,briti% ,air%ips3 ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future by ,george ,:ale 7,late ,major1 ,r4,a4,f47 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,air%ips ,,& ,,_! ,,developm5t ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,briti% ,,air%ips ,,built ,,by ,,private ,,firms ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,briti% ,,army ,,air%ips ,,*apt] ,v ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,naval ,,air%ip ,,section--,,p>seval ,,air%ips1 ,,a/ra-,,torres ,,type1 ,,etc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,naval ,,air%ips3 ,,! ,,non-,,rigids-- ,s4,s4 ,,type ,,coa/al ,,& ,c ,,/> ,,air%ips ,,! ,,nor? ,,sea ,,air%ip ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,naval ,,air%ips3 ,,! ,,rigids ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #a ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #i ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #bc ,,class ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #bc ,x ,,class ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #ca ,,class ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,,no4 #cc ,,class ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,air%ip ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,air%ips ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,light]-?an-air craft consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct types3 ,air%ips1 :i* are by f> ! mo/ important1 ,free ,balloons1 & ,kite ,balloons1 :i* are atta*$ to ! gr\nd or to a %ip by a cable4 ,!y d]ive _! appellation f ! fact t :5 *>g$ ) hydrog51 or "s o!r =m ( gas1 !y are light] ?an ! air :i* !y displace4 ,( ^! ?ree types ! free balloon is by f> ! olde/ & ! simple/1 b x is entirely at ! m]cy ( ! w9d & o!r elem5ts1 & _c be controll$ = direction1 b mu/ drift :i!rsoev] ! w9d or air curr5ts take x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! air%ip1 be+ provid$ ) eng9es to propel x ?r\gh ! air1 & ) rudd]s & elevators to control x = direction & height1 c be /e]$ 9 :atev] direction is desir$1 & voyages c be made f "o place to ano!r--always provid$ t ! =ce ( ! w9d is n suffici5tly /rong to ov]come ! p[] ( ! eng9es4 ,! air%ip is1 !re=e1 no?+ else ?an a dirigible balloon1 = ! eng9es & o!r weights connect$ ) ! /ructure are support$ 9 ! air by an envelope or balloon1 or a s]ies ( su* *amb]s1 accord+ to design1 fill$ ) hydrog5 or gas ( "s o!r nature4 ,x is n propos$1 9 ?is book1 to emb>k ^u a l5g?y & highly te*nical diss]tation on a]o/atics1 al?\gh x is an intricate sci5ce :i* mu/ be ?or\ghly grasp$ by anyone :o wi%es to possess a full k ( air%ips & ! v>i\s problems :i* occur 9 _! design4 ,c]ta9 te*nical expressions & t]ms are1 h[ev]1 b\nd to occur1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y "w on air%ips1 & ! ma9 pr9ciples und]ly+ air%ip con/ruction w be describ$ z briefly & z simply z is possible4 ,! t]m lift w appe> _m times 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & x is necess>y to und]/& :at x really means4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( air displac$ & ! weight ( gas 9 a balloon or air%ip is call$ ! gross lift4 ,! t]m disposable1 or nett lift1 is obta9$ by d$uct+ ! weight ( ! /ructure1 c>s1 ma*9]y & o!r fix$ weights f ! gross lift4 ,! resultant weight obta9$ by ?is calculation det]m9es ! crew1 balla/1 fuel & o!r necessities :i* c be c>ri$ by ! balloon or air%ip4 ,! am\nt ( air displac$ by an air%ip c be accurately weigh$1 & v>ies accord+ to b>ometric pressure & ! temp]ature2 b = ! purposes ( ?is example we may take x t "u normal conditions air weighs #ge lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,!re=e1 if a balloon ( #a1jjj cubic feet volume is *>g$ ) air1 ?is air conta9$ w weigh #ge lb4 ,x is !n manife/ t a balloon fill$ ) air w\ld n lift1 because ! air is n displac$ ) a light] gas4 ,hydrog5 is ! lighte/ gas kn[n to sci5ce1 & is us$ 9 air%ips to displace ! air & raise !m f ! gr\nd4 ,hydrog5 weighs ab\t "o-fifte5? z mu* z air1 & "u normal conditions #a1jjj cubic feet weighs #e lb4 ,pursu+ our analogy1 if we fill our balloon ( #a1jjj cubic feet ) hydrog5 we f9d ! gross lift is z foll[s3 #a1jjj cubic feet ( air weighs #ge lb4 #a1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 weighs #e lb4 ------ ,! balance is ! gross lift ( ! balloon #gj lb4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ap>t f ! weight ( ! /ructure itself ! balloon is #gj lb4 light] ?an ! air x displaces1 & provid$ t x weighs less ?an #gj lb4 x w asc5d into ! air4 ,z ! balloon or air%ip asc5ds ! d5sity ( ! air decreases z ! height is increas$4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is ! b>omet] falls1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ! high] x is tak51 & x is accurate to say t up to an elevation ( #aj1jjj feet x falls "o in* = e #a1jjj feet rise4 ,x foll[s t z ! pressure ( ! air decreases1 ! volume ( ! gas conta9$ exp&s at a correspond+ rate4 ,x has be5 %[n t a balloon fill$ ) #a1jjj feet ( hydrog5 has a lift ( #gj lb4 "u normal conditions1 t is to say1 at a b>ometric pressure ( #hj in*es4 ,tak+ ! b>ometric pressure at #b in*es l[]1 namely #bh1 we get ! foll[+ figures3 #a1jjj cubic feet ( air weighs #gj lb4 #a1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 weighs #d4fg --------- #fe4cc lb4 ,x is !re=e se5 t ! v consid]able loss ( lift1 #d4fg lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet1 takes place ) ! b>ometric pressure #b in*es l[]1 f :i* x may be tak5 approximately t #a_/cj ( ! volume gross lift & weight is lo/ = e #a1jjj feet rise4 ,f ?is example x is obvi\s t ! great] ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 z indicat$ by ! b>omet]1 ! great] w be ! lift ( ! air%ip or balloon4 ,temp]ature is ano!r factor :i* mu/ be consid]$ :ile discuss+ lift4 ,! volume ( gas is affect$ by temp]ature1 z gases exp& or contract ab\t #a_/ejj "p = e degree ,fahr5heit rise or fall 9 temp]ature4 ,9 ! case ( ! #a1jjj cubic feet balloon1 ! air at #cj in*es b>ometric pressure & #fj degrees ,fahr5heit weighs #ge lb41 & ! hydrog5 weighs #e lb4 ,at ! same pressure1 b ) ! temp]ature increas$ to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! air w be exp&$ & #a1jjj cubic feet ( air w weigh only #gj4i lb41 :ile #a1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 w weigh #d4g lb4 ,! lift be+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! volume ( air & ! weight ( ! hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! balloon1 x w be se5 t ) ! temp]ature at #fj degrees ,fahr5heit ! lift is #ge lb4 - #e lb4 #gj lb41 :ile ! temp]ature1 hav+ ris5 to #ij degrees1 ! lift n[ becomes #gj4i lb4 - #d4g lb4 #ff4b lb4 ,conv]sely1 ) a fall 9 ! temp]ature ! lift is increas$4 ,we accord+ly f9d f ! =ego+ obs]vations t at ! />t ( a voyage ! lift ( an air%ip may be expect$ to be great] :5 ! temp]ature is cold]1 & ! great] ! b>ometric pressure s w also ! lift be great]4 ,to put ?is into o!r words1 ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = ! lift ( an air%ip are :5 ! wea!r is cold & ! b>omet] is high4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! air & hydrog5 are n subject 9 ! same way to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,important v>iations 9 lift may occur :5 ! temp]ature ( ! gas inside ! envelope becomes high]1 ow+ to ! action ( ! sun1 ?an ! air :i* surr\nds x4 ,a diff]5ce ( "s #bj degrees ,fahr5heit may result betwe5 ! gas & ! air temp]atures2 ?is r5d]s x highly necess>y t ! pilot %\ld by able to tell at any mom5t ! relative temp]atures ( gas & air1 z o!rwise a false impression w be ga9$ ( ! lift+ capacity ( ! air%ip4 ,! lift ( an air%ip is also affect$ by fly+ ?r\gh sn[ & ra94 ,a consid]able am\nt ( moi/ure c be tak5 up by ! fabric & susp5sions ( a l>ge air%ip :i*1 h[ev]1 may be l>gely neutraliz$ by ! wat]pro(+ ( ! envelope4 ,sn[1 z a rule1 is bru%$ (f ! surface by ! passage ( ! %ip ?r\gh ! air1 ?\gh 9 ! ev5t ( its freez+ sudd5ly1 :ile 9 a melt+ /ate1 a v consid]able addition ( weight might be caus$4 ,!re h be5 _m in/ances ( air%ips fly+ ?r\gh sn[1 & z f> z is kn[n no s]i\s difficulty has be5 enc\nt]$ ?r\gh ! adhesion ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! humidity ( ! air may also cause slight v>iations 9 lift1 b = r\gh calculations x may be ignor$1 z ! diff]5ce 9 lift is n likely to am\nt to m ?an #j4c lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! purity ( hydrog5 has an important effect ^u ! lift ( an air%ip4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties to be cont5d$ ) is ma9ta9+ ! hydrog5 pure 9 ! envelope or gasbags = any l5g? ( "t4 ,ow+ to diffusion gas escapes ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & if ! fabric us$ is n absolutely ga/ight ! air f9ds its way 9 :]e ! gas has escap$4 ,! maximum purity ( gas 9 an air%ip nev] exce$s #ih p] c5t by volume1 & ! foll[+ example %[s h[ greatly lift c be r$uc$3 ,"u mean atmosph]ic conditions1 :i* are tak5 at a temp]ature ( #ee degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! b>omet] at #bi4e in*es1 ! lift ( #a1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 at #ih p] c5t purity is #fi4f lb4 ,"u same conditions at #hj p] c5t purity ! lift ( #a1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog5 is #ef4i lb41 a resultant loss ( #ab4i lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,! :ole ( ?is /atem5t on lift c n[ be cond5s$ into ?ree absolute laws3 #a4 ,lift is directly proportional to b>ometric pressure4 #b4 ,lift is inv]sely proportional to absolute temp]ature4 #c4 ,lift is directly proportional to purity4 ,,air%ip ,,design ,! design ( air%ips has be5 develop$ "u ?ree di/9ct types1 ! ,rigid1 ! ,semi-,rigid1 & ! ,non-,rigid4 ,! rigid1 ( :i* ! ,g]man ,zeppel9 is ! lead+ example1 consi/s ( a framework1 or hull compos$ ( alum9ium1 wood1 or o!r mat]ials f :i* are susp5d$ ! c>s1 ma*9]y & o!r weights1 & :i* ( itself is suffici5tly /rong to support its own weight4 ,enclos$ )9 ?is /ructure are a numb] ( gas *amb]s or bags fill$ ) hydrog51 :i* provide ! necess>y buoyancy4 ,! hull is completely encas$ )9 a fabric out] cov] to protect ! hull framework & bags f ! effects ( wea!r1 & also to temp] ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! semi-rigid1 :i* has be5 exploit$ pr9cipally by ! ,italians ) _! ,=lan9i air%ips1 & 9 ,france by ,lebaudy1 has an envelope1 9 "s cases divid$ into sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 to :i* is atta*$ close und]nea? a long gird] or keel4 ,?is supports ! c> & o!r weights & prev5ts ! :ole %ip f buckl+ 9 ! ev5t ( los+ gas4 ,! semi-rigid type has be5 practically undevelop$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! non-rigid1 ( :i* we may n[ claim to be ! lead+ build]s1 is ( _m v>ieties1 & has be5 develop$ 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,9 ,g]many ! *ief production has be5 t ( ,major von ,p>seval1 & ( :i* "o %ip 0 pur*as$ by ! ,navy %ortly be=e ! outbreak ( w>4 ,9 ! e>lie/ examples ( ?is type ! c> 0 slung a long way f ! envelope & 0 support$ by wires f all p>ts4 ,?is necessitat$ a l(ty %$ = its accommodation z ! %ip 0 ( great ov]all height2 b ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ! employm5t ( ! elliptical & trajectory b&s1 & is describ$ 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ,no4 #d4 ,a second sy/em is t ( ! ,a/ra-,torres4 ,?is envelope is trilobe 9 section1 ) int]nal rigg+1 :i* enables ! c> to be slung v close up to ! envelope4 ,! inv5tor ( ^! envelopes 0 a ,spani>d1 ,s5or ,torres ,quev$o1 :o manufactur$ !m 9 conjunction ) ! ,a/ra ,company 9 ,p>is4 ,?is type ( envelope has be5 employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! ,coa/al1 ,c ,/>1 & ,nor? ,sea air%ips1 & has be5 f\nd on ! :ole to give good results4 ,x is que/ionable if an envelope ( /reaml9e %ape w\ld n be easi] to h&le1 bo? 9 ! air & on ! l&+ gr\nd1 & at pres5t !re are p>tisans ( bo? types4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! /reaml9e envelope ) tang5tial susp5sions1 :i* has be5 adopt$ = all classes ( ! ,s4,s4 air%ip1 & :i* has prov$ = its purpose 9 e way highly satisfactory4 ,( ^! ?ree types ! rigid has ! inh]5t disadvantage ( n be+ able to be dismantl$1 if x %\ld become compell$ to make a =c$ l&+ away f its base4 ,ev5 if x 7 s =tunate z to escape damage 9 ! actual l&+1 !re is ! practical c]ta9ty t x w\ld be completely wreck$ imm$iately any increase occurr$ 9 ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = milit>y purposes1 x possesses ! advantage ( hav+ sev]al gas comp>tm5ts1 & is 9 consequ5ce less susceptible to damage f %ell fire & o!r causes4 ,bo? ! semi-rigid & ! non-rigid h ! v great advantage ( be+ easily deflat$ & pack$ up4 ,9 addition to ! valves1 ^! %ips h a ripp+ panel incorporat$ 9 ! envelope :i* c easily be torn away & all[s ! gas to escape ) consid]able rapidity4 ,innum]able in/ances h occurr$ ( %ips be+ compell$ to l& 9 out-(-!-way places ow+ to eng9e failure or o!r reasons2 !y h be5 ripp$ & deflat$ & br\ght back to ! /ation )\t incurr+ any b ! mo/ trifl+ damage4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! w> has prov$ t = milit>y purposes ! l>ge rigid1 capable ( long h\rs ( endurances & ! small non-rigid made ?or\ghly reliable1 are ! mo/ valuable types = future developm5t4 ,! l>g] non-rigids1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 d n appe> to be likely to fulfil any v useful function4 ,air%ip design introduces s _m problems :i* are n met ) 9 ! ord9>y !ory ( /ructures1 t a :ole volume c\ld easily be devot$ to ! subject1 & ev5 !n mu* valuable in=mation w\ld h to be omitt$ f lack ( space4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible1 9 only a section ( a *apt]1 to d m ?an indicate 9 ! briefe/ mann] a few sali5t features conc]n+ ^! problems4 ,! susp5sion ( weights f ! lighte/ possible gas comp>tm5t mu/ be bas$ on ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( calculat+ ! di/ribution loads z 9 %ips & o!r /ructures4 ,9 ! non-rigid1 ! envelope be+ made ( flexible fabric has1 9 itself1 no rigidity :atsoev]1 & its %ape mu/ be ma9ta9$ by ! int]nal pressure kept slightly 9 excess ( ! pressure outside4 ,fabric is capable ( resi/+ t5sion1 b is naturally n able to resi/ compression4 ,if ! c> 0 rigg$ b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! envelope ) v]tical susp5sions x w\ld t5d to produce compression 9 ! und]side ( ! envelope1 ow+ to ! load n be+ fully di/ribut$4 ,?is w\ld cause1 9 practice1 ! c5tre portion ( ! envelope to sag d[nw>ds1 :ile ! ends w\ld h a t5d5cy to rise4 ,! pr9ciple :i* has be5 f\nd to be mo/ satisfactory is to fix ! po9ts ( susp5sion di/ribut$ ov] ! greate/ l5g? ( envelope possible proportional to ! lift ( gas at ea* section ?us =m$4 ,f ^! po9ts ! wires are l$ to ! c>4 ,if ! c> is plac$ close to ! envelope x w be se5 t ! susp5sions ( necessity lie at a v flat angle & ex]t a s]i\s longitud9al compression4 ,?is mu/ be resi/$ by a high int]nal pressure1 :i* dem&s a /\t] fabric = ! envelope &1 !re=e1 increas$ weight4 ,x foll[s t ! t5d5cy ( ! envelope to de=m is decreas$ z ! di/ance ( ! c> f ! gas comp>tm5t is increas$4 ,"o me?od ( ov]com+ ?is difficulty is f\nd by us+ ! ,a/ra-,torres design4 ,z w be se5 f ! diagram ( ! ,nor? ,sea air%ip1 ! loads are excell5tly di/ribut$ by ! sev]al fans ( int]nal rigg+1 :ile ext]nal head resi/ance is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 z ! c> c be slung close und]nea? ! envelope4 ,moreov]1 ! direct longitud9al compression due to ! rigg+ is appli$ to a po9t consid]ably above ! axis ( ! %ip4 ,9 a l>ge non-rigid _m ( ^! difficulties c be ov]come by di/ribut+ ! weight into sep>ate c>s along ! envelope itself4 ,we h se5 t z an air%ip rises ! gas conta9$ 9 ! envelope exp&s4 ,if ! envelope 7 h]metically seal$1 ! high] ! %ip rose ! great] w\ld become ! int]nal pressure1 until ! envelope f9ally bur/4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty 9 a balloon1 a valve is provid$ ?r\gh :i* ! gas c escape4 ,9 a balloon1 !re=e1 :i* asc5ds f ! gr\nd full1 gas is lo/ ?r\gh\t its upw>d j\rney1 & :5 x comes d[n aga9 x is p>tially empty or flabby4 ,?is w\ld be an impossible situation 9 ! case ( ! air%ip1 = %e w\ld become unmanageable1 ow+ to ! buckl+ ( ! envelope & ! sagg+ ( ! planes4 ,ballonets are !re=e fitt$ to prev5t ?is happ5+4 ,ballonets are int]nal balloons or air comp>tm5ts fitt$ inside ! ma9 envelope1 & 7 orig9ally fill$ ) air by a bl[] driv5 ei!r by ! ma9 eng9es or an auxili>y motor4 ,^! bl[]s 7 a cont9ual s\rce ( tr\ble1 & at ! pres5t day x has be5 arrang$ to collect air f ! slip-/ream ( ! propell] ?r\gh a metal air scoop or bl[]-pipe & dis*>ge x into an air duct :i* di/ributes x to ! ballonets4 ,! foll[+ example w expla9 _! functions3 ,an air%ip asc5ds f ! gr\nd full to #a1jjj feet4 ,! ballonets are empty1 & rema9 s ?r\gh\t ! asc5t4 ,by ! "t ! air%ip rea*es #a1jjj feet x w h lo/ #a_/cj? ( its volume ( gas :i* w h escap$ ?r\gh ! valves4 ,if ! %ip has a capacity ( #cjj1jjj cubic feet x w h lo/ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! air%ip n[ comm5ces to desc5d2 z x desc5ds ! gas )9 contracts & air is bl[n into ! ballonets4 ,by ! "t ! gr\nd is rea*$ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( air w h be5 bl[n into ! ballonets & ! air%ip w h reta9$ its %ape & n be flabby4 ,on mak+ a second asc5t1 z ! air%ip rises ! air mu/ be let out ( ! ballonet in/ead ( gas f ! envelope1 & by ! "t #a1jjj feet is rea*$ ! ballonets w be empty4 ,to ensure t ?is is always done ! ballonet valves are set to op5 at less pressure ?an ! gas valves4 ,x !re=e foll[s 9 ! example "u consid]ation t x w n be necess>y to lose gas dur+ flight1 provid$ t an asc5t is n made ov] #a1jjj feet4 ,valves are provid$ to prev5t ! pressure 9 ! envelope f exce$+ a c]ta9 det]m9$ maximum & are fitt$ bo? to ballonets & ! gas*amb]4 ,!y are automatic 9 action1 &1 z we h said1 ! gas valve is set to bl[ (f at a pressure 9 excess ( t = ! air valve4 ,9 rigid air%ips ballonets are n provid$ = ! gasbags1 & z a consequ5ce a long flight results 9 a consid]able exp5diture ( gas4 ,if great heights are requir$ to be rea*$1 x is obvi\s t ! wa/age ( gas w\ld be enorm\s1 & x is und]/ood t ! ,g]mans on />t+ = a raid on ,engl&1 :]e ! highe/ altitudes 7 necess>y1 comm5c$ ! flight ) ! gasbags only ab\t #fj p] c5t full4 ,to /abilize ! %ip 9 flight1 f9s or planes are fitt$ to ! aft] end ( ! envelope or hull4 ,)\t ! horizontal planes ! %ip w cont9ually pit* up & d[n1 & )\t ! v]tical planes x w be f\nd impossible to keep ! %ip on a /raight c\rse4 ,! planes are compos$ ( a framework cov]$ ) fabric & are atta*$ to ! envelope by means ( /ay wires fix$ to suitable po9ts1 9 ! case ( non-rigid %ips skids be+ employ$ to prev5t ! edge ( ! plane =c+ its way ?r\gh ! surface ( ! fabric4 ,! rudd] & elevator flaps 9 mod]n practice are h+$ to ! aft] edges ( ! planes4 ,! air%ip c> conta9s all in/rum5ts & controls requir$ = navigat+ ! %ip & also provides a h\s+ = ! eng9es4 ,9 ! e>ly days swivell+ propell]s 7 consid]$ a great adjunct1 z ) _! upw>d & d[nw>d ?ru/ !y prov$ ( great value 9 l&+4 ,n[adays1 ow+ to great] exp]i5ce1 l&+ does n possess ! same difficulty z 9 ! pa/1 & swivell+ propell]s h be5 ab&on$ except 9 rigid air%ips1 & ev5 9 ! lat] types ( ^! !y h be5 disp5s$ )4 ,ow+ to ! great range ( an air%ip a ?or\ghly reliable eng9e is a p>am\nt necessity4 ,! ma9 requirem5ts are--fir/ly1 t x mu/ be capable ( runn+ = long p]iods )\t a breakd[n2 secondly1 t x mu/ be s arrang$ t m9or repairs c be effect$ 9 ! air2 & ?irdly1 t economy ( oil & fuel is ( f> great] importance to an air%ip ?an ! initial weight ( ! eng9e itself4 ,,h&l+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,( ,,air%ips ,! arrangem5ts made = h&l+ air%ips on ! gr\nd & :ile l&+1 & also = mov+ !m 9 ! op51 provide scope = great +5uity4 ,an air%ip :5 ab\t to l& is br\ght ov] ! a]odrome & is balla/$ up s t %e becomes consid]ably light] ?an ! air :i* %e displaces4 ,! h&l+ p>ty ne$s consid]able tra9+1 z 9 gu/y wea!r ! safety ( ! %ip dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u its skill 9 h&l+ h]4 ,! %ip approa*es ! h&l+ p>ty head to w9d & ! trail rope is dropp$2 x is tak5 by ! h&l+ p>ty & l$ ?r\gh a block secur$ to ! gr\nd & ! %ip is sl[ly haul$ d[n4 ,:5 ne> ! gr\nd ! h&l+ p>ty seize ! guys :i* are atta*$ to ! %ip at suitable po9ts1 o!r deta*m5ts also support ! c> or c>s1 z ! case may be1 & ! %ip c !n be tak5 into ! %$4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge air%ips ! size ( ! h&l+ p>ty has to be increas$ & me*anical traction is also at times employ$4 ,z long z ! air%ip is kept head to w9d1 h&l+ on ! gr\nd pres5ts little difficulty2 on _m occasions1 h[ev]1 unless ! %$ is revolv+1 z is ! case on c]ta9 /ations 9 ,g]many1 ! w9d w be f\nd to be bl[+ across ! entrance to ! %$4 ,! %ip w !n h to be turn$1 & dur+ ?is op]ation1 unless great discretion is us$1 s]i\s tr\ble may be exp]i5c$4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 & are /ill be+ conduct$ to det]m9e ! be/ me?od ( moor+ air%ips 9 ! op54 ,^! w be describ$ & discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ! air%ip ( ! future4 ,dur+ flight c]ta9 details require att5tion1 & c>elessness on ! pilot's "p1 ev5 on ! calme/ ( days1 may lead to disa/]4 ,! valves & especially ! gas valves %\ld be cont9ually te/$1 z on occasions !y h be5 kn[n to jam1 & ! loss ( gas has n be5 discov]$ until ! %ip _h become unduly heavy4 ,pressure %\ld be kept z con/ant z possible4 ,mo/ air%ips "w up to #cj millimetres z a maximum & #ae millimetres z a m9imum fly+ pressure4 ,dur+ a desc5t ! pressure %\ld be wat*$ cont9u\sly1 z x may fall s l[ z to cause ! nose to bl[ 94 ,?is w "r itself :5 ! spe$ is r$uc$ or ! pressure is rais$1 b !re is always ! dang] ( ! envelope becom+ punctur$ by ! b[ /iff5]s :5 ?is occurs4 ,,h\s+ ,,accommodation ,,= ,,air%ips1 ,,etc4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 :5 /ations 7 be+ equipp$1 ! small type ( air%ip 0 ! only "o we possess$4 ,! %$s to accommodate !m 7 con/ruct$ ( wood bo? = *eapness & spe$ ( con/ruction & erection4 ,^! e>ly %$s 7 all ( v simil> design1 & 7 compos$ ( tre/les ) "s ord9>y =m ( ro(-truss4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ext]nally ) corrugat$ %eet+4 ,! doors h always be5 a s\rce ( difficulty1 z !y are compell$ to op5 = ! full wid? ( ! %$ & h to /& alone )\t support4 ,!y are fitt$ ) :eels :i* run on guide rails1 & are op5$ by means ( w9*es & w9d+ ge>4 ,! lat] %$s built to accommodate ! rigid air%ip are ( mu* great] dim5sions1 & are con/ruct$ ( /eel1 b o!rwise are ( mu* ! same design4 ,! %$s are always con/ruct$ ) slid+ doors at ei!r end1 to enable ! %ip to be tak5 out ( ! lee end accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,x has be5 ! practice 9 ?is c\ntry to erect w9dscre5s 9 ord] to break ! =ce ( ! w9d at ! m\? ( ! %$4 ,^! scre5s are cov]$ ) corrugat$ %eet+1 b x is a debatable po9t z to :e!r ! comp>ative %elt] f\nd at ! actual op5+ ( ! %$ is comp5sat$ = by ! eddies & air curr5ts :i* are f\nd betwe5 ! scre5s !mselves4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out to r$uce ^! di/urbances1 9 "s cases by remov+ alt]nate bays ( ! %eet+ & 9 o!r cases by sub/itut+ exp&$ metal = ! orig9al corrugat$ %eets4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t :]e ?is has be5 done1 ! air%ips h be5 f\nd easi] to h&le4 ,at ! outbreak ( w>1 ) ! exception ( a silicol plant at ,k+snor?1 n[ ( obsolete type1 & a small electrolytic plant at ,f>nbor\gh1 !re 0 no facility = ! production ( hydrog5 9 ?is c\ntry = ! air%ip s]vice4 ,:5 ! new /ations 7 be+ equipp$1 small portable silicol plants 7 suppli$ capable ( a small output ( hydrog54 ,^! 7 replac$ at a lat] date by l>g] plants ( a fix$ type1 & a p]man5t gas plant1 complete ) ga%old]s & high pressure /orage tanks 0 erect$ at ea* /ation1 ! capacity be+ #e1jjj or #aj1jjj cubic feet p] h\r accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! /ation4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! rigid build+ programme1 & ! consequ5t l>ge requirem5ts ( gas1 x 0 necess>y to reconsid] ! :ole hydrog5 situation1 & aft] prelim9>y exp]im5tal "w x 0 decid$ to adopt ! wat] gas contact process1 & plants ( ?is k9d ) a l>ge capacity ( production 7 erect$ at mo/ ( ! l>g] /ations4 ,at o!rs electrolytic plants 7 put d[n4 ,hydrog5 0 also f\nd to be ! bye-product ( c]ta9 indu/ries1 & consid]able supplies 7 obta9$ f comm]cial firms1 ! hydrog5 be+ compress$ into /eel cyl9d]s & dispat*$ to ! v>i\s /ations4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 c]ta9 words mu/ be writt5 on p>a*utes4 ,a consid]able controv]sy rag$ 9 ! press & else:]e a few mon?s be=e ! cessation ( ho/ilities on ! subject ( equipp+ ! a]oplane ) p>a*utes z a life-sav+ device4 ,9 ! air%ip s]vice ?is _h be5 done = two ye>s4 ,! be/ type ( p>a*ute available 0 select$1 & ^! 7 fitt$ accord+ to circum/ances 9 ea* type ( %ip4 ,! usual me?od is to ins]t ! p>a*ute1 prop]ly fold$ = use1 9 a conta9+ case :i* is fa/5$ ei!r 9 ! c> or on ! side ( ! envelope z is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,9 a small %ip ! crew are all ! "t atta*$ to _! p>a*utes & 9 ! ev5t ( ! %ip cat*+ fire h only to jump ov]bo>d & possess an excell5t *ance ( be+ sav$4 ,9 rigid air%ips :]e memb]s ( ! crew h to move f "o end ( ! %ip to ! o!r1 ! h>ness is worn & p>a*utes are dispos$ 9 ! keel & c>s z are lifebuoys 9 seago+ vessels4 ,%\ld an em]g5cy arise1 ! ne>e/ p>a*ute c be atta*$ to ! h>ness by means ( a spr+ hook1 :i* is ! "w ( a second1 & a desc5t c be made4 ,x is wor?y ( note t !re has nev] be5 a fatal accid5t or any case ( a p>a*ute fail+ to op5 prop]ly ) a man atta*$4 ,! mat]ial embodi$ 9 ?is *apt]1 brief & inadequate z x is1 %\ld enable ! process ( ! developm5t ( ! air%ip to be easily foll[$4 ,mu* has be5 omitt$ t ought by "r to h be5 includ$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 intricate calculations are apt to be t$i\s except to ma!maticians1 & ^! h be5 avoid$ z f> z possible 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,air%ips ,,& ,,_! ,,developm5t ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,! sci5ce ( balloon+ _h rea*$ q an advanc$ /age by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b ! con/ruction ( an air%ip 0 at t "t beyond ! range ( possibility4 ,discussions _h tak5 place at v>i\s times z to ! practicability ( r5d]+ a balloon navigable1 b no attempts _h be5 made to put ^! po9ts ( argum5t to a practical te/4 ,air%ip hi/ory may be said to date f ,janu>y #bd?1 #aghd4 ,on t day ,brisson1 a memb] ( ! ,academy 9 ,p>is1 read be=e t ,society a pap] on air%ips & ! me?ods to be utiliz$ 9 propell+ !m4 ,he /at$ t ! balloon1 or envelope z x is n[ call$1 mu/ be cyl9drical 9 %ape ) conical ends1 ! ratio ( diamet] to l5g? %\ld be "o to five or "o to six & t ! smalle/ cross-sectional area %\ld face ! w9d4 ,he propos$ t ! me?od ( propulsion %\ld be by o>s1 al?\gh he appe>$ to be by no means sangu9e if human /r5g? w\ld be suffici5t to move !m4 ,f9ally1 he ref]r$ to ! use ( diff]5t curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e ly+ "o above ! o!r4 ,?is pap] caus$ a great am\nt ( int]e/ to be tak5 9 a]onautics1 ) ! result t v>i\s ,fr5*m5 turn$ _! att5tion to air%ip design & production4 ,to ,france mu/ be due ! ackn[l$gm5t t %e 0 ! pione] 9 air%ip con/ruction & to h] belongs ! *ief cr$it = e>ly exp]im5ts4 ,at a lat] date ,g]many ent]$ ! li/s & tackl$ ! problems pres5t$ ) t ?or\ghness s *>act]i/ic ( ! nation4 ,x is j tw5ty-"o ye>s ago s9ce ,c\nt ,zeppel91 reg>dless ( public ridicule1 comm5c$ build+ 8 rigid air%ips1 & 9 t "t su* enorm\s /rides 7 made t ,g]many1 at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 0 ahead ( any o!r c\ntry 9 build+ ! l>ge air%ip4 ,9 #aijh ,italy jo9$ ! pione]s1 & z reg>ds ! semi-rigid is 9 t type /ill pre-em95t4 ,great ,brita91 x is r sad to say1 adopt$ ! policy ( wait & see1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few small %ips describ$ 9 ! two succe$+ *apt]s1 _h produc$ no?+ wor?y ( m5tion be=e ! outbreak ( ! great ,european w>4 ,%e !n be/irr$ h]self1 & we %all see lat] t %e has produc$ ! l>ge/ fleet ( air%ips built by any c\ntry &1 :ile pre-em95t ) ! non-rigid1 is s]i\sly *all5g+ ,g]many = ! "r to say t %e has n[ built ! f9e/ rigid air%ip4 ,,france ,to rev]t to e>ly hi/ory1 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,brisson read 8 pap] be=e ! ,academy1 ! ,duke ( ,*>tres gave ! ord] = an air%ip to ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 :o 7 me*anics 9 ,p>is4 ,?is %ip 0 %ap$ l a fi%1 on ! supposition t an air%ip w\ld swim ?r\gh ! air l a fi% ?r\gh wat]4 ,! gas-*amb] 0 provid$ ) a d\ble envelope1 9 ord] t x might travel = a long di/ance )\t loss ( gas4 ,! air%ip 0 built 9 ,/4 ,cl\d ,p>k2 9 l5g? x 0 #eb feet ) a diamet] ( #hb feet1 & 0 ellipsoidal 9 %ape ) a capacity ( #cj1jjj cubic feet4 ,o>s 7 provid$ to propel x ?r\gh ! air1 exp]im5ts hav+ prov$ t ) two o>s ( six feet diamet] a back pressure ( #ij lb4 0 obta9$ & ) f\r o>s #adj lb4 ,on ,july #f? 9 ! same ye> ! fir/ asc5t 0 made f ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,! pass5g]s 7 ! ,duke ( ,*>tres1 ! two bro!rs ,rob]t & ,col9-,hul94 ,no valves hav+ be5 fitt$1 !re 0 no outlet = ! expansion ( gas & ! envelope 0 on ! po9t ( bur/+1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,*>tres1 ) great pres5ce ( m9d1 seiz$ a pole & =c$ an op5+ ?r\gh bo? ! envelopes4 ,! %ip desc5d$ 9 ! ,p>k ( ,meudon4 ,on ,septemb] #ai? ! air%ip made a second asc5t ) ! same pass5g]s z be=e1 ) ! exception ( ! ,duke4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 !y succe$$ 9 complet+ an ellipse & !n travell$ fur!r 9 ! direction ( ! w9d )\t us+ ! o>s or /e]+ arrangem5ts4 ,!y !n deviat$ _! c\rse some:at by ! use ( ^! implem5ts & l&$ at ,be?une1 ab\t #ahj miles di/ant f ,p>is4 ,9 ^? days x 0 consid]$ possible t a balloon c\ld be r5d]$ navigable by o>s1 w+s1 mill:eels1 etc41 & x 0 n until ! la/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 light & p[]ful motors _h be5 con/ruct$1 t ! problem became really practical ( solution4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury sev]al air%ips 7 built 9 ,france & innum]able exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 b ! vessels produc$ 7 ( little real value except 9 s f> z !y /imulat$ _! design]s to make fur!r ef=ts4 ,two ( ^! only w be m5tion$1 & t because ! illu/rations %[ h[ totally diff]5t !y 7 f ! air%ip ( to-day4 ,9 #ahcd ! ,compte de ,l5nox built an air%ip ( #ih1gjj cubic feet capacity4 ,x 0 cyl9drical 9 =m ) conical ends1 & is ( int]e/ because a small balloon or ballonet1 #g1jej cubic feet cont5ts1 0 plac$ inside ! l>g] "o = an air fill+4 ,a c> #ff feet 9 l5g? 0 rigg$ b5ea? ! envelope by means ( ropes eighte5 in*es long4 ,above ! c> ! envelope 0 provid$ ) a long air cu%ion 9 connection ) a valve4 ,! int5tion 0 by compression ( ! air 9 ! cu%ion & ! inn] balloon1 to alt] ! height ( ! air%ip1 9 ord] to travel ) ! mo/ fav\rable air curr5ts4 ,! motive p[] 0 #bj o> propell]s work$ by m54 ,?is air%ip prov$ to be too heavy on completion to lift its own weight1 & 0 de/roy$ by ! onlook]s4 ,! next air%ip1 ! ,dupuy de ,lome1 is ( int]e/ because ! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out at ! co/ ( ! ,/ate by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is %ip consi/$ ( a sp9dle-%ap$ balloon ) a l5g? ( #aab feet1 diamet] ( #dh #a_/b feet & a volume ( #aba1hjj cubic feet4 ,an inn] air balloon ( #f1jjj cubic feet volume 0 conta9$ 9 ! envelope4 ,! me?od ( susp5sion 0 by means ( diagonal ropes ) a net cov]+4 ,a rudd] 9 ! =m ( a triangul> sail 0 fitt$ b5ea? ! envelope & at ! aft] "p ( ! %ip4 ,! motive p[] 0 d\ble-w+$ screws #bi feet #f in*es diamet]1 to be work$ by f\r to eight m54 ,on h] trials ! %ip became practically a free balloon1 an indep5d5t velocity ( ab\t six miles p] h\r be+ a*iev$ & deviation f ! direction ( ! w9d ( t5 degrees4 ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,santos-,dumont turn$ 8 att5tion to air%ips4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* he c>ri$ out m>k$ a new epo* & !re arose ! nucleus ( ! air%ip z we "k x to-day4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahih & #aije he _h 9 all built f\rte5 air%ips1 & !y 7 cont9ually improv$ z ea* succe$+ "o made its appe>ance4 ,9 ! la/ "o he made a circul> flight2 />t+ f ! a]odrome ( ! a]o club1 he flew r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[] & back to ! />t+ po9t 9 ?irty-"o m9utes on ,octob] #ai?1 #aijb4 ,= ?is feat ! ,deuts* prize 0 aw>d$ to him4 ,! envelopes he us$ 7 9 design mu* ne>] approa* to a /reaml9e =m ?an ^? previ\sly adopt$1 b tap]$ to an extremely f9e po9t bo? at ! bo? & /em4 ,= rigg+ he employ$ a long nacelle1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 support$ ! c>1 & unusually long susp5sions di/ribut$ ! weight ?r\gh\t practically ! entire l5g? ( ! envelope4 ,to ! "n ( ,santos-,dumont mu* cr$it is due4 ,he may be reg>d$ z ! orig9ator ( ! air%ip = pleasure purposes1 & by 8 success did mu* to popul>ize !m4 ,he also 0 responsible to a l>ge ext5t = ! developm5t & expansion ( ! air%ip indu/ry 9 ,p>is4 ,at a little lat] date1 9 #aijb to be precise1 ! ,lebaudy bro!rs1 9 conjunction ) ,julliot1 an eng9e]1 & ,surc\p1 an a]onaut1 comm5c$ build+ an air%ip ( a new type4 ,?is %ip 0 a semirigid & 0 ( a new %ape1 ! envelope resembl+ 9 ext]nal appe>ance a cig>4 ,9 l5g? x 0 #agh feet ) a diamet] ( #cj feet & ! total capacity 0 #fd1hjj cubic feet4 ,?is envelope 0 atta*$ to a rigid elliptical keel-%ap$ gird] made ( /eel tubes1 :i* 0 ab\t a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,! gird] 0 cov]$ ) a %irt+ & int5d$ to prev5t ! %ip pit*+ & roll+ :ile 9 flight4 ,a horizontal rudd] 0 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ?is gird]1 :ile "r aft a l>ge v]tical rudd] 0 fix$4 ,a small c> 0 susp5d$ by /eel rods at a di/ance ( #ag feet #i in*es f ! gird]1 ) a framework built up und]nea? to absorb ! %ock on l&+4 ,a #ce horse-p[] ,daiml]-,m]c$es motor1 weigh+ "s #hjj lb4 )\t cool+ wat] & fuel1 drove two tw9-blad$ propell]s on ei!r side ( ! c>4 ,9 ! ye> #aijc a numb] ( exp]im5tal flights 7 made ) ?is %ip & v>i\s details 9 ! con/ruction 7 cont9ually introduc$4 ,! longe/ flight 0 #b h\rs #df m9utes4 ,t[>ds ! end ( t ye>1 :ile a voyage 0 be+ made f ,p>is to ,*alais ,meudon1 ! air%ip came 9 contact ) a tree & ! envelope 0 badly torn4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 rebuilt1 & ! volume 0 slightly increas$ ) fix$ & movable planes add$ to increase ! /ability4 ,aft] sev]al trips _h be5 made1 ! air%ip aga9 on l&+ came 9 contact ) a tree & 0 bur/4 ,! %ip 0 rebuilt & aft] c>ry+ out trials 0 pur*as$ by ! ,fr5* ,army4 ,! ,lebaudy air%ip _h at t "t be5 a di/9ct success1 & 9 #aiaj "o 0 pur*as$ = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t by ! read]s ( ! ,morn+ ,po/4 ,9 ! t5-ton ,lebaudy ! l5g? ( ! keel framework 0 greatly ext5d$1 & ran = v ne>ly ! full l5g? ( ! envelope4 ,! disadvantage ( ?is %ip 0 its sl[ness1 consid]+ its size & p[]1 & 0 due to ! enorm\s resi/ance (f]$ by ! framework & rigg+4 ,air%ips kn[n z ! ,clem5t-,bay>d 7 also built ab\t ?is "t4 ,!y 7 manufactur$ by ! ,a/ra ,company 9 conjunction ) ,monsieur ,clem5t1 a motor eng9e]4 ,9 lat] days vessels 7 built by ! ,a/ra ,company ( ! peculi> design introduc$ by ,s5or ,torres4 ,^! %ips1 "s ( :i* 7 ( consid]able size1 7 highly successful1 & we became pur*as]s at a lat] date ( sev]al4 ,! ,zodiac ,company also con/ruct$ a numb] ( small %ips :i* 7 utiliz$ dur+ ! w> = anti-subm>9e patrol4 ,x _c be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,fr5* h fulfill$ _! e>ly promise z air%ip design]s1 ! *ief reason = ?is be+ t ! air%ip is peculi>ly suitable = "w at sea & ! ,fr5* reli$ on u to ma9ta9 ! comm]ce r\tes on ! high seas & conc5trat$ _! ma9 ef=ts on defeat+ ! ,g]mans 9 ! field1 9 :i* z all ! _w ackn[l$ges !y 7 s+ul>ly successful & hold u "u an et]nal obligation4 ,,g]many ,! progress & developm5t ( ! air%ip 9 ,g]many mu/ n[ be consid]$2 x w be se5 t1 al?\gh ! production ( satisfactory %ips 0 9 v few h&s1 consid]able success att5d$ _! ef=ts 9 ! e>ly days ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,9 #ahab1 ,leppig built an air%ip at ! co/ ( ! ,/ate at ,woronz[o 9 ,russia4 ,?is 0 ( ! %ape ( a fi% ) a rigid framework beg9n+ at ! height ( ! longitud9al axis4 ,! l[] keel-%ap$ "p ( ! same =m$ ! c>4 ,two fans 7 atta*$ to ! sides & a tail piece 0 provid$ beh9d to act z a rudd]4 ,! %ip 0 inflat$1 b /ructural damage occurr$ dur+ ?is op]ation & r5d]$ x incapable ( flight4 ,9 #ahcf1 ,georg ,reb5/e91 ( ,nurnburg1 0 consid]+ ! use ( ! fall ( incl9$ planes to obta9 horizontal motion4 ,no?+ ( importance 0 produc$ until a mu* lat] date1 :5 9 #ahhe ,m4 ,wolf con/ruct$ an envelope ( #bf1ejj cubic feet4 ,an eng9e & propell] 7 fix$ 9 a triangul> framework 9 front ( ! air%ip1 support$ by ! /eam pipe ( a /eam eng9e fix$ "u ! body ( ! envelope4 ,! framework lack$ rigidity1 & ! envelope tore dur+ inflation & ! air%ip fail$ to asc5d4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,dr4 ,woelf]t1 ( ,b]l91 produc$ a cig>-%ap$ envelope1 to :i* 0 atta*$ rigidly a long bamboo framework conta9+ ! c>4 ,an #h horse-p[] b5z9e ,daiml] motor drove a tw9-blad$ alum9ium propell]1 & ano!r propell] = v]tical movem5t 0 provid$ b5ea? ! c>4 ,f\r trial flights 7 attempt$1 b on ea* occasion ! motor gave unsatisfactory results1 & ,woelf]t s\ght to improve x ) a b5z9e vaporiz] ( 8 own patt]n4 ,?is improvem5t 0 n a success1 z dur+ ! la/ flight an explosion took place & bo? ,woelf]t & an a]onaut nam$ ,knabe1 :o 0 accompany+ him1 7 kill$4 ,9 #aijf1 ,major von ,p>seval exp]im5t$1 9 ,b]l91 ) a non-rigid type ( air%ip4 ,8 fir/ %ip _h a volume ( #fe1bjj cubic feet1 b ow+ to 8 sy/em ( susp5sions1 ! c> hung #bg feet #f in*es bel[ ! envelope4 ,a ,daiml] eng9e 0 us$1 driv+ a f\r-blad$ propell]4 ,ow+ to ! great ov]all height ( ?is %ip1 exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e a sy/em ( rigg+1 enabl+ ! c> to be slung clos] to ! envelope1 & 9 lat] types ! elliptical rigg+ girdle 0 adopt$4 ,8 lat] %ips 7 ( l>ge dim5sions & prov$ v satisfactory4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,major ,gross also built air%ips = ! ,g]man a]onautical battalion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! rigid air%ip t has made ,g]many fam\s1 & we mu/ n[ glance at ! evolution ( ^! %ips ) :i* we became s famili> dur+ ! w>4 ,! fir/ rigid air%ip be>+ any resemblance to ^? ( ! pres5t day 0 design$ by ,david ,s*w>tz1 & 0 built 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahic4 ,x 0 compos$ ( alum9ium plates rivet$ to an alum9ium framework4 ,on inflation1 ! frame-"w collaps$ & ! %ip 0 unusable4 ,9 #ahie he design$ a second rigid air%ip1 :i* 0 built 9 ,b]l9 by ,messrs4 ,weisspf5nig & ,watzes*4 ,! hull framework 0 compos$ ( alum9ium & 0 #aee feet long1 elliptical 9 cross section1 giv+ a volume ( #acj1ejj cubic feet4 ,x 0 po9t$ 9 front & r\nd$ (f aft4 ,! c>1 also con/ruct$ ( ! same mat]ial1 0 rigidly atta*$ to ! hull by a lattice framework1 & ! :ole hull /ructure 0 cov]$ 9 ) alum9ium %eet+4 ,a #ab horse-p[] ,daiml] b5z9e motor 0 in/all$ 9 ! c>1 driv+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a belt tw9 alum9ium screw propell]s2 no rudd]s 7 suppli$1 ! /e]+ be+ arrang$ by means ( a /e]+ screw plac$ c5trally to ! %ip above ! top ( ! c>4 ,inflation took place at ! end ( #ahig by a me?od ( press+ out air-fill$ fabric cells :i* 7 previ\sly introduc$ into ! hull4 ,?is op]ation took ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,on ! day ( ! fir/ flight trials !re 0 a fre% w9d ( ab\t #ag miles p] h\r4 ,! air%ip asc5d$ into ! air1 b1 app>5tly1 c\ld make little headway aga9/ ! w9d4 ,dur+ ! trip ! driv+-belt became dis5gag$ f ! propell]s & ! %ip drift$ at ! m]cy ( ! w9d1 b su/a9$ little damage on l&+4 ,aft] be+ deflat$1 ! hull began to break up "u ! pressure ( ! w9d & 0 completely de/roy$ by ! v&alism ( ! spectators4 ,9 #ahih ,graf ,f4 von ,zeppel91 inspir$ by ! example ( ,s*w>tz1 & assi/$ by ! eng9e]s ,kob] & ,kubl]1 conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ a rigid air%ip ( consid]able dim5sions4 ,= ?is purpose a float+ %$ 0 built on ,lake ,con/ance1 ne> to ,fri$ri*%af54 ,! hull 0 built ( alum9ium lattice-"w gird]s1 & _h ! =m ( a prism ( tw5ty-f\r surfaces ) ar*-%ap$ ends4 ,9 l5g? x 0 #dbj feet1 ) a diamet] ( #ch feet #f in*es1 & its capacity 0 #djj1jjj cubic feet4 ,! longitud9al framework 0 divid$ by a s]ies ( r+s1 call$ transv]se frames1 into sev5te5 comp>tm5ts conta9+ fabric gasbags4 ,! transv]se frames 7 fitt$ ) /eel wire brac+s1 bo? radial & *ord1 & to /r5g!n ! :ole a triangul> alum9ium keel ( lattice "w 0 us$4 ,a v]tical & horizontal rudd] 7 fitt$ to ! =w>d portion ( ! %ip1 & aft ano!r v]tical rudd]4 ,! :ole ext]ior ( ! %ip 0 fitt$ ) a fabric out] cov]4 ,two alum9ium c>s1 ea* ab\t #bj feet long1 7 rigidly atta*$ to ! framework ( ! hull4 ,ea* c> 0 furni%$ ) a #af horse-p[] ,daiml] eng9e1 driv+ two f\r-blad$ screw propell]s ( alum9ium %eet+4 ,^! propell]s 7 situat$ on ! side ( ! hull at ! c5tre ( resi/ance4 ,! transmission 0 suppli$ by /eel tubes ) univ]sal cross jo9ts ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bevel ge>s4 ,rev]sible driv+ arrangem5ts 7 in/all$ 9 ! c>s 9 ord] t ! %ip c\ld be driv5 backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,electric bells1 telegraphs1 & speak+ tubes 7 also fitt$1 & x c be se5 t = g5]al arrangem5ts ?is air%ip 0 a long way ahead ( any built at t date4 ,! fir/ flight 0 made on ,july #bnd1 #aijj4 ,! %ip atta9$ a spe$ ( #ag p] h\r1 & ! num]\s te*nical details /ood ! te/s well4 ,! /ability 0 consid]$ suffici5t1 & ! height ( flight c\ld be alt]$ by ! horizontal rudd]4 ,! l&+ on ! wat] 0 accompli%$ )\t difficulty1 & c\ld be reg>d$ z free f dang]4 ,! faults requir+ rem$y 71 fir/ly1 ! upp] cross /ays1 :i* buckl$ 9 flight ow+ to insuffici5t /r5g? = ! l5g? ( ! hull2 secondly1 ! gasbags 7 n suffici5tly ga/ight &1 ?irdly1 ! p[] ( ! eng9es 7 n suffici5t = su* a heavy %ip4 ,?is air%ip 0 brok5 up 9 #aijb4 ,9 #aije ! second %ip ( ! s]ies 0 complet$4 ,%e 0 ( ne>ly ! same size z ! previ\s %ip1 b ! workman%ip 0 mu* sup]ior4 ,increas$ eng9e-p[] 0 also suppli$1 z 9 ?is in/ance two #he horse-p[] ,m]c$es eng9es 7 fitt$4 ,?is %ip 0 de/roy$ by a /orm :ile l&+ dur+ ! next ye>4 ,! ?ird %ip1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #aijf1 0 ! fir/ ,zeppel9 air%ip acquir$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & la/$ = a consid]able "t1 be+ rebuilt twice1 fir/ 9 #aijh & aga9 9 #aiaa4 ,%e 0 slightly l>g] ?an ! previ\s two4 ,! build+ 0 cont9u$1 & up to ! outbreak ( w> no few] ?an tw5ty-five _h be5 complet$4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! space at our disposal1 to trace ! c>e] ( all ( !m4 ,sev]al came to an untimely end1 b z ! ye>s w5t by ea* succe$+ %ip prov$ m effici5t1 & ! fir/ %ip :i* 0 deliv]$ to ! ,navy p]=m$ ! notable flight ( ?irty-"o h\rs4 ,to rev]t1 = a mom5t1 once m to ! e>li] %ips--! f\r? 0 wreck$ & burn$ at ,e*t]d+5 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* %e 0 complet$4 ,! fif?1 :i* 0 ! second milit>y air%ip1 0 fitt$ ) two #aaj horse-p[] eng9es & also came to a tragic end1 be+ de/roy$ by w9d at ,weilb]g 9 #aiaj1 & ! foll[+ %ip 0 burnt at ,bad5 9 ! same ye>4 ,! sev5? %ip 0 ! fir/ pass5g] air%ip ( ! s]ies1 & 0 kn[n z ! ,deuts*l&4 ,by ?is "t ! capacity _h increas$ to #ecf1jjj cubic feet1 & %e 0 propell$ by ?ree #abj horse-p[] eng9es4 ,%e also fell a victim to ! w9d1 & 0 wreck$ 9 ! ,teutob]g ,=e/ 9 #aiaj2 & yet ano!r 0 de/roy$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> at ,dusseldorf4 ,! t5? %ip to be complet$ 0 ! pass5g] %ip ,s*wab52 h] capacity 0 #fcf1ejj cubic feet1 & %e _h ?ree #aej horse-p[] eng9es4 ,?is %ip c>ri$ out h] fir/ flight 9 ,june1 #aiaa1 & 0 foll[$ f\r mon?s lat] by ! ,victoria ,luise4 ,! f\r? pass5g] air%ip 0 kn[n z ! ,hansa4 ,^! ?ree %ips 7 all 9 commission at ! outbreak ( w>4 ,! fir/ naval air%ip1 ,l #a1 m5tion$ above1 0 l>g] ?an any ( ^!4 ,! total l5g? 0 #ebe feet1 diamet] #ej feet1 & cubic cont5ts #ggf1jjj cubic feet4 ,h] hull framework 9 section =m$ a regul> polygon ( sev5te5 sides1 & 0 built up ( triangul> alum9ium gird]s4 ,! gasbags 7 eighte5 9 numb]4 ,?is %ip 0 fitt$ ) ?ree #agj horse-p[] ,mayba* eng9es1 :i* 7 dispos$ z foll[s--"o 9 ! =w>d c>1 driv+ two two-blad$ propell]s2 two 9 ! aft] c>1 ea* driv+ a s+le f\r-blad$ propell]4 ,= /e]+ purposes %e _h six v]tical & eight horizontal planes4 ,! total lift 0 #bg tons1 ) a disposable lift ( #g tons4 ,h] spe$ 0 ab\t #ej miles p] h\r1 & %e c\ld c>ry fuel = ab\t #dh h\rs4 ,h] normal crew consi/$ ( f\rte5 p]sons1 includ+ (fic]s4 ,x w probably be rememb]$ t ! milit>y ,zeppel9 ,z ,,iii 0 compell$ to make a =c$ l&+ 9 ,france4 ,?is %ip 0 ( simil> con/ruction to ,l #a1 b ( small] volume1 h] capacity be+ #fbj1jjj cubic feet4 ,a trial flight 0 be+ c>ri$ out1 & :ile above ! cl\ds ! crew lo/ _! be>+s4 ,desc5d+ !y saw "s ,fr5* troops & rose aga9 imm$iately4 ,aft] fly+ = f\r h\rs !y ?\ght !y mu/ be safely ov] ! fronti] &1 runn+ %ort ( petrol1 made a l&+--n kn[+ t !y 7 /ill 9 ,france until too late4 ,! air%ip 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,fr5* au?orities4 ,until ! ye> #aiaf ! ,zeppel9 may be consid]$ to h pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages ( design4 ,( ! tw5ty-five %ips con/ruct$ be=e ! w>1 tw5ty-f\r 7 ( ! fir/ type & "o ( ! second4 ,ea* type possess$ c]ta9 sali5t features1 :i*1 = simplicity1 w be set out 9 ! =m ( a tabulat$ /atem5t1 & may be useful = comp>ison :5 our own rigid air%ips are review$4 ,/age #a4 ,long p>allel portion ( hull ) bluff nose & tail4 ,ext]nal keel ) walk+ way4 ,box rudd]s & elevators4 ,two c>s4 ,f\r w+ propell]s4 ,/age #b4 ,long p>allel portion ( hull ) bluff nose1 tail portion f9] ?an 9 ,/age ,i ,int]nal keel walk+ way4 ,box rudd]s & elevators4 ,?ree c>s1 =emo/ = control only4 ,f\r w+ propell]s4 ,/age #c4 ,%ort] p>allel portion ( hull framework1 bluff nose & tap]+ tail4 ,int]nal keel walk+ way4 ,balanc$ monoplane rudd]s & elevators4 ,?ree c>s1 =emo/ = control only4 ,two =emo/ c>s close toge!r & connect$ by a canvas jo9t to look l "o c>4 ,f\r eng9es & f\r propell]s4 ,"o eng9e 9 =w>d c> driv+ pu%] propell]4 ,?ree eng9es 9 aft] c> driv+ two w+ & "o pu%] propell]4 ,to ! second /age belongs naval air%ip ,l #b1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fire a mon? aft] completion 9 #aiac4 ,9 #aiaf a f\r? /age made its appe>ance1 ( :i* ! fir/ %ip 0 ,l #cj1 complet$ 9 ,may1 & to :i* ! ill-fat$ ,l #cc belong$4 ,?is type is kn[n z ! sup]-,zeppel91 & has be5 develop$ ?r\gh v>i\s /age until ,l #gj1 ! late/ product be=e ! armi/ice4 ,9 ?is /age ! foll[+ are its ma9 features3 ,/age #d4 ,%ort p>allel portion ( hull1 long r\nd$ b[ & long tap]+ /]n4 ,9 all respects a good /reaml9e %ape4 ,int]nal keel walk+ way4 ,balanc$ monoplane rudd]s & elevators4 ,five c>s4 ,two =w>d 7comb9$ z 9 ,/age #c71 "o aft1 & two amid%ips abrea/4 ,six eng9es & six propell]s4 ,! aft] "o ( ! =ec> & ! sidec>s ea* conta9 "o eng9e driv+ direct a pu%] propell]4 ,! aft] c> conta9s ?ree eng9es1 two ( :i* drive two w+ propell]s2 ! ?ird1 plac$ aft1 drives direct a pu%] propell]4 ,9 ?is /age ! type ( gird]s 0 greatly alt]$4 ,a company kn[n z ! ,s*utte-,lanz ,company 0 also responsible = ! production ( rigid air%ips4 ,!y introduc$ a design1 :i* 0 a di/9ct dep>ture f ,zeppel9 or anyone else4 ,! hull framework 0 compos$ ( wood1 ! gird]s be+ built up ( wood5 sections4 ,! %ape ( ^! %ips 0 mu* m ( a true /reaml9e ?an _h be5 ! ,zeppel9 practice1 & x 0 on ?is model t ! %ape ( ! sup]-,zeppel9 0 bas$4 ,^! %ips prov$ ( use & took "p 9 raids on ?is c\ntry1 b ! ,company 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,gov]nm5t & ! p]sonnel 0 amalgamat$ ) t engag$ on ,zeppel9 con/ruction dur+ ! w>4 ,,italy ,9 #aijh1 ,italy1 /imulat$ by ! progress made by o!r cont95tal nations1 comm5c$ exp]im5tal "w4 ,?ree types 7 consid]$ = a comm5cem5t1 ! ,p type or ,piccolo 0 ! fir/ ef=t1 !n foll[$ ! ,m type1 :i* signifies m$ium siz$1 & also ! semirigid ,=lan9i4 ,9 ! ,=lan9i type ! envelope is divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts ) an int]nal rigid keel & to-day ^! %ips are ( consid]able size1 ! mo/ mod]n be+ ov] #fjj1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ,italian air%ips 7 develop$ on entirely dissimil> l9es to ^? 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,bo? we & our ,allies1 & to a great ext5t ! ,g]mans1 employ$ air%ips exclusively = naval op]ations2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,italian %ips 7 utiliz$ = bomb+ raids 9 conjunction ) milit>y evolutions4 ,= ?is reason height 0 ( prim>y importance & spe$ 0 q a second>y consid]ation1 ow+ to ! l[ velocity ( prevail+ w9ds 9 t c\ntry4 ,flights 7 nev] ( long duration comp>$ ) ^? c>ri$ out by our air%ips4 ,height 0 always ( ! utmo/ importance1 z ! ,italian %ips 7 us$ = bomb+ enemy t[ns & mu/ evade ho/ile gunfire4 ,= ?is reason weight 0 sav$ 9 e possible mann]1 to increase ! height ( ! ceil+4 ,9 addition to ! types already m5tion$1 ?ree o!r v>ieties h be5 con/ruct$ s9ce ! w>--! ,usuelli ,d4,e4 type & ,g class4 ,! ,g class 0 a rigid design :i* has n be5 proce$$ )1 &1 ) ?is s+le exception1 all are ( a semirigid type 9 :i* an ess5tially non-rigid envelope is re9=c$ by a metal keel4 ,9 ! ,=lan9i & ,usuelli types ! keel is completely rigid & assi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ! %ape ( ! envelopes1 & 9 ! ,=lan9i is enclos$ )9 ! envelope4 ,9 ! o!r types ! keel is 9 reality a *a9 ( rigid l9ks simil> to t ( a bicycle4 ,! =m ( ! envelope is ma9ta9$ by ! int]nal pressure & n by ! keel1 b ! resi/ance ( ! latt] to compression enables a l[] pressure to be ma9ta9$ ?an w\ld be possible 9 a purely non-rigid %ip4 ,! ,m type %ip is ( consid]able size1 ! ,p small]1 :ile ! ,d4,e4 is a small %ip comp>able to our own ,s4,s4 design4 ,! review ( ^! ?ree c\ntries br+s ! e>ly hi/ory ( air%ips to a conclusion4 ,little ( importance 0 done else:]e be=e ! w>1 ?\gh ,baldw9's air%ip is p]haps wor?y ( m5tion4 ,x 0 built 9 ,am]ica 9 #aijh by ,*>les ,baldw9 = ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,! capacity ( ! envelope 0 #bj1jjj cubic feet1 %e c>ri$ a crew ( two1 & h] spe$ 0 #af miles p] h\r4 ,%e c>ri$ out h] trial flight 9 ,augu/1 #aijh1 & 0 accept$ by ! ,am]ican milit>y au?orities4 ,dur+ ! w> bo? ! naval & milit>y au?orities became greatly int]e/$ 9 air%ips1 & pur*as$ sev]al f ! ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,9 addition to ?is a %ip 9 design closely resembl+ ! ,s4,s4 0 built 9 ,am]ica1 b suff]$ f ! same lack ( exp]i5ce :i* we did 9 ! e>ly days ( air%ip con/ruction4 ,we mu/ n[ see :at _h be5 happ5+ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ^? fateful ye>s be=e ! bomb%ell ( w> explod$ 9 our mid/4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,briti% ,,air%ips ,,built ,,by ,,private ,,firms ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt] t ! developm5t ( ! air%ip _h be5 practically neglect$ 9 ,engl& prior to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,balloon+ _h be5 c>ri$ out bo? z a =m ( sport & also by ! %[man z a ,saturday aft]noon's s5sational ent]ta9m5t1 ) a p>a*ute desc5t z ! piece de resi/ance4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 adapt+ ! balloon into ! dirigible _h1 h[ev]1 be5 left to ! pione]s on ! ,cont95t4 ,,p>tridge',s ,,air%ip ,x appe>s t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury only "o air%ip 0 con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* prov$ to be capable ( asc5d+ into ! air & be+ propell$ by its own ma*9]y4 ,?is air%ip made its appe>ance 9 ! ye> #ahdh1 & 0 built to ! designs ( a man nam$ ,p>tridge4 ,v little in=mation is available conc]n+ ?is %ip4 ,! envelope 0 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 tap]+ at ea* end1 & 0 compos$ ( a light rigid framework cov]$ ) fabric4 ,! envelope itself 0 cov]$ ) a light wire net1 f :i* ! c> 0 susp5d$4 ,! envelope conta9$ a s+le ballonet = regulat+ ! pressure ( ! gas4 ,planes1 :i* 9 design m ne>ly resembl$ sails1 7 us$ = /e]+ purposes4 ,9 ! c>1 at ! aft] end1 7 fitt$ ?ree propell]s :i* 7 driv5 by compress$ air4 ,sev]al trips ( %ort duration 7 c>ri$ out 9 ?is air%ip1 b /e]+ 0 nev] successfully accompli%$ ow+ to difficulties enc\nt]$ ) ! planes1 &1 except 9 wea!r ( ! calme/ description1 %e may be said to h be5 practically uncontrollable4 ,,hugh ,,bell',s ,,air%ip ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahdh1 ,bell's air%ip 0 con/ruct$4 ,! envelope ( ?is %ip 0 also cyl9drical 9 %ape1 tap]+ at ea* end to a po9t1 ! l5g? ( :i* 0 #ef feet & ! diamet] #ba feet #d in*es4 ,a keel compos$ ( metal tubes 0 atta*$ to ! und]side ( ! envelope f :i* ! c> 0 susp5d$4 ,on ei!r side ( ! c> screw propell]s 7 fitt$ to be work$ by h&4 ,a rudd] 0 atta*$ beh9d ! c>4 ,x 0 arrang$ t trials %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! ,vauxhall ,g>d5s 9 ,london1 b ^! prov$ fruitless4 ,,b>ton',s ,,air%ip ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury appe>$ ! =]unn]s ( air%ips z !y are to-day1 & int]e/ 0 ar\s$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! p]=mances ( ! %ips design$ by ,santos-,dumont & ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,f n[ onw>ds we f9d v>i\s ,briti% firms turn+ _! att5tion to ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,9 #aijc ,dr4 ,b>ton comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( a l>ge non-rigid air%ip4 ,! envelope 0 #agf feet long ) a height ( #dc feet & a capacity ( #bce1jjj cubic feet2 x 0 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 tap]+ to a po9t at ea* end4 ,b5ea? ! :ole l5g? ( ! cyl9drical portion 0 susp5d$ a bamboo framework :i* s]v$ z a c> = ! crew1 & a h\s+ = ! motors supply+ ! motive p[] ( ! %ip4 ,?is framework 0 susp5d$ f ! envelope by means ( /eel cables4 ,in/all$ 9 ! c> 7 two #ej horse-p[] ,bu*et eng9es :i* 7 m\nt$ at ! =w>d & aft] ends ( ! framework4 ,! propell]s 9 !mselves 7 ( s+ul> design1 z !y consi/$ ( ?ree pairs ( blades m\nt$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,! 7 situat$ on ea* side ( ! c>1 two =w>d & two aft4 ,! drive also include l>ge friction clut*es1 & ea* eng9e 0 "u sep>ate control4 ,to enable ! %ip to be trimm$ horizontally1 wat] tanks 7 fitt$ at ei!r end ( ! framework1 ! wat] be+ transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r z 0 f\nd necess>y4 ,a s]ies ( planes 0 m\nt$ at int]vals along ! framework to control ! elevation ( ! %ip4 ,?is %ip 0 complet$ 9 #aije & 0 tri$ at ! ,alex&ra ,palace 9 ! ,july ( t ye>4 ,%e1 un=tunately1 did n come up to expectations1 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 controll+ h]1 & dur+ ! trial flight %e drift$ away & 0 de/roy$ 9 l&+4 ,,will[s ,no4 #a ,f ! ye> #aije until ! outbreak ( w> ,messrs4 ,will[s ,co4 7 engag$ on ! con/ruction ( air%ips ( a small type1 & consid]able success att5d$ _! ef=ts4 ,ea* succe$+ %ip 0 an improvem5t on its pr$ecessor1 & flights 7 made :i*1 9 _! day1 creat$ a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/4 ,9 #aije _! fir/ %ip 0 complet$4 ,?is 0 a v small non-rigid ( only #ab1ejj cubic feet capacity4 ,! envelope 0 made ( ,japanese silk1 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) r blunt conical ends4 ,a long nacelle or framework1 triangul> 9 section & built up ( light /eel tubes1 0 susp5d$ b5ea? ! envelope by means ( diagonally cross$ susp5sions4 ,a #g horse-p[] ,peugeot eng9e 0 fitt$ at ! aft] end ( ! nacelle :i* drove a #aj-;feet diamet] propell]4 ,9 front 7 a pair ( swivell+ tractor screws = /e]+ ! %ip 9 ! v]tical & horizontal plane4 ,no elevators or rudd]s 7 fix$ to ! %ip4 ,,will[s ,no4 #b ,! second %ip 0 practically a semi-rigid4 ,! envelope 0 ov] twice ! capacity ( ! e>li] %ip1 be+ ( #bi1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,?is envelope 0 atta*$ to a keel ( bamboo & /eel1 f :i* 0 susp5d$ by /eel cables a small c>4 ,at ! aft] end ( ! keel 0 m\nt$ a small rudd] = ! horizontal /e]+4 ,= /e]+ 9 ! v]tical plane two propell]s 7 m\nt$ on ea* side ( ! c>1 swivell+ to give an upw>d or d[nw>d ?ru/4 ,a #cj horse-p[] ,j4,a4,p4 eng9e 0 fitt$ 9 ?is case4 ,sev]al successful flights 7 c>ri$ out by ?is %ip1 ( :i* ! mo/ notewor?y 0 f ,c>diff to ,london4 ,,will[s ,no4 #c ,no4 #b1 hav+ be5 rebuilt & bo? enl>g$ & improv$1 became kn[n z ,no4 #c4 ,! capacity ( ! envelope1 :i* 0 compos$ ( rubb] & cotton1 0 increas$ to #cb1jjj cubic feet1 & conta9$ two ballonets4 ,! gross lift am\nt$ to ab\t half a ton4 ,z be=e1 a #cj horse-p[] ,j4,a4,p4 eng9e 0 in/all$1 driv+ ! swivell+ propell]s4 ,^! propell]s 7 two-blad$ ) a diamet] ( #fa feet4 ,! maximum spe$ 0 suppos$ to be #be miles p] h\r1 b x is que/ionable if ?is 0 ev] atta9$4 ,?is %ip flew f ,london to ,p>is1 & 0 ! fir/ ,briti%-built air%ip to fly across ! ,*annel4 ,,will[s ,no4 #d ,! f\r? %ip con/ruct$ by ?is firm 0 complet$ 9 #aiab1 & 0 slightly small] ?an ! two prec$+ %ips4 ,! capacity ( ! envelope 9 ?is in/ance 0 r$uc$ to #bd1jjj cubic feet1 b 0 a mu* bett] %ape1 hav+ a diamet] ( #bj feet1 :i* 0 gradually tap]$ t[>ds ! /]n4 ,a diff]5t mat]ial 0 also us$1 v>ni%$ silk be+ tri$ z an exp]im5t4 ,! envelope 0 atta*$ to a keel on :i* 0 m\nt$ ! eng9e1 a #ce horse-p[] ,anzani1 driv+ two swivell+ f\r-blad$ propell]s4 ,f ! keel 0 susp5d$ a torp$o-%ap$ boat c> 9 :i* a crew ( two 0 accommodat$4 ,orig9ally a v]tical f9 & rudd] 7 m\nt$ at ! /]n end ( ! keel1 b ^! 7 lat] replac$ by f9s on ! /]n ( ! envelope4 ,?is %ip 0 pur*as$ by ! naval au?orities1 & aft] pur*ase 0 m or less recon/ruct$1 b c>ri$ out little fly+4 ,at ! outbreak ( w> %e 0 ly+ deflat$ 9 ! %$ at ,f>nbor\gh4 ,z w be se5 lat]1 ?is 0 ! envelope :i* 0 rigg$ to ! orig9al exp]im5tal ,s4,s4 air%ip 9 ! e>ly days ( #aiae1 & is = ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,,will[s ,no4 #e ,?is %ip 0 ( simil> design1 b ( great] capacity4 ,! envelope1 :i* 0 compos$ ( rubb]-pro($ fabric1 gave a volume ( #ej1jjj cubic feet1 & conta9$ two ballonets4 ,a #fj horsep[] eng9e drove two swivell+ propell]s at an e/imat$ spe$ ( #ch miles p] h\r4 ,%e 0 con/ruct$ at ,h5don1 f :]e %e made sev]al %ort trips4 ,,m>%all ,,fox',s ,,air%ip ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> an air%ip 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,m>%all ,fox :i* is wor?y ( m5tion1 al?\gh x nev] flew4 ,x 0 claim$ t ?is %ip 0 a rigid air%ip1 al?\gh f its con/ruction x c\ld only be look$ ^u z a non-rigid %ip1 hav+ a wood5 net-"w ar\nd its envelope4 ,! hull 0 compos$ ( wood5 transv]se frames =m+ a polygon ( sixte5 sides1 ) radial wir+ fitt$ to ea* transv]se frame4 ,! longitud9al memb]s 7 spiral 9 =m & 7 built up ( ?ree-ply la!s4 ,a keel ( simil> con/ruction ran along ! "u side ( ! hull :i* c>ri$ ! control position & comp>tm5ts = two ,gre5 eng9es1 "o ( #dj horse-p[]1 ! o!r ( #hj horse-p[]1 toge!r ) ! petrol1 bombs1 etc4 ,9 ! hull 7 fitt$ f\rte5 gasbags giv+ a total capacity ( #ajj1jjj cubic feet4 ,! propell] drive 0 obta9$ by means ( a wire rope4 ,! gross lift ( ! %ip 0 #d1bgf lb41 & ! weight ( ! /ructure1 complete ) eng9es1 exce$$ ?is4 ,x became app>5t t ! %ip c\ld nev] fly1 & "w 0 susp5d$4 ,%e 0 aft]w>ds us$ = c>ry+ out c]ta9 exp]im5ts & at a lat] date 0 brok5 up4 ,ap>t f ! v>i\s air%ips built "u contract = ! ,gov]nm5t !re d n appe> to be any o!r %ips built by private firms :i* 7 complet$ & actually flew4 ,x is impossible to view ?is lack ( ent]prise ) any o!r feel+s ?an ^? ( regret1 & x 0 entirely due to ?is want ( =esight t ,great ,brita9 ent]$ ^u ! ,_w ,w> worse equipp$1 z reg>ds air%ips1 ?an ! ,c5tral ,empires or any ( ! great] ,alli$ ,p[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,briti% ,,army ,,air%ips ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man milit>y au?orities began to consid] air%ips z an arm ( ! ,s]vice 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & devot$ bo? "t & consid]able sums ( money 9 ! attempt to br+ !m to p]fection4 ,_! appe>ance 9 ! ,briti% ,army 0 delay$ = _m ye>s on acc\nt ( ! exp5se t w\ld be incurr$ 9 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts4 ,9 #aijb1 ,colonel ,templ]1 at t "t head ( ! ,balloon ,section1 obta9$ ! necess>y sanction to comm5ce exp]im5ts1 & two envelopes ( gold-beat]s sk9 ( #ej1jjj cubic feet capacity 7 built4 ,) _! completion ! funds 7 exhau/$1 & no?+ fur!r done until #aijg4 ,,nulli ,,secundus ,i ,9 #aijg ! fir/ complete milit>y air%ip 9 ,engl& 0 built1 :i* bore ! gr&iloqu5t title ( ,nulli ,secundus4 ,"o ( ! envelopes con/ruct$ by ,colonel ,templ] 0 us$3 x 0 cyl9drical 9 %ape ) sph]ical ends4 ,susp5d$ b5ea? ! envelope by means ( a net & f\r broad silk b&s 0 a triangul> /eel framework or keel f :i* 0 slung a small c>4 ,a #ej horsep[] ,anto9ette eng9e 0 situat$ 9 ! =w>d "p ( ! c> :i* drove two metal-blad$ propell]s by belts4 ,at ! aft] "p ( ! keel 7 fitt$ a rudd] & small elevators1 & two pairs ( movable horizontal planes 7 also fitt$ =w>d4 ,x is rem>kable t no /abiliz+ surfaces :atsoev] 7 m\nt$4 ,! envelope 0 s exce$+ly /rong t a high pressure ( gas c\ld be su/a9$1 & ballonets 7 consid]$ unnecess>y1 b relief valves 7 employ$4 ,! fir/ flight took place 9 ,septemb] & 0 fairly successful4 ,sev]al 7 made aft]w>ds1 & 9 ,octob] %e 0 fl[n ov] ,london & l&$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! flight la/$ #c h\rs & #be m9utes1 :i* con/itut$ at ! "t a _w's record4 ,?ree days lat]1 ow+ to heavy w9ds1 ! %ip _h to be deflat$ & 0 tak5 back to ,f>nbor\gh4 ,,nulli ,,secundus ,,ii ,9 #aijh ! old %ip 0 rebuilt ) sev]al modifications4 ,! envelope 0 increas$ 9 l5g? & 0 unit$ to ! keel by means ( a cov]+ ( silk fabric 9 place ( ! net1 f\r susp5sion b&s be+ aga9 us$4 ,a l>ge b[ elevator 0 m\nt$ :i* made ! %ip r un/able4 ,a few flights 7 accompli%$1 b ! %ip prov$ ( little value & 0 brok5 up4 ,,baby ,?is little air%ip made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! spr+ ( #aiji4 ,! envelope 0 fi%-%ap$ & compos$ ( gold-beat]'s sk91 ) a volume ( #ba1jjj cubic feet4 ,"o ballonet 0 conta9$ 9 ! envelope :i*1 at fir/1 _h ?ree inflat$ f9s to act z /abiliz]s4 ,^! prov$ unsatisfactory z !y lack$ rigidity1 & 7 replac$ aft] ! fir/ inflation by ! ord9>y type4 ,two #h horse-p[] #c-;cyl9d] ,b]liet eng9es 7 m\nt$ 9 a long c> driv+ a simple propell]1 & at a lat] date 7 sub/itut$ by a ,r4,e4,p4 eng9e :i* prov$ mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,dur+ ! autumn p]mission 0 obta9$ to enl>ge ! envelope & fit a m p[]ful eng9e4 ,,beta ,beta 0 complet$ 9 ,may1 #aiaj4 ,! envelope 0 t ( ! ,baby enl>g$1 & n[ _h a volume ( #ce1jjj cubic feet4 ,! c> 0 compos$ ( a long frame1 hav+ a c5tre comp>tm5t = ! crew & eng9es1 :i* 0 ! /&>d practice at t "t = %ips design$ by ! ,a/ra ,company4 ,a #ce horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e drove two wood5 two-blad$ propell]s by *a9s4 ,! %ip 0 fitt$ ) an unbalanc$ rudd]1 :ile ! elevators 7 9 ! front ( ! frame4 ,?is %ip 0 successful1 & 9 ,june flew to ,london & back1 & 9 ,septemb] took "p 9 ! ,army manoeuvres1 on "o occasion be+ 9 ! air = #g #c_/d h\rs )\t l&+1 c>ry+ a crew ( ?ree4 ,tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ! /e]+1 ! elevators be+ situat$ too ne> ! c5tre ( ! %ip to be really effici5t & 7 altoge!r too small4 ,9 #aiab1 ,beta1 hav+ be5 employ$ regul>ly dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 0 provid$ ) a new c> hav+ a ,cl]get eng9e ( #de horse-p[]4 ,9 #aiac %e 0 inflat$ = ov] ?ree mon?s & made innum]able flights1 on "o occasion c>ry+ ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales z pass5g]4 ,%e _h at t "t a maximum spe$ ( #ce miles p] h\r1 & c\ld c>ry fuel = ab\t eight h\rs ) a crew ( ?ree4 ,,gamma ,9 #aiaj ! ,gamma 0 also complet$4 ,?is 0 a mu* bigg] %ip ) an envelope ( #ge1jjj cubic feet capacity1 :i*1 ?\gh design$ 9 ,engl&1 _h be5 built by ! ,a/ra ,company 9 ,p>is4 ,! c>1 z 9 ,beta1 0 c>ri$ 9 a long framework susp5d$ f ! envelope4 ,?is portion ( ! %ip 0 manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 toge!r ) ! ma*9]y4 ,?is consi/$ ( an #hj horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e driv+ swivell+ propell]s1 ! ge>s & %afts ( :i* 7 made by ,rolls ,royce4 ,! eng9e drove ! propell] %afts direct1 "o f ea* end ( ! crank%aft4 ,orig9ally ! envelope 0 fitt$ ) inflat$ /reaml9e /abiliz]s on ei!r side1 b at a lat] date ^! 7 replac$ by fix$ /abiliz+ planes4 ,at ! same "t ! ,gre5 eng9e 0 remov$ & two ,iris eng9es ( #de horse-p[] 7 in/all$1 ea* driv+ a s+le propell]4 ,!re 7 two pairs ( elevators1 ea* situat$ 9 ! framework1 "o =w>d1 ! o!r aft4 ,9 #aiab1 hav+ be5 rigg$ to a new envelope ( #aja1jjj cubic feet capacity1 ! %ip took "p 9 ! autumn manoeuvres1 & consid]able use 0 made ( wireless telegraphy4 ,9 a height reconnaissance ! pilot lo/ 8 way1 & runn+ out ( petrol drift$ all night1 b 0 safely l&$4 ,:5 return+ to ,f>nbor\gh ! rudd] controls 7 brok5 & ! %ip 0 ripp$4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! framework 0 consid]ably damag$4 ,:5 repairs 7 be+ c>ri$ out ! elevators 7 remov$ f ! c> framework & atta*$ to ! /abiliz+ f9s 9 accordance ) ! me?od 9 use to-day4 ,,clem5t-,,bay>d ,9 #aiaj x 0 arrang$ by a committee ( ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t t ! ,clem5t-,bay>d firm %\ld s5d ov] to ,engl& a l>ge air%ip on approval1 ) a view to its ultimate pur*ase by ! ,w> ,(fice1 & a %$ 0 erect$ at ,wormwood ,scrubs = its accommodation4 ,?is %ip arriv$ safely 9 ,octob]1 b 0 v sl[ & difficult to control4 ,! envelope1 moreov]1 0 ( exce$+ly poor quality & consum$ s mu* gas t x 0 decid$ to deflate x4 ,%e 0 tak5 to pieces & nev] rebuilt4 ,,lebaudy ,ab\t ! same "t1 int]e/ hav+ be5 ar\s$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! success ( air%ips on ! ,cont95t1 ! read]s ( ! ,morn+ ,po/ subscrib$ a l>ge sum to pur*ase an air%ip = pres5tation to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 a l>ge %ip ( #cej1jjj cubic feet capacity & 0 ( semi-rigid design1 a long framework be+ susp5d$ f ! envelope :i* support$ ! weight ( ! c>4 ,x _h two eng9es ( #aej horse-p[] :i* develop$ a spe$ ( ab\t #cb miles p] h\r4 ,! ,w> ,(fice built a %$ at ,f>nbor\gh to h\se x1 & 9 accordance ) dim5sions giv5 by ! firm a cle>ance ( #aj feet 0 all[$ betwe5 ! top ( ! %ip & ! ro( ( ! %$4 ,inconceivable z x may s\nd1 ! ov]all height ( ! %ip 0 increas$ by practically #aj feet )\t ! ,w> ,(fice be+ in=m$4 ,! %ip flew ov] & 0 l&$ safely1 b on be+ tak5 into ! %$ ! envelope caught on ! ro( gird]s1 ow+ to lack ( headroom1 & 0 ripp$ f end to end4 ,! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to increase ! height ( ! %$ & ! firm to rebuild ! %ip4 ,?is 0 complet$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiaa1 & ! %ip 0 inflat$ aga94 ,on c>ry+ out a trial flight1 hav+ made sev]al circuits at #fjj feet1 %e attempt$ to l&1 b collid$ ) a h\se & 0 completely wreck$4 ,?is 0 ! end ( a mo/ un=tunate %ip1 & h] loss 0 n regrett$4 ,,delta ,t[>ds ! end ,( #aiaj ! design 0 comm5c$ ( ! %ip to be kn[n z ! ,delta1 & 9 #aiaa ! "w 0 put 9 h&4 ,! fir/ envelope 0 made ( wat]pro($ silk4 ,?is prov$ a failure1 z :5ev] ! envelope 0 put up to pressure x inv>iably bur/4 ,exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$1 b no good result+1 ! idea 0 ab&on$ & a rubb]-pro($ fabric envelope 0 con/ruct$ ( #agc1jjj cubic feet volume4 ,?is %ip 0 inflat$ 9 #aiab4 ,! fir/ idea 0 to make ! %ip a semi-rigid by lac+ two flat gird]s to ! sides ( ! envelope to take ! weight ( ! c>4 ,?is idea _h to be ab&on$1 z 9 practice1 :5 ! weight ( ! c> 0 appli$1 ! gird]s buckl$4 ,! %ip 0 !n rigg$ z a non-rigid4 ,a novelty 0 introduc$ by atta*+ a rudd] flap to ! top /abiliz+ f91 b z x work$ some:at /iffly x 0 lat] on remov$4 ,?is %ip took "p 9 ! manoeuvres ( #aiab & c>ri$ out sev]al flights4 ,%e prov$ to be exce$+ly fa/1 be+ capable ( a spe$ ( #dd miles p] h\r4 ,9 #aiac %e 0 completely re-rigg$ & exhibit$ at ! ,a]o ,%[1 b ! re-design$ rigg+ reveal$ v>i\s faults & x 0 n until late 9 ! ye> t %e c>ri$ out h] flight trials4 ,two r int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 made dur+ ^! flights4 ,9 "o a p>a*ute desc5t 0 successfully accompli%$2 & 9 ano!r ! equival5t weight ( a man 0 pick$ up f ! gr\nd )\t assi/ance or l&+ ! %ip4 ,,eta ,! ,eta 0 some:at small] ?an ! ,delta1 conta9+ only #aah1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog51 & 0 fir/ inflat$ 9 #aiac4 ,! envelope 0 compos$ ( rubb]-pro($ fabric & a long tap]+ c> 0 susp5d$1 ?is be+ 9 ! nature ( a compromise betwe5 ! %ort c> ( !1 ,delta & ! long framework ge> ( ! ,gamma4 ,h] eng9es 7 two #hj horse-p[] ,canton-,unne1 ea* driv+ "o propell] by a *a94 ,?is %ip prov$ to be a good design & complet$ an eight-h\r trial flight 9 ,septemb]4 ,on h] f\r? trial %e succe$$ 9 t[+ ! disabl$ naval air%ip ,no4 #b a di/ance ( fifte5 miles4 ,h] spe$ 0 #db miles p] h\r1 & %e c\ld c>ry a crew ( five ) fuel = t5 h\rs4 ,on ,janu>y #a/1 #aiad1 ! ,army disb&$ _! ,air%ip ,section1 & ! air%ips ,beta1 ,gamma1 ,delta & ,eta 7 h&$ ov] to ! ,navy toge!r ) a numb] ( (fic]s & m54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,naval ,,air%ip ,,section--,,p>seval ,,air%ips1 ,,a/ra-,,torres ,,type1 ,,etc4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ! rigid air%ips 9 ,g]many began to create a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/ 9 (ficial circles4 ,x 0 realiz$ t ^? l>ge air%ips 9 ! future w\ld be invaluable to a fleet = sc\t+ purposes4 ,x 0 manife/ t our fleet1 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 w\ld be gravely h&icapp$ by ! abs5ce ( su* a]ial sc\ts1 & t ,g]many w\ld hold an enorm\s advantage if h] fleet w5t to sea prec$$ by a squadron ( ,zeppel9 air%ips4 ,! ,imp]ial ,committee1 !re=e1 decid$ t ! developm5t ( ! rigid air%ip %\ld be allott$ to ! ,navy1 & a design = ,rigid ,air%ip ,no4 #a 0 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 naval (fic]s 9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiji4 ,z w be se5 lat] ?is %ip 0 complet$ 9 #aiaa1 b broke 9 two 9 ,septemb] ( t ye> & no?+ m 0 done ) h]4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiab1 ! con/ruction ( rigid air%ips 0 discont9u$1 & 9 ,m>* ! ,naval ,air%ip section 0 disb&$4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiab1 ! ,naval ,air%ip section 0 once m recon/itut$ & 0 /ation$ at ,f>nbor\gh4 ,! fir/ requirem5ts 7 air%ips1 & ow+ to ! fact t air%ip con/ruction 0 s beh9dh& 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 comp>ison ) ! ,cont95t1 x 0 det]m9$ t pur*ases %\ld be made abroad until suffici5t exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ by ,briti% firms to enable !m to compete ) any *ance ( success aga9/ =eign rivals4 ,fir/ a small non-rigid1 built by ,messrs4 ,will[s1 0 b\ght by ! ,navy to be us$ = ! tra9+ ( air%ip pilots4 ,9 addition an ,a/ra-,torres air%ip 0 ord]$ f ,france4 ,?is 0 a %ip ( #bbi1dej cubic feet capacity & 0 driv5 by tw9 ,*5u eng9es ( #baj horse-p[] ea*4 ,%e c>ri$ a crew ( six1 & 0 equipp$ ) wireless & ma*9e guns4 ,! c> c\ld be mov$ =e & aft = trimm+ purposes1 ei!r by p[] or by h&4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n satisfactory1 & 0 ab&on$4 ,9 ,april #aiah1 ,messrs4 ,vick]s 7 ask$ to =w>d proposals = a rigid air%ip :i* aft]w>ds became e kn[n z ,no4 #i4 ,full details ( ! vicissitudes connect$ ) ?is %ip w be giv5 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ,rigid ,air%ips4 ,9 ,july1 approval 0 grant$ = ! con/ruction ( six non-rigid %ips4 ,?ree ( ^! 7 to be ( ! ,g]man design ( ,major von ,p>seval & ?ree ( ! ,=lan9i type1 :i* 0 a semi-rigid design manufactur$ 9 ,italy4 ,! ord] = ! ,p>sevals 0 plac$ ) ,messrs4 ,vick]s & = ! ,=lan9is ) ,messrs4 ,arm/rong4 ,! ,p>seval air%ip 0 deliv]$ to ?is c\ntry & became kn[n z ,no4 #d2 a second %ip ( ! same type 0 also build+ :5 w> broke out2 ne$less to say ?is %ip 0 nev] deliv]$4 ,at a lat] date ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 :o _h obta9$ ! pat5t rights ( ! ,p>seval envelope1 complet$ ! o!r two %ips ( ! ord]4 ,! ,=lan9i %ip 0 complet+ 9 ,italy on ! decl>ation ( w> & 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,italians2 ,messrs4 ,arm/rong _h n comm5c$ "w on ! o!r two4 ,^! %ips1 al?\gh allocat$ numb]s1 nev] actually came into be+4 ,,p>seval ,,air%ip ,no4 #d ,?is air%ip des]ves special consid]ation = two reasons2 fir/ly1 on acc\nt ( ! active-s]vice fly+ c>ri$ out by x dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( ! w>1 &1 secondly1 = its great value 9 tra9+ ( ! (fic]s & m5 :o lat] on became ! capta9s & crews ( rigid air%ips4 ,! ,p>seval envelope is ( /reaml9e %ape :i* tap]s to a po9t at ! tail1 & 9 ?is %ip 0 ( #cjj1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,! sy/em ( rigg+ be+ pat5t$1 c only be describ$ 9 v g5]al t]ms4 ,! susp5sions c>ry+ ! c> are atta*$ to a l>ge elliptical rigg+ b& :i* is =m$ "u ! c5tral portion ( ! envelope4 ,to ?is rigg+ b& are atta*$ ! trajectory b&s :i* pass up ! sides & ov] ! top ( ! envelope1 slop+ away f ! c5tre at ! bottom t[>ds ! nose & tail at ! top4 ,! object ( ?is is to di/ribute ! load =e & aft ov] ! envelope4 ,^! b&s1 p>ticul>ly at ! aft] end ( ! %ip1 foll[ a curv$ pa?1 s t !y become m ne>ly v]tical z !y approa* ! upp] surface ( ! envelope4 ,?is has ! effect ( br++ ! v]tical load on ! top ( ! envelope2 b a great] portion ( ! compressive =ce comes on ! l[] half1 :]e x helps to resi/ ! b5d+ mom5t due to ! unusually %ort susp5sions4 ,a s+le rudd] plane & ! ord9>y elevator planes 7 fitt$ to ! envelope4 ,a roomy op5 c> 0 provid$ = ?is %ip1 compos$ ( a duralum9 framework & cov]$ ) duralum9 %eet+4 ,two #agj horse-p[] ,mayba* eng9es 7 m\nt$ at ! aft] end ( ! c>1 :i* drove two metal-blad$ rev]sible propell]s4 ,^! propell]s 7 lat] replac$ by /&>d f\r-blad$ wood5 ones & a notable increase ( spe$ 0 obta9$4 ,two (fic]s & a crew ( sev5 m5 7 c>ri$1 toge!r ) a wireless in/allation & armam5t4 ,?is air%ip1 toge!r ) ,no4 #c1 took "p 9 ! great naval review at ,spi!ad1 %ortly be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! w>1 & 9 addition to ! duties p]=m$ by h] 9 ! autumn ( #aiad1 :i* are m5tion$ lat]1 c>ri$ out long h\rs ( patrol duty f an ea/ coa/ /ation 9 ! summ] ( #aiag4 ,9 all respects %e mu/ be acc\nt$ a mo/ valuable pur*ase4 ,,p>seval ,,air%ips #e1 #f & #g ,p>seval ,no4 #e 0 n deliv]$ by ,g]many ow+ to ! w>1 s ?ree envelopes & two c>s 7 built by ,messrs4 ,vick]s on ! design ( ! orig9al %ip4 ,^! 7 deliv]$ some:at late 9 ! w>1 & on acc\nt ( ! production ( ! ,nor? ,sea air%ip ) its great] spe$ 7 n p]sev]$ )4 ,! dim5sions ( ! envelopes 7 some:at increas$1 giv+ a cubic capacity ( #cbe1jjj cubic feet4 ,tw9 ,mayba* eng9es driv+ swivell+ propell]s 7 in/all$ 9 ! c>1 :i* 0 completely cov]$ 91 b ^! %ips 7 sl[ 9 comp>ison ) lat] designs1 & 7 only us$ = ! in/ruction ( (fic]s & m5 de/9$ = ! crews ( rigid air%ips !n build+4 ,an exp]im5tal %ip 0 made 9 #aiag :i* 0 kn[n z ,p>seval #e2 a c> ( a modifi$ coa/al patt]n ) two #bdj horse-p[] ,r5ault eng9es 0 rigg$ to "o ( envelopes4 ,dur+ a spe$ trial1 ?is %ip 0 calculat$ to h a gr\nd spe$ ( #ej to #ec miles p] h\r4 ,! envelope1 h[ev]1 consum$ an enorm\s am\nt gas & = ?is reason ! %ip 0 deflat$ & /ruck (f ! li/ ( active %ips4 ,?is digression on ,p>seval air%ips has anticipat$ ev5ts some:at1 & a return mu/ n[ be made to e>li] days4 ,two m ,a/ra-,torres 7 ord]$ f ,france1 "o kn[n z ,no4 #h1 be+ a l>ge %ip ( #d1jj1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,%e 0 fitt$ ) two ,*5u eng9es ( #bdj horse-p[]1 driv+ swivell+ propell]s4 ,?is %ip 0 deliv]$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #aiad4 ,! second ,a/ra 0 ( small] capacity & 0 deliv]$1 b z w be se5 lat]1 0 nev] rigg$1 ! envelope be+ us$ = ! orig9al coa/al %ip & ! c> slung to ! envelope ( ! ex-army air%ip ,eta4 ,on ,janu>y #a/1 #aiad1 an important ev5t took place3 ! ,army disb&$ _! air%ip s]vice1 & ! milit>y %ips toge!r ) c]ta9 (fic]s & m5 7 transf]r$ to ! ,naval ,air ,s]vice4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x may be helpful to expla9 ! sy/em by :i* ! naval air%ips h be5 giv5 numb]s4 ,^! craft are always kn[n by ! numb]s :i* !y be>1 & ! public is completely my/ifi$ z to _! significance :5ev] !y fly ov] ,london or any l>ge t[n4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! me?od is extremely confus+1 b ! table :i* foll[s %\ld help to elucidate ! matt]4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 to designate ea* air%ip own$ by ! ,navy by a successive numb]4 ,! orig9al air%ip1 ! rigid ,mayfly1 0 kn[n z ,no4 #a1 ! ,will[s air%ip ,no4 #b1 & s on4 ,^! numb]s 7 allocat$ reg>dless ( type & z ea* air%ip 0 ord]$1 consequ5tly "s ( ^! %ips1 = example ! ,=lan9is1 nev] exi/$4 ,t did n matt]1 h[ev]1 & ^! numb]s 7 n utiliz$ = %ips :i* actually 7 commission$4 ,on ! transf] ( ! army air%ips1 f\r ( ^!1 ! ,beta1 ,gamma1 ,delta & ,eta1 7 giv5 _! numb]s z !y 7 tak5 ov]1 toge!r ) two %ips ( ! ,epsilon class :i* 7 ord]$ f ,messrs4 ,rolls ,royce1 b nev] complet$4 ,9 ?is way x w be se5 t numb]s #a to #bb are acc\nt$ =4 ,9 #aiae x 0 decid$ to build a l>ge numb] ( small %ips = anti-subm>9e patrol1 :i* 7 call$ ,s4,s4's or ,subm>9e ,sc\ts4 ,x 0 felt t x w\ld only make confusion worse conf\nd$ if ^! %ips bore ! orig9al sy/em ( successive numb]+ & 7 mix$ up ) ^? ( lat] classes :i* x 0 kn[n w\ld be produc$ z soon z ! designs 7 complet$4 ,ea* ( ^! %ips 0 accord+ly numb]$ 9 its own class1 ,s4,s41 ,s4,s4,p41 ,s4,s4 ,z]o1 ,coa/al1 ,c ,/> & ,nor? ,sea1 f #a onw>ds z !y 7 complet$4 ,9 ! case ( ! rigids1 h[ev]1 = "s occult reason ! old sy/em ( numb]+ 0 p]si/$ 94 ,! lett] ,r is prefix$ be=e ! numb] to %[ t ! %ip is a rigid4 ,h5ce we h ,no4 #a a rigid1 ! second rigid con/ruct$ is ,no4 #i1 or ,r #i1 & ! ?ird becomes ,r #bc4 ,f ?is numb] onw>ds all are rigids & are numb]$ 9 sequ5ce z !y are ord]$1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ on ! li/1 :i* is a %ip 9 a class ( itself4 ,?is %ip ! au?orities1 9 _! wisdom1 h call$ ,r #hj--:y1 nobody kn[s4 ,) ?is some:at l5g?y & t$i\s explanation ! foll[+ table may be und]/ood3 ,no4 ,type4 ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,rigid ,wreck$1 ,sept4 #bd1 #aiaa4 #b4 ,will[s ,became ,s4,s4 #a4 #c4 ,a/ra-,torres ,delet$1 ,may #aiaf4 #d4 ,p>seval ,delet$1 ,july1 #aiag4 #e4 ,p>seval ,nev] deliv]$ f ,g]many4 7,sub/itute %ip built by ,messrs4 ,vick]s74 #f4 ,p>seval ,built by ,messrs4 ,vick]s4 #g4 ,p>seval ,built by ,messrs4 ,vick]s4 #h4 ,a/ra-,torres ,delet$1 ,may1 #aiaf4 #i4 ,rigid ,delet$1 ,june1 #aiah4 #aj4 ,a/ra-,torres ,envelope us$ = ,c #a4 #aa4 ,=lan9i ,nev] deliv]$ ow+ to w>4 #ab4 ,=lan9i ,nev] deliv]$ ow+ to w>4 #ac4 ,=lan9i ,nev] deliv]$ ow+ to w>4 #ad4 ,rigid ,nev] built4 #ae4 ,rigid ,nev] built4 #af4 ,a/ra-,torres ,see ,no4 #h4 #ag4 ,beta ,transf]r$ f ,army4 ,delet$1 ,may1 #aiaf4 #ah4 ,gamma ,delet$1 ,may1 #aiaf4 #ai4 ,delta ,delet$1 ,may1 #aiaf4 #bj4 ,eta ,transf]r$ f ! ,army4 ,fitt$ ) c> f ,no4 #aj4 ,delet$ ,may1 #aiaf4 #ba4 ,epsilon ,con/ruction cancell$ ,may1 #aiaf4 #bb4 ,epsilon ,con/ruction cancell$ ,may1 #aiaf4 #bc4 ,rigid #bc ,class4 #bd4 ,rigid #bc ,class4 #be4 ,rigid #bc ,class4 #bf4 ,rigid #bc ,class4 #bg4 ,rigid #bcx ,class4 #bh4 ,rigid #bcx ,class4 ,nev] complet$4 #bi4 ,rigid #bcx ,class4 #cj4 ,rigid #bcx ,class4 ,nev] complet$4 #ca4 ,rigid #ca ,class4 #cb4 ,rigid #ca ,class1 build+4 #cc4 ,rigid #cc ,class4 #cd4 ,rigid #cc ,class4 #ce4 ,rigid ,cancell$4 #cf4 ,rigid ,build+4 #cg4 ,rigid ,build+4 #ch4 ,rigid ,build+4 #ci4 ,rigid ,build+4 #dj4 ,rigid ,build+4 #hj4 ,rigid ,build+4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ,europe1 :i* _h be5 9 a /ate ( diplomatic t5sion = sev]al ye>s1 0 plung$ into ! _w w>4 ,! naval air%ip s]vice at ! "t 0 9 possession ( two /ations1 ,f>nbor\gh & ,k+snor?1 ! latt] 9 a half-f9i%$ condition4 ,sev5 air%ips 7 possess$1 ,nos4 #b1 #c & #d1 & ! f\r ex-army %ips--,beta1 ,gamma1 ,delta & ,eta--& ( ^! only ?ree1 ,nos4 #c1 #d & ! ,beta1 7 9 any condition = fly+4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! utmo/ use 0 made ( ! %ips :i* 7 available4 ,on ! v fir/ night ( ! w>1 ,nos4 #c & #d c>ri$ out a reconnaissance flight ov] ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ,no4 #d came "u ! fire ( t]ritorial deta*m5ts at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames on h] return to h] /ation4 ,^! zeal\s soldi]s imag9$ t %e 0 a ,g]man %ip b5t on obs]vation ( ! docky>d at ,*a?am4 ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d r5d]$ mo/ notewor?y s]vice 9 escort+ ! orig9al ,exp$ition>y ,=ce across ! ,*annel1 & 9 addition to ?is ,no4 #d c>ri$ out long patrols ov] ! *annel ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,no4 #ag 7,beta7 also saw active s]vice1 z %e 0 bas$ = a %ort p]iod e>ly 9 #aiae at ,dunkirk1 & 0 employ$ 9 spott+ duties ) ! ,belgian artill]y ne> ,o/5d4 ,! ,gamma & ! ,delta 7 bo? ly+ deflat$ at ,f>nbor\gh at ! outbreak ( ! w>1 & 9 ! case ( ! latt] ! c> 0 f\nd to be beyond repair1 & %e 0 accord+ly delet$4 ,! ,gamma 0 inflat$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aiae1 & 0 us$ = moor+ exp]im5ts4 ,! ,eta1 hav+ be5 inflat$ & deflat$ sev]al times ow+ to ! poor quality ( ! envelope1 attempt$ to fly to ,dunkirk 9 ,novemb]1 #aiad4 ,%e enc\nt]$ a sn[/orm ne> ,r$hill & 0 compell$ to make a =c$ l&+4 ,9 do+ ?is %e 0 s badly damag$ z to be incapable ( repair1 & at a lat] date 0 delet$4 ,no4 #h1 :i* 0 deliv]$ t[>ds ! end ( #aiad1 0 also moor$ out 9 ! op5 = a %ort "t ne> ,dunkirk1 & c>ri$ out patrol 9 ! w> zone ( ! ,belgian coa/4 ,s ends ! /ory ( ! ,naval ,air%ip ,s]vice be=e ! w>4 ,) ! subm>9e campaign ru?lessly wag$ by ! ,g]mans f ! spr+ ( #aiae & onw>ds1 came ! air%ip's opportunity1 & ! au?orities grasp$ ! fact t1 ) developm5t1 "h 0 ! weapon to defeat ! mo/ dang]\s enemy ( ! ,empire4 ,! me?od ( developm5t & ! success att5d+ x ! foll[+ *apt]s w %[4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,naval ,,air%ips4--,,! ,,non-,,rigids--,s4,s4 ,,type ,! developm5t ( ! ,briti% air%ips ( to-day may be said to date f ,febru>y #bh?1 #aiae4 ,on t day approval 0 giv5 = ! con/ruction ( ! orig9al ,s4,s4 air%ip4 ,at ?is "t ! ,g]mans _h emb>k$ ^u _! subm>9e campaign1 realiz+1 ) ! failure ( _! great assaults on ! ,briti% troops 9 ,fl&]s1 t _! ma9 hope ( victory lay 9 />v+ ,great ,brita9 into surr5d]4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! :olesale s9k+ ( our m]*ant %ipp+ 0 suffici5t to cause grave al>m1 & ! au?orities 7 mu* conc]n$ to devise means ( m9imiz+1 ev5 if !y c\ld n completely elim9ate ! dang]4 ,"o proposal :i* 0 adopt$1 & :i* *iefly conc]ns ! int]e/s ( ?is book1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( air%ip /ations r\nd ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita94 ,^! /ations 7 to be equipp$ ) air%ips capable ( patroll+ ! ma9 %ipp+ r\tes1 ^: functions 7 to se>* = subm>9es & m9es & to escort %ipp+ ?r\gh ! dang] zones 9 conjunction ) surface craft4 ,air%ip con/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry at ! "t 01 practically speak+1 non-exi/5t4 ,!re 0 no "t to be wa/$ 9 c>ry+ out long & exp5sive exp]im5ts1 = ! dem& = air%ips :i* c\ld fulfil ^! requirem5ts 0 t]ribly urg5t1 & spe$ ( con/ruction 0 ( prim>y importance4 ,! non-rigid design hav+ be5 select$ = simplicity 9 con/ruction1 ! exp$i5t 0 tri$ ( sl++ ! fuselage ( an ord9>y ,b4,e4 #b;,c a]oplane1 m9us ! w+s1 rudd] & elevators & "o or two o!r m9or fitt+s1 b5ea? an envelope ) tang5tial susp5sions1 z consid]able exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ already 9 a design ( ?is type4 ,= ?is purpose ! envelope ( air%ip ,no4 #b1 :i* 0 ly+ deflat$ 9 ! %$ at ,f>nbor\gh1 0 ru%$ po/ ha/e to ,k+snor?1 inflat$ & rigg$ to ! fuselage prep>$ = x4 ,! "w 0 complet$ ) su* despat* t ! air%ip c>ri$ out h] trial flight 9 less ?an a =tnight f approval be+ grant$ to ! s*eme4 ,! trials 7 9 e way mo/ satisfactory1 & a l>ge numb] ( %ips ( ?is design 0 ord]$ imm$iately4 ,at ! same "t two private firms 7 invit$ to submit designs ( _! own to fulfil ! ,admiralty requirem5ts4 ,"o firm's design1 ,s4,s4 #b1 did n fulfil ! conditions laid d[n & 0 put out ( commission2 ! o!r1 design$ by ,messrs4 ,arm/rong1 0 suffici5tly successful = !m to receive fur!r ord]s4 ,9 addition to ^! a c> 0 design$ by ,messrs4 ,air%ips ,ltd41 :i* some:at resembl$ a ,maurice ,f>man a]oplane body1 & z x appe>$ to be suitable = ! purpose1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! 0 also ord]$4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod ! /ation at ,f>nbor\gh 0 ab&on$ by ! ,naval ,air%ip ,s]vice to make room = ! expansion ( ! milit>y a]oplane squadrons4 ,! p]sonnel & air%ips 7 transf]r$ to ,k+snor?1 :i* became ! air%ip headqu>t]s4 ,! greate/ en]gy 0 display$ 9 prep>+ ! new /ations1 :i* 7 select$ z bases = ! air%ips build+ = ?is anti-subm>9e patrol4 ,small %$s1 compos$ ( wood1 7 erect$ ) almo/ incr$ible rapidity1 additional p]sonnel 0 recruit$1 /ores 7 collect$1 huts built = _! accommodation & t ( ! m51 & by ! end ( ! summ] ! organization 0 s complete t op]ations 7 enabl$ to comm5ce4 ,! ,s4,s41 or subm>9e sc\t1 air%ip prov$ itself a great success4 ,beg9n+ orig9ally ) a small programme ! type pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s developm5ts until1 at ! conclusion ( ! w>1 no few] ?an #aej %ips ( v>i\s k9ds _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,! alt]ations :i* took place & ! improvem5ts effect$ !reby w be consid]$ at "s l5g? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,s4,s4,b4,e4 #b;,c ,! envelope ( ! exp]im5tal %ip ,s4,s4 #a 0 only ( #bj1ejj cubic feet capacity2 = ! active-s]vice %ips1 envelopes ( simil> %ape ( #fj1jjj cubic feet capacity 7 built4 ,! %ape 0 /reaml9e1 t is to say1 some:at blunt at ! nose & tap]+ t[>ds ! tail1 ! total l5g? be+ #adc feet #f in*es1 ) a maximum diamet] ( #bg feet #i in*es4 ,! gross lift ( ^! %ips ) #ih pure gas at a temp]ature ( #fj degrees ,fahr5heit & b>omet] #cj in*es1 is #d1ahj lb4 ,! net lift available = crew1 fuel1 balla/1 armam5t1 etc41 #a1dcd lb41 & ! disposable lift /ill rema9+ ) crew ( two on bo>d & full tanks1 #fei lb4 ,! !oretical endurance at full spe$ z reg>ds petrol consumption is a little ov] #h h\rs1 b 9 practice x is probable t ! oil w\ld run %ort be=e ?is "t _h be5 rea*$4 ,at cruis+ spe$1 runn+ ! eng9e at #a1bej revolutions1 ! consumption is at ! rate ( #c4f gallons p] h\r1 :i* corresponds to an endurance ( #af #a_/b h\rs4 ,) ! eng9e runn+ at #a1hjj revolutions1 a spe$ ( #ej4f miles p] h\r has be5 rea*$ by "o ( ^! %ips1 b actually v few atta9$ a great] spe$ ?an #dj miles p] h\r4 ,! envelopes ( ,s4,s4 air%ips are compos$ ( rubb]-pro($ fabric1 two fabrics be+ us$ ) rubb] int]pos$ betwe5 & also on ! inn] or gas surface4 ,to r5d] !m completely ga/ight & z imp]vi\s to ! action ( ! wea!r1 sun1 etc41 z possible1 five coats ( dope are appli$ ext]nally1 two coats ( ,delta dope1 two ( alum9ium dope & "o ( alum9ium v>ni% appli$ 9 t ord]4 ,"o ripp+ panel is fitt$1 :i* is situat$ on ! top ( ! envelope t[>ds ! nose4 ,x has a l5g? ( #ad feet #e in*es & a bread? ( ab\t #h in*es4 ,! actual fabric :i* has to be torn away ov]laps ! edge ( ! op5+ on ea* side4 ,?is ov]lap is sewn & tap$ on to ! envelope & =ms a seam z /rong & ga/ight z any o!r portion ( ! envelope4 ,/uck on ?is fabric is a l5g? ( bias$ fabric #h #a_/d in*es wide4 ,^! two /rips ov]lap ! op5+ at ! =w>d end by ab\t ?ree feet4 ,at ?is end ! two /rips are loose & h a toggle ins]t$ at ! end to :i* ! ripp+ cord is ti$4 ,! ripp+ cord is op]at$ f ! c>4 ,x is l$ aft f ! ripp+ panel to a pulley fix$ c5trally ov] ! c5tre ( ! c>1 f ! pulley ! cord passes r\nd ! side ( ! envelope & ?r\gh a gl& imm$iately bel[ ! pulley4 ,! nose ( ! envelope is /iff5$ to prev5t x bl[+ 94 ,= ?is purpose #bd canes are fitt$ 9 fabric pockets ar\nd ! nose & meet at a po9t #b #a_/d in*es 9 front ( ! nose4 ,an alum9ium conical cap is fitt$ ov] ! canes & a fabric nose cap ov] ! :ole4 ,two ballonets are provid$1 "o =w>d & "o aft1 ! capacity ( ea* be+ #f1cge cubic feet4 ,! supply ( air = fill+ ^! is tak5 f ! propell] draught by a slant+ alum9ium tube to ! und]side ( ! envelope1 :]e x meets a longitud9al fabric hose :i* connects ! two ballonet air inlets4 ,non-return fabric valves kn[n z crab-pots are fitt$ 9 ?is fabric hose on ei!r side ( _! junction ) ! air scoop4 ,two automatic air valves are fitt$ to ! und]side ( ! envelope1 "o = ea* ballonet4 ,! air pressure t5ds to op5 ! valve in/ead ( keep+ x %ut & to c\nt]act ?is ! spr+ ( ! valve is inside ! envelope4 ,! spr+s are set to op5 at a pressure ( #be to #bh mm4 ,two gas valves are also fitt$1 "o on ! top ( ! envelope1 ! o!r at ! bottom4 ,! bottom gas valve spr+ is set to op5 at #cj to #ce mm4 pressure1 ! top valve is h& controll$ only4 ,^! valves are all v simil> 9 design4 ,!y consi/ ( two wood5 r+s1 betwe5 :i* ! envelope is gripp$1 & :i* are secur$ to ea* o!r by /uds & butt]fly nuts4 ,! valve disc1 or mov+ portion ( ! valve1 is made ( alum9ium & takes a seat+ on a ?9 india rubb] r+ /ret*$ betwe5 a metal rod b5t into a circle ( small] diamet] ?an ! valve op5+ & ! wood5 r+ ( ! valve4 ,:5 x passes ov] ! wood5 r+ x is 9 contact ) ! envelope fabric & makes ! junction ga/ight4 ,! disc is held aga9/ ! rubb] by a compress$ spr+4 ,! valve cords are l$ to ! pilot's seat ?r\gh eyes atta*$ to ! envelope4 ,! sy/em ( rigg+ or c> susp5sion is simplicity itself & is tang5tial to ! envelope4 ,on ei!r side !re are six ma9 susp5sions ( #be cwt4 /r&$ /eel cable kn[n z ,c susp5sions4 ,ea* ,c cable bran*es into two halves kn[n z ! ,b bridles1 :i* 9 turn are support$ at ea* end by ! bridles kn[n z ,a4 ,! ends ( ! ,a bridles are atta*$ to ! envelope by means ( ,eta pat*es4 ,^! consi/ ( a metal ,d-%ap$ fitt+ r\nd :i* ! rigg+ is splic$ & ?r\gh :i* a numb] ( webb+ b&s are pass$ :i* are spread out fanwise & solution$ to ! envelope4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! total load on ea* ma9 susp5sion is proportionally tak5 up by ea* ( ! f\r ,a bridles1 & t ! :ole weight ( ! c> is equally di/ribut$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! l5g? ( ! envelope4 ,f\r h&l+ guys = manoeuv]+ ! %ip on ! gr\nd are provid$ "u ! b[ & "u ! /em4 ,a gr\p ( f\r ,eta pat*es are plac$ close toge!r1 :i* =m ! po9t ( atta*m5t = two guys 9 ea* case4 ,! =w>d ( ^! gr\ps ( ,eta pat*es =ms ! an*or+ po9t4 ,! bridle1 consi/+ ( #be cwt4 /eel cable1 is atta*$ "h & connect$ to ! =ep>t ( ! skids ( ! c>4 ,! junction ( ?is bridle ) ! two cables f ! skids =ms ! moor+ po9t & !re ! ma9 trail rope is atta*$4 ,?is is #abj feet long & compos$ ( #b-;in* manilla4 ,?is is atta*$1 prop]ly coil$1 to ! side ( ! c> & is dropp$ by a release ge>4 ,x is s design$ t :5 ! air%ip is held 9 a w9d by ! trail rope ! /ra9 is ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! envelope & ! c>4 ,! grapnel c>ri$ is fitt$ to a %ort l5g? ( rope4 ,! o!r end ( ! rope has an eye1 & is fitt$ to slide d[n ! ma9 trail rope & cat* on a knot at ! end4 ,= /e]+ & /abiliz+ purposes ! ,s4,s4 air%ip 0 orig9ally design$ ) f\r f9s & rudd]s1 :i* 7 to be set exactly radial to ! envelope4 ,9 "s cases ! two l[] f9s & rudd]s 7 ab&on$1 & a s+le v]tical f9 & rudd] fitt$ c5trally "u ! envelope 7 sub/itut$4 ,! ?ree planes are id5tical 9 size & measure #af feet by #h feet #f in*es1 hav+ a gross /abiliz+ area ( #djb #a_/b squ>e feet4 ,!y are compos$ ( spruce & alum9ium & /eel tub+ brac$ ) wire & cov]$ by l95 dop$ & v>ni%$ :5 9 position4 ,! orig9al rudd]s measur$ #c feet by #h feet #f in*es4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! s+le plane be+ fitt$1 #d-;feet rudd]s are inv>iably employ$4 ,two k+po/s ( /eel tube are fitt$ to ea* plane & brac$ ) wire to /iff5 ! :ole /ructure4 ,! planes are atta*$ to ! envelope by means ( skids & /ay wires4 ,! skids1 compos$ ( spruce1 are fa/5$ to ! envelope by eight lac+ pat*es4 ,! c>1 x w be rememb]$1 is a ,b4,e4 #b;,c fuselage /ripp$ ( its w+s1 rudd]s & elevators1 ) c]ta9 o!r fitt+s add$ to r5d] x suitable = air%ip "w4 ,! und]c>riage is =m$ ( two a% skids1 ea* support$ by ?ree /ruts4 ,! a]oplane l&+ :eels1 axle & susp5sions are ab&on$4 ,9 ! =w>d end ( ! fuselage 0 in/all$ a #ge horse-p[] air cool$ ,r5ault eng9e driv+ a s+le f\r-blad$ tractor propell] ?r\gh a r$uction ge> ( #b to #a4 ,! eng9e is ( ! #h-;cyl9d] ,v type1 weigh+ #dch lb4 ) a bore ( #if mm4 & a /roke ( #abj mm4 ,! ,claudel-,hobson type ( c>burettor is employ$ ) ?is eng9e4 ,! type ( magneto us$ is ! ,bos* ,d4,v4#d1 !re be+ "o magneto = ea* l9e ( cyl9d]s4 ,9 ! old] ,fr5* ,r5aults ! ,bos* ,h4,l4#h is us$1 "o magneto supply+ ! curr5t to all ! plugs4 ,petrol is c>ri$ 9 ?ree tanks1 a gravity & int]m$iate tank z fitt$ to ! orig9al a]oplane1 & a bottom tank plac$ und]nea? ! front seat ( ! c>4 ,! petrol is =c$ by air pressure f ! two l[] tanks into ! gravity tank & is obta9$ by a h& pump fitt$ outside ! c> alongside ! pilot's seat4 ,! oil tank is fitt$ inside ! c> 9 front ( ! obs]v]4 ,! obs]v]'s seat is fitt$ abaft ! eng9e & ! pilot's seat is aft ( ! obs]v]4 ,! obs]v]1 :o is also ! wireless op]ator1 has ! wireless app>atus fitt$ ab\t 8 seat4 ,?is consi/s ( a receiv] & transmitt] fitt$ inside ! c>1 :i* d]ives p[] f accumulator batt]ies4 ,! a]ial reel is fitt$ outside ! c>4 ,dur+ patrols signals c be s5t & receiv$ up to & betwe5 #ej & #fj miles4 ,! pilot is responsible = ! /e]+ & ! runn+ ( ! eng9e1 & ! controls utiliz$ are ! fitt+s suppli$ ) ! a]oplane4 ,/e]+ is op]at$ by ! feet & elevat+ by a v]tical :eel m\nt$ 9 a =e & aft direction across ! seat4 ,! control wires are l$ aft inside ! fair+ ( ! fuselage to ! extreme end1 :5ce !y pass to ! elevators & rudd]s4 ,! in/rum5t bo>d is m\nt$ 9 front ( ! pilot4 ,! in/rum5ts comprise a wat*1 an air-spe$ indicator graduat$ 9 knots1 an an]oid read+ to #aj1jjj feet1 an ,elliott revolution c\nt]1 a ,clift incl9omet] read+ up to #bj degrees depression or elevation1 a map case ) celluloid front4 ,!re are 9 addition an oil pressure gauge1 a petrol pressure gauge1 a glass petrol level & two conc5tric glass pressure gauges = gas pressure4 ,! /e]+ compass is m\nt$ on a small wood5 p$e/al on ! floor betwe5 ! pilot's legs4 ,! wat]-balla/ tank is situat$ imm$iately beh9d ! pilot's seat & conta9s #ad gallons ( wat] weigh+ #adj lbs4 ,! armam5t consi/s ( a ,lewis gun & bombs4 ,! bombs are c>ri$ 9 frames susp5d$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! und]c>riage4 ,! bomb sight is fitt$ ne> ! bomb releas+ ge> outside ! c> on ! />bo>d side adjac5t to ! pilot's seat4 ,! ,lewis gun1 al?\gh n always c>ri$ on ! e>ly ,s4,s4 air%ips1 0 m\nt$ on a po/ alongside ! pilot's seat4 ,s4,s4 ,,maurice ,,f>man ,= ?is type ( ,s4,s4 ! c>s 7 built by ,messrs4 ,air%ips ,ltd4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance !y resemble ! ,maurice ,f>man a]oplane & 7 ( ! pu%] type2 #fj1jjj & 9 lat] cases #gj1jjj cubic feet envelopes 7 rigg$ to ^! %ips1 :i* prov$ to be slightly sl[] ?an ! ,b4,e4 #b;,c type1 b ?is 0 comp5sat$ = ow+ to ! increas$ com=t provid$ = ! crew1 ! c>s be+ m roomy & suitable = air%ip "w 9 e way4 ,! sy/em ( rigg+ to all int5ts & purposes is ! same 9 all types ( ,s4,s4 %ips1 ! susp5sions be+ adju/$ to suit ! diff]5t makes ( c>4 ,9 ^! %ips ! pilot sits 9 front1 & beh9d him is ! wireless telegraphy op]ator2 9 sev]al cases a ?ird seat 0 fitt$ to accommodate a pass5g] or eng9e]2 dual rudd] & elevator controls are provid$ = ! pilot & obs]v]4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ aft1 driv+ a f\r-blad$ pu%] propell]1 ) ! petrol tanks situat$ 9 front fe$+ ! c>burettors by gravity4 ,! eng9es us$ are ,rolls ,royce ,r5aults1 al?\gh 9 "o in/ance a #ge horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce ,hawk eng9e 0 fitt$1 :i* assi/$ 9 mak+ an exce$+ly useful %ip4 ,s4,s4 ,,arm/rong ,,:itwor? ,! c> design$ by ,messrs4 ,arm/rong ,:itwor? is ( ! tractor type & is 9 all ways g5]ally simil> to ! ,b4,e4 #b;,c4 ,! s+le-skid l&+ *assis ) buff]s is ! out/&+ diff]5ce4 ,^! c>s _h to be rigg$ to #gj1jjj cubic feet envelopes o!rwise ! m>g9 ( lift 0 decid$ly small4 ,a wat]-cool$ #ajj horse-p[] ,gre5 eng9e propell$ ! %ip1 & a new feature 0 ! disposition ( petrol1 :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 two alum9ium tanks slung f ! envelope & f$ ?r\gh flexible pipes to a two-way cock & !nce to ! c>burettors4 ,^! tanks1 :i* 7 support$ 9 a fabric sl+1 %[$ a sav+ 9 weight ( #ajj lb4 comp>$ ) ^? fitt$ 9 ! ,b4,e4 #b;,c4 ,= ov] two ye>s ^! ?ree types ( ,s4,s4 %ips p]=m$ a great "p ( our air%ip patrol & gave mo/ excell5t results4 ,ow+ to ! con/ant patrol :i* 0 ma9ta9$ :5ev] wea!r conditions 7 suitable1 ! ho/ile subm>9e h>dly d>$ to %[ h] p]iscope 9 ! wat]s :i* 7 "u obs]vation4 ,9 addition to ?is1 practically ! :ole ( ! air%ip p]sonnel n[ fill+ ! high] positions1 su* z ,capta9s ( ,rigids & ,nor? ,seas1 graduat$ z pilots 9 ?is type ( air%ip4 ,f ^! !y pass$ to ! ,coa/al & onw>ds to ! l>g] vessels4 ,z f> z is kn[n ! height record = a ,briti% air%ip is /ill held by an ,s4,s4,b4,e4 #b;,c1 "o ( ^! %ips rea*+ ! altitude ( #aj1cjj feet 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf4 ,! ,maurice ,f>man previ\sly m5tion$ z be+ fitt$ ) ! ,hawk eng9e1 c>ri$ out a patrol "o day ( #ah h\rs #bj m9utes4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aiaf "o ( ! ,arm/rong %ips 0 rigg$ to an envelope dop$ black & s5t ov] to ,france4 ,:ile !re %e c>ri$ out c]ta9 op]ations at night :i* 7 att5d$ ) success1 prov+ t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! air%ip c be ( value 9 op]at+ ) ! milit>y =ces ov] l&4 ,s4,s4,p4 ,9 #aiaf ! design 0 comm5c$ = an ,s4,s4 %ip :i* %\ld h a m com=table c> & be n m]ely an adaptation ( an a]oplane body4 ,^! c>s1 :i* 7 ( rectangul> %ape ) a blunt nose1 7 fitt$ ) a s+le l&+ skid aft1 & conta9$ seats = ?ree p]sons4 ,! eng9e1 a #ajj horse-p[] wat]-cool$ ,gre51 0 m\nt$ on be>]s aft & drove a f\r-blad$ pu%] propell]4 ,! petrol 0 c>ri$ 9 alum9ium tanks atta*$ by fabric sl+s to ! axis ( ! envelope4 ,six ( ^! %ips 7 complet$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiag & 7 q satisfactory1 b ow+ to ! success a*iev$ by ! exp]im5tal ,s4,s4 ,z]o x 0 decid$ to make ?is ! /&>d type ( ,s4,s4 %ip1 & ) ! completion ( ! six? ! programme ( ! ,s4,s4,p's 0 br\ght to a close4 ,^! %ips enjoy$ m ?an1 p]haps1 0 a fair %>e ( mis=tune1 "o 0 wreck$ on proce$+ to its patrol /ation & 0 f\nd to be beyond repair1 & ano!r 0 lo/ 9 a sn[/orm 9 ! f> nor?4 ,! rema9d]1 fitt$ at a lat] date ) #ge horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce eng9es1 prov$ to be a mo/ valuable asset to our fleet ( small air%ips4 ,s4,s4 ,,z]o ,! orig9al ,s4,s4 ,z]o 0 built at a s\?-coa/ /ation by ,air ,s]vice lab\r1 & to ! design ( ?ree (fic]s /ation$ !re4 ,! design ( ! c> %[s a radical dep>ture f any?+ t _h be5 previ\sly attempt$1 & z a model an ord9>y boat 0 tak54 ,9 %ape x is z ne>ly /reaml9e z is practicable1 hav+ a keel & ribs ( wood ) curv$ longitud9al memb]s1 ! /rut ends be+ h\s$ 9 /eel sockets4 ,! :ole frame is brac$ ) piano wire set diagonally betwe5 ! /ruts4 ,! c> is floor$ f end to end1 & ! sides are enclos$ ) #h-ply wood cov]$ ) fabric4 ,accommodation is provid$ = a wireless telegraphy op]ator1 :o is also a gunn]1 8 comp>tm5t be+ situat$ =w>d1 amid%ips is ! pilot & abaft ?is seat is a comp>tm5t = ! eng9e]4 ,! eng9e select$ 0 ! #ge horse-p[] wat]-cool$ ,rolls ,royce1 x be+ consid]$ to be ! mo/ effici5t = ! purpose4 ,! eng9e is m\nt$ ^u be>]s above ! level ( ! top ( ! c>1 & drives a f\r-blad$ pu%] propell]4 ,! c> is susp5d$ f an envelope ( #gj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 & ! sy/em ( rigg+ is simil> to t 9 use on all ,s4,s4 %ips4 ,! petrol is c>ri$ 9 alum9ium tanks slung on ! axis ( ! envelope1 id5tically ) ! sy/em 9 use on ! ,s4,s4,p's4 ,! usual elevator planes are adopt$ ) a s+le long rudd] plane4 ,! spe$ ( ! ,z]o is ab\t #de miles p] h\r & ! %ip has a !oretical endurance ( sev5te5 h\rs2 b ?is has be5 l>gely exce$$ 9 practice4 ,! orig9al %ip prov$ an imm$iate success1 & a l>ge numb] 0 %ortly aft]w>ds ord]$4 ,z "t w5t on ! /ations exp&$ & sub-/ations 7 add$1 :ile ! ,z]o air%ip 0 turn$ out z fa/ z x c\ld be built1 until upw>ds ( sev5ty _h be5 commission$4 ,! "w ^! %ips 7 capable ( exce$$ ! mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,ow+ to _! great] /ability 9 flight & long] h\rs ( endurance1 !y flew 9 wea!r nev] previ\sly attempt$ by ! e>li] %ips4 ,) exp]i5ce ga9$ x 0 %[n t a l>ge fleet ( air%ips ( comp>atively small capacity is ( f> m value = an anti-subm>9e campaign ?an a less] fleet ( %ips ( inf9itely great] capacity4 ,! av]age l5g? ( patrol 0 eight h\rs1 b "s wond]ful duration flights 7 accompli%$ 9 ! summ] ( #aiah1 z ! foll[+ figures w %[4 ,! record is held by ,s4,s4,z4 #ci1 ) #ej h\rs #ee m9utes2 ano!r is #cj h\rs #bj m9utes2 :ile ?ree m v>y f #be #a_/b h\rs to #bf #a_/d4 ,al?\gh small1 ! ,z]o air%ip has be5 "o ( ! successes ( ! w>1 & we c claim pr\dly t %e is entirely a ,briti% product4 ,s4,s4 ,,tw9 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiag1 designs 7 submitt$ = a tw9-eng9$ ,s4,s4 air%ip1 ! idea be+ to r5d] ! small type ( air%ip less liable to loss f eng9e failure4 ,! fir/ design prov$ to be a failure1 b ! second 0 consid]$ m promis+1 & sev]al 7 built4 ,its capacity is #ajj1jjj cubic feet1 ) a l5g? ( #afd feet #f in*es1 & ! greate/ diamet] #cb feet4 ,! c> is built to c>ry five1 ) ! eng9es dispos$ on gantries on ! port & />bo>d side1 driv+ pu%] propell]s4 ,?is type1 al?\gh 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 is be+ p]sev]$ )1 & ! int5tion is t x w gradually supplant ! o!r ,s4,s4 classes4 ,x is calculat$ t x w equal if n surpass ! ,c ,/> %ip 9 endurance1 besides be+ easi] to h&le & c]ta9ly *eap] to build4 ,,coa/al ,,& ,c ,,/> ,,air%ips ,! urg5t ne$ = a non-rigid air%ip to c>ry out anti-subm>9e patrol hav+ be5 satisfi$ = ! "t ) ! production ( ! ,s4,s4 ,b4,e4 #b;,c type1 ! air%ip design]s ( ! ,royal ,naval ,air ,s]vice turn$ _! att5tion to ! production ( an air%ip :i* w\ld h great] lift & spe$ ?an ! ,s4,s4 type1 &1 consequ5tly1 an augm5t$ radius ( action1 toge!r ) a high] degree ( reliability4 ,z ! "n ,coa/al or ,coa/ ,patrol implies1 ?is %ip 0 int5d$ to c>ry out ext5d$ sea patrols4 ,to obta9 ^! ma9 requirem5ts ! capacity ( ! envelope = ?is type 0 fix$ at #agj1jjj cubic feet1 z comp>$ ) ! #fj1jjj cubic feet &1 lat]1 ! #gj1jjj cubic feet envelopes adopt$ = ! ,s4,s4 %ips4 ,great] spe$ 0 aim$ at by fitt+ two eng9es ( #aej horse-p[] ea*1 & x 0 hop$ t ! *ances ( loss ow+ to eng9e failure w\ld be consid]ably m9imiz$4 ,! ,a/ra-,torres type ( envelope1 ) its sy/em ( int]nal rigg+1 0 select$ = ?is class ( air%ip2 9 ! orig9al %ip ! envelope us$ 0 t manufactur$ by ! ,fr5* ,a/ra-,torres ,company1 & to :i* x _h be5 int5d$ to rig a small enclos$ c>4 ,! %ip 9 "q 0 to be kn[n z ,no4 #aj4 ,?is plan 01 h[ev]1 dep>t$ f1 & ! c> 0 subsequ5tly rigg$ to ! envelope ( ! ,eta1 & a special c> 0 design$ & con/ruct$ = ! orig9al ,coa/al4 ,coa/al air%ip ,no4 #a 0 commission$ t[>ds ! end ( #aiae & 0 reta9$ solely = exp]im5tal & tra9+ purposes4 ,approximately ?irty ( ^! air%ips 7 con/ruct$ dur+ ! ye> #aiaf1 & 7 allocat$ to ! v>i\s /ations = patrol duties4 ,! "w c>ri$ out by ^! %ips dur+ ! two & a half ye>s 9 :i* !y 7 9 commission1 is wor?y ( ! highe/ comm5dation4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( lat] & m reliable %ips1 ! bulk ( anti-subm>9e patrol on ! ea/ coa/ & s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,engl& 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,coa/al4 ,on ! ea/ coa/1 ) ! prevail+ we/]ly & s\?-we/]ly w9ds1 ^! air%ips _h _m long & ardu\s voyages on _! return f patrol1 & 9 ! bitt]ness ( w9t] _! difficulties 7 increas$ t5-fold4 ,to ! :ole-he>t$ ef=ts ( ,coa/al pilots & crews is due1 to a great ext5t1 ! recognition :i* some:at t>dily 0 grant$ to ! ,air%ip ,s]vice4 ,! envelope ( ! ,coa/al air%ip has be5 %[n to be ( #agj1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,x is trilobe 9 section to employ ! ,a/ra-,torres sy/em ( int]nal & ext]nal rigg+4 ,! great feature ( ?is pr9ciple is t x enables ! c> to be slung mu* clos] to ! envelope ?an w\ld be possible ) ! tang5tial sy/em on an envelope ( ?is size4 ,z a natural consequ5ce !re is f> less head resi/ance1 ow+ to ! mu* %ort] rigg+1 betwe5 ! envelope & ! c>4 ,! %ape ( ! envelope is n all t c\ld h be5 desir$1 = x is by no means a true /reaml9e1 b has ! same cross section = ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 :i* tap]s at ei!r end to a po9t :i* is slightly m acc5tuat$ aft4 ,ow+ to ! %ape1 ^! %ips1 9 ! e>ly days until exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$1 7 extremely difficult to h&le1 bo? on ! l&+ gr\nd & also 9 ! air4 ,!y 7 extremely un/able bo? 9 a v]tical & horizontal plane1 & 7 sl[ 9 answ]+ to _! rudd]s & elevators4 ,! envelope is compos$ ( rubb]-pro($ fabric dop$ to hold ! gas & resi/ ! effects ( wea!r4 ,f\r ballonets are situat$ 9 ! envelope1 two 9 ea* ( ! l[] lobes1 air be+ convey$ to !m by means ( a fabric air duct1 :i* is p>allel to ! longitud9al c5tre l9e ( ! envelope1 ) transv]se ducts connect+ ea* pair ( ballonets4 ,9 e>li] types ( ! ,coa/al1 ! air scoop supply+ air to ! air duct 0 fitt$ 9 ! slip /ream ( ! =w>d eng9e1 b lat] ?is 0 fitt$ aft ( ! aft] eng9e4 ,six valves 9 all are us$1 f\r air valves1 "o fitt$ to ea* ballonet1 & two gas valves4 ,^! are situat$ well aft1 "o to ea* ( ! l[] lobes1 & are fitt$ on ei!r side ( ! rudd] plane4 ,a top valve is disp5s$ ) because 9 practice :5 an ,a/ra-,torres envelope loses %ape1 ! t5d5cy is = ! tail to be pull$ upw>ds by ! rigg+1 ) ! result t ! two gas valves always rema9 op]ative4 ,crabpots & non-return valves are employ$ 9 a simil> mann] to ,s4,s4 air%ips4 ,! ,a/ra-,torres sy/em ( int]nal rigg+ mu/ n[ be describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,! envelope is made up ( ?ree longitud9al lobes1 "o above & two bel[1 :i* :5 view$ end on gives x a trefoil appe>ance4 ,! int]nal rigg+ is atta*$ to ! ridges =m$ on ei!r side ( ! upp] lobe1 :]e x meets ! two side lobes4 ,f "h x =ms a ,v1 :5 view$ cross sectionally1 conv]g+ at he ridge =m$ by ! two lobes on ! und]side ( ! envelope :i* is kn[n z ! l[] ridge4 ,to ! :ole l5g? ( ! top ridges are atta*$ ! int]nal rigg+ girdles & also ! lac+ girdles to :i* are secur$ ! top & side curta9s4 ,^! curta9s are compos$ ( ord9>y unpro($ fabric & _! object is to make ! envelope keep its trilobe %ape4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 divide ! %ip into sep>ate gas comp>tm5ts4 ,! rigg+ girdle consi/s ( a numb] ( fabric scallops ?r\gh :i* run /r&s ( ,italian hemp4 ,^! /r&s1 ( :i* !re are a l>ge numb]1 are l$ t[>ds ! bottom ridge1 :]e !y are drawn toge!r & secur$ to a rigg+ sector4 ,to ^! sectors ! ma9 ext]nal rigg+ cables are atta*$4 ,! diagram %[s bett] ?an any description ?is rigg+ sy/em4 ,t5 ma9 susp5sions are incorporat$ 9 ! ,coa/al envelope1 ( :i* ?ree take ! h&l+ guys1 ! rema9+ sev5 support ! weight ( ! c>4 ,! horizontal f9s ) ! elevator flaps1 & ! v]tical f9 ) ! rudd] flap1 are fix$ to ! ridges ( ! envelope4 ,! c> 0 evolv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by cutt+ away ! tail portion ( two ,avro seaplane fuselages & jo9+ ! =w>d portions end on1 ! result+ c>1 !re=e1 _h eng9es at ei!r end ) seat+ accommodation = f\r4 ,! l&+ *assis 7 alt]$1 s+le skids be+ sub/itut$ = ! wid] l&+ *assis employ$ 9 ! seaplane4 ,! c> consi/s ( f\r long]ons ) /ruts v]tical & cross1 & /iff5$ ) v]tical & cross brac+ wires4 ,! sides are cov]$ ) fabric & ! floor+ & fair+ on ! top ( ! c> are compos$ ( ?ree-ply wood4 ,9 ! lat] c>s five seats 7 provid$ to enable a second (fic] to be c>ri$4 ,! eng9es are m\nt$ on be>]s at ea* end ( ! c>1 & ! petrol & oil tanks 7 orig9ally plac$ adjo9+ ! eng9es 9 ! c>4 ,at a lat] date v>i\s me?ods ( c>ry+ ! petrol tanks 7 adopt$1 9 "s cases !y 7 slung f ! envelope & 9 o!rs m\nt$ on be>]s above ! eng9es4 ,wireless telegraphy is fitt$ z is ! case ) all air%ips4 ,9 ! ,coa/al a gun is m\nt$ on ! top ( ! envelope1 :i* is rea*$ by a climb+ %aft pass+ ?r\gh ! envelope1 ano!r m\nt+ be+ provid$ on ! c> itself4 ,bombs are also c>ri$ on frames atta*$ to ! c>4 ,sunbeam eng9es orig9ally suppli$ ! motive p[]1 b at a lat] date a #bbj horse-p[] ,r5ault 0 fitt$ aft & a #ajj horse-p[]1 ,b]liet =w>d4 ,) ! great] eng9e p[] ! %ip's capabilities 7 consid]ably increas$4 ,exce$+ly long flights 7 a*iev$ by ?is type ( %ip1 & ^? exce$+ t5 h\rs are f> too num]\s to m5tion4 ,! mo/ notewor?y ( all gave a total ( #bd #a_/d h\rs1 :i*1 at ! "t1 _h only once be5 surpass$ by any ,briti% air%ip4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aiag1 ^! %ips1 hav+ be5 9 commission = ov] two ye>s1 7 9 _m cases 9 ne$ ( a complete refit4 ,sev]al 7 put 9 ord]1 b x 0 decid$ t ?is policy %\ld n be cont9u$1 & t z ea* %ip 0 no long] fit = fly+ x %\ld be replac$ by ! m mod]n ,coa/al kn[n z ! ,c ,/>4 ,! record ( "o ( ^! %ips s delet$ is surely wor?y ( special m5tion4 ,%e 0 9 commission = #b ye>s #ge days1 & av]ag$ = ea* day ( ?is p]iod #c h\rs #f m9utes fly+4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e cov]$ upw>ds ( #ff1jjj miles4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t %e did n pass h] life by any means 9 idl5ess4 ,c ,,/> ,,air%ip ,aft] consid]able exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$ ) ! ,coa/al1 x became obvi\s t a %ip 0 requir$ ( great] capabilities to ma9ta9 ! long h\rs ( escort duty & also anti-subm>9e patrols4 ,to meet ^! requirem5ts x 0 felt t a %ip c\ld be con/ruct$1 n dep>t+ to any ext5t f ! ,coa/al1 ) :i* _m pilots 7 n[ q famili>1 b :i* w\ld %[ appreciable improvem5t ov] its pr$ecessor4 ,! design :i* 0 ultimately adopt$ 0 kn[n z ! ,c ,/>1 & provid$ an envelope ( #baj1jjj cubic feet1 :i* secur$ an extra ton & a qu>t] 9 lift+ capacity4 ,?is envelope1 al?\gh ( ! ,a/ra-,torres type1 0 ( /reaml9e =m1 & 9 t respect 0 a great advance on ! e>ly %ape z us$ 9 ! ,coa/al4 ,x is to all int5ts & purposes ! same envelope z is us$ on ! ,nor? ,sea %ips1 b on a small] scale4 ,an entirely new type ( fabric 0 employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! same model ( c> 0 employ$1 b 0 made m com=table1 ! canvas cov]+ = ! sides be+ replac$ by ?ree-ply wood4 ,9 all o!r details ! c> rema9$ entirely ! same4 ,! /&>d p[] units 7 a #ajj horse-p[] ,b]liet =w>d & a ,fiat ( #bfj horse-p[] aft4 ,! petrol tanks 9 ?is design 7 c>ri$ inside ! envelope1 :i* 0 q a new dep>ture4 ,^! air%ips may be consid]$ to h be5 successful1 ?\gh n p]haps to ! ext5t :i* 0 expect$ by _! mo/ ard5t admir]s4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,s4,s4 ,tw9 x 0 resolv$ n to emb>k on a l>ge con/ructional programme1 & :5 ! numb]s rea*$ d\ble figures !y 7 no long] proce$$ )4 ,not)/&+ ?is ! %ips :i* 7 commission$ c>ri$ out mo/ valuable "w1 &1 l _! prototypes1 _m f9e flights 7 record$ to _! cr$it4 ,?irty-f\r & a half h\rs 0 ! record flight = ?is type ( %ip1 & ano!r b little inf]ior 0 ?irty h\rs t5 m9utes4 ,^! flights speak well = ! endurance ( ! crews1 z x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t no sleep+ accommodation is possible 9 s small a c>4 ,! ,coa/al air%ip play$ no small "p 9 ! defeat ( ! subm>9e1 b its task 0 on]\s & ! enemy & ! elem5ts un=tunately exact$ a heavy toll4 ,a ,g]man wireless message receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry te/ifi$ to ! valiant mann] 9 :i* "o ( ^! %ips met ) de/ruction4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,sea ,,air%ip ,! ,nor? ,sea or ,n4,s4 air%ip 0 orig9ally design$ to act z a sub/itute = ! ,rigid1 :i*1 9 #aiaf1 0 /ill a long way f be+ available = "w ( practical utility4 ,f exp]i5ce ga9$ at ?is "t ) air%ips ( ! ,coa/al type x 0 ?\ght possible to con/ruct a l>ge ,non-,rigid capable ( c>ry+ out flights ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs' duration1 ) a spe$ ( #ee to #fj knots1 ) suffici5t accommodation = a d\ble crew4 ,! ma9 requirem5ts fall "u f\r head+s3 #a4 ,capability to c>ry out flights ( consid]able duration4 #b4 ,great reliability4 #c4 ,! necess>y lift to c>ry an ample supply ( fuel4 #d4 ,adequate arrangem5ts to accommodate ! crew 9 com=t4 ,if ^! c\ld be fulfill$ ! au?orities 7 satisfi$ t %ips possess+ ^! qualifications w\ld be ( value to ! ,fleet & w\ld prove effici5t sub/itutes until rigid air%ips 7 available4 ,! ,nor? ,sea1 z may be ga!r$ f its "n1 0 int5d$ to op]ate on ! ea/ coa/s ( ^! isl&s4 ,! fir/ %ip1 :5 complet$ & put ?r\gh h] trials1 0 vot$ a success1 & ! o!rs build+ 7 rapidly pu%$ on )4 ,:5 sev]al 7 f9i%$ & exp]i5ce _h be5 ga9$1 aft] long flights _h be5 c>ri$ out1 ! ,nor? ,sea air%ip suff]$ a p>tial eclipse & p 7 incl9$ to reconsid] _! fav\rable op9ion4 ,?us x 0 t = _m mon?s ! ,nor? ,sea air%ip 0 decid$ly unpopul>1 & x 0 q a common matt] to he> h] describ$ z a complete failure4 ,! ma9 cause ( ! prejudice 0 ! unsatisfactory design ( ! propell+ ma*9]y1 :i* x w be se5 lat] 0 modifi$ altoge!r1 & c\pl$ ) o!r improvem5ts turn$ a %ip ( d\btful value into "o t c only be comm5d$4 ,! envelope is ( #cfj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 & is design$ on ! ,a/ra-,torres pr9ciple = ! same reasons z held good 9 ! cases ( ! ,coa/al & ,c ,/>4 ,all ! improvem5ts :i* _h be5 sugge/$ by ! %ips ( t class 7 incorporat$ 9 ! new design1 :i* 0 ( /reaml9e %ape ?r\gh\t1 & look$ at 9 elevation resembl$ 9 %ape t ( ! ,s4,s4 air%ip4 ,six ballonets are fitt$1 ( :i* ! total capacity is #abh1jjj cubic feet1 equival5t to #ce4e p] c5t ( ! total volume4 ,!y are fitt$ ) crabpots & non-return valves 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! rigg+ is ( ! ,a/ra-,torres sy/em1 & 9 no way diff]s f t expla9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,n9e fans ( ! int]nal rigg+ support ! ma9 susp5sions ( ! c>1 :ile simil> fans bo? =e & aft provide atta*m5t = ! h&l+ guys4 ,auxili>y fans on ! same pr9ciple support ! petrol tanks & balla/ bag4 ,f\r gas & six air valves 9 all are fitt$1 all ( :i* are automatic4 ,two ripp+ panels are embodi$ 9 ! top lobe ( ! envelope4 ,! ,n4,s4 %ip c>ries f\r f9s1 to ?ree ( :i* are atta*$ ! elevator & rudd] flaps4 ,! f\r?1 ! top f91 is m]ely = /abiliz+ purposes1 ! o!r ?ree be+ id5tical 9 design1 & are fitt$ ) ! ord9>y sy/em ( wir+ & k+po/s to prev5t w>p+4 ,! petrol 0 orig9ally c>ri$ 9 alum9ium tanks dispos$ above ! top ridges ( ! envelope1 b ?is sy/em 0 ab&on$ ow+ to ! alum9ium supply pipes becom+ fractur$ z ! envelope *ang$ %ape at diff]5t pressures4 ,!y 7 !n plac$ inside ! envelope1 & ?is re>rangem5t has giv5 e satisfaction4 ,to ! envelope ( ! ,n4,s4 is rigg$ a long cov]$-9 c>4 ,! framework ( ?is is built up ( light /eel tubes1 ! rectangul> transv]se frames ( :i* are connect$ by longitud9al tubes1 ! :ole /ructure be+ brac$ by diagonal wires4 ,! c>1 :i* tap]s t[>ds ! /]n1 has a l5g? ( #he feet1 ) a height ( #f feet4 ,! =w>d portion is cov]$ ) duralum9 %eet+1 & ! rema9d] ) fabric lac$ to ! framework4 ,w9d[s & por?oles af=d ! crew bo? light & space to see all t is requir$4 ,9 ! =w>d portion ( ! c> are dispos$ all ! controls & navigat+ in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) eng9e-telegraphs & voice pipes4 ,aft is ! wireless telegraphy cab9 & sleep+ accommodation = ! crew4 ,a complete electrical in/allation is c>ri$ ( two dynamos & batt]ies = lights1 signall+ lamps1 telephones1 etc4 ,! eng9es are m\nt$ 9 a p[] unit /ructure sep>ate f ! c> & rea*$ by a wood5 gangway support$ by wire cables4 ,?is /ructure consi/s ( two ,v-%ap$ frameworks connect$ by a c5tral frame & by an "u-/ructure to :i* floats are atta*$4 ,! me*anics' comp>tm5t is built ^u ! c5tral frame1 & ! eng9e controls are op]at$ f ?is cab94 ,9 ! orig9al p[] units two #bej horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce eng9es 7 fitt$1 driv+ propell]s on indep5d5t %afts ?r\gh an elaborate sy/em ( transmission4 ,?is prov$ to be a great s\rce ( weakness1 z cont9ual tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ ) ?is me?od1 & a fracture soon] or lat] occurr$ at ! univ]sal jo9t ne>e/ to ! propell]4 ,:5 ! modifi$ =m ( %ip 0 built ! :ole sy/em ( transmission 0 *ang$1 & ! propell]s 7 fitt$ directly on to ! eng9e crank%afts4 ,at a lat] date #bdj horse-p[] ,fiat eng9es 7 in/all$1 & ! eng9e]s' cab9 0 modifi$ & an auxili>y bl[] 0 fitt$ to supply air to ! ballonets = use if ! eng9es are n runn+4 ,9 ! ,n4,s4 %ip z modifi$ ! c> has be5 rais$ to ! same level z ! eng9e]s' cab91 & all excresc5ces on ! envelope 7 plac$ inside4 ,?is1 add$ to ! improvem5t effect$ by ! abolition ( ! transmission %afts1 increas$ ! reliability & spe$ ( ! %ip1 & also caus$ a r$uction 9 weight4 ,! lead+ dim5sions ( ! %ip are z foll[s3 l5g?1 #bfb feet2 wid?1 #ef feet #i in*es2 height1 #fi feet #c in*es4 ,! gross lift is #bd1cjj lb42 ! disposable lift1 )\t crew1 petrol1 oil1 & balla/1 #h1ejj lb4 ,! normal crew c>ri$ :5 on patrol is t51 :i* includes (fic]s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,coa/al1 a gun is m\nt$ on ! top ( ! envelope1 :i* is approa*$ by a simil> climb+ %aft1 & guns & bombs are c>ri$ on ! c>4 ,^! %ips h become notori\s = break+ all fly+ records = non-rigid air%ips4 ,ev5 ! fir/ %ip ( ! class1 despite ! unsatisfactory p[] units1 s long ago z 9 ! summ] ( #aiag complet$ a flight ( #di h\rs #bb m9utes1 :i* at ! "t 0 ! record flight ( any ,briti% air%ip4 ,s9ce t date num]\s flights ( q unprec$5t$ duration h be5 a*iev$1 "o ( #fa #a_/b h\rs be+ p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 & ^? ( upw>ds ( #cj h\rs h become q commonplace4 ,s9ce ! ,armi/ice "o ( ^! %ips complet$ ! unp>allel$ total ( #aja h\rs1 :i* at t date 0 ! _w's record flight1 & af=d$ consid]able evid5ce z to ! utility ( ! non-rigid type = ov]seas patrol1 & ev5 op5s up ! possibility ( employ+ %ips ( simil> or slightly great] dim5sions = comm]cial purposes4 ,n4,s4 #f appe>$ sev]al times ov] ,london 9 ! summ] mon?s ( #aiah1 & "o c\ld n help be+ /ruck by ! ease ) :i* %e 0 /e]$ & h] p[] to rema9 almo/ /ation>y ov] su* a small area z ,trafalg> ,squ>e = a q consid]able p]iod4 ,! flights ref]r$ to above 7 n 9 any way /unt p]=mances to pile up a h&some aggregate ( h\rs1 b 7 ! ord9>y fly+ r\t9e ( ! /ation to :i* ! %ips 7 atta*$1 & mo/ ( ! h\rs 7 sp5t 9 escort+ convoys & hunt+ = subm>9es4 ,9 addition to ^! duties1 manoeuvres 7 c>ri$ out on occasions ) ! ,fleet or units !re(4 ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations x mu/ be manife/ t ?is type ( %ip1 9 its pres5t modifi$ /ate1 is a signal success1 & is probably ! be/ l>ge non-rigid air%ip t has be5 produc$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,= ! purposes ( comp>ison x w be int]e/+ to tabulate ! p]=mances ( ! /&>d types ( non-rigid air%ips4 ,! lead+ dim5sions are also includ$ 9 ?is summ>y3 ,type ,s4,s4 ,z]o ,s4,s4 ,tw9 ,coa/al ,nor? ,/> ,sea ,l5g? #adc' #j #afe' #j #bah' #j #bfb' #j ,ov]all wid? #cb' #j #ce' #f #di' #c #ef' #i ,ov]all height #df' #j #di' #j #eg' #f #fi' #c ,hydrog5 capacity 7cubic feet7 #gj1jjj #ajj1jjj #baj1jjj #cfj1jjj ,gross lift 7lb47 #d1ijj #g1jjj #ad1ejj #bd1cjj ,disposable lift 7lb47 #a1hej #b1bjj #d1hej #h1ejj ,crew #c #d #e #aj ,lift available = fuel & freight 7lb47 #a1cgj #a1edj #d1jej #f1ijj ,petrol consumption at full spe$ 7lb4 p] h\r7 #c4f #g4b #ah4d #bi4h ,gals4 p] h\r #j4cf #j4gb #b4je #c ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,naval ,,air%ips4--,,! ,,rigids--,,rigid ,,air%ip ,no4 #a ,! responsibility = ! developm5t ! ,rigid air%ip hav+ be5 allott$ to ! ,navy1 ) ?is object 9 view1 9 ! ye>s #aijh & #aiji a design 0 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s ,ltd41 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 naval (fic]s1 = a purely exp]im5tal air%ip :i* %\ld be z *eap z possible4 ,! %ip 0 to be kn[n z ,naval ,air%ip ,no4 #a1 & ?\gh popul>ly call$ ! ,mayfly1 ?is title 0 9 no way (ficial4 ,9 design ! foll[+ ma9 objects 7 aim$ at3 #a4 ,! air%ip 0 to be capable ( c>ry+ out ! duties ( an a]ial sc\t4 #b4 ,%e 0 to be able to ma9ta9 a spe$ ( #dj knots = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 if possible4 #c4 ,%e 0 to be s design$ t moor+ to a ma/ on ! wat] 0 to be feasible1 to enable h] to be indep5d5t ( h] %$ except = dock+ purposes1 z 9 ! case ) surface vessels4 #d4 ,%e 0 to be fitt$ ) wireless telegraphy4 #e4 ,arrangem5ts 7 to be made = ! accommodation ( ! crew 9 reasonable com=t4 #f4 ,%e 0 to be capable ( asc5d+ to a height ( n less ?an #a1ejj feet4 ,^! conditions r5d]$ x necess>y t ! air%ip %\ld be ( great] dim5sions ?an any built at ! "t1 toge!r ) l>g] horse-p[]1 etc4 ,^! /ipulations hav+ be5 settl$ by ! ,admiralty1 ! ,admiralty (ficials1 9 conjunction ) ,messrs4 ,vick]s ,ltd41 det]m9$ ! size1 %ape1 & mat]ials = ! air%ip requir$4 ,! l5g? ( ! %ip 0 fix$ at approximately #ejj feet1 ) a diamet] ( #dh feet4 ,v>i\s %apes 7 consid]$1 & ! "o adopt$ 0 t recomm5d$ by an ,am]ican pr(essor nam$ ,zahm4 ,9 ?is %ape1 a great proportion ( ! longitud9al huff framework is p>allel sid$ ) curv$ b[ & /]n portions1 ! radius ( ^! curv$ portions be+1 9 ! case ( ! b[1 twice ! diamet] ( ! hull1 & 9 ! case ( ! /]n n9e times ! same diamet]4 ,exp]im5ts prov$ t ! resi/ance ( a %ip ( ?is %ape 0 only two-fif?s ( ! resi/ance ( a %ip ( ! same dim5sions1 hav+ ! #a #a_/b calibre b[ & /]n ( ! ,zeppel9 air%ips at t "t con/ruct$4 ,a consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/$ z to ! mat]ial to be *os5 = ! con/ruction ( ! hull4 ,bamboo1 wood1 alum9ium1 or "o ( its alloys1 7 all consid]$4 ,! fir/ 0 reject$ z unreliable4 ,! second w\ld h be5 mu* /rong] ?an alum9ium1 & 0 urg$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s4 ,! ,admiralty1 h[ev]1 consid]$ t !re 0 a c]ta9ty ( bett] alloys be+ produc$1 & z ! %ip 0 reg>d$ z an exp]im5t & its value w\ld be l>gely negativ$ if lat] %ips 7 con/ruct$ ( a totally diff]5t mat]ial1 alum9ium or an alloy 0 select$4 ,! v>i\s alloys !n 9 exi/5ce %[$ little advantage ov] ! pure metal1 s pure alum9ium 0 specifi$ & ord]$4 ,?is metal 0 expect$ to h a /r5g? ( t5 tons p] squ>e in*1 b t :i* arriv$ 0 f\nd to be v unreliable1 & _m sections _h1 on te/1 only half ! /r5g? requir$4 ,! alum9ium wire int5d$ = ! me% wir+ ( ! framework 0 also f\nd to be extremely brittle4 ,a section ( ! framework 01 h[ev]1 erect$1 & also "o ( wood1 z a te/ = provid+ comp>isons4 ,9 ! te/s1 ! wood5 sections prov$1 beyond all comp>ison1 ! bett]1 b ! ,admiralty p]si/$ 9 _! decision to adopt ! metal4 ,t[>ds ! end ( #aiji a new alum9ium alloy 0 discov]$1 kn[n z duralum94 ,te/s 7 made :i* prov$ t ?is new metal possess$ a /r5g? ( tw5ty-five tons p] squ>e in*1 :i* 0 ov] twice z /rong z ! nom9al /r5g? ( alum9ium1 & 9 practice 0 really five times /rong]4 ,! specific gravity ( ! new metal v>i$ f #b4ge to #b4hf1 z oppos$ to ! #b4ef ( alum9ium4 ,z ! weights 7 n mu* diff]5t x 0 possible to d\ble ! /r5g? ( ! %ip & save "o ton 9 weight4 ,duralum9 0 !re=e at once adopt$4 ,! hull /ructure 0 compos$ ( twelve longitud9al duralum9 gird]s :i* ran =e & aft ! l5g? ( ! %ip & foll[$ ! ext]nal %ape4 ,! gird]s 7 secur$ to a /eel nose-piece at ! b[ & a po9t$ /]n-piece aft4 ,^! gird]s1 built ( duralum9 sections1 7 additionally brac$ :]ev] ! greate/ weights occurr$4 ,to support ^! gird]s 9 a ?w>t%ip direction a s]ies ( transv]se frames 7 plac$ at #ab feet #f in*es c5tres ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! %ip1 & =m$1 :5 view$ cross-sectionally1 a univ]sal polygon ( twelve sides4 ,= brac+ purposes me% wir+ /iff5$ ea* bay longitud9ally1 s =m$ by ! junction ( ! runn+ gird] & ! transv]se frames1 :ile ! transv]se frames betwe5 ! gasbags 7 /iff5$ ) radial wir+ :i* =m$ /ructure simil> to a :eel ) its spokes4 ,! frames :]e ! gondolas occurr$ 7 /r5g!n$ to take ! addition weight1 :ile ! longitud9als 7 also /iff5$ at ! b[ & /]n4 ,communication 0 provid$ betwe5 ! gondolas by means ( an ext]nal keel :i* 0 susp5d$ f extra keel longitud9als4 ,9 ?is design ! keel 0 provid$ = accommodation purposes only1 & 9 no way increas$ ! /ructural /ability ( ! %ip z 9 ,no4 #i & lat] %ips4 ,?is keel1 triangul> 9 section1 wid5$ out amid%ips to =m a space = a cab9 & ! wireless comp>tm5t4 ,! f9s & rudd]s1 :i* 7 adopt$1 7 bas$ entirely on subm>9e exp]i5ce1 & ! ,zeppel9 me?od 0 ignor$4 ,! f9s 7 fitt$ at ! /]n ( ! %ip only1 & compris$ port & />bo>d horizontal f9s1 :i* foll[$ approximately ! %ape ( ! hull1 & an upp] & l[] v]tical f94 ,atta*$ to ^! f9s 7 box rudd]s & elevators1 in/ead ( ! balanc$ rudd]s fir/ propos$4 ,auxili>y rudd]s 7 also fitt$ 9 case ( a breakd[n ( ! ma9 /e]+ ge> abaft ! aft] gondola4 ,elevators & rudd]s 7 controll$ f ! =w>d gondola & ! auxili>y rudd]s f ! aft] gondola4 ,! gasbags 7 sev5te5 9 numb] & 7 twelve-sid$ 9 section1 giv+ approximately a volume ( #ffc1jjj cubic feet :5 completely full4 ,cont95tal fabric1 z 9 use on ! ,zeppel9 air%ips1 0 adopt$1 al?\gh ! orig9al int5tion 0 to use gold-beat]'s sk91 b ?is 0 ab&on$ ow+ to %ortage ( mat]ial4 ,^! bags 7 fitt$ ) ! ,p>seval type ( valve1 :i* is situat$ at ! top1 contr>y to ! curr5t ,zeppel9 practice1 :i* _h automatic valves at ! bottom ( ! bags1 & h&-op]at$ valves on ! top ( a few bags = control purposes4 ,nets 7 lac$ to ! framework to prev5t ! bags bulg+ ?r\gh ! gird]s4 ,! :ole ext]ior ( ! hull 0 fitt$ ) an out] cov]2 ,zeppel9 at ?is "t us$ a pla9 light rubb]-pro($ fabric1 b ?is 0 n consid]$ suitable = a %ip :i* 0 requir$ to be moor$ 9 ! op51 z 9 wet wea!r ! mat]ial w\ld get saturat$ & wat]-logg$4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out ) cotton1 silk & ramie1 &1 z a result1 silk treat$ ) ,ioco 0 f9ally select$4 ,?is cov] 0 lac$ ) cords to ! gird] "w1 & cov]-/rips r5d]$ ! :ole imp]vi\s to wet4 ,fire-pro($ fabric 0 fitt$ 9 wake ( ! gondolas = safety f ! heat ( ! eng9es4 ,two gondolas1 ea* compris+ a control comp>tm5t & eng9e-room1 7 susp5d$ f ! ma9 framework ( ! hull4 ,!y 7 %ap$ to af=d ! lea/ resi/ance possible to ! air1 & 7 made ( ,honduras mahogany1 ?ree-ply :]e ! balla/ tanks occurr$1 & two-ply else:]e4 ,! plies 7 sewn toge!r ) copp] wire4 ,! gondolas 7 design$ to h suffici5t /r5g? to )/& ! /ra9 ( alight+ on ! wat]4 ,!y 7 susp5d$ f ! hull by wood5 /ruts /reaml9e 9 %ape1 & fitt$ ) int]nal /eel-wire ropes2 additional wire susp5sions 7 also fitt$ to di/ribute ! load ov] a great] l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,! eng9es 7 c>ri$ 9 ! gondolas on f\r holl[ wood5 /ruts1 also fitt$ int]nally ) wire4 ,! wires 7 int5d$ to support ! gondolas 9 ! ev5t ( ! /ruts be+ brok5 9 mak+ a heavy l&+4 ,two eng9es 7 m\nt$1 "o 9 ea* gondola1 ! type us$ be+ ! #h-;cyl9d] v]tical wat]-cool$ ,wolseley develop+ a horse-p[] ( #afj4 ,! =w>d eng9e drove two w+ propell]s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bevel ge>+1 :ile ! aft] eng9e drove a s+le l>ge propell] aft ?r\gh #d ge> box to r$uce ! propell] revolutions to half t ( ! eng9e4 ,! e/imat$ spe$ ( ! %ip 0 calculat$ to be #db miles p] h\r1 petrol 0 c>ri$ 9 tanks1 fitt$ 9 ! keel1 & ! wat] balla/ tanks 7 plac$ close to ! keel & connect$ toge!r by means ( a pipe4 ,no4 #a 0 complet$ 9 ,may1 #aiaa4 ,%e _h be5 built at ,b>r[ 9 a %$ erect$ on ! edge ( ,cav5di% ,dock4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made t %e %\ld be t[$ out ( ! %$ to te/ h] effici5cy at a moor+ po/ :i* _h be5 prep>$ 9 ! middle ( ! dock4 ,%e 0 laun*$ on ,may #bbnd 9 a flat calm & 0 w>p$ out ( ! %$ & haul$ to ! po/ :]e %e 0 secur$ )\t incid5t4 ,! %ip rode at ! moor+ po/ 9 a /eady w9d1 :i* at "o "t increas$ to #cf miles p] h\r1 until ! aft]noon ( ,may #be?1 & su/a9$ no damage :atev]4 ,v>i\s eng9e trials 7 c>ri$ out1 b no attempt 0 made to fly1 z ow+ to v>i\s reasons ! %ip 0 %ort ( lift4 ,valuable in=mation 01 h[ev]1 ga9$ 9 h&l+ ! %ip1 & mu* 0 le>nt ( h] behavi\r at ! ma/4 ,m tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ h] back into ! %$1 b %e 0 ev5tually h\s$ )\t su/a9+ any damage ( importance4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( disposable lift1 ! bags 7 deflat$ & v>i\s modifications 7 c>ri$ out to light5 ! %ip1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal 7 ! removal ( ! keel & cab9 entirely1 & ! removal ( ! wat]-trimm+ s]vices4 ,o!r m9or alt]ations 7 made :i* gave ! %ip1 on completion1 a disposable lift ( #c4ba tons4 ,! transv]se frames betwe5 ! gasbags 7 /r5g!n$1 & a numb] ( brok5 wires 7 replac$4 ,on ,septemb] #bbnd ! %ip 0 aga9 complet$1 & on ! #bd? %e 0 aga9 to be tak5 out & te/$ at ! moor+ po/4 ,un=tunately1 :ile be+ haul$ across ! dock1 ! framework ( ! %ip collaps$1 & %e 0 got back into ! %$ ! same day4 ,exam9ation %[$ t x 0 hopeless to attempt to recon/ruct h]1 & %e 0 brok5 up at a lat] date4 ,! failure ( ?is %ip 0 a mo/ regrettable incid5t1 & increas$ ! prejudice aga9/ ! rigid air%ip to su* an ext5t t = "s "t ! ,navy refus$ to ent]ta9 any idea ( attempt+ a second exp]im5t4 ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,no4 #i ,rigid ,air%ip ,no4 #a hav+ met ) su* a calamit\s end1 ! au?orities became r dubi\s z to ! wisdom ( cont9u+ su* co/ly exp]im5ts4 ,mo/ un=tunately1 z ! future %[$ & z 0 ! op9ion ( _m at ! "t1 rigid con/ruction 9 ! foll[+ ye> #aiab 0 ord]$ to be discont9u$4 ,?is decision co9cid$ ) ! disb&+ ( ! ,naval ,air ,s]vice1 & = a "t rigid air%ips 9 ?is c\ntry 7 consign$ to ! limbo ( =getfulness4 ,aft] ! ,naval ,air ,s]vice _h be5 recon/itut$1 ! success :i* att5d$ ! ,zeppel9 air%ips 9 ,g]many c\ld no long] be ov]look$1 & x 0 decid$ to make ano!r attempt to build a rigid air%ip 9 con=mity ) exi/+ ,zeppel9 con/ruction4 ,! fir/ proposals 7 put =w>d 9 #aiac1 &1 f9ally1 aft] elev5 mon?s delay1 ! contract 0 sign$4 ,?is air%ip1 x has be5 se51 0 designat$ ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #i exp]i5c$ num]\s vicissitudes1 dur+ ! process ( design & lat] :5 con/ruction 0 9 progress4 ,! contract hav+ be5 sign$ 9 ,m>*1 #aiad1 "w on ! %ip 0 susp5d$ 9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y1 & 0 n recomm5c$ until ,july ( ! same ye>4 ,f t date onw>ds con/ruction 0 c>ri$ =w>d2 b s _m alt]ations 7 made t x 0 fully eighte5 mon?s be=e ! %ip 0 complet$ & f9ally accept$ by ! ,admiralty4 ,! %ip z design$ 0 int5d$ to be g5]ally 9 con=mity ) exi/+ ,zeppel9 con/ruction1 ) ! foll[+ ma9 requirem5ts /ipulat$ = 9 ! specification3 #a4 ,%e 0 to atta9 a spe$ ( at lea/ #de miles p] h\r at ! full p[] ( ! eng9es4 #b4 ,a m9imum disposable lift ( five tons 0 to be available = movable weights4 #c4 ,%e 0 to be capable ( ris+ to a height ( #b1jjj feet dur+ flight4 ,! design ( ?is %ip 0 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,ltd41 & z x 0 consid]$ likely t ow+ to inexp]i5ce ! %ip w\ld probably be r\ghly h&l$ & t heavy l&+s might be made1 x 0 consid]$ t ! keel /ructure & also ! c>s %\ld be made v /rong 9 case ( accid5ts occurr+4 ,?is1 :ile mat]ially increas+ ! /r5g? ( ! %ip1 add$ to its weight1 & c\pl$ ) ! fact t modifications 7 made 9 ! design1 r5d]$ ! lift some:at disappo9t+4 ,! hull /ructure 0 ( ! ,zahm %ape z 9 ,no4 #a1 a consid]able portion be+ p>allel sid$1 :ile 9 transv]se section x =m$ a #ag-sid$ polygon4 ,9 l5g? x 0 #ebf feet ) a maximum diamet] ( #ec feet4 ,! hull framework 0 compos$ ( triangul> duralum9 gird]s1 bo? 9 ! longitud9al & transv]se frames1 :ile ! brac+ 0 c>ri$ out by means ( high t5sile /eel wires & duralum9 tubes4 ,atta*$ to ! hull 0 a ,v-%ap$ keel compos$ ( tubes ) suitable wire brac+s1 & 9 x a great] "p ( ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure lay4 ,x 0 design$ to )/& ! v]tical =ces & b5d+ mom5ts :i* result$ f ! lift giv5 by ! gasbags & ! weights ( ! c> & ! cab94 ,! keel also provid$ ! walk+ way f end to end ( ! %ip1 & amid%ips 0 wid5$ out to =m a cab9 & wireless comp>tm5t4 ,! wir+ ( ! transv]se frames 0 radial & p]=m$ simil> functions to ! spokes ( a bicycle :eel4 ,^! wires c\ld be tight5$ up at ! c5tre at a /eel r+ ?r\gh :i* !y 7 ?read$ & secur$ by nuts4 ,9 addition to ! radial wires 7 ! lift wires1 :i* 7 l$ to ! two po9ts on ! transv]se frames :i* 7 atta*$ to ! keel2 on ! inflation ( ! gasbags1 ! bags !mselves press$ ^u ! longitud9al gird]s on ! top ( ! %ip1 :i* pressure 0 transf]r$ to ! transv]se frames & !nce by means ( ! sev]al lift wires to ! keel4 ,9 ?is way all ! /resses set up by ! gas 7 br\ght f9ally to ! keel 9 :i* we h already said lay ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! %ip4 ,! hull 0 divid$ by ! transv]se frames into sev5te5 comp>tm5ts ea* conta9+ a s+le gasbag4 ,! bags 7 compos$ ( rubb]-pro($ fabric l9$ ) gold-beat]'s sk9 to r$uce p]meability1 & :5 completely full gave a total volume ( #hij1jjj cubic feet4 ,two types ( valve 7 fitt$ to ea* bag1 "o ! ,p>seval type ( valve ) ! pressure cone z fitt$ 9 ,no4 #a1 ! o!r automatic b also controll$ by h&4 ,to di/ribute ! pressure ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! upp] longitud9al frames1 & also to prev5t ! gasbags bulg+ betwe5 ! gird]s1 nets 7 fitt$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ructure ( ! hull4 ,! :ole ext]ior ( ! %ip 0 fitt$ ) an out] cov]1 to protect ! gasbags & hull framework f wea!r & to r5d] ! out] surface ( ! %ip symmetrical & r$uce sk9 friction & resi/ance to ! air to a m9imum4 ,to enable ?is cov] to be easily remov$ x 0 made 9 two sections1 a port & />bo>d side = ea* gasbag4 ,! cov]s 7 lac$ to ! hull framework & ! connections 7 cov]$ ov] ) seal+ /rips to r5d] ! :ole wea!rtight4 ,! sy/em ( f9s = /abiliz+ purposes on ,no4 #i 7 two--v]tical & horizontal4 ,! v]tical f9 0 compos$ ( two p>ts1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! c5tre l9e ( ! %ip4 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ ( a framework ( duralum9 gird]s1 cov]$ ov] ) fabric4 ,! f9s 7 atta*$ on "o edge to ! hull /ructure & wire brac$ f ! o!r edge to v>i\s positions on ! hull4 ,! horizontal f9s 7 ( simil> design & atta*$ 9 a l mann] to ! hull4 ,triplane rudd]s & biplane elevators ( ! box type 7 fitt$ 9 accordance ) ! ,g]man practice ( ! "t4 ,auxili>y biplane rudd]s 7 fitt$ orig9ally abaft ! aft] c>1 b dur+ ! fir/ two trial flights !y prov$ s v unsatisfactory t x 0 decid$ to remove !m4 ,two c>s or gondolas 7 provid$ to act z navigat+ comp>tm5ts & a h\s+ = ! eng9es1 & 9 design 7 calculat$ to (f] ! lea/ am\nt ( head resi/ance to ! w9d4 ,! c>s 7 compos$ ( duralum9 gird]s1 :i* =m$ a floor+1 a ma9 gird] runn+ ! full l5g? ( ! c> ) a s]ies ( transv]se gird]s spac$ 9 accordance ) ! ma9 loads4 ,f ea* ( ^! transv]se gird]s v]tical /&>ds ) a connect+ piece on top 7 tak5 & ! :ole ext]ior 0 cov]$ ) duralum9 plat+4 ,! c>s 7 susp5d$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,two /eel tubes fitt+ into a junction piece at ea* end 7 bolt$ to brackets at ! floor level at ea* end ( ! transv]se gird]s4 ,!y met at an apex above ! ro( level & 7 connect$ to ! tub+ ( ! keel4 ,9 addition1 to di/ribute ! weight & prev5t ! c>s f rock+1 /eel wire susp5sions 7 l$ to c]ta9 fix$ po9ts 9 ! hull4 ,ea* c> 0 divid$ into two p>ts by a bulkhead1 ! =w>d portion be+ ! control comp>tm5t 9 :i* 7 dispos$ all in/rum5ts1 valve & balla/ controls1 & all ! /e]+ & elevat+ arrangem5ts4 ,eng9e-room telegraphs1 voice pipes & telephones 7 fitt$ up = communication f "o "p ( ! %ip to ! o!r4 ,! keel c\ld be rea*$ by a ladd] f ea* c>1 ?us provid+ ) ! climb+ %aft ?r\gh ! hull access to all p>ts ( ! %ip4 ,! orig9al eng9e equipm5t ( ,no4 #i 0 compos$ ( f\r ,wolseley-,mayba* eng9es ( #ahj horse-p[] ea*1 two be+ in/all$ 9 ! =w>d c> & two 9 ! aft] c>4 ,z ! %ip 0 defici5t 9 lift aft] ! initial flight trials _h be5 c>ri$ out1 x 0 decid$ to remove ! two eng9es f ! aft] c> & replace !m ) a s+le eng9e ( #bej horse-p[]2 secondly1 to remove ! swivell+ propell] ge> f ! aft] c> & sub/itute "o directly-driv5 propell] a/]n ( ! c>4 ,?is z anticipat$ r$uc$ ! weight v consid]ably & 9 no way less5$ ! spe$ ( ! %ip4 ,! =w>d eng9es drove two f\r-blad$ swivell+ propell]s ?r\gh ge> boxes & transmission %afts1 ! :ole sy/em be+ some:at complicat$1 & 0 oppos$ to ! ,zeppel9 practice at ! "t :i* employ$ fix$ propell]s4 ,! aft] eng9e drove a l>ge two-blad$ propell] direct (f ! ma9 %aft4 ,! petrol & wat] balla/ 7 c>ri$ 9 tanks situat$ 9 ! keel & ! oil 0 c>ri$ 9 tanks b5ea? ! floors ( ! c>s4 ,! wireless cab9 0 situat$ z be=e m5tion$ 9 a cab9 9 ! keel ( ! %ip1 & ! plant compris$ a ma9 transmitt]1 an auxili>y transmitt] & receiv] & ! necess>y a]ial = radiat+ & receiv+4 ,no4 #i 0 inflat$ 9 ! clos+ days ( #aiaf1 & ! disposal lift 0 f\nd to be #b4a tons "u ! specification conditions1 namely1 b>omet] #bi4e in*es & temp]ature #ee degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! contract requirem5ts _h be5 dropp$ to #c4a tons1 :i* %[$ t ! %ip 0 %ort by "o ton ( ! lift dem&$4 ,! flight trials 71 h[ev]1 c>ri$ out1 :i* %[$ t ! %ip _h a spe$ ( ab\t #db #a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,! alt]ations previ\sly m5tion$ 7 aft]w>ds made1 ! bags ( ! %ip 7 *ang$ & ano!r lift & trim trial 0 held 9 ,m>*1 #aiag1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ^! _h _h ! satisfactory result ( increas+ ! disposable lift to #c4h tons or 4#g ton above ! contract requirem5ts1 & ) ! bags #ajj p] c5t full gave a total disposable lift ( #e4a tons4 ,additional trials 7 !n c>ri$ out1 :i* %[$ t ! spe$ ( ! %ip _h n be5 impair$4 ,= ref]5ce purposes ! p]=mances ( ! %ip are tabulat$ bel[4 ,spe$3 ,full #de miles p] h\r ,normal #b_/c #ch ,cruis+ #a_/c #cb ,endurance3 ,full #ah h\rs #hjj miles ,normal #bf #a1jjj ,cruis+ #ej #a1fjj ,no4 #i hav+ f9i%$ h] trials 0 accept$ by ! ,admiralty 9 ,m>4 #aiag1 & left ,b>r[1 :]e %e _h be5 built1 = a patrol /ation4 ,9 _m ways %e 0 an excell5t %ip1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 complet$ %e 0 "s ye>s out-(-date judg$ by ,zeppel9 /&>ds4 ,ap>t f ! patrol & convoy "w :i* %e accompli%$1 %e prov$ simply invaluable = ! tra9+ ( (fic]s & m5 select$ to be ! crews ( future rigid air%ips4 ,_m ( ^! receiv$ _! initial tra9+ 9 h]1 & !re 7 few (fic]s or m5 9 ! air%ip s]vice :o 7 n fill$ ) regret :5 ord]s 7 issu$ t %e 0 to be brok5 up4 ,! g5]al feel+ 0 t %e %\ld h be5 pres]v$ z a la/+ exhibition ( ! infancy ( ! air%ip s]vice1 b un=tunately rigid air%ips occupy s mu* space t !re is no museum 9 ! c\ntry :i* c\ld h accommodat$ h]4 ,s %e pass$1 &1 except = m9or trophies1 rema9s m]ely a recollection4 ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,no4 #bc ,,class ,aft] ! decision _h be5 made 9 #aiae t "w on ,no4 #i %\ld be re/>t$1 ! ,admiralty det]m9$ t a programme ( rigid air%ips %\ld be emb>k$ ^u1 & design 0 comm5c$4 ,sev]al %ips ( ! same class 71 ord]$1 & ! type 0 to be kn[n z ! #bc class4 ,progress on ^! %ips1 al?\gh sl[1 0 m rapid ?an _h be5 ! case ) ,no4 #i1 & by ! end ( #aiag ?ree 7 complet$ & a f\r? 0 rapidly approa*+ t /ate4 ,! specification1 always ambiti\s1 laid d[n ! foll[+ ma9 /ipulations4 7#a7 ,! %ip is to atta9 a spe$ ( at lea/ #ee miles p] h\r = ! ma9 p[] ( ! eng9es4 7#b7 ,a m9imum ( #h tons is to be available = disposable weights :5 full4 7#c7 ,! %ip mu/ be capable ( ris+ at an av]age rate ( n less ?an #a1jjj feet p] m9ute1 ?r\gh a height ( #c1jjj feet />t+ f ne>ly sea level4 ,z w be se5 lat] ?is class ( %ip1 al?\gh m>k+ a c]ta9 advance on ,no4 #i bo? z reg>ds workman%ip & design1 prov$ on ! :ole some:at disappo9t+1 & x became m evid5t e day t we _h all[$ ! ,g]mans to obta9 su* a />t 9 ! race ( air%ip con/ruction z we c\ld ill af=d to conc$e4 ,we may "h /ate t all ( ! %ips ( ?is class :i* _h be5 ord]$ 7 n complet$1 ! lat] numb]s be+ modifi$ into :at 0 kn[n z ! #bc ,x class2 f\r 9 all ( ! #bc class 7 built1 ( :i* two--,nos4 #bc & #bf--7 built by ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,ltd41 at ,b>r[1 ,no4 #bd by ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,be>dmore & ,co41 at ,glasg[1 & ,no4 #be by ,messrs4 ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor? & ,co41 at ,selby1 ,york%ire4 ,9 _m respects ! close/ simil>ity ( design exi/s betwe5 ,no4 #i & ,no4 #bc1 especially 9 ! hull1 b x w be ( int]e/ to m5tion ! sali5t diff]5ces betwe5 ! two %ips4 ,! l5g? ( ! hull1 :i* 9 ,no4 #i 0 #ebj feet1 0 increas$ 9 ,no4 #bc to #ece feet1 & ! numb] ( gasbags f sev5te5 to eighte54 ,?is gave a total volume ( #iig1ejj cubic feet comp>$ ) #hij1jjj cubic feet 9 ,no4 #i1 ) a disposable lift "u specification conditions ( #e4g tons z oppos$ to #c4h tons4 ,! longitud9al %ape ( ,no4 #bc is a modifi$ =m ( ,zahm %ape1 ! radius ( ! b[ portion be+ twice ! diamet] ( ! p>allel portion1 :ile ! /]n radius is ?ree times ! same diamet]4 ,9 design ! hull framework is almo/ a repetition ( ,no4 #i1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! p>allel portion1 ! same longitud9al & transv]se frames divid+ ! hull into comp>tm5ts1 ) tubes completely encircl+ ! section betwe5 ea* ma9 transv]se frame4 ,! sy/em ( wir+ ! hull is precisely ! same 9 bo? ! %ips1 & nets are employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,! triangul> section ( keel is adh]$ to1 b its functions 9 ,no4 #bc are some:at diff]5t4 ,9 ,no4 #i x 0 int5d$ to be suffici5tly /rong to support all ! ma9 v]tical b5d+ mom5ts & %e>+ =ces1 b 9 ,no4 #bc x 0 prim>ily int5d$ to support ! di/ribut$ weights ( wat] balla/1 petrol tanks1 etc41 betwe5 ! ma9 transv]se frames4 ,unlike ,no4 #i1 ! keel is atta*$ to ! ma9 transv]se frames only4 ,! cab9 & wireless cab9 are dispos$ 9 ! keel 9 ! same mann]1 & x also furni%es a walk+ way = ! total l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,! /abiliz+ f9s1 bo? v]tical & horizontal1 are simil> to ^? atta*$ to ,no4 #i1 b ! sy/em ( rudd]s & elevators is totally diff]5t4 ,9 place ( ! box rudd]s & elevators 9 ,no4 #i1 s+le balanc$ rudd]s & elevators are atta*$ to ! f9s2 !y h _! be>+ on ! outbo>d side on ! ext]nal gird]s ( ! f9s1 :i* are ext5d$ = ! purpose4 ,! elevators & rudd]s are compos$ ( a duralum9 framework1 /iff5$ by a k+po/ on ei!r side ) brac+ wires4 ,! bags1 eighte5 9 numb]1 are made ( rubb]-pro($ fabric l9$ ) gold-beat]'s sk94 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! numb] ( sk9s us$ = ! bags ( a %ip ( ?is class is approximately #cej1jjj4 ,! sy/em ( valves is entirely diff]5t f t 9 ,no4 #i4 ,! ,p>seval type ( valve ) ! pressure cone at ! bottom ( ! bag is omitt$1 & 9 ! place ( ! two top valves 9 ! =m] %ip are a side valve ( ! ,zeppel9 type entirely automatic & a top valve entirely h& controll$4 ,! side valve is set to bl[ (f at a pressure ( f #c to #e millimetres4 ,! out] cov] 0 fitt$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,no4 #i4 ,two c>s or gondolas1 "o =w>d1 ! o!r aft1 ea* c>ry "o eng9e provid$ ) swivell+ propell]s & ge>s4 ,!y are enclos$ ) sides & a firepro( ro(1 & are divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 "o ! navigat+ comp>tm5t1 ! o!r ! eng9e room4 ,! c>s are 9 all respects v simil> to ^? ( ,no4 #i1 & are susp5d$ f ! hull 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! rema9+ two eng9es are c>ri$ 9 a small /reaml9e c> situat$ amid%ips1 :i* has j suffici5t room 9 x = ! me*anics to att5d to !m4 ,orig9ally ?is c> 0 op5 at ! top1 b x 0 f\nd t ! eng9e]s suff]$ f exposure1 & x 0 aft]w>ds ro($ 94 ,! eng9e arrangem5ts 9 ?is %ip 7 totally diff]5t to ^? ( ,no4 #i1 f\r #bej horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce eng9es be+ in/all$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,s+le eng9es are fitt$ 9 bo? ! =w>d & aft] c>s1 ea* driv+ two swivell+ f\r-blad$ propell]s4 ,9 ! c5tre c> two simil> eng9es are plac$ transv]sely1 :i* drive s+le fix$ propell]s m\nt$ on /eel tube outrigg]s ?r\gh suitable ge>+4 ,! eng9es are ! /&>d #ab cyl9d] ,v-type ,rolls ,royce :i* w develop ov] #cjj brake horse-p[] at full ?rottle op5+4 ,! eng9e is wat] cool$1 & 9 ! case ( ^? 9 ! =w>d & aft] c>s ! orig9al sy/em consi/$ ( an int]nal radiator suppli$ by an auxili>y wat] tank c>ri$ 9 ! keel4 ,x 0 f\nd on ! flight trials t ! cool+ 0 insuffici5t1 & ext]nal radiators 7 fitt$1 ! int]nal radiator & fan be+ remov$4 ,9 ! case ( ! c5tre c> no alt]ation 0 necess>y1 z ext]nal radiators 7 fitt$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! eng9es are support$ by two /eel tubes held by f\r brackets bolt$ to ! crank case1 ^! be+ c>ri$ by twelve duralum9 tubes bolt$ to ! be>]s & transv]se frames ( ! c> respectively4 ,! drive f ! eng9e is transmitt$ ?r\gh a univ]sal jo9t to a %ort longitud9al %aft1 runn+ on ball be>+s4 ,?is %aft ge>s into two transv]se %afts1 :i* drive ! propell]s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ge> box to ! propell] %afts1 mak+ five %afts 9 all4 ,! eng9es 9 ! c5tre c> be+ plac$ transv]sely ! transmission is m direct1 ! eng9es driv+ ! propell]s ?r\gh two ge> :eels only4 ,! propell] ge> box is support$ by /eel tube outrigg]s atta*$ by brackets to ! framework ( ! c>4 ,! petrol is c>ri$ 9 a s]ies ( tanks situat$ b5ea? ! keel walk+ way1 & are int]connect$ s t any tank ei!r =w>d or aft c supply any eng9e1 by ?is means af=d+ assi/ance = ! trimm+ ( ! %ip4 ,f\r-blad$ propell]s are us$ ?r\gh\t ! %ip4 ,wat] balla/ is c>ri$ 9 fabric bags also situat$ b5ea? ! keel walk+ way1 & a c]ta9 am\nt is also c>ri$ b5ea? ! floor ( ! c>4 ,eng9e-room telegraphs1 swivell+ propell] telegraphs1 speak+ tubes & telephones1 ) a light+ set = ! illum9ation ( ! c>s & keel1 7 all fitt$ 9 accordance ) ! practice /&>d 9 all rigid air%ips4 ,! lift & trim trials tak5 be=e ! initial flight trials %[$ t ! %ip possess$ a disposable lift "u /&>d conditions ( #e4g tons4 ,! orig9al disposable lift dem&$ by ! specification 0 #c tons b ?is 0 r$uc$ by #b tons ow+ to ! ma*9]y weights be+ #b tons 9 excess ( ! e/imate4 ,s9ce !n ^! weights _h be5 increas$ by ano!r half-ton1 mak+ a total ( #b #a_/b tons ov] ! orig9al e/imate4 ,x 0 evid5t t ) s small a m>g9 ( lift ^! %ips w\ld nev] be ( real use1 & x 0 decid$ to remove v>i\s weights to increase ! lift & to sub/itute a w+ c> ( a simil> type to ^? manufactur$ = ! ,r #cc class = ! heavy aft] c> at pres5t 9 use4 ,r #bc c>ri$ out h] trials )\t ! alt]ation to ! c>1 :i* 0 effect$ at a lat] date1 & ! same proc$ure 0 adopt$ ) ,r #bd & ,r #be4 ,9 ! case ( ,r #bf1 h[ev]1 %e _h n rea*$ ! same /age ( completion z ! o!r two %ips1 & ! alt]ations propos$ = !m 7 embodi$ 9 h] dur+ con/ruction4 ,! gasbags 7 ( light] composition1 all cab9 furniture 0 omitt$ & ! w+ c> 0 fitt$ 9 place ( ! orig9al aft] c>4 ,?is w+ c> is ( /reaml9e %ape ) a r\nd$ b[ & tap]$ /]n4 ,! l[] portion is plat$ ) duralum9 %eets & ! upp] "p is cov]$ ) canvas atta*$ to light wood5 batt5s to give ! necess>y %ape4 ,?is effect$ a v consid]able r$uction 9 weight4 ,! orig9al #bej horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce eng9e 0 in/all$1 n[ driv+ a s+le l>ge two-blad$ propell] a/]n4 ,a te/ hav+ be5 tak51 x 0 f\nd t ! disposable lift "u /&>d conditions 0 #f4bh tons4 ,x 0 !re=e decid$ t all ! %ips ( ! class %\ld be modifi$ to ?is design :5 circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,spe$ trials 7 c>ri$ out "u v>i\s conditions ( runn+1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! %ip possess$ a spe$ ( #ed #a_/d miles p] h\r ) ! eng9es runn+ full out4 ,to summ>ize ! p]=mances ( ^! %ips z we did 9 ! case ( ,no4 #i1 we f9d3 ,spe$3 ,full #ed miles p] h\r ,normal #b_/c #dh ,cruis+ #a_/c #cc ,endurance3 ,full #ah h\rs #a1jjj miles ,normal #bf #a1bej ,cruis+ #ej #a1ijj ,! production ( ! rigid air%ip dur+ ! w> 0 always surr\nd$ ) a cloak ( imp5etrable my/]y4 ,few p1 except ^? employ$ on _! con/ruction or :o happ5$ to live 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( :]e !y 7 built1 ev5 knew ( _! exi/5ce1 & su* ignorance prevail$ conc]n+ air%ips ( e description t ! man 9 ! /reet hail$ a small non-rigid z ! ,briti% ,zeppel9 or admir$ ! appe>ance ( ,r #bc z ! ,silv] ,que54 ,! au?orities no d\bt knew _! own bus9ess 9 fo/]+ ?is ignorance1 al?\gh = _m reasons x 0 un=tunate t public int]e/ 0 n /imulat$ to a great] degree4 ,9 ! summ] mon?s ( #aiah1 h[ev]1 !y rel5t$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & ,r #bc & "o ( h] si/] %ips 7 p]mitt$ to make sev]al flights ov] ,london to ! int5se delight ( ?\s&s ( its inhabitants1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( descriptive matt] appe>$ 9 ! ,press4 ,f t "t onw>ds ^! l>ge air%ips h completely captur$ ! popul> imag9ation1 & _m absurd rum\rs & exagg]ations h be5 circulat$ reg>d+ _! capabilities4 ,x has be5 gravely /at$ t ^! air%ips c\ld accompli% ! circuit ( ! globe & p]=m o!r feats ( ! imag9ation4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t _! m]its d n w>rant ^! extravagant ass]tions4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t ,r #bc & h] si/] %ip ,r #bf h ea* c>ri$ out patrols ( upw>ds ( #dj h\rs duration & t1 simil>ly to ,no4 #i1 !y h prov$ ( ! greate/ value = tra9+ air%ip crews & provid+ exp]i5ce & data = ! build+ programme ( ! future4 ,at ! pres5t "t highly int]e/+ exp]im5ts are be+ c>ri$ out ) !m to det]m9e ! mo/ effici5t sy/em ( moor+ 9 ! op51 :i* w be discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! air%ip ( ! future4 ,,rigid ,,air%ip #bc ,x ,,class ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( build+ ! air%ips ( ! #bc class1 fur!r in=mation 0 obta9$ relat+ to rigid air%ip con/ruction 9 ,g]many1 :i* caus$ our design]s to modify _! views4 ,x 0 consid]$ a wrong policy to cont9ue ! production ( a fleet ( %ips ! design ( :i* 0 becom+ obsolete1 & accord+ly )9 t5 mon?s ( plac+ ! ord] = ?is class a decision 0 rea*$ t ! la/ f\r %ips 7 to be alt]$ to a modifi$ design kn[n z ! #bc ,x class4 ,z 0 ! case ) ! %ips ( ! prec$+ class :5 ne>+ completion1 !y 7 realiz$ to be out ( date1 & special ef=ts be+ requir$ to complete ! %ips ( ! #cc class & to release build+ space = additional l>g] %ips1 ! con/ruction ( ! second pair 0 ab&on$4 ,! ma9 modification 9 design 0 ! abolition ( ! ext]nal keel1 & 9 ?is ! lat] ,zeppel9 pr9ciples 7 adopt$4 ,?is secur$ a v consid]able r$uction 9 /ructural weight ) a correspond+ l>ge expansion ( ! effective capabilities ( ! %ip4 ,x has be5 se5 t ! purpose ( ! keel 9 ,no4 #i 0 to provide a /ructure suffici5tly /rong to support all ! ma9 v]tical b5d+ mom5ts & %e>+ =ces1 & t 9 ,no4 #bc ?is pr9ciple 0 some:at diff]5t1 9 t ! keel 9 ?is %ip 0 prim>ily int5d$ to support ! di/ribut$ weights ( petrol1 wat]1 balla/1 etc41 betwe5 ! transv]se frames4 ,9 ?is lat] design1 namely1 ! #bc ,x class1 x 0 consid]$ t ! weights c\ld be conc5trat$ & susp5d$ f ! radial wir+ ( ! transv]se frames & t ! keel1 incorporat$ 9 ! design ( ! =m] %ips1 c\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,= all practical purposes1 ap>t f ! abs5ce ( ! keel1 ! #bc ,x class ( air%ip may be reg>d$ z a slightly v>i$ model ( ! #bc class4 ,! ma9 dim5sions are ne>ly ! same1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! %ip is b little *ang$4 ,! loss ( space ow+ to ! introduction ( ! int]nal corridor is comp5sat$ by a modification ( ! %ape ( ! b[1 :i* 0 r$esign$ ) a deep] curve4 ,! hull /ructure 0 also /r5g!n$ by utiliz+ a /rong] type ( gird] :]ev] ! greate/ weights occur4 ,9 ^! /r5g!n$ transv]se frames ! gird]s1 :ile /ill rema9+ ( ! triangul> section1 famili> 9 ! o!r %ips1 are plac$ ! opposite way r\nd1 t is1 ) ! apex po9t+ outw>ds4 ,! walk+ way is situat$ at ! base ( ! hull pass+ ?r\gh ! gas *amb]s1 :i* are specially %ap$ = ! purpose4 ,! corridor is =m$ ( a light con/ruction ( holl[ wood5 /ruts & duralum9 ar*es cov]$ ) nett+4 ,9 all o!r lead+ features ! design ( ! #bc class is adh]$ to2 ! gasbags are ! same1 except = ! alt]ation due to ! int]nal corridor1 & ! sy/em ( valves & ! v>i\s controls are all highly simil>4 ,! arrangem5t ( gondolas & ! fitt+ ( eng9es 9 all ways corresponds to ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ,r #bc1 ) ! exception t !y 7 susp5d$ clos] to ! hull ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! ext]nal keel4 ,! sub/itution ( ! w+ c> ( ! #cc class = ! orig9al aft] gondola1 c>ri$ out 9 ! modifications und]gone by ! %ips ( ! #bc class1 0 n adopt$ 9 ^! %ips1 z ! wireless comp>tm5t in/all$ 9 ! keel 9 ! =m] 0 fitt$ 9 ! aft] gondola 9 ! latt]4 ,! disposable lift ( ^! %ips "u /&>d conditions is #g #a_/b tons1 :i* %[s consid]able improvem5t on ! %ips ( ! =m] classes4 ,summ>iz+ z be=e1 ! p]=mances appe> z "u-- ,spe$3 ,full #ef #a_/b miles p] h\r ,normal #ec ,cruis+ #de ,endurance3 ,normal #ai h\rs #a1jae miles ,cruis+ #bc #a_/b #a1jej ,! two %ips ( ?is class1 :i* 7 commission$1 mu/ be reg>d$ )9 c]ta9 limits z mo/ satisfactory1 & are ! mo/ successful ( ^? t appe>$ & 7 employ$ dur+ ! w>4 ,escort ( convoys & ext5d$ anti-subm>9e patrols 7 c>ri$ out1 & c]ta9 valuable exp]im5ts w be attempt$ n[ t peace has arriv$4 ,9 spite ( ! grave misgiv+s ( _m critics1 ! /ructure )\t ! keel has prov$ amply /rong1 & no mi%ap att5d$ ?is radical dep>ture on ! "p ( ! design]s4 ,,rigid ,,air%ip ,no4 #ca ,,class ,! air%ip kn[n z ,r #ha 0 a complete deviation f any rigid air%ip previ\sly built 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ?is case ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ ( con/ruct+ x 9 wood 9 accordance ) ! practice adopt$ by ! ,s*utte-,lanz ,company 9 ,g]many4 ,x mu/ be frankly ackn[l$g$ t ?is exp]im5t result$ 9 failure4 ,! %ip :5 complet$ %[$ great improvem5t bo? 9 %ape1 spe$ & lift+ capacity ov] any air%ip commission$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & z a :ole ! workman%ip exhibit$ 9 h] con/ruction 0 exquisite4 ,un=tunately1 "u ! conditions to :i* x 0 subject$1 ! hull /ructure did n prove durable1 & to ^? conditions ! failure is attribut$4 ,"u diff]5t circum/ances x may be hop$ t ! second %ip1 :5 complet$1 w prove m =tunate4 ,9 l5g? ,r #ca 0 #fae feet1 ) a diamet] ( #ff feet1 & ! capacity 0 #a #a_/b million cubic feet4 ,9 %ape ! hull 0 simil> to ! lat] types ( ,zeppel91 hav+ a r\nd$ b[ & a long1 tap]+ /]n4 ,! longitud9al & transv]se frames 7 compos$ ( gird]s built up ( ?ree-ply wood1 ! :ole /ructure be+ brac$ 9 ! usual mann] ) wire brac+s4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 practice ) rigid air%ips t1 if = any reason "o gasbag becomes mu* less inflat$ ?an ^? adjac5t to x1 !re is consid]able pressure hav+ ! effect ( =c+ ! radial wires ( ! transv]se frames t[>ds ! empty bag4 ,! t5sion result+ 9 ^! wires may produce v s]i\s compressive /ra9 9 ! memb]s ( ! transv]se frames1 & to c\nt]act ?is action an axial wire is l$ along ! axis ( ! %ip & secur$ to ! c5tre po9t ( ! radial wir+4 ,?is me?od1 n[ curr5t practice 9 rigid air%ip con/ruction1 0 introduc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is %ip4 ,z w be se5 f ! photograph1 ! control & navigat+ comp>tm5t ( ! %ip is conta9$ 9 ! hull1 ! c>s 9 ea* case be+ m]ely small eng9e rooms4 ,^! small c>s 7 beautifully made ( wood ( a %ape to af=d ! lea/ resi/ance to ! air1 & 9 numb] 7 five1 ea* h\s+ a s+le #bej horse-p[] ,rolls ,royce eng9e driv+ a s+le fix$ propell]4 ,"h we see ano!r decid$ dep>ture f our previ\s me?ods ( rigid air%ip con/ruction1 9 t = ! fir/ "t swivell+ propell]s 7 ab&on$4 ,r #ca :5 complet$ c>ri$ out h] trials1 & x 0 evid5t t %e 0 mu* fa/] ?an previ\s %ips4 ,! trials 7 on ! :ole satisfactory &1 except = a few m9or accid5ts to ! hull framework & f9s1 no?+ unt[>d occurr$4 ,at a lat] date ! :ole %ip 0 ?r\gh =tuit\s circum/ances expos$ to c]ta9 disadvantage\s conditions :i* r5d]$ h] incapable ( fur!r use4 ,r #cc ,,class ,septemb] #bd?1 #aiaf1 is "o ( ! mo/ important days 9 ! hi/ory ( rigid air%ip design 9 ?is c\ntry2 on ?is date ! ,g]man ,zeppel9 air%ip ,l #cc 0 damag$ by gunfire ov] ,london1 & be+ hit 9 ! aft] gasbags attempt$ to return to ,g]many4 ,ow+ to lack ( buoyancy %e 0 =c$ to l& at ,little ,wigbor\gh1 9 ,essex1 :]e ! crew1 hav+ set fire to ! %ip1 gave !mselves up4 ,al?\gh practically ! entire fabric ( ! %ip 0 de/roy$1 ! hull /ructure mo/ =tunately rema9$ to all int5ts & purposes intact1 & 0 ( ine/imable value to ! design /aff ( ! ,admiralty1 :o measur$ up ! :ole %ip & made work+ draw+s ( e "p available4 ,dur+ ?is ye> o!r ,g]man rigid air%ips _h be5 br\ght d[n1 namely ,l #ae1 :i* 0 de/roy$ at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames 9 ,april1 b :i* 0 ( an old type1 & f :i* little useful in=mation 0 obta9$2 & also ! ,army air%ip ,l4,z4 #he1 :i* 0 de/roy$ at ,salonica 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,a ,s*utte-,lanz air%ip 0 also br\ght d[n at ,cuffley1 on ,septemb] #bnd1 & af=d$ c]ta9 valuable details4 ,all ^! %ips 71 h[ev]1 becom+ out ( date2 b ,l #cc 0 ( ! late/ design1 famili>ly call$ ! sup]-,zeppel91 & _h only be5 complet$ ab\t six weeks be=e %e enc\nt]$ disa/]4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! rigid air%ips build+ 9 ?is c\ntry at ?is date1 ) ! exception ( ! wood5 ,s*utte-,lanz %ips 7 all bas$ on pre-w> designs ( ,zeppel9 air%ips1 x c be readily und]/ood t ?is late/ capture revolutioniz$ all previ\s ideas1 & to a great] ext5t ?an might be imag9$1 ow+ to ! imm5se advance1 bo? 9 design & con/ruction1 :i* _h tak5 place 9 ,g]many s9ce #aiad4 ,all possible in=mation hav+ be5 obta9$1 bo? f ! wreck ( ! air%ip itself & f int]rogation ( ! captur$ crew1 approval 0 obta9$1 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>1 = two %ips ( ! ,l #cc design to be built2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aiag1 ?is numb] 0 increas$ to five4 ,x 0 int5d$ orig9ally t ^! %ips %\ld be an exact facsimile ( ,l #cc2 b ow+ to ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ 9 con/ruction lat] in=mation 0 obta9$ be=e !y 7 complet$1 bo? f %ips ( a m mod]n design1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly br\ght d[n1 & also f o!r s\rces4 ,act+ on ?is in=mation1 v>i\s improvem5ts 7 embodi$ 9 ,r #cc & ,r #cd1 :i* 7 9 a m advanc$ /ate2 b 9 ! case ( ! ?ree o!r %ips ! size 0 increas$1 & ! %ips1 :5 complet$1 w be> resemblance to a lat] type altoge!r4 ,z a comm5t on ! sl[ness ( con/ruction be=e m5tion$1 ! fact t :ile we 9 ?is c\ntry 7 build+ two %ips on two slips1 ,g]many _h con/ruct$ no few] ?an ?irty on f\r slips1 c]ta9ly af=ds consid]able food = reflection4 ,! two air%ips ( ?is class hav+ only j rea*$ a /ate ( completion1 a detail$ description _c be giv5 )\t mak+ public mu* in=mation :i* mu/ necess>ily rema9 secret = ! pres5t4 ,v>i\s descriptions h1 h[ev]1 be5 giv5 9 ! daily & weekly ,press1 b x is n int5d$ 9 ! pres5t edition ( ?is book to attempt to elaborate on any?+ :i* has n be5 already reveal$ ?r\gh ^! *annels4 ,x is regrettable t s mu* t w\ld be ( ! utmo/ int]e/ has to be omitt$2 b ! p>ticul>s :i* foll[ w at any rate give sonic idea ( ! magnitude ( ! %ip & %[ t x m>ks a decid$ dep>ture f previ\s exp]im5ts & a great advance on any air%ip be=e con/ruct$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x is also a matt] = regret t ^! two %ips 7 n complet$ be=e ! t]m9ation ( ho/ilities1 z _! capabilities w\ld appe> to be suffici5t to w>rant ! expectations :i* h be5 bas$ on _! practical utility z sc\t+ ag5ts = ! ,gr& ,fleet4 ,9 all its ma9 features ! hull /ructure ( ,r #cc & ,r #cd foll[s ! design ( ! wreck$ ,g]man ,zeppel9 air%ip ,l #cc4 ,! hull foll[s m ne>ly a true /reaml9e %ape ?an 9 ! previ\s %ips con/ruct$ ( duralum91 9 :i* a great proportion ( ! total l5g? 0 p>allel-sid$4 ,! ,g]mans adopt$ ?is new %ape f ! ,s*utte-,lanz design & h n dep>t$ f ?is practice4 ,?is consi/s ( a %ort p>allel body ) a long r\nd$ b[ & a long tap]+ /em culm9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,! ov]all l5g? ( ! %ip is #fdc feet ) a diamet] ( #gi feet & an extreme height ( #ib feet4 ,! type ( gird]s 9 ?is class has be5 mu* alt]$ f ^? 9 previ\s %ips4 ,! hull is fitt$ ) an int]nal triangul> keel ?r\gh\t practically ! entire l5g?4 ,?is =ms ! ma9 corridor ( ! %ip1 & is fitt$ ) a footway d[n ! c5tre = its entire l5g?4 ,x conta9s wat] balla/ & petrol tanks1 bomb /[age & crew accommodation & ! v>i\s control wires1 petrol pipes & electric leads are c>ri$ along ! l[] "p4 ,?r\gh\t ?is int]nal corridor runs a bridge gird]1 f :i* ! petrol & wat] balla/ tanks are support$4 ,^! tanks are s arrang$ t !y c be dropp$ cle> ( ! %ip4 ,amid%ips is ! cab9 space ) suffici5t room = a crew ( tw5ty-five4 ,hammocks c be slung f ! bridge gird] be=e m5tion$4 ,9 accordance ) ! late/ ,zeppel9 practice1 monoplane rudd]s & elevators are fitt$ to ! horizontal & v]tical f9s4 ,! %ip is support$ 9 ! air by n9ete5 gasbags :i* give a total capacity ( approximately two million cubic feet ( gas4 ,! gross lift works out at approximately #ei #a_/b tons1 ( :i* ! total fix$ weight is #cc tons1 giv+ a disposable lift ( #bf #a_/b tons4 ,! arrangem5t ( c>s is z foll[s3 ,at ! =w>d end ! control c> is slung1 :i* conta9s all navigat+ in/rum5ts & ! v>i\s controls4 ,adjo9+ ?is is ! wireless cab91 :i* is also fitt$ = wireless telephony4 ,imm$iately aft ( ?is is ! =w>d p[] c> conta9+ "o eng9e1 :i* gives ! appe>ance t ! :ole is "o l>ge c>4 ,amid%ips are two w+ c>s ea* conta9+ a s+le eng9e4 ,^! are small & j accommodate ! eng9e ) suffici5t room = me*anics to att5d to !m4 ,fur!r aft is ano!r l>g] c> :i* conta9s an auxili>y control position & two eng9es4 ,x w ?us be se5 t five eng9es are in/all$ 9 ! %ip2 ^! are all ( ! same type & horse-p[]1 namely1 #bej horse-p[] ,sunbeam4 ,r #cc 0 con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,arm/rong ,:itwor? ,ltd41 :ile h] si/] %ip ,r #cd 0 built by ,messrs4 ,be>dmore on ! ,clyde4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 ,r #cc & ,r #cd c>ri$ out sev]al flight trials1 & ?\gh v>i\s difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ bo? ) ! eng9es & also ) ! elevator & rudd] controls1 x 0 evid5t t1 ) ^! defects rem$i$1 ea* ( ^! %ips w\ld prove to be s+ul>ly reliable4 ,on "o ( ^! trials made by ,r #cd1 exce$+ly bad wea!r 0 enc\nt]$1 & ! air%ip pass$ ?r\gh sev]al bl9d+ sn[/orms2 nev]!less ! propos$ flight ( "s sev5te5 h\rs 0 complet$1 & ?\gh at times progress 0 practically nil ow+ to ! extreme =ce ( ! w9d1 ! /ation 0 rea*$ 9 safety & ! %ip l&$ )\t any contretemps4 ,?is trial run hav+ be5 accompli%$ 9 wea!r su* z w\ld nev] h be5 *os5 9 ! e>li] days ( rigid trial flights1 ^? connect$ ) ! air%ip felt t _! confid5ce 9 ! vessel's capabilities 0 by no means exagg]at$4 ,! lift ( ! %ip w>rant$ a great] supply ( petrol be+ c>ri$ ?an !re 0 accommodation =1 & ! eng9es by n[ _h be5 tun$ up to a high /&>d ( effici5cy4 ,accord+ly x 0 consid]$ t ! %ip possess$ ! necess>y qualifications = a transatlantic flight4 ,x 01 moreov]1 ! op9ion ( ! lead+ (fic]s ( ! air%ip s]vice t su* an ent]prise w\ld be ( ine/imable value to ! air%ip itself1 z demon/rat+ its utility 9 ! future = comm]cial purposes4 ,ef=ts 7 made to obta9 p]mission = ! flight to be attempt$1 & al?\gh at fir/ ! naval au?orities 7 dis9cl9$ to risk su* a valuable %ip on :at appe>$ to be an adv5ture ( d\btful outcome1 ev5tually all opposition 0 ov]come & x 0 agre$ t = ! purposes ( ?is voyage ! %ip 0 to be tak5 ov] by ! ,air ,m9i/ry f ! ,admiralty4 ,"w 0 />t$ imm$iately to fit out ! %ip = a j\rney ( ?is description4 ,extra petrol tanks 7 dispos$ 9 ! hull /ructure to enable a great] supply ( fuel to be c>ri$1 a new & improv$ type ( out] cov] 0 fitt$1 & by ,may #bi?1 ,r #cd 0 complet$ to ! satisfaction ( ! ,admiralty & 0 accept$4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! same day %e left = h] /ation1 ,ea/ ,=tune1 on ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,?is %ort passage f ! ,clyde to ! ,=? 0 n devoid ( incid5t1 z soon aft] leav+ ! gr\nd a l[-ly+ fog envelop$ ! :ole c\ntry & x 0 f\nd impossible to l& ) any degree ( safety4 ,x hav+ be5 resolv$ n to l& until ! fog lift$1 ! air%ip cruis$ ab\t ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,engl& & ev5 came z f> s\? z ,york4 ,return+ to ,scotl&1 %e f\nd ! fog _h cle>$1 & 0 l&$ safely1 hav+ be5 9 ! air = #ba h\rs4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 t ! ,atlantic flight %\ld be made at ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 b ! app>5t unwill+ness ( ! ,g]mans to sign ! ,peace ,treaty caus$ ! ,admiralty to reta9 ! %ip = a "t & commission h] on a w> foot+4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod %e w5t = an ext5d$ cruise ov] ,d5m>k1 along ! nor? coa/ ( ,g]many & ov] ! ,baltic4 ,?is flight 0 accompli%$ 9 #ef h\rs1 dur+ :i* extremely bad wea!r conditions 7 exp]i5c$ at times4 ,on its conclusion capta9 & crew ( ! %ip express$ _! op9ion t ! cross+ ( ! ,atlantic 0 ) ord9>y luck a moral c]ta9ty4 ,peace hav+ be5 sign$1 ! %ip 0 ov]haul$ once m & made ready = ! flight1 & ! day select$ "s ?ree weeks be=e 0 ,july #bnd4 ,a select$ p>ty ( air-s]vice rat+s1 toge!r ) two (fic]s1 7 s5t ov] to ,am]ica to make all ! necess>y arrangem5ts1 & ! ,am]ican au?orities af=d$ e conceivable facility to r5d] ! flight successful4 ,z !re is no %$ 9 ,am]ica capable ( h\s+ a big rigid1 !re 0 no alt]native b to moor h] out 9 ! op51 repl5i% supplies ( gas & fuel & make ! return j\rney z quickly z possible4 ,on ,july #bnd1 at #b4ch a4m4 7,briti% summ] "t71 ,r #cd left ! gr\nd at ,ea/ ,=tune1 c>ry+ a total numb] ( #cj p]sons4 ,! r\te foll[$ 0 a some:at nor!rly "o1 ! nor? coa/ ( ,irel& be+ skirt$ & a m or less direct c\rse 0 kept to ,newf\ndl&4 ,f !nce ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia 0 foll[$ & ! ma9l& 0 pick$ up ne> ,cape ,cod4 ,f ,cape ,cod ! air%ip proce$$ to ,m9eola1 ! l&+ place on ,long ,isl&4 ,all w5t well until ,newf\ndl& 0 rea*$4 ,ov] ?is isl& fog 0 enc\nt]$1 & lat] electrical /orms became a di/urb+ elem5t :5 ov] ,nova ,scotia & ! ,bay ( ,fundy4 ,! c\rse _h to be alt]$ to avoid ^! /orms1 & ow+ to ?is ! petrol began to run %ort4 ,no anxiety 0 occasion$ until on ,saturday1 ,july #e?1 a wireless signal 0 s5t at #c4ei p4m4 ask+ = assi/ance1 & de/roy]s 7 dispat*$ imm$iately to ! sc5e4 ,lat] messages 7 receiv$ indicat+ t ! position 0 v acute1 z head w9ds 7 be+ enc\nt]$ & petrol 0 runn+ %ort4 ,! air%ip1 h[ev]1 /ruggl$ on1 & ?\gh at "o "t ! possibility ( l&+ at ,montauk1 at ! nor!rn end ( ,long ,isl&1 0 consid]$1 %e manag$ aft] a night ( consid]able anxiety to rea* ,m9eola & l& !re 9 safety on ,july #f? at #i4ee a4m4 7,briti% summ] "t74 ,! total duration ( ! outw>d voyage 0 #ajh h\rs #ab m9utes1 & dur+ ?is "t "s #c1acf sea miles 7 cov]$4 ,r #cd rema9$ at ,m9eola until midnight ( ,july #i? accord+ to ,am]ican "t4 ,dur+ ! f\r days 9 :i* %e 0 moor$ out v>iable wea!r 0 exp]i5c$1 & 9 a gale ( w9d ! moor+ po9t 0 torn out1 b =tunately1 ano!r trail rope 0 dropp$ & made fa/1 & ! air%ip did n break away4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ! return %\ld be delay$ until daylight1 9 ord] t spectators 9 ,new ,york %\ld obta9 a good view ( ! air%ip1 b an approa*+ /orm 0 report$ & ! prep>ations 7 advanc$ = h] imm$iate dep>ture4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-h\r great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 hold+ ! %ip :ile gass+ 0 complet$4 ,at #e4eg a4m4 7,briti% summ] "t7 ,r #cd set out on h] return voyage1 /e]+ = ,new ,york1 to fly ov] ! city be=e head+ out into ! ,atlantic4 ,%e 0 pick$ up by ! se>*lights & 0 di/9ctly visible to an enorm\s conc\rse ( spectators4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! flight a /rong foll[+ w9d 0 ( great assi/ance1 & = a %ort p]iod an air spe$ ( #hc miles p] h\r 0 atta9$4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,july #aa? ! =emo/ ( ! two eng9es 9 ! aft] c> broke d[n & 0 f\nd to be beyond repair4 ,! rema9d] ( ! voyage 0 accompli%$ )\t fur!r incid5t4 ,on ,july #ab? at noon1 a signal 0 s5t tell+ ,r #cd to proce$ to ! air%ip /ation at ,pulham 9 ,norfolk z ! wea!r 0 unfav\rable = l&+ 9 ,scotl&4 ,on ! same day at #h4be p4m41 l& 0 fir/ sight$ & ! coa/ l9e 0 cross$ ne> ,clifd51 c\nty ,galway1 at #i p4m4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,july #ac?1 at #g4eg a4m4 7,briti% summ] "t71 ! long voyage 0 complet$ & ,r #cd 0 safely h\s$ 9 ! %$1 hav+ be5 9 ! air #ge h\rs #c m9utes4 ,?us a mo/ rem>kable und]tak+ 0 br\ght to a successful conclusion4 ,! wea!r exp]i5c$ 0 by no means abnormally good4 ,?is 0 n an opportunity wait$ = = weeks & !n hurri$ly snat*$1 b on ! preorda9$ date ! flight 0 comm5c$4 ,! air%ip en?usia/ _h always decl>$ t ! cross+ ( ! ,atlantic pres5t$ no insup]able difficulty1 & :5 ! mom5t arriv$ ! sceptics f\nd t he 0 correct4 ,we may !re=e assume t ?is flight is a v important l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( a]ial transport1 & has demon/rat$ t ! air%ip is to be ! m$ium = long-di/ance travel4 ,we may re/ assur$ t su* flights1 al?\gh creat+ univ]sal wond] to-day1 w ( a surety be accept$ z ev]yday occurr5ces be=e ! _w is _m ye>s old]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,air%ip ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,! outbreak ( w> f\nd u1 z we h se51 practically )\t air%ips ( any milit>y value4 ,= ?is un=tunate circum/ance !re 7 _m contributory causes4 ,! developm5t ( a]onautics g5]ally 9 ?is c\ntry 0 beh9d t ( ! ,cont95t1 & ! air%ip _h suff]$ to a great] ext5t ?an ei!r ! seaplane or ! a]oplane4 ,our attitude 9 fact t[>ds ! air _h n alt]$ s v greatly f t ( ! man :o rem>k$1 on read+ 9 8 pap] t "s pione] ( aviation _h met ) de/ruction1 ,if we _h be5 meant to fly1 ,god w\ld h giv5 u w+s4 ,absurd z ?is s\nds n[adays1 x 0 ! op9ion ( mo/ p 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) ! exception ( a few en?usia/s1 until only a few ye>s be=e we 7 plung$ into w>4 ,! ye> #aiji saw ! v9dication ( ! en?usia/s1 = 9 ?is summ] ,bl]iot cross$ ! ,*annel 9 an a]oplane1 & ! fir/ pass5g]-c>ry+ ,zeppel9 air%ip 0 complet$4 ,^? :o _h previ\sly sc(f$ came to ! conclusion t fly+ 0 n only possible b an accompli%$ fact1 & ! next two ye>s ) _! great a]ial cross-c\ntry circuits reveal$ ! va/ pot5tialities ( aircraft 9 assi/+ 9 milit>y op]ations4 ,we1 !re=e1 began to /udy a]onautics z ! sci5ce ( ! future1 & aircraft z an adjunct to ! sea & l& =ces ( ! empire4 ,! air%ip1 un=tunately1 suff]$ = _m reasons f ! lack ( enc\ragem5t af=d$ g5]ally to ! developm5t ( a]onautics4 ,! air%ip und\bt$ly is exp5sive1 & "o air%ip ( size co/s m to build ?an _m a]oplanes4 ,9 addition1 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! air%ip is a s\rce ( consid]able outlay4 ,! %$ to h\se an air%ip is a mo/ co/ly und]tak+1 & takes "t & an exp5diture ( mat]ial to erect1 & be>s no comp>ison ) ! *eap hang> :i* c be run up 9 a mom5t to accommodate ! a]oplane4 ,! gas to lift ! air%ip is by no means a *eap commodity4 ,if x is to be made on ! /ation :]e ! air%ip is bas$1 x necessitates ! provision ( an exp5sive & elaborate plant4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is to be manufactur$ at a factory1 ! "q ( transport comes 91 :i* is a fur!r s\rce ( exp5se ) co/ly hydrog5 tubes = its conveyance4 ,ano!r drawback is ! l>ge tract ( gr\nd requir$ = an a]odrome1 & ! big air%ip ne$s a l>ge numb] ( highly-tra9$ p]sonnel to h&le x4 ,a fur!r po9t always1 rais$ :5 ! policy ( develop+ ! air%ip 0 moot$ is its vuln]ability4 ,x _c be d5i$ t x pres5ts a l>ge t>get to artill]y or to ! a]oplane attack+ x1 & ow+ to ! highly inflammable nature ( hydrog5 :5 mix$ ) air !re c be no escape if ! gas conta9]s are pi]c$ by inc5di>y bullets or %ells4 ,ano!r contribut+ factor to ! sl[ developm5t ( ! air%ip 0 ! lack ( private ent]prise4 ,rivalry exi/$ betwe5 private firms = a]oplane contracts :i* consequ5tly produc$ improvem5ts 9 design2 air%ips c\ld n be produc$ 9 ?is way ow+ to ! high initial co/1 & if ! result+ %ips end$ 9 failure1 z _m 7 b\nd to d1 !re w\ld be no return = a l>ge outlay ( capital4 ,! only way by :i* private firms c\ld be enc\rag$ to emb>k on air%ip build+ 0 by subsidies f ! ,gov]nm5t1 & at ?is "t ! preval5t idea ( ! d\btful value ( ! air%ip 0 too /rong = money to be vot$ = ?is purpose4 ,to /r5g!n ?is argum5t no dem& _h ei!r be5 made f ^? 9 comm& ( ! ,fleet or f comm&]s ( our ,armies = air%ips to act z auxili>ies to our =ces4 ,! disa/]s exp]i5c$ by all e>ly air%ips & mo/ p>ticul>ly by ! ,zeppel9s 7 always seiz$ ^u by ^? :o desir$ to conv9ce ! c\ntry :at un/able craft !y 71 & h[ev] safe 9 ! air !y might be 7 always liable to be wreck$ :5 l&+ 9 any?+ b f9e wea!r4 ,^? :o might h sunk _! money 9 air%ip build+ !reupon patt$ !mselves ^u ! back & rejoic$ t !y _h be5 s f>-see+ z to avoid be+ engag$ ^u su* a pr(itless indu/ry4 ,f9ally1 all 9 au?ority 7 agre$ to adopt ! policy ( lett+ o!r c\ntries buy _! exp]i5ce & to pr(it f x at a lat] date4 ,_h ! w> be5 po/pon$ = ano!r tw5ty ye>s all might h be5 well1 & we %\ld h reap$ ! b5efit1 b mo/ calamit\sly = ourselves x arriv$ :5 we 7 utt]ly unprep>$1 & hav+1 z we repeat1 only ?ree air%ips ( any milit>y value4 ,) ^! ?ree %ips1 ,a/ra-,torres 7,no4 #c71 ,p>seval 7,no4 #d7 & ,beta1 ! ,navy did all t 0 possible4 ,at ! v outbreak ( w> sc\t+ trips 7 made out into ! ,nor? ,sea beyond ! m\? ( ! ,?ames by ! ,a/ra & ,p>seval1 & bo? ^! %ips patroll$ ! ,*annel dur+ ! passage ( ! ,exp$ition>y ,=ce4 ,! ,a/ra 0 also employ$ (f ! ,belgian coa/ to assi/ ! naval l&+ p>ty at ,o/5d1 & toge!r ) ! ,p>seval assi/$ 9 patroll+ ! ,*annel dur+ ! fir/ w9t] ( ! w>4 ,! ,beta 0 also s5t ov] to ,dunkirk to assi/ 9 spott+ = artill]y fire & locat+ ,g]man batt]ies on ! ,belgian coa/4 ,our air%ips 7 also employ$ = a]ial inspection ( ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns by night to exam9e ! effects ( light+ re/rictions & obta9 in=mation = our anti-aircraft batt]ies4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ! ,s4,s4 %ip1 :i* c>ri$ out c]ta9 manoeuvres 9 ,france 9 ! summ] ( #aiaf1 our air%ips 7 conf9$ to op]ations ov] ! sea2 b if we _h possess$ %ips ( great] reliability 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 x is conceivable t !y w\ld h be5 ( value = c]ta9 purposes to ! ,army4 ,! ,g]mans employ$ _! ,zeppel9s at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,antw]p1 ,w>saw1 ,nancy & ,libau1 & _! raids on ,engl& are too well rememb]$ to ne$ description4 ,! ,fr5* also us$ air%ips = ! obs]vation ( troops mobiliz+ & = ! de/ruction ( railway depots4 ,! ,italians reli$ entirely at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> on air%ips1 con/ruct$ to fly at great heights1 = ! bomb+ ( ,au/rian troops & t]ritory1 & met ) a consid]able measure ( success4 ,:5 x 0 decid$1 e>ly 9 #aiae1 to develop ! air%ip = anti-subm>9e "w difficulties :i* appe>$ almo/ insup]able 7 enc\nt]$ at fir/4 ,to beg9 )1 !re 7 practically no firms 9 ! c\ntry capable ( air%ip production4 ,! con/ruction ( envelopes 0 a great problem2 z rubb]-pro($ fabric _h be5 f\nd by exp]im5t to yield ! be/ results = ! hold+ ( gas1 v>i\s wat]pro(+ firms 7 invit$ to make envelopes1 & by :ole-he>t$ ef=ts & untir+ indu/ry !y at la/ provid$ v excell5t samples4 ,f9s1 rudd] planes1 & c>s 7 also entru/$ to firms :i* _h _h no previ\s exp]i5ce ( ?is class ( "w1 & x is r curi\s to reflect t envelopes 7 produc$ by ! mak]s ( mack9to%es & t c>s & planes 7 con/ruct$ by a %op-w9d[ furni%]4 ,?is 0 a sure sign t all classes ( ! community 7 pull+ toge!r = ! good ( ! common cause4 ,among o!r difficulties 0 ! %ortage ( hydrog5 tubes1 plants1 & ! silicol = mak+ gas4 ,suffici5t %$s & a]odromes 7 also lack+1 & ! air%ips !mselves 7 complet$ m quickly ?an ! %$s :i* 7 to h\se !m4 ,! lack ( air%ip p]sonnel to meet ! expansion ( ! s]vice pres5t$ a fur!r ob/acle4 ,to ov]come ?is ! sy/em ( direct entry into ! ,r4,n4,a4,s4 0 in/itut$1 :i* enabl$ pilots to be enroll$ f civil life 9 addition to ! mid%ipm5 :o 7 draft$ f ! ,fleet4 ,! majority ( ! rat+s 7 recruit$ f civil life & giv5 in/ruction 9 rigg+ & a]o-eng9es z quickly z possible1 :ile te*nical (fic]s 7 ne>ly all civilians & grant$ commissions 9 ! ,r4,n4,v4,r4 ,a trem5d\s drawback 0 ! abs5ce ( rigid air%ips & ! lack ( duralum9 ) :i* to con/ruct !m4 ,few m5 7 also exp]i5c$ 9 air%ip "w at ?is "t1 & !re 0 no c5tral air%ip tra9+ e/abli%m5t z 0 aft]w>ds in/itut$4 ,pilots 7 in/ruct$ z occasion p]mitt$ at ! v>i\s patrol /ations1 hav+ pass$ a balloon c\rse & und]gone a rudim5t>y tra9+ at v>i\s places4 ,to conclude1 ! greate/ ( all difficulties 0 ! %ortage ( money vot$ = air%ip developm5t1 & ?is 0 a disadvantage "u :i* air%ips lab\r$ ev5 until ! conclusion ( ho/ilities4 ,we h se5 previ\sly h[ ! o!r difficulties 7 surm\nt$ & h[ our air%ips 7 evolv$1 type by type1 & ! measure ( success :i* att5d$ !m4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t five ye>s ago we only possess$ ?ree %ips capable ( fly+1 & t dur+ ! w> we built upw>ds ( two hundr$1 ( :i* no few] ?an #ajc 7 actually 9 commission on ! date ( ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice4 ,! "w c>ri$ out by our air%ips dur+ ! w> falls "u ?ree ma9 head+s3 #a4 ,op]ations ) ! fleet or ) v>i\s units4 #b4 ,anti-subm>9e patrol & se>*+ = m9es4 #c4 ,escort ( %ipp+ & exam9ation duties4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ head+ x is only p]missible at pres5t to say v little2 c]ta9 manoeuvres 7 c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ! fleet1 b ! sl[ developm5t ( our rigid air%ips prohibit$ any?+ on a l>ge scale be+ attempt$4 ,! ,g]mans1 on ! o!r h&1 made ! fulle/ use ( _! ,zeppel9s = sc\t+ purposes ) ! high seas fleet4 ,responsible p 7 guilty ( a grave mi/ake :5 speak+ 9 public 9 d5\nc+ ! ,zeppel9 z a useless mon/] e "t "o 0 de/roy$ 9 a raid on ?is c\ntry4 ,! ma9 function ( ! ,zeppel9 air%ip 0 to act z an a]ial sc\t1 & x c>ri$ out ^! duties ) ! utmo/ effici5cy dur+ ! w>4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ! ,g]man fleet ow$ its escape aft] ! ,battle ( ,jutl& to ! in=mation receiv$ f _! air%ips1 :ile aga9 ! ,zeppel9 0 in/rum5tal 9 effect+ ! escape ( ! flotilla :i* bomb>d$ ,sc>bor\gh 9 #aiaf4 ,v probably1 also1 ! l>ge air%ip 0 responsible = ! success :i* att5d$ ! ,u boats dur+ _! attack on ! cruis]s ,nott+ham & ,falm\?1 & also at ! ,hogue disa/]4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 t[+ air%ips by cruis]s1 9 refuell+ :ile 9 t[ & *ang+ crews1 all ( :i* w\ld h borne good fruit _h ! w> la/$ long]4 ,an exce$+ly int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out dur+ ! clos+ /ages ( ! w> by an air%ip ( ! ,s4,s4 ,z]o type4 ,at ?is p]iod ! ,g]man subm>9es 7 gradually ext5d+ _! op]ations at a great] di/ance f our coa/s1 & ! au?orities became conc]n$ at ! prospect t ! small type ( air%ip w\ld n possess suffici5t endurance to c>ry out patrol ov] ^! increas$ di/ances4 ,! possibility 0 consid]$ ( c>ry+ a small air%ip on bo>d a %ip :i* %\ld c>ry out patrol & return to ! %ip = refuell+ purposes1 to repl5i% gas1 & *ange h] crew4 ,to te/ ! feasibility ( ?is idea ,s4,s4 ,z #eg c>ri$ out l&+ exp]im5ts on ! deck ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,furi\s1 :i* _h be5 adapt$ z an a]oplane c>ri]4 ,s4,s4 ,z #eg came ov] ! deck & dropp$ h] trail rope1 :i* 0 pass$ ?r\gh a block secur$ to ! deck1 & 0 haul$ d[n )\t difficulty4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ :ile ! %ip 0 "u weigh & 7 highly successful4 ,no great difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 mak+ fa/ ! trail rope1 & ! air%ip prov$ q easy to h&le4 ,! c> 0 also l[]$ into ! hang> bel[ ! upp] deck1 ! envelope only rema9+ on ! upp] level1 & ev]y?+ work$ smoo?ly4 ,if ! w> _h cont9u$ !re is no d\bt t "s attempt w\ld h be5 made to te/ ! practical effici5cy ( ! problem4 ,anti-subm>9e patrol 0 ! *ief "w ( ! air%ip dur+ ! w>1 &1 l ev]y?+ else1 und]w5t mo/ /rik+ *anges4 ,subm>9e hunt+ probably _h m clev] bra9s conc5trat$ ^u x ?an any?+ else 9 ! w>1 & ! "p allott$ to ! air%ip 9 conjunction ) ! hunt+ flotillas ( surface craft 0 c>efully ?\ght out4 ,9 ! case ( a suspect$ subm>9e 9 a c]ta9 spot1 all surface & air craft 7 conc5trat$ by means ( wireless signals at ! appo9t$ r5dezv\s4 ,x is 9 op]ations ( ?is k9d t ! air%ip is s sup]ior to ! seaplane or a]oplane1 z %e c hov] ov] a fix$ po9t = an indef9ite p]iod ) eng9es %ut (f4 ,if ! subm>9e 0 locat$ f ! air1 signals 7 giv5 & dep? *>ges dropp$ 9 ! position po9t$ out4 ,incid5ts ( ?is k9d 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & 9 !m ! value ( ! air%ip 0 fully recogniz$4 ,! mo/ monoton\s & ardu\s ( ! air%ip's duties 0 ! r\t9e patrol4 ,! %ip w\ld leave h] %$ be=e dawn & be at ! appo9t$ place _m miles away f l&4 ,%e !n w\ld c>ry out patrol1 closely scann+ ! sea all r\nd1 & inve/igat+ any suspici\s object4 ,= h\rs ?is might la/ ) no?+ se51 & !n 9 ! ga!r+ d>kness ! %ip w\ld make h] way home (t5 aga9/ a ris+ w9d1 & 9 ! w9t] ?r\gh hail & sn[4 ,bombs 7 always c>ri$1 & on _m occasions direct hits 7 obs]v$ on enemy subm>9es4 ,a %>p look-out 0 always kept = m9es1 & _m 7 de/roy$1 ei!r by gunfire f ! air%ip h]self or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( patrol boats 9 ! vic9ity4 ,?is 0 ! *ief "w ( ! ,s4,s4 %ips1 & 0 br\ght to a high pit* ( p]fection by ! ,s4,s4 ,z]o4 ,^! %ips prov$ s h&y t !y c\ld circle r\nd an object )\t ev] los+ sight ( x1 & yet c\ld be tak5 9 & out ( %$s 9 wea!r too bad to h&le bigg] %ips4 ,! hunt+ ( ! subm>9e has be5 lik5$ to big-game hunt+1 & c]ta9ly no "o ev] set out to de/roy a bigg] qu>ry4 ,x ne$s ! same am\nt ( pati5ce & ! same vigilance4 ,days may pass )\t ! opportunity1 & t w only be a fleet+ "o3 ! psy*ological mom5t mu/ be seiz$ & x w n brook a mom5t's delay4 ,! eye mu/ be tra9$ to pick up ! m9ute/ detail1 & mu/ be capable ( do+ ?is = h\r aft] h\r4 ,= ^? on subm>9e patrol 9 a small %ip !re is n "o second's re/4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! subm>9e campaign rea*$ its climax 9 ,april1 #aiag4 ,9 t mon? ,briti% & ,alli$ %ipp+ su/a9$ its greate/ losses4 ,! value ( ! air%ip 9 combat+ ?is m5ace 0 n[ fully recogniz$1 & ) ! big build+ programme ( ,z]o air%ips approv$1 ! h\s+ accommodation aga9 rea*$ an acute /age4 ,%ortage ( /eel & timb] = %$ build+1 & ! lack ( lab\r to erect ^! mat]ials _h !y be5 available1 r5d]$ o!r me?ods necess>y4 ,x 0 resolv$ to try ! exp]im5t ( moor+ air%ips 9 cle>+s cut into belts ( trees or small woods4 ,a suitable site 0 select$ & ! trees 7 fell$ by s]vice lab\r4 ,! %ips 7 !n tak5 into ! gaps ?us =m$ & 7 moor$ by /eel wires to ! adjac5t trees4 ,scre5s ( bru%wood 7 !n built up betwe5 ! trees1 & ! :ole s*eme prov$ s successful t ev5 9 w9t]1 :5 ! trees 7 /ripp$ ( _! foliage1 air%ips rode out gales ( ov] #fj miles p] h\r4 ,! p]sonnel 7 h\s$ ei!r 9 t5ts or billet$ 9 cottages or h\ses 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & gas 0 suppli$ 9 tubes z 9 ! e>li] days ( ! /ations be=e ! gas plants _h be5 erect$4 ,?is me?od hav+ succe$$ beyond ! mo/ sangu9e expectations1 e /ation _h "o or m ( ^! sub-/ations bas$ on x1 ! air%ips allocat$ to !m mak+ a p]iodical visit to ! p>5t /ation = ov]haul z requir$4 ,eng9e]+ repairs 7 effect$ by work%op lorries1 provid$ t ext5sive "w 0 n requir$4 ,9 ?is way a l>ge fleet ( small air%ips 0 ma9ta9$ ar\nd our coa/s1 leav+ ! bigg] types ( %ips on ! p>5t /ations1 & ! op]ations 7 enabl$ to be consid]ably ext5d$4 ,( c\rse1 c]ta9 %ips 7 wreck$ :5 gales ( unprec$5t$ viol5ce sprung up2 b ! output ( envelopes1 planes & c>s 0 by ?is "t s good t a %ip c\ld be replac$ at a few h\rs' notice1 & ! co/ comp>$ ) build+ ( additional %$s 0 s small z to be negligible4 ,f ! mon? ( ,april1 #aiag1 ! convoy sy/em 0 introduc$1 by :i* all %ips on ent]+ ! dang] zones 7 collect$ at an appo9t$ r5dezv\s & escort$ by de/roy]s & patrolboats4 ,! air%ip 0 s+ul>ly suitable to assi/ 9 ^! duties4 ,ow+ to h] p[] ( r$uc+ h] spe$ to :atev] 0 requir$1 %e c\ld keep h] /ation ahead or abeam ( ! convoy z 0 necess>y1 & f h] altitude 0 able to ex]cise an outlook = a f> great] di/ance ?an 0 possible f ! bridge ( a de/roy]4 ,%e c\ld also sweep ! surface ahead ( ! approa*+ convoy1 & w>n x by wireless or by fla%-lamp ( ! pres5ce ( subm>9es or m9es4 ,by ^! timely w>n+s _m vessels 7 sav$4 ,ow+ to ! position ( ! /ations x 0 possible = a convoy to be met by air%ips we/ ( ! ,scilly ,isles & escort$ by ! air%ips ( ! succe$+ /ations "r up ! ,*annel4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ma9 %ipp+ r\tes on ! ea/ coa/ & also 9 ! ,iri% ,sea 7 "u con/ant obs]vation4 ,! mail /eam]s betwe5 ,engl& & ,irel& & transports betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 7 always escort$ :5ev] fly+ conditions 7 possible4 ,= escort duties involv+ long h\rs ( fly+1 ! ,coa/al & ,c ,/> types 7 peculi>ly suitable1 & at a lat] date ! ,nor? ,sea1 :i* c\ld accompany a convoy = ! l5g? ( ,scotl&4 ,air%ips h (t5 prov$ ( value 9 summon+ help to torp$o$ vessels1 & on occasions survivors 9 op5 boats h be5 rescu$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( patroll+ air%ips4 ,exam9ation duties are reckon$ among ! _m obligations ( ! air%ip4 ,suspici\s-look+ vessels 7 always c>efully scrut9iz$1 & if unable to give a satisfactory answ] to signals made1 7 report$ to vessels ( ! auxili>y patrol = clos] exam9ation4 ,isolat$ fi%+ vessels always 7 kept "u close obs]vation1 = "o ( ! _m ruses ( ! subm>9e 0 to adopt ! disguise ( a h>mless fi%+ boat ) ma/s & sails4 ,! l>ge transports1 convey+ ,am]ican troops :o pass$ ?r\gh ,engl& on _! way to ,france1 7 always provid$ ) escort+ air%ips :5ev] possible1 & _! (fic]s h extoll$ _! m]its 9 mo/ laudatory t]ms4 ,our rigid air%ips also contribut$ _! %>e 9 convoy "w1 al?\gh _! appe>ance z active units 0 delay$ ow+ to sl[ness 9 con/ruction4 ,a di/urb+ feature to ! advocate ( ! l>ge air%ip1 has be5 ! de/ruction ( raid+ ,zeppel9s by heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 & ! ,j]emiahs h n lo/ ?is opportunity ( decl>+ t = w> purposes ! huge rigid is n[ useless & w always be at ! complete m]cy ( ! fa/ sc\t+ a]oplane4 ,!re is nev] any ob/acle 9 ?is _w t _c be surm\nt$ by "s means or o!r4 ,on ! "o h& !re is helium1 a non-inflammable gas :i* w\ld r5d] air%ips almo/ immune to su* attacks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o op9ion ( ?\ght is t ! rigid air%ip 9 ! future w proce$ to sea escort$ by a squadron ( sc\t+ a]oplanes = its def5ce1 9 ! same way t ! capital %ip is escort$ at sea by de/roy]s & torp$o boats4 ,?is latt] idea has be5 ev5 fur!r develop$ by ^? :o look into ! future1 & h conceiv$ ! possibility ( a gigantic air%ip c>ry+ its own a]oplanes = its protection4 ,to te/ ! possibility ( ?is innovation1 a small a]oplane 0 atta*$ to "o ( our rigid air%ips b5ea? ! keel4 ,atta*m5ts 7 made to ! top ( ! w+s & 7 c>ri$ to ! ma9 framework ( ! hull4 ,! release ge> 0 te/$ on ! gr\nd to preclude ! possibility ( any accid5t1 & on ! day appo9t$ ! air%ip 0 got ready = flight4 ,:ile ! air%ip 0 fly+1 ! pilot ( ! a]oplane 0 9 8 position ) 8 eng9e j tick+ ov]4 ,! b[s ( ! air%ip 7 !n incl9$ upw>ds & ! release ge> 0 put into op]ation4 ,! pilot aft]w>ds said t he _h no notion t any?+ _h be5 done until he notic$ t ! air%ip 0 "s consid]able height above him4 ,! ma*9e made a circuit ( ! a]odrome & l&$ 9 p]fect safety1 :ile no tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 any way 9 ! air%ip4 ,:e!r ?is satisfactory exp]im5t w h any practical outcome ! future alone c say1 b ?is a*ievem5t w\ld h be5 consid]$1 beyond all ! possibilities ( atta9m5t only a few ye>s ago4 ,s9ce ! ,armi/ice sev]al notable endurance flights 7 accompli%$ by %ips ( ! ,nor? ,sea class1 sev]al voyages be+ made to ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & q rec5tly a trip 0 c>ri$ out all r\nd ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! wea!r has ceas$ to be ! det]r5t ( ! e>ly days4 ,_m w no d\bt rememb] see+ ! ,nor? ,sea air%ip ov] ,london on a day ( squalls & sn[ %[]s1 & ,r #cd enc\nt]$ heavy sn[ /orms on ! occasion ( "o ( h] flight trials1 :i* goes to prove t ! air%ip is sc>cely ! fair-wea!r aircraft z ma9ta9$ by h] oppon5ts4 ,?r\gh\t ! w> our air%ips flew = approximately #hi1jjj h\rs & cov]$ a di/ance ( upw>ds ( two & a qu>t] million miles4 ,! ,g]mans attempt$ to w9 ! w> by ! :olesale s9k+ ( our m]*ant %ipp+1 br++ supplies & food to ^! isl&s1 & by torp$o+ our transports & %ips c>ry+ guns & munitions ( w>4 ,!y 71 p]haps1 ne>] to success ?an we ?\ght at ! "t1 b we 7 sav$ by ! defeat ( ! subm>9e4 ,9 ! victory won ov] ! und]seas craft ! air%ip c]ta9ly play$ a prom95t "p & we1 :o nev] suff]$ ! p9* ( hung]1 %\ld gratefully rememb] ^? :o nev] lo/ he>t1 b 9 spite ( all difficulties & disc\ragem5t1 design$1 built1 ma9ta9$ & flew our fleet ( air%ips4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,air%ips ,) ! sign+ ( ! ,armi/ice on ,novemb] #aa?1 #aiah1 ! air%ip's "w 9 ! w> 0 practically complet$ & peace reign$ on ! /ations :i* = s _m mon?s _h be5 c5tres ( fev]i% activity4 ,! enemy subm>9es 7 )drawn f our %ipp+ r\tes & m]*ant %ips c\ld trav]se ! sea 9 safety except = ! occasional dang] ( drift+ m9es4 ,:at is to be ! future ( ! air%ip8 is ! "q :i* is agitat+ ! m9ds ( innum]able p at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,dur+ ! w> we h built ! l>ge/ fleet ( air%ips 9 ! _w1 9 non-rigids we h rea*$ a /age 9 design :i* is unsurpass$ by any c\ntry1 & 9 rigid air%ips we are second only to ! ,g]mans1 :o h decl>$ t1 ) ! sign+ ( ! peace t]ms1 _! aircraft indu/ry w be de/roy$4 ,su* is our position at ! pres5t mom5t1 a position almo/ incr$ible if we look back to ! clos+ days ( ! ye> #aiad4 ,are we n[ to all[ ourselves to drift gradually back to our old policy ( sup95ess & neglig5ce z exi/$ be=e ! w>8 ,surely su* a ?\ght is inconceivable2 z we h organiz$ our air%ip production = ! purposes ( w>1 s %all we h to r$\ble our ef=ts = its developm5t 9 peace1 if we int5d to ma9ta9 our supremacy 9 ! air4 ,unless all w> is f h5ce=? to cease1 a mo/ improbable supposition :5 ! viol5ce ( human nature is consid]$1 aircraft w be 9 ! future almo/ ! mo/ important arm4 ,ow+ to its spe$1 !re w n be t p]iod ( wait+ = ! conc5tration & m>*+ ( ! armies ( ! pa/1 b ! nation resolv$ on w> w be able to /rike its bl[1 & t a v p[]ful & t]rible "o1 )9 a few h\rs ( ! rupture ( negotiations4 ,e nation to be prep>$ to c\nt] su* a bl[ mu/ be possess$ ( adequate res\rces1 & unless ! enorm\s exp5se is incurr$ ( ma9ta9+ 9 peace a huge e/abli%m5t ( aircraft & p]sonnel1 o!r me?ods mu/ be adopt$ ( possess+ bo? ( ^! available = w> :ile employ$ 9 peace = o!r purposes4 ,f ! w> two new me?ods ( transportation h em]g$--! a]oplane & ! air%ip4 ,to ! bus9ess man nei!r ( ^! is at ! pres5t juncture likely to comm5d itself on ! basis ( co/ p] ton mile4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is consid]$ t ! a]oplane is fa/] ?an ! express tra9 & ! air%ip's spe$ is d\ble t ( ! fa/e/ m]*ant %ip1 x w be appreciat$ t = c]ta9 comm]cial purposes bo? ^! m$iums = transport h _! possibilities4 ,! future may prove t 9 ! "t to come bo? ! air%ip & ! a]oplane w become self-support+1 b = ! pres5t1 if assi/$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 a fair return may be giv5 = ! capital laid out1 & a l>ge fleet ( aircraft toge!r ) ! necess>y p]sonnel w always be available = milit>y purposes %\ld ! em]g5cy arise4 ,! pres5t w> has %[n t ! m]*ant s]vice provid$ a valuable addition bo? ( highly-tra9$ p]sonnel & ( vessels readily adapt$ = w> purposes1 & x appe>s t a simil> organization c be effect$ to re9=ce our a]ial navies 9 future times ( dang]4 ,9 discussions relative to ! comm]cial possibilities ( aircraft1 a heat$ controv]sy always rages betwe5 advocates ( ! air%ip & ^? ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e1 b into ?is x is n propos$ to plunge ! read] ( ?is volume4 ,! a]oplane is em95tly adapt$ = c]ta9 purposes1 & ! greate/ bigot 9 fav\r ( ! air%ip c h>dly dispute ! claims ( ?is ma*9e to rema9 pr$om9ant = %ort-di/ance travel1 :]e high spe$ is ess5tial & ! load to be c>ri$ is light4 ,= long di/ance voyages ov] ! oceans or brok5 or unpopulat$ c\ntry1 :]e l>ge loads are to be c>ri$1 ! air%ip %\ld be f\nd to be ! m suitable4 ,! dem& = air%ips = comm]cial purposes falls "u ?ree ma9 head+s1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 "s detail4 ,x w be %[n to :at ext5t ! pres5t types w fill ?is dem&1 & h[ !y c be develop$ 9 ! future to r5d] ! propos$ und]tak+s successful4 #a4 ,pleasure4 #b4 ,a quick & safe means ( transport = pass5g]s4 #c4 ,a quick comm]cial s]vice = deliv]+ goods ( reasonable weight f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 #a4 ,pleasure4--,9 ! pa/1 m5 h kept me*anically-driv5 means ( transport su* z ya*ts1 motor c>s1 & motor boats = _! amusem5t1 & to a limit$ ext5t h tak5 recreation 9 ! air by means ( balloons4 ,= %ort cruises ab\t ?is c\ntry & r\nd ! coa/ a small air%ip1 some:at simil> to ! ,s4,s4 ,z]o1 w\ld be an ideal craft4 ,9 co/ x w\ld be consid]ably less ?an a small ya*t1 & z x w\ld only be requir$ 9 ! summ] mon?s1 x w\ld be inflat$ & moor$ out 9 ! op5 9 a p>k or gr\nds & ! exp5se ( provid+ a %$ ne$ n be incurr$4 ,= long] di/ances1 a %ip ( #aej1jjj cubic feet capacity1 ) a cov]$-9 c> & driv5 by two eng9es1 w\ld h an endurance ( #be h\rs at a cruis+ spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r4 ,) su* a %ip voyages c\ld easily be made f ! s\? coa/ to ! ,rivi]a or ,spa91 & moor+ out w\ld /ill be possible "u ! lee ( a small wood or to a buoy on ! wat]4 ,possibilities also exi/ = an ent]pris+ firm to />t a s]ies ( %ort pleasure trips at v>i\s fa%ionable seaside resorts1 & until ! novelty _h worn (f ! dem& = su* excursions w probably be f> 9 excess ( ! supply4 #b4 ,pass5g] transport4--,9 ! re-organization ( ! _w aft] ?is deva/at+ w> ! bus9ess man's "t w be ( ev5 m value ?an x 0 be=e4 ,?is c\ntry is l>gely b\nd up ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 bus9ess int]e/s :i* necessitate cont9ual visits betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,! "t occupi$ by /eam] 9 complet+ ?is j\rney is at pres5t ab\t five days4 ,if ?is "t c be cut d[n to two & a half days1 no d\bt a l>ge numb] ( pass5g]s w be only too anxi\s to avail !mselves ( ?is means ( travel1 provid+ t x w be accompli%$ 9 reasonable safety & com=t4 ,! requirem5ts = ?is purpose are an a]ial l9] capable ( c>ry+ a hundr$ pass5g]s ) a c]ta9 quantity ( luggage & suffici5t provisions = a voyage :i* may be ext5d$ ov] ! specifi$ "t ow+ to wea!r conditions4 ,! transatlantic s]vice if successful c\ld !n be ext5d$ until regul> pass5g] r\tes are e/abli%$ encircl+ ! globe4 #c4 ,quick comm]cial s]vice = c]ta9 types ( goods4--,c]ta9 mails & p>cels are l>gely enhanc$ 9 value by ! rapidity ( transport1 & "h1 z 9 ! pass5g] s]vice outl9$ above1 ! air%ip (f]s und\bt$ facilities4 ,z we h said be=e1 x is ma9ly ov] long di/ances t ! air%ip w score1 & = long di/ances on ! am\nt c>ri$ ! success ( ! ent]prise w be secur$4 ,= ?is purpose ! rigid air%ip w be ess5tial4 ,!re are c]ta9 in/ances 9 :i* ! non-rigid may possibly be pr(itably utiliz$1 & "o su* is sugge/$ by a mail s]vice betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,sc&9avia4 ,a s]vice is feasible betwe5 ,newca/le & ,norway by air%ips ( a capacity ( ! ,s4,s4 ,tw9 type4 ,^! %ips w\ld c>ry #gjj lb4 ( mails ea* trip at ab\t #d;d4 p] ounce1 :i* w\ld r$uce ! "t ( deliv]+ lett]s f ab\t two & a half to ?ree days to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a comm]cial air%ip company is reg>d$ 9 ?is c\ntry z a new & highly haz>d\s und]tak+1 & x seems to be some:at ov]look$ t x is n q ! novel idea s _m p imag9e4 ,be=e ! w>1 9 ! ye>s #aiaj to #aiad1 ! ,deuts*e ,luftfahrt ,acti5 ,gesells*aft successfully ran a comm]cial ,zeppel9 s]vice 9 :i* f\r air%ips 7 us$1 namely1 ,s*wab51 ,victoria ,luise1 ,hansa & ,sa*san4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ov] #ag1jjj pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ a total di/ance ( ov] #ajj1jjj miles )\t incurr+ a s+le fatal accid5t4 ,num]\s ,engli% p made trips 9 ^! air%ips1 includ+ ,visc\nt ,jellicoe1 b ! success ( ! company has app>5tly be5 =gott54 ,we h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! non-rigid air%ip has pot5tialities ev5 = comm]cial purposes1 b !re is no d\bt :atev] t ! future ( ! air%ip 9 ! comm]cial _w re/s entirely ) ! rigid type1 & ! air%ips ( ?is type moreov] mu/ be ( inf9itely great] capacity ?an ^? at pres5t 9 exi/5ce1 if a return is to be expect$ = ! capital inve/$ 9 !m4 ,g5]al ,sykes /at$1 9 ! pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,london ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 t = comm]cial purposes ! air%ip is em95tly adapt$ = long-di/ance j\rneys involv+ non-/op flights4 ,x has ?is inh]5t advantage ov] ! a]oplane1 t :ile !re appe>s to be a limit to ! range ( ! a]oplane z at pres5t con/ruct$1 !re is practically no limit :atev] to t ( ! air%ip1 z ?is c be ov]come by m]ely increas+ ! size4 ,x ?us appe>s t = su* j\rneys z cross+ ! ,atlantic1 or cross+ ! ,pacific f ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica to ,au/ralia or ,japan1 ! air%ip w be peculi>ly suitable4 ,he also rem>k$ t1 x hav+ be5 conc$$ t ! scope ( ! air%ip is long-di/ance travel1 ! only type :i* ne$ be consid]$ = ?is purpose is ! rigid4 ,! rigid air%ip is /ill 9 an embryonic /ate1 b suffici5t has already be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 to %[ t ) increas$ capacity !re is no reason :y1 )9 a few ye>s' "t1 air%ips %\ld n be built capable ( complet+ ! circuit ( ! globe & ( convey+ suffici5t pass5g]s & m]*&ise to r5d] su* an und]tak+ a pay+ proposition4 ,! report ( ! ,civil ,a]ial ,transport ,committee also /ates t1 air%ips are ! mo/ suitable aircraft = ! c>ry+ ( pass5g]s :]e safety1 com=t & reliability are ess5tial4 ,:5 we consid] ! rapid developm5t ( ! rigid air%ip s9ce #aiad1 x %\ld n be insup]able to con/ruct an air%ip ) ! capabilities sugge/$ by ,g5]al ,sykes4 ,9 #aiad1 ! av]age endurance ( ! ,zeppel9 at cruis+ spe$ 0 "u "o day & ! maximum full spe$ ab\t #ej miles p] h\r4 ,9 #aiah1 ! ,g]man ,l #gj1 :i* is ( #b1aie1jjj cubic feet capacity1 ! endurance at #de miles p] h\r has ris5 to #g4d days & ! maximum full spe$ to #gg miles p] h\r4 ,! ceil+ has correspond+ly increas$ f #f1jjj feet to #bc1jjj feet4 ,! ,briti% ,r #ch class1 at pres5t build+1 ) a capacity ( approximately #b #c_/d million cubic feet has an e/imat$ endurance at #de miles p] h\r ( #baa h\rs or #h4h days1 :i* is #cd h\rs great] ?an ! ,g]man ,l #gj class4 ,x is evid5t t = a %ip ( ?is calibre ! cross+ ( ! ,atlantic w possess no difficulty1 & z an in/ance ( :at has already be5 accompli%$ 9 ! way ( a long-di/ance flight ! exploit ( a ,zeppel9 air%ip bas$ 9 ,bulg>ia dur+ ! w> is suffici5tly rem>kable4 ,?is air%ip 9 ! autumn ( #aiag left ! /ation at ,jamboli to c>ry twelve tons ( ammunition = ! relief ( a =ce op]at+ 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa4 ,hav+ cross$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 %e proce$$ up ! c\rse ( ! ,nile until %e _h rea*$ ! upp] wat]s ( ?is riv]4 ,in=mation 0 !n receiv$ by wireless ( ! surr5d] ( ! =ce1 & t its comm&]1 ,von ,lett[1 0 a fugitive 9 ! bu%4 ,%e !reupon set out = home & rea*$ h] /ation 9 safety1 hav+ be5 9 ! air #if h\rs1 or f\r days1 )\t l&+4 ,x is !re=e pat5t t 9 ,r #cc & ,r #cd we possess two air%ips :i* c cross to ,am]ica to-morr[ z f> z actual di/ance is conc]n$1 b v>i\s o!r conditions are necess>y be=e su* voyages c be und]tak5 ) any prospects ( comm]cial success4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica mu/ be r\ghly tak5 z #c1jjj miles4 ,x is n reasonable = air%ip /ations to be situat$ ei!r 9 ! inaccessible extreme we/ ( ,irel& or among ! prevail+ fogs ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,wea!r conditions mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt2 head w9ds may prevail1 r5d]+ ! =w>d spe$ ( ! %ip to be small ev5 ) ! eng9es runn+ full out4 ,9 calculations x is consid]$ t ! foll[+ assumptions %\ld be made3 #a4 ,at lea/ #ge p] c5t additional petrol to be c>ri$ z w\ld be necess>y = ! passage 9 calm air1 %\ld unfav\rable wea!r conditions be met4 ,?is am\nt c\ld be r$uc$ to #ej p] c5t 9 future air%ips ) a spe$ ( upw>ds ( #hj miles p] h\r4 #b4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( ! total dis*>ge able lift ( ! %ip %\ld be 9 ! =m ( m]*&ise or pass5g]s to r5d] ! project a reasonable comm]cial proposition4 ,we w consid] ! comm]cial loads t c be c>ri$ by ! ,g]man air%ip ,l #gj & our air%ips ,r #cc & ,r #ch "u ! conditions giv5 above4 ,two spe$s w be tak5 = ! purposes ( ?is comp>ison3 normal full spe$1 or ab\t #fj miles p] h\r1 & cruis+ spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r4 ,l #gj4--;,at #fj miles p] h\r a di/ance ( #c1jjj miles w be accompli%$ 9 #ej h\rs4 ,fuel consumption ab\t #ac tons #i4ge tons 7additional = safety7 #bb4ge tons4 ,available lift = fuel & freight #bg4h tons4 ,fuel c>ri$ #bb4ge ------------ ,balance = freight #e ab\t4 ----------- ,at #de miles p] h\r1 di/ance w be accompli%$ 9 #ff4f h\rs4 ,fuel consumption ab\t #aj tons #g4e tons additional #ag4e tons4 ,available lift #bg4h tons ,fuel c>ri$ #ag4e ------------ ,balance = freight #aj ab\t4 ------------ ,r4 #cc4--;,at #fj miles p] h\r4 ,fuel consumption #ad4be tons #aj4fh tons additional #bd4ic tons4 ,lift available = fuel & freight #ba4e tons4 ,fuel c>ri$ #bd4ic ------------ ,m9us balance #c4 #dc ------------ ,at #de miles p] h\r4 ,fuel consumption #i4ff tons #g4bc tons 7#ag tons approx47 ,lift available = fuel & freight #ba4e tons4 ,fuel c>ri$ #ag ------------ ,balance = freight #d4e ------------ ,r4 #ch4-;,e/imat$ only4 ,at #fj miles p] h\r4 ,fuel consumption #bj tons #ae tons additional #ce tons4 ,lift available = fuel & freight #db tons4 ,fuel c>ri$ #ce ------------ ,balance = freight #g ------------ ,at #de miles p] h\r4 ,fuel consumption #ab tons #i tons additional #ba tons4 ,lift available = fuel & freight #db ,fuel c>ri$ #ba ------------ ,balance = freight #ba ------------ ,x w ?us be se5 t at ! fa/] spe$ small comm]cial loads c be c>ri$ by ,l #gj & ,r #ch & n at all 9 ! case ( ,r #cc1 t is assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! extra fuel is c>ri$1 ( :i* #ge p] c5t ( ! total does n appe> at all excessive 9 view ( ! wea!r cont9ually exp]i5c$ ov] ! ,atlantic4 ,at ! cruis+ spe$ ! loads naturally increase b /ill1 9 ,l #gj1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,r #cc1 !y are too small to be consid]$ comm]cially4 ,9 ,r #ch1 h[ev]1 ! load t c be c>ri$ at cruis+ spe$ is suffici5t to become a comm]cial proposition4 ,f ?is %ort /atem5t x is evid5t t1 by a comp>atively small increase 9 volume1 ! lift+ capacity ( an air%ip is enorm\sly increas$1 & x is 9 ?is subject t ! air%ip possesses su* und\bt$ advantage ov] ! a]oplane4 ,9 ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e !re is no automatic improvem5t 9 effici5cy result+ f great] dim5sions4 ,9 ! air%ip1 h[ev]1 ?is automatic improvem5t takes place 9 a v m>k$ degree2 = example1 an air%ip ( #aj1jjj1jjj cubic feet capacity has five times ! lift ( ! pres5t #b1jjj1jjj cubic feet capacity rigid1 b ! l5g? ( ! =m] is only #a4g times great]1 & !re=e ! weight ( ! /ructure only five times great] 7#a4g72 t is1 ! weight ( ! /ructure is directly proportional to ! total lift4 ,hav+ se5 t ! total lift v>ies z ! cube ( ! l9e> dim5sions :ile air resi/ance1 ,b4,h4,p4--o!r ?+s be+ equal--v>y z ! squ>e ( ! l9e> dim5sions1 x foll[s t ! ratio weight ( ma*9]y_/total lift decreases automatically4 ,9 comp>+ ! diff]5t me?ods ( transport = effici5cy1 ! resi/ance or ?ru/ requir$ is comp>$ z a p]c5tage ( ! total weight4 ,! result obta9$ is kn[n z ! co-effici5t ( tractive resi/ance4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t z ! size ( ! air%ip increases1 ! co-effici5t ( tractive resi/ance decreases to a m>k$ ext5t2 ) a proportionate increase 9 horse-p[] x is proportionally m economical = a #aj1jjj1jjj cubic feet capacity rigid to fly at #hj miles p] h\r ?an = a #b1jjj1jjj cubic feet capacity to fly at #fj miles p] h\r4 ,z ! ratio weight /ructure_/total lift is 9 air%ips fairly con/ant1 x foll[s t ! ratio disposable lift_/total lift increases ) ! dim5sions4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t increas$ b5efits are obta9$ by build+ air%ips ( a l>g] size1 & t ! bigg] ! %ip ! great] w be its effici5cy1 provid+1 ( c\rse1 t x is kept )9 su* limits t x c be h&l$ on ! gr\nd & manoeuvr$ 9 ! air4 ,! proportion ( ! useful lift 9 a l>ge rigid1 t is ! lift available = fuel1 crew1 pass5g]s1 & m]*&ise1 is well ov] #ej p] c5t :5 comp>$ ) ! gross lift4 ,:5 ! accompany+ table is /udi$ x w be se5 t ) air%ips ( l>ge capacity ! available lift w be su* t consid]able weights ( m]*&ise or pass5g]s c be c>ri$4 ,capacity 9 ,gross ,lift ,l5g? ,diamet] cubic feet 9 tons 9 feet 9 feet #b1jjj1jjj #fj4g #fdc #gi #c1jjj1jjj #ia4a #gcf #ij4d #d1jjj1jjj #aba4d #haj #ii4e #e1jjj1jjj #aea4h #hgb #ajg4b #f1jjj1jjj #ahb4b #ibg #aac4i #g1jjj1jjj #bab4e #igf #aai4i #h1jjj1jjj #bdb4h #a1jba #abe4e #i1jjj1jjj #bgc4c #a1jfa #acj4d #aj1jjj1jjj #cjc4f #a1ajj #ace4a ,9 air%ips ( _! pres5t capacity1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( lift possible1 lightness ( con/ruction has be5 ( p>am\nt importance4 ,) ?is object 9 view duralum9 has be5 us$1 & complicat$ gird]s built up to obta9 /r5g? )\t increase ( weight4 ,9 a l>ge %ip ) a consid]able ga9 9 lift1 /eel w probably be employ$ ) a simpl] =m ( gird] "w4 ,9 t way *eapness ( con/ruction w be effect$ toge!r ) increas$ rapidity ( output1 & 9 addition ! /r5g? ( ! :ole /ructure %\ld be increas$4 ,! rigid air%ip ( #aj1jjj1jjj cubic feet capacity w h a disposable lift ( ov] #bjj tons available = fuel1 crew1 pass5g]s1 & m]*&ise 9 su* proportions z are desir$4 ,! endurance ( su* a %ip at a cruis+ spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r w be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?ree weeks1 ) a maximum spe$ ( #gj to #hj miles p] h\r1 & a ceil+ ( "s #cj1jjj feet c be rea*$4 ,?is w give a range ( ov] #bj1jjj miles1 or v ne>ly a complete circuit ( ! globe4 ,= comm]cial purposes ! possibilities ( su* a craft are enorm\s1 & ! uses to :i* x c\ld be put are manife/ly ( great importance4 ,urg5t mails & pass5g]s c\ld be transport$ f ,engl& to ,am]ica 9 "u half ! "t at pres5t tak5 by ! /eam%ip r\tes1 & any city 9 ! _w c\ld be rea*$ f ,london 9 a =tnight4 ,9 ! ev5t ( w> 9 ! future1 :i* may be wag$ ) a nation situat$ at a great] di/ance f ?is c\ntry ?an 0 ,g]many1 aircraft ,( long endurance w be necess>y bo? = sc\t+ 9 conjunction ) our fleets & convoy duties4 ,! ,briti% ,empire is widely scatt]$1 & l>ge tracts ( ocean lie betwe5 ! v>i\s colonies1 all ( :i* w require protection = ! safe-gu>d+ ( our m]*ant %ipp+4 ,! provision ( a =ce ( ^! l>ge air%ips w greatly add to ! security ( our out-ly+ dom9ions4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x is incumb5t on u to face c]ta9 difficulties :i* beset ! air%ip ( l>ge dim5sions1 & :i* are always magnifi$ by its detractors4 ,fir/ly1 !re is ! exp5se ( %$s 9 :i* to h\se x2 secondly1 ! l>ge numb] ( tra9$ p]sonnel to assi/ 9 l&+ & h&l+ x :5 on ! gr\nd2 ?irdly1 ! risks att5dant on ! wea!r--= ! air%ip is /ill consid]$ ! g5]al public z a fair-wea!r craft2 & f\r?ly1 ?\gh ?is is pr9cipally 9 connection ) its effici5cy = milit>y purposes1 its vuln]ability4 ,we w deal ) ! f\r difficulties enum]at$ "u ^! head+s s]iatim1 & endeav\r to %[ to :at ext5t !y may be surm\nt$ if n entirely remov$4 ,! solution ( ! fir/ two problems may be summ$ up 9 two words3 moor+ out2 on ! success ( ?is x is consid]$ t ! :ole future ( air%ips = comm]cial purposes re/s4 ,x w be ess5tial t 9 e c\ntry :i* ! air%ip visits on its voyages1 "o l>ge c5tral /ation is e/abli%$ = h\s+ & repairs4 ,! position ( su* a /ation is dep5d5t on good wea!r conditions & ! be/ railway facilities possible4 ,9 all respects ?is /ation w be comp>able to a dry dock = surface vessels4 ,! air%ip w be tak5 into ! %$ = ov]haul ( hull /ructure1 r5ew+ ( gasbags or out] cov]1 & 9 %ort to und]go a p]iodical refit4 ,! co/ ( a %$ capable ( h\s+ two rigid air%ips1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 %\ld n greatly exce$ ,l#ejj1jjj4 ,?is sum1 ?\gh consid]able1 is b a small item comp>$ ) ! co/ ( con/ruct+ docks to accommodate ! ,atlantic l9]1 & :5 once complet$ ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is small :5 weigh$ aga9/ ! am\nt annually exp5d$ 9 dr$g+ & mak+ good ! we> & te> ( a dock4 ,ap>t f ^! occasional visits to a %$1 ! air%ip1 9 ! ord9>y way at ! end ( a voyage1 w pick up its moor+s z does ! big /eam]1 & l& its pass5g]s & c>go1 at ! same "t repl5i%+ its supplies ( fuel1 gas1 provisions1 etc41 :ile m9or repairs to ! ma*9]y c be c>ri$ out z %e rides 9 ! air4 ,a completely satisfactory solution ( ! moor+ problem = ! rigid air%ip has yet to rea* its consummation4 ,we saw 9 ! previ\s *apt] h[1 9 ! case ( small non-rigids1 !y 7 %elt]$ 9 b]?s cut into woods or belts ( trees1 b = ! rigid air%ip some?+ m secure & less at ! m]cy ( ! elem5ts is requir$4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ?ree sy/ems ( moor+ are 9 an exp]im5tal /age3 "o1 kn[n z ! s+le-wire sy/em1 is n[ practically ackn[l$g$ to fall %ort ( p]fection2 ! second1 ! ?ree-wire sy/em1 & ! ?ird1 moor+ to a ma/1 bo? h _! *ampions1 b x is probable t ! la/ w be ! "o f9ally *os51 & :5 ?or\ghly tri$ out ) its imp]fections elim9at$ w satisfy ! mo/ exact+ critics4 ,! s+le-wire sy/em is at ! same "t ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s me?od :i* sugge/s itself1 & means t ! %ip is secur$ by a wire cable atta*$ to a suitable po9t 9 ! %ip & l$ to "s fix$ po9t on ! gr\nd4 ,x has be5 f\nd t an air%ip secur$ 9 ?is way requires con/ant att5tion1 & t /e]+ is always necess>y to r5d] h] /eady 9 ! air4 ,consid]able improvem5t is obta9$ if a dragg+ weight is add$ to ! wire1 z x t5ds to *eck to a consid]able ext5t lat]al motion ( ! b[ ( ! %ip4 ,! ?ree-wire sy/em is an adaptation & an improvem5t on ! "o previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 ?is case ! moor+ po9t ( ! %ip is atta*$ to ?ree long wire cables1 :i*1 :5 rais$ 9 ! air1 =m a pyramid to ! head ( :i* ! %ip is atta*$4 ,^! wires are l$ to boll>ds :i* =m 9 plan an equilat]al triangle4 ,! lift ( ! %ip raises ^! wires (f ! gr\nd1 & if ! %ip is trimm$ up by ! b[s %e w be f\nd to resi/ ! action ( ! w9d4 ,a rigid air%ip moor$ out by ?is me?od rema9$ 9 ! op5 = a consid]able "t & r5d]$ ! future ( ?is exp]im5t mo/ hopeful4 ,x 0 resolv$ to cont9ue ^! exp]im5ts by add+ a subsidi>y sy/em ( wires ) runn+ blocks1 ! :ole wir+ to =m a polygon revolv+ r\nd a fix$ c5tre4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is me?od appe> to be r s]i\s4 ,x seems t great difficulty w always be f\nd 9 pick+ up ^! moor+s 9 a high w9d1 & ?\gh ?is also applies to ! me?od ) ! ma/1 ! initial ob/acles d n appe> to be s great4 ,a p[]ful eng9e driv+ a w9* w be necess>y to raise ^! heavy wires f ! gr\nd1 al?\gh ( c\rse ! lift ( ! air%ip w assi/ 9 ?is4 ,secondly1 ! l[]+ ( pass5g]s & c>go w n be easy z ! %ip w n be rigidly secur$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c probably be manag$ :5 exp]im5ts h rea*$ a fur!r /age1 & at pres5t ! sy/em may be said to pres5t di/9ct possibilities4 ,! ?ird sy/em1 t ( moor+ to a ma/1 possesses sev]al features peculi> to itself1 & n embrac$ by ! o!r two1 :i* %\ld secure x prolong$ inve/igations4 ,! sy/em is by no means new & has be5 tri$ f "t to "t = sev]al ye>s1 b s9ce ! "q ( moor+ 9 ! op5 has be5 s v5tilat$ & is n[ consid]$ ( su* vital importance1 ^! exp]im5ts h be5 cont9u$1 & 9 less spasmodic fa%ion ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,9 a trial ) a small non-rigid air%ip "s mon?s ago a signal success 0 a*iev$4 ,! %ip rema9$ atta*$ to a ma/ 9 op5 c\ntry ) no protection :atsoev] = six weeks 9 two ( ! wor/ mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod two m5 only 7 requir$ to look aft] ! %ip1 :i* exp]i5c$ gales 9 :i* ! =ce ( ! w9d rose to #eb miles p] h\r1 & n ! slighte/ damage 0 su/a9$4 ,two or ?ree me?ods ( atta*+ ! air%ip to ! ma/ h be5 propos$1 b ! "o :i* appe>s to be mo/ practical is to atta* ! extreme b[ po9t ( ! %ip to "s =m ( cap1 9 :i* ! nose ( ! %ip w fit1 & w revolve r\nd ! top ( ! ma/ 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,= l>ge air%ips1 employ$ z pass5g] & comm]ce c>ri]s1 we c imag9e ! ma/ advanc$ a /age fur!r1 & trans=m$ into a t[] ) a revolv+ head4 ,incorporat$ 9 ?is t[] w be a lift = pass5g]s & luggage1 pipes also w be l$ to ! summit ?r\gh :i* bo? gas & wat] c be pump$ into ! %ip4 ,) ! air%ip rigidly held at ! head ( su* a /ructure all ! difficulties ( *ang+ crews1 emb>k+ & disemb>k+ pass5g]s1 %ipp+ & dis*>g+ c>go & also refuell+1 vani% at once4 ,assum+ ! moor+ problem solv$ ) success1 & we feel correct 9 ?is assumption1 ! fir/ two ( our difficulties automatically disappe>4 ,%$s w only be necess>y z repair depots & w n be ext5sively requir$1 all int]m$iate /opp+ places be+ provid$ ) ma/s & necess>y arrangem5ts = tak+ 9 gas1 etc4 ,at ^! int]m$iate /ations ! numb] ( m5 employ$ w be comp>atively speak+ few4 ,at ! depots or repair /ations ! numb] mu/1 ( c\rse1 be consid]ably increas$1 b ! provision ( an enorm\s h&l+ p>ty w n be necess>y4 ,at pres5t l>ge numb]s ( m5 are only requir$ to take a l>ge air%ip 9 or out ( a %$ :5 ! w9d is bl[+ 9 a direction across ! %$2 :5 ^! conditions prevail ! air%ip w1 unless compell$ by accid5t or o!r un=ese5 circum/ances1 rema9 moor$ out 9 ! op5 until ! direction ( ! w9d has *ang$4 ,me*anical traction w also help effectually 9 h&l+ air%ips on ! gr\nd1 & ! difficulty ( tak+ !m 9 & out ( %$s has always be5 unduly magnifi$4 ,! provision ( track rails & travell]s to :i* ! guys ( ! %ip c be atta*$1 z is ! practice 9 ,g]many1 w t5d to elim9ate ! s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! effect t wea!r w h on ! big air%ip4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 a great h&icap ow+ to ! %ort h\rs ( endurance1 ) ! result+ probability ( ! %ip hav+ to l& be=e ! w9d dropp$ & be+ wreck$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,bad wea!r w n endang] ! big air%ip 9 flight1 & its endurance w be su* t1 %\ld x enc\nt] bad wea!r1 x w be able to wait = a lull to l&4 ,meteorological =eca/s h n[ rea*$ a high /ate ( effici5cy1 & x %\ld be possible = ample w>n+s to be receiv$ ( depressions to be met ) dur+ a voyage1 & ^! w be avoid$ by ! air%ip fly+ r\nd !m4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 depressions g5]ally travel f we/ to ea/ & inv>iably rotate 9 a c\nt]-clockwise direction ) ! w9d on ! s\? side bl[+ f ! we/ & on ! nor? side bl[+ f ! ea/4 ,go+ we/1 ! air%ip w\ld fly to ! nor? ( a depression to take advantage ( ! w9d circulat+ r\nd ! edge1 & go+ ea/ ! s\!rn c\rse w\ld be tak54 ,la/ly1 ! vuln]ability ( ! air%ip mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,hydrog5 is1 z ev]yone kn[s1 mo/ highly inflammable :5 mix$ ) air4 ,! public /ill feels uncom=table misgiv+s at ! close proximity ( an imm5se volume ( gas to a numb] ( runn+ eng9es4 ,x may be said t ! dang] ( disa/] due to ! gas cat*+ fire is = peace fly+ to all int5ts & purposes negligible4 ,at ! risk ( be+ ?\ght hackney$ we mu/ po9t out a fact :i* has appe>$ 9 e discussion ( ! k9d1 namely1 t ,briti% air%ips flew dur+ ! w> "s #ba million miles1 & !re is only "o case ( an air%ip cat*+ fire 9 ! air4 ,?is 0 dur+ a trial flight 9 a purely exp]im5tal %ip1 & ! cause :i* 0 aft]w>ds discov]$ has be5 completely elim9at$4 ,= air%ips employ$ = milit>y purposes ?is dang]1 due to ! use ( inc5di>y bullets1 rockets & v>i\s o!r munitions evolv$ = _! de/ruction1 /ill exi/s4 ,ow+ to its ceil+1 rate ( climb & spe$1 :i* we take to be f #gj to #hj miles p] h\r 9 ! air%ip ( ! future1 ! air%ip may be reg>d$ z comp>atively safe aga9/ attack f ! ord9>y type ( seaplane4 ,! *ief dang] to be appreh5d$ is attack f small sc\t+ seaplanes1 possess+ great spe$ & ! p[] to climb to a great height1 or f a]oplanes laun*$ f ! decks ( %ips4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! air%ip is fitt$ to c>ry sev]al small sc\t a]oplanes ( high effici5cy 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 x w probably be able to def5d itself suffici5tly to enable x to climb to a great height & ?us make good its escape4 ,! air%ip1 moreov]1 w be m or less immune f su* dang]s if ! non-inflamable gas1 kn[n z ,c gas1 becomes suffici5tly *eap to be us$ = inflat+ air%ips4 ,9 ! pa/ ! exp5se ( ?is gas has r5d]$ its use absolutely prohibitive1 b x is believ$ t x c be produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = su* a figure z w make x comp>e fav\rably ) hydrog54 ,! navigation ( an air%ip dur+ ^! long voyages propos$ w pres5t no difficulty :atev]4 ,! air%ip1 z oppos$ to ! a]oplane1 is reasonably /eady 9 ! air & ! ord9>y naval in/rum5ts c be us$4 ,9 addition1 directional wireless telegraphy w prove ( imm5se assi/ance4 ,! me?od at pres5t 9 use is to call up simultane\sly two l& /ations :i*1 kn[+ _! own di/ance ap>t1 & read+ ! direction ( ! call1 plot a triangle on a *>t :i* fixes ! position ( ! air%ip4 ,?is position is !n transmitt$ by wireless to ! air%ip4 ,9 ! future ! air%ip itself w c>ry its own directional app>atus1 ) :i* x w be able to judge ! direction ( a call receiv$ f a s+le l& /ation & plot its own position on a *>t4 ,we h s f> conf9$ our att5tion to ! utilization ( air%ips = transport ( pass5g]s1 mails & goods1 b !re appe> to be o!r fields ( activity :i* c be exploit$ 9 times ( peace4 ,! photographic "w c>ri$ out by a]oplanes dur+ ! w> on ! we/]n front & 9 ,syria & ,mesopotamia has %[n ! value ( a]ial photography = map mak+ & prelim9>y surveys ( virg9 c\ntry4 ,photography ( brok5 c\ntry & va/ tracks ( =e/ c be mu* m easily und]tak5 f an air%ip ?an an a]oplane1 on acc\nt ( its p[] to hov] = prolong$ p]iods ov] any giv5 area & its great] p[]s ( endurance4 ,= explor+ ! unmapp$ regions ( ! ,amazon or ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,*9ese riv]s ! air%ip (f]s unb\nd$ facilities4 ,ano!r scope sugge/$ by ! above is se>*+ = pe>l-oy/] b$s1 sunk5 treasure1 & assi/+ 9 salvage op]ations4 ,ow+ to ! cle>ness ( ! wat] 9 tropical regions1 objects c be locat$ at a great dep? :5 view$ f ! air1 & x is imag9$ t an air%ip w be ( great assi/ance 9 se>*+ = likely places4 ,sponges & coral are also obta9$ by div+1 & "h ! air%ip's co-op]ation w be ( value4 ,small %ips su* z ! ,s4,s4 ,z]o w\ld be ideal craft = ^! & simil> op]ations4 ,! m9e patrol1 z ma9ta9$ by air%ips dur+ ! w>1 enc\rages ! op9ion t a sy/ematic se>* = iceb]gs 9 ! nor!rn ,atlantic might be c>ri$ out by air%ips dur+ c]ta9 mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,z is well kn[n1 iceb]gs are a s\rce ( great dang] to %ipp+ 9 ^! wat]s dur+ ! late spr+ & summ]2 if ! situation becomes bad ! ma9 %ipp+ r\tes are alt]$ & a s\!rly c\rse is tak5 :i* adds consid]ably to ! l5g? ( ! voyage4 ,! proposal put =w>d is t dur+ ^! mon?s z cont9u\s a patrol z possible %\ld be c>ri$ out ov] ^! wat]s4 ,! air%ip employ$ c\ld be bas$ 9 ,newf\ndl& & ! me?od ( work+ w\ld be v simil> to anti-subm>9e patrol4 ,fixes c\ld be obta9$ f ,d4,f4 /ations & w>n+s issu$ by wireless telegraphy4 ,ice is *iefly f\nd )9 five hundr$ miles ( ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&1 s t ?is "w w\ld come )9 ! scope ( ! ,n4,s4 air%ip4 ,! k t reliable in=mation conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( ice w always be to h& w\ld prove ( ine/imable value to ! capta9s ( ,atlantic l9]s1 & w\ld also relieve ! %ipp+ companies & ! public ( great anxiety4 ,!re are possibly _m o!r uses to :i* air%ips c be put su* z ! polic+ ( wide /ret*es ( des]t c\ntry z 9 ,arabia & ! ,s\dan4 ,! m]its ( all ( ^! w d\btless be consid]$ 9 due c\rse & !re = ! pres5t we mu/ leave !m4 ,f9ally1 a few words mu/ be writt5 reg>d+ ! means to be adopt$ 9 introduc+ ! air%ip into ! realms ( comm]ce4 ,z we said at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] x is n likely t ! =mation ( a company to exploit air%ips only w at ! pres5t mom5t appeal to bus9ess m54 ,air%ips are v co/ly & are /ill 9 _! infancy1 :i* means t ! premiums dem&$ = _! insurance mu/ ( necessity be enorm\s4 ,"o sugge/ion is to place a reasonable s*eme be=e ! great %ipp+ companies 9 case !y w c>e to f9d ! necess>y capital & =m subsidi>y companies4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld make arrangem5ts to subsidize comm]cial air%ips4 ,! subsidy might take ! =m ( insur+ !m4 ,if ! burd5 ( insurance is tak5 (f _! %\ld]s1 x is consid]$ feasible to promote companies :i* w give an adequate return = capital inve/$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t c\ld also give a f9ancial gu>antee if mails are c>ri$1 9 ! same mann] z is done by %ipp+ companies4 ,9 return = ?is ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld at ! outbreak ( ho/ilities comm&e] all or any ( ! air%ips = w> purposes & s save ! numb] to be kept 9 commission4 ,by ?is means ! ,gov]nm5t w h a l>ge numb] ( highly-tra9$ & effici5t p]sonnel to call ^u :5 ! em]g5cy arises1 9 ! same way z ! fleet c call ^u ! ,r4,n4,r4 ,?is sy/em appe>s to be ! be/ 9 e respect1 & x _c be d5i$ t 9 ! long run x w\ld be ! mo/ economical = ! c\ntry4 ,! air%ip has n[ arriv$ at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 & at ?is po9t we mu/ leave x4 ,! fly+ 9 w> has be5 conclud$1 ! fly+ 9 peace has n yet comm5c$4 ,x seems a f> cry to ! d>k days ( #aiad1 :5 we only possess$ two air%ips ( utility1 ! "o manufactur$ 9 ,france1 ! o!r 9 ,g]many1 :ile to-day we h built ! mighty air%ip :i* c fly to ,am]ica & back4 ,we are n[ at ! dawn ( a new p]iod ( recon/ruction & progress1 & dur+ ?is p]iod _m wond]ful ?+s w happ54 ,n ! lea/ ( ^! w be ! developm5t ( ! air%ip4