,! ,dale ,memorial ,lectures1 #aibb4 ,,civilization ,,& ,,e?ics ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,civilization ,,"p ,,ii ,,by ,,alb]t ,,s*weitz] ,d4,,!ol42 ,d4,,phil42 ,d4,,m$4 7,,/rassburg7 ,second ,edition ,,translat$ ,,by ,c4 ,t4 ,,campion ,m4,a4 7,,oxon47 ,a4 ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ltd4 #d1 #e #f ,,soho ,,squ>e1 ,,london1 ,w4 #a #aibi ,fir/ ,edition publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aibc ,second ,edition 7revis$71 publi%$ 9 #aibi ,to ,,my ,,wife ,,! ,,mo/ ,,loyal ,,( ,,comrades ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,preface ,,my subject is ! trag$y ( ! ,we/]n _w-view47#a7 ,:ile /ill a /ud5t ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d ! hi/ory ( ?\ght always writt5 m]ely z a hi/ory ( philosophical sy/ems1 nev] z ! hi/ory ( man's ef=t to arrive at a _w-view4 ,lat]1 :5 reflect+ on ! curr5t ( civilization 9 :i* ,i f\nd myself liv+1 ,i 0 /ruck by ! /range & inexorable connexions :i* exi/ betwe5 civilization & our view ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,next ,i felt a /ill /rong] compulsion to put to ,we/]n ?\ght ! "q :at x has be5 aim+ at1 & :at result x has rea*$ 9 ! matt] ( _w-view4 ,:at is !re left ( ! a*ievem5ts ( our philosophy :5 x is /ripp$ ( its t9sel ( le>n+8 ,:at has x to (f] u :5 we dem& f x ^? elem5tal ideas :i* we ne$ if we are to take our position 9 life z m5 :o are gr[+ 9 "* ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce giv5 by "w8 ,s ,i came to an unsp>+ reckon+ up ) ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,i recogniz$ & admitt$ t x has s\ght = t _w-view f :i* alone a deep & compreh5sive civilization c come4 ,x want$ to rea* a position pg vi ( _w- & life-affirmation & on t f\ndation lay d[n t x is our duty to be active1 to /rive = progress ( all k9ds1 & to create values4 ,x want$ to rea* an e?ical sy/em & on t f\ndation lay d[n t = ! sake ( s]viceable activity we h to place our life at ! s]vice ( ideas & ( ! o!r life ar\nd u4 ,b x did n succe$ 9 gr\nd+ its _w- & life-affirm+ e?ical _w-view conv9c+ly & p]man5tly 9 ?\ght4 ,our philosophy did no?+ m ?an produce aga9 & aga9 un/able fragm5ts ( ! s]viceable _w-view :i* hov]$ be=e its m9d's eye4 ,consequ5tly our civilization also rema9$ fragm5t>y & insecure4 ,x 0 a fatal mi/ake t ,we/]n ?\ght nev] admitt$ to itself ! unsatisfy+ result ( its se>* = a /able & s]viceable _w-view4 ,our philosophiz+ became less & less elem5tal1 los+ all connexion ) ! elem5t>y que/ions :i* man mu/ ask ( life & ( ! _w4 ,m & m x f\nd satisfaction 9 ! h&l+ ( philosophic que/ions t 7 m]ely academic1 & 9 an exp]t's ma/]y ( philosophical te*nique4 ,x became m & m ! captive ( second>y ?+s4 ,in/ead ( real music x produc$ aga9 & aga9 m]e b&ma/]'s music1 (t5 magnific5t /uff ( its k9d1 b /ill only b&ma/]'s music4 ,?r\gh ?is philosophy :i* did no?+ b philosophize in/ead ( /ruggl+ = a _w-view gr\nd$ 9 ?\ght & s]viceable = life1 we came to be )\t any _w-view & !re=e )\t any civilization4 ,signs ( an awak5+ ( ?\ght on ?is po9t are beg9n+ to be visible4 ,x is admitt$ "h & !re t philosophy mu/ aga9 try to (f] a _w-view4 ,?is is g5]ally express$ by say+ t p are enc\rag+ x to v5ture once m on 8metaphysics10 t is to put =w>d def9itive views ab\t ! spiritual nature ( ! _w1 :]eas hi!rto x has be5 occupi$ ) ! classification ( sci5tific facts & 9 cauti\s hypo!ses4 ,n only 9 philosophy1 b 9 ?\ght g5]ally ?is pg vii awak5+ ( ! ne$ = a _w-view expresses itself z a ne$ = 8metaphysics40 ,fanta/ic sy/ems ( 8metaphysics0 are s\ght = & (f]$4 ,individuals :o believe t !y h at _! disposal peculi> psy*ic exp]i5ces1 & ass]t t ) _! aid !y c look beh9d ! actual nature ( ph5om5a1 come =w>d z br+]s ( a _w-view4 ,b nei!r ! cauti\s academic1 nor ! mu*-claim+ fanta/ic 8metaphysics10 c really give u a _w-view4 ,t ! road to a _w-view leads ?r\gh 8metaphysics0 is a fatal error :i* has already enjoy$ too long a span ( life 9 our ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,x w\ld be tragic if we r5ew$ its vig\r j n[1 :5 we are fac$ by ! necessity ( work+ our way out ( t lack ( _w-view 9 :i* our mis]y1 bo? spiritual & mat]ial1 is gr\nd$4 ,no fur!r w&]+ along ! traditional roads t lead n[h]e c save u1 :e!r we advance z ! successors ( our fa!rs or on adv5tur\s l9es ( our own4 ,only 9 a deep conception ( & exp]i5ce 9 ! problems ( _w-view is !re = u any possibility ( advance4 ,t is :y ,i am und]tak+ :at has nev] be5 attempt$ 9 ?is way be=e1 viz4 s to pose ! problem ( ! ,we/]n _w-view z to make ! ,we/]n se>* = a _w-view come to a halt & take acc\nt ( itself4 ,!re are two po9ts on :i* x mu/ be cle> be=e x proce$s to fur!r ex]tion4 ,! fir/ is ! ov]:elm+ importance 9 ! se>* = a _w-view ( ! quality ( ! _w-view s\ght4 ,:at is x t we want8 ,we want to f9d ! _w- & life-affirmation & ! e?ical sy/em :i* we ne$ = t s]viceable activity :i* gives our life a mean+1 bas$ on su* ?\ght ab\t ! _w & life z f9ds a mean+ 9 !m also4 ,if our se>* = a _w-view is once ?or\ghly p]meat$ by ! recognition t ev]y?+ turns ^u ^! two fundam5tal que/ions1 x is !reby sav$ f betak+ itself to by-pa?s1 ?9k+ t by "s happy disposition ( =tune x c rea* its goal along !m4 ,x w !n pg viii n se>* = a 8metaphysic10 ?9k+ by means ( x to rea* a _w-view1 b x w se>* = a _w-view & accept ) x any?+ 8metaphysical0 t may turn up4 ,f e po9t ( view x w rema9 elem5tal4 ,! second task :i* ! consci\s se>* = a _w-view mu/ n %irk1 is ! consid]ation ( :at is ! real & ultimate nature ( ! process by :i* x has hi!rto attempt$ to secure t s]viceable _w-view :i* hov]$ be=e x4 ,reflexion on ?is is necess>y t x may make up its m9d :e!r fur!r advance along ! road x has hi!rto foll[$ gives any prospect ( success4 ,our philosophy ought to h be5 philosophiz+ long ago ab\t ! road along :i* x 0 go+ 9 se>* ( a _w-view4 ,x nev] did s1 & !re=e 0 always runn+ uselessly r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle4 ,! process by :i* ,we/]n ?\ght has hi!rto s\ght = a _w-view is doom$ to be fruitless4 ,x consi/$ simply 9 int]pret+ ! _w 9 ! s5se ( _w- & life-affirmation1 t is1 9 attribut+ to ! _w a mean+ :i* all[$ x to conceive ! aims ( mank9d & ( individual m5 z hav+ a mean+ )9 x4 ,?is int]pretation is act$ ^u by all ,we/]n philosophy4 ,a few ?9k]s :o v5ture to be un-,we/]n & resolutely all[ _w- & life-negation & e?ics to be made subjects ( discussion1 are side-curr5ts :i* d n affect ! ma9 c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,t ?is process foll[$ by ,we/]n ?\ght consi/s 9 adopt+ an optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w w n be cle> )\t fur!r explanation1 = x is1 inde$1 n always op5ly foll[$4 ,! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation is (t5 to be f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! results ( inve/igations into ! nature ( k2 x (t5 appe>s b5ea? a veil ( 8metaphysics02 x is (t5 s delicately %ad$ t x produces none ( its usual effects4 ,x is only :5 "o has cle>ly grasp$ ! fact t ,we/]n ?\ght has no?+ else 9 m9d ?an to e/abli% = itself a _w-view bas$ on _w- & life-affirmation & e?ical 9 "*1 t "o c realize pg ix h[ 9 its !ory ( k1 9 its metaphysics1 & 9 all its movem5ts g5]ally 9 ! game ( life1 x is guid$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by ! ef=t to int]pret ! _w 9 "s way or o!r & 9 "s measure 9 ! s5se ( _w- & life-affirmation & ( e?ics4 ,:e!r 9 ?is attempt x goes to "w op5ly or secretly1 skilfully or unskilfully1 hon\rably or craftily1 does n matt]4 ,we/]n ?\ght ne$s ?is int]pretation t x may be able to give a mean+ to human life4 ,its view ( life is to be a result ( its view ( ! _w4 ,no o!r c\rse 0 ev] tak5 into consid]ation by x4 ,b ?is awak5+ ( ,we/]n ?\ght w n be complete until t ?\ght /eps outside itself & comes to an und]/&+ ) ! se>* = a _w-view z ?is manife/s itself 9 ! ?\ght ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,we h too long be5 occupi$ ) ! develop+ s]ies ( our own philosophical sy/ems1 & h tak5 no notice ( ! fact t !re is a _w-philosophy ( :i* our ,we/]n philosophy is only a "p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o grasps philosophy z be+ a /ruggle to rea* a view ( ! _w z a :ole1 & seeks out ! elem5t>y convictions :i* are to deep5 x & give x a sure f\ndation1 "o _c avoid sett+ our own ?\ght face to face ) t ( ! ,h9dus & ,*9ese 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! latt] looks /range to u because mu* ( x has rema9$ ev5 till n[ nave & embodi$ 9 my?1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts aga9 x has spontane\sly advanc$ to ref9em5ts ( criticism & to artificialities4 ,b ?is does n matt]4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t x is a /ruggle = a _w-view3 ! =m x takes is a second>y matt]4 ,our ,we/]n philosophy1 if judg$ by its own late/ pron\ncem5ts1 is mu* nav] ?an we admit to ourselves1 & we fail to p]ceive x only because we h acquir$ ! art ( express+ :at is simple 9 a le>n$ way4 ,among ! ,h9dus we enc\nt] ! _w-view :i* is bas$ on _w- & life-negation1 & ! way 9 :i* x gr\nds itself 9 ?\ght is calculat$ to leave u n kn[+ :at to make ( our prejudice 9 fav\r ( _w- pg x & life-affirmation1 :i*1 z ,we/]n]s1 we are incl9$ to assume z some?+ m or less self-evid5t4 ,! attraction & t5sion :i* 9 ,h9du ?\ght gov]n ! relations betwe5 _w- & life-negation & e?ics1 af=d u glimpses into ! problem ( e?ics = :i* ,we/]n ?\ght (f]s u no comp>able opportunities4 ,n[h]e1 aga91 has ! problem ( _w- & life-affirmation1 bo? 9 itself & 9 its relation to e?ics1 be5 felt 9 s elem5tal & compreh5sive a fa%ion z 9 ,*9ese ?\ght4 ,lao-tse1 ,*wang-tse1 ,kung-tse 7,confucius71 ,m5g-tse1 ,lie-tse1 & ! re/1 are ?9k]s 9 :om ! problems ( _w-view ) :i* our ,we/]n ?\ght is wre/l+1 enc\nt] u 9 a =m1 /range inde$1 b compell+ our att5tion4 ,discuss+ ^! problems ) !m means discuss+ !m ) ourselves also4 ,t is :y ,i bade our se>* = a _w-view seek to rea* cle> ideas ab\t itself1 & come to a halt 9 ord] to fix its att5tion on ! ?\ght ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,my solution ( ! problem is t we mu/ make up our m9ds to r5\nce completely ! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,if we take ! _w z x is1 x is impossible to attribute to x a mean+ 9 :i* ! aims & objects ( mank9d & ( individual m5 h a mean+ also4 ,nei!r _w- & life-affirmation nor e?ics c be gr\nd$ on :at our k ( ! _w c tell u ab\t ! _w4 ,9 ! _w we c discov] no?+ ( any purposive evolution 9 :i* our activities c acquire a mean+4 ,nor is ! e?ical to be discov]$ 9 any =m 9 ! _w-process4 ,! only advance 9 k t we c make is to describe m & m m9utely ! ph5om5a :i* make up ! _w & _! c\rse4 ,to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! :ole--& t is :at a _w-view dem&s--is = u an impossibility4 ,! la/ fact :i* k c discov] is t ! _w is a manife/ation 9 e way puzzl+1 ( ! univ]sal w-to-live4 pg xi ,i believe ,i am ! fir/ among ,we/]n ?9k]s :o has v5tur$ to recognize ?is cru%+ result ( k1 & :o is absolutely sceptical ab\t our k ( ! _w )\t at ! same "t r5\nc+ ) x belief 9 _w- & life-affirmation & e?ics4 ,resignation z to k ( ! _w is = me n a hopeless fall into a scepticism :i* leaves u to drift ab\t 9 life l a d]elict vessel4 ,i see 9 x t ef=t ( hone/y :i* we mu/ v5ture to make 9 ord] to arrive at ! s]viceable _w-view :i* hov]s )9 sight4 ,e _w-view :i* does n />t f resignation 9 reg>d to k1 is artificial & a m]e fabrication1 = x re/s ^u an inadmissible int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,:5 once ?\ght has become cle> to itself ab\t ! relation 9 :i* _w-view & life-view /& to ea* o!r1 x is 9 a position to reconcile resignation z to k ) adh]5ce to _w- & life-affirmation & e?ics4 ,our view ( life is n dep5d5t on our view ( ! _w 9 ! way t uncritical ?\ght imag9es x to be4 ,x does n )] away if x _c s5d its roots d[n into a correspond+ _w-view1 = x does n orig9ate 9 k al?\gh x w\ld l to base itself !reon4 ,x c safely dep5d ^u itself alone1 = x is root$ 9 our w-to-live4 ,_w- & life-affirmation & e?ics are giv5 9 our w-to-live1 & !y come to be cle>ly disc]n$ 9 x 9 proportion z x le>ns to ?9k ab\t itself & its relation to ! _w4 ,! rational ?\ght ( o!r times aim$ at gett+ to "k ! _w1 & at be+ able 9 t k to conceive ( ! highe/ impulses ( our w-to-live z purposive 9 view ( ! univ]se & its evolution4 ,b t aim 0 unatta9able4 ,we are n meant to unite ! _w & ourselves 9 su* h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,we 7 nave en\gh to assume t our view ( life mu/ be conta9$ 9 our view ( ! _w1 b ! facts d n ju/ify ?is assumption4 ,! result is t our ?\ght f9ds itself involv$ 9 a dualism ) :i* x c pg xii nev] f9ally settle4 ,x is ! dualism ( _w-view & life-view1 ( kn[+ & will+4 ,to ?is dualism all ! problems ) :i* human ?\ght has busi$ itself ultimately g back4 ,e fragm5t ( ! ?\ght ( mank9d :i* has any be>+ on man's view ( ! _w--:e!r 9 ! _w-religions or 9 philosophy--is an attempt to resolve ?is dualism4 ,x is sometimes s(t5$ d[n1 b only to let a unit>y1 moni/ic _w-view be adopt$ 9 its place2 at o!r times x is left curr5t1 b is trans=m$ into a drama ) a moni/ic issue4 ,innum]able are ! exp$i5ts :i* ?\ght us$ 9 try+ to get rid ( dualism4 ,ev]y?+ x has und]tak5 comm&s respect1 ev5 ! /agg]+ navets & ! mean+less acts ( viol5ce to :i* x committ$ itself1 = x 0 always act+ "u ! compulsion ( an inn] necessity3 x want$ to rescue a s]viceable _w-view f ! abyss ( dualism4 ,b f ?is cont9u\s mi%&l+ ( ! problem no solution c\ld issue capable ( satisfy+ ?\ght4 ,we 7 to be tak5 ov] ! abyss on tott]+ bridges ( sn[4 ,in/ead ( go+ on bridg+ ?is abyss ) =c$ logic & imag9ative ideas1 we mu/ make up our m9ds to get to ! root ( ! problem & let x "w ^u u z x comes /raight to meet u 9 ! facts4 ,! solution is1 n to try to get rid ( dualism f ! _w1 b to realize x z some?+ :i* c no long] d u any h>m4 ,t is possible if we leave beh9d u all ! arts & ! unv]acities ( ?\ght & b[ to ! fact t1 z we _c h>monize our life-view & our _w-view1 we mu/ make up our m9ds to put ! =m] above ! latt]4 ,! volition :i* is giv5 9 our w-to-live rea*es beyond our k ( ! _w4 ,:at is decisive = our life-view is n our k ( ! _w b ! "* ( ! volition :i* is giv5 9 our w-to-live4 ,! univ]sal _s meets u 9 nature z puzzl+ creative p[]4 ,9 our w-to-live we exp]i5ce pg xiii x )9 u z volition :i* is bo? _w- & life-affirm+ & e?ical4 ,our relation to ! _w z x is giv5 9 ! "* ( our w-to-live1 :5 ?is latt] seeks to compreh5d itself 9 ?\ght3 t is our view ( ! _w4 ,_w-view is a product ( life-view1 n vice v]s4 ,! rational ?\ght ( to-day1 !re=e1 does n hunt ! phantom ( gett+ to "k ! _w4 ,x leaves k ( ! _w on "o side z some?+ unatta9able by u1 & tries to come to cle> ideas ab\t ! w-to-live :i* is )9 u4 ,! problem ( _w-view1 !n1 br\ght back to facts & tackl$ by rational ?\ght )\t assumptions be+ made1 may be put ?us3 8,:at is ! relation ( my w-to-live1 :5 x le>ns to ?9k1 to itself & to ! _w80 ,& ! answ] is3 8,f an inn] compulsion to be true to itself & to rema9 consi/5t ) itself1 our w-to-live ent]s into relations ) our own individual be+ & ) all manife/ations ( ! w-to-live :i* surr\nd x1 t are det]m9$ by ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce = life40 ,rev]5ce = life1 v5]atio vit1 is ! mo/ direct & at ! same "t ! pr(\nde/ a*ievem5t ( my w-to-live4 ,9 rev]5ce = life my k passes into exp]i5ce4 ,! unsophi/icat$ _w- & life-affirmation :i* is )9 me j because ,i am w-to-live has1 !re=e1 no ne$ to ent] into controv]sy ) itself1 if my w-to-live le>ns to ?9k & yet does n und]/& ! mean+ ( ! _w4 ,9 spite ( ! negative results ( k ,i h to hold fa/ to _w- & life-affirmation & deep5 x4 ,my life c>ries its own mean+ 9 itself4 ,?is mean+ lies 9 my liv+ out ! highe/ idea :i* %[s itself 9 my w-to-live1 viz4 ! idea ( rev]5ce = life4 ,) t = a />t+-po9t ,i give value to my own life & to all ! w-to-live :i* surr\nds me1 ,i p]sev]e 9 activity1 & ,i produce values4 ,e?ics gr[ out ( ! same root z _w- & pg xiv life-affirmation1 = e?ics1 too1 are no?+ b rev]5ce = life4 ,t is :at gives me ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( morality1 viz4 t good consi/s 9 ma9ta9+1 promot+1 & enhanc+ life & t de/roy+1 injur+1 & limit+ life are evil4 ,affirmation ( ! _w1 :i* means affirmation ( ! w-to-live t manife/s itself all r\nd me1 is only possible if ,i devote myself to o!r life4 ,f an inn] necessity ,i ex]t myself 9 produc+ values & practis+ e?ics 9 ! _w & on ! _w ev5 ?\gh n und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! _w4 ,= 9 _w- & life-affirmation & 9 e?ics ,i c>ry out ! w ( ! univ]sal w-to-live :i* reveals itself 9 me4 ,i live my life 9 ,god1 9 ! my/]i\s div9e p]sonality :i* ,i d n "k z su* 9 ! _w1 b only exp]i5ce z a my/]i\s ,w )9 myself4 ,rational ?9k+ :i* is free f assumptions ends !re=e 9 my/icism4 ,to relate oneself 9 ! _s ( rev]5ce = life to ! multi=m manife/ations ( ! w-to-live :i* toge!r con/itute ! _w is e?ical my/icism4 ,all pr(\nd _w-view is my/icism1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is j ?is3 t out ( my unsophi/icat$ & nave exi/5ce 9 ! _w !re comes1 z a result ( ?\ght ab\t self & ! _w1 spiritual self-devotion to ! my/]i\s inf9ite ,w :i* is cont9u\sly manife/$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is _w-affirm+1 e?ical1 active my/icism has always be5 hov]+ z a vision be=e ,we/]n ?\ght1 b ! latt] c\ld nev] adopt x because 9 its se>* = a _w-view x always turn$ into ! wrong road ( optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w1 in/ead ( reflect+ directly on ! relation :i* man assumes to ! _w "u ! inn] compulsion ( ! deepe/ *>act]isation ( 8 w-to-live4 ,f my y\? onw>ds ,i h felt c]ta9 t all ?\ght :i* ?9ks itself out to an issue ends 9 my/icism4 ,9 ! /illness ( ! primval =e/ 9 ,africa ,i h be5 able to "w out ?is ?\ght & give x expression4 ,i come =w>d !re=e ) confid5ce z a re/or] pg xv ( t rational ?\ght :i* refuses to make assumptions4 ,i "k inde$ t our "t w h absolutely no connexion ) any?+ t is 9 any way rationali/ic1 & w\ld l to "k x r5\nc$ z an ab]ration ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,b ! "t w come :5 x w be se5 t we mu/ />t aga9 :]e t c5tury came to a /op4 ,:at lies betwe5 t "t & to-day is an int]mezzo ( ?\ght1 an int]mezzo ) extraord9>ily int]e/+ & valuable mom5ts1 b nev]!less an unhappy & fatal "o4 ,its inevitable end 0 our s9k+ into a condition 9 :i* we _h nei!r _w-view nor civilization1 & :i* conta9s 9 itself all t spiritual & mat]ial mis]y 9 :i* we langui%4 ,! re/oration ( our _w-view c come only z a result ( inexorably tru?-lov+ & recklessly c\rage\s ?\ght4 ,su* ?9k+ alone is mature en\gh to le>n by exp]i5ce h[ ! rational1 :5 x ?9ks itself out to a conclusion1 passes necess>ily ov] into ! non-rational4 ,_w- & life-affirmation & e?ics are non-rational4 ,!y are n ju/ifi$ by any correspond+ k ( ! nature ( ! _w1 b are ! disposition 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! inn] compulsion ( our w-to-live1 we det]m9e our relation to ! _w4 ,:at ! activity ( ?is disposition ( ours means 9 ! evolution ( ! _w1 we d n "k4 ,nor c we regulate ?is activity f outside2 we mu/ leave entirely to ea* individual its %ap+ & its ext5sion4 ,f e po9t ( view1 !n1 _w- & life-affirmation & e?ics are non-rational1 & we mu/ h ! c\rage to admit x4 ,if rational ?\ght ?9ks itself out to a conclusion1 x comes to some?+ non-rational :i*1 nev]!less1 is a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,?is is ! p>adox :i* dom9ates our spiritual life4 ,if we try to come ?r\gh )\t ?is non-rational1 ! result is views ( ! _w & ( life :i* are )\t life & )\t value4 ,all valuable conviction is non-rational & has an emotional "*1 because x _c be d]iv$ f pg xvi k ( ! _w b arises out ( ! ?9k+ exp]i5ce ( our w-to-live1 9 :i* we /ride out beyond all k ( ! _w4 ,?is fact x is :i* ! rational ?\ght t ?9ks itself out to a conclusion compreh5ds z ! tru? by :i* we mu/ live4 ,! way to true my/icism leads up ?r\gh rational ?\ght to deep exp]i5ce ( ! _w & ( our w-to-live4 ,we mu/ all v5ture once m to be 8?9k]s10 s z to rea* my/icism1 :i* is ! only direct & ! only pr(\nd _w-view4 ,we mu/ all w&] 9 ! field ( k to ! po9t :]e k passes ov] into exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,we mu/ all1 ?r\gh ?\ght1 become religi\s4 ,?is rational ?\ght mu/ become ! prevail+ =ce among u1 = all ! valuable ideas t we ne$ develop out ( x4 ,9 no o!r fire ?an t ( ! my/icism ( rev]5ce = life c ! brok5 sword ( idealism be =g$ anew4 ,9 ! disposition to rev]5ce = life lies enclos$ an elem5t>y conception ( responsibility to :i* we mu/ surr5d] ourselves2 9 x !re are =ces at "w :i* drive u to revision & ennoblem5t ( our individual social & political disposition4 ,x is ! disposition to rev]5ce = life1 too1 :i* alone is capable ( creat+ a new consci\sness ( law4 ,! mis]y prevail+ "u our political & social condition consi/s to a great ext5t 9 ?is1 t nei!r juri/s nor laity h 9 _! m9ds a liv+ & direct conception ( law4 ,dur+ ! age ( rational ?\ght !re 0 a se>* made = su* a conception1 & ef=t 0 made to e/abli% fundam5tal laws :i* 7 held to be giv5 9 ! nature ( man1 & to get !m g5]ally recogniz$4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 giv5 up1 & laws pass$ at def9ite dates displac$ natural law4 ,f9ally we got to ! /age ( be+ satisfi$ ) purely te*nical law4 ,?is 0 ! int]mezzo :i* foll[$ ! p]iod ( rational ?\ght 9 ! sph]e ( law4 ,we h ent]$ on a p]iod 9 :i* ! feel+ = pg xvii law is hopelessly b]eft ( =ce1 ( s\l1 & ( s5se ( moral obligation4 ,x is a p]iod ( lawlessness4 ,p>liam5ts produce ) easy read9ess /atutes :i* contradict ! idea ( law4 ,/ates deal arbitr>ily ) _! subjects )\t reg>d to ! ma9t5ance ( any feel+ = law4 ,^?1 inde$1 :o fall into ! p[] ( a =eign nation are outlaws4 ,no respect is %[n = _! natural "r to a fa!rl&1 or fre$om1 or dwell+-place1 or prop]ty1 or indu/ry1 or food1 or any?+ else4 ,belief 9 law is to-day an utt] ru94 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 9 prep>ation f ! mom5t :5 ! se>* = ! natural conception ( law1 gr\nd$ on rational ?\ght1 0 giv5 up4 ,! only ?+ to be done1 !n1 is to make a new connexion 9 ! sph]e ( law also1 at ! po9t :]e ! ?read ( ! rational ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury got brok54 ,we mu/ se>* = a conception ( law t is gr\nd$ 9 an idea :i* gr[s directly & indep5d5tly out ( a _w-view4 ,we h to re-e/abli% human rights :i* _c be infr+$1 human rights :i* gu>antee to ea* p]son ! greate/ possible fre$om = 8 p]sonality 9 8 own national body1 human rights :i* protect 8 exi/5ce & 8 human dignity aga9/ any =eign viol5ce to :i* he may be subject$4 ,juri/s h all[$ law & ! feel+ = law to be ru9$4 ,!y c\ld n help x1 h[ev]1 = !re 0 no idea provid$ by ! ?\ght ( ! "t to :i* a liv+ conception ( law c\ld h an*or$ itself4 ,9 ! complete abs5ce ( any _w-view law collaps$ entirely1 & x is only out ( a new _w-view t x c be built up aga94 ,x is f a fundam5tal idea ab\t our relation to all t lives1 z su*1 t x mu/ fl[ 9 future1 z f a spr+ :i* c nev] dry up & nev] become a swamp4 ,t spr+ is rev]5ce = life4 ,law & e?ics spr+ up toge!r f ! same idea4 ,law is s mu* ( ! pr9ciple ( respect = life z c be embodi$ 9 an ext]nal code2 e?ics are :at _c be s embodi$4 ,! f\ndation ( law is humanity4 ,x is pg xviii folly to wi% to put out ( action ! l9ks betwe5 law & _w-view4 ,9 ?is way a _w-view is ! g]m ( all ideas & dispositions :i* are det]m9ative = ! conduct ( individuals & ( society4 ,fly+ ma*9es c>ry m5 to-day ?r\gh ! air ov] a _w 9 :i* hung] & brig&age h a place4 ,x is n 9 ,*9a only t "o recognizes ! grotesque "* ( su* progress3 x is almo/ typical = mank9d g5]ally1 & su* grotesque progress _c be *ang$ to ! normal till a g5]al disposition prevails :i* is capable ( br++ ord] aga9 into ! *aos ( human life ?r\gh e?ics4 ,9 ! la/ resort ! practical c be realiz$ only ?r\gh ! e?ical ,:at a rem>kable circle6 ,rational ?\ght :i* ?9ks itself out arrives at some?+ non-rational & subjective :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght1 viz4 ! e?ical affirmation ( _w & life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at = ! purpose ( m\ld+ ! conditions ( exi/5ce = individual m5 & mank9d z a :ole is rational1 t is to say1 :at is objectively practical 9 ?is reg>d1 c only be br\ght ab\t by individuals p]sev]+ly putt+ into action ! above-m5tion$ non-rational & subjective4 ,! non-rational pr9ciple und]ly+ our activity1 a pr9ciple :i* is provid$ = u by rational ?\ght1 is ! sole rational & practical pr9ciple und]ly+ all ! happ5+s :i* are to be produc$ ?r\gh human action4 ,?us ! rational & ! non-rational1 ! objective & ! subjective proce$ ea* f ! o!r1 & return ea* into ! o!r aga94 ,only :5 ! play ( ?is mutual int]*ange is 9 full activity d normal conditions ( exi/5ce arise = m5 & mank9d4 ,let x be di/urb$ & ! abnormal develops4 ,i h1 !n1 9 ?is book writt5 ! trag$y ( ! se>* = a _w-view1 & h myself trodd5 a new pa? to ! same goal4 ,:]eas ,we/]n ?\ght has n arriv$ at any goal because x w\ld n v5ture resolutely into ! des]t ( scepticism ab\t k ( ! _w1 pg xix ,i make my way ?r\gh ?is des]t ) calm confid5ce4 ,x is1 aft] all1 only a n>r[ /rip1 & x lies 9 front ( ! ev]-gre5 oasis ( an elem5tal _w-view :i* gr[s out ( ?\ght ab\t ! w-to-live4 ,9 my attempt1 h[ev]1 to rea* a _w-view by ?is new me?od1 ,i am consci\s ( hav+ done no m ?an put toge!r & ?9k out to conclusions _m grop+s aft] ?is new me?od :i* 7 made by o!r seek]s dur+ ! p]iod cov]$4 ,b ,i also put into ?is book my conviction t mank9d mu/ r5ew itself 9 a new temp] ( m9d1 if x is n to be ru9$4 ,i entru/ to x1 fur!r1 my belief t ?is revolution w come ab\t1 if only we c make up our m9ds to become ?9k+ m54 ,a new ,r5aissance mu/ come1 & a mu* great] "o ?an t 9 :i* we /epp$ out ( ! ,middle ,ages2 a great ,r5aissance 9 :i* mank9d discov]s t ! e?ical is ! highe/ tru? & ! highe/ practicality1 & exp]i5ces at ! same "t its lib]ation f t mis]able obsession by :at x calls reality1 9 :i* x has hi!rto dragg$ itself along4 ,i w\ld be a humble pione] ( ?is ,r5aissance1 & ?r[ ! belief 9 a new humanity1 l a tor*1 into our d>k age4 ,i make bold to d ?is because ,i believe ,i h giv5 to ! disposition to humanity1 :i* hi!rto has rank$ only z a noble feel+1 a firm f\ndation 9 a _w-view :i* is a product ( elem5t>y ?9k+ & c be made intelligible to ev]yone4 ,moreov]1 x has ga9$ !reby a p[] ( attract+ & conv9c+ :i* x has n _h hi!rto2 & is capable n[ ( com+ to t]ms 9 en]getic & consi/5t fa%ion ) our s-call$ reality1 & ( prov+ its full value )9 x4 ,,alb]t ,,s*weitz]4 ,july1 #aibc4 ,! two in/alm5ts ( my ,philosophy ( ,civilization :i* are n[ ready--,! ,decay & ,re/oration ( pg xx ,civilization & ,civilization & ,e?ics--w be foll[$ by two o!rs4 ,9 ! next1 :i* w be entitl$ ,! ,_w-view ( ,rev]5ce = ,life1 ,i elaborate ?is _w-view1 :i* s f> ,i h only sket*$ = a conclusion to my discussion ( ! se>* = a _w-view1 z c>ri$ on d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! f\r? & la/ w treat ( ! ,civiliz$ ,/ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! translator (f]s 8 ?anks to ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,b4 ,russell1 n[ help+ at ,lamb>5e1 :o k9dly review$ ! :ole "w be=e x w5t to ! pr9t]s4 ,_m ( h] criticisms & sugge/ions 7 adopt$1 & h help$ to secure a bett] translation4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,crisis ,,9 ,,civilization ,,& ,,its ,,spiritual ,,cause ,i ,! mat]ial & spiritual elem5ts 9 civilization ,i ,civilization & _w-view #f ,,ii4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view #aa ,! ,we/]n & ! ,indian conceptions ( civilization#aa ,! /ruggle = ! optimi/ic _w-view #ab ,optimism & pessimism #ad ,optimism1 pessimism1 & e?ics #ag ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem #ai ,! difficulties ( e?ical p]ception #ai ,! importance ( ?\ght ab\t e?ics #ba ,! se>* = a basic pr9ciple ( morality #bb ,religi\s & philosophical e?ics #bd ,,iv4 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical ,,_w-,,views #bg ,! _w-views ( ! _w-religions #bg ,! _w-views ( ! _w religions & t ( ,we/]n ?\ght #bi ,v4 ,,civilization ,,& ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,gr,,co-,,roman ,,philosophy #cb ,! beg9n+s3 ,socrates #cb ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,! e?ic ( resignation #ce ,plato's ab/ract basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical4 ,! e?ic ( _w-negation #dj ,ari/otle4 ,in/ruction ab\t virtue 9 place ( e?ics #db ,! ideal ( ! civilis$ ,/ate 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle #dg ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius #eb ,! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ( ! lat] ,/oicism #eg ,,vi4 ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view ,,& ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,po/-,,r5aissance ,,p]iods #fa ,belief 9 progress & e?ics #fa ,*ri/ian & ,/oic elem5ts 9 mod]n e?ics #fd ,,vii4 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies #ga ,h>tley1 ,holba*4 ,devotion z enlight5$ egoism #ga ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,helvetius1 ,b5?am #ge ,altruism z a natural quality4 ,hume1 ,adam ,smi? #hj ,! ,engli% e?ic ( self-p]fect+ #hd ,%aftesbury1 ,an optimi/ic-e?ical nature-philosophy #hg ,,viii4 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,civilization ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,rationalism #ij ,! m5tality & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! e?ical belief 9 progress #ij ,ob/acles to ! re=m movem5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution #ii ,! und]m9+ ( ! rationali/ic _w-view #ajb ,,ix4 ,,! ,,optimi/ic-,,e?ical ,,_w-,,view ,,9 ,,kant #ajf ,kant's e?ics1 deep5$1 b lack+ cont5t #ajf ,kant's attempt to rea* an e?ical _w-view #aaj ,x4 ,,nature-,,philosophy ,,& ,,_w-,,view ,,9 ,,sp9oza ,,& ,,leibniz #aaf ,sp9oza's attempt to rea* an optimi/ic-e?ical nature-philosophy #aaf ,leibniz's optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view side by side ) nature-philosophy #abb ,,xi4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,fi*te',s ,,optimi/ic-,,e?ical ,,_w-,,view #abe ,speculative philosophy & ,gno/icism #abe ,fi*te's speculative f\nd+ ( an e?ic & ( optimism #abf ,fi*te's my/icism ( activity incapable ( be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh #aca ,,xii4 ,,s*ill]2 ,,goe!2 ,,s*lei]ma*] #acf ,s*ill]'s e?ical _w-view3 ,goe!'s _w-view bas$ on nature-philosophy #acf ,s*lei]ma*]'s attempt at a nature-philosophy #ach ,,xiii4 ,,hegel',s ,,supra-,,e?ical ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view #ada ,e?ics 9 ,hegel's nature-philosophy1 & 9 8 philosophy ( hi/ory #ada ,hegel's supra-e?ical _w-view4 ,8 belief 9 progress #ade ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,utilit>ianism1 ,,biological ,,& ,,sociological ,,e?ics #aej ,b5eke1 ,feu]ba*1 ,laas1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill #aej ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] #aec ,! weak po9ts 9 biological & sociological utilit>ianism #aef ,sociological e?ics & socialism4 ,me*anical belief 9 progress #afj ,,xv4 ,,s*op5hau] ,,& ,,nietzs*e #afe ,s*op5hau]4 ,an e?ic ( _w- & life-d5ial #afe ,absorption ( e?ics 9 _w- & life-d5ial #aga ,nietzs*e's criticism ( curr5t e?ics #agd ,nietzs*e's e?ic ( high] life-affirmation #agg ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,issue ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,/ruggle ,,= ,a ,,_w-,,view #aha ,academic ?9k]s3 ,sidgwick1 ,/eph51 ,alex&]1 ,wundt1 ,pauls51 ,hffd+ #aha ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 ,kant's successors3 ,coh51 ,h]rmann #ahc ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+3 ,m>t9eau1 ,gre51 ,bradley1 ,laurie1 ,se?1 & ,royce #ahe ,nature-philosophy & e?ics4 ,f\ille1 ,guyau1 ,lange1 ,/]n #ahf ,nature-philosophy & e?ics 9 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann #aid ,nature-philosophy & e?ics 9 ,b]gson1 ,*amb]la91 ,keys]l+1 ,haeckel #aih ,! dea?-agony ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view #bjb ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,new ,,way #bje ,:y ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! logical conclusion #bje ,life-view indep5d5t ( _w-view #bjh ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,optimism ,,secur$ ,,f ,,! ,,w-,,to-,,live #bab ,! pessimi/ic result ( k #bab ,! _w- & life-affirmation ( ! w-to-live #baf ,,xix4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,e?ics1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,e?ics #bba ,an e?ic ( self-devotion1 or an e?ic ( self-p]fect+8 #bba ,e?ics & a !ory ( k4 ,e?ics & natural happ5+s4 ,! en?usia/ic elem5t 9 e?ics #bbd ,! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality1 & ! e?ic ( society #bbh ,! problem ( a complete e?ic #bcj ,,xx4 ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,devotion ,,& ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,self-,,p]fect+ #bcb ,! wid5+ ( ! e?ic ( self-devotion into a cosmic e?ic #bcb ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ & my/icism #bce ,ab/ract my/icism & ! my/icism ( reality4 ,supra-e?ical & e?ical my/icism #bda ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,rev]5ce ,,= ,,life #bdd ,! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral #bdd ,! e?ic ( resignation4 ,an e?ic ( v]acity t[>ds oneself1 & an activi/ e?ic #bea ,e?ics & ?\ghtlessness4 ,e?ics & self-ass]tion #bec ,man & o!r liv+ creatures #bef ,! e?ic ( ! relation ( man to man #beh ,p]sonal & supra-p]sonal responsibility4 ,e?ics & humanity #bfb ,,xxii4 ,! ,,civiliz+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,rev]5ce ,,= ,,life #bfi ,civilization z a product ( rev]5ce = life #bfi ,! f\r ideals ( civilization4 ,! /ruggle = a civiliz$ mank9d 9 ! ma*9e age #bga ,*ur* & ,/ate z hi/orical entities1 & z ideals ( civilization #bgh ,! moraliz+ ( ! religi\s & political community #bhj ,,footnotes ,,index #bhg ,,civilization ,,& ,,e?ics ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,crisis ,,9 ,,civilization ,,& ,,its ,,spiritual ,,cause ,! mat]ial & spiritual elem5ts 9 civilization ,,our civilization is go+ ?r\gh a sev]e crisis4 ,mo/ p ?9k t ! crisis 0 produc$ by ! w>1 b t is wrong4 ,! w>1 ) ev]y?+ connect$ ) x1 is only a ph5om5on ( ! condition ( un-civilization 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,ev5 9 ,/ates :i* took no "p 9 ! w>1 & on :i* ! w> _h no direct influ5ce1 civilization is %ak51 only ! fact is n s cle>ly evid5t 9 !m z 9 ^? :i* 7 h>d hit by ! consequ5ces ( its peculi>ly cruel spiritual & mat]ial happ5+s4 ,yet is !re any real1 live ?\ght go+ on among u ab\t ?is collapse ( civilization1 & ab\t possible ways ( work+ ourselves up out ( x8 ,sc>cely6 ,clev] m5 /umble ab\t 9 sev5-league boots 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization & try to make u und]/& t civilization is "s k9d ( natural gr[? :i* blossoms out 9 def9ite peoples at def9ite times & !n ( necessity )]s1 s t new peoples ) new civilizations mu/ keep replac+ ! worn-out ones4 ,:5 !y are call$ ^u1 inde$1 to complete _! !ory by tell+ u :at peoples are de/9$ to be our heirs1 !y are some:at emb>rass$4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 no peoples to be se5 :om "o c\ld imag9e to be capable ( ev5 a portion ( su* a task4 ,all ! peoples ( ! e>? h be5 9 l>ge measure "u ! influ5ce bo? ( our civilization pg #jjb & ( our lack ( x1 s t !y %>e m or less our fate4 ,among none ( !m are to be f\nd ?\ghts :i* c lead to any consid]able orig9al movem5t ( civilization4 ,let u put on "o side clev]ness & int]e/+ surveys ( ! hi/ory ( civilization1 & busy ourselves 9 a practical way ) ! problem ( our endang]$ civilization4 ,( :at "* is ?is deg5]ation 9 our civilization1 & :y has x come ab\t8 ,to beg9 )1 !re is "o elem5t>y fact :i* is q obvi\s4 ,! disa/r\s feature ( our civilization is t x is f> m develop$ mat]ially ?an spiritually4 ,its balance is di/urb$4 ,?r\gh ! discov]ies :i* n[ place ! =ces ( ,nature at our disposal 9 su* an unprec$5t$ way1 ! relations to ea* o!r ( individuals1 ( social gr\ps1 & ( ,/ates h und]gone a revolution>y *ange4 ,our k & our p[] h be5 enri*$ & increas$ to an ext5t t no "o w\ld h ?\ght possible4 ,we h !reby be5 enabl$ to make ! conditions ( human exi/5ce incomp>ably m fav\rable 9 num]\s respects1 b 9 our en?usiasm ov] our progress 9 k & p[]1 we h come to a defective conception ( :at civilization is4 ,we value too highly its mat]ial a*ievem5ts & no long] keep 9 m9d z vividly z is desirable ! importance ( ! spiritual4 ,n[ ! results are ^u u1 & summon u to reflect4 ,!y tell u 9 t]ribly h>% language t a civilization :i* develops only on its mat]ial side b n 9 correspond+ measure on its spiritual side1 is l a %ip :i* ) defective /e]+ ge> gets at a con/antly accel]at+ pace out ( control1 & !reby heads = a cata/rophe4 ,! ess5tial nature ( civilization does n lie 9 its mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 b 9 ! fact t individuals keep 9 m9d ! ideals ( ! p]fect+ ( man1 & ! improvem5t ( ! social & political conditions ( peoples1 & ( mank9d z a :ole1 & t _! habit pg #jjc ( ?\ght is det]m9$ 9 liv+ & con/ant fa%ion by su* ideals4 ,only :5 individuals "w 9 ?is way z spiritual =ces on !mselves & on society is ! possibility giv5 ( solv+ ! problems :i* h be5 produc$ by ! facts ( life1 & ( atta9+ to a g5]al progress :i* is valuable 9 e respect4 ,:e!r !re is r m or r less ( mat]ial a*ievem5t to record is n :at is decisive = civilization4 ,its fate dep5ds on :e!r or no ?\ght keeps control ov] facts4 ,! issue ( a voyage does n dep5d on :e!r ! vessel's pace is some:at quick] or some:at sl[]1 b on :e!r x /e]s a correct c\rse1 & its /e]+ ge> keeps 9 good condition4 ,revolutions 9 ! relations ( life betwe5 individuals1 society1 & peoples1 z !y foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( our great mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 make1 if !y are to %[ real progress 9 ! s5se ( valuable civilization1 high] dem&s on ! habit ( ?\ght ( civiliz$ p1 j z ! increas$ spe$ ( a %ip presupposes great] reliability 9 rudd] & /e]+ ge>4 ,advances 9 k & p[] "w out _! effects on u almo/ z if !y 7 natural occurr5ces4 ,x is n )9 our p[] s to direct !m t !y influ5ce fav\rably 9 e respect ! relations 9 :i* we live1 b !y produce = individuals1 = society1 & = nations1 difficult & /ill m difficult problems1 & br+ ) !m dang]s :i* x is q impossible to e/imate be=eh&4 ,p>adoxical z x may seem1 our advances 9 k & p[] make true civilization n easi] b m difficult4 ,"o c ev5 say t1 judg+ by ! ev5ts ( our own & ! two prec$+ g5]ations1 we are almo/ entitl$ to d\bt :e!r 9 view ( ! way 9 :i* ^! mat]ial a*ievem5ts h be5 %[]$ ^u u1 true civilization is /ill possible4 ,! mo/ widespread dang] :i* mat]ial a*ievem5ts br+ ) !m = civilization consi/s 9 ! fact t ?r\gh ! revolutions 9 ! conditions ( life m5 pg #jjd become 9 great] numb]s unfree1 in/ead ( free4 ,! type ( man :o once cultivat$ 8 own bit ( l& becomes a work] :o t5ds a ma*9e 9 a factory2 manual work]s & indep5d5t trades-p become employees4 ,!y lose ! elem5t>y fre$om ( ! man :o lives 9 8 own h\se & f9ds himself 9 imm$iate connexion ) ,"m ,e>?4 ,fur!r1 !y no long] h ! ext5sive & unbrok5 consci\sness ( responsibility ( ^? :o live by _! own indep5d5t lab\r4 ,! conditions ( _! exi/5ce are !re=e unnatural4 ,!y no long] c>ry on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 comp>atively normal relations 9 :i* ea* "o c by 8 own ability make good 8 position :e!r aga9/ ,nature or aga9/ ! competition ( 8 fell[s1 b !y see !mselves compell$ to comb9e toge!r & create a =ce :i* c extort = itself bett] liv+ conditions4 ,!y acquire !reby ! m5tality ( unfree m51 9 :i* ideals ( civilization c no long] be contemplat$ 9 ! ne$ful purity1 b become di/ort$ to correspond ) ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ( /ruggle4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we h all ( u1 "u mod]n conditions1 become unfree m54 ,9 e rank ( life we h f decade to decade1 if n f ye> to ye>1 to c>ry on a h>d] /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,ov]work1 physical or m5tal or bo?1 is our lot4 ,we c no long] f9d "t to collect & ord] our ?\ghts4 ,our spiritual dep5d5ce increases at ! same pace z our mat]ial dep5d5ce4 ,9 e direction we come to conditions ( dep5d5ce :i* 9 =m] times 7 nev] kn[n 9 su* univ]sality & su* /r5g?4 ,economic1 social1 & political organizations1 :i* are /eadily becom+ m & m complete1 are gett+ u m & m into _! p[]4 ,! ,/ate ) its m & m rigid organization holds u "u a control :i* is gr[+ m & m decid$ & inclusive4 ,9 e respect1 !re=e1 our individual be+ is depreciat$4 ,x is becom+ m & m difficult to be a p]sonality4 pg #jje ,?us x is t ! progress ( our ext]nal civilization br+s ) x ! result t individuals1 9 spite ( all ! advantages !y get1 are 9 _m respects injur$ bo? mat]ially & spiritually 9 _! capacity = civilization ?r\gh ^? v advantages4 ,x is our progress 9 mat]ial civilization1 too1 :i* int5sifies 9 s disa/r\s a way our social & political problems4 ,?r\gh ! social ones we are involv$ 9 a class /ruggle :i* %akes & ?r[s into confusion economic & national relations4 ,if we g d[n to rock-bottom1 x 0 ma*9]y & _w comm]ce :i* br\ght ab\t ! _w w>1 & ! inv5tions :i* put into our h&s su* mighty p[] ( de/ruction made ! w> ( su* a deva/at+ "* t conqu]$ & conqu]ors alike are ru9$ = a p]iod ( :i* no "o c see ! end4 ,x 0 also our te*nical a*ievem5ts :i* put u 9 a position to kill at su* a di/ance1 & to wipe out ! enemy 9 su* masses1 t we sank s l[ z to pu% aside any la/ impulse to humanity1 & 7 m]e bl9d wills :i* made use ( p]fect$ le?al weapons ( su* de/ructive capacity t we 7 unable to ma9ta9 ! di/9ction betwe5 combatants & non-combatants4 ,mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 !n1 are n civilisation1 b become civilization only s f> z ! m5tal habit ( civiliz$ peoples is capable ( all[+ !m to "w t[>ds ! p]fect+ ( ! individual & ! community4 ,fool$1 h[ev]1 by our advances 9 k & p[]1 we did n reflect on ! dang] to :i* we 7 expos+ ourselves by ! dim9i%$ value we put on ! spiritual elem5ts 9 civilization1 & we surr5d]$ completely to a nave satisfaction at our magnific5t mat]ial a*ievem5ts1 & w5t a/ray into an incr$ibly sup]ficial conception ( civilization4 ,we believ$ 9 a progress :i* 0 a matt] ( c\rse1 because conta9$ 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,in/ead ( h>b\r+ 9 our ?\ght ideals approv$ by reason1 & und]tak+ to m\ld reality into accordance ) !m1 we 7 fool$ pg #jjf by a va9 feel+ = reality1 & want$ to come ?r\gh ) l[]$ ideals :i* 7 borr[$ f x4 ,by tak+ ?is c\rse we lo/ all control ov] ! facts4 ,accord+ly1 j :5 ! spiritual elem5t 9 culture 0 necess>y 9 extraord9>y /r5g?1 we let x wa/e away4 ,civilization & ,_w-,view ,h[ c\ld x come ab\t t ! spiritual elem5t 9 civilization became s lo/ to u8 ,to und]/& t1 we mu/ g back to ! "t :5 x 0 at "w among u 9 a direct & liv+ way1 & ! pa? !reto leads u back into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,among ! ,rationali/s :o approa* ev]y?+ ?r\gh reason1 & w\ld regulate ev]y?+ 9 life by rational consid]ations1 we f9d expression giv5 9 elem5tal /r5g? to ! conviction t ! ess5tial elem5t 9 civilization is a habit ( ?\ght4 ,x is true t !y are already impress$ by mod]n a*ievem5ts 9 discov]y & inv5tion1 & d all[ to ! mat]ial side ( civilization a correspond+ importance4 ,b !y nev]!less reg>d x z self-evid5t t ! ess5tial & valuable elem5t 9 civilization is ! spiritual4 ,t int]e/ is focus$ fir/ ( all on ! spiritual progress ( m5 & humanity1 & 9 t !y believe ) a mighty optimism4 ,! greatness ( ^! m5 ( ! p]iod ( ! 8,aufklrung0 lies 9 ?is1 t !y set up z ideals ! p]fect+ ( ! individual1 ( society1 & ( mank9d1 & devote !mselves to ^! ideals ) en?usiasm4 ,! =ce on :i* !y c\nt = ! realiz+ ( !m is ! g5]al habit ( ?\ght2 !y dem& ( ! human _s t x %all trans=m m5 & ! relations 9 :i* !y live1 & !y tru/ to x to prove itself /rong] ?an ! facts ( life4 ,b :5ce came ! impulse to set up su* high ideals ( civilization1 & _! confid5ce ( be+ able to realise pg #jjg !m8 ,x 0 f _! view ( ! _w 7,weltans*auung74 ,! ,rationali/ _w-view is optimi/ic & e?ical1 its optimism consi/+ 9 ?is1 t x assumes z rul+ 9 ! _w a g5]al purposive adaptation :i* is direct$ to ! p]fect+ ( ! _w1 & f ?is purposiv5ess ! ef=ts ( individual m5 & ( mank9d to secure mat]ial & spiritual progress d]ive mean+ & importance & a gu>antee ( success4 ,?is _w-view is e?ical because x reg>ds ! e?ical z some?+ 9 accordance ) reason1 & on t gr\nd dem&s f man t1 putt+ egoi/ic int]e/s beh9d him1 he %all devote himself to all ideals t are wait+ = realization1 tak+ ! e?ical z 9 ev]y?+ ! /&>d by :i* to judge4 ,a habit ( humane ?\ght is = ! ,rationali/s an ideal :i* !y c be induc$ by no consid]ation to resign4 ,:5 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? ! reaction aga9/ rationalism set 9 & criticism began to play ^u x1 its optimism 0 reproa*$ z be+ sup]ficial & its e?ics z be+ s5tim5tal4 ,b ! good x did1 9 spite ( its manifold imp]fections1 by inspir+ m5 ) ideals ( civilization gr\nd$ 9 reason1 ! spiritual movem5ts :i* criticise x & take its place _c develop 9 ! same way4 ,! en]gy ( ?\ght ab\t civilization decreases imp]ceptibly b /eadily4 ,9 proportion z ! _w-view ( rationalism is left beh9d1 ! feel+ = actuality makes its influ5ce felt1 until at la/1 f ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury onw>ds1 ideals are borr[$ no long] f reason b f actuality1 & we !re) s9k /ill fur!r into a /ate ( uncivilization & lack ( humanity4 ,?is is ! cle>e/ & ! mo/ important ( all ! facts :i* c be e/abli%$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our civilization4 ,:at has x to tell u8 ,x tells u t !re is a close connexion betwe5 civilization & _w-view4 ,civilization is ! product ( an optimi/ic-e?ical view ( ! _w4 pg #jjh ,only 9 proportion z ! preval5t _w-view is "o :i* is _w- & life-affirm+ & at ! same "t e?ical1 d we f9d ideals ( civilization put =w>d & kept influ5tial 9 ! habits ( ?\ght ( individuals1 & ( society4 ,t ?is inn] relation betwe5 civilization & ! _w-view ( civiliz$ peoples has nev] receiv$ ! att5tion t x des]ves1 is ! result ( !re hav+ be5 among u s little real m$itation on ! ess5tial nature ( civilization4 ,:at is civilization8 ,x is ! sum total ( all progress made by m5 & mank9d 9 e sph]e ( action & f e po9t ( view1 s f> z ?is progress helps t[>ds ! spiritual p]fect+ ( individuals z ! progress ( all progress4 ,! impulse to /rive = progress 9 all sph]es ( action & f e po9t ( view comes to m5 out ( an optimi/ic _w-view :i* affirms ! _w & life to be some?+ valuable 9 !mselves1 & consequ5tly be>s )9 itself a compulsion to raise to its highe/ possible value all t is1 s f> z x c be influ5c$ by u4 ,h5ce come w & hope1 & ef=t direct$ to ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( individuals & ( society1 ( peoples & ( mank9d4 ,?is leads to a lord%ip ( ! _s ov] ! p[]s ( ,nature1 to ! completion ( ! religi\s1 social1 economic1 & practical gr\p+ ( m51 & to ! spiritual p]fect+ ( individuals & ( ! community4 ,j z ! _w- & life-affirm+1 t is1 ! optimi/ic _w-view is alone capable ( /irr+ m5 to ef=t aim$ at promot+ civilization1 s 9 an e?ical _w-view alone is !re lat5t ! p[] to make m51 :5 putt+ aside & giv+ up altoge!r _! selfi% int]e/s1 p]sev]e 9 su* ef=t = civilization1 & keep !m always turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! spiritual & moral p]fect+ ( ! individual z ! ess5tial object ( civilization4 ,b\nd ! "o to ! o!r1 !n1 _w- & pg #jji life-affirm+ _w-view & e?ics ?9k out 9 h>mony ! ideals ( true1 complete civilization & set to "w at realiz+ !m4 ,if civilization rema9s incomplete or its level falls1 ?is re/s 9 ! la/ resort on ! fact t ei!r ! _w- & life-affirmation ( ! _w-view1 or its e?ics1 or bo? ( !m h rema9$ undevelop$ or h gone backw>ds4 ,& t is ! case ) u4 ,x is evid5t t ! e?ics requir$ = civilization h gone out ( use4 ,= decades we h be5 accu/om+ ourselves increas+ly to measure ) relative e?ical /&>ds1 & no long] to all[ e?ics to h _! say 9 all que/ions alike4 ,?is r5unciation ( consi/5t e?ical judgm5t we feel z an advance 9 practicality4 ,b our _w- & life-affirmation also h become %aky4 ,! mod]n man no long] feels "u any compulsion to ?9k ab\t ideals ( progress & to w !m4 ,to a l>ge ext5t he has come to t]ms ) actuality4 ,he is mu* m resign$ ?an he admits to himself1 & 9 "o respect he is ev5 outspok5ly pessimi/ic4 ,he does n really believe any m 9 ! spiritual & e?ical progress ( m5 & ( mank9d1 :i* is nev]!less ! ess5tial elem5t 9 civilization4 ,?is /unt+ ( our _w- & life-affirmation & ( our e?ics has its cause 9 ! con/itution ( our _w-view4 ,9 reg>d to ?is we h s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury be5 go+ ?r\gh a crisis4 ,x is no long] possible = u to arrive at a conception ( ! univ]se 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! exi/5ce ( m5 & ( mank9d c be recogniz$1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 !re are also conta9$ ! ideals :i* fl[ f ?\ghtful _w- & life-affirmation & f e?ical volition4 ,we are fall+ m & m into a condition ( hav+ no _w-view at all1 & f our lack ( t comes our lack ( civilization4 ,! great "q = u is1 !re=e1 :e!r we h to r5\nce p]man5tly ! _w-view :i* c>ries )9 x 9 all _! /r5g? ! ideals ( ! p]fect+ ( m5 & ( mank9d1 & ( e?ical ef=t4 ,if we succe$ pg #jaj 9 e/abli%+ aga9 a _w-view 9 :i* _w- & life-affirmation is giv5 9 conv9c+ fa%ion1 we %all become ma/]s ( ! decay ( civilization :i* is 9 progress1 & %all rea* aga9 a true & liv+ civilization4 ,o!rwise we are condemn$ to see ! wreck ( all attempts to arre/ ! deg5]ation4 ,only :5 ! tru? t r5ewal ( civilization c only come by a r5ewal ( our _w-view becomes a univ]sal conviction1 & a new long+ = a _w-view sets 91 %all we f9d ourselves on ! "r pa?4 ,b ?is is n yet 9 prospect4 ,! mod]n man is /ill )\t any correct feel+ ( ! full significance ( ! fact t he is liv+ ) an unsatisfactory _w-view1 or )\t any at all4 ,! unnatural & dang]\s "* ( ?is condition mu/ fir/ be br\ght home to 8 consci\sness1 j z ^? p]sons :o exhibit di/urbances ( ! /ability ( _! n]v\s sy/em h to be cle>ly told t _! vitality is ?reat5$1 al?\gh !y feel no pa94 ,simil>ly1 we h to /ir up ! m5 ( to-day to elem5t>y m$itation ^u :at man is 9 ! _w1 & :at he wants to make ( 8 life4 ,only :5 !y are impress$ once m ) ! necessity ( giv+ mean+ & value to _! exi/5ce1 & ?us come once m to hung] & ?ir/ = a satisfy+ _w-view1 are ! prelim9>ies giv5 = a spiritual condition 9 :i* we become aga9 capable ( civilization4 ,b 9 ord] to le>n ! way to su* a _w-view we mu/ see cle>ly :y ! /ruggle und]tak5 by ! ,european _s to secure x 0 = a "t successful1 b dur+ ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury came to an un=tunate end4 ,because our ?9k+ is too little occupi$ ) civilization x has be5 insuffici5tly notic$ t ! mo/ important "p ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy is ! hi/ory ( man's /ruggle = a satisfactory _w-view4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ! hi/ory unrolls itself l a tragic drama4 pg #jaa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view ,! ,we/]n & ! ,indian conceptions ( civilization ,,= u ,we/]n]s civilization consi/s 9 ?is1 t we "w = ! p]fect+ ( ourselves & ( ! _w at ! same "t4 ,b d ! activities t are direct$ outw>ds & inw>ds necess>ily belong toge!r8 ,_c ! spiritual & moral p]fect+ ( ! individual1 :i* is ! ultimate aim ( civilization1 also be secur$ if he works = himself only & leaves ! _w & its circum/ances to !mselves8 ,:o gives u any gu>antee t ! c\rse ( ! _w c be influ5c$ s z to promote ! special aim ( civilization1 viz41 ! p]fect+ ( ! individual8 ,:o tells u t x has any mean+ at all :i* c be fur!r develop$8 ,is n any action ( m9e :i* is direct$ on ! _w a div]sion ( :at c\ld be direct$ on myself1 ?\gh ev]y?+ dep5ds f9ally ^u ! latt]8 ,mov$ by ^! d\bts ! pessimism ( ! ,h9dus & t ( ,s*op5hau] refuse to all[ any importance to ! mat]ial & social a*ievem5ts1 :i* =m ! outw>d & visible "p ( civilization4 ,ab\t society1 nation1 mank9d1 ! individual is n to tr\ble himself2 he is only to /rive to exp]i5ce 9 himself ! sov]eignty ( _s ov] matt]4 ,?is1 too1 is civilization1 9 t x pursues ! f9al object ( ! latt]1 viz41 ! spiritual & e?ical p]fect+ ( ! individual4 ,if we ,we/]n]s pron\nce x incomplete1 we mu/ n d s too confid5tly4 ,d ! outw>d progress ( mank9d & ! inn] completion ( ! individual really belong toge!r z we imag9e !m to8 ,are we n1 "u an illusion1 =c+ toge!r ?+s :i* are pg #jab diff]5t 9 k9d8 ,has ! _s 9 "o k9d ( action actually "s ga9 = ! o!r8 ,:at we set up z our ideal we h n realiz$4 ,we lo/ ourselves 9 outw>d progress1 all[+ ! moralization & inw>d deep5+ ( ! individual to come to a /op4 ,s we h n be5 able to produce practical pro( ( ! correctness ( our view ( :at civilization is4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 simply put aside t o!r n>r[] conception1 b mu/ come to t]ms ) x4 ,!re w come a "t--x is already be+ prep>$ =--:5 pessimi/ic & optimi/ic ?\ght1 :i* h hi!rto talk$ pa/ ea* o!r almo/ z /rang]s1 w h to meet = practical discussion4 ,_w-philosophy is j dawn+4 ,x w %ape itself 9 a /ruggle z to :e!r its _w-view %all be optimi/ic or pessimi/ic4 ,! /ruggle = ! optimi/ic _w-view ,! hi/ory ( ,we/]n philosophy is ! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle = an optimi/ic _w-view4 ,if 9 antiquity & 9 mod]n times ! peoples ( ,europe h manag$ to produce a civilization1 x is because 9 _! ?\ght ! optimi/ic _w-view 0 dom9ant1 & held ! pessimi/ic p]man5tly 9 subjection1 al?\gh x 0 n able to suppress x altoge!r4 ,! accessions ( k :i* h come 9 ! c\rse ( our philosophy h be5 no?+ 9 !mselves3 !y always /& 9 ! s]vice ( "o _w-view or ! o!r1 & atta9 only 9 x to _! real significance4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic ?+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! settlem5t is made on ea* occasion1 is t x nev] is made op5ly4 ,! two _w-views are nev] br\ght face to face & ! case ( ea* he>d4 ,t ! optimi/ic alone is 9 ! "r is a conviction :i* is accept$ z m or less self-evid5t4 ,! only ?+ felt z a problem is h[ to m>%al all possible k 9 ! triumphal procession ( pro( to defeat ! o!r1 & to knock on ! head any?+ t may /ill wi% to rise 9 its def5ce4 pg #jac ,s9ce ! pessimi/ic _w-view has nev] made its pres5ce prop]ly felt1 ,we/]n ?\ght manife/s a l(ty unwill+ness to und]/& x1 ?\gh x has a spl5did faculty = detect+ x4 ,:]e x f9ds1 z 9 ,sp9oza1 too little int]e/ = activity direct$ ^u ! _w1 x reacts imm$iately ) rejection ( x4 ,yet all objectively ?9k+ inve/igation ( ! reality ( nature is dislik$ by x because x may lead to ! c5tral position ( ! human _s 9 ! _w be+ insuffici5tly emphasis$4 ,x is because mat]ialism seems likely to be ! la/ ally ( pessimism t x c>ries on s embitt]$ a /ruggle aga9/ x4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! problem ( ! !ory ( k f ,desc>tes to ,kant & beyond him x is really ! cause ( ! optimi/ic _w-view :i* is be+ ma9ta9$4 ,t is :y ! !oretical possibility ( a depreciation or a d5ial ( ! _w ( s5se is attack$ ) su* ob/9acy4 ,by prov+ ! ideality ( space & "t ,kant hopes to make f9ally secure ! optimi/ic _w-view ( rationalism ) all its ideals & dem&s4 ,only s c x be expla9$ t ! mo/ acute exam9ations ( ! !ory ( k are c>ri$ ?r\gh ) ! mo/ nave conclusions ab\t _w-view4 ,! great po/-,kantian sy/ems ( ?\ght1 h[ev] mu* !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 _! subject-matt] & ! process ( ! speculation ) :i* !y deal ) x1 are all unit$ 9 ?is1 t !y cr[n ! optimi/ic _w-view 9 _! cl\d-ca/les z ! rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,to fit 9 ! aims ( mank9d ) ^? ( ! univ]se 9 a logically conv9c+ fa%ion1 t is ! endeav\r 9 :i* ,european philosophy s]ves ! optimi/ic _w-view4 ,anyone :o does n help1 or :o is indiff]5t ab\t x1 is an enemy4 ,9 its prejudice aga9/ sci5tific mat]ialism philosophy 0 "r4 ,mat]ialism has done mu* m to %ake ! position ( ! optimi/ic _w-view ?an ,s*op5hau] has1 al?\gh x nev] proce$$ aga9/ x ) outspok5 ho/ility4 ,:51 aft] ! collapse ( ! great sy/ems1 pg #jad x 0 all[$ to seat itself at table ) philosophy1 :i* _h n[ become m mode/1 x ev5 ex]t$ itself to f9d out 9 :at sort ( tone ! latt] w\ld l ! conv]sation to be c>ri$ on4 ,9 deal+ ) ,d>w9 & o!rs1 philosophiz+ natural sci5ce made t\*+ly nave attempts s to ext5d & /ret* out ! hi/ory ( zoological developm5t :i* l$ up to man1 t mank9d & ) x ! spiritual %\ld appe> aga9 z ! goal ( ! _w-process1 z 9 ! speculative sy/ems4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! well-meant ef=ts ( ! prolet>ian gue/ ! conv]sation c\ld no long] be c>ri$ on 9 ! old _s4 ,( :at use 0 x = him to try to be bett] ?an 8 reputation8 ,he br\ght ) him m respect = nature & facts ?an 0 consi/5t ) ! conv9c+ e/abli%m5t ( ! optimi/ic _w-view4 ,he !re=e %ook x1 ev5 :5 he did n int5d to4 ,to su* a disreg>d ( nature & sci5ce z 0 %[n by ! e>li] philosophy we c nev] return4 ,nor c we expect ! return ( a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* makes x possible to discov] 9 any conv9c+ way 9 ! univ]se ! aims & objects ( mank9d1 z 0 all[$ by ! old me?ods4 ,! optimi/ic _w-view ceases1 !re=e1 to be self-evid5t to u1 or to be demon/rable by ! arts ( philosophy4 ,x mu/ give up ! idea ( f9d+ = itself a solid f\ndation4 ,optimism & ,pessimism ,confusion is caus$ by ! fact t ! optimi/ic & pessimi/ic _w-views seldom come =w>d 9 _! purity 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,_! relations are usually su* t ! "o is pr$om9ant1 :ile ! o!r treats ) x )\t be+ (ficially recogniz$4 ,9 ,india a tol]at$ _w- & life-affirmation ma9ta9s = pessimism some?+ ( int]e/ 9 ! ext]nal civilization :i* x nom9ally d5ies4 ,) u pessimism slips 9 & gnaws at ! civiliz+ en]gies ( ! optimi/ic view1 ! result be+ t belief 9 ! spiritual progress ( pg #jae mank9d has left u4 ,f x1 too1 comes ! fact t we ev]y:]e conduct ! bus9ess ( life ) l[]$ ideals4 ,pessimism is a l[]$ w-to-live1 & is to be f\nd :]ev] man & society are no long] "u ! pressure ( all ^? ideals ( progress :i* mu/ be ?\ght out by a w-to-live t is consi/5t ) itself1 b h sunk to ! level ( lett+ actuality be1 ov] wide /ret*es ( life1 no?+ b actuality4 ,x is :]e pessimism is at "w 9 ?is anonym\s fa%ion1 t x is mo/ dang]\s to civilization4 ,x attacks !n ! mo/ valuable ideas belong+ to life-affirmation1 leav+ ! less valuable ones unt\*$4 ,l "s conceal$ s\rce ( magnetic p[] x di/urbs ! _w-view's compass1 s t x takes1 )\t suspect+ x1 a wrong c\rse4 ,?us ! unav[$ mixture ( optimism & pessimism 9 our ?\ght has ! result t we cont9ue to approve ! ext]nal bless+s giv5 u by civilization1 ?+s :i* to ?9k+ pessimism are a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 :ile we ab&on t :i* alone x holds to be valuable1 ! pursuit ( inn] p]fection4 ,! desire = progress :i* is direct$ to objects ( s5se1 goes on function+ because x is n\ri%$ by actuality1 :ile t :i* rea*es aft] ! spiritual becomes exhau/$1 because x is ?r[n back ^u ! inn] /imulus :i* comes f ! ?9k+ w-to-live4 ,z ! tide ebbs1 objects :i* rea* deep d[n are left /r&$1 :ile :at is j on ! surface rema9s afloat4 ,our deg5]ation1 !n1 trac$ back to our _w-view & :at result$ f x1 consi/s 9 true optimism hav+1 )\t our notic+ x1 disappe>$ f among u4 ,we are by no means a race weak5$ & decad5t ?r\gh excessive enjoym5t ( life1 & ne$+ to pull ourselves toge!r to %[ vig\r & idealism amid ! ?und]/orms ( hi/ory4 ,al?\gh we h reta9$ our vig\r 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts ( ! direct activities ( life1 we are spiritually /unt$4 ,our conception ( life ) all t dep5ds on x has be5 l[]$ bo? = individuals & = ! community4 ,! high] =ces ( volition & pg #jaf influ5ce are impot5t 9 u1 because ! optimism f :i* !y ought to draw _! /r5g? has become imp]ceptibly p]meat$ ) pessimism4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! pres5ce at ! same "t ( optimism & pessimism z lodg]s 9 8,?\ghtless ,h\se0 is t ea* goes ab\t 9 ! o!r's clo!s1 s t :at is really pessimism gives itself out among u z be+ optimism1 & vice v]s4 ,:at passes = optimism ) ! mass ( p is ! natural or acquir$ faculty ( see+ ?+s 9 ! be/ possible light4 ,?is illum9ation ( !m is ! result ( a l[]$ conception ( :at ought to be n[ & 9 ! future4 ,a p]son ill ) consumption is br\ght by ! poison ( ! disease into ! condition :i* is call$ ,euphoria1 s t he exp]i5ces an imag9>y feel+ ( heal? & /r5g?4 ,simil>ly !re is an ext]nal optimism pres5t 9 individuals & 9 society j 9 proportion z !y are1 )\t realiz+ x1 infect$ ) pessimism4 ,true optimism has no?+ to d ) any sort ( l5i5t judgem5t4 ,x consi/s 9 contemplat+ & will+ ! ideal 9 ! light ( a deep & self-consi/5t affirmation ( life & ! _w4 ,because ! _s :i* is s direct$ proce$s ) cle> vision & imp>tial judgem5t 9 ! valu+ ( all t is giv51 x we>s to ord9>y p ! appe>ance ( pessimism4 ,t x wi%es to pull d[n ! old temples 9 ord] to build !m aga9 m magnific5tly is by ! vulg> optimism put d[n to its discr$it z sacrilege4 ,! reason1 !n1 :y ! only legitimate optimism1 t ( volition inspir$ by imag9ation1 has to c>ry on su* a h>d /ruggle ) pessimism is t x always has fir/ to track ! latt] d[n 9 vulg> optimism & unmask x4 ,t is a task :i* optimism has nev] f9i%$1 = s long z x all[s ! enemy to em]ge 9 any %ape !re is dang] = civilization4 ,:5 t happ5s1 activity 9 promot+ ! special aims ( civilization always dim9i%es1 ev5 if satisfaction ) its mat]ial a*ievem5ts rema9s z /rong z be=e4 pg #jag ,optimism & pessimism1 !re=e1 d n consi/ 9 c\nt+ ) m or less confid5ce on su* or su* a future = ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 b 9 :at ! w desires to h z ! future4 ,!y are qualities n ( ! judgem5t1 b ( ! w4 ,! fact t up to n[ t inadmissible def9ition ( ^! qualities 0 curr5t side by side ) ! correct "o1 s t !re 7 f\r items to deal ) in/ead ( two1 made ! game easi] = ! un?9k+ by deceiv+ u ab\t :at true optimism is4 ,pessimism ( ! w !y pass$ (f z optimism ( ! judgem5t1 & optimism ( ! w !y put aside z pessimism ( ! judgem5t4 ,^! false c>ds mu/ be tak5 f !m1 s t !y may n cont9ue to deceive ! _w 9 su* a fa%ion4 ,optimism1 ,pessimism1 & ,e?ics ,9 :at relation d optimism & pessimism /& to e?ics8 ,t close & peculi> relations d exi/ betwe5 !m is cle> f ! fact t 9 ! ?\ght ( mank9d ! two /ruggles1 t = optimi/ic or pessimi/ic _w-view & t ab\t e?ics1 are usually involv$ 9 ea* o!r4 ,x is ! g5]al belief t :5 "o is be+ f\ght out ! o!r is be+ f\ght z well4 ,?is mutual connexion is v conv5i5t = ?\ght4 ,:5 a f\ndation = e?ics is be+ laid1 optimi/ic or pessimi/ic argum5ts are unaw>es press$ into ! s]vice1 & vice v]s e?ical argum5ts :5 optimism or pessimism h to be e/abli%$4 ,9 ?is process ,we/]n ?\ght lays mo/ /ress on ju/ify+ a life-affirm+ e?ical sy/em1 t is an activi/ "o1 & ?9ks t m]ely by do+ s x has prov$ ! case = optimism 9 its _w-view4 ,) ,indian ?\ght ! mo/ important ?+ is f9d+ a logical f\ndation = pessimism1 & ! ju/ify+ ( a life-d5y+ e?ical sy/em1 i4e4 a passivi/ "o1 is r a d]ivative f t4 ,! confusion :i* result$ f ! two /ruggles = pg #jah optimism & pessimism & = e?ics n be+ kept di/9ct1 has contribut$ almo/ m ?an any?+ else to prev5t ! ?\ght ( mank9d f atta9+ to cl>ity4 ,x 0 an easy mi/ake to make4 ,! "q :e!r x is to be affirmation or d5ial ( life & ! _w1 crops up 9 e?ics 9 ! same way z 9 ! dispute betwe5 optimism & pessimism4 ,?+s :i* by _! nature belong toge!r feel !mselves drawn toge!r1 s t optimism naturally ?9ks x c support itself on an affirmative e?ical sy/em1 & pessimism ?9ks ! same ab\t a negative "o4 ,nev]!less1 ! result has hi!rto always be5 t nei!r ( ^! two closely-relat$ entities c\ld /& firm1 because nei!r ( !m *ose to dep5d on itself alone4 pg #jai ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem ,! difficulties ( e?ical p]ception ,,h[ came mank9d to ?9k ab\t morality & to make progress 9 t sph]e ( ?\ght8 ,x is a picture ( confusion t unrolls itself be=e ! eyes ( anyone :o und]takes a j\rney ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( man's se>* = ! e?ical4 ,! progress made 9 t sph]e ( ?\ght is inexplicably sl[ & unc]ta94 ,t ! sci5tific view ( ! _w c\ld be delay$ 9 its rise & developm5t is to a c]ta9 ext5t intelligible1 = its advance dep5d$ m or less on ! *ance ( !re exi/+ gift$ obs]v]s1 ^: discov]ies 9 ! realm ( ! exact sci5ces & ! k ( nature 0 ne$$ fir/1 to provide new horizons & to po9t out new pa?s = ?\ght4 ,b 9 e?ics ?\ght is ?r[n back entirely on itself3 x has to d only ) man himself & 8 self-developm5t1 :i* goes on by a process ( causation f )94 ,:y1 !n1 does x n make bett] progress8 ,j because man himself is ! mat]ial :i* has to be inve/igat$ & m\ld$4 ,e?ics & /hetics are ! /ep-*ildr5 ( philosophy4 ,!y bo? deal ) a subject :i* is coy ab\t submitt+ itself to reflexion1 = !y bo? treat ( sph]es 9 :i* man ex]cises 8 purely creative activities4 ,9 sci5ce man obs]ves & describes ! c\rse ( nature1 & tries to p5etrate its my/]ies4 ,9 practical matt]s he uses & m\lds x by apply+ :at he has grasp$ ( x outside 8 own p]son4 ,b 9 8 moral & arti/ic activities he uses k & obeys impulses1 pg #jbj p]ceptions1 & laws :i* orig9ate 9 himself4 ,to e/abli% ^! firmly & to create ideals f !m is an und]tak+ :i* c be successful to a c]ta9 ext5t only4 ,?\ght lags beh9d ! mat]ial on :i* x ex]cises itself4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t ! examples ) :i* e?ics & /hetics try to "w ^u reality are usually n q consi/5t & are (t5 fooli%4 ,& h[ f> f simple is :atev] is laid d[n 9 ei!r ?is or t6 ,h[ ! ass]tions made contradict ea* o!r6 ,! guidance t an arti/ c get = 8 activities f ! be/ works on /hetics is b small4 ,simil>ly1 a bus9ess man :o seeks 9 a "w on e?ics advice z to h[1 9 any giv5 case1 he is to br+ ! dem&s ( 8 bus9ess into h>mony ) ^? ( e?ics1 c seldom f9d any satisfactory in=mation4 ,! inadequacy 9 ?is respect ( /hetics is n ( great importance = ! spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,arti/ic activity is always ! peculi> affair ( individuals ^: natural gifts develop m by ! actual production ( works ( art ?an by consid]ation ( ! conclusions arriv$ at by /hetic !oriz+4 ,) e?ics1 h[ev]1 x is a matt] ( ! creative activity ( ! mass ( m51 an activity :i* is l>gely det]m9$ by ! pr9ciples :i* are curr5t 9 ! g5]al ?\ght ( ! "t4 ,! abs5ce ( t progress :i* is /ill possible 9 e?ics is some?+ tragic4 ,e?ics & /hetics are n sci5ces4 ,sci5ce1 z ! description ( objective facts1 ! e/abli%m5t ( _! connexion ) "o ano!r1 & ! draw+ ( inf]5ces f !m1 is only possible :5 !re is a succession ( simil> facts to be dealt )1 or a s+le fact 9 a succession ( ph5om5a1 :51 t is1 !re is a subject matt] :i* c be r$uc$ to ord] "u a recogniz$ law4 ,b !re is no sci5ce ( human will+ & do+1 & !re nev] c be4 ,"h !re are only subjective & inf9itely v>i\s facts to be /udi$1 & _! mutual connexion lies )9 ! my/]i\s human ego4 ,x is only ! hi/ory ( e?ics t is sci5tific1 & t pg #jba only s f> z a hi/ory ( man's spiritual life is sci5tifically possible4 ,! importance ( ?\ght ab\t e?ics ,!re is1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ z a sci5tific sy/em ( e?ics2 !re c only be a ?9k+ "o4 ,philosophy mu/ give up ! illusion :i* x has *]i%$ ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,z to :at is good & :at is bad1 & ab\t ! consid]ations 9 :i* we f9d /r5g? to d ! "o & avoid ! o!r1 no "o c speak to 8 neighb\r z an exp]t4 ,all t "o c d is to imp>t to him s mu* z "o f9ds 9 oneself ( t :i* ought to influ5ce ev]ybody1 ?\gh bett] ?\ght out p]haps1 & /rong] & cle>]1 s t noise has become a musical note4 ,is !re1 h[ev]1 any s5se 9 pl\gh+ = ! ?\s& & second "t a field :i* has already be5 pl\gh$ a ?\s& & "o times8 ,has n ev]y?+ :i* c be said ab\t e?ics already be5 said by ,lao-tse1 ,confucius1 ! ,buddha1 & ,z>a?u/ra2 by ,amos & ,isaiah2 by ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle2 by ,epicurus & ! ,/oics2 by ,jesus & ,paul2 by ! ?9k]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( ! 8,aufklrung10 & ( ,rationalism2 by ,locke1 ,%aftesbury1 & ,hume2 by ,sp9oza & ,kant2 by ,fi*te & ,hegel2 by ,s*op5hau]1 ,nietzs*e1 & o!rs8 ,is !re a possibility ( gett+ beyond all ^! s mat]ially contradictory convictions ( ! pa/ to some?+ new :i* w h a /rong] & m la/+ influ5ce8 ,c ! e?ical k]nel ( ! ?\ghts ( all ^! m5 be collect$ into an idea ( ! e?ical1 :i* w unite all ! en]gies to :i* !y appeal8 ,we mu/ hope s1 if we are n to despair ( ! fate ( ! human race4 ,does ?\ght ab\t e?ics br+ m e?ics into ! _w8 ,! confus$ picture (f]$ u by ! hi/ory ( e?ics is en\gh to make "o sceptical ab\t x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t e?ical ?9k]s l ,socrates1 ,kant1 or ,fi*te _h a moraliz+ influ5ce on _m ( _! pg #jbb contempor>ies4 ,f e revival ( e?ical reflexion !re w5t =? e?ical movem5ts :i* made ! contempor>y g5]ation fitt] = its tasks4 ,if any age lacks ! m9ds :i* =ce x to reflect ab\t ! e?ical1 ! level ( its morality s9ks & ) x its capacity = answ]+ ! que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves to x4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( e?ical ?\ght we w&] 9 ! inn]mo/ circles ( _w-hi/ory4 ,( all ! =ces :i* m\ld reality morality is ! fir/ & =emo/4 ,x is ! det]m9+ k :i* we mu/ wr+ f ?\ght4 ,ev]y?+ else is m or less second>y4 ,= ?is reason ev]yone :o believes t he c contribute some?+ to help =w>d ! e?ical self-consci\sness ( society & ( individuals has ! "r to speak n[1 al?\gh x is political & economic que/ions t ! pres5t day prescribes = /udy4 ,= :at is inopportune is really opportune4 ,we c accompli% some?+ la/+ 9 ! problems ( political & economic life only if we approa* !m z m5 :o are try+ to ?9k e?ically4 ,all ^? :o help =w>d 9 any way our ?\ght ab\t e?ics are work+ = ! com+ ( peace & prosp]ity to ! _w4 ,!y are engag$ 9 ! high] politics1 & ! high] rational economics1 & ev5 if all !y c d is no?+ m ?an to br+ e?ical ?9k+ to ! =e1 !y h nev]!less done some?+ valuable4 ,all reflexion ab\t e?ics has z "o result a rais+ & r\s+ ( ! g5]al disposition to morality4 ,! se>* = a basic pr9ciple ( morality ,b h[ev] c]ta9 x is t e age lives by ! en]gies :i* h sprung f its ?\ght ab\t e?ics1 x is equally c]ta9 t up to n[ ! e?ical ?\ghts :i* h become curr5t h aft] a long] or a %ort] p]iod lo/ _! p[] ( conv9c+4 ,:y has ! e/abli%m5t ( an e?ical sy/em nev] met ) m ?an a p>tial & tempor>y success1 & nev] be5 a p]man5cy8 ,:y is ! hi/ory ( ! e?ical ?9k+ ( pg #jbc mank9d ! hi/ory ( inexplicable /oppages & fall+s-back8 ,:y has !re be5 9 ?is sph]e no organic progress :i* all[s "o p]iod to build ^u ! a*ievem5ts ( prec$+ ones8 ,:y 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics d we live 9 a t[n full ( ru9s1 9 :i* "o g5]ation builds = itself "h1 & ano!r !re1 :at is absolutely necess>y8 8,to prea* morality is easy1 to e/abli% x is h>d10 says ,s*op5hau]1 & t say+ %[s :at ! problem is4 ,9 e ef=t ( ?\ght ab\t e?ics !re is to be se51 di/9ctly or indi/9ctly1 ! se>* = a basic pr9ciple ( morality1 :i* ne$s no support outside itself1 & unites 9 itself ! sum total ( all moral dem&s4 ,b no "o has ev] succe$$ 9 really =mulat+ ?is pr9ciple4 ,elem5ts only ( x 7 br\ght to light & giv5 out to be ! :ole1 until ! difficulties :i* em]g$ de/roy$ ! illusion4 ,! tree1 h[ev] f9ely x spr\t$1 did n live to gr[ old1 because x 0 unable to s5d its roots d[n into ! p]man5tly n\ri%+ & moi/ure-giv+ e>?4 ,! *aos ( e?ical views becomes to "s ext5t intelligible z soon z "o sees t we are conc]n$ ) diff]+ & mutually contradictory views ab\t fragm5ts ( ! basic pr9ciple4 ,! contradiction has its f\ndation 9 _! incomplet5ess4 ,!re is e?ical matt] 9 :at ,kant objects to 9 ! e?ics ( rationalism1 z also 9 :at he puts 9 its place2 9 t "p ( ,kant's writ+s :]e 8 conception ( ! moral is oppos$ by ,s*op5hau]1 z also 9 :at is to take its place 9 ! e?ical sy/em ( ! latt]4 ,s*op5hau] is e?ical 9 ! po9ts on :i* ,nietzs*e attacks him1 & ,nietzs*e is e?ical 9 8 opposition to ,s*op5hau]4 ,:at is want$ is to f9d ! fundam5tal *ord 9 :i* ! dissonances ( ^! v>i$ & contradictory e?ical ideas unite 9 produc+ h>mony4 ,! e?ical problem1 !n1 is ! problem ( a basic pr9ciple ( morality1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 ?\ght4 ,:at is ! common elem5t ( good 9 ! manifold goods :i* we feel to be su*8 ,is !re su* a univ]sally valid pg #jbd conception ( ! good8 ,if !re is1 9 :at does x consi/1 & h[ f> is x real & necess>y = me8 ,:at influ5ce has x ov] my g5]al disposition & my actions8 ,into :at relations ) ! _w does x br+ me8 ,x is1 !n1 on ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral t ! att5tion ( ?\ght has to be fix$4 ,! m]e giv+ ( a li/ ( virtues & duties is l /rik+ notes at r&om on ! piano & ?9k+ x is music4 ,& :5 we come to discuss ! works ( e>li] morali/s1 x is only ! elem5ts 9 !m :i* c help ! e/abli%m5t ( an e?ical sy/em t w int]e/ u1 n ! way 9 :i* any sy/em has be5 advocat$4 ,o!rwise !re is no success = any attempt to br+ ord] into *aos4 ,h[ utt]ly at sea ,fri$ri* ,jodl7#b7 is 9 8 hi/ory ( e?ics1 ! mo/ important exi/+ "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 :5 he tries to e/imate ! relative values ( ! v>i\s e?ical /&po9ts6 ,fail+ to judge !m directly by _! di/ance f an initial basic pr9ciple ( morality1 he is unable to e/abli% a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,he gives u1 !re=e1 only a survey ( e?ical views1 & no hi/ory ( ! e?ical problem4 ,religi\s & philosophical e?ics ,:5 we come to look = ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( morality1 are we conc]n$ only ) ! direct attempts ( philosophy to f9d x8 ,no1 we are conc]n$ ) e k9d1 ^? ( religion z well z o!rs4 ,we mu/ trace out ! :ole exp]i5ce ( mank9d 9 its se>* = ! e?ical4 ,! rais+ ( a divid+ wall betwe5 philosophical e?ics & religi\s e?ics is bas$ on ! mi/ak5 idea t ! =m] are sci5tific & ! latt] non-sci5tific4 ,b nei!r ( !m is ei!r3 !y are bo? alike m]ely ?\ght2 only "o has fre$ itself f acceptance ( ! traditional religi\s _w-view1 :ile ! o!r /ill ma9ta9s its connexion ) x4 pg #jbe ,! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is m]ely relative4 ,religi\s e?ics appeal1 inde$1 to a sup]natural au?ority1 b t is r ! =m :i* !y assume4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev] high !y rise1 !y /ill seek to f9d an indep5d5t basic pr9ciple ( morality4 ,9 e religi\s g5ius !re lives an e?ical ?9k]1 & e really deep philosophical morali/ is 9 "s way or o!r religi\s4 ,h[ indet]m9ate is ! bord]-l9e is %[n by ,indian e?ics4 ,are !y religi\s1 or are !y philosophical8 ,orig9at+ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! prie/s1 !y claim to be a deep] exposition ( ! dem&s ( religion1 b 9 ess5tial nature !y are philosophical4 ,) ! ,buddha & o!rs1 !y v5ture to make ! /ep f pan!ism to a!ism1 b )\t giv+ up _! claim to be religi\s4 ,sp9oza & ,kant1 h[ev]1 :o are c\nt$ among philosophical morali/s1 d1 if we judge by ! g5]al direction ( _! ?\ght1 belong at ! same "t to ! religi\s ones4 ,x all dep5ds on a relative diff]5ce 9 me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,! "o gr\p works t[>ds ! basic pr9ciple ( e?ics by a m intuitive process1 ! o!r by a process :i* is m analytical4 ,x is ! dep?1 n ! me?od ( ! ?\ght1 :i* decides ! matt]4 ,! m intuitive ?9k] produces 8 e?ical ?\ght l an arti/ :o ) ! production ( an important "w ( art op5s up new horizons4 ,9 deep-rea*+ moral say+s l ! beatitudes ( ,jesus ! basic pr9ciple ( morality %9es out4 ,!re comes progress 9 ! recognition ( :at is moral1 ev5 if ! provision ( a f\ndation = x fails to advance 9 ! same way4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! se>*+ = ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral by ! process ( critical analysis may lead to an impov]i%$ sy/em ( e?ics1 because !re runs ?r\gh x ! ef=t to take into acc\nt only :at is connect$ ) ! idea t seems to be :at is be+ s\ght =4 ,t is :y philosophical e?ics are z a rule s f> beh9d practical e?ics1 & h s little direct influ5ce4 ,:ile religi\s morali/s 9 "o mighty ^w c get d[n to ! pg #jbf wat]s fl[+ f> bel[ ! surface1 philosophical e?ics (t5 dig out no?+ b a slight holl[ 9 :i* a puddle =ms4 ,nev]!less1 x is rational ?9k+ alone :i* is able to pursue ! se>* = ! basic pr9ciple ) p]sev]ance & hope ( success4 ,x mu/ f9d x at la/1 if x only goes deep en\gh1 & is simple en\gh4 ,! weakness ( all e?ics hi!rto1 :e!r philosophical or religi\s1 has la9 9 ?is1 t !y h n %[n individuals h[ to deal directly & naturally ) reality4 ,to a l>ge ext5t !y m]ely talk 8ab\t x & ab\t40 ,!y d n t\* a man's daily exp]i5ce1 & !re=e !y ex]t no p]man5t pressure ^u him4 ,! result is lack ( e?ical ?\ght1 & m]e platitudes ab\t e?ics4 ,! true basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical mu/ be n only some?+ univ]sally valid1 b some?+ absolutely elem5t>y & inw>d1 :i*1 once x has dawn$ ^u a man1 nev] lets him loose1 :i* z a matt] ( c\rse runs l a ?read ?r\gh all 8 m$itation1 :i* nev] lets itself be ?ru/ aside1 & :i* cont9ually *all5ges him to come to an und]/&+ ) reality4 ,= c5turies m5 :o navigat$ ! seas guid$ !mselves by ! />s4 ,9 "t !y rose above ?is imp]fect me?od ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* by its natural pr9ciple ( activity po9t$ !m to ! nor?4 ,n[ !y c tell :]e !y are 9 ! d>ke/ night on ! mo/ di/ant sea4 ,t is ! k9d ( progress t we h to seek 9 e?ics4 ,s long z we h no?+ b an e?ical sy/em ( e?ical say+s1 we direct our c\rse by />s1 :i*1 h[ev] brilliant _! %9+1 give u only m or less reliable guidance1 & c be hidd5 f u by ris+ mi/4 ,dur+ a /ormy night !y leave mank9d1 z we "k by rec5t exp]i5ces1 9 ! lur*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h 9 our possession a sy/em ( e?ics z a pr9ciple :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght & comes to cle>ness )9 ourselves1 !re beg9s a f>-rea*+ e?ical deep5+ ( individuals1 & /eady e?ical progress 9 mank9d4 pg #jbg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical ,,_w-,,views ,! _w-views ( ! _w-religions ,,9 ! _w-religions we c see p[]ful attempts to e/abli% an e?ical _w-view4 ,! religi\s ?9k]s ( ,*9a1 ,lao-tse 7born #fjd ,b4,c471 ,kung-tse 7,confucius1 #ecg-dgi ,b4,c471 ,m5g-tse 7#cgb-bhi ,b4,c47 & ,*wang-tse 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c471 all try to gr\nd ! e?ical 9 a _w- & life-affirm+ nature-philosophy4 ,9 s do+ !y arrive at a _w-view :i*1 because x is optimi/ic-e?ical1 conta9s inc5tives to inw>d & outw>d civilization4 ,! religi\s ?9k]s ( ,india also1 ! ,brahmanic philosoph]s1 ! ,buddha 7#efj-dhj ,b4,c471 & ! ,h9dus1 />t1 l ! ,*9ese1 f ?\ght ab\t ! exi/+ _w1 i4e4 f nature-philosophy4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 take a _w- & life-affirm+ view ( x1 b a _w- & life-d5y+ "o4 ,_! _w-view is pessimi/ic-e?ical1 & conta9s1 !re=e1 inc5tives to inw>d civilization only1 n to outw>d z well4 ,*9ese religi\sness1 & ,indian1 recognize only a s+le _w-pr9ciple4 ,!y are moni/ic & pan!i/ic4 ,_! _w-view has to solve ! problem ( h[ f> we c recognize ! orig9al s\rce ( ! _w z e?ical1 & h[ f>1 correspond+ly1 we become e?ical by ! surr5d] to x ( our w4 ,9 contra/ to ^! moni/ic-pan!i/ic _w-views we f9d duali/ic ones 9 ! religion ( ,z>a?u/ra 7six? c5tury ,b4,c471 9 t ( ! ,jewi% prophets 7f ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds71 & 9 ^? ( ,jesus & ,mohamm$1 ?is la/1 h[ev]1 %[+ itself to be 9 pg #jbh all po9ts unorig9al & decad5t4 ,^! religi\s ?9k]s d n />t f an inve/igation ( ! exi/5ce :i* manife/s itself 9 ! univ]se1 b f a view ( ! e?ical :i* is q indep5d5t ( x4 ,!y put x 9 opposition to natural happ5+s4 ,accord+ly !y assume ! exi/5ce ( two _w-pr9ciples1 ! natural & ! e?ical4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! _w1 & has to be ov]come2 ! o!r is incorporat$ 9 an e?ical p]sonality :i* is outside ! _w & has be5 giv5 ! f9al au?ority 9 ?is sph]e4 ,if among ! ,*9ese & ! ,h9dus ! basic pr9ciple ( morality 0 life 9 h>mony ) ! _w-w1 s among duali/s x is an attempt to be some?+ diff]5t f ! _w 9 h>mony ) an e?ical div9e p]sonality :i* is outside & above ! _w4 ,! weakness ( duali/ic religions is t _! _w-view1 because x rejects e k9d ( nature-philosophy1 is always nave4 ,_! /r5g? lies 9 ! fact t !y h ! e?ical )9 !mselves1 directly pres5t & ) undim9i%$ =ce4 ,!y h no ne$ to /ra9 x & expla9 x1 z moni/s h to1 s z to be able to conceive x z an efflu5ce f ! _w-w :i* reveals itself 9 nature4 ,! _w-views ( ! duali/ic _w-religions1 tak5 z a :ole1 are optimi/ic4 ,!y live 9 ! confid5t belief t e?ical =ce w prove sup]ior to natural1 & s raise ! _w & mank9d to true p]fection4 ,z>a?u/ra & ! old] ,jewi% prophets repres5t ?is process z a k9d ( _w-re=m4 ,! optimi/ic elem5t 9 _! _w-view ass]ts itself 9 a q natural way4 ,!y h ! w1 & ! hope ( be+ able to trans=m human society & to make ! races ( ! _w fit = _! high] de/9y4 ,progress 9 any dep>tm5t ( life means = !m some?+ ga9$1 = !y ?9k ( inw>d & outw>d civilization toge!r4 ,) ,jesus ! value ( ! optimi/ic elem5t 9 8 _w-view is impair$ by ! fact t he looks =w>d to ! p]fect$ _w z a result ( a cata/rophic end to ! natural "o1 & :ile ) ,z>a?u/ra & ! old] pg #jbi ,jewi% prophets ! ,div9e int]v5tion is to a c]ta9 ext5t only ! completion ( ! human activities :i* h be5 direct$ to ! p]fect+ ( ! _w1 x is ) ,jesus ! only ?+ :i* has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is to appe> 9 a sup]natural way2 x is 9 no way prep>$ = by any ef=t made by mank9d to atta9 to civilization4 ,! _w-view ( ,jesus1 because x is fundam5tally optimi/ic1 accepts ! ends aim$ at by outw>d civilization4 ,be+1 h[ev]1 entangl$ 9 ! expectation ( ! end ( ! _w1 x is indiff]5t to all attempts made to improve ! temporal1 natural _w by a civilization :i* organizes itself on l9es ( outw>d progress1 & x busies itself only ) ! inw>d e?ical p]fect+ ( individuals4 ,j 9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z ! ,*ri/ian _w-view draws ! consequ5ces ( ! _w's n com+ to an end1 & accepts ! idea t ! k+dom ( ,god mu/ be e/abli%$ by a process ( developm5t :i* trans=ms ! natural _w1 x beg9s to und]/& & be int]e/$ 9 ! complet+ ( social organization1 & 9 all su* progress 9 outw>d civilization z contributes to x4 ,!n ! optimi/ic elem5t 9 ! _w-view c aga9 "w unh9d]$ side by side ) ! e?ical4 ,?us we get an explanation ( ! fact t ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 9 ! anci5t _w %[$ itself ho/ile to civilization1 seeks 9 mod]n times ) m or less success to conduct itself z ! _w-view :i* is = progress 9 e sph]e ( activity4 ,! _w-views ( ! _w-religions & t ( ,we/]n ?\ght ,! que/ions :i* press = an answ] f ! _w-religions 9 _! /ruggle to rea* an e?ical & an optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 are ! same z ^? :i* pres5t !mselves to ,we/]n philosophy also4 ,! great problem is to ?9k out a connexion betwe5 ! univ]se & e?ics4 pg #jcj ,! ?ree types ( _w-view :i* %[ !mselves 9 ! _w-religions1 recur also 9 ,we/]n philosophy4 ,! latt]1 too1 attempts to f9d an e?ical code ei!r 9 a _w- & life-affirm+1 or 9 a _w- & life-d5y+1 nature-philosophy1 or x attempts1 reject+ m or less completely all nature-philosophy1 to rea* a _w-view :i* is 9 itself e?ical4 ,only1 x at ! same "t does its be/ to avoid ackn[l$g+1 & inde$ to conceal1 ! nave & duali/ic elem5t :i* is inevitably enc\nt]$ :5 ?is la/ me?od ( proc$ure is foll[$4 ,! _w-views1 !n1 ( ! _w-religions1 & t ( ,we/]n philosophy1 d n belong to diff]5t worlds1 b /& 9 close inw>d relations to "o ano!r4 ,fur!r1 ! di/9ctions betwe5 a religi\s _w-view & a philosophical "o is a q sup]ficial "o4 ,! religi\s _w-view :i* seeks to compreh5d itself 9 ?\ght becomes philosophical1 z is ! case among ! ,*9ese & ! ,h9dus4 ,on ! o!r h& a philosophical _w-view :i* goes really deep1 assumes a religi\s "*4 ,al?\gh ,we/]n ?\ght does1 9 pr9ciple1 approa* ! problem ( _w-view )\t any presuppositions1 x has n be5 able to keep itself entirely f be+ influ5c$ by religi\s _w-views4 ,f ,*ri/ianity x has receiv$ impulses ( a decisive "*1 & ! attempt to conv]t ! nave-e?ical _w-view ( ,jesus into a philosophical "o has co/ x m att5tion & ef=t ?an x admits to itself4 ,) ,s*op5hau] & 8 successors ! pessimi/ic monism ( ,india f9ds expression1 & x enri*es _! reflexion ^u ! nature ( ! e?ical4 ,?us ! en]gies ( all ! great _w-views /ream into ,we/]n ?\ght1 & ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( ^! v>i$ =ms ( ?\ght & en]gy ! latt] is enabl$ to exalt into a univ]sal conviction ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view :i* hov]s be=e its m9d1 & t too 9 a /r5g? :i* x has nev] display$ 9 any previ\s age or 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,& t is :y ,we/]n ?\ght has advanc$ f>!/ bo? 9 inw>d civilization & 9 outw>d4 pg #jca ,to give a real f\ndation to ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ,we/]n ?\ght is inde$ z little able z any ( ! _w-religions 71 & because ! ,we/ exp]i5ces ! problem ( _w-view 9 its mo/ univ]sal & mo/ press+ =m x is ! sc5e ( ! greate/ advances made by ! civiliz$ m9d1 b also ( its greate/ cata/rophes4 ,x exp]i5ces port5t\s *anges 9 its _w-view1 & is famili>1 too1 ) t]rible p]iods :5 x has no _w-view at all4 ,x is because our ,we/]n ?\ght is s s5sitive 9 bo? ^! directions1 t x reveals mo/ cle>ly ! que/ions & difficulties amid :i* ! se>* = an optimi/ic _w-view moves4 ,h[ f> does ! hi/ory ( our ?\ght give to u ,we/]n]s ! explanation ( our fate8 ,:at road does x indicate to u z ! be/ = our future se>* aft] a _w-view 9 :i* ! individual c f9d inw>dness & /r5g?1 & mank9d progress & peace8 pg #jcb ,,*apt] ,v ,,civilization ,,& ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,gr,,co-,,roman ,,philosophy ,! beg9n+s3 ,socrates4 ,,9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! ,greek _s beg9s to free itself f ! _w-view :i* und]lay ! traditional religion1 & und]takes ! task ( e/abli%+ ano!r on a f\ndation ( k & ?\ght4 ,fir/ !re comes a nature-philosophy1 ! result ( inve/igation ( ,be+ ) reflexion ^u :at x really is4 ,!n criticism beg9s its "w4 ,belief 9 ! gods is f\nd unsatisfy+1 n only because ! c\rse ( nature is n made intelligible by ! rule ( dwell]s 9 ,olympus1 b also because ^! p]sonalities no long] answ] to ! dem&s ( feel+ :i* is ?\ghtful & moral4 ,^! two elem5ts1 nature-philosophy & criticism1 are f\nd unit$ 9 ,x5ophanes & ,h]aclitus 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,sophi/s appe>1 & beg9 to conc]n !mselves critically ) ! accept$ /&>ds ( value curr5t = social life & individual activities47#c7 ,! result is annihilat+4 ,! m mod]ate ( ^! 8,enlight5]s0 proclaim ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ^! /&>ds :i* pass = moral to be m]ely claims made by society on its memb]s1 leav+ op5 !reby ! possibility t a small rema9d] may be able to prove !mselves to rational consid]ation z moral 9 pg #jcc !mselves4 ,b ! y\ng] radical sophi/s ma9ta9 ! position t all morality1 l all curr5t law1 has be5 inv5t$ by organiz$ society 9 its own int]e/4 ,h5ce ! ?9k+ man :o is free+ himself f ?is tutelage w make 8 own moral /&>ds1 & w foll[ 9 !m no?+ b 8 own pleasure & int]e/s4 ,?us ,we/]n philosophical ?\ght ab\t ! problem ( e?ics & civilisation />ts ) a %rill dissonance4 ,:at 0 ,socrates 7#dgj-cii ,b4,c47 able to contribute1 :5 he came =w>d to oppose ?is t5d5cy8 ,9 ! place ( ! simply pleasurable he put ! rationally pleasurable4 ,by rational consid]ation1 he ass]ts1 x is possible to e/abli% a /&>d ( action 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( ! individual1 rightly und]/ood1 is 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/s ( society4 ,virtue consi/s 9 "r k4 ,t ! rationally moral is t :i* procures = ! ag5t true pleasure1 or1 :at means ! same ?+1 true pr(it1 ,socrates draws out into ! mo/ div]se applications 9 ! simple ev]yday discussions :i* ,x5ophon has transmitt$ to u 9 8 ,memorabilia47#d7 ,! dialogues ( ,plato %[ him go+ beyond ?is primitive utilit>ianism1 & seek+ a conception ( ! good :i* has be5 made some?+ inw>d & aims at ! well-be+ ( ! s\l2 :i* /&s1 too1 9 relation%ip ) ! beautiful47#e7 ,h[ mu* ( ^! m advanc$ views are ! ,ma/]'s own1 & h[ mu* ( 8 own ?\ghts 8 pupil has 9 ?is way put into 8 m\?1 _c n[ be decid$4 ,t ,socrates spoke ( an inn]1 my/]i\s voice1 ! 8daimonion01 z be+ ! highe/ moral au?ority 9 man is inde$ c]ta91 = x is m5tion$ 9 8 indictm5t4 ,8 pg #jcd utilit>ian rationalism is !re=e complet$ by a k9d ( my/icism4 ,an empirical e?ic1 t is1 "o e/abli%$ out ( pa/ exp]i5ce & ) a view to future exp]i5ce1 & an intuitive e?ic live 9 him side by side & undi/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 to be sep>at$ lat] & develop$ 9 contra/ to "o ano!r 9 8 pupils1 ! ,cynics & ,cyr5aics on ! "o h&1 & ,plato on ! o!r4 ,0 ,socrates at all consci\s t ) ! br++ back ( ! moral to t :i* is rationally pleasurable he builds ! road only a %ort way fur!r1 & /ops exactly at ! po9t :]e ! real difficulty makes its appe>ance1 viz4 t ( def9+ ! mo/ g5]al cont5t ( ! moral z giv5 by reason8 ,or 0 he s simple z to reg>d ! g5]al =mula he _h arriv$ at z ! solution ( ! difficulty8 ,! confid5ce :i* he displays 9 all 8 public life leads u to suppose ! latt]4 ,9 8 unaffect$ simplicity lies 8 /r5g?4 ,9 t p]il\s h\r :5 ,we/]n ?\ght comes to ! po9t ( hav+ to philosophize ab\t ! moral 9 ord] to arre/ ! dissolution ( ,greek society :i* has be5 begun by a body ( un/able & disputati\s tea*]s1 ! wise man ( ,a!ns %att]s all scepticism by ! mighty e>ne/ness ( 8 conviction t :at is moral c be det]m9$ by ?\ght4 ,beyond t g5]al /atem5t he does n g1 b he is ! s\rce ( t s]i\s _s 9 :i* antiquity aft] 8 day busi$ itself ) ! problem4 ,:at w\ld t anci5t _w h become )\t him8 ,*>act]i/ic = ?is prologue to ,we/]n philosophiz+ ab\t ! moral is ! indiff]5ce ) :i* ,socrates /&s outside ! philosophic ef=ts to rea* a complete _w-view4 ,he tr\bles himself nei!r ab\t ! results ( natural sci5ce1 nor ab\t inquiries into ! nature ( k1 b is busi$ simply ) man 9 8 relation to himself & to society4 ,lao-tse1 ,confucius1 ! ,indian philosoph]s1 ! ,jewi% prophets1 & ,jesus seek to compreh5d e?ics z someh[ or o!r d]iv$ f1 or pg #jce =m+ "p (1 a _w-view4 ,socrates gives !m no f\ndation b !mselves4 ,on ?is /age1 :i* has no sc5]y to =m a backgr\nd1 !re w appe> 9 succession to him ! utilit>ians ( e age4 ,& "h a rem>kable prospect op5s to u4 ,to all ef=ts to det]m9e ! cont5t ( ! moral m help is af=d$ by ! e?ic :i* keeps cle> ( all connexion ) a complete _w-view ?an by any o!r4 ,su* an e?ic is ! mo/ practical4 ,& yet ?is isolation is unnatural4 ,! idea t e?ics are root$ 9 a complete _w-view1 or mu/ f9d _! completion 9 "o--t is1 ! idea t "o's relations to "o's fell[-m5 & to society are 9 ! la/ resort root$ 9 "s relation to ! _w--nev] loses its natural claim4 ,h5ce aga9 & aga9--already 9 ,plato1 !n 9 ,epicurus & 9 ! ,/oic philosophy--e?ics feel ! ne$ ( aga9 connect+ !mselves ) _w-view1 & ! same process cont9ues 9 mod]n ?\ght4 ,b ! practical se>* = ! cont5t ( ! e?ical rema9s ! pr]ogative ( ^? :o are busi$ ) e?ics 9 !mselves4 ,9 ,socrates ! e?ical my/icism ( devotion to ! inn] voice takes ! place ( ! complete _w-view1 :i* 0 9 future to be ! f\ndation ( ! e?ical det]m9ation ( mank9d4 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,! ,e?ic ( ,resignation ,?ree tasks 7 left by ,socrates to 8 successors3 to det]m9e m exactly ! cont5t ( ! rationally useful2 to give ! _w ! mo/ univ]sal g5]al-notion ( ! good2 & to ?9k e?ics into a complete _w-view4 ,:at conclusions are come to by ^? :o conc]n !mselves ) ! fir/ "q1 & seek to det]m9e ! rationally useful f a correspond+ exp]i5ce ( pleasure8 ,z soon z ! notion ( pleasure is br\ght into connexion ) e?ics x %[s di/urbances1 z ! magnetic pg #jcf ne$le does 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! poles4 ,imm$iate pleasure %[s itself z incapable 9 e respect ( be+ reconcil$ ) ! dem&s ( e?ics1 & x is !re=e giv5 up4 ,la/+ pleasure is call$ on to take its place1 b ?is retreat does n suffice4 ,la/+ pleasure1 int]pret$ s]i\sly1 c be no?+ b pleasure ( ! m9d4 ,ev5 ?is position1 h[ev]1 is n t5able4 ,reflexion ^u ! e?ic :i* is to produce happ9ess sees itself compell$ at la/ to give up ! positive notion ( pleasure 9 any =m4 ,x has to reconcile itself to ! negative notion :i* conceives pleasure z someh[ or o!r a lib]ation f ! ne$ ( pleasure4 ,?us ! individuali/ic1 utilit>ian e?ic1 also call$ ,eudmonism1 de/roys itself z soon z x v5tures to be consi/5t4 ,?is is ! p>adox :i* reveals itself 9 ! e?ics ( antiquity4 ,in/ead ( com+ to maturity 9 ! foll[+ g5]ations1 ! e?ically-rational life-ideal put =w>d by ,socrates succumbs to an incurable decl9e1 because ! notion ( pleasure1 :i* lives 9 x1 d5ies itself z soon z x makes any attempt to ?9k itself out4 ,ari/ippus 7c4 #dce-cee ,b4,c471 ! f\nd] ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool1 ,democritus ( ,abd]a 7c4 #dej-cfj ,b4,c471 ! au?or ( ! atomic !ory1 & ,epicurus 7#cda-bgj ,b4,c47 seek to reta9 z mu* z possible ( ! positive notion ( pleasure4 ,! ,cynic s*ool ( ,anti/h5es 7born c4 #ddj ,b4,c471 & ! ,/oicism :i* orig9at$ ) ,z5o1 a native ( ,kittium 9 ,cyprus 7c4 #ccf-bfd ,b4,c471 keep f ! v beg9n+ to ! negative notion47#f7 ,b ! f9al result is ! same ) bo?4 ,epicurus sees himself compell$ at la/ to exalt ! pg #jcg abs5ce ( desire = pleasure z be+ itself ! pure/ pleasure1 l&+ !reby on ! %ore ( resignation :]e ! ,/oics take _! ex]cise4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two great philosophical s*ools ( antiquity does n lie 9 :at !y (f] to m5 z e?ical4 ,ab\t :at ! 8wise man0 does & leaves undone1 !y bo? frequ5tly express !mselves 9 ! same way4 ,:at sep>ates !m is ! _w-view ) :i* _! e?ic is comb9$4 ,epicureanism accepts ! atomi/ic mat]ialism ( ,democritus1 is a!i/ic1 ass]ts t ! s\l p]i%es1 & is 9 e respect irreligi\s4 ,/oicism is pan!i/ic4 ,) ,epicurus & ,z5o e?ics no long] tru/ !mselves1 z ) ,socrates1 to ma9ta9 an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,!y see ! necessity ( atta*+ !mselves to "s sort ( _w-view4 ,travell+ along ?is road1 ,epicurus is guid$ solely by ! ef=t aft] v]acity4 ,he leaves ! talk+ to ! purely sci5tific k ( ! _w1 n all[+ e?ics to jo9 9 ! inve/igation ( ,be+ & introduce into x :at might be ( advantage to itself4 ,h[ poor1 or h[ ri*1 x w f9ally become is to him a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! "o ?+ he is conc]n$ ab\t is t ! _w-view be a true "o1 & !re9 lies ! greatness ( ,epicurus ) its claim to our respect4 ,/oicism seeks to satisfy ! ne$ = an inw>d1 /able _w-view2 l ! ,*9ese moni/s x tries to f9d a mean+ 9 ! _w4 ,x tries to wid5 out ! e?ical rationalism ( ,socrates into cosmic rationalism4 ,! moral is to %[ itself to be conduct agreeable to ! pron\ncem5ts ( _w-reason4 ,/oicism has a vision ( an optimi/ic-e?ical affirmation ( life1 gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! cosmos1 b x fails to rea* x4 ,x is n untutor$ en\gh to acquiesce 9 ! e?ical simplicity ( a nature-philosophy su* z c be se5 9 ,lao-tse & 9 ! old] philosophical ,taoism4 ,x is ev] /ruggl+ to discov] 9 _w-reason ! notion ( purposive activity1 & is ev] m]cilessly ?ru/ back ^u t ( activity pure & simple4 ,h5ce ! e?ic ) :i* x is op]at+ nev] has a suffici5tly univ]sali/ pg #jch "* to let x =m a natural connexion ) _w-reason4 ,z might be expect$ f its orig91 x is dom9at$ by ! problem ( pleasure & n-pleasure1 & !re=e no long] possesses any efficaci\s in/9ct = ef=t4 ,its horizons1 because /ill det]m9$ by ! que/ions aris+ out ( anci5t citiz5%ip & ! anci5t city-/ate1 are n>r[4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n advanc$ en\gh to engage 9 ?\ght on nature-philosophic l9es1 conc]n$ ) bo? ! _w & man1 al?\gh x does feel ! inn] necessity = do+ s4 ,! vacillation :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,/oicism comes1 !n1 f ! fact t ! results x atta9s to d n mat* its aspirations1 b are mu* poor] ?an ! latt]4 ,! _s ( antiquity tries to f9d an optimi/ic-e?ical life-affirmation 9 nature-philosophy1 & to f9d 9 x also ! ju/ification ( ^? in/9cts = reliable activity :i* x has possess$ s9ce ! days :5 x 0 entirely untutor$1 b x _c d s4 ,:5ev] x ackn[l$ges :at has happ5$ x sees cle>ly t ?9k+ ab\t ! univ]se leads only to resignation1 & t a life 9 h>mony ) ! _w means quiet surr5d] to be+ c>ri$ along 9 ! flood ( _w-happ5+s1 &1 :5 ! h\r comes1 s9k+ into x )\t a murmur4 ,/oicism talks1 x is true1 ) deep e>ne/ness ( responsibility & duty1 b s9ce x _c draw ei!r f nature-philosophy or f e?ics a well-e/abli%$ & liv+ notion ( activity1 x %[s u 9 ^! words no?+ b beautiful corpses4 ,x is impot5t to comm& any?+ :atev] t is b\nd up ) volunt>y activity :i* is consci\s ( its aim4 ,aga9 & aga9 evid5ce breaks ?r\gh t its ?9k+ has be5 pu%$ aside on to ! track ( passivity4 ,nature-philosophy only provides ! cosmic backgr\nd = ! resignation to :i* e?ics h come4 ,! ideal :i* gives life to ,*9ese ,monism1 ( ! p]fect+ ( a _w ?r\gh e?ical & e?ically organiz$ mank9d1 is n really disc]n$1 mu* less securely grasp$4 ,"o wat*es ) dismay ! %ap+ ( ! fate ( pg #jci anci5t e?ics 9 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,9 place ( ! vigor\s life-affirm+ e?ic :i* ,socrates expects f rational ?9k+1 resignation /eps 94 ,an inconceivable impov]i%m5t takes place 9 ! repres5tation ( ! moral4 ,! notion ( action _c be work$ out to completion4 ,ev5 s mu* ( x z1 ?anks to tradition1 /ill survives 9 ! simple ?\ght-me?ods ( ! ,greek _w 9 g5]al1 is lo/4 ,! anci5t ,greek 0 m citiz5 ?an man4 ,active devotion to ! cause ( ! community 0 to him a matt] ( c\rse4 ,socrates presupposes x4 ,9 ! conv]sations :i* ,x5ophon h&s d[n to u 9 ! ,memorabilia he is ev] insi/+ on x t ! individual mu/ improve himself 9 ord] to become an active citiz54 ,! natural c\rse w\ld h be5 t ! ?\ght :i* orig9at$ ) him %\ld deep5 ?is m5tality by sett+ be=e x ! highe/ social aims4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nev] at all 9 a position to ma9ta9 ! m5tality z x receiv$ x4 ,m & m x leads ! individual to )draw himself f ! _w & f all t goes on 9 x4 ,by a nev]-ceas+ process ( *ange ! e?ics ( ,greek ?\ght become 9 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism e?ics ( decad5ce4 ,n be+ capable ( produc+ ideals ( progressive developm5t = collective bodies1 !y are also impot5t to become really e?ics ( civilization4 ,9 place ( ! ideal ( ! man :o works = civilization !y set ! ideal ( ! 8wise man40 ,x is only ! inw>d individual civilization ( ref9$ & reflective self-lib]ation f ! _w t n[ floats be=e its eyes1 b ?is 9 all its dep?4 ,x is true t !re is p[] 9 ! prea*+ ( resignation :i* anci5t ?\ght1 n[ become kn[+ ab\t life1 all[s to g =? to mank9d4 ,resignation is ! l(ty por* ?r\gh :i* "o ent]s ^u e?ics4 ,b ,epicurus & ! ,/oics /op 9 ?is por*4 ,resignation becomes = !m an e?ical _w-view4 ,h5ce !y are incapable ( lead+ anci5t society f its untutor$ life- & _w-affirmation to "o bas$ on ?\ght4 pg #jdj ,! conception ( ! rationally pleasurable1 :i* 0 ! legacy ( ,socrates1 is n productive en\gh to keep a _w alive4 ,x is impossible to develop out ( x ! ideas ( a utilit>ianism direct$ to ! welf>e ( ! community1 al?\gh he believ$ he f\nd !m 9 x4 ,e?ical ?\ght rema9s conf9$ )9 ! circle ( ! self-reg>d+4 ,e attempt to ennoble ! rationally pleasurable ends 9 life-affirmation *ang+ into life-d5ial4 ,on ?is logical fact 0 wreck$ ! anci5t ,we/1 :i*1 aft] ! critical awak5+ ( ! ,greek _s1 c\ld h be5 sav$ only by means ( a reflective optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view4 ,x 0 able to develop s]i\sly :at ,socrates gave x1 b n to make x capable ( produc+ life & civilization4 ,plato's ab/ract basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical4 ,! e?ic ( _w-negation ,plato1 too 7#dbg-cdg ,b4,c471 & ,ari/otle 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c471 ! two great indep5d5t ?9k]s ( antiquity1 are incapable ( produc+ an e?ic ( action1 & s giv+ civilization a firm f\ndation4 ,plato seeks ! g5]al notion ( ! ,good1 b he ab&ons ! pa? :i* 0 po9t$ out1 ev5 if n foll[$ to ! end1 by ,socrates1 viz4 ! det]m9ation ( x by a process ( induction4 ,he gives up try+ to arrive at ! nature ( ! ,good by consid]ations ( ! k9d1 ! object1 & ! results ( action1 t is to say1 by its cont5t4 ,he wants to e/abli% x by a purely =mal process1 by ab/ract logical ?9k+4 ,9 ord] to arrive at an e?ic he uses a det\r ?r\gh ! !ory ( ideas4 ,all simil> ph5om5a1 he says1 are to be conceiv$ ( z v>y+ copies ( an orig9al--to express :i* he uses ! ^w 8idea40 ,9 trees !re is to be se5 ! idea ( tree1 9 horses1 t ( horse4 ,! idea does n come to u1 z we are incl9$ to ?9k1 by our ab/ract+ f trees ! idea ( tree1 & f horses t ( horse4 ,we h x )9 u already4 ,x orig9ates1 n 9 our pg #jda exp]i5ce ( ! empirical _w b 9 ! recollection :i* our s\l br\ght ) x f ! supra-s5su\s1 pure _w ( ideas1 :5 x began its exi/5ce 9 a body4 ,9 ! same way we h br\ght ) u ! idea ( ! ,good4 ,?us 9 a tortur$ doctr9e :i* is disfigur$ ev]y:]e ) fancies & obscurities1 ,plato tries to f\nd e?ics on a !ory ab\t ! "* ( our k ( ! _w ( s5se1 & he is enc\rag$ to ?is und]tak+ by ! consid]ation t x is n f reflexion t we obta9 our conception ( ! ,beautiful1 :i* is closely alli$ ) t ( ! ,good3 we br+ t conception also ) u1 ready made4 ,plato is ! fir/ ( all ?9k]s :o feels t ! pres5ce ( ! e?ical idea 9 man is :at x is3 some?+ pr(\ndly puzzl+4 ,t is 8 greate/ di/9ction4 ,h5ce he _c pr(ess to be satisfi$ ) ! attempt ( ! hi/oric ,socrates to expla9 ! ,good z t :i* is rationally pleasure-giv+4 ,x is cle> to him t x is some?+ unconditional1 ) a compell+ =ce ( its own1 & to pres]ve = x ?is "* seems to him1 z lat] to ,kant1 to be ! great task ( ?\ght4 ,b :at is ! result ( 8 und]tak+8 ,a fundam5tal pr9ciple = e?ics :i* is devoid ( cont5t4 ,9 ord] to secure its l(ty "* x is all[$ to be born ( ab/ract consid]ations 9 ! c\ntry ( ! supra-s5su\s4 ,x c1 !re=e1 nev] f9d itself at home 9 reality & become famili> ) x1 nor c any rules = concrete e?ical conduct be develop$ f x4 ,?us ,plato1 :5 he treats practically ( e?ics1 is compell$ to abide by ! *ief virtues1 z popul>ly conceiv$4 ,9 ! ,republic he names f\r ( !m3 wisdom1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice1 & he f\nds !m n on 8 g5]al idea ( ! ,good1 b on 8 psy*ology4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic e?ic ( ,plato has no?+ :atev] to d ) su* virtues4 ,if ! conception ( ! ,good is supra-s5sible & ! immat]ial _w is ! only real "o1 !n x is only ?\ght & conduct :i* deal ) ! pg #jdb immat]ial t c h any e?ical "*4 ,9 ! _w ( appe>ance !re is no?+ ( value to be made actual4 ,man is simply compell$ to be an impot5t spectator ( its %ad[-play4 ,all will+ mu/ be direct$ to enabl+ oneself to turn away f ?is1 & get sight ( t true activity :i* goes on 9 ! light4 ,! true e?ic1 !n1 is _w-negation4 ,to ?is view ,plato 0 committ$ ! mom5t he all[$ ! e?ical to f9d its home 9 ! _w ( pure ,be+4 ,?\ghts ( ascetic inactivity f9d expression 9 him side by side ) ! ,greek feel+ = reality1 & x is confus+ t he does n recognize ! conflict betwe5 !m1 b speaks n[ 9 "o s5se1 n[ 9 ! o!r4 ,8 e?ic is a *aos1 & he himself an exp]t 9 inconsi/5cy4 ,plato's e?ic ( _w-d5ial is n an orig9al creation2 he takes x ov] 9 ! ,indian sett+ 9 :i* x is (f]$ to him by ,orphism & ,py?agoreanism4 ,by :at r\te !re f\nd its way into ,greek ?\ght ?is pessimism :i* has be5 ?\ght out to a sy/em & provid$ ) ! doctr9e ( re-inc>nation1 we d n "k1 & %all probably nev] le>n4 ,! pres5ce side by side 9 ,greek ?\ght ( an artless optimism & a mature pessimism w always rema9 = u ! great puzzle ( ,greek civilization4 ,b if ! pessimism _h n be5 !re1 ,plato mu/ h introduc$ x4 ,! ab/ract basic pr9ciple ( morality :i* he adopts 9 ord] to pres]ve ! absolute "* ( morality :i* he 0 ! fir/ to pron\nce to be a necessity1 precludes any o!r cont5t ?an t ( ! d5ial ( ! s5sible _w & ( natural life4 ,ari/otle4 ,in/ruction ab\t virtue 9 place ( e?ics ,plato's fate al>ms ,ari/otle4 ,he refuses to so> to ! heights :]e ,plato lo/ himself4 ,h[ !n does he f>e8 ,8 object is ! e/abli%m5t ( a s]viceable e?ic :i* is 9 h>mony bo? z to ext5t & cont5t ) reality4 ,:at he accompli%$ lies be=e u 9 ! pg #jdc s-call$ ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 ! compreh5sive "w :i* he compos$ = ! b5efit ( 8 son1 ,nicoma*us4 ,! g5]al ?\ght ( ,socrates1 t e?ics are a /riv+ aft] happ9ess1 he ackn[l$ges4 ,b at ! same "t he makes q cle> 8 op9ion t ! "p play$ by activity 9 e?ics mu/ be a mu* m important "o ?an is giv5 to x 9 ,plato or 9 ! o!r po/-,socratics4 ,ari/otle feels t ! crux ( ! "q is ! conception ( activity1 & ?is he wants to save4 ,he !re=e avoids ,plato's pa?s ( ab/ract ?9k+1 & rejects ! e?ic ( pleasure & n-pleasure ov] :i* ! ,cyr5aics & ,cynics "w s h>d4 ,9 8 e?ical ?9k+ ! vitality ( ! anci5t _w tries to f9d expression4 ,9 magnific5t fa%ion he lays d[n ! pre-suppositions :i* are necess>y = ! c>ry+ ?r\gh ( 8 und]tak+4 ,he f9ds ! motive to activity 9 ! conception ( pleasure1 a ?+ he c d because 8 :ole philosophy has inde$ = its aim & object ! conceiv+ ( ,be+ z =mative activity4 ,h5ce ! ess5tial elem5t 9 human nature also is activity4 ,happ9ess is to be def9$ z activity 9 accordance ) ! law ( excell5ce4 ,rational pleasure is exp]i5ce ( ! p]fect+ ( "o's activity4 ,/>t+ f ! conception ( pleasure :i* exp]i5ces itself z activity1 ,ari/otle is on ! way to compreh5d e?ics z deep5$ life-affirmation1 & to attack ! problem ( lead+ ! anci5t _w up f a nave & unreflect+ _w-affirmation to a ?9k+ "o4 ,b on ! way he div]ges f ! high-road4 ,:5 he has to ask ! decisive "q z to :at make activity moral1 he %r9ks f discuss+ ! problem ( ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,e?ics are n "s sort ( k :i* gives a cont5t to activity1 he says 9 opposition to ,socrates4 ,! cont5t ( ! w is already giv54 ,no reflexion & no k c put any?+ new into x1 or alt] x4 ,e?ics consi/1 !n1 n 9 a guid+ ( ! w by aims & objects :i* k puts be=e x1 b 9 ! w's pg #jdd own regulation ( itself4 ,! "r ?+ to d is to e/abli% ! correct balance betwe5 ! diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! giv5 cont5ts ( ! w4 ,left to itself1 ! latt] ru%es to extremes4 ,rational reflexion keeps x 9 ! correct middle pa?4 ,?us br\ght to a /ate ( h>mony1 human activity c be conceiv$ z motiv$ & e?ical4 ,virtue1 !re=e1 is read9ess to obs]ve ! correct mean :i* is to be acquir$ by practice4 ,in/ead ( creat+ an e?ic1 ,ari/otle cont5ts himself ) a doctr9e ( virtue4 ,?is depreciation ( ! e?ical is ! price he pays 9 ord] to rea* an e?ic :i* ends nei!r 9 ! ab/ract nor 9 resignation4 ,:ile he %irks ! problem ( ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral1 he /ill rema9s able to e/abli% an e?ic ( activity1 ?\gh ! latt] conta9s inde$ no live =ces1 only dead ones4 ,ari/otle's e?ic is !re=e an /hetic ( ! impulses ( ! w4 ,x consi/s 9 a catalogue ( virtues & 9 ! demon/ration t !y are to be conceiv$ z a mean4 ,?us c\rage lies betwe5 ra%ness & c[>dice1 temp]ance betwe5 s5suality & ins5sibility1 tru?fulness betwe5 boa/fulness & irony17#g7 lib]ality betwe5 prodigality & av>ice1 high-m9d$ness betwe5 conceit & small-m9d$ness1 g5tl5ess betwe5 qu>relsom5ess & *>act]less good-nature4 ,on ?is excursion ?r\gh ! field ( ! e?ical1 !re op5 up _m int]e/+ views4 ,9 an acute & liv+ discussion ,ari/otle lets 8 read]s survey ! que/ions ( ! relations ( man to 8 fell[-m5 & to society4 ,h[ mu* t is deep & true !re is 9 ! *apt] on moral excell5ce & 9 t on fri5d%ip6 ,h[ he wre/les ) ! problem ( ju/ice6 ,no "o c fail to feel ! *>m ( ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,!re is reveal$ 9 !m a noble p]sonality ) abundant exp]i5ce ( life1 depict$ ) a magnific5t simplicity4 ,b j 9 proportion z ! me?od foll[$ pg #jde is advantage\s te*nically1 x is valueless 9 itself4 ,! e?ical is reconcil$ ) reality )\t hav+ fir/ tri$ to come to cle> und]/&+ ( itself4 ,x is 9 ?is reconciliation t ! und]/&+ is to be f\nd1 s ,ari/otle ?9ks1 b he is mi/ak54 ,8 m9d is s$uc$ ?r\gh 8 hav+ obs]v$ t "s virtues--b ev5 ^! m or less "u compulsion--all[ !mselves to be conceiv$ z real means betwe5 two extremes1 & he is misl$ into develop+ on ^! l9es ! :ole ( 8 e?ical sy/em4 ,b a m or less natural quality1 :i* 9 ord9>y spee* is call$ a virtue1 is "o ?+1 virtue 9 ! really e?ical s5se is ano!r4 ,! middle quality betwe5 prodigality & av>ice is n ! e?ical virtue ( lib]ality1 out ! quality ( rational economy4 ,! middle quality betwe5 ra%ness & c[>dice is n ! e?ical virtue ( c\rage1 b ! quality ( rational prud5ce4 ,! comb9ation ( two qualities only produces a s+le "o4 ,b virtue1 9 ! e?ical s5se1 means a quality guid+ itself by an ideal ( self-p]fection1 & be+ s]viceable = "s object :i* looks t[>ds ! univ]sal4 ,lib]ality z an e?ical virtue means a process ( sp5d+ :i* s]ves "s object recogniz$ by ! p]son practis+ x z valuable 9 pr9ciple1 & 9 su* a way t any natural t5d5cy to prodigality1 %\ld !re be su* 9 ! giv]1 plays no "p1 :ile ! t5d5cy to av>ice is p>alys$4 ,devotion ( "o's prop]ty or "o's life to an object :i* is valuable 9 pr9ciple is "u all circum/ances e?ical1 :ile prodigality & av>ice1 ra%ness & c[>dice z simple qualities n inspir$ by any high] aim h nev] any e?ical "*2 !y are m]ely some?+ natural4 ,:e!r ! devotion ( "o's prop]ty or ( "o's life = an object valuable 9 pr9ciple is made m completely ?an ne$ be or exactly to ! ext5t requir$ by ! circum/ances1 does n alt] 9 any way ! e?ical "* ( ! decision & ! action4 ,su* excess or defect only %[s h[ mu* or h[ little ! e?ical w has all[$ pg #jdf itself to be at ! same "t influ5c$ by consid]ations ( prud5ce4 ,ari/otle's repres5tation1 !n1 re/s on ! fact t he all[s virtue 9 ord9>y spee* & virtue 9 ! e?ical s5se to get mix$ up4 ,he smuggles 9 ! really e?ical1 & !n (f]s x z ! resultant ( two natural qualities1 ea* ( :i* is an extreme4 ,9 ! *apt] on temp]ance--,e?ics1 ,bk4 ,,iii41 #aj--;he has to all[ t ! !ory :i* makes ! e?ical a mean betwe5 two extremes _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh completely4 ,! love ( beauty1 he says pla9ly1 h[ev] /rong x becomes1 rema9s :at x is2 !re c nev] be any "q ( excess4 ,he ?r[s out ?is admission )\t see+ t he !reby und]m9es 8 feeble def9ition ( ! e?ical z ! appropriate relative mean1 &1 l ,socrates & ,plato1 ackn[l$ges t !re c be some?+ :i* its cont5t all[s to be reckon$ z good 9 itself4 ,ari/otle is s firmly resolv$ n to let himself be entangl$ 9 ! problem ( ! basic pr9ciple ( e?ics1 t he w all[ no?+ to lead him to ! discussion ( x4 ,he means to voyage along ! coa/1 keep to facts1 & deal ) e?ics z if !y 7 a bran* ( natural sci5ce4 ,only he =gets t 9 sci5ce we c conf9e ourselves to v5tur+ f def9ite giv5 happ5+s ?r\gh hypo!ses to ! nature ( ! ,be+ :i* lies beh9d !m1 :ile 9 e?ics1 on ! contr>y1 we h to e/abli% a basic pr9ciple ?r\gh ! application ( :i* we secure our happ5+s4 ,x is because he misund]/&s _! nature t ,ari/otle _c help e?ics =w>d4 ,plato rides (f ov] ! head ( ,socrates & loses himself 9 ab/ractions4 ,ari/otle1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! connexion ) reality goes d[n bel[ ,socrates4 ,he br+s toge!r mat]ial = a monum5tal build+1 & runs up a wood5 %ack4 ,among tea*]s ( virtue he is "o ( ! greate/4 ,nev]!less1 ! lea/ ( ^? :o v5ture on ! se>* = ! basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical1 is great] ?an he4 pg #jdg ,e?ical !ory is no m e?ics ?an c>tilage is bone4 ,b h[ /range is ?is inability to e/abli% ! basic pr9ciple ( e?ical action :i* ,socrates reg>d$ z ! c]ta91 & f ! v fir/ sure & c]ta91 product ( ?\ghtful reflexion on ! e?ical6 ,:y d all ! anci5t ?9k]s :o 9 succession to ,socrates se>* = x1 always miss x8 ,:y does ,ari/otle cease to conc]n himself ) x1 & s condemn himself to a doctr9e ( virtue 9 :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re is h>dly any m liv+ e?ical =ce ?an !re is 9 ! ab/ract e?ical sy/em ( ,plato or 9 ! e?ics ( resignation ( ! re/8 ,! ,ideal ( ! ,civiliz$ ,/ate 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle ,h[ little ,plato & ,ari/otle are capable ( e/abli%+ an e?ic ( action c be se5 f ! way 9 :i* !y sket* _! ideal ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate4 ,plato develops 8 9 ! ,republic1 ,ari/otle 8 9 ! ,politics4 ,at ?is v "t1 ,m5cius 7,m5g-tse7 is putt+ be=e ! pr9ces ( ,*9a a doctr9e ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate4 ,t ! ,/ate mu/ be some?+ m ?an a union :i* regulates 9 ! mo/ practical way ! common life ( a numb] ( p]sons :om natural conditions compel to dep5d ^u "o ano!r1 is q cle> to bo? ( !m4 ,!y also agree 9 dem&+ t ! ,/ate %all promote ! true prosp]ity ( its citiz5s4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 un?9kable & impossible )\t virtue1 & ! ,/ate mu/ !re=e develop into an e?ical in/itution4 8,hon\rable & virtu\s conduct is ! object :i* ! political community aims at10 is ! way ,ari/otle puts x4 ,! ,/ate1 :i* is giv5 by hi/ory1 is !re=e to come "u ! influ5ce ( a repres5tation ( its nature z a political body :i* is bo? e?ical & rational4 ,9 ! ,republic ,plato puts 9 ! m\? ( ,socrates ! foll[+ s5tim5t3 8,unless x happ5 t ei!r philosoph]s acquire ! k+ly p[] 9 ,/ates1 or ^? :o are to-day call$ k+s & pot5tates cultivate philosophy truly & suffici5tly1 & ?us political p[] & philosophy pg #jdh become z "o 4 4 4 !re c be no deliv]ance f evil = ,/ates1 nor ev]1 s ,i ?9k1 = ! human race0 7,bk4 ,v1 #dgc1 ,c & ,d74 ,:51 h[ev]1 x comes to a m detail$ c>ry+ out ( ! ideal ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate1 ,plato & ,ari/otle betray rem>kable emb>rassm5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 _! vision ( ! ,/ate ( ! future is n t ( a community :i* embraces a :ole nation1 b is always j a copy ( ! ,greek city-republic ) appropriate improvem5ts4 ,t !y ?9k out _! ideal )9 su* n>r[ limits is hi/orically intelligible1 b = ! developm5t ( ! philosophical idea ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate x is deplorable4 ,"o result ( ^! n>r[ limits is t bo? are anxi\sly conc]n$ to provide t ! well-be+ ( ! city-republic %all n be endang]$ by ! increase ( ! population4 ,! numb] ( ! inhabitants is to be kept z f> z possible always ne> ! same figure4 ,ari/otle is n fright5$ by ! proposal t weakly *ildr5 %all be all[$ to die ( hung]1 & t unborn *ildr5 %all be got rid ( by int5tional abortion4 ,t ! ,sp>tan ,/ate1 on ! contr>y1 reg>ds ! increase ( ! population z desirable1 & exempts a citiz5 f all impo/s z soon z he has f\r *ildr51 does n seem to him to be reasonable4 ,aga91 j z ^! two ?9k]s _c "w !mselves up to a g5]al idea ( a national ,/ate1 s !y are unable to rea* ! idea ( mank9d4 ,!y make a /rict l9e ( division betwe5 ! unfree on ! "o side1 & ! free on ! o!r4 ,! =m] !y reg>d m]ely z creatures made = "w1 :o are to ma9ta9 ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! ,/ate4 ,:at becomes ( !m z human be+s is to !m a matt] ( v little int]e/4 ,su* be+s z !y are n meant to h any %>e 9 ! gr[? t[>ds p]fection :i* is to be br\ght ab\t by means ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate4 ,slav]y 01 inde$1 attack$ n[ & aga9 by ! ,sophi/s f _! po9t ( view1 n1 h[ev]1 on ! pg #jdi gr\nd ( humanity b f a desire to raise d\bts ab\t ! accept$ ju/ification ( exi/+ in/itutions4 ,ari/otle def5ds x z a natural arrangem5t1 b recomm5ds k9dly treatm5t4 ,artisans1 & 9 g5]al all :o e>n _! liv+ by ! lab\r ( _! h&s1 are n to be all[$ to be citiz5s4 8,"o _c practise virtue1 if "o leads ! life ( an artisan1 or ( "o :o lab\rs = pay10 says ,ari/otle4 ,an e?ical valuation ( lab\r z su* is /ill some?+ unkn[n to him1 ev5 ?\gh he conceives ( happ9ess z 8activity 9 accordance ) ! law ( excell5ce40 ,plato & he are /ill entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! anci5t view t only ! 8free0 man c h full value z a man4 ,9 details ( ! ideal ( ! ,/ate1 h[ev]1 ! two "p company1 & ,ari/otle argues aga9/ ,plato1 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 j ^? p>ts ( ! ,politics 9 :i* he sket*es 8 ideal ,/ate h n come d[n to u complete4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is t ,ari/otle keeps clos] ?an ,plato to ! hi/orically giv54 ,he builds 8 ,/ate ^u ! family2 ,plato makes ! ,/ate into a family4 ,9 8 ,republic ! free m5 live ) prop]ty1 wives1 & *ildr5 own$ 9 common4 ,!y are to possess no?+ z _! own1 s t !y may n by private int]e/s be held back f work+ = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]al welf>e all[s ! ,/ate to bre$ its citiz5s sy/ematically4 ,he prescribes ! connections :i* m5 & wom5 are to =m1 & p]mits only su* z all[ ! expectation ( a new g5]ation :i* is s\nd bo? 9 body & m9d4 ,! (fspr+ ( unions n approv$ by ! au?orities are ei!r to be kill$ be=e bir?1 or got rid ( by />vation4 ,ari/otle cont5ts himself ) gu>antee+ ! quality ( ! (fspr+ by legal regulation ( ! age = m>riage4 ,wom5 may get m>ri$ at eighte51 m5 n till !y are ?irty-sev54 ,moreov]1 m>riages are to take place pref]ably 9 w9t]1 & z f> z possible1 :5 ! w9d is 9 ! nor?4 pg #jej ,9 :at1 !n1 does ! good consi/ :i* is to be realiz$ by ?is civiliz$ ,/ate8 ,to ?is decisive "q ,ari/otle & ,plato h 9 reality only ! answ] t x is meant to make x possible = a numb] ( its memb]s1 viz4 ! 8free0 m51 to devote !mselves entirely to _! own bodily & m5tal culture free f c>e ab\t mat]ial ?+s1 & to take ! lead 9 public affairs4 ,x is n e/abli%$ ) a view to ! production ( any?+ e?ical 9 any deep] s5se1 nor = ! sake ( an ideal ( progress on l9es :i* c\ld be describ$ z 9 any s5se great & noble4 ,n[h]e d ! *>act]i/ic limitations ( anci5t e?ics reveal !mselves s cle>ly z 9 ! pov]ty ( _! ideal ( ! ,/ate4 ,! e?ical valuation ( man z man has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,h5ce ! ,/ate has = its object1 n ! gr[? to p]fection ( all1 b only t ( a p>ticul> class4 ,! nation1 too1 is n yet recogniz$ z a great entity bo? natural & e?ical1 & !re=e no consid]ation is giv5 to ! "q ( unit+ ! v>i\s city communities = ! jo9t pursuit ( high] objects4 ,ea* rema9s isolat$4 ,plato ?9ks he has satisfi$ ! claims produc$ by memb]%ip ( ! same nation by requir+ t 9 w>s wag$ by ,greek ,/ates aga9/ "o ano!r ! h\ses %all n be de/roy$ nor ! fields laid wa/e1 z if ! w> 7 aga9/ b>b>ians4 ,! idea ( humanity z a :ole has n yet come 9 sight4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n possible = ,plato & ,ari/otle to make _! ,/ate "w 9 co-op]ation ) o!rs to promote ! g5]al progress ( mank9d4 ,!y !re=e e/abli% _! civiliz$ ,/ate on a type :i* is hemm$ 9 9 e direction by n>r[ horizons4 ,moreov]1 ! political community :i* !y adopt z ! type is at ! v "t :5 !y are writ+ already a dy+ entity4 ,:ile ,ari/otle is writ+ 8 ,politics1 8 pupil1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 is f\nd+ an empire1 & ,rome is beg9n+ to subject ,italy to h] rule4 ,m important /ill ?an all ext]nal faults 9 _! ideal pg #jea ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate is ! fact t ^! two ?9k]s are unable to introduce into ! community ! en]gies :i* are ne$$ = its ma9t5ance4 ,! idea ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate is pres5t ) ! vitality ne$$1 only :5 ! individual is by ! impulse conta9$ 9 8 _w-view mov$ s f> z to devote himself to organiz$ society ) en?usia/ic activity4 ,)\t civic idealism no civiliz$ ,/ate6 ,b to assume any?+ ( t k9d 9 ! memb]s ( _! ,/ate is impossible = ,plato & ,ari/otle1 s9ce bo? h already rea*$ ! ideal ( ! wise man :o )draws himself prud5tly & gracefully f ! _w4 ,plato admits ?is4 ,8 wise citiz5s :o are de/9$ to be rul]s devote !mselves to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate only :5 _! turn comes1 & are glad :5 !y are set free & c aga9 9 retirem5t busy !mselves1 z wise among wise1 ) ! _w ( pure ,be+4 ,ari/otle1 :5 he raises 9 ! ,politics ! "q :e!r ! contemplative life is n to be pref]r$ to t ( political activity1 decides 9 !ory 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 8,x is a mi/ake10 he says1 8to value inactivity high] ?an activity1 s9ce happ9ess consi/s 9 activity40 ,b 9 ! doctr9e ( virtue 9 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics !re is no?+ :i* c\ld lead ! individual to place 8 life at ! s]vice ( ! community4 ,plato & ,ari/otle *]i% und\bt$ly ! anci5t conviction t ! individual ought to devote himself to ! ,/ate1 b !y _c f9d a f\ndation = x 9 _! _w-view4 ,l ,epicurus & ! adh]5ts ( ! ,por*1 !y are "u ! spell ( an e?ic 9 :i* !re is pres5t no w to attempt a trans=mation ( ! _w4 ,h[ mu* great] ?an ! two ,greeks is ,m5cius1 :5 he is ?9k+ out ! ideal ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate6 ,he c make x z l>ge z he likes & take m5 into its s]vice ) _! be/ ?\ghts1 because x results 9 ! mo/ natural way f a l>ge-scale _w-view ( e?ical activity4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 lack+ su* a _w-view1 c d no m ?an guess at ! nature ( a civiliz$ ,/ate1 & inv5t "o = !mselves4 ,plato's ,republic is a m]e pg #jeb curiosity4 ,ari/otle's ,politics is valuable1 n on acc\nt ( ! !ory ( ! civiliz$ ,/ate :i* is !re pres5t$1 b only = 8 magnific5t practical analysis ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! v>i\s ,/ate-con/itutions1 & ( _! economic problems4 ,! decad5ce ( antiquity does n beg91 !n1 ) ! suppression ( ! individual by ! ,empire1 & its de/ruction ( ! normal mutual relations betwe5 ! individual & ! community4 ,x sets 9 imm$iately aft] ,socrates1 because ! e?ical ?9k+ :i* />t$ ) him _c really lead ! individual beyond himself1 & set him z an effective =ce 9 ! s]vice ( ! moralization & ! p]fect+ ( social relations4 ,!re is no middle t]m betwe5 ! e?ic ( en?usiasm & t ( resignation4 ,b an e?ic ( resignation _c ?9k out1 mu* less br+ into exi/5ce1 a sy/em ( social relations :i* c be call$ really civiliz$4 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius 8,9 imp]ial times ,/oicism %rivels up into a moraliz+ popul> philosophy0 is :at we are usually told 9 treatises ab\t anci5t philosophy4 ,z a matt] ( fact :at we h to deal ) is by no means a %rivell+ up1 b a s]i\s /ruggle = a liv+ e?ic :i* beg9s unexpect$ly 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ,grco-,roman ?\ght1 & leads to an optimi/ic-e?ical nature-philosophy4 ,! pill>s ( ?is movem5t are ,l4 ,annu ,s5eca 7#d ,b4,c4--,a4,d4 #fe71 ,n]o's tea*]1 :o at ! comm& ( 8 pupil _h to op5 8 ve9s2 ! ,phrygian slave1 ,epictetus 7born c4 ,a4,d4 #ej71 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #id 0 ) all philosoph]s bani%$ f ,rome by ,domitian2 ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #aba-ahj7 :o1 br\ght up by pupils ( ,epictetus1 def5ds ! ,empire at a "t ( great dang]1 & writes 8 philosophical ,m$itations :ile 9 camp47#h7 pg #jec ,9 _! classical p]iod ,greek e?ics (f] u ei!r egoi/ic consid]ations ( advantage1 or cold doctr9es ( virtue1 or ascetic r5unciation ( ! _w1 or resignation4 ,9 :i*ev] direction !y turn1 !y nev] lead m5 out beyond !mselves4 ,9 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 !y lose ?is self-reg>d+ "*4 ,r5\nc+ ! _s ( ! e>li] "t !y develop to an e?ic ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 & busy !mselves ) ! imm$iate1 altrui/ic relations ( man to man4 ,:5ce comes ?is und]/&+ = humanity1 :i* is nev] se5 9 classical antiquity8 ,! old] ,greek morali/s are conc]n$ ) ! ,/ate4 ,_! int]e/ is absorb$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! organization ( society :i* is embodi$ 9 ! city-republic1 s t ! free citiz5s c cont9ue to live ! life ( fre$om4 ,! type ( complete manhood is to be realiz$4 ,all ar\nd !re is ! activity ( m5 :o receive no consid]ation except s f> z !y are means to ?is end4 ,b amid ! mighty political & social revolutions :i* lead to ! creation ( ! ,empire ?is m5tality ceases to be accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! fe>ful exp]i5ces x goes ?r\gh cause feel+ to become m human1 & ! horizons ( e?ics are wid5$4 ,! city-republic1 on :i* e?ical ?9k+ _h be5 built up1 has disappe>$1 b an empire n[ cru%es m5 d[n j 9 ! same way4 ,?us ! individual man z su* becomes ! object ( reflexion & ( e?ics4 ,! conception ( ! bro!rhood ( all m5 appe>s4 ,a disposition to humanity makes itself he>d1 & ,s5eca condemns ! gladiatorial %[s4 ,nay m3 ev5 ! pg #jed inn] relation%ip betwe5 mank9d & ! animal _w is recogniz$4 ,s n[ :5 !y h caught sight ( mank9d z a :ole & man z su*1 e?ics rea* su* a dep? & bread? z all[s !m to try to compreh5d !mselves 9 a univ]sal _w-w4 ,h5ce=? nature-philosophy & e?ics c "w toge!r4 ,/oicism _h f ! v beg9n+ a vision ( ?is1 b _h n be5 able to make x a reality1 s9ce x _h n at its disposal ! ne$ful liv+ & univ]sali/ e?ic4 ,b !re is ano!r reason :y optimism & e?ics c n[ 9 nature-philosophy come into p[]4 ,! old s*ool ( ! ,por* 0 cru%$ d[n into resignation j 9 proportion z x submitt$ to ! necessity = critical ?9k+4 ,b z "t goes on1 ! practical & religi\s in/9cts :i* 7 always pres5t 9 its _w-view1 ga9 9 /r5g?4 ,! antiquity :i* is pass+ away is no long] critical1 b ei!r sceptical or religi\s1 & !re=e ! lat] s*ool ( ! ,por* c let itself be guid$ by ! e?ical dem&s ( its _w-view mu* m completely ?an ! old "o c\ld4 ,x becomes at once deep] & m simple ?an ! latt]1 &1 l ,*9ese e?ical monism1 rises to su* fre$om f limitations z to be able to int]pret ! _w-w z e?ical4 ,s n[ ,/oics appe> :o1 l ,confucius1 l ,m5cius1 & l ,*wang-tse1 & inde$1 l ! ,rationali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 prea* e?ics z some?+ gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! univ]se & ( mank9d4 ,!y _c prove ! tru? ( ?is _w-view any bett] ?an c\ld ,z5o & 8 pupils1 :o also resort$ to x1 b !y ann\nce x ) an inn] conviction :i* ! =m] c\ld n comm&1 & produce _! results by means ( an en?usiasm :i* 0 d5i$ to _! pr$ecessors4 ,:5 ! lat] s*ool ( ! ,por* rea*es ! /age ( exalt+ ! _w-pr9ciple m & m to become a p]sonal & e?ical god1 x is foll[+ laws :i* are at "w also 9 ,h9duism4 pg #jee ,yet ! _w-view ( resignation1 :i* x has inh]it$ f ! old] s*ool1 x nev] succe$s 9 r5d]+ entirely impot5t4 ,9 ,s5eca & ,epictetus ?is is /ill /rongly ma9ta9$ side by side ) ! e?ical conception ( ! univ]se4 ,x is only 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius t ! optimi/ic motives s\nd victori\sly ?r\gh4 ,/oicism 0 f ! beg9n+ a multi=m elem5tal philosophy1 & x is because x v5tur$ to be ?is 9 su* compreh5sive measure t ! lat] ,/oicism is s ri* & s full ( life4 ,moral ,say+s ( ,s5eca ,no man is nobl] ?an 8 fell[1 ev5 if x happ5 t 8 spiritual nature is bett] con/itut$ & he is m capable ( high] le>n+4 ,! _w is ! "o "m ( u all1 & ! ultimate orig9 ( ea* "o ( u c be trac$ back to h]1 :e!r ! /eps 9 ! ladd] ( desc5t be noble or humble4 ,to no "o is virtue =bidd52 %e is accessible to all2 %e admits ev]yone1 %e invites ev]yone 93 free m5 & fre$m51 slaves1 k+s1 & exiles4 ,%e reg>ds nei!r bir? nor =tune2 ! man alone is all %e wants4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t ! /atus ( a slave affects ! :ole ( a p]son's nature2 ! nobl] "p ( x is n t\*$ !reby4 ,e s+le p]son1 ev5 if !re is no?+ else to recomm5d him1 ,i mu/ hold 9 reg>d1 because he be>s ! "n ( man4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( a slave we h to consid] n h[ mu* we c d to him )\t be+ liable to puni%m5t1 b h[ mu* ! nature ( "r & ( ju/ice all[s u to1 see+ t ^! bid u treat g5tly ev5 prison]s & pur*as$ slaves4 ,al?\gh 9 ! treatm5t ( a slave ev]y?+ is all[$1 !re is nev]!less some?+ :i* ?r\gh ! common "r ( e liv+ be+ is /igmatiz$ z n p]missible 9 ! treatm5t ( a man1 because he is ( ! same nature z ?yself4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! dem& :i* is laid ^u ea* man1 viz4 t he works :5 possible1 = ! welf>e ( _m2 if t is impracticable1 t he works = ! welf>e ( a few2 fail+ t1 = ! welf>e ( 8 neighb\rs1 & if t is impossible1 = 8 own4 ,x is ?r\gh untir+ b5evol5ce t ! bad are won ov]1 & !re is no disposition s h>d & s ho/ile to lov+ treatm5t 444 z to refuse love to ! good p :om x w 9 ! end h to ?ank aga9 = some?+ m4 8,n a ^w ( ?anks did ,i get6 ,:at am ,i n[ to beg9 to d80 ,:at ! gods d1 4 4 4 :o beg9 to %[] b5efits on u be=e we are aw>e ( x1 & cont9ue !m ev5 ?\gh we d n ?ank !m4 ,moral ,say+s ( ,epictetus ,nature is wond]ful1 & full ( love = all creatures4 ,wait ^u ,god1 ye m54 ,:5 ,he calls y1 & releases y f pg #jef s]vice1 !n g to ,him2 b = ! pres5t rema9 quietly 9 ! position 9 :i* ,he has plac$ y4 ,y c>ry a god ab\t ) y1 & d n "k x1 unhappy "o6 ,y h him )9 y\rself1 & d n notice x :5 y defile him ) unclean ?\ghts or f\l de$s4 ,cultivate ! w to satisfy y\rself1 & to /& "r be=e ,god4 ,/rive to become pure1 "o ) y\rself & "o ) ,god4 ,?9k sil5ce be/2 say only :at is necess>y1 & say x %ortly4 ,above all1 d n talk ab\t ?y fell[-m51 ei!r to praise !m1 or to blame !m1 or to comp>e !m ) o!rs4 ,d n swe>2 nev]1 if possible1 or at any rate z seldom z possible4 ,y\r bodily wants--food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 h\s+1 s]vice--satisfy 9 ! simple/ way4 ,avoid unseemly jok+1 = !re is always a dang] ( becom+ vulg>1 & jok+ away ! respect ( y\r fell[-m54 ,z y are c>eful :5 walk+ n to tread on a nail or to spra9 y\r ankle1 s take c>e n to let y\r s\l get hurt4 ,moral ,say+s f ! ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ,ev]y?+ t happ5s1 happ5s "r1 & if y c obs]ve ?+s c>efully1 y w recognize t x is s4 ,i d n mean only 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( nature1 b mu* m t !y happ5 9 accordance ) ! law ( righte\sness1 & z if controll$ by a ,be+ :o ord]s all ?+s accord+ to m]it4 ,if ,i am active1 ,i am s ) due reg>d to ! g5]al welf>e4 ,if any?+ happ5s to me1 ,i accept x & consid] x 9 relation to ! gods & ! univ]sal s\rce f :i*1 9 close connection1 come all our happ5+s4 ,he :o commits unrighte\sness is godless1 = univ]sal nature creat$ rational be+s = "o ano!r2 to help ea* o!r :]e !re is ne$1 b nev] to injure "o ano!r4 ,love mank9d2 obey ! godhead4 ,if ?\ art unwill+ to get up 9 ! morn+1 reflect ?us3 ,i am wak+ 9 ord] to g & "w z "o ( mank9d4 ,seek all ?y joy & cont5tm5t 9 advanc+1 m9dful always ( ,god1 f "o g5]ally useful de$ to ano!r4 ,! be/ way to av5ge oneself on anyone is to avoid return+ evil = evil4 ,x is a privilege ( man to love ev5 ^? :o d him wrong4 ,"o c rea* ?is level by reflect+ t all m5 are ( "o family ) oneself2 t _! %ortcom+s are due to ignorance1 & aga9/ _! w2 t 9 a %ort "t bo? ( y w be dead4 ,:at is good is necess>ily useful1 & t is :y ! good & noble man mu/ be conc]n$ ab\t x4 ,nobody gets tir$ ( seek+ 8 own advantage4 ,b do+ s procures u an activity :i* is natural4 ,nev] get tir$1 !n1 ( seek+ ?9e own advantage1 provid$ ?\ procure/ ?us ! advantage ( o!rs also4 pg #jeg ,treat z befits a man end[$ ) reason1 t is magnanim\sly & nobly1 ! animals :i* are n s end[$1 & inde$ all creatures :atev] t c feel b h no reason4 ,b o!r m51 s9ce !y are end[$ ) reason1 treat ) fri5dly affection4 ,?\ has exi/$ till n[ z a fragm5t ( ! univ]se1 & wilt "s day be absorb$ 9 ?y produc]1 or r1 ?\ wilt suff] a trans=mation & reappe> z a new g]m ( life4 ,_m gra9s ( inc5se are de/9$ = ! same alt>4 ,"s fall soon into ! flame1 o!rs lat]1 b t makes no diff]5ce4 ,! ,optimi/ic-,e?ical ,_w-,view ( ! lat] ,/oicism ,9 _! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ! lat] ,/oics f9d ^? impulses to ef=t :i* 7 n available = ! anci5t e?ics ( ! classical age4 ,m>cus ,aurelius is an en?usia/ic utilit>ian l ! ,rationali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 because1 l !m1 he is conv9c$ t nature itself has b\nd up toge!r :at is e?ical & :at is advantage\s to ! individual & to ! community4 ,t be+ s1 ! classical "q ( anci5t e?ics :e!r ! ?9k+ man is to busy himself ) public affairs or n mu/ aga9 be discuss$4 ,epicurus taught t 8! wise man has no?+ to d ) ,/ate affairs unless exceptional circum/ances arise40 ,z5o's decision 0 t 8he w take "p 9 ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate unless ob/acles prev5t x40 ,bo? s*ools leave ! retirem5t into oneself to ! decision ( ! ,wise man1 only "o lets ! gr\nds = ! decision be giv5 some:at e>li]1 ! o!r some:at lat]4 ,! ?\ght ( a devotion to ! g5]al good :i* is to be kept active = its own sake & "u all circum/ances is outside ! circle ( vision ( _! e?ic4 ,) ! lat] ,/oics x em]ges1 because ! conception ( 8mank9d0 has come 9 sight4 ,man1 z ,s5eca works out 9 8 treatise on ,leisure 7,de ,otio71 belongs to two republics4 ,"o is a l>ge & univ]sal "o1 ext5ds z f> z ! sun %9es1 & embraces bo? gods & m52 ! o!r is t into :i* ?r\gh ! fate assign$ u by our pg #jeh bir?1 we h be5 adopt$ z citiz5s4 ,circum/ances may br+ x ab\t t ! wise man _c d$icate himself to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 b1 to escape ! /orm1 mu/ 8take refuge 9 ! h>b\r40 ,x may happ5--& ,s5eca has 9 m9d 8 own "t--t n "o ( exi/+ ,/ates is ( su* a "* z to put up ) ! activity ( ! wise man4 ,nev]!less1 ! latt] does n :olly )draw into himself1 b he s]ves ! great republic by work+ to improve ! g5]al outlook ( mank9d1 & to ha/5 ! com+ ( a new age4 ,9 ,epictetus also ?is deep5$ & wid5$ notion ( duty is to be f\nd4 ,m>cus ,aurelius does n ev5 consid] any impossibility ( tak+ "p 9 public life4 ,9 him !re speaks ! rul] :o feels himself to be ! s]vant ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 ideal is ! citiz5 :o 8f "o activity :i* makes 8 fell[-citiz5s happi] goes on to ano!r1 & und]takes ) alacrity any?+ :atev] t ! ,/ate lays ^u him40 8,d :at is ne$$1 & :at is bidd5 by ! reason ( a be+ :o is de/9$ by nature to memb]%ip ( a ,/ate1 & d x z x is bidd540 ,9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 anci5t ?\ght arrives at an optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view :i* holds )9 itself liv+ ideals ( civilization1 & !re=e anticipates ^? :i* lat] on 9 ! eighte5? c5tury w br+ into activity s mighty & univ]sal a movem5t ( civilization4 ,b = ! m5 ( ! ,grco-,roman _w x comes too late4 ,x does n p]meate ! masses1 b rema9s ! private possession ( an lite4 ,x _c p]meate ! masses1 because !re are =ces at "w among !m ) :i* x _c comb9e4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! e?ic ( ! lat] ,/oicism is s ne> ak9 to ! univ]sal *>ity ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ic1 t by ! tradition ( lat] times ,s5eca is decl>$ to be a ,*ri/ian1 & t ! ,*ur* fa!r1 ,augu/9e1 holds up ! life ( ! hea!n emp]or1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 z an example = ,*ri/ians4 ,yet ! two movem5ts _c amalgamate1 b h pg #jei to fight ea* o!r4 ,m>cus ,aurelius is responsible = mo/ t]rible p]secutions ( ,*ri/ians1 & ,*ri/ianity on its side decl>es w> to ! knife aga9/ ! ,por*4 ,:y ?is /range fatality8 ,because ,*ri/ianity is duali/ic & pessimi/ic1 ! e?ic ( ,/oicism is moni/ic & optimi/ic4 ,*ri/ianity ab&ons ! natural _w z evil1 ! lat] ,/oics idealize x4 ,x helps n at all t _! e?ical tea*+ is almo/ id5tical4 ,ea* appe>s z "p ( a _w-view :i* is irreconcilable ) t ( ! o!r4 ,all contradictions 9 ! _w may be conceal$1 b n t betwe5 two _w-views1 & ! /ruggle ends ) ! annihilation ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ( ! ,/oics1 :i* is def5d$ by (fic]s )\t an army4 ,! attempt t 0 und]tak5 z ! anci5t _w 0 com+ to an end1 to re/ore ! ,empire & make x an empire z wide z mank9d1 0 a failure4 ,! horizons ( ! philosophy ( ! anci5t _w _h rema9$ n>r[ too long4 ,no e?ical ?9k]s _h appe>$ :o at ! "r "t might h l$ t _w to an e?ical optimism ab\t reality4 ,x 0 a calamity1 too1 t ! natural sci5ces1 :i* _h />t$ 9 su* a promis+ way1 came to a /&/ill1 p>tly ?r\gh ! fault ( fate1 p>tly because philosophy turn$ away f !m1 be=e mank9d discov]$ ! law ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 & obta9$ !reby control ov] x4 ,h5ce ! m5 ( antiquity nev] acquir$ t self-consci\sness :i* 9 _! desc5dants ( mod]n times has kept alive1 ev5 ?r\gh ! d>ke/ p]iods ( hi/ory1 ! belief 9 progress--ev5 ?\gh x be sometimes progress ( ! mo/ sup]ficial k9d4 ,?is psy*ological factor is ( great importance4 ,x is true t arti/ic ability1 :i* 9 ! ,greek _s meets u 9 su* abundant measure1 is also control ov] ! mat]ial1 b ?is creative p[] 0 unable to draw ! man ( antiquity up to a high] life-affirmation & to belief 9 progress4 ,x s]v$ only to let him express himself1 9 words & 9 =m1 9 ! antagonism betwe5 primitive pg #jfj _w- & life-affirmation1 & ?9k+ _w- & life-d5ial4 ,x is ! puzzl+ int]mixture ( s]5ity & melan*oly :i* produces ! tragic *>m ( ,greek art4 ,f e po9t ( view1 !n1 a /rong e?ical _w- & life-affirmation is made difficult = ! anci5t _w4 ,x !re=e falls m & m a prey to pessimi/ic _w-views1 :i* draw its ?\ghts away f reality1 & celebrate ! lib]ation ( ! spiritual f its bondage to ! mat]ial 9 a succession ( cosmic dramas4 ,gno/icism1 ,ori5tal & ,*ri/ian1 ,neo-,py?agoreanism1 :i* arose z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,neo-,platonism :i* orig9at$ ) ,plot9us 7,a4,d4 #bjd-bfi71 & ! great ,my/]y-religions1 all come to meet ! religi\s1 _w-%unn+ disposition ( ! masses dur+ ! break+-up ( antiquity1 & (f] x t deliv]ance f ! _w ( :i* x is 9 se>*4 ,9 ?is *aos ( ideas ,*ri/ianity em]ges victori\s because x is ! mo/ robu/ religion ( r$emption1 because z a community x possesses ! /ronge/ organization1 & because b5ea? its pessimi/ic _w-view x has at its disposal liv+ e?ical ideas4 ,! optimi/ic-e?ical monism ( ! lat] ,/oics is l a sunbeam break+ ?r\gh 9 ! ev5+ ( ! long1 gloomy day ( antiquity :ile ! d>kness ( ! middle ages is already draw+ on1 b x has no p[] to wak5 any civilization to life4 ,! "t = t is pa/4 ,! _s ( antiquity1 hav+ fail$ to rea* an e?ical nature-philosophy1 has become ! prey ( a pessimi/ic dualism 9 :i* no e?ic ( action is any long] possible2 !re c only be an e?ic ( purification4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius are ! w9t] se$ ( a com+ civilization4 pg #jfa ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view ,,& ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,po/-,,r5aissance ,,p]iods ,belief 9 ,progress & ,e?ics ,,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n age is ?is1 t x ?9ks & acts 9 ! _s ( a _w- & life-affirmation :i* has nev] be=e %[n itself ) su* active /r5g?4 ,?is _w-view breaks ?r\gh 9 ! ,r5aissance1 fir/ at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & x arises z a prote/ aga9/ ! m$ival enslavem5t ( ! human _s4 ,! movem5t is help$ to victory by ! increas+ k ( ,greek philosophy 9 its orig9al =m :i* is ! result ( ! migration to ,italy ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ( le>n$ ,greeks f ,con/ant9ople4 ,among ! ?9k+ m5 ( t "t !re arises ! belief t philosophy mu/ be some?+ m elem5tal & m liv+ ?an ,s*ola/icism made x4 ,b ! ?\ght ( antiquity w\ld n h be5 suffici5t by itself to keep alive ?is new _w- & life-affirmation :i* appeal$ to x4 ,x has n1 9 tru?1 ! m5tality requir$4 ,b ano!r k9d ( fuel is 9 "t br\ght = ! fire4 ,tak+ refuge f book-le>n+ 9 nature1 ! m5 ( t "t discov] ! _w4 ,z seam5 !y rea* c\ntries ^: v exi/5ce 0 n suspect$1 & !y measure ! size ( ! e>?4 ,z inquir]s !y press on into ! inf9ite & ! secrets ( ! univ]se1 & le>n by exp]i5ce t =ces gov]n$ by uni=m laws are at "w 9 x1 & t man has p[] to make !m s]viceable to himself4 ,! k & p[] won by ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 ,cop]nicus pg #jfb 7#adgc-aedc71 ,kepl] 7#aega-afcj71 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb71 & o!rs are decisive = ! curr5t _w-view4 ,z a movem5t :i* draws its life solely f spiritual =ces1 ! ,r5aissance passes its bloom-"t comp>atively quickly1 & )\t =m+ mu* fruit4 ,) ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda71 ,b]n>d9o ,telesio 7#aejh-aehh71 ,giordano ,bruno 7#aedh-afjj71 & o!rs1 an en?usia/ic nature-philosophy ann\nces itself4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 rea* full gr[?4 ,! ,r5aissance has n /r5g? en\gh to br+ to bir? a _w- & life-affirm+ philosophy correspond+ to _! _s4 ,"h & !re _! ?\ght surges = a "t1 l a r\gh sea1 aga9/ ! _w-d5y+ _w-view ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!n all is /ill4 ,:at we "k def9itely z ! philosophy ( mod]n times beg9s almo/ )\t any ref]5ce to ! ,r5aissance4 ,x spr+s n f any nature-philosophy1 b f ! problem ( ! !ory ( k :i* 0 rais$ by ,desc>tes1 & f t />t+-po9t philosophy has once m _h labori\sly to seek its way to a nature-philosophy4 ,x is n1 !n1 because x 0 enl>g$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance into a fully ?\ght out _w-view t _w- & life-affirmation made good its position 9 ! mod]n age4 ,if x 0 able to hold out "r into ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x triumphs aga9/ ! _w- & life-d5ial :i* m$ival ?\ght & ,*ri/ianity kept work+ 9 opposition to x1 x ow$ ?is to ! circum/ance t progress 9 k & p[] nev] ceas$4 ,9 !m ! new m5tality _h a support :i* nev] gave way1 b became cont9ually /rong]4 ,s9ce ! new sci5tific k _c be suppress$ nor its progress arre/$1 belief 9 ! p[] ( tru? becomes firmly e/abli%$4 ,s9ce x becomes m & m evid5t t nature works ) a uni=mity :i* nev] misses its aim1 !re gr[s up a confid5ce t ! circum/ances ( society & ( mank9d g5]ally c be s organiz$ z to secure def9ite objects4 ,s9ce man is ev] obta9+ pg #jfc great] p[] ov] nature1 he takes x m & m z self-evid5t t ! rea*+ ( p]fection 9 o!r sph]es also is only a "q ( a suffici5cy ( w-p[] & a correct way ( grappl+ ) problems4 ,"u ! /eadily work+ influ5ce ( ! new m5tality ! _w-view ( ,*ri/ianity *anges1 & becomes leav5$ ) ! leav5 ( _w- & life-affirmation4 ,x gradually beg9s to be accept$ z self-evid5t t ! _s ( ,jesus does n give up ! _w 9 despair1 b aims at trans=m+ x4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :i* 0 born ( pessimism &1 ?anks to ,augu/9e1 prevail$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 is r5d]$ impot5t1 & its place is tak5 by "o :i* is ! (fspr+ ( mod]n optimism4 ,?is new ori5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian _w-view1 :i* is accompli%$ by a sl[ & (t5 int]rupt$ process ( *ange betwe5 ! fifte5? c5tury & ! end ( ! eighte5?1 is ! decisive spiritual ev5t ( ! mod]n age4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,*ri/ianity takes no acc\nt ( :at is happ5+ to itself4 ,x believes t x is rema9+ un*ang$1 :]eas 9 reality1 by ?is *ange f pessimism to optimism1 x is surr5d]+ its orig9al "*4 ,! man ( mod]n times1 !n1 becomes optimi/ic1 n because deep5$ ?\ght has made him und]/& ! _w 9 ! s5se ( _w- & life-affirmation1 b because discov]y & inv5tion h giv5 him p[] ov] x4 ,?is enhancem5t ( 8 self-appreciation & ! consequ5t /r5g!n+ ( 8 w & 8 hopes1 det]m9e 8 w-to-live 9 a correspond+ly pron\nc$ & positive s5se4 ,9 ! anci5t _w man's natural disposition to _w- & life-affirmation c\ld n be work$ out to a complete _w-view ( ! same1 because at t "t deep ?\ght ab\t ! _w & life press$ resignation ^u him z a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! man ( ! mod]n age ! m5tality produc$ by discov]y & inv5tion unites ) 8 natural disposition to _w- & life-affirmation1 & e/abli%es him 9 an optimi/ic _w-view pg #jfd )\t lead+ him to deep] ?\ght ab\t ! _w & life4 ,! _s ( ! mod]n age is n ! "w ( any "o great ?9k]4 ,x w9s its way gradually by reason ( ! unbrok5 s]ies ( triumphs won by discov]y & inv5tion4 ,h5ce x is n a result ( *ance t an almo/ unphilosophic & moreov] some:at antiquat$ p]sonality l ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam 7#aefa-afbf71 is ! man :o drafts ! programme ( ! mod]n _w-view4 ,he f\nds x ^u ! s5t5ce3 8,k is p[]40 ,8 picture ( ! future he develops 9 8 ,new ,atlantis1 9 :i* he describes h[ ! inhabitants ( an isl&1 ?r\gh ! practical application ( all kn[n discov]ies & inv5tions & all possible rational reflexion on ! purposive organization ( society1 f9d !mselves 9 a position to lead ! happie/ possible lives47#i7 ,*ri/ian & ,/oic ,elem5ts 9 ,mod]n ,e?ics ,:at is ! relation betwe5 e?ics & ! m5tality ( belief 9 progress1 & h[ 7 !y influ5c$ by x8 ,:5 ! e?ical ?\ght ( antiquity want$ to come to cle>ness ab\t itself1 x fell a victim to resignation1 because x tri$ to det]m9e ! moral z t :i* is rationally pr(itable & pleasurable to ! individual4 ,x rema9$ %ut up )9 ! circle ( ! egoi/ic1 & nev] rea*$ ! ?\ght ( social utilit>ianism4 ,f su* a fate mod]n e?ics are protect$ 9 advance4 ,!y h no ne$ to produce f _! own res\rces ! ?\ght t ! e?ical is action direct$ to promot+ ! welf>e ( o!rs1 = !y f9d x z some?+ already accept$ z true4 ,t is ! gift ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ?\ght ( ,jesus t ! e?ical is ! individual's active self-devotion to o!rs has won its way to acceptance4 ,e?ics1 pg #jfe :i* are mak+ !mselves indep5d5t ( religion1 keep1 z a result ( _! passage ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity1 a pron\nc$ly active & altrui/ic mode ( ?\ght4 ,:at !y h to d n[ is to provide ?is possession ) a rational f\ndation4 ,x is extraord9>ily significant t to meet mod]n e?ics !re comes 9 ! ,late ,/oicism a philosophical e?ical sy/em 9 :i* !re appe>1 z ! result ( rational ?9k+1 ?\ghts :i* run side by side ) ,*ri/ian morality4 ,!re is n[ com+ up = ! b5efit ( mod]n times ! se$ s[n by ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,cic]o1 too1 c\nts ) mod]n times = s mu*1 because its ?9k]s f9d 9 8 writ+s noble morality bas$ ^u ?\ght4 ,! discov]y ( ,late ,/oicism's e?ic ( humanity is = mod]n times ak9 to _! discov]y ( nature4 ,!y id5tify x ) ! real ,*ri/ian e?ic1 & contra/ x ) ! s*ola/ic1 9 :i* ,jesus is exp\nd$ accord+ to ,ari/otle4 ,x is ?r\gh ,late ,/oicism t mod]n times become aw>e t ! moral is some?+ direct4 ,because ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius speak to su* an ext5t j z ,jesus did1 !y help to spread ! conviction t ! truly rational e?ic & ! e?ic ( ! ,gospels co9cide ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 antiquity came to an end1 ,late ,/oicism & ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( ! id5tity ( _! moral tea*+1 _h torn ea* o!r to pieces4 ,9 mod]n times !y unite 9 ord] to produce toge!r an e?ical _w-view4 ,:y is t n[ possible :i* be=e 0 impossible8 ,because ! *asm :i* lay betwe5 _! respective _w-views has be5 bridg$4 ,*ri/ianity n[ treats _w- & life-affirmation z valid4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is volte-face ( ,*ri/ianity be br\ght ab\t8 ,because ( ! fact t 9 spite ( its pessimi/ic _w-view x upholds an e?ic :i*1 s f> z x t\*es ! relation ( man to man1 is an activi/ e?ic4 ,! pessimi/ic _w-view1 if x ?9ks itself out to a consi/5t conclusion1 mu/ end ) a purely _w-d5y+ e?ic1 pg #jff divorc$ f action1 z x has 9 ,india4 ,! peculi> "*1 h[ev]1 ( ! _w-view ( ,jesus :i* is det]m9$ by ! expectation ( ! end ( ! _w & ! com+ ( a sup]natural k+dom ( ,god1 toge!r ) ! directness ( 8 e?ical feel+1 entail 8 proclaim+ ( an e?ic ( active devotion to "o's fell[-,man 9 spite ( 8 pessimi/ic attitude t[>ds ! natural _w4 ,?is activi/ e?ic is :at is want$ to provide ! c>d9al-po9t ( an evolution f a ,*ri/ian-pessimi/ic _w-view to "o ( ,*ri/ian optimism4 ,! mod]n age1 foll[+ its in/9ct1 assumes x z self-evid5t t an e?ic :i* deals ) ! active relations ( man to man is pre-suppos$ to be an e?ic :i* assigns a positive value to action z su*1 &1 fur!r1 t su* an e?ic ( action belongs to a _w-view :i* is optimi/ic & :i* wills & hopes = a trans=mation ( relation%ips4 ,x is1 !n1 ! e?ic ( active self-devotion taught by ,jesus :i* makes x possible = ,*ri/ianity to d :at is sugge/$ by ! _s ( ! mod]n age1 & modulate f ! pessimi/ic to ! optimi/ic _w-view4 ,?is result f9ds expression 9 ! way ! new conception ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 x has to come to an und]/&+ ) ! old "o1 contra/s itself z 8! religion ( ,jesus0 ) 8! ,*ri/ianity ( dogma40 ,a way is prep>$1 !n1 9 ,erasmus & individual repres5tatives ( ! ,re=mation1 %yly at fir/ b !n m & m cle>ly1 = an int]pretation ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* corresponds to ! _s ( mod]n times1 an int]pretation :i* conceives ! tea*+ z a religion ( action 9 ! _w4 ,hi/orically & 9 actual fact ?is is a wrong int]pretation1 = ! _w-view ( ,jesus is1 s f> z conc]ns ! future ( ! natural _w1 ?or\ghly pessimi/ic4 ,8 religion is n a religion ( _w-trans=m+ ef=t1 b ! religion ( await+ ! end ( ! _w4 ,8 e?ic is *>act]is$ by activity only s f> z x comm&s m5 to practise unb\nd$ devotion to _! fell[-m5 if !y w\ld atta9 to t inn] p]fection pg #jfg :i* is ne$$ = entrance into ! sup]natural k+dom ( ,god4 ,an e?ic ( en?usiasm1 & !re=e presumably focus$ ^u an optimi/ic _w-view1 =ms "p ( a pessimi/ic _w-view6 ,t is ! magnific5t p>adox 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,b ! mod]n age 0 "r 9 ov]look+ ?is p>adox & 9 assum+ 9 ,jesus an optimi/ic _w-view :i* correspond$ to an e?ic ( en?usiasm & met ) a welcome ! _s ( ,late ,/oicism & ( mod]n times4 ,= ! progress ( ! spiritual life ( ,europe ?is mi/ake 0 a necessity4 ,:at crises ! latt] mu/ h gone ?r\gh1 if x _h n be5 able )\t emb>rassm5t to place ! new _w-view "u ! au?ority ( ! great p]sonality ( ,jesus6 ,! mi/ake 0 su* a natural "o t till ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 nev] s]i\sly %ak54 ,:5 hi/orical criticism1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 proclaim$ its discov]y t ,jesus1 9 spite ( 8 activi/ e?ic1 ?\ght & act$ "u a pessimi/ic _w-view dom9at$ by ! expectation ( ! end ( ! _w1 x ar\s$ indignation4 ,x 0 accus$ ( degrad+ ,jesus to a m]e en?usia/1 :ile x aft] all only put an end to ! false mod]nis+ ( 8 p]sonality47#aj7 ,:at we at ! pres5t "t h to d is to g ?r\gh ! critical exp]i5ce ( be+ oblig$ to ?9k z mod]n m5 "u a _w-view ( _w- & life-affirmation1 & yet let ! e?ic ( ,jesus speak to u f out ( a pessimi/ic _w-view4 ,( ?is problem :i* is disclos+ itself to-day ! e>ly p]iod ( ! mod]n age suspects no?+4 ,jesus & ! morali/s ( ,late ,/oicism toge!r are its au?orities = an e?ical _w- & life-affirmation4 ,:at ! ,late-,/oic e?ic is = ! mod]n age is %[n by ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam 7#adff-aecf71 ,mi*el de pg #jfh ,montaigne 7#aecc-aeib71 ,pi]re ,*>ron 7#aeda-afjc71 ,jean ,bod9 7#aecj-aeif71 & ,hugo ,grotius 7#aehc-afde71 & t :e!r _! ideas run pr$om9antly on ,*ri/ian or on free?9k+ l9es4 ,to ! ,lat] ,/oics ,erasmus owes x t he c und]/& ! simple gospel ( ,jesus :i* 0 be+ discov]$ beh9d ! ,*ur*'s dogmas1 z be+ ! ess5ce ( all e?ical philosophiz+4 ,x is by f9d+ support 9 !m t ,montaigne 9 8 ,essays 7#aehj7 is sav$ f fall+ into complete e?ical scepticism4 ,because he is inspir$ by ! ,lat] ,/oics1 ,bod9 9 8 "w ,de la rpublique 7#aegg71 puts =w>d an e?ical ideal ( ! ,/ate to combat ! ideas ( ,ma*iavelli's ,pr9ce 7,pr9cipe7 7#aeae74 ,because he draws f ! same s\rce1 ,pi]re ,*>ron 9 8 "w ,de la sagesse 7#afja71 v5tures to ass]t t e?ics are high] ?an traditional religion1 & c ma9ta9 !mselves 9 an indep5d5t position 9 face ( x )\t los+ any?+ ( _! ess5tial nature or ( _! dep?4 ,because ! "w ( ,m>cus ,aurelius has prec$$ him1 ,hugo ,grotius is able 9 8 fam\s "w1 ,de jure belli ac pacis 7#afbe7 to lay s securely ! f\ndations ( natural & int]national law1 & !reby to *ampion ! claims ( reason & humanity 9 ! doma9 ( jurisprud5ce4 ,o!r consid]ations ap>t1 x w\ld h be5 ! fir/ task ( ! ris+ p[] ( natural sci5ce to re/ore to curr5cy ! _w-view ( ,epicurus1 & ,pi]re ,gass5di 7#aeib-afee77aa7 attempts x4 ,he fails1 h[ev]1 to accompli% 8 purpose4 ,by its inw>d belief 9 progress ! m5tality ( ! mod]n age is driv5 9 elem5tal fa%ion beyond scepticism & sceptical e?ics4 ,:at is great 9 ,epicurus1 viz4 t 9 ob$i5ce to ! deepe/ dem&s ( tru? he tries to ?9k e?ically )9 a nature-philosophy :i* does n int]pret nature z embody+ any purpose1 c nei!r be compreh5d$ nor be put be=e 8 own age by ! philosoph]'s all too clev] mod]n prophet4 pg #jfi ,= ! weighty que/ions ( absolute tru? t "t is by no means ripe4 ,its capacity is only t ( ! uncritical4 ,typical = its _s is ,isaac ,newton 7#afdc-agbg71 :o 9 8 inve/igation ( nature is purely empirical1 & 9 8 _w-view rema9s simply ,*ri/ian4 ,aga9/ ! difficulties :i* crop up = e?ics & _w- & life-affirmation out ( a nature-philosophy :i* works )\t any presuppositions1 ! ,r5aissance & ! ,po/-,r5aissance are secure4 ,! belief 9 progress :i* arises f ! a*ievem5ts ( discov]y & inv5tion1 & ! joy felt 9 action itself are _! _w-view4 ,?anks to belief 9 progress1 new life /reams into e?ics4 ,! inn] relations betwe5 e?ics & _w- & life-affirmation beg9 to h _! effect4 ,! elem5t>y impulses to activity :i* are embodi$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian e?ic are set free1 & ! belief 9 progress gives !m an aim & object3 ! trans=mation ( ! circum/ances ( society & ( mank9d4 ,x is n any really deep] e?ical ?9k+ t br+s ! mod]n age 91 b ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! belief 9 progress1 :i* arose out ( ! a*ievem5ts ( discov]y & inv5tion1 on ! e?ic :i* drew its life f ,/oic & ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,! c>t is drawn by ! belief 9 progress1 & at fir/ e?ics h only to run along beside x4 ,b z ! c>t gets heavi] & ! road m difficult to negotiate1 s t e?ics ought to l5d _! /r5g? to help1 !y refuse1 because !y h no /r5g? ( _! own4 ,! c>t beg9s to run backw>d1 & c>ries belief 9 progress1 & e?ics ) x1 d[n ! hill4 ,! task be=e philosophy 0 to *ange ! _w- & life-affirmation :i* arose out ( en?usiasm ov] ! atta9m5ts 9 discov]y & inv5tion into a deep]1 inn] "o aris+ out ( ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se & ! life ( man1 & on t same f\ndation to build up an e?ical sy/em4 ,b philosophy c\ld d nei!r4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 x has become p]fectly cle> t we are liv+ ) a _w- & pg #jgj life-affirmation :i* has its s\rce m]ely 9 our confid5ce 9 discov]y & inv5tion & n 9 any deep] ?9k+ ab\t ! _w & life1 our fate is seal$4 ,! mod]n optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 ?\gh x has done s mu* = ! mat]ial developm5t ( civilization1 proves to be l a build+ erect$ already to a consid]able height b on rott5 f\ndations1 & has to collapse4 pg #jga ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lay+ ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies ,h>tley1 ,holba*4 ,devotion z ,enlight5$ ,egoism ,,mod]n times f9d _w- & life-affirmation s self-evid5t t !y feel no ne$ to give !m a sure f\ndation1 & to deep5 !m1 by ?\ght ab\t ! _w & life4 ,pessimism !y bru% aside z reaction>y folly1 )\t suspect+ h[ deep d[n into ?\ght x has s5t its roots4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 see ! necessity ( e/abli%+ ! nature ( ! e?ical4 ,h[ d !y proce$ to d ?is8 ,t ! e?ical means action direct$ to promot+ ! common good is _! firm belief f ! fir/1 & !y are safe f ! fate ( anci5t ?\ght1 viz4 /ick+ fa/ 9 ! mud ( resignation :ile try+ to give ! e?ical a prop] f\ndation4 ,in/ead ( t !y h to answ] ! "q h[ ! unegoi/ic makes x appe>ance beside ! egoi/ic1 & 9 :at inn] relation !y /& to ea* o!r4 ,a p]=mance n[ beg9s l t :i* w5t on aft] ! appe>ance ( ,socrates1 only ! task is propos$ ?is "t n by an individual b by ! _s ( ! "t4 ,ano!r attempt is made to consid] ! e?ical problem 9 isolation1 z if x consi/$ 9 reflexions on ! relation ( ! individual to himself & to society1 ^! hav+ no ne$ to settle _! position ) reg>d to ultimate que/ions ( ! mean+ ( ! _w & ( life4 ,! e?ical problem seems1 too1 to be a mu* easi] "o ?an x 0 !n1 because _w-affirmation & activity direct$ t[>ds ! g5]al welf>e no long] h to be prov$1 b appe> among ! presuppositions :i* are tak5 = grant$4 pg #jgb ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! relations betwe5 ! egoi/ic & ! altrui/ic c be made cle>4 ,ei!r "o assumes t ! egoi/ic 9 ! ?\ght ( ! individual is automatically conv]t$ into ! altrui/ic by consi/5t m$itation4 ,or "o supposes ! altrui/ic to h its beg9n+ 9 ! ?\ght ( society & !nce to pass ov] into ! convictions ( ! individual4 ,or "o retires to ! position t egoism & altruism are bo? among ! orig9al end[m5ts ( human nature4 ,all ?ree explanations are attempt$1 ea* ) mo/ v>i$ argum5ts4 ,!y are n always c>ri$ to a conclusion )\t int]mixture1 & ) _m ?9k]s !re is int]play ( "o ) ano!r4 ,! attempt to d$uce devotion to ! common welf>e f egoism by psy*ological consid]ations is made 9 ! mo/ sy/ematic way by ,david ,h>tley 7#agje-ageg77ab7 & ,dietri* von ,holba* 7#agbc-aghi747ac7 ,h>tley1 a !ologian :o betook himself to ! practice ( m$ic9e1 claims to see 9 altruism a purposive ennoblem5t ( orig9al selfi%ness :i* comes into play "u ! influ5ce ( rational ?\ght4 ,! mu*-revil$ ,holba* ascribes its orig9 to ! fact t ! individual1 if he rightly und]/&s 8 own int]e/1 w always =m 8 conception ( x 9 connection ) ! int]e/ ( society1 & !re=e direct 8 activities to ! latt] z well4 ,bo? attempt to c>ry up _! build+1 s f> z x goes1 ) mat]iali/ic consid]ations & !n to ro( x ) ideali/ ones4 ,b nei!r ) ! co>s] nor ) ! f9] consid]ations nor ) bo? toge!r c ! psy*ological d]ivation ( altruism f egoism produce any conv9c+ result4 ,! co>s] ones d n c>ry u v f>4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 pg #jgc ( c\rse1 t ! prosp]ity ( society dep5ds ^u ! moral disposition ( its memb]s & t ! bett] ! moral condition ( society ! bett] is ! individual's expectation ( prosp]ity4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! individual becomes m moral1 ! bett] he und]/&s 8 own int]e/s4 ,! mutual relation betwe5 him & society is n ( su* a "* t he d]ives b5efit f ! latt] j 9 proportion z he himself by 8 moral conduct helps to e/abli% its prosp]ity4 ,if ! majority ( its memb]s are ) %ort-sight$ egoism int5t only on _! own good1 !n ! man :o acts ) wid] outlook makes sacrifices f :i* !re is no prospect ( ga9 = himself1 ev5 if ! be/ happ5s & !y are n lo/ )\t b5efit+ ! community4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh ! moral conduct ( ! majority ( its memb]s ! condition ( society is fav\rable1 ! individual pr(its by x ev5 if he fails to behave t[>ds x z morality dem&s4 ,by conduct :i* disreg>ds bo? pa/ & future1 he w c>ve = himself an unduly big %>e ( p]sonal prosp]ity out ( ! prosp]ity ( ! community1 milk+ ! c[ :i* ! re/ fe$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! individual on ! prosp]ity ( ! community & ! reaction ( social prosp]ity on t ( ! individual d n /& 9 a simple relation to ea* o!r :i* acts equally 9 bo? directions4 ,! consid]ation1 !re=e1 t egoism1 rightly und]/ood1 w oblige ! individual to resolve on activity :i* is direct$ to promot+ ! common good1 is a %ip :i* sails well1 b leaks4 ,! psy*ological d]ivation ( altruism f egoism mu/1 !n1 9 "s way or o!r1 make an appeal to ! self-sacrifice ( ! individual4 ,?is x does by induc+ him to consid] t 9 happ9ess !re is a spiritual elem5t z well z a mat]ial4 ,man ne$s 7x is said7 n only ext]nal prosp]ity1 b to be respect$ by o!rs & to be satisfi$ ) himself1 & he c h ?is d\ble exp]i5ce only :5 he conc]ns himself ab\t ! pg #jgd prosp]ity ( o!rs4 ,ev5 ,holba*1 :o tries to be inexorably matt]-(-fact1 lets ^! consid]ations speak l\dly4 ,! attempt is made1 !re=e1 above ! prolong$ bass note ( ! conception ( happ9ess d]iv$ f ord9>y egoism1 to modulate into ! spiritualiz$ conception ( x4 ,! pa? :i* ?is attempt has to foll[ runs p>allel to t :i* l$ ! successors ( ,socrates into ! abyss ( ! p>adoxical4 ,9 ord] to get f egoism into altruism & s ?9k out to a conclusion ! e?ic ( ! rationally-pleasurable1 ! ,epicureans wi%$ to use ! same scale ( values = spiritual & mat]ial pleasure alike4 ,! only result 0 t _! e?ic trans=m$ itself into resignation4 ,n[ aga91 9 mod]n times1 & aga9 = ! sake ( e?ics1 spiritual happ9ess is to be reg>d$ z happ9ess 9 ! same way z mat]ial happ9ess is1 & "h aga9 ! result is a p>adox4 ,mat]ial & spiritual happ9ess are n s relat$ t ! "o c f9d its cont9uation 9 ! o!r4 ,if ! second is = ! sake ( e?ics call$ 9 ) ! fir/1 x does n /r5g!n ! fir/1 b p>alyses x4 ,! man :o does e>ne/ly try to guide himself by ! light ( spiritual z well z mat]ial happ9ess1 ends by f9d+ t ! recognition accord$ him by 8 fell[-m51 :i* at fir/ seem$ to him to make almo/ ! :ole ( spiritual happ9ess1 becomes m & m mean+less4 ,x is to him a mis]able lump ( sold] :i* drops d[n betwe5 mat]ial & spiritual happ9ess )\t be+ able to fa/5 !m toge!r4 ,m & m exclusively he exp]i5ces spiritual happ9ess z ! condition 9 :i* he is at "o ) himself & !re=e c ju/ifiably accord himself a c]ta9 am\nt ( self-appreciation4 ,spiritual happ9ess is suffici5t unto itself4 ,ei!r ! man is l$ to resolve on e?ical conduct because he expects f x a m\ld+ ( ! outw>d circum/ances ( 8 be+ :i* w br+ him pr(it & pleasure2 or he *ooses x because he f9ds 8 happ9ess 9 obey+ 8 inn] compulsion to e?ical action4 ,9 ! latt] case he pg #jge has left f> beh9d him all calculations ab\t ! int]dep5d5ce ( 8 morality & 8 mat]ial happ9ess4 ,! fact t he is a moral man is 9 itself 8 happ9ess1 ev5 ?\gh x l& him 9 ! mo/ disadvantage\s situations4 ,b if spiritual happ9ess c nev] be weld$ into union ) mat]ial1 x is useless tr\ble to try to depict altruism z an ennobl+ ( egoism4 ,if ! ord9>y conception ( pleasure1 t x may be br\ght into union ) e?ics1 is submitt$ to a process ( ref9+1 x ends by be+ ref9$ away4 ,9 anci5t e?ics1 9 :i* ! ref9+ is done "u ! influ5ce ( an e?ical sy/em :i* is def9itely egoi/ic1 x trans=ms itself into ! pleasure ( be+ )\t pleasure1 & all[s e?ics to end 9 resignation4 ,9 mod]n e?ics1 9 :i* ! pleasure to be ref9$ is "u ! influ5ce ( altruism1 x works itself up into an irrational & immat]iali/ic en?usiasm4 ,9 bo? cases !re is ! same p>adoxical proce$+1 only t 9 "o case x goes 9 ! negative direction1 9 ! o!r 9 ! positive4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 ?\ght wi%es to conceive e?ics z spr++ f pleasure or happ9ess1 x arrives at resignation or en?usiasm1 at spiritualis$ egoi/ic or at spiritualis$ expansive conduct4 ,!re is no way 9 :i* natural pleasure c1 9 really deep ?9k+1 be br\ght into connexion ) e?ics4 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,helvetius1 ,b5?am ,! explanation t altruism is a pr9ciple ( action :i* ! individual takes ov] f society is to be f\nd express$ 9 *>act]i/ic ways by ,?omas ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi717ad7 ,john ,locke 7#afcb-agjd717ae7 ,adri5 ,helvetius 7#agae-agga77af7 & ,j]emy ,b5?am 7#agdh-ahcb747ag7 pg #jgf ,hobbes repres5ts ! ,/ate z commission$ & emp[]$ by ! majority ( ! individual citiz5s to engage ! :ole body 9 action = ! common advantage4 ,9 ?is way alone1 he ass]ts1 is x possible to realise ! common good 9 :i* ! egoism ( individuals f9ds ! highe/ possible degree ( prosp]ity4 ,left to !mselves1 m5 w\ld nev] be able to get free f _! %ort-sight$ egoism1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 miss prosp]ity4 ,_! only possible c\rse1 !n1 is to jo9 9 sett+ up an au?ority :i* w drive !m into altruism4 ,) ext]nal means only1 h[ev]1 organiz$ society _c engage ! individual 9 all ! activities :i* are ne$$ = ! common good4 ,x mu/ /rive to ensure its p[] ov] him by means ( spiritual conviction z well4 ,locke takes ?is ne$ into consid]ation4 ,accord+ to him x is ,god & society toge!r :o =ce altruism ^u ! individual by appeal+ at ! same "t to 8 egoism4 ,^! two au?orities h1 t is to say 7z our reason enables u to recognize71 s ord]$ ! c\rse ( ?+s t actions b5eficial to society are rew>d$1 & ^? injuri\s to x are puni%$4 ,god has at 8 disposal rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( endless duration4 ,society works 9 two diff]5t ways3 ?r\gh ! p[] giv5 to x by ! crim9al law1 & ?r\gh ! law ( public op9ion 9 :i* x uses praise & blame z spiritual means ( compulsion4 ,man be+ guid$ bo? by pleasure & abs5ce ( x1 he manages to accommodate himself to ^? rules :i* def5d ! g5]al good s effectually1 & he !reby becomes moral4 ,9 spite ( all _! diff]5ces on s+le po9ts1 ,hobbes & ,locke agree 9 hav+ ?is ext]nal conception ( e?ics4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( di/9ction betwe5 !m is pg #jgg t ) ,hobbes society alone plies ! :ip1 :ile ) ,locke ,god & society h&le x toge!r4 ,helvetius1 :o belong$ to a family :i* _h migrat$ f ! ,palat9ate into ,france1 is m ref9$ & m inw>d4 ,9 8 life z a f>m] ( taxes & a prop]ty-own]1 he always tri$1 along ) 8 noble-m9d$ wife1 to act ) k9dness & ju/ice z he expla9s !m 9 8 book4 ,x is cle> to him t e?ics means someh[ or o!r en?usia/ic action1 t is1 action :i* spr+s out ( feel+47#ah7 ,society _c1 !re=e1 =ce ^! virtues into ! individual2 x c only educate him into !m1 & x does 9 fact apply all ! means & devices :i* are at its disposal to influ5ce 8 egoism 9 _! direction4 ,above all x makes good use ( 8 /riv+ to w9 recognition & fame4 ,! praise :i* x p\rs on t :i* is 8good0 9 its own s5se ( ! ^w is = ! mass ( m5 ! /ronge/ inducem5t to take up "w = its int]e/s4 ,helvetius w\ld p]haps h (f]$ a less ext]nal conception ( h[ e?ical action is realiz$1 if he _h n1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 tak5 s mu* tr\ble to depict morality z some?+ :i* c be taught4 ,9 ! view t morality is en?usia/ic action to :i* ! individual is r\s$ by society1 ,b5?am agrees entirely ) ,helvetius1 b he c>ries x ?r\gh 9 a mu* deep] way4 ,out ( ! ,romanza he makes a hymn4 ,! "p play$ by society 9 br++ morality into exi/5ce _c1 accord+ to ,b5?am1 be emphasiz$ too /rongly4 ,9 vehem5t words he opposes ! view t ! human consci5ce c decide betwe5 good & evil4 ,no?+ c be left to subjective feel+4 ,man is truly moral only :5 he receives 8 e?ics at ! h& ( society & works !m out ) ard\r4 ,b if society is to decide ab\t e?ics1 x mu/ fir/ br+ ord] into its own e?ical views1 & !re=e1 says ,b5?am1 mu/ le>n to comb9e cle> & def9ite notions pg #jgh ) its pres5tation ( ! g5]al good4 ,t done1 x mu/ make up its m9d to apply ?is pr9ciple ) absolute consi/5cy z a f\ndation = legislation & ! e/abli%m5t ( e?ical /&>ds1 exclud+ all consid]ations ( a diff]5t "*4 ,a 8moral ari?metic0 %\ld be con/ruct$ :i* all[s ! calculat+ 9 correct utility values ( all decisions t h to be made4 ,deal+ 9 a dry1 practical way ) all cases ( p5al legislation1 & ( e/abli%m5t ( /&>ds by ! moral law1 ,b5?am !n %[s t ! pr9ciple ( ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] is applicable 9 all ( !m1 & guides u safely & accurately 9 que/ions ( good & evil4 8,moral philosophy1 9 its g5]al mean+1 is ! !ory und]ly+ ! art ( s direct+ ! actions ( m5 t !re is produc$ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( happ9ess40 ,x is legislation t decides :at moral actions ! community c ord] to be p]=m$1 & if x is to ex]t an educative influ5ce x mu/ be humane ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 8,b !re are _m actions :i*1 ?\gh useful to ! community1 legislation may n comm&4 ,!re are ev5 _m injuri\s actions :i* x may n =bid1 al?\gh moral philosophy does s4 ,legislation is1 9 a ^w1 a circle ) ! same c5tre z moral philosophy1 b its circumf]5ce is small]40 ,:5 law ceases to be available1 !re is no?+ t society c d except be cont9ually putt+ be=e ! individual p]sonally h[ greatly he contributes to 8 own welf>e by fur!r+ t ( o!rs4 ,b5?am does n make x d ?is ) educative guile z does ,helvetius4 ,society appeals to 8 feel+ = tru?4 ,x ?r[s itself at 8 feet & entreats him = ! sake ( ! g5]al welf>e to li/5 to ! voice ( reason4 ,?us ! dry way 9 :i* ,b5?am writes ab\t e?ics has 9 x some?+ peculi>ly impressive1 & expla9s ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* ?is pg #jgi ecc5tric memb] ( ! ,h\se :i* looks across ! ,p>k at ,we/m9/] has ex]cis$ all ov] ! _w ?r\gh ! individuals :o 7 inspir$ by him4 ,! mo/ influ5tial p>ts ( 8 "w are ^? 9 :i* he int5sifies ! s]i\sness ( m5 & %>p5s _! outlook by lead+ !m to reflect n only on ! imm$iate b also on ! m di/ant consequ5ces ( any?+ done or left undone1 &1 fur!r1 n only on ! mat]ial consequ5ces b on ! spiritual ones4 ,x does "o good to note ! c\rage ) :i* ?is fanatic = utility v5tures to repres5t mat]ial bless+s z ! f\ndation ( spiritual ones4 ,b5?am is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful morali/s :o h ev] appe>$ 9 ! _w1 b 8 mi/akes are z great z 8 insight4 ,! latt] is %[n 9 ?is1 t he conceives morality z a k9d ( en?usiasm4 ,8 mi/ake is t he ?9ks he mu/ gu>antee ! rightness ( ?is en?usiasm by mak+ x no?+ high] ?an a judgem5t ( society :i* is tak5 ov] by ! individual4 ,?is compels u to rank ,b5?am ) ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,helvetius1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects he /&s high above !m4 ,he1 l !m1 makes morality arise outside ! individual4 ,he1 l !m1 9 ord] to f9d 8 explanation ( ! altrui/ic1 puts out ( action ! e?ical p]sonality :i* is 9 man1 &1 to comp5sate = ?is1 raises society to an e?ical p]sonality t he may !n by a transmission ( en]gy connect individuals ) ?is c5tral p[]-/ation4 ,! diff]5ce is only t ) ! o!r commonplace morali/s ! individual is a m>ionette direct$ by society on e?ical pr9ciples1 :]eas 9 ,b5?am he c>ries out ) deep conviction ! movem5ts sugge/$ to him4 ,e?ical ?\ght falls f "o p>adox into ano!r4 ,if1 z 9 antiquity1 x ?9ks out a sy/em 9 :i* ! activity t mu/ be direct$ to ! common good is n suffici5tly repres5t$1 x arrives at e?ics :i* are no long] e?ics1 & ends 9 resignation4 ,if x assumes & />ts f su* an activity direct$ to ! common good1 pg #jhj x arrives at an e?ic 9 :i* !re is no e?ical p]sonality4 ,x is1 /range to say1 unable to m>k out ! middle c\rse & let an activity :i* is direct$ to ! promotion ( ! common good spr+ out ( ! e?ical p]sonality itself4 ,altruism z a natural quality4 ,hume1 ,adam ,smi? ,! explanations ( altruism z an ennobl+ ( egoism :i* has a spontane\s orig9 ?r\gh ! activity ( reason1 or :i* is br\ght into exi/5ce ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( society1 are obvi\sly unsatisfy+ bo? psy*ologically & e?ically4 ,utilit>ianism mu/ !re=e necess>ily come to admit t altruism is someh[ or o!r giv5 indep5d5tly 9 human nature side by side ) egoism4 ,x is true t x always appe>s !re z ! backw>d tw9-bro!r :o c be re>$ only ) ! mo/ c>eful nurs+1 & !re=e ! uphold]s ( ! ?ird alt]native giv5 above appeal to ! consid]ations us$ = ! fir/ two4 ,!y cont9ually all[ ! capacity = altrui/ic feel+ to be expos$ to ! influ5ce ( consid]ations :i* seem calculat$ to let egoism dis*>ge its wat]s into altruism4 ,! two fir/ views are tak5 into s]vice z wet-nurses = ! ?ird4 ,david ,hume 7#agaa-aggf77ai7 & ,adam ,smi? 7#agbc-agij77bj7 mu/ be nam$ "h4 ,hume agrees ) ! o!r utilit>ians 9 all[+ t ! pr9ciple ( seek+ to promote ! common good mu/ be accept$ z ! dom9ant pr9ciple ( morality4 ,:e!r actions are good or bad is decid$ solely by :e!r !y are direct$ t[>ds ! production ( g5]al happ9ess pg #jha or n4 ,!re is no?+ :i* is 9 itself e?ical or une?ical4 ,to ! idea t e?ics c h z _! object ! self-p]fect+ ( ! individual z little weight is giv5 by ,hume z by ! o!r utilit>ians4 ,l !m1 he opposes asceticism & o!r life-d5y+ dem&s ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 because he _c discov] 9 !m any?+ pr(itable = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b :at makes m5 decide to "w toge!r = ! common good8 ,consi/5t utilit>ians answ]3 ,reflexion ab\t :at ! common good means4 ,( ?is "o-sid$ness ,hume is n guilty1 because he does n f9d x to be 9 accord ) psy*ological facts4 ,x is n out ( high-m9d$ reflexion1 he ass]ts1 b out ( direct sympa?y t ! emotions & actions ( b5evol5ce arise4 ,! virtues :i* s]ve ! common good h _! orig9 9 feel+4 ,we c resolve on acts ( love only because !re is 9 u an elem5t>y feel+ = ! happ9ess ( m51 & a dislike ( see+ !m 9 mis]y4 ,we become moral ?r\gh sympa?y4 ,x w\ld n h be5 a big /ep fur!r to expla9 ?is sympa?y z a =m ( ! egoi/ic ne$ ( happ9ess1 m or less ?r\gh ! assumption t 9 ord] to be really happy a man mu/ see happ9ess all r\nd him4 ,b ,hume does n use su* roads z t4 ,he does n aim at con/ructive ?\ght b at /at+ facts1 & x is en\gh = him t direct sympa?y ) o!r m5 be prov$ to be a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,we h to /op some:]e or o!r1 he says 9 "o place1 9 our se>* = causes4 ,9 e sci5ce !re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples beyond :i* !re is no m g5]al pr9ciple /ill = u to discov]4 ,among ! elem5ts :i* are effective 9 develop+ moral feel+1 ,hume attributes great importance to ! love ( fame4 ,?is keeps u consid]+ ourselves 9 ! light 9 :i* we wi% to appe> 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 = ! ef=t to secure ! respect ( o!rs is a pot5t educator 9 virtue4 ,on ?is po9t he ?9ks l ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 f :om comes ! s5t5ce3 8,! love ( fame pg #jhb is innate 9 noble s\ls2 y h only to ar\se x & urge x on1 & m5 :o till !n m]ely vegetat$1 w seem to y1 :5 expla9$ by ?is happy in/9ct1 to be *ang$ into demi-gods407#ba7 ,adam ,smi? wi%es to trace out ! idea ( sympa?y 9 all its manife/ations1 & 9 do+ s he discov]s t our capacity = sympa?y cov]s m ?an p>ticipation 9 ! weal or woe ( o!rs4 ,x br+s u1 he says1 to a community ( ?\ght ) ^? :o are do+ some?+4 ,we feel ourselves directly attract$ or repell$ by ! actions ( o!rs & ! motives at ! back ( !m4 ,our e?ics are ! product ( ^! sympa!tic exp]i5ces4 ,we come 9 "t to take c>e t an imp>tial ?ird p>ty c ju/ify & sympa?ise ) ! ma9spr+ & ! t5d5cy ( our actions4 ,innate sympa?y n only ) ! actions b also ) ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs is ?us ! b5efic5t regulator ( ! behavi\r ( m5 to "o ano!r4 ,?is feel+ ,god has implant$ 9 human nature t x may keep m5 fai?ful to "w = ! common good4 ,h[ f> ?is some:at artificial ext5sion ( ! notion ( sympa?y ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( ! imp>tial ?ird p>ty really means a /ep =w>d beyond ,hume we may leave undiscuss$4 ,9 8 fam\s "w1 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations 7#aggf71 ,adam ,smi? f\nds ?is prosp]ity purely ^u ! entirely free & intellig5t activity ( egoism4 ,ab\t ! "p to be play$ by e?ics 9 economic que/ions he says no?+4 ,economic developm5t he leaves to be det]m9$ by its own int]nal laws1 & is confid5t t1 if ^! are left a free c\rse1 ! result w be fav\rable4 ,adam ,smi?1 ! moral philosoph]1 is also1 because he is end[$ ) a rationali/ic optimism1 ! f\nd] ( ! laissez-faire =m ( economic pg #jhc doctr9e1 t ( ! ,man*e/] s*ool1 z x is call$4 ,he l$ indu/ry & comm]ce 9 _! /ruggle = lib]ation f ! petty & injuri\s tutelage ( au?ority4 ,to-day1 :5 economic life among all peoples is aga9 deliv]$ ov] to ! mo/ %ort-sight$ ideas ( au?orities :o nev] ?9k 9 t]ms ( economics1 we c measure ! greatness ( 8 p]=mance4 ,l ,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am also is an adh]5t ( ! pr9ciple ( fre$om 9 economic life4 ,at ! same "t he has an e?ical conception ( society1 & dem&s f x t 9 a _s ( progress x %all help to level out z f> z possible ! diff]5ces betwe5 ri* & poor4 ,:at1 !n1 d ,hume & ,adam ,smi? mean = e?ics8 ,!y introduce into ! treatm5t ( !m ! elem5t ( empirical psy*ology4 ,!y believe t ?r\gh ! value !y give to ! significance ( sympa?y !y are giv+ a natural f\ndation to utilit>ianism1 ?\gh 9 reality ?is psy*ology beg9s to correct x & to und]m9e its position4 ,!re hov]s be=e ! m9d ( utilit>ianism ! great conception t e?ics are a result ( reflexion4 ,x ?9ks to make m5 moral by keep+ _! att5tion fix$ on ! deep nature ( e?ics & ! necessity ( ! ends at :i* x aims4 ,?is conception draws its life f ! conviction t ?\ght has be5 giv5 complete control ov] ! w4 ,! absolute rationality ( ! e?ical is ! f\ndation on :i* x builds1 & if x is n to get q bewild]$ ab\t its own nature1 x _c all[ itself to recognize z presuppositions ( ! e?ical1 facts :i* are giv5 x by psy*ology & _c be v]ifi$ indep5d5tly4 ,) ,hume & ,adam ,smi?1 :o trace e?ics back to some?+ giv5 9 human nature :i* resembles in/9ct1 !re crops up ! problem h[ e?ics c be some?+ natural1 & at ! same "t some?+ subord9ate to ?\ght1 = t !y are subord9ate to ?\ght has to be assum$ ev5 by ! *ampions ( ?is psy*ological utilit>ianism4 ,if !y 7 no?+ b ! ex]cise ( an in/9ct1 !y w\ld n be capable ( wid5+ & pg #jhd deep5+1 nor c\ld !y be imp>t$ to all & sundry ) conv9c+ =ce4 ,yet h[ is x conceivable t ?\ght influ5ces ! sympa!tic in/9ct8 ,:at h ! two 9 common t ! "w ( "o c be c>ri$ fur!r by ! o!r8 ,if ,hume & ,adam ,smi? _h suspect$ ! f>-rea*+ "* ( ?is great problem ( e?ics :i* !y br\ght into ! field ( discussion1 !y w\ld h _h to g on & settle ! ext5t & ! dep? ( ?is sympa?y :i* !y adopt$ 9 _! s*eme1 9 ord] to und]/& h[ x cont9ues to function 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,b !y fail to notice ! f>-rea*+ "* ( :at !y lay d[n1 & believe !y h done no?+ b give by means ( psy*ology an explanation ( altruism :i* is sup]ior to ^! curr5ts4 ,! _s ( ! "t1 9 its wond]ful capacity = hold+ v>i\s ideas side by side1 takes possession ( _! view1 & ! popul> utilit>ianism n[ confid5tly appeals to x z decl>+ t altruism is to be conceiv$ z a rational ennobl+ ( egoism1 z a result ( ! influ5ce ( society1 & 9 addition z a manife/ation ( a natural in/9ct4 ,x is1 really1 only 9 appe>ance t ! psy*ological conception ( e?ics imp>ts new life to utilit>ianism4 ,x is r a consumption g]m :i* ! latt] absorbs4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a natural elem5t 9 e?ics1 :5 ! consequ5ces ( x beg9 to make !mselves felt1 c only end 9 its dev\r+ rationali/ utilit>ianism1 z becomes evid5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury :5 biological ?\ght becomes influ5tial 9 e?ics4 ,! fun]al procession ( rationali/ utilit>ianism beg9s to assemble ) ,hume & ,adam ,smi?1 ?\gh x is a long "t be=e ! c(f9 is tak5 to ! cemet]y4 ,! ,engli% e?ic ( self-p]fect+ ,aga9/ ! utilit>ians1 :o w\ld d]ive f ! cont5t ( ! moral ! ess5tial nature ( x1 & ! pg #jhe obligation to morality1 ! 8,intellectuali/s0 & ! 8,intuitioni/s0 ent] ! li/s4 ,! empirical d]ivation ( e?ics seems to !m to be an endang]+ ( ! maje/y ( ! moral4 ,morality--?is is ! ?\ght be=e _! m9ds--is a /riv+ aft] p]fection1 & ?is develops itself 9 u because x is implant$ 9 u by nature4 ,action = ! common advantage does n by any means con/itute e?ics2 x is only a manife/ation ( ! /ruggle aft] self-p]fect+4 ,to ?is deep] & m compreh5sive conception ( e?ics1 h[ev]1 ! ,intellectuali/s & ,intuitioni/s d n give correct expression4 ,= t !y are /ill too mu* entangl$ 9 a lifeless & semi-s*ola/ic philosophiz+4 ,_! *ief /r5g? lies 9 _! %[+ up ( ! weaknesses ( ! f\ndation :i* ,hobbes & ,locke give to e?ics1 & to ^! !y pr9cipally devote !mselves1 br++ to _! task a great deal t is correct ab\t ! directly & absolutely b9d+ "* ( ! moral law4 ,t ! mean+ ( ! moral is n to be f\nd m]ely 9 ! useful "* ( ! actions inspir$ by x b also 9 ! self-p]fect+ ( ! ag5t :i* is effect$ by !m1 & t morality presupposes a moral p]sonality1 is emphasiz$ by !m 9 _m happy turns ( expression4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! task be=e !m is to describe exactly 9 :at way m5 c>ry 9 !m ! idea ( ! good z a =ce :i* works effectively ^u _! "*1 ! ,intellectuali/s & ! ,intuitioni/s l& !mselves 9 a psy*ologiz+ :i* is sometimes +5i\s1 b (t5 artificial & commonplace4 ,!y occupy !mselves ) logical di/9ctions in/ead ( inve/igat+ 9 a practical fa%ion ! nature ( man4 ,in/ead ( really develop+ ! problem 9 answ] to ! innovators1 !y "w at x ) data tak5 f an out-(-date philosophy4 ,!y h>k back l>gely to ,plato1 & aga9 !y argue l>gely1 anxi\sly or unconsci\sly1 n z philosoph]s1 b z !ologians4 ,on individual po9ts !y div]ge f ea* o!r1 & pg #jhf attack ea* o!r's positions accord+ z !y w\ld h ! f\ndations ( ! e?ical m intellectuali/1 or m s5tim5tal & my/ical1 or m !ological4 ,! majority ( ^! anti-utilit>ians belong to ! ,cambridge ,platoniz+ s*ool4 ,we mu/ "n "h ,ralph ,cudwor? 7#afag-afhh717bb7 ,h5ry ,m 7#afad-afhg717bc7 ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,cl>ke 7#afge-agbi717bd7 ,bi%op ,ri*>d ,cumb]l& 7#afcb-agah717be7 & ,william ,wolla/on 7#afei-agbd747bf7 ,accord+ to ,cudwor? ! tru?s ( morality are j z evid5t z ^! ( ma!matics4 ,= ,m ! e?ical is an intellectual p[] ( ! s\l meant = ! control ( natural impulses4 ,cumb]l& f9ds ! moral law giv5 9 ! reason :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u man by ,god4 ,cl>ke1 liv+ 9 ! ?\ght _w ( ,isaac ,newton1 sees x z ! spiritual ph5om5on :i* corresponds to ! law ( nature4 ,wolla/on def9es x z t :i* is logically "r4 ,press$ back to _! fundam5tal mean+1 ^! ?9k]s d no?+ b amplify ! /atem5t t ! e?ical is e?ical4 ,!y ass]t t ! utilit>ian view ( e?ics is pit*$ too l[1 b !y d n succe$ 9 e/abli%+1 9 contra/ to x1 a m exalt$ pr9ciple 9 su* a way t a high] & m compreh5sive cont5t ( e?ics c be d]iv$ f x4 ,z to cont5t _! e?ic does n really diff] f t ( ! utilit>ians4 ,x m]ely lacks ! great en?usia/ic driv+-=ce :i* %[s itself 9 ! latt]4 ,to e/abli% a liv+ e?ic ( self-p]fect+ is beyond ! capacity ( ! ,intellectuali/s & ! ,intuitioni/s4 ,:at is ! inn] connexion betwe5 ! /ruggle = self-p]fect+ & action = ! common advantage8 ,t pg #jhg is ! weighty "q ( e?ics :i* crops up 9 ! settlem5t ( diff]5ces betwe5 ! utilit>ians & _! cons]vative oppon5ts4 ,at fir/ x rema9s veil$1 & x does n come to cle> expression till we rea* ,kant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a peculi> position 9 ! e?ical ?\ght ( ! eighte5? c5tury is held by ,an?ony ,a%ley ,coop]1 ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury 7#afga-agac747bg7 ,he opposes n only ! utilit>ians1 b ! ,intellectuali/s & ! ,intuitioni/s z well1 & tries to secure a m$iat+ position betwe5 !m4 ,t ! cont5t ( e?ics is utilit>ian he op5ly admits1 b he d]ives ! e?ical nei!r f consid]ations ( usefulness nor f ! intellect2 he places its orig9 9 feel+4 ,at ! same "t he emphasizes1 z does ,adam ,smi? also a few ye>s lat]1 its relation%ip to ! /hetic4 ,b ! important ?+ is t he puts =w>d a liv+ philosophy ( nature :i* connects itself ) e?ics4 ,he is conv9c$ t h>mony reigns 9 ! univ]se & t man is meant to exp]i5ce ?is h>mony 9 himself4 /hetic feel+ & e?ical ?9k+ are = him =ms ( a gr[+ union ) ! div9e life1 :i* /ruggles to f9d expression 9 ! spiritual be+ ( man z x does 9 nature4 ,) ,%aftesbury e?ics desc5d f a rocky m\nta9 range into a luxuriant pla94 ,! utilit>ians "k z yet no?+ ( a _w4 ,_! e?ic is conta9$ 9 consid]ations ab\t ! relation ( ! individual to society4 ,! anti-utilit>ians h "s idea ( a _w1 b n a correct "o4 ,!y elaborate e?ics ) a =mal !ology & a =mal philosophiz+ ab\t ! ,all1 b ,%aftesbury plants e?ical ?\ght 9 ! univ]se ( reality1 :i* he himself contemplates ?r\gh an idealis+ optimism1 rea*+ !reby a direct & univ]sal notion ( ! moral4 pg #jhh ,a my/icism bas$ on a philosophy ( nature beg9s to sp9 its magic ?reads ?r\gh ,european ?\ght4 ,! _s ( ! ,r5aissance rules aga91 no long]1 h[ev]1 l a rag+ /orm1 z 9 ,giordano ,bruno1 b z a g5tle breeze4 ,%aftesbury ?9ks pan!i/ically1 m pan!i/ically ?an he confesses to himself1 b 8 is n a pan!ism :i* ?r[s 8 age into /ruggles ab\t _w-views1 & comes into conflict ) !ism4 ,x is ! pan!ism :i* rules 9 ,h9duism & 9 ,late ,/oicism also2 "o :i* is n dang]\s1 & raises no "q ( pr9ciple1 desir+ only to be reg>d$ z a vivify+ ( belief 9 ,god4 ,%aftesbury ex]ts also a lib]at+ influ5ce on ! spiritual life ( 8 "t by giv+ e?ics a mu* fre] attitude t[>ds religion ?an anyone _h v5tur$ to d up to t "t4 ,religion1 accord+ to him1 has n to give decisions ab\t e?ics1 b on ! contr>y mu/ te/ its own claims to be true by its relation to pure e?ical ideas4 ,he ev5 v5tures to repres5t ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ ab\t rew>ds & puni%m5t z n consi/5t ) pure e?ical consid]ations4 ,morality1 he says1 is pure1 only :5 good has be5 done simply because x is good4 ,8 optimi/ic-e?ical philosophy ( nature is (f]$ by ,%aftesbury only z a sket*4 ,he ?r[s out 8 ideas )\t prov+ t !y are well f\nd$1 & )\t feel+ any necessity = ?9k+ !m out to a conclusion4 ,he /eps ) an easy /ride across all problems4 ,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 8 philosophy ( nature & ,sp9oza's6 ,yet 8 meets ! ne$s ( 8 "t4 ,he (f]s :at is new to x1 & :at inspires x3 e?ics b\nd up ) a liv+ _w-view4 ,! belief 9 progress n[ clo!s itself 9 a liv+ _w-view :i* really suits x4 ,?is is ! process :i*1 ?anks to ,%aftesbury1 began 9 ! fir/ decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury & w5t on develop+ till ! end ( x4 ,h5ce ! appe>ance ( 8 writ+s1 :i* 7 imm$iately spread abroad ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe1 pg #jhi is ! great ev5t = ! spiritual life ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 ,less+1 ,condorcet1 ,moses ,m5delssohn1 ,wiel&1 ,h]d]1 & ,goe! too1 are "u 8 influ5ce1 & he dom9ates popul> ?\ght completely4 ,h>dly ev] has any man _h s direct & s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! =mation ( ! _w-view ( 8 "t z ! invalid ^: life end$ at ,naples :5 he 0 only =ty-two4 ,direct cont9uators ( ,%aftesbury's e?ic are f\nd 9 ,francis ,hut*eson 7#afid-agdg77bh7 & ,bi%op ,joseph ,butl] 7#afib-ageb717bi7 b !y take f x j t s(t indef9it5ess :i* gives x its *>m & its /r5g?4 ,hut*eson1 :o /rongly emphasizes !ology's indep5d5ce ( e?ics1 ! relation%ip ( ! latt] to ! /hetic1 & _! utilit>ian cont5t1 /&s ne>] to 8 tea*] ?an does ,butl]1 :o does n g z f> 9 8 welcome ( utilit>ianism1 & also opposes1 f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t1 ! optimism ( ,%aftesbury's _w-view4 ,b ,%aftesbury's true successor is ,j4 ,g4 ,h]d] 7#agdd-ahjc74 ,9 8 ,ideas on ! ,philosophy ( ,human ,hi/ory 7#d vols41 #aghd-agia71 he c>ries ! optimi/ic-e?ical nature-philosophy on into a correspond+ philosophy ( hi/ory4 pg #jij ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,lay+ ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,civilization ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,rationalism ,! ,m5tality & ! ,a*ievem5ts ( ! ,e?ical ,belief 9 ,progress ,,?anks to ! fully work$ out optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ) :i* ! belief 9 progress surr\nds itself 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^! g5]ations prove capable ( ?9k+ out ! ideals ( civilization & advanc+ t[>ds _! realization4 ,! fact t all attempts to give e?ics a f\ndation 9 reason h turn$ out on ! :ole unsatisfactory does n move !m1 if inde$ !y give ! po9t any consid]ation at all4 ,by ! conviction t !y h =m$ a rational conception ( ! _w :i* gives x an optimi/ic-e?ical mean+1 !y are c>ri$ on ov] all ! inn] problems ( e?ics4 ,! alliance :i* belief-9-progress & e?ics h 9 ! c\rse ( mod]n times contract$ ) "o ano!r is seal$ by means ( _! _w-view1 & n[ !y set to "w toge!r4 ,rational ideals are to be realiz$4 ,! e?ical & ! optimi/ic come into p[]1 !re=e1 9 ! _w-view ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 al?\gh !y h n yet receiv$ any real f\ndation4 ,scepticism & mat]ialism range ar\nd ! =tress l hordes ( unconqu]$ enemies1 ?\gh at fir/ )\t be+ dang]\s2 z a rule !y h !mselves absorb$ no small am\nt ( belief-9-progress & ( e?ical en?usiasm4 ,voltaire is an example ( ! sceptic :o /&s "u ! re/ra9t ex]cis$ by ! preval5t optimi/ic & e?ical ?\ght4 ,s f> z its elem5ts are conc]n$ ! _w-view ( rationalism hides itself "u ! optimi/ic-e?ical monism pg #jia ( ,kungtse 7,confucius7 & ! ,lat] ,/oics1 b ! en?usiasm :i* supports x is incomp>ably /rong] ?an any felt by !m4 ,! circum/ances1 too1 amid :i* x appe>s are f> m fav\rable1 & s x becomes an elem5tal p[] ?r\gh\t a :ole p4 ,9 a _w-view :i* spr+s f a noble fai?1 b is rem>kable also = ! ext5t ( its k1 ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury beg9 to ?9k out ideals ( civilization & to realise !m 9 su* measure t ! greate/ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( human civilization n[ dawns4 ,! great feature ( ! m5tality ( ?is belief 9 progress :i* is ev] %[+ itself 9 works is its magnific5t want ( respect = all exi/+ ?+s1 :e!r belong+ to ! pa/ or ! pres5t4 ,^! are to x 9 all _! v>i\s =ms ! imp]fect1 :i* is de/9$ to be replac$ by a p]fect4 ,! eighte5? c5tury is ?or\ghly unhi/oric4 ,9 :at is good z 9 :at is bad x cuts itself loose f :atev] 0 or is1 & is confid5t ( be+ able to put 9 its place some?+ t is m valuable1 because m e?ical or m 9 accordance ) reason4 ,9 ?is conviction ! age feels itself s creative t x has no und]/&+ = creations ( orig9al g5ius4 ,go?ic build+s1 e>ly pa9t+1 ,j4 ,s4 ,ba*'s music1 & ! poetry ( e>li] ages1 are felt by ^! g5]ations z art :i* 0 produc$ at a "t :5 ta/e _h n yet be5 purifi$4 ,activity :i* foll[s rules 9 accordance ) "r reason w1 !y ?9k1 introduce a new art :i* w be sup]ior 9 e respect to any t has prec$$ x4 ,full ( ?is self-confid5ce1 a m$iocre musician l ,zelt] 9 ,b]l9 works ov] ! scores ( ,ba*'s ,cantatas4 ,full ( ?is self-confid5ce1 hon\rable poeta/]s re-write ! texts ( ! wond]ful old ,g]man *orales & replace ! orig9als 9 ! hymn books ) _! own wret*$ productions4 ,t !y s navely pu% =w>d "r into ! sph]e pg #jib ( art ! b\nd>ies ( ! creative faculties ) :i* nature end[$ !m is a mi/ake made by ^! m5 = :i* !y h (t5 be5 laugh$ at4 ,b mock]y _c d !m mu* h>m4 ,9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( life 9 :i* ! important matt] is ! %ap+ ( ?+s accord+ to ideals giv5 by reason--& "w done ^u su* ?+s means = ! e/abli%m5t ( civilization v mu* m ?an any "w sp5t 9 ! promotion ( art--!y are z creative z any g5]ation ev] has be51 & z sc>cely any w be 9 ! future4 ,!y are fright5$ by no?+ :i* has to be und]tak5 9 ?is sph]e1 & 9 e dep>tm5t !y make ! mo/ a/oni%+ advance4 ,!y v5ture also to deal ) religion4 ,t religion %\ld be split up into v>i\s antagoni/ic confessional bodies is to !m an (f5ce aga9/ reasonable reflexion4 ,only a relative1 n any absolute au?ority1 !y ma9ta91 c be all[$ to ! belief :i* is h&$ d[n 9 hi/orical =mulas4 ,f9d+ expression 9 s _m & su* v>i$ =ms x c1 ( c\rse1 be no?+ b a m or less imp]fect embodim5t ( ! e?ical religion taught by reason1 :i* mu/ be equally intelligible to all m54 ,! "r ?+ is1 !re=e1 to /rive aft] ! religion ( reason1 & to accept z true only su* p>ts ( ! v>i\s confessions z are 9 h>mony ) x4 ,! *ur*es1 naturally1 put !mselves on ! def5sive aga9/ ?is _s1 b aga9/ ! /rong g5]al convictions ( ! age !y are unable 9 ! long run to hold out4 ,prote/antism succumbs fir/1 because ! elem5ts already )9 x all[ su* consid]ations to f9d easy access4 ,x c>ries )9 itself impulses to rationalism1 inh]it$ f ,humanism1 f ,huldrei* ,zw+li 7#adhd-aeca7 & f ! ,italians ,llius 7#aebe-aefb7 & ,fau/us ,soc9us 7#aeci-afjd71 & ^! impulses1 hi!rto suppress$1 n[ f9d !mselves set free47#cj7 pg #jic ,ca?olicism %[s itself m capable ( resi/ance4 ,no?+ 9 its pa/ makes x incl9$ to enli/ "u ! bann] ( ! _s ( ! age3 its /rong organization s]ves z a protection aga9/ ?is4 ,yet x1 too1 has to yield consid]ably1 & to all[ its doctr9es to pass1 s f> z may be1 = a symbolic expression ( ! religion ( reason4 ,:ile utilit>ian e?ics are on ! :ole ! product ( ! ,engli% _s1 ! :ole ( ,europe takes "p 9 ! exp\nd+ ( ! religion ( reason4 ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury 7#aehb-afdh71 ,john ,tol& 7#affi-agbb71 ,an?ony ,coll9s 7#afgf-agbi71 ,mat!w ,t9dal 7#afee-agcc71 ,david ,hume 7#agaa-aggf71 ,pi]re ,bayle 7#afdg-agjf71 ,jean-,jacques ,r\sseau 7#agab-aggh71 ,voltaire 7#afid-aggh71 ,d5is ,did]ot 7#agac-aghd71 ,h]mann ,samuel ,reim>us 7#afid-agfh71 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibniz 7#afdf-agaf71 ,*ri/ian ,wolff 7#afgi-aged71 ,got?old ,ephraim ,less+ 7#agbi-agha71 ,moses ,m5delssohn 7#agbi-aghf71 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 :e!r /&+ ne>] to or fur!r f ! ,*ur*1 & :e!r or n go+ fur!r ?an o!rs 9 sy/ematic criticism1 all br+ /ones = ! erection ( ! great build+ 9 :i* ! piety ( illum9at$ mank9d is to live47#ca7 ,! rese>*es 9 ! hi/ory ( religion made by ! ,g]mans1 l ,johann ,salomo ,seml] 7#agbe-agia71 ,johann ,david ,mi*aelis 7#agag-agia71 & ,johann ,augu/ ,erne/i 7#agjg-agha71 provide sci5tific data :i* ?r[ light ^u ! division betwe5 et]nal tru?s & ! "t-condition$ convictions ( religion4 ,! cre$ ( ! religion ( reason is simply ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view reproduc$ 9 a ,*ri/ian phraseology1 t is 9 "o pres]v+ )9 x ! ,*ri/ian !ism1 & ! belief 9 immortality4 ,an all-wise & :olly b5evol5t ,creator has produc$ ! _w1 & he upholds x 9 pg #jid correspond+ fa%ion4 ,m5 are end[$ ) free w1 & discov] 9 _! reason & _! he>t ! moral law :i* is meant to lead individuals & mank9d to p]fection1 & to accompli% 9 ! _w ,god's highe/ purposes4 ,e man has )9 him an inde/ructible s\l1 :i* feels 8 moral life z ! highe/ happ9ess1 & aft] dea? ent]s a /ate ( a pure1 spiritual exi/5ce4 ,?is belief 9 ,god1 9 virtue1 & 9 immortality 0 held to h be5 taught 9 its pure/ =m 9 previ\s ages 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b x 0 ackn[l$g$ t elem5ts ( ! same beliefs 7 to be f\nd 9 all ! high] religions47#cb7 ,if ! eighte5? c5tury atta9$ to an optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view :i* prea*$ itself s confid5tly & 0 s widely accept$1 ! reason is t x 0 able to re-int]pret ,*ri/ianity--:i* _h by t "t got rid ( ! _w- & life-d5ial t 0 orig9ally inh]5t 9 x--9 t s5se4 ,jesus 0 to x a tea*] :o ev5 9 8 own age & !n ?r\gh all ! int]v5+ c5turies _h be5 misund]/ood1 & 0 n[ fir/ rightly accept$ z a reveal] ( ! religion ( reason4 ,let anyone read a rationali/ic ,life ( ,jesus1 su* z ^? ( ,franz ,volkm> ,re9h>d 7#agec-ahab7 or ,k>l ,he9ri* ,v5tur9i 7#agfh-ahdi747cc7 ,!y hold ,jesus up to admiration z ! *ampion ( enlight5m5t & ( bless+s = ! common p4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! hi/orical picture is made easi] = !m by ! fact t ! *ief compon5t elem5t ( ! ,gospel n>rative is e?ical tea*+1 :ile ! late-,jewi% pessimi/ic _w-view :i* x presupposes is h>dly m ?an h9t$ at4 pg #jie ,z an imm$iate result ( ! wip+ out ( confessional diff]5ces ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury sees ! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( tol]ance 9 place ( ! p]secution ( all reject]s ( or?odoxy :i* _h be5 common till !n4 ,! la/ s]i\s act ( confessional intol]ance 0 expulsion ( all evangelicals f ! ,salzburg di/rict by ! ,ar*bi%op ( t t[n1 ,c\nt von ,firmian1 9 ! ye>s #agca & #agcb4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury !re beg9s also ! movem5t ( opposition to ! ,jesuits1 :o 7 recogniz$ z ! enemies ( tol]ance1 & ?is l$ to ! suppression ( ! ord] 9 #aggc by ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiv47#cd7 ,b ! religion ( reason f\ght sup]/ition z well z intol]ance4 ,9 #agjd ! philosoph] & juri/ ( ,halle1 ,*ri/ian ,?omasius 7#afee-agbh71 publi%$ 8 essays condemn+ trial = wit*craft17#ce7 & ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ! law c\rts 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates ( ,europe refus$ to conc]n !mselves any long] ) ! crime ( magic4 ,! la/ dea? s5t5ce on a wit* 0 pass$ 9 #aghb at ,gl>us1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury x became good =m to dete/ any?+ :i* _h ev5 a remote connexion ) sup]/iti\s convictions4 ,aga91 ! w-to-progress ( ! eighte5? c5tury deals ) nationali/ prejudices 9 ! same way z x deals ) religi\s ones4 ,above & beyond individual nations x po9ts to mank9d z ! great object t[>ds :i* ideals are to be direct$4 ,educat$ p accu/om !mselves to see 9 ! ,/ate n s mu* an organ ( national feel+ z a m]e organization = legal & economic purposes4 ,cab9ets may c>ry on w> ) ea* o!r1 b 9 ! ?\ght ( ! common p !re gr[s up a recognition ( ! bro!rhood ( nations4 ,9 ! sph]e ( law1 too1 ! w-to-progress acquires pg #jif /r5g?4 ,! ideas ( ,hugo ,grotius get accept$4 ,! law ( reason is exalt$ 9 ! convictions ( ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury to a position above all traditional maxims ( jurisprud5ce4 ,x alone is all[$ to h p]man5t au?ority1 & legal decisions h to be 9 h>mony ) x4 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( law1 b pr9ciples equally indisputable ev]y:]e1 h to be d$uc$ f human nature4 ,to protect ^! & to ensure to e human be+ a human value ) an inviolable measure ( fre$om ( :i* he c nev] be robb$1 is ! fir/ task ( ! ,/ate4 ,! proclamation ( 8! ,rights ( ,man0 by ! ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 d no m ?an give recognition & sanction to :at1 9 ! convictions ( ! "t1 _h already be5 won4 ,! fir/ ,/ate 9 :i* torture 0 aboli%$ 0 ,prussia1 & ?is 0 secur$ by an adm9i/rative ord] ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great's 9 #agdj4 ,9 ,france a c]ta9 am\nt ( torture 0 practis$ d[n to ! ,revolution-- & some:at lat]1 = ! ?umb-screw 0 us$ "u ! ,directory dur+ ! exam9ation :i* ! royali/ conspirators _h to und]go47#cf7 ,side by side ) ! fight aga9/ abs5ce ( law & ! exi/5ce ( inhuman laws1 g ef=ts to adapt law to circum/ances4 ,b5?am raises 8 voice aga9/ laws :i* tol]ate usury1 aga9/ s5seless cu/oms duties1 & aga9/ inhuman me?ods ( colonization4 ,!re dawns an age 9 :i* ! purposive & ! moral are ! rul+ au?orities4 ,(ficialdom acquires dur+ ^! g5]ations famili>ity ) ! notions ( duty & hon\r1 :i* lat] become natural to x4 ,f>-rea*+ b5eficial re=ms are introduc$ into adm9i/ration )\t any outcry4 ,! education ( mank9d 9 citiz5%ip makes spl5did progress4 ,! g5]al good becomes ! crit]ion ( pg #jig excell5ce bo? = ! comm&s ( rul]s & ! ob$i5ce ( _! subjects1 :ile at ! same "t a beg9n+ is made ( secur+ t ev]yone %all be educat$ 9 a mann] correspond+ to 8 human dignity & ! ne$s ( 8 p]sonal welf>e4 ,! w> aga9/ ignorance is begun4 ,! way is prep>$1 too1 = a m rational me?od ( liv+4 ,h\ses are built s z to be m com=table1 & ! l& is bett] cultivat$4 ,ev5 ! pulpit uses its influ5ce to promote improvem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,! !ory t reason has be5 giv5 to man to be us$ consi/5tly & 9 e dep>tm5t ( life plays at ?is "t an important & b5efic5t "p 9 ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 ev5 if ! way 9 :i* ?is is done (t5 makes que] dem&s on our belief4 ,s]mons1 = example1 (t5 treat$ incid5tally ( ! be/ me?ods ( manur+1 irrigat+1 & dra9+ ! fields4 ,t ,j5n]'s discov]y ( vacc9ation 0 s readily adopt$ 9 _m di/ricts 0 due to ! enlight5m5t :i* 0 spread abroad by ! cl]gy4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ! age ( rationalism are ! private societies =m$ to promote ! moral & utilit>ian progress ( mank9d4 ,9 #agag memb]s ( ! high] ranks ( society 9 ,london reorganize z 8,! ,ord] ( ,freemasons0 ! bro!rhood :i* 9 e>li] times _h be5 built up by ! union 9 a s+le body ( ! memb]s ( ! m$ival build+-lodges1 b 0 n[ 9 a /ate ( decay1 & to ?is new organization 0 assign$ ! duty ( lab\r+ to build up a new humanity4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ?is ord] _h spread all ov] ,europe1 & rea*$ ! z5i? ( its success4 ,pr9ces1 (ficials1 & intellectuals alike jo9$ x 9 great numb]s1 & 7 inspir$ by x to ! a*ievem5t ( a huge am\nt ( re=m4 ,simil> aims 7 pursu$ by ! 8,ord] ( ! ,illum9ate0 7or enlight5$7 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 ,bav>ia 9 #aggf1 b 0 suppress$ 9 #aghd by ! reaction>y ,bav>ian ,gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce pg #jih ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x is said to h be5 ! intellectual c\nt]p>t ( ! ,jesuit ord]1 on ! model ( ^: organization x 0 =m$4 ,t private societies aim+ at ! rational & moral p]fect+ ( mank9d %\ld "w effectively seem$ to ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t !y assum$ !m to h exi/$ 9 e>li] times4 ,9 a s]ies ( rationali/ descriptions ( ! life ( ,jesus x is assum$ t ! sect ( ! ,ess5es1 ne> ! ,dead ,sea1 ( :om we le>n f ,josephus1 ! ,jewi% writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 0 su* an ord]1 & t x 0 9 t\* ) simil> bro!rhoods 9 ,egypt & ,india4 ,jesus1 x is said1 0 tra9$ by !m1 & !n help$ by !m to c>ry ?r\gh ! rle ( ! ,messiah1 9 ord] t ) ! au?ority giv5 by a holy yet popul> p]sonality he might "w to spread true illum9ation4 ,! fam\s ,life ( ,jesus by ,k>l ,v5tur9i c>ries ?is assumption out 9 complete detail4 ,accord+ to him1 ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 /ag$ by bro!rs ( ?is secret association4 ,be t z x may1 ! fact t ! w-to-progress ( ! eighte5? c5tury creat$ = itself 9 ^! private societies organizations :i* spread ?r\gh\t ,europe1 contribut$ mu* to its ability to influ5ce ! age4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ inde$ t ! m5 ( ! rationali/ic p]iod 7 small] ?an _! a*ievem5ts4 ,true1 !y all possess$ p]sonality1 b x did n rea* v deep4 ,x 0 produc$ by ! en?usiasm :i* !y f\nd 9 ! m5tality ( ! "t & :i* !y %>$ ) all _! contempor>ies4 ,! individual imbib$ p]sonality ?r\gh ! tak+ ov] ( a ready-made _w-view1 :i* gave him firm /&+-gr\nd toge!r ) ideals4 ,8 own contribution 0 really no?+ m ?an ! capacity = en?usiasm4 ,t is :y ! m5 ( ?is age are s rem>kably l "o ano!r4 ,!y all graze side by side 9 ! same n\ri%+ pa/ure l&4 ,nev]!less1 ! ideas ( ! purposive & ! e?ical pg #jii h nev] ex]cis$ s mu* influ5ce ov] reality z !y did among ^! m5 ( %all[ optimism & s5sitive morale4 ,no book has be5 writt5 yet :i* fully describes _! a*ievem5ts1 do+ ju/ice to _! orig91 _! "*1 _! numb]1 & _! significance4 ,we c !n only really compreh5d :at !y accompli%$ :5 we recognize ! tragic fact t ! mo/ valuable "p ( x is lo/ to u1 :ile we d n feel 9 ourselves any ability to reproduce x4 ,!y 7 ma/]s ( ! facts ( life to an ext5t :i* we are to-day q unable to realize4 ,only a _w-view :i* accompli%es all t rationalism did has a "r to condemn rationalism4 ,! greatness ( t philosophy is t its h&s are bli/]$4 ,ob/acles to ! re=m movem5t4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution ,! great "w ( re=m is nev] complet$1 p>tly because ext]nal circum/ances arise :i* *eck x1 b also because ! _w-view ( rationalism becomes convuls$ f )94 ,9 its confid5ce 9 ! enlight5+ p[] ( all t is 9 accordance ) reason ! w-to-progress 0 incl9$ to und]e/imate ! resi/+ p[] ( ! traditional1 & to wi% to c>ry ?r\gh re=ms :]e m9ds _h n be5 suffici5tly prep>$ = _! reception4 ,on ^! unsuccessful advances foll[$ reaction :i* p]man5tly injur$ ! "w4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 s\?-ea/]n ,europe4 ,joseph ,,ii4 ( ,au/ria1 :o 0 emp]or f #agfd to #agij1 is ! type ( ! re=m+ pr9ce4 ,he discont9u$ ! use ( torture1 oppos$ ! infliction ( ! dea? p5alty1 aboli%$ s]fdom1 gave ! ,jews full civic rights1 introduc$ a new me?od ( legislation & a new sy/em ( legal adm9i/ration1 took away all class privileges1 cont5d$ = ! equality ( all be=e ! law1 protect$ ! oppress$1 f\nd$ s*ools & hospitals1 gu>ante$ ! fre$om ( ! ,press & fre$om ( domicile1 aboli%$ all ,/ate monopolies1 & promot$ ! developm5t ( agriculture & indu/ry4 pg #ajj ,b he is a rul] 9 ! wrong place4 ,he decrees ^! re=ms & !n simil> %ocks1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 c\ntries :i*1 be+ 9 spiritual ?+s /ill :olly "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( t "t1 are n prep>$ = !m1 & moreov] 9 o!r ?+s z well display a specially backw>d attitude1 because !y belong to ! zone 9 :i* ! ,europe ( t day pass$ ov] into ,asia4 ,! ,emp]or is !re=e unable to c\nt ^u ei!r any will+ness to make sacrifices 9 ! classes :i* are to give up _! privileges1 or ^u any und]/&+ ( 8 ideas 9 ! common p4 ,9 8 attempts to organize ! mon>*y z a unity & 9 an effective way = practical purposes1 he comes into conflict ) ! nationalities !mselves ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! religi\s h\ses1 :i* he und]takes out ( economic consid]ations1 ) ! introduction ( ! fre$om ( ! ,press & ( a sy/em ( ,/ate education1 br+ on him ! ho/ility ( ! ,*ur*4 ,f9ally1 because he is a rul] 9 ! wrong place1 ?is noble re=m+ emp]or dies ( a brok5 he>t1 :ile ,europe1 because ! w-to-progress 9 ,au/ria c accompli% no?+ ev5 at ! "t ( its greate/ /r5g?1 ow+ to unfav\rable circum/ances1 is condemn$ to a p]iod ( ! deepe/ mis]y ov] ! problems ( t huge ,/ate1 :i* h 9 ?is way be5 r5d]$ insoluble1 & ov] ! portion ( ,asia beyond x along ! s\!rn ,danube4 ,9 ,france1 too1 ! wrong m5 are 9 control4 ,!re ! spread ( ! new ideas prep>es ! way spl5didly = re=m1 b ! re=ms are n und]tak51 because its rul]s _c und]/& ! signs ( ! times1 & all[ ! ,/ate to collapse 9 ru94 ,consequ5tly ! re=m movem5t has to take ! road ( viol5ce1 :]eby x slips away f ! guidance ( ! educat$1 & falls into ! h&s ( ! mob1 f :i* x is tak5 by ! p[]ful g5ius ( ,napoleon4 ,native ( an isl& 9 :i* ! ,europe ( t day pass$ ov] into ,africa1 & lack+ all pg #aja deep] education1 he is un9flu5c$ by ! valuable convictions ( 8 "t4 ,guid$ solely by ! =ce ( 8 own p]sonality1 he decides :at is to happ5 9 ,europe1 & hurls x into w>s ?r\gh :i* x s9ks into mis]y4 ,?us f ,ea/ & f ,we/ alike disa/] ov]takes ! "w ( ! w-to-progress4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution is a sn[/orm fall+ ^u trees 9 blossom4 ,a trans=mation :i* promises great ?+s is 9 progress1 b ev]y:]e s(tly & sl[ly4 ,extraord9>ily valuable results are be+ prep>$ 9 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,provid$ t circum/ances rema9 ev5 tol]ably ne> ! normal1 !re /&s be=e humanity 9 ,europe an extraord9>ily desirable developm5t4 ,b 9 place ( t !re sets 9 a *aotic p]iod ( hi/ory 9 :i* ! w-to-progress has to cease m or less completely f its "w1 & becomes a bewild]$ spectator4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! advance ( re=m+ ?\ght1 ?\ght b5t ) full consci\sness ( its aims on secur+ ! practical & ! e?ical1 comes to a complete /op4 ,an exp]i5ce = :i* x 0 9 no wise prep>$ n[ falls to ! lot ( ! w-to-progress4 ,up to ?is "t x _h always be5 a m or less obsolesc5t reality ) :i* x _h _h to come to t]ms4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! foll[+ p]iod1 x becomes famili> ) a reality :i* has at its disposal elem5tal =ces4 ,up to ?is "t ! only factor to be reckon$ ) _h be5 ! =ce ( orig9ality ex]cis$ by rational ?\ght4 ,9 ,napoleon x has to le>n to recognize z p[] a p]sonality ) creative g5ius ( its own4 ,by 8 reorganization ( ,france1 a magnific5t "w b conc]n$ only ) ! te*nical matt]s ( adm9i/ration1 ,napoleon creates a new ,/ate4 ,8 "w1 too1 has _h ! way prep>$ = x by ! lab\r ( rationalism1 s f> z ?is upset ! equilibrium ( ! old & made curr5t ! idea ( some?+ new b necess>y4 ,b ! new ,/ate :i* n[ comes into exi/5ce is n ! ,/ate pg #ajb :i* is e?ical & 9 h>mony ) reason1 b m]ely ! ,/ate :i* works well4 ,its a*ievem5ts compel our admiration4 ,9 ! nurs]y g>d5 :i* ! w-to-progress 0 lay+ out 9 ord] to plant x ) noble fl[]s an individual pl\ghs = himself a piece ( ord9>y arable l& :i* at once produces an excell5t crop4 ,) ! elem5tal creative =ces ( reality reveal+ _! p[] 9 s impos+ a fa%ion1 ! noble b unorig9al _s ( ! age1 ) all its high] aims1 f9ds itself 9 a /ate ( in/ability f :i* x nev] completely recov]s4 ,hegel1 :o saw ,napoleon ride pa/ aft] ! ,battle ( ,j5a1 tells u t he !n saw ! ,_w-_s on horseback4 ,9 ^! words we c he> all ! confus$ spiritual exp]i5ce ( t "t express+ itself4 ,! und]m9+ ( ! rationali/ic _w-view ,!re n[ sets 9 a developm5t :i* works aga9/ ! _s ( ! times1 & ! hi!rto unoppos$ au?ority ( ! rational ideal is und]m9$4 ,=ces 9 reality :i* are n guid$ by x1 obta9 recognition4 ,:ile ! w-to-progress rema9s an amaz$ spectator ( ev5ts1 respect = :at is hi/orical recov]s itself1 ?\gh x seem$ to h be5 bani%$ = ev]4 ,9 religion1 9 art1 & 9 law1 m5 beg91 ?\gh at fir/ only q %yly1 to look aga9 ) o!r eyes on ! traditional4 ,x is no long] reckon$ z m]ely some?+ :i* is to be replac$1 b m5 v5ture to admit to !mselves t x conceals )9 itself orig9al values4 ,! =ces ( reality1 :i* _h be5 tak5 by surprise1 n[ beg9 ev]y:]e to act on ! def5sive1 & a gu]illa w>f>e develops aga9/ ! w-to-progress4 ,! v>i\s religi\s bodies revoke ! abdications :i* !y _h made be=e ! religion ( reason4 ,! law :i* has gr[n up 9 ! c\rse ( "t beg9s to set itself 9 opposition to ! law laid d[n by reason4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ( passion produc$ by ! ,napoleonic w>s1 pg #ajc national ?\ght takes on a new "*1 direct+ on itself1 & beg9n+ to absorb1 ! univ]sal en?usiasm = ideals4 ,! /ruggles c>ri$ on no long] by *ancell]ies b by :ole nations are fatal to ! ideals ( cosmopolitanism & national bro!rhood1 & by ?is awak5+ ( national ?\ght a :ole s]ies ( political problems affect+ ! :ole ( ,europe are r5d]$ insoluble4 ,j z ! organization ( ,au/ria z a unifi$ mod]n ,/ate has n[ become impossible1 s also has ! civiliz+ ( ,russia1 & ! de/9y ( ,europe1 viz4 to be %ipwreck$ ov] ^! t]ritories :i* are 9 x b n ( x1 beg9s to reveal itself4 ,at ! close ( ! ,napoleonic era ! :ole ( ,europe is 9 a condition ( mis]y4 ,f>-see+ ideas ( re=m c be nei!r ?\ght out nor work$ out2 only extemporiz$ palliative measures suit ! "t4 ,! w-to-progress is !re=e unable to recov] its =m] vig\r4 ,x is fatally affect$1 too1 by ! fact t ev]ybody ) any capacity = indep5d5t ?\ght feels himself attract$ by ?is new valuation ( ?+s & facts1 & !reby drawn on to irritation at ! "o-sid$1 doctr9aire "* ( ! rationali/ way ( look+ at life4 ,nev]!less1 ! position ( ! w-to-progress is f> f be+ a critical "o4 ,! fir/ attacks are made by ,romanticism & ! feel+ = reality1 b are m]e outpo/-skirmi%es1 & = a long "t yet ! w-to-progress rema9s ma/] ( ! field4 ,b5?am rema9s /ill ! great au?ority4 ,alex&] ,,ii4 ( ,russia1 ,ts> f #ahja to #ahbe1 in/ructs ! legislative commission :i* he sets up to obta9 on all d\btful po9ts ! op9ion ( ! great ,engli%man4 ,madame de ,/al expresses ! op9ion t ! fateful p]iod %e has liv$ ?r\gh w "o day be call$ by po/]ity n ! ,napoleonic age b ! ,b5?amite47#cg7 ,! noble/ m5 ( ! p]iod /ill live 9 ! un%ak5 pg #ajd conviction t no?+ c delay ! spe$y & conclusive victory ( ! purposive & moral4 ,! philosophically m9d$ ma!matician & a/ronom]1 ! ,m>quis ,m>ie ,jean de ,condorcet 7#agdc-agid71 ?\gh put by ! ,jacob9s ^u ! li/ ( ! proscrib$1 writes1 :ile liv+ 9 concealm5t 9 ,p>is 9 a dismal room 9 ! ,rue des ,fossoyeurs1 8 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,_s47#ch7 ,!n1 hav+ be5 betray$1 he w&]s ab\t ! ,clam>t qu>ries1 is recogniz$ by ! lab\r]s1 9 spite ( 8 disguise1 z an ari/ocrat1 & :ile conf9$ 9 ! prison ( ,b\rg la ,re9e1 puts an end to 8 life by poison4 ,! docum5t 9 :i* he gave 8 exposition ( ! e?ical belief 9 progress concludes ) a =w>d glance at ! "t1 n[ soon to appe>1 :5 reason1 hav+ atta9$ a position ( p]man5t sov]eignty1 w put e human be+ 9 possession ( ! rights :i* belong to man z man1 & w e/abli% purposive & e?ical relations 9 e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,!re is "o ?+1 x mu/ be admitt$1 :i* ,condorcet & ^? :o %>e 8 views ov]look4 ,_! belief t ! f9al result w be good might be consid]$ ju/ifiable if ! w-to-progress _h be5 endang]$ only ?r\gh unfav\rable outw>d circum/ances1 ! revival1 t is1 ( ! high] e/imation ( reality1 & ! romantic idealiz+ ( ! pa/4 ,b x is ?reat5$ f> m s]i\sly by some?+ else ?an x is by !m4 ,! assurance display$ by rationalism re/s on ! fact t x reg>ds ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view z some?+ prov$ to be correct4 ,b x is n t4 ,x re/s l ! _w-views ( ,confucius & ! ,lat] ,/oics on a nave int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,all deep] ?\ght1 !re=e1 ev5 if x is n direct$ aga9/ rationalism1 or ev5 if x aims at /r5g!n+ its position1 mu/ 9 ! long run h a damag+ effect ^u x4 ,h5ce ,kant & ,sp9oza mean doom to x4 ,kant und]m9es x by 8 attempt to pg #aje provide a deep] f\ndation = ! ess5ce ( ! e?ical4 ,sp9oza1 ! ?9k] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 br+s x to confusion :5 8 nature-philosophy beg9s1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 to occupy p's att5tion4 ,x is ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! new c5tury1 ! n9ete5?1 j :5 ! pressure ex]t$ by mat]ial & spiritual circum/ances alike beg9s to make itself felt1 t ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view beg9s to suspect ! exi/5ce ( ! s]i\s problems :i* are cropp+ up )9 x4 pg #ajf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,optimi/ic-,,e?ical ,,_w-,,view ,,9 ,,kant ,kant's e?ics1 deep5$1 b lack+ cont5t ,,s f> z ! g5]al t5d5cy ( 8 ?\ght goes ,immanuel ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd7 lives entirely 9 ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ( rationalism47#ci7 ,he has1 h[ev]1 a feel+ t its f\ndations are n deep & firm en\gh1 & he reg>ds x z 8 task to put !m on gr\nd :i* is 9 e respect m secure4 ,= ?is purpose a deep] e?ic1 & a less nave positiv5ess 9 ass]tions ab\t _w-view :i* t\* ^u ! supra-s5sible1 seem to him desirable4 ,l ! ,engli% intellectuali/s & intuitioni/s1 ,kant is (f5d$ by ! idea t ! e?ic 9 :i* ! mod]n age f9ds satisfaction & its impulse to activity is root$ m]ely 9 consid]ations ( ! univ]sal advantage ( morally good actions4 ,l !m1 he feels t x is some?+ m ?an ?is1 & t 9 ! ultimate analysis x has its orig9 9 ! compulsion :i* m5 exp]i5ce to /rive = self-p]fect+4 ,b :ile 8 pr$ecessors /ick fa/ 9 ! matt] provid$ by semi-s*ola/ic philosophy & !ology1 he attacks ! problem along ! l9es ( pure e?ical ?\ght4 ,x foll[s = him t ! fundam5tal orig9 & ! exalt$ "* ( ! moral c be pres]v$ only if we always consci\sly make x an end 9 itself1 & nev] m]ely a means to an end4 ,ev5 if moral conduct prove itself to be always advantage\s & practical1 our motive to x mu/ nev]!less always be a pg #ajg purely inw>d compulsion4 ,! utilit>ian e?ic mu/ abdicate be=e t ( imm$iate & sov]eign duty4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! categorical imp]ative4 ,! ,engli% anti-utilit>ians _h 9 common ) ! utilit>ians ! ?\ght t ! moral law 0 relat$ 9 its ess5ce to empirical natural law4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t x has no?+ to d ) ! ord] ( nature1 & has its orig9 9 supra-natural impulses4 ,he is ! fir/ s9ce ,plato to feel1 l him1 t ! e?ical is ! my/]i\s fact )9 u4 ,9 p[]ful language he proves 9 ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason t e?ics are a volition :i* raises u above ourselves1 makes u free f ! natural ord] ( ! _w1 & atta*es u to a high] _w-ord]4 ,t is 8 great discov]y4 ,9 ! developm5t ( x1 h[ev]1 he is n happy4 ,:oev] ass]ts ! absolut5ess ( moral duty1 mu/ also give ! moral an absolute & completely univ]sal cont5t4 ,he mu/ specify a pr9ciple ( conduct :i* %[s itself z absolutely b9d+1 & z ly+ at ! f\ndations ( ! mo/ v>i$ e?ical duties4 ,if he does n succe$ 9 do+ ?is1 8 "w is only a fragm5t4 ,:5 ,plato ann\nces t e?ics are some?+ supra-natural & puzzl+1 8 _w-view provides him ) a basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical :i* corresponds to ^! qualities1 & also has a def9ite cont5t4 ,he is 9 a position to def9e e?ics z a process ( becom+ pure & free f ! _w ( s5se4 ,?is1 8 own special e?ic1 he develops 9 ! passages :]e he is consi/5t ) himself4 ,!n1 :5 he _c complete 8 argum5t )\t an active e?ic1 he has rec\rse to ! popul> !ory ( virtue4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 z a *ild ( ! mod]n _s1 _c let _w- & life-d5ial rank z an e?ic4 ,!re=e1 s9ce he c g only a "p ( ! way ) ,plato1 he sees himself fac$ ) ! confus+ task ( lett+ a purposive1 activi/ e?ic :i* is direct$ on ! empirical _w orig9ate 9 impulses :i* are n det]m9$ by any adaptation to ! empirical4 pg #ajh ,he c f9d no solution ( ! problem ?us set4 ,9 ! =m :i* he gives x x is 9 fact insoluble4 ,b he nev] ev5 realises t he has arriv$ at ! problem ( f9d+ a basic pr9ciple ( ! moral :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,he is cont5t ) =mally *>act]iz+ e?ical duty z absolutely b9d+4 ,t duty1 unless a real cont5t is at once giv5 to x1 rema9s an empty concept1 he is unwill+ to admit4 ,= ! exalt$ "* ( 8 basic pr9ciple ( ! moral he pays ! price ( hav+ x devoid ( all cont5t4 ,beg9n+s ( an attempt to e/abli% a basic moral pr9ciple :i* has a cont5t are to be f\nd 9 8 treatise1 ,prolegom5a to a ,metaphysic ( ,morals 7#aghe71 & aga9 lat] 9 ,a ,metaphysic ( ,morals 7#agig74 ,9 ! #aghe volume he arrives at ! dictum3 8,act 9 su* a way t y use e human be+ bo? 9 y\r own p]son & 9 ev]yone else's always z an end1 nev] m]ely z a means40 ,b in/ead ( see+ h[ f> ! totality ( e?ical duties c be develop$ out ( ?is pr9ciple1 he pref]s 9 ! #agig treatise to set be=e e?ics two ends to be aim$ at1 viz4 ! p]fect+ ( oneself & ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 & to enl>ge ^u ! virtues :i* promote !m4 ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! e?ic :i* aims at p]sonal p]fect+1 he drives 8 gall]y ) sure in/9ct t[>ds ! recognition t all virtues :i* contribute !reto mu/ be conceiv$ ( z manife/ations ( s9c]ity & ( rev]5ce = "o's own spiritual be+4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 g ! l5g? ( compreh5d+ ^! two z a unity1 j z little does he conc]n himself to make cle> ! inn] connexion betwe5 self-p]fect+ & ef=t direct$ to ! common good1 & 9 t way to dig d[n to ! roots ( ! e?ical z su*4 ,h[ f> ,kant is f und]/&+ ! problem ( f9d+ a basic moral pr9ciple :i* has a def9ite cont5t c be se5 f ! fact t he nev] gets beyond an utt]ly n>r[ conception ( ! e?ical4 ,he p]si/s ob/9ately 9 draw+ ! b\nd>y ( 8 e?ic z close pg #aji z possible1 mak+ x conc]n$ ) no duties beyond ^? ( man to man4 ,! relation ( man to non-human exi/5ces he does n draw )9 x4 ,x is only indirectly t he includes 9 x ! prohibition ( cruelty to animals1 putt+ ?is among ! duties ( man to himself4 ,by inhuman treatm5t ( animals1 he says1 sympa?y ) _! suff]+s is blunt$ 9 u1 & !reby 8comes a weak5+ ( a natural disposition :i* is v helpful to our morality 9 relation to o!r m51 & x gradually dies out40 ,aga9 z to ! v&alism ( ! de/ruction ( :at is beautiful1 9 ! =m1 t is1 ( natural objects :i* are view$ z entirely )\t feel+1 ?is is said to be une?ical only because x violates ! duty ( man to himself by und]m9+ ! desire--itself a support to morality--( hav+ some?+ to love )\t reg>d to utility4 ,if ! sph]e ( ! e?ical is limit$ to ! relations ( man to man1 !n all attempts to rea* a basic pr9ciple ( ! moral ) an absolutely b9d+ cont5t are r5d]$ hopeless be=eh&4 ,! absolute dem&s ! univ]sal4 ,if !re really is a basic pr9ciple = ! moral1 x mu/ be conc]n$ 9 "s way or o!r ) ! relations betwe5 man & life z su* 9 all its manife/ations4 ,kant1 !n1 does n essay ! task ( develop+ an e?ic :i* corresponds to 8 deep5$ conception ( ! e?ical4 ,on ! :ole he does no?+ m ?an put ! curr5t utilit>ian e?ic "u ! ,protectorate ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,beh9d a magnific5t faade he con/ructs a block ( t5em5ts4 ,8 influ5ce on ! e?ics ( 8 "t is tw(old4 ,he fur!rs x by *all5g+ x to pr(\nd] reflection on ! nature ( ! e?ical & ! e?ical de/9y ( man4 ,at ! same "t he is a dang] to x 9 t he robs x ( its simplicity4 ,! /r5g? ( ! e?ic ( ! age ( reason lies 9 its nave utilit>ian en?usiasm4 ,x directly enli/s m5 9 its s]vice by (f]+ !m good aims & objects4 ,kant makes x insecure by br++ ?is directness 9 "q & call+ = an e?ic :i* is d]iv$ f mu* less elem5t>y consid]ations4 ,dep? is ga9$ at pg #aaj ! co/ ( vitality1 because he fails to e/abli% at ! same "t a basic moral pr9ciple ) a cont5t1 a pr9ciple :i* compels acceptance f deep & yet elem5t>y consid]ations4 ,sev]al times ,kant actually makes x 8 object to block ! natural s\rces ( morality4 ,he w n1 = example1 all[ direct sympa?y to be reg>d$ z e?ical4 ,! inn] feel+ = ! suff]+ ( ano!r z if x 7 "o's own is n to c\nt z duty 9 ! real s5se ( ! ^w1 b only z a weakness by :i* ! evil 9 ! _w is d\bl$4 ,all help to o!rs mu/ h its s\rce 9 a reason$ consid]ation ( ! duty ( contribut+ to ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,by tak+ f e?ics _! simplicity & directness1 ,kant also loos5s ! connexion :i* !y & ! belief 9 progress _h =m$ ) "o ano!r1 & ?r\gh :i* ! two toge!r _h prov$ s productive ( good4 ,! disa/r\s sep>ation betwe5 !m :i* lat] on1 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 became complete1 0 p>tly due to him4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 wi%+ to drive out ! nave rationali/ic conception ( ! e?ical 9 fav\r ( a deep5$ "o )\t at ! same "t be+ 9 a position to e/abli% a basic pr9ciple ( x :i* has be5 correspond+ly deep5$1 has a def9ite cont5t ( its own1 & is directly conv9c+1 ,kant br+s ! e?ics ( 8 "t into dang]4 ,he lab\rs at ! provision ( new f\ndations )\t rememb]+ t ! h\se w develop cracks1 if x is n propp$ up suffici5tly4 ,kant's attempt to rea* an e?ical _w-view ,kant passes by ! problem ( f9d+ a basic pr9ciple ( ! moral ) a def9ite cont5t1 because1 :ile attempt+ to deep5 ! concept ( ! e?ical1 he pursues an object :i* lies outside e?ics4 ,he wi%es to br+ e?ical idealism into connexion ) an ideali/ic repres5tation ( ! _w :i* has its s\rce 9 a !ory ( k4 ,b pg #aaa f t s\rce he hopes !re w come an e?ical _w-view able to satisfy critical ?\ght4 ,:y has ,kant ) a rigorism :i* int5tionally depreciates ord9>y moral exp]i5ce v5tur$ =w>d to ! discov]y t ! moral law has no?+ to d ) ! natural _w-ord]1 b is some?+ sup]-s5sible8 ,because he refuses1 simil>ly1 to let ! s5sible _w :i* is exp]i5c$ by u 9 space & "t be accept$ z any?+ m ?an a manife/ation ( some?+ nons5sible :i* makes up true reality4 ,! concept ( a moral :i* conta9s none b inw>d & spiritual duties is = him ! exp&+ ladd] :i* he draws out s z to rea* by means ( x ! region ( ,be+ 9 itself4 ,he has no feel+ ( dizz9ess :5 9 company ) e?ics1 he m\nts above all empirical exp]i5ce & all empirical aims & objects4 ,he is det]m9$ to g "r up ) h]1 & %e c nev] be suffici5tly a priori = him1 because he sets up ano!r ladd] ( ! same l5g?1 t ( epi/emological idealism1 & tries to lean "o aga9/ ! o!r1 s t !y may give ea* o!r mutual support4 ,h[ does x come ab\t t ! !oretical assumption t ! _w ( s5sible ph5om5a has a non-s5sible _w ( ,be+ ly+ beh9d x1 has any importance = _w-view8 ,because )9 ! notion ( absolute duty :i* man exp]i5ces at "w )9 himself !re lies a fact ( ! _w-ord] ( t same non-s5sible _w4 ,h5ce arises ! possibility1 s ,kant ?9ks1 ( rais+ to c]ta9ty by means ( e?ics ^? great elem5ts 9 ! non-s5sible _w :i* are ( value = ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 viz4 ! ideas ( ,god1 ( ! e?ical fre$om ( ! w1 & ( immortality1 :i* o!rwise w\ld always rema9 m]ely problematical4 ,s f> z rationalism affirms unhesitat+ly f ! /&po9t ( !oretical k ! ideas ( ,god1 ( ! e?ical fre$om ( ! w 7i4e41 ( virtue71 & ( immortality1 :i* make up its optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 x builds ^u a f\ndation :i* _c be> ! weight ( critical ?\ght4 ,kant wi%es1 !re=e1 to erect ! pg #aab optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view z a lake-dwell+ ^u piles ramm$ into place by e?ics4 ,^! ?ree ideas are to be able to claim real exi/5ce = !mselves z necess>y po/ulates ( ! e?ical consci\sness4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 ( ?us secur+ ! position ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view _c be c>ri$ out4 ,x is only ! idea ( ! e?ical fre$om ( ! w t c be made a po/ulate ( ! moral consci\sness4 ,to e/abli% ! ideas ( ,god & immortality z equally 8po/ulates10 ,kant has to ab&on all hon\rable logic & argue ) bold & ev] bold] sophisms4 ,!re is no way ( unit+ epi/emological & e?ical idealism1 h[ev] entic+ ! und]tak+ looks at fir/ sight4 ,:5 !y are set side by side1 ! happ5+s :i* take place accord+ to a law ( causation subord9ate to fre$om1 & become consci\s 9 man ?r\gh ! moral law1 become id5tifi$ ) ! happ5+s :i* are univ]sal 9 ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,!re ensues a disa/r\s confusion ( ! e?ical ) ! intellectual4 ,if ! s5sible _w is only a manife/ation ( an immat]ial _w1 !n all ! happ5+s :i* come ab\t 9 ! space & "t sph]e ( causation produc$ by necessity are only p>allel appe>ances ( ! ev5ts :i* are br\ght ab\t 9 ! intellectual sph]e ( causation produc$ by fre$om4 ,all happ5+s1 !re=e1 human activity j z mu* z natural happ5+1 are1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view1 at once intellectual & free1 & at once natural & necess>y4 ,if e?ical activity produc$ by fre$om is repres5t$ z analog\s ) ! results ( epi/emological idealism1 !n ei!r ev]y?+ t happ5s 9 ! _w1 conceiv$ z intellectual happ5+1 is e?ical1 or !re is no su* ?+ z an e?ical happ5+4 ,because x has *os5 to put side by side ^! two ?+s1 human activity & natural happ5+1 ,kant's way ( look+ at ! "q has to r5\nce all ability to ma9ta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,b ! v life ( e?ics dep5ds on ?is diff]5ce be+ !re & effective4 pg #aac ,epi/emological idealism is a dang]\s companion = ! e?ical4 ,! _w-ord] ( immat]ial happ5+ has a supra-e?ical "*4 ,f ! sett+ side by side ( e?ical & epi/emological idealism !re c nev] result an e?ical _w-view3 x w always be a supra-e?ical "o4 ,f epi/emological idealism1 !re=e1 e?ics h no?+ to expect1 b ev]y?+ to fe>4 ,by its depreciation ( ! reality ( ! empirical _w ! e?ical _w-view is n help$3 x is injur$4 ,e?ics h mat]iali/ in/9cts4 ,!y want to conc]n !mselves ) empirical happ5+s & trans=m ! circum/ances ( ! empirical _w4 ,b if t _w is only 8appe>ance10 d]iv$ f an intellectual _w :i* functions )9 x or beh9d x1 e?ics h no?+ on :i* to act4 ,to wi% to influ5ce a self-det]m9$ play ( appe>ances has no s5se4 ,e?ics c !re=e all[ validity to ! view t ! empirical _w is m]e appe>ance only ) ! limitation t activity ex]t$ ^u ! appe>ance does at ! same "t influ5ce ! reality ly+ beh9d x4 ,b !reby !y come into conflict ) all epi/emological idealism4 ,kant is defeat$ by ! same fate :i* rules 9 ,/oic1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese monism alike4 ,z soon z ?\ght tries 9 any way to compreh5d e?ics 9 connexion ) ! _w-process1 x falls at once1 :e!r x is consci\s ( x or n1 into ! supra-e?ical mann] ( reg>d+ x4 ,fully to %ape e?ics to an e?ical _w-view means lett+ !m come to t]ms ) nature-philosophy4 ,e?ics are !reupon1 z a matt] ( fact1 dev\r$ 9 "o way or ano!r by t philosophy1 ev5 if !y are 9 ^w sav$ f t fate4 ,! c\pl+ ( e?ical idealism ) epi/emological is only br++ e?ics & nature-philosophy into relation ) "o ano!r 9 a r\ndab\t way by :i* x is hop$ to outwit ! logic ( facts4 ,b ?is logic _c be outwitt$4 ,! tragical result lies 9 ! id5tification :i* has be5 made ( ! e?ical ) ! intellectual4 pg #aad ,! e?ical is n some?+ irrational :i* becomes explicable :5 we betake ourselves f ! _w ( appe>ance to ! region ( immat]ial ,be+ t lies beh9d x4 ,its intellectual "* is ( a peculi> k9d1 & re/s ^u ! fact t ! _w-process1 z su*1 comes 9 man into contradiction ) itself4 ,x foll[s t ! e?ical w & e?ical fre$om ( ! w are n explicable by any !ory ( k1 & _c1 moreov]1 s]ve z a support to any su* !ory4 ,z a result ( conceiv+ ! moral law & empirical ob$i5ce to natural law z 9 absolute opposition to ea* o!r1 ,kant f9ds himself on ! road :i* leads to a duali/ic _w-view4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to satisfy ! claims ( ! unit>y & optimi/ic _w-view :i* ! _s ( ! age prescribes to him1 he manages ) ! /ratagems :i* are provid$ = him by ! comb9ation ( e?ical & epi/emological idealism1 to "w himself back on to ! road :i* leads to ! moni/ic po9t ( view4 ,kant is great z an e?ical ?9k]1 great too ) 8 !ory ( k1 b z %ap] ( a _w-view he is n 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,by 8 deep5$ conception ( ! nature ( ! e?ical1 a conception :i* l&s him 9 duali/ic ?\ght1 ! problem ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view is unfold$ 9 an entirely new way4 ,difficulties reveal !mselves :i* till !n no "o c\ld h imag9$ to exi/4 ,b he does n deal ) !m4 ,he is bl9d$ by 8 ambition to be ! ,cop]nicus ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 believ+ t he c %[ ! difficulties inh]5t 9 t view to be misund]/&+s :i* expla9 !mselves away z soon z1 by means ( 8 epi/emological idealism1 actual circum/ances & relations take ! place ( ^! :i* are app>5t b inexplicable4 ,9 reality he does no?+ b replace ! nave optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w :i* 0 ! basis ( action = ! rationali/s by an artfully contriv$ "o4 ,he does n take ! tr\ble to ask 9 :at ! optimi/ic pg #aae e?ical _w-view consi/s1 to :at f9al items ( k & dem&s x leads1 & h[ f> ^! are confirm$ by exp]i5ce ( ! moral law4 ,he takes x ov] )\t exam9ation 9 ! =mula3 8,god1 ,fre$om 7or ,virtue71 & ,immortality10 :i* 0 suppli$ to x by rationalism1 & wi%es to raise x 9 ?is nave =m to a c]ta9ty4 ,!re is ?us 9 ,kant's philosophy ! mo/ t]rible want ( ?\ght int]wov5 ) ! deepe/ ?9k+4 ,new tru?s1 weighty 9 _! novelty1 make _! appe>ance 9 x4 ,b !y get only half-way on _! j\rney4 ,! absolut5ess ( e?ical duty is grasp$1 b its cont5t is n inve/igat$4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! e?ical is recogniz$ z ! great secret by means ( :i* we compreh5d ourselves z 8o!r ?an ! _w02 b ! duali/ic ?9k+ :i* goes ) x is n work$ out any fur!r4 ,t ! f9al items ( our k ( our _w-view are ass]tions ( ! e?ical w is admitt$1 b ! consequ5ces ( ?is supremacy ( ! w ov] k are n ?\ght out to a conclusion4 ,kant /imulates p[]fully ! m5 ( 8 "t1 b is unable to make secure = !m ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view 9 :i* !y h liv$4 ,8 mission is1 al?\gh bo? he & !y are cont5t to deceive !mselves 9 ! matt]1 to deep5 x1 & 444 to let x become less secure ?an be=e4 pg #aaf ,,*apt] ,x ,,nature-,,philosophy ,,& ,,_w-,,view ,,9 ,,sp9oza ,,& ,,leibniz ,sp9oza's attempt to rea* an optimi/ic-e?ical nature-philosophy ,,j :5 ,kant is beg9n+ to influ5ce m5's m9ds1 ! entirely diff]5t ideas ( a ?9k] :o _h n[ be5 dead = a c5tury1 ,b>u* ,sp9oza 7#afcb-afgg717dj7 beg9 to int]e/ ^? :o are se>*+ = a _w-view4 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason appe>s 9 #agha4 ,9 #aghe ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi 9 8 lett]s address$ to ,moses ,m5delssohn1 ,conc]n+ ! ,tea*+ ( ,sp9oza1 draws att5tion once m to ! philosoph] :om hi!rto ev]yone _h attack$ )\t mak+ any ef=t to und]/& him4 ,sp9oza desires to obta9 an e?ic f a real nature-philosophy4 ,he makes no attempt to give an optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! univ]se1 or to refa%ion x ) any !ory ( k4 ,he accepts x j z x is 9 e respect4 ,8 philosophy is !re=e elem5t>y nature-philosophy1 b 8 me?od ( exp\nd+ x is by no means elem5t>y4 ,acquiesc+ 9 ! way ,desc>tes puts ! problem & ! language he uses1 he makes 8 own ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se proce$ 89 geometrical fa%ion0 9 a s]ies ( axioms1 def9itions1 precepts1 & pro(s4 ,nature-philosophy is embodi$ 9 8 philosophiz+ 9 a magnific5t way1 b x is z /iff z an ice-b\nd l&scape4 ,8 *ief "w--publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 because he c\ld n v5ture to publi% x himself--he entitles ,e?ics4 ,! pg #aag title is confus+1 because ! nature-philosophy 9 x is develop$ almo/ z completely z ! e?ics4 ,x is only :5 ! read] has %ak5 himself free ( all nave conceptions 9 8 ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se t he c be p]mitt$1 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 to beg9 ^u e?ics4 ,! fact t e?ics too are brok5 up into precepts :i* are giv5 z prov$ is v prejudicial to _! exposition4 ,9 8 attempt to f\nd e?ics ^u nature-philosophy1 ,sp9oza proce$s z foll[s4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s1 he says1 is giv5 9 t inf9ite ,be+1 :i* may be call$ ei!r ,god or ,nature4 ,= u1 & to u1 x pres5ts itself 9 two =ms3 z ?\ght 7_s7 & z corporeity 7matt]74 ,)9 ?is div9e nature ev]y?+1 human activity includ$1 is det]m9$ by necessity4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z do+1 !re are only happ5+s4 ,! mean+ ( human life1 !re=e1 _c consi/ 9 action1 b only 9 com+ to an ev] cle>] und]/&+ ( man's relation to ! univ]se4 ,man becomes happy :5 besides belong+ to ! univ]se naturally1 he also surr5d]s himself to x consci\sly & will+ly1 & loses himself spiritually )9 x4 ,sp9oza dem&s !re=e a high] exp]i5ce ( life4 ,) ! ,/oics & ! ?9k]s ( ,india & ,*9a1 he belongs to ! great family ( ! moni/ic & pan!i/ic nature-philosoph]s4 ,l !m1 he conceives ( ,god m]ely z ! sum-total ( nature1 & accepts z valid only ! notion ( ,god :i* makes him 9 ?is way an indep5d5t unity4 ,! attempts1 made 9 ! int]e/s ( ! e?ical _w-view1 to all[ ,god to be at ! same "t an e?ical p]sonality /&+ outside ! univ]se1 are to him an (f5ce aga9/ ?\ght4 ,_! only object is1 ( c\rse1 to obta9 ) ! help ( a confess$ or unconfess$ dualism a />t+-po9t = an optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view4 ,!y are /riv+ to rea* along nave-religi\s by-roads ! goal = :i* ! rationali/ic optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! univ]se is mak+ along ! direct1 b n less nave1 ma9-road4 pg #aah ,! tragic result ( moni/ic ?9k+ 9 ! ,/oic1 ! ,indian1 & ! ,*9ese philosophies is t nature-philosophy1 :5 consi/5t1 arrives only at resignation1 n at e?ics4 ,has ,sp9oza escap$ ?is fate8 ,l ,lao-tse1 ,*wang-tse1 ,lie-tse1 & ! ,*9ese ?9k]s z a body1 ,sp9oza *ampions an optimi/ic monism )\t suspect+ t "u a f>-away heav5 & 9 a f>-(f age1 he _h su* great pr$ecessors47#da7 ,8 resignation is ( a _w- & life-affirm+ "*4 ,he conceives ( inf9ite ,be+ n z some?+ devoid ( qualities1 z ! ,indians d1 b z life ) a full cont5t4 ,! self-p]fect+1 !re=e1 = :i* man is to /rive is n = him1 z x is = !m1 9 any way an anticipation ( a /ate ( dea?1 b a liv+ out ( life :i* is guid$ by deep reflexion4 ,an elegantly egoi/ic _w- & life-affirmation speaks ?r\gh him1 z ?r\gh ,*wang-tse4 ,! ef=ts ( ! man :o refuses to deceive himself ab\t himself are n direct$1 !re=e1 to any sort ( action :i* is recogniz$ z s]viceable1 b are conc]n$ ) ma9ta9+ 8 own ,be+ & giv+ x ! fulle/ possible exp]i5ce ( life4 ,:atev] good he does to o!rs he nev] does = _! sakes1 b always = 8 own4 ,sp9oza rejects ! a*ievem5t ( mod]n e?ics z influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity1 viz4 ! reg>d+ ( altruism z some?+ t belongs to ! ess5ce ( e?ics1 & conf9es himself to ! ?\ght t 9 ! la/ resort all e?ical action aims at our own int]e/s1 ?\gh x may be at our highe/ spiritual ones4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?9k+ any?+ :i* is n a necessity ( ?\ght1 he goes back ( 8 own free w into ! captivity 9 :i* anci5t e?ics liv$4 ,if he c\ld let himself g1 he w\ld1 l ,*wang-tse1 conduct a campaign aga9/ ! morality ( love & duty4 ,b s9ce he already has z ?or\ghgo+ oppon5ts ! pg #aai au?orities1 ! !ologians1 :e!r ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian1 & almo/ e philosoph]1 he has to speak cauti\sly & (f] mank9d )\t attract+ notice ! life-view :i* advocates pr(\nd & ?9k+ egoism4 ,j z ,god1 ! totality ( univ]sal ,be+1 acts n ) any aim or object b f an inn] necessity1 s also does ! man :o has atta9$ to insight4 ,he does only :at contributes to complete exp]i5ce ( life1 no?+ else4 ,virtue is capacity = self-ma9t5ance at ! highe/ level1 & ?is self-ma9t5ance is atta9$ to :5 reason is ! highe/ motive to action1 & ef=ts aft] k & fre$om f passion take possession ( ! man & make him free1 t is1 all[ 8 conduct to be det]m9$ by himself alone & on purely inw>d gr\nds4 ,! ord9>y man is un/able1 mov$ hi!r & ?i!r 9 all sorts ( ways by outw>d causes1 ) no idea ( 8 future =tune or 8 f9al fate1 l a %ip t is toss$ ab\t1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 on a /ormy sea4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 liv+ our life m 9 ! =m & fa%ion giv5 x by ?\ght ?an 9 bodily actuality4 ,act+1 !re=e1 ) a deep1 enlight5$ egoism & purely f intellectual impulses1 a man behaves nobly 9 e relation ( life4 ,he /rives to requite hatr$1 indignation1 & contempt ) love & noble feel+1 because he kn[s t hatr$ causes him discom=t4 ,he seeks at any price to create ar\nd him an atmosph]e ( peace4 ,he nev] acts deceitfully1 b always /raight=w>dly4 ,he has no ne$ to feel sympa?y4 ,s9ce he lives entirely "u ! guidance ( reason1 he does good :5ev] ! opportunity (f]s1 on pr9ciple1 & !re=e does n ne$ to be r\s$ to noble feel+ by any exp]i5ce ( discom=t4 ,9 fact he avoids sympa?y4 ,aga9 & aga9 he makes x cle> to himself t ev]y?+ t happ5s is br\ght ab\t by "s necessity 9 ! div9e nature & 9 ob$i5ce to et]nal laws4 ,j z he f9ds no?+ 9 ! _w :i* des]ves hatr$1 mock]y1 & contempt1 s he f9ds 9 x no?+ to evoke sympa?y4 pg #abj ,man mu/ be ev] /riv+ to be virtu\s & happy1 & if he is consci\s ( hav+ done good )9 ! limits ( :at is comm&$ him1 he c ) an easy m9d leave 8 fell[-m5 & ! _w to _! fate4 ,beyond ! possibilities ( 8 own imm$iate activities he ne$ h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,! wise man :o practises ! high] life-affirmation possesses p[]4 ,he has p[] ov] himself1 p[] ov] 8 fell[-m51 & p[] ov] circum/ances4 ,h[ v simil> is ! tone ( ,sp9oza's ?\ght to t ( ,lao-tse1 ,*wang-tse1 & ,lie-tse6 ,sp9oza lives out 8 own e?ic4 ,9 cont5t$ indep5d5ce he passes 8 life1 till consumption br+s x to an e>ly close4 ,he decl9es an invitation to be lectur] 9 philosophy at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity4 ,he is /rict ) himself1 b 8 resignation is light$ up by a mild trait ( consid]$ humanity & fri5dl9ess4 ,! p]secutions to :i* he is expos$ fail to embitt] him4 ,int5t ?\gh he is on ?9k+ only 9 accordance ) pure nature-philosophy1 ,sp9oza does n conc]n himself s exclusively ) ! two natural entities1 nature h]self & ! individual man1 z d _m ( 8 ,*9ese pr$ecessors1 b ma9ta9s an int]e/ 9 organiz$ society4 ,he is conv9c$ t x betok5s progress :5 m5 *ange1 f ! 8natural0 /age ( society to ! 8civic40 ,be+ =m$ = liv+ ) 8 fell[s1 man is fre] if he settles by g5]al agreem5t :at belongs to ea*1 & :at ! relations are to be betwe5 himself & society4 ,! ,/ate mu/1 !re=e1 h p[] to issue g5]al ord]s z to h[ p are to live1 & to secure respect = its laws by means ( p5alties4 ,a real devotion ( oneself to ! common weal appe>s1 h[ev]1 to ,sp9oza n to be call$ =4 ,accord+ to him ! p]fect human society appe>s ( itself j 9 proportion z its individual memb]s live accord+ to reason4 ,9 contra/1 !re=e1 to 8 contempor>y1 ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza looks = ! progress ( society n to ! pg #aba measures tak5 by ! au?orities1 b to a gr[? t[>ds p]fection 9 ! dispositions ( _! subjects4 ,! ,/ate is to educate its citiz5s n to submissiv5ess1 b to ! "r use ( fre$om4 ,9 no way mu/ x d any injury to _! s9c]ity1 & x mu/ !re=e tol]ate all religi\s views4 ,f> z ,sp9oza goes to meet ! _s ( ! age1 !re is "o po9t on :i* he _c agree ) x1 viz4 t !re are e?ical aims & objects1 aims & objects practical & purposive1 to be realiz$ 9 ! _w4 ,advanc+ f> ahead ( 8 contempor>ies1 he rea*es a univ]sal notion ( e?ics1 & recognizes t f ! /&po9t ( consi/5t ?9k+1 e e?ical relation is no?+ b an expression ( ! relation ( ! individual to ! univ]se4 ,:51 h[ev]1 e?ics h 9 ?is way become univ]sal1 !y are fac$ by ! "q h[ ! relation ( ! individual to ! univ]se is conceivable z produc+ an effect ^u ! univ]se4 ,on ! answ] to ?is "q x dep5ds :e!r a real activi/ e?ic c be e/abli%$1 or :e!r ! e?ical is only s f> pres5t z resignation c be expla9$ z e?ical4 ,t is ! reef :i* ?reat5s dang] to all nature-philosophy1 & :5ev] a ?9k] imag9es t ) clev] seaman%ip & a fav\rable w9d he c sail r\nd x )\t com+ to grief ^u x1 he is nev]!less f9ally driv5 ^u x1 z by subm>9e curr5ts1 & suff]s ! same fate z 8 pr$ecessors4 ,l ,lao-tse & ,*wang-tse1 l ! ,indians1 ! ,/oics1 & all self-consi/5t ?9k]s be=e him1 ,sp9oza is unable to furni% :at e?ics dem&1 viz4 t ! relation ( man to ! univ]se %all be conceiv$ ( z n m]ely a spiritual relation1 b z active devotion to x 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,! oppon5ts ( ?is solit>y ?9k] are in/9ctively consci\s t ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( an indep5d5t nature-philosophy !re appe>s some?+ :i* means dang] to ! optimism & ! e?ics ( _! _w-view4 ,h5ce pg #abb we f9d 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ev]yone unit+ to suppress ,sp9oza's philosophy4 ,x is on behalf ( optimism t ! age is mo/ tr\bl$4 ,! t]rible e>?quake :i* 9 #agee de/roy$ ,lisbon1 sets ! mass ( m5 ask+ :e!r ! _w is really rul$ by a wise & k9dly ,creator4 ,voltaire1 ,kant1 & _m o!r ?9k]s ( ! age seize on ! occurr5ce z a topic = discussion1 p>tly confess+ _! p]plexity1 p>tly seek+ new ways out ( ! difficulty = _! optimism4 ,leibniz's optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view side by side ) nature-philosophy ,h[ little optimism & e?ics h to expect f a real nature-philosophy is %[n n only 9 ,sp9oza1 b also 9 ,gottfri$ ,wilhelm ,leibniz 7#afdf-agaf747db7 ,9 8 ,!odice 7#agaj7 he tries to be fair to ! optimi/ic _w-view4 ,he is help$ 9 ?is by ! fact t 8 nature-philosophy is mu* m liv+ & adaptable ?an ,sp9oza's4 ,he is also det]m9$ to employ e possible device to atta* an optimi/ic mean+ to reality4 ,he nev]!less gets no fur!r ?an a labori\s e/abli%m5t ( ! conclusion t ! actually exi/+ _w is ! be/ ( all possible ones4 ,moreov]1 s mu* ( optimism z he rescues is useless = 8 _w-view because x conta9s no en]gies :i* c be direct$ to e?ical action ^u ! _w4 ,:5 he is consi/5t ) himself he rema9s1 l ,sp9oza1 a prison] )9 nature-philosophy4 ,all ! difficulties = e?ics :i* ,sp9oza's det]m9i/ic nature-philosophy conta9s )9 itself1 are to be f\nd also 9 84 ,ow+ to ! fact t he does n put ! union ( ?\ght 7_s7 & ext5sion 7matt]7 f> away 9 ! ,absolute1 b all[s x to be realiz$ 9 c\ntless t9y individualities pg #abc :i* 9 _! totality con/itute ! univ]se--he calls !m monads--8 nature-philosophy corresponds to ! multi=m "* ( reality mu* bett] ?an ,sp9oza's does4 ,he anticipates to a consid]able ext5t ! mod]n nature-philosophy :i* is bas$ on ! cell-!ory ( matt]4 ,yet he1 too1 rema9s "u ! spell ( ! way ! problem is put by ,desc>tes4 ,he does n all[ ! individualities 9 :i* ?\ght & ext5sion are unit$1 to ent] into liv+ relations ) ea* o!r1 b limits _! exi/5ce to be+ m]ely =ces ) p[]s ( conception4 ,_! be+ consi/s 9 be+ consci\s ( ! univ]se1 m cle>ly "s1 m confus$ly o!rs1 b ea* indep5d5t ( ! re/4 ,9 ,sp9oza !re is a possibility ( rea*+ an e?ic1 inasmu* z an attempt c be made to give an e?ical int]pretation to ! my/ical relation betwe5 man & ! ,absolute4 ,leibniz b>s ?is pa? aga9/ himself 9 t he does n recognize su* an ab/ract ,absolute z ! cont5t ( ! univ]se4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n ! result ( *ance t he n[h]e philosophizes se>*+ly ab\t e?ics4 ,9 no way c an e?ic be d$uc$ f 8 nature-philosophy4 ,in/ead ( admitt+ to himself ?is result & unfold+ ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 e?ics & nature-philosophy1 he weaves into 8 philosophy traditional dicta ab\t e?ics1 & def9es ! ,good z love to ,god & man4 ,9 nature-philosophy ,leibniz is great] ?an ,sp9oza1 because he deals ) liv+ reality m ?or\ghly ?an ! latt] does4 ,9 ! /ruggle = a correct _w-view1 h[ev]1 he is f> beh9d him1 because ,sp9oza1 a man ) a simpl] m5tal end[m5t ?an 81 recognizes ! reconciliation ( e?ics & nature-philosophy z ! c5tral problem ( _w-view1 & proce$s to deal ) x4 ,if ,leibniz _h rema9$ consi/5t1 he w\ld h end$ 9 a!ism1 z does ! ,indian ,samkhya philosophy1 :i* simil>ly makes ! _w consi/ ( a multiplicity ( pg #abd et]nal individualities4 ,in/ead ( t1 he introduces into 8 nature-philosophy1 9 ord] to rescue = himself a satisfactory _w-view1 a !i/ic notion ( ,god1 & by giv+ x an optimi/ic1 e?ical1 & !i/ic expression1 he makes x acceptable to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,8 philosophy1 popul>iz$ till x is almo/ unrecognizable by ,*ri/ian ,wolff 7#afgi-aged71 helps to lay ! f\ndations ( ,g]man rationalism4 ,b 9 spite ( ! treason ( :i* he is ?us1 ?\gh ) ! be/ int5tions1 guilty aga9/ nature-philosophy1 ,leibniz _c undo ! fact t ?9k+ on nature-philosophy l9es awoke at t "t to activity ?r\gh him4 ,)\t wi%+ x1 he too contributes to mak+ ,sp9oza an influ5ce4 ,b to let oneself be mix$ up ) nature-philosophy is = ! _s ( ! "t to /ep into ! dang]\s unkn[n4 ,x !re=e resi/s z long z possible4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 s9ce ,kant & ,sp9oza toge!r are und]m9+ ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ( rationalism :i* has be5 built ^u ! real _w & s conv5i5tly fitt$ up1 x has to make up its m9d to rebuild1 & attempt ! process ( arriv+ at a conception ( optimism & e?ics by direct ?9k+ on ! ess5tial nature ( ! _w4 ,= ! c>ry+ out ( ?is und]tak+ ! ,g]man speculative philosophy (f]s its s]vices4 pg #abe ,,*apt] ,,xi ,j4 ,g4 ,,fi*te',s ,,optimi/ic-,,e?ical ,,_w-,,view ,speculative philosophy & ,gno/icism ,,! vision ( an optimi/ic-e?ical philosophy ca/ 9 "o m\ld hov]s 9 front ( speculative philosophy1 :i* hopes to discov] ! mean+ ( ! _w by ! mo/ direct r\te4 ,x w h no?+ to d ) analys+ ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 9 ord] to d$uce its nature f !m4 ,x proce$s d$uctively1 n inductively4 ,9 pure ab/ract ?9k+ x hopes to le>n = itself h[ ! real _w has evolv$ out ( ! notion ( ,be+4 ,x is imag9ative nature-philosophy 9 a logical dress4 ,! "r to deal ) ! _w 9 ?is fa%ion is d]iv$ by speculative ?\ght f ! results ( ! !ory ( k1 accord+ to :i* ! _w z we obs]ve x is m or less our own repres5tation ( x4 ,we h1 someh[ or o!r1 a creative %>e 9 its com+ into exi/5ce4 ,x foll[s t ! logic :i* is ! rule ) ! f9ite ego is to be conceiv$ z an emanation ( t :i* holds good ) ! ,absolute4 ,! individual is !re=e entitl$ to disclose 9 8 own ?9k+ ! motives & ! process ( ! emanation ( ! empirical _w out ( ! notion ( ,be+4 ,speculation1 or 9 o!r words con/ructive logic1 is ! key to ! secret door into k ( ! _w4 ,g5]ically1 speculative ,g]man philosophy is ess5tially relat$ to ! ,grco-,ori5tal ,gno/icism1 :i* 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era advances its views conc]n+ ! em]g5ce ( ! s5sible _w f ! _w ( pure ,be+47#dc7 ,! ,gno/ic sy/ems aim at e/abli%+ a _w-view pg #abf ( r$emption4 ,!y conc5trate on ! "q h[ ! spiritual individualities :i* f9d !mselves 9 ! mat]ial _w came !re1 & h[ !y c return f x into ! _w ( pure ,be+4 ,speculative ,g]man philosophy on ! o!r h& tries to obta9 su* a k ( ! _w z %all give a mean+ to ! activities ( ! spiritual individualities 9 ! _w4 ,speculative ?9k+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era is duali/ic & pessimi/ic2 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? is moni/ic & optimi/ic4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( obta9+ ! _w-view is ! same4 ,among ! repres5tatives ( ! speculative philosophy ! mo/ em95t are3 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad71 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,joseph ,s*ell+ 7#agge-ahed71 & ,georg ,wilhelm ,fri$ri* ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca74 ,x is only ,fi*te & ,hegel1 h[ev]1 :o produce _w-views ) a *>act]i/ic /amp ( _! own4 ,s*ell+ gets no fur!r ?an a nature-philosophy1 & /&s almo/ completely aside f ! /ruggle = an optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ) :i* 8 age is occupi$4 ,kept 9 a p]petual /ate ( flux1 8 ?9k+ makes use ( all possible />t+-po9ts "o aft] ano!r & is n[ m conc]n$ ) natural sci5ce1 n[ m ak9 to ,sp9oza's ?\ght1 & n[ to ,*ri/ian4 ,he nev] makes a def9ite1 consci\s attempt to f\nd an e?ic4 ,fi*te's speculative f\nd+ ( an e?ic & ( optimism ,fi*te beg9s z ! antipodes ( ,sp9oza47#dd7 ,he aims at extract+ f ! univ]se a confession t x is a purely pg #abg optimi/ic e?ical "o1 by ?9k+ ,kant's ?\ghts out to a conclusion4 ,kant1 accord+ to him1 made ! mi/ake ( n br++ 8 two discov]ies1 viz4 epi/emological idealism & ! e?ic ( ! categorical imp]ative into t inw>d connexion ) "o ano!r 9 :i* !y really /&4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! fact t ! moral law & ! s5sible _w bo? become actual 9 me8 ,t is ! />t+-po9t ( ,fi*te's philosophiz+4 ,?r\gh ! categorical imp]ative ,i exp]i5ce t my p>ticul> ego is a self-det]m9$ w to activity4 ,correspond+ly1 e 8?+ 9 itself0 :i* ,i assume to exi/ beh9d ph5om5a z ! real on :i* !y are bas$1 is simil>ly a self-det]m9$ w to activity4 ,! ess5tial nature ( inf9ite ,be+ also c consi/ ( no?+ else4 ,! univ]se is1 !re=e1 ! ph5om5al =m ( an inf9ite1 self-det]m9$ w to activity4 ,:y does ! absolute ,ego appe> z a ph5om5on 9 a s5sible _w8 ,:y is ,be+ reveal$ z ,becom+8 ,if ,i und]/& ?is1 ,i h compreh5d$ ! mean+ ( ! _w & ( my own life4 ,n[ ! absolute ,ego1 because x is inf9ite w to activity _c p]si/ 9 be+ m]ely an ,ego4 ,x e/abli%es a non-,ego to be a limit to itself 9 ord] t x may aga9 & aga9 ov]come x1 & !reby become consci\s ( itself z w to activity4 ,?is proce$+ takes place amid ! multiplicity ( f9ite rational be+s4 ,9 _! p[] ( intuition ! s5sible _w becomes actual1 & 9 _! ov]com+ ( x !y recognize a duty :i* makes itself my/]i\sly felt )9 !m & unites !m ) ! _w-_s4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! philosophy ( ! id5tity ( ,ego & non-,ego4 ,x is n only1 !n1 t ! _w exi/s m]ely 9 my m5tal creation ( x3 x is1 fur!r1 only produc$ 9 me 9 ord] t ,i may h some?+ on :i* my w to fulfilm5t ( duty c ex]cise itself4 ,! ph5om5a ( becom+ & disappe>+ :i* ,i project out ( myself pg #abh exi/ only t ,i may ?r\gh !m compreh5d myself z an e?ical be+4 ,9 ?is way epi/emological idealism & ! categorical imp]ative1 :5 !y act toge!r & "o climbs on ! %\ld]s ( ! o!r1 c look beh9d ! curta9 :i* hides ! secret ( ! _w4 ,kant prote/s aga9/ ! idea t ,fi*te's sy/em is to be consid]$ ! completion ( 8 philosophy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,fi*te does ) +5i\s art cont9ue ! l9es :i* 7 begun 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason & ! ,critique ( ! ,practical ,reason1 & ?9k out ! ideas ( ! philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g to a self-conta9$ _w- & life-affirm+ e?ical _w-view4 ,he pres5ts !m 9 a g5]ally intelligible =m 9 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 publi%$ 9 #ahjj4 ,?is book is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful docum5ts produc$ by ! /ruggle = an e?ical _w-view4 ,fi*te gives a cont5t to ! ab/ract1 absolute duty ( ,kant1 mak+ x consi/ 9 ?is1 t man1 z ! in/rum5t ( ! ev]-active absolute ,ego1 assigns to himself ! de/9y ( work+ ) ! latt] 8to br+ ! :ole s5sible _w "u ! sov]eignty ( reason40 ,s9ce 8 fundam5tal moral pr9ciple possesses a cont5t1 ,fi*te is able to d$uce p>ticul> dem&s f x1 b t cont5t is s g5]al & vague t ! code ( duty :i* is drawn out f x has b little vital =ce4 ,no?+ c really be got out ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple beyond ! dem& t man %all 9 e situation ( life fulfil ! duties :i* f "t to "t fall to him z a result ( 8 de/9y ( hav+ to help =w>d ! sov]eignty ( reason ov] nature4 ,fi*te !re=e di/+ui%es ! g5]al duties :i* man1 z su*1 has to fulfil1 & ! special ones :i* are incumb5t on him accord+ to 8 natural gifts1 8 social position1 & 8 pr(ession4 ,! latt] are emphasiz$ z specially important4 ,by def9+ e?ics z activity :i* aims at subject+ ! s5sible _w to reason1 ,fi*te gives a cosmic =mulation to ! utilit>ian e?ic ( rationalism1 & ?us pg #abi produces a compreh5sive & deep f\ndation = ! e?ical en?usiasm :i* 0 a discov]y ( 8 "t4 ,9 ?is matt] also he c>ries ?r\gh some?+ :i* hov]$ be=e ! m9d ( ,kant4 ,!reby he opposes ! repres5tatives ( ! popul> philosophy ( ! ,illum9ation1 & 9 a polemical pamphlet he criticizes v sev]ely ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* ,nicolai4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 ! only reproa* he c level at !m is t !y wi% to g on h\s+ e?ics & belief 9 progress 9 ! nave _w-view arriv$ at by ! heal?y human reason in/ead ( accept+ bo? ( !m f ! _w-view produc$ by ! union ( epi/emological idealism & ! categorical imp]ative4 ,to p]si/ 9 imp]fect rationalism :5 ! p]fect has be5 made a reality by ,kant & himself is1 9 8 op9ion1 a crime aga9/ tru?4 ,to him ! beg9n+ ( wisdom is insight into ! p>adox t 8consci\sness ( ! _w ( actuality spr+s f our ne$ ( action & n1 vice v]s1 our ne$ ( action f our consci\sness ( ! _w40 ,! _s ( ,fi*te's _w-view1 !n1 is completely t ( rationalism1 only t x believes x has f\nd itself at home ) him 9 ! real nature ( ,be+1 & n[ comes =w>d ) /ill /rong] conviction & a /ill m burn+ en?usiasm4 ,9 ,fi*te's writ+s1 m5 are positively driv5 ) ! la% to "w = ! improvem5t ( ! _w4 ,) impressive pa?os he tea*es !m to obey ! inn] voice :i* urges !m on to activity1 & indicates to !m _! def9ite duty :atev] may be ! special circum/ances ( _! exi/5ce1 & to recognize 9 s do+ t !y are ?us fulfill+ ! highe/1 & inde$ ! only de/9y ( _! lives4 ,x is z ! result ( ?is inn] urge to activity t we long = a bett] _w ?an ! "o :i* we see ar\nd u1 & belief 9 t bett] _w is ! food by :i* we live4 ,fi*te makes confession ( unb\nd$ optimism4 8,all ^? outbreaks ( untam$ =ce be=e :i* human p[] is annihilat$1 ^? deva/at+ hurricanes1 pg #acj ^? e>?quakes1 ^? volcanic eruptions1 c be no?+ else ?an ! la/ wre/l+s ( ! wild mass ( nature aga9/ ! uni=mly progressive1 purposive1 & life-promot+ c\rse to :i*1 9 opposition to its own t5d5cies1 x is be+ compell$40 4 4 4 8,nature is to become to u m & m transp>5t & capable ( exam9ation ev5 to its inn]mo/ secret1 & enlight5$ human p[]1 arm$ ) its own inv5tions1 is de/9$ to ma/] x )\t tr\ble1 & !n to exploit peacefully its once = all made conque/407#de7 ,"h ,fi*te gives u ! triumphant pagan ( ! belief 9 progress :i* ! _s ( ! mod]n age1 t lives on ! a*ievem5ts ( its k & p[]1 has be5 compos+ s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,he is z ?or\ghly conv9c$ z ! /aun*e/ rationali/ t nature is ! buffalo :i* has rema9$ refractory s long1 b w at la/ be br\ght b5ea? ! yoke4 ,t mank9d w p]fect itself & rea* a condition ( unbrok5 peace1 is to him z c]ta9 z ! p]fection t nature w "o day arrive at4 ,at pres5t1 x is true1 we are 9 a p]iod ( arre/$ progress ) tempor>y setbacks1 b :5 ?is is pa/1 & all useful ?+s :i* h be5 discov]$ at "o end ( ! _w1 get kn[n to & di/ribut$ to all1 !n mank9d1 us+ its p[]s 9 complete co-op]ation & m>*+ =w>d 9 /ep1 w raise itself un9t]rupt$ly1 )\t arre/ ( progress or setback1 to a culture ( :i* we c =m no conception4 ,to ! ,/ate ,fi*te assigns 9 8 e>ly writ+s a n v important rle1 b 9 8 lat] ones a great "o4 ,9 ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,law ( ,nature 7,grundlage des ,naturre*ts7 7#agif71 x is = him only ! ma9ta9] ( law & ord]4 ,9 8 "w ,! ,complete ,comm]cial ,/ate 7,d] ges*loss5e ,h&els/aat71 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjj1 he all[s x to organize indu/ry & to take ov] social duties4 ,9 8 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation 7,r$5 an die deuts*e ,nation1 #ahjh71 he makes x a moral educator & a protector ( ! virtue ( humanity4 pg #aca ,! man :o1 ) ! help ( epi/emological idealism1 has made 8 way ?r\gh to ! high] rationalism1 is safe f los+ 8 optimism1 ev5 ?\gh he goes ?r\gh ! cruelle/ exp]i5ces4 ,he has grasp$ ! fact t ! s5sible _w is only ! limit :i* ! inf9itely active w has creat$ on purpose to be ov]come4 ,?is l5ds him inw>d indep5d5ce 9 ! face ( all happ5+s4 ,he has no ne$ to und]/& !m individually4 ,he c let a l>ge proportion ( !m be put aside z puzzl+ to 8 f9ite _s4 ,:at is ess5tial he kn[s3 viz4 t :at is real 9 ! _w is n matt]1 b _s only4 ,p>tak+ ( ! et]nally active _s1 man is rais$ above ! _w1 & is et]nal4 ,! suff]+s he meets ) afflict nature only 8) :i* he is connect$ 9 a m>vell\s way10 b n himself1 ! be+ :o is exalt$ above ! :ole ( nature4 ,( dea? he has no fe>4 ,he does n die to himself1 b m]ely to ^? :o survive him4 4 4 4 8,all dea? 9 nature is bir?4 4 4 4 ,nature is ?r\gh\t no?+ b life4 ,x is n dea? :i* kills1 b ! liv+ life :i*1 conceal$ beh9d ! old "o1 n[ beg9s & proce$s to develop4 ,dea? & bir? are no?+ b ! /ruggle ( life ) itself 9 an ef=t to reveal itself m & m cle>ly & m & m l its real self40 ,x is 9 simil> words t ! ,*9ese moni/1 ,*wang-tse1 ann\nces t life is et]nal & ! dy+ ( an individual only means t "o exi/5ce is be+ re-ca/ to =m ano!r4 4 ,fi*te's my/icism ( activity incapable ( be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ,fi*te's philosophy ( absolute activity is ! expression ( 8 own /rong e?ical p]sonality1 :i* ) impetuosity & self-sacrifice takes problems 9 h&1 & uses itself up 9 ! /ra9 involv$4 ,b ev5 he is unable to make a g5u9e comb9ation ( epi/emological idealism & e?ical s z to produce an e?ical _w-view :i* is a pg #acb necessity ( ?\ght4 ,! impossibility ( ! und]tak+ reveals itself ev]y:]e4 ,9 ord] to conceive e?ics z a "p ( ! normal c\rse ( _w-happ5+s1 ,fi*te1 l all o!rs :o make ! same attempt1 gives up z hopeless any diff]5tiation betwe5 human action & _w-happ5+s4 ,! _w-_s's impulse to activity1 he says1 exp]i5ces itself 9 man z w to e?ical action4 ,b1 inde$1 ! :ole _w is fill$ ) ?is w to activity :i* is = ev] surg+ aga9/ ! limitations x has set up = itself4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s is only an expression ( x4 ,:at diff]5ce1 !n1 is !re betwe5 natural happ5+s & e?ical8 ,betwe5 activity 9 itself & e?ical activity8 ,purposive activity direct$ ) k & int5tion to ! subjection ( ! s5sible _w to reason is e?ical1 decides ,fi*te4 ,b :at does t mean1 :5 closely exam9$8 ,x means t ! f9ite _s becomes moral by ent]+ into & tak+ s]i\sly ! play ( ! inf9ite _s :i* aims at ov]com+ its own self-creat$ limitations4 ,look+ 9 ?is way at ,fi*te's ?\ght1 we see cle>ly t ) ! _w-view :i* results f ! comb9ation ( e?ical & epi/emological idealism1 e?ics h no long] any mean+4 ,aga91 :at is ! mean+ ( 8br++ ! :ole ( ! s5sible _w "u ! sov]eignty ( reason08 ,?is conception ( ! e?ical is n only too wide1 b fanta/ic also4 ,to a limit$ ext5t man is able to h>ness ! =ces ( nature = 8 s]vice1 & ) a little /ret*+ ( language he c1 ) ,fi*te1 describe su* action z n purposive m]ely1 b also 9 ! wide/ s5se e?ical4 ,^u ?is t]re/rial globe he has "s 8influ5ce10 b ^u ! _w none4 ,t he gives names to ! mighty heav5ly bodies & c calculate ! orbits ( _m ( !m1 _c mean t he br+s !m "u ! sov]eignty ( reason4 ,^u deep-sea life1 too1 he ex]cises no o!r influ5ce ?an cat*+ specim5s ( x & giv+ !m names4 ,t he may be able to ass]t t !re is su* a ?+ pg #acc z an e?ical purpose 9 ! _w1 ,fi*te falsifies ! _w's bir? c]tificate1 & gives x ! categorical imp]ative = fa!r & epi/emological idealism = "m4 ,b ?is is ( no use4 ,! e?ical purpose ?us produc$ _c satisfy e?ical ?\ght4 ,by conceiv+ ! inf9ite _s1 9 :i* ! f9ite _s has a %>e1 z w to activity1 ,fi*te tries to make possible a _w-view ( e?ical _w- & life-affirmation4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is takes him no fur!r ?an a m emphatic _w- & life-affirmation1 into :i*1 ) ! help ( speculative ?\ght1 he smuggles ! idea ( duty1 !reupon proclaim+ x to be e?ical4 ,x f>es ) him j z ) ! ,*9ese philosoph]s1 :o simil>ly ex]t !mselves 9 va9 to produce an e?ic out ( _w- & life-affirmation4 ,absorption 9 ! ,absolute by means ( action is1 z ,fi*te ?9ks1 some?+ prodigi\s1 b1 j l its c\nt]p>t1 absorption 9 ! ,absolute :i* is effect$ by an act ( ?\ght1 x is n e?ical b supra-e?ical4 ,! elem5t :i* is ne$$ by ! my/icism ( absorption 9 ! ,absolute to make x e?ical _c be secur$ ei!r by enhanc+ or by depreciat+ ! w to activity4 ,fi*te's my/icism ( activity 9 :i* man lets loose 8 en]gy 9 ! _w is relat$ to ! e?ic ( de$1 j z ,sp9oza's my/icism ( k 9 :i* man is absorb$ 9 ! _w is relat$ to t ( self-p]fect+1 b x is only v incompletely t ei!r c develop itself into a real e?ic4 ,! absorption 9 ! ,absolute :i* comes into actuality 9 an act ( ?\ght lies ne>] to nature-philosophy ?an t :i* completes itself 9 an active de$4 ,! ,brahmans1 ! ,buddha1 ,lao-tse1 ,*wang-tse1 ,sp9oza1 & ! my/ics ( e age1 h exp]i5c$ ! becom+ "o ) ! ,absolute z a com+-to-re/ 9 x4 ,fi*te's my/icism ( activity lies m 9 ! pa? ( duali/ic ?9k+ ?an 9 t ( real nature-philosophy4 ,x is some?+ :i* has be5 extort$ by en?usiasm1 b ,fi*te pg #acd is devot$ to x1 & rightly1 because he has a feel+ t ! int]e/s ( an active e?ic are bett] gu>d$ by x ?an by ! o!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 he ?us once & = all decides = a nature-philosophy1 he comes1 dom9at$ ?\gh he is by ! ideal ( an active e?ic1 m & m to ! natural quieti/ consequ5ces ( a nature-philosophy4 ,he goes ?r\gh a process ( evolution :i* br+s him ne>] to ,sp9oza's _w-view4 ,9 8 ,in/ruction ,conc]n+ ! ,bless$ ,life1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjf1 six ye>s lat] ?an ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 x is to him no long] ! e?ical :i* 9 itself is ! highe/1 b ! religi\s4 ,! ultimate mean+ ( life1 z he n[ recognizes1 is n to act 9 ,god1 b to be m]g$ 9 ,him4 8,self-annihilation is ! gateway into ! high] life40 ,he believes1 inde$1 t he is !reby m]ely deep5+ 8 _w-view )\t dim9i%+ its e?ical en]gy1 & he rema9s himself1 "r to ! end1 ! fi]y _s :i* consumes itself 9 activity = promot+ ! progress ( ! _w4 ,b 8 ?\ght has b5t "u ! weight ( nature-philosophy4 ,)\t cle>ly admitt+ x to himself1 he recognizes t out ( nature-philosophy !re c be drawn only an intellectual1 n an e?ical mean+ = ! _w & life4 ,sp9oza obs]ves ) a smile h[ he retires ^u ! ?\ght beyond :i* a nature philosophy _c advance4 ,fi*te is ! fir/ philosoph] to decl>e pla9ly t no _w-view is e?ical :i* does n enable man to expla9 t an en?usia/ic active devotion to ! univ]se is some?+ gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ! _w & ( life4 ,b ! road he takes 9 ord] to develop ?is ?\ght leads him a/ray4 ,in/ead ( go+ m deeply into ! "q h[ e?ical happ5+s1 ?\gh com+ f ! _w-_s1 & direct$ ^u ! _w1 are nev]!less diff]5t f normal _w-happ5+s1 & inve/igat+ ! nature ( ?is diff]5ce1 he employs ! trick1 :i* _h be5 made possible by ,kant1 ( decl>+1 ) ! help ( epi/emological idealism1 t ! e?ical _w-view is a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,_m ( 8 contempor>ies pg #ace believe ) him t x has !reby really rea*$ a position ( supremacy1 & ev5 ^? :o _c g ) him ! :ole l5g? ( ! philosophy ( ! ,ego & ,non-,ego1 are gripp$ by ! =ce ( ! e?ical p]sonality :i* speaks f ,fi*te's writ+s4 ,! direct effect1 !n1 ( ,fi*te's philosophy is t ! optimi/ic1 e?ical _s ( rationalism ma9ta9s its position & becomes /rong] & deep]4 ,8 philosophy is a s\rce ( inspiration :i* produces a mighty impulse to e?ics & civilization4 ,b ! vessel 9 :i*1 ) a magnific5t w9d beh9d him1 he />ts ) 8 companions on a voyage ov] ! sea ( k is a leaky "o4 ,a cata/rophe is only a "q ( "t4 ,fi*te's belief t he has obta9$ f ! nature ( ! univ]se ! liv+ compulsion to e?ical duty & e?ical "w :i* he feels )9 himself1 is an illusion4 ,! mann]1 h[ev]1 9 :i* he conceives ! problem ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 & p]ceives t = its solution ! ord9>y processes ( life af=d no help1 s t m or less viol5t ones mu/ be all[$ to take _! turn1 reveals him z a great ?9k]4 pg #acf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,s*ill]2 ,,goe!2 ,,s*lei]ma*] ,s*ill]'s e?ical _w-view2 ,goe!'s _w-view bas$ on nature-philosophy ,,v important is ! fact t ! deep5$ optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ( ,kant & ,fi*te f9ds a *ampion 9 ,fri$ri* von ,s*ill] 7#agei-ahje71 :o br+s x to ! mass ( ! p ) ! =ce1 add$ by poetical language4 ,he is himself philosophically gift$1 & und]takes 9 addition to develop x fur!r4 ,he wi%es to broad5 ! f\ndation ( ! e?ical by %[+ its relation to ! /hetic4 ,9 8 ,lett]s ,conc]n+ ! /hetic ,education ( ,mank9d 7#agie71 he works out ! idea t art & e?ics belong toge!r z f> z ?is1 t man ma9ta9s ) ! s5sible _w a relation :i* is free & creative4 8,! transition f ! passive condition ( feel+ to ! active "o ( ?9k+ & will+ comes ab\t 9 no o!r way ?an ?r\gh an int]m$iate condition ( /hetic fre$om4 4 4 4 ,!re is no way ( mak+ ! s5ti5t man rational o!r ?an fir/ mak+ him /hetic40 ,9 :at way ! capacity = fre$om :i* is built up 9 man by /hetic practice really disposes him to morality1 ,s*ill] does n "w out 9 fur!r detail4 ,8 treatise1 9 spite ( all ! notice x attract$ & des]ves1 is m rhetorical ?an sub/antial4 ,he has n gone to ! bottom ( ! problem ( ! relations betwe5 ! /hetic & ! e?ical4 ,9 contra/ to ,s*ill]1 ,johann ,wolfgang von ,goe! 7#agdi-ahcb71 /&s 9 almo/ z cold an attitude to ! _w-view ( ! deep5$ rationalism z he does to t ( ord9>y rationalism4 ,to him x is impossible to %>e pg #acg ! confid5ce ) :i* o!rs1 look+ ar\nd1 reg>d optimi/ic & e?ical convictions z well f\nd$4 ,:at sep>ates him f ,kant1 & ,fi*te1 & ,s*ill]1 is rev]5ce = ! reality ( nature4 ,nature is to him some?+ 9 h]self1 n m]ely some?+ exi/+ ) a view to mank9d4 ,he does n require f h] t %e %all fit h]self completely into our optimi/ic-e?ical designs4 ,he does no viol5ce to h] ei!r ?r\gh epi/emological & e?ical idealism or ?r\gh presumptu\s speculation1 b lives 9 h] z a human be+ :o looks at exi/5ce ) wond] & does n "k h[ to br+ h] relation to ! _w-_s )9 any =mula4 ,desc>tes l$ mod]n philosophy a/ray by cutt+ ! _w up into objects :i* h ext5sion & objects :i* ?9k1 & by go+ on1 moreov]1 to refuse to ea* ( !m ! possibility ( influ5c+ ! o!r4 ,foll[+ 9 8 /eps1 ?9k]s rack _! bra9s ov] ! problem ( ^! two p>allel k9ds ( exi/5ce1 & try to embrace ! _w 9 =mulas4 ,t ! _w is life1 & t 9 life lies ! riddle ( riddles1 nev] ent]s _! m9ds4 ,h5ce !y ov]look 9 _! philosophiz+ :at is mo/ important4 ,because ,desc>tes prec$$ !m1 ! two great spirits :o adh]e to nature-philosophy1 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz1 _c get fur!r ?an a nature-philosophy :i* is m or less dead4 ,be+ 9 ! l9e ( desc5t f ,desc>tes1 ,kant & ,fi*te r5\nce all philosophiz+ ov] ! real _w4 ,desc>tes & ! e?ical belief-9-progress1 !re=e1 agree 9 a common neglect ( nature4 ,bo? alike ov]look ! fact t %e is liv+1 & t %e exi/s = h] own sake1 & x is because he _c jo9 !m 9 ?is t ,goe! d>es to confess t he und]/&s no?+ ab\t philosophy4 ,8 greatness is ?is3 t 9 a "t ( ab/ract & speculative ?\ght he _h ! c\rage to rema9 elem5tal4 ,ov]:elm$ by ! my/]i\s individual life 9 nature1 he p]si/s 9 ma9ta9+ a magnific5tly imp]fect pg #ach _w-view4 ,) ! _s ( an inve/igator he looks )9 into ev]y?+2 9 t ( an inquir] he looks ar\nd ^u ev]y?+4 ,he wants to ?9k optimi/ically4 ,%aftesbury's ?\ghts ex]cise _! *>m ^u him also4 ,b 9 ! *orus ( optimism :i* makes itself he>d s l\dly ar\nd him1 he _c jo94 ,_w- & life-affirmation is = him n su* a simple ?+ z x is = ,fi*te & ,s*ill]4 ,he /rives to rea* an e?ical _w-view1 b admits to himself t he _c c>ry x ?r\gh1 & he !re=e does n v5ture to attribute a mean+ to nature4 ,to life1 h[ev]1 he w attribute "o4 ,he seeks x 9 s]viceable activity4 ,to make ! _w-view ( activity at home 9 nature-philosophy is to him an inn] necessity4 ,! conviction t activity provides ! only real satisfaction t is to be f\nd 9 life & t !re9 lies ! my/]i\s mean+ ( exi/5ce is %[n by him 9 ,fau/ z some?+ :i* he has labori\sly ga9$ dur+ 8 pilgrimage ?r\gh exi/5ce & to :i* he w hold fa/1 )\t be+ able to expla9 x completely4 ,goe! /ruggles to arrive at a conception ( e?ical activity1 b _c rea* "o because nature-philosophy is unable to provide him ) any crit]ion ( :at is e?ical4 ,:at t philosophy _h to refuse to ! ,*9ese moni/s & to ,sp9oza1 %e _c give to him ei!r4 ,! range ( ?is _w-view ( ,goe!'s :i* deals ?us ) reality rema9s hidd5 f 8 contempor>ies4 ,its incomplet5ess ali5ates _! sympa?ies & irritates !m4 ,= k ( ! _w & ( life :i* _c be r$uc$ to a sy/em1 b /icks fa/ 9 facts1 !y h no und]/&+4 ,!y hold to _! optimism & _! e?ic4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s attempt at a nature-philosophy ,daniel ,ern/ ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd71 /&s ap>t bo? f ! ord9>y & f ! deep5$ rationalism because he _c free himself f ! influ5ce ( pg #aci ,sp9oza47#df7 ,8 life-"w is direct$ to prea*+ ! ,sp9ozan nature-philosophy z be+1 z f> z he c make x s1 bo? an e?ic & ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,h5ce he always dresses x up z "o or ! o!r ( ^!4 ,! accept$ e?ical code1 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s op9ion1 makes man m]ely run ab\t ! e>? z an e?ical individual b5t on improv+ ! _w4 ,liv+ 9 ?is way1 9 a con/ant /ate ( en?usiasm1 he becomes 9 dang] ( los+ himself & becom+ unp]sonal4 ,he =gets t 8 prim>y duty is1 fir/ ( all to be alone ) himself1 to look )9 himself1 &1 in/ead ( be+ a m]e human creature1 to make himself into a p]sonality4 ,?is r5unciation ( rationalism's en?usiasm = activity is to be f\nd 9 ! ,monologues1 ^? spl5did introspective m$itations meant = ! fir/ ,new ,ye>'s ,day ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o seems to he> 9 !m ,lao-tse & ,*wang-tse criticis+ ! moralism & ! fanaticism = progress ( ,confucius4 ,man's fir/ task is1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 to realize 8 on5ess ) ! ,inf9ite & 9 ! ,inf9ite to see ! _w4 ,only t :i* results f ?is z action is really significant1 & has importance = morality4 ,sp9oza's e?ic consi/$ 9 keep+ oneself at ! highe/ level & liv+ "o's life m aft] ! fa%ion ( a life ( ?\ght ?an aft] t ( a life ( corporeal exi/5ce4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s e?ic has ! same objective except t he seeks to comb9e ) x a m compreh5sive int]e/ 9 ! _w ?an is to be f\nd 9 ,sp9oza4 ,he is help$ 9 ?is direction by 8 belief t progress is some?+ imman5t4 ,we h1 he says1 no o!r p]fect+ to br+ ab\t 9 ?+s ?an t :i* is inh]5t 9 !m4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 are n a sett+ up ( laws1 b ! recognition & ! description ( ! t5d5cies work+ = p]fection :i* appe> 9 ! _w itself1 toge!r ) behavi\r pg #adj 9 accord ) _! spirits4 ,! moral law is n di/9ct f ! law ( nature & pursues no o!r aims ?an ! latt] does4 ,x is only ! law ( nature arriv+ 9 man at ! consci\sness ( itself4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 !re=e1 feels t 8 task is n1 z ,fi*te conceiv$ 8 to be1 ! br++ ( ! univ]se "u ! sov]eignty ( reason2 x consi/s solely 9 support+ ! on5ess ( nature & reason 9 ! sph]e ( human action1 :i* is ev] /riv+ to realize itself )9 t univ]se4 8,all e?ical k is ! expression ( ! ev]-beg9n+ b nev] complet$ ef=ts ( reason to become nature40 ,e?ics are a contemplative 8sci5ce40 ,!y revolve ar\nd ! two poles ( natural sci5ce & human hi/ory4 ,! e?ic :i* results f ?is fundam5tal conception is1 l ^? ( ,lao-tse & ,*wang-tse1 s ton$ d[n t !re is no long] any real p[] 9 x4 ,h[ev] completely ,s*lei]ma*] may try to conceal ?is fact by 8 wond]ful p[]s ( description1 x plays only a subord9ate rle4 ,:at gives a mean+ to human exi/5ce is some?+ :i* is indep5d5t ( de$s2 x is ! on5ess ) ! ,inf9ite :i* is exp]i5c$ 9 feel+4 ,) its clev] dialectic1 b n 9 reality1 ,s*lei]ma*]'s e?ic %[s itself f9ally to be sup]ior to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,8 _w-view is t ( ,sp9oza1 only enri*$ by 8 belief 9 ! imman5ce ( ! p[] ( progress4 ,h5ce 8 e?ic is iridesc5t ) some:at m brilliant col\rs4 ,?us d a liv+ nature-philosophy 9 ,goe! & a ,sp9ozan "o 9 ,s*lei]ma*] und]m9e ! gr\nd on :i* /& ! m5 ( ! n[ beg9n+ n9ete5? c5tury1 ^: ?9k+ is s en?usia/ically optimi/ic-e?ical4 ,! cr[d pays no att5tion to _! dang]\s proce$+s4 ,x gazes at ! fireworks :i* ,kant & ,fi*te let (f1 :ile ,s*ill] recites 8 poetry4 ,& n[ !re beg9 to rise bur/s ( rockets :i* ?r[ a peculi>ly brilliant light4 ,! pa/-ma/] 9 ! art ( firework display1 ,hegel1 has come into action6 pg #ada ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,hegel',s ,,supra-,,e?ical ,,optimi/ic ,,_w-,,view ,e?ics 9 ,hegel's nature-philosophy1 & 9 8 philosophy ( hi/ory ,,9 8 speculative philosophy ,fi*te's fir/ & *ief int]e/ 0 e?ical4 ,hegel1 deep] & m objective ?an he1 aims at tru? be=e ev]y?+47#dg7 ,:ile us+ any helpful consid]ations :i* are provid$ by facts1 8 aim is to discov] ! mean+ ( ,be+4 ,he !re=e _c jo9 ,fi*te 9 ! viol5t proc$ure1 sugge/$ by 8 e?ic1 ( giv+ ! _w ! categorical imp]ative = fa!r & epi/emological idealism = "m4 ,be=e go+ s f> z to write out a bir?-c]tificate = ! _w1 he und]takes "s mat]ial inve/igations4 ,he /udies ! laws :i* gov]n ev5ts1 z !y are reveal$ 9 hi/ory4 ,he !n lays ^! z ! f\ndation = ! con/ructive op]ations :i* are to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! _w out ( ! notion ( ,be+4 ,8 philosophy1 !re=e1 is a philosophy ( hi/ory become cosmic4 ,! build+1 s f> z "o c measure x ext]nally1 is solidly con/ruct$4 ,t is :y x is /ill conv9c+ ev5 :]e its l9es lose !mselves 9 inf9ity4 ,:at1 !n1 does ,hegel discov] to be ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 hi/ory8 ,he discov]s t e process ( becom+ advances ) natural progress1 & t ?is progress realizes itself 9 ! occurr5ce ( a consecutive s]ies ( contradictions :i* inv>iably issue 9 reconciliation6 ,9 ?\ghts z 9 facts1 pg #adb e !sis evokes an anti!sis4 ,!n ^! unite 9 a syn!sis :i* pres]ves :at is valuable 9 ei!r ( !m4 ,e syn!sis t is rea*$ becomes aga9 a !sis = a new anti!sis4 ,f ^! !re results aga9 a new syn!sis1 & s on = ev]4 ,) ! aid ( ?is s*eme ,hegel c exp\nd ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,f x he is also able to develop ! basic pr9ciples ( logic4 ,h5ce he is sure t f x x mu/ be possible to make intelligible h[ ! notional _w :i* c be logically develop$ out ( ! notion ( ,be+ passes ov] into be+ ! _w ( reality4 ,he c>ries ?is fancy ?r\gh to its conclusion 9 su* magnific5t fa%ion1 t ev5 we1 :o are pro( aga9/ its *>m1 c und]/& h[ x 0 possible to become intoxicat$ ) x4 ,:ile ,fi*te seeks to give an e?ical mean+ to ! expansion ( pure ,be+ into ! _w ( reality1 ,hegel f ! v outset takes 8 /& ^u ! ass]tion t 9 its ultimate analysis ! mean+ ( ! _w c only be an intellectual "o4 ,! ,absolute has no o!r object 9 br++ a _w into exi/5ce ?an to become consci\s ( itself4 ,x is inf9itely creative _s1 b n1 z 9 ,fi*te's ?\ght1 ) ! object ( endlessly work+1 b ) t ( return+ into itself by ! road ( its own creations4 ,9 nature ! ,absolute compreh5ds itself only v dimly4 ,x is fir/ 9 man t x really exp]i5ces itself1 & t 9 ?ree asc5d+ /ages4 ,9 ! man :o is conc]n$ m]ely ) himself & nature x is /ill subjective _s4 ,9 ! communal _s ( m5 :o coop]ate = ! legal & e?ical organization ( human society1 x exp&s to objective _s & at ! same "t1 on a basis ( notions provid$ )9 ?is _s1 %[s itself capable ( be+ creative4 ,9 art1 9 religion1 & 9 philosophy x becomes consci\s ( itself z absolute _s1 exi/+ 9 & = itself & hav+ ov]come ! contradictions ( subject & object1 ?\ght & ,be+4 ,9 art x contemplates itself z su*2 9 religi\s devotion pg #adc x pres5ts itself z su*2 9 philosophy1 :i* is pure ?\ght1 x compreh5ds itself z su*4 ,) ! _w repres5t$ z ?\ght1 ! ,absolute exp]i5ces itself4 ,be=e ! de/9y to :i* ,sp9oza submits ) a smile1 aga9/ :i* ,fi*te & ,s*lei]ma*] rebel1 ,hegel b[s 9 c\rage\s rev]5ce = tru?4 ,8 _w-view is supra-e?ical my/icism4 ,! e?ical is to him only a phase 9 ! developm5t ( intellectuality4 ,civilization he conceives n z some?+ e?ical1 b only z some?+ intellectual4 ,= pro( t ! e?ical is no?+ 9 itself b only a ph5om5on ( ! intellectual1 ,hegel appeals to ,fr5* usage4 8,! moral10 he says1 8mu/ be tak5 9 ! wid] s5se 9 :i* x signifies n ! morally good alone4 #8,le moral' is 9 ,fr5* oppos$ to ! physical & means ! spiritual1 ! intellectual1 or ! non-mat]ial 9 g5]al407#dh7 ,! notion ( ! e?ical ) :i* ,hegel works is extraord9>ily wide4 ,x consi/s 9 8! w hav+ = its objects n subjective1 i4e41 selfi%1 int]e/s1 b a univ]sal cont5t407#di7 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ?\ght to def9e ?is univ]sal cont5t 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,if ,hegel _h fully explor$ ! fact t ! individual w comes to assign itself univ]sal objects1 & _h felt ?is fact to be ! my/]i\s "o t x is1 he c\ld n h pass$ s lightly z he does ov] ! e?ical problem4 ,he w\ld h _h to admit to himself t ! spiritual elem5t :i* manife/s itself 9 x is unique 9 "*1 & _c be includ$ 9 any high] "o1 or classifi$ "u any o!r at all4 ,! problem ( ! mutual relation%ip betwe5 ! spiritual & ! moral w\ld h be5 cle>ly pos$4 ,b ,hegel is s anxi\s to f9d "s sort ( %elt] = 8 speculative optimi/ic _w-view t he e/imates ! bir? ( ! e?ical 9 man n by & = itself1 b simply pg #add z a ph5om5on ( ! rise ( ! supra-individual _s4 ,in/ead ( direct+ 8 ?\ght to ! "q ( h[ ! individual _s 9 ea* sev]al p]son c be at ! same "t supra-individual & consci\s ( its on5ess ) ! ,absolute1 ,hegel sets out to make intelligible ! high] exp]i5ce ( ! individual by means ( ! mutual relations betwe5 x & ! univ]sal _s ( ! collective body to :i* x belongs4 ,he says x is presumption = ! individual _s z su* to seek1 z x does 9 ,indian ?\ght1 to compreh5d its relation to ! ,absolute4 ,becom+ "o ) ! ,absolute is an exp]i5ce ( ! univ]sal _s ( collective humanity :5 x has rea*$ its l(tie/ height4 ,only :5 x /&s 9 connection ) ?is1 z a riv] ) ! wat]s ( a lake ?r\gh :i* x _h fl[$1 c ! individual _s obta9 exp]i5ce ( ! ,absolute4 ,?is is ! fatal turn+ t[>ds ! g5]al & supra-p]sonal at :i* ! ,hegelian philosophy makes itself sup]ficial4 ,e?ics1 !n1 = ,hegel h at bottom only ! significance t !y make possible ! gr[? ( a society 9 ! collective _s ( :i* ! absolute _s c come to a consci\sness ( itself4 ,man becomes moral by submitt+ volunt>ily to ! dem&s :i* society recognizes z exp$i5t ) a view to ! creation ( ! high] spirituality4 ,hegel has no e?ic = ! individual4 ,! deep problems ( e?ical self-p]fect+ & ( ! relations betwe5 man & man d n conc]n him4 ,:5 he does come to talk ab\t e?ics 8 subject is ! family1 society1 & ! ,/ate4 ,) ,b5?am e?ics complete law4 ,hegel works ! two 9 toge!r4 ,x is significant t he wrote no treatise on e?ics4 ,all t he does publi% ab\t e?ics is to be f\nd 9 8 philosophy ( law4 ,8 fir/ conc]n is to %[ t ! ,/ate1 correctly conceiv$1 is n m]ely a legal1 b a legal-e?ical body4 ,fi*te _h made x ! e?ical educator ( ! individual4 ,= ,hegel x is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 all moral happ5+s1 pg #ade 8! self-consci\s moral sub/ance10 z he expresses x4 ,:at is mo/ valuable 9 ! moral comes to actuality 9 x & ?r\gh x4 ,?is ov]valu+ ( ! ,/ate is a natural consequ5ce ( 8 l[ valuation ( ! spiritual significance ( individuality z su*4 ,hegel's supra-e?ical _w-view4 ,8 belief 9 progress ,) ,fi*te's idea1 :i* he f\nd x impossible to "w out completely1 ( giv+ e?ics a cosmic f\ndation 9 su* a way t its cont5t might be ! br++ ( ! _w "u ! sov]eignty ( reason1 ,hegel c h no?+ to d4 ,8 feel+ = ! real deb>s him f any?+ s fanta/ic4 ,b t he altoge!r gives up ! cosmic notion ( e?ics is fatal4 ,in/ead ( all[+ e?ics & nature-philosophy to come to an und]/&+ toge!r 9 8 speculative ?\ght1 he makes a sacrifice ( e?ics f ! />t4 ,he refuses !m ! lib]ty 7:i* !y enjoy$ ) ,sp9oza1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*lei]ma*]71 ( try+ to get !mselves conceiv$ z ! relation ( ! individual to ! univ]se4 ,!y are =bidd51 fur!r1 to try 7z !y c d ) ! ,*9ese moni/s71 to get accept$ z a relation :i* =ms "p ( ! mean+ ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are re/rict$ to be+ a /&>d = ! regulation ( ! relations betwe5 individuals & society4 ,!y may n be active z a =mative idea 9 ! creation ( a _w-view ^u a f\ndation ( nature-philosophy4 ,!y are simply built into ! edifice z an already %ap$ & dress$ /one4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,hegel's all[+ e?ics no significance beyond t ( a prep>atory motive to realiz+ ! spiritual mean+ ( ! _w1 8 tea*+ becomes rem>kably analog\s to ! ,brahmanic4 ,hegel & ! ,brahmans are ak9 because1 z consi/5t ?9k]s1 !y v5ture to admit t ?\ght ab\t ! _w & ! ,absolute :i* lies beh9d x c rea* only an intellectual1 nev] an e?ical mean+ 9 ! union ( ! f9ite _s pg #adf ) ! inf9ite1 & !re=e value e?ics only z a prep>atory motive !reto4 ,) ! ,brahmans e?ics prep>e ! individual = ! intellectual act 9 :i* he exp]i5ces ! ,absolute 9 himself & himself dies 9 x4 ,) ,hegel !y help 9 ! =mation ( society1 9 ! communal _s ( :i* ! ,absolute fir/ becomes capable ( exp]i5c+ itself4 ,x is only a relative diff]5ce betwe5 ,hegel & ! ,brahmans t ! latt] make _! intellectuali/ my/icism individuali/ & _w- & life-d5y+1 :ile ,hegel c>ries 8 ?r\gh z _w- & life-affirm+1 & makes ! intellectual act take place only :5 a society has produc$ ! requisite spirituality4 ,! inn] simil>ity 9 "* ( ! two _w-views is n affect$ !reby4 ,"o is ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,bo? give value to e?ics only z a phase ( intellectuality4 ,) ,hegel1 z ) ! ,brahmans1 e?ics are inde$ giv5 a %elt]1 b !y are n %[n to be necess>y4 ,= ! production ( ! consci\sness ( on5ess ) ! ,absolute ! decisive elem5t = ! ,brahmans is1 9 ! la/ resort1 only a suffici5t advance 9 _w- & life-d5ial1 & dep? ( m$itation4 ,) ,hegel1 society1 :i* has to produce ! spirituality 9 :i* ! absolute _s exp]i5ces itself 9 ! f9ite1 c\ld come into exi/5ce j z well by means ( law alone1 z by means ( e?ics & law toge!r4 ,8 e?ic is1 9 tru?1 only a species ( law4 ,) ! ,brahmans e?ics are a col\r+ :i* _! _w- & life-d5ial takes on = a c]ta9 di/ance2 ) ,hegel !y are a simil> mode ( self-manife/ation ( 8 _w- & life-affirmation4 ,hegel's _w-view is 9 & by itself supra-e?ical my/icism ) _w- & life-affirmation1 j z t ( ! ,brahmans is supra-e?ical my/icism ) _w- & life-d5ial4 ,t 8 _w-view is ?is & no?+ else ,hegel admits 9 ! fit ( brutal frankness "u ! influ5ce ( :i* he wrote on ,june #be?1 #ahbj1 ! fam\s ,preface to 8 ,philosophy ( ,law4 ,our task 7he !re expla9s17 is n to pg #adg re-fa%ion reality 9 accordance ) ideals :i* h aris5 9 our _s1 b we h to li/5 to ! way 9 :i* ! real _w affirms itself1 & u )9 itself1 9 its own imman5t impulse to progress4 8,:at is rational is real1 & :at is real is rational40 ,! et]nal :i* is pres5t "u ! =m ( ! temporal & transi5t & is develop+ )9 ?is1 x is wor? our :ile to recognize & !reby to become reconcil$ ) reality4 ,x is n = philosophy to set up ideas ab\t :at is to be4 ,h] task is to und]/& :at is4 ,%e does n produce any new age1 b is only 8h] own age compreh5d$ 9 ?\ght40 ,%e always arrives too late to be an in/ructor z to :at ! _w ought to be1 & %e beg9s to speak only :5 reality has complet$ its process ( con/ruction4 8,m9]va's owl does n beg9 h] flight till d>kness is clos+ 940 ,b5efic5t peace w be br\ght u by ! s9c]e recognition ( reality4 ,rationalism is an e?ical belief 9 progress comb9$ ) an e?ical w-to-progress4 ,x 0 z su* t ,kant & ,fi*te _h und]tak5 to deep5 x4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,hegel's m9d x is only a belief 9 progress 4 4 4 belief 9 a progress :i* is imman5t 9 ?+s4 ,x is ?is alone t ?is p[]ful speculative ?9k] believes himself able to place ^u a cosmic f\ndation1 & 9 ?is he is 9 contact ) ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,on ! :ole1 & r$uc$ to ! simple/ possible expression1 8 _w-view & ,s*lei]ma*]'s lie n v f> ap>t4 ,! secret feud 9 :i* ! two ?9k]s liv$ ) "o ano!r _h 9 reality no objective ju/ification4 ,! ext5t ( ! /rategical retreat on :i* ,hegel ent]s rema9s hidd5 f 8 contempor>ies4 ,!y rejoice unres]v$ly at ! magnific5t en]gy :i* 8 sy/em displays1 & ) ! less res]vation because he himself only once1 viz4 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,philosophy ( ,law1 expresses himself freely ab\t ! f9al results ( 8 ?9k+4 ,! fact t ) him ! moon ( e?ics is obscur$ does n evoke ! excitem5t t might pg #adh normally h be5 expect$1 because1 9 comp5sation1 he all[s ! sun ( ! cosmically f\nd$ belief 9 progress to %9e all ! bright]4 ,be+ /ill "u ! influ5ces ( rationalism1 ! m5 ( t "t are s accu/om$ to reg>d e?ics & belief 9 progress z organically connect$ t !y look on ! /r5g!n+ ( optimism effect$ by ,hegel z be+ also a /r5g!n+ ( e?ics4 ,hegel's =mal assumption t progress comes ab\t ?r\gh a succession ( anti!ses :i* are always f9ally reconcil$ 9 valuable syn!ses has kept optimism alive ?r\gh mo/ critical times "r on to ! pres5t day4 ,hegel is ! creator ( t confid5t feel+ = reality ) :i* ,europe /agg]$ into ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury )\t becom+ aw>e t e?ics h at "s po9t or o!r be5 left beh9d4 ,& t be+ s1 he is able to hold 8 optimi/ic philosophy ( hi/ory out ( :i* 8 _w-view gr[s1 only because he lives 9 a p]iod :5 a g5]al temp] :i* works ) e?ical en]gies ( extraord9>y /r5g? is c>ry+ ,humanity =w>d 9 an extraord9>y way4 ,:5ce ! progress comes1 :i* he exp]i5ces all ar\nd him1 ! great philosophic hi/orian does n recognize4 ,he expla9s z produc$ ?r\gh natural =ces :at has orig9at$ f e?ical ones4 ,9 ,hegel's _w-view ! connexion betwe5 e?ics & belief 9 progress1 9 :i* ! spiritual en]gy ( mod]n times has always re/$1 is brok51 & ) ! sep>ation bo? are ru9$4 ,e?ics langui%1 & ! belief 9 progress1 n[ left to itself1 becomes spiritless & p[]less because x is n[ only a belief 9 imman5t progress1 & no long] a belief 9 progress ( all k9ds :i* is produc$ by en?usiasm4 ,) ,hegel !re rises ! _s :i* borr[s its ideals empirically f reality & believes 9 ! progress ( ,humanity m ?an x lab\rs to promote x4 ,hegel /&s on ! bridge ( an ocean l9] & expla9s to ! pass5g]s ! wond]s ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! vessel t is c>ry+ !m1 & ! my/]ies ( ! pg #adi calculation ( its c\rse4 ,b he gives no ?\ght to ! necess>y ma9t5ance z be=e ( ! fires "u ! boil]s4 ,h5ce ! spe$ gradually dim9i%es until ! vessel comes at la/ to a /&/ill4 ,x no long] obeys ! helm1 & becomes a play?+ ( /orms4 pg #aej ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,lat] ,,utilit>ianism4 ,,biological ,,& ,,sociological ,,e?ics ,b5eke1 ,feu]ba*1 ,laas1 ,augu/e ,comte1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill ,,! fact t speculative philosophy also is unable to e/abli% ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ^u nature-philosophy is n felt ) all its weight 9 ! intellectual life ( ,europe4 ,9 t philosophy we h1 inde$1 a =m ( ?\ght :i* flames out l a fla% ( lightn+ & vani%es z quickly1 b x is conf9$ to ,g]many4 ,! re/ ( ,europe takes h>dly any notice ( ,fi*te & ,hegel1 j z1 inde$1 x paid sc>cely any att5tion to ,kant4 ,x does n und]/& t ^! adv5tur\s advances 9 ! /ruggle = ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view h be5 und]tak5 by lead]s :o see cle>ly t ! battle is n to be won on ! usual l9es4 ,! univ]sal conviction is1 ( c\rse1 t ! victory 0 won long be=e1 & c no long] be disput$4 ,x is only lat] t p 9 ,france & ,engl& see :at ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel aim$ at1 & :at _! significance 0 9 ! /ruggle = _w-view4 ,= ! intellectual life ( ,europe1 !n1 ! _w-view ( rationalism /ill /&s upright at a "t :5 x has1 9 tru?1 already collaps$4 ,g5]ally speak+ a g5]ation lives1 ( c\rse1 less by ! _w-view t has be5 produc$ )9 x ?an by t ( ! previ\s age4 ,! light ( a /> is /ill visible to u :5 x has long ceas$ to exi/4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ 9 ! _w t cl+s s t\ghly to life z a _w-view does4 ,x nev] becomes cle>1 !n1 to ! popul> utilit>ian e?ic t 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x is be+ gradually robb$ ( its _w-view by pg #aea new modes ( ?\ght1 ^? ( hi/orical sci5ce1 romanticism1 nature-philosophy1 & natural sci5ce4 ,c]ta9 t x is /ill 9 fav\r ) ! heal?y human reason1 x rema9s unmov$ at its po/1 & /ill does a consid]able am\nt ( "w4 ,:5ev]1 too1 x consid]s its future prospects1 x assumes t if x %\ld ev] h to give up all connexion ) rationalism1 x w be able to come to t]ms ) positivism1 t _w-view :i* has be5 sob]$ by exact sci5ces4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 rationalism does m]ge imp]ceptibly into a k9d ( popul> positivism4 ,! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! univ]se is /ill reli$ on1 b less unres]v$ly & less en?usia/ically ?an previ\sly4 ,9 ?is weak5$ =m rationalism ma9ta9s itself till ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ev5 till some:at lat]1 always work+ to produce ! temp] t desires civilization1 :e!r indep5d5tly or accompani$ by popul> religi\sness4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*lei]ma*] are /ruggl+ ) ! e?ical problem1 ,b5?am supplies ! _w ) an e?ic4 ,! p]iodical entitl$ ,! ,utilit>ian 7,l',utilitaire7 is />t$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbi to propagate 8 views4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,we/m9/] ,review works = him4 ,9 #ahcj ,fri$ri* ,edu>d ,b5eke's translation ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,civil & ,crim9al ,legislation pav$ a way = him 9 ,g]many4 ,at 8 dea?--:i* occurr$ 9 #ahcb1 a ye> aft] ,hegel's--,b5?am c\ld take to ! grave ) him ! conviction t1 ?anks to him1 an e?ic :i* provid$ enlight5m5t bo? = ! reason & = ! he>t _h prov$ victori\s ev]y:]e4 ,all ! e>li] me?ods foll[$ to e/abli% utilit>ianism cont9ue at "w 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,fri$ri* ,edu>d ,b5eke 7#agih-ahed717ej7 ! translator ( ,b5?am1 pg #aeb & ,ludwig ,&reas ,feu]ba* 7#ahjd-ahgb77ea7 take up ) confid5ce ! attempts ( ,david ,h>tley & ,dietri* von ,holba* to d]ive ! unegoi/ic directly f ! egoi/ic1 & try h>d to complete !m 9 a deep5$ psy*ology4 ,b5eke believes himself able to %[ h[ ?r\gh ! cont9u\s influ5ce ( reason on ! feel+s ( pleasure & non-pleasure1 !re builds itself up 9 man a capacity = moral judgem5t :i* holds up be=e him z ! highe/ goal = 8 activity ! all-r\nd p]fect+ ( human society4 ,feu]ba* d]ives altruism f ! possession by man ( an impulse to ?9k himself into ! p]sonality ( o!rs & to put himself 9 _! place4 ,!reby1 he says1 8 impulse to seek happ9ess loses its orig9al indep5d5ce1 & suff]s if ! happ9ess ( o!rs is spoilt4 ,at la/1 "u ! influ5ce ( habit1 man =gets altoge!r t 8 relation ( helpfulness ) 8 fell[s 0 orig9ally meant to satisfy ! impulse to seek 8 own happ9ess1 & he conceives 8 own c>e = _! welf>e z duty4 ,erne/ ,laas 7#ahcg-ahhe717eb7 repeats ! view t e?ics consi/ prim>ily 9 ! individual's acceptance ( ! rules laid d[n by society1 an acceptance :i* f be+ a matt] ( habit becomes at la/ unconsci\s & automatic4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! utilit>ianism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury props itself up ) ! assumption :i* is fir/ made by ,david ,hume & ,adam ,smi?1 t f ! v beg9n+ ! non-egoi/ic is giv5 9 human nature side by side ) ! egoi/ic4 ,augu/e ,comte 7#agih-aheg77ec7 9 8 ,physiology ( ,society praises z ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( 8 "t ! !n comm5c+ recognition ( ! fundam5tal social t5d5cy 9 human nature4 ,! future ( mank9d dep5ds 9 8 op9ion on intellig5ce work+ correctly & p]sev]+ly pg #aec on ?is end[m5t1 & s r5d]+ man's natural b5evol5ce capable ( a*iev+ ! noble/ & mo/ b5eficial objects4 ,if devotion to ! univ]sal good rema9s at "w 9 ! multitude ( individuals s z to provide ! necess>y complem5t to _! natural egoism1 !re w arise out ( ! rational und]/&+ betwe5 ! two a society :i* is ev] br++ itself ne>] to p]fection 9 its economic & social relations4 ,a great def5d] & develop] ( utilit>ianism 9 ,engl& 0 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7#ahjf-ahgc717ed7 :o 9 ?is foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 fa!r1 ,james ,mill 7#aggc-ahcf74 ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] ,utilit>ian e?ics receive unexpect$ help f natural sci5ce4 ,biology decl>es itself able to expla9 by ref]5ce to its orig9 ! devotion to o!rs :i* ?9k]s _h decid$ to accept z inh]5t 9 man by ! side ( ! egoi/ic1 b n fur!r d]ivable f x4 ,! unegoi/ic1 s x tea*es1 does z a matt] ( fact gr[ out ( ! egoi/ic1 only x does n issue f x afre% on e occasion z a result ( consci\s reflexion by ! individual4 ,! *ange has tak5 place 9 ! species by a long & sl[ process1 & is n[ reveal$ z an acquir$ faculty4 ,! conviction t ! welf>e ( ! individual is be/ secur$ if ! :ole body ( individuals is also active 9 promot+ ! common good has be5 e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,action on ?is pr9ciple has ?us become a *>act]i/ic ( individuals :i* develops m & m 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations4 ,we possess ?is devotion to o!rs z desc5dants ( h]ds :i* ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :ile o!rs succumb$ 9 x1 because ! social impulses 7 develop$ 9 !m ! mo/ /rongly & ! mo/ univ]sally4 pg #aed ,?is ?\ght is develop$ by ,*>les ,d>w9 7#ahfi-ahhb77ee7 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1 & by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7#ahbj-aijc77ef7 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 ,ea* ( ^! ?9k]s ref]s to ! o!r4 ,altruism is !re=e n[ reg>d$ z some?+ natural & at ! same "t z some?+ :i* has come into exi/5ce ?r\gh reflexion1 & ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 x & egoism z hav+ admitt$ly become rational4 ,on ?is judgem5t is f\nd$ at ! same "t ! conviction t ! co-op]ation ( ^! two impulses1 z x develop$ 9 ! pa/1 w all[ itself also to be p]fect$ 9 ! future4 ,m & m w ^! two impulses %[ cle>ly _! mutual dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,f sporadic altruism1 develop+ 9 ! animal k+dom = ! production & ma9t5ance ( new g5]ations1 we h advanc$ to a settl$ altruism :i* s]ves ! ma9t5ance ( ! family & society4 ,to br+ ?is to completion mu/ n[ be our aim4 ,we %all succe$ if ! compromise betwe5 egoism & altruism cont9ues to gr[ bett] adju/$ & m purposive4 ,we mu/ advance to ! view :i* at fir/ seems to be a p>adox t 7to use ,sp5c]'s language7 ! g5]al prosp]ity c be rea*$ ma9ly ?r\gh a correspond+ /ruggle ( all individuals = _! own prosp]ity & t ( individuals1 on ! o!r h&1 p>tly ?r\gh _! /ruggle = ! g5]al prosp]ity4 ,comte's ,physiology ( ,society is ?us giv5 a f\ndation 9 natural sci5ce by ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]4 ,utilit>ianism n[ cont9ues on its way full ( satisfaction at hav+ f\nd itself conceiv$ by mod]n biology & 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution z some?+ natural4 ,b x has n !reby become ei!r fre%] or m capable4 ,x advances m & m sl[ly4 ,its brea? fails4 ,:at is ! matt] ) x8 ,its e?ical en]gy leaves x because pg #aee x has conceiv$ itself to be some?+ natural4 ,! fatal fact t e?ics cease to be e?ics 9 proportion z !y are br\ght into h>mony ) natural happ5+s1 is fulfill$ n only :5 e?ics are develop$ out ( nature-philosophy b also :5 !y are expla9$ by biology4 ,e?ics consi/ 9 ?is3 t natural happ5+s 9 man are se51 on ! basis ( consci\s reflexion1 to c>ry )9 !m an inn] contradiction4 ,! m ?is contradiction is remov$ into ! sph]e ( t :i* goes back to in/9ct1 ! weak] d e?ics become4 ,! orig9 ( e?ics is assur$ly ?is3 t some?+ :i* is conta9$ z in/9ct 9 our w-to-live is tak5 up ?r\gh consci\s reflexion & fur!r develop$4 ,! great "q is1 h[ev]1 :at ?is la/ & mo/ orig9al elem5t 9 ! in/9ct ( solid>ity is1 ?is elem5t :i* by ?9k+ is develop$ f> beyond ev]y?+ in/9ctive1 & 9 :at way ?is developm5t is accompli%$4 ,by proclaim+ develop$ h]d-m5tality to be e?ics1 ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] %[ t !y h n gone to ! root ( ! problem ( ! relation betwe5 in/9ct & ?9k+ reflexion 9 e?ics4 ,if nature wi%es to h a p]fect h]d1 %e does n appeal to e?ics1 b gives ! individuals1 z 9 ! ant- or ! bee-k+dom1 in/9cts by ! =ce ( :i* !y are :olly m]g$ 9 ! society4 ,b e?ics are ! putt+ into practice ! pr9ciple ( solid>ity on a basis ( free reflexion1 & ?is practice1 moreov]1 directs itself n only to individuals ( ! same species1 b to ev]y?+ liv+ 9 g5]al4 ,! e?ics ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] are a failure f ! fir/1 because !y are too n>r[ & d n leave ! irrational its rights4 ,! social impulse :i* !y put 9 ! place ( ! sympa?y :i* is assum$ by ,hume & ,adam ,smi? is set at a l[] pit* ?an ! latt]1 & is correspond+ly less calculat$ to expla9 real e?ics4 ,! transition f egoism to altruism1 !n1 x is equally impossible to c>ry ?r\gh if "o transf]s ! proce$+ f ! individual to ! species4 ,! fact t ! process is !reby prolong$ all[s num]\s s]ies ( pg #aef mo/ delicate transitions to be tak5 into acc\nt & _! results to be summ$ up z inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,nev]!less1 t does n expla9 truly e?ical devotion4 ,! fruits ( e?ics are hung ^u ! bu% ( social impulse1 b ! bu% itself did n be> !m4 ,! weak po9ts 9 biological & sociological utilit>ianism ,! /r5g? ( utilit>ianism lies 9 its simplicity4 ,b5?am & ,adam ,smi? /ill %[ ?is quality4 ,!y h society 9 _! m9ds z ! sum ( a numb] ( individuals1 n z an organiz$ body4 ,_! ef=ts are direct$ to induc+ human be+s to d z mu* good z !y c to ea* o!r4 ,) ,john ,/u>t ,mill ?is simplicity disappe>s4 ,to him1 & !n 9 /ill /rong] measure to ,sp5c] & o!rs1 x occurs t ! e?ic ( ! conduct ( an individual to 8 fell[s _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh z a matt] ( reason+4 ,h5ce1 !y conclude1 8sci5tific e?ics0 has to d only ) ! relations betwe5 individuals & organiz$ society z su*4 ,b5?am's simple utilit>ianism puts be=e ! individual an e/imate ( ! manifold ways 9 :i* society ne$s 8 devotion if x is to see all its memb]s prosp]\s1 & appeals to 8 en?usiasm4 ,! utilit>ianism :i* has become biological & sociological tries to reckon up = ! individual ! correct balance betwe5 egoism & devotion4 ,x pret5ds to be social-sci5ce trans=m$ to s5tim5t4 ,adam ,smi? keeps e?ics & sociology /ill ap>t 9 su* a way t he is n a sociologi/ :5 he speaks z a morali/1 & n a morali/ :5 he puts =w>d sociological !ories4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! two po9ts ( view are work$ 9 toge!r1 & inde$ 9 su* a way t e?ics are m]g$ 9 sociology4 ,! e?ic ( ! simple utilit>ianism is conc]n$ ) actions produc$ by en?usiasm1 ! biologico-sociological e?ic ) ! consci5ti\s employm5t ( ! complicat$ pg #aeg ma*9]y ( organiz$ society4 ,9 ! =m] an occasional piece ( ineffective action means at wor/ a wa/e ( p[]1 9 ! latt] a di/urbance ( ! organism4 ,h5ce ?or\gh-go+ utilit>ianism comes to a depreciatory e/imate ( ! e?ic ( ! individual :i* spr+s f e?ical convictions 9 ! individual & does n ?9k biologically & sociologically4 ,t 9 ! sph]e ( individual e?ics !re are no m discov]ies to make1 passes ) ! lat] utilit>ians = admitt$4 ,!y reg>d !m z an un9t]e/+ h9t]l&1 to advance into :i* is n wor? :ile4 ,!y !re=e conf9e !mselves to ! f]tile coa/ l& ( social e?ics4 ,!y see1 no d\bt1 t ! /reams :i* wat] ?is l[] gr\nd come f ! h9t]l& ( individual e?ics4 ,b in/ead ( foll[+ !m up to _! s\rces _! only c>e is to make ! l[] gr\nd safe f occasional inundations :i* may be caus$ by !m4 ,!y !re=e lead ! /reams into su* deep-ly+ *annels t ! l& gets p>*$4 ,sci5tific e?ics und]takes ! impossible1 viz4 to regulate devotion f outside4 ,x tries to drive wat]-mills )\t any head ( wat]1 & to %oot ) a b[ :i* is b half-b5t4 ,h[ tortur$ are ,sp5c]'s disquisitions on absolute & relative e?ics6 ,= ! natural1 e?ical po9t ( view absolute e?ics consi/s 9 ?is3 t a man exp]i5ces directly 9 himself an absolute e?ical 8mu/40 ,because absolute e?ics ?9ks ( devotion )\t limits & w\ld lead /raight to a self-sacrifice :i* w\ld 9 "s way or o!r susp5d life & activity1 x has to come to an und]/&+ ) reality & decide :at measure ( self-sacrifice is to be made1 & h[ f> t m9imum ( compromise c be all[$ :i* is necess>y to ensure a cont9uation ( life & activity4 ,9 ?is orig9 out ( absolute e?ics ( appli$1 relative e?ics ! sci5tific1 biological po9t ( view _c acquiesce4 ,sp5c] trans=ms ! conception ( absolute e?ics & turns x into pg #aeh ! conduct ( ! p]fect man 9 ! p]fect society4 ,we h no ne$1 he says1 to picture to ourselves ! ideal man except 8z he w\ld exi/ 9 ideal social surr\nd+s40 8,accord+ to ! evolution hypo!sis ! two mutually condition ea* o!r1 & only :]e bo? are to be f\nd1 is su* ideal action also possible40 ,! e?ic :i* !reby comes into consid]ation is produc$1 !re=e1 f outside4 ,x is det]m9$ by ! relation 9 :i* society & ! individual /& to "o ano!r 9 _! mutual /ate ( imp]fection4 ,into ! place ( ! liv+ conception ( absolute e?ic !re /eps a fiction4 ,x is only relative /&>ds1 subject to ! *anges produc$ by "t & relations ) o!rs1 t ! e?ic ( sociological utilit>ianism provides = m54 ,t means t x c only feebly r\se 8 w to ! e?ical4 ,x ev5 r$uces him to a /ate ( confusion because x takes f him ! elem5t>y conviction t he has to ex]t himself )\t reg>d to :at ! giv5 relations are 9 a /ate ( p]fection1 & mu/ cont5d ) circum/ances f an inw>d compulsion1 ev5 )\t ! c]ta9ty ( any result at all4 ,sp5c] is m biologi/ ?an morali/4 ,e?ics are to him m]ely ! sett+ 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( utility comes to u aft] x has be5 work$ up 9 ! bra9-cells toge!r ) ! exp]i5ces x has produc$1 & aft] x has be5 pass$ on by h]$ity4 ,?us he gives up all ! inw>d =ces by :i* e?ics live4 ,! urge to atta9 to a p]fect+ ( ! p]sonality :i* has to be rea*$ ?r\gh e?ics & ! long+ = a spiritual bliss :i* is to be exp]i5c$ )9 !m1 are depriv$ ( _! (fice4 ,! e?ic ( ,jesus & ( ! religi\s ?9k]s ( ,india )draws itself completely f social to individual e?ics4 ,! utilit>ianism :i* has become sci5tific e?ics gives up individual e?ics 9 ord] t social e?ics may alone h curr5cy4 ,9 ! fir/ case e?ics c survive because x keeps possession ( ! "m-c\ntry1 & has sacrific$ only its =eign possessions4 ,9 ! pg #aei o!r x wi%es to ex]t its au?ority 9 ! =eign possessions :ile ! "m-c\ntry belongs to x no m4 ,individual e?ics )\t social e?ics are imp]fect1 b !y c be v deep & liv+4 ,social e?ics )\t individual e?ics are l a limb ) a t\rniquet r\nd x1 into :i* life no long] fl[s f ! body4 ,!y become s impov]i%$ t !y really cease to be e?ics any long]4 ,! r$uction to impot5ce ( sci5tific1 biological e?ics %[s itself n only 9 ! fact t x f9ally makes all e?ical /&>ds m]ely relative4 ,su* e?ics c no long] uphold ! duty ( humanity z !y ought to4 ,a s9i/] uni=mity prevails 9 ! evolution ( e?ics4 ,! e?ics ( antiquity began to tea* humanity aft] !y _h lo/ 9 ! ,lat] ,/oicism _! int]e/ 9 organiz$ society z !y f\nd x exi/+ 9 ! anci5t /ate4 ,mod]n utilit>ianism1 conv]sely1 loses its s5sitiv5ess to ! duty ( humanity 9 proportion to ! consi/5cy ) :i* x develops into an e?ic ( organiz$ society4 ,x _c be o!rwise4 ,! ess5ce ( humanity consi/s 9 ?is3 t individuals nev] all[ !mselves to ?9k imp]sonally 9 t]ms ( exp$i5cy z society does1 or to sacrifice individual exi/5ces 9 ord] to atta9 _! object4 ,! outlook :i* seeks ! welf>e ( organiz$ society _c d any?+ b compromise ) ! sacrifice ( individuals or gr\ps ( individuals4 ,9 ,b5?am1 ) :om utilit>ianism is /ill simple & conc]ns itself ) ! conduct ( individuals to ! multitude ( o!r individuals1 ! idea ( humanity has n be5 tamp]$ )4 ,biological1 sociological utilit>ianism is oblig$ to give x up z be+ s5tim5tality :i* _c ma9ta9 itself 9 ! face ( matt]-(-fact e?ical reflexion4 ,?us sociological e?ics contribute n a little to ! disappe>ance f ! mod]n m9d ( any %r9k+ f inhumanity4 ,x all[s individuals to adopt ! m5tality ( society in/ead ( keep+ !m 9 a /ate ( t5sion ) reg>d to x4 pg #afj ,society _c exi/ )\t sacrifice4 ,! e?ics :i* />t f individuals try to di/ribute ?is 9 su* a way t ?r\gh ! devotion ( individuals z _m z possible are volunt>y sacrifices1 & t ! individuals :o are mo/ sev]ely hit are reliev$ ( _! burd5 z f> z possible by o!rs4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( self-sacrifice4 ,! sociological e?ics :i* no long] rea* back at individual e?ics c only lay x d[n t ! progress ( society advances accord+ to inexorable laws at ! price ( ! fre$om & prosp]ity ( individuals & gr\ps ( individuals4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( be+ sacrific$ by o!rs4 ,if foll[$ out consi/5tly1 biological & sociological utilit>ianism arrives f9ally1 ev5 if ) hesitation1 at ! conviction t 9 reality x no long] has = its object ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( ! greate/ possible numb]4 ,to ?is object1 :i* 0 ?us =mulat$ by ,b5?am1 x mu/ n[ assign1 z be+ s5tim5tal1 a place beh9d "o :i* corresponds m exactly to reality4 ,:at is to be realiz$ 9 ! ev] m complete developm5t ( ! mutual relations betwe5 ! individual & society is n1 if "o d>es to admit x1 an increase 9 ! welf>e ei!r ( ! individual or ( society b 4 4 4 ! enhanc+ & p]fect+ ( life z su*4 ,h[ev] mu* x may /ruggle aga9/ x1 utilit>ianism1 z soon z x has become biological & sociological1 und]goes a *ange 9 its e?ical "*1 & ent]s ! s]vice ( supra-e?ical aims4 ,sp5c] /ill fights to keep x 9 ! pa? ( natural e?ical feel+4 ,develop$ utilit>ianism1 direct$ to ! enhanc+ & p]fect+ ( life1 c no long] reg>d ! claims ( humanity z absolutely b9d+1 b mu/ make up its m9d 9 c]ta9 cases to g outside !m4 ,biology has become its ma/]4 ,sociological e?ics & socialism4 ,me*anical belief 9 progress ,if x be grant$ t progress 9 ! welf>e ( society dep5ds on ! application ( ! conclusions ( biology pg #afa & sci5tific sociology1 x is n z a matt] ( c\rse necess>y to leave to ! good pleasure ( ! individual ! correspond+ conduct :i* is to be e?ical4 ,x c be impos$ ^u him1 if by economic measures & measures ( organization ! relation betwe5 ! individual & society is det]m9$ 9 su* a way t x automatically functions 9 ! mo/ effective way4 ,?us by ! side ( social e?ics socialism makes its appe>ance4 ,h5ri de ,sa9t-,simon 7#agfj-ahbe717eg7 ,*>les ,f\ri] 7#aggb-ahcg77eh7 & ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon 7#ahji-ahfe77ei7 9 ,france1 ,rob]t ,ow51 ! mill-own] 7#agga-aheh717fj7 9 ,engl&1 & ,f]d9& ,lassalle 7#ahbe-fd717fa7 & o!rs 9 ,g]many1 prelude its appe>ance4 ,k>l ,m>x 7#ahah-ahhc77fb7 & ,fri$ri* ,engels 7#ahbj-ahie7 put =w>d 9 ,das ,kapital its consi/5t programme1 dem&+ ! abolition ( private prop]ty & ! ,/ate-regulation bo? ( lab\r & ( ! rew>d ( lab\r4 ,das ,kapital is a doctr9aire book :i* works ) def9itions & tables1 b nev] goes v deeply into que/ions ( liv+ & ! conditions ( liv+4 ,! great influ5ce x ex]ts re/s on ! fact t x prea*es belief 9 a progress :i* is inh]5t 9 ev5ts1 & works itself out 9 !m automatically4 ,x und]takes to unveil ! me*anism ( hi/ory1 & to %[ h[ ! succession ( diff]5t me?ods ( social organization--slav]y1 feudalism1 ! b\rgeois wage-sy/em--t5d t[>ds ! f9al replacem5t ( private production by ,/ate-communi/ic pg #afb production z ! logical cr[n ( complet$ evolution4 ,?r\gh ,m>x1 ,hegel's belief 9 inh]5t progress becomes1 if ) a some:at diff]5t int]pretation1 ! conviction ( ! masses4 ,8 optimi/ic feel+ = reality takes ! helm4 ,?r\gh ! rise ( socialism e?ical utilit>ianism loses 9 importance4 ,! hopes ( ! cr[d beg9s to c5tre no long] on :at c be accompli%$ 9 ! _w by an e?ical temp] :i* is /eadily gr[+ /rong]1 & work+ ev] m & m effectively 9 social matt]s1 b on :at is rea*$ :5 free c\rse is secur$ = ! laws ( progress :i* are assum$ to be inh]5t 9 ?+s4 ,x is true t e?ical utilit>ianism /ill ma9ta9s itself z an influ5tial re=m+ temp] among ! educat$4 ,9 ! competition ) socialism !re ev5 />ts a /rong movem5t :i* /irs individuals1 society1 & ! ,/ate alike into effective action aga9/ social di/ress4 ,"o ( its lead]s is ,fri$ri* ,alb]t ,lange 7#ahbh-ahge71 ! au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism 7#ahff74 ,9 8 "w ,! ,lab\r ,"q 9 its ,significance = ! ,pres5t & ! ,future 7#ahff7 he discusses ! social tasks ( ! "t & ! measures t w be effective = _! accompli%m5t1 & appeals = e?ical idealism )\t :i*1 he says1 no?+ pr(itable c be accompli%$47#fc7 ,*ri/ianity too supports ! movem5t4 ,9 #ahfd ,bi%op ,kettel]1 ( ,ma9z1 comes =w>d1 dem&+ 9 8 book ,! ,lab\r ,"q & ,*ri/ianity ! creation ( a ,*ri/ian-social temp]47#fd7 ,9 ,engl& x is ! cl]gym51 ,fr$]ick ,d5ison ,maurice 7#ahje-ahgb7 & ,*>les ,k+sley 7#ahai-ahge71 :o bid ,*ri/5dom adopt a social temp]4 ,! latt]'s pg #afc fam\s s]mon ,! ,message ( ! ,*ur* to ,work+ ,m5 0 prea*$ 9 ! ev5+ ( ,sunday1 ,june #bbnd1 #ahea1 be=e ! work]s :o _h come to ,london to see ! fir/ ,int]national ,exhibition4 ,on acc\nt ( ! excitem5t x caus$1 ! ,bi%op ( ,london inhibit$ him f prea*+ 9 8 diocese47#fe7 ,9 ,russia1 ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oi 7#ahbh-aiaj77ff7 lets loose ! =ce ( ! e?ical ?9k+ ( ,jesus4 ,he does n1 l o!rs1 int]pret 8 words z tea*+ a social idealism focus$ on ! s]vice ( sy/ematic purposive ef=t1 b all[s !m to be ! comm&s to ! absolute1 uncalculat+ devotion :i* _! au?or meant !m to be4 ,9 8 ,confessions1 :i* 9 ! eighties 7 read ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! lava ( primitive ,*ri/ianity p\rs itself into ! ,*ri/ianity ( mod]n times4 ,! social-e?ical movem5t produces mo/ result 9 ,g]many1 because 9 t c\ntry ! ,/ate welcomes x 9 ! p]son ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns4 ,9 #ahhc & #ahhd ! ,rei*/ag passes1 9 spite ( ! disapprov+ attitude ( ! ,social ,democratic ,p>ty1 laws = ! protection ( ! work] :i* may be consid]$ to be models ( _! k9d4 ,9 ! bosom ( socialism itself ?\ghtful spirits l ,edu>d ,b]n/e9 7b4 #ahej717fg7 & o!rs1 come to see t ev5 ! mo/ effective measures tak5 = ! social organization ( society _c succe$ unless !re is a /rong pg #afd e?ical idealism beh9d !m z _! driv+ =ce4 ,?is is a return to ! _s ( ,lassalle4 ,!re exi/s1 !n1 an active social-e?ical temp]4 ,b x is nev]!less only a trickl+ /ream ( wat] 9 a big riv]-b$4 ,t ! re=ms call$ = "u ! guidance ( e?ics c be realiz$ is no long] a g5]al conviction1 z x 0 9 ! age ( rationalism4 ,! e?ical temp] :i* wi%es to "w = ! future ( mank9d becomes less & less appreciat$4 ,9 ! victory1 s fateful = ! developm5t ( civiliz$ mank9d1 won by ,m>xian ,/ate-socialism ov] ! social ideas ( ,lassalle :i* all[ mu* m natural play to ! =ces ( reality1 we see an expression ( ! fact t 9 ! m5tality ( ! masses ! belief-9-progress has emancipat$ itself f e?ics & has become me*anical4 ,confusion 9 ! conception ( civilization & ru9 ( ! civiliz$ temp] are ! consequ5ce ( ?is disa/r\s sep>ation4 ,! _s ( ! mod]n age r5\nces !reby ! v ?+ :i* really con/itut$ its /r5g?4 ,h[ rem>kable are ! vicissitudes und]gone by e?ics6 ,utilit>ianism refuses all contact ) nature-philosophy4 ,x wi%es to be an e?ic :i* is conc]n$ only ) ! practical1 b x does n !re=e escape its fate1 :i* is to be wreck$ ^u nature-philosophy4 ,9 its attempt to secure a basis = itself & to ?9k itself out completely1 x *anges into biological-sociological utilit>ianism4 ,next x loses its e?ical "*4 ,)\t becom+ aw>e ( x1 x has1 ( c\rse1 at ! same "t got entangl$ ) nature & natural happ5+s1 & has giv5 cosmic problems a place )9 itself4 ,al?\gh x pret5ds to be only ! practical e?ic ( human society x has become a product ( nature4 ,x has be5 no good remov+ all ! di/affs3 ! ,sleep+ ,beauty pricks h] f+] nev]!less4 ,no e?ic c avoid com+ to an und]/&+ ) nature-philosophy4 pg #afe ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,s*op5hau] ,,& ,,nietzs*e ,s*op5hau]4 ,an e?ic ( _w- & life-d5ial ,,z bad luck w h x1 ! two mo/ important e?ical ?9k]s :o speak to u 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e1 d n help ! age 9 ! se>* = :at x ne$s1 viz41 a social e?ic :i* is also true e?ics4 ,conc]n$ only ) an individuali/ e?ic out ( :i* no social e?ic c be develop$1 !y (f] incitem5ts :i*1 h[ev] valuable 9 !mselves1 _c arre/ ! demoralisation 9 _w-view :i* is 9 progress4 ,common to bo? is ! fact t !y are elem5tal morali/s4 ,!y pursue no ab/ract cosmic speculations4 ,e?ics are = !m an exp]i5ce ( ! w-to-live4 ,!y are !re=e1 f _! v core1 cosmic4 ,9 ,s*op5hau] ! w-to-live tries to become e?ical by turn+ to _w- & life-d5ial2 9 ,nietzs*e by devot+ itself to a deep5$ _w- & life-affirmation4 ,f ! /&po9t ( _! own elem5tal e?ics ^! two ?9k]s1 :o /& 9 su* deep contra/ to ea* o!r1 rise z judges ( :at !y f9d accept$ z e?ics 9 _! "t4 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] 7#aghh-ahfj7 beg9s to publi% at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,8 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea appe>s 9 #ahai47fh7 ,b he fir/ obta9s a he>+ ab\t #ahfj :5 ! speculative philosophy _h def9itely gone bankrupt1 & ! unsatisfactory nature ( ! e?ic ( pg #aff popul> utilit>ianism1 z also ( t ( ,kant's successors1 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,! mo/ important among ! e>li] ( ^! is ,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda74 ,8 importance lies 9 ! dep>tm5t ( psy*ological inve/igation4 ,x is on a psy*ological f\ndation t he tries to e/abli% e?ics 9 8 ,g5]al ,practical ,philosophy 7#ahjh74 ,he traces ! moral back to five direct & ultimate judgm5ts1 :i* are n d]ivable f any?+ beyond !mselves1 & :i* may be comp>$ ) /hetic judgm5ts4 ,!y are ^!3 ! ideas ( inw>d fre$om1 ( p]fection1 ( b5evol5ce1 ( "r1 & ( equity4 ,by submitt+ itself to ?is mode ( outlook1 :i* />ts f pure intuition & is confirm$ z correct = human be+s by ! c\rse ( _! exp]i5ce1 ! w becomes e?ical4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( seek+ "o basic pr9ciple only = ! moral ,h]b>t accepts sev]al e?ical ideas :i* appe> side by side4 ,?is anmic e?ical !ory possesses no conv9c+ p[]4 ,9 8 tea*+1 h[ev]1 ab\t society & ! ,/ate ,h]b>t does produce some?+ solid4 ,to ! e>li] successors ( ,kant !re belongs also ,immanuel ,h]mann ,fi*te 7#agig-ahgi71 a son ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 ! s-call$ ,y\ng] ,fi*te1 ) 8 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics 7#b vols41 #ahej-ahec71 :i* 9 its "t enjoy$ consid]able repute4 ,s*op5hau] is ! fir/ repres5tative 9 ,we/]n ?\ght ( a consi/5t _w- & life-d5y+ e?ic4 ,! sugge/ions :i* br\ght him to x came to him f ! philosophy ( ,india1 :i* e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury began to be kn[n 9 ,europe47#fi7 ,= ! exposition ( 8 _w-view he />ts1 l ,fi*te1 f ,kant's epi/emological idealism4 ,l ,fi*te he def9es ! ess5ce ( ?+s 9 !mselves 7:i* is to be accept$ z und]ly+ all ph5om5a7 to be ,w1 n1 h[ev]1 l pg #afg ,fi*te z w to action1 b m directly & m correctly z w-to-live4 ,! _w1 he says1 ,i c und]/& only by analogy ) myself4 ,myself1 look$ at f outside1 ,i conceive z a s5sible ph5om5on 9 space & "t1 b look$ at f )91 z w-to-live4 ,correspond+ly1 ev]y?+ :i* meets me 9 ! ph5om5al _w is a manife/ation ( ! w-to-live4 ,:at is ! mean+1 !n1 ( ! _w-process8 ,simply t c\ntless individualities :i* are root$ 9 ! univ]sal w-to-live are cont9ually seek+ satisfaction 9 aims :i* !y set be=e !mselves1 9 ob$i5ce to an inw>d impulse1 & f9d+ none4 ,aga9 & aga9 !y exp]i5ce ! disappo9tm5t t pleasure long$ =1 n pleasure atta9$1 is real pleasure2 !y h cont9ually to fight aga9/ h9drances2 _! own w-to-live cont9ually comes into conflict ) o!r wills-to-live4 ,! _w is mean+less1 & all exi/5ce is suff]+4 ,! k ( ?is is atta9$ to by ! w-to-live 9 ! highe/ liv+ creatures1 :o are gift$ ) ! p[] ( rema9+ always consci\s t ! totality ( :at is ar\nd !m1 outside !mselves1 is m]ely a _w ( appe>ances4 ,survey+ 9 ?is way ! totality ( exi/5ce1 ! w is !n 9 a position to rea* cl>ity ( ?\ght ab\t itself & ab\t exi/5ce4 ,t x mu/ effect some?+ 9 ! _w t is wor? :ile is ! obsession ) :i* ! w-to-live has befool$ itself 9 ,european philosophy4 ,:5 x has atta9$ to k ( itself1 x kn[s t optimi/ic _w-affirmation is ( no b5efit to x4 ,x c only hurry x on f unre/ to unre/1 f disappo9tm5t to disappo9tm5t4 ,:at x mu/ try to d is to /ep out f ! t]rible game 9 :i*1 b$azzl$1 x is tak+ "p1 & settle itself to re/ 9 _w- & life-d5ial4 ,= ,sp9oza ! mean+ ( ! _w-process is t supreme individualities arise1 :o f9d _! exp]i5ce )9 ! ,absolute2 = ,fi*te t ! urge to activity ( ! ,absolute compreh5ds itself 9 supreme individualities z e?ical2 = ,hegel t ! ,absolute comes 9 supreme pg #afh individualities to adequate consci\sness ( itself2 = ,s*op5hau] t 9 individualities ! ,absolute atta9s to k ( itself1 & f9ds deliv]ance f ! bl9d urge to life-affirmation :i* is )9 x4 ,! mean+ ( ! _w-process1 !re=e1 is always f\nd 9 ?is3 t ! ,f9ite & ! ,inf9ite bl5d _! exp]i5ces ( "o ano!r4 ,sp9oza1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel--& ?is is ! weakness ( _! _w-view--_c make x prop]ly intelligible h[ f> ?is exp]i5ce 9 ! ,f9ite c be said to h really a mean+ = ! ,absolute4 ,9 ,s*op5hau]1 h[ev]1 x has su* a mean+4 ,9 man ! univ]sal w-to-live beg9s to turn f ! pa? ( unre/ & suff]+ into t ( peace4 ,! transition f ,be+ to no?+ness is introduc$4 ,?is no?+ness is no?+ness1 x is true1 only to ! w-to-live1 :i* is /ill fill$ ) urge to life-affirmation & ) its conception ( ! _w4 ,:at x is 9 itself1 ?is ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/s1 _c be def9$ ) our conceptions1 :i* come to u ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,t ,s*op5hau] c>ries ?r\gh 8 pessimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 z ,fi*te does 8 optimi/ic-e?ical1 ) ! mat]ial provid$ by epi/emological idealism has n ! importance t he himself attributes to ?is fact4 ,indian pr$ecessors h made ?is connexion easi] = him4 ,9 itself1 pessimism c be develop$ j z well )\t epi/emological idealism4 ,! drama ( ! tragical exp]i5ce ( ! w-to-live rema9s ! same :atev] ! decorations & ! co/umes ) :i* x is play$4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 x makes its appe>ance 9 ! dress ( ,kant's !ory ( k1 ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy is elem5tal nature-philosophy4 ,:at !n are ! e?ical elem5ts 9 8 e?ic8 ,l t ( ! ,indians x appe>s 9 a ?reefold %ape3 z an e?ic ( resignation1 z an e?ic ( univ]sal pity1 & z an e?ic ( _w-r5unciation4 ,ab\t resignation ,s*op5hau] speaks 9 =cible words4 ,9 language :i* rises to ! level ( poetry1 he pg #afi describes h[ ! man :o is int5t on 8 own self-p]fect+ does n meet ! de/9ies ( 8 exi/5ce 9 *ildi% resi/ance to :at is h>d1 b feels !m z incitem5ts to become free f ! _w4 ,9 ! disagreeables :i* poison exi/5ce = him1 & 9 ! mis=tune :i* ?reat5s to cru% him1 he sudd5ly feels himself lift$ out ( ev]y?+ on :i* he sets value1 & br\ght to ! triumphant feel+ t no?+ c any long] d him any h>m4 ,! field ( resignation1 :i* ! philosophical e?ics ( mod]n times _h all[$ to lie fall[ = g5]ations1 is replant$ by ,s*op5hau]4 ,e?ics are pity4 ,all life is suff]+4 ,! w-to-live :i* has atta9$ to k is !re=e seiz$ ) deep pity = all creatures4 ,x exp]i5ces n only ! woe ( mank9d1 b t ( all creatures ) x4 ,:at is call$ 9 ord9>y e?ics 8love0 is 9 its real ess5ce pity4 ,9 ?is p[]ful feel+ ( pity ! w-to-live is div]t$ f itself4 ,its purification beg9s4 ,h[ anxi\s ,kant & ,hegel & o!rs are 9 _! e?ics to deprive direct pity ( its rights1 because x does n suit _! !ories6 ,s*op5hau] takes ! gag out ( its m\? & bids x speak4 ,^? :o1 l ,fi*te1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & o!rs1 gr\nd e?ics on a pa9fully ?\ght out _w-s*eme1 expect man to run e "t to ! topmo/ attic ( 8 reflexions to fet* d[n 8 motives to moral action4 ,accord+ to ! sociological utilit>ians he %\ld always fir/ sit d[n & calculate :at is e?ical4 ,s*op5hau] bids him d some?+ nev] yet he>d ( 9 philosophical e?ics--li/5 to 8 own he>t4 ,! elem5tal e?ical :i* has by ! o!rs be5 pu%$ into ! corn]1 c n[1 ?anks to him1 takes its prop] place aga94 ,! o!rs1 9 ord] n to get emb>rass$ ) _! !ories1 h to limit e?ics exclusively to ! conduct ( man to man4 ,!y anxi\sly insi/ ^u x t pity = animals is n e?ical 9 itself1 b has importance only 9 view ( ! k9dly disposition :i* mu/ ev] be pg #agj ma9ta9$ among m54 ,s*op5hau] te>s d[n ^! f5ces1 & tea*es love to ! mo/ insignificant be+ 9 creation4 ,! artificial & curi\s pleas1 too1 :i* ! re/ produce to put man into an e?ical relation to organis$ society disappe> 9 ,s*op5hau]4 ,fi*te's & ,hegel's e?ical ov]-valuation ( ! ,/ate makes him smile4 ,he himself is left free f ! necessity ( dragg+ into e?ics ?+s ( ! _w :i* refuse to be fitt$ into !m4 ,he c all[ ! conviction t e?ics consi/ 9 be+ diff]5t f ! _w to flame up 9 bl9d+ cle>ness4 ,he is pl$g$ to no concessions1 s9ce he does n1 l ! o!rs1 repres5t an e?ic :i* wi%es to d some?+ purposive 9 ! _w4 ,because 8 _w-view is _w- & life-d5y+ he c be an elem5tal morali/ :5 o!rs h to r5\nce be+ su*4 ,nor does he ne$1 l !m1 to sev] all connexion ) ,jesus & religi\s e?ics4 ,he c appeal z (t5 z he likes to ! fact t 8 philosophy only e/abli%es :at has always be5 accept$ by ! piety ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ! ,indians z ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! moral4 ,x is well-kn[n t ,s*op5hau] judg$ ,*ri/ianity to h ! ,indian _s1 & to be probably1 9 "s way or o!r1 ( ,indian orig947#gj7 ,elem5tal e?ics n[ obta9 once m _! "r place 9 a ?9k+ _w-view1 & ?is expla9s ! en?usiasm :i* ,s*op5hau] ar\ses :5 he at la/ gets kn[n4 ,t x 0 possible to ignore = ne>ly =ty ye>s ! v significant matt] :i* he gave to ! _w rema9s "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght4 ,! optimi/ic _w-view pass$ at t "t = s self-evid5t t ! man :o laid h&s ^u x ev5 9 ! directly illum9at+ ?\ghts ^u e?ics to :i* ,s*op5hau] gave utt]ance1 c\ld n obta9 a he>+4 ,at a lat] p]iod also _m atta* !mselves to ,s*op5hau] only because ( 8 e?ical maxims ) _! natural & int]e/+ appeal1 & refuse to accept pg #aga 8 consi/5t _w-view ( _w- & life-d5ial4 ,x is a "r feel+ :i* guides !m4 ,absorption ( e?ics 9 _w- & life-d5ial ,s*op5hau]'s _w-view1 l t ( ! ,brahmans1 because x reveals itself z consi/5t _w- & life-d5ial1 is 9 ! la/ resort n e?ical b supra-e?ical4 ,ev5 ?\gh ?r\gh sev]al *apt]s ( 8 e?ics he c speak 9 m elem5tal fa%ion ?an ,sp9oza1 ,fi*te1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ,hegel1 he is nev]!less 9 reality no m e?ical ?an !y are4 ,he ends1 z !y d1 9 ! froz5 sea ( ! supra-e?ical po9t ( view1 only at ! ,s\? ,pole in/ead ( at ! ,nor?4 ,! price :i* he pays = be+ able to outbid !m 9 elem5tal e?ics is 8 _w view ( _w- & life-d5ial4 ,b ! price is a ru9\s "o4 ,) ,s*op5hau]1 z ) ! ,indians1 e?ics are only a phase ( _w- & life-d5ial4 ,!y are no?+ 9 !mselves b m]ely :at !y are 9 ! frame provid$ by t _w-view4 ,& ev]y:]e !re peeps ?r\gh 8 e?ically t9t$ _w- & life-d5ial _w- & life-d5ial z su*4 ,l a /range sun 9 ! sky x dev\rs e?ics1 j z ! real sun dev\rs a cl\d f :i* m5 are va9ly hop+ to get a refre%+ %[] ( ra94 ,on ! assumption ( _w- & life-d5ial all e?ical action is illusory4 ,s*op5hau]'s pity is m]ely delib]ative4 ,( pity :i* br+s help he c h no real k any m ?an ! ,indian ?9k]s c4 ,l all w-to-action 9 ! _w1 su* pity has no mean+4 ,x has no p[] to light5 ! mis]y ( ! re/ ( creation1 s9ce t mis]y lies 9 ! w-to-live1 :i* is incurably full ( suff]+4 ,! "o ?+1 !re=e1 t pity c d is to enlight5 ! w-to-live ev]y:]e ab\t ! delusion 9 :i* x is held captive1 & br+ x to ! apa?y & peace (f]$ by _w- & life-d5ial4 ,s*op5hau]'s pity1 l t ( ! ,brahmans & ! pg #agb ,buddha1 is at bottom m]ely !oretical4 ,x c use z its own ! words ( ! religion ( love1 b x /&s at a f> l[] level ?an ! latt]4 ,ob/ruct+ ! way to any real e?ic ( love x has be=e x1 z ! ,indian ?9k]s also h1 ! ideal ( absolute inactivity4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ also is pres5t 9 ,s*op5hau] m 9 ^w ?an 9 reality4 ,! atta9m5t ( inw>d fre$om f ! _w is really e?ical only if ! p]sonality is !reby enabl$ to "w z a m direct =ce 9 ! _w1 b ?is ?\ght is n to be f\nd ei!r 9 ,s*op5hau] or 9 ! ,indians4 ,_w- & life-d5ial is ) !m an end 9 itself1 & x cont9ues to ass]t itself :5 its e?ical "* has ceas$4 ,high] ?an e?ics1 says ,s*op5hau]1 /&s asceticism4 ,ev]y?+ :i* helps to dead5 ! w-to-live1 is to him significant4 ,m5 & wom5 :o r5\nce love & ! hope ( (fspr+ s t !re may be less life 9 ! _w1 are to him 9 ! "r4 ,^? :o delib]ately *oose religi\s suicide1 & aft] employ+ e conceivable device = dead5+ ! w-to-live all[ ! lamp ( life to be ext+ui%$1 z ! ,brahmans d1 by )hold+ all n\ri%m5t f ! body1 ^! simil>ly act z truly enlight5$4 ,only suicide z ! outcome ( despair is to be reject$4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 n a result ( ! true life-d5ial1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 ! act ( a life-affirm+ w1 :i* is only discont5t$ ) ! conditions 9 :i* x f9ds itself47#ga7 ,) ,s*op5hau]1 !n1 e?ics rea* only s f> z _w- & life-d5ial has will$ & is 9 a position to decl>e itself e?ical4 ,!y are only an introduction to1 & a prep>ation =1 lib]ation f ! _w4 ,x is1 at bottom1 by an intellectual act t ! susp5sion ( ! w-to-live is consummat$4 ,if ,i h won my way ?r\gh to ! und]/&+ t ! :ole ph5om5al _w is delusion & mis]y1 & t my w-to-live has no ne$ to take s]i\sly ! _w & itself1 !n ,i am releas$4 ,h[ f> & to :at ext5t ,i !n take "p 9 pg #agc ! game ( life ) ! consci\sness t ,i am b a play] 9 x1 has no importance4 ,s*op5hau] does n ?9k out ! pessimi/ic _w-view 9 ! great & calm mann] ( ! wise m5 ( ,india4 ,he behaves "u its influ5ce l a n]v\s & ail+ ,european4 ,:ile !y1 on ! gr\nd ( ! lib]at+ k !y h rea*$1 advance ) maje/ic gait f ! e?ical to ! supra-e?ical1 & leave beh9d !m good & evil z two ?+s1 ov] bo? ( :i* !y h equally triumph$1 he reveals himself z a mis]able ,we/]n sceptic47#gb7 ,incapable ( liv+ out ! _w-view :i* he prea*es1 he cl+s to life z to money1 appreciates ! pleasures ( ! table z well z ^? ( love1 & has m contempt ?an pity = mank9d4 ,z ?\gh to ju/ify himself 9 ?is1 he 9 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 :]e he has j be5 speak+ ab\t ! dead5+ ( ! w-to-live1 rebels aga9/ ! notion t anyone :o tea*es a sa9tly c\rse ( life mu/ also live l a sa9t4 8,x is inde$10 s runs ! fam\s passage1 8a /range dem& to make ( a morali/ t he %all recomm5d no o!r virtue ?an ^? :i* he himself possesses4 ,to sum up 9 a s]ies ( conceptions ! :ole ess5ce ( ! _w1 9 ab/ract t]ms1 9 g5]al t]ms1 & ) cle>ness1 & to (f] x ?us z a reflect$ copy 9 p]man5t rational conceptions :i* are always ready to h&2 t & no?+ else is philosophy407#gc7 ,) ^! s5t5ces ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy commits suicide4 ,hegel has a "r to say t philosophy is n imp]ative b only reflective ?9k+1 = 8 own philosophy does n claim to be any?+ m4 ,b ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea prote/s ) illum9at+ language & 9 a tone ( urg5t entreaty aga9/ ! w-to-live4 ,x ought !re=e to be ! life-cre$ ( ! man ^: voice x is4 pg #agd ,! fact t ,s*op5hau] c = a mom5t s f> =get himself z to express himself sceptically ab\t e?ics has its own deep-rea*+ explanation4 ,x belongs to ! ess5ce ( _w- & life-d5ial1 :i* he wi%es to proclaim z e?ics1 t x _c be ?\ght out consi/5tly to a conclusion1 & t x _c be put consi/5tly into practice4 ,ev5 ) ! ,brahmans & ! ,buddha x keeps itself alive by inadmissible concessions to _w- & life-affirmation4 ,b ) ,s*op5hau] x goes s f> 9 t direction t he c no long] make any attempt to br+ !ory & practice into h>mony1 b mu/ move ab\t resolutely 9 an atmosph]e ( unv]acity4 ,s*op5hau] does succe$ 9 lett+ ! e?ical appe>ance :i* _w- & life-d5ial c assume1 %9e out 9 brilliant col\rs4 ,b ( really produc+ an e?ic out ( _w- & life-d5ial he is z little capable z ! ,indians4 ,nietzs*e's criticism ( curr5t e?ics ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e 7#ahdd-aijj7 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8 activity is "u ! spell ( ,s*op5hau]47#gd7 ,"o ( 8 ,old-fa%ion$ ,reflexions be>s ! title3 8,s*op5hau] z ,educator40 ,lat] on he goes ?r\gh a developm5t :i* leads him to recognise z ! ideal a sci5tifically deep5$ ,positivism & ,utilit>ianism4 ,he is 8 real self fir/ :51 />t+ ) ,joy\s ,sci5ce1 he tries to e/abli% 8 _w-view ( ! high] life-affirmation1 & !reby becomes anti-,s*op5hau]1 anti-,*ri/ian1 & anti-,utilit>ian4 ,! criticism he passes ^u ! philosophical & religi\s e?ics :i* he f9ds accept$ is passionate & spiteful4 ,b x goes deep4 ,he ca/s at !m two reproa*es1 viz4 t !y h made a pact ) unv]acity1 & t !y d n all[ m5 to become p]sonalities4 ,9 pg #age ?is he says only :at _h long be5 due4 ,sceptics _h already made public _m su* compla9ts4 ,b he speaks z "o :o is se>*+ = ! tru?1 & :o is conc]n$ ab\t ! spiritual future ( mank9d1 ?us giv+ su* compla9ts a new tone & a wid] range4 ,:]eas ! curr5t philosophy believ$ t x _h 9 ! ma9 solv$ ! e?ical problem1 & 0 unit$ ) biological & sociological utilit>ianism 9 ! conviction t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( individual e?ics !re 7 no m discov]ies to be made1 ,nietzs*e turns ! :ole game upside d[n1 & %[s t all e?ics re/ ^u ^? ( ! individual4 ,! "q ab\t ! ess5tial nature ( good & evil :i* 0 g5]ally accept$ z settl$1 he puts =w>d aga9 9 elem5tal fa%ion4 ,! tru? t e?ics 9 _! ess5tial nature are a process ( self-p]fect+ %9es out 9 him1 z 9 ,kant1 al?\gh 9 a diff]5t light4 ,h5ce 8 place is 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! e?ical ?9k]s ( mank9d4 ,^? :o 7 torn f _! false c]ta9ty :5 8 impassion$ writ+s desc5d$ on ! l[l&s ( ! ?\ght ( ! outgo+ n9ete5? c5tury1 z ! s\? w9d sweeps d[n f ! high m\nta9s 9 spr+1 c nev] =get ! gratitude !y owe to ?is upheav] ( ?\ght1 ) 8 prea*+ ( v]acity & p]sonality4 ,accept$ e?ics are defici5t 9 v]acity1 accord+ to ,nietzs*e1 because ! conceptions ( good & evil :i* !y make curr5t d n spr+ out ( man's reflexion on ! mean+ ( 8 life1 b h be5 inv5t$ 9 ord] to keep individuals useful to ! majority4 ,! weak proclaim t sympa?y & love are good1 because t is to _! advantage4 ,?us l$ a/ray1 all m5 try to =ce !mselves to ! op9ion t !y fulfil ! highe/ de/9y ( _! exi/5ce by surr5d] ( !mselves & devotion to o!rs4 ,b ?is op9ion nev] becomes ) !m a real inw>d conviction4 ,!y live out _! lives )\t any ?\ght ( _! own z to :at makes _! life valuable4 ,!y jo9 ! cr[d 9 prais+ ! morality ( humility & self-sacrifice z ! true morality1 b !y pg #agf d n really believe 9 x4 ,!y feel self-ass]tion to be :at is natural1 & act accord+ly )\t admitt+ ! fact to !mselves4 ,! public e?ical respect paid to humility & self-sacrifice !y d n "q2 !y help to ma9ta9 x1 f fe> t individuals /rong] ?an !mselves might become dang]\s to !m1 if ?is me?od ( tam+ m5 7 ab&on$4 ,curr5t e?ics1 !n1 are some?+ ) :i* mank9d z a :ole is deceiv$ by means ( traditional views1 & ) :i* individuals deceive !mselves4 ,) indignant /atem5ts l ^! ,nietzs*e is s f> 9 ! "r1 t ! e?ic ( humility & self-sacrifice does z a matt] ( pr9ciple avoid com+ to a cle> & practical und]/&+ ) reality4 ,x lives by leav+ q undet]m9$ ! degree ( life-d5ial :i* is involv$ 9 x4 ,9 !ory x proclaims life-d5ial2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 x all[s a life-affirmation :i* has !reby become unnatural & sickly to prevail4 ,/ripp$ ( all its passion1 !n1 ,nietzs*e's criticism means t only t e?ic des]ves to be accept$ z curr5t :i* spr+s f indep5d5t reflexion on ! mean+ ( life1 & comes to a /raight=w>d und]/&+ ) reality4 ,individual e?ics come be=e social e?ics4 ,n :at e?ics mean = society1 b :at !y mean = ! p]fect+ ( ! individual1 is ! fir/ "q :i* has to be put to !m4 ,d !y all[ a man to become a p]sonality or n8 ,x is "h1 says ,nietzs*e1 t curr5t e?ics fail4 ,!y d n all[ m5 to gr[ /raight up1 b tra9s !m l /unt$ trees on espali]s4 ,!y put humility & self-surr5d] be=e m5 z ! cont5t ( p]fection1 b to ! e?ical1 :i* consi/s 9 man be+ "o ) himself1 & v]aci\s ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 !y contribute no?+4 ,:at does 8noble0 mean8 %\ts ,nietzs*e to 8 age ) h>% words z be+ ! e?ical "q :i* has be5 =gott54 ,^? :o1 :5 ! "q re-e*o$ ev]y:]e1 7 t\*$ by ! tru? :i* 0 /irr+1 & by ! anxiety :i* 0 trembl+ )9 x1 pg #agg h receiv$ f t solit>y ?9k] all t he _h to give to ! _w4 ,if life-d5ial br+s ) x s mu* t is unnatural & fraught ) d\bt1 x _c be e?ics4 ,e?ics1 !n1 mu/ consi/ ( a high] life-affirmation4 ,nietzs*e's e?ic ( high] life-affirmation ,b :at is ! high] life-affirmation8 ,fi*te & ! speculative philosoph]s g5]ally make x consi/ 9 ?is1 t ! w ( man conceives itself )9 ! inf9ite w & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is no long] belongs to ! univ]se 9 m]ely natural fa%ion1 b surr5d]s itself kn[+ly & will+ly to ! latt] z an en]gy :i* acts 9 intellig5t h>mony ) ! inf9ite w4 ,nietzs*e sees cle>ly t 9 ?is way !y h n arriv$ at any conv9c+ idea ( ! cont5t ( ! high] life-affirmation1 b are mov+ 9 ! region ( ! ab/ract4 ,he himself means to rema9 at all co/s elem5tal1 & he !re=e avoids philosophiz+ ab\t ! univ]se1 %[+ himself !reby to be a true morali/ l ,socrates4 ,he je]s at ^? :o1 n cont5t ) belittl+ mank9d1 proce$ fur!r to pr(ane ! reality ( ! _w by decl>+ t x exi/s m]ely 9 ! human imag9ation4 ,x is only on ! ess5tial nature ( ! w-to-live & ! way to use x mo/ completely 9 exp]i5ce1 t he himself wi%es to reflect4 ,8 orig9al belief 0 t he c\ld conceive ! high] life-affirmation z ! developm5t to a high] spirituality ( ! w-to-live4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he attempt$ to c>ry ?is idea ?r\gh1 x took on1 )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( x1 ano!r =m4 ,high] spirituality means1 ( c\rse1 ! repress+ ( natural impulses & natural claims on life1 & is !reby connect$ 9 "s way or o!r ) life-d5ial4 ,high] life-affirmation1 !re=e1 c only consi/ 9 ! cont5t ( ! w-to-live be+ rais$ to its highe/ conceivable p[]4 ,man c>ries out ! mean+ ( 8 life by affirm+ ) ! cle>e/ consci\sness ( pg #agh himself ev]y?+ t is )9 him--ev5 8 impulses to secure p[] & pleasure4 ,b ! opposition betwe5 ! spiritual & ! natural ,nietzs*e _c get rid (4 ,j 9 proportion z he emphasizes ! natural does ! spiritual %r9k back4 ,"u ! visible influ5ce ( ! m5tal disease :i* is ?reat5+ him ! ideal man gr[s into ! 8sup]man10 :o ass]ts himself triumphantly aga9/ all fate1 & seeks 8 own ends )\t any consid]ation = ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,f ! v outset ,nietzs*e is condemn$1 9 8 ?9k+ out ( :at life-affirmation means1 to arrive at ! high] =m ( x by a m or less mean+less liv+ out ( life to ! full4 ,he wants to li/5 to ! highe/ ef=ts ( ! w-to-live )\t putt+ x 9 any relation to ! univ]se4 ,b ! high] life-affirmation c be a liv+ ?+ only :5 life-affirmation tries to conceive itself 9 _w-affirmation4 ,life-affirmation 9 itself1 9 :i*ev] direction x turns1 c only become enhanc$ life-affirmation1 nev] a high] =m ( x4 ,x c>e]s ab\t 9 circles unable to take any fix$ c\rse1 l a %ip ) its /e]+ app>atus ti$ firmly up4 ,nietzs*e1 h[ev]1 in/9ctively %r9ks f fitt+ life-affirmation into _w-affirmation1 & br++ x by t me?od to developm5t into a high] & e?ical life-affirmation4 ,life-affirmation )9 _w-affirmation means devotion to ! _w1 b ) t !re foll[s someh[ or o!r life-d5ial )9 ! life-affirmation4 ,b x is j ?is int]play ( ! two t ,nietzs*e wants to get rid (1 because x is !re t ord9>y e?ics come to grief4 4 4 4 ,nietzs*e 0 n ! fir/ to put =w>d 9 ,we/]n ?\ght ! !ory ( liv+ "o's own life to ! full4 ,greek sophi/s & o!rs aft] !m anticipat$ him by ?is4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 him & 8 pr$ecessors4 ,!y are = liv+ a full life because x br+s !m enjoym5t4 ,he1 on ! o!r h& br+s to ! !ory ! mu* deep] ?\ght t by liv+ pg #agi "o's own life victori\sly to ! full life itself is hon\r$1 & t by rais+ life to a high] p[] ! mean+ ( exi/5ce is br\ght out4 ,m5 ( g5ius & /rong individuality1 !re=e1 %\ld be int5t only on all[+ ! greatness t is 9 !m to become an actuality47#ge7 ,nietzs*e's true pr$ecessors are unkn[n to him4 ,!y h _! home1 l ^? ( ,sp9oza1 9 ,*9a4 ,9 t c\ntry life-affirmation made ! attempt to come to cle> ideas ab\t itself4 ,9 ,lao-tse & 8 pupils x is /ill navely e?ical4 ,9 ,*wang-tse x becomes *e]ful resignation2 9 ,lie-tse ! w to secret p[] ov] ?+s2 9 ,yang-tse x ends 9 an all-r\nd liv+ ( life to ! full4 ,nietzs*e is a syn!sis1 %[+ itself 9 a ,european m5tality1 ( ,lie-tse & ,yang-tse4 ,x is only we ,europeans :o are capable ( produc+ ! philosophy ( brutality4 ,z>a?u/ra is = ,nietzs*e ! symbol ( ! ?\ghts :i* are =m+ )9 him3 ,z>a?u/ra z ! h]o ( v]acity :o v5tures to value natural life z a good1 & z ! g5ius :o is f> remov$ f ! ,judaeo-,*ri/ian mode ( ?\ght4 ,nietzs*e is at bottom no m une?ical ?an ,s*op5hau]4 ,he is misl$ by ! e?ical elem5t :i* !re is 9 life-affirmation into giv+ ! /atus ( e?ics to life-affirmation z su*4 ,!reby he falls into ! absurdities :i* foll[s f an exclusive affirmation ( life1 j z ,s*op5hau] falls into ^? ( an exclusive d5ial ( life4 ,nietzs*e's w-to-p[] %\ld cause no m (f5ce ?an ,s*op5hau]'s w-to-self-annihilation1 z x is expla9$ 9 ! passages 9 8 works :i* deal ) asceticism4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t nei!r ( ! two m5 lives 9 accordance ) 8 view ( life4 ,s*op5hau] is no pg #ahj ascetic b a bon vivant1 & ,nietzs*e does n "l x ov] 8 fell[ m5 b lives 9 seclusion4 ,life-affirmation & life-d5ial are bo? = a c]ta9 di/ance e?ical2 pursu$ to a conclusion bo? are une?ical4 ,?is result1 :i* 0 rea*$ by ! optimi/ic ?\ght ( ,*9a & ! pessimi/ic ?\ght ( ,india1 makes its appe>ance 9 ,europe 9 ,nietzs*e & ,s*op5hau] because !y are ! only ?9k]s 9 ?is cont95t :o philosophise 9 elem5tal fa%ion ab\t ! w-to-live1 & v5ture to foll[ ! pa?s ( "o-sid$ness4 ,ea* complet+ ! o!r1 !y pron\nce s5t5ce on ! e?ics ( ,european philosophy by br++ into daylight aga9 ! elem5tal e?ical ?\ghts conta9$ 9 life-d5ial z well z 9 life-affirmation1 ?\ghts :i* philosophy 0 keep+ buri$4 ,arriv+ z !y d at ! non-e?ical by ?9k+ out to a conclusion1 "o ( !m life-d5ial1 ! o!r life-affirmation1 !y corroborate1 if tak5 toge!r1 ! /atem5t t ! e?ical consi/s nei!r ( life-d5ial nor ( life-affirmation1 b is a my/]i\s comb9ation ( ! two4 pg #aha ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,issue ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,/ruggle ,,= ,a ,,_w-,,view ,academic ?9k]s3 ,sidgwick1 ,/eph51 ,alex&]1 ,wundt1 ,pauls51 ,hffd+ ,,! attempts ( speculative philosophy to f9d a f\ndation = e?ics 9 k ( ! nature ( ! _w h come to grief4 ,e?ics bas$ on sci5ce & sociology h %[n !mselves p[]less4 ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e1 al?\gh !y br+ back into g5]al acceptance "s elem5t>y que/ions ( e?ics1 are unable1 nev]!less1 to e/abli% a satisfy+ e?ic4 ,9 ! lat] decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re=e1 e?ics f9d !mselves 9 an un5viable position4 ,!y rema9 ( good c\rage1 h[ev]1 be+ confid5t t !y h at _! disposal a suffici5cy ( 8sci5tifically0 recogniz$ results to gu>antee !m an assur$ exi/5ce4 ,?is conviction is produc$ by a s]ies ( int]-relat$ works--*iefly academic manuals ( e?ics4 ,_! au?ors are ( ! op9ion t e?ics c be built1 l ! ar* ( a bridge1 ^u two pi]s4 ,"o ( _! pi]s is ! natural e?ical disposition ( man2 ! o!r !y all[ !mselves to f9d 9 ^? ne$s ( society :i* influ5ce ! _s & temp] ( individuals4 ,!y consid] _! task to be ! br++ into actual exi/5ce ( ! ar* 7! possibility ( complet+ :i* !y take = grant$71 ) ! solid mat]ial ( mod]n psy*ology1 biology1 & sociology1 & ! divid+ ( ! load 9 ! be/ calculat$ way betwe5 ! two pi]s4 ,fundam5tally !y d no?+ beyond re/or+ ) new means ! /&po9t ( ,hume4 ,! foll[+ writ]s try to c>ry ?r\gh ?is adju/m5t ( ! e?ics :i* />t f ! /&po9t ( pg #ahb e?ical p]sonality & ^? :i* />t f t ( society3 ,h5ry ,sidgwick 7#ahch-aijj717gf7 ,leslie ,/eph5 7#ahcb-aijd717gg7 ,samuel ,alex&] 7b4 #ahei717gh7 ,wilhelm ,wundt 7b4 #ahcb717gi7 ,fri$ri* ,pauls5 7#ahdf-aijh717hj7 ,fri$ri* ,jodl 7b4 #ahdi717ha7 ,georg von ,gizyki 7#ahea-ahie717hb7 ,h>ald ,hffd+ 7b4 #ahdc717hc7 & o!rs4 ,( ^! e?ical writ]s :o1 9 spite ( ! v>iety ( exp]i5ce !y br+ to be> on ! subject1 are ess5tially relat$ to "o ano!r1 ! mo/ orig9al is ,leslie ,/eph51 ! sci5tifically s\nde/ is ,wilhelm ,wundt1 ! mo/ e?ical is ,h>ald ,hffd+4 ,hffd+ makes ! e?ical orig9ate p>tly out ( a consid]ation :i* limits ! sov]eignty ( ! pres5t m9ute4 8,an action 7he says7 is good :i* pres]ves ! totality ( life & gives fulness & life to its cont5t2 an action is bad :i* has a m or less decid$ t5d5cy to break into & n>r[ ! totality ( life & its cont5t40 ,support+ ?is consid]ation come also in/9cts ( sympa?y1 :i* make u feel pleasure 9 ! pleasure ( o!rs1 & pa9 at _! pa94 ,! aim ( e?ics is g5]al prosp]ity4 ,( ^! e?ical writ]s "s put ! *ief emphasis on ! e?ical disposition ( ! individual1 :ile o!rs hold t e?ics are con/itut$ *iefly by _! cont5t1 :i* aims at ! good ( society4 ,:at is common to !m all pg #ahc is t !y try to comb9e ! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality & ! e?ic ( utilit>ianism )\t hav+ inquir$ into _! high] unity4 ,t is :y ! *apt]s 9 :i* !y t\* on ! problem ( ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral are always ! "p ( _! works :i* is ! lea/ cle> & ! lea/ liv+4 ,"o is consci\s ( h[ happy !y feel :5 !y h wad$ ?r\gh ?is swamp1 & c laun* out into consid]ation ( ! diff]5t e?ical /&po9ts :i* h em]g$ 9 hi/ory1 or c face que/ions on s+le po9ts 9 e?ical practice4 ,& :5 !y h&le practical que/ions1 x is obvi\s t !y are n 9 possession ( any usable basic pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,_! com+ to t]ms ) reality is a m]e grop+ "h & !re4 ,! consid]ations on ! /r5g? ( :i* !y decide are set out n[ 9 ?is s5se1 n[ 9 t4 ,h5ce ^! e?ical writ]s frequ5tly (f] v int]e/+ discussions on e?ical problems1 b ! conception ( ! moral nev] gets f !m any real explanation or any deep5+4 ,! crit]ion ( a real e?ic is :e!r x all[s _! full rights to ! problems ( p]sonal morality & ( ! relation ( man to man1 problems ) :i* we are conc]n$ e day & e h\r1 & 9 :i* we mu/ become e?ical p]sonalities4 ,^! academical works d n d ?is4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh !y may arrive at results :i* des]ve att5tion1 !y are n capable ( giv+ effective e?ical impulses to ! ?\ght ( _! "t4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+4 ,kant's successors3 ,coh51 ,h]rmann ,?is m$iat+ e?ic is n left uncriticiz$4 ,9 ,g]many inh]itors ( ! ,kantian _s l ,h]mann ,coh5 7b4 #ahdb77hd7 & ,wilhelm ,h]rmann 7#ahdf-aibb77he7 oppose pg #ahd x1 & 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries successors ( ! ,intuitioni/s l ,james ,m>t9eau 7#ahje-aijj717hf7 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley 7b4 #ahdf717hg7 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 7#ahcf-ahhb717hh7 ,simon ,laurie 7#ahbi-aiji717hi7 & ,james ,se? 7b4 #ahfj747ij7 ,9 spite ( wide diff]5ces 9 detail ^! ?9k]s agree 9 refus+ to d]ive e?ics ei!r f ! e?ical disposition ( man or f ! claims ( society4 ,!y repres5t !m z produc$ entirely ?r\gh ! e?ical p]sonality4 ,to become e?ical p]sonalities1 h[ev]1 7s !y say7 we /ep out ( ourselves & "w = ! good ( ! community4 ,coh5 & ,h]rmann attempt to rea* an e?ic :i* is a consi/5t unity by us+ logic to put a cont5t into ! empty categorical imp]ative ( ,kant4 ,!y wi% to make good :at he miss$ 9 8 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 7,f\ndations = a ,metaphysic ( ,morals7 & 9 8 ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 7,a ,metaphysic ( ,morals74 ,coh5 f9ds ! orig9 ( e?ics 9 ! pure ,w ?9k+ out ! idea ( "o's fell[-man & t ( ! associat+ ( m5 to =m a /ate1 8 e?ical ego be+ br\ght into exi/5ce by ?is logical op]ation4 ,! e?ic ?us atta9$ consi/s 9 hone/y1 mode/y1 loyalty1 ju/ice1 & humanity1 & culm9ates 9 ! repres5tation ( ! /ate z ! highe/ creation ( ! moral _s4 ,b t ?is e?ic is only ! (fspr+ ( m5tal ability is betray$ by ! :ole /ory ( its appe>ance4 ,! 8pure w0 is an ab/raction :i* _c />t any?+4 ,in/ead ( obta9+ an e?ic by d$uction1 us+ ab/ract logical me?ods1 ,wilhelm ,h]rmann op5s = x ! back-door ( exp]i5ce4 ,he does inde$ make e?ics consi/ 9 8! b[+ ( ! individual be=e ! p[] pg #ahe ( a some?+ :i* is univ]sally valid 9 ?\ght10 b t cont5t ( e?ics :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght we are to rea* by see+ ourselves 9 ea* o!r z if 9 a mirror1 & decid+ :at k9d ( conduct makes u mutually 8reliable40 ,! ?\ght ( ! unconditional claim orig9ates1 !re=e1 spontane\sly 9 u1 b awakes to ! fact t x is det]m9$ by its cont5t 8?r\gh exp]i5ce ( human int]c\rse1 & 9 ! relation ( reliability40 ,h]rmann did n c>ry ?is philosophic e?ic ?r\gh to completion4 ,he sket*es x z an introduction to a n less artificial !ological e?ic4 ,8 conception is alli$ to ,adam ,smi?'s !ory ( ! imp>tial ?ird p>ty 7see page #hb74 ,m>t9eau1 ,gre51 ,bradley1 ,laurie1 ,se?1 & ,royce ,m>t9eau1 ,gre51 ,bradley1 ,laurie1 & ,se? try to rea* an e?ic :i* is a consi/5t unity by mak+ ! :ole ( e?ics orig9ate 9 ! ne$ ( self-p]fect+4 ,( ^!1 ,m>t9eau goes m on ! l9es ( ! morali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 kn[n z ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s4 ,e?ics consi/ = him 9 ?9k+ ourselves into ! ideal ( p]fection1 :i* ,god gave u ) our life1 & lett+ ourselves be det]m9$ by x4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,simon ,laurie1 & ,james ,se? %[ m or less ! influ5ce ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te4 ,! e?ical is ) !m f\nd$ on ! fact t man wi%es to live 8 life out 9 ! deepe/ way z an effective p]sonality1 & !reby atta9 to true union ) ! inf9ite _s4 ,?is ?\ght is exp\nd$ be/ by ,t4 ,h4 ,gre54 ,he is also l$ at ! same "t to ! relation betwe5 civilization & e?ics1 & lays x d[n t all ! a*ievem5ts ( human activity1 especially ! political & social p]fect+ ( society1 are no?+ 9 !mselves1 & h a real mean+ only s f> z !y r5d] m ?or\gh inw>d p]fect+ atta9able by individuals4 ,a spiritualiz$ conception ( civilization is !re=e n[ /ruggl+ pg #ahf = acceptance4 ,an uphold] on ,am]ican soil ( ?is e?ic ( self-p]fect+ is ,josiah ,royce 7#ahee-aiaf747ia7 ,9 ! ef=t to conceive ( e?ics z a :ole z be+ an e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 t is to say ( conduct :i* spr+s f inw>d necessity1 ^! ?9k]s express ?\ghts :i* belong to a liv+ e?ic4 ,to be en]getically conc]n$ ) ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral1 ev5 ?\gh "o be l$ 9 ! direction ( ! univ]sal & app>5tly ab/ract1 always br+s ) x results :i* are valuable = practice1 ev5 if ! solution ( ! problem itself is n !reby advanc$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,^! ?9k]s g s f> on ^! l9es z to conceive ( e?ics z high] life-affirmation1 consi/+ 9 devot+ ourselves to ! activity :i* ! _w-_s wills = u4 ,!y repres5t ! my/icism ( activity taught by ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 b )\t its speculative f\ndation4 ,!y leave unsolv$1 h[ev]1 nay1 !y d n ev5 put ! "q1 h[ ! high] life-affirmation comes to give itself a cont5t :i* /&s 9 contradiction to ! c\rse ( nature4 ,!y conceive ( high] life-affirmation z self-devotion1 t is to say z life-affirmation )9 :i* life-d5ial is active4 ,b h[ does ?is p>adox come ab\t8 ,h[ f> is ?is direction ( ! w1 :i* contradicts ! natural w-to-live1 a necessity ( ?\ght8 ,:y mu/ m5 become diff]5t f ! _w 9 ord] to exi/ & "w 9 ! _w 9 true h>mony ) ! _w-_s8 ,& :at mean+ has ?is conduct ( 8 = ! happ5+s :i* take place 9 ! univ]se8 ,nature-philosophy & e?ics4 ,f\ille1 ,guyau1 ,lange1 ,/]n ,! ?\ght ( ,alfr$ ,f\ille 7#ahch-aiac77ib7 & ,jean pg #ahg ,m>ie ,guyau 7#ahed-ahhh77ic7 also circles r\nd ! conception ( e?ics z high] life-affirmation4 ,!y too conceive ( ! e?ical z devotion1 t is to say1 z life-affirmation )9 :i* life-d5ial is pres5t1 b !y dig deep] ?an ! ,engli% & ,am]ican repres5tatives ( ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 9 t !y seek to conceive ( e?ics )9 a nature-philosophy4 ,h5ce que/ions come to be discuss$ :i* rema9 unnotic$ 9 ! =m]4 ,! problems ( ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral & t ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view are once m op5$ up &1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 a compreh5sive & elem5tal way4 ,f\ille philosophises 9 a noble way ab\t ! w-to-live4 ,! ideas :i* arise 9 u1 direct$ t[>ds e?ical ideals1 are 7he says71 l our ideas g5]ally1 n simply some?+ produc$ by ?\ght1 b are ! expression ( =ces :i* press )9 u t[>ds mak+ exi/5ce full & complete47#id7 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we mu/ 9 ?is matt] cle>ly und]/& t ! evolution :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w produces & ma9ta9s exi/5ce is ! "w ( re-pres5tative =ces 7ides-=ces71 & is !re=e to be expla9$ 9 ! la/ analysis z psy*ic4 ,x rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 man's ideas1 :i* w _! ends ) cle> consci\sness4 ,9 ?is highe/ be+1 man1 reality gets s f> z to produce ideals :i* g out beyond reality1 & by _! means to be l$ on beyond itself4 ,e?ics are !re=e a result ( ! evolution ( ! _w4 ,! idea ( self-p]fect+ ?r\gh devotion1 :i* we exp]i5ce z ! puzzl+ elem5t )9 u1 is aft] all a natural manife/ation ( ! w-to-live4 ,! ego :i* has rea*$ ! f>!/ height ( will+ & repres5t+ enl>ges itself by ov]fl[+ ^u o!r human exi/5ces4 ,devotion is1 !re=e1 n a surr5d] ( ! self1 b a pg #ahh manife/ation ( its expansion47#ie7 ,! man :o analyses himself m deeply le>ns by exp]i5ce t ! highe/ life-affirmation comes ab\t1 n by ! natural w-to-live simply ris+ into w-to-p[]1 b by its 8exp&+40 8,act t[>ds o!rs z if y became consci\s ( !m at ! same "t z y become consci\s ( y\rself407#if7 ,jean ,m>ie ,guyau1 a pupil & fri5d ( ,f\ille's1 9 8 ,sket* ( an ,e?ic )\t ,obligation or ,sanction1 tries to "w out ! ?\ght ( ?is e?ical life-affirmation ?r\gh expansion4 ,ord9>y e?ics1 he says1 /& helpless be=e ?is insoluble cleft betwe5 ! ego & o!r m51 b liv+ nature makes no /op at t po9t4 ,! individual life is expansive because x is life4 ,z 9 ! physical sph]e x c>ries )9 itself ! impulse to produce fre% life l itself1 s 9 ! spiritual sph]e also x wi%es to wid5 its own exi/5ce by l9k+ x on to o!r life l itself4 ,life includes n fe$+ only1 b also production & fruitfulness2 real liv+ is n a tak+ 9 only1 b a giv+ out ( oneself z well4 ,man is an organism :i* imp>ts itself to o!rs2 its p]fection consi/s 9 ! mo/ complete imp>t+ ( itself4 ,9 ?is philosophiz+1 !n1 ,hume's notion ( sympa?y is giv5 m pr(\nd expression4 ,f\ille & ,guyau1 bo? ( !m invalids1 liv$ toge!r at ,nice & ,m5tone4 ,try+ 9 "o ano!r's company to realise ! e?ical high] life-affirmation1 !y take _! ex]cise on ! v %ore on :i* ,nietzs*e t same ye> ?\ght out 8 height5$ life-affirmation ( ,beyond ,good & ,evil4 ,he kn[s _! works1 z !y also "k 81 b z m5 !y rema9 p]sonally unkn[n to ea* o!r47#ig7 pg #ahi ,f\ille & ,guyau1 because !y ?9k deeply1 are l$ to nature-philosophy by _! philosophiz+ ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! w-to-live is to become e?ical4 ,!y wi% to conceive e?ics1 )9 a _w- & life-affirm+ nature-philosophy1 z a deep5+1 :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght1 ( life-affirmation4 ,!y ?us jo9 ! procession ( ! ,*9ese moni/s4 ,t :i* ^!1 l ,sp9oza & ,fi*te1 attempt$ & fail$ to d1 !y attempt aga9 9 ! confid5ce t _! nature-philosophy w be fair] to ! conception ( liv+ exi/5ce ?an t ( ! o!rs 04 ,navigat+ ! ru%+ /ream ( height5$ life-affirmation1 !y try ) mighty ef=ts at ! o>s to rea* ! bank ( ! e?ical4 ,!y believe t !y w be able to l& !re 4 4 4 b ! waves c>ry !m pa/ x1 z !y did all ^? :o attempt$ ! j\rney be=e !m4 ,t life-affirmation 9 its highe/ =m1 by a p>adox :i* lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 becomes e?ical devotion to o!rs !y _c %[ conv9c+ly4 ,?is proposition1 9 :i* !y w\ld trans=m ! natural _w-view into an e?ical "o1 is tru? only = ! ?\ght :i* d>es to make ! same jump because x sees no possibility o!rwise ( rea*+ l& f ! drift+ boat4 ,! e?ic ( ,f\ille & ,guyau1 !n1 is an en?usia/ic conception ( life to :i* man pulls himself up :5 com+ to t]ms ) reality1 9 ord] to ass]t himself & ex]t himself 9 ! univ]se 9 accordance ) a high] value :i* he feels 9 himself4 ,f\ille & ,guyau are1 !re=e1 elem5tal morali/s l ,s*op5hau] & ,nietzs*e4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 l ! latt]1 mak+ a voyage ) _! rudd] tightly la%$ 9 ! circle ( _w- & life-d5ial or ( _w- & life-affirmation2 !y hold on _! c\rse ) sure feel+ t[>ds ! my/]i\s union ( _w-affirmation1 life-affirmation1 & life-d5ial :i* con/itutes e?ical life-affirmation4 4 4 4 ,b ?is c\rse takes !m out ov] ! b\ndless ocean4 ,!y nev] rea* l&4 pg #aij ,9 ord] to und]/& !mselves z a direction ( ! w-to-live :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght1 & to ?9k !mselves out to an e?ical _w-view1 e?ics mu/ come to t]ms ) nature-philosophy4 ,we f9d !m1 !n1 attempt+--z did ! ,rationali/s1 & ,kant1 & ! speculative philosoph]s--to read into ! _w1 9 simple or 9 detail$ ?\ght1 an optimi/ic-e?ical mean+1 or at lea/1 z ) ,sp9oza1 to give an e?ical "* 9 "s way or o!r to ! relation ( ! individual to ! univ]se4 ,^! two m5 also1 ,f\ille & ,guyau1 wre/le ) nature-philosophy 9 ord] f x to ju/ify e?ics & an e?ical _w-view z n )\t mean+4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y d>e--& ?is is ! new elem5t :i* appe>s 9 !m--to look /raight 9 ! face ! possibility t x w p]haps be impossible to c>ry _! und]tak+ ?r\gh4 ,:at w !n become ( e?ics & _w-view8 ,al?\gh !y ought really to tott] & fall1 !y d nev]!less rema9 /&+--s ,f\ille & ,guyau judge4 ,:e!r ! idea ( ! good c f9ally claim any objective validity _c be ass]t$ ) complete confid5ce1 says ,f\ille 9 8 ,morale des ,ides-=ces4 ,man mu/ f9ally be cont5t to =ce himself to acceptance ( ! e?ically expansive life-affirmation1 m]ely because he feels x to be ! only ?+ :i* is capable ( mak+ life valuable4 ,out ( love = ! ideal he triumphs ov] all d\bt1 & sacrifices himself to x1 untr\bl$ ab\t :e!r or no any?+ results f 8 do+ s4 ,guyau's ,sket* ( a ,morality )\t ,obligations or ,sanctions ends 9 simil> ?\ghts4 ,an inn] =ce1 he says1 works ^u u & drives u =w>d4 ,d we g =w>d alone1 or w ! idea ev5tually w9 = itself "s influ5ce ^u nature8 4 4 4 ,anyh[ let u g =w>d6 4 4 4 8,p]haps ! e>?1 p]haps mank9d1 w "o day rea* "s z yet unkn[n goal :i* !y !mselves h creat$4 ,!re is no h& lead+ u1 no eye wat*+ on our behalf2 ! rudd] 0 brok5 long ago1 pg #aia or r !re nev] 0 "o at all2 x has to be provid$4 ,t is a big task1 & x is our task40 4 4 4 ,e?ical m5 are cross+ ! ocean ( ev5ts on a rudd]less & ma/less d]elict1 s to say1 hop+ nev]!less t !y w "s day & some:]e rea* l&4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces !re is ann\nc$ f a di/ance ! disappe>ance ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,because !y v5ture on r5\nc+ ?is1 & proclaim 9 pr9ciple ! sov]eign indep5d5ce ( e?ics1 ,f\ille & ,guyau belong to ! greate/ ?9k]s :o h _h a %>e 9 %ap+ our _w-view4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 foll[ to ! end ! pa? on :i* !y h /umbl$4 ,:ile !y make e?ics indep5d5t ( :e!r its activity c or _c prove itself legitimate z significant & effective 9 ! totality ( _w-happ5+s1 !y assume ! exi/5ce ( a conflict betwe5 _w-view & life-view1 :i* philosophy d[n to _! day _h actually n notic$4 ,b !y d n inve/igate its nature1 & d n %[ h[ x is t life-view c v5ture to ass]t itself 9 opposition to _w-view1 & ev5 to exalt itself z ! m important4 ,!y are cont5t to prophesy t e?ics & e?ical _w-view w gr[ gre5 aga9 z mighty oases1 f$ by subt]ranean spr+s1 ev5 if ! s&-/orms ( scepticism %\ld h turn$ into a des]t ! broad t]ritory ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical k ( ! _w1 9 :i* we once want$ to make our home4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 !y hope t no?+ l ?is w happ51 & _! confid5ce t a nature-philosophy :i* deals 9 ! prop] way ) ! nature ( ,be+ w aft] all f9ally rea* an e?ic & a _w-view1 is n completely ov]?r[n4 ,s9ce !y at fir/ claim only a hypo!tical validity = _! new view1 & d n c>ry x ?r\gh z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 ,f\ille & ,guyau d n ex]cise ^u ! ?\ght ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? ! influ5ce :i* !y ought to h4 ,_! age 01 inde$1 n ready = t pg #aib r5unciation ( k = :i* _! writ+s 7 prep>+ ! way4 ,a =]unn] ( _! e?ic is to be f\nd 9 t :i* ,fri$ri* ,alb]t ,lange sket*es z 8 own at ! end ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism 7#ahff74 ,e?ics1 he says1 are an imag9ative creation on :i* we det]m9e1 because we c>ry an ideal )9 ourselves4 ,we rise above ! actual because we f9d no satisfaction 9 x4 ,we are e?ical because our life !reby obta9s a def9ite "* su* z we long =4 4 4 4 ,e?ics mean becom+ free f ! _w4 ,lange also1 !n1 has already rea*$ ! view t f direct philosophiz+ ab\t ! _w & life an e?ical _w-view results1 n z a necessity ( ?\ght1 b z a necessity = life4 ,b l ! two ,fr5* ?9k]s he j ?r[s out ! ?\ght in/ead ( foll[+ x out into all its presuppositions & consequ5ces4 ,a peculi> supplem5t :i* completes ! e?ics ( ,f\ille1 ,guyau1 & ,lange1 )\t actually go+ back to !m1 is provid$ by ! ,b]l9 physician1 ,wilhelm ,/]n1 9 an inquiry1 :i* has attract$ f> too little notice1 into ! evolution>y orig9 ( e?ics4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! moral1 he says1 is ! impulse to ma9t5ance ( life by ! repell+ ( all injuri\s attacks ^u x1 an impulse ?r\gh :i* ! individual be+ exp]i5ces a feel+ ( relation%ip to all o!r animate be+s 9 face ( nature's injuri\s attacks ^u !m4 ,h[ has ?is m5tality aris5 9 u8 ,?r\gh ! fact t animate be+s ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds h be5 oblig$ ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations to fight side by side = exi/5ce aga9/ ! =ces ( nature1 & 9 _! common di/ress h ceas$ to be ho/ile to "o ano!r1 s t !y might attempt a common resi/ance to ! annihilation :i* ?reat5$ !m1 in/ead ( succumb+ 9 a common ru94 ,?is exp]i5ce1 :i* began ) _! fir/ & l[e/ /age ( exi/5ce & has become ?r\gh ?\s&s ( millions ( g5]ations m & m pg #aic pron\nc$1 has giv5 its special "* to ! psy*ology ( all liv+ be+s4 ,all e?ics are an affirmation ( life1 ! "* ( :i* is det]m9$ by p]ception ( ! dang]s to exi/5ce :i* liv+ be+s exp]i5ce 9 common4 ,h[ mu* deep] ,wilhelm ,/]n digs ?an ,d>w9 did6 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 exp]i5ce ( ! nev]-ceas+1 univ]sal dang] to exi/5ce produces f9ally no?+ b ! h]d-in/9ct1 :i* holds toge!r creatures ( ! same species4 ,accord+ to ,/]n1 !re is develop$ by ! same exp]i5ce a k9d ( solid>ity ) ev]y?+ t lives4 ,! b>ri]s fall4 ,man exp]i5ces sympa?y ) animals1 z !y exp]i5ce x1 only less completely1 ) him4 ,e?ics are n only some?+ peculi> to man1 b some?+ :i*1 ?\gh 9 a less develop$ =m1 is to be se5 also 9 ! animal _w z su*4 ,self-devotion is an exp]i5ce ( ! deep5$ impulse to self-pres]vation4 ,9 ! active z well z 9 ! passive mean+ ( ! ^w ! :ole animate creation is to be includ$ )9 ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,! fundam5tal comm&m5t ( e?ics1 !n1 is t we cause no suff]+ to any liv+ creature1 n ev5 ! l[e/1 unless x is to effect "s necess>y protection = ourselves1 & t we be ready to und]take1 :5ev] we c1 positive action = ! b5efit ( o!r creatures4 ,9 ,f\ille1 ,guyau1 & ,lange e?ics come to t]ms ) nature-philosophy1 b )\t any advance t[>ds mak+ !mselves cosmic4 ,!y fall into ! ana*ronism ( reg>d+ !mselves /ill1 ev5 at t date1 z no?+ beyond ! regulat+ ( ! temp] & disposition ( man t[>ds 8 fell[-m51 in/ead ( wid5+ !mselves out s z to deal ) ! conduct ( man t[>ds e liv+ creature & t[>ds ,be+ 9 g5]al4 ,9 ,/]n !y take ?is obvi\s1 fur!r /ep4 ,no e?ic %ort ( "o t has made itself univ]sal & cosmic is capable ( tak+ 9 h& ! inve/igation ( ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral2 only su* an e?ic c pg #aid really come to t]ms 9 intelligible fa%ion ) nature-philosophy4 ,nature-philosophy & e?ics 9 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann ,9 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann 7#ahdb-aijf77ih7 also1 e?ics try to compreh5d !mselves )9 nature-philosophy4 ,8 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s is l>gely 9 l9e ) ! ?\ghts ( ,f\ille1 b 9 ! matt] ( _w-view he goes (f 9 ano!r direction4 ,in/ead ( all[+ e?ics1 :5 !y are com+ to t]ms ) nature-philosophy1 to exp]i5ce _! fre$om f x1 he compels !m to base !mselves on su* a philosophy4 ,8 nature-philosophy is pessimi/ic4 ,x confesses to be+ unable to discov] any pr9ciple :i* conta9s a mean+ 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,!re=e 7s ,h>tmann concludes1 z d ! ,indians & ,s*op5hau]71 ! _w-process is some?+ :i* mu/ come to a /&/ill4 ,ev]y?+ t exi/s mu/ gradually ent] on ! bless$ condition ( w-lessness4 ,e?ics are ! disposition :i* br+s ?is developm5t into action4 ,9 language obscure en\gh von ,h>tmann =mulates at ! end ( 8 ,ph5om5ology ( ! ,moral ,consci\sness 8 pessimi/ic-e?ical _w-view z foll[s3 8,exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( matt] is ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,godhead2 ! _w-process is ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion ( ! ,inc>nate ,god1 & at ! same "t ! way to ! ,r$emption ( ,him :o is crucifi$ 9 ! fle%2 b morality is co-op]ation = ! %ort5+ ( ?is road ( suff]+ & r$emption40 ,!n1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( unfold+ :at ?is e?ic is1 & h[ x is to come into =ce1 he und]takes to %[ t all e?ical /&po9ts :i* h ev] made _! appe>ance 9 any way 9 hi/ory h _! own ju/ification4 ,he wants to h\se !m all )9 an evolution :i* necess>ily leads to a pessimi/ic e?ic4 pg #aie ,e moral pr9ciple :i* %[s itself 9 hi/ory 7von ,h>tmann ass]ts7 *anges itself by />t+ on a se>* = ! completion :i* lies ne>e/ to x4 ,x lives itself out1 & !n makes way = ! high] moral pr9ciple :i* issues logically f x4 ,t is h[ ! e?ical consci\sness 9 individuals & 9 mank9d works itself up f "o moral pr9ciple to ano!r till x rea*es ! highe/ k4 ,f ! primitive moral pr9ciple ( aim+ at individual pleasure x travels pa/ ! au?orit>ian1 ! /hetic1 ! s5tim5tal1 & ! intellectual moral sy/ems1 :i* are "o & all subjective1 to ! objective morality ( c>e = ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,b /ill beyond ?is x is l$ to ! evolution>y moral pr9ciple ( ! developm5t ( civilisation1 & "h x le>ns to ?9k on supra-moral l9es4 ,x grasps ! notion t = moral consid]ation !re is /ill some?+ high] ?an ! prosp]ity ( individuals & ( society1 namely 8conte/ & /ruggle = ! ma9t5ance & enhanc+ ( civilization40 ,?is accord+ to usual ideas une?ical conception ( e?ics has to live itself out completely1 s t x may !n be resolv$ into an e?ic ( _w- & life-d5ial4 ,by ?is insight into ! logic ( ! c\rse ( e?ical evolution1 von ,h>tmann is sav$ f mak+ any prote/1 z an ord9>y e?ical ?9k] w\ld1 aga9/ ! une?ical civilization-e?ics ( ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he kn[s1 on ! contr>y1 t he is help+ ! cause ( rightly und]/ood e?ical progress1 if he treats !m ) respect z a necess>y ph5om5on1 & urges t !y be all[$ to live !mselves out ) ! utmo/ complet5ess4 ,we h le>nt 7he !re=e proclaims7 to see ?r\gh ! e?ic :i* aims at mak+ m5 & peoples happy z be+ a piece ( s5tim5tality1 & we ought n[ to make up our m9ds to deal s]i\sly ) ! supra-e?ical e?ic ( ! enhanc+ ( life & civilization4 ,we mu/ le>n to reg>d z good :atev] is necess>y = ! developm5t ( civilization1 & we pg #aif are no long] at lib]ty to condemn w> 9 ! "n ( e?ics4 8,! pr9ciple ( ! developm5t ( civilization compels u to recognize all ^! prote/s z uns\nd1 s9ce w>s are ! *ief means ( c>ry+ on ! /ruggle betwe5 races1 i4e41 ! process ( natural selection )9 mank9d1 & prep>ation = ! effective wag+ ( w> has =m$ "o ( ! mo/ important means ( education & tra9+ = mank9d 9 e phase ( ! developm5t ( _! civilization1 z x w also1 s f> z we c see1 9 ! future407#ii7 ,economic mis]y too1 & ! /ruggles :i* arise f x1 are se5 by ! e?ical _s :i* looks fur!r ahead to subs]ve a high] objective4 ,! suff]+s "u ! wage sy/em1 :i* are f> great] ?an ^? "u slav]y1 are necess>y = ! c\rse ( civilization4 ,! /ruggle :i* !y evoke calls =ces into be+ & has an educative result4 ,! c\rse ( civilization ne$s a fav\r$ m9ority to s]ve z be>]s ( its ideas4 ,b5efic5ce & *>ity to ! poor mu/ !re=e be practis$ ) mod]ation4 ,! ne$ :i* spurs m5 on to active "w mu/ n be bani%$ f ! _w4 ,ano!r elem5t 9 ! c\rse ( civilization is ! tak+ into possession ( ! :ole e>? by ! race ) ! highe/ civilization1 :i* mu/ !re=e increase its numb]s z mu* z possible4 ,9 ord] to make ! female population ke5 ab\t ! task :i* ?us falls to !m1 wom5 mu/ be rais$ intellectually1 i4e41 _! patriotism & national feel+ mu/ be increas$ z mu* z possible1 _! hi/orical s5se mu/ be ar\s$1 & !y mu/ be fill$ ) en?usiasm = ! pr9ciple ( civilization :i* und]lies evolution4 8,to effect ?is object1 ! hi/ory ( civilization mu/ be made ! f\ndation ( all in/ruction 9 ! upp] classes ( girl-s*ools407#ajj7 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 to make ef=ts to secure ! 8improvem5t ( ! human type10 & ! atta9m5t pg #aig ( an enhancem5t ( civilization 9 :i* 8! _w-_s becomes 9 increas+ measure consci\s ( itself40 ,9 8 nature-philosophy & 8 philosophy ( hi/ory1 !n1 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann rea*es a supra-e?ical _w-view 9 :i* ,hegel & ,nietzs*e dr9k to bro!rhood1 & ! pr9ciples ( inhumanity & relativity1 :i* und]lie biologico-sociological e?ics1 sit at table ) g>l&s on _! heads4 ,h[ & :5 ! supra-e?ical e?ic ( enhanc$ _w- & life-affirmation passes ov] into ! highe/ e?ic ( _w- & life-d5ial1 & 9 :at way ?is highe/ e?ic1 9 :i* we function z ,r$eem]s ( ! ,absolute1 is to be c>ri$ out 9 practice1 von ,h>tmann is1 h[ev]1 unable to make cle>4 ,! ab/ruse modulations ) :i*1 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( 8 "w1 he tries to get f "o to ! o!r provide u ) ample pro( ( ! unnatural "* ( ! und]tak+4 ,to produce a _w-view ) ,hegel = body & ,s*op5hau] = head1 is an absurdity4 ,by 8 resolve to attempt x1 von ,h>tmann admits 8 inability to make enhanc$ life-affirmation become 9 a natural way e?ical4 ,edu>d von ,h>tmann pref]s to ! pr(ession ( morali/ t ( philosoph] ( ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,in/ead ( s]v+ ! _w ) an e?ical sy/em ( morals1 he makes x happy ) ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( inh]5t progress 9 ! hi/ory ( morals1 & ?us helps to befool completely ! ?\ght ( 8 age1 :i* is liv+ its life 9 an une?ical & unspiritual optimism4 ,f ! hi/ory ( e?ics no?+ is to be obta9$ except a c]ta9 am\nt ( cle>ness ab\t ! problem ( e?ics4 ,anyone :o discov]s 9 x pr9ciples :i* promise automatic progress 9 ! e?ical developm5t ( mank9d has by 8 mis]ably faulty con/ruction ( t hi/ory read ^! pr9ciples into ! facts )\t any ju/ification4 pg #aih ,nature-philosophy & e?ics 9 ,b]gson1 ,*amb]la91 ,keys]l+1 ,haeckel ,h5ri ,b]gson 7b4 #ahfj77aja7 r5\nces altoge!r ! attempt to br+ toge!r nature-philosophy & e?ics4 ,h\/on ,/ew>t ,*amb]la9 7b4 #ahee77ajb7 & ,c\nt ,h]mann ,keys]l+ 7b4 #ahhj77ajc7 make ! attempt b )\t rea*+ any result4 ,9 8 philosophiz+ ab\t nature1 ,b]gson does n g beyond ! rle ( ! obs]v+ subject4 ,he analyses 9 a ma/]ly way ! nature ( ! process ( k4 ,8 inve/igations into ! orig9 ( our conception ( "t & ( ! actions ( our consci\sness :i* are b\nd up ) x1 h taught u h[ to compreh5d ! c\rse ( nature 9 its liv+ reality4 ,lead+ u on beyond ! sci5ce :i* consi/s 9 ext]nal affirm+ & calculat+1 ,b]gson %[s t ! true k ( ,be+ comes to u ?r\gh a sort ( intuition4 ,philosophiz+ means exp]i5c+ our consci\sness z an emanation ( ! creative impulse :i* rules 9 ! _w4 ,b]gson's nature-philosophy has !re=e a close inw>d connexion ) t ( ,f\ille1 b he does n f9d x necess>y1 z ,f\ille does1 to produce f x a _w- & life-view4 ,he limits himself to depict+ x f ! /&po9t ( ! problem ( ! !ory ( k4 ,he does n attempt any analysis ( ! e?ical consci\sness4 ,ye> aft] ye> we h wait$ = him to complete 8 "w1 z he no d\bt himself int5d$1 ) an attempt at produc+ an e?ic on ! basis ( nature-philosophy4 ,b he pg #aii cont5t$ himself ) develop+ 9 ev]-new =ms 8 !ories ab\t our inn] k ( ! real4 ,he nev] comes to ! recognition t all deep5+ ( our k ( ! _w acquires its real mean+ only s f> z x tea*es u to compreh5d :at we ought to aim at 9 life4 ,he lets ! waves ( ev5ts roll pa/ u1 z if we 7 seat$ on an isl& 9 ! /ream1 :]eas we are 9 reality oblig$ to ex]t ourselves z swimm]s 9 ! /ream4 ,dur+ ! w> ! ,g]man picture-h\ses 7 cramm$4 ,p w5t to see ! pictures 9 ord] to =get _! hung]4 ,b]gson's philosophy br+s be=e u z liv+ ev5ts ! _w :i* ,kant depict$ 9 motionless wall-pictures4 ,b to satisfy ! hung] ( to-day = e?ics he does no?+4 ,he has no _w-view to (f] u 9 :i* we c f9d a life-view4 ,ov] ! :ole ( 8 philosophy !re prevails a quieti/ic1 sceptical tone4 ,h\/on ,/ew>t ,*amb]la9 tries to f9d a _w-view :i* is bas$ on nature-philosophy & is at ! same "t e?ical4 ,8 "w entitl$ ,immanuel ,kant 7#aije71 :i* is really a j\rney ?r\gh ! problems rais$ by philosophy ) attempts to solve !m1 ends 9 ! ?\ght t we h to comb9e ,goe!'s nature-philosophy1 :i* conceives ,becom+ z an et]nal ,be+1 ) ,kant's judgem5t ab\t ! nature ( duty1 if we wi% to rea* a real civilization4 ,he f9ds himself unable1 h[ev]1 to c>ry ?r\gh to completion su* a _w-view4 ,r\s$ by ,*amb]la91 ,h]mann ,keys]l+ goes 9 ! aims ( 8 ?9k+ f> beyond ,b]gson4 ,he wants to rea* cle> ideas n only ab\t k ( ! _w1 b also ab\t life & "w 9 ! _w4 ,f ! p9nacle1 h[ev]1 to :i* he m\nts1 he sees only ! field ( wisdom2 t ( e?ics is veil$ 9 mi/4 ,! highe/ idea1 s he decl>es at ! conclusion ( 8 "w ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,_w1 is t ( tru?4 ,we want to "k1 because k1 8:e!r x visibly s]ves life at pres5t or n1 already implies 9 itself a purposive reaction to ! out] _w40 ,9 correct k ! pg #bjj human _s ent]s into reciprocal relations ) ! univ]se4 ,life c>ries )9 itself its own purposive "*4 ,keys]l+ f9ds x q 9 ord] t ! _w-view ( great m5 %\ld be sup]ior to ord9>y moral /&>ds4 ,"o mu/ n reproa* ,leon>do da ,v9ci = work+ z will+ly 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* k+1 ,francis ,i41 z he _h done previ\sly 9 t ( ! ,s=zas :om ,francis expell$4 8,almo/ e great _s is a complete egoi/40 ,if any "o has exp]i5ce ( life 9 its full ext5t & dep? & liv+ =ce1 & works 9 reciprocity ) ! univ]se1 int]e/ 9 ! human race is = him a k9d ( specialization :i* is no long] incumb5t on him4 ,9 ! ,preface to ! second edition ( ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,_w 7#aibj71 ,keys]l+ admits t he has n rea*$ a decision ab\t ! e?ical problem4 ,9 8 ,philosophy z ,art 7#aibj71 he decl>es x to be ! =emo/ duty ( our "t to 8make ! wise man a possible type1 to draw him out by education1 & give him all necess>y publicity & scope = 8 activities40 ,! wise man is ! "o man :o is capable ( v]acity1 ! man :o lets all ! tones ( life s\nd 9 him1 & seeks to be 9 tune ) ! fundam5tal bass-note :i* is giv5 9 him4 ,he has no univ]sally valid _w-view to imp>t to o!rs4 ,he has n ev5 = himself "o t is def9ite & f9al2 he has only "o :i* is liable to con/ant alt]ation = ! bett]4 ,he himself is unalt]able only 9 ?is1 t he wants to live 8 life 9 its entirety & 9 ! mo/ vital co-op]ation ) ! ,univ]se1 & at ! same "t ev] /rives to be himself4 ,v]aci\s & emphatic life-affirmation is !re=e ! la/ ^w ( ?is philosophiz+ ab\t ! _w & life4 4 4 4 ,?us does nature-philosophy admit t x _c produce an e?ic4 ,) ! less] spirits self-deception goes fur!r4 ,! ord9>y sci5tific monism1 ! greatness ( :i* consi/s 9 its be+ an elem5tal movem5t t[>ds v]acity 9 an pg #bja age :i* is we>y ( v]acity1 is /ill conv9c$ t f its insight into ! ess5tial nature ( life1 into ! developm5t ( l[] life into high]1 & into ! inn] connexion ( ! individual life ) ! life ( ! univ]se1 x c someh[ or o!r arrive at an e?ic4 ,b x is significant t its repres5tatives take altoge!r diff]5t roads 9 ! se>* = an e?ic4 ,an incr$ible abs5ce ( ?\ght & ( plan reigns 9 ! e?ical philosophiz+ ( ! ord9>y sci5tific nature-philosophy4 ,_m ( its repres5tatives h be=e _! m9d's eye a conception ( ! moral z a becom+ "o ) ! univ]se1 a conception :i* is relat$ to t ( ! ,/oics & ,sp9oza4 ,o!rs1 influ5c$ by ,nietzs*e1 ent]ta9 ! ?\ght t true e?ics are an enhanc$ & ari/ocratic life-affirmation1 & h no?+ to d ) ! claims ( ! 8democratic0 social e?ics47#ajd7 ,o!rs aga91 l ,johannes ,unold 9 8 "w ,monism & its ,ideals 7#aijh71 try to br+ toge!r nature-philosophy & e?ics j 9 su* a way z to let !m conceive ( ! human activity :i* is direct$ to social ends z ! f9al result ( ! developm5t ( ! organic _w4 ,!re are also sci5tific nature-philosoph]s :o are cont5t to put toge!r out ( :at is commonly reg>d$ z moral an e?ic :i* is univ]sally accept$1 & to exalt x1 s f> z !y c1 into a product ( nature-philosophy4 ,9 ,ern/ ,haeckel's 7#ahcd-aiai7 "w ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se 7#ahii71 !re is an e?ic ( t "* built on to ! palace ( nature-philosophy l an outside kit*54 ,! basic pr9ciple ( moni/ic e?ical !ory is 7s x is "h ma9ta9$7 ! equal ju/ification ( ,egoism & ( ,altruism1 & !n a balance betwe5 !m4 ,bo? are laws ( nature4 ,egoism s]ves ! pres]vation ( ! individual1 altruism t ( ! species4 ,?is 8gold5 rule ( morality0 is said to be ( equal significance pg #bjb ) ! rule :i* ,jesus & o!r e?ical ?9k]s be=e him are said to h enunciat$ 9 ! dem& t we %all love our neighb\r z ourselves4 ,sp5c] & wat] is p\r$ out "u a ,*ri/ian label4 ,! dea?-agony ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view ,an inexorable developm5t ( ?\ght1 !n1 br+s x ab\t t ! philosophy ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie?1 ei!r advances to a supra-e?ical _w-view1 or f9ds itself liv+ 9 an e?ical ru94 ,:at happ5s 9 ! great ,g]man speculative philosophy ( ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is a prelude to ! dn\em5t ( ! drama4 ,9 t philosophy an e?ical _w-view tries to f9d itself a f\ndation 9 speculative nature-philosophy1 & 9 do+ s becomes1 z /&s confess$ 9 ,hegel1 supra-e?ical4 ,lat]1 e?ics believe !mselves capable ( provid+ a 8sci5tific0 conception ( !mselves1 ?anks to ! results rea*$ by psy*ology1 biology1 & sociology1 b 9 proportion z !y effect ?is1 _! en]gy decreases4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( sci5ce & ! inw>d *anges 9 ?\ght a nature-philosophy :i* is 9 h>mony ) sci5tific obs]vation ( nature becomes ! only possible philosophy1 e?ics h once m to make a real attempt to f\nd !mselves 9 a nature-philosophy :i* is direct$ ^u ! univ]se4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 b ! enhancem5t & p]fect+ ( life :i* nature-philosophy c give z ! mean+ ( life4 ,h5ce e?ics mu/ /ruggle to conceive ! enhancem5t & p]fect+ ( life z some?+ :i* comes to pass )9 ! field ( e?ical ideas1 & x is ?is t ! mo/ mod]n ?\ght is /riv+ =1 on l9es ( developm5t :i* are (t5 app>5tly irreconcilable1 )\t ev] atta9+ its goal4 ,:5ev] e?ics really rely 9 any way ^u nature-philosophy = ! production ( ! conv9c+1 e?ical _w-view :i* ! age is long+ =1 !y get wreck$ pg #bjc ^u x 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,ei!r !y actually attempt to give !mselves out to be someh[ a natural enhancem5t ( life & !reby s alt] _! "* t !y cease to be really & truly e?ics4 ,or !y abdicate2 p]haps1 z ) ,keys]l+1 leav+ ! field free to supra-e?ical _w-view1 p]haps1 z ) ,b]gson1 leav+ nature-philosophy & e?ical que/ions ) x1 to re/ 9 peace4 ,?us ! sun ( e?ics becomes d>k5$ = our g5]ation1 nature-philosophy pu%+ =w>d l a wall ( cl\d4 ,j z an inundation ov]:elms pa/ures & fields ) its wat]-borne dbris1 s d ! supra-e?ical & ! une?ical ways ( ?9k+ break 9 ^u our m5tality4 ,!y br+ ab\t ! mo/ t]rible deva/ations )\t anyone hav+ any cle> idea ( :at ! cata/rophe means1 or inde$ be+ consci\s ( any?+ wrong beyond t ! _s ( ! "t is r5d]+ all e?ical /&>ds p[]less4 ,ev]y:]e !re gr[s up an une?ical conception ( civilization4 ,! masses reconcile !mselves 9 an incompreh5sible way to ! !ory ( ! relativity ( all e?ical /&>ds & to ?\ghts ( inhumanity4 ,fre$ f any obligation ( e?ical int5tion1 ! belief 9 progress suff]s a process ( ext]nalization :i* increases f ye> to ye>1 becom+ f9ally no?+ bett] ?an a wood5 faade :i* conceals ! pessimism beh9d x4 ,t we h laps$ into pessimism is betray$ by ! fact t ! dem& = ! spiritual advance ( society & mank9d is no long] s]i\sly made among u4 ,we h n[ resign$ ourselves1 z if no explanation ( x 7 ne$$1 to ! fate ( be+ oblig$ to smile at ! high-fly+ hopes ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,!re is no long] to be f\nd among u ! true _w- & life-affirmation :i* rea*es d[n to ! dep?s ( ! spiritual nature ( man4 ,unav[$ pessimism has be5 consum+ u = decades4 ,deliv]$ ov] to ev5ts 9 a temp] & disposition :i* is p[]less because x is entirely )\t any true pg #bjd & e?ical ideals ( progress1 we are exp]i5c+ ! collapse ( mat]ial & spiritual civilization alike4 ,by its belief 9 an optimi/ic e?ical _w-view ! mod]n age made itself capable ( a mighty advance t[>ds civilization4 ,its ?\ght1 h[ev]1 has n be5 able to %[ ?is _w-view to be f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & we h !re=e sunk1 consci\sly & unconsci\sly1 into a condition 9 :i* we h no _w-view at all1 a condition ( pessimism1 too1 & ( abs5ce ( all e?ical conviction1 s t we are on ! po9t ( complete %ipwreck4 ,! bankruptcy ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view 0 ann\nc$ be=eh& z little z 0 ! f9ancial bankruptcy ( ! ru9$ /ates ( ,europe4 ,b j z ! latt] 0 gradually reveal$ z hav+ actually come ab\t by ! con/antly dim9i%+ value ( ! pap]-money t 0 issu$1 s is ! =m] be+ gradually reveal$ by ! con/antly dim9i%+ p[] among u ( ! true & pr(\nd ideals ( civilization4 pg #bje ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,new ,,way ,:y ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! logical conclusion ,,! greatness ( ,european philosophy consi/s 9 its hav+ *os5 ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view2 its weakness 9 its hav+ aga9 & aga9 imag9$ t x 0 putt+ t _w-view on a firm f\ndation1 in/ead ( mak+ cle> to itself ! difficulties ( do+ s4 ,! task be=e our g5]ation is to /rive ) deep5$ ?\ght to rea* a tru] & m s]viceable _w-view1 & ?us to br+ to an end our liv+ on & on )\t any _w-view at all4 ,our age is /rik+ out unmean+ly 9 e direction l a fall5 horse 9 ! traces4 ,x is try+ ) ext]nal measures & new organisation to solve ! problems ) :i* x has to deal1 b all 9 va94 ,! horse _c get on its feet aga9 till x is unh>ness$ & all[$ to get its head up4 ,our _w w n get ^u its feet aga9 till x lets ! tru? come home to x t its cure is n to be f\nd 9 active measures b 9 new ways ( ?9k+4 ,b new ways ( ?9k+ c arise only if a true & s]viceable _w-view draws individuals )9 its influ5ce4 ,! "o s]viceable _w-view is ! optimi/ic-e?ical4 ,its r5ewal is a duty incumb5t on u4 ,c we prove x to be true8 ,9 ! /ruggle ( ! ?9k]s :o = c5turies ex]t$ !mselves to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view1 & kept surr5d]+ !mselves com=tably to ! illusion1 always v soon %att]$1 t pg #bjf !y _h succe$$1 ! problem ) :i* we are conc]n$ reveals itself 9 outl9es :i* become cle>] & cle>]4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to reckon up :y ^? or ^? pa?s1 app>5tly s full ( promise1 h l$ to no?+1 & c lead to no?+4 ,by ! insight into ! problem ?us won we %all be pres]v$ f ent]+ on impassable roads & =c$ to foll[ ! only "o :i* is practicable4 ,! mo/ g5]al result ( ! attempts made up to ! pres5t is ?is3 t ! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w1 by :i* x 0 hop$ to put ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view on a firm f\ndation1 _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh to a conclusion4 ,yet h[ logical & natural x seem$ to tune up ! mean+ ( life & ! mean+ ( ! _w to ! same note6 ,h[ invit+ly ! pa? op5$ out ( expla9+ our own exi/5ce f ! nature & significance ( ! _w6 ,! pa? rises s naturally to ! cre/ ( ! foo?ills t "o c\ld only believe x l$ up to ! highe/ po9t ( k4 ,b high up 9 ! asc5t x breaks (f ) *asms ahead4 ,! reflexion t ! mean+ ( human life mu/ be conceivable )9 ! mean+ ( ! _w is su* an obvi\s "o to ?\ght1 t ! latt] nev] lets itself be l$ f its pa? by ! failure1 "o aft] ano!r1 ( all attempts 9 t direction4 ,x m]ely concludes t x has n tackl$ ! problem 9 ! "r way4 ,x !re=e has resort to ! :isp]+s ( ! !ory ( k1 & und]takes to impugn ! reality ( ! _w 9 ord] to deal ) x m successfully4 ,9 ,kant1 9 ! speculative philosophy1 & 9 mu* 8spirituali/ic0 popul> philosophy :i* has be5 curr5t almo/ d[n to our own day1 x pres]v$ its hope ( rea*+ its goal by "s sort ( comb9ation ( epi/emological ) e?ical realism4 ,h5ce ! philosophy ( academic manuals declaims aga9/ ! unprejudic$ ?9k+ :i* tries to rea* a _w-view )\t fir/ hav+ be5 baptis$ by ,kant ) fire & ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b ?is too is a va9 proce$+4 ,! ref9$ & und]h& attempts to =m a pg #bjg conception ( ! _w ) an optimi/ic-e?ical mean+ meet ) no bett] success ?an ! nave ones4 ,:at our ?9k+ tries to proclaim z k is nev] any?+ b an unju/ifiable int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,aga9/ ! admission ( ?is1 ?\ght gu>ds itself ) ! c\rage ( despair1 because x fe>s x w f9d itself 9 t case ) no idea ( :at to d 9 face ( ! problem ( life4 ,:at mean+ c we give to human exi/5ce1 if we mu/ r5\nce all pret5ce ( kn[+ ! mean+ ( ! _w8 ,nev]!less !re rema9s only "o ?+ = ?\ght to d1 & t is to adapt itself to facts4 ,! hopelessness ( ! attempt to f9d ! mean+ ( life )9 ! mean+ ( ! _w is %[n fir/ ( all by ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( nature !re is no purposiv5ess to be se5 9 :i* ! work+ ( m51 & ( mank9d z a :ole1 c\ld 9 any way int]v5e4 ,on "o ( ! small] among ! millions ( heav5ly bodies !re h liv$ = a %ort space ( "t "s human be+s4 ,= h[ long w !y cont9ue s to live8 ,any l[]+ or rais+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 any *ange 9 ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( _! planet1 a rise 9 ! level ( ! ocean1 or a *ange 9 ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 c\ld put an end to _! exi/5ce4 ,or ! e>? itself may fall1 z s _m o!r heav5ly bodies h fall51 a victim to "s cosmic cata/rophe4 ,we are entirely ignorant ( :at we mean = ! e>?4 ,h[ mu* less !n may we presume to try to attribute to ! inf9ite univ]se a mean+ :i* has u = its object1 or :i* c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( our exi/5ce6 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 m]ely ! huge disproportion betwe5 ! univ]se & human be+s :i* makes x impossible = u to give ! aims & objects ( mank9d a logical place 9 ^? ( ! univ]se4 ,any su* attempt is made useless be=eh& by ! fact t we h n yet succe$$ 9 discov]+ any g5]al purposiv5ess 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,:atev] we d f9d ( purposiv5ess 9 ! _w is nev] any?+ b isolat$ in/ances ( x4 pg #bjh ,9 ! production & ma9t5ance ( "s def9ite =m ( life nature does sometimes act purposively 9 a magnific5t way4 ,b 9 no way does %e ev] seem int5t on unit+ ^! in/ances ( purposiv5ess :i* are direct$ to s+le objects into a collective purpose4 ,%e nev] und]takes to let life coalesce ) life to =m a collective life4 ,%e is wond]fully creative =ce1 & at ! same "t s5selessly de/ructive =ce4 ,we face h]1 absolutely unable to =m any notion ( :at to d4 ,:at is full ( mean+ )9 ! mean+less1 ! mean+less )9 :at is full ( mean+3 t is ! ess5tial nature ( ! univ]se ,life-view indep5d5t ( _w-view ,^! elem5tal e/abli%$ conclusions ,european ?\ght has tri$ to ignore4 ,x c d s no long]1 & x is ( no use to try4 ,! facts h sil5tly produc$ _! consequ5ces4 ,:ile ! optimi/ic-e?ical _w-view /ill ma9ta9s itself among u z a dogma1 we no long] possess ! e?ical _w- & life-affirmation ) :i* x ought to provide u4 ,p]plexity & pessimism h tak5 possession ( u )\t our admitt+ x4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 no?+ = u to d b to admit t we und]/& no?+ ( ! _w1 & are surr\nd$ by no?+ b enigmas4 ,our k is becom+ sceptical4 ,j z ?\ght has hi!rto all[$ _w-view & life-view to hang toge!r1 mutually connect$1 s h we 9 consequ5ce fall5 simil>ly into a sceptical conception ( life4 ,b is x really ! case t life-view is t[$ along by _w-view1 & t :5 ! latt] c no long] be kept afloat life-view mu/ s9k ) x into ! dep?s8 ,necessity bids u cut ! t[-rope & try to let life-view cont9ue its voyage indep5d5tly4 ,?is manuvre is n su* a surpris+ "o z x seems4 ,:ile p act$ z ?\gh _! life-view 7 tak5 f _! _w-view1 ! connexion betwe5 ! two 0 really j ! opposite1 _! _w-view 0 =m$ f pg #bji _! life-view4 ,:at !y put =w>d z _! view ( ! _w 0 an int]pretation ( ! _w 9 ! light ( _! life-view4 ,! life-view held by ,european ?\ght be+ optimi/ic-e?ical1 ! same "* 0 attribut$ by ev]ybody to _! _w-view 9 defiance ( facts4 ,! w1 )\t admitt+ x1 ov]p[]$ k4 ,life-view prompt$ & _w-view recit$4 ,! belief t _! life-view 0 d]iv$ f _! _w-view 0 !re=e only a fiction4 ,9 ,kant ?is ov]p[]+ ( k1 :i* _h till !n be5 j navely all[$1 0 work$ out sy/ematically4 ,8 doctr9e ( ! 8,po/ulates ( ! ,practical ,reason0 means j ?is3 t ! w claims = itself ! decisive ^w 9 ! la/ pron\ncem5ts ( ! _w-view4 ,only ,kant manages to arrange ! matt] s clev]ly t ! w nev] =ces its supremacy on k1 b receives x f ! latt] z a free gift1 & !n makes use ( x 9 c>efully *os5 p>liam5t>y ways4 ,x proce$s z if x _h be5 invok$ by ! !oretical reason to provide possible tru?s ) reality belong+ to tru?s :i* are necessities ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,fi*te ! w dictates to k its _w-view )\t any reg>d at all = ! arts ( diplomacy4 ,f ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury onw>d !re c be disc]n$ a t5d5cy 9 natural sci5ce no long] to claim t _w-view %all accommodate itself to sci5tifically e/abli%$ facts4 ,! valuable convictions ( ! traditional _w-view are to hold good1 ev5 if !y _c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! accept$ k ( ! _w4 ,aft] ! publication ( ,du ,bois-,raymond's 7#ahah-ahif7 lectures 8,on ! ,limits ( our ,k ( ,nature0 x beg9s ) a c]ta9 s*ool ( natural sci5ce to be consid]$ almo/ a "p ( good mann]s to decl>e oneself incompet5t 9 que/ions ( _w-view4 ,!re gr[s up gradually :at "o may call a mod]n doctr9e ( ! two-fold nature ( tru?4 ,to ?is movem5t expression is giv5 by ! 8,kepl]bund10 :i* 0 pg #baj f\nd$ 9 #aijg by repres5tatives ( natural sci5ce1 & goes s f> z to decl>e acceptable to natural sci5ce ! valuable pron\ncem5ts ( ! curr5t _w-view1 ev5 :5 giv5 9 =mulas provid$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,?is new doctr9e ( ! two-fold nature ( tru? is br\ght to philosophical expression by ! !ory ( ! solidity ( 8value-judgm5ts40 ,by means ( ?is !ory ,albre*t ,rits*l 7#ahbb-ahhi7 & 8 imitators try to uphold ! validity ( a religi\s _w-view side by side ) a sci5tific "o4 ,almo/ ! :ole religi\s _w1 s f> z x tries to rema9 a ?9k+ body1 grasps at su* exp$i5ts4 ,next1 9 ,william ,james's 7#ahdb-aiaj7 philosophy ( ,pragmatism ! w admits 9 half-nave1 half-cynical fa%ion t all ! k pr(ess$ by its _w-view has be5 produc$ by itself4 ,t ! valuable ass]tions made by ! _w-view are to be trac$ back to ! w :i* has be5 det]m9$ by valuable convictions is !re=e a fact1 & s9ce ,kant's day ! fact has be5 admitt$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ directions4 ,! %ock giv5 to ! feel+ = v]acity1 :i* accompanies ?is no long] nave b half-consci\s & insidi\sly employ$ int]pretation ( ! _w1 plays a fatal "p 9 ! m5tality ( our "t4 ,b :y g on ) ?is want ( c&\r8 ,:y keep k 9 subs]vi5ce to ! w by means ( a k9d ( infam\s secret police8 ,any _w-view d$uc$ !refrom mu/ ev] be a poor weak ?+4 ,let u all[ ! w & k to come toge!r 9 a relation :i* is hon\rable to bo?4 ,9 :at has hi!rto be5 call$ _w-view !re are two ?+s unit$3 view ( ! _w & life-view4 ,s long z x 0 possible to *]i% ! illusion t ! two 7 h>moni\s & ea* complet$ ! o!r1 !re 0 no?+ to be said aga9/ ?is comb9ation4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 :5 ! div]g5ce c no long] be conceal$1 ! wid] conception ( _w-view :i* includes life-view organically )9 itself1 mu/ be giv5 up4 ,x is no long] p]missible to g on navely believ+ t we get our life-view pg #baa f our view ( ! _w1 or furtively elevat+ 9 "s way or o!r our life-view into a view ( ! _w4 ,we are /&+ at a turn+-po9t ( ?\ght4 ,critical action :i* cle>s away all prevail+ navets & di%one/ies has become necess>y4 ,we mu/ make up our m9ds to leave life-view & view ( ! _w mutually indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & see t a /raight=w>d und]/&+ betwe5 ! two is rea*$4 ,we h to admit t because our life-view is made up ( convictions :i* are giv5 9 our w-to-live b are n confirm$ by k ( ! _w1 we h all[$ x to g beyond ! v>i$ k :i* makes up our view ( ! _w4 ,?is r5unciation ( _w-view 9 ! old s5se1 t is ( a unit>y _w-view :i* is complete 9 itself1 means a pa9ful exp]i5ce = our ?\ght4 ,we come h]eby to a dualism aga9/ :i* we at e mom5t in/9ctively rebel4 ,b we mu/ surr5d] to facts4 ,our w to live has to accommodate itself to ! inconceivable fact t x is unable ) its own valuable convictions to discov] itself aga9 9 ! manifold w-to-live :i* is se5 manife/$ 9 ! _w4 ,we want$ to =m a life-view = ourselves out ( items ( k ga!r$ f ! _w4 ,b x is our de/9y to live by means ( convictions :i* an inw>d necessity makes a "p ( our ?\ght4 ,9 ! old rationalism reason und]took to inve/igate ! _w4 ,9 ! new x has to take z its task ! atta9+ to cl>ity ab\t ! w-to-live4 ,?us we return to an elem5tal philosophis+ :i* is once m busi$ ) que/ions ( _w- & life-view z !y directly affect m51 & seeks to give a safe f\ndation to1 & to keep alive1 ! valuable ideas :i* we f9d 9 ourselves4 ,x is 9 a life-view :i* is dep5d5t on itself alone1 & has come 9 a /raight=w>d way to an und]/&+ ) _w-k1 t we hope to f9d once m p[] to atta9 to e?ical _w- & life-affirmation4 pg #bab ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,optimism ,,secur$ ,,f ,,! ,,w-,,to-,,live ,! pessimi/ic result ( k ,,!re are two ?+s :i* ?\ght has to d = u2 x mu/ lead u up out ( ! nave _w- & life-affirmation to a deep5$ "o1 & x mu/ let u g on f m]e e?ical impulses to an e?ic :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,deep5$ _w- & life-affirmation consi/s 9 ?is1 t we h ! w to ma9ta9 our own life & e k9d ( exi/5ce t we c 9 any way influ5ce1 & to br+ !m to _! highe/ value4 ,x dem&s f u t we ?9k out all ideals ( ! mat]ial & spiritual p]fect+ ( individual m51 ( society1 & ( mank9d z a :ole1 & let ourselves be det]m9$ by !m to /eady activity & /eady hope4 ,x does n all[ u to )draw into ourselves1 b ord]s u to br+ to be> a liv+ & s f> z possible an active int]e/ on ev]y?+ :i* happ5s ar\nd u4 ,to endure a /ate ( unre/ ?r\gh our relation to ! _w1 :5 by )draw+ into ourselves we might enjoy re/2 t is ! burd5 :i* deep] _w- & life-affirmation lays ^u u4 ,we beg9 our life-c\rse 9 an unsophi/icat$ _w- & life-affirmation4 ,! w-to-live :i* is 9 u gives x to u z some?+ :i* is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b lat]1 :5 ?\ght awakes1 ! que/ions crop up :i* make a problem ( :at has hi!rto be5 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,:at mean+ w y give y\r life8 ,:at d y mean to d 9 ! _w8 ,:51 along ) ^! pg #bac que/ions1 we beg9 try+ to reconcile k & w-to-live1 facts get 9 ! way ( ?is ) confus+ sugge/ions4 ,life attracts u1 !y say1 ) a ?\s& expectations1 & fulfils h>dly "o ( !m4 ,& ! fulfill$ expectation is almo/ a disappo9tm5t1 = only anticipat$ pleasure is really pleasure2 9 pleasure :i* is fulfill$ its opposite is already /irr+4 ,unre/1 disappo9tm5t1 & pa9 are our lot 9 ! %ort span ( "t :i* lies betwe5 our entrance on life & our dep>ture f x4 ,! spiritual is 9 a dreadful /ate ( dep5d5ce on ! bodily4 ,our exi/5ce is at ! m]cy ( mean+less happ5+s & c be br\ght to an end by !m at any mom5t4 ,! w-to-live gives me an impulse to action1 b ! action is j z if ,i want$ to pl\gh ! sea1 & to s[ 9 ! furr[s4 ,:at did ^? :o work$ be=e me effect8 ,:at significance 9 ! endless *a9 ( _w-happ5+s h _! ef=ts _h8 ,) all its illusive promises ! w-to-live only means to mislead me into prolong+ my exi/5ce1 & all[+ to ent] on exi/5ce1 s t ! game may g on )\t int]ruption1 o!r be+s to :om ! same mis]able lot has be5 assign$ z to myself4 ,! discov]ies 9 ! field ( k aga9/ :i* ! w-to-live knocks :5 x beg9s to ?9k1 are !re=e altoge!r pessimi/ic4 ,x is n by accid5t t all religi\s _w-views1 except ! ,*9ese1 h a m or less pessimi/ic tone & bid man expect no?+ f 8 exi/5ce "h4 ,:o w /op u f mak+ use ( ! fre$om we are all[$1 & ca/+ exi/5ce f u8 ,e ?9k+ human be+ makes acqua9tance ) ?is ?\ght4 ,we let x take a deep] hold ( u ?an we suspect f "o ano!r1 z inde$ we are all m oppress$ by ! riddles ( exi/5ce ?an we all[ o!rs to notice4 ,:at det]m9es u1 s long z we are comp>atively 9 our "r m9d1 to reject ! ?\ght ( putt+ an end to our exi/5ce8 ,an in/9ctive feel+ ( repulsion f su* a de$4 ,! w-to-live is /rong] ?an pessimi/ic pg #bad facts ( k4 ,an in/9ctive ,rev]5ce = ,life is )9 u1 = we are w-to-live4 4 4 4 ,ev5 ! consi/5tly pessimi/ic ?\ght ( ,brahmanism makes to ! w-to-live ! concession t volunt>y dea? may only come ab\t :5 ! individual has put beh9d him a consid]able portion ( life4 ,! ,buddha goes /ill fur!r1 reject+ any viol5t exit f exi/5ce & dem&+ only t we let ! w-to-live )9 u die out4 ,all pessimism1 !n1 is inconsi/5t4 ,x does n pu% op5 ! door to fre$om1 b makes concessions to ! obvi\s fact ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ,indian ?\ght1 :i* t5ds to pessimism1 x attempts to make ^! concessions z small z possible1 & to ma9ta9 ! impossible fiction t m]ely ! b>e life is be+ liv$ ) complete ab/95ce f any %>e 9 ! happ5+s :i* are tak+ place "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e ab\t x4 ,) u ! concessions are l>g]1 s9ce ! conflict betwe5 ! w-to-live & pessimi/ic recognition ( facts is to a c]ta9 ext5t damp$ d[n1 & obscur$ by ! optimi/ic _w-view :i* prevails 9 ! g5]al mode ( ?\ght4 ,!re arises an un?9k+ w-to-live :i* lives out its life try+ to snat* possession ( z mu* happ9ess z possible1 & mean+ to d some?+ active )\t hav+ made cle> to itself :at its int5tions really are4 ,:e!r some:at m or some:at less ( _w- & life-affirmation is reta9$ matt]s little4 ,:5ev] ! deep5$ _w- & life-affirmation is n rea*$ !re rema9s only a depreciat$ w-to-live1 :i* is n equal to ! tasks ( life4 ,?\ght usually deprives ! w-to-live ( ! =ce l5t x by its fre$om f pre-conceptions1 )\t be+ able to induce x to adopt a practice ( reflexion 9 :i* x w\ld f9d new & high] =ce4 ,?us x /ill possesses en]gy en\gh to cont9ue 9 life1 b n en\gh to ov]come pessimism4 ,! /ream becomes a swamp4 ,t is ! exp]i5ce :i* det]m9es ! "* pg #bae ( m5's exi/5ce1 )\t _! confess+ x to !mselves4 ,!y n\ri% !mselves scantily on a little bit ( happ9ess & _m va9 ?\ghts1 :i* life puts 9 _! mang]4 ,x is only by ! pressure ( necessity1 ex]t$ by elem5t>y duties :i* ?rong ^u !m1 t !y are kept 9 ! pa? ( life4 ,(t5 _! w-to-live is *ang$ into a k9d ( intoxication4 ,spr+ sun%9e1 trees 9 fl[]1 pass+ cl\ds1 fields ( wav+ corn provoke x4 ,a w-to-live :i* ann\nces itself 9 _m =ms 9 magnific5t ph5om5a all ar\nd !m1 c>ries _! own w-to-live along ) x4 ,full ( delight1 !y want to take "p 9 ! mighty symphony :i* !y he>4 ,!y f9d ! _w beautiful4 4 4 4 ,b ! transport passes4 ,horrid discords all[ !m once m to he> only noise1 :]e !y ?\ght !y p]ceiv$ music4 ,! beauty ( nature is d>k5$ = !m by ! suff]+ :i* !y discov] ev]y:]e )9 x4 ,n[ !y see once m t !y are drift+ l %ipwreck$ m5 ov] a wa/e ( wat]s1 only t _! boat is at "o mom5t rais$ al(t on m\nta9\s waves & ! next s9ks into ! valleys betwe5 !m1 & t n[ sunbeams1 & n[ heavy cl\ds1 re/ ^u ! heav+ bill[s4 ,n[ !y w\ld l to p]suade !mselves t !re is l& 9 ! direction 9 :i* !y are drift+4 ,_! w-to-live befools _! ?9k+1 s t x makes ef=ts to see ! _w z x w\ld l to see x4 ,x compels x also to h& !m a *>t :i* confirms _! hopes ( l&4 ,once m !y b5d to ! o>s1 till once m _! arms drop ) fatigue1 & _! gaze w&]s1 disappo9t$1 f bill[ to bill[4 ,t is ! voyage ( ! w-to-live :i* has abjur$ ?\ght4 ,is !re1 !n1 no?+ else t ! w-to-live c d b drift along )\t ?\ght1 or s9k 9 pessimi/ic k8 ,yes1 !re is4 ,x mu/ inde$ voyage across ?is b\ndless sea2 b x c hoi/ sails1 & /e] a def9ite c\rse4 pg #baf ,! _w- & life-affirmation ( ! w-to-live ,! w-to-live :i* tries to "k ! _w is a %ipwreck$ ca/away2 ! w-to-live :i* gets to "k itself is a bold m>9]4 ,! w-to-live is n re/rict$ to ma9ta9+ its exi/5ce on :at ! ev] unsatisfy+ k ( ! _w (f]s x2 x c fe$ on ! life-=ces :i* x f9ds 9 itself4 ,! k :i* ,i acquire f my w-to-live is ri*] ?an t :i* ,i w9 by obs]vation ( ! _w4 ,!re are giv5 9 x values & incitem5ts be>+ on my relation to ! _w & to life :i* f9d no ju/ification 9 my reflexion ^u ! _w & exi/5ce4 ,:y !n tune d[n "o's w-to-live to ! pit* ( "o's k ( ! _w1 or und]take ! mean+less task ( tun+ up "o's k ( ! _w to ! high] pit* ( "o's w-to-live4 ,! "r & obvi\s c\rse is to let ! ideas :i* are giv5 9 our w-to-live be accept$ z ! high] & decisive k9d ( k4 ,my k ( ! _w is a k f outside1 & rema9s = ev] incomplete4 ,! k d]iv$ f my w-to-live is direct1 & takes me back to ! my/]i\s movem5ts ( life z x is 9 itself4 ,! highe/ k1 !n1 is ! kn[+ t ,i mu/ be true to ! w-to-live4 ,x is ?is k t h&s me ! compass = ! voyage ,i h to make 9 ! night )\t ! aid ( a *>t4 ,to live out "o's life 9 ! direction ( its c\rse1 to raise x to a high] p[]1 & to ennoble x1 is natural4 ,e depreciation ( ! w-to-live is an act ( unv]acity t[>ds myself1 or a symptom ( unheal?9ess4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! w-to-live is det]m9ation to live itself to ! full4 ,x c>ries )9 x ! impulse to realise itself 9 ! highe/ possible p]fection4 ,9 ! fl[]+ tree1 9 ! /range =ms ( ! m$usa1 9 ! blade ( grass1 9 ! cry/al2 ev]y:]e x /rives to rea* ! p]fection ) :i* x is end[$4 ,9 ev]y?+ pg #bag t exi/s !re is at "w an imag9ative =ce1 :i* is det]m9$ by ideals4 ,9 u1 be+s :o c move ab\t freely & are capable ( pre-consid]$1 purposive work+1 ! impulse to p]fection is giv5 9 su* a way t we aim at rais+ to _! highe/ mat]ial & spiritual value bo? ourselves & e exi/+ ?+ :i* is op5 to our influ5ce4 ,h[ ?is /riv+ orig9at$ )9 u1 & h[ x has develop$1 we d n "k1 b x is giv5 ) our exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ act ^u x1 if we w\ld n be unfai?ful to ! my/]i\s w-to-live :i* is )9 u4 ,:5 ! w-to-live arrives at ! critical po9t :]e its e>ly unsophi/icat$ _w- & life-affirmation has to be *ang$ into a reflective "o1 x is ! "p ( ?\ght to assi/ x by hold+ x to ! ?9k+ out ( all ! ideas :i* are giv5 )9 x & to ! surr5d] ( itself to !m4 ,t ! w-to-live )9 u becomes true to itself & rema9s s2 t x exp]i5ces no deg5]ation b develops itself to complete vitality1 t is :at decides ! fate ( our exi/5ce4 ,:5 x comes to cle>ness ab\t itself1 ! w-to-live kn[s t x is dep5d5t on itself alone4 ,x is meant to atta9 to fre$om f ! _w4 ,its k ( ! _w c prove to x t its /riv+ to raise to _! highe/ value its own life & e liv+ ?+ :i* c be influ5c$ by x rema9s 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w-:ole1 some?+ problematic4 ,9 ?is x has n be5 misl$4 ,its _w- & life-affirmation c>ries its mean+ 9 itself4 ,x foll[s f an inw>d necessity1 & is suffici5t = itself4 ,by its means my exi/5ce jo9s 9 pursu+ ! aims ( ! my/]i\s univ]sal w ( :i* ,i am a manife/ation4 ,9 my deep5$ _w- & life-affirmation1 ,i manife/ rev]5ce = life4 ,) consci\sness & ) volition ,i devote myself to ,be+4 ,i become ( s]vice to ! ideals :i* x ?9ks out 9 me2 ,i become imag9ative =ce l t :i* works enigmatically 9 nature1 & ?us ,i give my exi/5ce a mean+ f )9 outw>ds4 pg #bah ,rev]5ce = life means to be 9 ! grasp ( ! inf9ite1 inexplicable1 =w>d-urg+ ,w 9 :i* all ,be+ is gr\nd$4 ,x raises u above all k ( ?+s & lets u become a tree :i* is safe aga9/ dr\ght1 because x is plant$ among runn+ /reams4 ,all liv+ piety fl[s f rev]5ce = life & ! compulsion t[>ds ideals :i* is giv5 9 x4 ,9 rev]5ce = life lies piety 9 its mo/ elem5tal & deepe/ =m1 9 :i* x has n yet involv$ itself ) any explanation ( ! _w or no long] does s1 b is piety :i* comes simply f inw>d necessity1 & !re=e asks no que/ions ab\t ends to be pursu$4 ,! w-to-live1 too1 :i* has become reflective & has made its way ?r\gh to deep] _w- & life-affirmation1 tries to secure happ9ess & success1 = z w-to-live x is w to ! realiz+ ( ideals4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 live on happ9ess & success4 ,:atev] ( ^! x obta9s is a /r5g!n+ ( itself :i* x ?ankfully accepts1 ?\gh x is resolv$ on action1 ev5 if happ9ess & success mu/ be d5i$ x4 ,x s[s z "o :o does n c\nt on liv+ to reap ! h>ve/4 ,! w-to-live is n a flame :i* burns only :5 ev5ts provide suitable fuel2 x blazes up1 & t ) ! pure/ light1 :5 x is =c$ to fe$ on :at x d]ives f itself4 ,!n1 too1 :5 ev5ts seem to leave no future = x b suff]+1 x /ill holds out z an active w4 ,9 deep rev]5ce = life x makes ! exi/5ce :i* accord+ to usual ideas is no long] 9 any way wor? liv+1 preci\s1 because ev5 9 su* an exi/5ce x exp]i5ces its own fre$om f ! _w4 ,quiet & peace radiate f a be+ l t ^u o!rs1 & cause !m also to be t\*$ by ! secret t we mu/ all1 :e!r active or passive1 pres]ve our fre$om 9 ord] truly to live4 ,true resignation is n a becom+ we>y ( ! _w b ! quiet triumph :i* ! w-to-live celebrates at ! h\r ( its greate/ ne$ ov] ! circum/ances ( life4 pg #bai ,x fl\ri%es only 9 ! soil ( deep _w- & life-affirmation4 ,9 ?is way our life is a com+ to an und]/&+ betwe5 our w-to-live & ! _w1 along ) :i* we h cont9ually to be on our gu>d aga9/ all[+ any det]ioration 9 our w-to-live4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 optimism & pessimism is nev] f\ght to a f9i% )9 u4 ,we are ev] w&]+ on slipp+ rubble above ! abyss ( pessimism4 ,:5 t :i* we exp]i5ce 9 our own exi/5ce or le>n f ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 falls oppressively ^u our w-to-live & robs u ( our fre%ness & our p[] ( delib]ation1 we might lose hold1 & be c>ri$ away ) ! mov+ b\ld]s into ! abyss bel[4 ,b kn[+ t :at awaits u bel[ is dea?1 we "w our way up to ! pa? aga94 4 4 4 ,or x may p]haps be t pessimism comes ov] u1 l ! bliss ( complete re/ ov] ^? :o1 tir$ out1 sit d[n 9 ! sn[4 ,no long] to be oblig$ to hope = & aim at :at is comm&$ u by ! ideals :i* are =c$ ^u u by ! deep5$ w-to-live6 ,no long] to be 9 a /ate ( unre/ :5 by less5+ our ef=ts we c h re/6 4 4 4 ,g5tly comes ! appeal f k to our w to tune itself d[n to ! facts4 4 4 4 ,t is ! fatal /ate ( complete re/ 9 :i* m51 & civilis$ mank9d z a :ole1 gr[ numb & die4 ,& :5 we ?9k t ! enigmas by :i* we are surr\nd$ c no long] h>m u1 !re once m rises up be=e u some:]e or o!r ! mo/ t]rify+ ( !m all1 ! fact t ! w-to-live c be %att]$ 9 suff]+ or 9 spiritual night4 ,?is enigma1 too1 be=e :i* our w-to-live %udd]s z be=e ! mo/ inexplicable ( all inexplicable ?+s1 we mu/ le>n to leave unsolv$4 ,?us does pessimi/ic k pursue u closely "r on to our la/ brea?4 ,t is :y x is s pr(\ndly significant t ! w-to-live r\ses itself at la/ & once = all to insi/ on its fre$om f hav+ to und]/& ! _w1 & %[s itself capable ( lett+ itself be pg #bbj det]m9$ solely by t :i* is giv5 )9 itself4 ,) humility & c\rage x makes its way ?r\gh ! endless *aos ( enigmas1 fulfill+ its my/]i\s de/9y1 mak+ a reality ( its union ) ! inf9ite w-to-live4 pg #bba ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,e?ics1 ,,/>t+ ,,f ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,e?ics ,an e?ic ( self-devotion1 or an e?ic ( self-p]fect+8 ,,?\ght1 !n1 :i* rea*es bottom1 arrives at an un%akeable _w-&-life affirmation4 ,let x n[ try :e!r x c lead u to an e?ic4 ,b t x may n proce$ ) u1 z x s (t5 does1 m]ely at r&om1 x %all ga!r f ! ?\ght :i* has hi!rto be5 devot$ to e?ics all ! guidance :i* is !re to be f\nd4 ,:at does ! hi/ory ( e?ics tea*8 ,z a q g5]al pr9ciple we le>n f x1 t ! object ( all e?ical enquiry is ! discov]y ( ! univ]sal basic pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral mu/ %[ itself to be a necessity ( ?\ght1 & mu/ br+ man to an unceas+1 liv+1 & practical conflict & und]/&+ ) reality4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! moral :i* h hi!rto be5 (f]$ u are absolutely unsatisfy+4 ,?is is cle> f ! fact t !y _c be ?\ght out to a conclusion )\t lead+ to p>adoxes1 or los+ 9 e?ical cont5t4 ,classical ?\ght tries to conceive ( ! e?ical z t :i* br+s rational pleasure4 ,x did n succe$1 h[ev]1 f t />t+-po9t 9 arriv+ at an e?ic ( active devotion4 ,%ut up )9 ! egoi/ic-utilit>ian1 x ends 9 an e?ically-col\r$ resignation4 ,! e?ical ?\ght ( mod]n times is f ! outset social-utilit>ian4 ,x is to x a matt] ( c\rse t ! individual mu/ devote himself 9 e respect to 8 fell[-individuals1 & to society4 ,b :5 x tries to pg #bbb give a firm f\ndation to ?is e?ic ( devotion :i* seems to x s mu* a matt] ( c\rse1 & to ?9k x out to a conclusion1 x is driv5 to ! mo/ rem>kable consequ5ces1 :i* are inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r 9 ! mo/ v>i$ directions4 ,at "o "t x expla9s devotion z a ref9$ egoism2 at ano!r z some?+ :i* society =cibly imposes on individuals2 at ano!r z some?+ :i* x develops 9 him by education2 at ano!r1 z 9 ,b5?am1 z some?+ :i* he adopts z "o ( 8 convictions on ! gr\nd ( ! urg5t repres5tations ( society2 at ano!r z an in/9ct :i* he obeys4 ,! fir/ assumption _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh2 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? are unsatisfy+ because !y all[ e?ics to rea* m5 f ! outside2 ! la/ leads to a cul-de-sac4 ,if1 = example1 devotion is an in/9ct1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made conceivable h[ ?\ght c "w ^u x1 & raise x to ! level ( a consid]$1 widely inclusive1 volunt>y activity at :i* level x fir/ becomes e?ical4 ,?is1 :i* is its peculi> problem1 utilit>ianism does n recognise1 mu* less solve4 ,x is always 9 too mu* ( a hurry to come to practical results4 ,at la/ x gives its bond to biology & social sci5ce1 :i* br+ x to conceiv+ itself z h]d-m5tality1 wond]fully develop$ & capable ( /ill fur!r developm5t4 ,x !reby br+ itself to a halt f> bel[ ! level ( real e?ics4 ,! e?ic ( devotion fails !re=e mo/ rem>kably1 al?\gh x />ts f :at is mo/ elem5t>y & ess5tial 9 e?ics1 to %ape itself 9 a way :i* satisfies ?\ght4 ,x is z if x _h ! true basic pr9ciple ( e?ics )9 its rea*1 yet always grasp$ to "r or left ( x4 ,by ! side ( ^! two attempts to und]/& e?ics z ef=t to procure rational pleasure1 or z devotion to "o's fell[-m5 & to society1 !re is a ?ird1 :i* tries to expla9 e?ics z ef=t aft] self-p]fect+4 ,?is attempt has 9 x some?+ ab/ract & v5turesome4 ,x disda9s to />t f a univ]sally ackn[l$g$ cont5t ( ! e?ical1 z utilit>ianism does1 & 9 contra/ to t pg #bbc sets be=e ?\ght ! task ( d]iv+ ! :ole cont5t ( e?ics f ! ef=t aft] self-p]fect+4 ,plato1 ! fir/ repres5tative 9 ! ,we/ ( ! e?ics ( self-p]fect+1 & ,s*op5hau] try to solve ! problem by sett+ up1 z d ! ,indians1 _w- & life-d5ial to be ! basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is no solution4 ,_w- & life-d5ial1 if consi/5tly ?\ght out & c>ri$ ?r\gh1 does n produce an e?ic b r$uces e?ics to impot5ce4 ,kant1 ! mod]n re/or] ( ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 sets up ! conception ( absolute duty1 b )\t giv+ x any cont5t4 ,he !reby admits 8 inability to d]ive ! cont5t ( e?ics f ! ef=t aft] self-p]fect+4 ,if ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ tries really to acquire a cont5t1 x mu/ all[ t e?ics consi/ ei!r 9 _w- & life-d5ial or 9 high] _w- & life-affirmation4 ,! fir/ ne$ n be consid]$2 !re rema9s1 !re=e1 only ! o!r4 ,sp9oza conceives ! high] _w- & life-affirmation z a ?9k+ absorption 9 ! univ]se4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 arrive !reby at a real e?ic1 b only at an e?ically-col\r$ resignation4 ,s*lei]ma*] uses mu* art to l5d ?is e?ical col\r+ a m brilliant tone4 ,nietzs*e avoids ! pa?s ( resignation1 b rea*es !reby a _w- & life-affirmation :i* is e?ical only s f> z x feels itself to be an ef=t aft] self-p]fect+4 ,! only ?9k] :o succe$s to "s ext5t 9 giv+ to self-p]fect+ )9 _w- & life-affirmation an e?ical cont5t is ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 is valueless1 because x presupposes an optimi/ic-e?ical view ( ! nature ( ! univ]se & ( ! position ( man )9 x1 :i* is bas$ ^u inadmissible speculation4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ is !re=e n capable ( s e/abli%+ ! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral1 t x has a cont5t :i* is e?ically satisfy+2 ! e?ic ( devotion1 on ! o!r h&1 />t+ f ! cont5t :i* x pg #bbd presupposes1 _c rea* a basic pr9ciple ( e?ics :i* is gr\nd$ 9 ?\ght4 ,! attempt made by antiquity to conceive e?ics z t :i* br+s rational pleasure we ne$ no long] consid]4 ,x is only too cle> t x does n take suffici5tly into acc\nt ! enigma ( devotion1 & c nev] solve x4 ,!re rema91 !re=e1 = consid]ation only ! two und]tak+s1 s /rangely oppos$ to "o ano!r1 "o ( :i* />ts f devotion z a g5]ally accept$ cont5t ( ! e?ical 9 ord] to conceive x z belong+ to ! self-p]fect+ ( man1 :ile ! o!r />ts f self-p]fect+ & seeks to conceive devotion z an item 9 its cont5t :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght4 ,is !re a syn!sis ( ^! two8 ,9 o!r words1 d devotion & self-p]fect+ belong toge!r 9 su* a way t ! "o is conta9$ 9 ! o!r8 ,if ?is inw>d unity has n be5 visible hi!rto1 may n ! cause be t reflexion1 :e!r ^u devotion or ^u self-p]fect+1 did n g deep en\gh & 0 n suffici5tly inclusive8 ,e?ics & a !ory ( k4 ,e?ics & natural happ5+s4 ,! en?usia/ic elem5t 9 e?ics ,be=e ?\ght attempts to inve/igate m deeply & completely ! nature ( devotion & t ( self-p]fect+1 x mu/ proce$ fur!r to put cle>ly be=e itself :at !re is (f]$ to x 9 ! way ( diff]5t k9ds ( k & o!r consid]ations on its j\rney ?r\gh ! ,we/]n se>* = e?ics4 ,x may be accept$ z some?+ fully recognis$ t e?ics h no?+ to expect f any !ory ( k4 ,depreciation ( ! reality ( ! s5sible _w br+s !m m]ely app>5t pr(it4 ,?\ght believes x c draw f ! possibility ( a spiritualis+ ( ! _w "s advantage = ! optimi/ic-e?ical int]pretation ( x4 ,x has be51 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ by ?is pg #bbe "t t e?ics c no m be d]iv$ f an e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w ?an _w- & life-affirmation c be ref]r$ back to an optimi/ic int]pretation ( x1 & t !y mu/ in/ead ( t f9d _! f\ndation 9 !mselves 9 a _w :i* is recognis$ z absolutely enigmatic4 ,at once & = ev]1 !n1 all attempts to br+ e?ical & epi/emological idealism into connexion ) "o ano!r h to be recognis$ z useless = e?ics4 ,e?ics c let space & "t g hang4 ,9 epi/emological inve/igations into ! nature ( space & "t e?ics feel a satisfaction :i* is /rong b un9t]e/$4 ,!y view !m z ef=ts aft] k :i* mu/ be made1 b !y "k t ! results c nev] t\* :at is ess5tial 9 any _w- & life-view4 ,x suffices !m to "k t ! :ole _w ( s5se is a manife/ation ( =ces1 t is to say ( an enigmatically manifold w-to-live4 ,9 ?is _! ?\ght is spirituali/ic4 ,x is mat]iali/ic1 h[ev]1 s f> z x presupposes manife/ation & =ce to be connect$ 9 su* a way t any effect produc$ ^u ! =m] influ5ces ! =ce :i* lies beh9d x4 ,e?ics feel t if x 7 n ?us possible = "o w-to-live to produce ?r\gh ! manife/ation effects on ano!r w-to-live1 !y w\ld h no reason = exi/+4 ,b to inve/igate h[ ?is relation betwe5 =ce & its manife/ation is to be expla9$ f ! /&po9t ( epi/emology1 & :e!r x c be expla9$ at all1 e?ics c leave undecid$ z be+ none ( _! bus9ess2 !y claim = !mselves1 j z does natural sci5ce1 ! "r to rema9 free f preconceptions4 ,9 ?is connexion x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t x is among ! repres5tatives ( sci5tific mat]ialism t en?usia/ic e?ical idealism is (t5 to be met )1 :ile ! adh]5ts ( spirituali/ic philosophy are usually morali/s ) an unemotional temp]am5t4 ,) r5unciation ( all help f epi/emological pg #bbf idealism1 x foll[s t e?ics ask = no?+ & expect no?+ f speculative philosophy4 ,!y decl>e !y h no?+ to d ) any k9d ( e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,?\ght ga!rs1 fur!r1 f ! hi/ory ( e?ics t ! latt] _c be conceiv$ z be+ m]ely a natural happ5+ :i* cont9ues itself 9 man4 ,9 ! e?ical man natural happ5+s come into contradiction ) !mselves4 ,nature kn[s only a bl9d affirmation ( life4 ,! w-to-live :i* animates natural =ces & liv+ be+s is conc]n$ to "w itself out unh9d]$4 ,b 9 man ?is natural ef=t is 9 a /ate ( t5sion ) a my/]i\s ef=t ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,life-affirmation ex]ts itself to take up life-d5ial into itself 9 ord] to s]ve o!r liv+ be+s by self-devotion1 & to protect !m1 ev5 ev5tually by self-sacrifice1 f injury or de/ruction4 ,x is true t self-devotion plays a c]ta9 rle 9 non-human liv+ be+s4 ,z a tempor>y in/9ct x rules 9 sexual love & 9 p>5tal love2 z a p]man5t in/9ct x is f\nd 9 c]ta9 individual memb]s ( animal species 7e4g41 ants1 bees7 :i*1 because sexless1 are incomplete individualities4 ,^! manife/ations are 9 a c]ta9 way a prelude to ! int]play ( life-affirmation & life-d5ial :i* is at "w 9 ! e?ical man4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 expla9 x4 ,t :i* is active else:]e only z a tempor>y in/9ct1 or z an in/9ct 9 incomplete individualities & t1 too1 always )9 special relations ( solid>ity ) o!rs1 becomes n[1 9 man1 a /eady1 volunt>y1 unlimit$ =m ( action1 a result ( ?\ght1 9 :i* individuals endeav\r to realise ! high] life-affirmation4 ,h[ does ?is come ab\t8 ,"h "o is fac$ once m by ! problem ( ! rle :i* ?\ght plays 9 ! orig9 ( e?ics4 ,x seizes on some?+ ( :i* a prelim9>y =m is se5 9 an in/9ct1 9 ord] to ext5d x & br+ x to p]fection4 ,x compreh5ds ! cont5t ( an in/9ct1 & tries to give x practical application 9 new & consi/5t action4 pg #bbg ,9 "s way or o!r ! rle ( ?\ght lies 9 ! fulfilm5t ( life-affirmation4 ,x r\ses ! w-to-live to recognise z 9 analogy ) ! life-affirmation :i* is 9 itself1 ! life-affirmation :i* %[s itself 9 ! manifold life :i* is ev]y:]e ar\nd x1 & to jo9 9 its exp]i5ces4 ,on ! f\ndation ( ?is _w-affirmation life-d5ial takes its place z a means ( help+ =w>d ?is affirmation ( o!r life ?an its own4 ,x is n life-d5ial 9 itself t is e?ical1 b only su* z /&s 9 ! s]vice ( _w-affirmation & becomes purposive )9 x4 ,e?ics are a my/]i\s *ord 9 :i* life-affirmation & _w-affirmation are ! gr\nd-note & ! fif?2 life-d5ial is ! ?ird4 ,x is important1 fur!r1 to "k :at is to be ga!r$ f e?ical inquiry d[n to ! pres5t "t ab\t ! int5sity & ! ext5sion ( ! life-d5ial :i* /&s 9 ! s]vice ( _w-affirmation4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! attempt has be5 made to e/abli% ?is objectively4 ,9 va96 ,x belongs to ! nature ( devotion t x mu/ live itself out subjectively & )\t res]vations4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( e?ics !re is d[nright fe> ( :at _c be subject$ to rules & regulations4 ,aga9 & aga9 ?9k]s h und]tak5 to def9e devotion 9 su* a way t x rema9s rational4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is nev] done except at ! co/ ( ! naturalness & liv+ "* ( e?ics4 ,life-d5ial rema9s some?+ irrational1 ev5 :5 x places itself at ! s]vice ( a purposive policy4 ,a univ]sally applicable balance betwe5 life-affirmation & life-d5ial _c be e/abli%$4 ,!y rema9 9 a /ate ( cont9ual t5sion4 ,if any relaxation does take place1 x is a sign t e?ics are collaps+1 = 9 _! real nature !y are unb\nd$ en?usiasm4 ,!y orig9ate inde$ 9 ?\ght1 b !y _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh to a logical conclusion4 ,anyone :o und]takes ! voyage to a true e?ic mu/ be prep>$ to be c>ri$ r\nd & r\nd 9 ! :irlpool ( ! irrational4 pg #bbh ,! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality1 & ! e?ic ( society ,toge!r ) ! subjectively en?usia/ic nature ( e?ics goes ! fact t x nev] wi%es to succe$ 9 develop+ ! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality into a s]viceable e?ic ( society4 ,x seems s obvi\s1 t f "r individual e?ics "r social e?ics %\ld result1 ! "o cont9u+ itself into ! o!r l a t[n into its suburbs4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y _c be s built t ! /reets ( ! "o cont9ue z ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! plans ( ea* are drawn on pr9ciples :i* take no acc\nt ( t4 ,! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality is p]sonal1 incapable ( regulation1 & absolute2 t :i* is e/abli%$ by society = its own prosp]\s exi/5ce is supra-p]sonal1 regulat$1 & relative4 ,h5ce ! e?ical p]sonality _c surr5d] to x1 b lives always 9 cont9u\s disputation ) x1 oblig$ aga9 & aga9 to oppose x because x f9ds its focus too %ort4 ,9 ! la/ analysis ! antagonism betwe5 ! two arises f _! diff]+ valuations ( human5ess4 ,human5ess consi/s 9 ?is--t no human be+ is ev] sacrific$ to a purpose4 ,! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality aims at pres]v+ human5ess4 ,t :i* is e/abli%$ by society is impot5t 9 t respect4 ,:5 ! individual is fac$ ) ! alt]native ( hav+ to sacrifice 9 "s way or o!r ! happ9ess or ! exi/5ce ( ano!r1 or else to be> ! loss himself1 he is 9 a position to obey ! dem&s ( e?ics & to *oose ! latt]4 ,b society1 ?9k+ imp]sonally & pursu+ its aims imp]sonally1 does n all[ ! same weight to consid]ation = ! happ9ess or exi/5ce ( an individual4 ,9 pr9ciple human5ess is n an item 9 its e?ic4 ,b individuals come cont9ually into ! position ( be+ 9 "o way or ano!r executive organs ( society1 & !n ! conflict betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view becomes active4 ,t ?is may always be decid$ 9 its own fav\r1 pg #bbi society ex]ts itself to limit z closely z possible ! au?ority ( ! e?ic ( p]sonality1 al?\gh inw>dly x has to ackn[l$ge its sup]iority4 ,x wants to h s]vants :o w nev] oppose x4 ,ev5 a society ! e?ical /&>d ( :i* is relatively high1 is dang]\s to ! e?ics ( its memb]s4 ,if ^? ?+s :i* =m precisely ! defects ( a social e?ic develop /rongly1 & society ex]cises1 fur!r1 an excessively /rong spiritual influ5ce on individuals1 !n ! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality is ru9$4 ,?is happ5s 9 pres5t-day society1 ! e?ical consci5ce ( :i* is becom+ fatally /unt$ by a biologico-sociological e?ic & ?is1 moreov]1 f9ally corrupt$ by nationalism4 ,! great mi/ake made by e?ical ?\ght d[n to ! pres5t "t is t x fails to admit ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality & t :i* is e/abli%$ f ! /&po9t ( society1 & always ?9ks t x ought1 & is able1 to ca/ !m 9 "o piece4 ,! result is t ! e?ic ( p]sonality is sacrific$ to ! e?ic ( society4 ,an end mu/ be put to ?is4 ,:at matt]s is to recognise t ! two are engag$ 9 a conflict :i* _c be made less int5se4 ,ei!r ! e?ic ( p]sonality raises ! social e?ic1 s f> z x c1 to its own level1 or x is dragg$ d[n by ! latt]4 ,b to get rid ( ! pres5t unheal?y /ate ( op9ion x is n en\gh to br+ individuals to a consci\sness t if !y are n to suff] spiritual h>m !y mu/ be 9 a /ate ( cont9ual conflict ) ! e?ics ( society4 ,:at matt]s is to e/abli% a basic pr9ciple ( ! moral1 :i* w put ! e?ic ( p]sonality 9 a position to come ) consi/5cy & success to discussion & agreem5t ) ! e?ic ( society4 ,hi!rto !re has be5 no possibility ( putt+ ?is weapon into its h&s4 ,e?ics h1 z we "k1 always be5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ possible devotion to society4 ,! e?ic ( e?ical p]sonality1 !n1 & ! e?ic pg #bcj :i* is e/abli%$ f ! /&po9t ( society _c be trac$ back ! "o to ! o!r1 & are n ( equal value4 ,! fir/ only is a real e?ic2 ! o!r is improp]ly s call$4 ,?\ght mu/ aim at f9d+ ! basic pr9ciple ( absolute e?ics1 if x is to rea* ! condition ( be+ e?ics at all1 & x 0 because x 0 n cle> on ?is po9t t x made s little progress4 ,progress 9 e?ics consi/s 9 our mak+ up our m9ds to ?9k pessimi/ically ( ! e?ic ( society4 ,! e?ic :i* is e/abli%$ f ! /&po9t ( society consi/s1 9 its ess5tial nature1 9 ?is1 t society appeals to ! moral disposition ( ! individual 9 ord] to secure f x :at _c be =c$ ^u x by compulsion & law4 ,x only comes ne>] to real e?ics :5 x comes to an agreem5t ) ! e?ic ( p]sonality & tries to br+ its own dem&s on ! individual into h>mony z f> z possible ) ! latt]'s4 ,9 proportion z society takes on ! "* ( an e?ical p]sonality1 its e?ic becomes an e?ic ( e?ical society4 ,! problem ( a complete e?ic ,9 g5]al1 ?\ght %\ld h busi$ itself ) ! "q ( :at is includ$ 9 ! :ole field ( e?ics1 & h[ ! diff]5t elem5ts )9 x are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 e?ics are includ$ ! e?ic ( passive self-p]fect+1 :i* is effect$ by inw>d self-lib]ation f ! _w 7resignation72 ! e?ic ( active self-p]fect+ effect$ by means ( ! mutual relations betwe5 man & man2 & ! e?ic ( e?ical society4 ,e?ics are ?us an ext5sive gamut ( notes4 ,!y />t f ! n yet e?ical1 :]e ! vibrations ( resignation beg9 to make !mselves p]ceptible z notes ( e?ical resignation4 ,) increas+ly rapid vibrations !y pass f ! e?ic ( resignation into t ( active self-p]fect+4 ,ris+ /ill high] !y em]ge into ! notes ( ! e?ic ( pg #bca society :i* are already becom+ m or less h>% & noisy1 & !y die away f9ally into ! legal comm&s ( society :i* are nev] m ?an conditionally e?ical4 ,up to n[ all e?ical sy/ems h be5 ?or\ghly fragm5t>y4 ,!y conf9e !mselves to ?is or t octave ( ! gamut4 ,! ,indians &1 foll[+ 9 _! tra91 ,s*op5hau] are1 on ! :ole1 conc]n$ only ) ! e?ic ( passive self-p]fect+2 ,z>a?u/ra1 ! ,jewi% prophets1 & ! great morali/s ( ,*9a only ) t ( active self-p]fect+4 ,! int]e/ ( mod]n ,we/]n philosophy is fix$ almo/ exclusively on ! e?ic ( society4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! />t+-po9t :i* !y *ose1 ! ?9k]s ( antiquity 9 ! ,we/ _c get any fur!r ?an an e?ic ( resignation4 ,! deep] ?9k]s among our mod]ns--,kant1 ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 ,nietzs*e1 & o!rs--h inkl+s ( an e?ic ( active self-p]fect+4 ,european ?\ght is *>act]is$ by almo/ always play+ 9 ! upp] octaves1 & n 9 ! l[] ones4 ,its e?ic has no bass because ! e?ic ( resignation plays no "p 9 x4 ,an e?ic ( duty1 t is an activi/ e?ic1 appe>s to x to be a complete "o4 ,x is because he is a repres5tative ( ! e?ic ( resignation t ,sp9oza rema9s su* a /rang] to 8 own age4 ,inability to und]/& resignation & ! relations prevail+ betwe5 e?ics & resignation1 is ! fatal weakness ( mod]n ,european ?\ght4 ,9 :at1 !n1 does a complete e?ic consi/8 ,9 an e?ic ( passive self-p]fect+1 toge!r ) "o ( active self-p]fect+4 ,! e?ic :i* is e/abli%$ f ! /&po9t ( society is a supplem5t>y "o :i* has to be correct$ by t ( active self-p]fect+4 ,9 view ( t fact1 a complete e?ic mu/ be put =w>d 9 a %ape :i* compels x to seek to come to t]ms ) ! e?ic ( society4 pg #bcb ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,devotion ,,& ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,self-,,p]fect+ ,! wid5+ ( ! e?ic ( self-devotion into a cosmic e?ic ,,be+ suffici5tly in=m$ ab\t ! que/ions :i* h call$ = solution & ! results atta9$ 9 ! se>* = an e?ic d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! e?ic ( self-devotion & t ( self-p]fect+ c n[ try to comb9e _! ideas1 ) a view to e/abli%+ toge!r ! true basic pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,:y d !y n succe$ 9 comb9+ _! ideas8 ,on ! side ( ! e?ic ( self-devotion ! fault mu/ someh[ lie 9 ! fact t x is too n>r[4 ,z a matt] ( pr9ciple social utilit>ianism is conc]n$ only ) ! relations ( man to man & to human society4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ on ! o!r h& is some?+ univ]sal4 ,x has to d ) ! relation ( man to ! _w4 ,if ! e?ic ( self-devotion1 !re=e1 wi%es to agree ) t ( self-p]fect+1 x mu/ become1 l ! latt]1 univ]sal1 & let its devotion be direct$ n only t[>ds man & society b someh[ or o!r t[>ds all life :atev] 9 ! _w4 ,b e?ics hi!rto h be5 unwill+ to take ev5 ! fir/ /ep 9 ?is univ]saliz+ ( devotion4 ,j z ! h\sewife :o has scrubb$ out ! p>l\r1 takes c>e t ! door is left %ut s t ! dog may n get 9 & spoil ! "w %e has done by ! m>ks ( 8 paws1 s d ,european ?9k]s wat* c>efully t no animals run ab\t 9 ! fields ( _! e?ics4 ,! /upidities !y are guilty ( 9 try+ to ma9ta9 ! traditional n>r[-m9d$ness & to raise x to a pr9ciple pg #bcc bord] on ! incr$ible4 ,ei!r !y leave out altoge!r all sympa?y = animals1 or !y take c>e t x %r9ks to a m]e aft]?\ght :i* means no?+4 ,if !y admit any?+ m ?an t1 !y ?9k !mselves oblig$ to produce elaborate ju/ifications1 or ev5 excuses1 = s do+4 ,x seems z if ,desc>tes ) 8 dictum t animals are m]e ma*9es _h bewit*$ ! :ole ( ,european philosophy4 ,s important a ?9k] z ,wilhelm ,wundt m>s 8 e?ic ) ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 8,! only object = sympa?y is man4 4 4 4 ,! animals are = u fell[-creatures1 an expression by :i* language already h9ts at ! fact t we ackn[l$ge "h a k9d ( co-ord9ation ) ourselves only ) ref]5ce to ! ultimate gr\nd ( ev]y?+ t happ5s1 viz41 creation4 ,t[>ds animals also1 !n1 !re c arise )9 u /irr+s :i* are to a c]ta9 ext5t relat$ to sympa?y1 b z to true sympa?y ) !m !re is always want+ ! fundam5tal condition ( ! inn] unity ( our w ) !irs40 ,to cr[n ?is wisdom he ends ) ! ass]tion t ( rejoic+ ) animals !re c at any rate be no "q1 z if he _h nev] se5 a ?ir/y ox dr9k4 ,kant emphasises especially t e?ics h to d only ) duties ( man t[>ds m54 ,! 8human0 treatm5t ( animals he ?9ks himself oblig$ to ju/ify by putt+ x =w>d z a practis+ ( s5sibility :i* helps to improve our sympa!tic relations ) o!r human be+s4 ,b5?am1 too1 def5ds k9dness to animals *iefly z a means ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( he>tless relations ) o!r m51 ev5 ?\gh he "h & !re recognises x z some?+ obvi\sly "r4 ,d>w9 9 8 ,desc5t ( ,man notices t ! feel+ ( sympa?y :i* is dom9ant 9 ! social impulse1 becomes at la/ s /rong t x comes to include all m51 & inde$ ev5 animals4 ,b he does n pursue ! problem & ! pg #bcd significance ( ?is fact any fur!r1 & cont5ts himself ) e/abli%+ ! e?ics ( ! human h]d4 ,?us x ranks ) ,european ?\ght z a dogma t e?ics h to d prop]ly only ) a man's relation to 8 fell[s & to society4 ,! motives :i* emanate f ,s*op5hau]1 ,/]n1 & o!rs1 = ?r[+ d[n ! antiquat$ l9e ( circumvallation1 are n und]/ood4 ,?is backw>d attitude is ! m un9telligible see+ t bo? ,indian ?\ght & ,*9ese1 ev5 :5 !y h only sc>cely begun to develop1 make e?ics consi/ 9 a k9dly relation to all creatures4 ,moreov]1 !y h come to ?is view q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,! subtle & f>-rea*+ comm&s conc]n+ reg>d = animals 9 ! popul> ,*9ese e?ics ( ! book ,kan ,y9 ,pi5 7,conc]n+ ,rew>ds & ,puni%m5ts7 _c be ref]r$ back1 z is commonly suppos$1 to ,buddhi/ influ5ces47#aje7 ,!y h no connexion ) metaphysical discussions ab\t ! mutual relation%ip ( all be+s1 su* z became effective z ! e?ical horizon wid5$ 9 ,indian ?\ght1 b orig9ate 9 a liv+1 e?ical feel+ :i* d>es to draw ! consequ5ces :i* seem to x to be natural4 ,:5 ,european ?\ght refuses to make self-devotion univ]sal1 ! reason is t its ef=ts are direct$ to rea*+ a rational e?ic :i* deals ) univ]sally valid judgm5ts1 & x sees a prospect ( t only :5 x c keep its feet ^u ! solid gr\nd ( discussion ( ! int]e/s ( human society4 ,b an e?ic :i* busies pg #bce itself ) ! relations ( man to ! :ole creation =sakes x4 ,su* an e?ic is driv5 into discussions ab\t exi/5ce z su*4 ,:e!r x w or n1 x has to plunge into ! adv5ture ( com+ to t]ms ) nature-philosophy1 & ! result ( su* an adv5ture _c be =ese54 ,?is is a correct conclusion4 ,b x has already be5 %[n t ! e?ic ( society1 :i* guides m5 f ! outside1 suppos+ x c be drawn up 9 ?is way at all1 is nev] a true e?ic1 b m]ely an app5dix to e?ics4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ fur!r t true e?ics are always subjective1 t !y h an irrational en?usiasm z _! v brea? ( life1 & h to come to t]ms ) nature-philosophy4 ,! e?ic ( self-devotion has1 !re=e1 no reason = %r9k+ f ?is 9 any case unavoidable adv5ture4 ,its h\se has be5 burnt d[n4 ,let x g out into ! _w to seek its =tune4 ,let x1 !n1 v5ture to accept ! ?\ght t self-devotion has to be practis$ n only t[>ds m5 b t[>ds all liv+ creatures1 yes1 t[>ds all life :atev] t exi/s 9 ! _w & is )9 ! rea* ( man4 ,let x rise to ! conception t ! relation ( m5 to ea* o!r is only an expression ( t 9 :i* !y all /& to ,be+ & to ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,hav+ ?us become cosmic1 ! e?ic ( devotion c hope to meet ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 :i* is fundam5tally cosmic1 & to unite itself ) x4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ & my/icism ,b 9 ord] t ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ may comb9e ) t ( self-devotion1 x mu/ fir/ become cosmic 9 ! "r way4 ,x is inde$ fundam5tally cosmic1 because self-p]fect+ c consi/ ( no?+ b ?is1 t man comes into 8 true relation to ! ,be+ t is 9 him & outside him4 ,8 natural1 outw>d connexion ) ,be+ he means to pg #bcf *ange into a spiritual1 inw>d devotion to x1 lett+ 8 passive & active relation to ?+s be det]m9$ by ?is devotion4 ,9 ?is ef=t1 h[ev]1 he has nev] yet got fur!r ?an a passive devotion to ,be+4 ,he is always driv5 pa/ active devotion to x4 ,?is "o-sid$ness is :at makes x impossible = ! two e?ics ( self-p]fect+ & ( self-devotion to p5etrate ea* o!r1 & to produce toge!r ! complete e?ic ( passive & active self-p]fect+4 ,b :at is ! reason t ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 9 spite ( all its ef=ts1 _c get out ( ! circle ( ! passive8 ,x is t x all[s ! spiritual inw>d devotion to ,be+ to be direct$ to an ab/ract notion ( ,be+ in/ead ( to real ,be+4 ,?us x approa*es nature-philosophy 9 a wrong way4 ,:5ce ?is error8 ,x is a result ( ! difficulties :i* ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ meets :5 x attempts to compreh5d itself 9 nature-philosophy4 ,9 a fa%ion :i* is deep1 ?\gh x /rikes u z unfamili>1 ,*9ese ?\ght und]takes to arrive at ?is agreem5t4 ,x ?9ks t x is someh[ or o!r 9 ! 8imp]sonal0 elem5t ( ! _w's activity t ! secret ( ! truly e?ical lies4 ,x accord+ly makes spiritual devotion to ,be+ consi/ 9 ?is1 t we look away f ! subjective /irr+s )9 ourselves1 & relate ourselves to ! laws ( objectivity :i* we discov] 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,x is ) ?is deep 8becom+ l ! _w0 t ! ?\ght ( ,lao-tse & t ( ,*wang-tse are conc]n$4 ,! motifs ( su* an e?ic make !mselves he>d 9 a wond]ful fa%ion 9 ,lao-tse's ,taotek+2 b !y _c be made to produce a complete symphony4 ,! mean+ ( :at happ5s 9 ! _w is a ?+ we _c inve/igate4 ,:at we d und]/& ( x is t all life tries to live itself out4 ,! true e?ic ( life1 !re=e1 89 ! _s ( :at happ5s0 w\ld seem to be t ( ,yang-tse & ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e4 ,on ! o!r h& ! assumption pg #bcg ( an objectivity1 dom9ant 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 :i* c be a patt]n = our activity is no?+ else ?an an attempt1 und]tak5 ) ! pale/ ( col\rs1 to pa9t ! _w z e?ical4 ,correspond+ly1 ?is exi/5ce 9 ! _s ( ! _w means ) ,lao-tse & ,*wang-tse an inw>d lib]ation f ! rule ( passion & f outw>d occurr5ces1 :i* is accompani$ by m>k$ depreciations ( all t5d5cies to activity4 ,:5ev] life 9 ! _s ( ! _w leads to a really activi/ e?ic z ) ,confucius1 ,mo-,di1 & o!rs1 !re has be5 a correspond+ int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ! _w4 ,:5ev]1 9 g5]al1 human ?9k+ raises be+-l-!-_w to an e?ic1 ! e?ical will+ ( mank9d has read someh[ or o!r into ! _w-_s an e?ical "* 9 ord] to be able to f9d itself 9 x lat]4 ,s9ce no motives to e?ical activity are to be discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ mu/ all[ bo? ! active & ! passive e?ic to orig9ate side by side 9 ! b>e fact ( spiritual inw>d self-d$ication to ,be+4 ,x mu/ d]ive !m bo? f ! act z su*1 )\t any presupposition ( any sort ( e?ical quality 9 ,be+4 ,!n fir/ w ?\ght h rea*$ a complete e?ic )\t hav+ be5 guilty ( any sort ( nave or tricky proce$+s4 ,t is ! problem at :i* ! e?ical se>*+ ( all peoples & all ages va9ly toils1 s f> z x v5tures to ?9k 9 ! _s ( true nature philosophy4 ,) ! ,*9ese & ! ,indians1 9 ,/oicism1 ) ,sp9oza1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel1 & 9 all my/icism ( union ) ! ,absolute1 x rea*es only an e?ic ( resignation1 consi/+ ( inw>d lib]ation f ! _w1 nev] at ! same "t an e?ic ( work+ 9 ! _w & ^u ! _w4 ,x is true t x only seldom v5tures hone/ly to admit to itself ! unsatisfactory result4 ,z a rule x seeks to wid5 x1 & to ma9ta9 9 "s measure an activi/ e?ic 9 spite ( x1 lett+ ?is e?ic be comb9$ 9 "s =m or o!r ) ! e?ic ( resignation4 ,! m pg #bch consi/5t ! ?9k]s1 ! m mode/ is ! space occupi$ by ! piece ?us hook$ on4 ,) ,lao-tse & ,*wang-tse1 ) ! ,brahmans & ! ,buddha1 ) ! ,/oics ( antiquity1 ) ,sp9oza1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ,hegel1 & ) ! great moni/ my/ics ! activi/ e?ic is r$uc$ to little m ?an no?+4 ,) ,confucius & ,m5g-tse1 ) ! ,h9doo ?9k]s1 ) ! repres5tatives ( ! ,lat] ,/oicism1 & ) ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te x makes /r5u\s ef=ts to ass]t itself1 b x c d s only s f> z x takes ei!r nave or sophi/icat$ ?\ght to help x4 ,e _w-&-life-view :i* is to satisfy ?\ght is my/icism4 ,x mu/ seek to give to ! exi/5ce ( man su* a mean+ z w prev5t him f be+ satisfi$ ) be+ a "p ( ! inf9ite exi/5ce 9 m]ely natural fa%ion1 b w make him det]m9e to belong to x inw>dly & spiritually also1 ?r\gh an act ( 8 consci\sness4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ is 9 inmo/ connexion ) my/icism4 ,its own de/9y is decid$ 9 t ( my/icism4 ,?9k+ out ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ means no?+ else ?an seek+ to f\nd e?ics on my/icism4 ,my/icism1 on its side1 is a valuable _w-&-life-view only 9 proportion z x is e?ical4 ,& yet x f9ds x _c succe$ 9 be+ e?ical4 ,exp]i5ce ( becom+ "o ) ! ,absolute1 ( exi/5ce )9 ! _w-_s1 ( asc5t into ,god1 or :atev] "o may *oose to call ! process1 is n 9 itself e?ical2 x is only spiritual4 ,( ?is deep di/9ction ,indian ?\ght has become consci\s4 ,) ! mo/ v>i$ phras+ x proclaims ! /atem5t3 8,spirituality is n e?ics40 ,we ,europeans h rema9$ nave 9 matt]s ( my/icism4 ,:at appe>s among u z my/icism is usually my/icism ) a m or less ,*ri/ian1 t is to say e?ical1 col\r+4 ,h5ce we are incl9$ to deceive ourselves ab\t ! e?ical cont5t ( my/icism4 ,if "o analyses ! my/icism ( all peoples & all ages to f9d out its e?ical cont5t1 we f9d t ?is is pg #bci extraord9>ily small4 ,ev5 ! e?ic ( resignation1 :i* seems aft] all to belong naturally to my/icism1 is 9 x m or less afflict$ ) impot5ce4 ,?r\gh ! abs5ce ( ! activi/ e?ic ) :i* x %\ld normally be b\nd up1 x to a c]ta9 ext5t loses its hold1 & pu%es itself m & m into ! region ( no long] e?ical resignation4 ,!re !n arises a my/icism t no long] helps ! ef=t = self-p]fect+1 :i* is ! deep] "w to :i* x is call$1 b all[s absorption into ! ,absolute to become an aim 9 itself4 ,! pur] ! my/icism1 ! fur!r has ?is evolution develop$4 ,my/icism becomes !n a _w- & life-view ( ! m]g+ ( ! f9ite exi/5ce 9 ! inf9ite1 if inde$ x does n get rev]s$1 z ) ! ,brahmans1 into ! l(ty my/icism ( ! exi/5ce ( inf9ite exi/5ce )9 ! f9ite4 ,! e?ic ( self-p]fect+1 :i* %\ld arise out ( my/icism1 is !re=e always 9 dang] ( p]i%+ 9 my/icism4 ,! t5d5cy ( my/icism to become supra-e?ical is q natural4 ,z a matt] ( fact its connexion ) an ,absolute :i* has nei!r qualities nor ne$s has no?+ m to d ) self-p]fect+4 ,x becomes a pure act ( consci\sness1 & leads to a spirituality :i* is j z b>e ( cont5t z ! pre-suppos$ ,absolute4 ,feel+ its weakness1 my/icism does all x c to be m e?ical ?an x is1 or at any rate to appe> s4 ,ev5 ! ,indian =m ( x makes ef=ts 9 ?is direction1 al?\gh aga91 on ! o!r h&1 x has c\rage to be v]aci\s en\gh to rank ! spiritual above ! e?ical4 ,9 ord] to judge :at my/icism is wor? e?ically "o mu/ c\nt only :at x conta9s 9 itself 9 ! way ( e?ics1 n :at x does or says beyond t4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! e?ical cont5t ( ev5 ,*ri/ian my/icism is t]rify+ly small4 ,my/icism is n a fri5d b a foe ( e?ics2 x dev\rs x4 ,& yet ! e?ic :i* is to satisfy ?\ght mu/ be born ( my/icism4 ,all deep philosophy1 all deep religion1 are ultimately a /ruggle = e?ical my/icism & my/ical e?ics4 pg #bdj ,dom9at$ by ef=ts to secure an activi/ e?ical _w- & life-view1 we ,we/]n]s d n all[ my/icism to come into its own4 ,x leads among u a furtive1 int]mitt5t exi/5ce4 ,we feel in/9ctively t x /&s 9 antagonism to activi/ e?ics1 & we h !re=e no inw>d relation%ip to x4 ,our great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 is ?9k+ t we c rea* )\t my/icism an e?ical _w- & life-view1 :i* %all satisfy ?\ght4 ,up to n[ we h done no?+ b fabricate _w- & life-views4 ,!y are good because !y keep m5 up to activi/ e?ics1 b !y are n true1 & !re=e !y are always collaps+4 ,moreov] !y are n deep4 ,h5ce ,european ?\ght makes m5 e?ical inde$1 b sup]ficial1 & ! ,european1 because he is surfeit$ ) _w-view :i* has be5 fabricat$ ) a view to activi/ e?ics1 has no collect$ness & no inw>d p]sonality1 nor inde$ any feel+ ( ne$ = ^! ?+s4 ,x is inde$ "t = u to ab&on ?is error4 ,dep? & /ability 9 ?9k+ come to ! _w- & life-view ( activi/ e?ics only :5 ?is spr+s f my/icism4 ,! "q ( :at we are to make ( our life is n solv$ by our be+ driv5 out into ! _w ) an impulse to activity1 & nev] be+ all[$ to collect ourselves = ?\ght4 ,x c be really answ]$ only by a _w- & life-view :i* br+s man into a spiritual inw>d relation to ,be+1 out ( :i* !re results ( natural necessity an e?ic bo? passive & active4 ,! hi!rto accept$ my/icism _c effect ?is because x is supra-e?ical4 ,! /ruggle ( ?\ght has !re=e to direct itself ^u e?ical my/icism4 ,we mu/ rise to a spirituality :i* is e?ical1 & to an e?ic :i* includes )9 itself all spirituality4 ,!n only d we become pr(\ndly qualifi$ = life4 ,e?ics mu/ resolve to orig9ate 9 my/icism4 ,my/icism1 on its side1 mu/ nev] ?9k t x exi/s = its own sake4 ,x is n a fl[]1 b only ! calyx4 ,e?ics are pg #bda ! fl[]4 ,my/icism :i* exi/s = itself only is ! salt :i* has lo/ its sav\r4 ,! hi!rto accept$ my/icism leads into ! supra-e?ical because x is ab/ract1 & ab/raction is ! dea? ( e?ics1 = e?ics are a liv+ relation = a liv+ life4 ,we mu/ !re=e ab&on ab/ract my/icism1 & turn to ! my/icism :i* is alive4 ,ab/ract my/icism & ! my/icism ( reality4 ,supra-e?ical1 & e?ical my/icism ,! ,ess5ce ( ,be+1 ! ,absolute1 ! ,_w-_s1 & all simil> expressions d5ote no?+ actual1 b some?+ conceiv$ 9 ab/ractions :i* = t reason x is also absolutely impossible to repres5t to ! m9d4 ,! only reality is ! ,be+ :i* manife/s itself 9 ph5om5a4 ,h[ does ?\ght come to su* a mean+less proce$+ z mak+ man ent] into a spiritual relation ) an unreal creation ( ?\ght8 ,by yield+ to temptation 9 two ways1 "o g5]al1 "o p>ticul>4 ,?r[n back ^u ! necessity ( express+ itself 9 words ?\ght adopts z its own ! ab/ractions & symbols :i* h be5 co9$ by language4 ,b ?is co9age %\ld h no m curr5cy ?an all[s x to repres5t ?+s 9 an abbreviat$ way1 in/ead ( putt+ !m =w>d ) all ! detail 9 :i* !y are giv54 ,b 9 "t x comes ab\t t ?\ght works ) ^! ab/ractions & symbols z if !y repres5t$ some?+ really exi/+4 ,t is ! g5]al temptation4 ,! p>ticul> temptation lies 9 ?is case 9 ?is1 t man's devotion to inf9ite ,be+1 effect$ ) ! help ( ab/ractions & symbols1 is !reby giv5 expression 9 an entic+ly simple way4 ,x is tak5 to consi/ ( entrance into relation ) ! totality ( ,be+1 t is to say1 ) its spiritual ess5ce4 ,t looks v well 9 words & 9 ?\ght4 ,reality1 pg #bdb h[ev]1 kn[s no?+ ab\t ! individual be+ able to ent] into connexion ) ! totality ( ,be+4 ,z x kn[s ( no ,be+ except t :i* manife/s itself 9 ! exi/5ce ( individual be+s1 s also x kn[s ( no relations except ^! ( "o individual be+ to ano!r4 ,if my/icism1 !n1 means to be hone/1 !re is no?+ = x to d b to ca/ f x ! usual ab/ractions1 & to admit to itself t x c d no?+ rational ) ?is imag9>y ess5ce ( ,be+4 ,! ,absolute may be z mean+less to x z 8 feti% is to a conv]t$ negro4 ,x mu/ 9 all s]i\sness g ?r\gh ! process ( conv]sion to ! my/icism ( reality4 ,ab&on+ all /age decorations & declamation1 let x try to get its exp]i5ce 9 liv+ nature4 ,!re is no ,ess5ce ( ,be+1 b only inf9ite ,be+ 9 inf9ite manife/ations4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! manife/ations ( ,be+1 & only ?r\gh ^? ) :i* ,i ent] into relations1 t my be+ has any int]c\rse ) inf9ite ,be+4 ,! devotion ( my be+ to inf9ite ,be+ means devotion ( my be+ to all ! manife/ations ( ,be+ :i* ne$ my devotion1 & to :i* ,i am able to devote myself4 ,only an inf9itely small "p ( inf9ite ,be+ comes )9 my rea*4 ,! re/ ( x drives on pa/ me1 l di/ant %ips to :i* ,i make signals !y d n und]/&4 ,b by devot+ myself to t :i* comes )9 my rea* & ne$s me1 ,i make spiritual1 inw>d devotion to inf9ite ,be+ a reality & !reby give my own poor exi/5ce mean+ & ri*ness4 ,! riv] has f\nd its sea4 ,f devotion to ! ,absolute !re comes only a dead spirituality4 ,x is a purely intellectual act4 ,no motives to activity are giv5 9 x4 ,ev5 ! e?ic ( resignation c only eke out a mis]able exi/5ce on ! soil ( su* an intellectualism4 ,b 9 ! my/icism ( reality devotion is no long] a purely intellectual act1 b "o 9 :i* ev]y?+ t is alive 9 man has its %>e4 ,!re is !re=e dom9ant 9 x a spirituality :i* c>ries 9 itself pg #bdc 9 elem5tal =m ! impulse to action4 ,! gruesome tru? t spirituality & e?ics are two diff]5t ?+s no long] holds good4 ,"h ! two are "o & ! same4 ,n[1 too1 ! e?ic ( self-p]fect+ & ! e?ic ( devotion c int]p5etrate ea* o!r4 ,!y n[ become1 we see1 cosmic 9 nature-philosophy1 :i* leaves ! _w z x is4 ,h5ce !y _c b meet ea* o!r 9 a ?\ght 7:i* satisfies 9 e direction ! laws ( ?9k+71 ( liv+ devotion to ,be+ :i* lives4 ,9 ?is ?\ght lie passive & active self-p]fect+ 9 mutual agreem5t & p]fect union4 ,!y compreh5d ea* o!r z ! work+ out ( "o & ! same inn] compulsion4 ,hav+ become "o !y no long] ne$ fir/ ( all to ex]t !mselves to e/abli% by jo9t ef=ts ! complet$ e?ic ( influ5c+ ! _w ?r\gh lib]ation f ! _w4 ,! complet5ess is n[ automatically atta9$4 ,n[ !re r+ out 9 wond]ful h>monies all ! notes 9 ! gamut ( e?ics1 f ! vibrations 9 :i* resignation beg9s to be audible z e?ics1 up to ! high] notes 9 :i* e?ics pass ov] into ! h>% noises ( ! comm&s :i* are proclaim$ by society to be e?ical4 ,subjective responsibility = all life :i* comes )9 8 rea*1 responsibility :i* wid5s out ext5sively & int5sively to ! limitless1 & :i* ! man :o has become inw>dly free f ! _w exp]i5ces & tries to make a reality1 t is e?ics4 ,x orig9ates 9 _w- & life-affirmation4 ,x makes itself a reality 9 life-d5ial4 ,x is completely b\nd up ) optimi/ic will+4 ,nev] aga9 c ! belief-9-progress get sep>at$ f e?ics1 l a badly-fa/5$ :eel f a c>t4 ,! two turn insep>ably on ! same axle4 ,! basic pr9ciple ( e?ics1 t pr9ciple :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght1 :i* has a def9ite cont5t1 :i* is ev] br++ itself into /eady1 liv+1 & practical agreem5t ) reality1 proclaims itself to be3 ,devotion to life out ( rev]5ce = life4 pg #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,rev]5ce ,,= ,,life ,! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral ,,complicat$ & labori\s are ! roads along :i* e?ical ?\ght1 :i* has mi/ak5 its way & lo/ itself1 mu/ be br\ght back4 ,its c\rse1 h[ev]1 maps itself out q simply if1 in/ead ( tak+ app>5tly conv5i5t %ort cuts1 x keeps to its "r direction f ! v beg9n+4 ,= ?is ?ree ?+s are necess>y4 ,x mu/ h no?+ to d ) an e?ical int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,x mu/ become cosmic & my/ical1 t is1 x mu/ seek to conceive all ! devotion :i* rules 9 e?ics z a manife/ation ( an inw>d1 spiritual relation to ! _w4 ,x mu/ n g a/ray into ab/ract ?9k+1 b mu/ rema9 elem5tal1 und]/&+ self-devotion to ! _w to be self-devotion ( human life to e =m ( liv+ be+ ) :i* x c come into relation4 ,! orig9 ( e?ics is t ,i ?9k out ! full mean+ ( ! _w-affirmation :i* is giv5 by nature toge!r ) ! life-affirmation 9 my w-to-live1 & try to make x a reality4 ,to become e?ical means to beg9 to ?9k s9c]ely4 ,?9k+ is ! agreem5t betwe5 will+ & kn[+ :i* is come to )9 me4 ,its c\rse is a nave "o1 if ! w dem&s ( ! k to be %[n a _w :i* corresponds to ! impulses :i* x c>ries )9 itself1 & if ! k attempts to satisfy ?is requirem5t4 ,! place ( ?is dialogue1 a dialogue :i* is doom$ be=eh& to produce no result1 mu/ be tak5 by a correct "o1 9 :i* ! w dem&s f ! k only :at x really kn[s4 pg #bde ,if ! k answ]s solely ) :at x kn[s1 x is always tea*+ ! w "o & ! same fact1 viz41 t 9 & beh9d all ph5om5a !re is w-to-live4 ,k1 ?\gh ev] becom+ deep] & m inclusive1 c d no?+ except take u deep] into ! enigmatic fact t all t is1 is w-to-live4 ,progress 9 sci5ce consi/s only 9 increas+ly accurate description ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i* life 9 its innum]able =ms appe>s & passes1 lett+ u discov] life :]e we did n previ\sly expect x1 & putt+ u 9 a position to turn to our own use 9 ?is or t way :at we h le>nt ( ! c\rse ( ! w-to-live 9 nature4 ,b :at life is1 no sci5ce c tell u4 ,= our _w- & life-view1 !n1 ! ga9 d]iv$ f k is only t x makes x h>d] = u to be ?\ghtless1 because x =ces ^u our att5tion ev] m /rongly ! my/]y ( ! w-to-live :i* we see /irr+ ev]y:]e4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 le>n$ & unle>n$ is an entirely relative "o4 ,! unle>n$ man :o1 at ! sight ( a tree 9 fl[]1 is ov]p[]$ by ! my/]y ( ! w-to-live :i* is /irr+ all r\nd him1 kn[s m truly ?an ! le>n$ "o :o /udies "u ! microscope or 9 physical & *emical activity a ?\s& =ms ( ! w-to-live1 b :o1 ) all 8 k ( ! life-c\rse ( ^! manife/ations ( ! w-to-live1 is unmov$ by ! my/]y t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is w-to-live1 :ile he is puff$ up ) vanity at be+ able to describe exactly a fragm5t ( ! c\rse ( life4 ,all true k passes on into exp]i5ce4 ,! nature ( ! manife/ations ,i d n "k1 b ,i =m a conception ( x 9 analogy to ! w-to-live :i* is )9 myself1 & ?us my k ( ! _w becomes exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,! k :i* is becom+ exp]i5ce does n all[ me to rema9 9 face ( ! _w a subject :o m]ely kn[s2 x =ces ^u me an inw>d relation to ! _w1 & fills me ) rev]5ce = ! my/]i\s w-to-live :i* is 9 ev]y?+4 ,by mak+ pg #bdf me ?9k & wond]1 x leads me ev] upw>ds to ! heights ( rev]5ce = life4 ,!re x lets my h& g4 ,x _c accompany me fur!r4 ,my w-to-live mu/ n[ f9d its way ab\t ! _w by itself4 ,x is n by in=m+ me :at ?is or t manife/ation ( life means 9 ! sum-total ( ! _w t k br+s me into connexion ) ! _w4 ,x goes ab\t ) me n 9 out] circles1 b 9 ! inn] ones4 ,f )9 outw>ds x puts me 9 relation to ! _w by =c+ my w-to-live to feel ev]y?+ ar\nd x z also w-to-live4 ,) ,desc>tes1 philosophy />ts f ! dogma3 8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i exi/40 ,) ?is pov]ty-/rick51 arbitr>ily *os5 beg9n+1 x is l&$ irretrievably on ! road to ! ab/ract4 ,x nev] f9ds ! entrance to e?ics1 & rema9s entangl$ 9 a dead _w- & life-view4 ,true philosophy mu/ />t f ! mo/ imm$iate & compreh5sive fact ( consci\sness1 :i* says3 8,i am life :i* wills to live1 9 ! mid/ ( life :i* wills to live40 ,?is is n a clev]ly compos$ dogmatic =mula4 ,day aft] day1 h\r aft] h\r1 ,i live & move 9 x4 ,at e mom5t ( reflexion x /&s fre% be=e me4 ,!re bur/s =? aga9 & aga9 f x z f roots t c nev] dry up1 a liv+ _w- & life-view :i* c deal ) all ! facts ( ,be+4 ,a my/icism ( e?ical union ) ,be+ gr[s out ( x4 ,z 9 my own w-to-live !re is a long+ = wid] life & = ! my/]i\s exaltation ( ! w-to-live :i* we call pleasure1 ) dread ( annihilation & ( ! my/]i\s encroa*m5t on ! w-to-live :i* we call pa92 s is x also 9 ! w-to-live all ar\nd me1 :e!r x c express itself be=e me1 or rema9s dumb4 ,e?ics consi/1 !re=e1 9 my exp]i5c+ ! compulsion to %[ to all w-to-live ! same rev]5ce z ,i d to my own4 ,!re we h giv5 u t basic pr9ciple ( ! moral :i* is a necessity ( ?\ght3 ,x is good to ma9ta9 & to promote life2 x is bad to de/roy life or to ob/ruct x4 pg #bdg ,z a matt] ( fact ev]y?+ :i* 9 ! ord9>y e?ical valuation ( ! relations ( m5 to ea* o!r ranks z good1 c be br\ght "u ! description ( mat]ial & spiritual ma9t5ance or promotion ( human life1 & ( ef=t to br+ x to its highe/ value4 ,conv]sely1 ev]y?+ :i* ranks z bad 9 human relations is 9 ! la/ analysis mat]ial or spiritual de/ruction or ob/ruction ( human life1 & neglig5ce 9 ! ef=t to br+ x to its highe/ value4 ,sep>ate individual categories ( good & evil :i* lie f> ap>t & h app>5tly no connexion at all ) "o ano!r fit toge!r l ?+s :i* belong to ea* o!r1 z soon z !y are compreh5d$ & deep5$ 9 ?is ! mo/ univ]sal def9ition ( good & evil4 ,! basic pr9ciple ( ! moral means1 h[ev]1 n only an ord]+ & deep5+ ( ! curr5t views ( good & evil1 b also a wid5+ ( !m4 ,a man is truly e?ical only :5 he obeys ! compulsion to help all life :i* he is able to assi/1 & %r9ks f injur+ any?+ t lives4 ,he does n ask h[ f> ?is or t life des]ves "o's int]e/ z be+ valuable1 nor1 beyond t1 :e!r & h[ f> x c appreciate su* int]e/4 ,life z su* is sacr$ to him4 ,he te>s no leaf f a tree1 plucks no fl[]1 & takes c>e to cru% no insect4 ,if 9 summ] he is work+ by lamplight1 he pref]s to keep ! w9d[ %ut & brea! a /uffy atmosph]e r ?an see "o insect aft] ano!r fall ) s+$ w+s ^u 8 table4 ,if he goes into ! /reet aft] a %[] & sees an e>?worm :i* has /ray$ on to x1 he be?9ks himself t x mu/ get dri$ up 9 ! sun1 if x does n get back soon en\gh to gr\nd into :i* x c burr[1 & s he lifts x f ! deadly /one surface1 & puts x on ! grass4 ,if he comes across an insect :i* has fall5 into a puddle1 he /ops a mom5t 9 ord] to hold out a leaf or a /alk on :i* x c save itself4 ,he is n afraid ( be+ laugh$ at z s5tim5tal4 ,x is ! fate ( e tru? to be a subject = laught] until pg #bdh x is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,once x 0 consid]$ folly to assume t m5 ( col\r 7 really m5 & ought to be treat$ z su*1 b ! folly has become an accept$ tru?4 ,to-day x is ?\ght to be go+ too f> to decl>e t con/ant reg>d = ev]y?+ t lives1 d[n to ! l[e/ manife/ations ( life1 is a dem& made by rational e?ics4 ,! "t is com+1 h[ev]1 :5 p w be a/oni%$ t mank9d ne$$ s long a "t to le>n to reg>d ?\ghtless injury to life z incompatible ) e?ics4 ,e?ics are responsibility )\t limit t[>ds all t lives4 ,! def9ition ( e?ics z a relation to ?+s )9 a disposition to rev]5ce = life1 /rikes "o 9 its absolutely univ]sal ext5t z cold4 ,b x is ! only complete "o4 ,sympa?y is too n>r[ to rank z ! ess5ce ( ! e?ical4 ,x d5otes1 ( c\rse1 only int]e/ 9 ! suff]+ w-to-live4 ,b e?ics include also feel+ z "o's own all ! circum/ances & all ! aspirations ( ! w-to-live1 its pleasure1 too1 & its long+ to live itself out to ! full1 z well z its urge to self-p]fect+4 ,love means m1 s9ce x includes fell[%ip 9 suff]+1 9 joy1 & 9 ef=t1 b x %[s ! e?ical only 9 a simile1 al?\gh 9 a natural & deep "o4 ,x makes ! solid>ity produc$ by e?ics analog\s to t :i* nature calls =? on ! physical side1 = m or less tempor>y purposes betwe5 two be+s :i* complete ea* o!r sexually1 or betwe5 !m & _! (fspr+4 ,?\ght mu/ /rive to br+ to expression ! nature ( ! e?ical 9 itself4 ,to effect ?is x comes inevitably to def9+ e?ics z devotion to life :i* is inspir$ by rev]5ce = life4 ,ev5 if ! ^w rev]5ce = life s\nds s g5]al z to seem some:at lifeless1 :at is signifi$ by x is nev]!less some?+ :i* ! man into ^: ?\ght x has made its way c nev] get rid (4 ,sympa?y1 & love1 & e k9d ( valuable emotion are giv5 )9 x4 ,) a re/less liv+ =ce pg #bdi rev]5ce = life works ^u ! disposition into :i* x has ent]$1 & ?r[s x into ! unre/ ( a feel+ ( responsibility :i* at no place & at no "t ceases to affect x4 ,j z ! screw :i* burr[s ?r\gh ! wat] drives ! %ip along1 s does rev]5ce = life ! man4 ,aris+1 z x does1 f an inn] compulsion1 ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life is n dep5d5t on ! ext5t to :i* x is able to ?9k itself out to a satisfy+ life-view4 ,x ne$ give no answ] to ! "q ( :at significance ! e?ical man's "w = ! ma9t5ance1 promotion1 & exalt+ ( life c h 9 ! total happ5+s ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,x does n let itself be misl$ by ! calculation t ! ma9ta9+ & complet+ ( life :i* x practises is h>dly wor? consid]ation beside ! trem5d\s1 unceas+ de/ruction ( life :i* goes on ?r\gh natural =ces4 ,hav+ ! w to action1 x c leave on "o side all ! problems ( ! success ( its "w4 ,full ( significance = ! _w is ! fact 9 itself t 9 ! e?ically develop$ man !re has made its appe>ance 9 ! _w a w-to-live :i* is fill$ ) rev]5ce = life & devotion to life4 ,9 my w-to-live ! univ]sal w-to-live exp]i5ces itself o!rwise ?an 9 its o!r manife/ations4 ,9 !m x %[s itself 9 a process ( individualis+ :i*1 s f> z ,i c see f ! outside1 is b5t m]ely on liv+ itself out to ! full1 & 9 no way on union ) any o!r w-to-live4 ,! _w is a gha/ly drama ( w-to-live divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,"o exi/5ce makes its way at ! co/ ( ano!r2 "o de/roys ! o!r4 ,"o w-to-live m]ely ex]ts its w aga9/ ! o!r1 & has no k ( x4 ,b 9 me ! w-to-live has come to "k ab\t o!r wills-to-live4 ,!re is 9 x a long+ to arrive at unity ) itself1 to become univ]sal4 ,:y does ! w-to-live exp]i5ce itself 9 ?is way 9 me alone8 ,is x because ,i h acquir$ ! capacity ( reflect+ on ! totality ( ,be+8 ,:at is ! goal ( ?is evolution :i* has begun 9 me8 pg #bej ,to ^! que/ions !re is no answ]4 ,x rema9s a pa9ful enigma = me t ,i mu/ live ) rev]5ce = life 9 a _w :i* is dom9at$ by creative w :i* is also de/ructive w1 & de/ructive w :i* is also creative4 ,i c d no?+ b hold to ! fact t ! w-to-live 9 me manife/s itself z w-to-live :i* desires to become "o ) o!r w-to-live4 ,t is = me ! light t %9es 9 ! d>kness4 ,! ignorance 9 :i* ! _w is wrapp$ has no exi/5ce = me2 ,i h be5 sav$ f ! _w4 ,i am ?r[n1 inde$1 by rev]5ce = life into an unre/ su* z ! _w does n "k1 b ,i obta9 f x a bless$ness :i* ! _w _c give4 ,if 9 ! t5d]he>t$ness produc$ by be+ diff]5t f ! _w ano!r p]son & ,i help ea* o!r 9 und]/&+ & p>don+1 :5 o!rwise w w\ld torm5t w1 ! division ( ! w-to-live is got rid (4 ,if ,i save an insect f ! puddle1 life has devot$ itself to life1 & ! division ( life aga9/ itself is got rid (4 ,:5ev] my life devotes itself 9 any way to life1 my f9ite w-to-live exp]i5ces its union ) ! inf9ite w 9 :i* all life is "o1 & ,i enjoy a feel+ ( refre%m5t :i* prev5ts me f p9+ away 9 ! des]t ( life4 ,i !re=e recognize x z ! de/9y ( my exi/5ce to be ob$i5t to ?is high] revelation ( ! w-to-live 9 me4 ,i *oose = my "w ! removal ( ?is division ( ! w-to-live aga9/ itself1 s f> z ! influ5ce ( my exi/5ce rea*es4 ,kn[+ n[ ! "o ?+ ne$ful1 ,i leave on "o side ! enigma ( ! _w & ( my exi/5ce 9 x4 ,! surmis+s & ! long+s ( all deep religi\sness are conta9$ 9 ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life4 ,?is religi\sness1 h[ev]1 does n build up = itself a complet$ _w-view1 b resigns itself to ! necessity ( leav+ its ca!dral unf9i%$4 ,x f9i%es ! *oir only1 b 9 ?is *oir piety ma9ta9s a liv+ & nev]-ceas+ div9e s]vice4 pg #bea ,! e?ic ( resignation4 ,an e?ic ( v]acity t[>ds oneself1 & an activi/ e?ic ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life %[s its tru? also 9 t x includes 9 itself ! diff]5t elem5ts ( e?ics 9 _! natural connexion4 ,hi!rto no e?ic has be5 able to pres5t 9 _! p>allelism & _! int]action ! ef=t aft] self-p]fect+1 9 :i* man acts ^u himself f outside )\t de$s1 & ! activi/ e?ic4 ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life c d ?is1 & inde$ 9 su* a way t x n only answ]s academic que/ions1 b also produces a deep5+ ( e?ical insight4 ,e?ics are rev]5ce = ! w-to-live )9 me & )\t me4 ,f ! =m] comes fir/ ! pr(\nd life-affirmation ( resignation4 ,i appreh5d my w-to-live z n only some?+ :i* c live itself out 9 happy occurr5ces1 b also some?+ :i* has exp]i5ce ( itself4 ,if ,i refuse to let ?is self-exp]i5ce disappe> 9 ?\ghtlessness1 & p]si/ 9 feel+ x to be valuable1 ,i beg9 to le>n ! secret ( spiritual self-ass]tion4 ,i w9 an unsuspect$ fre$om f ! v>i\s de/9ies ( life4 ,at mom5ts 9 :i* ,i _h expect$ to f9d myself ov]:elm$1 ,i f9d myself exalt$ 9 an inexpressible & surpris+ happ9ess ( fre$om f ! _w1 & ,i exp]i5ce !re9 a cle>+ ( my life-view4 ,resignation is ! ve/ibule ?r\gh :i* we ent] e?ics4 ,only he :o 9 deep5$ devotion to 8 own w-to-live exp]i5ces inw>d fre$om f outw>d occurr5ces1 is capable ( devot+ himself 9 pr(\nd & /eady fa%ion to ! life ( o!rs4 ,j z 9 ! rev]5ce = my own w-to-live ,i /ruggle = fre$om f ! de/9ies ( life1 s ,i /ruggle too = fre$om f myself4 ,n only 9 face ( :at happ5s to me1 b also ) att5tion to ! way 9 :i* ,i deal ) ! _w1 ,i practise ! high] self-ma9t5ance4 ,out ( rev]5ce = my own exi/5ce ,i place myself "u ! compulsion ( v]acity t[>ds myself4 ,ev]y?+ pg #beb ,i acquir$ w\ld be pur*as$ too de>ly by action 9 defiance ( my convictions4 ,i fe> t if ,i 7 untrue to myself ,i %\ld be w\nd+ my w-to-live ) a poison$ spe>4 ,! fact t ,kant makes1 z he does1 v]acity t[>ds oneself ! c5tre po9t ( 8 e?ic1 te/ifies to ! dep? ( 8 e?ical feel+4 ,b because 9 8 se>* = ! ess5tial nature ( ! e?ical he fails to f9d 8 way ?r\gh to rev]5ce = life1 he _c compreh5d ! connexion betwe5 v]acity t[>ds oneself & an activi/ e?ic4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! e?ic ( v]acity t[>ds oneself passes imp]ceptibly into t ( devotion to o!rs4 ,su* v]acity compels me to actions :i* manife/ !mselves z devotion 9 su* a way t ord9>y e?ics d]ive !m f devotion4 ,:y d ,i =give anyone8 ,ord9>y e?ics say1 because ,i feel sympa?y ) him4 ,!y all[ m5 to seem to !mselves1 :5 !y p>don o!rs1 frightfully good1 & all[ !m to practise a /yle ( p>don+ :i* is n free f humiliation ( ! o!r4 ,!y ?us make =giv5ess a sweet5$ triumph ( self-devotion4 ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life does away ) ?is unpurifi$ view4 ,all acts ( =be>ance & ( p>don are = x acts =c$ f "o by v]acity t[>ds oneself4 ,i mu/ practise unlimit$ =giv5ess because1 if ,i did n1 ,i %\ld be want+ 9 v]acity to myself1 = x w\ld be act+ z if ,i myself 7 n guilty 9 ! same way z ! o!r has be5 guilty t[>ds me4 ,because my life is s lib]ally spott$ ) falsehood1 ,i mu/ =give falsehood :i* has be5 practis$ ^u me2 because ,i myself h be5 9 s _m cases want+ 9 love1 & guilty ( hatr$1 sl&]1 deceit1 or arrogance1 ,i mu/ p>don any want ( love1 & all hatr$1 sl&]1 deceit1 or arrogance :i* h be5 direct$ aga9/ myself4 ,i mu/ =give quietly & )\t draw+ att5tion to x2 9 fact ,i d n really p>don at all1 = ,i d n let ?+s develop to any su* act ( judgem5t4 ,nor is ?is any ecc5tric proce$+2 pg #bec x is only a necess>y wid5+ & ref9em5t ( ord9>y e?ics4 ,! /ruggle aga9/ ! evil t is 9 mank9d we h to c>ry on n by judg+ o!rs1 b by judg+ ourselves4 ,/ruggle ) oneself & v]acity t[>ds oneself are ! means by :i* we "w ^u o!rs4 ,we quietly draw !m into our ef=ts aft] ! deep spiritual self-ass]tion :i* spr+s out ( rev]5ce = "o's own life4 ,p[] makes no noise4 ,x is !re1 & works4 ,true e?ics beg9 :]e ! use ( language ceases4 ,! inn]mo/ elem5t !n1 9 activi/ e?ics1 ev5 if x appe>s z self-devotion1 comes f ! compulsion to v]acity t[>ds oneself1 & obta9s !re9 its true value4 ,! :ole e?ic ( be+ o!r ?an ! _w fl[s pure only :5 x comes f ?is s\rce4 ,x is n f k9dness to o!rs t ,i am t5d]-he>t$1 peaceable1 =be>+1 & fri5dly1 b because by su* behavi\r ,i prove my own deepe/ self-ass]tion to be true4 ,rev]5ce = life :i* ,i apply to my own exi/5ce1 & rev]5ce = life :i* keeps me 9 a temp] ( devotion to o!r exi/5ce ?an m9e1 int]p5etrate ea* o!r4 ,e?ics & ?\ghtlessness4 ,e?ics & self-ass]tion ,ord9>y e?ics1 because !y are )\t any basic pr9ciple ( ! e?ical1 are oblig$ to engage at once 9 ! discussion ( conflict+ duties4 ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life has no su* ne$ = hurry4 ,x takes its own "t to ?9k out 9 all directions its own pr9ciple ( ! moral4 ,kn[+ itself to be firmly e/abli%$1 x !n settles its position ) reg>d to ^! conflicts4 ,x has to come to t]ms ) ?ree adv]s>ies3 ^! are ?\ghtlessness1 egoi/ic self-ass]tion1 & society4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! x pays usually insuffici5t att5tion1 because no op5 conflicts arise betwe5 !m4 ,?is adv]s>y does1 nev]!less1 ob/ruct x imp]ceptibly4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a wide field :i* our e?ic c take pg #bed possession ( )\t any collision ) ! troops ( egoism4 ,man c accompli% mu* t is good1 )\t hav+ to require ( himself any sacrifice4 ,& if !re really goes ) x a bit ( 8 life1 x is some?+ s insignificant t he feels x no m ?an if he 7 los+ a hair or a piece ( dead sk94 ,ov] wide /ret*es ( conduct ! inw>d lib]ation f ! _w1 ! be+ true to oneself1 ! be+ diff]5t f ! _w1 yes1 & ev5 devotion to o!r life1 is only a matt] ( giv+ att5tion to ?is p>ticul> relation4 ,we fall %ort s mu*1 because we d n keep ourselves up to x4 ,we d n /& suffici5tly "u ! pressure ( any inw>d compulsion to be e?ical4 ,! /eam hisses at all po9ts out ( ! leaky boil]4 ,! result+ losses ( en]gy are z high z !y are 9 ord9>y e?ics1 because ^! e?ics h at _! disposal no s+le basic pr9ciple ( ! moral :i* works ^u ?\ght4 ,!y _c repair ! boil]2 !y d n1 inde$1 ev] ev5 exam9e x4 ,rev]5ce = life1 h[ev]1 be+ some?+ :i* is ev] pres5t to ?\ght1 p5etrates unceas+ly & 9 all directions m5's obs]vation1 reflexion1 & resolutions4 ,a man c keep himself cle> ( x z little z ! wat] c prev5t itself f be+ col\r$ by ! dye-/uff :i* is dropp$ into x4 ,! /ruggle ) ?\ghtlessness is />t$1 & is always advanc+4 ,b :at is ! relation betwe5 e?ics & rev]5ce = life 9 ! conflicts :i* arise betwe5 inw>d compulsion to devotion1 & necess>y self-ass]tion8 ,i too am subject to division ( my w-to-life aga9/ itself4 ,9 a ?\s& ways my exi/5ce /&s 9 conflict ) t ( o!rs4 ,! necessity to de/roy & to injure life is impos$ ^u me4 ,if ,i walk along an unfrequ5t$ pa?1 my foot br+s de/ruction & pa9 ^u ! t9y creatures :i* populate x4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve my own exi/5ce1 ,i mu/ def5d myself aga9/ ! exi/5ce :i* injures x4 ,i become a hunt] ( ! m\se :i* inhabits my h\se1 a murd]] ( ! insect :i* wants to h its ne/ !re1 a mass-murd]] ( ! bact]ia :i* pg #bee may endang] my life4 ,i get my food by de/roy+ plants & animals4 ,my happ9ess is built ^u injury done to my fell[-m54 ,h[ does our e?ic ass]t itself 9 ! tragic necessity to :i* ,i am subject$ ?r\gh ! division ( my w-to-live aga9/ itself8 ,ord9>y e?ics seek compromises4 ,!y try to lay d[n h[ mu* ( my exi/5ce & ( my happ9ess ,i mu/ sacrifice1 & h[ mu* ( !m ,i may pres]ve at ! co/ ( ! exi/5ce & happ9ess ( o!r lives4 ,) ?is di/9ction !y produce an exp]im5tal1 relative e?ic4 ,!y (f] z e?ical :at is 9 reality n e?ical b a mixture ( non-e?ical necessity & e?ics4 ,!y !reby e/abli% a huge confusion1 & all[ ! />t+ ( an ev]-increas+ obscuration ( ! conception ( ! e?ical4 ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life kn[s no?+ ( a relative e?ic4 ,x all[s to rank z good only ! ma9t5ance & promotion ( life4 ,all de/ruction ( & injury to life1 "u :atev] circum/ances !y take place1 x condemns z evil4 ,x does n keep 9 /ore adju/m5ts betwe5 e?ics & necessity all ready = mak+ up4 ,x is always aga9 & aga9 & 9 ways t are always orig9al com+ to t]ms 9 m5 ) reality4 ,x does n aboli% = man all e?ical conflicts1 b compels him to decide = himself 9 ea* case h[ f> he c rema9 e?ical & h[ f> he mu/ submit himself to ! necessity = de/ruction ( & injury to life1 & !re) incur guilt4 ,x is n by receiv+ in/ruction ab\t agreem5t betwe5 e?ical & necess>y1 t a man makes progress 9 e?ics1 b only by com+ to he> m & m pla9ly ! voice ( ! e?ical1 by becom+ rul$ m & m by ! long+ to pres]ve & promote life1 & by becom+ m & m ob/9ate 9 resi/ance to ! necessity = de/roy+ or injur+ life4 ,9 e?ical conflicts man c arrive only at subjective decisions4 ,no "o c lay d[n = him at :at po9t1 on ea* occasion1 lies ! extreme limit ( possibility = pg #bef 8 p]si/5ce 9 ! pres]vation & promotion ( life4 ,he alone has to decide1 by lett+ himself be guid$ by a feel+ ( ! highe/ possible responsibility t[>ds o!r life4 ,we mu/ nev] let ourselves become blunt$ & dull4 ,we are liv+ 9 tru?1 :5 our exp]i5ce 9 ^! conflicts is ev] deep5+4 ,! good consci5ce is an inv5tion ( ! devil's4 ,man & o!r liv+ creatures ,:at does rev]5ce = life say ab\t ! relations betwe5 m5 & ! animal _w8 ,:5ev] ,i injure life ( any sort1 ,i mu/ be q cle> :e!r x is necess>y4 ,beyond ! unavoidable1 ,i mu/ nev] g1 n ev5 ) :at seems insignificant4 ,! f>m] :o has m[n d[n a ?\s& fl[]s 9 8 mead[ to fe$ 8 c[s1 mu/ be c>eful on 8 way home n to /rike (f 9 ?\ghtless pa/ime ! head ( a s+le fl[] by ! roadside1 = he !reby commits a wrong aga9/ life )\t be+ "u ! pressure ( necessity4 ,^? :o exp]im5t ) op]ations or ! use ( drugs ^u animals1 or inoculate !m ) diseases1 s z to be able to br+ help to mank9d ) ! results ga9$1 mu/ nev] quiet any misgiv+s !y feel ) ! g5]al reflexion t _! gruesome proce$+s aim at a valuable result4 ,!y mu/ fir/ h consid]$ 9 ea* individual case :e!r !re is a real necessity to =ce ^u any animal ?is sacrifice = ! sake ( mank9d1 & !y mu/ take ! mo/ c>eful pa9s to ensure t ! pa9 inflict$ is made z small z possible4 ,h[ mu* wrong is committ$ 9 sci5tific in/itutions ?r\gh neglect ( an/hetics1 :i* to save "t or tr\ble are n adm9i/]$6 ,h[ mu*1 too1 ?r\gh animals be+ subject$ to torture m]ely to give to /ud5ts a demon/ration ( p]fectly und]/ood ph5om5a4 ,by ! v fact t animals h be5 subject$ to exp]im5ts1 & h by _! pa9 won su* valuable results = suff]+ pg #beg m51 a new & special relation ( solid>ity has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m & u4 ,f t spr+s = ea* "o ( u a compulsion to d to e animal all ! good we possibly c4 ,by help+ an insect :5 x is 9 difficulties ,i am !reby attempt+ to cancel "p ( man's ev] new debt to ! animal _w4 ,:5ev] an animal is 9 any way =c$ into ! s]vice ( man1 e "o ( u mu/ be conc]n$ ) ! suff]+ :i* x has !reby to und]go4 ,none ( u mu/ all[ to take place any suff]+ = :i* he himself is n responsible1 if he c h9d] x 9 any way1 at ! same "t quiet+ 8 consci5ce ) ! reflexion t he w\ld be mix+ himself up 9 some?+ :i* does n conc]n him4 ,no "o mu/ %ut 8 eyes & reg>d z non-exi/5t ! suff]+s ( :i* he sp>es himself ! sight4 ,let no "o reg>d z light ! burd5 ( 8 responsibility4 ,:ile s mu* ill-treatm5t ( animals goes on1 :ile ! moans ( ?ir/y animals 9 railway trucks s\nd unhe>d1 :ile s mu* brutality prevails 9 our slaught]-h\ses1 :ile animals h to suff] 9 our kit*5s pa9ful dea? f unskill$ h&s1 :ile animals h to endure intol]able treatm5t f he>tless m51 or are left to ! cruel play ( *ildr51 we all %>e ! guilt4 ,we are afraid ( mak+ ourselves conspicu\s1 if we let x be notic$ h[ we feel = ! suff]+s :i* man br+s ^u ! animals4 ,we ?9k at ! same "t t o!rs h become m 8rational0 ?an we are1 & t !y take z be+ usual & z a matt] ( c\rse1 :at we are excit$ ab\t4 ,yet sudd5ly !y w let slip a ^w :i* %[s u t !y too h n yet le>nt to acquiesce4 ,& n[1 ?\gh !y are /rang]s1 !y are q ne> u4 ,! mask 9 :i* we misl$ ea* o!r falls (f4 ,we "k n[1 f "o ano!r1 t we are alike 9 be+ unable to escape f ! gruesome proce$+s t are tak+ place unceas+ly ar\nd u4 ,:at a happy mak+ ( a new acqua9tance6 ,! e?ic ( respect = life gu>ds u f lett+ ea* o!r believe ?r\gh our sil5ce t we no long] exp]i5ce pg #beh :at1 z ?9k+ m51 we mu/ exp]i5ce4 ,x prompts u to keep ea* o!r s5sitive to :at di/resses u1 & to talk & to act toge!r )\t any feel+ ( %yness1 j z ! responsibility we feel moves u to4 ,x makes u keep on ! look-out toge!r = opportunities ( br++ "s sort ( help to animals1 to make up = ! great mis]y :i* m5 inflict on !m1 & ?us to /ep = a mom5t out ( ! incompreh5sible horror ( exi/5ce4 ,! e?ic ( ! relation ( man to man ,9 ! matt] also ( our relation to o!r m51 ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life ?r[s ^u u a responsibility s unlimit$ z to be t]rify+4 ,"h aga9 x (f]s u no rules ab\t ! ext5t ( ! self-ma9t5ance :i* is all[able2 aga91 x bids u 9 ea* case come to t]ms ) ! absolute e?ic ( self-devotion4 ,i h to decide 9 accordance ) ! responsibility ( :i* ,i am consci\s1 h[ mu* ( my life1 my possessions1 my rights1 my happ9ess1 my "t1 & my re/ ,i mu/ devote to o!rs1 & h[ mu* ( !m ,i may keep = myself4 ,9 ! "q ( possession1 ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life is outspok5ly individuali/ 9 ! s5se t weal? acquir$ or inh]it$ mu/ be plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! community1 n ?r\gh any measures tak5 by society1 b ?r\gh ! absolutely free decision ( ! individual4 ,x expects ev]y?+ f a g5]al increase 9 ! feel+ ( responsibility4 ,weal? x reg>ds z ! prop]ty ( society left 9 ! sov]eign control ( ! individual4 ,"o man s]ves society by c>ry+ on a bus9ess 9 :i* a numb] ( employees e>n _! liv+2 ano!r by giv+ away 8 weal? 9 ord] to help 8 fell[s4 ,betwe5 ^! two extreme k9ds ( s]vice let ea* decide accord+ to ! responsibility :i* he f9ds det]m9$ = him by ! circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,let no "o judge 8 neighb\r4 ,! "o ?+ t matt]s is t ea* %all value :at he possesses z means to action4 ,:e!r ?is is pg #bei accompli%$ by 8 keep+ & increas+ 8 weal?1 or by surr5d] ( x1 matt]s little4 ,weal? mu/ rea* ! community 9 ! mo/ v>i$ ways1 if ! latt] is to pr(it by x 9 ! be/ way4 ,^? :o possess little weal? to call _! own are mo/ 9 dang] ( hold+ :at !y h 9 a purely selfi% _s4 ,!re is pr(\nd tru? 9 ! p>able ( ,jesus :i* makes ! s]vant :o _h receiv$ lea/ ! lea/ loyal to 8 duty4 ,my rights too ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life does n all[ to belong to me4 ,x =bids me to quiet my consci5ce ) ! reflexion t z ! /rong]1 b by q legitimate means1 ,i am advanc+ myself at ! co/ ( "o :o is weak] ?an ,i4 ,9 :at ! law & public op9ion all[ me x sets a problem be=e me4 ,x bids me ?9k ( o!rs1 & makes me pond] :e!r ,i c all[ myself ! inw>d "r to pluck all ! fruit t my h& c rea*4 ,?us x may happ5 t 9 ob$i5ce to consid]ation = ! exi/5ce ( o!rs ,i d :at seems to ord9>y op9ion to be folly4 ,yes1 x may ev5 %[ itself to be folly by ! fact t my r5unciation has n be5 ( ! slighte/ b5efit to him = :om x 0 made4 ,& yet ,i 0 "r4 ,rev]5ce = life is ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal4 ,:at x comm&s has its own significance1 ev5 if x seems fooli% or useless4 ,we all look1 ( c\rse1 9 "o ano!r1 = ! folly :i* indicates t we h high] responsibilities mak+ !mselves felt 9 ourselves4 ,yet x is only 9 proportion z we all become less rational1 9 ! mean+ giv5 x by ord9>y calculation1 t ! e?ical disposition develops 9 u1 & all[s problems to become soluble :i* h hi!rto be5 insoluble4 ,nor w rev]5ce = life grant me my happ9ess z my own4 ,at ! mom5ts :5 ,i %\ld l to enjoy myself )\t re/ra9t1 x wakes 9 me reflexion ab\t mis]y t ,i see or suspect1 & x does n all[ me to drive away ! uneas9ess !reby caus$ to me4 ,j z ! wave _c exi/ = itself1 b is ev] a "p ( ! heav+ surface ( ocean1 s mu/ ,i nev] live my life = itself1 b pg #bfj always 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* is go+ on ar\nd me4 ,x is an uncom=table doctr9e :i* ! true e?ic :isp]s into my e>4 ,y are happy1 x says2 !re=e y are call$ ^u to give mu*4 ,:atev] m ?an o!rs y h receiv$ 9 heal?1 natural gifts1 work+ capacity1 success1 a beautiful *ildhood1 h>moni\s family circum/ances1 y mu/ n accept z be+ a matt] ( c\rse4 ,y mu/ pay a price = !m4 ,y mu/ %[ m ?an av]age devotion ( life to life4 ,to ! happy ! voice ( ! true e?ic is dang]\s1 if !y v5ture to li/5 to x4 ,:5 x calls to !m1 x nev] damps d[n ! irrational :i* gl[s )9 x4 ,x assails !m to see :e!r x c get !m out ( _! rut & turn !m into adv5tur]s ( self-devotion1 p ( :om ! _w has too few4 4 4 4 ,rev]5ce = life is an inexorable cr$itor6 ,if x f9ds anyone ) no?+ to pl$ge b a little "t & a little leisure1 x lays an atta*m5t on ^!4 ,b its h>dhe>t$ness is good1 & sees cle>ly4 ,! _m mod]n m5 :o z indu/rial ma*9es are engag$ 9 call+s 9 :i* !y c 9 no way be active z m5 among m51 are expos$ to ! dang] ( m]ely vegetat+ 9 an egoi/ic life4 ,_m ( !m feel ?is dang]1 & suff] "u ! fact t _! daily "w has s little to d ) spiritual & ideal aims & does n all[ !m to put into x any?+ ( _! human nature4 ,o!rs acquiesce2 ! ?\ght ( hav+ no duties outside _! daily "w suits !m v well4 ,b t m5 %\ld be s condemn$ or s fav\r$ z to be releas$ f responsibility = devotion z m5 to m51 ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life w n all[ to be legitimate4 ,x dem&s t e "o ( u 9 "s way & ) "s object %all be a man = m54 ,to ^? :o h no opportunity 9 _! daily "w ( giv+ !mselves z man to m51 & h no?+ else t !y c give1 x sugge/s _! (f]+ some?+ ( _! "t & leisure1 ev5 if ^! h be5 grant$ to !m 9 scanty measure4 ,f9d = y\rselves "s second>y pg #bfa "w 7x says to !m71 an inconspicu\s "o1 p]haps a secret "o4 ,op5 y\r eyes & look = a human be+ or "s "w devot$ to human welf>e :i* ne$s f "s "o a little "t or fri5dl9ess1 a little sympa?y1 or sociability1 or "w4 ,!re may be a solit>y or an embitt]$ fell[-man1 an invalid or an ineffici5t p]son to :om y c be some?+4 ,p]haps x is an old p]son or a *ild4 ,or "s good "w ne$s volunte]s :o c (f] a free ev5+1 or run err&s4 ,:o c enum]ate ! _m ways 9 :i* t co/ly piece ( fix$ capital1 a human be+1 c be employ$6 ,m ( him is want$ ev]y:]e6 ,hunt1 !n1 = "s situation = y\r humanity1 & d n be fright5$ away if y h to wait1 or to be tak5 on trial4 ,& d n be di/urb$ by disappo9tm5ts4 ,anyh[1 d n be )\t "s second>y "w 9 :i* y give y\rself z a man to m54 ,!re is "o t is m>k$ out = y1 if y only truly w to h x4 4 4 4 ,?us does ! true e?ic speak ( ^? :o h only a little "t & a little human nature to give4 ,well w x be ) !m if !y li/5 to x1 & are pres]v$ f becom+ /unt$ natures1 because !y h neglect$ ?is devotion ( self to o!rs4 ,b to ev]yone1 9 :atev] /ate ( life he f9ds himself1 ! e?ic ( respect = life does ?is3 x =ces him ev] & aga9 to be inw>dly conc]n$ ) all ! human de/9ies & all ! o!r life-de/9ies :i* are go+ ?r\gh _! life-c\rse ar\nd him1 & to give himself1 z man1 to ! man :o ne$s a fell[-man4 ,x w n all[ ! le>n$ man to live only = 8 le>n+1 ev5 if 8 le>n+ makes him v useful1 nor ! arti/ to live only = 8 art1 ev5 if by means ( x he gives some?+ to _m4 ,x does n all[ ! v busy man to ?9k t ) 8 pr(essional activities he has fulfill$ e dem& ^u him4 ,x dem&s f all & e t !y devote a portion ( _! life to _! fell[s4 ,9 :at way & to :at ext5t ?is is laid d[n = him ! individual mu/ ga!r f ! ?\ghts :i* arise 9 pg #bfb him1 & f ! de/9ies 9 :i* 8 life moves4 ,"o man's sacrifice is outw>dly unpret5ti\s4 ,he c accompli% x :ile cont9u+ to live a normal life4 ,ano!r is call$ to "s conspicu\s devotion1 & mu/ !re=e put aside reg>d = 8 own progress4 ,b let nei!r judge ! o!r4 ,! tasks ( m5 h to be decid$ 9 a ?\s& ways to let ! good become actual4 ,:at he has to br+ z an (f]+ is ! secret ( ea* individual4 ,b "o ) ano!r we h all to recognize t our exi/5ce rea*es its true value only :5 we exp]i5ce 9 ourselves some?+ ( ! tru? ( ! say+3 8,:oev] %all lose 8 life1 ! same %all f9d x0 7,s4 ,matt4 x4 #ci74 ,p]sonal & supra-p]sonal responsibility4 ,e?ics & humanity ,! e?ical conflicts betwe5 society & ! individual arise out ( ! fact t ! latt] has to be> n only a p]sonal1 b also a supra-p]sonal responsibility4 ,:5 my own p]son only is conc]n$1 ,i c always be pati5t1 alway =give1 use all possible consid]ation1 always be t5d]-he>t$4 ,b ea* ( u comes into a situation :5 he is responsible n = himself only1 b also = "s und]tak+1 & !n is =c$ into decisions :i* conflict ) p]sonal morality4 ,! indu/riali/ :o manages a bus9ess1 h[ev] small1 & ! musician :o und]takes public p]=mances1 _c be m5 9 ! way !y w\ld l to be4 ,! "o has to dismiss a work] :o is incapable or giv5 to dr9k1 9 spite ( any sympa?y he has = him & 8 family2 ! o!r _c let a s+] ^: voice is ! worse = we> p]=m any long]1 al?\gh he kn[s :at di/ress he ?us causes4 ,! m ext5sive a man's activities1 ! (t5] he f9ds himself 9 ! situation ( hav+ to sacrifice some?+ ( 8 humanity to 8 supra-p]sonal responsibility4 ,out ( ?is conflict consid]ation br+s ! av]age p]son to ! decision t ! wid] responsibility does1 z a matt] ( pr9ciple1 annul ! p]sonal4 ,x is ) ?is idea pg #bfc t society addresses ! individual4 ,= ! quiet+ ( consci5ces = :i* ?is decision is too categorical x p]haps lays d[n a few pr9ciples :i* und]take to det]m9e 9 a way t is valid = ev]ybody1 h[ f> 9 any case p]sonal morality c h a say 9 ! matt]4 ,to ! curr5t e?ic no c\rse rema9s op5 b to sign ?is capitulation4 ,x has no means ( def5d+ ! =tress ( p]sonal morality1 because x has n at its disposal any absolute notions ( good & evil4 ,n s ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life4 ,t possesses1 z we c see1 :at ! o!r lacks4 ,x !re=e nev] surr5d]s ! =tress1 ev5 if ! latt] is p]man5tly inve/$4 ,x feels itself 9 a position to p]sev]e 9 hold+ x1 & by cont9ual sorties to keep ! besieg]s on ! qui vive4 ,only ! mo/ univ]sal & absolute purposiv5ess 9 ! ma9t5ance & promotion ( life1 :i* is ! objective aim$ at by rev]5ce = life1 is e?ical4 ,all o!r necessity or exp$i5cy is n e?ical1 b only a m or less necess>y necessity1 or a m or less exp$i5t exp$i5cy4 ,9 ! conflict betwe5 ! ma9t5ance ( my own exi/5ce & ! de/ruction (1 or injury to1 ano!r1 ,i c nev] put ! e?ical & ! necess>y toge!r to =m a relative e?ical2 ,i mu/ *oose betwe5 e?ical & necess>y1 &1 if ,i *oose ! latt]1 mu/ take x ^u myself to be guilty ?r\gh an act ( injury to life4 ,simil>ly ,i am n at lib]ty to ?9k t 9 ! conflict betwe5 p]sonal & supra-p]sonal responsibility ,i c balance ! e?ical & ! exp$i5t to make a relative e?ical1 or ev5 annul ! e?ical ) ! purposive2 ,i mu/ *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,if "u ! pressure ( ! supra-p]sonal responsibility ,i yield to ! exp$i5t1 ,i become guilty 9 "s way or o!r ?r\gh failure 9 rev]5ce = life4 ,! temptation to comb9e ) ! e?ical into a relative e?ical ! exp$i5t :i* is comm&$ me by ! supra-p]sonal responsibility is especially /rong1 because x c pg #bfd be %[n1 9 def5ce ( x1 t ! p]son :o complies ) ! dem& ( ?is supra-p]sonal responsibility1 acts unegoi/ically4 ,x is n to 8 individual exi/5ce or 8 individual welf>e t he sacrifices ano!r exi/5ce or welf>e1 b he sacrifices an individual exi/5ce & welf>e to :at =ces itself ^u him z exp$i5t 9 view ( ! exi/5ce or ! welf>e ( a majority4 ,b e?ical is m ?an unegoi/ic4 ,e?ical is no?+ b ! rev]5ce felt by my w-to-live = e o!r w-to-live4 ,:5ev] ,i 9 any way sacrifice or injure life1 ,i am n )9 ! e?ical1 b ,i become guilty1 :e!r x be egoi/ically guilty = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ my own exi/5ce or welf>e1 or unegoi/ically guilty = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ a great] numb] ( o!r exi/5ces or _! welf>e4 ,?is s easily made mi/ake ( accept+ z e?ical a violation ( rev]5ce = life if x is bas$ ^u unegoi/ic consid]ations1 is ! bridge by cross+ :i* e?ics ent] un9t5tionally ! t]ritory ( ! non-e?ical4 ,! bridge mu/ be brok5 d[n4 ,e?ics g only s f> z humanity does1 humanity mean+ respect = ! exi/5ce & ! happ9ess ( individual human be+s4 ,:]e humanity ends pseudo-e?ics beg94 ,! day on :i* ?is b\nd>y is once = all univ]sally recogniz$ & m>k$ out s z to be visible to ev]yone1 w be "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,!nce=w>d x c no long] happ5 t e?ics :i* are n e?ics at all are accept$ z real e?ics1 & deceive & ru9 individuals & peoples4 ,! e?ics hi!rto curr5t h h9d]$ u f becom+ z e>ne/ z we mu/ be by ! fact t !y h utt]ly deceiv$ u z to ! _m ways 9 :i* ea* "o ( u1 :e!r ?r\gh self-ass]tion1 or by actions ju/ifi$ by supra-p]sonal responsibility1 become guilty aga9 & aga94 ,true k consi/s 9 be+ gripp$ by ! secret t ev]y?+ ar\nd u is w-to-live & see+ cle>ly h[ aga9 & aga9 we incur guilt aga9/ life4 ,fool$ by pseudo-e?ics1 man /umbles ab\t 9 8 pg #bfe guilt l a drunk5 man4 ,if he becomes in/ruct$ & e>ne/ he seeks ! road :i* leads him lea/ into guilt4 ,we are all expos$ to ! temptation ( less5+ ! guilt ( inhumanity :i* comes f our work+ "u supra-p]sonal responsibility1 by )draw+ z f> z possible into ourselves4 ,b su* fre$om f guilt is n hone/ly obta9$4 ,e?ics />t ) _w- & life-affirmation1 & !re=e w n all[ u ?is flight into negation4 ,!y =bid u to be l ! h\sewife :o leaves ! kill+ ( ! eels to h] cook1 & compels u to und]take all duties involv+ supra-p]sonal responsibility :i* fall to u1 ev5 if we %\ld be 9 a position to decl9e !m = reasons m or less satisfactory4 ,ea* "o ( u1 !n1 has to engage1 s f> z he is br\ght to x by ! circum/ances ( 8 life1 9 "w :i* involves supra-p]sonal responsibility1 b we mu/ d x n 9 ! _s ( ! collective body1 b 9 t ( ! man :o wi%es to be e?ical4 ,9 e individual case we /ruggle !re=e to pres]ve z mu* humanity z is ev] possible 9 su* "w1 & 9 d\btful cases we v5ture to make a mi/ake on ! side ( humanity r ?an on t ( ! object 9 view4 ,:5 we h become in/ruct$ & e>ne/1 we ?9k ( :at is usually =gott53 t all public activity ( :atev] sort has to d n ) facts only1 b also ) ! creation ( t _s & temp] :i* is desirable 9 ! collective body4 ,! creation ( su* a _s & temp] is m important ?an any?+ directly atta9$ 9 ! facts4 ,public "w1 9 :i* ! utmo/ possible ef=t is n made to pres]ve humanity1 ru9s ! disposition4 ,he :o "u ! influ5ce ( supra-p]sonal responsibility simply sacrifices m5 & human happ9ess :5 x seems comm&$1 accompli%es some?+4 ,b he has n rea*$ ! highe/ level4 ,he has only outw>d1 n spiritual influ5ce4 ,we h spiritual influ5ce only :5 o!rs notice t we d n decide coldly 9 accordance ) pr9ciples laid d[n once & = all1 b 9 ea* individual case fight = humanity4 pg #bff ,!re is too little among u ( ?is k9d ( /ruggl+4 ,f ! smalle/ :o is some?+ 9 ! smalle/ bus9ess1 "r up to ! political rul] :o holds 9 8 h&s ! decision = peace or w>1 we act too mu* z m5 :o 9 any giv5 case c prep>e )\t ef=t to be no long] m51 b m]ely ! executive ( g5]al int]e/s4 ,h5ce !re is no long] among u any tru/ 9 a righte\sness light$ up ) human feel+4 ,nor h we any long] any real respect = "o ano!r4 ,we all feel ourselves 9 ! p[] ( a m5tality ( cold1 imp]sonal1 & usually un9tellig5t opportunism1 :i* /iff5s itself ) appeals to pr9ciple1 & 9 ord] to c>ry out small int]e/s is capable ( ! greate/ inhumanity & ! greate/ folly4 ,we !re=e see among u "o temp] ( imp]sonal opportunism confront+ ano!r1 & all problems are execut$ 9 a useless conflict ( =ce aga9/ =ce because !re is n[h]e at h& su* a _s & temp] z w make !m soluble4 ,only ?r\gh our /ruggles = humanity c =ces :i* "w 9 ! direction ( ! truly rational & exp$i5t become p[]ful1 :ile ! pres5t _s & temp] prevails4 ,h5ce ! man :o works "u supra-p]sonal responsibilities has to feel himself answ]able n only = ! successful result :i* is to be realiz$ ?r\gh him1 b = ! g5]al _s & temp] :i* has to be creat$4 ,we !re=e s]ve society )\t los+ ourselves 9 x4 ,we d n all[ x to be our gu>dian 9 ! matt] ( e?ics4 ,t w\ld be z if ! solo viol9i/ all[$ 8 b[+ to be regulat$ by t ( ! d\ble-bass play]4 ,nev] = a mom5t d we lay aside our mi/ru/ ( ! ideals e/abli%$ by society1 & ( ! convictions :i* are kept by x 9 circulation4 ,we always "k t society is full ( folly & w deceive u 9 ! matt] ( humanity4 ,x is an unreliable horse1 & bl9d into ! b>ga94 ,woe to ! driv] if he falls asleep6 ,all ?is s\nds too h>d4 ,society s]ves e?ics by giv+ legal sanction to its mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & h&+ pg #bfg on ! e?ical pr9ciples ( "o g5]ation to ! next4 ,t is mu*1 & x claims our gratitude4 ,b society is also some?+ :i* *ecks ! progress ( e?ics aga9 & aga91 by arrogat+ to itself ! dignity ( ! e?ical tea*]s4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 x has no "r4 ,! only e?ical tea*] is ! man :o ?9ks e?ically1 & /ruggles = an e?ic4 ,! conceptions ( good & evil :i* are put 9 circulation by society are pap]-money1 ! value ( :i* is to be calculat$ n by ! figures pr9t$ ^u x1 b by its relation to its ex*ange value 9 gold ( ! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life4 ,b s measur$1 its ex*ange value reveals itself z t ( ! pap]-money ( a half-bankrupt /ate4 ,! collapse ( civilization has come ab\t ?r\gh e?ics be+ left to society4 ,a r5ewal ( x is possible only if e?ics become once m ! conc]n ( ?9k+ human be+s1 & if individuals seek to ass]t !mselves 9 society z e?ical p]sonalities4 ,9 proportion z we secure ?is1 society w become1 in/ead ( ! purely natural entity1 :i* x naturally is1 an e?ical "o4 ,previ\s g5]ations h made ! t]rible mi/ake ( idealiz+ society z e?ical4 ,we d our duty to x by judg+ x critically1 & try+ to make x1 s f> z is possible1 m e?ical4 ,be+ 9 possession ( an absolute /&>d ( ! e?ical1 we no long] all[ ourselves to make acceptable z e?ics pr9ciples ( exp$i5cy or ev5 ( ! vulg>e/ opportunism4 ,nor d we rema9 any long] at ! l[ level ( all[+ to be curr5t z 9 any way e?ical mean+less ideals1 ( p[]1 ( passion1 or ( nationalism :i* are set up by mis]able politicians & ma9ta9$ 9 "s degree ( respect by bewild]+ propag&a4 ,all ! pr9ciples1 dispositions1 & ideals :i* make _! appe>ance among u we measure1 9 _! %[y p$antry1 ) a rule on :i* ! measures are giv5 by ! absolute e?ic ( rev]5ce = life4 ,we all[ curr5cy only to :at is consi/5t ) ! claims ( humanity4 ,we br+ into hon\r aga9 reg>d = life & pg #bfh = ! happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,sacr$ human rights we aga9 hold high2 n ^? :i* political rul]s exalt at banquets & tread und]foot 9 _! actions1 b ! true ones4 ,we call once m = ju/ice1 n t :i* purbl9d au?orities h elaborat$ 9 a legal s*ola/icism1 nor t ab\t :i* demagogues ( all %ades ( col\r %\t !mselves ho>se1 b t :i* is fill$ to ! full ) ! value ( ea* s+le human exi/5ce4 ,! f\ndation ( law & "r is humanity4 ,?us we br+ ! pr9ciples1 dispositions1 & ideals ( ! collective body into agreem5t ) humanity4 ,at ! same "t we %ape !m 9 accordance ) reason1 = only :at is e?ical is truly rational4 ,only s f> z ! curr5t disposition ( m5 is animat$ by e?ical convictions & ideals is x capable ( truly purposive activity4 ,! e?ic ( rev]5ce = life puts 9 our h&s weapons = fight+ false e?ics & false ideals1 b we h /r5g? to use !m only s f> z we--ea* "o 9 8 own life--pres]ve our humanity4 ,only :5 ^? m5 are num]\s :o 9 ?\ght & 9 action br+ humanity to t]ms ) reality1 w humanity cease to be curr5t z a m]e s5tim5tal idea & become :at x ought to be1 a leav5 9 ! _s & temp] ( individuals & ( society4 pg #bfi ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,civiliz+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,e?ic ,,( ,,rev]5ce ,,= ,,life ,civilization z a product ( rev]5ce = life ,,! rev]5ce = life :i* has gr[n up 9 ! w-to-live :i* has become reflective1 conta9s _w- & life-affirmation & e?ics side by side & int]p5etrat+ ea* o!r4 ,x !re=e _c b cont9ually ?9k out & w all ! ideals ( e?ical civilization1 & br+ !m into agreem5t ) reality4 ,rev]5ce = life w n all[ to pass z curr5t ! purely individuali/ic & inw>d conception ( civilization z x rules 9 ,indian ?\ght & 9 my/icism4 ,t man %\ld make ef=ts = self-p]fect+ by )draw+ into himself is to x a deep1 b an incomplete1 ideal ( civilization4 ,9 no way does rev]5ce = life all[ ! individual to give up all int]e/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is unceas+ly compell+ him to be conc]n$ ab\t all ! life t is r\nd ab\t him1 & to feel himself responsible = x4 ,:5ev] life is 9 "q ! developm5t ( :i* we c influ5ce1 our conc]n ) x1 & our responsibility = x1 are n satisfi$ by our ma9ta9+ & promot+ its exi/5ce z su*2 !y dem& t we %all try to raise x to its highe/ value 9 e respect4 ,! be+ t c be influ5c$ 9 its developm5t by u is man4 ,rev]5ce = life compels u1 !re=e1 to picture to ourselves & to w e k9d ( progress ( :i* man & humanity are capable4 ,x ?r[s u into a re/less condition ( ev] pictur+ to ourselves & will+ civilization1 b z e?ical m54 ,ev5 a n yet deep5$ _w- & life-affirmation pg #bgj produces ?is pictur+ & will+ ( civilization1 b x leaves a man to ex]t himself m or less )\t guidance4 ,9 rev]5ce = life1 h[ev]1 & ! will+ :i* accompanies x1 to raise m5 & humanity to _! highe/ value 9 e respect1 he possesses ! guidance :i* leads him to complete & purifi$ ideals ( civilization :i* ) full consci\sness ( _! goal come to t]ms ) reality4 ,def9$ f outside & q empirically1 complete civilization consi/s 9 mak+ actual all possible progress 9 discov]y & inv5tion & 9 ! arrangem5ts ( human society1 & see+ t !y "w toge!r = ! inw>d p]fect+ ( individuals :i* is ! real & f9al object ( civilization4 ,rev]5ce = life is 9 a position to complete ?is conception ( civilization & to supply a f\ndation = its mo/ inw>d elem5ts4 ,?is x does by def9+ :at is meant by ! inw>d p]fect+ ( man1 & mak+ x consi/ 9 rea*+ ! spirituality ( an ev] deep5+ rev]5ce = life4 ,9 ord] to give a mean+ to ! mat]ial & spiritual progress :i* is to be made actual by ! individual man & mank9d1 ! ord9>y repres5tation ( civilization has to assume an evolution ( ! _w1 9 :i* su* progress has a mean+4 ,b to d s1 x puts itself 9 dep5d5ce on a play ( phantasy :i* rea*es no result4 ,x is impossible to depict an evolution ( ! _w 9 :i* ! civilization produc$ by ! individual man & mank9d means some?+4 ,9 rev]5ce = life1 on ! contr>y1 civilization recognizes t x has no?+ at all to d ) ! evolution ( ! _w1 b c>ries its mean+ 9 itself4 ,! ess5ce ( civilization consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! rev]5ce = life :i* 9 my w-to-live is /ruggl+ = recognition does get /rong] & /rong] 9 individuals & 9 mank9d4 ,civilization1 !n1 is n a ph5om5on ( any _w-evolution1 b an exp]i5ce ( ! w-to-live )9 u1 :i* x is nei!r possible nor necess>y to br+ into pg #bga relation ) ! c\rse ( nature z we "k x f outside4 ,z a p]fect+ ( our w-to-live x is suffici5t = itself4 ,:at ! developm5t t takes place 9 u means 9 ! totality ( ! developm5t 9 ! _w we leave on "o side z some?+ undiscov]able4 ,t z a result ( all ! progress :i* m5 & mank9d c make !re %all exi/ 9 ! _w z mu* z possible ( w-to-live1 putt+ rev]5ce = life into practice on all life :i* comes )9 rea* ( its influ5ce1 & seek+ p]fection 9 ! spiritual atmosph]e ( rev]5ce = life3 ?is & no?+ else is civilization4 ,s completely does x c>ry its value 9 itself t ev5 ! c]ta9ty ( ! human race ceas+ to exi/ )9 a calculable p]iod1 w\ld n be able to lead u away f our ef=ts to atta9 to civilization4 ,z a developm5t 9 :i* ! highe/ exp]i5ce ( ! w-to-live lives itself out1 civilization has a mean+ = ! _w )\t ne$+ any explanation ( ! _w4 ,! f\r ideals ( civilization4 ,! /ruggle = a civiliz$ mank9d 9 ! ma*9e age ,! w-to-live :i* is fill$ ) rev]5ce = life is int]e/$ 9 ! mo/ lively & p]sev]+ way t c be imag9$ 9 all k9ds ( progress4 ,moreov]1 x possesses a /&>d by :i* to assess _! value correctly1 & c create a _s & temp] :i* all[s !m all to "w 9 ) "o ano!r 9 ! mo/ effective way4 ,?ree k9ds ( progress come )9 ! purview ( civilization3 progress 9 k & p[]2 progress 9 ! social organization ( mank9d2 progress 9 spirituality4 ,civilization is made up ( f\r ideals3 ! ideal ( ! individual2 ! ideal ( social & political organization2 ! ideal ( spiritual & religi\s social organization2 ! ideal ( humanity z a :ole4 ,on ! basis ( ^! f\r ideals ?\ght comes to t]ms ) progress4 ,progress 9 k has a directly spiritual significance pg #bgb :5 x is int]pret$ by ?\ght4 ,x makes u recognize1 ev] m completely1 t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is p[]1 t is to say1 w-to-live2 x is ev] mak+ l>g] ! circle ( ! w-to-live ( :i* we c =m conceptions by analogy ) our own4 ,:at a significance x has = our m$itation on ! _w t we h discov]$ 9 ! cell an individual exi/5ce1 9 ! capacity ( :i* = activity & suff]+ we see repeat$ ! elem5ts ( our own vitality6 ,by our ev]-gr[+ k we are r\s$ to ev] great] a/oni%m5t at t secret ( life :i* surr\nds u on e h&4 ,f simple simplicity we arrive at a m pr(\nd simplicity4 ,f our k comes also p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,our p[]s ( movem5t & ( action are increas$ 9 an extraord9>y way4 ,!re comes ab\t a f>-rea*+ *ange 9 ! circum/ances ( our life4 ,! progress :i* accompanies x1 h[ev]1 is n to ! same ext5t an advantage = ! developm5t ( man4 ,by ! p[] we obta9 ov] ! =ces ( nature we d inde$ free ourselves f nature1 & make h] s]viceable to u1 b at ! same "t we !reby also cut ourselves loose f h]1 & slip into conditions ( life1 ! unnatural "* ( :i* br+s ) x dang]s ( _m sorts4 ,we press ! =ces ( nature into our s]vice by means ( ma*9es4 ,!re is a /ory 9 ! writ+s ( ,*wang-tse ( h[ a pupil ( ,confucius saw a g>d5] :o1 to get wat] = 8 fl[]-b$s1 w5t d[n to ! spr+ ) 8 bucket e "t4 ,s he ask$ him :e!r he w\ld n l to less5 8 lab\r4 8,h[ c ,i80 repli$ ! o!r4 8,y take a long piece ( wood = a lev]10 said ,confucius' pupil1 8weight$ beh9d1 b light 9 front2 ) ?is y dip = ! wat] & x comes up )\t ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,!y call ?is device a draw-well40 ,b ! g>d5]1 :o 0 some?+ ( a philosoph]1 answ]$3 8,i h he>d my tea*] say3 #8,if a man uses ma*9es1 he c>ries on all ! affairs ( life l a ma*9e2 :oev] pg #bgc c>ries on 8 affairs l a ma*9e gets a ma*9e-l he>t2 & :5 anyone has a ma*9e-l he>t 9 8 brea/1 he loses true simplicity4'0 ,! dang]s t 7 suspect$ by t g>d5] 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 are active among u 9 full =ce4 ,purely me*anical lab\r has become ! lot ( numb]s among u to-day4 ,cut loose f _! own h\se & f any gr\nd ( _! own :i* might fe$ !m1 !y live 9 a depress+1 mat]iali/ unfre$om4 ,z a result ( ! revolution :i* ! ma*9e has produc$1 we are almo/ all ( u subject$ to an exi/5ce ( lab\r :i* is f> too mu* gov]n$ by rule1 too limit$ 9 its nature1 & too try+ to ! sy/em4 ,reflexion & collect$ness are made difficult = u4 ,family life & ! upbr++ ( our *ildr5 are impov]i%$4 ,we are all m or less 9 dang] ( becom+ human ?+s in/ead ( p]sonalities4 ,_m sorts ( mat]ial & spiritual injury to human exi/5ce =m !re=e ! d>k side ( ! a*ievem5ts ( discov]y & inv5tion4 ,ev5 our capacity = civilization is endang]$4 ,claim$ entirely = s sev]e a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 _m ( u are no long] 9 a position to ?9k ab\t ideals :i* make = civilization4 ,su* m5 _c rea* ! objective mood :i* is necess>y = x4 ,all _! att5tion is direct$ to ! improvem5t ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,! ideals :i* !y set up = ?is latt] object !y proclaim to be ideals ( civilization1 & ?us !y />t confusion 9 ! g5]al picture ( :at civilization is4 ,9 ord] to fit ourselves to ! /ate ( ?+s produc$ by ! results ( ^! a*ievem5ts ( discov]y & inv5tion :i* are1 inde$1 desirable al?\gh injuri\s1 we mu/ ?9k out ! ideal ( humanity & wre/le ) circum/ances to make !m h9d] z little1 & help z mu* z possible ! developm5t ( man up to ?is ideal4 ,! ideal ( civiliz$ man is none o!r ?an t ( a man :o 9 e relation ( life pres]ves true human nature4 ,to be civiliz$ m5 means = u almo/ ?is3 pg #bgd t 9 spite ( ! conditions ( mod]n civilization we rema9 human4 ,x is only tak+ ?\ght = ev]y?+ :i* belongs to true human nature t c pres]ve u1 amid ! conditions ( ! mo/ advanc$ ext]nal civilization1 f go+ a/ray f civilization itself4 ,x is only if ! long+ to become aga9 truly man is awak5$ 9 ! man ( to-day1 t he w be able to f9d 8 way out ( ! confusion 9 :i*1 bl9d$ by conceit at 8 k & pride 9 8 p[]s1 he is at pres5t w&]+4 ,only !n1 too1 w he be 9 a position to "w aga9/ ! pressure ( ^? relations ( life :i* ?reat5 8 human nature4 ,rev]5ce = life dem&s1 !re=e1 z ! ideal ( ! mat]ial & spiritual be+ ( man1 t ) ! complete/ possible developm5t ( all 8 faculties & 9 ! wide/ possible fre$om1 bo? mat]ial & spiritual1 he /rives to be hone/ ) himself & to take a sympa!tic & help+ int]e/ 9 all ! life t is ar\nd him4 ,9 e>ne/ conc]n ab\t himself he mu/ ev] keep 9 m9d all ! responsibilities :i* are 8 lot1 & s1 z suff]] & z actor1 pres]ve 9 8 relation to himself & to ! _w a liv+ spirituality4 ,!re %\ld ev] be be=e him z true human nature ! duty ( be+ e?ical 9 ! pr(\nd _w- & life-affirmation ( rev]5ce = life4 ,if x is recogniz$ z ! aim ( civilization t e man %all atta9 to true human nature 9 an exi/5ce :i* is z fully z possible wor?y ( him1 !n ! uncritical ov]valu+ ( ! ext]nal elem5ts ( civilization :i* we h tak5 ov] f ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury c no long] prevail among u4 ,we are =c$ m & m into a reflexion :i* compels u to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tials & ! uness5tials ( civilization4 ,unspiritual pride 9 civilization loses its p[] ov] u4 ,we d>e to face ! tru? t ) ! progress ( discov]y & inv5tion civilization has become n easi]1 b m difficult4 ,we become consci\s ( ! problem ( ! mutual relations betwe5 ! mat]ial & pg #bge ! spiritual4 ,we "k t we all h to wre/le ) circum/ances on behalf ( our human nature1 & make x an object ( our c>e to trans=m ! almo/ hopeless /ruggle :i* _m h to c>ry on to pres]ve _! human nature1 into "o :i* (f]s "s hope4 ,z a spiritual help 9 ?is /ruggle we (f] !m ! _s & temp] :i* w all[ no man ev] to be sacrific$ to circum/ances1 z if he 7 a m]e human ?+4 ,=mulat$ by s-call$ ?9k]s & popul>iz$ 9 all possible =ms1 ! conviction is g5]al t civilization is ! privilege ( an lite1 & t man 9 ! mass is only a means = realiz+ x4 ,at ! same "t ! spiritual help :i* !y c claim is d5i$ to ^! m5 :o h to wre/le to pres]ve _! human nature4 ,t is ! effect ( ! devotion to reality to :i* we h surr5d]$ ourselves4 ,b rev]5ce = life rebels aga9/ x1 & produces a _s & temp] 9 :i* !re is (f]$ to e man 9 ! ?\ghts ( o!rs ! human value & ! human dignity :i* ! circum/ances ( life w\ld d5y him4 ,! /ruggle has ?us lo/ its extreme bitt]ness4 ,man has n[ to ass]t himself only aga9/ 8 circum/ances1 & no long] aga9/ 8 fell[-m5 at ! same "t4 ,fur!r1 ! temp] ( rev]5ce = life helps ^? :o h to /ruggle h>de/ on behalf ( _! human nature by keep+ alive ! conception ( human nature z ! privilege :i* mu/ be pres]v$ at any price4 ,x keeps !m f engag+ ) "o-sid$ aims 9 _! /ruggle = ! dim9i%+ ( _! mat]ial unfre$om1 & bids !m be?9k !mselves t mu* m ( human nature & inw>d fre$om c be comb9$ ) _! actual life-circum/ances ?an !y actually secure4 ,x leads !m on to pres]ve recollect$ness & inw>dness :5 !y h hi!rto giv5 !m up4 ,!re mu/ come ab\t a spiritualiz+ ( ! masses4 ,! mass ( individuals mu/ beg9 to reflect ab\t _! lives1 ab\t :at !y want to secure = _! lives 9 ! pg #bgf /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ab\t :at makes _! circum/ances difficult1 & ab\t :at !y !mselves r5\nce4 ,!y are want+ 9 spirituality because !y h only a confus$ conception ( :at spirituality is4 ,!y =get to ?9k1 because elem5t>y ?\ght ab\t !mselves has become some?+ unfamili> to !m4 ,9 :at is 9 our day cultivat$ z spirituality & practis$ z ?\ght1 !re is absolutely no?+ t comes directly home to !m z necess>y = !m4 ,b if x comes ab\t t ! ?\ghts sugge/$ by rev]5ce = life become common among u1 !re w be a mode ( ?\ght provid$ :i* w "w 9 ev]ybody1 & a spirituality ar\s$ :i* w %[ itself 9 ev]ybody4 ,ev5 ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! h>de/ /ruggle on behalf ( _! human nature w !n be l$ to reflexion & inw>dness1 & w !reby obta9 p[]s :i* !y did n be=e possess4 ,?\gh all ( u are alike aw>e t ! ma9t5ance ( civilization is dep5d5t fir/ & =emo/ on ! break+ out ( ! f\nta9s ( spiritual life 9 u1 we %all nev]!less zeal\sly take 9 h& our economic & social problems4 ,! highe/ possible mat]ial fre$om = ! greate/ possible numb] is a requirem5t ( civilization4 ,! recognition t we evid5tly h s little p[] ov] economic relations does n disc\rage u4 ,we "k ?is to be to a consid]able ext5t a result ( ! fact t hi!rto facts 7 cont5d+ ) facts1 & passions ) passions4 ,our p[]lessness comes f our feel+ = reality4 ,we %all be able to deal ) ?+s mu* m effectively1 if we resolve to try to solve our problems by a *ange ( _s & temp]4 ,& we are at l5g? ready = ! recognition ( ?is4 ,! ef=ts = control :i* 7 made on ! /r5g? ( economic !ories & ,utopias 7 9 e respect failures1 & h br\ght u into a t]rible condition4 ,!re rema9s no?+ = u to d b to try a radical *ange ( policy1 pg #bgg viz41 ! solution ( our problems by means ( a helpful und]/&+ & confid5ce 9 a way t w prove effective4 ,x is rev]5ce = life alone :i* c create ! _s & temp] ne$$ = ?is4 ,! und]/&+ & confid5ce :i* we mutually accord to ea* o!r ) a view to :at is mo/ purposive1 & by means ( :i* we obta9 ! utmo/ p[] t is possible ov] circum/ances1 c be enjoy$ only if ev]yone c assume 9 ev]yone else rev]5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r & reg>d = 8 mat]ial & spiritual welf>e z a _s & temp] :i* influ5ces !m to ! dep?s ( _! be+4 ,only ?r\gh rev]5ce = life c we atta9 ! /&>ds ( economic ju/ice1 ab\t :i* we h to come to an und]/&+ ) ea* o!r4 ,w x be possible to br+ ab\t ?is developm5t8 ,we mu/1 if we are n to be ru9$ toge!r1 mat]ially & spiritually4 ,all progress 9 discov]y & inv5tion works itself out at la/ to a fatal result1 if we d n ma9ta9 control ov] x ?r\gh a correspond+ progress 9 our spirituality4 ,?r\gh ! p[] :i* we ga9 ov] ! =ces ( nature we get 9 an inexplicable way z human be+s control ov] o!r human be+s4 ,) ! possession ( a hundr$ ma*9es a s+le man or a company is giv5 a supremacy ov] all :o "w ! ma*9es4 ,"s new inv5tion makes x possible = "o man by a s+le movem5t to kill n m]ely a hundr$1 b t5 ?\s& ( 8 fell[-m54 ,9 no sort ( /ruggle is x possible to avoid becom+ ru9\s to "o ano!r by economic or physical p[]4 ,at be/ ! result is t ! oppressor & ! oppress$ ex*ange rles4 ,! only ?+ t c help is t we r5\nce ! p[] :i* is giv5 u ov] "o ano!r4 ,b t is some?+ to be done by spirituality4 ,intoxicat$ by ! progress 9 discov]y & inv5tion ) :i* our age has be5 flood$1 we =got to tr\ble ourselves ab\t m5's progress 9 spirituality4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all ?\ght we slid )\t kn[+ x into pg #bgh pessimism1 believ+1 t is1 9 all sorts ( progress1 b no long] 9 ! spiritual progress ( ! individual & ( mank9d4 ,facts call u n[ to be?9k ourselves1 j z movem5ts ( _! capsiz+ vessel drive ! crew up on to ! deck & into ! rigg+4 ,belief 9 ! spiritual progress ( ! individual & ( mank9d has already become almo/ impossible = u1 b ) ! c\rage ( despair we mu/ =ce ourselves into x4 ,t we %all all unanim\sly aga9 w ?is spiritual progress & aga9 hope = x3 t is ! rev]sal ( ! helm :i* we mu/ succe$ 9 mak+1 if our vessel is at ! la/ mom5t to be br\ght once m be=e ! w9d4 ,only ?r\gh ?\ghtful rev]5ce = life %all we become capable ( ?is a*ievem5t4 ,if t rev]5ce beg9s any:]e to "w 9 our ?9k+ & 9 our _s & temp]1 !n ! miracle is possible4 ,! p[] ( ! elem5t>y & liv+ spirituality t is to be f\nd 9 x is beyond calculation4 ,*ur* & ,/ate z hi/orical entities1 & z ideals ( civilization ,/ate & ,*ur* are only modifi$ =ms ( ! organization ( m5 t[>ds humanity4 ,! ideals ( social-political & religi\s organization are !re=e det]m9$ by ! necessity ( ^! entities be+ made effective aids to ! spiritualiz+ ( m51 & to _! organization t[>ds humanity4 ,! fact t ! ideals ( ,/ate & ,*ur* among u are n at "w 9 _! true =m is due to our hi/orical s5se4 ,! m5 ( ! 8,aufklrung0 assum$ t ,/ate & ,*ur* _h come into exi/5ce by reason ( e/imates made ( _! usefulness4 ,!y s\ght to compreh5d ! nature ( ^! two entities by means ( !ories ab\t _! orig9s1 b 9 ?is proce$+ !y did no?+ b read back _! own view into hi/ory4 ,n feel+ ! lea/ rev]5ce = any natural hi/orical entity1 !y pg #bgi f\nd x easy to approa* !m ) dem&s sugge/$ by a rational ideal4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 h su* a measure ( ?is rev]5ce t we feel %y ( wi%+ to trans=m 9 accordance ) !oretical ideas :at _h a q diff]5t orig94 ,b ,/ate & ,*ur* are n m]ely natural hi/orical entities2 !y are also necess>y ones4 ,! only way 9 :i* reflexion c deal ) !m is to be always at "w1 trans=m+ !m f :at !y are z receiv$1 into organisms :i* are 9 accordance ) reason & effective 9 e respect4 ,only 9 ?is capacity = developm5t is _! exi/5ce fully appreh5d$ & ju/ifi$4 ,! natural hi/orical entity pres5ts u always only ) initial facts :i* lead on to correspond+ fur!r happ5+s1 b nev] ) facts 9 :i* ! nature ( ! society1 t is to say ! way 9 :i* we are to behave t[>ds x & to belong to x1 c be det]m9$4 ,if "o all[s t 9 ! conception ( ! natural entity !re is also giv5 "o ( a self-det]m9$ purpose1 !re arises a fundam5tal confusion 9 p's notion ( ! organization4 ,! individual & humanity z a :ole1 :i* are j z truly natural entities z ! two hi/orical ones1 are robb$ ( _! rights & sacrific$ to ! latt]4 ,! increas$ und]/&+ ) :i* we n[ /udy ! natural policy ( societies ) hi/orical orig9 c !re=e n alt] at all our dem& t ,/ate & ,*ur* %all direct _! c\rse m & m ) ref]5ce to ! ideal ( man & ( humanity z _! natural poles1 & be oblig$ to f9d 9 !m _! high] effectiv5ess4 ,civilization dem&s1 !n1 t ,/ate & ,*ur* become capable ( developm5t4 ,?is presupposes t ! relations ( influ5ce betwe5 ! collective body & individual memb]s ( x w become diff]5t f :at !y h be54 ,9 ! la/ few g5]ations ! individual has 9 face ( ,/ate & ,*ur* surr5d]$ m & m ( 8 spiritual indep5d5ce4 ,he receiv$ 8 _s pg #bhj & temp] f !m1 in/ead ( ! _s & temp] t 0 gr[+ )9 him work+ z a %ap+ =ce ^u ,/ate & ,*ur*4 ,?is abnormal relation 0 unavoidable4 ,! individual _h1 ( c\rse1 no?+ 9 :i* he c\ld be spiritually indep5d5t4 ,he _h1 !re=e1 no _s & temp] 9 :i* he c\ld come to t]ms ) ! entities ( real life4 ,nor 0 he 9 a position to ?9k out ideals :i* c\ld "w ^u reality4 ,!re 0 no c\rse left = him b to adopt z an ideal an idealiz$ reality4 ,b 9 ! _w- & life-view ( rev]5ce = life he obta9s ! means to a firm & valuable self-det]m9ation4 ,x is ) a w & a hope :i* he c>ries ready %ap$ )9 himself t he faces reality4 ,x is to him some?+ self-evid5t t e society t is =m$ among m5 mu/ s]ve t[>ds ! ma9t5ance1 ! advancem5t1 & ! high] developm5t ( life1 & ! production ( true spirituality4 ,t :i* is decisive = ! comm5cem5t ( a developm5t ( ,/ate & ,*ur* :i* has civilization = its aim & object1 is t ! mass ( m5 belong to ^! two entities 9 ! _s & temp] ( rev]5ce = life & ! ideals :i* gr[ out ( x3 :5 t is ! case !re arises 9 ,/ate & ,*ur* a _s :i* works = _! trans=mation into some?+ e?ical & spiritual4 ,a =eca/ ( ! c\rse ?is process w take _c be made1 nor is "o ne$$4 ,! _s & temp] ( rev]5ce = life is a =ce :i* works effectively 9 e direction4 ,! important ?+ is t x %all be pres5t ) a /r5g? & a /ead9ess :i* w suffice to br+ ab\t ! trans=mation4 ,! moraliz+ ( ! religi\s & political community ,if ! ,*ur* is to accompli% its task1 x mu/ unite m5 9 elem5t>y1 ?\ghtful1 e?ical religi\sness4 ,?is pg #bha x has done hi!rto v imp]fectly4 ,h[ f> x is f be+ :at x ought to be1 its absolute failure 9 ! w> reveal$4 ,!re devolv$ on x ! duty ( summon+ m5 out ( ! /ruggle ( national passions to reflexion1 & to keep !m 9 ! _s & temp] ( ! highe/ ideals4 ,x 0 n able to d ?is1 & inde$ did n s]i\sly attempt to4 ,only too completely hi/orical1 & too well organiz$1 & too little a directly religi\s association1 itself succumb$ to ! _s ( ! "t & mix$ up ) religion ! dogmas ( nationalism & pragmatism4 ,!re 0 only "o t9y *ur*1 ! community ( ! ,quak]s1 :i* attempt$ to def5d ! unconditional validity ( rev]5ce = life1 z x is conta9$ 9 ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,! _s & temp] ( rev]5ce = life is able to "w = ! trans=mation ( ! ,*ur* to ! ideal ( a religi\s association1 because x is itself deeply religi\s4 ,9 all hi/orically =mulat$ belief x seeks to br+ into g5]al acceptance z ! elem5tal & ess5tial ?+ 9 piety ! e?ical my/icism ( on5ess ) ! inf9ite ,w1 :i* exp]i5ces itself 9 u z ! w to love4 ,by putt+ 9 ! v c5tre ( ?+s ! mo/ liv+ & univ]sal elem5t ( piety1 x leads ! diff]5t religi\s associations out ( ! n>r[ness ( _! hi/orical pa/1 & paves ! way = und]/&+ & union betwe5 !m4 ,b ?is _s & temp] does ev5 m ?an t4 ,besides br++ ! exi/+ hi/orical religi\s associations out ( _! hi/orical exi/5ce into a developm5t t[>ds ! ideal ( a religi\s association1 x works also :]e !y c d no?+1 9 ! sph]e ( non-religion4 ,!re are _m non-religi\s p among u4 ,!y h become s p>tly ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness & abs5ce ( any _w-view1 & p>tly because z a result ( hone/ ?9k+ !y c\ld no long] be cont5t ) a traditional religi\s _w-view4 ,! _w- & life-view ( rev]5ce = life enables ^! non-religi\s m9ds to pg #bhb le>n t e _w- & life-view :i* beg9s to ?9k hone/ly necess>ily becomes religi\s4 ,e?ical my/icism reveals to !m ! necessity to ?\ght ( ! religion ( love1 & leads !m back to pa?s :i* !y believ$ !y _h ab&on$ = ev]4 ,j z ! trans=mation ( ! religi\s association mu/ be ! result prim>ily ( an inw>d *ange1 s mu/ t ( ! social & political community also4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t to believe 9 ! possibility ( trans=m+ ! mod]n /ate into ! civiliz$ /ate is a piece ( h]oism4 ,! mod]n /ate f9ds itself to-day 9 an unprec$5t$ condition ( mat]ial & spiritual p5ury4 ,collaps+ "u ! weight ( debts1 torn by economic & political /ruggles1 /ripp$ ( all moral au?ority1 & sc>cely able any long] to ma9ta9 its au?ority 9 practical matt]s1 x has to wre/le = its exi/5ce 9 a succession ( fre% tr\bles4 ,:5ce is x to get p[] to develop1 9 ! face ( all ^! ?+s1 into a truly civiliz$ /ate8 ,:at crises & cata/rophes ! mod]n /ate is /ill de/9$ to g ?r\gh _c be =ese54 ,its position is fur!r endang]$ especially by ! fact t x has f> ov]/epp$ ! limits ( its natural sph]e ( op]ation4 ,x is an extraord9>ily complicat$ organism :i* int]v5es 9 all social relation%ips1 :i* tries to regulate ev]y?+1 & !re=e 9 e respect functions ineffectively2 x tries to dom9ate economic life z x dom9ates spiritual life2 & = its activities ov] ?is ext5sive field x works ) ma*9]y :i* 9 itself at once con/itutes a dang]4 ,at "s "t & 9 "s way or o!r ! mod]n /ate mu/ em]ge f its f9ancial tr\ble1 & r$uce its activity to a normal /&>d1 b by :at me?ods x c ev] aga9 get back to a natural & heal?y condition rema9s /ill a riddle4 ,! tragic ?+ is1 !n1 t we h to belong to ! unsympa!tic & unheal?y mod]n /ate :ile *]i%+ pg #bhc ! w to trans=m x into a civiliz$ /ate4 ,!re is dem&$ f u an absolutely impossible a*ievem5t ( fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! _s4 ,b ! e?ical _w- & life-view gives u /r5g? = ! task4 ,liv+ 9 ! mod]n /ate & ?9k+ out ! ideal ( ! civiliz$ /ate1 we fir/ ( all put an end to ! illusions :i* ! =m] *]i%es ab\t itself4 ,only by ! majority ( its memb]s tak+ up a critical attitude t[>ds x c x come to itself aga9 9 reflexion ab\t itself4 ,! absolute impossibility ( ! cont9uance ( ! /ate 9 its pres5t condition mu/ become ! univ]sal conviction be=e ?+s c become 9 any way bett]4 ,b at ! same "t1 ?r\gh m$itation on ! civiliz$ /ate1 ! p]ception mu/ become common prop]ty t all m]ely ext]nal measures = rais+ & mak+ heal?y ! mod]n /ate1 h[ev] effective !y may be 9 !mselves1 w h only a q imp]fect result unless ! _s ( ! /ate becomes q diff]5t4 ,let u1 !n1 und]take to drive ! mod]n /ate1 s f> z ! p[] ( our ?\ght rea*es1 into ! spirituality & ! morality ( ! civiliz$ /ate z x is to be1 by foll[+ ! ideas conta9$ 9 rev]5ce = life4 ,we dem& f x t x %all become m spiritual & m e?ical ?an any /ate has hi!rto be5 call$ on to become4 ,only ) ef=ts to rea* ! true ideal d we get progress4 ,! objection is rais$ t1 accord+ to all exp]i5ce1 ! /ate _c exi/ by rely+ m]ely on tru?1 ju/ice1 & e?ical consid]ations1 b has 9 ! la/ resort to take refuge 9 opportunism4 ,we smile at ?is exp]i5ce4 ,x is refut$ by ! dre>y results x has produc$4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! "r to decl>e ! opposite c\rse to be true wisdom1 & to say t true p[] = ! /ate z = ! individual is to be f\nd 9 spirituality & ! e?ical4 ,! /ate lives by ! confid5ce ( ^? :o belong to x2 x lives by ! confid5ce felt 9 x by o!r pg #bhd /ates4 ,opportuni/ policy may h tempor>y successes to record1 b 9 ! long run x assur$ly l&s itself 9 failure4 ,?us e?ical _w- & life-affirmation lays ^u ! mod]n /ate ! requirem5t t x %all aspire to mak+ itself an e?ical p]sonality4 ,x presses ?is ob/9ately ^u ! /ate1 & does n let itself be det]r$ by ! smiles ( sup]ior p]sons4 ,! wisdom ( to-morr[ has a diff]5t tone f t ( ye/]day4 ,only by a new _s & temp] rul+ )9 x c ! /ate atta9 to peace )9 its bord]s2 only by a new _s & temp] aris+ betwe5 !m c diff]5t /ates come to und]/& ea* o!r1 & cease to br+ de/ruction ^u ea* o!r2 only by treat+ ! ov]seas _w 9 a diff]5t _s & temp] f t ( ! pa/ & ( to-day1 c ! mod]n /ate cease to load itself 9 t qu>t] ) guilt4 ,su* moral talk ab\t ! civiliz$ /ate has (t5 be5 produc$ 9 ! pa/4 ,c]ta9ly x has4 ,b x acquires a special tone at a "t :5 ! mod]n /ate is p]i%+ 9 mis]y1 because x refus$ 9 ! pa/ to cont9ue to be 9 any way spiritually e?ical4 ,x possesses a new au?ority1 too1 to-day because 9 ! _w- & life-view ( rev]5ce = life !re is reveal$ ! significance ( ! e?ical 9 its full ext5t & its full pr(undity4 ,we are !re=e fre$ f any duty ( =m+ a conception ( ! civiliz$ /ate :i* accords ) ! decl>ations ( nationalism & national civilization1 & we are at lib]ty to turn back to ! pr(\nd navet ( ?9k+ x to be a /ate :i* all[s itself to be guid$ by an e?ical _s & temp]4 ,) confid5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! civiliz$ _s & temp] :i* spr+s f rev]5ce = life we take ^u ourselves ! task ( mak+ ?is civiliz$ /ate an actuality4 ,we look r\nd beyond peoples & /ates ^u humanity z a :ole1 feel+ ourselves responsible to ! civiliz$ _s & temp]4 ,to anyone :o has surr5d]$ himself pg #bhe to e?ical _w- & life-affirmation ! future ( m5 & ( mank9d is an object ( c>e & ( hope4 ,to become free f ?is c>e & hope is pov]ty2 to be :olly surr5d]$ to x is ri*es4 ,?us x is our consolation1 t 9 a "t ( difficulty & )\t kn[+ h[ mu* we may /ill exp]i5ce ( a bett] future1 we are pav+ ! way1 solely by our confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( ! _s1 = a civiliz$ mank9d :i* is to come4 ,kant publi%$1 ) ! title ,t[>ds ,p]petual ,peace1 a "w conta9+ rules :i* 7 to be obs]v$ ) a view to la/+ peace :5ev] treaties ( peace 7 conclud$4 ,x 0 a mi/ake4 ,rules = treaties ( peace1 h[ev] well int5d$ & h[ev] ably drawn up1 c accompli% no?+4 ,su* ?9k+ z br+s p[] to ! _s & temp] produc$ by rev]5ce = life is ! only ?+ :i* c br+ to mank9d p]petual peace4 ,,f9is ,,footnotes ,preface ,notes #a ,translator's ,note4--,weltans*auung4 ,?is comp\nd ^w may be translat$ 8!ory ( ! univ]se10 8_w-!ory10 8_w-conception10 or 8_w-view40 ,! fir/ is mislead+ z sugge/+1 wrongly1 a sci5tific explanation ( ! univ]se2 ! second & ?ird z sugge/+1 less ambiti\sly b /ill wrongly1 an explanation ( h[ & :y our human _w is :at x is4 ,! la/ indicates a suffici5tly wide k & consid]ation ( our corn] ( ! univ]se to all[ all factors to be tak5 into consid]ation :i* be> on ! "q at issue4 ,!re may be passages 9 :i* x is desirable to v>y ! translation1 & o!rs 9 :i* x is possible to give ! mean+ 9 m elegant ,engli%1 = good ,engli% /yle does n take k9dly to su* comp\nd words4 ,b ?is latt] consid]ation c be only a second>y "o 9 ! translation ( a philosophical "w1 ! fir/ object ( :i* mu/ be to ensure t ! au?or's mean+ %all be reproduc$ z cle>ly z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,notes #b ,fri$ri* ,jodl3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics z ,philosophical ,sci5ce1 #bnd ed41 #b vols4 7,vol4 ,i41 #aijf2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aiab74 ,x treats ( ! e?ics ( ,we/]n philosophy only4 ,,*apt] ,v ,notes #c ,v important = our k ( ! old philosophy & e?ics are ! t5 books entitl$ ,! ,lives & ,tea*+ ( ,fam\s ,philosoph]s1 ,diog5es ,la]tius 9 ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,j because !y are purely anecdotal1 ,!y h pres]v$ = u mu* in=mation & _m views :i* o!rwise--= ! works on ! philosoph]s treat$ ( h all be5 lo/--we %\ld n possess4 #d ,x5ophon1 "o ( ! g5]als :o l$ ! t5 ?\s& back out ( ,asia1 wrote d[n 8 recollections ( ,socrates aft] ! latt]'s dea?4 ,by 8 report ( ! simple conv]sations ( ! ma/] he seeks to r5d] impot5t = all "t ! accusation t he corrupt$ ! y\? & taught a!ism1 = ev5 aft] 8 dea? tea*]s ( rhetoric did 9 fact draw up =mal compla9ts aga9/ him4 ,x5ophon's /raight=w>d1 reali/ic portrait ( ,socrates is extraord9>ily valuable4 #e ,! mo/ important dialogues 9 ?is connexion are ! ,protagoras1 ! ,gorgias1 ! ,phdrus1 ! ,symposium1 ! ,phd1 & ! ,philebus4 #f ,( ! writ+s ( ! ,cyr5aics & ! ,cynics1 ( ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 ,z5o1 & ! old] ,/oics h>dly any?+ has come d[n to u4 ,our k ( !m is d]iv$ mo/ly f ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,! ,cyr5aics 7 kn[n z ! philosoph]s ( pleasure because ,ari/ippus1 ! fir/ prea*] ( ! _w-wisdom ( joy1 hail$ f ,cyr5e4 ,! ,cynics1 or dog-philosoph]s1 d]iv$ _! "n f ! fact t !y despis$ ! am5ities ( life & (t5 delight$ 9 a co>se naturalness4 ,! be/ kn[n ( !m is ,diog5es ( ,s9ope 7di$ #cbc ,b4,c474 ,z5o's philosophy 0 call$ ,/oicism because he taught at ,a!ns 9 a colonnad$ portico call$ ! ,/oa ,poikile 7i4e41 ! pa9t$ portico74 #g ,translator's ,note4--,irony is int5tional self-depreciation or disclaim+ :at "o really possesses4 #h ,( ,s5eca q a s]ies ( e?ical treatises h come d[n to u4 ,we m5tion "h3 ,on ,clem5cy 7,de ,clem5tia1 address$ to ,n]o72 ,on ,b5efits 7,de ,b5eficiis72 ,on ,tranquillity ( ,s\l 7,de ,tranquillitate ,animi71 ,on ,ang] 7,de ,ira74 ,our k ( ! tea*+s ( ,epictetus we owe to 8 pupil1 ,flavius ,arrianus1 ! hi/orian4 ,! latt] has record$ a numb] ( 8 ma/]'s lectures 9 eight books1 ( :i* f\r h surviv$4 ,9 addition to ^! he collect$ & publi%$ a numb] ( 8 say+s on morality 9 ! ,en*iridion4 ,9 ! popul> philosophiz+s ( ,cic]o 7#ajf-dc ,b4,c47 z well1 we c see an attempt to produce a new e?ic :i* is really liv+4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,notes #i ,bacon 0 ,"l ,*ancellor "u ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&1 b 0 9 #afba depriv$ ( 8 (fice because f\nd guilty ( corruption4 ,8 two *ief works are ! ,novum ,organum ,sci5ti>um 7#afbj7 & ,de ,dignitate et ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um 7#afbc74 ,( ! ,new ,atlantis only a fragm5t has surviv$4 #aj ,see ! writ]'s books3 ,das ,messianitts- und ,leid5sgeheimniss4 ,e9e ,skizze des ,leb5s ,jesu 7#aija74 ,engli% v]sion3 ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 7#aiad ,a4 amp2 ,c4 ,black74 ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5-,jesu ,=s*ung 7#aijf2 new edition1 #aibb74 ,engli% v]sion3 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus 7#aiaa2 #crd impression1 #aibb ,a4 amp2 ,c4 ,black74 #aa ,gass5di3 ,de vita1 moribus1 et doctr9a ,epicuri 7#afdg7 & ,syntagma philosophi ,epicuri 7#afdi74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,notes #ab ,d4 ,h>tley3 ,obs]vations on ,man1 8 ,frame1 8 ,duty1 & 8 ,expectations 7#agdi2 #f? ed41 #ahcd74 #ac ,d4 von ,holba*3 ,sy/me de la nature ou des lois du monde physique et du monde moral 7#aggj74 #ad ,?omas ,hobbes3 ,elem5ta philosophica de cive 7#afdb72 ,levia?an1 or ! ,matt]1 ,=m1 & ,au?ority ( ,gov]nm5t 7#afea72 ,de hom9e4 #ae ,john ,locke3 ,an ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ 7#b vols41 #afij74 #af ,adri5 ,helvetius3 ,trait de l',esprit 7#ageh74 #ag ,j]emy ,b5?am3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation 7#aghj74 ,e4 ,dumont 7#agei-ahbh7 ( ,g5eva1 an admir] ( ,b5?am :o 0 domicil$ 9 ,engl&1 reproduc$ ?is "w 9 ,fr5* 9 a free abbreviation z ,traits de lgislation civile et pnale 7#ahjb74 ,fr$]ick ,edw>d ,b5eke foll[$ ?is abbreviation :5 he produc$ a ,g]man translation ) ! title3 ,grundstze d] ,civil- und ,crim9algesetzgebung 7#ahcj74 #ah ,translator's ,note4--,g]man 8en?usia/is*es ,h&eln40 ,! explanatory p]iphrasis is add$ once = all1 s9ce 8en?usia/ic0 implies a k9d & degree ( feel+ :i* is n impli$ 9 ^! philosophical passages4 #ai ,david ,hume3 ,a ,treatise ( ,human ,nature3 ,be+ an ,attempt to introduce ! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od ( ,reason+ into ,moral ,subjects 7#agdj74 ,g]man translation by ,he9ri* ,jacob 7#b vols41 #agia73 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals 7#agea74 #bj ,adam ,smi?3 ,! ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts 7#agei72 ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,causes ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations 7#aggj74 ,g]man translation ( ,! ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts by ,l4 ,?4 ,koseg>t5 7#agia74 ,adam ,smi? 0 ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy at ,glasg[4 #ba 8,l'am\r de la gloire e/ inn dans les belles mes2 il n'y a qu' l'anim]1 il n'y a que l'excit]1 et des hommes qui vgtai5t jusqu'alors1 enflamms p> ce heureux in/9ct1 v\s p>atront *angs en demi-dieux40--uvres de ,frdric le ,gr&1 vol4 ix41 p4 #ih4 #bb ,r4 ,cudwor?3 ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se 7#afgh72 ,treatise conc]n+ ,et]nal & ,immutable ,morality 7po/um\s1 #agca74 #bc ,h4 ,m3 ,en*iridium ,e?icum 7#affg74 #bd ,s4 ,cl>ke3 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,un*angeable ,obligations ( ,natural ,religion1 & ! ,tru? & ,c]ta9ty ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation 7#agjf74 #be ,r4 ,cumb]l&3 ,de legibus natur disquisitio philosophica 7#afgb74 #bf ,w4 ,wolla/on3 ,! ,religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$ 7#agbb74 #bg ,*>act]i/ics ( ,m51 ,mann]s1 ,op9ions1 ,times 7#c vols41 #agaa74 ,9 ! second volume !re is includ$ 8 e?ical treatise entitl$1 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue or ,m]it1 :i* appe>$ fir/1 9 #afii1 indep5d5tly4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,fr5* 9 #agde by ,d5is ,did]ot4 #bh ,f4 ,hut*eson3 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue 7#agbe72 ,a ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy 7#agee1 po/hum\s74 #bi ,joseph ,butl]3 ,fifte5 ,s]mons ^u ,human ,nature1 or ,man consid]$ z a ,moral ,ag5t 7#agbf74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,notes #cj ,! freely ?9k+1 anti-dogmatic religi\sness ( ,soc9ianism _h ma9ta9$ itself *iefly 9 ,pol&1 ,holl&1 ,hung>y1 ,engl&1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,its clos] adh]5ts call$ !mselves also ,latitud9>ians1 ! m di/ant ones ,unit>ians4 ,! fact t religi\s rationalism _h already exi/$ 9 a lit]>y =m made its appe>ance 9 ! eighte5? c5tury easi]4 #ca ,t9dal's "w be>s ! title ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation 7#agcj74 ,pi]re ,bayle's fam\s ,dictionnaire hi/orique et critique appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 two volumes 9 #afie4 #cb ,! mo/ impressive1 & p]haps ! mo/ pr(\nd docum5t ( ! religion ( reason is ! confession ( fai? :i* ,r\sseau 9 8 novel ,emile 7#agfb7 puts into ! m\? ( a c\ntry m9i/] f ,savoy4 #cc ,f4 ,v4 ,re9h>d3 ,essay conc]n+ ! ,plan :i* ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion drew up = ! ,b5efit ( ,mank9d 7#agia2 #d? ed41 #agih74 ,k4 ,h4 ,v5tur9i3 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#ahjj-ahjb74 ,see = an acc\nt ( !m ! writ]'s "w3 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus 7#aijf2 #d? ed41 #aibb 7,g]man72 #a/ ,engli% ed41 #aiaj2 #crd1 #aibb74 #cd ,expulsion ( ! ,jesuits f ,portugal1 #agei2 f ,france1 #agfd2 f ,spa9 & ,naples1 #agfg2 f ,p>ma1 #agfh4 #ce ,%ort ,!ses ^u ! ,s9 ( ,wit*craft & ! ,practice ( ,trial ,!re=4 #cf ,see ,g4 ,l5tre3 8,les ,ag5ts ,royali/s s\s la ,revolution0 7,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #aibb74 #cg ,h] dictum is giv5 9 ! ,engli% p]iodical1 ,! ,atlas1 9 its issue ( ,janu>y #bg?1 #ahbh4 #ch ,esquiss d'un tableau hi/orique des progrs de l'esprit huma94 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #agie1 aft] ! au?or's dea?1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,national ,conv5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,notes #ci ,immanuel ,kant3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft 7#agha72 ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 7#aghe72 ,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft 7#aghh72 ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft 7#agij72 ,die ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft 7#agic72 ,metaphysik d] ,sitt5 7#agig74 ,,*apt] ,x ,notes #dj ,tractatus !ologico-politicus 7anonym\s1 #afgj72 ,e?ica ord9e geometrico demon/rata 7po/hum\s & anonym\s1 #afgg2 ,g]man translation by ,johann ,lor5z ,s*midt1 #agdd72 ,tractatus politicus 7po/hum\s & anonym\s1 #afgg74 ,fir/ complete edition ( ,sp9oza's works1 #ahjb-c4 #da ,lao-tze 7born1 circa4 #fjd ,b4,c473 ,taotek+2 ,*wang-tse 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c473 ,! ,true ,book ( ! ,s\!rn ,fl[] ,l&2 ,lie-tse 7f\r? c5tury ,b4,c473 ,! ,true ,book ( ! ,primitive ,wat]-spr+4 #db ,g4 ,w4 ,leibniz3 ,sy/me n\veau de la nature1 et de la communication des sub/ances 7#afie72 ,n\veaux ,essais 7#agjd72 ,la ,monadologie 7#agad74 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,notes #dc ,! greate/ repres5tatives ( ,gno/icism are ,basilides1 ,val5t9us1 & ,m>cion1 all ?ree liv+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( t c5tury all sorts ( ,gno/ic sy/ems spr+ up1 z did speculative ones at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?4 ,! two great ,*ri/ian tea*]s ( ,alex&ria1 ,flavius ,clem5s at ! end ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 & ,orig5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird1 try to br+ ! ,gno/ic speculations into h>mony ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 #dd ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te3 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,all ,sci5tific ,!ories 7#agid72 ,! ,sy/em ( ,moral ,tea*+ ,accord+ to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce 7#agih72 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man 7#ahjj72 ,h[ to ,atta9 to ! ,happy ,life 7#ahjf72 ,addresses to ! ,g]man ,nation 7#ahjh74 ,a complete edition ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te's works 0 edit$ by 8 son1 ,j4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 9 #ahde & ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,a good selection has be5 publi%$ by ,f4 ,m$icus 7#aijh to #aiab74 #de ,?is & ! foll[+ quotations are f ,! ,de/9y ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,notes #df ,d4 ,e4 ,s*lei]ma*]3 ,disc\rses on ,religion = ! ,educat$ among its ,contemn]s 7#agii72 ,monologues 7#ahjj72 ,outl9es ( a ,critique ( ,moral ,philosophy d[n to ! ,pres5t ,day 7#ahjc72 ,*ri/ian ,belief 7#ahba-bc72 ,draft ( a ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy 7po/hum\s1 #ahce74 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,notes #dg ,fri$ri* ,hegel3 ,ph5om5ology ( ! ,_s 7#ahjg72 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,logic 7#c vols41 #ahab-bf72 ,encyclopdia ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces 7#ahag72 ,! ,philosophy ( ,law 7#ahba72 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7po/hum\s1 #ahdj74 ,complete edition ( 8 works 9 eighte5 volumes1 prep>$ by 8 pupils1 #ahcb-de4 #dh ,! ,encyclopdia1 ,"p ,,iii4 7#ahde ed471 p4 #chf4 #di ,! ,encyclopdia ( ,philosophical ,sci5ces1 ,"p ,,iii4 7#ahde ed471 p4 #cei4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,notes #ej ,f4 ,e4 ,b5eke3 ,prolegom5a to a ,physiology ( ,morals 7#ahbb72 ,! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,practical ,philosophy 7#c vols41 #ahcg-dj74 ,by 8 appe>ance z a *ampion ( utilit>ianism & 8 consequ5t attitude ( ho/ility to ,kant1 ,b5eke drew ^u himself ! enmity ( ,hegel1 & 0 compell$ 9 #ahbb to /op ! c\rse ( lectures :i* he 0 giv+ z a ,privat-doz5t at ,b]l9 ,univ]sity4 ,aft] ,hegel's dea? he fill$ a pr(essor%ip at ,b]l94 #ea ,l4 ,a4 ,feu]ba*3 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 7#ahda72 ,div9ity1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality f ! ,/&po9t ( ,an?ropology 7#ahff74 #eb ,ern/ ,laas3 ,idealism & ,positivism 7#c vols41 #ahgi-hd74 #ec ,! ,physiology ( ,society is ! f\r? volume ( ,comte's ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy 7#f vols41 #ahcj-db74 #ed ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7#b vols41 #ahdh72 ,utilit>ianism 7#ahfa74 ,!re is a ,g]man translation ( 8 works by ,?4 ,gomp]z 7#ab vols41 #ahfi-hf74 ,x 0 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill :o introduc$ into philosophy ! ^w 8utilit>ian0 z ! descriptive title ( ?is p>ticul> s*ool ( e?ic4 #ee ,*>les ,d>w93 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex 7#ahga74 #ef ,h]b]t ,sp5c]3 ,social ,/atics 7#ahea72 ,! ,data ( ,e?ics 7#ahgi72 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics 7#ahib74 #eg ,h5ri de ,sa9t-,simon3 ,l',organisateur 7#ahai-bj72 ,cat*isme des ,indu/riels 7#ahbc-bd74 #eh ,*>les ,f\ri]3 ,le n\veau monde indu/riel et socitaire 7#ahbi74 #ei ,p4 ,j4 ,pr\dhon3 ,qu'e/-ce que la ,proprit8 7#ahdj74 #fj ,rob]t ,ow53 ,a ,new ,view ( ,society 7#ahac72 & ,book ( ! ,new ,moral ,_w 7#g p>ts1 #ahcf-di74 #fa ,f]d9& ,lassalle3 ,das ,sy/em d] erwonb55 ,re*te 7#b vols41 #ahfa72 ,(f5es ,antworts*reib5 an das ,c5tralkomitee zur ,b]ufung e9es allgeme95 deuts*5 ,arbeit]kongresses 7#ahfc74 #fb ,k>l ,m>x3 ,manife/o ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty 7#ahdh1 9 collaboration ) ,fri$ri* ,engels72 ,capital 7vol4 i41 #ahfg2 ! second & ?ird volumes 7 publi%$ 9 #ahhd & #ahid by ,fri$ri* ,engels74 #fc ,! same _s p]vades ! "w ( ! national economi/1 ,gu/av ,s*moll] ( ,b]l93 ,conc]n+ ,"s ,que/ions ( ,law & ,national ,economy 7#ahge74 ,s*moll] 0 ! lead] ( ! s-call$ 8,sociali/s ( ! ,*air40 #fd ,! fir/ to set be=e ,*ri/5dom its duty to take "p 9 ! solution ( ! social "q is ,flicit de ,lam5nais 7#aghb-ahed7 9 8 ,p>oles d'un croyant 7#ahcc74 ,?is book 0 condemn$ by ! ,pope 9 #ahcd4 #fe ,! ,engli% public 0 made famili> ) work+-class mis]y by ,k+sley's novel ,yea/ 7:i* appe>$ 9 #ahdh 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 & 9 #ahea 0 pr9t$ z a book71 & by two articles ( ,h5ry ,mayhew's 9 ! ,morn+ ,*ronicle 7,decemb] #ad? & #ah?1 #ahdi74 ,t ,*ri/ian ,socialism made its appe>ance fir/ 9 ,engl& & ,france is connect$ ) ! fact t ! indu/ry :i* creates social problems develop$ e>lie/ 9 ^! c\ntries4 #ff ,leo ,tol/oi3 ,my ,confessions2 ,g]man translation z ,wor9 be/eht me9 ,glaube 7#ahhd72 ,fr5* z ,ma ,religion 7#ahhd72 ,engli% z ,*ri/'s ,*ri/ianity 7#ahhe74 ,see also ,:at !n %all we d8 7,g]man1 #ahhf74 ,! fact t ,tol/oi's e?ical ,*ri/ianity associates itself ) contempt = civilization br+s x ne> to primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! all-important "q1 h[ ! p[] ( ! e?ical ?\ghts ( ,jesus are to "w 9 ! temp] & ! circum/ances ( mod]n times1 x does n answ]4 ,tol/oi is a great /imulator b no guide4 #fg ,edu>d ,b]n/e93 ,! ,presuppositions ( ,socialism1 & ! ,tasks ( ,social ,democracy 7#ahii74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,notes #fh ,:at ,s*op5hau] wrote aft] ?is1 8 *ief "w1 :i* 0 pr9t$ :5 he 0 ?irty1 are only app5dixes & popul> explanations ( x3 ,conc]n+ ! ,w 9 ,nature 7#ahcf71 ,! ,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics 7#ahdj71 ,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a 7#b vols41 #ahea74 #fi ,9 #ahjb-ahjd ,anquetil ,dup]ron 7#agca-ahje7 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 ) a ,lat9 translation1 ! ,oupnek'hat1 a collection ( fifty ,upani%ads1 :i* he _h br\ght back f ,india 9 a ,p]sian text4 #gj ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 vol4 ii41 *ap4 xli4 #ga ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 vol4 i41 *ap4 lxix4 #gb ,t ! man :o has won ?r\gh to complete _w- & life-d5ial rema9s holy ev5 if he commits actions :i* accord+ to accept$ ideas are une?ical1 is taught by ! ,bhagavadgita z well z by ! ,upani%ads4 #gc ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 vol4 i41 *ap4 lxviii4 #gd ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e3 ,old-fa%ion$ ,reflexions 7#d p>ts1 #ahgc-ahgf71 ,human & ,all too ,human 7#c vols41 #ahgh-ahhj71 ,joy\s ,sci5ce 7#ahhb71 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra 7#d p>ts1 #ahhc-ahhe71 ,beyond ,good & ,evil 7#ahhf71 ,on ! ,g5ealogy ( ,morality 7#ahhg71 ,! ,w to ,p[] 7po/hum\s1 #aijf74 #ge ,max ,/irn] 7#ahjf-ahef71 ^: real "n 0 ,kasp> ,s*midt1 has rec5tly be5 reg>d$ z a pr$ecessor ( ,nietzs*e's on acc\nt ( 8 book1 ,! ,individual & ,8 ,prop]ty 7#ahde71 9 :i* he supports ! !ory ( m]ciless egoism4 ,b he is n "o4 ,he has provid$ no really deep philosophical backgr\nd = 8 an>*i/ic egoism4 ,he speaks z a m]e logician1 & does n rise above ! level ( ! ,greek sophi/s4 ,a religi\s rev]5ce = life1 su* z ,nietzs*e feels1 is n to be f\nd 9 him4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,notes #gf ,h4 ,sidgwick3 ,! ,me?od ( ,e?ics 7#ahgd74 7,g]man translation by ,c4 ,bau]1 #aiji47 #gg ,leslie ,/eph53 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics 7#ahhb74 #gh ,s4 ,alex&]3 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress3 ,an ,analysis ( ,e?ical ,conceptions 7#ahhi74 #gi ,wm4 ,wundt3 ,e?ics3 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,facts & ,law ( ! ,moral ,life 7#ahhg74 #hj ,fri$ri* ,pauls53 ,a ,sy/em ( ,e?ics 7#ahhi74 #ha ,fri$ri* ,jodl3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics z ,philosophical ,sci5ce 7#b vols41 #bnd ed41 #aijf & #aiab74 #hb ,georg von ,gizyki3 ,moral ,philosophy1 exp\nd$ s z to be intelligible to all 7#ahhh74 #hc ,h>ald ,hffd+ 7a ,dane73 ,e?ics 7#ahhg74 7,g]man translation1 #ahhh47 ,georg ,simmel 7#aheh-aiah7 adopts a critical attitude t[>ds mod]n 8sci5tific0 e?ics 9 8 ,introduction to ,moral ,sci5ce 7#ahib74 #hd ,h4 ,coh53 ,kant's ,f\ndation giv5 to ,e?ics 7#ahgg72 ,! ,e?ic ( ! ,pure ,w 7#aijd74 #he ,w4 ,h]rmann3 ,e?ics 7#aija74 ,9 ,france ,*>les ,r5\vi] 7#ahch-aijc7 tries1 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ! ,moral 7#ahfi71 to re/ore ! ,kantian sy/em ( e?ics4 #hf ,jas4 ,m>t9eau3 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory 7#b vols41 #ahhe74 #hg ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley3 ,e?ical ,/udies 7#ahgf74 #hh ,t4 ,h4 ,gre53 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics 7po/hum\s1 #ahhc74 #hi ,simon ,laurie3 ,e?ica1 or ! ,e?ics ( ,reason 7#ahhe74 7,a ,fr5* translation by ,georges ,remack1 #aijb47 #ij ,james ,se?3 ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples 7#crd ed41 #ahid74 #ia ,josiah ,royce3 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy 7#ahib72 ,religi\s ,aspects ( ,philosophy 7#d? ed41 #ahib74 #ib ,a4 ,f\ille3 ,critique des sy/mes de morale contempora9e 7#ahhc72 ,evolutionisme des ides-=ces 7#ahij2 ,g]man translation1 #aijh72 ,la morale des ides-=ces 7#aijg74 #ic ,jean ,m>ie ,guyau3 ,la morale anglaise contempora9e 7#ahgi72 ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction 7#ahhe72 ,l'irreligion de l'av5ir 7#ahhf74 ,a ,g]man v]sion ( 8 works appe>$ 9 #f vols4 9 #aiab4 #id 8,t\te ide enveloppe un lm5t impulsif2 nulle ide n'e/ un tat simplem5t reprs5tatif40 7,e idea conta9s an elem5t ( impulse2 no idea is m]ely a condition ( re-pres5t+ some?+ 9 ?\ght47 #ie 4 4 4 8notre consci5ce de n\s-mme t5dant sa plnitude p> son expansion en autrui40 7 4 4 4 our consci\sness ( ourselves1 :i* presses on to its full gr[? by exp&+ into o!rs47 #if 8,agis env]s les autres comme si tu avais consci5ce des autres en mme temps que de soi40 #ig ,f\ille reveals 8 attitude t[>ds ,nietzs*e 9 a "w entitl$ ,nietzs*e & ,immoralism4 ,notes on ! works ( ,f\ille & ,guyau h be5 pres]v$ by ,nietzs*e4 #ih ,edu>d von ,h>tmann3 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s 7#ahfi72 ,ph5om5ology ( ! ,moral ,consci\sness 7#ahgi74 #ii ,ph5om5ology1 p4 #fgj4 #ajj ,ph5om5ology1 p4 #gjj4 #aja ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,sur les donnes immdiates de la consci5ce 7#ahhh74 7,engli% translation by ,f4 ,l4 ,pogson1 #aiaj3 ,"t & ,freewill2 ,an ,essay on ! ,imm$iate ,data ( ,consci\sness47 ,matire et memoire4 ,essai sur la relation du corps et de l'esprit 7#ahif74 7,engli% translation by ,n4 ,m4 ,paul & ,w4 ,s4 ,palm]3 ,matt] & ,memory1 #aiaa47 ,l'nvolution cratrice 7#aijg74 7,engli% translation by ,a4 ,mit*ell3 ,creative ,evolution1 #aiaa47 #ajb ,h4 ,s4 ,*amb]la93 ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7#ahii74 7#ad? impression1 #aibb47 ,immanuel ,kant 7#aije72 ,goe! 7#aiab74 #ajc ,c\nt ,h]mann ,keys]l+3 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,_w 7#aijf72 ,a ,philosoph]'s ,travel-,di>y 7#b vols41 #aiai72 ,philosophy z ,art 7#aibj74 #ajd ,s ,otto ,braun 9 8 essay 8,monism & ,e?ics0 9 ! volume entitl$ ,monism ,exp\nd$ 9 ,contributions f its ,repres5tatives 7edit$ by ,ar?ur ,drews2 vol4 i41 #aijh74 ,! pov]ty ( ?is e?ic is cle>ly reveal$ :5 ! editor tries to indicate its cont5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,notes #aje ,?is book dates f ab\t ! elev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,james ,legge 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 #ahia7 & by ,t4 ,susuki & ,p4 ,c>us 7,*icago1 #aijf72 into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,a4 ,rmusat 7,le livre des rcomp5ses et des pe9es1 #ahaf71 & by ,/anislas ,juli5 7#ahce72 into ,g]man by ,w4 ,s*l] 7,zeits*rift fr ,missionskunde1 #aiji74 8,be human ) animals1 & d no h>m to insects1 plants1 & trees10 is ! comm& ( "o say+ 9 ?is book4 ,! foll[+ acts are condemn$3 8,hunt+ m5 or animals to dea?2 %oot+ ) b[ & arr[ at birds2 hunt+ quadrup$s2 driv+ insects out ( _! holes2 fright5+ birds :i* are asleep 9 ! trees2 block+ up ! holes ( insects1 & de/roy+ birds-ne/s40 ,to delight 9 hunt+ is describ$ z a s]i\s moral p]v]sion4 pg #bhf ,,index ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ej ,alex&] ,,ii41 #ajc ,alex&]1 ,samuel1 #ahb ,amos1 #ba ,anti/h5es1 #cf ,anti-,utilit>ians7ism71 #hf1 #hg1 #ajg ,ari/ippus1 #cf n4 ,ari/otle1 #ba1db1dd ff41 #fe ,arrian1 #ec n4 ,augu/9e1 #eh ,ba*1 ,j4 ,s41 #ia ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam1 #fd ,basilides1 #abe n4 ,bayle1 #ic ,b5eke1 #aea ,b5?am1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi1 #hc1 #if1 #ajc1 #add1 #aea1 #aei1 #bbb1 #bcc ,b]gson1 #aih f41 #bjc ,b]n/e91 #afc ,bod91 #fh ,bradley1 #ahd f4 ,braun1 #bja n4 ,buddha1 #ba1 #be1 #bg1 #acc1 #agb1 #agd1 #bad1 #bch ,butl]1 ,bp41 #hi ,c>us1 ,p41 #bcd n4 ,*amb]la91 #aih f4 ,*>ron1 #fh ,*]bury1 ,"l ,h4 (1 #ic ,*wang-tse1 #bg1 #ed1 #aah1 #abj f41 #aca1 #acc1 #aci1 #agi1 #bcf f41 #bgb ,cic]o1 #eb n41 #fe ,cl>ke1 #hf ,clem5s1 ,flavius1 #abf n4 ,clem5t ,,xiv41 #ie ,coh51 #ahc f4 ,coll9s1 #ic ,comte1 #aeb1 #aed ,condorcet1 #hi1 #ajd ,confucius 7,kung-tse71 #ba1 #bg1 #cd1 #ed1 #ia1 #ajd1 #aci1 #bcg f41 #bgb ,cop]nicus1 #fa1 #aad ,cudwor?1 #hf ,cumb]l&1 #hf ,cynics1 #cd1 #cf1 #dc ,cyr5aics1 #cd1 #cf1 #dc ,d>w91 ,*as41 #ad1aec ff41 #aic1 #bcc ,democritus1 #cf f4 ,desc>tes1 #ac1 #fb1 #aaf1 #abc1 #acg1 #bcc1 #bdf ,did]ot1 #hg n41 #hi ,diog5es ,la]tius1 #cb n41 #cf n4 ,diog5es ( ,s9ope1 #cf n4 ,domitian1 #eb ,drews1 #bja n4 ,du ,bois-,raymond1 #bji ,engels1 #afa ,epictetus1 #eb-f1 #eh1 #fj1 #fe ,epicurus7ism71 #ba1 #cf-i1 #ea1 #eh1 #fh ,erasmus1 #ff f4 ,erne/i1 #ic ,ess5es1 ,!1 #ih ,feu]ba*1 #aeb ,fi*te1 ,j4 ,g41 #ba1 #abf ff41 #acf-ade1 #adg1 #aej f41 #aff-aga1 #agg1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #bji1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcg f4 ,fi*te1 ,imm4 ,h41 #abf n41 #aff ,firmian1 ,ar*bi%op1 #ie ,f\ille1 #ahf-aic1 #aih ,f\ri]1 #afa ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #ha1 #if ,freemasons1 #ig ,galileo1 #fb ,gass5di1 #fh ,giordano1 ,bruno1 #fb1 #hh ,gizyki1 von1 #ahb ,gno/ics1 #fj1 #abe f4 ,goe!1 #hi1 #acf ff41 #adj1 #aii ,gomp]z1 #aec n4 ,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 #ahd ff4 pg #bhg ,grotius1 #fh1 #if ,guyau1 #ahg-ic ,haeckel1 #bja ,h>tley1 #gb1 #aeb ,h>tmann1 #aid-aig ,hegel1 #ba1 #ajb1 #abf1 #ada-adi1 #aej1 #afb1 #afg1 #agj1 #agc1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bcg f4 ,helvetius1 #ge-gi ,h]aclitus1 #cb ,h]b>t1 #aff ,h]d]1 #hi ,h]rmann1 #ahc-ahe ,hobbes1 #ge-gi1 #he1 #abj ,hffd+1 #ahb ,holba*1 von1 #gb1 #aeb ,humanism1 #ib ,hume1 #hj-hd1 #ic1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aha1 #ahh ,hut*eson1 #hi ,illum9ati1 ,!1 #ig ,indian ,philosophy1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cd1 #db1 #ed1 #ff1 #hh1 #aac1 #aag f41 #aba1 #abc1 #ade f41 #aeh1 #aff1 #aga1 #aid1 #bad1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bci ,intellectuali/s1 #hg1 #ajf ,intuitioni/s1 #hg1 #ajf1 #ahd ,isaiah1 #ba ,jacobi1 #aaf ,james1 #baj ,j5n]1 #ig ,jesuits1 #ie1 #ih ,jesus1 #ba1 #be1 #bg1 #cd1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #id1 #ih1 #aeh1 #bjb ,jodl1 #bd1 #ahb ,joseph ,,ii41 #ii ,josephus1 #ih ,kant1 #ac1 #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #da1 #hg1 #ajf-aae1 #abb1 #abg-abi1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #adg1 #aej1 #aea1 #aff1 #afi1 #ahd1 #aij1 #aii1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcc1 #beb ,kepl]1 #fb ,kepl]bund1 #bji ,kettel]1 #afb ,keys]l+1 #aih-bjj1 #bjc ,k+sley1 ,*>les1 #afb f4 ,laas1 #aeb ,lam5nais1 #afb n4 ,lange1 #afb1 #aib f4 ,lao-tse1 #ba1 #bg1 #cd1 #cg1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #acc1 #aci1 #agi1 #bcf f4 ,lassalle1 #afa1 #afd ,latitud9>ians1 #ic n4 ,laurie1 #ahd f4 ,legge1 #bcd n4 ,leibniz1 #ic1 #aaf1 #abb-abd1 #acg ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #fa1 #bjj ,l5tre1 #if n4 ,less+1 #hi1 #ic ,lie-tse1 #aah1 #abj1 #agi ,locke1 #ba1 #ge-gi1 #he ,ma*iavelli1 #fh ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #eb-fj1 #fe1 #fh ,m>cion1 #abe n4 ,m>t9eau1 #ahd f4 ,m>x1 #afa f4 ,maurice1 ,f4 ,d41 #afb ,mayhew1 #afc n4 ,m5delssohn1 ,moses1 #hi1 #ic1 #aaf ,m5g-tse1 #bg1 #dg1 #ea1 #ed1 #bcg ,mi*aelis1 #ic ,mill1 ,james1 #aec ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #aej1 #aec ,mo-di1 #bcg ,mohamm$1 #bg ,monism1 #fj1 #ij1 #aad1 #ach1 #ahi1 #bja ,montaigne1 #fg ,m1 ,h5ry1 #hf ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 #ajj1 #ajb ,neoplatonism1 #fj ,neopy?agoreanism1 #fj ,n]o1 #eb pg #bhh ,newton1 ,isaac1 #fi1 #hf ,nicolai1 #abi ,nietzs*e1 #ba1 #bc1 #afe1 #agd-ahj1 #ahh f41 #aig1 #bja1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcf ,orig51 #abf n4 ,orphism1 #db ,ow51 ,rob]t1 #afa ,p>acelsus1 #fb ,pauls51 #ahb ,paul 7! ,apo/le71 #ba ,plato1 #ba1 #cc-ce1 #dj-eb1 #he1 #bbc ,plot9us1 #fj ,positivism1 #aeb ,prophets1 ! ,jewi%1 #ba1 #bg1 #cd1 #bca ,pr\dhon1 #afa ,py?agoreanism1 #db ,rationali/s 7ism71 #f1 #ij-aje1abd-aca1 #ace1 #aci1 #adg1 #aej f41 #aij1 #baa ,re=mation1 #ff ,reim>us1 #ic ,re9h>d1 #id ,r5aissance1 #ba1 #fa f41 #fi ,r5\vi]1 #ahc ,rits*l1 #baj ,r\sseau1 #ic ,royce1 #ahf ,sa9t ,simon1 #afa ,s*ell+1 #abf ,s*ill]1 #acf-ach1 #adj ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ach-adj1 #ade ,s*moll]1 #afb ,s*ola/icism1 #fa ,s*op5hau]1 #aa1 #ac1 #ba1 #bc1 #cj1 #afe-agd1 #agi f41 #ahi1 #aig1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcd ,s*weitz]1 ,alb]t1 #fg n41 #id n4 ,seml]1 #ic ,s5eca1 #eb-fj1 #fe ,se?1 #ahd f4 ,s=za1 #bjj ,%aftesbury1 ,"l1 #ba1 #he-hg1 #ach ,sidgwick1 ,h41 #ahb ,simmel1 #ahb n4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 #hj-hd1 #hg1 #aeb #aee f41 #ahe ,soc9ians1 #ib ,socrates1 #ba1 #cc-dg1 #eb1 #ga1 #gd1 #agg ,sophi/s1 #cb1 #dh1 #agh ,sp5c]1 ,h41 #aec-aeh1 #bjb ,sp9oza1 #ac1 #ba1 #be1 #hh1 #ajd #aaf-abd1 #acc1 #acg-adj1 #adc #afg1 #ahi1 #bbc1 #bcg f4 ,/al1 ,madame de1 #ajc ,/eph51 ,leslie1 #ahb ,/]n1 #aib f41 #bcd ,/irn]1 #agi n4 ,/oics1 #ba1 #ce-i1 #ed1 #eg1 #bcg ,taoism1 #cg ,telesio1 #fb ,?omasius1 #ie ,t9dal1 #ic ,tol&1 #ic ,tol/oi1 #afc ,unit>ians1 #ic ,unold1 #bja ,utilit>ianism1 #hj-hc1 #hg-hi1 #ajg #aji1 #aej-afd1 #aff1 #bba1 #bcb ,val5t9us 7,gno/ic71 #abe n4 ,v5tur9i1 #id1 #ih ,voltaire1 #hi1 #ij1 #ic1 #abb ,wiel&1 #hi ,wolla/on1 #hf ,wolff1 #ic1 #abd ,wundt1 #ahb1 #bcc ,x5ophanes1 #cb ,x5ophon1 #cc1 #ci ,yang-tse1 #agi1 #bcf ,z>a?u/ra1 #ba1 #bg f41 #agi1 #bca ,zelt]1 #ia ,z5o1 #cf f41 #ed1 #eg ,zw+li1 #ib ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,! =matt+ ( bo? ! 4htm & 4txt files foll[$ t ( ?ree simil> books1 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus1 ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,! ,decay & ,re/oration ( ,civilization already 9 ,project ,gut5b]g4 ,i h includ$ page numb]s 9 ! =mat pg xxx = bo? 4htm & 4txt4 ,i made sev]al hyph5ation *oices1 =c$ by de-hyph5ation at ! ends ( l9es3 #a4 ,w-lessness p4 #aid4 #b4 birds-ne/s note #aje p4 #bcd4 ,cases ( inconsi/5t use 7bo? hyph5at$ & unhyph5at$ are pres5t7 7 left z !y are3 two-fold1 non-s5sible1 ,kung-tse1 un-civilization1 pre-conceptions1 pre-suppositions1 ?or\gh-go+1 re-fa%ion1 pres5t-day1 _w-view1 driv+-=ce1 sum-total1 w-to-p[]1 belief-9-progress1 nature-philosophy1 rationally-pleasurable1 ev]-new1 g5]al-notion1 _w-&-life affirmation1 matt]-(-fact1 wage-sy/em1 fell[-m51 bass-note1 _w-religions1 s-call$1 w-to-action1 ready-made1 all-r\nd1 optimi/ic-e?ical4 ,i left ! misspell$ ^w 8po/um\s0 9 footnote #bb f p4 #hf1 ! misspell$ ^w 8alway0 f p4 #bfb b ,i correct$ ! bir? date = ,h5ri ,b]gson f #aefj to #ahfj on p4 #aih1 ,i correct$ ! spell+ ( ! translator ( ,mill 9 ! ,index to 8,gomp]z01 ! spell+ ( ! ,g]man philosoph] 8,leibniz0 on p4 #ic & ! ,index & ! spell+ ( ! ,g]man philosoph] 8,nietzs*e0 on p4 #age & #agf4 ,i elim9at$ ! small caps us$ = ! fir/ "n ( ea* />t+ lett] 9 ! ,index4 ,9 ! 4txt v]sion ,i h us$ utf#h encod+ & ! foll[+ m>k]s3 #a4 italic text surr\nd$ by #b4 footnote ref]5ces 9 ! =m 7numb]7