to make battles v ob/9ate & bloody4 ,n[-a-days1 x is sometimes suffici5t to decide ! conte/1 if "o ( ! p>ties be=e _! com+ v ne> ea* o!r1 is greatly disord]$ by ! fire ( _! adv]s>ies2 9 :i* case1 if ! g5]al ^u weigh+ ! circum/ances1 concludes he _c repair ! mis*ief1 he ord]s a retreat4 ,,iv4 ,9 ! sieges ( =tifi$ t[ns1 ?is diff]5ce ( blood%$ is /ill great]2 = ! r$uction ( places1 is become mu* m easy by ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]1 & ! slaught] att5d+ r$uc+ !m greatly less1 ?an x 0 be=e ! use ( x4 ,! siege ( ,troy1 :i* we are told la/$ t5 ye>s1 w\ld probably n h cont9u$ two mon?s1 if !y _h !n kn[n ! use ( cannon & mort>s2 by s mu* ! m havoc ^! implem5ts make ( ! /one walls1 by s mu* ! less1 is ! havoc made ( m5's lives4 ,bombs & cannon balls1 are m t]rify+ ?an de/ructive4 ,all he> _! noise1 & b few p]i% by _! fla%4 ,frequ5tly1 ! surprize & panic !y occasion1 r$eem p f ! mis*ief ( !m1 because ! g>rison1 by be+ intimidat$ be=e !y are consid]ably wa/$1 ent]ta9 ?\ghts ( surr5d]+2 by :i* means1 an inf9ite numb] ( dea?s1 bo? on ! "p ( ! besieg$1 & ! besieg]s1 are prev5t$4 ,v4 ,x has n only be5 obs]v$1 t !re has be5 a sav+ ( m5 & "t 9 sieges1 s9ce !y h introduc$ c>ry+ !m on by artill]y2 b x has also be5 rem>k$1 t 9 proportion z ! fire ( !m has be5 augm5t$1 ! de/ruction ( ! human race has be5 less5$4 ,^u ?is exp]i5ce1 & ) a view ( prev5t+ ! effusion ( blood1 ,l\is ! f\rte5? dur+ 8 reign1 ei!r f 8 own feel+s1 or by ! advice ( 8 be/ (fic]s1 direct$1 t !y %\ld increase ! exp5ce ( gun-p[d] 9 sieges4 ,& ,spa9 once imitat$ ?is practice v happily1 & ) great success2 = hav+ obs]v$ t ! siege ( ! t[n ( ,namur 9 #afie1 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( _! fire1 co/ !m mu* "t1 & a great numb] ( m51 be=e !y c\ld r$uce ! place2 !re=e :5 !y came to besiege ! citadel1 !y = ! space ( sev5 days1 kept an incessant fire aga9/ x1 ) a hundr$ & =ty cannon1 & a hundr$ mort>s & royals2 by :i* means1 !y oblig$ x to surr5d] 9 mu* less "t ?an !y sp5t 9 besieg+ ! t[n1 & :5 ! g>rison consi/$ ( eight ?\s& good troops able to d duty1 exclusive ( sick & w\nd$4 ,x is a fact1 t ?is good purpose 0 atta9$ ^u t occasion1 & w\ld no d\bt be atta9$ ^u o!rs ( ! same sort1 n only on acc\nt ( ! t]ror1 :i* su* a fire impresses ! besieg$ )1 b because also1 ! cont9ual fatigue x exposes !m to1 exhau/s _! spirits1 & does n p]mit !m1 ei!r to eat or sleep 9 safety1 & obliges !m to ex]t an almo/ cont9ual bodily lab\r1 9 repair+ ! brea*es1 & cle>+ ! dit*es ( ! rubbi% t is beat d[n into !m1 & also 9 transport+ mat]ials to make brea/works at ! places attack$1 toge!r ) ammunition & o!r ?+s4 ,:]e ! g>rison is n compos$ ( vet]ans1 ! t]ror occasion$ by ! noise ( s _m cannon & mort>s1 jo9$ to ! tumbl+ ( ! edifices1 is suffici5t to intimidate1 & fright5 !m into a surr5d]4 ,& ! same ?+ w happ51 :5 !re are a great numb] ( inhabitants %ut up 9 a place1 al?\gh ! g>rison %\ld be a vet]an "o2 z we are in=m$ by t great ma/] 9 ! art ( w>1 ! ,m>quis de ,santa ,cruz de ,m]c5ado1 9 ! fif? book ( 8 ,milit>y ,reflexions4 ,,vi4 ,x be+ !n c]ta91 t gun-p[d] has prev5t$ ! loss ( a great _m lives 9 w>1 ! mis*ief t has happ5$ f x is v light1 comp>$ to ?is great advantage1 nor is ! evil ( its af=d+ p ! means ( putt+ "o ano!r to dea?1 to rev5ge private grudges1 to be comp>$ ) ?is b5efit2 = su* mis=tunes d n am\nt to a ?\s&? "p ( ! o!r advantages4 ,nor %\ld all ! dea?s t happ5 9 t way1 be *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( gun-p[d]2 = ! /eel 9 mo/ ( ^! cases1 is commonly ! in/rum5t ( v5geance1 & !re are _m ( ^? in/rum5ts contriv$ v artfully1 = ! purpose ( giv+ desp]ate w\nds to p :5 !y are (f _! gu>d4 ,to ?is we may add1 t rigor\s laws aga9/ peoples c>ry+ conceal$ pi/ols1 may 9 a great measure1 prev5t ^! cruelties f be+ p]petrat$ by ! means ( gun-p[d]2 s t by mak+ a g5]al computation1 ( all ! good & bad result+ f gun-p[d] 9 ^! respects1 we %all f9d1 t = "o man t is sla9 by x 9 consequ5ce ( private piques & qu>rels1 ! lives ( a ?\s& are sav$1 t w\ld o!rwise h be5 lo/ 9 ! disputes betwe5 pr9ces4 ,,vii4 ,if we consid] p[d] ) reg>d to ! advantages we d]ive f x 9 o!r respects1 we %all f9d x to be v useful & b5eficial to mank9d1 = x assi/s u to kill game1 to extirpate wild bea/s1 to smoo? rugg$ surfaces1 to bl[ up lime-/one1 to op5 passages ?r\gh craggy m\nta9s1 to /op ! progress ( fires1 & is likewise useful 9 a ?\s& o!r in/ances4 ,,viii4 ,f all :i* x may be inf]r$1 t ! inv5tor ( gun-p[d]1 in/ead ( m]it+ ! execrations t are fulm9at$ aga9/ him1 is des]v+ ( ! ?anks & applause ( ! _w4 ,:o ?is inv5tor 01 agreeable to ! g5]al op9ion1 may be se5 9 ! twelf? ,disc\rse ( ! f\r? volume ( ! ,!atrico-,critico#a4 ,,p>adox ,,ii4 ,:at is commonly call$ ,clem5cy 9 ,pr9ces & ,magi/rates1 is p]nici\s to ! ,public4 ,,ix4 ,clem5cy1 z x is expla9$ by ,morali/s & ,!ologians1 is a virtue2 b z und]/ood by ! vulg>1 x is a vice4 ,?is diff]5t acceptation ( "o & ! same ^w1 may be easily acc\nt$-=4 ,if we adv]t to ! doctr9e laid d[n by ,/4 ,?omas1 we %all !re f9d1 ,clem5cy expla9$ z n inconsi/5t ) sev]ity4 ,b ,i ask :e!r 9 ! idea ( ! vulg>1 ^! two qualities are n v diff]5t8 ,!y are cle>ly s2 because t :i* is t]m$ sev]e1 !y )\t ! lea/ hesitation d5y c be clem5t4 ,!re=e ! signification :i* ! vulg> give to ! ^w ,clem5cy1 is diff]5t f t :i* is giv5 to x by le>n$ & wise m54 ,x4 ,sev]ity !n 9 ! op9ion ( ^! la/1 is an habitual inflexibility ( ! m9d1 :i* w n relax 9 ! puni%m5t ( crimes1 :5ev] ! dictates ( "r reason require !y %\ld be puni%$4 ,clem5cy also1 z expla9$ by !m1 is an habitual disposition to less5 ! puni%m5t ( crimes1 :5ev] ! same "r reason dictates t !y %\ld be less5$2 ,qu&o oportet1 et 9 quibus oportet1 says ! angelic doctor1 & x is f 8 doctr9e t ?is def9ition is tak54 ,x is cle>1 !re is no opposition1 b r an agreeable h>mony betwe5 ^! two qualities2 & x is also cle>1 t ! vulg> look ^u t inflexibility ( ! m9d 9 :i* sev]ity consi/s1 z diametrically opposite to clem5cy2 & ?us !y call obdurate1 rigor\s1 inexorable1 & au/]e1 all ^?1 :o possess t inflexible habit4 ,,xi4 ,t pr9ce or magi/rate is clem5t 9 ! op9ion ( ! vulg>1 :o is to be wr\ght ^u by ! intreaties ( fri5ds1 ! te>s ( ! guilty1 & ! cries ( 8 orphan family2 & :o indulges ! s(tness ( 8 own disposition1 & is induc$ f ^! motives1 to mitigate ! puni%m5ts1 :i* ! law has allott$ to crimes4 ,b 9 reality1 ?is is n ,clem5cy1 b inju/ice4 ,x is r a vil5ess1 & a weakness ( m9d1 :i* is cloak$ "u ! "n ( ,clem5cy4 ,he is a protector & an enc\rag] ( wick$ness1 :o f su* consid]ations1 & )\t any o!r motives1 slack5s 8 h& 9 ! puni%m5t ( crimes4 ,he is an indirect tyrant ( ! /ate1 & becomes an abettor ( all ^? evils1 :i* are occasion$ by ! d>+ ra%ness ( del9qu5ts2 & he is also a multipli] ( !m to an excessive numb]1 by 8 =be>+ to det] bad m5 f committ+ !m by prop] examples2 & x is = ?is reason1 t we said 9 ! title ( ?is p>adox1 t t :i* is call$ ,clem5cy 9 pr9ces & magi/rates1 is prejudicial to ! public at l>ge4 ,,xii4 ,:o !n %\ld be deem$ truly clem5t8 ,:y he :o aft] duly weigh+ & consid]+ all ! p>ticul>s & circum/ances ( a case1 is conv9c$ by ! dictates ( "r reason1 t he ought to less5 ! puni%m5t assign$ to a crime by ! common law1 & does less5 x 9 consequ5ce ( su* a conviction4 ,?is is all agreeable to ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas be=e quot$2 & f h5ce x may be inf]r$1 t ! ex]cise ( clem5cy c nev] be arbitr>y1 z is g5]ally imag9$4 ,i mean1 t ! less5+ a puni%m5t :i* ! law prescribes = a guilty p]son1 c nev] be suppos$ to dep5d ^u ! m]e w ( a pr9ce or magi/rate4 ,he ought only to less5 x1 :5 he f9ds aft] maturely weigh+ ! circum/ances1 t x %\ld be less5$1 = if !y w\ld n ju/ify 8 do+ x1 he %\ld n less5 x at all4 ,!re is no middle way4 ,clem5cy is a mod]at+ virtue1 :i* if ex]cis$ ) excessive zeal may become vici\s4 ,i am v well aw>e1 ?is is giv+ mu* less ext5sion to ! virtue ( clem5cy ?an ! g5]al op9ion all[s to x4 ,b t is no?+ to ! purpose1 = ?is is ! true & s\nd doctr9e respect+ x4 ,,xiii4 ,! j motives = less5+ puni%m5ts 9 v>i\s cases1 are _m2 = example1 ! antec$5t m]its ( ! convict$ p]son1 ! use he may be ( to ! public1 8 kn[n ignorance ( ! consequ5ce ( :at he did1 or 8 hav+ committ$ ! crime inadv]t5tly2 any s]i\s inconv5i5ce t might result to ! public f 8 puni%m5t2 or any conv5i5ce t might be d]iv$ to ! /ate f mod]at+ x1 c4 ,,xiv4 ,t great ,a/urian h]o1 ,p$ro ,m55dez de ,aviles gov]n\r ( ,florida1 act$ on v>i\s occasions1 & 9 matt]s ( ! utmo/ importance1 contr>y to ! ord]s t _h be5 giv5 him by ! k+4 ,= ea* ( ^! transgressions1 accord+ to ! /rict lett] ( ! law1 he des]v$ to be puni%$ capitally4 ,! k+1 & a k+ :o 0 s zeal\s ( 8 au?ority z ,philip ! second1 p>don$ !m all2 b n totally1 = we may e/imate z a p>tial puni%m5t1 8 delay+ s long to conf] on him ! rew>ds due to 8 signal m]its1 dur+ :i* int]val1 t em95t man exp]i5c$ n a few p9*+s & inconv5i5ces4 ,! k+ act$ clem5tly by proce$+ 9 ?is mann]2 = x w\ld h be5 unju/1 cruel1 & savage 9 _m respects1 if he _h adh]$ to ! lett] ( ! law 9 puni%+ him4 ,! /ate w\ld h lo/ a mo/ pr(itable subject1 "s signal m]its w\ld h gone unrew>d$1 & s ill judg$ a prec$5t1 w\ld h be5 productive ( great disadvantages to ! public1 because o!r comm&]s1 :o might aft]w>ds f9d !mselves 9 circum/ances :]e /rictly obey+ _! ord]s w\ld be att5d$ ) p]nici\s consequ5ces1 w\ld obey !m not)/&+1 = fe> ( ! puni%m5t4 ,ev5 )\t ! assi/ance ( s bad a prec$5t1 t dread1 occasion$ ! ru9 ( ! gr& ,armada1 fitt$ out by ! same k+ ,philip = ! *a/isem5t ( ,engl&4 ,,xv4 ,i suppose1 t ,pet] ,m55dez1 hav+ always be5 successful :5 he act$ contr>y to 8 ord]s1 conduc$ mu* to excite1 if x 0 n ! sole cause ( ! k+'s l5ity & b5evol5ce to him4 ,b ev5 ! plea ( ?is m]it1 0 ( no avail to t valiant y\? ! son ( ,manlius ,torquatus1 :o aft] return+ home victori\s & cr[n$ ) laurels1 0 by ord] ( 8 own fa!r put to dea?1 = hav+ contr>y to 8 ord]s1 f\ght )1 & defeat$ 8 enemies4 ,?is 0 act+ ) improp] sev]ity1 = al?\gh ! (f5ce by ! /rict lett] ( ! law1 %\ld h be5 puni%$ capitally1 ! putt+ him to dea? 0 savage1 cruel1 inhuman1 & b>b>\s4 ,! ard\r & fire ( 8 y\?1 ought to h be5 admitt$ z a plea to mitigate 8 fault2 b !re 0 mu* m room = %ew+ l5ity to him on acc\nt ( ! zeal he manife/$ = ! public good1 by tak+ ! advantage ( a fav\rable conjuncture1 :i* x 0 impossible = ! ,consul to =esee :5 he gave him 8 ord]s1 & !reby1 do+ s em95t a s]vice to 8 c\ntry4 ,b ! f]oci\s & s\r virtue ( ! obdurate ,manlius1 nei!r weigh$ circum/ances1 nor att5d$ to1 or 0 influ5c$ by ! dictates ( morality2 & ?us1 he unju/ly depriv$ 8 c\ntry ( ! life & s]vices ( a y\?1 :o gave ! mo/ promis+ hopes ( 8 becom+ "o day a great comm&]4 ,,xvi4 ,:5 ! circum/ances ( a case d n af=d j motives = dep>t+ f ! lett] ( ! law1 !re is no room = ! ex]cise ( clem5cy2 z ! dep>t+ f x 9 su* an in/ance1 w\ld be inju/ice1 & x is impossible t ! same action1 %\ld be con=mable to "o virtue1 & contr>y to ano!r1 because at t rate1 x might be bo? good & bad at "o & ! same "t4 ,?us 9 ^! cases1 !re is no o!r c\rse to take1 b t ( apply+ ! puni%m5t ! law prescribes1 )\t reg>d+ ! clam\rs ( weak-m9d$ p1 :o are capable ( c5sur+ su* conduct z ov]-sev]e or h>%2 = act+ 9 ?is mann] conduces to ! public good4 ,,xvii4 ,annon1 ! pi\s ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 did1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 cause ! eyes ( sev]al ( 8 judges to be put out1 = hav+ giv5 an unju/ judgm5t aga9/ a poor woman2 b he left "o ( ! numb] ) a s+le eye1 9 ord] t he might be able to lead ! o!rs ab\t4 ,i suppose t su* an example1 c\ld n fail to fill ! :ole city ) horror2 b al?\gh _m might exclaim aga9/ ! cruelty ( x1 x 0 /ill j & useful1 z ! bl9d+ ( ^? few judges1 might contribute to op5 ! eyes ( an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs1 & cause !m to look att5tively1 h[ !y pron\nc$ s5t5ces 9 future4 ,,xviii4 ,! case ,i am ab\t to m5tion1 is m s+ul> /ill3 :5 ,c\nt ,evkembaldus ! sov]eign ( ,burdan1 0 9 a v weak & infirm /ate1 a compla9t 0 pref]r$ to him aga9/ a nephew ( 81 :o _h violat$ ! *a/ity ( a "y lady1 & ^u ! *>ge be+ cle>ly prov$ aga9/ him1 he1 z he 0 a zeal\s lov] & ass]tor ( ju/ice1 ord]$ him to be put to dea?2 b ^? :o 7 direct$ to execute ?is s5t5ce1 evad+ do+ x1 ^u a supposition t ! ,c\nt mu/ soon die1 somebody in=m$ him ( ! omission2 & z he saw cle>ly t 9 8 pres5t weak /ate1 al?\gh he %\ld repeat 8 ord]s1 !y w\ld n be execut$1 he artfully contriv$1 by decl>+ t 8 indignation aga9/ ! y\? 0 appeas$1 & t he 0 dispos$ to =give him1 to get him br\ght into 8 sick room1 :]e coax+ him "u "s pret5ce to approa* 8 b$1 he seiz$ him by ! coll> ) 8 left h&1 & ) a poign>d t he held conceal$ 9 8 "r1 /abb$ him into ! ?roat1 & kill$ him on ! spot4 ,_m seem$ sc&aliz$ ) ?is act2 b !re is no reason to suppose1 t x 0 displeas+ 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 ,,xix4 ,?is inviolable integrity 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 is no indication ( obdurat5ess1 b is r compatible1 ) ! greate/ t5d]ness & compassion ! human he>t is susceptible (2 al?\gh1 :]e effective clem5cy _c be admitt$1 !re may be room = ! introduction ( ! affective4 ,briante ,pri5eus1 "o ( ! sev5 wise m5 ( ,greece1 0 obs]v$ to weep v bitt]ly aft] condemn+ a guilty p]son to dea?2 ^u :i*1 somebody pres5t ask$ him :y he lam5t$1 s9ce x 0 9 8 own p[] to p>don ! man2 to ?is he answ]$1 ,y mi/ake1 = x is by no means 9 my p[]1 & !re=e ,i weep4 ,8 life is a debt t is due to ju/ice1 & ?is t5d]ness ( m9e1 "o t ,i owe to nature4 ,x is said ( ,vespasian1 t he frequ5tly wept & lam5t$ 9 te>s1 ! dea?s ( guilty p]sons1 :om he himself _h ju/ly condemn$4 ,,xx4 ,to him :o has a he>t s delicate1 t ! g5tl5ess ( 8 disposition is apt to deg5]ate into weakness & debility1 ,i w prescribe an admirable rem$y1 :i* %all com=t & /r5g!n 8 he>t1 & n less5 or abate its s(tness4 ,?is consi/s1 9 direct+ 8 att5tion to contemplate ano!r object1 & 9 mak+ t ! object ( 8 compassion4 ,let u figure to ourselves a judge1 at ! crisis :5 he has j pass$ s5t5ce ( dea? on a notori\s rogue1 :o has be5 guilty ( _m cruelties & outrages1 & :5 he is assail$ ) ! cries & intreaties ( ! convict to be m]ciful to him2 & let u also consid] him1 :5 ^? intreaties are aft]w>ds repeat$ ) ! enum]ation ( all ^? p>ticul>s1 t are mo/ likely to excite t5d]ness & compassion1 su*1 z implor+ him to commis]ate 8 di/ress$ wife & *ildr51 & to look ) an eye ( pity1 on ! mis]able & afflict$ /ate ( an unhappy man1 :o is all contrition & rep5tance1 & ^: ignom9i\s dea?1 w br+ disgrace & affliction on 8 innoc5t fri5ds & relations4 ,^u he>+ ?is1 he may be apt to say to himself1 tak+ away ! life ( a man is a t]rible ?+1 & may p]haps revolve 9 8 m9d1 all ! horrors ( a p]son lead+ to execution1 & also ^? he may feel1 :5 he is j on ! po9t ( suff]+ ! puni%m5t he has be5 condemn$ to by ! law4 ,^! reflections may possibly /agg] 8 con/ancy1 & dispose him to p>don ! (f5d]4 ,,xxi4 ,b if he w\ld turn ! eyes ( 8 und]/&+ f contemplat+ ?is tragical picture1 & view ano!r1 :i* is mu* m tragical1 & :i* is drawn & depict$ f ! circum/ances t appe>$ 9 evid5ce at ! trial2 he might !re see repres5tations ( cruelty & outrage 9 a v>iety ( %apes1 & di/ress & mis]y ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* h be5 br\ght by ! depr$ations ( ?is savage fury1 on numb]s ( innoc5t p1 :o are all !n pray+ t ju/ice may be done on ?is violator ( ! laws ( ,god & man2 ?is enemy to ! peace1 security1 & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,:5 a judge contemplates su* ?+s1 ought he n to be m affect$ ) ! cries & lam5tations ( ^! suff]]s1 ?an ) ! intreaties & affliction ( a wret*1 :o has be5 ! au?or ( s _m evils1 & ^: mis]y & di/ress has be5 br\ght ^u himself1 by 8 own outrages & misde$s8 ,,xxii4 ,x may be repli$ to ?is1 t ^! mis*iefs c't be rem$i$ by ! execution ( ! man1 & t putt+ him to dea?1 w be only add+ a new trag$y to ^? already exhibit$2 b h pati5ce4 ,al?\gh x is true1 t ?is w n rem$y ! mis*iefs t are pa/1 x w det] o!rs f committ+ ! l (f5ces = ! future4 ,! p>don+ crimes1 op]ates l a contagion2 & ! impunity ( a del9qu5t1 inspires o!rs ) boldness1 & infects !m ) ! incl9ation ( becom+ del9qu5ts also2 on ! contr>y1 by puni%+ su* a man1 y /rike t]ror into ill-int5tion$ p1 & prev5t ! di/resses ( ?\s&s2 & al?\gh y c't rem$y ! mis=tunes ( ! innoc5t p]sons :o h already be5 injur$1 y may prev5t ! l mis*iefs f be+ done to an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs4 ,let a judge n[ weigh all ^! ?+s1 & !n det]m9e1 :e!r advanc+ ! public good1 & do+ ju/ice to ^! injur$ p1 ought n m to excite 8 compassion1 ?an t devil 9 human %ape :o awaits ! execution ( 8 s5t5ce2 & f9ally1 ,i mu/ obs]ve to him1 t if he lets su* a miscreant g unpuni%$1 ^? v innoc5t p :om he has injur$1 w implore ! ju/ice ( heav5 aga9/ him = hav+ p>don$ s horrid a wret*4 ,,p>adox ,,iii4 ,:at is t]m$ lib]ality 9 pr9ces1 is = ! mo/ "p injuri\s to _! subjects4 ,,xxiii4 ,i consid] lib]ality1 n only z a virtue1 b z a mo/ noble "o1 t is s mu* ! m wor?y to be treasur$ up 9 ! brea/ ( a man1 by s mu* ! m 8 /ation ( life is exalt$4 ,x is c]ta91 t al?\gh all vices are vile & base1 & all virtues noble1 !re are vices1 :i* 9 an especial mann] des]ve to be /igmatiz$ ) ! epi!t ( sordid1 & t !re are virtues1 :i* %9e =? ) a sup]ior spl5dor & dignity4 ,among ! fir/ sort1 av>ice %\ld be class$1 & among ! second1 lib]ality4 ,,xxiv4 ,f h5ce x may be inf]r$1 t av>ice1 :i* is always a vile quality1 9 pr9ces1 is a sup]latively vile "o1 z ?is meanness ( _s1 is unwor?y ( ! elevat$ dignity ( a ?rone4 ,vespasian 0 a pr9ce ( admirable end[m5ts1 he 0 a great w>rior1 politician1 & magi/rate1 & 0 besides temp]ate1 discreet1 & affable2 b 8 av>ice 0 a d>k %ade1 :i* obscur$ all ^! p]fections2 s t ! mo/ a p]son c d :o reads 8 hi/ory1 is n to abhor him1 b he nev] c br+ himself to e/eem or love him4 ,he1 to increase 8 rev5ues & fill 8 c(f]s1 w5t to ! extreme l5g?1 ( lay+ a tax on ! excrem5ts ( ! human body2 b ! matt] out ( :i* ! tax arose1 0 n s noisome & /9k+1 z ! tax itself4 ,,xxv4 ,al?\gh1 x does n foll[ f h5ce1 t prodigality1 :i* is a vice diametrically opposite to av>ice1 is n a great blemi% 9 pr9ces2 = 9 tru?1 x is m blameable 9 !m ?an 9 private p4 ,a private prodigal1 wa/es 8 own sub/ance2 a pr9ce1 ! sub/ance ( o!r m54 ,a private p]son by 8 extravagance1 hurts himself2 a sov]eign1 by 81 injures a :ole community2 s t1 al?\gh ! two vices are unlike 9 !mselves1 :5 c5t]$ 9 pr9ces1 !y produce ) respect to ! public1 ! same effects4 ,! av>ici\s pr9ce impov]i%es 8 p to enri* himself2 & ! prodigal "o1 impov]i%es himself to enri* o!rs4 ,:at ! fir/ heaps up1 is buri$2 :at ! o!r amasses toge!r1 is dissipat$2 & by att5d+ closely to ?is object1 y w f9d1 t prodigality is ! mo/ p]nici\s vice ( ! two2 because :at a prodigal sov]eign squ&]s 9 ne$less l>gesses to enri* p>ticul> p1 does n return1 or if ev] x does1 x is v late1 or x is by "s r>e accid5t1 t x ev] returns aga9 to ! public /ock2 :]eas :at an av>ici\s pr9ce ho>ds up1 may be s]viceable 9 ! days ( 8 successor1 & may greatly contribute to less5 ! burd5s ( 8 subjects4 ,,xxvi4 ,b h[ %all we def9e :at %\ld be t]m$ prodigality 9 pr9ces8 ,:y by call+ all t su*1 :i* is commonly /il$ lib]ality4 ,! vulg>1 & ev5 ^? :o are sup]ior to ! vulg>1 all[ ( a l>ge ext5sion1 to ! arbitr>y & volunt>y exp5ces ( pr9ces4 ,x is commonly und]/ood1 t :5 a pr9ce f caprice1 or f p>ticul> affections = a subject1 makes him a pres5t1 t ! donation %\ld be proportion$ to ! p[] & gr&eur ( ! p]son :o be/[s x2 b ,i consid] ! ?+ 9 q a diff]5t light4 ,:atev] consid]able sum ( ! public money is exp5d$1 :i* is n laid out1 directly or indirectly1 to advance ! public b5efit1 is inju/ice & pr(usion4 ,t :i* comes out ( ! pockets ( ! public1 %\ld be exp5d$ 9 su* ?+s z are b5eficial to ! public4 ,w\ld x n be mo/ unju/ provid5ce1 to apply1 = ! sake ( indulg+ ! caprice or o/5tation ( a sov]eign1 t :i* is contribut$ by millions ( p1 to enri* a p>ticul> p]son1 :o by "s *ance accid5t1 9 a matt] t 0 ( little importance to ! community1 has done some?+ t 0 agreeable to1 & t has ga9$ him ! fav\r ( 8 pr9ce8 ,,xxvii4 ,alex&] ord]$ 8 treasur] to give to ! philosoph] ,anax>*us1 any sum ( money he %\ld desire4 ,he reque/$ a hundr$ tal5ts2 & ! treasur] in=m$ ,alex&] ( ! excessive dem& ( ! philosoph]2 to :i* ,alex&] answ]$1 he has done v "r1 = he well kn[s t he has a fri5d :o is bo? able & will+ to give him t sum2 & ord]$ ! treasur] to pay him ! money imm$iately4 ,is ?is lib]ality8 ,x is true1 t x is celebrat$ z su* 9 an inf9ite numb] ( books2 b ,i say1 t x 0 no su* ?+1 = t x %\ld r h be5 t]m$ mad prodigality1 :i* is ! legitimate *ild ( va9-glory2 & t x 0 n only prodigality1 b cruelty & tyranny4 ,) ^? hundr$ tal5ts1 he might h adm9i/]$ to _m di/resses2 & if a pr9ce has sup]fluities1 he %\ld lay !m out = su* purposes4 ,b refra9+ to adm9i/] to ! hung] & necessities ( numb]s ( poor p1 to satiate ! glutton\s crav+s ( an av>ici\s philosoph]1 0 a gl>+ act ( p>tiality1 :i* r5d]$ x d\btful1 :i* ( ! two 0 ! mo/ unju/ p]son1 ,anax>*us = dem&+ su* a sum1 or ,alex&] = gratify+ him 9 8 dem&4 ,,xxviii4 ,! same ,alex&]1 be+ reque/$ by 8 fri5d ,p]ilus to furni% him ) a sum ( money to portion out 8 daught]s1 ord]$ fifty tal5ts to be deliv]$ to him4 ,to :i* ,p]ilus mode/ly repli$1 t t5 w\ld be suffici5t2 to ?is ,alex&] answ]$1 t is n a matt] = my consid]ation1 = al?\gh t5 tal5ts w\ld be z mu* z w\ld answ] y\r purpose1 x w\ld n be a pres5t suitable to my gr&eur4 ,i f9d ?is celebrat$ by _m writ]s1 z a noble & magnanim\s act1 & ,alex&]'s say+ ^u do+ x1 z a comm5dable & a well-po9t$ "o2 b 9 my op9ion1 ! act 0 an act ( madness1 & t 8 say+ ^u do+ x1 0 a v weak & trifl+ "o4 ,does ! gr&eur ( a pr9ce consi/ 9 extravagances & pr(usions8 ,does x display gr&eur1 to take f _m :at is absolutely ne$ful = !m1 to furni% a few o!rs ) sup]fluities8 ,x does n1 b r fav\rs ( inju/ice1 bas5ess1 & tyranny2 & !y only c call su* behavi\r magnanim\s1 :o h lo/ ! use ( _! und]/&+4 ,,xxix4 ,a ?\s& cr[ns 9 specie1 7 "o day pres5t$ to ,don ,alfonso1 ! fif? k+ ( ,arragon ( t "n1 & ! fir/ ( ,naples4 ,a p]son :o 0 /&+ by at ! "t1 said1 ,h[ happy x w\ld make me1 if all t money 0 m9e6 ,to :i* ! k+ answ]$1 ,take x !n1 = ,i am desir\s ( mak+ y happy4 ,0 ?is magnanimity8 ,i "k t x has be5 cri$ up z su*2 b ,i say1 x r %ew$ weakness ( m9d1 & a want ( prop] resolution1 to resi/ an absurd impulse ( va9-glory4 ,i suppose also1 t x 0 f ! want ( ?9k+ or reflexion1 t ! k+ 0 guilty ( t pr(usion1 & t he 0 hurri$ into x by 8 vanity1 :i* sugge/$ to him1 t mak+ ! man a pres5t ( ! money w\ld blazon 8 fame1 & manife/ to ! _w1 t he _h bo? ! disposition & ! p[] to make a man happy4 ,b ,i w\ld ask him 7& ?is is a "q t might be put to all ! pr9ces 9 ! _w7 :e!r1 if x is an act ( greatness to make "o man happy1 x is n a mu* sup]ior "o to make a great _m s8 ,if x is glori\s 9 a sov]eign to make an individual happy1 is x n beyond comp>ison m glori\s1 to make a :ole nation s8 ,& !re is no d\bt b ?is might be done1 if a pr9ce w\ld avoid all pr(usion1 & regulate 8 conduct by a discreet conomy2 if he w\ld curtail all sup]flu\s exp5ces1 be a *eck ^u ! av>ice ( 8 m9i/]s1 or else deliv] ! adm9i/ration ( 8 affairs into ! h&s ( none b m5 ( integrity1 :o are capable ( proportion+ ! contributions to be paid by 8 subjects to _! abilities1 & :o %\ld be c>eful1 n to ov]-bur!n ! husb&m5 & manufactur]s2 = ^! are ! p1 :o by _! lab\rs1 are ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts ( enri*+ a /ate1 & :5ev] !y f9d ! weight ( ! taxes1 squeeze out ( !m ! greate/ "p ( _! e>n+s1 !y w leave (f "w1 & betake !mselves to an idle & vagabond life4 ,to sum up ! :ole1 a pr9ce1 by con=m+ to ! precepts t are dictat$ by ju/ice1 religion1 & prud5ce1 & by n be/[+ on any "o 9 p>ticul>1 m ?an 8 necessities dem&1 or ?an is due to 8 m]its1 w become ! common fa!r ( 8 p2 & by ext5d+ 8 pat]nal c>e1 & disp5s+ 8 g5]osity ) an equal & imp>tial h& to !m all alike1 w be able to make !m all happy4 ,,xxx4 ,! royal treasury1 may be comp>$ to ! ocean4 ,x receives its pecuni>y contributions f all ! monies 9 ! k+dom1 z ! ocean does its /ock ( wat]s f all ! rivulets1 f\nta9s1 & /reams 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! royal treasury !n1 %\ld d by ! k+dom1 z ! ocean does by ! _w2 t is1 aft] p]mitt+ ^? wat]s to be exhal$ 9 vap\rs1 return ! same /ock 9 refre%+ ra9s1 to f]tilize ! e>?4 ,x w\ld argue a great defect 9 ! sov]eign provid5ce1 z ! /ock ( ! ocean is suppli$ by all ! wat]s ( ! _w1 if he 0 only to p]mit a return ( !m1 to f]tilize "h & !re a di/rict1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 all ! re/ w\ld become b>r54 ,j s1 w\ld x be an intol]able absurdity 9 human gov]nm5t1 to apply ! money ( ! public treasury1 to :i* ! :ole k+dom has contribut$1 9 prodigal donations to enri* a few individuals1 & by )-hold+ x f all ! re/1 leav+ !m 9 di/ress & mis]y4 ,,xxxi4 ,! reign+ emp]or ( ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 0 ) respect to ! matt] we are treat+ (1 "o ( ! greate/ examples1 t ev] has1 or p]haps ev] w be exhibit$ to ! _w4 ,i rely on ! au?ority ( ,fa!r ,contane9 = ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 & on ! acc\nt he gives ( ?is emp]or 9 8 lett]s1 :i* are dat$ at ,canton ! latt] end ( ! ye> #agbe1 & :i* are copi$ into ! #ah? volume ( edify+ & curi\s lett]s ( =eign mission>ies2 b ,i only at pres5t1 h be=e me an extract f !m1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x ( ! ye> #agbh4 ,,xxxii4 ,t pr9ce1 lab\r$ incessantly to promote ! good ( 8 subjects4 ,! object absorb$ all 8 ?\ghts1 & occupi$ 8 :ole att5tion4 ,e day ( ! ye>1 & all h\rs ( ! day1 7 days & h\rs ( giv+ audi5ce & exp$it+ bus9ess2 & he sc>ce devot$ any to amusem5t or recreation4 ,to provide = ! conv5i5ces ( 8 own p]son1 he us$ ! ri*es ( 8 treasury ) great mod]ation2 b he exp5d$ !m ) a truly royal magnific5ce1 :5 he adm9i/]$ to ! necessities ( 8 p4 ,he procur$ punctual in=mation1 ( ! /ate & condition ( all 8 prov9ces1 & took c>e to "k1 :i* ( !m 0 opul5t1 & :i* indig5t2 ?is he did1 to ! end1 t he might succ\r ) ! great] ease1 su* ( !m z 7 9 di/ress4 ,if any t[n _h be5 desolat$1 ei!r by an e>?quake or a conflagration1 if any prov9ce _h suff]$ by an inundation1 or by any adv]se accid5ts1 _h be5 prev5t$ f yield+ _! usual produce1 or if by any o!r *a9 ( accid5ts1 a prov9ce happ5$ to be impov]i%$1 he imm$iately remitt$ l>ge sums1 to repair _! build+s1 & to relieve _! poor4 ,all 8 subjects exp]i5c$ to fl[ f 8 b[els1 a balsam ( t5d]ness1 compassion1 & pat]nal love1 :i* heal$ all _! calamities1 & reliev$ all _! di/resses4 ,,xxxiii4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #agbe1 "s prov9ces suff]$ greatly f excessive ra9s1 & ! emp]or took measures to relieve ! di/resses t _h be5 occasion$ by !m1 :i*1 9 ord] to d m effectually1 he s5t in/ructions writt5 9 8 own h&1 to ! pr9cipal m5 & m&>9es ( all 8 empire1 :i* began ?us2 ,?is summ]1 extraord9>y & uncommon quantities ( ra9 h fall51 & ! prov9ces ( ,pek91 ,*antong1 & ,honan1 h be5 inundat$ by !m4 ,i feel mu* = ! di/resses ( my p :o inhabit ^? prov9ces2 & h x mu* at he>t to relieve !m4 ,_! afflictions are cont9ually pres5t to my imag9ation bo? night & day1 nor c ,i enjoy s\nd sleep1 or tranquillity ( m9d1 :ile ,i "k t my subjects suff]2 & z x is absolutely necess>y to s5d imm$iate relief to ^? va/ numb]s ( poor di/ress$ p1 ,i comm& y great m5 & magi/rates ( my empire1 to *oose "s tru/y & able p]sons1 su* z are capable ( execut+ my in/ructions1 & :o pref] ! public good to _! own private int]e/s2 & dispat* !m to ! ?ree be=e-nam$ prov9ces1 to di/ribute to ! afflict$ inhabitants ( !m1 ! tok5s ( my b5evol5ce & compassion4 ,let !m scrut9ize ! mo/ obscure & remote corn]s1 to f9d out all ! poor & di/ress$1 to ! end1 t no "o may rema9 )\t prop] succ\r & relief4 ,i "k t x has sometimes happ5$1 t 9 ! mak+ ^! sort ( di/ributions1 acts ( inju/ice & p>tiality h be5 committ$2 b ,i w take c>e t ! conduct ( ^? y s5d %all be wat*$1 & d y look to x also4 ,,xxxiv4 ,!re is ano!r te/imony 9 ! be=e recit$ lett]1 :i* does hon\r1 n only to ! g5]osity & b5evol5ce ( ?is pr9ce1 b to 8 h]oic dis9t]e/$ness also4 ,x hav+ be5 cu/om>y ) him = a great _m ye>s1 to release a c]ta9 prov9ce f pay+ a "p ( _! annual tribute2 :i* he did because he ?\ght x 0 j & necess>y4 ,! inhabitants1 to express _! gratitude = ?is k9dness & g5]osity to !m1 m$itat$ erect+ "s monum5ts to 8 hon\r1 & _h actually begun ! "w1 :i* ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce in=m$ him (4 ,to :i* in=mation ( ! gov]nor's1 ! emp]or gave ! foll[+ answ]3 ,:at y acqua9t me )1 is totally disagreeable to me1 & :at ,i by no means approve4 ,:5 ,i conc$$ ?is grace to ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce y preside ov]1 ,i _h no o!r motive or view 9 do+ x1 ?an t ( act+ ju/ly by1 & mak+ all my subjects happy alike2 b _h no int5tion ( procur+ to myself a va9 hon\r4 ,su* exp5ces are sup]flu\s & unnecess>y1 & c nev] be ( any use or b5efit to me2 & z ,i h s5t proclamations ?r\gh all my empire1 exhort+ my p to practise frugality & conomy1 ,i wond] h[ !y c\ld presume to ?9k ( runn+ into ^! ne$less & mad exp5ces1 or h[ y c\ld p]mit !m to d x3 x is also to be appreh5d$1 t ! inf]ior (fic]s :o are g5]ally ! collectors ( money = ^! purposes1 may be tempt$ to put "p ( x into _! own pockets4 ,prohibit !re=e imm$iately1 ! proce$+ any fur!r 9 ?is matt]1 & ) respect to ! edifice & monum5t ( /one1 ,i =bid ! erect+ ( x2 & ,i repeat aga91 t :5 ,i d ^! acts ( grace & fav\r1 x is n ) a view ( acquir+ a va9 reputation1 b because ,i ?9k x j & necess>y2 & to ! end1 t e "o may be enabl$ to d 8 duty 9 society1 & t ! tranquillity & happ9ess ( my subjects 9 g5]al may be e/abli%$ on a solid f\ndation4 ,,xxxv4 ,all ! conduct ( ?is pr9ce 0 ( ! same t5or4 ,he ) a mo/ sagaci\s p5etration1 att5d$ to ! proce$+s & conduct ( all ! m&>9es2 & gave !m in/ructions1 t !y %\ld apprize him ( all t occurr$ to !m1 :i* might conduce to promote good gov]nm5t4 ,he made _m regulations1 t 7 j & wise2 he e/abli%$ premiums = ! husb&m51 :o _h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! indu/ry1 & ! improvem5ts !y _h made 9 agriculture2 & = ! manufactur]s & me*anics1 :o _h signaliz$ !mselves by _! dilig5ce & +5uity2 he made provision = ! wid[s ( virtu\s citiz5s1 & settl$ rew>ds t 7 to be paid to su* *ildr51 z di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! filial c>e (1 & t5d]ness to _! ag$ p>5ts1 c4 & is ?is ,pr9ce :o 0 s p]fect 9 8 morals1 & s great a patt]n ( policy1 ! same man1 :o proscrib$ ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t all 8 dom9ions8 ,i fe> we mu/ be oblig$ to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 & to contemplate ) a/oni%m5t1 ! inscrutable secrets ( ! div9e ,provid5ce2 & to exclaim1 ,oh6 h[ incompreh5sible are ,god's judgm5ts1 & h[ untraceable are 8 ways6 ,b ! bl9dness ( ?is emp]or 9 matt]s ( religion1 %\ld n preclude our recomm5d+ him z a signal patt]n1 ( t sort ( conomy & lib]ality :i* %\ld be practis$ by pr9ces4 ,,xxxvi4 ,i h said ( ! conomy & lib]ality1 = bo? ^! virtues1 are f\nd to be p]fectly compatible ) ea* o!r1 & to be admirably reconcil$ toge!r 9 ! practice ( t pr9ce4 ,! true & prop] effect1 & ess5tial op]ation ( lib]ality1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas1 consi/s1 9 proportion+ our affection = money 9 su* a mann]1 t our excessive love ( x %all nev] ob/ruct our lay+ x out = su* purposes1 z are j & laudable4 ,?us ! epi!t ( lib]al1 does n belong to him :o exp5ds x to indulge 8 :im or hum\r1 or f motives ( o/5tation1 or to gratify 8 affection = "s p>ticul> p1 he is desir\s ( enri*+2 = all ?is is prodigality3 b he des]ves to be call$ lib]al1 :o applies money to promote & accompli% virtu\s ends1 & :o is always ready to "p ) x1 :5 x may be made conducive to promote su* purposes4 ,!re is field en\gh )9 ^! limits1 = ! ex]cise ( ! virtue ( lib]ality4 ,he is lib]al1 :o succ\rs ! poor1 rew>ds ! des]v+1 supports by g5]\s donations m5 ( ability1 & :o con/ructs useful public edifices1 &1 9 g5]al1 all money t is laid out = ! b5efit ( ! public1 may be said to be exp5d$ on objects ( lib]ality1 :i* lib]ality1 if judici\sly ext5d$1 may be des]v+ ( ! epi!t ( magnific5ce4 ,^! two la/ virtues are di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 by ! fir/ be+ limit$ n to exce$ ! b\nds ( mod]ation3 & ! o!r be+ p]mitt$ to ext5d to ! exp5d+ va/ sums1 provid$ ! money is laid out f laudable motives1 & on objects1 t are really conducive to ! public utility4 ,?us ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? did an act ( magnific5ce1 9 build+ ! ,hospital ( ,invalids at ,p>is1 & did a mu* sup]ior "o1 by con/ruct+ ! canal1 t makes a navigable communication betwe5 ,langu$oc & ,b\rdeaux2 because ! great exp5ces t att5d$ execut+ ^! works1 7 incurr$ to promote ! public good1 & actually 7 great advantages to ! public at l>ge2 b ! palaces t 7 built by ,n]o & ,caligula1 :i* occupi$ z mu* gr\nd z two l>ge t[ns might h /ood on1 d n des]ve to be call$ works ( magnific5ce2 because ! va/ sums t 7 laid out 9 con/ruct+ !m1 7 by no means exp5d$ to promote ! public good1 b only to gratify ! o/5tati\s vanity ( two pr(use m54 ,! emp]or ,adrian 0 magnific5t1 by =giv+ at once1 ! paym5t ( all t 0 ow+ to him = ! sixte5 prec$+ ye>s1 by ,rome1 ,italy1 & all ! imp]ial prov9ces2 b ,alfonso ! ,twelf? ( ,ca/ile 0 prodigal 7provid$ ! /ory t is told ( him1 & circulat$ 9 s _m books respect+ ?is matt] is true7 9 exp5d+ a va/ sum ( money1 = ! r$emption ( ,baldw91 emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople2 z ! fir/ case conc]n$ ! :ole ,roman empire2 & ,spa9 0 n at all int]e/$ 9 ! la/4 ,,xxxvii4 ,f9ally1 ,a pr9ce may ex]cise n only 8 lib]ality1 b 8 magnific5ce also1 by be/[+ great donations1 ^u "h & !re an individual ( signal & sup]ior m]it1 7b ,i w\ld be und]/ood to mean su* m]it z has be5 b5eficial to ! /ate7 because 9 do+ ?is1 8 att5tion may be suppos$1 z n conf9$ to rew>d+ ! virtue ( a s+le man2 b to ! excit+ ! emulation ( _m4 ,& consid]$ 9 ?is light1 :at ,spa9 gave to ,colon1 did n exce$ ! b\nds ( ju/ice & mod]ation2 :at %e gave to ,cortez 0 little2 & :at %e gave to ! great ,capta9 next to no?+4 ,:5 a pr9ce or nation %\ld ex]cise magnific5ce1 if ! donation !y be/[ is n equal to ! m]it ( ! p]son x is conf]r$ on1 or ! dignity ( ! p>ty :o conf]s x1 x c nev] des]ve to be t]m$ lib]ality1 = !re is no middle way 9 ^! cases1 & if ! gift does n am\nt high en\gh to be des]v+ ( ! epi!t ( magnific5ce1 x decl9es to ! o!r extreme1 & s9ks into p>simony4 ,,p>adox ,,iv4 ,!re is m ,objection made to promot+ ,p to important ,employm5ts on acc\nt ( _! ,y\?1 ?an !re ought to be4 ,,xxxviii4 ,z 9 ! use ( _! pot5tial or intellectual faculties1 "s give e>ly tok5s ( dulness or p]v]s5ess1 & o!rs display bright tok5s ( comm5dable & useful tal5ts2 :i* r5d] x probable1 t ! /ate w\ld prev5t great mis*iefs by ! e>ly *a/isem5ts ( ! fir/1 & t x w\ld reap great b5efits by ! timely fav\r+ & enc\rag+ ! virtu\s bod+s ( ! second2 z !re are "y m51 :o 9 prud5ce & und]/&+ excell ^? :o are mu* fur!r advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,if su*1 9 ! prime ( _! lives1 7 promot$ to fill po/s ( importance1 ! /ate w\ld = a long "t1 reap ! b5efit ( _! good adm9i/ration3 :]eas1 by def]r+ _! advancem5t till !y gr[ old1 ?is b5efit is b ( %ort duration4 ,! mo/ le>n$ & p5etrat+ society ( ,jesuits1 at ! age ( ?irty-eight1 rais$ to ! high po/ ( ,prepositor-g5]al ( _! ,ord]1 ,fa!r ,claudius ,acquaviva4 ,:o c ent]ta9 a d\bt1 b t 9 s ext5sive a society1 !re 7 _m m5 fur!r advanc$ 9 life1 possess$ ( all ! requisites = ! well-dis*>g+ ! duties ( su* an (fice8 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 ,fa!r ,acquaviva1 at ?is age1 0 pref]r$ to all ! o!rs1 to fill ?is important /ation2 ?is 0 done1 ei!r because he possess$ ! requisite qualities = dis*>g+ ! duties ( ! (fice 9 a m em95t degree ?an ! o!rs1 or because1 al?\gh !y might be equal to him 9 tal5ts1 !re 0 a probability ( _! enjoy+ ! fruits ( 8 excell5t gov]nm5t = a mu* long] "t1 ?an !y 7 likely to enjoy ! b5efit ( ! s]vices ( ^? :o 7 fur!r advanc$ 9 life2 9 :i* expectation x turn$ out aft]w>ds t !y 7 n disappo9t$4 ,! fam\s ,s]vita ,fray ,pablo ,s>pi 0 made ,prov9cial ( 8 ,religion1 at ! age ( tw5ty-sev54 ,! port5t\s tal5ts ( t "y man1 gave j reason = _! elect+ him1 & _! judgm5t 9 do+ s1 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ! s5tim5ts ( ! republic2 :o appo9t$ him1 contr>y to _! ord9>y practice1 at ab\t ! same p]iod 8 own society conf]r$ ?is hon\r on him1 _! ,c\nsellor4 ,x is true1 t ?is extraord9>y fav\r ( ! republic1 0 v injuri\s to ! religi\s "* ( ,fa!r ,s>pi1 = he engag$ ) su* w>m? 9 def5ce ( ! /ate1 aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 t only 9 8 habit ( a fri>1 he pres]v$ ! appe>ance ( be+ a ,ca?olic4 ,,xxxix4 ,he :o at ?irty1 has ! discretion t p commonly h at fifty1 :5 he arrives at ! age ( =ty1 w h a discretion1 mu* sup]ior to t ( ! bulk ( mank9d4 ,& ?is exce$+ w be great] /ill1 if f ! age ( ?irty1 he beg9s to ex]cise 8 tal5ts 9 public bus9ess1 z he w g on improv+ !m m & m e day by 8 practice4 ,:y !n %\ld n ! /ate enc\rage ! cultivation ( a soil1 :i* is capable ( produc+ s mu* = _! s]vice8 ,or :y %\ld !y lose any "p ( ! copi\s fruit1 t may be produc$ f su* a /ock8 ,,xl4 ,to ?is reason+ ,i %all add1 t :5 !re is an equality ( intellectual tal5ts1 ! middle age %\ld be pref]r$ to ! m advanc$1 = t is ! "t1 9 :i* ! faculties ( bo? body & m9d are 9 _! full vig\r1 :i* are ?+s ( great importance1 9 ! good adm9i/ration or execution ( public bus9ess4 ,:at might be ga9$ by ! exp]i5ce ( a man :o has _h a great deal ( practice2 if he happ5s only to beg9 to act at a "t ( life :5 8 faculties are on ! decl9e1 may be ov]balanc$ by ! loss t w\ld be su/a9$ by ! languid execution ( 8 designs4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! misc>riages ( ,cyrus1 ,pompey1 & o!r fam\s w>riors 9 _! advanc$ /ate ( life1 :o _h always be5 conqu]ors 9 ! days ( _! y\? & vig\r1 0 ow+ to no o!r cause b ?is2 & am ( op9ion1 t !y attribut$ to a fall+-(f ( =tune1 :at only result$ f a decad5ce ( _! robu/ness1 & ! activity ( _! m9ds4 ,,xli4 ,x may p]haps be object$ to :at ,i h be5 advanc+1 t x is 9 b "h & !re a r>e in/ance1 t ?is doctr9e ( m9e w apply1 = t x is v uncommon to meet 9 an e>ly "t ( life1 ) a man ( equal ability1 to "o :o is m advanc$ 9 ye>s2 & t if ,i only mean to recomm5d1 t 9 ^! r>e in/ances1 !y %all h ! pref]5ce giv5 !m1 ,i h be5 beat+ my bra9s to little purpose2 = t ?is is already an e/abli%$ practice2 & !re is no man :o has obs]v$ ! _w ) any att5tion1 :o is n conv9c$1 t we h _h "h & !re an in/ance1 ( a "y man be+ pref]r$ to "o m advanc$ 9 ye>s8 ,,xlii4 ,b to ?is1 ,i reply 9 ! fir/ place1 t admitt+1 9 ^! p>ticul> cases1 :at is j & prop] has be5 done1 x does n foll[ f !nce1 t ! doctr9e we h be5 lay+ d[n is useless2 = al?\gh our argum5ts on ?is head may be unnecess>y z an in/ruction to ^? :o h ! disp5sation ( employm5ts1 !y may be ( use by way ( repro( or correction1 to grumbl]s & compla9]s4 ,a "y man sc>ce ev] atta9s any hon\r or pref]m5t1 b a ?\s& old unpr(itable ones murmur at x1 & n only a ?\s& old ones :o are useless1 b ! majority ( ! "y ones also2 :o by be+ ( ab\t ! same /&+ 9 life1 are /imulat$ to %ew res5tm5t1 by ! fire ( emulation4 ,,xliii4 ,we %all answ] secondly1 t a "y man's excell+ old ones 9 und]/&+ & judgm5t1 is no?+ ne> s uncommon z is g5]ally imag9$1 b is r a ?+ :i* we exp]i5ce v frequ5tly4 ,!re is sc>ce a community consi/+ ( tw5ty or ?irty individuals1 :]e we d n see a p>ticul> "y man1 bett] in=m$1 & m capable ?an _m ( ! old ones4 ,?is proce$s1 f ! temp]am5ts ( m5 hav+ g5]ally a great] effect on ! faculties ( _! m9ds1 ?an _! ages4 ,! exce$+ t a man exp]i5ces 9 himself 9 ?is respect at fifty ye>s ( age1 & at ?irty-five1 is seldom v consid]able1 & w r>ely be p]ceptible1 if he has n pass$ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 f a life ( mu* indol5ce1 to "o ( mu* application4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! exce$+ !re is betwe5 "s m5 & o!rs on acc\nt ( _! diff]5t temp]am5ts & g5iuses1 is enorm\s4 ,we e day see ^?1 :o f _! aptness at acquir+ e sci5ce & faculty1 w become adepts 9 !m1 9 a qu>t] "p ( ! "t1 t o!rs are oblig$ to employ 9 h>d /udy to atta9 !m4 ,,xliv4 ,f ?is great diff]5ce 9 ! temp]am5ts & g5ius ( individuals1 spr+ ^? prodigi\s advances ( "s "y m5 9 lit]>y atta9m5ts1 :i* are frequ5tly n equall$1 by ^? :o h /udi$ till eighty4 ,su* = example z ,john ,pico de ,mir&ola1 ! ,scot* man ,jacob ,creighton1 ! ,spani>d ,f]n&o de ,cordoba1 ,gasp> ,scioppius1 ,hugo ,grotius1 ,spanolito :o is n[ ! wond] ( ,p>is1 & o!rs4 ,we might add to ^! examples _m m1 :i* are n s well kn[n1 b :i* are n less extraord9>y2 b we %all cont5t ourselves ) po9t+ out two1 t are ! mo/ /rik+ ones4 ,! fir/ is ,gu/avus de ,helmfeld1 ! son ( a ,sw$i% ,s5ator1 :o at t5 ye>s ( age1 c\ld speak twelve ,languages1 ! ,sw$i%1 ! ,muscovite1 ! ,poli%1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani%1 ! ,italian1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,flemi%1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,lat91 ! ,greek1 & ! ,hebrew2 he besides _h a k ( philosophy1 & a t9cture ( t ( !ology1 & also und]/ood "s p>ts ( ! ma!matics4 ,,xlv4 ,b ! prodigi\s *ild1 t 0 born at ,lubec 9 #agba1 & di$ 9 #agbe1 exce$$ e ?+ we h hi!rto he>d (4 ,8 "n 0 ,*ri/ian ,h5ry ,h5eik54 ,! relation ,i %all give ( him1 is tak5 f ! fir/ volume ( ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x ( #agca1 into :i* x 0 copi$1 f ! acc\nts we h _h ( him f v>i\s au?ors ( ! same city & c\ntry1 all ( :om 7 e/eem$ m5 ( ! greate/ cr$it & v]acity4 ,?is surpriz+ *ild1 at t5 mon?s old begun to speak1 & at twelve1 und]/ood ! pr9cipal ev5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 & at ?irte51 ^? ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 at f\rte5 ^? ( ! ,new2 & at two ye>s ( age1 he answ]$ p]t95tly to any que/ions t 7 ask$ him1 conc]n+ anti5t or mod]n hi/ory1 & likewise1 ) respect to geography4 ,he v soon aft]1 began to speak ,lat9 ) ease1 & imm$iately ^u t1 ,fr5* also4 ,be=e he ent]$ into 8 f\r? ye>1 he knew ! g5ealogies ( ! pr9cipal h\ses 9 ,europe1 & expla9$ s5sibly & judici\sly1 _m s5t5ces & passages ( holy scripture4 ,he soon aft] ?is1 le>n$ to write1 at a "t :5 he 0 sc>ce able to hold ! p54 ,he abhorr$ all o!r alim5t except milk1 :i* mu/ always be t ( ! nurse :o fir/ begun to suckle him2 s t he 0 n wean$ till a few mon?s be=e 8 dea?4 ,he 0 ( a v delicate frame1 & frequ5tly visit$ ) sickness4 ,& at l5g?1 on ! #bg? ( ,june1 #agbe1 he di$2 fill+ ) a/oni%m5t all ^? :o knew him1 at ! con/ancy & h]oic resignation he %ew$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( 8 sickness1 till ! p]iod1 t he surr5d]$ 8 s\l into ! h&s ( 8 ,creator4 ,,xlvi4 ,i am v well aw>e1 t ! circum/ances ( ?is hi/ory may h be5 exagg]at$1 b ,i d n f9d any ?+ impossible 9 !m4 ,:o kn[s ! ultimate b\nds1 to :i* ! ability ( man may ext5d8 ,p]haps !re may be none assign$ to x1 b t x may cont9ue to increase m & m1 & t ! limits ( its ext5sion h nev] yet be5 fix$ or assign$4 ,) respect to 8 ess5tial p]fection1 all philosoph]s & !ologians agree1 t no creature 0 ev] s p]fect1 b t ,god may create ano!r /ill m p]fect4 ,:y !n ) reg>d to accid5tal p]fection 9 ! same species1 d we n see ! same ?+8 ,our gross mode ( reason+1 is apt to conf9e possibility )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our exp]i5ce4 ,t :i* we nev] saw1 we imag9e c nev] happ52 z if 9 ! little :i* ,god has be5 pleas$ to pres5t to our view1 is display$ ! utmo/ ext5t ( ! omnipot5t p[]4 ,sett+ b\nds to possibility1 is sett+ !m to ! op]ations ( ! all p[]ful4 ,,xlvii4 ,i agree1 t our ass5t to ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 %\ld n be ext5d$ s f>1 z n to be conf9$ )9 less b\nds1 ?an ! imm5se space ( possibility2 lett+ our belief be regulat$ by probability1 is mu* saf]1 ?an lett+ x ext5d to possibilities2 possibility1 c only be measur$ by ! ext5t ( ! div9e p[]2 probability1 may be guid$ & limit$ by ! =ce & cr$ibility ( te/ification4 ,?us he w\ld act prud5tly1 :o ) respect to ! hi/ory ( ! *ild ( ,lubec1 %\ld reject a good portion ( ! circum/ances1 b /ill admit en\gh ( !m1 to r5d] ! /ory a mo/ wond]ful "o1 ! l ( :i*1 _h nev] be5 kn[n 9 =m] ages2 z x is n probable1 t ! au?ors :o 7 ! c\ntrym5 ( ! *ild1 %\ld lie exorbitantly1 9 a case :]e if !y _h deviat$ greatly f ! tru?1 x 0 9 ! p[] ( ?\s&s ( liv+ witnesses to h convict$ !m ( ! impo/ure4 ,,xlviii4 ,f ! be=em5tion$ examples1 & an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs t might be in/anc$1 may be inf]r$1 ! enorm\s diff]5ce !re is betwe5 "s s\ls & o!rs1 :i* diff]5ce1 is ow+ solely to a diff]5ce ( temp]am5t2 comp>$ to :i*1 t produc$ by a disp>ity ( age1 is v small1 ev5 if we compute x f e>ly manhood1 to ! p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,! result ( my own obs]vation1 ) ! exception ( "h & !re a r>e in/ance1 is1 t ^? :o at ?irty ye>s old are dull1 w always be dull2 t ^? :o at t age are imprud5t1 w always be imprud5t2 & t ^? :o at ?irty1 9 matt]s ( argum5t or conv]sation1 d n talk p]t95tly1 or reason well1 w nev] reason well4 ,i d n h[ev] d5y1 t cultivation w n improve bo? m5 & plants1 b x w nev] make ?orns be> grapes1 or brambles figs4 ,,xlix4 ,i ?9k !re seems n[ to rema9 b "o objection = me to answ] out ( all ^? t h be5 urg$ to :at ,i h advanc$2 & t is1 t al?\gh admitt+ "s h a great natural sup]iority ( tal5ts comp>$ to o!rs2 /ill1 ! impetuosity & fire :i* commonly prevails 9 ! fl[] ( a man's y\?1 is apt to h a p]nici\s effect on 8 conduct4 ,grant$4 ,b besides ! exceptions to ?is rule be+ inf9ite1 z we e day see y\?s1 :o are v s$ate & discreet2 & to :i* we may add1 t !re is ano!r passion v pr$om9ant 9 old p t is productive ( mu* m mis*ief 9 public affairs1 ?an ! fire or impetuosity ( y\?2 ,i mean ! vice ( av>ice1 9 ! op]ations ( :i*1 !re is n a mom5t's relaxation2 on ! contr>y1 ! passion ( ang]1 is only apt to be excit$ by p>ticul> accid5ts1 & :5 ! ebullitions ( *ol] abate or subside1 !y are succe$$ by long int]vals ( calm & tranquillity4 ,ang] is a transitory fury1 or a fev] ( %ort duration1 ^: attacks are sudd51 & la/ b = a little :ile1 & :i* 9 a mod]ate space ( "t vani% & disappe>s2 b av>ice is a h>py1 t has ne/$ itself 9 ! he>t1 & is a dropsy ( ! s\l1 :i* increases & gr[s worse e day4 ,! fir/1 n[ & !n di/urbs & irritates ! moral temp] ( man2 ! o!r1 vitiates all 8 actions1 because its v5om\s influ5ce ev] exi/s4 ,! fir/ gr[s weak] e day1 & is enfeebl$ by its own ex]tions2 ! o!r1 is incessantly ga9+ new /r5g?1 & becom+ m p[]ful1 vires acquirit eundo2 s t av>ice contr>y to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 is by s mu* ! m vigor\s1 by s mu* ! old] x gr[s2 x is a passion1 t n only acts 9 cold blood1 b acts ) s mu* ! m activity1 ! cold] ! blood gr[s2 & h5ce x is1 t its mis*iefs are n only great] ?an ^? produc$ by ang]2 b !y are also mu* m incurable4 ,?us if ! infirmities incid5t to y\?1 are p]nici\s 9 ^? :o occupy po/s ( importance 9 ! public l9e1 ^? t are att5dant on old age are mu* m s4 ,,p>adox ,v4 ,all ,h&icraft ,trades ,%\ld be h]$it>y4 ,l4 ,9 ,lac$emonia1 :i* 0 "o ( ! be/-gov]n$ /ates ( antiquity1 x 0 an inviolable law1 z ,h]odotus in=ms u1 t ! son ( a husb&man1 %\ld be br$ a husb&man1 & ! son ( a taylor1 a taylor1 & ! same ) respect to all o!r occupations :]e p e>n _! liv+ by _! lab\r4 ,! same practice prevail$ 9 ,egypt1 & prevails among ! idolatr\s p ( ,indo/an at ?is day4 ,,li4 ,i "k v well1 t to en=ce ! importance & propriety ( ?is p>adox1 ! au?ority ( ^!1 & o!r su* examples t might be in/anc$1 is weak1 comp>$ to ! inf9ite numb] ( opposite ones t might be produc$ aga9/ x4 ,!re=e1 x w be absolutely necess>y = u to h rec\rse to reason1 to supply ?is defect ( au?ority4 ,,lii4 ,x appe>s to me1 t two advantages ( great importance w\ld be d]iv$ to ! public by trades be+ h]$it>y2 ! fir/ ( :i* is1 t x w\ld contribute greatly to ! p]fection+ ( arts4 ,:5 !re is no o!r relation or connexion betwe5 ! ma/] & 8 pupil1 ?an ! latt] be+ ! appr5tice ( ! fir/1 ! ma/] is seldom v anxi\s ab\t in/ruct+ 8 s*ol>2 & :at is m1 he is n well dispos$ to communicate to him any p>ticul> secrets ( 8 art1 :i* he has acquir$ by virtue ( 8 own p5etration & exp]i5ce2 & g5]ally1 cont5ts himself ) in/ruct+ him 9 :at is commonly kn[n & practis$4 ,b !re is no res]ve ( ?is sort1 :5 ! in/ruction is convey$ f ! fa!r to 8 son1 = pat]nal love _c ass5t to x2 & h5ce x is1 t :]e ! skill ( ! ma/] is equal1 he w be bett] taught :o le>ns ( 8 fa!r1 ?an he :o is in/ruct$ by a /rang]4 ,,liii4 ,by ?is total translation ( skill f fa!r to son1 & by ! same trade be+ cont9u$ 91 & h&$ d[n to _! po/]ity1 !re w\ld )\t d\bt result ?is b5efit1 t ! art ( x w\ld be improv$1 & t x w\ld cont9ue advanc+ e age1 ne>] & ne>] to p]fection4 ,x is v common1 = "o arti/ to make "s improvem5ts on :at he has le>n$ f ano!r2 & x is v common also1 = him :o has made !m1 to let !m die & be buri$ ) him2 on acc\nt ( its be+ aga9/ 8 int]e/1 to communicate !m to o!r p4 ,?is imp$im5t to mak+ 8 improvem5ts kn[n1 seldom subsi/s betwe5 fa!r & son2 because ! fa!r1 mo/ commonly consid]s ! int]e/ ( 8 son z 8 own2 & consequ5tly1 communicates to 8 son all he kn[s4 ,if ! son f 8 own +5uity1 makes improvem5ts on :at he has be5 taught by 8 fa!r1 & h&s !m d[n to ! gr&son2 & !y all cont9ue to d ! same by _! successors2 ! arts by ?is means1 w\ld proce$ to approa* ne>] to p]fection e g5]ation4 ,,liv4 ,!re are two o!r circum/ances t are v wor?y ( be+ att5d$ to1 :i* w\ld contribute to recomm5d ?is political sy/em = improv+ ! arts2 ! "o is1 t *ildr5 w\ld beg9 to le>n mu* soon] ?an !y commonly d4 ,9 ! h\se ( an artific]1 :]e ! son is de/9$ to foll[ ! trade ( 8 fa!r1 he w sc>ce h done suck+ ! brea/ ( 8 "m1 :5 he w beg9 to dr9k ! milk ( 8 fa!r's in/ruction2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 n only "t w\ld be ga9$1 b 8 application to ! bus9ess w\ld become m natural to him4 ,! o!r circum/ance is1 t ! /ate w\ld avoid ! loss ( _m good artific]s1 :i* is occasion$ by ! incon/ancy ( ! temp]s & dispositions ( y\?4 ,^?1 :o by cont9u+ to "w at ! trade !y fir/ began to le>n1 w\ld become excell5t artific]s1 by go+ on to *ange _! occupations cont9ually1 w\ld nev] arrive at be+ m1 ?an m]e novices1 or beg9n]s2 & ?is mis*ief w\ld be avoid$1 by oblig+ ! son ( e h&icraft p]son1 to foll[ ! trade ( 8 fa!r4 ,,lv4 ,! second conv5i5ce t w\ld result to ! public by trades be+ h]$it>y1 is1 t x w\ld asc]ta9 ! ranks & classes ( p 9 a /ate2 x be+ no uncommon ?+1 = disputes to arise betwe5 families1 ab\t bir? & prec$5ce2 :i* inconv5i5ce w\ld be rem$i$ by su* a regulation1 z 9 su* a case1 ! rank ( mo/ p w\ld be asc]ta9$1 & ! cause ( ^! disputes 9 a great measure remov$4 ,,p>adox ,,vi4 ,torture is a v fallible means = discov]+ ! tru? 9 crim9al ,cases4 ,,lvi4 ,i ent] ^u ?is essay1 begg+ p]mission ( all tribunals ( ju/ice to speak my s5tim5ts on ?is head4 ,i v5]ate ! laws & ! use ( !m2 b z ,i am treat+ "h ( su* z are purely human1 ,i appreh5d ,i may be p]mitt$ to reason on ! t5d5cy or propriety ( !m4 ,nor is ! torture be+ admitt$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical c\rts1 z a mode ( enquiry 9 ! exam9ation into crimes1 any objection to my do+ ?is1 = z ! le>n$ ,canoni/ ,francis ,s*om] obs]ves1 ?is practice is n con=mable to ! anti5t discipl9e ( ! *ur*2 & he quotes o!r au?ors 9 support ( ?is op9ion1 & says fur!r1 t 9 a long c\rse ( "t1 x by little & little1 came to be transf]r$ f ! secul> tribunals to ! ecclesia/ical ones3 ,pr$et5tim curiis scul>ibus ad ecclesia/icas p]v5isse 7,s*mi] 9 ,supplem4 ad lib4 v4 ,decret72 s t d\bt+ ( ! propriety ( inquir+ by torture 9 ! ecclesia/ical c\rts1 am\nts to no m1 ?an disput+ :e!r ! anti5t or mod]n practice ( ^? c\rts1 is ! mo/ consonant to reason4 ,,lvii4 ,besides1 ?is be+ a matt] :i* 9 its own nature is op5 to controv]sy1 !re are two notable circum/ances 9 x1 :i* enc\rage me to ent] ^u ! discussion ( ! po9t4 ,! fir/ is1 t v _m p ?9k z ,i d on ! subject1 & t among ^? v _m1 !re are m ?an a few ( ! v judges1 :o practise ord]+ ! torture1 9 cases :]e t practice has be5 long e/abli%$4 ,_! s5tim5ts 9 !ory d n correspond ) _! conduct1 b not)/&+ ?is1 !y act z !y %\ld d1 = !y h no au?ority to disp5se ) ! laws1 b are only m9i/]ial "u !m4 ,! second is1 t ! mo/ le>n$ fa!r ,claudius ,lacroix1 has prec$$ me 9 publi%+ ! same s5tim5ts ,i ent]ta9 on ?is subject1 9 8 fir/ volume ( ,moral ,!ology1 lib4 iv4 c4 ,,lviii4 ,c\nt5anc$ & enc\rag$ by s illu/ri\s an au?or1 ^: op9ion 9 que/ions ( morality is s mu* respect$1 & s g5]ally ass5t$ to by all ,*ri/5dom1 ,i %all ent] ^u ! und]tak+ boldly1 & %all argue ) _s 9 support ( 8 op9ion & my own4 ,! ext5t ( ! "q is b %ort1 & :5ev] reason sets its foot )9 its b\nd>y1 x soon arrives at ! end ( x4 ,,lix4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t ! n confess+ 9 ! torture1 dep5ds ^u ! _s & =titude ( ! p]son tortur$1 to resi/ ! rig\r ( t trial2 & ,i ask n[1 is ?is _s & =titude produc$ by ! innoc5ce ( su* a p]son8 ,x cle>ly is n1 b r by ! robu/ness ( m9d or body :i* t p]son possesses4 ,! torture !n1 c be ( no use to asc]ta9 ! guilt or innoc5ce ( any "o1 b x is ! bodily /r5g? or weakness ( m9d1 ( :oev] is un=tunate en\gh to exp]i5ce its rig\r1 t det]m9es ! po9t4 ,,lx4 ,n]o hav+ unju/ly repudiat$ 8 wife ,octavia1 & m>ri$ ,poppea1 %e n cont5t ) hav+ usurp$ ! bridal b$1 & cr[n ( ,octavia1 b 9 ord] to deprive h] ( life & hon\r also1 accus$ h] ( hav+ _h a crim9al correspond5ce ) a slave4 ,= ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! guilt ( ,octavia1 six ( h] female s]vants 7 put to answ] by ! torture2 & :at 0 ! result ( ?is8 :y1 t "s ( !m decl>$ h] guilty1 & o!rs d5i$ x4 ,did n !y all "k t ! accusation 0 false8 & d n all au?ors agree t !y did8 ,b :at did ?is signify1 if1 9 ! torture1 _! pa91 & n _! v]acity1 influ5c$ !m to confess %e 0 guilty ( ! crime8 ,:oev] has =titude en\gh to endure ! rig\r ( ! cord1 w d5y ! fault he is tortur$ to confess1 al?\gh he 0 really guilty ( x2 :oev] has n1 w confess a crime he nev] committ$4 ,! effects ( ! torture on ! s]vants ( ,octavia1 t5d$ to prove ! =titude ( "s ( !n1 & ! weakness ( o!rs2 b = asc]ta9+ ! tru? 7 ( no use4 ,,lxi4 ,x seems !n1 t ! innoc5t are expos$ to equal dang] f ! torture ) ! guilty4 ,a t]rible inconv5i5ce ?is1 b ! wor/ "p ( x is1 t ! dang] is n equal1 b great] on ! side ( innoc5ce4 ,i may be told t ,i am advanc+ a new p>adox1 & ,i confess t ,i am1 b if ,i am n greatly mi/ak51 ,i %all make x appe>1 t ,i h be5 advanc+ no?+ t is n /rictly true4 ,x is a kn[n fact1 t ^? :o are d>+ en\gh to commit great crimes1 are mu* m h>d5$1 robu/1 & f]oci\s p1 ?an ^? :o lead a quiet & regul> life4 ,x %\ld foll[ !n f ^! premises1 t !y are bett] calculat$ to endure ! rig\rs ( a torture1 ?an ! tranquil & in(f5sive "p ( mank9d2 & x w also foll[ f !nce1 t ^! la/ w be m likely to confess !mselves guilty ( a crime !y are falsely accus$ (1 ?an ! o!rs w be1 to confess "o !y h really committ$4 ,?is is a rem>k made by fa!r ,lacroix1 & ! foll[+ are 8 words3 sequitur p] torturas sp ev]ti ju/itiam1 quia innoc5tes1 qui sp sunt impati5tes dolorum1 coguntur se fat]i noc5tes2 e contra noc5tes1 qui pl]umque sunt f]ociores1 tol]ata tortura se probant innoc5tes4 ,,lxii4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? ( quiet & peaceable dispositions1 are g5]ally p ( m delicate feel+s ?an ! o!rs1 & especially1 if _! mode ( liv+ has correspond$ ) ! native excell5ce ( _! temp]s4 ,f :5ce x %\ld foll[1 t ! probable result ( putt+ "o ( ^! to ! torture1 w\ld be1 t he w\ld soon] confess himself guilty ( a crime he nev] committ$1 ?an "o ( ! o!rs1 w\ld own himself guilty ( "o he _h actually p]petrat$4 ,,lxiii4 ,i consid] ! s5tim5t ( ,plato to be a true "o1 :o says1 t great vices1 no less ?an great virtues1 require great p[]s & =titude to ex]cise !m4 ,! s]5ity ) :i* ,g]onimus ,olgiatus1 ,bal?as> ,g]>dus1 & ,francis ,ravillac1 ! fir/ = ! assass9ation ( ,galeazus ,m>ia duke ( ,milan1 ! second = t ( ,william pr9ce ( ,orange1 & ! ?ird = t ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r? ( ,france1 fully demon/rate1 t ^? :o d>e attempt great & dang]\s ?+s1 are capable ( endur+ great torm5ts4 ,,lxiv4 ,i %all conclude ?is subject1 ) ! /rik+1 & mo/ efficaci\s te/imony ( ,fa!r ,fr$]ic ,spe1 :i* ?r[s all ! light ^u ?is matt] t c be wi%$ =1 or desir$4 ,?is le>n$ ,g]man ,jesuit1 :5 he is treat+ ( ! little dep5dance !re is to be plac$ on ! confessions ( p accus$ ( wit*craft1 :i* confessions h be5 extort$ f !m by ! rack2 quotes1 9 support ( :at he advances1 ! te/imony ( ! ,b>on de ,leibnitz1 & ,v9c5t ,placcius1 :om he supposes to be ! au?or ( ! anonym\s ,treatise1 intitul$1 ,cautio crim9alis 9 processu contra sagas4 ,,lxv4 ,fa!r ,spe1 :5 he is speak+ ( ! confessions t h be5 made by suppos$ wit*es & wiz>ds1 :5 put to torture1 deliv]s himself ?us2 ! numb]s ( lyes !y w tell1 bo? ( !mselves & o!rs1 is incr$ible4 ,all :i* ! judges are desir\s !y %\ld say is true1 !y confess to be true2 & !y own e ?+ !y w\ld h !m own ( !mselves1 compell$ to x by ! viol5ce ( ! torture2 & !y d n aft]w>ds d>e to retract :at !y h said1 = fe> ( be+ tortur$ aga92 ?us ^! mis]able wret*es1 g to _! dea?s atte/+ a falsehood4 ,fa!r ,spe concludes 9 ?is mann]1 ,i am c]ta9 t :at ,i h said is j & "r1 & ,i appeal = ! tru? ( x1 to ! judge ( t supreme tribunal1 :]e all mank9d1 bo? quick & dead1 w "o day be s5t5c$ to rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 proportion$ to _! m]its & dem]its4 ,,lxvi4 ,i decl>e t :5 ,i fir/ read ?is acc\nt1 ,i f\nd my :ole frame p]vad$ by a deep melan*oly s5sation1 t resembl$ some:at l horror mix$ ) pity4 ,he :o gives ! relation1 is a le>n$1 grave1 exempl>y1 & s\nd div9e1 in/ruct$ 9 ?is case1 n by conjectural reason+1 b by c]ta9 in=mations1 acquir$ 9 ! sacr$ confessional *air1 & tak5 f ! m\?s ( ^?1 :o 7 on ! po9t ( be+ l$ to execution z guilty p2 & ?is he decl>$ f repeat$ exp]i5ce he _h _h ( ^? matt]s1 dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,:at c be object$ t is des]v+ ( any att5tion1 to s conclusive a te/imony8 ,,lxvii4 ,! c]ta9ty ,fa!r ,spe _h1 ( ! almo/ inv9cible =ce ( ! torture1 to oblige innoc5t p to confess !mselves guilty ( crimes !y nev] committ$1 is v =cibly illu/rat$1 9 a vehem5t decl>ation to ! judges1 ) :i* he concludes 8 ,essay4 ,he says to !m1 :y are y s solicit\s 9 se>*+ out1 & :y d y take s mu* pa9s to discov]1 p :o are guilty ( wit*craft8 ,!re is no necessity = y\r giv+ y\rselves all ?is tr\ble1 = if y want to discov] m1 ,i c tell y h[ to furni% y\rselves ) !m1 )\t lab\r or difficulty2 take ! fir/ ,capu*9s1 ! fir/ ,jesuits1 & ! fir/ m5 ( any o!r religi\s ord]1 t y %all meet by *ance1 & put !m to ! torture2 & if y %all be desir\s ( mak+ !m d s1 y w f9d t !re is sc>ce "o ( !m1 :o w n confess t he has be5 guilty ( ! crime ( wit*craft4 ,if any ( !m %\ld d5y x1 repeat ! torture two or ?ree times1 & ,i w engage t y w br+ !m to4 ,pluck out _! hair by ! roots1 exorcise !m1 & repeat to !m ! common-place cant t ! devil has h>d5$ !m2 & z if y 0 conv9c$ ?is suspicion 0 j1 behave to !m1 ) det]m9$ inflexibility1 & y w p]ceive1 t !re is n "o among !m1 :o w refuse to submit4 ,i h po9t$ out to y already h[ y may be suppli$ ) an ample /ock ( sorc]]s1 b if y want m /ill1 take ! prelates ( ! *ur*es1 & all ! canons & doctors belong+ to !m2 & by ! application ( ! same means1 y w be conv9c$1 t !y may be all br\ght to confess !mselves guilty ( wit*craft2 = p :o h be5 br$ up 9 s delicate a way1 w h>dly f9d !mselves able to resi/ ! rig\rs ( a torture4 ,b if y are n satisfi$ ) ?is supply1 & %\ld want m /ill1 ,i w\ld recomm5d to y1 to put "o or two ( y\rselves to ! torture1 & y w f9d t y w confess also 9 ! same mann] ! o!rs h done2 & if imm$iately aft] ?is1 y 7 to torture me1 y w\ld be satisfi$1 t ,i %\ld d ! same4 ,& by ?is mode ( proce$+1 y may make wit*es1 wiz>ds1 & magicians1 ( all mank9d4 ,,lxviii4 ,i am ready to admit1 t s vehem5t a declamation1 %\ld n be made to all judges indiff]5tly1 b t x %\ld be address$ only to su* z proce$$ ) ! little caution ^? did :om ,fa!r ,spe alludes to2 al?\gh x is c]ta91 t 9 accusations = wit*craft1 !re is m dang] ( innoc5t p be+ br\ght to capital puni%m5t by ! torture1 ?an !re is by *>ges ( any o!r nature4 ,e man ( discretion kn[s1 ^u :at ridicul\s gr\nds1 ! common p spread reports ( folks be+ guilty ( wit*craft1 & ) :at ease ! _w believe !m1 & h[ ready !y are to te/ify to ! tru? ( su* reports4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 if ! accus$ p]sons happ5 to be br\ght be=e judges1 :o1 l ! ru/ic vulg>1 are fill$ ) ! notion or belief1 t !re are multitudes ( wit*es & wiz>ds1 !y imm$iately h rec\rse to ! torture1 & innoc5t p are torm5t$ l del9qu5ts4 ,f :5ce x foll[s1 t ^? :o are falsely accus$1 f _! inability to resi/ ! pa9 ( ! rack1 ass5t to ! int]rogatory1 & aga9/ _! consci5ces own !mselves guilty4 ,to ?is numb]1 we may add _m o!rs1 :o own !mselves guilty f delusion or infatuation4 ,?is delusion is contagi\s1 & multiplies & spreads exce$+ly1 :5ev] !re prevails a rage = f9d+ out wit*crafts2 = ! numb]s ( ^! del9qu5ts are increas$1 9 all places :]e !re are (fici\s inquisitors aft] sorc]]s1 j z ! numb]s ( possess$ p are1 :]e !re are pl5ty ( p]sev]+ & absurd exorci/s4 ,,lxix4 ,b not)/&+ t 9 su* accusations1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ s frequ5tly ill-f\nd$1 ! haz>d ( innoc5ce be+ oppress$ by ! angui% ( ! torture becomes great] ?an 9 o!r cases2 /ill ! same dang] subsi/s1 ?\gh n 9 s great a degree1 ) respect to all ^? :o are falsely accus$ ( any o!r s]i\s crimes4 ,i mean1 t if any "o f want ( =titude1 confesses 9 ! torture ! crime ( wit*craft1 :i* he is q innoc5t (1 he may 9 ! same mann]1 & by ! same means1 be br\ght to confess himself guilty ( a murd]1 a sacrilege1 a robb]y1 or any o!r great (f5ce he nev] committ$4 ,?us ! exp]i5ce ( ! le>n$ ,jesuit1 ) respect to ! fallibility ( ! torture 9 ! exam9ation into ! tru? ( wit*craft2 id5tifies & proves its fallibility1 9 ! inquiry into ! c]ta9ty1 ( :e!r any o!r p]son has be5 guilty ( a crime he /&s accus$ (4 ,,p>adox ,,vii4 ,x %\ld be ! ,duty ( ,magi/rates1 to oblige e individual 9 a /ate to e>n 8 own liv+4 ,,lxx4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! laws ( ! mo/ prud5t ,solon2 & x 0 s inviolably obs]v$ 9 ,a!ns1 t ,a!nu tells u1 ! two philosoph]s ,asclepiades & ,m5$emus1 7 conv5$ be=e ! ,areopagus1 to give an acc\nt h[ !y got _! liv+2 & !y obviat$ ! *>ge t _h be5 br\ght aga9/ !m1 ( lead+ an idle life1 & hav+ no visible means ( subsi/5ce2 by prov+1 t !y e>n$ two dra*mas e night1 by gr9d+ 91 or turn+ a horse-mill2 & ,h]odotus says1 t be=e ! days ( ,solon1 ?is same law _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt by ,k+ ,amasis4 ,,lxxi4 ,!re is no d\bt1 b ! same e/abli%m5t w\ld be useful 9 all /ates4 ,:y d ,i say useful8 ,x w\ld be laudable also1 & ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,by a c>eful exam9ation into1 & att5tion to ?is matt]1 communities w\ld be fre$ f ! nuisance ( great numb]s ( drones1 & poison\s reptiles4 ,!re is sc>ce a popul\s t[n or city1 :]e y don't see great numb]s ( p1 :o )\t any e/ate or income1 & )\t employ+ !mselves 9 any hone/ or useful occupation1 live well 9 _! h\ses1 & appe> g5teelly & h&somely dress$ 9 ! /reets4 ,& :at are ! funds by :i* !y support all ?is8 :y "s ( !m support !mselves1 by !fts & robb]ies2 o!rs by ! vile practice1 ( pro/itut+ ! beauty ( _! wives = hire2 o!rs by money !y borr[ ( a ?\s& p1 )\t any int5tion ( ev] pay+ x2 o!rs by tricks & *eats ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) :i* !y impose ^u innoc5t & ungu>d$ p2 & inde$1 if ! mask 0 to be tak5 (f f all ^? :o are said to live by _! +5uity1 x w\ld be f\nd1 t almo/ all ( !m1 live by f\l practices & rogu]y2 & ! mask w\ld be tak5 (f1 by adopt+ ! be=e propos$ exam9ation & enquiry1 & by provid+1 & rigor\sly execut+ puni%m5ts proportion$ to su* evils1 ! body politic1 w\ld be purg$ & cleans$ f an inf9ite numb] ( vici\s hum\rs4 ,,p>adox ,,viii4 ,a great "p ( :at is exp5d$ 9 ,alms1 is n only ?r[n away1 b does mis*ief4 ,,lxxii4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce ( ,k+ ,david's is a rem>kable "o2 ,bless$ is he :o ex]cises 8 att5tion & 8 und]/&+1 = ! relief ( ! poor & ! ne$y4 ,beatus qui intelligit sup] eg5um1 et paup]em4--,he does n say1 bless$ is he :o to succ\r ! poor1 ex]cises 8 love1 8 compassion1 or 8 *>ity1 b bless$ is he :o ex]cises 8 att5tion or und]/&+ on ?is object4 ,!re is d\btless ! appe>ance ( a my/]y 9 ?is1 b ! my/]y is1 t alms1 unless di/ribut$ ) und]/&+1 discretion1 & judgm5t1 d no good4 ,,lxxiii4 ,a h& t is precipitate 9 giv+1 su* a "o = example1 z ,claudian repres5ts t ( ,probus to h be51 ,prceps illa manus fluvios sup]abat ,ibros ,aurea dona vom5s-- :o reliev$ _m poor1 b at ! same "t support$ _m p 9 idl5ess2 & su* conduct n only supports1 b x creates or bre$s up _m su*1 = :]ev] alms are di/ribut$ copi\sly & )\t discretion1 !re w be f\nd _m p1 :o )\t ?is assi/ance w\ld betake !mselves to "w to procure !mselves a livelihood1 :o at pres5t live idly1 & omit _! own indu/ry1 :i* !y are enabl$ to d1 at ! exp5ce1 & by ! pr(usion ( o!rs4 ,! evils t result to a /ate f su* imprud5t disp5sations1 are suffici5tly s]i\s2 x loses by ?is means1 ! "w ( a great _m useful h&s1 & ! numb]s ( ! indol5t1 vici\s1 & pr(ligate1 are greatly increas$ by x4 ,,lxxiv4 ,x is said ( a man :o di/ributes great quantities ( alms1 t he gives ) bo? h&s2 b he %\ld rememb]1 t accord+ to ! directions ( our ,"l & ,savi\r1 he %\ld only give ) "o2 he says1 :5 y disp5se alms1 don't let y\r left h& "k :at y\r "r h& does3 te autem faci5te eleemosynam1 nesciat s9i/ra tua quid faciat dextra tua4 ,?is implies1 t x is ) ! "r h& only t alms %\ld be giv54 ,if ,i am told t ,i dwell too mu* on ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w1 ,i answ] x 0 nev] my int5tion to d s2 = ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 !re is a pr(\nd impli$ s5tim5t c\*$ "u ?is description4 ,x is ! con/ant /ile ( holy writ1 to use ! expression "r h&1 to symbolize or def9e good works1 & ! expression left h& to signify ! contr>y2 & h5ce x is1 t 9 _m p>ts ( x1 :5 x speaks ( ! h& ( ,god1 x nev] m5tions x 9 an emphatical mann]1 )\t ! addition ( ! adv]b "r1 :i* is us$ to convey an idea1 t ! op]ations ( ,god are j & holy4 ,*ri/ !n requires1 t alms %\ld be giv5 ) ! "r h&1 by :i* expression1 we may suppose he meant to signify1 t !re are good & bad alms1 & t he approves ! fir/1 & condemns ! o!rs2 & also to prohibit our giv+ ) bo? h&s1 = t ?is w\ld be proce$+ )\t *oice or di/9ction1 & w\ld also conf\nd ! good ) ! bad4 ,,lxxv4 ,i "k "s div9es are ( op9ion1 t we %\ld bell[ our *>ity1 & t x is n incumb5t on u to exam9e scrupul\sly into ! necessities ( ^? we be/[ x on2 b ?is is no argum5t :y a /ate %\ld n take prop] precautions1 to prev5t ^? f receiv+ ! b5efit ( *>itable *ri/ian donations1 :o ought to get _! liv+ by _! lab\r1 & to exclude all su* f be+ p>tak]s ( ?is b5evol5ce1 :o surr5d] !mselves up to indol5ce1 & a volunt>y & vici\s /ate ( pov]ty4 ,,p>adox ,,ix4 ,dea? %\ld n be dread$1 on acc\nt ( :at !re is simply 9 ! ?+ itself1 or on acc\nt ( :at a p]son feels at t crisis4 ,,lxxvi4 ,!re is a fe> ( dea?1 :i* is well f\nd$ & salut>y2 ano!r1 :i* is ill f\nd$ & p]nici\s2 & ano!r1 :i* ought to be indiff]5t1 because x is natural1 & :i* only by be+ c>ri$ to too great an excess c become vici\s4 ,he fe>s dea? reasonably & pr(itably1 :o contemplates x z a transition f h5ce to et]nity2 he fe>s x naturally1 :o consid]s x z ! t]m9ation ( 8 life2 & he fe>s x unreasonably1 :o view+ x simply ) reg>d to :at !re is 9 ! ?+ itself1 ab/ract$ f all t has prec$$1 & all t is to foll[ x1 supposes t x w be att5d$ ) excessive pa94 ,,lxxvii4 ,?is appreh5sion1 al?\gh x is v common bo? among ! ignorant & ! le>n$1 ,i look ^u to be *im]ical & va91 & to h no f\ndation 9 tru?1 !re=e1 ,i %all n scruple plac+ x 9 ! catalogue ( vulg> errors4 ,i don't mean to treat "h1 ( ! pa9s incid5t to diseases :i* dispose or lead to dea?1 :i* )\t d\bt are (t5 v sev]e2 b ,i only mean to enquire or exam9e1 :e!r x is probable we feel any1 or any v s5sible pa91 at t mom5t :5 ! s\l is sep>at$ f ! body4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght1 t at t in/ant1 a m int5se pa9 is felt1 ?an c be produc$ by all ! torm5ts a man is capable ( inv5t+4 ,au?ors exagg]ate ?is pa9 9 books1 orators 9 pulpits1 & all sorts ( p 9 conv]sation1 & reason ^u x 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,if1 say !y1 te>+ a nail f ! f+]1 or a f+] f ! h&1 produces a pa9 s acute1 t a man is sc>ce able to endure x1 :at mu/ he feel1 or h[ w he be able to be> t :i* te>s ! s\l f ! body8 ,"h ! /rict union betwe5 ^! p>ts is describ$ 9 ! mo/ feel+ mann]1 9 ord] to enhance or aggravate ! s5sation t mu/ be exp]i5c$ at _! sep>ation2 & !y comp>e x to ! f9al p>t+ ( two fa/ or fond fri5ds1 :o h liv$ long & happily toge!r2 or to two integrant p>ts ( an animat$ body1 ! division ( :i* is ! m pa9ful1 ! m firmly & intimately !y are unit$ toge!r4 ,to height5 ?is description1 !y add1 t ?is pa9 p]vades all1 & e "o ( ! p>ts ( ! human body1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 because ! s\l is torn equally f !m all alike2 :i* is a univ]sality1 t _c exi/ 9 any o!r pa91 because he :o is roa/$ alive1 or ?r[n into a great fire1 does n feel pa9 9 8 entrails1 at ! "t 8 ext]nal p>ts beg9 to scor*3 agreeable to ?is mode ( reason+1 !y conclude1 t ! pa9 :i* is felt at ! mom5t ( dea?1 is enorm\s1 beyond all imag9ation & description4 ,,lxxviii4 ,i see ?is matt] 9 q a diff]5t light1 & look ^u all ?is aggravat$ degree ( pa9 to be imag9>y1 & consid] ! reason+ by :i* ! exi/5ce ( x is attempt$ to be prov$1 z fallaci\s & delusive4 ,x is conf\nd+ our ideas ( objects1 to suppose t ! division ( integral p>ts1 is analog\s to ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,! pa9 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 consi/s 9 ! =cibly break+ _! connexions1 or 9 ! fir/ %ocks ( ! viol5ce1 :i* disposes to _! disunion4 ,9 ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 !re is no ins]tion ( mat]ial fibres to be torn out by ! roots1 nor any division to be made ( connect$ sub/antial p>ts4 ,f :5ce !n c bodily pa9 be d]iv$8 ,,lxxix4 ,! us+ ! same words promiscu\sly1 causes mank9d to run into inf9ite errors1 & especially if ! application ( !m is made to ?+s t are fundam5tally v diff]5t4 ,! expression te>+ ! s\l f ! body1 fasc9ates or misleads _m p 9 ! bus9ess we are n[ treat+ (2 ! phrase %\ld be und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se1 & we are apt to con/rue x 9 a /rict or lit]al "o4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 z we "k we c't te> f our bodies1 ! mo/ m9ute %r$1 )\t feel+ great pa91 or ev5 extract any =eign sub/ance1 t has be5 viol5tly introduc$ into1 & /icks 9 any "p ( our frame1 )\t be+ liable to ! same s5sation2 l$ away !n & betray$ by ! s\nd ( ! expression1 we are apt to imag9e1 t some?+ simil> happ5s 9 ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body2 b ! s\l is a pure _s1 t c nei!r adh]e1 or be made to adh]e to any body :atev]1 nor c x be b\nd to x by ligatures1 nor unit$ ) x by fibres1 nor fix$ to x by any k9d ( fa/5+1 nor intangl$ ) x by any k9d ( roots or ins]tions2 & f9ally1 ! mode ( its union to ! body1 is incompreh5sible to all our philosophy or und]/&+2 & consequ5tly1 a description ( its disunion _c be giv5 9 ! words ( any language4 ,!re is no d\bt1 b ! t]m te>+ f is metaphorical2 & t we might ) less impropriety1 al?\gh we nev] c ) propriety1 9 describ+ ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 say1 t x evaporat$ (f1 x 0 dissipat$1 or t x _h be5 exhal$1 ?an t x _h be5 torn away2 = its disunion f ! body1 is p]=m$ by a movem5t t is supremely ins5sible1 because on ! "p ( ! corporeal sub/ance1 !re is n ! lea/ resi/ance made to its fly+ (f4 ,vap\rs are cont9ually exhal+ f e "p ( our bodies1 )\t giv+ u ! lea/ pa94 ,& :y is ?is8 ,:y x is1 because t on acc\nt ( _! ?9ness & delicacy1 !y f9d no opposition 9 _! passage1 ei!r f ! solids1 or ! pores ( ! sk94 ,:at ob/ruction !n c y suppose ! s\l meets )1 9 its exit f ! body1 :i* is inf9itely m subtil & ?91 ?an ! f9e/ vap\rs8 ,,lxxx4 ,let u contemplate ! ?+ 9 ano!r po9t ( view2 & admit t ! s\l at ! "t ( its be+ snat*$ away f ! body1 caus$ a viol5t %ock1 l t ( te>+ to pieces all ! entrails1 & inv]t+ ! :ole int]ior organization4 ,i say t ev5 suppos+ ?is1 ! pa9 t x w\ld occasion w\ld be v slight1 or next to no?+2 & ! reason is1 because t 9 ^? ultimate /ages ( life1 all ! faculties are s extremely languid1 & ! op]ations ( nature s feeble & remiss1 z h>dly to be p]ceiv$2 & ! s5sation ( pa91 :i* is "o ( ^? faculties1 be+ 9 ! same /ate ) ! o!rs1 & ! ag5t :i* is to /imulate !m be+ equally feeble ) ! re/2 al?\gh 9 ! "t ( vig\r1 x 0 capable ( ex]t+ a =ce t _h ! p[] ( produc+ great pa91 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 x is n capable ( giv+ a %ock t c excite any v acute s5sation1 nor if x 01 is ! subject x is ex]cis$ ^u capable ( p]ceiv+1 or be+ viol5tly affect$ by x4 ,,lxxxi4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t a few mom5ts be=e dea?1 !re comes on a k9d ( half dea?1 or /upor1 t is some?+ l a le?>gy or swoon+1 & t 9 ?is int]val1 !re rema9s no k9d ( recollection or reflexion2 & x is probable1 t ! morn+ ( our life1 & ! ev5+ ( our dea?1 are prec$$ by a sort ( crepuscules or twilight1 :i* bright5 & gr[ cle>] z ! day ( our life comes on1 & :i* d>k5 & gr[ m obscure1 z ! total night ( our dea? draws ne>4 ,,lxxxii4 ,hi!rto we h be5 treat+ ( natural dea?s2 b viol5t dea?s1 :i* d n happ5 till ?ree or f\r days aft] receiv+ ! injury t occasions !m1 may be consid]$ to come "u ! description ( natural ones2 z we may suppose ^? p die 9 ! same way1 t ^? d :o are c>ri$ (f by an acute disease4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,sudd5 viol5t dea?s1 :i* are s mu* dread$1 are ! lea/ pa9ful ( all2 & inde$ ,i 0 ab\t to say1 t p 9 su* cases1 h>dly feel any pa9 at all1 or at mo/ b an in/antane\s "o2 because ! op]ation ( ! cause :i* induces !m1 takes away 9 a mom5t1 all s5se ( feel+4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ^? :o h fall5 f a great height1 & h la9 a consid]able "t aft]w>ds z if !y 7 dead1 h1 :5 !y came to !mselves1 affirm$1 !y did n feel ! bl[ !y receiv$ ^u com+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! great ,*ancellor ,bacon1 tells a /ory ( a g5tleman :o 0 v desir\s ( kn[+ :at p felt :o 7 hang$1 & 9 ord] to be satisfi$ ab\t x1 det]m9$ to make an exp]im5t ( ! ?+ on himself4 ,= ?is purpose1 he fa/5$ a rope to ! ciel+ ( a room1 9 :i* rope he made a noose1 & aft] adju/+ x to a prop] l5g?1 he /ood ^u a /ool1 & fix$ ! nooze r\nd 8 neck1 9 ! expectation1 t aft] suff]+ himself to be susp5d$1 he %\ld be able to recov] ! /ool aga92 b ! good g5tleman 0 a little out 9 8 calculation2 = if x _h n be5 = a fri5d :o 0 pres5t1 to :om he _h communicat$ :at he int5d$ to d1 & :o cut ! rope 9 "t1 ! exp]im5tal philosoph] _h be5 z dead z if he _h be5 execut$ by ! h&s ( ! hangman4 ,! acc\nt he gave ( ?is matt] 01 t f ! mom5t 8 body became susp5d$ by ! rope1 he lo/ all s5se & recollection2 t he _h n ! lea/ remembrance ( ! /ool1 or appreh5sion ( ! dang] he 0 91 nor ev5 any s5sation ( pa91 aris+ f ! suffocation t 0 br\ght on4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,?is1 ,i firmly believe1 is :at happ5s to all ^? :o are execut$ by ! h&s ( ju/ice1 :e!r !y are hang$1 /rangl$ by ! b[-/r+1 or behead$2 & 9 g5]al1 to all ^? :o suff] viol5t dea?s t are z sudd5 z ^! are2 = !y c only feel a mom5t>y or in/antane\s pa91 & ! in/ant !y receive ! fatal bl[1 !y are f t "t1 to ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 m]e effigies ( m51 & h no m s5sation ( pa91 ?an /ocks or /ones2 & not)/&+1 t betwe5 ! int]m$iate space ( _! receiv+ ! bl[1 or 9 case !y are hang$1 ( be+ turn$ (f1 !y are se5 to make "s convulsive motions1 ^! motions are m]ely me*anical1 & are by no means gov]n$ by ! w1 or direct$ by reason4 ,,lxxxv4 ,we w n exempt1 z com+ "u ?is g5]al rule1 ev5 ^? :o are burnt alive4 ,?is is a sort ( puni%m5t1 :i* /rikes all ! _w ) extreme horror1 because !y g5]ally conceive1 t f ! in/ant a p]son :o is execut$ 9 ?is way1 is ?r[n into ! fire1 to ! "t ( 8 resign+ 8 la/ brea?1 he feels ! excruciat+ torm5ts ( ! fire4 ,b ,i am ( op9ion1 t he feels no?+ aft] ! fir/ m9ute t he is committ$ to ! flames2 nor c ,i conceive1 t 8 p]ception ( pa9 c endure ev5 s long z t4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,i ?9k ,i h tol]ably well prov$1 :at ,i at fir/ ass]t$2 b z ! read] may object1 t ?is p>adox ought to h be5 class$ among physical matt]s1 in/ead ( among moral & political ones1 ,i w endeav\r n[1 to remove ?is objection2 :i* ,i hope ,i %all be able to d1 not)/&+ ! decad5ce ( ! faculties1 & ! want ( s5sation at ! mom5t ( dea?1 are prop]] objects = philosophical1 ?an moral speculations4 ,i %all beg9 ) obs]v+1 t we ought to di/+ui% betwe5 ! matt] ( ! pro(1 & ! ess5ce ( ! subject we are h&l+4 ,! subject 9 ! pres5t case1 consi/s 9 a !oretical proposition1 t dea? ) respect to :at !re is simply & m]ely 9 ! ?+ itself1 ought n to be fe>$1 or t ! fe> ( dea?1 consid]$ 9 ?is mann]1 is n reasonable or well-f\nd$2 n[ ?us consid]$1 ! "q is purely a moral "o1 because x directly combats an inord9ate passion ( ! s\l4 ,! pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! proposition1 app]ta9 to philosophy2 b ?is is :at we see happ5 e day ) reg>d to o!r moral que/ions4 ,:5 ! "q is1 :e!r a m>riage %\ld be dissolv$ on acc\nt ( imbecility1 all ! pro(s 9 ! trial are purely physical1 c4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,b ! "q m imm$iately app]ta9s to morality1 on acc\nt ( ! end = :i* ,i propos$ x1 ?an x does ) respect to its own prop] matt]2 = ?is end is a po9t ( morality ( ! mo/ s]i\s importance4 ,!re is great necessity = bani%+ ?is panic t]ror1 & ?is dismal appreh5sion ( ! torm5t+ pa9s ( dea?4 ,x is v common to see dy+ p 7& ,i speak ( :at ,i h kn[n & exp]i5c$ myself7 extremely di/ress$ by ?is idea1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! dread ( ! exquisite pa9 itself1 z on acc\nt ( ! consequ5ces t may result f x4 ,!y figure to !mselves1 t ! pa9s :i* t]m9ate ?is mortal life1 are s extremely int5se1 t !y w occasion !m to lose all pati5ce1 & prev5t _! submitt+ !mselves to ! w ( ,provid5ce ) ! *ri/ian resignation !y ought2 & are also appreh5sive1 t x w\ld cause !m to break out into furi\s acts ( desp]ation4 ,?is anxiety has su* an effect on !m1 t x prev5ts ! op]ation ( ^? *ri/ian dispositions1 t %\ld accompany a man 9 8 la/ mom5ts1 & :i* are s necess>y to promote 8 dy+ a good dea?2 & besides ?is1 !y ev5 put him 9 dang] ( di/ru/+ ! ,div9e ,goodness at s critical a p]iod4 ,i h se5 _m :o 7 9 _! p]fect s5ses1 & :o _h be5 p ( good & exempl>y lives1 :o h be5 greatly di/ress$ by ?is idea2 ,o g5us attonitum gelid =mid9e mortis6 ,,lxxxviii4 ,i suppose t s5t5ce ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,fidelis autem ,deus e/1 qui non patietur vos t5t>i supra id quod pote/is1 9 ,engli%1 ,god is good & j1 & w n suff] y to be tri$ or tempt$ beyond y\r /r5g?1 w\ld be an excell5t antidote = ?is malady4 ,! ?9k+ o!rwise ( ! ,deity1 w\ld n be contemplat+ him1 z a mo/ m]ciful fa!r1 nor z a j ,god1 b consid]+ him z a cruel tyrant1 :o at ! mom5t on :i* y\r et]nal happ9ess dep5ds1 %\ld afflict y s sev]ely1 z to cause y to commit acts ( desp]ation4 ,:at fai?1 & ! light ( natural reason tea*es u1 is1 t 8 goodness nev] p]mits ! rig\r ( ! trial1 to exce$ ! p[] ( ! s\l to cont5d ) & resi/ x2 & z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 ?is reflexion is an excell5t antidote aga9/ ! malady we h be5 speak+ (2 b ) all ?is1 if x is n assi/$ & en=c$ by ! p]suasive eloqu5ce ( an able fri5d1 or a good pa/oral director1 x is apt to lose "s ( its efficacy1 & n to quiet ! fluctuations ( ! m9d s ?or\ghly z c\ld be wi%$1 & especially if n att5d$ to 9 "t2 & ,i !re=e ?9k t x w\ld be necess>y1 :e!r sick or well1 = all p to rema9 9 a firm p]suasion1 t ^! excruciat+ pa9s 9 ! article ( dea? are imag9>y4 ,app5dix to ! =ego+4 ,,lxxxix4 ,i h sometimes obs]v$1 t ^? :o att5d on dy+ p h be5 mu* deject$ ^u f9d+ !m 9 _! la/ mom5ts1 make "s v irregul> & extraord9>y motions1 & h be5 afraid & believ$ t ^? agitations1 _h proce$$ f "s impati5ce t _h seiz$ !m4 ,b let !m n be uneasy on ?is acc\nt2 because x is mo/ likely1 t ^! motions are m]ely me*anical2 & t 9 case !y %\ld n be s1 !re is no mis*ief to be appreh5d$ f !m2 = 9 t proximate /ate to dea?1 if p are n depriv$ ( _! s5ses1 ! use ( _! reason is s feeble1 or s confus$1 t v little1 if any1 ( t free w c be ex]cis$ by !m :i* is necess>y to con/itute s91 or at lea/ any s]i\s s92 = no intoxicat$ man1 nor any "o at ! in/ant he awakes f a pr(\nd sleep1 c be 9 a m /unn$ or /upifi$ /ate1 ?an a dy+ p]son at su* a crisis4 ,,xc4 ,f9ally1 bo? ) respect to ! matt] ( ?is app5dix1 z well z ) reg>d to t ( ! subject ( ?is ,essay1 ,i %all proce$ to give a la/1 & mo/ efficaci\s consolation1 aga9/ ! appreh5sion1 t ! extreme pa9s ( dea? are likely to endang] ! loss ( p's s\ls2 = admitt+ t ^? pa9s 7 real1 & z sev]e z !y are repres5t$ to be1 is !re any dang] t ! dy+ p]son :o is oppress$ by !m1 %\ld fall into ! s]i\s s9 ( impati5ce1 or t he %\ld incur ! guilt ( any o!r mortal crime8 ,to ?is1 ,i resolutely answ] t he c\ld n2 = ! same reason+ t /ates ! pa9 to be s insuff]ably int5se1 removes all ! haz>d ( s9n+1 because x mu/ di/urb ! und]/&+ to su* a degree1 z to deprive a man ( all free w4 ,?is is a consequ5ce result+ f all passions t are excessively viol5t1 z is agre$ by all philosoph]s & !ologians4 ,virgil1 :o _h great judgm5t & p5etration 9 ^! matt]s1 repres5ts ,*orbus1 :o _h be5 totally depriv$ ( 8 s5ses by grief = ! imprisonm5t ( 8 belov$ ,cass&ra1 z dive/$ ( all free w or reflexion also1 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,non tulit hanc speciem furiat m5te ,*orbus1 ,et sese m$ium injecit moriturus 9 agm54 ,,p>adox ,x4 ,! desire ( po/hum\s fame is va9 & futile4 ,,xci4 ,!re is no appetite or crav+ ( man c be m irrational1 ?an t1 :i* is direct$ to an object he c nev] ta/e ( or enjoy2 & su* a "o1 is ! desire ( hav+ 8 "n become fam\s 9 ! _w aft] 8 dea?4 ,:5 a man is dead1 e ?+ "h t respects himself dies also2 & :at advantage c x be ( to him aft] 8 decease1 t all ! _w bur/ =? 9 acclamations & applauses ( 8 great de$s & tal5ts8 ,! smoke ( all ?is inc5se vani%es 9 ! air1 nor c ! lea/ p>ticle ( x1 t\* or affect him to :om x is (f]$4 ,he feels no m ( ! praises ( 8 virtues1 ?an a /atue2 nor is he any m s5sible ( ! celebrations ( 8 gr&eur1 ?an an edifice t is erect$ to p]petuate x4 ,if 8 works 7 pleas+ 9 ! eye ( ,god1 & he is 9 ! regions ( re/1 he may feel ! satisfaction ( hav+ left a good example to ! _w2 & all t passes out ( t sph]e1 let ! celebrations ( ! _w be :at !y w1 c be ( no avail to him4 ,he w ei!r despise1 or be totally ignorant ( ! eulogiums t are be/[$ on him by mortals4 ,:at conv5i5ce or :at satisfaction1 d ei!r ,alex&] & ,cs> n[ enjoy1 f be+ applaud$ ?r\gh ! globe = ! two mo/ illu/ri\s w>riors ( ! _w8 ,hom] & ,virgil1 f be+ celebrat$ z ! two mo/ elegant poets8 & ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es1 f be+ admir$ z ! two mo/ eloqu5t orators8 ,!y are p]haps entirely ignorant ( all t is said ( !m "h2 & if !y are p]mitt$ to "k x1 x is mo/ likely1 t su* k t5ds m to torm5t ?an please !m4 ,emp$ocles 0 c]ta9ly a great mad-man1 if1 accord+ to :at "s h said ( him1 he precipitat$ himself into ! flames ( ,m\nt tna1 9 ord] t ! _w ^u n f9d+ 8 body1 %\ld imag9e he _h asc5d$ up to heav51 & w\ld wor%ip him z a deity4 ,?is philosoph] h[ev]1 z he 0 a foll[] ( ! ,py?agorean sy/em1 & believ$ ! transmigration ( s\ls1 might expect1 t by 8 be+ plac$ successively 9 a v>iety ( bodies1 he %\ld h]eaft] view ) great pleasure1 ! wor%ip & adoration t 0 paid to him 9 ?is _w2 b :at enjoym5t ( ?is sort c a man hope =1 :o believes t :5 he leaves ^! regions1 he %all nev] return to !m aga98 ,& :at c x be to su* a man1 :e!r he is wor%ip$ or =gott58 ,?us ! emp]or ,adrian 0 mu* madd] ?an ,emp$ocles1 :o )\t believ+ 9 ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 erect$ temples & alt>s1 & appo9t$ prie/s1 mak+ provision at ! same "t = ma9ta9+ !m1 & provid+ victims to be sacrific$ to 8 infam\s little idol ,ant9\s4 ,( :at s]vice c\ld all ?is be to t disgrac$ & un=tunate boy8 ,& we may make ! same obs]vation1 on ! apo!osis & ridicul\s deification ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,vespasian1 al?\gh he expect$ ?is f>ce aft] 8 dea?1 w\ld be play$ ov] ) respect to him1 treat$ ! ?+ ) ! scorn x des]v$1 by say+ to ^? :o surr\nd$ him :5 he 0 ne> 8 end1 ,i feel z if ,i 0 go+ to be conv]t$ f a man into a deity4 ,,xcii4 ,t mank9d %\ld be desir\s ( see+ !mselves applaud$1 & _! names hon\r$ :ile liv+1 seems v natural1 because !y may f9d a gratification 9 x2 b t !y %\ld be anxi\s = po/hum\s hon\rs1 :i* !y c nei!r ta/e or enjoy1 seems to bespeak a disord]$ imag9ation1 & a di/emp]$ bra94 ,ovid pa9ts ,sappho1 z feel+ great satisfaction1 at see+ h] muse celebrat$ by all ! _w4 ,at mihi ,pegasides bl&issima c>m9a dictant2 ,jam canitur toto nom5 9 orbe meum4 ,?us f> he express$ himself v prop]ly1 because he spoke 9 ! "n ( ,sappho :ile %e 0 liv+1 & might be suppos$ to be gratifi$ by1 & pleas$ ) ! aromatic fumes ( ^? acclamations4 ,b he reason$ v ill1 :5 speak+ ( ,h]cules & ,!seus1 he reckon$ z a balance = ! loss ( ^? h]oes1 ! applauses ! _w w\ld be/[ on _! memories3 ,occidit et ,!seus1 et qui tumulavit ,ore/em2 ,s$ tam5 9 laudes vivit ut]que suas4 ,,xciii4 ,! eulogiums ( ! dead1 c only be enjoy$ by ! liv+4 ,! relations1 ! fri5ds1 & ! c\ntry ( ! deceas$1 divide among !mselves ! :ole fragrancy ( ?is grateful gale1 nor c ! lea/ brea? ( x rea* ! region1 :i* is inhabit$ by ^? :o dep>t h5ce4 ,!re rema9s to ! dead b "o happy lot1 & t is d]iv$ f1 & dep5ds on _! hav+ di$ well4 ,beati mortui1 qui 9 ,dom9o moriuntur4 ,,p>adox ,,xi4 ,!re is no man ( a cle> & good und]/&+ :o is n a good-int5tion$ "o4 ,,xciv4 ,i believe t all ! mortals 9 e qu>t] ( ! ,globe1 w be /ruck ) surprize1 at he>+ me broa* ?is p>adox1 & w look ^u x z "o ( ! greate/ *im]as 9 e?ics1 t ev] ent]$ ! head ( man2 = !re is sc>ce any "o ( ! lea/ obs]vation1 :o _c affirm & atte/1 he has se5 & kn[n p ( v good capacities1 :o 7 v p]v]se & ill-dispos$4 ,b ,i1 9 opposition to all ?is1 ass]t t ,i nev] met ) su* a "o2 & ,i n only make ?is decl>ation1 b decl>e fur!r1 t ,i ?9k x next to impossible t !re %\ld be su* a man1 & t if by *ance su* a "o %\ld be f\nd1 he ought to be consid]$ z a mon/]4 ,,xcv4 ,b 9 ord] t we %\ld n misund]/& or conf\nd ?+s1 ,i ?9k x necess>y = me to expla91 :at ,i und]/& by an evil-int5tion$ man4 ,by an evil-int5tion$ man1 !n1 ,i mean su* a "o 9 :om ^? vices reign1 :i* are mo/ p]nici\s to society1 t is to say1 malignity ( he>t1 un=giv+ness1 turbul5ce or re/lessness1 & a desire ( usurp+ o!r peoples prop]ty2 & 9 g5]al1 all sly & crafty p]sons %\ld be enum]at$ 9 ! catalogue ( evil-int5tion$ m51 su* = example1 z are att5tive to no?+ b _! own gratifications & emolum5ts1 & :o h n ! lea/ conc]n =1 or :o are totally indiff]5t ab\t ! good ( _! neighb\r1 or ! welf>e ( ! public4 ,,xcvi4 ,! de=mity1 ! bas5ess1 & ! dissonance f natural reason1 !re is 9 a p]son's do+ a volunt>y injury to ano!r1 is s /rik+ly repres5t$ to a man ( a cle> & a s\nd und]/&+1 t except 9 "h & !re an in/ance1 :]e "s viol5t passion int]v5es to di/urb & disord] ! reason1 x seems impossible1 t a p]son %\ld volunt>ily commit acts t are directly injuri\s & (f5sive to 8 neighb\r4 ,& x may be f ?is pr9ciple1 t we h se5 "s :o h be5 reput$ z a!i/s1 :o1 not)/&+ _! errone\s belief t !re is no su* ?+ z future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & t !y expect no recomp5ce = _! good actions1 or *a/isem5t = _! bad ones h]eaft]2 z memb]s ( human society1 h behav$ well1 or at lea/ h done no civil mis*ief to x2 ,i mean t !y h conduct$ !mselves l quiet peaceable p1 & h liv$ cont5t$ly ^u _! own patrimonies1 or on :at !y h lawfully acquir$1 & h %ewn !mselves av]se to all viol5ce & inju/ice4 ,su* among ! anti5ts1 0 ,pl9y ! eld]2 & su* among ^? ( m mod]n date1 0 ! ,engli%man ,?omas ,hobbes4 ,,xcvii4 ,! g5u9e & true reason ( ?is is1 t ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 al?\gh x is mo/ pla9 & cle>1 is n ) respect to ! human und]/&+1 self-evid5t1 or1 z ! ,!ologians expla9 ! ?+1 is n p] se nota quo ad nos2 b is made infallibly evid5t1 by d$uctions drawn f o!r pr9ciples2 & :]e a d$uction ( ?is sort is absolutely necess>y1 a p]son may suspect1 t x is v possible n[ & !n "s fallacy may creep 94 ,b ! de=mity ( su* vici\s actions z we h be5 speak+ (1 is evid5t ( itself2 & :5ev] su* actions are repres5t$ to ! und]/&+1 x cle>ly compreh5ds _! bas5ess1 & ! op]ation ( !m is odi\s & app>5t 9 ! eyes ( e man1 unless z we obs]v$ be=e1 "s circum/ance int]v5es to di/urb 8 reason4 ,,xcviii4 ,to ?is x may be urg$ by way ( objection1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 ord] to p]ceive & be conv9c$ ( ! turpitude ( ^? actions1 !re is no necessity = a man to be possess$ ( a bright und]/&+1 z a middl+ "o1 or ev5 "o bel[ ! middle class1 w\ld be suffici5t = ?is purpose2 s t ?is reason+ w prove ! turpitude to be pla9 to e und]/&+1 high1 middl+1 & l[1 or else t x is evid5t to nei!r ( !m4 ,,xcix4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t al?\gh ! ?+ may be kn[n ) intire c]ta9ty to e "o ( !m1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! k & compreh5sion ( "o man1 & t ( ano!r4 ,two und]/&+s t are unequal1 not)/&+ !y may bo? "k1 & be ?or\ghly p]suad$ ( ! same tru?1 may be /ruck ) x v diff]5tly2 & 9 proportion z "o ( ^! und]/&+s is ! mo/ cle>1 t "o w "k x m di/9ctly1 m /rik+ly1 & ) a m ref9$ degree ( p5etration2 & 9 proportion z ! o!r is less cle>1 t o!r w p]ceive x less di/9ctly1 & m confus$ly4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is inequality ( und]/&+s1 objects make a m /rong or a m weak impression on ! s\l1 & h m or less influ5ce to excite 9 x1 ^!1 or ^? affections4 ,! same inf9ite goodness ( ,god :i* is kn[n to ! bless$1 is kn[n ) infallible c]ta9ty by ! worldly also4 ,h[ !n comes x to pass1 t ! fir/ love him necess>ily & int5sely1 & t we worldly mortals are s luke-w>m 9 our love ( him8 ,?is is occasion$ by no o!r cause ?an ! foll[+1 t al?\gh our k ( him is evid5t1 t ( ! bless$ is ! mo/ cle>1 & ours ! mo/ obscure2 & 9 proportion z ! und]/&+ kn[s a good or an evil ) great] cle>ness1 ! w is mov$ ) a great] impetus1 to love ! fir/1 & abhor ! la/4 ,c4 ,?is may be v opportunely & aptly expla9$1 by ! op]ation ( any corporeal s5se2 = he ^: olfactory n]ves are v quick1 w be m (f5d$ ) an ill smell1 ?an "o 9 :om t s5sation is m languid & remiss2 & al?\gh ?is la/ may be able cle>ly to di/+ui% ! ill smell1 he w be less disgu/$ at x2 nor w x appe> s hateful to him2 & ?is happ5s f no o!r reason1 ?an t ! olfactory p]ception ( ! fir/ is v cle>1 & t ( ! second r ob/ruct$ or m dull2 & al?\gh n only ! man :o has a v quick & delicate e>1 b also he :o has "o t is m obtuse1 may evid5tly p]ceive ! dissonance ( ?ree or f\r voices :i* are totally discordant2 ! la/ w be> x )\t be+ mu* affect$1 & ! o!r w be almo/ di/ract$ by x2 & ?is is all d]iv$ f ! cause above-m5tion$4 ,,ci4 ,& x happ5s j s ) reg>d to intellectual p]ception4 ,! de=mity ( vici\s actions1 :i* are self-evid5t1 is app>5t & cle>1 n only to m5 ( p]spicu\s und]/&+s1 b to ^? ( ! mo/ inf]ior capacities1 provid$ !y are n q /upid2 b by ! fir/ p]ceiv+ !m ) a lively cle>ness1 & ! o!rs some:at confus$ly1 !y produce a k9d ( horror 9 ^? :o h t cle>ness ( p]ception1 :i* does n p]mit _! wills to embrace su* objects2 :ile ^? to :om !y d n appe> s disgu/+ & unpleasant1 may be betray$ into grasp+ turpitudes1 "u ! disguise ( delights & pleasures4 ,b ,i w\ld n h x und]/ood t ,i mean to ins9uate by :at ,i h said "h1 t !re ev] is a susp5sion1 or ob/ruction ( ! op]ation1 ( e1 or any man's free w4 ,,cii4 ,x may be object$ 9 ! second place1 t !re are entire nations1 among :om x _c be d5i$1 t !re are to be f\nd _m m5 ( excell5t und]/&+s1 :o hold robb]y1 deceit1 & ev5 cruelty to be lawful1 & t consequ5tly1 !y _c consid] ^! ?+s z turpitudes1 or h a j s5se ( _! bas5ess4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t our ass]tion ) respect to a good und]/&+1 does n allude to "o plac$ 9 su* a situation4 ,! g5]al error ( a nation 9 any matt] :atev]1 is l a d>k fog :i* bewild]s p1 causes !m to mi/ake _! way1 & p]plexes ! cle>e/ und]/&+s4 ,if 9 e>ly infancy1 :5 ! rational faculties are weak1 *ildr5 are famili>iz$ to1 & br\ght up "u ! influ5ce ( deceitful prejudices2 & :5 !y come to ye>s ( maturity1 !y are accu/om$ to rev]5ce a common error z irrefragable au?ority2 if x %\ld happ5 aft]w>ds1 t a ray ( light breaks 9 ^u !m1 :i* discov]s to !m ! tru?1 !y timidly fly f ! elucidation1 di/ru/ _! own reason & reflexion1 & are apt to suspect su* elucidation to be a delusion1 & to suppose t x w\ld be crim9al 9 !m to reg>d x4 ,,ciii4 ,i answ] secondly1 t x is n kn[n ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 t m5 ( excell5t und]/&+s1 :o are educat$ & br\ght up 9 ^? nations we call b>b>\s1 are infect$ ) all ! errors t prevail 9 ^? nations2 & ) respect to myself1 ,i am fully p]suad$ !y are n4 ,we "k t v>i\s em95t m5 among ! ,g5tiles1 9 matt]s ( religion1 ?\ght v diff]5tly f ! populace4 ,x is true h[ev]1 t !re 7 b few ( !m :o _h suffici5t resolution to speak out1 z !y = ! mo/ "p disguis$ _! op9ions1 f motives ( fe> or policy4 ,we ought also to admit1 t among ! b>b>\s nations ( ^! times1 !re are /ill to be f\nd m5 ( ?is "*4 ,nor is !re any necessity = limit+ su* an op9ion )9 ! b\nds ( m]e conjecture2 = !re are v>i\s hi/orical relations1 :i* be> te/imony to actions ( h]oic virtue1 t h be5 lately done by "s ( ! individuals ( ^? v nations1 :]e maxims ( inhumanity are preval5t at ?is day2 ( :i* if x 0 necess>y1 a long catalogue might be adduc$4 ,,civ4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x may be object$1 t exp]i5ce tea*es u1 !re is sc>ce a c\ntry or popul\s city1 :]e y may n f9d "s p ( p]spicu\s und]/&+s1 & :o1 al?\gh !y are ( wayw>d dispositions & deprav$ incl9ations1 are subtil & p5etrat+4 ,to ?is ,i answ] resolutely & det]m9$ly1 t ,i defy any man to produce su* an in/ance4 ,i h kn[n & conv]s$ ) _m ( ^? p1 :o h be5 e/eem$ m5 ( good und]/&+1 & p]v]se dispositions1 b h always f\nd ! common op9ion ( ^? p]sons to be extremely errone\s4 ,! vulg> frequ5tly look ^u p]sons ( v sup]ficial tal5ts1 z m5 ( great und]/&+2 & ^u he>+ !m talk (f h&1 al?\gh !re is no?+ solid 9 :at !y say1 & obs]v+ 9 !m a read9ess at express+ !mselves1 & m especially if !y deliv] !mselves ) confid5ce1 & a magi/]ial air1 mo/ p are apt to give !m cr$it = be+ m5 ( admirable und]/&+s2 :5 9 tru?1 !re is h>dly "o out ( a hundr$ ( !m1 :o c p5etrate m ?an sk9-deep into ! objects he conv]ses ^u4 ,!re is ano!r v common deception 9 ?is matt]1 & t is1 look+ ^u cunn+ p z m5 ( dep? or p5etration1 :5 !y are z palpably diff]5t f "o ano!r1 z light is f d>kness4 ,i call ^? cunn+ p1 :o are solely att5tive to no?+ b _! own conc]ns1 & :o by all sorts ( "u-h& ways & means1 & by all k9ds ( little arts & deceits1 are endeav\r+ to promote _! own p>ticul> int]e/4 ,c ^! be call$ m5 ( sublime und]/&+s8 ,to d ?is1 requires b little dep? or p5etration1 z all t is necess>y to accompli% su* ends1 is l[ craft & rogu]y2 & !re is h>dly any capacity1 be x ev] s mean1 :i* _c compreh5d & apply su* trivial artifices3 e "o may arrive at do+ ?is2 b a noble und]/&+1 disc]n+ ! bas5ess ( !m1 abom9ates su* practices2 al?\gh ! vulg>1 to ^: ba/>d dispositions !y are bett] suit$1 embrace !m ) eag]ness4 ,dissimulation1 s f> f requir+ an exalt$ und]/&+ to support & c>ry x on1 requires none at all1 = we see "s irrational animals :o ex]cise x ) great address4 ,! foxes are v exp]t at x1 b t does n 9 any wise r5d] _! nature sup]ior to t ( brutes2 & ,i repeat aga91 t ,i nev] knew an und]/&+ t _h any ?+ ( ! elevat$ or sublime 9 its composition1 t did n abhor all duplicity & fraud4 ,,cv4 ,if we see ?is matt] 9 ! o!r extreme po9t ( view1 we %all f9d x liable to great equivocation4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 t a man ( v pure virtue1 :o has some:at ( native dryness or bluntness 9 8 composition1 appe>s to ^? ( rude & uncultivat$ capacities1 z a p]son ( a deprav$ disposition4 ,^? :o are zeal\s lov]s ( tru? & ju/ice1 are accu/om$1 n always to accommodate !mselves to ^? c\rte\s condesc5sions2 by :i* p acquire popul> acceptation2 z by att5d+ to ! sub/ance ( ?+s1 !y are apt to ov]look =ms & c]emonies4 ,words f _! m\?s1 signify :at ! s\nd & s5se ( !m express3 !y confid] c\rte\s dissimulation z a trea*]\s enemy ( virtue2 & are ignorant ( ! art ( pa9t+ vice 9 c\nt]feit col\rs1 = ! sake ( pleas+ or flatt]+ any man2 b on ! contr>y1 are always c>eful to describe x s1 z t x may appe> 9 its true native %ape1 & 9 all its de=mity4 ,! m preval5t ly+1 deceit1 & p]fidy is1 ! m !y loa? & nauseate x1 & are obs]v$ to be m /rict & sev]e 9 _! repreh5sions ( x2 & besides1 !y nev] look smil+ly1 b ^u ^? 9 :om !y p]ceive a clean m9d4 ,?is unpleas+ integrity1 is reg>d$ by ! bulk ( ! _w1 z a k9d ( misan?ropy1 or malevol5ce t[>ds ! g5]ality ( mank9d2 & ! numb] ( ^?1 :o busy !mselves 9 pa9t+ su* m51 z impracticable1 p]v]se1 & ill-int5tion$ is inf9ite2 = !y are pleas+ b to v few1 z !re are b few :o are pleas$ ) !m2 s t ei!r f ! malice ( _! oppon5ts1 or f ! want ( a prop] k ( ! _w 9 ^? t are indiff]5t ) respect to _! op9ions ( !m1 x easily comes to pass1 t a man ( exalt$ & s9c]e virtue1 is (t5 look$ ^u by a :ole t[n1 z a p]son ( int5tional malignity4 ,,cvi4 ,:oev] is ^u 8 gu>d n to fall into "o ( ! two be=em5tion$ errors1 & has capacity to di/+ui% true virtue f false1 & a cle> & good und]/&+1 f a cl\dy1 crook$1 or crafty "o1 w be conv9c$ z ,i myself h be5 conv9c$1 t !re nev] fails to be mu* virtue lodg$ 9 ! p]son1 9 :om y f9d a real good & cle> und]/&+4 ,i w\ld n h[ev] be und]/ood to ins9uate1 t all m5 ( great g5ius & capacity %\ld be sa9ts2 = m]itori\s virtue1 or su* z entitles a man to inh]it et]nal life1 is ! *ild ( grace1 & n ( nature4 ,nei!r w\ld ,i be und]/ood to say1 t all k9ds ( moral virtues %\ld be respl5d5t 9 su* a man z ,i h be5 describ+1 b only ^?1 ^: opposite vices1 at fir/ sight1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( any reason+ or reflection1 are manife/ & app>5t2 & ^: de=mity1 at a glance1 /rikes ! eye ( e behold]2 nor w\ld ,i ev5 be und]/ood to ass]t s mu* z ?is1 )\t "s limitation & exception2 = e vehem5t passion dur+ ! "t x la/s1 w make ! mo/ prud5t man act l a mad "o1 & ! mo/ acute "o1 l a fool2 b ab/ract$ f ! int]v5tion ( su* accid5ts1 x is my firm op9ion1 t e man ( a cle> & good und]/&+1 is an hone/ & a good-int5tion$ "o4 ,,! ,,great ,,& ,,ma/]ly ,,au?ority ( ,,exp]i5ce4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,i4 ,!re arriv$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,cosmosia1 two fam\s wom51 :o 7 v opposite to ea* o!r2 b bo? ) ! same design1 :i* 0 t ( obta9+ ! absolute dom9ion ov] t empire4 ,! fir/ 0 call$ ,solid9a1 ! o!r ,ide>ia2 ! fir/ 0 le>n$1 b simple2 ! second ignorant1 & o/5tati\s4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry1 7 ignorant l ! la/1 & simple z ! fir/4 ,h5ce1 ,solid9a ?\ght to w9 !m to h] by k9dness1 & by in/ruct+ !m2 & ,ide>ia1 to subdue !m by craft & imposition4 ,ide>ia op5$ a public s*ool1 & promis$ 9 pomp\s language1 t 9 a v %ort "t1 & ) little or no tr\ble1 %e w\ld make all ^? extremely le>n$ & wise1 :o *ose to att5d h] lectures4 ,! greatness ( ! promise1 jo9$ to ! impos+ appe>ance ( ! new doctress1 m\nt$ 9 ! pr(essional *air1 toge!r ) h] great volubility1 & fl[ ( m\ntebank rhetoric1 soon fill$ ! s*ool ) pupils4 ,%e began h] lectures1 :i* all consi/$1 9 lay+ be=e h] auditors 9 new & unusual language1 ! *im]as1 conta9$ 9 ! ext5sive field ( ! imag9ation4 ,&1 oh wond]ful to relate6 ei!r ,ide>ia _h some:at ( en*antm5t ab\t h]1 or else !re 0 some?+ v s+ul> 9 h] me?od ( apply+ h] artifice & cunn+2 = 9 a few ye>s aft] op5+ h] s*ool1 %e p]suad$ ^? mis]able p1 !y p]fectly und]/ood all t c\ld be le>n$4 ,,ii4 ,solid9a1 pursu$ a c\rse diametrically opposite to t tak5 by ,ide>ia4 ,9 an humble g>b1 & )\t any p>ade or o/5tation1 %e w5t f h\se to h\se1 & famili>iz+ h]self ) all m51 taught !m 9 pla9 & easy language1 true & useful docum5ts4 ,! mo/ retir$ cottages1 & ! mo/ humble "w-%ops1 7 s*ools suit$ to h] doctr9es1 = %e f\nd 9 all ( !m1 s5sible objects1 :i* exam9$ by ! help1 or auxili>y aid ( ! und]/&+1 s]v$ ! purpose ( books = tea*+ & expla9+ h] lessons2 & s f> 0 %e f inspir+ an indiscreet presumption 9 h] disciples1 t %e +5u\sly told !m1 t all %e taught1 0 a m]e trifle1 comp>$ to ! inf9ite deal !re is to be le>n$2 & t to arrive at a mod]ate k ( ?+s1 requir$ inf9ite lab\r & application4 ,?is mode/y ( ,solid9a's1 0 v prejudicial to h]1 because at ! v "t %e made ?is decl>ation1 ,ide>ia1 0 boa/+ & blazon+ 9 h] s*ool1 t 9 a concise mode1 & ) v little tr\ble1 %e w\ld make all h] auditors univ]sally le>n$2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 01 t ! pupils ( ,solid9a "o aft] ano!r began to drop (f1 & g ov] to ,ide>ia1 9 hopes t 9 h] s*ool1 !y %\ld arrive at ! summit ( le>n+ p] saltum4 ,:at contribut$ mu* to =w>d ?is defection1 01 t ,ide>ia also spoke ( ,solid9a ) contempt1 call+ h] base1 vile1 me*anical1 & /upid2 by :i* means1 ! poor tutress became ab&on$ by all ! p ( rank1 & 0 oblig$ to retire f ! city to ! villages1 :]e %e appli$ h]self to in/ruct+ poor husb&m51 9 t sort ( k1 t 0 necess>y & useful1 = ! cultivation & improvem5t ( _! l&s4 ,,iii4 ,ide>ia by ! bani%m5t ( h] rival1 n[ becom+ triumphant1 ent]ta9$ ?\ghts ( e/abli%+ an absolute & despotic sway ov] h] disciples2 & to accompli% ?is purpose1 %e publi%$ an edict1 by :i* e "o 0 requir$ n to believe 9 future1 aught he %\ld see ) 8 eyes1 or t\* ) 8 h&s1 b only to cr$it su* ?+s z %e %\ld be pleas$ to ord] him to believe2 requir+ fur!r1 t he %\ld look ^u x z an indisp5sable obligation1 always to def5d ) inv9cible ob/9acy & unremitt+ vocif]ation h] doctr9es1 aga9/ :oev] %\ld presume to contradict !m4 ,all heads b[$ ob$i5t to ?is tyrannic decree1 & p began firmly to believe _m maxims1 :i* be=e !y _h f\nd a difficulty 9 ass5t+ to2 su* = example1 z t ! tru? c nev] be f\nd out or asc]ta9$ b by means ( fiction2 t !re is a mode ( com+ at ! k ( ?+s1 :i* may be taught to a *ild 9 f\r days2 t mank9d are all alike1 :i* is a rule t w hold good ) respect to e o!r species1 & if y "k :at "o ( a sort is1 y "k :at !y all are2 t ins5sible & inanimate ?+s1 h _! desires1 _! prejudices1 & _! affections1 ! same z animate ones2 t t body1 :i* is ! mo/ brilliant1 & mo/ heat+ ( any1 has no?+ igne\s 9 its composition2 & t on ! o!r h&1 !re is ano!r v l>ge body1 :i* is purely igne\s1 t is nei!r lum9\s1 nor heat+1 nor does x /& 9 ne$ ( any pabulum to su/a9 x2 t all liv+ creatures h a l>ge portion ( fire 9 _! composition1 )\t except+ ev5 ! fi%1 al?\gh !y are always 9 or "u ! wat]1 nor ! turtle1 ^: blood is positively cold4 ,,iv4 ,^! & _m o!r su*-l port5t\s p>ticul>s1 did ,ide>ia tea* to1 & impose on h] cr$ul\s disciples2 :o all receiv$ & embrac$ !m z infallible tru?s2 b at l5g? !re arose 9 ! v s*ool ( ! doctress h]self1 a cont5ti\s s*ism1 or sc&al\s disagreem5t1 :i* 0 begun by "o ,papyratius1 a man ( subtil & animat$ g5ius1 b a great lov] ( novelties4 ,?is man introduc$ new & n less a/oni%+ dogmas ?an ! o!rs2 su* z t all ! liv+ creatures 9 ! _w1 man only except$1 h no m s5sation or feel+ ?an /ocks or /ones2 & t 9 e man1 !re is b a v small portion ( ! body :i* possesses ! pres5ce ( ! s\l2 t ! ext5sion ( ! _w is inf9ite2 t ! motion ( sublun>y bodies1 is equally semp]-et]nal ) t ( ! cle/ial ones2 t ! imag9>y space1 is really & truly a body2 t e ?+ ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 is 9 s cont9ual & rapid a motion1 z 9 ! space ( e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to travel "s ?\s&s ( leagues2 t we 9 all ?+s1 %\ld give cr$it to our imag9ations1 b none to our s5ses2 = t ! repres5tations made by ^! la/1 are apt grossly to deceive u2 & t nei!r is ! swan :ite1 or ! cr[ black1 nor is fire hot1 or sn[ cold1 c4 ,v4 ,^! novelties1 & o!rs ( ! same sort1 al?\gh !y 7 condemn$ f ! beg9n+ by ! majority ( ,ide>ia's disciples1 did n fail to attract a numb] ( vot>ies1 suffici5t to =m a new s*ool4 ,! two p>ties inveigh$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) great bitt]ness1 & "o side reprobat$ z absurd errors1 :at ! o!r ma9ta9$ z conclusive dogmas4 ,,vi4 ,?is division1 aft] long & ob/9ate disputes1 9 :i* ! argum5ts 7 s ne>ly pois$ 9 equilibrium1 t nei!r side c\ld claim ! victory1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 op5$ ! eyes ( _m1 & made !m d\bt :e!r !y _h n lightly1 or ev5 bl9dly1 admitt$ z articles ( human fai?1 doctr9es1 t 7 unc]ta91 & expos$ to be t]ribly conte/$4 ,!y obs]v$1 t ! argum5ts ) :i* ea* side attack$ ! op9ions ( _! oppon5ts1 7 beyond comp>ison /rong]1 ?an ! reasons ) :i* !y def5d$ _! own4 ,f h5ce !y inf]r$1 t bo? ! "o & ! o!r 7 evid5tly d\btful1 & might v probably be false4 ,?is br\ght to _! remembrance ! poor & neglect$ ,solid9a1 & made !m reflect1 t %e prov$ all %e advanc$1 by s5sible & pla9 demon/rations4 ,?is rem>k becom+ e day m g5]al1 & m adv]t$ to by m5 ( ! fir/-rate +5uity 9 ! s*ools2 !y took ! matt] into consid]ation1 & ! result ( _! delib]ations 01 a det]m9ation to recall ,solid9a f h] retirem5t1 & to br+ h] back to ! city2 :i* aft] hav+ done ) solemn pomp1 !y erect$ a magnific5t s*ool = h]1 :]e %e has cont9u$ to tea* f t "t1 ) a reputation t has increas$ daily2 & h] be+ fav\r$ ) ! c\nt5ance & protection ( "s illu/ri\s p]sonages ( high rank1 has greatly contribut$ to advance h] cr$it1 & p>ticul>ly ! enc\ragem5t %e has met ) f ! pr9ces1 ,gal9do & ,anglosio1 :o are bo? great lov]s1 & patrons ( ,solid9a4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,vii4 ,?is ,hi/ory1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ,fr5*1 0 giv5 me to read by a /rang] :o 0 on 8 travels2 b z soon z ,i _h read :at ,i h j relat$1 he snat*$ ! book out ( my h&s1 & ask$ me if ,i compreh5d$ :at ,i _h read8 ,! "q gave me to und]/&1 !re 0 some?+ my/]i\s 9 ! ,hi/ory1 & t "u ! pla9 lett]1 0 convey$ "s signification1 diff]5t f :at ! words express$4 ,i answ]$ him1 t ,i _h n und]/ood x 9 any o!r s5se1 ?an :at ! language seem$ to imply2 b t if he w\ld p]mit me to read x ov] aga9 ) a little att5tion1 ,i might p]haps be able to compreh5d its mean+4 ,he gave me leave1 & !n ^u reflection1 fir/ on ! nature ( ! doctr9es x m5tion$1 al?\gh !y 7 n po9t$ out v cle>ly1 & secondly1 on ! allusion ( ! names giv5 to ! p]sonages :o 7 introduc$ into ! sc5e1 ,i f\nd x 0 n v difficult to decyph] ! riddle1 :i* ,i int]pret$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,,viii4 ,! k+dom ( ,cosmosia is ! _w1 :i* is ! signification ( ! ,greek ^w ,cosmos4 ,solid9a is exp]i5ce1 & ,ide>ia imag9ation4 ,^! names are v prop]ly suit$1 bo? to ! *>act]s & doctr9es ( ! p>ties4 ,exp]i5ce solidly proves h] maxims1 by s5sible & cle> demon/rations2 & imag9ation1 gr\nds h] op9ions on ! va9 repres5tation ( h] ideas4 ,solid9a 0 a long :ile bani%$1 & dur+ all t "t1 ,ide>ia reign$ triumphant2 = f ! p]iod t ,py?agoras r$uc$ all philosophy to 8 numb]s1 ,plato to 8 ideas1 & ,ari/otle to 8 precisions2 & = _m ages aft]w>ds1 ! _w knew no o!r b an ideal physic2 nor did x pay ! lea/ att5tion1 to ! exp]im5tal or solid4 ,9 ! fir/ maxims ( ,ide>ia1 we p]ceive _m ( ! dogmas ( ! p]ipatetic doctr9e1 & 9 h] second1 _m ( ! ,c>tesian ones2 & !y gave ! "n ( ,papyratius to ! broa*] ( ?is la/ sy/em1 because ! ,fr5* ^w ,c>te1 signifies ! same z ! ,lat9 ^w ,papyrus1 f :5ce ! appellative 0 d]iv$4 ,des ,c>tes is rang$ among ! auditors ( ,ide>ia1 because he 0 dispos$ in/ead ( less1 r m ?an ! ,p]ipatetics1 to regulate all physics by imag9ation & ideas4 ,at l5g? ! mi/ake ( ?is me?od 0 p]ceiv$1 & ,solid9a 0 recall$ f ! villages to ! city2 & exp]im5t & obs]vation1 :i* = a long "t _h only be5 9 use among ! ru/ics1 & employ$ 9 ! bus9ess ( husb&ry1 to increase ! product ( ! e>?1 improve ! m\nta9\s l&1 & to enc\rage ! propagation1 & m5d ! bre$ ( h]ds & cattle2 7 n long s9ce introduc$ 9 pomp1 & c\nt5anc$ by "s c\rts1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i*1 academies 7 in/itut$1 to exam9e nature by _! help2 & z ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^!1 7 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 & ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :i* 7 f\nd$ "u ! protection ( ! k+s ( ,france & ,engl&1 !y call$ ! two pr9ces :o 7 ! lov]s & patrons ( ,solid9a1 by ! names ( ,gal9do1 & ,anglosio1 :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 words ,gallia1 & ,anglia1 :i* 9 t language signify ,france & ,engl&4 ,,ix4 ,! /rang] approv$ ( ! :ole1 & e "p ( my explanation1 & assur$ me1 t by ! context t foll[$ :at ,i _h read1 ! int5tion ( ! au?or ( t my/]i\s ,hi/ory1 c\ld be no o!r ?an :at ,i _h describ$ x4 ,b ,i told him ,i 0 n incl9$ to approve1 nor c\ld ,i approve ( ! :ole & e "p ( its cont5t2 = t ,i obs]v$ 9 x "s latitud9>y expressions1 :i* seem$ to reflect ^u1 & 7 d]ogatory ( ! p]ipatetic doctr9e1 s ,i only ackn[l$g$ to him1 t 9 ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts1 ! ?+ seem$ j & "r4 ,he repli$1 t z ,i 0 a ,spani>d1 & a sect>y ( ! p]ipatetic s*ool1 my objection & ! reasons = x might be admitt$4 ,^u say+ ?is1 he took 8 leave ( me1 & pursu$ 8 j\rney1 leav+ me 9 a disposition to m$itate on ! subject ( our conv]sation1 & lay be=e ! public1 su* reflections z %\ld occur to me respect+ ! matt] ( x1 :i* may be se5 9 ! sequel ( ?is disc\rse4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,x4 ,! fir/ ?+ t (f]s itself to our consid]ation1 is ! little or no progress1 :i* natural reason1 unassi/$ by exp]i5ce1 has made 9 ! exam9ation ( ! affairs ( nature 9 ! c\rse ( s _m ages4 ,nature is z little und]/ood 9 ! s*ools at ?is day1 z x 0 9 ! academies ( ,plato1 ( ,lyceus1 & ( ,ari/otle4 ,:at secret h ^! academies develop$8 or :at dim9utive portion ( ?is mo/ ext5sive c\ntry h !y discov]$8 ,:at utility has ! lab\rs ( s _m m5 ( excell5t +5uity1 z h cultivat$ philosophy 9 ! reason+ & speculative way1 produc$ to ! _w8 ,:at art1 ei!r lib]al or me*anical1 ( ! _m t are necess>y = ! s]vice ( man1 or ! good ( ! public1 d we owe to speculative inv5tion2 & ,i might ev5 say1 :at small advancem5t 9 any su* art1 has be5 d]iv$ f x8 ,:at docum5t ( ! s*ools1 has conduc$ to in/ruct a husb&man 9 ! cultivation ( 8 l&s8 ,!y !re talk mu* ( causes1 effects1 productions1 & dispositions ( matt]1 b all ?is has n yet produc$ any maxim t c be reli$ on1 = ! mo/ advantage\s mode ( cultivat+ ! l&1 9 ord] to dispose x to ! production ( ?is or t p>ticul> plant1 nor to in/ruct u at :at "t x %\ld be s[n1 nor 9 ! lea/ to in=m u ) reg>d to _m o!r circum/ances1 t %\ld be att5d$ to 9 ! rais+ x4 ,s*oolm51 aft] ! example ( ,ari/otle1 treat l>gely ( qualities1 :i* !y place 9 a pr$icam5t ap>t1 or by !mselves2 )\t hav+ by ?is means1 discov]$ any qualities at all1 ei!r 9 ! mixtures1 or ! elem5ts2 b on ! contr>y1 ,ari/otle has r be5 mis]ably mi/ak5 9 ^? he attempt$ to po9t out1 by 8 rules ( proportion & comb9ation2 ,i mean 9 ^? t app]ta9 to ! air1 & ! wat]1 z we h prov$ 9 ano!r "p ( our works2 & x w\ld n be difficult to prove ! same ?+1 ) reg>d to ^? he has assign$ to ! e>?4 ,if p]*ance he has be5 "r 9 asc]ta9+ ! qualities belong+ to fire1 7al?\gh 9 our ,physical ,p>adoxes we h d5i$ 8 position ) respect to its be+ hot 9 ! highe/ degree7 ,i say1 if he has be5 "r 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x 0 n because philosophy _h p5etrat$ ! secret1 b because ! ?+ 0 manife/$ to u by our s5ses4 ,,xi4 ,^! are ! organs1 by :i* all ! natural tru?s we are able to obta9 a k ( are convey$ to our spirits4 ,ev5 9 ! ma!matical faculties1 :i* affect to confide e ?+ to !oretical demon/rations1 !y _c1 except 9 ! two elem5tal ones1 ari?metic & geometry1 safely advance a /ep1 )\t hold+ be=e !m1 ! light ( exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 ?is taught ! geograph]1 ! situation & position ( ! div]s p>ts ( ! globe2 ! navigator1 ! directive virtue ( ! load-/one2 ! /atic philosoph]1 ! weight1 ! desc5t1 & accel]ation ( motion 9 _! desc5t1 ( heavy bodies2 ! me*anic & eng9e]1 ! augm5tation ( p[] by ma*9]y1 or ! multiplication ( pur*ase2 ! a/ronom]1 ! movem5ts & c\rse ( ! />s2 ! musician1 ! consonant & dissonant int]vals ( music2 ! optician1 p]spective1 or ! effects ( vision :5 ! eye surveys di/ant objects2 to ! catoptrician1 & dioptrician1 ! laws ( reflexion1 & refraction4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,xii4 ,& x is v wor?y ( rem>k+1 t ev5 aft] exp]i5ce _h made ^? fir/ discov]ies1 on :i* ! !ory & practice ( arts are f\nd$1 ^? primitive lights 7 9 g5]al f\nd to be insuffici5t to enable ! und]/&+ to make fur!r advances 9 !m1 b x 0 r f\nd to be necess>y1 t ! same exp]i5ce %\ld cont9ue z !y proce$$ on1 to direct _! /eps1 & correct _! errors4 ,i w expla9 :at ,i mean1 by two examples tak5 f navigation4 ,,xiii4 ,! fir/ reg>ds ! direction1 or po9t+ ( ! magnetical ne$le to ! pole4 ,?is admirable prop]ty1 :i* 0 totally unkn[n to ! anti5ts1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & imm$iately appli$ to ! improvem5t ( navigation4 ,^u its fir/ discov]y1 ! philosoph]s1 accord+ to _! wont$ cu/om ( pret5d+ to disc]n ! causes ( ?+s1 imput$ ?is effect1 z d]iv$ f an occult sympa?y ) ! pole1 conta9$ 9 ! v ess5ce1 =m1 & sub/ance ( ! load/one2 & z ?is is suppos$ to be inv>iable1 !y conclud$1 t ! direction mu/ infallibly be inv>iable also4 ,!y cont9u$ 9 ?is good fai? = ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* long p]iod1 ,cr9on1 a pilot ( ,dieppe z "s say1 or ,cabot1 a ,v5etian ,navigator z o!rs believe1 0 ! fir/ :o obs]v$ ! decl9ations ( ! magnetical ne$le f ! true nor?1 t is1 t x did n always po9t directly to ! pole1 b decl9$ 9 diff]5t places1 sometimes t[>ds ! we/1 & at o!rs t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! philosoph]s he>d ?is novelty ) great disgu/1 because x gave ! lye to "s ( _! mo/ e/abli%$ maxims1 & !re=e !y set ab\t to contradict x ) all _! =ce4 ,b 9 ! end1 !y 7 oblig$ to submit to repeat$ exp]im5ts1 au?oriz$ & confirm$1 by ! te/imonies ( p ( und\bt$ cr$it4 ,,xiv4 ,hav+ aft]w>ds discov]$1 t "u ! m]idian ( ! ,azores or we/]n isl&s1 !re 0 no v>iation ( ! magnetical ne$le at all1 ! a/ronom]s & geograph]s1 ?\ght !y _h f\nd out a fix$ /ation1 :]eat to comm5ce ! fir/ m]idian1 :i* _h be=e be5 c\nt$ arbitr>ily1 f :atev] place !y *ose to beg9 x4 ,b ?is idea soon vani%$1 = a little :ile aft]w>ds1 !y discov]$ two o!r m]idians1 :]e !re 0 no v>iation2 ! "o at a head-l& ne> ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 to :i*1 on ?is acc\nt !y gave ! "n ( ,ne$le ,cape2 & ano!r1 at ! spot :]e ! city ( ,canton is situat$4 ,^u ?is1 !y ?\ght !y _h f\nd out a c]ta9 pr9ciple1 :]eon to gr\nd a compleat sy/em = calculat+ or comput+ v>iations1 by graduat+ !m = ! int]m$iate /ations1 9 proportion to _! great] or less di/ance f ! mean space betwe5 ! two places :]e !re 0 no v>iation4 ,,xv4 ,b z nature frequ5tly mocks ! ideal propositions t are fabricat$ by ! bra9 ( man1 ?is "t ( rejoic+ la/$ b a few ye>s1 = !y discov]$1 t ?is decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 v>i$ m or less at ! same place at diff]5t times1 & t ?is *ange ( v>iation 0 p]petual4 ,?is discov]y1 n only demoli%$ ! antec$5t imag9$ rules1 b ne>ly took away all hope1 ( _! ev] 9 future1 f9d+ out any c]ta9 "o = _! guidance2 & ?is1 not)/&+ _m m51 em95t = _! skill 9 physics & ma!matics1 h long1 & /ill d1 lab\r at accompli%+ x4 ,,xvi4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 may be se5 ! fallibility ( ! mo/ plausible reason+s unaccompani$ by exp]im5ts4 ,& we %all see ! same1 9 ! o!r we are ab\t to m5tion1 :i* relates to ! flux & reflux ( ! sea4 ,,xvii4 ,z ! flux & reflux ( ! sea1 is evid5t & app>5t to all ^? :o inhabit ne> ! sea-coa/s1 & ! c\rse & *anges ( ! ,moon to all mank9d1 x 0 easy & natural1 to obs]ve ! correspond5ce !re 0 betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! "o & ! o!r2 t is1 t ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! tide1 keeps pace ) ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! moon2 & x is probable1 t ! fir/ p :o rem>k$ ?is1 fanci$ t by ?is s+le obs]vation1 !y _h discov]$ ! sy/em ( ^! admirable movem5ts4 ,b ?is delusion 0 b %ort-liv$1 = !y soon aft]w>ds obs]v$1 t )9 ! space ( ! same lun> mon?1 !re 0 a great disproportion betwe5 ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! tide1 & t x fl[$ high]1 & ebb$ l[]1 at ! new & full moon1 ?an x did at ! qu>t]s4 ,b :5 !y _h advanc$ ?is /ep1 x is likely !y gave !mselves cr$it = hav+ discov]$ ! :ole secret1 & suppos$1 t !y knew all t 0 to be kn[n ( ! matt]2 & :5 !y obs]v$ !re 0 s exact a correspond5ce1 betwe5 ! motions ( ! tide1 & ! phases ( ! moon1 !y did n ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt1 b t !y 7 totally influ5c$ by ?is planet4 ,b exp]i5ce also undeceiv$ mank9d ) respect to ?is error1 = !y f\nd out1 t !re 0 ano!r v>iation ( ! tides1 :i* did n dep5d ^u ! revolutions ( ! moon1 b ^u ^? ( ! sun2 t is1 t suppos+ o!r ?+s to be equal1 !y rise high]1 at1 or ne> ! equ9oxes1 ?an !y d at ! sol/ices4 ,?is gave !m to und]/&1 t ! moon did n reign s despotic ov] ! tides1 z to exclude ! sun f all %>e 9 ! dom9ion ( !m4 ,,xviii4 ,b aft] all ?is 0 asc]ta9$1 !y f\nd1 t by tru/+ ! br++ ( %ips into b>r'd or tide h>b\rs1 to ! m]e comb9ation ( ! be=e-nam'd obs]vations1 !y fell into v dang]\s errors2 = t !re are two o!r v>iations1 :i* are v consid]able1 & especially "o ( !m1 & :i* c't be compreh5d$ "u any g5]al rule :atsoev]2 ! "o is ) respect to ! "t ( full sea2 & ! o!r1 reg>ds ! quantum ( rise ( ! wat]4 ,! "t ( full sea v>ies at diff]5t ports1 ev5 "u ! same m]idian1 & does n happ5 9 all ( !m at ! same h\r4 ,!y v>y also ) respect to ! magnitude ( !m1 because !re is an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! height !y fl[ at "s ports1 to :at !y d at o!rs1 = ! wat] w rise m ?an t5 fa?oms ^u "s coa/s1 & n above a few feet on o!rs1 & 9 o!rs aga91 ! rise is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,xix4 ,if ! rules d$uc$ f exp]im5tal obs]vations are s fallible1 t x is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to avoid all error1 to pursue ! ?read ( !m s scrupul\sly1 t reason %\ld n v5ture to advance a /ep1 )\t ! light ( an exp]im5t appropriat$ to ! bus9ess x is 9 se>* (2 ,i say1 if ^! rules are n to be reli$ on1 :at confid5ce c we place 9 ^? maxims1 :i* d]ive _! orig9 f our arbitr>y ideas8 ,,xx4 ,nature con=ms to1 & is gov]n$ by ! idea ( its great artific]1 n by t ( man2 & x is /range tem]ity 9 man1 to presume he c compreh5d ! idea ( su* an artific]4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght1 t if we 7 told1 t !re 7 numb]s ( ^? lum9\s bodies 9 ! heav5s :i* we call />s1 al?\gh we c\ld n see !m1 e "o w\ld imag9e1 su* a disposition & collocation ( !m 9 ! sph]e1 z be/ suit$ 8 own fancy4 ,"o w\ld conceive !m di/ribut$ into v>i\s regul> sets ( figures1 su* z triangul>1 hexangul>1 circul>1 c4 :i* =m$ s _m diff]5t con/ellations2 ano!r1 t !y 7 compos$ ( a beautiful suit1 ( well rang$ & h>moni\s gr\ps2 ano!r1 t !y 7 dispos$ aft] ! mann] ( fl[]s1 :i* he _h se5 gr[+ 9 p>t]res 9 "s g>d52 ano!r1 t !y 7 =m$ 9 su* a position1 z resembl$ ! %ape ( v>i\s images1 ei!r my/ic or natural4 ,9 fact1 !re w\ld be no body1 t w\ld n attribute to !m "s mo/ beautiful resemblance1 or imitation1 ( ^? ?+s :i* he _h ev] se51 t seem$ mo/ pleas+ to him1 ei!r 9 art1 or nature4 ,not)/&+ :i*1 !y w\ld all deceive !mselves1 & be greatly surpris$1 ^u ! firmam5t aft]w>ds be+ display$ to _! view1 to f9d ! />s plac$ & rang$ 9 a position1 q diff]5t & di/9ct f all !y _h imag9$4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,xxi4 ,?us x frequ5tly happ5s1 t m5 ?9k 9 "o mann]1 & ,god op]ates 9 ano!r4 ,m5 suppose1 & !y suppose "r1 t ! works ( ,god are all execut$ ) ord]1 & 9 proportion2 b al?\gh !y suppose well1 !y reason ill2 because !y ?9k !re is no o!r ord] & proportion1 ?an t :i* comes )9 ! rea* ( _! compreh5sion4 ,! works ( ,god1 x is true are wr\ght ) proportion2 b ) a sublime proportion1 :i* is mu* sup]ior to our rules4 ,x is bl9d tem]ity 9 man1 to imag9e t ,god 9 8 works1 is to con=m himself to our human gross ideas ( proportions4 ,,xxii4 ,x 0 a confid5ce 9 su* proportions1 t caus$ ,py?agoras to err egregi\sly 9 8 dim5sions ( ! magnitude1 & 8 calculation ( ! di/ance ( ! heav5s1 :i* he ?\ght to compute1 by ! num]ical s]ies ( ! int]vals ( music4 ,& o!rs 7 n mu* wis] ?an ,py?agoras1 :o by fancy+ !y _h f\nd "s special p]fection 9 ! numb] f\r1 *ose to /amp x on1 & regulate all ! op]ations ( nature by x4 ,f h5ce came ! f\r elem5ts1 ! f\r fir/ qualities1 ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! globe1 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ye>1 & ! f\r hum\rs ( ! body4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,xxiii4 ,if ev5 9 ^? consequ5ces1 :i* to all human appe>ance1 we d$uce imm$iately f ! tru?s :i* nature h]self pres5ts to our s5ses1 we are sometimes liable to be mi/ak52 :at dep5dance c we place 9 ^?1 t are f\nd$ on pr9ciples1 :i* )\t consult+ nature1 are e/abli%$ by our fancy8 ,:at consequ5ce to all appe>ance c\ld seem bett] inf]r$1 ?an t ( ! repugnance ( nature to a vacuum1 f\nd$ on ! palpable exp]im5t ( ! wat] ris+ 9 ! pump8 ,b by ! light ( innum]able o!r exp]im5ts1 ! mi/ake 0 discov]$2 & x 0 f\nd out1 t ! true cause ( t1 & all su*-l phnom5a1 0 ! weight ( ! air4 ,,xxiv4 ,we see ) our eyes1 :e!r we expla9 ! cause ( x z proce$+ f an intr9sic quality1 or f attraction1 or f impulse1 t gravity precipitates bodies ) a swift movem5t t[>ds ! e>?4 ,x seems mo/ natural to suppose1 by reason+ f ! fam\s axiom1 sicut se habet simplicit] ad simplicit]1 ita magis ad magis1 t to a duplicate gravity1 !re w\ld correspond a duplicate accel]ation ( motion4 ,b ! fact diff]s widely f ?is proportion4 ,,xxv4 ,x is pla91 t air is mu* m subtle & ?9 ?an wat]4 ,:o f h5ce1 w\ld n inf] z an unavoidable consequ5ce1 t air mu/ p5etrate all bodies :i* wat] p5etrates8 ,not)/&+ ?is1 we see t wat] p5etrates pap]1 :i* air does n p5etrate1 or x p5etrates x 9 s small a degree1 or s sl[ly1 t we look ^u x z next to no p5etration at all4 ,,xxvi4 ,:o judg+ by g5]al or common pr9ciples1 w\ld n conclude1 t wet hay 0 mu* less liable to take fire ?an dry8 ,b exp]i5ce tea*es u1 t by putt+ toge!r quantities ( hay too moi/1 x w take fire ( itself1 :i* c\ld nev] h happ5$1 if ! hay _h be5 put toge!r suffici5tly dry1 or m ?or\ghly made4 ,,xxvii4 ,:at maxim is bett] e/abli%$1 or m g5]ally ass5t$ to among ! naturali/s1 ?an t a vivify+ heat ( ! blood1 is indisp5sably necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life8 ,b ) all ?is1 ,fa!r ,plumi]1 a le>n$ prie/ ( ! ord] ( ,m9imus1 9 a voyage 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 = want ( wat]1 f\nd himself "u a necessity ( dr9k+ ! blood ( turtles1 & decl>es1 he f\nd x z cold z ! common wat] 9 ,europe4 7,mem4 de ,trev\x1 an4 #agjd1 tom4 #a4 page #age47 ,:o1 agreeable to ! laws ( ratioc9ation1 c say o!rwise1 ?an t ! ?ird quality1 result+ f ! mix+ ?ree or f\r ftid ?+s toge!r1 mu/ be ftid also8 ,b exp]i5ce manife/s to u1 t ?is consequ5ce is n infallible4 ,mr4 ,lem]i b\ght a c]ta9 quantity ( ! gums galbanum1 sagap5um1 & opopanax1 & also "s bitum5 ( ,juda1 :i* he put all toge!r into a retort1 & f\nd t !re result$ f ! mixtures1 a /rongly sc5t$ oil1 greatly resembl+ musk2 n[ ! bitum5 9 smell1 does n 9 ! lea/ resemble musk1 & ! o!r ?ree drugs are absolutely ftid4 7,hi/4 de l',academ4 ,royal1 ann4 #agjf47 ,,xxviii4 ,if a philosoph]1 de/itute ( all o!r in=mation1 except t :i* he _h acquir$ 9 ! s*ools1 %\ld be told t two liquids1 :i* to ! t\* appe> cold1 %\ld ^u be+ mix$ toge!r1 n only heat & boil1 b also emit a flame2 he w\ld be 9 a t]rible agitation1 & arm$ ) 8 infallible conclusive pr9ciple1 t no?+ c communicate a quality :i* x does n possess1 w\ld exclaim aga9/ ! proposition4 ,b let him exclaim z mu* z he w1 x is a c]ta9 fact1 t f mix+ a pure acid1 ) ! ess5tial oil ( an aromatic plant1 !re w result t commotion4 ,,xxix4 ,we "k t wat]1 is mu* heavi] ?an air2 & we also "k1 t ! vap\rs :i* arise f ! e>?1 are no?+ else b p>ticles ( wat]1 v m9utely divid$1 & consequ5tly1 t !y mu/ be mu* heavi] ?an p>ticles ( air ( ! same size4 ,we "k also1 t a liquid _c asc5d above ano!r1 :5 !y are put toge!r1 except :5 x's p>ticles ( equal size are light] ?an ^? ( ! o!r4 ,f ^! premises1 x %\ld foll[ z an infallible consequ5ce1 t ^! vap\rs _c rise sup]ior to ! air we brea!4 ,b let ?is consequ5ce appe> ev] s infallible1 exp]i5ce conv9ces u t ! fact is o!rwise4 ,,xxx4 ,nobody is ignorant1 t ! aromatic species1 su* z ! clove1 ! pimi5ta1 & ! c9namon1 are hot or heat+1 & t ! regions ne>e/ ! poles are cold1 & ^? ne>e/ ! equ9octial hot4 ,f ^! premises1 :at naturali/ w\ld n inf]1 t ! use ( ^! species w\ld be less p]nici\s to ! inhabitants ( ! cold regions1 ?an to ^? ( ! hot8 ,b exp]i5ce is ev] demon/rat+ to u ! contr>y4 ,= a scruple ( clove is m (f5sive to1 & has a great] effect on ! fir/1 ?an a dra*m has on ! la/4 ,,xxxi4 ,& simil> to ?is1 has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,holl&]s1 9 "s ( _! voyages to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x happ5$ once1 t ^u pass+ ! l9e1 ! greate/ "p ( ! p belong+ to a %ip 7 tak5 sick1 & t m ?an half ( !m di$1 & t ^? only recov]$1 to :om 9 _! sickness !y gave great quantities ( br&y4 ,! m$ical m5 f\nd great difficulty 9 believ+1 t ^! p c\ld owe ! pres]vation ( _! lives to dr9k+ to excess ( a liquor1 :i* if n tak5 sp>+ly & ) mod]ation1 is f\nd to be v p]nici\s to heal?4 ,b 9 ! end1 !y f\nd !mselves oblig$ to yield to exp]i5ce2 & admit ( ! lib]al use ( br&y1 :i* aft]w>ds deliv]$ ) equal success1 all ! afflict$ f _! illness4 ,,xxxii4 ,x is !n absolutely necess>y to submit to exp]i5ce1 & if we are n dispos$ to ab&on ! real road ( tru?1 to seek = nature 9 h]self1 & n 9 ! deceitful image :i* our fancy =ms ( h]4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,xxxiii4 ,i am n ignorant t !re are "s s*oolm51 :o repres5t ! application to exp]im5ts1 z disgraceful to1 & b5ea? ! dignity ( philosophy4 ,b ?is is a mo/ absurd error1 = at ?is rate1 /udy+ ! imag9ations ( m51 w\ld be a m hon\rable occupation1 ?an rum9at+ on ! works ( ,god4 ,9 books ( !ory1 we contemplate human ideas2 9 natural entities1 div9e ones4 ,let reason n[ det]m9e1 :i* is ! mo/ noble /udy4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! pr9ce ( philosoph]s1 ,ari/otle1 ?\ght diff]5tly 9 ?is respect to ! pres5t s*ool ones1 = he said1 we %\ld n disda9 to exam9e ) our s5ses1 ! mo/ trifl+ works ( nature1 = t we %\ld f9d 9 !m all1 m>ks ( sublime wisdom1 & j & beautiful +5uity3 ,aggr$i enim quque s9e ullo pudore debemus1 cum 9 omnibus natur num51 et honesium1 pul*rumque insit +5ium4 ,= s x is1 t 9 ! mo/ humble plant1 9 ! mo/ vile insect1 & 9 ! mo/ rude rock1 we see ! traces ( an omnipot5t h&1 & ! m>ks ( inf9ite wisdom4 ,,xxxv4 ,besides ?is1 x is a matt] ( great importance to him :o is 9 se>* ( tru?1 to *use ! pa? t leads directly on to 8 object1 & n to pursue t :i* w conduct him out ( 8 way1 al?\gh x %\ld to ! eye1 appe> ! mo/ desirable1 & ! mo/ pleasant to walk ?r\gh4 ,!re is no d\bt1 t a physician 9 a college1 m\nt$ 9 a pr(essional *air1 & read+ a lecture1 makes a m pomp\s figure1 ?an :5 he is att5d+ to1 & obs]v+ ! dissection ( a dead body 9 an hospital2 b x is by att5d+ to ! dissection1 t he atta9s a k ( ! situation & arrangem5t ( ! int]nal p>ts ( ! body1 :i* he c\ld nev] h acquir$1 by reason+ or disput+ all 8 life long 9 a s*ool4 ,ideal gold1 is possess$ 9 imag9ation by lazy p1 :o :ile !y are sleep+ 9 _! b$s1 dream x is %[]$ d[n on !m2 b ! true ore1 c only be acquir$ by =ce ( lab\r1 & digg+ 9 ! m9es ) dilig5ce & indu/ry4 ,& 9 no o!r mann]1 o!rwise ?an 9 appe>ance only1 c we atta9 m1 ?an t %ad[ ( tru?1 :i* we call probability1 = ^! are ! l>ge/ advances we c make1 by ! =ce ( our imag9ations ex]t$ 9 ! retirem5ts ( ! closet2 & ! tru? itself1 is only to be f\nd by scrut9iz+ s5sible objects1 & se>*+ 9 !m1 = ! hidd5 secrets ( nature4 ,,sect4 ,,ix4 ,,xxxvi4 ,!re is ano!r objection to exp]im5tal obs]vations1 :i* is n m reasonable1 or bett] f\nd$ ?an t we h j m5tion$1 :i* is made by "s sup]ficial s*oolm51 :o say1 t ^! sort ( enquiries1 d n require reason & p]spicuity1 b only eye-sight1 dilig5ce1 & memory2 on :i* acc\nt !y condemn !m1 z ?+s n well calculat$ = ! ex]tion ( inv5tion1 & +5uity4 ,b h[ little d ^! p "k ( ! nature ( ^? physical exp]im5ts1 or ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are made1 :i* h employ$ ! att5tion ( s _m le>n$ & sublime spirits1 ( ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 ,9 ord] to discov] :e!r any deceitful appe>ance has crept 91 !y repeat e exp]im5t _m times ov]2 & inv5t _m +5i\s me?ods ( exam9ation1 to f9d out1 :e!r ! ph5om5on proce$$ f t cause1 :i* at fir/ sight x seem$ to be d]iv$ f1 or :e!r x 0 ! effect ( "s accid5tal1 or occult "o4 ,!y make exact & nice comb9ations ( _! exp]im5ts1 & inv5t +5i\s me?ods ( comp>+ !m "o ) ano!r1 & !n weigh 9 a mo/ delicate balance1 bo? ! analogies1 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 9 ord] to d]ive ) almo/ ma!matical c]ta9ty1 ! consequ5ces to be d$uc$ f !m2 & !y peep into ^? crevices ( nature t are ne>ly imp]ceptible1 t !y may disc]n ?r\gh !m1 h] inmo/ secrets2 & ,i beyond comp>ison1 f9d m delicate +5uity1 & m p]spicuity1 9 _m ( ! exp]im5ts ( ! fam\s ,boyle1 ?an ,i d 9 all ! ab/ractions1 & r$uplications1 ( ! mo/ subtle metaphysicians4 ,,sect4 ,x4 ,,xxxvii4 ,x is c]ta9ly & indisp5sably necess>y1 to make exp]im5tal obs]vations ) ! mo/ exquisite att5tion1 9 ord] to avoid our be+ deceiv$ by !m1 z our =efa!rs h be51 & z _m p are at ?is day2 :o1 confid+ 9 a sup]ficial & c>eless exp]im5t1 h precipitat$ _! conclusions1 & )\t giv+ !mselves "t to reflect1 h d$uc$ consequ5ces1 f ! fir/ in=mation ( _! s5ses4 ,f ! asc5t ( ! wat] 9 ! pump1 by consid]+ ! ?+ inatt5tively1 0 inf]r$ ! repugnance ( nature to a vacuum4 ,to :at lab\rs did ,torrizeli1 ,pascal1 & o!r sublime g5iuses submit1 :at a v>iety ( exp]im5ts did !y make1 & ) :at +5uity did !y comb9e & comp>e !m1 9 ord] to undeceive ! _w1 & conv9ce mank9d1 t ! true cause ( ?is ph5om5on 0 ! weight ( ! air6 ,,xxxviii4 ,f ! flame fly+ upw>ds1 0 inf]r$ ! *im]ical region ( fire1 imm$iately adjo9+ to ! heav5 ( ! moon4 ,9 our essay on ,physical ,p>adoxes1 we relat$ ! +5i\s exp]im5t ) :i* my ,"l ,bacon prov$1 t ! flame did n asc5d f any natural prop5sity x _h to fly upw>ds1 b because x 0 compell$ to x1 by ! lat]al pressure ( ! air4 ,,xxxix4 ,i 0 once 9 conv]sation ) "s s*ool philosoph]s1 & our disc\rse happ5+ to turn ^u physical matt]s1 ,i took occasion to propose a "q to !m1 :i* 01 :e!r cold wat] 7& ! same may be said ( e o!r liquid7 0 m subtil & p5etrat+ ?an hot1 :i* x seem$ evid5tly to be1 by ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 t :5 we p\r$ ic$ wat] to dr9k 9 summ] "t into a glass1 we p]ceiv$ ! glass wet & moi/ on ! outside1 :i* _h ! appe>ance ( ! wat] hav+ transud$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! glass2 & z ?is did n happ5 :5 ! wat] 0 luke w>m1 or 9 a temp]ate /ate1 x 0 inf]r$ t su* wat]1 0 n s subtil & ?9 z cold4 ,z ! by/&]s seem$ conv]ts to ! =ce ( ! be=e-nam$ exp]im5t1 x gave me a good deal ( tr\ble1 to undeceive & conv9ce !m ( _! mi/ake1 al?\gh at l5g? ,i accompli%$ do+ x1 by mak+ x evid5t to !m by v>i\s mo/ cle> exp]im5ts1 t ! moi/ure :i* adh]$ to ! outside ( ! glass1 did n transude ?r\gh its pores1 b t x consi/$ ( ! coagulat$ vap\rs1 ( ! circumambi5t air1 :i* be+ 9 a w>m /ate1 cond5s$ & 7 conv]t$ into wat]1 ^u _! com+ 9 contact ) any v cold body1 & t !y became m cond5s$ ! less por\s ?is body 04 ,= ?is reason1 ! vap\rs t are rais$ by fire1 cond5se z soon z !y come to ! head ( ! alembick2 & = ! same1 if we brea! ^u a bright iron b>1 or any o!r metallic body1 t has a smoo? or poli%$ surface1 & is v cold1 ! vap\r we brea! f our m\?s1 :5 x comes 9 contact ) t body1 w cond5se1 & adh]e to x2 & x is also = ! same reason1 t 9 fro/y nights1 we see ! inside ( ! glass ( w9d[s moi/1 :5 !y are dry )\t1 :i* appe>ance1 ,i h kn[n surprise _m p1 :o ?\ght t t humidity 0 a portion ( ! ext]nal air1 :i* _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! glass2 & x is likewise = ! same reason1 t our brea?1 & ! brea? ( o!r animals1 is visible 9 cold wea!r1 x be+ !n suffici5tly cond5s$ by ! circumambi5t air1 to make x become app>5t4 ,b ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5t ,i made use ( 9 ! dispute1 & :i* ,i advanc$ z a conclusive "o1 01 t if y cov]$ ! ext]ior sup]ficies ( ! glass ) pap]1 !re w\ld n ! lea/ moi/ure adh]e to x1 9 ! :ole c\rse ( a fro/y night1 & x is cle> t ! pap] is n imp5etrable to moi/ure1 b c only prev5t ! ext]nal air1 f com+ imm$iately 9 contact ) ! glass4 ,,xl4 ,z x relates to ! subject ( ! imp5etrability ( glass by liquids1 ,i _c =be> 9 ?is place tak+ notice ( ano!r v common error1 :i* has orig9at$ f draw+ conclusions ha/ily f exp]im5ts1 )\t mak+ prop] reflexions on !m4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 t ! ze/ ( ! r9d ( a lemon p5etrates ?r\gh glass1 :i* op9ion is f\nd$ on ! p]suasion1 t if y press out ! ze/ on ! outside ( a glass1 ! liquor t is )9 w ta/e ( x4 ,i conclud+ ?is p5etration to be impossible1 aft] m$itat+ ^u ! matt]1 easily discov]$ ! cause ( ?is error2 :i* is z foll[s1 ^u press+ out ! ze/1 "s ( ! p>ticles are apt to fly & re/ on ! edges ( ! glass or v ne> x1 & adh]e to t "p1 :i* 9 dr9k+ ! lip is appli$ to2 & ?us ! palate p]ceives ! ta/e ( ! ze/1 :i* is communicat$ to x1 f ! edge ( ! glass4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ?is 0 n ! case1 ,i squeez$ "s ( ! ze/ 9 ! ord9>y way aga9/ ! outside ( ! glass1 & !n turn+ x half r\nd1 appli$ my lips to ! opposite side1 & did n p]ceive ! lea/ ta/e or flav\r ( ! ze/ ( ! lemon4 ,& x w happ5 ! same to any "o1 :o w give himself ! tr\ble to make ! same exp]im5t4 ,,sect4 ,,xi4 ,,xli4 ,! evid5ce ( our s5ses alone1 !n1 is n suffici5t to enable u to d]ive j conclusions f exp]im5ts2 = caution1 reflection1 judgem5t1 & reason1 are always necess>y2 & sometimes 9 s great a degree1 t all ! ex]tion ( human tal5ts & +5uity1 is n equal to an adequate exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 an ,engli%man1 :o 0 a g5ius ( ! fir/ rate1 & a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 publi%$ v>i\s tracts ^u optics1 9 :i*1 he display$ a great novelty to ! philosoph]s & ma!maticians2 t is1 t all col\rs exi/ & are conta9$1 actually & =mally1 9 ! rays ( light2 :i* are con/itut$ ( het]og5e\s p>ticles1 ( unequal refrangibility4 ,he prov$ ?is s+ul> op9ion1 ) _m exp]im5ts ( exquisite inv5tion1 contriv$ & consid]$1 ) no less exquisite delicacy1 & 9 fact1 made m ?an a few conv]ts to 8 op9ion 9 _m p>ts1 b m especially among ! ,engli% ma!maticians2 & a ,mr4 ,gaug] :o 0 "o ( ^!1 en=c$ ! ,newtonian doctr9e1 ) a great numb] ( additional exp]im5ts2 b 9 a %ort "t1 "o ,s5or ,rizetti1 wrote aga9/ ?is new sy/em1 & /at$ _m exp]im5ts 9 fav\r ( ! old op9ion1 & ev5 pret5d$1 t ^? :i* _h be5 quot$ by ,gaug]1 militat$ aga9/ ! ,newtonian s5tim5t4 ,gaug] repli$ to ?is1 & paid ,rizetti 9 8 own co92 t is1 he n only def5d$ ! consequ5ces :i* he d$uc$ f 8 own exp]im5ts1 b turn$ ^? d]iv$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,rizetti aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,italian4 ,x is c]ta9 t exp]i5ce1 z appli$ to _m objects1 op5s a mo/ ext5sive & f]tile field = ex]cis+ ! +5uity ( man1 & t nature1 ev5 to him :o seeks to "k h] 9 t way1 is 9 v>i\s in/ances imp5etrable & inaccessible4 ,,xlii4 ,b we %\ld ackn[l$ge t 9 g5]al1 ! difficulties are n s inv9cible1 z n to be surm\nt$ by reason & indu/ry1 & t ! deceptions :i* sometimes result f exp]im5ts1 proce$ ei!r f ! want ( prop] dilig5ce & att5tion 9 mak+ !m1 or f ! want ( adequate +5uity1 to judge (1 & decide ^u !m4 ,,xliii4 ,?is is v frequ5tly ! case ) respect to m$ic9al obs]vations2 & f h5ce spr+s t enorm\s disagreem5t1 ) respect to ! op9ions t are all$g$ to be f\nd$ ^u !m4 ,"o says1 t he has exp]i5c$ ! efficacy & salut>y fruits1 ( su* a m$ic9e1 9 su* a disease2 & ano!r insi/s1 t he has adm9i/]$ ! same m$ic9e1 9 ! same disease1 & "u ! same circum/ances1 & f\nd x to be p]nici\s4 ,"o ( ! two mu/ be mi/ak51 & ,i believe x is n v uncommon = bo? ( !m to be s2 = x might possibly happ51 t ! m$ic9e nei!r did good nor h>m1 & t ! adm9i/ration ( x1 0 a m]e matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & ! ?+ itself :at we call a *ip 9 porridge4 ,b f :at c\ld ?is diff]5ce ( s5tim5t & ass]tion arise8 ,:y f "o ( !m see+ t 8 pati5t1 aft] adm9i/]+ ! m$ic9e to him grew bett]1 & f ! o!r p]ceiv+1 t 8 aft] tak+ x grew worse2 al?\gh x might possibly happ51 t nei!r ! "o grew bett]1 nor ! o!r grew worse 9 consequ5ce ( tak+ ! m$ic9e1 b f a v diff]5t cause4 ,! diseases ( ! two pati5ts1 f _! diff]5t con/itutions1 or int]nal temp]am5ts1 7:i* is = ! mo/ "p1 a ?+ imp5etrable to physicians7 might be 9 su* a /ate1 t ! "o 0 dispos$ to abate1 & ! o!r to increase4 ,,xliv4 ,& al?\gh ! pati5ts may be num]\s1 ) respect to :om ?is exp]i5ce is all$g$2 & admitt+ t !y nei!r all die1 nor all recov]1 e "o accord+ to 8 pre-occupation1 w impute to ! rem$y1 ei!r ! happ9ess ( ^? :o did well1 or ! mis=tune ( ^? :o p]i%$2 & unless !y %all resolve1 to make a computation ( ! good or bad success ( ! practice ( ^? :o use t m$ic9e1 ) t ( ^? :o nev] adm9i/] x1 & comp>e !m c>efully toge!r1 ?is d\bt w probably nev] be cle>$ up4 ,,sect4 ,,xii4 ,,xlv4 ,?is inatt5tion1 is )\t d\bt :at produces1 & :at keeps up 9 ! _w1 m5's e/imation = an inf9ite numb] ( useless ?+s1 on :i* !y be/[ ! noble epi!t ( rem$ies2 & ?is false notion1 has fill$ ! m$ical books & ! apo!c>ies %ops1 ) an inf9ite deal ( tra%1 ! read+ ( :i* fatigues ! memory2 & ! tak+ ( :i*1 ru9s ! heal? & con/itution ( ! pati5t4 ,y w f9d accumulat$ 9 !m1 a great numb] ( rem$ies = slight diseases1 :i* if left to nature1 w\ld cure !mselves2 & al?\gh all practition]s d n approve ( ! same rem$y = ! same disord]2 does ?is prove1 t ! pati5t ( ea* got bett] by tak+ ?is or t ?+8 ,i say does ?is prove x8 = nei!r ! imprud5t sick p]son1 nor ^? ab\t him1 h>dly ev] reflect1 t !re 7 _m o!rs besides him1 :o 7 affect$ ) ! same disord]1 & :o )\t tak+ any m$ic9e at all1 recov]$ z well1 & z quickly z he did8 ,,xlvi4 ,a b5ign or fav\rable sort ( cat>rh1 z is v frequ5tly ! case1 becomes epidemical 9 a city2 = :i*1 "s call-9 ! doctor & take m$ic9es1 & o!rs d n2 & su* is ! bl9dness ( ^? :o h _h advice z x is call$1 t !y believe !y owe ! recov]y ( _! heal? to ! doctor1 al?\gh !y evid5tly see1 t all ^? recov]$ z well z !y1 :o _h no advice1 & :o took no physic4 ,,xlvii4 ,! delicate f9e lady1 :o :5ev] %e feels a slight pa9 9 h] head1 s5ds = ! doctor1 is fully p]suad$1 al?\gh ! pa9 cont9ues = ! space ( tw5ty or ?irty days1 t ! capital pills he prescrib$ = h]1 remov$ x2 b x does n occur to ! poor lady1 t _m ( h] fri5ds & neighb\rs1 :o at times h ! same sort ( pa9s 9 _! heads1 & :o take no?+ = !m1 get well z soon1 & frequ5tly soon]1 ?an %e ) ! help ( all h] pills4 ,,xlviii4 ,x is v common = ^? :o h pa9s 9 _! tee? & jaws1 7& ,i say ! same ( all ^? affections :i* come & g ( !mselves17 to fancy1 & give ! pref]5ce to a p>ticul> rem$y1 :i* !y are ( op9ion reliev$ !m2 b x is prop] to obs]ve "h1 t e "o applauds 8 own1 & reprobates z insignificant1 t :i* is us$ by o!r p4 ,f :5ce does ?is arise8 "s w say1 t z peoples temp]am5ts are diff]5t1 x may happ51 t 9 ! same species ( compla9t1 ! rem$y :i* does good to "o man1 may h no effect on ano!r2 b ?is is a common & ineffici5t evasion1 & su* a "o1 z ov]turns & levels to ! gr\nd1 ! use ( all m$ic9al applications2 = if ?is 0 ! case1 z all individuals h di/9ct temp]am5ts1 no less ?an di/9ct faces1 x w\ld be necess>y to contrive a di/9ct m$ic9e = e s+le individual1 & 9 all 8 disord]s1 to apply p>ticul> rem$ies1 diff]5t f ^?1 :i* 9 ! same species ( compla9ts1 %\ld be adm9i/]$ to e o!r p]son4 ,,xlix4 ,! cause !n ( ?is opposition ( s5tim5ts1 is mo/ probably z foll[s4 ,! fir/ "t a man is attack$ ) a pa9 9 8 tee? or jaws1 x is v common = him to make use ( v>i\s applications1 = besides ^? :i* are ord]$ by ! doctor1 all ^? :o h felt ! same pa91 recomm5d1 "s "o ?+1 & "s ano!r2 & z ! s5sation is acute1 ! poor pati5t anxi\s to be reliev$1 proce$s 9 succession1 to apply all ^? rem$ies1 at l5g?1 p]haps at ! end ( eight1 t51 or fifte5 days1 ! pa9 abates2 & z !re is n "o ( ^? days1 9 :i* ! pati5t has n made use ( "o or o!r ( ^! receipts1 happy is t :i* he us$ ! la/2 = to t he attributes 8 relief1 & reprobates all ! o!rs z insignificant4 ,ano!r diseas$ p]son1 proce$s to take 8 m$ic9es 9 regul> ord]2 b ! c\rse ( ?is regulation1 frequ5tly dep5ds ^u ! casual concurr5ce 9 op9ion ( ! p :o are consult$1 or ! p[] t "o ( !m has ( prevail+ ov]1 & lead+ ! re/2 f :5ce x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ?is man ( p]suasive eloqu5ce1 advises ! us+ a m$ic9e 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :i* "s o!r practition] might ?9k x advisable to adm9i/] la/4 ,! result ( :i* is1 t 9 case ! pati5t does well1 8 recov]y is imput$ to ! application ( ! la/ rem$y2 & h5ce x comes to pass1 t "o reprobates a m$ic9e :i* ano!r applauds1 & s vice v]sa4 ,?us all ! reputation ! rem$y acquires1 be x :at x may1 dep5ds ^u ! casual application ( x1 j at ! "t nature 0 dispos$ to t]m9ate ! disord] by a fav\rable crisis1 & h5ce x is1 t ! relief came to be attribut$ to ! m$ic9e4 ,& not)/&+ t aft]w>ds1 ^u ano!r occasion1 by us+ ! same m$ic9e 9 ! fir/ attacks ( ! same compla9t1 !y did n exp]i5ce ! same effects f x2 /ill ! same prepossession is cont9u$ 9 its fav\r1 t 0 =m$ on its suppos$ success on ! fir/ trial2 & al?\gh ! pati5t1 did n f9d himself bett] = sev]al days aft] tak+ x 9 ?is la/ in/ance1 !y p]si/$ 9 imput+ 8 recov]y to ! fav\rite receipt1 & 9 ?9k+ t )\t ! assi/ance ( x1 ! disease w\ld h be5 m t$i\s1 & m sev]e4 ,nor is x ( any avail to remove ?is prejudice1 _! see+ t o!rs1 :o nei!r make use ( t or any o!r rem$y1 d n suff] m prolix1 or m acute pa9 ?an ^? :o apply x2 = al?\gh !y see !y w n p]ceive x2 & if !y d p]ceive x1 !y w n att5d to or ackn[l$ge x4 ,,sect4 ,,xiii4 ,l4 ,!re is a c]ta9 delusion1 t is v =tunate = ! apo!c>ies1 & v fatal to ! sick1 t is d]iv$ f a p]suasion 9 _m ( ^! la/1 t _! diseases w\ld be et]nal1 or incurable1 )\t ! help ( m$ic9e2 al?\gh !y see e day1 o!rs cur$ ( ! same diseases1 )\t ?is aid2 & al?\gh ! disord] 0 ( s slight a sort1 t all ^? :o did no?+ b leave nature to itself1 recov]$ f x1 he :o call$ 9 a physician1 ^u 8 gett+ well1 ?ank$ ! doctor = 8 cure1 :5 9 reality1 he p]haps did no?+ b delay x4 ,i prote/ t :5 cat>rhs h be5 epidemical1 ,i h 9 v>i\s in/ances obs]v$1 t !y la/$ z long ) ^? :o took m$ic9es1 z !y did ) ^? :o took none2 & ! only diff]5ce t ,i c\ld p]ceive betwe5 !m 01 t ! la/ recov]$ _! natural /ate ( robu/ness z soon z ! cat>rh left !m2 & t ^? :o _h tak5 physic1 did n recov] x till sev]al days aft]w>ds4 ,,li4 ,!re is ano!r mi/ake said to be built ^u exp]i5ce1 "u ! deception ( :i*1 _m %elt] !mselves1 & pret5d1 9 opposition to ^? :o diff] f !m 9 op9ion1 to ju/ify ! necessity ( pl5tiful evacuations4 ,! rigid ,helmoni/s1 or sect>ies ( ,van ,helmont1 reprobate z prejudicial1 purg+ & ble$+1 9 e case :atev]2 & 9 opposition to ?is doctr9e1 is urg$ ! common exp]i5ce1 d$uc$ f ! cases ( an inf9ite numb] ( pati5ts1 :o h be5 purg$ & blood$1 & h all done well2 & t !re h be5 "s weeks 9 sickly times1 9 :i* "o physician has ord]$ a hundr$ pati5ts to be purg$1 & z _m to be blood$1 & t n "o ( !m has di$4 ,h[ !n 9 opposition to ?is exp]i5ce1 say ! ,gal5i/s1 c any "o pret5d to insi/1 t ble$+ & purg+ d h>m8 ,,lii4 ,i d n und]take to def5d ! ,helmoni/s1 nor d ,i consid] _! op9ion1 z m probable ?an ! contr>y "o2 b ,i say1 t f ! exp]i5ce all$g$1 no?+ c be conclud$ to _! prejudice4 ,we %\ld suppose1 t ^? :o exclaim aga9/ purg+ & ble$+1 d n ?9k !m s p]nici\s1 z to be fatal to all ^? :o und]go ^! op]ations2 = ev5 suppos+ !m to be injuri\s1 !y are n capable ( de/roy+ a man 9 p]fect heal?1 nor "o t is visit$ by a slight disord]4 ,i believe1 t al?\gh an intemp]ate use ( !m kills _m1 !y are *iefly ^? :o are affect$ ) "s ob/9ate disease2 = 9 ^! cases1 :5 nature is mu* weak5$ by /ruggl+ ) a p[]ful disord]1 if y add a fre% enemy = h] to enc\nt] 9 ! imag9$ rem$y1 y compleat h] ov]?r[1 & lay h] pro/rate on ! e>?4 ,b ^? :o are affect$ ) a disease t is n dang]\s1 7& !re are _m ( ?is sort1 :i* 9 appe>ance seem viol5t ones17 g5]ally pres]ve a suffici5t degree ( /r5g?1 to resi/ bo? ! di/emp]1 & "s unnecess>y ble$+s & purg+s2 & al?\gh ^! may weak5 ! natural faculties1 & ret>d ! cure1 !y v seldom are kn[n to deprive ! pati5t ( life4 ,,liii4 ,t ! numb] ( mild disord]s1 greatly exce$s t ( ! dang]\s ones1 is v pla9 & c]ta92 :at !n c we f9d extraord9>y1 9 ^? :o are attack$ ) ! fir/ sort gett+ well1 not)/&+ !y may h be5 injudici\sly purg$ & blood$8 out ( a hundr$ pati5ts t a physician visits 9 a week1 seldom m ?an "o or two ( !m lab\r "u dang]\s disord]s4 ,x is cu/om>y ) _m p to s5d = ! doctor1 ^u be+ attack$ ) a slight inflammation1 a cat>rh1 an ephem]is or fev] ( a day1 a fluxion ( ! eyes1 a repletion ( ! /oma*1 & su* k9d ( indispositions2 & if he happ5s to be "o ( ! common or vulg> sort1 he seldom fails to purge & ble$4 ,b admitt+ t ! purg+ & ble$+ 7 nev] s improp]ly adm9i/]$1 does x foll[ f !nce1 t ! pati5t mu/ die8 ,or :y %\ld ?is be an unavoidable consequ5ce1 if 9 ! same situation1 he _h be5 /abb$ ) a poign>d t _h n p5etrat$ v deep1 or t _h n w\nd$ a vital "p1 he w\ld h escap$ ) 8 life8 ,,liv4 ,z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 ,i am nei!r a p>tizan ( ! ,helmoni/s1 nor a fav\r] ( ! ,gal5i/s2 b ,i look ^u x z a ?+ c]ta91 t an intemp]ate use ( purg+ & ble$+1 has de/roy$ _m m51 & especially1 if adm9i/]$ :5 nature is mu* weak5$2 not)/&+ :i*1 ,i am p]suad$ t !y are s]viceable 9 _m cases4 ,:e!r !y are absolutely necess>y1 & :e!r pati5ts c\ld n d well1 if o!r rem$ies 7 sub/itut$ 9 _! places1 is a po9t ,i w n take ^u me to det]m9e2 & especially1 :5 ,i h fre% 9 my memory1 ! decl>ation ( a physician1 ^: au?ority has great weight ) me4 ,?is is ,lucas ,tozzi1 a fam\s ,italian physician1 :o 9 8 exposition ( ! ?ird aphorism ( ! fir/ book ( ,hippocrates1 ,habitus ,a?let>um1 c4 aft] combat+ & controv]t+ ! usefulness ( ble$+1 ) seem+ly v efficaci\s & p]suasive reason+1 he ass]ts1 & (f]s to prove1 t x is n necess>y 9 any "o ( ! diseases1 9 :i* ! ,gal5i/s insi/ x _c be disp5s$ )2 & 9 answ] to ! exp]i5ce !y all$ge ( its utility1 he quotes 8 own2 & says1 if !y appeal to exp]i5ce1 & insi/ t x is evid5t f !nce1 t _m p h be5 cur$ ( v>i\s disord]s by blood-lett+2 ,i reply1 t 9 ! hospital ( ! ,anunciada at ,naples1 :]e ,i h (ficiat$ z physician _m ye>s1 ,i h cur$ 9 a %ort space ( "t1 & )\t tak+ f !m "o drop ( blood1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( pati5ts1 :o h be5 attack$ ) "s "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ disord]s1 fr5sies1 pleurisies1 qu9sies1 inflammations ( ! liv]1 spitt+ ( blood1 erysipelases1 & all k9ds ( fev]s4 ,,lv4 ,:at %all we say to ?is8 ,lucas ,tozzi 0 n only a great !ori/1 b also a mo/ exp]t1 successful1 & mu* e/eem$ practition]1 & z su*1 8 advice 0 solicit$ ) anxiety by p ( ! fir/ rank4 ,if he )\t ble$+ cur$ all ^? disord]s1 :i* 9 ! common op9ion /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( t evacuation1 & n only cur$ !m1 b did x 9 a %ort "t1 :at diseases mu/ !y be :i* _c be cur$ )\t blood-lett+8 ,,lvi4 ,& x is v rem>kable1 t 9 ! same mann] ! ,gal5i/s endeav\r to d$uce f exp]i5ce ! necessity ( blood-lett+ 9 _m diseases1 !y endeav\r also to e/abli% ! pref]5ce1 t %\ld be giv5 to draw+ blood 9 p>ticul> disord]s1 f p>ticul> ve9s1 su* z ! hepatic1 & cephalic4 ,anatomy h[ev]1 makes x z cle> z ! sun at noon-day1 t ?is pref]5ce is n gr\nd$ on any solid f\ndation1 & t ! cephalic ve9 be>s no m relation to1 nor is any m connect$ ) ! head1 ?an ! hepatic1 nor ! hepatic ) ! liv]1 ?an ! cephalic2 & t all ! ve9s ( ! same arm1 communicate indiff]5tly ) all p>ts ( ! body1 z ! laws ( circulation demon/rate2 & z t obs]vation :i* 0 pret5d$ to be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 0 f\nd$ 9 mi/ake1 x is n improbable1 t t :i* is g5]ally all$g$ 9 fav\r ( ble$+1 may be s likewise4 ,,lvii4 ,:at appe>s to me is1 t ! rule s mu* cri$ up by ! ,gal5i/s1 & :i* e/abli%es ! necessity ( ble$+1 9 pleurisies1 is liable to s _m exceptions1 t we ought n to reg>d x z a g5]al "o2 & we h obs]v$ 9 ano!r "p ( our works1 t 9 "s epidemical pleurisies1 x has be5 f\nd to be evid5tly injuri\s4 ,x is b a little :ile ago1 t a le>n$ ,fr5* physician1 ^: works are m5tion$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x1 wrote /rongly aga9/ ble$+ 9 w9t] pleurisies & p]ipneumonies2 & 8 reason+ _h great weight ) "s em95t physicians ( ,p>is4 ,i c c]tify1 t 9 ! la/ w9t] #agca1 :5 _m p 7 attack$ ) pleurisies 9 ?is c\ntry1 x 0 g5]ally rem>k$1 & we receiv$ in=mations to ! same effect f all qu>t]s1 t ^? :o 7 blood$ di$1 & t ^? :o 7 n did well4 ,,lviii4 ,i w\ld h x und]/ood1 t ,i wi% all ,i h said1 ) respect to ! utility or inutility ( purg+ & ble$+ 9 g5]al1 %\ld be consid]$ z ! s5tim5ts ( a man1 :o takes no side 9 ! dispute1 b :o proposes :at he advances problematically1 & ) a view ( conv9c+ ! _w1 t 9 ord] to avoid be+ misl$1 !y %\ld exam9e ) great att5tion & exactness1 any obs]vation t is all$g$ to be f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 = ?is is ! pr9cipal object ,i _h 9 view1 9 writ+ ?is disc\rse4 ,,lix4 ,x w\ld argue weakness & want ( judgm5t1 = any "o to e/eem a ?+ z a rem$y = a p>ticul> disease1 )\t reflect+ & mak+ a rem>k1 ! propriety ( :i* mu/ />e e man 9 ! face1 & t is1 comp>+ ! success ( ! practice ( ^? :o use t m$ic9e1 ) t ( ^? :o d n make use ( x4 ,!re h be5 physicians1 :o h decl>$ !mselves enemies to ! adm9i/ration ( ! b>k2 b not)/&+ ?is1 !re is no body at ?is day1 :o disputes its febrifuge efficacy 9 int]mitt5t cases2 = exp]i5ce %ews1 t x w /op ! fit1 al?\gh x may return aga9 aft]w>ds1 & al?\gh 9 ! op9ion ( "s p1 ! m$ic9e may leave "s bad impression on ! body4 ,if purg+ & ble$+ w\ld h ! same effect1 9 "s sort ( fev]s1 we %\ld all agree 9 attribut+ to !m a febrifuge virtue2 not)/&+ t "s practition]s1 might give ! pref]5ce to o!r rem$ies1 z m safe1 & bett] adapt$4 ,b ?is is s f> f be+ ! case ) respect to ^! evacuations1 t _! efficacy ( remov+ fev]s1 is at ?is day /rongly conte/$1 = exp]i5ce has n yet manife/$1 t !y are rem$ies = ^! disord]s1 9 any degree or mann]1 t is n exce$+ly d\btful or disputable4 ,,sect4 ,,xiv4 ,,lx4 ,z f> z ! nature ( ! case w p]mit u 7= all ?+s are n capable ( be+ ma!matically or decisively demon/rat$71 we %\ld endeav\r to discov] ! tru?1 by imitat+ ! dilig5ce & att5tion :i* _m ,engli% physicians ex]cis$1 9 exam9+ into ! eligibility ( ! precaution>y rem$y call$ inoculation1 practis$ by ! ,turks1 to elude ! fatal effects ( ! small-pox4 ,?is is a subject1 t has be5 mu* talk$ on 9 o!r k+doms = "s ye>s2 al?\gh 9 ,spa9 we h h>dly he>d x m5tion$4 ,! ev5t ( communicat+ ! infection 9 ?is way1 mo/ g5]ally is1 t ! p]son inoculat$ has ! di/emp] v lightly1 & is h>dly ev] oblig$ ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( ! disease1 to keep 8 b$4 ,,lxi4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is precaution>y me?od1 0 br\ght to ,engl& by "o ,maitl&1 :o 0 surgeon to ,mr4 ,wortley ,m\ntague1 8 ,britannic maje/y's ambassador at ! ,porte1 & 0 f !nce communicat$ to ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,maitl& _h obs]v$1 t ?is practice 0 almo/ univ]sal 9 all ! cities ( ! ,levant1 & t x 0 att5d$ ) wond]ful success4 ,he communicat$ ^! rem>ks to ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,m\ntague1 & !y _h =titude en\gh1 ^u ! fai? ( :at he _h told !m1 to make ! exp]im5t ^u a son !y _h ) !m ( six ye>s old1 :i* be+ att5d$ ) success1 !y repeat$ x ^u ano!r ( _! *ildr5 :5 !y return$ to ,engl&4 ,_m 7 animat$ ) ^! examples & ^! acc\nts2 & ! practice ( inoculation1 began to be mu* approv$1 & mu* adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 not)/&+ x 0 greatly oppos$1 & object$ to by "s p !re1 & by _m 9 o!r c\ntries2 & especially by ! physicians ( ,p>is1 :o exclaim$ /rongly aga9/ x4 ,,lxii4 ,b z ?is conte/ 0 su* a "o1 z ought n to be det]m9$ by speculative reason+1 an appeal 0 made to exp]i5ce1 :i* appeal1 0 prosecut$ 9 su* a mann] by ^? :o 7 advocates = ! practice1 z seem$ to exclude all d\bt & p]plexity4 ,physicians :o resid$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 7 reque/$ to give acc\nts ( ! success ( _! practice by ?is me?od1 & to transmit !m to ,london1 :i* :5 receiv$1 7 pr9t$ & publi%$4 ,by ^! acc\nts1 two facts 7 e/abli%$2 ! fir/ 01 t inoculation fre$ ! pati5t f ! dang] ( a second infection2 & ! second 01 t ^? to :om ! small-pox 0 communicat$ 9 ?is way1 v r>ely di$2 & al?\gh x is true t "s few ( !m misc>ri$1 !y 7 mo/ly su*1 z 7 afflict$ ) "s o!r disord] at ! "t ( _! inoculation1 ( :i* !y w\ld h di$1 if !y _h n _h ! small-pox2 b ^! altoge!r1 did n am\nt to b v little m ?an a t5? "p ( ^?1 :o p]i%$ by cat*+ x 9 ! natural way2 = by ! be/ calculation !y c\ld make1 "o out ( eight di$ ( ! la/1 & n above "o 9 eighty ( ! fir/4 ,,lxiii4 ,?is is ! acc\nt ,i h read ( ?is matt] 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x2 to :i* "s may object1 t x is possible ! relations ( ! cases1 7 n publi%$ s fai?fully z !y 7 receiv$4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t x is probable great pa9s 7 tak5 9 mak+ ! enquiries1 & great fidelity obs]v$ 9 publi%+ ! acc\nts1 z ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x tell u1 t ^u ! /r5g? ( _! au?ority1 "s ( ! royal family ( ,engl& 7 inoculat$4 ,,lxiv4 ,& let x n be insi/$ 9 opposition to ?is1 t if ! fact _h be5 s well e/abli%$1 x c\ld h admitt$ ( no contradiction4 ,!y "k little ( ! human passions1 :o ?9k ?is rem>k a solid "o4 ,^? :o contradict1 ei!r ?r\gh bl9d prepossession1 or f motives ( emulation1 int]e/1 or envy1 seldom submit1 or w own !mselves conv9c$ by pro(s t are self-evid5t2 nor is !re any species ( evid5ce1 t c b> e door1 at :i* a false subt]fuge may /eal 91 nor aga9/ ! intrusion ( a ?\s& sophi/ical objections1 introduc$ by ^?1 :o are "u ! dom9ion ( ! be=5am$ passions4 ,i speak feel+ly ( ?is matt]1 hav+ _h woeful exp]i5ce ( ! tru? ( :at ,i ass]t1 s9ce ,i fir/ began to write = ! public4 ,,lxv4 ,9 reality1 "s ( ! objections t 7 made to inoculation1 7 ! mo/ ridicul\s 9 ! _w4 ,"s rigid ,presbyt]ians1 made ! cause ( religion int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 & ass]t$1 t t practice1 0 an affront to ! sov]eignty1 & an opposition to ! decrees ( ,god2 & "o ( !m decl>$ 9 8 prea*+1 t x 0 a diabolical inv5tion1 = ! devil by inoculation _h communicat$ ! small-pox to ,job1 :i* 0 ! di/emp] t s sorely afflict$ t holy ,patri>*4 ,into :at absurdities1 does a viol5t ard\r hurry a man 9 a controv]sy6 ,( all s5sible human be+s1 !re are none s ne>ly alli$ to mad m51 z passionate disputants4 ,,lxvi4 ,t[>ds ! conclusion ( ?is virul5t conte/1 a v curi\s circum/ance came to light1 :i* 01 t ?is precaution>y me?od :i* _h made s mu* noise1 & :i* _h g5]ally be5 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ,turkey1 _h = ages be=e1 be5 9 use 9 ! isl& ( ,great ,brita9 itself2 = t x _h be5 practis$ f "t immemorial1 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! pr9cipality ( ,wales1 :]e !y communicat$ ! infection 9 two ways ei!r by rubb+ "s ( ! v>iol\s matt] h>d on ! sk9 ( ! p]son to :om ! di/emp] 0 to be giv51 or else by dipp+ a ne$le into t matt]1 & prick+ 8 sk9 ) x2 & z !y gave ! p]son f :om ! matt] 0 tak5 a small sum ( money1 ?is 0 call$ buy+ ! small pox2 & !y produce v au!ntic te/imonies1 t sc>ce any "o ( ^? :o came by ! di/emp] 9 ?is mann] di$1 & t !re 0 no in/ance ( a p]son :o _h acquir$ ! disease 9 ?is way1 ev] hav+ _h x a second "t4 ,,sect4 ,,xv4 ,,lxvii4 ,we %all conclude ?is disc\rse1 by po9t+ out ?ree capital errors1 :i* are d]iv$ f want ( prop] att5tion 9 mak+ exp]im5ts4 ,! fir/ is1 t ( tak+ = ! effect1 :at 9 reality is ! cause1 & tak+ = ! cause1 :at is no?+ m ?an ! effect4 ,! second consi/s 9 tak+ = ! cause1 some?+ t comes 9 by accid5t1 & :i* has no influ5ce :atev]4 ,! ?ird consi/s1 9 betwe5 two effects proce$+ f "o & ! same cause1 tak+ "o ( !m = ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,i %all give examples ( ^! ?ree errors1 9 obs]vations app]ta9+ to m$ic9e1 :i* are said to be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 because mi/akes 9 ?is bran*1 are g5]ally att5d$ ) worse consequ5ces1 ?an ^? 9 o!r ord9>y physical matt]s4 ,,lxviii4 ,x happ5s1 t a man feels an ard5t & extraord9>y ?ir/ ^u himself1 )\t be+ able to assign any app>5t cause ( x2 he dr9ks wat] to great excess1 & 9 a few h\rs is seiz$ ) a fev]1 or an acrid fluxion4 ,x is common 9 su* cases1 to attribute ! indisposition to ! excessive dr9k+ ( wat]1 & to appreh5d1 t 0 ! cause ( ! disease2 b ?is 0 s f> f be+ ! case1 t ! indisposition 0 r ! cause ( 8 dr9k+ to t excess4 ,b ,i w\ld h x obs]v$1 t ,i speak ( an in/ance1 9 :i* ! ?ir/ 0 n br\ght on by any manife/ or app>5t cause1 su* z ! hav+ us$ any viol5t ex]cise1 or hav+ be5 expos$ to "s great heat1 ei!r ( ! sun or fire1 or hav+ be5 a long "t )\t dr9k+1 or hav+ eat5 some?+ v salt4 ,i say t agreeable to ?is /ate ( ! case1 x is v cle>1 t ! ?ir/ mu/ h aris5 f "s int]nal cause2 b ! "q is1 f :at cause8 ,:y x c\ld be f no o!r1 ?an a morbific disposition1 t _h begun to prevail )9 8 body2 or let u express x 9 ano!r mann]1 & say1 t x proce$$ f an acrid or salt hum\r1 :i* _h j begun to get 9 motion1 & by vellicat+ ! fibres t produce ! s5sation ( ?ir/1 _h by t means excit$ x4 ,e pret]natural & extraord9>y effect1 dem&s a pret]natural & extraord9>y cause to occasion x2 & if we suppose t ! ?ir/ 0 su* an effect1 & we _c assign any ext]nal cause to :i* we c attribute x2 we mu/ conclude t x proce$$ f "s pret]natural int]nal cause2 :i* 9 all probability1 mu/ be ! morbific disposition4 ,,lxix4 ,! want ( ?is reflection1 occasions great errors to be committ$ 9 physic1 = by runn+ c\nt] to ! c\rse ( nature1 y mu/ unavoidably mi/ake ! road t leads to ! cure4 ,! consequ5ce ( mi/ak+ ! effect = ! cause1 is adm9i/]+ z a m$ic9e1 :at 9 reality is poison2 = x is cle>1 t if ! physician appreh5ds ! humidity & coldness ( ! wat] to be ! cause ( ! di/emp]1 :5 9 tru? x 0 produc$ by ! acrid1 salt1 peccant1 or inflammatory hum\r1 ,i say if ?is %\ld happ5 to be ! case1 & he calculates 8 prescriptions to correct ! humidity & coldness1 he by s do+1 w inflame & increase ! orig9al disord]4 ,,lxx4 ,?is species ( error1 is n conf9$ to ! case we h in/anc$1 b is capable ( be+ ext5d$ to a va/ expanse4 ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?9k1 t all ! extraord9>y & vehem5t emotions1 bo? ( ! irascible1 & libid9\s k9d1 :i* prec$e di/emp]s a small di/ance ( "t be=e !y make _! appe>ance1 & = :i* y c assign no special ext]nal cause1 are ! effects ( ^? di/emp]s1 9 _! orig9al /ages2 ,i mean1 t 9 ! fir/ agitations ( su* cases z we are speak+ (1 a p]son is apt to fall into viol5t passions ^u v slight provocations1 su* z he kn[s by 8 own exp]i5ce1 7 nev] us$ to agitate or h t effect on him1 & ei!r imm$iately1 or )9 a few h\rs aft]w>ds1 he is seiz$ ) a fev]4 ,p are apt to suppose1 t ! passion 0 ! cause ( ! disease2 b ,i say1 t ! disease occasion$ ! ang]2 = if ?is man1 agreeable to 8 natural disposition1 0 nev] subject to su* viol5t />ts ( passion1 ^u su*1 or ev5 great] provocations1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t t :i* he exp]i5c$ ^u ?is occasion1 mu/ h be5 ! effect ( "s pret]natural int]nal cause1 :i* lay conceal$ )9 him1 mo/ probably ! fir/ f]m5tative movem5ts ( ! peccant hum\r1 :i* soon aft]w>ds produc$ a fev]4 ,9 reality1 x is easy = any "o to p]ceive1 & ,i h rem>k$ x _m times bo? ) respect to myself & o!rs1 t ! irascible passion1 is mu* m apt to be inflam$ ^u slight occasions1 9 ^? fir/ /ages1 or almo/ ins5sible beg9n+s ( su* indispositions z t5d to be some:at s]i\s1 ?an at o!r times4 ,,lxxi4 ,i d n h[ev] d5y1 t ! ard\r ( passion may excite a fev]2 = ?is )\t d\bt1 may h a great %>e 9 produc+ su* an effect1 & we may reasonably suppose t x has1 & especially 9 su* p z are ( a *ol]ic disposition2 b :5 ?is is n ! case1 we %\ld r suppose1 t ! passion t5d$ to augm5t ! indisposition :i* foll[$ ! sudd5 fit ( ang]1 & :i* w\ld h made its appe>ance )\t ! int]v5tion ( t ang]1 al?\gh x might h be5 att5d$ ) mild] symptoms4 ,& ! same we say ( ang]1 is applicable to sadness & fe> also1 = !y con=mable to ! language ( ! philosoph]s1 are passions app]ta9+ to ! irascible4 ,,lxxii4 ,we may reason 9 ! same g5]al way1 ^u ! effects ( ! amor\s passion4 ,all vehem5t desires = ord9>y objects1 :i* frequ5tly pres5t !mselves to a man's view1 & :i* are totally unusual to him1 & = :i* we _c assign any special ext]nal circum/ance t %\ld excite ^? desires1 we %\ld conclude1 t !y proce$ f "s pret]natural int]nal disposition4 ,! indulg5ces or gratifications ( ^! extraord9>y desires1 are always att5d$ ) actions ( excess1 to :i* are g5]ally attribut$ ! indisposition t foll[s !m2 b 9 tru?1 ! indisposition :i* laid conceal$1 irritat$ ! appetite1 & 0 ! cause ( ! excess1 & n ! excess ( ! indisposition4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! foll[+ mi/ake also1 is v frequ5tly fall5 into4 ,a p]son :o has always be5 indiff]5t ab\t ?is or t p>ticul> food1 we w say lettuces = example1 all ( a sudd5 takes a great fancy = !m1 & w eat two or ?ree l>ge ones4 ,if he is aft]w>ds attack$ ) a pa9 ( ! head1 & defluxion ^u ! brea/1 or a di>rha1 ! fault is sure to be laid ^u ! lettuces1 :i* are accus$ z ! cause ( all ! mis*ief2 b 9 reality1 ! mis*ief _h be=e crept into ! con/itution1 & _h induc$ ! extraord9>y desire to eat ! lettuces4 ,,lxxiv4 ,i w\ld n h[ev]1 be und]/ood to ins9uate1 t eat+ ( any ?+ to excess1 does n frequ5tly occasion or br+ on v>i\s diseases2 = ,i only mean t my position %\ld be und]/ood to allude to a desire t is vehem5t1 & unusual to ! p]son1 & = :i*1 y c assign no visible ext]nal cause t %\ld excite x2 = "u su* circum/ances1 !re is a necessity = conclud+ x 0 ow+ to "s int]nal cause1 t 0 suffici5tly p[]ful to m]it ! "n ( a morbific disposition2 :i* is an appellation x c\ld n h des]v$1 if ! appetite al?\gh extraord9>y1 _h n be5 excessive4 ,,lxxv4 ,i am confirm$ 9 ! tru? ( ! rem>k ,i h j made1 by ! reflexion1 t a div]sity ( appetites1 mu/ und\bt$ly proce$ f a div]sity or alt]ation ( temp]am5ts2 & x foll[s ( c\rse1 t e alt]ation 9 ! temp]am5t1 mu/ be att5d$ ) an alt]ation ( ! appetite4 ,x is easy to disc]n1 t no sick p]son1 pres]ves 8 appetite 9 ! same ev5 /ate1 9 :i* x cont9ues :5 he is 9 heal?2 & ?is n only ) respect to ! quantity he eats & dr9ks2 b ) respect to ! quality ( 8 n\ri%m5t also2 nor is ?is conf9$ to ! objects ( 8 palate only1 b ext5ds to ^? ( all 8 o!r feel+s & incl9ations1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal4 ,,sect4 ,,xvi4 ,,lxxvi4 ,! second capital error committ$ 9 mak+ exp]im5tal obs]vations1 & :i* is m common ?an ! fir/1 is t ( mi/ak+ = ! cause1 some?+ t int]v5es by accid5t1 & is nei!r cause nor effect4 ,!re is sc>ce any sick p]son1 :o does n fancy he kn[s :at has be5 ! cause ( 8 disord]1 :i* he g5]ally imputes to some?+ p>ticul> t he has done1 or "s alt]ation he has made 9 8 way ( liv+ a little be=e he 0 seiz$ ) 8 di/emp]2 al?\gh ! ?+ to :i* he imputes x1 be>s no allusion to1 nor any proportion ) ! disord] t afflicts him4 ,! hav+ eat5 an olive m ?an x 0 usual = him to eat1 or hav+ fa/$ a qu>t] ( an h\r long] ?an 8 usual "t1 or hav+ drunk two spoonfulls m ?an common1 or abat$ tw5ty y>ds ( 8 ord9>y walk+1 toge!r ) "s o!r p>ticul>s1 t are equally trifl+ & insignificant ) ^? we h m5tion$2 b not)/&+ ! futility ( ^! obs]vations1 he is apt to impute to su* causes ! disord] he lab\rs "u1 )\t reflect+1 t ?is ma*9e ( ours1 f ! weakness ( its own texture1 is suffici5tly expos$ to its breaks1 ebb+s & fl[+s4 ,! hum\rs ( ! body1 ev5 :5 ! influ5ce ( all ext]nal causes1 & e ?+ t dep5ds on our own free w1 are regulat$ ) p]fect uni=mity1 are nev]!less expos$ to v>i\s alt]ations4 ,! het]og5e\s nature ( !m z !y respect "o ano!r1 & also consid]$ ) respect to e p>ticle ( ea* ( !m sep>ately1 mu/ necess>ily conduce to _! be+ 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,if ^? sup]/iti\s spirits1 :o are su* idolat]s ( _! heal?1 t ) respect to _! own regim5 !y w\ld weigh ev5 atoms1 w\ld well consid] ?is1 !y w\ld free !mselves f ! cont9ual anxiety 9 :i* !y live1 & :i* is m p]nici\s to !m1 ?an ^? v indispositions !y are s t]rifi$ at1 & :i* !y are at s mu* pa9s to escape4 ,,lxxvii4 ,b ! mo/ common accusation ( all1 is t :i* *>ges ! wea!r z ! cause ( our disord]s4 ,he :o commits no excesses1 & _c assign any o!r cause = 8 be+ out ( ord]1 lays ! blame ^u ! wea!r1 & ev5 he :o does commit !m1 to avoid crim9at+ himself1 lays ! blame on ! wea!r also2 :i* be x hot1 moi/1 dry1 v>iable1 or settl$1 p are nev] at a loss to f9d out "s pret5ce :]eon to gr\nd ! accusation4 ,if 9 ,july1 z is cu/om>y at t season1 we f9d x v hot1 we say ! heat is ! cause ( our disord]s2 b if ! wea!r at t "t happ5s to be m b5ign & temp]ate ?an usual1 !y /ill lay ! blame ^u x1 all$g+ t su* a temp]ature ( air is n natural to ! season4 ,! same sort ( *>ge is br\ght aga9/ ! cold 9 w9t]1 :e!r x is int5se or mod]ate4 ,if at t "t ( ! ye>1 ! wea!r is v>iable1 !re is sc>ce any "o :o does n f9d fault ) x2 nei!r is x exempt$ f blame if x is settl$1 = !n !y say t *ange ( wea!r is indisp5sably necess>y to our con/itutions2 & t any k9d ( wea!r :i* la/s a long :ile is ho/ile to !m2 t long cold occasions con/ipations1 long heat dissolves & weak5s u1 long wet suffocates u1 & t long dr\ght burns u up & consumes u4 ,,lxxviii4 ,i h (t5 rem>k$1 t all our mis=tunes are imput$ to two common enemies3 our spiritual ones to ! ,devil1 & our bodily ones to ! wea!r4 ,!re is sc>ce any "o1 :o1 9 ord] to ext5uate 8 own guilt1 does n say1 he 0 tempt$ by ! ,devil to commit ! crime he has be5 guilty (4 ,he is z irrational :o ?9ks1 t if !re 0 no ,devil to tempt u1 we %\ld nev] s91 z he is :o ?9ks1 t if ! wea!r 0 regulat$ 9 a mo/ p]fect =m & ord]1 we %\ld nev] be sick4 ,)9 ourselves1 & 9 ! v ess5ce ( our be+1 lies ! orig9 ( all our ills1 bo? spiritual & temporal2 & our nature is sway$ by its own weight1 t[>ds bo? ! "o & ! o!r evil2 al?\gh we c nev] be l$ into ! fir/ )\t our own cons5t2 b ! o!r species1 may frequ5tly be br\ght on u aga9/ our w4 ,,sect4 ,,xvii4 ,,lxxix4 ,! ?ird error committ$ 9 mak+ exp]im5tal obs]vations1 al?\gh x is n s common z ! two fir/1 is pretty (t5 incurr$4 ,if he = example1 :o on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ us$ "s viol5t ex]cise1 dr9ks small liquors to excess1 & aft]w>ds f9ds himself fev]i%1 imputes 8 be+ s1 z is v frequ5tly ! case1 to 8 hav+ drank su* liquids to excess2 ! g5]ality ( m51 seldom reflect+ ^u any excesses1 b ^? ( ! appetite2 b ) all ?is1 viol5t ex]cise is mu* m likely to inflame ! blood1 & di/urb ! hum\rs1 ?an dr9k+ to excess ( small liquids1 & !re=e x w\ld be mu* m rational1 to impute ! fev] to ! viol5ce ( ! ex]cise1 ?an to dr9k+ small liquids to excess4 ,,lxxx4 ,i believe t f ! blund] ( mi/ak+ two effects ( ! same cause1 ! "o = ! cause1 & ! o!r = ! effect1 arose ! op9ion1 :i* is s common among m$ical p2 t all fluxions :]ev] !y fall1 ! g\t n except$1 desc5d f ! head2 & x be+ v common1 = ^? :o are affect$ ) acrid fluxions t fall on any "p ( ! body1 to feel pa9s & heav9ess 9 _! heads2 ,i suppose t f !nce sprung ! notion1 t all fluxions orig9ate 91 & are d]iv$ f ! bra92 b !re are n a few mod]n physicians :o are ( a contr>y s5tim5t1 & 9 my op9ion !y are "r4 ,,lxxxi4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i d n "k :y ! vici\s hum\rs1 f :5ce ! matt] ( fluxions are d]iv$1 %\ld make ! gr& circuit ?r\gh ! head1 be=e !y fall on any p>ticul> "p t is at a di/ance f x2 z !y c\ld1 by be+ mix$ ) ! blood 9 _! circulation ?r\gh ! ve9s & art]ies1 be d]iv$ imm$iately f !m1 on any memb] or "p ( ! body4 ,,lxxxii4 ,secondly1 if su* a va/ quantity ( hum\r1 z is dis*>g$ by "s fluxions1 0 to be lodg$ 9 ! bra91 x seems to me t x mu/ r5d] a man q /upid1 & t organ incapable ( ex]cis+ any ( its functions4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,?irdly1 x is n easy to po9t out ! *annel1 ?r\gh :i* ! hum\r passes f ! int]ior "p ( ! head4 ,_m pret5d to say x passes ?r\gh ! ,e?moides1 or ,os ,criboso2 b ,sneid] d5ies ?is1 = t y _c f9d any cavities or p]=ations 9 ?is bone1 ?r\gh :i* ^? hum\rs c\ld fl[1 & especially if !y are pituit\s & clammy1 z ! anti5ts suppos$ !m to be2 & to ?is we may add1 t ?is bone is entirely cov]$ or l9$ by ! m5+es1 & ! int]ior tunic ( ! nose4 ,x is true1 z ,doctor ,mat9ez obs]ves 9 8 treatise on anatomy1 t its upp] "p is v por\s1 & t f !nce x came to be call$ ! os criboso1 or spungy bone2 b z ^! spungy pores d n p]vade ! :ole bone1 & are n pi]c$ ?r\gh x1 sett+ aside ! ob/acle x w\ld meet ) f ! membranes or tunics t surr\nd x1 ! hum\r c\ld n pass t way4 ,if x is insi/$1 t x fl[s ?r\gh ! n]v\s ducts1 ,i ask h[ x comes n to be att5d$ ) ob/ructions1 t mu/ produce dang]\s consequ5ces8 ,,lxxxiv4 ,f\r?ly & la/ly1 t ?r\gh :atev] *annels y suppose ! hum\r to pass2 h[ does x happ51 t nei!r 9 !m1 nor ! p>ts imm$iately connect$ ) !m1 x does n excite any s5sations1 b t sore feel+s1 are only p]ceiv$ at ! "p :]e x v5ts itself8 ,is x n totally incr$ible1 t a v acrid hum\r d]iv$ f ! head1 & :i* fl[s to ! /oma*1 to ! brea/1 to ! inte/9es1 & ev5 to ! extremities ( ! feet1 %\ld produce no s5sations 9 ! int]m$iate p>ts betwe5 ! head1 & ! place on :i* x falls8 ,?is difficulty1 :i* occurr$ to me _m ye>s ago1 ,i h (t5 m5tion$ to m$ical p1 b nev] c\ld get any solution ( x t 0 satisfactory to me4 ,,lxxxv4 ,if by way ( objection to :at ,i h "h advanc$1 ! argum5t we h m5tion$ be=e is urg$1 t defluxions on any "p ( ! body are g5]ally att5d$ ) a pa9 9 ! head2 ,i answ]1 t x _c be inf]r$ f !nce1 t ! hum\r desc5ds f ! head4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = ,i h obs]v$ x _m times ) reg>d to myself1 ^! fluxions are (t5 n att5d$ ) any pa9 9 ! head at all2 & to make ! inf]5ce j1 !y %\ld always be att5d$ ) "o4 ,secondly1 al?\gh a pa9 9 ! head %\ld con/antly accompany a defluxion1 ! objection made w\ld easily be remov$1 by say+1 t ?is appe>ance is fallaci\s1 = t bo? ! pa9 & ! defluxion1 are effects ( ! same cause1 & n "o ! cause ( ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 reason tells u ?is is ! case2 = ! acrid hum\r1 :i* :5 sep>at$ f ! mass ( blood1 falls on1 & dis*>ges itself at ?is or t place1 :ile x cont9ues 9 ! circulation1 has no?+ to h9d] x f v5t+ "s portion ( its poison on ! head1 & excit+ pa9 !re2 & especially1 z x is g5]ally suppos$1 ! nidus ( ! hum\r :i* fl[s 9 defluxions1 is 9 ! gl&s1 & ! bra9 holds ! fir/ place 9 t class2 = :i* reason1 ,hippocrates & ,:>ton1 call x ! great & pr9cipal gl&4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,if x is repli$ to ?is1 t 9 e defluxion :i* is some:at viol5t1 al?\gh we d n feel :at may be prop]ly call$ pa9 9 ! head1 we at lea/ p]ceive a heav9ess 9 x2 :i* r5d]s t organ unfit = its op]ation4 ,i confess t ?is is s1 b to ! confession1 %all beg leave to add two rem>ks4 ,! fir/ is1 t ?is is n a symptom peculi> to fluxions1 = t ! same ?+ happ5s 9 _m o!r disord]s2 b ! g5]ality ( physicians d n conclude f h5ce1 t ^? diseases orig9ate 9 ! head4 ,secondly1 nei!r is ?is heav9ess or inaptitude1 peculi> to ! head1 = ^u obs]vation1 y w f9d t fluxions & _m o!r disord]s also1 h ! same effect ^u ! o!r memb]s ( ! body4 ,:oev] is affect$ ) a viol5t defluxion1 ei!r on ! ?roat1 ! brea/1 ! /oma*1 or any o!r "p1 w f9d t 8 :ole body1 & e memb] ( x1 is m heavy & li/less1 ?an :5 he is 9 good heal?2 & t all 8 limbs are less fit = action2 & t !y all ) a v little ex]cise ( !m1 become soon tir$4 ,?us we h no reason to attribute a heav9ess z peculi> to ! head1 9 ! attacks ( fluxions1 :5 we see x is common 9 ^? attacks1 to all ! o!r memb]s ( ! body2 & x has be5 = want ( mak+ ?is reflexion1 t ! _w h conjectur$ all defluxions 7 d]iv$ f ! head4 ,a ,,display ( ! ,,intellectual ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,p1 ,) ,,rem>ks on ! ,,tal5ts ( ! ,,diff]5t ,,ones4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,i4 ,!re is no d\bt1 b ! diff]5t temp]am5t ( air 9 c\ntries1 induces a s5sible div]sity 9 m51 brutes1 & plants4 ,9 plants1 ! diff]5ce is s great1 t ! same :i* 9 "o c\ntry is innoc5t & salut>y1 9 ano!r is noxi\s & poison\s1 :i*1 z we are assur$1 is ! case ) ! ,p]sian apple4 ,! div]sity betwe5 brutes1 is n less ?an t betwe5 plants1 bo? ) respect to _! size1 fi]c5ess1 /r5g?1 & o!r qualities2 b besides :at is obvi\s & cle> to ! obs]vation ( all m5 9 ?is matt]2 we are assur$ !re are c\ntries1 :]e _m sorts ( animals1 deg5]ate totally f ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( _! species4 ,if we are to believe ,lucianus1 ,mac$onia produces s]p5ts1 s social to ! human race1 t !y w play ) *ildr51 & g5tly apply _! m\?s to ! nipples ( wom5's brea/s to suck _! milk2 & z ,l\is de ,m>mol in=ms u1 9 ,gruregra a m\nta9\s c\ntry 9 ! k+dom ( ,fez1 ! lions :i* are v num]\s1 are s tame & s timid1 t ! wom5 ) /icks 9 _! h&s1 beat & drive !m ab\t l s _m dome/ic dogs4 ,,ii4 ,if ! diff]5ce 9 our own species1 :i* is produc$ by a div]sity ( climate1 is n s great1 x is suffici5tly evid5t & app>5t4 ,x is manife/1 t !re are c\ntries1 :]e ! inhabitants are rem>kable = be+ ( l>g] /ature ?an !y are 9 o!rs1 or = be+ m active1 m /rong1 m heal?y1 or m beautiful2 & t ?is diff]5ce subsi/s ) respect to all o!r ?+s1 t dep5d ^u ! two faculties t are common to bo? m5 & brutes1 t is1 ! s5sitive & ! vegetative4 ,ev5 9 nations :i* bord] ^u ea* o!r1 ?is diff]5ce is sometimes obs]vable4 ,,iii4 ,di/9ct dispositions ( body1 are att5d$ ) di/9ct qualities ( m9d2 & f di/9ct temp]am5ts1 result di/9ct incl9ations2 & f di/9ct incl9ations1 di/9ct cu/oms & mann]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consequ5ces is a necess>y "o2 b ! second is n s c]ta91 because a man's free w may re/ra9 ! impetus ( 8 incl9ation2 b z is mo/ commonly ! case1 m5 let _! free w be l$ by ! emotions1 :i* are produc$ by ! int]ior disposition ( ! ma*9e2 s t we may safely pron\nce1 t m5 9 "o c\ntry are m addict$ to passion & ang]1 9 ano!r to gluttony1 9 ano!r to be lascivi\s1 & 9 ano!r to be lazy or slo?ful4 ,,iv4 ,! inequality betwe5 m5 ( diff]5t regions 9 ! rational "p1 is g5]ally suppos$ n to be less1 b r great]1 ?an x is 9 ! s5sitive & vegetative2 & x is n only 9 ! conv]sation ( ! vulg> t we see ?is op9ion upheld1 b we see x support$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! le>n$2 :]e we f9d "o nation describ$ z rude & savage1 ano!r z /upid1 & ano!r z b>b>\s2 s t :5 accord+ to ?is description ( !m1 we come to comp>e "o ( ^! nations1 ) "o ( ^? :o are e/eem$ cultivat$ & poli%$1 we conceive t !re is ne>ly z great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! "o & ! o!r1 z !re is betwe5 m5 & wild bea/s4 ,v4 ,i diff] s widely f ! common op9ion 9 ?is p>ticul>1 t ) respect to ! ess5tial "p ( ! use ( ! und]/&+1 9 ! inhabitants ( "o nation & ano!r1 ! diff]5ce is imp]ceptible4 ,?is s5tim5t _c be bett] ju/ifi$1 ?an by %ew+1 t ^? nations :i* are commonly reput$ rude & b>b>\s1 are n inf]ior 9 +5uity to ! mo/ cultivat$ ones1 & p]haps 9 "s in/ances excel !m4 ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,,vi4 ,we w beg9 our comp>isons ) ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! ,g]mans1 :o h be5 s /igmatiz$ = heavy dull p1 t ,fa!r ,dom+o ,bohursius a ,fr5* ,jesuit1 9 8 ,conv]sations ( ,ari/ius & ,eug5ius1 made no scruple ( pron\nc+1 t he d\bt$ :e!r x 0 possible to f9d a man ( bright tal5ts 9 ! :ole c\ntry3 h[ev]1 9 answ] to ?is *>ge1 x may be all$g$1 t ,g]many has produc$ s _m excell5t au?ors 9 all k9ds ( lit]ature1 t x is h>dly possible to numb] !m4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! be=e-nam$ ,fr5*man1 by rummag+ = !m ?r\gh ! s]ies ( all pa/ ages1 c po9t out two ( 8 c\ntrym51 :o 7 equally em95t ) ,rabanus ,maurus1 & ,alb]tus ! ,great4 ,! epi!ts :i* ,c>d9al ,b>onius be/[s ^u ,rabanus ,maurus1 are1 t he 0 ! respl5d5t /> ( 8 age1 & ! supreme ,!ologian ( 8 "t2 & ,sextus ,s55se1 recognizes him z a man mo/ p]fectly accompli%$ 9 all k9ds ( lett]s2 & ! ,abbot ,tri!mius1 aft] celebrat+ him z a mo/ excell5t ,!ologian1 ,philosoph]1 ,orator1 & ,poet1 adds1 t ,italy nev] produc$ a man equal to ?is2 & ,tri!mius 0 n ignorant1 t ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 a native ( ,italy4 ,:om c ,france boa/ t exce$$ ,tri!mius himself1 :o 0 s greatly v5]at$ by ,cornelius ,agrippa2 or :o excell$ ! ,abbot ,rup]tus1 or ,fa!r ,a?anasius ,kir*]1 :o accord+ to ,c>amuel 0 div9ely le>n$2 or ,fa!r ,gasp> ,s*otti1 & _m o!rs :om ,i %all omit8 ,nei!r %\ld we =be> to m5tion t ray or fla% ( criticism1 ,gasp> ,sciopius1 :o 0 ! t]ror ( all ! le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t1 :o at ! age ( sixte5 begun to write books1 :i* 7 ! admiration ( m5 ( ye>s & exp]i5ce4 ,i h 9 ?is lit]>y map ( ,g]many1 only po9t$ out ! m\nta9s ( greate/ em95ce1 z ,i _h n room to ins]t ! less] ones 9 x4 ,,vii4 ,! ,holl&]s1 :o 9 ! days ( antiquity 7 reput$ = su* /upid p1 t x 0 common among ! ,romans1 :5 !y _h a m9d to describe a heavy dull man1 or "o t 0 sl[ ( appreh5sion1 to make use ( ! foll[+ prov]bial expression1 auris ,batava2 t he _h ! e>s ( a ,holl&]2 h[ev]1 ! ,dut* s9ce !n1 h cle>ly prov$1 t imputation 0 a false "o1 = ! op9ion ( _! be+ p ( ability1 is at ?is day v fully e/abli%$4 ,_! civil gov]nm5t1 & _! indu/ry 9 comm]ce1 are ! admiration ( all ! _w2 & !re is sc>ce an art1 t is n cultivat$ & br\ght to great p]fection among !m4 ,! two ,williams ( ,nassau1 ,erasmus1 & ,hugo ,grotius1 are /rik+ examples ( _! tal5ts = policy & lit]ature4 ,?us we see 9 ?is z well z o!r nations1 ! want ( application has be5 con/ru$ into rud5ess2 b z soon z ! neglect ( /udy 0 rem$i$1 ! inju/ice ( ! imputation became manife/4 ,,viii4 ,! abilities ( ! ,muscovites also1 h till ( late days1 be5 held 9 z mu* contempt z ^? ( ! anti5t ,holl&]s 72 = x 0 b 9 ! la/ c5tury1 t ,urban ,*evreau a celebrat$ wit ( ,france1 laid t a ,muscovite 0 ! man ( ,plato2 by :i* expression1 ! ,fr5* ,au?or allud$ to ! poor def9ition t philosoph] gave ( a man1 :5 he describ$ him to be an animal )\t fea!rs1 :o walk$ ^u two legs1 animal bipes implume2 ?is gave occasion to ! joke ( ,diog5es1 :o hav+ pluck$ ! fea!rs (f a cock1 ?rew him into ! s*ool ( ,plato among 8 disciples1 call+ out ) a l\d voice1 see ! ,man ( ,plato4 ,*evreau attempt$ to say1 t ! ,muscovites 7 no?+ l m5 b 9 _! figure4 ,b aft] ! ,cz> ,pet] ,alexi[itz _h introduc$ arts & sci5ces among !m1 x soon became evid5t1 t ! ,muscovites 7 z mu* m5 9 all respects1 z any ( ! o!r p 9 ,europe4 ,b if ?is nev] _h be5 done1 h[ c\ld any "o suppose t a p :o 7 /upid & s5seless1 %\ld h be5 able to =m a mo/ ext5sive empire2 & to pres]ve x = s long a space ( "t z ! ,russians h pres]v$ !irs8 ,x requir$ great ability to conqu] su* an empire2 & to pres]ve x 9 ! face ( two su* p[]ful enemies z ! ,turks & ! ,p]sians1 mu* m4 ,i am n ignorant1 t ,muscovy is a "p ( anti5t ,scy?ia1 ^: morod]s 7 reput$1 & ) reason1 ! mo/ savage & b>b>\s ( m52 ?is b>b>ism1 did n proce$ f _! want ( natural tal5ts1 b f ! want ( ^? tal5ts be+ cultivat$2 ( :i* tru?1 ! fam\s philosoph] ,ana*>sis is a /rik+ in/ance1 :o 0 ! only man ( t nation1 t w5t to /udy 9 ,greece4 ,if numb]s ( o!r ,scy?ians _h done ! same1 ,scy?ia might possibly h exhibit$ _m ,ana*>sises4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,,ix4 ,if we attempt go+ out ( ,europe1 e ?+ beyond ^? limits seems b>b>\s to u4 ,:5 ! imag9ation ( ! vulg> contemplates ,asia1 x repres5ts to !m1 ! ,turks1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,indians1 ! ,*9ese & ! ,japonese1 z little bett] ?an s _m congregations ( satyrs1 or demi-brutes4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 !re are none ( ^! nations1 :o d n make z great advances 9 all ! ?+s !y apply !mselves to1 z we d 9 :atev] we /udy4 ,x4 ,_! abhorr5ce =1 nor _! ignorance ( ! sci5ces 9 ,turkey1 is n s great z is g5]ally imag9$2 = !y h pr(essors bo? 9 ,con/ant9ople & ,gr& ,cairo1 :o tea* a/ronomy1 geometry1 ari?metic1 poetry1 & ! ,arabic & ,p]sian languages4 ,b !y h n s great an e/eem = ^? faculties1 z !y h = politics2 9 _! k ( :i*1 !re is sc>ce any nation :o is equal to !m1 nor are !re any subtilties app]ta9+ to political arts1 :i* !y are ignorant (4 ,! great ,engli% travell]1 ,mr4 ,*>d91 9 ! relation ( 8 voyage to ,india by l&1 tells u1 t :5 he pass$ ?r\gh ,con/ant9ople1 he _h mu* conv]sation ) ,s5or ,quir9i ! ,v5etian ambassador at ! ,porte2 :o assur$ him1 t he _h nev] treat$ ) a man ( equal p5etration to ! vizir ( t "t2 & decl>$1 t if he _h a son :om he wi%$ to bre$ a negociator1 he w\ld s5d him to ! s*ool ( ! ,ottoman c\rt pref]able to any o!r4 ,! ,turks excel 9 all ?+s t require dext]ity ( h&1 & 9 all bodily ex]cises !y take a fancy to4 ,!y are ! be/ p5 m5 9 ! _w1 & ?is is ! reason1 :y !y nev] w\ld p]mit ! art ( pr9t+ to be introduc$ among !m2 & !y are also ! mo/ active & dextr\s rope-danc]s 9 ,europe4 ,c>danus relates wond]s ( two ( !m he saw 9 ,italy1 "o ( :om became a ,*ri/ian1 & liv$ an exempl>y life1 b always cont9u$ 8 old ex]cise2 al?\gh 8 becom+ a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 remov$ ! suspicion t ! vulg> ent]ta9$ ( 8 deal+ ) ! devil4 ,! dext]ity ( ! ,turks z ar*]s1 is s em95t1 t ! =ce & exactness ) :i* !y c %oot arr[s is almo/ incr$ible4 ,john ,b>clay1 9 ! f\r? book ( 8 ,satyricon1 te/ifies to h se5 a ,turk p5etrate ) an arr[1 a plate ( /eel1 t 0 above an in* ?ick2 & t he _h se5 ano!r1 :o ) ! %aft ( an arr[ )\t any iron to x1 split ! body ( a small tree4 ,9 ! art ( confection+ poisons1 !y are also v exp]t2 = !y w make !m n only v active1 b contrive !m s1 z t !y may be adm9i/]$ )\t creat+ suspicion2 a ?9 vap\r ) :i* a piece ( f9e l95 is impregnat$1 if x is aft]w>ds made up 9 any =m1 & s5t z a pres5t to ! p]son to be dispat*$1 is made ! in/rum5t to take away 8 life4 ,?is is a mo/ horrid & execrable art2 b al?\gh x proves ! p]v]se & wick$ disposition ( ^? p1 is an argum5t ( _! great tal5ts1 = acquir+ a pr(\nd k ( all !y apply !mselves to und]/&4 ,,xi4 ,! ,p]sians1 are /ill m poli%$ ?an ! ,turks4 ,!y h _! colleges & univ]sities1 :]e !y /udy ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 natural & moral philosophy1 m$ic9e1 jurisprud5ce1 rhetoric1 & poetry2 :i* la/1 !y are passionately fond (1 & write elegant v]ses1 al?\gh !y are g5]ally too r$undantly ab\nd+ 9 pomp\s metaphors2 & !y are s f> f be+ guilty ( t f]oci\s neglect ( urbanity :i* we are apt to impute to all ! ,mahometans1 t !re are no p :o excel !m 9 expressions ( civility1 t5d]ness1 & affection4 ,:5ev] a ,p]sian invites any "o to 8 h\se1 or is desir\s ( manife/+ 8 e/eem = him1 he g5]ally makes use ( ^!1 or "s su* l expressions2 ,i intreat y t y w hon\r my habitation ) y\r pres5ce2 & ,i %all be ready to devote myself to mak+ x agreeable to y 9 e %ape1 & to indulg+ all y\r wi%es2 & %\ld ev5 be will+ t ! fav\rite females ( my eyes1 %\ld be conv]t$ to c>pets = y to set y\r feet on4 ,,xii4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 we d n f9d ! cultivation ( lett]s1 b we f9d !re a m ?an ord9>y capacity = atta9+ !m4 ,john ,bapti/ ,tav]ni]1 speak+ ( ! negroes or mulattoes ( t c\ntry call$ ,can>9es1 _m ( :om are employ$ 9 v>i\s occupations 9 ,goa1 ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 & o!r places 9 ! possession ( ! ,portugueze & ,spani>ds1 says1 t ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o apply !mselves to /udy1 acquire m 9 six mon?s1 ?an ! *ildr5 ( ,europeans le>n 9 a ye>2 & says fur!r1 t he 0 told ?is by "s ( ! religi\s ( ,goa :o _h ! tutelage ( !m4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! ,portugueze1 :5 !y fir/ saw ?is sooty-fac$ race1 believ$ _! reason1 0 z obscure & d>k z _! complexions2 & t !y suppos$ !mselves ne>ly z sup]ior 9 natural tal5ts to !m1 z m5 are to brutes2 & 9 h[ _m p>ts ( ! globe1 :]e we judge ! inhabitants to be /upid1 might we possibly see ! same ?+6 = ! metal ( _! und]/&+s1 = want ( exam9+ x by ! t\*-/one ( /udy1 has rema9$ occult & unkn[n4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,,xiii4 ,b ! greate/ inju/ice t ! vulg> h be5 guilty ( 9 ?is p>ticul>1 is 9 ! conception !y h =m$ ( ! abilities ( ! ,*9ese4 ,:y d ,i say ! vulg>8 ,:5 y he> m5 dignifi$ ) univ]sity hon\rs1 :5ev] !y h a m9d to height5 an extravagant action1 or mode ( proce$+ t is contr>y to all reason1 say at e turn1 ?is c\ld h>dly h happ5$ among ! ,*9ese2 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 z mak+ ! conduct ( ! ,*9ese1 ! /&>d = measur+ extreme b>b>ism4 ,?is c]ta9ly _c tally v well ) ! idea ^? p ent]ta9 ( !mselves1 :i* is1 t !y are ! qu9tess5ce ( policy1 +5uity1 & p5etration2 = x is a prov]b among !m1 t ! ,*9ese h two eyes1 ! ,europeans b "o1 & t all ! re/ ( ! _w are totally bl9d4 ,,xiv4 ,! tru? is1 t !y h great reason to believe ?is2 = !y excel 9 _! civil gov]nm5t & policy all o!r nations4 ,_! precautions = prev5t+ civil1 & avoid+ =eign w>s are admirable2 & le>n$ & wise m51 are n held 9 su* e/imation by any o!r p 9 ! _w1 z by !m1 & x is to su* only1 t !y confide ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is alone1 is suffici5t to give !m cr$it = be+ ! mo/ rational ( mank9d4 ,! excell5ce ( _! inv5tive faculty is evid5t1 f _! be+ ! fir/ p1 :o hit ^u ! ?ree fam\s inv5tions1 ( pr9t+1 gun-p[d]1 & ! nautical ne$le2 = ! k ( ^! 9 ,*9a1 is suppos$ to be mu* ant]ior to our acqua9tance ) !m 9 ,europe2 & !re are also "s well-gr\nd$ suspicions1 t !y 7 communicat$ to u f ! ,*9ese4 ,!y excel exce$+ly1 9 :atev] arts !y apply !mselves to atta92 & not)/&+ our utmo/ ex]tions1 we 9 ,europe1 h n be5 able to equal1 nor ev5 to imitate !m 9 _m4 ,,xv4 ,!re is great reason to believe !y excel u 9 _! k ( m$ic9e1 & 9 _! mode ( apply+ x4 ,_! physicians1 are bo? physicians & apo!c>ies2 & x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om 9 all nations to unite ! two pr(essions 9 "o2 w\ld to ,god x 0 ! same n[6 ,!y keep 9 _! h\ses all ! m$ic9es !y make use (1 :i* consi/ ( v>i\s simples1 ^: virtues !y h well exam9$ & und]/&2 :i* !y collect1 prep>e1 & apply4 ,!y are v att5tive to1 & take a long "t 9 exam9+ ! pulse2 & x is v common = !m to be ne> an h\r 9 explor+ its movem5ts4 ,b ! in=mation !y get f ?is circum/ance1 & ! appe>ance ( ! tongue is su*1 t by revolv+ ^! p>ticul>s 9 _! m9d2 !y )\t ask+ any que/ions1 ei!r ( ! sick p]son or ^? :o att5d him1 pron\nce on :at sort ! di/emp] is1 ! symptoms t att5d x1 ! "t ! pati5t 0 tak5 ill1 toge!r ) all ! antec$5t & subsequ5t circum/ances1 t h accompani$1 & w accompany x4 ,,xvi4 ,i am well aw>e1 t ?is w appe> incr$ible to our physicians2 b ! v>i\s acc\nts we h ( ,*9a1 "s ( :i*1 h be5 writt5 by m5 ( mo/ exempl>y & unexceptionable *>act]s1 all agree 9 v\*+ ! tru? ( ^! p>ticul>s1 s t our refus+ to give cr$it to !m1 w\ld seem ra% & unreasonable4 ,b if ,i c\ld possibly h ent]ta9$ any d\bt ( ?is matt]1 our illu/ri\s ,don ,joseph ,manuel de ,&aya y ,h>a1 ! wor?y ,prelate ( ,ovi$o1 w\ld h remov$ !m1 :o confirm$ ^! relations to me1 ^u 8 own exp]i5ce ( a ,*9ese physician t practis$ 9 ,manila1 ! capital ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ( :om he told me wond]ful ?+s1 bo? ) respect to 8 progno/ics & me?ods ( cure4 ,i am p]suad$ t "s ( our physicians ab\t ! c\rt1 h got ! ,book ( ,&rew ,cley]1 ! fir/ physician ( ,batavia1 intitul$ ,m$ic9a ,*95sium1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,augsburgh4 ,! di>y ( ! le>n$ ( ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afhb1 makes m5tion ( x2 & 9 t may be se5 m at l>ge1 _m ( ^! acc\nts4 ,,xvii4 ,b1 skilful z ! ,*9ese physicians are 9 ! practice ( _! art1 ! ,*9ese p are n beh9d !m1 9 _! skilful & wise regulations = ! gov]nm5t ( ! physicians4 ,if ! physician1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ! pulse & ! tongue1 does n hit ^u ! di/emp] & ! symptoms ( x1 :i* r>ely happ5s1 he is dismiss$ z unskilful1 & ano!r call$ 94 ,if he does hit ^u ! =ego+ p>ticul>s1 :i* is mo/ commonly ! case1 !y confide ! cure to him1 & he imm$iately goes home1 & fet*es f 8 h\se a bag ( simples1 :i* he gives directions = ! us+ (1 po9t+ out ! mann] 9 :i*1 & ! quantity ( ea* t %\ld be appli$ or tak54 ,:5 he has compleat$ ! cure1 he is paid amply = 8 "t & att5dance1 & also = ! m$ic9es he has exp5d$2 b if ! pati5t does n recov]1 ! physician is n paid1 ei!r = ! "o or ! o!r2 s t ! money ( ! sick p]son1 is sav$ if he does n get well2 & ! physician1 loses bo? 8 "t & 8 m$ic9es if he does nor cure him4 ,x is mu* to be wi%$1 t su* a regulation subsi/$ among u2 = al?\gh ,quev$o "s "t ago compla9$ ( ! want ( x1 he did n "k x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a4 ,x is true1 t he made ! compla9t 9 a bant]+ way1 b ,i believe he felt ! want ( ! regulation v s5sibly4 ,,xviii4 ,we may say 9 g5]al ( ,asia1 t ?is 0 ! c\ntry 9 :i* arts & sci5ces orig9at$2 lett]s ow$ _! bir? to ,ph5icia2 & 7 f !nce transport$ into ,egypt & ,greece2 & ! k ( a/ronomy came f ,*aldea1 & f !nce 0 circulat$ into v>i\s o!r c\ntries4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,,xix4 ,z to :at reg>ds ,africa1 we %\ld consid]1 t x gave bir? to a ,cyprianus1 & a ,t]tullian1 & :at is /ill m1 to an ,augu/92 & t ! ,africans 7 at "o "t1 z mu* sup]ior to ! ,spani>ds 9 milit>y skill1 z ! ,spani>ds at ?is day are to ! ,africans2 & t !re 0 a "t1 :5 ! conque/ ( all ,spa9 co/ ! ,africans less blood1 ?an x has s9ce co/ ,spa9 to conqu] a few spots 9 ,mauritania4 ,! soil & ! climate ( ,africa1 are ! same n[ !y 7 =m]ly1 & consequ5tly capable ( produc+ equal g5iuses2 & ! fault ( n cultivat+ !m1 %\ld n be imput$ to ! soil or ! climate1 b to ! want ( opportunities ( in/ruction1 or to ! neglect ( application2 b ) all ?is1 !y are p]haps n s uncultivat$ z is commonly ?\ght4 ,fa!r ,butti]1 9 8 little treatise1 intitul$ ,an ,exam9ation ( ,vulg> ,prejudices1 gives u ! copy ( a spee*1 :i* ! ambassador f ,morocco made to ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 :i* 0 z eloqu5t & z mu* to ! purpose1 z if x _h be5 compos$ by a le>n$ ,european4 ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,,xx4 ,! conceit1 :i* ^u ! fir/ discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 ent]ta9$ ( its inhabitants1 & :i* /ill subsi/s among ! g5]ality ( p1 is1 t !y are n s mu* direct$ by reason z by in/9ct2 z if "s ,circe1 9 h] p]egr9ations ?r\gh t va/ c\ntry1 _h trans=m$ all _! m5 into bea/s4 ,b ) all ?is1 !re are abundant te/imonies1 t _! capacities are 9 no wise inf]ior to ours4 ,! illu/ri\s ,palafox1 is n cont5t$ ) all[+ !m to be equal to u 9 natural tal5ts1 b 9 ! memorial he pres5t$ to ! ,k+ 9 _! fav\r1 entitl$ ,a ,natural ,display ( ! ,indies1 decl>es !y excel u4 ,he !re gives a relation ( an ,indian1 ^: p]son he knew1 & :o w5t by ! "n ( ,! ,man ( ,six ,trades1 f 8 und]/&+1 & be+ able to "w well at t numb]2 & ( ano!r1 :o le>n$ to build organs 9 an amaz+ %ort "t2 & ( ano!r1 :o 9 an amaz+ %ort "t also1 le>n$ to play ! organ4 ,he !re likewise gives an acc\nt ( ! exquisite address1 ) :i* an ,indian recov]$ a horse t _h be5 purlo9$ f him by a ,spani>d4 ,! ,indian1 comm5c$ a prosecution aga9/ ! ,spani>d = 8 horse1 & :5 ! trial came on1 ! bea/ 0 br\ght into c\rt1 :]e ! ,spani>d all$g$ t he _h b\ght him1 & _h _h him 9 8 possession = sev]al ye>s1 :i* he br\ght witnesses to confirm4 ,! ,indian1 :o _h no evid5ce to prove 8 prop]ty 9 ! horse1 f9d+ himself h>d press$1 in/antly ?rew 8 cloak ov] ! horse's head1 & reque/$ t ! ,spani>d :o insi/$ t he _h be5 own] ( ! horse = s long a "t1 might tell ( :i* eye he 0 bl9d2 ! ,spani>d1 :o 0 tak5 by surprise1 & mu* conf\nd$ ) ! "q1 answ]$ at r&om1 ! "r2 ^u :i* ! ,indian pull$ ! cloak (f ! horse's head1 & manife/$ to ! :ole c\rt1 t he 0 n bl9d ( ei!r eye2 ?is ev9c$ ! rogu]y ( ! ,spani>d1 & ! ,indian recov]$ 8 horse4 ,,xxi4 ,! ,europeans "u ! comm& ( ,cortes1 _h sc>ce p5etrat$ into ! k+dom ( ,mexico1 be=e !y exp]i5c$ _m p>ticul>s1 :i* conv9c$ !m1 t ! natives ( t c\ntry 7 ( ! same species ) !mselves1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! same common ,fa!r4 ,we read 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 _m milit>y /ratagems ( ! ,indians1 t 7 n inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans2 & _m p h rem>k$1 t ! ,crioles or *ildr5 ( ,spani>ds :o are born 9 ,am]ica1 are m sprightly1 & h m intellectual quickness1 ?an ^? :o are born 9 ,spa92 b :e!r :at o!rs add1 t al?\gh _! +5uity manife/s itself soon]1 x does n la/ to s late a p]iod ( life1 be j or n1 ,i _c pret5d to det]m9e4 ,,xxii4 ,x w\ld be reason+ errone\sly & grossly1 to ent]ta9 a mean op9ion ( ! capacities ( ! ,indians1 because ^u _! fir/ int]c\rse ) u1 !y gave pieces ( gold = glass beads2 = he w\ld be m rude ?an !y1 :o %\ld conclude !y 7 savage1 ^u ?is acc\nt4 ,if we 7 to view glass free f our prepossession 9 fav\r ( gold1 glass w\ld appe> ! mo/ beautiful ( ! two2 & ) respect to :at is s\ght aft]1 = ! purpose ( ornam5t & o/5tation1 out ( two ?+s t are equally beautiful1 t :i* is mo/ sc>ce is always pref]r$4 ,! ,am]icans !n 9 ?is in/ance1 did no m ?an :at is done by all ! _w4 ,!y _h pl5ty ( gold b no glass2 & x 0 on ?is acc\nt t !y conclud$1 & n )\t reason1 t a /r+ ( beads1 0 a fitt] ornam5t to adorn ! neck ( a pr9cess1 ?an a gold *a94 ,a diamond1 if we only reg>d ! necess>y utility ( x1 is n ( sup]ior value to a glass bead2 b if we reg>d its lu/re1 x c]ta9ly excels x2 & al?\gh1 not)/&+ ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ?+s1 consi/s only1 9 ! lu/re & beauty ( ! diamond1 ! ,asiatics sell ! ,europeans a diamond t weighs two ounces1 = an amaz+ numb] ( p\nds /]l+2 & :y is ?is8 ,x c only be1 because su* diamonds are exce$+ly sc>ce4 ,! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 e/eem$ f9e brass pref]able to gold1 because !y _h great] pl5ty ( gold ?an f9e brass1 & cont9u$ to d s1 till ! ,holl&]s gave !m to und]/&1 ! great e/imation 9 :i* gold 0 held 9 o!r regions4 ,if !re 0 a great] pl5ty ( gold all ov] ! _w1 ?an !re 0 ( f9e brass1 ! la/ ( ^! metals w\ld be pref]r$ to ! fir/4 ,^u ! arrival ( ! ,dut* ,admiral ,matelief at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 ! ye> #afje1 ! ,african inhabitants ( t c\ntry1 gave him eight & ?irty %eep & two bullocks1 = a small quantity ( iron1 :i* did n 9 its value exce$ tw5ty-p5ce2 & ! be/ ( x 01 t !y 7 equally satisfi$ !y _h impos$ ^u ! ,holl&]s1 z ! ,holl&]s 7 t !y _h impos$ ^u !m4 ,!y _h a sup]-abundance ( cattle1 & 7 9 great want ( iron4 ,& 9 :atev] c\ntry ! same sup]-abundance ( cattle1 & ! same want ( iron prevails1 !y mu/ pur*ase ! iron ) ! same numb] ( cattle4 ,,xxiii4 ,fa!r ,lafitau a ,mission>y ,jesuit1 :o 0 a long "t among ?ole ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 :o1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ e/eem$ ! mo/ b>b>\s ( all1 are call$ savages1 gives great applauses ( _! gov]nm5t & civil policy1 & comp>es !m 9 ^! respects1 to ! anti5t ,lac$emonians3 & :at is m extraord9>y1 he also be/[s great panegyrics on _! eloqu5ce2 & goes s f> z to say1 t he has kn[n "h & !re "o ( !m1 ^: orations 7 equal to ^? ( ,cic]o & ,demo/h5es1 & expresses "s d\bt1 :e!r !y may n be said to excel !m4 ,?is relation ( ,fa!r ,lafitau1 may be se5 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,trev\x ( #agbd1 art4 #ajf4 ,x is possible1 t ?is acc\nt is some:at hyp]bolical2 b x %\ld be consid]$1 t ,fa!r ,lafitau _h a long & an intimate int]c\rse ) ^! p1 & !re is no d\bt1 b a man :o sees ?+s 9 a ne> po9t ( view1 c judge bett] ( !m1 ?an ^? :o see !m at a di/ance4 ,,xxiv4 ,our intellectual sight1 is expos$ to ! same defect t our corporeal "o is1 & is apt to repres5t di/9ct ?+s less ?an !y are4 ,!re is no man1 let 8 /ature be z gigantic z x w1 :o does n appe> l a pigmy at a great di/ance4 ,! same t happ5s ) respect to ! size ( bodies1 happ5s ) reg>d to ! /ature ( s\ls4 ,^? nations :i* are v remote f u1 appe> s small 9 our eye z rational creatures1 t we sc>ce all[ !m to be endu$ ) ! faculty ( reason2 b if we 7 to view !m ne>1 we %\ld probably =m a diff]5t judgm5t ( !m4 ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,,xxv4 ,x may p]haps be object$ to :at ,i h be5 advanc+1 t ! v absurd op9ions ent]ta9$ 9 matt]s ( religion1 by ! bulk ( ! p ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 )\t insi/+1 ^u ! total want ( any religion among "s ( !m1 %\ld induce u to =m a v mean judgm5t ( _! tal5ts4 ,,xxvi4 ,to ?is ,i answ] 9 ! fir/ place1 t al?\gh errors 9 matt]s ( religion are ! wor/ ( all errors1 !y are no absolute pro(s ( ! rud5ess ( ^? :o ass5t to !m4 ,nobody is ignorant1 t ! anti5t ,greeks & ,romans1 :o 7 exce$+ly well skill$ 9 arts & sci5ces1 7 extremely absurd ) respect to ! objects ( _! adoration4 ,!y wor%ip$ z deities1 m5 :o _h be5 adult]]s1 p]fidi\s1 & guilty ( all sorts ( wick$ness4 ,rome1 :i* z ,sa9t ,leon obs]ves1 dom9e]$ ov] all ! o!r nations1 0 h]self "u ! dom9ion ( ! errors ( !m all4 ,:5 a man sets himself to se>* = a div9ity f among 8 own species1 x is a m>k ( a deprav$ imag9ation1 & ! "q respect+ 8 capacity1 is n wor? enquir+ into1 z we may naturally conclude1 he has lo/ 8 reason be=e he makes ! attempt4 ,& he :o walks bl9dfold1 is n m t]rifi$ by a high precipice ?an a l[ "o1 z he is unable to disc]n ! diff]5ce4 ,i d n ev5 "k1 :e!r :5 a man fir/ beg9s to err 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 he does n g ! mo/ extravagant l5g?s1 :o has be5 ! be/-in=m$2 because 9 matt]s ( religion1 :5 ! fir/ error has tak5 root1 x is easy = ! p]son :o is possess$ ) x1 to conf\nd ! my/]i\s ) ! ridicul\s1 & by an affect$ subtilty1 pret5d to discov] "s hidd5 signs ( div9ity 9 ^? ?+s1 :i* 9 ! eye ( common s5se1 are ! mo/ remote f1 or h ! lea/ to d ) x4 ,,xxvii4 ,i answ] secondly1 t we h no c]ta9ty1 t ! idolatry ( ^! v>i\s nations 0 s gross z x has be5 repres5t$4 ,) respect to ! anti5t idolat]s1 "s le>n$ m5 h en=c$ ?is d\bt v /rongly1 & h insi/$1 t !re 7 solid reasons = suppos+1 t 9 ! image !y did n wor%ip ! wood1 ! metal1 or ! m>ble ( :i* x 0 made1 b "s good g5ius or demon1 :om !y believ$ to h resid$ 9 x4 ,truly x seems incr$ible1 t a /atu>y1 su* a "o z ,horace hum\r\sly describes 9 "o ( 8 ,satyrs1 %\ld /& ) 8 hat*et 9 "o h&1 & hav+ ! o!r on ! wood he 0 ab\t to "w1 susp5d$ & p]plex$1 :e!r he %\ld c>ve ! ,god ,priapus1 or ,escanus2 ,i say x is incr$ible1 t su* a man %\ld suppose himself ve/$ ) suffici5t au?ority to fabricate a ,deity4 ,,xxviii4 ,i say ! same ( ! animat$ idols4 ,h[ is x cr$ible t ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 = "s ages ! repositories ( ! sci5ces1 %\ld *use = ! ultimate object ( _! adoration1 a mo/ vile snake1 & ev5 a dog1 or an onion1 :i* ,juv5al ironically & ) d]ision tells !m1 0 rais$ up to !m 9 _! own g>d5s8 ,o sanctas g5tes1 quibus hc nascuntur 9 hortis num9a4 ,x is mu* m reasonable to suppose1 t t nation1 :o 7 mu* addict$ to repres5t e ?+ enigmatically1 & by symbols1 %\ld adore ^! vile creatures 9 "s my/ical s5se1 :i* ^! s]v$ z a sort ( hi]ogliphics to expla9 ! signification (1 & t _! adoration ( !m1 0 n absolute b respective4 ,! same reason+ might be br\ght to apply to o!r nations1 bo? ( =m] & mod]n times1 z well z to !m4 ,,xxix4 ,i am confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion1 by :at ,i h read conc]n+ ! sup]/ition :i* prevails 9 ! isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,! inhabitants ( t isl&1 wor%ip a cricket1 & e "o re>s 8 own ) great c>e & v5]ation4 ,"s ,fr5* %ips 9 _! voyage to ,india 9 ! ye> #affe1 t\*$ at ,madagasc>1 & be+ appriz$ ( ! sup]/ition ( ! natives1 a curi\s ,fr5*man1 ask$ "o ( !m :om !y respect$ z a wise man1 :at c\ld induce !m to wor%ip s vile an animal1 :o answ]$1 t !y wor%ip$ ! pr9cipal & head ( all1 t is ! ,creator 9 ! creature1 & t x 0 necess>y to direct _! adoration to a s5sible object1 9 ord] to fix ! att5tion4 ,:o c\ld h expect$ to meet ) s delicate a s5tim5t1 9 su* a c\ntry8 ,i d n insi/1 t ! reply exempts !m f ! note ( sup]/ition1 b x proves1 t !y are n /upid & ins5sible4 ,if ! same obs]vation ! ,fr5*man made on ! absurdity ( ! wor%ip ( ! p ( ,madagasc>1 _h be5 made to an anti5t ,egyptian1 he 9 all probability1 w\ld h return$ ! same answ] to x 9 sub/ance1 :i* ! ,madagasc> man gave4 ,,xxx4 ,) reg>d to p :o are suppos$ to h no religion at all1 ,i mu/ decl>e1 t ,i d\bt :e!r !re are any su* p 9 ! _w4 ,! voyag]s :o assure u !re are su*1 might possibly f _! want ( suffici5t int]c\rse ) !m1 or f ! want ( und]/&+ _! language1 n be able to p5etrate _! s5tim5ts on t head2 = all nature proclaims ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator ) s l\d a voice1 t ! mo/ sleepy reason _c fail to be awak5$ ) h] cries4 ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,,xxxi4 ,!re is !n1 sc>ce any p :atev]1 if y exam9e deeply into ?+s1 :o c ) ju/ice be deem$ b>b>\s4 ,i w n h[ev] d5y1 t !re is n betwe5 p>ticul> nations1 "s inequality 9 ! use or application ( _! reason4 ,yes1 b ?is dep5ds 9 "s measure1 on ! disposition ( _! organs1 & ! climate 9 :i* !y are born1 & ^! possibly may h "s influ5ce to promote ?is disposition4 ,b if ,i 0 to be ask$ :i* are ! mo/ p5etrat+ & acute nations1 ,i %\ld answ] +5u\sly t ,i c\ld give no judgm5t 9 ! matt] t might safely be reli$ on4 ,i see t ! sci5ces1 at "o "t fl\ri%$ among ! ,ph5icians1 at ano!r among ! ,*aldeans1 at ano!r among ! ,egyptians1 at ano!r among ! ,greeks1 at ano!r among ! ,romans1 & at ano!r among ! ,arabs1 & t at la/1 !y ext5d$ !mselves to almo/ all ! ,european nations4 ,i obs]ve also1 t ! inhabitants ( e c\ntry into :i* !y 7 n introduc$1 7 look$ ^u z rude & unciviliz$2 b x 0 g5]ally rem>k$1 t aft] !y came to be introduc$ into "o ( ^! la/1 ! natives ( x did n make less advances 9 !m1 ?an ^? did1 :o _h ! happ9ess to be ! fir/ visit$ by !m4 ,p]haps if ! _w la/s mu* long]1 & !re %\ld happ5 great revolutions ( empire 9 x1 z ,m9]va goes w&]+ ab\t ! e>?1 & cont9ues to %ift h] /ation accord+ to ! viol5t agitations %e receives f ! impulse ( ,m>s2 ,i say if su* revolutions %\ld happ51 ! ,iroquois1 ! ,lapl&]s1 ! ,troglodytes1 ! ,g>amantes1 & o!r p1 :om we n[ look ^u ) disda91 & :om we ) repugnance admit to be memb]s ( our species1 may "o day possess ! sci5ces 9 an em95t degree2 s t exp]i5ce w h>dly assi/ u to det]m9e1 ! inequality ( +5uity1 t prevails 9 diff]5t nations4 ,,xxxii4 ,mu* less !n c we det]m9e ! po9t by physical reason+s4 ,_m h endeav\r$ to e/abli%1 t ?is inequality be>s proportion1 to ! pr$om9ance ( ! elem5tal qualities :i* prevail 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 & x is commonly said1 t humid & cl\dy climates1 produce heavy dull spirits1 & s]5e & dry ones1 sprightly & p5etrat+ ones4 ,ari/otle gives ! pref]5ce 9 ?is matt]1 to ^? :o inhabit ! hot c\ntries4 ,agreeable to ! fir/ ( ^! op9ions1 ! ,v5etians & ! ,holl&]s1 %\ld be v /upid dull p1 = ! fir/ live 9 m>%es surr\nd$ by /&+ wat]s1 & ! la/ 9 a muddy l[ c\ntry1 t might be said to h be5 /ol5 f ! sea1 & :i* is surr\nd$ by /&+ wat]s also2 & agreeable to ! second1 ! negroes ( ,angola1 %\ld be m acute ?an ! ,engli%4 ,x does n appe> to me1 t any reasonable man %\ld admit ( ei!r ( ^! consequ5ces4 ,b x is n necess>y = u to dwell long] on ?is subject at pres5t2 z we h %ewn at l>ge 9 our def5ce ( ! wom51 t we _c inf] !re is any inequality ( und]/&+1 produc$ by ! pr$om9ance1 ! s5sible qualities h on ! temp]am5t2 & t !re=e1 we are "u a necessity ( ackn[l$g+1 t ! influ5ce our native c\ntry may h ov] x1 is ! effect ( "s occult cause1 :i* is imp5etrable to our reason1 or at lea/1 :i* has n be5 p5etrat$ by x z yet4 ,,xxxiii4 ,:5 ,i say t by exp]i5ce1 we c h>dly di/+ui% ! inequality ( +5uity ( nations1 ,i w\ld be und]/ood to mean1 9 po9t ( ! ess5tial qualities1 ( p5etration1 solidity1 & cle>ness2 & n 9 po9t ( ! accid5tal ones1 ( sup]ior quickness & read9ess1 or ^? ( be+ m sl[ & t>dy ( compreh5sion2 = ) respect to ^!1 x is evid5t t "s nations exce$ o!rs4 ,?us x is manife/1 t ! ,italians & ,fr5* are m quick & ready ?an ! ,spani>ds2 & ev5 9 ,spa9 itself1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! inhabitants ( "o prov9ce & ^? ( ano!r 9 ^! respects2 = x is rem>k$1 t 9 ,a/urias1 ! p are quick] ( appreh5sion1 & are m ready at expla9+ !mselves1 ?an !y are 9 any ( ! o!r prov9ces2 & ! exp]i5ce ( ?is1 %\ld be suffici5t to dissuade u f fall+-9 ) t g5]al notion1 t ra9y c\ntries produce heavy dull p2 z x is well kn[n1 t ! heav5s may r be said to inundate1 ?an refre% ?is c\ntry1 s t x may be truly call$1 ,nimborum patriam1 loca fta fur5tibus au/ris4 ,,xxxiv4 ,b if ,i 0 to give my op9ion :i* ( ! nations ( ,europe %\ld be pref]r$ to ! re/1 ) respect to _! p5etration1 ,i %\ld incl9e to ! s5tim5t ( ,heidegg] a ,g]man au?or1 :o conc$es ?is advantage to ! ,engli%4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,great ,brita91 s9ce lit]ature1 arts1 & sci5ces1 7 fir/ cultivat$ 9 x1 has produc$ a copi\s h>ve/ ( au?ors ( ! fir/ class4 ,! recital ( ^? only1 :i* h aris5 9 t c\ntry1 out ( ! ,b5$ict9e & ,s]aphic ord]s ( religi\s1 w\ld be t$i\s & tiresome4 ,b ,i _c =be> to m5tion1 t we are indebt$ to ea* ( ^! two ord]s1 = ?ree />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,to ! ,b5$ict9e1 = ! v5]able ,b$e1 ! fam\s ,alcu9us1 & ! celebrat$ ,calculator ,suiset4 ,to ! ,s]aphic1 = ,alex&] de ,ales1 ! subtil ,scotus1 & 8 disciple ,william ,ocman4 ,c>danus 9 8 ,treatise 7de ,subtilit4 lib4 #af4 de ,sci5t47 graduates among ! twelve mo/ acute g5iuses ( ! _w1 ! subtil ,scotus & ! ,calculator ,suiset1 9 ! f\r? & fif? rank1 ( :om he says3 ,b>b>os +5io nobis haud esse inf]iores1 qu&oquidem sub ,brum clo1 divisa toto orbe ,britannia duos tam cl>i +5iique viros emiss]it4 ,,xxxv4 ,nei!r %\ld we conceal1 t at ! "t :5 ! o!r nations ( ,europe sc>ce knew :at ! ma!matics meant1 ! two be=em5tion$ ord]s ( ,religi\s exhibit$ two illu/ri\s ,engli% ma!maticians2 ,rog] ,bacon1 & ,oliv] ( ,malmsbury2 ( ! fir/ ( :om1 ! vulg> feign$ ! same tale1 !y did ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 t is1 t he _h made a braz5 head1 :i* answ]$ all que/ions t 7 put to x4 ,! o!r 0 n less fam\s ?an he1 ( :om ,john ,pitseus relates1 t he _h inv5t$ "s ma*9]y1 by ! help ( :i* he 0 enabl$ to fly1 al?\gh he nev] c\ld atta9 at do+ x1 = above ! di/ance ( ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty y>ds at a "t2 b t 0 do+ m1 ?an any o!r man ev] did be=e him4 ,,xxxvi4 ,on physical subjects1 ,engl& has furni%$ a great] numb] ( orig9al au?ors1 ?an all ! o!r nations ( ,europe put toge!r2 & ! ,fr5*1 :o are v t5aci\s ( ! reputation ( _! c\ntry = produc+ m5 ( +5uity1 are oblig$ to confess1 t ! ,engli% are sup]ior to !m 9 philosophical abilities4 ,x may )\t ra%ness or exagg]ation be said1 t all ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 physical k = a c5tury pa/1 are ow+ to my ,"l ,*ancellor ,bacon4 ,x 0 he t broke ?r\gh ! /rait limits1 )9 :i*1 ,physics till 8 "t _h be5 imprison$2 & he 0 ! man :o ?rew d[n ! columns1 on :i* to m>k ! b\nd>ies ( human k 9 natural ?+s1 ne plus ultra _h be5 inscrib$4 ,! mo/ le>n$ ,pet] ,gass5do1 0 no?+ else b a fai?ful disciple ( ,bacon's1 & :at ,bacon _h said 9 a summ>y way1 he repeat$ m at l>ge1 9 8 ext5sive philosophical writ+s4 ,all t ,desc>tes said :i* 0 ( any real value1 he took f ,bacon4 ,aft] ,bacon1 we may reckon z great orig9als1 ,mr4 ,boyle1 & ! mo/ subtil ,sir ,isaac ,newton2 z also ,john ,locke#b1 ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 & _m o!rs2 b ! mis=tune is1 t ! lu/re ( _! +5uity1 0 t>ni%$ ) ! same religi\s blemi% my ,"l ,bacon's 02 & :5 !y _h once /ray$ out ( ! "r pa?1 !y flew ) su* velocity1 t ! ext5t ( _! w&]+s1 0 great z ! livel9ess ( _! imag9ations4 ,b ) all ?is1 !re has n be5 want+ 9 ,engl&1 s9ce x 0 blemi%$ ) h]esy1 a ,sir ,?omas ,m1 :o 0 z celebrat$ = 8 ,ca?olic con/ancy1 z he 0 = 8 em95ce 9 ! sci5ces4 ,,xxxvii4 ,i mu/ also say1 t ,i h always obs]v$ 9 ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 great frankness1 & t !y gave a simple pla9 relation ( ! result ( _! exp]i5ce & lab\rs1 free f all artifice & deceit2 :i* is a ?+ n v common ) ^? ( o!r nations2 & ,i h rem>k$ ?is p>ticul>ly1 9 ,bacon1 ,boyle1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & ,syd5ham ! physician2 & x has af=d$ me great pleasure1 to see1 h[ )\t boa/+ !y h decl>$ :at !y "k1 & )\t blu%+1 h confess$ :at !y are ignorant (4 ,?is is ! true m>k & *>act]i/ic ( sublime g5iuses4 ,oh6 h[ mu* x is to be lam5t$1 t su* great lights1 %\ld be obscur$ by h]etical prejudices6 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,volume4 ,,footnotes #a ,! translator ?9ks1 z he has n translat$ t ,disc\rse1 x w n be amiss to ins]t "h ! ,au?or's s5tim5t on ?is subject4 ,9 ! ,essay or ,disc\rse ref]r$ to1 aft] recit+ ! argum5ts t h be5 us$ to prove ! inv5tion came f ,*9a1 & ! claims t h be5 made on ! behalf ( a v>iety ( p1 to _! be+ ! inv5tors2 he gives x z 8 op9ion1 t ,b]toldus ,s*uv>t1 a ,g]man ,franciscan fri>1 & an em95t *emi/1 0 ! man :o inv5t$ x1 or at lea/ 0 ! p]son :o1 br\ght ! inv5tion to p]fection4 #b ,?is is ! same ,john ,locke1 ( ^: writ+s1 z also ( ^? ( ,rap91 ,sidney1 & ,bi%op ,hoadly1 ! late ,david ,hume1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 gives ! foll[+ description3 8,compositions ( ! mo/ despicable k9d bo? = /yle & matt]1 :i* h be5 extoll$1 & propagat$1 & read2 z if !y _h equall$ ! mo/ celebrat$ rema9s ( antiquity40 ,vid4 vol4 viii4 pag4 #cbc1 ( ! la/ edition ( ,hume's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 publi%$ 9 #aggh4 ,,errata4 ,page #fh1 l9e #bg1 read su* = example z spiritual entities4 ,page #aja1 l9e #h1 = t1 read & t4 ,page #ajd1 l9e #af1 read & aft] turn+1 c4 ,page #abi1 l9e #be1 = execut$1 read executes4 ,page #aeg1 l9e #ab1 = asc5ds1 read asc5d2 & l9e #ba1 = l]n$1 read le>n$4 ,page #aeh1 l9e #bj1 = b1 read yet4 ,page #afi1 l9e #ac1 read _m ( ^? in/rum5ts4 ,page #ahg1 l9e #bj1 read prop] resolution4 ,page #bab1 l9e #i1 = _h1 read has4 ,page #bac1 l9e #ad1 = raise1 read arise4 ,page #bga1 l9e #c1 = reasonable1 read reason+4 ,page #bgb1 l9e #f1 = qulities1 read qualities4 ,page #bgc1 l9e #aj1 = is1 read are4 ,page #big1 l9e #ad1 read z x is call$4 ,page #ceb1 l9e #f1 = eb51 read be54 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! errata h be5 correct$1 along ) a few o!r m9or pr9t+ errors4