,,cambridge ,,biological ,,s]ies ,,fossil ,,plants ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,manag] ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,ed9burgh3 #ajj ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,illu/ration ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis ,,& ,,co4 ,ltd41 #acf1 ,,g[] ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,london3 ,,william ,,wesley ,,& ,,son1 #bh1 ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,,/r& ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay1 ,calcutta & ,madras3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,ltd4 ,toronto3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,& ,,sons1 ,ltd4 ,tokyo3 ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,all rights res]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,r5 ,,zeill] ,membre de l',in/itut ,inspecteur gnral des ,m9es ,pr(esseur l'cole ,nat ,suprieure des ,m9es 7#ahdg-aiae7 ,,fossil ,,plants ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,botany ,,& ,,geology ,,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,hon4 ,sc4,d4 ,dubl9 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,botany ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity2 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,d[n+ ,,college ,,& ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,emmanuel ,,college1 ,,cambridge ,,) #bec ,,illu/rations ,,volume ,,iii ,,pt]idosp]meae1 ,,cycad(ilices1 ,,cordaitales1 ,,cycadophyta ,,cambridge3 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiag ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,fri5d ,,*>les ,,r5 ,,zeill] ,,illu/ri\s ,,z ,a ,,man ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,a ,,noble-,,he>t$ ,,g5tleman ,,:om ,,to ,,"k ,,0 ,,to ,,rev]e ,,preface ,9 ! ,preface to ,volume ,,ii publi%$ 9 #aiaj ,i ra%ly /at$ t x 0 my int5tion 8to devote su* space z is available )9 ! limits ( a text-book to ! neglect$ subject ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants at diff]5t /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?10 also t ,volume ,,iii w\ld be complet$ ) z little delay z possible4 ,?\gh ne>ly sev5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ! second volume x may fairly be said t ! delay is n entirely due to causes :i* x 0 9 my p[] to control4 ,! subject ( geographical di/ribution receives no connect$ treatm5t 9 ,volumes ,,iii & ,,iv = ! simple reason t ,i und]e/imat$ ! space requir$ = ! description ( ! ,gymnosp]ms4 ,! alt]natives 7 ei!r to ins]t a greatly compress$ survey ( ! successive floras ( ! _w at ! end ( ,volume ,,iv or to attempt a full] & less te*nical treatm5t ( ! subject 9 a sep>ate book4 ,9 *oos+ ! latt] c\rse ,i am consci\s t a fur!r obligation is und]tak5 :i* x may n be possible to fulfil2 b ! risk is delib]ately tak54 ,volume ,,iv is 9 ! press & w1 x is hop$1 be publi%$ be=e ! end ( #aiag4 ,x is a pleasant duty to repeat my ?anks to _m fri5ds :o h help$ me 9 v>i\s ways4 ,dr ,kid/on g5]\sly & )\t res]ve all[$ me access to 8 spl5did collection ( ,palaeozoic plants1 & ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( 8 "n 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations %[s h[ freely ,i h avail$ myself ( 8 k9dness4 ,he has read "s ( ! *apt]s & greatly assi/$ me by 8 fri5dly criticism & enc\ragem5t4 ,by read+ ! pro(s ( ?is volume ,dr ,scott has fur!r increas$ my already l>ge debt to him4 ,x is impossible to ?ank him adequately2 he n only correct$ _m c>eless mi/akes b by wise c\nsel & advice he r5d]$ me a s]vice :i* ,i greatly appreciate4 ,! ex*ange ( views ) ,pr(4 ,zeill] has be5 a con/ant s\rce ( pr(it & enjoym5t1 & x is h>d to realise t ! complet$ book w n receive 8 k9dly criticism4 ,he 0 a s+ul>ly unselfi% & g5]\s colleague1 always ready to help fell[ work]s1 & he _h ! faculty 9 an unusual degree ( influ5c+ ^? :o _h ! privilege ( 8 fri5d%ip by 8 s\nd advice & lovable p]sonality4 ,! dea? ( ,c\nt ,solms-,lauba* has depriv$ ,palaeobotany ( "o ( its mo/ le>n$ & /ronge/ support]s4 ,9 common ) all /ud5ts ( fossil plants ,i owe mu* to ! critical treatm5t ( ! subject 9 ! ,e9leitung 9 die ,palophytologie4 ,pr(4 ,jeffrey has v k9dly giv5 me sev]al photographs & sections :i* h be5 ( great s]vice1 & ,i am simil>ly indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,zalessky4 ,to ,pr(4 ,na?or/ my ?anks are due = ! great int]e/ he has tak5 9 my "w & = 8 g5]osity 9 provid+ draw+s & %[+ to me _m ( ! treasures 9 ! fam\s ,/ockholm ,museum4 ,pr(4 ,b]tr& & ,pr(4 ,ligni] freely suppli$ photographs & draw+s ( specim5s 9 _! possession1 & ,i am p>ticul>ly grateful to !m = ! will+ness ) :i* !y always respond$ to my reque/s4 ,?r\gh ! dea? ( ,pr(4 ,ligni] 9 ,m>* #aiaf ,palaeobotany has be5 depriv$ ( ano!r orig9al ?9k] :o devot$ himself ) :ole-he>t$ en?usiasm to botanical rese>* & = _m ye>s fai?fully s]v$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ca53 he 0 a g5]\s fri5d to :om "o nev] appeal$ 9 va9 = assi/ance4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,director ( ! ,indian ,geological ,survey ,i h be5 able to exam9e sev]al fossils f ! ,calcutta ,museum describ$ by ,oldham & ,morris & by ,fei/mantel4 ,) ! ,director's p]mission sev]al photographs & draw+s made = a =?com+ pap] to be publi%$ by ! ,indian ,survey are reproduc$ 9 ?is volume4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ fri5ds 9 ,au/ralia :o rec5tly af=d$ me facilities = exam9+ fossil plants 9 _! *>ge1 & ,i w\ld especially ?ank ,mr ,a4 ,b4 ,walkom ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,brisbane1 :o has rec5tly und]tak5 an inve/igation ( ! ri* plant-b$s 9 ! ,ipswi* di/rict1 = all t he did to enable me to make ! mo/ ( a v %ort "t available = palaeobotanical "w4 ,= ! loan ( specim5s & = o!r help ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,bayly ,balf\r1 ,pr(4 ,b[]1 ,pr(4 ,m>g>et ,b5son1 ,pr(4 ,oliv]1 ,sir ,david ,pra91 ,dr ,smi? ,woodw>d1 ,pr(4 ,weiss1 ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ,dr ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur*1 ,dr ,arb]1 & o!r fri5ds4 ,i w\ld also ackn[l$ge a debt1 by no means inconsid]able1 to my ,colleague ,mr ,ham%aw ,?omas4 ,among y\ng] fri5ds 9 ! ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool to :om ,i am indebt$ ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to ?ank ,miss ,ru? ,hold51 ,miss ,bancr(t1 ,mr ,say]s1 ,mr ,dutt & o!rs :o h r5d]$ me will+ help4 ,9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations m5tion is made ( ,corporate ,bodies & individuals f :om blocks h be5 obta9$1 & ,i am grateful to !m = readily respond+ to my applications4 ,my ,wife1 ?\gh prev5t$ by m urg5t calls 9 ! lat] /ages ( my task f giv+ z mu* "t to ! illu/rations z 9 ! two =m] volumes1 has contribut$ sev]al draw+s1 & my daught] ,phyllis ,sew>d has also giv5 me mu* help 9 prep>+ draw+s f previ\sly publi%$ figures4 ,9 spite ( ! vigilance & wise c\nsel ( _m fri5ds num]\s blemi%es rema9 & = ^! ! au?or is alone responsible4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,sew>d4 ,d[n+ ,college ,lodge1 ,febru>y #aj1 #aiag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4 ,! lett]s ,a & ,b add$ to ref]5ces 9 ! footnotes indicate t ! works w be f\nd 9 ! ,bibliographies at ! end ( ,volumes ,i & ,,ii4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,cycadales 7,rec5t74 ,pp4 #a-cd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,pt]idosp]meae 7cont9u$ f ,volume ,,ii74 ,pp4 #ce-he4 ,,page ,i4 ,,lyg9opt]ideae #ce-he ,lyg9opt]is #ce-gj ,telangium #ed1 #ee2 ,lag5o/oma #ee-fd2 ,lag5osp]mum #fd-ff2 ,pt]isp]mo/robus #ff1 #fg4 ,het]angium #gj-he ,spha]o/oma #gh-ha4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,ii4 ,,m$ulloseae #hf-afe i4 ,m$ullosa #hf-aji1 #aef-afc ,myeloxylon #ajf-aaj2 ,neuropt]is #aaj-aag2 ,ale?opt]is & ,l9opt]is #aac2 ,trigonoc>pus #aag-abd2 ,codono!ca #abd-abf2 ,s*tzia #abf-abh2 ,:ittleseya #abh-aca2 ,dol]ophyllum #acb-aci2 ,ottok>ia #aci-ada2 ,/robilites #ada1 #adb4 ii4 ,colpoxylon #adb-ade iii4 ,rhexoxylon #adf-adi iv4 ,sutcliffia #adi-aef ,g5]al consid]ations sugge/$ by ! anatomical features ( ,m$ullosa #aef-afc ,,ii4 ,a4 ,,/eloxyleae #afc-afe ,/eloxylon #afc-afe ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,pt]idosp]meae4 7,foliage & se$s47 ,pp4 #aff-agd4 ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti #aff-afh2 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia #afi-agb2 ,w>dia #agb1 #agc2 ,adiantites bellidulus & ,lag5osp]mum ,arb]i #agc1 #agd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,cycad(ilices4 ,pp4 #age-bac4 ,i4 ,,megaloxyleae #age-ahj ,megaloxylon #age-ahj ,,ii4 ,,rhet9angieae #aha-ahc ,rhet9angium #aha-ahc ,,iii4 ,,/5omyeleae #ahc-ahe ,/5omyelon #ahc-ahe ,,iv4 ,,cycadoxyleae #ahe-aij ,cycadoxylon #ahe-ahg ,pty*oxylon #ahg-aij ,v4 ,,calamopityeae #aij-bjj ,calamopitys #aij-aif ,kalymma #aid-aif ,eri/ophyton #aig-bjj ,,vi4 ,,cladoxyleae #bjj-baj ,cladoxylon #bja-bjg ,vlkelia #bjh-baj ,,vii4 ,,protopityeae #baj-bac ,protopitys #baj-bac ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,cordaitales4 ,pp4 #bad-bii4 ,a4 ,,poroxyleae #bad-bai ,poroxylon #bad-bai ,b4 ,,cordaiteae #bai-bhd ,cordaites #bai-bfe ,noegg]a?iopsis #bch-bdc2 ,rhiptozamites #bdd1 #bde2 ,phylladod]ma #bdd2 ,euryphyllum #bde2 ,artisia #bdf-bdh2 ,dadoxylon #bdh-bfj2 ,metacordaites #bfj1 #bfa2 ,cordaian?us #bfd-bgj2 ,mesoxylon #bgj-bge2 ,pel\rdea #bgg-bha2 ,niponophyllum #bhb1 #bhc2 ,titanophyllum #bhc1 #bhd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,c4 ,,pityeae #bhe-bii ,pitys #bhe-bhi ,ar*aeopitys #bij ,callixylon #bia-bic ,co5oxylon #bic1 #bid ,p>apitys #bid1 #bie ,mesopitys #bie1 #bif ,ant>cticoxylon #bif-bii ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,palaeozoic ,,gymnosp]m\s ,,se$s4 ,pp4 #cjj-cfe4 ,i4 ,lag5o/omales #cjh-cah ,physo/oma #cji-cab2 ,cono/oma #cac-caf2 ,spha]o/oma #caf2 ,lag5o/oma #caf2 ,gnetopsis #cag1 #cah4 ,,ii4 ,trigonoc>pales #cah-ccb ,trigonoc>pus #cai-cba2 ,tript]osp]mum #cba2 ,pty*ote/a #cba2 ,hexapt]osp]mum #cba-cbc2 ,polypt]osp]mum #cbc2 ,pa*yte/a #cbc-cbf2 ,/ephanosp]mum #cbf-cbi2 ,polylophosp]mum #cbi1 #ccj2 ,codonosp]mum #ccj1 #cca2 ,ae!ote/a #cca1 #ccb2 ,eriote/a #ccb2 ,gaudrya #ccb4 ,,iii4 ,c>dioc>pales #ccb-cef ,c>dioc>pus #cch-cdj2 ,cyclosp]mum #cdj1 #cda2 ,cycad9oc>pus #cda2 ,rhabdoc>pus & ,rhabdosp]mum #cda-cde2 ,mitrosp]mum #cde1 #cdf2 ,diplote/a #cdf2 ,leptoc>yon #cdf1 #cdg2 ,taxosp]mum #cdg2 ,compsote/a #cdg1 #cdh2 ,sam>opsis #cdh-ced2 ,cordaic>pus #ced-cef4 ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s ,se$s #cef-cfe i4 ,hexagonoc>pus #cef1ceg2 ,decagonoc>pus #ceg2 ,polypt]oc>pus #ceg1 #ceh2 ,rhyn*ogonium #ceh-cfj2 ,boroviczia #cfj2 ,diplopt]ote/a #cfj1 #cfa2 ,musoc>pus #cfa2 ,holcosp]mum #cfa-cfc4 ii4 ,malacote/a #cfc2 ,?ysanote/a #cfd2 ,c>poli?us #cfd1 #cfe2 ,microsp]mum #cfe4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,cycadophyta 7,fossil74 ,pp4 #cff-dbj4 ,,b5nettitales #cfg-dbj ,cycadeoidea #cfg-dag ,cycadella #dag1 #dah ,amphib5nettites #dah ,vectia #dai1 #dbj ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,b5nettitales 7cont9u$7 #dba-dgg ,williamsonia #dba-dfc ,wiel&iella #dfc-dfg ,williamsoniella #dfg-dgc ,cycadocephalus #dgc-dge ,weltri*ia #dge-dgg ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,cycadophyta4 ,pp4 #dgh-ejf4 i4 ,buckl&ia #dhj-dij2 ,cycadeomyelon #dij1 #dia2 ,colymbetes #dia-did2 ,cycadeolepis #did-dif4 ii4 ,c>poli?us #dig-ejj2 ,cycadospadix #ejj1 #eja2 ,beania #ejb2 ,zamio/robus1 ,cycadeo/robus #ejc-eje2 ,&ro/robus #eje1 #ejf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,cycadophyta 7,fronds74 ,pp4 #ejg-eia4 ,i4 ,b5nettitales #eab-eff ,ptilophyllum #eab-ebi2 ,zamites #ebi-ecg2 ,otozamites #ecg-ede2 ,dictyozamites #edf-edh2 ,pt]ophyllum #edh-eeh2 ,cycadites & ,pseudocycas #eeh-eff4 ,,ii4 ,nilssoniales #eff-ehg ,nilssonia #eff-egh2 ,ct5is #egh-ehc2 ,pseudoct5is #ehd-ehg4 ,,iii4 ,inc]tae s$is #ehg-eia ,sph5ozamites #ehg-ehi2 ,plagiozamites #ehi1 #eij2 ,cycadora*is #eij1 #eia4 ,li/ ( ,works ref]r$ to 9 ! ,text 7,vols4 ,,iii ,,iv74 #eib-fci ,index #fdj-fef ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,sev]al ( ! illu/rations are pr9t$ f blocks = :i* ,i am indebt$ to le>n$ societies or to individuals4 ,! s\rces f :i* cli*s 7 obta9$ are m5tion$ )9 squ>e brackets4 ,! names ( donors ( photographs or draw+s are add$ aft] ! descriptions ( ! figures4 ,frontispiece4 ,*>les ,r5 ,zeill]4 ,f a photograph giv5 to me by ,madame ,zeill]4 ,,fig4 ,,page #cgg4 ,cycas circ9alis4 ,a4 ,mal9s ,smi? #b #cgh4 ,cycas revoluta4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #c #cgi4 ,encephal>tos horridus #c #chj4 ,cycas circ9alis4 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #d #cha4 ,cycas revoluta & ,zamia ,loddigesii #e #chb4 ,encephal>tos ,ghell9ckii4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #aa #chc4 ,cycas siam5sis4 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #ab #chd4 ,cycas circ9alis #ac #che4 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii & ,zamia angu/ifolia #ad #chf4 ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii2 ,dioon edule4 ,s4 ,m4 ,wadham4 #ae #chg4 ,cycadean ,fronds #af #chh4 ,zamia ,wallisii #ag #chi4 ,zamia integrifolia4 ,camb4 ,univ4 ,press4 #ah #cij4 ,zamia ,loddigesii #ah #cia4 ,b[5ia spectabilis4 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #bj #cib4 ,cycas pect9ata1 ,c4 ,rium9iana1 ,c4 angulata1 ,encephal>tos1 & ,/ang]ia #ba #cic4 ,/ang]ia1 ,encephal>tos1 & ,c]atozamia #bb #cid4 ,macrozamia ,preissii4 ,camb4 ,univ4 ,press4 #bc #cie4 ,zamia floridana4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #bd #cif4 ,dioon edule1 ,cycas circ9alis1 etc41 ,encephal>tos1 ,b[5ia1 ,macrozamia1 ,microcycas #bf #cig4 ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 ,new ,phytologi/2 ,a4 ,g4 ,tansley4 #bi #cih4 ,macrozamia #bi #cii4 ,cycadean foli> bundles #ca #djj4 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #cc #dja4 ,lyg9od5dron ,l&sburgii4 ,r4 ,kid/on #cg #djb4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,camb4 ,phil ,soc4 #ci #djc-dje4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia #da1 #dd1 #dh #djf4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv] #di #djg4 ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi4 ,r4 ,kid/on & o!r s\rces #ec #djh4 ,lag5osp]mum ,s9clairi2 ,lag5o/oma2 ,calymmato!ca ,/ang]i2 ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi #eg #dji4 ,lag5o/oma #eh #daj4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia #fi #daa1 #dab4 ,het]angium ,grievii #gc1 #gf #dac4 ,sph5opt]is elegans #gh #dad4 ,spha]o/oma ovale #gi #dae4 ,het]angium ,grievii2 ,h4 tiliaeoides2 ,lyg9opt]is root #hb #daf4 ,m$ullosa 7/em-anatomy7 #ib #dag4 ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis #if #dah4 ,myeloxylon radiatum2 ,m$ullosa /ellata2 ,m4 ,leuck>ti #ajc #dai4 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti #ajd #dbj4 ,myeloxylon radiatum2 ,m$ullosa anglica1 & ,m$ullosa sp4 #ajg #dba4 ,potoniea adianti=mis2 ,l9opt]is obliqua2 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla #aaa #dbb4 ,neuropt]oc>pus ,kid/oni4 ,ed9burgh ,royal ,society4 #aad #dbc-dbf4 ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni #aah1 #abj1 #aba #dbg4 ,codono!ca caduca4 ,new ,phytologi/4 #abe #dbh4 ,:ittleseya elegans2 ,w4 brevifolia #abh #dbi4 ,:ittleseya elegans #acj #dcj-dcb4 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti #acc1 #acd1 #acg #dcc4 ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis4 ,indian ,geol4 ,survey4 #adj #dcd4 ,/robilites ,mill]y5sis #ada #dce1 #dcf4 ,colpoxylon a$u5se #adc #dcg1 #dch4 ,rhexoxylon africanum #adf1 #adh #dci1 #ddj4 ,sutcliffia insignis #aej1 #aea #dda4 ,/eloxylon ,ludwigii #afc #ddb4 ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti #afg #ddc4 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia2 ,sam>opsis acuta #agj #ddd4 ,sam>opsis acuta4 ,r4 ,kid/on #aga #dde4 ,w>dia f]tilis #agb #ddf-ddh4 ,megaloxylon ,scotti4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #agf-agh #ddi1 #dej4 ,rhet9angium ,arb]i4 ,w4 ,t4 ,gordon #ahb #dea4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum #ahc #deb4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum4 ,r4 ,kid/on #ahe #dec4 ,pty*oxylon ,levyi2 ,cycadoxylon ,fremyi2 ,c4 robu/um #ahh #ded1 #dee4 ,calamopitys ,saturni4 ,m4 ,zalessky #aia1 #aib #def4 ,kalymma gr&is #aie #deg4 ,eri/ophyton fascicul>e #aig #deh4 ,eri/ophyton ,be9]tianum4 ,m4 ,zalessky #aii #dei4 ,cladoxylon mirabile2 ,c4 dubium2 ,c4 ta5iatum2 ,sync>dia pusilla #bjb #dfj4 ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni2 ,c4 mirabile #bjf #dfa4 ,vlkelia refracta #bji #dfb4 ,protopitys ,bu*iana #baa #dfc4 ,poroxylon ,edw>dsii4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b]tr& & ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv] #baf #dfd4 ,poroxylon ,edw>dsii2 ,p4 ,boysseti4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b]tr& #bah #dfe4 ,cordaites leaf4 7,c4 ,felicis47 ,r4 ,kid/on #bbh #dff4 ,cordaites pr9cipalis2 ,artisia transv]sa4 ,r4 ,kid/on #bca #dfg4 ,cordaites l+ulatus #bcd #dfh4 ,cordaites 7,rhizo-,cordaites72 ,cordaites circul>is2 ,cordaites sp4 cf4 ,c4 ,lacoei2 ,c4 crassifolius #bcg #dfi4 ,cordaites aequalis2 ,c4 ,cl]ci4 ,m4 ,zalessky #bci #dgj4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #bda #dga4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,geological ,society4 #bda #dgb4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india4 #bdb #dgc4 ,cordaites /em #bdf #dgd1 #dge4 ,dadoxylon mat]i>um #beg #dgf4 ,dadoxylon ,p$roi #bei #dgg4 ,cordaites root #bfb #dgh4 ,cordaites8 root4 ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie #bfc #dgi4 ,cordaian?us4 ,f4 ,e4 ,weiss #bfe #dhj4 ,cordaian?us ,pitcairniae2 ,c4 ,volkmanni #bff #dha4 ,cordaian?us ,gr&',euryi2 ,c4 ,williamsoni2 ,c4 ,zeill]i4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b]tr& #bfh #dhb4 ,cordaian?us microsporangia #bgj #dhc4 ,mesoxylon ,sutcliffii #bgb #dhd4 ,pel\rdea vogesiaca4 ,geologi/s' ,assoc4 #bgi #dhe4 ,titanophyllum ,gr&',euryi #bhd #dhf1 #dhg4 ,pitys antiqua #bhf1 #bhg #dhh4 ,pitys primaeva #bhh #dhi4 ,callixylon ,trifilievi4 ,m4 ,zalessky #bib #dij4 ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi #bif #dia4 ,ant>cticoxylon ,prie/leyi #bih #dib4 ,diagram ( a syn!tic type ( se$ #cjc #dic4 ,lag5o/oma ovoides2 ,l4 ,lomaxi2 ,physo/oma elegans2 ,telangium ,scotti2 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides #caa #did4 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides2 ,cono/oma oblonga2 ,gnetopsis elliptica2 ,physo/oma elegans2 ,mitrosp]mum compressum #cad #die4 ,polypt]osp]mum ,r5aultii2 ,pty*ote/a t5uis2 ,polylophosp]mum /ephan5se2 ,hexapt]osp]mum /5opt]um2 ,diplote/a avellana2 ,d4 ,gr&',euryana2 ,taxosp]mum ,grn]i #cbb #dif4 ,pa*yte/a incrassata2 ,polypt]oc>pus anglicus #cbd #dig4 ,pa*yte/a #cbe #dih4 ,codonosp]mum olivae=me2 ,ae!ote/a elliptica #ccj #dii4 ,sam>opsis em>g9ata #ccg #ejj4 ,c>dioc>pus drupaceus v>4 expansus #cci #eja4 ,c>dioc>pus scl]ote/a2 ,rhabdoc>pus cycloc>yon #cdj #ejb4 ,sam>opsis fluitans2 ,s4 em>g9ata2 ,s4 bicaudata2 ,s4 ,seixasi2 ,s4 b>cellosa2 ,s4 ,newb]ryi2 ,cordaic>pus ,cordai #cej #ejc4 ,sam>opsis ,leslii #ceb #ejd4 ,sam>opsis ,mill]i4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india4 #cec #eje4 ,cordaic>pus ,cordai #cee #ejf4 ,holcosp]mum sulcatum2 ,codonosp]mum anomalum2 ,diplopt]ote/a spitzb]g5sis2 ,gnetopsis elliptica2 ,?ysanote/a sagittula2 ,rhyn*ogonium co/atum2 ,boroviczia ,k>p9skii2 ,hexagonoc>pus ,noegg]a?i2 ,rhabdosp]mum tunicatum #cei #ejg4 ,cycadeoidea m>yl&ica4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #cgc #ejh1 #eji4 ,cycadeoidea ,wiel&i ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #cge1 #cgf #eaj4 ,cycadeoidea sp4 #cgg #eaa4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana #cgg #eab4 ,cycadeoidea +5s4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #cgh #eac-eae4 ,cycadeoidea4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #chj-chc #eaf4 ,cycadeoidea ,d>toni #chd #eag-ebc4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana #chg-cid #ebd-ebg4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei4 ,o4 ,ligni]4 #cig-djb #ebh-ecb4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #djd-djh #ecc4 ,cycadeoidea colossalis4 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #daj #ecd4 ,cycadeoidea ,rei*5ba*iana4 ,a4 ,ro?pletz4 #daa #ece-ecg4 ,cycadeoidea gigantea4 ,geological ,soc4 #dac1 #dad #ech4 ,cycadeoidea micromyela #dae #eci4 ,cycadeoidea ,j5neyana 787 ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 #daf #edj4 ,vectia luccomb5sis4 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dai #eda-edc4 ,williamsonia gigas #dbd-dbg #edd4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,york%ire ,nat4 ,union4 #dbh #ede4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dbi #edf1 #edg4 ,williamsonia gigas #dcj1 #dca #edh4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,o4 ,ligni]4 #dcb #edi1 #eej4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,cambridge ,phil4 ,soc4 #dce1 #dcf #eea4 ,williamsonia spectabilis4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dcg #eeb4 ,williamsonia spectabilis4 ,geological ,soc4 #dch #eec1 #eed4 ,williamsonia ,leck5byi4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dci1 #ddj #eee1 #eef4 ,williamsonia :itbi5sis4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dda #eeg4 ,williamsonia sp4 ,indian ,geol4 ,survey4 #ddd #eeh4 ,williamsonia ,bl&=di4 ,indian ,geol4 ,survey4 #ddf #eei4 ,williamsonia ,c>ru!rsi #ddg #efj4 ,williamsonia ,buckl&i #ddi #efa4 ,williamsonia scotica #dej #efb-efd4 ,williamsonia scotica4 ,royal ,society4 #dea-dec #efe4 ,williamsonia spectabilis2 ,w4 :itbi5sis2 ,w4 mexicana #dei #eff1 #efg4 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia #dfc1 #dfd #efh4 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dff #efi-egc4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,royal ,society4 #dfh-dga #egd4 ,cycadocephalus ,sew>di4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #dgd #ege4 ,buckl&ia anomala #dhb #egf4 ,buckl&ia ,mill]iana #dhd #egg4 ,buckl&ia ,yatesii #dhe #egh4 ,buckl&ia buzz>d5sis4 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dhf #egi4 ,buckl&ia indica4 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dhh #ehj1 #eha4 ,colymbetes ,edw>dsi #dib1 #dic ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ehb1 #ehc4 ,cycadolepis sp4 #die #ehd1 #ehe4 ,c>poli?us conicus #dih ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ehf4 ,beania gracilis4 ,w4 ,g4 ,c>ru!rs4 #ejb #ehg4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #eac #ehh1 #ehi4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 #ead1 #eaf ,geological ,surv4 ,india4 #eij4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 & ,williamsonia ,bl&=di #eag ,geological ,surv4 ,india4 #eia4 ,ptilophyllum cut*5se4 ,geological ,society4 #eah #eib4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 #eai #eic4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,geological ,society4 #eai #eid4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 #ebj #eie4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 #ebc #eif4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ebc #eig4 ,ptilophyllum boreale4 ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 #ebf #eih4 ,ptilophyllum ant>cticum2 ,p4 ,&]ssoni #ebg #eii4 ,zamites gigas4 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #ecc #fjj4 ,zamites recta #ecd #fja4 ,zamites ,bu*ianus2 ,z4 ,c>ru!rsi2 ,z4 ,zitteli #ece #fjb4 ,zamites ,bu*ianus #ecf #fjc4 ,otozamites ,goepp]tianus2 ,o4 ,be*ei #ech #fjd4 ,otozamites ,be*ei #eci #fje4 ,otozamites ,be*ei #eda #fjf4 ,otozamites ,beani2 ,o4 ,bunburyanus ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #edb #fjg4 ,otozamites b5gal5sis4 ,geological ,surv4 ,india4 #edb #fjh4 ,otozamites ,klipt/e9i4 ,geological ,society4 #ede #fji4 ,dictyozamites ,hawelli #edh #faj4 ,pt]ophyllum ,jaeg]i #edi #faa4 ,pt]ophyllum ,nilssoni2 ,nilssonia m$iana #eea #fab4 ,pt]ophyllum ,fayoli #eeb #fac4 ,pt]ophyllum ,braunianum #eed #fad4 ,pt]ophyllum ,na?or/i2 ,nilssonia t5uicaulis #eef ,royal ,society ( ,scotl&4 #fae4 ,pt]ophyllum ,nilssoni ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #eeg #faf4 ,pt]ophyllum ,lyellianum ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #eeg #fag4 ,pseudocycas insignis #efb #fah4 ,pseudocycas ,saportae4 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #efd #fai4 ,nilssonia pt]ophylloides2 ,n4 brevis2 ,n4 polymorpha #efg #fbj4 ,nilssonia brevis2 ,n4 saigh5sis #egj #fba4 ,nilssonia rajmahal5sis4 ,geological ,surv4 ,india4 #ega #fbb4 ,nilssonia compta4 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #egd #fbc4 ,nilssonia pr9ceps4 ,geological ,surv4 ,india4 #egg #fbd1 #fbe4 ,ct5is sp4 ,man*e/] ,phil4 ,lit4 ,society4 #egi #fbf4 ,ct5is sulcicaulis #ehc #fbg4 ,pseudoct5is ea?i5sis ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ehd #fbh4 ,sph5ozamites ,ro*ei #ehh #fbi4 ,sph5ozamites ,belli4 ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ehh ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,cycadales 7rec5t74 ,among ! fossil g5]a describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! second volume "s 7 spok5 ( z true ,f]ns ?\gh mo/ ( !m1 x 0 add$1 #8may safely be reg>d$ z plants :i* w ultimately be %[n to belong to "s o!r gr\p1 9 mo/ cases t ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms4' ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 additional evid5ce has be5 obta9$ 9 fav\r ( ! inclusion ( c]ta9 g5]a 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,9 ! case ( ,ta5iopt]is1 "o ( ! g5]a already describ$1 !re is reason to believe t at lea/ "o species is a memb] ( ! ,cycadales & n a true ,f]n z =m]ly suppos$4 ,! ,pt]idosp]ms s f> describ$ are repres5t$ = ! mo/ "p by /]ile leaves pres]v$ z impressions1 ! g5]a f\nd$ on m satisfactory mat]ial hav+ be5 res]v$ = treatm5t 9 ?is volume4 ,z ^! g5]a are f\nd$ to a l>ge ext5t on anatomical *>act]s oscillat+ 9 _! ess5tial features betwe5 rec5t ,f]ns & ,cycads1 x is important t ! /ud5t %\ld be 9 possession ( ! anatomical *>act]i/ics ( bo? ( ^! classes2 & = ?is reason a g5]al acc\nt ( rec5t ,cycads is int]calat$ betwe5 ! ,pt]idosp]ms already describ$ & ^? res]v$ = treatm5t 9 ?is volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! section ( ! ,gymnosp]ms kn[n z ! ,cycadales1 repres5t$ by n9e rec5t g5]a & less ?an #ajj species1 is ( exceptional importance phylog5etically & dem&s special att5tion f palaeobotanical /ud5ts4 ,famili>ity ) ! morphology ( rec5t =ms is ess5tial n only 9 relation to ext9ct cycadean plants b also to types :i*1 ?\gh n suffici5tly close to surviv+ species to be includ$ ) !m 9 "o class1 exhibit features reg>d$ by _m botani/s z indications ( an aff9ity ei!r to true ,cycads or to "s g5]alis$ /ock ( :i* !y are an (f%oot4 ,! ,cycads ( to-day may fairly be spok5 ( z ana*ronisms1 plants appropriate to a =m] age b out ( h>mony ) ! pres5t4 ,!y are conf9$ to tropical & sub-tropical regions 9 bo? ! old & new _w4 ,9 habit _m ( !m resemble tree-f]ns1 b ! column> /em1 :i* may live to a great age & atta9 a height ( #bj metres1 diff]s f t ( f]ns 9 its gradually tap]$ =m consequ5t on ! pres5ce ( "o or m cambial cyl9d]s4 ,?\gh (t5 unbran*$ 7fig4 #cgg7 bran*+ ( ! ma9 trunk is by no means unusual 7fig4 #cgh2 fig4 #cha1 ,b74 ,_m ,cycads are geophil\s & h %ort tub]\s /ems 7figs4 #chc1 #cie1 #a;a2 #cif1 ,e73 ! g5us ,zamia includes a few epiphytic =ms#a4 ,! typical cycadean /em is cov]$ ) p]si/5t petiole-bases ) or )\t an admixture ( small] scale-leaf bases 7figs4 #cgi1 #chj71 :ile 9 sev]al species a transv]sely wr9kl$ or irregul>ly fissur$ p]id]m =ms ! sup]ficial tissue 7figs4 #cha1 ,b2 #chc74 ,! foliage-leaves are relatively l>ge &1 ) ! exception ( ! bip9nate fronds ( ,b[5ia 7fig4 #cia71 !y are always p9nate4 ,! fronds usually =m a t]m9al cr[n 7figs4 #cgg1 #cgi7 & z _m z #ajj may be produc$ f "o bud4 ,9 ,zamia pygmaea#b ! fronds are only #aj-ab cm4 long1 b 9 "s cycads !y rea* a l5g? ( sev]al metres4 ,on bo? "y foliage-leaves & scale-leaves long & v r>ely bran*$#c unicellul> hairs 7fig4 #cif1 ,n7 =m a *>act]i/ic feature & take ! place ( ! ram5tal scales ( ! majority ( f]ns4 ,! apex ( ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #chf1 ,a is cov]$ ) a mass ( woolly hairs & sev]al scale-leaves are se5 on ! l[] "p ( ! bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,cycas circ9alis4 ,f a photograph tak5 by ,mr ,a4 ,mal9s ,smi? at ,teld5iya 7,ceylon74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,cycas revoluta1 z gr[n by ,japanese horticulturali/s4 7,aft] ,wiel&47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,encephal>tos horridus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4 ,cycas circ9alis4 ,/em %[+ alt]nate zones ( leaf-bases 7,f7 & scale-leaf bases 7,s74 7,f ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4 ,a4 ,cycas revoluta1 megasporophylls4 ,b4 ,zamia ,loddigesii1 bran*$ /em4 ,all rec5t ,cycads are dioeci\s4 ,! reproductive %oots1 except ! megasporophylls ( ,cycas--:i* h dep>t$ to a less ext5t ?an ^? ( o!r g5]a f ! foliage-leaf plan 7fig4 #cha1 ,a2 fig4 #cib1 ,a-,c7 & are borne 9 a t]m9al clu/] ?r\gh :i* ! /em subsequ5tly pu%es its way--consi/ ( a v>y+ numb] ( micro- or mega-sporophylls 9 d5se spirals on ! axis ( an elongat$ or oval /robilus 7figs4 #chf1 ,b1 #cic1 #cid74 ,! microsporophylls are occasionally v]ticillate#d4 ,! /robili are sometimes ?\gh r>ely bran*$#e & g5]ally b by no means inv>iably#f t]m9al on ! ma9 /em :i* bran*es sympodially#g4 ,a /rik+ example ( lat]al /robili has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,*amb]la9#h :o figures a /em ( ,macrozamia ,moorei ) f]tile %oots w$g$ among ! p]si/5t petiole-bases1 a condition v simil> to t 9 ! ,mesozoic ,b5nettitales4 ,pe>son has also describ$ cle> cases ( lat]ally-borne cones 9 ,encephal>tos4 ,cycas exhibits two k9ds ( bran*+1 ! female plants be+ monopodial :ile 9 ! male ! bran*+ is sympodial4 ,! microspores are produc$ 9 sporangia gr\p$ 9 m or less well def9$ sori 7figs4 #chi1 ,a2 #cib1 ,e-,g74 ,!re is no def9ite annulus1 b 9 ! occurr5ce ( gr\ps ( ?ick-wall$ cells "s microsporangia recall ^? ( c]ta9 f]ns#i4 ,! ovules v>y consid]ably 9 size1 sometimes exce$+ #e cm4 9 diamet]3 !re are usually two on ea* megasporophyll 7figs4 #cic1 ,c2 #cid2 #cie1 #a;d7 b 9 mo/ species ( ,cycas 7fig4 #cib1 ,b7 & occasionally 9 o!r g5]a ! numb] is l>g]#aj4 ,a ?ick integum5t encloses ! nucellus ) :i* x is fus$ except 9 ! apical region 7fig4 #cif1 ,a1 ,b74 ,bel[ ! comp>atively long micropyl> tube is a well-develop$ poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #cif1 ,b1 p71 a /rik+ feature ( ,cycadean ovules1 imm$iately above ! megaspore2 ! latt] is fill$ ) pro?allus-tissue & be>s a small apical gr\p ( ar*egonia on ! floor ( a depression 7fig4 #cif1 ,a-,b74 ,9 ,microcycas#aa z _m z #bjj ar*egonia are record$--a v exceptional case--& ^! are n conf9$ to ! apical region1 ?\gh only ! apical ar*egonia are functional4 ,ea* ar*egonium is *>act]is$ by a v l>ge oval egg-cell & a mu* r$uc$ neck#ab4 ,! microspores usually produce a s+le pro?allus-cell1 a /alk-cell1 & body-cell1 & f ! body-cell are develop$ two spirally ciliat$ sp]matozoids 7fig4 #cif1 ,m74 ,9 ?is respect also ! monotypic g5us ,microcycas is peculi>3 x may h z _m z #h body-cells & #af male gametes 9 a s+le poll5-tube 7fig4 #cif1 ,g71 :ile 9 ,c]atozamia#ac #d gametes h be5 se5 9 "o tube4 ,! poll5-tube gr[s l a fungal mycelium into ! nucell> tissue & ! male gametes are =m$ 9 ! di/5d$ proximal end :i* on bur/+ lib]ates ! motile sp]ms ) ! wat]y cell-sap4 ,f]tilisation is succe$$ by ! developm5t ( a homog5e\s proembryo p>tially or completely fill+ ! zygote 7f]tilis$ egg73 by ! =mation ( long susp5sors ! embryo is br\ght into contact ) ! food-/ore ( ! pro?allus4 ,9 "s ,cycads1 e4g4 ,encephal>tos1 ! embryog5y exhibits a close resemblance to t ( ,g9kgo#ad4 ,! embryo is dicotyl$on\s#ae4 ,! s+le /ele ( ! /em is *>act]is$ by a l>ge pi? :i* 9 "s g5]a 7e4g4 ,encephal>tos1 ,macrozamia7 conta9s an ana/omos+ sy/em ( collat]al bundles4 ,! vascul> tissue ( a cycadean /em =ms a cyl9d] ( second>y xylem & phloem1 ! prim>y xylem be+ repres5t$ only by a few1 usually cru%$1 protoxylem elem5ts on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! reticulately pitt$ or scal>i=m tra*eids4 ,bo? xylem & phloem are trav]s$ by num]\s broad & deep m$ull>y rays#af4 ,! loos] texture & m p>5*ymat\s /ructure ( ,cycadean wood af=d a ready means ( di/+ui%+ x f ! wood ( ,conif]s3 = ! ,cycadean type ! t]m manoxylic is propos$ & pycnoxylic = ! m compact conif]\s wood#ag4 ,rims 7or #8b>s'7 ( ,sanio1 ( :i* mu* has be5 said 9 discussions on ! phylog5y ( ,conif]s1 h rec5tly be5 describ$ 9 ! petiol> xylem ( ,cycas revoluta3 ! rims are %ort & #8cl+ closely to ! bord]s ( ! pits1' features :i* also *>act]ise ! rims f\nd 9 ! cones ( ! ,arauc>9eae & 9 ! root- & cone-wood ( c]ta9 ,p9es#ah4 ,9 "s ,cycads ! second>y xylem & phloem =m a s+le cyl9d]1 b 9 o!rs 7,cycas1 ,encephal>tos1 ,macrozamia1 ,b[5ia7 ! cambium is succe$$ by "o or sev]al conc5tric cyl9d]s ( m]i/em :i* h _! orig9 9 ! p]icycle4 ,! spasmodic occurr5ce ( sep>ate arcs ( inv]sely ori5tat$ second>y xylem & phloem betwe5 ! normal cyl9d]s is a feature ( importance f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ison ) ! ,palaeozoic ,m$ulloseae#ai4 ,! occurr5ce ( conc5tric caul9e /r&s 9 ! cortex ( ,cycas is also a peculi>ity wor?y ( notice4 ,successive b&s ( p]id]m1 & occasionally a consid]able am\nt ( phellod]m#bj1 are =m$ 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! /em4 ,! leaf-traces 9 an adult /em exhibit a /rik+ feature 9 _! indirect or girdle-l c\rse to ! leaves 7fig4 #cif1 ,h1 g7 & 9 ! gradual *ange f an end>* 7fig4 #cif1 ,o7 to an app>5tly mes>* /ructure 7fig4 #djj7 z !y pass f ! p]im$ull>y zone to ! petiole3 except at ! base ( ! petiole ! vascul> bundles ( ! frond-axis consi/ ( 7i7 c5tripetally develop$ xylem ) a m$ian protoxylem & a mu* small] am\nt ( c5trifugal xylem 7fig4 #djj7 sep>at$ by a few p>5*ymat\s elem5ts f ! c5tripetal xylem1 7ii7 an ext]nal arc ( protophloem & )9 ?is metaphloem & p>5*yma#ba4 ,9 ! sl5d] petiole ( ,b[5ia !re are a few collat]al bundles arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a circle or ellipse#bb2 9 ,cycas & "s o!r g5]a ! m num]\s bundles =m a patt]n l an inv]t$ ,u1 & 9 "s species ( ,encephal>tos ! numb] is great] & ! /r&s m irregul>ly scatt]$#bc4 ,9 ! vegetative /ems !re is no c5tripetal xylem 9 ! /ele1 b scatt]$ c5tripetal tra*eids occasionally occur int]nal to ! protoxylem 9 ! /eles ( ! p$uncles#bd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cycadeae4 ,megasporophylls ea* be>+ #b-h ovules1 borne sep>ately l foliage-leaves & n 9 /robili4 ,p9nae h a midrib b no lat]al ve9s 7figs4 #chd1 #chg1 ,a74 ,cycas 7fig4 #cgg74 ,zamieae4 ,bo? k9ds ( sporophylls =m /robili4 ,p9nae h sev]al di*otom\sly bran*$1 m or less p>allel ve9s4 ,zamia 7figs4 #chh-cij71 ,macrozamia1 ,encephal>tos 7figs4 #cgi1 #chf1 ,c71 ,c]atozamia1 ,dioon 7fig4 #chf1 ,b71 ,microcycas4 ,/ang]ieae4 ,/robili z 9 ,zamieae4 ,p9nae f]n-l1 num]\s di*otom\sly bran*$ lat]al ve9s giv5 (f f a midrib4 ,/ang]ia4 ,b[5ieae4 ,leaves bip9nate 7fig4 #cia71 /robili z 9 ,zamieae4 ,b[5ia4 ,di/ribution4 ,! mo/ widely spread g5us1 ,cycas1 occurs 9 ,siam1 ,india1 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 ,ceylon1 ,madagasc>1 & ,au/ralia1 9 _m ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,indian & ,pacific oceans1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,borneo1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,new ,brita91 ,*9a & ,japan#be4 ,zamia1 ! mo/ nor!rly g5us1 ext5ds f ,nor? ,mexico & ,florida ?r\gh ,c5tral ,am]ica & "s ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s to ,ecuador1 ,bolivia1 ,*ile1 & ,p]u4 ,dioon & ,c]atozamia are conf9$ to ,s\? ,mexico1 & ,microcycas fl\ri%es on ! ,cuban m\nta9s4 ,! cont95t ( ,africa possesses two endemic g5]a ,encephal>tos & ,/ang]ia4 ,encephal>tos ext5ds f ,cape ,colony ?r\gh ,natal & ,zulul& to ,zanzib> & ,mombasa#bf3 a specim5 9 ! ,kew ,h]b>ium 7probably ,e4 ,hildebr&ti7 is said to h be5 collect$ z f> nor? z ! ,s\dan4 ,two species are record$ f ! ,congo#bg & ,e4 ,b>t]i1 discov]$ by ,b>t] 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 is record$ f ! ,gold ,coa/#bh4 ,/ang]ia has a mu* m limit$ range 9 ,s4,e4 ,africa#bi2 ,au/ralia possesses ,macrozamia1 repres5t$ by sev]al species 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,que5sl&1 ,cycas 9 ,que5sl& & ! ,nor!rn t]ritory & ! ,que5sl& g5us ,b[5ia4 ,!re are no ,cycads 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,z a :ole ,cycads h a limit$ range & ) ! exception ( ,cycas & ,zamia none ( !m ext5d beyond ! limits ( a s+le cont95t4 ,!y are z a rule n greg>i\s plants & play a subord9ate "p 9 ! facies ( ! vegetation4 ,macrozamia =ms d5se ?ickets#cj 9 "s di/ricts & occurs bo? 9 expos$ situations & 9 association ) ,palms 9 damp ,que5sl& =e/s4 ,*amb]la9#ca speaks ( #ajj plants ( ,dioon edule z visible 9 "o view 9 ,s\? ,mexico :]e ! species =ms a m\nta9 =e/4 ,9 ,florida ,zamia pumila#cb gr[s 9 d5se moi/ woods1 a habitat 9 contra/ to t ( _m ,cycads4 ,! ,mexican ,c]atozamia is associat$ ) luxuriant vegetation1 :ile its compatriot ,dioon#cc lives 9 blaz+ sun%9e4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#cd speaks ( ,cycas liv+ 9 ! deepe/ & hotte/ valleys 9 ,sikkim4 ,encephal>tos is ess5tially a x]ophil\s g5us4 ,/ang]ia p>adoxa is said to be conf9$ to =e/s 9 ,cape ,colony1 & ano!r species gr[s among ! grass ( ! ,p>k-l&s 9 op5 c\ntry#ce4 ,:ile x is true t _m ,cycads are *>act]i/ic ( dry regions "s species fl\ri% 9 places :]e %ade & moi/ure are abundant4 ,?\gh x is impossible 9 _m cases to =m an e/imate ( ! age ( individual plants1 !re are cle> indications t "s specim5s af=d notable in/ances ( longevity4 ,*amb]la9 e/imates ! age ( "s plants ( ,dioon sp9ulosum z exce$+ #djj ye>s & m5tions an example ( ,d4 edule t is probably #ajjj ye>s old4 ,an unusually tall plant ( ,encephal>tos 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 ( ,am/]dam is believ$ by ,pr(4 de ,vries to h rea*$ ! v5]able age ( #bjjj ye>s#cf4 ,! re/rict$ range & 9 _m cases ! solit>y exi/5ce ( rec5t ,cycads1 ) _! tall /ems clo!d ) ! p]si/5t cork-cov]$ /umps ( ?\s&s ( fronds1 deep5s ! impression ( antiquity d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! geological hi/ory ( ?is dw9dl+ race4 ,/ems4 ,! tall column> /ems ( "s species ( ,cycas1 (t5 bran*$ or be>+ num]\s ovoid buds l enl>g$ bulbils#cg1 are *>act]is$ by ! regul> alt]nation ( l>ge & small leaf-bases z se5 9 ! /em ( ,c4 circ9alis reproduc$ 9 fig4 #chj4 ,9 old] /ems ( ?is species ! leaf-bases are exfoliat$ & ! /em is cov]$ ) wr9kl$ & fissur$ cork2 b 9 ,cycas revoluta ! leaf-bases are ev5 m p]si/5t4 ,! column> b relatively /\t /ems ( ,encephal>tos 7figs4 #cgi1 #chb1 #chf1 ,a7 & ,c]atozamia are simil>ly encas$ 9 a cov]+ ( petiole-bases1 b 9 ^! g5]a ! diff]5ces betwe5 foliage-leaves & bud-scales is mu* less obvi\s & !re is no zonal alt]nation4 ,on ! /ems ( ,macrozamia ! rhomboidal leaf-bases are m uni=m 9 size & !re are no scale-leaves4 ,! tall & (t5 palm-l /ems ( ,microcycas sometimes %[ transv]se r+s on ! b>k m>k+ ! position ( =m] t]m9al buds1 & 9 old] trunks ^! may disappe>1 leav+ a fissur$ b>k#ch4 ,9 ,cycas siam5sis ! tub]\s /em is simil>ly cov]$ ) a r\gh b>k 7fig4 #chc7 & ! /ems ( ,zamia are also *>act]is$ by an abs5ce ( p]si/5t leaf-bases 7figs4 #cha1 ,b2 #cie1 ,ia1 a74 ,x is p]t95t to rem9d ! palaeobotanical /ud5t ( ! occurr5ce ( fl[]+ plants ) /ems closely simulat+ ^? ( "s ,cycads4 ,pr(4 ,b[]#ci 9 describ+ ,rhyn*opetalum montanum1 an ,abyss9ian ,lobeliace\s plant1 drew att5tion to ! simil>ity 9 surface-features & to "s ext5t 9 anatomical /ructure to cycadean /ems4 ,! resemblances are fur!r emphasis$ 9 a m rec5tly publi%$ acc\nt ( ! same species "u a diff]5t "n1 ,lobelia ,rhyn*opetalum#dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4 ,encephal>tos ,ghell9ckii4 7 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chc4 ,cycas siam5sis4 7,f ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica47 ,fronds4 ,a g5]al acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s types ( fronds illu/rat$ by rec5t ,cycads is important to ! /ud5t ( fossils n only to enable him to comp>e exi/+ & ext9ct =ms b z af=d+ safegu>ds aga9/ possible s\rces ( error 9 ! description & id5tification ( impressions#da4 ,! v]nation exhibits less uni=mity ?an 9 ,f]ns3 9 ,cycas ! ra*is is /raight & ! p9nae circ9ately coil$ 7fig4 #bbj1 ,b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhc72 9 ,zamia & ,/ang]ia ! ra*is is b5t & ! p9nae /raight1 :ile 9 ,c]atozamia & o!r g5]a bo? ! axis & leaflets are /raight4 ,z ,braun po9t$ out1 !re is z a rule no t]m9al leaflet1 or x may be pu%$ to "o side giv+ a =k$ appe>ance to ! frond apex#db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chd4 ,cycas circ9alis1 abnormal frond4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,cycas4 ,! pres5ce ( a /rong midrib & ! abs5ce ( lat]al ve9s are di/+ui%+ features3 ! l[] m>g9 ( ! lam9a is frequ5tly decurr5t 7fig4 #chg1 ,a74 ,9 ,c4 circ9alis ! p9nae may rea* #dj cm4 9 l5g? ) a fairly uni=m bread? ( #b cm4 ,a frond ( ?is species 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 n q complete1 has a l5g? ( #aab cm43 on ! l[] "p ( ! ra*is /rong sp9es replace ! leaflets & ne> ! apex ( ! leaf concresc5t p9nae =m a cont9u\s lam9a trav]s$ by sev5 ribs & dissect$ at ! m>g9 into acum9ate tee? 7fig4 #chd73 "s ( ! p9nae are =k$ z 9 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii#dc 7fig4 #che74 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i notic$ a simil> in/ance ( concresc5ce 9 a small plant ( ,c4 circ9alis 9 ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew 7fig4 #chg1 ,i74 ,9 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii ! p9nae1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #bj cm41 are repeat$ly & deeply =k$ 7fig4 #che1 ,a1 ,b2 fig4 #djj73 ! p9nae ( ,c4 ,rumphii v>4 bifida#dd are also deeply dissect$4 ,cycas ,b$domei has v n>r[ p9nae 7#ae cm4 #b mm47 simil> to ^? ( ! ,weald5 species ,cycadites ,saportae1 & x is notewor?y t n>r[ leaflets ) a /rongly revolute lam9a w\ld produce ca/s ) two p>allel ribs 7! grooves betwe5 ! midrib & ! edge ( ! lam9a7 simulat+ ! d\ble midrib ( ! fossil g5us ,pseudocycas4 ,9 "s fronds1 e4g4 ,c4 ,cairnsiana1 ! midrib is h>dly visible on ! upp] face ( a dri$ p9na :i* %[s a longitud9al wr9kl+ simulat+ p>allel v5ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #che4 ,a1 ,b1 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii4 7,aft] ,?iselton-,dy]47 ,c1 ,zamia angu/ifolia4 ,encephal>tos4 ,! fronds ( ?is g5us1 9 ,encephal>tos ,laur5tianus#de rea*+ ! exceptional l5g? ( #g metres1 be> alt]nate p9nae exhibit+ a consid]able range 9 =m & bread?4 ,9 ,e4 longifolius1 ,e4 ,alt5/e9ii 7fig4 #chf1 ,c71 ,e4 ,lehmanni1 etc41 ! p9nae are = ! mo/ "p l9e>1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #bj cm4 & a bread? ( #b cm43 9 ,e4 caff] 7fig4 #chg1 ,d71 ,e4 latifolius1 & o!rs ! p9nae are broad] & %ort] & (t5 sp9\s4 ,a frond ( ,e4 longifolius or ,e4 ,alt5/e9ii may be> bo? entire & lob$1 sp9\s p9nae4 ,9 ,e4 ,fr$]ici-,guilielmi 7fig4 #chg1 ,g7 & ,e4 ,ghell9ckii#df 7fig4 #chb7 ! p9nae are v n>r[ & almo/ fili=m1 ) revolute edges4 ,! ?ick & lea!ry p9nae ( "s species are atta*$ obliquely to ! edge or to ! upp] slop+ sides ( ! ra*is :i* =ms a prom95t ridge betwe5 ! r[s ( leaflets1 & *>act]i/ic oval sc>s are left on ! fall ( ! p9nae 7fig4 #chg1 ,d1 ,g74 ,! lam9a 9 mo/ species conta9s sev]al ve9s m or less p>allel to ! m>g9s & (t5 mu* m prom95t on ! l[] ?an on ! upp] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chf4 ,a4 ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii1 apex ( /em4 ,b4 ,dioon edule1mega/robilus4 7,f a photograph by ,mr ,s4 ,m4 ,wadham47 ,c4 ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii1 frond4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chg4 ,cycadean fronds4 ,a1 ,cycas circ9alis2 ,b1 ,macrozamia ,fras]i2 ,c1 ,macrozamia ,d5isoni2 ,d1 ,encephal>tos caff]2 ,e1 ,f1 ,dioon edule f bel[ & above2 ,g1 ,encephal>tos ,fr$]ici-,guilielmi1 ,g1 side-view2 ,h1 ,c]atozamia mexicana2 ,i1 ,cycas circ9alis1 l[] "p ( "y frond4 ,zamia4 ,9 ,zamia angu/ifolia 7fig4 #che1 ,c7 & ,z4 l9ifolia ! p9nae are long & v n>r[3 ! o!r extreme is repres5t$ by ,z4 ,wallisii#dg 7fig4 #chh7 ) broad ovate segm5ts rea*+ a l5g? ( ne>ly #e metre & atta*$ to ! ra*is by a %ort /alk2 ! ve9s are prom95t & di*otom\sly bran*$4 ,o!r =ms ( p9nae are repres5t$ by ,z4 integrifolia1 ,z4 floridana1 & ,z4 ,loddigesii 7figs4 #chi1 #cij1 #cie74 ,! broad & %ort p9nae ( ,z4 furfuracea#dh be> a close resemblance1 except 9 ! abs5ce ( an auriculate base1 to ^? ( "s species ( ! fossil g5us ,otozamites4 ,! broadly l9e> p9nae ( ,z4 pseudop>asitica 7#de cm4 #c cm47 (t5 %[ longitud9al wr9kl+s on dry+ :i* sugge/ comp>ison ) ! corrugat$ lam9a ( ! fossil species ,nilssonia brevis4 ,a basal pad or callosity on ! sl5d] bases ( ! p9nae is *>act]i/ic ( _m ,zamia fronds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chh4 ,p9na ( ,zamia ,wallisii4 ,f a draw+ aft] ,a4 ,braun 9 ! ,kew ,h]b>ium4 7 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chi4 ,zamia integrifolia be>+ a mega/robilus & %[+ foliage-leaves & scale-leaves4 ,a1 microsporophyll2 ,b1 megasporophyll4 7,aft] ,r5dle1 f ,jacqu947 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cij4 ,small frond ( ,zamia ,loddigesii4 7 nat4 size47 ,c]atozamia4 ,! fronds be> a fairly close resemblance to ^? ( ,macrozamia3 9 ,c]atozamia mexicana ! l9e> p9nae rea* a l5g? ( ov] #cj cm4 & a bread? ( #b-c cm42 ! lam9a tap]s to a n>r[ apex & is m abruptly contract$ at ! base 7fig4 #chg1 ,h74 ,! ve9s 9 ,c]atozamia are sub-p>allel & di*otomy occurs up to ! middle ( ! lam9a#di4 ,a /rik+ feature is ! occurr5ce ( two opposite /ipule-l projections a %ort di/ance above ! base ( ! petiole4 ,macrozamia4 ,a notewor?y feature 9 "s species is ! atta*m5t ( ! l9e> p9nae along ! middle l9e ( ! ra*is 7fig4 #chg1 ,c72 9 o!rs 7fig4 #chg1 ,b7 ! leaflets are atta*$ lat]ally & may h a basal callosity4 ,! p>allel ve9s1 :i* bran* di*otom\sly ne> ! base ( ! lam9a1 are (t5 mu* m prom95t on ! l[] ?an on ! upp] face4 ,9 ,m4 het]om]a#ej 7fig4 #cif1 ,f1 ,f7 ! n>r[ p9nae are deeply =k$ & /rongly revolute4 ,! spirally twi/$ ra*is ( ,m4 spiralis1 ,m4 het]om]a1 etc41 is a /rik+ feature recall+ ! ,rhaetic f]n ,camptopt]is spiralis ,na?#ea4 ,dioon4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! l9e> p9nae ( ,d4 edule 7fig4 #chf1 ,b71 ,d4 sp9ulosum1 & ,d4 ,purpusii#eb =ms a ready means ( di/+ui%+ ! fronds ( ?is g5us3 ! p9nae1 (t5 contigu\s & at "r-angles to ! ra*is1 are atta*$ 9 a lat]al groove by an exp&$ & slightly decurr5t base4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l[] & upp] face ( a frond 7fig4 #chg1 ,e1 ,f7 af=ds a good illu/ration ( a common s\rce ( error 9 ! id5tification ( fossil specim5s4 ,! leaflets ( ,d4 sp9ulosum1 :i* except 9 _! sp9\s m>g9 are v simil> to ^? ( ,d4 edule1 may rea* a l5g? ( #ae cm4 & a bread? ( #h mm4 ,! p>allel ve9s are unbran*$#ec4 ,microcycas#ed4 ,! p9nae ( ?is g5us1 v l ^? ( ! ,weald5 species ,zamites ,bu*ianus1 rea* a l5g? ( #bj cm4 & a bread? ( #h mm43 on fall+ !y leave oblong sc>s resembl+ ^? on ! ra*is ( ,encephal>tos4 ,/ang]ia4 ,?is g5us is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because ( its f]n-l habit & v5ation4 ,! l>ge fronds ( ,s4 p>adoxa#ee be> broadly l9e> acum9ate p9nae ) entire1 unev5ly lob$1 s]rate1 or p9natifid m>g9s4 ,"s leaflets are s deeply dissect$ z almo/ to ju/ify ! appellation p9nate4 ,bo? entire & dissect$ leaflets may occur on "o frond & ! l[] ones may be /alk$ :ile ! upp] p9nae are sessile4 ,! v5ation agrees closely ) t ( ! g5us ,ta5iopt]is#ef4 ,b[5ia4 ,! l>ge fronds ( ?is g5us 7fig4 #cia7 are peculi> 9 be+ bip9nate2 !y may rea* a l5g? ( #b metres & h a long sl5d] petiole3 ! asymmetrical lam9a ( ! segm5ts1 entire or deeply s]rate1 is atta*$ by a v %ort /alk2 ! ve9s bran* di*otom\sly#eg & div]ge slightly4 ,bo? entire & s]rate p9nae may occur on ! same plant1 b ,*amb]la9 has reviv$ ,&r's specific t]m s]rulata 9 pref]5ce to ! g5]ally adopt$ designation = ! s]rate =ms1 ,b4 spectabilis v>4 s]rata#eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cia4 ,b[5ia spectabilis1 frond4 7,f ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica47 ,reproductive %oots#ei4 ,9 ,cycas circ9alis1 ,c4 ,rumphii1 & o!r species ! megasporophylls rea* a consid]able l5g? & be> sev]al lat]al ovules ea* ( :i* may be z l>ge z a goose's egg3 ! /]ile di/al end has ! =m ( a spe>-po9t ) an irregul>ly s]rate edge4 ,9 ,c4 revoluta1 ,c4 pect9ata1 etc41 ! /]ile "p is deeply dissect$ & may break (f 7fig4 #cib1 ,a7 f ! f]tile portion ( ! sporophyll4 ,! megasporophylls ( ,c4 ,rium9iana exhibit a /rik+ v>iation 9 =m 7fig4 #cib1 ,b1 ,c72 "s are #ae cm4 long ) sev]al ovules1 :ile o!rs1 r$uc$ to #h cm41 be> only two ovules & resemble ! sporophylls ( ,dioon4 ,9 all o!r g5]a ! megasporophylls are aggregat$ into cones1 b 9 ,dioon ! /robili are *>act]is$ by _! m ovoid =m & by ! loos] arrangem5t ( ! sporophylls 7fig4 #chf1 ,b71 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( a horizontal /alk exp&$ di/ally into a broadly lanceolate upturn$ end cov]$ ) a ?ick felt ( hairs & be>+ at its base usually #b1 r>ely #e-f1 ovules on cu%ion-l swell+s4 ,9 ,dioon sp9ulosum ! cones may be #ej cm4 long4 ,betwe5 ! cones ( ,microcycas1 ov] #ij cm4 long1 & ^? ( "s ,zamias1 a few c5timetres long1 !re are _m int]m$iate =ms4 ,! l>ge /robilus ( an ,encephal>tos reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cic1 ,d1 %[s ! convex ends ( ! sporophylls ) a jagg$ edge1 & 9 mon/r\s cones ! m>g9al lobes may be abnormally develop$ & assume ! appe>ance ( p9nae#fj4 ,ea* megasporophyll be>s two l>ge ovules 7fig4 #cic1 ,b74 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,encephal>tos ! swoll5 ends ( ! sporophylls h a truncate c5tre l ! flatt5$ umbo ( "s ,p9es 7fig4 #cib1 ,d74 ,! pres5ce ( two div]g5t sp9es is a peculi>ity ( ! megasporophylls ( ,c]atozamia 7fig4 #cic1 ,c73 9 ,macrozamia 7fig4 #cid7 ! di/al ends are prolong$ z tap]$ processes4 ,! surface ( ! /robilus ( ,/ang]ia is =m$ by imbricate & r\nd$ ends ( sporophylls 7fig4 #cib1 ,h7 n unlike ! cone-scales ( ,p9us excelsa or ,p4 cembra4 ,! megasporophylls ( ,zamia are exp&$ into regul> cu%ion-l hexagons ) a flat c5tral area 7figs4 #chi1 ,b2 #cie1 ,ib74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cib4 ,a4 ,cycas pect9ata1 apex ( megasporophyll4 7 nat4 size47 ,b1 ,c4 ,cycas ,rium9iana1 megasporophyll4 7 nat4 size47 ,d4 ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii4 ,di/al end ( megasporophylls4 7,f ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle47 ,e1 ,f4 ,cycas angulata1 microsporophyll & sorus4 ,g1 ,i4 ,c]atozamia mexicana1 ,i1 microsporophyll ) sc>s ( sori 7s72 ,g1 sorus4 7,aft] ,?ib\t47 ,h4 ,/ang]ia p>adoxa1 mega/robilus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cic4 ,a4 ,/ang]ia p>adoxa1 "p ( micro/robilus4 ,b1 ,d4 ,encephal>tos villosus1 mega/robilus 9 surface-view & 9 section4 7 nat4 size47 ,c4 ,c]atozamia mexicana1 s+le megasporophyll4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cid4 ,macrozamia ,preissii1 mega/robilus & 7,a7 s+le megasporophyll2 a1 axis ( cone2 p1 /alk ( megasporophyll2 s1 unripe se$s4 7,aft] ,r5dle47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cie4 ,zamia floridana4 ,ia1 complete plant2 a1 ma9 trunk2 b1 bran*-sc>2 c1 second>y root2 d1 prim>y tap-root4 7 nat4 size47 ,ib1 ,ic1 mega/robilus4 7 nat4 size47 ,id1 megasporophyll4 7 nat4 size47 ,ie1 p9na4 7 nat4 size4 ,aft] ,wiel&47 ,! microsporophylls 7figs4 #chi1 ,a2 #cib1 ,e7 are 9 all g5]a aggregat$ into /robili :i* (t5 be> a close resemblance to se$-cones 7fig4 #cic1 ,a74 ,on a s+le sporophyll ( ,cycas circ9alis !re may be z _m z #gjj sporangia :ile 9 ,zamia floridana !re are only two microsporangia4 ,! spore-output is l>ge & 9 extreme cases1 e4g4 9 ,dioon sp9ulosum1 ! av]age numb] ( spores 9 a sporangium is said to be #cj1jjjfa4 ,se$s4 ,9 ! great majority ( rec5t species ! se$s may be describ$ z l>ge & af=d a /rik+ contra/ to ! small se$s ( ! ,mesozoic ,b5nettitales4 ,a feature ( int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ison ) ,palaeozoic se$s is ! abs5ce ( a re/+ /age1 g]m9ation 9 "s cases foll[+ se$-fall )\t an int]val4 ,z ,w>m+ po9t$ out1 ! embryo is (t5 undevelop$ :5 ! se$s are %$4 ,an int]e/+ fact is record$ by ,capt4 ,dorri5-,smi?#fb ) reg>d to se$-disp]sal3 he describes ! heavy pebble-l se$s ( a ,macrozamia z be+ hurl$ f ! ripe cones a di/ance ( #ab ft4 ,! se$s ( ,cycas are platysp]mic2 ! woody %ell expos$ on removal ( ! out] fle% is slightly flatt5$ & has two prom95t angles1 b ?ree-angl$ se$s may occur z 9 ,g9kgo biloba 7fig4 #fca1 ,c74 ,9 o!r g5]a ! se$s are radiosp]mic4 ,! se$ ( ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii#fc 7fig4 #cif1 ,d7 has a squ>e-cut di/al end ) a small papilla at ! summit ( ! unusually long micropyl> canal 7#ag mm474 ,! /one ( ?is se$ 7fig4 #cif1 ,c7 %[s p>allel curv$ ridges :i* m>k ! position ( vascul> /r&s 9 ! inn] region ( ! out] fle%4 ,! l>ge ovules ( ,cycas circ9alis#fd h an integum5t #a cm4 ?ick consi/+ ( an out] & inn] fle% & an int]v5+ /ony lay] :i* rea*es its greate/ developm5t at ! base & apex4 ,?ree vascul> /r&s ent] ! base ( ! se$1 ! conc5tric /r& breaks up 9 ! broad inn] fle% into a gr\p ( bundles :i* embrace b d n p5etrate ! l[] end ( ! nucellus4 ,ea* ( ! two lat]al /r&s bran*es 9 ! out] fle% ne> its entrance into ! se$2 ! out] & l>g] collat]al & mes>* bundle passes up close to ! surface ( ! %ell to ! se$-apex1 :ile ! inn] bran* p5etrates ! %ell &1 occasionally bran*+1 passes up ! inn] region ( ! inn] fle% z f> z ! micropyle4 ,9 o!r se$s ! tra*eal supply ( ! out] fle% consi/s ( sev]al bundles & n two z 9 ,cycas4 ,! inn] fle% abuts on ! nucellus & is connect$ ) x except at ! apex 7fig4 #cif1 ,b74 ,9 ripe se$s ! nucellus is r$uc$ to a ?9 membrane enclos+ ! l>ge megaspore at ! upp] end ( :i* is a depression 7fig4 #cif1 ,b7 or sometimes two depressions 7fig4 #cif1 ,i7 9 ! pro?allus conta9+ ! ar*egonia4 ,9 ! se$ ( ,dioon edule#fe 7fig4 #cif1 ,a7 ! position ( ! absciss-lay] 7s7 is indicat$ by a slight transv]se con/riction4 ,9 ! se$s ( ,b[5ia1 con/ruct$ on ! same plan1 ! inn] s]ies ( vascul> /r&s appe>s to be nucell> 9 position1 ?us diff]+ f ! /r&s 9 ,dioon1 ,cycas1 & o!r g5]a :i* are conf9$ to ! integum5t4 ,miss ,k]%aw#ff 9 describ+ ,b[5ia speaks ( an upp] & a l[] poll5-*amb]2 ! =m] s]ves z a /orage-place = ! microspores prior to _! fur!r developm5t 9 ! l[] *amb]4 ,dr ,/opes#fg reg>ds ! integum5t z d\ble 9 orig91 a view sugge/$ by ,griffi?#fh 9 #ahce1 & z homolog\s ) ! s+le integum5t plus ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma4 ,?is view is support$ by ,mrs ,?oday#fi3 on ! o!r h& ,miss ,k]%aw's inve/igation ( ,b[5ia se$s leads h] to reg>d ! integum5t z s+le4 ,al?\gh !re w\ld seem to be a prima facie case 9 fav\r ( ! dual nature ( ! integum5t1 ! argum5ts on ! o!r side h great] weight#gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cif4 ,a4 ,se$ ( ,dioon edule 9 longitud9al section2 a1 integum5t2 v1 vascul> tissue2 m1 pro?allus2 n1 nucellus2 p1 poll5-*amb]2 s1 absciss-lay]2 ar1 ar*egonia4 7,aft] ,*amb]la947 ,b1 ,b4 ,se$ ( ,cycas circ9alis2 a1 v1 integum5t 7s>cote/a7 & vascul> tissue2 b1 scl]ote/a2 c1 inn] s>cote/a2 m1 n1 pro?allus & nucellus4 7,aft] ,/opes47 ,b4 ,apex ( nucellus2 p1 poll5-*amb]2 i1 integum5t2 n1 nucellus2 *1 ar*egonial *amb]2 ar1 ar*egonia4 ,c1 ,d4 ,se$ ( ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii2 ,c1 surface ( /one4 7,aft] ,/opes47 ,e4 ,/em ( ,b[5ia s]rulata2 g1 level ( gr\nd4 7,aft] ,*amb]la947 ,f1 ,f4 ,p9nae ( ,macrozamia het]om]a4 ,g4 ,poll5-tube ( ,microcycas ,calocoma4 7,aft] ,caldwell47 ,h4 ,transv]se section ( /em ( ,encephal>tos horridus2 s1 /ele2 g1 girdle-bundles4 7,aft] ,mett5ius47 ,i4 ,apical view ( pro?allus ( ,cycas %[+ two ar*egonial *amb]s 7*74 7,aft] ,treub47 ,k4 ,encephal>tos ,b>t]i4 ,transv]se section ( /em2 x1 xylem2 p1 phloem4 7,aft] ,matte47 ,l4 ,cycas siam5sis4 ,transv]se section ( vascul> tissue ( "y /em4 7,aft] ,matte47 ,m4 ,cycas revoluta2 two motile sp]ms4 7,aft] ,miyake47 ,n4 ,long hair ) %ort basal cell f ! petiole ( ,macrozamia het]om]a4 7,aft] ,rob]tson47 ,o4 ,vascul> bundle ( ,dioon edule f base ( petiole2 p1 phloem2 c1 cambium4 7,aft] ,mett5ius47 ,rec5t obs]vations po9t to ! probability t insects play a "p 9 ! poll9ation ( cycadean ovules4 ,kraus#ga drew att5tion to ! /rong smell emitt$ by ! micro/robili ( ,dioon edule & notic$ t small bees 7 attract$ to ! ripe /robili ( ,macrozamia1 :ile od\rless cones ( a neighb\r+ ,c]atozamia receiv$ no att5tion4 ,pe>son#gb & ,rattray#gc h obta9$ evid5ce t beetles & weevils act z poll9ators to species ( ,encephal>tos4 ,anatomical features4 ,allusion has already be5 made to "s ( ! m /rik+ anatomical features2 ! l>ge pi?1 ! occasional occurr5ce ( m$ull>y vascul> bundles1 ! pres5ce ( "o or m cambiums1 ! l>ge size ( ! m$ull>y rays1 etc4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! occurr5ce ( an ana/omos+ sy/em ( m$ull>y bundles is n a con/ant feature )9 a g5us2 9 ,macrozamia ,fras]i su* a sy/em is pres5t1 b abs5t 9 ,m4 ,d5isoni#gd4 ,9 ! pi? ( /ems ) no m$ull>y bundles cyl9d]s ( collat]al bundles may occur 9 connexion ) a f]tile %oot4 ,^! bundles arise f ! inn] face ( ! ma9 cyl9d] & pass upw>ds z a domical sy/em into ! base ( ! t]m9al /robilus :i* is ev5tually pu%$ to "o side by ! gr[? ( a lat]al bud#ge4 ,! second>y xylem tra*eids are usually provid$ ) sev]al r[s ( bord]$ pits on ! radial walls & resemble ^? ( ! ,arauc>ieae#gf1 b 9 ,cycads ! pits are (t5 n contigu\s & less compact 9 _! di/ribution4 ,! wood ( ,/ang]ia is peculi> 9 consi/+ ( scal>i=m tra*eids#gg 7fig4 #cig74 ,*amb]la9 describes gr[?-r+s 9 ! wood ( ,dioon2 b ?is is exceptional4 ,9 tang5tial sections ( ! /ele leaf-trace bundles are con/antly se5 pass+ horizontally ?r\gh ! broad & deep m$ull>y rays4 ,! pi?-ca/ ( a cycadean /em reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cih %[s ! wide me%es 9 ! reticulum ( tra*eal tissue orig9ally occupi$ by p>5*yma1 :i* on decay left l5ticul> depressions repres5t$ on ! ca/ by tap]$ convex areas occasionally be>+ ! impress ( an outgo+ trace 9 ! =m ( a n>r[ groove4 ,! second>y phloem (t5 rivals ! xylem 9 bread? & is n always easily di/+ui%able f x2 x consi/s ( sieve-tubes1 p>5*yma1 & fibres4 ,! second>y cambial cyl9d]s *>act]i/ic ( ,cycas1 ,encephal>tos1 ,macrozamia1 & ,b[5ia1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! summ>y ( anatomical features1 arise 9 ! p]icycle1 & a few lay]s ( p]icyclic p>5*yma occur betwe5 adjac5t extrafascicul> cyl9d]s ( xylem & phloem4 ,9 a /em ( ,cycas m$ia #ce cm4 9 diamet] exam9$ by ,worsdell !re 7 #ab conc5tric cyl9d]s4 ,matte#gh & ,miss ,dorety#gi h describ$ p>tially flatt5$ arcs ( extrafascicul> xylem & phloem 9 ! hypocotyl ( ,c]atozamia mexicana4 ,worsdell#hj fir/ drew att5tion to ! occasional occurr5ce ( %ort tra*eids on ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood & to ! spasmodic developm5t ( cambial arcs 9 ! tissue betwe5 ! extrafascicul> cyl9d]s =m+ /r&s ( inv]sely ori5tat$ xylem & phloem4 ,m rec5t "w by ,matte gives support to ,worsdell's comp>ison betwe5 ,m$ullosan /ems & ^? ( rec5t ,cycads ) inv]sely ori5tat$ arcs or conc5tric vascul> cyl9d]s4 ,! ,fr5* au?or draws att5tion to ! close resemblance betwe5 ! se$l+ /ems ( su* species z ,encephal>tos ,b>t]i 7fig4 #cif1 ,k7 & ,cycas siam5sis 7fig4 #cif1 ,l7 ) _! poly/elic type ( /ructure & ! adult /ems ( ,m$ullosa#ha4 ,9 ! /ems ( ,dioon1 ,microcycas1 ,/ang]ia1 & ,zamia no extrafascicul> cyl9d]s are record$4 ,two ma9 vascul> bundles ent] ! cortex f ea* leaf-base & 9 mo/ /ems ^! div]ge "r & left & m or less completely encircle ! /ele be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! m$ull>y rays & jo9+ ! inn] portion ( ! xylem ( ! /ele ei!r z d\ble or s+le bundles4 ,^! girdle-bundles 7fig4 #cif1 ,h7 fir/ describ$ by ,k>/5 & ,mett5ius =m a v *>act]i/ic cycadean feature#hb4 ,adjac5t girdles are jo9$ by connect+ cortical bundles &1 9 addition1 !re are caul9e collat]al bundles 9 ! cortex :i* =m an ana/omos+ sy/em4 ,9 "s cases1 e4g4 species ( ,macrozamia & occasionally 9 ,/ang]ia1 ! female p$uncle ( a ,c]atozamia1 & 9 se$l+s ( ,b[5ia & ,cycas revoluta#hc1 ! leaf-traces pursue a direct c\rse f petiole to /ele z 9 /ems ( ,b5nettitales4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 se$l+s ( ,microcycas#hd1 a g5us *>act]is$ by a l>ge numb] ( male gametes--presumably a primitive feature--! leaf-traces are ( ! girdle-type4 ,! two bundles at ! base ( a petiole by repeat$ subdivision give rise to ! num]\s collat]al /r&s ( ! ra*is4 ,a leaf-trace 9 its passage to ! leaf is l t ( a ,conif] 9 hav+ ! protoxylem on its inn] edge1 :]eas 9 ! petiole & else:]e 9 ! frond x is *>act]is$ by an arrangem5t ( ! xylem t has usually be5 describ$ z mes>*4 ,a typical vascul> bundle f a cycadean frond is se5 9 fig4 #cii1 ,c2 by f> ! great] "p ( ! xylem is c5tripetal1 ! c5trifugal xylem be+ conf9$ to an arc ( scatt]$ tra*eids or a small /r& sep>at$ by a few p>5*ymat\s cells f ! protoxylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cig4 ,tra*eids f ! /em ( ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 7,aft] ,m>%47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cih4 ,pi?-ca/ ( a ,macrozamia /em1 7 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cii4 ,sket*es illu/rat+ ! *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ,cycadean vascul> bundles 9 _! c\rse f /em to leaf3 cp1 cf1 c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylem2 p1 phloem2 px1 protoxylem4 7,aft] ,m>%47 ,z consid]able /ress has be5 laid on ! anatomical features ( ! cycadean foli> bundles 9 discussions on ! aff9ities & phylog5y ( c]ta9 ,palaeozoic g5]a1 x is important to consid] ! facts m closely#he4 ,fr5* anatomi/s describ$ ! cycadean bundle z diploxylic on ! gr\nd t ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylems are di/9ctly diff]5t ?+s1 ! c5tripetal xylem be+ prim>y--a relic ( a =m] organisation--& ! c5trifugal xylem second>y & homolog\s ) ! normal wood ( ! caul9e bundle4 ,! t]m mes>* has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 appli$ to ! cycadean type ( bundle4 ,a mes>* bundle is1 h[ev]1 "o 9 :i* c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylem are alike 9 orig91 bo? be+ prim>y /ructures d]iv$ f a desmog5 /r&4 ,typical mes>* bundles occur 9 sev]al rec5t f]ns2 9 ! /ele ( ! ,osmundaceae1 ,glei*5ia1 & o!r g5]a2 b 9 ^! plants ! xylem is all produc$ directly f "o prim>y desmog5 region & !re is no "q ( #8prim>y' & #8second>y' z 9 ! two portions ( ! xylem ( a cycadean bundle4 ,rec5t rese>*es into ! developm5t ( cycadean foli> bundles %[ t !y d n con=m to ! mes>* type z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,a leaf-trace at ! base ( a petiole 7fig4 #cii1 ,a7 comprises c5trifugal xylem only1 & ?is consi/s ( regul> r[s ( tra*eids sep>at$ by m$ull>y rays3 9 ! l[] "p ( ! petiole ! /ructure is gradually modifi$1 ! c5trifugal xylem is r$uc$ & ! =mation ( c5tripetal xylem is initiat$4 ,at a high] level 7fig4 #cii1 ,b7 ! c5tripetal xylem is 9 excess ( ! c5trifugal & ! latt]1 = a "t connect$ ) ! =m]1 ev5tually becomes sep>at$ by a few p>5*ymat\s cells f ! protoxylem & p]si/s z a small /r& or arc ( tra*eids4 ,fig4 #cii illu/rates /ages 9 ! trans=mation ( a typical collat]al bundle1 at ! base ( a ,/ang]ia petiole1 into "o 9 :i* ! xylem is almo/ :olly c5tripetal at a high] level 9 ! axis ( ! frond4 ,a cambium is pres5t 9 all3 9 ,b ! c5trifugal xylem is m or less cle>ly diff]5tiat$ into two portions1 loosely arrang$ tra*eids ne> ! phloem1 & ! m compact gr\ps abutt+ on ! c5tripetal xylem3 figs4 ,c-,e %[ a fur!r r$uction 9 ! c5trifugal tra*eids4 ,! conclusion drawn f developm5tal /udy is t ! two xylem portions ( ! bundle are indep5d5t 9 orig9#hf4 ,m>% has1 h[ev]1 %[n t 9 ,/ang]ia bundles ne> ! base ( ! petiole ! c5trifugal xylem consi/s ( r[s ( second>y tra*eids & an inn] portion n 9 r[s :i* connects ! c5trifugal ) ! c5tripetal elem5ts2 ?is connect+ portion1 he adds1 is #8probably prim>y & connects up ! ,cycadean foli> bundle ) ! truly mes>* bundle ( ! ,cycad(ilices4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djj4 ,cycas ,mi*olitzii4 ,vascul> bundles 9 a =k$ p9na2 px1 protoxylem2 s1 %ea? ( ?ick-wall$ cells2 cf1 cp1 c5trifugal & c5tripetal xylem4 ,9 ! xylem portion ( ! bundle f ! midrib ( a =k$ p9na ( ,cycas ,mi*olitzii %[n 9 fig4 #djj ! c5trifugal xylem elem5ts are unusually num]\s3 ! space betwe5 ! two xylems is occupi$ by p>5*yma & ! :ole /r& is enclos$ by a %ea? ( cry/al-conta9+ cells1 s1 ) ?ick inn] walls4 ,fig4 #djj1 #a-d1 illu/rates ! gradual *ange 9 ! =m ( ! bundle 9 ! region ( di*otomy#hg4 ,! gr\nd-tissue ( ! petiole is abundantly suppli$ ) secretory canals & 9 ! hypod]mal region is a cyl9d] ( /]eome4 ,9 "s petioles1 e4g4 ,macrozamia het]om]a#hh1 ! gr\nd-tissue cells are lignifi$ & reticulately pitt$1 a feature met ) 9 "s ,mesozoic cycadean leaves#hi4 ,9 ,cycas m$ia ,worsdell notic$ a t5d5cy ( ! leaf-trace bundles t[>ds a conc5tric arrangem5t & simil> vascul> /r&s are record$ 9 ! p$uncle ( ,dioon edule1 9 v>i\s sporophylls#ij & 9 o!r cases4 ,x is possible1 z ,worsdell believes1 t ! fairly frequ5t occurr5ce ( conc5tric bundles 9 plants *>act]is$ by collat]al bundles may h a phylog5etic significance4 ,! p9nae are dorsiv5tral & ! ve9s ex>* or pseudomes>*3 secretory canals occur betwe5 7,encephal>tos71 above1 or bel[ ! ve9s4 ,! mesophyll ( ,cycas is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( isolat$ xylem-elem5ts pass+ f ! midrib to ! edge ( ! lam9a &1 z ,ligni]#ia sugge/s1 ^! may be reg>d$ z a r$uc$ sy/em ( lat]al conduct+ /r&s4 ,! epid]mal cells ( ! leaflets h /raight or slightly curv$ walls except 9 ,/ang]ia :]e !y are undulate & f]n-l#ib4 ,! /omata1 ) few exceptions conf9$ to ! l[] epid]mis1 are l>g] ?an 9 o!r gymnosp]ms 7on ! av]age #jge #jcd mm47 & are m or less depress$ bel[ ! surface2 ! gu>d-cells are usually surr\nd$ by #d-f subsidi>y cells4 ,! roots exhibit no feature to :i* att5tion ne$ be call$3 ! p]icycle is sev]al cells broad & z 9 ! /em !re may be extrafascicul> cyl9d]s ( xylem & phloem4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,pt]idosp]meae4 ,i4 ,,lyg9opt]ideae4 ,,lyg9opt]is4 ,! g5us ,lyg9opt]is is select$ = ! fir/ place 9 ?is *apt] simply on ! gr\nd t we h a full] k ( its morphology ?an 9 ! case ( o!r types4 ,x is n reg>d$ z ! mo/ primitive memb] ( its class4 ,lyg9opt]is may be describ$ 9 a few words z a plant hav+ ! habit & to a l>ge ext5t ! anatomical features ( a ,f]n1 b diff]+ f exi/+ f]ns 9 ! possession ( integum5t$ megasporangia or se$s & 9 ! p[] ( second>y gr[? 9 ?ickness by means ( a cambium 9 bo? /em & root4 ,! se$ 7,lag5o/oma7 agrees ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads & ,gnetales m closely ?an ) ! correspond+ organs 9 ,conif]s or any o!r gr\p1 :ile ! /ructure ( ! second>y wood is practically id5tical ) t ( ,cycads4 ,! microsporangia occur z gr\ps ( small bilocul> sporangia1 or synangia1 at ! tips ( f]tile p9nae ( highly comp\nd fronds4 ,nom5clature & ,hi/orical ,summ>y4 ,9 #ahff ,e4 ,w4 ,b9ney#ic ( ,man*e/] publi%$ a %ort description ( a small petrifi$ /em f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire & nam$ x ,dadoxylon oldhamium1 employ+ ,endli*]'s t]m ,dadoxylon :i* t au?or sub/itut$ = ,p9ites z previ\sly us$ by ,)am#id4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,williamson#ie drew att5tion to c]ta9 features 9 :i* ,b9ney's type diff]s f ! g5us ,dadoxylon & sub/itut$ a new "n ,dictyoxylon1 sugge/$ by ! reticulate pitt+ on ! walls ( ! tra*eids4 ,9 a subsequ5t pap] ,williamson#if gave a full] description ( ,b9ney's species & spoke ( x z #8"o ( ! mo/ common plants 9 ! calc>e\s nodules ( ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures' ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire4 ,he connect$ c]ta9 ca/s ( arboresc5t dim5sions ) ,b9ney's type on ! gr\nd t ! surface-features ( ! ca/s are su* z w\ld be produc$ by p>tially decorticat$ /ems hav+ a hypod]mal reticulum ( me*anical tissue l t pres]v$ 9 ! small petrifi$ specim5 describ$ by ,b9ney 7fig4 #djb74 ,mr ,c>ru!rs call$ ,williamson's att5tion to a pap] by ,mr ,g\rlie#ig 9 :i* ! g5]ic "n ,lyg9od5dron is in/itut$ = /em-ca/s id5tical 9 surface-features ) ! fossils figur$ by ,williamson4 ,9 spite ( ! mu* l>g] dim5sions ( ! reticulum on ! ca/s describ$ by ,g\rlie z comp>$ ) t 9 ! out] cortex ( ,b9ney's /em1 ,williamson conclud$ t ,lyg9od5dron is #8und\bt$ly an inorganic ca/ ( ! pros5*ymat\s lay] ( ! b>k ( ,dictyoxylon4' ,x is b fair to add t ,williamson 0 influ5c$ 9 com+ to ?is conclusion by a discov]y by ,mr ,nield ( a piece ( a l>ge petrifi$ /em believ$ to be g5]ically id5tical ) ,b9ney's type1 b subsequ5tly ref]r$ to a di/9ct g5us#ih1 :i* 0 comp>able 9 size ) ! /ems responsible = ,g\rlie's ,lyg9od5dron ca/s4 ,! type-specim5 ( ,g\rlie's ,lyg9od5dron ,l&sburgii#ii1 f ,c>bonif]\s rocks at ,/ev5/on 9 ,ayr%ire1 ,scotl&1 is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dja4 ,! convex areas repres5t ca/s ( depressions 9 a reticulum ( cortical tissue1 orig9ally occupi$ by comp>atively delicate cells1 :i* decay$ or %runk m quickly ?an ! enclos+ framework ( /rong] fibr\s elem5ts t rema9$ z a prom95t reticulum & produc$ ! depressions b\nd+ ! rais$ portions ( ! ca/4 ,su* a ca/ w\ld und\bt$ly be =m$ by ! /em on :i* ,b9ney f\nd$ 8 species3 ! radially dispos$ b&s ( ?ick-wall$ cells se5 9 ! out] "p ( ! section 7fig4 #djb7 are portions ( an irregul> ana/omos+ me*anical sy/em1 ! reticulate arrangem5t ( :i* is se5 9 ! impression ( a ra*is ( a ,lyg9opt]is frond %[n 9 fig4 #dje1 ,e1 & indicat$ 9 ! m sl5d] axis reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djd1 ,a1 b4 ,?is reticulate =m ( cortical /]eome on :i* ,brongni>t f\nd$ ! g5us ,dictyoxylon#ajj1 a t]m s9ce appli$ by ,solms-,lauba* & o!r au?ors to a c]ta9 type ( cortex n conf9$ to a s+le g5us ( plants1 occurs also 9 "s ,palaeozoic lycopodiace\s /ems#aja & 9 itself _c be reg>d$ z a safe crit]ion ( botanical aff9ity4 ,! l>ge/ example ( ,g\rlie's ,lyg9od5dron t has come "u my notice is an incomplete s&/one ca/ f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata ne> ,h>rogate rea*+ a l5g? ( #ajj cm4 & ) convex areas #ac cm4 long4 ,a simil> ca/1 #cf cm4 broad1 has rec5tly be5 figur$ by ,na?or/#ajb f ! ,culm ( ,spitzb]g51 & f ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,ellesm]e ,l& ! same au?or has describ$ impressions ( a cortical reticulum "u ! "n ,lyg9od5dron ,sv]drupi#ajc4 ,^! specim5s are int]e/+ z po9t+ to ! =m] occurr5ce 9 ! ,arctic regions ( /ems--probably ,lepidod5droid--rea*+ ! dim5sions ( a fairly l>ge tree4 ,z ,potoni#ajd po9t$ out1 ,g\rlie's g5]ic "n s]ves a useful purpose = ca/s ( /ems ( ! type %[n 9 fig4 #dja t _c be assign$ to a def9ite sy/ematic position4 ,! g5us 0 fir/ us$ = a specim5 :i* has no?+ to d ) ! plant usually spok5 ( z ,lyg9od5dron oldhamium 7,b9ney74 ,?\gh loa? to give up a "n by :i* ,b9ney's type has long be5 kn[n1 9 spite ( its ret5tion 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w ,i feel compell$ s f> to con=m to ! recognis$ pr9ciples gov]n+ nom5clature z to adopt ,potoni's g5]ic t]m ,lyg9opt]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dja4 ,lyg9od5dron ,l&sburgii4 7,kid/on ,coll4 nat4 size47 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia 7,b9ney74 i4 ,/em4 #ahff4 ,dadoxylon oldhamium1 ,b9ney1 ,proc4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,man*e/]1 vol4 v4 p4 #aac4 #ahfi4 ,dictyoxylon oldhamium1 ,williamson1 ,mon?ly ,micros4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #ahgc4 ,lyg9od5dron oldhamium1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 vol4 clxiii4 p4 #djd4 #ahii4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia1 ,potoni1 ,lehrbu* d] ,pflanz5palaeontologie1 p4 #aga4 ii4 ,leaf4 #ahbh4 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi1 ,brongni>t1 ,prodrome1 p4 #ea4 #ahgb4 ,edraxylon1 ,williamson1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 xx4 p4 #dch4 #ahgd4 ,ra*iopt]is asp]a1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clxiv4 p4 #fhd4 #ahgg4 ,calymmato!ca ,ho5+hausi1 ,/ur1 ,culm ,flora1 ii4 p4 #bff4 #aije4 ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi1 ,kid/on1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxvi4 p4 #ceh4 iii4 ,se$4 #ahgg4 ,lag5o/oma1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clxvii4 p4 #bcd4 #aijc4 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 ,oliv] & ,scott1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxi4 p4 #dgg4 iv4 ,root4 #ahgf4 ,kaloxylon ,hook]i1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clxvi4 p4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djb4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,transv]se section ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection1 ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge4 7,aft] ,arb]47 i4 ,/em4 ,! petrifi$ /em on :i* ,b9ney f\nd$ ! species 0 fir/ figur$ by ,dr ,arb]#aje f a section 9 ! ,b9ney collection 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge3 ?is section 7#ac mm4 9 diamet]7 is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djb4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features are3 7i7 ! pi? consi/+ ( an unusually l>ge & irregul> gr\p ( d>k ?ick-wall$ p>5*yma1 7ii7 ! broad cyl9d] ( manoxylic second>y xylem *>act]is$ by multis]iate m$ull>y rays1 7iii7 ! out] cortex compos$ ( d>k radially dispos$ & oblique b&s ( me*anical tissue sep>at$ f "o ano!r by p>tially de/roy$ & tang5tially elongat$ p>5*ymat\s elem5ts4 ,x is ?is out] cortex t ,williamson aptly comp>$ ) ! ,roman num]als on a clock-face4 ,9 ! p]im$ull>y region & 9 contact ) ! inn] edge ( ! second>y-xylem cyl9d] are six /r&s ( prim>y xylem repres5t+ ! xylem halves ( collat]al bundles sep>at$ f ! prim>y phloem /r&s by ! int]v5+ cyl9d] ( second>y wood4 ,two ( ! prim>y xylem /r&s 9 lat]al contact are se5 9 fig4 #djd1 ,c2 ! o!r f\r occur z sep>ate bundles4 ,ea* prim>y xylem /r& conta9s a small gr\p ( spirally ?ick5$ protoxylem elem5ts 7px7 associat$ ) a few p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,! l>ge prim>y tra*eids int]nal to ! protoxylem are *>act]is$ by multis]iate bord]$ pits on _! walls1 :ile ^? ext]nal to ! protoxylem1 :i* are 9 contact ) ! inn]mo/ second>y tra*eids1 h scal>i=m pitt+4 ,! d>k pat* s 7fig4 #djd1 ,c7 is a portion ( ! l>ge gr\p ( scl]5*ymat\s cells1 %[n 9 figs4 #djb1 #djc4 ,! p]im$ull>y xylem /r&s ( mes>* /ructure are ! l[] portions ( leaf-traces &1 z ,scott po9ts out1 #8ea* ( ! bundles surr\nd+ ! pi? is1 9 fact1 a sympodium1 compos$ ( ! unit$ l[] ends ( successive adjac5t leaf-traces4' ,! l>g] ( ! two bundles %[n 9 fig4 #djd1 ,c1 is on ! po9t ( pass+ out to a leaf1 :ile ! small] /r& is on its way to a high] level be=e b5d+ outw>ds ?r\gh ! second>y wood4 ,slightly beyond ! middle ( ! second>y xylem !re is an arc ( n>r[] tra*eids comp>able ) an incomplete annual r+4 ,al?\gh zones or arcs ( n>r[ tra*eids are n uncommon 9 ! wood ( ,lyg9opt]is !re is no satisfactory evid5ce ( regul>ly recurr+ seasonal *anges4 ,on ! out] face ( ! second>y wood are a few leaf-trace /r&s pursu+ a v]tical c\rse 9 ! p]icycle region2 b ! /ructure & behavi\r ( ^! bundles are m cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! /em reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djc4 ,! tissue betwe5 ! cru%$ phloem & p]icycle & ! out] cortex 7fig4 #djb7 consi/s ( radially compress$ p>5*yma ) scatt]$ secretory cells sep>at$ f ! m int]nal tissue by a n>r[ b& ( p]id]m =m$ by a phellog5 9 ! out] "p ( ! p]icycle4 ,a l>g] & bett] pres]v$ /em1 #cg cm4 9 diamet]1 is se5 9 fig4 #djc4 ,9 ?is /em ! pi? ( p>5*yma & scatt]$ scl]5*ymat\s ne/s is l>g] 9 proportion to ! /ele ?an 9 ,b9ney's type-specim54 ,f ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem sev]al prim>y xylem-/r&s project z r\nd$ w$ges or tang5tially elongat$ gr\ps :]e two traces are lat]ally unit$ 9 ! p]im$ull>y zone4 ,! cyl9d] ( second>y wood is p>tially int]rupt$ at r by ! b5d+ outw>ds ( ! /ele ( an adv5titi\s root cut across transv]sely z x b5ds d[n aft] em]g+ f ! out] cortical region4 ,9 m or less close association ) ! out] surface ( ! second>y xylem are f\r pairs ( leaf-trace bundles & "o l>g] trace at d conta9+ two widely sep>at$ protoxylem /r&s & fac$ ext]nally ) an arc ( second>y xylem3 ?is is a leaf-trace :i* %[s by ! slight con/riction on ! out] edge ( its prim>y xylem t x is beg9n+ to divide into a pair ( equal /r&s4 ,a precisely simil> /r& is %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #djd1 ,d4 ,! tw9 bundles se5 at b1 fig4 #djc1 repres5t a divid$ leaf-trace at a slightly high] level ?an ! p>tially sev]$ trace at d1 & ! arcs ( second>y xylem are n>r[]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! d\ble leaf-trace at a /ill high] level is %[n at c3 ! two /r&s are f>!r ap>t & ! second>y xylem has almo/ disappe>$1 :ile ^? at e1 ne>] _! entrance into ! leaf-/alk1 consi/ exclusively ( prim>y xylem & phloem4 ,at a ! two /r&s ( a leaf-trace1 /ill ne>] to ! petiole1 are incl9$ t[>ds "o ano!r prep>atory to reunion aft] rea*+ ! leaf-/alk4 ,a sl5d] root is se5 9 transv]se section at r imm$iately outside ! two leaf-bundles4 ,z ,williamson & ,scott#ajf h po9t$ out1 !re are always five leaf-traces beyond ! xylem cyl9d] ( a ,lyg9opt]is /em z se5 9 transv]se section1 & ^! traces 9 ! p]icycle1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ( ! circumf]5ce1 alt]nate 9 position ) ! l[] portions ( leaf-traces 9 ! p]im$ull>y region ( ! same /em4 ,! phyllotaxis is ?us se5 to be 4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djc4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 a-e1 foli> bundles2 f1 decurr5t base ( petiole2 r1 r1 roots2 s1 se$ 7,lag5o/oma74 7 #c4 ,kid/on ,coll4 #eib1 ,b47 ,! second>y wood is succe$$ by a cambium ( normal /ructure pass+ gradually into a n>r[ b& ( second>y phloem :i* 9 well-pres]v$ /ems is se5 to consi/ ( sieve-tubes & p>5*yma ) m$ull>y rays r broad] ?an ^? 9 ! xylem4 ,beyond ! phloem is ! comp>atively broad p]icycle consi/+ ( p>5*yma ) ne/s ( scl]5*yma l ^? 9 ! pi? & scatt]$ secretory cells4 ,9 ! out] lay]s ( ! p]icycle a phellog5 0 =m$ at an e>ly /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! plant1 produc+ sev]al lay]s ( second>y tissue1 :i* is reg>d$ z p]id]m & =ms a conspicu\s feature 9 ,lyg9opt]is /ems2 x appe>s z a comp>atively d>k s9u\s b& :]e x b5ds outw>ds to wrap r\nd ! leaf-traces 9 _! almo/ v]tical c\rse ?r\gh ! p]icyclic region 7fig4 #djc74 ,! p]id]m is cle>ly se5 at p close to ! cru%$ second>y phloem ( ! divid+ leaf-trace 9 fig4 #djd1 ,d4 ,all ! leaf-traces se5 9 fig4 #djc beyond ! second>y wood are /ill )9 ! deep-seat$ p]id]m &1 z ,williamson & ,scott %[$1 ea* leaf-trace aft] em]g+ f ! second>y wood rema9s 9 ! p]icycle-zone = a l5g? ( five int]nodes z x v gradually incl9es outw>ds4 ,once free f ?is region ! tw9 bundles b5d m %>ply t[>ds ! petiole4 ,/at$ briefly1 ! hi/ory ( ea* leaf-trace f ! p]im$ull>y region to ! leaf-base is z foll[s3 at ! out] edge ( ! pi? a s+le trace consi/s ( a mes>* xylem bundle ) "o protoxylem /r&2 x passes v]tically ?r\gh five int]nodes & !n b5ds out ?r\gh a foli> gap 9 ! xylem-cyl9d]1 & ! prim>y tra*eids receive additions f ! cambium ( ! /ele on _! out] face4 ,z ! trace leaves ! second>y xylem x b5ds upw>ds &1 z se5 at d1 fig4 #djc1 beg9s to divide into tw9 bundles4 ,z ! trace passes high] ! bisection ( ! protoxylem & metaxylem is complet$ & ! second>y xylem-arcs are gradually lo/ until ! sep>ate /r&s ( ea* pair are r$uc$ to s+le mes>* bundles compos$ :olly ( prim>y tra*eids4 ,z ! trace b5ds outw>ds ?r\gh ! cortex ! phloem gradually encircles ea* xylem-/r& until a conc5tric /ructure is sub/itut$ = ! collat]al disposition ( ! conduct+ tissue4 ,at ! same "t ! protoxylem /r&s divide & occupy a position ne> ! inn] edge ( ! metaxylem4 ,on rea*+ ! petiole or aft] pass+ "s di/ance up ! axis ( ! frond1 ! tw9 bundles unite & usually =m a ,v-%ap$ vascul> /r& 7figs4 #djd1 ,e2 #dje1 ,a74 ,! s+le m]i/ele subsequ5tly divides into two equal portions prep>atory to ! bifurcation ( ! petiole 7fig4 #djf74 ,! inn] cortex1 consi/+ ( p>5*ymat\s tissue & _m secretory cells ) an occasional gr\p ( scl]5*ymat\s elem5ts 9 place ( ! abundant ne/s ( ?is tissue 9 ! p]icycle1 has be5 invad$ 9 ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #djc by num]\s rootlets ( ,/igm>ia & ,lyg9opt]is1 "s ( :i* are se5 int]rupt+ ! cont9uity ( ! out] cortex4 ,! great] wid? ( ! cortical region at f1 fig4 #djc1 is due to ! decurr5t base ( a petiole ! m]i/ele ( :i* is n includ$ 9 ! section4 ,! light] & broad] b&s betwe5 ! cross-sections ( ! /]eome-network 9 ! out] cortex are occupi$ by rema9s ( tang5tially /ret*$ p>5*ymat\s cells1 & beyond ?is zone 9 a y\ng] /em !re are a few lay]s ( p>5*yma =m+ ! sup]ficial tissue1 b !re appe>s to be no well-def9$ epid]mal lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djd4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,a1 ,b4 ,frond fragm5ts2 a1 p9nule2 b1 reticulum ( scl]5*yma4 ,c4 ,portion ( /ele ( ! /em reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djb4 ,d4 px1 protoxylem2 s1 scl]5*yma2 leaf-trace close to ! edge ( ! second>y xylem2 p1 p]id]m4 ,e4 ,petiole2 m1 m]i/ele4 7,a1 ,kid/on ,coll4 #ffd ,b2 ,b1 ,camb4 ,botany ,s*ool #ejh2 ,c1 ,b9ney ,coll4 #agi2 ,d1 ,e1 ,camb4 ,botany ,s*ool1 #ic1 #aei47 ,"y /ems h be5 recognis$ 9 :i* !re is v little second>y xylem & phloem3 9 ^! ! /]eome b&s 9 ! out] cortex are clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! /ret*$ hypod]mal tissue ( old] %oots & ! scatt]$ scl]\s ne/s are repres5t$ by un?ick5$ cells4 ,9 addition to "y /ems ,williamson & ,scott describ$ a di/9ct type ( small /em 9 :i* ! prim>y xylem =ms an almo/ complete r+#ajg comp>able ) ! prim>y xylem ( "s adult ,sigill>ian /ems 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbj7 b di/+ui%$ by its mes>* /ructure & by ! reticulate pitt+ ( ! c5tripetal xylem4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! /em is ! occurr5ce ( em]g5ces f ! out] cortex :i* h ! /ructure ei!r ( sp9\s processes1 broadly l9e> or flask-%ap$1 or ( /alk$ gl&s#ajh4 ,a portion ( a gl&ul> em]g5ce is %[n 9 fig4 #dje1 ,b3 ! gr\p ( small cells imm$iately bel[ ! blunt apex is 9 ?is in/ance /ill intact ?\gh %[+ signs ( disorganisation 9 ! c5tre2 b 9 _m cases ! secretory tissue has n be5 pres]v$ & ! head ( ! em]g5ce is occupi$ by a space4 ,a s+le /oma is se5 at s 9 longitud9al section4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ! em]g5ces is made 9 ! description ( ! leaf4 ,x occasionally happ5s t a m]i/ematic lay] is =m$ 9 ! p>5*ymat\s tissue imm$iately int]nal to "s ( ! p]im$ull>y xylem /r&s ( a ,lyg9opt]is /em f :i* ei!r second>y p>5*yma is produc$ or a zone ( second>y xylem & phloem1 ! phloem fac+ ! c5tre ( ! pi?4 ,an example ( su* int]nal xylem 0 figur$ by ,williamson#aji & simil> occurr5ces are m fully dealt ) by ,williamson & ,scott#aaj :o consid] t ! p]im$ull>y cambium may repres5t an int]nal ext5sion ?r\gh a leaf-gap ( ! normal cambial cyl9d]4 ,9 ! /em repres5t$ 9 fig4 #djc !re are two p]im$ull>y xylem /r&s to ! left ( ! bottom ( ! ,v-%ap$ gap 9 ! second>y xylem-cyl9d]1 r1 & on ! inn] face ( "o ( ^!1 z %[n 9 fig4 #dje1 ,c1 !re is a n>r[ arc ( int]nal second>y xylem1 c1 betwe5 ! xylem-/r& & ! out] edge ( "o ( ! scl]\s ne/s4 ,! sporadic occurr5ce ( arcs ( inv]sely ori5tat$ second>y vascul> tissue af=ds an int]e/+ p>allel ) a simil> morphological feature 9 "s rec5t ,dicotyl$on\s g5]a su* z ,tecoma & ,iodes4 ,z ,williamson & ,scott po9t out1 ?is simil>ity af=ds #8a /rik+ w>n+ aga9/ ! indiscrim9ate use ( ev5 conspicu\s anatomical *>act]s#aaa4' ,:ile admitt+ ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! dang] ( atta*+ importance to occasional & abnormal *>act]s !y may h "s significance z collat]al evid5ce 9 comp>isons ( diff]5t types ( /ems4 ,x is conceivable t ^! anomal\s arcs ( second>y tissue on ! inn] side ( ! prim>y xylem /r&s may1 z ,worsdell#aab ma9ta9s1 be rev]sions to an ance/ral "* & 9 ?is s5se comp>able ) ! /r&s ( inv]t$ vascul> tissue 9 "s rec5t ,cycadean /ems4 ,! "q ( relation%ip ( ,lyg9opt]is & alli$ types to rec5t ,cycads & ! ,palaeozoic ,m$ulloseae is consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 #aijb ,lomax#aac describ$ two bran*+ specim5s ( ,lyg9opt]is1 & m rec5tly two o!rs h be5 discov]$ at a locality ne> ,bacup 9 ,lanca%ire :i* h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,miss ,br5*ley#aad :o con/ruct$ models f draw+s ( s]ial sections#aae4 ,"o specim5 %[s six leaf-bases 9 a l5g? ( #d in*es & bran*es spr+ f ! axils ( five ( !m3 "s ( ! bran*es %[ second>y ramifications4 ,! phyllotaxis ( ! leaf-bases on a bran* is always ! rev]se ( t on ! ma9 /em1 a div]g5ce to :i* no p>allel 0 f\nd 9 a selection ( trees & %rubs exam9$ by ,miss ,br5*ley4 ,! second>y wood ( ! /em swells bel[ ! po9t ( exit ( a bran* & frequ5tly a fairly l>ge am\nt ( wood occurs 9 ! pi? :5 a bran* is giv5 (f3 ?is anomal\s wood may help to close ! bran*-gap4 ii4 ,leaf4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,lyg9opt]is /ems publi%$ 9 #ahgc ,williamson#aaf sugge/$ t ! vascul> bundles met ) outside ! xylem-cyl9d] might be ! leaf-traces ( l>ge fronds & express$ ! op9ion t ! #8/ems or petioles' previ\sly describ$ by him "u ! g5]ic "n ,edraxylon might belong to ,lyg9opt]is4 ,a ye> lat] he sub/itut$ ! "n ,ra*iopt]is asp]a = ! petioles previ\sly ref]r$ to ,edraxylon & incl9$ to ! view t ?is type ( ,ra*iopt]is may be ! petiole ( ! ,c>bonif]\s fronds kn[n z ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi ,brongn41 an inf]5ce bas$ to a l>ge ext5t on ! occurr5ce ( em]g5ces on ,ra*iopt]is asp]a 7fig4 #djd1 ,e7 pres]v$ z petrifactions l ^? on impressions ( ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi z figur$ by ,brongni>t 7figs4 #djd1 ,a2 #dje1 ,d1 ,d'74 ,9 #ahij ,williamson 0 able to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! surmise t ,ra*iopt]is asp]a & ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia are respectively ! petiole & /em ( ! same plant1 :i* he believ$ to be an arboresc5t f]n#aag4 ,! petioles ( ,lyg9opt]is fronds1 :i* may rea* a diamet] ( #a cm41 are atta*$ by a broad base to ! /em1 & z already sugge/$ by ! numb] ( int]nodes trav]s$ by ea* leaf-trace1 ! leaves are comp>atively f> ap>t4 ,a transv]se section ( a petiole is %[n diagrammatically 9 fig4 #dje ,a4 ,! hypod]mal /]eome is a prom95t feature1 b ! n>r[ radial plates ( ! /em-cortex t5d to be replac$ 9 ! ra*is by broad] & conflu5t masses ( /r5g!n+ elem5ts3 ! upp] surface ( ! petiole is slightly groov$4 ,gl&ul> & sp9\s em]g5ces are (t5 v abundant1 z 9 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djd1 ,e4 ,a gl&ul> em]g5ce is se5 at a 9 fig4 #dje1 ,a4 ,! sp9\s em]g5ces may be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,davallia 7,odontosoria7 aculeata#aah1 a ,we/ ,indian f]n ( climb+ habit & ) ! prickles on ,hemitelia & o!r rec5t ,cya!ace\s fronds#aai1 :ile capitate gl&s1 ?\gh simpl] ?an ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is1 occur on ! leaf-/alks ( "s rec5t ,polypodiace\s species#abj4 ,! conc5tric m]i/ele may consi/ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! petiole ( two sep>ate & slightly curv$ /r&s l ^? se5 9 fig4 #djd1 ,e1 m3 soon] or lat] ! two /r&s unite to =m a wide-op5 ,v or a ,w-%ap$ bundle ) sev]al slightly int]nal protoxylem gr\ps close to ! l[] edge4 ,! two sections repres5t$ 9 fig4 #djf1 ,a & ,b %[ ! gradual div]g5ce ( ! two m]i/eles ( a petiole z !y approa* ! level :]e x divides into two equal bran*es1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi & alli$ fronds4 ,at a l[] level ?an t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #djf ! vascul> /r& ( ! petiole w\ld h ! =m ( a ,w z figur$ by ,williamson 9 "o ( 8 e>li] memoirs#aba4 ,! phloem ) scatt]$ secretory sacs & ! adjac5t tissue ( ! leaf-/alk are occasionally pres]v$ 9 wond]ful p]fection#abb4 ,no endod]mis has be5 recognis$4 ,scl]\s ne/s are scatt]$ 9 ! gr\nd-tissue z are also secretory sacs 7figs4 #djd1 ,e2 #dje1 ,a74 ,a small root r has p5etrat$ ! p>5*yma ( ! ra*is %[n 9 fig4 #dje1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dje4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,a1 petiole section2 a1 gl&ul> em]g5ce2 r1 root4 ,b1 /alk$ gl&2 s1 /oma4 ,c1 inn] edge ( wood ( a /em2 c1 arc ( inv]sely ori5tat$ vascul> tissue4 ,d1 ,d'1 "p ( a frond ( ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi4 ,e1 "p ( axis ( ,d4 7,a1 ,c1 ,d1 ,kid/on ,coll42 ,b1 ,man*e/] ,coll4 ,r4 #fde47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djf4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,transv]se section illu/rat+ bran*+ ( petiole4 #e4 7,f a draw+ suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,oliv]47 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi ,brongn4#abc1 f\nd$ on mat]ial f ,engli% ,coal ,measures1 0 reg>d$ by ,williamson z ! foliage ( ,lyg9opt]is *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ! occurr5ce ( em]g5ces on ! axes 7figs4 #djd1 ,a1 ,b7 & lam9ae ( ! impressions l ^? on ! petrifi$ /ems1 & ?is comp>ison receiv$ support f ! resemblance ( ! fragm5ts ( p9nules associat$ ) ,lyg9opt]is & its petioles 9 ! calc>e\s nodules to ! leaflets ( ,brongni>t's type4 ,?is id5tification is support$ by subsequ5t "w4 ,! quadrip9nate fronds1 :i* atta9 a consid]able size1 resemble ^? ( rec5t species ( ,davallia & o!r f]ns1 b ! =k+ ( ! ra*is & bran*es ( ! frond is a /rik+ feature3 ! p9nae may rea* a l5g? ( #ae cm4#abd ,! portion ( c>bonis$ ra*is %[n 9 fig4 #dje1 ,e1 reveals ! exi/5ce ( a hypod]mal reticulum l t 9 ! out] cortex ( a ,lyg9opt]is /em & ! same feature is se5 9 ! m sl5d] axis repres5t$ 9 fig4 #djd1 ,a1 at b4#abe ,! p9nules are usually deeply lob$ & ! segm5ts may be comp>atively broad & blunt or n>r[#abf 7fig4 #bij1 ,c1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cii2 fig4 #djd1 ,a1 a1 ,b2 fig4 #dje1 ,d'74 ,! lam9a has a well m>k$ dorsiv5tral /ructure3 ! palisade-tissue next ! upp] surface is sep>at$ f ! epid]mis by small hypod]mal cells1 possibly function+ z a wat]-/orage lay]1 & ! c5tral "p ( ! mesophyll consi/s ( loose a]5*yma3 ! ve9s are collat]al z 9 rec5t f]ns & /omata occur 9 ! l[] epid]mis4 ,em]g5ces are se5 bo? on impressions 7fig4 #dje1 ,d'7 & on petrifi$ specim5s4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! p9nules is ! r\nd$ surface caus$ by ! revolute edge ( ! lam9a z se5 9 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djd1 ,b4 ,?is "* c\pl$ ) ! occasional occurr5ce ( gr\ps ( %ort tra*eal elem5ts at ! t]m9ation ( ! ve9s d5otes a t5d5cy to a x]ophil\s habit4 ,on ! /r5g? ( a v close resemblance betwe5 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi & ,calymmato!ca ,/ang]i 7fig4 #djh1 ,e1 ,f7--*>act]is$ by f]tile p9nules be>+ /ellate gr\ps ( small l9e> valves1 reg>d$ by ,/ur z ! op5 lobes ( an indusium--,zeill] includ$ ,brongni>t's type 9 ! g5us ,calymmato!ca4 ,! resemblance 9 g5]al habit betwe5 ! two species ext5ds to ! pres5ce 9 _! ra*ises ( ! ,dictyoxylon =m ( cortex#abg4 ,! view =m]ly held by "s au?ors t ! valve-l app5dages to ! f]tile segm5ts ( ,calymmato!ca are sporangia is incorrect3 a re-exam9ation ( ,/ur's specim5 7fig4 #djh1 ,e1 ,f7 has confirm$ ! orig9al description#abh4 ,! /ellate lobes are n[ reg>d$ z portions ( a cupul> inve/m5t ( a se$ simil> to ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 ! female reproductive app>atus ( ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,! axes ( ! f]tile p9nae be> small ?orn-l em]g5ces probably id5tical ) ^? on ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma & on ! petioles ( ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 vol4 ii t ! fronds kn[n z ,sph5opt]is ,l9kii 7,goepp47 repres5t1 ) o!r closely alli$ =ms1 leaves belong+ to ,het]angium /ems4 ,?is /atem5t 0 bas$ on a misconception3 ! ra*is ( ,sph5opt]is ,l9kii1 z ,i h satisfi$ myself by an exam9ation ( impressions %[n to me by ,dr ,kid/on1 exhibits ! reticulate patt]n *>act]i/ic ( ,lyg9opt]is & n ! transv]se ribs *>act]i/ic ( ,het]angium4 ,x is n an easy task ev5 = ^? mo/ famili> ) ,c>bonif]\s fronds to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 species agree+ g5]ally ) ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi1 a species reg>d$ by "s au?ors z ! type ( a gr\p ( v simil> & closely alli$ =ms all ( :i* 7 probably borne on /ems ref]able to ! g5us ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! species ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia z g5]ally und]/ood probably includes m ?an "o specific type1 & x is safe to ass]t t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod ,lyg9opt]is 0 repres5t$ by sev]al =ms *>act]is$ by highly comp\nd fronds ) =k$ ra*ises l ,sph5opt]is ,l9kii1 ,s4 ,ho5+hausi1 & o!rs4 ,! features *>act]i/ic ( fronds includ$ 9 ! ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi gr\p h rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,go?an#abi4 ,/ur's g5]ic "n ,calymmato!ca orig9ally appli$ to ! species ,c4 ,/ang]i 0 appli$ to ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi by ,zeill]1 & al?\gh ! fronds ( ! latt] type h n be5 f\nd ) f]tile app5dages ( ! ,calymmato!ca type !re c be no d\bt z to ! g5]ic id5tity ( ^!1 b>ely di/+ui%able1 species bo? ( :i* belong to /ems ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,pr(4 ,johnson#acj has rec5tly describ$ "s impressions f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,irel&1 :i* he ref]s to ,s4 ,ho5+hausi1 be>+ /ellate gr\ps ( lobes l ^? ( ,calymmato!ca1 & 9 "o case he describes a se$ 9 ! middle ( ! c>bonis$ rema9s ( a /ellate gr\p ( cupul> segm5ts4 ,an exam9ation ( ! specim5 9 ,dubl9 conv9c$ me t !re is no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! se$-nature ( ! appe>ance on ! rock believ$ by ,johnson to be an elliptical ,lag5o/oma-l se$4 ,! actual atta*m5t ( ! /ellate lobes to ! p9nae ( ! frond is n cle>ly demon/rat$4 iii4 ,microsporangia4 ,9 #aije ,kid/on#aca ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( microsporangia on fronds ( ,lyg9opt]is3 he describ$ specim5s f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,dudley id5tifi$ by him ) ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi %[+ /]ile & f]tile p9nae 9 organic connexion4 ,! f]tile p9nules 7fig4 #djg1 ,b7 are slightly exp&$ di/ally into an oval limb ab\t #b mm4 long be>+ #f to #g bilocul> fusi=m microsporangia #c mm4 long & #ae mm4 broad3 9 ! immature condition ! sorus is hemisph]ical1 ! summit be+ =m$ ( ! incurv$ apices ( ! sporangia4 ,at maturity ! sporangia spread out1 ! sorus assum+ ! =m ( an epaulet4 ,fig4 #djh1 ,h1 %[s a sorus 9 transv]se section & 9 fig4 #djh1 ,g1 ! limb & two p5dul\s sporangia are %[n4 ,! microspores1 #ej-gj 9 diamet]1 are /udd$ ) num]\s blunt sp9es & ea* spore %[s a triradiate ridge4 ,! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djg1 ,a1 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,oldham is probably a bilocul> sporangium ( ! same type z ^? describ$ by ,kid/on f ,dudley4 ,dr ,kid/on#acb describes a second type ( microsporangial sorus z ,crosso!ca ,hughesiana :i* agrees closely ) ,c4 ,ho5+hausi1 b ! f]tile segm5ts are n associat$ ) any /]ile p9nae4 ,! g5]ic "n ,crosso!ca1 f\nd$ by ,zeill]#acc 9 #ahhc1 0 sub/itut$ = ,sph5opt]is on ! gr\nd t ,brongni>t's species ,s4 ,ho5+hausi is %[n to possess sporangia ( ! ,crosso!ca type4 ,if ,kid/on's specific det]m9ation is correct1 8 discov]y demon/rates t ,lyg9opt]is fronds bore microsporangia hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,crosso!ca1 a type *>act]i/ic ( sev]al ,c>bonif]\s species belong+ bo? to ! =m-g5]a ,sph5opt]is & ,pecopt]is4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 impressions ( fronds ( ! ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi gr\p1 a difficulty t is illu/rat$ by ,dr ,go?an's /atem5t#acd t ! ,dudley specim5s ( ,crosso!ca are n id5tical 9 ! "* ( ! /]ile p9nules ) ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi4 ,an exam9ation ( ,dr ,kid/on's specim5s l$ me to agree ) 8 det]m9ation2 b1 x may be ask$1 h we any evid5ce ( ! association ) ,lyg9opt]is fronds ( sporangia o!r ?an ^? ( ! ,crosso!ca type8 ,pr(4 ,*odat#ace believes t c]ta9 petrifi$ fragm5ts ( p9nules occasionally met ) 9 ! calc>e\s nodules be>+ sessile & app>5tly annulate sporangia belong to ,lyg9opt]is fronds4 ,^! sporangia appe> to be id5tical ) ^? nam$ by ,scott ,pt]ido!ca ,butt]wor?i#acf & reg>d$ by him z filicean sporangia t _c be ref]r$ to any kn[n ,c>bonif]\s g5us4 ,! piece ( lam9a be>+ an empty sporangium1 :i* may or may n h possess$ an annulus1 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #djg1 ,c1 occurs 9 association ) ! l>g] specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #djd1 ,b1 & x w\ld seem n unreasonable to reg>d bo? z p>ts ( ! same frond1 namely a frond ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,z ,pr(4 ,weiss#acg po9ts out1 ! accurate det]m9ation ( small pieces ( petrifi$ p9nules is exce$+ly difficult & )\t m decisive evid5ce we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ! sporangia figur$ by ,*odat & ,scott & t %[n 9 fig4 #djg belong to ! g5us ,lyg9opt]is4 ,al?\gh ! available data appe> to fav\r ! view g5]ally held t ,kid/on's conclusion is correct additional evid5ce w\ld be welcome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djg4 ,a1 ,b4 ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi4 ,c4 ,p9nule ) a sporangium1 s4 7,a1 ,kid/on ,coll4 #abgg2 ,b1 aft] ,kid/on2 ,c1 ,camb4 ,botany ,s*ool1 #ejh47 ,telangium4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 vol4 ii4#ach to ! g5us ,telangium in/itut$ by ,dr ,b5son = "s petrifi$ sporangia f ! ,coal ,measures reg>d$ by h] z ! microsporangia ( a ,pt]idosp]m1 probably ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! sporangia ( ,telangium are simil> to ^? ( ,crosso!ca4 ,scott po9ts out t !y are borne on a flat disc or lam9a #8q comp>able to a f]tile p9na ( ,crosso!ca#aci1' & he concludes t ^! sporangia are n g5]ically di/9ct f ! impressions on :i* ! g5us ,crosso!ca 0 f\nd$4 ,kid/on#adj reg>ds ,telangium ,scotti1 ,b5son1 z ! microsporangium ( a ,pt]idosp]m ?\gh n ( ,lyg9opt]is1 on ! gr\nd t ! microsporangia describ$ by ,miss ,b5son are n atta*$ to a limb & t !y h a s+le loculus 9 place ( ! d\ble loculus 7fig4 #djg1 ,a7 ( ,crosso!ca4 ,! pres5ce ( a limb 9 ,telangium recognis$ by ,scott removes "o ( ^! di/+ui%+ features4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no adequate reasons = reg>d+ ,telangium ,scotti z specifically id5tical ) ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi4 ,! synangium ( ,telangium ,scotti1 #e mm4 9 l5g?1 consi/s ( #f-ab sporangia unit$ basally & op5+ :5 ripe by longitud9al dehisc5ce4 ,fig4 #dic1 ,e1 %[s eight sporangia ( a synangium 9 transv]se section3 ! two sporangia at ! l[] end ( ! section are less di/9ct ?an ! o!rs1 "s are full ( spores & o!rs h %$ _! cont5ts by ! splitt+ ( ! ?9 inn] walls ( ! loculi4 ,! sporangial walls are compos$ ( an out] lay] ( l>ge cells ) d>k cont5ts succe$$ by #b-c lay]s ( small] & cru%$ cells4 ,! spores1 #e-f #ce-d 9 diamet]1 h a reticulately sculptur$ ex9e3 ,dr ,b5son#ada /ates t !y agree closely ) poll5-gra9s f\nd 9 ! poll5-*amb] ( ,lag5o/oma ovoides except 9 _! slightly small] size2 %e notes ! association ( ,telangium ) fragm5ts ( ! vegetative organs ( ,lyg9opt]is & draws att5tion to resemblances 9 ! /ructure ( ! tissues2 b ! mo/ int]e/+ comp>ison1 at lea/ 9 an academic s5se1 is ) ! se$ ,lag5o/oma1 ! integum5t$ megasporangium ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,dr ,b5son po9ts out t a transv]se section ( a ,lag5o/oma 9 ! plane ( ! canopy1 %[+ ! nucell> apex surr\nd$ by radially dispos$ *amb]s 7fig4 #dji71 pres5ts a c]ta9 resemblance to a synangium ( ,telangium ,scotti2 & x is sugge/$ t ! *amb]s encircl+ ! nucellus may repres5t /]ilis$ si/]-sporangia#adb4 #8,! se$ 9 fact is assum$ to be a synangium 9 :i* all b "o ( ! sporangia are /]ile1 & =m an integum5t to ! "o f]tile sporangium :i* has become a megasporangium ) "o l>ge megaspore4' ,?is view1 ?\gh cle>ly incapable ( confirmation 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 is n m]ely an +5i\s hypo!sis b a /imulat+ sugge/ion z to possible homologies3 z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( associat+ ,lag5o/oma & ,telangium z ! spore-be>+ organs ( ! same plant x has b little weight4 iv4 ,! ,se$4 ,lag5o/oma ,williamson4 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 ,oliv] & ,scott ex ,williamson1 ,,ms4 ,9 #ahgg ,williamson#adc propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,lag5o/oma = "s petrifi$ se$s f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire & describ$ two species1 ,lag5o/oma ovoides & ,l4 physoides3 9 8 ,,ms4 ,catalogue a ?ird type is ref]r$ to z ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi4 ,x is ?is ?ird type t ,pr(4 ,oliv] 0 ! fir/ to recognise z ! megaspore-be>+ organ ( ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,its /ructure has be5 ?or\ghly describ$ by ,oliv] & ,scott#add & ^! au?ors contribute a judicial summ>y ( ! evid5ce on :i* ,lag5o/oma & ,lyg9opt]is are believ$ to /& = "o & ! same plant4 ,! evid5ce is bas$ *iefly on ! foll[+ consid]ations3 an agreem5t 9 ! /ructure ( ! vascul> bundles 9 ! inve/m5ts ( ! se$ ) ^? 9 ! leaves ( ,lyg9opt]is2 ! pres5ce 9 ! out] envelope ( ! se$ ( /alk$ gl&s id5tical ) ^? on ! /ems & petioles4 ,! evid5ce does n z yet am\nt to absolute pro(1 z ! se$s1 :i* occur ei!r ) or )\t a /alk1 h n be5 f\nd atta*$ to a ,lyg9opt]is frond4 ,b #8:]e vegetative & reproductive organs pres5t+ id5tical /ructural features1 n kn[n to occur 9 o!r plants1 are ?us f\nd 9 close & con/ant association1 ! inf]5ce t ! "o belong$ to ! o!r appe>s irresi/ible4' ,:ile mo/ botani/s believe t a satisfactory case is e/abli%$ !re are a few#ade :o refuse to believe 9 a connexion betwe5 ,lag5o/oma & ,lyg9opt]is until an actual union has be5 demon/rat$4 ,! discov]y by ,kid/on#adf ( se$s atta*$ to p9nae be>+ ,neuropt]is p9nules & ! demon/ration ( organic cont9uity betwe5 se$s & ! p9nules ( o!r ,palaeozoic f]n-l fronds supply abundant confirmatory evid5ce t leaves no d\bt z to ! occurr5ce ( se$s on modifi$ p9nae ( ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi & ( o!r closely alli$ fronds :i* repres5t ! foliage ( diff]5t =ms ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,9 ?is connexion x is p]t95t to add t ,gr&',eury#adg has f\nd se$s ( ! ,lag5o/oma type 9 close association ) impressions ( ,sph5opt]is ,dubuissonis & o!r leaves ( simil> habit4 ,a se$ ( ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi rea*es a l5g? ( #ee mm4 ) a maximum diamet] ( #dd mm42 x is broadly oval or b>rel-l 7fig4 #djh1 ,c7 & :5 immature 0 inve/$ by a loose irregul>ly lob$ gl&ul> envelope 7fig4 #djh1 ,b7 f :i* ! se$ ev5tually fre$ itself by a natural process ( abscission4 ,! c5tral body or nucellus1 except 9 ! apical region1 is concresc5t ) a fairly /\t integum5t or te/a 7fig4 #djh1 ,c1 f7 ! out] portion ( :i* is *>act]is$ by regul> longitud9al r[s ( palisade-l cells comp>able ) ! broad palisade-lay] 9 ! sporoc>p ( ,pilul>ia4 ,on ! expos$ surface ( ?is palisade-tissue are small d>k /ructureless pegs#adh1 possibly ! rema9s ( a mucilag9\s lay] su* z occurs on ! se$-coats ( "s rec5t ,fl[]+ plants4 ,at ! base ( ! nucellus ! *alazal region1 fig4 #djh1 ,c1 *1 is provid$ ) scl]\s elem5ts & =ms a h>d inve/m5t to ! axial vascul> /r& f ! p$icel4 ,x is at ! base ( ?is *alazal region t ! se$ is ev5tually cut (f by an absciss-lay]4 ,! integum5t is suppli$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by n9e vascul> bundles ( end>*1 or approximately end>*1 /ructure4 ,! free portion ( ! integum5t se5 f ! outside 7fig4 #djh1 ,b7 has ! =m ( a flut$ cone ) a circul> op5+ at its summit4 ,! great] "p ( ?is domical apex1 z se5 9 longitud9al section 9 fig4 #djh1 ,c1 appe>s to be holl[1 b 9 ! liv+ /ate ! dome1 or canopy z ,williamson call$ x1 0 fill$ ) p>5*yma 9 :i* ! vascul> bundles 7 emb$d$ &1 z %[n 9 ! transv]se section 9 fig4 #dji1 ! canopy is divid$ into comp>tm5ts by radial septa :i* 9 its basal region are replac$ by regul> & deep furr[s on ! inn] face4 ,enclos$ by ! canopy1 ) its out] surface flut$ z ! result ( ! p>tial collapse ( ! out] wall ( ea* comp>tm5t due to ! decay ( ! fill+ tissue1 is ! flask-%ap$ apex ( ! nucellus2 betwe5 ! apical cone ( nucell> p>5*yma & ! sup]ficial lay] is an annul> cavity :i* ,williamson#adi call$ ! lag5o/ome4 ,! p>5*ymat\s core tap]s to a n>r[ summit :i* slightly ov]tops ! integum5t & is con/rict$ at ! broad base 7fig4 #dic1 ,a1 ,b2 page #caa74 ,! bottle-%ap$ apical tissue is sep>at$ by an annul> space1 c1 fig4 #dic1 ,b1 f ! limit+ lay] ( ! nucellus3 ?is space is ! poll5-*amb] =m$ 9 ! liv+ se$ by ! disorganisation ( ! subepid]mal cells ( ! nucell> apex4 ,! poll5-*amb] is a feature *>act]i/ic ( rec5t cycadean ovules 7see p4 #f74 ,9 ,lag5o/oma ! annul> =m ( ! poll5-*amb] is a peculi>ity di/+ui%+ ?is type ( se$ f ^? ( rec5t ,gymnosp]ms & mo/ o!r ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,z ,oliv] says1 x m>ks an #8advance 9 precision'#aej ov] o!r =ms z ! microspores :i* fall into ! *amb] are br\ght direct to ! surface ( ! und]ly+ megaspore & presumably to ! ar*egonia :i*1 x is reasonable to believe1 7 dispos$ 9 a circle at ! base ( ! annul> crevice4 ,microspores frequ5tly occur 9 ! poll5-*amb] & "s h be5 discov]$ app>5tly 9 ! act ( lib]at+ male gametes#aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #djh4 ,a1 ,a1 ,lag5osp]mum ,s9clairi4 ,b1 ,lag5o/oma1 re/oration4 ,c1 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi2 c1 micropyle2 d1 space betwe5 integum5t & nucellus2 e1 cupule2 f1 integum5t2 *1 *alaza4 ,d1 microspores ( ,lag5o/oma ovoides4 ,e1 ,f1 ,calymmato!ca ,/ang]i4 ,g1 ,h1 ,crosso!ca ,ho5+hausi4 ,h1 section ( ,g 9 l9e ( arr[4 7,a1 aft] ,arb]2 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,f1 aft] ,oliv]2 ,d1 aft] ,b5son2 ,g1 ,h1 aft] ,kid/on47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dji4 ,lag5o/oma4 ,transv]se section ne> ! micropyle1 %[+ ! poll5-*amb]1 pc1 ! space1 s1 betwe5 ! nucellus & integum5t1 ! flut$ canopy ) vascul> bundles1 v4 7,aft] ,oliv]47 ,! out] wall ( ! nucellus is b\nd$ ext]nally by a simil> circul> space 7d1 figs4 #djh1 ,c2 #dic1 ,b7 :i* sep>ates x f ! domical canopy4 ,9 ! great majority ( specim5s ! c5tral tissue ( ! se$ is n pres]v$ & an empty sac support$ f ! base ( ! nucellus-apex occupies ne>ly ! :ole ( ! int]ior3 ! %runk5 wall ( ! sac is all t rema9s ( ! l>ge megaspore4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! nucellus 0 almo/ completely de/roy$ z a consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( ! megaspore or embryo-sac1 :i* ev5tually occupi$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! se$-body4 ,9 an exceptionally well pres]v$ specim5 rec5tly describ$ & admirably illu/rat$ by ,mr ,mc,lean#aeb "p ( ! p>5*ymat\s tissue ( ! pro?allus :i* orig9ally fill$ ! megaspore is cle>ly se53 its surface-lay] consi/s ( small cells succe$$ by a broad b& ( radially elongat$ elem5ts closely resembl+ ! alveoli 9 ! pro?alli ( "s rec5t ,gymnosp]ms1 p>ticul>ly c]ta9 ,conif]s4 ,no ar*egonia h be5 discov]$4 ,! cupul> envelope ( immature se$s1 comp>$ by ,oliv] & ,scott ) ! lob$ & gl&ul> husk ( ,corylus colurna ,l4#aec1 receives sev]al vascul> bundles ( collat]al & mes>* /ructure f ! axial /r&1 & ^! subdivide z !y asc5d4 ,! gl&s :i* occur on all p>ts ( ! cupule are sessile or /alk$ & id5tical ) ^? on ! vegetative organs ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,assum+ t poll9ation occurr$ at a comp>atively e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! se$ :5 ! cupule 0 /ill intact1 x is conceivable1 z ,sir ,joseph ,hook] sugge/$1 t ! gl&ul> secretion may h attract$ insects & s aid$ 9 ! transport ( poll5 :i* 7 p]haps drawn d[n ! n>r[ poll5-*amb] by exud$ mucilage z 9 rec5t ,conif]s4 ,! evid5ce obta9$ 9 rec5t ye>s 9 fav\r ( insect-poll9ation 9 c]ta9 ,cycads & 9 ,welwits*ia l5ds support to ?is view3 ! dragon flies hov]+ ov] a f]tile ,lyg9opt]is frond 9 a rec5t re/oration#aed may be a legitimate addition4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ,lag5o/oma z ( o!r ,palaeozoic se$s is ! abs5ce ( an embryo3 ?is & o!r consid]ations h l$ c]ta9 au?ors1 notably ,*odat#aee1 to "q ! ju/ification = ! use ( ! t]m se$4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 (f]$ 9 explanation ( ?is fact4 ,9 rec5t ,cycads1 z already po9t$ out1 ! developm5t ( ! embryo does n always occur be=e se$-fall4 ,x may be t ^! old] se$s _h no re/+-p]iod or !re may h be5 a p]iod ( re/ aft] f]tilisation & n z n[ at a /age subsequ5t to ! =mation ( ! embryo#aef2 x is also sugge/$ by ,scott t #8! nurs+ ( ! embryo _h n yet come to be "o ( ! functions ( ! se$1 & t ! :ole embryonic developm5t 0 relegat$ to ! g]m9ation /age#aeg4' ,9 ?is connexion ref]5ce may be made to a /atem5t by ,miss ,gibbs#aeh :o speaks ( se$s ( a ,podoc>pus pick$ up f ! gr\nd 9 app>5tly a mature /ate & ) ! associat$ bracts col\r$ & swoll5 z ?\gh ready to aid 9 disp]sal b ) no embryo3 ! se$s _h matur$ be=e f]tilisation & fell f ! tree aft] poll9ation4 ,:atev] may be ! true explanation ( ! abs5ce ( embryos ?is negative "* %\ld n be all[$ to outweigh ! evid5ce furni%$ by morphological features z to ! applicability ( ! t]m se$4 ,z ,pr(4 ,oliv] says1 #8!re is a long *apt] 9 evolution to be deciph]$ be=e we c connect 444 ! se$ ( ,lyg9od5dron ) ! sporangium ( any f]n at pres5t kn[n to u'#aei4 ,! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma has be5 homologis$ ) ! out] "p ( ! integum5t ( a rec5t cycadean se$#afj :i*1 x is sugge/$1 consi/s ( an inn] & an out] envelope t h become concresc5t1 & ?is hypo!sis is support$ by ano!r au?or by a comp>ison betwe5 ,lag5o/oma & ,gnetalean se$s#afa4 ,a comp>ison has also be5 made betwe5 ! coll> ( a ,g9kgo se$ & ! mu* m conspicu\s cupule ( ,lag5o/oma#afb4 ,dr ,b5son & ,miss ,wels=d#afc in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! vascul> supply ( ! out] integum5t ( ! ovules ( ,c>p9us & ,morus & t ( ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma1 a comp>ison sugge/$ by ,miss ,k]%aw's rem>ks#afd on ! simil>ity betwe5 ! vascul> sy/em ( ! ovules ( ,myrica ,gale & ,trigonoc>pus4 ,9 #aijh ,dr ,b5son#afe describ$ "s g]m9at+ microspores 9 ! poll5-*amb] ( ano!r species ( ,lag5o/oma1 ,l4 ovoides1 & recognis$ :at %e believ$ to be an!rozoids4 ,i am indebt$ to ?is au?or = all[+ me to make a draw+ f h] section 7fig4 #djh1 ,d74 ,two microspores are se5 ) ?ick out] walls %[+ irregul> holes probably ( second>y orig9 & n "p ( a regul> reticulum z ,dr ,b5son sugge/s4 ,close to ! upp] microspore is a hemisph]ical body1 s1 describ$ z a male gamete1 & a simil> body is se5 /ill enclos$ by ! l[] microspore4 ,x is by no means improbable t ^! are an!rozoids3 !y 7 presumably ciliate l ^? ( ,g9kgo & rec5t ,cycads 7fig4 #cif1 ,m74 ,! microspores are approximately #gj 9 l5g? & ! suppos$ an!rozoids h a maximum diamet] ( #de1 ! latt] be+ ab\t ! size ( ! sp]ms ( ,microcycas & ! diamet] ( ^? ( ,zamia4 ,! small] & m delicate cells ne> ! l[] microspore 7fig4 #djh1 ,d7 are no d\bt fungal cells z ,miss ,b5son sugge/s4 ,) ref]5ce to ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! nature ( ,miss ,b5son's suppos$ gametes x is wor? call+ att5tion to "s figures giv5 by ,zopf#aff ( vesicul> cells & sporangia ( ! ,phycomycet\s g5]a ,rhizophidium & ,lag5idium 9 ! poll5 ( ,fl[]+ plants & ,p9es4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,burl+ame#afg t ! #8gametes' may be pro?allial cells2 b ?is is v improbable4 ,lag5o/oma ovoides ,williamson4 ,9 ! memoir 9 :i* ! g5us 0 f\nd$ ,williamson describ$ two species f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire1 ,lag5o/oma ovoides & ,l4 physoides#afh4 ,! se$s describ$ "u ! latt] "n _h previ\sly be5 assign$ by him to ano!r new g5us1 ,physo/oma1 & nam$ ,p4 elegans#afi4 ,lag5o/oma physoides 0 aft]w>ds figur$ by ,butt]wor?#agj :o recognis$ "s new features4 ,= ?is species ,pr(4 ,oliv]#aga has adopt$ ,williamson's e>li] "n1 ,physo/oma elegans4 ,! =m] species1 :i* has rec5tly receiv$ exhau/ive treatm5t by ,miss ,prank]d#agb1 agrees g5]ally 9 its morphological *>act]s ) ,l4 ,lomaxi1 b diff]s 9 ! /ructure ( ! surface-tissue ( ! integum5t & 9 "s anatomical features4 ,moreov] no cupules h be5 f\nd & !re is #8v little trace ( a lay] ( sep>ation' su* z occurs 9 ,l4 ,lomaxi4 ,ov] ! surface ( ! integum5t is a lay] ( prismatic cells1 mu* %ort] & less palisade-l ?an ^? 9 ,l4 ,lomaxi1 & !re are none ( ! pegs :i* are a con/ant feature 9 t species4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 indications t mucilage 0 p\r$ out by ! rupture ( ! di/5d$ cells4 ,"s microspores 7 f\nd 9 ! poll5-*amb] ) an av]age size ( #gb #ec2 !y may be z mu* z #ij long4 ,none 7 obs]v$ ) sp]m-l cont5ts l ^? describ$ by ,dr ,b5son4 ,miss ,prank]d discusses ! morphology ( ! integum5t 9 relation to t ( cycadean se$s & makes an in/ructive comp>ison betwe5 ! lag5o/ome 7t is ! modifi$ nucell> apex7 & su* f]n sporangia z ^? ( ,angiopt]is1 ,osmunda1 & ,s*izaea1 b especially ! sporangia ( ,s5ft5b]gia#agc ) _! multis]iate annulus4 ,an int]e/+ feature is %[n 9 ! longitud9al section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dic1 ,a 7p4 #caa74 ,! apex ( ! nucell> cone appe>s to be compos$ ( ?ick-wall$1 d>k cells & x is sugge/$ t ?is may h s]v$ z a /opp] block+ up ! circul> orifice ( ! poll5-*amb] 7se5 bel[ ! apex betwe5 ! nucell> cone & ! ?ick surface-lay] ( ! nucellus7 & s]v+ z a protection to ! embryo4 ,a comp>able clos+-up ( ! micropyle occurs 9 ! se$s ( ,gnetum ,gnemon#agd & 9 ! beak ( cycadean se$s4 ,at ! "t ( poll9ation1 :5 ! poll5-*amb] mu/ h ext5d$ to ! apex ( ! lag5o/ome1 ! tip ( ! nucell> cone may h secret$ "s /icky sub/ance to :i* ! microspores w\ld adh]e4 ,pr(4 ,ligni]#age has rec5tly describ$ "s l>ge megasporangia f ! ,we/phalian ,coalfield ( ,o/rau 9 ,au/rian ,silesia :i* he made ! type ( a new g5us ,mittagia1 aft] ,h]r ,mittag1 ,director ( ,m9es4 ,two sporangia1 betwe5 #b & #c mm4 9 diamet]1 7 f\nd 9 close association z ?\gh belong+ to a s+le sorus2 "o 0 empty & ! o!r conta9$ f\r megaspores4 ,! /ructure ( ! ?ick wall ( ! sporangia is v simil> to t ( ! te/a ( ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 b x app>5tly split into two valves4 ,ligni] ref]s ! new type1 ,mittagia sem9i=mis1 to "s unkn[n ,palaeozoic gr\p ( het]ospor\s ,filic9eae1 possibly ! ance/ral /ock ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 & he ?9ks x probable t ! sporangia resembl$ se$s 9 _! facilities = disp]sal4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! sporangial wall ,mittagia also resembles ! sporoc>p ( ,pilul>ia4 ,se$s pres5t$ z impressions1 )\t int]nal /ructure1 sup]ficially resembl+ ,lag5o/oma4 ,lag5osp]mum ,na?or/4 ,?is g5]ic "n is adopt$ = se$s repres5t$ by ca/s or impressions agree+ 9 ext]nal features ) ,lag5o/oma b :i* on ! available evid5ce _c be confid5tly assign$ to t g5us#agf4 ,two types ( se$ 7 describ$ by ,arb]#agg f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,scotl& z ,lag5o/oma ,kid/oni & ,l4 ,s9clairi3 ! =m] has be5 remov$ by ,oliv]#agh to ,physo/oma & bo? are includ$ by ,arb]#agi 9 a rec5t pap] 9 ! g5us ,radiosp]mum4 ,?is new g5]ic t]m is propos$ by ,arb] = a numb] ( small sub-cyl9drical se$s f\nd$ on impressions includ+ #8small se$s :i*1 :5 ! /ructure is pres]v$1 are kn[n z ,lag5o/oma1 ,physo/oma1 & ,cono/oma4' ,! "q ( nom5clature is inv>iably rais$ by cases 9 :i* impressions resemble 9 _! sup]ficial *>act]s g5]a f\nd$ on anatomical *>act]s3 ! se$s orig9ally ref]r$ to ,lag5o/oma ,s9clairi af=d a good example ( ?is difficulty4 ,na?or/ has rec5tly propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,lag5osp]mum z pref]able to ,lag5o/oma & ,radiosp]mum 9 ! case ( ,lag5o/oma ,s9clairi & simil> se$s :i* af=d no pro( ( ! possession ( su* morphological *>act]s z w\ld ju/ify _! inclusion 9 ! g5us ,lag5o/oma b :i* may be examples ( t g5us4 ,z ,na?or/ po9ts out1 ! adoption ( ,radiosp]mum = ,l4 ,s9clairi is inadvisable on ! gr\nd t x is also appli$ to se$s ( a diff]5t type4 ,! type-species ( ,lag5osp]mum is ,l4 ,s9clairi & ,na?or/ describes additional species f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,lag5osp]mum ,s9clairi 7,arb] ex ,kid/on ,,ms474 ,al?\gh x is n c]ta9 t ^! se$s are morphologically id5tical ) ! g5us ,lag5o/oma1 a brief description is int]calat$ "h z ! habit ( ! se$-be>+ axes supplies a probable key to ! habit ( ! f]tile fronds ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! type-specim5s 7 collect$ by ,mr ,s9clair f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,ayr%ire1 ,scotl&1 & record$ by ,kid/on z ,lag5o/oma sp43 !y 7 aft]w>ds nam$ by him 9 manuscript ,l4 ,s9clairi & h&$ to ,dr ,arb] = description4 ,! se$s are elliptical-oblong1 #d-ee #ae-c mm41 radially symmetrical & enclos$ by a loose envelope :i* is longitud9ally ribb$ & divid$ di/ally into sev]al l9e>-lanceolate lobes 7fig4 #djh1 ,a1 ,a74 ,?is cov]+1 ?\gh mu* long] ?an ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 is probably a homolog\s /ructure4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t is ! atta*m5t ( ! se$s to sl5d] bran*es ( a comp\nd axis 7fig4 #djh1 ,a74 ,x is probable t ! se$s 7 borne on a frond *>act]is$ by ! r$uction or complete abortion ( ! /]ile lam9a or p]haps1 z 9 ! rec5t ,f]n ,?yrsopt]is elegans#ahj1 "s ( ! p9nae ( a l>ge comp\nd frond 7 f]tile4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,arb] recognis$ p9nules ( ,sph5opt]is obtusiloba#aha 9 association ) ,l4 ,s9clairi1 a fact1 z he says1 9 itself ( no value b :i* acquires significance 9 view ( ! discov]y by ,c>p5ti]#ahb ( cupules 9 close proximity to ! same species ( frond4 ,specim5s describ$ by ,dr ,/opes f ,we/phalian rocks ( ,new ,brunswick z ,pt]isp]mo/robus bifurcatus#ahc be> a close resemblance to ,l4 ,s9clairi4 ,lag5osp]mum oblongum 7,kid/on74 ,! species rec5tly describ$ by ,dr ,kid/on#ahd z ,lag5o/oma oblonga f ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coal-field appe>s to be closely alli$ to ,arb]'s ,l4 ,s9clairi3 x is repres5t$ by pairs ( se$s borne at ! ends ( =k$ bran*lets3 ! se$ is #be mm4 long by #ae mm4 broad & is surr\nd$ by a long] oblong cupule divid$ di/ally into #f free lobes4 ,a l>g] type ( se$1 #c cm4 long & #be cm4 broad1 is describ$ by ,kid/on#ahe f ! same coal-field z ,lag5o/oma8 urceol>is4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is ! truncate apex surr\nd$ by a prom95t canopy =m$ ( ! exp&$ apical free portion ( ! integum5t4 ,! lack ( anatomical data 9 bo? ^! se$s is a reason = ! sub/itution ( "s less committal t]m ?an ,lag5o/oma4 ,gr&',eury#ahf & ,c>p5ti]#ahg h publi%$ acc\nts ( impressions ( se$s f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,france comp>$ by !m ) species ( ,lag5o/oma ?\gh n assign$ to new species4 ,^! & simil> se$s %\ld be ref]r$ to ,na?or/'s g5us ,lag5osp]mum4 ,! difficulty ( recognis+ ! true nature ( se$-l impressions is illu/rat$ by "s specim5s 9 ! ,gold5b]g collection 9 ,/ockholm describ$ by ,arb]#ahh z ,c>poli?us ,na?or/i3 ^! consi/ ( pieces ( ,sph5opt]is p9nae probably1 z ,zeill] sugge/$1 ,sph5opt]is ,s*aumburg-,lippeana 7,/ur7 be>+ at ! ends ( ! segm5ts ( deeply divid$ p9nules :at appe>$ to be se$s #a mm4 long1 oval & longitud9ally ribb$1 & possibly enclos$ 9 a cupule4 ,arb] consid]$ ! #8se$s' to be relat$ to ,lag5o/oma1 probably belong+ to "s memb] ( ! ,lyg9opt]ideae4 ,an exam9ation ( ! specim5s by ,na?or/#ahi %[$ t ! suppos$ se$s are collections ( spores2 b :e!r ! spores ( a true ,f]n or ! microspores ( a ,pt]idosp]m _c be det]m9$4 ,pt]isp]mo/robus ,/opes4 ,pt]isp]mo/robus bifurcatus ,/opes4 ,dr ,/opes#aij has rec5tly call$ att5tion to a resemblance betwe5 specim5s f ! ,we/phalian ( ,new ,brunswick1 describ$ by h] z ,pt]isp]mo/robus bifurcatus1 & ,lag5osp]mum ,s9clairi4 ,! ,new ,brunswick fossil is made ! type ( a new g5us ,pt]isp]mo/robus1 :i* is employ$ = fructifications ( ,pt]idosp]ms t _c be associat$ ) a kn[n species ( p>5t & may be ei!r se$s or complex male organs borne on a def9itely bran*$ ra*is4 ,! type-species is repres5t$ by a sl5d] axis be>+ lat]al bran*es divid$ into two widely div]g5t arms ea* ( :i* be>s a t]m9al body1 #d #c mm41 *>act]is$ by #c-e apical lobes ext5d+ #b mm4 beyond ! di/al end ( ! se$-l organ & resembl+ a cupule4 ,9 ?is z 9 _m o!r cases x is impossible to det]m9e ! true nature ( ! reproductive bodies1 :e!r !y are small se$s or gr\ps ( microsporangia3 ! new g5]ic "n s]ves a useful purpose ?\gh x is n always possible def9itely to ref] d\btful fructifications ( ?is k9d to a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,! organs 9 "q may also be comp>$ ) ,codono!ca#aia4 ,pt]isp]mo/robus pusillus 7,na?or/74 ,! "n1 ,codono!ca pusilla1 is giv5 by ,na?or/#aib to "s d\btful specim5s f ! ,culm ( ,spitzb]g5 repres5t+ %ort /alks be>+ l9e>-lanceolate scale-l bodies1 #i-aj mm4 long by #a mm4 broad1 coalesc5t at ! base4 ,na?or/ comp>es !m ) ,sell>d's species1 ,codono!ca caduca1 b adds t !y may be cupules ( "s ,pt]idosp]m & calls att5tion to _! resemblance to "s fossils figur$ by ,c>p5ti] z ,calymmato!ca acuta4 ,bo? ,na?or/'s species & ! ,fr5* specim5s describ$ by ,c>p5ti]#aic z cupules may be ref]r$ to ,dr ,/opes' g5us ,pt]isp]mo/robus z _! morphological nature _c be det]m9$4 v4 ,roots4 ,9 #ahgf ,williamson#aid describ$ "s petrifi$ vegetative organs f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire "u ! "n ,kaloxylon ,hook]i *>act]is$ by a division ( ! second>y xylem into cuneate masses 7fig4 #dae1 ,c7 l ^? 9 "s rec5t ,bignoniace\s /ems4 ,williamson at fir/ believ$ ,kaloxylon to be a /em1 b 9 a lat] memoir he express$ ! op9ion t #8x is difficult to believe t ^! organs h be5 o!r ?an roots'#aie4 ,felix#aif _h mean:ile describ$ a specim5 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,we/phalia z ,kaloxylon cf4 ,hook]i & sugge/$ t x might be a wat]plant4 ,9 #ahid ,williamson & ,scott#aig demon/rat$ t ,kaloxylon ,hook]i is ! root ( ,lyg9opt]is1 a conclusion indep5d5tly rea*$ by ,hick#aih4 ,! roots ( ,lyg9opt]is arise on all sides ( ! radially symmetrical /em 9 ! p]icycle region2 !y are copi\sly bran*$ z is %[n by ! abundance ( roots ( v>i\s sizes 9 close association4 ,no roots h be5 discov]$ exce$+ #a cm4 9 diamet] nor h any be5 record$ ) second>y p]id]m-tissue4 ,! abs5ce ( root-hairs & ! m or less lacun> /ructure ( ! cortex are indicative ( swampy gr\nd4 ,x is seldom t ! palaeobotani/ has an opportunity ( inve/igat+ ! gr[+-po9ts ( ,palaeozoic plants1 & = ?is reason "s well-pres]v$ apices ( ,lyg9opt]is roots1 attribut$ to t g5us on ! gr\nd ( con/ant association ) fragm5ts ( /ems 9 ! calc>e\s nodules ( ,dulesgate1 are ( special int]e/4 ,"o ( ^! specim5s 0 figur$ by ,dr ,/opes & ,mr ,watson#aii 9 _! acc\nt ( plant-be>+ nodules1 & a description ( t & o!r examples has s9ce be5 publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,weiss#bjj4 ,a longitud9al section ( a root-tip1 #ba mm4 9 diamet] at its broade/ "p1 %[s a root-cap :i* sugge/s an orig9 f a s+le cell1 b an exam9ation ( ! pl]ome-cyl9d] 9 a slightly tang5tial section does n af=d conclusive evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( a s+le initial cell4 ,weiss on ! :ole incl9es to ! view t ,lyg9opt]is possess$ a s+le apical cell l ! roots ( ,leptosporangiate ,f]ns1 ?\gh he pref]s to leave ! decision op54 ,att5tion is drawn to ! fact t ! plate ( tra*eidal tissue 9 em]g+ lat]al rootlets is v]tical z 9 ,phan]ogams & n horizontal z 9 rec5t ,pt]idophyta4 ,! vascul> tissue ( a ,lyg9opt]is root 7fig4 #daj7 consi/s ( f ?ree to eight alt]nate /r&s ( c5tripetal xylem & phloem1 & ) ! metaxylem is associat$ a small am\nt ( conjunctive p>5*yma :i* does n =m a c5tral pi?4 ,! p]icycle1 "o to sev]al lay]s broad1 is succe$$ by an endod]mis :i* occasionally %[s ! *>act]i/ic ?ick5+s on ! radial walls4 ,a broad cortex ( ?9-wall$ lacun> tissue ) num]\s secretory cells is b\nd$ ext]nally by a sup]ficial cyl9d] ( two or m lay]s ( comp>atively l>ge & ?9 cells1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* are radially elongat$4 ,?is sup]ficial tissue =ms a /rik+ feature by :i* a ,lyg9opt]is root may (t5 be recognis$ at a glance4 ,! root repres5t$ 9 fig4 #daj1 approximately #b mm4 9 diamet]1 has a hept>* /ele divid$ into sev5 xylem-gr\ps by cru%$ b&s ( p>5*yma & a protoxylem /r& occupies ! apex ( ea* project+ angle 7fig4 #daj1 px74 ,! sup]ficial cyl9d] ( cle> cells is se5 at a4 ,a v small root is se5 at r 9 fig4 #daj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daj4 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia1 "y root4 #cj4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #djc47 ,fig4 #dae1 ,c1 repres5ts "p ( an old] root 9 :i* ! p5t>* prim>y xylem is enclos$ by broad w$ge-l gr\ps ( second>y xylem & phloem sep>at$ by conspicu\s m$ull>y rays opposite ! protoxylem /r&s 7px74 ,cru%$ prim>y phloem arcs1 p1 are (t5 cle>ly recognisable beyond ! cambium4 ,! second>y ?ick5+1 z ,williamson & ,scott /ate1 #8takes place exactly 9 ! mann] typical ( roots ( ,dicotyl$ons1 s t ?is fossil might v well be us$ = purposes ( demon/ration z illu/rat+ ! second>y gr[? ( a root ) diagrammatic cle>ness'#bja4 ,! "y roots ( ,lyg9opt]is resemble 9 _m respects ^? ( ,m>attiace\s ,f]ns1 ?\gh ! pres5ce ( a s+le apical cell1 if su* occurs1 is a di/+ui%+ feature2 b 9 ! pres5ce ( second>y conduct+ tissue !y agree ) ^? ( ,phan]ogams4 ,di/ribution ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* petrifi$ fragm5ts ( ,lyg9opt]is /ems occur 9 ! calc>e\s nodules ( ! ,engli% coal seams %[s t ! g5us mu/ h be5 pl5tifully repres5t$ 9 ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s vegetation1 & ! occurr5ce 9 bo? ,nor? ,am]ican#bjb & ,european localities ( fronds id5tical ) or closely resembl+ ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi af=ds evid5ce ( wide geographical range4 ,petrifi$ specim5s 7 record$ by ,felix#bjc f ,we/phalia 9 #ahhf1 & ,zalessky#bjd has rec5tly discov]$ ,lyg9opt]is 9 ! ,donetz coal-bas9 ( ,russia4 ,an inve/igation by ,kub>t#bje ( ! calc>e\s nodules1 to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ drawn by ,/ur1 9 ! ,o/rau ,coal ,measures l$ to ! discov]y ( sev]al examples ( ,lyg9opt]is /ems4 ,! descriptions & figures s f> publi%$ are h>dly suffici5t to enable u to e/imate ! degree ( relation%ip to ! ,engli% type1 b "s ( ! /ems appe> to be new species & ,kub>t consid]s !m all to be specifically di/9ct f ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia4 ,lyg9opt]is het]angioides conta9s scatt]$ tra*eids 9 ! pi? & ?us af=ds an int]e/+ transitional type betwe5 ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium4 ,9 ,l4 lacunosum ! inn] cortex is lacun> & ! prim>y xylem bundles pursue an indep5d5t c\rse 9 ! /ele 9 contra/ to ! ana/omos+ arrangem5t 9 ,l4 oldhamia & 9 ano!r ,hung>ian species ,l4 tri/i*um4 ,! species record$ by ,kub>t occur 9 ! ,mill/one grit & ! ,coal ,measures4 ,! geological range ( ,lyg9opt]is z repres5t$ by petrifi$ /ems does n ext5d beyond ! limits ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,,het]angium4 ,! g5]ic "n ,het]angium 0 fir/ us$ by ,corda#bjf = a piece ( /em f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,radnitz1 ,bohemia1 repres5t$ by "p ( ! vascul> axis ( a /em consi/+ ( /r&s ( l>ge reticulately pitt$ tra*eids int]mix$ ) p>5*yma & exhibit+ /ructural features diff]+ app>5tly f ^? ( any kn[n type4 ,corda's mat]ial has be5 re-exam9$ by ,kub>t#bjg :o figures a section f x4 ,het]angium is a g5us closely alli$ to ,lyg9opt]is bo? 9 habit & 9 g5]al anatomical *>act]s4 ,! /em is mono/elic2 ! vascul> cyl9d] prior to second>y ?ick5+ resembles ! proto/ele ( c]ta9 rec5t species ( ,glei*5ia & may be comp>$ also ) ,tri*omanes sc&5s#bjh4 ,x agrees ) t ( ,lyg9opt]is 9 ! possession ( prim>y mes>* bundles b diff]s 9 ! sub/itution ( a caul9e axial mass ( metaxylem = ! pi? ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! second>y vascul> tissue agrees closely ) t ( rec5t ,cycads & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is ! occurr5ce ( num]\s horizontal b&s ( scl]\s cells 9 ! cortex 7fig4 #dab7 ( ! /em & 9 ! gr\nd-tissue ( ! ra*is & l>g] bran*es ( ! fronds4 ,! /em 0 erect & r>ely bran*$ #8giv+ (f l>ge foli> app5dages at some:at di/ant int]vals & f its entire circumf]5ce'#bji4 ,our k ( ! reproductive organs is less precise ?an 9 ! case ( ,lyg9opt]is2 b we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t ,het]angium is a ,pt]idosp]m :i* 9 all probability bore f]n-l microsporangia & se$s simil> 9 g5]al plan to ,lag5o/oma4 ,! association ( "s se$s includ$ 9 ,williamson's g5us ,cono/oma ) ,het]angium ,grievii 9 ! ,pettycur b$s & _! resemblance to ,lag5o/oma1 ! se$ ( ,lyg9opt]is1 sugge/$ ! possibility ( actual connexion3 fur!r evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view has rec5tly be5 br\ght =w>d by ,dr ,b5son#baj 9 ! case ( a species ( ,cono/oma :i* %e transf]s to a new g5us ,spha]o/oma4 ,! two species ,het]angium ,grievii & ,h4 tiliaeoides are describ$ 9 illu/ration ( ! g5us & ref]5ce is made to a few o!r types4 ,het]angium ,grievii ,williamson4 7,/em47 #ahgb4 ,dictyoxylon ,grievii1 ,williamson1 ,brit4 ,ass4 ,rep4 7,ed9burgh ,meet+71 p4 #aab4 #ahgc4 ,het]angium ,grievii1 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vol4 #afb1 p4 #djd4 7,leaf47 #agbj4 ,fum>ia (fic9alis1 ,volkmann1 ,silesia subt]ranea1 p4 #aaa1 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #b4 #ahbb4 ,filicites 7,sph5opt]is7 elegans1 ,brongni>t1 ,class4 ,vg4 p4 #bcc4 #ahbh4 ,sph5opt]is elegans1 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/4 ,vg4 ,foss4 p4 #agb4 #ahcf4 ,*eilan?ites elegans1 ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,f>nkr4 p4 #bcc4 #ahgg4 ,diplo?mema elegans1 ,/ur1 ,culm ,flora1 ii4 p4 #acj4 i4 ,/em4 ,at ! ,ed9burgh meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association ,williamson#baa gave a brief acc\nt ( "s petrifi$ /ems f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,burntisl& on ! ,fir? ( ,=? :i* he includ$ 9 ! g5us ,dictyoxylon4 ,"o ( ^! 0 nam$ ,d4 ,grievii aft] ,mr ,grieve ! discov]] ( ! specim5s4 ,9 a lat] & m complete description ,williamson adopt$ ,corda's g5]ic "n on ! gr\nd ( ! close resemblance ( ! ,scot* /em to ! ,bohemian fragm5t ,het]angium p>adoxum4 ,9 #ahgcbab ,williamson add$ new facts 9 reg>d to ,h4 ,grievii & 9 #ahijbac he describ$ a v closely alli$ type f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,five ye>s lat] 8 descriptions 7 consid]ably ext5d$ & modifi$ 9 ! jo9t memoir ) ,dr ,scott#bad4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 age betwe5 ! ,engli% ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /em & ! ,scot* specim5s f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,burntisl& sugge/s a probable specific diff]5ce4 ,dr ,scott has rec5tly adopt$ ! "n ,het]angium ,lomaxi1 propos$ b n publi%$ by ,williamson1 = ! ,engli% type4 ,?\gh 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ! species ,het]angium ,grievii is treat$ 9 ! broad] s5se x %\ld be recognis$ t ! geologically y\ng] /em is wor?y ( specific recognition2 x is *>act]is$1 to quote ,scott#bae1 by #8! great di/9ctness ( ! prim>y xylem /r&s1 by _! ne>ly ex>* /ructure1 ) little prim>y c5trifugal wood1 by ! abundant secretory sacs ( ! /ele1 & by ! r scatt]$ leaves4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daa4 ,het]angium ,grievii4 lt1 a1 b1 c1 leaf-traces2 p1 p]icycle ) p]id]m2 ph1 phloem2 x1 x1 prim>y & second>y xylem2 px1 protoxylem2 r1 root2 s1 scl]\s tissue4 ,het]angium ,grievii has a radially symmetrical /em be>+ comp\nd leaves ) decurr5t petioles :i* give to ! o!rwise cyl9drical axis an angul> outl9e z se5 9 transv]se section 7fig4 #daa1 ,a74 ,! phyllotaxis appe>s to be 4 ,! /em r>ely exce$s #ae cm4 9 diamet]3 9 ! c5tre is a comp>atively l>ge /ele consi/+ 9 "y /ems ( prim>y xylem & phloem1 b 9 old] /ems ^! are sep>at$ by a cyl9d] ( second>y vascul> tissue :i* 9 ?is species is always n>r[] ?an 9 ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia &1 z ,williamson po9t$ out1 (t5 ( unequal ?ickness on diff]5t radii4 ,! m$ullat$ /ele ( ,lyg9opt]is is replac$ by a solid xylem-cyl9d] consi/+ ma9ly ( gr\ps ( l>ge tra*eids1 rea*+ #c mm4 9 diamet]1 ) multis]iate bord]$ pits 7fig4 #daa1 ,d7 emb$d$ 9 an ana/omos+ p>5*ymat\s tissue-sy/em4 ,9 ! /ele reproduc$ 9 fig4 #daa1 ,b1 :i* ) ! exception ( a v n>r[ zone ( second>y xylem1 x1 consi/s entirely ( prim>y xylem1 x1 ! p>5*yma is repres5t$ by a d>k] reticulum 7cf4 fig4 #dae1 ,b7 divid+ ! metaxylem into isl&s z 9 ,glei*5ia4 ,9 ! p]iph]al portion ( ! xylem ! tra*eids are r n>r[] & arrang$ 9 m def9ite gr\ps 9 _m ( :i* is a s+le /r& ( n>r[ spiral elem5ts 7fig4 #daa1 ,a1 px7 close to ! out] m>g94 ,^! p]iph]al prim>y bundles 9 :i* protoxylem is recognisable may be describ$ z leaf-traces ( mes>* /ructure consi/+ ( c5tripetal xylem &1 to a mu* less ext5t1 ( small] c5trifugal elem5ts = ! mo/ "p ) d5se spiral b&s 9 place ( ! multis]iate pits ( ! re/ ( ! metaxylem4 ,! /ructure ( ^! leaf-traces is practically id5tical ) t ( ! prim>y bundles ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce to :i* att5tion is drawn by ,williamson & ,scott4 ,:ile 9 ,lyg9opt]is 9 any transv]se section ! prim>y bundles 9 ! /ele are equal 9 numb] to ! leaf-traces 9 ! p]icycle & cortex1 9 ,het]angium ! p]iph]al gr\ps 9 ! /ele may be z _m z tw5ty1 a numb] consid]ably 9 excess ( ! leaf-traces beyond ! limits ( ! prim>y xylem ( ! /ele4 ,x may be t ! leaf-trace ( ea* leaf1 :i* jo9s ! /ele at a di/ance ( #f-aj int]nodes bel[ its entrance into ! cortex f ! leaf-/alk1 may bran* 9 its desc5t 9 ! axial region1 or "s ( ! prim>y gr\ps ( xylem may be conf9$ to ! axial region & indep5d5t ( ! leaf-traces4 ,portions ( ! p]iph]al region ( ! /ele may be occupi$ by metaxylem gr\ps )\t protoxylem & id5tical ) ^? :i* make up ! bulk ( ! metaxylem4 ,scott#baf has rec5tly publi%$ a note 9 :i* he /ates t mo/ ( ! ,briti% ,coal ,measures ,het]angiums 7 polydesmic4 ,two bundles1 & n a s+le /r& z 9 ! ,scot* ,h4 ,grievii1 leave ! /ele = ea* leaf1 & ^! divide into f\r1 9 "s cases at lea/1 be=e ent]+ ! petiole4 ,! second>y xylem is cont9u\s at its inn] edge ) ! out]mo/ prim>y tra*eids 7fig4 #daa1 ,a7 & consi/s ( r[s ( tra*eids1 #a-c elem5ts broad1 alt]nat+ ) num]\s broad m$ull>y rays ( radially elongat$ p>5*yma4 ,beyond a typical cambium-zone ! second>y phloem consi/s ( p>5*yma & sieve-tubes b\nd$ by cru%$ arcs ( prim>y phloem4 ,abutt+ on ! phloem is a p]icycle compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( small p>5*ymat\s cells 7fig4 #daa1 ,a1 p7 & 9 ! out] lay]s ( ?is tissue a phellog5 7fig4 #daa1 ,c1 p7 & "s p]id]m are usually pres5t ?\gh1 z ,williamson & ,scott po9t out1 ! p]id]m is less regul> & n>r[] ?an 9 ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! inn] cortex1 compos$ ( %ort p>5*ymat\s cells1 is trav]s$ by num]\s n>r[ b&s ( d>k1 ?ick-wall$ cells simil> 9 ! /ructure ( ! elem5ts1 ?\gh peculi> 9 ! horizontal elongation ( ! gr\ps1 to ! scl]\s ne/s 9 ! p]icycle & pi? ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,^! *>act]i/ic b&s are *iefly se5 9 ! oblique longitud9al section ( a /em repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dab4 ,9 ?is section1 #be mm4 9 l5g?1 ! light] b&1 p1 is ! p]icycle & 9 x a few obliquely cut leaf-traces are %[n z d>k pat*es4 ,! horizontal b&s are simil> 9 /ructure & %ape to ! diaphragms ( ?ick cells 9 ! pi? ( ,abies magnifica#bag1 & 9 bo? plants !y probably s]ve z supports to ! s(t] p>5*yma4 ,!re may be z _m z #df b&s 9 a v]tical l5g? ( cortex ( #a in* 7ab\t #ai p] c5timetre74 ,x 0 ! occurr5ce ( precisely simil> transv]se l9es on ! c>bonis$ impressions ( ! ra*is ( ,sph5opt]is elegans t l$ ,kid/on#bah to sugge/ a connexion betwe5 t species & ! /em ( ,het]angium ,grievii4 ,! out] cortex1 consi/+ ( alt]nate /r&s ( p>5*yma & /]eome simil> to t ( ,lyg9opt]is1 is mu* n>r[] & a less conspicu\s feature ?an 9 ,het]angium2 ! /]eome b&s d n =m s regul> a hypod]mal network & ext5d mu* fur!r v]tically )\t ana/omos+4 ,! epid]mis has be5 describ$ z a lay] ( fairly ?ick cells %[+ 9 "o case an appe>ance ( a depress$ /oma#bai4 ,!re are no secretory canals l ^? ( ,cycads b1 z 9 ,lyg9opt]is1 scatt]$ cells ) d>k cont5ts 9 ! /em-tissues probably repres5t secretory sacs4 ,! leaf-traces on leav+ ! /ele pursue a v gradually asc5d+ c\rse to ! petiole2 !y reta9 _! collat]al /ructure 9 ! p]icycle & cortex & h no second>y xylem1 b become conc5tric z !y ent] ! base ( a leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dab4 ,het]angium ,grievii4 ,oblique longitud9al section ( /ele & "p ( cortex2 p1 p]icycle4 #c4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #ebi47 ,be=e pass+ to ! description ( ! leaves1 ! m /rik+ features 9 ! /em may be summ>is$ ) ref]5ce to ! diagrammatic sket*es %[n 9 fig4 #daa4 ,fig4 #daa1 ,a1 repres5ts a section ( ,het]angium ,grievii approximately #b cm4 9 its maximum diamet]2 at ! p]iph]y ( ! prim>y xylem1 x1 & close to its out] m>g9 are sev]al protoxylem gr\ps1 n %[n 9 ! draw+1 ea* ( :i* m>ks ! position ( a mes>* trace4 ,! zone ( second>y xylem1 x1 is int]rupt$ by ! exit ( leaf-traces & "o ( ^! is se5 at a 9 fig4 #dae1 ,a1 sep>at$ f ! c5tral prim>y xylem by a foli> gap fill$ ) p>5*yma4 ,! p]icycle is %[n at p 9 fig4 #dab & its out] b\nd>y at p 9 fig4 #daa1 ,a4 ,beyond ! p]icycle is ! broad p>5*ymat\s cortex ) leaf-traces1 lt1 & "s scl]5*ymat\s pat*es1 s4 ,! vascul> /r& a is pass+ into ! base ( a leaf-/alk4 ,9 ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #daa1 ,b1 #ad cm4 #g mm41 a decurr5t petiole is se5 at ! upp] end ) its s+le vascul> /r&1 a1 & two scl]\s ne/s2 a simil> ?\gh deta*$ leaf-base occurs at ! opposite end ( ! long diamet]4 ,o!r leaf-traces are se5 at b & c4 ,f ! left-h& side ( ! /ele a curv$ /r& ( tra*eids is pass+ out to supply a root1 r4 ii4 ,root4 ,adv5titi\s roots ( endog5\s orig9 are occasionally met ) 9 ,het]angium /ems1 b we h less in=mation z to _! anatomy ?an 9 ! case ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,9 a specim5 ( ,het]angium ,lomaxi figur$ by ,williamson & ,scott#bbj ?ree roots are se5 9 a v]tical s]ies gr[+ outw>ds ?r\gh ! cortex ( a /em4 ,! roots agree g5]ally ) ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is b ! out]mo/ cortical lay]s possess no special features4 iii4 ,leaf4 ,! l>ge comp\nd fronds long kn[n z ,sph5opt]is elegans 7 recognis$ by ,kid/on z ! leaves ( ,het]angium by ! closely arrang$ transv]se /riae or n>r[ ribs on ! ra*is & p9nae :i* are ! expression on ! c>bonis$ impressions ( ! horizontal plates ( scl]\s tissue 9 ! petrifi$ /ems & petioles ( ,het]angium4 ,! di*otom\sly bran*$ fronds are includ$ by ,/ur 9 8 g5us ,diplotmema & t au?or figures sev]al typical examples 9 8 #8,culm ,flora'#bba4 ,fig4 #dac1 ,a1 %[s a =k$ axis ) ! bases ( m sl5d] bran*es & ! *>act]i/ic transv]se b&s & 9 fig4 #dac1 ,b1 "p ( a p9na is reproduc$4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance1 except 9 ! bifurcat+ p9nae1 ! fronds resemble ^? ( ,davallia t5uifolia ) :i* ,brongni>t comp>$ ! ,palaeozoic species4 ,!re is little d\bt t ,sph5opt]is dissecta & "s o!r species 7 also borne on ,het]angium /ems4 ,! ra*is & petioles diff] f ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is fronds 9 ! abs5ce ( em]g5ces 7cf4 fig4 #djd1 ,e74 ,! petioles 7fig4 #daa1 ,b1 a7 h a s+le conc5tric vascul> bundle ) int]nal protoxylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dac4 ,sph5opt]is 7,diplotmema7 elegans4 ,a4 ,=k$ ra*is ) bases ( lat]al bran*es 7,kid/on ,coll472 ,b1 p9na4 7,aft] ,/ur47 iv4 ,reproductive organs4 ,z yet no satisfactory evid5ce has be5 publi%$ ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! microsporangia b 9 all probability ^! 7 con/ruct$ on ! same plan z ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,!re is a /rong prima facie case = assign+ ! se$ ,spha]o/oma to ,het]angium3 absolute pro( ( organic connexion is /ill lack+ ?\gh ,dr ,b5son's rec5t acc\nt ( ! se$s associat$ ) ,het]angium ,grievii almo/ am\nts to demon/ration ( cont9uity betwe5 vegetative organs & se$s4 ,spha]o/oma ovale 7,williamson74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dad4 ,spha]o/oma ovale4 ,a4 ,longitud9al section %[+ ! cupule1 c1 integum5t1 e1 f1 ) vascul> bundle1 v1 ! upp] "p ( ! nucellus1 n1 & megaspore1 m2 a1 ar*egonia4 ,b4 ,transv]se section ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! poll5-*amb]1 pc1 & ! summit ( ! nucellus1 n4 7,aft] ,b5son47 ,9 #ahgg ,williamson describ$ "s deta*$ petrifi$ se$s f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,fife%ire1 ,scotl&1 z ,cono/oma ovale & ,c4 int]m$ium4 ,dr ,b5son's inve/igation#bbb ( ^! two =ms leads h] to confirm ,williamson's d\bts z to ! validity ( a specific sep>ation & %e assigns ! s+le type to ! new g5us ,spha]o/oma4 ,! se$s are always associat$ ) ! vegetative organs ( ,het]angium ,grievii4 ,9 #aiji ,oliv]#bbc express$ ! op9ion t ! ,burntisl& species ( ,cono/oma 7 ,spha]o/oma7 is probably ! se$ ( ,het]angium4 ,! se$ consi/s ( a c5tral body repres5t+ ! nucellus1 an inn] integum5t1 & an envelop+ cupule or out] integum5t3 mo/ specim5s h lo/ ! cupule & 9 ?is condition !y are #ce mm4 long ) a maximum bread? ( #bb mm4 ,9 ! middle ! se$ is circul> 9 transv]se section & octagonal ne> ! base & apex4 ,! free apical "p ( ! integum5t =ms a frill 7canopy7 r\nd ! micropyle & ext5ds beyond ! nucell> apex :i* consi/s ( a relatively flat pl9? surm\nt$ by a c5tral dome or lag5o/ome 7fig4 #dad74 ,! lag5o/ome is surr\nd$ by an annul> poll5-*amb] on to ! l[] surface ( :i* abuts ! l>ge embryo-sac1 & rema9s ( ar*egonia 7 notic$ bel[ ! poll5-*amb]4 ,! ro( ( ! *amb] 9 ! "y /ate consi/s ( a lay] ( ?9-wall$ cells ext5d+ across ! flatt5$ apex ( ! nucellus1 n1 b z ! poll5-*amb] becomes diff]5tiat$ f ! nucell> tissue by ! disorganisation ( ! zone ( cells its ro(-cells ?ick5 _! v]tical walls & assume ! /ructure ( a multis]iate annulus1 :i* acts z a me*anism = op5+ ! poll5-*amb] by a circul> dehisc5ce 9 su* a way t ! edge ( ! ruptur$ ro( ( ! poll5-*amb] slightly ov]laps ! p]iph]y ( ! c5tral column ( nucell> tissue aft] x has return$ to its orig9al position subsequ5t to ! entrance ( ! microspores4 ,! micropyl> region is surr\nd$ by eight lobes ( ! integum5t & ea* is *>act]is$ by a cre/ ( radially elongat$ cells1 fig4 #dad1 f1 especially prom95t on ! out] side4 ,ext]nal to ?is is ! slightly long] cupul> %ea? 7fig4 #dad1 c7 :i* may also h be5 lob$4 ,! surface ( ! integum5t bel[ ! t]m9al cre/s consi/s ( a lay] ( cells ) small papillae :i* ev5tually ruptur$ & dis*>g$ mucilage4 ,bo? integum5ts h a vascul> supply1 t ( ! inn] integum5t be+ repres5t$ by eight vascul> bundles1 "s ( :i* 7 f\nd to h mes>* xylem1 giv5 (f f ! s+le /r& 9 ! p$icel4 ,fig4 #dad %[s ! apical region ( a se$ ( ,spha]o/oma3 ! flat-topp$ nucell> cap1 n1 is surr\nd$ by ! annul> poll5-*amb]1 pc1 bel[ :i* are indicat$ ! ar*egonia3 ! wall ( ! megaspore 7embryo-sac7 is se5 at m & ext]nal to ?is vascul> bundles1 v1 run up ! inn] portion ( ! integum5t accompani$ by "s l>ge cells 7aque\s tissue74 ,! elongat$ epid]mal cells at ! apices ( ! lobes ( ! integum5t =m ! frill1 f1 & at a l[] level ! cells ( ! same lay] are mu* small] & papillate 7e73 ! out] integum5t1 c1 =ms ! s-call$ cupule4 ,! transv]se section %[n 9 fig4 #dad1 ,b1 is tak5 at ! level ( ! ro( ( ! poll5-*amb] & ( ! nucell> cap2 x illu/rates ! contra/ betwe5 ! #8multis]iate annulus' & ! c5tral column ( small p>5*yma4 ,spha]o/oma diff]s f ,lag5o/oma 9 ! :orl ( cre/s ar\nd ! micropyle1 9 ! ne>ly hemisph]ical =m ( ! lag5o/ome & 9 ! relatively wid] poll5-*amb] ) its peculi> =m ( dehisc5ce4 ,miss ,b5son1 :ile reg>d+ ,spha]o/oma z simil> to ,lag5o/oma 9 g5]al plan1 believes ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! =m] to be su* z are consi/5t ) a m primitive =m4 ,an important argum5t 9 support ( connect+ ?is se$ ) ,het]angium is d]iv$ f ! juxtaposition ( "s se$s & portions ( ,het]angium petioles1 a juxtaposition t is believ$ to demon/rate orig9al cont9uity4 ,gr&',eury#bbd has record$ ! association ( two species ( leaves1 ,sph5opt]is elegans & ,s4 dissecta1 ) small se$s comp>$ by him ) ,lag5o/oma4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( petrifi$ specim5s x w\ld be practically impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ,lag5o/oma & ,cono/oma or ,spha]o/oma4 ,c>p5ti]#bbe has describ$ "s impressions f ,fr5* ,we/phalian b$s z ,cono/oma & he records cupules )\t se$s on fronds ( ,sph5opt]is obtusifolia :i* he speaks ( z hav+ transv]se /riations l ^? ( ,het]angium4 ,dr ,kid/on po9t$ out to me t ! surface-features ( ! ,sph5opt]is ra*is are probably due to ram5tal scales & n to ! pres5ce ( horizontal scl]\s b&s4 ,c>p5ti]'s se$s may be comp>$ ) ,lag5osp]mum ,s9clairi4 ,het]angium tiliaeoides ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vol4 #agh1 p4 #bhi4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ by ,williamson on mat]ial f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,halifax1 ,york%ire1 :ile agree+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! prim>y /ele & 9 ! g5]al features ( ! cortex ) ! old] ,het]angium ,grievii1 is cle>ly di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 well-m>k$ *>act]s4 ,scl]\s gr\ps occur 9 ! inn] cortex z 9 ,h4 ,grievii b !y are pres5t also 9 ! p]icycle4 ,! p]iph]al leaf-traces 9 ! /ele %[ ! mes>* /ructure r m di/9ctly ?an 9 ,h4 ,grievii1 & ! second>y xylem1 :i* =ms a mu* broad] cyl9d] ?an 9 ! ,scot* type1 is divid$ by broad m$ull>y rays into *>act]i/ic cuneate masses ea* ( :i* re/s at its base on ! c5trifugal tra*eids ( a leaf-trace /r& ( xylem 7fig4 #dae1 ,b74 ,! mo/ /rik+ di/9ctive feature is af=d$ by ! second>y phloem1 :i* is (t5 pres]v$ 9 wond]ful p]fection2 ?is is unusually ?ick & ow+ to ! tang5tial expansion ( ! pr9cipal m$ull>y rays ! second>y phloem is divid$ into sep>ate masses :i* decrease 9 bread? t[>ds ! ext]nal arcs ( prim>y phloem4 ,! triangul> =m ( ! phloem rays1 compos$ ( tang5tially /ret*$ p>5*yma1 sugge/$ ! specific "n tiliaeoides on acc\nt ( _! /rik+ resemblance to ! rays ( ,tilia4 ,! leaf-traces are ne>ly always 9 pairs z !y pass out ?r\gh ! cortex2 !y subsequ5tly divide & appe> z f\r vascul> /r&s 9 ! petiole4 ,! portion ( /em reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dae1 ,b1 #h mm4 broad1 %[s cle>ly ! sep>ation ( ! second>y xylem & phloem into w$ge-%ap$ gr\ps3 9 ea* gr\p !re are sev]al n>r[ m$ull>y rays4 ,! extra/el> tissues are repres5t$ by a few fragm5ts only4 ,sev]al lay]s ( cru%$ p]id]m occur 9 ! p]icyclic region b ! m ext]nal tissues h be5 almo/ completely exfoliat$#bbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dae4 ,a1 ,b1 ,het]angium4 ,a1 ,h4 ,grievii1 a1 leaf-traces4 ,b1 ,h4 tiliaeoides4 ,c1 root ( ,lyg9opt]is4 7,a1 ,b1 ,kid/on ,coll41 #ebi1 #bid2 ,c1 ,williamson ,coll41 #afca47 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,het]angium ,lomaxi1 ! ,engli% type orig9ally includ$ by ,williamson 9 ,het]angium ,grievii4 ,! provisional species ,het]angium cyl9dricum ,williamson & ,scott#bbg diff]s1 z ,scott says1 9 no important respect f ,h4 ,lomaxi & %\ld n be reta9$4 ,a new species1 ,h4 m9imum ,scott#bbh1 has be5 f\nd$ on a v small /em f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,dulesgate 9 :i* ! leaf-traces leave ! /ele z s+le bundles z 9 ! ,scot* ,h4 ,grievii4 ,! ,fr5* species ,het]angium ,du*>trei#bbi ,r54 f ,p]mian rocks 0 orig9ally ref]r$ by ,r5ault to ! g5us ,poroxylon3 x is repres5t$ by little m ?an ! xylem ( ! /ele & be>s a close resemblance to ,h4 tiliaeoides4 ,het]angium punctatum ,r54 & ,h4 ,r5aulti#bcj 7,brongn47 also f ! ,p]mian ( ,france 7 orig9ally plac$ 9 ! g5us ,lycopodium & aft]w>ds recognis$ z /ems ( ,het]angium4 ,a f\r? ,fr5* ,p]mian species1 ,h4 bibract5se#bca1 is peculi> 9 ! possession ( a v small prim>y /ele encircl$ by deep w$ges ( second>y xylem1 b )\t m in=mation x is impossible to speak ) confid5ce z to its sy/ematic position4 ,kub>t#bcb has rec5tly publi%$ brief descriptions ( "s /ems f ! ,o/rau] coal-bas9 9 ,moravia all ( :i* he reg>ds z specifically di/9ct f ! ,engli% types4 ,9 ,het]angium ,/uri ! prim>y xylem is almo/ ex>* & ! p]iph]al xylem gr\ps are n v cle>ly def9$3 9 ,h4 alatum1 s call$ f ! pres5ce ( lat]al w+s on ! petioles1 ! leaf-trace /r&s are m %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! re/ ( ! /ele4 ,h4 poly/i*um is a simil> type1 & ,h4 ,&rei1 ) a relatively l>g] am\nt ( p>5*yma 9 ! /ele & ?ick] /ems =ms an additional l9k betwe5 ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is#bcc4 ,pr(4 ,johnson#bcd has describ$ a species ( ,het]angium1 ,h4 hib]nicum1 f ,upp] ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ,co4 ,cork1 ,irel&1 bas$ on "s impressions ( frond fragm5ts )\t any p9nules4 ,! occurr5ce ( num]\s transv]se /riae on ! ra*is & lat]al bran*es sugge/s comp>ison ) ,het]angium fronds1 b an exam9ation ( ! specim5s l$ me to suspect t "s at lea/ ( ! /riae are cracks & n orig9al features4 ,! pres5ce ( spur-l app5dages f ! l[] surface ( ! p9nae ne> _! orig9 f ! ra*is is record$ z a peculi> "*1 & "s obscure oval bodies1 ! nature ( :i* is extremely d\btful1 are consid]$ to be se$s4 ,! imp]fection ( ! mat]ial h>dly ju/ifies ! in/itution ( a new species ( ,het]angium4 ,het]angium ranges f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s to ! ,p]mian /rata & is ?us old] ?an ,lyg9opt]is :i* 9 ! =m ( petrifi$ /ems is n record$ f ! ,l[] b$s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,het]angium has be5 describ$ z hav+ a #8great prepond]ance ( f]n-l *>act]s1' b hav+ reg>d to ! resemblance ( ! prim>y xylem ( ! latt] to t ( ! ,osmundaceae x w\ld seem d\btful :e!r 9 _! relation to ! ,f]ns !re is any important diff]5ce4 ,het]angium may safely be spok5 ( z ! m primitive g5us4 ,! polydesmic "* ( ! petioles ( mo/ species is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z x br+s ! g5us ne>] to ! ,m$ulloseae & to ,rhet9angium#bce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,ii4 ,,m$ulloseae4 ,! t]m ,m$ulloseae 0 fir/ employ$ by ,goepp]t & ,/5zel#bcf = a family ( ,palaeozoic plants t appe>s to h rea*$ its maximum developm5t 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod3 ! olde/ repres5tatives s f> discov]$ are ( ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,our k ( ! family is *iefly d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( /ems1 & x is !re=e on ?is basis t any gr\p+ ( g5]a or species %\ld be attempt$4 ,al?\gh !re is little in=mation ) reg>d to ! reproductive organs ( ,m$ullosa1 ! type-g5us1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,m$ulloseae are ,pt]idosp]ms diff]+ f memb]s ( t gr\p includ$ 9 ! ,lyg9opt]ideae 9 ! pres5ce ( m ?an "o /ele 9 ! /em1 9 ! habit ( ! fronds1 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! ra*is1 z also 9 ! /ructure ( ! se$s1 ?\gh ^! organs be> a fairly close resemblance to ! se$s ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium4 ,! fronds ( ! ,lyg9opt]ideae are ( ! ,sph5opt]is type :ile 9 ! case ( su* species ( ,m$ullosa z af=d evid5ce ( connexion betwe5 /ems & leaves ! latt] h ! *>act]s ( ,neuropt]is1 ,ale?opt]is1 ,odontopt]is1 ,l9opt]is1 & o!r =m-g5]a usually includ$ 9 ! ,neuropt]ideae4 ,dr ,lotsy#bcg speaks ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium z memb]s ( ! ,sph5opt]idophylla & assigns species ( ,m$ullosa ei!r to ! ,neuropt]idophylla or to ! ,pecopt]idophylla1 ! latt] subdivision includ+ species ) fronds ( ! ,ale?opt]is type4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little d\bt t o!r =ms ( leaves1 su* z ,odontopt]is & possibly ,ta5iopt]is1 7 borne on ,m$ullosan /ems4 ,x is undesirable except 9 ! abs5ce ( m tru/wor?y crit]ia to make use ( s protean a feature z leaf-=m z a basis ( classification4 ,! "n ,neuropt]ideae has be5 frequ5tly employ$ = ,pt]idosp]ms o!r ?an ! ,lyg9opt]ideae on ! gr\nd t ! foliage ( ,m$ullosa is repres5t$ by species assign$ to =m-g5]a includ$ 9 ! ,neuropt]ideae4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pref]able to re/rict ! family-"n ,neuropt]ideae to fronds & to speak ( ! second family ( ,pt]idosp]ms z ! ,m$ulloseae1 includ+ ! g5]a ,m$ullosa1 ,sutcliffia1 & ,rhexoxylon4 ,,m$ullosa4 ,"s species ( ,m$ullosa probably resembl$ 9 habit ,angiopt]is evecta & ! l>g] ,m>attias2 !y _h %ort & relatively ?ick /ems clo!d ) ! l>ge decurr5t bases ( long comp\nd fronds sup]ficially l ^? ( "s rec5t ,f]ns & ! leaves ( ! ,cycad ,b[5ia4 ,x is probable t1 z ,zeill]#bch has po9t$ out1 ! fronds ( ,m$ullosa & ( o!r ,pt]idosp]ms _h a great] t5d5cy ?an ^? ( true ,f]ns to a di*otomy ( ! ra*is4 ,9 o!r types ! /ems rea*$ a consid]able l5g? & leaves & bran*es 7 sep>at$ by sev]al feet ( b>e /em4 ,! l>ge size ( ! leaf-/alks 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! /em z %[n by su* species z ,m$ullosa anglica & ,m4 ,leuck>ti 7fig4 #daf7 sugge/s ei!r a %ort & ?ick ma9 axis or1 9 ! case ( long /ems be>+ scatt]$ leaves1 a plant t support$ itself p>tially at lea/ by a habit ( gr[? comp>able ) t ( tropical ,aroids or o!r lianes4 ,:ile ,m$ullosa anglica ) its contigu\s leaf-bases af=ds an example ( ! fir/ type1 ! occurr5ce ( /ems ( a ,p]mian species1 ,m4 /ellata1 #c metres long )\t bran*es or leaf-sc>s1 sugge/s ! habit ( a liane2 simil>ly a specim5 ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti 9 ! ,*emnitz ,museum be>+ a few spread+ petioles b little n>r[] ?an ! /em & giv5 (f at a wide angle w\ld seem to fav\r ! view t "s species 7 ill adapt$ to be me*anically self-support+ plants4 ,! longe/ piece ( /em t has come "u my notice is a specim5 ( ,m4 /ellata 9 ! ,*emnitz ,museum rea*+ a l5g? ( ne>ly #h metres3 "s species atta9$ a diamet] ( ab\t #ej c5timetres4 ,m$ullosa is always poly/elic3 ! plan ( ! vascul> sy/em v>ies consid]ably z reg>ds bo? ! numb] & =m ( ! /eles1 b !re is a uni=m type ( /ructure )9 ! limits ( ea* /ele t recalls ! s+le /ele ( ,het]angium4 ,! /eles consi/ ( a c5tral region compos$ ( prim>y xylem1 orig9ally surr\nd$ by phloem1 :i* 9 its mes>* or ex>* /ructure agrees ) ! vascul> tissue ( "s species ( ,glei*5ia or ,lygodium4 ,to ?is c5tral region a cambium add$ second>y xylem & phloem ei!r 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d] ( uni=m bread?1 or m frequ5tly ! c5trifugally develop$ xylem exce$$ 9 am\nt ! second>y conduct+ tissue add$ to ! inn] side ( ! prim>y region4 ,ap>t f anatomical details a ,m$ullosan /em ) its sev]al /eles1 ea* ) second>y tissue1 emb$d$ 9 p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue resembles ! /ems ( "s ,dicotyl$on\s climb]s su* z ,?9\ia sc&5s1 species ( ,s]jania & ,paull9ia#bci4 ,anatomically ! ma9 features ( ! /el> sy/em ( ,m$ullosa1 neglect+ ! second>y xylem & phloem1 are 9 clos] agreem5t ) ! /ems ( ,f]ns ?an ) ^? ( any o!r plants4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! g5us ,het]angium be>s a close resemblance to ,glei*5ia 9 ! /ructure ( ! prim>y /ele 7fig4 #dah1 ,c73 "o ( ! olde/ types ( ,m$ullosa1 ,m4 anglica1 may be describ$ z a ,het]angium ) ?ree /eles & may be comp>$ ) a dictyo/elic ,f]n 9 :i* ! irregul> vascul> framework is made up ( ?ree ma9 /r&s4 ,9 c]ta9 types ( ,m$ullosa 7fig4 #daf7 ! gr\nd-plan ( ! vascul> sy/em recalls t ( a sol5o/elic ,f]n1 :ile 9 o!rs ! great] complexity sugge/s comp>ison ) su* ,f]ns z ,matonia1 ,angiopt]is1 ,ps>onius1 or ,cya!a2 #8x is z ?\gh ,nature 7 at ! ,c>bonif]\s mom5t 9 ! mid/ ( a s]ies ( amaz+ eng9e]+ exp]im5ts1 mo/ ( :i* 7 ei!r buri$ deep 9 ,palaeozoic oblivion1 or p]mitt$ to survive only z ve/igial relics & atavi/ic gho/s'#bdj4 ,?\gh _m ,m$ullosae resemble ,f]ns !re is an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gr\ps 9 ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s plans ( ,m$ullosan /el> sy/ems3 9 ,f]ns ! leaf is ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! evolution ( /el> arrangem5t1 :ile 9 ,m$ullosa ! occasional int]ruption ( a sol5o/ele or ! developm5t ( an app>5tly complex dictyo/ele are features indep5d5t ( ! leaf & leaf-traces4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y xylem & phloem & 9 root-/ructure ,m$ullosa agrees ) rec5t ,cycads4 ,! g5us is 9 %ort a g5]alis$ type ) filic9ean & cycadean aff9ities4 ,9 ! possession ( se$s borne on modifi$ p9nae ( comp\nd fronds1 ,m$ullosa resembles bo? ,cycas & ! ,lyg9opt]ideae4 ,! se$s exhibit a fairly close agreem5t ) ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is1 ,het]angium & rec5t ,cycads1 b !y appe> to h advanc$ fur!r t[>ds ! cycadean type ?an is ! case ) ! closely relat$ se$s ( ! ,lyg9opt]ideae4 ,! microsporophylls are v imp]fectly kn[n b !y 7 und\bt$ly mu* less advanc$ & m f]n-l ?an ! megasporophylls4 ,! g5us ,m$ullosa is record$ f ! ,p]mian /rata ( ,saxony1 ,france1 & ,bohemia#bda2 also f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,engl&1 & ! discov]y ( petrifi$ petioles ( ,myeloxylon1 ! type borne on ,m$ullosan /ems 9 ,european species1 may be tak5 z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! g5us 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod#bdb4 ,! "n ,m$ullosa 0 appli$ by ,cotta#bdc to ?ree types1 ,m$ullosa elegans1 ,m4 /ellata1 & ,m4 porosa1 f ! ,ro?lieg5de ( ! ,*emnitz di/rict4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 recognis$ by ,brongni>t#bdd z a di/9ct g5us = :i* he propos$ ! designation ,myeloxylon & ?is 0 aft]w>ds id5tifi$ by ,r5ault1 ,williamson1 & o!r palaeobotani/s z a petiole & n a /em4 ,fur!r ref]5ce is made to ,myeloxylon on a lat] page4 ,cotta spoke ( ,m$ullosa z ! mo/ puzzl+ ( ! g5]a dealt ) 9 8 #8,d5droli!n1' & 9 spite ( ! _m additions to our k ! position ( ?is ,palaeozoic g5us is /ill a f]tile s\rce ( speculation4 ,! g5]ic designation ,m$ullosa is appli$ to /ems1 ) or )\t petioles2 petioles or ra*ises ( fronds t frequ5tly occur ap>t f /ems are ref]r$ to ! g5us ,myeloxylon4 ,! leaves ( ,m$ullosa include sev]al well-kn[n species ( ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian g5]a su* z ,ale?opt]is1 ,neuropt]is & o!rs t h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 transf]r$ f ! ,filicales to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,9 a few in/ances se$s h be5 f\nd 9 organic connexion ) ,m$ullosan foliage1 & !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,trigonoc>pus1 "s =ms ( ,rhabdoc>pus1 ,pa*yte/a1 & o!r se$s repres5t ! integum5t$ megasporangia ( ,m$ullosa or "s closely alli$ g5us4 ,be=e attempt+ to summ>ise ! sali5t features ( ,m$ullosa a description ( a few select$ types w s]ve to place u 9 a bett] position to consid] ! g5us z a :ole4 ,! ,briti% species are plac$ fir/ on ! gr\nd t !y are bo? geologically ! olde/ ?\gh1 hi/orically1 ! mo/ rec5tly describ$1 repres5tatives ( ! g5us2 & 9 ! organisation ( ! /em !y are simpl] ?an ! cont95tal species4 ,_! resemblance to ,het]angium s]ves to "s ext5t to bridge ! gap betwe5 ! majority ( species ( ,m$ullosa & ! simpl] types ( ,pt]idosp]ms repres5t$ by ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,m$ullosa anglica ,scott#bde4 ,prior to ! discov]y ( ?is species ! g5us ,m$ullosa _h n be5 record$ f ,brita94 ,a section 9 ! ,williamson collection recognis$ by ,scott z t ( a ,m$ullosa _h be5 id5tifi$ by ,williamson z a l>ge ,het]angium /em4 ,an undescrib$ specim5 0 f\nd by ,arb]#bdf 9 ! ,b9ney collection at ,cambridge :i* af=d$ "s additional in=mation z to ! /ructure ( ! roots4 ,! specim5s on :i* ,scott's ?or\gh description is bas$ 7 obta9$ by ,messrs ,wilde & ,lomax f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,! /em ( ?is olde/ species has ! habit ( a tree-f]n & is almo/ completely inve/$ by ! /\t decurr5t bases ( ! petioles ( l>ge spirally dispos$ comp\nd fronds ) a phyllotaxis ( 1 ! leaves ( ! same or?o/i*y be+ sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a v]tical di/ance ( approximately #aj cm4 ,a transv]se section ( a slightly flatt5$ /em is %[n 9 fig4 #daf1 ,a1 ! bases ( ?ree petioles give to x an angul> =m4 ,its dim5sions are approximately #aj #d cm4 ,! gr\nd-tissue ( two ( ! petioles is cont9u\s ) t ( ! /em1 :ile t ( ! ?ird leaf-/alk is cut ?r\gh ne> its sep>ation f ! /em & its adaxial face is already def9$ by a hypod]mal b& ( /]eome1 d4 ,! surface ( ! /em is *>act]is$ by f9e longitud9al ribs caus$ by ! slightly project+ /]eome 9 ! out] cortex1 & f ! n>r[ furr[s betwe5 ! leaf-bases adv5titi\s roots em]ge 9 v]tical s]ies4 ,! position ( an int]foli> furr[ is %[n by a small arr[ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,a4 ,!re are ?ree /eles1 #b-c cm4 #f-aj mm4 9 diamet]3 ea* agrees v closely 9 /ructure ) ! s+le /ele ( ,het]angium4 ,m$ullosa anglica may be describ$ z a poly/elic ,het]angium & z hav+ ! same relation to ,het]angium z reg>ds ! /el> sy/em z ,primula auricula be>s to ! mono/elic ,primula4 ,! c5tral core ( ! /ele 7! black pat*es 9 ! diagram1 fig4 #daf1 ,a7 consi/s ( an ana/omos+ sy/em ( tra*eal gr\ps emb$d$ 9 an irregul> p>5*ymat\s reticulum4 ,! l>ge prim>y tra*eids rea* a diamet] ( #aej & h multis]iate pitt+3 at ! p]iph]y ( ! prim>y xylem !re is a m def9ite gr\p+ ( tra*eids z 9 ,het]angium1 & ! slightly int]nal 7mes>*7 protoxylem elem5ts are associat$ ) scal>i=m & d5sely spiral tra*eids 7fig4 #daf1 ,b1 ,c7 n>r[] ?an ! m int]nal reticulate elem5ts4 ,! second>y xylem is manoxylic z 9 ,cycads1 tra*eids 9 #b-d radial s]ies alt]nat+ ) m$ull>y rays #a-c cells broad & usually ( consid]able dep? 7fig4 #daf1 ,b74 ,! pr9cipal rays are cont9u\s ) ! p>5*ymat\s matrix ( ! c5tral core4 ,?ick-wall$ tubul> elem5ts1 no d\bt ( ! nature ( sieve-tubes1 =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ! phloem4 ,! ?ree /eles occasionally divide & fuse ) "o ano!r4 ,! tissue betwe5 ! /eles is cru%$ & disorganis$ & 9 ! liv+ plant 0 probably small 9 am\nt4 ,9 ! imp]fectly pres]v$ inn] cortical region !re is a s9u\s b& ( second>y p>5*yma 7p]id]m2 fig4 #daf1 ,a1 c7 develop$ f a deep-seat$ phellog52 9 old] /ems ?is =m$ ! sup]ficial tissue aft] ! fall ( ! leaves4 ,!re is no def9ite b\nd>y betwe5 ! cortex ( ! /em & ! petiole-bases except :5 ! hypod]m cuts across ! cortex prep>atory to ! sep>ation ( a leaf-/alk4 ,! /em-cortex & ! gr\nd-tissue ( ! petioles consi/ ( p>5*yma ) num]\s secretory canals1 n sacs only z 9 ,het]angium1 & are abundantly suppli$ ) scatt]$ vascul> bundles ( collat]al & ex>* /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #daf4 ,m$ullosa /ems4 ,a-,c1 ,m$ullosa anglica2 ,a1 transv]se section2 a1 accessory vascul> /r&2 b1 accessory /r& enclos$ by p]id]m2 c1 b& ( p]id]m encircl+ /eles2 d1 scl]5*yma betwe5 leaf & /em4 ,b & ,c1 longitud9al sections4 7,aft] ,scott47 ,d1 ,m$ullosa /ellata2 a1 />-r+s2 p1 #8p>tial pi?4' 7,aft] ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,e1 ,m$ullosa ,solmsi4 7,aft] ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,f1 ,m$ullosa /ellata1 f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,no4 #acgfg74 ,g1 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 cortica2 v1 leaf-bundles4 7,aft] ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,h1 ,i1 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti4 7,aft] ,web] & ,/]zel & ,solms-,lauba*47 ,k1 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 gigantea2 a1 conc5tric /ele2 b1 b1 lat] cyl9d]s ( c5trifugal tissue4 7,adapt$ f ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,l1 ,m$ullosa ,solmsi v>4 lignosa4 ,m1 ,m$ullosa porosa4 7,l1 ,m1 aft] ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,! leaf-traces are furni%$ by ! p]iph]al tra*eal gr\ps at ! free surface ( ! prim>y portion ( ea* /ele3 ea* trace is at fir/ conc5tric & consi/s ( prim>y xylem ) "o or m protoxylem /r&s ne> ! out] surface & is completely or p>tially enclos$ by second>y xylem & phloem4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its passage to ! leaf a leaf-trace loses its second>y tissues1 :i* 7 add$ by ! cambium dur+ ! trav]se ( ! zone ( second>y wood1 & divides into small collat]al bundles consi/+ ma9ly ( spiral & scal>i=m tra*eids4 ,! collat]al bundles accompani$ by "s n>r[ fibres are ( ! ,myeloxylon type 7fig4 #dbj71 ! xylem be+ :olly c5tripetal4 ,9 ! behavi\r ( ! leaf-traces & 9 ! vascul> sy/em ( ! petioles ,m$ullosa diff]s f ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,ea* leaf-base is suppli$ by sets ( vascul> /r&s :i* pass into x f ! /em at diff]5t levels2 a l>ge leaf-base rea*+ #d cm4 9 diamet] receives z _m z #gj-hj bundles4 ,! hypod]m is l t fir/ describ$ 9 ! ,fr5* species ,myeloxylon ,l&riotii#bdg & (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,sp>ganum type ( hypod]m4 ,! bran*+ ( ! ra*ises po9ts to a comp\nd frond1 & ! occurr5ce ( num]\s l9e> p9nules ) revolute m>g9s 7fig4 #dbj1 ,d7 9 association ) ! /em sugge/s t ! ultimate segm5ts 7 ( ! ,ale?opt]is =m4 ,?is inf]5ce receives confirmation f ! occurr5ce ( petrifi$ specim5s ( und\bt$ ,ale?opt]is ra*ises ) ! /ructure ( ,myeloxylon4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! leaves borne on ! /ems ( ,m$ullosa anglica are ^? long kn[n z ,ale?opt]is lon*itica 7,vol4 ii4 ,a1 p4 #eec1 fig4 #cfd74 ,an int]e/+ feature 9 ! /ems is ! occurr5ce ( cortical vascul> /r&s 7fig4 #daf1 ,a1 a1 b71 rea*+ a diamet] ( #g mm41 conta9+ scatt]$ tra*eids 9 a p>5*ymat\s core surr\nd$ by second>y xylem & phloem4 ,^! caul9e bundles are almo/ id5tical bo? 9 /ructure & di/ribution ) ! accessory /eles 9 ! /em ( a rec5t ,cycas1 & ! agreem5t is emphasis$ by ! pres5ce ( %ort squ>e-end$ tra*eids 9 ! prim>y xylem4 ,! roots bran* freely & may atta9 a diamet] ( m ?an #a cm43 !y are g5]ally tri>* & ! triangul> prim>y xylem is enclos$ by second>y xylem except opposite ! protoxylem4 ,! cortex is l t ( ,lyg9opt]is roots & a conspicu\s d\ble lay] ( sup]ficial tissue is ano!r feature common to bo? 7cf4 fig4 #daj74 ,! exceptionally well pres]v$ specim5s describ$ by ,arb]#bdh %[ v cle>ly ! ?ick zone ( p]id]m :i* =ms ! cov]+ ( old] roots1 & 9 "s ( ! sieve-tubes gr\ps ( d>k br[n pat*es %[ ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! sieve-plates4 ,reproductive organs4 ,we h z yet no precise in=mation 9 reg>d to ! reproductive organs ( ,m$ullosa anglica1 b !re c be little or no d\bt t ! fronds bore se$s t h long be5 kn[n "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,trigonoc>pus4 ,_m ye>s ago ,mr ,hem+way notic$ ! almo/ con/ant association ( ! fronds ( ,ale?opt]is lon*itica ) ,trigonoc>pus1 & ,dr ,kid/on's discov]y#bdi ( se$-be>+ ,neuropt]is p9nae consid]ably /r5g!n$ ! evid5ce d]iv$ f m]e association4 ,! /ructure ( ,trigonoc>pus is describ$ lat] 7p4 #aag7 9 a section devot$ to reproductive organs attribut$ to ,m$ullosa4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! microspore-be>+ organs4 ,:ile 9 ! /ructure ( ea* ( ! /eles ,m$ullosa anglica agrees v closely ) ,het]angium1 x diff]s f t g5us 9 ! pres5ce ( ?ree /eles & 9 ! /ructure ( ! petioles :i* are mu* less f]n-l ?an ! simpl] petioles ( ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,f ! cont95tal species ! ,briti% species is di/+ui%$ by its simpl] /el> sy/em1 ?\gh !re is a close correspond5ce z reg>ds individual /eles4 ,m$ullosa pusilla ,scott4 ,?is species1 briefly ref]r$ to by ,scott 9 #aijibej & fully describ$ 9 a rec5t pap]#bea1 is f\nd$ on mat]ial f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,colne1 ,lanca%ire4 ,x agrees 9 ess5tial features ) ,m$ullosa anglica1 b diff]s 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ! l9e> dim5sions ( ! /em are ab\t "o qu>t] ^? ( a typical /em ( ! old] species2 ! leaf-traces possess little or no second>y xylem & ! relatively l>ge decurr5t leaf-bases h a n>r[] & simpl] hypod]m4 ,! /em has a tri-/el> vascul> sy/em enclos$ 9 a r+ ( int]nal p]id]m1 & ea* /ele 7#c mm4 9 diamet]7 consi/s ( a r\ghly triangul> /r& ( reticulate tra*eids & a small am\nt ( scatt]$ p>5*yma4 ,! protoxylem is ei!r ex>* or1 z 9 ,m4 anglica1 mes>*1 ! exact position be+ difficult to det]m9e 9 ! available mat]ial4 ,! second>y xylem closely resembles t ( ,m4 anglica4 ,scott sugge/s ! possibility t ,ale?opt]is decurr5s may be ! foliage ( ,m$ullosa pusilla4 ,x is possible t !re is no specific diff]5ce betwe5 ,m4 pusilla & ,m4 anglica1 b on ! pres5t evid5ce ! employm5t ( a di/9ctive "n is desirable4 ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis de ,fra9e4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ by ,miss de ,fra9e#beb on a petrifi$ /em f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,! maximum diamet] ( ! flatt5$ /em includ+ f\r decurr5t leaf-bases is #e cm4 ,! vascul> sy/em consi/s ( an out] gr\p ( f\r /eles1 r$uc$ to ?ree by fusion 9 ! upp] "p ( ! specim51 enclos+ a c5tral small] /ele or />-r+ 7fig4 #dag74 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ! />-r+ t di/+ui%es ?is type f ! o!r two ,briti% species & =ms a connect+ l9k ) c]ta9 cont95tal ,m$ullosae4 ,! p]iph]al /eles agree ) ! /eles ( ,m4 anglica b1 z 9 ,m4 pusilla1 !re is "s d\bt z to ! ex>* or mes>* position ( ! protoxylem4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! xylem ! c5tral /ele con=ms to ! re/ ( ! vascul> sy/em & a /r& ( protoxylem is pres]v$ t is almo/ c]ta9ly ex>*4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! p]iph]al /eles occasionally ana/omose1 b ! c5tral /ele foll[s an indep5d5t c\rse at lea/ 9 ! piece ( /em exam9$4 ,leaf-traces are furni%$ by ! prim>y xylem ( ! out] /eles1 & !y appe> to be )\t second>y tra*eids z 9 ,m4 pusilla4 ,a zone ( second>y cortex encloses ! vascul> sy/em z 9 ! o!r ,briti% /ems3 x is po9t$ out by ,miss de ,fra9e#bec t ?is tissue1 usually describ$ z a deep-seat$ p]id]m1 mu/ h diff]$ f cork 9 t !re is no sign ( dry+ up or decay 9 ! tissues ext]nal to x4 ,! leaf-bases are ( ! usual ,myeloxylon type4 ,9 size ?is species is int]m$iate betwe5 ,m$ullosa anglica & ,m4 pusilla4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dag4 ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis4 ,transv]se section %[+ ! deep-seat$ #8p]id]m' 7brok5 l9e7 surr\nd+ f\r /eles4 7,aft] de ,fra9e47 ,m$ullosa /ellata ,cotta4 ,cotta#bed describ$ ,m$ullosa /ellata z a /em *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( sev]al _m-ray$ /ellate columns 7#8viel/rahlige ,/]nsule'7 9 a pi? enclos$ by a d\ble cyl9d] ( second>y xylem4 ,! s-call$ pi? is ! c5tral gr\nd-tissue ( ! /em & ! d\ble #8/riat$ r+' ( ,cotta is a cyl9drical /ele id5tical 9 /ructure ) ea* ( ! /eles ( ,m$ullosa anglica b hav+ a tubul> =m in/ead ( =m+ a relatively broad & %ort b& 7cf4 fig4 #daf1 ,d & ,a74 ,goepp]t#bee 9 8 ,p]mian ,flora gave a detail$ acc\nt ( ! species1 "s ( 8 sections be+ cut f ,cotta's mat]ial1 & by ! employm5t ( v>ietal epi!ts emphasis$ ! range ( v>iation )9 ! limits ( ! type4 ,goepp]t & ,/5zel#bef &1 sev]al ye>s lat]1 ,web] & ,/]zel#beg adopt$ ! same plan z a conv5i5t me?od ( draw+ att5tion to diff]5ces 9 anatomical *>act]s4 ,z ,s*5k#beh po9t$ out1 !re is a consid]able risk 9 ! case ( small pieces ( /ems ( atta*+ excessive importance to /ructural v>iations1 & x is by no means improbable1 z he said1 t diff]5ces :i* are ! expression ( /ates ( pres]vation or /ages 9 developm5t h be5 incorrectly reg>d$ z di/+ui%+ m>ks ( individual plants4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t to recognise "s ( ! m /rik+ deviations f ! type-species by speak+ ( ! diff]5t =ms z v>ieties ?\gh1 z ,web] & ,/]zel fully admit1 su* v>ieties & ev5 "s ( ! species mu/ be look$ ^u z provisional4 ,web] & ,/]zel give expression to ! provisional nature ( _! gr\p+ by classify+ ! species ) _! v>ieties into =m-cycles4 ,"u ! =m-cycle ,m$ullosa /ellata five m or less well def9$ =ms are recognis$1 ! type-species be+ ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 typica#bei4 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 typica4 ,"p ( a transv]se section ( a cyl9drical /em is repres5t$ diagrammatically 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d4 ,v little ( ! cortex is pres]v$3 a p>5*ymat\s axial region ) scatt]$ secretory canals conta9s f\r oval or cyl9drical vascul> /eles1 ! /ellate columns ( ,cotta or />-r+s ( lat] au?ors4 ,^! are ( ! same nature z ! small c5tral /ele 9 ! ,engli% ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis4 ,! c5tral region ( ! /em 9 ?is specim5 is completely surr\nd$ by a n>r[ cyl9d] ( inv]sely ori5tat$ second>y xylem & phloem 7fig4 #daf1 ,d71 ! phloem be+ on ! inn] side ( ! xylem4 ,beyond ! xylem is a p>5*ymat\s b& conta9+ scatt]$ gr\ps ( prim>y xylem tra*eids ) spiral1 scal>i=m1 & reticulate pitt+1 & ?is zone1 :i* is usually designat$ ! #8p>tial pi?1' is succe$$ by a second & broad]1 normally ori5tat$1 cyl9d] ( second>y xylem & phloem4 ,9 ?is section ! two conc5tric cyl9d]s sep>at$ by ! p>tial pi? =m a sol5o/ele l t ( sev]al rec5t ,f]ns except 9 ! pres5ce ( second>y tissue4 ,! t]m #8p>tial pi?' appli$ to ! tissue betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s ( second>y tissue is mislead+3 ?is tissue 7fig4 #daf1 ,d1 p7 is ! prim>y xylem ( ! /ele & is homolog\s ) ! prim>y portion ( ! /ele ( ,het]angium & ( ! /eles ( ,m4 anglica4 ,9 _m sections ! cont9uity ( ! tubul> /ele is brok54 ,9 a section 9 ! ,briti% ,museum cut f "o ( ,cotta's specim5s#bfj1 #f #ce cm4 9 diamet] to ! out] edge ( ! vascul> tissue1 ! cyl9drical /ele is int]rupt$ at two places4 ,an example ( ! int]rupt$ type ( /ele is %[n 9 fig4 #daf1 ,f1 & 9 fig4 #daf1 ,h3 ! latt] belongs to a di/9ct species4 ,! complete type ( cyl9drical /ele is exceptional & occurs occasionally at diff]5t levels 9 ! /em4 ,an important po9t is t ! frequ5t breaks 9 ! cyl9d] are n connect$ ) ! exit ( leaf-traces & d n1 !re=e1 correspond to ! foli> gaps 9 ! sol5o/ele or dictyo/ele ( a ,f]n4 ,! second>y xylem is ( ! cycadean type 7fig4 #dah1 ,b1 ,d7 l t ( ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is & sev]al o!r /ems4 ,ea* ( ! />-r+s 9 ! axial region consi/s ( a p>5*ymat\s core ) scatt]$ prim>y tra*eids enclos$ by second>y vascul> tissue 7fig4 #dah1 ,b74 ,! />-r+ %[n 9 fig4 #dah1 ,b1 f a ,*emnitz /em illu/rates ! *>act]i/ic cycadean "* ( ! second>y xylem ) broad m$ull>y rays3 "s ( ! inn]mo/ elem5ts are 9 contact ) ! prim>y tra*eids4 ,! phloem is r5d]$ conspicu\s by ! black cont5ts 9 "s ( ! elem5ts4 ,bo? ! />-r+s & ! l>g] p]iph]al /eles are con/ruct$ on ! same plan & agree ) ! /eles ( ,m4 anglica4 ,! />-r+s occasionally bran* & ana/omose ) "o ano!r & ) ! encircl+ /ele4 ,! />-r+ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d at a is ab\t to give (f a small /r&4 ,leaf-traces are furni%$ by ! prim>y xylem at ! edge ( ! #8p>tial pi?' ( ! out] /ele3 z a leaf-trace passes outw>ds ?r\gh ! out] cyl9d] ( second>y xylem ! cambium inve/s x ) second>y xylem & phloem1 b z x passes ?r\gh ! cortex ( ! /em x becomes r$uc$ to its prim>y elem5ts1 & by successive bran*+ gives rise to small collat]al bundles :i* ent] ! petioles4 ,! piece ( /em %[n 9 fig4 #daf1 ,g1 illu/rates ! exit ( leaf-traces f ! /ele & _! subsequ5t division into sev]al small bundles1 v1 :i* are scatt]$ 9 ! cortex ) /r&s ( scl]5*yma4 ,9 a specim5 id5tifi$ ) ,m$ullosa /ellata1 ,s*5k#bfa f\nd "p ( a leaf-base atta*$ to ! /em3 its vascul> sy/em 0 ( ! ,myeloxylon type1 ! bundles be+ id5tical ) ^? 9 ! cortex ( ! /em se5 9 fig4 #daf1 ,g4 ,9 "s /ems ( ,m4 /ellata ! out]1 c5trifugally develop$1 portion ( ! ma9 /ele is v mu* broad] ?an 9 ! example repres5t$ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d4 ,! diagrammatic sket* reproduc$ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,f1 repres5ts a section ( a ,*emnitz specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#bfb 9 :i* ! axial region conta9+ sev]al />-r+s is almo/ enclos$ by an inn] zone ( second>y xylem1 & beyond ! n>r[ prim>y xylem 7black 9 ! sket*7 ! re/ ( ! block consi/s exclusively ( second>y xylem #ee cm4 broad4 ,?is example illu/rates a common t5d5cy 9 ,m$ullosa t[>ds a l>ge excess ( c5trifugal ov] c5tripetal second>y vascul> tissue4 ,a simil> specim5 ( ,m$ullosa /ellata is figur$ by ,m\geot#bfc f ! ,vosges %[+ a consid]able developm5t ( c5trifugal xylem comp>able ) t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum /em4 ,web] & ,/]zel#bfd describe /ems ( ,m$ullosa /ellata %[+ slight p]iodic swell+s :i* x is sugge/$1 ?\gh !re is no evid5ce 9 support ( ! op9ion1 may be connect$ ) reproductive organs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 corticata#bfe4 ,! specim5 ref]r$ to ?is v>iety1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,g1 has already be5 quot$ z af=d+ data ) reg>d to ! orig9 & behavi\r ( ! leaf-traces4 ,9 ?is type ( /em ! out] portion ( ! ma9 /ele is n>r[] ?an 9 ,m4 /ellata v>4 typica & ! /ele nev] =ms a complete tube4 ,! />-r+s 9 ! c5tre ( ! /em are m num]\s ?an 9 ! type-species ( ! g5us4 ,9 ! axial region ( "s /ems includ$ 9 ! =m-cycle to :i* ,m4 /ellata belongs !re may be flatt] & tang5tially elongat$ vascul> /r&s 9 addition to ! cyl9drical />-r+s2 ^! are t]m$ plate-r+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 lignosa#bff ! out] xylem rea*es a bread? ( #d cm4 & ! />-r+s are r$uc$ to "o4 ,! =m ,m4 /ellata v>4 gigantea#bfg 7fig4 #daf1 ,k7 is ( special int]e/ z an example ( a /em rea*+ a diamet] ( ne>ly #ej cm4 & hav+ z _m z #dc l>ge & small />-r+s 9 ! axial region4 ,a l>ge tubul> /ele l t ( ! type-species 7fig4 #daf1 ,d7 surr\nds ! c5tral region1 b 9 ?is =m ! cyl9drical /ele a is succe$$ by conc5tric cyl9d]s ( normally ori5tat$ xylem & phloem 7fig4 #daf1 ,k1 bb7 produc$ by successive cambiums ei!r cortical or p]icyclic 9 orig94 ,?is type ( /em pres5ts a /rik+ resemblance to /ems ( ,cycas & ,macrozamia except 9 ! possession ( a d\ble cyl9drical /ele consi/+ ( bo? c5tripetal & c5trifugal second>y xylem & phloem sep>at$ by a zone ( prim>y xylem 7p>tial pi?74 ,m$ullosa gigas ,r5ault4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on a piece ( /em f ! ,p]mian ( ,autun#bfh1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( second>y xylem1 :i* ,brongni>t _h previ\sly plac$ 9 8 g5us ,palaeoxylon#bfi4 ,! second>y xylem rea*es a diamet] ( #de-ej cm4 & 9 ! portion ( ! c5tral region pres]v$ !re are a few vascul> /r&s l ! />-r+s ( o!r species4 ,! consid]able developm5t ( second>y xylem indicates a =m ( /em simil> to "s =ms ( ,m4 /ellata 7e4g4 fig4 #daf1 ,f71 b z ! available data are insuffici5t = accurate det]m9ation ,r5ault's specific "n is reta9$4 ,r5ault describes ! int]nal xylem cyl9d] 7i4e4 ! c5tripetal xylem7 z v slightly develop$ or z h>dly visible1 a feature 9 :i* ! ,fr5* specim5 %[s a ne>] approa* to ! /ructure ( a rec5t ,cycad4 ,m$ullosa porosa ,cotta4 ,! second ( ,cotta's species#bgj1 :i* has be5 fully inve/igat$ by ,web] & ,/]zel1 is con/ruct$ on ! same plan z t ( ,m4 /ellata1 b ! /em is di/+ui%$ by ! great] numb] ( />-r+s &1 m especially1 by ! pres5ce ( an out] sy/em ( vascul> /r&s 9 ! axial region 7fig4 #daf1 ,m73 ^! =m a frequ5tly int]rupt$ cyl9d] ( ana/omos+ /r&s *>act]is$ by ! feeble developm5t ( second>y xylem & phloem or by ! abs5ce ( ?is tissue on ! out] face ( ! /r&s4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ?is out] s]ies occasionally fuse ) ! int]nal />-r+s4 ,m$ullosa ,solmsi ,s*5k#bga v>4 typica ,web4 & ,/]4#bgb ,?is type has a l>ge axial region conta9+ sev]al v small />-r+s enclos$ by two conc5tric zones ( sep>ate plate-r+s 7fig4 #daf1 ,e7 ea* consi/+ ( a complete flatt5$ cyl9d] ( second>y xylem & phloem enclos+ prim>y xylem4 ,z ! complete cyl9drical /ele ( ! /em ( ,m$ullosa /ellata %[n 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d1 0 comp>$ ) ! sol5o/ele ( a ,f]n1 s 9 ?is /em 7fig4 #daf1 ,e7 ! vascul> cyl9d] may be comp>$ at lea/ sup]ficially ) a dictyo/ele4 ,f ! inn] circle ( plate-r+s /r&s are giv5 (f 9 ! =m ( />-r+s & ^! pass ?r\gh ! gaps 9 ! out] sy/em1 ev5tually break+ up 9 ! cortex into num]\s collat]al bundles4 ,9 ano!r =m ( ?is species1 v>4 lignosa 7fig4 #daf1 ,l71 ! axial region is enclos$ by a circle ( plate-r+s l ^? 9 ! type-=m1 b ^! are succe$$ by a circle ( v asymmetrically develop$ & l>ge /eles ) ! out] xylem & phloem mu* broad] ?an ! inn]4 ,moreov] 9 ?is =m additional cyl9d]s ( normally ori5tat$ vascul> tissue are add$ z 9 ,m4 /ellata v>4 gigantea & 9 "s rec5t ,cycads4 ,x is notewor?y t ! second>y wood ( ,m$ullosa ,solmsi is r m compact ?an 9 o!r species1 a feature 9 :i* x to "s ext5t agrees ) ! ,s\? ,african g5us ,rhexoxylon4 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti ,goepp]t & ,/5zel4 ,9 ?is species#bgc1 also f ! ,p]mian ( ,saxony1 ! c5tral region includ+ "s />-r+s is surr\nd$ by s9u\s flatt5$ conc5tric /eles 7snake-r+s7 agree+ anatomically ) ! /eles ( o!r species & *>act]is$ by ! comp>atively small bread? ( ! second>y xylem & phloem 7fig4 #daf1 ,h74 ,leaf-traces are giv5 (f1 z 9 ,m4 anglica & o!r species1 f ! out] edge ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,9 "s =ms !re is a s+le set ( snake-r+s2 9 o!rs !re is a d\ble s]ies4 ,fig4 #dah1 ,d1 %[s "p ( ! second>y xylem ( a /ele ( ?is species f ,*emnitz3 ! tra*eids are 9 "s places cont9u\s ) ! prim>y xylem1 & on ! out] edge ( ! second>y wood is a cyl9d] ( phloem4 ,a section ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti figur$ by ,goepp]t & ,/5zel#bgd %[s "s radial r[s ( v ?ick-wall$ elem5ts 9 ! second>y phloem :i* !y describe z ba/ scl]5*yma1 b ,solms-,lauba*#bge believes !m to be sieve-tubes4 ,precisely simil> elem5ts are figur$ by ,scott#bgf 9 ,m4 anglica & z ?is au?or sugge/s ! ?ick walls are probably n an orig9al feature4 ,! /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem is m cle>ly se5 9 fig4 #dah1 ,c1 & ! relation betwe5 prim>y & second>y xylem is %[n 9 fig4 #daf1 ,i1 :]e ! position ( ! protoxylem may be ei!r ex>* or mes>*4 ,! protoxylem is only occasionally recognisable b "s ( ! p]iph]al prim>y tra*eal gr\ps are und\bt$ly mes>*4 ,ext]nal to ! /ele1 a "p ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dah1 ,d1 are /r&s ( /]eome elem5ts & beyond !m a b& ( radially elongat$ cells t may be #8p]id]m'3 /ill f>!r out !re are "s imp]fectly pres]v$ vascul> bundles t are leaf-traces4 ,?is species is important z af=d+ a complete demon/ration ( ! organic connexion betwe5 ! /em & petioles ( ! ,myeloxylon ,l&rioti type :i* indicate t ! fronds 7 probably ,ale?opt]oid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dah4 ,a1 ,myeloxylon radiatum1 "p ( petiole4 ,b1 ,m$ullosa /ellata2 />-r+2 #ad4 ,c1 ,d1 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti2 ,c1 prim>y xylem2 ,d1 "p ( prim>y /el> tissues & second>y xylem & phloem2 #f4 7,a-,d1 ,kid/on ,coll41 #ajad1 #acjg1 #abch47 ,! specim5 on :i* ! diagrammatic draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dai is bas$ has be5 inve/igat$ by ,web] & ,/]zel#bgg & by ,solms-,lauba*#bgh4 ,! figure is a slightly simplifi$ v]sion ( t giv5 by ,web] & ,/]zel2 x repres5ts ! /em ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti z a transp>5t object1 ! two l[] transv]se sections1 ,b & ,c1 be+ se5 9 p]spective ?r\gh ! longitud9al faces4 ,! /eles are %ad$ obliquely 9 ! longitud9al sections1 & 9 ! ?ree transv]se sections1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ! prim>y xylem 7p>tial pi?7 is black & ! enclos+ second>y vascul> tissue radially %ad$4 ,! :ole block is #i cm4 9 l5g? & #f cm4 broad4 ,only a "p ( ! axial region is %[n int]nal to ! p]iph]al snake-r+s & 9 x are ! />-r+s ,s1 ,s1 b1 & c4 ,outside ! ma9 /eles is ! n>r[ cortex ,r & portions ( leaf-bases ,i-,,iv4 ,! l[e/ section1 ,c1 %[s "p ( a p]iph]al snake-r+ ) a slight swell+ at f on its inn] side :i*1 z se5 9 sections ,b & ,a1 =e%ad[s ! sep>ation ( ! />-r+ ,s & ! consequ5t break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! snake-r+ 7d1 e1 sect4 ,b74 ,9 section ,a ! gap is clos$3 9 ! longitud9al section betwe5 ,b & ,a ! />-r+ ,s is se5 to =m two bran*es1 a & b1 ! bran* a clos+ ! gap betwe5 d & e 9 section ,b4 ,^! sections demon/rate ! =mation ( a />-r+ f ! ma9 p]iph]al /ele & ! =mation ( additional />-r+s by bran*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dai4 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti4 ,diagrammatic sket* ( /em %[+ longitud9al & transv]se sections3 = explanation see text4 7,aft] ,web] & ,/]zel47 ,num]\s vascul> bundles de/9$ = ! leaves are scatt]$ 9 ! cortex4 ,! c\rse ( ! decurr5t leaf-base ,i is %[n on ! longitud9al faces1 its b\nd>y be+ m>k$ by cr[d$ /]eome /r&s 7( ! ,myeloxylon ,l&rioti type72 o!r leaf-bases are repres5t$ by ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv4 ,9 habit ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti diff]s f su* a type z ,m4 /ellata 9 its relatively %ort] & /\t] /em & 9 ! %ort] int]nodes4 ,leaves & ,reproductive ,organs4 i4 ,leaves4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t 9 "s cases petioles occur 9 organic connexion ) ,m$ullosan /ems1 notably 9 ,m4 anglica & ,m4 ,leuck>ti3 9 ! exceptionally ri* collection 9 ! ,*emnitz ,museum1 :i* =ms a fitt+ memorial ( ! "w ( ! late ,pr(4 ,/]zel1 !re is a /em ( ,m4 ,leuck>ti be>+ l>ge petioles ( ! type kn[n z ,myeloxylon radiatum4 ,! occurr5ce ( vascul> bundles 9 ! cortex ( o!r species ( /em id5tical ) ^? 9 ! atta*$ petioles po9ts to a uni=m type ( leaf-/ructure s f> z reg>ds ! petioles & ra*ises ( ,m$ullosa4 ,:ile x is cle>ly unnecess>y to di/+ui% by a special g5]ic title ! petrifi$ portions ( fronds kn[n to belong to c]ta9 species ( /ems1 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( deta*$ petioles necessitates "s di/9ctive t]m4 ,! "n employ$ is ,myeloxylon3 ! g5us 0 in/itut$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahdi = ,cotta's species ,m$ullosa elegans ! petiol> nature ( :i* 0 suspect$ by ,b9ney 9 #ahgb4 ,myeloxylon 7,m$ullosan leaf-/alks74 #ahcb4 ,m$ullosa elegans ,cotta4 #ahfe4 ,/5zelia ,goepp]t4 #ahgf4 ,myelopt]is ,r5ault#bgi2 #ahgg1 ,aulacopt]is ,gr&',eury#bhj4 ,!re is a v close agreem5t 9 g5]al anatomical /ructure betwe5 ! num]\s specim5s ( ,myeloxylon f ! ,p]mian /rata ( ,saxony & ,france & ! ,coal ,measures & ,mill/one ,grit ( ,engl&#bha2 ! g5us is also record$ f ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,kansas#bhb4 ,two well-def9$ types in/itut$ by ,r5ault are1 h[ev]1 readily di/+ui%$ by ! =m ( ! hypod]mal /]eome /r&s4 ,myeloxylon may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,oval or cyl9drical bran*$ axes1 rea*+ a diamet] ( #ae cm41 be>+ p9nae hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,ale?opt]is1 ,neuropt]is1 ,odontopt]is1 & "s o!r g5]a t 7 =m]ly class$ z ,f]ns4 ,bel[ a s+le-lay]$ epid]mis1 9 :i* /omata h be5 recognis$1 occur a few lay]s ( p>5*yma3 ?is sup]ficial tissue1 :i* is r>ely pres]v$1 is succe$$ by a hypod]mal region consi/+ ( p>5*ymat\s tissue & num]\s v]tical gr\ps ( n>r[ ?ick-wall$ fibres arrang$ z radial plates or circul>1 oval1 or r5i=m /r&s 7! ,sp>ganum type ( cortex74 ,9 ! hypod]m z 9 ! gr\nd-tissue g5]ally secretory canals1 (t5 accompani$ by /]eome1 are a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! vascul> sy/em is repres5t$ by a consid]able numb] ( collat]al bundles scatt]$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd-tissue & especially abundant 9 ! out] region3 ! bundles sometimes assume a m or less regul> disposition 9 conc5tric circles4 ,ea* bundle consi/s ( a small gr\p ( xylem tra*eids1 = ! mo/ "p spiral or scal>i=m1 ?\gh reticulately pitt$ elem5ts are by no means r>e1 ) a s+le protoxylem gr\p on ! out] face next ! phloem 7fig4 #dbj1 ,b1 ,c74 ,z a rule ! xylem is :olly c5tripetal1 b occasionally ! ex>* /ructure becomes mes>* by ! occurr5ce ( a few c5trifugal tra*eids4 ,! phloem1 r>ely pres]v$ 7fig4 #dbj1 ,b71 consi/s ( n>r[ sieve-tubes ) p>5*yma1 & ! bundle z a :ole is (t5 p>tially enclos$ by a %ea? ( fibres4 ,sup]ficially ! anatomical /ructure is simil> to t ( ! petioles ( ,angiopt]is or ,m>attia1 & bo? ,williamson#bhc & ,r5ault plac$ ,myeloxylon 9 ! ,f]ns2 b ! collat]al =m ( ! vascul> bundles1 ! position ( ! protoxylem1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! hypod]m tissues1 are cycadean features4 ,myeloxylon radiatum 7,r5ault74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbj4 ,a1 ,b1 ,myeloxylon radiatum2 ,a1 petiole nat4 size2 ,b1 vascul> bundle4 ,c1 ,myeloxylon sp4 vascul> bundle2 px1 protoxylem4 ,d1 ,m$ullosa anglica2 section ( p9nule4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,d1 aft] ,scott47 ,?is type is *>act]is$ by ! radially elongat$ /]eome ( ! hypod]m4 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#bhd1 :o has giv5 a v cle> & concise description ( ,myeloxylon1 is dispos$ to reg>d ,cotta's ,m$ullosa elegans z a specifically di/9ct =m on ! gr\nd t !re are two conc5tric zones ( /]eome 9 ! hypod]m2 b ?is feature is %[n only 9 "o ( ,cotta's figures1 & ,web] & ,/]zel#bhe po9t out t a d\bt+ ( ! hypod]m zone may be caus$ by accid5tal juxtaposition ( two fault$ pieces ( p]iph]al tissue4 ,! draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dbj1 ,a1 %[s ! /ructural plan ( an unusually l>ge petiole f ! ,p]mian ( ,autun3 a portion ( ! out] tissue is se5 9 fig4 #dah1 ,a4 ,! vascul> bundle1 fig4 #dbj1 ,c1 f a ,mill/one ,grit specim5#bhf1 %[s ! c5tripetal nature ( ! xylem & fragm5ts ( phloem 9 ! out] half ( ! bundle1 ) imp]fectly pres]v$ fibres abutt+ on ! xylem4 ,! *>act]i/ic hypod]m is %[n also 9 fig4 #dah1 ,a2 ! d\ble xylem /r& on ! left illu/rates a common feature caus$ by ! bran*+ ( vascul> bundles4 ,sev]al secretory canals are scatt]$ 9 ! gr\nd-tissue4 ,! p9nules ( ,myeloxylon radiatum1 or at lea/ ( "s specim5s1 h be5 %[n by ,r5ault to be ( ! ,neuropt]is type4 ,myeloxylon ,l&rioti 7,r5ault7#bhg4 ,9 ?is species ! di/+ui%+ feature is ! occurr5ce ( ! hypod]mal /]eome 9 ! =m ( circul>1 oval1 or r5i=m /r&s 9 place ( ! radial plates ( ,m4 radiatum4 ,x is ?is =m ( petiole t 0 borne by ! /ems ( ,m$ullosa anglica & ,m4 ,leuck>ti4 ,9 ,m4 anglica ! p9nules 7fig4 #dbj1 ,d7 are ( ! ,ale?opt]is type1 almo/ c]ta9ly ,a4 lon*itica4 ,r5ault & ,zeill] h describ$ ,fr5* specim5s ( ,myeloxylon ,l&rioti be>+ p9nules l ^? ( ,ale?opt]is aquil9a & ,a4 ,gr&9i4 ,myeloxylon topek5se 7,p5hall[74 ,! occurr5ce ( ,myeloxylon petioles 9 ! ,new ,_w 0 record$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,p5hall[#bhh :o f\nd$ ?is species on "s imp]fectly petrifi$ specim5s f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata at ,topeka1 ,kansas4 ,en\gh mat]ial 0 available to %[ ! ,myeloxylon *>act]s1 b ! pres]vation is too imp]fect to admit ( a complete diagnosis4 ,! hypod]mal /]eome %[s a t5d5cy to =m tang5tially ext5d$ /r&s 9 place ( ! m circul> or radially elongat$ gr\ps 9 ! ,european species4 ,9 addition to ,ale?opt]is1 ,neuropt]is 7includ+ ,cyclopt]is7 & ,odontopt]is fronds1 :i* are kn[n to possess ra*ises ) ! ,myeloxylon features1 !re is reason to believe t ! ,p]mian ,callipt]is fronds & possibly "s ( ! old] ,ta5iopt]is leaves may also belong to ,m$ullosa#bhi4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unsafe to assume t ! occurr5ce ( ,myeloxylon petioles necess>ily d5otes ! exi/5ce ( ,m$ullosa4 ,! ,fr5* /em ,colpoxylon a$u5se ,brongn4#bij bore leaves ) ! same g5]al anatomical features z ^? ( a typical ,myeloxylon1 & !re c be little d\bt t o!r g5]a ( ! ,m$ulloseae also possess$ fronds con/ruct$ on ! same plan z ^? kn[n to h be5 borne by ,m$ullosa4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( an injur$ organ t _h produc$ a w\nd-cambium is af=d$ by a ,myeloxylon petiole f ! ,coal ,measures describ$ by ,mr ,hold5#bia4 ,reproductive ,organs4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 volume ii4 to ! reasons :i* l$ to ! removal ( sev]al g5]a ( ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian fronds f ! ,filicales to ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 & 9 ,*apt] xxix4 ( ! pres5t volume c]ta9 species ( ,sph5opt]is are describ$ z ! foliage ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium4 ,x is ) su* g5]a z ,neuropt]is1 ,ale?opt]is1 ,l9opt]is & o!rs t we are n[ m especially conc]n$1 z !y repres5t "s ( ! types ( leaves borne by ,m$ullosa & o!r memb]s ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,! abs5ce ( any specim5s among ! l>ge numb] ( ^! common g5]a be>+ und\bt$ sporangia ar\s$ suspicion z to ! correctness ( ! g5]ally accept$ view t ^! f]n-l fossils 7 ! leaves ( ,palaeozoic ,f]ns4 ,subsequ5tly ! suspicion bas$ on negative evid5ce 0 confirm$ by rese>*es into ! anatomical /ructure ( ! leaf-bases1 petioles1 & fragm5ts ( p9nae atta*$ to & associat$ ) /ems ( ,m$ullosa4 ,x is only 9 a few cases t actual organic connexion betwe5 reproductive organs & ,m$ullosan leaves has be5 demon/rat$1 b f su* facts z are e/abli%$ x is safe to make ! g5]al /atem5t t /ems ( ,m$ullosa--a g5]ic t]m t und\bt$ly includes plants :i*1 _h we a full] k ( !m z complete individuals1 w\ld be assign$ to m ?an "o g5]ic type--possess$ fronds simulat+ 9 habit ^? ( c]ta9 ,f]ns ) "s ( ! p9nae be>+ se$s (t5 ( consid]able size & 9 all cases ( complex /ructure1 agree+ 9 _m respects ) ^? ( exi/+ ,cycads1 :ile o!r fronds1 or 9 "s cases x may be o!r p9nae1 bore microsporangia simil> 9 =m to ! sporangia ( ,f]ns4 a4 ,microsporangia4 ,neuropt]is4 ,a4 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla#bib4 ,sev]al examples ( suppos$ f]tile specim5s ( ,neuropt]is are record$ 9 palaeobotanical lit]ature1 b x 0 n until #ahhg t any satisfactory specim5 0 discov]$4 ,9 t ye> ,kid/on#bic describ$ a specim5 ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,scotl& 9 :i* sl5d] =k$ bran*lets be> small bodies at _! tips "s ( :i* appe> to repres5t f\r-valv$ organs 7fig4 #dba1 ,d71 ?\gh ! imp]fect /ate ( pres]vation r5d]s impossible any def9ite pron\ncem5t z to _! /ructure4 ,to ! specim5 are atta*$ a few /]ile p9nules1 %[+ t x is a portion ( a frond ( ,n4 het]ophylla *>act]is$ by ! sub/itution ( reproductive organs = p9nules4 ,! subsequ5t discov]y ( se$s atta*$ to p9nae ( ! same species af=d$ /rong presumptive evid5ce1 almo/ am\nt+ to pro(1 ( ! microsporangial nature ( ! ,scot* specim54 ,= ?is specim51 al?\gh no precise diagnosis is possible1 ,dr ,p4 ,b]tr&#bid has propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,neuro!ca4 ,9 #aiaa ! ,abb ,c>p5ti]#bie describ$ "s small ovoid bodies1 #a-ae mm4 long1 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,france arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( #d to #f & 9 "s cases said to be borne on a sl5d] p$icel :i* he f\nd 9 association ) ,n4 het]ophylla & comp>$ ) sporangia describ$ by ,lesqu]eux f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,arkansas z ,sorocladus /ellata#bif4 ,^! suppos$ microsporangia h rec5tly be5 assign$ by ,b]tr&#big to ,sph5ophyllum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dba4 ,a4 ,potoniea adianti=mis ,zeill4 7v slightly enl>g$74 ,b4 ,microsporangia ( ,potoniea 7enl>g$74 ,c4 ,l9opt]is obliqua2 side-view ( microsporophyll4 ,d4 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla1 p9nules & microsporangia 7874 ,e4 ,l9opt]is obliqua1 surface-view ( microsporophyll4 7,a1 ,c1 ,e1 aft] ,p4 ,b]tr&2 ,b1 aft] ,c>p5ti]2 ,d1 aft] ,kid/on47 ,b4 ,neuropt]is gigantea1 etc4 ,potoniea1 ,zeill]4 ,9 #ahii ,zeill]#bih in/itut$ ! "n ,potoniea = "s peculi> f]tile leaves f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,h]aclea consi/+ ( a bran*$ axis ) cuneate segm5ts1 #g-aj #f-h mm41 be>+ num]\s fusi=m bodies1 #a-ae mm4 long1 at ! upp] edge 7fig4 #dba1 ,a74 ,^! m>g9al bodies he reg>d$ z sporangia & express$ ! op9ion t ,potoniea may be ! fructification ( "s =m ( ,neuropt]is1 ,m>iopt]is or ,ale?opt]is4 ,c>p5ti]#bii aft]w>ds describ$ simil> ?\gh r l>g] examples f ! ,pas-de-,calais coal-field z microsporophyll fragm5ts ( "s ,pt]idosp]m3 he /at$ t simil> specim5s _h be5 f\nd by ,kid/on 9 ,engl&4 ,9 a lat] "w ,c>p5ti]#cjj describ$ ! sporangia z cr[d$ 9 gr\ps 7fig4 #dba1 ,b7 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ?ick lam9a ( ,potoniea1 & he connect$ ! f]tile segm5ts ) ,neuropt]is gigantea1 ,n4 pseudogigantea ,pot4 & ,l9opt]is obliqua 7,bunb474 ,simil> specim5s are said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,holl& & ,silesia4 ,b]tr&#cja also records ! association ( ,potoniea ) ,neuropt]is gigantea & ,n4 pseudogigantea3 he describes "s specim5s z belong+ to ,n4 gigantea ,/]nb4 :ile o!rs1 di/+ui%$ only by small diff]5ces1 he attributes to ,n4 pseudogigantea4 ,kid/on#cjb has rec5tly drawn att5tion to ! incon/ancy ( ! *>act]s m5tion$ by ,potoni z di/+ui%+ features ( ,n4 pseudogigantea1 & he %[s good cause = ref]r+ ! examples s nam$ to ,n4 gigantea4 ,! f]tile lam9a is almo/ orbicul> 9 surface-view & atta*$ to a slightly exc5tric p$icel2 ! microsporangia are borne on ! l[] surface & probably 9 gr\ps z describ$ by ,c>p5ti]4 ,neuropt]is ,c>p5ti]i ,kid/on4 ,kid/on#cjc has rec5tly describ$ "s f]tile leaflets "u ?is "n f ! ,we/phalian s]ies ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire :i* he id5tifies ) ,fr5* examples ref]r$ by ,c>p5ti]#cjd to ,potoniea adianti=mis ,zeill4 ,! f]tile p9nules are ?ick & sub-cyclopt]oid 9 =m2 ! upp] surface be>s d5sely pack$1 n>r[ & long1 microsporangia1 #d #je mm41 conta9+ m or less sph]ical microspores #de-fj 9 diamet]2 ! v5tral face ( ! lam9a on ! removal ( ! spores %[s sev]al /rong ve9s4 ,) ^! are associat$ /]ile p9nules ( ! ,neuropt]oid type1 & examples are describ$ int]m$iate betwe5 ! /]ile & f]tile leaflets4 ,kid/on believes ! specim5s to be microsporophylls ( "s species ( ,neuropt]is1 b z ! mat]ial does n suffice = id5tification ) any kn[n species a new "n is propos$4 ,x is po9t$ out t 9 "s /ates ( pres]vation ! leaflets resemble ,goepp]t's ,p]mian species ,dictyo?alamus ,s*rollianus#cje4 ,ale?opt]is4 ,l9opt]is4 ,no specim5s ( ,ale?opt]is fronds h s f> be5 describ$ t af=d any in=mation z to ! nature ( ! microsporangia1 & we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r !y 7 borne on nak$ p$icels z 9 ,neuropt]is het]ophylla1 or on modifi$ p9nules z 9 ,n4 gigantea4 ,zeill] 9 #ahhhcjf describ$ "s f]tile p9nules ( ,dictyopt]is ,s*tzii ,roem4 f ,comm5try be>+ two r[s ( long sporangia3 he subsequ5tly transf]r$ ?is species to ! g5us ,l9opt]is#cjg & express$ ! op9ion t ! sporangia occur s+ly & n 9 gr\ps z he orig9ally believ$4 ,zeill] comp>es ! f]tile p9nules ) ! type ,crosso!ca4 ,b]tr&#cjh1 z ! result ( exam9+ simil> specim5s1 has sugge/$ t ! fr+e ( p5dul\s bodies reg>d$ by ,zeill] z sporangia may be too?-l lobes ( modifi$ p9nules :i* s]v$ to protect microsporangia borne on ! l[] surface ( ! lam9a4 ,! nature ( ! impressions is n cle>1 ?\gh !re is little d\bt t !y are microsporophylls4 ,! f]tile p9nae ( ,l9opt]is obliqua 7,bunb47 describ$ by ,c>p5ti]#cji & ,b]tr&#caj closely resemble ! microspore-be>+ organs :i* h be5 ref]r$ to ,neuropt]is gigantea2 !y h ! *>act]s ( ,potoniea & consi/ ( oval lam9ae simil> to ! /]ile p9nules b ab\t half _! size3 ! lam9a 0 atta*$ exc5trically to a sl5d] /alk 7fig4 #dba1 ,c1 ,e7 & trav]s$ by num]\s occasionally ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,no actual microsporangia h be5 discov]$ 9 organic connexion ) ! lam9a4 b4 ,megasporangia4 ,neuropt]is4 ,kid/on's discov]y ( und\bt$ se$s atta*$ to p9nae ( ,neuropt]is#caa m>k$ an important /ep 9 our m exact k ( ! morphology ( ,m$ullosan sporophylls4 ,specim5s f ! iron/one balls 7,coal ,measures7 ( ,coseley ne> ,dudley %[$ se$s atta*$ to portions ( p9nae be>+ p9nules ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla4 ,! se$s are approximately #c cm4 long & f #aaj to #adj cm4 broad2 oblong & gradually tap]+ f ! middle to a slightly curv$ & obtuse apical sn\t 7fig4 #dbb74 ,! out] surface %[s num]\s longitud9al ribs :i* no d\bt repres5t hypod]mal fibres4 ,! pres]vation ( ! se$s1 :i* appe> to be circul> 9 section1 is n su* z to r5d] possible a description ( /ructural features4 ,9 _! asymmetrical =m ! se$s agree ) ! g5us ,platysp]mum z rec5tly def9$ by ,arb]1 b ,kid/on's specim5s are 9 all probability radiosp]mic4 ,kid/on comp>es ! ,neuropt]is se$s ) ,rhabdoc>pus tunicatus z figur$ f ! ,comm5try coalfield#cab & ) specim5s f ,g>d nam$ by ,gr&',eury ,r4 subtunicatus#cac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbb4 ,neuropt]oc>pus ,kid/oni 7,arb]74 7,aft] ,kid/on2 #c47 ,additional pro( ( ! occurr5ce ( se$s on ,neuropt]is fronds is furni%$ by examples f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,holl& describ$ by ,kid/on & ,jongmans#cad3 ^! se$s are ( ! same g5]al type z ^? f ,coseley b ne>ly twice z l>ge1 & !y 7 borne at ! tips ( a di*otom\sly bran*$ p$icel ( ,neuropt]is obliqua4 ,gr&',eury 9 #aijdcae record$ ! association ( radiosp]mic se$s ) ,neuropt]is fronds ?\gh no case ( actual atta*m5t 0 f\nd4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t he speaks ( ! frequ5t association ) ,neuropt]is ( se$s *>act]is$ by six or r>ely twelve longitud9al keels1 a feature recall+ ! scl]ote/a ( ,trigonoc>pus & alli$ se$s4 ,until petrifi$ specim5s are available x is impossible to ref] ! se$s ( ,neuropt]is to a g5]ic type f\nd$ on /ructural features3 ! se$s describ$ by ,kid/on are1 z he says1 v simil> 9 ext]nal *>act]s to species assign$ to ,rhabdoc>pus1 & !re c be little d\bt z to ! g5]ic id5tity ( ! ,neuropt]is se$s & "s ( ! impressions ref]r$ to ,rhabdoc>pus :i* are *>act]is$ by a simil>ity 9 =m1 an apical sn\t t gives an asymmetrical appe>ance to ! specim5s & ! pres5ce ( num]\s longitud9al /riations#caf4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means c]ta9 t ^! se$s possess$ ! morphological features ( ,rhabdoc>pus z describ$ by ,brongni>t 9 petrifi$ examples f ,/ ti5ne#cag4 ,! se$s ( ,neuropt]is may1 z ,kid/on sugge/s1 agree anatomically m closely ) ,pa*yte/a#cah1 a type t ,gr&',eury associates ) ,ale?opt]is fronds4 ,) a view to avoid ! dang] ( incorrectly id5tify+ petrifi$ specim5s & impressions t _c be prov$ to belong to ! same g5]ic type1 ,i h sugge/$ ! re/riction ( ! "n ,rhabdoc>pus#cai to se$s t d n furni% evid5ce z to int]nal /ructure1 & ! employm5t ( ! designation ,rhabdosp]mum = se$s t con=m to ^? describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,rhabdoc>pus4 ,! se$s ( ,neuropt]is may be ( ! ,rhabdosp]mum type or !y may agree anatomically m closely ) ,trigonoc>pus or ,pa*yte/a2 !y are memb]s ( ei!r ! ,trigonoc>pales or ! ,c>dioc>pales1 probably ! =m] gr\p4 ,dr ,p4 ,b]tr&#cbj assigns to ,neuropt]is gigantea "s se$s ( ! ,hexapt]osp]mum 7 ,hexagonoc>pus#cba7 type :i* occur 9 association ) cupule-l organs4 ,^! suppos$ cupules resemble ! ,potoniea leaflets ) microsporangia also ref]r$ to ! same species ( ,neuropt]is2 !y are *>act]is$ by a lac9iate edge & may be comp>$ ) ! ,indian fossil describ$ by ,zeill] z ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis#cbb 7fig4 #dcc74 ,dr ,arb]#cbc & ,dr ,p4 ,b]tr&#cbd h indep5d5tly propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,neurosp]mum = ! se$s ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla & ,n4 obliqua 9 pref]5ce to ,rhabdoc>pus3 ! =m] au?or speaks ( ! se$s ( ,n4 het]ophylla z ,neurosp]mum ,kid/oni4 ,! g5]ic t]m ,neuropt]oc>pus us$ by ,gr&',eury 9 #aijdcbe1 ?\gh n def9$ by him1 has priority & avoids ! adoption ( a new designation = se$s atta*$ to ,neuropt]is fronds4 ,9 8 def9ition ( ,neurosp]mum ,arb] makes no ref]5ce to ! obliquity ( ! apical sn\t t is cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #dbb4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,neuropt]oc>pus possess$ a cupul> inve/m5t comp>able ) t ( ,lag5o/oma4 ,additional in/ances ( ! association ( se$s ) ,neuropt]is fronds are record$ by ,r5i] f ! ,belgian ,coal ,measures1 also by ,b]tr& & ,*odat f ,france3 ,r5i] f\nd se$s associat$ ) ,n4 ,s*lehani ,/ur & ) ! same species ( frond ,b]tr& f\nd impressions ( oval ribb$ se$s4 ,pr(4 ,*odat#cbf has figur$ "s fragm5ts ( ,neuropt]is p9nules ref]r$ to ,n4 auriculata ,brongn4 f ! ,/ephanian ( ,france :i* %[ small se$-l bodies app>5tly 9 organic connexion ) ! lam9a2 b ! specim5s are too imp]fect to af=d any satisfactory evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,lotsy#cbg has express$ ! op9ion t ! bodies atta*$ to ,neuropt]is p9nae describ$ by ,kid/on & o!r au?ors z se$s may possibly be vegetative buds1 b if ?is 7 ! case "o w\ld expect to f9d "s evid5ce ( ! bud-nature 9 "s at lea/ ( ! specim5s t h already be5 f\nd4 ,x w\ld seem t ! microsporophylls ( ,neuropt]is 7 con/ruct$ on diff]5t plans1 "s be+ ( ! type describ$ by ,zeill] & o!r obs]v]s z ,potoniea1 :ile o!rs bore sporangia on p9nae )\t any accompany+ lam9ae2 b our k ( ! latt] =m repres5t$ by ,kid/on's specim5 ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla 7fig4 #dba1 ,d7 is v incomplete4 ,on ! o!r h& ! se$s appe> to h be5 *>act]is$ by features sugge/+ a close aff9ity to ,trigonoc>pus & po9t+ to memb]%ip ( ! same family4 ,ale?opt]is4 ,al?\gh no specim5s h be5 discov]$ %[+ actual connexion betwe5 fronds & se$s1 x is practically c]ta9 t ,ale?opt]is leaves1 or at lea/ "s species ( ! g5us1 bore se$s ( ! ,trigonoc>pus type4 ,! association ( ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni ) ,ale?opt]is lon*itica is too frequ5t to be =tuit\s & !re is fur!r evid5ce af=d$ by c]ta9 anatomical resemblances4 ,9 ,france o!r species ( ,ale?opt]is1 e4g4 ,ale?opt]is ,s]lii & ,a4 ,gr&9i1 occur 9 association ) ,pa*yte/a#cbh1 a l>ge se$ simil> to ,trigonoc>pus1 & ,trigonoc>pus is f\nd 9 ! ,pas-de-,calais coal-field ) ,ale?opt]is ,s]lii4 ,,trigonoc>pus4 ,brongni>t4 ,! g5]ic "n ,trigonoc>pum 0 in/itut$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahbhcbi = ovoid longitud9ally ribb$ #8fruits' f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 ! type-species be+ nam$ ,t4 ,p>k9soni4 ,! g5]ic "n is (t5 alt]$ to ,trigonoc>pon3 ,williamson#ccj1 :o adopt$ ?is =m1 /ates t ,brongni>t sub/itut$ ,trigonoc>pon = ,trigonoc>pum 9 8 ,tableau#cca1 b 9 t "w ! orig9al t]m9ation is us$1 ! =m ,trigonoc>pon1 probably ! result ( a slip1 appe>+ only 9 ! index4 ,9 8 lat] "w on se$s ,brongni>t adopt$ ! "n ,trigonoc>pus1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ?is has be5 widely employ$4 ,among o!r species nam$ by ,brongni>t are two previ\sly ref]r$ by ,/]nb]g to ,palmacites4 ,sev]al examples ( ,brongni>t's g5us 7 describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton1 & 9 _! description ( ,t4 ,noegg]a?ii ! /atem5t is made t a fractur$ specim5 demon/rat$ t #8! fossil 9 its ord9>y /ate is an int]ior "p dive/$ ( fle%y cov]+'#ccb2 ?is suspicion ( ! true nature ( ! nut-l fossils 0 aft]w>ds prov$ correct by ! inve/igations ( ,hook] & ,b9ney#ccc & by ! lat] "w ( ,williamson4 ,! specim5s on :i* ! g5us 0 f\nd$ are ca/s ( se$-cavities & x is 9 ?is /ate t ! se$s are usually pres]v$1 (t5 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 ! s&/ones ( ! ,coal ,measures1 z 9 ! block %[n 9 fig4 #dbc f ! fam\s qu>ry at ,peel ne> ,bolton1 ,lanca%ire4 ,ano!r type ( pres]vation is repres5t$ by ! se$s figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,c>poli!s alata#ccd1 b ! g5]ic id5tity ( ! two /ates 0 n recognis$ until ! discov]y ( petrifi$ mat]ial af=d$ ! clue4 ,figs4 #dbd1 #a1 #dbe illu/rate ! appe>ance ( ,trigonoc>pus :5 pres]v$ z a c>bonis$ impression %[+ a ?ick fle%y envelope enclos+ an oval k]nel ) a h>d wall prolong$ upw>ds z a long] or %ort] micropyle4 ,ca/s ( ! se$-cavity are repres5t$ 9 figs4 #dbc2 #dbd1 #b1 #c4 ,! surface ( ^! ca/s occasionally %[s "o or m %ort cyl9drical projections :i* are probably ext5sions ( ! s& or mud into holes =m$ 9 ! te/a by bor+ insects4 ,! view t ,trigonoc>pus se$s are #8obvi\sly ,palm fruits' 0 n accept$ by ,hook] & ,b9ney :o incl9$ to reg>d !m z ! se$s ( ,conif]s & comp>$ !m especially ) ! simil> nuts ( ,g9kgo se$s 7cf4 fig4 #fca1 ,c74 ,x 0 ,mr ,wild#cce :o 0 fir/ /ruck by ! association ( ,trigonoc>pus & ! petioles ( ,m$ullosa 7,myeloxylon7 & by "s resemblances 9 /ructure betwe5 ! te/a & ! hypod]m ( ! petioles2 ?\gh1 z ,scott & ,masl5#ccf po9t out1 ! agreem5t is n s close z ,wild believ$1 8 view ( a possible connexion betwe5 ! reproductive & vegetative organs has be5 confirm$4 ,williamson ext5d$ our k ( ! g5us by 8 acc\nt ( ,trigonoc>pus olivae=mis ,l9d4 & ,hutt41 a =m t is specifically id5tical ) ,t4 ,p>k9soni ,brongn4 ,?is au?or also drew att5tion to ! close resemblance betwe5 ,brongni>t's ?ree g5]a ,trigonoc>pus1 ,hexapt]osp]mum1 ,tript]osp]mum & express$ d\bts z to ! possibility ( f\nd+ specific diff]5ces on ca/s ( ! ,trigonoc>pus type )\t ! evid5ce ( anatomy4 ,our k ( ! /ructure ( ,trigonoc>pus has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 consid]ably ext5d$ by ! rese>*es ( ,oliv]1 ,scott & ,masl51 & ,salisbury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbc4 ,ca/s ( ! se$-cavity ( ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni4 7,man*e/] ,museum4 nat4 size47 ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni#ccg ,brongni>t4 ,! se$s ( ?is species l all examples ( ! g5us are radiosp]mic1 t is radially symmetrical 9 contra/ to ! flatt5$ or platysp]mic se$s4 ,! complete se$ is elongate oval 9 =m :5 pres]v$ z an impression 7fig4 #dbe1 ,a7 & rea*es a l5g? ( #d-e cm43 ! ca/s ( ! se$-cavity are ovoid & provid$ ) ?ree prom95t ridges 7fig4 #dbd1 #b1 #c74 ,! te/a =ms a ?ick cov]+ diff]5tiat$ into ?ree regions1 an out] fle% or s>cote/a1 a scl]\s %ell or scl]ote/a1 & an inn] fle%4 ,transv]se sections %[ t ! scl]ote/a has ?ree %>p longitud9al keels ) correspond+ furr[s on ! inn] face1 & betwe5 ea* pair ( ma9 ribs are #b-c less prom95t ridges1 usually #ab 9 all 7fig4 #dbf74 ,! s>cote/a consi/s ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma pass+ ext]nally into a m lacun> tissue ) a palisade-l hypod]m3 ! scl]ote/a consi/s ( ?ick cells :i* int]lace & =m an effici5t protective %ell4 ,bo? ! s>cote/a & scl]ote/a are cont9u$ into ! apical region z ! wall ( ! long micropyle1 ! s>cote/a be+ prolong$ beyond ! scl]ote/a at ! apex ( ! integum5t#cch4 ,! micropyle is triangul> 9 section & may exce$ 9 l5g? ! :ole se$ 7figs4 #dbe2 #dbf1 ,a74 ,its =m z se5 9 transv]se section 7fig4 #dbf1 ,b7 sugge/s ! pres5ce ( w+s3 ?is appe>ance may be deceptive & due to pressure or1 m probably1 x repres5ts an orig9al feature4 ,! se$-body1 t is ! portion enclos$ by ! integum5t1 consi/s ( ! nucellus1 repres5t$ by a few cru%$ lay]s ( cells1 b\nd$ by a well-def9$ epid]mis2 ! nucellus is sep>at$ f ! integum5t f ! base ( ! se$ upw>ds1 an important feature 9 :i* ?is & "s o!r ,palaeozoic se$s diff] f ,lag5o/oma & ! se$s ( rec5t ,cycads :i* are *>act]is$ by an integum5t adnate to ! nucellus up to ! level ( ! %\ld]2 ! se$s ( ! ,conif] ,phyllocladus af=d an example ( sep>ation ( integum5t & nucellus z 9 ,trigonoc>pus4 ,! inn]mo/ lay] ( ! nucellus consi/s ma9ly ( tra*eal tissue inve/+ ! l>ge megaspore 7fig4 #dbf1 ,a1 ,c1 m7 :i* is pres]v$ z a contract$ membrane deta*$ f ! nucellus aft] ! dea? ( ! se$4 ,at ! summit ( ! nucellus is a relatively small poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #dbf1 ,a1 ,pc7 l a broad & l[ cupola be>+ a t]m9al beak :i* ext5d$ "s di/ance into ! micropyl> tube4 ,no microspores h be5 f\nd 9 ?is species1 b ,oliv]#cci records ! occurr5ce ( multicellul> microspores 9 ,trigonoc>pus pusillus4 ,! p$icel ( ! se$ _h a c5tral /r& ( scl]\s tissue p5etrat$ by a conc5tric vascul> bundle :i* gives (f six /r&s to supply ! s>cote/a 7fig4 #dbf1 ,c1 v7 & !n passes into ! nucellus :]e x =ms a tra*eal %ea? 7fig4 #dbf1 ,a1 nt7 surr\nd+ ! l[] "p ( ! megaspore & at a high] level breaks up into ana/omos+ /r&s ( tra*eids :i* rea* up to ! plane ( ins]tion ( ! poll5-*amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbd4 ,trigonoc>pus4 #a4 ,section ( imp]fect se$ %[+ a micropyle2 b1 scl]ote/a2 c1 ca/ ( se$-cavity2 #b1 #c1 apical & basal view ( se$-ca/4 7,approximately nat4 size47 ,m4 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbe4 ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni4 ,a4 ,impression %[+ ! nucule & s>cote/a4 7 ,c>poli!s alata ,l9d4 & ,hutt47 ,b4 ,specim5 ) long micropyle4 7,a1 nat4 size2 f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,kilm>nock2 ,b1 nat4 size2 ,middle ,c4 ,m4 ( ,york%ire4 ,kid/on ,coll41 #aegi & #ajfb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbf4 ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni4 ,a1 longitud9al section2 ,sa1 ,sc1 if1 s>cote/a1 scl]ote/a1 inn] fle%2 mi1 micropyle2 ,pc1 poll5-*amb]2 v1 vascul> bundles2 m1 megaspore & pro?allus2 t1 tra*eal disc2 nt1 tra*eids 9 ! nucellus4 ,b1 transv]se section ( ! upp] region %[+ ! s>cote/a1 scl]ote/a 7black7 & ! micropyle4 ,c1 transv]se section ( ,t4 ,p>k9soni4 ,d1 transv]se section ( ,trigonoc>pus %or5sis4 7,a1 ,c1 aft] ,scott2 ,b1 aft] ,wild2 ,d1 aft] ,salisbury47 ,a second species describ$ by ,scott & ,masl5 z ,trigonoc>pus ,oliv]i has be5 fur!r inve/igat$ by ,salisbury :o f9ds t x is an #h-;angl$ se$ :i* _c be reta9$ 9 ! g5us ,trigonoc>pus3 its sy/ematic position #8mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 unc]ta9#cdj4' ,dr ,arb] has rec5tly describ$ a new species ( ,trigonoc>pus1 ,t4 ,moyseyi#cda1 f ! ,nott+ham ,coal-field 7,middle ,coal ,measures71 simil> to ,t4 ,p>k9soni b mu* broad] 9 proportion to its l5g?3 ?is species is f\nd$ on an impression )\t /ructure4 ,! species ,trigonoc>pus ,dawesi ,l9d4 & ,hutt4#cdb1 f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire1 0 f\nd$ on ca/s diff]+ 9 _! l>ge dim5sions f ^? ( ,t4 ,p>k9soni3 specim5s ref]r$ to ?is species 7 describ$ by ,fi$l]#cdc f ,saxony 9 #aheg & ,lesqu]eux#cdd figures simil> ca/s f ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,trigonoc>pus %or5sis ,salisbury4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on specim5s f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire#cde1 may exce$ #d cm4 9 l5g? & has a bread? ( #be cm4 ,9 g5]al plan x agrees ) ,t4 ,p>k9soni b !re are c]ta9 well-m>k$ diff]5ces3 ! micropyle is mu* %ort]2 ! ?ick s>cote/a1 atta9+ a bread? ( #f mm4 at ! base ( ! micropyle1 is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( six p]iph]ally plac$ vascul> bundles 7fig4 #dbf1 ,d1 v7 9 contra/ to ! deeply emb$d$ bundles ( ,t4 ,p>k9soni4 ,bel[ ! epid]mis ( ! s>cote/a is a hypod]m =m$ ( radially dispos$ plates ( scl]\s tissue simil> to t ( ,myeloxylon & diff]5t f ! palisade-l hypod]m ( ! type-species4 ,)9 ! s>cote/a is a h>d %ell1 ! scl]ote/a1 *>act]is$ by ?ree prom95t ribs ext5d+ f base to apex & ?ree %ort] ribs :i* rea* f ! *alaza to ab\t a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! se$4 ,! fact t ! s>cote/a & scl]ote/a pass gradually into "o ano!r is a po9t 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! integum5t is a s+le /ructure4 ,!re appe>s to be good evid5ce ( ! re/riction ( an inn] fle% to ! micropyl> region1 :]eas ?is tissue 9 ,t4 ,p>k9soni 0 probably cont9u\s ov] ! :ole inn] face ( ! scl]ote/a4 ,! s>cote/a is lacun> 9 its out] "p z 9 "s o!r types ( ,palaeozoic se$s1 a feature probably connect$ ) float+ effici5cy4 ,trigonoc>pus %or5sis occurs 9 association ) ,myeloxylon petioles1 & !re is a resemblance betwe5 ! se$ & ! vegetative organs 9 ! /ructure ( ! hypod]m z also 9 ! /ructure ( ! secretory sacs :i* are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ?is species4 ,salisbury draws att5tion to ! close resemblance betwe5 ! =m ( ,t4 %or5sis & ! se$s f\nd 9 organic connexion ) p9nae ( ,neuropt]is obliqua#cdf4 ,! species ,t4 corrugatus describ$ by ,r5ault#cdg be>s a close resemblance to ,t4 %or5sis4 ,o!r ,g5]a f\nd$ 9 "p on ,reproductive ,organs :i* may belong to ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,codono!ca1 ,s*tzia1 ,:ittleseya1 ,dol]ophyllum1 ,ottok>ia1 ,/robilites4 ,,codono!ca4 ,sell>ds4 ,codono!ca caduca ,sell>ds4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ on "s spore-be>+ bodies f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,ill9ois#cdh3 no?+ is kn[n z to ! plant :i* bore !m1 b ,sell>ds is incl9$ to associate !m ) ,neuropt]is decipi5s ,lesq4#cdi1 a species abundant 9 ! same coal-field4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! p>5t-plant x is probable1 z ! au?or ( ! g5us believes1 t ,codono!ca is ! microspore-be>+ organ ( a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,z %[n 9 fig4 #dbg1 #e1 ! =m is t ( a /alk$ cup consi/+ 9 ! basal portion ( a /\t axis1 ! p]iph]al tissue ( :i* is believ$ to h be5 fle%y1 conta9+ an axial rod ( conduct+ tissue runn+ up to ! floor ( ! cup1 c1 & !n divid+ into six vascul> /r&s1 ea* ( :i* =ks into two bran*es4 ,! upp] "p is compos$ ( six l9e> segm5ts unit$ basally to =m ! slop+ surface ( ! cup4 ,on ! inn] face ( ea* segm5t is a m or less well-def9$ depression cov]$ ) l>ge elliptical spores #bi-ca mm4 long by #ah-ai mm4 broad 7fig4 #dbg1 #f1 #h74 ,! pres5ce ( a m$ian ridge 7fig4 #dbg1 #h7 indicates a bilat]al orig94 #8,!re is no gr\p+ ( ! spores or o!r indication ( ! location ( ! sporangia1 :i* 7 d\btless m or less completely imm]s$ 9 ! tissue1 ! divid+ wall disappe>+ at maturity4' ,! spores are se5 9 fig4 #dbg1 #b1 #c1 on ! inn] face ( ! lobes4 ,"s ( ! specim5s h a fairly long p$icel3 9 ! example %[n 9 fig4 #dbg1 #a1 ! fle%y "p ( ! basal portion is n pres]v$1 only ! m resi/ant vascul> core4 ,9 a lat] acc\nt ( ^! organs ,sell>ds speaks ( sev]al ly+ by ! side ( a c5tral /alk to :i* he ?9ks !y 7 orig9ally atta*$ by sl5d] p$icels4 ,9 view ( ,dr ,b5son's int]pretation ( ! morphology ( ,telangium x is p]missible to sugge/ t if a c5tral sporangium 9 su* a synangium z t ( ,codono!ca develop$ a megaspore & ! p]iph]al sporog5\s lobes 7 /]ilis$1 ! result w\ld be an arrangem5t n unlike ! apical region ( ! se$ ,physo/oma1 ! t5tacles ( :i* h be5 homologis$ ) ! canopy ( ,lag5o/oma4 ,!re are obvi\s difficulties 9 ! way ( ?is1 p]haps /ra9$1 comp>ison3 ! l>g] size ( ! spore-be>+ l9e> segm5ts ( ,codono!ca l$ ,sell>ds to reg>d ea* z a synangium r ?an a s+le sporangium4 ,b precise in=mation z to ! /ructure ( ! ,am]ican fossils is n z yet available4 ,if ! association ( ,codono!ca ) ,neuropt]is fronds has any significance x w\ld fav\r a ref]5ce ( ^! organs to ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( anatomical data x is impossible 9 "s cases to di/+ui% microspore-be>+ organs ( ! ,codono!ca type f small se$s enclos$ 9 a lob$ cupule or ev5 se$s ) a lob$ integum5t3 a case 9 po9t is ! ,new ,brunswick species ,pt]isp]mo/robus bifurcatus ,/opes#cej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbg4 ,codono!ca caduca4 #a4 ,! vascul> tissue pres]v$ z a conical base :i* 0 orig9ally surr\nd$ by fle%y tissue 7cf4 #e72 ,i-,,iii1 ,,vi1 vascul> bundles 7 #b74 #b1 #c4 ,segm5ts ) spores2 c1 floor ( cup 7nat4 size74 #d4 ,vascul> tissue z a cone 9 ! middle ( ! fle%y base 7nat4 size74 #e4 ,plan ( ! :ole organ op5$ out flat 7nat4 size74 #f4 ,spores 7 #bh74 #h4 ,a s+le spore %[+ m$ian slit 7 #hd74 7,aft] ,sell>ds47 ,a ,spitzb]g51 ,culm1 fossil rec5tly describ$ by ,na?or/#cea z ,codono!ca 787 pusilla is briefly ref]r$ to "u ! g5us ,pt]isp]mo/robus4 ,,s*,,tzia4 ,ge9itz4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,ge9itz#ceb = "s ,p]mian fossils obta9$ by ,b]gmei/] ,s*tz & reg>d$ by ! au?or ( ! g5us z probably f]tile bran*es ( "s ,conif]4 ,a m complete acc\nt 0 publi%$ by ,goepp]t#cec 9 8 #8,p]mian ,flora1' :]e ! "n ,an?odiopsis ,be9]tiana occurs on ! ,plates1 pr9t$ be=e ! publication ( ,ge9itz's description1 b 9 ! text ! specim5s are ref]r$ to ,s*tzia anomala4 ,s*tzia anomala ,ge9itz4 ,! type-species1 record$ f ,bohemia & ,silesia1 is repres5t$ by f]tile %oots consi/+ ( a ?ick ma9 axis be>+ app>5tly two-rank$ ?\gh probably spirally dispos$ %ort lat]al bran*es1 ea* ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a receptacle ) num]\s cr[d$ l9e>-lanceolate bracts sup]ficially resembl+ a p>tially exp&$ infloresc5ce ( a ,composite4 ,goepp]t believ$ t ! bran*es bore se$s & he ref]s to ?is species a numb] ( deta*$1 longitud9ally /riat$ & bluntly t]m9at$1 se$s4 ,! same au?or describes o!r specim5s f ! same localities associat$ ) ,s*tzia anomala1 :i* he names ,dictyo?alamus ,s*rollianus#ced3 9 habit ^! agree closely ) ,s*tzia b ! receptacles1 ! reticulate appe>ance ( :i* sugge/$ ! g5]ic "n ,dictyo?alamus1 be> a l>ge numb] ( small bodies reg>d$ z se$s4 ,! pres]vation ( ! fossils is n su* z to enable u to det]m9e _! true nature b x is probable t ,s*tzia & ,dictyo?alamus are n g5]ically di/9ct4 ,9 8 description ( ,dictyo?alamus ,goepp]t sugge/s t ! two associat$ types may be ! male & female %oots ( "o plant1 b he speaks ( se$s 9 bo? cases4 ,s*imp]#cee1 :o unites ,dictyo?alamus ) ,s*tzia1 reg>ds ! latt] z female & ! =m] z male4 ,s*tzia ,b5nieana ,kid/on4 ,?is species1 describ$ by ,kid/on#cef f ! ,calcif]\s s]ies ( ,scotl&1 diff]s f ,s4 anomala 9 its mu* m sl5d] axis & 9 ! relatively n>r[] & less globul> clu/]s ( bract-l app5dages4 ,! pr9cipal axis be>s ?ree lat]al bran*es ) t]m9al clu/]s ( acute & n>r[ l9e> scale-leaves4 ,no se$s 7 f\nd 9 association ) ! specim5s4 ,s*tzia p]mi5sis 7,r5ault74 ,r5ault f\nd$ ?is ,p]mian species z ,an?oli?us p]mi5sis#ceg on a specim5 f ,lodve2 x consi/s ( an incomplete infloresc5ce #fd cm4 long be>+ f\r lat]al bran*es ) /alks #ae to #b cm4 long t]m9at$ by clu/]s ( small oval bracts #e mm4 long4 ,r5ault comp>es ! fossil ) ! rec5t ,conif]s ,glypto/robus & ,tsuga1 b x exhibits a mu* clos] resemblance to ,s*tzia anomala4 ,! g5us ,s*tzia1 orig9ally describ$ f ,p]mian /rata1 is record$ also f ,we/phalian /rata 9 ,nor? ,africa#ceh z well z f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,scotl&4 ,! data at pres5t available are insuffici5t to det]m9e ! morphological nature ( ! f]tile bran*es3 ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,goepp]t 9 support ( ! occurr5ce ( se$s is n conv9c+ & ! int]pretation ( ! bract-l app5dages is /ill an op5 "q2 !y may h =m$ a cupul> inve/m5t to se$s1 b 9 ! ,scot* species ! g5]al appe>ance r sugge/s t !y may be microspore-be>+ organs comp>able ) ^? ( ,codono!ca#cei4 ,!re are no adequate gr\nds = suppos+ ,s*tzia to belong to ! ,conif]ales1 a view advanc$ by "s au?ors2 x is mu* m likely to repres5t ! f]tile %oots ( a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,,:ittleseya4 ,newb]ry4 ,! g5us ,:ittleseya1 ref]r$ by _m au?ors to ! ,g9kgoales1 has no sub/antial claim to be reg>d$ z alli$ to t gr\p3 its position is /ill unc]ta91 b ! rec5t discov]y ( f]tile specim5s sugge/s ! probability ( a relation%ip to ,potoniea & an id5tification ( ,:ittleseya z ano!r =m ( microsporophyll ( a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbh4 ,a1 ,c4 ,:ittleseya elegans4 ,a1 s+le leaflet1 f ,p5nsylvania4 7,aft] ,lesqu]eux2 nat4 size47 ,c1 diagrammatic sket* ( "p ( a leaflet %[+ ! tee?1 ! /riat$ texture ( ! c>bonis$ lay]1 & ! ve9-l m>k+s on a l[] surface4 7,aft] ,?omas2 enl>g$47 ,b4 ,:ittleseya brevifolia4 7,aft] ,:ite2 ! small] figure nat4 size47 ,! g5]ic "n 0 giv5 by ,newb]ry#cfj to "s leaves1 or possibly leaflets1 orig9ally describ$ by ,c4 ,:ittlesey f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,ohio4 ,:ittleseya is repres5t$ by species f sev]al ,nor? ,am]ican localities#cfa 9 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,arkansas1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick#cfb2 x occurs 9 ,silesia & has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,coal ,measures#cfc4 ,! g5us is conf9$ to ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,! leaves are fairly ?ick2 ! lam9a is oblong1 cuneate1 broadly triangul> or l9e>1 usually r\nd$ & truncate 7fig4 #dbh1 ,a1 ,c71 g5]ally d5tate at ! di/al end1 ! proximal portion be+ gradually or abruptly contract$ & occasionally prolong$ into a %ort p$icel4 ,! ve9s or ribs are p>allel to ! sides ( ! lam9a & except ne> ! base unbran*$4 ,:ittleseya elegans ,newb]ry4 ,! type-species1 f ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 is *>act]is$ by its %ovel-l lam9a f #c to #f cm4 long closely resembl+ 9 %ape "s lepidopt]\s scales2 ! surface is ribb$1 ea* rib correspond+ to a too? on ! di/al m>g92 on ea* ( ! p>allel ridges are #d-e longitud9al l9es indicat+ ei!r ve9s or /]eome /r&s 7fig4 #dbh1 ,a1 ,c74 ,! exam9ation ( prep>ations made by ,dr ,kid/on f a leaflet ( ?is species enables me to add a few facts ) reg>d to ! microspores4 ,! spores1 :i* cov] almo/ ! :ole surface ( ! lam9a1 %[ a t5d5cy to a m or less def9ite arrangem5t 9 longitud9al r[s4 ,two types ( cuticul>is$ membrane are repres5t$ among ! associat$ fragm5ts3 9 "s pieces ( cuticle ! cells are %ort & h /raight walls :ile 9 o!rs ! pres]vation is inf]ior & ! cells appe> to be long] & n>r[]4 ,"o or bo? ( ^! membranes probably belong to ! sporangia4 ,! oval slit1 :i* is a /rik+ feature on sev]al ( ! spores 7fig4 #dbi71 po9ts to _! bilat]al nature & dehisc5ce along ! major axis4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! spores ) ^? obta9$ by ,kid/on f ! ,engli% species ,:ittleseya f]tilis reveals a v close agreem5t bo? 9 size & %ape & confirms ! id5tification ( ! ,/af=d%ire specim5s z leaflets ( ,:ittleseya4 ,! l>ge size ( ! microspores & ! gap+ oval ap]ture 9 "s ( !m are features 9 :i* !y agree closely ) ! spores ( ,dol]ophyllum f]tile describ$ by ,r5ault#cfd4 ,9 bo? cases ! spores t5d to be arrang$ 9 long gr\ps & !y are practically id5tical 9 =m & 9 ! nature ( ! ex9e2 ^? ( ,dol]ophyllum are #bhj long :ile ^? ( ,w4 f]tilis rea* a l5g? ( #bbj4 ,9 "s ( ! ,:ittleseya spores ! ex9e has split z 9 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #dbi1 b 9 o!rs !re are two curv$ l9es along :i* dehisc5ce has begun1 a "* 9 :i* ! spores appe> to be id5tical ) ^? ( ,dol]ophyllum describ$ by ,r5ault :o speaks ( dehisc5ce by means ( an op]culum4 ,!re is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 little d\bt z to ! v close aff9ity ( ! two types4 ,! sy/ematic position ( ,dol]ophyllum is n c]ta9ly e/abli%$2 if ! g5]ic id5tity ( ! leaves describ$ z ,d4 ,b]?i]i ,r54 & ! petrifi$ specim5s nam$ ,d4 f]tile is assum$1 x is a legitimate inf]5ce t ! g5us is f\nd$ on f]tile p9nules ( a ,pt]idosp]m ) foliage ( ! ,neuropt]is or ,cyclopt]is =m4 ,x w\ld seem probable t bo? ,:ittleseya & ,dol]ophyllum f]tile are microspore-be>+ leaflets ( ,pt]idosp]ms1 possibly ( "s ,m$ullosan plants4 ,! leaflets ( ,:ittleseya agree 9 =m fairly closely ) ^? ( ,potoniea adianti=mis ,zeill4 describ$ on a previ\s page#cfe z ! male organs ( a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dbi4 ,microspores ( ,:ittleseya elegans4 ,a1 a gr\p ( spores2 ,b1 a s+le spore4 7,prep>ations made f an ,am]ican specim51 ,no4 #bcad1 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection47 ,! specim5s describ$ by ,lesqu]eux f ,p5nsylvania z ,w4 integrifolia & ,w4 undulata are less satisfactory ?an ,w4 elegans4 ,! ,arkansas species ,w4 microphylla#cff1 *>act]is$ by ! obcuneate =m ( ! lam9a1 is said to occur n only z deta*$ leaflets b 9 loose bun*es at ! ends ( sl5d] axes1 a circum/ance fav\rable to ! sugge/ion1 bas$ on ! rec5tly describ$ ,engli% specim5s1 t ! ,:ittleseya leaves may be f]tile p9nules ( a ,pt]idosp]m frond4 ,among o!r species attribut$ to ,newb]ry's g5us is ,w4 brevifolia ,:4 f ,nova ,scotia#cfg ) mu* small] broadly triangul> leaves #g mm4 long exclusive ( ! petiole & #h mm4 broad at ! di/al end 7fig4 #dbh1 ,b74 ,dr ,mat!w#cfh has also describ$ a ,canadian species ,w4 conc9na f ,new ,brunswick 9 b$s assign$ by ,dr ,/opes#cfi to ! ,we/phalian s]ies4 ,:ittleseya f]tilis ,kid/on4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ,:ittleseya elegans 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,/af=d%ire record$ by ,mr ,?omas1 ,dr ,kid/on has publi%$ an acc\nt ( "s specim5s f ! same di/rict "u ! "n ,:ittleseya 787 f]tilis#cgj3 ^! consi/ ( small] cuneate scale-leaves or leaflets #ad-bd cm4 long & #h-i mm4 broad2 ! lam9a has a d5tate upp] m>g9 & is longitud9ally ribb$4 ,! scales occur 9 sup]pos$ pairs1 closely fitt+ b n organically connect$1 at lea/ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y are pres]v$2 ea* pair =ms a sporangium-l case enclos+ num]\s spores b ! actual sporangia or synangia h n be5 pres]v$4 ,kid/on describes ! spores z #baj-bbb 9 l5g?1 elliptical1 & *>act]is$ 9 _m cases by an oval slit2 !y are practically id5tical ) ! microspores ( ,w4 elegans4 ,,dol]ophyllum4 ,saporta4 ,?is "n 0 propos$#cga prim>ily = a l>ge ovoid petrifi$ bud compos$ ( roll$ ,cyclopt]oid leaves f ,p]mian rocks 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly describ$ by m ?an "o writ] "u diff]5t names & reg>d$ z a "y %oot ( a ,palm or o!r ,monocotyl$on4 ,ei*wald#cgb1 :o publi%$ good draw+s1 call$ ! fossil ,noegg]a?ia ,goepp]ti4 ,saporta connect$ ) ?is species "s leaf-impressions f ! ,p]mian ( ,bohemia describ$ by ,goepp]t#cgc z ,noegg]a?ia cyclopt]oides3 9 8 family ,dol]ophylleae#cgd ! ,fr5* au?or includ$ o!r leaves :i* are probably n closely relat$ to ! type-species1 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti4 ,! ,dol]ophylleae are spok5 ( by ,saporta & ,m>ion#cge z ,progymnosp]ms4 ,be=e ! publication ( ,saporta's note ,gr&',eury _h in/itut$ ! g5us ,dol]opt]is#cgf & ! family ,dol]opt]oideae2 9 ! =m] he includ$ sev]al =ms ( leaves agree+ g5]ally ) ,goepp]t's ,noegg]a?ia cyclopt]oides4 ,zeill]#cgg adopts ,gr&',eury's designation = ! ,russian fossil 9 pref]5ce to ,dol]ophyllum1 a *oice ju/ifi$ by consid]ations ( priority2 b ! latt] "n is reta9$ 9 ?is acc\nt z x 0 assign$ by ,saporta to ! specim5 ( greate/ botanical int]e/1 namely ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti1 & because x does n sugge/ aff9ity to ,f]ns4 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti 7,ei*wald74 ,! type-species is f ! ,ze*/e9 ( ,or5burg 9 ! ,urals & no specim5s hav+ precisely ! same /ructure h be5 f\nd else:]e4 ,ei*wald assign$ x1 ) leaf-impressions ( v>i\s k9ds1 to ! ,noegg]a?ieae & nam$ x ,noegg]a?ia ,goepp]ti3 x _h previ\sly be5 describ$ by ,kutorga#cgh z ,aroides crassispa?a & ,ung]#cgi includ$ x among ! ,palms z ,palaeospa! aroidea4 ,! species has be5 describ$ also by ,saporta & ,m>ion & by ,r5ault#chj4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is bas$ on sections cut f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#cha :i*1 ?\gh assign$ on ! label 7)9 a qu]y7 to ,france & nam$ ,dol]ophyllum ,b]?i]i1 is und\bt$ly ,ei*wald's species f ,ea/ ,russia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcj4 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti4 ,bud 9 surface-view1 ,a2 9 longitud9al section1 ,b1 ,c2 9 transv]se section1 ,d4 7,briti% ,museum2 ,a1 nat4 size47 ,! specim5 7fig4 #dcj7 is #i cm4 long & #db cm4 broad3 at ! slightly contract$ & brok5 base is a piece ( immature axis 7fig4 #dcj1 ,b1 a7 #ab mm4 9 diamet] ov]topp$ by a mass ( closely pack$ leaves encircl+ "o ano!r l ! bulb-scales ( an ,onion 7fig4 #dcj ,a1 ,c7#chb4 ,mo/ ( ! leaves includ$ 9 ! bud 7 atta*$ to ! axis bel[ ! brok5 base4 ,! curv$1 di*otom\sly bran*$1 ve9s are se5 on "s ( ! pieces ( lam9a on ! surface ( ! bud 7fig4 #dcj1 ,a74 ,! consid]able bread? ( ! leaves is demon/rat$ by ! longitud9al & transv]se sections4 ,9 fig4 ,c mo/ ( ! lam9ae c be trac$ ?r\gh ! :ole height ( ea* ( ! /eep-sid$ ar*es3 a few ov]lapp+ m>g9s are se5 9 fig4 ,d4 ,! ve9s are = ! mo/ "p imp]fectly pres]v$ & appe> z cle> spaces at regul> int]vals 9 ! br[n mesophyll4 ,! axis ( ! %oot consi/s ( homog5e\s p>5*yma except ne> ! slop+ sides :]e n>r[ d>k b&s 7fig4 #dcj1 ,b1 a7 m>k ! position ( desmog5-/r&s ( ?9-wall$ elongat$ elem5ts repres5t+ an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( vascul> bundles "s ( :i* h already produc$ spiral tra*eids4 ,%ort secretory cells accompany ! immature conduct+ elem5ts4 ,! lam9a slightly exce$s #b mm4 9 ?ickness 9 ! broade/ "p3 ! mesophyll is compos$ ( l>ge p>5*ymat\s cells ( elliptical or sph]ical =m (t5 loosely atta*$ ow+ to ! well-develop$ sy/em ( int]cellul> spaces4 ,! l[] epid]mis1 assum+ t ! out] face ( ! roll$ leaves is ! morphologically l[] surface1 =ms a uni=m lay] ( palisade cells *>act]is$ by _! free conical ends 7fig4 #dca1 ,a1 ,b1 e7 :i* 9 "s oblique sections appe> z %>ply po9t$ papillae ) almo/ fili=m apices2 b :ile ! cells 7 d\btless papillose l ^? ( ! epid]mis ( a velvety petal1 ! po9t$ =m is due 9 "p to ! great] di/9ctness ( ! d>k cont5ts z comp>$ ) ! light] cell-walls4 ,! upp] epid]mis is mu* less di/9ct2 x consi/s ( small] flatt5$ cells ) occasional /omata4 ,r5ault#chc figures a specim5 ) /omata 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! vascul> bundles are r5d]$ conspicu\s by l>ge secretory cells on ! l[] side1 9 ! l>g] ve9s 9 ! =m ( an arc or irregul> gr\p 7fig4 #dcb1 ,a71 b 9 ! f9] ve9s z s+le cells 7fig4 #dca1 ,a1 ,b74 ,^! sacs resemble ! tann9 cells accompany+ ! ve9s 9 a leaf ( ,g9kgo 7cf4 fig4 #fca1 ,g74 ,! xylem-elem5ts are ( two k9ds1 7i7 elongat$ spiral & scal>i=m conduct+ elem5ts1 =m+ a v]tical plate ( a few r[s 9 ! l>g] ve9s 7figs4 #dca1 #dcb7 or a small compact gr\p 9 ! m sl5d] ve9s 7fig4 #dac1 ,a1 ,b72 7ii7 mu* l>g] isodiametric cells ) reticulate or spiral ?ick5+ resembl+ ! transfusion-tra*eids ( ,conif]s or1 p]haps m closely1 simil> elem5ts 9 ! leaves ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,^! %ort tra*eids are especially abundant on ! flanks ( ! conduct+ tra*eids 7figs4 #dca1 t2 #dcb1 ,a1 t71 b !y sometimes =m a complete inve/m5t4 ,9 ! obliquely cut ve9 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dca1 ,d1 ! transfusion-tra*eids are abundant3 a few are enl>g$ 9 fig4 #dca1 ,e4 ,9 ! small] ve9s 7fig4 #dca1 ,a1 ,b7 !y are repres5t$ by ! l>g] elem5ts1 t1 on ! sides ( ! conduct+ /r&s4 ,! protoxylem lies close to ! upp] edge 9 ! middle l9e 7px1 figs4 #dca1 ,a2 #dcb1 ,a72 x is difficult to det]m9e its precise position1 b x w\ld seem to be slightly int]nal1 ! bundle be+ n q end>*4 ,no phloem 0 recognis$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum specim51 b x presumably occurr$1 if pres5t1 :]e ! black pat* is %[n 9 fig4 #dcb1 ,a4 ,r5ault describes "s phloem 9 sections :i* he exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dca4 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti4 ,transv]se sections ( leaves4 e1 epid]mis2 s1 secretory cells2 t1 transfusion-tra*eids2 px1 protoxylem4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! mesophyll next ! upp] surface is 9 mo/ cases repres5t$ by spaces betwe5 ! ve9s :i* give a cr5ulat$ outl9e to ! p>5*yma 7fig4 #dcj1 ,c1 ,d72 9 "s places ! spaces conta9 rema9s ( v loose & cr[d$ cells sugge/+ ! orig9al pres5ce ( v lacun> tissue or possibly ( ?9-wall$ /orage-cells4 ,! conf9em5t ( /omata to :at is assum$ to be ! upp] surface may1 z ,r5ault & o!rs h sugge/$1 indicate leaves :i* float$ on wat]1 an inf]5ce oppos$ to ! view t ! gaps 9 ! mesophyll m>k ! position ( wat]-tissue4 ,no specim5s h be5 describ$ :i* enable u to correlate ) c]ta9ty mature leaves or foliage-%oots ) ! petrifi$ bud4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n improbable t ! impression f ,m\nt ,pel ne> ,ep9ac nam$ by ,r5ault ,dol]ophyllum ,b]?i]i#chd may be correctly ref]r$ to ! same g5us4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( an axis1 :e!r a ra*is ( a comp\nd leaf or a %oot ) simple leaves _c be det]m9$1 be>+ p>tially ov]lapp+ m or less orbicul> leaves #ah-bj cm4 9 diamet]1 ) a ,cyclopt]is v5ation4 ,among o!r leaves ( unkn[n aff9ity ref]r$ to ! same g5us att5tion is drawn to ,dol]ophyllum pseudopeltatum 7,gr&',eury7#che ) an orbicul> lam9a rea*+ 9 "s specim5s #bb #ai cm4 ,specim5s ( ,dol]ophyllum pseudopeltatum are figur$ by ,r5ault f ! ,comm5try coal-field#chf1 "s ( :i* rea* a diamet] ( #ab cm4 ,! only ,briti% specim5 ( a leaflet ( ?is type :i* ,i h se5 is "o 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection f ! ,/ephanian s]ies1 ,glamorgan%ire4 ,x is probable t "s at lea/ ( ! impressions assign$ to ,dol]ophyllum or ,dol]opt]is w\ld be m appropriately includ$ 9 ,cyclopt]is or ,c>diopt]is & may h be5 borne on ! axis ( l>ge ,pt]idosp]m fronds4 ,gr&',eury#chg has also call$ att5tion to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! l>g] ,cyclopt]is leaflets f ,dol]ophyllum4 ,"s ( ! ,cyclopt]oid leaflets figur$ by ,roehl#chh on ,neuropt]is fronds diff] b slightly f ^? ( ,d4 pseudopeltatum4 ,! %oot %[+ l>ge leaf-sc>s figur$ by ,saporta & ,m>ion#chi z probably ! axis ( a ,dol]ophyllum may well be a piece ( ,cordaites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcb4 ,a4 ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti1 section ( ve94 ,b4 ,dol]ophyllum ,b]?i]i2 s1 microspores4 ,c4 ,dol]ophyllum f]tile4 ,d4 ,dol]ophyllum f]tile1 microspores4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,microsporophylls assign$ to ,dol]ophyllum4 ,c]ta9 problematical fossils f\nd 9 association ) ! /]ile leaves ( ,dol]ophyllum ,b]?i]i h be5 describ$ by ,r5ault z ! male organs ( t species4 ,^! are elliptical discs1 #f #e cm41 ) an exc5trically plac$ /alk3 emb$d$ 9 a c>bonis$ lam9a are num]\s r[s ( elliptical bodies1 #daj #bhj1 *>act]is$ by two curv$ longitud9al grooves on ! surface & reg>d$ by ,r5ault z poll5-gra9s4 ,! *a9s ( ^! microspores radiate outw>ds f ! neighb\rhood ( ! /alk & cov] mo/ ( ! surface ( ! disc 7fig4 #dcb1 ,b74 ,"s silicifi$ pieces ( simil> spore-be>+ discs f ,gr&' ,croix nam$ ,dol]ophyllum f]tile#cij af=d additional in=mation z to ^! rem>kable reproductive organs4 ,! e>li] acc\nt ( ?is species by ,r5ault is confirm$ by ,solms-,lauba*#cia :o exam9$ ! orig9al sections4 ,! peltate fle%y discs pres]v$ z incomplete specim5s consi/ ( lacun> p>5*yma #ae-ah mm4 ?ick trav]s$ at "r angles to ! surface by num]\s loculi 7fig4 #dcb1 ,c71 circul> or oval 9 transv]se section1 conta9+ l>ge numb]s ( microspores1 s1 simil> 9 size & =m to ^? on ! c>bonis$ discs ( ! ,mt ,pel specim54 ,vascul> /r&s occur betwe5 & p>allel to ! spore-*amb]s4 ,! spores conta9 #h-aj cells 7fig4 #dcb1 ,d7 & ,r5ault believes t dehisc5ce ( ! ex9e occurr$ along ! two deep grooves :i* m>k ! limits ( an op]culum4 ,he emphasises ! peculi> /ructure ( ! microspores by speak+ ( !m z prepoll9ia3 9 size & 9 ! pres5ce ( int]nal cells 78 male pro?allus7 !y resemble ! spores f\nd 9 ! poll5-*amb] ( a se$ describ$ by ,r5ault z ,ae!ote/a elliptica#cib :i* he ?9ks may belong to a memb] ( ! ,dol]ophylleae4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ,codonosp]mum may be a se$ ( ,dol]ophyllum#cic4 ,an unconv9c+ specim5 describ$ by ,saporta & ,m>ion#cid z a se$-be>+ bract is reg>d$ by !m z ref]able to ,dol]ophyllum1 b ! evid5ce = any connexion is f> f satisfactory4 ,!re is no?+ def9ite to be said ) reg>d to ! aff9ity ( ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti or ! microsporophylls repres5t$ by ,d4 f]tile & ! specim5s associat$ ) ,d4 ,b]?i]i4 ,r5ault consid]s t bo? /]ile & f]tile specim5s belong to ! same g5us1 :i* he assigns to a position betwe5 ,pt]idophytes & ,cycads4 ,z ,solms-,lauba* says1 ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! /ructure ( ! ve9s ( ,d4 ,goepp]ti 9 fav\r ( a cycadean alliance is n conv9c+4 ,! type ( v]nation is unlike t ( any kn[n ,cycad or inde$ ( any ,gymnosp]m3 ! l>ge size ( ! leaves is ano!r ?\gh weak] objection to ?is comp>ison1 z ! p9nae ( ,b[5ia 7fig4 #cia7 & especially ^? ( "s species ( ,zamia 7fig4 #chh71 are ( equal or l>g] dim5sions4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! xylem-/r&s are mes>* t is a po9t ( contact ) rec5t ,cycads1 b ! bundle z a :ole be>s b a remote resemblance to t ( a cycadean leaf & is mu* m l ! ve9s ( ,g9kgo4 ,! bud %[n 9 fig4 #dcj1 ,a1 is probably a "y %oot & n m]ely a l>ge comp\nd leaf4 ,if x 7 an unexp&$ frond ( ,neuropt]is be>+ ,cyclopt]is p9nules we %\ld expect to f9d indications ( scatt]$ desmog5-/r&s su* z w\ld occur 9 ! ,myeloxylon type ( ra*is4 ,! resemblance to mo/ =ms ( ,cordaites is by no means close ?\gh a few leaves ref]r$ to t g5us 7e4g4 ,c4 circul>is1 fig4 #dfh1 ,b7 are simil> to ^? ( ,dol]ophyllum#cie4 ,! male organs are unlike ^? ( any o!r plant3 !y may be describ$ z sporophylls ) microsporangia or p]haps synangia emb$d$ 9 ! mesophyll & conta9+ microspores simil> to ^? ( "s ,pt]idosp]ms or true ,gymnosp]ms4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! close resemblance ( ! spores %[n 9 fig4 #dcb1 ,c1 ,d to ^? rec5tly discov]$ by ,kid/on & ref]r$ to ! g5us ,:ittleseya 7fig4 #dbi71 & x is v probable t ! /rik+ simil>ity is an index ( aff9ity4 ,ottok>ia4 ,zeill]4 ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis ,zeill]4 ,a specim5 ( d\btful aff9ity f ! ,l[] ,gondwana 7,k>h>b>i b$s7 ( ,pass]abhia1 ,india1 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,zeill]#cif z ,fei/mantelia b5gal5sis1 b 9 a po/script he sub/itut$ ! "n ,ottok>ia on ! gr\nd t ,fei/mantelia _h previ\sly be5 employ$ by ,le/] ,w>d4 ,fig4 #dcc is drawn f ! orig9al specim53 x consi/s ( a /alk atta*$ 9 a slightly exc5tric position to an almo/ orbicul> lam9a1 #be cm4 9 diamet]1 ) subacute m>g9al tee? & trav]s$ by num]\s radially dispos$ /riations4 ,zeill] comp>es ! fossil ) ,:ittleseya elegans & ,rhipidopsis g9kgoides & assigns x ) "s hesitation to ! ,salisburieae4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 l$ me to =m ! op9ion t x may be a cupul> organ ( a ,pt]idosp]m t enclos$ a se$4 ,! lam9a is slightly concave & has ! =m ( a %all[ cup2 moreov] ! surface-features resemble ^? ( a bract r ?an ! regul>ly ve9$ lam9a ( a foliage-leaf4 ,! specim5 be>s a v close resemblance to "o figur$ by ,b]tr&#cig z ! cupule ( ,hexapt]osp]mum mode/ae :i* he connects ) fronds ( ,neuropt]is gigantea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcc4 ,ottok>ia b5gal5sis4 7,nat4 size2 drawn f ! type-specim547 ,ottok>ia occurs 9 association ) fronds ( ,glossopt]is indica & ) ! l>ge se$s describ$ by ,zeill]#cih z ,c>dioc>pus indicus4 ,i h lately obta9$ "s evid5ce 9 fav\r ( assign+ ,fei/mantel's se$s ,c>poli!s ,mill]i#cii to ! g5us ,glossopt]is3 among sev]al specim5s f ! ,l[] ,gondwana rocks ( ,india ,i f\nd an example %[+ a se$ p>tially cov]$ by a scale-leaf 9 its natural position :i* appe>s to be id5tical ) scale-leaves ( ,glossopt]is4 ,x may be t ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dcc belongs to ,c>dioc>pus indicus1 ?\gh ?is is a m]e guess3 my belief is t ,ottok>ia is a cupul> organ t enclos$ ! base ( a se$ borne on a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,!re is little d\bt t z additional data are obta9$ x w be f\nd t ,pt]idosp]ms play$ no inconsid]able "p 9 ! vegetation ( ,gondwana ,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcd4 ,/robilites ,mill]y5sis4 7,natural size2 aft] ,r5ault47 ,/robilites4 ,s*imp] & ,m\geot4 ,/robilites ,mill]y5sis 7,r5ault74 ,?is species1 f ! ,p]mian ( ,france1 0 plac$ by ,r5ault 9 ,cycadospadix#djj1 b hav+ reg>d to ! fact t x diff]s ess5tially 9 habit f ,mesozoic examples ( t g5us ! provisional "n ,/robilites#dja is sugge/$4 ,! type-specim5s are long & n>r[ spikes or loose /robili1 #h-af cm4 long & #b-bf cm4 broad2 a /\t axis be>s spirally dispos$ bracts #h-aj mm4 long atta*$ by a sl5d] decurr5t p$icel exp&$ di/ally into a fan-%ap$ lac9iate lam9a ) a convex upp] face1 & !re are said to be two se$s atta*$ to ! sides ( ea* p$icel 7fig4 #dcd74 ,! oval se$s appe> to be platysp]mic & resemble ,sam>opsis fluitans ,daws4 ,two ( ! /robili figur$ by ,r5ault are atta*$ at "r angles to a second axis1 a habit sugge/+ comp>ison ) t ( a l>ge comp\nd frond4 ,r5ault is incl9$ to reg>d ^! f]tile %oots z cycadean & sugge/s a possible connexion ) ! ,p]mian /ems ,pty*oxylon or ,poroxylon1 bo? ( :i* are kn[n to h produc$ fairly num]\s bran*es4 ,9 habit ! spikes are simil> to "s ( ! long] examples ( ,cordaian?us1 b _! pres]vation is n suffici5tly good to af=d accurate in=mation z to ! relation ( se$ to sporophyll4 ,/robilites ,mill]y5sis is1 p]haps1 m likely to be ! f]tile bran* ( a comp\nd frond ( a ,pt]idosp]m1 & x is significant t ! se$s h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ,callipt]is leaves4 ,,colpoxylon4 ,brongni>t4 ,colpoxylon a$u5se ,brongni>t4 ,! g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,brongni>t#djb on a piece ( /em #ae cm4 9 diamet] f ! ,p]mian ( ! ,autun di/rict & reg>d$ by him z a di/9ct type1 ) c]ta9 resemblances to rec5t ,cycads4 ,a ?ick section 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #ac cm4 9 diamet] 7fig4 #dce1 ,a71 illu/rates ! ma9 anatomical features describ$ by ,r5ault#djc1 to :om our k ( ! g5us is *iefly due4 ,!re are two l>ge /eles ( irregul> outl9e closely resembl+ ^? ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti 7cf4 fig4 #daf1 ,h72 ea* consi/s ( a b& ( second>y xylem ) broad m$ull>y rays & a n>r[ zone ( phloem enclos+ a c5tral region compos$ ( p>5*yma1 9 :i* /r&s ( prim>y tra*eids1 bo? reticulate & spiral1 pursue a m or less horizontal c\rse1 associat$ ) a few small gr\ps ( v]tical xylem-/r&s at ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood4 ,! manoxylic nature ( ! wood is cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #dcf2 ! cont9u\s ink-l9e m>ks ! position ( ! cambium & ! dots %[ ! int]nal protoxylem4 ,homog5e\s p>5*yma surr\nds ! /eles & beyond ?is is cru%$ tissue conta9+ l>ge secretory canals & ne/s ( /]eome fibres ei!r z sep>ate gr\ps or 9 contact ) ! canals 7fig4 #dce1 ,c74 ,9 ! same p]iph]al tissue occur scatt]$ collat]al vascul> bundles 7fig4 #dce1 ,d7 id5tical ) ^? ( ,myeloxylon4 ,! out] cortex ( ! /em is m>k$ (f f ! m homog5e\s inn] region by a fairly di/9ct l9e :]e !re is "s indication ( p]id]m4 ,! anatomical features are cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #dcf1 a photograph f a section 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection4 ,at a is an imp]fectly pres]v$ vascul> bundle ) a cresc5tic gr\p ( second>y xylem :i* is probably a leaf-trace t has j em]g$ f ! second>y cyl9d]4 ,r5ault speaks ( ^! m or less circul> /r&s z possibly connect$ ) reproductive %oots1 b x is m probable t !y are homolog\s ) ! /r&s 9 ! p]icycle & inn] cortex ( ,m$ullosa & repres5t leaf-traces be=e division into small] collat]al /r&s4 ,r5ault describes ! /em z possess+ sev5 vascul> cyl9d]s 9 ! apical region & sugge/s bran*+ ( ! ma9 axis z ! cause ( ! increase 9 numb]3 !re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce to support su* correlation4 ,! two /eles se5 9 fig4 #dce1 ,a1 become m]g$ at a l[] level into a s+le /ele ( s9u\s =m 7fig4 #dce1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dce4 ,colpoxylon a$u5se4 ,a4 ,diagram ( a transv]se section ( a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 7,v4 #icic4 nat4 size47 ,b4 ,/ele2 mu* r$uc$ f ,r5ault's figure4 ,c1 ,d4 ,secretory canal ) fibres & collat]al vascul> bundle 7,kid/on ,coll41 #aidf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcf4 ,colpoxylon a$u5se4 ,transv]se section ( half ( ! /em2 a1 /ele ( bran*4 ,slightly enl>g$4 7,kid/on ,coll41 #aidf47 ,beyond ! facts furni%$ by ! leaf-trace bundles 9 ! out] cortex & ! occurr5ce ( two l>ge sc>s ab\t #e cm4 9 bread? on a /em figur$ by ,r5ault1 we h no positive in=mation z to ! =m ( ! leaves or ! /ructure ( ! reproductive organs4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! fronds 7 l>ge & comp\nd l ^? ( mo/ species ( ,m$ullosa4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s slight evid5ce t ,ale?opt]is ,gr&9i ,brongn4 & se$s ( ! ,pa*yte/a type 7fig4 #dig7 7 borne on ,colpoxylon /ems2 ?is re/s solely on ! association 9 ! ,loire coal-bas9#djd ( ,ale?opt]is fronds ) /ems pres5t+ /ructural resemblances to ,colpoxylon a$u5se4 ,! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ,colpoxylon & ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti has l$ c]ta9 au?ors#dje to propose ! sub/itution ( ,m$ullosa = ,colpoxylon4 ,! resemblances ?\gh close are h>dly suffici5t to w>rant ?is c\rse4 ,9 ,colpoxylon ! /el> sy/em is simpl]2 !re is no c5tral region ) />- or plate-r+s z 9 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti b1 z 9 ,m$ullosa anglica1 ! vascul> tissue consi/s only ( l>ge /eles )\t a m$ull>y sy/em4 ,colpoxylon diff]s f ,m4 anglica 9 ! r$uction 9 "s p>ts ( ! /em ( ! vascul> sy/em to a s+le /ele &1 moreov]1 ! prim>y portion ( ! /eles is mu* m p>5*ymat\s 9 /ructure & conta9s m irregul>ly ana/omos+ tra*eal /r&s ?an is ! case 9 ,m4 anglica4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! patt]n =m$ by ! vascul> sy/em at diff]5t levels 9 "s ,m$ullosan /ems1 especially 9 ,colpoxylon1 may be comp>$ ) ! v>y+ disposition ( ! vascul> /r&s 9 ! ?ick dorsiv5tral rhizomes ( ,polypodium h]acleum ,kunz4 & ,p4 qu]cifolium ,l4 ,9 ! rhizome ( ,p4 h]acleum !re are two vascul> sy/ems1 an out]1 cortical1 sy/em 9 ! =m ( a holl[ cyl9d] compos$ ( a lattice-"w ) polygonal me%es f :i* bran*es are giv5 (f to ! roots1 & a m complex m$ull>y sy/em t is conc]n$ ) ! emission ( leaf-traces4 ,z %[n by a s]ies ( draw+s reproduc$ 9 an acc\nt by ,kle9#djf ( ! anatomy ( ^! species ( ,polypodium1 ! inn] sy/em ( /eles consi/s ( two cyl9d]s connect$ t[>ds ! upp] surface ( ! /em by a r\nd$ ar* ( vascul> /r&s2 ne>] ! leaf-base ! two cyl9d]s meet & ev5tually a l>g] cyl9d] is produc$ p>tly f ! upp] halves ( ! two cyl9d]s ( ! previ\s section & 9 "p f ! connect+ ar*3 ! rema9s ( ! two small] cyl9d]s become connect$ ) ! out] vascul> sy/em4 ,^! & o!r *anges sugge/ comp>ison ) ,colpoxylon z also ) ! /el> *anges 9 ! /em ( ,pty*oxylon4 ,! comp>ison _c be c>ri$ beyond ! gross] features & is *iefly int]e/+ z af=d+ a fur!r illu/ration ( a simil>ity 9 plan betwe5 "s rec5t ,f]ns & ext9ct ,pt]idosp]ms & o!r ,palaeozoic g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dcg4 ,rhexoxylon africanum4 ,transv]se section ( /em %[+ p]iph]al /eles & c5tral 7c7 /ele4 7,aft] ,bancr(t2 #b47 ,,rhexoxylon4 ,bancr(t4 ,rhexoxylon africanum ,bancr(t4 ,! g5us ,rhexoxylon 0 in/itut$ = a new type ( /em repres5t$ by a s+le incomplete specim5 f ! ,k>roo s]ies ( ,s\? ,africa3 its precise geological horizon is n kn[n b x may be ref]r$ provisionally to ! l[] or ,palaeozoic portion ( ! s]ies4 ,?\gh our k ( ! morphological features ( ! type-species is f> f complete ow+ 9 "p to ! me?od ( pres]vation ( ! specim5 & 9 "p to ! de/ruction ( ! out] portion ( ! vascul> tissue & ! :ole ( ! cortex1 ,miss ,bancr(t's c>eful description#djg demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( *>act]s :i* ju/ify ! employm5t ( a new g5]ic "n4 ,rhexoxylon is m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,m$ulloseae ?an to any o!r gr\p & is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z ! fir/ record$ example ( ?is gr\p f ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,fig4 #dcg %[s a transv]se section 7#g #e cm47 ( ! /em4 ,! gr\nd-tissue consi/s ( fairly l>ge-cell$ p>5*yma ) scl]\s ne/s & a few b&s ( p]id]m4 ,at ! p]iph]y ( ! /em are radially dispos$ gr\ps ( vascul> tissue v>y+ 9 size & to "s ext5t 9 %ape4 ,un=tunately ! /em is incomplete & x is impossible to say h[ mu* vascul> or o!r tissue orig9ally exi/$ beyond ! pres5t corrod$ edge4 ,! vascul> gr\ps1 or /eles z !y may legitimately be call$1 foll[ a v]tical c\rse ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! block 7#fe cm47 & af=d only slight evid5ce ( bran*+ or ana/omos+4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! /eles %[s t !y consi/ ( portions ( two s]ies1 an inn] & out] set2 !re is also a curv$ vascul> b& 9 ! c5tral gr\nd-tissue 7fig4 #dcg1 c7 & "s isolat$ & scatt]$ pat*es ( vascul> elem5ts4 ,ea* /ele ( ! inn] s]ies is made up ( two p>ts1 an out] small] & normally ori5tat$ gr\p ( second>y xylem & a l>g] inv]sely ori5tat$ inn] gr\p ( id5tical /ructure4 ,a s+le /ele ( ! inn] s]ies is %[n 9 fig4 #dch1 ,b1 ,c2 ! l>g] inn] portion consi/s ( slightly div]g5t r[s ( tra*eids & unis]iate m$ull>y rays & is sep>at$ f ! small] portion by a n>r[ space1 a1 occupi$ by cru%$ tissue :i* may correspond to ! #8p>tial pi?' or prim>y xylem ( a ,m$ullosan /ele4 ,! two gr\ps ( xylem are no d\bt ! products ( two cambium arcs1 ! protoxylem ( ea* gr\p be+ situat$ on ! flat inn] face4 ,! cambium & phloem are repres5t$ only by cru%$ br[n cells on ! curv$ out] edge ( ! xylem4 ,! sep>ate individuality ( ! two portions ( ea* /ele is indicat$ n only by ! pres5ce ( ! #8p>tial pi?' b by ! discont9uity ( ! tissue at ! ends ( ! n>r[ space4 ,! tra*eids se5 at b1 fig4 ,c1 are 9 oblique longitud9al section & are probably be+ deta*$ to =m a leaf-trace4 ,?is type ( /ele may be comp>$ ) ! /eles ( ,m$ullosa ,solmsi 7fig4 #daf1 ,l7 b ^? ( ,rhexoxylon diff] 9 ! lack ( cont9uity ( ! second>y xylem r\nd ! n>r[ b& ( cru%$ prim>y xylem4 ,! o!r /eles ( ! inn] r+ exhibit ! same dual nature ?\gh ) local modifications4 ,9 ! /ele se5 9 fig4 #dch1 ,b1 !re is a close approa* to a cont9u\s cyl9d] ( second>y xylem especially on ! "r-h& side4 ,ext]nal to ! inn] s]ies are sev]al portions ( normally ori5tat$ second>y xylem-gr\ps 7fig4 #dcg73 ^! probably repres5t a second s]ies ( /eles sep>at$ f ! inn] s]ies by a n>r[ cru%$ arc ( tissue on :i* ! protoxylem /r&s ( ! out] gr\ps abut4 ,! xylem ( ! out] /eles agrees 9 its normal ori5tation ) ! out] & small] "p ( ! inn] /eles &1 z !re is no accompany+ gr\p ( inv]sely ori5tat$ xylem correspond+ to ! l>g] mass ( second>y xylem ( ! inn] s]ies1 ! out] /r&s are designat$ p>tial /eles4 ,! c5tral /ele consi/s ( two curv$ irregul> b&s compos$ ( v]tically & obliquely runn+ tra*eids3 ! c5tral "p ( ?is /ele consi/s ( cru%$ tissue t probably repres5ts prim>y xylem l t betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ea* ( ! p]iph]al /eles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dch4 ,rhexoxylon africanum4 ,a1 radial wall ( tra*eid2 ,b1 ,c1 p]iph]al /eles2 a1 prim>y portion ( /ele2 b1 lat]al /r&4 7,aft] ,bancr(t47 ,rhexoxylon diff]s f ! usual ,m$ullosan type 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y xylem :i* is compos$ ( tra*eids ) an ,arauc>ian =m ( pitt+3 !re are usually two alt]nate r[s ( contigu\s pits 7fig4 #dch1 ,a7 & occasionally "o or ?ree r[s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are unis]iate & #c to #ae cells 9 dep?1 a feature *>act]i/ic ( conif]\s wood & n ( ! wood ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m complete in=mation z to ! anatomical /ructure ( ?is /em & ( all in=mation z to ! leaves or reproductive organs x is impossible to fix ) precision ! sy/ematic position ( ! g5us4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t ,rhexoxylon is closely connect$ ) ,m$ullosa 9 c]ta9 features ?\gh 9 ! /ructure ( ! wood x exhibits important peculi>ities4 ,! imp]fectly kn[n /em ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni#djh %[s a fairly close agreem5t ) ! ,african plant 9 ! =m ( ! /eles 7fig4 #dfj7 b ! pitt+ is scal>i=m4 ,,sutcliffia4 ,scott4 ,sutcliffia insignis ,scott4 ,! g5]ic "n ,sutcliffia 0 giv5 by ,dr ,scott#dji to a peculi> type ( /em f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,%ore1 ,lanca%ire1 9 recognition ( ! valuable s]vices r5d]$ to ,palaeobotany by ! late ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,sutcliffe1 ! own] ( ! colli]y f :i* sev]al new types ( plants h be5 obta9$4 ,two /ems are record$1 ! type-specim5 & a m rec5tly discov]$ /em1 also f ,%ore1 describ$ by ,miss de ,fra9e#daj1 :i* diff]s 9 sev]al p>ticul>s f ,dr ,scott's species4 ,9 view ( ! well-m>k$ peculi>ities ( ! second /em x is conv5i5t to speak ( x z =ma in/ead ( includ+ x )\t a di/9ctive epi!t 9 ,sutcliffia insignis4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! reproductive organs ( ! g5us4 #a4 ,sutcliffia insignis1 =ma 4 ,?is consi/s ( a piece ( /em approximately #ab #g cm4 9 diamet] *>act]is$ by a broad cortex ( p>5*yma ) secretory sacs & ducts & /r&s ( me*anical tissue 7fig4 #dci1 ,a74 ,decurr5t & massive leaf-bases =m a prom95t feature z 9 ! /em ( ,m$ullosa anglica4 ,! /ele1 ?\gh compress$ be=e petrifaction1 0 probably n q cyl9drical b m or less polygonal or broadly triangul> 9 section2 x consi/s ( gr\ps ( l>ge prim>y tra*eids 7#cej 9 diamet]7 ) num]\s bord]$ pits 7fig4 #dci1 ,b1 & fig4 #ddj7 emb$d$ 9 an ana/omos+ sy/em ( p>5*yma conta9+ scatt]$ secretory sacs1 a type ( proto/ele l t ( ,het]angium & ,m$ullosa anglica except 9 ! possession ( ex>* protoxylem /r&s4 ,! metaxylem tra*eids contigu\s to ! ext]nal protoxylem elem5ts h a d5se spiral or scal>i=m type ( pitt+4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em ! prim>y xylem is enclos$ by a cambium :i* has add$ a few second>y tra*eids 7#abj 9 diamet]71 b 9 ! upp] "p ( ! specim5 ! cambium is only p>tially develop$ & ! addition ( second>y xylem has h>dly begun 7fig4 #ddj74 ,a n>r[ b& ( second>y phloem 0 recognis$ 9 places consi/+ ( small-cell$ p>5*yma ) "s sieve-tubes & m$ull>y rays cont9u\s int]nally ) ! p>5*yma ( ! prim>y /ele4 ,9 close association & occasionally 9 organic connexion ) ! surface ( ! /ele are sev]al tang5tially elongat$ & l>ge gr\ps ( vascul> tissue associat$ ) small] oval /r&s v>y+ consid]ably 9 size4 ,^! gr\ps1 designat$ m]i/eles 7,fig4 #dci1 ,a71 are id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! ma9 /ele & are occasionally inve/$ by a feebly develop$ zone ( second>y xylem & phloem4 ,! m]i/eles are deta*$ at int]vals f ! p>5t /ele ar\nd :i* !y =m by ana/omoses an irregul> network3 ! l>g] m]i/eles give (f small] /r&s & f ^! ! actual leaf-traces are produc$ by subdivision4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is type ! m]i/eles are n completely us$ up 9 ! production ( ! leaf-traces1 portions ( !m behav+ z caul9e vascul> /r&s4 ,a protoxylem ( a m]i/ele /ill atta*$ to ! c5tral proto/ele occupies an int]nal position1 & at a high] level1 z sep>ation ( ! m]i/ele is effect$1 ! spiral tra*eids occur on ! inn] face4 ,new m]i/eles are giv5 (f at int]vals f ! ma9 /ele #8to comp5sate = ^? p>ts ( ! reticulum :i* 7 us$ up 9 ! =mation ( leaf-trace /r&s#daa4' ,! m]i/eles =m ! />t+-po9t = ! leaf-traces1 an int]m$iate sy/em betwe5 ! ma9 /ele & ! actual leaf-traces2 !y diff]1 !re=e1 f ! p>5t leaf-traces ( ,m$ullosa anglica1 :i* are completely us$ up by repeat$ subdivision4 ,moreov] 9 ,sutcliffia ! leaf-bundles are conc5tric & n collat]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dci4 ,sutcliffia insignia ,scott4 ,a1 ,b1 ,e1 =ma 4 7,aft] ,scott47 ,c1 ,d1 =ma 4 7,aft] de ,fra9e47 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( /em2 a1 b1 d\ble r[s ( leaf-trace bundles4 ,! l>g] black masses are ! m]i/eles2 ! small] pat*es repres5t bundles d]iv$ f ! m]i/eles4 ,b4 ,longitud9al section ( a radially symmetrical bundle f a leaf-base4 ,c4 ,! junction betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y xylem4 ,d4 ,vascul> sy/em 9 transv]se section3 m1 m1 m]i/eles2 s1 ma9 /ele2 e1 extrafascicul> /r&s2 lt1 leaf-traces2 c1 second>y cortex4 ,e4 ,vascul> bundle f petiole %[+ a r+ ( l>ge sieve-tubes surr\nd+ ! xylem1 & portions ( /]eome /r&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,sutcliffia insignis4 ,"p ( ! prim>y xylem %[+ on ! upp] edge ! beg9n+ ( second>y gr[?4 7,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool1 #efj47 ,a conspicu\s feature ( ! /em ( =ma is ! occurr5ce ( two d\ble r[s ( vascul> /r&s /ret*+ across ! cortex 7fig4 #dci1 ,a1 a1 b74 ,^! are int]pret$ by ,scott z d[nw>d cont9uations 9 ! /em ( ! inn] surface ( leaf-bases4 ,! out] cortex ( ! /em & leaf-bases has hypod]mal /r&s ( /]eome :i* rema9 sep>ate or r>ely ana/omose1 & =m a sup]ficial zone exactly l t ( "s species ( ,m$ullosa4 ,! leaf-trace bundles may be radially symmetrical or unilat]al 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! xylem :i* is 9 all cases completely surr\nd$ by phloem4 ,fig4 #dci1 ,b1 %[s "p ( a longitud9al section ( a l>ge leaf-trace bundle3 spiral protoxylem elem5ts 7px7 abut on ! phloem 7ph7 & are succe$$ to ! left by n>r[ scal>i=m & l>ge reticulately pitt$ tra*eids4 ,9 ! l>g] & radially con/ruct$ traces !re are sev]al protoxylem-/r&s di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! xylem1 :ile 9 ! small] unilat]al traces !re may be "o or two protoxylem /r&s4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! xylem ( ! leaf-traces is ! admixture ( p>5*yma ) ! tra*eids 7fig4 #dci1 ,b1 ,e7 & ano!r notewor?y "* is ! occurr5ce ( l>ge ?9-wall$ tubes 9 ! phloem describ$ by ,scott z sieve-tubes & comp>$ ) ! l>ge sieve-tubes 9 ,m>attiace\s leaf-bundles4 ,imm$iately int]nal to ! hypod]m is a r[ ( leaf-bundles 7fig4 #dci1 ,a7 ea* ( :i* is accompani$ by /]eome /r&s4 ,! petioles1 :i* rea* a diamet] ( #ab cm41 conta9 num]\s1 occasionally ana/omos+1 conc5tric bundles4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! fronds z a :ole beyond ! fact t !y are spirally dispos$ & _h decurr5t bases ( l>ge dim5sions 9 proportion to ! /em4 ,sutcliffia insignis1 =ma 4 ,?is =m1 describ$ by ,miss de ,fra9e z ,sutcliffia insignis#dab1 is repres5t$ by a /em r small] ?an ! type-specim5 describ$ by ,scott1 ?\gh x is probably an old] example ( ! same species4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by a great] developm5t ( second>y xylem & phloem bo? on ! ma9 /ele & ! m]i/eles2 x diff]s also 9 ! abs5ce ( ! great] "p ( ! cortex & leaf-bases :i* h be5 cut (f z ! result ( ! =mation ( a deep-seat$ p]id]m 7fig4 #dci1 ,d1 ,c74 ,! m]i/eles are small] & few] ?an 9 ! l>g] =m & are di/+ui%$ by "s o!r peculi>ities4 ,at m 9 fig4 #dci1 ,d1 a m]i/ele is se5 atta*$ to ! ma9 /ele4 ,9 ,sutcliffia insignis =ma ! ma9 /ele is enclos$ by an irregul> network ( subsidi>y /eles or m]i/eles & ^! =m ! po9ts ( dep>ture ( ! leaf-traces1 b ! m]i/eles are n completely us$ up 9 ! process ( conv]sion into leaf-traces4 ,9 ,sutcliffia insignis =ma ! m]i/eles agree 9 /ructure ) ! ma9 /ele except 9 ! small] am\nt ( second>y tissue3 !y d n1 h[ev]1 =m a network z 9 =ma b occur z /r&s p>allel to ! c5tral /ele1 #8giv+ (f leaf-traces & ultimately divid+ up into small] /r&s1 (t5 unequal 9 size1 ! prim>y wood ( ! m]i/eles be+ entirely us$ up 9 ! production ( radially symmetrical or unilat]al bundles4' ,9 ?is respect1 z ,miss de ,fra9e po9ts out1 =ma agrees m closely ?an =ma ) ,m$ullosa anglica & supports ,scott's view t ,sutcliffia is a primitive type ( ,m$ullosan /em4 ,! leaves 7 giv5 (f at fairly long int]vals z 9 "s species ( ,m$ullosa3 ! leaf-traces are ex>* & simil> to ^? ( ! type-species4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! new /em is ! pres5ce ( a vascul> network 7fig4 #dci1 ,d1 e7 :i* encloses bo? ! ma9 /eles & ! m]i/eles2 x consi/s ( extrafascicul> /r&s compos$ ( normally ori5tat$ b&s ( second>y xylem & phloem (t5 assum+ a fan-l arrangem5t & occasionally almo/ conc5tric or inv]sely ori5tat$4 ,^! /r&s are always accompani$ by %ort1 usually reticulate1 tra*eids on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! xylem3 simil> isodiametric tra*eids also occur 9 ! p]icyclic region4 ,! extrafascicul> /r&s are believ$ to be second>y /ructures phylog5etically indep5d5t ( ! m]i/eles & ma9 /ele1 comp>able ) ! successive cyl9d]s or arcs ( second>y xylem & phloem 9 "s rec5t ,cycads & 9 "s species ( ,m$ullosa#dac4 ,! /ele is ex>* & r\ghly triangul>2 except 9 ! broad] zone ( second>y tissue x agrees ) ! proto/ele ( =ma 4 ,! second>y xylem 7fig4 #dci1 ,c7 possesses num]\s m$ull>y rays #c-d cells broad & ( consid]able dep?3 ! second>y phloem is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( ?ick-wall$ elem5ts1 presumably sieve-tubes1 l ^? ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti & ,m4 anglica4 ,! gr\nd-tissue is ri* 9 secretory tissue & ! /em-surface1 f :i* ! leaf-bases h be5 deta*$1 is limit$ by a wide zone ( second>y tissue produc$ by a phellog54 ,sutcliffia ,williamsoni 7,sew>d74 #ahgf4 ,myelopt]is 7p>s7 ,williamson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,vol4 #aff1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #ag4 #ahic4 ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni ,sew>d1 ,ann4 ,bot4 ,vol4 vii4 p4 #a4 #ahid4 ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni ,sew>d1 ibid4 ,vol4 viii4 p4 #bjg1 ,pl4 xiii4 #aijf4 ,sutcliffia ,williamsoni ,scott1 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,vol4 vii4 pt iv4 p4 #fb4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ,myelopt]is 7 ,myeloxylon7 publi%$ 9 #ahgf ,williamson includ$ "s sections ( petioles f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures :i* ,i aft]w>ds ) 8 concurr5ce transf]r$ to ! g5us ,ra*iopt]is z ,r4 ,williamsoni4 ,9 ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni ! vascul> bundles are conc5tric & n collat]al1 & are fur!r di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,myeloxylon by ! association ( p>5*yma ) ! tra*eids4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! bundles & 9 ! /ructure ( ! gr\nd-tissue ! petioles ( ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni agree ) ^? ( ,myeloxylon4 ,an out/&+ feature ( ! vascul> /r&s ( ! =m] is ! occurr5ce at fairly regul> int]vals 9 ! p]iph]al "p ( ! phloem ( comp>atively l>ge tubes describ$ by me z secretory canals on ! gr\nd t evid5ce 0 furni%$ ( _! developm5t by ! s*izog5\s sep>ation ( cells to =m a c5tral canal4 ,! canals 7 comp>$ ) ! l>ge sieve-tubes ( ! ,m>attiaceae1 b ) ! qualification t #8_! mature =m & _! mann] ( developm5t are /rongly sugge/ive ( small secretory canals4' ,no?+ 0 kn[n z to ! /em :i* bore ^! petioles until ,scott's discov]y ( ,sutcliffia ) vascul> bundles 9 ! cortex & leaf-bases ( ! same type z ^? ( ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni4 ,z ,scott says1 !re are a few di/+ui%+ features :i* sugge/ t ,r4 ,williamsoni is n specifically id5tical ) ! petioles ( ,sutcliffia insignis1 ?\gh ! agreem5t is su* z to ju/ify ! sub/itution ( ,sutcliffia = ,ra*iopt]is4 ,! tubul> elem5ts 9 ! phloem :i* ,i consid]$ to be secretory canals are reg>d$ by ,scott & ,miss de ,fra9e z sieve-tubes4 ,miss de ,fra9e gives an excell5t summ>y ( our k ( ! g5us & discusses1 9 ! light ( ! additional facts furni%$ by ! second /em1 ! position ( ,sutcliffia 9 a phylog5etic s]ies4 ,! new =m /r5g!ns ! comp>ison in/itut$ by ,scott betwe5 ,sutcliffia & ,m$ullosa & gives support to a close connexion betwe5 ! ,m$ulloseae & ! ,cycadaceae4 ,scott lays /ress on ! fact t ! ,m$ulloseae1 except ,sutcliffia1 are poly/elic1 :ile ! ,cycads1 at lea/ ! adult /ems1 are mono/elic4 ,! views ( ,worsdell & o!r botani/s :o believe t ! ,m$ulloseae & ! ,cycads are intimately relat$ are discuss$ on ano!r page3 9 ref]5ce to ^! views ,miss de ,fra9e adds a caveat z to ! dang] ( atta*+ excessive importance to evid5ce bas$ on se$l+ anatomy :5 we are conc]n$ ) broad phylog5etic que/ions4 ,! /ele ( a cycadean /em may be d]iv$ f a proto/elic type su* z t ( ,sutcliffia by ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! int]nal tra*eids3 9 ,sutcliffia1 z 9 "s ,cycads & species ( ,m$ullosa1 extrafascicul> /r&s & cyl9d]s are a *>act]i/ic feature & ^! may well h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ! c5tral /ele 9 response to physiological requirem5ts4 ,f su* a type z ,sutcliffia evolution may h proce$$ along two l9es2 9 "o direction new types 7 produc$ 9 :i* increas+ complexity1 z repres5t$ by a multiplication ( /eles1 0 an out/&+ feature4 ,^! =ms1 illu/rat$ by ,m$ullosa anglica & o!r m elaborate species1 prov$ ineffici5t & 7 unproductive4 ,along ano!r l9e ! proto/elic condition 0 ma9ta9$ ?\gh 9 "s cases extrafascicul> /r&s or cyl9d]s & cortical /eles 7 sup]add$3 x 0 ?is l9e t l$ to ! rec5t ,cycads4 ,g5]al consid]ations sugge/$ by ! anatomical features ( ,m$ullosa4 ,a comp>ison ( ! /ems describ$ "u ! g5]ic "n ,m$ullosa reveals a consid]able range 9 ! gross] anatomical features sup]add$ to c]ta9 fundam5tal *>act]s d5ot+ a common orig9#dad4 ,if additional data 7 available giv+ u a full] k ( individual plants diff]5ces betwe5 species w\ld be m cle>ly def9$ & w\ld provide adequate gr\nds = ! in/itution ( new g5]a = "s ( ! types n[ includ$ 9 ! compreh5sive g5us ,m$ullosa4 ,a proposal by ,dr ,lotsy#dae to adopt ! names ,pecopt]om$ullosa & ,neuropt]om$ullosa re/s prim>ily on ! relatively unimportant diff]5ce betwe5 ! fronds associat$ ) c]ta9 ,m$ullosan /ems &1 z ,scott#daf po9ts out1 ?is two-fold division if appli$ to su* a species z ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti w\ld result 9 its sep>ation f species :i* anatomically are cle>ly ( ! same g5]ic type4 ,9 ,m$ullosa anglica1 "o ( ! olde/ & simple/ types1 !re are ?ree /eles ( equal importance1 & ea* ( !m is practically id5tical ) ! s+le /ele ( ,het]angium4 ,ea* /ele--z inde$ all ,m$ullosan /eles--consi/s ( a /r& ( prim>y xylem enclos$ by second>y xylem & phloem1 & x is obvi\s t ! developm5t ( a con/antly increas+ cyl9d] ( second>y conduct+ tissue ab\t ?ree c5tres w\ld lead to s]i\s me*anical difficulty3 a /em con/ruct$ on ! plan ( ,m$ullosa anglica or ! small] ,m4 pusilla c\ld n increase ! ?ickness ( its second>y vascul> tissue beyond a c]ta9 po9t )\t detrim5t to its effici5cy4 ,9 "s types ?is difficulty is p>tially ov]come by ! production ( complete conc5tric cyl9d]s ( c5trifugally develop$ conduct+ tissue ext]nal to an inn] sy/em ( conc5tric /eles agree+ individually ) ^? ( ,het]angium 7fig4 #dae1 ,b74 ,m$ullosa anglica1 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! ar*itectural effici5cy ( its vascul> sy/em1 af=ds a mu* less promis+ po9t d'appui = fur!r evolution ?an "s ( ! =ms describ$ "u ,m$ullosa /ellata 9 :i* ! me*anical impasse is avoid$ by ! adoption ( ! cycadean plan z repres5t$ by su* g5]a z ,cycas & ,macrozamia4 ,! ,engli% species ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis 7fig4 #dag7 af=ds ! fir/ example ( a *>act]i/ic ,m$ullosan feature1 namely ! pres5ce ( a small conc5tric /ele 9 ! c5tral region ( ! /em3 ?is s-call$ />-r+ diff]s n only 9 its small] dim5sions b 9 its m cyl9drical =m f ! l>g] p]iph]al /eles4 ,9 ! lat] ,p]mian species1 e4g4 ,m$ullosa porosa & ,m4 ,solmsi1 ! s+le />-r+ ( ! old] ,m4 c5tr(ilis is replac$ by a l>ge numb] ( precisely simil> conduct+ /r&s4 ,^! />-r+s are /ructurally comp>able ) ! cortical /eles ( ,cycas &1 9 position1 ) ! m$ull>y sy/em ( bundles 9 a ,macrozamia2 !y are ess5tially caul9e & take no "p 9 ! emission ( leaf-traces4 ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti 7fig4 #daf1 ,h7 resembles 9 its vascul> plan ,m4 c5tr(ilis1 b 9 ?is l>g] /em !re are sev]al />-r+s & ! enl>g$ p]iph]al /eles are m or less s9u\s4 ,9 ,m$ullosa ,solmsi 7fig4 #daf1 ,e7 ! />-r+s are /ill m num]\s & ! ma9 vascul> sy/em consi/s ( a d\ble s]ies ( conc5tric /eles1 ea* agree+ ) ! l>g] p]iph]al /eles ( ,m4 ,leuck>ti4 ,"s ( ! =ms includ$ 9 ,m$ullosa /ellata appe> to be v diff]5t f ,m4 anglica & ,m4 ,leuck>ti 7cf4 fig4 #daf1 ,f1 ,a1 ,h71 b _! simil>ity is app>5t if we imag9e ,m$ullosa anglica ) only "o ma9 /ele 7) ! addition ( />-r+s7 :i* is /ret*$ tang5tially until x becomes a long & n>r[ plate-r+ & is !n roll$ into a holl[ cyl9d] l t 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d4 ,a modification ( ! tubul> type ( /ele is se5 9 ,m$ullosa /ellata v>4 corticata 7fig4 #daf1 ,g7 9 :i* ! vascul> cyl9d] is brok5 up into two or m curv$ plate-r+s1 a *ange sup]ficially simil> to t by :i* a dictyo/ele is produc$ f a sol5o/ele1 b 9 ,m$ullosa x is n ! ov]lapp+ ( leaf-gaps t is ! cause ( ! *ange4 ,a /rik+ feature 9 ! /em ( ,m$ullosa /ellata repres5t$ 9 fig4 #daf1 ,d & ,f 7especially ,f71 is ! inequality 9 bread? ( ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal xylem3 ?is inequality is an expression ( ! difficulty caus$ by ! pres5ce ( an int]nal z well z an ext]nal addition ( second>y conduct+ tissue4 ,a limit is set to ! production ( second>y c5tripetal xylem by ! space available = ext5sion1 :]eas !re is unlimit$ room = increase 9 ! case ( ! c5trifugal tissue4 ,?is t5d5cy to a great] developm5t ( xylem & phloem on ! out] side ( ! prim>y portion ( ! /eles is illu/rat$ also 9 ,m4 ,solmsi v>4 lignosa 7fig4 #daf1 ,l7 :]e ! out] ( ! two s]ies ( p]iph]al /eles has a mu* l>g] proportion ( c5trifugal xylem4 ,9 ,m4 anglica ! second>y xylem on ! inn] side ( ! /eles is n infrequ5tly broad] ?an ! correspond+ tissue on ! abaxial side#dag2 b ?is is exceptional 9 ! g5us4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( c5trifugal conduct+ tissue )\t any correspond+ developm5t ( c5tripetal tissue is effect$ 9 c]ta9 cases 7fig4 #daf1 ,k1 ,l7 by ! addition ( conc5tric cyl9d]s ( c5trifugal xylem & phloem beyond ! orig9al conc5tric /eles4 ,! type illu/rat$ by ,m$ullosa ,solmsi v>4 lignosa & ,m4 /ellata v>4 gigantea 7fig4 #daf1 ,l1 ,k7 at once sugge/s comp>ison ) /ems ( ,cycas1 ,macrozamia1 & ,encephal>tos1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ ! pres5ce 9 ,m$ullosa ( an inn] s]ies ( conc5tric /eles & a c5tral gr\nd-tissue conta9+ />-r+s1 ?\gh ! latt] may be reg>d$ z correspond+ to ! m$ull>y sy/em ( bundles 9 ,macrozamia4 ,9 ,macrozamia ! c5tral region ( ! /em is consid]$ to be ! pi? ( a mono/elic /em1 :]eas 9 ,m$ullosa ! /em is poly/elic4 ,9 rec5t cycadean /ems x is n uncommon to f9d pat*es ( inv]sely ori5tat$ xylem & phloem int]nal to "o or m ( ! cyl9d]s ( c5trifugal vascul> tissue4 ,^! abnormal developm5ts are consid]$ by ,worsdell#dah to be relics ( ! inn] portions ( conc5tric /eles possess$ by ! ,m$ullosan ance/ors ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,?is int]pretation af=ds a means ( br++ into clos] relation%ip ! poly/elic ,m$ulloseae & ! mono/elic ,cycadaceae1 ! app>5t simplicity ( ! latt] be+ ! result ( ! progressive loss ( c5tripetal xylem & phloem1 ! normal cycadean cyl9d] be+ !re=e reg>d$ z a "o-sid$ remnant ( a conc5tric ,m$ullosan /ele4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,cycads are desc5d$ f poly/elic ance/ors4 ,z fur!r evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view ,worsdell po9ts to ! occurr5ce ( conc5tric /eles 9 ! cortex ( ,cycas & _! occasional pres5ce 9 ! pi? ( o!r g5]a4 ,matte#dai has %[n t 9 ! se$l+ /em ( ,encephal>tos ,b>t]i 7fig4 #cif1 ,k7 !re are ?ree conc5tric /eles ea* simil> to a normal ,m$ullosan /ele3 at a high] level 9 ! axis ! /eles become #8unroll$' & assume ! =m ( "o-sid$ cyl9d]s ( c5trifugal xylem & phloem4 ,9 ! p$uncles ( "s rec5t ,cycads1 e4g4 ,/ang]ia1 !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds a some:at irregul> ori5tation ( ! collat]al bundles t con/itute ! vascul> cyl9d]1 & tra*eids occasionally occur int]nal to ! protoxylem ( ! individual bundles#dbj4 ,worsdell reg>ds ^! features z evid5ce ( a ,m$ullosan ance/ry4 ,if ! s9u\s plate-r+s ( a /em ( ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti 7fig4 #daf1 ,h7 7 brok5 up into sep>ate portions & :olly or 9 "p depriv$ ( ! c5tripetal xylem1 ! result w\ld be an arrangem5t ( bundles comp>able ) t 9 a ,/ang]ia p$uncle#dba4 ,! scatt]$ c5tripetal tra*eids discov]$ by ,scott 9 ,/ang]ia & o!r cycadean p$uncles are int]pret$ by ,scott & by ,worsdell z relics ( "s ance/ral c5tripetal xylem1 b ) ?is important diff]5ce 9 ! po9t ( view2 ,scott believes t !y repres5t ! almo/ completely abort$ c5tripetal xylem ( a s+le /ele l t ( ,lyg9opt]is1 :ile ,worsdell sees 9 !m fragm5t>y ve/iges ( ! c5tral prim>y xylem ( two or m ,m$ullosan /eles4 ,an abnormal se$l+ ( ,arauc>ia ,bidwillii describ$ by ,%aw#dbb exhibits features analog\s to ^? 9 "s cycadean se$l+s3 )9 ! normal /ele a cambium =ms an inv]sely ori5tat$ vascul> cyl9d] :i* at a l[] level becomes cont9u\s ) ! out] c5trifugal tissue1 ! :ole vascul> sy/em be+ ev5tually repres5t$ by two conc5tric /eles4 ,! poly/elic /age is a developm5t ( a mono/elic condition1 & ! inn] or inv]t$ portion ( ea* ( ! two conc5tric /eles is d]iv$ f an inv]sely ori5tat$ cyl9d] 9 ! c5tral region ( ! root4 ,?is abnormal root does n1 h[ev]1 supply an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! d]ivation ( a mono/elic type ( /em f "o t 0 poly/elic1 b x %[s a close relation betwe5 ! two plans 9 "o organ4 ,! se$l+ is n altoge!r normal 9 =m ap>t f /ructure & x is n improbable t ! anatomical abnormality is connect$ ) "s pa?ological cause4 ,x has be5 sugge/$#dbc t ,worsdell atta*es too mu* phylog5etic significance to ! irregul>ities 9 ! disposition & =m ( ! vascul> bundles 9 ! p$uncle ( ,/ang]ia1 & ! criticism t insuffici5t all[ance is made = ! possible reaction on /ructure ( ! special physiological requirem5ts ( reproductive %oots is well f\nd$4 ,grant+ an ov]e/imate ( ! argum5ts drawn f ! occasional occurr5ce ( conc5tric vascul> /r&s1 a consid]able body ( evid5ce rema9s 9 fav\r ( ,worsdell's ma9 cont5tion4 ,mrs ,?oday#dbd has drawn att5tion to c]ta9 features exhibit$ by ! infloresc5ce-axes ( ,welwits*ia1 p>ticul>ly ! occurr5ce ( conc5tric & inv]sely ori5tat$ bundles1 simil> to ^? *>act]i/ic ( ! se$l+ ( ,cycas siam5sis#dbe describ$ by ,matte1 & to anatomical *>act]s occasionally pres5t 9 adult cycadean /ems & normally repres5t$ 9 ,m$ullosa4 ,%e is ( op9ion t ! occurr5ce 9 ,welwits*ia ( c]ta9 ,m$ullosan features has a phylog5etic significance4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,gnetales1 ,m$ulloseae1 & ,cycadales are consid]able1 & x w\ld seem unlikely t ! anatomical resemblances describ$ by ,mrs ,?oday are ( great value z crit]ia ( close relation%ip4 ,! comp>ison ( ,lag5o/oma ) gnetalean se$s is allud$ to else:]e4 ,to ! /atem5t t ! pres5ce ( conc5tric & inv]sely ori5tat$ /eles 9 ,welwits*ia are rem9isc5t ( ! poly/elic ,m$ulloseae1 ,mrs ,?oday adds ! qualify+ rem>k t ! occurr5ce ( f\r conc5tric gr\ps ( vascul> tissue 9 ! hypocotyl ( ,welwits*ia is n suffici5t to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! ance/ral type 0 poly/elic4 ,?is res]vation accords ) ! cont5tion ( ,scott & o!r botani/s1 t ! occasional occurr5ce 9 cycadean se$l+s & adult /ems ( anatomical features sugge/ive ( poly/ely does n 9 itself furni% an adequate reason = d\bt+ t ! app>5t mono/ely ( ,cycads is phylog5etically :at x seems to be1 namely1 an indication ( mono/elic ance/ry4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( a possible mono/elic ance/or4 ,x may be t ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s g5us ,sutcliffia af=ds a clue to ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! poly/elic type illu/rat$ 9 v>i\s =ms by ,m$ullosa4 ,! proto/ele ( ,sutcliffia be>s a close resemblance to ea* ( ! ?ree /eles ( ,m$ullosa anglica2 ! fact t ,sutcliffia is ex>* & t ,m$ullosa anglica has mes>* xylem is ( second>y importance1 p>ticul>ly z ex>*y is repres5t$ )9 ! g5us ,m$ullosa4 ,! extrafascicul> /r&s ( xylem & phloem & ! accessory /r&s are po9ts 9 :i* ,sutcliffia & ,m$ullosa anglica agree &1 z ,miss de ,fra9e#dbf adds1 ! m]i/eles ( ,sutcliffia may be homolog\s ) ! leaf-trace /r&s ( ,m$ullosa4 ,scott#dbg gave expression to ! *>act]s %>$ by ^! two types by describ+ ,sutcliffia z ! mo/ primitive ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! proto/elic axis ( ,sutcliffia may be reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9t ( ! mono/elic ,cycads1 ! c5tral mass ( tra*eal tissue be+ replac$ by a p>5*ymat\s pi?1 :ile ! extrafascicul> & accessory /r&s arose indep5d5tly ( ! c5tral /ele 9 response to increas$ physiological dem&s consequ5t on ! increase 9 size ( ! /em4 ,f ! same />t+-po9t evolution may h progress$ along ano!r l9e ?r\gh su* a type z ,m$ullosa anglica lead+ to ! m complex ,p]mian species ( ,m$ullosa4 ,*odat's view#dbh t ! ,m$ulloseae are ,protocycadaceae1 if we include ,sutcliffia z well z ,m$ullosa 9 ! ,m$ulloseae1 is probably correct4 ,!re is cle> evid5ce ( a close bond ( union betwe5 rec5t ,cycads & ! ,m$ulloseae1 & ,sutcliffia (f]s a possible means ( d]iv+ complex poly/elic types f a mono/elic ance/or4 ,worsdell's op9ion#dbi t ! /ele ( ,lyg9opt]is af=ds evid5ce ( d]ivation f a poly/elic ance/or & is n homolog\s ) ! true mono/ele ( ,het]angium is oppos$ to ! und\bt$ signs ( intimate connexion exhibit$ by ^! g5]a4 ,! ,lyg9opt]ideae are1 z ,scott#dcj says1 a less advanc$ gr\p ?an ! ,m$ulloseae &1 x may be add$1 !y are m remote f ! mod]n repres5tatives ( ! ,cycadales4 ,! ,lyg9opt]ideae & ! ,m$ulloseae are probably (f%oots ( a common /ock1 b ! ,m$ulloseae occupy a position f>!r remov$ f ! filic9ean ance/ry ?an ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is#dca4 ,! relative meagr5ess ( our k ( ! reproductive organs ( ! ,m$ulloseae gives prec$5ce to anatomical data 9 phylog5etic consid]ations1 b ! evid5ce furni%$ by ,trigonoc>pus & o!r se$s t may fairly be assign$ to ,m$ullosan plants is 9 h>mony ) ! conclusions bas$ on vegetative *>act]s ) reg>d to a close aff9ity betwe5 ! ,m$ulloseae & ,cycads4 ,! comp>ative exam9ation ( rec5t ,cycads naturally sugge/$ by any attempt to comp>e ! gr\p z a :ole ) ,palaeozoic types leads to "s app>5tly contradictory results4 ,! habit ( ! megasporophyll ( ,cycas is usually quot$ z a primitive attribute3 ! close resemblance 9 plan & 9 mann] ( occurr5ce on ! /em betwe5 megasporophylls & foliage leaves recalls bo? ,f]ns & ,m$ullosan fronds4 ,on ! o!r h& ! production ( eight body-cells 9 ! poll5-tube ( ,microcycas#dcb 9 place ( ! usual s+le cell may also be reg>d$ z a primitive "*4 ,x is p]haps possible1 z ,miss ,dorety#dcc says1 t ! polysp]my may be a case ( recurr5ce & n a direct inh]itance4 ,microcycas diff]s f ,cycas 9 hav+ only "o vascul> cyl9d]1 & if ! pres5ce ( sev]al conc5tric cyl9d]s 9 ,cycas be int]pret$ z an indication ( a clos] connexion ) a ,m$ullosan ance/ry1 ! ,microcycas type w\ld repres5t a m advanc$ /age 9 evolution4 ,attempts to arrange plants accord+ to a natural sequ5ce are frequ5tly fru/rat$ by in/ances ( unequal progress 9 ! developm5t ( vegetative & reproductive organs2 "o or o!r set ( memb]s lags beh9d2 "s *>act]s po9t to ! ret5tion ( primitive traits :ile o!rs indicate a m>k$ progressive t5d5cy4 ,x is notewor?y t ! ,mesozoic ,b5nettitales are *>act]is$ by a great] simplicity ( /em-/ructure ?an is ! rule 9 rec5t ,cycads1 & bo? 9 _! vegetative features & 9 ! /ructure ( ! se$s !y are fur!r remov$ f ! ,m$ullosan type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dda4 ,/eloxylon ,ludwigii4 ,a1 surface-view 7longitud9al7 ( /em %[+ leaf-bases4 7,aft] ,solms-,lauba*47 ,b1 longitud9al section %[+ ana/omos+ vascul> /r&s4 ,c1 /eles1 ! l[] "o %[+ ! emission ( a leaf-trace4 7,b1 ,c1 aft] ,s*5k47 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,,/eloxyleae4 ,/eloxylon4 ,solms-,lauba*4 ,/eloxylon ,ludwigii 7,goepp]t & ,/5zel74 ,! g5us is f\nd$ on a piece ( /em f ,sib]ia1 possibly ( ,p]mian age ?\gh n improbably old]1 :i* 0 orig9ally describ$ z ,m$ullosa ,ludwigii#dcd4 ,x is *>act]is$ by num]\s cyl9drical & b&-l vascul> /r&s =m+ an irregul> ana/omos+ sy/em 7fig4 #dda1 ,b7 & by cr[d$ spiral leaf-sc>s on ! expos$ face4 ,! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! transv]se section figur$ by ^! au?ors1 :ile sugge/+ comp>ison ) ,m$ullosa1 reveals a di/9ctive "*1 namely ! abs5ce ( a def9ite p]iph]al sy/em ( vascul> r+s su* z =ms a /rik+ feature ( ! cont95tal ,m$ulloseae4 ,a m complete description 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ by ,s*5k#dce :o recognis$ m fully ! peculi> features & h9t$ at ! possibility t ! species might m appropriately be reg>d$ z a memb] ( a di/9ct gr\p4 ,solms-,lauba*#dcf w5t a /ep fur!r & in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,/eloxylon1 & 9 a lat] publication gave a full] acc\nt ( ! anatomical *>act]s4 ,! complete /em mu/ h rea*$ a diamet] ( approximately #ac cm4 ,! homog5e\s gr\nd-tissue =ms a matrix enclos+ an ana/omos+ vascul> sy/em ( cyl9drical or oval /eles 7fig4 #dda1 ,c74 ,ea* /r& consi/s ( a b& ( second>y xylem tra*eids ) "o or sev]al r[s ( circul> or oval bord]$ pits on ! radial walls & n>r[ m$ull>y rays usually #a-b cells broad & #a-d cells deep1 ?\gh occasionally deep]4 ,no phloem is pres]v$4 ,! tissue 9 ! c5tre ( ea* /ele is v imp]fectly pres]v$1 b x is cle> t ! second>y xylem enclos$ a c5tral region 7#8p>tial pi?'7 l t 9 ! /eles ( a ,m$ullosa1 d\btless consi/+ ( prim>y xylem & conjunctive p>5*yma4 ,! /em is cov]$ ) leaf-bases ( oval or circul> section & betwe5 !m are small organs1 probably multicellul> hairs 7fig4 #dda1 ,a74 ,a leaf-base consi/s ( an out] zone ( /r5g!n+ tissue & a p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue trav]s$ by two or m small vascul> /r&s :i* assume v>i\s =ms4 ,^! petiol> /r&s are simply portions ( ! ma9 vascul> sy/em :i* b5d outw>ds at ! p]iph]y ( ! ana/omos+ network4 ,! m notewor?y features 9 :i* ,/eloxylon diff]s f ,m$ullosa1 p>ticul>ly su* species z ,m4 /ellata & ,m4 ,leuck>ti1 are 7i7 ! cr[d$ & comp>atively small leaf-bases 9 place ( ! massive decurr5t petioles ( ,m$ullosa2 7ii7 ! supply ( ! leaves by compact bran*es ( ! /el> network in/ead ( ! bundles deta*$ z leaf-traces f a /em-/ele ( ,m$ullosa 7! orig9 ( a leaf-trace 9 ,/eloxylon is %[n 9 fig4 #dda1 ,c72 7iii7 ! abs5ce ( a p]iph]al sy/em ( vascul> plate-r+s & ! irregul> di/ribution ( cyl9drical & plate-/eles 9 ! gr\nd-tissue4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! reproductive organs or leaves beyond ! /ructure ( ! atta*$ leaf-bases4 ,! op9ion express$ by ,p4 ,b]tr&#dcg t ! fossil describ$ by ,/5zel z ,a/]o*la5a 7,clepsydropsis7 kirgisica is ! petiole ( ,/eloxylon 0 ab&on$ aft] ! additional facts publi%$ by ,solms-,lauba*4 ,z reg>ds ! aff9ities ( ,/eloxylon3 ! /ructure ( ! /eles agrees closely ) t ( ! />- & plate-r+s ( a ,m$ullosa1 :ile ! pitt+ ( ! tra*eids is m l t 9 ,m$ullosa ?an ,cladoxylon4 ,9 ! t5d5cy to a m radial ?an tang5tial disposition ( ! b&-l /eles ,/eloxylon recalls ,cladoxylon r ?an ,m$ullosa1 b 9 ,cladoxylon ! vascul> sy/em does n =m an irregul> network z 9 ,/eloxylon4 ,! in=mation z to ! /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem is v meagre1 b x po9ts to a clos] connexion ) ,m$ullosa ?an ) ,cladoxylon4 ,on ! :ole ,/eloxylon may p]haps be def9$ z a g5us alli$ to ! ,m$ulloseae 9 ! anatomical features ( ! /em m closely ?an to o!r g5]a1 b suffici5tly di/9ct to be exclud$ f ! ,m$ulloseae z at pres5t und]/ood#dch4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,pt]idosp]ms ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,se$-,,be>+ ,,leaves ,,only ,,or ,,leaves ,,9 ,,con/ant ,,association ,,) ,,se$s4 ,be=e describ+ o!r g5]a repres5t$ by petrifi$ vegetative organs exhibit+ 9 _! anatomical features po9ts ( contact ) ! ,m$ulloseae1 a %ort acc\nt is int]calat$ ( "s imp]fectly kn[n se$-be>+ fronds & se$s belong+ to ! ,pt]idosp]ms b :i* d n af=d suffici5t data to admit ( _! ref]5ce to a m precise position 9 a natural classification4 ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti 7,s*lo!im74 ,9 ! section 9 ,volume ii4 devot$ to ! g5us ,pecopt]is ref]5ce 0 made to ! species ,p4 ,pluck5eti#dci1 fur!r treatm5t be+ def]r$ until o!r ,pt]idosp]ms _h be5 describ$4 ,! f]n-l fronds orig9ally describ$ by ,s*lo!im z ,filicites ,pluck5eti#ddj & aft]w>ds transf]r$ by ,brongni>t & o!r au?ors to ,pecopt]is#dda are n[ recognis$ z ! leaves ( a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,"s d\bt has be5 express$ z to ! specific id5tity ( ! specim5s figur$ by ,s*lo!im & ,brongni>t respectively1 b ,potoni's exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 ( ! e>li] au?or conv9c$ him t ,brongni>t's leaves 7 correctly nam$4 ,! l>ge fronds ( ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti are *>act]is$ by ! bifurcation ( ! pr9cipal axis :i* be>s opposite pairs ( bi- or tri-p9nate bran*es & 9 ! angles ( ! bifurcations ( ! ra*is undevelop$ buds occur on prolongations ( ! axis1 a habit recall+ rec5t species ( ,glei*5ia#ddb 7figs4 #bbe & #bbf1 vol4 ii474 ,! v>iation 9 ! =m ( ! p9nules is %[n 9 fig4 #ddb1 ,a1 :i* repres5ts bo? ! apical portion & p>ts ( p9nae #aj cm4 l[] on ! ra*is ( a l>ge leaf f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,rad/ock4 ,! species is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures & is record$ also f ,p]mian /rata4 ,9 #ahhc ,/]zel adopt$ = ?is species ! g5]ic "n ,dicksonites because ( ! occurr5ce ( %all[ circul> cups at ! end ( ! l[e/ lat]al ve9 on "s ( ! p9nules :i* he believ$ to be sori ( ! ,cya!ace\s type4 ,! cups h an involute m>g9 & occasionally a small sc> 9 ! c5tre 7fig4 #ddb1 ,b74 ,/ur#ddc decl9$ to accept ,/]zel's evid5ce z satisfactory & sugge/$ a fungal orig9 = ! sorus-l impressions1 a view1 z ,/]zel object$1 t is r5d]$ improbable by ! con/ant position ( ! s+le cups on sev]al p9nules4 ,! nature ( ,/]zel's #8sori' has n be5 demon/rat$3 x is sugge/$ by ,gr&',eury#ddd t !y m>k ! position ( microsporangia4 ,"s se$-be>+ specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection %[ cups1 l ^? figur$ by ,/]zel1 on p9nules f :i* ! se$s h fall51 & x is n improbable t !y are ! sc>s ( se$s4 ,9 #aije ,gr&',eury publi%$ a description & photographs ( specim5s ( ,p4 ,pluck5eti f ! ,/ ti5ne coal-field %[+ hundr$s ( well-pres]v$ se$s1 _m ( !m atta*$ to p9nules *>act]is$ by a v slightly r$uc$ lam9a4 ,"s fronds 7 f\nd to be entirely f]tile1 :ile o!rs bore bo? /]ile & f]tile p9nae4 ,! smalle/ se$s1 #e mm4 long & #c mm4 broad1 7 f\nd at ! tips ( unexp&$ leaves3 ! mature se$s1 only slightly l>g]1 agree 9 _! broadly oval =m & n>r[ m>g9al #8w+' ) small examples ( ,sam>opsis#dde4 ,! se$s 7 figur$ by ,gr&',eury#ddf 9 an e>li] "w z ,c>poli!s granulatus4 ,!y are believ$ to h hung free f ! lam9a1 a conclusion bas$ on ! position ( ! se$s relative to ! plane ( ! p9nule 9 well-pres]v$ examples4 ,pr(4 ,zeill] in=ms me t he is by no means c]ta9 t ,gr&',eury's se$-be>+ fronds %\ld n be ref]r$ to ,pecopt]is ,/]zeli2 b z t species & ,p4 ,pluck5eti are v closely alli$ =ms & may well h borne ! same g5]al type ( fructification1 ! "q ( specific diff]5ce does n affect ! significance ( ,gr&',eury's discov]y4 ,a /atem5t 0 made 9 vol4 ii4#ddg1 quot$ f ,gr&',eury1 t ! fronds ( ,p4 ,/]zeli 7 borne on a ,ps>onius /em1 b ,pr(4 ,zeill] told me t 9 8 op9ion ! fronds & /em are m]ely 9 association & n 9 organic contact4 ,x is probable t ! ,ps>onius /em bore fronds ( "s species ( ,pecopt]is ) sori ( ! ,a/]o!ca or ,scolecopt]is type & n se$s4 ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti & ,p4 ,/]zeli are no d\bt ! fronds ( a ,pt]idosp]m#ddh1 b ap>t f ! se$-impressions !re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs or /em4 ,! =m ( ! se$s ) a fairly ?ick s>cote/a1 :i* gives !m a w+$ appe>ance1 sugge/s a memb] ( ! ,m$ulloseae r ?an a plant ) se$s l ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddb4 ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti4 ,a1 apex & l[] p9nae 7,kid/on ,coll41 #bcd72 ,b1 p9nule ) suppos$ sorus 7aft] ,/]zel72 ,c1 p9nule ) se$s 7aft] ,zeill]74 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia ,/e9b]g ) ,sam>opsis acuta ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,! g5]ic "n ,eremopt]is 0 in/itut$ by ,s*imp] = a type ( frond f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,newca/le describ$ by ,/]nb]g z ,sph5opt]is artemisaefolia4 ,he includ$ also a second species1 ,e4 ,neesii1 f ! ,p]mian ( ,bohemia3 ?is 0 remov$ by ,zeill] to ,callipt]is4 ,! type-species ( ,eremopt]is is includ$ 9 ?is *apt] on ! gr\nd t ! almo/ con/ant association ) ! fronds ( se$s comp>able ) ^? describ$ by ,:ite z ,aneimites 7,w>dia7 f]tilis af=ds a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( assign+ ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 #ahbf4 ,sph5opt]is artemisaefolia ,/e9b]g1 ,flor4 ,vorwelt1 ,fasc4 iv4 p4 #ae1 ,pl4 lvi4 fig4 #a4 #ahcc4 ,sph5opt]is cri?mifolia ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,vol4 i4 ,pl4 xlvi4 #ahcc4 ,c>dioc>pon acutum1 ,ibid4 ,pl4 lxxvi4 #ahfi4 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia ,s*imp]1 ,trait4 ,pal4 ,vg4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #daf4 #aiad4 ,sam>opsis acuta ,kid/on1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 ,vol4 l4 ,pt i4 p4 #aef4 ,! l>ge comp\nd fronds ( ?is species#ddi are *>act]is$ by ! regul> di*otomy ( ! ma9 bran*es1 a feature frequ5tly met ) 9 ,palaeozoic f]n-l leaves3 ! cuneate or oval-cunei=m p9nules 7fig4 #ddc1 ,a1 ,c7 v>y consid]ably 9 bread? f ! typical cuneate type ( segm5t z figur$ by ,brongni>t#dej to n>r[1 almo/ l9e>1 leaflets l ^? ( ,sph5opt]is cri?mifolia4 ,sev]al spread+ ve9s trav]se ! lam9a4 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 :ile admitt+ a v close resemblance betwe5 _! species & ,s4 artemisaefolia1 adopt$ a di/9ctive "n4 ,! only evid5ce s f> obta9$ z to ! /em ( ! plant is furni%$ by "s specim5s 9 ! ,hutton collection 7,newca/le-^u-,tyne7 "o ( :i* %[s a piece ( rhizome be>+ sev]al petioles 7fig4 #ddc1 ,b73 !re are no p9nules atta*$ to ! ra*ises b "s occur 9 close association4 ,brongni>t notic$ ! frequ5t association ( ,eremopt]is fronds ) small se$s1 b he reg>d$ x z accid5tal4 ,dr ,kid/on#dea has rec5tly drawn att5tion to a note by ,pr(4 ,duns publi%$ 9 #ahgb on ! juxtaposition ( se$s & fronds1 & ,mr ,h[se#deb 9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,hutton plants consid]s t ! se$s 7 borne on ! ,eremopt]is leaves2 9 8 synonymy ( ,e4 artemisaefolia he includes ,c>dioc>pon acutum ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 z ! #8spore-cases or sporangia4' ,! ,eremopt]is se$s are ( ! platysp]mic 7,sam>opsis7 type1 broadly oval & ab\t #g mm4 long ) an obtuse base & two slightly div]g5t acute processes at ! apex 7fig4 #ddd74 ,"s specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,midlo?ian1 :i* 7 associat$ ) ,eremopt]is fronds1 are pres]v$ z mummifi$ cuticul> membranes & on microscopical exam9ation !y %[ cle>ly ! pres5ce ( a poll5-*amb]4 ,! se$s are ( ! ,sam>opsis type4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ddd 7 made = me by ,dr ,kid/on f two specim5s1 9 8 collection1 ( exceptionally well-pres]v$ se$s f ,midlo?ian3 ! se$s ( ?is species v>y consid]ably 9 size & =m2 "s are almo/ orbicul> & %[ no di/9ction betwe5 nucule & bord] 7fig4 #ddd1 ,a7 :ile 9 o!rs 7,b7 ! impression ( ! flatt5$ & longitud9ally /riat$ s>cote/a is cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,kid/on is ( op9ion t 9 y\ng] se$s !re is a s+le apical po9t replac$ 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t by two cusps1 z se5 9 figs4 ,a & ,b1 =m$ by ! op5+ ( ! micropyl> tube4 ,a ridge 9 ! middle ( ! flatt5$ surface indicates ! position ( ! vascul> bundles 9 ! pr9cipal plane z 9 ,c>dioc>pus4 ,! fully develop$ se$s are #h-i mm4 long4 ,! correlation ( ! se$s repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ddc & #ddd ) ,eremopt]is fronds furni%es an additional illu/ration ( ! impossibility ( tru/+ to ext]nal =m z a crit]ion ( aff9ity1 = x is kn[n t se$s ( ! ,sam>opsis type 7 produc$ by ,pt]idosp]ms ) foliage repres5t$ by ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia & ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti1 also by "s memb]s ( ! ,cordaitales 7e4g4 fig4 #dhj74 ,dr ,arb]#dec has rec5tly propos$ a new g5]ic "n ,cornuc>pus = ,c>dioc>pon acutum1 b ! draw+s t he gives ( se$s f ! ,k5t coal-field ref]r$ to ?is species sugge/ a type di/9ct f t ( ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( specim5s %[+ actual atta*m5t x is impossible to say h[ ! se$s 7 borne1 b ! analogy ( ,w>dia f]tilis & ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti l5ds support to ! view t ! se$s 7 atta*$ to p9nules ) a r$uc$ lam9a4 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia occurs 9 ! ,l[] & ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,engl&3 a species record$ by ,kid/on f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ,scotl& z ,e4 ,maccono*ii#ded is n[ believ$ by t au?or to be g5]ically di/9ct#dee4 ,) ! exception ( ! unsatisfactory specim5 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ddc1 ,b1 we h no in=mation ) reg>d to ! habit ( ! /em to :i* ! ,eremopt]is leaves 7 atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddc4 ,eremopt]is artemisaefolia4 ,a1 "p ( a frond ) associat$ se$s ( ,sam>opsis acuta2 ,b1 rhizome ) fragm5ts ( fronds2 ,c1 p9nule4 7,drawn by ,mr ,l4 ,d4 ,say]s f specim5s 9 ! ,hutton ,collection1 ,newca/le4 ,a1 ,b1 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddd4 ,sam>opsis acuta4 7,f draw+s by ,dr ,kid/on ( specim5s 9 8 collection1 #cdge 7,a71 #ccaf 7,b72 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dde4 ,w>dia f]tilis 7,:ite74 ,a1 /]ile portion ( frond2 ,b1 ,d1 enl>g$ p9nules2 ,c1 se$4 7,aft] ,:ite4 ,a1 ca1 nat4 size2 ,b-,d1 #b47 ,,w>dia4 ,:ite4 ,w>dia f]tilis 7,:ite74 ,ano!r example ( a f]n-l frond be>+ se$s is af=d$ by specim5s f ! ,l[] ,pottsville s]ies ( ,virg9ia 7correlat$ ) ! ,mill/one grit ( ,briti% geologi/s7 describ$ by ,mr ,david ,:ite#def z ,aneimites 7,w>dia7 f]tilis4 ,! comp\nd fronds usually ref]r$ to ! g5us ,adiantides or ,adiantites#deg are *>act]is$ by cuneate p9nules ) a ?9 lam9a & =k$1 slightly div]g5t ve9s 7fig4 #dde1 ,a1 ,d74 ,:ite disc>ds ! "n ,adiantides 9 fav\r ( ,dawson's g5us ,aneimites on ! gr\nd t ,goepp]t#deh1 :o in/itut$ ! =m] t]m1 appli$ x 9 ! fir/ in/ance to leaves ( ,g9kgo :i* he id5tifi$ z simple ,f]n fronds4 ,9 spite ( ?is misapplication ( ! "n x has be5 con/antly us$ & is well e/abli%$4 ,! discov]y ( se$s is1 h[ev]1 a reason = ! adoption ( a new g5]ic "n1 & z ,:ite propos$ ,w>dia = ! se$s x may appropriately be ext5d$ to ! fronds 9 place ( ! provisional t]m ,aneimites4 ,! se$s :i* occur at ! apices ( sl5d] p$icels on p9nae be>+ relatively small p9nules ) a r$uc$ lam9a 7fig4 #dde1 ,b1 ,c7 are rhomboidal 9 %ape1 #de mm4 long & #be mm4 broad4 ,! bilat]ally symmetrical se$s 7 probably enclos$1 z ,:ite sugge/s1 9 a fle%y integum5t :i* on pressure became lat]ally ext5d$ z a w+-l bord]4 ,9 "s ( ! se$s !re is an indication ( a #8slight collapse )9 ! apex ( ! nutlet1' :i* may mean ! pres5ce ( a poll5-*amb]2 b :ile ! pres]vation is too imp]fect to af=d any decisive evid5ce z to anatomical features1 !re is no reason to d\bt ! conclusion z to ! se$-nature ( ! organs describ$ by ,:ite4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! /em1 ?\gh ! op9ion may be haz>d$ t ,w>dia is a memb] ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,adiantites bellidulus ,he] & ,lag5osp]mum ,arb]i ,na?or/4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! g5us ,lag5osp]mum 9 ! acc\nt ( ,lag5o/oma#dei4 ,! species ,lag5osp]mum ,arb]i has rec5tly be5 f\nd$ by ,dr ,na?or/#dfj on "s se$s obta9$ f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,spitzb]g53 a brief description is int]calat$ "h because x is probable t !y 7 borne on fronds ( ! ,adiantites type simil> to ^? on :i* ,:ite f\nd ! se$s describ$ by him z ,w>dia4 ,! se$s ( ,l4 ,arb]i1 #ad-ah #e mm41 are sp9dle-%ap$ ) an obtuse apex & longitud9ally ribb$ ) a /alk at lea/ #g mm4 long4 ,na?or/ consid]s t a cupule 0 probably pres5t3 ! specim5s d n convey ! impression ( nak$ se$s & 9 "s examples !re are indications ( an inve/+ envelope1 ?\gh ?is may be ! result ( te>+ ( ! te/a4 ,na?or/ reg>ds ! ,spitzb]g5 se$s z probably specifically id5tical ) a specim5 describ$ by ,s*malhaus5#dfa f ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ! ,urals z ,rhabdoc>pus ori5talis ,ei*41 a species :i* agrees closely ) ,lag5osp]mum nitidulum z describ$ by ,he]#dfb 7"u ! "n ,c>poli!s nitidulus7 & ,na?or/#dfc f ,spitzb]g54 ,x is also possible t ,kid/on's ,rhabdoc>pus elongatus#dfd1 f ! ,lan>k%ire coal-field & else:]e1 rec5tly transf]r$ by ,arb]#dfe to ,platysp]mum1 is an example ( ! same species4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ,lag5osp]mum lies 9 ! fact1 assum+ ,na?or/'s correlation ( ! se$s ) ,adiantites bellidulus ,he] to be correct1 t x is a typical radiosp]mic se$1 :ile ,w>dia1 borne on foliage ( ! same g5]al type1 is an equally typical platysp]mic se$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,cycad(ilices4 ,9 ?is *apt] are includ$ sev]al types repres5t$ by /ems1 b :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite in=mation ) reg>d to ! reproductive organs _c be assign$ to ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,,megaloxyleae4 ,megaloxylon4 ,sew>d4 ,?is g5us is repres5t$ by a s+le species f\nd$ on a piece ( /em f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire discov]$ 9 ! ,b9ney ,collection 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge#dff4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! leaves1 reproductive organs1 or roots4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s exclusively ( prim>y & second>y xylem4 ,megaloxylon ,scotti ,sew>d4 ,! type-specim51 reproduc$ natural size 9 fig4 #ddf1 ,a1 ,b1 consi/s ( a fragm5t ( /em :i* at fir/ sight be>s a close resemblance to ,cordaites1 b ! app>5t pi?1 #ai cm4 9 diamet]1 is ! prim>y xylem ( ! /ele & is enclos$ by an incomplete cyl9d] ( second>y xylem #b cm4 broad4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! light] prim>y xylem & ! d>k] second>y cyl9d] is especially well m>k$ 9 ! longitud9al section 7fig4 #ddf1 ,b74 ,! c5tral region1 %[n on a l>g] scale 9 fig4 #ddg1 is occupi$ by gr\ps ( tra*eids v>y+ 9 size & %ape associat$ ) ?9-wall$ p>5*yma3 ! latt] is repres5t$ by light] pat*es 9 ! section4 ,! majority ( ! tra*eids are *>act]is$ by _! great bread?--9 "s cases #d mm4--& _! isodiametric or ev5 horizontally elongat$ & flatt5$ =m4 ,"s ( ^! l>ge metaxylem elem5ts are se5 9 longitud9al section at m 9 fig4 #ddh :]e ! %r9kage & p>tial decay ( ! p>5*ymat\s tissue h result$ 9 ! sep>ation ( transv]se b&s ( xylem simulat+ ! discoid pi? ( a ,cordaites4 ,! walls ( ^! tra*eal cells are cov]$ ) multis]iate pits4 ,) ! %ort & sometimes flatt5$ xylem elem5ts occur o!rs ( great] l5g?1 b ^! are *iefly met ) 9 ! m p]iph]al "p ( ! c5tral region :]e "s ( ! tra*eids are mu* n>r[] & h ! =m ( ord9>y wat]-conduct+ elem5ts4 ,on "o side ( ! prim>y xylem 9 fig4 #ddg an oval & m compact gr\p ( n>r[ & long] tra*eids is se5 at lt2 ?is is a leaf-trace ab\t to ent] ! second>y-xylem cyl9d] on its outw>d c\rse4 ,! same leaf-trace is %[n at lt 9 fig4 #ddf1 ,b2 z x desc5ds ! trace becomes less di/9ct & its elongat$ elem5ts gradually m]ge into ! g5]al mass ( metaxylem4 ,a portion ( ?is leaf-trace is se5 9 fig4 #ddh1 ,b1 lt1 close to ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem1 x1 & abutt+ int]nally on ! contract$ tissue1 m1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( l>ge & %ort tra*eae ) rema9s ( associat$ p>5*yma4 ,! trace includes "s conjunctive p>5*yma int]sp]s$ ) ! tra*eids3 on its out] surface1 t is on ! abaxial edge ( ! ovate xylem /r& z %[n at lt 9 fig4 #ddg1 !re are six ext]nal protoxylem /r&s4 ,9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! prim>y xylem ( ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ddg !re are sev]al m or less well-def9$ leaf-traces1 e4g4 lt1 lt2 ^! diff] f t se5 at lt 9 _! great] tang5tial bread? & 9 ! less compact arrangem5t ( ! tra*eids4 ,z ea* trace is foll[$ d[nw>ds 9 ! prim>y region ( ! /ele x t5ds to become broad]1 especially 9 a tang5tial direction2 ! spiral protoxylem /r&s are m widely sep>at$ 7fig4 #ddh1 ,a1 px7 & ! elongat$ & comp>atively n>r[ tra*eids z !y spread out fan-wise are r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 f9ally pass+ ov] into ! broad & %ort reticulately pitt$ cells4 ,ea* leaf-trace c be foll[$ ?r\gh approximately f\r int]nodes be=e its individuality is lo/ 9 ! g5]al mass ( metaxylem4 ,! disposition ( ! p]iph]al traces is su* z to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! phyllotaxis ( ! /em is 4#dfg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddf4 ,megaloxylon ,scotti4 ,a1 ,b4 ,transv]se & longitud9al sections4 x1 x1 prim>y & second>y xylem2 lt1 leaf-traces4 ,nat4 size4 ,c4 ,second>y xylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddg4 ,megaloxylon ,scotti4 ,transv]se section ( ! prim>y portion ( ! /ele ) leaf-traces1 lt1 & ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddh4 ,megaloxylon ,scotti4 ,a1 transv]se section at ! junction ( ! prim>y & second>y tissues2 ,b1 longitud9al section %[+ ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem1 x1 a leaf-trace1 lt1 & ! metaxylem1 m4 ,! second>y xylem 7fig4 #ddf1 ,c7 resembles t ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium ?\gh x is less p>5*ymat\s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s & v>y 9 bread? f #a to #e cells1 :ile ! tra*eids1 ) multis]iate bord]$ pits on _! radial walls1 =m b&s #a to #h elem5ts 9 bread?4 ,!re are no regul> r+s ( gr[? b occasional arcs ( n>r[ tra*eids int]f]e slightly ) ! o!rwise uni=m /ructure ( ! wood4 ,a leaf-trace 9 its oblique outw>d c\rse ?r\gh ! wood becomes completely enclos$ by a cyl9d] ( second>y xylem & ?us appe>s to be conc5tric4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any tissue ext]nal to ! second>y xylem ( ! /em1 /atem5ts z to ! subsequ5t behavi\r ( ! leaf-traces on em]g+ f ! /ele are purely hypo!tical4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n improbable t ea* conc5tric trace lo/ its second>y tissue & broke up into sev]al collat]al /r&s1 a sugge/ion bas$ on ! behavi\r ( ! leaf-traces 9 ,m$ullosa anglica4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( ,megaloxylon are3 7i7 ! /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem1 p>ticul>ly ! unusual =m ( ! majority ( ! metaxylem tra*eids1 a =m obvi\sly correlat$ ) /orage r ?an ) conduction ( wat]2 7ii7 ! gradual spread+ ( ! leaf-traces & _! absorption z !y desc5d into ! ma9 mass ( ! xylem2 7iii7 ! ex>* /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,conf9+ our att5tion to ! prim>y region ( ! /ele2 a comp>ison is at once sugge/$ ) ,het]angium4 ,9 ,megaloxylon ! peculi>ities are ! sub/itution ( ! l>ge /orage-tra*eids = ! normal xylem-elem5ts2 ! great] irregul>ity 9 ! gr\ps ( metaxylem2 & an ex>* in/ead ( a mes>* /ructure4 ,9 ^! la/ features ! prim>y xylem agrees ) t ( rec5t species ( ! ,s*izaeace\s ,f]n ,lygodium & ! ext]nal protoxylem is a "* %>$ ) ,rhet9angium4 ,! occurr5ce ( %ort tra*eids simil> to ^? ( ,megaloxylon 9 ! inn] portion ( ! /ele ( ! ,osmundace\s ,f]n ,zalesskya gracilis 7,ei*47#dfh may be quot$ z an example ( p>allel modification b1 z ,scott#dfi po9ts out1 ! resemblance has no phylog5etic significance4 ,! second>y xylem ?\gh less p>5*ymat\s ?an 9 rec5t ,cycads agrees m closely ) ! manoxylic ?an ) ! pycnoxylic type4 ,megaloxylon af=ds an int]e/+ example ( a comb9ation ( prim>y /el> anatomical features1 comp>able 9 ! ex>* position ( ! protoxylem ) ! /ele ( ,lygodium1 & second>y wood simil> to t ( ,lyg9opt]is & ,het]angium4 ,! l>ge metaxylem tra*eids may be reg>d$ z d]ivatives ( elem5ts :i* 9 "s ance/ral type 7 /ructurally fitt$ = ! rle ( wat]-transport & made up ! xylem ( a ,lygodium-l /ele ) little or no second>y xylem4 ,z ! cambial activity increas$ & c5trifugal xylem became a prom95t feature1 usurp+ ! function ( ! c5tripetal xylem1 ! latt] became modifi$ & fitt$ = a new s]vice4 ,,rhet9angieae4 ,rhet9angium4 ,gordon4 ,rhet9angium ,arb]i ,gordon4 ,! /em on :i* ?is g5us is f\nd$ 0 discov]$ by ,dr ,gordon#dgj 9 ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies ( ,pettycur3 a specim5 collect$ by ,dr ,kid/on 9 ,b]wick%ire may be specifically id5tical ) ! ,pettycur plant4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! leaves or reproductive organs ( ,rhet9angium4 ,! /em1 approximately #b cm4 9 diamet]1 0 probably cyl9drical2 x possesses a s+le /ele consi/+ ma9ly ( a c5tral prim>y region occupi$ by ana/omos+ gr\ps ( tra*eids1 #acj-aej 9 diamet]1 emb$d$ 9 p>5*yma conta9+ num]\s secretory sacs & ducts4 ,9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! /ele ! gr\ps ( tra*eids consi/ ( n>r[] elem5ts *>act]is$ by ex>* protoxylem4 ,ea* p]iph]al gr\p =ms ! base ( a w$ge ( second>y xylem 7fig4 #dej1 x71 ! prim>y m$ull>y rays be+ 9 direct connexion ) "s ( ! p>5*yma ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,! second>y tra*eids1 #de-he 9 diamet]1 h multis]iate bord]$ pits on _! radial walls & ! rays are broad & deep z 9 ,het]angium & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,) ! exception ( ! ext]nal position ( ! protoxylem1 ! /ele ( ,rhet9angium is practically id5tical ) t ( ,het]angium1 ?\gh 9 ,rhet9angium ! prim>y tra*eids =m l>g] & few] gr\ps4 ,! inn] cortex is compos$ ( ?9-wall$ cells ) _m secretory sacs3 !re are no /]eome elem5ts4 ,9 ! out] cortex 7fig4 #ddi1 cr7 radially dispos$ b&s ( /]eome =m a reticulum ) n>r[ & v long me%es l t ( ,m$ullosan petioles4 ,! rec5tly record$ occurr5ce ( polydesmic petioles#dga 9 ,het]angium is ( special int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! comp>ison ( t g5us ) ,rhet9angium & ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,! v broad decurr5t petiole-bases are a /rik+ feature1 ! major diamet] ( ! pulv9us-l base ( ! leaf-/alk exce$+ t ( ! /em 7fig4 #ddi1 p74 ,sev]al xylem-/r&s f ! p]iph]al region ( ! prim>y xylem g to =m a s+le leaf-trace3 ^! ,u-%ap$ /r&s ( xylem de/9$ = a leaf are connect$ lat]ally by p>5*yma & =m an irregul>ly corrugat$ b&4 ,fig4 #dej %[s a petiole-trace /ill enclos$ on ea* side by ! second>y xylem cyl9d] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ddi4 ,rhet9angium ,arb]i ,gord4 ,transv]se section ( /em ) l>ge leaf-base2 cr1 out] cortex ( /em2 p1 petiole4 7,aft] ,gordon2 #a47 ,!re are sev]al protoxylem gr\ps 9 a leaf-trace1 "o on ! out] face ( ea* xylem-/r&4 ,9 ! petiole ! xylem gr\ps are m intimately connect$ & ! trace has ! =m ( a flat b& ) abaxial protoxylem4 ,!re is no indication t a leaf-trace und]goes division into sep>ate /r&s4 ,! roots are describ$ z tetr>* ) well-develop$ second>y xylem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dej4 ,transv]se section ( leaf-trace ( ,rhet9angium ,arb]i %[+ ! ex>* /ructure2 x1 second>y xylem4 7,aft] ,gordon47 ,! prim>y xylem ( ,rhet9angium agrees 9 its ex>* /ructure ) ! ,palaeozoic g5]a ,sutcliffia1 ,megaloxylon & ,/5omyelon1 also ) ,lygodium & "s o!r rec5t ,f]ns3 ! second>y wood is ( ! manoxylic type l t ( ,lyg9opt]is1 ,het]angium & o!r g5]a4 ,9 ! g5]al /ructure ( ! /ele ,rhet9angium agrees ) ,sutcliffia &1 except 9 ! ex>* /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem1 ) ! /eles ( ,het]angium & ,m$ullosa anglica#dgb2 b ! /ructure & orig9 ( ! leaf-traces are *>act]s :i* m>k x (f f ,sutcliffia4 ,! scl]5*ymat\s b&s 9 ! inn] cortex ( ,het]angium are unrepres5t$ 9 ,rhet9angium1 & 9 ! latt] g5us ! abundance ( secretory sacs & ducts is a *>act]i/ic feature1 moreov] 9 ,rhet9angium1 ! leaf-trace consi/s ( sev]al gr\ps ( prim>y xylem-elem5ts4 ,dr ,gordon reg>ds ,megaloxylon z ! type :i* comes ne>e/ to ,rhet9angium2 b ! diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y wood & ! m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! leaf-traces are too pron\nc$ to ju/ify a pref]5ce = ,megaloxylon ov] ,het]angium 9 ! ord] ( aff9ity4 ,gordon consid]s t ! undivid$ leaf-trace ( ,rhet9angium may repres5t a =m transitional betwe5 ! simple leaf-trace ( ,lyg9opt]is & ! mu* divid$ type 9 ,m$ullosa4 ,! ext]nal position ( ! protoxylem is a "* to :i* too mu* weight may easily be atta*$3 ! diff]5ce 9 position betwe5 ! protoxylem ( ,rhet9angium & ,het]angium is 9 "s examples ( ! latt] g5us h>dly p]ceptible4 ,kub>t#dgc speaks ( ! /ele ( 8 species ,het]angium ,/uri z be+ almo/ ex>*4 ,! incon/ancy 9 ! position ( ! protoxylem 9 ! xylem ( ,osmundace\s /ems & 9 ! prim>y bundles ( ,eri/ophyton & o!r ,palaeozoic g5]a is wor?y ( consid]ation 9 ?is connexion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dea4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum ,kid/4 ,transv]se section ( /em4 ,! black pat*es repres5t leaf-traces4 7,aft] ,kid/on2 #a47 ,,/5omyeleae4 ,/5omyelon4 ,kid/on4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum ,kid/on4 ,! specim5s on :i* ?is monotypic g5us is f\nd$#dgd 7 obta9$ f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 7,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies7 at ,norham ,bridge1 ,b]wick%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,!y consi/ ( petrifi$ pieces ( a flatt5$ /em1 a fragm5t ( a ra*is & portions ( lam9ae3 !re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs4 ,! orig9al =m ( ! /em is obscur$ by ! de/ruction ( a consid]able "p ( ! cortex & ! consequ5t flatt5+ ( ! :ole ) ! production ( w+-l ext5sions ( ! imp]fectly pres]v$ tissues enclos+ ! almo/ cyl9drical /ele 7figs4 #dea1 #deb74 ,! /ele consi/s ( a bluntly triangul> core ( prim>y xylem1 #c-d mm4 9 diamet]1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( reticulately pitt$ tra*eids rea*+ a diamet] ( #afj3 a few p>5*ymat\s cells occur 9 ! p]iph]al region & a b& ( p>5*yma ext5ds f ! middle ( ea* ( ! ?ree sides ( ! xylem to ! c5tre ( ! /ele1 ?us divid+ ! prim>y conduct+ tissue into ?ree gr\ps :i* are ! expression ( a phyllotaxis ( 4 ,! tra*eids ne> ! out] face ( ea* xylem-gr\p are n>r[] ?an ! o!rs & h scal>i=m pitt+4 ,! second>y xylem fir/ appe>s along ! slightly concave sides ( ! prim>y /ele1 ev5tually enclos+ ! :ole3 x consi/s ( tra*eids ) multis]iate pits on ! radial walls & num]\s deep m$ull>y rays #a-f cells broad4 ,no phloem is pres]v$ ?\gh x is probable t a n>r[ b& 0 orig9ally pres5t4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is af=d$ by a zone ( ?ick-wall$ cells1 reg>d$ z p]id]m1 encircl+ ! /ele & =m$ by a deep-seat$ phellog54 ,on ! out] face ( ?is b& !re are project+ bosses1 & simil> scl]\s ne/s are scatt]$ 9 ! cortex4 ,! out] cortex has a ,sp>ganum#dge type ( hypod]m1 t is long v]tical /r&s ( fibres alt]nat+ ) p>5*yma4 ,! leaf-traces are =m$ f ! blunt angles ( ! prim>y xylem2 an angle becomes nipp$ (f z a m or less cyl9drical /r& enclos$ by a zone ( second>y tra*eids :i* is v n>r[ on ! adaxial side 7fig4 #deb74 ,protoxylem 0 recognis$ only 9 ! leaf-traces & n 9 ! re/ ( ! /ele4 ,a pair ( protoxylem /r&s occurs on ! out] edge ( a prom95t angle ( xylem be=e x becomes deta*$ f ! /ele1 & ^! =m a s+le /r& at a l[] level4 ,z a leaf-trace passes outw>ds1 ! ex>* xylem /r& becomes mes>* & !re is a s+le protoxylem gr\p except at a po9t ne> ! bifurcation ( a trace4 ,9 its passage ?r\gh ! cortex a leaf-trace divides repeat$ly1 ! second>y xylem on ! out] face ( ea* /r& be+ reta9$ = a consid]able "t4 ,our meagre k ( ! nature ( ! leaves is bas$ on incomplete fragm5ts f\nd 9 association ) ! /em4 ,! leaf is believ$ to h be5 simple & *>act]is$ by a ?ick lam9a ) a hypod]mal zone ( scl]\s /r&s & sev]al vascul> bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #deb4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum4 ,transv]se section ( /ele4 7,aft] ,kid/on2 #g47 ,z ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan#dgf rem>k1 ,/5omyelon is a v di/9ct type2 :ile resembl+ ,sutcliffia 9 "s respects x diff]s f t g5us n only 9 ! /ructure ( ! prim>y /ele b 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sy/em ( m]i/eles :i* =m s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ! latt] g5us4 ,,cycadoxyleae4 ,cycadoxylon4 ,r5ault4 ,?is g5]ic t]m#dgg is appli$ to a few types ( ,p]mian & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /ems possess+ a vascul> cyl9d]1 :i* may rea* a consid]able bread?1 ( second>y c5trifugally develop$ xylem & phloem enclos+ a l>ge pi? conta9+ ei!r a n>r[1 p]iph]ally plac$1 & m or less cont9u\s cyl9d] ( inv]sely ori5tat$ conduct+ tissue or scatt]$ b&s ( c5tripetal xylem & phloem4 ,! second>y xylem is manoxylic1 :ile ! int]nal vascul> tissue recalls t ( ,pty*oxylon & to a less ext5t ! inv]t$ arcs t are r>ely met ) 9 ,lyg9opt]is /ems4 ,a brief diagnosis ( two species may s]ve to illu/rate ! g5us3 a ?ird species is includ$ 9 ,cycadoxylon1 b x is f\nd$ on mat]ial too incomplete to admit ( satisfactory diagnosis4 ,cycadoxylon ,fremyi ,r5ault4 ,?is ,p]mian species#dgh is repres5t$ by a piece ( /em #b-be cm4 9 diamet] 7fig4 #dec1 ,b7 *>act]is$ by 7i7 a fairly broad p>5*ymat\s cortex ) secretory canals & sev]al hypod]mal ne/s ( scl]\s tissue1 7ii7 a cyl9d] ( second>y xylem & phloem ne>ly ! :ole ( :i* is c5trifugal1 7iii7 a l>ge pi? conta9+ sev]al scatt]$ n>r[] b&s or arcs ( c5tripetally develop$ xylem & phloem4 ,! tra*eids1 ) #d-f s]ies ( hexagonal pits1 =m radially dispos$ r[s1 #a-d elem5ts broad1 sep>at$ by broad & deep m$ull>y rays4 ,r5ault does n m5tion ! occurr5ce ( any prim>y xylem z di/9ct f ! second>y c5trifugal xylem1 b 9 a section :i* ,i exam9$ "s ye>s ago 9 8 laboratory !re appe>$ to be a gr\p ( prim>y tra*eids4 ,!re are no ana/omoses betwe5 ! ma9 cyl9d] & ! int]nal b&s ( inv]sely ori5tat$ tissue4 ,cycadoxylon robu/um 7,sew>d74 ,?is species#dgi is bas$ on a piece ( /em f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire fir/ describ$ by ,williamson & id5tifi$ z an unusually l>ge example ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,williamson & ,scott1 :ile recognis+ c]ta9 features 9 addition to ! l>ge size ( ! /em1 :i* mu/ h rea*$ #ad cm4 9 diamet]1 express$ ! view t #8!re is a presumption t x really belong$ to a ,lyg9od5dron1 or to "s plant ( ! same type ( /ructure4' ,! exam9ation ( additional mat]ial l$ me to adopt ! "n ,lyg9od5dron robu/um1 ?\gh ,i sugge/$ t possibly ,cycadoxylon might be ! m appropriate g5us4 ,subsequ5tly ,scott#dhj propos$ ! sub/itution ( ,cycadoxylon = ,lyg9od5dron4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( second>y xylem agree+ closely 9 /ructure ) ,lyg9opt]is & rec5t ,cycads3 ! pi?1 #bi cm4 9 bread?1 is incompletely pres]v$2 !re is a n>r[ b& ( c5tripetal xylem#dha at ! p]iph]y ( ! p]im$ull>y region & close to ! inn] face ( ! ma9 mass ( wood 7fig4 #dec1 ,c2 ! black l9e m>ks ! position ( ! c5tripetal xylem74 ,ne/s ( scl]\s tissue & secretory canals are scatt]$ 9 ! m$ull>y p>5*yma & deep] 9 ?is region are arcs ( second>y p>5*yma1 possibly p]id]m4 ,9 places ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylem are 9 contact & occasionally ! tap]$ ends ( ! r[s ( c5trifugal tra*eids m]ge into gr\ps ( prim>y xylem elem5ts4 ,! pres]vation 9 ! c5tral region is f> f complete1 & al?\gh ! occurr5ce ( prim>y xylem gr\ps is probable x _c be said to be positively e/abli%$4 ,at ! inn] edge ( ! c5trifugal xylem & 9 tang5tial longitud9al sections a few leaf-traces are se51 b no?+ is kn[n z to ! nature ( ! leaf-traces 9 _! c\rse beyond ! /ele nor h we any data ) reg>d to ! leaves or reproductive organs4 ,?is old] species diff]s f ,cycadoxylon ,fremyi 9 ! limitation ( ! c5tripetal xylem to ! out] portion ( ! pi? & 9 ! pres5ce ( scl]\s ne/s 9 ! m$ull>y region1 ?\gh ! latt] "* is probably ( no great taxonomic value4 ,cycadoxylon robu/um approa*es m closely to ,lyg9opt]is1 & al?\gh ! diff]5ces are suffici5t to ju/ify a di/9ctive g5]ic "n1 !re c be little d\bt z to a fairly intimate relation%ip betwe5 ?is type ( ,cycadoxylon & ,lyg9opt]is4 ,pty*oxylon4 ,r5ault4 ,pty*oxylon#dhb ,levyi ,r5ault4 ,l _m ,palaeozoic g5]a f\nd$ on anatomical features1 ,pty*oxylon#dhc is repres5t$ only by /ems1 our k ( ! leaves be+ conf9$ to ! leaf-traces 9 ! /em :i* appe>s to h a phyllotaxis ( 4 ,! /em ( ?is ,p]mian species has a diamet] ( #e-f cm43 ! comp>atively broad cortex conta9s num]\s secretory canals1 b 9 place ( hypod]mal /r&s ( /]eome !re is a sup]ficial p]id]m4 ,! vascul> tissue1 consi/+ ( second>y xylem & phloem1 assumes diff]5t patt]ns at diff]5t levels4 ,!re is an out] vascul> cyl9d] ( c5trifugally develop$ xylem & phloem2 ! xylem is manoxylic & ! tra*eids h #c-e r[s ( bord]$ pits on ! radial walls4 ,at int]vals ! cont9uity ( ! ma9 /ele is brok5 by ! =mation ( leaf-gaps & be=e "o gap is repair$ a second may be produc$1 ?us conv]t+ ! cyl9d] into two cresc5tic & infold$ b&s 7fig4 #dec1 ,a74 ,a /rik+ "* is ! occurr5ce 9 ! l>ge p>5*ymat\s c5tral region ( int]nal vascul> b&s or arcs v>y+ 9 size & numb] at diff]5t levels & compos$ ( c5tripetally develop$ second>y xylem & phloem4 ,^! int]nal b&s diff] f ! out] & broad] cyl9d] bo? 9 _! inv]se ori5tation & _! limit$ v]tical range4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! inn] & out] vascul> tissue & ! alt]ation 9 plan ( ! conduct+ tissue at diff]5t levels are illu/rat$ by fig4 #dec1 #a-d1 simplifi$ f "s ( ,r5ault's figures ( successive sections ?r\gh a v]tical di/ance ( #d-e cm4 ,9 section #a ! ma9 cyl9d] is cont9u\s except = a small gap :]e a leaf-trace is ab\t to be giv5 (f3 !re are ?ree int]nal vascul> b&s simil> 9 /ructure to ! out] /ele b inv]sely ori5tat$4 ,at a high] level 7section #b7 ! leaf-gap is l>g] & 9 x is a d\ble leaf-trace ( two collat]al /r&s consi/+ ( prim>y c5tripetal xylem & a fan-l gr\p ( second>y xylem & phloem4 ,! free edges ( ! out] /ele ( section #a h curv$ inw>ds & unit$ ) ! two lat]al m$ull>y b&s1 :ile ! l[] int]nal b& ( section #a has increas$ 9 ext5t & =ms a discont9u\s arc ) ! upp] portions enclos$ by ! loops =m$ by ! infold$ ends ( ! out] vascul> tissue4 ,9 section #c a second leaf-gap has be5 =m$ 9 ! out] /ele & its invag9at$ ends h fus$ ) ! int]nal b&s4 ,9 section #d ! fir/ leaf-gap is clos$ & ! invag9at$ b&s ( section #c h brok5 up into an irregul> circle ( %ort] b&s4 ,! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dec1 ,a1 %[s ! ma9 cyl9d] 9 ! =m ( two curv$ & flatt5$ loops1 ea* compos$ p>tly ( ! c5trifugally develop$ xylem & phloem ( ! ma9 /ele & 9 "p ( ! inv]sely ori5tat$ tissue ( ! inn] b&s4 ,at a l[] level ! two b&s b1 b1 w become deta*$ z ! upp] leaf-gap is clos$ & =m "p ( an inn] cyl9d] l ! discont9u\s ellipse =m$ by ! two b&s c4 ,! section ( a bran*-/ele is se5 at a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dec4 ,a4 ,pty*oxylon ,levyi2 transv]se section ( /em2 a1 /ele ( bran*4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,b4 ,cycadoxylon ,fremyi2 transv]se section ( /em4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,c4 ,cycadoxylon robu/um2 c5tre ( /em4 #a-d1 diagrams ( sections ( ! /em ( ,pty*oxylon at diff]5t levels4 7,simplifi$ f ,r5ault47 ,pty*oxylon diff]s consid]ably f ,m$ullosa1 :i* ,r5ault includ$ 9 ! ,cycadoxyleae1 9 ! plan ( ! vascul> sy/em3 !re is no?+ correspond+ to ! #8p>tial pi?' or prim>y region :i* =ms ! c5tral portion ( ! plate- & snake-r+s 9 ,m$ullosa4 ,! d\ble leaf-trace & ! abs5ce ( ! ,m$ullosa type ( hypod]m are o!r di/+ui%+ features4 ,! pair$ leaf-bundles sugge/ comp>ison ) ,lyg9opt]is among o!r g5]a &1 z ,scott#dhd po9ts out1 ! int]nal arcs ( inv]sely ori5tat$ tissue :i* sometimes occur 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! pi? ( ,lyg9opt]is 7fig4 #dje1 ,c1 c7 behave l ! int]nal b&s ( ,pty*oxylon 9 occasionally jo9+ ! ma9 cyl9d] at a leaf-gap2 b ! diff]5ces outweigh ! resemblances4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! vascul> tissue 9 two irregul> conc5tric circles & _! connexions ) "o ano!r1 b n 9 ! /ructure ( ! xylem & phloem1 !re is a simil>ity betwe5 ?is g5us & su* a ,f]n z ,matonia4 ,9 ! v>y+ patt]ns =m$ by ! vascul> sy/em at diff]5t levels 9 ! /em ,pty*oxylon resembles ! ,f]ns ,polypodium qu]cifolium & ,p4 h]acleum#dhe4 ,,calamopityeae4 ,calamopitys4 ,ung]4 ,9 #ahef ,ung]#dhf describ$ sev]al fragm5t>y petrifactions f ,?ur+ian /rata ( ,upp] ,devonian age1 ! majority ( :i* he ref]r$ to ! ,calam>ieae & ! ,rha*iopt]ideae4 ,9 an e>li] publication#dhg he gave a li/ ( species includ+ two families1 ! ,haplocalameae & ! ,calamoxyleae1 assign$ by him to ! gr\p ,calam>ieae3 9 ! ,haplocalameae he plac$ ! new g5]a ,kalymma1 ,calamosyrix1 ,calamopt]is1 & ,haplocalamus4 ,^! 7 subsequ5tly exam9$ by ,graf ,solms-,lauba* & id5tifi$ z portions ( petioles1 = ! mo/ "p belong+ to unkn[n /ems4 ,9 8 second family1 ! ,calamoxyleae1 ,ung] includ$ ! s+le g5us ,calamopitys repres5t$ by ! type-species ,c4 ,saturni4 ,! type-specim5s h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,solms-,lauba*#dhh :o in/itut$ ! family-"n ,calamopityeae & recognis$ a close anatomical aff9ity betwe5 ,calamopitys & ,lyg9opt]is1 a conclusion :i* l$ to ! incorporation ( ,ung]'s g5us 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,fur!r data h be5 suppli$ by ,zalessky#dhi &1 m rec5tly1 by ,scott & ,jeffrey#dij :o h recognis$ ,calamopitys 9 ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ,k5tucky4 ,calamopitys ,saturni ,ung]4 ,our k ( ?is & o!r species is conf9$ to /ems & petioles4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ examples ( ! species is a piece ( /em ) a diamet] ( #ae cm43 ! s+le /ele consi/s ( a p>5*ymat\s pi? enclos$ by second>y xylem made up ( tra*eids ) #d-h r[s ( bord]$ pits & m$ull>y rays m ?an "o cell broad & ( consid]able dep?4 ,betwe5 ! inn] edge ( ! wood & ! pi? are gr\ps ( prim>y xylem 7fig4 #ded1 ,b1 x7 :i*1 l ^? 9 ,lyg9opt]is1 con/itute ! leaf-traces3 ea* has a s+le int]nal protoxylem /r& 7fig4 #dee1 ,b74 ,! comp>atively wide cortex consi/s ( p>5*yma ) a hypod]m ( ! ,sp>ganum type4 ,ea* prim>y xylem-/r& passes out z a s+le leaf-trace ?r\gh ! second>y xylem & on em]g+ divides into two z 9 ,lyg9opt]is3 ^! bran* 9 ! cortex & ! two are replac$ by six 9 ! leaf-base 7fig4 #ded1 ,b-,d74 ,z se5 9 figs4 #ded1 ,c1 #dee1 ,a1 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! /em prop] & ! decurr5t leaf-base is m>k$ by a l9e ( /]eome /r&s4 ,! petioles ( ,calamopitys ,saturni agree g5]ally 9 /ructure ) ! imp]fect specim5s on :i* ,ung] f\nd$ 8 g5us ,kalymma#dia1 s nam$ 9 ref]5ce to ! /ructure ( ! hypod]mal zone4 ,a specim5 describ$ by ,solms-,lauba* z a ,kalymma petiole occurs 9 organic connexion ) a /em ( ,calamopitys 7fig4 #ded1 ,c3 a deta*$ petiole is %[n 9 fig4 #ded1 ,d74 ,! id5tification by ,:ite#dib ( ?is atta*$ petiole ) ,ung]'s ,k4 gr&is has be5 confirm$ by ,scott & ,jeffrey4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ,kalymma 7fig4 #def7 is giv5 on a lat] page1 z ! petioles s nam$ belong to m ?an "o species ( /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ded4 ,calamopitys ,saturni4 ,b1 /em ) leaf-base2 x1 prim>y xylem & pi?2 black pat*es repres5t leaf-traces2 ,c1 /em ) two leaf-bases2 ,d1 section ( petiole4 7,aft] ,solms-,lauba*47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dee4 ,calamopitys ,saturni4 ,a1 /em ) leaf-bases2 #e4 ,b1 /ele %[+ leaf-trace aft] em]g+ f ! second>y xylem2 #af4 7,aft] ,zalessky47 ,9 ,calamopitys ,saturni we h a plant agree+ ) ,lyg9opt]is 9 ! possession ( second>y xylem ( ! manoxylic type & 9 ! /ructure ( ! common prim>y bundles1 :ile x is di/+ui%$ f ,lyg9opt]is by ! great] numb] & by ! /ructure ( ! bundles 9 ! axis ( ! leaf4 ,calamopitys annul>is 7,ung]7#dic4 ,?is species1 orig9ally assign$ to ! g5us ,/igm>ia1 has a m /rongly develop$ prim>y vascul> sy/em & !re is a m decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! =mation ( a cont9u\s zone ( prim>y xylem on ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood2 b :]e ! protoxylem tra*eids occur ! metaxylem elem5ts =m def9ite /r&s1 l ^? ( ,c4 ,saturni4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,scott & ,jeffrey t !re is "s evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( tra*eids 9 ! p>5*ymat\s pi? ( ?is species1 an important feature di/+ui%+ x f ,c4 ,saturni & connect+ x ) ,c4 am]icana4 ,in=mation ) reg>d to ! behavi\r ( ! leaf-traces is f> f complete1 b !re are indications t ea* trace divides into two be=e em]g+ f ! second>y xylem#did4 ,! leaf-traces 9 ! cortex are conc5tric z 9 ,c4 ,saturni4 ,calamopitys am]icana ,scott & ,jeffrey4 ,?is ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s species#die f ! ,wav]ley %ales ( ,k5tucky is repres5t$ by portions ( /ems & leaf-bases & deta*$ petioles4 ,! second>y wood consi/s ( tra*eids1 #cj-fj 9 diamet]1 ) deep & broad rays2 ! small pits on ! tra*eids =m #e-f alt]nat+ s]ies4 ,phloem & cambium are v imp]fectly pres]v$4 ,! out] cortex is ( ! same type z 9 o!r species4 ,at ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem !re is a r+ ( prim>y xylem /r&s ( mes>* /ructure compos$ ( r l>g] tra*eids1 #hj-abj 9 diamet]1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by n>r[ /rips ( p>5*yma4 ,s f> ! vascul> tissue agrees ) t ( ,c4 annul>is4 ,9 ! ,am]ican species ! axial region is n a p>5*ymat\s pi? b a proto/ele1 consi/+ ( p>5*yma & a l>g] or small] numb] ( tra*eal gr\ps1 ! numb] be+ less 9 /ems ) a l>g] c5tral region4 ,! p]iph]al /r&s alone are conc]n$ ) ! emission ( leaf-traces1 z 9 ,het]angium4 ,ea* prim>y xylem /r& divides into two z x leaves ! p]im$ull>y zone & passes ?r\gh ! second>y xylem z two bundles1 ea* be+ accompani$ by an arc ( second>y tra*eids :i*1 9 ! cortical region1 completely surr\nds ! prim>y elem5ts4 ,at a lat] /age ! s+le protoxylem ( ea* trace divides into two & be=e ent]+ ! leaf-base !re is a fur!r division4 ,9 "s specim5s leaf-bases ( ! ,kalymma type 7 f\nd atta*$ to ! /em4 ,! occurr5ce ( tra*eids 9 ! axial region is a di/+ui%+ feature & sugge/s a comp>ison ) ,het]angium1 :ile ,c4 ,saturni agrees m closely ) ,lyg9opt]is2 ! species ,c4 annul>is w\ld appe>1 f ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,scott & ,jeffrey1 to occupy an int]m$iate position4 ,calamopitys1 z ! g5]ic designation is "h employ$1 is conf9$ to c5tral ,g]many & ,k5tucky & occurs 9 ,upp] ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bt z to ! exact geological horizon ( ! rocks 9 bo? c\ntries ?\gh 9 nei!r case is !re any "q ( an horizon high] ?an ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,c]ta9 specim5s f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,scotl& describ$ by ,scott#dif z species ( ,calamopitys h be5 made by ,zalessky ! type ( a new g5us1 ,eri/ophyton1 & are dealt ) "u t "n4 ,kalymma4 ,ung]4 ,kalymma gr&is 7petiole ( ,calamopitys74 ,"u ! g5]ic "n ,kalymma ,ung] describ$ specim5s f ,?ur+ia ( ,upp] ,devonian age :i* he assign$ to two species1 ,k4 gr&is & ,k4 /riatum4 ,solms-,lauba* has %[n t ,kalymma is n an indep5d5t /em z ,ung] believ$ b a petiole ( ,calamopitys1 & ?is has be5 confirm$ by ,scott & ,jeffrey :o f\nd a leaf-base ) ! ,kalymma type ( /ructure 9 connexion ) a piece ( ,calamopitys /em1 probably ,c4 am]icana4 ,an exam9ation ( a section 7#bc cm4 broad7 ( ,ung]'s ,k4 gr&is 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological ,survey enables me to confirm ! conclusions rec5tly publi%$ by ,scott & ,jeffrey4 ,! be/ specim5s ( ,kalymma1 :i* appe> to be id5tical 9 ess5tial features ) ,ung]'s type-species1 are f ,k5tucky1 "s f ! ,g5essee %ales ( ,upp] ,devonian age & o!rs f b$s 7,wav]ley %ales7 believ$ to be ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,b[] ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+ sections f ! old] horizon 9 8 possession4 ,! transv]se section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #def has a diamet] ( #ch #bb cm4#dig3 on "o side ! radially plac$ plates ( /]eome are cle>ly %[n1 & 9 ! out] portion ( ! gr\nd-tissue is a r+ ( vascul> bundles v>y+ 9 size & %ape b ) a g5]al t5d5cy to a radially elongat$ =m4 ,! gr\nd-tissue consi/s ( homog5e\s p>5*yma3 9 "o place ,i notic$ :at appe>$ to be a l>ge secretory canal1 b secretory tissue1 g5]ally at lea/1 is unrepres5t$4 ,! xylem is compos$ ( imp]fectly pres]v$ elem5ts1 :i* appe> to h scal>i=m pits2 spiral protoxylem /r&s1 emb$d$ 9 ! metaxylem z two or f\r gr\ps1 occur ne> ! ends ( ! long axis ( ! bundle & 9 "s cases also ne> ! c5tre4 ,! phloem probably surr\nd$ ! xylem1 ?\gh x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! arrangem5t 0 collat]al or conc5tric3 !re are no second>y-xylem tra*eids1 ?\gh 9 "s places ,i notic$ a t5d5cy to a radial disposition ( cells at ! p]iph]y ( ! vascul> tissue simulat+ an e>ly /age ( second>y gr[?4 ,ung]'s second species ,kalymma /riata is *>act]is$ by an arrangem5t ( ! bundles simil> to t 9 a petiole describ$ by ,scott & ,jeffrey z ,calamopt]is ,hippocrepis :i* diff]s f ,kalymma 9 ! p>tial sub/itution ( b&s ( vascul> tissue = sep>ate bundles & to "s ext5t 9 ! disposition ( ! bundles4 ,! two types ( petiole ,kalymma & ,calamopt]is1 z ,scott & ,jeffrey /ate1 are v closely alli$4 ,dawson & ,p5hall[#dih h also describ$ ,kalymma gr&is f ,k5tucky b !y1 l ,ung]1 mi/ook ! hypod]mal /]eome = an out] zone ( vascul> bundles4 ,! petioles f ,g]many & ,nor? ,am]ica includ$ "u ! "n ,kalymma gr&is1 ?\gh too simil> to be ref]r$ to diff]5t species1 no d\bt repres5t petioles ( /ems :i* are unque/ionably di/9ct types3 z 9 ! case ( ,myeloxylon 9 its relation to ! g5us ,m$ullosa1 ,kalymma /&s = sev]al closely alli$ =ms ( petioles belong+ to sev]al species ( ,calamopitys4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #def4 ,kalymma gr&is4 7,f a section 9 ! possession ( ,pr(4 ,b[]2 #d47 ,eri/ophyton4 ,zalessky4 ,eri/ophyton fascicul>e 7,scott74 ,! g5]ic "n ,eri/ophyton#dii 0 propos$ by ,zalessky#ejj = two incomplete /ems ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age provisionally#eja ref]r$ by ,scott to ,arauc>ioxylon & subsequ5tly to ,calamopitys#ejb4 ,! species ,e4 fascicul>e 0 f\nd$ on mat]ial obta9$ by ,dr ,kid/on f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,dumb>ton1 ,scotl&1 & on a specim5 9 ! ,williamson collection f ,nor?umb]l&4 ,!re is a small pi? ( p>5*yma1 #b-c mm4 9 diamet]1 ) eight /r&s ( prim>y xylem ( v>y+ diamet] 7fig4 #deg7 & 9 ea* a s+le protoxylem-gr\p4 ,! prim>y xylem elem5ts are consid]ably l>g] ?an ! second>y tra*eids4 ,^! xylem-bundles are leaf-traces & _! disposition po9ts to a phyllotaxis ( 4 ,! traces atta9 _! maximum size :5 ab\t to pass out ?r\gh ! second>y xylem4 ,! tra*eids are reticulate & scal>i=m :ile "s h an int]m$iate type ( pitt+4 ,a leaf-trace on rea*+ ! pi? gradually moves fur!r f ! xylem-cyl9d] & may be sep>at$ f x by #b-f lay]s ( p>5*yma3 z x passes d[n ! pi? ! protoxylem /r& assumes an almo/ end>* position consequ5t on ! r$uction ( ! c5tripetal xylem4 ,9 ,scott's words1 #8ea* circumm$ull>y /r& bran*es at regul> int]vals2 ! "o bran*1 t on ! anodic side turn$ t[>ds ! c\rse ( ! g5etic spiral1 becomes ! leaf-trace & passes out1 :ile ! o!r cont9ues its c\rse up ! /em z a rep>atory /r&1 until ! next leaf ( ! or?o/i*y has to be suppli$#ejc4' ,! second>y xylem consi/s almo/ entirely ( tra*eids ) #c-d r[s ( pits on ! radial walls & m$ull>y rays usually "o cell broad v>y+ 9 dep? f #a or #b to #af or m cells4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! second>y xylem is ! occurr5ce on its inn] face ( num]\s %ort & broad tra*eae simil> to ! /ill l>g] tra*eae 9 ! prim>y /ele ( ,megaloxylon#ejd4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! behavi\r ( ! leaf-trace 9 ! extra/el> region1 b ! fact t an outgo+ trace 0 f\nd to h two protoxylems po9ts to a subdivision simil> to t ( ! foli> bundles ( ,calamopitys ,saturni4 ,a well-m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ,eri/ophyton fascicul>e & ,calamopitys & ,lyg9opt]is is ! m compact /ructure ( ! second>y wood2 x is pycnoxylic & n manoxylic4 ,pr(4 ,zalessky 9 criticis+ ! use ( ! g5]ic title ,calamopitys puts =w>d sev]al argum5ts 9 support ( 8 in/itution ( a new designation3 7i7 ! prim>y xylem /r&s ( ,eri/ophyton are n conf9$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! pi? z is ! case 9 ,calamopitys ,saturni1 ?\gh he speaks ( "o leaf-trace 9 ! latt] species sep>at$ by sev]al lay]s ( cells f ! xylem-cyl9d]2 7ii7 "s ( ! pi?-cells h ?ick walls & d>k cont5ts 9 di/9ction to ! homog5e\s p>5*yma ( ,calamopitys1 a feature ( little importance2 7iii7 ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y wood already allud$ to1 ?\gh ?is loses "s ( its significance by ! occurr5ce ( n>r[] rays1 m l ^? ( ,eri/ophyton1 9 ,c4 annul>is2 7iv7 ! m elliptical & broad] pits 9 ! second>y tra*eids 9 place ( ! m regul> hexagonal =m 9 ,calamopitys4 ,:ile admitt+ a c]ta9 degree ( relation%ip betwe5 ! two types1 ,zalessky ass]ts t z yet we h insuffici5t evid5ce to ju/ify _! g5]ic union4 ,scott#eje ma9ta9s t ,zalessky does n atta* suffici5t weight to ! =m & mes>* /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem bundles z a feature common to bo? g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #deg4 ,eri/ophyton fascicul>e4 ,transv]se section %[+ ! relation ( prim>y 7black7 to second>y xylem4 7,aft] ,scott47 ,eri/ophyton ,be9]tianum 7,goepp]t74 #ahej4 ,arauc>ites ,be9]tianus ,goepp]t1 ,mon4 ,foss4 ,conif4 p4 #bcc1 ,pls4 #db1 #dc4 #ahgb4 ,arauc>ioxylon ,be9]tianum ,kraus1 9 ,s*imp]'s ,trait4 ,pal4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cha4 #ahhh4 ,arauc>ites ,be9]tianus ,goepp]t & ,/5zel1 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 p4 #cj1 ,pl4 iv4 #aijb4 ,calamopitys ,be9]tiana ,scott1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 ,vol4 #dj1 p4 #cda1 ,pls4 i41 iv41 v4 #aijiejf4 ,ullmannites ,be9]tianus ,tuzson1 ,result4 ,wiss4 ,er=s*4 ,balatonsees1 ,bd i4 ,teil i4 p4 #bd4 #aiaa4 ,eri/ophyton ,be9]tianum ,zalessky1 ,com4 ,geol4 ,/ ,pt]sb4 p4 #bd4 ,! pi?1 #ac-ae mm4 9 diamet]1 is r l>g] ?an 9 ,e4 fascicul>e & is *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( d>k scl]otic ne/s surr\nd$ by radially dispos$ r[s ( p>5*yma4 ,! prim>y xylem /r&s are m num]\s & small] ?an 9 ,e4 fascicul>e & ^! increase 9 diamet] z !y approa* ! second>y wood4 ,9 places ! prim>y xylem elem5ts =m a m or less cont9u\s b& z 9 ,calamopitys annul>is4 ,! l>ge/ leaf-trace bundles at ! p]iph]y ( ! pi? are mes>* 7fig4 #deh71 b z ea* trace passes d[n ! pi? ! r$uction 9 ! c5tripetal xylem is c>ri$ fur!r ?an 9 ,e4 fascicul>e until ! xylem-/r& becomes end>* 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse4 ,! second>y tra*eids h usually two contigu\s r[s ( pits & ! m$ull>y rays are "o cell broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #deh4 ,eri/ophyton ,be9]tianum4 ,a /r& ( prim>y xylem1 %[+ ! protoxylem1 px1 abutt+ on ! second>y xylem4 7 #ce4 ,aft] ,zalessky47 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! g5]ic id5tity ( ! two species ref]r$ to ,eri/ophyton1 b ! "q z to ! degree ( aff9ity to ,calamopitys is m difficult to settle4 ,!re is =ce 9 ,zalessky's cont5tion t ^! two /ems %\ld n be reta9$ 9 ,calamopitys3 ! rec5tly describ$ ,am]ican species1 ,c4 am]icana ,scott & ,jeffrey1 gives emphasis to ! view t ! re/riction ( ,calamopitys to ! ,g]man 7& ,am]ican7 types is ! saf] c\rse4 ,:ile ,calamopitys z ?us re/rict$ is almo/ c]ta9ly a ,pt]idosp]m1 ! inclusion ( ! types ref]r$ to ,eri/ophyton 9 ! same category re/s on a m sl5d] basis4 ,,cladoxyleae4 ,?is ord] 0 f\nd$ by ,ung]#ejg = "s imp]fectly pres]v$ /ems f ,palaeozoic /rata 9 ,?ur+ia & 9 x he includ$ ! two g5]a ,cladoxylon & ,s*izoxylon4 ,!re is "s d\bt z to ! precise age ( ! ,?ur+ian b$s2 !y 7 assign$ by ,ri*t] to ! ,devonian sy/em & subsequ5tly plac$ 9 ! ,culm3 ,solms-,lauba* 9 8 lat] ref]5ce to ,ung]'s plants fav\rs a ,devonian horizon#ejh4 ,ung] includ$ ! ,cladoxyleae 9 ! ,lycopodiales1 & ?\gh ?is conclusion is n accept$ ! position ( ! ord] is /ill unc]ta94 ,8 g5us ,s*izoxylon has no claim to g5]ic sep>ation f ,cladoxylon4 ,an inspection ( ! illu/rations 9 ! memoir by ,ri*t] & ,ung] reveals a /rik+ resemblance 9 ! ma9 anatomical features betwe5 sev]al types assign$ to diff]5t g5]a & di/ribut$ among ! ,cladoxyleae & ,rha*iopt]ideae 7a t]m fir/ us$ by ,corda = petrifi$ ra*ises or petioles ( f]ns7 & o!r ord]s4 ,solms-,lauba*#eji1 to :om our m accurate in=mation z to ,ung]'s plants is *iefly due1 is incl9$ to reg>d ! specim5s ref]r$ by ,ung] to ! g5us ,arctopodium z "y /ems ( ,cladoxylon1 & he draws att5tion to a close simil>ity betwe5 ,hi]ogramma1 ano!r ( ,ung]'s g5]a1 & ,cladoxylon4 ,paul ,b]tr&#eaj goes fur!r 9 consid]+ t ! foll[+ g5]a repres5t "o g5]ic type1 namely ,sync>dia 7fig4 #dei1 ,f71 ,hi]ogramma1 ,arctopodium1 ,cladoxylon1 & ,s*izoxylon4 ,! same au?or int]prets ! fossils s nam$ by ,ung] z /ems & does n agree ) ! inclusion ( any ( !m 9 ! ,rha*iopt]ideae4 ,)\t los+ sight ( ! fact t ,b]tr&'s conclusion is n bas$ on pro( b is ! expression ( a view sugge/$ by a close agreem5t 9 g5]al anatomical plan1 ,i v5ture to adopt ! designation ,cladoxylon 9 a wide s5se prim>ily on ! gr\nd t ,b]tr&'s view is probably correct & 9 "p = ! sake ( conv5i5ce ( description4 ,z ,ung]'s species ( ,cladoxylon diff] f "o ano!r 9 features :i* may fairly be reg>d$ z ( m9or importance1 !y are includ$ "u "o specific "n4 ,cladoxylon4 ,ung]4 ,cladoxylon mirabile ,ung]#eaa4 ,! foll[+ are reg>d$ z specifically id5tical ) or closely alli$ to ,cladoxylon mirabile3 ,c4 dubium1 ,s*izoxylon ta5iatum1 ,hi]ogramma my/icum1 ,sync>dia pusilla1 ,arctopodium insigne & ,a4 radiatum#eab4 i4 ,/ems4 ,! /ems assign$ to ,cladoxylon are *>act]is$ by a complex sy/em ( /eles1 ei!r simple or bran*$ & occasionally ana/omos+1 pres5t+ 9 transv]se section ! =m ( oval or cyl9drical /r&s or n>r[1 /raight or curv$ b&s arrang$ on a m or less cle>ly m>k$ radial plan 7fig4 #dei1 ,a1 ,b1 ,d74 ,9 "s /ems ! prim>y vascul> tissue is enclos$ by second>y xylem & phloem 7fig4 #dfj1 ,b71 :ile 9 o!rs 7,ung]'s ,arctopodium1 ,hi]ogramma#eac1 ,sync>dia7 !re is no evid5ce ( second>y ?ick5+4 ,! diagrammatic draw+ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dei1 ,f1 %[s a section ( a small axis1 reg>d$ by ,ung] & ,solms z a petiole 7#c mm4 9 diamet]71 conta9+ f\r vascul> /r&s compos$ exclusively ( prim>y xylem1 ea* ) "o or1 9 ! case ( a d\ble /r&1 two protoxylem gr\ps4 ,?is type may be a sl5d] /em or bran* or possibly a petiole4 ,! o!r extreme1 z reg>ds complexity ( vascul> /ructure1 is repres5t$ by su* /ems z ^? %[n 9 fig4 #dei1 ,a1 ,b1 ,d4 ,9 ,ung]'s ,cladoxylon mirabile 7fig4 #dei1 ,a2 fig4 #dfj1 ,b7 ! /em rea*es a diamet] ( #c cm4 & consi/s ( sev]al radially dispos$ plates ( vascul> tissue ) an occasional small] oval or cyl9drical /ele emb$d$ 9 a gr\nd-tissue compos$ ( ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,! plates are curv$ l a ,,uu or s9u\s & n infrequ5tly ana/omos+4 ,9 a section ( ?is type figur$ by ,ung] ! vascul> plates appe> to =m a complex ana/omos+ sy/em1 b ,solms#ead /ates t ! draw+ exagg]ates ! am\nt ( fusion betwe5 ! /r&s1 & an exam9ation ( a section 9 ! collection ( ! ,engli% ,geological ,survey cut f ,ung]'s specim5 enables me to confirm ?is /atem5t4 ,ea* vascul> plate consi/s ( a n>r[ m$ian region compos$ ( prim>y tra*eids ) a scal>i=m type ( pitt+ surr\nd$ by second>y tra*eids ) int]sp]s$ m$ull>y rays "o cell broad4 ,! ?ickness ( ! second>y xylem v>ies consid]ably 9 ! same specim5 & 9 places ?is tissue is h>dly repres5t$1 a fact ( importance 9 view ( ! v /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ,arctopodium & ,cladoxylon1 ! sections ref]r$ by ,ung] to ! =m] g5us hav+ /eles )\t any second>y xylem4 ,! occurr5ce ( "o or two elongat$ spaces 7%[n 9 black 9 fig4 #dei1 ,a7 ne> ! di/al end ( ea* plate m>k ! position ( ! protoxylem tra*eids4 ,fig4 #dei1 ,c1 repres5ts a /ele ( a /em ref]r$ by ,ung] & by ,solms to ,cladoxylon dubium :i* %[s ! typical ,cladoxylon /ructure1 namely ! c5tral prim>y xylem ) di/ally plac$ protoxylem & ! enclos+ %ea? ( second>y xylem4 ,9 ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #dei1 ,d 7,c4 dubium7 !re are #ab /eles1 ea* con/ruct$ on ! plan already describ$1 diff]+ 9 _! relatively broad] & %ort] =m & 9 ! great] bread? ( ! second>y xylem f ^? se5 9 fig4 #dei1 ,a 7,c4 mirabile74 ,! black areas 9 fig4 #dei1 ,a1 %[ ! prim>y xylem1 & ! protoxylem is se5 9 fig4 #dei1 ,c4 ,a /em describ$ by ,dawson#eae z ,a/]opt]is noveborac5sis f ,devonian b$s is comp>$ by him ) ,ung]'s ,cladoxylon mirabile & reg>d$ z possibly alli$ to x4 ,! radial plates ( xylem 9 ,dawson's plant meet 9 ! c5tre l ^? ( ,a/]o*la5a & ! leaf-traces are ( ! ,clepsydropsoid type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dei4 ,a1 ,cladoxylon mirabile1 section ( /em2 ,b1 ,cladoxylon ta5iatum1 section ( /em2 ,c1 ,cladoxylon dubium1 section ( /ele2 ,d1 ,c4 dubium1 section ( /em2 ,e1 ,cladoxylon 787 mirabile1 section ( petiole2 ,f1 ,sync>dia pusilla2 ,g1 developm5t ( leaf-trace 9 ,cladoxylon ta5iatum4 7,a-,e1 aft] ,solms-,lauba*2 ,f1 aft] ,ung]2 ,g4 aft] ,p4 ,b]tr&47 ,! type ( /em = :i* ,ung] f\nd$ 8 g5us ,s*izoxylon is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dei1 ,b2 !re are five small /eles 9 ! c5tre & ext]nal to ^! elev5 radially arrang$ plates1 ) oval /eles betwe5 !m1 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! /em4 ,ea* /ele consi/s ( prim>y 7black 9 ! figure7 & second>y xylem & agrees ) ! /eles 9 ! o!r /ems4 ,f ! type ( /em illu/rat$ by ,cladoxylon mirabile to t on :i* ! g5]a ,arctopodium#eaf & ,hi]ogramma#eag 7 f\nd$ is a v small /ep3 ! vascul> tissue has ! same *>act]s bo? z reg>ds gross & m9ute anatomy1 b !re is no evid5ce ( cambial activity 9 ! /ems ref]r$ to ! two latt] g5]a1 a diff]5ce 9 itself h>dly wor?y ( g5]ic recognition4 ii4 ,leaves4 ,be=e describ+ a second type ( /em ref]r$ to ,cladoxylon x is important to consid] briefly su* evid5ce z we h z to ! vascul> supply ( ! leaves4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! reproductive organs & !re is no satisfactory in=mation ) reg>d to ! =m ( ! fronds4 ,solms-,lauba* has describ$ ! only kn[n example ( a lat]al bran* ( a ,cladoxylon /em 7fig4 #dei1 ,e73 ?is has a s+le conc5tric vascul> /r& ( plate-l =m ) two blunt projections & !re are f\r protoxylem-gr\ps1 two 9 ! angle ( ! plate & two at ! base ( ! projections4 ,! /ructure is ess5tially f]n-l2 ! xylem is :olly prim>y4 ,?is type ( vascul> /r& agrees fairly closely ) t ( a petiole describ$ by ,ung] z ,megalorha*is elliptica1 a section ( :i* is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey#eah4 ,! petiole is oval 9 section & lat]ally w+$1 & ! m]i/ele is tang5tially elongat$ & has two blunt projections almo/ id5tical ) ^? 9 fig4 #dei1 ,f4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! support+ /em1 b !re c be little d\bt z to ! close connexion ) ,megalorha*is & ! section %[n 9 fig4 #dei1 ,f4 ,9 a note publi%$ 9 #aijh ,p4 ,b]tr& /at$ t he _h id5tifi$ sev]al ( ,ung]'s g5]a z /ems :i* bore leaf-traces hav+ ! =m & /ructure ( ,clepsydropsis1 "o ( ! types ref]r$ by ,ung] to ! ,rha*iopt]ideae & describ$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is "w#eai z a ,co5opt]idean petiole4 ,b]tr& po9ts out t 9 ! oval or plate-l /eles ( ,cladoxylon1 ,arctopodium1 ,hi]ogramma1 etc41 !re is a s+le protoxylem gr\p ne> ! di/al end ( ! prim>y xylem1 & he adds t ! leaf-traces 7 =m$ ( /r&s cut (f f ! di/al portions ( ! vascul> plates4 ,simil>ly ! h\r-glass-l leaf-trace 9 ! prim>y ra*is ( ,clepsydropsis gives (f f ea* end a r+ ( xylem to supply a second>y ra*is4 ,^! lat]ally deta*$ annul> /r&s are1 he believes1 simil> to ! leaf-trace cut (f f ! /eles 9 a ,cladoxylon /em4 ,! conclusion is t ,cladoxylon is a f]n /em & its leaf-trace repres5ts ! simple/ =m ( ! ,clepsydropsis type1 namely an oval bundle ( xylem ) a c5tral protoxylem1 :i* is also ! =m ( ! trace giv5 (f f ! /em ( ,a/]o*la5a4 ,solms#ebj1 :ile admitt+ t ,b]tr& may be correct 9 unit+ "u "o g5us ,cladoxylon & su* types z ,sync>dia1 ,hi]ogramma1 & ,arctopodium1 disagrees ) ! view t !y are ,clepsydropsis /ems4 ,a ,clepsydropsoid leaf-trace has nev] be5 f\nd 9 direct association ) any ( ! /ems ( ! ,cladoxylon type & su* evid5ce z !re is indicates a leaf-trace ( an entirely diff]5t =m 7fig4 #dei1 ,e74 ,9 8 m rec5t memoir on ,a/]o*la5a ,b]tr&#eba draws att5tion to ,solms' figures ( a /ele ( ,cladoxylon 7fig4 #dei1 ,c7 9 :i* ! di/al portion is on ! po9t ( be+ sep>at$ z a small annul> /r&4 ,?is1 ,b]tr& consid]s1 w\ld gradually become conv]t$ into a ,clepsydropsis =m ( /ele z x pass$ to ! petiole4 ,b]tr&'s draw+s made f a section ( ,cladoxylon ta5iatum 7,ung47 7fig4 #dei1 ,g7 illu/rate successive /ages 9 ! dep>ture ( a leaf-trace f "o ( ! plate-l /eles ( ! /em 7fig4 #dei1 ,b74 ,9 fig4 #dei1 ,g1 #a1 a piece ( ! /ele is deta*$ & ne> its extremity is a gr\p ( ?9-wall$ cells ) protoxylem3 a lat] /age is se5 9 fig4 #b1 & 9 fig4 #c a small r+ ( xylem is be+ deta*$ :i*1 ,b]tr& assumes1 w\ld lat] 9 its c\rse be conv]t$ into ! ,clepsydropsoid /r& 7fig4 #d71 :i* consi/s ( prim>y tissue4 ,! weak po9t 9 ,b]tr&'s cont5tion#ebb is ! abs5ce ( any pro( ( a true ,clepsydropsoid trace 9 connexion ) a ,cladoxylon /em1 & !re is a /rong probability t ! leaf-trace ( ,cladoxylon has ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #dei1 ,e4 ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni ,solms-,lauba*#ebc4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on imp]fectly pres]v$ mat]ial 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,b]wick%ire1 is ref]r$ to ,cladoxylon on evid5ce t _c be reg>d$ z conv9c+4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( a small piece ( /em ab\t #c cm4 9 bread? %[+ ?ree complete oval /eles & portions ( two o!rs :i* seem to be 9 _! orig9al position & probably =m$ "p ( a s]ies ( p]iph]al /eles su* z ^? %[n 9 fig4 #dei1 ,d4 ,ea* /ele consi/s ma9ly ( second>y xylem 7fig4 #dfj1 ,a7 ) "s cru%$ tissue1 presumably phloem1 on its out] face4 ,! second>y xylem is n>r[] on ! inn] side ( ea* /ele :]e a w$ge-%ap$ piece is p>tially deta*$4 ,9 ! c5tre !re is a n>r[ area p>allel to ! long axis ( ! /ele conta9+ cru%$ tissue :i* probably consi/s ( p>5*yma & prim>y xylem1 b ! pres]vation is v imp]fect4 ,! second>y xylem has a fairly compact /ructure & ! rays are n>r[1 #a-aj cells 9 dep?4 ,! pits ( ! tra*eids are describ$ by ,solms z scal>i=m ) occasionally two r[s ( elliptical pits on ! radial walls4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 leads me to describe ! pits z unis]iate & transv]sely elongat$1 v l ^? ( ,protopitys1 or bis]iate & almo/ circul> l ^? ( ,conif]s1 ! pits ( ! two r[s be+ alt]nate or sometimes opposite 7fig4 #dfj1 ,c73 9 places ?ree r[s ( bord]$ pits are pres5t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! /eles ( ?is species & ^? ( ! ,s\? ,african /em ,rhexoxylon#ebd1 b ! data are inadequate = a satisfactory comp>ison4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfj4 ,a1 ,c4 ,a s+le /ele & tra*eids ( ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #fcj ,b1 #fcj ,c47 ,b4 ,cladoxylon mirabile1 "p ( a /ele4 7,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 #aehgb47 ,!re is a close simil>ity betwe5 ! vascul> sy/ems ( ,cladoxylon & ,m$ullosa1 b an obvi\s diff]5ce is ! sub/itution ( ! oval1 transv]sely elongat$1 pits on ! xylem elem5ts = ! multis]iate pitt+ ( ,m$ullosa4 ,9 ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni ! pitt+ %[s transitional =ms betwe5 a n>r[ scal>i=m unis]iate type & a bis]iate or tris]iate arrangem5t simil> to t 9 ! ,arauc>9eae & ,cordaitales4 ,9 ,cladoxylon1 z limit$ by ,ung]1 ! pres5ce ( second>y wood is a g5]ic feature1 b by ! inclusion ( ,arctopodium & o!r =ms ?is "* no long] holds good4 ,! inclusion ( ^! m f]n-l /ems )\t second>y xylem br+s ,cladoxylon 79 ! wid] s5se7 into clos] contact ) ,a/]o*la5a1 a comp>ison previ\sly sugge/$ by m ?an "o au?or4 ,9 ,m$ullosa ! developm5t ( second>y xylem is on a l>g] scale ?an 9 ,cladoxylon1 & ! vascul> sy/em ( ! =m] g5us assumes a m complex =m4 ,moreov] ! ,myeloxylon type ( petiole1 :i* is a di/9ctive feature ( ,m$ullosa1 diff]s widely f any =m ( leaf-trace associat$ ) ,cladoxylon4 ,vlkelia4 ,solms-,lauba*4 ,vlkelia refracta 7,goepp]t74 ,! g5]ic "n ,vlkelia#ebe 0 propos$ by ,solms-,lauba*#ebf z a sub/itute = ,sph5opt]is#ebg 9 ! case ( "s petrifi$ /ems or petioles associat$ ) fragm5t>y impressions ( fronds f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,silesia4 ,bo? leaf-impressions & petrifactions 7 includ$ 9 ! g5us ,sph5opt]is3 ,solms1 :ile reta9+ ,goepp]t's designation = ! leaf fragm5ts1 propos$ a new g5]ic "n = ! petrifactions on ! gr\nd t !re is insuffici5t evid5ce ( _! connexion ) ! leaves4 ,! %ort acc\nt ( ,goepp]t's petrifi$ specim5 giv5 by ,graf ,solms-,lauba* 9 8 #8,fossil ,botany#ebh' is supplem5t$ by a full] description 9 a lat] pap]4 ,! fragm5ts ( highly comp\nd fronds are *>act]is$ by v small fili=m ultimate segm5ts1 b ! specim5s are too imp]fect to af=d a cle> idea ( ! habit ( ! leaf4 ,! #8/em' be>s a close sup]ficial resemblance to t describ$ by ,ung] z ,cladoxylon dubium 7fig4 #dei1 ,c1 ,d7 & 0 reg>d$ by him z an example ( t species3 x conta9s sev]al radially plac$ /eles repres5t$ by fairly well-pres]v$ xylem1 b no phloem has be5 recognis$4 ,! /eles v>y 9 size & %ape3 five rea* almo/ to ! c5tre 7fig4 #dfa1 ,a7 & small] xylem gr\ps occupy a p]iph]al position4 ,ea* /ele is exc5tric 9 /ructure & consi/s ( 7i7 an out] zone ( second>y tra*eids ( horse-%oe =m 9 transv]se section1 b ! app>5t gap 9 ! second>y xylem on ! out] edge ( ea* /ele is due to ! cru%+ ( ! tra*eal tissue & to its small] bread? 9 ! di/al "p ( ea* gr\p2 ?is is %[n 9 fig4 #dfa1 ,b1 :]e ! app>5t gap is se5 to be occupi$ by di/ort$ & cru%$ tra*eids1 a1 id5tical ) ^? :i* =m ! re/ ( ! out] zone 7fig4 #dfa1 ,b1 b72 7ii7 a zone ( tra*eal tissue cont9u\s ) & orig9ally id5tical 9 appe>ance--except t ! elem5ts are r n>r[]--) ! out] second>y xylem2 7iii7 an exc5trically situat$ isl& compos$ ( tra*eids enclos+ a small c5tral area occupi$ by ?9-wall$ p>5*yma4 ,?is ?ird region1 repres5t$ by black pat*es 9 fig4 #dfa1 ,a1 9 all probability repres5ts ! prim>y "p ( ea* /ele to :i* ! re/ ( ! tissue has be5 add$ by ! cambium4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! second>y xylem is ! abs5ce ( m$ull>y rays3 ! tra*eids resemble ^? ( ,cladoxylon & ,protopitys 9 ! transv]se elongation ( ! pits 7fig4 #dfa1 ,d7 :i* =m ei!r a s+le r[ or sev]al irregul>ly di/ribut$ r[s4 ,! prim>y xylem consi/s 9 ! p]iph]al region ( tra*eids ) v n>r[ scal>i=m pitt+ :i* at fir/ sight sugge/ close spiral b&s 7fig4 #dfa1 ,c71 :ile ! inn] tra*eids are ei!r annul> or reticulate & associat$ ) elongat$ p>5*yma4 ,! imp]fectly pres]v$ gr\nd-tissue appe>s to consi/ ( homog5e\s p>5*yma ) radially dispos$ b&s ( /]eome 9 ! out] cortex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfa4 ,vlkelia refracta4 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( a specim5 9 ! ,breslau ,museum4 ,b4 ,portion ( a /ele2 a1 ! cru%$ xylem on ! out] side2 b1 ! inn] side4 ,c4 ,longitud9al section %[+ ! m$ian protoxylem4 ,d4 ,tra*eid f ! second>y xylem4 7,aft] ,solms-,lauba*47 ,our k ( ,vlkelia1 ?\gh f> f complete1 ju/ifies its g5]ic sep>ation f ,cladoxylon f :i* x diff]s 9 ! lack ( m$ull>y rays & 9 ! /ructure ( ! prim>y portion ( ea* /ele4 ,9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! pits 9 ! second>y tra*eids ,vlkelia diff]s f ,m$ullosa & resembles ,cladoxylon4 ,! op9ion express$ by ,p4 ,b]tr&#ebi t ,vlkelia is probably ! /em ( "o ( ! ,zygopt]ideae is bas$ on ! old] acc\nts ( ! g5us & n on ! full] description ( #aiaj4 ,,protopityeae4 ,protopitys4 ,goepp]t4 ,! only species s f> describ$ is t = :i* ,goepp]t f\nd$ ! g5us 9 #ahej1 sub/itut+ ,protopitys#ecj = ! "n ,arauc>ites1 adopt$ 9 an e>li] pap]1 on ! gr\nd t ! /ructure ( ! xylem d5ot$ a di/9ct g5]ic type4 ,! type-species is f ! ,upp] ,devonian rocks ( ,falk5b]g 9 ,silesia4 ,protopitys ,bu*iana ,goepp]t4 #ahde4 ,arauc>ites ,bu*ianus ,goepp]t1 9 ,wimm]'s ,flor4 ,s*lesi5 7edit4 ii47 p4 #bah4 #ahdg4 ,p9ites ,goepp]ti ,ung]1 ,*lor4 ,protog4 p4 #ca4 #ahdg4 ,dadoxylon ,bu*ianum ,endli*]1 ,syn4 ,conif4 p4 #cjj4 #ahej4 ,protopitys ,bu*iana ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,conif4 p4 #bbi1 ,pl4 xxxvii4 figs4 #d-g2 ,pl4 xxxviii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 ,9 8 ,monograph ( ,fossil ,conif]s ,goepp]t figur$ a l>ge piece ( /em consi/+ ma9ly ( second>y wood & describ$ ! m important anatomical features4 ,he recognis$ ! n>r[1 transv]sely elongat$1 pits on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids z a feature ( special int]e/ indicat+ a type ( pitt+ transitional betwe5 t ( ,f]ns & ,conif]s4 ,a fur!r description 0 giv5 by ,kraus#eca :o includ$ "u ,goepp]t's "n bo? ! ,falk5b]g /em & a second specim5 f ,basel ?\gh ! latt] is ,triassic 9 age & a di/9ct plant2 he sugge/$ a comp>ison ( ,protopitys ) ,sigill>ia & ,/igm>ia r ?an ) ,conif]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ,graf ,solms-,lauba*#ecb t we owe ! mo/ ?or\gh acc\nt ( ?is species4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! leaves or reproductive organs4 ,! l>ge/ piece ( /em is ne>ly #a ft 9 diamet] & consi/s ma9ly ( second>y xylem resembl+ t ( ,conif]s & ,cordaites except 9 ! =m ( ! bord]$ pits on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids 7fig4 #dfb1 ,d74 ,! c5tre ( ! /em is occupi$ by a p>5*ymat\s pi?1 elliptical 9 transv]se section1 enclos$ by a b& ( prim>y xylem compos$ ( l>ge polygonal tra*eids 7fig4 #dfb1 ,c1 x7 *>act]is$ by a delicate scal>i=m pitt+ on all _! walls 7fig4 #dfb1 ,e74 ,! prim>y xylem =ms a n>r[ lay] on ! sides ( ! ellipse1 #a-c elem5ts broad 7fig4 #dfb1 ,a1 ,b71 b x increases 9 bread? at ! ends ( ! long axis :]e ! tra*eids are int]mix$ ) p>5*yma4 ,! prim>y xylem & pi?-tissue at ! ends ( ! major axis ( ! c5tral region assume diff]5t =ms at diff]5t levels1 ow+ to ! deta*m5t ( leaf-traces & ! consequ5t =mation ( foli> gaps z portions ( ! prim>y xylem pass obliquely outw>ds into ! second>y xylem on ! way to ! di/i*\sly arrang$ alt]nate leaves4 ,! diagram1 fig4 #dfb1 ,a1 %[s ! inn] "p ( ! second>y xylem 7see also fig4 #dfb1 ,c1 x7 :i* at "o end1 lt1 has =m$ an oval gr\p ab\t to pass out z a leaf-trace3 at ! opposite end ! /r& is deta*$ & divid$ into two equal bran*es4 ,! two swell+s ( ! prim>y xylem ellipse %[n at a 9 figs4 #dfb1 ,a & ,b1 are a *>act]i/ic feature3 ^! are cle>ly se5 aft] ! leaf-trace has become deta*$2 at ! inn] edge ( ea* ( !m !re appe>s to be a protoxylem /r&4 ,aft] ! =mation ( a foli> gap ^! swell+s ( ! xylem gradually meet & s re-e/abli% cont9uity bel[ ! outgo+ leaf-trace4 ,no protoxylem has be5 detect$ 9 ! actual trace1 :i* is believ$ to be conc5tric4 ,! =mation ( ! leaf-gap & ! %\ld]s bord]+ x con/itute int]e/+ filic9ean features1 recall+ correspond+ *>act]s 9 sol5o/elic ,f]ns4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! diagram1 fig4 #dfb1 ,b1 ! outgo+ leaf-trace is und]go+ di*otomy :ile at ! opposite end ! trace has pass$ out ( view4 ,! second>y xylem %[s incomplete r+s or arcs ( n>r[] elem5ts1 :i* at fir/ sight give ! impression ( annual r+s3 ! occurr5ce ( simil> incomplete or pseudo-r+s is a common feature 9 ,lepidod5dron & o!r ,palaeozoic /ems4 ,! second>y tra*eids 7#edd 9 tang5tial diamet]1 #fhe 9 radial diamet]7 h usually a s+le s]ies ( broadly oval bord]$ pits on ! radial walls ) "h & !re two r[s 7fig4 #dfb1 ,d74 ,9 "o case only 7 ! pits ( ! m$ull>y rays recognis$ 7fig4 #dfb1 ,f74 ,! rays are unis]iate1 g5]ally #a-b cells deep1 b occasionally #c cells 9 dep? & v r>ely deep]4 ,! cambium is ( ! normal type1 & 9 "s specim5s second>y phloem 0 f\nd consi/+ ( b&s1 #d-e lay]s broad1 ( /one-cells alt]nat+ ) tubul> ?9-wall$ elem5ts1 presumably sieve-tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfb4 ,protopitys ,bu*iana4 ,a1 ,b4 ,c5tral region ( ! /em %[+ ! pi?1 ! prim>y xylem 7black 9 fig4 ,a7 & 7,a7 ! inn] "p ( ! second>y xylem2 a1 %\ld]s ( xylem at ! leaf-gaps2 lt leaf-trace2 px protoxylem4 ,c4 ,second>y1 x1 & prim>y xylem1 x4 ,d4 ,radial longitud9al section ( ! second>y xylem4 ,e4 ,scal>i=m tra*eid ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,f4 ,pits on ! m$ull>y-ray cells4 7,aft] ,solms-,lauba*47 ,z ,solms-,lauba* says1 x is highly probable t ea* leaf-trace1 :i* =ks close to its exit f ! prim>y xylem1 became fur!r subdivid$ be=e rea*+ ! leaf4 ,morphologically1 ,protopitys is ( special importance z a type possess+ *>act]s t indicate a connexion ) ,conif]s or ,cordaitean g5]a1 notably ! /ructure ( ! second>y wood1 :ile ! pres5ce ( foli> gaps is a feature rem9isc5t ( ,f]ns4 ,! prim>y xylem resembles t ( "s ( ! ,palaeozoic arboresc5t ,lycopodiales1 b 9 ,protopitys ! int]ruptions 9 ?is tissue are due to ! emission ( leaf-bundles1 :]eas 9 ! discont9u\s prim>y xylem ( "s ,sigill>ias#ecc ! gaps h no connexion ) leaf-traces4 ,moreov] ! di/i*\s leaves ( ,protopitys & ! l>g]1 bran*$1 leaf-traces are o!r di/+ui%+ features4 ,! pitt+ ( ! prim>y xylem is l t 9 ! ,lycopodiales & ,filicales1 :ile t ( ! second>y wood %[s a clos] approa* to ! conif]\s type4 ,a comp>ison may also be made ) ! transv]sely elongat$ pits ( ,cladoxylon ,kid/oni#ecd4 ,a piece ( wood agree+ anatomically ) ! ,silesian species ( ,protopitys has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,yor$ale rocks ( ,engl&#ece4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! g5us h be5 emphasis$ by ,solms-,lauba* by ! in/itution ( a family-"n ,protopityeae3 ! g5us is ess5tially a g5]alis$ type exhibit+ 9 ! /ructure ( its /em bo? ,filicean & ,conif]\s features4 ,! bord]$ pits diff] f ^? 9 rec5t ,conif]s 9 _! flatt] =m1 b 9 ?is respect !y exhibit a clos] agreem5t ) ! transv]sely /ret*$ pits ( ,x5oxylon phyllocladoides ,go?4#ecf1 a ,mesozoic species4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,cordaitales4 ,a4 ,,poroxyleae4 ,poroxylon4 ,r5ault4 ,9 #ahgi ,r5ault#ecg briefly summ>is$ ! anatomical features ( "s silicifi$ vegetative %oots f ! ,p]mian ( ,autun = :i* he in/itut$ a new family1 ! ,poroxyleae4 ,! m complete acc\nt conta9s a description ( two species1 ,poroxylon ,boysseti & ,p4 ,du*>trei3 ! latt] 0 aft]w>ds recognis$ z a /em ( ,het]angium4 ,r5ault consid]$ ?is new g5us to be closely alli$ to ,sigill>ia & ,sigill>iopsis & po9t$ out its resemblance to ,cordaites4 ,additional species h s9ce be5 describ$ b z yet ! g5us has n be5 f\nd outside ,france 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,autun & ! ,/ ti5ne di/rict4 ,! results ( a m detail$ inve/igation ( ! anatomy ( ! g5us 7 publi%$ by ,b]tr& & ,r5ault 9 #ahhb & s9ce !n#ech ,b]tr&1 ,r5ault1 & ,scott h add$ to our k ( ?is int]e/+ type4 ,9 sev]al respects ,poroxylon /ems pres5t a /rik+ resemblance to ,lyg9opt]is1 b ! rec5t discov]y ( ! g5us ,mesoxylon has giv5 great] significance to ! *>act]s 9 :i* ,poroxylon agrees ) repres5tatives ( ! ,cordaitales4 ,our k ( ! g5us1 ?\gh exceptionally full ) reg>d to ! anatomy ( vegetative %oots1 does n include any precise in=mation z to ! reproductive organs4 ,! sl5d] cyl9drical /ems1 n exce$+ #b-c cm4 9 diamet] 9 specim5s s f> record$1 bore l>ge broadly l9e> leaves simil> 9 =m & v5ation to ^? ( "s species ( ,cordaites :i* 7 atta*$ s+ly to slightly swoll5 nodes sep>at$ f "o ano!r by int]nodes sev]al c5timetres long4 ,! base ( ! r fle%y lam9a passes imp]ceptibly f ! n>r[ l[] portion into a tang5tially exp&$ petiole :i* =ms a decurr5t ridge on ! /em4 ,axill>y buds frequ5tly occur4 ,little is kn[n ( ! leaf-impressions1 b if ,gr&',eury#eci is correct 9 8 id5tification ( c]ta9 specim5s f ,fr5* ,/ephanian b$s z ! leaves ( ,poroxylon1 ! lam9a rea*$ a l5g? ( #a met4 & a bread? ( #ae-bj cm4 ,9 habit ! /ems probably resembl$ "s ( ! l>g]-leav$ ,bamboos4 ,! only evid5ce be>+ on ! nature ( ! reproductive organs is furni%$ by ,gr&',eury :o believes t "s ,rhabdoc>pus se$s & bractless infloresc5ces associat$ ) ! leaves assign$ to ,poroxylon belong to t g5us4 ,! s+le cyl9drical /ele has a relatively l>ge solid pi?1 ! p]im$ull>y region be+ *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( a r[ ( prim>y cresc5tic /r&s ( c5tripetal xylem ( ex>* type1 ?\gh n improbably 9 "s cases slightly mes>*1 v>y+ 9 size & %ape & =m+ s+le or pair$ bundles4 ,^! /r&s repres5t ! xylem ( collat]al leaf-traces simil> to ^? ( ,lyg9opt]is b diff]+ 9 ! abs5ce ( well-def9$ c5trifugal elem5ts3 ! curv$ =m ( "s ( ! xylem /r&s gives !m an appe>ance simil> to t ( ! leaf-traces ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! leaf-traces1 except 9 ! l[] "p ( _! c\rse ?r\gh ! pi?1 are d\ble & pass ?r\gh sev]al int]nodes be=e ! c5tripetal tra*eids die out4 ,! second>y xylem 7fig4 #dfc7 is manoxylic & v simil> to t ( ,lyg9opt]is ?\gh r less p>5*ymat\s4 ,! second>y phloem & cambium are (t5 v well pres]v$4 ,no endod]mis & no di/9ct p]icycle has be5 recognis$4 ,! cortex is p>5*ymat\s &1 l ! pi? & to "s ext5t ! phloem1 conta9s num]\s secretory sacs2 9 ! out] cortex ! pres5ce ( hypod]mal /r&s is a prom95t feature4 ,at an e>ly /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! /em a deep-seat$ phellog5 =ms second>y tissue bo? ext]nally & int]nally & decortication ensues4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfc4 ,poroxylon ,edw>dsii4 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( /em4 ,b4 ,! c5tral region ( ano!r /em ( ! same species4 7,a1 #i2 ,univ]sity ,college ,collection2 ,b1 f a photograph suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,b]tr& ( a specim5 9 ! ,r5ault ,collection1 ,p>is47 ,! bundle ( ea* leaf-trace is accompani$ by an arc ( second>y c5trifugal xylem z x passes ?r\gh ! second>y wood & ?is is reta9$ 9 ! leaf except 9 ! f9] ve9s4 ,aft] ent]+ ! petiole ! leaf-trace bran*es & an arc ( bundles is produc$1 ! concave side fac+ ! upp] surface ( ! ?ick lam9a 7fig4 #dfd1 ,a74 ,fur!r ref]5ce is made to ! /ructure ( ! leaves 9 ! description ( ,poroxylon /ephan5se4 ,! specim5s ( roots s f> describ$ are *>act]is$ by a di>* plate ( prim>y xylem & two masses ( second>y vascul> tissue sep>at$ by two m$ull>y rays opposite ! protoxylems4 ,b]tr& m5tions ! occurr5ce ( roots ( ,p4 /ephan5se ) m ?an two protoxylem /r&s4 ,! phellog5 0 produc$ 9 ! p]icycle z 9 ! roots ( rec5t ,gymnosp]ms4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,ligni]#edj t "s silicifi$ rootlets f ,gr&' ,croix 7,loire7 describ$ by him z ,radiculites reticulatus & at fir/ comp>$ ) roots ( ,sequoia may belong to "s ,cordaitalean plant1 possibly ,poroxylon4 ,poroxylon ,edw>dsii ,r5ault4 ,?is species#eda af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! g5]ic *>act]s already summ>is$4 ,! /rap-l leaves are fle%y & ! occasionally =k$1 p>allel or slightly div]g5t1 ve9s are emb$d$ 9 a homog5e\s mesophyll ) hypod]mal /r&s ( me*anical tissue4 ,! pi? consi/s ( p>5*yma 9 v]tical s]ies ) scatt]$ secretory sacs & diff]s f t ( ,cordaites & ,mesoxylon 9 ! abs5ce ( transv]se discs4 ,!re are #ac prim>y-xylem /r&s close to ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood3 ! c5tripetal tra*eids are scal>i=m or h multis]iate pitt+ l t 9 ! second>y xylem4 ,! /ructure ( ! leaf-traces is cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #dfd3 ! d\ble trace se5 9 fig4 #dfd1 ,c1 has two protoxylem-/r&s accompani$ by "s p>5*yma1 & ^! are almo/ envelop$ by ! metaxylem tra*eids :i* abut on ! second>y wood4 ,at ?is /age 9 its c\rse1 t is j be=e b5d+ outw>ds1 ! c5tripetal xylem rea*es its maximum developm5t & ! trace =ms a prom95t & broad tw9-/r& 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! two n>r[] & tang5tially ext5d$ /r&s %[n 9 fig4 #dfd1 ,e1 ,d4 ,ea* ( ^! /r&s ) a s+le protoxylem-gr\p w\ld at a high] level assume ! broad] & m compact =m & conta9 two protoxylems z 9 fig4 #dfd1 ,c4 ,! tra*eids ( ! second>y xylem h #d-g alt]nate r[s ( contigu\s alt]nate pits on ! radial walls3 ! m$ull>y rays are #b-c cells broad & may be #fj cells deep4 ,accord+ to ,r5ault#edb sev]al small oblique pits occur on ! radial walls ( ! ray cells4 ,! second>y phloem1 sep>at$ by a normal cambium f ! xylem1 =ms a broad b& ( sieve-tubes ) lat]al sieve-plates l ^? 9 ,m$ullosa anglica alt]nat+ ) tang5tial r[s ( p>5*yma4 ,! cortex is relatively n>r[ & 9 old] /ems is *iefly occupi$ by second>y tissue =m$ f deep-seat$ phellog5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfd4 ,poroxylon4 ,a1 ,b1 ,poroxylon ,boysseti4 ,a1 transv]se section ( leaf 9 ! region ( lat]al expansion ( ! petiole2 ,b1 portion ( vascul> tissue ( ,a4 ,c-,e1 ,poroxylon ,edw>dsii4 ,c1 leaf-trace %[+ rec5t sep>ation ( ! two protoxylems2 ,d1 leaf-trace at a l[] level ) m widely sep>at$ protoxylems1 px2 ,e1 leaf-trace int]m$iate betwe5 ,c & ,d4 7,f photographs suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,b]tr&47 ,poroxylon ,boysseti ,r5ault4 ,! /ems ( ?is species agree closely ) ^? ( ,p4 ,edw>dsii1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y phloem :i* does n %[ ! regul> conc5tric alt]nation ( sieve-tubes & p>5*yma4 ,poroxylon /ephan5se ,b]tr& & ,r5ault4 ,?is ! olde/ species1 f ,/ephanian b$s at ,gr&' ,croix1 diff]s 9 no ess5tial features f ! o!r repres5tatives ( ! g5us4 ,x is f a /udy ( ! leaves ( ?is type t ,b]tr& & ,r5ault h obta9$ mo/ ( ! facts ) reg>d to ! anatomy ( ,poroxylon foliage4 ,9 ! m$ian region ( ! fle%y leaf ! bundles are *>act]is$ by a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( c5tripetal xylem accompani$ by a consid]able developm5t ( second>y c5trifugal tra*eids3 ! bundles are connect$ lat]ally by bo? c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylem & ?us at c]ta9 levels 9 ! lam9a ! vascul> tissue has ! =m ( a cont9u\s plate 7fig4 #dfd1 ,a1 ,b74 ,! ve9s become indep5d5t on bran*+ & ne> ! edge ( ! lam9a !y consi/ only ( prim>y elem5ts4 ,secretory sacs ( elongat$ =m are scatt]$ 9 ! homog5e\s mesophyll1 & ?ick /]eome-/r&s und]lie ! epid]mis4 ,! epid]mal cells are rectangul> & r[s ( /omata occur on bo? surfaces4 ,b4 ,,cordaiteae4 ,cordaites4 ,ung]4 ,a prelim9>y /atem5t ) reg>d to nom5clature may s]ve to remove possible misconceptions 9 connexion ) ! application ( ! g5]ic "n ,cordaites4 ,x has be5 ! g5]al practice to apply ?is "n to c]ta9 =ms ( l9e> leaves :i* are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian /rata 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 rec5t ye>s a few palaeobotani/s h sub/itut$ ,cordaites = ,noegg]a?iopsis z ! m suitable designation = ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s specim5s abundant 9 ! rocks ( ,gondwana ,l&4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to assign to ,cordaites c]ta9 reproductive %oots1 se$s1 & /ems describ$ "u ! g5]ic names ,cordaian?us1 ,cordaic>pus1 ,cordaicladus1 ,cordaioxylon1 etc4 ,/ems agree+ anatomically 9 _! ma9 features ) ^? ( rec5t ,arauc>9eae h long be5 attribut$ to ,cordaites1 b a few ye>s ago a new type ( /em 0 discov]$ :i*1 ?\gh almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,cordaites1 is di/+ui%$ by ! "* ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,= ?is new type ! "n ,mesoxylon#edc 0 propos$4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! reproductive organs borne on ,mesoxylon /ems1 b ! leaves are ext]nally at lea/ indi/+ui%able f ^? ref]r$ to ,cordaites4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t :5 we apply ! "n ,cordaites to leaves or o!r plant-organs1 "u t designation are und\bt$ly includ$ specim5s belong+ bo? to ,mesoxylon /ems & to /ems ) ! *>act]s ( ,cordaites 7,cordaioxylon74 ,fur!r rese>* may enable u to subdivide ,cordaites into m precisely def9$ types di/+ui%$ by well-m>k$ morphological *>act]s1 b at pres5t ! only c\rse w\ld seem to be to re/rict ! t]m ,mesoxylon to petrifi$ /ems exhibit+ ! features ( t g5us & to reta9 ,cordaites z a compreh5sive designation 9 accordance ) ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! g5us giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,?is widely di/ribut$ & ma9ly ,palaeozoic g5us is especially well repres5t$ 9 ! coalfields ( ,france :]e 9 "s localities x contribut$ l>gely to ! =mation ( seams ( coal#edd1 & x is *iefly f ! rese>*es ( ,fr5* ,palaeobotani/s t our k ( its morphology is d]iv$4 ,cordaites has %>$ ! fate ( mo/ o!r abundant fossil plants 9 ! di/ribution ( its disjuncta membra among sev]al g5]a & classes1 b on ! :ole ! in=mation t is n[ available enables u to recon/ruct ! complete plant ) a great] degree ( confid5ce ?an is usually atta9able4 ,cordaites may be describ$ z a =e/-tree closely resembl+ 9 habit & probably 9 size ! rec5t ,conif] ,aga?is1 m especially su* species z ,a4 macrophyllus1 ,a4 viti5sis & o!rs ) leaves consid]ably long] ?an ^? ( ! ,kauri ,p9e 7,a4 au/ralis7#ede4 ,! ma9 /em rea*$ a consid]able height be=e giv+ (f scatt]$ bran*es be>+ spirally dispos$1 sessile1 & (t5 cr[d$ leaves#edf l ! foliage ( ,aga?is4 ,! abs5ce ( any evid5ce ( a two-rank$ arrangem5t ( leaves on lat]al bran*es sugge/s a g5]al t5d5cy t[>ds a v]tical r ?an a horizontal direction ( gr[?4 ,! sessile & closely set leaves = ! mo/ "p ( lea!ry texture v>y consid]ably 9 l5g? & bread? 9 diff]5t types 7figs4 #dff-dgb73 9 "s ! broadly l9e> lam9a ) its p>allel ve9s & p]fectly con/ruct$ ,i-%ap$ gird]s 7fig4 #dfe7 rea*$ a l5g? ( ne>ly #ajj cm41 9 %ape l ! blade ( a /raight broad-sword or ! leaves ( a ,yucca1 torn by ! w9d into /rips2 9 o!r =ms ! lam9a is %ort] & m obovate1 :ile 9 "s ! leafy %oots mu/ h look$ l sl5d] /ems ( ! small]-leav$ ,bamboos4 ,!re is no pro( t "y vegetative bran*es ) _! spirally roll$ leaves#edg 7 protect$ by bud-scales1 b "s oval triangul> scales 7fig4 #dfh1 ,c71 occasionally f\nd 9 association ) l>g] foliage-leaves1 may h s]v$ t purpose4 ,! bran*es f :i* leaves _h rec5tly fall5 at ! "t ( fossilisation are *>act]is$ by transv]sely elongat$ oval sc>s1 occasionally %[+ a slightly curv$ r[ ( pits l ! m>ks ( leaf-traces on ! sc>s ( a ,horse ,*e/nut1 sometimes t]m9at+ a feebly project+ decurr5t leaf-cu%ion 7fig4 #dff1 ,c74 ,! leaves p]si/$ = a comp>atively long p]iod z 9 ,arauc>ia imbricata1 & on old] leafless bran*es ! sc>s are transv]sely /ret*$2 ! leaf-cu%ion loses its individuality & ev5tually ! developm5t ( second>y cortical tissue causes ! exfoliation ( ! sup]ficial b>k4 ,9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! f]tile %oots ,cordaites p>ts company ) ,aga?is2 ! trees bore no cones 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 b unisexual infloresc5ces--:e!r on "o plant or on diff]5t individuals is unc]ta9--7 produc$ 9 ! axils or f a supra-axill>y position z comp\nd spikes or compact racemes4 ,bo? ! long] female %oots & ! %ort] & m compact male bran*es are con/ruct$ on a simil> plan4 ,! ovulate infloresc5ce may exce$ #cj cm4 9 l5g? 7fig4 #dgi72 a /\t axis be>s two-rank$ l9e> bracts subt5d+ %ort lat]al bud-l %oots ) "o or sev]al sessile or /alk$ ovules 7fig4 #dhj7 betwe5 ! /]ile scales4 ,! se$s are platysp]mic & agree mu* m closely ) ^? ( ,cycads & ,g+ko ?an ) ! se$s ( ,conif]s4 ,! male infloresc5ce is on a small] scale1 9 habit n unlike ! elongat$ male %oot ( ,cephalotaxus p$unculata & "s o!r ,conif]s2 ea* bract subt5ds a small oval bud compos$ ( imbricate scales & highly modifi$ microsporophylls borne s+ly or 9 clu/]s 7figs4 #dha1 ,f2 #dhb74 ,a microsporophyll consi/s ( a comp>atively long p$icel be>+ at its apex a few long microsporangia4 ,! t]m microsporophyll implies a morphological int]pretation :i* is n accept$ by all palaeobotani/s1 "s ( :om pref] to reg>d ! microsporangia z /am5s or microsporophylls r$uc$ to _! simple/ t]ms & sessile on an elongat$ fl[]-/alk4 ,! /em agrees v closely 9 its m important features ) t ( an ,arauc>ia or an ,aga?is3 ! prim>y xylem =ms ! inn] surface ( ! ?ick cyl9d] ( second>y wood1 m]g+ gradually into x z 9 rec5t ,conif]s2 !re are no sep>ate bundles ( prim>y c5tripetal xylem4 ,! m$ull>y rays are n>r[3 9 o!r words ! second>y xylem is ( ! pycnoxylic type4 ,! pitt+ ( ! tra*eids is ,arauc>ian &1 z 9 ,aga?is1 ! leaf-traces arise z tw9-bundles4 ,! pi? is l>g] ?an 9 ! ,arauc>9eae & m homog5e\s 9 /ructure2 x %>es ) ! pi? ( ,juglans & "s o!r rec5t plants an almo/ con/ant t5d5cy to assume a discoid /ructure4 ,anatomically ! leaves agree m closely 9 ! /ructure ( ! vascul> bundles ) ,cycads ?an ) ,conif]s ?\gh !re are po9ts ( contact ) bo? ( ^! classes4 ,! roots bran* freely & _! horizontally ext5d$ arms 7figs4 #dfh1 ,a2 #dgh7 sugge/ gr[? 9 swampy gr\nd2 anatomically !y con=m to ! rec5t ,gymnosp]m\s type & !re is good evid5ce t 9 "s cases fungal mycelia liv$ symbiotically 9 ! cortex ( corall9e rootlets4 ,/]nb]g#edh figur$ "s leaves ( ,cordaites f ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,bohemia "u ! g5]ic "n ,flabell>ia 9 ! belief t !y belong$ to a ,palm4 ,brongni>t sub/itut$ a new "n ,pycnophyllum#edi on ! gr\nd t ,corda _h disprov$ ! suppos$ relation%ip ) ,monocotyl$ons4 ,! "n ,cordaites 0 in/itut$ by ,ung]#eej1 8 def9ition be+ bas$ on leaf-=m z well z on /em-anatomy4 ,x has rec5tly be5 propos$ to revive ! =gott5 designation ,pycnophyllum#eea1 b ! reasons giv5 are h>dly likely to induce botani/s to disc>d ! famili> g5]ic "n :i* p]petuates ! memory ( ,corda4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! "n ,cordaites1 ev5 ?\gh employ$ 9 :at has always be5 reg>d$ a legitimate s5se1 is no d\bt (t5 giv5 to specim5s ( "s o!r alli$ memb] ( ! ,cordaitales :i* c only be recognis$ z su* 9 ! case ( m completely pres]v$ mat]ial4 ,! nam+ ( wood ( ! ,cordaitean type1 b :i* may equally well belong to ano!r g5us1 raises a difficult "q3 if !re is satisfactory evid5ce f collat]al s\rces t ! wood is t ( a ,cordaites ,gr&',eury's "n ,cordaixylon#eeb or ,s*5k's =m ,cordaioxylon#eec may be us$1 ?\gh !re seems to be no adequate reason aga9/ ! use ( ! "n ,cordaites4 ,if !re is no confirmatory evid5ce available & x is impossible to say :e!r ! wood is t ( a ,conif] or a ,cordaites1 or "s o!r plant ) ! same type ( second>y xylem1 ,endli*]'s t]m ,dadoxylon#eed is mo/ conv5i5tly employ$4 ,! confusion liable to foll[ f ! use ( ! two g5]ic names ,dadoxylon & ,arauc>ioxylon = wood ( ! same type diff]+ only 9 geological age is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ext5d+ ,dadoxylon to all specim5s hav+ c]ta9 anatomical *>act]s1 :i* _c be c]ta9ly assign$ ei!r to ! ,arauc>9eae or ! ,cordaitales1 irrespective ( geological age4 ,! t]m ,cordaicladus sometimes appli$ to bran*es is h>dly necess>y1 b ! subg5]ic names ,eu-,cordaites1 ,dory-,cordaites1 & ,poa-,cordaites1 in/itut$ by ,gr&',eury = diff]5t =ms ( leaf1 are frequ5tly employ$ & s]ve a useful purpose z descriptive t]ms ?\gh ! *>act]s :i* !y connote are ( small importance & by no means always well def9$ or con/ant4 ,= infloresc5ces x is cu/om>y to adopt ! "n ,cordaian?us sugge/$ by ,gr&',eury z a sub/itute = ,an?oli?us & "s o!r t]ms4 ,! same au?or uses ,rhizo-,cordaites = roots4 ,! nom5clature ( se$s is m difficult3 9 a few in/ances se$s occur 9 organic connexion ) ,cordaitean %oots1 b !re is no d\bt t _m platysp]mic ,palaeozoic se$s pres]v$ z deta*$ fossils belong to ,cordaites or "s o!r memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,! difficulty is t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k we _c def9itely det]m9e 9 _m cases :e!r a se$ is ,cordaitean or :e!r x belong$ to a g5us ( ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,= ?is reason ! acc\nt ( sev]al se$s t 7 probably borne on ,cordaites or "s alli$ g5us is giv5 9 a lat] *apt] devot$ to ,gymnosp]m\s se$s4 ,!re is no d\bt t "u ! g5]ic names ,c>dioc>pus1 ,cordaic>pus1 & ,sam>opsis are includ$ true ,cordaitean se$s1 ?\gh x w\ld be incorrect to say t all ! se$s s nam$ belong to memb]s ( ! ,cordaitales4 ,cordaites rea*$ its maximum developm5t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian p]iods2 ! g5us or "s closely alli$ types p]si/$ into ! ,triassic & ,rhaetic p]iods1 & !re is reason to believe t ! gr\p 0 repres5t$ 9 "s po/-,rhaetic floras4 ,! g5us is "o ( _m rem>kable examples ( ! high degree ( specialisation atta9$ by ,palaeozoic plants4 ,! complex me*anisms repres5t$ by ,cordaites & simil> types give =ce to ! conviction t we _c hope to p5etrate bel[ ! high] bran*es ( ! g5ealogical tree :i* _h its roots 9 a p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory inaccessible to botanical inve/igation4 ,! plants ( ! pres5t age are to a l>ge ext5t ! result ( evolution>y t5d5cies m correctly describ$ z ! result ( deg5]ation or simplification ?an z ! late/ phase 9 a s]ies compos$ ( a succession ( types gradually gr[+ 9 complexity4 ,cordaites is ess5tially a g5]alis$ type1 a composite product ( an age *>act]is$ by an activity 9 ! elaboration ( ! complex f ! simple4 ,botanical records furni%$ by ! geological s]ies available = inve/igation furni% evid5ce ( ! sort+ ( *>act]s among gradually div]g+ races & ( *anges 9 plant-organisation t5d+ t[>ds simplification & increas$ effici5cy4 ,cordaites1 us+ ! g5]ic designation 9 a wide s5se1 occurs 9 ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian /rata 9 ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,*9a2 x is record$ f sev]al localities 9 ,russia & ,sib]ia = ! mo/ "p f ,p]mian rocks1 f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s 7,l[] ,gondwana7 b$s 9 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,wood agree+ g5]ally 9 ! /ructure ( its second>y tra*eids ) t ( ,cordaites is repres5t$ 9 ,devonian rocks1 & !re c be no d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ,cordaitalean plants 9 pre-,c>bonif]\s floras4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,rhaetic flora ( ,tonk9 & has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 /rata probably ( ,rhaetic age 9 ,mexico4 ,leaves4 ,x is important to recognise ! fact t leaves includ$ "u ! g5]ic "n ,cordaites 7 9 _m cases n borne on /ems or bran*es ) ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,cordaites4 ,scott 9 8 acc\nt ( ! g5us ,mesoxylon says1 #8,i feel no d\bt t mo/ ( ! ,briti% specim5s ( ,cordaitean leaves really belong to ,mesoxylon1 :i* is a mu* common] type ( /em 9 ! ,coal ,measure petrifications ?an t ( ,cordaites itself#eee4' ,"s ( ! ,cordaitean leaves 7 probably atta*$ to /ems ( ! ,poroxylon type#eef & x is n improbable t1 z inve/igations are ext5d$1 additional g5]a ( vegetative %oots w be discov]$ provid$ ) leaves simil> at lea/ 9 ext]nal *>act]s to ^? :i* x is cu/om>y to ref] to ,cordaites4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we _c make use ( anatomical *>act]s z crit]ia by :i* to di/ribute ! foliage ( ! ,cordaites =m among ! g5]a ,cordaites1 ,mesoxylon1 & ,poroxylon1 us+ ^! names z designations ( c]ta9 types ( anatomical /ructure4 ,! specim5 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dfe is 9 all probability a piece ( a leaf ( ,cordaites pr9cipalis1 b on anatomical gr\nds ,miss ,b5son#eeg has made x ! type ( a new species1 ,c4 ,felicis1 & m rec5tly ,scott#eeh has br\ght =w>d evid5ce support+ ! view t x is a leaf ( ,mesoxylon4 ,z1 !re=e1 nei!r impressions nor petrifications ( ,cordaitean leaves c 9 ! great majority ( cases be ref]r$ ) confid5ce to _! respective g5]a ( /ems1 p5d+ full] in=mation ! only c\rse w\ld seem to be to use ! "n ,cordaites 9 a compreh5sive s5se indicat+ 9 special cases :]e evid5ce is available ! m precise sy/ematic position ( ! specim54 ,! classification ( ,cordaitean leaves propos$ by ,gr&',eury#eei is bas$ p>tly on ! =m ( ! lam9a & 9 "p on ! equality or inequality ( ! #8ve9s4' ,! actual ve9s1 :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! fairly ?ick mesophyll1 d n directly affect ! sup]ficial ribb+ on ! c>bonis$ impression ( ! leaves &1 z se5 9 fig4 #dfe1 ! mo/ prom95t hypod]mal /r&s ( support+ tissue :i* w\ld appe> z ! ma9 ve9s or prim>y ribs on an impression d n correspond 9 position ) ! vascul> bundles4 ,al?\gh 9 "s cases ! l>ge/ /]eome-/r&s co9cide ) ! ve9s1 =m+ ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ,i-%ap$ gird]s ! c5tre ( :i* is occupi$ by ! ve9s1 ?is is by no means always ! case4 ,gr&',eury has drawn att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] surface ( "s c>bonis$ leaves3 9 ,c4 crassifolius 7fig4 #dfh1 ,d7#efj !re are five to sev5 f9] ribs betwe5 ea* pair ( prim>y ribs on "o face :ile ! o!r %[s ridges & grooves ) a rib correspond+ to ea*4 ,att5tion is call$ on a lat] page to ! v>iable "* ( ! ribb+ ev5 on diff]5t p>ts ( ! same lam9a4 ,! l[] surface ( ! leaf1 se5 9 section 9 fig4 #dfe1 w\ld %[ a numb] ( approximately equal ribs1 or possibly prim>y ribs 7midway betwe5 ! ve9s7 sep>at$ by two int]/itial ribs1 :ile on ! upp] face !re w\ld be ?ree r small] second>y ribs4 ,9 a section ( a leaf call$ by ,r5ault ,c4 crassus#efa1 a specific "n us$ also by ,lesqu]eux#efb = an impression ( a leaf orig9ally describ$ by ,goepp]t z ,noegg]a?ia crassa1 !re are deep /]eome-/r&s betwe5 ! ve9s next ! l[] epid]mis alt]nat+ ) s+le small] /r&s1 :ile on ! upp] surface ! hypod]mal /r&s occur only imm$iately above ! ve9s4 ,9 a section figur$ by ,felix#efc f ,nor? ,g]many z ,c4 robu/us1 ! hypod]mal /]eome =ms cont9u\s b&s2 on ! upp] face ! b&s are uni=m 9 ?ickness b next ! l[] epid]mis !y =m a s]ies ( ribs4 ,gr&',eury's subg5]ic t]ms ,cordaites1 ,dory-,cordaites1 & ,poa-,cordaites h !re=e v little value z reg>ds diff]5ces 9 ! ribb+ ( leaf-impressions3 ! l>ge size ( leaves includ$ 9 ,dory-,cordaites & ! m acute apex ( ! lam9a z comp>$ ) ! obtuse apex ( small] leaves ( ,cordaites are features ( limit$ application & ( m9or importance z diagno/ic *>act]s4 ,! "n ,poa-,cordaites is1 h[ev]1 usefully employ$ = ! n>r[] l9e> leaves ) an obtuse apex4 ,! /ructure ( a ,cordaites leaf is cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #dfe2 ! lam9a is approximately #a mm4 ?ick & !re are ab\t #cj ve9s 9 a bread? ( #b cm4 ,/rong ,i-%ap$ gird]s ) ! webb+ compos$ ( ?ick-wall$ cells divide ! mesophyll into rectangul> comp>tm5ts3 ! int]v5+ hypod]mal /r&s diff] 9 numb] & size on ! two faces4 ,! epid]mis is n pres]v$3 specim5s ( o!r leaves %[ t ! /omata#efd occur 9 r[s on ! l[] surface4 ,! mesophyll %[s no diff]5tiation into palisade & spongy p>5*yma1 & 9 ?is respect ! leaf agrees ) _m o!r =ms2 b 9 "s leaves ! palisade-tissue is well develop$1 z 9 ,c4 l+ulatus ,r54#efe ,! c5tral region ( ! lam9a consi/$ ( lacun> tissue1 portions ( :i* are pres]v$1 ) a m compact %ea? ( p>5*yma enclos+ ea* ve94 ,9 "s leaves !re is a n>r[] %ea? ( ?ick-wall$ cells m %>ply contra/$ ) ! mesophyll4 ,! vascul> bundles agree 9 /ructure ) ^? 9 ! ra*is ( a ,cycadean frond m closely ?an ) ! ve9s ( an ,arauc>ian or o!r ,conif]\s leaf4 ,! xylem consi/s ma9ly ( c5tripetal elem5ts :i* =m a deltoid /r& ) ! protoxylem at ! apex1 & 9 close association ) ?is is a l>g] or small] am\nt ( n>r[] c5trifugal tra*eids3 9 ! section %[n 9 fig4 #dfe ! c5trifugal xylem may ext5d all r\nd ! c5tripetal tra*eids1 b x usually =ms an irregul> ar* ) its base atta*$ to ! sides ( ! l>g] tra*eal /r&1 cp1 sep>at$1 except at ! base ( ! ar*1 by a small am\nt ( conjunctive p>5*yma f ! c5tripetal xylem4 ,! phloem is n pres]v$ & is repres5t$ only by a few pat*es1 ph1 bel[ ! c5trifugal tra*eids4 ,dr ,b5son#eff 9 h] acc\nt ( ?is type ( leaf gives additional details & comp>es ! anatomical features ) ^? 9 o!r species4 ,! dual nature ( ! xylem l t *>act]i/ic ( rec5t ,cycads has usually be5 reg>d$ z a def9ite feature ( ,cordaites leaves2 ,dr ,/opes1 on ! o!r h&1 int]prets ! n>r[] tra*eids 7occupy+ a position simil> to ^? 9 fig4 #dfe7 9 "s sections ( a leaf id5tifi$ ) ,c4 pr9cipalis f ,gr&' ,croix1 z an inn] %ea? ( transfusion elem5ts 7#8primitive transfusion tissue'7 possibly d]iv$ f ! c5tripetal xylem ) :i* x is cle>ly connect$ at ! sides precisely z 9 fig4 #dfe2 b 9 ! ,gr&' ,croix leaf ! phloem is enclos$ )9 ! %ea? ( n>r[] tra*eids & n ext]nal to x z x is 9 ! section %[n 9 fig4 #dfe & 9 a section ( ,c4 l+ulatus figur$ by ,dr ,/opes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to recognise any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! #8inn] transfusion tissue' & c5tripetal xylem4 ,! cells ( ! out] %ea? 9 ,dr ,/opes's specim5s ( ,c4 pr9cipalis h bord]$ pits on _! walls & ?is "* is m5tion$ also by ,r5ault 9 o!r specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfe4 ,cordaites leaf 7,cordaites ,felicis ,b5s471 probably borne on a ,mesoxylon /em4 cp1 c5tripetal xylem2 ph1 phloem2 px1 protoxylem4 7,kid/on ,coll4 ,no4 #baid47 ,pr(4 ,ligni]#efg has describ$ ! /ructure ( fragm5ts ( adult leaves f ! ,/ephanian ( ,gr&' ,croix 7,loire7 :i* he ref]s to ,cordaites l+ulatus1 & ! same au?or gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! anatomical features ( a bud ( ! same species4 ,! bud1 :i* resembles 9 g5]al appe>ance t ( ,dol]ophyllum 7fig4 #dcj1 p4 #acc7 is #c cm4 long1 oval 9 transv]se section--z ! result ( compression--& consi/s ( f\r convolute leaves & a piece ( a fif?4 ,! out] leaves h #ge to #hj ve9s3 ! inn] lam9ae are s9i/ral 9 _! curvature :ile ! ?ree out] leaves are dextral4 ,9 ! second1 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! tissues are recognisable1 ! small desmog5-/r&s af=d "s evid5ce t ! phloem prec$$ ! xylem 9 ! ord] ( diff]5tiation z is (t5 ! case 9 rec5t plants4 ,! fir/ tra*eids occur almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! desmog5-/r& & to ^! are add$ ! o!r tra*eids ( ! c5tripetal xylem1 ! olde/ elem5ts be+ spiral1 ! next scal>i=m & ! lat] tra*eids reticulate4 ,! c5trifugal xylem is =m$ at a lat] /age1 & at ab\t ! same "t are diff]5tiat$ ! elem5ts call$ by ,dr ,/opes ! inn] %ea? & by ,ligni] ! #8bois diaphragmatique4' ,ligni] also describes ! developm5t & /ructural features ( ! o!r tissues ( ! "y leaves & comp>es ! anatomical features ( ! ,fr5* leaves ) ^? ( ,cordaites ,felicis describ$ by ,pr(4 ,b5son4 ,! ma9 features ( ,cordaites leaves are 7i7 ! pres5ce ( two k9ds ( xylem 9 ! ve9s1 ! l>g] c5tripetal tra*eids1 or *ief wat]-conduct+ elem5ts1 & ! n>r[] tra*eids1 9 "s cases atta*$ to ! sides ( ! c5tripetal xylem1 9 o!rs =m+ free gr\ps1 usually betwe5 ! protoxylem & ! phloem1 b sometimes enclos+ ! phloem2 7ii7 ! frequ5t pres5ce ( a well-def9$ %ea? ( cells r\nd ea* ve9 compos$ ( comp>atively ?ick-wall$ elem5ts comp>able ) ! transfusion-tra*eids 9 ,conif]s2 7iii7 ! pres5ce ( lacun> tissue 9 ! c5tre ( ! mesophyll & 9 "s cases ( transv]sely ext5d$ tra*eids simil> to ^? 9 "s ,podoc>p leaves2 7iv7 a well-develop$ sy/em ( /]eome-/r&s & ,i-%ap$ gird]s4 ,! /ructural features on ! :ole sugge/ a x]ophil\s type1 & ! frequ5t abs5ce or feeble developm5t ( palisade tissue po9ts to diffus$ r ?an to brilliant sunlight4 ,! consid]able range 9 size & =m among ,cordaitean leaves z well z ! obvi\s dep5d5ce on conditions ( pres]vation or gr[? ( su* a relatively unimportant feature z ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! s-call$ false or int]/itial ve9s--! v>iability ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$ 9 sev]al in/ances--r5d]s specific det]m9ation exce$+ly difficult4 ,! foll[+ species are briefly describ$ r ) a view to illu/rate ! nature ( ! *>act]s employ$ by au?ors ?an z imply+ ! exi/5ce ( s _m well-def9$ types4 ,cordaites pr9cipalis 7,g]m>74 ,?is species 0 f\nd$#efh on a l>ge specim5 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,wett9 %[+ a fan-l clu/] ( longitud9ally torn & p>tially ov]lapp+ leaves spread out 9 ! position t w\ld be assum$ on ! compression ( a %oot ) a close spiral phyllotaxis4 ,?is =m ( ,cordaites is ! mo/ abundant 9 ! ,briti% ,coal ,measures4 ,! broadly l9e> lam9a is *>act]is$ by an obtuse apex 7fig4 #dff1 ,a71 a t5d5cy to split into /rips1 close-set p>allel ribs1 ! /\t] ribs or ve9s sep>at$ f "o ano!r by #b-c or x may be z _m z #e f9] ribs or int]/itial #8ve9s4' ,a /atem5t by ,weiss t 9 ,g]m>'s type-specim5 ! longitud9al ribb+ ( ! lam9a is v imp]fectly pres]v$ confirms ! scepticism t is ju/ly felt z to ! validity ( ?is "* z a satisfactory specific crit]ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dff4 ,a4 ,cordaites pr9cipalis1 "p ( leaf4 ,b4 ,artisia transv]sa1 pi?-ca/4 ,c4 ,cordaites pr9cipalis1 bran* ) leaf-sc>s4 7,a1 nat4 size2 ,b1 ,c1 nat4 size2 ,kid/on ,coll47 ,! incomplete example %[n 9 fig4 #dff1 ,a1 is #aie cm4 long & has a maximum bread? ( #ce cm41 b ! complete leaf 0 mu* l>g] & tap]$ gradually to ! comp>atively broad & slightly concave or amplexicaul base4 ,! n>r[ elliptical proximal end ( a specim5 figur$ by ,kid/on#efi f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,york%ire is #bh cm4 broad indicat+ t ! tang5tially exp&$ leaf-sc>s on a bran* rec5tly depriv$ ( its foliage mu/ h be5 a conspicu\s feature4 ,9 8 synonymy ( ?is species ,kid/on#egj includes ,knorria tax9a1 a species f\nd$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#ega on a piece ( /em f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,newca/le4 ,! type-specim51 z ,mr ,h[se#egb /ates1 is mu* l>g] ?an ! publi%$ draw+ & closely resembles 9 ! decurr5t leaf-bases ) broad apices ! piece ( /em repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dff1 ,c1 :i* ,kid/on id5tifies z ,c4 pr9cipalis4 ,ge9itz#egc ref]s to ?is species ! se$s nam$ ,cordaic>pus ,cordai 7,ge9471 b !re is no evid5ce ( connexion4 ,kid/on#egd po9ts out t ?is se$ is r>e 9 ,brita93 he believes t ,cordaian?us ,pitcairniae 7,l9d4 & ,hutt47 is probably ! infloresc5ce ( ,c4 pr9cipalis4 ,cordaites pr9cipalis occurs 9 bo? ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian /rata4 ,! leaves describ$ by ,lesqu]eux#ege f ,p5nsylvania z ,c4 ,mansfieldi agree closely ) ,c4 pr9cipalis4 ,ano!r simil> or possibly id5tical =m is repres5t$ by ,c4 ,ottonis ,ge94#egf ,cordaites borassifolius 7,/]nb]g74 ,! leaves ( ?is species1 orig9ally ref]r$ to ,flabell>ia#egg1 resemble ^? ( ,c4 pr9cipalis b diff] 9 ! ovate-lanceolate & less obtuse apex & 9 ! pres5ce ( only "o or r>ely two f9] /riations betwe5 ! /rong] ribs4 ,corda's draw+#egh af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! cr[d$ spiral disposition ( ! foliage comp>able ) t on an ,aga?is %oot4 ,! lam9a is usually #d-h cm4 broad b 9 exceptional cases may rea* a bread? ( #ab cm4 ,! species occurs 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 especially 9 ! ,we/phalian s]ies & 9 ,p]mian rocks4 ,fei/mantel#egi unites ) ?is type ,cordaian?us ,pitcairniae 7fig4 #dhj1 ,a71 b z 9 o!r cases !re may be a confusion betwe5 ,c4 borassifolius & ,c4 pr9cipalis4 ,leaves describ$ by ,lesqu]eux z ,c4 communis#ehj are1 z ,:ite says1 n di/+ui%$ by any well-m>k$ *>act]s f ?is species4 ,:ite#eha figures "s good examples ( ,c4 borassifolius f ,miss\ri1 rea*+ 9 "o case a l5g? ( #dj cm41 %[+ on ! lam9a ! fructifications ( a fungus1 ,hy/]ites cordaitis#ehb ,gr&',eury4 ,! leaves describ$ f ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ,c4 ,robbii#ehc ,daws4 are closely alli$ to if n id5tical ) ,/]nb]g's type4 ,among o!r species diff]+ 9 no def9ite "* f ,c4 borassifolius is ,c4 lancifolius describ$ by ,s*malhaus5#ehd f ! ,p]mian ( ,russia4 ,cordaites l+ulatus ,gr&',eury4 ,! leaves ( ?is species#ehe are *>act]is$ by ! obovate lam9a & bluntly r\nd$ or almo/ truncate apex2 x af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ribb+ z a diagno/ic "*4 ,! lam9a ( a well-pres]v$ specim5 f ! ,blanzy coalfield describ$ by ,zeill]#ehf rea*es a l5g? ( #ce cm4 & a bread? ( #aj-aa cm4 decreas+ to #d cm4 at ! base 7fig4 #dfg74 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! lam9a ,zeill] describes ! ribs z unequal 9 prom95ce1 ! /rong] ones be+ sep>at$ by #a-c f9] ribs1 :ile 9 ! middle & upp] portions ! ribs appe> to be ( equal size4 ,"s ( ! f9] ribs are due to fold+ ( ! lam9a & are n repres5t$1 z are ! ribs due to ! pres5ce ( /]eome-/r&s1 by d>k /reaks 9 ! deta*$ cuticle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfg4 ,cordaites l+ulatus4 7,aft] ,zeill]2 nat4 size47 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! anatomical features ( leaves ( ?is species describ$ by ,ligni]#ehg & o!r au?ors4 ,cordaites gr&ifolius ,lesqu]eux4 ,! leaves s nam$ by ,lesqu]eux#ehh1 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,p5nsylvania1 are di/+ui%$ by ! elongate cuneate lam9a1 :i* rea*es a l5g? ( #ch cm4 ) a n>r[ base & a slightly r\nd$ truncate di/al end1 #af cm4 broad1 *>act]is$ by a few broad & %all[ cr5ulations4 ,by contra/ ) "s ,am]ican specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection ,lesqu]eux's figures convey an imp]fect idea ( ! size ( ! leaf4 ,a l>ge leaf f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,belgium describ$ by ,cambi] & ,r5i] z a new species ( ,psygmophyllum1 ,p4 ,delvali#ehi1 is p]haps id5tical ) ! ,am]ican type2 ! lam9a ( sub-triangul> =m has approximately ! same dim5sions2 ! ve9s are num]\s & repeat$ly =k$4 ,! leaf is mu* long] ?an any kn[n ,psygmophyllum & ! ve9s are mu* m num]\s ?an 9 ,p4 majus ,arb4#eij1 ! l>ge/ repres5tative ( t g5us4 ,palaeobotani/s :o h se5 ! type-specim5 in=m me t !y h no d\bt z to ! ,cordaitean nature ( ! ,belgian specim5s1 :i* may be designat$ ,cordaites ,delvali4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible t ,psygmophyllum & ,cordaites are alli$ g5]a3 our k ( ! =m] is limit$ to unimportant *>act]s4 ,cordaites 7,dory-,cordaites7 palmae=mis 7,goepp]t74 ,?is ,p]mian type1 orig9ally describ$ by ,goepp]t#eia z ,noegg]a?ia palmae=mis1 is *>act]is$ by num]\s sl5d] ve9s3 accord+ to ,weiss#eib !re may be z _m z #c-e 9 #a mm4 ,! leaf is broadly lanceolate2 x tap]s gradually to an acute apex rea*+ a l5g? ( #hj cm4 & a bread? ( #aj cm4 ,9 habit ! "y foliage-%oots#eic resemble ^? ( ,c4 pr9cipalis & ,c4 borassifolius4 ,gr&',eury records ! frequ5t association ( ,sam>opsis se$s ) ?is species2 x occurs 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & 9 ,p]mian /rata & is record$ f a few ,briti% localities4 ,cordaites 7,poa-,cordaites7 micro/a*ys ,gold5b]g4 ,weiss#eid fir/ figur$ ?is species f draw+s suppli$ by ,gold5b]g at ^: sugge/ion ! "n ,c4 micro/a*ys 0 adopt$4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( a sl5d] axis be>+ num]\s n>r[ l9e> leaves & a few imp]fect f]tile axill>y %oots4 ,a specim5 is figur$ by ,kid/on#eie f ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures ( ,rad/ock3 x is a r>e type 9 ,brita94 ,! species is readily di/+ui%$ f ,c4 pr9cipalis & simil> =ms by ! n>r[ lam9a :i* v>ies consid]ably 9 l5g?1 r>ely z long z #cj cm4 & n exce$+ #a cm4 9 bread?4 ,! apex is obtuse & ! ribs are ei!r equal 9 /r5g? or #a-b f9] /riae may alt]nate ) ! /rong] ribs4 ,! base ( ! lam9a is #c-d mm4 wide & ! leaf-sc>s h a slightly ar*$ upp] m>g9 & an almo/ /raight l[] edge#eif4 ,! foliage ( ?is species1 g5]ally reg>d$ z id5tical ) ,c4 l9e>is ,gr&',eury1 be>s a close resemblance to t ( ! ,mesozoic g5us ,pho5icopsis f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by ! occurr5ce ( ! leaves 9 bun*es4 ,c4 gracilis ,lesq4#eig is a simil> type4 ,! %oot on :i* ,lesqu]eux f\nd$ 8 g5us ,desmiophyllum#eih may p]haps be an example ( ,poa-,cordaites4 ,poa-,cordaites t5uifolius ,s*mal4#eii f ! ,p]mian ( ,russia may be id5tical ) ,c4 micro/a*ys4 ,z examples ( o!r =ms ( leaf ref]r$ to ,cordaites1 ?\gh z 9 o!r cases )\t any pro( ( connexion ) bran*es hav+ ! anatomical features ( ! g5us1 ref]5ce may be made to ,cordaites circul>is ,gr&',eury#fjj f ,g>d 7fig4 #dfh1 ,b7 & a small] leaf f ! same locality comp>$ ) ,c4 ,lacoei 7fig4 #dfh1 ,c7 ,lesq4 ,cordaites circul>is is *>act]is$ by ! almo/ orbicul> lam9a trav]s$ by slightly spread+ ve9s2 x recalls "s ( ! l>g] ,cyclopt]is p9nules ( ,pt]idosp]m fronds & is indi/+ui%able f "s leaves assign$ to ! g5us ,dol]ophyllum#fja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfh4 ,a1 ,cordaites root-sy/em 7,rhizo-,cordaites72 ,b1 ,cordaites circul>is leaf2 ,c1 ,cordaites sp41 cf4 ,cordaites ,lacoei2 ,d1 ,cordaites crassifolius1 upp] & l[] surface ( leaf4 7,aft] ,gr&',eury47 ,! species ,c4 ,lacoei 0 f\nd$ by ,lesqu]eux#fjb on "s deta*$ specim5s #c-ab cm4 long & #ae-e cm4 broad2 x is by no means c]ta9 t a specim5 ref]r$ by ,gr&',eury#fjc ) "s hesitation to ?is species is ,cordaitean4 ,! g5]ic "n ,scuto-,cordaites 0 propos$ by ,r5ault#fjd = a specim5 f ,comm5try consi/+ ( a flatt5$ bran* be>+ a few imp]fectly pres]v$ leaves4 ,! surface ( ! bran* %[s semicircul> leaf-sc>s on decurr5t1 spirally dispos$ leaf-cu%ions & be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to a sl5d] /em ( a ,cla?r>ian ,sigill>ia4 ,! leaves ( ! type-specim5 ( ,scuto-,cordaites ,gr&',euryi appe> to be broadly l9e>1 #ac cm4 long1 ! bread? gradually increas+ f ! base3 a %ort di/ance f ! proximal end ! lam9a is brok5 up into n>r[ segm5ts2 ! ve9s are #e mm4 ap>t ) f9] /riations betwe5 !m4 ,"s specim5s f ,p5nsylvania made by ,dawson#fje ! type ( a new sub-g5us & nam$ ,dictyo-,cordaites ,lecoi agree 9 %ape & arrangem5t ) "s species ( ,cordaites1 b diff] 9 an occasional ana/omosis ( ! ve9s z 9 ,psygmophyllum flabellatum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to det]m9e ! true nature ( ! fossils f ! publi%$ figures4 ,cordaitean leaves f ,india1 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 & ,sib]ia4 ,noegg]a?iopsis1 ,fei/mantel2 ,rhiptozamites1 ,s*malhaus52 ,euryphyllum1 ,fei/mantel4 ,cordaites aequalis ,goepp]t4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi 7,bunbury74 ,9 #ahde ,goepp]t#fjf in/itut$ ! species ,noegg]a?ia aequalis 7fig4 #dfi7 & ,n4 di/ans = incomplete broadly l9e> & obovate leaves1 f ,sib]ian ,p]mian /rata1 hav+ a contract$ base & equal p>allel ve9s4 ,! specim5s s nam$ are no d\bt specifically id5tical4 ,goepp]t's species ,n4 aequalis has rec5tly be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,zalessky#fjg :o agrees ) ,kosmovsky#fjh 9 id5tify+ x ) ,noegg]a?iopsis ,hislopi 7,bunb47 & ,rhiptozamites ,goepp]ti ,s*mal4 ,s*malhaus5#fji _h previ\sly po9t$ out ! probable id5tity ( 8 species ) ,noegg]a?ia palmae=mis ,goepp4 7 ,cordaites74 ,! "q ( specific id5tity ( ^! leaves f diff]5t localities & ( o!r h>dly di/+ui%able =ms is ( second>y importance2 ! ma9 po9t is t !y are all examples ( ,cordaitean leaves1 ,cordaites or "s alli$ g5us1 & po9t to ! exi/5ce ( ?is gr\p ( ,gymnosp]ms dur+ ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s times 9 ,sib]ia1 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,s4 ,am]ica1 also 9 ! ,rhaetic floras ( ,tonk9#faj & ,mexico#faa4 ,! fragm5ts f ,devonian /rata at ,iguana ,creek1 ,au/ralia1 nam$ by ,mc,coy#fab ,cordaites au/ralis are probably pieces ( ! ra*is ( "s l>ge frond4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dfi4 ,a-,c1 ,e1 ,cordaites aequalis2 ,d1 ,cordaites ,cl]ci4 7,aft] ,zalessky2 nat4 size47 ,wiel&#fac rec5tly discov]$ ,cordaitean leaves exhibit+ a wide range 9 size & %ape 9 ! ,mixteca flora ( ,mexico 9 ! l[] memb]s ( a s]ies :i* ext5ds f ! #8upp] bord]s ( ! ,rhaetic' ?r\gh ! ,liassic to ! l[] b$s ( ! ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,^! leaves are ref]r$ to ,noegg]a?iopsis ,hislopi1 & x is cle> f an exam9ation ( photographs receiv$ f ,dr ,wiel&1 "o ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dgj1 t ! ,mexican ,cordaites _c be specifically di/+ui%$ f ,bunbury's type z repres5t$ by specim5s describ$ f ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,sib]ia1 ,tonk91 & else:]e4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,noegg]a?iopsis is also record$ by ,newb]ry f ! ,rhaetic s]ies ( ,honduras#fad4 ,noegg]a?iopsis4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,fei/mantel#fae = "s leaves f ,l[] ,gondwana rocks 9 ,india orig9ally describ$ by ,bunbury#faf z ,noegg]a?ia 7,cyclopt]is87 ,hislopi 7figs4 #dgj-dgb7 & reg>d$ by him z probably ,cycadean4 ,sev]al au?ors h add$ to our k ( ?is widely spread s\!rn type & 9 _m localities ! leaves occur 9 association ) platysp]mic se$s ( ! ,sam>opsis or ,cordaic>pus type1 pieces ( /ems ) ,cordaitean leaf-sc>s1 & petrifi$ wood agree+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y xylem ) t ( ,european species ( ,cordaites4 ,9 "s ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s s&/ones at ,v]e5ig+1 ,s\? ,africa1 /umps & spread+ roots 7fig4 #dgh7 resembl+ ^? describ$ f ,france by ,gr&',eury 7cf4 fig4 #dfh1 ,a7 h also be5 discov]$4 ,a rem>kable occurr5ce ( roots & pro/rate /ems ( "s =e/-tree 0 record$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! b$ ( ! ,vaal riv] ne> ,v]e5ig+ :]e ! surface ( a seam ( coal 0 expos$ ov] an area ( m ?an two acres#fag4 ,l>ge bran*$ roots 7fig4 #dgh7 spread+ ov] ! coal = a di/ance ( sev]al feet & ?ick /ems #dj-ej ft 9 l5g? ) v few bran*es & b little decrease 9 diamet] af=d a /rik+ picture ( a =e/-floor4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi 9 ! associat$ /rata sugge/s a ref]5ce ( ! /ems & roots to t species4 ,moreov] ! /ructure ( ! second>y xylem ( "s petrifi$ pieces ( /em s5t to me by ,mr ,leslie f ,v]e5ig+ agrees closely ) t ( a ,european ,cordaitean /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgj4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,f ,mexico4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dga4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,f ,v]e5ig+4 7,a1 ca1 nat4 size2 ,b1 ca1 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgb4 ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi4 ,f ,india4 7,calcutta ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,! leaves ( ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi v>y consid]ably 9 size1 9 "s cases rea*+ a l5g? ( #hj cm4 7fig4 #dga72 ! lam9a tap]s gradually f a %ort di/ance beh9d ! obtuse apex to a relatively n>r[ base3 9 v5ation & =m ! leaves are v simil> to ^? ( ,c4 pr9cipalis & o!r ,european & ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,! specim5 f ,india repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dgb %[s sev]al spa?ulate leaves atta*$ 9 a close spiral to a bran*4 ,z ,:ite#fah & ,zalessky h %[n1 ! /rong] ribs are sep>at$ by less prom95t /riations indicat+ ! pres5ce ( two sizes ( hypod]mal /r&s4 ,! obvi\s resemblance betwe5 ,noegg]a?iopsis ,hislopi & species ( ,cordaites has long be5 recognis$ & _m au?ors h includ$ ,fei/mantel's g5us 9 ! ,cordaitales#fai4 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#fbj pref]r$ to reta9 ! "n ,noegg]a?iopsis z a precaution>y measure1 *iefly on ! gr\nd t ! /omata appe>$ to be less def9itely arrang$ 9 r[s & m scatt]$ ?an 9 ! ,european leaves ( ,cordaites1 & because ( ! abs5ce ( int]/itial ve9s4 ,we h z yet little in=mation z to ! arrangem5t ( ! /omata1 b 9 view ( ! irregul>ity 9 /omatal gr\p+ 9 rec5t leaves ?is feature is1 p]haps1 ( m9or importance4 ,! pres5ce ( int]/itial #8ve9s' has n[ be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,indian#fba & ,s\? ,am]ican#fbb leaves4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 #aijhfbc ! "n ,cordaites 0 sub/itut$ = ,noegg]a?iopsis & ,zalessky's rec5t "w supports ?is /ep4 ,! description by ,zalessky ( ! ribb+ 9 ,goepp]t's species ,cordaites aequalis f ,sib]ia %[s h[ unc]ta9 & v>iable a "* ! v5ation is ev5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same leaf4 ,cordaites ,cl]ci ,zalessky4 ,?is species 7fig4 #dfi1 ,d7 0 in/itut$ = "s small lanceolate or spa?ulate leaves f ! ,pets*ora bas9 7,adzva ,riv]7#fbd rea*+ a l5g? ( #f cm4 & a bread? ( #a cm4 ,x is sep>at$ f ,cordaites aequalis on ! gr\nd t ! ve9s are m num]\s1 z _m z #dd 9 a bread? ( #a cm4 ,a rec5t inve/igation by ,miss ,hold5#fbe ( ! c>bonis$ cuticles ( "s ,indian specim5s1 s5t to ,cambridge by ! ,director ( ! ,indian ,geological ,survey1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) prep>ations made f ,european ,cordaites leaves1 h reveal$ c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features :i* support ,zeill]'s view t ! ,gondwana-,l& leaves1 ?\gh simil> sup]ficially to ^? ( ,cordaites1 are probably di/9ct4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible 9 _m cases to obta9 any in=mation ) reg>d to epid]mal *>act]s1 & ?\gh x w\ld seem probable t _h we a full] k ( ! ,indian & s\!rn hemisph]e plants repres5t$ = ! mo/ "p by leaf-impressions well-def9$ di/+ui%+ features w\ld be recognis$1 ! compreh5sive "n ,cordaites may conv5i5tly be reta9$ on ! gr\nd t 9 ! abs5ce ( well-pres]v$ cuticles no satisfactory di/+ui%+ features are exhibit$ by ! impressions ( ,noegg]a?iopsis4 ,phylladod]ma4 ,zalessky4 ,phylladod]ma ,arb]i ,zalessky4 ,zalessky#fbf f\nd$ ?is g5us on "s ,p]mian leaves f ! ,pets*ora bas9 7,adzva ,riv]7 :i* closely resemble ^? ( ,cordaites b are *>act]is$ by a co>s] v5ation4 ,! lanceolate lam9a rea*es a l5g? ( #ah cm4 & a bread? ( #db cm42 ! ve9s are #b mm4 ap>t & occasionally =k$ ne> ! base ( ! leaf4 ,! epid]mal cells h /raight walls & /omata are abundant on ! l[] surface4 ,z ,zalessky says1 ! sy/ematic position ( ! leaves is unc]ta9 ?\gh !y are probably ,cordaitean4 ,! co>s5ess ( ! v5ation is a feature ( m9or importance & h>dly wor?y ( g5]ic recognition4 ,rhiptozamites ,s*malhaus54 ,?is g5us 0 in/itut$ by ,s*malhaus5#fbg = leaves f b$s 9 ! ,kusnezk bas9 reg>d$ by him z ,jurassic4 ,^! /rata are n[ recognis$ z ,p]mian#fbh & homotaxial ) ^? f :i* ,s*malhaus5#fbi subsequ5tly record$ ! same species4 ,! leaves1 ?\gh small] ?an _m ( ! ,indian & ,s\? ,african specim5s ( ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi1 may belong to t species4 ,zeill] & o!rs def9itely assign$ ! ,russian leaves to ,cordaites4 ,euryphyllum4 ,! ,indian leaves = :i* ,fei/mantel#fcj propos$ ?is "n are1 z sev]al writ]s h po9t$ out1 9 all probability ref]able to ,cordaites4 ,! g5]al conclusion to be drawn f ?is imp]fect summ>y ( an ext5sive lit]ature is t ! employm5t ( ! g5]ic names ,noegg]a?iopsis1 ,rhiptozamites1 ,euryphyllum1 & o!rs has t5d$ to exagg]ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,european & ,s\!rn botanical prov9ces dur+ ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,scale-leaves1 se$s1 & /ems4 ,! occurr5ce ( small scale-l leaves ( ! type repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dfh1 ,c1 9 association ) ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi#fca 9 ,india1 ,brazil1 ,sib]ia1 & else:]e may mean t ^! organs are scales ( l>ge foli> buds4 ,! occurr5ce ( sev]al =ms ( platysp]mic se$s1 9 "s cases app>5tly id5tical ) ,european =ms & sometimes di/9ct types1 9 close association ) ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi has already be5 m5tion$4 ,examples ( su* se$s are describ$ 9 ,*apt] xxxv4 "u ! g5us ,sam>opsis4 ,!re are v few satisfactory examples ( ,cordaitean bran*es f ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,s*malhaus5#fcb figures good specim5s f ,sib]ian rocks f :i* 8 ,rhiptozamites leaves 7 obta9$4 ,bran*es ) spirally dispos$ leaf-sc>s figur$ by ,zeill]#fcc f ! ,rhaetic ( ,tonk9 closely resemble ,cordaicladus4 ,fei/mantel's draw+ ( a fossil f ! ,k>h>b>i s]ies1 comp>$ by him ) a ,f]n rhizome#fcd1 may be a ,cordaitean bran*1 & ! same au?or describes a /em#fce f ,new ,s\? ,wales z ,caulopt]is ,adamsi :i* be>s a close resemblance to a bran* ( ,cordaites4 ,simil>ly a leafy %oot describ$ f ,india by ,zeill] z ,arauc>ites ,oldhami#fcf may be comp>$ ) bran*es ( ! ,poa-,cordaites type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgc4 ,cordaites 7or ,mesoxylon87 /em %[+ ! discoid pi? p>tially enclos$ by wood4 7 nat4 size47 ,m4 ,s4 ,/ems4 i4 ,pi?-ca/s4 ,artisia4 ,/]nb]g4 ,a "* to :i* au?ors t5d to atta* excessive importance z a diagno/ic feature is ! almo/ inv>iable t5d5cy ( ! p>5*ymat\s pi? ( ,cordaites to break up on contraction into transv]se diaphragms1 ?us produc+ :at is kn[n z a discoid pi?4 ,9 ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #dgc ! pi? is repres5t$ by a m or less cyl9drical ca/ *>act]is$ by fairly regul> transv]se ribs & n>r[ grooves2 9 ! upp] "p ( ! fossil ! p]iph]al tissue ( ! pi? is pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( n>r[ plates project+ f ! inn] face ( ! wood4 ,z ,r5ault#fcg po9t$ out1 ?is type ( pi? is ! expression ( c]ta9 conditions ( gr[? & is n a satisfactory di/+ui%+ feature ( any p>ticul> g5us or family4 ,! same t5d5cy to =m a discoid pi? is *>act]i/ic ( ,mesoxylon1 & x occurs also 9 "s o!r ,palaeozoic g5]a4 ,corda long ago figur$ a /em attribut$ by him to ,lomat(loyos ) a typical discoid pi?1 & a simil> pi? is record$ 9 a /em ( ,dicranophyllum#fch4 ,among rec5t plants ,juglans regia af=ds p]haps ! mo/ famili> in/ance ( an id5tical =m ( pi?3 ! same type occurs 9 ! :ite ,jasm9e1 9 ,c]opegia peltata1 & "s o!r fl[]+ plants4 ,an int]e/+ case is t ( ! tree ,gr\ndsel1 ,s5ecio praecox ,d4,c4#fci1 ( ,mexico3 9 ?is plant1 :i* gr[s 9 arid di/ricts1 ! pi? s]ves z a wat]-/ore & z ! wat] is drawn (f ! ?ick turgesc5t discs contract & =m ?9 transv]se diaphragms sep>at$ by wide spaces1 z is also ! case on dry+ 9 "s succul5t ,euphorbia /ems4 ,x may be t 9 ,cordaites ! m$ull>y region also s]v$ z a wat]-res]voir & ! dep? ( ! m$ull>y discs w\ld v>y accord+ to ! /ate ( _! cont5ts4 ,! e>li] writ]s reg>d$ ! pi?-ca/s z /ems ) sc>s ( amplexicaul leaves3 ,artis#fdj describ$ specim5s f ! ,engli% ,coal ,measures z ,/]nb]gia1 "o ( :i* he /at$ to be #f ft long2 a few ye>s lat] ,/]nb]g#fda propos$ ! "n ,artisia & ?is has be5 g5]ally us$ on ! gr\nd t ,/]nb]gia is ! "n ( a rec5t fl[]+ plant4 ,a specim5 ( ,artisia transv]sa 7,art47 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,york%ire is %[n 9 fig4 #dff1 ,b1 & simil> specim5s v>y+ consid]ably 9 diamet] up to ab\t #aj cm4 are abundant 9 ,european & ,am]ican ,coal ,measures4 ,! prom95ce & dep? ( ! transv]se ridges1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ana/omoses betwe5 adjac5t discs are1 z ,zeill]#fdb says1 ( v d\btful value z specific *>act]s4 ,dawson 9 #ahdffdc spoke ( ,artisia z probably ! pi? ( a tree1 a view sugge/$ to him by ,mr ,dawes4 ,9 #ahea ,williamson#fdd publi%$ a description ( "s specim5s 9 :i* a pi?-ca/1 ,artisia approximata ,l9d4 & ,hutt41 0 enclos$ by wood %[+ v cle>ly ,cordaitean *>act]s4 ,fur!r demon/ration ( ! true nature ( ,artisia 0 suppli$ by ,gr&',eury f ,/ ti5ne mat]ial4 ,if ! g5]ic "n ,artisia is appli$ to all pi?-ca/s %[+ ! transv]se ridges & grooves l ^? se5 9 fig4 #dff1 ,b1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is n safe to assume a connexion ) ,cordaites or ,mesoxylon4 ,a ,liassic species describ$ by ,ligni]#fde f ,france z ,artisia alt]nans is quot$ by au?ors z evid5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( ,cordaites into ! ,jurassic p]iod2 b 9 view ( ! fact t ! discoid type ( pi? is n by any means conf9$ to ,cordaites or ev5 to ! ,cordaitales ! occurr5ce ( ,artisia is 9 itself ( no great botanical significance4 ,x is also true t a discoid pi? is n an inv>iable attribute ( /ems closely alli$ to ! g5us ,cordaites2 b if ^! res]vations are made ! use ( ! g5]ic t]m ,artisia s]ves a useful purpose4 ii4 ,petrifi$ /ems4 ,dadoxylon4 ,endli*]4 ,palaeobotanical lit]ature conta9s num]\s descriptions ( ,palaeozoic petrifi$ wood occasionally enclos+ an ,artisia pi?-ca/ describ$ "u su* names z ,dadoxylon1 ,cordaioxylon1 ,arauc>ioxylon1 etc41 & reg>d$ z portions ( ,cordaitean /ems4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t mu* ( ?is mat]ial belong$ to /ems o!r ?an ^? ( ,cordaites4 ,rec5t rese>* has demon/rat$ ! insuffici5cy ( ! second>y xylem alone1 h[ev] well pres]v$1 z a safe guide to g5]ic position3 /ems id5tical 9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y xylem diff] 9 t ( ! prim>y portion ( ! /ele1 & x is on ! *>act]s ( ! latt] tissues t sev]al g5]a h rec5tly be5 f\nd$4 ,mesoxylon af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! importance ( ! prim>y xylem z a di/9ctive feature4 ,z ,go?an#fdf po9ts out1 ! species ( ,calamopitys rec5tly made ! type ( a new g5us ,eri/ophyton#fdg w\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! prim>y xylem1 probably be reg>d$ z ,cordaitean4 ,x is important to recognise ! limitations impos$ by ! imp]fection ( ! mat]ial2 we _c 9 mo/ cases det]m9e :e!r a specim5 %\ld be ref]r$ to ,cordaites or ,mesoxylon1 & :ile x may be describ$ z probably ,cordaitean 9 aff9ity !re rema9s ! possibility t "s ( ! ,palaeozoic plants ) second>y wood l t ( ,cordaites1 if _! reproductive organs 7 kn[n1 w\ld n be includ$ 9 ! ,cordaitales4 ,goepp]t's species ,arauc>ites ,t*ihat*effi1 :i* ,r5ault#fdh quotes z ,cordaites1 has rec5tly be5 assign$ to a new g5us ,mesopitys#fdi because ( c]ta9 di/9ctive features ( ! prim>y xylem4 ,additional examples might be quot$ po9t+ to ! t5d5cy ( rec5t & m ?or\gh inve/igation to e/abli% ! fact t ! occurr5ce ( ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s wood ( ! ,arauc>ian type does n necess>ily d5ote ! exi/5ce ( ,cordaites4 ,! "q ( nom5clature is necess>ily rais$ 9 ?is connexion4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 cu/om>y to assign ,palaeozoic wood ) ,arauc>ian pitt+ to ! g5us ,dadoxylon1 :ile wood ( ! same g5]al type f m rec5t /rata is by _m au?ors ref]r$ to ,arauc>ioxylon#fej4 ,?is arbitr>y di/9ction bas$ on a diff]5ce 9 age is op5 to s]i\s objection4 ,fossil wood ( ! ,arauc>ian type is widely scatt]$ 9 /rata rang+ f ,c>bonif]\s to ,jurassic p]iods2 x also occurs 9 lat] =mations4 ,! fact t on ! "o h& ,arauc>ian plants1 z recognis$ by cones & foliage-%oots1 are especially *>act]i/ic ( ,jurassic floras & occur m r>ely 9 ,rhaetic & ,triassic floras1 & on ! o!r h& t ,cordaites & its allies rea*$ _! greate/ developm5t 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s times1 r5d]s x probable t 9 ! majority ( cases a di/9ctive "n bas$ on geological age w\ld be 9 accordance ) botanical diff]5ces4 ,b we h no satisfactory data z to ! upp] limits ( ! ,cordaiteae or ! l[] limits ( ! ,arauc>9eae3 9 all probability ! two families ov]lapp$ & co-exi/$ = m ?an "o geological p]iod4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! plants f =mations :]e ov]lapp+ occurr$ t are ! mo/ critical f a botanical /&po9t4 ,! age-di/9ction is !re=e at be/ an artificial "o & may be s]i\sly mislead+4 ,potoni#fea & ,go?an#feb h emphasis$ ! desirability ( adopt+ ! "n ,dadoxylon = all wood ( ! ,arauc>ian type irrespective ( age4 ,if a p>ticul> specim5 c be correlat$ def9itely ) ,cordaites or "s o!r g5us x %\ld be s designat$1 b ! fragm5t>y nature ( ! records usually precludes ?is simple c\rse4 ,! mo/ logical plan is to use ! "n ,dadoxylon = all woods ) ,arauc>ian *>act]s if !re is no suffici5t reason = employ+ a less provisional t]m4 ,if ! evid5ce cle>ly po9ts to ! ,arauc>9eae ! g5]ic "n ,arauc>ioxylon %\ld be add$ 9 p>5!ses aft] ,dadoxylon1 b :e!r or n ?is is done1 a /atem5t z to ! geological age ( ! fossil w 9 itself be "s assi/ance 9 enabl+ ! /ud5t to =m an op9ion on ! balance ( probability 9 fav\r ( a ,cordaitean or an ,arauc>ian aff9ity4 ,! c\rse sugge/$ by ,go?an#fec1 namely to add ,cordaites aft] ,dadoxylon if an ,artisia pi? is pres5t1 is r5d]$ inop]ative n[ t we "k t a discoid pi? occurs 9 m ?an "o g5us4 ,9 ?is *apt] we are conc]n$ prim>ily ) ,cordaites & ) su* /ems z may fairly be reg>d$ z ,cordaitean3 examples ( fossil wood f lat] =mations are dealt ) 9 ano!r place4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 ,arauc>ioxylon & ,cordaioxylon /ems has be5 bas$ by ,felix on ! nature ( ! pi?-ca/s2 ^? ( ! ,artisia type he ref]s to ,cordaioxylon1 :ile ,palaeozoic /ems ) ,tylod5dron pi?-ca/s are assign$ to ,arauc>ioxylon#fed4 ,?is di/9ction c1 h[ev]1 only be made 9 ! comp>atively few cases 9 :i* ! pi?-ca/ is pres]v$4 ,its validity is1 moreov]1 op5 to "q4 ,a ,tylod5dron 7 ,s*izod5dron7 ca/ %[s on its surface ! *>act]s ( ! inn] face ( ! second>y xylem1 project+ sp9dle-%ap$ areas repres5t+ ! inn] ends ( m$ull>y rays & a reticulum ( grooves =m$ by ! m resi/ant & prom95t inn] edges ( ! r[s ( tra*eids 7fig4 #gdf74 ,a pi?-ca/ ( a /em 9 :i* ! de/ruction by decay ( ! m$ull>y p>5*yma _h n ext5d$ to ! edge ( ! xylem-cyl9d] might %[ transv]se diaphragms4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,tylod5dron ca/s means t decay _h ext5d$ to ! surface ( ! wood4 ,b 9 view ( ! occurr5ce ( ,tylod5dron ca/s 9 /ems t are n ^? ( ,cordaites a %ort acc\nt ( ! g5us is giv5 on ano!r page#fee4 ,! ma9 features ( ! /em ( ,cordaites h already be5 enum]at$4 ,! /ele agrees ) t ( ,arauc>ia & ,aga?is & especially ) ,aga?is 9 ! d\ble nature ( ! leaf-trace4 ,williamson#fef 9 #ahgg describ$ pieces ( wood f ! ,engli% ,coal ,measures & ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,scotl& :i* he ref]r$ to ,dadoxylon b )\t any specific "n4 ,^! include ! ,coalbrookdale /em 9 :i* he _h previ\sly demon/rat$ ! connexion betwe5 ,artisia & ,dadoxylon4 ,! /ructure ( ! xylem is l t 9 ,d4 ,br&l+ii & ! specim5s may belong to t species4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ fact record$ by ,williamson is ! occurr5ce ( d\ble leaf-traces1 a feature :i* l$ him to suspect a remote g5]ic aff9ity to ,g9kgo4 ,?is d\ble trace may be an important diagno/ic feature b un=tunately ! majority ( descriptions ( species ( ,dadoxylon ?r[ no light on ! "* ( ! foli> bundles4 ,?omson & ,all9#feg h rec5tly po9t$ out t a d\ble leaf-trace occurs 9 a /em f ! ,p]mian ( ,kansas describ$ by ,p5hall[#feh z ,pityoxylon *as5se & ref]r$ to t g5us because ( ! suppos$ occurr5ce ( res9-canals 9 "s ( ! m$ull>y rays3 ! canals are app>5tly leaf-traces trav]s+ broad rays 9 ! second>y wood4 ,! prim>y xylem ( ,cordaites is 9 direct cont9uity ) ! second>y tra*eids & does n =m mes>* /r&s z 9 ,mesoxylon4 ,! pi? is usually discoid4 ,! pitt+ on ! tra*eids is a "* ( special importance3 :ile x is true to say t z a rule ! numb] ( pits on ! radial walls ( a s+le tra*eid is l>g] ?an 9 ! ,arauc>9eae1 ?is is n always ! case4 ,9 ,arauc>ia !re are occasionally z _m z five r[s ( alt]nate polygonal pits 7fig4 #fia1 ,a7 & 9 "s ,palaeozoic ,dadoxylons !re are only "o#fei or two r[s4 ,! v broad zone ( transitional elem5ts at ! inn] edge ( ! xylem-cyl9d] is a *>act]i/ic feature %>$ by ! ,arauc>9eae#ffj2 ! spiral protoxylem-tra*eids are succe$$ by scal>i=m elem5ts & ^!1 by ! gradual ana/omos+ ( ! transv]se b>s1 pass into tra*eids ) multis]iate pitt+4 ,9 ?is broad zone we probably h a primitive feature1 an epitome 9 a s+le /em ( ! c\rse ( developm5t ( multis]iate f scal>i=m pitt+4 ,9 "s ,palaeozoic species ) wood ( ! pycnoxylic type & agree+ g5]ally ) typical ,cordaites ! bord]$ pits are sometimes sep>ate & circul>1 & opposite pits occasionally replace ! usual alt]nate arrangem5t4 ,ano!r feature on :i* /ress has be5 laid is t 9 ,cordaites ! pits occupy ! :ole bread? ( ! tra*eal wall2 b ?is1 ?\gh frequ5tly ! case1 is by no means a con/ant feature4 ,9 ,dadoxylon ,newb]ryi#ffa ! pits t5d to =m gr\ps1 leav+ unpitt$ areas1 z 9 ! g5us ,co5oxylon#ffb4 ,9 ! /em ( ,dadoxylon mat]i>um ,daws4 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dge ! pits d n always cov] ! :ole ( ! tra*eid-walls3 ?is /em is also in/ructive z an example ( ! diff]5t appe>ance pres5t$ by pitt$ tra*eids accord+ to ! /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 "s places an oblique pore is well %[n :ile 9 o!rs only ! out] bord] ( ! pit is se54 ,go?an#ffc has describ$ a specim5 9 :i* "s ( ! pits are circul> & occupy only ! c5tral area ( ! xylem elem5ts3 sep>ate circul> pits occur also 9 ,d4 ,p$roi ,zeill4#ffd 7fig4 #dgf74 ,simil> dep>tures f ! normal are illu/rat$ by rec5t species ( ,arauc>9eae4 ,! abs5ce ( a torus is ano!r feature %>$ by ,dadoxylon & true ,arauc>ian wood4 ,annual r+s o!r ?an incomplete & spasmodically =m$ r[s ( n>r[] tra*eids are n z a rule pres5t1 & 9 ?is respect also ,arauc>ia af=ds a close analogy4 ,?omson#ffe has figur$ a transv]se section ( a root f ,engli% ,coal ,measures 9 :i* r+s ( gr[? are well def9$2 & o!r in/ances are record$4 ,9 an ,au/ralian species nam$ by ,arb] ,d4 au/rale#fff1 !re are well-m>k$ r+s ( gr[?1 & ?is is equally ! case 9 "s ,indian wood#ffg ( ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s age1 m ne>ly alli$ to ,mesoxylon ?an to ,cordaites1 & 9 a ,dadoxylon ( simil> age f ,s\? ,africa4 ,on ! o!r h& ! /atem5t t annual r+s occur 9 ,palaeozoic wood is (t5 incorrect1 p>tial r+s hav+ be5 confus$ ) regul> conc5tric cyl9d]s ( summ] elem5ts4 ,dawson & ,mat!w#ffh describ$ r+s 9 ,d4 ouangondianum1 & ,goepp]t & ,/5zel#ffi1 :o exam9$ ! ,canadian mat]ial1 ref] to circles l annual r+s2 b ,p5hall[#fgj /ates t !re is no evid5ce ( true gr[?-r+s4 ,! m$ull>y rays are unis]iate & consi/ ( ?9 p>5*ymat\s cells ) unpitt$ walls2 !y v>y consid]ably 9 dep?1 usually comp>atively %all[ b 9 "s cases #dj or #ej cells deep4 ,9 rec5t ,arauc>9eae ! rays are g5]ally %all[]4 ,! abs5ce ( special receptacles1 o!r ?an occasional res9if]\s tra*eids1 = products ( secretion is a feature common to ,dadoxylon & ! ,arauc>9eae4 ,! phloem pres5ts no features ( special int]e/1 b our k ( ?is tissue is comp>atively meagre4 ,among o!r examples ( l>ge ,dadoxylon /ems "s ( :i* no d\bt bore ,cordaitean foliage--?\gh z a rule we h insuffici5t in=mation z reg>ds anatomical *>act]s to enable a decision to be made betwe5 ,cordaites & ,mesoxylon--ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! impos+ array ( silicifi$ trunks 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,*emnitz ,museum#fga4 ,^! 7 obta9$ f ,l[] ,p]mian /rata at ,hilb]sdorf ne> ,*emnitz f b$s ov]la9 by porphyry tuff & re/+ on qu>tz porphyry1 ! volcanic mat]ial :i* furni%$ ! silice\s solutions4 ,sev]al l>ge pieces ( wood 7 f\nd 9 association ) /ems ( ,m$ullosa & ,ps>onius1 leaves ( ,cordaites1 ,artisia pi?-ca/s1 & ,c>dioc>pus se$s ) specim5s ( ,wal*ia1 ,gompho/robus & o!r plants4 ,/]zel describes a /em #afe met4 long & #ae met4 9 diamet]2 on ! ma9 trunk ! bran*-sc>s are scatt]$ b on "s bran*es !re is a t5d5cy to a :orl$ arrangem5t4 ,?is & _m o!r /ems are ref]r$ to ,arauc>ioxylon 7or ,dadoxylon7 saxonicum1 a species fir/ describ$ by ,rei*5ba* z ,megad5dron saxonicum4 ,9 "o specim5 ,/]zel /ates t ! bord]$ pits are g5]ally 9 #a-b r[s1 ?\gh r>ely 9 #c-d r[s1 on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids :i* !y d n completely cov]3 ! m$ull>y rays rea* a dep? ( betwe5 #bj & #cj cells4 ,x is notewor?y t ! /em #afe met4 long has a pi?-ca/ ( ! ,tylod5dron type4 ,dadoxylon 7,cordaites7 ,br&l+ii 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 #ahca4 ,p9ites ,br&l+ii ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,vol4 i4 ,pl4 i4 #ahej4 ,arauc>ites ,br&l+ii ,goepp]t1 ,foss4 ,conif4 p4 #bcb1 ,pls4 xxxix4-xli4 #ahij4 ,cordaioxylon ,br&l+ii ,s*5k1 9 ,s*imp] & ,s*5k1 p4 #hec1 fig4 #djh4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on #8a fossil giant ( ! vegetable k+dom' discov]$ at ,wideop5 ne> ,newca/le 9 ,c>bonif]\s /rata on ! e/ate ( ,mr ,br&l+4 ,! /em1 #gb ft long & f> f complete1 %[$ an irregul> & n a :orl$ di/ribution ( bran*-sc>s4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ,d4 m$ull>is 7,goepp47#fgb1 a ,p]mian species f ,saxony1 ! bran*-sc>s1 :ile = ! mo/ "p irregul>ly scatt]$1 9 "o case %[$ an approa* to a :orl$ disposition z 9 rec5t ,arauc>ias4 ,)am#fgc gave a full] acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! /em ?an is includ$ 9 ! orig9al description1 & ! species has be5 describ$ by _m lat] au?ors f bo? ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s localities4 ,! pi? is discoid & ! broad transitional region at ! inn] edge ( ! wood is a *>act]i/ic feature#fgd4 ,?omson#fge po9ts out t !re is a t5d5cy to a ret5tion ( ! scal>i=m type ( pitt+ 9 ! region ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,!re are #a-e r[s ( pits on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids4 ,! rays may rea* a dep? ( #dj cells2 !y are usually "o cell broad4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n t z _m z six vascul> /r&s#fgf may =m "o leaf-trace in/ead ( ! cu/om>y pair1 a feature sugge/+ comp>ison ) ,metacordaites ,rigolloti ,r54 ) its five foli> bundles4 ,o!r species agree v closely ) ,d4 ,br&l+ii & x is impossible to det]m9e ) accuracy ! precise specific limits ( /ems agree+ g5]ally ) ?is type2 b = ! sake ( emphasis+ ! v>iation 9 anatomical /ructure x is wor? :ile to draw att5tion to a few m or less div]g5t =ms f diff]5t geographical areas4 ,dadoxylon protopityoides ,felix4 ,an int]e/+ feature 9 ?is ,we/phalian type f ,g]many is ! occurr5ce ( transv]sely elongat$ pits on ! tra*eids#fgg associat$ ) ^? ( normal =m closely simulat+ ! pits 9 ! xylem elem5ts ( ,protopitys4 ,dadoxylon nummul>ium ,:ite4 ,9 ?is ,brazilian wood#fgh f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s b$s ! m$ull>y rays are v num]\s1 mo/ly unis]iate & #a-cj cells 9 dep?4 ,! pits on ! tra*eids are 9 #a-b r[s & are (t5 contigu\s4 ,9 ano!r type1 ,d4 m]idionale1 describ$ by ! same au?or#fgi1 ! pits are /rictly unis]iate & g5]ally contigu\s4 ,z ,:ite says1 ! abs5ce ( ! pi? & cortex & ( any evid5ce z to ! /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem r5d]s impossible any def9ite expression ( op9ion z to ! aff9ity ( ^! & _m o!r species4 ,dadoxylon ,nicoli ,sew>d4 ,dr ,arb]#fhj 9 nam+ ?is species1 f ! ,newca/le 7,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s7 ,s]ies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,dadoxylon au/rale1 does n m5tion ,cri's e>li] acc\nt ( "s wood f ,new ,cal$onia "u ! "n ,arauc>ioxylon au/rale#fha4 ,! latt] g5]ic "n accord+ to ! usage adopt$ 9 ?is volume %\ld be sup]s$$ by ,dadoxylon1 & ?is necessitates a fre% specific "n = ,arb]'s specim5s4 ,! "n ,nicoli is sugge/$ 9 place ( au/rale1 z ! sections on :i* ,arb] f\nd$ 8 species =m "p ( ! ,nicol collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! xylem %[s di/9ct r+s ( gr[?1 a feature also se5 9 ,indian /ems ( approximately ! same geological age & record$ by ,%irley#fhb 9 wood f ,que5sl& :i* ne$s m c>eful exam9ation4 ,! bord]$ pits1 usually multis]iate & contigu\s1 are n infrequ5tly 9 #a-b r[s & sep>ate4 ,! unis]iate m$ull>y rays are v num]\s z 9 ,:ite's ,brazilian species ,d4 nummul>ium1 & z a rule #f-ab cells deep4 ,"s well-pres]v$ specim5s f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,natal & ,zulul& h be5 describ$ by ,w>r5#fhc z ,dadoxylon au/rale ,arb41 %[+ int]e/+ anatomical features1 b ! mat]ial almo/ c]ta9ly includes m ?an "o specific type & w\ld repay m detail$ inve/igation4 ,dadoxylon mat]i>um ,dawson4 ,?is species 0 describ$ by ,dawson#fhd f ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,nova ,scotia & aft]w>ds ref]r$ by ,p5hall[#fhe to ! g5us ,cordaites4 ,9 ! transv]se section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dgd1 ,a1 ! tra*eid-walls h be5 r$uc$ 9 ?ickness by p>tial decay1 b "s ( ! bord]$ pits are cle>ly %[n on ! radial walls2 ! pits usually =m #b-d contigu\s r[s 7fig4 #dge7 9 "s cases ) an oblique pore :ile o!rs are repres5t$ ei!r by ! out] bord] ( ! pit or by ! pore only4 ,! n>r[ m$ull>y rays are z a rule unis]iate & may be #fj cells deep 7fig4 #dgd1 ,b74 ,dawson /ates t "s specim5s h l>ge ,artisia pi?-ca/s1 a fact t =m]ly w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z pro( ( ! ,cordaites nature ( ! wood1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! prim>y xylem x is impossible to say :e!r ! /em is ,cordaites or ,mesoxylon4 ,dadoxylon sp4 ,"s wood receiv$ f ,mr ,leslie1 collect$ at ,v]e5ig+1 ,s\? ,africa1 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks1 %[s well-def9$ r+s ( gr[?4 ,! pits =m ei!r a s+le r[1 a d\ble1 alt]nate & contigu\s r[1 or r>ely ?ree s]ies on ! tra*eid walls4 ,! m$ull>y rays are usually unis]iate & #a-cj cells deep4 ,dadoxylon ,kayi ,arb]4 ,?is species is repres5t$ by "s l>ge trunks1 9 "s cases ) a diamet] ( #dj cm41 discov]$ by ,mr ,kay 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,worce/]%ire#fhf4 ,! pi? is v small & %[s no indication ( a discoid /ructure1 b ow+ to its poor pres]vation no sections c\ld be obta9$ ( ?is region4 ,! second>y wood is *>act]is$ by ! l>ge numb] ( unis]iate m$ull>y rays #a-bg cells 9 dep?2 ! tra*eids h usually two or sometimes ?ree r[s ( alt]nate & contigu\s bord]$ pits on ! radial walls4 ,arb] reg>ds ! abs5ce ( a discoid pi? z a fatal objection to a ref]5ce ( ! /ems to ,cordaites & speaks ( !m z af=d+ fur!r evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( ,conif]ae 9 ! high] ,coal ,measures ( ! ,midl&s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to det]m9e ! position ( ! species 9 ! abs5ce ( any data ) reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! p]im$ull>y region1 & )\t su* in=mation we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ,dadoxylon ,kayi z a memb] ( ! ,conif]ales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgd4 ,dadoxylon mat]i>um4 ,transv]se 7,a7 & tang5tial 7,b7 sections ( ! second>y xylem4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #bbb1 #bbd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dge4 ,dadoxylon mat]i>um4 ,a-,c radial longitud9al sections ( ! second>y xylem4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #bbe47 ,dadoxylon ,p$roi ,zeill]4 ,?is species f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s or possibly ,l[] ,p]mian /rata 9 ,brazil#fhg has a pi? #ch cm4 9 diamet] compos$ ( p>5*yma ) scatt]$ secretory sacs & *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( ?ree equidi/ant bays project+ into ! cyl9d] ( wood 7fig4 #dgf1 ,a7 :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! specim5 7#f cm473 ^!1 z ,zeill] sugge/s1 may be connect$ ) ! dep>ture ( leaf-traces or bran*es4 ,! xylem is entirely compos$ ( c5trifugal elem5ts & %[s a broad transitional zone 7fig4 #dgf1 ,b7 includ+ spiral1 scal>i=m1 & reticulate tra*eids1 b ! bord]$ pits are less num]\s & less cr[d$ ?an 9 _m species ( ,dadoxylon4 ,! rays are #a-b cells broad & rea* a dep? ( #ej cells4 ,! mo/ /rik+ features are ! solid & n discoid pi? ) its ?ree r\nd$ bays & secretory canals1 also ! small] numb] & frequ5tly circul> =m ( ! pits on ! tra*eids4 ,zeill] consid]s t ! /em is t ( "s ,cordaitean plant ?\gh probably n a true ,cordaites4 ,:ite#fhh que/ions ! advisability ( adopt+ ! g5]ic "n ,dadoxylon & sugge/s ! possibility1 ?\gh )\t any satisfactory evid5ce1 t x is ! /em ( a ,gangamopt]is4 ,fail+ fur!r in=mation1 !re w\ld seem to be no suffici5t reason = ! in/itution ( a di/9ctive g5]ic "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgf4 ,dadoxylon ,p$roi4 ,a1 transv]se section %[+ ! pi? & "p ( ! second>y wood4 ,b1 longitud9al section ( "p ( ! second>y wood4 7,aft] ,zeill]47 ,dadoxylon p]mi5se 7,r5ault74 ,?is ,p]mian species f ,autun#fhi diff]s f typical examples ( ! g5us 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! pi? into a c5tral ?9-wall$ region contract$ into transv]se diaphragms surr\nd$ by a cyl9d] ( /\t] tissue & 9 ! great] bread? ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,! tra*eids h #c-d r[s ( pits ( ! usual type4 ,spirally dispos$1 decurr5t1 leaf-bases occur on ! surface ( ! /em1 & ! cortex includes secretory canals & /r&s ( hypod]mal /]eome4 ,a small numb] ( ve9s pass up ! m$ian "p ( ! lam9a :i* 9 ?is respect & 9 its great] ?ickness diff]s f t ( ,cordaites leaves4 ,r5ault speaks ( ! rays z a cycadean feature1 b !y are only two cells 9 wid? & %ort] ?an 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,dadoxylon spetsb]g5se ,go?an4 ,9 ?is species#fij f ,spitzb]g51 ( d\btful age ?\gh probably ,palaeozoic1 !re is no xylem-p>5*yma & ! m$ull>y rays are f #b to #e cells deep2 ! bord]$ pits occur 9 #a-b or r>ely #c r[s on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids2 !y are alt]nate b n flatt5$ & *>act]is$ by _! small size 7#g high72 !y d n cov] ! :ole face ( ! tra*eids4 ,x is po9t$ out t 9 _m ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic ,dadoxylons ! pits are l>g] ?an 9 rec5t species 7#af-age z comp>$ ) #i-ab7 :ile 9 ,d4 spetsb]g5se !y are /ill small]4 ,! l>ge size ( ! m$ull>y-ray cells is ano!r notewor?y feature1 also ! abs5ce ( annual r+s1 a "* possibly connect$ ) conditions ( gr[? 9 nor!rn regions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out by ,na?or/#fia t ! fossil 0 n f\nd 9 situ &1 z he says1 x may h be5 c>ri$ by curr5ts f a m s\!rn locality4 ,metacordaites4 ,r5ault4 ,metacordaites ,rigolloti ,r5ault4 ,r5ault f\nd$ ?is species#fib & g5us on a /em f ,autun :i*1 l ,d4 ,p$roi1 diff]s 9 c]ta9 respects f /ems usually attribut$ to ,cordaites4 ,! pi? is solid & conta9s secretory ducts & cells2 ! tra*eids h (t5 a s+le r[ ( pits1 & multis]iate pitt+ is mu* less common ?an 9 ,dadoxylon4 ,! m$ull>y rays are g5]ally #a-f cells deep4 ,a /rik+ feature is ! occurr5ce ( gr\ps ( five vascul> bundles p5etrat+ ! second>y wood 9 ,v-%ap$ gr\ps1 ea* gr\p be+ reg>d$ z a multiple leaf-trace1 a type rec5tly recognis$ by ,?omson 9 ,d4 ,br&l+ii4 ,9 "o ( ,r5ault's figures a l>g] sc>1 presumably a bran*-sc>1 is %[n imm$iately above a gr\p ( foli> bundles4 ,! g5us ,metacordaites is consid]$ by its au?or to be int]m$iate betwe5 ,conif]s & ! ,cordaitales1 b ne>] to ! =m]4 ,?is conclusion is1 h[ev]1 bas$ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 z no?+ is kn[n ( ! reproductive organs4 ,roots4 ,9 #ahga ,williamson#fic gave an acc\nt ( a petrifi$ plant f ! ,lanca%ire ,coal ,measures :i* he nam$ ,dictyoxylon radicans1 b he aft]w>ds came to ! conclusion t ! specim5s s nam$ 7 portions ( ! subt]ranean axis ( "s o!r plant1 possibly ,a/]ophyllites1 & propos$ a new g5]ic t]m ,amyelon#fid4 ,9 #ahgd he br\ght =w>d fre% evid5ce 9 support ( connect+ ,amyelon radicans ) ,a/]ophyllites or ,sph5ophyllum1 g5]a :i* ,williamson believ$ to be v closely relat$4 ,x has s9ce be5 recognis$ t ,amyelon is ! root ( ,cordaites or ( "s closely alli$ memb] ( ! ,cordaitales4 ,our k ( ,cordaitean roots is bas$ *iefly on ! "w ( ,williamson & ,r5ault#fie1 & m rec5tly ,osborne#fif has add$ new facts ( consid]able int]e/4 ,9 ! l>g] roots ! prim>y xylem may be di>* or !re may be z _m z f\r or five protoxylem gr\ps 7fig4 #dgg74 ,! prim>y tra*eids are spiral or scal>i=m & ! space1 s1 sep>at+ !m f ! surr\nd+ second>y xylem se5 9 fig4 #dgg1 ,b1 0 no d\bt orig9ally occupi$ by conjunctive p>5*yma4 ,! second>y wood is compos$ ( tra*eids1 ) contigu\s bord]$ pits id5tical ) ^? 9 ! xylem ( ! /em1 & n>r[ m$ull>y rays4 ,! section1 #d mm4 9 diamet]1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dgg1 ,a1 %[s a tetr>* prim>y xylem /r& enclos$ by second>y wood compos$ ( r ?9-wall$ elem5ts succe$$ by a zone ( phloem includ+ "s secretory sacs1 & beyond ?is is a cyl9d] ( p]id]m1 p4 ,9 a section ( a root figur$ by ,r5ault f ,autun ! p]id]m is sep>at$ f ! /ele by a broad b& ( p>5*yma :i* appe>s to be cortical1 b 9 ! ,briti% specim5s ! deep-seat$ orig9 ( ! p]id]m is cle>ly %[n3 ,osborne /ates t x arises 9 a lay] imm$iately outside ! endod]mis4 ,9 "o ( ! specim5s figur$ by ,williamson#fig ! second>y wood %[s cle>ly m>k$ irregul> conc5tric l9es simulat+ r+s ( gr[?1 b !re is no evid5ce ( any regul>ly recurr+ v>iation 9 ! diamet] ( ! xylem-elem5ts4 ,f ! descriptions ( ,williamson & ,osborne x is evid5t t ! roots ( ,cordaites 7 pr(usely bran*$ &1 z ! latt] au?or has %[n1 ! me?od ( bran*+ po9ts to ! =mation ( corall9e roots l ^? ( rec5t ,cycads1 "s ,conif]s & ,dicotyl$ons4 ,osborne f\nd t ! cortex ( small rootlets is compos$ ( two zones1 an out] p>5*yma )\t cell-cont5ts & an inn] p>5*ymat\s tissue *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce 9 "s ( ! cells ( tangl$ masses ( fungal hyphae almo/ always unseptate4 ,9 "s cases ! hyphae be> t]m9al vesicles simil> to ^? obs]v$ on fungal hyphae 9 ! cortex ( ,podoc>pus roots4 ,osborne makes out a good case = reg>d+ ! fungus z symbiotically relat$ to ! tissues ( ! lat]al roots1 a relation%ip id5tical ) t 9 _m exi/+ trees1 p>ticul>ly ,myrica & ,alnus4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! =mation ( ! corall9e root-tub]cles is a feature consi/5t ) ! view t ,cordaites liv$ 9 sal9e m>%es1 a physiologically dry habitat fav\rable to ! occurr5ce ( mycorhiza4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgg4 ,a1 root ( ,cordaites4 ,b1 c5tre ( ! root enl>g$2 p1 p]id]m2 s1 space4 7,kid/on ,coll4 #aijf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgh4 ,root 7,cordaites87 expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,vaal riv]4 7,aft] ,mellor & ,leslie47 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! habit ( ,cordaitean roots 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! g5us 7figs4 #dfh1 ,a1 #dgh74 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #dgh may be a root ( ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi1 b no?+ is kn[n z to its /ructure#fih4 ,reproductive ,organs4 ,cordaian?us4 ,gr&',eury4 ,we h z yet no def9ite k ( ! nature ( ! reproductive organs ( ,mesoxylon & ,poroxylon1 b hav+ reg>d to _! close resemblance 9 o!r respects to ,cordaites1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,mesoxylon1 ! presumption is t "s ( ! se$s & f]tile %oots attribut$ to ,cordaites may belong to o!r memb]s ( ! ,cordaitales4 ,despite ! abundance ( ,cordaites1 or at lea/ ( mat]ial assign$ to t g5us1 & ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( f]tile %oots 9 actual connexion ) foliage-%oots1 ! practical id5tity ( ,mesoxylon & ,cordaites leaves precludes any confid5t use ( ! latt] "n 9 a /rict s5se4 ,9 #ahbb ,brongni>t#fii describ$ a small bud-l fossil ( ,t]ti>y age z ,an?oli!s liliacea1 & ?is g5]ic "n 9 ! =m ,an?oli?us became widely us$ = f]tile %oots or fl[]s f diff]5t geological horizons4 ,z k became m precise o!r names replac$ ,an?oli?us1 ?\gh ,r5ault#gjj reta9$ x = "s infloresc5ces f ,comm5try :i* c\ld n def9itely be includ$ 9 ,cordaites4 ,l9dley & ,hutton#gja employ$ ! g5us = a specim51 n[ recognis$ z a ,cordaitean f]tile %oot1 f ! ,coal ,measures :i* !y call$ ,an?oli?us ,pitcairniae1 ! specific "n be+ *os5 to indicate a possible aff9ity to ! ,bromeliace\s g5us ,pitcairnia4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,morris#gjb describ$ a simil> infloresc5ce z ,a4 anomalus4 ,9 #ahgb ,c>ru!rs#gjc sub/itut$ ,brongni>t's t]m ,c>dioc>pon = ,an?oli?us & call$ ,a4 ,pitcairniae ,c>dioc>pon ,l9dleyi & ,morris's species ,c4 anomalum4 ,! specific "n ,l9dleyi has be5 widely adopt$1 b !re w\ld seem to be no adequate reason = disreg>d+ ! priority-rule4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cu/om>y to use ,gr&',eury's t]m ,cordaian?us = all ,cordaitean infloresc5ces4 ,goepp]t#gjd sugge/$ ! "n ,botryoconus = an infloresc5ce simil> to ,c4 ,pitcairniae & = ?is ,c4 ,e4 ,weiss#gje sub/itut$ ,noegg]a?ian?us on ! gr\nd t he consid]$ ,goepp]t's specim5 to be ! male infloresc5ce ( ,noegg]a?ia4 ,gr&',eury resuscitat$ ,botryoconus#gjf = "s spikes f ! ,g>d coalfield connect$ by him ) ,dory-,cordaites4 ,! nature ( ! se$s borne by ! infloresc5ces has l>gely influ5c$ au?ors 9 ! *oice ( a g5]ic "n3 ,c>ru!rs us$ ,c>dioc>pon :ile ,zeill]#gjg speaks ( ,sam>opsis ,pitcairniae4 ,! g5us ,c>dioc>pon 0 f\nd$ by ,brongni>t = compress$ cordi=m se$s1 b x 0 n until lat] t _! gymnosp]m\s nature 0 recognis$4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ! nom5clature ( se$s ( ! ,c>dioc>pon type w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] xxxv4 ,! correlation by ,gr&',eury & o!r au?ors ( diff]5t species ( infloresc5ces & species ( ,cordaites is frequ5tly bas$ on association1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( m satisfactory evid5ce ! saf] c\rse is to deal ) ,cordaitean f]tile %oots 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dgi4 ,cordaian?us4 ,f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 7,man*e/] ,museum2 nat4 size47 7a7 ,ovulate %oots4 ,^! are repres5t$ by a consid]able numb] ( =ms 9 bo? ,european & ,am]ican localities4 ,9 r>e cases ! comp\nd %oot rea*es a l5g? ( #cj cm4 7fig4 #dgi71 b x is usually mu* %ort]2 ! lat]al compact buds may be m or less widely sep>at$3 ! se$s h long p$icels 7fig4 #dhj1 ,a7 or appe> to be sessile 7fig4 #dhj1 ,b7 & !re may be "o or sev]al se$s on a s+le lat]al %oot4 ,! se$s are platysp]mic &1 z se5 9 fig4 #dhj1 ,a1 9 "s infloresc5ces !y %[ v cle>ly ! ,sam>opsis features4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unsafe to assume t all ,sam>opsis se$s 7 borne on ,cordaitean plants4 ,among o!r types ( se$ ref]r$ by au?ors to ,cordaites are ,c>dioc>pus1 ,cordaic>pus1 ,s>cotaxus1 ,taxosp]mum1 ,diplote/a1 & ,leptoc>yon4 ,b 9 mo/ cases !re is no evid5ce ( actual connexion betwe5 se$s & vegetative organs1 & :ile x is possible to /ate ) confid5ce t _m ( ! se$s repres5t$ by impressions describ$ z species ( ,sam>opsis & ,cordaic>pus are und\bt$ly ,cordaitean1 x is c]ta9 t n all se$s ref]able to ^! g5]a 7 borne by ,cordaitalean plants4 ,cordaitean se$s are *>act]is$ by c]ta9 morphological features recall+ ^? f\nd 9 rec5t ,cycads & 9 ! se$s ( ,g9kgo z illu/rat$ by species ( ,c>dioc>pus & "s alli$ types4 ,z mo/ ( ! ,palaeozoic se$s kn[n 9 a petrifi$ /ate _c be assign$ to _! p>5t-plants !y are dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]#gjh4 ,cordaian?us ,pitcairniae 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,?is type ( infloresc5ce#gji is consid]$ by ,kid/on to belong to ! tree :i* bore leaves kn[n z ,cordaites pr9cipalis1 b if ?is is ! case x is probable t ! /em possess$ ! anatomical *>act]s ( ,mesoxylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhj4 ,a1 ,cordaian?us ,pitcairniae ) ,sam>opsis se$s4 ,b1 ,cordaian?us ,volkmanni4 ,b1 portion ( ,b enl>g$4 7,a1 ,b1 nat4 size2 ,kid/on ,coll4 #bcgd1 #aagd47 ,! portion ( an infloresc5ce %[n 9 fig4 #dhj1 ,a1 f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,york%ire1 illu/rates ! occurr5ce ( ! bud-l f]tile %oots & ! /alk$ ,sam>opsis se$s4 ,a species describ$ by ,r5ault#gaj f ,comm5try z ,cordaian?us acicul>is may be id5tical ) ! ,briti% species4 ,cordaian?us ,volkmanni ,ett+%aus54 ,! example ( ?is species#gaa se5 9 fig4 #dhj1 ,b1 %[s ! relatively small size ( ! lat]al buds1 presumably unexp&$1 comp>$ ) ! l>ge subt5d+ bracts4 ,petrifi$ specim5s ( ,cordaian?us4 ,our k ( ! /ructure ( ,cordaian?us is bas$ on ! rese>*es ( ,r5ault#gab1 supplem5t$ by ^? ( ,pr(4 ,b]tr&#gac to ^: k9dness ,i owe ! photographs reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dha4 ,! infloresc5ces describ$ by ,r5ault are ref]r$ by him to diff]5t species1 b 9 ! foll[+ brief acc\nt ^! are treat$ f a g5]ic /&po9t4 ,! tang5tial section ( ,cordaian?us ,williamsoni ,r54 %[n 9 fig4 #dha1 ,d1 0 orig9ally figur$ by ,r5ault & m rec5tly by ,b]tr&2 x %[s ! spirally dispos$ leaf-traces 9 ! l[] "p ( a /\t axis1 & at ! sides "s vascul> bundles are se5 pass+ up into ! bracts4 ,a v small proportion ( ! bracts subt5d ovules2 two are se5 at a & b1 & at c is ! tang5tially cut micropyl> canal ( a ?ird borne ne> ! apex & cov]$ by ! t]m9al clu/] ( bracts4 ,! ovule a1 sep>at$ by a n>r[ space f its %ort /alk1 consi/s ( a ?ick s+le integum5t--n two z /at$ by ,r5ault--ext5d$ at ! apex z a micropyl> canal3 ! apical ext5sion is m completely %[n 9 ! tang5tially cut ovule b4 ,! c5tral body is mu* contract$ & ! two spaces1 s1 at ! base are reg>d$ by ,b]tr& z cavities 9 ! integum5t sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a c5tral /r& ( conduct+ tissue :i* gives (f two bundles to ! integum5t1 "o at ea* end ( ! long axis ( ! se$ 7fig4 #dha1 ,a1 v74 ,! d>k pat*1 n 7fig4 ,d71 is ! upp] & broad] end ( ! %runk5 nucellus ! apex ( :i* ext5ds upw>ds z a sl5d] beak1 & ?is orig9ally no d\bt fitt$ into ! micropyle4 ,fig4 #dha1 ,c1 %[s a female infloresc5ce 9 transv]se section2 ! /ele consi/s ( a r+ ( bundles sep>at$ by broad m$ull>y rays & enclos+ a comp>atively l>ge pi?3 ! leaf-traces are se5 9 ! cortex & "o is cut ?r\gh z x b5ds out into a bract :i* is n yet free f ! axis4 ,two ovules1 se5 9 section at a & b1 are repres5t$ by ! bilat]ally symmetrical & compress$ integum5t enclos+ small pieces ( nucell> tissue4 ,fig4 #dha1 ,e1 is a transv]se section ( an infloresc5ce at a high] level & above ! apex ( ! axis3 !re are f\r l>ge ovules & "o abort$ ovule1 a4 ,b]tr& describes two vascul> bundles 9 ! integum5t ( ! ovule a1 "o at ea* end ( ! long axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dha4 ,a1 ,b1 ,cordaian?us ,gr&',euryi1 ovule %[+ apex ( nucellus1 ,b1 ) microspores1 p2 pc1 poll5-*amb]2 b1 beak ( nucellus2 v1 vascul> bundle4 ,c1 transv]se section ( fl[]-bud ) ovules1 a1 b4 ,d1 ,cordaian?us ,williamsoni1 longitud9al section2 a-c ovules2 s1 spaces2 n1 nucellus4 ,e1 ,cordaian?us ,zeill]i1 transv]se section %[+ f\r l>ge ovules & "o abort$ ovule 7a72 v1 vascul> bundle4 ,f1 transv]se section ( male fl[]2 m1 microsporangia4 7,f photographs suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,b]tr&47 ,fig4 #dha1 ,a1 ,b1 ,cordaian?us ,gr&',euryi ,r541 %[s a longitud9al section ( ! nucellus1 #ae #g mm41 & "p ( ! integum5t ( an ovule at ! "t ( poll9ation1 :i* 0 probably aid$ by ! secretion ( a drop ( mucilage z 9 ! ovules ( rec5t ,conif]s4 ,! integum5t1 sep>at$ by a broad space f ! nucellus1 is cut 9 ! plane ( ! two vascul> /r&s1 v4 ,f ! c5tre ( its broad upp] surface ! nucellus projects upw>ds z a beak1 b1 & ?is orig9ally engag$ ) ! micropyl> canal =m$ by ! integum5t3 ! light] pat* bel[ ! beak is ! poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #dha1 ,b1 pc7 conta9+ two microspores1 & two m1 p1 are se5 above ! nucell> beak4 ,9 ano!r species describ$ by ,r5ault1 ,c4 ,lacattii1 ! nucellus fills ! space b\nd$ by ! integum5t4 99 99 99 99 99 7b7 ,/am9ate infloresc5ces4 ,! male infloresc5ce1 ?\gh small]1 is simil> 9 habit to ! ovulate %oot3 ! second>y bran* consi/s ( a %ort axis be>+ cr[d$1 spirally dispos$1 bracts1 & ! actual fl[]s are repres5t$ by s+le /am5s or gr\ps ( #b-c highly specialis$ microsporophylls4 ,ea* microsporophyll consi/s ( a long filam5t ) a c5tral vascul> /r& be>+ at its apex #c-d long microsporangia 7fig4 #dha1 ,f1 m7 :i* op5 longitud9ally z se5 9 fig4 #dhb1 ,a4 ,! microsporangia are #be-c mm4 long cov]$ by d>k palisade cells & ?9-wall$ p>5*yma1 %[n z indi/9ct pat*es 9 ! photograph4 ,"s ( ! elliptical & comp>atively l>ge microspores are se5 9 fig4 #dhb1 ,b2 ! ex9e is f9ely punctate & inside are ! rema9s ( a few ?9 cells 9 :i* presumably sp]matozoids 7 develop$4 ,! microspores %[n 9 fig4 #dhb1 ,b1 h a maximum l5g? ( #ja mm43 ,r5ault describes "s z #ji mm4 long :ile o!rs are mu* small]4 ,fig4 #dha1 ,f1 is a transv]se section ( a /am9ate infloresc5ce %[+ ne> ! c5tre five gr\ps ( microsporangia1 ea* sporangium hav+ ! =m ( a curv$ incomplete d>k b& indicat+ t dehisc5ce has occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhb4 ,cordaian?us4 ,microsporangia1 ,a1 & ,microspores1 ,b4 7,univ]sity ,college ,collection1 ,london47 ,mesoxylon4 ,scott & ,masl54 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ = /ems obta9$ by ,messrs ,lomax f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire#gad previ\sly ref]r$ by ,scott#gae to ,cordaites & ,poroxylon4 ,fur!r inve/igation %[$ t :ile agree+ closely ) ^? g5]a !y possess$ c]ta9 di/9ctive features dem&+ recognition4 ,! "n *os5 sugge/s ! int]m$iate nature ( ! /ems4 ,! m /rik+ features may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! l>ge/ specim5s s f> describ$ ! /em1 includ+ leaf-bases1 rea*es a diamet] ( #e or #f cm42 ! l>ge pi? consi/s 9 ! c5tral region ( diaphragms ( p>5*yma sep>at$ by horizontal spaces produc$ by splitt+ & %r9kage consequ5t on ! failure ( ! tissue to keep pace ) ! g5]al gr[? ( ! /em4 ,! second>y xylem is ( ! ,arauc>ian type & has n>r[ m$ull>y rays v>y+ 9 dep? f #a to #be cells4 ,! leaf-traces are repres5t$ by tw9-bundles :i* fuse 9 ! d[nw>d direction1 ! level at :i* fusion occurs be+ reg>d$ z a specific "*4 ,! pres5ce ( c5tripetal xylem is an ess5tial feature ( ! traces3 ! occurr5ce ( s+le or d\ble traces consi/+ ( c5tripetal elem5ts &1 ext]nally1 a l>ge am\nt ( c5trifugal xylem is an important feature 9 :i* ,mesoxylon diff]s f ,cordaites4 ,! d\ble leaf-traces divide aft] em]g+ f ! second>y wood & ea* /rap-l leaf receives sev]al collat]al bundles 7fig4 #dhc1 ,c74 ,an axill>y bud may occur at ! base ( ea* leaf 7fig4 #dhc1 ,a1 b74 ,! phloem1 includ+ sieve-tubes & secretory sacs1 is succe$$ by a broad p]icycle1 & ! comp>atively n>r[ cortex is trav]s$ by successive b&s ( p]id]m4 ,9 ! out] region ( ! cortex ! pres5ce ( radial b&s ( fibres is a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! reproductive organs are unkn[n4 ,! anatomical features are well illu/rat$ by ,m4 ,sutcliffii fir/ describ$ by ,scott1 :o provisionally plac$ x 9 ,poroxylon1 & aft]w>ds m fully inve/igat$ by ,masl5#gaf4 ,mesoxylon ,sutcliffii ,scott4 ,! av]age diamet] ( ! /em is #c cm43 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dhc1 ,a1 has a maximum bread? ( #ce cm42 ! leaf-bases cut at diff]5t levels give an irregul> cont\r to ! surface l t ( a ,lepidod5dron4 ,an axill>y bud1 ei!r reproductive or vegetative1 is se5 at b consi/+ ( a %ort axis be>+ cr[d$ bud-scales4 ,! leaves are cr[d$ & accord+ to ,masl5 h a phyllotaxis ( 3 ! lam9a is l9e> l t ( ,cordaites ) #af collat]al bundles 9 ! petiole4 ,! pres5ce ( a m]i/ematic b& at ! base ( ! lam9a af=ds evid5ce ( a decidu\s habit4 ,! l>ge size ( ! pi? is a /rik+ feature ) its c5tral tissues 9 ! =m ( transv]se diaphragms & a n>r[] p]iph]al zone ( solid p>5*yma 7fig4 #dhc1 ,a1 a74 ,! second>y wood ( ! /ele is compos$ ( tra*eids ) #b-c contigu\s alt]nate r[s ( bord]$ pits on ! radial walls1 b none on ! tang5tial walls4 ,9 ! /em %[n 9 fig4 #dhc1 ,a1 ! second>y wood is pres]v$ only 9 pat*es4 ,num]\s blunt tee? v>y+ 9 prom95ce project into ! pi?2 ^! consi/ *iefly ( s]ially dispos$ c5trifugal tra*eids di/+ui%$ by _! spiral & scal>i=m /ructure & by ! m$ull>y rays :i* are broad] ?an ^? 9 ! m ext]nal xylem4 ,fur!r ref]5ce is made to ^! p]im$ull>y /r&s 9 ! description ( ! leaf-traces4 ,! m$ull>y rays are unis]iate & usually #a-f cells 9 dep?3 beyond ! second>y wood is a cambium & a cyl9d] ( second>y phloem 7fig4 #dhc1 ,d1 ph7 consi/+ ( tubul> elem5ts1 presumably sieve-tubes1 & elongat$ secretory sacs4 ,! p]icycle is compos$ ( sev]al r[s ( r l>ge & %ort cells & has an ill-def9$ out] b\nd>y4 ,a succession ( arcs ( p]id]m-l tissue & phellog51 :i* may invade ! p]icycle & phloem1 =ms a prom95t feature 9 ! cortex2 radially plac$ b&s ( fibres simil> to ^? 9 ,lyg9opt]is & o!r g5]a occur 9 ! out] cortex4 ,at ! edge ( ! pi? ! m prom95t projections ( xylem are arrang$ 9 pairs 7fig4 #dhc1 ,b7 & z ea* pair travels d[nw>ds ! compon5t /r&s gradually fuse#gag4 ,ea* bundle ( a d\ble trace consi/s int]nally ( an arc ( c5tripetal xylem1 ! elem5ts ( :i* are arrang$ 9 r[s 7fig4 #dhc1 ,b1 cp71 ) a s+le protoxylem gr\p 9 ! middle ( ! inn] face1 px4 ,x is n cle> :e!r any prim>y c5trifugal tra*eids are pres5t1 b !re are indications t su* are occasionally repres5t$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! prim>y xylem ( ! leaf-traces is ex>*1 b ! exi/5ce ( mes>* bundles is n improbable4 ,! bulk ( ea* foli> bundle is =m$ ( a fan-%ap$ mass ( second>y c5trifugal xylem 7fig4 #dhc1 ,b1 cf7 & an isl& ( p>5*yma occurs next ! protoxylem4 ,!re is no cle>ly def9$ b\nd>y betwe5 ! out] or c5trifugal xylem ( ! leaf-traces & ! tra*eids ( ! /em-wood2 ! latt] may consi/ exclusively ( tra*eids ) bord]$ pits or ! inn] r[s ( ! xylem-cyl9d] may be ( ! scal>i=m or spiral type4 ,diff]5ces %[n 9 transv]se sections ( ! inn] portion ( ! xylem are due to ! circum/ance t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! inn] face ( ! second>y wood leaf-traces are unrepres5t$1 :ile 9 o!r places ! dw9dl$ rema9s ( ! out]1 c5trifugal1 portions ( a trace are /ill recognisable4 ,z ea* d\ble leaf-trace passes d[n ! pi? ! bundles fuse & ! s+le /r& reta9s = a "t "s c5tripetal xylem2 ?is gradually disappe>s & at a l[] level ! c5tripetal xylem also dies out4 ,! space enclos+ ! obtuse apices ( ! bundles %[n 9 fig4 #dhc1 ,b1 0 orig9ally occupi$ by ?9-wall$ tissue :i* accompani$ ! trace 9 its outw>d c\rse4 ,9 ,mesoxylon ,sutcliffii ! leaf-/r&s pass almo/ horizontally ?r\gh ! second>y wood1 b5d outw>ds 9 ! phloem & foll[ a /eeply asc5d+ c\rse to ! leaves4 ,9 fig4 #dhc1 ,b1 a d\ble leaf-trace is se5 at ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood ) ! c5trifugal xylem1 cf1 cont9u\s ) t ( ! /ele3 fig4 #dhc1 ,d1 lt1 %[s a leaf-trace 9 ! p]icycle :]e "o ( ! bundles has divid$ & ! o!r is tang5tially ext5d$ & p>tially divid$4 ,! bran*+ is c>ri$ fur!r 9 ! cortex1 z se5 9 fig4 #dhc1 ,c1 :]e ! trace is repres5t$ by a curv$ r[ ( six bundles1 lt1 & at a high] level fur!r subdivision may occur4 ,! leaf-bundles are collat]al & 9 ! leaf reta9 bo? c5tripetal & c5trifugal tra*eids4 ,9 ! section %[n 9 fig4 #dhc1 ,c1 ! oval /ele ( an axill>y %oot is se5 at s subt5d$ by ! r[ ( collat]al bundles3 ! /ele has a fairly l>ge pi? surr\nd$ by a zone ( second>y xylem ) broad m$ull>y rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhc4 ,mesoxylon ,sutcliffii4 ,transv]se sections ( /em4 ,a4 a1 out] pi?2 b1 axill>y bud2 x second>y xylem4 ,b4 cp1 cf1 c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylem2 px1 protoxylem4 ,c4 lt1 leaf-traces 9 ! cortex2 s1 /ele ( axill>y bran*2 ph1 second>y phloem4 ,d4 ,leaf-trace bundles1 lt1 ext]nal to ! phloem1 ph4 7,a1 ,c1 ,d1 sections 9 ! ,man*e/] ,collection1 #gag b2 ,b1 ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool1 #ecj47 99 99 99 99 99 ,among o!r species ( ,mesoxylon m5tion may be made ( ,m4 ,lomaxi & ,m4 poroxyloides4 ,m4 ,lomaxi ,scott & ,masl5#gah g5]ally resembles ,m4 ,sutcliffii b %[s ! foll[+ di/9ctive features3 ! leaves are m scatt]$ & less cr[d$2 ! tw9-bundles ( ! leaf-traces fuse imm$iately on ent]+ ! pi?1 ?us appe>+ = ! mo/ "p z s+le & n d\ble /r&s 9 ! p]im$ull>y zone2 ! c5tripetal xylem is well develop$1 ! m$ull>y rays are deep] & ! out] cortex has %ort] b&s ( me*anical tissue4 ,9 ,mesoxylon poroxyloides ,scott & ,masl5#gai1 ! tw9-bundles ( ! traces unite soon aft] rea*+ ! pi? z 9 ,m4 ,lomaxi1 ! second>y tra*eids h only two r[s1 or sometimes a s+le r[1 ( bord]$ pits & ! tra*eids are r small] ?an 9 ,m4 ,lomaxi 7#bj-dj z comp>$ ) #cj-fj7 & ! m$ull>y rays are %all[]4 ,!re is a p>ticul>ly broad zone ( spiral & reticulate transitional tra*eids at ! inn] edge ( ! wood z 9 ,cordaites & 9 ,dadoxylon ,p$roi 7fig4 #dgf74 ,! leaves ( ?is species are believ$ to be repres5t$ by ! type describ$ by ,dr ,b5son z ,cordaites ,felicis 7fig4 #dfe7gbj1 b1 z already sugge/$1 x is v probable t _m or possibly ne>ly all ! leaves f ,briti% ,coal ,measures describ$ z ,cordaites may belong to ,mesoxylon4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! g5us ,mesoxylon is its close resemblance 9 c]ta9 *>act]s to ,cordaites & ,poroxylon3 ! pres5ce ( /r&s ( c5tripetal xylem 9 ! p]im$ull>y region is an important feature 9 :i* ,mesoxylon diff]s f /ems assign$ 7"u ! g5]ic "n ,dadoxylon7 to ,cordaites4 ,mesoxylon diff]s f ,poroxylon 9 hav+ a discoid pi? l t ( ,cordaites1 b a m important diff]5ce is ! abs5ce 9 ! leaf-trace xylem ( ,mesoxylon ( bord]$ pits ( ! ,arauc>ian type1 :]eas 9 ,poroxylon ,arauc>ian pits occur 9 bo? ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal tra*eids4 ,9 ,poroxylon ! second>y xylem is manoxylic2 9 ,mesoxylon1 z 9 ,cordaites1 x is pycnoxylic4 ,! range ( ,cordaites & a consid]ation ( o!r imp]fectly kn[n g5]a4 ,an increas$ precision 9 k d]iv$ f anatomical inve/igation (t5 t5ds to demon/rate ! untru/wor?9ess ( crit]ia bas$ on ext]nal features previ\sly employ$ ) confid5ce4 ,?is inevitable ?\gh1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! sy/emati/1 inconv5i5t result ( int5sive /udy is well illu/rat$ by ! rec5t discov]y ( ! /ems nam$ by ,scott & ,masl5 ,mesoxylon#gba4 ,a sep>ation ( ,cordaites f ,mesoxylon1 :i* no d\bt ext5d$ f> beyond ! ,briti% area1 is possible only if well-pres]v$ petrifi$ mat]ial is available4 ,! leaves ( ,mesoxylon1 s f> z our imp]fect k ( !m enables u to express an op9ion1 are con/ruct$ on a plan almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,cordaites &1 z already /at$1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t _m ( ! impressions ref]r$ to ,cordaites 7 borne on ,mesoxylon /ems4 ,an additional s\rce ( confusion is suppli$ by ! ,cordaites-l leaves ( ,poroxylon4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian =mations ! recognition ( true ,cordaites leaves mu/ (t5 be att5d$ ) consid]able risk ( error4 ,ap>t f ! possible confusion betwe5 ! foliage ( ,cordaites & ,mesoxylon !re are o!r difficulties z reg>ds deta*$ leaves :i* dep>t m or less widely f ! typical ,cordaitean =m4 ,leaves su* z ,c4 circul>is 7fig4 #dfh1 ,b7 & ,c4 gr&ifolius emphasise ! lack ( any ?or\ghly satisfactory divid+ l9e sep>at+ s+le p9nules ( ,c>diopt]is or ,cyclopt]is on ! "o h& & leaves ( ,psygmophyllum on ! o!r f ,cordaites4 ,! petrifi$ buds describ$ z ,dol]ophyllum#gbb h be5 quot$ by sev]al au?ors z examples ( unexp&$ %oots ( ,cordaites ?\gh anatomical evid5ce w>rants a g5]ic sep>ation4 ,9 ! case ( species f\nd$ on leaves describ$ 9 ?is *apt] z ,cordaites x %\ld be rememb]$ t fur!r rese>* may necessitate an alt]ation 9 nom5clature4 ,among ! species includ$ 9 ,cordaites is ,noegg]a?iopsis ,hislopi#gbc 7figs4 #dgj-dgb71 a type widely spread 9 ,india & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,gondwana-,l&3 if ! *ange ( g5]ic "n is accept$ x involves ! ext5sion ( ! geographical range ( ,cordaites f ,nor!rn ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica to ! s\!rn botanical prov9ce4 ,we h z yet no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,cordaites 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! range 9 "t ( ,cordaites or ( ! ,cordaitales has g5]ally be5 /at$ to be f ! ,upp] ,devonian to ! ,p]mian4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means c]ta9 t ! g5us fl\ri%$ be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ?\gh x is cle> t closely alli$ types mu/ h liv$ 9 pre-,c>bonif]\s floras4 ,! /rata 9 ,new ,brunswick f :i* ,dawson record$ 8 suppos$ ,devonian ,cordaites h be5 %[n to be ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s 9 age#gbd4 ,z reg>ds ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! ,cordaitales exi/$ we h no decisive evid5ce4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! t5d5cy has be5 to ext5d _! range into ! ,mesozoic era1 & !re are sev]al pieces ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is4 ,!re is no d\bt t consid]ations ( age bas$ on ! arbitr>y divisions ( ! geological scale sometimes ins9uate !mselves too ?or\ghly into que/ions connect$ ) ! duration ( plant-types :e!r repres5t$ by families or g5]a4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ,cordaites z a g5us conf9$ to ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 a type :i* ) _m o!rs c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s =e/s to ! ,p]mian floras & !n made way = ! precursors ( ,mesozoic types4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no valid reason = suppos+ t ,cordaites & o!r ,palaeozoic g5]a did n survive z less prom95t memb]s 9 succe$+ floras4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t evid5ce 9 support ( ,mesozoic ,cordaitales is n above suspicion1 ?\gh ! probability is t ,cordaites or "s alli$ g5]a /ill fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,mesozoic era4 ,! data on :i* ?is op9ion is bas$ _c be fully discuss$ 9 a g5]al treatise1 b a few ( ! facts may be briefly consid]$4 ,zeill]#gbe & o!r au?ors h express$ ! view t ! ,cordaitales 7 n exclusively ,palaeozoic4 ,9 addition to ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi record$ f ,rhaetic floras1 o!r possible repres5tatives ( ! gr\p are illu/rat$ by specim5s includ$ 9 su* g5]a z ,yuccites1 ,bambusium & ,kramm]a4 ,pel\rdea g54 nov4 ,! "n ,yuccites#gbf 0 giv5 to "s deta*$1 broad1 l9e> leaves f ! ,bunt] s&/one ( ! ,vosges :i* 7 comp>$ ) ! foliage ( ,yucca & class$ among ,monocotyl$ons4 ,! au?ors ( ! g5us also describ$ a cyl9drical ca/ z a ,yuccites /em1 includ+ bo? /em & leaves 9 ,yuccites vogesiacus4 ,! suppos$ /em1 z ,fli*e#gbg has %[n1 is a pi?-ca/ & is appropriately nam$ by him ,endolepis vogesiacus4 ,! ,vosges leaves are assign$ by ?is au?or to ! g5us ,cordaites1 a *ange ( "n :i* may ev5tually be ju/ifi$ ?\gh z yet bas$ on insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,!re are objections to ! in/itution ( a new "n 9 place ( ,yuccites1 b x is undesirable to reta9 a designation sugge/+ false ideas ) reg>d to aff9ity4 ,a new "n ,pel\rdea 7aft] ,m4 ,pel\rde ( ,p>is1 ^: rec5t dea? deprives ,palaeobotany ( an able & promis+ inve/igator7 is !re=e propos$ = leaves ( ! ,yuccites type :i* 9 =m1 v5ation1 & spiral phyllotaxis agree ) ^? ( ,cordaites b _c confid5tly be assign$ to t g5us or ev5 to ! ,cordaitales4 ,= l9e> leaves1 especially f ,jurassic /rata1 resembl+ ^? ( ,pho5icopsis ! "n ,desmiophyllum#gbh is employ$3 ^! are v simil> to ^? ( ,pel\rdea2 !y are *>act]is$ by _! fairly uni=m bread? & af=d no indication ( _! arrangem5t on ! support+ axis4 ,pel\rdea vogesiaca 7,s*imp] & ,m\geot74 ,! l9e>-lanceolate leaves describ$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot z ,yuccites vogesiacus & transf]r$ by ,fli*e to ,cordaites are probably specifically id5tical ) specim5s describ$ by ,mr ,wills#gbi f ,l[] ,keup] rocks 9 ,worce/]%ire4 ,! ,engli% leaves 7 describ$ by ,arb]#gcj z ,zamites gr&is1--! "n ,zamites vogesiacus hav+ be5 previ\sly us$ by ,s*imp] & ,m\geot1--on ! gr\nd t ! suppos$ leaves 7 probably p9nae ( a cycadean frond1 a view 9 agreem5t ) an op9ion previ\sly express$ ) reg>d to simil> leaves f ,/onesfield#gca4 ,a lat] discov]y by ,wills ( specim5s1 on :i* ! draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dhd is bas$1 ( ! same type ( leaf %[+ ! foli> nature ( ! fossils necessitat$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! p9na-hypo!sis1 & ! orig9al "n ,yuccites vogesiacus 0 resuscitat$#gcb4 ,! leaves rea* a l5g? ( #ej cm4 & a maximum bread? ( #fe cm42 ! lam9a is entire1 lanceolate or l9e>-lanceolate1 ! apex acum9ate1 & ! l[] "p r abruptly contract$ & atta*$ by a broad cresc5tic base2 ve9s num]\s1 p>allel1 & occasionally =k$4 ,fli*e records ! occurr5ce ( a small ,artisia-l pi?-ca/ & pieces ( /em ) leaf-sc>s 7#d #c mm47 9 association ) leaves ( ,pel\rdea vogesiaca 9 ,triassic /rata 9 ,lorra9e4 ,an imp]fectly pres]v$ specim5 describ$ by ,fli*e z ,cordaian?us ,m9i]i#gcc resembles an infloresc5ce ( ,cordaites4 ,x consi/s ( an axis #ae cm4 long1 ! l[] "p =m+ a p$uncle1 & on ! upp] portion are l9e> bracts subt5d+ oblong bodies :i* may be lat]al f]tile %oots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhd4 ,pel\rdea vogesiaca4 ,recon/ruction ( a foliage-%oot4 7,aft] ,wills47 ,pel\rdea hadroclada 7,halle74 ,dr ,halle#gcd rec5tly publi%$ an acc\nt ( "s imp]fect leaves & /em-fragm5ts f ! ,rhaetic ( ,scania :i* he nam$ ,phyllot5ia 787 hadroclada1 ! g5]ic "n provisionally adopt$ hav+ be5 propos$ by ,salfeld#gce = "s r obscure rema9s f ! ,corallian ( ,g]many4 ,x appe>s to h escap$ ! notice ( bo? au?ors t ,saporta#gcf 9 #ahid _h adopt$ ! designation ,phyllot5ia = "s examples ( broad p>allel-ve9$ leaves f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,portugal v simil> to ,vel5ovsk's ,kramm]a mirabilis#gcg4 ,"s o!r g5]ic "n mu/ !re=e be us$4 ,= ! ,rhaetic species ! "n ,pel\rdea w\ld seem appropriate4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( an axis #aj-ab mm4 9 diamet] ) spirally dispos$ transv]sely elongat$ leaf-sc>s be>+ sessile l9e> leaves simil> to ,poa-,cordaites2 none ( !m are complete1 ! l>ge/ is #f cm4 long & #e-g mm4 broad ) #h-ab p>allel ve9s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! orig9al specim5s 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum satisfi$ me t ,dr ,halle is ju/ifi$ 9 ! op9ion t !y may be fragm5ts ( "s ,cordaitalean plant & t he 0 well advis$ to avoid ! use ( ! "n ,cordaites4 ,salfeld's species1 ,phyllot5ia longifolia1 may be an imp]fectly pres]v$ example ( ,pho5icopsis#gch1 b ! mat]ial is too incomplete to be id5tifi$ ) any degree ( confid5ce4 ,pel\rdea ,imh(i 7,he]74 ,! ,triassic leaves f ,switz]l& describ$ by ,he]#gci1 & m rec5tly by ,leu?>dt#gdj1 z ,bambusium ,imh(i1 7 ref]r$ by ,fli*e#gda to ! g5us ,cordaites4 ,! lam9a is ensi=m1 #be cm4 long ) a maximum bread? ( #bd cm4 ,leu?>dt's photograph ( a]ial /ems & rhizomes ( ?is suppos$ ,monocotyl$on are f> f conv9c+4 ,pel\rdea keup]iana 7,compt]74 ,! leaves f ! ,l[] ,keup] ( ,?ur+ia assign$ by ,compt]#gdb to ,cordaites )\t adequate evid5ce resemble ^? ( ,p4 vogesiaca1 b !re is no evid5ce z to _! mann] ( atta*m5t2 !y are #cj-dj cm4 long & f #ae to #b cm4 broad4 ,pel\rdea megaphylla 7,phillips74 ,?is species 0 fir/ describ$ by ,phillips#gdc f ! ,middle ,jurassic ,/onesfield ,slate & aft]w>ds ref]r$ to ,zamites#gdd3 ! leaves be> a /rik+ resemblance to foliage ( ! type ,cordaites borassifolius2 ! lam9a is #cj cm4 long & atta9s a bread? ( #c cm41 ! apex is acum9ate & slightly contract$ t[>ds ! broad concave base4 ,my =m] comp>ison ( ^! ,/onesfield leaves ) ! long p9nae ( ,c]atozamia mexicana seem$ to be support$ by ,phillips's type-specim5 ( ,palaeozamia longifolia4 ,x may be t ! suppos$ p9nae 9 ,phillips's type are spirally dispos$ leaves3 if ?is is ! case ! specim5 may be a fragm5t ( a ,podozamites2 its specific id5tity ) ! l>g] deta*$ specim5s1 ?\gh probable1 _c be demon/rat$4 ,"s leaves figur$ by ,zigno#gde f ,jurassic rocks ( ,italy z ,yuccites ,s*imp]ianus may be id5tical ) ,p4 megaphylla4 ,pel\rdea mirabilis 7,vel5ovsk ex ,corda ,,ms474 ,! g5]ic "n ,kramm]a1 sugge/$ by ,corda1 0 employ$ by ,vel5ovsk#gdf = l>ge ,cordaites-l leaves f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,bohemia1 = ca/s ( cones reg>d$ by him z /ems1 & = fruit-l bodies4 ,! leaves1 previ\sly describ$ z ,flabell>ia *ama]opifolia ,goepp41 ,damm>a alb5s ,presl1 etc41 be> a close resemblance to ! l>ge broadly l9e> leaves ( ,cordaites2 ! lam9a rea*es a l5g? ( #dj cm4 & betwe5 ! ve9s occur #a-d f9] /riations4 ,! fossils id5tifi$ by ,vel5ovsk z /ems be>+ cr[d$ imbricate scales1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! p]si/5t bases ( ,kramm]a leaves1 are probably cones2 !y agree v closely 9 size & %ape1 also 9 ! =m ( ! scales1 ) cones ( ,aga?is & "s o!r rec5t ,conif]s4 ,z ! designation ,kramm]a 0 in/itut$ prim>ily = cones & n leaves ! "n ,pel\rdea is sub/itut$ = x4 ,niponophyllum4 ,/opes & ,fujii4 ,niponophyllum cordaiti=me ,/opes & ,fujii4 ,! g5]ic "n ,niponophyllum#gdg 0 propos$ = "s petrifi$ specim5s ( leaves or possibly leaflets f ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s 9 ,japan :i*1 ?\gh n def9itely assign$ to a gr\p or family1 are consid]$ by ! au?ors ( ! g5us #8to lie anatomically some:]e betwe5 ,cordaites & ,cycadeoidea' #8) a clos] simil>ity to ! =m] ?an to ! latt] if we comp>e ! :ole ,cordaites leaf ) our blade4' ,! data on :i* ?is conclusion is bas$ are1 h[ev]1 insuffici5t to ju/ify a ref]5ce ( ,niponophyllum to ! ,cordaitales or inde$ to l5d any sub/antial support to ! op9ion t ! ,japanese specim5s are anatomically m ak9 to ,cordaites ?an to o!r plants4 ,! type-species is repres5t$ by two specim5s ( leaf-fragm5ts ab\t #jd mm4 ?ick & f #f to #i mm4 broad conta9+ f #ba to #cc vascul> bundles2 ! upp] "p ( ! mesophyll is compos$ ( palisade tissue & ! /omata appe> to be conf9$ to ! l[] epid]mis4 ,ea* bundle is accompani$ by an ,i-%ap$ gird]1 & small pat*es ( scl]5*yma occur next ! upp] epid]mis betwe5 ! gird]s2 !re are no res9-canals3 ! vascul> bundles are collat]al1 ! xylem is said to be almo/ entirely c5tripetal & ex>*1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce af=d$ by longitud9al sections ! details ( /ructure _c be def9itely det]m9$4 ,a comp>ison is made ) ,cycadean leaves & ) leaves ( ,arauc>9eae & ,podoc>peae1 also ) ,cordaites2 ano!r type ) :i* ,niponophyllum may be comp>$ is ,desmiophyllum ,solmsi#gdh4 ,! g5us is int]e/+ z an example ( a petrifi$ gymnosp]m\s type ( leaf *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( res9-ducts & transfusion-tra*eids1 ! possession ( collat]al1 app>5tly ex>*1 bundles enclos$ 9 a d\ble %ea?2 b ! data suppli$ are insuffici5t to enable u to allocate ! specim5s to a position )9 ! class4 ,a specim5 describ$ by ,s*5k#gdi z ,eolirion primig5ium f ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s 9 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s closely resembles 9 habit a foliage-%oot ( ,poa-,cordaites2 ! leaves are n>r[ & l9e> ) obtuse apices & atta*$1 app>5tly1 9 a close spiral4 ,s*5k assigns ! plant to ! ,monocotyl$ons1 b its sy/ematic position mu/ be left unsettl$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! li/ ( ,mesozoic specim5s resembl+ ,cordaites leaves might be ext5d$4 ,ap>t f "s ,triassic & ,rhaetic examples :i* may well be ,cordaitalean1 !re are _m o!rs :i*1 ?\gh simil> 9 =m & v5ation to ,cordaites1 are 9 all probability m closely relat$ to ,aga?is & o!r g5]a2 ! species ,damm>ites ,bay]i rec5tly describ$ by ,zeill]#gej f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,bulg>ia is a case 9 po9t4 ,! ,arauc>ian "* ( ! wood ( ,cordaites precludes any satisfactory discrim9ation betwe5 ,mesozoic ,arauc>ian /ems & ^? ( ,cordaitalean species1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( su* mat]ial z is usually available4 ,titanophyllum4 ,r5ault4 ,titanophyllum ,gr&',euryi ,r5ault4 ,! rem>kable leaves on :i* ?is g5us & species are f\nd$#gea 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,comm5try coalfield2 !y occur z deta*$ specim5s & _c be correlat$ ) any kn[n /em4 ,r5ault sugge/s t ! ,autun /ems ref]r$ to ,colpoxylon may h borne ! ,titanophyllum leaves1 b ?is correlation re/s only on ! dim5sions ( ! /ems & ! occurr5ce ( transv]sely elongat$ sc>s on ! surface4 ,! lam9a is ?ick & coriace\s1 #gj-ge cm4 long & #bj-be cm4 9 bread?2 ! ve9s are p>allel b n bran*$2 num]\s longitud9al /riations on ! upp] surface indicate ! pres5ce ( hypod]mal /]eome-/r&s2 /omata are abundant on ! l[] surface & ! m or less rectangul> cells 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! /omata appe> to be papillose 7fig4 #dhe1 ,a1 ,b74 ,! di/al region ( ! lam9a is (t5 torn into /rips 7fig4 #dhe1 ,a72 ! approximately rectangul> leaf has a broad elliptical base #i-aj #c-d cm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhe4 ,titanophyllum ,gr&',euryi4 ,a1 leaves nat4 size2 ,b1 /omata on ! l[] surface ( ! lam9a4 7,aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]47 ,dr ,:ite#geb describes a specim5 f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,miss\ri z 8 ,titanophyllum ,brittsii :i* he speaks ( z ! ?ick base ( a leaf simil> to t describ$ by ,r5ault b1 z ,:ite says1 no =mal diagnosis is possible )\t m satisfactory mat]ial4 ,su* evid5ce z is available sugge/s t ,titanophyllum is a type ( ,cordaitalean leaf probably closely alli$ to ,cordaites4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,cordaitales4 ,c4 ,,pityeae4 ,pitys4 ,)am4 ,?is g5]ic "n 9 ! =m ,pitus 0 fir/ us$ by ,)am#gec = "s petrifi$ pieces ( l>ge /ems f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl& 7,b]wick%ire74 ,9 an e>li] pap] ,)am#ged gives an acc\nt ( ! b$s on ! banks ( ! ,twe$ f :i* ! specim5s ( ,pitys & o!r plants 7 obta9$4 ,! "n 0 reviv$ by ,goepp]t#gee z a sub/itute = ,pissad5dron#gef adopt$ by ,endli*] & ,ung]3 ,scott#geg employ$ ! old] "n 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 inve/igations1 :i* h add$ greatly to our k ( ,)am's types4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ,pitys are3 ! ,arauc>ian pitt+ ( ! second>y xylem1 ! l>ge pi?1 ! occurr5ce ( num]\s small prim>y xylem /r&s ( mes>* /ructure 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! pi?1 & ! simple nature ( ! leaf-traces4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! extra/el> tissues1 & beyond ! fact t ! species 7 arboresc5t we h no in=mation ) reg>d to ! foli>#geh or reproductive organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhf4 ,pitys antiqua4 ,c5tral region ( /em1 %[+ prim>y xylem /r&s z black dots4 7,kid/on ,collection1 #eih ,a47 ,pitys antiqua ,)am4 ,9 #ahii ,scott#gei publi%$ a prelim9>y description ( "s sections 9 ! possession ( ,dr ,kid/on f ,l5nel ,braes 7,b]wick%ire3 ,calcif]\s s]ies7 "u ! "n ,arauc>ioxylon antiquum1 b 9 ! m complete acc\nt ! "n ,pitys#gfj is adopt$4 ,! foll[+ description is bas$ on ,scott's pap] & on ! exam9ation ( ! sections4 ,fig4 #dhf repres5ts a diagrammatic sket* ( a section 7#bg #bg cm47 ( ! c5tral region ( a /em :i* _h lo/ mo/ ( its second>y wood4 ,9 "s cases ! pi? rea*es a diamet] ( #c cm42 x consi/s ( l>ge p>5*ymat\s cells broad] ?an deep1 sev]al ( :i* conta9 a black sub/ance & are probably secretory elem5ts3 ! int]cellul> spaces are fairly l>ge4 ,horizontally ext5d$ gaps1 due to %r9kage & collapse1 occur 9 ! pi? & give to x an appe>ance n unlike t ( ,cordaites4 ,num]\s small elliptical /r&s ( prim>y xylem1 #jae-jc mm4 9 diamet]1 are scatt]$ 9 ! p]iph]al region 7fig4 #dhf7 at v>y+ di/ances f ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood & occasionally1 :5 ab\t to b5d outw>ds z a leaf-trace1 a prim>y xylem-/r& abuts directly on ! second>y xylem4 ,! protoxylem occupies a m or less c5tral position 9 ea* mes>* /r& 7fig4 #dhg1 ,b1 px73 ! c5trifugal tra*eids h ! ,arauc>ian pitt+ :ile ! c5tripetal elem5ts are spiral4 ,a few p>5*ymat\s cells are associat$ ) ! m c5tral tra*eids4 ,a leaf-trace ab\t to b5d outw>ds into ! zone ( second>y wood is d\ble1 b at a slightly high] level 9 its c\rse x assumes ! =m ( a s+le /r&4 ,! foli> bundles are ?us s+le & n true d\ble traces4 ,scott recognis$1 at ! extreme edge ( ! pi?1 an association ) outgo+ leaf-traces ( a s+le rep>atory /r& deep] 9 ! m$ull>y tissue4 ,9 ?is species !re is no evid5ce t an outgo+ trace is accompani$ by an arc ( second>y xylem1 b t su* 0 ! case is r5d]$ highly probable by ! discov]y ( an arc ( wood add$ by ! cambium to a leaf-trace 9 ,pitys ,)ami#gfa4 ,! radial disposition ( ! pi?-cells1 _m ( :i* appe> to be secretory1 ar\nd ea* prim>y xylem-/r& 7fig4 #dhg1 ,b7 is a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,a difficult problem1 namely ! relation ( prim>y xylem & phloem1 is rais$ by ! fact t ! prim>y /r&s are compos$ exclusively ( xylem & are 9 mo/ cases sep>at$ f ! second>y wood by sev]al p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,scott fav\rs ! view t ! prim>y phloem 0 orig9ally at "s di/ance f ! prim>y xylem1 ! cambium be+ =m$ ne>] to ! phloem1 an arrangem5t =eign to rec5t ,gymnosp]ms4 ,x is p]haps conceivable t ! prim>y conduct+ /r&s includ$ no true phloem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhg4 ,pitys antiqua4 ,a1 radial section ( second>y xylem2 ,b1 transv]se section %[+ ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood & two prim>y-xylem /r&s ) protoxylem1 px4 7,kid/on ,coll47 ,! second>y xylem consi/s ( tra*eids ) #d-e alt]nate r[s ( hexagonal pits on ! radial walls 7fig4 #dhg1 ,a7 & n infrequ5tly on ! tang5tial faces4 ,ne> ! ends ( ! tra*eids ! pits are occasionally m scatt]$ & sep>ate & may be r$uc$ to a s+le r[#gfb1 b on ! :ole ! pitt+ is ess5tially ,arauc>ian4 ,! m$ull>y rays are g5]ally #d cells 9 bread?1 b may be #g cells broad4 ,9 dep? ! rays ext5d to #gj cells4 ,z se5 9 fig4 #dhg1 ,b1 ! inn] ends ( ! rays are especially broad ow+ to ! tang5tial dilatation ( ! cells4 ,! inn]mo/ second>y tra*eids are *>act]is$ by pitt+ int]m$iate betwe5 spiral & reticulate4 ,!re are no regul> r+s ( gr[? 9 ! wood4 ,pitys primaeva ,)am4 ,?is species#gfc1 also f\nd$ on mat]ial f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ,b]wick%ire1 diff]s f ,p4 antiqua 9 ! broad] & %ort] =m & great] bread? ( ! m$ull>y rays 7fig4 #dhh1 ,a1 ,b71 also 9 ! l>g] tra*eids & 9 ! less cr[d$ arrangem5t ( ! bord]$ pits 9 :i* ! circul> =m sometimes replaces ! hexagonal type4 ,! /ructure ( ! pi? is n kn[n1 b ,scott 0 able to recognise 9 ! p>tially pres]v$ pi? ( a bran* indications ( prim>y-xylem gr\ps & o!r features po9t+ to a close resemblance to ,p4 antiqua#gfd4 ,a piece ( /em orig9ally describ$ by ,williamson#gfe z ,lyg9od5dron 787 anomalum f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s volcanic a% ( ! ,isle ( ,arran w\ld appe> to be closely relat$ to1 if n specifically id5tical )1 ,p4 primaeva &1 z ,scott says1 x %\ld at lea/ be includ$ 9 ! same g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhh4 ,pitys primaeva4 ,a1 transv]se section ( ! second>y xylem2 ,b1 tang5tial section ( ! second>y xylem4 7,f sections ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,botanical ,dep>tm5t47 ,pitys ,)ami 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,! ,craiglei? ,tree4 #ahca4 ,p9ites ,)ami ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,foss4 ,flora1 ,vol4 i4 ,pl4 ii4 #ahca4 ,p9ites m$ull>is1 ,ibid4 ,pl4 iii4 #aijb4 ,pitys ,)ami ,scott1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 ,vol4 xl4 p4 #ced1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #aj3 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #ba4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on "s sections cut f an incomplete /em #cf feet long obta9$ 9 #ahbf f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ! ,craiglei? qu>ry ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,! specim5 nam$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton ,p9ites m$ull>is is no d\bt specifically id5tical ) ! l>g] /em4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahca7 ,)am#gff publi%$ an acc\nt ( a /ill l>g] /em f ! same locality1 #dg ft long & #e ft 9 diamet] 9 ! l[] "p1 & 9 8 book ! "n ,p9ites ,)ami is adopt$4 ,a l>ge specim5 ( ?is tree is erect$ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,london1 & o!r specim5s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,botanic ,g>d54 ,goepp]t 9 #ahej ref]r$ ! species to ,dadoxylon & lat] to ,pitys#gfg1 :ile ,brongni>t#gfh assign$ x to 8 g5us ,palaeoxylon4 ,scott#gfi1 :o exam9$ ,)am's sections plac$ x 9 ,pitys4 ,! pitt+ ( ! second>y tra*eids is (t5 multis]iate1 b ! m$ull>y rays are n>r[] ?an 9 ,pitys antiqua & ,p4 primaeva1 r>ely exce$+ #d cells 9 bread?1 ?\gh /ill ( ! manoxylic type4 ,prim>y-xylem /r&s occur 9 ! p]iph]al region ( ! pi? agree+ closely ) ^? ( ,p4 antiqua4 ,!re are no regul> & cont9u\s annual r+s ?\gh z ,)am /at$ !re are conc5tric m>k+s on ! wood :i* sup]ficially resemble true r+s4 ,! leaf-traces are s+le & 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! cyl9d] ( wood an arc ( second>y tra*eids is add$ to ! prim>y elem5ts4 ,ar*aeopitys4 ,scott & ,jeffrey4 ,ar*aeopitys ,ea/manii ,scott & ,jeffrey4 ,! g5us ,ar*aeopitys#ggj has rec5tly be5 in/itut$ = a specim5 ( a /em f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,k5tucky :i* diff]s f ,pitys antiqua1 ! type ) :i* x is mo/ closely alli$1 9 ! position & behavi\r ( ! prim>y vascul> /r&s 9 ! pi?4 ,! type-specim5 is a piece ( /em #bg cm4 9 diamet] includ+ a solid p>5*ymat\s pi? #ee mm4 broad & a cyl9d] ( second>y wood4 ,! wood is simil> to t ( ,cordaites2 ! tra*eids h #b-c r[s ( pits b = ! mo/ "p ! details ( /ructure are n pres]v$2 ! m$ull>y rays are bo? unis]iate & multis]iate & n v deep2 ! /ructure is m ,cordaitean ?an ,cycadean4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is ! occurr5ce ( ab\t #cj vascul> bundles 9 ! m$ull>y region3 ^! mes>* /r&s1 ) ! protoxylem ne> ! c5tre1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pi? & sev]al lie on ! out] edge 9 contact ) ! second>y xylem or are p>tially emb$d$ 9 ! xylem-cyl9d]4 ,! exam9ation ( a s]ies ( sections demon/rat$ ! fusion ( p]im$ull>y ) m$ull>y /r&s & ! occasional union ( ! /r&s ( bo? regions ) "o ano!r4 ,x appe>s t ! p]im$ull>y /r&s are ! leaf-traces :ile ! /r&s deep] 9 ! pi? are m]ely bran*es f ! p]iph]al leaf-trace /r&s4 ,9 ,pitys antiqua ! m$ull>y xylem /r&s are conf9$ to ! out] zone ( ! pi? & con/itute ! leaf-traces3 9 ,ar*aeopitys1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m$ull>y /r&s are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pi? & ! leaf-traces are re/rict$ to ! circumm$ull>y region 9 actual contact ) ! second>y xylem4 ,9 ! ,devonian g5us ,callixylon !re are simil> /r&s b !y are conf9$ to ! edge ( ! pi? & are usually 9 contact ) ! wood z are ! circumm$ull>y /r&s 9 ,ar*aeopitys4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! second>y xylem ( ,callixylon into w$ge-%ap$ masses at ! inn] edge ( ! cyl9d] is a *>act]i/ic feature2 ?is feature is less def9ite 9 ,ar*aeopitys & abs5t f ,pitys4 ,callixylon4 ,zalessky4 ,callixylon ,trifilievi ,zalessky4 ,?is g5us is repres5t$ by a s+le species#gga1 orig9ally ref]r$ to ,dadoxylon1 f\nd$ on mat]ial f ,upp] ,devonian rocks 9 ! ,donetz bas91 ,russia1 & bas$ solely on ! anatomical *>act]s ( ! second>y wood & c5tral region ( an arboresc5t /em4 ,! wood is pycnoxylic & ( ! ,arauc>ian type2 ! inn] portion ( ! xylem-cyl9d] is divid$ into gr\ps1 simil> to ! regul> w$ges 9 a ,calamite /em1 consi/+ ( tra*eids conv]g+ t[>ds an obtuse apex occupi$ by a prim>y xylem /r&1 fig4 #dhi1 ,a1 a1 b4 ,on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids ! bord]$ pits n infrequ5tly =m a s+le r[ ( flatt5$ ovals1 b m usually !re are two or sometimes ?ree r[s ( alt]nate contigu\s pits 7fig4 #dhi1 ,b73 circul> & sep>ate pits also occur4 ,z ,zalessky /ates1 ! pits d n always occupy ! :ole radial face2 unpitt$ pat*es sometimes int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! pitt$ areas#ggb4 ,simil> circul> & m scatt]$ pits are unusually abundant on ! tang5tial walls4 ,!re are no complete r+s ( gr[?4 ,! m$ull>y rays are n>r[ &1 except at _! dilat$ inn] ends1 unis]iate2 usually "o or a few cells deep1 !y may rea* a dep? ( #ab or m cells4 ,! pits on ! radial walls ( ! ray-cells are said to be #d-g 9 ! field4 ,! pi? consi/s ( ?9-wall$ flatt5$ p>5*yma frequ5tly elongat$ 9 a radial direction4 ,at ! inn] edge ( ! second>y xylem & g5]ally 9 contact ) x are sev]al ana/omos+ /r&s ( prim>y xylem1 mes>* 9 /ructure b ) ! protoxylem ne>] ! inn] edge4 ,^! bundles may be s+le 7fig4 #dhi1 ,a1 a7 or d\ble 7fig4 #dhi1 ,a1 b1 & ,c7 & closely resemble ^? ( ,pitys antiqua except 9 _! clos] relation to ! second>y wood4 ,! leaf-traces h n be5 describ$1 b ! occurr5ce ( tw9-bundles l ^? 9 fig4 #dhi1 ,c1 sugge/s t !y 7 d\ble4 ,! prim>y-xylem elem5ts %[ p>ticul>ly well transitional =ms ( pitt+ connect+ ! multis]iate & scal>i=m types4 ,callixylon1 ?\gh conv5i5tly & ju/ly reg>d$ z a di/9ct g5us1 exhibits 9 its prim>y xylem a fairly close agreem5t ) ,pitys#ggc4 ,! above acc\nt is bas$ 9 "p on ,zalessky's description & p>tly on specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's possession4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dhi4 ,callixylon ,trifilievi4 ,a1 ,c1 ! inn] m>g9 ( ! second>y xylem %[+ /r&s ( prim>y xylem1 a1 b1 & ,c4 ,b1 tra*eids ( ! second>y xylem4 7,a1 ,c1 f photographs suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,zalessky2 ,b1 ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool47 ,miss ,elk9s & ,w4 ,wiel&#ggd h rec5tly describ$ "s ,upp] ,devonian wood f ,indiana *>act]is$ by a gr\p+ ( ! circul> or elliptical bord]$ pits 9 ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids simil> to ^? 9 ,callixylon ,trifilievi :i* !y include toge!r ) ! ,middle ,devonian species ,cordaites ,newb]ryi#gge 9 ,zalessky's g5us4 ,?\gh ^! two ,am]ican species are comp>able 9 ! discont9u\s arrangem5t ( ! tra*eal pits ) ! ,russian type ! latt] is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( prim>y xylem-/r&s1 a feature t has n be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,am]ican /ems3 x w\ld seem1 !n1 undesirable to adopt ! designation ,callixylon 9 pref]5ce to ,dadoxylon unless !re is evid5ce z to simil> *>act]s 9 ! prim>y region ( ! xylem4 ,co5oxylon4 ,zalessky4 ,co5oxylon ,scotti ,zalessky4 ,pr(4 ,zalessky#ggf gave ! "n ,co5oxylon to a small & incomplete piece ( /em ( d\btful prov5ance b possibly f ! ,ural ,p]mian b$s4 ,! pi?1 #b cm4 broad1 consi/s ( p>5*yma associat$ 9 ! c5tral region ) num]\s l>ge scl]\s cells4 ,9 "o section a s9u\s b& ( m]i/ematic tissue 0 obs]v$ ne> ! p]iph]y ( ! pi?3 ! appe>ance ( ?is tissue 9 a photograph giv5 to me by ,pr(4 ,zalessky sugge/s comp>ison ) occasional /rips ( simil> divid+ cells 9 ! pi? ( ,lyg9opt]is4 ,! second>y wood is compos$ ( tra*eids ) #a-b r[s ( flatt5$ or hexagonal pits on ! radial walls & n>r[ unis]iate m$ull>y rays rea*+ a dep? ( #ae cells & ) #b-g oval pits 9 ! field4 ,z 9 ! wood ( ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi#ggg !re are di/9ct & app>5tly complete r+s ( gr[?4 ,x is on ! gr\nd ( ! arrangem5t & /ructure ( ! prim>y xylem t ,zalessky in/itut$ a new g5]ic "n4 ,! prim>y xylem =ms tee? ( v>iable size :i* project into ! pi? f ! edge ( ! second>y xylem3 ! prom95t portions ( ! ma9 mass ( prim>y xylem give (f bran*es1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 size & %ape1 "s ( :i* become sep>at$ by a comp>atively broad b& ( p>5*yma f ! p>5t xylem-tissue4 ,^! bundles ana/omose 9 _! c\rse ?r\gh ! pi? & 9 do+ s incorporate betwe5 !m pat*es ( p>5*yma4 ,! bundles ( prim>y xylem are end>*4 ,f ! c5trifugal /r&s at ! p]iph]y ( ! pi? d\ble leaf-traces are produc$ :i* pass almo/ horizontally ?r\gh ! second>y wood4 ,z ,zalessky po9ts out1 ! leaf-traces 9 _! dual nature & 9 ! elongat$ & n>r[ =m ( ! tra*eal gr\ps1 z se5 9 tang5tial section ( ! second>y wood1 be> a close resemblance to ^? ( ,g9kgo biloba4 ,?is ,russian g5us agrees 9 its d\ble leaf-trace ) ,mesoxylon1 ,mesopitys1 & ,ant>cticoxylon3 among rec5t plants ,g9kgo w\ld seem to be ! mo/ closely alli$ type4 ,p>apitys4 ,zalessky4 ,! designation ,p>apitys#ggh has be5 propos$ = a s+le ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s species *>act]is$ by ! possession ( second>y wood l t ( ,cordaites1 d\ble leaf-traces1 & small mes>* prim>y xylem-/r&s4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! leaves or reproductive organs4 ,p>apitys ,sp5c]i 7,scott74 ,9 #ahhj ,williamson#ggi publi%$ a %ort acc\nt ( a transv]se section ( a specim5 f\nd by ,mr ,j4 ,sp5c] 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s /rata ne> ,halifax 9 ,york%ire :i* af=d$ evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( d\ble leaf-traces4 ,! foll[+ description is tak5 f ,scott's acc\nt#ghj ( ! species1 :i* he nam$ ,dadoxylon ,sp5c]i4 ,! p>5*ymat\s pi?1 #e-f mm4 9 diamet]1 is obtusely p5tagonal1 ! prom95t angles correspond+ to ! po9ts ( exit ( pair$ leaf-traces l ^? ( ,mesoxylon1 ,g9kgo1 & o!r g5]a4 ,! second>y xylem consi/s ( n>r[ tra*eids ) cr[d$ multis]iate pits on ! radial walls & n>r[ m$ull>y rays "o-cell broad & #a-h cells deep4 ,9 contact ) ! inn] m>g9 ( ! second>y wood are a few small mes>* /r&s ( prim>y xylem1 ! protoxylem & "s p>5*yma occupy+ a m or less c5tral position4 ,a leaf-trace ab\t to ent] ! second>y xylem is repres5t$ by tw9-bundles :i* reta9 _! d\ble nature z !y trav]se ! /ele1 b at a l[] level ! two compon5ts fuse & appe> z s+le bundles at ! out] edge ( ! pi?4 ,! division ( a leaf-trace into two be=e pass+ out1 z 9 ,poroxylon1 con/itutes a diff]5ce f ,lyg9opt]is 9 :i* ! division occurs lat]4 ,zalessky's g5]ic "n ,p>apitys is an appropriate sub/itute = ,dadoxylon 9 view ( ! pres5ce ( sep>ate prim>y xylem /r&s1 a feature =eign to typical ,dadoxylons :i* agree ) rec5t ,conif]s & ,cycads 9 ! abs5ce ( vascul> /r&s di/9ct f ! end>* c5trifugal wood4 ,z ,scott#gha says1 ,p>apitys #8is be/ reg>d$ z a ne> ally ( ,mesoxylon4' ,mesopitys4 ,zalessky4 ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi 7,goepp]t74 ,! g5us ,mesopitys 0 in/itut$ by ,zalessky = a ,p]mian species f\nd$ by ,goepp]t#ghb on a piece ( decorticat$ /em f ! ,k\snetzk bas9 9 ,sib]ia & aft]w>ds m fully describ$ by ,goepp]t & ,/5zel#ghc4 ,! /ructure ( ! second>y wood l$ ,goepp]t to adopt ! "n ,arauc>ites = :i* ,kraus#ghd sub/itut$ ,arauc>ioxylon4 ,a rec5t inve/igation ( additional mat]ial by ,zalessky br\ght to light ! exi/5ce ( gr\ps ( prim>y xylem abutt+ on ! second>y xylem & project+ into ! pi?1 *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( spiral protoxylem elem5ts on ! inn] edge4 ,! recognition ( ?is important feature ju/ifi$ ,zalessky 9 ! adoption ( a new g5]ic t]m4 ,9 g5]al anatomical *>act]s ,mesopitys agrees ) ,eri/ophyton ,be9]tianum 7,goepp47 b is di/+ui%$ by ! m feebly develop$ prim>y-xylem gr\ps & by _! end>* /ructure4 ,! exam9ation ( sections f "s ( ,pr(4 ,zalessky's mat]ial l5t to me by ,dr ,kid/on enables me to confirm ,zalessky's description1 ?\gh ,i am n conv9c$ t ! prim>y xylem-/r&s are exclusively end>*3 9 mo/ ( ! prim>y gr\ps ! protoxylem is cle>ly on ! inn] edge1 b 9 a few cases !re may be a small am\nt ( c5tripetal xylem pres5t4 ,! *>act]s ( ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 ,annual r+s well def9$1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 bread?2 ! summ] wood is repres5t$ by sev]al r[s ( n>r[] tra*eids 7fig4 #dij1 ,a74 ,9 ! piece ( /em %[n 9 ! figure ! bread? ( ! wood f ! flatt5$ & cru%$ pi? to ! brok5 out] edge is #f cm4 ,! m$ull>y rays are num]\s1 unis]iate1 r>ely #b cells 9 bread?2 ! pits on ! radial walls ( ! ray-cells1 #g-aj 9 ! field1 are app>5tly simple1 oval1 & oblique3 ! rays are g5]ally #c-d cells 9 dep? b may be deep]4 ,!re are #a-c r[s ( hexagonal alt]nate r[s ( pits on ! radial walls ( ! tra*eids4 ,! prim>y xylem consi/s ( gr\ps1 v>y+ 9 size & sometimes r$uc$ to a v few elem5ts1 9 contact ) ! second>y xylem1 usually ?\gh probably n inv>iably end>*4 ,9 ! two n>r[ radially elongat$ & p>tially de/roy$ prim>y /r&s %[n 9 fig4 #dij1 ,b1 ! protoxylem1 px1 is on ! inn] edge4 ,! leaf-trace passes ?r\gh ! second>y wood z a s+le /r&4 ,9 ! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dij1 ,a1 ! cru%$ & flatt5$ pi? measures #i by #b mm42 x consi/s ( ?9-wall$ p>5*yma ) a few scatt]$ ?ick]-wall$ cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dij4 ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi4 ,a1 transv]se section %[+ r+s ( gr[? 9 ! wood4 ,b1 prim>y xylem ) protoxylem1 px1 & ! edge ( ! second>y xylem1 x4 7,kid/on collection1 #baef47 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! /ructure ( ! cortical tissue or leaves4 ,ant>cticoxylon4 ,sew>d4 ,ant>cticoxylon ,prie/leyi ,sew>d4 ,! specim5 on :i* ?is g5us 0 f\nd$ 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,raymond ,prie/ley#ghe 9 a b\ld]1 probably d]iv$ f ! ,upp] ,beacon s&/one1 on ! ,prie/ley ,glaci] s\? ( #gd ,s4 lat4 9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rney ( ! ,nor!rn ,p>ty ( ,capt4 ,scott's second ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition4 ,! type-specim5 is a piece ( silicifi$ /em #a ft long & #c ins4 9 diamet]2 !re 7 no tissues pres]v$ ext]nal to ! second>y wood & x is impossible to say :at proportion ( ! orig9al ?ickness is repres5t$4 ,annual r+s are cle>ly m>k$ at lea/ macroscopically 7fig4 #dia1 ,c7 ?\gh !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! spr+ & summ] tra*eids3 ! c5tre ( ! compress$ /em is occupi$ by a light] col\r$ elliptical area #g #b mm4 :i* sup]ficially resembles a pi?1 b 9 ! p]iph]al region x consi/s ( portions ( a cyl9d] ( spiral & scal>i=m tra*eids1 ! actual pi? be+ n m ?an #b-c mm4 9 bread?4 ,! pi? consi/s ( lacun> p>5*yma sep>at$ by horizontal b&s ( d>k cells conta9+ "s secret$ sub/ance 7fig4 #dia1 ,f73 ! pres]vation is1 h[ev]1 n suffici5tly good to enable "o to describe x 9 detail4 ,! second>y xylem is ( ! pycnoxylic type2 ! tra*eids h ei!r a s+le r[ ( contigu\s & p>tially flatt5$ pits on _! radial walls or a d\ble r[ ( alt]nate polygonal pits2 ! m$ull>y rays are ne>ly always unis]iate 7fig4 #dia1 ,e7 & f #a to #bd cells 9 dep?4 ,at ! inn] edge ( ! second>y wood !re 0 a fairly broad zone ( m delicate tra*eids 7fig4 #dia1 ,a1 x7 *>act]is$ by spiral or scal>i=m b&s & by _! relatively small diamet]4 ,?is inn]mo/ zone1 :i* supplies ! leaf-traces1 is spok5 ( z ! prim>y xylem2 x appe>s to be end>* ?\gh ?is _c be def9itely det]m9$4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! prim>y xylem 9 ! p]im$ull>y region1 z also 9 ! leaf-traces on _! way ?r\gh ! second>y wood1 is ! pres5ce ( %ort & broad tra*eids 7fig4 #dia1 ,d1 t7 ) reticulate ?ick5+ b&s3 ^! %ort elem5ts may repres5t c5tripetal xylem & are simil> to ! %ort tra*eids describ$ by ,scott#ghf 9 ! %ea? ( ,mesoxylon ,lomaxi & to ! l>g] elem5ts 9 ! /em ( ,megaloxylon#ghg4 ,an int]e/+ feature se5 9 transv]se sections ( ! second>y wood is ! occurr5ce ( light b&s conc5tric ) ! r+s ( gr[? :i* are broade/ ne> ! long axis ( ! /em 7fig4 #dia1 ,c74 ,9 _! n>r[] p>ts ^! b&s are cle>ly due to ! p>tial de/ruction ( ! second>y tra*eids1 b 9 o!r places cru%$ p>5*ymat\s tissue occurs :i* may be a traumatic ph5om5on or possibly comp>able ) ,nrdl+]'s #8m$ull>y spots#ghh' =m$ by local hyp]trophy ( m$ull>y tissue4 ,al?\gh ! /ructure ( ! leaf-traces _c be def9itely det]m9$1 x w\ld seem t ea* trace pass$ into ! p]im$ull>y region z a s+le bundle ( relatively l>ge size compos$ ( spiral & scal>i=m tra*eids n>r[] ?an ! second>y elem5ts4 ,! traces dur+ _! outw>d c\rse 7 accompani$ by "s p>5*ymat\s tissue cont9u\s ) t 9 ! pi?1 & ! inn] spiral tra*eids ( ! trace 7 connect$ ) isodiametric reticulate elem5ts4 ,! dim5sions ( ! leaf-traces po9t to leaves ( fairly l>ge size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dia4 ,a-,f1 ,ant>cticoxylon ,prie/leyi4 ,a1 ,b1 transv]se sections ( ! xylem2 a1 small tra*eids simulat+ protoxylem2 x1 xylem at ! edge ( ! pi?4 ,c1 transv]se section %[+ leaf-traces1 l1 a1 b4 ,d1 leaf-trace ) %ort tra*eids1 t1 9 ! pi?2 s1 scl]\s cells4 ,e1 tang5tial section4 ,f1 pi? 9 longitud9al section4 ,g1 ,pityosporites ant>cticus2 see ,vol4 iv4 7,all ! sections are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! second>y wood ,ant>cticoxylon agrees on ! :ole ) an ,arauc>ian /em3 ! broad zone ( xylem compos$ ( spiral & scal>i=m tra*eids at ! edge ( ! pi? is a feature common to ,mesoxylon1 ,cordaites1 & ,arauc>ia4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( d\ble leaf-traces su* z *>act]ise c]ta9 ,cordaitalean g5]a & "s exi/+ memb]s ( ! ,arauc>9eae4 ,9 ! s+le nature ( ! leaf-traces ! ,ant>ctic /em resembles ,mesopitys ,t*ihat*effi also 9 ! pres5ce ( r+s ( gr[?#ghi1 b 9 ,ant>cticoxylon ! pres]vation ( ! prim>y xylem is too imp]fect to admit ( any satisfactory comp>ison z reg>ds ?is important tissue ) o!r types4 ,! precise age ( ! ,beacon s&/one has n be5 det]m9$1 b ! probability is t ! upp] b$s f :i* ! b\ld] conta9+ ,ant>cticoxylon 0 d]iv$ are n old] ?an ! ,rhaetic p]iod4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ?is imp]fectly pres]v$ /em ) und\bt$ ,arauc>ian aff9ities is its occurr5ce 9 ! rocks ( ,ant>ctica 9 association ) o!r rema9s ( comp>atively l>ge /ems4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,palaeozoic ,,gymnosp]m\s ,,se$s4 ,se$s are abundantly repres5t$ z fossils f ,c>bonif]\s to ,po/-,t]ti>y deposits4 ,! importance ( fossil & sub-fossil species 9 ! lat] geological s]ies has be5 demon/rat$ by ! inve/igations ( ,mr & ,mrs ,clem5t ,reid & a few o!r work]s 9 ?is neglect$ field4 ,9 cases :]e x is possible to assign se$s to _! p>5t-plants ! descriptions ( ca/s1 impressions1 or petrifactions are add$ to ! acc\nt ( vegetative organs2 b x frequ5tly happ5s t se$s are pres]v$ only z deta*$ specim5s _m ( :i* h little or no value z botanical records1 :ile o!rs t af=d /rik+ examples ( ! possibilities ( petrifaction z a means ( pres]v+ ! mo/ delicate /ructures1 are ( great importance4 ,9 ,volume ii4 an acc\nt 0 giv5 ( su* ,palaeozoic se$-be>+ organs z ,lepidoc>pon & ,miadesmia1 & ! g5]a ,lag5o/oma1 ,spha]o/oma1 & ,trigonoc>pus are dealt ) 9 ?is volume "u ,lyg9opt]is1 ,het]angium1 & ,m$ullosa4 ,c]ta9 se$s af=d "s evid5ce z to ! sy/ematic position ( ! p>5t-plants ?\gh insuffici5t to w>rant m ?an a surmise z to ! nature ( ! vegetative organs3 9 sev]al cases x is only f ! resemblance ( deta*$ se$s to types t on ! /r5g? ( m or less conv9c+ evid5ce are ref]r$ to def9ite p>5t-plants t any conclusions c be drawn ) reg>d to precise sy/ematic position4 ,9 view ( ! occurr5ce ( sev]al diff]5t types ( se$s t reta9 _! morphological features1 b _c be assign$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty to g5]a f\nd$ on vegetative organs1 a special *apt] is devot$ to a comp>ative /udy ( select$ examples ) ! object ( direct+ att5tion to data be>+ on evolution>y problems4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ,palaeozoic se$s to ! botani/ lies 9 ! facts !y contribute t[>ds ! elucidation ( que/ions connect$ ) ! promotion ( ! megasporangium & megaspore ( ! ,pt]idophyta to ! high] /age repres5t$ by ! integum5t$ megasporangium 7nucellus7 & s+le megaspore t 9 ! ma9 fulfil ! def9ition ( a se$#gij4 #8,) ! evolution ( ! se$1' z ,oliv] says1 #8! plant rose at a b\nd to a high] plane1 & ?is /ructure 9 its p]fect$ =m has become ! v c5tre ( ! plant's exi/5ce#gia4' ,we c z yet =m a v p>tial conception ( ! successive /ages 9 ! adoption ( ! se$-habit1 b s9ce #ahee1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,hook] & ,b9ney#gib publi%$ _! pap] on ! /ructure ( ,trigonoc>pus1 ample pro( has be5 furni%$ ( ! importance ( ,palaeozoic se$s f ! /&po9t ( aff9ity betwe5 rec5t ,gymnosp]ms & ext9ct se$-be>+ plants1 & ( ! modus op]&i ( evolution>y t5d5cies4 ,a cursory exam9ation ( ,palaeozoic se$s suffices to demon/rate _! resemblance to ^? ( rec5t ,cycads & ! se$ ( ,g9kgo biloba2 b :ile x is cle>ly ) ^! ,gymnosp]ms t ! majority ( ! se$s describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are mo/ closely alli$1 ! ext9ct types possess _m di/+ui%+ features t ?r[ light on "s at lea/ ( ! factors conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! mod]n type4 ,9 _m ( ! ,palaeozoic se$s ! nucellus /&s free )9 ! integum5t1 to :i* x is atta*$ only 9 ! *alazal region1 9 contra/ to ! lat]al union betwe5 integum5t & nucellus 9 ! ovules ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,oliv]#gic t ! se$ ( ! ,conif] ,torreya af=ds a clue to ! int]pretation ( ?is diff]5ce & t ! l[] "p ( ! se$ 9 ,cycads & ,torreya repres5ts a lat] int]calation 9 ! basal portion ( ! ovule1 ! anci5t type hav+ a free nucellus 9 contra/ to ! nucellus ( mod]n se$s :i* is free only at ! apex4 ,x has be5 object$#gid t !re are no adequate gr\nds = assum+ ! addition ( an int]calat$ zone or ( ! elongation ( ! ovule t ?is implies1 ! m probable view be+ t ! lat]al union ( nucellus & integum5t repres5ts cong5ital fusion 9 ! ance/ral type1 a fusion comp>able ) t ( ! coh]5t petals ( a gamopetal\s corolla4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a poll5-*amb] mo/ ( ! ,palaeozoic se$s agree ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads1 b 9 ! ext9ct =ms x is usually a m highly develop$ /ructure4 ,! "n poll5-*amb] 0 giv5 by ,brongni>t#gie to ! poll5-conta9+ cavity 9 ! free region ( ! nucellus 9 ! petrifi$ se$s f ,/ ti5ne 9 ignorance ( ! use ( ! same t]m by ,griffi?#gif 9 a po/hum\s "w publi%$ 9 #aheb = ! nucell> *amb] 9 ,cycas#gig4 ,! g5us ,/ephanosp]mum 7fig4 #did1 ,a7 illu/rates ! means by :i* ! poll5-*amb] 0 lib]ally suppli$ ) wat] & ?us adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( f]tilisation by motile gametes4 ,! poll5-*amb] & its vascul> supply pav$ ! way = siphonogamy1 t is ! developm5t ( a poll5-tube = ! m direct transmission ( ! male sp]ms4 ,! highly develop$ mantle ( tra*eal tissue at ! p]iph]y ( ! nucellus 9 ,/ephanosp]mum1 repres5t$ on a r$uc$ scale by ! sep>ate vascul> /r&s ( o!r se$s1 may be comp>$ ) ! tra*eal inve/m5t to ! nucellus 9 ! rec5t ,dicotyl$on\s g5us ,cassy?a#gih4 ,! pres5ce ( a nucell> vascul> sy/em 9 sev]al ,palaeozoic se$s is a feature 9 :i* !y diff] f ^? ( rec5t ,cycads ) ! exception ( ,b[5ia4 ,! retreat ( ! vascul> supply f ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! poll5-*amb] 9 rec5t ,cycads may1 z ,oliv] po9ts out1 be correlat$ ) ! evolution ( ! poll5-tube--! sub/itution ( siphonogamy = zoidiogamy4 ,! diagram reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dib repres5ts a syn!tic type bas$ on su* se$s z ,/ephanosp]mum & ,c>dioc>pus :i* illu/rate an arrangem5t ( conduct+ tissue frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,palaeozoic se$s3 ! ma9 /r& gives (f a pair ( bundles 9 ! s>cote/a 9 ! pr9cipal plane1 z 9 ,c>dioc>pus#gii2 f ! tra*eal mass 9 ! *alazal region num]\s bundles pass up ! nucellus z f> z ! floor ( ! poll5-*amb]4 ,! nature ( ! vascul> supply 9 ?is g5]alis$ type & 9 individual g5]a %\ld be comp>$ ) t 9 ! se$s ( rec5t ,cycads#hjj describ$ 9 ,*apt] xxviii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dib4 #8,a conjectural syn!tic type ( se$ embody+ ! *>act]s ( su* a se$ z ,/ephanosp]mum ) ^? ( a ,c>dioc>pus'2 n1 nucellus2 pc1 poll5-*amb]4 7,aft] ,oliv]47 ,rec5t rese>* has reveal$ ! n unexpect$ fact t 9 su* ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s petrifi$ se$s z h be5 inve/igat$--a small proportion ( ! l>ge numb] produc$ 9 ! ,palaeozoic =e/s--!re 0 a rem>kable range 9 ! me*anism connect$ ) poll9ation & ! maturation ( ! microspores4 ,a comp>ison ( ! g5]a ,physo/oma1 ,lag5o/oma1 ,cono/oma1 ,trigonoc>pus1 ,/ephanosp]mum & o!rs reveals ! occurr5ce ( v diff]5t ?\gh n unrelat$ /ructural features especially 9 ! apical region ( ! se$4 ,^! se$s1 includ+ ,physo/oma1 probably ! mo/ ar*aic type1 repres5t a /age 9 evolution already f> remov$ f ! />t+-po9t3 ! div]sity ( plan recalls ! v>iety 9 ! =m ( ! *loropla/s 9 ! ,gre5 ,algae1 & 9 bo? cases we are 9 t\* ) an exp]im5tal phase repres5t+ a t5tative advance t[>ds great] effici5cy4 ,9 its diff]5tiation into an out] fle%y region1 ! s>cote/a1 a /ony lay]1 ! scl]ote/a1 & 9 _m cases an inn] fle%1 ! ,palaeozoic se$s resemble rec5t ,cycads3 9 bo? ext9ct & mod]n se$s ! balance ( evid5ce w\ld seem to be 9 fav\r ( attribut+ a s+le r ?an a d\ble orig9 to ! integum5t4 ,among ! num]\s types ( ,palaeozoic se$s are sev]al :i* invite comp>ison ) ! fruits or c>pels1 ap>t f ! se$s1 ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,impressions ( ,sam>opsis se$s 7figs4 #ejb1 ,b-,k2 #ejc2 #ejd7 be> a close resemblance to ! lat]ally exp&$ fruits ( ! common ,crucif] ,?laspi arv5se2 ! ribb$ te/a ( ,hexagonoc>pus 7fig4 #ejf1 ,h7 & o!r g5]a recalls ! fruit-wall ( ,al/roem]ia2 ! rec5tly describ$ ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s se$ ,?ysanote/a sagittula ,na?4 7fig4 #ejf1 ,f7 simulates a c>pel ( ,erodium4 ,^! & simil> in/ances ( a close p>allelism 9 ext]nal features betwe5 organs t are n homolog\s1 ?\gh 9 !mselves ( no morphological significance1 are at lea/ int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! pla/icity display$ by reproductive /ructures1 :i* 9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod m>k$ a morphological a*ievem5t comp>able 9 its importance ) ! /ill great] a*ievem5t repres5t$ by ! highly specialis$ fruits ( ! mod]n ,fl[]+ plants4 ,! range 9 =m & surface-features ( ,angiosp]m\s fruits 0 =e%ad[$ by ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,/ructural types & 9 "s cases1 sup]add$ to ^!1 features :i* may reasonably be suppos$ to h facilitat$ disp]sal _h be5 acquir$ by ! se$s ( ,palaeozoic plants 9 =ms t 9 a mu* lat] p]iod 7 adopt$ by fruits ev5 to a great] degree ?an by se$s4 ,*>act]s useful 9 se$-disp]sal1 t are n[ %>$ by fruits & se$s1 are illu/rat$ by ! fle%y & possibly edible se$s ( ext9ct ,gymnosp]ms1 ! plumes & hairy beak ( ,gnetopsis 7fig4 #did1 ,e7 & ,?ysanote/a 7fig4 #ejf1 ,f7 sugge/ive ( fea!ry /igmas & o!r app5dages4 ,! lacun> s>cote/a ( ,ae!ote/a1 ! ?ick endote/a ( ,pa*yte/a 7fig4 #dig71 & ! air-*amb] ( ,codonosp]mum 7fig4 #dih71 are /rictly comp>able ) aids to buoyancy 9 fruits ( exi/+ ,fl[]+ plants4 ,! mucilage-hairs & sup]ficial cells 9 ,physo/oma 7fig4 #did1 ,i7 & ,/ephanosp]mum may be comp>$ ) ! ?ick mucilag9\s inve/m5t ( ! megaspores ( rec5t wat]-f]ns & ) simil> tissues ( "s ,angiosp]m\s se$s4 ,! bionomics ( ,palaeozoic plants is a subject wor?y ( m s]i\s att5tion ?an x has s f> receiv$4 ,! se>* = morphological *>act]s t may h facilitat$ ! w&]+s ( widely di/ribut$ g5]a & species & a clos] inve/igation ( physiological-anatomical problems pres5t$ by ! vegetative organs ( petrifi$ plants w\ld n only ext5d our k ( ! morphology ( anci5t types b w\ld /imulate comp>ative /udy &1 incid5tally1 relieve ! dullness ( pure description4 ,x may be argu$ t we %\ld fir/ e/abli% a m solid f\ndation by fur!r obs]vations on liv+ plants2 b ev5 at ! risk ( all[+ speculation too free a h& ! attempt is wor? mak+1 & x may be urg$ t1 z 9 phylog5etic enquiries s 9 o!r bran*es ( botany1 facts obta9$ f plants ( o!r ages may s]ve to supply defici5cies 9 k bas$ only on exi/+ =ms4 ,"o ( ! difficulties insep>able f ! /udy ( fossil plants1 namely ! id5tification ( impressions & ca/s ) specim5s exhibit+ anatomical *>act]s1 is p>ticul>ly well illu/rat$ by se$s4 ,! description ( a g5us bas$ on m]e ext]nal =m may sometimes be ext5d$ )\t great risk ( error to include species f\nd$ on anatomical *>act]s1 b on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m in/ances 9 :i*--despite a g5]al resemblance 9 =m & size betwe5 petrifactions & impressions--lack ( evid5ce ( g5]ic id5tity requires ! employm5t ( di/9ctive names4 ,! det]m9ation ( impressions is1 z ,lesqu]eux recognis$1 #8subject to a great deal ( unc]ta9ty1' & _m ( ! g5]a f\nd$ on ext]nal features are purely artificial & include species t h no ess5tial features 9 common4 ,moreov] 9 ! case ( petrifi$ specim5s ! app>5t abs5ce ( an ext]nal fle%y lay] is (t5 due to de/ruction be=e pres]vation3 z ,solms-,lauba*#hja po9ts out1 x is obvi\sly impossible to be c]ta9 z to ! numb] ( integum5tal lay]s 9 se$s t are n well pres]v$ 9 all _! p>ts4 ,goepp]t f\nd$ a new g5us1 ,acan?oc>pus1 on a ,p]mian se$ describ$ z ,a4 xan?ioides#hjb1 because ( ! occurr5ce ( sp9\s processes atta*$ to an obcordate k]nel3 ^! app>5t sp9es are 9 all probability ! rema9s ( a v imp]fectly pres]v$ s>cote/a4 ,! pres]vation ( ! c5tral portion ( a se$1 t is ! se$-cavity ) ! enclos+ %ell1 conv5i5tly call$ ! nucule1 has (t5 l$ to an unnecess>y multiplication ( g5]ic t]ms4 ,o!r examples ( confusion result+ f diff]5t /ates ( pres]vation are quot$ 9 ! acc\nts ( "s ( ! select$ types4 ,williamson 9 #ahgg po9t$ out t we le>n f ! l>ge numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,palaeozoic se$s t #8!re 7 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =e/s _m gymnosp]m\s /ems clo!d ) foliage ( :i* we h n yet discov]$ any traces1 probably because ^! ,gymnosp]ms did n fl\ri% ^u ! l[ swampy gr\nds :i* 7 ! homes ( ! great mass ( ! coal-produc+ plants#hjc4' ,pr(4 ,zeill]#hjd has also drawn att5tion to ! num]ical excess ( se$s ov] vegetative organs4 ,?is discrepancy has to a l>ge ext5t be5 expla9$ by ! discov]y t _m ( ! suppos$ ,f]ns 7 se$-be>+ plants1 & a fur!r explanation is sugge/$ by ! sup]iority ( se$s ov] /ems & leaves 9 _! adaptation to disp]sal by wat]4 ,9 #ahgd ,brongni>t#hje describ$ sev]al petrifi$ se$s f mat]ial discov]$ by ,gr&',eury 9 ! ,/ ti5ne coal-field1 & sev5 ye>s lat] 8 descriptions 7 republi%$#hjf1 ) ! addition ( sev]al beautifully execut$ draw+s1 z a po/hum\s volume edit$ by 8 di/+ui%$ pupil ,r5ault4 ,williamson's rese>*es suppli$ mu* additional in=mation1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! m detail$ /udy ( ,fr5* & ,engli% se$s by ,b]tr& & p>ticul>ly by ,oliv] & 8 pupils has fur!r emphasis$ ! int]e/ & importance ( ?is field ( "w4 ,brongni>t propos$ a two-fold classification ( ,fr5* se$s3 7i7 bilat]ally symmetrical se$s1 m or less flatt5$ 9 section1 :i* he believ$ to be ,cordaitean2 7ii7 radially symmetrical se$s1 circul> 9 transv]se section3 ! latt] gr\p he consid]$ to be less closely alli$ to rec5t types4 ,! employm5t ( ! t]ms ,platysp]meae & ,radiosp]meae1 propos$ by ,oliv]#hjg = ,brongni>t's divisions1 s]ves a useful purpose if due reg>d is paid to ! adequacy ( ! evid5ce z to symmetry & if x is recognis$ t ?is classification _c be rigidly employ$ 9 all cases4 ,x 0 po9t$ out by ,brongni>t t ! occasional occurr5ce ( tric>9ate se$s ( ,g9kgo 7fig4 #fca7 & ,taxus is an exception to ! g5]al rule ( bilat]al symmetry3 se$s ( ,cycas are normally bilat]al1 b radially symmetrical =ms also occur#hjh4 ,! g5us ,cono/oma 7fig4 #did1 ,b7 repres5ts an int]m$iate type :i*1 ?\gh almo/ radially symmetrical1 exhibits a slight t5d5cy t[>ds platysp]my4 ,evid5ce rec5tly br\ght =w>d by ,na?or/#hji r5d]s probable a connexion ( a presumably radiosp]mic se$ ,lag5osp]mum ,arb]i#haj ) ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s fronds ,adiantites bellidulus ,he]1 & ?is furni%es an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! association ( bo? platysp]mic & radiosp]mic se$s ) ! same g5]ic type ( foliage4 ,:ile reta9+ ,radiosp]m & ,platysp]m z conv5i5t descriptive t]ms1 ,i h n adopt$ !m z gr\p-designations on ! gr\nd t !y d n 9 !mselves s]ve z tru/wor?y crit]ia ( relation%ip4 ,att5tion is call$ by ,salisbury#haa to ! occurr5ce ( bilat]ally & radially symmetrical fruits among ,briti% ,c>ices & to a simil> mixture 9 ! family ,polygonaceae4 ,! acquisition ( m detail$ & accurate k ( ,palaeozoic se$s l$ to an ext5sion ( ! two-fold division ( ,brongni>t & ,oliv] :i* is bas$ on su* *>act]s z ! position ( ! vascul> tissue 9 relation to ! integum5t & nucellus1 ! =m ( ! poll5-*amb]1 & o!r features4 ,! division ,lag5o/omales has be5 in/itut$ = ,lag5o/oma & "s o!r ,radiosp]ms connect$ by c]ta9 important *>act]s3 ^! se$s may be ref]r$ to ! ,pt]idosp]meae ?\gh x is only 9 ! case ( ,lag5o/oma1 & to a less ext5t ,spha]o/oma1 t a correlation betwe5 vegetative organs & se$s has be5 r5d]$ suffici5tly probable to ju/ify an assumption ( g5]ic id5tity4 ,! "n ,trigonoc>peae#hab has rec5tly be5 us$ = a section ( ,radiosp]ms repres5t$ by ,trigonoc>pus1 ,/ephanosp]mum1 & o!r g5]a4 ,al?\gh ! g5us ,/ephanosp]mum1 z ,oliv]#hac says1 may be reg>d$ z ! type-g5us ( a gr\p ( se$s1 x is m fitt+1 z ! same au?or#had insi/s1 to adopt a divisional t]m bas$ on ! g5]ic "n ( ! mu* m widely spread & m famili> ,trigonoc>pus4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity 9 nom5clature x is propos$ to adopt ! "n ,trigonoc>pales in/ead ( ,trigonoc>peae to rank ) ,lag5o/omales4 ,! ,platysp]meae comprise su* se$s z ,c>dioc>pus1 ,mitrosp]mum1 & ,rhabdosp]mum1 g5]a *>act]is$ by well-m>k$ anatomical features & probably ,cordaitean2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t typical ,platysp]ms 7 also borne on leaves ( ,pt]idosp]ms &1 z ,mrs ,arb]#hae says1 ! notion t e memb] ( ! ,platysp]meae 0 necess>ily a ,cordaitean se$ has be5 discr$it$ by ! discov]y ( ! se$s ( ,aneimites 7,w>dia7 & ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti#haf4 ,= g5]al purposes x is h>dly necess>y to adopt ! subdivisions ( ! ,lag5o/omales us$ by ,oliv] & ,salisbury#hag1 ?\gh z facts accumulate we %all no d\bt be able to make fur!r advances t[>ds a natural sy/em ( classification4 ,! foll[+ ?ree divisions ( ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s se$s include g5]a f\nd$ on petrifi$ specim5s & ?us af=d valuable morphological data4 ,! gr\ps ,lag5o/omales & ,trigonoc>pales include types belong+ to closely relat$ plants1 a relation%ip cle>ly express$ 9 ! se$-*>act]s4 ,i4 ,lag5o/omales4 ,! se$s includ$ 9 ?is gr\p are = ! mo/ "p ,radiosp]ms1 b 9 its slightly develop$ bilat]al symmetry ,cono/oma oblongum is a type transitional betwe5 ,radiosp]ms & ,platysp]ms4 ,! te/a may be ribb$ & ! ribs v>y 9 numb]4 ,! nucellus 7megasporangium7 is unit$ to ! integum5t n only at ! base b lat]ally z f> z ! %\ld] ( ! se$ up to a level correspond+ to ! base ( ! poll5-*amb] 7lag5o/ome7 z 9 all rec5t ,cycads & 9 ! majority ( ,conif]s4 ,! se$s prop] ap>t f ! cupule are suppli$ ) a s+le set ( vascul> bundles2 !re is no vascul> tissue 9 ! nucellus1 a feature no d\bt correlat$ ) ! fusion ( nucellus & integum5t#hah4 ,! free portion ( ! integum5t is m or less deeply lob$ or1 9 ,lag5o/oma1 x =ms a pyramidal canopy ( fus$ lobes enclos+ ! lag5o/ome4 ,! pres5ce ( a tapetal zone surr\nd+ ! megaspore is believ$ to be a feature *>act]i/ic ( ! gr\p#hai4 ,! te/a1 :olly or p>tially ribb$1 is relatively ?9n] ?an 9 ! ,trigonoc>pales & ,c>dioc>pales1 & 9 its diff]5tiation agrees less closely ) ! te/a ( rec5t ,cycadean se$s4 ,9 ,lag5o/oma & possibly 9 o!r g5]a a loose %ea? or cupule surr\nd$ ! ovule1 :ile 9 ,gnetopsis a simil> envelope enclos$ two to f\r se$s4 ,! microspores are multicellul> & small] ?an ^? ( ,trigonoc>pales1 ! av]age dim5sions 7,cono/oma1 ,physo/oma1 ,lag5o/oma7 be+ #fg #eb4 ,g5]a4 ,physo/oma2 ,cono/oma2 ,spha]o/oma2 ,lag5o/oma2 ,gnetopsis4 ,lag5o/oma may safely be ref]r$ to ,lyg9opt]is1 & ,spha]o/oma ) b little risk ( error to ,het]angium3 ! p>5t-plants ( ! o!r g5]a are unkn[n1 b all may be reg>d$ z ! se$s ( ,pt]idosp]ms & probably ( g5]a m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,lyg9opt]ideae ?an to ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,! g5us ,lag5osp]mum1 rec5tly in/itut$ by ,na?or/#hbj1 is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] xxxi4 ,physo/oma4 ,williamson4 ,physo/oma elegans ,williamson4 ,! g5]ic "n ,physo/oma#hba 0 appli$ by ,williamson#hbb to a se$ f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire :i* he nam$ ,p4 elegans2 he aft]w>ds describ$ x z ,lag5o/oma physoides1 b ! orig9al "n has be5 reviv$ by ,oliv]#hbc to :om our k ( ?is type is *iefly due4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ,williamson#hbd z ,sporoc>pon ornatum also belong to ,physo/oma elegans4 ,! se$s are circul> 9 section1 approximately #f mm4 long ) a maximum diamet] ( #b mm4 ,! te/a has ab\t #aj longitud9al ribs pass+ 9 ! apical region into a r+ ( free lobes or t5tacles surr\nd+ & consid]ably ov]topp+ ! nucell> apex3 ^! t5tacles take ! place ( a micropyl> tube 7fig4 #did1 ,i2 fig4 #dic1 ,d7 & are a feature #89 :i* ?is se$ diff]s f all o!r kn[n se$s1 fossil or rec5t#hbe4' ,a s+le vascul> /r& passes ?r\gh ! *alazal region & divides into #aj bundles1 "o to ea* rib & t5tacle4 ,! s+le integum5t consi/s ( a few lay]s ( cells1 ^? ( ! epid]mis be+ prolong$ into clavate mucilag9\s hairs1 fig4 #did1 ,i1 h1 t may rea* a l5g? ( #e mm4 & 9 ! liv+ se$ almo/ cov]$ ! :ole surface ( ! te/a1 be+ especially long on ! ribs & t5tacles4 ,!re is no special developm5t ( scl]\s tissue1 ! vascul> bundles1 v1 be+ emb$d$ 9 p>5*yma 9 ! inn] portion ( ! integum5t4 ,! nucellus is repres5t$ by a zone ri* 9 secretory cells1 & int]nal to ?is is a tapetum4 ,integum5t & nucellus are coalesc5t up to ! apical region :]e ! =m] splits into #aj t5tacles4 ,! nucell> apex has ! =m ( a tall dome surr\nd$ by a bell-%ap$ poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #did1 ,i1 pc2 fig4 #dic1 ,c1 ,d1 c7 into :i* x projects l ! base ( a w9e-bottle4 ,! circul> op5+ ( ! poll5-*amb] ov]tops ! ro( ( ! dome =m$ ( ! secretory tissue ( ! nucellus & ! c>bonis$ rema9s ( ! tapetum3 ?is d>k b& surr\nds ! l>ge megaspore-cavity 7fig4 #did1 ,i74 ,physo/oma is ! only memb] ( ! ,lag5o/omales 9 :i* ! megaspore projects into ! free nucell> apex3 9 o!r g5]a int]cal>y gr[? has produc$ a m or less prom95t pl9?1 ! "n giv5 to ! free portion ( ! nucellus betwe5 ! megaspore & ! poll5-*amb]4 ,williamson#hbf describ$ ! mammillat$ apex ( ! nucellus z pu%$ up into ! base ( ! lag5o/ome :i* #8looks l a bladd] half full ( fluid re/+ ^u & ov]hang+ ! end ( a soda-wat] bottle'3 x 0 ?is appe>ance t sugge/$ ! "n ,physo/oma4 ,! section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #dic1 ,d1 %[s 9 ! c5tre ! limit+ tissue ( ! nucellus surr\nd$ by ! poll5-*amb]1 c1 & ext]nal to ?is are ! t5tacles ) _! gr\ps ( long hairs3 ! vascul> bundles are repres5t$ by spaces 9 ! m int]nal small-cell$ tissue 7see also fig4 #did1 ,i74 ,a *>act]i/ic feature is ! pres5ce ( a tapetum or megaspore-jacket#hbg 9 ! nucellus3 imm$iately int]nal to ! vascul> bundles /ret*+ f ! *alaza to ! apex ( ! megaspore-cavity is a lay] ( delicate cells ) secretory sacs1 & ?is is succe$$ by a broad black lay] ( r l>g] cells1 a tissue :i* 0 probably 9 full activity 9 a y\ng] /age ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dic4 ,a1 ,lag5o/oma ovoides1 longitud9al section ( ! lag5o/ome4 ,b1 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 transv]se section ( ! lag5o/ome & canopy2 c1 poll5-*amb]2 d1 space betwe5 ! nucellus & integum5t4 7,a1 aft] ,miss ,prank]d2 ,b1 f a section 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 ,r #ajdh47 ,c1 ,physo/oma elegans1 longitud9al section %[+ microspores 9 ! poll5-*amb]1 c4 7,f a section 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college ,collection47 ,d1 ,physo/oma elegans1 transv]se section ( ! apical region %[+ ! t5tacles1 poll5-*amb]1 c1 etc4 ,e1 ,telangium ,scotti1 transv]se section ( sporangia 7,man*e/] ,coll4 ,r #ajdg74 ,f1 ,g1 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides4 ,f1 section ( scl]ote/a4 ,g1 tra*eids f ! nucellus4 7,univ]sity ,college ,coll47 ,a comp>able tapetal lay] is describ$ by ,lang#hbh 9 ! ovule ( ,/ang]ia3 ! majority ( ! sporog5\s cells surr\nd+ ! megaspore become dis9tegrat$ & are absorb$1 b ! out]mo/ zone =ms a m def9ite tapetal lay]3 z already sugge/$1 ?is tissue 9 ,physo/oma may be a gr\p-"*4 ,no ar*egonia h be5 f\nd1 b 9 a few cases "s ( ! delicate pro?allus-tissue occurs 9 ! int]ior ( ! se$4 ,microspores are (t5 abundant 9 ! poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #dic1 ,c1 c72 9 "o se$ #hj are record$4 ,! occurr5ce ( s _m microspores sugge/$ to ,oliv] t insect-ag5cy may h be5 responsible = ! precision 9 poll9ation t is great] ?an "o w\ld expect 9 anemophil\s plants4 ,! spores are small] ?an ^? ( ,lag5o/oma 7#ee #de7 & 9 sev]al ( !m ! rema9s ( a cellul> tissue are pres]v$ 7fig4 #did1 ,n71 also "s sub-r5i=m bodies 7fig4 #did1 ,m7 simil> to ^? describ$ z sp]matozoids by ,dr ,b5son 9 ,lag5o/oma 7fig4 #djh1 ,d74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ,physo/oma are3 ! abs5ce ( a cont9u\s micropyl> tube & its replacem5t by a circle ( integum5tal lobes2 ! apical prolongation ( ! nucell> apex into ! poll5-*amb]1 & ! pres5ce ( long mucilag9\s hairs on ! integum5t4 ,! l>ge poll5-*amb] is a "* :i* di/+ui%es ,physo/oma f ,cono/oma & its =m is v diff]5t f t 9 ,lag5o/oma4 ,! t5tacles ( ! integum5t & ! =m ( ! nucell> apex are features consi/5t ) ,oliv]'s view t ,physo/oma is ! mo/ primitive ( ,palaeozoic se$s ?\gh1 z ,burl+ame#hbi says1 ! elaborate =m ( ! encas+ envelope m>ks a consid]able advance beyond ! e>lie/ type ( megasporangium integum5t4 ,a new type ( ,physo/oma has be5 briefly describ$ by ,gordon#hcj1 )\t a specific designation1 f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,pettycur 7,fife73 x 0 f\nd 9 association ) ,het]angium & ,spha]o/oma ovale4 ,we h no k ( ! plant to :i* ,physo/oma belong$1 b ! g5]al plan ( organisation ( ! se$ po9ts to a ne> relation%ip to ,lag5o/oma & presumably1 z reg>ds ! p>5t-plant1 to a g5us relat$ to ,lyg9opt]is4 ,cono/oma4 ,williamson4 ,?is "n#hca1 sugge/$ by ! funnel-l poll5-*amb] or lag5o/ome1 0 appli$ by ,williamson#hcb to "s se$s f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire & f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,burntisl&4 ,! ,burntisl& se$s1 ref]r$ by ,williamson to two species1 h rec5tly be5 unit$ & describ$ by ,miss ,b5son z ,spha]o/oma ovale#hcc4 ,! ,engli% species has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,oliv] & ,salisbury#hcd :o h also describ$ a second species1 ,c4 anglo-g]manicum1 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire & ,g]many4 ,cono/oma oblongum ,williamson4 ,?is r>e type is repres5t$ by approximately cyl9drical se$s ) an av]age l5g? ( #e mm4 & a maximum bread? ( #bc mm4 borne on a relatively /\t /alk & tap]+ to a blunt apex *>act]is$ by a canopy ( six %ort lobes 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 ,c7 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! long t5tacles ( ,physo/oma4 ,9 ! basal region ! integum5t has six prom95t ribs :i* soon die out :5 trac$ upw>ds3 a transv]se section ?r\gh ! body ( ! se$ is hexagonal 7fig4 #did1 ,d71 ! angles correspond+ to ! basal ribs1 & !re is a slight t5d5cy to platysp]my4 ,! te/a has an epid]mal mucilag9\s lay] :i* becomes exfoliat$ ?r\gh ! lift+-up ( ! cuticle by ! und]ly+ mucilage3 bel[ ?is1 at ! apex ( ! se$1 is a cap ( fle%y tissue 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 sa7 :i*1 x is sugge/$1 may h _h a secretory function 9 connexion ) a drop-me*anism 9 poll9ation l t 9 rec5t ,conif]s4 ,no microspores h be5 f\nd 9 ! poll5-*amb]4 ,! epid]mis1 call$ by ,oliv] & ,salisbury ! bl[-(f lay] 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 m71 toge!r ) ! cap ( s(t tissue con/itute a feebly develop$ s>cote/a4 ,a scl]ote/a consi/+ ( a palisade-lay] & a fibr\s hypod]m ext5ds ov] ! ma9 body ( ! se$ bel[ ! epid]mis2 x =ms ! basal ribs & increases consid]ably 9 bread? at ! apical region to =m a scl]\s cone p5etrat$ by six /r&s ( p>5*yma enclos+ vascul> bundles 7fig4 #did1 ,d7 :i* pass up f ! conduct+ tissue imm$iately ext]nal to ! nucellus4 ,! nucellus is coalesc5t ) ! integum5t1 z 9 ,physo/oma1 z f> z ! level ( ! domical free apex ( ! nucellus :]e ! tapetal tissue t l9es ! se$-cavity passes across ! almo/ flat top ( ! c5tral region orig9ally occupi$ by ! megaspore4 ,9 "s sections pro?allus-tissue 0 f\nd ) an apical #8t5t-pole' protub]ance4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ,cono/oma is ! me*anism = ! reception ( ! microspores4 ,! free "p ( ! nucellus consi/s ( ! pl9?1 a broad tap]+ region orig9ally fill$ ) p>5*yma b 9 mo/ cases repres5t$ only by its epid]mis3 ! pl9?1 p1 is se5 9 fig4 #did1 ,b1 to be two-/orey$1 ! upp] & n>r[] /orey be+ a space =m]ly fill$ by a pad ( tissue susp5d$ f ! floor ( ! sup]pos$ lag5o/ome 7poll5-*amb]7#hce4 ,! great] developm5t ( ! domical pl9? is a feature 9 :i* ,cono/oma diff]s f ,physo/oma4 ,at ! apex ( ! pl9? & re/+ on a slight depression is a small lag5o/ome1 b[l-%ap$ 9 section1 & l ! poll5-*amb] ( ,lag5o/oma1 =m$ z ! result ( enzyme-action on ! apical papilla ( ! nucellus 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 ,b1 l74 ,! m\? ( ! lag5o/ome engages ) ! micropyl> tube by a project+ flange 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 f7 ( tissue l9+ ! micropyl> canal & by a second flange 7f7 at ! base ( ! lag5o/ome :]e ! ro( ( ! pl9? 7fig4 #did1 ,b1 p7 b5ds d[nw>ds & inw>ds4 ,! walls ( ! lag5o/ome are =m$ by /rong cells ) ?ick5+ b&s giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( tra*eids 7l71 b ! floor ( ! lag5o/ome is made ( ?9n] cells :i* become disorganis$1 all[+ ! microspores to fall into ! l>ge pl9?-cavity bel[ 7p1 fig4 #did1 ,b71 an arrangem5t comp>able ) ! two-/orey$ poll5-*amb] ( ,b[5ia#hcf &1 to a less ext5t1 ) ! micropyle ( ! ,conif] ,tsuga4 ,! microspores are multicellul> & ellipsoidal measur+ #ge #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #did4 ,a1 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides2 s1 space betwe5 integum5t & nucellus2 n1 nucellus2 e1 inn] "p ( te/a2 sc1 scl]ote/a2 t1 t1 tra*eidal mantle2 pc1 poll5-*amb]2 a1 ar*egonia2 td1 tra*eidal pad4 ,b-,d1 ,cono/oma oblongum2 a1 level ( ! transv]se section %[n 9 fig4 ,c2 b1 level ( transv]se section ,d2 m1 lobes ( tissue surr\nd+ ! micropyle2 sa1 s>cote/a2 v1 vascul> bundles2 p1 pl9?4 ,b1 section ( lag5o/ome & "p ( ! integum5t2 f1 f1 flanges2 l1 wall ( micropyle-funnel4 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,gnetopsis elliptica2 t1 t5t-pole4 ,f1 section ( ! plumes4 ,g1 section ?r\gh ! lag5o/ome4 ,h1 ,gnetopsis f ,b>nsley1 ,york%ire1 slightly enl>g$4 ,i1 ,physo/oma elegans2 h1 hairs4 ,k1 ,l1 ,mitrosp]mum compressum2 cf1 inn] fle%2 n1 nucellus & megaspore4 ,l1 transv]se section4 ,m1 microspores & 787 male gametes ( ,physo/oma elegans4 ,n1 microspore ( ,physo/oma %[+ "p ( ex9e & ! int]nal cells4 7,a-,i1 ,n1 ,m1 aft] ,oliv]2 ,h1 ,kid/on ,coll4 ,no4 #abee2 ,k1 ,l1 aft] ,mrs ,arb]47 ,! species ,cono/oma anglo-g]manicum agrees closely ) ,c4 oblongum 9 g5]al =m & organisation1 b x has eight ribs1 f\r m prom95t ?an ! o!rs1 & diff]s also 9 o!r m9or *>act]s f ! r %ort] se$s ( ! type-species4 ,cono/oma diff]s f ,lag5o/oma 9 ! abs5ce ( ! tubul> prolongation ( ! lag5o/ome1 ! micropyle be+ l t 9 rec5t ,gymnosp]ms4 ,9 ,cono/oma ! tra*eid-l elem5ts ( ! lat]al wall ( ! lag5o/ome are a *>act]i/ic feature1 & no evid5ce has be5 f\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral core ( tissue su* z occupies ! c5tre ( ! se$-apex 9 ,lag5o/oma4 ,! long hairs ( ,physo/oma are repres5t$ 9 ,cono/oma by ! mu* small] mucilag9\s cells ( ! epid]mis & 9 ,lag5o/oma by ! less closely unit$ mucilage-cells ( ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! te/a4 ,spha]o/oma4 ,b5son4 ,z already po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] xxix4 :]e ?is g5us is describ$ z probably ! se$ ( ,het]angium1 !re is a fairly close g5]al resemblance betwe5 ,spha]o/oma & ,lag5o/oma4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( free apical lobes ! =m] g5us resembles ,cono/oma1 & :ile agree+ ) ,lag5o/oma 9 its annul> poll5-*amb] x is peculi> 9 ! ret5tion ( an epid]mis ov] ! ro( ( ! poll5-*amb]3 z 9 ,lag5o/oma ! se$ is enclos$ by an out] integum5t or cupule4 ,lag5o/oma4 ,williamson4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is type ( se$ is includ$ 9 ! description ( ,lyg9opt]is#hcg4 ,! m /rik+ peculi>ities are exhibit$ by ! poll5-*amb] & ! free region ( ! integum5t3 ! annul> poll5-*amb] 7fig4 #dic1 ,d1 c2 fig4 #dji7 surr\nds a c5tral nucell> cone & is prolong$ upw>ds z a tube engag+ ) ! micropyle 9 contra/ to ! =m ( ! poll5-*amb] & ! abs5ce ( a tubul> prolongation 9 ,cono/oma4 ,! t5tacles ( ,physo/oma & ! %ort apical lobes ( ,cono/oma are replac$ by an apical cone =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( ! integum5t conta9+ n9e cavities orig9ally fill$ ) p>5*yma 7figs4 #dji2 #dic1 ,b74 ,! pres5ce ( a cupule is a *>act]i/ic feature ( "y se$s1 b f negative evid5ce 9 ! case ( mo/ o!r se$s x is unsafe to assume t ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma is an exceptional feature4 ,! nucellus & te/a are unit$ z f> z ! %\ld]s ( ! se$ z 9 ! se$s ( rec5t ,cycads & 9 contra/ to _! lat]al indep5d5ce 9 ,trigonoc>pus1 ,/ephanosp]mum1 & o!r g5]a4 ,gnetopsis4 ,r5ault4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 giv5 by ,r5ault#hch to "s small petrifi$ se$s f ! ,/ephanian ( ,gr&' ,croix & to impressions f ! ,comm5try coal-field :i* he believ$ to belong to "s ,gnetace\s plant4 ,saporta & ,m>ion#hci & o!r au?ors h accept$ ^! se$s z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ,palaeozoic ,gnetales3 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n#hdj t ,gnetopsis has no claim to su* relation%ip & is a type ( se$ closely alli$ to ,cono/oma4 ,r5ault describ$ ?ree species1 aft]w>ds add+ ?ree f ano!r locality#hda2 ! g5us is record$ also f ,comm5try#hdb & ,g>d#hdc4 ,m rec5tly ,depape & ,c>p5ti]#hdd h describ$ examples f ! ,we/phalian ( ,val5ci5nes :i* !y place 9 ! ,pt]idosp]ms 9 accordance ) ! conclusion ( ,oliv] & ,salisbury4 ,gnetopsis has also be5 discov]$ by ,mr ,hem+way 9 ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,engl&#hde 7fig4 #did1 ,h74 ,gnetopsis elliptica ,r5ault4 ,! se$s ( ?is species1 slightly oval 9 section1 occur 9 gr\ps ( #b-d 9 a cupul> inve/m5t 7fig4 #ejf1 ,e1 p4 #cei7 describ$ by ,r5ault z an ov>y b correlat$ by ,oliv] & ,salisbury ) ! cupule :i* surr\nds ! s+le ovule ( ,lag5o/oma4 ,! cupule is l9$ ) hairs simil> to ^? on ! wall ( ! cupule ( ,lag5o/oma4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,fr5* se$s is ! pres5ce ( ?ree or f\r long plumes ( hairs at ! apex 7fig4 #did1 ,e1 ,f74 ,z se5 9 fig4 #did1 ,e1 a small lag5o/ome 7poll5-*amb]7 re/s on ! ro( ( a broad pl9? precisely z 9 ,cono/oma1 & f\r vascul> bundles1 correspond+ to ! six bundles 9 ,cono/oma1 pass into ! apical cap ( scl]\s tissue enclos$ by a s>cote/a1 sa 7fig4 #did1 ,e1 ,g74 ,a #8t5t-pole' prolongation 7fig4 #did1 ,e1 t7 occurs at ! apex ( ! pro?allus4 ,r5ault describ$ a portion ( ! integum5t z consi/+ ( lacun> tissue :i* ,oliv] & ,salisbury homologise ) ! sup]ficial mucilag9\s lay] ( ,cono/oma3 ?is is se5 above ! scl]ote/a 9 ! apical region ( fig4 #did1 ,e1 sa4 ,gnetopsis anglica ,kid/on ,,ms4 ,?is species 7fig4 #did1 ,h7 is repres5t$ by se$s f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ne> ,b>nsley1 ,york%ire1 #d mm4 long ) apical app5dages at lea/ #bb cm4 9 l5g? & probably f\r 9 numb]4 ,! app5dages d n %[ ! hairs :i* =m a prom95t feature 9 ! ,fr5* specim5s1 b ?is is probably ! result ( imp]fect pres]vation3 !re are indications ( hairs on o!r specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection4 ,! type-specim51 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection1 0 g5]\sly l5t to me = exam9ation4 ,gnetopsis1 :ile agree+ ) ,cono/oma 9 ! m important features1 is di/+ui%$ by ! apical plumes1 ! v slight developm5t ( a t5t-pole prolongation ( ! nucell> apex 7fig4 #did1 ,e1 t71 ! small] numb] ( vascul> bundles1 & by ! pres5ce ( an enclos+ cupule 7fig4 #ejf1 ,e74 ,9 its slight dep>ture f radial symmetry ,gnetopsis =ms a transition betwe5 ! ,radiosp]meae & ! ,platysp]meae4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! se$ ( a ,pt]idosp]m1 b no?+ is kn[n z to ! nature ( ! vegetative organs ( ! p>5t-plant4 ,,ii4 ,trigonoc>pales4 ,9 ?is gr\p are includ$ radially symmetrical se$s = ! mo/ "p belong+ to memb]s ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,! p]iph]al zone ( ! nucellus is suppli$ ) vascul> tissue & ! nucellus is free )9 ! integum5t except at ! base2 x is sup]ior & n semi-inf]ior#hdf z 9 rec5t ,cycads & 9 ,lag5o/omales4 ,! ovule ( ,myrica ,gale1 9 :i* ! nucellus /&s free )9 ! s+le integum5t1 af=ds an int]e/+ p>allel to se$s ( ?is class 9 contra/ to ! usual ,angiosp]m\s type ) a lat]ally coalesc5t nucellus4 ,9 ,myrica ,gale#hdg ! vascul> supply is conf9$ to ! integum5t4 ,!re is a comp>atively broad poll5-*amb] & 9 "s types ! lat]al tissue ( ! nucellus is prolong$ z a tube )9 ! micropyle4 ,! usually ribb$ te/a is diff]5tiat$ into an out] fle% 7s>cote/a71 a scl]ote/a1 & probably 9 mo/ cases an endote/a or inn] fle%4 ,! ribs ( ! scl]ote/a are 9 ! majority ( g5]a 9 multiples ( ?ree & 9 position correspond to ! out] r+ ( vascul> bundles4 ,! pres5ce ( lacun> tissue 9 ! s>cote/a ( sev]al g5]a may be correlat$ ) disp]sal by wat]4 ,! apical region ( ! integum5t is n lob$ b ext5ds z a long] or %ort] micropyl> tube above ! summit ( ! nucellus4 ,9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! te/a1 ! =m ( ! poll5-*amb]1 & 9 "s o!r features1 ! se$s ( ?is gr\p pres5t a g5]al agreem5t ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,! microspores are multicellul> & l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,lag5o/omales3 9 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides !y measure #afj #ajjhdh :ile 9 ,ae!ote/a#hdi !y rea* #cfj #bij4 ,g5]a4 ,trigonoc>pus2 ,tript]osp]mum2 ,pty*ote/a2 ,hexapt]osp]mum2 ,polypt]osp]mum2 ,pa*yte/a2 ,/ephanosp]mum2 ,polylophosp]mum2 ,codonosp]mum2 ,ae!ote/a2 ,eriote/a2 ,gaudrya4 ,trigonoc>pus4 ,brongni>t4 ,a description ( ! morphological features ( ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni & ,t4 %or5sis is giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,m$ullosa 7p4 #aag71 z !re is good evid5ce t !y are ! se$s ( t g5us4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 size & to "s ext5t 9 ! =m ( ca/s includ$ 9 ,trigonoc>pus &1 9 ! abs5ce ( anatomical data1 x is h>dly possible to det]m9e ! actual sy/ematic position ( _m ( ! specim5s s nam$4 ,dr ,arb]#hej has rec5tly propos$ a new g5]ic "n ,s*izosp]mum = ca/s v l ^? ( ,t4 ,p>k9soni1 b di/+ui%$ by ! splitt+ ( ! %ell into ?ree valves1 a "* :i* leads him to conclude t x is ! ext]nal surface :i* is pres]v$ & n a m]e ca/ ( ! se$-cavity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m probable t ! specim5s are ca/s ( a split scl]ote/a4 ,9 ,trigonoc>pus pusillus#hea ! %ell is divid$ into ?ree valves1 ! divid+ l9es be+ m>k$ by greatly r$uc$ ribs1 & 9 ,t4 s*izoc>poides ,gr&',eury#heb1 a species t may n be a true ,trigonoc>pus1 !re is also evid5ce ( splitt+4 ,arb] po9ts out t ! species ,rhabdoc>pus ,bos*ianus ,b]g4 is f\nd$ on a ,trigonoc>pus f :i* ! out] fle% has disappe>$ leav+ ! %ell z ! ext]nal cov]+4 ,trigonoc>pus se$s are widely di/ribut$ 9 ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica3 f ! latt] cont95t ,newb]ry#hec has describ$ sev]al diff]5t =ms t af=d good examples ( ! abundance & v>iety ( ! g5us4 ,"s ( ! specim5s includ$ by ,newb]ry#hed 9 ,trigonoc>pus are probably di/9ct g5]ic types3 8 species ,t4 multic>9atus may be id5tical ) ! ribb$ ca/ %[n 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,a4 ,! ca/s describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton & by o!r au?ors z ,t4 ,dawesi#hee are ne>ly #e cm4 long1 & if ^! are correctly includ$ 9 ! g5us !y po9t to ! occurr5ce ( se$s mu* l>g] ?an ! type-species4 ,! ,fr5* species ,trigonoc>pus pusillus#hef ,brongn41 "o ( ! smalle/ ,palaeozoic se$s1 f #fe to #ae mm4 long1 diff]s f ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni & ,t4 %or5sis 9 ! abs5ce ( prom95t ribs & 9 ! mu* feebl] developm5t ( ! s>cote/a4 ,specim5s ( ! ,g]man type ,t4 sporites ,weiss1 believ$ by "s au?ors to be megaspores1 7 describ$ by ,zeill]#heg f ,val5ci5nes z se$s3 ^! are f #be to #ce mm4 long & h ?ree small ribs4 ,zeill] quotes ! pres5ce ( cell-outl9es on ! surface z evid5ce ( _! se$-nature1 b x may be t ?is feature repres5ts a sculptur+ ( ! ex9e ( a spore4 ,typical ,trigonoc>pus se$s agree 9 sev]al morphological *>act]s ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,!y diff] 9 ! lack ( a lat]al union betwe5 nucellus & integum5t2 ! pres5ce ( nucell> tra*eids1 ?\gh a feature %>$ ) ,b[5ia1 di/+ui%es !m f ! majority ( rec5t ,cycadean se$s4 ,9 ! comp>atively long & fle%y micropyl> tube a se$ ( ,encephal>tos ,lehmanni pres5ts a fairly close resemblance to a ,trigonoc>pus4 ,salisbury has po9t$ out t ! ?ree species ,t4 ,p>k9soni1 ,t4 %or5sis1 ,t4 pusillus =m a consecutive s]ies illu/rat+ ! gradual disappe>ance ( ! second>y ribs t =m a prom95t feature 9 ,t4 ,p>k9soni2 b = a comp>ison ( ^! ) o!r types ( fossil & rec5t se$s ! read] is ref]r$ to ,salisbury's summ>y#heh4 ,tript]osp]mum4 ,brongni>t4 ,! se$ on :i* ?is g5us 0 f\nd$ by ,brongni>t#hei is cle>ly v closely relat$ to ,trigonoc>pus &1 z ,oliv]#hfj says1 ! di/+ui%+ "* describ$ by ! au?or ( ! g5us is unimportant4 ,brongni>t describes ! type species1 ,t4 ro/ratum1 z *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( ?ree prom95t w+s compos$ ( a te/a diff]5tiat$ into an inn] h>d tissue & an out] lacun> tissue4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 h>dly possible to say :e!r ! out] s(t tissue 0 orig9ally flatt5$ 9 ! =m ( #8w+s' or press$ d[n on to ! h>d] %ell4 ,r5ault#hfa notes ! association ( se$s t he ref]s to ?is g5us ) ! leaves ( ,dorycordaites1 b ap>t f ! improbability ( any connexion betwe5 ,tript]osp]mum & ,cordaites1 ,r5ault's se$s are too imp]fect to demon/rate _! id5tity ) ,brongni>t's g5us4 ,kid/on#hfb has describ$ an impression ( a ?ree-w+$ se$ f ! coal-field ( ,/af=d%ire z ,tript]osp]mum ellipticum1 a =m describ$ on page #ceg z ,polypt]oc>pus anglicus 7fig4 #dif1 ,b74 ,pty*ote/a4 ,brongni>t4 ,! type-species ( ?is g5us#hfc1 ,pty*ote/a t5uis#hfd1 ab\t #c cm4 long1 is *>act]is$ by six v prom95t flanges or w+s =m$ by ! fissur$ or fold$ scl]ote/a 7fig4 #die1 ,b74 ,!re is no in=mation z to ! vascul> supply or o!r anatomical details4 ,x is n at all improbable t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ?is g5us & ,brongni>t's g5us ,hexapt]osp]mum4 ,hexapt]osp]mum4 ,brongni>t4 ,9 ?is g5us ,brongni>t#hfe includ$ two species1 ,hexapt]osp]mum /5opt]um & ,h4 pa*ypt]um3 ! %ell is hexagonal 9 transv]se section1 ea* angle be+ prolong$ z a n>r[ flange4 ,9 "o ( ! sections figur$ by ,brongni>t 7fig4 #die1 ,e7 ! ribs are n fissur$3 ?is is said to be a feature di/+ui%+ ,hexapt]osp]mum f ,pty*ote/a1 b ! occurr5ce ( a fissur$ rib 9 ano!r section sugge/s t 9 ! /ructure ( ! ribs !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5]a4 ,9 ,pty*ote/a pa*ypt]um ! te/a is prolong$ at ! *alazal end z 9 ,polylophosp]mum1 & x is possible t !re is no g5]ic diff]5ce4 ,williamson describ$ a ca/ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire z ,hexapt]osp]mum ,hexagonoc>pus ,noeg]ra?i#hff 7fig4 #ejf1 ,h71 b 9 ! abs5ce ( anatomical *>act]s x is pref]able to avoid ! use ( ,brongni>t's t]m & to assign !m to ,r5ault's g5us ,hexagonoc>pus#hfg4 ,simil>ly ! se$s ref]r$ by ,dr ,p4 ,b]tr&#hfh to ,hexapt]osp]mum may appropriately be includ$ 9 ! g5us ,hexagonoc>pus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #die4 ,a1 ,polypt]osp]mum ,r5aultii4 ,b1 ,pty*ote/a t5uis4 ,c1 ,d1 ,polylophosp]mum /ephan5se2 sa1 s>cote/a2 s1 spaces2 v1 vascul> bundles4 ,e1 ,hexapt]osp]mum /5opt]um4 ,f1 ,diplote/a avellana4 ,g1 ,taxosp]mum ,grn]i4 ,h1 ,diplote/a ,gr&',euryana4 7,aft] ,brongni>t2 ,c1 aft] ,oliv]47 ,polypt]osp]mum4 ,brongni>t4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 propos$ = an ovoid se$ f ,/ ti5ne describ$ z ,polypt]osp]mum ,r5aultii#hfi2 hexagonal 9 section ) six deep & %>p flanges at ! angles alt]nat+ ) six second>y ridges di/+ui%$ by _! blunt] edges & slightly small] dep? 7fig4 #die1 ,a74 ,)\t fur!r anatomical details x is h>dly possible to say :e!r or n ! species repres5ts a well-def9$ g5]ic type1 b x is n improbable t a full] k w\ld confirm ,brongni>t's in/itution ( a new g5]ic designation4 ,! se$s describ$ by ,arb]#hgj & ,kid/on#hga respectively z ,radiosp]mum ornatum & ,polypt]osp]mum ornatum are transf]r$ to ,polygonoc>pus on ! gr\nd t !y af=d no evid5ce ( anatomical *>act]s ( ! ,polypt]osp]mum type4 ,pa*yte/a4 ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#hgb e/abli%$ ?is g5us = "s unusually l>ge se$s 7fig4 #dif1 ,a7 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,france rea*+ a l5g? ( #aa-ab cm4 & resembl+ 9 =m & size a h5's egg4 ,petrifi$ examples h be5 describ$ by ,brongni>t & ,r5ault#hgc1 & ,oliv]#hgd has giv5 a lucid /atem5t ( ! m int]e/+ features ( ?is ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s g5us4 ,pa*yte/a gigantea 7,gr&',eury74 ,9 ! sep>ation ( nucellus & integum5t ,pa*yte/a agrees ) ,/ephanosp]mum & ,trigonoc>pus4 ,!re is a d\ble s]ies ( vascul> bundles 9 ! out] "p ( ! te/a or exote/a 7fig4 #dig1 ex7 consi/+ ( a spongy tissue b\nd$ ext]nally & int]nally by scl]otic lay]s3 ! exote/a is succe$$ by a broad] endote/a ( spongy consi/5cy :i* ,r5ault sugge/$ may h s]v$ z a float+ me*anism1 & ?is is intimately associat$ ) ! nucellus by means ( grooves engag+ ) %ort ridges 7fig4 #dig1 nr7 on ! surface ( ! nucell> tissue4 ,! exote/a is divid$ into ?ree valves by radial ext5sions ( ! scl]otic tissue 7b1 c1 fig4 #dig2 at a ! exote/a is %[n 9 an unsplit condition74 ,9 connexion ) ea* radial plate are two curv$ plates ( fibr\s tissue :i* ext5d t[>ds ! grooves 9 ! endote/a 7fig4 #dig1 t73 z ,oliv] sugge/s1 ^! plates may h s]v$ a me*anical purpose = ! support ( ! bulky nucellus4 ,! p]iph]al region ( ! nucellus is suppli$ by sev]al vascul> bundles 7fig4 #dig1 n7 f ! tra*eal *alazal disc4 ,! exote/a is reg>d$ by ,oliv] z correspond+ to ! s>cote/a & scl]ote/a ( o!r se$s1 & ! grooves 9 ! endote/a int]lock+ ) ! nucell> ridges are comp>$ ) ! int]lock+ ( nucellus & canopy 9 ,lag5o/oma1 z also ) ! rum9at$ endosp]m ( ,torreya4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dif4 ,a1 ,pa*yte/a incrassata4 ,b1 ,polypt]oc>pus anglicus4 7,a1 aft] ,r5ault2 ,b1 aft] ,kid/on47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dig4 ,pa*yte/a4 ,transv]se section ( a se$ %[+ ! exote/a1 ex1 ) scl]\s lay]s & vascul> /r&s 7black71 ! endote/a 7dott$71 ! nucellus ) its r+ ( vascul> bundles1 n1 & ! pro?allus1 p4 ,! ?ree radial plates 9 ! exote/a are se5 at a1 b1 c1 ) ! trabeculae1 t1 & int]nal to ^! are ! grooves 9 ! endote/a engag+ ) ribs on ! nucellus1 nr4 7,aft] ,oliv]47 ,we h no def9ite in=mation z to ! plants :i* bore ,pa*yte/a1 b x is probable t !y 7 memb]s ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,gr&',eury#hge believes ,pa*yte/a to be ! se$ ( ,ale?opt]is ,gr&9i1 ?\gh ?is view requires confirmation4 ,?is au?or figures sev]al ,pa*yte/a se$s atta*$ 9 two oblique r[s to a comp>atively sl5d] axis :i* may be ! ra*is ( a l>ge comp\nd frond#hgf4 ,r5ault & ,zeill]#hgg h figur$ specim5s ( ,p4 gigantea & ,p4 incrassata f ,comm5try :i* af=d a good idea ( ! =m ( ^! l>ge se$s2 ! g5us is record$ also f ,g>d1 ,blanzy#hgh1 & o!r localities4 ,kid/on#hgi describ$ a l>ge oval se$1 blunt at ea* end1 f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire z ,c>poli?us ,wildii :i* he ?9ks may be alli$ to ,pa*yte/a1 b adds1 #8,i d n ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ m]e impressions ( plants 9 g5]a1 ^: di/9ctive *>act]s are d]iv$ f _! int]nal organisation1 unless !re is conclusive evid5ce to %[ _! id5tity4' ,on ?is specim5 ,arb]#hhj has f\nd$ a new g5us ,megalosp]mum1 b z ! type-specim5 %[s no di/9ctive features o!r ?an l>ge dim5sions x w\ld seem pref]able to reta9 ! m g5]al designation ,c>poli?us#hha4 ,ano!r example ( a se$ t may be g5]ically id5tical ) ,pa*yte/a is t describ$ by ,lesqu]eux f ,nor? ,am]ican ,coal ,measures z ,rhabdoc>pus ,mansfieldi & m rec5tly record$ by ,:ite f ,miss\ri z ,rhabdoc>pus 7,pa*yte/a7 ,mansfieldi#hhb4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is & o!r species ( se$s pres]v$ z impressions are examples ( ,pa*yte/a b1 z ,kid/on says1 x is pref]able to res]ve ! "n = specim5s %[+ anatomical features4 ,/ephanosp]mum4 ,brongni>t4 ,! g5us ,/ephanosp]mum1 f\nd$ by ,brongni>t#hhc on petrifi$ specim5s f ,fr5* ,/ephanian b$s1 af=ds a good example ( a radiosp]mic se$ )\t ribs diff]+ 9 c]ta9 well-m>k$ *>act]s f su* se$s z ,lag5o/oma1 ,physo/oma1 & ,cono/oma1 notably 9 ! complete sep>ation ( ! nucellus f ! integum5t & 9 ! possession ( a nucell> vascul> sy/em4 ,! descriptions by ,brongni>t & ,r5ault#hhd h be5 ext5d$ by ! ?or\gh inve/igations ( ,oliv]#hhe4 ,/ephanosp]mum ak5ioides ,brongni>t4 ,?is species is repres5t$ by ellipsoidal se$s1 #aj mm4 long ) a maximum bread? ( #d-de mm41 circul> 9 transv]se section4 ,! integum5t consi/s ( a ?ick scl]ote/a l9$ int]nally by a ?9n] s(t lay]1 ! endote/a 7fig4 #did1 ,a1 sc1 e71 & 9 all probability cov]$ by an out] fle% or s>cote/a z 9 ,trigonoc>pus1 ?\gh ?is tissue is n pres]v$ & is omitt$ f ! section %[n 9 fig4 #did1 ,a4 ,! scl]ote/a is compos$ ( a broad out] b& ( ?ick-wall$ palisade cells--! contract$ cont5ts ( :i* are a /rik+ feature 9 ! silicifi$ se$s 7fig4 #dic1 ,f72 ^! are succe$$ by an inn] zone ( longitud9al fibres4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! palisade-lay] ,/ephanosp]mum be>s a close resemblance to ! sporoc>p wall ( ,pilul>ia#hhf4 ,9 ! apical region ! %ell =ms a circul> ridge surr\nd+ a p]i-micropyl> tr\gh1 a "* express$ by ! t]m #8cr[n-se$#hhg' employ$ by ,gr&',eury3 ! tr\gh sometimes conta9s p>tially de/roy$ tissue t may be a remnant ( a s>cote/a4 ,a ,/ephanosp]mum se$1 ) its apical core & surr\nd+ depression ) remnants ( "s p>tially de/roy$ tissue1 may be comp>$ ) a fruit ( ,attolia speciosa 7,palmae7 9 :i* a tuft ( fibr\s tissue pick$ out by decay f ! mesoc>p surm\nts ! conically po9t$ apex ( ! h>d] int]ior ( ! fruit-wall4 ,! base ( ! scl]ote/a is p]=at$ by a vascul> /r& :i* exp&s into a tra*eal disc1 td1 fig4 #did1 ,a1 at ! base ( ! megaspore f :i* a cont9u\s mantle #b-c cells broad1 ( %ort spiral & scal>i=m tra*eids 7fig4 #dic1 ,g71 spreads ov] ! :ole ( ! nucellus imm$iately bel[ ! nucell> epid]mis z f> z ! l[] "p ( ! sides ( ! poll5-*amb]3 ?is mantle =ms ! floor ( ! l>ge domical poll5-*amb] excavat$ out ( ! nucell> cone 7fig4 #did1 ,a1 pc74 ,! fact t 9 sections ( old] se$s ! tra*eal floor %[s signs ( splitt+ & disorganisation l$ ,oliv] to conclude t 9 ! liv+ se$ ! tra*eids und]w5t a gradual dis9tegration prior to f]tilisation1 ?us all[+ ! passage ( ! an!rozoids to ! egg-cells 7fig4 #did1 ,a1 a74 ,! pres5ce ( a cont9u\s tra*eal %ea? in/ead ( sep>ate vascul> bundles is a special feature 9 :i* ,/ephanosp]mum diff]s f ,trigonoc>pus & o!r ,palaeozoic se$s z well z f ^? ( rec5t ,cycads2 z ,oliv] sugge/s1 #8! app>5t p]fection ( ! vascul> mantle 9 ,/ephanosp]mum may h prov$ an ob/acle to fur!r developm5t#hhh' & 0 n reta9$ by ! m successful types4 ,9 its tra*eal %ea? ,/ephanosp]mum resembles ! se$s ( ,g9kgo4 ,! nucell> cone is prolong$ z a beak into ! micropyle =m$ by ! tubul> integum5t4 ,! megaspore occupies ! c5tral portion ( ! se$ & 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t x compress$ ! megasporangium 7nucellus7 to su* an ext5t t little m ?an ! epid]mis rema9s3 !re is a def9ite megaspore-membrane surr\nd+ ! pro?allus-tissue 9 :i* !re 7 probably two ar*egonia 7fig4 #did1 ,a1 a7#hhi4 ,! nucellus /&s free )9 ! integum5t f :i* x is sep>at$ by a space 7s1 fig4 #did1 ,a74 ,microspores are frequ5tly met ) 9 ! poll5-*amb] 9 :i* !y matur$ aft] _! introduction ?r\gh ! micropyle1 probably ) ! aid ( a drop ( mucilage3 !y are l>ge oval bodies ) an av]age size ( #afj #ajj1 "s rea*+ ov] #bjj1 9 l5g? &1 z ,r5ault 0 ! fir/ to po9t out1 )9 a f9ely granulate exospore !re are sev]al ?9-wall$ cells3 ?is /atem5t 0 n accept$ by "s au?ors b ,pr(4 ,oliv]'s rese>*es h amply confirm$ x1 & an exam9ation ( ! orig9al prep>ations conv9c$ me t ,r5ault _h correctly describ$ ! /ructural features4 ,oliv] %[s t !re are ab\t #bj cells )9 ea* microspore regul>ly arrang$ z r[s ( five w$ge-%ap$ elem5ts ) _! po9t$ ends direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre1 & he ?9ks t ^! cells may h und]gone fur!r division to produce sp]m-"m-cells1 ?\gh !re is n su* good evid5ce ( ?is z 9 ! diff]5tly con/itut$ microspores ( ,/ephanosp]mum c>yoides4 ,no trace ( poll5-tubes 0 f\nd & x is probable t ! an!rozoids 7 lib]at$ by ! rupture ( ! delicate pro?allus-tissue4 ,! tra*eal %ea? af=d$ an adequate means ( wat]-supply to ! poll5-*amb] & ?is enabl$ ! motile an!rozoids to rea* ! ar*egonia4 ,/ephanosp]mum c>yoides ,oliv]#hij4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on a specim5 f 41 is a l>g] se$ 7#aee #abe mm47 & m globul> ?an ,s4 ak5ioides2 !re is a %ort] micropyl> beak & a less develop$ p]i-micropyl> tr\gh4 ,z 9 ,s4 ak5ioides ! nucellus is free f ! base & ! two species con=m to ! same g5]al type ( con/ruction4 ,! microspores are di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( only two int]nal cells :i* d n occupy ! :ole ( ! spore-cavity b are surr\nd$ by a l>ge p]iph]al cell comp>able ) ! tube-cell 9 rec5t microspores1 ?\gh !re is no pro( t a tube 0 =m$3 9 ! case ( ,s4 ak5ioides ,oliv] consid]s t f]tilisation 0 n assi/$ by ! production ( a poll5-tube4 ,! two cells by fur!r division gave rise to a second>y cell-complex consi/+ ( at lea/ eight an!rozoid-"m-cells4 ,no an!rozoids h be5 f\nd 9 ! microspores b x is possible t two small bodies1 #ag #ae1 met ) 9 a poll5-*amb] may repres5t ! nuclei ( sp]ms4 ,_! small size diff]5tiates !m f ! mu* l>g] male gametes ( ,cycads & f ! suppos$ sp]ms ( ,physo/oma & ,lag5o/oma4 ,we h no pro( z to ! nature ( ! plant :i* bore se$s ( ! ,/ephanosp]mum type1 b x is significant t ! specim5s occur 9 close association ) fragm5ts ( ,ale?opt]is & ,myeloxylon1 a circum/ance t fav\rs ! view1 bas$ on ! resemblance ( ^! se$s to ,trigonoc>pus1 t ,/ephanosp]mum is ! se$ ( a memb] ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,polylophosp]mum#hia4 ,brongni>t4 ,! type-species ,polylophosp]mum /ephan5se ,brongn4#hib1 f\nd$ on p>tially pres]v$ mat]ial f ,gr&' ,croix1 is a n>r[ hexagonal se$ #ae mm4 long4 ,additional facts z to ! /ructural features h be5 contribut$ by ,oliv]#hic4 ,! te/a is diff]5tiat$ into an inn] %ell 7scl]ote/a7 & an out] fle% 7sa1 fig4 #die1 ,c1 ,d73 ! scl]ote/a has six prom95t1 fissur$1 ribs1 "o at ea* angle1 & betwe5 ^! are six solid & less prom95t second>y ribs4 ,oliv] /ates t !re is an out] s]ies ( vascul> bundles 9 ! s>cote/a1 "o bundle imm$iately ext]nal to ea* second>y rib 7fig4 #die1 ,c1 v74 ,9 ! pres5ce ( two k9ds ( ribs & 9 ! relation ( ribs to tra*eal /r&s ,polylophosp]mum agrees ) ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni4 ,/r&s ( %ort tra*eids supply ! p]iph]al region ( ! nucellus &1 z 9 ,/ephanosp]mum1 reticulate elem5ts ext5d z f> z ! floor ( ! l>ge poll5-*amb]4 ,!re 0 probably no lat]al union betwe5 nucellus & integum5t4 ,a /rik+ feature is ! prolongation ( ! te/a at ea* end ( ! se$ to =m an op5 *amb] surr\nd+ ! micropyl> beak & ! se$-base 7fig4 #die1 ,d1 s1 s73 ! apical *amb]1 ?\gh relatively m prom95t1 is comp>able ) t 9 ,/ephanosp]mum1 :ile ! basal *amb] recalls t 9 ! se$ nam$ by ,scott & ,masl5 ,trigonoc>pus ,oliv]i#hid b subsequ5tly remov$ by ,salisbury#hie f t g5us4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! p>5t-plant ( ,polylophosp]mum1 b x may be assum$ to h be5 a ,pt]idosp]m1 probably "o ( ! ,m$ulloseae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dih4 ,a1 ,b1 ,codonosp]mum4 ,a1 ,c4 olivae=me1 longitud9al section %[+ ! se$-prop] & ! air-*amb]1 s2 pc1 poll5-*amb]4 ,b1 ,diagrammatic sket* ( a ,codonosp]mum %[+ ! vascul> supply1 v1 & ! fibr\s arcs1 f1 9 ! wall ( ! l[] "p ( ! se$4 ,c1 ,ae!ote/a elliptica1 s1 s>cote/a ) lacunae2 v1 vascul> supply4 7,aft] ,r5ault47 ,codonosp]mum#hif4 ,brongni>t4 ,our k ( ?is peculi> g5us is d]iv$ f ,brongni>t's description ( ! type-species ,codonosp]mum anomalum#hig 7fig4 #ejf1 ,b1 ,c7 f ,/ ti5ne & f ,r5ault's acc\nt ( ,c4 olivae=me#hih4 ,! se$s are globul> or ellipsoidal & rea* a l5g? ( #b cm43 ! te/a is diff]5tiat$ into an out] fle% & a scl]ote/a & has usually eight ribs4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! division ( ! se$ into two regions1 an upp] portion conta9+ ! nucellus & megaspore & a l[] portion 9 ! =m ( an empty *amb] t probably s]v$ z a float 7fig4 #dih1 ,a1 s74 ,ext]nally ! upp] half or se$-prop] =ms a depress$ cupola ) eight slightly develop$ ribs1 sep>at$ by a circul> transv]se con/riction f ! basal *amb] 7fig4 #dih1 ,b74 ,!re is a fairly l>ge poll5-*amb]1 pc1 9 :i* ,r5ault f\nd multicellul> microspores 9 ,c4 olivae=me4 ,9 ,c4 anomalum #af vascul> bundles 7fig4 #dih1 ,b1 v7 surr\nd ! c5tral region ( ! se$ probably 9 ! p]iph]al tissue ( ! nucellus2 ^! bundles unite 9 ! *alazal region to =m a /r& t passes up ! c5tre ( ! empty *amb]4 ,9 ,c4 anomalum ! te/a ( ! l[] half has eight ribs & correspond+ ) ea* rib is a /r& ( fibr\s tissue 7fig4 #dih1 ,b1 f74 ,9 ,c4 olivae=me ! te/a is ?ick] ?an 9 ,c4 anomalum & ! l[] region ( ! se$ is smoo? & circul> 9 section4 ,impressions ( ,codonosp]mum are describ$#hii f ,comm5try1 f ! ,loire--! ,g>d di/rict#ijj1 & by ,zeill]#ija f ,blanzy4 ,!re is no decisive evid5ce z to ! p>5t-plant1 b "s ,fr5* au?ors#ijb reg>d ! frequ5t association ( ,codonosp]mum ) leaves ( ,dol]ophyllum z significant4 ,ae!ote/a4 ,brongni>t4 ,ae!ote/a elliptica ,r5ault4 ,brongni>t in/itut$ ! g5us ,ae!ote/a#ijc = an incomplete se$ 7,a4 subglobosa7 f ,gr&' ,croix1 & ,r5ault#ijd subsequ5tly f\nd$ ! species ,a4 elliptica on mu* bett] mat]ial4 ,! te/a ( ! elliptical se$1 #c cm4 long1 consi/s ( an out] region v ?9 on ! flanks b highly develop$ at ! apex & base :i* =ms a s>cote/a *>act]is$ 9 ! apical region by l>ge radially dispos$ spaces1 fig4 #dih1 ,c1 s2 ! scl]ote/a1 compos$ ( h>d] tissue1 is prolong$ z an apical beak4 ,!re is a l>ge poll5-*amb]1 pc1 9 :i* ,r5ault f\nd multicellul> microspores 7#cbj-djj74 ,9 ! *alazal region ! ma9 vascul> supply =ms a cup-l inve/m5t1 v1 9 ! basal portion ( ! nucellus1 & at a high] level ?is breaks up into sev]al nucell> /r&s4 ,r5ault ?9ks t ,ae!ote/a is ! se$ ( ,dol]ophyllum1 b !re is no pro( ( any connexion4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge spaces 9 ! s>cote/a may be int]pret$1 z ,r5ault sugge/s1 z evid5ce ( adaptation to disp]sal by wat]4 ,eriote/a4 ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#ije in/itut$ ?is g5us#ijf on an incomplete transv]se section ( a se$ f ,gr&' ,croix1 #h mm4 9 diamet]1 :i* he call$ ,eriote/a velut9a1 *>act]is$ by a ribb$ & probably octagonal te/a be>+ num]\s elongat$ hairs ov] ! :ole surface4 ,! mat]ial is1 h[ev]1 too meagre to ?r[ any light on ! important features ( ! se$4 ,gaudrya4 ,gr&',eury4 ,gaudrya trivalvis ,gr&',eury4 ,! g5]ic "n ,gaudrya#ijg 0 propos$ = two petrifi$ se$s f ! ,g>d coal-field briefly describ$ z ,g4 trivalvis1 ! type-species1 & ,g4 lag5>ia4 ,! te/a ( ! =m] species %[s signs ( splitt+ along ?ree equidi/ant l9es2 x consi/s ( a s>cote/a enclos+ an endote/a ) six longitud9al ribs3 ,gr&',eury speaks ( lacunae betwe5 ! endote/a & nucellus :i* he reg>ds z spaces 9 a tissue :i* made ! se$ buoyant & facilitat$ disp]sal by wat]4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! nucellus & integum5t 7 orig9ally connect$ or lat]ally free3 ! lacunae may be ! rema9s ( an inn] fle% & n spaces 9 a spongy tissue4 ,! g5us is radiosp]mic & *>act]is$ by a long micropyle & a broad poll5-*amb]4 ,on ! available evid5ce x is difficult to assign ! specim5s to _! sy/ematic position1 b ! g5us is probably a memb] ( ! ,trigonoc>pales4 ,,iii4 ,c>dioc>pales4 ,platysp]mic se$s = ! mo/ "p belong+ to ,cordaitalean plants & agree+ 9 _! plan ( organisation1 ev5 m closely ?an ! se$s ( ! ,trigonoc>pales1 ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,! nucellus is free lat]ally f ! integum5t & !re is a s]ies ( vascul> bundles 9 ! nucellus4 ,! te/a consi/s ( an out] fle%1 ! s>cote/a1 :i* may rea* a consid]able ?ickness1 a %ell or scl]ote/a1 & 9 "s g5]a an endote/a4 ,9 se$s pres]v$ z impressions ! s>cote/a (t5 gives !m a w+$ appe>ance 7,sam>opsis74 ,! poll5-*amb] is relatively small1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! *amb] 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,a c5tral prolongation ( ! pro?allus-tissue 9 ! =m ( a blunt column or #8t5t-pole' is a *>act]i/ic feature2 ! same feature occurs 9 se$s ( ! ,lag5o/omales1 b 9 ! ,cordaitales x resembles m ne>ly ! #8t5t-pole1' z x 0 call$ by ,hirase1 9 rec5t ,cycadean se$s & 9 ,g9kgo4 ,! pres5ce ( two vascul> /r&s 9 ! s>cote/a 9 ! pr9cipal plane ( ! se$s is a "* %>$ ) ! se$s ( ,cycas3 ! position & c\rse ( ^! bundles are useful *>act]s = di/+ui%+ diff]5t types )9 ! gr\p4 ,! microspores are multicellul>4 ,g5]a4 ,c>dioc>pus2 ,cyclosp]mum2 ,cycad9oc>pus2 ,rhabdosp]mum2 ,mitrosp]mum2 ,diplote/a2 ,leptoc>yon2 ,taxosp]mum2 ,compsote/a4 ,^! g5]ic names are all us$ 9 ! foll[+ pages = se$s kn[n to possess c]ta9 anatomical features2 !re are also includ$ 9 ! ,c>dioc>pales ! g5]a ,sam>opsis1 ,cordaic>pus1 & ,rhabdoc>pus1 b x is propos$ to limit _! use to specim5s :i* furni% no anatomical data & _c !re=e be assign$ ) equal confid5ce to a section ( se$s bas$ on def9ite morphological *>act]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s at lea/ ( ! se$s describ$ "u ^! names w\ld1 if pres]v$ z petrifi$ specim5s1 be includ$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! g5]a nam$ above4 ,!re is ample pro( t "s ( ^! se$s 7 borne on ,cordaitean plants & t ! gr\p z a :ole repres5ts ! se$s ( ! ,cordaitales#ijh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t "s ,platysp]mic se$s 7 produc$ by ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,no little confusion has be5 caus$ by ! employm5t ( ! same g5]ic names = petrifi$ se$s & = ca/s & impressions af=d+ no evid5ce z to simil>ity 9 anatomical *>act]s4 ,) a view to avoid ! risks necess>ily entail$ by foll[+ ?is practice x is sugge/$ t a cle>] di/9ction %\ld be drawn betwe5 g5]a bas$ prim>ily on /ructural features & =m-g5]a4 ,! foll[+ notes on ! g5]a ,c>dioc>pus1 ,cordaic>pus1 ,cycloc>pon1 ,cycad9oc>pus1 ,jordania1 & ,sam>opsis1 may s]ve to illu/rate "s ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! t]m9ology ( ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,c>dioc>pus4 ,brongni>t#iji propos$ ! "n ,c>dioc>pon 9 #ahbh = ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s se$s describ$ z compress$ l5ticul>1 cordi=m or r5i=m #8fruits' ) an acute apex3 9 8 lat] "w#iaj he recognis$ _! true morphological nature & gave an acc\nt ( "s exceptionally well-pres]v$ examples f ,gr&' ,croix4 ,brongni>t 9 common ) o!r au?ors believ$ ,c>dioc>pus se$s to belong to ,cordaitean plants1 a view t 9 sev]al cases is bas$ on conclusive evid5ce4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eja1 ,d1 illu/rates ! *>act]i/ic =m ( a ca/ ( a ,c>dioc>pus se$1 & ! sections %[n 9 fig4 #eja1 ,a & ,b1 are f an id5tical or a v closely alli$ species4 ,! g5]ic *>act]s are3 7i7 ! pres5ce ( a n>r[ flatt5$ bord] or w+ surr\nd+ a platysp]mic nucule1 7ii7 ! cordi=m base & m or less po9t$ apex1 7iii7 ! diff]5tiation ( ! te/a into a s>cote/a & scl]ote/a free f ! nucellus except at ! base1 7iv7 ! #8t5t-pole' prolongation ( ! pro?allus 7fig4 #eaj1 ,a1 b7 & ! pres5ce ( a fairly l>ge poll5-*amb]1 pc1 7v7 ! occurr5ce ( two sets ( vascul> bundles1 an inn] nucell> s]ies & two d\ble vascul> /r&s 7fig4 #ejj1 ,a1 v1 ,b7 :i* are giv5 (f f ! ma9 supply be=e x rea*es ! scl]ote/a4 ,! t]m ,c>dioc>pus z us$ by ,brongni>t signifies a type ( se$ possess+ bo? c]ta9 anatomical & ext]nal *>act]s4 ,! proposal is to re/rict ! g5]ic appellation to se$s exhibit+ def9ite /ructural features agree+ 9 ess5tials ) ,c>dioc>pus scl]ote/a & ,c4 drupaceus4 ,cordaic>pus4 ,?is "n 0 fir/ employ$ by ,ge9itz#iaa 9 ! =m ,cordaic>pon1 ! type-species be+ ,c4 ,cordai 7fig4 #ejb1 ,c7 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,g]many1 a se$ ref]r$ by ! au?or ( ! g5us to ,cordaites pr9cipalis b1 z ,kid/on has po9t$ out1 !re is evid5ce t ?is correlation may be incorrect3 !re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt z to its ,cordaitean p>5tage4 ,specim5s includ$ 9 ?is g5us agree closely ) species ( ,c>dioc>pus1 b !y are usually describ$ z be+ di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( a flat bord] & by a m r\nd$ & less cordate base4 ,9 ! example ( ,cordaic>pus ,cordai %[n 9 fig4 #ejb1 ,c1 & 9 o!r species assign$ by au?ors to ?is g5us !re is a n>r[ bord] & ! =m ( ! base is an incon/ant "*4 ,z ,kid/on#iab & o!r au?ors po9t out1 !re are no def9ite & con/ant *>act]s by :i* to di/+ui% ,c>dioc>pus f ,cordaic>pus z reg>ds ! =m ( ! se$s pres]v$ z ca/s or impressions4 ,a fur!r acc\nt ( ,cordaic>pus is giv5 on a lat] page4 ,cordaisp]mum4 ,?is designation 0 =m]ly adopt$ by ,r5ault#iac = se$s hav+ ! =m & anatomical features ( ,c>dioc>pus :i* !re is good reason = attribut+ to ,cordaites or to "s alli$ g5us4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! majority ( ! se$s "u consid]ation are und\bt$ly ,cordaitean !re is no ne$ to employ ?is additional g5]ic "n4 ,cycloc>pon4 ,fi$l]#iad in/itut$ ?is t]m = se$s previ\sly describ$ by ,b]g] z ,c>dioc>pon em>g9atum 7fig4 #ejb1 ,b1 n[ includ$ 9 ,sam>opsis7 & add$ a new species ,cycloc>pon nummul>ium4 ,brongni>t#iae subsequ5tly describ$ ! /ructure ( two species1 ,c4 t5ue & ,c4 nummul>e1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,fi$l]'s g5us1 & ,b]tr&#iaf has %[n t ^! diff] f ! g5us ,c>dioc>pus 9 ! recurr5t c\rse ( ! bundles giv5 (f f ! *alazal /r& z 9 ! g5us ,rhabdosp]mum 7cf4 fig4 #eja1 ,e74 ,!re are no good gr\nds = reta9+ ! designation ,cycloc>pon = ca/s & impressions1 z ! specim5s s nam$ are indi/+ui%able f impressions ref]r$ to ,cordaic>pus4 ,! g5]ic "n ,cycloc>pus1 reta9$ by ,b]tr& only = ,c4 t5uis & ,c4 nummul>is simply = anatomical reasons1 is n[ alt]$ to ,cyclosp]mum on ! gr\nd t ! designation ,cycloc>pon has be5 us$ = impressions af=d+ no in=mation ) reg>d to anatomical features4 ,cycad9oc>pus4 ,r5ault#iag transf]r$ to ?is g5us ,brongni>t's species ,c>dioc>pus augu/odun5sis on ! gr\nd t ! vascul> sy/em exhibits 9 a great] degree ?an ! o!r types includ$ by ,brongni>t 9 ,c>dioc>pus a resemblance to t 9 rec5t cycadean se$s4 ,b]tr&#iah confirms ,r5ault's acc\nt & reta9s ,cycad9oc>pus augu/odun5sis z a species wor?y ( g5]ic di/9ction4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ?is se$ is giv5 on a lat] page4 ,jordania4 ,?is "n 0 giv5 by ,fi$l]#iai to compress$ ovate-cordate se$s *>act]is$ by a broad membran\s bord] be>+ a sup]ficial resemblance to ! se$s ( ,bignonia4 ,! type-species1 ,j4 bignoniodes 7fig4 #ejb1 ,i71 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,sa>brck5 has ! =m usually associat$ ) ! designation ,sam>opsis1 & z ! latt] t]m is g5]ally adopt$ !re are no adequate reasons = ! ret5tion ( ,jordania4 ,! "n ,jordania has also be5 appli$1 by ,s*5k#ibj1 to fossil ,dicotyl$on\s wood & 0 previ\sly us$ by ,boissi]#iba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dii4 ,sam>opsis em>g9ata1 f ! ,we/phalian s]ies1 ,york%ire4 7,kid/on ,coll41 #dbbg2 #b47 ,sam>opsis4 ,goepp]t#ibb def9$ ,sam>opsis z #8,fructus sam>oideus membranaceus1 compressus1 m>g9e alatus1 monosp]mus4' ,! type-species1 ,s4 ulmi=mis1 f ! ,p]mian ( ,br5au1 is a small se$ ) a broad w+ or bord]1 b a bett] example ( ,sam>opsis is figur$ by ,goepp]t z ! w+ ( an insect#ibc4 ,examples ( ! g5us are %[n 9 figs4 #ejb1 ,a-,h2 #ejc2 #ejd4 ,se$s includ$ 9 ,sam>opsis diff] f ^? ref]r$ to ,cordaic>pus 9 ! pres5ce ( a broad] & m cle>ly def9$ bord] :i* 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! g5us ,mitrosp]mum 7fig4 #did1 ,k1 ,l71 und\bt$ly repres5ts a lat]al w+-l ext5sion ( ! s>cote/a4 ,9 "s in/ances ! w+ may be a tang5tially exp&$ integum5t comp>able ) ! p]ian? ( ,welwits*ia1 & 9 "s ,jurassic se$s ref]r$ by ,he]#ibd to ,sam>opsis ! lat]al app5dages are probably true w+s4 ,x is advisable to re/rict ! designation ,sam>opsis to ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,nucules depriv$ ( ! broad bord] w\ld be ref]r$ to ,cordaic>pus z usually employ$ = impressions4 ,! g5]ic "n ,sam>opsis s]ves a useful purpose z a di/9ctive t]m = platysp]mic se$s pres]v$ z ca/s or impressions *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a wide bord] or w+ broad] ?an 9 typical examples ( ,cordaic>pus4 ,! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #dii af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,sam>opsis & ,cordaic>pus4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! bord] cle>ly consi/s ( two portions1 an inn] n>r[] bord] 7black 9 ! draw+7 & an out] m delicate portion2 ! =m] is ! impression ( ! scl]ote/a & ! out] repres5ts ! fle%y s>cote/a :i* 9 ! liv+ se$ may h =m$ a w+4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! se$ 7 pres]v$ ) ! n>r[ bord] only x w\ld be assign$ to ,cordaic>pus1 _m species ( :i* are und\bt$ly incomplete ,sam>opsis se$s4 ,! se$s describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,c>dioc>pon acutum 7fig4 #ddd1 p4 #aga7 h be5 made by ,arb]#ibe ! type ( a new g5us ,cornuc>pus1 ! di/+ui%+ feature be+ ! triangul> =m & ! apical horns ( ! w+4 ,! se$s figur$ by ,arb]#ibf f ! ,k5t coalfield z ,cornuc>pus acutus are1 h[ev]1 n id5tical ) ! type ( ,l9dley & ,hutton1 :i* has ! *>act]s ( ,sam>opsis4 ,sam>opsis is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica & is record$ also f ,india#ibg 7fig4 #ejd71 ,*9a#ibh1 ,s\? ,africa#ibi 7fig4 #ejc71 ,s\? ,am]ica#icj 7fig4 #ejb1 ,f1 ,g7 & ,au/ralia#ica4 ,"s se$s ( ?is =m 7 c]ta9ly borne on ,cordaitean plants 7cf4 fig4 #dhj1 ,a71 b se$s ( simil> type h be5 f\nd 9 organic connexion ) ! foliage ( ,pt]idosp]ms 7figs4 #ddb1 #dde1 pp4 #afg1 #agb74 ,! ,p]mian #8cone-scales' be>+ se$s describ$ by ,ge9itz z ,c>dioc>pon triangul>e#icb1 repres5t$ by well pres]v$ impressions 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum1 appe> to be ( ! ,sam>opsis type3 ! same au?or ref]r$ "s ,sam>opsis se$s to ! ,conif] ,wal*ia1 b ,weiss#icc diss5ts f ?is correlation z ! se$s (t5 occur 9 b$s 9 :i* ,wal*ia is n repres5t$4 ,r5ault /ates t ! se$s ( ! f]tile %oot describ$ by him z ,cycadospadix ,mill]y5sis#icd f ,autun ,/robilites ,mill]y5sis 7,r547 closely resemble ,sam>opsis fluitans ,daws4 z figur$ by ,weiss4 ,! sugge/ion by ,:ite#ice t ,sam>opsis se$s 7 borne on f]tile leaves ( ,gangamopt]is adds a fur!r difficulty to ! use ( ! g5]ic *>act]s ( ,sam>opsis z crit]ia ( sy/ematic position4 ,! ,p]mian se$s figur$ by ,goepp]t#icf z ,oreodoxites ,m>tianus are possibly specim5s ( ,sam>opsis4 ,! designation ,sam>opsis1 ?\gh usually re/rict$ to ,palaeozoic species1 is appli$ by "s au?ors to #8w+$' se$s f ,mesozoic /rata2 b z "s ( ! ,jurassic se$s#icg s nam$ appe> to h true w+s l ^? ( "s rec5t ,conif]s x is advisable to adh]e to ! m limit$ use ( ! "n4 ,x is safe to ass]t t _m ,sam>opsis se$s agre$ g5]ally 9 /ructure ) ,cordaitean se$s su* z ! petrifi$ examples describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,c>dioc>pus4 ,! species ,mitrosp]mum compressum#ich is an example ( a petrifi$ se$ hav+ ! ext]nal features ( ,sam>opsis4 ,c>dioc>pus4 ,?is g5]ic title ,i propose to re/rict to petrifi$ se$s exhibit+ ! *>act]s describ$ by ,brongni>t#ici & m rec5tly by ,b]tr&#idj 9 ,c4 scl]ote/a & ,c4 drupaceus4 ,9 g5]al organisation se$s ( ?is g5]ic type agree ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads & ) ! se$ ( ,g9kgo biloba1 b !re are c]ta9 di/+ui%+ features4 ,an important "* is af=d$ by ! c\rse & place ( orig9 ( ! l[] vascul> /r&s f ! ma9 supply at ! base ( ! se$4 ,! out] vascul> sy/em consi/s ( two bundles giv5 (f f ! ma9 /r&1 be=e x rea*es ! scl]ote/a1 :i* pass up ! s>cote/a 7fig4 #ejj1 ,b74 ,9 ,rhabdosp]mum1 on ! o!r h&1 ! correspond+ bundles arise at a high] level & =m recurr5t /r&s :i* p5etrate ! scl]ote/a be=e pass+ up ! fle%y "p ( ! integum5t 7cf4 fig4 #eja1 ,e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejj4 ,c>dioc>pus drupaceus v>4 expansus4 ,a1 transv]se section ( ! te/a approximately 9 ! middle ( ! se$2 v1 vascul> bundles4 ,b1 diagrammatic sket*1 adapt$ f ,brongni>t's draw+ ( ! base ( ! se$ %[+ ! s>cote/a1 sa1 ! scl]ote/a1 sc1 & ! pad ( vascul> tissue1 d1 at ! base ( ! nucellus4 7,aft] ,brongni>t47 ,c>dioc>pus scl]ote/a ,brongni>t4 ,! te/a is diff]5tiat$ into an inn] %ell & an out] s>cote/a 7fig4 #eja1 ,a2 ! scl]ote/a is %[n 9 black72 !re is a well develop$ poll5-*amb] 7pc7 & bel[ ?is ! pro?allus-tissue is prolong$ z a blunt & %ort t5t-pole1 b1 z 9 ,g+ko & 9 sev]al fossil se$s4 ,on ea* side ( ! apical t5t-pole ! slightly %runk5 pro?allus %[s two small ar*egonia1 a1 :i* 9 ! relatively small size & sph]ical =m ( ! egg-cells resemble ^? ( ,g9kgo4 ,9 transv]se section 7fig4 #eja1 ,b7 ! se$ is bi-convex & at ea* end ( ! major axis ! scl]ote/a =ms a small keel4 ,!re are two sets ( vascul> bundles conc]n$ 9 ! supply ( mat]ial to ! ovule2 a l[] pair ( bundles giv5 (f f ! c5tral /r& 9 ! s>cote/a 7fig4 #ejj1 ,b7 :i* pass to ! apical region 9 ! inn] tissues ( ! s>cote/a 9 ! pr9cipal plane 7fig4 #ejj1 ,a1 v71 & an inn] set ( bundles t pass up ! p]iph]al tissue ( ! nucellus4 ,! species describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,c>dioc>pus 7,cycloc>pus7 t5uis & ,c4 nummul>is h be5 remov$ by ,b]tr&#ida f ,c>dioc>pus on ! gr\nd t ! integum5tal bundles pursue a c\rse l t 9 ,rhabdosp]mum2 x is n[ ref]r$ to ! new g5us ,cyclosp]mum#idb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eja4 ,a1 ,c>dioc>pus scl]ote/a 9 longitud9al section2 pc1 poll5-*amb]1 b1 t5t-pole1 a1 ar*egonia4 ,b1 transv]se section2 a1 ar*egonia4 ,d1 ca/ ( ! same or a simil> type ( se$4 ,c1 ,e1 ,rhabdosp]mum cycloc>yon1 longitud9al section & a diagrammatic sket* ( ! se$-base2 m1 micropyle2 b1 t5t-pole2 a1 ar*egonium4 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 aft] ,brongni>t2 ,d1 aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]2 ,e1 adapt$ f ,brongni>t47 ,cyclosp]mum4 ,g54 nov4 7 ,cycloc>pus ,b]tr&74 ,z /at$ on a previ\s page ,b]tr&#idc re-e/abli%es ! g5]ic "n ,cycloc>pus1 f\nd$ on impressions )\t ref]5ce to anatomical *>act]s1 = two petrifi$ se$s f ,/ ti5ne describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,c>dioc>pus t5uis & ,cycloc>pus nummul>is#idd4 ,^! types diff] f ,rhabdosp]mum 9 ! abs5ce ( an apical sn\t b agree ) t g5us 9 ! /eeply desc5d+ c\rse ( ! vascul> /r&s 9 ! basal region ( ! se$4 ,z /at$ on a previ\s page1 ! "n ,cyclosp]mum is propos$ z a sub/itute = ,cycloc>pus because ( ! employm5t ( ! latt] t]m = impressions4 ,cycad9oc>pus4 ,s*imp]#ide4 ,cycad9oc>pus augu/udun5sis 7,brongni>t#idf74 ,9 ! possession ( two sets ( vascul> bundles ?is type agrees ) ,c>dioc>pus1 b ! m int]nal /r&s pass up on ! inn] face ( ! scl]ote/a )\t p5etrat+ into ! nucellus1 a feature 9 :i* ,cycad9oc>pus agrees ) ! majority ( rec5t cycadean se$s3 ! out] bundles are giv5 (f f ! ma9 supply aft] x has ent]$ ! scl]ote/a & n be=e z 9 ,c>dioc>pus2 !y foll[ an oblique c\rse 9 ! scl]ote/a & em]ge into ! s>cote/a at ! %\ld]s ( ! basal curve ( ! se$4 ,z 9 ,c>dioc>pus & ,rhabdosp]mum ! two out] bundles lie 9 ! pr9cipal plane ( ! se$4 ,!re is a poll5-*amb] at ! apex ( ! nucellus & ! latt] tissue is prolong$ z a t5t-pole :i* engages ) ! micropyle4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( data z to ! c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles 9 ! *alazal region x w\ld n be possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ?is g5us & ,c>dioc>pus4 ,rhabdoc>pus ,b]g] & ,rhabdosp]mum g54 nov4 ,x is propos$ to re/rict ! "n ,rhabdoc>pus#idg to impressions & ca/s ( se$s ( ! type repres5t$ by ,r4 tunicatus z figur$ by ,b]g]#idh & reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,k1 ! t]m ,rhabdosp]mum be+ appli$ to se$s ( simil> =m 9 :i* are %[n c]ta9 di/+ui%+ anatomical features4 ,rhabdoc>pus tunicatus ,b]g] is a species f\nd$ on a specim5 f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,silesia *>act]is$ by an out] c>bonis$ te/a prolong$ apically z a blunt sn\t &1 z se5 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,k1 cov]+ an app>5tly ribb$ nucule1 b ! #8ribs' are due to ! pres5ce ( fibr\s /r&s & are n ribs 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,! out] tissue %[s num]\s longitud9al /riations due presumably to ! pres5ce ( fibr\s elem5ts 9 ! s>cote/a l ^? %[n 9 ! petrifi$ se$ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eja1 ,c4 ,! g5us is def9$ by ,b]g] z foll[s3 #8,sem9a ovata vel elliptico-oblonga secundum longitud9em p>allele n]vosa vel t5uissime /riata1 putam9e 7int]dum defici5te7 in/ructa4' ,z us$ by ,b]g] & _m o!r au?ors ,rhabdoc>pus includes a miscellane\s collection ( se$s (t5 diff]+ widely f ! type-species4 ,_m ( ! examples correctly ref]r$ to ,b]g]'s g5us are platysp]mic ?\gh a bilat]al symmetry is by no means always cle>4 ,r5ault & ,zeill]#idi 9 _! def9ition ( ,rhabdoc>pus include bilat]al symmetry z a *>act]i/ic feature & speak ( ! se$s z oblong or oval ) a po9t$ or truncate apex & a r\nd$ base4 ,impressions ( ,rhabdoc>pus diff] f ^? ( ,c>dioc>pus or ,cordaic>pus 9 _! m elongate =m1 always long] ?an broad1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( a basal s9us4 ,! se$s f\nd atta*$ to ,neuropt]is p9nae &1 9 ext]nal features1 agree+ ) _m specim5s includ$ 9 ,b]g]'s g5us1 h be5 transf]r$ by ,p4 ,b]tr&#iej & ,arb]#iea to a new g5us ,neurosp]mum#ieb4 ,arb]#iec 9 8 rec5t revision ( ,briti% se$s proposes to re/rict ! "n ,rhabdoc>pus to platysp]mic se$s hav+ a #8l>ge unsymmetrical nucule enclos$ 9 a l>ge unsymmetrical w+ or s>cote/a1' t is to =ms symmetrical 9 "o plane4 ,9 ?is category he includes ,rhabdoc>pus tunicatus ,b]g4 7fig4 #ejf1 ,k7 & ,r4 subtunicatus#ied ,gr&',eury1 b x is n cle> on :at gr\nds ,b]g]'s species is spok5 ( z symmetrical 9 only "o plane3 9 ! species ,r4 ,lilleanus ,arb4#iee ! symmetry is h>dly suffici5tly well def9$ to rank z a g5]ic "*4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,neuropt]is se$s ! apical sn\t is slightly curv$1 ?us giv+ !m an unsymmetrical appe>ance 7cf4 fig4 #dbb1 p4 #aad74 ,! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian se$s usually ref]r$ to ,rhabdoc>pus are transf]r$ by ,arb] to 8 g5us ,platysp]mum#ief1 a designation = :i* x is propos$ to sub/itute ,na?or/'s g5us ,holcosp]mum#ieg4 ,9 se$s pres]v$ z m or less flatt5$ impressions x is practically impossible 9 _m cases accurately to det]m9e ! symmetry3 z fig4 #ejf1 ,a1 %[s1 ca/s indi/+ui%able f "s examples ( ,platysp]mum are radially symmetrical4 ,brongni>t#ieh ext5d$ ! orig9al def9ition ( ,rhabdoc>pus to include c]ta9 anatomical *>act]s1 & ^! h be5 m fully def9$ by ,b]tr&#iei4 ,x is = se$s %[+ ^! anatomical features t ! "n ,rhabdosp]mum is n[ propos$4 ,?is c\rse is foll[$ on ! gr\nd t x is advisable to avoid confusion betwe5 petrifi$ specim5s & impressions :i* 9 spite ( sup]ficial resemblance may n be closely relat$4 ,9 "s cases x is practically c]ta9 t an impression ( ! ,rhabdoc>pus type is g5]ically id5tical ) a se$ ( simil> =m %[+ ! anatomical /ructure ( ,rhabdosp]mum1 b unless id5tity is e/abli%$ a di/9ct t]m9ology is pref]able4 ,! use ( ! g5]ic "n ,rhabdosp]mum c>ries ) x an implication ( platysp]my1 b "u ,rhabdoc>pus may be includ$ se$s :i* are radiosp]mic & platysp]mic4 ,"s se$s agree+ ) ,rhabdosp]mum are ref]r$ by ,gr&',eury#ifj to ,poroxylon1 & x is probable t ,rhabdosp]mum l ,c>dioc>pus is a ,cordaitean se$4 ,on ! o!r h& ,rhabdoc>pus may well include species1 ap>t f ^? transf]r$ to ,neurosp]mum1 t belong to ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,a species1 ,rhabdoc>pus ,oliv]i1 rec5tly describ$ by ,kid/on#ifa f ! ,/af=d%ire coalfield is an example ( a radiosp]mic se$ :i* may be assign$ to a ,pt]idosp]m4 ,! type-specim5 is an ovate se$ #d cm4 long & #b cm4 broad agree+ 9 =m & surface-features ) ,rhabdoc>pus z already def9$1 b ! evid5ce x af=ds ( int]nal /ructure is insuffici5t to det]m9e its position ) reg>d to g5]a f\nd$ on anatomical *>act]s4 ,o!r examples ( ,rhabdoc>pus are describ$ by ,lesqu]eux#ifb & ,:ite#ifc f ,am]ican ,coal ,measures1 by ,gr&',eury#ifd f ! ,loire1 by ,r5ault#ife f ,autun1 & by _m o!r au?ors4 ,rhabdosp]mum4 ,g54 nov4 ,! platysp]mic se$s includ$ 9 ?is g5us agree 9 size & =m ) impressions assign$ to ,rhabdoc>pus & z reg>ds ! ma9 features con=m anatomically to ,c>dioc>pus2 !y 7 probably borne on ,cordaitean plants4 ,fig4 #eja1 ,c1 repres5ts a longitud9al section ( ! species ,rhabdosp]mum cycloc>yon describ$ by ,brongni>t z ,rhabdoc>pus cycloc>yon3 ! s>cote/a is p>ticul>ly well develop$ 9 ! apical region2 at ! apex a portion ( ! micropyle is se5 at m & ne> ! nucellus are pieces ( ! scl]ote/a %[n 9 black4 ,! pres5ce ( ana/omos+ fibres ne> ! surface is a *>act]i/ic feature3 ^!1 z ,b]tr& po9ts out1 d n =m a hypod]mal tissue 9 ! /rict s5se z !y may be sep>at$ by "s ( ! ?9-wall$ p>5*yma ( ! s>cote/a f ! epid]mis4 ,! scl]ote/a is only p>tially pres]v$ b ! inn] portion =ms a d>k l9e enclos+ ! nucellus1 ! sup]ficial tissue ( :i* is sep>at$ f ! %runk5 pro?allus repres5t$ by ! almo/ sph]ical dott$ region3 ! rema9s ( an ar*egonium are se5 at a 7fig4 #eja1 ,c7 & ! *>act]i/ic t5t-pole apex ( ! pro?allus is %[n at b4 ,:ile 9 %ape & 9 ! g5]al plan ( organisation ,rhabdosp]mum agrees ) ,c>dioc>pus1 ! vascul> sy/em 9 ! *alazal region con/itutes a di/+ui%+ feature4 ,9 ,rhabdosp]mum ! ma9 vascul> /r& passes ?r\gh ! scl]ote/a1 e1 e1 fig4 #eja1 ,e1 be=e giv+ (f two bundles :i* b5d back 7#8faisceaux rcurr5ts'71 trav]se ! %ell1 & !n pass up ! s>cote/a 9 correspond5ce ) ! feebly develop$ lat]al keels z f> z ! micropyle1 :ile 9 ,c>dioc>pus 7fig4 #ejj1 ,b7 ! bundles are giv5 (f be=e ! ma9 /r& rea*es ! scl]ote/a4 ,simil> recurr5t bundles occur also 9 ,mitrosp]mum 7fig4 #did1 ,k7#ifg4 ,mitrosp]mum4 ,a4 ,arb]4 ,mitrosp]mum compressum 7,williamson74 ,mrs ,arb]#ifh propos$ ! "n ,mitrosp]mum#ifi1 sugge/$ by ! peculi> =m ( ! se$-base1 z a sub/itute = ,c>dioc>pon = ,williamson's species ,c4 compressum#igj f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire4 ,! se$ is platysp]mic & !re is "s evid5ce t x split into two valves along ! pr9cipal plane 7! long] axis ( ! section1 fig4 #did1 ,l74 ,! diagrammatic & p>tially re/or$ longitud9al section reproduc$ 9 fig4 #did1 ,k1 %[s ! ma9 features3 a s>cote/a1 sa1 cov]s ! surface ( ! te/a z a ?9 lay] except at ! edges ( ! flatt5$ sides :]e x =ms a w+-l bord]2 pres]v$ z an impression ! se$ w\ld be assign$ to ,sam>opsis4 ,! scl]ote/a1 sc1 has a po9t$ apex :i* surr\nds ! l[] ?ird ( ! micropyle & a broad base p]=at$ by ! *alazal vascul> /r&4 ,!re 0 probably a n>r[ inn] fle% z 9 ,trigonoc>pus & rec5t ,cycadean se$s 7fig4 #did1 ,k1 cf74 ,! nucellus 0 free f ! integum5t except at ! base1 z 9 ,trigonoc>pus & ,/ephanosp]mum 7fig4 #did1 ,k1 n73 int]nal to ! %rivell$ rema9s ( ! inn] fle% !re 0 a nucell> tapetum surr\nd+ ! megaspore4 ,details z to ! poll5-*amb] are lack+ ?\gh !re are indications t x resembl$ t ( "s species ( ,cordaitean se$s4 ,! ma9 vascul> supply passes ?r\gh ! scl]ote/a & !n =ms a l[ cu%ion ( %ort reticulate elem5ts bel[ ! base ( ! nucellus f :i* two bundles are giv5 (f 7fig4 #did1 ,k1 v7 9 ! pr9cipal plane4 ,! c\rse ( ! bundles :i* pi]ce ! scl]ote/a l$ ,mrs ,arb] to remove ?is se$ f ,c>dioc>pus1 z rec5tly def9$ by ,b]tr&#iga1 s9ce 9 t g5us ! integum5tal bundles h _! orig9 bel[ ! scl]ote/a4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles ,mitrosp]mum is int]m$iate betwe5 ,rhabdosp]mum & ,taxosp]mum4 ,?is g5us is f\nd$ on a deta*$ se$1 b its resemblance to und\bt$ ,cordaitean species fav\rs its attribution to t gr\p ?\gh1 z ,mrs ,arb] po9ts out1 "s m>k$ly platysp]mic se$s are kn[n to h be5 borne on f]n-l fronds & ,mitrosp]mum may belong to "s g5us ( ,pt]idosp]ms4 ,diplote/a4 ,brongni>t4 ,diplote/a ,gr&',euryana ,brongni>t4 ,! g5]ic "n ,diplote/a1 sugge/$ by ,gr&',eury1 0 giv5 by ,brongni>t#igb to a ,gr&' ,croix se$ :i* he comp>$ ) t ( ! ,conif] ,cephalotaxus4 ,! type-specim5 is elliptical & platysp]mic 7fig4 #die1 ,h1 p4 #cbb71 & diff]s f ,taxosp]mum 9 ! cordate =m ( ! se$-cavity1 also 9 ! m re/rict$ union ( nucellus & te/a4 ,! te/a is diff]5tiat$ into a s>cote/a 7sa7 & scl]ote/a1 & ! latt] =ms two feebly develop$ keels 9 ! pr9cipal plane3 a *>act]i/ic feature %>$ ) ,mitrosp]mum is ! splitt+ ( ! %ell into two equal valves 7fig4 #die1 ,f74 ,fig4 #die1 ,h1 %[s ! contract$ cyl9drical nucellus & ! poll5-*amb]3 ! s>cote/a 7sa7 is only p>tially pres]v$4 ,diplote/a diff]s f ,c>dioc>pus 9 ! c\rse ( ! integum5tal vascul> bundles :i* are ( ! type illu/rat$ by ,rhabdosp]mum1 ,taxosp]mum1 & ,cycloc>pus1 b f ^! g5]a x is di/+ui%$ by ! dehisc5ce ( ! %ell1 also by its =m & c]ta9 anatomical features z describ$ by ,brongni>t & ,b]tr&#igc4 ,9 ?is g5us ,b]tr& includes ,brongni>t's species ,s>cotaxus avellana 7fig4 #die1 ,f71 a correlation sugge/$ by ! latt] au?or4 ,leptoc>yon4 ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#igd f\nd$ ?is g5us = a s+le species1 ,leptoc>yon avellana1 repres5t$ by a ,gr&' ,croix specim5 #ab #aj mm41 :i* he believ$ to be relat$ to ,taxus4 ,leptoc>yon diff]s f ,taxosp]mum 9 ! /ructure ( ! te/a1 b resembles x 9 ext]nal features4 ,b]tr&#ige 9 8 revision & ext5sion ( ,brongni>t's acc\nt says t ! sections ?r[ no light on ! nature ( ! vascul> supply1 & x is !re=e impossible to =m a satisfactory op9ion z to ! relation%ips ( ! g5us4 ,r5ault#igf ref]r$ ?is g5us to ! ,cordaitales1 b we h no evid5ce z to ! p>5t-plant4 ,taxosp]mum4 ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#igg gave ?is "n to a small elliptical se$1 #aei mm41 recall+ 9 ext]nal features ! se$ ( ,taxus1 a g5us to :i* he believ$ ! ,gr&' ,croix species to be relat$4 ,! type-species ,taxosp]mum ,grn]i 7fig4 #die1 ,g7 has a comp>atively ?9 te/a *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( a sub-*alazal pad =m$ by ! swell+ ( ! scl]ote/a4 ,! nucellus is atta*$ by a broad base to ! te/a & ! two regions appe> to be connect$ = a %ort di/ance on ! flanks#igh2 9 ?is feature ! se$ is comp>able ) t ( ! ,conif] ,torreya & diff]s f ! o!r platysp]ms1 ,diplote/a1 ,rhabdosp]mum1 etc4 ,b]tr&#igi /ates t ! ma9 vascul> /r& ext5ds f ! hilum to ! *alaza be=e giv+ (f ! two opposite bundles :i* #8foll[ ! floor ( ! %ell-cavity1 & on rea*+ ! flanks trav]se ! %ell obliquely f bel[ upw>ds#ihj4' ,9 ! c\rse & position ( ! integum5tal bundles ,taxosp]mum diff]s f ,c>dioc>pus1 ,cycad9oc>pus1 & ,rhabdosp]mum4 ,9 ?is g5us ,b]tr& includes ,s>cotaxus angulosus ,brongn4 & ,s4 olivae=mis ,brongn4#iha ,compsote/a4 ,b]tr& ex ,brongni>t ,,ms4 ,compsote/a ,brongni>ti ,b]tr&4 ,! g5]ic "n ,compsote/a#ihb1 ?\gh adopt$ by ,brongni>t = "s incomplete specim5s f ,gr&' ,croix1 0 n publi%$ ei!r by him or ,r5ault3 x has rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ,b]tr&#ihc 9 8 acc\nt ( ! anatomical details ( ,brongni>t's sections4 ,?is se$ appe>s to be closely alli$ to ! polypt]\s =ms ,pty*ote/a & ,hexapt]osp]mum3 ! te/a consi/s ( a s>cote/a diff]5tiat$ into two zones ! out] ( :i* conta9s vascul> bundles 9 correspond5ce ) ! ribs1 & an inn] %ell4 ,!re is a nucell> vascul> supply & ! nucellus is free on ! flanks z 9 ,/ephanosp]mum & ,trigonoc>pus4 ,sam>opsis4 ,goepp]t4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s g5us h already be5 describ$3 ! "n has ref]5ce only to sup]ficial features especially ! sam>a-l #8w+1' & connotes no special anatomical features4 ,sam>opsis fluitans 7,dawson74 ,! species describ$ by ,dawson#ihd z ,c>dioc>pum fluitans f ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,nova ,scotia1 is repres5t$ by oval se$s ) a fairly broad bord] usually %[+ an apical not*4 ,fig4 #ejb1 ,a1 is a copy ( ,dawson's figure3 ! app>5t abs5ce ( an apical s9us 9 ! #8w+' is probably due ei!r to an error 9 int]pretation or to "s imp]fection 9 ! specim54 ,z fig4 #ejb1 ,a1 %[s1 ! type-specim5s are f> f satisfactory1 & x may be t !y are n specifically id5tical ) ! m complete specim5s f ,european /rata ref]r$ to ,dawson's species4 ,zeill]#ihe po9ts out t se$s ( ?is species v>y consid]ably 9 size1 b !re is always 9 well-pres]v$ examples a bifid beak at ! apex4 ,se$s ( simil> =m ?\gh n specifically id5tical are describ$ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,miss\ri z ,c>dioc>pon 7,sam>opsis7 ,brann]i ,fair*4 & ,:ite#ihf4 ,good examples ( ,s4 fluitans are figur$ by ,weiss#ihg f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,sa>brck5 & ! species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s b$s g5]ally4 ,sam>opsis bicaudata ,kid/on4 ,?is species 7fig4 #ejb1 ,e7 orig9ally describ$#ihh f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,scotl& z ,c>dioc>pus bicaudata & subsequ5tly assign$ to ,sam>opsis1 is *>act]is$ by a great] developm5t ( ! flat w+-l bord] :i* is divid$ into two long tap]+ basal lobes4 ,se$s ( simil> =m are figur$ by ,lesqu]eux#ihi f ,p5nsylvania z ,c>dioc>pus 7,ptiloc>pus7 bicornutus4 ,sam>opsis 7,sam>osp]mum7 moravica 7,helmha*]74 ,?is type#iij 7fig4 #ejb1 ,h7 is *>act]is$ by ! great l5g? ( ! w+-l bord] & on t acc\nt x 0 transf]r$ by ,arb] to a new g5us4 ,x 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,helmha*] f ! ,p]mian ( ,moravia z ,jordania moravica & ! type-specim5 has be5 refigur$ by ,zeill]#iia :o records ! species f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian rocks 9 ,france3 x is record$ also f sev]al localities 9 ,g]many#iib4 ,se$s figur$ by ,potoni#iic f ! ,p]mian ( ,?ur+ia z ,sam>opsis ,crampii 7,h>tt7 are und\bt$ly examples ( ,s4 moravica3 ! true ,s4 ,crampii has rec5tly be5 well illu/rat$ by ,dr ,/opes#iid f ! ,we/phalian ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,! species is record$ by ,arb]#iie f ! ,k5t coalfield4 ,sam>opsis em>g9ata 7,goepp]t & ,b>g]74 ,! se$ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ejb1 ,b1 f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures ( ,kilm>nock1 ,scotl&#iif1 af=ds a good example ( ! g5us3 ! species 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,b]g] z ,c>dioc>pon em>g9atum & x 0 on ?is type t ,fi$l] f\nd$ ! g5us ,cycloc>pon#iig4 ,x has be5 ref]r$ by _m au?ors to ,c>dioc>pon & might be reg>d$ z a type int]m$iate betwe5 ,cordaic>pus1 z us$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & ,sam>opsis1 ?\gh ! bread? ( ! bord] is m 9 keep+ ) ! latt] designation4 ,! figur$ specim5 is #af cm4 long & #ad cm4 broad2 ! nucule has a slightly cordate base & %[s sev]al fa9t conv]g+ ribs :i* are too inconspicu\s to be repres5t$ 9 a natural-size draw+4 ,a n>r[ m$ian groove 9 ! apical region %[s ! position ( a vascul> /r&4 ,! species is record$ f sev]al c\ntries3 simil> ?\gh specifically di/9ct se$s1 describ$ by ,dawson z ,c>dioc>pon cornutum1 h rec5tly be5 re-describ$ by ,dr ,/opes#iih f ! ,we/phalian ( ,new ,brunswick :]e !y occur 9 association ) ! leaves ( ,cordaites ,robbii ,daws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejb4 ,a1 ,sam>opsis fluitans4 ,b1 ,sam>opsis em>g9ata4 ,c1 ,d1 ,cordaic>pus ,cordai4 ,e1 ,sam>opsis bicaudata4 ,f1 ,sam>opsis ,seixasi4 ,g1 ,sam>opsis b>cellosa4 ,h1 ,sam>opsis moravica4 ,i1 ,sam>opsis bignonioides4 ,k1 ,sam>opsis ,newb]ryi4 7,a1 aft] ,dawson2 ,b1 ,r4 ,k4 #aegf2 ,c1 ,r4 ,k4 #ahii2 ,d1 ,r4 ,k4 #dfdg2 ,e1 aft] ,kid/on2 ,f1 ,g1 aft] ,:ite2 ,h1 aft] ,zeill]2 ,i1 aft] ,fi$l]2 ,k1 ,r4 ,k4 #bcac4 ,all nat4 size47 ,sam>opsis ,newb]ryi ,&rews4 ,?is species 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,&rews#iii f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,ohio3 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ejb1 ,k1 0 s5t to ,dr ,kid/on by ,mr ,claypole4 ,! :ole se$ is #e cm4 wide & #ce cm4 9 dep?2 x is *>act]is$ by a %ort & relatively broad nucule surr\nd$ by a v broad & flat bord] %[+ fa9tly m>k$ radially dispos$ l9es & 9 places "s irregul>ly di/ribut$ pits4 ,! apex is em>g9ate & !re is a broad & deep s9us 9 ! s>cote/a 9 ! *alazal region4 ,! se$ resembles ,sam>opsis alata ,kid/4#ajjj & ,s4 ,baileyi 7,daws47#ajja b x diff]s f ^! 9 ! great] bread? ( ! #8w+' & 9 ! =m ( ! nucule4 ,! se$ describ$ by ,fi$l]#ajjb z ,jordania bignonioides 7fig4 #ejb1 ,i7 agrees closely ) ,s4 alata ,kid/4 b is probably specifically di/9ct4 ,sam>opsis b>cellosa 7,:ite74 ,:ite#ajjc describ$ ?is species 7fig4 #ejb1 ,g7 f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s rocks 9 ,brazil 7,rio ,gr&e d ,sul7 z ,c>dioc>pon b>cellosum4 ,! nucule is said to be cordate b1 z se5 9 ! figure1 !re is no cle> indication ( a basal s9us3 ! pres5ce ( a relatively broad #8w+1' z ,:ite says1 entitles ! se$ #8to a place 9 ! ,sam>opsis section ( ! g5us4' ,! au?or ( ! species comp>es x ) se$s describ$ f ,we/phalian rocks 9 ,ohio#ajjd & ,p5nsylvania#ajje4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d a type :i* is common 9 bo? ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! we/]n portion ( ,gondwana ,l&4 ,se$s ( simil> =m are record$ also f ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia#ajjf4 ,sam>opsis ,seixasi 7,:ite74 ,?is ,brazilian species f ! same b$s is describ$ by ,:ite z ,gangamopt]is 7,sam>opsis7 ,seixasi#ajjg3 x is *>act]is$ by a small ovate nucule #h-aj mm4 long & #e mm4 broad1 9 "s specim5s surr\nd$ by a complete #8w+' ext5d+ above ! apex & bel[ ! base1 giv+ ! se$ an appe>ance simil> to t ( ,sam>opsis 7,sam>osp]mum7 moravica :ile sometimes1 z 9 ! example %[n 9 fig4 #ejb1 ,f1 ! broad bord] is pres]v$ only at ! sides4 ,^! se$s are abundant 9 ! ,santa ,ca?>9a b$s1 :]e !y 7 discov]$ by ,dr ,esdras d ,prado ,seixas1 9 association ) leaves ( ,gangamopt]is1 & ,:ite ?9ks t !y 7 borne on ! f]tile leaves ( t g5us :i* he has nam$ ,arb]ia#ajjh4 ,al?\gh !re is z yet no pro( ( a connexion betwe5 ,gangamopt]is & se$s ( ?is or any o!r type x is almo/ c]ta9 t x 0 a se$-produc+ plant4 ,sam>opsis ,leslii sp4 nov4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejc4 ,sam>opsis ,leslii4 ,f ,v]e5ig+1 ,s4 ,africa4 7,mr ,leslie's ,collection2 nat4 size47 ,! se$ on :i* ?is species is f\nd$ 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,t4 ,n4 ,leslie 9 ! ,ecca b$s 7,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s7 ( ,v]e5ig+1 ,s\? ,africa1 a locality f :i* ! same geologi/ has obta9$ leaves ( ,cordaites1 ,psygmophyllum1 ,glossopt]is & o!r g5]a#ajji4 ,9 ! slightly cordate base & tap]$ apex 7fig4 #ejc7 ! nucule agrees closely ) ^? ( ,european examples1 b ! ,v]e5ig+ type is di/+ui%$ by its l>g] dim5sions & by ! wid] bord] indicat+ a ?ick s>cote/a cont9u$ basally into a /\t /alk4 ,! apex is em>g9ate & a m$ian rib m>ks ! position ( a vascul> /r&4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! p>5t-plant4 ,sam>opsis indica 7,zeill]74 ,pr(4 ,zeill]#ajaj describ$ ?is species z ,c>dioc>pus indicus f ! ,k>h>b>i 7,l[] ,gondwana7 b$s ( ,india4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s enables me to confirm ! accuracy ( ! orig9al acc\nt4 ,! platysp]mic se$ is #ee cm4 long & #de cm4 broad2 a cordate nucule is enclos$ by a flat bord] simil> to t ( ,sam>opsis ,leslii b n>r[] especially on ! sides ( ! nucule4 ,at ! apex !re is a deep s9us ext5d+ to ! nucule1 & at ! base a fairly broad b& ( c>bonace\s matt] %[s ! position ( ! *alazal vascul> /r&4 ,! se$ is *>act]is$ by its l>ge size & by its almo/ orbicul> =m3 x occurs z a deta*$ specim5 9 b$s conta9+ ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 & ,glossopt]is4 ,a species f ,arkansas describ$ by ,lesqu]eux#ajaa z ,c>dioc>pus +5s ,cordaic>pus +5s 7,lesq47 af=ds ano!r example ( a l>ge se$ simil> to ,c4 indicus &1 except 9 its m orbicul> =m1 to ,sam>opsis ,leslii4 ,sam>opsis ,mill]i 7,fei/mantel74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejd4 ,sam>opsis ,mill]i4 7,indian ,geological ,survey1 ,calcutta2 nat4 size47 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 f ! ,calcutta ,museum enables me to amplify ! orig9al description 9 an important p>ticul>4 ,! species 0 f\nd 9 ,l[] ,gondwana 7,ka?>b>i7 b$s 9 ,india & ref]r$ by ,fei/mantel#ajab to ! g5us ,c>poli!s4 ,arb]#ajac1 :o t5tatively employ$ ! g5]ic "n ,c>dioc>pus 9 place ( ,c>poli!s1 sugge/s t ! se$s may be radiosp]mic1 z ,fei/mantel's draw+s %[ only a v n>r[ bord] to ! nucule4 ,! specim5 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ejd 0 figur$ by ,fei/mantel )\t any indication ( a def9ite s>cote/a or w+1 b z se5 9 ! draw+ ! ovate cordate scl]ote/a is surr\nd$ on "o side & at ! base by an out] envelope3 ?is is cle>ly se5 at ! apex :]e x %[s a r\nd$ t]m9ation slop+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! micropyle precisely z 9 ,sam>opsis indica 7,zeill474 ,! bord] is n>r[ at ! sides & broad] at ! base z 9 ,s4 ,leslii4 ,! se$ is #de cm4 long & #bc cm4 broad1 diff]+ f ,s4 indica 9 its r small] size & 9 ! slightly n>r[] nucule4 ,?\gh !re is no decisive evid5ce z to ! p>5t-plant ! occurr5ce ( a specim5 ( ?is species p>tially cov]$ by a scale-leaf ( a type#ajad v simil> to t :i* is g5]ally recognis$ z belong+ to ,glossopt]is sugge/s ! possibility t ! se$s may belong to t g5us4 ,scale-leaves ( ,glossopt]is are describ$ 9 ,volume ii41 b x may be add$ "h t leaves simil> 9 =m to ^? f ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & else:]e are figur$ by ,ge9itz#ajae f ! ,altai ,m\nta9s z ,trigonoc>pus8 actaeonelloides3 ! specim5s are repres5t$ ) ! basal sc> at ! apex4 ,cordaic>pus4 ,ge9itz4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! g5]ic names ,c>dioc>pus1 ,cordaic>pus1 & o!r designations h be5 appli$ to ca/s & impressions :i* _c be di/+ui%$ by any con/ant or important feature x is propos$ to adopt ! "n ,cordaic>pus = platysp]mic se$s1 pres]v$ z ca/s or impressions1 hav+ a comp>atively n>r[ bord] enclos+ an ovate or cordate-ovate nucule2 ! base is ei!r r\nd$ or cordate4 ,! *oice betwe5 ,cordaic>pus & ,sam>opsis dep5ds on ! bread? ( ! bord]4 ,cordaic>pus1 ?\gh m sugge/ive ( a ,cordaitean alliance1 may 9 "s cases be a ,pt]idosp]m se$4 ,cordaic>pus ,cordai 7,ge9itz74 ,l5ticul> se$s m or less orbicul> or broadly ovate 7fig4 #ejb1 ,c1 ,d71 (t5 slightly cordate at ! base ( ! nucule & ) a broadly acute apex3 ! bord] is n>r[ or sometimes h>dly repres5t$ z 9 ! se$s describ$ by ,b]g] z ,rhabdoc>pus ovoides1 a species simil> to b m oval ?an ,cordaic>pus ,cordai4 ,! latt] species#ajaf occurs 9 sev]al coalfields 9 ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 & else:]e4 ,fig4 #ejb1 ,c1 %[s a good example f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,york%ire1 #i mm4 long by #h mm4 broad2 on ! v slightly cordate nucule are sev]al fa9t ribs conv]g+ t[>ds ! base & apex & betwe5 !m f9e /riations1 *>act]s too indi/9ct to be reproduc$ 9 ! natural-size draw+4 ,! flat bord] repres5ts ! scl]ote/a4 ,! se$ %[n 9 fig4 #ejb1 ,d1 f ! ,we/phalian s]ies ( ,w>wick%ire belongs to ! same species or is a closely alli$ type3 ! fa9t sugge/ion ( reticulation on its surface might be reg>d$ z a reason = ref]r+ x to ,c4 areolatus ,b\l4#ajag1 a =m *>act]is$ by a reticulation on ! te/a1 describ$ by ,zeill]#ajah & o!r au?ors4 ,?is reticulation is1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases at lea/1 =m$ by crumpl+ & splitt+ ( ! sup]ficial c>bonis$ film into m or less regul> me%es3 ! figur$ specim5 occurs ) sev]al o!r se$s ( ! same type1 mo/ ( :i* h a smoo? surface4 ,dr ,kid/on tells me t a rec5t critical exam9ation ( se$s 9 8 collection leads him to reg>d "s specim5s 7e4g4 fig4 #ejb1 ,d7 previ\sly ref]r$ by him to ,c4 ,cordai z id5tical ) ,c>poli!s membranaceus ,goepp4#ajai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eje4 ,cordaic>pus ,cordai4 ,cuticle ( ! te/a4 7,kid/on ,collection47 ,! photograph reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eje %[s ! result ( *emically treat+ ! c>bonis$ cuticle ( a se$ ( ,cordaic>pus ,cordai1 a me?od little us$ z yet 9 ! case ( ,palaeozoic plants b :i* may be useful 9 di/+ui%+ se$s :i* _c be satisfactorily sep>at$ by microscopic features4 ,! sup]ficial cells h v ?ick walls & pres5t an appe>ance simil> to t ( ! scl]\s cells 9 ! te/as ( "s petrifi$ specim5s4 ,! l>g] se$ %[n 9 fig4 #eja1 ,d1 f ,comm5try1 describ$ by ,r5ault & ,zeill]#ajbj z ,c>dioc>pus scl]ote/a1 is ano!r example ( ,cordaic>pus z n[ def9$4 ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s ,se$s4 ,9 ?is section are includ$ g5]a bas$ on *>act]s ( comp>atively little morphological importance2 _! claim to treatm5t "u a common head+ is t we "k little or no?+ ( _! anatomical features or ( ! p>5t-plants4 i4 ,ribb$ se$s4 ,! se$s repres5t$ by ! foll[+ g5]a possess ribs or flanges usually 9 multiples ( ?ree2 ! transv]se section may be triangul>1 hexagonal1 or polygonal4 ,! symmetry is g5]ally radial1 b x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r a slight dep>ture f ! radiosp]mic =m is an orig9al feature or ! result ( pressure4 ,"s ( ! ribb$ se$s ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$ are no d\bt closely alli$ to ,trigonoc>pus & %\ld be includ$ 9 ! ,trigonoc>pales1 b o!rs may well be di/9ct =ms4 ,g5]a3 ,hexagonoc>pus1 ,decagonoc>pus1 ,polypt]oc>pus1 ,rhyn*ogonium1 ,boroviczia1 ,diplopt]ote/a1 ,musoc>pus1 ,holcosp]mum4 ,hexagonoc>pus4 ,r5ault4 ,?is g5]ic "n is adopt$ by ,r5ault#ajba = ca/s f ,comm5try :i*1 :ile probably id5tical ) ,brongni>t's ,hexapt]osp]mum1 af=d no confirmatory anatomical evid5ce4 ,! species ,hexagonoc>pus crassus#ajbb is repres5t$ by ca/s or nucules *>act]is$ by six well-def9$ ribs & grooves ) a l5g? ( ne>ly #c cm4 ,9 ?is g5us may be includ$ ! ca/ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire describ$ by ,williamson#ajbc z ,hexapt]osp]mum ,noegg]a?i 7fig4 #ejf1 ,h71 & ano!r ,briti% example is af=d$ by ,hexagonoc>pus ,hook]i ,kid/4#ajbd1 a r>e fossil 9 ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire coalfield4 ,x is impossible confid5tly to assign ^! ribb$ ca/s to g5]a f\nd$ on petrifi$ specim5s z !y almo/ c]ta9ly belong to diff]5t types1 b ! employm5t ( ! "n ,hexagonoc>pus may conv5i5tly be us$ = ca/s or impressions ( se$s ) six longitud9al ribs diff]+ 9 _! relatively broad] & less prom95t =m f ! w+-l flanges ( ,polypt]oc>pus 7cf4 fig4 #dif1 ,b74 ,! se$s describ$ by ,dr ,p4 ,b]tr&#ajbe z ,hexapt]osp]mum mode/ae1 & believ$ by him to belong to a plant ) ,neuropt]is fronds1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ,hexagonoc>pus z we h no def9ite k ( _! anatomical features4 ,decagonoc>pus4 ,r5ault4 ,?is "n1 propos$ by ,r5ault#ajbf1 is appli$ to se$s )\t petrifi$ tissues *>act]is$ by t5 ribs2 an example is af=d$ by ,decagonoc>pus olivae=mis f ! ,comm5try coalfield1 an elliptical se$ :i* be>s a close resemblance to ,holcosp]mum sulcatum 7fig4 #ejf1 ,a7 except 9 ! small] numb] ( ribs4 ,polypt]oc>pus4 ,gr&',eury4 ,gr&',eury#ajbg adopt$ ?is g5]ic "n = se$s f ,/ ti5ne *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( ?ree1 six1 or m deep w+s or flanges4 ,! t]m ,pt]osp]mum has rec5tly be5 propos$ by ,arb]#ajbh = a se$ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,/af=d%ire1 :i* he names ,p4 anglicum3 ! type-species ( ! g5us has ?ree deep w+s1 "o f ea* angle4 ,= ! same se$ ,kid/on#ajbi propos$ ! "n ,tript]osp]mum ellipticum1 b z ,arb]'s acc\nt 0 publi%$ fir/ 8 specific "n has priority4 ,pt]osp]mum _h1 h[ev]1 be5 previ\sly us$ = a g5us ( ,/]culiaceae1 & p>tly on ?is acc\nt b ma9ly because ,gr&',eury's g5us ,polypt]oc>pus is available ! latt] designation is adopt$4 ,9 ,polypt]oc>pus anglicus 7fig4 #dif1 ,b7 ! flanges project slightly beyond ! apex ( ! se$ & !re is a small not* at ! base2 ! nucule is #e cm4 long & #a cm4 broad4 ,:ile x is n improbable t ?is se$ is g5]ically id5tical ) ,brongni>t's ,tript]osp]mum#ajcj1 x is saf]1 9 ! abs5ce ( /ructural details1 to employ ! less committal t]m4 ,!re is no in=mation ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! p>5t-plants ( species ( ,polypt]oc>pus4 ,! ,engli% se$ f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,d]by%ire & ! ,/af=d%ire coalfield describ$ by ,arb]#ajca z ,radiosp]mum ornatum & by ,kid/on#ajcb z ,polypt]osp]mum ornatum af=ds ano!r example ( ,polypt]oc>pus z ! g5]ic "n is "h employ$4 ,rhyn*ogonium4 ,he]4 ,he]#ajcc propos$ ?is g5]ic "n = "s globose1 ovate1 or oblong #8fruits' f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,spitzb]g51 includ+ also fragm5ts ( #8leaves' :i* )\t satisfactory evid5ce he believ$ to belong to ! same plant4 ,! suppos$ fruits are cle>ly se$s1 & ,na?or/ reg>ds ! #8leaves' z portions ( a ,f]n ra*is4 ,he] describ$ f\r species1 b ^! h s9ce be5 r$uc$ to two1 & inde$ x is probable t only "o type1 ,rhyn*ogonium co/atum1 is repres5t$4 ,na?or/#ajcd comp>es ,he]'s se$s ) a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s species describ$ by ,"y#ajce z ,trigonoc>pum gloagianum1 ! resemblance ( :i* to ! ,spitzb]g5 se$s 0 po9t$ out by ,kid/on4 ,a se$ ( ,rhyn*ogonium co/atum is ab\t ! size ( a hazel-nut & may rea* a l5g? ( #ba mm42 x is ovate1 ) a broad r\nd$ base1 & 9 ! upp] ?ird is tap]$ & conical1 ! sides ( ! *>act]i/ic sn\t be+ di/+ui%$ f ! smoo? surface ( ! re/ ( ! se$ by ! pres5ce ( eight ribs conv]g+ t[>ds ! apex 7#ejf1 ,g74 ,zalessky#ajcf record$ closely alli$ se$s f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ,nor!rn ,russia1 assign+ !m to a new g5us ,boroviczia1 ! type-species be+ ,b4 ,k>p9skii2 he adduc$ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,he]'s int]pretation ( ! fossils z fruits b1 accord+ to ,na?or/1 ?is view has be5 ab&on$4 ,9 8 rec5t memoir on ! ,culm flora ( ,spitzb]g5 ,na?or/#ajcg discusses ! morphological nature ( ,rhyn*ogonium se$s & describes additional specim5s4 ,)\t ! aid ( petrifi$ examples x is h>dly possible to det]m9e ! true nature ( ! fossils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejf4 ,a1 ,holcosp]mum sulcatum4 ,b1 ,c1 ,codonosp]mum anomalum4 ,d1 ,diplopt]ote/a spitzb]g5sis 7 #c74 ,e1 ,gnetopsis elliptica 7cupule74 ,f1 ,?ysanote/a sagittula4 ,g1 ,rhyn*ogonium co/atum4 ,h1 ,hexagonoc>pus ,noegg]a?i4 ,i1 ,boroviczia ,k>p9skii4 ,k1 ,rhabdosp]mum tunicatum4 7,a1 ,kid/on ,collection2 ,b1 aft] ,gr&',eury2 ,c1 aft] ,r5ault & ,zeill]2 ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 aft] ,na?or/2 ,e1 aft] ,r5ault2 ,h1 aft] ,williamson2 ,i1 aft] ,zalessky2 ,k1 aft] ,b]g]47 ,"s specim5s ( ,rhyn*ogonium sulcatum 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection %[ ! orig9al surface-features3 ! c>bonis$ integum5t is divid$ 9 ! upp] region into l9e> lobes sep>at$ f "o ano!r at _! orig9 by fairly wide s9uses1 a type ( integum5t sugge/+ comp>ison ) ,physo/oma4 ,?is species 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,c>poli!s sulcata#ajch f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks at ,ne:av5 9 ,scotl& & has rec5tly be5 figur$ by ,zalessky#ajci f specim5s 9 ! ,kid/on collection f ! ,l[] ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ,midlo?ian4 ,no?+ def9ite c be said z to ! p>5t-plant1 b x is significant t 9 ,midlo?ian ,rhyn*ogonium sulcatum occurs 9 a b$ full ( isolat$ p9nules ( a ,c>diopt]is almo/ to ! exclusion ( any o!r fossils#ajdj4 ,! se$ figur$ by ,na?or/#ajda f ! ,culm ( ,spitzb]g5 z ,lag5osp]mum8 gl&i=me agrees closely ) ,rhyn*ogonium & ,boroviczia1 & x is impossible to decide :e!r ! lob$ appe>ance is due to ! pres5ce ( a cupule or to ! divisions ( an integum5t4 ,boroviczia4 ,zalessky4 ,! specim5s f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ,russia#ajdb on :i* ?is g5us 0 f\nd$ are p]haps unnecess>ily sep>at$ f ,rhyn*ogonium2 !y are ovate & beak$1 #aj mm4 long ) a maximum bread? ( #f mm4 ,! type-species1 ,boroviczia ,k>p9skii 7fig4 #ejf1 ,i71 is repres5t$ bo? by specim5s 9 :i* ! ca/ is complete & by o!rs 9 :i* ! apical sn\t ( ! integum5t is split into sep>ate lobes id5tical 9 =m & app>5tly 9 numb] ) ^? ( ,rhyn*ogonium4 ,na?or/#ajdc1 :o reta9s ! g5]ic "n & describes two additional species f ,spitzb]g51 po9ts out t 9 ,boroviczia ! tap]$ apex is m %>ply diff]5tiat$ f ! broad] basal portion1 a diff]5ce h>dly wor?y ( g5]ic recognition4 ,if ,boroviczia is reta9$ z a g5us di/9ct f ,rhyn*ogonium x %\ld include ! se$s describ$ by ,"y z ,trigonoc>pum gloagianum4 ,diplopt]ote/a4 ,na?or/4 ,diplopt]ote/a spitzb]g5sis 7,he]74 ,he]#ajdd includ$ 9 ,sam>opsis "s se$s1 describ$ z ,sam>opsis spitzb]g5sis1 f ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ,spitzb]g5 :i* diff] consid]ably f typical examples ( ! g5us4 ,^! h rec5tly be5 made ! type ( a new g5us ,diplopt]ote/a#ajde3 !y are platysp]mic se$s ne>ly twice z long z broad1 #f-i #ce-e mm41 *>act]is$ by a ?9 scl]ote/a exp&$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! se$ into two prom95t transv]sely /riat$ w+-l ribs or flanges 7fig4 #ejf1 ,d74 ,at ! apex1 :i* is broad 9 contra/ to ! po9t$ basal end ( ! se$1 ! scl]ote/a =ms a cr[n ( eight lobes ab\t ! flat summit ( ! se$-body4 ,z ,na?or/ po9ts out1 ?is species closely resembles ! ,c>bonif]\s se$s figur$ by ,gr&',eury#ajdf z ,polypt]oc>pus1 b 9 ! latt] type !re are m ?an two w+s4 ,na?or/'s figures1 "o ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,d1 sugge/ a difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( ! flanges1 :i* w\ld seem to be m ?an two1 b ?is appe>ance is reg>d$ by ,na?or/ z mislead+ & he believes t except at ! apex !re are only two w+s4 ,musoc>pus4 ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#ajdg propos$ ?is "n = two species1 ,m4 prismaticus & ,m4 dif=mis1 f ,fr5* ,coal ,measures1 b gave no description ( ! specim5s4 ,! type-species1 describ$ f ! ,loire by ,gr&',eury z ,musoc>pus prismaticus#ajdh1 is an ovate se$ ne>ly #c cm4 long ) six longitud9al ribs1 ?ree be+ m prom95t ?an ! o!rs1 & *>act]is$ by a ribb$ prolongation ( ! base ( uni=m diamet] spok5 ( z a c>pophore1 :i* 0 app>5tly articulat$ to ! l[] "p ( ! se$-prop] f :i* x 0 easily deta*$ by a natural absciss-lay]4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! /ructure or ( ! aff9ity ( ! g5us4 ,"s specim5s 9 ,dr ,kid/on's collection f ,we/phalian b$s 9 ,lan>k%ire are closely alli$ to or p]haps id5tical ) ,m4 prismaticus4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a di/9ct basal region ,musoc>pus resembles ,codonosp]mum#ajdi1 ?\gh )\t any k ( ! anatomy ( ! =m] type x is impossible to say :e!r or n ?is resemblance has any morphological importance4 ,holcosp]mum4 ,na?or/4 ,holcosp]mum sulcatum 7,/]nb]g74 ,! ca/ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,a1 af=ds a good example ( a =m ( se$ record$ "u sev]al g5]ic names & n uncommon 9 ,upp] ,palaeozoic rocks 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* 9 mo/ cases _c be assign$ to a g5us imply+ ! possession ( c]ta9 anatomical *>act]s4 ,?is type 0 figur$ by ,/]nb]g#ajej f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,radnitz z ,c>polites sulcatus4 ,"s #8fruits' collect$ on ! bea* ne> ,ne:av51 ,midlo?ian1 f ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one s]ies1 are figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#ajea z ,c>poli!s sulcata1 b z already /at$ ^! h be5 transf]r$#ajeb to ! g5us ,rhyn*ogonium4 ,sev]al au?ors h ref]r$ specim5s ( ! type n[ includ$ 9 ,holcosp]mum to ,rhabdoc>pus1 b t g5us1 z /at$ on a previ\s page1 is re/rict$ to se$s agree+ 9 =m ) ,r4 tunicatus4 ,r5ault#ajec in/itut$ ! g5us ,colposp]mum = a p>tially petrifi$ se$ f ,comm5try agree+ ext]nally ) ,c>polites sulcatus ,/]nb4 & reg>d$ by him z specifically id5tical1 *>act]is$ by longitud9al ribs :i* repres5t folds ( ! te/a1 ! int]v5+ grooves be+ occupi$ by an irregul> reticulum =m$ by occasionally ana/omos+ small] ribs4 ,! g5]ic "n ,colposp]mum %\ld !re=e be res]v$ = ribb$ se$s %[+ ! anatomical features describ$ by ,r5ault & ,zeill]3 its application to ,/]nb]g's species is inadvisable on ! gr\nd t we h no in=mation ) reg>d to ! morphological nature ( ! ribb+4 ,m rec5tly ,arb]#ajed has propos$ ! "n ,platysp]mum1 a "n previ\sly appli$ to a ,crucif]\s plant1 = ,/ephanian & ,p]mian se$s =m]ly assign$ to ,b]g]'s g5us ,rhabdoc>pus1 :i* are symmetrical 9 two planes4 ,9 ?is g5us he includes ,platysp]mum sulcatum & among o!r species ,p4 ,kid/oni f\nd$ on a se$ orig9ally id5tifi$ by ,kid/on#ajee z ,rhabdoc>pus multi/riatus ,/]nb4 :i*1 ?\gh probably a di/9ct species1 is ( ! same g5]al type z ,c4 sulcatus ,/]nb4 ,! ca/ repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ejf1 ,a1 f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,york%ire is #ce cm4 long & has #ah regul> longitud9al ribs3 x is radially symmetrical & does n con=m 9 ?is respect to ,arb]'s def9ition ( ,platysp]mum4 ,9 _m cases1 e4g4 ! flatt5$ se$ figur$ by ,kid/on z ,rhabdoc>pus multi/riatus1 x is impossible to det]m9e ! symmetry ( ! se$4 ,! old g5]ic "n ,c>polites1 ,c>poli!s or ,c>poli?us has be5 us$ 9 a v wide s5se & does n connote any well-def9$ features2 x %\ld be res]v$1 9 ! =m ,c>poli?us z us$ by ,l9naeus1 = se$s t _c be assign$ to a sy/ematic position or :i* d n exhibit any di/9ctive *>act]s wor?y ( emphasis by ! in/itution ( a special "n4 ,! g5]ic t]m ,holcosp]mum1 rec5tly propos$ by ,na?or/#ajef1 is a suitable "n = ?is type ( se$2 z def9$ by ! au?or1 x includes se$s t may be radiosp]mic or platysp]mic4 ,specim5s ( ! type-species1 ,h4 dubium#ajeg1;f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,spitzb]g51 agree closely 9 size & %ape ) "s examples ( ,rhyn*ogonium & ,boroviczia1 b !y are di/+ui%$ by prom95t ribs ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! ca/4 ,9 "s se$s simil> to ,h4 sulcatum ! ribs =m %>p ridges1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 r\nd$ & %>p ridges is (t5 det]m9$ by ! me?od ( pres]vation3 a specim5 depriv$ ( its out] fle% w\ld =m a ca/ m %>ply ribb$ ?an a se$ 9 :i* ! s>cote/a _h be5 m\ld$ on to ! ribb$ scl]ote/a4 ,on ! o!r h& "s ribs are =m$ by blunt scl]ote/al folds z 9 ,colposp]mum3 bo? types ( ribb+ are includ$ 9 ! g5us ,holcosp]mum4 ii4 ,o!r ,g5]a4 ,malacote/a4 ,williamson4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,williamson#ajeh = a petrifi$ se$ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,lanca%ire :i* he nam$ ,malacote/a oblonga3 ! type-specim5 is a small se$ #f-g mm4 long *>act]is$ by a ?ick fle%y integum5t4 ,! /ructure is h[ev] insuffici5tly kn[n to admit ( a satisfactory comp>ison ( ! imp]fectly pres]v$ specim5 figur$ by ,williamson ) o!r types4 ,?ysanote/a4 ,na?or/4 ,na?or/#ajei f\nd$ ?is g5us on a s+le se$ f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plant-b$s ( ,spitzb]g5 :i* exhibits features suffici5tly di/9ctive to ju/ify its recognition z ! type ( a sep>ate g5us4 ,?ysanote/a sagittula ,na?or/4 ,! type-specim5 is a long & n>r[ se$1 #bj mm4 long1 ovate bel[ & prolong$ apically into a sl5d] beak1 #h mm4 9 l5g?1 :i* probably repres5ts a micropyl> tube2 ! beak be>s num]\s /iff hairs 7fig4 #ejf1 ,f74 ,! se$ closely resembles a c>pel ( ,erodium )\t ! horizontal "p ( ! awn4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! p>5t-plant b ! species af=ds an int]e/+ example ( a ,palaeozoic se$ app>5tly adapt$ = w9d-disp]sal1 or possibly ! bri/les may h s]v$ ! same purpose z 9 ! fruits ( ,erodium4 ,att5tion is call$ else:]e#ajfj to ! frequ5t resemblance ( ,palaeozoic se$s su* z ,?ysanote/a to fruits ( rec5t fl[]+ plants4 ,c>poli?us4 ,l9naeus4 ,na?or/#ajfa has po9t$ out t ?is g5]ic "n 0 employ$ by ,l9naeus = fossil fruits3 9 ! =m ,c>polites 7,/]nb]g7 or ,c>poli!s#ajfb x has be5 widely us$ & diff]5tly def9$ by au?ors1 usually 9 a compreh5sive s5se includ+ fossil se$s f bo? ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic /rata :i* _c be assign$ to a def9ite position 9 ! plant-k+dom4 ,x is desirable to adopt "s designation = se$s f /rata ( diff]5t ages :i* d n exhibit any features suffici5tly di/9ctive to ju/ify ! creation ( a special g5us4 ,by employ+ su* a "n z ,c>poli?us1 )\t attempt+ to def9e its *>act]s )9 prescrib$ limits1 = ca/s or impressions ( se$s :i* are n di/+ui%$ by any /rik+ *>act]s & _c be allocat$ to any p>ticul> section ( se$-be>+ plants ! unnecess>y multiplication ( g5]ic titles is avoid$3 :5 any additional data are obta9$ diff]5tiat+ p>ticul> types f o!r =ms ( ,c>poli?us ! provisional t]m %\ld be sup]s$$ by "s di/9ctive g5]ic "n4 ,among se$s f ! ,coal ,measures !re are sev]al examples ( bo? l>ge & small types )\t any regul> ribs or lack+ su* features z s]ve to di/+ui% ! g5]a already describ$1 :i* are appropriately includ$ 9 ,c>poli?us4 ,! two species ,c>poli?us ,wildii ,kid/4#ajfc & ,c4 bivalvis ,goepp4#ajfd are two examples ( se$s f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s rocks :i* x is desirable to ref] to ?is compreh5sive g5us p5d+ fur!r discov]ies z to _! morphological features4 ,! ,jurassic species ,c4 conicus ,l9d4 & ,hutt4#ajfe is ano!r type :i* x has be5 cu/om>y to include 9 ,c>poli?us4 7,microsp]mum4 ,arb]47 ,! g5]ic "n ,microsp]mum has rec5tly be5 propos$ by ,arb]#ajff = "s ,we/phalian se$s describ$ by ,c>p5ti]#ajfg f ! ,nor? ( ,france z ,c>poli!s8 sam>oides & = simil> fossils f ! ,middle ,coal ,measures ( ,nott+ham4 ,! suppos$ se$s are small1 ovate or pyri=m bodies1 #e-ab mm4 long & #be-f mm4 broad1 ) "o extremity broadly r\nd$ & ! o!r acute3 "o side is keel$1 ! o!r groov$1 & a l>ge =am5 occurs ne> ! broad] end & on ! groov$ surface4 ,arb] emphasises ! fact t ! specim5s are symmetrical 9 "o plane only4 ,z ! au?or ( ! g5us po9ts out ! morphological nature ( ! fossils is n ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 nor is ! p>5t-plant kn[n4 ,9 view ( ! ill-def9$ *>act]s ( ! specim5s s f> discov]$ x is h>dly desirable to in/itute a new g5]ic "n imply+ _! se$-nature2 moreov] ,microsp]mum has previ\sly be5 employ$ = a g5us ( ,compositae4 ,an exam9ation ( specim5s leads me to d\bt _! se$-nature & x w\ld seem m likely t !y are foli> organs1 possibly bracts :i* orig9ally bore se$s or sporangia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an exam9ation ( "s ( ! specim5s ( suppos$ ,p]mian se$s = :i* ,ge9itz#ajfh propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,guilelmites conv9c$ me t !y are inorganic /ructures1 probably nodules 9 %ale smoo!d & r\nd$ by slick5sid+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,cycadophyta4 ,! t]m ,cycadophyta1 sugge/$ by ,na?or/#ajfi1 is us$ 9 a compreh5sive s5se to include bo? rec5t ,cycads & ! mu* l>g] numb] ( ext9ct types :i* x is cu/om>y to speak ( z ,cycadean plants or fossil ,cycads4 ,! designation #8,cycads' 9 ! case ( ! majority ( ! fossil =ms is1 h[ev]1 op5 to criticism on ! gr\nd t !y diff] too widely f exi/+ g5]a to be associat$ ) !m 9 "o class4 ,x w\ld be p$antic & inconv5i5t to give up ! almo/ univ]sal practice ( ext5d+ ! t]m ,cycad beyond ! limits def9$ by ! *>act]s ( rec5t species4 ,! important po9t is to adopt "s classification :i* gives expression to our views z to ! degree ( aff9ity betwe5 rec5t & ext9ct types4 ,9 a consid]able numb] ( cases1 especially impressions ( presumably ,cycadean fronds & /ems t occur )\t any f]tile %oots1 x is impossible to det]m9e ! degree ( relation%ip to mod]n types4 ,x 0 ) a view to a rational gr\p-designation = su* fossils t ,na?or/ propos$ ! t]m ,cycadophyta1 includ+ 9 x ! two classes ,cycadales & ,b5nettitales4 ,! ,cycadales comprise ! rec5t g5]a & su* ext9ct types z may legitimately be includ$ 9 ! same class1 b z we %all see lat] !re are h>dly any fossil species t c be assign$ to ?is section on ?or\ghly satisfactory gr\nds4 ,! t]m ,b5nettitales is us$ by ,engl]1 ,na?or/1 & sev]al o!r au?ors z a class-designation = a l>ge numb] ( ,mesozoic ,cycads agree+ 9 _! m important morphological *>act]s ) ! ,l[] ,cretace\s /ems on :i* ,c>ru!rs#ajgj f\nd$ ! g5us ,b5nettites1 plac+ x 9 a new tribe1 ! ,b5nettiteae4 ,"s au?ors h foll[$ ,c>ru!rs 9 ! use ( ! family-"n ,b5nettiteae = a subdivision ( ! ,cycadales equal 9 rank to ! ,cycadaceae1 :ile o!rs1 wi%+ to give great] emphasis to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ext9ct & rec5t plants1 pref] to adopt ! class-"n ,b5nettitales4 ,c>ru!rs reg>d$ ,b5nettites z occupy+ ! same position 9 relation to o!r ,cycads z ,taxus holds ) reg>d to ! cone-be>+ memb]s ( ! ,conif]ae4 ,! adoption ( ,b5nettitales is int5d$ to convey ! impression t ! class is m di/antly relat$ to ! rec5t ,cycads ?an is impli$ by ! analogy ( ,taxus4 ,na?or/#ajga1 z ! result ( 8 discov]y ( c]ta9 reproductive organs associat$ ) "s ,rhaetic fronds describ$ z ,dioonites spectabilis1 propos$ a ?ird subdivision1 ! ,dioonitales1 b he subsequ5tly#ajgb re/or$ ! fronds to _! orig9al designation ,nilssonia pt]ophylloides1 & on fur!r exam9ation f\nd t ! suppos$ microspore-be>+ organs 7 se$s4 ,nilssonia pt]ophylloides w\ld !re=e f9d a m natural place 9 ! class ,nilssoniales in/itut$ by ,?omas#ajgc4 ,,b5nettitales4 ,cycadeoidea4 ,buckl&4 ,9 #ahbg ,buckl&#ajgd propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,cycadeoidea = "s petrifi$ /ems f ! ,purbeck b$s 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl& & publi%$ a description ( two species1 ,cycadeoidea megalophylla & ,c4 microphylla4 ,brongni>t#ajge consid]$ ,buckl&'s t]m ,cycadeoidea inappropriate & propos$ 9 its place ,mantellia1 ! type-species be+ ,mantellia nidi=mis ,brongn41 ! ,portl& /em :i* ,buckl& a mon? or two lat] call$ indep5d5tly ,cycadeoidea megalophylla4 ,subsequ5tly ,brongni>t#ajgf )drew ,mantellia z x _h be5 previ\sly us$ by ,p>k9son = a sponge & sub/itut$ ,cycadites4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,c>ru!rs#ajgg reviv$ ,mantellia = a type ( ,cycadean /em f ,portl& ?\gh "o species1 app>5tly indi/+ui%able f ^? ref]r$ to ,mantellia1 he nam$ ,b5nettites portl&icus4 ,!re is no adequate reason = ! ret5tion ( ! g5]ic "n ,mantellia4 ,! close resemblance ( ! %ort & ?ick /ems 7#ab-cj cm4 9 height7 describ$ by ,buckl& to ^? ( "s rec5t ,cycads 0 recognis$ by ,rob]t ,br[n & ,loddiges & ! =m] sugge/$ to ,buckl& ! inclusion ( ! fossils 9 a new family ,cycadeoideae4 ,x 0 ?is sugge/ion t l$ ,buckl& to adopt ,cycadeoidea z a g5]ic "n4 ,9 a lat] acc\nt ( ! ,portl& /ems ,buckl&#ajgh1 9 def]5ce to ,brongni>t's op9ion1 sub/itut$ ,brongni>t's "n ,cycadites = ,cycadeoidea4 ,x is notewor?y t no ref]5ce is made 9 ! orig9al description to ! occurr5ce ( lat]al %oots among ! p]si/5t petiole-bases t encase ! ,portl& /ems1 b 9 a lat] acc\nt su* %oots are repres5t$ 9 "o ( ! figur$ /ems & are comp>$ ) ! buds occasionally produc$ on /ems ( ,cycas#ajgi4 ,! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,c>ru!rs#ajhj demon/rat$ ! reproductive nature ( precisely simil> lat]al %oots 9 ! /em on :i* he f\nd$ ! g5us ,b5nettites4 ,! g5]ic "n ,e*9o/ipes giv5 by ,pomel#ajha1 :o _h a passion = in/itut+ new nom5clature1 to ,buckl&'s ,portl& /ems has n be5 adopt$3 8 g5us ,crossozamia propos$ = c]ta9 /ems & fronds 0 reviv$ by ,c>ru!rs#ajhb b has n be5 g5]ally us$4 ,a fur!r complication 9 ! nom5clature ( ,cycadean /ems 0 introduc$ by ,saporta's in/itution#ajhc ( ,bulbopodium & ,cyl9dropodium3 9 ! =m] g5us he includ$ ! small ovoid /em figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,cycadeoidea pygmaea#ajhd & two ,fr5* ,jurassic species :i* might reasonably be assign$ to ,cycadeoidea4 ,to ,cyl9dropodium 7 ref]r$ "s l>ge ,fr5* /ems f ,jurassic /rata3 an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s 9 ,p>is conv9c$ me t !y are typical =ms ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,z ,w>d#ajhe has po9t$ out1 bo? ,saporta's g5]a may be m]g$ 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,fli*e & ,zeill]#ajhf also include ! small globul> /ems nam$ by ,saporta ,bulbopodium 9 ! old] g5us ,cycadeoidea3 "o su* type f ! ,portl&ian ( ,b\logne is describ$ by ^! au?ors z ,cycadeoidea pumila4 ,saporta also propos$ ! "n ,platylepis#ajhg1 ! type-species be+ ,cycadeoidea micromyela ,mor41 f ! ,lias ( ,calvados1 :i* has rec5tly be5 inve/igat$ by ,ligni]#ajhh :o wisely adopts ,morire's designation4 ,ano!r unnecess>y g5]ic "n is ,s*izopodium giv5 by ,morire to a /em1 ,s4 ,r5aulti#ajhi1 reg>d$ by ,ligni] z indi/+ui%able specifically f ,c4 micromyela4 ,! two names ,cycadeoidea & ,b5nettites h be5 us$ by au?ors = /ems :i* are unque/ionably g5]ically id5tical & z is (t5 ! case mu* confusion has be5 caus$ ?r\gh ! failure ( palaeobotani/s to arrive at an agreem5t4 ,le/] ,w>d1 a /aun* advocate ( ! rule ( priority1 repeat$ly po9t$ out t ,buckl&'s "n ,cycadeoidea %\ld take prec$5ce ( ,b5nettites on ! gr\nd t /ems = :i* ^! g5]a 7 in/itut$ are cle>ly ( ! same type1 & he add$ t ! old] g5us1 ?\gh ab&on$ by its au?or1 _c be giv5 up )\t violat+ ! inexorable rules ( priority4 ,on ! o!r h& x has be5 urg$ t ! g5us ,b5nettites z def9$ by ,c>ru!rs is *>act]is$ by ! possession ( 7i7 f]tile %oots be>+ /robili & 7ii7 vegetative organs exhibit+ c]ta9 anatomical *>act]s4 ,buckl&'s species ( ,cycadeoidea1 ?\gh be>+ lat]al %oots1 are n well en\gh pres]v$ to af=d def9ite in=mation z to ! morphological features ( ! /robili1 nor h we satisfactory data ) reg>d to ! degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! vegetative features ( ,b5nettites & ! ,portl& /ems4 ,c>ru!rs laid /ress on ! elliptical section ( ! /ele 9 ,b5nettites 9 contra/ to ! cyl9drical cyl9d] ( ,buckl&'s ,cycadeoidea trunks4 ,subsequ5t rese>* has %[n t ?is diff]5ce is n 9 itself a valid crit]ion ei!r ( g5]ic or specific rank b1 z ,wiel& says1 x is an op5 "q to :at ext5t ! /em /ructure ( ,cycadeoidea & ,b5nettites agrees4 ,! probability is t 7 our k ( ! ,portl& /ems less incomplete1 !y w\ld be f\nd to possess no anatomical features inconsi/5t ) ?is g5]ic union4 ,grant+ ! correctness ( ?is view1 ! adoption ( ! lat] g5]ic t]m w\ld be a reasonable c\rse to foll[ on ! gr\nd t x /&s = /ems %[+ well pres]v$ /ructure1 :ile ,cycadeoidea 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance appli$ to /ems %[+ only p>tially pres]v$ /umps ( /robili1 & ! "n 0 n reta9$ by its au?or4 ,graf ,solms-,lauba*#ajij & "s o!r au?ors h us$ ,b5nettites = ,cycadean /ems possess+ /robili ( kn[n /ructure su* z ^? ( ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus1 res]v+ ,cycadeoidea = simil> /ems b )\t /robili suffici5tly well pres]v$ to af=d evid5ce ( morphological *>act]s4 ,?is practice ,i foll[$ 9 #ahieajia1 b my usage ( ! two g5]ic names has n be5 consi/5t1 ! "n ,cycadeoidea be+ aft]w>ds employ$#ajib 9 a m compreh5sive s5se4 ,! inve/igation ( ! reproductive %oots ( ,am]ican ,l[] ,cretace\s & ,upp] ,jurassic ,cycadean /ems#ajic has demon/rat$ ! practical id5tity ( _! ovulate /robili ) ^? ( ! ,engli% ,b5nettites4 ,x is cle> t ! ,am]ican /ems z well z num]\s specim5s f ,italy & o!r ,european localities are g5]ically insep>able f ,b5nettites4 ,! adoption ( ,cycadeoidea by ,wiel&1 foll[+ ,w>d1 has naturally /r5g!n$ ! claim ( ,buckl&'s g5us at lea/ s f> z wide usage is conc]n$1 & ) "s reluctance ,i propose to fall 9 ) ?is t]m9ology & = ! sake ( conv5i5ce to give up ! use ( ,b5nettites4 ,among ,mesozoic ,cycadean /ems agree+ ) ^? ( rec5t g5]a 9 habit & 9 ! pres5ce ( an arm\r ( p]si/5t leaf-bases are sev]al :i* af=d no evid5ce ei!r ( ! occurr5ce ( f]tile %oots or ( lat]al %oots ) t]m9al fl[]s4 ,to su* /ems ! "n ,cycadeoidea has be5 appli$1 ! designation ,b5nettites be+ re/rict$ to /ems ) lat]al f]tile %oots3 ?is practice ( treat+ ! abs5ce ( reproductive %oots z a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,cycadeoidea is reg>d$ by ,wiel& z illogical & artificial2 & if1 z seems probable1 he is correct 9 believ+ t ! majority ( ! ,mesozoic ,cycadean plants culm9at$ _! vegetative p]iod by prolific developm5t ( fl[]s1 ! abs5ce ( fl[]+ bran*es w\ld be cont+5t on a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t & n a g5]ic "*4 ,dr ,/opes#ajid has rec5tly publi%$ facts ) reg>d to ! anatomical features ( ,cycadean /ems :i* h a be>+ on ! vex$ "q ( nom5clature1 b are m important f a morphological po9t ( view z !y indicate a clos] agreem5t betwe5 c]ta9 types ( ,l[] ,cretace\s /ems & ^? ( ,cycas & o!r rec5t g5]a1 9 :i* successive r+s ( vascul> tissue are develop$1 ?an has previ\sly be5 recognis$4 ,9 h] diagnosis ( ,cycadeoidea %e includes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 #8,9 its int]nal anatomy ! trunk %[s two or m 7up to eight are record$7 zones ( second>y wood1 ! zones compos$ ( di/9ct s]ies ( tra*eids ea* m or less regul>ly arrang$ 9 radial sequ5ce4' ,x is claim$ t ! addition ( ?is "* con/itutes = ! fir/ "t a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ,cycadeoidea & ,b5nettites4 ,dr ,/opes /ates t ! two /ems on :i* ,buckl& f\nd$ ! g5us ,cycadeoidea are lo/ & adds t ,buckl&'s type has c]ta9 anatomical features :i* are n f\nd 9 ,b5nettites4 ,buckl& 9 8 description ( ,c4 microphylla /ates t !re are #8two lam9at$ circles' 9 ! /em in/ead ( ! usual s+le cyl9d]1 a "* sugge/ive ( ,cycas4 ,9 ! orig9al figure ( ?is species !re are no indications ( any lat]al f]tile %oots ?\gh1 z ,dr ,/opes says1 _m ( ! ,portl& /ems und\bt$ly possess$ su* fl[]s4 ,?is au?or makes no ref]5ce to ,buckl&'s lat] description ( ,c4 microphylla3 9 ?is x is /at$ t ! /em be>s num]\s buds ris+ f ! axillae ( petioles1 & ^! are %[n 9 ! illu/ration#ajie4 ,)\t access to ! actual specim5 x is impossible to say :e!r or n ! two #8lam9at$ circles' describ$ & figur$ by ,buckl&#ajif are two di/9ct cyl9d]s or p>ts ( "o cyl9d] sep>at$ by ! infiltration ( "s inorganic sub/ance4 ,9 8 description ( ,cycadeoidea ,yatesii ,c>ru!rs spoke ( ! occurr5ce ( two cyl9d]s ( wood1 & ?is 0 confirm$ 9 a subsequ5t acc\nt ( ! type-specim5#ajig4 ,dr ,/opes gives a full] acc\nt ( ,c>ru!rs' type & re-confirm a ! exi/5ce ( two vascul> cyl9d]s2 %e also describes a new species1 ,c4 buzz>d5sis#ajih 7fig4 #egh71 9 :i* !re are #c-h or m cyl9d]s4 ,nei!r ( ^! /ems af=ds any evid5ce ( ! possession ( f]tile %oots2 !y agree closely ) /ems ( ! ,buckl&ia type 9 _! comp>atively sl5d] habit & diff] 9 ?is respect f ,buckl&'s ,portl& species4 ,! occurr5ce ( m ?an "o vascul> cyl9d] 9 ! /ems ,cycadeoidea 7 ,buckl&ia7 ,yatesii & ,c4 7 ,buckl&ia7 buzz>d5sis sugge/s ! possibility t ?is feature 0 *>act]i/ic ( o!r species includ$ 9 ,buckl&ia4 ,x is cle> t "s at lea/ ( ! /ems ref]r$ to ! g5us ,buckl&ia bore fl[]s ( ! ,williamsonia type#ajii1 & x is n improbable t ! /ems describ$ by ,dr ,/opes z ,cycadeoidea ,yatesii & ,c4 buzz>d5sis 7fig4 #egh7 possess$ f]tile %oots comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,middle ,jurassic species ,w4 gigas4 ,dr ,/opes's contribution1 :ile e/abli%+ a close agreem5t 9 anatomical features betwe5 "s ,l[] ,cretace\s /ems & ^? ( ,cycas1 does n w>rant ! fur!r conclusion t ^! /ems 7 9 o!r morphological *>act]s closely alli$ to mod]n ,cycads4 ,! ma9 features ( ,cycadeoidea may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 ,! pr9cipal trunk is g5]ally unbran*$ 7fig4 #ejg7 & id5tical 9 habit ) "s species ( ,macrozamia1 ,dioon1 & ,encephal>tos 7cf4 figs4 #cgi1 #chb72 9 "s species1 e4g4 ,cycadeoidea ,m>%iana1 ,c4 sup]ba#aajj1 ,c4 nana#aaja1 ! plant is repres5t$ by sev]al approximately equal1 ?ick1 tub]\s /ems1 9 "s cases easily sep>at$ f "o ano!r3 a simil> clu/]$ habit is exhibit$ by c]ta9 =ms ( ,encephal>tos4 ,! size ( a ,cycadeoidea trunk v>ies f a few c5timetres 9 l5g? ) a diamet] ( simil> dim5sions1 z 9 ,c4 pumila1 to ov] a metre long z 9 ,c4 gigantea 7fig4 #ece71 or z mu* z #c-d metres 9 ,c4 ,j5neyana ) a diamet] ( ab\t half a metre4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) p]si/5t leaf-bases1 exactly z 9 _m rec5t ,cycads1 emb$d$ 9 a ?ick mass ( ram5tal scales :i* (t5 /& out z a prom95t reticulum1 ! petioles hav+ p>tially decay$ be=e ! p5etration ( ! m9]alis+ solution ?r\gh _! h>d] tissues 7fig4 #ejg74 ,on ! conical t]m9al bud pres]v$ 9 "s /ems 7fig4 #ecf7 ! foliage-leaves are replac$ by l9e> scales4 ,! leaf-bases (t5 %[ ! vascul> bundles :i* =m a simpl] sy/em ?an 9 ! majority ( rec5t species1 _! arrangem5t be+1 z ,wiel& says1 m ,f]n-l2 !y =m a s]ies ( collat]al /r&s foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! petiole-base#aajb ) a ,u-%ap$ invag9ation 9 ! middle ( ! upp] face 7fig4 #eag1 ,a74 ,beyond ! /ructure ( ! bundles at ! base ( ! fronds & 9 ! cortex ( ! /em our k ( ! anatomy ( ! vascul> supply ( ! ra*ises is v meagre4 ,at ! petiole-base ea* bundle consi/s ei!r entirely ( radial r[s ( c5trifugal scal>i=m tra*eids & m$ull>y rays usually "o-cell broad 7fig4 #eai1 ,b7 or ( c5trifugal & c5tripetal xylem 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,! gr\nd-tissue is well suppli$ ) l>ge secretory canals & 9 ! l>g] leaf-bases !re is a consid]able developm5t ( p]id]m at ! surface 7fig4 #eag1 ,b7 z 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,! ram5ta =m$ f ! epid]mal cells consi/ 9 mo/ species ( fairly broad scales "o-cell ?ick at ! edges & broad] 9 ! middle2 9 ,cycadeoidea nigra#aajc !y are g5]ally "o-cell ?ick ?r\gh\t & simil> ram5ta are common 9 ,c4 ,gibsoniana 7fig4 #eag1 ,b74 ,9 ,c4 micromyela unicellul> hairs replace ! scaly ram5ta1 b transitional =ms occur betwe5 hairs & scales4 ,9 ,williamsonia scotica 7fig4 #efb7 & 9 an ,indian species ( t g5us ! ram5ta are exclusively long hairs z 9 rec5t ,cycads1 ! scale-=m ( ! ram5ta 9 ,cycadeoidea be+ a ,f]n-"*4 ,! degree ( developm5t ( ! ram5tal tissue v>ies 9 diff]5t species2 9 ,c4 ,/ilwelli & ,c4 excelsa x is feebly develop$ :ile 9 ,cycadeoidea micromyela ! ram5ta almo/ cov] ! expos$ leaf-base arm\r4 ,! exceptional abundance ( ! ram5tal scales is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( "s ,am]ican /ems ref]r$ to a sep>ate g5us1 ,cycadella#aajd4 ,9 ! abundance ( ! ram5tal tissue1 9 ! compact /ructure ( ! well protect$ cones1 & 9 ! ?ickly cuticul>is$ epid]mis ( ! bracts & leaves ,cycadeoidea exhibits x]ophil\s *>act]s 9 a v high degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejg4 ,cycadeoidea m>yl&ica4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican /em to be describ$4 ,on ! side ( ! /em %[n 9 ! photograph !re are ab\t #cj "y /robili scatt]$ among ! leaf-bases4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ejh4 ,cycadeoidea ,wiel&i4 ,transv]se sections ( ! second>y xylem ( ! /em4 ,a1 ! middle region2 ,b1 ! inn] edge ( ! xylem4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #ajj47 ,) v few exceptions ! /ems ( ,cycadeoidea s f> describ$ af=d no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( m ?an "o vascul> cyl9d] 9 ! ma9 /em3 9 ?is respect ,cycadeoidea agrees ) su* rec5t ,cycads z ,dioon1 ,c]atozamia1 & ,/ang]ia4 ,9 ! /em ( ,c4 ,j5neyana ! second>y vascul> tissue rea*es a consid]able ?ickness & %[s signs ( #8r+s' 9 ! xylem1 b ^! are probably ! result ( "s p]iodic int]f]5ce ) ! uni=m gr[? & n an indication ( m ?an "o xylem-cyl9d]4 ,! second>y xylem 7figs4 #ejh1 #eji7 consi/s only ( c5trifugal tra*eids ) "s spiral elem5ts on ! inn] edge2 ?\gh manoxylic1 ,cycadeoidea has m compact wood ?an t ( rec5t ,cycads2 ! m$ull>y rays are #a-b cells broad except ne> ! p]im$ull>y region :]e !y are broad] & ! individual cells are tang5tially /ret*$ 7fig4 #ejh1 ,b74 ,! tra*eids are scal>i=m1 b 9 ,c4 micromyela1 an exceptional type1 "s ( ! xylem-elem5ts h #a-b r[s ( sep>ate bord]$ pits 7fig4 #ech74 ,! phloem 7fig4 #eah1 ,b7 is *>act]is$ by an alt]nation ( ?ick-wall$ elem5ts & ?9n] cells#aaje4 ,f ! ma9 /ele bran*es are giv5 (f to supply ! fl[]+ %oots 9 ! =m ( a cyl9drical /ele l t ( ! prim>y axis1 & ea* leaf-trace arises z a s+le bundle :i*1 9 ! =m ( a ,u-%ap$ /r& 7fig4 #eai1 ,a71 pursues a /raight c\rse to ! leaf-base 7fig4 #eaj7 :]e x breaks up into sev]al bran*es 7fig4 #ech1 ,b74 ,bo? leaf-trace & p$uncle /ele are giv5 (f f ! l[] edge ( a m$ull>y ray4 ,9 ! p>5*ymat\s cortex l>ge secretory canals 7fig4 #eah1 ,b7 are a conspicu\s feature1 & accessory cortical /eles simil> to ^? 9 ,cycas occasionally occur 7fig4 #eaa74 ,! l>ge pi? consi/s ( p>5*yma & secretory canals1 & int]nal p]id]m#aajf may be pres5t2 no m$ull>y bundles h be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eji4 ,cycadeoidea ,wiel&i4 ,tang5tial section ( second>y xylem ( ! /em4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #ajj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eaj4 ,cycadeoidea sp4 ,a piece ( /em %[+ 7,a7 ! p]si/5t leaf-bases 9 side-view & at b ! sc>s :]e ! bases h brok5 (f1 & 7,b7 ! inn] face ( ! same piece ) ! expos$ leaf-traces pass+ into ! leaves2 "o ( ! traces is se5 at t 9 fig4 ,a4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eaa4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,/ele 9 ! cortex4 7,briti% ,museum1 #hdjf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eab4 ,cycadeoidea +5s4 ,transv]se section ( a "y frond1 above ! tip ( ! ra*is1 emb$d$ 9 ram5ta4 ,! ra*is is situat$ on ! upp] side ( ! two ranks ( p9nae4 ,! arr[ po9ts t[>ds ! axis ( ! /em4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #d47 ,! correlation ( ! num]\s fronds#aajg pres]v$ 9 ,mesozoic /rata ) _! p>5t-/ems is seldom possible4 ,x is kn[n t leaves ( ! ,zamites type 7 borne on /ems 7,buckl&ia7 agree+ ) ,cycadeoidea 9 c]ta9 features b diff]+ 9 ! habit ( ! f]tile %oots 7fig4 #edb71 & !re is evid5ce t simil> /ems bore ,ptilophyllum & ,dictyozamites fronds#aajh2 b only unexp&$ leaves h be5 f\nd 9 actual connexion ) ,cycadeoidea /ems4 ,wiel&#aaji discov]$ "y p9nate fronds1 agree+ 9 ! =m ( ! p9nae ) ,zamites & ) "s =ms ( ,encephal>tos1 emb$d$ 9 a ?ick mass ( ram5tal scales 9 ! t]m9al bud ( a /em3 ! ra*ises 7 erect & ! two-rank$ p9nae imbricate & fold$ inw>ds 7fig4 #eab71 ! v]nation be+ l t ( ,dioon & n circ9ate z 9 ,cycas & ,f]ns4 ,! mesophyll ( ! lea!ry p9nae is diff]5tiat$ into palisade & lacun> p>5*yma1 & ! bundles are said to be #8mes>*' ?\gh on ?is po9t m in=mation is desirable4 ,ea* bundle is surr\nd$ by a %ea? ( ?ick-wall$ cells & ! same tissue =ms ,i-%ap$ gird]s z 9 simil> rec5t leaves4 ,9 "o species1 ,cycadella ram5tosa#aaaj1 ! ra*is ( a "y frond f\nd among ! leaf-bases _h a broad ,u-%ap$ vascul> /r&4 ,9 mo/ ,cycadeoidea /ems a *>act]i/ic feature is ! occurr5ce ( r$uc$ leaves1 or bracts1 arrang$ spirally ab\t a cone :i* sometimes projects slightly beyond ! g5]al level ( ! p]si/5t leaf-bases1 or ! cones may be fully develop$ yet /ill m or less hidd5 )9 ! arm\r ( petiole-bases 7fig4 #eag1 ,c74 ,^! cones1 or fl[]s1 are borne at ! apex ( lat]al axill>y %oots1 & x is *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us t !y nev] project m ?an a v %ort di/ance beyond ! truncate /umps ( ! old leaf-bases4 ,! axis ( a fl[]+ bran* be>s num]\s l9e>1 hairy1 bracts 7figs4 #eac2 #ead1 b7 :i* ) _! ?ick felt ( ram5ta con/itute an effici5t protective inve/m5t4 ,! summit ( a f]tile %oot =ms a r\nd$ hemisph]ical cu%ion 7fig4 #ead71 or ! receptacle may be m elongate & conical 7fig4 #eac7 & 9 "s species pyri=m#aaaa4 ,! fl[]s are g5]ally bisporangiate1 b ! fact t 9 fl[]s ) mature microsporophylls ! ovules are small & app>5tly immature 7fig4 #eac7 makes x difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! megasporophylls are m]ely immature or functionless z 9 ! male fl[] ( ,welwits*ia 7cf4 fig4 #hah74 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ cases ! fl[]s 7 bisexual#aaab 7fig4 #eac74 ,a rem>kable feature is ! enorm\s numb] ( fl[]s on a s+le /em2 9 ,cycadeoidea ,d>toni#aaac1 #ed cm4 long & #ce cm4 broad1 #ejj-fjj fl[]s 7 c\nt$ on "o side4 ,on ! o!r h& ! l>ge /em ( ,c4 gigantea 7fig4 #ecf7 %[s no fl[]s4 ,all ! fl[]s on a s+le trunk are approximately 9 ! same /age ( developm5t3 x w\ld seem1 z ,wiel& po9ts out1 t aft] a vegetative p]iod ( "s consid]able duration ! plant produc$ a l>ge crop ( fl[]s1 & x is conceivable t z 9 ,corypha & "s o!r rec5t ,fl[]+ plants ?is supreme ef=t set a limit to ! plant's exi/5ce4 ,9 ! developm5t ( fl[]s f ! old /em ,cycadeoidea af=ds a /rik+ example ( cauliflory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eac4 ,cycadeoidea4 ,re/oration ( an unexp&$ bisporangiate /robilus ) "s ( ! hairy bracts remov$4 ,comp>e ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis1 figs4 #ebi1 #ecj4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 ca nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ead4 ,ovulate /robilus ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,longitud9al section %[+ ! pi?1 m1 /ele1 x1 p1 & cortex1 c1 ( ! /em1 ! ovulate /robilus ) bracts1 b1 se$s1 s1 etc41 enclos$ by foliage-leaves1 l2 a1 ins]tion ( leaves on ! /em2 d1 ins]tion ( disc ( microsporophylls4 7,aft] ,wiel&47 ,! /ructure ( ! fl[]s is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ces betwe5 ,cycadeoidea & rec5t ,cycads 7cf4 figs4 #cic1 #cid74 ,! bisexual fl[]s ( ! fossil /ems are comp>atively small1 n exce$+ a few c5timetres 9 l5g?1 l a h5's egg or a m$ium-siz$ pe> & 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! male & female cones ( mod]n ,cycads 7cf4 figs4 #cic1 #cid74 ,a v]ticil ( p9nate microsporophylls is atta*$ by a circul> coll> =m$ ( ! concresc5t bases ( ! sporophylls to ! l[] portion ( ! receptacle2 ea* p9nule be>s sev]al %ortly-/alk$ synangia divid$ into loculi conta9+ microspores usually ) smoo? walls & simil>1 except 9 _! l>g] size1 to ^? ( mod]n ,cycads 7fig4 #ecb74 ,sections ( "s microspores figur$ by ,wiel&#aaad %[ :at appe> to be cells 9 ! spore-cavity1 b !y are l>g] ?an ord9>y pro?allial cells & _! true nature is d\btful4 ,we lack in=mation bo? z reg>ds ! nature ( ! male gametes & ! tissue =m$ on ! g]m9ation ( ! spores4 ,! free portions ( ! microsporophyll-:orl may consi/ ( z _m z #bj p9nate sporophylls1 b ! numb] is g5]ally small]2 ^! are mu* long] ?an ! ovulate "p ( ! fl[] & 9 an immature /ate ! ends ( ! sporophylls are b5t inw>ds & d[nw>ds 7fig4 #eac7 betwe5 ! bracts & ! receptacle4 ,aft] exp&+ & %$d+ ! spores ! :ole male disc is ?r[n (f leav+ a n>r[ rim bel[ ! hemisph]ical or conical receptacle 7fig4 #ead1 d74 ,! /]ile di/al end ( a microsporophyll is g5]ally slightly exp&$ & spa?ulate2 9 ,c4 colossalis#aaae x be>s a pair ( w+-l app5dages 7fig4 #ecc74 ,! upp] "p ( ! receptacle is cov]$ ) two k9ds ( organs :i* toge!r =m a lay] ( uni=m dep?2 ^! are believ$ to be homolog\s1 foli> /ructures2 ! majority are /]ile & h ! =m ( sl5d] long & n>r[ app5dages 7fig4 #ead7 ea* normally ) a s+le axial vascul> /r&4 ,^! s-call$ int]sem9al scales increase 9 bread? 9 ! apical region & =m polygonal summits less ?an a millimetre 9 bread? or exce$+ #b mm4 ,! l[ pyramidal apices ( ! int]sem9al scales give a mosaic-l appe>ance to ! surface ( ! ovulate receptacle 7fig4 #eae74 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! receptacle ^! /]ile sporophylls are ! only app5dages1 b ov] ! great] "p ( ! receptacle !y are int]mix$ ) a small] numb] ( simil> app5dages :i* be> a s+le t]m9al or?otrop\s ovule 7fig4 #ead1 s74 ,ea* ovule-be>+ organ or megasporophyll 7se$-/alk7 is surr\nd$ by #e--f int]sem9al scales1 & ! n>r[ cyl9drical micropyl> tubes are readily di/+ui%$ f ! /]ile sporophylls 9 surface-view 7figs4 #eaf1 #efd74 ,! se$s appe> to be exalbum9\s & ! embryo is dicotyl$on\s 7figs4 #eaf1 #eba1 #ebc7aaaf4 ,! se$s are v small 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( liv+ ,cycads4 ,! /ructure ( ! megasporophylls1 bo? /]ile & f]tile1 is describ$ 9 m detail 9 ! acc\nt ( ,cycadeoidea ,mori]ei & o!r =ms4 ,fig4 #eaf repres5ts a longitud9al section ( "o ( ! smalle/ se$s ( ,cycadeoidea1 betwe5 #c & #d mm4 long2 an embryo occupies ! great] "p ( ! se$-cavity3 ! micropyl> tube is =m$ ( ?ree lay]s1 a /rong inn] palisade-lay]1 a ?9 middle lay]1 & an out] palisade-tissue1 ! int]ior ( ! tube be+ fill$ ) p>5*yma2 at ! %\ld] ( ! se$ above ! root-end ( ! embryo ! surface ( ! te/a is *>act]is$ by #e-f w+s =m$ by ! radial ext5sion ( palisade-cells4 ,aft] ! %$d+ ( ! spores & ! abscission ( ! microsporophylls ! fl[]+ %oot probably increas$ slightly 9 l5g?1 ?us pu%+ ! rip5+ se$s beyond ! ends ( ! surr\nd+ leaf-bases4 ,! ripe fl[]s 7 ev5tually cut (f by an absciss-lay] imm$iately bel[ ! receptacle 7figs4 #eba1 ,c1 a2 #ebb1 a71 l>ge cup-l depressions be+ left on ! surface ( ! /em 7fig4 #ecd74 ,! ovulate cone on :i* ! species ,cycadeoidea ,mori]ei is f\nd$ probably repres5ts ! condition ( a naturally deta*$ fl[] ( a ,cycadeoidea4 ,x is possible t ! deta*$ fl[]s fre$ f _! encircl+ bracts may h be5 edible1 ! small se$s be+ disp]s$ by animal ag5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eae4 ,cycadeoidea sp4 ,surface-view ( a "y ovulate /robilus %[+ ! swoll5 ends ( int]sem9al scales gr\p$ ab\t ! circul> micropyles4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eaf4 ,cycadeoidea ,d>toni4 ,longitud9al section ( se$ ) embryo4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #ai47 99 99 99 99 99 ,! spl5did petrifi$ /em1 ,cycadeoidea etrusca ,cap4#aaag1 "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,bologna ,museum1 0 f\nd on a tomb #bj miles we/ ( t city :]e x 0 d\btless plac$ by ! ,etruscans :o obta9$ x f ! ,upp] ,jurassic scaly clays 9 ! ,ap5n9e ,hills4 ,x 0 9 an imp]fectly pres]v$ fl[] ( ?is fossil t ,graf ,solms-,lauba* discov]$ "s microspores1 b x 0 n until ,wiel&'s exam9ation ( ! m complete ,am]ican /ems t in=mation 0 obta9$ z to ! spore-be>+ organs4 ,ano!r ,italian /em1 ,cycadeoidea montiana ,cap41 0 describ$ 9 #agec z a #8cong]ies ( b>nacles#aaah4' ,! specim5 nam$ by ,goepp]t ,raum]ia ,rei*5ba*iana#aaai 0 describ$ 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury z a mass ( ,hippurites or coral cups3 ?is 0 f\nd 9 a swamp 9 ,galicia & is n[ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ objects 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum2 a brief acc\nt ( x is giv5 on page #dji4 ,9 #ahei ,tyson discov]$ two l>ge trunks 9 ! ,potomac b$s ( ,m>yl& = :i* ,fonta9e subsequ5tly propos$ ! "n ,tysonia m>yl&ica#aabj1 b z ,w>d po9t$ out ! species is cle>ly a ,cycadeoidea 7fig4 #ejg74 ,9 #ahid ,le/] ,w>d#aaba record$ sev]al additional /ems f ,tyson's locality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota1 an isolat$ spur ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 =m$ ( old] rocks encircl$ by ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata#aabb1 t ! greate/ numb] ( ,cycadean trunks h be5 obta9$3 ! magnific5t collection n[ 9 ! ,yale ,museum is l>gely due to ! en]gy & munific5ce ( ! late ,pr(4 ,m>%4 ,f ! ,upp] ,jurassic b$s 9 ,c>bon ,co41 ,wyom+#aabc1 sev]al /ems h be5 collect$1 & a prelim9>y /udy ( _! ext]nal features l$ ,w>d to in/itute #bj species ( a new g5us ,cycadella4 ,/ems h also be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,freez\t ,hills ( ,wyom+ & additional specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,potomac =mation ( ,m>yl&4 ,! discov]y ( ov] #ajjj specim5s ( ,cycadean /ems 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s & ,upp] ,jurassic b$s ( a few localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be>s /rik+ te/imony to ! abundance ( ^! ext9ct ,gymnosp]ms dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,mesozoic era4 ,x is p]haps true t1 z ,le/] ,w>d wrote1 #8,cycads are to ! vegetable k+dom :at ,d9osaurs are to ! animal1 ea* repres5t+ ! culm9ation 9 ,mesozoic times ( ! rul+ ,dyna/ies 9 ! life ( _! age#aabd4' ,al?\gh ! numb] ( /ems obta9$ f ,european c\ntries is relatively small1 ! abundance ( specim5s 9 ! ,upp] ,jurassic /rata ( ! ,isle ( ,portl& & ,nor!rn ,italy & _! occurr5ce 9 ,belgium#aabe1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,pol&1 ,india & else:]e1 toge!r ) an abundance ( ,cycadean fronds 9 practically all ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s plant-be>+ b$s1 demon/rate ! dom9ant position ( ! ,b5nettitales4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! g5us ,williamsonia 9 _m ,european localities z well z 9 ,india1 ,afghani/an1 & o!r c\ntries1 & ! n infrequ5t occurr5ce ( /ems assign$ to ,buckl&ia1 ,yatesia1 ,cyl9dropodium1 & o!r g5]a furni% evid5ce ( ! ri* developm5t ( ! ,b5nettitales 9 lat] ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s floras4 ,wiel&'s rec5t discov]y#aabf ( num]\s ,cycadean fronds1 ,williamsonia fl[]s1 & /ems 9 ,liassic rocks 9 ,mexico %[s t ! gr\p _h already assum$ an important position 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,jurassic p]iod4 ,! memoir by ,c>ru!rs#aabg on ,briti% ,cycadean /ems conta9s ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! morphological features ( ,b5nettitalean fl[]s bas$ on petrifi$ mat]ial4 ,9 #ahia ,solms-,lauba* contribut$ an important pap] on ! ,b5nettitean fl[] & sev]al ye>s lat] ,ligni]#aabh contribut$ additional data d]iv$ f a c>eful /udy ( a well pres]v$ /robilus#aabi f ! ,gault ( ,norm&y4 ,wiel&'s rese>*es#aacj add$ v greatly to our k1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! morphology ( ! microsporophylls4 ,among ! e>li] descriptions ( ! reproductive organs ( ! ,b5nettitales is ,buckl&'s acc\nt#aaca ( a specim5 f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,*>m\?1 ,dorset 7fig4 #efj71 :i* he ref]r$ to ! g5us ,podoc>ya 7 ,williamsonia ,buckl&i#aacb73 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! type-specim51 :i* un=tunately _c be f\nd1 w\ld probably furni% _m important facts4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,gibsoniana 7,c>ru!rs74 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,saxbyana 7,br[n74 ,^! two species s]ve to illu/rate ! type ( /em = :i* ,c>ru!rs in/itut$ ! tribe ,b5nettiteae & ! g5us ,b5nettites4 ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus is ! mo/ important ( ! five species describ$ by ,c>ru!rs#aacc1 z x 0 f its f]tile %oots t in=mation 0 fir/ obta9$ z to ! nature ( ! ovulate /robili ( ! ,b5nettitales4 ,b4 ,saxbyanus#aacd1 orig9ally describ$ z ,cycadites ,saxbyanus f a specim5 f\nd by ,mr ,saxby at ,bon*ur* 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight & repres5t$ by ,weald5 examples f ,brook ,po9t1 is *iefly int]e/+ = ! cle> pres]vation ( ! anatomical features ( ! /em4 ,?ree o!r species 7 also describ$ by ,c>ru!rs2 !y are3 ,b5nettites maximus ,c>r41 a l>ge /em simil> to ,b4 ,saxbyanus1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey2 ,b4 portl&icus f ! ,l[] ,purbeck ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological ,society2 & ,b4 ,pea*ianus1 a piece ( a compress$ /em1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f ! ,upp] ,jurassic ( ,helmsdale 9 ,n4,e4 ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eag4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,a1 transv]se section ( petiole %[+ vascul> bundles & ram5ta2 ,b1 portion ( ,a enl>g$ %[+ p]id]m & ram5ta4 ,c1 tang5tial section ( /em ) leaf-bases1 ram5ta 7black7 & two fl[]s1 #a1 #b4 7,a1 slightly enl>g$1 ,man*e/] ,collection1 ,r1 #ajfi2 ,c1 aft] ,c>ru!rs47 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,gibsoniana4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on a petrifi$ portion ( a l>ge /em ( ,l[] ,gre5s& age discov]$ by ,mr ,gibson 9 ,luccomb ,*9e 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight3 ! type-specim5 is repres5t$ by pieces ( ! orig9al block 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9 "o ( ! ,museums at ! ,royal ,g>d5s1 ,kew4 ,! foll[+ description is bas$ p>tly on ! publi%$ acc\nts & 9 "p on an exam9ation ( sections 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum1 & 9 ,dr ,scott's collection4 ,! elliptical =m ( ! /em & vascul> cyl9d] z se5 9 transv]se section1 reg>d$ by ,c>ru!rs#aace z a feature *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us1 has no morphological significance & is 9 "p at lea/ due to compression4 ,9 ! l>ge pi?1 ! arm\r ( p]si/5t petiole-bases sep>at$ by d5se ram5tal scales 7fig4 #eag1 ,a1 ,b71 & 9 habit1 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana agrees g5]ally ) ! /ems ( _m rec5t ,cycads1 b ! resemblance ( ! vegetative organs is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! diff]5ces exhibit$ by ! reproductive %oots4 ,! pi? consi/s ( p>5*yma ) scatt]$ secretory ducts b no m$ull>y vascul> bundles4 ,9 ! pi? ( ,cycadeoidea ,pea*iana !re are pat*es ( tissue sup]ficially resembl+ vascul> /r&s1 b ^! are probably b&s ( int]nal phloem l ^? describ$ by ,solms-,lauba*#aacf 9 "s ,italian /ems4 ,9 none ( ! ,engli% /ems are !re any cle> indications ( ! occurr5ce ( m ?an "o cambium 9 ! /ele4 ,! second>y xylem is entirely c5trifugal ) "s small] cru%$ elem5ts1 presumably protoxylem1 at ! inn] edge :]e ! m$ull>y rays are especially broad4 ,! xylem is ( ! manoxylic type 7fig4 #eah1 ,a7 z 9 rec5t ,cycads2 ?\gh ! m$ull>y rays1 #a-b cells broad1 are r small] ?an 9 rec5t species4 ,! tra*eids are scal>i=m z 9 ,/ang]ia 7fig4 #cig74 ,z 9 rec5t ,cycads !re is a broad cyl9d] ( second>y phloem 7fig4 #eah1 ,b7#aacg compos$ ( alt]nate lay]s ( ?ick-wall$ & ?9n] elem5ts--sieve-tubes & p>5*yma3 traces ( lat]al sieve-plates occur on "s ( ! elongat$ elem5ts4 ,ea* leaf-trace arises z a s+le /r& f ! l[] edge ( a me% =m$ by ! l>ge inn] end ( a m$ull>y ray3 on em]g+ into ! inn] cortex ! trace has ! =m ( a ,u-%ap$ /r& 7fig4 #eai1 ,a1 lt7 :i* passes direct to ! petiole1 foll[+ a /eeply asc5d+ c\rse 9 ,cycadeoidea ,saxbyana & almo/ horizontal 9 ,c4 ,gibsoniana4 ,be=e ent]+ ! base ( a leaf ! trace breaks up into sev]al collat]al /r&s & ^! =m a simple patt]n z se5 9 a tang5tial section ( ! leaf-bases 7fig4 #eag1 ,a1 ,c71 ! c5tral bundles on ! upp] side =m+ a ,u-%ap$ involution4 ,!re is no indication ( any girdl+ ( ! foli> bundles4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! petiol> bundles is simpl] & m ,f]n-l ?an 9 ! majority ( exi/+ ,cycads4 ,ea* vascul> bundle consi/s 9 ! petiole-base ma9ly ( c5trifugal second>y xylem & m$ull>y-ray tissue 7fig4 #eai1 ,b72 a gr\p ( c5tripetal tra*eids is usually recognisable int]nal to ! protoxylem3 ! /ructure is ( ! mes>* type ) a v>iable am\nt ( c5tripetal xylem1 & agrees g5]ally ) t 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eah4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,a1 second>y xylem ( /em2 ,b1 second>y phloem & "p ( ! cortex ) secretory ducts1 s4 7,a1 ,b1 ,briti% ,museum1 #acbjf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eai4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,a1 transv]se section ( ! vascul> cyl9d] ( /em1 ) leaf-trace1 lt2 c1 cambium1 px1 protoxylem4 ,b1 vascul> bundle ( petiole4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,! comp>atively n>r[ cortex is compos$ ( p>5*yma ) scatt]$ secretory sacs 7fig4 #eah1 ,b1 s71 & occasionally an elliptical vascul> /r& 7fig4 #eaa7 is pres5t :i* is probably caul9e z are ! simil> /r&s 9 ,cycas4 ,! p]si/5t petiole-bases are cov]$ ) ram5tal scales :i* =m a d5se int]foli> pack+3 ^! frequ5tly consi/ ( a s+le lay] ( fairly ?ick-wall$ cells or1 z se5 9 transv]se section1 ( sp9dle-l scales "o-cell ?ick at ! edges & #b-c cells broad 9 ! middle 7fig4 #eag1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebj4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,gr\nd-tissue ( bract4 7,briti% ,museum4 #dachh47 ,! pres5ce ( f]tile %oots1 presumably axill>y1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ,b5nettitean /ems4 ,! bran*+ is monopodial & n sympodial z 9 mo/ rec5t ,cycads4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! me?od ( bran*+ 9 ,cycadeoidea is af=d$ by "s /ems ( ,macrozamia rec5tly describ$ by ,*amb]la9#aach4 ,x is n improbable t "s ( ! fl[]+ bran*es ( ,cycadeoidea 7 bran*$4 ,solms-,lauba*#aaci /ates t he obs]v$ c]ta9 *>act]s 9 ! second>y axes ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana :i* l$ him to suspect t !re may h be5 fascicl$ sy/ems ( f]tile %oots em]g+ 9 a body or 9 close proximity to "o ano!r betwe5 ! leaf-bases ( ! /em4 ,an example ( a bran*$ fl[]+ %oot is describ$ 9 ,williamsonia scotica#aadj4 ,a f]tile %oot agrees 9 /ructure ) ! ma9 axis & ,scott#aada /ates t ! phloem is p>ticul>ly well develop$1 a feature by no means unusual 9 f]tile bran*es4 ,^! lat]al %oots 7fig4 #ead7 be> num]\s l9e> bracts ea* ) ?ree collat]al vascul> bundles1 & gr\nd-tissue compos$ ( ?ick-wall$ cells *>act]is$ by scal>i=m pitt+ 7fig4 #ebj73 secretory sacs are abundant4 ,! hypod]mal /]eome is especially develop$ on ! inn] face ( ! bracts4 ,! apex ( a lat]al %oot has ! =m ( a r\nd$ cu%ion 7figs4 #ead2 #eba1 ,a1 ,c7 simil> to ! receptacle ( _m ,composites1 & on ?is are borne ! sporophylls4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,cycadeoidea t ! fl[]s project v slightly beyond ! surface ( ! /em & ! p$uncles are n expos$ except 9 tang5tial sections ?r\gh ! leaf-base arm\r 7fig4 #eag1 ,c1 #a1 #b74 ,on ! fall ( ! fl[] or ripe #8fruit1' :i* is effect$ by an absciss-lay] 7figs4 #eba1 ,c1 a2 #ebb1 a71 a cup-l sc> is left on ! /em 7cf4 fig4 #ecd74 ,?is me?od ( fl[]-production sugge/s comp>ison1 mutatis mut&is1 ) ! ph5om5on ( cauliflory 9 c]ta9 rec5t ,fl[]+ plants2 x is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ features betwe5 ,cycadeoidea & /ems be>+ long] f]tile %oots ) fl[]s ( ! ,williamsonia type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eba4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,gibsoniana4 ,a1 ,c1 longitud9al sections2 a1 absciss-lay]2 b1 bracts2 pr1 #8p]ic>p'2 s1 scales1 /]ile & f]tile4 ,b1 transv]se section ( female fl[]2 i1 int]sem9al scales2 m1 megasporophylls4 ,d1 transv]se section ( se$ %[+ ! te/a1 t1 sep>at$ by a space1 sp1 f ! embryo4 ,e1 embryo2 r1 radicle4 7,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 aft] ,solms-,lauba*2 ,c1 section 9 ! ,briti% ,museum47 ,fig4 #eag1 ,c1 %[s a tang5tially cut surface ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana ) two axill>y f]tile %oots2 "o1 #a1 is cut across bel[ ! receptacle & %[s ! axis surr\nd$ by bracts :ile ! o!r1 #b1 is se5 at a high] level1 above ! receptacle1 :]e ! section has expos$ ! num]\s sporophylls4 ,! r\nd$ surface ( ! receptacle is cov]$ ) a d5se clu/] ( long sl5d] app5dages1 se$-/alks & int]sem9al scales1 ! latt] be+ mu* m num]\s ?an ! =m] 7fig4 #eba1 ,a1 ,b74 ,^! organs are believ$ to be homolog\s foli> /ructures1 ! se$-/alks be+ megasporophylls & ! int]sem9al scales abortive or pot5tial sporophylls 7see also figs4 #efb1 #efc74 ,fig4 #ead %[s ! =m ( a s+le fl[] f an ,am]ican /em closely alli$ to ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebb4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,longitud9al section ( fl[] %[+ half ! receptacle ) "p ( ! absciss-lay]1 a4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebc4 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,se$ ) embryo4 7,briti% ,museum1 #dachh47 ,! megasporophylls are m or less polygonal 9 transv]se section3 !re is a c5tral conc5tric vascul> /r& surr\nd$ by a ?ick cortex 7fig4 #ebg73 at its upp] end ! sporophyll be>s a s+le or?otrop\s se$ conta9+ a dicotyl$on\s embryo 7figs4 #eba1 ,d1 ,e2 #ebc74 ,! vascul> /r& pi]ces ! base ( ! te/a & exp&s to =m a %all[ cup ( tra*eal tissue 9 ! *alaza2 !re are no bundles 9 ! s+le integum5t4 ,! te/a 7fig4 #eba1 ,d1 t7 consi/s ( ?ree regions1 a m$ian lay] ( r l>ge rectangul> or palisade-cells ) an inn] & out] tissue compos$ ( mu* small] cells4 ,! te/a is prolong$ di/ally z a sl5d] cyl9drical column or micropyl> tube at ! base ( :i* x becomes broad] ow+ to ! increase 9 bread? ( ! middle or palisade lay]4 ,a nucell> beak projects z a cone into ! base ( ! micropyl> tube4 ,no poll5-*amb] has be5 f\nd4 ,x is notewor?y t ! micropyle is clos$ 9 ! ripe se$s4 ,int]nal to ! te/a !re is a cru%$ membrane sep>at$ f ! embryo by a space 7fig4 #eba1 ,d1 sp73 ?is is ! rema9s ( ! nucellus &1 z ,solms-,lauba* po9ts out1 !re is no pro( t any endosp]m 0 pres5t 9 ! ripe se$s#aadb4 ,! embryo consi/s ( a %ort axis1 ! conical radicle & ! v %ort apex ( ! epicotyl1 also two equal cotyl$ons ea* ) a few vascul> bundles 7fig4 #eba1 ,d74 ,! long int]sem9al scales1 z se5 9 transv]se section 9 ! l[] "p ( a fl[] betwe5 ! sporophylls1 appe> z compress$ polygonal organs 7fig4 #eba1 ,b1 i7 ) an axial vascul> /r& surr\nd$ by p>5*yma & limit$ by a /rong epid]mis2 !y pass up betwe5 ! se$-/alks1 m1 & 9 ! di/al end become consid]ably enl>g$ 7figs4 #ead1 #eae71 gradually exp&+ to =m a truncate or slightly pyramidal apex 7figs4 #eec1 #efc74 ,! swoll5 peltate apices ( adjac5t scales =m a cont9u\s cov]+ to ! fl[] int]rupt$1 except 9 ! l[] /]ile "p ( ! fl[]1 by symmetrically dispos$ cyl9drical micropyl> tubes 7fig4 #eae74 ,! p]iph]al int]sem9al scales =m a homog5e\s p>5*ymat\s tissue :i* spr+s f bel[ ! edge ( ! receptacle 7fig4 #eba1 ,a1 ,b1 pr7 & ! individuality ( ! scales compos+ ?is #8p]ic>p' is indicat$ by occasional invag9ations ( ! epid]mal lay] :i* m>ks ! b\nd>y ( ! polygonal areas4 ,! /ructure ( ! megasporophylls & scales is m fully describ$ 9 ! case ( ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei#aadc4 ,! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana appe> to be unisexual & ovulate3 9 view ( ! discov]y by ,wiel& ( num]\s bisexual f]tile %oots on ,am]ican species ( ,cycadeoidea x w\ld be reasonable to reg>d ! app>5tly unisexual fl[]s ( ! ,engli% species z orig9ally bisexual b pres]v$ at a /age subsequ5t to ! loss1 by abscission1 ( ! disc ( microsporophylls4 ,fig4 #ead %[s a fl[] ( an ,am]ican ,cycadeoidea practically id5tical ) ^? ( ,c4 ,gibsoniana1 b ! rema9s ( ! /am9ate disc are cle>ly se5 at d bel[ ! swoll5 apex ( ! fl[]+ axis4 ,9 ! photograph ( half ( ! same region 9 ,c4 ,gibsoniana reproduc$ 9 fig4 #ebb !re is no indication ( any simil> trace ( a :orl ( microsporophylls4 ,admitt+ ! fact t a %rivell$ remnant ( ! p]si/5t base ( a :orl ( microsporophylls might easily escape obs]vation1 x is difficult to believe t any f]tile leaves ev] exi/$ 9 ! fl[] repres5t$ 9 figs4 #eba1 #ebb4 ,x is equally difficult to reg>d ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #efa z o!r ?an a true unisexual 7ovulate7 fl[]4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei 7,saporta & ,m>ion74 ,! "n ,b5nettites 0 adopt$ by ,ligni] = ?is species :i* 0 f\nd$ on a deta*$ fl[] f ! ,gault#aadd ( ,va*es-,noires1 ,norm&y4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ by ,morire#aade1 !n by ,saporta & ,m>ion#aadf1 :o nam$ x ,williamsonia ,mori]ei1 & x has s9ce be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,ligni]#aadg4 ,!re is no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! p>5t-/em ?\gh ,morire sugge/$ a possible connexion ) ,zamia ,brongni>ti ,mor4 7figur$ by ,saporta#aadh z ,fittonia ,brongni>ti7 f ! same locality4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,b5nettites ,mori]ei 0 borne on a lat]al bran* ( a /em ( ! ,cycadeoidea type3 x is con/ruct$ on ess5tially ! same plan z ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,gibsoniana1 & 9 bo? cases !re is no indication ( ! pres5ce ( microsporophylls4 ,! type-specim5 is #ee cm4 long & #ce cm4 broad1 ovoid1 & *>act]is$ by a depress$ cu%ion-l receptacle z 9 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,! envelop+ bracts ) _! ram5tal scales agree g5]ally 9 /ructure ) ^? ( ! ,engli% species &1 except z reg>ds ! ram5ta1 ) ,williamsonia scotica3 num]\s /omata occur on ! l[] surface2 ! gr\nd-tissue consi/s ( ?ick-wall$ p>5*yma & ! n>r[ pit-canals simulate ! scal>i=m b&s 9 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana 7cf4 fig4 #ebj74 ,! pitt$ scl]\s cells 9 ! bracts ( ,w4 scotica are ( ! same type4 ,!re is an ana/omos+ sy/em ( secretory canals1 also sev]al vascul> bundles l ^? 9 ,c4 ,gibsoniana b m num]\s2 ! latt] are compos$ ( a gr\p ( phloem-elem5ts abutt+ ext]nally on fibres1 a well-def9$ cambium1 & radially dispos$ scal>i=m tra*eids3 int]nal to ! protoxylem is a gr\p ( elem5ts consid]$ by ,ligni] to be c5tripetal xylem4 ,f ! bran*+ & slightly div]g5t c\rse ( ! bundles 9 ! upp] "p ( ! bracts ,ligni] conclud$ t ^! organs repres5t ! basal portions ( leaves orig9ally provid$ ) a t]m9al limb4 ,x may be t ! small lat]al app5dages to "s ( ! bracts ( ,williamsonia scotica 7fig4 #efa1 l7 af=d support to ?is view4 ,megasporophylls 7se$-/alks & se$s74 ,^! organs1 #c-de cm4 long & approximately #ae mm4 9 diamet]1 are 9 mo/ cases imp]fectly pres]v$4 ,9 transv]se section & at a level ( #a cm4 above ! receptacle a /alk be>+ an atrophi$ se$ %[s ! foll[+ features3 an epid]mis ) v ?ick int]nal walls encloses a p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue ) an axial conduct+ /r&4 ,at a high] level ! epid]mal cells h walls ( uni=m ?ickness1 & a hypod]mal lay] ( cells ) col\r$ cont5ts is diff]5tiat$ f ! gr\nd-tissue 7fig4 #ebd1 ,d1 ac74 ,z ! se$-base is approa*$ ! epid]mal cells t5d to sep>ate f "o ano!r & divide longitud9ally1 ! compact epid]mal lay] be+ replac$ by an envelope ( tubul>1 dissociat$1 cells 7fig4 #ebd1 ,d1 ,et74 ,simil> tubul> elem5ts occur 9 ! se$-/alks ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,a fully develop$ se$-/alk be>+ a complete se$ cut across 9 ! middle region %[s ! foll[+ features3 a conc5tric vascul> /r& surr\nd$ by ?9-wall$ p>5*yma & ! col\r$ hypod]mal lay] 7fig4 #ebd1 ,d1 ac71 ! :ole be+ enclos$ 9 ! tubul> envelope ( epid]mal orig9 7,et7 :i* is m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 ! /alks ( imp]fect se$s3 !re may be z _m z #aj-ab tubul> cells on "o radius4 ,:5 trac$ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! receptacle ! tubul> envelope decreases 9 bread?1 ?\gh ! cells become m num]\s & small]1 until 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! receptacle ! tubul> tissue is trans=m$ into a compact p>5*yma ( l>ge cells ea* ( :i* corresponds to a gr\p ( tubes =m$ by ! septation ( ! cells4 ,trac$ upw>ds ?is ?9-wall$ p>5*yma gradually passes into ?ick-wall$ tubes1 & ne> ! se$-base ! tubul> envelope is r$uc$ to two lay]s1 an inn] consi/+ ( relatively small cells ) s9u\s radial walls 7! fold$ lay] ( ,ligni]7 & an out] tubul> lay]4 ,ligni] describes an int]e/+ abnormality1 a bifid se$-/alk enclos$ 9 a common epid]mis :i* he comp>es ) ! occasional bran*+ ( ! se$-/alks ( ,g9kgo biloba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebd4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei4 ,a4 ,transv]se section ( ! micropyl> tube conta9+ ! apex ( ! nucellus2 ,ei1 inn] epid]mis2 ,tf1 gr\nd-tissue2 e1 out] epid]mis ) ! ?ick5+ ( ! walls %[n 9 a few ( ! cells4 ,b4 ,transv]se section ( ! upp] "p ( ! micropyl> tube2 lett]+ z 9 fig4 ,a4 ,c4 ,transv]se section at ! level ( ! w+s =m$ by ! fibr\s lay] & correspond+ to ! angles ( ! se$1 approximately at ! level cp 9 fig4 #ebe2 cn1 nucell> cavity2 ,ei1 inn] epid]mis ( se$-coat2 cf1 fibr\s lay] ( w+s1 f1 :i* ext5d across ! fle%y lay]1 t*1 to ! radial lay] ar 7cf4 fig4 #ebe72 at1 tubul> lay]2 ,ee1 epid]mis ( adjac5t scale deta*$ f ! o!r tissues1 ase1 along ! l9e ( fracture d2 ,,ee1 epid]mis ( two adjac5t scales4 ,d4 ,transv]se section ( p$uncle2 tr1 tra*eids2 ac1 col\r$ subepid]mal lay]2 ,et1 tubul> epid]mis1 d\ble 9 places2 ,,ee1 epid]mis =m$ f neighb\r+ scales4 7,f ,pr(4 ,ligni]'s draw+s2 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 #aah2 ,c1 #ij47 ,se$s4 ,! se$s 7figs4 #ebe1 #ebf71 #f-g #be-c mm41 are tetragonal or p5tagonal 9 ! upp] half 7fig4 #ebg1 #a1 #b71 ! angles be+ =m$ by ?ick b n v prom95t w+s ( tissue 7fig4 #ebd1 ,c1 cf72 !y are or?otrop\s & h a s+le integum5t 7figs4 #ebe1 #ebf74 ,! tubul> lay] =m+ ! out] portion ( a se$-/alk ne> ! se$-base is prolong$ ov] ! surface ( ! te/a z a discont9u\s cov]+ 9 ! =m ( isolat$ or small gr\ps ( tubes1 giv+ a /riat$ appe>ance to ! se$s4 ,?is lay] ?\gh app>5tly a "p ( ! se$ is d]iv$ f ! neighb\r+ int]sem9al scales ( :i* x is ! epid]mal lay]2 x consi/s ( elongat$ cells & scatt]$ /omata#aadi4 ,! fold$ lay] p]si/s only 9 ! l[] "p ( ! se$1 be+ replac$ by a lay] ( radially ext5d$ cells 7radial lay]2 ar1 figs4 #ebd1 ,c2 #ebe1 ar2 #ebg1 c7 9 ! upp] region ( ! se$4 ,9 ! micropyl> region bo? ! tubul> & fold$ lay]s und]go fur!r *ange2 ! ext]nal1 tubul>1 lay] =ms a k9d ( epid]mis 7at1 figs4 #ebd1 #ebe71 ! subepid]mal lay]1 consi/+ ( ! radially elongat$ cells 7figs4 #ebd1 #ebe1 ar2 #ebg1 c74 ,! sup]ficial lay] assumes a diff]5t aspect 9 ! micropyl> region1 its cells be+ ?ick] wall$1 z are also ^? ( ! subepid]mal lay] 7fig4 #ebd1 ,a & ,b74 ,! micropyl> canal 7figs4 #ebd1 #ebe1 cm7 is cyl9drical 9 ! l[] "p b at ! apex is r$uc$ to a long & n>r[ slit b\nd$ by an int]nal epid]mis ( radially /ret*$ cells :i* 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube are ?9n] wall$ & isodiametric4 ,! re/ ( ! te/a is diff]5tiat$ into two regions2 an out] fle%y region imm$iately int]nal to ! fold$ 7or radial7 lay] & an inn] fibr\s region next ! nucellus1 :i* is "o-lay] broad betwe5 ! w+s b opposite ! w+s x ext5ds radially outw>ds across ! fle%y tissue to ! radial lay] 7figs4 #ebd1 ,c2 #ebe2 #ebg73 9 ! w+$ portion ( ! se$ ?is tissue =ms ! inn] fibr\s portion ( ! w+s b 9 ! l[] "p ( ! se$ bel[ ! w+s x =ms a s+le lay] ( uni=m bread? f9ally spread+ out z a basal cup 9 ! *alazal region :]e x is pi]c$ by ! vascul> /r&4 ,! fle%y portion ( ! te/a =ms "o lay] 9 ! proximal "p ( ! se$ & becomes sev]al lay]s wide betwe5 ! fibr\s w+s 9 ! upp] "p4 ,?is fle%y tissue appe>s to be d]iv$ f ! col\r$1 subepid]mal1 lay] ( ! se$-/alk1 :ile ! int]nal p>5*yma is reg>d$ by ,ligni] z ! equival5t ( ! fibr\s lay] ( ! te/a4 ,9 ! micropyl> tube ! fibr\s lay]s are replac$ by #b-c lay]s ( scl]\s cells 7fig4 #ebd1 ,a1 ,b74 ,! te/a has no vascul> supply3 ! conc5tric /r& ( ! se$-/alk passes ?r\gh ! fibr\s tissue at ! base ( ! se$ & rea*es ! base ( ! nucellus 7fig4 #ebe74 ,! nucell> apex ext5ds into ! l[] "p ( ! micropyle 7fig4 #ebe1 n71 & 9 "s cases ,ligni] notic$ an axial canal =m$ by ! break+-d[n ( ! cells :i* abutt$ bel[ on a cavity above ! embryo1 probably ! rema9s ( a poll5-*amb] 7figs4 #ebe1 #ebg74 ,no microspores h be5 f\nd4 ,two d>k spots %[n at co1 fig4 #ebe1 may repres5t ar*egonia b ?is is d\btful1 especially z ! se$ conta9s a well-develop$ embryo4 ,! nucellus is free f ! te/a only 9 ! apical region & a dicotyl$on\s embryo occupies ! int]ior )\t any trace ( endosp]m4 ,ligni] po9ts out t 9 "s se$s conta9+ embryos ! nucell> beak is n completely p]=at$3 9 ?is fact & 9 ! abs5ce ( microspores 9 ! micropyl> canals he is incl9$ to see evid5ce ( p>!nog5esis#aaej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebe4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei4 ,section ( a se$ & adjac5t int]sem9al scales4 tm1 micropyl> tube2 n1 nucell> beak 9 ! micropyl> canal1 cm2 cp1 poll5-*amb]2 co1 ar*egonia 7872 em1 position ( ! embryo2 *1 *alaza2 dn1 rema9s ( ! nucellus2 af1 fibr\s lay] pass+ bel[ into ! %ell1 cq1 & ! p$uncle1 ,tf2 t*1 fle%y lay]2 ar1 radial & tubul> lay]s repres5t$ 9 ! p$uncle by ! tubul> envelope at2 ,ec1 swoll5 ends ( ! int]sem9al scales4 7,f a draw+ k9dly suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,ligni]2 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebf4 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei4 ,longitud9al section ( a se$ & int]sem9al scales4 7,f a photograph suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,ligni]47 ,9 sev]al respects ! se$s ( ,cycadeoidea agree ) ^? ( ,gnetum3 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! acc\nt ( ! se$ ( ,gnetum africanum 9 ,*apt] lii4 & to ! pap]s ref]r$ to 9 ! footnote#aaea4 ,int]sem9al scales4 ,! "y se$-/alks agree v closely ) ! int]sem9al scales3 ea* se$-/alk is surr\nd$ by #e-f scales 7fig4 #ebg7 z 9 o!r ,b5nettitean fl[]s 7fig4 #efd74 ,= ! great] "p ( _! l5g? ! int]sem9al scales are compress$1 b above ! se$s1 :]e !y are free f pressure 7fig4 #ebf71 !y become mu* ?ick] & =m a cov]+ 7#8p]ic>p'7 z 9 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,9 its upp] region an int]sem9al scale consi/s ( an epid]mis ) /rongly ?ick5$ inn] walls1 hypod]mal ?ick-wall$ cells & p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue ) a s+le axial bundle4 ,9 ! l[] "p ! scale is m flatt5$ & ! ?ick-wall$ hypod]m is replac$ by ?9-wall$ p>5*yma4 ,"s ( ! scales at ! p]iph]y ( ! receptacle :]e !re are no se$-/alks are broad] & may h six vascul> bundles2 ?is1 ,ligni] sugge/$1 might be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( ! r$uction ( ! int]sem9al scales f leaves possess+ a t]m9al limb2 b a fur!r exam9ation ( scales at ! p]iph]y ( ! fl[] l$ him to ! conclusion t ! di/al swell+ ( ! scales is solely due to ! hyp]trophy ( conjunctive tissue & is n ! result ( ! modification ( a r$uc$ limb#aaeb4 ,! morphological value ( ! int]sem9al scales & se$-/alks has n be5 def9itely settl$1 ?\gh ! probability is t !y are homolog\s organs & foli>4 ,solms-,lauba*#aaec sugge/$ t bo? may be axial1 ! se$-/alks repres5t+ axes end+ 9 a fl[] r$uc$ to a s+le ovule2 or1 he adds1 ! se$-/alks may j z well be c>pels1 ?\gh 9 t case we %\ld h ! unusual ph5om5on ( t]m9al se$s4 ,! int]sem9al scales may be abort$ se$-/alks cru%$ betwe5 ! latt]2 or if ! se$-/alks are axes1 ! scales may be foli>4 ,he is incl9$ to see 9 ! scales ! bracts & prophylls ( se$-/alks to :i* mu/ be add$ su* bracteoles1 prec$+ ! se$ or fl[]1 z may happ5 to spr+ f ! se$-/alks4 ,pe>son#aaed1 on ! assumption t ! se$-/alks are axial /ructures1 in/itutes a comp>ison betwe5 ,welwits*ia & ,b5nettites & reg>ds ea* fl[] ( ,welwits*ia z a mu* r$uc$ ,b5nettitean /robilus4 ,ligni] believes ! int]sem9al scales to be leaves borne on ! swoll5 apex 7receptacle7 ( an axis ( ! second ord]1 :ile ! se$-/alks are f]tile leaves ( a unifoli> bud ( ! ?ird ord] possibly axill>y ?\gh n necess>ily s to ! int]sem9al scales4 ,my own view1 influ5c$ by ! exam9ation ( ! immature fl[] ( ,williamsonia scotica1 is t ! se$-/alks 7megasporophylls7 & scales are homolog\s1 ! =m] be+ sporophylls & ! latt] /]ile foliage leaves1 ! :ole fl[]1 z ,wett/e9#aaee says1 consi/+ ( a conical axis be>+ num]\s f]tile & /]ile c>pels enclos$ by a p]ian? ( bracts4 ,worsdell#aaef1 :o %>es elakovsky's op9ion t sporophylls 7 orig9ally radially symmetrical organs be>+ a t]m9al sporangium1 reg>ds ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana & o!r species z m primitive ?an ^? ( rec5t ,cycads3 he does n see any ju/ification = ! view t ! ,b5nettitalean fl[]s are 9 advance ( ^? ( exi/+ ,cycadean plants z reg>ds a suppos$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! ,angiosp]m\s type4 ,he ma9ta9s t ,b5nettites #8%[s absolutely no indication ( su* an advanc$ /ructure 9 its ess5tial organs1 ! sporophylls1 :i* rema9 primitively radial 9 /ructure1 be>+ ! ovules 9 a t]m9al position4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebg4 ,cycadeoidea ,mori]ei4 ,transv]se section ( int]sem9al scales & se$s ne> ! apex ( ! latt]2 se$s #a & #b %[ ! poll5-*amb]1 a2 ! fibr\s lay]1 b1 =m+ w+s & ext5d+ across ! fle%y tissue2 c1 ! radial lay]2 se$s #c & #d are abort$4 7,aft] ,ligni]47 ,! lett]s a1 b1 c1 9 ?is figure correspond to cp1 cf1 & ar 9 figs4 #ebe1 #ebf4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis 7,mc,bride74 ,mc,bride#aaeg fir/ describ$ ?is ,l[] ,cretace\s species f ! ,black ,hills ( ,s\? ,dakota z ,b5nettites dacot5sis1 ! g5]ic "n ,cycadeoidea be+ adopt$ by ,w>d#aaeh :o di/+ui%$ "s ( ,mc,bride's specim5s z ,cycadeoidea ,mc,bridei4 ,! /em is elliptical 9 section1 #cb cm4 long & #de cm4 9 gir?3 ow+ to ! p>tial decay ( ! petiole-bases ! ram5tal reticulum =ms a prom95t feature4 ,num]\s fl[]s1 all ( :i* are approximately at ! same /age ( developm5t1 project l conical buttons above ! g5]al level ( ! /em-surface#aaei4 ,! bisporangiate fl[]s consi/ ( a conical receptacle be>+ int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by spirally dispos$ bracts 7fig4 #ebi74 ,a :orl ( #ah or #ai ne>ly mature microsporophylls is atta*$ to ! base ( ! receptacle 7figs4 #ebh1 #ecj72 ea* microsporophyll has a /rong ra*is ext5d+ beyond ! apex ( ! fl[]-axis & b5t inw>ds & d[nw>ds ) ! di/al end tuck$ betwe5 ! asc5d+ ra*is & ! receptacle4 ,! sl5d] p9nules1 9 two alt]nate s]ies1 are b5t d[nw>ds & be> synangia 9 r[s4 ,a transv]se section j bel[ ! ovulate portion ( ! cone %[s a cont9u\s r+ ( tissue encircl+ ! receptacle ) vascul> bundles p>allel to ! surface 7fig4 #ecj1 ,a1 m72 at a high] level ! bundles fall into gr\ps prep>atory to ! break+ up ( ! disc into sep>ate microsporophylls4 ,imm$iately above ! apex ( ! c5tral cone ! coh]5t basal portion ( ! v]ticil ( sporophylls is replac$ by ! sep>ate ra*ises :i* 9 section h ! =m ( isosceles triangles 7fig4 #ecj1 ,b74 ,ea* microsporophyll is approximately #aj cm4 long2 ! longe/ p9nule be+ #ae cm4 9 l5g? & be>+ two lat]al s]ies ( synangia1 #aj 9 ea* r[4 ,at maturity ! microsporophylls probably spread out & ! :ole :orl 0 ?r[n (f leav+ an annul> rim 7fig4 #ead1 d7 su* z is (t5 se5 at ! base ( old] ovulate /robili4 ,! immaturity ( ! ovules 9 ?is 7fig4 #ebh7 & o!r specim5s l$ to ! sugge/ion t ! /robili ( ,cycadeoidea 7 prot&r\s4 ,! synangia 7fig4 #eca7 are sev]al times broad] ?an long & simil> 9 size to ^? ( ! ,f]n ,m>attia4 ,9 ea* synangium are two r[s ( elongat$ loculi 7fig4 #ecb7 conta9+ oval microspores usually ) a smoo? ex9e & r l>g] ?an ^? ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,! synangium-wall is compos$ ( a palisade-lay] ( ?ick-wall$ cells & a lay] ( small] & ?9n] cells3 ! palisade-lay] is n>r[e/ at ! apex :]e dehisc5ce occurs & broade/ at ! base :]e ! hypod]mal tissue is m abundant & =ms a %ort ?ick p$icel4 ,! two r[s ( loculi are b\nd$ by flatt5$ cells & !re are #aj-bj loculi 9 ea* ( ! two r[s3 dehisc5ce ( ! individual loculi occurs 9 ! middle ( ! inn] wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebh4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,longitud9al section ?r\gh a bisporangiate /robilus2 s1 fold$ microsporophylls ) synangia2 o1 receptacle be>+ %ort megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales2 a1 erod$ surface ( bracts2 r1 ram5ta betwe5 ! bracts & leaf-bases2 l1 leaf-base2 c1 cortex ( /em2 t1 vascul> cyl9d] ( p$uncle4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ebi4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,transv]se sections ( a "y ovulate /robilus4 ,a1 ne> ! summit ( ! /robilus #b cm4 bel[ ! surface ( ! arm\r ( leaf-bases1 %[+ num]\s bracts surr\nd+ ! receptacle & emb$d$ 9 a mass ( ram5ta1 also sections ( "s leaf-bases ) vascul> bundles4 ,b1 9 ?is section1 #be cm4 bel[ ,a1 ! p$uncle ( ! /robilus is se5 ) a cyl9d] ( vascul> bundles2 b1 a bract belong+ to an adjac5t /robilus4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecj4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,transv]se sections ?r\gh a bisporangiate /robilus4 ,a1 %[+ ! receptacle ) its int]sem9al scales & ovules1 ! cont9u\s disc ( microsporophylls1 m1 ) vascul> bundles1 & ! sep>ate 7m7 infold$ portions ( ! microsporophylls ) "s synangia2 bracts & ram5ta4 ,b1 ?is section1 cut above ! apex ( ! receptacle1 %[s ! microsporophylls & synangia4 7,aft] ,wiel&47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eca4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,synangia expos$ by wea!r+ & %[+ ! radially dispos$ loculi4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #f47 ,cycadeoidea ,m>%iana ,w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecb4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,synangium 9 longitud9al section %[+ ! ?ick p$icel1 ! l9e ( dehisc5ce1 & two loculi ) a few microspores4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #dj47 ,?is ,l[] ,cretace\s ,black ,hills species#aafj af=ds an admirable example ( a me?od ( bran*+ exhibit$ by "s /ems3 z %[n 9 ,wiel&'s photographs#aafa !re may be five or six l>ge & massive trunks all 9 ! same /age ( fructification1 diff]+ b little 9 size & =m+ a clu/] resembl+ indep5d5t plants gr[+ 9 close proximity to "o ano!r4 ,!re is app>5tly no c5tral or major axis & ! habit is !re=e v diff]5t f t ( a bran*+ ,buckl&ia4 ,cycadeoidea ,m>%iana bore l>ge ovulate pyri=m /robili project+ slightly beyond ! leaf-bases2 !y are #e cm4 long ) a maximum diamet] ( #ce cm4 & h an elongat$ receptacle be>+ %ort scales & sporophylls4 ,! apical bud ( "o ( ! trunks %[s p>ticul>ly well 9 transv]se section ! d5se ram5tal pack+ betwe5 ! bud-scales#aafb4 ,simil> clu/]s ( %ort & ?ick trunks occur 9 ,cycadeoidea sup]ba & o!r ,am]ican species4 ,9 ! small bisporangiate fl[]s ( ?is species#aafc ! microsporophylls1 #aa or #ab 9 ! v]ticil1 are *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( a v5tral furr[ :i*1 z ,wiel& sugge/s1 may be comp>able on a mu* simpl] scale ) ! w+$ sporophylls ( ,cycadeoidea colossalis 7fig4 #ecc74 ,! disc splits up at a di/ance ( #a cm4 above ! apex ( ! receptacle into ! microsporophylls1 ea* ( :i* is #ee cm4 long & be>s two r[s ( p9nules :i* 9 ! middle region h a l5g? ( #a cm42 a microsporophyll is elongate1 elliptical1 & acum9ate4 ,9 ?is species z 9 "s o!rs !re is a bru% ( /]ile scales at ! apex ( ! receptacle4 ,cycadeoidea colossalis ,w>d4 ,wiel&#aafd has rec5tly describ$ "s int]e/+ features 9 ! microsporophylls ( a bisporangiate fl[] assign$ to ?is ,l[] ,cretace\s species f ! ,black ,hills illu/rat+ a dep>ture f ! usual type4 ,! hairy bracts ext5d consid]ably above ! apex ( ! fl[]-prop]2 9 fig4 #ecc1 ,a1 a transv]se section above ! receptacle1 !y are %[n gr\p$ ab\t a circle ( ,v-%ap$ /ructures1 conv]g+ t[>ds a c5tral po9t1 :i* are ! /]ile prolongations ( ! t5 ra*ises ( ! free portions ( ! /am9ate disc4 ,ea* ra*is is divid$ by a deep v5tral furr[ into a pair ( w+s 7fig4 #ecc1 ,b1 ,c71 & x is ^! pairs ( w+s t =m ! ,v-%ap$ /ructures 9 fig4 #ecc1 ,a4 ,! w+s =m a dome-l gr\p above ! fl[]-apex 7fig4 #ecc1 ,d1 ,e74 ,! synangia are borne 9 two r[s on ! concresc5t disc & on ! free sporophylls1 :i* 9 ?is type are mu* simpl] ?an 9 o!r species & agree 9 ! abs5ce ( p9nules ) "s =ms ( ,williamsonia 7cf4 fig4 #eef74 ,! receptacle is pyri=m & be>s v %ort scales & se$-/alks2 f its apex sev]al int]sem9al scales are prolong$ z a t]m9al bru%1 a feature ( int]e/ 9 connexion ) fl[]s ( ,williamsonia4 ,wiel& comp>es ! w+s ( ! microsporophylls to ! two horns on ! di/al surface ( ! correspond+ organs ( ,c]atozamia & draws a comp>ison betwe5 !m & ! canopy ( "s ,palaeozoic se$s1 b x is d\btful :e!r homologies c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! elaborate sporophylls & ! integum5ts ( ,pt]idosp]m se$s#aafe4 ,cycadeoidea ,rei*5ba*iana 7,goepp]t74 ,goepp]t ref]r$ ?is species to 8 g5us ,raum]ia#aaff1 a g5]ic "n reta9$ by ,c>ru!rs ?\gh1 z ,solms-,lauba*#aafg po9ts out1 ! abundance ( lat]al f]tile %oots among ! leaf-bases %[s x to be ess5tially simil> to ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana4 ,! type-specim5 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum is a spl5did example ( a fossil cycadean /em2 x is probably ( ,l[] ,cretace\s age1 b 0 f\nd 9 ,galicia z an isolat$ specim54 ,x consi/s ( a portion ( a cyl9drical trunk simil> 9 habit to ,c4 gigantea1 #e met4 high & ab\t ! same 9 diamet]4 ,! pi?1 accord+ to ,s*u/]#aafh1 is #ac cm4 9 diamet] & ! xylem #h cm4 broad4 ,!re are _m fl[]+ %oots "s ( :i* are repres5t$ by cup-l depressions1 ! base ( ! cup consi/+ ( ! cyl9drical axis & ! sides be>+ ! impress ( ! encircl+ bracts 7fig4 #ecd74 ,goepp]t comp>$ ^! lat]al %oots ) ! buds frequ5tly produc$ on ! /ems ( ,cycas4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t "s ( ! cups correspond v closely 9 size ) ,williamsonia fl[]s1 ano!r indication ( ! v close agreem5t betwe5 ! ,williamsonia & ,b5nettites types ( /robili4 ,"s fl[]s /ill 9 place %[ #af bip9nate microsporophylls t 7 petrifi$ be=e ! synangium-be>+ fronds unfold$#aafi4 ,! ram5tal scales & o!r tissues figur$ by ,s*u/] are ( ! usual type4 ,a second specim5 f\nd z a b\ld] 9 ,silesia & nam$ by ,goepp]t ,raum]ia ,s*ulziana may1 z he sugge/s1 be a y\ng] example ( ,c4 ,rei*5ba*iana4 ,ano!r ,galician /em1 probably also ,l[] ,cretace\s 9 age1 is describ$ by ,raciborski#aagj z ,cycadeoidea ,ni$wi$zkii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecc4 ,cycadeoidea colossalis4 ,diagrammatic re/orations ( ! bisporangiate fl[]4 ,a1 transv]se section above ! receptacle %[+ ! bracts 7black71 a petiole ) vascul> bundles1 ram5ta1 & 7#a-aj7 ! w+s ( ! microsporophylls4 ,b1 ,c1 longitud9al section ( fl[] %[+ ! receptacle ) ! small megasporophylls1 ! /am9ate disc ) w+$ microsporophylls & synangia1 & ! t]m9al bru% ( int]sem9al scales 7indicat$ by ! arr[ 9 ,b74 ,! megasporophylls & synangia are repres5t$ l>g] ?an ! actual size4 ,d1 ?is %[s on "o side ! dome-l arrangem5t ( ! microsporophylls &1 on ! "r1 a microsporophyll 9 side-view4 ,e1 longitud9al section z f> z ! plane ,t surm\nt$ by ! apex ( ! collection ( microsporophylls1 c2 s1 microsporophyll ) synangia2 ,a1 recurv$ apex ( microsporophyll2 ,b1 bracts2 ,d1 ins]tion ( disc2 ,l1 out] bracts next ! petiole bases4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 ca4 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecd4 ,cycadeoidea ,rei*5ba*iana4 ,cup-l cavity on ! /em %[+ ! axis & surr\nd+ bracts ( a lat]al f]tile %oot4 7,aft] ,s*u/]1 f a block k9dly suppli$ by ,pr(4 ,ro?pletz47 ,cycadeoidea gigantea ,sew>d4 ,?is species is f\nd$ on a l>ge /em f ! ,upp] ,purbeck s]ies ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&#aaga :]e x 0 discov]$ 9 a %aly clay #ag ft above ! great ,dirt b$ :i* yield$ ! trunks describ$ by ,buckl& & o!r au?ors 7fig4 #ece74 ,! /em 7fig4 #eed7 is #a met4 #ah cm4 high & has a maximum diamet] ( #a met4 #g cm4 ,x is ! talle/ fossil ,cycadean /em s f> f\nd 9 a s+le piece ?\gh ,cycadeoidea ,j5neyana probably rea*$ a great] height4 ,! /em is elliptical 9 section 7fig4 #ecg71 a =m due 9 "p at lea/ to compression4 ,! only tissues pres]v$ are 9 ! sup]ficial region ( ! p]si/5t leaf-bases4 ,z ! result ( decay be=e m9]alisation _m ( ! petiole-bases are repres5t$ by cavities or me%es 9 a prom95t reticulum ( silicifi$ ram5tal scales4 ,t[>ds ! apex ! leaf-bases are small] & a conical bud surr\nd$ by l9e> scale-leaves occupies ! summit3 an irregul> cap ( ram5tal scales =ms ! apex ( ! t]m9al bud4 ,9 section ! bud w\ld no d\bt pres5t an appe>ance l t %[n 9 ,wiel&'s photograph ( ! t]m9al cone ( ,c4 ,m>%iana#aagb4 ,!re is a /rik+ resemblance bo? 9 ! ram5tal cap & 9 ! =m ( ! protective scales betwe5 ! fossil /em & su* a ,cycad z ,encephal>tos ,alt5/e9ii#aagc4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ,c4 gigantea is ! abs5ce ( any f]tile %oots among ! leaf-bases4 ,9 "o tang5tial section a small bud 0 f\nd1 b x af=ds no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( any reproductive organs4 ,a simil> bud is describ$ by ,ligni]#aagd 9 ! /em ( ,c4 micromyela4 ,! abs5ce ( lat]al fl[]s is1 h[ev]1 h>dly a suffici5t reason = sep>at+ ?is /em g5]ically f o!r species ( ,cycadeoidea3 negative evid5ce 9 ?is case is ( d\btful value4 ,:ile x is possible t ! /robili 7 t]m9al z 9 mo/ rec5t ,cycads1 x is m probable t !y 7 lat]al4 ,! surface-features1 ?\gh n p]fect1 are = ! mo/ "p suffici5tly well pres]v$ to enable "o to recognise ! bract-encircl$ axes ( /robili 7 any pres5t4 ,if z ,wiel& believes1 & he is probably correct1 ! production ( fl[]s 0 ! culm9at+ ev5t 9 ! life ( ^! ,cycadean plants1 ! abs5ce ( f]tile %oots is m]ely an expression ( immaturity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to und]/& h[ lat]al bran*es c\ld f9d _! way to ! surface among ! cr[d$ & cork-cov]$ leaf-bases ( ! /em4 ,! abs5ce ( fl[]s may be due to "s unfav\rable ext]nal conditions4 ,! petioles consi/ ( p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue ) _m secretory sacs & 9 "s cases twelve p>tially pres]v$ vascul> bundles3 ! xylem consi/s ( radial r[s ( c5trifugal tra*eids & m$ull>y rays1 b x is n possible to say :e!r any c5tripetal xylem 0 pres5t4 ,a fairly ?ick b& ( phellod]m & p]id]m1 app>5tly subepid]mal 9 orig91 =ms ! p]iph]al tissue1 & 9 places epid]mal cells ) atta*$ ram5ta are cle>ly pres]v$4 ,! ram5ta are ( ! type *>act]i/ic ( ! majority ( fossil ,cycadean /ems4 ,/omata 7 f\nd %[+ a pair ( gu>d-cells & app>5tly two subsidi>y cells3 ! epid]mal cells h /raight walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ece4 ,section ( ! qu>ry 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl& 9 :i* ,cycadeoidea gigantea 0 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecf4 ,cycadeoidea gigantea4 7,! orig9al is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ecg4 ,cycadeoidea gigantea4 ,transv]se section ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ech4 ,cycadeoidea micromyela4 ,a1 tra*eids f ! /ele4 ,b1 c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles at ! base ( a leaf4 ,c1 section ( a leaf-trace ent]+ ! /ele2 m1 l1 m$ian & lat]al lobes ( ! trace4 7,aft] ,ligni]47 ,cycadeoidea micromyela ,morire4 ,?is ,liassic species f ,norm&y has be5 fully inve/igat$ by ,ligni]#aage2 orig9ally ref]r$ to ! ,conif]s1 x 0 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,morire#aagf z ,cycadeoidea micromyela4 ,z reg>ds ext]nal features ! /em is ( ! usual ,cycadeoidea type3 ,saporta#aagg assign$ x to ! g5us ,platylepis4 ,! second>y xylem consi/s ( tra*eids ) bord]$ pits on ! radial walls arrang$ z s+le contigu\s r[s1 resembl+ scal>i=m pitt+1 or z #a-b r[s ( sep>ate circul> pits 7fig4 #ech1 ,a71 a type diff]5t f t ( ! great majority ( ,mesozoic species4 ,! unis]iate m$ull>y rays are #g-bj cells deep1 a "* recall+ ! compact wood ( ,indian ,williamsonia /ems4 ,ram5tal scales are = ! mo/ "p replac$ by long unicellul> hairs l ^? ( ,williamsonia scotica & "s ,indian /ems4 ,ligni] /ates t true ram5ta occur on ! "y leaves & 9 old] fronds become trans=m$ by sep>ation ( ! cells into long tubes4 ,ea* leaf-trace arises z a s+le bundle divid+ into ?ree z x leaves ! /ele & ev5tually splits up into sev]al collat]al bundles 7fig4 #ech1 ,b1 ,c74 ,! /ele is elliptical4 ,no f]tile %oots are pres]v$3 a s+le axill>y bud is describ$ :i* agrees v closely ) t 9 ,cycadeoidea gigantea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eci4 ,cycadeoidea ,j5neyana 7874 ,longitud9al section ( an ovulate /robilus1 %[+ ! pyri=m receptacle ) vascul> supply1 ! long int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls1 & a few ( ! surr\nd+ bracts4 7,aft] ,wiel&2 #a nat4 size47 ,cycadeoidea ,j5neyana ,w>d4 ,! /ems ( ?is species1 f ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota#aagh1 resemble ^? ( ,cycadeoidea gigantea & ,c4 ,rei*5ba*iana 9 _! ?ick column> =m b diff] f ! =m] 9 ! pres5ce ( bisporangiate fl[]s associat$ ) ! leaf-bases4 ,?is species probably rea*$ a l5g? ( #c-d met4 ,a /rik+ feature#aagi is ! unusual ?ickness ( ! xylem-cyl9d]1 :i* %[s cle> indications ( conc5tric r+s1 probably ! expression ( seasonal *anges dur+ ! production ( second>y conduct+ tissue by a s+le cambium4 ,simil> conc5tric r+s h be5 describ$ 9 ! /ems ( ! rec5t ,cycad ,dioon sp9ulosum#aahj4 ,fig4 #eci repres5ts an ovulate /robilus ref]r$ to ?is species by ,wiel&4 ,cycadeoidea pumila ,fli*e & ,zeill]4 ,?is ,fr5* ,portl&ian species#aaha af=ds a good example ( a v small bulbi=m trunk1 #ce-d by #be-c cm41 sup]ficially resembl+ a ,p9e-cone3 ! leaf-bases are1 h[ev]1 less uni=m 9 size & %ape ?an ,abiet9e\s cone-scales2 !re are also indications ( int]petiol> ram5ta & a small lat]al1 presumably f]tile1 bran*4 ,a /em ( simil> =m is describ$ by ,saporta#aahb f ,corallian b$s 9 ,france z ,bulbopodium microm]um1 & ,cycadeoidea nana ,w>d#aahc f ,dakota is ano!r example ( a small ,zamia-l ,mesozoic /em4 ,a small tub]\s /em1 #h #ge cm41 0 describ$ by ,l9dley & ,button f ,lyme ,regis z ,cycadeoidea pygmaea#aahd2 no fl[]s are %[n 9 ! draw+1 b occasional irregul>ities 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! leaf-bases may be due to ! pres5ce ( lat]al f]tile %oots4 ,cycadella4 ,w>d4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$ by ,le/] ,w>d#aahe = "s petrifi$ /ems f ,jurassic b$s 9 ,wyom+ ( relatively small size1 bulb\s or m or less sph]ical1 & *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( a ?ick lay] 7#e-ae mm47 ( d5se ram5tal tissue4 ,! unusually vigor\s developm5t ( ! ram5tal scales is an int]e/+ feature1 ?\gh x is p]haps que/ionable :e!r x is wor?y ( g5]ic recognition4 ,! fl[]s ( ,cycadella1 ?\gh less ?an ^? ( mo/ ,cycadeoidea /ems1 are ( ! same type4 ,9 a lat] acc\nt ( ! g5us ,w>d#aahf describes a few additional species & 9 ,cycadella ram5tosa he notes ! pres]vation ( "y fronds4 ,! fronds are small & be> a few p9nae3 ! xylem is said by ,wiel&#aahg to be mes>*1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( m details ! foli> bundles _c be fully describ$4 ,9 "s ,cycadellas "y fl[]s1 less ?an #a cm4 9 diamet]1 are pres]v$1 ^? ( ,cycadella wyom+5sis 7#g mm4 9 diamet]7 be+ ! smalle/ bisporangiate /robili s f> record$4 ,! ,fr5* species1 ,cycadeoidea micromyela ,mor41 resembles ,cycadella 9 ! pr(use developm5t ( ram5tal tissue :i* may cov] ! surface ( ! /em4 ,amphib5nettites4 ,fli*e4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$#aahh = two species f\nd$ on v imp]fectly pres]v$ #8fruits' ( ,l[] ,cretace\s 7,albian7 age f ! ,argonne :i*1 ?\gh 9 close agreem5t ) ,b5nettites z repres5t$ by ,b4 ,gibsonianus & ,b4 ,mori]ei1 are ref]r$ to a sep>ate g5us on ! gr\nd t ! pres]vation is n su* z to e/abli% _! g5]ic id5tity ) ^? species & because ( c]ta9 di/9ctive features4 ,amphib5nettites ,blei*]i ,fli*e4 ,! ovulate /robili are sub-elliptical1 #ce #c cm41 ) sev]al elliptical pits close to ! surface orig9ally occupi$ by se$s borne on %ort /alks & l>g] ?an ! se$s ( o!r species ( ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites74 ,int]sem9al scales occur betwe5 ! se$s4 ,! second species1 ,amphib5nettites ,r5aulti1 is r l>g] & m conical3 ! se$s rea* a l5g? ( #aa mm4 great] ?an t ( any ( ! ,am]ican se$s describ$ by ,wiel&4 ,9 nei!r species is !re any indication ( an involucre ( bracts4 ,! pres]vation ( ! specim5s leaves mu* to be desir$1 b x w\ld seem t ! ,argonne fossils agree 9 _! ma9 *>act]s ) ,b5nettitean /robili & x is d\btful :e!r a di/9ctive g5]ic "n is necess>y4 ,! occurr5ce ( se$s ov] ! :ole surface1 a feature t sugge/$ ! "n ,amphib5nettites1 may be only app>5t & ! result ( cutt+ ! cone transv]sely4 ,x is wor?y ( note t "o ( ,fli*e's sections#aahi be>s a close resemblance to an ,arauc>ian cone1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( /ructure ! two types ( cone might easily be confus$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edj4 ,vectia luccomb5sis4 ,transv]se section %[+ ! alt]nation ( fibres1 s1 s1 & radial pairs ( pitt$ elem5ts1 v & v2 m1 m$ull>y-ray cells2 a1 p>5*yma cell betwe5 f\r ?9-wall$ elem5ts2 sp1 pits betwe5 adjac5t fibres2 l1 mu* r$uc$ lum5 ( fibre4 7,aft] ,/opes47 ,vectia4 ,/opes4 ,g5us inc]tae s$is4 ,vectia luccomb5sis ,/opes4 ,! g5]ic "n ,vectia has be5 giv5 by ,dr ,/opes#aaij to "s petrifi$ second>y phloem discov]$ by h] at ,luccomb ,*9e 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight3 ! fossil is f ,aptian b$s4 ,! mass ( phloem is #bf mm4 9 bread? & consi/s ( regul>ly alt]nat+ b&s ( ?9-wall$ sieve-tubes & v ?ick fibres associat$ ) a little p>5*yma 7fig4 #edj74 ,to ! nak$ eye ! specim5 pres5ts an appe>ance sugge/ive ( r+s ( gr[? b ?is is due to ! pres5ce ( b&s ( #b-c n>r[ cells :i* are probably cork4 ,! :ole is p5etrat$ by unis]iate m$ull>y rays4 ,a /rik+ feature is ! regul> alt]nation ( s+le r[s ( fibres ) two b&s ( sieve-tubes2 9 places ! two b&s ( sieve-tubes are sep>at$ by #b-d r[s ( v flat1 presumably1 cork-cells1 & simil> b&s may be adjac5t to or pass obliquely across ! fibres4 ,! elongat$ elem5ts describ$ z sieve-tubes1 ?\gh ?9 9 comp>ison ) ! fibres1 h ?ick5$ walls & on _! radial faces are s+le r[s ( circul> pits1 (t5 9 pairs2 ^! are almo/ c]ta9ly sieve-areas :i* h lo/ ! f9] pitt+ ( ! sieve-plates4 ,! fibres are m or less squ>e 9 transv]se section & h excessively ?ick walls1 ! lum5 be+ r$uc$ to a small hole4 ,p>5*ymat\s cells 7fig4 #edj1 a7 occupy ! angles betwe5 ! sieve-tubes & occasionally /ret* tang5tially betwe5 a pair ( tubes3 ^! are comp>$ by ,dr ,/opes to companion-cells1 b _! mann] ( occurr5ce h>dly ju/ifies ! int]e/+ sugge/ion t !y may be precursors ( ! ,angiosp]m companion-cells4 ,! m$ull>y rays may be z wide z ! elem5ts :i* !y trav]se2 !y are *>act]is$ by _! wavy walls1 z se5 9 radial longitud9al sections2 no pitt+ 0 notic$4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ! specim5 is its consid]able bread?3 x is po9t$ out t 9 a giant /em ( ,sequoia ) a gir? ( ov] #dj ft ! second>y phloem does n exce$ #c-d mm4 9 bread?4 ,! great ?ickness ( ! phloem 9 ! fossil sugge/s comp>ison ) ! correspond+ tissue 9 rec5t & fossil ,cycadean /ems1 & ! alt]nation ( h>d & s(t phloem is a feature exhibit$ also by ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana 7fig4 #eah1 ,b74 ,dr ,/opes concludes t ! phloem is 9 ! ma9 simil> to t 9 "s ,cupress9eae1 ,tax9eae1 & ,taxod9eae4 ,x is notewor?y t simil> phloem ) sieve-tubes & fibres associat$ ) cork is describ$ by ,graf ,solms-,lauba*#aaia f ,upp] ,jurassic b$s 9 ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,! sy/ematic position ( ,vectia _c be def9itely det]m9$1 b ,i believe t x is m closely alli$ to ,cycadean ?an to ,conif]\s phloem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note4 ,x is un=tunate t ,mr ,wiel&'s second volume deal+ ) ,am]ican ,cycads ,wiel& 7#af7 did n come into my h&s until ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is volume 0 9 type4 ,/ud5ts w f9d 9 x _m additions to our k ( ,cycadeoidea & ,williamsonia1 mu* !oretical discussion t is sugge/ive & int]e/+1 useful summ>ies ( our k ( fossil ,cycads1 & _m beautiful photographic plates illu/rat+ ! morphology ( ,am]ican species ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,b5nettitales 7cont9u$74 ,,williamsonia4 ,c>ru!rs4 ,?is g5us 0 fir/ figur$ by ,"y & ,bird#aaib f specim5s obta9$ f ,l[] ,e/u>9e b$s ne> ,:itby3 ^! au?ors comp>$ ! fossils to ! head ( an ,arti*oke 7,cyn>a integrifolia71 #8! cov]+ or calyx consi/+ ( num]\s lanceolate & /riat$ leaves' 7fig4 #edd74 ,9 #ahdj ,williamson#aaic notic$ ! association ) fronds ( ,zamia gigas ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 ( #8a rem>kable fossil1 app>5tly connect$ ) ! fructification ( a ,cycas1' & "s ye>s lat] ,yates#aaid express$ ! op9ion t ! fructifications figur$ by ,"y & ,bird probably belong$ to ! plants :i* bore ! fronds kn[n z ,zamites gigas4 ,leck5by#aaie figur$ "s leaves ( ,palaeozamia pect5 7 ,ptilophyllum pect57 9 close association ) a small fl[] ( ,williamsonia :i* 0 subsequ5tly recognis$ z a :orl ( microsporophylls4 ,9 #ahgj two pap]s ( exceptional int]e/ 7 publi%$1 "o by ,williamson#aaif :o 0 ! fir/ to attempt an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! g5us1 & ! o!r by ,c>ru!rs#aaig :o propos$ ! "n ,williamsonia1 ?us associat+ #8) a gr\p ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,york%ire fossils two m5 7fa!r & son7 :o h l>gely contribut$ to ! exposition ( ,york%ire geology4' ,c>ru!rs in/itut$ a new tribe ,williamsonieae = ! g5us ,williamsonia1 ! type-species be+ ,williamsonia gigas3 ! specific "n _h be5 previ\sly giv5 by ,l9dley & ,hutton to ! fronds 7,zamia gigas7 ( ! plant :i* 0 believ$ to h borne ! fl[]s = :i* ! new designation 0 propos$4 ,two o!r species1 ,williamsonia ha/ula & ,w4 pect51 7 assign$ to ! new g5us4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at by ,williamson z to a connexion betwe5 ,zamites gigas & ,williamsonia fl[]s 01 h[ev]1 n accept$ by ,saporta#aaih1 :o figur$ & describ$ sev]al exceptionally good specim5s f ! ,york%ire coa/ :i* =m$ "p ( ! ,yates collection 9 ! ,p>is ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,9 #ahig a %ort acc\nt 0 publi%$#aaii ( ! ,yates specim5s1 an exam9ation ( :i* conv9c$ me ( ! correctness ( ,williamson's views z to an organic connexion betwe5 /ems1 p$uncles1 fl[]s1 & fronds4 ,dur+ a visit to ,p>is sev]al photographs 7 tak51 b ^! 7 n publi%$3 simil> photographs h s9ce be5 reproduc$ by ,wiel&#abjj & r$uc$ copies f two negatives 9 my possession are %[n 9 figs4 #eda1 #edb4 ,! re/oration by ,williamson 9 8 well-kn[n memoir is probably correct s f> z ! g5]al habit ( ! plant is conc]n$1 ?\gh ! fl[]s :i* he speaks ( z male are n[ kn[n to be ovulate4 ,! position ( ! male organs1 :e!r borne sep>ately or on ! same axis z ! megasporophylls1 has n be5 def9itely settl$4 ,9 #ahia ! ,m>quis ( ,saporta ?us introduc$ 8 discussion on ,williamsonia1--#8avec les ,williamsonia n\s abordons un des problmes les plus difficiles1 un des sujets des plus controv]ss1 mais aussi les plus curieux1 peut-tre mme le plus rem>quable de t\s ceux que n\s (fre l'ensemble des plantes jurassiques4' ,wiel&'s inve/igations h plac$ u 9 possession ( _m important facts ) reg>d to ! closely alli$ fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea & h enabl$ u consid]ably to ext5d our k beyond ! /age repres5t$ by ! "w ( ,c>ru!rs1 ,williamson1 & o!r au?ors2 & m rec5tly ,na?or/'s important discov]ies h demon/rat$ ! close agreem5t betwe5 ,williamsonia & ,b5nettites 7,cycadeoidea74 ,sev]al problems /ill rema9 unsolv$4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! defici5cy ( ! data conc]n+ ! morphology ( ! ,williamsonia type ( fl[] & ! wid] "q z to a phylog5etic relation%ip t "s botani/s believe to exi/ betwe5 ! ,b5nettitales & ! ,angiosp]ms1 ,saporta's words are /ill p]t95t4 ,wiel&'s discov]ies 9 ,mexico#abja h furni%$ additional evid5ce ( ! wide geographical di/ribution ( ! ,williamsonia type ( fl[] 9 ! ,jurassic p]iod1 & x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! ,b5nettitales1 includ+ bo? ,williamsonia & ,cycadeoidea1 occupi$ a dom9ant position 9 ! floras ( ! _w dur+ ! /age ( plant-developm5t imm$iately prec$+ ! evolution & rapid spread ( ! ,angiosp]ms1 ! pres5t dom9ant class4 ,!re has be5 consid]able unc]ta9ty among au?ors ) reg>d to ! application ( ! "n ,williamsonia4 ,9 =m] acc\nts ( ! g5us ! "n 0 employ$ by me bo? = leaves & fl[]s on ! gr\nd t ,williamson 0 correct 9 8 op9ion z to ! connexion betwe5 ,williamsonia gigas & ,zamites gigas4 ,! type ( frond to :i* ! latt] t]m is appli$ is by no means uncommon 9 ,jurassic /rata ?\gh x is n always associat$ ) fl[]s1 & ! use ( ! g5]ic t]m ,williamsonia is !re=e n inv>iably ju/ifiable4 ,na?or/#abjb has rec5tly reit]at$ 8 op9ion t x is inadvisable to employ ! "n ,williamsonia except = ! fl[]s or ! complete plant & /rongly urges palaeobotani/s to reta9 ! provisional g5us ,zamites :5 ! fronds only are 9 "q4 ,:ile agree+ ) ! cont5tion t ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to avoid ! use ( g5]ic names imply+ a correlation ( vegetative & reproductive organs t re/s on any evid5ce %ort ( demon/ration1 x may be sugge/$ t ! bett] plan is to add ! "n ,williamsonia 9 p>5!ses aft] ,zamites or ,ptilophyllum 9 cases :]e !re is no reason to d\bt t ! fronds belong to a ,williamsonia plant4 ,williamsonia gigas 7,williamson74 ,! species select$ = a r detail$ description is /ill imp]fectly kn[n1 b x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z ! type on :i* ! fir/ sci5tific acc\nt ( ! g5us 0 bas$4 ,! "n ,williamsonia gigas is n[ g5]ally employ$ = ! fl[]s :i* bore megasporophylls z ! ess5tial organs3 !y may h be5 bisporangiate1--a view t seems to me ! m probable1--b ?is has n be5 demon/rat$4 ,!re are v few cases 9 :i* fronds ( ,zamites gigas occur 9 organic connexion ) /ems1 & we _c ) safety employ o!r ?an a provisional g5]ic t]m = fossil /ems :i* x is believ$ bore fl[]s ( ! ,williamsonia type4 ,= ! imp]fectly pres]v$ piece ( /em %[n 9 fig4 #eda ! "n ,williamsonia 7,buckl&ia7 gigas is employ$1 z !re is no reasonable d\bt t 9 addition to ! fronds ( ,zamites gigas x bore p$uncles 7fig4 #eda1 a71 ) ,williamsonia fl[]s4 ,?is & o!r /ems f\nd 9 close association ) ,williamsonia fl[]s 9 ,engl&1 ,india1 & ,mexico are ( ! type kn[n z ,buckl&ia#abjc2 b x w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances be unwise to add ,williamsonia ev5 z a subord9ate title4 ,ca/s ( /ems 9 close association ) fronds & fl[]s are n uncommon 9 collections ( plants f ! ,york%ire coa/2 ! surface-features are ( ! type %[n 9 fig4 #egf1 rhomboidal or loz5ge-%ap$ bases ( petioles z describ$ "u ! g5us ,buckl&ia#abjd4 ,! /em reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eda1 ab\t #e cm4 broad1 is imp]fectly pres]v$ & ! leaf-bases are n cle>ly se54 ,saporta's figure#abje conveys b a poor idea ( ! actual specim54 ,to "o side ( ! /em1 #e cm4 f ! l[]1 brok51 end1 are atta*$ ! petioles ( two cle>ly pres]v$ fronds ( ,zamites gigas1 & above ^! is "p ( a ?ird frond app>5tly 9 its orig9al position4 ,! ma9 axis is prolong$ obliquely upw>ds to ! left z a bran*1 a1 #c cm4 broad & #ad cm4 long1 cov]$ ) hairy bracts & be>+ di/ally sev]al n>r[1 l9e>-lanceolate1 scale-leaves4 ,?is bran* is und\bt$ly a f]tile %oot or p$uncle4 ,a specim5 figur$ 7f a draw+7 by ,saporta#abjf z a p$uncle ( a ,williamsonia fl[] & reproduc$ 9 fig4 #edb is1 9 surface-features1 id5tical ) ! bran* a %[n 9 fig4 #eda1 b at ! apex x be>s a bud cov]$ ) l9e> bracts id5tical ) ^? ( ,williamsonia gigas4 ,?is bud is almo/ c]ta9ly a "y fl[]4 ,simil> p$uncles are describ$ by ,williamson1 & he speaks ( "o :i* is bifurcat$3 ?is specim5 is probably t reproduc$ 9 fig4 #edc & n[ 9 ! ,le$s ,museum3 at ! base ! axis is #ce cm4 9 diamet]2 ! two div]g5t arms be> num]\s bracts id5tical ) ^? ( ,williamsonia gigas & 9 addition are a few %ort] ovate scales recall+ ^? figur$ by ,na?or/ z probably belong+ to ,williamsonia pect54 ,! ,le$s specim5 is f ! ,l[] s&/one & %ale ne> ,sc>bor\gh4 ,simil> bran*$ p$uncles are repres5t$ 9 ! ,:itby ,museum & 9 ! ,national ,collection4 ,wiel&#abjg has also figur$ a p$uncle be>+ a #8typical fruit bud' ( ,williamsonia gigas simil> to t reproduc$ 9 fig4 #edb4 ,^! specim5s fully ju/ify ,williamson's re/oration publi%$ 9 8 pap] ( #ahgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eda4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,fronds 7,zamites gigas7 & fl[]+ %oot1 a1 atta*$ to a /em 7,buckl&ia74 7,yates ,collection1 ,p>is2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edb4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,fl[]+ %oot & fl[]-bud4 7,yates ,collection1 ,p>is47 ,9 a =m] acc\nt ( ?is species#abjh ! op9ion 0 express$ t ! fl[]s describ$ by ,williamson z male 7 ovulate & con/ruct$ on ! plan ( ^? ( ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus ,c>r4 ,?is conclusion has s9ce be5 confirm$ by ,na?or/#abji :o succe$$ 9 obta9+ excell5t prep>ations ( ! cuticul> membranes ( int]sem9al scales & micropyl> tubes 7fig4 #ede71 demon/rat+ _! v close agreem5t ) ^? ( ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edc4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,two p$uncles1 ,b & ,c1 ) imp]fectly pres]v$ bracts4 ,diamet] ( axis1 ,a1 #ce cm4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,le$s ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,"o ( ,williamson's #8c>pell>y discs' has be5 %[n by ,na?or/ to be a v]ticil ( microsporophylls be>+ synangia1 b bo? ?is au?or & ,ligni]#abaj ?9k t ! two specim5s figur$ by ,williamson z c>pell>y discs are di/9ct organs1 "o be+ a /am9ate :orl & ! o!r a /]ile infundibuli=m organ4 ,my own view is t bo? are ( ! same nature & consi/ ( microsporophylls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edd4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,portion ( a fl[] %[+ ! protective bracts1 ! annul> zone =m$ by num]\s /]ile sporophylls & int]sem9al scales1 & ! l>ge c5tral cavity orig9ally occupi$ by ! receptacle4 7,f a specim5 9 ! ,williamson collection1 ,cambridge ,botany ,s*ool2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ede4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,micropyl> tube4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,fig4 #edd repres5ts ! usual =m 9 :i* ! fl[]s ( ,w4 gigas are f\nd2 x consi/s ( l9e> bracts cov]$ ) hairs id5tical ) ^? on ! p$uncles %[n 9 figs4 #eda-edc2 !y surr\nd a pyri=m axis & =m :at ,williamson call$ an involucrum4 ,! base ( ! fossil is *>act]is$ by an annul> zone =m$ ( cr[d$1 radially dispos$1 n>r[ ridges n[ kn[n to be ca/s ( int]sem9al scales4 ,at ! out] edge ( ?is annul> area impressions ( ! peltate ends ( int]sem9al scales are n infrequ5tly pres]v$4 ,fig4 #ede is a photograph ( "o ( ,na?or/'s prep>ations %[+ ! v great simil>ity betwe5 a micropyl> tube ( ,w4 gigas & ! correspond+ /ructures 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,! small micropyl> tubes are surr\nd$ by #e-f polygonal exp&$ apices ( int]sem9al scales z 9 ,cycadeoidea 7fig4 #eae2 cf4 also fig4 #efc71 & ! apex ( ea* peltate di/al end projects slightly z a c5tral papilla compos$ ( m /rongly cuticul>is$ cells4 ,9 mo/ specim5s ! megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales 7/]ile megasporophylls7 are pres]v$ only z an annul> zone at ! base ( ! receptacle 7fig4 #edh1 z71 b x is cle> f "s specim5s ( ,w4 gigas & o!r species figur$ by ,saporta#abaa1 ,na?or/#abab1 & ,krass]#abac t orig9ally ! :ole surface ( ! pyri=m axis 0 beset ) ^! organs :i* fell (f1 presumably1 :5 ! se$s _h rea*$ maturity4 ,no satisfactory examples ( se$s h be5 f\nd 9 ,engli% specim5s4 ,krass] has describ$ "s specim5s ( ,williamsonia f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,s>d9ia to :i* he assigns "s associat$ se$s1 b1 z he admits1 !re is no pro( ( any connexion4 ,9 "s cases a funnel-l depression is se5 at ! upp] end ( a /robilus ( ,w4 gigas 7fig4 #edf1 ,b1 ,c1 a7 id5tical 9 ! occurr5ce ( radially dispos$ ridges ) ! annul> zone at ! base & due to ! pres]vation ( int]sem9al scales & abort$ megasporophylls 9 ! upp] "p ( ! receptacle3 9 ?is region also ! impressions ( polygonal apices ( ! scales are sometimes f\nd4 ,! probability is t :ile ! great] "p ( ! arm\r ( scales & se$s 0 ?r[n (f1 at ! upp] & l[] end ( ! receptacle "s /]ile megasporophylls & scales rema9$ 7fig4 #edh1 z1 dl74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edf4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,a1 apical portion ( fl[]4 ,b1 ca/ ( ,a2 a1 p]si/5t int]sem9al scales4 ,c1 fl[] 9 longitud9al section4 ,c1 int]sem9al scales f ! base4 7,williamson ,collection1 ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge47 ,williamson reg>d$ ! funnel-%ap$ depression z ! impression ( ! l[] surface ( a lat]ally exp&$ portion ( ! axis ( ! fl[]1 & to ?is expansion he gave ! "n l5ticul> disc 7figs4 #edf1 #edg1 a74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m likely t ! app>5t ext5sion ( ! axis is due to ! pres]vation ( ! /]ile zone ( arm\r :i* =m$ a clu/] ( app5dages1 ! impressions ( :i* are se5 on ! sides ( ! funnel-l depression1 ! receptacle be+ prolong$ z a sl5d] axis 7fig4 #edg1 ,c74 ,! next po9t to consid] is ! =m ( ! axis beyond ! level ( ! coll> ( /]ile arm\r4 ,williamson describ$ ! axis z spread+ out to =m ! l5ticul> disc & !n prolong$ z a n>r[ conical pyramidal axis :i* is slightly ext5d$ horizontally imm$iately bel[ a t]m9al mammilla3 ! apical mammilla he designat$ ! corona 7fig4 #edg1 ,c1 r74 ,z already /at$1 ! l5ticul> disc is probably n an exp&$ "p ( ! axis b ! result ( ! pres]vation ( a spread+ mop-l clu/] ( int]sem9al scales4 ,?is is ! view express$ by ,ligni]#abad :o k9dly furni%$ ! block f :i* fig4 #edh is reproduc$4 ,! l[] face ( ,williamson's l5ticul> disc is *>act]is$ by a s]ies ( spoke-l radiat+ ridges 7fig4 #edg1 ,a7 betwe5 :i* are less di/9ct radially dispos$ l9es1 & at ! p]iph]y !re are impressions 7fig4 #edg1 ,a71 cont9u\s ) "s ( ! radiat+ ridges1 ( ! t]m9al %ields ( int]sem9al scales4 ,9 fig4 #edg1 drawn f "o ( ! orig9al specim5s describ$ by ,williamson1 ^! features are %[n at ,a & ,b3 fig4 ,a repres5ts ! circul> area1 :i* is at "r-angles to ! axis ( ! fl[]1 9 surface-view4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is circul> area is a depression end+ 9 a %ort papilla surr\nd$ by a n>r[ basal rim3 ?is feature is %[n on a ca/ ( ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #edg1 ,b4 ,9 ?is case ,williamson's corona is seat$ on a v %ort axis :]eas 9 fig4 #edg1 ,c1 also f "o ( ,williamson's specim5s1 ! corona =ms ! apex ( a long] pyramidal axis4 ,wiel&#abae reg>d$ ! circul> area se5 9 fig4 #edg1 ,a1 z ! impression ( ! apical portion ( a bisporangiate /robilus1 ! ridges m>k+ ! edges ( ! incurv$ di/al portions ( microsporophylls b5t ov] ! apex ( ! ovulate cone 7cf4 fig4 #eac71 & he int]pret$ ! polygonal depressions at ! p]iph]y 7fig4 #edg1 ,a7 z ^? ( sori1 an int]pretation entirely diff]5t f t ( ,ligni]4 ,! latt] au?or#abaf 9 "p reass]t$ 8 op9ion b modifi$ x z reg>ds ! mean+ ( ! ridges on ! circul> area1 agree+ s f> ) ,wiel& z to consid] !m z hav+ be5 =m$ by ! fold$-ov] ra*ises ( microsporophylls atta*$ z a concresc5t coll> to ! base ( ! ovulate cone4 ,?is int]pretation does n1 h[ev]1 expla9 ! relation betwe5 ! radial /riations on ! circul> area & ! polygonal impressions at its p]iph]y4 ,wiel& /ill diss5ts f ,ligni]'s op9ion & sugge/s t ! circul> area has n be5 demon/rat$ to belong to ! apical end ( a fl[]4 ,fig4 #edg %[s t its position is apical4 ,fig4 #edh repres5ts ,ligni]'s view z to ! nature ( ! rim surr\nd+ ! apical mammilla3 he sugge/$ t sev]al int]sem9al scales borne at ! apical region ( ! receptacle 7 concresc5t & =m$ l9e> bracts ! edges ( :i* are repres5t$ by ! ma9 ridges 9 fig4 #edg1 ,a4 ,^! concresc5t scales b5t upw>ds & 7 closely appli$ to or p]haps concresc5t ) ! pyramidal axis & 7 !n prolong$ z a wide infundibuli=m app>atus 7,williamson's c>pell>y disc74 ,?is organ 01 h[ev]1 easily deta*$1 & ! rim se5 at r 9 fig4 #edg1 ,c1 repres5ts its n>r[ brok5 base4 ,) ?is view ,i am 9 g5]al agreem5t2 b :ile ,ligni] reg>ds ! funnel-l app5dage z /]ile & consid]s t simil> organs1 b ) a l>ge c5tral cavity at ! base ( ! funnel1 may h be5 microsporophyll-discs :i* 7 borne bel[ ! ovulate /robilus 9 ! position occupi$ by ! microsporophylls 9 ,cycadeoidea 7fig4 #ebh7--my incl9ation is to see 9 ! t]m9al app5dage a :orl ( concresc5t microsporophylls4 ,?is view lacks ! support ( demon/ration4 ,x is obvi\s f ,williamson's specim5s & f o!rs describ$ by ,saporta1 ,na?or/1 & ,ligni] t ! receptacle ( ,williamsonia gigas 0 n s simple 9 its t]m9ation z t ( ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,9 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis ,wiel& %[$ t ! apex ( ! receptacle bore a tuft ( long int]sem9al scales1 & x is readily conceivable t ^! apical app5dages 7 /ill fur!r develop$ 9 "s ,williamsonia fl[]s to =m a :orl ( concresc5t leaves borne on ! prolong$ apex ( ! axis4 ,!re is little d\bt z to ! homology ( int]sem9al scales & microsporophylls1 & !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t :ile 9 "s fl[]s ! foli> organs assum$ ! =m ( int]sem9al scales ( unusual l5g?1 9 o!r species !y became microsporophylls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edg4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,a1 fl[] 9 longitud9al section1 %[+1 especially on ! left side1 int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls & a pyri=m cavity repres5t+ ! c5tral axis 7nat4 size74 ,a1 ! "u surface ( ! apical region4 ,a1 int]sem9al scales f ,a4 ,b1 ca/ ( ,a4 ,c1 apical region ( ano!r specim52 a1 int]sem9al scales2 c1 column2 r1 ridge4 7,williamson ,collection1 ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edh4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,re/oration %[+ an ovulate /robilus be>+ a t]m9al infundibuli=m app5dage4 ,ligni]1 to :om ! re/oration is due1 po9ts out t ! apical portion ( ! axis at dl %\ld be repres5t$ z /raight & n1 z 9 ! figure1 horizontally exp&$4 bi1 bracts2 z1 p]si/5t int]sem9al scales =m+ ! annul> zone2 r1 receptacle2 cs1 caduc\s megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales2 dl1 p]si/5t int]sem9al scales1 an ext5sion ( :i* =m$ ! l>ge funnel-l app5dage1 at2 ap1 apex ( ! receptacle4 7,aft] ,ligni]47 ,x is notewor?y t ! radiat+ ridges on ! circul> area %[n 9 fig4 #edg1 ,a1 agree 9 position & approximately at lea/ 9 numb] ) ^? on ! sides ( ! cupul> disc ( ! microsporophyll-v]ticil ( ,williamsonia :itbi5sis#abag4 ,na?or/ describes a specim5 se5 9 a private collection 9 :i* an infundibuli=m app5dage appe>$ to be pres]v$ 9 situ at ! apex ( a fl[] ( ,williamsonia gigas 7cf4 fig4 #edh1 at74 ,?omas#abah1 9 8 description ( ,williamsoniella1 comp>es ! radial ridges on ! apical /]ile portion ( a fl[] ( ,williamsonia gigas to ! ridges on 8 ,williamsoniella :i* are =m$ by ! tips ( infold$ microsporophylls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #edi4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,a1 diagrammatic draw+ %[+ ! position ( ! synangia1 at ,s1 & "p ( ! /am9ate disc4 ,b1 a s+le synangium2 #f4 7,aft] ,?omas47 ,williamsonia gigas 7,microsporophylls74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eej4 ,williamsonia gigas4 ,side-view ( an incomplete /am9ate disc %[+ ! basal cup torn at ! l[] end & "p ( "o ( ! free microsporophylls4 7,diagrammatic draw+1 aft] ,?omas2 nat4 size47 ,9 ! c\rse ( an exam9ation ( ! ,williamsonia specim5s 7f ,york%ire7 9 ,p>is 9 ,july ( la/ ye> 7#aiad7 ,mr ,?omas#abai f\nd a specim5 previ\sly ov]look$1 :i* is und\bt$ly ei!r a male fl[] or1 z ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 ! /am9ate disc ( a bisporangiate fl[] ( ,williamsonia gigas4 ,! nature ( ! matrix %[s t x came f ! neighb\rhood ( ,:itby4 ,x consi/s ( an urn-%ap$ organ =m$ ( ! concresc5t bases ( #ah-bj microsporophylls ea* #g-h mm4 wide2 ! cup is #e-f cm4 broad1 ! base be+ torn b tap]$ 7fig4 #edi7 z ?\gh orig9ally prolong$ d[nw>ds into a /alk z 9 ,w4 spectabilis4 ,along ! middle l9e ( ea* sporophyll is a s]ies ( depressions1 probably ! same 9 nature z ^? on ,w4 :itbi5sis describ$ by ,na?or/1 ?\gh x is n cle> :e!r1 9 ?is case at lea/1 !y repres5t abort$ synangia4 ,"s r5i=m synangia 7fig4 #edi1 ,b7 occur 9 ! rock j above ! cup4 ,! sporophylls spread outw>ds f ! base & !n curve inw>ds1 b5d+ outw>ds aga9 z !y become free4 ,a portion ( a microsporophyll is %[n 9 fig4 #eej be>+ segm5ts project+ inw>ds z 9 ,w4 spectabilis 7fig4 #eea74 ,?is specim51 :i* occurs 9 association ) female fl[]s1 is reg>d$ by ,mr ,?omas z "p ( a unisexual fl[]4 ,he discusses ! possibility ( its connexion ) an ovulate receptacle & expresses ! op9ion t if x 7 borne at ! upp] end ( a bisporangiate fl[] ! :ole w\ld be top-heavy & ! arrangem5t uneconomical4 ,on ! o!r h& if1 z sugge/$ on page #dcd1 ! fl[]s 7 bisexual ! /am9ate disc1 :i* rea*$ maturity be=e ! ovules1 may h be5 ?r[n (f1 z 9 ,cycadeoidea1 be=e ! se$s 7 ripe4 ,! =m ( ! disc resembles t ( ! ,indian specim5 describ$ on ano!r page z ,williamsonia sp41 cf4 ,w4 setosa ,na?42 x does n1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 af=d an argum5t aga9/ ! view t ! microsporophyll-cup ( "s ,williamsonia fl[]s 0 atta*$ ne> ! apex ( ! receptacle & 0 =m$ ( modifi$ foli> organs homolog\s ) ^? :i*1 9 ! ovulate portion ( ! fl[]1 con/itute ! int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls4 ,a fur!r consid]ation ( ! microsporophylls ( ,williamsonia w be f\nd 9 a lat] section ( ?is *apt]4 ,williamsonia spectabilis ,na?or/4 ,?is species#abbj1 ! fir/ example ( und\bt$ microspore-be>+ organs ref]r$ to ,williamsonia1 0 f\nd$ on mat]ial discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,na?or/ 9 ! ,l[] ,e/u>9e s]ies ( ,:itby2 x has also be5 obta9$ f b$s ( ! same age at ,m>ske 9 ! ,clevel& di/rict ( ,york%ire#abba4 ,williamsonia spectabilis1 ?\gh indubitably a male organ1 has n be5 f\nd atta*$ to a /em1 & !re is no decisive evid5ce z to its connexion ) a p>ticul> species ( frond4 ,na?or/ believes t x belongs to ! plant :i* bore ! leaves kn[n z ,ptilophyllum pect51 an op9ion bas$ *iefly on association4 ,! m complete specim5s consi/ ( a broad funnel-%ap$ organ prolong$ bel[ into a sl5d] /alk & divid$ at ! m>g9 into sev]al l9e>-lanceolate segm5ts 7microsporophylls7 ! apices ( :i* 7 roll$ inw>ds l "y f]n-fronds 7figs4 #eea1 #eeb74 ,! synangia agree closely 9 =m & 9 su* /ructural features z c be made out f cuticul> prep>ations ) ^? describ$ by ,wiel& 9 ,am]ican species ( ,cycadeoidea2 !y are slightly r5i=m1 #e-f mm4 long & #b mm4 broad & divid$ into sev]al loculi by transv]se p>titions 7fig4 #eeb74 ,! microspores1 #eh-fe 9 l5g?1 are r n>r[1 ovate & v simil> to ^? describ$ by ,solms-,lauba*#abbb 9 ,cycadeoidea etrusca4 ,! synangia are atta*$ 9 two r[s to sl5d] lat]al segm5ts :i* appe> to be giv5 (f f ! upp] face ne> ! m$ian l9e ( ! broad l9e> sporophylls 7fig4 #efe1 ,a74 ,na?or/ po9ts out t ! position ( ! f]tile p9nae br+s ! sporophylls into close relation ) ! vegetative fronds ( ,ptilophyllum pect5 & o!r ,cycadean fronds 9 :i* ! p9nae are atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is4 ,:ile ! long] p9nae 9 ! middle portion ( a sporophyll be> sev]al synangia1 ^? ne> ! base & apex are %ort] &1 9 ! proximal region ne>] ! broad cup =m$ by ! coh]5t bases ( ! sporophylls1 occur s+ly1 ?us approa*+ ! condition *>act]i/ic ( ,w4 :itbi5sis 7fig4 #efe1 ,b7 9 :i* !y are sessile on ! simple microsporophylls4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 "s specim5s figur$ by ,na?or/ !re is a t5d5cy ( ! l[] "p ( ! cup to break away f ! coh]5t bases ( ! sporophylls 7fig4 #eea7abbc1 & x is n unlikely t "s ( ! impressions describ$ z infundibuli=m app5dages are incomplete examples ( ,williamsonia spectabilis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eea4 ,williamsonia spectabilis & leaves ( ,ptilophyllum pect54 7,aft] ,na?or/2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eeb4 ,williamsonia spectabilis4 ,re/oration ( an almo/ mature male fl[]4 7,aft] ,?omas2 approximately nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eec4 ,williamsonia ,leck5byi4 ,surface-view & 9 section4 7,re/oration aft] ,na?or/47 ,williamsonia ,leck5byi ,na?or/4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on specim5s f ! ,middle ,e/u>9e b$s expos$ on ! ,york%ire coa/ at ,cl\ghton ,wyke#abbd1 is *>act]is$ by ! almo/ sph]ical =m ( ! /robilus1 #de-e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! relatively small receptacle is cov]$ by a ?ick mass ( megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales except 9 ! l[] "p :i* be>s only /]ile scales4 ,na?or/ believes t ! se$s 7 v small1 b no und\bt$ examples h be5 f\nd4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 figur$ 9 #aijjabbe1 %[s ! surface-view ( an impression ( ! base ( ! fl[]2 a small circul> rais$ boss occupies ! c5tre--! sc> ( ! receptacle--& surr\nd+ ?is is a reticulum =m$ by ! impression ( ! di/al ends ( ! int]sem9al scales4 ,! uni=m nature ( ! reticulum1 ! me%es ( :i* are all ( ! same type1 %[s t 9 ! basal region ( ! fl[] ! organs borne on ! receptacle 7 all /]ile z 9 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei4 ,except 9 ! small] diamet] ( ! receptacle ?is specim5 is practically id5tical ) t ( ,williamsonia ,c>ru!rsi ,sew4 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eei4 ,! =m ( ! /robilus is %[n 9 ,na?or/'s re/oration#abbf repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eec4 ,! int]sem9al scales h broad peltate di/al ends *>act]is$ by a pat* ( light] & ?9n]-wall$ cells at ! apex 7fig4 #eed72 ! micropyl> tubes are slightly exp&$ at ! summit & _! epid]mal cells are papillose z 9 ,williamsonia scotica 7cf4 fig4 #efc1 ,b74 ,na?or/ 9 #aiji adopt$ ! "n ,williamsonia pect5 ,c>r4#abbg = ! specim5s orig9ally ref]r$ to ,w4 ,leck5byi z well z = microsporophylls t he believ$ to belong to ! same plant z ! ovulate /robili3 b 9 a lat] pap]#abbh he re/ricts ! "n ,williamsonia pect5 to ! male /robili1 res]v+ ,w4 ,leck5byi = ! ovulate =ms1 z !re is no pro( t bo? 7 borne on ! same plant4 ,f ! evid5ce at pres5t available x is reasonable to reg>d ,w4 ,leck5byi z a unisexual fl[]4 ,9 all probability ! fronds kn[n z ,ptilophyllum pect5 are ! foliage ( ! p>5t-plant ( ,w4 ,leck5byi1 ?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( pro( x is advisable to reta9 bo? names4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eed4 ,williamsonia ,leck5byi4 ,micropyle & int]sem9al scale4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,williamsonia :itbi5sis ,na?or/4 ,"u ?is "n ,na?or/#abbi describ$ "s int]e/+ specim5s ( microsporophylls =m]ly attribut$ by him to ,williamsonia pect51 b ! discov]y ( additional mat]ial l$ him to di/+ui% ! ,:itby 7,l[] ,e/u>9e7 fossils z ,w4 :itbi5sis1 reta9+ ! "n ,w4 pect5 = ! type orig9ally figur$ by ,leck5by#abcj f ! ,middle ,e/u>9e s]ies at ,cl\ghton ,wyke on ! ,york%ire coa/4 ,9 ! type-specim51 #h-aj cm4 9 diamet]1 !re are #ae l9e> segm5ts coalesc5t basally into a ?ick cup diff]+ f t ( ,w4 spectabilis 9 ! abs5ce ( a /alk 7figs4 #eee1 #eef74 ,a m important di/9ctive feature is ! production ( synangia on ! simple sporophylls 7figs4 #eef1 ,b2 #efe1 ,b7 & n on special f]tile segm5ts z 9 ,w4 spectabilis 7fig4 #eeb74 ,! inn] face ( ea* sporophyll1 z se5 9 impressions1 %[s two regul> r[s ( small depressions1 "o on ea* side ( ! m$ian l9e2 ^! become gradually small] t[>ds ! base ( ! cup-l disc 7figs4 #eee1 #eef74 ,on ! actual c>bonis$ surface ( ! inn] face ( ! cup small & transv]sely elongat$ projections take ! place ( ! depressions & ^! %[ ! same decrease 9 size :5 trac$ f ! free segm5ts to ! cupul> organ4 ,na?or/ obta9$ microspores only f ! l>g] projections & none f ! small]1 a circum/ance :i* may indicate t only ! upp] & l>g] synangia 7 fully develop$#abca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eee4 ,williamsonia :itbi5sis4 7,aft] ,na?or/2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eef4 ,williamsonia :itbi5sis4 ,a1 male fl[]4 ,b1 sporophyll ) synangia4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,?is species is especially int]e/+ z ?r[+ light on ! nature ( "o ( ! specim5s 7f ! ,:itby ,museum7 figur$ by ,williamson z a #8c>pell>y disc#abcb'3 ! #8se$s' ( ,williamson are no d\bt1 z ,na?or/ believes1 synangia1 :ile ! small] pairs ( m>k+s figur$ by ,williamson repres5t rudim5t>y synangia & n #8abortive ovules4' ,?\gh ! specific id5tity ( ,williamson's specim5 & ,williamsonia :itbi5sis is n c]ta91 ! latt] is und\bt$ly a closely alli$ =m ( a microsporophyll-v]ticil4 ,a specim5 figur$ 9 #aijj z a fl[] ( ,williamsonia pect5#abcc1 designat$ by ,na?or/ ,williamsonia sp41 is a v simil> if n an id5tical type2 x consi/s ( a fairly deep basal cup ! surface ( :i* is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( sev]al regul> ridges betwe5 :i* are pairs ( small depressions conta9+ c>bonace\s matt]4 ,9 ! light ( ,na?or/'s rese>*es x is cle> t ?is is an incomplete example ( a :orl ( microsporophylls4 ,! base ( ! disc is incomplete1 b x is c]ta9 f ! small size ( ! basal hole ) torn edges t ! cup c\ld n h be5 atta*$ to ! base ( a receptacle z are ! microsporophylls 9 ,wiel&'s bisporangiate fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ by ,na?or/ to ,williamsonia pect5#abcd 7,leck4 ex p>te7 are simil> to ^? describ$ z ,w4 :itbi5sis1 b diff] 9 ! texture ( ! cup & 9 ! degree ( cuticul>isation ( ! synangial walls4 ,! synangia ( ,w4 pect5 are ( ! usual r5i=m type & multicellul> z 9 ,w4 spectabilis4 ,williamsonia setosa ,na?or/4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is species#abce1 f\nd$ on mat]ial collect$ by ,dr ,halle f ,l[] ,e/u>9e b$s at ,:itby1 are 7i7 ! great] numb] ( l9e> sporophylls :i* be> num]\s bri/les or /\t hairs1 7ii7 ! loose coh]5ce ( ! contract$ proximal portion ( ! l9e> segm5ts1 & 7iii7 a n>r[] basal disc 9 place ( ! deep] cup ( o!r species4 ,"o ( ! specim5s ref]r$ to ?is species1 =m]ly reg>d$ by ,na?or/ z an infundibuli=m organ ( an ovulate /robilus ( ,w4 gigas#abcf1 be>s a /rik+ resemblance to an ,indian fossil describ$ by ,fei/mantel f ,india#abcg4 ,indian species ( ,williamsonia 7,fl[]s74 ,sev]al specim5s ( ,williamsonia h be5 describ$ f ! ,rajmahal & o!r ,jurassic s]ies 9 ,india1 "s ( :i* exhibit a close agreem5t ) ,williamsonia gigas4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t no fronds ( ! ,zamites gigas type h be5 discov]$ 9 ,indian b$s2 on ! o!r h& ! association ( fronds ( ! same type z ,ptilophyllum pect5 ) ,williamsonian /robili is significant1 z also ! occurr5ce ( /ems app>5tly id5tical 9 surface-features ) ,engli% & ,mexican species4 ,williamsonia sp4 ,oldham & ,morris#abch figur$ a specim5 f ! ,rajmahal ,hills consi/+ ( a circul> disc enclos$ by a zone ( #8closely pack$ tubes1' ! basal portion ( an ovulate ,williamsonia /robilus1 :i* !y reg>d$ z a press$ mass ( "y leaves #8probably relat$ to ,palaeozamia' ,ptilophyllum4 ,! figur$ specim5 %[s t ! radially dispos$ #8tubes' surr\nd+ ! circul> area are int]sem9al scales "s ( :i* are se5 at ! p]iph]y 9 surface-view z small polygonal areas z 9 ,engli% specim5s4 ,fei/mantel#abci refigur$ ?is specim5 & ref]r$ x to ,williamsonia gigas ?\gh on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,to ! same species ,fei/mantel#abdj assigns two o!r specim5s f ! ,rajmahal s]ies1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( sev]al n>r[ l9e> bracts p>tially enclos+ a /robilus ) a portion ( ! annul> zone at ! base 9 :i* ! sem9if]\s scales are %[n 9 longitud9al-view & a few 9 apical-view4 ,williamsonia sp4 cf4 ,williamsonia setosa ,na?or/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eeg4 ,williamsonia sp4 ,a1 :orl ( microsporophylls2 s1 synangia 7874 ,c1 side-view ( ! basal portion ( ,a4 ,b1 "p ( a microsporophyll enl>g$4 7,indian ,geological ,survey2 ,a1 nat4 size47 ,a ?ird example f ! same locality 7fig4 #eeg7 is describ$ by ,fei/mantel#abda z "p ( "o ( ,williamson's #8c>pell>y discs#abdb1' a comp>ison t is fully ju/ifi$4 ,! accompany+ draw+ has be5 c>efully made f ! actual specim53 portions ( #aj v hairy bracts radiate 9 a horizontal plane f a cont9u\s lam9a ) a wr9kl$ & ridg$ surface b5t %>ply back at "r-angles to ! bracts & =m+ a d\ble curve z se5 9 ! sectional view 7fig4 #eeg1 ,c74 ,! =m assum$ by ! v]tical "p ( ! disc is1 ,i believe1 ! result ( compression4 ,wiel&#abdc reg>ds ?is fossil z a :orl ( microsporophylls orig9ally atta*$ to ! l[] portion ( ! receptacle ( a bisexual fl[]4 ,close to ! edge ( "o ( ! bracts is an imp]fectly pres]v$ /ructure 7fig4 #eeg1 ,b1 s7 :i* may repres5t two alt]nately arrang$ r[s ( synangia belong+ to "o ( ! hairy bracts2 b we h no evid5ce z to ! position ( ! microsporophylls on ! fl[]-axis4 ,! c5tral space enclos$ by ! cru%$ concresc5t portion ( ! disc is l>ge en\gh to h embrac$ a receptacle b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! portion pres]v$ may h brok5 (f f a proximal cup l t ( ,w4 spectabilis#abdd1 :i*1 z ,na?or/'s specim5s %[1 is sometimes brok5 across ne> ! upp] edge ( ! basal funnel4 ,?is specim5 is spok5 ( by ,fei/mantel z ,williamsonia gigas4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ^! ,rajmahal specim5s belong to "o species1 & !y are !re=e provisionally designat$ ,williamsonia sp4 & ,williamsonia sp4 cf4 ,w4 setosa4 ,williamsonia microps ,fei/mantel4 ,?is species is bas$ on a compress$ ovate /robilus surr\nd$ by l9e> bracts & a portion ( ! cyl9drical axis#abde4 ,x is possible t ?is small]1 bud-l1 specim5 may be a y\ng] example ( ! species ref]r$ by ,fei/mantel to ,williamsonia gigas4 ,williamsonia ,bl&=di ,fei/mantel4 ,f\nd$ on a small /robilus enclos$ by l9e> bracts1 f ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,cut*#abdf1 v simil> to ,williamsonia pect52 z se5 9 fig4 #eeh1 drawn f ! orig9al specim51 ! fl[] is associat$ ) a ,ptilophyllum frond indi/+ui%able f "s examples ( ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,williamsonia indica1 sp4 nov4 ,?is "n is propos$ = "s imp]fect specim5s describ$ by ,fei/mantel f ! ,godav]i di/rict & nam$ by him ,williamsonia sp4 cf4 ,williamsonia gigas#abdg4 ,!y diff] f ,williamsonia gigas 9 ! l>g] size ( ! bracts :i* rea* a l5g? ( #ac cm4 & may be comp>$ ) ^? ( a l>ge specim5 record$ f ,mexico z ,williamsonia ,cuauhtemoc#abdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eeh4 ,williamsonia ,bl&=di & ,ptilophyllum frond4 7,geological ,survey ( ,india2 nat4 size47 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t "s at lea/ ( ! ,indian fl[]s 7 borne on /ems ) ! foliage kn[n z ,ptilophyllum acutifolium1 an inf]5ce bas$ n only on ! almo/ con/ant association ( fl[]s & fronds b also on ! juxtaposition ( bo? k9ds ( organs ) /ems precisely simil> to ^? describ$ f ,engl& & ,mexico4 ,?\gh none ( ! specim5s are suffici5tly well pres]v$ to af=d mu* in=mation z to /ructural features1 ,miss ,bancr(t#abdi has %[n t ! bracts ( "o ( ! examples assign$ by ,fei/mantel to ,w4 gigas are simil> anatomically to ^? ( ,williamsonia scotica & are clo!d ) simple hairs4 ,! important po9t is ! v close correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,indian & ,engli% types ( ,williamsonia1 z reg>ds fl[]s1 fronds1 & /ems4 ,briti% ,specim5s4 ,williamsonia ,c>ru!rsi ,sew>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eei4 ,williamsonia ,c>ru!rsi4 ,a1 unexp&$ fl[]4 ,a1 ! reticulate lamellae project+ f ! face ( a bract4 ,b1 ! basal portion ( a l>g] & exp&$ fl[] %[+ ! impressions ( ! int]sem9al scales & ! base ( ! receptacle4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,a1 ,v4 #cagg2 ,b1 ,v4 #cbja47 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on sev]al specim5s f ,weald5 b$s on ! ,sussex coa/ none ( :i* af=d in=mation z to anatomical /ructure#abej4 ,x is n improbable t m ?an "o species is repres5t$4 ,! ovulate cone1 #f cm4 long1 is surr\nd$ by sev]al l9e> bracts 7fig4 #eei1 ,a7 & 9 %ape resembles ,b5nettites ,mori]ei ,lign42 ! bracts are brok5 across ne> ! base1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ,williamsonia gigas1 expos+ an annul> zone =m$ by p]si/5t int]sem9al scales4 ,f ! inn] face ( "s ( ! bracts project sl5d] radiat+ plates 7fig4 #eei1 ,a7 :i* no d\bt m>k ! b\nd>y ( ! sup]ficial & relatively l>ge int]sem9al scales1 l ^? =m+ ! s-call$ p]ic>p 9 ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus4 ,! receptacle appe>s to h be5 conical1 a feature recall+ ,b5nettites r ?an ,williamsonia4 ,! sauc]-l impression %[n 9 fig4 #eei1 ,b1 is practically id5tical ) ! correspond+ portion ( ,williamsonia ,leck5byi3 ! c5tre is occupi$ by a rais$ area1 ! basal "p ( ! receptacle1 on :i* a s]ies ( p]iph]al prom95ces repres5ts ! vascul> /r&s2 ! sides ( ! sauc] %[ v cle>ly ! reticulum =m$ by ! di/al ends ( int]sem9al scales4 ,"o reason = assign+ ?is species to ,williamsonia r ?an to ,b5nettites 7or ,cycadeoidea7 is ! occurr5ce 9 ! same b$ ( a p$uncle #ab cm4 long & #c cm4 broad :i* probably belong$ to ! p>5t-plant ( ! cone4 ,! surface ( ! p$uncle %[s spirally dispos$ sc>s ( bracts cr[d$ at ! di/al end & m widely sep>at$ 9 ! l[] portion4 ,williamsonia ,buckl&i 7,ung]74 ,9 #ahcg ,buckl&#abea gave an acc\nt ( a #8unique & beautiful fossil fruit' f ,inf]ior ,oolite b$s at ,*>m\? 9 ,dorset%ire & /at$ t ! type-specim5 0 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum4 ,pr(essor ,sollas k9dly se>*$ = ! specim5 "s ye>s ago b )\t success4 ,buckl& consid]$ t ! fruit 0 relat$ to ! ,p&anaceae & describ$ x z foll[s3 #8,! size ( ?is fruit is t ( a l>ge orange1 its surface is occupi$ by a /ellat$ cov]+ or epic>pium1 compos$ ( hexagonal tub]cles1 =m+ ! summits ( cells1 :i* occupy ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! fruit4 ,)9 ea* cell is conta9$ a s+le se$1 resembl+ a small gra9 ( rice m or less compress$1 & usually hexagonal4 ,:5 ! epic>pium is remov$1 ! po9ts ( ! se$s are se51 ?ickly /udd$ ov] ! surface ( ! fruit4 ,! bases ( ! cells are sep>at$ f ! receptacle by a cong]ies ( foot-/alks =m$ ( a d5se mass ( fibres1 resembl+ ! fibres b5ea? ! base ( ! se$s ( ! mod]n ,p&anus4' ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,rob]t ,br[n he call$ ! #8fruit' ,podoc>ya1 ! specific "n ,buckl&i be+ aft]w>ds giv5 by ,ung]#abeb4 ,brongni>t#abec call$ att5tion to ! resemblance ( ,buckl&'s specim5 to ,williamsonia1 & t "n has be5 adopt$ by ,saporta#abed1 ,na?or/1 & o!r au?ors#abee4 ,s[]by's draw+s illu/rat+ ! orig9al description1 "o ( :i* is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #efj1 %[ t ?is unusually f9e specim5 is an ovulate ,b5nettitean /robilus v simil> 9 its ?ick conical receptacle to "s ( ,wiel&'s species ( ,cycadeoidea1 e4g4 ,c4 dacot5sis 7fig4 #ebh73 ! arm\r ( scales & megasporophylls agrees exactly ) t ( "s species ( ,williamsonia f ,york%ire & ) ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,?\gh includ$ 9 ! g5us ,williamsonia x w\ld n be out ( place 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efj4 ,williamsonia ,buckl&i4 7,aft] ,buckl&2 nat4 size47 ,williamsonia scotica ,sew>d4 ,! type-specim5 0 f\nd by ,hugh ,mill] ne> ,crom>ty 7,n4,e4 ,scotl&7 & figur$ z a cone ( peculi> =m#abef2 x 0 obta9$ f a lime/one nodule probably d]iv$ f ,upp] ,jurassic rocks4 ,! fossil is #aa cm4 long & has a maximum bread? ( #f cm4 7fig4 #efa73 num]\s l9e> bracts cov] ! surface & 9 ! l[] portion _m ( !m are brok54 ,a notewor?y feature is ! abs5ce ( any clean-cut base1 a fact po9t+ to fracture r ?an a natural abscission ( ! f]tile axis4 ,! foll[+ description may s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( ! sali5t *>act]s4 ,fl[]+ %oot ovoid1 cov]$ ) l9e> bracts "s ( :i* are prolong$ above ! conical apex z sl5d] tap]$ organs & two ( !m be> a few %ort lat]al app5dages 7fig4 #efa1 l71 probably r$uc$ leaflets1 ne> _! di/al ends4 ,! cyl9drical axis1 completely hidd5 by bracts1 #ae cm4 9 its wide/ "p1 be>s 9 ! l[] or /]ile region bracts & long hairs & 9 ! upp] "p int]sem9al scales & immature megasporophylls :i* toge!r =m a n>r[ b& 7fig4 #efb1 ,s7 #b mm4 broad ext5d+ ov] ! incompletely pres]v$ & conical apex1 z 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican examples ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,! /robilus 0 probably borne at ! apex ( a lat]al bran* giv5 (f f a /em cov]$ ) p]si/5t petiole-bases3 !re is no evid5ce t ?is 0 ! case1 b ! appe>ance ( ! ovoid cone sugge/s comp>ison ) ^? ( ,williamsonia gigas :i* 7 t]m9al on fairly long bran*es & n p>tially hidd5 among ! bases ( fronds z 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! cone ( ,williamsonia scotica is a lat]al /ructure3 ?is sugge/ion is bas$ on ! occurr5ce ( a small bran* or bud1 :i* may be ! apex ( ! :ole f]tile %oot1 giv5 (f f ! cone-axis b only reveal$ 9 transv]se sections4 ,! int]sem9al scales1 #b mm4 long & #jbc mm4 broad at ! truncate di/al end 7fig4 #efc71 are polygonal 9 section & arrang$ z rosettes ( #e-f ar\nd ea* megasporophyll 7fig4 #efd1 a section tang5tial to ! p]iph]al lay] ( scales & sporophylls74 ,! megasporophylls1 equal 9 l5g? to ! scales1 consi/ ( a cyl9drical axis be>+ a t]m9al megasporangium1 an undiff]5tiat$ nucellus1 enclos$ 9 a s+le integum5t prolong$ z a micropyl> tube above ! conical end ( ! nucellus 7fig4 #efc1 ,b1 ,c1 a74 ,fig4 #efb repres5ts a transv]se section ?r\gh ! cone %[+ ! cyl9drical axis ) its compact cov]+ lay] 7fig4 #efc1 ,a1 s7 ( /]ile & f]tile app5dages1 & beyond ?is sections ( ! envelop+ bracts emb$d$ 9 a d5se felt ( long hairs4 ,! tissue ( ! axis1 ?\gh v imp]fectly pres]v$1 %[s occasional gr\ps ( secretory sacs & a few pat*es ( scal>i=m tra*eids3 !re is evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( p]iph]al conduct+ tissue 9 ! l[] portion ( ! axis su* z occurs 9 ! p$uncles ( ,am]ican species ( ,cycadeoidea describ$ by ,wiel&4 ,! bracts ne>] ! axis are m %rivell$ ?an ^? f>!r away1 ! result ( ! feebl] developm5t ( hypod]mal /]eome 9 ! m int]nal bracts4 ,sunk5 /omata occur on ! l[] surface ( "s ( ! bracts3 sev]al collat]al bundles are pres5t 9 ea* & l>ge secretory ducts are abundant4 ,! num]\s hairs on ! bracts & ! /]ile region ( ! cone are outgr[?s ( epid]mal cells2 mo/ ( !m consi/ ( a %ort basal cell & a v long ?ick-wall$ tubul> hair rea*+ a l5g? ( sev]al c5timetres4 ,9 "s cases ! basal cell be>s a gr\p ( %ort cells ea* ( :i* is ! />t+-po9t ( a long hair3 ?is is wor?y ( notice f ! po9t ( view ( comp>ison ) ! ram5ta ( o!r ,b5nettitalean fl[]s4 ,! %ort proximal cell ( a hair is surr\nd$ by a cuticul> r+ l a r\nd$ base-m\ld+ :]e x re/s on ! epid]mis3 ?is has be5 aptly comp>$ to ! d>k r+s t =m a /rik+ feature ( ! cuticul> membrane ( ,ptilophyllum leaflets#abeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efa4 ,williamsonia scotica4 ,/robilus 9 surface-view2 l1 bract ) %ort lat]al app5dages4 7,royal ,scotti% ,museum1 ,ed9burgh2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efb4 ,williamsonia scotica4 ,transv]se section2 ,s1 scales & megasporophylls2 a1 bract %[+ deta*$ sup]ficial tissue on ! inn] side4 7ca4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efc4 ,williamsonia scotica4 ,megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales 9 longitud9al section4 ,a1 "p ( ! axis %[+ ! atta*m5t1 s1 ( a scale & megasporophyll4 ,b1 apex ( micropyl> tube %[+ funnel-%ap$ cavity & papillose epid]mal cells on ! integum5t & on ! adjac5t scale2 a1 apex ( nucellus4 ,c1 upp] "p ( a scale & megasporophyll2 a1 apex ( nucellus4 7,a1 ca4 #bj2 ,b1 ,c1 #ajj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efd4 ,williamsonia scotica4 ,transv]se section ne> ! di/al end ( a micropyl> tube & ! surr\nd+ polygonal int]sem9al scales4 7ca4 #ajj47 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 ! fir/ section cut 0 transv]se to ! axis 7fig4 #efb71 & ?is happ5$ to trav]se ! l[e/ "p ( ! f]tile region ( ! receptacle1 z 0 %[n by ! fact t 9 ! next l[] section ! axis bore only bracts & hairs4 ,x is cle> t ! /]ile portion ( ! receptacle pass$ abruptly upw>ds into ! f]tile region1 & x is extremely unlikely t any microsporophylls 7 borne at ! base ( t portion ( ! cone-axis :i* produc$ ! scales & megasporophylls4 ,! cone 01 9 all probability1 unisexual4 ,on ! analogy ( ! cones %[n 9 figs4 #eac1 #ead1 "o w\ld expect to f9d betwe5 ! /]ile & f]tile regions ei!r a v]ticil ( microsporophylls or ! rema9s ( an annul> disc f :i* ! effete sporophylls _h be5 deta*$4 ,!re is no trace ( any su* disc1 & ! fact ( ! immaturity ( ! megasporophylls r5d]s x unlikely t 7 ! cone bisexual ! microsporophylls w\ld h be5 deta*$4 ,z previ\s records %[1 !re is no?+ improbable 9 ! occurr5ce ( a unisexual ,b5nettitean fl[]4 ,^! rem>ks are made 9 view ( an op9ion express$ by ,dr ,wiel& t ! bracts ) lat]al app5dages 7fig4 #efa1 l71 to :i* allusion has be5 made1 are microsporophylls & t if ! cone _h be5 slic$ longitud9ally ! pres5ce ( a microsporophyll-disc w\ld h be5 discov]$4 ,! latt] possibility has already be5 consid]$1 & z reg>ds ! =m] !re is no?+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! small lat]al app5dages ( ! longe/ bracts to indicate t !y 7 connect$ ) spore-production4 ,x is n unlikely t ! bracts ) small outgr[?s 7fig4 #efa1 l7 correspond to ! m leaf-l bracts ( ,wiel&iella & ,williamsoniella4 ,! two sets ( organs spok5 ( z int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls are probably homolog\s1 foli>1 /ructures2 9 ! "o case leaves trans=m$ into cyl9drical organs be>+ t]m9al integum5t$ & undiff]5tiat$ megasporangia &1 9 ! o!r1 /]ile or /]ilis$ sporophylls4 ,! polygonal truncate di/al end ( an int]sem9al scale is flat or slightly concave & cov]$ by a ?ick epid]mis1 & on ! sides ( ! scale _m ( ! surface-cells are /rongly papillose 7figs4 #efc1 #efd74 ,! re/ ( ! int]sem9al scale consi/s ma9ly ( elongat$ cells1 :i* 9 ! l[] portion ( ! axis ( ! scale assume a tubul> =m1 presumably immature conduct+ elem5ts3 9 "o scale only 0 any tra*eal tissue f\nd & t 0 repres5t$ by #b-c scal>i=m tra*eids4 ,! scales appe> to arise f ! axis l ! bracts z sup]ficial outgr[?s1 & probably 9 a lat] /age ( developm5t ! c5tre ( ea* scale w\ld be occupi$ by a vascul> /r&4 ,! megasporophylls be> a close resemblance to ! scales1 b 9 transv]se section !y appe> z small] & circul> organs ea* ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( polygonal int]sem9al scales precisely z 9 o!r ,b5nettitean fl[]s 7fig4 #efd2 cf4 fig4 #eae74 ,! proximal "p ( a megasporophyll consi/s ( a column ( p>5*yma 7fig4 #efc1 ,a1 s7 ext5d+ ?r\gh half ( ! l5g?2 f ?is column is deta*$ a n>r[ cyl9d] ( small cru%$ cells :i* mo/ likely repres5ts ! rema9s ( tissue t orig9ally occupi$ ! space surr\nd+ ! axial column4 ,at a high] level ! axial column becomes broad] & its %ort cells m elongat$ & slightly div]g5t t[>ds ! slop+ sides ( ! conical nucellus4 ,! loose cyl9d] ( tissue is atta*$ to ! nucell> cone & prolong$ beyond its apex z a broad integum5t enclos+ a v small micropyle 7fig4 #efc1 ,c74 ,! apex ( ! integum5t has ! =m ( a %all[ funnel3 its epid]mal cells are papillose 7fig4 #efc1 ,b1 ,c7 & ! pres5ce ( %ort transv]sely elongat$ cells is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! tissue l9+ ! micropyl> canal4 ,! bracts agree g5]ally ) ^? ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana1 ,cycadeoidea ,mori]ei1 & ! ,am]ican species4 ,! gr\nd tissue is compos$ ( scl]5*yma comp>able ) ! scal>i=m elem5ts 9 ! bracts ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana 7cf4 fig4 #ebj74 ,x is 9 ! possession ( long hairs l ^? on ! leaves ( ,dioon & o!r rec5t ,cycads t ,williamsonia scotica diff]s f previ\sly describ$ fl[]s 9 all ( :i* ! f]n-l ram5tal scales are a conspicu\s feature4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t simil> hairs are sub/itut$ = scales 9 "s ,indian /ems describ$ by ,miss ,bancr(t#abeh4 ,ligni]#abei m5tions ! occurr5ce ( long unicellul> hairs on ,cycadeoidea micromyela 7p4 #dae71 a ,jurassic ,fr5* species1 b ! ram5ta are 9 "p multicellul> lamellae & ! pres5ce ( transitional =ms sugge/s a possible d]ivation ( hairs f scales bo? 9 fossil species & 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,! megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales are mu* %ort] ?an 9 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana & o!r species 9 :i* ! axis ( ! cone =ms a depress$ receptacle 7cf4 fig4 #eba1 ,a1 ,c71 b !y correspond closely ) ^? ( sev]al ,am]ican species4 ,9 ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana & ,c4 ,mori]ei ! di/al ends ( ! int]sem9al scales are mu* broad] & _! diamet] greatly exce$s t ( ! micropyl> tubes1 #bh mm4 z comp>$ ) #jbe mm41 :]eas 9 ,williamsonia scotica ! scales are #jbc mm4 broad & ! micropyl> tubes #jae mm4 ,! mummifi$ micropyl> tubes ( ,w4 pect5 be> a /rik+ resemblance 9 =m & 9 ! papillose epid]mal cells to ^? ( ! ,scot* species4 ,!re are two additional po9ts sugge/$ by ! /ructure ( ! f]tile region1 namely ! possibility t ! megasporophylls are arre/$ r ?an immature organs &1 secondly1 ! me?od ( poll9ation4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ !re w\ld seem to be no adequate reason = d\bt+ ! correctness ( ! view t ! sporophylls are pot5tially p]fect ovules :i* 7 petrifi$ at a comp>atively e>ly /age 9 developm5t4 ,! d5se woolly cov]+ inve/+ ! surface ( ! scales & megasporophylls recalls an infloresc5ce ( ,aesculus hippoca/anum 9 its w9t]-fur & h>dly sugge/s a collection ( ovules accessible to microspores4 ,9 all probability at a lat] /age ! protect+ bracts ) _! felt ( hairs w\ld b5d outw>ds leav+ expos$ ! receptive micropyles4 ,microsporophylls4 ,9 view ( ! association ( microsporophylls & ovulate /robili 9 ! fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea describ$ by ,wiel&1 mo/ ( :i* are bisexual1 x is reasonable to expect a simil> association 9 ! fl[]s ( ,williamsonia :i* agree closely 9 ! ess5tial features ( bo? micro- & mega-sporophylls ) ^? ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,x is1 !re=e1 surpris+ t 9 no s+le case h ! microsporophylls attribut$ to ,williamsonia be5 f\nd 9 actual connexion ) a receptacle be>+ int]sem9al scales & megasporophylls4 ,! same /atem5t holds good ) reg>d to ! ,williamsonias discov]$ 9 ,mexico4 ,na?or/ believes t ! microsporophylls on :i* he has f\nd$ sev]al species are unisexual fl[]s ) ! possible exception ( ,w4 pyramidalis#abfj4 ,?is species1 f\nd by ,dr ,halle at ,cl\ghton ,wyke1 is repres5t$ by a small ovulate /robilus *>act]is$ by a conical receptacle ) a blunt mucronate apex3 ) x is associat$ a microsporophyll be>+ synangia4 ,! ori5tation ( ! two specim5s is su* z to sugge/ an orig9al connexion4 ,z ,na?or/ says1 !re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( t ! two belong to "o fl[]4 ,wiel&#abfa1 ?\gh believ+ t ! exi/5ce ( bisporangiate ,williamsonia fl[]s is #8reasonably c]ta91' agrees ) ,na?or/'s conclusion z to ! unisexual "* ( ,w4 spectabilis & ,w4 pect54 ,on ! o!r h&1 he reg>ds ! microsporophyll-v]ticil :i* 0 fir/ describ$ by ,williamson z a c>pell>y disc1 !n nam$ by ,na?or/#abfb ,w4 bitub]culata & aft]w>ds id5tifi$ z a microsporophyll-disc closely alli$ to ,w4 :itbi5sis1 z ! /am9ate "p ( ,w4 gigas4 ,?is view is1 9 my op9ion1 impossible to reconcile ) ! nature ( ! specim54 ,if1 z ,wiel& sugge/s1 x is ! /am9al coll> split (f f ! base ( a l>ge ovulate cone l t ( ,williamsonia gigas1 "o w\ld expect to f9d a c5tral space 9 ! middle ( ! cupul> base l>ge en\gh to embrace ! receptacle4 ,nei!r 9 ?is specim5 nor 9 sev]al o!r =ms ( microsporophyll-v]ticils is !re su* a c5tral space4 ,x is cle> t ! discs describ$ z ,w4 spectabilis1 ,w4 :itbi5sis1 & o!r species 7 n borne z concresc5t coll>s on a /\t axis z are ! correspond+ organs 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,! ,indian specim5 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eeg & ! v closely alli$ type ,w4 setosa are incomplete at ! c5tre & may possibly h be5 borne at ! base ( an ovulate bisporangiate /robilus1 b !re is no def9ite evid5ce t ?is 0 ! case4 ,moreov]1 9 ,w4 spectabilis ! l[] "p ( ! cup 7fig4 #eea7 easily splits away f ! re/ ( ! /am9ate disc1 & ?is may expla9 ! c5tral space 9 ! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #edi1 ,a4 ,if ,w4 spectabilis1 to take "o example1 is a complete fl[] !re are c]ta9 difficulties :i* are n easily expla9$3 z ,na?or/ has %[n1 9 ?is type !re is a %ort /alk1 b 9 ,w4 :itbi5sis ! base ( ! funnel has no /alk & !re is no int]ruption ( ! /\t lam9a at ! c5tre or any indication ( a sc>4 ,na?or/ comp>es ! funnel-l region ( ,w4 :itbi5sis to a k9d ( cupule :i* became deta*$ aft] fl[]+#abfc4 ,b a cupule is support$ on an axis &1 ?\gh no sc> is app>5t on "s ( ! m complete specim5s1 x is obvi\s t ! v]ticil mu/ h be5 suppli$ ) vascul> tissue f "s axial organ4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( a morphological po9t :i* _c be def9itely answ]$4 ,na?or/ has previ\sly rais$ ! "q--is x possible t ! microsporophylls 7 atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( an ovulate /robilus2 7 ! fl[]s bisexual & epigyn\s8 ,he believes ! answ] to be 9 ! negative4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! probable occurr5ce at ! apex ( ! receptacle ( ,williamsonia gigas ( a funnel-l organ ( ! type describ$ by ,williamson z #8c>pell>y disc#abfd1' a t]m "u :i* ,na?or/#abfe believes t ,williamson includ$ two diff]5t ?+s1--/am9ate discs borne on sep>ate1 unisexual1 fl[]s1 & /]ile organs call$ by ,ligni]#abff ! infundibuli=m app>atus4 ,! latt]1 x is believ$1 7 atta*$ to ! apex ( an ovulate /robilus z %[n 9 fig4 #edh1 comp>able 9 position ) ! leaves at ! summit ( an infloresc5ce ( ,ananas4 ,a comp>ison ( ! fossils reg>d$ z infundibuli=m app5dages ) "s ( ! microsporophyll-v]ticils %[s t !y are id5tical 9 =m1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t on ! =m] !re are no synangia4 ,?is fact c h>dly be reg>d$ z negative evid5ce fatal to ! morphological id5tity ( ^! /]ile & f]tile organs4 ,! available evid5ce1 ?\gh f> f complete1 is fav\rable to ! view t 9 "s ,williamsonia fl[]s1 e4g4 ,w4 gigas1 ! microsporophylls 7 produc$ at ! apex ( ! axis 9 ! position %[n 9 fig4 #edh4 ,to cite a r\gh analogy1--9 ,cycadeoidea ! fl[] 0 hypogyn\s z 9 ,erica2 9 ,williamsonia epigyn\s z 9 ,vacc9ium4 ,?is view does n exclude ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( unisexual fl[]s 9 "s species1 b ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a sep>ation ( ! sexes is by no means decisive4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! abs5ce ( protective bracts 9 ! case ( ! microsporophylls1 a /rik+ contra/ to ! bract-enclos$ ovulate /robili ( ,williamsonia or to ! bract-cov]$ fl[]s ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,7 ! microsporophylls borne on a sep>ate axis g5]al consid]ations w\ld lead u to expect ! association ( bracts ) ! ess5tial organs4 ,! fact t no su* association has be5 record$ is a fact fav\rable to ! view t ! fl[]s 7 bisporangiate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efe4 ,a1 ,williamsonia spectabilis1 microsporophyll2 ,b1 ,w4 :itbi5sis1 section ( sporophyll2 ,c1 ,w4 mexicana4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,na?or/2 ,c1 aft] ,wiel&47 ,! /ud5t is w>n$ t ! op9ion express$ ) reg>d to ! position ( ! microsporophylls is contr>y to t :i* is held by sev]al palaeobotani/s#abfg4 ,williamsonia mexicana ,wiel&4 ,?is species is "o ( ! num]\s types discov]$ by ,wiel& 9 ,mexico#abfh4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! deep campanulate concresc5t portion ( ! :orl ( microsporophylls & by ! t5 %ort free lobes :i* be> two r[s ( lat]al synangia 7fig4 #efe1 ,c74 ,among ! ,briti% =ms ,williamsonia :itbi5sis w\ld appe> to be ! mo/ closely alli$ type4 ,w4 mexicana occurs 9 association ) ,otozamites fronds1 z is ! case ) an ,italian specim5 figur$ by ,zigno#abfi1 b 9 ! ,mexican species !re is no conclusive evid5ce ( organic connexion4 ,o!r species ( ,williamsonia4 ,williamsonia ,hayd5i ,sew>d4 ,a ,jurassic species f ,afghani/an#abgj f\nd$ on a s+le specim5 ( a flatt5$ broadly-oval fl[] simil> to ,w4 gigas b small] & enclos$ by n>r[ l9e> bracts4 ,an int]e/+ feature is ! occurr5ce ( a funnel-%ap$ depression at ! apex %[+ radiat+ l9es on its surface z 9 ! ,williamsonia repres5t$ 9 fig4 #edf1 ,a4 ,9 all probability ^! l9es d5ote ! p]si/5ce ( a coll> ( int]sem9al scales on ! upp] "p ( ! elongat$ conical receptacle4 ,an exam9ation ( ! c>bonace\s mat]ial reveal$ ! pres5ce ( "s %ort rods agree+ 9 size & %ape ) ! int]sem9al scales ( o!r species4 ,williamsonia ,otozamitis 7,zigno74 ,zigno#abga in/itut$ ! g5]ic "n ,bla/olepis = "s specim5s f ! ,jurassic rocks ( nor? ,italy :i* he ref]r$ to ?ree species1 ,b4 falcata1 ,b4 acum9ata1 & ,b4 ,otozamitis4 ,^! are true ,williamsonias closely alli$ to ,w4 gigas4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 ( ,b4 ,otozamitis 9 ! ,padua collection l$ me to ! conclusion t ,zigno 0 correct 9 repres5t+ ! ovulate /robilus1 :i* %[s an annul> area l t 9 specim5s ( ,w4 gigas1 z be+ 9 organic connexion ) an ,otozamites frond4 ,wiel& has rec5tly discov]$ species ( ,williamsonia 9 ,mexico t he correlates ) ,otozamites leaves4 ,williamsonia sp4 ,sew>d4 ,?\gh by no means satisfactory z a tru/wor?y record ( ! g5us1 ! specim5s s designat$ f ! ,kimm]idgian ( ,scotl&#abgb are probably imp]fect examples ( ! g5us4 ,williamsonia oregon5sis ,fonta9e4 ,! type-specim5 f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,oregon#abgc consi/s ( a /\t axis be>+ sev]al contigu\s l9e> bracts =m+ a m or less sph]ical clu/] #e cm4 broad4 ,! =m sugge/s a ,williamsonia1 b ! evid5ce is h>dly decisive4 ,williamsonia ,=*amm]i ,na?or/4 ,a ,bornholm species#abgd f ,l[] ,jurassic /rata repres5t$ by an annul> zone surr\nd+ a c5tral area1 probably a portion ( an ovulate /robilus4 ,williamsonia m9ima ,saporta4 ,?is ,upp] ,jurassic species f ,portugal#abge consi/s ( a numb] ( small bracts or leaves atta*$ to a c5tral axis & is ( no value z evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( ,williamsonia4 ,williamsonia problematica 7,newb]ry74 ,?is species 0 fir/ describ$ f ! ,amboy clays z ,palaean?us 7,williamsonia7 problematica#abgf & comp>$ to a ,composite infloresc5ce ) long ray-florets4 ,m rec5tly ,hollick#abgg has ref]r$ to ?is species specim5s f ! ,cretace\s ( ,long ,isl& & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 b none ( !m af=d conclusive evid5ce ( ,williamsonian aff9ity4 ,"s ( ! examples1 z sugge/$ by ,hollick1 agree fairly closely ) ,williamsonia cretacea ,he]4 ,williamsonia ,smockii ,newb]ry4 ,! curi\s urn-l bodies f ! ,amboy clays#abgh on :i* ?is species is bas$ are n unlike ! capsules ( a ,papav] b be> no real resemblance to a ,williamsonia4 ,williamsonia ,riesii ,hollick4 ,a species f ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d#abgi ref]r$ to ,williamsonia on r sl5d] gr\nds & repres5t$ by imp]fect mat]ial4 ,williamsonia 787 pho5icopsoides ,w>d4 ,?is fossil f ! ,cretace\s ( ! ,black ,hills1 ,dakota#abhj1 is mu* too imp]fect to be accept$ z a record ( ,williamsonia4 ,williamsonia elongata ,lesqu]eux4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on "p ( a conical receptacle ) "s app5dages sup]ficially resembl+ ^? ( ,williamsonia#abha1 is too incomplete to be det]m9$ ) any confid5ce4 ,! type-specim5 is f ,c5omanian b$s 9 ,kansas4 ,williamsonia virg9i5sis ,fonta9e4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a true memb] ( ! g5us2 x is *>act]is$ by n>r[ ovate bracts be>+ conspicu\s hairs surr\nd+ ! base ( a receptacle :i* %[s a portion ( an annul> zone ( int]sem9al scales#abhb4 ,williamsonia 787 gall9acea ,w>d4 ,?is species f ! ,potomac b$s#abhc is ( no value z a record ( ,williamsonia4 ,williamsonia 787 ,bibb9si ,w>d4 ,! imp]fectly pres]v$ specim5 f ! ,potomac s]ies s nam$ by ,w>d#abhd is probably "p ( an ,abiet9e\s cone z /at$ by ,b]ry#abhe :o includes ,w>d's type ) o!r specim5s ref]r$ to ,abietites macroc>pus ,font4 ,williamsonia cretacea ,he]4 ,two specim5s1 figur$ by ,he]#abhf f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l&1 on :i* ?is species is f\nd$1 consi/ ( an axis cov]$ ) small scale-leaves & at ! broad apex be>+ num]\s n>r[ l9e> bracts =m+ a m or less sph]ical clu/] #ch cm4 9 bread?4 ,! species resembles ,w4 problematica 7,newb474 ,williamsonia rec5tior ,dawson4 ,! specim5s f ! ,middle ,cretace\s ( ,canada figur$ by ,dawson#abhg "u ?is "n are v imp]fect & ( no botanical value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eff4 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,,wiel&iella4 ,na?or/4 ,! specim5s on :i* ?is g5us is f\nd$ 7 orig9ally describ$ by ,na?or/ f ,hr 9 ,scania z ,williamsonia angu/ifolia#abhh3 9 a second pap]#abhi a re/oration ( ! plant 0 publi%$ 7fig4 #eff74 ,! exam9ation ( additional specim5s f ! ,rhaetic ( ,bjuf & ( cuticul> prep>ations l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a new g5us ,wiel&ia#abij = :i* ,wiel&iella#abia 0 aft]w>ds sub/itut$1 ,wiel&ia hav+ be5 previ\sly employ$ = an exi/+ plant4 ,wiel&iella agrees 9 ! g5]al morphology ( its bisporangiate fl[]s ) ,cycadeoidea1 b diff]s widely f ne>ly all o!r memb]s ( ! ,b5nettitales 9 ! repeat$ly =k$ sl5d] /em :i* is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! vegetative axis ( any rec5t ,cycad4 ,among rec5t ,cycads ) t]m9al /robili an indication ( a primitive di*asium is af=d$ by ! occurr5ce ( an abort$ bud 9 a /em ( ,dioon edule describ$ by ,s\? & ,compton#abib2 b 9 ! habit ( ! /em ,wiel&iella is f> remov$ f any rec5t ,cycadean type4 ,! microsporophylls are small] & simpl] ?an 9 ,williamsonia or ,cycadeoidea & ! foliage-leaves are ( ! ,anomozamites type 7cf4 fig4 #fae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efg4 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia4 ,bran*$ /em & receptacle4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia ,na?or/4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ?is species 9 #aijb ,na?or/ describ$ two types ( /robilus1 male & female1 b a re-inve/igation ( ! mat]ial l$ to a modification ( ! e>li] conclusions4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 r>ely exce$+ #ae cm4 9 bread?1 repeat$ly bran*$ z a di*asial sy/em ) a f]tile %oot 9 ! =ks =m$ by ! equal & widely div]g5t bran*es4 ,na?or/'s re/oration1 z he po9ts out1 may exagg]ate ! regul>ity ( ! bran*+1 b an exam9ation ( ! orig9al specim5s 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum conv9c$ me t ! habit repres5t$ 9 fig4 #eff is sub/antially correct4 ,! me?od ( bran*+ is simil> to t 9 ! infloresc5ces ( ,gnetalean plants & recalls "s ,glei*5ia fronds4 ,! surface ( ! ?ick] pieces ( /em %[s f9e longitud9al /riae1 :ile transv]se /riations l ^? on ! axis ( a ,het]angium frond *>act]ise ! m sl5d] specim5s4 ,closely set polygonal leaf-sc>s cov] ! /em = a %ort di/ance bel[ ea* bifurcation & ! surface ( ! %ort & relatively /\t p$uncles ( ! /robili 7fig4 #efg74 ,?\gh = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to ! region ( false di*otomy1 leaf-sc>s occasionally occur on o!r p>ts ( ! /em4 ,small fronds1 #g-h cm4 long1 agree+ closely ) ,anomozamites m9or ,brongn41 occur 9 ! same b$s at ,bjuf1 & ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 _! long l9e> & w+$ petioles & ! transv]sely /riat$ bracts enclos+ ! /robili ( ,wiel&iella amply ju/ifies ,na?or/'s conclusion t ,wiel&iella bore fronds ( ! ,anomozamites =m#abic4 ,small sc>s m>k+ ! position ( bracts occur imm$iately bel[ ea* /robilus & occasionally =m n>r[ zones betwe5 ! l>g] foliage leaf-sc>s4 ,! /robili are met ) 9 two =ms repres5t+ two /ates ( pres]vation &1 probably1 diff]5t ages4 ,9 "o =m ! /robilus consi/s ( a small pyri=m axis sep>at$ f ! p$uncle by an annul> swell+ *>act]is$ by p>allel /riations 7fig4 #efg71 ! s-call$ palisade-r+4 ,f ?is r+ ,na?or/ obta9$ _m microspores scatt]$ & 9 gr\ps on ! surface ( %ort sporophylls1 #be-c mm4 9 l5g?4 ,x is ^! sporophylls :i* =m ! p>allel /riations2 !y occur z a circle ( r broad l9e> organs ) irregul>ly too!d di/al ends & an epid]mis ( papillose cells4 ,! oval microspores1 #cb-db long1 v>y 9 size &1 z ,na?or/ says1 ?is may indicate immaturity4 ,! precise mode ( occurr5ce ( ! spores has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b !y 7 probably produc$ 9 sporangia on ! surface ( ! small microsporophylls4 ,^! /robili h 9 all probability lo/ ! female organs :i* 7 borne on ! pyri=m axis1 & ! inf]5ce is t ! /robili 7 protogyn\s4 ,?omas#abid comp>es ! r+ at ! base ( ! fl[]-axis f :i* spores 7 obta9$ by ,na?or/ to ! :orl ( microsporophylls ( ,williamsoniella1 b 9 ,wiel&iella ! sporophylls are greatly r$uc$ & possibly functionless4 ,wiel&iella may be int]m$iate betwe5 ! bisexual ,williamsoniella & ! unisexual ,williamsonia scotica4 ,9 ! second =m ( /robilus ! pyri=m axis is hidd5 & ! specim5s consi/ ( a c5tral ovate body1 approximately #c cm4 long1 surr\nd$ by sev]al l9e> bracts 7fig4 #efh1 ,a74 ,! c>bonis$ surface ( ! c5tral region reveal$ on *emical treatm5t a fairly regul> patt]n =m$ by ! contigu\s polygonal ends ( int]sem9al scales arrang$ r\nd small] cyl9drical micropyl> tubes :i* project beyond ! level ( ! scales 7fig4 #efh1 ,b74 ,?is arrangem5t agrees closely ) t ( ! correspond+ organs 9 ,williamsonia & ,cycadeoidea 7cf4 figs4 #eae1 #efd74 ,9 ,wiel&iella ! micropyl> tubes are ( uni=m diamet] & ! cells ( ! epid]mis h smoo? walls 9 contra/ to ! micropyl> tubes ( ,williamsonia 7fig4 #efc74 ,! /robilus 9 ?is /ate1 be=e ! scales & ovules h become deta*$ f ! axis1 may be describ$ z a small ,williamsonia1 b ! habit ( ! /em is 9 itself a suffici5t reason = ! use ( a di/9ctive g5]ic "n#abie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efh4 ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia4 ,a1 conical receptacle ) bracts4 ,b1 surface-view ( scales & micropyl> tubes4 7,aft] ,na?or/2 ,a1 nat4 size47 ,a second species1 ,wiel&iella punctata1 describ$ by ,na?or/#abif f ,scania is f\nd$ on pieces ( =k$ /ems associat$ ) fragm5ts ( a palisade-r+ =m$ ( contigu\s segm5ts 7microsporophylls7 ) microspores #eh 9 l5g?4 ,fronds ( ,anomozamites m9or occur 9 ! same b$s4 ,mr ,ham%aw ,?omas#abig describ$ "s specim5s f ! ,middle ,jurassic b$s ( ,m>ske 9 ,york%ire :i* he sugge/$ might be pieces ( a ,wiel&iella /em4 ,additional mat]ial 0 subsequ5tly f\nd & ?is enabl$ ,?omas to produce evid5ce 9 fav\r ( connect+ ! bran*$ vegetative axis ) bisporangiate /robili & ! fronds ( ,ta5iopt]is vittata4 ,= ! /ems & fl[]s ! new designation ,williamsoniella has be5 propos$4 ,fur!r rese>* w no d\bt %[ t ! ,wiel&iella type ( /em 0 n exceptional 9 ,rhaetic & ,jurassic floras4 ,na?or/#abih sugge/s ! possibility t "s specim5s f ! ,sol5h(5 ,slates describ$ by ,?iselton-,dy]#abii z ,condylites squamatus may be alli$ to ,wiel&iella4 ,! g5]ic "n ,condylites 0 sugge/$ by ! elb[-l bran*+ ( /ems :i* bore imp]fectly pres]v$ & app>5tly t]m9al cones2 ! surface ( ! bran*es is cov]$ ) ! sc>s ( leaves4 ,! resemblance to ,wiel&iella is1 h[ev]1 slight & x w\ld seem m probable t ! ,sol5h(5 fossils are ,conif]\s1 ?\gh1 z ,na?or/ says1 ! suppos$ scale-l #8leaves' may be sc>s ( ,cycadean fronds4 ,wiel&#acjj records ! occurr5ce 9 ,mexico ( /ems simil> to ^? ( ,wiel&iella associat$ ) "s ,otozamites fronds4 ,,williamsoniella4 ,?omas4 ,?is g5us 0 in/itut$ = specim5s discov]$ by ,mr ,ham%aw ,?omas#acja 9 ! ,middle ,e/u>9e s]ies ( ! ,middle ,jurassic plant-b$ at ,gri/horpe on ! ,york%ire coa/1 & ! g5us is record$ also f ! ,clevel& di/rict 9 ! same c\nty4 ,williamsoniella occurs 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,gri/horpe b$ :]e fronds ( ,ta5iopt]is vittata are abundant4 ,williamsoniella coronata ,?omas4 ,! type-species is repres5t$ by f]tile %oots consi/+ ( a c5tral axis be>+ bo? megasporophylls & microsporophylls 7figs4 #efi1 #ega1 ,a74 ,bel[ its cr[n-l /]ile apex ! pyri=m p$uncle is cov]$ ) small int]sem9al scales & ovules simil> to ^? ( ,williamsonia3 ?is portion is #f mm4 9 diamet] & #a cm4 long4 ,a :orl ( sep>ate cuneate microsporophylls =ms a hypogyn\s r+ bel[ ! basal int]sem9al scales3 ea* sporophyll is atta*$ by a n>r[ base 7fig4 #egj7 & be>s #e-f r5i=m synangia conta9+ microspores4 ,! fl[] is ?us bisexual3 x af=ds no conclusive evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( any cov]+ bracts l ^? ( mo/ ,b5nettitalean fl[]s4 ,9 "y specim5s ! microsporophylls are closely pack$ r\nd ! axis 7fig4 #ega1 ,b74 ,! fl[]-/alks rea* a l5g? ( #ce cm4 & are #c mm4 9 diamet]4 ,fig4 #ega1 ,c1 %[s a receptacle f :i* ! sporophylls h fall53 ! microsporophylls hav+ be5 no d\bt atta*$ to ! coll>-l swell+ at ! base4 ,t[>ds ! apex ! axis becomes broad] & at s a few int]sem9al scales are left3 above ^! is ! apical disc 7corona7 *>act]is$ by longitud9al ribs4 ,an apical disc is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #egb2 x has ! =m ( a royal cr[n #a-b mm4 high ) #ab-af v]tical ridges sep>at+ flat surfaces =m$ by ! pressure ( microsporophyll apices 9 ! unexp&$ fl[]4 ,! corona is surm\nt$ by a small conical elevation :i* repres5ts ! apex ( ! f]tile axis4 ,an apical view ( an unexp&$ fl[] is %[n 9 fig4 #ega1 ,b2 ! tips ( #ab sporophylls are closely press$ aga9/ ! corona :i* probably consi/s 9 "p at lea/ ( fus$ int]sem9al scales4 ,! microsporophylls 7 %$ aft] ! dehisc5ce ( ! synangia4 ,ea* sporophyll is flatt5$ on ! sides & ?ick] on ! curv$ out] edge2 ! synangia1 usually 9 two r[s ( ?ree1 are borne on ! slop+ sides 7figs4 #efi1 #egj74 ,! surface ( a microsporophyll is cov]$ ) small r\nd$ projections :i* produce a *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,! =m ( a microsporophyll 9 section is %[n 9 fig4 #egj3 ! synangia are simil> 9 %ape to ^? ( ,cycadeoidea & ,williamsonia 7cf4 figs4 #eca1 #edi1 etc47 b !re are no ext]nal indications ( septa l ^? se5 9 "s o!r types4 ,on mac]at+ "s specim5s x 0 f\nd t ! spores occur 9 ab\t #bj gr\ps4 ,! circul> or elliptical spores are #jjb mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! walls ( ! epid]mal cells ( ! microsporophylls are /raight3 ! /omata1 :i* %[ ! features *>act]i/ic ( ! ,b5nettitales1 agree closely ) ^? ( ,ta5opt]is vittata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #efi4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,v]tical section ( ! fl[] %[+ ! pyri=m axis ) small megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales & ! microsporophylls ) synangia4 7,aft] ,?omas2 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egj4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,diagrammatic sket* ( a microsporophyll 9 section & 9 side-view4 7,aft] ,?omas2 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ega4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,a1 fl[] %[+ two microsporophylls & ! c5tral axis ) megasporophylls4 ,b1 apical view ( an unexp&$ fl[]4 ,c1 fl[]-axis %[+ ! %all[ grooves made by ! infold$ microsporophylls1 :i* h fall51 & a few megasporophylls1 s4 7,aft] ,?omas2 ,a1 #a2 ,b1 ,c1 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egb4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,apical disc ) megasporophylls & int]sem9al scales at ! base4 7,aft] ,?omas2 #c47 ,! int]sem9al scales associat$ ) ! ovules & cov]+ ! pyri=m axis above ! microsporophylls are m or less flatt5$ & hexagonal & ! micropyl> tubes (t5 project f> beyond ! scales4 ,ea* micropyle-tube is surr\nd$ by #e-f int]sem9al scales 7cf4 fig4 #efd74 ,! ovules diff] f ^? ( ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana 9 ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct p$icel & agree ) ! correspond+ organs ( ,williamsonia scotica#acjb4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( epid]mal papillae ! micropyl> tubes resemble ^? ( ,wiel&iella angu/ifolia4 ,z already /at$1 ! fl[]s appe> to be )\t protective bracts1 b 9 ! %ale f :i* ! specim5s 7 obta9$ a few bract-l organs 7 discov]$ consi/+ ( a lanceolate lam9a #ae cm4 long1 & #b-c mm4 broad ne> ! base1 & "s %[$ a small oval lam9a at ! apex ) a midrib & di*otom\sly bran*$ lat]al ve9s4 ,^! bracts ) ! t]m9al lam9a are reg>d$ by ,?omas z almo/ c]ta9ly r$uc$ leaves ( ! ,ta5iopt]is vittata type3 !y are repres5t$ 9 ! re/oration 7fig4 #egc7 z occurr+ at ! base ( ! fl[]-p$uncle4 ,/omata 7 f\nd on ! bracts exactly l ^? on ! microsporophylls1 & ?is af=ds a /rong argum5t 9 support ( ! view t ,williamsoniella belongs to ! plant :i* bore ,ta5iopt]is fronds4 ,!re is a close p>allelism betwe5 ! bracts accompany+ ,williamsoniella fl[]s & ^? describ$ by ,na?or/ 9 connexion ) ,wiel&iella#acjc4 ,x seems reasonable to reg>d ! bracts z s]v+ ! purpose ( bud-scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egc4 ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,re/oration ( "p ( a plant3 ! upp] leaves are repres5t$ only by ! petiole-bases4 7,aft] ,?omas2 ca4 nat4 size47 ,an important po9t is ! con/ant association ) ! fl[]s ( ,ta5iopt]is vittata fronds1 a species describ$ 9 ,vol4 ii4 & by mo/ palaeobotani/s reg>d$ z a ,f]n frond4 ,ta5iopt]is leaves occasionally %[ a clean-cut base#acjd & 9 specim5s describ$ by ,?omas !re are two small humps on ! surface ( ! proximal end ( ! petiole :i* repres5t vascul> bundles4 ,humps ( simil> size occur on ! leaf-sc>s ( /ems :i* are believ$ to h borne bo? ,ta5iopt]is leaves & ,williamsoniella fl[]s4 ,fragm5ts ( ! /ems 7 f\nd 9 association ) fl[]s3 !y are #g mm4-#b cm4 9 diamet] & frequ5tly =k$ & !re is evid5ce t ! fl[]s 7 borne at ! =ks1 ! %oot =m+ a di*asial sy/em4 ,! habit ( ! plant is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #egc reproduc$ f ,mr ,?omas's pap]4 ,williamsoniella ,ligni]i 7,na?or/74 ,?is species describ$ by ,na?or/ z ,williamsonia8 ,ligni]i f ,:itby is reg>d$ by ,?omas z a ,williamsoniella4 ,! /omata on ! microsporophylls agree ) ^? ( ,ta5iopt]is & ! spores obta9$ f ,na?or/'s fl[]-buds are l ^? ( ,williamsoniella coronata4 ,evid5ce is adduc$ by ,?omas 9 fav\r ( reg>d+ ,w4 ,ligni]i z bisexual & n unisexual z ,na?or/ suppos$4 ,9 habit ,williamsoniella resembles ,wiel&iella3 9 ! latt] g5us ! foliage-leaves 7 conf9$ to portions ( ! /em ne> ! =ks1 :ile 9 ,williamsoniella !y 7 m uni=mly scatt]$3 ,wiel&iella bore leaves ( ! ,anomozamites =m :ile ,williamsoniella fl[]s are always associat$ ) ,ta5iopt]is fronds4 ,! mu* great] spore-output ( ,williamsonia may1 x is sugge/$ by ,?omas1 be correlat$ ) ! unisexual nature ( ! fl[]s ( t species4 ,! microsporophylls ( ,williamsoniella diff] 9 _! m r$uc$ =m f ! p9nate microsporophylls ( ,williamsonia1 e4g4 ,w4 spectabilis1 & agree m closely ) ^? ( ,wiel&iella4 ,! microsporophylls ( ,williamsoniella are free & n connate at ! base z 9 ,cycadeoidea & ,williamsonia4 ,9 its pyri=m axis ,williamsoniella resembles ,williamsonia gigas & diff]s f ,williamsonia ,leck5byi 9 ! possession ( a /]ile apical corona3 ,williamsoniella has megasporophylls & microsporophylls bo? ( :i* appe> to be functional1 :ile 9 ,cycadeoidea fully develop$ microsporophylls occur 9 association ) megasporophylls :i* are immature & mu/ h matur$ mu* lat] ?an ! microsporophylls4 ,! new g5us agrees ) ,williamsonia 9 its g5]al features1 b ! fl[]s are small] & are *>act]is$ by ! consid]able r$uction & simplification ( ! male organs4 ,,cycadocephalus4 ,na?or/4 ,?is g5us 0 f\nd$#acje on a specim5 f ! ,l[] ,rhaetic ( ,scania1 at fir/ reg>d$ z a mega/robilus & on fur!r exam9ation#acjf f\nd to be a collection ( microsporophylls resembl+ ^? ( ,williamsonia & ,cycadeoidea4 ,! type-species is ,cycadocephalus ,sew>di1 & a second species1 ,c4 m9or1 0 subsequ5tly discov]$ by ,dr ,halle at a slightly high] horizon 9 ! ,rhaetic s]ies4 ,pr(4 ,na?or/'s mo/ rec5t acc\nt ( ! g5us af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! possibilities ( ! me?od1 :i* he has employ$ ) conspicu\s success1 ( inve/igat+ c>bonis$ fossils by means ( cuticul> prep>ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egd4 ,cycadocephalus ,sew>di4 ,a1 surface-view2 a1 app5dages4 ,b1 ! same specim51 aft] ! removal ( "s ( ! microsporophylls1 %[+ ! app5dages4 ,c1 section ( a microsporophyll %[+ ! atta*m5t ( app5dages4 ,d1 section ( an app5dage4 7,aft] ,na?or/4 ,a1 ,b1 nat4 size47 ,cycadocephalus ,sew>di ,na?or/4 ,! type-specim5 consi/s ( an oval clu/] ( #af-ah l9e> microsporophylls1 #i cm4 long1 spr++ f a small circul> disc =m$ ( _! concresc5t & n>r[ bases4 ,! :ole fl[] 7fig4 #egd7 exclusive ( ! p$uncle is #aj cm4 long & #g cm4 broad4 ,! portion ( ! comp>atively sl5d] p$uncle t is pres]v$ %[s no trace ( leaf-sc>s4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* l9e> microsporophyll is a keel-l midrib & on ei!r side ( ?is is a s]ies ( l9e> app5dages 7fig4 #egd7 #b-c cm4 long ly+ 9 a radial direction t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! fl[]4 ,^! app5dages 7 orig9ally ?\ght to be se$s 7fig4 #egd1 a71 b x 0 sugge/$ by ,wiel& t !y might be synangia1 ! circle ( leaves be+ ! male portion ( a bisexual fl[] ( ! ,cycadeoidea type4 ,na?or/'s m complete inve/igation ( ! specim5 confirm$ ! fir/ ( ^! sugge/ions1 b !re is no evid5ce t !re 0 an ovulate receptacle 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]4 ,! app5dages are atta*$ by a r broad & slightly cordate base & are repres5t$ by a ?9 c>bonis$ cuticle ( rectangul> cells %[+ 9 "o case a r[ ( imp]fectly pres]v$ /omata3 on ?is are num]\s gr\ps ( tetrah$ral microspores1 ab\t #ee 9 diamet]1 :i* %[ a m or less well m>k$ arrangem5t 9 r[s transv]se to ! long axis ( ! ?9 lam9ae4 ,x is cle> f ,na?or/'s rese>*es t ! gr\ps 7 enclos$ 9 loculi b\nd$ by ?9-wall$ cells#acjg1 ! loculi be+ 9 transv]se r[s on ea* side ( a midrib4 ,na?or/ speaks ( ! app5dages z synangia *>act]is$ by ! l>ge numb] ( ! sporog5\s comp>tm5ts1 & he comp>es !m especially to ! f]tile leaflets ( ,danaea elliptica z describ$ by ,b[]#acjh1 ea* app5dage be+ comp>able ) a revolute ,danaea p9nule 9 :i* ! edges ( ! lam9a are unit$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! section ( an app5dage 7fig4 #egd1 ,d7 reproduc$ f ,na?or/'s re/oration ( a ,cycadocephalus microsporophyll4 ,f a morphological po9t ( view x w\ld seem m appropriate to speak ( ! app5dages z highly modifi$ p9nules r ?an synangia4 ,! second species1 ,c4 m9or1 agrees closely except 9 its small] size ) ! type-species4 ,na?or/ reg>ds ,cycadocephalus z a unisexual fl[] diff]+ f ^? ( ,williamsonia & f ! microsporophyll-v]ticils ( ,cycadeoidea 9 ! /ructure ( ! synangia & 9 ! tetrah$ral =m ( ! spores1 ?\gh ! latt] feature he consid]s to be ( second>y importance1 z bo? bilat]al & radial spores occur 9 rec5t ,m>attiaceae4 ,he includes ! g5us 9 ! ,b5nettitales b sugge/s t x %\ld be ref]r$ to a sep>ate family z an indication ( ! possession ( *>act]s :i* m>k x (f f ,williamsonia1 ,weltri*ia1 ,wiel&iella1 & ,cycadeoidea4 ,,weltri*ia4 ,braun4 ,! "n ,weltri*ia 0 giv5 by ,braun#acji to "s ,rhaetic fossils discov]$ by ,weltri* ne> ,culmba* 9 ,franconia :i* repres5t funnel-%ap$ /ructures1 ! l[] "p hav+ ! =m ( an incomplete cup made ( ! concresc5t bases ( ab\t #bj broadly l9e> segm5ts :i* 9 ! upp] "p are sep>ate lanceolate lobes ea* ) a midrib & slightly curv$ inw>ds at ! apex4 ,! :ole1 ne>ly #aj cm4 long & #i cm4 9 diamet] at ! upp] edge1 is v simil> to ! specim5 ( ,williamsonia spectabilis reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eea4 ,braun describ$ ?ree species1 b he realis$ ! possibility t ! diff]5t =ms may be diff]5t /ages 9 ! developm5t ( a s+le type ,weltri*ia mirabilis4 ,he assign$ ! g5us to ! ,rh9an!ae4 ,saporta#acaj drew att5tion to ! resemblance ( ,braun's species to "s examples ( ,williamsonia f ,york%ire :i* he consid]$ to be portions ( a /]ile app5dage borne at ! apex ( ! fl[]4 ,"s acc\nt is giv5 ( two types ( funnel-l /ructures connect$ ) ,williamsonia fl[]s on a previ\s page#acaa3 "o ( ^! has be5 %[n by ,na?or/ to be a :orl ( microsporophylls1 & x is ) ?is t ,weltri*ia agrees4 ,an important feature ( ,weltri*ia is ! occurr5ce ( %ort l9e> segm5ts1 #e-h mm4 long1 atta*$ to ! inn] face ( ea* ( ! free portions ( ! l9e> lobes3 ! lobes1 or m correctly ! free apical portions ( ! f]tile leaves1 & _! sl5d] app5dages are comp>$ by ,na?or/#acab to ! microsporophylls & relatively long synangia-be>+ app5dages ( ,cycadocephalus4 ,^!1 presumably f]tile1 segm5ts ( ,weltri*ia project 9 ! flatt5$ impressions beyond ! edges ( ! free lobes ( ! campanulate fl[] & look l m>g9al tee?1 ?\gh !y are actually atta*$ on ea* side ( ! midrib & orig9ally ext5d$1 z 9 ,cycadocephalus1 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! funnel-%ap$ fl[]4 ,! exam9ation ( "o ( ! type-specim5s acquir$ by ,na?or/#acac = ! ,/ockholm ,museum enabl$ him to confirm 8 e>li] conclusion t ,weltri*ia repres5ts ! male portion ( a fl[]1 :e!r unisexual or bisexual _c be def9itely det]m9$1 ( a ,b5nettitalean plant4 ,!re is1 z ,na?or/ /ates1 a close agreem5t 9 plan betwe5 ,weltri*ia1 ,cycadocephalus1 & ,williamsonia1 & inde$ x is n cle> 9 :at respects ,weltri*ia is suffici5tly di/9ct f ,cycadocephalus to be reta9$ z a sep>ate g5us4 ,our k ( ,weltri*ia is1 h[ev]1 less complete ?an 9 ! case ( ,cycadocephalus & ,williamsonia4 ,x is notewor?y t ,braun's specim5s & ^? on :i* ,cycadocephalus 0 f\nd$ 7 obta9$ f ,rhaetic rocks4 ,an acc\nt ( ,weltri*ia has also be5 publi%$ by ,s*u/]#acad :o diff]s f ,na?or/ 9 8 int]pretation ( ! type-specim5s3 he consid]s t ano!r fossil describ$ by ,braun & nam$ by him ,palaeoxyris microrhombea is ! c5tral1 female1 portion ( a ,weltri*ia fl[]1 a view t is n support$ by any sub/antial evid5ce4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ by ,braun to ,palaeoxyris & aft]w>ds transf]r$ by ,s*imp]#acae to ! g5us ,lepidan?ium are too obscurely pres]v$ to be det]m9$ ) any degree ( confid5ce1 & _! connexion ) ,weltri*ia is purely hypo!tical4 ,) ,weltri*ia ,s*u/] also connects ! fronds kn[n z ,otozamites brevifolius ,braun & "s impressions ( /ems1 comb9+ all 9 a re/oration ( a complete ,weltri*ia plant :i* re/s m on imag9ation ?an on fact4 ,att5tion has else:]e#acaf be5 call$ to "s :olly mislead+ & incorrect /atem5ts made by ,s*u/] :i* vitiate ! value ( 8 descriptions4 ,saporta#acag describ$ a species ( ,weltri*ia1 ,w4 ,fabrei4 f ,fr5* ,rhaetic /rata at ,m5de 7,lozre7 :i* be>s at lea/ a close sup]ficial resemblance to ,williamsonia spectabilis1 & ! same au?or f\nd$ ano!r species1 ,weltri*ia ooli?ica1 on a draw+ by ,zigno ( a specim5 f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,italy2 b ?is appe>s to be too imp]fect = accurate id5tification4 ,all t c be said z to ! nature ( ,weltri*ia1 z illu/rat$ by ! type-species1 is t x repres5ts a ,rhaetic example ( a v]ticil ( microsporophylls v simil> to ^? ( ,williamsonia & ,cycadocephalus1 if n g5]ically id5tical ) ! latt] =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,cycadophyta4 ,i4 ,cycadean ,/ems o!r ?an ,cycadeoidea4 ,mo/ ( ! /ems n[ "u consid]ation are repres5t$ by ca/s or impressions & af=d no in=mation ) reg>d to anatomical *>act]s4 ,!y are 9 _m cases m sl5d] & less tub]\s ?an typical ,cycadeoideas1 & a few are *>act]is$ by an irregul> =m ( bran*+1 z is %[n 9 "s specim5s ( pi?-ca/s f ,weald5 /rata 9 ,tilgate ,=e/ figur$ by ,mantell#acah & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! g5us ,wiel&iella#acai 7fig4 #eff7 is an altoge!r di/9ct type repres5t$ by fl[]s z well z vegetative organs4 ,sev]al g5]ic names h be5 propos$ = ,cycadean /ems agree+ ) ^? ( _m rec5t ,cycads 9 ! possession ( an arm\r ( p]si/5t leaf-bases1 b di/+ui%$ f ,cycadeoidea 9 ! abs5ce ( any f]tile lat]al %oots int]calat$ among ! petiole-bases4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible 9 mo/ cases to give any satisfactory def9ition by :i* ^! g5]a c be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 ! *>act]s employ$ by ,c>ru!rs#acbj1 ,saporta#acba1 & o!r au?ors are ( comp>atively little importance z tru/wor?y crit]ia & to a l>ge ext5t are m]ely ! expression ( diff]5t /ates ( pres]vation or ( diff]5ces 9 age4 ,att5tion has else:]e be5 call$ to ! abs5ce ( any cle> divid+ l9e betwe5 /ems ref]r$ to ,buckl&ia1 ,yatesia1 ,fittonia & ,cyl9dropodium4 ,! species ,cycadeoidea gigantea describ$ on a previ\s page af=ds an in/ructive example ( ! difficulty ( draw+ a g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 c]ta9 types ( ,cycadean /ems3 9 habit1 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! leaf-bases1 & 9 ! ram5ta ?is species is id5tical ) o!r species ( ,cycadeoidea1 b x diff]s 9 ! abs5ce ( lat]al f]tile %oots1 a feature t may h no morphological significance4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! abs5ce ( fl[]s int]calat$ among ! leaf-bases may simply mean t ! plant _h n rea*$ ! /age ( fl[]-production1 or _! abs5ce may be due to "s unfav\rable conditions4 ,simil>ly ! /ems = :i* ,saporta propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,cla?ropodium agree 9 e respect ) ,cycadeoidea except 9 ! abs5ce1 app>5t or real1 ( lat]al fl[]+ bran*es4 ,su* types z ,cla?ropodium =atum ,sap4 & ,c4 s>lat5se ,sap4#acbb1 ! latt] probably f ,upp] ,jurassic b$s & ! =m] f an unkn[n locality1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! g5us ,cycadeoidea4 ,! /em ref]r$ by ,saporta to 8 g5us ,platylepis z ,p4 micromyela#acbc 0 orig9ally assign$ to ,cycadeoidea & m rec5tly ,ligni] has wisely adopt$ ! orig9al g5]ic "n4 ,! g5]ic t]m ,bolpopodium1 also in/itut$ by ,saporta#acbd1 is appli$ to small tub]\s /ems :i* appe> to be id5tical ) ! ,cycadeoidea type4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! meagre data suppli$ by ca/s ( /ems pres]v$ 9 v>i\s /ages ( defoliation1 & 9 view ( ! impossibility ( draw+ o!r ?an purely arbitr>y g5]ic di/9ctions1 x is pref]able to employ "o g5]ic "n 9 a lib]al s5se = /ems t !re is good reason to reg>d z plants t _c reasonably be ref]r$ to ,cycadeoidea4 ,! "n ,buckl&ia is ?us employ$1 & a few examples are describ$ 9 illu/ration ( ! ext]nal features ( /ems t are und\bt$ly ,cycadean b 9 mo/ cases readily di/+ui%$ f ,cycadeoidea4 ,!re are sub/antial gr\nds = /at+ t plants :i* bore fl[]s ( ! ,williamsonia type possess$ /ems hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,buckl&ia4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t we _c always draw a cle>ly def9$ di/9ction betwe5 fl[]s includ$ 9 ,williamsonia & ,b5nettites1 or ,cycadeoidea1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are repres5t$ only by deta*$ ovulate /robili z 9 ,cycadeoidea 7,b5nettites7 ,mori]ei & ,williamsonia scotica4 ,,buckl&ia4 ,presl4 ,buckl&ia 0 propos$ by ,presl#acbe = a plant describ$ by ,mantell#acbf f ! ,weald5 ( ,tilgate ,=e/ & comp>$ by him to ! ,euphorbiaceae & arboresc5t ,f]ns2 ! same g5]ic "n 0 giv5 by ,rob]t ,br[n 9 #ahcb to a rec5t memb] ( ! ,hamamelidaceae4 ,/okes & ,webb#acbg ref]r$ ! same fossil to ,cla?r>ia1 a "n appli$ by ,brongni>t#acbh to c]ta9 types ( ,sigill>ian /ems & aft]w>ds adopt$ by him = ! ,tilgate ,=e/ species1 ,c4 ,lyelli4 ,presl #8) rem>kable discrim9ation' recognis$ ! ,cycadean nature ( ! specim54 ,c>ru!rs#acbi 9 8 def9ition ( ,buckl&ia includes a /atem5t z to ! nature ( ! c>pell>y leaves & sugge/s t a cone associat$ ) ! /ems may be a /am9ate /robilus3 ! cone is und\bt$ly a mega/robilus ( an ,arauc>ian plant & !re is no evid5ce ) reg>d to ! nature ( ei!r ! male or female reproductive organs 9 ! mat]ial t he describes ?\gh1 z already po9t$ out1 !re are reasons = believ+ t ,williamsonia fl[]s 7 borne on bran*es ( ,buckl&ia /ems4 ,! fl[]+ %oots 7 n %ort & int]calat$ among ! petiole-bases z 9 ,cycadeoidea ) ! /robili b>ely project+ beyond ! surface ( ! leaf-base arm\r1 b !y =m$ comp>atively long bran*es1 sometimes =k$1 at ! apex ( ! ma9 /em 7cf4 figs4 #eda-edc74 ,buckl&ia is usually repres5t$ by ca/s1 f ,rhaetic to ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata1 diff]+ f ,cycadeoidea 9 ! abs5ce ( num]\s axill>y %ort f]tile %oots1 9 ! m sl5d] =m & great] l5g? ( ! /ems1 & 9 ! less uni=m size ( ! p]si/5t leaf-bases :i* assume v>i\s =ms4 ,"s ( ! specim5s rea* a l5g? ( #d feet & af=d evid5ce ( occasional bran*+3 ! surface is cov]$ ) leaf-bases pres]v$ z imbricate1 broad1 & obtuse or truncate scales 7fig4 #ege71 or z slightly convex polygonal areas 9 "s cases %[+ a t5d5cy t[>ds an irregul> zonal arrangem5t ( l>g] & small] leaf-bases 7fig4 #egf74 ,)9 ! arm\r ( leaf-bases !re may be a ca/ ( ! l>ge pi? ! surface-features ( :i* are practically id5tical ) ! ca/ ( a rec5t pi? reproduc$ 9 fig4 #cih4 ,ca/s ( ! pi? pres]v$ z sep>ate fossils are includ$ 9 ! g5us ,cycadeomyelon4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( m ?an "o zone ( vascul> tissue 9 a /em f ,l[] ,gre5s& b$s ( ,b$=d%ire describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z ,yatesia ,morrisii#accj 7 ,buckl&ia ,yatesii71 & ,dr ,/opes#acca has rec5tly describ$ a species1 ,b4 buzz>d5sis 7fig4 #egh71 ) sev]al zones ( conduct+ tissue4 ,?is feature has n s f> be5 satisfactorily demon/rat$ 9 ,cycadeoidea4 ,an ,indian species1 ,buckl&ia indica1 %[s t ! second>y xylem is m compact ?an 9 typical ,cycadeoidea /ems1 & ! tra*eids h multis]iate pitt+4 ,two long & n>r[ /ems figur$ by ,na?or/ f ! ,rhaetic ( ,scania z ,buckl&ia ,saportana#accb diff] f o!r species 9 ! irregul> arrangem5t ( ! leaf-bases :i* 9 c]ta9 regions are cr[d$ z 9 ! typical example ( ! g5us %[n 9 fig4 #egf1 b 9 ! int]v5+ portions ( ! /em !y are few 9 numb] & widely sep>at$ by ! f9ely /riat$ b>k4 ,?is type1 ?\gh simil> to "s specim5s ( ,engli%1 ,mexican1 & ,indian ,buckl&ias 9 ! zonal diff]5ces 9 ! leaf-bases1 repres5ts an extreme case ( ! alt]nation ( small] & cr[d$ & l>g] & scatt]$ leaf-sc>s4 ,x is by no means unlikely t ,buckl&ia ,saportana =ms a transition betwe5 ,buckl&ia & ! /em ( ,wiel&iella describ$ by ,na?or/ f ! same region3 9 ,wiel&iella ! leaf-sc>s are conc5trat$ at ! region ( =k+ b a few occur else:]e3 9 ,b4 ,saportana !re is no evid5ce ( bran*+ & 9 ?is respect x diff]s f ,wiel&iella4 ,buckl&ia anomala 7,/okes & ,webb74 ,?is species1 f ,weald5 b$s 9 ,sussex1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,/okes & ,webb#accc z ,cla?r>ia anomala1 & ! same type 0 figur$ by ,mantell & o!r au?ors z ,cla?r>ia ,lyelli4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ by ,c>ru!rs to ,buckl&ia anomala & ,b4 ,mantelli#accd d n exhibit any well def9$ specific diff]5ces1 & !re w\ld seem to be no reason = reta9+ bo? specific names4 ,! petiole-bases are usually sub-rhomboidal 9 =m & convex or flat1 b 9 "s /ems m ( ea* petiole is pres]v$ & ! surface is cov]$ ) broad imbricate scales 7fig4 #ege7 simil> to "s ( ! deta*$ scales describ$ "u ! g5]ic "n ,cycadolepis4 ,pi?-ca/s occur bo? 9 connexion ) ! ,buckl&ia /ems & z deta*$ specim5s4 ,! leaf-bases (t5 %[ an irregul> zonation ( small] & l>g] rhomboidal areas4 ,! pi?-ca/ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! specim5 f ! ,weald5 ( ,cuckfield 9 ,sussex %[n 9 fig4 #ege is #e #ce cm4 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ege4 ,buckl&ia anomala4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 ,v4 #cfij2 r less ?an natural size47 ,buckl&ia ,ruf=di ,sew>d4 ,?is species1 f ! ,weald5 b$s on ! ,sussex coa/#acce1 0 orig9ally describ$ z ,fittonia ,ruf=di1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( any well def9$ di/9ctive features t c be reg>d$ z ( morphological significance x is bett] to include x 9 ,buckl&ia4 ,! species af=ds a good example ( a long & n>r[ type ( /em1 "o specim5 rea*+ a l5g? ( ne>ly #hj cm4 ) a bread? ( ab\t #aj cm42 ! surface is cov]$ ) p]si/5t leaf-bases #ag cm4 9 dep? ) a sc> agree+ 9 size & %ape ) ! base ( a frond ( ,otozamites ,goepp]tianus 7,dunk47#accf f\nd 9 ! same b$s4 ,!re is no indication ( any alt]nation ( l>ge & small leaf-bases1 & ! species is *>act]is$ by ! uni=m size & relatively great] dep? 9 a v]tical direction ( ! leaf-base areas4 ,9 all probability ! /em bore f]tile bran*es simil> to ^? ( ,williamsonia gigas ) fl[]s ( ! ,williamsonia type3 ! fronds may h be5 ^? kn[n z ,otozamites ,goepp]tianus1 b ?is has n be5 demon/rat$4 ,a /em describ$ by ,c>ru!rs f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis z ,yatesia gracilis#accg & aft]w>ds includ$ by me 9 ,cycadeoidea#acch is v simil> to ,b4 ,ruf=di 9 its long & n>r[ =m & 9 ! %ape ( ! leaf-bases2 x %\ld be transf]r$ to ,buckl&ia z ,b4 gracilis 7,c>r474 ,buckl&ia ,mill]iana ,c>ru!rs4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ on a ca/ f ,l[] ,oolite b$s at ,brora 9 ,su!rl&%ire#acci *>act]is$ by leaf-bases v simil> to ^? ( ,b4 anomala b small]4 ,ca/s f ! same locality 7 nam$ by ,c>ru!rs ,yatesia crassa & ,y4 ,joassiana#acdj1 b an exam9ation ( specim5s 9 ! ,dunrob9 ,museum leads me to reg>d ^! =ms z indi/+ui%able f ,b4 ,mill]iana4 ,! specim5 reproduc$ 9 fig4 #egf f ! ,great ,oolite ( ,brora illu/rates ! ext]nal *>act]s ( a typical /em & %[s ! v>iation 9 ! size ( ! leaf-bases4 ,a portion ( ! pi?-ca/ is expos$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egf4 ,buckl&ia ,mill]iana4 ,brora1 ,scotl&4 7,man*e/] ,museum1 ,l4 #gbbi4 ca4 nat4 size47 ,buckl&ia ,yatesii 7,c>ru!rs74 ,?is type f ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ,b$=d%ire 7fig4 #egg7 0 describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z ,cycadeoidea ,yatesii & subsequ5tly nam$ ,yatesia ,morrisii#acda4 ,w>d express$ ! op9ion t ! "n %\ld be ,yatesia ,yatesii1 b z ,buckl&ia is n[ us$ to include ,yatesia ?is comb9ation is =tunately avoid$4 ,! /em is cyl9drical1 #bj-cj cm4 long & #ab cm4 9 diamet]1 cov]$ ) rhomboidal leaf-bases sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a ram5tal reticulum4 ,!re are two conc5tric vascul> cyl9d]s z /at$ by ,c>ru!rs4 ,9 a rec5t acc\nt ( ?is species ,dr ,/opes#acdb adds fur!r details3 ! xylem-cyl9d]s are #e-h mm4 wide & ! tra*eids occur 9 s+le r[s or !re may be b&s #d-e elem5ts broad2 ! circul> bord]$ pits are unis]iate or 9 two alt]nate s]ies4 ,! m$ull>y rays are broad b ! cells are n pres]v$4 ,! pi?-ca/ is ( ! usual ,cycadean type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egg4 ,buckl&ia ,yatesii4 ,type-specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! type-specim5 0 pres5t$ by ! ,cir5ce/] ,college to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,buckl&ia buzz>d5sis 7,/opes74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egh4 ,buckl&ia buzz>d5sis4 ,r\gh sket* ( a block ( wood %[+ p>ts ( at lea/ eight conc5trically arrang$ r+s ( second>y wood4 7,aft] ,/opes2 47 ,?is species1 f ,l[] ,gre5s& b$s at ,leighton ,buzz>d & believ$ to be d]iv$ f ,weald5 /rata1 is describ$ by ,dr ,/opes#acdc z ,cycadeoidea buzz>d5sis4 ,?\gh agree+ g5]ally ) ,b4 ,yatesii1 ! /em is specifically sep>at$ on ! gr\nd t ! petiole-bases are m exp&$ lat]ally & because ( ! occurr5ce ( sev]al vascul> cyl9d]s 7fig4 #egh71 sometimes z _m z eight1 ea* ) a maximum diamet] ( #a cm4 ,dr ,/opes ?9ks x possible t ,b4 buzz>d5sis is an old] =m ( ,b4 ,yatesii4 ,buckl&ia squamosa 7,brongni>t74 ,/]nb]g fir/ describ$ ?is species z ,conites ,buckl&i#acdd & reg>d$ x z a cone be>+ l>ge imbricate cone-scales2 x 0 nam$ by ,brongni>t ,buckl&ia squamosa#acde & ,c>ru!rs#acdf reta9$ ?is designation4 ,! type-specim51 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum1 f ! ,/onesfield ,slate is #ah cm4 long1 %[+ 9 ! l[] "p a ca/ ( ! pi?4 ,! surface ( ! /em is cov]$ ) ?ick imbricate petiole-bases v l ^? on ! /em ( a rec5t ,encephal>tos4 ,buckl&ia 7,fittonia7 squamata 7,c>ru!rs74 ,c>ru!rs#acdg f\nd$ ! g5us ,fittonia on a s+le specim5 f ! ,weald5 b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 sep>at+ x f ,buckl&ia on ! gr\nd ( ! occurr5ce on a portion ( ! /em ( l>ge imbricate leaf-bases :i* are at fir/ reflex$ & !n asc5d+2 ! /em is also broad] & m tub]\s ?an mo/ species ( ,buckl&ia4 ,! type-specim51 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,geological ,survey 7,j]myn /reet71 be>s a close resemblance to a trunk ( a rec5t ,encephal>tos1 b ! "p ( ! /em f :i* ! imbricate /umps h fall5 is practically id5tical ) a ,buckl&ia4 ,z 9 c]ta9 rec5t ,cycads ! surface-features probably *ang$ ) ! age ( ! plant2 :5 ! foliage-leaves 7 fir/ %$ a portion ( ! asc5d+ petiole rema9$ on ! /em1 & at a lat] /age ?is 0 cut (f leav+ a clean-cut rhomboidal sc> l ^? on ! ,buckl&ia %[n 9 fig4 #egf4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,fittonia & ,buckl&ia may1 !re=e1 be a "q ( age4 ,:ile sub/itut+ ,buckl&ia = ,fittonia z ! g5]ic "n ! latt] designation is add$ 9 p>5!ses to d5ote ! possession ( c]ta9 features :i*1 ?\gh possibly ( g5]ic value1 are n reg>d$ z suffici5tly important morphologically to w>rant g5]ic recognition4 ,! type-specim5 ( ,saporta's species ,fittonia insignis#acdh1 9 ! ,p>is ,museum1 f ! ,ox=dian ( ,poiti]s1 appe>s h>dly di/+ui%able f ,f4 squamata ,c>r4 ,ano!r type ) broad] imbricate petiole /umps is describ$ by ,saporta f ! ,portl&ian ne> ,b\logne z ,fittonia ,rigauxi#acdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #egi4 ,buckl&ia indica4 ,a1 side-view %[+ ! leaf-bases & atta*$ petioles ( ,ptilophyllum1 also 7to ! left7 a fragm5t ( a deta*$ ,ptilophyllum leaf4 ,b1 transv]se section %[+ ! pi?1 xylem cyl9d]1 cortex1 & sections ( petioles4 7,briti% ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,buckl&ia indica sp4 nov4 ,oldham & ,morris#acej & subsequ5tly ,fei/mantel#acea describ$ "s specim5s ( ,cycadean /ems f ! ,rajmahal ,hills ( ,india ( ,l[] ,jurassic age3 ! latt] au?or reg>d$ !m z /ems ( ,williamsonia because ( _! association ) fl[]s ( t type1 a conclusion fully ju/ifi$ by ! evid5ce4 ,fei/mantel also call$ att5tion to ! resemblance ( ! ,indian /ems to specim5s describ$ f ,briti% /rata z ,buckl&ia & ,yatesia4 ,al?\gh ! ,indian examples are v simil> to /ems f ,mexico discov]$ by ,wiel&#aceb & to "s ( ! ,engli% types1 x seems desirable to ref] to !m "u a specific "n & ,i !re=e sugge/ ! in/itution ( ! specific "n indica1 ! type-specim5 be+ t repres5t$ 9 fig4 #egi4 ,?is specim5 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because x af=ds "s in=mation z to anatomical features & is "o ( ! few fossil /ems pres]v$ 9 organic connexion ) leaves 7fig4 #egi1 ,b74 ,a %ort acc\nt ( x 0 publi%$ 9 #aijjacec & m rec5tly ,miss ,bancr(t#aced has made a full] inve/igation ( ?is & o!r ,indian specim5s4 ,! /em %[n 9 fig4 #egi f ! ,rajmahal ,hills1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 be>s fronds ( ,ptilophyllum cut*5se ,morr41 a type t appe>s to be indi/+ui%able f ,p4 pect52 & ) simil> /ems f ! same b$s are associat$ fl[]s ( ,williamsonia4 ,miss ,bancr(t describes a bract-cov]$ %oot :i* agrees v closely ) ^? ( ,engli% /ems reproduc$ 9 figs4 #eda1 #edb4 ,9 addition to ! evid5ce bas$ on close association1 !re is ! m important argum5t furni%$ by ! discov]y ( ram5tal hairs l ^? on ! bracts ( ,williamsonia scotica & ( anatomical *>act]s 9 ! bracts simil> to ^? 9 ! ,scot* /robilus4 ,! p]si/5t leaf-bases are f> f uni=m 9 size2 9 ?is respect & 9 _! =m !y agree closely ) ^? on ,buckl&ia /ems f ,engli% & ,mexican localities4 ,! second>y wood is m compact ?an 9 rec5t ,cycads or 9 ,cycadeoidea1 ?\gh x resembles t ( ,cycadeoidea micromyela2 ! m$ull>y rays are unis]iate & ! tra*eids h multis]iate bord]$ pits on _! radial walls in/ead ( ! scal>i=m pitt+ 9 ! majority ( ,cycadeoidea /ems4 ,secretory canals are abundant 9 ! p>5*ymat\s gr\nd-tissue2 ! cambium & phloem are n pres]v$#acee4 ,! transp>5t nature ( ! silicifi$ mat]ial r5d]$ v difficult ! exam9ation ( ! tissues1 b en\gh 0 discov]$ to %[ t ^! ,indian /ems are *>act]is$ by c]ta9 features1 ! m compact nature ( ! second>y xylem & ! pres5ce ( multis]iate pitt+1 :i* di/+ui% !m f ! ,cycadeoidea type4 ,fur!r k ( ! anatomical features ( ! ,williamsonia 7,buckl&ia7 /ems f o!r localities might enable u to recognise ^! or o!r peculi>ities z con/ant di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ,buckl&ia 9 contra/ to ! ,cycadeoidea /ems :i* bore ! ,b5nettites type ( fl[]4 ,cycadeomyelon4 ,saporta4 ,ca/s ( ! pi?-cavity ( ,cycadean /ems1 l t %[n 9 fig4 #ege project+ beyond ! arm\r ( leaf-bases1 are occasionally f\nd z sep>ate fossils & _c always be ref]r$ to a p>ticul> species ( /em4 ,= su* deta*$ ca/s ,saporta#acef in/itut$ ! "n ,cycadeomyelon3 !y are *>act]is$ by _! comp>atively l>ge diamet] & by ! possession ( surface-features simil> to ^? on ! correspond+ ca/ f a rec5t ,cycadean /em %[n 9 fig4 #cih1 namely spirally dispos$1 m or less prom95t1 loz5ge-%ap$ areas =m$ by ! s& or mud fill+ ! cavities left on ! decay ( ! p>5*yma ( ! broad m$ull>y rays ( a manoxylic /em4 ,occasionally a slit at ! l[] end ( a m$ull>y ray area m>ks ! position ( ! leaf-trace b5d+ outw>ds f ! l[] angle ( ! me% 9 ! xylem-lattice#aceg4 ,ligni] figures "p ( a pi?-ca/ ( ,cycadeomyelon ,app]ti#aceh 9 :i* ea* m$ull>y-ray area has a circul> depression & n a slit ext5d+ f ! l[] angle3 ?is may indicate t ! surface %[n on ! ca/ is slightly ext]nal to ! inn] edge ( ! /ele & 9 a plane :]e ! leaf-traces 7 emb$d$ 9 ! p>5*yma ( ! rays & free f ! xylem-cyl9d]4 ,l>ge & bran*$ examples ( ,cycadeomyelon 7 figur$ by "s ( ! e>li] au?ors f ,engli% ,weald5 b$s z species ( ,cla?r>ia#acei & 9 _m cases ^! are und\bt$ly pi?-ca/s ( ,buckl&ia /ems3 a simil> ca/ is figur$ "u ?is "n by ,s*5k f ! ,weald5 ( ,nor? ,g]many4 ,f ,liassic b$s 9 ,norm&y ,ligni] figures two species ( ,cycadeomyelon1 ,c4 ,app]ti & ,c4 d5secri/atum4 ,! surface-features ( ,cycadeomyelon resemble ^? ( ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,tylod5dron 7see ,vol4 iv471 b 9 ! latt] g5us ! nodal swell+s are a *>act]i/ic peculi>ity4 ,?\gh m$ull>y ca/s ( ?is type are ( no great botanical importance & _! specific di/9ctions are ( little value1 x is safe to assume t broad m$ull>y ca/s ) comp>atively l>ge loz5ge-%ap$ areas belong to ,cycadean /ems1 :ile n>r[] specim5s ) small] loz5ges are m likely to be pi?-ca/s ( ,conif]\s /ems4 ,le/] ,w>d#acfj in/itut$ ! g5us ,fei/mantelia = "s ,l[] ,cretace\s ca/s f ! ,black ,hills :i* he comp>$ ) an ,indian fossil f ,cut* describ$ by ,fei/mantel z #8! /em ( a ,conif]\s plant#acfa1' & ) pi?-ca/s figur$ by ,/okes & ,webb z ,cla?r>ia anomala4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! sy/ematic position ( su* imp]fect specim5s z t on :i* ,w>d f\nd$ 8 species ,f4 oblonga3 !y may1 z ,hollick & ,jeffrey#acfb sugge/1 be ca/s ( ! b>k ( "s ,conif]2 !re is c]ta9ly no good reason = connect+ !m ) ,cycads4 ,,colymbetes4 ,/opes4 ,colymbetes ,edw>dsi ,/opes4 ,?is g5us#acfc is f\nd$ on ! inn] portion ( a petrifi$ trunk :i* 0 probably cyl9drical & m ?an #ab cm4 9 diamet]1 consi/+ ( a pi?1 #ge cm4 9 diamet]1 & "p ( a vascul> cyl9d] ( rem>kable /ructure4 ,! type-specim5 is ( ,aptian age & may h come f ,leighton ,buzz>d 7,b$=d%ire74 ,! pi? 7fig4 #ehj1 p7 consi/s ( l>ge p>5*ymat\s cells & num]\s secretory canals3 ! p]im$ull>y zone1 pm1 is *>act]is$ by ! occurr5ce ( loosely dispos$ tra*eids 9 gr\ps & radial r[s pursu+ a s9u\s longitud9al c\rse 9 ! accompany+ p>5*yma4 ,! tra*eids 9 ?is region are small 9 diamet] & h oval1 scal>i=m1 or circul> pits4 ,abutt+ on ! p]im$ull>y zone is ! second>y xylem ! inn] edge ( :i* =ms bays1 & ?is is compos$ ( alt]nat+ zones ( v]tical & horizontal tra*eids 7fig4 #ehj1 y-x2 fig4 #eha7 ) bord]$1 scal>i=m1 pits on _! walls trav]s$ by m$ull>y rays g5]ally bis]iate & f #d to #cj cells deep4 ,! disposition ( ! tra*eids is su* z to r5d] transv]se & radial longitud9al sections practically id5tical 9 appe>ance2 ! fir/ zone ( second>y xylem ) its bay$ inn] edge consi/s ( v]tically runn+ elem5ts2 ?is is succe$$ by a zone 9 :i* ! tra*eids pursue a horizontal c\rse1 & beyond ?is second zone is ano!r b& ( v]tical elem5ts 7fig4 #eha74 #8,:]e ! "o zone passes into ! next1 a curv+ ( ! elem5ts is frequ5tly evid5t1 & 9 a few cases x is q possible to trace a s+le radial s]ies ( tra*eids ?r\gh an angle ( #ij runn+ 9 ! same section1 fir/ z a transv]se & !n z a v]tical s]ies4 ,"o & ! same m$ull>y ray also c sometimes be foll[$1 fir/ 9 transv]se & !n 9 radial longitud9al section1 :i* lat] aga9 turns to true transv]se4 ,! inf]5ce is !re=e drawn t !re 0 b a s+le cambium1 :i* _h p]iodic *anges ( direction4' ,leaf-traces 7fig4 #ehj1 lt7 are l>ge & num]\s2 !y are spirally dispos$ & pass ne>ly /raight ?r\gh successive xylem-zones3 ea* trace consi/s ( a small-cell$ gr\nd-tissue includ+ /one-cells & pat*es ( tra*eids 9 m or less regul> radial r[s4 ,tang5tial sections ( ! wood %[ t ! tra*eids foll[ a s9u\s c\rse =m+ loops enclos+ num]\s m$ull>y rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehj4 ,colymbetes ,edw>dsi4 ,transv]se section %[+ t5 alt]nat+ zones ( wood outside ! p]im$ull>y zone1 pm2 y1 y1 etc41 v]tically runn+ xylem s]ies2 x1 x1 etc41 horizontally runn+ xylem s]ies2 p1 pi?2 lt1 leaf-traces4 7,aft] ,/opes2 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eha4 ,colymbetes ,edw>dsi4 ,diagram ( /em 9 transv]se 7,a7 & radial longitud9al 7,b7 section4 p1 pi?2 pm1 p]im$ull>y xylem2 b1 bays ( fir/1 v]tically runn+1 second>y xylem2 x1 x1 etc41 zones ( horizontally runn+ second>y xylem cut transv]sely 9 ! radial & radially 9 ! transv]se section ( ! /em2 y1 y1 etc41 longitud9ally runn+ xylem cut transv]sely 9 ! transv]se & longitud9ally 9 ! radial section4 7,aft] ,/opes47 ,z ! pi? & xylem are ! only tissues pres]v$ x is on _! /ructure t any speculation z to aff9ity mu/ be bas$4 ,! close arrangem5t ( ! leaf-traces 7ab\t #a cm4 ap>t71 z ,dr ,/opes says1 indicates small leaf-bases1 assum+ t ea* leaf receiv$ a s+le trace4 ,9 "s respects ! xylem & m$ull>y rays resemble ^? ( ,cycads1 & ! au?or ( ! g5us includes x 9 ! ,cycadophyta2 b z %e po9ts out !re are _m peculi> features1 & x is cle>ly impossible to assign ! new type to a m precisely def9$ position4 ,! possibility ( any purely me*anical explanation ( ! c\rse ( ! tra*eids 9 ! alt]nat+ zones is rul$ out by ! /raight c\rse ( ! outgo+ leaf-traces1 & x w\ld seem t ! cambium mu/ h turn$ ov] at "r-angles at regul> int]vals dur+ ! gr[? ( ! /em4 ,cycadolepis4 ,saporta4 ,?is "n 0 us$ by ,saporta#acfd = l9e>-lanceolate scales f ,upp] ,jurassic rocks 9 ,france :i* he comp>$ ) bud-scales ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,! imp]fect scale describ$ z ,cycadolepis villosa be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ! hairy bracts ( ,williamsonia & may well belong to t g5us4 ,saporta's t]m may be usefully employ$ 9 a m ext5d$ s5se1 includ+ n only lanceolate scales b l>g] & mu* broad] scales resembl+ ! flatt5$ petiole-bases on /ems ( ,macrozamia1 ,encephal>tos1 & "s o!r rec5t g5]a1 z well z deta*$ c>pell>y scales1 o!r ?an ,cycadospadix1 & microsporophylls :i* _c be assign$ to a p>ticul> /em4 ,two qualify+ subg5]ic t]ms h be5 propos$#acfe3 i4 ,cycadolepis 7,dory-,cycadolepis74 ,scales m or less l9e>-lanceolate l ^? describ$ by ,saporta & a specim5 f ,jurassic rocks ( ,india nam$ by ,fei/mantel#acff ,cycadolepis pilosa4 ,?is type ( ,cycadolepis may be id5tical ) ! bracts ( ,williamsonia fl[]s1 ?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( any def9ite evid5ce ( su* aff9ity ! provisional g5]ic "n is m appropriate4 ii4 ,cycadolepis 7,eury-,cycadolepis74 ,broadly oval or orbicul> ?ick scales 7figs4 #ehb1 #ehc71 ! broade/ "p be+ frequ5tly ne>] ! di/al ?an ! proximal end4 ,^! l>g] scales ?\gh usually f\nd z deta*$ fossils h 9 "o in/ance be5 obta9$ atta*$ to an imp]fectly pres]v$ /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehb4 ,cycadolepis 7,eury-,cycadolepis7 sp4 ,f ! ,weald5 b$s ( ,sussex4 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,no4 ,v4 #bgii47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehc4 ,cycadolepis 7,eury-,cycadolepis7 sp4 ,scale f ! ,weald5 b$s ( ,sussex4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 ,v4 #baca;a2 nat4 size47 ,eury-,cycadolepis sp4 ,?is type ( scale1 repres5t$ by specim5s f ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex#acfg 7figs4 #ehb1 #ehc71 rea*es a l5g? ( #ac cm4 & a bread? ( #g cm4 & is sometimes almo/ orbicul>4 ,! lam9a is convex b %[s no def9ite v5ation & be>s a close resemblance to ! scale-l petiole-/umps on an old /em ( ,macrozamia4 ,on "s ( ! small] specim5s 7fig4 #ehc7 sev]al =k$ ve9s ext5d v]tically f ! broad base4 ,s9ce ^! specim5s 7 fir/ describ$ additional examples h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,weald5 b$s ( ,sussex1 "s ( :i* are atta*$ to a piece ( /em#acfh 9 su* a mann] z to give support to ! view t !y are leaf-bases v simil> to ^? on su* fossil /ems z ,buckl&ia 7,fittonia7 ,rigauxi 7,sap47#acfi & ,b4 7,fittonia7 squamata 7,c>r47#acgj4 ,"o p>tially c>bonis$ scale yield$ pieces ( cuticle %[+ num]\s /omata simil> to ^? ( rec5t ,cycads & ! outl9es ( v ?ick-wall$ epid]mal cells#acga4 ,eury-,cycadolepis ,j5k9siana 7,tate74 ,! l>ge & approximately orbicul> or broadly ovate scales s nam$ are believ$ to be id5tical ) ,tate's ,cyclopt]is ,j5k9siana#acgb f ! ,uit5hage s]ies ( ,cape ,colony 7,weald574 ,! scales rea* a l5g? ( #ab cm4 & 7 atta*$ by a broad base2 ! lam9a1 :i* may be /rongly b5t z ?\gh fold$ ov] "s immature organ z a protective bract1 %[s num]\s repeat$ly =k$ ve9s ( ! ,cyclopt]is type & sev]al ana/omos+ & irregul> l9es betwe5 ! ve9s sugge/+ t ! scales 7 tom5tose4 ,,ii4 ,reproductive ,organs ( ,cycadean ,plants o!r ?an ^? ( ! ,b5nettitales4 ,! fact t practically all kn[n ,cycadean /ems bore fl[]s ei!r ( ! ,b5nettites or ,williamsonia type prep>es u = ! sc>city ( reproductive organs l ^? ( rec5t ,cycads4 ,no specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 a petrifi$ /ate af=d+ any evid5ce ( _! close aff9ity to ! cones1 sporophylls1 or se$s ( ! ,cycadales4 ,su* g5]a z ,cycadospadix1 ,&ro/robus1 & ,zamio/robus1 z ! foll[+ descriptions %[1 are f\nd$ on mat]ial t is too imp]fect to ?r[ mu* light on _! true morphological nature4 ,! probability is t "s at lea/ ( ! specim5s includ$ 9 ^! g5]a are ! reproductive organs ( ,cycadean plants m closely alli$ to ! exi/+ ,cycads ?an to ! ,b5nettitales4 ,among ! num]\s fossil se$s ref]r$ to su* g5]a z ,cycadeosp]mum & ,cycad9oc>pus !re are b few t c confid5tly be assign$ to ! ,cycadales r ?an to ! ,g9kgoales or ,conif]ales4 ,:ile ! se$s ( ! ,b5nettitales are cle>ly di/+ui%$ by _! mu* small] size f ^? ( mod]n ,cycads1 _m ( ! latt] agree 9 size & =m ) ^? ( "s o!r ,gymnosp]ms & 9 ! abs5ce ( anatomical details c\ld n easily be id5tifi$ z fossils4 ,"s ( ! examples includ$ 9 ! miscellane\s collection describ$ by au?ors z species ( ,c>poli?us or ,c>poli!s agree closely 9 ext]nal features ) ! se$s ( mod]n ,cycads1 b x is seldom possible to accept !m z und\bt$ records ( ,cycadalean plants4 ,! g5]al conclusion is t su* meagre evid5ce z we possess af=ds /rong confirmation ( ! conclusion bas$ on /ems & foliage f ,jurassic & ,cretace\s /rata1 namely t ! pres5t repres5tatives ( ! ,cycadophyta are a relatively late product ( evolution1 ?\gh reta9+ 9 _! anatomical features _m survivals f a remote antiquity4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,cycadean *>act]i/ics 9 ! vegetative organs ( ! ,m$ulloseae & ! recurr5ce ( :at may be call$ ! ,cycadean se$-plan1 ) c]ta9 m or less /rik+ peculi>ities rem9isc5t ( e>li] /ages ( evolution1 9 sev]al types ( ,palaeozoic se$s su* z ,cycad9oc>pus1 ,/ephanosp]mum1 ,lag5o/oma & o!rs be> te/imony to ! antiquity ( ! ,cycadean /ock4 ,,c>poli?us#acgc4 ,l9naeus4 ,?is g5]ic "n1 z ,na?or/#acgd has rec5tly po9t$ out1 0 us$ by ,l9naeus 9 #agfh = #8,phytoli?us fructus' & has !re=e priority ov] ,/]nb]g's g5us ,c>polites employ$ 9 #ahbe4 ,le/] ,w>d#acge attributes ,c>poli?us to ,/okes & ,webb 7#ahbd7 & /ates t 9 ! plural =m ! "n 0 us$ by ,wal* 9 #agga4 ,c>poli?us is a conv5i5t t]m to apply to fossil se$s t _c be assign$ to a p>ticul> gr\p ( plants & :i* d n exhibit any peculi>ities ( =m suffici5tly /rik+ to des]ve g5]ic recognition4 ,pomel#acgf propos$ ! g5us ,ulosp]mum b x nev] came into g5]al use4 ,s*imp]'s g5us ,cycad9oc>pus & ,saporta's ,cycadeosp]mum 7pref]able 9 its morphological implication71 ?\gh useful 9 ! case ( deta*$ se$s ( und\bt$ ,cycadean aff9ity1 c seldom be employ$ )\t an admission t !y may imply a relation%ip t _c be absolutely e/abli%$4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ! bett] plan is to be cont5t ) ! m non-committal t]m ,c>poli?us ) ! addition ( a family-"n :5 !re are reasonably good gr\nds = a m def9ite ref]5ce4 ,no useful purpose w\ld be s]v$ by attempt+ a complete survey ( ! num]\s ca/s & impressions ( suppos$ ,cycadean se$s record$ 9 palaeobotanical lit]ature1 b a few types are briefly describ$ z examples ( specim5s ) fairly well def9$ *>act]s1 :i* are 9 all probability ,cycadean4 ,c>poli?us conicus 7,cycadales87 ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehd4 ,c>poli?us conicus4 ,! type-specim5s 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum2 nat4 size4 7a1 ,no4 #cfa2 b1 c1 ,no4 #cfj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehe4 ,c>poli?us conicus4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,malton ,museum2 nat4 size4 ,! orig9al specim5 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#acgg f ! ,corall9e ,oolite ( ,malton1 ,york%ire1 z ,c>poli!s conica & n[ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum1 is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ehd4 ,a second #8species1' ,c>poli?us ,buckl&i ,l9d4 & ,hutt4 ex ,w4 ,,ms4#acgh1 f ! same locality is no d\bt specifically id5tical ) ,c4 conicus4 ,! se$s are conical1 broadly truncate at "o end1 presumably ! base1 & tap]$ to a blunt apex2 ! broad end is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( ?ree ridges or 9 "s specim5s by a s+le m$ian ridge illu/rat+ an oscillation betwe5 ! radiosp]mic & platysp]mic =m simil> to t 9 ,g9kgo biloba4 ,z usually obta9$ ! se$s are probably nucules or ca/s %[+ ! surface-features ( ! inn] wall ( ! scl]ote/a1 ! s>cote/a hav+ be5 de/roy$ be=e fossilisation3 ! irregul> m>g9al tee? at ! truncate end sugge/ ca/s ( vascul> bundles 9 ! integum5t4 ,! scatt]$ tub]cles on ! sides ( "s ( ! se$s 7fig4 #ehd1 a7 are probably ca/s ( holes 9 ! %ell bor$ by insects & comp>able ) ^? occasionally pres]v$ on ! ca/s ( ,trigonoc>pus4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,malton ,museum %[n 9 fig4 #ehe :i* may be an example ( ?is species illu/rates ! occurr5ce ( an int]nal ca/ enclos$ by ! rema9s ( a ?ick te/a4 ,^! ,jurassic ca/s resemble ! se$s ( ,macrozamia ,fras]i1 b x is impossible to det]m9e _! sy/ematic position ) confid5ce4 ,c>poli?us sp4 7,cycadales87 ,sew>d4 ,an unusually well pres]v$ specim5 f ! ,weald5 b$s ( ! ,sussex coa/ describ$ "u ?is "n 9 #ahieacgi consi/s ( a k]nel & m\ld1 #ah #aa cm4 ,! m\ld f :i* ! k]nel is readily remov$ is l9$ ) a ?9 /ructure repres5t+ "p ( ! te/a & betwe5 ?is & ! surr\nd+ rock is a lay] ( coal4 ,on ! surface ( ! k]nel1 probably ! ca/ ( ! se$-cavity1 a reticulum ( n>r[ grooves indicates ! c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles ov] ! surface ( ! nucellus4 ,c>poli?us 7,cycadales87 ,pomelii 7,saporta74 ,! specim5 f ! ,upp] ,corallian ( ,*teaur\x 7,indre7 on :i* ?is species 0 f\nd$ by ,saporta#achj "u ! "n ,cycadeosp]mum ,pomelii is a l>ge ovate ca/1 #ee cm4 long & #ce cm4 broad1 closely resembl+ "s ( ! l>g] rec5t ,cycadean se$s3 x _c be accept$ z a true record ( ! gr\p )\t res]vation4 ,saporta describes o!r species ( ,cycadeosp]mum b none ( !m are ( any real importance f a botanical po9t ( view3 ! same rem>k applies to ! se$s ref]r$ by ,fonta9e#acha f ,potomac b$s to ! same g5us1 also to _m o!r record$ examples ( se$s t af=d no decisive evid5ce ( aff9ity4 ,"s specim5s describ$ by ,compt]#achb f ! ,lett5kohle ( ,apolda 7,?ur+ia7 z ,cycadean fruits--too imp]fect to be det]m9$ ) accuracy--furni% an additional illu/ration ( ! sl5d] f\ndation on :i* _m ( ! records ( suppos$ ,cycadean reproductive organs are bas$4 ,,cycadospadix4 ,s*imp]4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,s*imp]#achc = "s ,fr5* ,jurassic fossils1 describ$ by ,pomel#achd z ,crossozamia ,h5nocquei & ,c4 ,moraeana1 on ! gr\nd t !y be> a close resemblance to ! megasporophylls ( ,cycas4 ,_! occasional association ) ,otozamites fronds sugge/$ a ref]5ce to ! same p>5t-plant1 b su* data z we h po9t to ,otozamites fronds hav+ be5 borne by plants ) ! ,williamsonia type ( fl[]4 ,s*5k#ache1 :o figur$ a specim5 ( ,cycadospadix f ,france z ! infloresc5ce ( a ,cycad1 expresses ! m probable op9ion t x belong$ to a plant ) ,cycadites fronds4 ,a ,p]mian species describ$ by ,r5ault z ,cycadospadix ,mill]y5sis is n[ transf]r$ to ! g5us ,/robilites#achf4 ,cycadospadix ,pas9ianus ,zigno4 ,?is species1 fir/ describ$ f ,jurassic /rata 9 ,nor!rn ,italy#achg1 is record$ also f ! ,kimm]idgian ( ,france#achh & ,scotl&#achi4 ,zigno's figures give a fairly accurate repres5tation ( ! type-specim5s 9 ! ,padua ,museum4 ,! megasporophylls1 almo/ id5tical 9 %ape ) ^? ( "s rec5t species ( ,cycas 7figs4 #cha2 #cib1 ,a-,c71 consi/ ( a broadly lanceolate or triangul> limb ) deeply lac9iate sides t]m9at+ a p$icel1 or ! di/al expansion may be pres]v$ )\t ! /alk f :i* x 0 no d\bt easily deta*$ z 9 c]ta9 rec5t ,cycads 7cf4 fig4 #cib1 ,a74 ,9 ! specim5 f ,scotl& !re are no cle> indications ( ve9s 9 ! lam9a1 :i* may h be5 woolly z 9 ,cycas4 ,9 "s ( ! specim5s figur$ by ,saporta#acij & n[ 9 ! cole des ,m9es1 ,p>is1 ! /alk is abs5t1 b 9 p$icellate examples sc>s occur on ! sides ( ! n>r[ axis & ca/s ( se$s are f\nd 9 ! same b$s4 ,a good example ( ,cycadospadix ,h5nocquei is figur$ by ,saporta f a draw+ suppli$ by ,s*imp] %[+ two se$-sc>s ne> ! base ( ! lam9a3 ! same specim51 z figur$ by ,saporta & ,m>ion#acia1 be>s a se$1 b ?is is presumably a p>tial re/oration4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,cycadites rectangul>is ,brauns at ,hettange 9 association ) ,cycadospadix /r5g!ns ! conclusion1 bas$ on ! =m ( ! megasporophylls1 t "s ( ! ,jurassic ,cycads bore megasporophylls v simil> to ^? ( exi/+ species ( ,cycas4 ,cycadospadix integ] ,na?or/4 ,?is ,rhaetic species f ! s\? ( ,sw$5#acib 0 in/itut$ = an imp]fect broadly lanceolate lam9a recall+ ! di/al end ( ! megasporophyll ( a ,cycas3 ! discov]y ( a m complete example#acic ju/ifies ,na?or/'s use ( ! "n ,cycadospadix1 ?\gh )\t fur!r evid5ce "o hesitates to reg>d ! species z a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y record ( a ,cycadean f]tile leaf4 ,! species is *>act]is$ by ! entire m>g9 ( ! broad & relatively %ort & ?ick t]m9al limb borne on a broad /alk ) alt]nate lat]al projections presumably m>k+ ! position ( ! se$s4 ,^! species ( ,cycadospadix are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z evid5ce--?\gh n am\nt+ to demon/ration--( ! production by "s ,jurassic & ,rhaetic plants ( f]tile leaves agree+ closely ) ^? ( ,cycas4 ,x w\ld seem f ! abundance ( ,b5nettitalean fl[]s & ! v scanty rema9s ( f]tile leaves or cones l ^? ( mod]n ,cycads t ! exi/+ type 0 exceptional 9 ,mesozoic floras4 ,,beania4 ,c>ru!rs4 ,beania gracilis ,c>ru!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehf4 ,beania gracilis4 7,aft] ,c>ru!rs2 nat4 size47 ,! g5]ic "n ,beania#acid 0 giv5 to a bran*$ f]tile %oot 7fig4 #ehf7 f ! ,middle ,jurassic b$s at ,gri/horpe1 ,york%ire1 *>act]is$ by loosely dispos$ sporophylls be>+ two sessile se$s3 ea* sporophyll is giv5 (f at a wide angle f a fairly /\t axis & ! se$s are borne on ! adaxial side ( a peltate di/al expansion4 ,c>ru!rs comp>$ ! type-species ) a cone ( ,zamia ) :i* x agrees 9 ! g5]al plan ( con/ruction b diff]s 9 ! m op5 habit & 9 ! long] & m sl5d] se$-be>+ p$icels4 ,! same type ( %oot 0 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#acie z ,spha]$a p>adoxa4 ,beania is g5]ally reg>d$ z a ,cycadean reproductive %oot1 b !re is no d\bt t ! majority ( ,jurassic ,cycadophyta possess$ fl[]s ( ! ,b5nettites types1 & x is cle> t ,beania diff]s consid]ably f ,b5nettites & ,williamsonia4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t ,beania may belong to "s memb] ( ! ,g9kgoales#acif3 ?\gh v diff]5t f ! normal ovulif]\s %oot ( a ,g9kgo1 x resembles "s abnormal =ms 7e4g4 fig4 #fca1 ,d7 9 :i* ! ovules occur on elongat$ p$icels1 b !y are borne s+ly & ! micropyle is direct$ outw>ds1 :ile 9 ,beania ! ovules are atta*$ 9 pairs to ! inn] face ( a di/al expansion4 ,!re is no conclusive evid5ce 9 support ( ei!r int]pretation1 ?\gh ! g5]al agreem5t betwe5 ! ,jurassic type & ! cones ( rec5t ,cycads w\ld seem to fav\r ! inclusion ( ,beania among ! ,cycadophyta4 ,a specim5 describ$ by ,na?or/#acig f ,upp] ,jurassic rocks 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl& z ,beania ,c>ru!rsi closely resembles ! type-species1 diff]+ *iefly 9 its small] size & 9 ! r clos] arrangem5t ( ! sporophylls4 ,! se$-l bodies borne 9 pairs on ! adaxial side ( ! t]m9ally exp&$ p$icels are cov]$ ) small granulations :i* ,na?or/ ?9ks may be clu/]s ( microspores1 ! app>5t se$s be+ #8an!rangia4' ,! granulations are1 h[ev]1 v simil> to ^? on ! l>g] deta*$ se$-l bodies orig9ally describ$ by ,na?or/ f ,rhaetic b$s 9 ,sw$5 z ,an!rangiopsis r$iviva#acih3 subsequ5t exam9ation ( t species demon/rat$ t ! granulations are due to ! pres5ce ( res9\s bodies 9 ! tissues ( true se$s#acii1 & x is n improbable t a simil> int]pretation may hold = ! surface-features 9 ! suppos$ male organs ( ,beania ,c>ru!rsi4 ,p5d+ fur!r evid5ce x may be sugge/$ t ,beania ,c>ru!rsi is l ,b4 gracilis a se$-be>+ %oot4 ,! ,rhaetic specim5s describ$ by ,na?or/ z ,/5orra*is scanicus#adjj are simil> 9 habit to ,beania b diff] 9 ! =k+ ( ! sporophylls 7fig4 #fef7 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any t]m9al swell+ on :i* ! se$s are borne3 ,na?or/ consid]s t ,/5orra*is may be ! female organ ( a ,nilssonia & x is n improbable t t g5us & ,beania are closely alli$ types4 ,we h no def9ite in=mation ) reg>d to ! reproductive organs ( ! ,nilssoniales3 ! clos] resemblance :i* _! fronds be> 9 ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells to ^? ( rec5t ,cycads is consi/5t ) ! view t _! f]tile %oots 7 also m l ^? ( exi/+ types4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill an unsettl$ po9t :e!r ,beania is m closely alli$ to ! ,cycadophyta or to ! ,g9kgoales1 b ! balance ( op9ion is 9 fav\r ( ! =m] alliance4 ,zamio/robus4 ,endli*]4 ,cycadeo/robus4 ,c>ru!rs4 ,?\gh in/itut$ by ,endli*]#adja = a cone figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton z ,zamia macrocephala#adjb :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly ,abiet9e\s & has no claim to be includ$ 9 ! ,cycadales1 ! g5us ,zamio/robus has be5 adopt$ by _m au?ors = ,cycadean ovulate cones1 n only su* z are believ$ to be closely alli$ to ^? ( ,zamia b = ,cycadean cones g5]ally4 ,c>ru!rs#adjc sugge/$ ,cycadeo/robus z a m suitable "n on ! gr\nd t x is less limit$ 9 its implication ( aff9ity2 b1 z ,fli*e po9ts out1 ,endli*]'s g5]ic "n has be5 widely adopt$ 9 a compreh5sive s5se z /&+ = ,cycadean mega/robili1 exclud+ ! suppos$ ,cycas-l megasporophylls1 includ$ "u ,cycadospadix4 ,_m ( ! specim5s describ$ z species ( ,zamio/robus are ( little or no value z records ( ,cycadean plants1 e4g4 ,zamio/robus ori5talis ,he]#adjd f ! ,jurassic b$s ( ,amurl&4 ,a ,l[] ,cretace\s 7,albian7 species describ$ by ,fli*e#adje z ,zamio/robus ,lopp9eti1 ?\gh n entirely satisfactory1 is m likely to belong to ! ,cycadales4 ,! type-specim5 is an elliptical /robilus1 #ee cm4 #cb cm41 consi/+ ( an axis be>+ at "r-angles num]\s small1 contigu\s1 peltate megasporophylls ea* ) two small se$s on ! l[] surface4 ,! figures giv5 by ,fli*e are1 h[ev]1 n conv9c+4 ,an exam9ation ( specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f ,weald5 & ,jurassic rocks1 describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z species ( ,cycadeo/robus1 conv9c$ me t sev]al are und\bt$ly ,arauc>ian cones#adjf4 ,solms-,lauba*#adjg call$ att5tion to ! ,arauc>ian appe>ance ( ,cycadeo/robus ,brunonis1 a cone f an unkn[n locality1 & ?is ) o!r species1 e4g4 ,c4 elegans1 ,c4 spha]icus1 ,c4 truncatus1 etc41 may safely be ref]r$ to ,arauc>ites4 ,! specim5 figur$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#adjh z ,zamia crassa f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,t[ce/] 7,nor?ampton%ire7 af=ds no satisfactory evid5ce ( ,cycadean aff9ity4 ,! ,l[] ,cretace\s ,bohemian specim5s describ$ by ,corda#adji & ,vel5ovsk#adaj z ,microzamia gibba %\ld n be includ$ 9 a g5us imply+ ,cycadean aff9ity3 ?\gh ,vel5ovsk /ates t ! megasporophylls be> a pair ( se$s 8 illu/rations d n af=d any satisfactory evid5ce ( ?is ,cycadean "*4 ,simil>ly ! fossil reg>d$ by ,c>ru!rs#adaa z probably a male fl[] ( ,buckl&ia is almo/ c]ta9ly an ,arauc>ian cone4 ,a small cone f ! ,l[] ,mioc5e ( ,armissan 7,aude7 nam$ by ,s*imp] ,zamio/robus ,saportana & figur$ by ,saporta & ,m>ion#adab may1 z ,solms-,lauba* says1 be ,cycadean1 b we h no in=mation ) reg>d to ! int]nal /ructure or z to ! pres5ce or position ( ! se$s4 ,&ro/robus4 ,s*imp]4 ,s*imp]#adac in/itut$ ?is g5us = #8am5ta1 cycadeacea an!rif]a1 cyl9drica1 e squamis imbricatis1 lat]e po/ico an!ras sessiles f]5tibus ef=mata4' ,x may conv5i5tly be appli$ to fossils :i* resemble ! male cones ( rec5t ,cycads suffici5tly to ju/ify ! use ( a "n imply+ relation%ip4 ,z s def9$1 ,&ro/robus is us$ 9 a m re/rict$ s5se ?an ! ^w sugge/s1 j z ,masculo/robus#adad has be5 employ$ = fossils t are believ$ to be ! correspond+ organs ( ,conif]s4 ,among ! few species assign$ to ,s*imp]'s g5us ref]5ce may be made to ,a4 ,baldu9i ,sap41 orig9ally nam$ by ,s*imp] ,a4 zamioides1 f ! ,upp] ,ba?onian ( ,etro*y1 & ,a4 ,gu]ang]i 7,brongn471 ano!r ,fr5* type#adae4 ,he]'s species ,a4 sibirica#adaf ( ,jurassic age is repres5t$ by a sl5d] axis be>+ num]\s app5dages :i* 9 surface-view h ! =m ( polygonal discs3 !re are no indications ( microsporangia & ! evid5ce ( ,cycadean aff9ity is f> f conv9c+4 ,na?or/'s ,rhaetic species ,a4 borealis#adag is no m satisfactory z a record ( a ,cycadean /robilus4 ,a fossil f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,bohemia describ$ z ,zamites famili>is & reg>d$ by ,corda#adah & ,c>ru!rs#adai z a male fl[] ( a ,cycad ?\gh n above suspicion may be includ$ 9 ,&ro/robus4 ,"u ! "n ,friia nobilis ,vel5ovsk#adbj describ$ "s cones f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s plant-b$s ( ,bohemia :i* he reg>ds z male /robili ( "s ,cycadean plant3 ! cone1 z %[n 9 ,vel5ovsk's re/oration1 is #aj cm4 long & #e cm4 9 diamet]2 x be>s a close sup]ficial resemblance to a l>ge cone ( ,zamia & consi/s ( a /\t axis be>+ contigu\s peltate1 hexagonal1 scales gradually contract$ t[>ds ! proximal end1 simil> to ^? ( ,&ro/robus4 ,! evid5ce on :i* ?is species is id5tifi$ z a male cone re/s on ! occurr5ce ( num]\s pits on ! surface ( ! scales2 b no spores or sporangia 7 f\nd & ! pits z %[n 9 ! publi%$ figures d n pres5t ! appe>ance ( sc>s ( sporangia4 ,! ,rhaetic specim5 orig9ally nam$ by ,na?or/ ,&ro/robus ,scotti & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! g5us ,lyco/robus 0 describ$ 9 ,volume ii4#adba ,&ro/robus ,na?or/i ,sew>d4 ,! type-specim5s 7 obta9$ f ! ,weald5 b$s ( ,sussex3 !y 7 ref]r$ to ! g5us ,&ro/robus on evid5ce :i* _c be reg>d$ z decisive#adbb4 ,a fairly /\t axis1 #fe cm4 long1 be>+ spirally dispos$ sub-triangul> scales hexagonal 9 section & atta*$ to ! axis by a broad base2 ! scales1 or sporophylls1 are #a-ae cm4 long & gradually tap]$ t[>ds a po9t$ or slightly r\nd$ apex4 ,ne> ! proximal end ( "s ( ! sporophylls !re are regul>ly arrang$ polygonal depressions :i* may be impressions ( microsporangia4 ,! regul> disposition ( ! depressions is a /rik+ feature & 9 contra/ to ! less regul> reticulum expos$ aft] ! removal ( ! sporangia f ! microsporophyll ( a rec5t ,cycad4 ,an exam9ation ( ! cuticul> membrane ( ! microsporophylls %[s t ! epid]mal cells h ?ick & /raight walls#adbc1 *>act]s consi/5t ) ! suppos$ ,cycadean aff9ity ( ! /robilus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,cycadophytan ,,fronds4 ,occasional ref]5ce is made to ,cycadean fronds 9 ! acc\nt ( fl[]s & /ems b x is seldom t g5]a or species f\nd$ on leaves c be def9itely correlat$ ) p>ticul> types ( reproductive organs or /ems4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,f]ns & ,pt]idosp]ms s also ) deta*$ leaves believ$ to be ,cycadean1 a l>ge numb] ( g5]ic names h be5 employ$ = impressions :i* af=d no in=mation ) reg>d to anatomical *>act]s except1 9 "s ( ! m fav\rably pres]v$ specim5s1 a few facts z to ! epid]mal cells4 ,?\gh association (t5 sugge/s orig9al connexion x is inadvisable except 9 well e/abli%$ cases to ext5d to fronds g5]ic t]ms bas$ on reproductive %oots4 ,! designation ,zamites has long be5 us$ = fronds t are cle>ly n closely relat$ to rec5t species ( ,zamia1 & 7 x n an old e/abli%$ g5us ! significance ( :i* is n likely to be misund]/ood1 x w\ld be wis] to sub/itute = x "s "n imply+ no aff9ity ) any exi/+ type4 ,on ! o!r h& ! employm5t by "s au?ors ( su* g5]ic names z ,encephal>tos & ,c]atozamia is n w>rant$ by ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! imp]fect mat]ial4 ,pr(4 ,newb]ry#adbd describ$ z ,encephal>tos8 d5ticulatus a piece ( a frond f ,rhaetic b$s 9 ,honduras *>act]is$ by lanceolate p9nae 7#cj #f mm47 gradually n>r[$ t[>ds ! acute apex & abruptly contract$ at ! base3 ! me?od ( atta*m5t ( ! p9nae appe>s to agree ) t 9 ! g5us ,zamites4 ,9 ?is case !re is no valid reason = assum+ a relation%ip ) ,encephal>tos or ) any rec5t type4 ,an impression f ,l[] ,cretace\s1 ,dakota1 b$s 9 ,kansas describ$ z ,encephal>tos cretaceus ,kn[lt4 ex ,lesq4 ms4#adbe consi/s ( a piece ( lam9a1 #i #d cm41 obovate-oblong & ) a cuneate base1 a s]rate m>g9 & ?ick div]g+ ve9s3 ! specim5 is too incomplete to s]ve z a record ( any ,cycadean g5us4 ,! g5]ic "n ,encephal>topsis 0 appli$ by ,fonta9e#adbf to "s imp]fect p9nae f ! ,potomac b$s *>act]is$ by a l9e>-elliptical lam9a ) a sp9\s m>g9 & slightly div]g+ & occasionally ana/omos+ ve9s4 ,! figur$ examples ( ! type-species1 ,e4 n]vosa1 sugge/ p9nae l ^? ( ,ct5is2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( a ra*is ! me?od ( atta*m5t ( ! segm5ts _c be asc]ta9$4 ,saporta#adbg nam$ a specim5 f ! ,mioc5e flora ( ,k\mi1 ,greece1 ,encephal>tos ,gorceixianus because ( its resemblance 9 habit to "s species ( ! rec5t g5us2 b ! designation ,zamites w\ld be m appropriate4 ,ett+%aus5 record$ an imp]fect impression ( a p9na f ,t]ti>y rocks 9 ,/yria z ,c]atozamia ,h(manni#adbh al?\gh x is by no means c]ta9 t ! fragm5t is ev5 ,cycadean4 ,! g5us ,ta5iopt]is 0 describ$ 9 ! second volume ( ?is book z probably a ,pt]idophyte1 ?\gh ( unc]ta9 sy/ematic position3 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n by ,mr ,?omas#adbi t ! ,jurassic species ,t4 vittata 0 almo/ c]ta9ly borne on a /em ) reproductive organs con/ruct$ on ! ,b5nettitalean plan4 ,fur!r rese>* may enable u to fix ! position ( o!r species b z yet ,t4 vittata is ! only repres5tative ( ! g5us :i* !re is good reason = assign+ to ! ,b5nettitales4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ,cycadean plants1 us+ ! t]m 9 a wide s5se to include ! ,b5nettitales z well z ! ,cycadales1 bulk$ l>gely 9 ,upp] ,triassic1 ,rhaetic1 ,jurassic-,weald5 floras2 ! ,b5nettitales probably rea*$ _! maximum developm5t z reg>ds weal? ( =m & geographical range 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,jurassic p]iod & 9 ! e>lie/ phase ( ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,9 ,triassic floras ,cycadean plants are repres5t$ almo/ solely by fronds b ! v close resemblance betwe5 ,keup] species & =ms t 9 ,jurassic rocks are f\nd 9 association ) f]tile %oots leaves little d\bt z to ! aff9ity ( ,keup] & ,rhaetic species4 ,! evid5ce obta9$ f ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s /rata is mu* m meagre1 at lea/ z reg>ds ,cycadean leaves3 ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 morphological ,cycadean features is reveal$ by petrifi$ vegetative organs ( ,palaeozoic plants1 & ! ,cycadean plan ( organisation is conspicu\s 9 _m ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian se$s4 ,! discov]y ( frond-impressions id5tical 9 ext]nal *>act]s ) ,mesozoic g5]a may be accept$ z a sub/antial indication t g5]a already exi/$ possess+ foliage ( ! ,cycadean type1 ?\gh we h no c]ta9 in=mation ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! o!r organs ( ! p>5t-plants4 ,a few examples ( ,palaeozoic species are includ$ among ^? select$ 9 illu/ration ( ! diff]5t g5]a1 namely ,plagiozamites ,plan*>di1 ,sph5ozamites ,ro*ei1 ,pt]ophyllum ,fayoli1 ,p4 ,cambryi3 among o!r record$ in/ances ( ,palaeozoic species are ,pt]ophyllum ,cottaeanum ,gutb4#adcj1 a ,p]mian type simil> 9 habit to ,ct5is b )\t ana/omos+ ve9s1 a feature 9 :i* x resembles ,pseudoct5is2 ! ,c>bonif]\s species ,pt]ophyllum inflexum ,ei*4#adca f ! ,altai m\nta9s1 transf]r$ by ,zeill] to ,dioonites2 ,p4 ble*noides ,s&4#adcb f ! ,/ephanian ( ,opp5au2 ,pt]ophyllum ,gr&',euryanum#adcc f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ,france1 & ,p4 gonorra*is ,goepp4#adcd f ,silesia4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s species ,cycadites gyrosus ,goepp4 & ,c4 taxod9us ,goepp4#adce 9 ! ,breslau ,museum l$ me to reg>d ! mat]ial z too imp]fect to det]m9e4 ,a conclusion t is =c$ ^u u by a consid]ation ( ! geological range ( ,cycadean fronds is t at ! close ( ! ,weald5 p]iod1 a p]iod v closely l9k$ 9 ! "* ( ! vegetation ) ! prec$+ ,jurassic floras1 !re appe>s to h be5 a relatively sudd5 decrease 9 ! numb] ( memb]s ( ! ,cycadophyta3 ! decl9e 9 ! =tunes ( ,cycadean plants is co9cid5t ) ! rise & rem>kably rapid ext5sion ( ! ,angiosp]ms4 ,f ,middle & ,upp] ,cretace\s & f ,t]ti>y b$s v few ,cycadean rema9s h be5 obta9$ & _m ( !m are repres5t$ by fragm5t>y fossils t af=d no def9ite evid5ce ( aff9ity to rec5t g5]a4 ,! antiquity ( ! ,cycadales1 t is ! section repres5t$ by exi/+ ,cycads1 _c be det]m9$2 b x w\ld seem probable t if ! ,cycads ap>t f ! ,b5nettitales exi/$ 9 ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s floras !y occupi$ a v subord9ate position 9 comp>ison ) ! ext9ct ,b5nettitales4 ,!re are no data po9t+ to any widespread occurr5ce ( ! ,cycadales 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 9 ,t]ti>y times at all comp>able ) ! geographical range ( ,t]ti>y ance/ors ( ! solit>y survivor ( ! ,g9kgoales4 ,! foll[+ records ( ,t]ti>y ,cycadean fronds illu/rate ! paucity ( ! records4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,encephal>tos ,gorceixianus ,sap4 ( ,mioc5e age1 a species t has no claim to be reg>d$ z an example ( ! rec5t ,s\? ,african g5us4 ,! specim5 describ$ by ,saporta & ,m>ion z 8 ,zamites palaeoc5icus#adcf f ! ,eoc5e ( ,gel9d5 is too imp]fect to s]ve z a tru/wor?y record4 ,a m satisfactory species1 simil> 9 habit to ,zamites gigas1 is t on :i* ,saporta f\nd$ ! species ,zamites epibius#adcg f ,l[] ,mioc5e b$s at ,bonnieux 7,vaucluse71 ,france4 ,ano!r ,t]ti>y species is m5tion$ by ,krass]#adch f ,plioc5e /rata 9 ,brazil z ,zamia praec$5s ,krass4 ex ,ett4 ,,ms4 ,ett+%aus5 has describ$ a ,t]ti>y species f ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ei!r ,l[] ,mioc5e or ,upp] ,eoc5e 9 age1 z ,anomozamites ,muell]i#adci1 *>act]is$ by truncate segm5ts ) simple ve9s & set obliquely to ! ra*is4 ,:ile c]ta9 =m-g5]a ( fronds c only be ref]r$ to ! ,cycadophyta1 9 o!r cases x is possible to assign fronds to a section ( ?is compreh5sive gr\p *>act]is$ by a p>ticul> type ( f]tile %oot & by c]ta9 well def9$ epid]mal features4 ,! inve/igation ( ! cuticul> /ructure ( v>i\s ,cycadean fronds by ,na?or/#addj & especially by ,mr ,?omas#adda has suppli$ a basis ( classification :i* af=ds ! be/ crit]ion ( aff9ity s f> available4 ,! majority ( fronds are plac$ 9 ! ,b5nettitales :ile ! ?ree g5]a ,ct5is1 ,nilssonia1 & ,ct5opt]is 7or ,ptilozamites#addb7 are plac$ 9 ! ,nilssoniales4 ,i4 ,b5nettitales4 ,epid]mal cells *>act]is$ by s9u\s walls & g5]ally rectangul>2 ! cuticle is ?92 ! /omata1 conf9$ to ! l[] surface ( ! p9nae1 t5d to be arrang$ at "r-angles to ! ve9s & are on a level ) ! epid]mis or v slightly depress$2 two l>ge lat]ally plac$ subsidi>y cells m or less surr\nd ! gu>d-cells & ^! are provid$ ) ?ick5+s ( a def9ite %ape 7figs4 #eid1 #fji74 ,g5]a3 ,ptilophyllum1 ,zamites1 ,otozamites1 ,dictyozamites1 ,pt]ophyllum & ,anomozamites1 ,ta5iopt]is1 ,pseudocycas4 ,,ii4 ,nilssoniales4 ,epid]mal cells ) /raight walls1 n s9u\s1 irregul> 9 =m1 r\nd$1 hexagonal1 or rectangul>2 ! /omata are bel[ ! level ( ! epid]mis2 ! cuticle may be ?9 or ?ick4 ,!re is no regul> arrangem5t ( ! /omata2 ! gu>d-cells are surr\nd$ by #f-h subsidi>y cells 7fig4 #fbe7 :i* (t5 =m an ov]>*+ canopy2 ?ick5+ lamellae l ^? on ! gu>d-cells ( ! ,b5nettitales are seldom pres5t4 ,g5]a3 ,nilssonia1 ,ct5is1 ,ct5opt]is4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! repres5tatives ( ! small] gr\p1 ! ,nilssoniales1 9 _! cuticul> features1 are m ak9 ?an ! ,b5nettitales to mod]n ,cycads4 ,until def9ite evid5ce is obta9$ z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs ( ,nilssonia1 ,ct5is1 & ,ct5opt]is x is impossible to say h[ closely ^! g5]a agree 9 ess5tial *>act]s ) exi/+ memb]s ( ! ,cycadales4 ,if1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ! f]tile %oots kn[n z ,beania#addd belong to ,nilssonia _! resemblance 9 plan ( con/ruction to ! cones ( rec5t g5]a1 mu* great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! fl[]s ( ! ,b5nettitales1 is 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce ( ! epid]mal *>act]s4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! second ,volume ( ?is book to sev]al g5]a f\nd$ on fronds :i* ?r\gh lack ( evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs _c be assign$ ) c]ta9ty ei!r to ,f]ns or ,cycads3 x 0 /at$ t ! g5]a ,ptilozamites & ,ct5opt]is are probably ,cycadean1 & ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells 9 ! latt] g5us l5ds support to ?is view#adde4 ,among o!r g5]a ( d\btful position n includ$ 9 ! foll[+ descriptions ( fronds is ,zamiopsis ( ,fonta9e#addf f\nd$ on l>ge comp\nd fronds f ! ,potomac =mation3 ! v5ation & =m ( ! p9nae are m ,f]n-l ?an 9 ,ct5opt]is1 b 9 g5]al habit ! two g5]a are n v dissimil>4 ,! g5]ic "n ,zamiopsis is mislead+ z ! species be> no resemblance to ,zamia or ,zamites4 ,i4 ,b5nettitales4 ,,ptilophyllum4 ,morris4 ,! g5]ic "n ,ptilophyllum 0 in/itut$ 9 #ahdj = "s specim5s ( p9nate fronds f ,cut*3 9 ?is g5us ,morris#addg includ$ ) ! ,indian leaves ! ,engli% ,jurassic species ,pt]ophyllum pect5 ,l9d4 & ,hutt4#addh 7figs4 #ehg1 etc47 & "s o!r =ms4 ,he def9$ ,ptilophyllum z foll[s3 #8,fronds p9nate2 p9nae closely approximat$1 l9e>1 lanceolate1 m or less elongate1 imbricate at ! base1 atta*$ obliquely2 base semicircul> or r\nd$2 ve9s equal1 sl5d]1 p>allel4' ,morris adds t he in/itut$ a new g5us 9 pref]5ce to ,zamites because ( ! #8oblique ins]tion ( ! p9nae & _! ov]lapp+ ea* o!r at ! base4' ,9 a lat] pap] ,morris#addi /ates t ! p9nae ( ,ptilophyllum fronds are #8sometimes auricul$ 9 ! upp] & sometimes 9 ! l[] "p' ( ! base ( ! lam9a4 ,9 8 catalogue#adej he adopt$ ,endli*]'s g5us ,palaeozamia in/ead ( ,ptilophyllum4 ,)\t discuss+ ! g5]ic nom5clature adopt$ by v>i\s au?ors = ! ,indian types & simil> fronds x is important to ref] briefly to ! treatm5t ( ,morris's species by ,oldham & ,morris & by ,fei/mantel4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( ,memoirs on ,gondwana floras#adea ,ptilophyllum is reta9$ = a section ( ,palaeozamia toge!r ) ,otozamites & ,sph5ozamites z o!r sectional subdivisions3 9 ! subg5us ,ptilophyllum are includ$ ,palaeozamia acutifolia & ,p4 cut*5sis 7fig4 #ehh1 ,a1 ,c71 also ,p4 aff9is1 ,p4 rigida1 & ,p4 b5gal5sis4 ,! la/ species is 9 all probability an ,otozamites3 ,p4 aff9is & ,p4 rigida are almo/ c]ta9ly indi/+ui%able f ,p4 cut*5sis4 ,fei/mantel#adeb dealt 9 detail ) ! g5us ,ptilophyllum3 he wrote1 #8) ,s*imp] & ,s*5k ,i !re=e look ^u ?is g5us z an ,indian type especially *>act]is$ by its 444 m or less sl5d] leaves1 angu/ate t[>ds ! apex & base1 & petiolate1 ) regul>ly adfix$ leaflets4444 ,! leaflets are equal to ea* o!r1 = ! mo/ "p elongate l9e>1 & auriculate & free at ! upp] angle at ! base1 b adfix$ at ! l[] angle1 & ea* is decurr5t beh9d ! upp] angle ( ! leaflet next bel[ x1 ?us ! leaflets are almo/ imbricate4 ,! ve9s are r num]\s1 simple1 & =k$1 & m or less div]g5t#adec4' ,fei/mantel di/+ui%es c]ta9 v>ieties ( ,p4 cut*5se 7fig4 #ehh1 ,a1 ,c71 none ( :i* appe> to be well def9$4 ,a specim5 f ! ,rajmahal ,hills ) unusually long p9nae1 ! frond hav+ a bread? ( #h cm41 is describ$ z ,ptilophyllum acutifolium v>4 maximum#aded1 b x diff]s 9 no important feature f ! small] & common] =m4 ,! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! v>iability ( c]ta9 species ref]r$ by ,fei/mantel to ,otozamites4 ,he figures specim5s f ! ,jabalpur gr\p z ,o4 ,hislopi ,fei/4 ex ,old4 ,,ms41 ,o4 gracilis 7,kurr71 ,o4 angu/atus ,fei/4 7fig4 #ehh1 ,b7 & ,o4 di/ans#adee4 ,an exam9ation ( ! figur$ specim5s leads me to reg>d ,o4 ,hislopi & ,o4 gracilis z id5tical ) ! ,ptilophyllum fronds3 ! p9nae exhibit no di/+ui%+ features & !re is no reason = a specific1 /ill less a g5]ic1 sep>ation4 ,otozamites angu/atus is indi/+ui%able f ,otozamites sp4 z figur$ f ! ,madras coa/ & f ,ptilophyllum cut*5se1 ,p4 cut*5se v>4 curvifolium & v>4 m9imum4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ 9 fig4 #f;a1 ,pl4 x4 ( ! ,madras flora#adef & 9 fig4 #h;a1 ,pl4 vi4 ( ! ,jabalpur flora#adeg %[+ auriculate bases are inaccurate3 9 all ! fronds nam$ ! p9nae are /raight ) r\nd$ edges precisely z 9 ,ptilophyllum4 ,! conclusion =c$ ^u me by a comp>ison ( ! actual specim5s is t ! ,indian fronds are n sep>able into well-def9$ species & %\ld all be includ$ 9 ,ptilophyllum cut*5se4 ,moreov] 9 ?is compreh5sive species %\ld be includ$ ! specim5s describ$ by ,fei/mantel z ,otozamites ,hislopi 7fig4 #ehi71 ,o4 angu/atus1 & ,o4 gracilis4 ,x may well be t a m detail$ inve/igation ( ! num]\s =ms compris$ 9 ?is protean species1 p>ticul>ly if specim5s are obta9$ f :i* cuticul> prep>ations c be made1 may lead to ! recognition ( additional species or well-def9$ v>ieties4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,p4 pect5 f ! ,jurassic /rata ( ,york%ire & ^? ( ,p4 cut*5se f ,india is v /rik+1 & at lea/ 9 _m cases no specific sep>ation is possible s f> at lea/ z ! =m ( ! fronds & p9nae is conc]n$4 ,! occasional close association ( ,ptilophyllum fronds & ,williamsonia fl[]s is an important agreem5t betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,indian fronds 7fig4 #eij74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehg4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #cgie2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehh4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,a1 ,c1 specim5s figur$ by ,fei/mantel z ,ptilophyllum cut*5se4 ,b1 ,fei/mantel's ,otozamites angu/atus4 7 nat4 size2 ,calcutta ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ehi4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,a frond figur$ by ,fei/mantel z ,otozamites ,hislopi4 ,a1 nat4 size2 ,b1 enl>g$ 7,calcutta ,museum74 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,catalogue ( ,jurassic plants f ,york%ire ! op9ion 0 express$#adeh1 bas$ on an exam9ation ( ,morris's type-specim5 ( ,ptilophyllum cut*5se & ( a l>ge numb] ( ,engli% & o!r fronds id5tical ) or closely alli$ to ,pt]ophyllum pect5 ,l9d4 & ,hutt41 t ! ,indian & ,european fronds belong to ! same g5us4 ,9 a lat] pap]#adei x 0 ma9ta9$ t ,p4 cut*5se & ,p4 acutifolium are probably id5tical ) ! ,engli% type1 & a draw+ 0 publi%$--reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eia--( ,morris's type-specim54 ,dr ,halle#adfj has discuss$ ! g5us ,ptilophyllum & 8 inve/igations lead him to a diff]5t conclusion2 he1 l ,zeill] & "s o!r au?ors1 employs ,ptilophyllum 9 ,fei/mantel's s5se4 ,! p9na-base is said to agree 9 its asymmetrical =m ) t 9 ,otozamites1 :ile x diff]s f ! symmetrical base ( ,zamites p9nae4 ,9 ,ptilophyllum bo? edges ( ! p9na-base are said to b5d d[n 9 jo9+ ! ra*is2 at ! upp] corn] ! base ?us becomes r\nd$ & = "s di/ance free f ! ra*is2 x is also sometimes a little auriculate2 at ! l[] edge ! p9na is decurr5t on ! upp] surface ( ! ra*is4 ,9 a subsequ5t pap] ,halle#adfa repeats ! view t ! decurr5ce ( ! p9nae by _! l[] edges is an important di/+ui%+ feature ( ,ptilophyllum1 ?us agree+ ) ,fei/mantel ^: illu/rations appe> to be confirmatory4 ,! draw+s 9 ,fei/mantel's memoirs are1 h[ev]1 mislead+ & 9 "s cases incorrect4 ,an exam9ation ( a photograph ( ,morris's type-specim5 ( ,p4 cut*5se l$ ,halle to conclude t ! two edges ( ! p9na-base b5d d[nw>ds on jo9+ ! ra*is z describ$ by ,fei/mantel4 ,?is feature is n %[n 9 ! draw+ reproduc$ 9 fig4 #eia3 x is cle> t ei!r ! draw+ is incorrect or t !re has be5 "s mi/ake 9 ! int]pretation ( ! photograph4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,dr ,halle ,i h be5 able to exam9e ! actual pr9t3 :5 view$ 9 its correct position ! two edges ( ! p9nae appe> to b5d d[n z describ$ by ,halle1 b if x is exam9$ 9 ! rev]se position ! l[] angle ( ! p9nae is se5 to be slightly r\nd$ z 9 fig4 #eia1 ! app>5t decurr5ce be+ due to a confusion betwe5 ! appress$ l[] edge ( "o p9na1 :i* is fa9tly %[n1 & ! /rong] d[nw>d tr5d ( ! upp] edge ( ! p9na next bel[4 ,! upp] edges ( ! p9nae are m prom95t because !y are less appress$ to ! ra*is :ile ! l[] half ( ! base is clos] to ! ra*is & is frequ5tly1 ?\gh n 9 ,morris's specim51 ov]lapp$ by ! upp] edge ( ! next l[] p9na4 ,a re-exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum confirms ?is int]pretation4 ,! p9nae ( ,ptilophyllum are *>act]is$ by _! atta*m5t to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is :i* !y almo/ completely cov]2 ! upp] angle is r\nd$ & 9 a few cases auriculate 7fig4 #eib72 ! l[] angle ( ! base is slightly r\nd$ & n infrequ5tly hidd5 by ! imbrication ( ! adjac5t p9na2 x is occasionally auriculate 7fig4 #eic74 ,! p9nae are atta*$ by ne>ly ! :ole base1 b ! upp] angle is free4 ,! ve9s are p>allel1 sub-p>allel or1 especially 9 ! proximal portion ( ! lam9a1 oblique4 ,! p9nae are l9e>1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 relation ( l5g? to bread? & 9 ! =m ( ! apex2 !y are /raight or m or less falcate4 ,! epid]mal cells ( su* ,ptilophyllum fronds z h be5 exam9$ are *>act]is$ by /rongly loop$ or s9u\s walls2 ! /omata1 conf9$ to ! l[] surface1 are r\ghly circul> & ! gu>d-cells are at "r-angles to ! ve9s & n appreciably sunk4 ,fig4 #eid repres5ts ! appe>ance ( a /oma 9 surface-view3 #8on ei!r side ( ! c5tral slit-l pore are two elliptical or hemisph]ical /ructures2 !y are some:at flatt5$ :5 !y abut on ! pore1 & h r\nd$ ends4444 ,betwe5 ^! & ! subsidi>y cells lie two o!r ?ick5$ pat*es1 m or less hemisph]ical 9 %ape1 & app>5tly ov]ly+ ! c5tral /ructures4' ,on ! analogy ( simil> appe>ances 9 rec5t ,cycads ,mr ,?omas#adfb int]prets ! two pairs ( ?ick5$ pat*es z belong+ to ! upp] & l[] sides ( ! highly incl9$ gu>d-cells4 ,?is au?or calls special att5tion to ! abundance on "s ( ! fronds includ$ 9 ! aggregate species ,p4 pect5 ( regul> r[s ( circul> hair-sc>s pres]v$ z small annulate projections1 #jc-jd mm4 9 diamet]4 ,a comp>ison ( ! cuticles ( diff]5t =ms ( ,ptilophyllum pect5 enabl$ ,?omas to recognise m ?an "o type3 = "o ( ^! ! "n ,ptilophyllum hirsutum is propos$4 ,x is by su* "w z ?is t we may hope to discov] diff]5tiat+ *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eij4 ,ptilophyllum pect5 7,p4 cut*5se7 & ,williamsonia ,blan=di4 ,drawn f a specim5 figur$ by ,fei/mantel 7#gf7 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eia4 ,"p ( ! type-specim5 ( ,ptilophyllum cut*5se ,morris4 7,briti% ,museum2 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eib4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 7,man*e/] ,museum1 ,williamson ,coll4 #cgbf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eic4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,f ! ,l[] ,e/u>9e b$s1 ,clevel&1 ,york%ire4 7,aft] ,?omas2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eid4 ,ptilophyllum pect52 /oma4 7,aft] ,?omas & ,bancr(t47 ,! diff]5t =ms ( ,williamsonia fl[]s f\nd 9 association ) fronds ( ! ,ptilophyllum habit also po9t to ! inclusion ( m ?an a s+le species "u ! gr\p-species ,p4 pect54 ,z additional evid5ce is obta9$ fur!r analysis w be possible1 b 9 deal+ ) impressions :i* include specim5s transitional f "o =m ( frond to ano!r1 ! mo/ conv5i5t & to my m9d ! mo/ logical c\rse is to treat a species z an aggregate- or gr\p-species4 ,"s au?ors believe t ! two fronds describ$ by ,phillips z ,cycadites pect5 & ,c4 pect9oides are di/9ct species#adfc1 b !re w\ld seem to be no adequate reason = ?is view4 ,! fronds describ$ by ,he]#adfd f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l& z species ( ,zamites & simil> leaves f ,graham ,l& includ$ 9 t g5us by ,halle#adfe are 9 my op9ion insep>able f ,ptilophyllum1 & ?is applies equally to ,otozamites ,hislopi 7,old47 7fig4 #ehi7 & ,o4 abbreviatus z figur$ by ,fei/mantel & by ,halle4 ,! nom5clature ( ,cycadean fronds hav+ ! habit ( ,ptilophyllum pect5 is a great difficulty3 aft] c>efully reconsid]+ ! :ole "q & comp>+ ,fei/mantel's figur$ specim5s ) ! l>ge s]ies ( ,engli% fronds ! conclusion rea*$ is t ! *>act]s exhibit$ by ord9>y impressions d n admit ( any satisfactory gr\p+ "u well-def9$ specific types4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z already indicat$1 ! use by "s au?ors ( ! g5]ic names ,ptilophyllum1 ,otozamites1 & ,zamites creates a false impression ( ! degree ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! num]\s =ms ( frond agree+ m or less closely ) ! specim5s on :i* 7 f\nd$ ! species ,ptilophyllum acutifolium1 ,p4 cut*5se1 ,p4 pect51 & ,p4 pect9oides 7figs4 #ehg1 #eia1 #eie1 etc474 ,9 8 important memoir on ! ,jurassic flora ( ,graham ,l& ,halle#adff discusses ! limitation ( ,ptilophyllum1 ,zamites1 & ,otozamites4 ,he employs ,zamites = fronds ) l9e> p9nae atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is by a base :i* is m or less1 b (t5 v little1 r\nd$ & always asymmetrical1 ) or )\t a basal callosity3 fronds ( ! type ,z4 gigas he includes 9 ! section ,euzamites1 :ile ,z4 borealis & simil> =ms 7fig4 #eig7 are ref]r$ to a second section1 ,subzamites4 ,x is 9 ! s5se ( ,halle's section ,euzamites t ! g5]ic "n ,zamites is employ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fronds gr\p$ by ,halle z ,subzamites h p9nae ) ! basal angles ( ! lam9a v slightly r\nd$ precisely z 9 ,ptilophyllum z se5 9 fig4 #eif 7cf4 fig4 #eih :i* repres5ts fronds ref]r$ by ,halle to ,zamites72 & !y are n di/+ui%$ by any feature ( g5]ic importance f ,ptilophyllum z def9$ on page #eai4 ,! species ,zamites pusillus1 ,z4 ,&]ssoni1 & ,z4 ant>cticus 7fig4 #eih7 describ$ by ,halle f ,graham ,l& z well z ,he]'s ,arctic =ms#adfg ,z4 borealis 7fig4 #eig71 ,z4 speciosus1 ,z4 brevip5nis1 & o!rs are transf]r$ to ,ptilophyllum z types agree+ v closely ) ,p4 pect5 & 9 "s cases n cle>ly di/+ui%able f x ev5 specifically4 ,otozamites is ! "n employ$ by ,halle = fronds ) p9nae hav+ contract$1 asymmetrical & auriculate1 bases1 ! ant]ior lobe be+ m develop$ ?an ! po/]ior4 ,! asymmetry ( ! p9na-base is consid]$ an ess5tial feature4 ,z ,halle /ates x is v difficult 9 "s in/ances to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ,otozamites & ,ptilophyllum4 ,z us$ 9 ?is *apt] ,otozamites signifies fronds ) p9nae *>act]is$ by an auriculate base1 a lam9a usually broad] ?an 9 ,ptilophyllum1 & by m spread+ ve9s 7fig4 #fjd74 ,! n infrequ5t occurr5ce ( auriculate p9nae on fronds 7fig4 #fjc1 ,a7 :i* _c be sep>at$ f typical examples ( ,p4 pect5 illu/rates ! n>r[ divid+ l9e z reg>ds ! =m ( ! p9na-base betwe5 ,ptilophyllum & ,otozamites4 ,! ,indian species ,o4 ,hislopi 7fig4 #ehi7 & ,o4 abbreviatus1 to :i* ,halle ref]s "s ,ant>ctic fronds1 _c be di/+ui%$ f ! ,engli% ,p4 pect5 or ,fei/mantel's & ,morris's ,indian fronds describ$ z ,p4 cut*5se & ,p4 acutifolium3 ^! =ms are !re=e includ$ 9 ,ptilophyllum4 ,ptilophyllum 7,williamsonia7 pect5 7,phillips74 ,?is designation is employ$ 9 a wide s5se = a gr\p ( fronds exhibit+ a consid]able range 9 size1 9 ! relative bread? & l5g? ( ! l9e> p9nae1 & 9 o!r features4 ,"u ,p4 pect5 are includ$ 7i7 ! ,engli% fronds f ,york%ire fir/ describ$ by ,phillips#adfh z ,cycadites pect5 & ,c4 pect9oides1 ! =m] f ! ,middle %ale1 ! latt] f ! ,l[] %ale ( ! ,york%ire coa/1 toge!r ) ! ,/onesfield slate specim5s nam$ by ,/]nb]g#adfi ,polypodiolites pect9i=mis 7fig4 #eie7 & by ,brongni>t#adgj & ,l9dley & ,hutton#adga ,zamia pect9ata2 7ii7 ! ,indian specim5s already consid]$ & 7iii7 num]\s examples record$ "u diff]5t names f ,jurassic /rata 9 _m c\ntries4 ,fronds f ! ,york%ire coa/ nam$ by ,brongni>t#adgb ,zamia ,goldiei1 ?\gh reg>d$ by "s au?ors z examples ( ,otozamites1 are probably ref]able to ,p4 pect54 ,&rae's ,pt]ophyllum rigidum#adgc 7fig4 #eif7 f ,/ei]dorf is almo/ c]ta9ly a =m ( ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,! specim5 %[n 9 fig4 #ehg is "o ( ! few examples ( fronds app>5tly pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al position atta*$ 9 a clu/] to a ,williamsonia 7,buckl&ia7 type ( /em4 ,! range 9 size & =m ( ! p9nae is illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #ehh1 #eib1 #eic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eie4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,! specim5 figur$ by ,/]nb]g z ,polypodiolites pect9i=mis4 7,ox=d ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eif4 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,&rae's ,pt]ophyllum rigidum f ,/ei]dorf1 ,banat4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 #dadch2 nat4 size47 ,fronds l9e>1 tap]+ gradually t[>ds ! base & apex1 (t5 *>act]is$ by a m>k$ uni=mity 9 bread?4 ,! p9nae1 %ort or comp>atively broad or long & n>r[1 are /raight or m or less falcate2 ! apex is obtuse or acute or ! upp] m>g9 ( ! lam9a may be almo/ /raight & ! l[] edge curv$ abruptly upw>ds at ! apex2 ! p9nae are usually atta*$ obliquely to ! ra*is b may be almo/ at "r-angles2 ) ! exception ( ! upp] angle1 ! :ole ( ! base is atta*$ to ! frond-axis2 ! base ( ! lam9a may be symmetrical1 bo? angles be+ slightly r\nd$1 or asymmetrical1 ! upp] or less frequ5tly ! l[] corn] be+ auriculate 7figs4 #eib1 #eic74 ,!re is no basal callosity on ! lam9a nor is !re a m$ian s9us4 ,! ve9s are m or less spread+ at ! base b = ! mo/ "p p>allel4 ,! features ( ! epid]mal cells & /omata are m5tion$ 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! g5us4 ,f]tile %oots ( plants ) ?is type ( frond are describ$ "u ,williamsonia4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! /ems :i* bore ,ptilophyllum fronds1 b z /at$ on page #dhh ,indian specim5s %[ leaves ( ,ptilophyllum cut*5se atta*$ to a piece ( /em 7fig4 #egi7 hav+ ! *>act]s ( ,buckl&ia & *>act]is$ by a xylem-cyl9d] d5s] ?an 9 rec5t ,cycads2 ! /ructure ( ! wood at lea/ 9 ! ,indian /em is r pycnoxylic ?an manoxylic4 ,! fronds gr\p$ "u ,ptilophyllum pect5 are v widely di/ribut$ 9 ,jurassic floras2 !y are record$ f _m localities 9 ,europe1 f ,turke/an#adgd1 ,india1 ,graham ,l&#adge1 ,patagonia#adgf1 & else:]e4 ,z ?us def9$ ?is #8species1' or m correctly ?is gr\p ( =ms1 und\bt$ly includes m ?an "o species 9 ! /rict s5se1 b )\t additional data x is ma9ta9$ t ! recognition ( cle>ly def9$ specific types or v>ieties is beyond our p[]4 ,x may be urg$ t 9 view ( ! wide geographical range ( ! ,ptilophyllum pect5 type ( frond & ! admitt$ probability t sev]al species 9 ! n>r[] s5se are repres5t$1 di/9ctive specific names %\ld be reta9$ ev5 ?\gh "u su* designations are includ$ =ms t1 s f> z c be se5 f impressions1 exhibit no con/ant di/+ui%+ features4 ,my purpose is to emphasise ! futility ( attempt+ to f\nd well-m>k$ species on ! available mat]ial4 ,! /ud5t mu/ decide = himself :at c\rse to pursue1 :e!r to reta9 su* a specific "n z cut*5se = ! ,indian fronds or to employ t & o!r specific names z designations ( geographical types diff]+ 9 no cle>ly def9$ or con/ant *>act]s f examples ( ! ,engli% ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,a comp>ative exam9ation ( ! cuticul> membranes 9 ! comp>atively few cases :]e t is possible w\ld probably furni% a basis = a satisfactory subdivision ( ! gr\p-species4 ,! names ,ptilophyllum ,&]ssoni1 ,p4 boreale1 & ,p4 ant>cticum are reta9$ = c]ta9 =ms select$ f a numb] ( closely alli$ types p>tly on ! gr\nd t ^! fronds exhibit "s m or less well-m>k$ di/9ctive *>act]s & 9 "p z a recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( geographical =ms4 ,ptilophyllum boreale 7,he]74 ,he]#adgg describ$ num]\s well-pres]v$ impressions ( p9nate fronds f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s plant-b$s ( ,kome1 ,gre5l&1 :i* he ref]r$ to sev]al species ( ,zamites ?\gh ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m are h>dly ( specific rank4 ,an inspection ( sev]al ( ! figur$ specim5s 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum %[$ t ,he]'s draw+s are 9 ! ma9 accurate4 ,zamites borealis 7fig4 #eig7 is *>act]is$ by small l9e> p9nae atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is1 ! /\tness ( :i* is a notewor?y feature2 ! ve9s are p>allel & simple4 ,9 ! %ape ( ! p9nae1 includ+ ! base-*>act]s1 ?is species agrees closely ) ,p4 pect54 ,! slightly falcate or /raight p9nae are #ag-b mm4 broad & rea* a l5g? ( #ae mm42 9 ,z4 speciosum ,he]1 probably specifically id5tical ) ,p4 boreale1 ! p9nae are relatively long]1 & 9 ,z4 brevip5nis ,he] !y resemble ! %ort] p9nae ( "s ( ! n>r[ fronds ( ,p4 pect54 ,a prep>ation ( ! cuticle ( a p9na ( ,p4 boreale made by ,mr ,?omas f a specim5 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum %[s a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] epid]mis3 ! cells on ! upp] surface ( ! lam9a h v ?ick & s9u\s walls precisely z 9 ,p4 pect51 b ! cells are (t5 broad] ?an long & n elongat$ p>allel to ! long axis ( ! p9na2 ^? ( ! l[] epid]mis are ?9n] & less cle>ly pres]v$3 ! /omata1 :i* appe> to be l ^? ( ,p4 pect51 are scatt]$ & n 9 r[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eig4 ,ptilophyllum boreale 7,he]74 ,drawn f "o ( ! specim5s f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s at ,ekkorfat1 ,gre5l&1 figur$ by ,he]4 7,/ockholm ,museum2 nat4 size & a few p9nae enl>g$47 ,ptilophyllum ant>cticum 7,halle74 ,! fronds f ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,graham ,l&1 describ$ by ,halle z ,zamites ant>cticus#adgh1 are v simil> to "s =ms ( ,p4 pect5 & to ,p4 boreale & o!r ,gre5l& =ms2 ! l9e> subacute p9nae are atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is at a wide angle & ! base ( ! lam9a is truncate & may be v slightly con/rict$4 ,! ve9s are d5se1 z _m z #e 9 #a mm41 & !y are occasionally =k$ ne> ! base 7fig4 #eih1 ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eih4 ,a1 ,a1 ,ptilophyllum ant>cticum4 ,b1 ,p4 ,&]ssoni4 7,aft] ,halle47 ,ptilophyllum ,&]ssoni 7,halle74 ,?is ,graham ,l& species 7fig4 #eih1 ,b71 ref]r$ by ,halle to ,zamites#adgi1 is ( ! same g5]al type z ,p4 pect51 b is *>act]is$ by a co>s] v5ation & by ! wid] angle ( atta*m5t ( ! p9nae4 ,ptilophyllum ,dunk]ianum 7,goepp]t74 ,goepp]t#adhj propos$ ! "n ,pt]ophyllum ,dunk]ianum = "s specim5s f ! ,weald5 ( ,nor? ,g]many :i* 7 aft]w>ds figur$ by ,dunk]#adha4 ,miquel#adhb includ$ ! species 9 8 g5us ,dioonites & ?is "n has be5 adopt$ by o!r au?ors4 ,att5tion has be5 drawn to ! inconsi/5t use ( ! title ,dioonites#adhc1 & ,i h previ\sly employ$ ! "n 9 a s5se simil> to t 9 :i* x has be5 adopt$ by ,na?or/1 t is = fronds ) long & n>r[ p9nae )\t any basal con/riction & n auriculate1 atta*$ m or less at "r-angles to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is2 b s def9$ ,dioonites diff]s 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> f =ms ( ,ptilophyllum or f fronds ref]r$ by au?ors to ,s*imp]'s g5us ,ct5ophyllum4 ,! "n ,ct5ophyllum#adhd 0 in/itut$ = c]ta9 fronds diff]+ 9 "s po9ts f ,otozamites & ,dioonites4 ,"o su* type is ,ct5ophyllum 7,ptilophyllum7 pect5 7,l9d4 & ,hutt473 ?is is quot$ 9 ,zittel's ,h&bu* z a typical repres5tative ( ! g5us4 ,s*imp] foll[$ ,fei/mantel 9 8 def9ition ( ,ptilophyllum1 a def9ition :i* is n 9 accordance ) ! *>act]s ( ! fronds on :i* x 0 f\nd$ by ,morris4 ,fonta9e1 on ! o!r h&1 has appli$ ,ct5ophyllum to fronds ( a diff]5t type :i* are n[ includ$ 9 ! g5us ,pseudoct5is4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no adequate gr\nd = ! ret5tion ( ,ct5ophyllum z a g5]ic designation4 ,! ,weald5 species ,p4 ,dunk]ianum is *>act]is$ by ! foll[+ features3 ra*is fairly /\t1 p9nae approximate1 l9e> #b-c mm4 broad & rea*+ a l5g? ( #aa cm4 or m1 gradually n>r[$ t[>ds ! apex1 atta*$ 9 two almo/ contigu\s r[s to ! upp] face ( ! frond-axis3 ! l[] m>g9 ( ! lam9a may be slightly decurr5t1 e4g4 9 ! apical "p ( ! frond or v slightly broad5$ & bluntly r\nd$4 ,! p9nae are atta*$ at "r-angles or1 ne> ! apex1 obliquely2 ve9s #e-f1 p>allel4 ,! epid]mal cells z figur$ by ,s*5k#adhe h v s9u\s walls & are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,engli% & ,indian =ms ( ! gr\p-species ,p4 pect52 ! /omata are conf9$ to ! l[] surface4 ,if ,s*5k's draw+s ( ! /omata are correct !y diff] f ^? ( o!r species ( ! g5us 9 _! simpl] /ructure2 !re are no subsidi>y cells & ! gu>d-cells %[ no cuticul>is$ b&s4 ,9 habit ?is species resembles ,encephal>tos ,ghell9ckii ,lehm4 7fig4 #chb74 ,! sup]ficial resemblance ( ! n>r[ l9e> p9nae to ^? ( ,cycadites l$ ,dunk] & ,s*5k to ref] to t g5us "s specim5s :i* h s9ce be5 describ$ z id5tical ) ,p4 ,dunk]ianum4 ,,zamites4 ,brongni>t4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! g5]ic "n ,zamites 0 us$ 9 addition to ,zamia = c]ta9 p9nate fronds includ+ species#adhf1 su* z ,z4 ,be*ei1 :i* are n[ reg>d$ z typical examples ( ,otozamites4 ,subsequ5tly ,brongni>t gave up ,zamia = fossil fronds & appli$ ,zamites to fronds ) entire p9nae1 n truncate at ! apex & n decurr5t b slightly con/rict$ at ! base4 ,braun's two g5]a ,podozamites & ,pt]ozamites 7 relegat$ to ! position ( subg5]a4 ,! "n ,podozamites has be5 employ$ by ,s*5k#adhg = specim5s n[ includ$ 9 ,zamites1 & ,zamites is us$ by him#adhh = "s fossils :i* are examples ( ,podozamites z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,goepp]t's def9ition#adhi ( ,zamites includes fronds ) p9nae ( ! ,otozamites type1 & ?is au?or p]t95tly comp>es ,zamites ) rec5t ,encephal>tos leaves4 ,pomel#adij propos$ ! "n ,crossozamia = c]ta9 fronds ( ! ,zamites type1 b ?is g5us ) sev]al o!rs in/itut$ by ! same au?or has n be5 adopt$4 ,bornemann#adia describ$ ,zamites z compris+ species ) a great] or less resemblance to ! fronds ( rec5t ,zamias4 ,z def9$ bel[1 ,zamites fronds may be comp>$ ) ^? ( "s species ( ,encephal>tos1 ,c]atozamia1 & ,macrozamia4 ,!re has be5 consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! range ( =m 9 ! p9nae t x is advisable to include 9 ,zamites4 ,! "n ,zamiophyllum 0 propos$ by ,na?or/#adib = a ,weald5 species1 describ$ by ,ett+%aus5 z ,pt]ophyllum ,bu*ianum 7fig4 #fja1 ,a-,c71 *>act]is$ by a decrease 9 ! bread? ( ! l9e> p9nae t[>ds ! po9t ( atta*m5t &1 accord+ to ,na?or/'s description1 by ! lat]al atta*m5t ( ! p9nae4 ,an exam9ation ( specim5s ( ?is type f ,engli% rocks#adic enabl$ me to %[ t ! p9nae are atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is4 ,zeill]#adid has also includ$ ,zamiophyllum 9 ,zamites1 b ,halle's rec5t def9ition#adie ( ! latt] g5us excludes fronds ( ! ,zamiophyllum type4 ,s*imp] in/itut$ ! "n ,glossozamites#adif = fronds be>+ p9nae ) r\nd$ & slightly contract$ bases & borne on grooves on ! upp] surface ( ! ra*is 7fig4 #fja1 ,f74 ,9 v5ation ! p9nae agree ) ^? ( ,otozamites b ! base is n auriculate4 ,kurr's ,liassic species ,pt]ophyllum oblongifolium#adig includ$ by ,s*imp] 9 ,glossozamites is probably an ,otozamites4 ,ano!r species ref]r$ to ?is g5us is ,s*5k's ,podozamites ,zitteli#adih f ! ,urgonian ( ,au/ria 7fig4 #fja1 ,f73 9 ?is species ! slightly falcate p9nae ) obtuse apices h r\nd$ & n auriculate bases & !re is "s evid5ce ( a basal callosity4 ,?is species agrees s closely ) su* a typical ,zamites z ,z4 gigas t x is difficult to see on :at gr\nds ! ret5tion ( ,glossozamites is desirable4 ,a ,portuguese specim5 ref]r$ by ,saporta#adii to ,glossozamites1 ,g4 brevis1 is f\nd$ on a s+le specim5 v l a leaflet ( ,otozamites ,klip/e9ii 7,dunk472 & ,g4 p>vifolia ,yok4#aejj f ,*9a has no claim to be includ$ among ,cycadean fronds4 ,fei/mantel's ,glossozamites ,/oliczkanus#aeja is almo/ c]ta9ly a leaf ( ,cordaites4 ,= c]ta9 fronds orig9ally describ$ z ,zamites ,zeill]#aejb has in/itut$ ! g5us ,plagiozamites4 ,an important "q z to ! type ( frond :i* may conv5i5tly be includ$ 9 ! g5us ,zamites 0 rais$ by ! application ( ?is "n by ,he] to "s ,l[] ,cretace\s fronds f ,gre5l&1 ,z4 borealis 7 ,ptilophyllum boreale1 fig4 #eig71 & o!rs :i* diff] 9 ! =m ( ! p9nae f species usually reg>d$ z typical ( ! g5us4 ,halle#aejc accepts ! ,gre5l& species z examples ( ,zamites ?\gh he di/+ui%es !m by a sectional "n ,sub-,zamites2 he def9es ,zamites z includ+ fronds ) p9nae atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is ) a contract$ & always symmetrical base ?\gh 9 "s cases ! basal contraction is exce$+ly small2 !re is a m or less di/9ct basal callosity4 ,he recognises two types1 7i7 ,eu-,zamites1 e4g4 ,zamites gigas 7fig4 #eii71 9 :i* ! p9nae are /rongly contract$ basally & h a callosity1 & 7ii7 ,sub-,zamites1 e4g4 ,z4 borealis#aejd1 etc41 9 :i* ! p9nae are n s broadly r\nd$ at ! base & reta9 ! same bread? to ! po9t ( ins]tion :]e !y are #8v rapidly & v little contract$1' ) or )\t a basal callosity4 ,! basal callosity 9 ^! =ms is n %[n 9 _m ( ! p9nae & is at mo/ b a slight r\nd+ ( ! angles ( ! truncate base4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ by ,halle to ,sub-,zamites d n appe> to diff] 9 any feature wor?y ( g5]ic rank f ,ptilophyllum4 ,9 ! foll[+ def9ition ,zamites is employ$ 9 a s5se m or less 9 accordance ) ,brongni>t's usage b ) ! inclusion ( su* =ms z ,z4 ,bu*ianus1 ! type ( ,na?or/'s ,zamiophyllum1 & ! exclusion ( ,he]'s ,arctic & ,halle's ,ant>ctic fronds ref]r$ by !m to ,zamites4 ,fronds broadly lanceolate rea*+ a l5g? ( ov] #fj cm42 p9nae m or less oblique or at "r-angles to ! ra*is 7fig4 #eii71 atta*$ to ! upp] surface b n completely cov]+ x1 l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate or obtuse1 usually abruptly contract$ at ! r\nd$ base & m r>ely 7e4g4 ,z4 ,bu*ianus1 fig4 #fja7 gradually tap]+ to ! proximal end1 ) or )\t a callosity at ! symmetrical base2 ve9s div]g5t at ! base1 simple or di*otom\sly bran*$1 = ! mo/ "p p>allel to ! edges ( ! lam9a & slightly div]g5t 9 ! apical region4 ,! pres5ce ( a basal callosity1 su* z is be/ se5 9 ! p9nae ( rec5t species ( ,macrozamia1 is n a feature ( great importance & _c be easily recognis$ 9 _m impressions4 ,9 ! process ( fossilisation ! p9nae are (t5 flatt5$ aga9/ ! surface ( ! ra*is & ?is may produce transv]se wr9kl+s ( ! lam9a sugge/ive ( a basal ?ick5+4 ,9 "s cases /ems ( ! ,buckl&ia type occur 9 connexion ) ,zamites fronds 7fig4 #eda74 ,an acc\nt ( ^! /ems1 & ( infloresc5ces ( ,williamsonia :i* 7 borne by "s at lea/ ( ! plants ) ,zamites leaves is giv5 9 ,*apt] xxviii4 ,9 su* examples ( ,zamites z h be5 exam9$ ! epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls & ! /omata#aeje1 conf9$ to ! l[] face ( ! lam9a1 occur 9 r[s ) _! long axis at "r-angles to t ( ! p9nae4 ,zamites ranges f ,rhaetic to ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata4 ,zamites truncatus ,zeill]4 ,a ,rhaetic species f ,tonk9#aejf *>act]is$ by oval l9e> p9nae giv5 (f at a wide angle1 alt]nate & n contigu\s2 apex obtusely truncate1 gradually n>r[$ to a cuneate base :i* is r\nd$ or elliptical & has a m or less def9ite callosity4 ,! p9nae v>y f #c to #e cm4 9 l5g? & f #e to #ac mm4 9 bread?4 ,zamites gigas 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,! specific "n gigas is reta9$ 9 pref]5ce to t ( ,mantelli employ$ by ,brongni>t#aejg on ! gr\nd t he aft]w>ds disc>d$ x 9 fav\r ( ! designation propos$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton#aejh1 & because _! "n has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,fronds l>ge1 exce$+ #fj cm42 broadly l9e> lanceolate2 ! comp>atively sl5d] ra*is be>s alt]nate l9e> lanceolate p9nae ) a r\nd$ & usually slightly swoll5 base & an acum9ate apex4 ,at ! apex ( ! frond ! p9nae are n>r[ & l9e> 7fig4 #eii7 & almo/ p>allel to ! ra*is2 9 ! l[] "p !y are %ort] & relatively broad] & atta*$ approximately at "r-angles4 ,! num]\s ve9s div]ge f ! c5tre ( ! base b = ! mo/ "p are p>allel to ! edge ( ! lam9a4 ,! =m ( ! epid]mal cells & ! /ructure ( ! /omata h rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,mr ,?omas4 ,! ext]nal features ( ! /em 7fig4 #eda7 are describ$ "u ! g5us ,williamsonia4 ,9 ! case ( fronds ( ?is type f ,engli% ,jurassic rocks x w\ld be legitimate to speak ( !m z ,williamsonia gigas1 b 9 view ( ! fact t su* fronds usually occur z deta*$ specim5s & )\t any associat$ fl[]s x is advisable1 z ,na?or/ ma9ta9s1 to reta9 ! non-committal g5us ,zamites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eii4 ,zamites gigas4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #bgbc;a2 nat4 size47 ,?is type ( frond is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,jurassic /rata4 ,! occurr5ce ( _m =ms agree+ g5]ally ) ! type-specim5 b diff]+ f x 9 features t are n con/ant or ( real morphological importance r5d]s accurate specific delimitation v difficult4 ,species t appe> to be indi/+ui%able f ,zamites gigas by any well-m>k$ *>act]s are1 ,zamites ,f5eonis#aeji ,brongn41 ,z4 ,moreaui#aeaj ,brongn41 ,z4 ,r5evi]i#aeaa ,he]1 & ,z4 cl>avall5sis#aeab ,sap42 simil>ly ,z4 ,s*mi$elii ,&4#aeac is probably id5tical ) ,z4 gigas4 ,! ,l[] ,cretace\s species ,zamites bohemicus#aead ,vel4 & ,z4 iburg5sis#aeae ,hos4 & von d4 ,m>ck repres5t v simil> =ms4 ,zamites recta 7,tate74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjj4 ,zamites recta4 7,uit5hage s]ies1 ,s4 ,africa47 ,?is species 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,tate#aeaf z ,palaeozamia 7,otozamites7 recta f ,weald5 /rata 9 ,s\? ,africa & subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ,zamites#aeag2 x be>s a v close resemblance to ,z4 gigas4 ,! fronds be> alt]nate l9e> p9nae atta*$ to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is by a slightly contract$ & swoll5 base4 ,! lam9a has an acum9ate asymmetrical apex & ! upp] edge is slightly falcate2 ! l>g] p9nae are ov] #f cm4 long & ne>ly #a cm4 broad2 ! ve9s are frequ5tly =k$ z !y conv]ge t[>ds ! base ( ! lam9a4 ,no cle> evid5ce ( association ( ^! fronds 9 ! ,uit5hage s]ies ( ,s\? ,africa ) ,williamsonia fl[]s has be5 discov]$1 b a specim5#aeah 9 ! ,tate collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum may be a badly pres]v$ clu/] ( bracts belong+ to a ,williamsonia4 ,! ra*is ( ?is species %[s "s peculi> features 9 ! =m ( two r[s ( alt]nate cu%ions 9 "s p>tially decay$ specim5s4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 fig4 #fjj2 ! cu%ions are rais$ oval projections ) a flat top1 & pieces ( ! ra*is )\t p9nae might easily be mi/ak5 = a ,conif]\s /em4 ,zamites ,c>ru!rsi ,sew>d4 ,a species f\nd$ on specim5s f ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex#aeai & record$ f ,kimm]idge b$s 9 ,scotl&#aebj1 *>act]is$ by l9e> or l9e>-elliptical p9nae atta*$ obliquely to ! out] "p ( ! upp] surface ( ! ra*is1 some:at abruptly n>r[$ at ! proximal end b slightly broad5$ at ! actual base 7fig4 #fja1 ,d1 ,e74 ,! p9nae appe> to h be5 caduc\s &1 z 9 fig4 #fja1 ,d1 ! position ( an absciss-lay] is occasionally visible4 ,9 habit ! fronds be> a close resemblance to ^? ( ,encephal>tos longifolius ,lehm4 ,! ve9s div]ge f ! base & are = ! mo/ "p p>allel1 ?\gh div]g5t at ! bluntly r\nd$ apex4 ,if1 z may be ! case1 a specim5 figur$ by ,hugh ,mill]#aeba f ,scotl& z ,zamites & subsequ5tly nam$ by ,ri*>ds#aebb ,podozamites ,mill]i is id5tical ) ,z4 ,c>ru!rsi1 ! specific "n ,mill]i has priority4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fja4 ,a-,c1 ,zamites ,bu*ianus4 ,d1 ,e1 ,zamites ,c>ru!rsi4 ,f1 ,zamites ,zitteli4 7,a-,c aft] ,sew>d2 ,briti% ,museum2 ,a1 ,v4 #bcfc2 ,b1 ,v4 #babc;a2 ,c1 ,v4 #bbbg2 ,f1 aft] ,s*5k47 ,zamites ,bu*ianus 7,ett+%aus574 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjb4 ,zamites ,bu*ianus4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #babj2 nat4 size47 ,a ,weald5 & ,l[] ,cretace\s species#aebc 7figs4 #fja1 ,a-,c2 #fjb7 repres5t$ 9 sev]al ,european localities1 also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,japan1 rea*+ a l5g? ( ov] #gj cm42 9 habit v simil> to ,c]atozamia mexicana1 ,macrozamia ,macleayi & "s o!r rec5t ,cycads4 ,! ra*is has a fairly broad m$ian groove on ! upp] surface2 p9nae alt]nate1 opposite or sub-opposite1 f #c to #bj cm4 long & f #ae to #b cm4 broad1 l9e>1 g5]ally n>r[$ t[>ds ! base1 b 9 ! m sl5d] segm5ts ! r$uction 9 bread? is less obvi\s2 atta*$ obliquely to ! ra*is1 slightly ?ick5$ & broad5$ at ! base 7fig4 #fja1 ,c71 sep>at$ f ! ra*is by a di/9ct absciss-lay] & leav+ an elliptical sc>2 usually incl9$ at ab\t #de b ! angle v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a frond 7fig4 #fjb72 apices g5]ally tap]+ to a po9t1 or m or less obtusely r\nd$2 ve9s num]\s1 p>allel1 & n z a rule prom95t4 ,x is by no means unlikely t specim5s figur$ by ,goepp]t#aebd & "s o!r au?ors z ,pt]ophyllum saxonicum or ,dioonites saxonicus are examples ( ?is species4 ,fonta9e#aebe speaks ( ,dioonites ,bu*ianus z "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ & *>act]i/ic memb]s ( ! ,potomac flora & x is describ$ f ,japan by ,yokoyama#aebf & ,na?or/#aebg4 ,?is type appe>s to be especially *>act]i/ic ( ,weald5 /rata4 ,,otozamites4 ,braun4 ,braun#aebh propos$ ! "n ,otozamites = c]ta9 ,mesozoic fronds =m]ly includ$ 9 ,zamites1 "o ( 8 types be+ ,otozamites obtusus 7,l9d4 & ,hutt47 7fig4 #fjc1 ,b7 orig9ally reg>d$ by ,brongni>t z a ,f]n & nam$ ,filicites ,buckl&i#aebi4 ,! auriculate =m ( ! base ( ! p9nae & ! spread+ ve9s 7 emphasis$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! g5us4 ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r ,cycadean fronds ! limits ( ! g5us are n always easy to def9e1 b z describ$ bel[ ! g5us is on ! :ole fairly di/9ctive4 ,x is a v widely spread ,jurassic type & ext5ds f ,triassic to ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks4 ,! suppos$ ,cretace\s species f ,gre5l&1 ,o4 gro5l&ica ,he]#aecj1 is probably n a plant-impression b a poli%$ groove 9 ! rock4 ,fronds p9nate1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #ej cm4 or m 9 "s species2 p9nae alt]nate1 sep>ate or contigu\s & imbricate1 atta*$ by a portion ( ! base to ! upp] surface ( ! ra*is1 long & n>r[ 7fig4 #fjc1 ,a71 broadly oval or almo/ orbicul>1 apex acute or obtuse1 base auriculate & asymmetrical#aeca1 ! ant]ior lobe be+ m prom95t ?an ! po/]ior edge ( ! lam9a :i* is usually r\nd$4 ,! ve9s radiate f ! base & pass obliquely ) occasional bran*+ to ! edge ( ! p9na2 9 ! m l9e> p9nae ! ve9s may be p>allel or ne>ly s4 ,zigno#aecb figur$ a piece ( an ,otozamites frond f ,jurassic ,italian /rata 9 connexion ) a ,williamsonia & ! actual specim5 9 ! ,padua ,museum amply ju/ifies ! impression produc$ by ! publi%$ draw+4 ,wiel&'s inve/igations#aecc 9 ,mexico h br\ght to light _m cases ( association ( ,otozamites fronds & ,williamsonia fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjc4 ,a1 ,otozamites ,goepp]tianus4 ,b1 ,otozamites obtusus 7 ,o4 ,be*ei72 type-specim54 7,a1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #bcfj2 ,b1 ,ox=d ,museum47 ,! /ructure ( ! epid]mis is p>tially describ$ by ,s*5k#aecd & m fully by ,?omas#aece3 ! epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls & ! /omata1 app>5tly conf9$ to ! l[] surface1 h gu>d-cells ) hemisph]ical or sp9dle-%ap$ ?ick5$ pat*es l ^? ( "s ,zamites fronds4 ,9 "o species1 ,o4 ,fei/manteli ,zig41 ,?omas f\nd ab\t #ajj /omata 9 #a sq4 mm4 ( lam9a =m+ almo/ contigu\s l9es betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! g5us ,ptilophyllum ref]5ce is made to ! occurr5ce ( p9nae ) asymmetrical & auriculate bases1 & x is only by ! comp>ison ( a l>ge numb] ( specim5s t a di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 fronds t %\ld be assign$ to ,otozamites & =ms ( ,ptilophyllum :i* exhibit a well-m>k$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! ,otozamites type ( p9na 7cf4 figs4 #eib1 #eic74 ,! v>iation 9 ! =m ( ! apices ( p9nae & ! relative position ( ! p9nae 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same frond are features wor?y ( notice 9 ! det]m9ation ( species#aecf4 ,! diff]5t appe>ance pres5t$ by an ,otozamites frond z view$ f ! upp] & l[] face is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #fjd4 ,!re are no rec5t ,cycads 9 :i* ! segm5ts h auriculate bases1 b 9 ?is feature z 9 ! s9u\s epid]mal walls ,otozamites agrees ) "s species ( ! ,f]n ,aneimia1 e4g4 ,a4 rotundifolia ,s*rad4 7fig4 #bbc1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjd4 ,otozamites ,be*ei4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,bri/ol ,museum se5 f bel[ 7,a7 & above 7,b74 ,m4 ,s4 ,otozamites ,be*ei ,brongni>t4 ,!re is consid]able confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( ?is species describ$ by ,brongni>t#aecg f ,jurassic /rata z ,filicites ,be*ei3 9 x ,brongni>t includ$ a specim5 f ! ,lias ( ,axm9/] 7,dorset%ire7 previ\sly figur$ by ,de la ,be*e z a fossil ,f]n4 ,x 0 on ! ,axm9/] specim5 t ,l9dley & ,hutton f\nd$ ! species ,otopt]is obtusa#aech1 & z !re is no d\bt z to ! specific id5tity ( _! type-specim5 7fig4 #fjc1 ,b7 & ,de la ,be*e's fossil1 ,brongni>t's designation has prior claim#aeci4 ,otozamites ,be*ei is1 p]haps1 be/ reg>d$ z a compreh5sive type or a gr\p-species 9 :i* num]\s ,otozamites fronds describ$ by au?ors1 on inadequate gr\nds1 z di/9ct species may well be includ$4 ,fronds agree+ g5]ally ) ,o4 ,be*ei 7 v widely spread 9 ,rhaetic & ,jurassic floras4 ,specim5s f ! ,middle ,jurassic rocks ( ,york%ire h be5 describ$ z ,otozamites obtusus v>4 ooliticus#aedj to d5ote a slight diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! p9nae f ! ,liassic fronds f ,dorset%ire2 b ! di/9ctive features ( ! v>iety ooliticus are unimportant & h>dly wor?y ( consid]ation 9 a g5]al acc\nt ( ! species int]pret$ 9 a wide s5se4 ,fronds p9nate2 p9nae usually m or less falcate1 occasionally /raight & ) p>allel sides1 atta*$ obliquely to ! upp] side ( ! ra*is2 imbricate or sep>ate1 ! upp] edge ( ! base ( ! lam9a /rongly auriculate1 ! l[] edge r\nd$2 apex obtuse2 ve9s /rongly div]g5t especially 9 ! lob$ base & ext5d+ obliquely to ! upp] & l[] edge ( ! lam9a4 ,! specim51 f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 drawn 9 outl9e 9 fig4 #fje1 is an almo/ p]fect frond3 ! p9nae are obtusely po9t$1 slightly falcate1 & !re is a prom95t lobe on ! upp] edge ( ! base ( ! lam9ae4 ,! ,jurassic species ,otozamites graphicus#aeda 7,leck4 ex ,bean ,,ms471 ,o4 vicet9us ,zig4#aedb1 ,o4 ,h5nocquei#aedc 7,pom471 ,o4 recurr5s ,sap41 ,o4 ,t]quemi#aedd ,sap41 ,o4 l9e>is#aede ,halle1 are "s ( _m examples ( fronds agree+ closely ) ,o4 ,be*ei1 or 9 ! case ( ,o4 ,t]quemi ) ,o4 graphicus4 ,! fronds describ$ by ,halle f ,graham ,l& z ,o4 l9e>is af=d a good illu/ration ( ! range ( v>iation 9 ! p9nae3 a *>act]i/ic feature is ! consid]able l5g?1 exce$+ #bj cm41 ( ! n>r[ l9e> fronds4 ,! impressions f ! ,kome 7,cretace\s7 b$s ( ,gre5l& describ$ by ,he] z ,glossozamites ,s*5kii#aedf are probably closely alli$ to ,o4 ,be*ei4 ,! ,rhaetic species ,o4 ,buckl&i ,s*5k#aedg1 ,o4 indos95sis ,zeill4#aedh1 & ,o4 ,polakii ,krass#aedi1 illu/rate old] examples ( closely alli$ types4 ,zeill] records ,otozamites p9nae simil> to ^? ( ,o4 indos95sis f ,rhaetic b$s 9 ,p]sia#aeej4 ,otozamites ,beani 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fje4 ,otozamites ,be*ei4 7,briti% ,museum1 #djfgb2 nat4 size47 ,f\nd$ on a specim5 9 ! ,sc>bor\gh ,museum f ! ,middle ,jurassic ( ,york%ire#aeea :i* is indi/+ui%able f ,leck5by's type-specim5 ( ,otopt]is m$iana#aeeb 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,long & n>r[ fronds exce$+ #bj cm4 9 l5g?1 *>act]is$ by ! broadly oval1 deltoid or sub-orbicul> p9nae1 sep>ate or p>tially imbricate & atta*$ by a broad auriculate base2 apex bluntly r\nd$2 ve9s num]\s & spread+ f ! base ( ! lam9a4 ,! p9nae1 :i* may be #ce cm4 long & ne>ly #b cm4 broad1 are n>r[] & long] 9 ! di/al "p ( ! frond 7fig4 #fjf74 ,! ,italian ,jurassic species ,otozamites molianus ,zig4#aeec1 record$ also f ,bornholm1 is a v simil> type4 ,! g5]ic "n ,cyclozamia sugge/$ by ,pomel = ?is =m ( frond has n be5 adopt$ ?\gh x is appli$ by ,s*imp] to ,o4 ,bunburyanus ,zig4 ,otozamites ,bunburyanus ,zigno4 ,a ,jurassic species#aeed simil> 9 ! long & n>r[ =m ( ! frond to ,o4 ,beani b di/+ui%$ by ! mu* small] segm5ts & by _! m orbicul> lam9a 7fig4 #fjf1 ,b74 ,9 habit ! fronds agree closely ) ! ,f]n ,nephrolepis ,duffi4 ,leck5by's species1 ,otopt]is t5uata#aeee1 is probably ! same z ,zigno's ,o4 ,bunburyanus1 ! type-specim5 ( :i* 9 ! ,padua ,museum consi/s ( a long & n>r[ frond ) leaflets n exce$+ #h cm4 9 l5g?2 ! ra*is is hidd5 by ! imbricate auriculate bases ( ! leaflets4 ,fei/mantel#aeef ref]s to ?is species "s pieces ( v n>r[ fronds ) ov]lapp+ p9nae f ,upp] ,gondwana b$s 9 ,india4 ,a /ill small] =m is describ$ by ,mll]#aeeg f ,bornholm z ,o4 t5uissimus1 & ,o4 ,bunburyanus is record$ f ! same flora4 ,o4 ,fei/manteli ,zig4#aeeh agrees 9 ! =m ( ! frond & 9 its %ort & broad p9nae ) ,o4 ,bunburyanus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjf4 ,a1 ,otozamites ,beani4 ,b1 ,otozamites ,bunburyanus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjg4 ,otozamites b5gal5sis4 7,indian ,geological ,survey1 ,calcutta2 nat4 size47 ,otozamites b5gal5sis 7,oldham & ,morris74 ,?is ,indian species f ! ,rajmahal ,hills#aeei & specim5s ( ! same type f ! ,cut* flora describ$ z ,o4 contiguus ,fei/4 af=d ano!r illu/ration ( long & n>r[ fronds ) %ort & relatively broad p9nae4 ,! draw+s publi%$ by ,oldham & ,morris accurately repres5t ! specim5s3 ! longe/ frond is #ba cm4 long & nei!r end is complete 7fig4 #fjg72 x is #i mm4 broad at ! n>r[] end & #ae cm4 at ! broad] end4 ,! ra*is is repres5t$ by a deep & broad groove2 ! actual bases ( ! leaflets are n pres]v$1 b _! position %[s t !y 7 atta*$ to ! upp] face3 ?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! specim5 describ$ by ,fei/mantel z ,o4 contiguus :i* %[s also t ! lam9a is auriculate at ! upp] edge ( ! base4 ,! p9nae v>y 9 %ape2 ! small] ones are *>act]is$ by a /rongly curv$ l[] m>g9 & ! upp] edge is slightly curv$ or /raight1 :ile ! l>g] leaflets h m p>allel edges & blunt] r\nd$ apices3 ! latt] =m is well %[n 9 ! specim5s unnecess>ily di/+ui%$ by ,oldham & ,morris z v>4 obtusa4 ,otozamites ,klip/e9ii 7,dunk]74 ,?is ,weald5 species1 fir/ describ$ by ,dunk] z ,cyclopt]is ,klip/e9ii#aefj1 is rem>kable = ! l>ge p9nae4 ,! ra*is is fairly /\t2 ! broadly oval or oblong p9nae v>y consid]ably 9 size & 9 ! relation ( bread? to l5g?1 9 r>e cases rea*+ a l5g? ( ov] #h cm4 & a bread? ( #bd cm42 apex obtuse1 base slightly auriculate & asymmetrical2 ve9s num]\s1 radiat+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! m>g9 ( ! lam9a4 ,! occurr5ce ( f9] l9es betwe5 ! m prom95t ve9s may indicate ! pres5ce ( hypod]mal /]eome /r&s4 ,fig4 #fjh illu/rates ! /rik+ v>iation 9 ! size ( ! p9nae on a s+le frond & _! atta*m5t to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is4 ,9 ! bread? ( ! segm5ts ,o4 ,klip/e9ii resembles ,o4 ,beani 7,l9d4 & ,hutt471 ,o4 decorus ,sap4#aefa1 ,o4 lagotis ,brongn4#aefb & two species f ,s\? ,russia describ$ by ,?omas#aefc z ,o4 ,izuim5sis & ,o4 giganteus4 ,! p9nae ( ,o4 giganteus exce$ #aj cm4 9 l5g? & #c cm4 9 bread?1 ?us surpass+ ! l>ge/ segm5ts ( ,o4 ,klip/e9ii4 ,"s p9nae f ! ,jurassic flora ( ,oregon made by ,fonta9e ! type ( a new species1 ,o4 oregon5sis#aefd1 may be fragm5ts ( ,o4 ,klip/e9ii4 ,na?or/#aefe records ! occurr5ce 9 ,l[] ,cretace\s or ,weald5 b$s 9 ,spitzb]g5 ( ,cycadean leaflets v l ^? ( ,o4 ,klip/e9ii4 ,otozamites ,goepp]tianus 7,dunk]74 ,?is ,weald5 species1 nam$ by ,dunk]#aeff ,pt]ophyllum ,goepp]tianum1 agrees 9 habit ) "s ( ^? to :i* ref]5ce is made "u ,o4 ,be*ei1 e4g4 ,o4 l9e>is ,halle1 & repres5ts a type ( ! g5us ) unusually n>r[ p9nae 7fig4 #fjc1 ,a74 ,! auriculate =m ( ! lam9a is feebly develop$2 ! l9e>-lanceolate p9nae are occasionally falcate & h acute apices2 z 9 _m o!r species !y 7 app>5tly decidu\s4 ,x is by no means easy to di/+ui% "s ( ^! fronds f specim5s includ$ 9 ,ptilophyllum pect54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fjh4 ,otozamites ,klipt/e9i4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #cgji2 nat4 size47 ,,dictyozamites4 ,oldham4 ,?is g5]ic "n 0 in/itut$#aefg = p9nate fronds f ! ,rajmahal s]ies ( ,india1 assign$ by ,fei/mantel to a ,l[] ,jurassic horizon1 b probably ne>] 9 age to ! ,middle ,jurassic s]ies4 ,morris1 jo9t au?or ) ,oldham ( ! ,memoir on ! ,rajmahal plants1 adopt$ ! "n ,dictyopt]is4 ,dictyozamites agrees v closely ) ,otozamites b is readily di/+ui%$ by ! ana/omos+ ve9s 7fig4 #fji71 :ile ! abs5ce ( a midrib diff]5tiates x f ! ,palaeozoic g5us ,dictyopt]is4 ,! g5us is record$ also f ,jurassic /rata 9 ,engl&1 ,bornholm1 ,japan#aefh1 ,korea#aefi1 & f a locality #fj nautical miles ,n4,w4 ( ,cape ,horn 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego#aegj3 ! specim5s f ^! localities diff] only 9 unimportant details f ! ,indian type4 ,dictyozamites is conf9$ to ,jurassic floras & appe>s to be especially *>act]i/ic ( ,middle ,jurassic floras4 ,9 ,india#aega fronds occur 9 close association ) /ems ( ! ,buckl&ia type &1 al?\gh !re is no pro( ( any connexion ) /ems or fl[]s1 x is probable t ! fronds ( ?is g5]ic type 7 borne on /ems simil> to ^? ( ,buckl&ia & t ! fl[]s 7 con/ruct$ on ! ,williamsonia plan4 ,dictyozamites falcatus 7,morris74 ,morris#aegb describ$ ?is ,rajmahal species "u ! names ,dictyopt]is falcata & ,d4 falcata v>4 obtusa2 ! specim5s 7 includ$ by ,fei/mantel "u ! designation ,dictyozamites indicus1 ! orig9al t]m falcata be+ disc>d$ )\t adequate reason4 ,an exam9ation ( sev]al ( ! figur$ fronds enables me to confirm ! accuracy ( ! publi%$ draw+s & to ext5d ! description 9 a few p>ticul>s4 ,fronds p9nate ( ! habit ( ,otozamites2 p9nae comp>atively ?ick1 broadly l9e>1 alt]nate1 v>y+ consid]ably 9 size & 9 ! =m ( ! apex :i* may be obtuse or acute4 ,! p9nae are atta*$ by ! middle "p ( ! lam9a only2 ! upp] edge ( ! base is slightly r\nd$ or auriculate2 ! l[] angle is g5]ally m def9itely lob$4 ,! imbricate bases completely cov] ! upp] face ( ! comp>atively sl5d] ra*is4 ,! longe/ p9na se5 on an ,indian frond is #f cm4 ) a bread? ( #b cm4 ,"s ( ! p9nae on magnification exhibit a f9ely tub]culate appe>ance1 due no d\bt to ! pres5ce ( papillae on ! epid]mal cells l ^? on ! p9nae ( ,engli% & ,bornholm specim5s4 ,?is species is record$ by ,yokoyama#aegc f ,japan z ,d4 falcatus v>4 di/ans1 & a simil> =m1 ref]r$ by him to a di/9ct species1 ,d4 gross9]vis1 may be m appropriately nam$ ,d4 falcatus v>4 gross9]vis#aegd4 ,! ,indian type occurs also 9 ,jurassic rocks ( ,korea1 & ,halle has discov]$ "s ,dictyozamites leaves 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego#aege :i* he describes z ,dictyozamites sp4 cf4 ,d4 falcatus3 ?is record is ( special int]e/ f a phytogeographical po9t ( view4 ,dictyozamites ,john/rupi ,na?or/4 ,?is species#aegf1 f rocks usually spok5 ( z ,liassic b n improbably ,middle ,jurassic 9 age1 diff]s f ,d4 falcatus 9 ! slightly m falcate =m ( ! p9nae & 9 ! m /rongly auriculate upp] angle ( ! base ( ! lam9a4 ,! /omata#aegg are conf9$ to ! l[] epid]mis & ! /rongly cuticul>is$ gu>d-cells frequ5tly lie at "r-angles to ! c\rse ( ! ve9s4 ,! epid]mal cells h v s9u\s walls 7fig4 #fji1 ,c7 & 9 ! middle ( ea* is a prom95t papilla4 ,dictyozamites ,hawelli ,sew>d4 ,?is ,middle ,jurassic type f ,m>ske#aegh1 ,york%ire1 diff]s f ,d4 falcatus 9 ! relatively broad] segm5ts1 _! /raight] =m 7fig4 #fji1 ,b71 & 9 ! atta*m5t to ! ra*is be+ slightly bel[ ! middle ( ! p9na base4 ,fig4 #fji1 ,a1 %[s ! base ( a p9na & an oval sc> simil> to ^? on ! ra*is ( "s rec5t ,cycads 7cf4 fig4 #chg74 ,! epid]mis is l t 9 ,d4 ,john/rupi & z 9 t species ! /omata are conf9$ to ! l[] surface4 ,!re are approximately #abj /omata p] squ>e millimetre2 ea* ) two subsidi>y cells 7fig4 #fji1 ,c7 ( elongat$ =m1 & ! gu>d-cells h small ?ick5$ outgr[?s or papillae z 9 ,d4 ,john/rupi4 ,! epid]mal features are describ$ "u ,d4 ,john/rupi & ,d4 ,hawelli 7fig4 #fji1 ,c73 a full] acc\nt ( ^? 9 ! latt] species w be f\nd 9 ! pap] by ,mr ,?omas & ,miss ,bancr(t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fji4 ,dictyozamites ,hawelli4 7,a1 ,b1 ,briti% ,museum2 ,c1 aft] ,?omas & ,bancr(t47 ,,pt]ophyllum4 ,brongni>t4 ,! "n ,pt]ophyllum 0 fir/ appli$ by ,brongni>t#aegi to "s fronds f ! ,lias ( ,hr1 :i* he nam$ ,p4 majus & ,p4 m9us1 species subsequ5tly remov$ by ,na?or/#aehj to ,s*imp]'s g5us ,anomozamites4 ,brongni>t#aeha def9$ ,pt]ophyllum fronds1 e4g4 ,p4 ,jaeg]i 7fig4 #faj71 z p9nate1 be>+ p9nules ( almo/ equal bread? atta*$ by ! :ole wid? ( ! base & ) a truncate apex2 ve9s sl5d]1 equal1 simple & slightly ar*$4 ,!re has be5 consid]able confusion & laxity 9 reg>d to ! application ( ! "n ,pt]ophyllum & 9 _m cases no cle> di/9ction has be5 recognis$ betwe5 ?is g5us & ,nilssonia4 ,9 ,nilssonia ! di/9ctive feature is ! complete abs5ce ( any ra*is uncov]$ by ! lam9a on ! upp] face ( well-pres]v$ specim5s1 :ile 9 ,pt]ophyllum ! cont9uity ( ! lam9a is brok5 by a great] or less bread? ( ra*is 9 ! middle l9e ( ! frond2 ! lam9a does n cov] ! ra*is b is atta*$ lat]ally1 or at lea/ ! two lam9ae ( ! frond1 :e!r entire or deeply dissect$1 d n meet 9 ! middle ( ! ra*is4 ,a specim5 f ! ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l& describ$ by ,he] z ,pt]ophyllum conc9num#aehb & n[ 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum is probably a piece ( a ,nilssonia2 ! ra*is is n expos$ on ! surface ( ! frond4 ,9 ,nilssonia ! ve9s are ) few exceptions simple2 9 ,pt]ophyllum !y are (t5 bran*$ especially ne> _! orig9 f ! ra*is3 9 ,nilssonia ! segm5ts are ( unequal bread?2 9 ,pt]ophyllum !y are usually equal4 ,x has be5 ! practice ( sev]al au?ors to foll[ ,s*imp]#aehc 9 ! employm5t ( ! g5]ic "n ,anomozamites = fronds ) a m or less entire or irregul>ly p9natisect lam9a :i* be> a v close resemblance to ,nilssonia except t a portion ( ! ra*is is expos$ on ! upp] face4 ,potoni#aehd us$ ,pt]ophyllum 9 a wid] s5se includ+ bo? fronds ) equal p9nae & ^? ( ! ,anomozamites type3 ?is m ext5d$ use ( ,pt]ophyllum is adopt$ by ,zeill]#aehe :o pref]s to reta9 ,anomozamites only z a sub-g5us4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! foll[+ def9ition is fram$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #faj4 ,pt]ophyllum ,jaeg]i4 ,f ! ,keup] ( ,lunz2 "p ( a frond #bce cm4 long & incomplete4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #ajdd2 nat4 size47 ,fronds p9nate2 p9nae l9e>1 atta*$ by ! :ole base1 :i* may be enl>g$2 ! apex is truncate1 r\nd$1 or occasionally po9t$2 ! ve9s are simple or di*otom\sly bran*$ & p>allel to ! edge ( ! lam9a4 ,9 "s fronds 7sub-g5us ,anomozamites7 ! segm5ts are unequal 7fig4 #fae71 %ort1 broad & truncate1 & ! lam9a may be entire or divid$ into a few v unequal segm5ts4 ,! surface ( ! ra*is is nev] completely cov]$ by ! lam9a on ! upp] face ( ! frond & is (t5 *>act]is$ by transv]se wr9kl+s1 possibly due to ! pres5ce ( ram5tal scales4 ,"s int]e/+ x]ophil\s features h rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,halle#aehf 9 ! lam9a ( ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 m>g9atum1 a ,rhaetic species figur$ by ,s*5k & ,na?or/ f ,franconia & ,scania4 ,! p9nae 7 ?ick & succul5t4 ,/omata are conf9$ to ! l[] surface & ! edges ( ! upp] face ( ! lam9a =m a r\nd$ curve caus+ ! ?ick upp] cuticle to abut on ! ?9n] /omatif]\s l[] cuticle1 ?us produc+ 9 impressions ! appe>ance ( ?ick5$ m>g9s4 ,!re is no satisfactory evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! reproductive organs or /ems ( ! plants :i* bore fronds ( ! type repres5t$ by ,p4 ,jaeg]i 7fig4 #faj7 & o!r =ms ) equal segm5ts4 ,a /em ref]r$ by ,he]#aehg & by ,leu?>dt#aehh to ,pt]ophyllum 0 n f\nd 9 connexion ) leaves1 & !re is ! same abs5ce ( any conv9c+ evid5ce 9 ! case ( ! imp]fect specim5s f ! ,keup] ( ,basel believ$ by ,leu?>dt to be male & female infloresc5ces4 ,on ! o!r h& leaves ( ,anomozamites are kn[n to h be5 borne on comp>atively sl5d] /ems ) di*asial bran*+1 & ! reproductive %oots are ( ! same g5]al type z ^? kn[n z ,b5nettites4 ,?is discov]y is due to ,na?or/ :o f\nd$ ! g5us ,wiel&iella#aehi on f]tile /ems ) ,anomozamites fronds4 ,mr ,?omas#aeij has rec5tly obta9$ evid5ce f ,york%ire ,jurassic mat]ial po9t+ to a simil> connexion betwe5 ,anomozamites fronds & ,wiel&iella /ems4 ,pt]ophyllum is fur!r di/+ui%$ f ,nilssonia by ! fold$ walls ( ! epid]mal cells & by ! pres5ce ( two cresc5tic subsidi>y cells 7fig4 #faa1 ,a7 in/ead ( ! r+ ( cells :i* surr\nds ! gu>d-cells 9 ,nilssonia 7fig4 #faa1 ,b74 ,s*5k#aeia figur$ a few pieces ( cuticle f fronds ref]r$ to ,pt]ophyllum 9 :i* ! walls are m or less s9u\s1 b ! cells ( ,pt]ophyllum crass9]ve ,goepp4#aeib appe> to h /raight walls3 ?is species is1 h[ev]1 probably a ,nilssonia4 ,! /oma repres5t$ 9 fig4 #faa1 ,a1 is f ! l[] epid]mis ( ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,nilssoni 7,phill47#aeic4 ,pt]ophyllum ext5ds f ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s to ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata & is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,keup] & ,rhaetic floras4 ,a possible repres5tative ( ! sub-g5us ,anomozamites is describ$ by ,ett+%aus5 f ,t]ti>y b$s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales z ,anomozamites ,muell]i#aeid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #faa4 ,a1 ,pt]ophyllum ,nilssoni2 ,b1 ,nilssonia m$iana4 7,aft] ,?omas & ,bancr(t47 ,pt]ophyllum ,fayoli ,r5ault & ,zeill]4 ,?is species#aeie 0 f\nd$ on a l>ge frond f ! ,comm5try coalfield ) a /\t ra*is be>+ l9e> p9nae1 atta*$ along a n>r[ groove on its out] edge1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #ab cm4 & a bread? ( #a cm42 adjac5t p9nae are unit$ at ! base4 ,! apices are po9t$ & !re are #aj-ab unbran*$ ve9s 9 ! lam9a4 ,fig4 #fab %[s a small piece ( ! l>ge specim5 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,p>is4 ,pt]ophyllum sp4 ,arb]4 ,! only repres5tative ( a ,c>bonif]\s frond ( ,cycadean habit discov]$ 9 ,brita9 is t record$ by ,arb]#aeif f ,we/phalian /rata at a dep? ( #ahcd ft at ,b>fre/on 9 ,k5t4 ,a fairly /\t ra*is be>s incomplete p9nae ! longe/ ( :i* is slightly m ?an #a cm4 9 l5g? & #a-ae cm4 broad2 ea* segm5t1 v slightly contract$ at ! base1 has #c-d occasionally =k$ ve9s4 ,arb] comp>es ! fragm5ts ) ,pt]ophyllum ble*noides ,s&4 f ,g]many#aeig4 ,pt]ophyllum ,cambryi ,r5ault4 ,?is ,p]mian species f ,autun#aeih is simil> to ,p4 ,fayoli1 b diff]s 9 ! m sl5d] ra*is & 9 ! f9] v5ation ( ! l9e>1 acute1 p9nae4 ,! p9nae 9 ,r5ault's specim5 rea* a l5g? ( #dh cm4 & are f #ce-d mm4 broad2 !y are slightly conflu5t at ! base & ! ve9s occasionally =k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fab4 ,pt]ophyllum ,fayoli4 7,f ! type-specim51 ,p>is2 nat4 size47 ,among o!r ,palaeozoic species are ,pt]ophyllum ,gr&',euryanum ,sap4 & ,m>4#aeii discov]$ by ,gr&',eury 9 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,france1 ,p4 ble*noides ,s&4#afjj f ! ,upp] ,coal ,measures ( ,opp5au & record$ by ,ge9itz#afja f ! ,middle ,p]mian ( ,g]many1 ,p4 ,cottaeanum ,gutb4#afjb1 a simil> type1 also f ,p]mian rocks1 b ) co>s] v5ation4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ,ge9itz z ,p4 ble*noides & ,p4 ,cottaeanum are 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum3 ! =m] species is repres5t$ by a good impression on %ale :i* %[s ! g5]ic *>act]s v cle>ly4 ,pt]ophyllum ,jaeg]i ,brongni>t4 ,brongni>t#afjc f\nd$ ?is species 7fig4 #faj7 on mat]ial f ! ,keup] ( ,/uttg>t4 ,! fronds are *>act]is$ by ! relatively n>r[ p>allel-sid$ p9nae ) r\nd$ or truncate apices & little or no basal contraction2 ! p9nae may be contigu\s or sep>ate4 ,!re are #ad-af ve9s 9 ea* p9na4 ,leu?>dt#afjd1 :o figures sev]al examples ( ?is species f ,keup] /rata at ,basel1 speaks ( ! bread?-index ( ! p9nae z #ab1 a t]m employ$ to d5ote ! relation ( ! bread? to ! l5g? ( a segm5t4 ,pt]ophyllum longifolium#afje is a v simil> ,keup] type3 9 ?is species ! p9nae are r %ort] & broad] ?an 9 ,p4 ,jaeg]i & contract$ at ! base2 ! apex is truncate or obtuse4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! species is1 h[ev]1 v trifl+4 ,! imp]fectly pres]v$ fossils figur$ by ,leu?>dt#afjf z ! infloresc5ces ( ,pt]ophyllum h n be5 f\nd 9 connexion ) fronds & _! nature is problematical4 ,?is & o!r species are record$ by ,krass]#afjg f ! ,lunz b$s 9 ,au/ria4 ,pt]ophyllum ,bronni ,s*5k4 ,a ,keup] species#afjh f ,raibl 9 ,c>9?ia di/+ui%$ by its l>ge p9nae1 #ae cm4 or m 9 l5g? & #je cm4 broad1 & by _! almo/ digitate disposition on ! ra*is4 ,! fronds appe> to be relatively %ort3 ! upp] p9nae are highly incl9$ :ile ! l[] are giv5 (f at an obtuse angle2 !y are obcuneate or m or less oblanceolate1 ) a truncate asymmetrical apex & r\nd$ angles2 ! base is slightly contract$4 ,arb]#afji has figur$ "s specim5s f ! ,muni* ,museum 9 "o ( :i* !re are five spread+ p9nae & a portion ( ! ra*is2 "o p9na is und\bt$ly atta*$ & ! o!rs1 ?\gh probably 9 place1 are n 9 actual connexion ) ! axis4 ,!re is a close resemblance betwe5 ?is species & ,sph5ozamites ,rog]sianus ,font4#afaj3 9 ! ,am]ican type ! fronds mu/ h be5 #a met4 long2 ! leaflets1 #ai #i cm41 are elliptical1 broade/ ne> ! apex & atta*$ by ! middle ( ! r\nd$ base4 ,betwe5 ! div]g5t & =k$ ve9s !re is a f9e granulation probably due to ! pres5ce ( papillae4 ,pt]ophyllum ,bronni & ,p4 ,rog]sianum might be plac$ 9 ,s*imp]'s g5us ,macropt]ygium#afaa1 ?\gh ano!r ,raibl species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,s*5k z ,pt]ophyllum giganteum#afab & ref]r$ by ,s*imp] to ,macropt]ygium1 has mu* long] & relatively n>r[ p9nae & agrees m closely ) ,pt]ophyllum z ! g5us is usually def9$4 ,9 ord] to emphasise ! di/9ctive features ( ,pt]ophyllum ,bronni & ,fonta9e's ,virg9ian species !y may conv5i5tly be spok5 ( z ,pt]ophyllum 7,macropt]ygium7 ,bronni & ,pt]ophyllum 7,macropt]ygium7 ,rog]sianum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fac4 ,pt]ophyllum ,braunianum4 7,a1 nat4 size2 ,b1 enl>g$2 aft] ,s*5k47 ,pt]ophyllum ,braunianum ,goepp]t4 ,9 ?is ,rhaetic species#afac 7fig4 #fac7 ! n>r[ l9e> p9nae1 contigu\s or m or less di/ant1 are #a-b mm4 broad & may exce$ #e cm4 9 l5g? ?\gh !y are usually %ort]2 !y are atta*$ m or less at "r-angles to ! sides ( a transv]sely wr9kl$ ra*is4 ,! base ( ! lam9a is broad5$ & ! ve9s are p>allel1 simple or =k$4 ,! epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls4 ,pt]ophyllum ,tietzei ,s*5k4 ,a ,rhaetic species f\nd$#afad on specim5s f ,p]sia & describ$ also by ,zeill]#afae f ,tonk9 repres5t$ by fronds #a met4 long & at lea/ #ae cm4 broad4 ,! segm5ts1 #c-g cm4 long & #h-ah mm4 broad1 are (t5 set at "r-angles to ! ra*is2 ! edges are p>allel b ! l[] edge b5ds upw>ds at ! apex4 ,! ve9s are simple or =k$ & approximately #jc mm4 ap>t4 ,pt]ophyllum ,bavi]i ,zeill]4 ,?is ,rhaetic species f ,tonk9#afaf & ,p]sia#afag is int]e/+ z af=d+ an example ( a frond ) exceptionally n>r[ & contigu\s p9nae4 ,! frond is n>r[ & lanceolate1 #ae-bj cm4 long ) p9nae normal to ! ra*is1 #e-a mm4 broad & #g-be mm4 long atta*$ by ! :ole base :i* is sometimes slightly enl>g$4 ,! ve9s are simple or =k$1 #ae-be mm4 ap>t3 ! apices ( ! segm5ts are r\nd$ or truncate & ! =m ( ! :ole is simil> to t ( ,pt]ophyllum aequale b n>r[]4 ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 incon/ans ,braun4 ,9 habit ?is ,rhaetic species#afah resembles ,nilssonia compta4 ,! l9e>-lanceolate fronds1 z describ$ by ,zeill]#afai 9 8 ,tonk9 memoir1 atta9 a l5g? ( #bj cm4 & a bread? ( #d cm4 ,! ra*is1 *>act]is$ by num]\s transv]se ridges1 be>s alt]nate or sub-opposite leaflets (t5 at "r-angles2 !y are almo/ rectangul> & h>dly long] ?an broad1 atta*$ by ! :ole ( ! base1 :i* may be broad5$1 to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is1 b ! lam9a does n cov] ! :ole ( ! ra*is z 9 ,nilssonia4 ,! p9nae v>y 9 bread? on ! same frond & occasionally ! lam9a is cont9u\s z 9 "s =ms ( ,nilssonia4 ,s*5k#afbj figures examples f ! ,rhaetic ( ,franconia 9 :i* ! lam9a is v irregul>ly dissect$ & may be entire = a consid]able di/ance4 ,! epid]mal cells h slightly s9u\s walls4 ,a simil> type is repres5t$ by ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,s*5ki ,zeill4#afba1 b ! segm5ts are contract$ basally & become wid] t[>ds ! apex :]e1 z 9 ,p4 incon/ans1 ! edges are p>allel4 ,fei/mantel's species ,platypt]ygium ,balli#afbb1 ?\gh sup]ficially simil> to ,pt]ophyllum1 appe>s to agree m closely ) ,pseudoct5is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fad4 ,a1 ,b1 ,pt]ophyllum ,na?or/i2 ,a f bel[2 ,b f above4 ,c1 ,nilssonia t5uicaulis4 7,a1 ,b1 ,gunn ,collection1 ,briti% ,museum2 ,c1 ,arb] ,coll4 ,s$gwick ,museum1 #eci2 nat4 size47 ,pt]ophyllum ,na?or/i ,sew>d4 ,?is species1 f\nd$ on a specim5 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge1 f ! ,middle ,jurassic b$s ( ,york%ire1 0 =m]ly ref]r$ to ! g5us ,dioonites#afbc1 b s9ce ! ,york%ire specim5s 7 supplem5t$ by mat]ial f ,kimm]idge /rata 9 ,scotl&#afbd af=d+ m def9ite in=mation ) reg>d to ! atta*m5t ( ! p9nae x has be5 transf]r$ to ,pt]ophyllum4 ,p9nae lat]ally atta*$ to ! ra*is :i* 9 "s specim5s %[s a transv]se wr9kl+1 n>r[1 l9e>1 #c-d mm4 wide & rea*+ a l5g? ( #i cm4 ,! base ( ! segm5ts is slightly exp&$2 ! apex is acum9ate or bluntly po9t$3 !re are approximately ?ree ve9s 9 #a mm4 ( lam9a4 ,?is type 7fig4 #fad1 ,a1 ,b7 is simil> to ,pt]ophyllum aequale ,brongn4 z figur$ by ,zeill]#afbe f ! ,rhaetic ( ,tonk9 & agrees closely ) "s ( ! l>ge ,rhaetic specim5s ref]r$ by ,s*5k to ,p4 ,braunianum4 ,! ,jurassic fronds f ,oregon describ$ by ,fonta9e#afbf z ,ct5ophyllum angu/ifolium are simil> =ms & a specim5 f ! ,weald5 ( ,g]many includ$ by ,s*5k 9 ,p4 ,dunk]ianum#afbg %\ld probably be includ$ 9 ?is species4 ,o!r closely alli$ =ms are repres5t$ by ,p4 di/ans ,old4 & ,morr4#afbh & ,p4 ,footeanum f ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fae4 ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,nilssoni4 7,briti% ,museum1 #ci1cjf2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #faf4 ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,lyellianum4 7,geological ,survey ,museum1 #fcif2 nat4 size47 ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,nilssoni 7,phillips74 ,! type-specim51 f ! ,jurassic b$s on ! ,york%ire coa/ & n[ 9 ! ,york ,museum1 0 describ$ by ,phillips#afbi z ,aspl5iopt]is ,nilssoni & plac$ 9 ,pt]ophyllum by ,l9dley & ,hutton & _m o!r au?ors#afcj4 ,! fronds are l9e>2 ! lam9a may be almo/ entire or divid$ into unequal deep truncate segm5ts2 ! ve9s are simple or di*otom\sly bran*$ 7fig4 #fae74 ,! leaves are v simil> to ^? ( ,nilssonia2 !y 7 probably borne on /ems simil> to ^? describ$ by ,na?or/ z ,wiel&iella4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells 9 ! acc\nt ( ! g5us4 ,pt]ophyllum 7,anomozamites7 ,lyellianum 7,dunk]74 ,?is ,weald5 species1 orig9ally ref]r$ by ,dunk]#afca to ,pt]ophyllum1 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,anomozamites#afcb4 ,! fronds1 9 habit resembl+ ! l>g] ,rhaetic species ,p4 ,braunianum ,goepp41 are *>act]is$ by ! n>r[ l9e> p9nae ( almo/ equal bread? atta*$ approximately at "r angles2 !re is a n>r[ l9e ( ra*is sep>at+ ! two r[s ( segm5ts 7fig4 #faf74 ,,cycadites4 ,/]nb]g4 ,,pseudocycas4 ,na?or/4 ,! g5]ic "n ,cycadites 0 fir/ us$ by ,/]nb]g#afcc ?\gh x has s9ce be5 %[n t ! specim5s = :i* he propos$ x belong to o!r g5]a4 ,z employ$ by ,brongni>t#afcd & o!r au?ors ,cycadites /&s = fossil fronds agree+ 9 habit ) ! p9nate leaves ( rec5t species ( ,cycas 7fig4 #chg1 ,a72 ! pres5ce ( a s+le m$ian 9 ! l9e> p9nae is g5]ally reg>d$ z an ess5tial feature4 ,cycadites may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,fronds p9nate2 p9nae alt]nate or opposite1 l9e> entire1 ) a midrib & no lat]al ve9s1 atta*$ to ! ra*is by ! entire base1 ! l[] m>g9 ( :i* may be slightly decurr5t or n>r[$ ne> ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,epid]mal cells ) /raight walls & /omata agree+ 9 /ructure ) ^? ( ! rec5t g5us4 ,z ?us def9$1 includ+ ! *>act]s ( ! epid]mal cells1 ! g5us has no repres5tatives2 b ! g5]ic "n %\ld also be appli$1 z ,miss ,hold5#afce has rec5tly sugge/$1 to fronds ( ! ,cycas =m :i* af=d no in=mation ) reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! epid]mis4 ,! resemblance ( ,cycadites fronds to ^? ( ,cycas1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t impressions sup]ficially resembl+ megasporophylls ( ! rec5t g5us are record$ f ,mesozoic /rata1 0 consid]$ suffici5t ju/ification = ! employm5t ( a "n imply+ close aff9ity to or ev5 g5]ic id5tity ) ,cycas4 ,a full] k ( ! epid]mal *>act]s ( "s ( ! fronds hi!rto includ$ 9 ,cycadites has necessitat$ ! sub/itution ( a new g5us = ,cycadites4 ,an exam9ation by ,na?or/#afcf ( ,he]'s ,l[] ,cretace\s ,gre5l& species ,cycadites ,/e5/rupi & ( o!r fronds %[$ t ! epid]mal cell-walls are s9u\s & ! /omata arrang$ diff]5tly f ^? ( ,cycas4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons ,na?or/ propos$ a new "n ,pseudocycas4 ,he also po9t$ out t ! p9nae 9 ! fossil fronds h z a rule a d\ble #8midrib4' ,na?or/'s discov]y rais$ ! "q :e!r o!r fronds describ$ z ,cycadites %\ld be transf]r$ to ,pseudocycas4 ,miss ,hold5's inve/igation ( o!r suppos$ ,mesozoic repres5tatives ( ,cycas leads to ! conclusion t #8x is n impossible t all ,mesozoic specim5s ( ,cycadites w turn out to be ,pseudocycas4' ,?is obs]v] %[s t ,cycadites ,saportae ,sew4 & ,c4 ,roem]i ,s*k4 agree 9 ! s9u\s walls ( ! epid]mal cells ) ,pseudocycas2 & s f> no species ( ,cycadites1 9 :i* x 0 possible to exam9e ! cuticul> membrane1 has be5 f\nd t does n con=m to ,na?or/'s def9ition ( ,pseudocycas at lea/ z reg>ds ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells4 ,na?or/ def9$ ,pseudocycas 9 ! foll[+ s5se3 ,fronds simil> to ^? ( ,cycadites & ,cycas b ) p9nae *>act]is$ by a d\ble #8midrib1' ! /omata be+ conf9$ or almo/ conf9$ to ! groove betwe5 ! two #8midribs4' ,na?or/ also notes t 9 ,pseudocycas ! bases ( ! p9nae are n contract$ z is (t5 ! case 9 ,cycadites & ,cycas1 b ?is is a feature ( second>y importance4 ,miss ,hold5 has1 h[ev]1 express$ ! op9ion t ! d\ble #8midrib' is an untru/wor?y "* & t ! /omata are n always arrang$ z 9 ! fronds exam9$ by ,na?or/4 ,na?or/ /ates t 9 ,pseudocycas ,/e5/rupi & ,p4 insignis ! midrib ?\gh usually d\ble may be s+le3 ! same v>iation occurs 9 ,p4 ,saportae4 ,miss ,hold5 f\nd t an impression made f a p9na ( ,cycas siam5sis %[$ a d\ble l9e on ! upp] face & a s+le rib on ! l[]2 t is ,pseudocycas & ,cycas *>act]s occur on a s+le p9na4 ,on dry+1 ! ridge on ! l[] face ( ! lam9a collapses & a groove is =m$ b\nd$ by two ridges4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ & int]e/+ pap] on #8,"s ,x]ophytic ,leaf-/ructures 9 ,mesozoic ,plants1' ,dr ,halle#afcg makes "s important additions to our k ( ,pseudocycas4 ,he agrees ) ,miss ,hold5's views ) reg>d to ! use ( ! g5]ic names ,pseudocycas & ,cycadites1 b diss5ts f h] int]pretation ( ! m$ian groove z ! result ( %r9kage ( a midrib4 ,"p ( ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ,halle is bas$ on ! /ructure ( ! leaf-cuticle z %[n 9 microtome sections#afch4 ,he f\nd t a di/9ct m$ian groove is always pres5t on ! p9nae ( ,pseudocycas insignis & o!r species4 ,if ! groove 7 due to collapse ( ! tissue ( a true m$ian rib ! pres5ce ( /omata--:i* 9 ,p4 insignis are conf9$ to ! middle l9e ( ! lam9a--bel[ ! ve9 w\ld be an unusual feature4 ,he f\nd no indication ( a m$ian ve9 or ( any vascul> tissue4 ,all t is reveal$ by an exam9ation ( ! cuticle is t ! lam9a has a well-def9$ groove b\nd$ by prom95t ridges1 & 9 ,pseudocycas ,roem]i ! groove is deep] & is =m$ by ! b5d+-back ( ! lam9a4 ,! /omata are practically conf9$ to ! groove & 9 ,p4 insignis & ,p4 ,/e5/rupi an additional protection aga9/ excessive transpiration 0 af=d$ by elongat$ papillae4 ,9 ! s9u\s walls ( ! epid]mal cells & 9 ! /ructure ( ! /omata ,pseudocycas agrees ) ! ,b5nettitalean type z def9$ by ,?omas & ,bancr(t#afci4 ,! #8midrib' ( ! p9nae m>ks ! position ( a pron\nc$ groove & we h no in=mation ) reg>d to ! v5ation4 ,z ,halle says1 protection aga9/ dr\ght is af=d$ by #8o!r means ?an ^? usual among exi/+ ,cycads1' :i* provide aga9/ excessive transpiration by ! s9k+ ( ! individual /omata bel[ ! surface4 ,! epid]mal features ( ,pseudocycas af=d a /rik+ example ( ! dang] ( bas+ conclusions on m]e impressions & !y fur!r emphasise ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,mesozoic ,cycadean fronds & ^? ( rec5t g5]a4 ,we h no k ( ! nature ( ! reproductive organs ( ! plants :i* bore ,pseudocycas fronds1 b ! agreem5t ( ! /omata & epid]mal cells ) ^? 9 "s ,b5nettitalean types fav\rs ! inclusion ( ! g5us 9 t class4 ,x has previ\sly be5 po9t$ out t ! impression figur$ by ,he]#afdj 9 close association ) ! ,gre5l& specim5s ( ,pseudocycas ,/e5/rupi z a c>pell>y leaf ( ! ,cycas type is mu* too imp]fect to be id5tifi$ & has no claim1 z an exam9ation ( ! actual specim5 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum conv9c$ me1 to be comp>$ ) a megasporophyll ( ,cycas4 ,?is view is %>$ by ,na?or/4 ,9 "s cases ! "n ,cycadites has be5 appli$ to fragm5ts t might equally well belong to ,conif]s or o!r plants1 & n infrequ5tly a c>eful exam9ation ( fossils ref]r$ to ,cycadites %[s t ! p9nae af=d no evid5ce ( a true midrib4 ,ca/s ( revolute p9nae l ^? ( ! rec5t species ,encephal>tos ,ghell9ckii 7fig4 #chb7 w\ld pres5t an appe>ance closely resembl+ a /rong midrib4 ,he]'s ,sib]ian ,jurassic species ,cycadites sibiricus#afda is probably a piece ( a ,ta5iopt]is or ,nilssonia frond1 & ,c4 gram9eus ,he]#afdb %\ld be ref]r$ to ,taxites4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,indian fronds describ$ by ,oldham & ,morris & ,fei/mantel z species ( ,cycadites leads me to disc>d all ( !m z tru/wor?y records ( ! g5us3 9 ,cycadites conf]tus#afdc & ,c4 ,bl&=dianus#afdd !re appe> to be sev]al ve9s 9 ! p9nae & n a s+le midrib4 ,cycadites con/rictus#afde is almo/ c]ta9ly a ,conif] z ,na?or/ has also sugge/$4 ,no satisfactory example ( ,cycadites has be5 describ$ f ,palaeozoic /rata2 ,goepp]t's ,cycadites gyrosus#afdf is f\nd$ on mat]ial too imp]fect to det]m9e1 & an exam9ation ( 8 ,culm species ,c4 taxod9us 9 ! ,breslau ,museum l$ me to ref] x to a ,conif]4 ,! specim5s figur$#afdg by ,zeill] f ,l[] ,gondwana rocks 9 ,india z ,cycadites8 sp4 are portions ( l9e> leaves or leaflets #e mm4 broad ) a m$ian rib b !y c h>dly be accept$ z evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a ,cycadean plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fag4 ,pseudocycas insignis4 ,f ! ,lias ( ,hr4 ,a1 nat4 size2 ,b1 ca4 #b4 7,aft] ,na?or/47 ,pseudocycas insignis ,na?or/4 ,! fronds ( ?is ,c5omanian species f ! ,we/ ( ,gre5l& rea* a bread? ( #af cm42 ! ra*is1 #a cm4 broad1 has two p>allel ridges on ! upp] surface & to ^! are atta*$ at a wide angle ! broad bases ( n>r[ l9e> p9nae rea*+ a l5g? ( #i cm4 & a bread? ( #b-c mm4 7fig4 #fag74 ,! p9nae are ?ick & sep>ate & ea* has a d\ble #8midrib' consi/+ ( two p>allel l9es 7fig4 #fag1 ,b7 :i* are occasionally replac$ by "o4 ,! s-call$ d\ble #8midrib' repres5ts ! two prom95t ridges bord]+ ! groove4 ,! /omata1 conf9$ to ! m$ian groove1 are approximately circul> & ! %ort epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls#afdh4 ,pseudocycas ,/e5/rupi 7,he]74 ,na?or/ ref]s ?is species1 describ$ by ,he] z ,cycadites1 f ! ,c5omanian ( ,gre5l&1 to ,pseudocycas on ! gr\nd t ! epid]mal cells are l ^? ( ,p4 ,/e5/rupi & ! /omata are conf9$ to a m$ian groove4 ,he] figures an impression 9 close association ) ! frond ( ?is species :i* he id5tifies1 )\t any adequate reason1 z a c>pell>y leaf l t ( a ,cycas4 ,pseudocycas ,saportae 7,sew>d74 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,miss ,hold5 t ?is ,weald5 ,engli% species#afdi has ! epid]mal *>act]s ( ,pseudocycas4 ,9 ext]nal =m x agrees closely ) ,cycadites t5uisectus ,sap4#afej f ,l[] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,portugal1 b no?+ is kn[n ( ! epid]mal features ( ! latt] type4 ,! ra*is is broad & flatt5$ & be>s alt]nate or sub-opposite p9nae ( uni=m bread? atta*$ at "r-angles or obliquely to its upp] surface 7fig4 #fah74 ,! p9nae are #f-g cm4 long & ab\t #a mm4 broad2 _! bases are slightly exp&$ & ! apices %>ply po9t$4 ,miss ,hold5#afea f9ds t ! m$ian rib is sometimes d\ble & t ! middle region ( ! lam9a is cov]$ ) /omata2 ! epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls & /omata occasionally occur on ea* side ( ! ma9 m$ian /omatal area4 ,dr4 ,halle#afeb ( ,/ockholm1 :o has exam9$ cuticul> prep>ations made f ,engli% specim5s1 confirms ,miss ,hold5's obs]vations z reg>ds ! /omata1 b he %[s t !re is no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a midrib 9 ! /rict s5se1 ! appe>ance ( a s+le or d\ble m$ian ve9 be+ due to ! pres5ce ( a dorsal /omatif]\s groove1 ! edges ( :i* w\ld produce an impression on ! matrix ( a d\ble ve9 or1 if ! groove became n>r[]1 ! impression w\ld sugge/ a s+le midrib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fah4 ,pseudocycas ,saportae4 ,f ! ,weald51 ne> ,ha/+s4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #bggg2 nat4 size47 ,pseudocycas ,roem]i 7,s*5k74 ,?is ,weald5 species record$ f ,nor? ,g]many#afec & ! ,sussex coa/#afed has broad] p9nae lat]ally atta*$ to ! ra*is4 ,miss ,hold5 describes ! /omata z cov]+ ! :ole l[] surface ( ! p9nae except ov] ! midrib4 ,?is description mu/ be revis$ 9 ! light ( ,halle's results obta9$ f an exam9ation ( ! cuticle ( ! type-specim5 ( ! species 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,he f9ds t ! edges ( ! p9nae are /rongly revolute & ?us =m a deep dorsal canal :i* is almo/ clos$#afee1 a =m ( lam9a1 z se5 9 section1 v simil> to t ( an ,empetrum leaf4 ,! /omata are conf9$ to ! groove4 ,x may be t ! specim5 exam9$ by ,miss ,hold5 is specifically di/9ct or1 z ,halle also sugge/s1 ! cuticle obta9$ f ! ,engli% fossil may n repres5t ! :ole surface b only ! walls ( ! canal ) possibly a portion ( ! cuticle ( ! out] dorsal surface4 ,?is type ( leaf describ$ by ,halle is simil> to t ( ,p4 insignis ) ! x]ophil\s "* int5sifi$4 ,cycadites ,salad9i ,zeill]4 ,?is species 0 f\nd$ by ,zeill]#afef on fronds f ! ,rhaetic ( ,tonk9 rea*+ a l5g? ( #dj cm4 & #b-he cm4 broad ) a ra*is #c-d mm4 wide be>+ contigu\s l9e> p9nae #ae-de cm4 long & #ae-c mm4 broad ) a m or less contract$ base & a r\nd$ or obtusely po9t$ apex4 ,! p9nae are atta*$ almo/ at "r-angles or at an angle ( #fj-hj4 ,!re is a cle>ly def9$ midrib4 ,x is n improbable t 7 ! /ructure ( ! epid]mal cells kn[n ?is species w\ld be f\nd to be ano!r example ( ,pseudocycas4 ,cycadites rectangul>is ,brauns4 ,?is species#afeg1 fir/ record$ f ,rhaetic /rata 9 ,g]many1 diff]s 9 ! n>r[] & m acutely po9t$ p9nae f ,c4 ,salad9i4 ,miss ,hold5 describes ! midrib z d\ble1 b until specim5s are f\nd :i* admit ( an exam9ation ( ! cuticles x is impossible to decide :e!r x %\ld be transf]r$ to ,pseudocycas4 ,! species is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,rhaetic & ,jurassic /rata & specim5s are record$ f ! ,lias ( ,lyme ,regis on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,cycadites ,r5aulti ,ligni]4 ,?is species1 f ! ,middle ,lias ( ,norm&y#afeh1 is f\nd$ on fronds #bb-bf cm4 broad ) a ra*is #c mm4 9 bread? be>+ lat]ally-ins]t$ p9nae almo/ at "r-angles #aa-ab mm4 long & #abe-aej mm4 broad2 x is v simil> to ,c4 rectangul>is :i* occurs 9 ! same b$s4 ,,ii4 ,nilssoniales4 ,,nilssonia4 ,brongni>t4 ,?is g5us#afei 0 nam$ aft] ! ,sw$i% naturali/ ,nilsson :o _h figur$ c]ta9 plants f ! ,lias ( ,hr ref]r$ by ,fries to ! ,f]ns3 ^! 7 nam$ by ,brongni>t ,nilssonia brevis & ,n4 elongata & class$ ) ! ,cycads4 ,! type-specim5s ( ! latt] species are reg>d$ by ,na?or/ z a =m ( ,n4 brevis4 ,! hi/ory ( ! g5us is fully discuss$ 9 ,na?or/'s able monograph#affj4 ,nilssonia1 f\nd$ on fronds :i* ) "o exception are kn[n only z ca/s or impressions1 may be ?us def9$3 ,fronds ) circ9ate v]nation1 at lea/ 9 ! type-species ,nilssonia brevis 7fig4 #fai1 ,c1 ,d71 simil> 9 %ape to ! leaves ( ,scolop5drium vulg>e & ,polypodium irioides & to su* unusual =ms ( ,cycas fronds z ^? reproduc$ 9 figs4 #chd1 #chg1 ,i#affa1 9 :i* ! lam9ae ( ! p9nae are concresc5t & =m a cont9u\s or deeply cut lam9a4 ,!y may rea* a l5g? ( #fj cm4 & a bread? ( #aj cm4 & "s specim5s are kn[n 9 :i* ! leaf is less ?an #a cm4 9 wid?4 ,! lam9a is occasionally entire1 b 9 ! great majority ( cases x is m or less deeply cut into segm5ts ( unequal bread? v>y+ consid]ably 9 size & %ape ev5 9 ! same species1 usually deep & truncate & sometimes long & n>r[ 7e4g4 ,n4 pt]ophylloides1 fig4 #fai1 ,b74 ,an important di/+ui%+ feature is ! atta*m5t ( ! lam9a to ! upp] face ( ! ra*is :i* x cov]s3 ! ext5sion ( ! lam9a ov] ! surface ( ! frond axis & ! r>e occurr5ce ( bran*+ ( ! ve9s are *>act]s 9 :i* ,nilssonia diff]s f ,ta5iopt]is4 ,! ve9s are giv5 (f at "r-angles or obliquely f a v n>r[ groove occupy+ ! m$ian l9e ( ! ra*is2 !y are ne>ly always simple & 9 "s ( ! m fle%y leaves1 e4g4 ,n4 brevis1 !y are seldom visible4 ,! surface ( ! lam9a may be smoo? or transv]sely corrugat$4 ,! ra*is =ms a prom95t rib on ! "u surface ( ! frond 7fig4 #fbj1 ,a7 & may be cont9u$ beyond ! lam9a z a %ort petiole4 ,epid]mal cells polygonal or rectangul>1 ) /raight walls 9 contra/ to ! s9u\s walls ( ,ta5iopt]is2 "s ( ! cells be> /rongly cuticul>is$ papillae1 possibly ! bases ( hairs 7comp>e ! hairs on ! fronds ( ,acro/i*um cr9itum1 a ,f]n ) leaves simil> 9 %ape to "s ( ! l>ge entire fronds ( ,n4 ori5talis ?\gh relatively broad] & ) ana/omos+ ve9s74 ,/omata usually conf9$ to ! l[] epid]mis & n v num]\s2 gu>d-cells ( r\nd$ cont\r & )\t any special ?ick5+ surr\nd$ by #f-h accessory cells ) ?ick5$ walls 7fig4 #faa1 ,b7 =m+ a *imney slightly rais$ ov] ! /omatal pore#affb4 ,9 ,nilssonia ! gu>d-cells d n exhibit t regul>ity ( ori5tation :i* *>act]ises ! /omata ( ,ptilophyllum1 ,otozamites1 & o!r ,b5nettitalean fronds4 ,little is kn[n ( ! anatomy ( ! leaves3 9 a petrifi$ leaf ( ,n4 ori5talis#affc f ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks 9 ,japan !re is no palisade-tissue & small gr\ps ( scl]5*yma occur above & bel[ ! ve9s4 ,! xylem appe>s to be c5tripetal1 b ! pres]vation is f> f satisfactory4 ,a few secretory canals 7 f\nd ne> ! edge ( ! leaf4 ,we h no c]ta9 k ( ! reproductive organs4 ,! small circul> projections figur$ by ,s*5k#affd on "s leaves ( ,nilssonia polymorpha z sporangia h no claim to be s reg>d$4 ,9 ! description ( ,n4 brevis ref]5ce is made to "s se$s discov]$ by ,na?or/ :i* may belong to t species4 ,na?or/ sugge/s ! possibility t ! ,rhaetic fossil ,/5orra*is scanicus ,na?4 may be ! se$-be>+ %oot ( a ,nilssonia1 ei!r ,n4 brevis or ,n4 polymorpha1 & if ?is surmise is correct x almo/ necess>ily involves ! g5us ,beania#affe :i* has be5 t5tatively ref]r$ to ! ,g9kgoales ?\gh )\t any conv9c+ evid5ce to support su* connexion4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! /ems3 ! occasional occurr5ce ( leaves conv]g+ t[>ds a common support po9ts to a ,cycadean habit4 ,x is possible1 z ,na?or/ sugge/s1 t ! ,rhaetic species ,buckl&ia ,saportana#afff may be ! /em ( a ,nilssonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fai4 ,a1 se$ 7,nilssonia872 ,b1 ,nilssonia pt]ophylloides2 ,c1 ,d1 ,nilssonia brevis2 ,e1 ,n4 polymorpha4 7,a-,d nat4 size2 ,e1 slightly enl>g$2 aft] ,na?or/47 ,nilssonia is especially *>act]i/ic ( ,jurassic & ,rhaetic floras2 x occurs also 9 ,triassic b$s & ext5ds into ,cretace\s floras4 ,na?or/ in/itut$ ! g5us ,nilssoniopt]is#affg = "s specim5s f ! ,york%ire coa/ :i* he believ$ to be examples ( ,nilssonia t5u9]vis on ! gr\nd t ! ve9s are di*otom\sly bran*$ & ! epid]mal cells h s9u\s walls4 ,mr ,ham%aw ,?omas#affh has1 h[ev]1 %[n by an exam9ation ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum t !y belong to ,ta5iopt]is vittata1 & ,pr(4 ,na?or/ agrees ) ?is conclusion4 ,! "n ,nilssoniopt]is mu/ !re=e be ab&on$4 ,miquel#affi propos$ ! "n ,his+]a = "s ,nilssonia fronds1 b x has n be5 adopt$4 ,nilssonia polymorpha ,s*5k4 ,l9e> fronds v>y+ consid]ably 9 bread? & 9 ! degree ( dissection ( ! lam9a1 :i* may be entire2 ! m>g9 may %[ broad & %all[ cr5ulations or !re may be a few n>r[ & deep s9uses cutt+ ! o!rwise entire lam9a into long & n>r[ segm5ts4 ,m usually ! lam9a is divid$ to ! ra*is into num]\s truncate segm5ts trav]s$ by p>allel1 simple1 ve9s ext5d+ f a n>r[ groove 9 ! middle ( ! ra*is on ! upp] surface ( ! frond 7fig4 #fai1 ,e74 ,! ve9s run 9 v n>r[ grooves 9 ! g5]ally flat b occasionally corrugat$ lam9a#afgj4 ,?is species agrees v closely 9 habit ) ,n4 compta & ,n4 brevis &1 z ,na?or/ po9ts out1 x is 9 "s cases almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ,nilssonia polymorpha f ,n4 brevis4 ,"s ( ! fronds f ! ,rhaetic ( ,franconia describ$ by ,s*5k z ,n4 polymorpha are examples ( ,n4 brevis4 ,9 ,n4 polymorpha ! di/al ends ( ! segm5ts are blunt]1 ! lam9a is mu* less fold$ & :5 folds or corrugations occur !y are less regul> ?an 9 ,n4 brevis4 ,! epid]mal cells are polygonal & h ?ick1 /raight1 walls3 oval or circul> papillae occur bo? on ! lam9a & ra*is4 ,! /omata1 conf9$ to ! l[] surface1 are betwe5 ! ve9s & ea* is accompani$ by a r+ ( subsidi>y cells 7cf4 fig4 #faa1 ,b74 ,n4 polymorpha is a memb] ( ,rhaetic floras & is record$ also f ,liassic rocks at ,hr#afga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbj4 ,a1 ,b1 ,nilssonia brevis2 ,a1 section ( ! frond2 ,b1 section ( ! lam9a p>allel to ! ra*is4 ,c1 ,n4 saigh5sis4 7,a1 ,b1 aft] ,na?or/47 ,nilssonia brevis ,brongni>t4 ,?is species#afgb 7fig4 #fai1 ,c1 ,d71 "o ( ^? f ,hr on :i* ! g5us 0 f\nd$1 has be5 v fully inve/igat$ by ,na?or/#afgc ^: rese>*es h cle>$ up _m obscure features4 ,! "y fronds are circ9ate l ^? ( ,f]ns & ,cycas4 ,! l9e> fronds agree g5]ally 9 habit ) ^? ( ,n4 polymorpha & ,n4 compta1 b ! lam9a is ?ick] & is *>act]is$ by regul> transv]se corrugations2 ! ve9s are v r>ely visible except 9 "y leaves :i* h n rea*$ _! full ?ickness4 ,! fronds may be #ej cm4 long & v>y 9 bread? f #ae to #ab cm42 ! petiole is v %ort or ! frond may be sessile4 ,betwe5 ! regul> grooves on ! upp] surface ! lam9a is m or less convex2 se5 f bel[ ! grooves are repres5t$ by ridges & betwe5 ea* pair ( ridges !re are p>allel folds1 sometimes ?ree 7fig4 #fbj1 ,b7 or z _m z six2 & :]e ! segm5ts are n>r[1 t is ! /rips ( lam9a betwe5 two grooves 7or ridges71 !re may be only a s+le fold :i* gives ! appe>ance ( l9e> segm5ts ) a s+le midrib z 9 ,cycadites1 a mislead+ resemblance ( special int]e/ 9 ref]5ce to ! ,nilssonia fronds describ$ by ,oldham & ,morris#afgd & by ,fei/mantel#afge z ,cycadites rajmahal5sis4 ,ow+ to ! fle%y nature ( ! leaf ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] side is p>ticul>ly well m>k$ 9 ?is species4 ,! lam9a may be m or less entire1 b is usually divid$ by deep s9uses ext5d+ to ! ra*is into truncate or di/ally tap]$ segm5ts v>y+ 9 bread? 7fig4 #fai1 ,c1 ,d71 ! n>r[ segm5ts be+ *>act]is$ by a m po9t$ apex ?an 9 ,n4 polymorpha4 ,! /ructure ( ! /omata & epid]mal cells is ( ! type describ$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! g5us4 ,/rongly cuticul>is$ papillae1 incorrectly describ$ by ,s*5k#afgf 9 ,n4 polymorpha z /omata1 occur on "s ( ! epid]mal cells3 ^! may be ! bases ( hairs4 ,9 "s prep>ations ,na?or/ f\nd pat*es ( a res9\s sub/ance1 an int]e/+ discov]y 9 view ( ! occurr5ce ( secretory canals 9 ! petrifi$ leaf ( ,nilssonia ori5talis describ$ by ,dr ,/opes#afgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fba4 ,nilssonia rajmahal5sis 7 ,cycadites rajmahal5sis74 7,indian ,geological ,survey1 ,calcutta2 nat4 size47 ,nilssonia brevis occurs 9 ,upp] ,rhaetic & ,l[] ,liassic /rata4 ,nilssonia pt]ophylloides ,na?or/4 ,a ,rhaetic ,scanian species orig9ally ref]r$ by ,na?or/#afgh to ,nilssonia b lat] remov$ by him to ,dioonites#afgi & 9 #aiji re9/at$ 9 ,nilssonia#afhj on ! gr\nd t ! lam9a cov]s ! upp] face ( ! ra*is4 ,! segm5ts are fairly uni=m 9 bread? & l9e>2 !y rea* #aj cm4 9 l5g? & are usually #e-g mm4 broad2 ! lam9a is slightly tap]$ t[>ds ! apex 7fig4 #fai1 ,b74 ,!re are #c-aj p>allel grooves on ! upp] face ( ! segm5ts & betwe5 ea* pair is a s+le unbran*$ ve94 ,9 close association ) portions ( ?ree fronds ( ?is species ,na?or/ f\nd sev]al oval bodies1 #a cm4 #g mm41 :i* he at fir/ reg>d$ z #8an!rangia' comp>able ) ! sporoc>ps ( ! ,hydropt]ideae1 b an exam9ation ( ! c>bonis$ tissue demon/rat$ t ! small r\nd$ bodies conta9$ 9 ea* ( ! #8an!rangia1' orig9ally believ$ to be poll5-sacs1 are gra9s ( res9 int]nal to a cuticle ( ?ick-wall$ cells & probably =m$ by secretory sacs 9 a fle%y tissue4 ,int]nal to ! res9-bodies is a second cuticle :i* may be ! rema9s ( a nucellus1 ! out] cuticle & ! res9 belong+ to ! s>cote/a4 ,na?or/'s c>eful exam9ation ( ^! fossils %[s t !y are se$s 7fig4 #fai1 ,a7 & 7 probably borne on plants ( ,n4 pt]ophylloides1 ?\gh an accid5tal association is n improbable4 ,nilssonia compta 7,phillips74 ,broadly l9e> fronds v>y+ consid]ably 9 size & 9 ! bread? & numb] ( ! truncate segm5ts4 ,9 "s cases ! fronds exce$$ #dj cm4 9 l5g? & _h a bread? ( #i cm4 7fig4 #fbb74 ,! ve9s are simple1 p>allel1 & fairly prom95t & ! lam9a %[s cle>ly ! atta*m5t to ! upp] surface ( ! ra*is :i* is cov]$ by x z 9 all species ( ! g5us#afha4 ,! /ructure ( ! epid]mis & /omata has rec5tly be5 describ$ by ,?omas#afhb4 ,brongni>t m5tion$ 9 ! ,prodrome a species f ! ,l[] ,oolite ( ,york%ire "u ! "n ,pt]ophyllum ,williamsonis#afhc1 b 9 a lat] "w ?is is giv5 z a synonym ( ,n4 compta4 ,nilssonia compta be>s a close resemblance 9 habit to ,n4 polymorpha2 x agrees also ) ! l>ge fronds describ$ f ! ,upp] ,gondwana ( ,india z ,pt]ophyllum pr9ceps#afhd4 ,s9ce att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is simil>ity an exam9ation ( sev]al ( ! figur$ specim5s has conv9c$ me t ! ,indian fronds are ei!r id5tical ) or at lea/ closely alli$ to ! ,european leaves4 ,! app>5t lat]al atta*m5t ( ! lam9a 9 ! draw+s publi%$ by ,oldham & ,morris & ,fei/mantel is due to imp]fect pres]vation2 ! lam9a ends 9 two rais$ ridges1 & ! discov]y ( a specim5 9 :i* ! lam9a completely cov]s ! ra*is confirm$ ! impression made by ! o!r specim5s4 ,! ,amurl& ,jurassic species ,nilssonia ,s*midtii#afhe ,he] ?\gh probably n id5tical ) ,n4 compta is a v simil> type2 x 0 orig9ally describ$ by ,he] z ,anomozamites ,s*midtii & transf]r$ by ,na?or/#afhf to ,nilssonia3 ! ve9s are occasionally =k$ ne> ! ra*is & are r f>!r ap>t 7#e mm47 ?an 9 ,n4 compta & ! segm5ts are broad] & deep] ?an 9 ! ,engli% species4 ,nilssonia nippon5sis ,yok4#afhg a ,jurassic species record$ f ,japan & ,nor? ,am]ica is ano!r simil> type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbb4 ,nilssonia compta4 7,:itby ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,nilssonia ori5talis ,he]4 ,9 ?is ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s species1 f\nd$ on mat]ial f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,sib]ia#afhh1 ! lam9a is g5]ally entire4 ,! fronds exhibit a wide range 9 size & %ape2 !y may h ! =m ( v n>r[ l9e> leaves b>ely #a cm4 across or may rea* a bread? ( ne>ly #aj cm4 ,! leaves f ,middle ,jurassic ,briti% /rata nam$ by ,na?or/ ,n4 t5u9]vis#afhi are probably id5tical ) ,he]'s type1 & ,n4 ,john/rupi#afij ,he] f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l& may also be ref]r$ to ,n4 ori5talis4 ,! ve9s are at "r-angles or oblique to ! ra*is & are v num]\s1 ?ree or m 9 a bread? ( #a mm4#afia ,a species rec5tly describ$ by ,halle#afib f ,graham ,l& z ,n4 ta5iopt]oides agrees closely 9 habit ) ,n4 ori5talis3 9 ! s\!rn =m ! frond may h a l5g? ( #dj-ej cm4 & a bread? ( #c cm4 ,! entire lam9a ( ,n4 ta5iopt]oides tap]s gradually t[>ds ! base & is m rapidly n>r[$ 9 ! di/al region2 ! petiole is at lea/ #f-g cm4 long3 ! simple or bran*$ ve9s1 #ae-bj 9 #a cm41 are giv5 (f f ! axis at a wide angle4 ,! m cr[d$ ve9s 9 ,n4 ori5talis con/itute "o ( ! few features 9 :i* x diff]s f ,halle's species1 b ! fact t ! degree ( clos5ess ( ! ve9s is incon/ant )9 ! same species r5d]s ?is di/9ction ( d\btful value4 ,halle comp>es 8 species also ) ,n4 d5s9]vis 7,font47 orig9ally describ$ z ,platypt]igium d5s9]ve f ! ,potomac b$s#afic & aft]w>ds transf]r$ by ,b]ry#afid to ,nilssonia & consid]$ by him to be id5tical ) ,fonta9e's ,platypt]igium ,rog]sianum4 ,an exam9ation ( "s ( ,fonta9e's specim5s 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,museum l$ me to ref] ! fronds to ,nilssonia#afie4 ,x is impossible to speak ) confid5ce z to ! absolute specific id5tity ( ,n4 ori5talis ,he]1 ,n4 ,john/rupi ,he]1 ,n4 ta5iopt]oides ,halle1 & "s simil> =ms2 b x is cle> t ! l9e> fronds ( ?is type *>act]is$ by an entire or occasionally p9natisect lam9a 7 widely di/ribut$ 9 ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s /rata & p]si/$ to ! ,upp] ,cretace\s s]ies 9 ,japan4 ,?is =m ( frond is record$ f ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,gre5l&1 ,spitzb]g5#afif1 ,sib]ia1 ,russia1 ,afghani/an#afig1 ,japan#afih1 ,graham ,l&1 & else:]e4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to a petrifi$ specim5 ( ,n4 ori5talis describ$ by ,dr ,/opes f ,japan#afii4 ,specim5s describ$ by ,salfeld#agjj f ! ,corallian ( ,g]many z ,ta5iopt]is sp4 may be ,n4 ori5talis2 ,b>?ol9's ,n4 polymorpha f ,bornholm1 ,vel5ovsk's ,l[] ,cretace\s ,n4 bohemica & ,yokoyama's ,n4 ozvana f ,japan are o!r examples ( fronds :i* may be id5tical ) ,n4 ori5talis#agja4 ,nilssonia t5uicaulis 7,phillips74 ,?is ,jurassic species1 :ile agree+ g5]ally 9 habit ) ,n4 compta1 is *>act]is$ by ! n>r[ & num]\s l9e> segm5ts ) a m acum9ate apex4 ,! fronds rea*$ a l5g? ( m ?an #bj cm4#agjb ,leck5by's "n ,pt]ophyllum m$ianum#agjc 0 giv5 to a specim5 f ! ,york%ire coa/ & n[ 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge1 :i*1 ) ,pt]ophyllum angu/ifolium1 is cle>ly id5tical ) ,cycadites t5uicaulis ,phillips4 ,! specific "n m$iana frequ5tly us$#agjd = ?is type %\ld be giv5 up 9 fav\r ( ! old] t]m t5uicaulis4 ,a species ( simil> habit is describ$ b n figur$ by ,krass]#agje z ,n4 ,/urii f ! ,lunz b$s4 ,n4 t5uicaulis is fairly common 9 ! ,middle ,jurassic b$s ne> ,sc>bor\gh & is record$ f ! ,kimm]idgian ( ,scotl& "u ! "n ,n4 m$iana 7fig4 #fad1 ,c7#agjf4 ,nilssonia pr9ceps 7,oldham & ,morris74 ,oldham & ,morris speak ( ,pt]ophyllum pr9ceps#agjg z "o ( ! commone/ plants 9 ! ,rajmahal b$s 9 ,india4 ,! fronds are *>act]is$ by _! l>ge size & by ! v broad oblong & di/ally truncate p9nae ) p>allel & occasionally bran*$ ve9s4 ,9 ! specim5s figur$ by ,oldham & ,morris & ,fei/mantel ! p9nae are cut (f at _! bases 7fig4 #fbc71 :i* =m ridges p>allel to ! ra*is3 ?is feature is n cle>ly %[n 9 ! publi%$ draw+s4 ,by break+ "s pieces ( rock f a slab conta9+ figur$ specim5s o!r pieces 7 f\nd 9 :i* ! lam9ae ( ! bases ( segm5ts meet 9 ! middle ( ! upp] face ( ! ra*is4 ,! p9nae v>y 9 bread? f #a cm4 to #ce cm4 & rea* a l5g? ( #h cm42 ! di/al end is truncate1 ! l[] edge be+ /rongly curv$3 ! segm5ts are slightly broad5$ at ! base4 ,! ve9s are prom95t & p>allel1 f #je to #jh mm4 ap>t4 ,! ,rajmahal fronds describ$ z ,pt]ophyllum ,morrisianum#agjh appe> to be indi/+ui%able f ?is species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbc4 ,nilssonia pr9ceps4 7,slightly r$uc$2 ,indian ,geological ,survey1 ,calcutta47 ,nilssonia ,s*aumburg5sis 7,dunk]74 ,?is species1 fir/ describ$ z ,pt]ophyllum ,s*aumburg5se#agji f ! ,weald5 ( ,g]many1 af=ds a good illu/ration ( a small type ( frond closely resembl+ ! mu* l>g] species ,n4 compta4 ,examples f ,engli% ,weald5 rocks seldom exce$ #a cm4 9 bread? & are (t5 mu* n>r[]2 ! l9e> lam9a is almo/ entire or divid$ into %ort & broad truncate segm5ts ( unequal bread?3 ! ve9s are p>allel & simple4 ,= figures ( ?is species1 record$ f diff]5t ,european localities & f ,japan1 ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! acc\nts by ,s*5k#agaj1 ,na?or/1 ,yokoyama1 ,yabe1 & ,fonta9e4 ,,ct5is4 ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,! g5us ,ct5is#agaa 0 f\nd$ on a piece ( p9nate frond f ! ,middle ,jurassic rocks ( ! ,york%ire coa/ previ\sly figur$ by ,phillips z ,cycadites sulcicaulis4 ,l9dley & ,hutton reg>d$ ! plant z probably ,cycadean & propos$ to apply ! "n ,ct5is to all leaves hav+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ,cycadeae1 b ) #8! ve9s connect$ by =ks or transv]se b>s4' ,:ile _m au?ors h accept$ ,ct5is z a ,cycadean g5us1 by o!rs#agab x has be5 plac$ among ! ,f]ns1 on ! gr\nd t "s small circul> elevations on ! lam9a ( ! segm5ts ( c]ta9 species are believ$ to be sori or sporangia4 ,s9ce ,ett+%aus5#agac & ,s*5k#agad fir/ notic$ ?is feature ,raciborski#agae has figur$ sev]al examples f ,pol& & ,/aub#agaf records simil> circul> bodies on a ,liassic ,hung>ian species4 ,9 no s+le in/ance h sporangia be5 f\nd4 ,na?or/#agag propos$ ! designation ,an?rophyopsis 7because ( ! resemblance ( ! lam9a 9 =m & v5ation to ! leaves ( ! ,f]n ,an?rophyum7 = "s ,rhaetic specim5s f ,scania1 b z !y 7 subsequ5tly f\nd to be segm5ts ( a p9nate frond he adopt$ ! "n ,ct5is4 ,an example 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum#agah 7fig4 #fbd7 f ,york%ire1 m5tion$ by ,na?or/ 9 an e>ly pap] z probably a new species ( ,an?rophyopsis1 af=d$ good prep>ations ( ! cuticle 7fig4 #fbe7 :i* reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( circul> elevations on ! out] walls ( ! epid]mal cells3 ^! may expla9 ! nature ( "s at lea/ ( ! suppos$ sporangia4 ,! walls ( ! epid]mal cells are /raight4 ,! "n ,ct5is is appli$ to p9nate fronds :i* are probably ,cycadean ?\gh we h no evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! /em or ! reproductive organs4 ,ct5is fronds are among ! l>ge/ ,cycadean leaves f ,mesozoic floras2 9 ,ct5is hung>ica ,/aub ! frond is said to h rea*$ a l5g? ( #b met4 & 9 o!r species ! dim5sions exce$ ^? ( mo/ p9nate leaves4 ,! /\t ra*is be>s l9e> or broad-oblong p9nae atta*$ at a wide angle & v>y+ consid]ably 9 size & %ape2 ! p9nae are atta*$ by ! :ole base :i* is usually broad5$ & decurr5t b 9 a few cases slightly contract$ 7e4g4 ,c4 ,zeys*n]i ,rac4#agai74 ,= "s fronds be>+ broad & basally n>r[$ segm5ts ,raciborski propos$ ! "n ,ct5idiopsis 9 di/9ction f ,euct5is :i* he applies to ! typical =ms4 ,! p9nae may be long & n>r[ rea*+ a l5g? ( ov] #ab cm41 or %ort & broad3 9 "s cases ! frond w\ld be m correctly describ$ z deeply p9natisect2 ! apex ( ! segm5ts is acute1 bluntly r\nd$ or truncate4 ,sev]al ve9s pass into ! base ( ea* p9na & pursue a c\rse approximately p>allel to ! edge ( ! lam9a2 a *>act]i/ic feature is ! occasional occurr5ce ( oblique cross-connexions betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,x is possible t 9 "s species ! p9nae _h sp9\s m>g9s z 9 ! p9nae ( unc]ta9 aff9ity figur$ by ,fonta9e#agbj z ,encephal>topsis n]vosa f ! ,potomac s]ies4 ,our k ( ! epid]mal cells is v meagre3 9 ! specim5 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #fbe ! epid]mal cells h /raight walls & a c5tral papilla4 ,! g5us ext5ds f ,triassic to ,upp] ,jurassic rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbd4 ,ct5is sp4 ,s+le p9na4 7,man*e/] ,museum1 ,no4 #ec47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbe4 ,ct5is sp4 ,! epid]mis ( ! p9na %[n 9 fig4 #fbd4 ,a1 surface-view2 p1 papillae2 s1 /omata4 ,b1 side-view4 7,man*e/] ,museum1 ,no4 #ec47 ,ct5is lunz5sis ,/ur4 ,?is species1 fir/ record$ by ,/ur f ! ,lunz ,upp] ,triassic flora1 has rec5tly be5 exam9$ by ,krass]#agba & comp>$ ) ! ,jurassic species ,ct5is sulcicaulis 7,phill47 7 ,c4 falcata ,l9d4 & ,hutt47 & ,c4 ,potocki ,rac4 ,no figures or detail$ descriptions h be5 publi%$4 ,ct5is fallax ,na?or/4 ,?is ,scanian ,rhaetic type#agbb1 includ+ ,an?rophyopsis crass9]vis1 ,a4 ,nilssoni1 & probably ,a4 obovata ,na?41 is *>act]is$ by v l>ge obtusely po9t$ p9nae rea*+ at lea/ #bj cm4 9 l5g? & ov] #c cm4 9 bread?4 ,! ve9s are (t5 #b mm4 ap>t & =m long polygonal me%es4 ,na?or/ figures small circul> pat*es on ! surface ( ! lam9a4 ,raciborski#agbc1 on sl5d] evid5ce1 ref]s a fragm5t f ! ,jurassic ( ,crac[ to ?is species4 ,ct5is hung>ica ,/aub4 ,a species#agbd *>act]is$ by v l>ge fronds rea*+ #b met41 be>+ broad l9e> p9nae almo/ at "r-angles & atta*$ to ! ra*is by decurr5t bases1 atta9+ a l5g? ( #ba cm4 & a bread? at ! base ( ! lam9a ( #ce cm4 & #d cm4 a %ort di/ance f ! acute apex4 ,! ve9s are p>allel to ! edge ( ! lam9a1 b ,/aub does n appe> to h se5 di/9ct ana/omoses4 ,x is n improbable t ,/aub's species may be id5tical ) ,c4 aspl5ioides 7,ett47 f ! ,lias ( ,hung>y1 specim5s ( :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! cole des ,m9es1 ,p>is4 ,ct5is aspl5ioides 7,ett+%aus574 ,?is species 0 fir/ describ$ by ,ett+%aus5#agbe f ,liassic /rata 9 ,au/ria z ,ta5iopt]is aspl5ioides & comp>$ by him to l>ge simple fronds ( ,aspl5ium nidus b di/+ui%$ by a deeply dissect$ lam9a4 ,s*5k#agbf f\nd t ! ve9s ana/omose & adopt$ ! "n ,ct5is4 ,9 habit v simil> to ,c4 sulcicaulis1 b ! p9nae are mu* broad]1 exce$+ #d cm41 & ! ve9s are #c-e mm4 ap>t4 ,only ! basal "p ( ! segm5ts is figur$ by ,ett+%aus54 ,specim5s 9 ! cole des ,m9es1 ,p>is1 f ,hung>y h p9nae ne>ly #dj cm4 long & #be cm4 9 bread?1 ! p>allel ve9s be+ connect$ by a few oblique bran*es4 ,bo? ,ett+%aus5 & ,s*5k speak ( small circul> sori on ! l[] epid]mis1 ?\gh ^! are n figur$ nor 7 any sporangia obta9$4 ,?is species & o!r examples ( l>ge ,ct5is fronds are describ$ by ,raciborski f ,l[] ,jurassic rocks 9 ,pol&4 ,he figures "p ( a leaf ( ,c4 ,zeys*n]i#agbg #dj cm4 long be>+ alt]nate p9nae approximately #aj cm4 long & ne>ly #d cm4 broad1 *>act]is$ by obtuse apices1 a decurr5t lam9a1 & ana/omos+ ve9s clos] toge!r 7#af-bd p] #a cm47 ?an ^? ( ,c4 aspl5ioides4 ,9 "o ,poli% specim51 ,c4 remot9]vis#agbh1 ) p9nae #e cm4 broad ! lam9a is repres5t$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! frond z cont9u\s ov] ! face ( ! ra*is1 &--if ! draw+ is accurate--! frond 9 ?is respect diff]s f typical examples ( ,ct5is & agrees ) ,nilssonia4 ,a species ( ,ct5is ) broad p9nae is describ$ by ,yokoyama#agbi f ! ,jurassic ( ,*9a z ,c4 ,kaneh>ai4 ,ct5is sulcicaulis 7,phillips74 ,?is type#agcj is m famili> "u ! "n ,ct5is falcata giv5 to x by ,l9dley#agca1 b if we foll[ ,le/] ,w>d#agcb 9 /rict obs]vance ( ! rule ( priority1 a c\rse f :i* ,i h frequ5tly deviat$ on ! gr\nd ( long usage1 ! less famili> designation mu/ be adopt$4 ,fronds p9nate2 long & tap]$ l9e> p9nae sometimes exce$+ #ab cm4 9 l5g? & #a cm4 9 bread? atta*$ obliquely or almo/ at "r-angles to a fairly broad ra*is 7fig4 #fbf74 ,! lam9a is broade/ at ! base & ! l[] m>g9 is /rongly decurr5t1 tap]+ di/ally to an acute apex4 ,! p>allel & frequ5tly ana/omos+ ve9s div]ge slightly 9 ! basal region ( ! p9nae4 ,?\gh usually sep>ate to ! base1 ! lam9ae ( adjac5t p9nae may be cont9u\s z 9 a p9natisect leaf#agcc4 ,?is species is record$ also f ,nor? ,am]ica1 & fronds ( simil> habit are figur$ by ,fonta9e#agcd f ! ,jurassic ( ,oregon z ,ct5is orovill5sis3 a fragm5t record$ f ,jurassic rocks 9 ,afghani/an z ,ct5is sp4 may belong to ,c4 sulcicaulis#agce4 ,ct5is latifolia 7,brongni>t74 ,?is species#agcf1 orig9ally ref]r$ to ,ta5iopt]is1 0 transf]r$ to ,ct5is z ! result ( ! discov]y ( ana/omos+ ve9s 9 ! type-specim5 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum4 ,! segm5ts are %ort] & broad] ?an 9 ,c4 sulcicaulis & v simil> to ^? ( ,c4 orovill5sis ,font4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbf4 ,ct5is sulcicaulis4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,v4 #ijab47 ,ct5is sp4 ,! p9na %[n 9 fig4 #fbd f ! ,jurassic b$s 9 ,york%ire#agcg is int]e/+ z "o ( ! few examples ( ! pres]vation ( ! cuticul> membrane4 ,! /raight or curv$ walls ( ! epid]mal cells agree ) ^? ( rec5t ,cycads except ,/ang]ia1 & ea* cell be>s a l>ge c5tral papilla t gives to ! lam9a ! f9ely punctate appe>ance :i* has be5 reg>d$ z evid5ce ( sporangia4 ,! gaps 9 ! cuticle probably m>k ! position ( sunk5 /omata4 ,,pseudoct5is4 ,sew>d4 ,?is g5us#agch 0 e/abli%$ = c]ta9 p9nate fronds agree+ 9 habit ) ,ct5is sulcicaulis b di/+ui%$ by ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( any cross-connexions betwe5 ! ve9s4 ,"s ( ! =ms ) n>r[ p9nae closely resemble species ( ,zamites1 ! di/+ui%+ feature be+ ! decurr5t l[] m>g9 ( ! leaflets4 ,?\gh su* fronds might n unreasonably be includ$ 9 ,ct5is1 x is m conv5i5t on ! analogy ( ! occasional occurr5ce ( ,glossopt]is fronds ) v few ana/omoses to employ a di/9ctive designation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbg4 ,pseudoct5is ea?i5sis4 7,briti% ,museum1 ,no4 ,v4 #bgdd2 nat4 size47 ,pseudoct5is ea?i5sis 7,ri*>ds74 ,"s ( ! specim5s on :i* ?is species#agci is f\nd$ 7 orig9ally figur$ by ,mill]#agdj f ,upp] ,jurassic /rata 9 ,scotl& & aft]w>ds nam$ by ,ri*>ds#agda ,zamites ea?i5sis4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! fronds is v l t ( ,ct5is sulcicaulis2 ! p9nae v>y 9 bread? f ab\t #c mm4 to #ae cm42 !y are atta*$ at "r-angles or1 9 ! apical region1 may be almo/ p>allel to ! ra*is4 ,! longe/ p9na record$ is #ag cm4 & ! lam9a tap]s to a sl5d] apex2 ! ve9s are p>allel & occasionally =k$1 b cross-connexions are r>e4 ,! p>tially petrifi$ ra*is ( "o specim5 %[$ hypod]mal /]eome & "s secretory canals z 9 rec5t ,cycads4 ,! specim5 f ,weald5 rocks ne> ,ha/+s 7fig4 #fbg71 orig9ally describ$ z ,zamites sp4#agdb1 is probably specifically id5tical ) ,pseudoct5is ea?i5sis4 ,! ,s\? ,african ,weald5 species1 orig9ally describ$ by ,tate z ,palaeozamia ,rubidgei#agdc1 agrees closely ) ,pseudoct5is & is probably an example ( t g5us4 ,?is type be>s a close resemblance 9 ! =m ( ! frond to ,ct5ophyllum gr&ifolium ,font4#agdd & ,c4 ,w>di#agde ,font4 f ,am]ican ,trias & ,jurassic rocks respectively4 ,pseudoct5is crass9]vis ,sew4#agdf is ano!r ,scot* =m ) co>s] ve9s4 ,a frond v simil> 9 habit to ,p4 ea?i5sis is repres5t$ by ,pseudoct5is ensi=mis ,halle#agdg f ! ,jurassic /rata ( ,graham ,l& orig9ally ref]r$ by ,na?or/ to ,pt]ophyllum4 ,an exam9ation ( ! type-specim5 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum reveal$ its resemblance to ! ,scot* species ,p4 ea?i5sis3 a s+le ana/omosis 0 notic$ 9 "o ( ! p9nae4 ,! broadly ensi=m obtuse p9nae1 rea*+ a l5g? ( #g cm4 ) a maximum bread? ( #c cm4 at _! exp&$ bases1 v>y 9 bread? & are atta*$ at "r-angles to a sl5d] ra*is4 ,! ve9s1 #a-ae mm4 ap>t1 are p>allel & /rong4 ,! v>y+ bread? ( ! p9nae irrespective ( _! position on ! ra*is is a di/9ctive feature4 ,halle draws att5tion to a resemblance ( ?is ,ant>ctic species to ,ct5ophyllum latifolium ,font4 a ,potomac type ref]r$ by ,b]ry#agdh to ! g5us ,ct5opsis on ! r sl5d] gr\nd t ! ve9s are arrang$ 9 pairs4 ,b]ry 9 a footnote expresses ! op9ion t ,ct5opsis is v closely relat$ to or possibly id5tical ) ,pseudoct5is4 ,if ! bases ( ! p9nae 9 ! specim5 ( ,p4 ensi=mis figur$ by ,halle are complete1 z !y appe> to be1 ! frond agrees v closely ) ,pt]ophyllum ,c>t]ianum ,old4 & ,morr4#agdi f ,india4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,rajmahal specim5 ) ,halle's figure leads me to reg>d ! two fronds z probably id5tical4 ,! ve9s 9 ! ,indian species1 :i* %\ld also be ref]r$ to ,pseudoct5is1 are prom95t & f #e to #a mm4 ap>t2 ! base ( ! lam9a is slightly broad5$ & ! ve9s curve d[nw>ds t[>ds ! ra*is 9 ! l[] decurr5t portion4 ,! o!r ,indian type1 ,pt]ophyllum ,morrisianum#agej1 ) :i* ,halle comp>es 8 species is1 h[ev]1 n a ,pseudoct5is b %\ld be includ$ 9 ,nilssonia & is probably id5tical ) ,pt]ophyllum pr9ceps ,old4 & ,morr4 ,pseudoct5is ,lanei ,?omas4 ,?is species#agea1 rec5tly describ$ f ,middle ,jurassic b$s at ,m>ske1 ,york%ire1 has n>r[] l9e> lanceolate p9nae4 ,! l9e> p9nae rea* a l5g? ( #aj cm4 & a bread? ( #i mm4 ,! ve9s are num]\s1 #aj 9 a bread? ( #f mm41 & only "o cross-ve9 0 notic$4 ,9 ! decurr5t l[] edge ( ! lam9ae ! fronds are id5tical ) ,ct5is sulcicaulis4 ,a v good example ( ?is species#ageb 9 ! ,york ,museum is reproduc$ by ,mr ,?omas 9 8 acc\nt ( ,clevel& ,jurassic plants4 ,pseudoct5is ,balli 7,fei/mantel74 ,a species describ$ orig9ally by ,fei/mantel#agec z ,anomozamites ,balli f ! ,b>ak> gr\p ( ! ,damuda s]ies & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! g5us ,platypt]ygium1 *>act]is$ by broadly l9e> segm5ts ( unequal bread? atta*$ obliquely or at "r-angles to a sl5d] ra*is4 ,! apices ( ! segm5ts ?\gh usually imp]fect appe> to be truncate2 ! bases ( ! p9nae are decurr5t by _! l[] edge4 ,! ve9s are approximately #c p] millimetre2 !y are g5]ally =k$ at ! base & 9 "o or two places %[ cross-connexions4 ,9 ! middle ( ! frond ! n>r[ ra*is is expos$ b 9 ! apical region x is cov]$ by ! lam9ae4 ,! occurr5ce ( two div]g5t p9nae at ! apex ( ! frond is a feature met ) also 9 ,ct5is sulcicaulis4 ,?is description is bas$ on an exam9ation ( ! specim5s figur$ by ,fei/mantel4 ,,iii4 ,cycadean ,fronds :i* _c be assign$ to a family-position4 ,,sph5ozamites4 ,brongni>t4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,brongni>t#aged z a subg5us ( ,otozamites d5ot+ p9nate fronds be>+ leaflets )\t an auriculate base3 he sugge/$ t ! subg5us might ev5tually be rais$ to g5]ic rank & ?is 0 done by ,zigno#agee ?\gh 9 too wide a s5se4 ,9 ! case ( ,otozamites ,beani 7,l9d4 & ,hutt471 quot$ by ,brongni>t 9 illu/ration ( ,sph5ozamites1 ! latt] designation is inapplicable z ! p9nae are auriculate4 ,ano!r species1 ,zamites undulatus ,/]nb41 to :i* ,brongni>t appli$ 8 new subg5]ic t]m1 is probably id5tical ) ,otozamites acum9atus 7,l4 & ,h47#agef4 ,al?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 ,sph5ozamites & ,otozamites is (t5 ill def9$ ! =m] "n may be conv5i5tly adopt$ = p9nate fronds simil> to ^? ( ,zamia ,sk9n]i & "s species ( ,encephal>tos *>act]is$ by leaflets ( an asymmetrical1 obovate1 or rhomboidal =m ) a contract$ or cuneate base & num]\s bran*$ div]g5t ve9s4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! /ructure or reproductive organs ( ,sph5ozamites1 & ! g5us1 ?\gh s]v+ a useful descriptive purpose1 is f\nd$ solely on =m1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r data x w\ld be ra% to assume t its use implies close natural aff9ity4 ,9 ! case ( _m o!r g5]a ( ,cycadean fronds !re is additional evid5ce ( relation%ip1 b ?is is n ! case ) ,sph5ozamites4 ,! p9nae resemble ^? ( su* rec5t ,cycadean fronds z ,zamia ,sk9n]i & ,z4 muricata4 ,! g5us ranges f ,l[] ,p]mian to ,jurassic rocks4 ,sph5ozamites ,ro*ei ,r5ault4 ,?is species#ageg1 f ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ! ,autun di/rict1 is f\nd$ on a p9nate frond be>+ alt]nate p9nae1 #be #a cm41 ) an asymmetrical oblong lam9a atta*$ obliquely ne> ! edge ( ! ra*is ) a cuneate base slightly decurr5t bel[ & a broadly r\nd$ apex2 ! ve9s di*otomise once or twice z !y div]ge f ! n>r[ base 7fig4 #fbh74 ,! p9nae resemble ! leaflets ( ,noegg]a?ia foliosa ,/]nb4 & are simil> 9 %ape to ^? ( ! ,jurassic species ,sph5ozamites ,geyl]ianus ,zig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbh4 ,sph5ozamites ,ro*ei4 7,aft] ,r5ault2 nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fbi4 ,sph5ozamites ,belli4 7,ox=d ,museum2 nat4 size47 ,sph5ozamites ,belli ,sew>d4 ,?is ,middle ,jurassic species f ,/onesfield#ageh is f\nd$ on deta*$ p9nae possibly id5tical ) a specim5 figur$ by ,buckman z 8,naiadea obtusa#agei4 ,! p9nae are w$ge-%ap$1 tap]+ gradually to an acute apex & atta*$ by a n>r[ base3 ! leaflet %[n 9 fig4 #fbi is #i cm4 long2 ! ve9s are num]\s & m div]g5t ?an 9 "s leaves ( simil> =m ref]r$ to ! g5us ,podozamites4 ,) ?is species may be comp>$ sev]al ,italian ,jurassic specim5s describ$ by ,zigno#agfj z f\r di/9ct species b m appropriately assign$ to a s+le type ,s4 ,geyl]ianus4 ,an exam9ation ( ,zigno's fronds 9 ! ,padua ,museum1 :i* he nam$ ,s4 ,rossii1 leads me to reg>d ! irregul>ly s]rate edge ( ! p9nae z ! result ( te>+ ( an orig9ally entire lam9a & to comp>e ! specim5s ) ,otozamites ,beani 7,l4 & ,h474 ,an imp]fect ovoid p9na recall+ ,s4 ,belli is figur$ by ,newb]ry f ! ,rhaetic ( ,honduras z ,sph5ozamites robu/us#agfa4 ,a ,fr5* ,upp] ,jurassic species figur$ by ,saporta z ,sph5ozamites latifolius be>s a v close resemblance 9 ! =m ( ! leaflets to ! ,weald5 plant ,sew>dia latifolia#agfb4 ,kurtz records ! occurr5ce ( ,sph5ozamites1 ,s4 ,ge9itzianus1 f ,rhaetic /rata 9 ,arg5t9a#agfc1 b ,i h n se5 any figures ( ?is species4 ,,plagiozamites4 ,zeill]4 ,! "n ,plagiozamites 0 propos$ by ,zeill]#agfd = "s p9nate fronds & deta*$ leaflets f ! ,/ephanian ( ,comm5try & ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ! ,vosges4 ,! bett] pres]vation ( ! ,vosges mat]ial enabl$ him to recognise c]ta9 features :i* l$ to ! sub/itution ( ,plagiozamites = ,zamites1 ! "n orig9ally employ$ by ,r5ault = ! ,comm5try specim5s4 ,plagiozamites be>s a sup]ficial resemblance to ,zamites & ,otozamites & diff]s b little f ,sph5ozamites & ,noegg]a?ia2 x /&s = p9nate fronds be>+ ovate p9nae ) a sub-amplexicaul oblique atta*m5t to ! ra*is z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! species ,p4 ,plan*>di 7,r547#agfe4 ,9 ! case ( ,palaeozoic fronds assign$ to ! ,cycadophyta on ! gr\nd ( ! resemblance ( _! p9nae to ^? ( und\bt$ ,cycadean species1 x is p>ticul>ly important to recognise ! fact t decisive evid5ce z to sy/ematic position is lack+4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! /em1 ! reproductive organs1 or ! epid]mal & /omatal *>act]s ( ,plagiozamites1 & x is by no means c]ta9 t ! g5us is a true repres5tative ( ! gr\p 9 :i* x is provisionally includ$4 ,plagiozamites ,plan*>di 7,r5ault74 ,fronds p9nate2 p9nae ovate-lanceolate rea*+ #e cm4 9 l5g? & #af cm4 9 bread?1 ins]t$ obliquely on ! ra*is1 b n along a l9e p>allel to ! long axis ( ! ra*is z 9 ,zamites1 & p>tially embrac+ x3 ! edge ( ! lam9a is f9ely d5ticulate2 ve9s slightly div]g5t & occasionally bran*$4 ,! leaflets are n>r[ & m acute ?an ^? ( ,noegg]a?ia & ,sph5ozamites ,ro*ei ,r54 ,plagiozamites is record$ f ! ,/ephanian ( ,comm5try1 ! ,coal ,measures ( ,man*uria#agff1 & ! ,l[] ,p]mian ( ! ,vosges4 ,r5ault describ$ six species ( ,zamites f ,comm5try all1 except ,z4 c>bon>ius1 bas$ on deta*$ p9nae4 ,! type-specim5 ( ,z4 c>bon>ius consi/s ( a piece ( /\t ra*is be>+ ovate acute p9nae1 #bb #a cm4 ,potoni#agfg1 :o ref]s a piece ( p9nate frond f ! ,p]mian ( ,?ur+ia to ,z4 c>bon>ius1 includes ! o!r species ( ,r5ault "u t "n4 ,:e!r or n ! diff]5ces 9 ! v5ation & =m ( ! p9nae are ( specific significance _c be def9itely settl$ )\t bett] mat]ial1 b ! important po9t is t ^! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s fronds are suffici5tly di/9ct f ,zamites to be plac$ 9 a sep>ate g5us4 ,plagiozamites c>bon>ius is record$ also by ,zalessky#agfh f ! ,p]mian ( ,man*uria ?\gh ! examples figur$ d n af=d satisfactory evid5ce ( ! mode ( ins]tion ( ! segm5ts on ! ra*is4 ,p4 ,plan*>di has rec5tly be5 record$ f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,m>yl&2 ! discov]y is int]e/+ bo? on phytogeographical gr\nds & z ! fir/ satisfactory record ( a ,palaeozoic ,cycadophyte f ,nor? ,am]ica#agfi4 ,cycadora*is4 ,saporta4 ,! employm5t ( ?is g5]ic "n may s]ve a useful purpose if us$ = specim5s1 :e!r pres]v$ z petrifactions or impressions1 believ$ to be portions ( ,cycadean frond-axes1 b :i* 9 ! abs5ce ( p9nae _c be assign$ to "o ( ! recognis$ g5]a ( fronds4 ,saporta#aggj describes two species f ,kimm]idgian b$s 9 ,france1 ,cycadora*is abscissa & ,c4 armata3 ! fir/ may be ! w+$ base ( a ,cycadean petiole1 b x agrees equally well ) ! broad base ( an ,osmundace\s leaf & %\ld n be ref]r$ to a g5us imply+ aff9ity ) a p>ticul> class4 ,! o!r species1 ,c4 armata1 is probably a piece ( a sp9\s axis l t ( ! ,weald5 plant ,sew>dia latifolia 7,sap474 ,a fragm5t figur$ by ,fli*e & ,blei*]#agga f ! ,jurassic ( ,nancy z ,c4 tub]culata is ano!r example ( a fossil :i* _c be ref]r$ ) any c]ta9ty to ! ,cycads4 ,dr ,/opes#aggb1 inadv]t5tly ov]look+ ! previ\s in/itution ( ,cycadora*is1 has rec5tly propos$ ! "n ,cycadeora*is = p9nately bran*$ ra*ises ( ,cycadean fronds :i*1 #8:ile indicat+ ! g5]al "* ( ! frond1 d n %[ ! %ape ( ! p9nae well en\gh to be associat$ ) any ( ! _m foliage-g5]a4' ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text 7,volumes ,,iii4 & ,,iv47 ,) a few exceptions ?is li/ does n include books & pap]s giv5 9 ! ,bibliographies 9 volumes ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! ,bibliographies :i* /ud5ts w f9d useful = additional ref]5ces3--,geological ,lit]ature add$ to ! ,geological ,society's ,libr>y1 publi%$ f "t to "t by ! ,society2 ,pr(4 ,zeill]'s li/s 9 ! #8,revue ,gnrale de ,botanique' 7,p>is72 li/s giv5 by ,arb] 9 ! #8,progressus ,rei ,botanicae' 7,leid571 vol4 i4 ,heft i4 p4 #bah1 #aijg2 ,jongman's #8,die ,palaeobotanis*e ,lit]atur' 7,j5a71 #aiaj-ac2 also ! ,int]national ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,lit]ature 7,botany & ,geology74 ,= ! ,lit]ature deal+ ) ,cretace\s plants ! /ud5t %\ld ref] to ,dr ,m>ie ,/opes' #8,cretace\s ,flora' i4 & ii4 7,briti% ,museum ,catalogues1 #aiac1 #aiae74 ,! dates ( books publi%$ 9 p>ts giv5 9 ! footnotes to ?is volume are z a rule ^? ( ! conclud+ "p4 ,= ! dates ( sep>ate p>ts ( books relat+ to ,palaeozoic floras ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,pr(4 ,zeill]'s valuable li/ at ! end ( ! #8,flore ,fossile du ,bass9 ,h\ill] de ,val5ci5nes4' ,useful bibliographies ( ! writ+s ( ,saporta1 ,he]1 & ,ett+%aus5 h be5 compil$ by ,zeill] 7#if71 ,malloizel & ,zeill] 7,n4,d471 & ,krass] 7#ig74 ,aase1 ,hannah ,c4 7#ae7 ,vascul> anatomy ( ! megasporophylls ( ,conif]s4 ,botanical ,gazette1 vol4 lx4 p4 #bgg4 ,aff\rtit1 ,m4 ,f4 ,a4 & ,h4 ,c4 ,c4 ,la ,rivire4 7#ae7 ,on ! ribb+ ( ! se$s ( ,g9kgo4 ,annals ( ,botany1 vol4 xxix4 p4 #eia4 ,&]sson1 ,j4 ,g4 7#aj7 ,die ,v]nd]ung5 des ,klimas seit dem ,maximum d] letzt5 ,eiszeit4 7,collection ( pap]s publi%$ by ! ,int4 ,geol4 ,congress2 edit$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,&]sson47 ,/ockholm4 ,&rews1 ,e4 ,b4 7#ge7 ,descriptions ( ,fossil ,plants f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,ohio4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio4 ,antevs1 ,e4 7#ad7 ,lepidopt]is ,ottonis 7,gpp47 ,s*imp4 & ,an?oti?us ,zeill]i ,na?4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 li4 ,no4 #g4 ---- 7#ad7 ,! ,sw$i% ,species ( ,ptilozamites ,na?4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 li4 ,no4 #aj4 ,arb]1 ,agnes4 7,see also ,rob]tson1 ,a47 7#aj7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! ,palaeozoic se$ ,mitrosp]mum compressum 7,w474 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #dia4 ---- 7#ad7 ,a note on ,trigonoc>pus4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #aie4 ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,newell4 7#jb7 ,notes on ! ,b9ney collection ( ,coal-,measure ,plants4 ,pt4 iii4 ,! type-specim5s ( ,lyg9od5dron oldhamium 7,b9ney74 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xi4 pt4 iv4 p4 #bha4 ---- 7#jc7 ,on ! roots ( ,m$ullosa anglica4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dbe4 ---- 7#jc7 ,discussion on ,dr ,kurtz's pap] 7#aijc74 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lix4 p4 #bf4 ---- 7#jd7 ,cupress9oxylon ,hook]i sp4 nov4 a l>ge silicifi$ tree f ,tasmania4 ,geol4 ,mag4 v1 vol4 i4 p4 #g4 ---- 7#je7 ,on "s new species ( ,lag5o/oma1 a type ( ,pt]idosp]m\s se$ f ! ,coal ,measures4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxi4 ,b1 p4 #bde4 ---- 7#jg7 ,on ,triassic species ( ! g5]a ,zamites & ,pt]ophyllum1 types ( fronds belong+ to ! ,cycadophyta4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 pt4 vii4 p4 #aji4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on a new ,pt]idosp]m possess+ ! ,sph5opt]is type ( foliage4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #eg4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,wald]%>e & ,fr$ville s]ies ( ! ,k5t ,coalfield4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxv4 p4 #ba4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ! aff9ities ( ! ,triassic plant ,yuccites vogesiacus ,s*imp4 & ,m\g4 ,geol4 ,mag4 v1 vol4 vi4 p4 #aa4 ---- 7#ab7 ,on ,psygmophyllum majus sp4 nov4 f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,newf\ndl&1 toge!r ) a ,revision ( ! g5us & ,rem>ks on its aff9ities4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cia4 ---- 7#ab7 ,fossil ,plants f ! ,k5t ,coalfield4 ,geol4 ,mag4 v1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ig4 ---- 7#ac7 ,a prelim9>y note on ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,m\nt ,potts b$s1 ,new ,zeal&1 collect$ by ,mr ,d4 ,g4 ,lillie1 ,biologi/ to ,capt4 ,scott's ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition 9 ! 8,t]ra ,nova40 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxxvi4 p4 #cdd4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! /ructure ( ,dadoxylon ,kayi4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxix4 p4 #ded4 ---- 7#ad7 ,a ,revision ( ! ,se$ impressions ( ! ,briti% ,coal ,measures4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,k5t ,coalfield4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxx4 p4 #ed4 ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,newell & ,j4 ,p>k94 7#jg7 ,on ! orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #bi4 ---- 7#jh7 ,/udies on ! ,evolution ( ! ,angiosp]ms4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #dhi4 ,arnoldi1 ,w4 7#ja7 ,beitrge zur ,morphologie e9ig] ,gymnosp]m54 ,bull4 ,nat4 ,mosc[1 ,no4 #d1 #aijj4 ,bailey1 ,i4 ,w4 7#ji7 ,! /ructure ( ! wood 9 ! ,p9eae4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #dg4 ---- 7#aa7 ,a ,cretace\s ,pityoxylon ) m>g9al tra*eids4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #cae4 ,baily1 ,w4 ,h4 7#fi7 ,notice ( ,plant-rema9s f ,b$s int]/ratifi$ ) ! ,basalts 9 ! c\nty ( ,antrim4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ceg4 ,ba91 ,f4 & ,sir ,w4 ,dawson4 7#he7 ,notes on ! ,geology & ,fossil ,flora ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 ,canadian ,rec4 ,sci4 vol4 i4 7#ahhd-he7 p4 #aed4 ,bak]1 ,r4 ,t4 & ,h4 ,c4 ,smi?4 7#aj7 ,rese>* ( ! ,p9es on ,au/ralia4 ,dpt4 ,public ,in/ruction1 ,te*4 ,educ4 ,s]4 ,no4 #af4 ,sydney4 ,bancr(t1 ,nellie4 7#ac7 ,on "s ,indian ,jurassic ,gymnosp]ms & ,rhexoxylon africanum1 a new ,m$ullosan /em4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #fi4 ---- 7#ad7 ,pt]idosp]m ,anatomy & its relation to t ( ! ,cycads4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #da4 ,b>b]1 ,c4 ,a4 7#ib7 ,on ! nature & developm5t ( ! corky excresc5ces on /ems ( ,zan?oxylum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 vi4 p4 #aee4 ---- 7#ih7 ,cupressionoxylon vect5se2 a fossil ,conif] f ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ,%ankl91 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xii4 p4 #cbi4 ,b>?ol91 ,c4 ,t4 7#id7 ,nogle i d5 bornholmske ,jura=mation =ekomm5de ,plante=/5+]4 ,bot4 ,tidskrift 7,cop5hag571 ,bd4 xix4 p4 #hg4 ,b>tlett1 ,a4 ,w4 7#ac7 ,note on ! occurr5ce ( an abnormal bisporangiate /robilus ( ,l>ix europaea ,,dc4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ege4 ,bassl]1 ,h4 7#af7 ,a ,cycadophyte f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,coal ,measures4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xlii4 p4 #ba4 ,bay]1 ,a4 7#jh7 ,zur ,deutung d] weibli*5 ,blt5 d] ,cupress9e5 neb/ ,bem]kung5 b] ,cryptom]ia4 ,beiheft ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xxiii4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #bg4 ,beissn]1 ,l4 7#ia7 ,h&bu* d] ,nadelholzkunde4 ,b]l94 ,b5nett1 ,j4 ,j4 & ,r4 ,br[n4 7#eb7 ,plantae ,javanicae r>iores4 ,london1 #ahch-eb4 ,b5son1 ,m>g>et4 7#jh7 ,on ! cont5ts ( ! poll5-*amb] ( a specim5 ( ,lag5o/oma ovoides4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lv4 p4 #dji4 ---- 7#ab7 ,cordaites ,felicis1 sp4 nov41 a ,cordaitean leaf f ! ,coal ,measures ( ,engl&4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #bjb4 ---- 7#ad7 ,spha]o/oma ovale 7,cono/oma ovale et int]m$ianum1 ,williamson71 a ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ovule f ,pettycur1 ,fife%ire1 ,scotl&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 l4 pt4 i4 ,no4 i4 p4 #a4 ,b5son1 ,m4 & ,e4 ,j4 ,wels=d4 7#ji7 ,! morphology ( ! ovule & female fl[] ( ,juglans regia & ( a few alli$ g5]a4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #fbc4 ,b]g]1 ,r4 7#dh7 ,de fructibus et sem9ibus ex =matione li?an?racum4 ,diss4 ,inaug4 ,vratislaviae4 ,b]g]on1 ,j4 7#hd7 ,note sur les /robiles du ,wal*ia p9i=mis4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 ,tome xii4 p4 #ehc4 ,b]ridge1 ,e4 ,m4 7#aa7 ,on "s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ,gnetalean & ,b5nettitean se$s4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 x4 p4 #adj4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! /ructure ( ! female /robilus 9 ,gnetum ,gnemon4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ihg4 ,b]ridge1 ,emily ,m4 & ,elizabe? ,s&ay4 7#jg7 ,oog5esis & embryog5y 9 ,eph$ra di/a*ya4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vi4 p4 #abg4 ,b]ry1 ,e4 ,w4 7#jc7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,matawan ,=mation4 ,bull4 ,new ,york ,bot4 ,g>d4 vol4 iii4 ,no4 #i1 p4 #de4 ---- 7#je7 ,additions to ! fossil ,flora f ,cliffwood4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #dc4 ---- 7#jf7 ,contributions to ! ,mesozoic ,flora ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla94 ,i4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #cc4 ---- 7#jg7 ,coa/al ,pla9 ,amb]4 ,torreya1 vol4 vii4 p4 #d4 ---- 7#jg7 ,contributions to ! ,plei/oc5e ,flora ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 vol4 xv4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #cch4 ---- 7#jh7 ,"s ,arauc>ian rema9s f ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla94 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxxv4 p4 #bdi4 ---- 7#jh7 ,a ,mid-,cretace\s species ( ,torreya4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #chb4 ---- 7#ji7 ,a ,mioc5e ,flora f ! ,virg9ian ,coa/al ,pla94 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 vol4 xvii4 p4 #ai4 ---- 7#ji7 ,plei/oc5e ,swamp deposits 9 ,virg9ia4 ,am]4 ,nat4 vol4 xliii4 p4 #dcb4 ---- 7#aj7 ,a revision ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! g5us ,nageiopsis ( ,fonta9e4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #ahe4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! epid]mal *>act]s ( ,fr5elopsis ramosissimus4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 l4 p4 #cje4 ---- 7#aj7 ,additions to ! ,plei/oc5e ,flora ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,torreya1 vol4 x4 p4 #bfa4 ---- 7#aj7 ,contributions to ! ,mesozoic ,flora ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla94 ,v4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxxvii4 p4 #aha4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,l[] ,cretace\s deposits ( ,m>yl&4 7,b]ry1 ,cl>k1 & ,bibb947 ,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv4 ---- 7#aa7 ,a ,l[] ,cretace\s species ( ,s*izaeaceae f ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #aic4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,r>itan ,=mation4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,bull4 #c4 ---- 7#aa7 ,a ,revision ( sev]al g5]a ( ,gymnosp]m\s plants f ! ,potomac gr\p 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 vol4 xl4 p4 #bhi4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! age ( ! plant-be>+ %ales ( ! ,ri*mond coal-field4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxiv4 p4 #bbd4 ---- 7#ab7 ,notes on ! g5us ,widdr+tonites4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxxix4 p4 #cda4 ---- 7#ab7 ,contributions to ! ,mesozoic ,flora ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/al ,pla94 ,,vii4 ,texas4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxxix4 p4 #chg4 ---- 7#ab7 ,plei/oc5e plants f ! ,blue ,ridge 9 ,virg9ia4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxiv4 p4 #bah4 ---- 7#ad7 ,! ,upp] ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e floras ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(essional pap]s1 ,no4 #hd4 ---- 7#ae7 ,! ,mississippi ,riv] ,bluffs at ,columbus & ,hickman1 ,k5tucky1 & _! ,fossil ,flora4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #bic4 ---- 7#af7 ,! ,geological hi/ory ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,! ,plant ,_w1 vol4 xix4 p4 #bg4 ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gd7 ,anatomie comp>e des tiges et des feuilles *ez les ,gntaces et les ,conifres4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 v1 vol4 xx4 p4 #e4 ---- 7#hc7 ,note sur le g5re ,vesquia1 ,tax9e fossile du ,t]ra9 ,aa*ni5 de ,t\rnai4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france #c1 ,tome v4 p4 #bic4 ---- 7#hi7 ,les ,poroxylons vgtaux fossiles de l'poque h\illire4 ,ann4 soc4 ,belg4 de ,microscopie1 ,tome xiii4 ,fasc4 i4 ---- 7#ih7 ,rem>ques sur la /ructure des gra9s de poll5 de ,cordaites4 ,assoc4 ,fran4 p\r l'avanc4 des ,sci4 ,nantes 7#ahih71 p4 #dcf4 ---- 7#jg7 ,les c>actri/iques du g5re ,rhabdoc>pus d'aprs les prp>ations de la collection ,b4 ,r5ault4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 #d1 ,tome vii1 p4 #fed4 ---- 7#jg7 ,les c>actri/iques du g5re ,diplote/a de ,brongni>t4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france #d1 tome vii4 p4 #chh4 ---- 7#jg7 ,les c>actri/iques du g5re ,leptoc>yon de ,brongni>t4 ,ibid4 p4 #deb4 ---- 7#jg7 ,les c>actri/iques du g5re ,taxosp]mum de ,brongni>t4 ,ibid4 p4 #bac4 ---- 7#jg7 ,rem>ques sur le ,taxosp]mum angulosum4 ,compt4 r5d4 d'assoc4 ,fran4 p\r l'avanc4 des sci4 7,reims1 #aijg71 p4 #daj4 ---- 7#jh7 ,les c>actri/iques du ,cycad9oc>pus angu/odun5sis de ,b4 ,r5ault4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france #d1 tome viii4 p4 #cbf4 ---- 7#jh7 ,les c>actri/iques du g5re ,c>dioc>pus d'aprs les gra9es silicifies tudies p> ,ad4 ,brongni>t et ,b4 ,r5ault4 ,ibid4 p4 #cia4 ---- 7#jh7 ,la spcification des ,c>dioc>pus de la collection ,b4 ,r5ault4 ,ibid4 p4 #ded4 ---- 7#ji7 ,sur le g5re ,compsote/a de ,ad4 ,brongni>t4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit4 #b1 suppl4 #c4 ---- 7#aa7 ,le ,b\rgeon femelle des ,cordaites4 ,nancy4 ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 et ,b4 ,r5ault4 7#hb7 ,re*]*es sur les ,poroxylons4 ,ar*4 bot4 du ,nord de la ,france1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdc4 ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#jh7 ,sur les /ipes de ,clepsydropsis4 ,compt4 ,r5d41 ,nov4 #af1 #aijh4 ---- 7#aa7 ,/ructure des /ipes d',a/]o*la5a laxa ,/]zel4 ,mm4 soc4 gol4 ,nord1 ,tome vii4 i4 ---- 7#ac7 ,les ,fructifications de ,neuroptrides recueillies dans le t]ra9 h\ill] du ,nord de la ,france4 ,ann4 soc4 gol4 ,nord1 ,tome xlii4 p4 #aac4 ---- 7#ad7 tat actuel de nos ,connaissances sur les ,g5res #8,cladoxylon' et #8,/eloxylon4' ,compt4 ,r5d4 de l'assoc4 fran4 p\r l',avancem5t des ,sci5ces 7,havre1 #aiad71 p4 #ddf4 ,beu/1 ,f4 7#he7 ,unt]su*ung b] fossile ,hlz] aus ,grnl&4 ,neue ,d5ks*4 allgem4 ,s*weiz4 ,ges4 gesammt4 ,naturwiss4 ,bd4 xxix4 ,b9ney1 ,e4 ,w4 7#ff7 ,on ,fossil wood 9 calc>e\s nodules f\nd 9 ! upp] foot coal ne> ,oldham4 ,proc4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 vol4 v4 p4 #aac4 ,blei*] & ,fli*e4 7#ib7 ,contribution l'tude des ,t]ra9s ,t]tiaires d',alsace4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 ,tome xx4 p4 #cge4 ,bod5b5d]1 ,w4 7#if7 ,beoba*tung5 b] ,devon- und ,gondwana-,s*i*t5 9 d] ,arg5t9is*5 ,republik4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xlviii4 p4 #gdc4 ---- 7#jb7 ,contribucion al ,conocimi5to de la ,precordill]a de ,san ,juan de ,m5doza4 ,bot4 ,acad4 ,nac4 ,ci5c4 ,cordoba1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #bjc4 ,boodle1 ,l4 ,a4 7#ae7 ,concresc5t & solit>y ,foliage-leaves 9 ,p9us4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #ai4 ,boodle1 ,l4 ,a4 & ,w4 ,c4 ,worsdell4 7#id7 ,on ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! ,casu>9eae1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,gnetaceae & ,cupulif]ae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 viii4 p4 #bca4 ,b\lay4 7#gi7 ,re*]*es de palontologie vgtale dans le t]ra9 h\ill] du ,nord de la ,france4 ,ann4 soc4 sci5t4 ,bruxelles1 ann4 iv4 pt4 #b1 #ahhj4 ---- 7#hg7 ,notice sur la ,flore t]tiaire des environs de ,privas 7,ardi*e74 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france1 ,tome xxxiv4 p4 #bbg4 ---- 7#hh7 ,notice sur les ,plantes fossiles des grs t]tiaires de ,sa9t-,saturn9 7,m>ne et ,loire74 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 ,ann4 #b1 p4 #iba4 ,b[]1 ,f4 ,o4 7#ha7 ,on ! g]m9ation & hi/ology ( ! se$l+s ( ,welwits*ia mirabilis4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 soc4 vol4 xxi4 pp4 #ae1 #ega4 ---- 7#hb7 ,! g]m9ation & embryog5y ( ,gnetum ,gnemon4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxii4 ,n4,s41 p4 #bgg4 ---- 7#hd7 ,on ! /ructure ( ,rhyn*opetalum montanum4 ,j\rn4 ,l94 ,soc4 vol4 xx4 p4 #ddj4 ---- 7#ab7 ,/udies 9 ! ,phylog5y ( ! ,filicales4 ,,ii4 ,lophosira1 & its relation to ! ,cya!oideae & o!r ,f]ns4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #bfi4 ,b[]bank1 ,j4 ,s4 7#dj7 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fossil fruits & se$s ( ! ,london ,clay4 ,london4 ,braun1 ,a4 7#ge7 ,die ,frage na* d] ,gymnosp]mie d] ,cycade54 ,monatsb]4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #bhi4 ---- 7#ge7 ,die ,diagnos5 drei] im ,jahre #ahgc von ,g4 ,wallis 9 ,neu ,granada entdeckt] ,cycade54 ,ibid4 p4 #cgf4 ,braun1 ,c4 ,f4 ,w4 7#dc7 ,beitrge zur ,petrefact5kunde ,bayreu? 7,graf zu ,mn/]71 ,heft vi4 ,bayreu?4 ---- 7#dg7 ,die ,fossile ,gew*se aus d5 ,gr5zs*i*t5 zwis*5 dem ,lias und ,keup] des neu aufgefund55 ,pflanz5lag]s 9 dem ,/e9br*e von ,veitlahm bei ,culmba*4 ,flora1 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#di7 ,beitrge zur ,urges*i*te d] ,pflanz54 ,,vi4 ,weltri*ia e9e neue ,gattung fossil] ,rhizan!54 ,progr4 iii4 ,jahresb]4 ,k4 ,kreis-,l&wir?s*4 und ,gew]bs*ule zu ,bayreu?4 ,brauns1 ,d4 7#ff7 ,d] ,s&/e9 bei ,se9/$t unweit des ,fall/e9s und die 9 ihm vorkomm5d5 ,pflanz5re/e4 ,paleont4 ,bd4 ix4 p4 #dg4 ,br5*ley1 ,w9ifr$ ,e4 7#ac7 ,on ,bran*+ specim5s ( ,lyg9od5dron ,oldhamium ,w4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xli4 p4 #cdi4 ,bri/[1 ,h4 ,w4 7#fb7 ,! ,geology ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,great ,brita94 ,brongni>t1 ,a4 7#be7 ,obs]vations sur les vgtaux fossiles r5f]ms dans les grs de ,ho] en ,scanie4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bjj4 ---- 7#bh7 ,essai d'une ,flore du grs big>r4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 vol4 v4 p4 #dce4 ---- 7#cc7 ,notice sur une ,conifre fossile du t]ra9 d'eau d\ce de l'le d',iliodroma4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 tome xxx4 p4 #age4 ---- 7#gd7 tudes sur les gra9es fossiles tr\ves l'tat silicifi dans le t]ra9 ,h\ill] de ,sa9t ti5ne4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 tome xx4 #e1 p4 #bcd4 ---- 7#ha7 ,re*]*es sur les gra9es fossiles silicifies4 ,p>is4 ,bronn1 ,h4 ,g4 7#eh7 ,beitrge zur triassis*5 ,s*ief] von ,raibl4 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #abi4 ,brooks1 ,f4 ,t4 & ,a4 ,%>ples4 7#ad7 ,p9k disease4 ,bull4 ,no4 #ba1 ,dep>t4 ,agric4 ,f$4 ,malay ,/ates4 ,brooks1 ,f4 ,t4 & ,w4 ,/iles4 7#aj7 ,! /ructure ( ,podoc>pus sp9ulosus 7,smi?7 ,r4 ,br4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cje4 ,bu*man1 ,j4 7#de7 ,outl9e ( ! ,geology ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,*elt5ham 79 collaboration ) ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison & ,h4 ,e4 ,/rickl&74 ,london4 ,buckl&1 ,w4 7#bh7 ,on ! ,cycadeoideae1 a ,family ( ,fossil ,plants f\nd 9 ! ,oolite qu>ries ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cie4 ---- 7#cg7 ,geology & ,m9]alogy consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology4 ,london4 ,burckh>dt1 ,c4 7#aa7 ,bem]kung5 zu e9ig5 ,arbeit5 von ,w4 ,go?an und ,a4 ,g4 ,na?or/4 ,c5t4 ,m94 ,geol42 ,paleont4 p4 #ddb4 ,burge/e91 ,a4 7#jf7 ,zur ,holzanatomie d] ,tanne1 ,fi*te und ,lr*e4 ,b]4 deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxiv4 ,heft vi4 p4 #bie4 ---- 7#jh7 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie des ,holzes d] ,konif]54 ,wiesn]-,fe/s*rift1 ,wi54 ,burl+ame1 ,l4 7#jh7 ,! /am9ate cone & male gametophyte ( ,podoc>pus4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlvi4 p4 #afa4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! ,morphology ( ,arauc>ia brasili5sis4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lv4 p4 #ig4 ---- 7#ae7 ,! ,morphology ( ,arauc>ia brasili5sis4 ,ibid4 vol4 lix4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ae7 ,! ,orig9 & ,relation%ips ( ! ,arauc>ians4 ,ibid4 vol4 lx4 p4 #a4 ,butt]wor?1 ,j4 7#ig7 ,"s fur!r inve/igations ( ,fossil se$s ( ! g5us ,lag5o/oma 7,williamson7 f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures1 ,oldham4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xli4 ix4 p4 #a4 ,caldwell1 ,o4 ,w4 7#jg7 ,microcycas calocoma4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xliv4 p4 #aah4 ,caldwell1 ,o4 ,w4 & ,c4 ,f4 ,bak]4 7#jg7 ,! id5tity ( ,microcycas calocoma4 ,ibid4 vol4 xliii4 p4 #acj4 ,cambi]1 ,r4 et ,a4 ,r5i]4 7#aj7 ,psygmophyllum ,delvali n4 sp4 du ,t]ra9 h\ill] de ,*>l]oi4 ,ann4 soc4 gol4 ,belg4 ,tome ii4 p4 #bc4 7,mm4 9 #dto47 ,capell9i1 ,g4 & ,conte ,e4 ,solms-,lauba*4 7#ib7 ,i ,tron*i di ,b5nettitee dei ,musei ,italiani4 ,mem4 ,reale ,acad4 ,sci4 ,i/it4 ,bologna #e1 tom4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,c>ano1 ,e4 7#jd7 ,contribuzione alla conosc5za della ,morfologia e dello sviluppo del fascio vascol>e delle foglie delle ,cicadacee4 ,ann4 di ,bot4 vol4 i4 p4 #aji 7,rome74 ,c>p5ti]1 ,a4 7#aa7 ,sur quelques fructifications et infloresc5ces du ,we/phali5 du ,nord de la ,france4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot4 tome xxiii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ac7 ,contribution l'tude du ,c>bonifre du ,nord de la ,france4 ,mm4 soc4 gol4 du ,nord1 tome vii4 ii4 p4 #a4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,w4 7#ff7 ,on ,arauc>ian cones f ! ,second>y b$s ( ,brita94 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdi4 ---- 7#ff7 ,on "s fossil ,conif]\s fruits4 ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ecd4 ---- 7#fg7 ,on ,cycadeoidea ,yatesii sp4 nov4 a fossil ,cycadean /em f ! ,potton s&s1 ,b$=d%ire4 ,ibid4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aii4 ---- 7#fg7 ,on ,gymnosp]m\s ,fruits f ! ,second>y rocks ( ,brita94 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 vol4 v4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#fg7 ,on "s ,cycadean ,fruits f ! ,second>y rocks ( ,brita94 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aja4 ---- 7#fh7 ,briti% ,fossil ,p&anaceae4 ,ibid4 vol4 v4 p4 #aec4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on ,beania1 a new g5us ( ,cycadean ,fruit f ! ,york%ire ,oolite4 ,ibid4 vol4 vi4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on "s undescrib$ ,conif]\s fruits f ! ,second>y rocks ( ,brita94 ,ibid4 vol4 vi4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#gj7 ,on ,fossil ,cycadean /ems f ! ,second>y rocks ( ,brita94 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #fge4 ---- 7#ga7 ,on two undescrib$ ,conif]\s fruits f ! ,second>y rocks ( ,brita94 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 viii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#gg7 ,description ( a new species ( ,arauc>ites f ! ,corall9e ,oolite ( ,malton4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #djb4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on ,cycas ,taiwaniana1 sp4 nov4 & ,c4 ,seemanni ,r4 ,br4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 vol4 xxxi4 p4 #a4 ,c>t]1 ,m4 ,g]ald9e4 7#aa7 ,a ,reconsid]ation ( ! orig9 ( ,transfusion-tissue4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ige4 ,casp>y1 ,r4 & ,r4 ,triebel4 7#hi7 ,e9ige fossile ,hlz] ,preuss5s4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&esan/alt1 ,bd4 ix4 ,heft iii4 p4 #aac4 elakovsk1 ,l4 7#hb7 ,zur ,kritik d] ,ansi*t5 von d5 ,fru*ts*uppe d] ,abiet9e54 ,abh4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,prag vi1 ,bd4 ii4 ,*amb]la91 ,c4 ,j4 7#jf7 ,! ovule & female gametophyte ( ,dioon4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlii4 p4 #cba4 ---- 7#ji7 ,dioon sp9ulosum4 ,ibid4 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #dja4 ---- 7#aj7 ,see ,c\lt] & ,*amb]la94 ---- 7#aj7 ,f]tilization & embryog5y 9 ,dioon edule4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 l4 p4 #dae4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! adult ,cycad ,trunk4 ,ibid4 vol4 lii4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#ab7 ,morphology ( ,c]atozamia4 ,ibid4 vol4 liii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ab7 ,a r\nd-!-_w ,botanical ,excursion4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 lxxxi4 p4 #dag4 ---- 7#ab7 ,two species ( ,b[5ia4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 liv4 p4 #dai4 ---- 7#ac7 ,macrozamia ,moorei1 a connect+ l9k betwe5 liv+ & fossil ,cycads4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lv4 p4 #ada4 ,*apman1 ,f4 7#ji7 ,jurassic ,plant-rema9s f ,gippsl&1 ,pt4 ii4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,victoria1 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 p4 #ajc4 ,*rysl]1 ,m4 ,a4 7#ae7 ,! ,m$ull>y rays ( ,c$rus4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lix4 p4 #chg4 ,*ur*1 ,a4 ,h4 7#ad7 ,on ! ,floral ,morphology ( ,welwits*ia mirabilis 7,hook]74 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 #bje1 p4 #aae4 ,cock]ell1 ,t4 ,d4 ,a4 7#jf7 ,! ,fossil ,flora & ,fauna ( ! ,florissant 7,colorado7 %ales4 ,univ4 ,colorado ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 ,no4 #c4 ---- 7#jh7 ,description ( ,t]ti>y ,plants4 ,,ii4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxvi #d1 p4 #ecg4 ---- 7#jh74 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ,florissant1 ,colorado4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ga4 ---- 7#jh7 ,florissant2 a ,mioc5e ,pompeii4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly 7,aug4 #aijh1 p4 #aab74 ,coemans1 ,e4 7#ff7 ,description de la flore fossile du premi] tage du t]ra9 ,crtac du ,ha9aut4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,r4 ,belg41 tome xxxvi4 ,cok]1 ,w4 ,c4 7#jc7 ,on ! gametophyte & embryo ( ,taxodium4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ji7 ,vitality ( ,p9e se$s & ! delay$ op5+ ( cones4 ,am]4 ,nat4 vol4 xliii4 p4 #fgg4 ,compt]1 ,g4 7#id7 ,die fossile ,flora des unt]n ,keup]s von ,o/?r+54 ,zeits*4 fr ,naturwiss4 ,leipzig1 ,bd4 lxvii4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#jc7 ,cycade5fr*te aus d] ,lett5kohle von ,apolda4 ,zeits*4 fr ,naturwiss4 ,/uttg>t1 ,bd4 lxxv4 p4 #aga4 ,compton1 ,r4 ,h4 7#jh7 ,see ,s\? & ,compton4 ,c[5tz1 ,h4 7#gh7 ,ueb] e9 t]ti>es ,vorkomm5 ,cypress5>tig] ,hlz] bei ,cali/oga 9 ,cali=ni54 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #hjj4 ---- 7#hb7 ,fossile ,hlz] aus d] ,sammlung d] ,knig4 geol4 ,l&esan/alt zu ,b]l94 ,jahrb4 ,k4 preuss4 geol4 ,l&4 ,b]gakad4 ,b]l9 fr das ,jahr #ahha1 p4 #add4 ---- 7#he7 ,sobre algunos arboles fosiles del ,rio ,negro4 ,bol4 ,acad4 ,nac4 ,ci5c4 ,cordoba1 tom4 vii4 p4 #ege4 ---- 7#hf7 ,die ,angiosp]m5 des ,b]n/e9s4 ,danzig4 ---- 7#hi7 ,ueb] ,?yll5 und ,?yll5-hnli*e ,bildung51 vornehmli* im ,hlze d] ,b]n/e9bume4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 vii4 p4 7#cd74 ---- 7#ib7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] fossile ,hlz] ,s*w$5s4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xxiv4 ,no4 #ac4 ---- 7#ja7 ,! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,yew 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,rep4 #ga/ ,meet+ ,brit4 ,assoc4 7,glasg[71 p4 #hci4 ,c\lt]1 ,j4 ,m4 & ,c4 ,j4 ,*amb]la94 7#jc7 ,! ,embryog5y ( ,zamia4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxxv4 p4 #ahd4 ---- 7#aj7 ,morphology ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,*icago4 ,cram]1 ,c4 7#fh7 ,fossile ,hlz] d] ,arctis*5 ,zone4 ,he]'s ,foss4 ,flor4 ,arct4 vol4 i4 p4 #afg4 ,cri1 ,l4 7#hi7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,flora e9ig] ,inseln des ,sdpacifis*5 und ,indis*5 ,oceans4 ,pal4 ,abh&4 7,dames & ,kays]7 7,n4,f471 ,bd4 i4 ,heft ii4 ,daguillon1 ,a4 7#ij7 ,re*]*es morphologiques sur les feuilles des ,conifres4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot4 tome #aa1 p4 #aed4 ,dawson1 ,j4 ,w4 7#df7 ,notices ( "s ,fossils f\nd 9 ! ,coal ,=mation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 ---- 7#fb7 ,on ! ,flora ( ! ,devonian p]iod 9 ,nor?-ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,ibid4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #bif4 ---- 7#fc7 ,fur!r ,obs]vations on ! ,devonian ,plants ( ,ma9e1 ,gasp1 & ,new ,york4 ,ibid4 vol4 xix4 p4 #deh4 ---- 7#fc7 ,synopsis ( ! ,flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,! ,canadian ,nat4 & ,geologi/1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dca4 ---- 7#ha7 ,notes on ,new ,erian 7,devonian7 plants4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxvii4 p4 #bii4 ---- 7#he7 ,on ! ,mesozoic ,floras ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ,region ( ,canada4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada1 sect4 iv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ij7 ,on new plants f ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s1 & on ! *>act]s & aff9ities ( ,palaeozoic ,gymnosp]ms4 ,canadian ,rec4 ,sci4 vol4 iv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on new species ( ,cretace\s plants f ,vanc\v] ,isl&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada1 sect4 iv4 p4 #ec4 ,dawson1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 & ,d4 ,p4 ,p5hall[4 7#ia7 ,note on ! specim5s ( ,fossil wood f ! ,erian 7,devonian7 ( ,new ,york & ,k5tucky4 ,! ,canadian ,rec4 ,sci4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdb4 ,depape1 ,g4 7#ac7 ,sur la prs5ce du ,g9kgo biloba ,l4 dans le ,pliocne infrieur de ,sa9t-,m>cel-d',ard*e4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 #aeg1 p4 #ieg4 ,depape1 ,g4 & ,a4 ,c>p5ti]4 7#ac7 ,prs5ce des g5us ,gnetopsis ,b4 ,r54 & ,r4 ,zeill4 et ,urnatopt]is ,kid/4 dans le ,we/phali5 du ,nord de la ,france4 ,ann4 soc4 gol4 du ,nord1 tome xlii4 p4 #bid4 ---- 7#ae7 ,sur quelques gra9es et fructifications du ,we/phali5 du ,nord de la ,france4 ,rev4 ,gn4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #cba4 ,dorety1 ,hel5 ,a4 7#jh7 ,! embryo ( ,c]atozamia1 a physiological /udy4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlv4 p4 #dab4 ---- 7#jh7 ,! se$l+ ( ,c]atozamia4 ,ibid4 vol4 xlvi4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! extrafascicul> cambium ( ,c]atozamia4 ,ibid4 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #adi4 ---- 7#ji7 ,vascul> anatomy ( ! se$l+ ( ,microcycas ,calocoma4 ,ibid4 p4 #aci4 ,dorri5-,smi?1 ,a4 ,a4 7#aa7 ,a ,botaniz+ exp$ition to ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,hort4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bhe4 ,d\vill1 ,h4 et ,r4 ,zeill]4 7#jh7 ,sur le t]ra9 h\ill] du ,sud ,oranais4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome cxlvi4 p4 #gcb4 ,drude1 ,o4 7#ij7 ,h&bu* d] ,pflanz5geographie4 ,/uttg>t4 ,dmm]1 ,r4 7#ab7 ,podoc>pus =mos5sis4 ,g>d4 ,*ron4 ,oct4 #ai1 p4 #bie4 ,dun1 ,w4 ,s4 7#aj7 ,notes on "s ,fossil plants f ! ro( ( ! coal seam 9 ! ,sydney ,h>b\r ,colli]y4 ,j\rn4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 xliv4 p4 #fae4 ,duns1 ,j4 7#gb7 ,on ,c>dioc>pon4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 p4 #fib4 ,dunek1 ,f4 7#ac7 ,spaltffnung5 d] ,cycadace54 7,ab/ract 9 ! ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 cxxv4 p4 #cdj47 ,dusn1 ,p4 7#ii7 b] die ,t]tire ,flora d] ,magellans-,lnd]4 ,wiss4 ,ergeb4 ,s*w$4 ,exp$4 na* d5 ,magellanslnd]n unt] ,leitung von ,o4 ,nord5skjld1 ,bd4 i4 ,no4 iv4 p4 #hg4 ---- 7#jh7 b] die ,t]tire ,flora d] ,seym\r-,insel4 ,wiss4 ,ergeb4 ,s*w$4 ,sdpol>-,exp$4 #aija-jc1 ,bd4 iii4 ,lief4 iii4 p4 #a4 ,du?ie1 ,augu/a ,v4 7#ab7 ,anatomy ( ,gnetum africanum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #eic4 ,eames1 ,a4 ,j4 7#ac7 ,! ,morphology ( ,aga?is au/ralis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #a4 ,eb]dt1 ,o4 7#id7 ,die ,braunkohl5 ,ablag]ung5 9 d] ,geg5d von ,s5ft5b]g4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&4 ,b]gakad4 ,b]l91 ,bd4 xiv4 p4 #bab4 ,ei*l]1 ,a4 ,w4 7#ha7 b] die weibli*5 ,bl!n d] ,conif]54 ,monatsb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #ajbj4 ---- 7#hb7 b] ,bildungsabwei*ung5 bei ,fi*t5zapf54 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 p4 #dj4 ---- 7#hi7 ,gymnosp]mae4 ,engl] & ,prantl2 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili51 ,teil ii4 ,ei*wald1 ,e4 7#ec-fh7 ,le?aea rossica4 ,/uttg>t4 ,elk9s1 ,m>ion ,g4 & ,g4 ,r4 ,wiel&4 7#ad7 ,cordaitean wood f ! ,indiana ,black ,%ale4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #fe4 ,elwes1 ,h4 ,j4 7#ab7 ,! ,flora ( ,=mosa4 ,g>d4 ,*ron4 ,july #ac1 #aiab1 p4 #be4 ,elwes1 ,h4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,h5ry4 7#fj7 ,! trees ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 vol4 i4 ,ed9burgh4 ,endli*]1 ,s4 7#dj7 ,g5]a plant>um secundum ord9es naturales disposita4 ,v9dobonae1 #ahcf-dj4 ---- 7#dg7 ,synopsis ,conif]>um4 ,sangalli4 ,engelh>dt1 ,h4 7#he7 ,die ,t]tirflora des ,jesuit5grab5s bei ,kundratitz 9 ,nordbhm54 ,nov4 ,act4 ,k4 ,leop4-,c>4 ,deuts*4 ,akad4 ,natur=s*4 ,bd4 xlviii4 ,no4 #c1 p4 #bii4 ---- 7#ia7 b] ,t]tirpflanz5 von ,*ile4 ,abh4 ,s5ck5b]g4 natur=s*4 ,ges4 p4 #fbi4 ---- 7#ab7 ,weit]] ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,t]tirflora ,bosni5s4 ,wiss4 ,mitt4 aus ,bosni5 und d] ,h]zeg[9a1 ,bd4 xii4 p4 #eic4 ,engelh>dt1 ,h4 & ,f4 ,k9kel94 7#jh7 ,ob]plioc5e ,flora und ,fauna des ,unt]-,ma9tales4 ,abh4 ,s5ck4 ,natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxix4 ,heft iii4 p4 #aea4 ,engl]1 ,a4 7#hi7 ,engl] & ,prantl2 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili51 ,teil ii4 ,abt4 i4 ---- 7#ie7 ,die ,pflanz5welt / ,afrikas1 etc4 ,?4 ,c4 ,b]l94 ---- 7#ig7 ,engl] & ,prantl2 ,die ,natrli*5 ,pflanz5famili54 ,na*trag zu ,teil5 ii-iv4 ,essn]1 ,b4 7#hf7 ,ueb] d5 diagno/is*5 ,w]? d] ,anzahl und ,hhe d] ,m>k/rahl5 bei d5 ,conif]54 ,abh4 natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,halle1 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #a4 ,e!ridge1 ,r4 7#ic7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( a plant alli$ to ,s*izoneura 9 ! ,hawkesbury ,s&/one4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 vol4 iii4 pt4 iii1 p4 #gd4 ,ett+%aus51 ,c4 von4 7#ea7 ,ueb] e9ige neue und int]essante ,ta5iopt]is ,art5 aus d5 ,sammlung5 des ,kais4 ,h( ,m9]ali5 ,cab9etes und d] ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*san/alt4 ,naturwiss4 ,abh4 ,w4 ,haid+]1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ie4 ---- 7#eb7 ,beitrag zur nh]5 ,k5ntniss d] ,flora d] ,weald5p]iode4 ,abh4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,wi51 ,bd4 i4 ,ab?4 iii4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #a4 ---- 7#eb7 ,die ,/e9kohl5flora von ,/radonitz4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 i4 ,ab?4 iii4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#ee7 ,die ,t]tire ,flora von ,hr+ 9 ,tirol4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 ii4 ,ab?4 ii4 ,no4 #b4 ---- 7#eg7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,kfla* 9 ,/ei]m>k4 ,jahrb4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 viii4 p4 #gch4 ---- 7#eh7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,flora von ,sotzka 9 ,unt]/ei]m>k4 ,sitz4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxviii4 p4 #dga4 ---- 7#fg7 ,die ,kreideflora von ,ni$]s*o5a 9 ,sa*s54 ,ibid4 ,bd4 lv4 ,ab?4 i4 p4 #bce4 ---- 7#fg7 ,die fossile ,flora des ,t]tir-,beck5s von ,bil94 ,d5ks*4 ,wiss4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #gi4 ---- 7#gj7 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,t]tirflora ,/ei]m>ks4 ,sitz4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,bd4 lx4 ,ab?4 i4 p4 #ag4 ---- 7#gb7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,sagor 9 ,kra94 ,d5ks*4 ,wiss4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxxii4 p4 #cb4 ---- 7#gh7 ,beitrag zur ,er=s*ung d] ,phylog5ie d] ,pflanz5>t54 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xxxviii4 p4 #fe4 ---- 7#gi7 ,report on ,phyto-,palaeontological ,inve/igations ( ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,%eppey4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 xxix4 p4 #chh4 ---- 7#hj7 ,report on ,phyto-,palaeontological ,inve/igations ( ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,alum ,bay4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxx4 p4 #bbh4 ---- 7#he7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,sagor 9 ,kra94 ,d5ks*4 ,wiss4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,bd4 l4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#hf7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,t]tirflora ,au/rali5s4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 liii4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#hg7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,fossile ,flora ,neuseel&s4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 liii4 p4 #c4 ---- 7#hh7 ,contributions to ! ,t]ti>y ,flora ( ,au/ralia4 ,mem4 geol4 ,surv4 ,n4,s4,w4 ,pal4 ,no4 #b4 ---- 7#hh7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,leob5 9 ,/ei]m>k4 ,d5ks*4 ,k ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 liv4 ,ab?4 i4 p4 #bfa4 ---- 7#ij7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,s*o5egg bei ,wies 9 ,/ei]m>k4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 lvii4 p4 #fa4 ,ew>t1 ,a4 ,j4 7#jh7 ,on ! longevity ( se$s4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,victoria1 vol4 xxi4 7,n4,s471 pt4 i4 p4 #a4 ,fei/mantel1 #j4 7#gb7 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,ausdehnung des sog5nant5 ,wyan] ,gass*ief]s und se9] ,flora4 ,jahrb4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxii4 p4 #bhi4 ---- 7#gf7 ,notes on ! age ( "s ,fossil ,floras 9 ,india4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ind4 vol4 ix4 pt4 iv4 p4 #aae4 ---- 7#gf7 ,jurassic 7,oolitic7 ,flora ( ,ka*4 ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,gondwana ,sy/em1 pt4 i4 vol4 ii4 #ahhj4 ---- 7#gg7 ,notes on ,fossil ,floras 9 ,india4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ind4 vol4 x4 pt4 iv4 p4 #aif4 ---- 7#gg7 ,jurassic 7,liassic7 ,flora ( ! ,rajmahal gr\p 9 ! ,rajmahal hills4 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gond4 ,sy/4 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#gg7 ,jurassic 7,liassic7 ,flora ( ! ,rajmahal gr\p f ,golapili1 ne> ,ellore1 ,s4 ,godav]i4 ,ibid4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#gg7 ,flora ( ! ,jabalpur gr\p 7,upp] ,gondwanas7 9 ! ,son-,n>bada region4 ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#gg7 ,ueb] die ,gattung ,williamsonia ,c>r4 9 ,indi54 ,palaeontolog4 ,beit4 ,palaeontograph4 ,suppl4 iii4 ,lief4 iii4 ---- 7#gi7 ,upp] ,gondwana ,flora ( ! outli]s on ! ,madras coa/4 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gond4 ,sy/4 vol4 i4 pt4 iv4 ---- 7#gi7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>b>i b$s4 ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#hj7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,damuda-,pan*et ,divisions4 ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 pt4 ii4 ---- 7#hj7 ,note on ! fossil g5]a ,noegg]a?ia ,/]nb]g1 ,noegg]a?iopsis ,fei/4 & ,rhiptozamites ,s*mal4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 xiii4 pt4 i4 p4 #fa4 ---- 7#hj7 ,fur!r notes on ! correlation ( ! ,gondwana ,flora ) o!r ,floras4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ind4 vol4 xiii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #aij4 ---- 7#ha7 ,palaeontological notes f ! ,hazribgh & ,lohrdagga ,di/ricts4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiv4 pt4 iii4 p4 #bda4 ---- 7#ha7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,tal*ir-,k>h>b>i b$s4 ,foss4 ,flor4 ,gond4 ,sy/4 vol4 iii4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#ha7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,damuda-,pan*et ,divisions4 ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#hb7 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,s\? ,rewah ,gondwana ,bas94 ,ibid4 vol4 iv4 pt4 i4 ---- 7#hf7 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( "s ( ! ,coalfields 9 ,we/]n ,b5gal4 ,ibid4 vol4 iv4 pl4 ii4 ---- 7#hi7 b]si*tli*e ,d>/ellung d] geologis*-palaeontologis*] ,v]hltnisse ,sd-,afrikas4 ,?4 i4 ,abh4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 vii1 ,bd4 iii4 ,felix1 ,j4 7#hb7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss fossil] ,conif]5-,hlz]4 ,engl]'s ,jahrb4 ,bd4 iii4 p4 #bfj4 ---- 7#hd7 ,die ,holzopale ,ung>ns 9 ,palaeophytologis*5 ,h9si*t4 ,mitt4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,ung4 geol4 ,an/4 ,bd4 vii4 ---- 7#hg7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] fossile ,hlz]4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 geol4 ,ges4 p4 #eag4 ---- 7#id7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] fossile ,hlz]4 ,ibid4 ,heft i4 p4 #gi4 ---- 7#if7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] fossile ,hlz]4 ,ibid4 ,heft ii4 p4 #bdi4 ,fi$l]1 ,h4 7#eg7 ,die ,fossile ,fr*te d] ,/e9kohl5-=mation4 ,acad4 ,caes4 ,leop4 ,nov4 ,acta1 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #bci4 ,fli*e1 ,p4 7#if7 tude sur la flore fossile de l',argonne 7,albi5-,c5omani574 ,bull4 soc4 sci4 ,nancy4 ---- 7#ig7 ,note sur les nodules et bois m9raliss tr\vs ,/ ,p>res-les-vaudes 7,aube7 dans les grs v]ts infracrtacs4 ,mem4 soc4 ,acad4 de l',aube1 tome lx4 ---- 7#ii7 ,note sur quelques fossiles vgtaux de l',oligocne dans les ,alpes ,franaises4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 tome xxvii4 p4 #dff4 ---- 7#jj7 ,contribution la ,flore fossile de la ,haute-,m>ne 7,infracrtace74 ,bull4 soc4 sci4 ,nancy4 ---- 7#jj7 ,note sur un bois fossile de ,madagasc>4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 tome xxviii4 p4 #dgj4 ---- 7#jc7 ,note sur des bois silicifis ,p]mi5s de la valle de ,celles 7,vosges74 ---- 7#je7 ,note sur des bois fossiles de ,madagasc>4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #d1 tome v1 p4 #cdf4 ---- 7#aj7 ,flore ,fossile du ,trias en ,lorra9e et ,fran*e-,comt avec des considrations f9ales p> ,m4 ,r4 ,zeill]4 ,p>is4 ,fli*e1 ,p4 & ,blei*]4 7#hb7 tude sur la flore de l'ooli! infrieure aux environs de ,nancy4 ,bull4 soc4 sci4 ,nancy4 ,fli*e1 ,p4 & ,r4 ,zeill]4 7#jd7 ,note sur une florule ,portl&i5ne des environs de ,b\logne-sur-m]4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #d1 tome iv1 p4 #ghg4 ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m4 7#ic7 ,notes on "s ,fossil plants f ! ,tr9ity ,division ( ! ,coman*e s]ies ( ,texas4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #bfa4 ,foxwor?y1 ,f4 ,w4 7#aa7 ,philipp9e ,gymnosp]ms4 ,philipp4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 7,c7 ,botany1 vol4 vi4 ,no4 #c1 p4 #adi4 ,fra9e1 ,e4 de4 7#ab7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,sutcliffia1 9 ! light ( a newly discov]$ specim54 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajca4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ,m$ullosa c5tr(ilis1 a new species ( ,m$ullosa f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #bea4 ,fritel1 ,p4 ,h4 & ,r4 ,vigni]4 7#aa7 tude anatomique de deux bois ocnes4 ,ann4 sci4 nat4 #i1 tome xiv4 p4 #fc4 ,fujii1 ,k4 7#if7 ,on ! diff]5t views hi!rto propos$ reg>d+ ! morphology ( ! fl[]s ( ,g9kgo biloba4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,tokyo1 vol4 x4 ,no4 #aji1 p4 #ac4 ---- 7#aj7 ,"s rem>ks on ! ,cretace\s ,fossil ,flora & ! causes ( ext9ction4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,tokyo1 vol4 xxiv4 ,no4 #bhd1 p4 #aig4 ,fujioka1 ,m4 7#ac7 ,/udi5 b] d5 anatomis*5 ,bau des ,hlzes d] japanis*5 ,nadelbume4 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,tokyo1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bja4 ,g>dn]1 ,j4 ,s4 7#hf7 ,a monograph ( ! ,briti% ,eoc5e ,flora1 vol4 ii4 ,gymnosp]mae4 ,palaeont4 ,soc4 ,london4 ---- 7#hf7 ,second ,report ( ! ,committee appo9t$ = ! purpose ( report+ on ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,second>y b$s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,rep4 ( ! #ef? ,meet+ ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,ge9itz1 ,h4 ,b4 7#db7 ,*>akt]i/ik d] ,s*i*t5 und ,petrefact5 des ,s*sis*5 ,kreidegebirges4 ,heft iii4 ,dresd5 und ,leipzig4 ---- 7#fb7 ,dyas od] die ,ze*/e9-=mation und das ,ro?lieg5de1 ,heft ii4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#fc7 b] zwei neue ,dyadis*e ,pflanz54 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #ebe4 ---- 7#ga7 b] fossile ,pflanz5 aus d] ,/e9kohl5-,=mation am ,altai4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#gc7 ,v]/e9]ung5 aus dem ,br&s*ief] d] unt]5 ,dyas von ,weissig bei ,pillnitz 9 ,s*s54 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #fha4 ---- 7#ge7 b] neue ,aufs*lsse im ,br&s*ief] d] unt]5 ,dyas von ,weissig bei ,pillnitz 9 ,s*s54 ,ibid4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#hj7 ,na*trge zur ,dyas ,i4 ,mit!il4 aus dem ,k4 ,m94-geol4 und ,praehi/4 ,mus4 ,dresd51 ,heft #c4 ,g]ry1 ,e4 7#aj7 ,! di/ribution ( ! ,b>s ( ,sanio 9 ! ,conif]ales4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #aai4 ,geyl]1 ,t4 & ,f4 ,k9kel94 7#ij7 ,ob]pliocn-,flora aus d5 ,baugrab5 des ,klrbeck5s bei ,ni$]rad etc4 ,abh4 ,s5ck4 ,natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #a4 ,gibbs1 ,l4 ,s4 7#ab7 ,on ! ,developm5t ( ! female /robilus 9 ,podoc>pus4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p1 #eae4 ,glck1 ,h4 7#jb7 ,e9e fossile ,fi*te aus dem ,neck]?al4 ,mitt4 ,gros%4 ,bad4 geolog4 ,l&esan/4 ,bd4 iv4 ,heft iv4 p4 #cii4 ,goc1 ,m4 ,j4 le4 7#ad7 ,obs]vations on ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal xylems 9 ! petioles ( ,cycads4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #ahc4 ,goebel1 ,k4 7#je7 ,organography ( ,plants4 ,pt4 ii4 ,ox=d4 ,goepp]t1 ,h4 ,r4 7#dj7 b] die neuli*/ im ,basalttuff des hoh5 ,seelba*kopfes bei ,sieg5 entdeckt5 bitum9s5 und v]/e9]t5 ,hlz]1 s wie b] die d] ,braunkohl5=mation b]haupt4 ,ar*4 fr ,m941 ,geog41 etc4 7,k>/5 und von ,deck571 ,bd4 xiv4 p4 #ahb4 ---- 7#da7 b] d5 ,b]n/e94444 ,ueb]si*t d] ,arbeit5 und ,v]nd]ung5 d] ,s*les4 ,ges4 fr ,vat]lnd4 ,kultur4 ,breslau4 ---- 7#da7 ,taxites scal>i=mis1 e9e neue ,art fossil5 ,holzes4 ,ar*4 fr ,m941 ,geog41 etc4 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #gbg4 ---- 7#dd7 ,ueb] die fossil5 ,cycade5 b]haupt1 mit ,rcksi*t auf die 9 ,s*lesi5 vorkomm5d5 ,art54 ,ueb]si*t ,arbeit4 und ,v]nd4 ,s*lesis*4 ,ges4 vat4 ,kult4 #ahdc1 p4 #aad4 ,breslau4 ---- 7#de7 ,f4 ,wimm]'s ,flora von ,s*lesi5 neb/ e9] ,ueb]si*t d] ,fossil5 ,flora ,s*lesi5s von ,h4 ,r4 ,goepp]t4 ,breslau4 ---- 7#de7 ,description des vgtaux fossiles recueillis p> ,m4 ,p4 de ,t*ihat*eff en ,sibrie4 ,voyage sci5tifique dans l',altai ori5tal1 p4 #cgi4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#df7 ,ueb] die fossile ,flora d] mittl]5 ,juras*i*t5 9 ,ob]s*lesi54 ,ueb]s4 ,arbeit4 und ,v]nd4 ,s*les4 ,ges4 vat4 ,kultur im ,jahre #ahde1 ,breslau1 #ahdf1 p4 #aci4 ---- 7#dg7 ,zur ,flora des ,quad]s&/e9s 9 ,s*lesi54 ,na*trag4 ,nov4 ,act4 ,ac4 ,caes4 ,leop4-,c>4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #cee4 ---- 7#ej7 ,monographie d] fossil5 ,conif]54 ,natuurkundige ,v]h&4 ,holl&4 ,maats*ap4 ,wet5s*app5 ,ha>lem4 ,leid54 ---- 7#eb7 ,fossile ,flora des b]gangsgebirges4 ,nova ,acta ,caes4 ,leop4-,c>ol4 ,nat4 ,cur4 ,bd4 ,,xx3,i4 7supplem5t74 ---- 7#ec7 ,ueb] die geg5wrtig5 ,v]hltnisse d] ,palontologie 9 ,s*lesi51 s wie b] fossile ,cycade54 ,d5ks*4 ,s*les4 ,ges4 fr ,vat]lnd4 ,kultur4 ---- 7#fe7 ,die fossile ,flora d] ,p]mis*5 ,=mation4 ,palaeont4 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#fe7 b] die fossile ,kreideflora und ihre ,leitpflanz54 ,zeit4 ,deuts*4 geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xvii4 p4 #fch4 ---- 7#ff7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss fossil5 ,cycade54 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 p4 #abi4 ---- 7#hj7 ,beitrge zur ,pa?ologie und ,morphologie fossil] ,/mme4 ,palaeontol4 ,n4,f41 ,bd4 viii4 iii4 p4 #aca4 ---- 7#ha7 ,revision me9] ,arbeit5 b] die ,/mme d] fossil5 ,conif]51 insbesond]e d] ,arauc>it51 und b] die ,desc5d5zlehre4 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 v41 vi4 p4 #cgh4 ,goepp]t1 ,h4 ,r4 & ,g4 ,/5zel4 7#ha7 ,die ,m$ulloseae4 ,palaeontol4 ,n4,f41 ,bd4 viii4 p4 #aac4 ---- 7#hh7 ,na*trge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,conif]5hlz] d] ,palaeozois*5 ,=mation54 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l94 ,gomes1 ,b4 ,a4 7#fe7 ,vegetaes ,fosseis4 ,flora fossil d ,t]r5s ,c>bonif]o das vis9hanz dio ,porto1 s]ra d ,bussaio1 e mo9ho d'ordem proximo a alcac] d ,sal4 ,comm4 geol4 ,portugal4 ,lisbon4 ,gordon1 ,m>jorie4 7#ab7 ,ray-tra*eids 9 ,sequoia semp]vir5s4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xi4 p4 #a4 ,,gordon1 ,w4 ,t4 7#aj7 ,on a new species ( ,physo/oma f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,pettycur 7,fife74 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xv4 pt4 v4 p4 #cie4 ---- 7#ab7 ,on ,rhet9angium ,arb]i1 a new g5us ( ,cycad(ilices f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one s]ies4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 xlviii4 pt4 iv4 p4 #hac4 ,go?an1 ,w4 7#je7 ,zur ,anatomie leb5d] und fossil] ,gymnosp]m]-,hlz]4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&es4 ,n4,f41 ,heft xliv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jf7 ,die fossil5 ,conif]5hlz] von ,s5ft5b]g4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&esan/4 ,b]gakad4 ,n4,f41 ,heft xlvi4 p4 #aee4 ---- 7#jf7 ,fossile ,hlz] aus dem ,ba?oni5 von ,russis*-,pol54 ,v]h&4 ,k4 ,russ4 ,m94 ,ges4 zu ,/ ,pet]sburg ii1 ,bd4 xliv4 ,lief4 i4 p4 #dce4 ---- 7#jf7 ,piceoxylon ,pseudotsugae als fossiles ,holz4 ,potoni's ,abbild4 und ,bes*reib4 ,foss4 ,pflanz4 ,lief4 iv4 #hj4 ---- 7#jg7 b] die ,w&lung5 d] ,h(tpfelung bei d5 ,gymnosp]m5 im ,laufe d] geologis*5 ,epo*5 und ihre physiologis*e ,b$eutung4 ,sitz4 ,ges4 ,natur=s*4 ,freunde1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ac4 ---- 7#jg7 ,die ,fossil5 ,hlz] von ,knig ,k>ls ,l&4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlii4 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jh7 ,die ,fossile ,hlz] von d] ,seym\r- und ,sn[ ,hill-,insel4 ,wiss4 ,ergeb4 ,s*w$is4 ,sdpol>-,exp$4 #aija-jc1 ,bd4 iii4 ,lief4 viii4 ,/ockholm4 ---- 7#jh7 ,die ,frage d] ,klimadiff]5zi]ung im ,jura und 9 d] ,kreide=mation im ,li*te palobotanis*] ,tatsa*54 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,l&es4 fr #aijh1 ,bd4 xxix4 ,?4 ii4 ,heft #b1 p4 #bbj4 ---- 7#ji7 b] ,braunkohl5hlz] des rhe9is*5 ,t]tirs4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&4 ,bd4 xxx4 ,teil i4 ,heft #c1 p4 #eaf4 ---- 7#aj7 ,die ,fossile ,holzre/e von ,spitzb]g54 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlv4 ,no4 viii4 ---- 7#aa7 b] e9ige ,p]mo-,c>bonis*e ,pflanz5 von d] unt]5 ,tunguska 7,sibiri574 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 lxiii4 ,heft #d1 p4 #dah4 ---- 7#ac7 ,die ob]s*lesis*e ,/e9kohl5flora4 ,teil i4 ,k4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&es4 ,n4,f41 ,heft lxxv4 ,g\rlie1 ,w4 7#dd7 ,notice ( ! ,fossil ,plants 9 ! ,glasg[ ,museum4 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 i4 #ahdd1 p4 #aje4 ,gr&',eury1 ,c4 7#jj7 ,sur les tiges deb\t1 les s\*es et rac9es de ,cordaites4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome cxxx4 7,april #cj74 ---- 7#jd7 ,sur les gra9es des ,neuroptrides4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome cxxxix4 p4 #bc4 ---- 7#jd7 ,sur les gra9es des ,neuroptrides4 ,ibid4 p4 #ghb4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur les ,rhabdoc>pus1 les gra9es et l'volution des ,cordaites4 ,ibid4 tome cxl4 p4 #iie4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur les gra9es de ,sph5opt]is1 sur l'attribution des ,codonosp]mum et sur l'extrme v>it des #8gra9es de f\gres4' ,ibid4 p4 #hab4 ---- 7#ac7 ,re*]*es gobotaniques sur les =ts et sols fossiles et sur la vgtation et la flore h\illres1 en deux p>ties et dix livraisons4 ,pt4 i4 ,livr4 ii41 ,p>is et ,lige4 ,gran]1 7#id7 ,die geographis*e ,v]breitung d] ,holz>t54 ,i4 ,die ,conif]54 ,=/wiss5s*aft4 ,c5tralblatt1 ,b]l94 ,griffi?1 ,w4 7#ei7 ,rem>ks on ,gnetum4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxii4 pt4 iv4 p4 #bii4 ,groom1 ,p4 7#aj7 ,rem>ks on ! ,oecology ( ,conif]ae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #bda4 ,groom1 ,p4 & ,w4 ,ru%ton4 7#ac7 ,! /ructure ( ! wood ( ,ea/ ,indian species ( ,p9us4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xli4 p4 #deg4 ,groppl]1 ,r4 7#id7 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie des ,hlzes d] ,magnoliace54 ,biblio?4 ,bot4 ,bd4 vi4 ,heft #ca4 ,/uttg>t4 ,gross5ba*]1 ,j4 ,g4 7#ae7 ,m$ull>y spots & _! cause4 ,bull4 ,torr4 ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xlii4 p4 #bbg4 ,guppy1 ,h4 ,b4 7#jf7 ,obs]vations ( a ,naturali/ 9 ! ,pacific betwe5 #ahif & #ahii4 ,london4 ,gutbi]1 ,a4 von4 7#di7 ,die ,v]/e9]ung5 des ,ze*/e+ebirges und ,ro?lieg5d5 od] des ,p]mis*5 ,sy/ems 9 ,sa*s54 ,dresd5 & ,leipzig4 ,halle1 ,t4 ,g4 7#aj7 ,a ,gymnosp]m ) ,cordaitean-l leaves f ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,scania4 ,arkiv fr ,bot4 ,upsala1 ,bd4 ix4 ,no4 #ad4 ---- 7#ab7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,dictyozamites 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,palaeobot4 ,zeits*4 ,bd4 i4 ,heft i4 p4 #dj4 ---- 7#ac7 ,"s ,mesozoic plant-be>+ deposits 9 ,patagonia & ,ti]ra del ,fuego & _! ,floras4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 li4 ,no4 #c4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! ,mesozoic ,flora ( ,graham ,l&4 ,wiss4 ,ergeb4 ,s*w$4 sdpol>4 ,exp$4 #aija-jc1 ,bd4 iii4 ,lief4 #ad1 p4 #a4 ---- ,see ,mll]1 ,h4 ,j4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,halle 7#ac74 ---- 7#ae7 ,"s x]ophytic leaf-/ructures 9 ,mesozoic plants4 ,geol4 ,fr54 ,/ockholm ,frh&4 ,bd4 xxxvii4 ,h4 v4 p4 #dic4 ,halli]1 ,h4 7#je7 ,provisional s*eme ( ! ,natural 7,phylog5etic7 sy/em ( ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aea4 ,h>%b]g]1 ,j4 ,w4 7#ih7 ,wat]-/orage & conduction 9 ,s5ecio praecox ,,dc4 f ,mexico4 ,contrib4 ,bot4 ,labt4 7,univ4 ,p5nsylvania71 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #a4 ---- 7#aa7 ,phytogeographic ,survey ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 7,die ,veget4 d] ,erde2 ,engl] & ,drude1 xiii4 ,leipzig47 ,h>k]1 ,a4 7#jf7 ,! ,geological /ructure ( ! ,sgurr ( ,eigg4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxii4 p4 #dj4 ---- 7#jh7 ,! ,geology ( ! small ,isles ( ,inv]ness-%ire4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,scotl&4 ,h>pe1 ,p4 de la4 7#fb7 ,see ,bri/[1 ,h4 ,w4 ,h>tz1 ,n4 7#if7 ,plante=/5+] fra ,cap ,/ew>t i /grnl&4 ,m$del4 om ,grnl&1 xix4 ,cop5hag54 ,hayata1 ,a4 7#jf7 ,on ,taiwania1 a new g5us ( ,conif]ae f ! ,isl& ( ,=mosa4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxvii4 p4 #ccj4 ---- 7#jg7 ,on ,taiwania & its aff9ity to o!r g5]a4 ,bot4 ,mag4 7,tokyo71 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ba4 ---- 7#aj7 ,botanical ,survey by ! ,govt4 ( ,=mosa4 ,congr4 ,int4 ,bot4 7,bruxelles71 p4 #ei4 ,he]1 ,o4 7#fb7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,bovey ,tracey4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clii4 p4 #ajci4 ---- 7#fh7 i4 ,die 9 ,nordgrnl&1 auf d] ,melville-,insel1 im ,banksl&1 an ,mack5zie1 im ,isl& und 9 ,spitzb]g5 entdeckt5 fossil5 ,pflanz54 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 i4 ,zri*4 ---- 7#fi7 ,beitrge zur ,kreide-,flora4 ,i4 ,flora von ,molete9 9 ,mhr54 ,neue ,d5ks*4 ,allgem4 ,s*weiz4 ,ges4 gesammt4 ,naturwiss4 ,bd4 xxiii4 ---- 7#ga7 iii4 ,die ,mioc5e ,flora und ,fauna ,spitzb]g5s4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 ii4 ---- 7#ga7 ,beitrge zur ,kreide-,flora4 ,,ii4 ,kreide ,flora von ,qu$l9burg4 ,neue ,d5ks*4 ,allgem4 ,s*weiz4 ,ges4 gesammt4 ,naturwiss4 ,bd4 xxiv4 ---- 7#ge7 ii4 ,die ,kreide-,flora d] arctis*5 ,zone4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 iii4 ---- 7#ge7 iii4 ,na*trge zur ,mioc55 ,flora ,grnl&s4 ,ibid4 ---- 7#gf7 ,flora ,fossilis ,helvetiae4 ,zri*4 ---- 7#gf7 b] ,p]mis*e ,pflanz5 von ,fnfkir*5 9 ,ung>n4 ,mitt4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,ung4 ,geol4 ,an/4 ,bd4 v4 ---- 7#gg7 i4 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora ,spitzb]g5s4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 iv4 ---- 7#gg7 ii4 ,beitrge zur ,jura-,flora ,o/ ,sibiri5s und des ,amurl&es4 ,ibid4 ---- 7#gh7 ii4 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora ,sibiri5s und des ,amurl&es4 ,ibid4 vol4 iv4 ---- 7#ha7 ,contributions la ,flore du ,portugal4 ,sect4 ,trav4 ,geol4 ,port4 7,lisbon74 ---- 7#ha7 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,g9kgo-artig5 ,bume4 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 i4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#hb7 i4 ,flora fossilis ,grnl&ica4 ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 vi4 ---- 7#hc7 ,flora fossilis ,grnl&ica4 ,ibid4 vol4 vii4 ,helmha*]1 ,r4 7#ga7 ,sitzb]4 d4 ,k4 ,bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 p4 #ha4 ,h5ry1 ,a4 7#jf7 ,see ,elwes & ,h5ry4 ,h]zfeld1 ,s4 7#aj7 ,die ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] weibli*5 ,blte von ,cryptom]ia japonica ,don4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,deutung d] ,fru*ts*uppe d] ,conif]54 ,sitzb]4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 cxix4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #hjg4 ,hick1 ,t4 7#ie7 ,on ,kaloxylon ,hook]i ,w4 & ,lyg9od5dron ,oldhamium ,w4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #d1 vol4 ix4 p4 #aji4 ,hild]br&1 ,f4 7#fa7 ,die ,v]breitung d] ,conif]54 ,rhe94 und ,we/phal4 ,v]h&4 ,bd4 xviii4 p4 #aii4 ,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 & ,e4 de ,fra9e4 7#aj7 ,on ! se$l+ /ructure ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,,iv4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cai4 ,hirase1 ,s4 7#ih7 tudes sur la fcundation et l'embryog5ie du ,g9kgo biloba4 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,sci4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,tokyo1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajc4 ,hhlke1 ,f4 7#jb7 ,ueb] die ,h>zbehlt] und die ,h>zbildung bei d5 ,polypodiace5 und e9ig5 ,phan]ogam54 ,beiheft ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xi4 p4 #h4 ,hold51 ,h4 ,s4 7#aj7 ,note on a w\nd$ ,myeloxylon4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ix4 p4 #bec4 ,hold51 ,ru?4 7#ac7 ,"s fossil plants f ,ea/]n ,canada4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #bdc4 ---- 7#ac7 ,contributions to ! anatomy ( ,mesozoic ,conif]s4 ,no4 #a4 ,jurassic ,conif]\s wood f ,york%ire4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ecc4 ---- 7#ac7 ,cretace\s ,pityoxyla f ,cliffwood1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #fji4 ---- 7#ad7 ,contributions to ! anatomy ( ,mesozoic ,conif]s4 ,,ii4 ,cretace\s ,lignites f ,cliffwood1 ,n4 ,j]sey4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lviii4 p4 #afh4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ! relation betwe5 ,cycadites & ,pseudocycas4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ccd4 ---- 7#ae7 ,a ,jurassic wood f ,scotl&4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#ae7 ,on ! cuticles ( "s ,indian ,conif]s4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lx4 p4 #bae4 ,hollick1 ,a4 7#ig7 ,! ,cretace\s clay m>l expos$ at ,cliffwood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #abd4 ---- 7#jd7 ,additions to ! ,palaeontology ( ! ,cretace\s =mation on ,long ,isl&4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,y4 ,bot4 ,g>d4 vol4 iii4 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #djc4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! ,cretace\s ,flora ( s\!rn ,n4 ,y4 & ,new ,engl&4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mon4 vol4 l4 ---- 7#jf7 ,sy/ematic ,palaeontology ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ,m>yl&4 ,contributions f ! ,new ,york ,bot4 ,g>d4 ,no4 #he4 ---- 7#ab7 ,additions to ! ,palaeobotany ( ! ,cretace\s =mation on ,long ,isl&4 ,bull4 ,n4 ,y4 ,bot4 ,g>d4 vol4 viii4 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #aed4 ,hollick1 ,a4 & ,e4 ,c4 ,jeffrey4 7#jf7 ,aff9ities ( c]ta9 ,cretace\s plant-rema9s commonly ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,damm>a & ,bra*yphyllum4 ,am]4 ,nat4 vol4 xl4 p4 #ahi4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 7#gh7 ,fossil ,=e/s ( ! ,volcanic ,t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,geogr4 ,surv4 ,u4,s4,a4 pt4 ii4 p4 #dg4 ,hook]1 ,j4 ,d4 7#eb7 ,dacrydium laxifolium4 ,icones ,plant4 vol4 v4 pl4 #hae4 ---- 7#fj7 ,flora ,tasmanica4 ,london4 ---- 7#fb7 ,on ! ,c$>s ( ,lebanon1 ,taurus1 ,alg]ia1 & ,india4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,rev4 p4 #aa4 ---- 7#fc7 ,on ,welwits*ia1 a new g5us ( ,gnetaceae4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #a4 ,hook]1 ,j4 ,d4 & ,e4 ,w4 ,b9ney4 7#ee7 ,on ! /ructure ( c]ta9 lime/one nodules enclos$ 9 seams ( bitum9\s coal1 ) a description ( "s ,trigonoc>pons conta9$ 9 !m4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cxlix4 ,hri*1 ,o4 7#jf7 ,potoni's ,abbildung5 und ,bes*reibung5 fossil] ,pflanz5-,re/e4 ,lief4 iv4 #fi1 #gj4 ,h[se1 ,r4 7#hh7 ,a catalogue ( ,fossil ,plants f ! ,hutton collection4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,trans4 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,durham1 & ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 vol4 x4 ,hut*9son1 ,a4 ,h4 7#ad7 ,! male gametophyte ( ,abies4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lvii4 p4 #adh4 ---- 7#ae7 ,on ! male gametophyte ( ,picea canad5sis4 ,ibid4 vol4 lix4 p4 #bhg4 ,jeffrey1 ,e4 ,c4 7#jc7 ,! comp>ative anatomy & phylog5y ( ! ,conif]s4 ,i4 ,! g5us ,sequoia4 ,mem4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 v4 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #dda4 ---- 7#jd7 ,a fossil ,sequoia f ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #cba4 ---- 7#je7 ,! comp>ative anatomy & phylog5y ( ! ,conif]s4 ,! ,abiet9eae4 ,mem4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 vi4 ,no4 #a4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! w\nd ,reactions ( ,bra*yphyllum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xx4 p4 #chc4 ---- 7#jg7 ,arauc>iopitys1 a new g5us ( ,arauc>ians4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xliv4 p4 #dce4 ---- 7#jh7 ,traumatic ray-tra*eids 9 ,cunn+hamia s95sis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #eic4 ---- 7#jh7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! leaf 9 ,cretace\s ,p9es4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bjg4 ---- 7#aj7 ,a new ,prep9us f ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xxxiv4 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #ccc4 ---- 7#aj7 ,a new ,arauc>ian g5us f ! ,triassic4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxiv4 ,no4 #i1 p4 #cbe4 ---- 7#aj7 ,on ! aff9ities ( ,yezonia4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #gfi4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! aff9ities ( ,ge9itzia gracillima4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 l4 p4 #ba4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,evolution ( ! ,arauc>ioxylon type4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts ,sci4 vol4 xlviii4 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #ecb4 ---- 7#ad7 ,spore-conditions 9 hybrids & ! mutation hypo!sis ( de ,vries4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lviii4 p4 #cbb4 ,jeffrey1 ,e4 ,c4 & ,m4 ,a4 ,*rysl]4 7#jf7 ,on ,cretace\s ,pityoxyla4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! ,lignites ( ,br&on4 ,contrib4 f ! ,phan]ogamic ,labt4 ( ,h>v>d ,univ4 ,no4 vi4 ---- 7#jg7 ,! microgametophyte ( ! ,podoc>p9eae4 ,am]4 ,nat4 vol4 xli4 ,no4 #dhf1 p4 #cee4 ,jeffrey1 ,e4 ,c4 & ,ru? ,d4 ,cole4 7#af7 ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igations on ! g5us ,drimys4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxx4 p4 #cei4 ,jeffrey1 ,e4 ,c4 & ,r4 ,e4 ,torrey4 7#af7 ,g9kgo & ! microsporangial me*anisms ( ! se$ plants4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lxii4 p4 #bha4 ,johnson1 ,t4 7#aa7 ,a se$-be>+ ,iri% ,pt]idosp]m1 ,crosso!ca ,hn+hausi ,kid/4 ,sci4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,dubl9 ,soc4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ab7 ,het]angium hib]nicum sp4 nov4 a se$-be>+ ,het]angium f ,co4 ,cork4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiii4 ,no4 #bj4 ---- 7#ad7 ,g9kgophyllum kiltork5se sp4 nov4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #afi4 ,john/on1 ,r4 ,h4 7#hf7 ,fre% contributions to our k ( ! ,plants ( ,mesozoic age 9 ,tasmania4 ,pap]s & ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,tasmania = #ahhf1 p4 #afj4 ,john/rup1 ,m4 ,f4 7#hc7 ,re*]*es sur les fossiles app>t5ant aux =mations ,crtace et ,miocne1 sur la cte occid5tale du ,grnl&4 ,m$d4 om ,grnl&1 vol4 v4 ,jones1 ,w4 ,s4 7#ab7 ,! /ructure ( ! ,timb]s ( "s common g5]a ( ,conif]\s trees4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,=e/ry1 ,april4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! m9ute /ructure ( ! wood ( ,cupressus macroc>pa4 ,ibid4 ---- 7#ac7 ,ray-tra*eids 9 ,sequoia semp]vir5s & _! pa?ological "*4 ,lampet]4 ,k>/51 ,g4 7#ib7 ,beitrag zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te e9ig] ,gnetum ,art54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#ic7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,gattung ,gnetum4 ,i4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit5zorg1 tome xi4 p4 #aie4 ---- 7#ic7 ,zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,gattung ,gnetum4 ,cohn's ,beit4 ,biol4 ,pflanz4 vi4 p4 #ccg4 ,k]%aw1 ,e4 ,m4 7#ji7 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( ! ovule ( ,myrica ,gale4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #cec4 ---- 7#ab7 ,/ructure & developm5t ( ! ovule ( ,b[5ia spectabilis4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #fbe4 ,kid/on1 ,r4 7#hd7 ,on a new species ( ,s*tzia f ! ,calcif]\s s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #gg4 ---- 7#hf7 ,notes on "s fossil plants collect$ by ,mr ,r4 ,dunlop1 ,airdrie1 f ! ,lan>k%ire coal-field4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dg4 ---- 7#ij7 ,! ,york%ire ,c>bonif]\s ,flora4 ,trans4 ,yorks4 ,nat4 ,union1 pt4 xiv4 ---- 7#ib7 ,notes on "s fossil plants f ! ,lanca%ire ,coal ,measures4 ,trans4 ,man*e/] ,geol4 ,soc4 pt4 xiii4 vol4 xxi4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! ,fructification ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla ,brongn4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cxcvii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! ,fructification ( ,neuropt]is het]ophylla ,brongn4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxii4 p4 #dhg4 ---- 7#jd7 ,"s ,fossil ,plants collect$ by ,mr ,a4 ,s9clair f ! ,ayr%ire coalfield4 ,kilm>nock ,gl5field ,rambl]s ,soc4 ,annals 7#aija-jd71 ,no4 iv4 ,kilm>nock4 ---- 7#je7 ,prelim9>y ,note on ! occurr5ce ( ,microsporangia 9 organic connection ) ! ,foliage ( ,lyg9od5dron4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxvi4 p4 #ceh4 ---- 7#aa7 ,les ,vgtaux h\ill]s recueillis dans le ,ha9aut ,belge4 ,mm4 ,mus4 ,roy4 d'hi/4 nat4 ,belg4 tome iv4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,/af=d%ire coalfields4 ,pt4 iii4 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,we/phalian s]ies ( ! ,s4 ,/affs4 coalfield4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 l4 pt4 i4 p4 #gc4 ,kid/on1 ,r4 & ,d4 ,t4 ,gwynne-,vaughan4 7#ab7 ,on ! ,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,b]wick%ire4 ,pt4 i4 ,/5omyelon tu$ianum ,kid/4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 xlviii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bfc4 ,kid/on1 ,r4 & ,w4 ,j4 ,jongmans4 7#aa7 ,sur la ,fructification de ,neuropt]is obliqua ,brongn4 ,ar*4 ,ne]l4 sci4 exact4 nat4 iii4 ,b1 tome i4 p4 #be4 ,kirby1 ,j4 ,w4 7#fd7 ,on "s rema9s ( ,fi%es & ,plants f ! #8,upp] lime/one' ( ! ,p]mian s]ies ( ,durham4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xx4 p4 #cdi4 ,kir*n]1 ,o41 ,e4 ,t4 ,loew1 & ,c4 ,s*rt]4 7#jf7 ,die ,conif]5 und ,gnetace5 ,mitteleuropas4 ,/uttg>t4 ,kirk1 ,t4 7#hi7 ,! ,=e/ ,flora ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,well+ton4 ,kirs*1 ,s4 7#aa7 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( res9-canals 9 ! ,conif]ae1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,developm5t ( ,?yloses & _! correlation ) ! ,?ylos$ /r&s ( ! ,pt]idophytes4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada1 sect4 iv4 p4 #dc4 ,kis*1 ,mabel ,h4 7#ac7 ,! ,physiological ,anatomy ( ! p]id]m ( fossil ,lycopodiales4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #bha4 ,kleeb]g1 ,a4 7#he7 ,die ,m>k/rahl5 d] ,conif]54 7,inaug4 ,diss47 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,bd4 xliii4 ,kle91 ,l4 7#ha7 ,bau und ,v]zweigung e9ig] dorsiv5tral gebaute ,polypodiace54 ,nov4 ,act4 ,k4 ,leop4 ,c>4 ,deuts*4 ,akad4 ,natur=s*4 ,bd4 xlii4 ,no4 #g1 p4 #cce4 ,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h4 7#hi7 ,description ( ! fossil woods & lignites f ,arkansas4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,arkansas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdi4 ---- 7#hi7 ,fossil wood & ,lignite ( ! ,potomac =mation4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #ef4 ---- 7#ij7 ,a ,revision ( ! g5us ,arauc>ioxylon ( ,kraus1 ) ! compil$ descriptions & p>tial synonymy ( ! species4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,mus4 vol4 xii4 p4 #fja4 ---- 7#ic7 ,! ,l>amie & ! ov]ly+ ,liv+/one =mation 9 ,montana4 ,report on ! ,flora4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #aje4 ---- 7#ii7 ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,monographs4 xxxii4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 pt4 ii4 *ap4 xiv4 ---- 7#jj7 ,flora ( ! ,montana =mation4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #afc4 ---- 7#je7 ,! geology ( ! ,p]ry bas9 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,ma9e1 ) a *apt] on ! fossil plants4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap]s1 ,no4 #ce4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! correct te*nical "n = ! ,dragon tree ( ! ,k5ti% ,rag4 ,geol4 ,mag4 v1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dfg4 ---- 7#ad7 ,! ,jurassic ,flora ( ,cape ,lisburne1 ,alaska4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap]s1 ,no4 #he-;,d1 p4 #ci4 ,kny1 ,l4 7#aj7 b] die ,v]teilung des ,holzp>5*yma bei ,abies pect9ata ,,dc4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit4 #b1 ,suppl4 iii4 p4 #fde4 ,koetlitz1 ,r4 7#ih7 ,obs]vations on ! geology ( ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 liv4 p4 #fbj4 ,kosmovsky1 ,c4 7#ib7 ,quelques mots sur les c\*es vgtaux fossiles dans la ,russie ori5tale et en ,sibrie4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,nat4 ,mosc\ ,n4,s41 tome v4 p4 #agj4 ,kram]1 ,a4 7#he7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,entwickelungsges*i*te und des anatomis*5 ,baues d] ,fru*tbltt] d] ,cupress9e5 und d] ,plac5t5 d] ,abiet9e54 ,flora1 xliii4 p4 #eai4 ,krass]1 ,f4 7#ia7 b] die fossile ,flora d] rhtis*5 ,s*i*t5 ,p]si5s4 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 c4 ,ab?4 i4 p4 #dac4 ---- 7#ig7 ,con/ant9e ,freih]r von ,ett+%aus54 ,oe/]r4 bot4 ,zeits*4 ,nos4 #i & #aj4 ---- 7#jc7 ,kon/ant9 von ,ett+%aus5's ,/udi5 b] die fossile ,flora von ,ouricanga 9 ,brasili54 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 cxii4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #heb4 ---- 7#je7 ,fossile ,pflanz5 aus ,transbaikali5 d] ,mongolei und ,m&s*urei4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 lxxviii4 p4 #ehi4 ---- 7#ji7 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,flora d] ,lunz] ,s*i*t54 ,jahrb4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,wi51 ,bd4 lix1 ,heft i4 p4 #aja4 ---- 7#ab7 ,williamsonia 9 ,s>d9i54 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wi51 ,bd4 cxxi4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #idd4 ---- 7#ac7 ,die fossile ,flora d] ,williamsoni5 b]g5d5 ,juras*i*t5 von ,s>d9i54 ,ibid4 ,bd4 cxxii4 ,kraus1 ,g4 7#fd7 ,mikroskopis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] d] ,bau leb5d5 ,nadelhlz]4 ,wrzb4 ,naturwiss4 ,zeits*4 ,bd4 v4 p4 #add4 ---- 7#ff7 b] d5 ,bau d] ,cycade5fi$]n4 ,pr+s4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #cje4 ---- 7#hc7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss fossil] ,hlz]4 ,i4 ,hlz] aus d5 ,s*wefelgrub5 ,sicili5s4 ,abh4 ,naturf4 ,ges4 ,halle1 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #gi4 ---- 7#ib7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss fossil] ,hlz]4 ,abh4 ,natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,halle1 ,bd4 xvii4 p4 #fg4 ---- 7#if7 ,physiologis*es aus d5 ,trop54 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #bag4 ,krusel1 ,r4 7#ac7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,hlz] aus d] ,s*lesis*5 ,braunkohle4 ,teil i4 7,inaug4 ,diss4 ,breslau47 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 cxxiii4 p4 #abc4 ,kry%t(ovi*1 ,a4 7#aj7 ,jurassic ,plants f ,ussuril&4 ,mem4 ,com4 ,geol4 ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #ef4 ---- 7#ae7 ,plant rema9s f ,jurassic lake-deposits ( ,transbaikalia4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,russe ,m9]alog4 #b1 li4 ,kub>t1 ,b4 7#jh7 ,pflanz5v]/e9]ung5 en?alt5de ,knoll5 aus dem ,o/rau-,k>w9] ,kohl5beck54 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 cxvii4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #egc4 ---- 7#aa7 ,corda's spha]osid]ite aus dem ,/e9kohl5beck5 ,radnitz-,braz 9 ,bhm5 neb/ ,bem]kung5 b] ,*orionopt]is glei*5ioides ,corda4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 cxx4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #ajce4 ---- 7#aa7 ,podoc>poxylon ,s*w5dae1 e9 fossiles ,holz von ,alt]see 7,ob]/]rei*74 /]r4 bot4 ,zeits*4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #afa4 ---- 7#ad7 b] die ,cycad(ilic9e5 ,het]angium und ,lyg9od5dron aus dem ,o/rau] ,kohl5beck54 /]r4 bot4 ,zeits*4 ,no4 i4 ii4 p4 #h4 ,kurtz1 ,f4 7#jc7 ,rem>ks ^u ,mr ,e4 ,a4 ,arb]'s communication on ! ,cl>ke collection ( ,fossil ,plants f ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lix4 p4 #be4 ,kutorga1 ,s4 7#db7 ,beitrag zur ,palaeontologie ,russl&s4 ,v]h&4 ,russ4-,kais4 ,m9]al4 ,ges4 ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ---- 7#dd7 ,zweit] ,beitrag zur ,palaeontologie ,russl&s4 ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 ,l&1 ,w4 ,j4 ,g4 7#jd7 ,sp]matog5esis & ,oog5esis 9 ,eph$ra trifurca4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #a4 ,lang1 ,w4 ,h4 7#ig7 ,/udies 9 ! ,developm5t & ,morphology ( ,cycadean sporangia4 ,i4 ,! microsporangia ( ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xi4 p4 #dba4 ---- 7#jj7 ,/udies 9 ! ,developm5t & ,morphology ( ,cycadean sporangia4 ,,ii4 ,! ovule ( ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bha4 ,lange1 ,t4 7#ij7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,flora des ,aa*5] ,s&es4 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xlii4 p4 #feh4 ,laur5t1 ,l4 7#ab7 ,flore fossile des ,s*i/es de ,manat 7,puy-de-,dme74 ,ann4 ,mus4 d'hi/4 nat4 ,m>seille 7,geol471 tome xiv4 p4 #c4 ,lawson1 ,a4 ,a4 7#jd7 ,! gametophytes1 f]tilization1 & embryo ( ,cryptom]ia japonica4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #dag4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! gametophytes & embryo ( ,pseudotsuga ,d\glasii4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #afc4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! gametophytes & embryo ( ,sciadopitys v]ticillata4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #djc4 ,leb\r1 ,g4 ,a4 7#gg7 ,illu/rations ( ,fossil ,plants2 be+ an autotype reproduction ( select$ draw+s4 ,london4 ,lesqu]eux1 ,l4 7#gd7 ,contributions to ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories4 ,pt4 i4 ,! ,cretace\s ,flora4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,t]rit4 vol4 vi4 ---- 7#gh7 ,on ! ,cordaites & _! relat$ g5]ic divisions1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 7,philadelphia71 vol4 xvii4 p4 #cae4 ---- 7#hc7 ,contributions to ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories4 ,pt4 iii4 ,! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,floras4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,t]rit4 vol4 iii4 ---- 7#ia7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,dakota gr\p4 ,monographs ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 vol4 xvii4 ,leu?>dt1 ,f4 7#jc7 ,die ,keup] ,flora von ,neuewelt bei ,basel4 ,abh4 ,s*weiz4 palaeont4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxx4 p4 #a4 ,ligni]1 ,o4 7#ib7 ,la n]vation ta5ioptride de folioles de ,cycas et le tissu de transfusion4 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&ie #d1 vol4 vi4 fasc4 #a4 ---- 7#id7 ,la n]vation des ,cycades e/ di*otomique4 ,assoc4 ,fran4 p\r l'avancem5t de sci4 7,ca574 ---- 7#id7 ,vgtaux ,fossiles de ,norm&ie4 ,/ructure et aff9its du ,b5nettites ,mori]ei ,s4 & ,m4 sp4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 tome xviii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ie7 ,vgtaux fossiles de ,norm&ie4 ,,ii4 ,contributions la flore liassique de ,/e ,honor9e-la-,guillaume 7,orne74 ,ibid4 vol4 xviii4 ---- 7#ja7 ,ibid4 ,,iii4 tude anatomique du ,cycadeoidea micromyela ,mor4 ,ibid4 vol4 xx4 p4 #cca4 ---- 7#jc7 ,le fruit du ,williamsonia gigas ,c>r4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ai4 ---- 7#jc7 ,la ,fleur des ,gntaces e/-celle int]mdiaire entre celle des ,gymnosp]mes et celle des ,angiosp]mes8 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 #e1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ee4 ---- 7#jd7 ,notes complm5taires sur la /ructure du ,b5nettites ,mori]ei ,s4 & ,m4 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 #e1 vol4 viii4 p4 #c4 ---- 7#jf7 ,radiculites reticulatus1 radicelle fossile de ,squo9e4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france1 tome vi4 iii41 p4 #aic4 ---- 7#jg7 ,sur un m\le litigieux de ,williamsonia gigas 7,l4 & ,h47 ,c>r4 ,ibid4 #f1 vol4 #a4 ---- 7#jg7 ,vgtaux fossiles de ,norm&ie4 ,,iv4 ,bois div]s 7sr4 #a74 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bci4 ---- 7#ji7 ,le ,b5nettites ,mori]ei 7,s4 & ,m47 ,ligni] ne s]ait-il pas d'orig9e infracrtace8 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 #f1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bad4 ---- 7#aa7 ,le ,b5nettites ,mori]ei 7,s4 & ,m47 ,lign4 se reproduisait probablem5t p> p>?nognse4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france #d1 tome xi4 p4 #bbd4 ---- 7#aa7 ,les 8,radiculites reticulatus0 ,lign4 soit probablem5t des radicelles de ,cordaitales4 ,assoc4 ,fran4 ,avanc4 ,sci4 xl4 7,dijon71 p4 #eji4 ,see also ,ligni] 7#jf74 ---- 7#ab7 ,/omates des cailles int]sm9ales *ez le ,b5nettites ,mori]ei 7,s4 & ,m474 ,ibid4 tome xii4 p4 #dbe4 ---- 7#ac7 ,vgtaux fossiles de ,norm&ie4 ,,vii4 ,contributions la ,flore ,jurassique4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #fi4 ---- 7#ac7 ,diffr5ciation des tissus dans le ,b\rgeon vgtatif du ,cordaites l+ulatus ,b4 ,r54 ,ann4 sci4 nat4 #g1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #bcc4 ,ligni]1 ,o4 et ,a4 ,tison4 7#aa7 ,les ,gntales sont des ,angiosp]mes aptales4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,jan4 #bc4 ---- 7#ab7 ,les ,gntales1 leurs fleurs et leur position sy/matique4 ,ann4 sci4 nat4 ,n4,s44 ---- 7#ac7 ,l'ovule tritgum5t des ,gnetum e/ probablem5t un axe d'infloresc5ce4 ,bull4 soc4 bot4 ,france #d1 tome xiii4 p4 #fd4 ---- 7#ac7 ,un n\veau ,sporange ,sm9i=me1 ,mittagia sem9i=mis1 g54 et sp4 nov4 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&ie1 tome xxiv4 p4 #di4 ,lima1 ,w4 de4 7#hh7 ,flora ,fossil de ,portugal4 ,monographia d ,g5]o ,dicranophyllum4 ,comm4 dos ,trab4 geol4 ,portugal4 ,l9dley1 ,j4 ,see ,mur*ison & ,lyell 7#bi74 ,l+el%eim1 ,a4 7#jh7 b] die ,braunkohl5hlz] von ,sa>au4 ,jahres-,b]4 ,s*les4 ,ges4 ,vat]lnd4 ,cultur4 ,bd4 lxxxv4 ,lloyd1 ,f4 ,e4 7#jb7 ,vivip>y 9 ,podoc>pus4 ,torreya1 ii4 p4 #aac4 ,lomax1 ,j4 7#jb7 ,on "s features 9 relation to ,lyg9od5dron oldhamium4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #fja4 ,lotsy1 ,j4 7#ii7 ,contributions to ! life-hi/ory ( ! g5us ,gnetum4 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #df4 ---- 7#ji7 ,vortrge b] botanis*e ,/ammesges*i*te4 ,bd4 ii4 ,j5a4 ---- 7#aa7 ,ibid4 ,bd4 iii4 ,ludwig1 ,r4 7#fa7 ,fossile ,pflanz5 aus d] lte/5 ,ab!ilung d] ,rhe9is*-,wett]au] ,t]tir-,=mation4 ,palaeontograph4 ,bd4 viii4 p4 #ci4 ---- 7#fi7 ,fossile ,pflanz5re/e aus d5 paloli?is*5 ,=mation d] ,umgeg5d von ,dill5burg1 ,bi$5kopf und ,fri$b]g und aus d5 ,saalfeldis*54 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xvii4 p4 #aje4 ,lyon1 ,h4 ,l4 7#jd7 ,! ,embryog5y ( ,g9kgo4 ,m9nesota ,bot4 ,/ud4 xxiii4 p4 #bge4 ,mc,bride1 ,t4 ,h4 7#ic7 ,a new ,cycad4 ,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 xii4 p4 #bdh4 ,mackie1 ,s4 ,j4 7#fb7 ,! ,dragon ,tree ( ! ,k5ti% ,rag4 ,geologi/1 vol4 v4 p4 #dja4 ,mc,lean1 ,r4 ,c4 7#ab7 ,two ,fossil pro?alli f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xi4 p4 #cje4 ,mc,nab1 ,w4 ,r4 7#gj7 ,on ! /ructure ( a ,lignite f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol4 x4 p4 #cab4 ,mahl]t1 ,a4 7#he7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,anatomie d] ,laubbltt] d] ,conif]5 mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung des ,spaltffnungs-,app>ates4 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xxiv4 p4 #ed4 ,malloizel1 ,g4 & ,r4 ,zeill]4 7,n4,d47 ,bibliographie et tables iconographiques 7,o4 ,he]74 ,/ockholm4 ,mansell-,pleydell1 ,j4 ,c4 7#he7 ,notes on a cone f ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ,b$s ( ,%]borne4 ,proc4 ,dorset ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,antiq4 ,field ,club1 vol4 v4 p4 #ada4 ,mantell1 ,g4 7#bg7 ,illu/rations ( ! ,geology ( ,sussex4 ,london4 ---- 7#dc7 ,description ( "s fossil plants f ! *alk =mation ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cd4 ---- 7#df7 ,description ( "s ,fossil ,fruits f ! ,*alk =mation ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ea4 ,m>ion1 ,a4 ,f4 7#hd7 ,sur les c>actres d'une ,conifre t]tiaire1 vois9e des ,damm>es 7,dolio/robus ,/]nb]gi74 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 xciv4 p4 #hba4 ,m>%1 ,a4 ,s4 7#ad7 ,notes on ! ,anatomy ( ,/ang]ia p>adoxa4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ah4 ,m>ty1 ,p4 7#jh7 ,sur la ,flore fossile de ,lug>de 7,cantal74 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 cxlvii4 p4 #cie4 ,masl51 ,a4 ,j4 7#aj7 ,see ,scott & ,masl54 ---- 7#aa7 ,! /ructure ( ,mesoxylon ,sutcliffi 7,scott74 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #cha4 ,massalongo1 ,a4 7#ei7 ,/udii sulla ,flora ,fossile e geologia /ratigrafica del ,s5igalliese4 ,v]ona4 ,massalongo1 ,a4 & ,g4 ,sc>abelli4 7#eh7 ,/udii sulla ,flora ,fossile e geologia /ratigrafica del ,s5igalliese4 ,v]ona4 ,ma/]s1 ,m4 ,t4 7#ia7 ,review ( "s po9ts 9 ! comp>ative morphology1 anatomy1 & life-hi/ory ( ! ,conif]ae4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #bcf4 ---- 7#ic7 ,notes on ! g5]a ( ,taxaceae & ,conif]ae4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxx4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jj7 ,taxodium & ,glypto/robus4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 7,febru>y1 #aijj74 ,matte1 ,h4 7#jd7 ,re*]*es sur l'app>eil libro-ligneux des ,cycades4 ,ca54 ---- 7#jh7 ,sur le dveloppem5t morphologique et anatomique des ,cycadaces4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 tome xxiii4 ,mat!w1 ,g4 ,f4 7#aj7 ,revision ( ! ,flora ( ! ,little ,riv] gr\p4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada1 sect4 iv4 vol4 iii4 #c1 p4 #gg4 ,m]ckl91 ,c4 ,e4 von4 7#ee7 ,palaeod5drologicon ,rossicum4 ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,mill]1 ,h4 7#eh7 ,! ,cruise ( ! ,betsey4 ,ed9burgh4 ,miquel1 ,f4 ,a4 ,w4 7#db7 ,monographia ,cycade>um4 ---- 7#dg7 ,collectanea nova ad ,cycade>um cognitionem4 ,l9naea1 ,bd4 xix4 p4 #daa4 ---- 7#ea7 ,ov] de ,rangs*ikk+ d] fossiele ,cycadeae4 ,tijds*4 ,wiss4 ,nat4 ,wet4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on ! sexual organs ( ! ,cycadaceae4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 vol4 vii4 p4 #fd4 ,mir&e1 ,m4 7#je7 ,re*]*es sur le dveloppem5t et l'anatomie de ,cassy?aces4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 ix1 vol4 i4 p4 #aha4 ,miyake1 ,k4 7#jf7 b] die ,sp]matozoid5 von ,cycas revoluta4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxiv4 p4 #gh4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! ,developm5t ( ! gametophytes & embryog5y 9 ,cunn+hamia s95sis4 ,beiheft ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xxxvii4 ,abt4 i4 ,heft #a4 ,mogan1 ,l4 7#jc7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] e9e fossile ,konif]e4 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 cxii4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #hbi4 ,mohl1 ,h4 von4 7#fb7 ,e9ige anatomis*e und physiologis*e ,bem]kung5 b] das ,holz d] ,baumwurzeln4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #bbe4 ,mll]1 ,h4 7#jc7 ,bidrag till ,bornholms ,fossila ,flora 7,rht o* ,lias74 ,gymnosp]m]4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xxxvi4 ,no4 vi4 ,mll]1 ,h4 ,j4 & ,t4 ,g4 ,halle4 7#ac7 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,coal-be>+ deposits ( s\?-ea/]n ,scania4 ,arkiv ,bot4 7,/ockholm71 ,bd4 xiii4 ,no4 #g4 ,morire1 ,j4 7#fi7 ,note sur deux vgtaux tr\vs dans le dp>tem5t du ,calvados4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 vol4 xv4 ,morris1 ,j4 7#dj7 ,memoir to illu/rate a ,geological map ( ,cut* 7,grant1 ,c4 ,w474 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 v4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bhi4 ---- 7#da7 ,rem>ks ^u ! ,rec5t & ,fossil ,cycadeae4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 vii4 p4 #aaj4 ---- 7#ed7 ,a ,catalogue ( ,briti% ,fossils4 ,london4 ,mll]1 ,c4 7#ij7 ,ueb] die ,balk5 9 d5 ,holzelem5t5 d] ,conif]54 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 viii4 p4 #ag4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r4 & ,r4 ,h>kness4 7#fd7 ,on ! ,p]mian rocks ( ! ,nor?-we/ ( ,engl&1 & _! ext5sion into ,scotl&4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xx4 p4 #add4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,r4 & ,c4 ,lyell4 7#bi7 ,on ! ,t]ti>y ,fre%wat] =mations ( ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 includ+ ! coal-field ( ,fuveau4 ,description ( plants by ,j4 ,l9dley4 ,ed9burgh ,new ,phil4 ,j\rn4 p4 #bhg4 ,nakamura1 ,y4 7#hc7 ,ueb] d5 anatomis*5 ,bau des ,hlzes d] wi*tig/5 ,japanis*5 ,conif]54 ,unt]s4 aus dem ,=/bot4 ,in/it4 zu ,mn*54 iii4 ,b]l94 ,na?or/1 ,a4 ,g4 7#ge7 ,om en ,cycadkotte frn d5 rtiska =mation5s lag] vid ,t9k>p i ,skne4 fv]4 ,k4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,frh4 ,no4 #aj4 ---- 7#gh7 ,om ,g9kgo cr5ata ,brauns sp4 frn s&/55 vid ,s5/$t nra ,brauns*weg4 ,ibid4 ,no4 #c4 ---- 7#hj7 ,ngra anmrkn+> om ,williamsonia1 ,c>ru!rs4 ,ibid4 ,no4 #i4 ---- 7#ha7 ,b]ttelse1 afgifv5 till ,kongl4 ,vet5skaps-,akad4 fv]4 ,k4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,frh&4 ,no4 #a4 ---- 7#hf7 ,om ,floran i ,sknes kolfr&e ,bildn+>4 ,i4 ,floran vid ,bjuf4 ,sv]4 geol4 ,unt]s4 s]4 ,c1 ,nos4 #bg1 #cc1 #he 7#ahgh-hf74 ---- 7#hh7 ,nya anmrkn+> om ,williamsonia4 fv]4 ,k4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,frh4 ,no4 #f4 ---- 7#hi7 ,sur la prs5ce du ,g5re ,dictyozamites1 ,old4 dans les ,c\*es ,jurassiques de ,bornholm4 v]s4 ,k4 ,dansk4 ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,frh&l4 p4 #if4 ---- 7#ic7 ,beitrge zur ,geologie und ,palaeontologie d] ,republik ,mexico 7,felix und ,l9k71 ,?4 ii4 ,heft i4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#ig7 ,zur ,mesozois*5 ,flora ,spitzb]g5s4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xxx4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #e4 ---- 7#ig7 ,na*trgli*e ,bem]kung5 b] die ,mesozois*e ,flora ,spitzb]g5s4 fv]s4 ,k4 ,vet4-,akad4 ,frh&4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#ii7 ,! ,norwegian ,nor? ,pol> ,exp$ition #ahic-if4 ,sci5tific ,results1 edit4 ,f4 ,nans54 ,,iii4 ,fossil ,plants f ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,london & ,*ri/iania4 ---- 7#jb7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss e9ig] ,mesozois*5 ,cycadophyt54 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xxxvi4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#jf7 ,om ngra ,g9kgovaxt] frn ,kolgrufvorna vid ,/abb>p i ,skane4 ,lunds ,univ4 rsskrift ,n4,f41 ,afd4 ii4 ,bd4 ii4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#jg7 b] ,trias- und ,jurapflanz5 von d] ,insel ,kotelny4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,imp4 ,sci4 ,/ ,pet]sburg1 vol4 xxi4 ,no4 #b4 ---- 7#jg7 ,palobotanis*e ,mitteilung54 #b4 ,die ,kutikula d] ,bltt] von ,dictyozamites ,john/rupi ,na?4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlii4 ,no4 #e4 ---- 7#jg7 ,ibid4 ,i4 ,pseudocycas1 e9e neue ,cycadophyt5gattung aus d5 ,c5oman5 ,kreideablag]ung5 ,grnl&s4 ---- 7#jh7 b] die ,unt]su*ung5 kut9isi]t] fossil] ,pflanz5teile4 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #d-f4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xliii4 ,no4 #f1 p4 #c4 ---- 7#jh7 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #g4 b] ,palissya1 ,/a*yotaxus & ,palaeotaxus4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xliii4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#ji7 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #h4 b] ,williamsonia1 ,wiel&ia1 ,cycadocephalus und ,weltri*ia4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xlv4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#ji7 b] die ,gattung ,nilssonia ,brongn4 mit besond]] ,b]cksi*tigung ,s*w$is*5 ,art54 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xliii4 ,no4 #ab4 ---- 7#aj7 ,excursion ,c #c4 ,dpts fossilifres 7plantes7 quat]naires de ,skne4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 du ,x,ie ,congrs ,gol4 ,int]nat4 p4 #acec4 ---- 7#aa7 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #i4 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,williamsonia-,blt54 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlvi4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#aa7 ,bem]kung5 b] ,weltri*ia ,fr4 ,braun4 ,arkiv ,bot4 7,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,/ockholm71 ,bd4 ii4 ,no4 #g1 p4 #a4 ---- 7#aa7 ,fossil floras ( ! ,arctic ,regions z evid5ce ( geological climates4 ,geol4 ,mag4 v1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bag4 ---- 7#aa7 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #aj4 b] die ,gattung ,cycadoc>pidium ,na?4 neb/ e9ig5 ,bem]kung5 b] ,podozamites4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlvi4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#ab7 ,die ,mikrosporophylle von ,wiel&iella4 ,arkiv ,bot4 ,/ockholm1 ,bd4 xii4 ,no4 #f1 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ab7 ,palobot4 ,mitt4 #aa4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,cycadocephalus ,blte4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlviii4 ,no4 #b4 ---- 7#ab7 ,e9ige palobotanis*e ,unt]su*ungsme?od54 ,palobot4 ,zeits*4 ,bd4 i4 ,heft i4 p4 #bf4 ---- 7#ac7 ,h[ are ! names ,williamsonia & ,wiel&iella to be us$8 ,a "q ( nom5clature4 ,geol4 ,fr54 ,/ockholm ,frh4 ,bd4 xxxv4 ,h4 vi4 p4 #cfa4 ---- 7#ac7 ,die pflanz5fhr5d5 ,horizonte inn]halb d] ,gr5zs*i*t5 des ,jura und d] ,kreide ,spitzb]g5s4 ,geol4 ,fr54 ,/ockholm ,frh4 ,bd4 xxxv4 ,h4 iv4 p4 #bgc4 ---- 7#ad7 ,zur ,fossil5 ,flora d] ,pol>lnd]4 ,teil i4 ,lief4 iv4 ,na*trge zur ,plaozois*5 ,flora ,spitzb]g5s4 ,/ockholm4 ---- 7#ae7 ,zur ,devonflora des we/li*5 ,norweg5s4 ,b]g5s ,mus4 ,a>bog1 ,no4 #g4 ---- 7#ae7 ,t]tire ,pflanz5re/e aus ,ellesm]e-,l&4 ,rep4 second ,norwegian ,arct4 ,exp$4 9 ! 8,fram0 #ahih-jb1 ,no4 #ce4 ,kri/iania4 ,negri1 ,g4 7#ad7 ,sopra alcuni legni fossili del ,gebel ,tripolitano4 ,boll4 ,soc4 geol4 ,ital4 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #cba4 ,ne/l]1 ,a4 7#ie7 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,anatomie d] ,cycade5fi$]n4 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,bd4 xxvii4 p4 #cda4 ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s4 7#ed7 ,new ,fossil ,plants f ,ohio4 ,annals ( ,sci5ce2 includ+ ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 i4 ,clevel&1 #ahec-ed1 p4 #aaf4 ---- 7#gc7 ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 vol4 i4 ---- 7#hh7 ,rhaetic ,plants f ,honduras4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #cdb4 ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s4 & ,a4 ,hollick4 7#ie7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,amboy clays4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monographs1 vol4 xxvi4 ,newton1 ,e4 ,t4 & ,j4 ,j4 ,h4 ,teall4 7#ig7 ,notes on a collection ( rocks & fossils f ,franz ,josef ,l&1 made by ! ,jackson-,h>mswor? ,exp$4 dur+ #ahid-if4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 liii4 p4 #dgg4 ---- 7#ih7 ,additional notes on rocks & fossils f ,franz ,josef ,l&4 ,ibid4 vol4 liv4 p4 #fdf4 ,noack1 ,f4 7#hg7 ,d] ,e9fluss des ,klimas auf die ,cuticul>isation und ,v]holzung d] ,nadeln e9ig] ,conif]54 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,bd4 xviii4 p4 #eai4 ,noelle1 ,w4 7#aj7 ,/udi5 zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie und ,morphologie d] ,konif]5 ,wurzeln mit ,rcksi*t auf die ,sy/ematik4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #afi4 ,norn1 ,c4 ,o4 7#jh7 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,entwickelung von ,saxego?aea conspicua ,l9d4 ,sv5sk4 ,bot4 ,tids4 ,bd4 ii4 ,h4 ii4 p4 #aja4 ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w4 7#jb7 ,on "s po9ts ( app>5t resemblance 9 c]ta9 ,fossil & ,rec5t ,gymnosp]m se$s4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 i4 p4 #ade4 ---- 7#jc7 ,! ovules ( ! old] ,gymnosp]ms4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dea4 ---- 7#jd7 ,notes on ,trigonoc>pus1 ,brongn4 & ,polylophosp]mum1 ,brongn41 two g5]a ( ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 iii4 p4 #if4 ---- 7#je7 b] die neu5tdeckt5 ,sam5 d] ,/e9kohl5f>ne4 ,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 ,bd4 xxv4 ,no4 #ab1 p4 #dja4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! se$1 a *apt] 9 ,evolution4 ,rep4 #gf? ,meet+ ,brit4 ,assoc4 7,york71 p4 #gbe4 ---- 7#jg7 ,note on ! ,palaeozoic se$s ,trigonoc>pus & ,polylophosp]mum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #cjc4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ,physo/oma elegans ,w4 an ar*aic type ( se$ f ! ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #gc4 ---- 7#ac7 ,mak]s ( ,mod]n ,botany4 ,a collection ( ,biographies by liv+ ,botani/s1 edit$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv]4 ,cambridge4 ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w4 & ,e4 ,j4 ,salisbury4 7#aa7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ! ,cono/oma gr\p ( ,palaeozoic se$s4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #a4 ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w4 & ,d4 ,h4 ,scott4 7#jc7 ,on ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 ! se$ ( ,lyg9od5dron4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxi4 p4 #dgg4 ---- 7#jd7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! ,palaeozoic se$ ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 ) a /atem5t ( ! evid5ce ^u :i* x is ref]r$ to ,lyg9od5dron4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cxcvii4 p4 #aic4 ,osborne1 ,t4 ,g4 ,b4 7#ji7 ,! lat]al roots ( ,amyelon radicans ,w4 & _! ,mycorhiza4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #fjc4 ,palib91 ,j4 7#ja7 ,quelques donnes relatives aux dbris vgtaux cont5us dans les sables blancs et les grs qu>tzeux de la ,russie mridionale4 ,bull4 ,com4 ,geol4 tome xx4 p4 #ddg4 ---- 7#jd7 ,pflanz5re/e vom ,si*ota-,al9 ,gebirge4 ,v]h&4 ,k4 ,russ4 ,m9]al4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xlii4 ,lief4 i4 p4 #ca4 ,patrick1 ,j4 ,s4 7#dd7 ,on ! ,fossil vegetables ( ! ,s&/one ( ,ayr%ire4 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #bhc4 ,pavol9i1 ,a4 ,f4 7#ji7 ,la ,/ang]ia p>adoxa ,?4 ,moore4 ,nuov4 ,giorn4 ,bot4 ,italiano ,n4,s41 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cce4 ,fir5ze4 ,pax1 ,f4 7#jg7 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora d] ,k>pa!n4 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 xxxviii4 p4 #bgb4 ,pe>son1 ,h4 ,h4 ,w4 7#jf7 ,notes on ,s\? ,african ,cycads4 ,i4 ,trans4 ,s4 ,afr4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cda4 ---- 7#jf7 ,"s obs]vations on ,welwits*ia mirabilis4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cxcviii4 p4 #bfe4 ---- 7#ji7 ,fur!r obs]vations on ,welwits*ia4 ,ibid4 vol4 cc4 p4 #cca4 ---- 7#ab7 ,on ! ,microsporangium & ,microspore ( ,gnetum1 ) "s notes on ! /ructure ( ! ,infloresc5ce4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #fjc4 ---- 7#ae7 ,a note on ! infloresc5ce & fl[] ( ,gnetum4 ,ann4 ,bolus ,h]b4 vol4 i4 pt4 iv4 p4 #aeb4 ---- 7#ae7 ,notes on ! ,morphology ( c]ta9 ,/ructures conc]n$ 9 ,reproduction 9 ! g5us ,gnetum4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 pt4 viii4 p4 #caa4 ,p5hall[1 ,d4 ,p4 7#ia7 ,see ,dawson & ,p5hall[4 ---- 7#ig7 ,myelopt]is topek5sis n4 sp4 a new ,c>bonif]\s ,plant4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #ae4 ---- 7#jj7 ,notes on ! ,nor? ,am]ican species ( ,dadoxylon4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada #b1 vol4 vi4 sect4 iv4 p4 #ea4 ---- 7#jb7 ,notes on ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,plants ( ,canada4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,canada #b1 vol4 viii4 sect4 iv4 p4 #ca4 ---- 7#jc7 ,notes on ,t]ti>y ,plants4 ,ibid4 vol4 ix4 sect4 iv4 p4 #hc4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! anatomy ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,conif]ales toge!r ) c]ta9 exotic species f ,japan & ,au/ralia4 ,am]4 ,nat4 vol4 xxxviii4 pp4 #bdc1 #ebc4 ---- 7#jg7 ,a ,manual ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,gymnosp]ms4 ,bo/on4 ---- 7#jh7 ,report on a collection ( ,fossil woods f ! ,cretace\s ( ,alb]ta4 ,! ,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 xxii4 ,no4 iv4 p4 #hb4 ,phillips1 ,j4 7#ga7 ,! ,geology ( ,ox=d & ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,ox=d4 ,pilg]1 ,r4 7#jc7 ,taxaceae4 ,das ,pflanz5rei* 7,a4 ,engl]71 ,heft xviii4 7iv4 #e74 ,leipzig4 ,plat51 ,p4 7#jh7 ,unt]su*ung5 fossil] ,hlz] aus dem ,we/5 d] ,v]e9igt5 ,/aat5 von ,nordam]ika4 ,leipzig4 ,pomel1 ,a4 7#di7 ,matriaux p\r s]vir la flore fossile des t]ra9s jurassiques de la ,france4 ,amt4 ,b]4 ,v]sam4 ,ges4 deuts*4 ,natur=s*4 und rzte4 ,aa*54 ,pors*1 ,c4 7#je7 ,d] ,spaltffnungsapp>at im ,li*te d] ,phylog5ie4 ,j5a4 ---- 7#aj7 ,eph$ra campylopoda ,c4 ,a4 ,mey4 e9e entomophile ,gymnosp]me4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxviii4 p4 #djd4 ,potoni1 ,h4 7#hh7 ,die fossile ,pflanz5-,gattung ,tylod5dron4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&es4 p4 #caa4 ---- 7#if7 ,ueb] ,auto*?onie von ,c>bonkohl5-,fltze und d] ,s5ft5b]g] ,braunkohl5-,fltze4 ,ibid4 7#ahie71 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jb7 ,fossile ,hlz] aus d] ob]5 ,kreide ,deuts*-/afrikas4 ,die ,reis5 des ,b]gassessors ,dr ,dantz 9 ,deuts*-/afrika 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahih-jj4 ,mitt4 aus d5 deuts*5 ,s*utzgebiet51 ,bd4 xv4 ,heft iv4 p4 #bbg4 ---- 7#jc7 ,pflanz5re/e aus d] ,jura-=mation4 ,dur* ,asi54 ,bd4 iii4 ,lief4 i4 ,b]l94 ---- 7#jd7 ,abbildung5 und ,bes*reibung5 fossil5 ,pflanz5-,re/e4 ,lief4 ii4 ,no4 #dj4 ,k4 ,preuss4 geol4 ,l&es4 ,b]gakad4 ,potoni1 ,h4 & ,c4 ,b]n>d4 7#jd7 ,flore ,dvoni5ne de l'tage ,h4 de ,b>r&e4 ,leipzig4 ,prank]d1 ,t4 ,l4 7#ab7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! ,palaeozoic se$ ,lag5o/oma ovoides ,w4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xl4 p4 #dfa4 ,pre/wi*1 ,j4 7#ed7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! /rata betwe5 ! ,london ,clay & ! ,*alk 9 ! ,london & ,hamp%ire ,t]ti>y sy/ems4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 x4 p4 #ge4 ,raciborski1 ,m4 7#ia7 ,flora ,retycka ,plnocnego ,/oku ,gr witokrzyski*4 ,rozprawy ,wydzialu ,akad4 ,umiej4 ,krak[ie1 tom4 xxiii4 ---- 7#ib7 ,przyczynek d ,flory ,retyckiej ,polski4 ,ibid4 tom4 xxii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ib7 ,cycadeoidea ,ni$wi$zkii nov4 sp4 ,akad4 wiss4 ,krak4 ,oktob] #ahib4 ,radais1 ,m4 7#id7 ,l'anatomie comp>e du fruit des ,conifres4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 #g1 vol4 xix4 p4 #afe4 ,ratte1 ,f4 7#hg7 ,note on two new fossil plants f ! ,wianametta %ales4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajgh4 ---- 7#hh7 ,additional evid5ce on ,fossil ,salisburiae f ,au/ralia4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aei4 ,rattray1 ,c4 7#ac7 ,notes on ! poll9ation ( "s ,s\? ,african ,cycads4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,africa1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bei4 ,reid1 ,clem5t & ,eleanor ,m4 ,reid4 7#jh7 ,on ! ,preglacial ,flora ( ,brita94 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #bjf4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! ,lignites ( ,bovey ,tracey4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cci4 p4 #afa4 ---- 7#ae7 ,! ,plioc5e ,floras ( ! ,dut*-,prussian bord]4 ,m$$4 ,rijksopspor+ ,delf/(f51 ,no4 #f4 ,! ,hague4 ,r5ault1 ,b4 7#gi7 ,sur un n\veau gr\pe de tiges fossiles silicifies de l'poque h\illire4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome lxxxviii4 p4 #ce4 ---- 7#hj7 ,sur une n\velle espce de ,poroxylon4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome xci4 p4 #hfj4 ---- 7#hj7 ,c\rs de ,botanique fossile4 ,tome i4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#hc7 ,c\rs de ,botanique fossile4 ,tome iii4 ---- 7#he7 ,c\rs de ,botanique fossile4 ,tome iv4 ---- 7#hg7 ,note sur le ,cla?ropodium ,mori]i4 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 #d1 vol4 i4 p4 #c4 ---- 7#hh7 ,les ,plantes fossiles4 ,p>is4 ---- 7#hi7 ,sur un n\veau g5re fossile de tige cycadenne4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 cix4 p4 #aagc4 ---- 7#if7 ,note sur le g5re ,mtacordaite4 ,soc4 d'hi/4 nat4 d',autun4 ,r5ault1 ,b4 & ,r4 ,zeill]4 7#he7 ,sur un n\veau type de ,cordaite4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 c4 p4 #hfg4 ---- 7#hf7 ,sur quelques ,cycades h\illires4 ,ibid4 vol4 cii4 p4 #cbe4 ,r5dle1 ,a4 ,b4 7#if7 ,gymnosp]mae4 ,! ,plants ( ,milanji1 ,nyasa-,l&1 collect$ by ,mr ,a4 ,:yte4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 #b1 p4 #fj4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! ,classification ( ,fl[]+ plants4 ,vol4 i4 ,cambridge4 ,r5i]1 ,a4 7#jg7 ,trois espces n\velles1 ,sph5opt]is ,dumonti1 ,s4 ,corneti et ,dicranophyllum ,ri*iri du ,h\ill] sans ,h\ille de ,baud\r1 ,ha9aut4 ,ann4 soc4 gol4 ,belg4 vol4 xxxiv4 ,mm4 p4 #aha4 ---- 7#aj7 ,docum5ts p\r l'tude de la palontologie du t]ra9 h\ill]4 ,lige4 ---- 7#aj7 ,palontologie du ,t]ra9 ,h\ill]4 ,lige4 ,r5n]1 ,o4 7#jd7 b] ,zwitt]bl!n bei ,junip]us communis4 ,flora1 ,bd4 xcii4 p4 #ib4 ,ri*>ds1 ,j4 ,t4 7#hd7 ,on ,scotti% ,fossil ,cycadace\s leaves conta9$ 9 ! ,hugh ,mill] ,collection4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,phys4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh4 ,rob]tson1 ,agnes4 7#jb7 ,notes on ! anatomy ( ,macrozamia het]om]a ,moore4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xii4 pt4 i4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#jd7 ,/udies 9 ! ,morphology ( ,torreya cali=nica ,torrey4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#jf7 ,"s po9ts 9 ! ,morphology ( ,phyllocladus alp9us ,hook4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xx4 p4 #bei4 ---- 7#jg7 ,! ,taxoideae2 a phylog5etic /udy4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vi4 p4 #ib4 ,ros51 ,f4 7#aa7 ,die biologis*e ,/ellung d] abess9is*5 ,baumlobelie 7,lobelia ,rhyn*opetalum74 ,beit4 ,biol4 ,pflanz54 ,cohn und ,ros51 ,bd4 x4 ,heft ii4 p4 #bfe4 ,ro!rt1 ,w4 7#ii7 ,ueb] p>5*ymatis*e ,tra*eid5 und ,h>zgnge im ,m>k von ,cephalotaxus-,art54 ,b]4 deuts*4 bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xvii4 p4 #bge4 ,ru%ton1 ,w4 7#ae7 ,/ructure ( ! wood ( ,himalayan ,junip]s4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xliii4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#af7 ,! ,developm5t ( #8,sanio's ,b>s' 9 ,p9us ,inops4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxx4 p4 #dai4 ,russ[1 ,e4 7#gb7 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 d] ,leitbndel-,kryptogam54 ,mm4 l',acad4 ,imp4 ,sci4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg vii1 tome xix4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#hc7 ,zur ,k5ntniss des ,holzes1 insond]heit des ,conif]5holzes4 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xiii4 p4 #bi4 ,salisbury1 ,e4 ,j4 7#ac7 ,me?ods ( ,palaeobotanical recon/ruction4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #bgc4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ! /ructure & relation%ip ( ,trigonoc>pus %or5sis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #ci4 ,s&ay1 ,elizabe?4 7#jg7 ,see ,b]ridge & ,s&ay4 ,s&b]g]1 ,f4 von4 7#fd7 ,die ,flora d] ob]5 ,/e9kohl5=mation im badis*] ,s*w>zwalde4 ,v]h4 ,nat4 ,v]4 ,c>lsruhe1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj4 ---- 7#ij7 ,ueb] ,/e9kohl5=mation und ,ro?lieg5des im ,s*w>zwald und d]5 ,flora4 ,jahrb4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 xl4 ,heft i4 p4 #gg4 ,sanio1 ,k4 7#gd7 ,anatomie d] ,geme95 ,kief] 7,p9us silve/ris ,l474 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,bd4 ix4 p4 #gh4 ,saporta1 ,g4 de4 7#fb7 tudes sur la vgtation du sud-e/ de la ,france l'poque ,t]tiaire4 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 tome xvi4 #d1 p4 #cji4 ---- 7#fb7 ,ibid4 tome xvii4 p4 #aia4 ---- 7#fe7 ,ibid4 tome iii4 #e1 p4 #e4 ---- 7#fe7 ,ibid4 tome iv4 p4 #e4 ---- 7#fh7 ,ibid4 tome ix4 p4 #e4 ---- 7#fh7 ,note sur la flore fossile des regions arctiques4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #b1 tome xxv4 p4 #cae4 ---- 7#gc7 tudes sur la vgtation du sud-e/ de la ,france l'poque ,t]tiaire4 ,ann4 ,sci4 nat4 tome xvii4 #e1 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#gd7 ,sur la prs5ce d'une ,cycade dans le dpt ,miocne de ,k\mi 7,eube74 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 lxxviii4 p4 #acah4 ---- 7#ge7 ,sur la dc\v]te de deux types n\veaux de ,conifres dans les s*i/es ,p]mi5s de ,lodve 7,hrault74 ,ibid4 vol4 lxxx4 p4 #ajag4 ---- 7#gh7 ,obs]vations sur la nature des vgtaux runis dans le gr\pe des ,noegg]a?ia2 gnralits et type du ,noegg]a?ia foliosa ,/]nb4 ,ibid4 vol4 lxxxvi4 p4 #gdf4 ---- 7#gh7 ,ibid4 ,types du ,noegg]a?ia flabellata ,l4 & ,h4 et du ,n4 cyclopt]oides ,goepp4 ,ibid4 vol4 lxxxvi4 p4 #hja4 ---- 7#gh7 ,ibid4 ,type des ,noegg]a?ia expansa et cuneifolia de ,brongni>t4 ,ibid4 vol4 lxxxvi4 p4 #hfj4 ---- 7#gh7 ,sur le n\veau gr\pe ,palozoique des ,dol]ophylles4 ,ibid4 vol4 lxxxvii4 p4 #cic4 ---- 7#hb7 ,sur quelques types de vgtaux rcemm5t obs]vs l'tat fossile4 ,ibid4 vol4 xliv4 p4 #ibb4 ---- 7#hd7 ,palontologie ,franaise4 ,plantes ,jurassiques1 tome iii4 ---- 7#ia7 ,ibid4 tome iv4 ,types ,proangiosp]miques4 ---- 7#ic7 ,revue des travaux de ,palontologie vgtale4 ,rev4 ,gn4 tome v4 p4 #a4 ,saporta1 ,g4 de & ,a4 ,f4 ,m>ion4 7#gf7 ,re*]*es sur les vgtaux fossiles de ,meximieux4 ,ar*4 ,mus4 d'hi/4 nat4 de ,lyon4 ,lyon4 ---- 7#gh7 ,rvision de la flore ,he]si5ne de ,gel9d54 ,mm4 c\r4 et ,mm4 sav4 trang4 tome xli4 7,acad4 roy4 sci4 etc4 ,belg474 ---- 7#he7 ,l'volution du ,rgne vgtal4 ,tome i4 ,les ,phanrogames4 ,p>is4 ,saxton1 ,w4 ,t4 7#aj7 ,contributions to ! life-hi/ory ( ,widdr+tonia cupressoides4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 l4 p4 #ca4 ---- 7#aj7 ,contributions to ! life-hi/ory ( ,callitris4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #eeg4 ---- 7#aj7 ,notes on ! anatomy ( ,widdr+tonia & ,callitris4 ,s4 ,african ,j\rn4 ,sci4 p4 #bhb4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! developm5t ( ! embryo ( ,encephal>tos4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlix4 p4 #ac4 ---- 7#ab7 ,note on an abnormal pro?allus ( ,p9us m>itima ,l4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #idc4 ---- 7#ac7 ,contributions to ! life-hi/ory ( ,act9o/robus pyramidalis ,miq4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #cba4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! classification ( ,conif]s4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 xii4 p4 #bdb4 ---- 7#ac7 ,contributions to ! life-hi/ory ( ,tetracl9is articulata1 ,ma/]s1 ) "s notes on ! ,phylog5y ( ! ,cupressoideae & ! ,callitroideae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #egg4 ,s*auro?1 ,c4 von4 7#eb7 ,h]r von ,s*auro? an ,h]rn ,beyri*4 ,zeit4 ,deuts*4 geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #ech4 ,s*5k1 ,a4 7#fg7 ,ueb] die ,flora d] s*w>z5 ,s*ief] von ,raibl4 ,wrzburg4 ,naturwiss4 ,zeits*4 vol4 vi4 p4 #aj4 ---- 7#fh7 ,ueb] die ,pflanz5re/e des ,mus*elkalkes von ,reco>o4 ,b5ecke's ,geog4-,pal4 ,beit4 ,bd4 ii4 ,mn*54 ---- 7#fh7 ,beitrge zur ,flora d] ,vorwelt4 ,palaeontol4 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #bah4 ---- 7#ga7 ,die fossil5 ,pflanz5 d] ,w]nsdorf] ,s*i*t5 9 d] ,nordk>pa!n4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xix4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#hj7 ,ueb] fossile ,hlz] aus d] ,libys*5 ,w/e4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,bd4 xxxviii4 p4 #feg4 ---- 7#hb7 ,ueb] ,m$ullosa elegans4 ,engl]'s ,jahrb4 ,bd4 iii4 p4 #aef4 ---- 7#hb7 ,die von dem ,gebrd]n ,s*ag9tweit 9 ,indi5 gesammelt5 fossil5 ,hlz]4 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 iii4 p4 #cec4 ---- 7#hc7 ,fossile ,hlz] d] libys*5 ,w/e 7,die ,libys*e ,w/e1 ,bd4 iii474 ---- 7#hi7 ,ueb] ,m$ullosa ,cotta4 ,abh4 ,k4 ,s*s4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #ebc4 ,s*le*t5dal1 ,d4 von4 7#jb7 ,?uja occid5talis ?ur+iaca4 ,zeits*4 ,naturwiss4 ,/uttg>t4 ,bd4 lxxv4 p4 #cc4 ,s*malhaus51 ,j4 7#hc7 ,die ,pflanz5re/e d] ,/e9kohl5=mation am /li*5 ,abhange des ,ural ,gebirges4 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,s4 ,pt]sb\rg1 vol4 xxxi4 ,no4 #ac4 ---- 7#hc7 ,beitrge zur ,t]tir ,flora sd-we/ ,russl&s4 ,palaeontol4 ,abh4 7,dames & ,kays]71 ,bd4 i4 ,heft iv4 p4 #bhe4 ---- 7#hg7 ,die ,pflanz5re/e d] ,art9skis*5 und ,p]mis*5 ,ablag]ung5 im ,o/5 des ,europis*5 ,russl&s4 ,mm4 ,com4 gol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 iv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ij7 ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,resultate d] von d] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 zur ,er=s*ung des ,janal&es und d] ,neusibiris*5 ,inseln 9 d5 ,jahr5 #ahhe1 #ahhf ausges&t5 ,exp$ition4 ,abt4 ii4 ,t]tire ,pflanz5 d] ,insel ,neusibiri54 ,mm4 l'acad4 ,imp4 ,sci4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg vii1 vol4 xxxvii4 ,no4 #e4 ,s*neid]1 ,w4 7#ac7 ,v]glei*5d-morphologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,kurztriebe e9ig] ,art5 von ,p9us4 ,flora ,n4,f41 ,bd4 v4 p4 #che4 ,s*roet]1 ,c4 7#hj7 ,unt]su*ung b] fossile ,hlz] aus d] arctis*5 ,zone4 7,he]'s ,flor4 ,foss4 ,arct4 vol4 vi4 #ahhb47 ---- 7#ig7 ,ueb] die ,vielge/altigkeit d] ,fi*te 7,picea excelsa ,l9k474 ,vi]teljahr4 ,natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,zri*4 ,jahrg4 xlii4 p4 #abe4 ,s*u/]1 ,j4 7#aa7 ,ueb] ,goepp]t's ,raum]ia im ,zw+] zu ,dresd54 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,bay]4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 p4 #dhi4 ---- 7#aa7 ,weltri*ia und die ,b5nettitales4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xlvi4 ,no4 #aa4 ---- 7#aa7 ,pagiophyllum ,weismanni im unt]5 ,hauptmus*elkalk von ,wrzburg4 ,geog4 ,jahre%eft1 ,bd4 xiii4 p4 #adi4 ---- 7#aa7 ,bem]kung5 b] ,podozamites4 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,bot4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xix4 ,heft #g1 p4 #dej4 ,s*tze1 ,e4 7#ja7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,triassis*5 ,konif]5-,gattung5 ,pagiophyllum1 ,voltzia1 ,widdr+tonites4 ,jahre%eft ,v]4 ,vat4 ,naturkunde1 ,/uttg>t1 p4 #bef4 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 7#ig7 ,! anatomical *>act]s pres5t$ by ! p$uncle ( ,cycadaceae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xi4 p4 #cii4 ---- 7#ii7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,fossil ,plants f ! ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,,iii4 ,on ,m$ullosa anglica1 a new repres5tative ( ! ,cycad(ilices4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cxci4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#ii7 ,on ! prim>y wood ( c]ta9 ,arauc>ioxylons4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #fae4 ---- 7#jb7 ,on ! ,prim>y /ructure ( c]ta9 ,palaeozoic /ems ) ! ,dadoxylon type ( wood4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 xl4 p4 #cca4 ---- 7#jc7 ,! orig9 ( se$-be>+ plants4 ,r4 ,in/it4 ,great ,brit4 ,weekly ,ev5+ meet+1 ,febry4 #ae4 ---- 7#jf7 ,on ,sutcliffia insignis1 a new type ( ,m$ulloseae f ! ,l[] ,coal ,measures4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 pl4 iv4 p4 #de4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! ,palaeontological ,record4 ,,ii4 ,plants4 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 ,art4 xii4 ,cambridge4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! /ructure ( ,mesoxylon ,lomaxi & ,m4 poroxyloides4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajaa4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,evolution ( ,plants4 ,london4 ---- 7#ad7 ,on ,m$ullosa pusilla4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lxxxvii4 p4 #bba4 ---- 7#ae7 ,! ,het]angiums ( ! ,briti% ,coal ,measures4 ,briti% ,assoc4 7,man*e/] ,meet+ #aiae74 7,ab/ract47 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,e4 ,c4 ,jeffrey4 7#ad7 ,on ,fossil ,plants %[+ /ructure1 f ! base ( ! ,wav]ley %ale ( ,k5tucky4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 #bje1 p4 #cae4 ,scott1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,a4 ,j4 ,masl54 7#jg7 ,! /ructure ( ! ,palaeozoic se$s ,trigonoc>pus ,p>k9soni ,brongn4 & ,t4 ,oliv]i sp4 nov4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #hi4 ---- 7#aj7 ,on ,mesoxylon1 a new g5us ( ,cordaitales4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #bcf4 ,sell>ds1 ,e4 ,h4 7#jc7 ,codono!ca1 a new type ( spore-be>+ organ f ! ,coal ,measures4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xvi4 p4 #hg4 ---- 7#jg7 ,notes on ! spore-be>+ organ ,codono!ca & its relation%ip ) ! ,cycad(ilices4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vi4 p4 #age4 ,s]n&]1 ,r4 7#ic7 ,die ,e9w&]ung d] ,fi*te 9 ,sk&9avi54 ,engl]'s ,bot4 ,jahrb4 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #a4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 7#ij7 ,tylod5dron ,weiss & ,voltzia het]ophylla ,brong4 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 vii4 #c1 p4 #bah4 ---- 7#ic7 ,on ! g5us ,myeloxylon4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#id7 ,on ,ra*iopt]is ,williamsoni sp4 nov41 a new ,f]n f ! ,coal-,measures4 ,ibid4 vol4 viii4 p4 #bjg4 ---- 7#if7 ,a new species ( ,conif]1 ,p9ites ,ruf=di1 f ! ,engli% ,weald5 =mation4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #dag4 ---- 7#if7 ,notes on ! geological hi/ory ( ,monocotyl$ons4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 x4 p4 #bje4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on ,encephal>tos ,ghell9ckii ,lem41 a r>e ,cycad4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdj4 ---- 7#ig7 ,a contribution to our k ( ,lyg9od5dron4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xi4 p4 #fe4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on ! association ( ,sigill>ia & ,glossopt]is 9 ,s4 ,africa4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 liii4 p4 #cae4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on ! leaves ( ,b5nettites4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 ix4 p4 #bgc4 ---- 7#jj7 ,notes on "s ,jurassic plants 9 ! ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xliv4 pt4 iii4 ,no4 #h4 ---- 7#jc7 ,on ! occurr5ce ( ,dictyozamites 9 ,engl&1 ) ,rem>ks on ,european & ,ea/]n ,mesozoic ,floras4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lix4 p4 #bag4 ---- 7#jf7 ,notes on ,cycads4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xiii4 pt4 v4 p4 #bii4 ---- 7#jg7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s plants f ,ka%mir4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 vol4 xxxvi4 pt4 i4 p4 #eg4 ---- 7#jg7 ,jurassic plants f ,caucasia & ,turke/an4 ,mm4 com4 gol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #ch4 ---- 7#aj7 ,article 8,gymnosp]ms10 ,encyclop4 ,brit4 edit4 #aa1 vol4 xii4 ,cambridge4 ---- 7#aa7 ,jurassic plants f ,*9ese ,dzung>ia4 ,mm4 com4 geol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #ge4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,jurassic ,flora ( ,su!rl&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 xlvii4 pt4 iv4 p4 #fdc4 ---- 7#aa7 ,l9ks ) ! ,pa/ 9 ! ,plant _w4 ,cambridge4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,jurassic ,flora ( ,york%ire4 ,! ,naturali/1 ,janu>y1 #aiaa4 ---- 7#ab7 ,mesozoic plants f ,afghani/an & ,afghan-,turke/an4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,pal4 ,ind4 ,n4,s41 vol4 iv4 mem4 ,no4 #d4 ---- 7#ab7 ,a petrifi$ ,williamsonia f ,scotl&4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cciii4 p4 #aja4 ---- 7#ab7 ,jurassic plants f ,amurl&4 ,mm4 com4 geol4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #ha4 ---- 7#ac7 ,a contribution to our k ( ,weald5 ,floras1 ) special ref]5ce to a collection ( plants f ,sussex4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxix4 p4 #he4 ---- 7#ad7 ,ant>ctic ,fossil plants4 ,briti% ,ant>ctic 7,t]ra ,nova7 ,exp$it4 #aiaj4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,report1 ,geology1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #a4 ,london4 ---- 7#ad7 ,weald5 ,floras4 ,ha/+s & ,ea/ ,sussex ,naturali/1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #c1 p4 #abf4 ,sew>d1 ,a4 ,c4 & ,n4 ,bancr(t4 7#ac7 ,jurassic ,plants f ,crom>ty & ,su!rl&1 ,scotl&4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9b4 vol4 xlviii4 pt4 iv4 p4 #hfg4 ,%aw1 ,f4 ,j4 ,f4 7#jh7 ,a contribution to ! anatomy ( ,g9kgo biloba4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vii4 p4 #he4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! se$l+ /ructure ( ,arauc>ia ,bidwillii4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #cba4 ,%aw1 ,w4 ,r4 7#if7 ,contribution to ! life-hi/ory ( ,sequoia semp]vir5s4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ccb4 ,%irley1 ,j4 7#ih7 ,additions to ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,que5sl& ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,no4 #g4 ,brisbane4 ,siebold1 ,p4 ,f4 von4 7#gj7 ,flora ,japonica1 #ahdb-gj4 ,leipzig4 ,sifton1 ,h4 ,b4 7#ae7 ,on ! occurr5ce & significance ( 8b>s0 or 8rims0 ( ,sanio 9 ! ,cycads4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lx4 p4 #djj4 ,sigrianski1 ,a4 7#ac7 ,quelques obs]vations sur l',eph$ra helvetica ,mey4 ,univ4 ,g5ve4 ,facult des sci5ces1 ,pr(4 ,*odat #h1 ,fasc4 x4 ,s9nott1 ,e4 ,w4 7#ji7 ,p>ac$roxylon1 a new type ( ,arauc>ian wood4 ,rhodora1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #abi1 p4 #afe4 ---- 7#aa7 ,"s features ( ! anatomy ( ! foli> bundle4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 li4 p4 #beh4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! morphology ( ! reproductive /ructures 9 ! ,podoc>p9eae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ci4 ,smi?1 ,f4 ,g4 7#jg7 ,morphology ( ! trunk & developm5t ( ! microsporangium ( ,cycads4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xliii4 p4 #ahg4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,e4 7#agig7 ,*>act]s ( a new g5us ( plants nam$ ,salisburia4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 iii4 p4 #ccj4 ,sol]$]1 ,h4 7#ii7 ,sy/ematis*e ,anatomie d] ,dicotyl$on54 ,/uttg>t4 ---- 7#jh7 ,ibid4 ,ergnzungab&4 ,solms-,lauba*1 ,graf zu4 7#hd7 ,die ,conif]5=m5 des ,deuts*5 ,kupf]s*ief]s und ,ze*/e9s4 ,pal4 ,abh&4 7,dames & ,kays]71 ,bd4 ii4 ,heft ii4 p4 #ha4 ---- 7#ij7 ,die ,sprossfolge d] ,/ang]ia und d] brig5 ,cycade54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,jahrg4 xlviii4 ---- 7#ia7 ,on ! ,fructification ( ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus ,c>r4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 v4 p4 #dai4 ---- 7#ib7 ,see ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba*4 ---- 7#ic7 ,ueb] die 9 d5 ,kalk/e95 des ,kulm von ,gltzis*-,falk5b]g 9 ,s*lesi5 en?alt55 ,/ructur biet5d5 ,pflanz5re/e4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,jahrg4 li4 p4 #aig4 ---- 7#ig7 ,ueb] ,m$ullosa ,leuck>ti4 ,ibid4 ,heft x4 p4 #age4 ---- 7#ii7 ,das ,auftret5 und die ,flora d] rhtis*5 ,kohl5s*i*t5 von ,la ,t]n]a 7,*ili74 ,neues ,jahrb4 ,m94 ,beilage1 ,bd4 xii4 p4 #eha4 ---- 7#jd7 ,die /rukturbiet5d5 ,pflanz5ge/e9e von ,franz ,josefs ,l&4 ,k4 ,sv5sk4 ,vet5skapsakad4 ,h&4 ,bd4 xxxvii4 ,no4 #g1 p4 #c4 ---- 7#jf7 ,die ,b$eutung d] ,palaeophytologie fr die sy/ematis*e ,botanik4 ,mitt4 ,philoma?4 ,ges4 9 ,elsass-,lo?r+51 ,bd4 iii4 p4 #cec4 ---- 7#aj7 b] die 9 d5 ,kalk/e95 des ,culm von ,gltzis*-,falk5b]g 9 ,s*lesi5 erhalt55 /ructurbiet5d5 ,pflanz5re/e4 ,,iv4 ,vlkelia refracta1 ,/eloxylon ,ludwigii4 ,zeits*4 ,bot4 ,jahrg4 ii4 ,heft viii4 p4 #ebi4 ,s\?1 ,f4 ,w4 & ,r4 ,h4 ,compton4 7#jh7 ,notes on ! anatomy ( ,dioon edule ,l9d4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vii4 p4 #bbb4 ,spiess1 ,k>l von4 7#jb7 ,g9kgo1 ,cephalotaxus1 und die ,taxace54 ,e9e phylog5etis*e ,/udie4 /]4 ,bot4 ,zeits*4 ,jahrg4 lii4 p4 #dcb4 ---- 7#jc7 ,ibid4 ,jahrg4 liii4 p4 #a4 ,spre*]1 ,a4 7#jg7 ,le ,g9kgo biloba ,l4 ,g5ve4 ,squ9abol1 ,s4 7#ib7 ,contribuzioni alla flora fossile dei t]r5i t]zi>ii della ,liguria4 ,gnes1 #ahhi-ib4 ,/apf1 ,o4 7#hi7 ,die ,art5 d] ,gattung ,eph$ra4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 lvi4 ---- 7#if7 ,on ! ,flora ( ,m\nt ,k9abalu 9 ,nor? ,borneo4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fi4 ---- 7#ad7 ,encephal>tos ,hildebr&tii4 ,bull4 ,miscell4 ,in=mation1 ,r4 ,bot4 ,g>d4 ,kew1 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #chf4 ,/>r1 ,anna ,m4 7#aj7 ,! microsporophylls ( ,g9kgo4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlix4 p4 #ea4 ,/aub1 ,m4 7#he7 ,p9us palaeo/robus ,ett+4 9 d] fossil5 ,flora ,ung>ns4 ,t]mszetrajzi ,fzetek1 ix4 p4 #dg4 ---- 7#if7 ,die ,fossil5 ,ct5is-,art5 und ,ct5is hung>ica n4 sp4 ,fldtani ,kzlny1 vol4 xxvi4 ,/efani1 ,c4 de4 7#ja7 ,flore ,c>bonif]e e ,p]miane della ,toscana4 ,r4 ,in/4 ,/ud4 sup4 pratici e di p]fezionam5to 9 ,fir5ze4 ,/5zel1 ,g4 7#gf7 ,beoba*tung5 an dur*wa*s5d5 ,fi*t5zapf54 ,nov4 ,act4 ,leop4 ,c>ol4 ,bd4 xxxviii4 ---- 7#hh7 ,see ,goepp]t & ,/5zel4 ,/]zel2 ,j4 ,t4 7#hc7 ,ueb] ,dicksonia ,pluck5eti 7,s*lo?474 ,bot4 ,c5t4 ,bd4 xiii4 p4 #bhb4 ---- 7#jj7 ,gruppe v]kieselt] ,arauc>it5 ,/mme4 ,b]i*t ,naturwiss4 ,ges4 ,*emnitz1 ,bd4 xiv4 ---- 7#jc7 ,e9 v]kieselt] ,ries5baum aus dem ,ro?lieg5d5 von ,*emnitz4 ,ibid4 ,bd4 xv4 p4 #bc4 ---- 7#jg7 ,die ,k>bon- und ,rotlieg5dflor5 im ,gros%]zogtum ,bad54 ,mitt4 ,badis*4 geol4 ,l&es4 ,bd4 v4 ,heft ii4 p4 #cdg4 ---- 7#ab7 ,d] 8v]kieselte ,wald0 im ,g>t5 des ,knig ,alb]t ,museums und des ,or?-,d5kmal 9 ,*emnitz-,hilb]sdorf4 ,b]i*t ,naturwiss4 ,ges4 ,*emnitz1 ,bd4 xviii4 p4 #ea4 ,/iles1 ,w4 7#jh7 ,! anatomy ( ,saxego?aea conspicua ,l9d4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 vii4 p4 #bji4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! ,podoc>peae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ddc4 ,/irl+1 ,j4 7#jj7 ,notes on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,s\? ,gippsl& ,jurassic b$s4 ,rep4 on ! ,vict4 coal-fields1 ,no4 #g4 7,dpt4 ,m9es1 ,victoria47 ,/okes & ,webb4 7#bd7 ,descriptions ( "s fossil vegetables ( ! ,tilgate ,=e/ 9 ,sussex4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dba4 ,/opes1 ,m>ie ,c4 7#jc7 ,on ! leaf ( ,cordaites4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ia4 ---- 7#jd7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,=tpflanzungsorgane d] ,cycade54 ,flora1 ,bd4 xciii4 ,heft iv4 p4 #dce4 ---- 7#je7 ,on ! d\ble nature ( ! ,cycadean integum5t4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xix4 p4 #efa4 ---- 7#jg7 ,! ,flora ( ! ,inf]ior ,oolite ( ,brora 7,su!rl&74 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxiii4 p4 #cge4 ---- 7#aj7 ,adv5titi\s budd+ & bran*+ 9 ,cycas4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 ix4 p4 #bce4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! int]nal anatomy ( ,nilssonia ori5talis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #chi4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! ,dragon tree ( ! ,k5ti% ,rag1 ) rem>ks on ! treatm5t ( imp]fectly petrifi$ wood4 ,geol4 ,mag4 #e1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ee4 ---- 7#aa7 ,! "n ( ! ,dragon tree4 ,ibid4 p4 #dfh4 ---- 7#aa7 ,a reply to ,pr(4 ,jeffrey's article on ,yezonia & ,cryptom]iopsis4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #bfi4 ---- 7#aa7 ,on ! true nature ( ! ,cretace\s plant ,ophioglossum granulatum ,hr4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ijc4 ---- 7#ad7 ,! 8,f]n ,l$ges0 ,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,/ ,john1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,dpt4 ,m9es1 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,canada1 ,mem4 #da1 ,no4 #ch1 ,geol4 ,s]4 ,ottawa4 ---- 7#ad7 ,a new ,arauc>ioxylon f ,new ,zeal&4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxviii4 p4 #cda4 ---- 7#ae7 ,catalogue ( ! ,mesozoic ,plants 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,nat4 ,hi/474 ,! ,cretace\s ,flora4 ,pt4 ii4 ,l[] ,gre5s& 7,aptian7 plants ( ,brita94 ,london4 ---- 7#af7 ,an e>ly type ( ! ,abiet9eae787 f ! ,cretace\s ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxx4 p4 #aaa4 ,/opes1 ,m4 ,c4 & ,k4 ,fujii4 7#aj7 ,/udies on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ,cretace\s ,plants4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cci4 p4 #a4 ,/opes1 ,m4 ,c4 & ,e4 ,m4 ,k]%aw4 7#aj7 ,! anatomy ( ,cretace\s ,p9e leaves4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #cie4 ,/opes1 ,m4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,m4 ,s4 ,watson4 7#jh7 ,! pres5t di/ribution & orig9 ( ! calc>e\s concretions 9 coal-seams kn[n z 8coal-balls40 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cc4 p4 #afg4 ,/rasburg]1 ,e4 7#ff7 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,spaltffnung54 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,bd4 v4 p4 #big4 ---- 7#ia7 ,ueb] d5 ,bau und die ,v]ri*tung5 d] ,leitungsbahn5 9 d5 ,pflanz54 ,hi/ol4 ,beit4 ,heft iii4 ,j5a4 ,/rb+1 ,o4 7#hh7 ,die ,v]!ilung d] ,spaltffnung5 bei d5 ,conif]54 7,inaug4 ,diss4 ,univ4 ,knigsb]g47 ,/ur1 ,d4 7#fh7 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] geologis*5 ,v]hltnisse d] ,umgeg5d von ,raibl und ,kaltwass]4 ,jahrb4 ,k4k4 geol4 ,rei*s4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xviii4 p4 #ga4 ---- 7#gg7 ,die ,culm ,flora4 ,heft ii4 ,wi54 ,suzuki1 ,y4 7#aj7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( two new ,conif]s & a new fungus f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,hokkaido 7,yezo74 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,tokyo1 vol4 xxiv4 ,no4 #bhd1 p4 #ahc4 ,sykes1 ,m4 ,g4 7#aj7 7,see also ,?oday1 ,m4 ,g47 ,! anatomy ( ,welwits*ia mirabilis ,hook4 f4 9 ! se$l+ & adult /ages4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 vii4 pt4 ii4 p4 #cbg4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! anatomy & morphology ( ! leaves & infloresc5ces ( ,welwits*ia mirabilis4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cci4 p4 #agi4 ,tak$a1 ,h4 7#ac7 ,a !ory ( transfusion-tissue4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #cei4 ---- 7#ac7 ,"s po9ts 9 ! anatomy ( ! leaf ( ,welwits*ia mirabilis4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #cdg4 ,tate1 ,r4 7#fg74 ,on ! second>y fossils f ,s4 ,africa4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #acj4 ,t5ison ,woods1 ,j4 ,e4 7#hc7 ,on a species ( ,bra*yphyllum f ,mesozoic coal b$s1 ,ipswi*1 ,que5sl&4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4,s4,w4 vol4 vii4 p4 #fei4 ,?ib\t1 ,e4 7#if7 ,re*]*es sur l'app>eil mle des ,gymnosp]mes4 ,lille4 ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,w4 ,t4 7#gb7 ,on "s ,conif]\s rema9s f ! ,li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(54 ,geol4 ,mag4 vol4 ix4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ja7 ,! c>pophyll ( ,encephal>tos4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xv4 p4 #edh4 ---- 7#ja7 ,p]si/5ce ( ! leaf-traces 9 ,arauc>ia4 ,ibid4 vol4 xv4 p4 #edg4 ---- 7#jb7 ,enum]ation ( ! plants kn[n f ,*9a prop]1 ,=mosa1 etc4 ,cycadaceae4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #eei4 ,?oday1 ,m>y ,g4 7,sykes1 ,m4 ,g474 7#aa7 ,! female infloresc5ce & ovules ( ,gnetum africanum1 ) notes on ,g4 secundum4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #aaja4 ,?oday1 ,m4 ,g4 & ,emily ,m4 ,b]ridge4 7#ab7 ,! anatomy & morphology ( ! ,infloresc5ces & fl[]s ( ,eph$ra4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #iec4 ,?omas1 ,f4 7#ff7 ,zur v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie d] ,conif]5-,laubbltt]4 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #bc4 ,?omas1 ,h4 ,ham%aw4 7#aa7 ,! ,jurassic ,flora ( ,kam5ka 9 ! di/rict ( ,isium4 ,mm4 com4 gol4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #ga4 ---- 7#ab7 ,note on ! occurr5ce ( ,:ittleseya elegans ,newb4 9 ,brita94 ,palaeobot4 ,zeits*4 ,bd4 i4 ,heft i4 p4 #df4 ---- 7#ac7 ,on "s new & r>e ,jurassic plants f ,york%ire3 ,eretmophyllum1 a new type ( ,g9kgoalean leaf4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xvii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #bef4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,clevel& di/rict ( ,york%ire4 ,i4 ,! ,flora ( ! ,m>ske qu>ry4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxix4 p4 #bbc4 ---- 7#ae7 ,on "s new & r>e ,jurassic plants f ,york%ire3 ,! male fl[] ( ,williamsonia gigas4 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 xviii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #aje4 ---- 7#ae7 ,on ,williamsoniella1 a ,new ,type ( ,b5nettitalean ,fl[]4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 #bjg1 p4 #aac4 ,?omas1 ,h4 ,h4 & ,nellie ,bancr(t4 7#ac7 ,on ! cuticles ( "s rec5t & fossil ,cycadean fronds4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 viii4 pt4 v4 p4 #aee4 ,?ompson1 ,w4 ,p4 7#aj7 ,! orig9 ( ray-tra*eids 9 ! ,conif]ae4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 l4 p4 #aja4 ---- 7#ab7 ,ray-tra*eids 9 ,abies4 ,ibid4 vol4 liii4 p4 #ec4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! anatomy & relation%ip ( ! ,gnetales4 ,i4 ,! g5us ,eph$ra4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ajgg4 ---- 7#ab7 ,! /ructure ( ! /omata ( c]ta9 ,cretace\s ,conif]s4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 liv4 p4 #fc4 ---- 7#af7 ,! ,morphology & ,aff9ities ( ,gnetum4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,bot4 vol iii4 p4 #ace4 ,?omson1 ,r4 ,b4 7#jg7 ,! ,arauc>9eae1 a ,protosiphonogamic me?od ( ,f]tilisation4 ,sci5ce ,n4,s41 vol4 xxv4 p4 #bgb4 ---- 7#ji7 ,on ! poll5 ( ,microca*rys tetragona4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlvii4 p4 #bf4 ---- 7#ac7 ,on ! comp>ative anatomy & aff9ities ( ! ,arauc>9eae4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 cciv4 p4 #a4 ---- 7#ad7 ,! spur-%oot ( ! ,p9es4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 lvii4 p4 #cfb4 ,?omson1 ,r4 ,b4 & ,a4 ,e4 ,all94 7#ab7 ,d ! ,abiet9eae ext5d to ! ,c>bonif]\s8 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 liii4 p4 #cci4 ,tison1 ,a4 7#ji7 ,sur le ,saxego?aea conspicua ,l9d4 ,mm4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&4 vol4 xxiii4 p4 #aci4 ---- 7#ab7 ,sur la p]si/ance de la n]vation di*otomique *ez les ,conifres4 ,bull4 soc4 ,l9n4 ,norm&ie vi1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cj4 ---- 7#ab7 ,see ,ligni] & ,tison4 ,tupp]1 ,w4 ,w4 7#aa7 ,notes on ,g9kgo biloba4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 li4 p4 #cgd4 ,tuzson1 ,j4 7#ji7 ,monographie d] fossil5 ,pflanz5re/e d] ,balatonseegeg5d4 ,result4 d] ,wiss4 ,er=s*4 des ,balatonsees1 ,bd4 i4 ,teil i4 ,budape/4 ---- 7#ji7 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora ,ung>ns4 ,mitt4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,ung4 ,geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 xxi4 ,heft viii4 p4 #bcc4 ---- 7#ad7 ,beitrge zur fossil5 ,flora ,ung>ns4 ,mitt4 ,jahrb4 ,k4 ,ung>is*4 ,geol4 ,rei*s4 ,bd4 xxi4 ,heft viii4 ,ung]1 ,f4 7#de7 ,synopsis ,plant>um ,fossilium4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#dg7 ,*loris ,protogaea4 ,leipzig4 ---- 7#di7 ,e9ige int]essante ,pflanz5abdrcke aus d] ,k4 ,petrefact5sammlung 9 ,mn*54 ,bot4 ,zeit4 p4 #cde4 ---- 7#ea7 ,die ,fossile ,flora von ,sotzka4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 ii4 ,abt4 ii4 p4 #aca4 ---- 7#eb7 ,ueb] e9ige fossile ,pflanz5 aus d5 li?ographis*5 ,s*ief] von ,sol5h(54 ,palaeontograph4 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #bea4 ---- 7#eb7 ,iconographia plant>um fossilium4 ,abbildung5 und ,bes*reibung5 fossil] ,pflanz54 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #gc4 ---- 7#ed7 ,zur ,flora des ,cyprid95s*ief]s4 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xii4 p4 #eie4 ---- 7#ed7 ,jurassis*e ,pflanz5re/e4 ,palaeontograph4 ,bd4 iv4 p4 #ci4 ---- 7#ei7 ,d] v]/e9]te ,wald bei ,cairo4 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxxiii4 p4 #bji4 ---- 7#fg7 ,die fossile ,flora von ,kumi4 ,d5ks*4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xxvii4 p4 #bg4 ,veit*'s ,manual ( ! ,conif]s4 7#jj7 ,london4 ,vel5ovsk1 ,j4 7#ha7 ,die ,flora aus d5 ,ausgebrannt5 ,t]tir5 ,lett5 von ,vrovic bei ,laun4 ,abh4 bhm4 ,ges4 vi1 ,bd4 ii4 ---- 7#hg7 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,pflanz5 des bhmis*5 ,c5omans4 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 ,jahrg4 #ahhf1 p4 #fcc4 ---- 7#hh7 ,ueb] e9ige neue ,pflanz5=m5 d] bhmis*5 ,kreide=mation4 ,ibid4 ,jahrg4 #ahhg4 ---- 7#hi7 ,kvt5a eskho ,c5omanu4 ,abh4 ,k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,wiss4 vii1 ,bd4 iii4 ---- 7#jg7 ,v]glei*5de ,morphologie d] ,pflanz54 ,teil ii4 ,prag4 ,v]non1 ,r4 ,d4 7#ab7 ,on ! geology & palaeontology ( ! ,w>wick%ire coalfield4 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 lxviii4 p4 #ehg4 ,vett]s1 ,k4 ,l4 7#hd7 ,die ,blatt/iele d] ,cycade54 7,inaug4 ,diss47 ,leipzig4 ,vi]happ]1 ,f4 7#aj7 ,entwurf e9es neu5 ,sy/ems d] ,conif]54 ,j5a4 ,w>d1 ,l4 ,f4 7#he7 ,synopsis ( ! ,l>amie gr\p4 #f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ---- 7#hg7 ,types ( ! ,l>amie ,flora4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 xxxvii4 ---- 7#hh7 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ,fossil ,plants4 #h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 7#ahhg-hh74 ---- 7#id7 ,fossil ,cycadean trunks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) a revision ( ! g5us ,cycadeoidea ,buckl&4 ,proc4 ,biol4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ge4 ---- 7#id7 ,rec5t discov]ies ( ,cycadean trunks 9 ! ,potomac =mation ( ,m>yl&4 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 xxi4 ,no4 vii4 p4 #bia4 ---- 7#id7 ,! ,cretace\s ,rim ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 vol4 ii4 ,no4 iii4 p4 #bej4 ---- 7#if7 ,"s analogies 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 #af? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ---- 7#ih7 ,descriptions ( ! species ( ,cycadeoidea or fossil ,cycadean trunks ?us f> det]m9$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s rim ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ba4 ---- 7#jj7 ,elaboration ( ! ,fossil ,cycads 9 ! ,yale ,museum4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 x4 p4 #cbg4 ---- 7#jj7 ,description ( a new g5us & #bj new species ( fossil ,cycadean trunks f ! ,jurassic ( ,wyom+4 ,proc4 ,wa%+ton ,acad4 ,sci4 vol4 i4 p4 #bec4 ---- 7#jj7 ,report on ! petrifi$ =e/s ( ,arizona4 ,dep>t4 ( ! ,int]ior1 ,wa%+ton4 ---- 7#jd7 ,a fam\s fossil ,cycad4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #dj4 ,w>m+1 ,e4 7#gg7 ,re*]*es et rem>ques sur les ,cycades4 ,ov]sigt ,k4 ,d4 ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,=h4 7,cop5hag571 p4 #af4 ,w>r51 ,e4 7#ab7 ,on "s specim5s ( fossil woods 9 ! ,natal ,museum4 ,ann4 ,natal ,mus4 vol4 ii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #cde4 ,webb]1 ,h4 ,j4 7#ja7 ,sp]matog5esis & fecundation ( ,zamia4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dpt4 ,agric4 ,bur4 ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,bull4 ,no4 ii4 ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gb7 ,fossile ,flora d] jng/5 ,/e9kohl5-=mation und des ,ro?lieg5d5 im ,sa>-,rhe9-,gebiet4 ,bonn1 #ahfi-gb4 ---- 7#gd7 ,note 9 ,zeits*4 ,deuts*4 ,geol4 ,ges4 ,bd4 xxvi4 p4 #faf4 ---- 7#gi7 ,die ,flora des ,ro?lieg5d5 von ,wns*5dorf bei ,lauban 9 ,s*lesi54 ,abh4 geol4 ,specialk>te von ,preuss5 ,bd4 iii4 ,heft i4 p4 #a4 ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#ab7 ,report ( ! #hj? meet+ 7,portsm\?7 ( ! ,briti% ,assoc4 = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #eej4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! root-apex & "y root ( ,lyg9od5dron4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 lvii4 pt4 iii4 ---- 7#ac7 ,a ,tylod5dron-l fossil4 ,ibid4 vol4 lvii4 pt4 iii4 ,w]nham1 ,h4 ,f4 7#aa7 ,floral ,evolution2 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! sympetal\s ,dicotyl$ons4 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 x4 p4 #gc4 ,wett/e91 ,r4 ,v4 7#ij7 ,die ,omorika-,fi*te1 ,picea omorica 7,panc474 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,bd4 xcviii4 ,abt4 i4 p4 #ejc4 ---- 7#aa7 ,h&bu* d] sy/ematis*5 ,botanik4 7,edit4 ii47 ,leipzig4 ,:]ry1 ,e4 ,t4 7#ab7 ,silicifi$ wood f ! ,triassic ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,philadelphia1 vol4 lxiv4 pt4 ii4 p4 #cff4 ,:ite1 ,d4 7#ij7 ,on ,cretace\s ,plants f ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxix4 p4 #ic4 ---- 7#ja7 ,! ,canadian species ( ! g5us ,:ittleseya & ! sy/ematic relations4 ,! ,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 xv4 ,no4 iv4 p4 #ih4 ,:ite1 ,d4 & ,c4 ,s*u*]t4 7#ih7 ,cretace\s s]ies ( ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]ica1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdc4 ,wiel&1 ,g4 ,r4 7#ii7 ,a /udy ( "s ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads4 ,pt4 ii4 ,! ,leaf /ructure ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 vii4 p4 #cje4 ---- 7#jb7 ,notes on liv+ ,cycads4 ,i4 ,on ! ,zamias ( ,florida4 ,ibid4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #cca4 ---- 7#jf7 ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads4 ,wa%+ton4 ---- 7#jh7 ,hi/oric ,fossil ,cycads4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ic4 ---- 7#jh7 ,two new ,arauc>ias f ! ,we/]n ,cretace\s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,s\? ,dakota4 ---- 7#ji7 ,! ,williamsonias ( ! ,mixteca ,alta4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #dbg4 ---- 7#aa7 ,on ! ,williamsonia ,tribe4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #dcc4 ---- 7#aa7 ,a /udy ( "s ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads4 ,pt4 v4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #acc4 ---- 7#ab7 ,ibid4 pt4 vi4 ,on ! small] fl[]-buds ( ,cycadeoidea4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #gc4 ---- 7#ac7 ,! ,liassic ,flora ( ! ,mixteca ,alta ( ,mexico1 its composition1 age1 & s\rce4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bea4 ---- 7#ad7 ,a /udy ( "s ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads4 ,pt4 vii4 ,fur!r notes on disk /ructure4 ,ibid4 vol4 xxxviii4 p4 #aag4 ---- 7#af7 ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads4 ,vol4 ii4 ,taxonomy4 ,wa%+ton4 ,wiesn]1 ,j4 7#jc7 ,die ,roh/(fe des ,pflanz5rei*es4 ,bd4 ii4 ,leipzig4 ,wild1 ,g4 7#jj7 ,on new & int]e/+ features 9 ,trigonoc>pus olivae=mis4 ,trans4 ,man*e/] ,geol4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4 pt4 xv4 p4 #dcd4 ,williamson1 ,w4 ,c4 7#dj7 ,on ! ,di/ribution ( ,fossil rema9s on ! ,york%ire coa/ f ! ,l[] ,lias to ! ,ba? ,oolite inclusive4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 v4 p4 #bbc4 ---- 7#ea7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( ! plants kn[n z ,/]nb]giae4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #b1 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdj4 ---- 7#fi7 ,on ! /ructure & aff9ities ( "s exog5s f ! ,coal ,measures4 ,mon?ly ,micros4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 ---- 7#gj7 ,contributions t[>ds ! hi/ory ( ,zamia gigas ,l4 & ,h4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ffc4 ---- 7#gb7 ,notice ( fur!r rese>*es among ! plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 xx4 p4 #dce4 ---- 7#gb7 ,on ! /ructure ( ! ,dicotyl$ons ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,rep4 #da/ meet+ 7,ed9burgh7 ( ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 p4 #aaa4 ---- 7#gd7 ,on ! ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,,vi4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clxii4 p4 #fge4 ---- 7#gf7 ,on "s fossil se$s f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,lanca%ire4 ,rep4 #de? meet+ 7,bri/ol7 ( ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 p4 #aei4 ---- 7#hf7 ,on ! morphology ( ,p9ites oblongus4 ,mem4 ,proc4 ,man*e/] ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 x4 #c1 p4 #ahi4 ---- 7#hg7 ,on ! ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,,xiii4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 #agh4 ---- 7#ij7 ,ibid4 ,,xvii4 ,ibid4 vol4 clxxxi4 p4 #hi4 ,wiliamson1 ,w4 ,c4 & ,d4 ,h4 ,scott4 7#id7 ,! root ( ,lyg9od5dron oldhamium ,w4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 lvi4 p4 #abh4 ---- 7#ie7 ,fur!r obs]vations on ! ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,,iii4 ,lyg9od5dron & ,het]angium4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 vol4 clxxxvi4 p4 #gjc4 ,wills1 ,lucy4 7#ad7 ,plant cuticles f ! ,coal ,measures4 ,geol4 ,mag4 #f1 vol4 i4 p4 #che4 ,wills1 ,l4 ,t4 7#aj7 ,! fossilif]\s ,l[] ,keup] rocks ( ,worce/]%ire4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,assoc4 vol4 xxi4 p4 #bdi4 ,w9kl]1 ,c4 7#gb7 ,zur ,anatomie von ,arauc>ia brasili5sis4 ,bot4 ,zeit4 ,jahrg4 xxx4 p4 #eha4 ,)am1 ,h4 7#cj7 ,on ! vegetable fossils f ,l5nel ,braes ne> ,cold/ream1 ^u ! banks ( ! ,twe$ 9 ,b]wick%ire4 ,phil4 ,mag4 vol4 viii4 p4 #af4 ---- 7#ca7 ,obs]vations on fossil vegetables accompani$ by repres5tations ( _! int]nal /ructure z se5 ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,ed9b4 ,j\rn4 ,sci4 vol4 v4 p4 #ahc4 ,worsdell1 ,w4 ,c4 7#if7 ,! anatomy ( ! /em ( ,macrozamia comp>$ ) t ( o!r g5]a ( ,cycadeae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 x4 p4 #fja4 ---- 7#ig7 ,on transfusion-tissue1 its orig9 & function 9 ! leaves ( ,gymnosp]m\s plants4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 v4 #b1 p4 #cja4 ---- 7#ih7 ,! vascul> /ructure ( ! sporophylls ( ! ,cycadaceae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xii4 p4 #bjc4 ---- 7#ih7 ,! comp>ative anatomy ( c]ta9 g5]a ( ! ,cycadaceae4 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxxiii4 p4 #dcg4 ---- 7#ii7 ,obs]vations on ! vascul> sy/em ( ! female fl[]s ( ,conif]s4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ebg4 ---- 7#jj7 ,! comp>ative anatomy ( c]ta9 species ( ,encephal>tos4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 v4 pt4 xiv4 p4 #dde4 ---- 7#jj7 ,! aff9ities ( ! ,mesozoic fossil ,b5nettites ,gibsonianus ,c>r4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xiv4 p4 #gag4 ---- 7#ja7 ,contributions to ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! ,cycadaceae4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 vi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #aji4 ---- 7#ja7 ,! vascul> /ructure ( ! fl[]s ( ! ,gnetaceae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xv4 p4 #gff4 ---- 7#jd7 ,! /ructure & morphology ( ! ovule4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xviii4 p4 #eg4 ---- 7#je7 ,fasciation1 its mean+ & orig94 ,new ,phyt4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ee4 ---- 7#jf7 ,! /ructure & orig9 ( ! ,cycadaceae4 ,ann4 ,bot4 vol4 xx4 p4 #abi4 ,wright1 ,w4 ,b4 7#ad7 ,! ,quat]n>y ,ice ,age4 ,london4 ,yabe1 ,h4 7#ac7 ,mesozois*e ,pflanz5 von ,omoto4 ,sci4 ,rep4 ( ! ,tokoku ,imp4 ,univ4 7s]4 ii4 ,geol471 ,bd4 i4 ,heft iv4 p4 #eg4 ,yates1 ,j4 7#ee7 ,notice ( ,zamia gigas4 ,proc4 ,yorks4 ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 i4 p4 #cg4 ,yokoyama1 ,m4 7#id7 ,mesozoic plants f ,kozuke1 ,kii1 ,awa1 & ,tosa4 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,sci4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,japan1 vol4 vii4 pt4 iii4 p4 #bja4 ---- 7#je7 ,mesozoic plants f ,nagato & ,bit*u4 ,ibid4 vol4 xx4 ,"y1 ,j4 7#fi7 ,trans4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 i4 pl4 iv4 7,no text47 ---- 7#gf7 ,catalogue ( ! ,we/]n ,scotti% fossils4 ,glasg[4 ,"y1 ,m>y ,s4 7#jg7 ,! male gametophyte ( ,dacrydium4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 vol4 xliv4 p4 #ahi4 ---- 7#aj7 ,! morphology ( ! ,podoc>p9eae4 ,ibid4 vol4 l4 p4 #ha4 ,zalessky1 ,m4 7#je7 b] ,fr*te aus d5 ,unt]c>bon-,ablag]ung5 des ,m/abeck5s 9 ,nord ,russl&4 ,bull4 acad4 ,imp4 sci4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 tome xxii4 ,no4 iii4 p4 #aac4 ---- 7#je7 ,notiz b] die ob]c>bonis*e ,flora des ,/e9kohl5revi]s von ,jantai 9 d] sdli*5 ,m&%urei4 ,v]h&4 ,k4 ,russ4 ,m94 ,ges4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg #b1 ,bd4 xlii4 p4 #che4 ---- 7#ji7 ,communication prlim9aire sur un n\veau ,dadoxylon prov5ant du ,dvoni5 suprieur du bass9 du ,donetz4 ,bull4 acad4 ,imp4 sci4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg4 ---- 7#aj7 ,on ! discov]y ( ! calc>e\s concretions kn[n z coal balls 9 "o ( ! seams ( ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata ( ! ,donetz bas94 ,ibid4 p4 #dgg4 ---- 7#aa7 tude sur l'anatomie du ,dadoxylon ,t*ihat*effi ,goepp4 sp4 ,mm4 com4 gol4 ,/4 ,pt]sb4 ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #fh1 p4 #a4 ---- 7#aa7 ,note prlim9aire sur le ,co5oxylon ,scotti1 nov4 g54 et sp4 tudes ,palobotaniques1 pt4 i4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ---- 7#ab7 ,sur le ,cordaites aequalis ,goepp4 sp4 de ,sibrie et sur son id5tit avec la ,noegg]a?iopsis ,hislopi ,bunb4 sp4 de la ,flore du ,gondwana4 ,mm4 com4 gol4 ,/4 ,pt]sb4 ,n4,s41 ,livr4 #hf4 ---- 7#ab7 ,on ! impressions ( plants f ! coal-be>+ deposits ( ,sudenka1 ,sib]ia4 ,bull4 soc4 ,natural4 ,orel4 pt4 iv4 ---- 7#ac7 ,flore ,gondwani5ne du ,bass9 de la ,pt*ora4 ,i4 ,rivire ,adzva4 ,bull4 soc4 ,oural4 d'amis des ,sci4 ,nat4 ,ekatr9eb\rg1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,zang1 ,w4 7#jd7 ,die ,anatomie d] ,kief]nadel und ihre ,v]w5dung zur sy/ematis*5 ,gli$]ung d] ,gattung ,p9us4 7,diss4 ,inaug47 ,giess54 ,zeill]1 ,r4 7#gh7 ,sur une n\velle espce de ,dicranophyllum4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 vol4 vi4 p4 #faa4 ---- 7#hj7 ,note sur quelques plantes fossiles du t]ra9 p]mi5 de la ,corrze4 ,ibid4 vol4 viii4 #c1 p4 #aif4 ---- 7#if7 ,le ,m>quis ,g4 de ,saporta1 sa vie et ses travaux4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #c1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #aig4 ---- 7#jj7 ,sur les vgtaux fossiles recueillis p> ,m4 ,villiaume dans les gtes *>bonneux du ,nord-oue/ de ,madagasc>4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,jun4 #e4 ---- 7#jb7 ,n\velles obs]vations sur la flore fossile du bass9 de ,k\snetzk 7,sibrie74 ,ibid4 tome cxxxiv4 p4 #hhg4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur les plantes ,rhti5nes de la ,p]se recueillies p> ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #d1 tome v4 p4 #aij4 ---- 7#je7 ,sur quelques empre9tes vgtales de la =mation *>bonneuse supracrtace des ,balkans4 ,ann4 ,m9es4 ---- 7#jh7 ,see ,d\vill & ,zeill]4 ---- 7#aa7 ,note sur quelques vgtaux infraliasiques des environs de ,niort4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #d1 tome xi4 p4 #cba4 ---- 7#aa7 ,sur une flore triasique dc\v]te ,madagasc>4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 vol4 cliii4 p4 #bcj4 ---- 7#ab7 ,sur quelques vgtaux fossiles de la ,gr&e ,oolite de ,m>quise4 ,bull4 soc4 acad4 ,b\logne-sur-m]1 tome ix4 p4 #e4 ---- 7,n4,d47 ,see ,malloizel & ,zeill]4 ,zeill]1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,fli*e4 7#jd7 ,dc\v]te de /robiles de ,sequoia et de ,p9 dans le ,portl&i5 des environs de ,b\logne-sur-m]4 ,compt4 ,r5d4 tome cxxxvii4 p4 #ajbj4 ,zeill]1 ,r4 & ,l4 ,m4 ,vidal4 7#jb7 ,sobre algunas impresiones vegetales del ,kim]idg5se de ,santa ,m>a de ,mey4 ,mem4 ,real ,acad4 ,ci5c4 y ,artes ,b>celona1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #bf4 ,zigno1 ,a4 de4 7#ec7 ,dc\v]te d'une flore ,jurassique analogue celle de ,sc>bor\gh dans les c\*es oolitiques des ,alpes ,vniti5nes4 ,bull4 soc4 gol4 ,france #b1 vol4 x4 p4 #bfh4 ---- 7#gc-he7 ,flora fossilis =mationis ,ooli?icae4 ,vol4 ii4 ,padua1 #ahgc-he4 ,zopf1 ,w4 7#ib7 ,ueb] e9ige ni$]e ,alg5pilze 7,phycomycet57 und e9e neue ,me?ode ihre ,keime aus dem ,wass] zu isolir54 ,abh4 ,natur=s*4 ,ges4 ,halle1 ,bd4 xvii4 p4 #gi4 ,,erratum ,= ,elwes1 ,h4 ,j4 & ,a4 ,h5ry 7#fj7 read 7#jf7 ,,index ,abies magnifica #ge ,acan?oc>pus #cje ,a4 xan?ioides #cje ,acro/i*um cr9itum #efh ,adiantides #agc ,adiantites #agc ,a4 bellidulus #agc1 #agd1 #cjg ,ae!ote/a #cjd1 #cai1 #cca1 #ccb ,a4 elliptica #ach1 #ccj-ccb ,a4 subglobosa #cca ,aga?is #bba1 #bbb1 #bej1 #bhc ,a4 au/ralis #bba ,a4 macrophyllus #bba ,a4 viti5sis #bba ,ale?opt]is #hf1 #hi1 #ic1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #cbi ,a4 aquil9a #ajh ,a4 decurr5s #ie ,a4 ,gr&9i #ajh1 #aag1 #add1 #cbe ,a4 lon*itica #ic1 #ajh1 #aag ,a4 ,s]lii #aag ,alnus #bfc ,al/roem]ia #cjd ,amphib5nettites #dah ,a4 ,blei*]i #dah ,a4 ,r5aulti #dah ,amyelon #bfa ,a4 radicans #bfa ,&rews1 ,e4 ,b4 #cje ,&ro/robus #dif1 #eje1 #ejf ,a4 ,baldu9i #eje ,a4 borealis #eje ,a4 ,gu]ang]i #eje ,a4 ,na?or/i #ejf ,a4 ,scotti #ejf ,a4 sibirica #eje ,a4 zamioides #eje ,aneimia rotundifolia #eci ,aneimites #agc ,a4 f]tilis #afi1 #agb ,angiopt]is #hg1 #hh1 #ajg ,anomozamites #dfd1 #dfe1 #dgc1 #edh-eea ,a4 ,balli #ehf ,a4 m9or #dfe1 #dff ,a4 ,muell]i #eaj1 #eea ,a4 ,s*midtii #egd ,ant>cticoxylon #bid-bii ,a4 ,prie/leyi #bif-bii ,an!rangiopsis r$iviva #ejc ,an?odiopsis ,be9]tiana #abf ,an?oli!s liliacea #bfd ,an?oli?us #bbd1 #bfd ,a4 ,pitcairniae #bfd ,an?rophyopsis #egh1 #egi ,a4 crass9]vis #eha ,a4 ,nilssoni #eha ,a4 obovata #eha ,arauc>ia #bbb1 #bej1 #bea1 #bii ,a4 ,bidwillii #afj ,a4 imbricata #bba ,arauc>ioxylon #bbd1 #bdh-bej1 #bie ,a4 antiquum #bhe ,a4 au/rale #bee ,a4 ,be9]tianum #aii ,a4 saxonicum #bec ,arauc>ites #bdj1 #bie1 #ejd ,a4 ,be9]tianus #aii ,a4 ,br&l+ii #bed ,a4 ,bu*ianus #baj ,a4 ,oldhami #bde ,a4 ,t*ihat*effi #bdh ,arb]1 ,a4 #cjh1 #cde1 #cdf ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 ,passim ,arb]ia1 #ceb ,ar*aeopitys #bij ,a4 ,ea/manni #bhh1 #bij ,arctopodium #bjj-bjd1 #bjg ,a4 insigne #bja ,a4 radiatum1 #bja ,artis1 ,f4 ,e41 #bdg ,artisia1 #bdf-bea1 #bec1 #bef ,a4 alt]nans1 #bdh ,a4 transv]sa1 #bca1 #bdg ,aspl5iopt]is ,nilssoni1 #eeh ,aspl5ium nidus1 #eha ,a/]o*la5a1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjg ,a4 kirgisica1 #afe ,a/]ophyllites1 #bfa ,a/]opt]is noveborac5sis1 #bjc ,a/]o!ca1 #afh ,attolia speciosa1 #cbg ,aulacopt]is1 #ajf ,bambusium1 #bgg ,b4 ,imh(i1 #bhj ,bancr(t1 ,n41 #adg1 #ddf1 #dee1 #dhi ,beania1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #eab1 #efh ,b4 ,c>ru!rsi1 #ejb1 #ejc ,b4 gracilis1 #ejb1 #ejc ,b5nettites1 #cfg-cga ,b4 dacot5sis1 #djc-djh ,b4 ,gibsonianus1 #cgj1 #chf1 #ddh4 ,see also ,cycadeoidea ,gibsoniana ,b4 ,mori]ei1 #chc1 #chd1 #dbi1 #ddg4 ,see also ,cycadeoidea ,mori]ei ,b4 portl&icus1 #cfh ,b4 ,saxbyanus1 #chf ,b5son1 ,m41 #ed1 #ee1 #fa-fc1 #ga1 #gh-ha1 #abe1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bge1 #cac ,b]g]1 ,r41 #cce1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdi1 #ced ,b]ry1 ,e4 ,w41 #ege ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e41 #bad1 #bfg-bfi1 #cjf1 #cdj ,b]tr& & ,r5ault1 #bai ,b]tr&1 ,p41 #aaj-aaf1 #adj1 #afe1 #bjj-bje1 #baj1 #cbc1 #cce1 #cdb1 #cdh1 #ceg ,bignonia1 #ccf ,b9ney1 ,e4 ,w41 #ce1 #cf1 #ci1 #aje ,bla/olepis1 #dfj ,b4 acum9ata1 #dfj ,b4 falcata1 #dfj ,b4 ,otozamitis1 #dfj ,boissi]1 ,e41 #ccf ,bolpopodium1 #dgi ,boroviczia1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfc ,b4 ,k>p9skii1 #ceh-cfj ,botryoconus1 #bfd1 #bfe ,b[5ia1 #d1 #g-i1 #bj1 #bg-bi1 #hg1 #aci1 #cae ,b4 s]rulata1 #bg ,b4 spectabilis1 #bj ,b4 spectabilis v>4 s]rata1 #bj ,b[]1 ,f4 ,o41 #ab1 #aif1 #dge ,braun1 ,a41 #ab ,braun1 ,f41 #dge1 #dgg1 #ecg ,br5*ley1 ,w4 ,e41 #df1 #dg ,brongni>t1 ,a41 ,passim ,br[n1 ,r41 #cfh1 #ddh1 #dhj ,buckl&1 ,w41 #cfg-cga1 #ddh ,buckl&ia1 #cgb1 #cfh1 #djh1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #dgh-dij1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #eca1 #edf ,b4 anomala1 #dha-dhc ,b4 buzz>d5sis1 #dhf ,b4 indica1 #dhh1 #dhi ,b4 ,mantelli1 #dha ,b4 ,mill]iana1 #dhc1 #dhd ,b4 7,fittonia7 ,rigauxi1 #dif ,b4 ,ruf=di1 #dif ,b4 ,saportana1 #dha1 #efi ,b4 7,fittonia7 squamata1 #dhg1 #dif ,b4 squamosa1 #dhg ,b4 ,yatesii1 #dhd-hf ,buckman1 ,j41 #ehh ,bulbopodium1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #dgi ,b4 microm]um1 #dag ,bunbury1 ,c4 ,e4 ,f41 #bdj ,burl+ame1 ,l41 #fb1 #cab ,calam>ieae1 #aij ,calamopitys1 #aij-aig1 #bjj1 #bdh ,c4 am]icana1 #aic1 #bjj ,c4 annul>is1 #aic1 #aid1 #aih1 #aii ,c4 ,be9]tiana1 #aii ,c4 ,saturni1 #aij-aid1 #aih ,calamopt]is1 #aij1 #aif ,c4 ,hippocrepis1 #aif ,calamosyrix1 #aij ,calamoxyleae1 #aij ,callipt]is1 #aji1 #adb1 #afi ,callixylon1 #bij-bic ,c4 ,trifilievi1 #bia-bic ,calymmato!ca1 #ej1 #ea ,c4 acuta1 #fg 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,fr$]icki-,guilielmi1 #ad1 #af ,e4 ,ghell9ckii1 #aa1 #ad1 #ebi1 #efa ,e4 ,gorciexianus1 #ejh1 #eaj ,e4 ,hildebr&ti1 #i ,e4 horridus1 #bg ,e4 ,laur5tianus1 #ad ,e4 ,lehmanni1 #ad1 #cbj ,e4 longifolia1 #ad1 #ecf ,e4 villosus1 #bb ,endli*]1 ,s41 #bhe1 #ejc ,endolepis vogesiacus1 #bgh ,eolirion primig5ium1 #bhb ,eremopt]is1 #afi-agb ,e4 artemisaefolia1 #afi-aga ,e4 ,maccon*ii1 #agb ,e4 ,neesii1 #afi ,eriote/a1 #cai1 #ccb ,e4 vetut9a1 #ccb ,eri/ophyton1 #aid1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bdh ,e4 ,be9]tianum1 #aii1 #bie ,e4 fascicul>e1 #aig-aii ,erodium1 #cjd1 #cfd ,ett+%aus51 ,c4 von1 #ebi1 #eea1 #egh1 #eha ,eu-,cordaites1 #bbd ,eu-,ct5is1 #ehj ,euphorbia1 #bdg ,eury-,cycadolepis1 #did-dif ,e4 ,j5k9siana1 #dif ,euryphyllum1 #bch1 #bde ,eu-,zamites1 #eba1 #eca ,fei/mantel1 ,o41 #bdj1 #ddc1 #dde1 #did1 #ead-eag1 #edf1 #efa1 #egb1 #egd1 #egg1 #ehf ,fei/mantelia1 #aci1 #dia ,f4 b5gal5sis1 #aci ,f4 oblonga1 #dia ,felix1 ,j41 #fg1 #gj1 #bbg1 #bej ,fi$l]1 ,h41 #abc1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdi1 #cea ,filicites ,be*ei1 #eci1 #edj ,f4 ,buckl&i1 #ecg ,f4 7,sph5opt]is7 elegans1 #gb ,f4 ,pluck5eti1 #aff ,fittonia1 #dgh1 #dhg ,f4 ,brongni>ti1 #cie ,f4 insignis1 #dhg ,f4 ,rigauxi1 #dhg ,f4 ,ruf=di1 #dhc ,f4 squamata1 #dhg ,flabell>ia1 #bbc1 #bcc ,f4 *ama]opifolia1 #bha ,fli*e1 ,p41 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #cfh1 #ejd ,fonta9e1 ,w4 ,m41 #che1 #ejj1 #ejh1 #egh1 #ehj1 #ehb ,fra9e1 ,e4 de1 #ie1 #if1 #adi1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa ,friia nobilis1 #eje ,fries1 ,e41 #eff ,fum>ia (fic9alis1 #gb ,gangamopt]is1 #beh1 #cch1 #ceb ,g4 ,seixasi1 #cea ,gaudrya1 #cai1 #ccb ,g4 lag5>ia1 #ccb ,g4 trivalvis1 #ccb ,ge9itz1 ,h4 ,b41 #ccd1 #cfe1 #eeb ,gibbs1 ,l4 ,s41 #fa ,g9kgo biloba1 #g1 #fa1 #fb1 #aai1 #ace1 #aci1 #agc1 #bbb1 #bea1 #bff1 #bid1 #cja1 #cjf1 #cbg1 #ccc1 #cch1 #cci1 #cih1 #dii1 #ejb ,glei*5ia1 #gd1 #hh ,glossopt]is1 #ada1 #ced ,g4 indica1 #adj ,glossozamites1 #ecj ,g4 brevis1 #ecj ,g4 ,s*5kii1 #eda ,g4 ,/oliczanus1 #ecj ,glypto/robus1 #abg ,gnetales1 #afj ,gnetopsis1 #cjd1 #cji1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah ,g4 anglica1 #cah ,g4 elliptica1 #cad1 #cag1 #cah1 #cei ,gnetum1 #dja ,g4 africanum1 #dja ,g4 ,gnemon1 #fc ,goepp]t1 ,h4 ,r41 #if1 #abf1 #abg1 #agc1 #baj1 #bfd1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #bie1 #cje1 #ccf1 #daa1 #dab1 #ebg ,goepp]t & ,/5zel1 #hf1 #if1 #ajb1 #afc1 #beb1 #bie ,gold5burg1 ,f41 #bcf ,gompho/robus1 #bec ,gordon1 ,w4 ,t41 #aha1 #ahc1 #bhh1 #cab ,go?an1 ,w41 #ea1 #bdh-beb ,g\rlie1 ,w41 #cf1 #cg ,gr&',eury1 ,c41 ,passim ,grieve1 ,g41 #gb ,griffi?1 ,w41 #bh1 #cjb ,guilelmites1 #cfe ,halle1 ,t4 ,g41 #bhj1 #ddc1 #deg1 #dgc1 #eag1 #eah1 #eba1 #ebb1 #ebg1 #edj1 #edg1 #eej1 #efc1 #efe1 #ege ,haplocalamus1 #aij ,he]1 ,o41 #agd1 #bhj1 #ccf1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #dfb1 #ebj1 #ebe1 #ecj1 #eda1 #edi1 #efc ,helma*]1 ,r41 #cdi ,hem+way1 ,w41 #id1 #cag ,hemitelia1 #dh ,het]angium1 #ea1 #gj-he1 #hf-id1 #ih1 #aji1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afb1 #afh1 #agi-ahc1 #aic1 #aid1 #bad1 #cji1 #cab1 #caf ,h4 alatum1 #hd ,h4 ,&rei1 #hd ,h4 bibract5se1 #hd ,h4 bohemicum1 #hd ,h4 cyl9dricum1 #hc ,h4 ,du*>trei1 #hc ,h4 ,grievii1 #ga-gc1 #gi-hb ,h4 hib]nicum1 #hd ,h4 ,lomaxi1 #gb1 #hc ,h4 m9imum1 #hc ,h4 p>adoxum1 #gb ,h4 poly/i*um1 #hd ,h4 punctatum1 #hd ,h4 ,r5aulti1 #hd ,h4 ,/uri1 #hd1 #ahc ,h4 tiliaeoidea1 #ga1 #ha-hd ,hexagonoc>pus1 #aaf1 #cjc1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cef ,h4 crassus1 #cef ,h4 ,hook]i1 #ceg ,h4 ,noegg]a?i1 #cei ,hexapt]osp]mum1 #aaf1 #aai1 #adj1 #cai1 #cba-cbc1 #cdh1 #cef ,h4 mode/ae1 #ceg ,h4 ,noegg]a?ii1 #cbb1 #ceg ,h4 pa*ypt]um1 #cba ,h4 /5opt]um1 #cba1 #cbb ,hick1 ,t41 #fg ,hi]ogramma1 #bjj-bjd ,h4 my/icum1 #bja ,his+]a1 #efi ,holcosp]mum1 #cdc1 #cfa-cfc ,h4 dubium1 #cfc ,h4 sulcatum1 #ceg1 #cei1 #cfa-cfc ,hold51 ,h4 ,s41 #aji ,hold51 ,r41 #bdc1 #eei1 #efj1 #efc1 #efe ,hollick1 ,a41 #dfa ,hollick & ,jeffrey1 #dia ,hook]1 ,sir ,j41 #aj1 #fj ,hook] & ,b9ney1 #aah1 #cja ,h[se1 ,r41 #agj1 #bcb ,hy/]ites ,cordaitis1 #bcc ,iodes1 #df ,johnson1 ,t41 #ea1 #eb1 #hd ,jordania1 #ccd1 #ccf ,j4 bignonioides1 #ccf1 #cea ,j4 moravica1 #cdg ,juglans1 #bbb ,j4 regia1 #bdf ,kaloxylon1 #fg ,k4 ,hook]i1 #ch1 #fg ,kalymma1 #aij1 #aib1 #aid-aif ,k4 gr&is1 #aib1 #aie1 #aif ,k4 /riata1 #aif ,k>/51 ,g41 #cj ,k]%aw1 ,e4 ,m41 #bh1 #fa ,kid/on1 ,r41 #ea-ec1 #ef1 #aaj1 #aab1 #afh ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan1 #ahe ,kle91 ,l41 #ade ,knorria tax9a1 #bcb ,kosmovsky1 ,c41 #bch ,kramm]a1 #bgg1 #bha ,k4 mirabilis1 #bhj ,krass]1 ,f41 #dbj1 #eec1 #egf1 #ehj ,kraus1 ,g41 #bh1 #baj1 #bie ,kub>t1 ,b41 #gj1 #ga1 #hd1 #ahc ,kurtz1 ,f41 #ehi ,kutorga1 ,s41 #acb ,lag5idium1 #fb ,lag5osp]mum1 #fd-ff1 #agd1 #cji ,l4 ,arb]i1 #agc1 #cjg ,l4 gl&i=me1 #cfj ,l4 nitidulum1 #agd ,l4 oblongum1 #fe1 #ff ,l4 ,s9clairi1 #eg1 #fd1 #ff1 #ha ,lag5o/oma1 #ee-ff1 #ga1 #ha1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abe1 #afj1 #agc1 #cjc1 #cjg-cag1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #dig ,l4 ,kid/oni1 #fd ,l4 ,lomaxi1 #ea1 #ee-fb1 #caa ,l4 oblonga1 #fe ,l4 ovoides1 #ee1 #fb-fd1 #caa ,l4 physoides1 #fb1 #cja ,l4 ,s9clairi1 #fd1 #fe ,l4 urceol>is1 #fe ,leck5by1 ,j41 #dba ,lepidan?ium1 #dgg ,lepidoc>yon1 #bfe1 #ccc1 #cdf1 #cdg ,l4 avellana1 #cdf ,lepidod5dron1 #abe1 #bab1 #bga ,leslie1 ,t4 ,n41 #bdb1 #bef ,lesqu]eux1 ,l41 #aaj1 #abc1 #aca1 #aef1 #bcb1 #bce1 #cje1 #cbf ,leu?>dt1 ,f41 #bhj1 #eej1 #eec ,ligni]1 ,o41 #cd1 #fc1 #bag1 #bbi1 #bdg1 #chf1 #dae1 #dbh1 #dcb-dcd1 #dee ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,passim ,l9naeus1 #cfc1 #cfd ,l9opt]is1 #hf1 #aji1 #aac ,l4 obliqua1 #aaa1 #aac ,lobelia ,rhyn*opetalum1 #ab ,loddiges1 ,c41 #cfh ,lomax1 ,j41 #df1 #ij ,lotsy1 ,j41 #hf1 #aag ,lyco/robus1 #ejf ,lyg9od5dron1 #cf ,l4 anomalum1 #bhi ,l4 ,l&sburgii1 #cf1 #cg ,l4 oldhamium1 #ch1 #gj4 ,see also ,lyg9opt]is oldhamia ,l4 robu/um1 #ahg ,l4 ,sv]drupi1 #ch ,lyg9opt]ideae1 #ce-he1 #hi1 #afb ,lyg9opt]is1 #ce-gj1 #gd-gh1 #hd1 #hf-id1 #ih1 #aji1 #ahf1 #ahi-aia1 #aid1 #aih1 #bad1 #bgc1 #bic1 #bie1 #cji1 #caf1 #cfi ,l4 lacunosum1 #gj ,l4 oldhamia1 #ch-ea1 #ef1 #gb ,l4 tri/i*um1 #gj ,lygodium1 #hh1 #ahj ,mc,bride1 ,t4 ,h41 #djc ,mc,coy1 ,sir ,f41 #bdj ,mc,lean1 ,r4 ,c41 #ei ,macropt]ygium1 #eed ,macrozamia1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ai1 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #ajj1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #cia1 #ebi1 #eca ,m4 ,d5isoni1 #af1 #bh ,m4 ,fras]i1 #af1 #bh1 #dii ,m4 gibba1 #ejd ,m4 het]om]a1 #ai1 #bg1 #cc ,m4 ,macleayi1 #ecf ,m4 ,moorei1 #f ,m4 ,preissii1 #bc ,m4 spiralis1 #ai ,malacote/a1 #cfc ,m4 oblonga1 #cfc ,manoxylic1 #g ,mantell1 ,g41 #dgh1 #dhj1 #dha ,mantellia1 #cfg1 #cfh ,m4 nidi=mis1 #cfg ,m>attia1 #ajg ,m>iopt]is1 #aaa ,m>%1 ,a4 ,s41 #che ,masculo/robus1 #eje ,masl51 ,a4 ,j41 #bga ,matonia1 #hh1 #aij ,matte1 ,h41 #cj1 #aei1 #afj ,m$ullosa1 #hf-aaj1 #aai1 #add1 #adi-aeg1 #afa1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahc1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjg1 #bji1 #cai ,m4 anglica1 #hg-ih1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #ade-aeh1 #afa1 #ahj1 #bai ,m4 c5tr(ilis1 #ie-ig1 #aeg ,m4 elegans1 #aje-ajg ,m4 gigas1 #ajj ,m4 ,leuck>ti1 #hg1 #ajb-aje1 #ajh1 #adb-ade1 #aed-aei1 #afe ,m4 ,ludwigii1 #afc ,m4 porosa1 #hi1 #ib1 #aeg ,m4 pusilla1 #id-if ,m4 ,solmsi1 #ib1 #adh1 #aeg ,m4 ,solmsi v>4 gigantea1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aeh ,m4 ,solmsi v>4 lignosa1 #ib ,m4 ,solmsi v>4 typica1 #aja ,m4 /ellata1 #hg1 #hi1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj-ajc1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd ,m4 /ellata v>4 corticata1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aeh ,m4 /ellata v>4 gigantea1 #ib1 #ajj ,m4 /ellata v>4 lignosa1 #ajj ,m4 /ellata v>4 typica1 #ig-ii ,m$ulloseae1 #hf-afe ,megad5dron saxonicum1 #bec ,megalorha*is1 #bjd ,m4 elliptica1 #bjd ,megalosp]mum1 #cbf ,megaloxylon1 #age-ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aih1 #big ,m4 ,scotti1 #age-ahj ,mesopitys1 #bdh1 #bid-bif ,m4 ,t*ihat*effi1 #bic-bif1 #bii ,mesoxylon1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bec1 #bef1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bgj-bgf1 #bid1 #bie1 #bii ,m4 ,lomaxi1 #bgd1 #bge1 #big ,m4 poroxyloides1 #bgd1 #bge ,m4 ,sutcliffi1 #bga-bgd ,metacordaites1 #bfj ,m4 ,rigolloti1 #bed1 #bfj ,mett5ius1 ,g41 #cj ,microcycas1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ai1 #bc1 #cj1 #fb1 #afb1 #afc ,m4 ,calocoma1 #bg ,microsp]mum1 #cdc1 #cfe ,mill]1 ,h4 #ddi1 #ecf1 #ehd ,miquel1 ,f4 ,a4 ,w41 #ebh1 #efi ,mitrosp]mum1 #cjg1 #ccc1 #ccf1 #cde1 #cdf ,m4 compressum1 #cad1 #cch1 #cde ,mittagia1 #fc1 #fd ,m4 sem9i=mis1 #fc ,morire1 ,j41 #cfi1 #cie1 #dae ,morris1 ,j41 #bfd1 #eab1 #ead1 #ebh ,m\geot1 ,a41 #ii ,musoc>pus1 #cfa ,m4 dif=mis1 #cfa ,m4 prismaticus1 #cfa ,myelopt]is1 #ajf1 #aed ,myeloxylon1 #hi1 #ic1 #if1 #ii1 #aje-ajh1 #aai1 #abc1 #aci1 #add1 #aed1 #aee1 #aif1bjg1 #cbi ,m4 ,l&rioti1 #ic1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajh ,m4 radiatum1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh ,m4 topek5se1 #ajh ,myrica1 #bfb ,m4 ,gale1 #fa1 #cah ,naiadea obtusa1 #ehh ,na?or/1 ,a4 ,g41 ,passim ,nephrolepis ,duffi1 #edc ,neuropt]ideae1 #hg ,neuropt]idophylla1 #hf ,neuropt]is1 #ef1 #hf1 #hi1 #ajf1 #aji-aab1 #aae1 #aag1 #abf1 #acj1 #aci1 #cdb1 #ceg ,n4 auriculata1 #aaf ,n4 ,c>p5ti]i1 #aab ,n4 gigantea1 #aaj-aac1 #aaf1 #adj ,n4 het]ophylla1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aac-aag ,n4 obliqua1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abd ,n4 pseudogigantea1 #aab ,n4 ,s*lehani1 #aaf ,neuropt]oc>pus1 #aaf ,n4 ,kid/oni1 #aad ,neuropt]om$ullosa1 #aef ,neurosp]mum1 #aaf1 #cdd ,neuro!ca1 #aaj ,newb]ry1 ,j4 ,s41 #abh1 #aca1 #cbj1 #ejg1 #ehi ,nilssonia1 #eaa1 #eab1 #edh1 #edi1 #eea1 #eee1 #eff-egh ,n4 bohemica1 #egf ,n4 brevis1 #efg-ega ,n4 compta1 #eee1 #efi1 #egc1 #egd1 #egf1 #egh ,n4 d5s9]vis1 #ege ,n4 elongata1 #eff ,n4 ,john/rupi1 #ege ,n4 m$iana1 #eea ,n4 nippon5sis1 #egd ,n4 ori5talis1 #efh1 #egb1 #ege1 #egf ,n4 ozvana1 #egf ,n4 polymorpha1 #efg-egc ,n4 pr9ceps1 #egf1 #egg ,n4 pt]ophylloides1 #cfg1 #efg1 #egb1 #egc ,n4 rajmahal5sis1 #ega ,n4 saigh5sis1 #egj ,n4 ,s*aumburg5sis1 #egh ,n4 ,s*midti1 #egd ,n4 ,/urii1 #egf ,n4 ta5iopt]oides1 #ege ,n4 t5uicaulis1 #eef1 #egf ,n4 t5u9]vis1 #efi1 #ege ,nilssoniales1 #eaa1 #eff-ehg ,nilssoniopt]is1 #efi ,niponophyllum1 #bhb1 #bhc ,n4 cordaiti=me1 #bhb ,noegg]a?ia1 #ehi1 #eij ,n4 crassa1 #bbg ,n4 cyclopt]oides1 #acb ,n4 foliosa1 #ehh ,n4 ,goepp]ti1 #acb ,n4 palmae=mis1 #bce1 #bch ,noegg]a?ian?us1 #bfd ,noegg]a?iopsis1 #bbj1 #bch-bdc ,n4 ,hislopi1 #bch1 #bda1 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,see also ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi1 ,odontopt]is1 #hf1 #ajf1 #aji ,oldham & ,morris1 #ddc1 #dhh1 #ead1 #efa1 #egb1 #egd1 #egf1 #egg ,oliv]1 ,f4 ,w41 #ee1 #fa-fd1 #gi1 #aai1 #abb1 #cja1 #cjf-cji1 #cba-cbf1 #cbi ,oliv] & ,salisbury1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cag ,oliv] & ,scott1 #ef1 #fj ,oreodoxites ,m>tianus1 #cch ,osborne1 ,t4 ,g4 ,b41 #bfa1 #bfb ,otopt]is m$iana1 #eda ,o4 t5uata1 #edc ,otozamites1 #dfj1 #dfg1 #ejj1 #eaa1 #ead1 #eag1 #eba1 #ebb1 #ebh1 #ecj1 #ecg-ede1 #edf1 #ehg1 #ehi ,o4 abbreviatus1 #eba1 #ebb ,o4 angu/atus1 #ead-eaf ,o4 ,beani1 #eda-edd1 #ehg1 #ehh ,o4 ,be*ei1 #ech-eda1 #edd ,o4 b5gal5sis1 #edb ,o4 b5gal5sis v>4 obtusa1 #edc ,o4 brevifolius1 #ddg ,o4 ,buckl&i1 #eda ,o4 ,bunburyanus1 #edb1 #edc ,o4 contiguus1 #edc ,o4 decorus1 #edd ,o4 di/ans1 #eae ,o4 ,fei/manteli1 #eci1 #edc ,o4 giganteus1 #edd ,o4 ,goepp]tianus1 #dhc1 #ech1 #edd ,o4 gracilis1 #eae1 #eaf ,o4 graphicus1 #edj ,o4 gro5l&ica1 #ecg ,o4 ,h5nocquei1 #edj ,o4 ,hislopi1 #eae1 #eaf1 #eba1 #ebb ,o4 indos95sis1 #eda ,o4 ,izuim5sis1 #edd ,o4 ,klip/e9i1 #ecj1 #edc1 #edd ,o4 lagotis1 #edd ,o4 l9e>is1 #eda1 #edd ,o4 molianus1 #eda ,o4 obtusus1 #ecg-eda ,o4 obtusus v>4 ooliticus1 #edj ,o4 oregon5sis1 #edd ,o4 ,polakii1 #eda ,o4 t5uissimus1 #edc ,o4 ,t]quemi1 #edj ,o4 vicet9us1 #edj ,ottok>ia1 #abd1 #aci-ada ,o4 b5gal5sis1 #aaf1 #aci1 #adj ,pa*yte/a1 #ij1 #aae-aag1 #add1 #cjd1 #cai1 #cbc-bcf ,p4 gigantea1 #cbc1 #cbe ,p4 incrassata1 #cbd1 #cbe ,palaean?us problematica1 #dfa ,palaeopitys1 #baj ,p4 ,mill]i1 #baj ,palaeospa! aroidea1 #acb ,palaeoxylon1 #ajj1 #bhi ,palaeoxyris1 #dgg ,p4 microrhombea1 #dgg ,palaeozamia1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #eac1 #ead ,p4 acutifolia1 #ead ,p4 aff9is1 #ead1 #eae ,p4 b5gal5sis1 #ead ,p4 cut*5sis1 #ead1 #eae ,p4 longifolia1 #bha ,p4 pect51 #dba ,p4 recta1 #ecd ,p4 rigida1 #ead1 #eae ,p4 ,rubidgei1 #ehe ,palmacites1 #aah ,p>apitys1 #bid1 #bie ,p4 ,sp5c]i1 #bid1 #bie ,p>k9son1 ,j41 #cfg ,paull9ia1 #hh ,pe>son1 ,h4 ,h4 ,w41 #bh1 #djb ,pecopt]is ,pluck5eti1 #aff-afh1 #aga1 #cjh ,p4 ,/]zeli1 #afh ,pecopt]om$ullosa1 #aef ,pel\rdea1 #bgg-bha ,p4 hadroclada1 #bhj ,p4 ,imh(i1 #bhj ,p4 keup]iana1 #bhj ,p4 megaphylla1 #bha ,p4 mirabilis1 #bha ,p4 vogesiaca1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bha ,p5hall[1 ,d4 ,p41 #ajh1 #bea ,phillips1 ,j41 #bha1 #ebj1 #ebb1 #eeh1 #egh ,pho5icopsis1 #bcf1 #bgh1 #bhj ,phylladod]ma1 #bdd ,p4 ,arb]i1 #bdd ,phyllocladus1 #abb ,phyllota5ia1 #bhj ,p4 hadroclada1 #bhj ,p4 longifolia1 #bhj ,physo/oma1 #fb1 #fd1 #abe1 #cjd1 #cji-caf1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #cei ,p4 elegans1 #fb1 #cji1 #caa1 #cad ,pilul>ia1 #eh1 #fd1 #cbg ,p9ites1 #ce ,p4 ,br&l+ii1 #bed ,p4 ,goepp]ti1 #baj ,p4 m$ull>is1 #bhi ,p4 ,)ami1 #bhi ,pissad5dron1 #bhe ,pitcairnia1 #bfd ,pityeae1 #bhe-bii ,pityoxylon *as5se1 #bea ,pitys1 #ahc1 #bhe-bhi1 #bij ,p4 antiqua1 #bhe-bia ,p4 ,dayii1 #bhh ,p4 primaeva1 #bhg-bhi ,p4 ,)ami1 #bhf1 #bhi ,plagiozamites1 #ecj1 #ehi1 #eij ,p4 c>bon>ius1 #eij ,p4 ,plan*>di1 #eji1 #ehi1 #eij ,platylepis1 #cfi1 #dae1 #dgh ,p4 micromyela1 #dgi ,platypt]ygium1 #ehf ,p4 ,balli1 #eee1 #eef ,p4 d5s9]ve1 #ege ,p4 ,rog]sianum1 #egf ,platysp]mum1 #aad1 #cdc1 #cfb1 #cfc ,p4 sulcatum1 #cfb ,poa-,cordaites1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bcf1 #bhj1 #bhc ,p4 t5uifolius1 #bcf ,podoc>pus1 #fa1 #bfb ,podoc>ya1 #chf1 #ddi ,podozamites1 #bha1 #ebi1 #ehh ,p4 ,mill]i1 #ecf ,p4 ,zitteli1 #ecj ,polylophosp]mum1 #cai1 #cbb1 #cbi1 #ccj ,p4 /ephan5se1 #cbb1 #cbi ,polypodioides pect5i=mis1 #ebb1 #ebc ,polypodium h]acleum1 #ade1 #aij ,p4 irioides1 #eff ,p4 qu]cifolium1 #ade1 #aij ,polypt]oc>pus1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfa ,p4 anglicus1 #cba1 #cbd1 #ceg ,polypt]osp]mum1 #cai1 #cbc ,p4 ,r5aulti1 #cbb1 #cbc ,pomel1 ,a41 #cfh1 #dig1 #ejj1 #ebi1 #eda ,poroxyleae1 #bad-bai ,poroxylon1 #hc1 #adb1 #bad-bai1 #bbf1 #bfb1 #bgj1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bie1 #cdc ,p4 ,boysseti1 #bad1 #bah1 #bai ,p4 ,du*>trei1 #bad ,p4 ,edw>dsii1 #baf-bai ,p4 /ephan5se1 #bag1 #bai ,potoni1 ,h41 #ch1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aff1 #bdi1 #edi1 #eij ,potoniea1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abh1 #abi ,p4 adianti=mis1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aca ,prank]d1 ,t4 ,l41 #fb1 #fc ,prie/ley1 ,r41 #bif ,primula auricula1 #ia ,protocycadaceae1 #afa ,protopityeae1 #baj-bac ,protopitys1 #bjg1 #bji-bac1 #bee ,p4 ,bu*iana1 #baj-bac ,ps>onius1 #hh1 #afh1 #bec ,pseudoct5is1 #ebh1 #eef1 #ehd-ehg ,p4 ,balli1 #ehf ,p4 crass9]vis1 #ehe ,p4 ea?i5sis1 #ehd1 #ehe ,p4 ensi=mis1 #ehe ,p4 ,lanei1 #ehf ,pseudocycas1 #ad1 #eaa1 #eeh-efe ,p4 insignis1 #efj1 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#aei1 #afj1 #afb1 #djc ,x5oxylon phyllocladoides1 #bac ,yabe1 ,h41 #egh ,yates1 ,j41 #dba ,yatesia1 #chf1 #dgh ,y4 crassa1 #dhc ,y4 gracilis1 #dhc ,y4 ,joassiana1 #dhc ,y4 ,morrisii1 #dhd ,y4 vogesiacus1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #dhc ,y4 ,yatesii1 #dhd ,yokoyama1 ,m41 #ecg1 #egh1 #ehb ,"y1 ,g41 #dba ,"y1 ,j41 #ceh ,yucca1 #bgg ,yuccites1 #bgg1 #bgh ,y4 ,s*imp]ianus1 #bha ,zalessky1 ,m41 #gj1 #aia1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih1 #bch1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bia-bie1 #ceh1 #cei1 #eij ,zalesskya gracilis1 #ahj ,zamia1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #bd1 #cj1 #fb1 #aci1 #ejg ,z4 angu/ifolia1 #af ,z4 ,brongni>ti1 #cie ,z4 crassa1 #ejd ,z4 floridana1 #af1 #bd1 #be ,z4 furfuracea1 #ai ,z4 gigas1 #dba ,z4 ,goldiei1 #ebb ,z4 integrifolia1 #af1 #gf ,z4 l9ifolia1 #af ,z4 ,loddigesii1 #e1 #af1 #ah ,z4 macrocephala1 #ejc ,z4 muricata1 #ehg ,z4 pect9ata1 #ebb ,z4 praec$5s1 #eaj ,z4 pseudop>asitica1 #ai ,z4 pumila1 #i ,z4 pygmaea1 #d ,z4 ,sk9n]i1 #ehg ,z4 ,wallisii1 #af1 #ag ,zamieae1 #h ,zamiophyllum1 #ebi-eca ,zamiopsis1 #eab ,zamio/robus1 #dif1 #ejc ,z4 ,lopp9eti1 #ejd ,z4 ori5talis1 #ejd ,z4 ,saportana1 #eje ,zamites1 #bha1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #ejg1 #eab1 #eag1 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebe1 #ebg1 #ebi-ecg1 #ehi1 #eij ,z4 ,&]ssoni1 #eba ,z4 ant>cticus1 #eba1 #ebg ,z4 bohemicus1 #ecd ,z4 borealis1 #eba1 #ebe1 #ecj1 #eca ,z4 brevip5nis1 #eba1 #ebe ,z4 ,bu*ianus1 #eca1 #ece-ecg ,z4 c>bon>ius1 #eij ,z4 ,c>ru!rsi1 #ece1 #ecf ,z4 cl>avall5sis1 #ecd ,z4 ea?i5sis1 #ehd ,z4 epibius1 #eaj ,z4 famili>is1 #eje ,z4 ,f5eonis1 #ecc ,z4 gigas1 #dbb-dbf1 #ddc1 #eaj1 #eba1 #ecj-ecd ,z4 iburg5sis1 #ecd ,z4 ,mantelli1 #ecb ,z4 ,moreaui1 #ecc ,z4 palaeoc5icus1 #eaj ,z4 pusillus1 #eba ,z4 recta1 #ecd ,z4 ,r5evi]i1 #ecc ,z4 ,s*mi$elii1 #ecd ,zamites sp41 #ehe ,z4 speciosus1 #eba1 #ebe ,z4 truncatus1 #ecb ,z4 ,zitteli1 #ece ,zeill]1 ,r41 ,passim ,zigno1 ,a4 de1 #bha1 #dfj1 #ehg1 #ehh ,zopf1 ,w41 #fb1 #ech ,,footnotes3 #a ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #aij4 #b ,botanical ,magaz9e1 ,tab4 #agda4 #c ,matte 7#jd7 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #ahe 7,microcycas74 #d ,?ib\t 7#if74 #e ,?ib\t 7#if7 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #c4 ,a bran*$ micro/robilus ( a ,macrozamia is exhibit$ 9 ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #f ,pe>son 7#jf74 #g ,sohns-,lauba* 7#ij72 ,s\? & ,compton 7#jh72 ,smi?1 ,f4 ,g4 7#jg74 #h ,*amb]la9 7#ac74 #i ,lang 7#ig72 7#jj74 #aj ,*amb]la9 7#ji7 p4 #daj4 #aa ,caldwell 7#jg74 #ab ,= figures & ref]5ces1 see ,c\lt] & ,*amb]la9 7#aj74 #ac ,*amb]la9 7#ab7 p4 #aa4 #ad ,saxton 7#ajd74 #ae ,= an explanation ( ! occurr5ce ( a s+le cotyl$on 9 ,c]atozamia1 see ,dorety 7#jh74 #af ,worsdell 7#jj72 7#ja72 ,*amb]la9 7#aa74 #ag 1 por\s1 loose 9 texture2 1 compact4 #ah ,sifton 7#ae74 #ai ,worsdell 7#jj72 7#jf74 ,see po/ea1 ,*ap4 xxx4 #bj ,worsdell 7#ih74 #ba ,= figures1 see ,mett5ius 7#fj7 ,b42 de ,b>y 7#hd7 ,a42 le ,goc 7#ad72 ,m>% 7#ad74 #bb ,wiel& 7#jf7 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 #bc ,matte 7#jd7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #aaa4 #bd ,scott 7#ig72 ,matte 7#jd7 p4 #afd4 #be ,! species ,cycas taiwan5sis 0 f\nd$ by ,mr ,c>ru!rs 7#ic7 on mat]ial f ,=mosa1 & ,c4 revoluta has also be5 record$ f ,=mosa ,?iselton-,dy] 7#jb7 p4 #eei1 b accord+ to ,mr ,elwes x is v d\btful :e!r any native ,cycad occurs on ! isl&4 #bf ,engl] 7#ie7 p4 #ib2 ,/apf 7#ad74 #bg ,g>d4 ,*ron4 ,june #aa1 #aijd1 p4 #cgj4 #bh ,bot4 ,mag4 #aiji1 ,tab4 #hbcb4 #bi ,pe>son 7#jf74 #cj ,*amb]la9 7#ab74 #ca ,*amb]la9 7#jf74 #cb ,webb] 7#ja74 #cc ,*amb]la9 7#ji74 #cd ,hook]1 ,j4 ,d4 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ih 7footnote74 #ce ,pe>son 7#jf74 #cf ,pr(4 de ,vries k9dly in=m$ me 9 a lett] t ?is e/imate is n to be reg>d$ z any?+ m ?an a r\gh guess4 #cg ,/opes 7#aj74 #ch ,caldwell 7#jg74 #ci ,b[] 7#hd74 #dj ,ros5 7#aa74 #da ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 pp4 #ae et seq4 #db ,braun1 ,a4 7#ge74 #dc ,?iselton-,dy] 7#fe7 ,b42 ,bot4 ,mag4 #aiji1 ,tab4 #hbdb4 #dd ,?iselton-,dy] 7#jb7 p4 #efj4 #de ,g>d4 ,*ron4 #aijd1 ,june #aa1 p4 #cgj4 #df ,sew>d 7#ig74 #dg ,braun1 ,a4 7#ge7 p4 #cgf4 #dh ,bot4 ,mag4 #ahah1 ,tab4 #aifi4 #di ,matte 7#jd7 p4 #cd4 #ej ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #e2 ,rob]tson 7#jb7 fig4 #d4 #ea ,vol4 ii4 fig4 #bhg1 p4 #chi4 #eb ,*amb]la9 7#ji74 #ec ,braun1 ,a4 7#ge72 ,bornemann 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 x4 #ed ,caldwell 7#jg72 ,caldwell & ,bak] 7#jg74 #ee ,bot4 ,mag4 #ahei1 ,tab4 #eaba4 #ef ,vol4 ii4 p4 #dhe4 #eg ,ligni] 7#id74 #eh ,*amb]la9 7#ab74 #ei ,= in=mation on ! anatomy ( reproductive %oots1 see ,?ib\t 7#if72 ,scott 7#ig72 ,worsdell 7#ih72 ,matte 7#jd74 #fj ,?iselton-,dy] 7#ja72 ,bot4 ,mag4 #aiae1 ,tab4 #heib1 #heic4 ,= in/ances ( mon/r\s cones1 see ,miquel 7#fi71 ,wiel& 7#jb74 #fa ,*amb]la9 7#ji74 #fb ,dorri5-,smi? 7#aa7 p4 #bhg4 #fc ,/opes 7#jd7 p4 #dfg4 #fd ,/opes 7#jd7 p4 #dch1 fig4 #a2 ,w>m+ 7#gg7 ,pl4 iii4 #fe ,*amb]la9 7#jf74 #ff ,k]%aw 7#ab74 #fg ,/opes 7#jd74 #fh ,oliv] 7#ac74 #fi ,?oday 7,sykes7 7#aa72 ,sykes 7#aj72 ,?oday 7,sykes7 & ,b]ridge 7#ab74 #gj ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #gb4 #ga ,kraus 7#if74 #gb ,pe>son 7#jf74 #gc ,rattray 7#ac74 #gd ,worsdell 7#if72 7#ja74 #ge ,see ante1 p4 #e4 #gf ,*amb]la9 7#aa72 ,wiel& 7#jf74 #gg ,pavol9i 7#ji72 ,m>% 7#ad74 #gh ,matte 7#jh74 #gi ,dorety 7#jh72 7#ji74 #hj ,worsdell 7#if74 #ha ,matte 7#jd7 especially pp4 #ahe-bjb4 ,see also ,worsdell 7#jj72 7#jf7 etc4 #hb ,matte 7#jd7 p4 #baj4 #hc ,worsdell 7#ih74 #hd ,caldwell 7#jg74 #he ,c>ano 7#jd72 le ,goc 7#ad72 ,m>% 7#ad74 #hf ,le ,goc 7#ad72 ,m>% 7#ad74 #hg ,sew>d 7#jf74 #hh ,rob]tson 7#jb74 #hi ,sew>d 7#ab74 #ij ,worsdell 7#ih74 #ia ,ligni] 7#ib74 #ib ,ne/l] 7#ie72 ,pors* 7#je72 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac72 ,dunek 7#ac74 #ic ,b9ney 7#ff74 #id ,ung] 7#ej7 ,a4 p4 #cgh4 #ie ,williamson 7#fi74 #if ,williamson 7#gc7 ,a4 #ig ,g\rlie 7#dd74 #ih ,see page #ahf4 #ii ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 pp4 #h1 #bag1 #bah4 #ajj ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 pp4 #h1 #bag1 #bah4 #aja ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bbj4 #ajb ,na?or/ 7#ad7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #a4 #ajc ,na?or/ 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aa4 #ajd ,potoni 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #aga4 #aje ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jb74 #ajf ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie74 #ajg ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 p4 #gbj4 #ajh ,williamson 7#ij7 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #f4 #aji ,williamson 7#ij7 ,pl4 xiii4 fig4 #c1 b4 #aaj ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 ,pl4 xxiii4 fig4 #h4 #aaa ,ibid4 p4 #gbb4 #aab ,worsdell 7#jf7 pp4 #adj et seq4 #aac ,lomax 7#jb74 #aad ,br5*ley 7#ac74 #aae ,= a description ( ! me?od1 see ,salisbury 7#ac74 #aaf ,williamson 7#gc7 ,a4 p4 #djc4 #aag ,williamson 7#ij74 #aah ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bii1 fig4 #bcb4 #aai ,b[] 7#ab7 ,pls4 xxx4 xxxiii4 #abj ,hhlke 7#jb74 #aba ,williamson 7#gd7 ,pl4 li4 fig4 #a4 #abb ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 fig4 #aci1 p4 #cge4 #abc ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #aii1 ,pl4 lii4 ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #db4 #abd ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #hb1 ,pl4 vi4 #abe ,see also ,kid/on 7#jf7 ,b1 fig4 #e1 p4 #dag2 ,r5i] 7#aj71 ,pls4 #fj1 #gj4 #abf ,kid/on 7#jf7 ,b4 #abg ,/ur 7#gg7 p4 #beg1 ,pls4 xxv4 xxvi4 #abh ,oliv] 7#je7 fig4 #f4 #abi ,go?an 7#ac7 p4 #dj4 #acj ,johnson 7#aa74 #aca ,kid/on 7#je74 #acb ,kid/on 7#jf7 ,b4 #acc ,zeill] 7#hc7 ,b4 #acd ,go?an 7#ac7 p4 #di4 #ace ,*odat 7#jh7 ,b4 #acf ,scott 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #bib4 #acg ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#ab74 #ach ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ecb4 #aci ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #djj4 #adj ,kid/on 7#jf7 ,b4 #ada ,b5son 7#jd7 ,b4 #adb ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ovule ( ,/ang]ia ,lang 7#jj7 discusses ! possibility ( homologis+ ! ovule ) a sorus consi/+ ( "o sporangium4 #adc ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bcd4 #add ,oliv] & ,scott 7#jc73 7#jd74 #ade ,hri* 7#jf7 p4 #dh4 #adf ,kid/on 7#je7 ,b4 #adg ,gr&',eury 7#je7 ,b4 #adh ,oliv] & ,scott 7#jd7 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #bh2 ,mc,lean 7#ab74 #adi ,williamson 7#gf74 #aej ,oliv] 7#jc7 p4 #dfb4 #aea ,b5son 7#jh74 #aeb ,mc,lean 7#ab74 #aec ,= figure1 see ,lotsy 7#ji7 p4 #gad4 #aed ,scott 7#aa7 p4 #aje4 #aee ,*odat 7#jh7 ,b4 #aef ,scott 7#jc74 #aeg ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #bbj4 ,see also ,oliv] 7#je72 ,oliv] & ,scott 7#jd7 p4 #bca4 #aeh ,gibbs 7#ab7 p4 #df4 #aei ,oliv] 7#jf74 #afj ,/opes7#je72 ,prank]d 7#ab74 #afa ,sykes 7#aj7 p4 #bai2 ,?oday 7,sykes1 ,m4 ,g47 7#aa7 p4 #aabd4 #afb ,%aw 7#jh74 #afc ,b5son & ,wels=d 7#ji7 p4 #fcc4 #afd ,k]%aw 7#ji7 p4 #cei4 #afe ,b5son 7#jh74 #aff ,zopf 7#ib7 ,pls4 i4 ii4 #afg ,burl+ame 7#ae74 #afh ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 #afi ,williamson 7#gf7 p4 #afj4 #agj ,butt]wor? 7#ig74 #aga ,oliv] 7#ji7 p4 #gd4 #agb ,prank]d 7#ab74 #agc ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cfd1 fig4 #bgj4 #agd ,b]ridge 7#aa74 #age ,ligni] 7#ac74 #agf ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bi4 #agg ,arb] 7#je74 #agh ,oliv] 7#ji74 #agi ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #ajb4 #ahj ,vol4 ii4 pp4 #bid1 #bie4 #aha ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ebi1 fig4 #ceb4 #ahb ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 p4 #c4 #ahc ,see page #ff4 #ahd ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #afj1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #ahe ,ibid4 p4 #afa1 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #i1 #aj4 #ahf ,gr&',eury 7#je7 ,b4 #ahg ,c>p5ti] 7#aa74 #ahh ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jh74 #ahi ,na?or/ 7#jh7 p4 #aj1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #ai-ba4 #aij ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #gd1 ,pls4 xvii4 fig4 #de1 xxv4 fig4 #fi1 text-fig4 #ae4 #aia ,see page #abd4 #aib ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bc1 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #dc4 #aic ,c>p5ti] 7#ac7 p4 #cia4 #aid ,williamson 7#gf7 ,b4 #aie ,williamson 7#hg7 p4 #big4 #aif ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #ea4 #aig ,williamson & ,scott 7#id74 #aih ,hick 7#ie7 p4 #aad4 #aii ,/opes & ,watson 7#jh7 ,pl4 xvii4 fig4 #a4 #bjj ,weiss1 ,f4 ,e4 7#ac74 #bja ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 p4 #gci4 #bjb ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #dj4 #bjc ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 #bjd ,zalessky 7#aj74 #bje ,kub>t 7#ad72 7#aa74 #bjf ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 #bjg ,kub>t 7#jh7 fig4 #c4 #bjh ,vol4 ii4 p4 #caj1 fig4 #bcg1 ,c2 p4 #caa1 fig4 #bch4 #bji ,williamson 7#gc7 ,a4 p4 #djc4 #baj ,b5son 7#ad74 #baa ,williamson 7#gb74 #bab ,williamson 7#gc7 ,a4 #bac ,williamson 7#ij74 #bad ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie74 #bae ,scott 7#ae74 #baf ,scott 7#ae74 #bag ,jeffrey 7#je7 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #ba4 #bah ,kid/on 7#ia7 ,b4 p4 #di4 #bai ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 p4 #gec4 #bbj ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 ,pl4 xxvii4 fig4 #bh4 #bba ,/ur 7#gg7 p4 #bcf1 ,pls4 xiii4 xiv4 #bbb ,b5son 7#ad74 #bbc ,oliv] 7#ji7 p4 #aaa4 #bbd ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #bbe ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #a4 #bbf ,= a full] description1 see ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie74 #bbg ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #daj2 7#ae74 #bbh ,scott 7#ae74 #bbi ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #bgf1 ,pl4 xiv4 figs4 #d-h2 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bea1 ,pl4 lxv4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #bcj ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 pp4 #bec1 #bee4 #bca ,ibid4 p4 #beb1 ,pl4 lxv4 figs4 #c1 #f4 #bcb ,kub>t 7#ad74 #bcc ,dr4 ,scott :o has se5 sections ( ?is species tells me t x is a /rik+ int]m$iate =m4 #bcd ,johnson 7#ab74 #bce ,scott 7#ae74 #bcf ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha74 #bcg ,lotsy 7#ji7 p4 #gbc4 #bch ,zeill] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #gbe4 #bci ,s*5ck 7#ic7 ,b4 ,pls4 ,i-,v1 etc4 #bdj ,:ite1 ,d4 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #chi4 #bda ,solms-,lauba* 7#ig7 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #c4 #bdb ,p5hall[ 7#ig74 #bdc ,cotta 7#cb7 ,b4 p4 #ei4 #bdd ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #eg4 #bde ,scott 7#ii74 #bdf ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jc74 #bdg ,r5ault 7#gf7 ,b4 #bdh ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jc74 #bdi ,kid/on 7#je7 ,b4 #bej ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #dda 7footnote74 #bea ,scott 7#ad74 #beb ,de ,fra9e 7#ad74 #bec ,de ,fra9e 7#ad7 p4 #bei4 ,see also ,kis* 7#ac74 #bed ,cotta 7#cb7 ,b4 p4 #ff1 ,pl4 xiii4 ,! well-pres]v$ specim5 figur$ by ,cotta 9 8 ,pl4 xiii4 fig4 #b is 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum4 #bee ,goepp]t 7#fe7 ,a4 p4 #bji1 ,pls4 xl4-xliii4 #bef ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha74 #beg ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 #beh ,s*5k 7#hi74 #bei ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #ea2 ,s*5k 7#hi74 #bfj ,no4 ,v4 #hjic4 #bfa ,s*5k 7#hb74 ,see also ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,b4 p4 #bhf4 #bfb ,no4 #acgfg1 probably id5tical ) ,m4 /ellata v>4 lignosa ,web] & ,/]zel4 #bfc ,m\geot 7#eb7 ,a4 p4 #cf1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #h-aj4 #bfd ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #ajh4 #bfe ,ibid4 p4 #ef4 #bff ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #fc4 #bfg ,ibid4 p4 #ff4 #bfh ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #big2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxi4 figs4 #a-f4 #bfi ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #gg4 #bgj ,cotta 7#cb7 ,b4 p4 #fc1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #f1 #g4 #bga ,s*5k 7#hi7 p4 #cci4 #bgb ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #eda1 ,pls4 ii4 iii4 #bgc ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha7 p4 #abc1 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #ac-ae2 ,solms-,lauba* 7#ig72 ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #gi1 ,pls4 iv4 v4 ix4 #bgd ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha7 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #ae4 #bge ,solms-,lauba* 7#ig7 p4 #agi4 #bgf ,scott 7#ii7 p4 #ij4 #bgg ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #ie1 ,pl4 ix4 #bgh ,solms-,lauba* 7#ig74 #bgi ,r5ault 7#gf7 ,b4 p4 #g4 #bhj ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #abb2 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #bhg4 #bha ,sew>d 7#ic74 #bhb ,p5hall[ 7#ig74 #bhc ,williamson 7#gf7 ,b4 p4 #h4 #bhd ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,b4 #bhe ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #ajb1 fig4 #bf4 #bhf ,sew>d 7#ic74 #bhg ,r5ault 7#gf7 ,b4 #bhh ,p5hall[ 7#ig74 #bhi ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #aci4 #bij ,page #adb4 #bia ,hold51 ,h4 ,s4 7#aj74 #bib ,vol4 ii4 p4 #efh1 fig4 #cga4 #bic ,kid/on 7#hg7 ,b4 #bid ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #aag4 #bie ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 p4 #aj4 #bif ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #cbh1 ,pl4 xlviii4 #big ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #abj4 #bih ,zeill] 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #eb1 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #ai4 #bii ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 p4 #ab1 ,pls xvi4 xvii4 #cjj ,c>p5ti] 7#ac7 p4 #chg1 ,pl4 x4 figs4 #a-f4 #cja ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #abe4 #cjb ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #ajh4 #cjc ,ibid4 p4 #aab1 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #a-g4 #cjd ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 p4 #ac1 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #a4 #cje ,see page #abg4 #cjf ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #bgc1 ,pl4 xxxi4 figs4 #b1 #d4 #cjg ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,b4 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #i2 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #ajh1 fig4 #hc4 ,see ,vol4 ii4 p4 #egb4 #cjh ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #acb1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #g4 #cji ,c>p5ti] 7#ac7 p4 #cge1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #a4 #caj ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #ace1 pl4 vi4 figs4 #b-d4 #caa ,kid/on 7#jd72 7#jd72 7#ad7 p4 #ajg1 fig4 #e4 #cab ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxii4 fig4 #ai4 #cac ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #f4 #cad ,kid/on & ,jongmans 7#aa74 #cae ,gr&',eury 7#jd72 7#jd74 #caf ,cf4 also ,rhabdoc>pus conicus & o!r =ms figur$ by ,r5ault 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxvi4 #cag ,brongni>t 7#gd7 ,pl4 xxi42 7#ha7 ,pls4 ix4-xi4 #cah ,see ,*apt] xxxv4 #cai ,see ,*apt] xxxv4 #cbj ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ac7 p4 #abi1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b1 #g4 #cba ,see ,*apt] xxxv4 #cbb ,see page #aci4 #cbc ,arb] 7#ad7 pp4 #ic1 #ajc1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #dg4 #cbd ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ac7 p4 #aba4 #cbe ,gr&',eury 7#jd7 p4 #ghe 7footnote74 #cbf ,*odat 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #cc1 fig4 #ae4 #cbg ,lotsy 7#ji7 p4 #gb4 #cbh ,gr&',eury 7#jd72 7#jd7 ,b4 #cbi ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #acg4 #ccj ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b42 ,scott & ,masl5 7#jg7 p4 #ij 7footnote7 also ref] to ,trigonoc>pon z hav+ be5 us$ by ,brongni>t 9 #ahdi4 #cca ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #ia4 #ccb ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 p4 #agb4 #ccc ,hook] & ,b9ney 7#ee74 #ccd ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 #hg4 #cce ,wild 7#jj74 #ccf ,scott & ,masl5 7#jg7 p4 #if4 #ccg ,scott & ,masl5 7#jg74 #cch ,arb]1 ,a 7#ad74 #cci ,oliv] 7#jd7 p4 #ig4 #cdj ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #fe4 #cda ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ie1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #a4 #cdb ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cg7 ,a4 ,pl4 #bba2 ,arb] loc4 cit4 p4 #ie1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #h4 #cdc ,fi$l] 7#eg7 ,pl4 xxvii4 fig4 #ci4 #cdd ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 ,pl4 #he2 7#hd7 ,a4 ,pl4 iii4 #cde ,salisbury 7#ad74 #cdf ,see page #aae4 #cdg ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cii2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxv4 fig4 #i2 ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #ff4 #cdh ,sell>ds 7#jc7 p4 #ij2 7#jg74 #cdi ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ic2 7#hd7 ,a4 p4 #gcc1 ,pl4 xciv4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #cej ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #gd4 ,see page #ff4 #cea ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bc4 ,see page #fg4 #ceb ,ge9itz 7#fc7 p4 #ebe1 ,pl4 vi4 #cec ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #afa1 ,pls4 ,,xxiii-,,iv4 ,! specim5s figur$ by ,goepp]t1 :i* ,i saw "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,breslau ,museum1 d n %[ ! f9] *>act]s v cle>ly4 #ced ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #afd1 ,pls4 ,,xxiv-,v4 #cee ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #ceh4 #cef ,kid/on 7#hd7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #b4 #ceg ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cgi1 fig4 #gc4 #ceh ,zeill] 9 ,d\vill & ,zeill] 7#jh74 #cei ,see page #abd4 #cfj ,newb]ry 7#ed74 #cfa ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ebc1 ,pl4 iv2 7#hd74 ,= o!r ref]5ces see ,potoni 7#jd74 #cfb ,:ite1 ,d4 7#ja74 #cfc ,?omas1 ,h4 ,h4 7#ab72 ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aff4 #cfd ,r5ault 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxii2 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bfh4 ,see page #acg4 #cfe ,page #aaa4 #cff ,:ite 7#ja7 p4 #ajh4 #cfg ,ibid4 p4 #ajd1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #c1 #c;a4 #cfh ,mat!w 7#aj74 #cfi ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #gh4 #cgj ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aff1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #a-aj4 #cga ,saporta 7#gh74 #cgb ,ei*wald 7#ee7 ,pl4 xviii4 fig4 #ah2 7#fj7 p4 #beb4 #cgc ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #aeg1 ,pl4 xxi4 fig4 #d4 #cgd ,saporta 7#gh74 #cge ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 pp4 #af1 #fh4 #cgf ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #aib4 #cgg ,zeill] 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bag4 #cgh ,kutorga 7#db74 #cgi ,ung] 7#ej7 ,a4 p4 #ccd4 #chj ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bfb4 #cha ,no4 ,v4 #haad4 #chb ,a specim5 f ,or5burg 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum %[s ! same surface-features z ! ,briti% ,museum specim5 & agrees ) ! orig9als ( ,goepp]t's figures :i* are 9 ! ,breslau ,univ]sity ,museum4 #chc ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bfe1 fig4 #dc4 #chd ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bfb1 ,pl4 xxii4 fig4 #a4 #che ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #aif1 ,pl4 xvi2 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #a2 ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #aib4 #chf ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #eef1 ,pl4 lvii4 #chg ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #chh ,roehl 7#fi7 ,b4 ,pl4 xvii4 #chi ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 fig4 #bi4 #cij ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a1 p4 #bfg1 ,pl4 lxxii4 #cia ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #abf4 #cib ,see ,*apt] xxxv4 #cic ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #bbg4 #cid ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 fig4 #cg1 p4 #gf4 #cie ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #g-i3 ?is specim51 figur$ z ,dol]ophyllum ,goepp]ti1 is v simil> to ,cordaites circul>is ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #ae4 #cif ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,b4 p4 #cd1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #i1 #aj4 #cig ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 p4 #aca1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #f4 #cih ,zeill]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cg4 #cii ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #cj2 7#ha7 ,a4 p4 #ei1 ,pl4 xxx4 fig4 #ad2 7#hb7 ,b4 p4 #dc1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #e-ab4 ,dr ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #bje has sub/itut$ = ,c>poli!s ! m appropriate designation ,c>dioc>pus4 #djj ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cbi2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxiii4 #dja ,s*imp] & ,m\geot 7#dd7 ,a4 p4 #ca4 ,sew>d 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #aja4 #djb ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #fj4 #djc ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bii2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pls4 #ff1 #fg4 #djd ,gr&',eury 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #abdb4 #dje ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha7 p4 #abe2 ,web] & ,/]zel 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #gi4 ,solms-,lauba* 7#ig7 p4 #aif draws att5tion to ! resemblances betwe5 ! leaf-sc>s ( ,colpoxylon & ,m$ullosa4 #djf ,kle9 7#ha7 ,pls4 xxii4-xxiv4 #djg ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #djh ,page #bje4 #dji ,scott 7#jf74 #daj de ,fra9e 7#ab74 #daa ,scott 7#jf7 p4 #ec4 #dab de ,fra9e 7#ab74 #dac ,ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! helpful draw+s ( models ( ! vascul> sy/em 9 ,miss de ,fra9e's pap]4 #dad ,= additional figures ( ! pr9cipal types ( ,m$ullosa1 see ,miss ,bancr(t's pap] 7#ad74 #dae ,lotsy 7#ji7 p4 #gai4 #daf ,scott 7#ad7 p4 #iih4 #dag ,scott 7#ii7 p4 #hi4 #dah ,worsdell 7#if72 7#ih72 7#jj72 7#jf7 etc4 #dai ,matte 7#jd72 7#jh74 ,see also ,bancr(t 7#ad72 ,dorety 7#ji74 #dbj ,scott 7#ig74 #dba ,worsdell 7#jf74 #dbb ,%aw 7#ji74 #dbc de ,fra9e 7#ab7 p4 #ajfj4 #dbd ,sykes1 ,m4 ,g4 7#aj72 7#aj74 #dbe ,matte 7#jd7 ,pls4 xv4 xvi4 #dbf de ,fra9e 7#ab74 #dbg ,scott 7#jf7 p4 #fd4 #dbh ,*odat 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #ch4 #dbi ,worsdell 7#jf7 pp4 #adj et seq4 #dcj ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #dfd4 #dca ,= a g5]al summ>y ( #8,pt]idosp]m anatomy & its relation to t ( ! ,cycads' see ,bancr(t 7#ad74 #dcb ,see p4 #f4 #dcc ,dorety 7#ji7 p4 #add4 #dcd ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#ha7 p4 #abf1 ,pl4 xvii4 #dce ,s*5k 7#hi7 p4 #ebe1 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #a-af4 #dcf ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #fb2 7#ig7 p4 #aig2 7#aj7 p4 #edb1 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #i4 #dcg ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#jh72 7#aa7 p4 #dg 7footnote74 #dch ,9 a rec5t note on ,/eloxylon to :i* ,dr ,scott has drawn my att5tion ,b]tr& records ! g5us f ,saalfeld 7,upp] ,devonian7 & expresses ! op9ion t ,/eloxylon may be a condition ( ,cladoxylon & n a di/9ct type--,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ad7 p4 #ddh4 #dci ,vol4 ii4 p4 #egf4 #ddj ,s*lo!im 7#jd7 ,a4 ,pl4 x1 fig4 #ai4 #dda ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #abe & ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #ha4 #ddb ,/]zel 7#hc72 7#hf7 ,b42 ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #fj4 #ddc ,/ur 7#he7 ,b4 p4 #bic4 #ddd ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #dde ,see also ,zeill] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #gbe4 #ddf ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #g4 #ddg ,vol4 ii4 p4 #dai1 fig4 #big4 #ddh ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #fc4 #ddi ,= a m complete synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #ggj4 #dej ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 ,pls4 xlvi41 xlvii42 ,leb\r 7#gg7 ,pls4 xxxiii4-iv4 #dea ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aef2 ,duns 7#gb74 #deb ,h[se 7#hh7 p4 #de4 #dec ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ig2 7#ji7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #e4 #ded ,kid/on 7#hc7 ,b4 p4 #edj1 ,pl4 xxxii4 fig4 #c4 #dee ,:ite ref]s "s fronds f ! ,miss\ri ,coal ,measures to ,eremopt]is1 b _! g5]ic id5tity ) ! type-species is op5 to d\bt4 ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #af4 #def ,:ite 7#jd7 ,b4 #deg ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cgf4 #deh ,goepp]t 7#cf7 ,a4 p4 #baf4 #dei ,see page #fd4 #dfj ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cj1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #ah1 #fj-fh4 #dfa ,s*malhaus5 7#hc7 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #ac-ae4 #dfb ,he] 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 v4 pp4 #bc-be4 #dfc ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cj1 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #ei4 #dfd ,kid/on 7#hf7 p4 #gj1 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #f4 #dfe ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #if1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #ab4 #dff ,sew>d 7#ii7 ,b4 #dfg ,= additional figures1 see ,sew>d 7#ii7 ,b4 #dfh ,vol4 ii4 p4 #cbf4 #dfi ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #dgf4 #dgj ,gordon 7#ab74 ,! ri* developm5t ( secretory tissue sugge/$ ! "n ,rhet9angium 71 res9\s gum73 ! same prefix _h previ\sly be5 adopt$ by ,r5ault 9 8 g5us ,ret9od5dron ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cfe4 #dga ,scott 7#ae74 #dgb ,page #ij4 #dgc ,kub>t 7#ad74 #dgd ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ab74 #dge ,simil> to ! ,dictyoxylon type except 9 ! indep5d5t & n ana/omos+ c\rse ( ! /]eome /r&s4 #dgf ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan 7#ab7 p4 #bfi4 #dgg ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cjg4 #dgh ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cjh1 figs4 #ee1 #ef4 #dgi ,sew>d 7#ig74 #dhj ,scott 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #cfd4 #dha ,a second b& is sometimes pres5t4 ,scott 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #dhd4 #dhb 1 a fold4 #dhc ,r5ault 7#hi72 7#if7 ,a2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxix4 #dhd ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #dib4 #dhe ,kle9 7#ha74 #dhf ,ri*t] & ,ung] 7#ef7 ,b4 #dhg ,ung] 7#ed7 p4 #eii4 #dhh ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 #dhi ,zalessky 7#aa74 #dij ,scott & ,jeffrey 7#ad74 #dia 1 a veil or cov]+4 #dib ,:ite 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #chd4 #dic ,ri*t] & ,ung] 7#ef7 ,b4 p4 #agd1 ,pl4 x4 figs4 #a-c2 ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #gc2 ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbg4 #did ,scott & ,jeffrey 7#ad7 p4 #cbf4 #die ,ibid4 p4 #cag1 ,pls4 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca4 #dif ,scott 7#jb74 #dig ,scott & ,jeffrey 7#ad7 p4 #cbh1 ref] to a specim5 ov] #f cm4 9 diamet]3 ^! au?ors give sev]al excell5t figures ( ,kalymma4 #dih ,dawson & ,p5hall[ 7#ia74 #dii 1 to be disput$4 #ejj ,zalessky 7#aa74 #eja ,scott 7#ii74 #ejb ,scott 7#jb74 #ejc ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #ccf4 #ejd ,page #age4 #eje ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbg4 #ejf ,tuzson 7#ji74 #ejg ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef7 ,b4 p4 #agh4 #ejh ,scott & ,jeffrey 7#ad7 p4 #cfd4 #eji ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 #eaj ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#jh74 #eaa ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef7 ,b4 p4 #agi1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #f1 #g2 ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #eb1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #aa1 #ac7874 #eab ,ung] & ,ri*t]1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #c1 #d2 ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #aj4 #eac ,see footnote #c1 p4 #bje4 #ead ,solms 7#if7 ,b4 p4 #ec4 #eae ,dawson 7#ha7 ,a4 p4 #bii1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #a-i2 ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 pp4 #agc1 #ahh4 #eaf ,?is type is repres5t$ 9 ! ,geological ,survey ,collection 7,no4 #aehga74 #eag ,= figures1 see ,solms-,lauba* 7#if7 ,b4 ,pl4 ii4 #eah ,no4 #aehgj4 ,ung] & ,ri*t] 7#ef7 ,b4 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #ai-ba4 #eai ,page #dgb1 fig4 #cbd4 #ebj ,solms-,lauba* 7#aj7 p4 #edj4 #eba ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#aa7 p4 #dg4 #ebb ,s9ce ?is acc\nt 0 pr9t$ my att5tion has be5 drawn by ,dr ,scott to a note by ,b]tr& 9 :i* he consid]ably modifies 8 views4 ,he f9ds t ,hi]ogramma & ,sync>dia are probably diff]5t /ates ( ! petiole ( ,cladoxylon & :ile agree+ ) ,solms-,lauba*'s conclusions he has be5 able to add important new facts4 ,b]tr& has n[ giv5 up ! op9ion t ,clepsydropsis is ! petiole ( ,cladoxylon4 ,= fur!r details /ud5ts %\ld consult ! prelim9>y note :i* x is hop$ w be foll[$ by a fully illu/rat$ memoir ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ad74 #ebc ,solms-,lauba* 7#aj7 p4 #ecg1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #g1 #aa1 #ac4 #ebd ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #ebe ,aft] ! late ,h]r ,vlkel ( ,neurode4 #ebf ,solms-,lauba* 7#aj71 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #a-d4 #ebg ,goepp]t 7#eb7 ,pl4 xii4 #ebh ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #afd4 #ebi ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#jh74 #ecj ,! "n ,palaeopitys1 ) :i* ,protopitys might be confus$1 0 us$ by ,mc,nab = an imp]fect specim5 f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl& describ$ z ,palaeopitys ,mill]i2 ,mc,nab 7#gj74 #eca ,kraus 7#ib74 #ecb ,solms-,lauba* 7#ic74 #ecc ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bab1 fig4 #bjj1 ,a1 ,b4 #ecd ,see page #bjf4 #ece ,9 ! =m ( ! pits on ! tra*eids & 9 ! /ructure ( ! m$ull>y rays ! ,engli% species 7z repres5t$ 9 ,dr ,kid/on's ,collection7 agrees v closely ) ,goepp]t's type4 #ecf ,go?an 7#jg7 p4 #aj4 #ecg ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #bgb1 ,pls4 xiii1 xiv4 #ech ,b]tr& & ,r5ault 7#hb72 ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#hi72 ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bgi1 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pls4 lxxiv4 lxxv2 ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #ejj4 ,see also ,scott & ,masl5 7#aj7 ,masl5 7#aa7 p4 #dji4 #eci ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #edj ,ligni] 7#aa74 #eda ,r5ault 7#hj74 #edb ,r5ault 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxiv4 fig4 #h4 #edc ,see page #bgj4 #edd ,see ,vol4 i4 p4 #gf1 fig4 #ac4 #ede ,see ,vol4 iv4 #edf ,= re/orations1 see ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 d2 good examples ( foliage-%oots are figur$ by ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pls4 lxvi4 lxxxi42 ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxiv42 ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 lxiv4 fig4 #b4 #edg ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #a2 ,ligni] 7#ac74 ,cf4 ,dol]ophyllum1 p4 #acc4 #edh ,/]nb]g 7#bc7 ,a4 ,pl4 xviii4 #edi ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #fe4 #eej ,ung] 7#ej7 ,a4 p4 #bgg4 #eea ,tuzson 7#ji7 p4 #ah4 #eeb ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #beg4 #eec ,s*5k 9 ,s*imp] & ,s*5k 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #bdc4 #eed ,endli*] 7#dg7 p4 #bih4 #eee ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbd4 #eef ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #eeg ,b5son 7#ab74 #eeh ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbb4 #eei ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bjh4 #efj ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #cba4 #efa ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #g4 #efb ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 p4 #cah4 #efc ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #a4 #efd ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #aa bis2 ,wills1 ,l4 7#ad74 #efe ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #e2 ,/opes 7#jc7 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #a2 ,ligni] 7#ac74 #eff ,b5son 7#ab74 #efg ,ligni] 7#ac74 #efh ,g]m> 7#dh7 ,b4 p4 #ee1 ,pl4 xxiii4 #efi ,kid/on 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #af2 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 lxiv4 fig4 #c4 #egj ,kid/on 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #ceb4 #ega ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 #ie4 #egb ,h[se 7#hh7 p4 #aab1 fig4 #g4 #egc ,ge9itz 7#ee7 ,a4 p4 #dj1 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #g-af4 #egd ,kid/on 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #cee4 #ege ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ecg1 ,pl4 lxxviii4 #egf ,ge9itz 7#fb7 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 xxxv4 #egg ,/]nb]g 7#bc7 ,a4 ,pl4 xviii4 #egh ,corda 7#de7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #h4 #egi ,fei/mantel 7#gb7 p4 #bic4 #ehj ,lesqu]eux 7#gh74 #eha ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bfj1 ,pls4 iii4 xvi4 xlvi4 #ehb ,zeill] records ! same fungus on leaves ( ,cordaites 7,noegg]a?iopsis7 ,hislopi f ,tonk92 ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #aea4 #ehc ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #hb4 #ehd ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,pl4 vi4 #ehe ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bah1 ,pl4 xx4 figs4 #a-d4 #ehf ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #ahb1 ,pl4 xlvi42 ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #ehg ,ligni] 7#ac74 #ehh ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 p4 #cah2 7#hj7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxvii4 #ehi ,cambi] & ,r5i] 7#aj72 ,r5i] 7#aj7 ,pl4 #aah4 #eij ,see po/ea4 #eia ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxii4 fig4 #b4 #eib ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gb7 p4 #aii4 #eic ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xviii42 ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxvi4 #eid ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gb7 p4 #aie4 #eie ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 lxiv4 fig4 #b4 #eif ,zeill] 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #adf1 ,pl4 clxxv4 fig4 #a2 ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bbe2 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #e2 ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxvii4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #eig ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #eci4 #eih ,lesqu]eux 7#gh7 p4 #cbb4 #eii ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,pl4 vi4 figs4 #d-f4 #fjj ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #cbe1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #ae4 #fja ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #g-i4 #fjb ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #ece1 ,pl4 lxxxvii4 figs4 #b-d4 #fjc ,gr&',eury1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cbd1 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #ad4 #fjd ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fjc1 ,pl4 lxiii4 fig4 #f4 #fje ,dawson 7#ij7 p4 #c4 #fjf ,goepp]t 7#de7 p4 #g1 ,pls4 xxvii4 xxviii4 #fjg ,zalessky 7#ab7 p4 #cf2 7#ab74 ,see also ,go?an 7#aa74 #fjh ,kosmovsky 7#ib74 #fji ,s*malhaus5 7#gi7 ,a4 p4 #cb2 ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 #faj ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 ,= o!r ref]5ces see ,sew>d 7#ad74 #faa ,wiel& 7#ac74 #fab ,mc,coy 7#gd7 ,b4 ,decade iv4 p4 #bb4 #fac ,wiel& 7#ac74 #fad ,newb]ry 7#hh7 p4 #cej4 #fae ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 p4 #bc2 7#hj74 #faf ,bunbury 7#fa7 ,b4 p4 #ccd4 #fag ,mellor & ,leslie 7#jf7 ,b4 #fah ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #edi4 #fai ,arb] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #agh1 gives ref]5ces to o!r au?ors4 #fbj ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #adi1 ,pl4 xl4 #fba ,zalessky 7#ab74 #fbb ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #edi4 #fbc ,sew>d & ,leslie 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #abj4 #fbd ,zalessky 7#ac7 p4 #bj1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #d-f4 #fbe ,! results h n yet be5 publi%$ 7,septemb]1 #aiae74 #fbf ,zalessky 7#ac7 p4 #bc1 ,pls4 i4 fig4 #d2 ii4 figs4 #g1 #i2 iii4 figs4 #c1 #e-h1 #aj1 #aa4 #fbg ,s*malhaus5 7#gi7 ,a4 p4 #bi4 #fbh ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 7#jb74 #fbi ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,b4 p4 #cg4 #fcj ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 p4 #bf2 ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #ahf4 #fca ,fei/mantel 7#hb7 p4 #db1 ,pl4 xiv42 ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 ,pl4 x2 ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,b4 #fcb ,s*malhaus5 7#hg7 ,b4 ,pls4 v41 vii4 #fcc ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xl4 #fcd ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 ,pl4 xiii4 fig4 #f4 #fce ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #fcf ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #f4 #fcg ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #bhg4 #fch ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxi4 #fci ,h>%b]g] 7#ih74 #fdj ,artis 7#be7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 #fda ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 p4 #aib4 ,= examples ( ,artisia1 see also ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #eha1 ,pl4 lxv4 #fdb ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #ahi4 #fdc ,dawson 7#df7 p4 #ace4 #fdd ,williamson 7#ea74 #fde ,ligni] 7#ie7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ac4 #fdf ,go?an 7#je7 p4 #bh4 #fdg ,see page #aii4 #fdh ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #bhh4 #fdi ,see page #bie4 #fej ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 p4 #ef2 ,kn[lton 7#ij72 ,zeill] 7#ie7 ,b4 p4 #fbg2 ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 p4 #ed4 #fea ,potoni 7#jb7 p4 #bbi4 #feb ,go?an 7#je7 p4 #ac4 #fec ,go?an 7#je7 p4 #ae4 #fed ,/]zel 7#jc74 #fee ,see ,*ap4 xlv4 #fef ,williamson 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bbf1 ,pls4 vii4-ix42 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #eaf1 ,pl4 xx4 fig4 #af2 7#hc7 ,a4 p4 #dgj4 #feg ,?omson & ,all9 7#ab72 ,?omson 7#ac7 p4 #ad4 #feh ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 p4 #gf4 #fei ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #ehc4 #ffj ,sew>d & ,=d 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #cda4 #ffa ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 p4 #fd1 fig4 #ab4 #ffb ,see page #bic4 #ffc ,go?an 7#je7 p4 #af4 #ffd ,see page #bei4 #ffe ,?omson 7#ac7 p4 #ai4 #fff ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #aia4 ,see po/ea1 p4 #bee4 #ffg ,an acc\nt ( ?is wood is be+ publi%$ by ,miss ,hold54 #ffh ,mat!w 7#aj7 p4 #gg1 ,pls4 i41 ii4 #ffi ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#hh7 p4 #aj4 #fgj ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 p4 #fg4 #fga ,/]zel 7#jj72 7#jc72 7#ab74 ,see also ,goepp]t 7#hj74 #fgb ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#hh7 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #ad4 #fgc ,)am 7#cc7 ,a4 #fgd ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #ebh1 fig4 #aij4 ,see also ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 p4 #fb1 ) ref]5ces to lit]ature4 #fge ,?omson 7#ac7 p4 #ai4 #fgf ,ibid4 p4 #af4 #fgg ,felix 7#hf7 ,a4 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #d4 #fgh ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #egi1 ,pl4 xiii4 #fgi ,ibid4 p4 #ehc1 ,pl4 xiv4 #fhj ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #aia1 figs4 #dj-dc4 #fha ,cri 7#hi74 #fhb ,%irley 7#ih7 p4 #ad2 ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #bja4 #fhc ,w>r5 7#ab74 #fhd ,dawson 7#fc74 #fhe ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #ag4 #fhf ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ac74 #fhg ,zeill] 7#ie7 ,b4 p4 #fai1 ,pl4 ix4 figs4 #h-ai4 #fhh ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #egg4 #fhi ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cej2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxvii4 #fij ,go?an 7#aj7 p4 #e1 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #a-c4 #fia ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #bbb4 #fib ,r5ault 7#if74 #fic ,williamson 7#gb74 #fid ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 p4 #fg4 #fie ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #bid1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #ac-ag4 ,see also ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #eca1 fig4 #aia4 #fif ,osborne 7#ji74 #fig ,williamson 7#gd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #ef4 #fih ,mellor & ,leslie 7#jf7 ,b4 #fii ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #g4 #gjj ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #eic4 #gja ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxii4 #gjb ,morris 7#dj7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxviii4 fig4 #e4 #gjc ,c>ru!rs 7#gb7 ,b4 #gjd ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #aeb4 #gje ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#fi7 ,b4 p4 #bja4 #gjf ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bii2 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #ccj4 #gjg ,zeill] 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #baa4 #gjh ,see ,*ap4 xxxv4 #gji ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxii42 ,c>ru!rs 7#gb7 ,b4 p4 #g2 ,kid/on 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #ghb2 7#aa7 p4 #bce4 #gaj ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #eib1 ,pl4 lxxiii4 fig4 #ca4 #gaa ,ett+%aus5 7#eb7 p4 #e1 ,pl4 v4 #gab ,r5ault 7#gi7 ,b4 p4 #cjd4 #gac ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#aa74 #gad ,scott & ,masl5 7#aj72 ,scott 7#ab74 #gae ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 pp4 #eaa1 #ebf4 #gaf ,masl5 7#aa74 #gag ,masl5 7#aa7 ,pl4 xxxiii4 figs4 #c-e4 #gah ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajab1 ,pls4 lxxxvii41 lxxxix4 #gai ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajag1 ,pls4 lxxxviii41 xc4 #gbj ,b5son 7#ab74 #gba ,see page #bgj4 #gbb ,see page #acb4 #gbc ,see page #bch4 #gbd ,/opes 7#ad72 ,kid/on 7#jb7 ,b4 p4 #cfc4 #gbe ,zeill] 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bac4 #gbf ,s*imp] & ,m\geot 7#dd7 ,a4 p4 #db1 ,pl4 xxi4 #gbg ,fli*e 7#aj7 p4 #bah1 ,pl4 xx4 fig4 #b4 #gbh ,see po/ea4 #gbi ,wills1 ,l4 ,t4 7#aj71 p4 #bif1 fig4 #bf4 #gcj ,arb] 7#jg7 ,pls4 xvii4-xix4 #gca ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aaa4 #gcb ,arb] 7#ji74 #gcc ,fli*e 7#aj7 p4 #bfd1 ,pl4 xxvii4 fig4 #b4 #gcd ,halle 7#aj74 #gce ,salfeld 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #bf4 #gcf ,saporta 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #baf1 ,pl4 xxxviii4 #gcg ,vel5ovsk 7#he7 ,b4 p4 #a1 ,pls4 i41 iv4 #gch ,see po/ea4 #gci ,he] 7#gf7 ,a4 p4 #hf1 ,pl4 xxx4 fig4 #aj4 #gdj ,leu?>dt 7#jc71 p4 #f1 ,pl4 i4 #gda ,fli*e 7#aj7 p4 #age1 ,pls4 xvi41 xvii4 #gdb ,compt]1 ,g4 7#id71 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #i4 #gdc ,phillips 7#ga7 p4 #afi4 #gdd ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aaj2 ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#jg7 p4 #aag4 #gde ,zigno 7#he71 p4 #g1 ,pl4 xxvi4 #gdf ,vel5ovsk 7#he7 ,b4 ,pls4 i4-iii4 #gdg ,/opes & ,fujii 7#aj7 p4 #af1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #ad-af4 #gdh ,see po/ea4 #gdi ,s*5k 7#ga7 p4 #bj1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #d4 #gej ,zeill] 7#je7 p4 #ag1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #h-aa4 #gea ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #fbg1 ,pl4 lxix4 figs4 #a-d4 #geb ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bga4 #gec ,)am 7#cc7 ,a4 pp4 #cg1 #ga4 #ged ,)am 7#cj74 #gee ,goepp]t 7#ha7 p4 #djc4 #gef ,endli*] 7#dg7 p4 #big4 #geg ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #cdf4 #geh ,see footnote p4 #bhh4 #gei ,scott 7#ii72 ,)am 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pls4 iii4-viii4 xvi4 #gfj ,scott 7#jb71 p4 #cdf1 ,pls4 i41 ii41 v41 vi4 #gfa ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #cee4 #gfb ,)am 7#cc7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #b4 #gfc ,ibid4 p4 #ci1 ,pls4 viii41 xvi42 ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #cee1 ,pls4 ii41 vi4 #gfd ,s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt5 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,t4 ,gordon has k9dly suppli$ ! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 unpubli%$ "w on ! g5us ,pitys4 #8,! re-exam9ation ( ,pitys primaeva & ,p4 antiqua 9 ! light ( ! /ructure exhibit$ by num]\s specim5s ( a new species rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,hadd+ton%ire has %[n t all ?ree types are simil> z reg>ds ! /ructure ( ! prim>y wood4 ,9 ea* case ! prim>y cyl9d] is comp>able ) t 9 ,ar*aeopitys ,ea/manii see p4 #bij1 i4e41 !re are m$ull>y z well z circumm$ull>y xylem-/r&s4 ,9 c]ta9 specim5s ( ! new species1 ,pitys ,dayii1 ! b>k & leaves are pres]v$ & ?us ! details ( leaf-trace emission f ! /em h be5 det]m9$4 ,! leaves are %ort & /\t & tap] gradually to a po9t1 q di/9ct f ! long1 ?91 spatulate ,cordaitean foliage4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! leaf r5d]s x easily di/+ui%able f ! ,cordaites type :ile x t5ds to acc5tuate ! possible relation%ip ( ,pitys ) ! ,lyg9od5dreae4' #gfe ,williamson 7#gh7 ,a4 p4 #ceb1 ,pl4 xxv4 figs4 #ij-ib2 ,williamson & ,scott 7#ie7 p4 #ggj2 ,sew>d 7#ig7 p4 #hj4 #gff ,)am 7#ca7 ,a4 #gfg ,goepp]t 7#ej7 p4 #bea2 7#ha74 #gfh ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 #gg4 #gfi ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #ced4 #ggj ,scott & ,jeffrey 7#ad7 p4 #cde1 ,pl4 xxxi4 figs4 #ca-cf2 text-figs4 #d1 #e4 #gga ,zalessky 7#ji72 7#aa7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 iv4 #ggb ,zalessky 7#aa7 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #c4 #ggc ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbd4 #ggd ,elk9s & ,wiel& 7#ad74 #gge ,p5hall[ 7#jj7 pp4 #fd1 ,pl4 xii4 #ggf ,zalessky 7#aa7 p4 #ac1 figs4 #a-d4 #ggg ,see page #bie4 #ggh ,zalessky 7#aa7 p4 #bh4 #ggi ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #eaf1 ,pl4 xx4 fig4 #fj4 #ghj ,scott 7#jb7 p4 #ceg1 ,pls4 ii41 vi4 #gha ,scott 7#ab7 p4 #ajbh4 #ghb ,goepp]t 7#de7 p4 #aa1 ,pls4 xxix4-xxxv42 ,zalessky 7#aa74 #ghc ,goepp]t & ,/5zel 7#hh7 p4 #cc1 ,pls4 v41 vi4 #ghd ,kraus 9 ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #cha4 #ghe ,sew>d 7#ad7 p4 #ag1 ,pls4 iv4-viii4 #ghf ,scott 7#ab74 #ghg ,see page #age4 #ghh ,de ,b>y 7#hd7 ,a4 p4 #dib2 ,gross5ba*] 7#ae74 #ghi ,see ,scott1 ,nature1 ,augu/ #bf1 #aiae4 #gij ,see ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ef4 #gia ,oliv] 7#jf7 p4 #gbf4 #gib ,hook] & ,b9ney 7#ee74 #gic ,oliv] 7#jc74 #gid ,worsdell 7#je7 p4 #eh2 ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #fg4 #gie ,brongni>t 7#ha7 p4 #ca4 #gif ,= an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ?is au?or see ,lang 9 ,oliv] 7#ac7 p4 #agh4 #gig ,see ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #edc4 #gih ,mir&e 7#je74 #gii ,= def9ition ( ,c>dioc>pus1 see page #cch4 #hjj ,see page #be4 #hja ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #aah4 #hjb ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #agg1 ,pl4 xxvi4 figs4 #bg1 #bh4 #hjc ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bfb4 #hjd ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fdb4 #hje ,brongni>t 7#gd74 #hjf ,brongni>t 7#ha74 #hjg ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #chi4 #hjh ,aff\rtit & ,la ,rivire 7#ae74 #hji ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cb4 #haj ,see page #agc4 #haa ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #ga4 #hab ,salisbury 7#ad74 #hac ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #cib4 #had ,oliv] 7#jg74 #hae ,arb]1 ,a4 7#aj7 p4 #eje4 #haf ,see ,*apt] xxxi4 #hag ,oliv] & ,salisbury 7#aa74 #hah ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #fg4 #hai ,oliv] 7#ji7 p4 #ii4 #hbj ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bi4 #hba 1 to bl[2 1 a bladd]4 #hbb ,williamson 7#gf7 p4 #afj2 7#ag7 ,b4 p4 #bda1 ,pl4 xi4 figs4 #gg1 #gh2 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #gi4 #hbc ,oliv] 7#ji72 ,oliv] & ,salisbury 7#aa7 passim2 ,salisbury 7#ad7 p4 #gd4 #hbd ,williamson 7#hj7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvii4 figs4 #bd-bh2 7#hc7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxi4 fig4 #bg 7call$ 9 ?is case ,sporoc>pon anomalum1 no d\bt a slip ( ! p574 #hbe ,oliv] 7#ji7 p4 #ge4 #hbf ,williamson 7#gf7 p4 #afj4 #hbg ,oliv] 7#ji7 p4 #ajf4 #hbh ,lang 7#jj7 p4 #bhh4 #hbi ,burl+ame 7#ae7 p4 #ai4 #hcj ,gordon1 ,w4 ,t4 7#aj74 #hca 1 a cone4 #hcb ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bda1 ,pls4 xi41 xii4 #hcc ,page #gi4 #hcd ,oliv] & ,salisbury 7#aa74 #hce ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! pl9? see ,oliv] & ,salisbury 7#aa74 #hcf ,page #bg4 #hcg ,page #ee4 #hch ,r5ault 7#hd7 ,pls4 xix4-xxii4 #hci ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aha4 #hdj ,oliv] & ,salisbury 7#aa74 #hda ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #he1 ,pl4 xlii4 #hdb ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fdj1 ,pls4 #gb1 #hb4 #hdc ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #f4 #hdd ,depape & ,c>p5ti] 7#ac7 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #a-c4 #hde ,kid/on 7#ij7 p4 #fd4 #hdf ,oliv] 7#jb7 p4 #adf4 #hdg ,k]%aw 7#ji74 #hdh ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #cgf4 #hdi ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bgb4 #hej ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ajc1 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #dh-ej4 #hea ,brongni>t 7#ha7 ,pl4 ,b4 fig4 #c4 #heb ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #a4 #hec ,newb]ry 7#gc74 #hed ,ibid4 ,pl4 xlii4 fig4 #h4 #hee ,page #abc4 #hef ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 ,see also ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cih4 #heg ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #feb1 ,pl4 #id1 fig4 #ag4 #heh ,salisbury 7#ad74 #hei ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #beb1 ,pl4 xxii4 figs4 #f-h4 #hfj ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #cia4 #hfa ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #djd4 #hfb ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aeg4 #hfc 1 a plate or fold4 #hfd ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bec1 ,pl4 xxii4 figs4 #i-aa2 7#ha7 p4 #bf4 #hfe ,ibid4 p4 #bed1 ,pl4 xxii4 figs4 #ab-ad2 7#ha7 p4 #bf4 #hff ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bec4 #hfg ,see page #cef4 #hfh ,p4 ,b]tr& 7#ac7 ,pl4 vii4 #hfi ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bee1 ,pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #a-c2 7#ha7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 ,c1 figs4 #a-c4 #hgj ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ajb1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #ch-da4 #hga ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aeh1 ,pl4 x4 figs4 #f1 #g2 ,pl4 xiv4 figs4 #e-i4 #hgb ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdi1 ,pl4 xxii4 figs4 #d1 #e2 7#ha7 ,pls4 xvii4-xxi4 #hgc ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #chi1 ,pls4 #hc1 #hd4 #hgd ,oliv] 7#jb74 #hge ,gr&',eury 7#jd74 #hgf ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #c2 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 fig4 #e4 #hgg ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 #gc4 #hgh ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #bbi4 #hgi ,kid/on 7#ib7 p4 #h4 #hhj ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ia1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #bh4 #hha ,see page #cfd4 #hhb ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bfg2 ,lesqu]eux 7#gi7 ,a4 ,pl4 #he1 fig4 #ba4 #hhc ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bei1 ,pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #ab-ae2 7#ha7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 xvi4 #hhd ,r5ault 7#hj74 #hhe ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 #hhf ,russ[ 7#gb7 ,pls4 iii41 iv4 #hhg 1 a cr[n4 #hhh ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #cie4 #hhi ,brongni>t 7#ha7 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #d1 #f4 #hij ,ibid4 p4 #cgc1 ,pl4 xlii4 figs4 #ag-bj2 xliv4 figs4 #cf-dc4 #hia 1 a ridge4 #hib ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bef1 ,pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #f-h2 7#ha7 ,pl4 ,c1 figs4 #f-h4 #hic ,oliv] 7#jd7 ,b4 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #e-aj2 7#jg7 fig4 #a4 #hid ,scott & ,masl5 7#jg7 ,pl4 xiii4 fig4 #ai4 #hie ,salisbury 7#ad74 #hif 1 a bell4 #hig ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #beg1 ,pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #i-ab2 7#ha7 p4 #bh1 ,pl4 ,c1 figs4 #i-ab4 #hih ,r5ault 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxvii42 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cic4 #hii ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fei1 ,pl4 #hc1 figs4 #aj-bf4 #ijj ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #ahd1 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #e2 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #caa1 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #f4 #ija ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #bbg4 #ijb ,see also ,gr&',eury 7#je7 ,b4 #ijc ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bfj1 ,pl4 xxiii4 pp4 #af-ah2 7#ha7 p4 #cj4 #ijd ,r5ault #if ,a4 p4 #bgb4 #ije ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bef1 ,pl4 xxiii4 figs4 #d1 #e2 7#ha7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 ,c1 figs4 #d1 #e4 #ijf 1 wool4 #ijg ,gr&',eury 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #cjh1 ,pls4 iv4 fig4 #ab1 vi4 fig4 #e4 #ijh ,see page #bfd4 #iji ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #hg4 #iaj ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bde 7#ha74 #iaa ,ge9itz 7#fb7 p4 #aej2 ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #bdj2 ,ge9itz 7#ee7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #g-af4 #iab ,kid/on 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #bfc4 #iac ,r5ault 7#hj71 p4 #ajb4 #iad ,fi$l] 7#eg7 p4 #bia4 #iae ,brongni>t 7#ha7 ,pls4 iv41 v4 #iaf ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh74 #iag ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #che4 #iah ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh74 #iai ,fi$l] 7#eg7 p4 #bhh1 ,pl4 xxviii4 #ibj ,s*5k 7#hj7 p4 #ffj4 #iba ,w>d 7#hh7 p4 #hjb4 #ibb ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #agg1 ,pl4 xxviii4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 #ibc ,ibid4 fig4 #ai4 #ibd ,he] 7#gg7 ii4 ,pl4 xix4 ,see also ,na?or/ 7#hf7 ,pl4 xxv4 figs4 #aj-ad4 #ibe ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ad7 p4 #ig4 #ibf ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ji7 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #e4 #ibg ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 #ibh ,s*5k 7#hc7 ,a4 ,pl4 xliv4 fig4 #h4 #ibi ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 #icj ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 #ica ,fei/mantel 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #afd4 #icb ,ge9itz 7#hj7 p4 #bb1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #aa-ae4 #icc ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gb7 p4 #bjh4 #icd ,see page #ada4 #ice ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #efc4 ,see also ,vol4 ii4 p4 #eag4 #icf ,goepp]t 7#fe7 p4 #adf1 ,pl4 xxvi4 fig4 #e4 #icg ,he] 7#gg7 ii4 ,pl4 xiv4 #ich ,see page #cde4 #ici ,brongni>t 7#ha7 p4 #bj1 ,pl4 ii4 #idj ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh72 7#jh74 #ida ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh74 #idb ,?is "n has be5 us$ = a section ( a g5us ( rec5t ,umbellif]ae b n z a g5]ic "n 7,de ,c&olle's #8,prodromus1' ,p>s iv4 p4 #aje1 #ahcj74 #idc ,b]tr& 7#jh7 p4 #ded2 7#jh7 p4 #cib4 #idd ,brongni>t 7#ha7 ,pls4 iv4 v4 #ide ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #bjh4 #idf ,brongni>t 7#ha7 ,pl4 iii42 ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh74 #idg 1 a rod4 #idh ,b]g] 7#dh7 p4 #bj1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #h4 #idi ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fce4 #iej ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac74 #iea ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #ajc4 #ieb ,see page #aaf4 #iec ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #hg4 #ied ,zeill] 7#ib7 ,a4 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #aa4 #iee ,arb] 7#ad7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ba4 #ief ,9 select+ a g5]ic "n = a fossil plant or "p ( a plant x has n be5 ! univ]sal practice to avoid ! use ( a designation previ\sly employ$ = a rec5t plant4 ,x is cle>ly 9 accordance ) ! ,rules adopt$ by ! ,int]national ,botanical ,congress & ) g5]al conv5i5ce to avoid ! employm5t ( ! same "n = two diff]5t g5]ic types ev5 if "o is kn[n only 9 a fossil /ate4 ,my att5tion has be5 call$ by ,mr ,w4 ,n4 ,edw>ds ( ! ,briti% ,museum to ! fact t ! names ,platysp]mum1 ,microsp]mum1 & ,pt]osp]mum rec5tly propos$ by ,dr ,arb] = ,palaeozoic se$s h previ\sly be5 giv5 to rec5t fl[]+ plants4 ,?\gh ,i h (t5 neglect$ to consult ! ,index ,kew5sis & ! ,g5]a ,siphonogam>um be=e propos+ a #8new' g5]ic t]m1 ,i fully recognise ! importance ( avoid+ ! employm5t ( names 9 curr5t use or names :i* h #8laps$ into synonymy#iff4' #ieg ,see page #cfa4 #ieh ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdf2 7#ha7 p4 #ba1 ,pls4 ix4-xi4 #iei ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jg74 #ifj ,gr&',eury 7#je74 #ifa ,kid/on 7#ad7 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #f-h4 #ifb ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 p4 #egd4 #ifc ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bfg4 #ifd ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xv4 #ife ,r5ault 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxvi4 #iff ,rgles int]nationales de la nom5clature botanique adoptes p> le ,cong4 ,int]nat4 ,bot4 de ,vi5ne1 #aije1 etc4 ,t4 ,briquet1 ,j5a1 #aiab1 p4 #cg4 #ifg ,see page #cad4 #ifh ,arb]1 ,a4 7#aj74 #ifi 1 a ,p]sian cap4 #igj ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #beg1 ,pls4 xv4 xvi4 #iga ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jh74 #igb ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdg1 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #ab-ad2 7#ha7 p4 #ba1 ,pl4 ,a4 fig4 #ab2 ,pl4 xiv2 ,r5ault 7#hj7 p4 #ajf1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #ab1 #ac2 ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #bci1 ,pl4 xxvi4 fig4 #bg4 #igc ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jg74 #igd ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdh1 ,pl4 xxi4 fig4 #ag2 7#ha7 p4 #bb1 ,pl4 ,a4 fig4 #ag2 ,pl4 vi4 #ige ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jg7 comp>es ,leptoc>yon ) ,diplote/a z reg>ds v>i\s /ructural features4 #igf ,r5ault 7#hj7 p4 #ajh4 #igg ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdi1 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #ah-bj2 7#ha7 p4 #bc1 ,pl4 ,a4 figs4 #ah-bj2 ,pl4 xv4 #igh ,oliv] 7#jc7 p4 #deg4 #igi ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jg74 #ihj ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#jg74 #iha ,brongni>t 7#gd7 p4 #bdg4 #ihb 1 elegant4 #ihc ,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,e4 7#ji74 #ihd ,dawson 7#ff7 ,a4 p4 #afe1 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #gd2 ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #bbf2 ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #bcf4 #ihe ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fdd4 #ihf ,:ite 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bff1 ,pls4 lxi4 fig4 #ab1 lxxii4 fig4 #c4 #ihg ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gb7 ,pl4 xviii4 #ihh ,kid/on 7#id7 ,b4 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #c2 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 lviii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 #ihi ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxv4 fig4 #ea4 #iij ,helmha*] 7#ga74 #iia ,zeill] 7#ib7 ,a4 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #i1 #aj4 #iib ,ge9itz 7#ge7 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #aj1 #aa2 ,weiss1 ,c4 ,e4 7#gi7 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #ag-ai4 #iic ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxii4 figs4 #ab1 #ac4 #iid ,/opes 7#ad7 ,pl4 xxv4 fig4 #fh4 #iie ,arb] 7#ad7 ,pl4 vi4 figs4 #ai1 #bj2 7#ad7 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #e4 #iif ,= synonymy1 see ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #bch1 ,pl4 xxii4 figs4 #c1 #c;a4 #iig ,fi$l] 7#eg7 p4 #bia4 #iih ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #hi1 ,pls4 xxi4-xxiii4 #iii ,&rews 7#ge7 p4 #dbe1 ,pl4 xlvi4 fig4 #b4 #ajjj ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #bci1 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #a4 #ajja ,dawson 7#ga7 ,a4 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #bai2 ,/opes 7#ad7 p4 #ib4 #ajjb ,fi$l] 7#eg7 ,pl4 xxviii4 fig4 #cf4 #ajjc ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #efg1 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #aa4 #ajjd ,newb]ry 7#gc7 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #h2 ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a ,pl4 lxxxv4 figs4 #cf1 #cg4 #ajje ,lesqu]eux 7#hd7 ,a ,pl4 cix4 figs4 #ac1 #ae4 #ajjf ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a p4 #ccb2 ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 pp4 #bjf1 #bjg4 #ajjg ,:ite 7#jh7 ,b4 p4 #eei1 ,pl4 x4 figs4 #e-h4 #ajjh ,vol4 ii4 p4 #eag4 #ajji ,sew>d & ,leslie 7#jh7 ,b4 #ajaj ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,b4 p4 #cg1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #g1 #h2 ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #bje1 fig4 #dd4 #ajaa ,lesqu]eux 7#hj7 ,a4 ,pl4 #he1 figs4 #cd1 #ce4 #ajab ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 p4 #cj2 7#ha7 p4 #ei1 ,pl4 xxx4 fig4 #ad2 7#hb7 p4 #dc1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #e-ab4 #ajac ,arb] 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #bje4 #ajad ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ejj4 #ajae ,ge9itz 7#ga7 p4 #agd1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 #ajaf ,ibid4 7#ee7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxi42 ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 xciv4 fig4 #ac2 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #bbd2 ,kid/on 7#aa7 p4 #bdj2 ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #ajj4 #ajag ,b\lay 7#gi7 p4 #cd4 #ajah ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 xciv4 fig4 #ab2 ,kid/on 7#aa7 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #e-g2 ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #ajj4 #ajai ,b]g] 7#dh7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #ai1 #bj4 #ajbj ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxii4 fig4 #c4 #ajba ,ibid4 p4 #fdi4 #ajbb ,ibid4 ,pl4 lxxii4 figs4 #ec-ee4 #ajbc ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bec1 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #aae a1 #aae b4 #ajbd ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #afe4 #ajbe ,b]tr&1 ,p4 7#ac7 ,pl4 vii4 #ajbf ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fea1 ,pl4 lxxii4 fig4 #ef4 #ajbg ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #ahe1 ,pls4 xv41 xvi4 #ajbh ,arb] 7#ad7 pp4 #ic1 #ajd1 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #ea1 #eb4 #ajbi ,kid/on 7#ad7 p4 #aeg1 ,pl4 xiv4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #ajcj ,see page #cba4 #ajca ,arb]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ajb4 #ajcb ,kid/on1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeh4 #ajcc ,he] 7#gg7 i4 p4 #ai1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #a-aa4 #ajcd ,na?or/ 7#id7 ,a4 p4 #dh1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #g1 #h4 #ajce ,"y 7#fi7 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #i1 #aj2 7#gf7 p4 #cf4 #ajcf ,zalessky 7#je74 #ajcg ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bc1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #dd-ea4 #ajch ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cg7 ,a4 ,pl4 #bbj4 #ajci ,zalessky 7#je74 #ajdj ,= ?is in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ,dr ,kid/on4 #ajda ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cb1 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #eh4 #ajdb ,zalessky 7#je74 #ajdc ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #ai-bb2 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #ajdd ,he] 7#gg7 i4 p4 #bd1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #ah-bb4 #ajde ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #ce1 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #gg-hb4 #ajdf ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #b-d4 #ajdg ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #acg4 #ajdh ,gr&',eury 7#gg7 ,a4 p4 #ahd1 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #c4 #ajdi ,see page #ccj4 #ajej ,/]nb]g 7#ch7 ,a4 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #c4 #ajea ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cg7 ,a4 ,pl4 #bbj4 #ajeb ,zalessky 7#je7 p4 #aai4 #ajec ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #feb1 ,pl4 lxxii4 figs4 #fc-ff2 ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #djj2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxiv4 fig4 #c4 #ajed ,arb] 7#ad7 p4 #ie1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #aa4 #ajee ,kid/on 7#hh7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxiii4 fig4 #d4 #ajef ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #bh4 #ajeg ,ibid4 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #ec1 #ed4 #ajeh ,williamson 7#gg7 ,b4 p4 #bdf1 ,pl4 xiii4 figs4 #hh-ic4 #ajei ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cc4 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #fi1 #gj4 #ajfj ,see page #cjd4 #ajfa ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cc4 #ajfb ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aja4 #ajfc ,kid/on 7#ib7 p4 #h2 ,arb] 7#ad7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #bh4 #ajfd ,kid/on 7#hf7 ,b4 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #g a-c2 ,b]g] 7#dh7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #cj1 #ca4 #ajfe ,see po/ea4 #ajff ,arb] 7#ad7 pp4 #ij1 #ajj1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #bb-bg4 #ajfg ,c>p5ti] 7#aa7 p4 #g1 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #c4 #ajfh ,ge9itz 7#fb7 p4 #ade1 ,pl4 xxv4 figs4 #g-i2 ,goepp]t 7#fd7 ,a4 p4 #ade4 #ajfi ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #c4 #ajgj ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fid4 #ajga ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #bc4 #ajgb ,ibid4 7#ji7 pp4 #ba1 #bc4 #ajgc ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #aif4 #ajgd ,buckl& 7#bg7 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,vol4 i4 ,no4 #h1 p4 #hj2 7#bh74 #ajge ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #if4 #ajgf ,ibid4 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #ei4 #ajgg ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fgh4 #ajgh ,buckl& 7#cg7 p4 #dif1 ,pls4 lx41 lxi4 #ajgi ,ibid4 7#bh71 ,pl4 lxi4 fig4 #a4 ,a specim5 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum may be ! orig9al ( ,buckl&'s figure4 #ajhj ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #ajha ,pomel 7#di7 p4 #af4 #ajhb ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fij4 #ajhc ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 pp4 #bef1 #bfe1 ,pls4 #aah1 #aai4 #ajhd ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #adc4 #ajhe ,w>d 7#id74 #ajhf ,fli*e & ,zeill] 7#jd74 #ajhg ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bgf1 ,pl4 #abj4 #ajhh ,ligni] 7#ja74 #ajhi ,ibid4 7#ac7 p4 #ic4 #ajij ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia74 #ajia ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aci4 #ajib ,ibid4 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #dd4 #ajic ,wiel& 7#jf74 #ajid ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #cji4 #ajie ,buckl& 7#cg7 ,a4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ih1 ,pl4 lxi4 fig4 #a4 #ajif ,ibid4 7#bh7 ,pl4 xlix4 #ajig ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aff4 #ajih ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #cji4 #ajii ,see page #dbe4 #aajj ,wiel& 7#jf7 ,pls4 vi4-xiii4 #aaja ,ibid4 7#ab7 p4 #hh1 fig4 #aj4 #aajb ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #fc1 fig4 #cc4 #aajc ,see ,wiel& 7#jf7 = additional facts & illu/rations4 #aajd ,see page #dag4 #aaje ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #gf2 ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #f4 #aajf ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #b4 #aajg ,see ,*apt] xxxix4 #aajh ,see page #dhi4 #aaji ,wiel& 7#ii72 7#jf7 p4 #hg4 #aaaj ,wiel& 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #bjj1 ,pl4 lxiii4 #aaaa ,wiel& 7#ad74 #aaab ,! fl[]s are frequ5tly describ$ z prot&r\s b1 z ,dr ,scott po9t$ out to me1 we h no def9ite evid5ce on ?is po9t4 #aaac ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #acd2 ,c\lt] & ,*amb]la9 7#aj7 p4 #fg1 fig4 #ee4 #aaad ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #afj1 fig4 #hd4 #aaae ,ibid4 7#ad74 #aaaf ,see also ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #aeb1 fig4 #i4 #aaag ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib72 ,w>d 7#if7 p4 #eje4 #aaah ,w>d 7#if7 ,pl4 civ4 #aaai ,w>d 7#jd72 ,wiel& 7#jh74 #aabj ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #aic1 ,pls4 clxxiv4-clxxx4 #aaba ,w>d 7#id74 #aabb ,= an acc\nt ( ! /ratigraphy1 see ,w>d 7#id74 #aabc ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 #aabd ,ibid4 7#jj74 #aabe ,coemans 7#ff74 #aabf ,wiel& 7#ac74 #aabg ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #aabh ,ligni] 7#id74 #aabi ,see page #cie4 #aacj ,wiel& 7#jf74 #aaca ,buckl& 7#cg74 #aacb ,see page #ddh4 #aacc ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #aacd ,ibid4 p4 #fih2 = o!r ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 #aci4 #aace ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 ,pls4 lvii41 lviii4 #aacf ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #b4 #aacg ,see also ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #dg4 #aach ,*amb]la9 7#ac74 ,see ,*apt] xxviii41 page #f4 #aaci ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia74 #aadj ,see page #ddi4 #aada ,scott 7#ji7 ,b1 p4 #ega4 #aadb ,x is possible t1 z ,scott sugge/s1 a small pat* ( endosp]m is repres5t$ 9 a se$ ( ?is species figur$ by him4 ,scott 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #efi1 fig4 #bjc1 ,d1 e4 #aadc ,see page #cif4 #aadd ,! age 0 at fir/ believ$ to be ,ox=dian1 b ,ligni] subsequ5tly 7#ji7 ref]r$ ! rocks to a ,l[] ,cretace\s horizon4 #aade ,morire 7#fi74 #aadf ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#ha7 ,a42 7#he7 p4 #bdd2 ,saporta 7#ia7 p4 #afh1 ,pls4 #adh1 #adi4 #aadg ,ligni] 7#id72 7#jd72 7#ji72 7#aa74 #aadh ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #cbh1 ,pl4 #abc4 #aadi ,ligni] 7#id7 p4 #eg2 7#ab74 #aaej ,ligni] 7#aa74 #aaea ,b]ridge 7#aa72 ,?oday1 ,m4 ,g4 7#aa74 #aaeb ,ligni] 7#jd74 #aaec ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia74 #aaed ,pe>son 7#ji74 #aaee ,wett/e9 7#aa7 p4 #chh4 #aaef ,worsdell 7#jj74 #aaeg ,mc,bride 7#ic74 #aaeh ,w>d 7#ih7 p4 #bje4 #aaei ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #ahe4 ,see ,wiel&'s description = fur!r details4 #aafj ,w>d 7#ih7 p4 #bjh4 #aafa ,wiel& 7#jf7 ,pls4 vii4-ix41 xii41 xiii4 #aafb ,ibid4 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #e4 #aafc ,ibid4 passim2 7#ab74 #aafd ,wiel& 7#ad74 #aafe ,?is subject is m fully dealt ) by ,wiel& 9 ! ,volume publi%$ s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,wiel& 7#af74 #aaff ,goepp]t 7#ec74 #aafg ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ajj4 #aafh ,s*u/] 7#aa74 ,an excell5t photograph ( ! /em is reproduc$ 9 ?is pap]4 #aafi ,wiel& 7#jh7 p4 #if4 #aagj ,raciborski 7#ib74 #aaga ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 #aagb ,wiel& 7#jf7 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #e4 #aagc ,sew>d 7#ig7 ,a4 figs4 #c1 #d1 pp4 #bd1 #cb4 #aagd ,ligni] 7#ja74 #aage ,ligni] 7#ja74 #aagf ,morire 7#fi74 #aagg ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 l4 #aagh ,w>d 7#id7 p4 #hg2 7#ih7 p4 #baf4 #aagi ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #gi1 ,pl4 xiv4 #aahj ,*amb]la9 7#ji74 #aaha ,fli*e & ,zeill] 7#jd7 p4 #ghi1 ,pl4 xix4 #aahb ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bfb1 ,pl4 #aah4 #aahc ,w>d 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #fci1 ,pls4 clvi41 clvii4 #aahd ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #adc4 7,i h n se5 ! actual specim54--,a4 ,c4 ,s47 #aahe ,w>d 7#jj71 ,pls4 xiv4-xxi4 #aahf ,ibid4 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #aih1 ,pls4 xlvi4-lxiii4 #aahg ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #aja4 #aahh ,fli*e 7#if7 p4 #dh1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #b1 #c2 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #a4 #aahi ,ibid4 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #c4 #aaij ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #bdg1 ,pls4 xxiii4-xxv41 text-figs4 #gb-ge4 #aaia ,solms-,lauba* 7#jd7 p4 #ab1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #e1 #f4 #aaib ,"y & ,bird 7#bb7 ,a4 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( our k ( ,williamsonia1 see ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #adf4 #aaic ,williamson 7#dj7 p4 #bcj4 #aaid ,yates 7#ee74 #aaie ,leck5by1 ,a4 7#fd74 ,see also ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #aij4 #aaif ,williamson 7#gj74 #aaig ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #aaih ,saporta 7#ia74 #aaii ,sew>d 7#ig74 #abjj ,wiel& 7#aa74 #abja ,wiel& 7#ac74 #abjb ,na?or/ 7#ac74 #abjc ,see page #dhj4 #abjd ,williamson 7#gj7 ,pl4 liii4 fig4 #e2 ,sew>d 7#ig74 #abje ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #a4 #abjf ,ibid4 ,pl4 xv4 #abjg ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #ddh1 fig4 #f4 #abjh ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #adf4 #abji ,na?or/ 7#ji7 7#aa74 #abaj ,ligni] 7#jg74 #abaa ,saporta 7#ia7 ,pl4 #bdh4 #abab ,na?or/ 7#ji7 ,pl4 iii4 #abac ,krass] 7#ab74 #abad ,ligni] 7#jc74 #abae ,wiel& 7#jf7 p4 #aeb4 #abaf ,ligni] 7#jg72 ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #dfb4 #abag ,na?or/ 7#aa7 ,pl4 ii4 #abah ,?omas 7#ae74 #abai ,?omas 7#ae74 #abbj ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #f1 ,pls4 i41 ii42 7#aa7 p4 #e1 ,pls4 i41 iii42 7#ab74 #abba ,?omas 7#ac7 p4 #bcj1 ,pl4 xxiv4 figs4 #a-c4 #abbb ,capell9i & ,solms-,lauba* 7#ib7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #g4 #abbc ,na?or/ 7#ji7 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #a-c4 #abbd ,ibid4 7#hj7 p4 #ci4 ,see also ,saporta 7#ia7 p4 #afa1 ,pl4 #bdh4 #abbe ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bja1 fig4 #ce4 #abbf ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #ad1 ,pls4 ii41 iii4 #abbg ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fid4 #abbh ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #ai4 #abbi ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #i1 ,pls4 ii41 iii4 ,see also ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #h1 ,pls4 i41 ii4 #abcj ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 #abca ,na?or/ 7#ab7 p4 #g4 #abcb ,williamson 7#gj7 ,pl4 lii4 fig4 #a2 ,pl4 liii4 fig4 #b4 #abcc ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bja1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #g4 #abcd ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #ai1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #a-h2 ,pl4 vi4 figs4 #a-c4 ,! "n ,palaeozamia pect5 0 appli$ by ,leck5by ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 p4 #gg1 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #dg bo? to ! fronds & an associat$ fl[] :i* is n[ recognis$ z a :orl ( microsporophylls4 ,i =m]ly employ$ ! "n ,williamsonia pect5 = fronds & fl[]s1 b 9 view ( ,na?or/'s "w x is advisable to foll[ 8 example & to use sep>ate names = male & female fl[]s :5 !re is no pro( t !y belong to "o type2 simil>ly ! fronds may conv5i5tly be spok5 ( z ,ptilophyllum pect54 #abce ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #ag1 ,pl4 iv4 #abcf ,na?or/ 7#ji7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #a4 #abcg ,see page #ddd4 #abch ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxxii4 fig4 #b4 #abci ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 p4 #gf2 7#gg7 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #e4 #abdj ,ibid4 7#gg7 ,pl4 xliv4 fig4 #b4 #abda ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xliv4 figs4 #c1 #d4 #abdb ,williamson 7#gj7 ,pl4 lii4 fig4 #a4 #abdc ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #dfj1 fig4 #af ,b4 #abdd ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #f4 #abde ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xli4 fig4 #d2 7#gg7 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #f2 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #d4 #abdf ,ibid4 7#gf7 p4 #eb1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #e-g2 7#gg7 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #d1 #e2 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #f4 #abdg ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 p4 #aha1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #a-d2 7#gg7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #a-c4 #abdh ,my ?anks are due to ,mr ,wiel& = a photograph ( ?is species t is m5tion$ b n figur$ 9 8 pap] on ! ,mexican ,flora1 ,wiel& 7#ac74 #abdi ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #gf1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #a-e4 #abej ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aeg1 ,pls4 x41 xi4 #abea ,buckl& 7#cg7 ,vol4 i4 p4 #eje1 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #aja1 ,pl4 lxiii4 figs4 #b-aj4 #abeb ,ung] 7#ej7 ,a4 p4 #cbg4 #abec ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #hh4 #abed ,saporta 7#ia7 p4 #abg1 ,pls4 #bch1 #bci4 #abee ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aje4 #abef ,mill] 7#eg7 ,b4 p4 #dhj4 ,= a detail$ description & illu/rations1 see ,sew>d 7#ab74 #abeg ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahd4 #abeh ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #abei ,ligni] 7#ja74 #abfj ,na?or/ 7#aa7 p4 #bd1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #i-aa4 #abfa ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #dfb4 #abfb ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #aj2 7#aa7 p4 #ad4 #abfc ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #aj4 #abfd ,williamson 7#gj7 ,pl4 lii43 see also ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #a4 #abfe ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #ab1 fig4 #b4 #abff ,ligni] 7#jc7 p4 #cd4 #abfg ,9 addition to ! pap]s already quot$1 ref]5ce %\ld also be made to ,?omas 7#ae74 #abfh ,wiel& 7#ji7 p4 #dcj 7! species is "h ref]r$ to z ! #8,el consuelo ,williamsonia'72 7#aa7 p4 #dfa1 fig4 #ag ,c4 #abfi ,zigno 7#he7 ,pl4 xlii4 #abgj ,sew>d 7#ab7 p4 #bf1 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #dd2 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #hf4 #abga ,zigno 7#he7 p4 #agc1 ,pl4 xlii4 figs4 #i-aa4 #abgb ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fia1 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #ii4 #abgc ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #aah1 ,pl4 xxix4 fig4 #f4 #abgd ,na?or/ 7#hj7 p4 #da1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #g4 #abge ,saporta 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #aje1 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #i4 #abgf ,newb]ry & ,hollick 7#ie7 p4 #abe1 ,pl4 xxxv4 figs4 #a-i4 #abgg ,hollick 7#jf7 p4 #ajg1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #bg-cb2 7#ab7 p4 #aef1 ,pl4 clxiii4 fig4 #d4 #abgh ,newb]ry & ,hollick 7#ie7 p4 #abg1 ,pl4 xxxvi4 figs4 #a-h4 #abgi ,hollick 7#jf7 p4 #ajg1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #be1 #bf4 #abhj ,w>d 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #ffh1 ,pl4 clxii4 fig4 #bj4 #abha ,lesqu]eux 7#ia7 p4 #hg1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #i4 #abhb ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #bgc1 ,pls4 #acc1 #afe4 #abhc ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #dhe1 ,pl4 cvii4 fig4 #d4 #abhd ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #eed1 ,pl4 cxv4 fig4 #aa4 #abhe ,b]ry 7#aa7 p4 #dje1 ,pl4 lxvii4 figs4 #a-d4 #abhf ,he] 7#hb7 ,b1 p4 #ei1 ,pls4 xii41 xiii4 #abhg ,dawson 7#he7 p4 #ab1 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #a4 #abhh ,na?or/ 7#hj7 p4 #ej4 #abhi ,ibid4 7#hh72 7#jb7 p4 #i1 ,pls4 i4-iii4 #abij ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #bb1 ,pls4 v41 vi4 #abia ,ibid4 p4 #cc4 #abib ,s\? & ,compton 7#jh7 p4 #bbe1 fig4 #cf4 #abic ,= figures ( ! /em & fl[]s1 see ,na?or/ 7#jb72 7#ji74 #abid ,?omas 7#ae74 #abie ,na?or/ reta9s ! "n ,anomozamites m9or = ! leaves1 re/rict+ ,wiel&iella to ! plant z a :ole includ+ /robili & /ems :i* usually occur 9 organic union ,na?or/ 7#ac74 #abif ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #be1 ,pl4 vii4 figs4 #ad-bb4 #abig ,?omas 7#ac71 p4 #bci4 #abih ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #af4 #abii ,?iselton-,dy] 7#gb74 #acjj ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #deh4 #acja ,?omas 7#ae74 #acjb ,see page #ddi4 #acjc ,see page #dfc4 #acjd ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 xvi4 fig4 #a2 ,?omas1 ,h4 ,h4 7#ae7 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #bf4 #acje ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #g1 ,pl4 #a4 #acjf ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 viii42 7#ab7 ,pls4 i41 ii42 7#ab74 #acjg ,see ! photographs reproduc$ 9 ,na?or/'s late/ & mo/ complete acc\nt 7#ab74 #acjh ,b[] 7#ig7 ,b4 #acji ,braun 7#di74 7,i h n se5 ?is pap]47 #acaj ,saporta 7#ia7 p4 #aia1 ,pls4 #bec-bee4 #acaa ,see page #dbh4 #acab ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #bh4 #acac ,ibid4 7#aa72 7#ab74 #acad ,s*u/] 7#aa74 #acae ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #bjj4 #acaf ,zeits*4 f4 ,bot4 #aiab1 p4 #def4 #acag ,saporta 7#ia7 pp4 #bjd1 #bjf1 ,pls4 #bed1 #bee4 #acah ,mantell 7#bg74 #acai ,see page #dfc4 #acbj ,c>ru!rs 7#gj74 #acba ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 pp4 #bef et seq4 #acbb ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bic1 ,pls4 #abc1 #abd4 #acbc ,see p4 #dae4 #acbd ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bef4 #acbe ,presl 9 ,/]nb]g 7#be7 ,a4 p4 xxxiii4 #acbf ,mantell 7#bg74 #acbg ,/okes & ,webb 7#bd74 #acbh ,brongni>t 7#bb7 ,a4 p4 #bji2 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #abh4 #acbi ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fhb4 #accj ,c>ru!rs 7#fg72 7#gj7 p4 #fhh4 #acca ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #cji4 ,see po/ea1 p4 #dhf4 #accb ,na?or/ 7#hf7 ,pl4 xviii4 fig4 #e4 #accc ,/okes & ,webb 7#bd7 ,pls4 xiv4-xvii4 #accd ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fhf1 ,pl4 liv4 ,see also ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #abc4 #acce ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #acb1 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #f2 7#ac7 p4 #aja4 #accf ,ibid4 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #b4 #accg ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fhi1 ,pl4 lv4 fig4 #b4 #acch ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #de4 #acci ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fhg1 ,pl4 lv4 fig4 #a4 #acdj ,c>ru!rs1 p4 #fhi1 ,pl4 lv4 figs4 #g-i4 #acda ,c>ru!rs 7#fg72 7#gj7 p4 #fhh1 ,pl4 lv4 figs4 #c-f4 ,see also ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aff4 #acdb ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #bii1 text-figs4 #ic-ig4 #acdc ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #cji1 text-figs4 #ih-ajj4 #acdd ,/]nb]g 7#be7 ,a4 ,pl4 #cj4 #acde ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #abh4 #acdf ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 p4 #fhf4 #acdg ,ibid4 7#gj7 p4 #fij1 ,pl4 lvi4 #acdh ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #cjh1 ,pls4 #abe1 #abf4 #acdi ,ibid4 p4 #cbb1 ,pl4 #abg1 figs4 #a-c4 #acej ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxxiv4 #acea ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 p4 #gh4 #aceb ,wiel& 7#aa7 p4 #ddj4 #acec ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #aid4 #aced ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #acee ,= illu/rations & fur!r details see ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #acef ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #cca1 ,pl4 #aai1 fig4 #c4 #aceg ,ligni] 7#ie7 p4 #aa1 fig4 #a4 #aceh ,ibid4 p4 #ae1 fig4 #b4 #acei ,/okes & ,webb 7#bd7 ,pl4 xlv42 ,mantell 7#bg71 etc4 ,see ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 pp4 #abf1 #acj1 etc41 = o!r ref]5ces4 #acfj ,w>d 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #fic1 ,pl4 #afi1 fig4 #ai4 #acfa ,fei/mantel 7#gf7 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #b4 #acfb ,hollick & ,jeffrey 7#ji7 ,b4 p4 #ag4 #acfc ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #cad1 ,pls4 xxxi41 xxxii41 text-figs4 #aja-aaa4 #acfd ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bjj1 ,pl4 #aad1 figs4 #d-f4 #acfe ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #if4 #acff ,fei/mantel 7#gf7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #e4 #acfg ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ih1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #b1 #f2 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #ca4 #acfh ,ibid4 7#ac7 p4 #aja1 ,pl4 xii4 figs4 #c1 #d2 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #f4 #acfi ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 #abg4 #acgj ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 ,pl4 lvi4 #acga ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,edw>ds ( ! ,geological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum = mak+ a prep>ation ( ! cuticle4 #acgb ,tate 7#fg7 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #d2 ,sew>d 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #c-f4 #acgc ,= fur!r ref]5ce to ?is g5]ic "n1 z appli$ to ,palaeozoic se$s1 see page #cfd4 #acgd ,na?or/ 7#ad7 p4 #cc4 #acge ,w>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #cfc4 #acgf ,pomel 7#di7 p4 #af4 #acgg ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cf7 ,a4 ,pl4 #ahi4 ,see also ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #abd4 #acgh ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cf7 ,a4 ,pl4 #ahi1 figs4 #c1 #e4 #acgi ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aje1 fig4 #g4 #achj ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bdb1 ,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #i4 #acha ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #bgj1 ,pls4 #ace1 #acf4 #achb ,compt]1 ,g4 7#jc74 #achc ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #bjg1 ,pl4 lxxii4 figs4 #ah-bc4 #achd ,pomel 7#di7 p4 #ac4 #ache ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 p4 #aej1 ,pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #aj4 #achf ,see page #ada4 #achg ,zigno 7#he7 p4 #aef1 ,pl4 xlii4 #achh ,saporta 7#ia7 p4 #dff1 ,pl4 #bih4 #achi ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fii1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ah4 #acij ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 #aaf2 7#ia7 ,pl4 #bih4 #acia ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aaa4 #acib ,na?or/ 7#hf7 p4 #hj1 ,pl4 xvii4 fig4 #g4 #acic ,ibid4 7#jb7 p4 #f1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #aa4 #acid ,c>ru!rs 7#fi74 #acie ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #aei4 #acif ,sew>d & ,g[an 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #adc2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bge1 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #aa4 #acig ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #ba1 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 #acih ,na?or/ 7#jb7 p4 #bj1 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #bb1 #bc4 #acii ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #bc4 #adjj ,see ,vol4 iv4 #adja ,endli*] 7#dj7 p4 #gb4 ,see also ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #bja4 #adjb ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #abe4 #adjc ,c>ru!rs 7#fg7 p4 #ajd4 #adjd ,he] 7#gg7 ii4 p4 #dg1 ,pl4 xiii4 fig4 #aj4 #adje ,fli*e 7#if7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #c4 #adjf ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 pp4 #aac et seq42 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #bae2 7#jd7 ,b4 pp4 #ach1 #aej4 #adjg ,solms-,lauba* 7#ia7 ,a4 p4 #ib4 #adjh ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #acf4 #adji ,corda 9 ,reuss 7#df7 ,b4 ,pl4 xlvi4 #adaj ,vel5ovsk 7#he7 ,b4 ,pl4 #f1 ,pls4 iii4-v4 #adaa ,c>ru!rs 7#gj7 ,pl4 liv4 fig4 #f4 #adab ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aaf1 fig4 #fa1 ,b4 #adac ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #aii4 #adad ,see ,vol4 iv4 #adae ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #bji1 ,pl4 #aae1 figs4 #a1 #b4 #adaf ,he] 7#gg7 ii4 p4 #dg1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 #adag ,na?or/ 7#gh7 ,b4 p4 #di1 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #ae1 #af4 #adah ,corda 9 ,reuss 7#df7 ,b4 p4 #hf1 ,pl4 xlix4 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 #adai ,c>ru!rs 7#fg7 p4 #f4 #adbj ,vel5ovsk 7#he7 ,b4 p4 #h1 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #a-c1 #f1 #aa4 #adba ,vol4 ii4 p4 #hh4 #adbb ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #aaj1 ,pl4 ix4 figs4 #a-d4 #adbc ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,w4 ,n4 ,edw>ds ( ! ,briti% ,museum = ! cuticul> prep>ations4 #adbd ,newb]ry 7#hh7 p4 #cdf1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #e4 #adbe ,lesqu]eux 7#ia7 p4 #bi1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #ab4 #adbf ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #agd1 ,pl4 lxx4 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 lxxi4 figs4 #c1 #d1 etc4 #adbg ,saporta 7#gd72 ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aaf1 fig4 #fa ,c4 #adbh ,ett+%aus5 7#hh7 p4 #bgb1 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #aj4 #adbi ,?omas1 ,h4 ,h4 7#ae74 #adcj ,gutbi] 7#di7 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #g4 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ,palaeozoic records1 see ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #i4 #adca ,ei*wald 7#ee7 ,vol4 i4 ,pl4 xv4 figs4 #e1 #f2 ,zeill] 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #dgd4 #adcb ,s&b]g] 7#fd7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #a-d4 #adcc ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aji2 ,zeill] 7#jf7 ,b4 p4 #aid4 #adcd ,goepp]t 7#dd7 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #f4 #adce ,ibid4 7#ff7 ,pl4 ii4 #adcf ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#gh7 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #d1 #e4 #adcg ,ibid4 7#he7 fig4 #fa1 ,a1 p4 #aaf4 #adch ,krass] 7#jc7 p4 #heb4 #adci ,ett+%aus5 7#hf7 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #ai-ba2 7#hh7 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #ai-ba4 #addj ,na?or/ 7#ab7 p4 #cf4 #adda ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #addb ,! g5us ,ptilozamites describ$ briefly 9 ,volume ii4 has rec5tly be5 fully inve/igat$ by ,antevs#addc :o _h access to ! ri* mat]ial 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum f ! ,rhaetic b$s ( ,scania4 ,he ?9ks t ! g5us is int]m$iate betwe5 ,anomozamites & ,ct5opt]is2 its sy/ematic position has n be5 def9itely e/abli%$ b1 z ,antevs says1 !re seems to be no reason :y x %\ld n be a memb] ( ! ,cycadophyta4 ,9 "s species1 e4g4 ,ptilozamites fallax ,na?4 & ,p4 ,nilssoni ,na?41 ! ra*is is =k$1 :ile 9 ,p4 ,he]i ,na?4 ) l9e> fronds rea*+ a l5g? ( #ec cm4 ! ra*is is undivid$4 #addc ,antevs 7#ad74 #addd ,see page #ejb4 #adde ,na?or/ 7#jh7 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #c-e2 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #aid1 ,pl4 xx4 fig4 #ab4 #addf ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #afj1 ,pls4 lxi4-lxvi42 ,b]ry 7#aa7 p4 #ced4 #addg ,morris 7#dj7 ,pl4 xxi4 figs4 #a-d4 #addh ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 cii4 #addi ,morris 7#da7 p4 #aaf4 #adej ,ibid4 7#ed7 p4 #ae4 #adea ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 p4 #bg4 #adeb ,fei/mantel 7#gf74 #adec ,ibid4 7#gf7 p4 #db4 #aded ,ibid4 7#gg7 ,pl4 xl4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #adee ,ibid4 7#gg7 p4 #id1 ,pls4 v4 vi4 #adef ,ibid4 7#gi74 #adeg ,ibid4 7#gg74 #adeh ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #aic4 #adei ,ibid4 7#jc7 p4 #bbg4 #adfj ,halle 7#ac74 #adfa ,halle 7#ac74 #adfb ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahd4 #adfc ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #bb2 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #d4 #adfd ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 #adfe ,halle 7#ac74 #adff ,ibid4 #adfg ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 ,pls4 xiv4-xvi4 #adfh ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #bb2 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #d4 #adfi ,/]nb]g 7#bc7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #aij2 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #ajf4 #adgj ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #id4 #adga ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ce7 ,a4 ,pl4 #agb4 #adgb ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #id4 #adgc ,&rae 7#ec7 ,a4 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #a4 #adgd ,sew>d 7#jg7 p4 #bi4 #adge ,na?or/ 7#jd7 ,b2 ,halle 7#ac74 #adgf ,halle 7#ac74 #adgg ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 p4 #ff1 ,pls4 xiv41 xv4 #adgh ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #eh1 ,pl4 vii4 #adgi ,ibid4 p4 #ef1 ,pl4 vii4 #adhj ,goepp]t 7#dd7 p4 #eb4 #adha ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #d4 #adhb ,miquel 7#ea7 p4 #bab4 #adhc ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ch4 #adhd ,s*imp] 7#gj7 ,a4 p4 #abg4 #adhe ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxxvi4 #adhf ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #id4 #adhg ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b4 p4 #h4 #adhh ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pls4 xxxvi4--vii4 #adhi ,goepp]t 7#dd7 p4 #abb4 #adij ,pomel 7#dg7 p4 #cdb4 #adia ,bornemann 7#ef7 ,a4 p4 #ed4 #adib ,na?or/ 7#ij7 ,a4 p4 #df4 #adic ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ge4 #adid ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #afe4 #adie ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #ee4 #adif ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 pp4 #abh1 #afc4 #adig ,kurr1 ,j4 ,g4 7#de7 ,b4 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #e4 #adih ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b4 p4 #h1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #h4 #adii ,saporta 7#id7 ,b4 ,pl4 xvi4 #aejj ,yokoyama 7#id7 ,pl4 xxi4 fig4 #e4 #aeja ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 p4 #ah4 ,?is /atem5t is bas$ on an exam9ation ( ! specim54 #aejb ,zeill] 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #agd4 #aejc ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #ee4 #aejd ,see page #ebe4 #aeje ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahd4 #aejf ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #aff1 ,pl4 xliii4 figs4 #c-f4 #aejg ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #id4 ,see ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #agh4 #aejh ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#ch7 ,a4 ,pl4 clxv4 #aeji ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pls4 ,,lxxxvii-,,xcii4 #aeaj ,ibid4 ,pls4 lxxxiv41 lxxxv4 #aeaa ,ibid4 ,pl4 xciii4 #aeab ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pl4 xciii4 #aeac ,&rae 7#ec7 ,a4 ,pl4 ix4 #aead ,fri & ,bay] 7#ja7 ,b4 fig4 #dc1 p4 #ib4 #aeae ,hosius & von d] ,m>* 7#hj7 ,b4 ,pl4 xliv4 fig4 #bjb4 #aeaf ,tate 7#fg7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #g4 #aeag ,sew>d 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #ba1 ,pls4 iii4 v4 #aeah ,no4 #aaaag4 #aeai ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #hf1 ,pl4 vi4 #aebj ,ibid4 7#aa7 p4 #fid1 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #dc4 #aeba ,mill] 7#eg7 ,b4 fig4 #acf4 #aebb ,ri*>ds 7#hd7 p4 #abj4 #aebc ,ett+%aus5 7#eb7 ,b4 p4 #ba1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #a2 ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #gi1 ,pls4 iii41 iv41 viii4 #aebd ,goepp]t 7#dg7 ,pl4 xxxviii4 #aebe ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #ahb1 ,pls4 lxviii4-lxxiv41 etc4 #aebf ,yokoyama 7#id7 p4 #bbc1 ,pls4 xx41 xxiii41 etc4 #aebg ,na?or/ 7#ij7 ,a4 ,pls4 ii41 iii41 v4 #aebh ,braun 9 ,mn/] 7#db7 ,b4 p4 #cf4 #aebi ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ef4 #aecj ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 ,pl4 xxvi4 fig4 #b2 ! specim5 is 9 ! ,/ockholm ,museum4 #aeca ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #ee4 #aecb ,zigno 7#he7 ,pl4 xlii4 fig4 #i4 #aecc ,wiel& 7#ac74 #aecd ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #g4 #aece ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahf1 ,pl4 xix4 figs4 #c1 #d4 #aecf ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #aecg ,brongni>t 7#be7 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #d2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bai2 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #ci4 #aech ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 cxxviii4 #aeci ,zeill] 7#ab7 p4 #f2 ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #fc 7footnote74 #aedj ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bah4 #aeda ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #e2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bac1 ,pls4 i41 ii4 #aedb ,zigno 7#ha7 ,pl4 xxxiii4 figs4 #c1 #d4 #aedc ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,,pl4 #aja4 #aedd ,ibid4 ,pl4 #ii4 #aede ,halle 7#ac7 ,pl4 vii4 #aedf ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 ,pl4 xvi4 figs4 #e-h4 #aedg ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pls4 xxxiii41 xxxiv4 #aedh ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a4 #aedi ,krass] 7#ia7 p4 #ab4 #aeej ,zeill] 7#je74 #aeea ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cb7 ,a4 ,pl4 xliv4 #aeeb ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 ,pl4 x4 fig4 #b4 #aeec ,zigno 7#he7 ,pls4 xxxv4-xxxvi4 #aeed ,zigno 7#ec7 p4 #aa2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #baa4 #aeee ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ix4 fig4 #c4 #aeef ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 ,pls4 vii41 xvi4 #aeeg ,mll] 7#jc7 ,pl4 i4 #aeeh ,zigno 7#ha7 ,pl4 xxiv42 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahf2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bba4 #aeei ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 xix42 ,fei/mantel 7#gf7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #d4 #aefj ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #aa1 ,pl4 ix4 figs4 #f1 #g2 ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #fj4 #aefa ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 ,pls4 cx41 cxi4 #aefb ,ibid4 ,pl4 cx4 #aefc ,?omas 7#aa7 p4 #hc1 ,pls4 v41 vi4 #aefd ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxxviii4 #aefe ,na?or/ 7#ac7 p4 #bgi4 #aeff ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #e2 ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #gj1 ,pl4 i4 #aefg ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 p4 #cg4 #aefh ,sew>d 7#jc74 #aefi ,yabe 7#je7 ,b4 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #b-g4 #aegj ,halle 7#ab72 7#ac7 p4 #i1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #bi-cc4 #aega ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #aegb ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxiv4 figs4 #a1 #b2 ,fei/mantel 7#gf7 ,pls4 iv4-vi42 7#gg7 ,pl4 ii4 #aegc ,yokoyama 7#hi7 ,b1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #aj2 ,pls4 x41 xi4 #aegd ,sew>d 7#jc7 p4 #bag4 #aege ,! /atem5t made by me ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #c t ,dictyozamites occurs 9 ! ,falkl&s is incorrect4 #aegf ,na?or/ 7#hi72 ,mll] 7#jc7 p4 #be1 ,pl4 v4 #aegg ,na?or/ 7#jg7 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #b-h4 #aegh ,sew>d 7#jc72 ,?omas 7#ac7 p4 #bch2 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #ahf1 ,pl4 xix4 figs4 #f-h4 #aegi ,brongni>t 7#be74 #aehj ,na?or/ 7#ha7 p4 #fa4 #aeha ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #ie4 #aehb ,he] 7#ge7 ii4 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #aa4 #aehc ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 p4 #adj4 #aehd ,potoni 7#ii7 ,b4 p4 #bha4 #aehe ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #agd4 #aehf ,halle 7#ae7 p4 #eae1 ,pl4 xiii4 figs4 #ah-bj1 #bb4 #aehg ,he] 7#gf7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #c4 #aehh ,leu?>dt 7#jc7 p4 #bj4 #aehi ,see page #dfc4 #aeij ,?omas 7#ac7 p4 #bcg4 #aeia ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pls4 xxxvii4-viii4 #aeib ,ibid4 ,pl4 xxxix4 fig4 #g4 #aeic ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 ,pl4 xix4 fig4 #e4 #aeid ,ett+%aus5 7#hf7 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #ai-ba4 #aeie ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fai1 ,pl4 lxviii4 #aeif ,arb]1 ,e4 ,a4 ,n4 7#ab74 #aeig ,s&b]g] 7#fd7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #a-d4 #aeih ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cbb1 fig4 #fd4 #aeii ,saporta & ,m>ion 7#he7 p4 #aji1 fig4 #eh ,a4 #afjj ,s&b]g] 7#fd7 ,pl4 ii4 figs4 #a-d4 #afja ,ge9itz 7#gc7 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #i4 #afjb ,ge9itz fig4 #h4 #afjc ,brongni>t 7#bh7 p4 #ie4 #afjd ,leu?>dt 7#jc7 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 v4 #afje ,ibid4 p4 #af1 ,pl4 v4 #afjf ,ibid4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 viii4 figs4 #c-e4 #afjg ,krass] 7#ji74 #afjh ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,pl4 ii4 ,!re are "s f9e examples f ! ,raibl b$s 9 ! ,vi5na ,geological ,survey ,collection4 #afji ,arb] 7#jg74 #afaj ,fonta9e 7#hc7 ,b4 p4 #hj1 ,pls4 xliii4-v4 #afaa ,s*imp] 7#gb7 ,a4 pp4 #abg1 #acb4 #afab ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,pl4 ii4 #afac ,goepp]t 7#dd72 ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 p4 #afd1 ,pl4 xxxviii4 #afad ,s*5k 7#hg7 ,b4 p4 #f1 ,pls4 vi41 ix4 #afae ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #ahi1 ,pl4 xlvii4 fig4 #a4 #afaf ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #aih1 ,pl4 xlix4 figs4 #a-c4 #afag ,ibid4 7#je7 p4 #aid4 #afah ,braun1 ,f4 7#dc74 #afai ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #agg1 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #h2 ,pl4 xliv4 figs4 #a-e4 #afbj ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxviii4 figs4 #e-i4 #afba ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #g4 #afbb ,fei/mantel 7#hf7 ,pl4 ii4 ,a4 figs4 #d-h4 #afbc ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bci4 #afbd ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fid1 ,pls4 iv41 v4 etc4 #afbe ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xix4 #afbf ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxii4 #afbg ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxiv4 fig4 #e4 #afbh ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 ix42 ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pls4 v41 vi4 #afbi ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #d4 #afcj ,see ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bjd4 #afca ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #ad1 ,pl4 vi4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #afcb ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ia2 see also ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,pl4 xxxiv4 #afcc ,/]nb]g 7#be7 ,a4 p4 xxxii4 #afcd ,brongni>t 7#bh7 ,a4 p4 #ic4 ,specim5s nam$ by ,brongni>t ,cycadites ,nilssoniana are probably fragm5ts ( ,dicotyl$on\s leaves ,na?or/ 7#ha7 p4 #hc4 #afce ,hold51 ,r4 7#ad74 #afcf ,na?or/ 7#jg74 #afcg ,halle 7#ae74 #afch ,pls4 xii41 xiii4 #afci ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #afdj ,he] 7#hb7 ,b4 ,pl4 v4 #afda ,ibid4 7#gh7 ii4 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #a2 ,na?or/ 7#ig7 p4 #chg4 #afdb ,he] 7#gg7 ii4 ,pls4 viii41 xxiii41 xxv4 #afdc ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pls4 vii41 viii42 ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xlviii4 fig4 #a2 ! draw+ is v inaccurate4 #afdd ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 ix4 #afde ,fei/mantel 7#gi7 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #aj2 ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #e1 note #b4 #afdf ,goepp]t 7#ff74 #afdg ,zeill] 7#jb7 ,b4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #d4 #afdh ,na?or/ 7#jg7 ,pls4 i4-iii4 #afdi ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p #bi1 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #g2 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #e2 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #b4 #afej ,saporta 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #aga1 ,pl4 xxxii4 #afea ,hold51 ,r4 7#ad74 #afeb ,halle 7#ee71 p4 #ejb4 #afec ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxxii4 fig4 #a4 #afed ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 pp4 #b-g4 #afee ,halle 7#ae71 ,pl4 xii4 fig4 #ab4 #afef ,zeill] 7#jc7 ,b4 p4 #aee1 ,pl4 xli4 #afeg ,brauns 7#ff7 p4 #ef1 ,pl4 xiv4 fig4 #g2 ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxxv4 fig4 #aa2 ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #cg1 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #d2 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #a4 #afeh ,ligni] 7#ac7 p4 #ij1 ,pl4 ix4 figs4 #ah1 #ai4 #afei ,brongni>t 7#be74 #affj ,na?or/ 7#ji74 #affa ,pages #ac1 #af4 #affb ,na?or/ 7#ji72 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac74 #affc ,/opes 7#aj74 #affd ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxix4 figs4 #a1 #b4 #affe ,see vol4 iv4 #afff ,na?or/ 7#hf7 ,pl4 xviii4 fig4 #e4 #affg ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #bh4 #affh ,?omas 7#ac7 p4 #bda2 ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #aic4 #affi ,miquel 7#db7 p4 #fa4 #afgj ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 p4 #abg1 ,pls4 xxix41 xxx42 ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #aj1 ,pl4 v4 figs4 #i-ac1 etc4 #afga ,= o!r ref]5ces see ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #aj4 #afgb ,brongni>t 7#be7 p4 #bah4 #afgc ,na?or/ 7#ji7 p4 #ab1 ,pl4 i4 figs4 #b-ce1 etc4 #afgd ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,pls4 vii41 viii4 #afge ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 p4 #abd4 #afgf ,s*5k 7#fg7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxix4 fig4 #aj4 #afgg ,/opes 7#aj74 #afgh ,na?or/ 7#hf7 p4 #gb4 #afgi ,ibid4 7#jb7 p4 #ah1 ,pl4 i4 #afhj ,ibid4 7#ji7 p4 #ba1 ,pls4 vi41 vii4 #afha ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #bj4 ,see ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b1 p4 #bbc1 ,pl4 iv4 fig4 #e2 text figs4 #ci1 #dj4 #afhb ,?omas & ,bancr(t 7#ac7 p4 #aia4 #afhc ,a specim5 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,p>is1 labell$ ,n4 ,williamsonis is probably t m5tion$ by ,brongni>t4 #afhd ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pls4 x4-xiii42 ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xlvii4 #afhe ,he] 7#gh7 ii4 ,pls4 xxiii41 xxiv42 ,sew>d 7#ab7 p4 #bg1 ,pl4 ii4 #afhf ,na?or/ 7#ig7 p4 #ac4 #afhg ,yokoyama 7#hi7 ,b4 ,pls4 v41 vii41 xii41 xiii42 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 ,pl4 xvii4 #afhh ,he] 7#gh7 ii4 p4 #ah1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #e-i4 #afhi ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bcj1 fig4 #da4 #afij ,he] 7#hb7 ,b4 ,pl4 vi4 #afia ,= figures & ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fie2 ,?omas 7#aa7 p4 #hf4 #afib ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #dg1 ,pls4 v41 vi4 #afic ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 ,pls4 xxx4-xxxv4 #afid ,b]ry 7#aa7 p4 #cfb1 ,pls4 lvii41 lviii4 #afie ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bbd4 #afif ,na?or/ 7#ig7 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #ah4 #afig ,sew>d 7#ab7 p4 #cj4 #afih ,yokoyama 7#hi7 ,b42 ,na?or/ 7#ij7 ,a4 #afii ,/opes 7#aj74 #agjj ,salfield 7#ji7 ,b4 ,pl4 iii4 figs4 #e-g4 #agja ,= ref]5ces1 see ,sew>d 7#ab7 p4 #ca4 #agjb ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ai4 #agjc ,leck5by 7#fd7 ,a4 p4 #gg2 ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bbg1 ,pl4 iv4 figs4 #a-d4 #agjd ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bbg4 #agje ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #abj4 #agjf ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fig4 #agjg ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 p4 #bc1 ,pls4 x4-xiii42 ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xlvii4 #agjh ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,b4 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #a4 #agji ,dunk] 7#df7 ,a4 p4 #ae1 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #g1 etc42 ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #ec4 #agaj ,s*5k 7#ga7 ,b42 ,na?or/ 7#ij7 ,a42 ,yokoyama 7#id72 ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b42 ,yabe 7#ac74 #agaa ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ciii42 ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ba4 #agab ,zeill] 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #aae2 ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #aac4 #agac ,ett+%aus5 7#ea74 #agad ,s*5k 7#fh74 #agae ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pls4 xvii4-xix4 #agaf ,/aub 7#if74 #agag ,na?or/ 7#hf7 p4 #dc4 #agah ,sew>d 7#jj7 p4 #ba2 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bcb1 figs4 #db1 #dc4 #agai ,raciborski 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 xvi4 #agbj ,fonta9e 7#hi7 ,b4 p4 #agd1 ,pls4 lxx4-lxxii4 #agba ,krass] 7#ji7 p4 #aac4 #agbb ,na?or/ 7#hf7 p4 #hi1 ,pls4 vii41 viii41 xi41 xix4 #agbc ,raciborski 7#ib7 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #b4 #agbd ,/aub 7#if7 #agbe ,ett+%aus5 7#ea7 ,pls4 xi41 xii4 #agbf ,s*5k 7#fh74 #agbg ,raciborski 7#ib7 ,pl4 ii4 fig4 #b4 #agbh ,ibid4 7#id7 ,a4 ,pl4 xviii4 fig4 #b4 #agbi ,yokoyama 7#jf7 ,b4 ,pl4 ix4 #agcj ,phillips 7#bi7 ,a4 p4 #adh1 ,pl4 vii4 fig4 #ba4 #agca ,l9dley & ,hutton 7#cd7 ,a4 ,pl4 ciii4 #agcb ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 p4 #aac4 #agcc ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bce1 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #b2 ,zigno 7#ef7 ,a4 ,pl4 xxiv4 #agcd ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 ,pls4 xxvii4-xxviii4 #agce ,sew>d 7#ab7 ,pl4 iii4 fig4 #dc4 #agcf ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aae4 #agcg ,ibid4 7#jj7 p4 #ba4 #agch ,sew>d 7#aa7 p4 #fia4 #agci ,ibid4 p4 #gib1 ,pls4 iv41 vii41 viii41 x4 #agdj ,mill] 7#eg7 ,b4 figs4 #acc1 #ace4 #agda ,ri*>ds 7#hd7 p4 #aag4 #agdb ,sew>d 7#ie7 ,a4 p4 #hi1 fig4 #e4 #agdc ,tate 7#fg7 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #c2 ,sew>d 7#jc7 ,b4 ,pl4 v4 fig4 #c4 #agdd ,fonta9e 7#hc7 ,b4 ,pls4 xxxix4-xlii4 #agde ,fonta9e 9 ,w>d 7#je7 ,b4 ,pl4 xxiii4 #agdf ,sew>d 7#aa7 ,pls4 iv41 vii4 #agdg ,halle 7#ac7 p4 #ea1 ,pl4 vi4 fig4 #h4 #agdh ,b]ry 7#aa7 p4 #cdi4 #agdi ,oldham & ,morris 7#fc7 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #d4 #agej ,ibid4 ,pl4 xv4 fig4 #a42 ,fei/mantel 7#gg7 ,pl4 xliii4 fig4 #a4 #agea ,?omas 7#ac7 p4 #bdb1 ,pls4 xxiv41 xxvi4 #ageb ,ibid4 ,pl4 xxvi4 #agec ,fei/mantel 7#hf7 ,pl4 ii4 ,a4 figs4 #d-h4 #aged ,brongni>t 7#di7 ,a4 p4 #fa4 #agee ,zigno 7#he7 p4 #aje4 #agef ,sew>d 7#jj7 ,b4 p4 #bae4 #ageg ,r5ault 7#if7 ,a4 p4 #cbg2 7#ic7 ,a4 ,pl4 lxxxi4 fig4 #a4 #ageh ,sew>d 7#jd7 ,b4 p4 #aai1 ,pl4 xi4 fig4 #d1 text-fig4 #ab4 #agei ,buckman 7#de7 ,pl4 i4 fig4 #b4 #agfj ,zigno 7#he7 ,pls4 xxxix41 xl4 #agfa ,newb]ry 7#hh7 ,pl4 viii4 fig4 #ad4 #agfb ,see vol4 iv4 #agfc ,bod5b5d] 7#jb7 p4 #dj ( ! repr9t4 #agfd ,zeill] 7#id7 ,b4 p4 #agd1 ,pls4 viii41 ix4 #agfe ,r5ault & ,zeill] 7#hh7 ,a4 p4 #fad1 ,pl4 lxvii4 fig4 #h4 #agff ,zalessky 7#je7 p4 #dja1 fig4 #ac4 #agfg ,potoni 7#ic7 ,a4 p4 #baj1 ,pl4 xxix4 fig4 #e4 #agfh ,zalessky 7#je7 p4 #djc1 figs4 #ad1 #ae4 #agfi ,bassl] 7#af74 #aggj ,saporta 7#ge7 ,a4 p4 #aic1 ,pl4 #aad1 fig4 #c2 ,pl4 #aag1 fig4 #a4 #agga ,fli*e & ,blei*] 7#hb7 p4 #ba1 fig4 #d4 #aggb ,/opes 7#ae7 p4 #ec4 ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,peace1 ,m4,a41 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by pluses is 9 small caps 7small caps74 ,text enclos$ by a/]isks is 9 blacklett] font 799blacklett]9974 ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,an ,,erratum appe>s to h be5 pa/$ onto page #fjb ( ! bibliography1 ?is 0 mov$ to foll[ ! bibliography4