,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,deprecat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! ,music ,/ory ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,cr[e/4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,op]a ,! ,music ,/ory ,s]ies4 #c_/f net p] ,volume4 ,already publi%$ 9 ?is ,s]ies4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,oratorio4 ,by ,,annie ,,patt]son1 ,b4,a41 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,notation4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,abdy ,,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,organ4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,abdy ,,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,*amb] ,,music4 ,by ,n4 ,,kilburn1 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,viol94 ,by ,,paul ,,/oev+4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,h>p4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,grattan-,,flood1 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,organ ,,music4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,,abdy ,,williams1 ,m4,a41 ,mus4 ,bac4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,music 7#afjd-aijd7-- ,,musicians' ,,company ,,lectures4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,m9/relsy4 ,by ,,edmond/\ne ,,duncan4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,musical ,,=m4 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,,lucas4 ,?is ,s]ies1 9 sup]ior lea!r b9d+s1 may be _h on application to ! ,publi%]s4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,em]y ,walk] ,ph4 ,sc4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan1 ,m4,v4,o41 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,pa9t$ by ,sir ,john ,ev]ett ,millais1 ,b>t41 ,p4,r4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mascagni4 ,! ,/ory ( ,op]a ,,by ,e4 ,,m>kham ,,lee ,m4,a42 ,mus4 ,doc41 ,cantab4 ,london ,! ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons #aiji ,preface4 ,historie,s ( ,op]a are n v num]\s3 !re h be5 _m articles & essays 9 v>i\s magaz9es1 diction>ies1 & s =? :i* h pres5t$ m or less concise synopses ( ! gradual developm5t & gr[? ( ! ,op]atic ,art4 ,"s ( ^!1 notably ! "o 9 ,grove's ,diction>y1 are excell5t1 b a "w ( su* bulk is n = ! ev]yday read]1 nor1 g5]ally speak+1 = ! amateur4 ,beyond ^! magaz9e & diction>y essays ! numb] ( books--at any rate 9 ! ,engli% language--solely on ,op]a is v limit$1 & f ! nature ( ! case1 ^? t exi/ soon get out ( date4 ,9 ! pres5t "w an attempt has be5 made1 s f> z space has all[$1 to give "s brief acc\nt ( e notable ,s*ool ( ,op]a ( :i* any?+ is kn[n4 ,x is n claim$ t ! advance ( ! ,art w n necessitate con/ant additions to or alt]ations ( ^! pages4 ,ev5 9 ! %ort space ( "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! body ( ?is book on ,op]a 0 writt51 su* features z ! rise 9 popul>ity ( ,pucc9i's op]as1 or ( su* mod]n works z ,debussy's ,pelleas & ,melis&e1 ! p]mission ( ! c5sor to play ,sa9t-,sans' ,samson & ,delilah on ! ,engli% /age1 & ! slight wane 9 int]e/ on ! "p ( ! ,engli% public = ,wagn]'s op]as1 h made imp]ative ! rewrit+ ( _m p>agraphs & ! modification ( o!rs4 ,e attempt1 h[ev]1 has be5 made to br+ ! book up to date1 & if 9 ! ,*apt]s on ,mod]n ,op]as & 9 ! ,app5dices !re may be omitt$ names :i* "s may consid] %\ld h be5 includ$1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury op]a compos]s spr+ up l mu%rooms1 & (t5 disappe> f public gaze ) equal rapidity4 ,works ( bygone g5]ations c be criticiz$ & plac$ z successes or failures1 b 9 ^! days ( /r5u\s output "o _c speak ) any c]ta9ty z to :at is ephem]al & :at is endur+4 ,our own times are too close to u1 & mu/ be left = future hi/orians to pron\nce judgm5t ^u4 ,h5ce only ! mo/ notable & brilliant successes among/ mod]n op]atic works are1 g5]ally speak+1 record$4 ,x is hop$ t ! ,*apt]s on 8,:at is ,op]a80 & 8,h[ to li/5 to & enjoy ,op]a0 may t\* to "s ext5t on new gr\nd & may be helpful to ! amateur4 ,app5dix ,a has entail$ an enorm\s am\nt ( "w1 & al?\gh x conta9s1 ( c\rse1 no?+ t _c be ga!r$ f o!r s\rces1 x is tru/$ t ! in=mation ?us compil$ & plac$ "u "o head+ may be ( use & ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,op]a4 ,! tabulat$ ,/ate ,grants 9 ,app5dix ,b w %[1 :at is p]haps n g5]ally kn[n1 h[ badly (f ,engl& is 9 ?is matt] z comp>$ ) _m o!r c\ntries4 ,! book is (f]$ 9 all s9c]ity to ^? :o c>e to read x4 ,!re are1 possibly1 mi/akes & errors4 ,if ?is be s1 ,i w ask my good fri5ds to po9t !m out to me1 9 ! hope ( my hav+ an opportunity ( avail+ myself ( su* corrections 9 a second edition ( ?is "w4 ,e4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,wood=d ,,gre51 ,novemb] #aiji4 ,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,op]a8 ,,page ,:at is ,op]a8--,d]ivation ( t]m--,a musical "w--,an artificial product--,its ju/ification--,emotional effect ( music--,hybrid op]a--,mod]n ta/e dem&s "o m$ium ( expression--,a def9ition--,music an accessory to op]a1 b an important "o #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,diff]5t ,,s*ools ,,correspond+ ,,) ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,musical ,,art4 ,! c5turies see little *ange 9 ! elem5ts ( ! drama--,gr[? ( op]a concurr5t ) ! progress ( ! art ( music--,po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly op]as 7,montev]de1 etc47 & ^? ( ,sc>latti & lat] writ]s--,bir? ( ! aria--,engl& & ,france ( ! same date--,op]a buffa--,musical empiricism--,gluck--,8 foll[]s--,v>y+ subjects treat$--,italian op]a--,abuses by ! s+]s--,wagn] & mod]n op]a #g ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,op]a3 ,,montev]de1 ,,gluck1 ,,& ,,wagn]4 ,re=ms1 & ! reasons !re(--,montev]de's influ5ce--,musical innovations--,! /age disc>ds music ( ! ecclesia/ical ord]--,! beauty ( ,sc>latti's arias--,_! weakness--,gluck--,gluck's explanation ( 8 re=ms--,triumph ( 8 me?ods--,ano!r retrogression-- ,ross9i--,wagn]--,! leit-motif--,influ5ce on subsequ5t compos]s--,w fur!r re=ms become necess>y1 & :at %ape w !y take8 #ah ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,op]a4 ,e>ly comm5cem5t ( op]a--,! ,b>di en?usia/s--,:at !y a*iev$--,p]i & ,cacc9i--,a logical comm5cem5t--,its imp]fections #cb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,e>ly ,,italian1 ,,fr5*1 ,,g]man1 ,,& ,,engli% ,,op]a4 ,montev]de--,sc>latti--,camb]t--,lully-- ,keis]--,purcell--,h&el 9 ,london--,h&el's rival1 ,buononc9i--,h&el's op]as n[ obsolete by reason ( _! lack ( dramatic tru? #ci ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,op]as ,,( ,,gluck ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,compos]s4 ,gluck & 8 ma/]pieces--,moz>t--,bee?ov5--,web] & romantic op]a--,d] ,freis*tz--,o!r op]as--,s*ub]t--,op]a writ+ a di/9ct =m ( composition--,! small influ5ce ( ! really great compos]s ^u op]a #dh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7a7 ,,! ,,italian ,,s*ool 7,,cim>osa ,,to ,,v]di74 ,! ,italian s*ool--,op]a buffa--,! ,neapolitan s*ool--,picc9i--,a notable conte/--,cim>osa--,ross9i3 8 ,b>b] ( ,seville--,recitative & its significance--,william ,tell--,bell9i & ,donizetti--,v]di3 8 e>ly & lat] op]as #fc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7b7 ,,! ,,g]man ,,s*ool 7,,keis] ,,to ,,nicolai74 ,keis] & 8 successors--,hill]--,real ,g]man op]a--,spohr--,m>s*n]--,op]atic int]e/ n c5tr$ 9 ,g]many at ?is "t #gf ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7c7 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,s*ool 7,,rameau ,,to ,,ambroise ,,?omas74 ,rameau--,div]g5ce ( me?ods--,! successors ( ,gluck & ,picc9ni--,mhul--,*]ub9i & ,spont9i--,mey]be]--,aub]--,g\nod--,bize t--,reasons = ! popul>ity ( ,fau/ & ,c>m5--,(f5ba*--,dlibes & ,lalo--,?omas #ha ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,engli% ,,op]a ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a--,arne--,bi%op--,balfe--,wallace-- ,gor+ ,?omas--,sullivan--,liv+ writ]s #ia ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,wagn] ,,& ,,8 ,,op]as4 ,wagn]'s e>ly days--,at ,wrzburg--,at ,knigsb]g--,at ,riga--,at ,p>is--,ri5zi--,dresd5--,zuri*--,muni*-- ,triebs*5 --,bayreu?--,dea?--,wagn]'s me?ods--,! ,fly+ ,dut*man --,tannhus]--,loh5gr9--,tri/an & ,isolde--,die ,mei/]s+]--,! ,r+--,p>sifal--,wagn]'s cont9u$ developm5t #ih ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mod]n ,,op]a ,,s9ce ,,wagn]',s ,,re=ms4 ,wagn]'s influ5ce--,no m]e copy+--,mod]n 8,melos0--,use ( ! or*e/ra--,8 h>mony--,m5 ( a y\ng] g5]ation--,! ,slavs #aaf ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,slavonic ,,op]a4 ,e>ly ,russian compos]s--,gl9ka--,d>gomijsky--,borod9-- ,cs> ,cui--,t*akovsky--,poli% op]a--,bohemian op]a--,dvrk --,o!r ,european c\ntries #abb ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,op]a ,,to-,,day ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,& ,,engl&4 ,boito--,8 int]e/+ p]sonality--,pucc9i--,mascagni-- ,leoncavallo--,cilea--,g]man compos]s--,goldm>k & ,hump]d9ck--,! ,fr5* s*ool--,sa9t-,sans--,mass5et --,bruneau--,engli% compos]s--,/an=d--,mack5zie-- ,c[5--,cord]--,bunn+1 etc4 #acj ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,op]atic ,,ent]prise ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,subsidiz$ op]a--,op]a an educative factor--,objections to subsidies--,advantages--,engli% op]a--,op]a companies --,cov5t ,g>d5--,! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate--,hi/ory ( op]a 9 ?is c\ntry--,travell+ companies--,! ,c>l ,rosa ,company--,! ,moody-,mann]s ,company--,! outlook #aej ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,li/5 ,,to ,,& ,,enjoy ,,op]a4 ,feel+s ( disappo9tm5t--,expectations--,! language difficulty--,:y ! /ory is h>d to foll[--,:at we g to ! op]a to he>--,"s sugge/ions--,to grasp ! /ory--,to realize ! /yle ( ! music--,re-he>+ necess>y--,h[ to beg9 to /udy op]a--,:at is necess>y = its enjoym5t #afc ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,op]a ,,h\ses ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,cov5t ,g>d5--,la ,scala--,san ,c>lo--,v5ice--,rome--,p>is & ! ,gr& ,op]a--,vi5na--,budape/--,prague--,b]l9- -,dresd5 --,muni*--,bayreu?--,russia--,o!r ,european c\ntries-- ,egypt--,am]ica #agb ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,(f%oots ,,& ,,curiosities ,,( ,,op]a4 ,op]etta--,musical com$y--,ballad op]a--,masque--,ballet-- ,objections !reto--,curiosities ( con/ruction-- ,pa/iccio--,mix$ language--,/]eotyp$ ca/s--,curiosities ( /age requirem5ts--,wagn]'s sup]natural requirem5ts --,curiosities ( ! music--,vocal cad5zas #ahe ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,( ,,*att]4 ,op]a & politics--,loh5gr9 9 ,p>is--,op]a non-lucrative to ! compos]--,j5ny ,l9d's contract--,mod]n fees-- ,royalties--,libretti/s--,meta/asio & ,scribe-- ,! prima donna--,/ories ( s+]s & compos]s #aii ,,app5dix ,a4--,*ronological ,li/ ( ,compos]s ( ,op]a1 ,great ,s+]s1 ,conductors1 etc4 #bae ,,app5dix ,b4--,f9ancial ,aid ,grant$ to ,op]atic ,s*emes f ,/ate or ,municipal ,funds #bdh ,,app5dix ,c4--,gloss>y ( ,t]ms ma9ly us$ 9 ,op]a #bee ,,app5dix ,d4--,li/ ( ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,or*e/ras ( ,compos]s ( ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ,op]a #bfj ,,app5dix ,e4--,bibliography ( ,op]a #bfc ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,sullivan ,frontispiece ,photogravure f ! ,pa9t+ by ,sir ,john ,ev]ett ,millais1 ,p4,r4,a4 ,,aless&ro ,,sc>latti #bj ,,ri*>d ,,wagn] #bf ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,lully #db ,,dom5ico ,,cim>osa #fd ,,guiseppe ,,v]di #gb ,,johann ,,adam ,,hill] #gh ,,nicola ,,picc9i #hb ,j4 ,,(f5ba* #hh ,,giacomo ,,pucc9i #acj ,,pietro ,,mascagni #acb ,,ruggi]o ,,leoncavallo #acf ,,sir ,a4 ,c4 ,,mack5zie #adf ,,bayreu? ,,!atre #aha ,,madame ,,melba #bjj ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,op]a8 ,:at is ,op]a8--,d]ivation ( t]m--,a musical "w--,an artificial product--,its ju/ification--,emotional effect ( music--,hybrid op]a--,mod]n ta/e dem&s "o m$ium ( expression--,a def9ition--,music an accessory to op]a1 b an important "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ,op]a8 ,:at is ,op]a8 ,a "q easy to ask1 b "o t by no means f9ds s ready an answ]2 ! def9itions1 8,a drama set to music10 8,a musical play10 & s =?1 be+ b loose & inaccurate1 & n convey+ any real idea z to t :i* !y seek to def9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,d]ivation ( ,t]m ,! t]m 8,op]a10 d]iv$1 or r abbreviat$ f ! words 8,op]a 9 ,musica0 7,works 9 music--i4e41 a musical "w71 may be at once se5 to be only a conv5i5t title t has f\nd fav\r by its brevity & ?r\gh lack ( a bett]3 translate x & read 8works10 & we may see t x is a mean+less t]m 9 all else ?an t x is some?+ creat$4 ,& :at is ?is 8some?+0 t has be5 creat$1 t is 9 p's m\?s s (t51 & t we designate by ! ^w 8,op]a08 ,! lea/ cultur$ w be able to answ] t x is a "w = ! /age1 9 :i* music plays a prom95t "p3 t x is ?is1 & some?+ m1 mu/ be %[n z we /udy its rise & developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,musical ,"w ,let u g a little deep] 9 our se>* = a def9ition4 ,9 /udy+ real op]a we %all f9d t n only is x a dramatic production1 & t music plays an important "p 9 x1 b t any spok5 dialogue is =eign to its nature4 ,x is !re=e a cont9u\s musical "w1 un9t]rupt$ by spee*es or s5t5ces spok5 by ! natural voice--sung ?r\gh\t1 ! music be+ illu/rative ( ! /ory t is be+ unfold$1 & accompani$ by appropriate ge/ure & action4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ,op]a is a v artificial production2 = al?\gh "u "s circum/ances "o may inde$ bur/ =? into spontane\s song1 x is difficult to imag9e any consid]able numb] ( connect$ incid5ts or episodes 9 "o's life :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ music1 to :i* music w\ld be a fitt+ accompanim5t1 or :i* w\ld dem& vocaliz$ words = ! adequate expression ( ! s5tim5ts ar\s$ by !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,an ,artificial ,product ,fi]ce rage1 passion1 dea? agonies1 jeal\sy1 qu>rell+ on ! "o h&1 & wit1 hum\r1 ord9>y dialogue on ! o!r--in/ances ( ^! are m or less commonly met ) 9 our ord9>y exp]i5ces1 & z su* !y are frequ5tly & naturally reproduc$ on ! /age4 ,b feel+s or emotions call$ up by su* ev5ts are by no means naturally express$ by musical s\nds2 & yet 9 op]a we f9d su* emotions1 su* conditions frequ5tly con/itut+ "s consid]able portion ( ! subject-matt] ( ! piece2 & s9ce all is sung1 x foll[s t musical expression ( ^! emotions mu/ necess>ily be r5d]$4 ,op]a1 !n1 mu/ be admitt$ to be a ?+ ( artificiality4 ,"s w say1 8,s9ce ! introduction ( music into a dramatic "w admits an unreal elem5t into t :i* might o!rwise receive a natural int]pretation1 h[ c its exi/5ce be ju/ifi$80 ,sid5ote3 ,additional ,emotional ,effect ( ,music ,! answ] to ?is is1 t :atev] may be ! feel+s or actions to be express$ by ! /age *>act]s1 prop] & suitable music w express !m ) f> great] int5sity & f> great] p[] ?an w spok5 words or m]e ge/ure4 ,su* are ! emotional qualities ( ! art ( music t a phrase ( q ord9>y significance 9 words may become1 if w$d$ to expressive music1 a ?+ ( beauty & life2 an emotional feel+ may be r\s$ 9 ! auditor t ! m]e spok5 ^w c\ld nev] h t\*$4 ,9 ! case ( words t may !mselves conta9 beautiful ideas1 _! lovel9ess c be greatly enhanc$ by ! addition ( music1 _! mean+ int5sifi$1 _! impressiv5ess d\bl$4 ,artificial1 !n1 z ,op]a is1 & mu/ be1 x c ju/ify its artificiality3 a drama is put ^u ! /age1 & 9 ord] t its situations1 its s5tim5ts1 & its mean+ may be m fully exp\nd$1 music is call$ 9 to elucidate1 to express1 & to beautify4 ,admitt+ ! possibility ( ?is--:i* no "o :o has ! lea/ feel+ = music1 or :o is at all mov$ emotionally by ! art ( sweet s\nds1 c d5y--we f9d t ,op]a ju/ifies its exi/5ce1 despite its unreality & its unlik5ess to life4 ,sid5ote3 ,hybrid ,op]a ,b all ,op]a is n sung ?r\gh\t3 !re is a l>ge numb] ( musical works "u ?is "n hav+ spok5 dialogue4 ,ju/ification = ^! is m difficult1 = x may be readily und]/ood t "o =m ( expression %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t1 & t ?is modifi$ =m ( ,op]a 7kn[n z ,s+spiel71 be+ nei!r "o ?+ nor ! o!r1 is a hybrid =m1 :i* really has no "r ( admission to ! title ( ,op]a at all4 ,! fact t x is (t5 effective & highly popul> h>dly excuses its violation ( art =m4 ,( ?is m anon1 = s _m plays ( ?is k9d ) musical numb]s 7 writt5 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ! art & 7 class$ z op]as1 t _! claims _c be ov]look$4 ,b mod]n ta/e 9 op]a dem&s t "o m$ium ( expression be made use ( ?r\gh\t1 & ?us a return has be5 made to ! e>ly & m arti/ic =m ( 8,op]a 9 ,musica0--! true =m1 ( :i* ! ,s+spiel is only an (f%oot4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,def9ition ,we may answ] our "q1 !n1 8,:at is op]a80 9 "s su* mann] z ?is3 ,an op]a is a play design$ = ! /age1 ) sc5]y1 co/umes1 & action us$ z accessories z 9 all /age plays1 b ) ! additional use ( music to int5sify ! mean+s ( ! l9es :i* are utt]$ by ! *>act]s1 to g5]ally height5 ! effect produc$ by ! o!r comb9$ arts1 & to add an emotional elem5t t might o!rwise be lack+4 ,sid5ote3 ,music an ,accessory1 b an ,important ,"o ,let u notice t music is only an accessory to ! play3 an important "o1 x may be grant$1 b yet only an accessory4 ,x has be5 ?r\gh failure to recognize ?is limit$ position ( music 9 op]a t acc\nts = ?\s&s ( op]as nev] be+ he>d n[4 ,! exaltation ( ! music at ! exp5se ( plot1 action1 & dramatic fitness has caus$ ! d[nfall ( _m a promis+ op]atic compos]4 ,public ta/e has be5 to blame1 b 9 ! long run x has always ve]$ r\nd to a prop] appreciation ( ! truly arti/ic2 x has made _m mi/akes1 b soon] or lat]1 guid$ by "s ma/] m9d1 x has disc>d$ ! false & tak5 to ! true & real =m ( op]a1 ) ! result t mo/ op]as writt5 to-day are consi/5t :oles1 dom9at$ by "o g5]al idea1 & writt5 ^u "o fix$ gov]n+ pr9ciple4 ,op]a1 !n1 g5]ally speak+1 is an ,art =m1 9 :i* a /age play is pres5t$ ) all usual accessories1 b ) ! important addition ( cont9u\s music3 ?is is a g5]al def9ition1 b "o ( :i* !re are s _m modifications t we mu/ turn aside = a mom5t to trace h[ x happ5s t s _m =ms & v>ieties ( op]a z !re seem to be h sprung into exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,diff]5t ,,s*ools ,,correspond+ ,,) ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,musical ,,art4 ,! c5turies see little *ange 9 ! elem5ts ( ! drama--,gr[? ( op]a concurr5t ) ! progress ( ! art ( music--,po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly op]as 7,montev]de1 etc47 & ^? ( ,sc>latti & lat] writ]s--,bir? ( ! aria--,engl& & ,france ( ! same date--,op]a buffa--,musical empiricism--,gluck--,8 foll[]s--,v>y+ subjects treat$--,italian op]a --,abuses by ! s+]s--,wagn] & mod]n op]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,little *ange 9 ! ,drama ,! *anges t h tak5 place 9 op]a dur+ ! %ort ?ree hundr$ ye>s :i* con/itute ! life ( mod]n music are f> m prom95t & important ?an ^? t h be5 und]gone by ! ord9>y dramatic "w3 ! arts ( elocution1 ge/ure1 & /age action are v old ones1 & h se5 little radical *ange = _m c5turies4 ,great progress has be5 made ?r\gh ! use ( mod]n me*anical devices & inv5tions 9 ! m\nt+ ( all /age pieces--i4e41 9 ! sc5]y employ$1 ! light+1 & /age effects g5]ally3 ^! all appeal to ! eye2 b ! appeal to ! e> is n1 9 an ord9>y dramatic "w1 m p[]fully made ?an x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,greek dramati/4 ,b :5 music is add$1 !n appeal to ! e> ( a mo/ p[]ful k9d takes place1 & dur+ ! :ole life ( ! y\nge/ ( ! ,arts ! improvem5ts & gr[? 9 musical te*nique & expression h be5 graft$ ^u op]a ) cont9u\sly progressive p[] & effect4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr[? concurr5t ) ! progress ( ! ,art ( ,music ,n[1 s9ce op]a has dem&$ = its repres5tation an art t has be5 9 a /ate ( cont9u\s gr[?1 x w foll[ t ! diff]5t classes ( op]a w closely correspond ) ! diff]5t /yles & s*ools ( music3 we %all f9d !re=e t ! e>lie/ op]as 7 only able to employ crude & undevelop$ music1 none bett] be+ available2 t z musical skill & k grew1 z additional in/rum5ts 7 add$ to ! or*e/ra1 z k ( =ms develop$1 s all ^! improvem5ts f\nd _! way into op]atic music1 ) ! result t ! diff]5ce betwe5 say a sev5te5? & an eighte5? c5tury op]a is a v wide "o1 :ile a va/] diff]5ce /ill may be se5 betwe5 "o ( ! eighte5? & "o ( ! late n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we may briefly exam9e ! causes ( ^! diff]5ces1 tak+ ! dawn ( all mod]n music 7ab\t #afjj ,a4,d47 z ! />t+-po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,po9ts ( diff]5ce ,if we take ! op]as ( ! fir/ few ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :at d we f9d8 ,t ! =m ( tonality 9 use 0 ! mode & n ! scale2 t "t 7i4e41 measur$ music71 z we n[ "k x1 did n exi/2 t h>mony1 z we n[ "k x1 did n exi/2 & t ! in/rum5ts ( ! or*e/ra 7al?\gh "s h surviv$71 7 9 ! ma9 in/rum5ts :i* h fall5 into disuse1 _m ( !m hav+ no mod]n c\nt]p>ts4 ,x ne$s little po9t+ out t ?is =m ( op]a mu/ h s\nd$ v diff]5t to its successors4 ,sid5ote3 ,montev]de's innovations ,! next important innovations1 g5]ally accr$it$ to ,montev]de1 include ! dramatic effects ( pizzicato & tremolo passages = ! /r+$ in/rum5ts--devices :i* h be5 us$ ) ! happie/ results by all compos]s ( subsequ5t date4 ,su* devices1 unkn[n 9 *ur* music ant]ior to ?is "t1 or ev5 9 ! music writt5 = in/rum5ts only )\t voices 9 ! *ur* /yle1 are mo/ effectively employ$ = ! illu/ration ( c]ta9 situations on ! /age3 ! m]e introduction ( ^! alone is suffici5t to sep>ate ?is s*ool ( op]a f t :i* prec$$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ,or*e/ra ,b ,montev]de's inv5tions or adoptions did n /op "h1 = x 0 he :o fir/ add$ _m in/rum5ts to ! or*e/ra2 n only did he employ additional in/rum5ts1 b he us$ !m 9 su* a way z to w$ c]ta9 *>act]s or situations to music 9 :i* c]ta9 sets ( in/rum5ts 7 employ$1 ?us anticipat+ ! mu* lat] ,wagn]ian device ( accompany+ c]ta9 ideas by a fix$ !me1 or by p>ticul> comb9ations 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,sid5ote3 ,adoption ( ,melody ,s f> ! music ( ! op]a 0 conf9$ to recitative3 t is1 to ! musical r5d]+ ( ! dialogue )\t regul> rhy?m or melody4 ,ano!r p]iod ( op]a op5$ out altoge!r1 :5 compos]s began to adapt portions ( ! dialogue to regul> =mal melody ( a rhy?mic nature1 & 9 ! diatonic scale1 mu* z we n[ "k x4 ,cr$it = ?is is g5]ally giv5 to ,cavalli1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by a well-kn[n e>ly op]a writ]1 ,aless&ro ,sc>latti4 ,! recitative ( ! latt] took1 too1 a ri*] %ape & =m1 inasmu* z x 0 n[ (t5 accompani$ by ! :ole ( ! or*e/ra1 in/ead ( m]ely by ! cont9u\s bass1 complet$ by h>psi*ord h>monies4 ,sid5ote3 ,bir? ( ! ,aria ,sc>latti1 h[ev]1 may claim a m /ill important innovation1 ! adoption ( set =ms3 8 ideas 7 (t5 ca/ into lyrical %apes1 8 solos 7 (t5 arias ( def9ite m\ld1 & above all1 he delib]ately adopt$ ! ,da ,capo ,aria 9 ! majority ( 8 works4 ,?is ,da ,capo ,aria w\ld be describ$ by a /ud5t ( mod]n =m z a 8,t]n>y0 movem5t1 9 s f> z its fir/ "p 0 entirely repeat$ aft] ! p]=mance ( a contra/$ middle section4 ,t ,sc>latti's inv5tion kill$ itself by its own popul>ity is a matt] to be spok5 ( else:]e3 suffice x to notice t ! introduction ( ! 8,da ,capo0 ,aria br\ght into exi/5ce a new =m ( op]a1 diff]5t to all t _h gone be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,engl& & ,france ,mean:ile op]a 0 progress+ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ea* s*ool hav+ c]ta9 di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,purcell's "w 9 ,engl& 0 unlike t ( any ,cont95tal op]a compos]1 & 8 melodies h a boldness1 fre$om1 & r+ ab\t !m q _! own3 ,engli% music ( ! p]iod 0 a reflex ( ! national "*1 /raight=w>d1 hone/1 & vigor\s4 ,at ! same "t1 ,lully 9 ,france 0 develop+ q ano!r side ( op]a1 by ! introduction ( ! ballet1 a =m t has be5 reta9$ till )9 q rec5t times by ! ,fr5*4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a ,buffa ,h&el1 al?\gh ! success ( 8 op]as kill$1 = ! "t be+1 all ,engli%-born ideas1 add$ little or no?+ to ! =ms ( ,sc>latti2 he practically left op]a :]e he f\nd x1 nor 7 8 works z widely kn[n on ! ,cont95t z 9 ,engl&4 ,m importance may be atta*$ to ! rise1 on ! ,cont95t1 ( a light] =m ( op]a1 entitl$ 8,op]a ,buffa10 9 contradi/9ction to :i* op]a prop] receiv$ ! title ( 8,op]a ,s]ia40 ,?is delightful type _h its rise 9 ! int]mezzo play$ betwe5 ! acts ( a dramatic piece1 & only gradually obta9$ a sep>ate exi/5ce3 f ! e>ly attempts ( ,p]golesi & o!rs !re sprung an entirely new class ( "w1 :i* _h great influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( op]a g5]ally4 ,ano!r /ep t[>ds ! n[ univ]sally kn[n =m ( op]a 0 made :5 ,logrosc9o inv5t$ ! ,conc]t$ ,f9ale1 br++ sev]al ( 8 *>act]s on to ! /age at ! same "t1 & giv+ !m a simultane\s %>e 9 ! music4 ,sid5ote3 ,musical ,empiricism ,let u notice t all ^! improvem5ts effect$ 9 ! music gradually l$ compos]s away f ! true object ( its use 9 op]a1 namely1 t ( enhanc+ ! g5]al effect produc$2 ! music began to be look$ ^u z s important & s int]e/+ on its own acc\nt t all dramatic consid]ations 7 all[$ to lapse4 ,mean:ile ! p]sonalities ( ! s+]s1 z oppos$ to t ( ! *>act]s !y 7 p]sonat+1 & _! vocal abilities 7 ?ru/ =w>d to ! exclusion ( almo/ all else4 ,sid5ote3 ,gluck ,?is br\ght ab\t an entire *ange ( me?od1 ! dramatic & f>-see+ compos] ,gluck remodell+ op]a entirely1 & endeav\r+ to br+ x1 ) ! add$ res\rces made possible by ! improvem5ts 9 musical te*nique1 into l9e ) ! consi/5t ideas ( ! ,flor5t9e amateurs1 :o endeav\r$ to reproduce op]a on ! model ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,sid5ote3 ,gluck's ,foll[]s ,gluck's re=ms _h a v wide influ5ce ^u ! hi/ory ( op]a1 :i* w be m fully dwelt ^u 9 ano!r place2 an influ5ce t may be trac$ 9 ! magnific5t ef=ts ( ! gr\p ( ,g]man ma/]s t foll[$ 9 ! g5]al l9es laid d[n by him 9 _! adh]5ce to dramatic tru? & fitness4 ,moreov]1 ^! compos]s1 ! greate/ t ! _w has ev] kn[n1 7 develop+ ! res\rces ( music ( all k9ds1 & _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! field ( composition g5]ally 7 reflect$ 9 _! writ+s = ! /age4 ,consequ5tly1 we f9d 9 ! op]as ( ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 ,web]1 & ,s*ub]t an advance 9 musical te*nique correspond+ ) ! rapid /rides :i* ! art ( music z a :ole 0 !n mak+4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>y+ ,subjects ,treat$ ,& aga91 _! v>i$ & div]se temp]am5ts l$ !m into widely diff]5t directions 9 _! se>* = libretti1 a po9t 9 :i* !y 7 foll[$ by ,spohr1 ,m>s*n]1 ,*]ub9i1 ,spont9i1 & o!rs4 ,! :ole range ( ! field ( op]a 0 wid5+ out1 & ! subjects select$ = treatm5t 7 no long] solely classical or ca/ into classic m\ld1 b includ$ ! romantic1 ! *ivalr\s1 ! sup]natural1 ! plebeian1 & o!r types ( plot & "*2 ^! wide diff]5ces 7 ( c\rse reflect$ 9 ! music4 ,ano!r po9t to be notic$ ab\t ?is p]iod ( op]a is t ! or*e/ra employ$ began to settle d[n into def9ite %ape1 ! con/itu5t in/rum5ts be+ ^? :i* =m :at we n[ call ! classical or*e/ra4 ,^! in/rum5ts are su* z are to be f\nd 7) "o or two exceptions7 9 ! or*e/ra ( to-day1 & su* op]as !re=e admit ( reproduction at ! pres5t "t1 because1 al?\gh o!r in/rum5ts h be5 add$ to ^? :i* =m ! ord9>y classical or*e/ra1 no radical *anges 9 me?ods ( scor+ h tak5 place s9ce ! "t ( ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,web]4 ,sid5ote3 ,italian ,op]a ,op]a _h n[ become s _m-sid$ an art =m t x w be impossible 9 ?is brief resum ( its hi/ory to foll[ x ?r\gh all its v>ieties2 ! pr9cipal ( ^! 7 ! 8,op]a ,comique0 ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,ballad ,op]a ( ! ,engli%1 & ! melodic & tuneful =m ( ,italian op]a1 :i* claims ,ross9i z its %9+ light1 & :i*1 by its o!r sons1 ,donizetti & ,bell9i1 attract$ & rivet$ public att5tion 9 ,europe = s long4 ,sid5ote3 ,abuses by ! ,s+]s ,9 ! ,italian =m ( op]a1 ! aggressive & encroa*+ qualities ( ! prime donne ?rew c]ta9 portions ( ! music 7i4e41 _! own arias & songs7 into su* prom95ce z to dw>f all else4 ,abuses 7 aga9 to ! =e2 ! solo s+]s1 male z well z female1 made ! op]a2 plot1 action1 suitability1 dramatic fitness--all matt]$ little s long z !re 7 pl5ty ( fl\ri%es1 vocal cad5zas1 & r\lades4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn] ,z 9 ! days ( ,gluck1 a /rong man arose to revolutionize ! :ole tr5d ( ?+s1 to turn ! music back into its prop] *annel1 to /op its ov]:elm+ly prepond]ant importance1 & to re/ore h>mony among ! arts employ$ = ! prop] r5d]+ ( musical drama4 ,?is man 0 ,wagn]1 beyond ^: a*ievem5ts op]a has z yet mov$ no /ep4 ,8 me?ods ( or*e/ration1 8 additions to ! ord9>y or*e/ra1 8 devices ( guid+ !mes1 & ( ! cont9ual employm5t ( song-l 7al?\gh unrhy?mic7 melody1 kn[n z ,melos1 con/itute s _m new features 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a4 ,mod]n op]a1 s9ce 8 "t1 has pres5t$ u ) no?+ suffici5tly fre% to ju/ify = itself ! claim to h _h any radical influ5ce 9 op]atic developm5t4 ,! res\rces ( ! te*nique ( ! art1 ! increas$ fre$om ) :i* remote discords & f>-fet*$ modulations are attack$1 ! great] facility exhibit$ by compos]s 9 weld+ v>i\s !mes toge!r1 & 9 _! use ( ! or*e/ra1 are only a foll[+ ( ! pr9ciples & practices ( ,wagn]4 ,s9ce 8 mighty op]as 7 produc$ !re is no epo*-mak+ ev5t to *ronicle4 ,?us1 side by side ) ! developm5t & progress ( ! composition & practice ( music1 op]a has develop$ & progress$1 f ! days ( ! simple monodic s*ool1 to ! complex polyphony ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?is has be5 briefly1 & )\t detail1 demon/rat$ above2 & we n[ turn to a m analytical exam9ation ( ! v>i\s phases ( op]a4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x w be z well to exam9e a little m deeply into ! causes ( ! some:at frequ5t *ecks 9 its hi/ory1 :i* we h cursorily m5tion$1 & ( ! re=ms & uproot+s ( ! abuses :i* h con/antly h9d]$ its gr[?3 a brief enquiry into ^? abuses w help u m cle>ly to und]/& :at op]a really %\ld be1 & also h[ mu* is due to ^? /alw>t h]oes ( op]a :o h defi$ ! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w 9 _! ef=ts to e/abli%1 or to re-e/abli%1 x ^u a prop] basis4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,re=m]s ,,( ,,op]a3 ,,montev]de1 ,,gluck1 ,,& ,,wagn]4 ,re=ms1 & ! reasons !re(--,montev]de's influ5ce--,musical innovations--,! /age disc>ds music ( ! ecclesia/ical ord]--,! beauty ( ,sc>latti's arias--,_! weakness--,gluck--,gluck's explanation ( 8 re=ms--,triumph ( 8 me?ods--,ano!r retrogression--,ross9i--,wagn]--,! leit-motif--,influ5ce on subsequ5t compos]s--,w fur!r re=ms become necess>y1 & :at %ape w !y take8 ,sid5ote3 ,re=ms ,! ^w re=m] is "h us$ 9 its orig9al s5se1 = ea* ( ! compos]s nam$ 9 ! head+ to ?is *apt] _h v consid]able influ5ce 9 ! recon/itution & re-ca/+ ( ! /ructure ( op]a 9 8 day4 ,^! 7 ! m5 :o1 p]haps m ?an all o!rs1 7 n cont5t to leave op]a 9 ! groove 9 :i* !y f\nd x3 = at ! respective p]iods 9 :i* !y liv$ op]a _h drift$ into grooves1 & x 0 ! influ5ce ( ^! compos]s t arre/$ its progress 9 ! v>i\s wrong directions 9 :i* !y f\nd x drift+2 !y set !mselves fir/ ( all to /em ! curr5ts t 7 c>ry+ op]a a/ray1 & !n con/ruct$ new works z examples ( :at c\ld & %\ld be done4 ,h5ce we call !m ! re=m]s1 & may n[ exam9e into ! a*ievem5ts ( ea* ( !m 9 turn1 notic+ ! condition ( ?+s t prevail$ :5 !y fir/ ent]$ ! field1 _! influ5ce ^u x1 & ! result ( _! "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,montev]de's ,influ5ce ,fir/ ( all1 ,montev]de4 ,s _m innovations are connect$ ) 8 "n1 t he w\ld appe> to h be5 a re=m] ( music 9 g5]al2 x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t all t hi/ory cr$its him ) is really 8 due4 ,b ?is is c]ta91 t op]a be=e 8 "t 0 a v diff]5t ?+ to op]a subsequ5t to t p]iod4 ,! ef=ts ( ! e>ly ,flor5t9e amateurs1 ! ,palazzo ,b>di en?usia/s1 ( :om m anon1 _h be5 t[>ds ! production ( op]a on ! l9es ( ! anci5t ,greek play4 ,?is 0 op]a z ,montev]de f\nd x4 ,he1 orig9al ?9k] & work] t he 01 appli$ ! same d>+ innovations to 8 op]atic music :i* he _h employ$ 9 8 compositions = ! *ur*4 ,^! consi/$ ma9ly 9 an utt] disreg>d = ! pr9ciples ( /rict c\nt]po9t1 & a free use ( unprep>$ discords4 ,sid5ote3 ,musical ,innovations ,n[ ^! discords1 h>% & ill-s\nd+1 :5 p]=m$ by a numb] ( voices )\t accompanim5t 9 ! *ur*1 made a v diff]5t effect 9 ! op]a-h\se3 ! effect ( a solo voice1 accompani$ by in/rum5ts1 0 v diff]5t to t ( a *orus2 & discordant passages1 :i* violat$ bo? ! _s & ! mean+ ( sacr$ words1 7 q 9 _! place--nay1 m1 !y frequ5tly height5$ ! dramatic int5sity ( ! situation :5 us$ 9 op]a4 ,s great 0 ,montev]de's success1 s dramatic & expressive 8 music1 t all compos]s s9ce 8 day h foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 & h compos$ op]as on ! model ( free & unfett]$ writ+ orig9at$ by him4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ur* /yle ( ,music giv5 up = ! ,/age ,8 novelties ( or*e/ration2 8 use ( in/rum5ts1 gr\p$ q 9 ! mod]n mann] = accompany+ c]ta9 *>act]s1 or = def9+ p>ticul> situations1 h already be5 t\*$ ^u2 & ^! *>act]i/ic features cont9ue to give him a v prom95t position z a re=m] ( e>ly op]a4 ,by him ! complexion ( matt]s 0 utt]ly *ang$1 & ! groove ( writ+ 9 ! *ur* /yle = ! /age1 preval5t until 8 day1 0 left = ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc>latti4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beauty ( ,sc>latti's ,arias ,a c5tury & m lat] we f9d a new re=m] 9 ,gluck4 ,:at _h happ5$ 9 ! mean:ile8 ,op]a _h fall5 "u ! great & comm&+ influ5ce ( ,aless&ro ,sc>latti1 ^: me?ods1 if n am\nt+ to re=m1 _h c]ta9ly l$ to abuse4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t he inv5t$ ! ,da ,capo ,aria2 ?is 0 at fir/ a welcome feature1 because x gave po9t & mean+ to ! music1 m def9it5ess ( idea1 & great] unanimity ( design4 ,comp>e x ) :at _h gone be=e1 an endlessly dreamy musical recitation )\t =m1 )\t symmetry or rhy?m1 )\t set melody2 ! only attributes ( ! old] /yle 7 its dramatic int5sity & tru?4 ,& !n ,sc>latti appe>$ ^u ! sc5e2 inv5t$ beautiful melodies1 & ca/ !m into regul> m\ld1 s t an audi5ce knew t x only _h to wait :ile a second "p 0 gone ?r\gh1 to he> aga9 a fir/ "p t _h p]haps giv5 mu* pleasure3 x 0 a k9d ( encore1 grant$ )\t tr\ble or unc]ta9ty4 ,we c imag9e ! melody-lov+ ,italians ( ! day welcom+ ?is beautiful & arti/ic innovation4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! weakness ,b ! beauty & *>m ( ! idea compass$ its own ru92 =1 be+ b a =mal proc$ure1 x did n equally suit e situation2 inde$1 x may readily be und]/ood t !re mu/ h be5 v _m occasions :5 x 0 little %ort ( absurd1 = /age purposes1 to g twice ?r\gh ! same emotional aspects & crises4 ,9 ! op]as1 & 9 _m ( ! oratorios ( our own ma/]1 ,h&el1 we may he>1 & p]haps x may be confess$1 be we>i$ by ?is inevitable repetition2 = ! s5se ( appreciation 9 music is readi] ?an x us$ to be1 & ! m tru?fully dramatic music ( lat] g5]ations t5ds to r5d] almo/ intol]able a long1 un*ang$ recapitulation ( some?+ already he>d4 ,b ap>t f its dramatic unfitness1 ! real mis*ief ( ! ,da ,capo ,aria lay 9 ! fact t x attract$ too mu* att5tion f ! plot4 ,ea* ( ! pr9cipal s+]s 9 ! ca/e dem&$ t he or %e %\ld h at lea/ "o example to s+1 :e!r x suit$ ! exig5cies ( ! situation or no4 ,! audi5ce w5t to ! op]a h\se1 n to he> an op]a p]=m$1 b r to delight 9 a s]ies ( bravura airs1 & ex]cises 9 vocal agility1 p]=m$ by popul> s+]s4 ,! real orig9 ( op]a 0 lo/ sight (1 dramatic consid]ations 7 practically ignor$1 & ! p]=mance became ( a lyrical1 r ?an ( a dramatic1 nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,gluck #agad-aghg ,n[ ,gluck1 curi\sly en\gh1 _h writt5 _m op]as on ?is plan be=e x occurr$ to him to try to re=m x2 b 8 arti/ic nature at la/ revolt$ aga9/ ! absurdities ( works ( ?is type1 successful ?\gh he _h be5 9 ! production ( su*4 ,aft] mu* ?\ght & lab\r he set himself ! task ( remodell+ ! music1 9 a mann] :i* c be/ be expla9$ by quot+ 8 own words1 writt5 9 ! prefix to ! score ( ,alce/e3-- ,sid5ote3 ,gluck's explanation ( 8 ,re=ms 8,:5 ,i und]took to set ! op]a ( ,alce/e to music1 ,i resolv$ to avoid all ^? abuses :i* _h crept into ,italian op]a ?r\gh ! mi/ak5 vanity ( s+]s & ! unwise compliance ( compos]s1 & :i* _h r5d]$ x we>isome & ridicul\s1 in/ead ( be+1 z x once 01 ! gr&e/ & mo/ impos+ /age ( mod]n times4 ,i endeav\r$ to r$uce music to its prop] function1 t ( second+ poetry1 by en=c+ ! expression ( ! s5tim5t1 & ! int]e/ ( ! situations1 )\t int]rupt+ ! action1 or weak5+ x by sup]flu\s ornam5t4444 ,i h be5 v c>eful nev] to int]rupt a s+] 9 ! heat ( a dialogue1 n to /op him 9 ! middle ( a piece1 ei!r = ! purpose ( display+ ! flexibility ( 8 voice on "s fav\rable v[el1 or t ! or*e/ra might give him "t to take brea? be=e a long su/a9$ note4444 ,my object has be5 to put an end to abuses aga9/ :i* good ta/e & good s5se h long prote/$ 9 va94444 ,!re 0 no rule :i* ,i did n consid] myself b\nd to sacrifice = ! sake ( effect40 ,sid5ote3 ,triumph ( 8 ,me?ods ,f ^! quotations we may =m "s idea bo? ( ! s]i\s errors t _h crept into op]a & ( ! ?or\gh nature ( ! re=ms :i* ,gluck contemplat$4 ,he _h _m1 & sev]e1 battles to fight be=e he ga9$ public op9ion to 8 side2 b ev5tually he br\ght ! arti/ic _w r\nd to 8 po9t ( view1 ) ! result t a complete *ange ( me?od 0 aga9 adopt$ by compos]s3 ! progress ( op]a1 :i* _h drift$ into a wrong *annel1 0 aga9 head$ 9 ! "r direction by a ma/]ly h&1 & = "s "t a m real & g5u9e s*ool ( op]a held ! bo>ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r ,retrogression ,b hi/ory repeats itself4 ,ye>s pass$ away & op]as 7 writt5 bo? good & bad3 ,moz>t1 ) 8 beautiful & delicate p52 ,bee?ov51 ) 8 imp]i%able picture ( ! fai?ful wife2 ,web]1 ! compos] p> excell5ce ( ,romantic op]a2 ,spohr1 & o!rs all left _! influ5ces--& 9 ! ma9 ?or\ghly arti/ic & beautiful ones--^u music drama4 ,to ?is *a9 ( great classics !re succe$$1 h[ev]1 a gr\p ( less] lum9>ies ^: t5d5cies 7 less tru?fully arti/ic1 ^: lean+s 7 popul> r ?an /hetic1 & ^: influ5ce 0 to a great ext5t mis*iev\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,ross9i1 #agib-ahfi ,mo/ griev\s ( su* (f5d]s 0 ,ross9i1 ^: gifts ( ready & spontane\s melody l$ him sadly a/ray4 ,8 k ( effect 0 wond]ful1 b 8 me?ods 7 ( ! clap-trap ord]1 & al?\gh !re are admirable po9ts 9 8 "w1 its appeal 0 made to popul> ta/e r ?an to ! musician1 & popul> ta/e is a fickle ?+4 ,= a :ile1 ,ross9i1 ) 8 s5su\s melodies1 8 :irl+ cresc5di1 8 tricky or*e/ration1 c>ri$ ,europe ) him--into wrong pa?s2 = ! ta/e = su* ?+s is n a heal?y "o1 nor c ! appetite always be satisfi$ by a glut ( sweetmeats4 ,besides ,ross9i !re 01 z always1 a ho/ ( imitators :o foll[ _! h]o at m or less respectful di/ances1 produc+ works :i* 7 pleasant en\gh b _h little or none ( ! mat]ial t makes = endurance1 ev5 ?\gh ! :ims1 fancies1 & ta/es ( "s ( our prime donne are responsible = _! production1 n[ & aga91 ev5 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,op]a1 inde$1 dur+ all ?is p]iod 0 aga9 /ray+ f ! "r l9es3 aga9 ! s+]s1 ) _! executive abilities1 7 di/ract+ att5tion f ! equally important dramatic mean+ ( ! works p]=m$4 ,aga9 ! aria & duet 7 usurp+ ! place ( music :i* %\ld h be5 def9+ ! /age situation1 & convey+ to ! e> ( ! auditor a tone-picture to mat* ! sc5ic repres5tation1 & to help to c>ry on ! action ( ! piece1 :i*1 inde$1 dur+ ^! vocal p]=mances suff]$ mu* f /agnation4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]1 #ahac-ahhc ,x ne$$ a /rong h& to /em ! tide on ?is occasion1 & a /rong h& 0 available 9 ! p]son ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ^: ef=ts h revolutioniz$ op]a to s great an ext5t t x is unlikely t any great "w = ! /age w ev] be conceiv$ 9 ! future :i* w n %[ traces ( 8 influ5ce4 ,= he took no half-measures1 b w5t to ! root ( ! matt]1 & t 9 s ?or\gh a way t he really inv5t$ an utt]ly new phase ( expression4 ,until 8 employm5t ( ! k9d ( music :i* we call ,melos 7a cont9u\s /ream ( melody )\t def9ite rhy?m1 tune1 or cad5ce7 music 9 g5]al1 & m especially op]atic music1 _h always1 f ! "t ( ! e>ly compos]s ( ! ,monodic ,s*ool1 paid "s little reg>d to =m & %ape4 ,b ,wagn]1 ^: great idea x 0 t 9 ! r5d]+ ( op]a ! arts ( ,music1 ,action1 ,poetry1 & ,sc5]y %\ld /& on an equal foot+1 0 unable to all[ att5tion to be devot$ to ! music 9 ! v special way 9 :i* x 0 drawn :5 set =ms ( song or air 7 admitt$4 ,x ov]turn$ ! balance :i* he deem$ s desirable1 & ?rew into prom95ce "o art at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wagn]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,leit-,motif ,consequ5tly1 ) wondr\s en]gy1 skill1 & 9 ! face ( ! usual rel5tless opposition1 he gradually work$ 8 way to ! con/ruction ( :at 01 until 8 "t1 an absolutely unkn[n =m ( dramatic accompanim5t4 ,9 s f> z x 0 cont9u\s1 & expressive ( ! /age situation1 x resembl$ ! music ( ! ,italian compos]s :o prec$$ ,sc>latti4 ,b ! great & orig9al innovation ( ,wagn] 0 8 use ( melody 7a feature non-exi/5t 9 ! works ( ! ,monodic writ]s72 n melody ( ! /]eotyp$ nature :i* we designate z tune1 nor ev5 ! rhy?mic1 squ>e-cut1 & (t5 beautifully appropriate melody ( a ,moz>t or a ,bee?ov54 ,wagn]'s melodies 7 s con/ruct$ t !y _h1 g5]ally speak+1 def9ite signification3 e subject 7or leit-motif1 z x 0 call$7 0 int5d$ to sugge/ to ! m9d ( ! he>] "s def9ite idea connect$ ) some?+ occurr+ ^u1 or sugge/$ by ! /age4 ,n t ! entrance ( a c]ta9 "* 0 always accompani$ by c]ta9 music2 r1 a deep] psy*ological problem 0 (f]$1 ! words sung call+ up def9ite ideas1 or su* sugge/ions be+ left to ! music alone on occasion4 ,& = ?is type ( !me ,wagn] *ose ei!r c]ta9 def9ite passages or fragm5ts ( melody1 su* z ! op5+ phrase ( 8,p>sifal0-- ,music3 ,melodic ,leit-motif4 7,wagn]'s 8,p>sifal407 or c]ta9 *ord progressions1 su* z ! foll[+3-- ,music3 ,h>monic ,leit-,motif4 7,grail ,!me1 8,loh5gr9407 or sometimes *>act]i/ic me?ods ( or*e/ration4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! /age action or words w\ld v (t5 describe or sugge/ _m ideas at ! same "t1 ^! !mes w\ld be (t5 sup]impos$2 ) ! result t ! music ( ,wagn]'s op]as--at any rate ! lat] ones--is n s mu* a /ream ( melody z a fl[ ( _m comb9$ melodies1 work+ toge!r 9 contrapuntal ri*ness & f]tility into a h>moni\s :ole1 :i* c be li/5$ to ei!r casually 79 :i* case x may or may n please ! auditor7 or aft] consid]able /udy1 :5 x w und\bt$ly awake int]e/ & admiration4 ,n[1 betwe5 ?is k9d ( op]a & t ( ! ,ross9i s*ool x is v evid5t t a v va/ am\nt ( diff]5ce exi/s4 ,:]eas 9 ! latt] ! he>] _h 8 e> delight$ & tickl$1 )\t any tr\ble to himself1 to 8 imm$iate satisfaction1 ! ,wagn] op]as dem& c>eful att5tion1 /udy1 & (t-rehe>+ = intellig5t appreciation4 ,! lazy1 pleasure-lov+ portion ( mank9d 0 imm$iately up 9 arms aga9/ su* />tl+ me?ods z ^!1 & ev5 to-day1 al?\gh ! ,wagn]-cult is a v consid]able "o1 x is to be d\bt$ :e!r ! real ta/es ( ! majority ( op]atic li/5]s are n r = some?+ dem&+ less c>eful & close att5tion4 ,:e!r ?is be s or no1 ! po9t rema9s t ,wagn]'s innovations1 :5 once und]/ood & grasp$1 7 se5 to be s dramatically true & fitt+ t all compos]s ( op]as1 s9ce 8 works became widely kn[n1 h come "u 8 influ5ce1 & h 9 l>ge measure fram$ _! dramatic music on ! l9es laid d[n by him4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ano!r revolution1 & an important "o4 ,=mal melody /ill exi/s on ! /age1 b ! cont9u\s int]-connect+ l9ks ( melos are d]iv$ f ,wagn]1 :ile ! wondr\s h>monies & *ord comb9ations :i* he 0 ! fir/ to introduce into ! realm ( op]a1 h be5 s _m additions to ! mat]ial :i* ! mod]n compos] has = manipulation4 ,s9ce ,wagn] !re h be5 no re=m]s2 we d n yet see 9 :at direction re=m is to come4 ,if we are to rely on hi/ory1 :i* c]ta9ly seems to repeat itself ) reg>d to op]a1 we are probably sl[ly tr5d+ 9 "s wrong direction or o!r4 ,:at t wrong direction is we %all only "k :5 "s mighty ma/] m9d has turn$ u out ( x4 ,x may be t ! ,wagn] op]as1 :i* seem at ! pres5t "t to be ! height ( dramatic p]fection1 may yet conta9 _m s]i\s flaws1 ei!r 9 workman%ip or 9 me?od2 ?is mu* is c]ta91 t no imitator ( ,wagn] has a*iev$ p]man5t success3 ! ,colossus /&s alone1 & none c vie ) him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,b op]a mu/ g on3 if ! ,wagn] re=ms _c be successfully adopt$ & us$ by o!rs1 op]as w be writt5 7z !y are be+ writt57 on o!r l9es4 ,"s ( ^! new works w be good & "s bad1 b ! pres5t seems to be a p]iod ( int]regnum su* z succe$$ ! times ( ,montev]de & ( ,gluck4 ,we are exp]i5c+ a spell ( m or less unimportant op]atic production :i* w1 9 all probability1 g on sl[ly 9 "s wrong direction until ! bra9 ( "s cle>-sight$ & gift$ g5ius has discov]$ t we are all a/ray1 & w alt] ! :ole c\rse ( ?+s4 ,until 8 adv5t we h no "n to add to our li/ ( re=m]s ( op]a4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,op]a4 ,e>ly comm5cem5t ( op]a--,! ,b>di en?usia/s--,:at !y a*iev$--,p]i & ,cacc9i--,a logical comm5cem5t--,its imp]fections4 ,x is a curi\s & int]e/+ fact t ! bir? ( op]a %\ld be due m or less to accid5t1 & %\ld owe its orig9 to a gr\p ( amateurs3 b s x is1 & to ! bl9d grop+s 9 ! d>k aft] a some?+ 7!y knew n :at7 ( a small circle ( poli%$ s*ol>s1 we owe ! =m ( op]a z we h x to-day4 ,x is impossible to trace back to ! e>lie/ times ! addition ( music to a /age play2 f ! con/ant ref]5ces to ! use ( ! art made by ! ,greek poets1 we "k t x 0 a h&maid to ! drama f v e>ly times4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 too1 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce to %[ t1 at c]ta9 /at$ int]vals 9 ! c\rse ( ! drama1 music 0 introduc$2 b su* music z ?is 0 always writt5 9 ! *ur* /yle ( ! p]iod1 & _h no significance ( its own4 ,x 0 ! annoy+ & incongru\s pres5tation ( polyphonic music 7writt5 9 /rict contrapuntal /yle1 & 9 ! *ur* mann]7 ) ! p]=mance ( dramas1 9 :i* su* music 0 utt]ly out ( place1 t l$ ! b& ( amateurs m5tion$ above to se>* = a m suitable means ( clo?+ ! dramatic ideas & /age situations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,b>di ,en?usia/s 7#aehe1 ab\t7 ,sid5ote3 ,:at !y ,a*iev$ ,?is b& ( dilletanti is g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,palazzo ,b>di0 cot]ie1 f ! fact t _! *ief repres5tative 0 a c]ta9 ,c\nt ,b>di1 & t _! meet+s 7 usually held at 8 palace 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is city 01 at ! p]iod ( :i* we write 7! la/ "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury71 highly int]e/$ 9 ! ma/]pieces ( lit]>y antiquity1 m especially 9 ! magnific5t dramas ( ! old] ,greek poets4 ,al?\gh ! ,flor5t9es knew t ^! trag$ies _h "s =m ( musical accompanim5t1 !y 7 q 9 ! d>k z to :at t music 02 !y felt1 h[ev]1 t ! "o & only preval5t k9d ( music ( _! day--i4e41 sacr$ music1 0 by no means adequate = ! expression ( ! ideas to be repres5t$4 ,! ,b>di amateurs !re=e turn$ ! /eps ( _! native musicians t[>ds o!r pa?s1 & induc$ !m to write music ( a k9d :i* !y believ$ to be dramatically fit & suitable4 ,t ?is music 0 a failure does n matt] 9 ! lea/1 = al?\gh x 0 unable to give any g5u9e idea ( :at ^! en?usia/s s\ght--namely1 a reproduction ( ,greek trag$y consi/5t ) its orig9al =m--x inv5t$ a new m$ium & me?od ( expression1 ( :i* compos]s soon avail$ !mselves 9 sett+ to music ! dramatic productions ( ! day4 ,! fir/ ( ^! e>ly compos]s to a*ieve success 9 ?is field 0 ,p]i1 :o produc$ 9 #aeid 7or #aeig7 ,daphne1 & a few ye>s lat]1 9 #afjj1 ,euridice4 ,daphne 0 semi-privately p]=m$1 b ,euridice 0 put be=e ! _w1 & a*iev$ su* success t its me?od & /yle ( composition 7 soon tak5 z models = /age music4 ,h5ce ! date #afjj is assign$ z t ( ! bir? ( real op]a2 ! same ye> see+ ! production ( ! fir/ real oratorio1 z we n[ und]/& ! t]m4 ,we quote ! :ole ( ! %ort prologue to ! e>lie/ kn[n op]a3 ,prologue to 8,euridice0 ,music3 ,prologue to 8,euridice40 7,p]i1 ,a4,d4 #afjj47 ,,la ,,trag$ia4 ,io *e d'al te sospir vagae di pianti sp> s'or di doglia or di m9acie volto ,fei negli ampi teatri al popol fol to scolorir di pieta voltie sembian ti4 :ile = an example ( e>ly op]atic dance-music ! f9al 8,ritornello0 f ! same op]a may s]ve z illu/ration4 ,music3 ,f9al ,ritornello 9 ,p]i's 8,euridice40 ,que/o ,ritornello va riplicato pi volte1 e ballato da due ,soli del ,coro4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]i & ,cacc9i ,p]i l$ ! way2 o!rs foll[$4 ,9 a %ort decade ! ,nor? ( ,italy produc$ a :ole s*ool ( writ]s :o _h graft$ _! ideas on ^? ( ! compos] ( ,euridice1 *ief among !m be+ ,cacc9i1 :o won great fame 9 ! new /yle4 ,b ! *ief m]it mu/ be accord$ to ,p]i1 = x 0 to him t we owe ! inv5tion ( ! dramatic recitative2 t is to say1 in/ead ( c\pl+ ! dialogue to music t might h be5 design$ = ! *ur*1 z 8 pr$ecessors _h be5 cont5t to d1 he endeav\r$ 9 8 op]as to all[ ! s++ voice to depict ! ideas express$ by inflections su* z w\ld be made by ! speak+ voice "u simil> circum/ances4 ,z he himself tells u 9 8 preface to ,euridice1 he wat*$ ! v>i\s modifications 9 s\nd made by ! speak] 9 ord9>y conv]sational dialogue1 & s\ght to reproduce ^! 9 music3 8,s(t1 g5tle spee* by half-spok51 half-sung notes on an in/rum5tal bass2 m emotional feel+s by melody ( m disjunct "*1 & at a quick] rate10 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,logical ,comm5cem5t ,?us 0 op]a1 9 our mod]n mean+ ( ! t]m1 begun1 & ?is1 too1 on a prop]1 logical1 /hetic basis4 ,x 0 9 #afjj a new =m1 an untri$ & que/ionable innovation2 b x conta9$ ! elem5ts ( /r5g? & endurance1 & by rapid /eps grew & develop$1 until )9 a few %ort ye>s all o!r me?ods ( accompany+ /age plays by music 7 obsolete1 & ! new 8,monodic0 /yle held unque/ion$ sway4 ,sid5ote3 ,its ,imp]fections ,crude x c]ta9ly 01 = mod]n tonality1 z we und]/& x1 0 /ill undevelop$2 h>% & ugly mu* ( its music mu/ h be51 = melody 0 unkn[n1 "t 0 practically non-exi/5t1 & ( =m !re 0 none4 ,& yet1 9 s f> z x s\ght 9 its music to fai?fully reproduce ! dramatic situation1 su* "w 0 m truly ( ! ess5ce ( op]a ?an _m ano!r ( m rec5t date & ( great] success4 ,unlike ! polyphonic *oral music ( its date1 x w n be> p]=mance 9 our own day1 yet = x mu/ be claim$ tru?1 /r5g?1 & cle>ness ( aim2 z pione] "w x has be5 invaluable4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,e>ly ,,italian1 ,,fr5*1 ,,g]man1 ,,& ,,engli% ,,op]a4 ,montev]de--,sc>latti--,camb]t--,lully-- ,keis]--,purcell--,h&el 9 ,london--,h&el's rival1 ,buononc9i--,h&el's op]as n[ obsolete by reason ( _! lack ( dramatic tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,montev]de1 #aefh-afea ,op]a 9 ,italy1 aft] its initial /ages1 z repres5t$ by ! works ( ,p]i & ,cacc9i1 fell "u ! comm&+ sway ( ,montev]de1 ( ^: influ5ce we h already said mu* 9 ! *apt] ^u ! 8,re=m]s ( ,op]a40 ,an example ( 8 melodi\s1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 some:at crude /yle1 may be se5 9 ! 8,moresca0 :i* we app5d3-- ,music3 ,fragm5t ( a 8,moresca0 7,dance7 f ,montev]de's 8,orfeo0 7#afji74 ,montev]de 0 foll[$ by 8 pupil ,cavalli1 :o work$ 9 ,v5ice1 & :o improv$ ! recitative2 9 8 op]as1 male sopranos 7,ca/rati7 7 fir/ employ$ on ! /age1 a practice 9 vogue = _m ye>s subsequ5tly4 ,cavalli also =e%ad[$ ! aria1 or set melody1 soon to become s prom95t a feature ( ,italian op]a4 ,among o!r prom95t compos]s ( ?is p]iod are ,ce/i & ,legr5zi1 ,cald>a & ,vivaldi4 ,sid5ote3 ,sc>latti1 #afdi-agbe ,^! m51 h[ev]1 /& completely ov]%ad[$ by t ,colossus ( e>ly op]a1 ,aless&ro ,sc>latti4 ,naples 0 ! sc5e ( 8 activity1 & "h he wrote1 among/ c\ntless o!r compositions1 ov] "o hundr$ op]as1 mo/ ( :i* made _! m>k4 ,9 ,sc>latti we h ! turn+-po9t betwe5 antiquity & mod]nity 9 /age music4 ,( c\rse 8 op]as s\nd old-fa%ion$ to u1 b x w\ld be q possible to li/5 to !m1 :]eas ^? ( a =m] date c\ld only h antiqu>ian int]e/ if produc$ n[4 ,8 great g5ius = melody caus$ him to modify v consid]ably ! /iff1 ?\gh dramatically correct1 recitative ( e>li] compos]s1 & to sub/itute beautiful1 & sometimes inappropriate1 airs 9 its place4 ,9 ?is dang]\s me?od ( exalt+ ! music at ! exp5se ( ! o!r arts employ$ 9 music drama he 0 foll[$ by almo/ all compos]s = v _m ye>s--until1 9 fact1 ! recognition by ,gluck ( ! fals5ess ( ! situation4 ,op]a writ]s !re 7 by ! hundr$3 ! names ( mo/ ( ^! are n[ =gott5--_m rememb]$2 ,rossi1 ,cald>a1 ,lotti1 ,buononc9i1 all _h _! successes1 & contribut$ 9 v>i\s degrees to ! developm5t ( e>ly ,italian op]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,camb]t1 #afbh-gg ,b be=e ?is1 ,op]a _h f\nd its way to ,france2 ! _w-r5[n$ ,euridice _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,p>is z e>ly z #afdg1 & its influ5ce 0 quickly felt4 ,masques & ballets _h be5 /ag$ be=e ?is "t1 b ,rob]t ,camb]t 0 ! fir/ ,fr5* writ] to produce op]a4 ,at fir/ successful1 ,camb]t 0 ou/$ f 8 des]v$ly high position z ! f\nd] ( ,fr5* op]a by ! unscrupul\s & brilliant ,lully4 ,sid5ote3 ,lully1 #afcc-hg ,= ,lully 8came1 saw1 & conqu]$40 ,al?\gh an ,italian1#a 8 "n is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a 9 ,france4 ,com+ f ,flor5ce to ,p>is at an e>ly age1 he quickly saw 8 way to improv+ on ! popul> op]as ( ,camb]t1 & 8 inv5tive & f]tile tal5t soon put ! old] writ] into ! backgr\nd4 ,lully's great gift lay less 9 aptitude = ! conception ( melody1 or ev5 9 8 skill ) ! or*e/ra1 ?an 9 ! p[]s he possess$ ( writ+ truly dramatic & suitably expressive recitative4 ,moreov]1 he employ$ 8 *orus z an integral factor 9 ! situation1 n z a m]e collection ( puppets encumb]+ ! /age2 he is cr$it$1 too1 ) ! inv5tion ( ! 8,fr5*0 ov]ture1 a =m 9 :i* an introductory sl[ movem5t is foll[$ by ano!r 9 quick fugal /yle1 ) a ?ird %ort dance movem5t to conclude4 ,l ,sc>latti 9 ,italy1 ,lully 9 ,france t[]s high above all op]a compos]s ( t p]iod1 & 8 m>k ^u ,fr5* ,gr& ,op]a exi/s till ?is day4 #a ,! "n is (t5 spelt ) i1 n y4--,,ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lully4 ,sid5ote3 ,keis]1 #afgc-agci ,g]many at ! same p]iod c boa/ ( no "n ( l importance1 b op]atic developm5t 0 tak+ place 9 ?is c\ntry also1 ! *ief ag5t 9 its progress "h be+ ,keis]1 :o produc$ a great numb] ( op]as 9 ,hamburg4 ,al?\gh n ! fir/ to write su* works 9 ,g]many1 he is important z be+ an e>ly factor 9 ! popul>ization ( op]a dur+ ! =ty ye>s 9 :i* he lab\r$ 9 ?is direction3 he _h also _m foll[]s1 among :om mu/ be nam$ ,h&el1 :o wrote a few op]as = ,hamburg at an e>ly p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,g]man op]a at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 gave b little promise ( ! gr& future be=e x3 ! op]as ( ,keis] & ,hasse conta9 b few indications ( ! glories ( a s*ool ( compos]s t includes ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,web]4 ,sid5ote3 ,purcell1 #afeh-ie ,& :at 0 ,engl& do+ at ?is p]iod8 ,"o g5ius ( ! highe/ rank1 "s w\ld say ! greate/ *ild ( music t ,engl& has ev] produc$1 0 at "w 9 ! =m ( ,h5ry ,purcell1 ^: too %ort life 0 9 "p occupi$ by ! composition ( op]a4 ,spontaneity ( melody1 fre%ness & boldness ( ?\ght1 & r>e dramatic conception are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! works ( our e>ly ,engli% ma/]4 ,_m ( ^! are op]as by c\rtesy only1 = 9 only "o ( !m1 ,dido & neas1 is ! music cont9u\s ?r\gh\t2 ?is1 h[ev]1 may claim = itself ! title ( ! fir/ ,engli% op]a4 ,be=e ?is "t 7ab\t #afge7 masques & plays _h employ$ music incid5tally1 b ,dido is ! e>lie/ kn[n in/ance ( its cont9u\s use4 ,purcell did n foll[ up 8 e>ly op]atic success1 mo/ ( ! o!r /age works1 su* z ,k+ ,ar?ur1 conta9+ spok5 dialogue4 ,x is un=tunate = ,engl& & h] musical sons t ! dom9at+ p]sonality ( ,h&el s soon ov]%ad[$ all o!r musical life 9 ?is c\ntry3 ! :olly s\nd & /hetically true national influ5ce ( ,purcell w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 l>ge1 & x is n too mu* to say t an e>ly s*ool ( g5u9e ,engli% op]a might h fl\ri%$1 _h x n be5 t ! great ,saxon compos] 01 )9 a few ye>s ( ,purcell's dea?1 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! production ( op]a 9 ,london4 ,sid5ote3 ,h&el1 #afhe-agei ,= al?\gh ,h&el produc$ op]as 9 ,g]many1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,engl&1 x 0 9 ,london t ! v l>ge majority ( 8 pieces fir/ saw ! light1 & t he a*iev$ ! greate/ success4 ,betwe5 ! date ( ! fir/ p]=mance ( ,r9aldo at ! ,haym>ket1 ,febru>y #bd?1 #agaa1 & t ( 8 la/ op]a1 ,deidamia 9 #agda1 ,h&el compos$ no less ?an =ty-two gr& op]as4 ,) indomitable en]gy1 & 9 face ( v frequ5t mis=tune1 he p\r$ =? ^! works1 _m ( :i* conta9 p[]ful music4 ,undet]r$ by failure1 he took "o !atre aft] ano!r 9 ,london1 sometimes mak+ mu* money1 at o!r times becom+ bankrupt4 ,! f9al /age 9 ,h&el's op]atic c>e] 0 br\ght ab\t by a l5g?y & exp5sive rivalry betwe5 him & a clev] ,italian compos]1 ,buononc9i1 :o _h be5 br\ght to ,engl& by an influ5tial body ( nobles & politicians :om ! fi]y ,h&el1 & 8 support]s1 _h (f5d$4 ,! dispute became m ?an a musical "o1 & develop$ social & political sides3 an amus+ epigram by "o ,john ,byrom neatly sums up ! situation3-- 8,"s say1 comp>$ to ,buononc9i1 ,t ,mynhe] ,h&el's b a n9ny2 ,o!rs av]1 t he to ,h&el ,is sc>cely fit to hold a c&le2 ,/range all ! diff]5ce !re %\ld be ',twixt ,twe$le-dum & ,twe$le-dee40 ,sid5ote3 ,h&el's ,rival ,! s5tim5t ( ! two la/ l9es 0 probably voic$ by _m1 especially z bo? compos]s 7 m5 ( great tal5t & capable ( produc+ excell5t "w4 ,9 ! end1 ! g5ius ( ,h&el triumph$1 b at ! exp5se ( bo? 8 pocket & 8 heal?2 bankruptcy & p>alysis came ^u him1 & he 9 future turn$ 8 att5tion to ! m lucrative & less exp5sive art =m1 ,oratorio4 ,sid5ote3 ,h&el's ,op]as ,obsolete ,t we h be5 ! ga9]s !reby is und\bt$1 = :]eas _m ( 8 oratorios are con/antly p]=m$1 & are ( comm&+ int]e/1 few w\ld c>e to sit ?r\gh a p]=mance ( any ( 8 op]as1 or inde$ ^? ( any ( ! compos]s m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is n s mu* t ! music is express$ 9 ! idiom ( a bygone era1 = ! /yle ( ,h&el's oratorio & op]a music is1 especially 9 ! arias1 v simil>2 & we are frequ5tly able to li/5 ) pleasure to old works1 writt5 = ! clavi] & = /r+$ in/rum5ts by ! ,cont95tal contempor>ies ( ! m5 ( ?is p]iod4 ,x is r t ! dramatic situation is s absurdly poor1 t ! /]eotyp$ me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! di/ribution ( ! airs1 ! concessions to ! solo s+]s & ! "* ( ! music giv5 to !m1 & ! /iff1 unnatural use ( ! *orus 9 ^! op]as1 comb9e to make _! pres5tation to-day a matt] ( arti/ic impossibility4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,op]as ,,( ,,gluck ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,compos]s4 ,gluck & 8 ma/]pieces--,moz>t--,bee?ov5--,web] & romantic op]a--,d] ,freis*tz--,o!r op]as--,s*ub]t--,op]a writ+ a di/9ct =m ( composition--,! small influ5ce ( ! really great compos]s ^u op]a4 ,! me?ods ( ,*ri/oph ,willibald ,gluck1 & 8 influ5ce ^u all t came aft] him1 h already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,unlike ! op]as ( ,montev]de1 ! works ( ! lat] re=m] /ill hold ! bo>ds1 & !re=e a little consid]ation to ^! may n[ be giv51 see+ t !y influ5c$ ! compos]s ( all s*ools & ( e nationality4 ,we may safely ignore ! _m works writt5 on old me?ods & produc$ dur+ ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! compos]'s life2 !y are practically z obsolete z ^? ( ,montev]de4 ,b ^? writt5 "u ! /rong convictions =c$ ^u him by comp>ative failure 9 ,engl& are ( great importance1 & are int]e/+1 n only = ! models !y set to o!rs1 b also = ! beauty & wor? ( ! musical ideas :i* !y conta94 ,^? t h ! greate/ claim to notice h ! foll[+ titles3-- ,orfeo 7#agfb71 produc$ 9 ,vi5na4 ,alce/e 7#agfg7 0 0 ,p>is & ,hel5 7#agfi71 produc$ 9 ,vi5na4 ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulide 7#aggb71 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,armida 7#aggg71 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauride 7#aggi71 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,sid5ote3 ,gluck's ,ma/]pieces ,( ^! works1 ! fam\s /ory ( ,orpheus & ,euridice has p]haps ! mo/ dramatically beautiful musical sett+1 & is m (t5 he>d ?an are ! o!r op]as2 be x borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ev5 9 ?is ma/]piece !re is mu* t s\nds antique bo? 9 me?od & 9 =m2 ?is is ( necessity ! case1 :5 "o consid]s ! date at :i* ,gluck wrote & ! comp>atively backw>d /ate ( ! art ( music 9 ! mid-eighte5? c5tury4 ,gluck's type ( melody may be disc]n$ f ! foll[+ quotation3-- ,! comm5cem5t ( ! fam\s ,aria1 8,*e f>o10 f ,gluck's 8,orfeo40 ,music ,*e f>o s5za ,euridice6 dove &ro s5za il mio b58 ,*e f>o dove &ro1 ,*e f>o s5za il mio b54 ,sid5ote3 ,moz>t1 #agef-ia ,gluck1 ev5 9 8 lat] works1 nev] rea*$ ! height ( musical te*nique t 0 atta9$ to by a "y & glori\s compos] :o 0 8 contempor>y = ?irty ye>s--almo/ ! :ole ( 8 %ort life4 ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,moz>t _h o!r models to guide him1 = ! works ( ,grtry1 ,picc9i1 ,sac*9i1 ,b5da1 ,cim>osa1 & o!rs 7 kn[n to him1 & 9 8 scores we f9d a summ+ up (1 & an improvem5t ^u1 all op]atic music previ\sly p5n$4 ,moz>t h&les ! or*e/ra 9 a m mod]n & a va/ly m ma/]ly way ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors2 8 op]as1 too1 deal ) su* a v>iety ( subject t !y %[ inf9itely m res\rce & div]sity ( treatm5t ?an ^? ( ,gluck1 :i* 7 all writt5 on ! 8gr&0 model4 ,we feel t we h to d ) m5 & wom51 creatures ( fle% & blood1 & n ) f>-away1 %ad[y classic %apes1 ^: appeals to our sympa?ies mu/ naturally be less vivid4 ,8 melodies1 too1 ( r\nd1 full outl9e1 possess a ri*ness ( expression & a w>m? t is n always disc]nible 9 ! old] ma/]2 & 9 addition we h vivacity1 *>m1 & piquancy 9 ! light] sc5es :i* _h no place 9 ! products ( ! m sev]e s*ool4 ,two examples ( ,moz>t w s]ve to illu/rate 8 /yle4 ,! fir/ %[s him 9 a lyrical mood1 ,a fragm5t ( a ,moz>t 8,canzone10 8,voi ,*e ,sapete0 7,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o74 ,music ,voi1 *e sapete *e cosa amor1 ,donne1 v$ete s'io l'ho nel cor4 :ile ! second gives u ! compos] 9 m dramatic guise4 ,! fam\s passage f ,moz>t's 8,don ,giovanni0 :5 ! ,comm&ant appe>s4 ,music ,don ,giovanni1 by !e invit$1 ,"h behold me1 z ?\'/ direct$4 ,moz>t's mo/ successful op]as are3-- ,idom5eo 7produc$ at ,muni*1 #agha74 ,die ,entfhrung aus dem ,s]ail 7produc$ at ,vi5na1 #aghb74 ,le ,nozze di ,fig>o 7produc$ at ,vi5na1 #aghf74 ,don ,juan 7produc$ at ,prague1 #aghg74 ,die ,zaub]flte 7produc$ at ,vi5na1 #agia74 ,^!1 ! mo/ popul> ( :i* are ,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o & ,don ,juan1 are writt51 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! !n preval5t ,italian /yle4 ,g]man op]a1 z a di/9ct national product1 0 n yet born1 & al?\gh ,moz>t's ,magic ,flute 0 a /ep 9 ?is direction1 x is 8 ,italian works t raise 8 "n to s high a p9nacle 9 ! temple ( op]atic fame4 ,! bright & sp>kl+ ,fig>o is to be he>d 9 e c\ntry & 9 _m languages1 :ile its m sombre companion1 ,don ,juan1 ) its highly dramatic & noble music1 is ev5 m widely p]=m$4 ,sid5ote3 ,bee?ov51 #aggj-ahbg ,bee?ov51 ) 8 solit>y op]a1 ,fidelio1 produc$ 9 ,vi5na1 #ahje1 is a l&m>k4 ,al?\gh ,italian 9 =m to a great ext5t1 ?is "w %[s t5d5cies t[>ds t s*ool ( romantic ?\ght :i* 0 s soon to become ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,g]man op]a2 ! music1 c>efully wr\ght & intr9sically beautiful1 makes l>ge appeal to ! emotions2 al?\gh 9 reality only a 8,s+spiel10 !re be+ spok5 dialogue1 x is g5]ally class$ ) gr& op]a1 its music be+ s noble & dignifi$4 ,an example ( ! great] mod]nity ( ,bee?ov5's /yle may be se5 9 ! subjo9$ passage4 ,adagio op5+ ( ,bee?ov5's 8,leonora10 ,ov]ture ,no4 #c1 introduc+ ! !me ( ,flore/an's ,air 9 ,act ,,iii4 ,music ,sid5ote3 ,web]1 #aghf-ahbf ,romantic op]a 7i4e41 op]a 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! romance s*ool ( lit]ature1 z oppos$ to ! classic1 is felt7 owes its prom95ce 9 ! fir/ place to ,c>l ,m>ia von ,web]4 ,! music ( su* op]as diff]s f t ( ! m classical models 9 its great] ri*ness ( h>mony1 its m remote & poignant use ( discords1 its sudd5 & unexpect$ turns ( modulation1 & its m picturesque or*e/ration4 ,al?\gh !re are _m sugge/ions ( romantic op]a be=e 8 day1 x is to ,web] t ! cr$it ( ! f\ndation ( ?is s*ool ( composition is1 z a rule1 usually ascrib$4 ,) 8 wond]fully beautiful "w1 ,d] ,freis*tz1 he l$ ! way into a va/1 & z yet comp>atively unexplor$ field2 o!r compos]s 7 ready en\gh to foll[ him1 b 8 lead]%ip is unque/ionable4 ,sid5ote3 8,d] ,freis*tz0 ,! op]a ,d] ,freis*tz l5t itself p>ticul>ly to ! new mode ( treatm5t3 its /ory deals ) ! weird & ! sup]natural1 & ?us seems to dem& a =m ( treatm5t di/9ct & diff]5t f t accord$ to ! calm & /ately libretti ( ! old] s*ools ( op]a4 ,9 8 sett+ ( ?is /ory1 ,web] made slight use ( ! conv5tional ,italian me?ods2 x is a ,g]man op]a1 pure & simple1 ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! ,volksli$]1 & a noticeable abs5ce ( ! /]eotyp$ conv5tionalities ( ,aria & ,ensemble4 ,"h is a %ort illu/ration f ! fam\s 8,incantation ,sc5e03-- ,fragm5t f ! ,incantation ,sc5e ( 8,d] ,freis*tz40 ,music ,ere desc5ds tomorr['s sun1 de$s ( d>kness w be done1 u-hu-i1 u-bu-i1 u-hu-i4 7,! clock /rikes twelve 9 ! di/ance47 ,,casp> 7speak+ ?r\gh ! music73 8,zamiel1 by ! wiz>d's skill appe>6 ,zamiel1 he> me1 he>60 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r ,op]as ,d] ,freis*tz 0 produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahba4 ,l s _m o!r ( ! f9] old op]as1 x is a 8,s+spiel10 b = all t x /ill holds ! bo>ds1 al?\gh mod]n ta/e 9 s]i\s op]a n[ pref]s ! cont9u\s use ( "o means ( expression--namely1 music4 ,x is almo/ ! only op]a ( ,web]'s t is ev] he>d1 = ,euryan!1 produc$ 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahbc1 & ,ob]on1 produc$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbf1 9 spite ( _! beautiful music1 are un=tunately s poor f ! dramatic po9t ( view z to be almo/ intol]able1 :ile ! e>li] op]as previ\s to ,d] ,freis*tz d n %[ ! compos] at 8 be/4 ,9 ,web]1 ^: "o great "w has _h an untold influ5ce ^u op]atic compos]s1 we meet ! la/ ( ! great ma/]s 7f an op]atic po9t ( view7 until ,wagn]4 ,s*ub]t1 ,s*umann1 & ,m5delssohn 7 all s v]satile t !y a*iev$ "s success 9 op]a2 b x mu/ be confess$ t = any abid+ result _! "w has _h1 !y might n h compos$ su* works at all4 ,less] />s 9 ! musical firmam5t1 su* z ,spont9i1 ,m>s*n]1 & ,mey]be]1 h _h great] & wid] rea*+ influ5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( musical art4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*ub]t1 #agig-ahbh ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! fact t ^! ?ree mighty m5 ( music 7 ( a non-dramatic nature3 ,s*ub]t m (t5 turn$ to ! /age ?an did ,s*umann or ,m5delssohn1 & 8 beautiful melodies & skill$ k ( effect help$ on 8 op]as t[>ds success 9 _! day2 b ev5 8 mo/ popul> examples1 ,fi]abras & ,alfonso & ,e/rella1 v r>ely obta9$ a he>+4 ,m5delssohn's e>ly works1 ,! ,w$d+ ( ,cama*o & 8 fragm5t ( ,lorelei1 are also comp>atively unimportant1 :ile ,s*umann's ,g5oveva _c be class$ among ! li/ ( works 9 ! ord9>y rep]toire4 ,x is curi\s & int]e/+ to notice h[ small a %>e ^? :o h rea*$ ! topmo/ p9nacle 9 ! musical temple h _h 9 ! developm5t ( op]a2 :ile ! influ5ce ( ! great classical & romantic compos]s has be5 ex]t$ ) imm5se sway ov] almo/ e o!r =m ( ! art1 & :ile t influ5ce has elevat$ & exalt$ su* art =ms to dignifi$ & poetic heights1 !y h1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,moz>t1 left op]a almo/ unaffect$4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a ,writ+ a di/9ct =m ( ,composition ,! h]oes ( op]a1 ,gluck & ,web]1 7 ( f> less importance z all-r\nd compos]s ?an _m ( ! ma/]s ^: op]atic ef=ts !y completely eclipse4 ,:]eas )\t ,gluck & ,web] x w\ld be difficult to conceive ! position ( op]a to-day1 we mu/ admit t !y h _h little influ5ce ov] o!r bran*es ( composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,small ,influ5ce ( ! really great ,compos]s ,on ! o!r h&1 ! names ( ^? mo/ hon\r$ 9 ! art ( composition appe> seldom or nev] ^u ! op]atic play-bill4 ,! great contrapunti/1 ,ba*1 wrote no music = ! /age2 ,haydn1 ! s-call$ 8fa!r0 ( ! sonata1 ! /r+ qu>tet1 & ! symphony1 only compos$ a numb] ( unimportant light op]as2 ,bee?ov51 ! p]fect] ( =m & design1 "o solit>y1 ?\gh notable1 example2 ,s*ub]t1 ! unrivall$ compos] ( songs1 a few e>ly works2 ,m5delssohn1 ! calm & classic writ] ( ! oratorio1 & ( ! beautiful or*e/ral ov]tures1 a few boyi% pieces2 ,s*umann1 ! d>+ inv5tor ( s _m h>monic & rhy?mic designs1 & ! compos] ( _m a ma/]piece ( pian(orte & *amb] music1 aga9 a solit>y & little kn[n specim54 ,brahms1 ! great apo/le ( absolute music1 & ( ! classical s*ool1 foll[$ ,ba* 9 leav+ ! /age sev]ely alone4 ,moz>t /&s out z ! "o great compos] :o rose to ! highe/ po9t ( em95ce1 n only z a creator ( sonata1 qu>tet1 symphony1 & *oral "w1 b also z a consi/5tly great & successful ma/] ( op]a4 ,all hon\r to ! great v]satility ( 8 immeasurable g5ius6 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7a7 ,,! ,,italian ,,s*ool 7,,cim>osa ,,to ,,v]di74 ,! ,italian s*ool--,op]a ,buffa--,! ,neapolitan s*ool--,picc9i--,a notable conte/--,cim>osa--,ross9i3 8 ,b>b] ( ,seville--,recitative & its significance--,william ,tell--,bell9i & ,donizetti--,v]di3 8 e>ly & lat] op]as4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,italian ,s*ool ,italy 0 ! bir?place ( mod]n op]a1 & = g5]ations ! language ( op]a 0 ,italian1 irrespective ( ! nationality ( ! compos]4 ,?us a l>ge numb] ( ! op]atic works ( ,gluck & ( ,moz>t1 bo? ( :om rank z ,g]man ma/]s1 7 to libretti 9 ,italian4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m ,italian-born musicians1 su* z ,*]ub9i & ,spont9i1 devot$ _! be/ ef=ts to ,gr& ,op]a 9 ,france4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! ,italian s*ool1 !re=e1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! language ( ! libretto & ! class ( op]a are tak5 into acc\nt1 r ?an ! nationality ( ! compos]4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a ,buffa ,side by side ) ,gr& ,op]a1 z typifi$ by ,gluck1 !re grew up a light] & less s]i\s =m ( musical play kn[n z 8,op]a ,buffa40 ,at fir/ design$ z an int]lude or int]mezzo betwe5 ! acts ( a s]i\s drama1 ?is new & bright art =m 0 s fasc9at+ z to quickly ju/ify = itself a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,x 0 mo/ly h>moni\s 9 "*1 & ! music 01 appropriately1 ( slight] texture4 ,x fl\ri%$ mo/ luxuriantly 9 ,naples1 f :i* fact ! compos]s ( ^! *>m+ little op]as are g5]ally class$ z ! 8,neapolitan s*ool40 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,neapolitan ,s*ool ,sid5ote3 ,picc9i1 #agbh-ahjj ,sid5ote3 ,a ,notable ,conte/ ,logrosc9o 7born ab\t #agjj71 :o inv5t$ ! connect$ s]ies ( sep>ate movem5ts kn[n z ! ,conc]t$ ,f9ale1 & ,p]golesi 7#agaj-cf71 :o wrote a fam\s example ( ?is k9d ( op]a "u ! title ,la ,s]va ,padrona1 are two notable memb]s ( ?is little b& ( compos]s4 ,9 addition to ^! may be nam$ ,jomelli1 ,sac*9i1 ,galuppi1 ,paisiello1 & ,picc9i1 ! la/-nam$ be+ specially fam\s ?r\gh 8 conte/ ) ,gluck1 a musical duel yet m notori\s ?an t betwe5 ,h&el & ,buononc9i already m5tion$4 ,= ,picc9i1 a man ( great tal5t ?\gh n ( g5ius1 0 br\ght to ,p>is 9 #aggf & pitt$ aga9/ ! re=m] ,gluck1 ^: revolution>y me?ods ( proc$ure met ) any?+ b fav\r 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s4 ,! rival compos]s1 /rongly back$ by _! respective support]s1 f\ght bitt]ly = pre-em95ce1 ) results only too disa/r\s to ! poor ,italian mae/ro1 :o 0 v un=tunately h&icapp$4 ,= we read t on ! night ( ! fir/ production ( ! "w1 :i* 0 s]i\sly int5d$ to beat ,gluck on 8 own gr\nd 7! same subject = a libretto--viz41 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauride--hav+ be5 *os571 8 music 0 almo/ wreck$ by ! prima donna ( ! occasion1 t good lady be+ hopelessly intoxicat$2 :]eupon m5 exclaim$1 8,n ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauride1 b ,iphig5ia 9 ,*ampagne60 ,9 spite ( 8 m]its1 ?is compos] ( eighty op]as is n[ h>dly kn[n1 except 9 connection ) ?is fam\s controv]sy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cim>osa4 ,sid5ote3 ,cim>osa1 #agdi-ahja ,a m fam\s ,neapolitan is ,cim>osa1 ^: sp>kl+ "w1 ,! ,secret ,m>riage1 is /ill play$ to-day4 ,on ! occasion ( its fir/ p]=mance at ,vi5na 9 #agib1 ! ,emp]or 0 s delight$ ) x t he ord]$ its repetition on ! same ev5+1 ?\ghtfully provid+ ! arti/es ) supp] betwe5 ! p]=mances4 ,cim>osa's o!r works1 al?\gh *>m+ & sometimes ( great beauty1 are n[ practically dead3 8 fame 0 soon eclips$ by t ( ! "y & ris+ ,moz>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,ross9i1 #agib-ahfh ,) ! success ( ,moz>t & ,web] 9 ,g]man op]a1 & ! des]tion ( ! ,italian me?ods 9 fav\r ( ! ,fr5* by ,*]ub9i & ,spont9i1 ,italian op]a lay = a :ile "u a cl\d4 ,?is 0 disp]s$ by ! furore creat$ by ! op]atic creations ( ,ross9i1 :o1 al?\gh by no means a v skill$ or capable musician1 _h a r>e k bo? ( effect & also ( ! k9d ( ?+ to :i* ! g5]al public loves to li/54 ,melodic gifts 7 81 & :5 "o adds a c]ta9 clev] & tricky use ( ! or*e/ra & an evid5t desire to give ! s+]s ! mo/ vocal & effective music t he c\ld possibly inv5t1 we c readily und]/& h[ successful 0 ?is facile compos]4 ,sid5ote3 8,! ,b>b] ( ,seville0 ,! e>lie/ ( 8 op]as to w9 him fame 0 ,tancr$i1 a gr& op]a produc$ 9 #ahac4 ,?is 0 foll[$ aft] an int]val ( two ye>s by ! production ( "o ( 8 be/ kn[n works1 ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville1 an excell5t example ( ,op]a ,buffa4 ,its ov]ture is well kn[n1 & introduces samples ( t effective device1 *eap & yet wondr\sly conv9c+1 kn[n z ! 8,ross9ian ,cresc5do40 ,?is is atta9$1 z w be se51 by ! use ( a simple figure ( melody begun v s(tly & cont9u$ ) great] & great] degrees ( p[] & m & m in/rum5ts4 ,9 spite ( its simplicity & obvi\sness1 its effect is an intoxicat+ "o1 & is an example ( ! simple & yet unfail+ means by :i* ,ross9i attract$ 8 public4 ,example ( a ,ross9i 8,cresc5do10 f ! ,ov]ture to 8,il ,b>bi]e40 ,music ,sid5ote3 ,recitative ,! :ole op]a1 ) its brilliant bravura voice passages1 its gr&iose effects ( d\ble ?irds1 & its p]iods ( climax1 is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( its compos]4 ,ross9i produc$ a va/ numb] ( op]as1 bo? s]i\s & comic2 9 ! =m] he made a great innovation :5 he wrote ,otello 9 #ahaf4 ,we h already frequ5tly m5tion$ t 9 ,gr& ,op]a ! music mu/ be always cont9u\s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n imply a cont9u\s s]ies ( airs1 duets1 & *oruses4 ,^! 7 divid$ by passages ( blank v]se or dialogue1 :i* correspond to ! passages ( dialogue ) :i* we 9 ,engl& are s famili> 9 ! productions ( ,gilb]t & ,sullivan4 ,:5 ^! passages 7 spok51 z 9 ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio or ,web]'s ,d] ,freis*tz1 ! "w1 h[ev] tragic 9 subject1 0 n t]m$ 8,gr& ,op]a0 at all1 b r 8,comic ,op]a0 or 8,s+spiel40 ,:51 h[ev]1 all 0 sung1 !n ! t]m 8,gr& ,op]a0 0 appli$4 ,b a diff]5ce 0 giv5 to ! musical sett+ ( su* passages to t allott$ to ! m lyrical portions4 ,at fir/1 :5 !re 7 no lyrics1 z 9 ! e>ly ,montev]de op]as1 ! musical sett+ 0 ( ! same "* ?r\gh\t2 aft] ! introduction ( ! ,aria into op]a by ,sc>latti1 ! int]m$i>y dialogue 0 (t5 set to music ( a p>lante 7or speak+7 nature1 g5]ally )\t "t divisions or musical acc5t3 ?is portion ( ! music 0 t]m$ ! ,recitative4 ,s unimportant 0 ?is ,recitative consid]$ f a musical po9t ( view t no tr\ble 0 tak5 9 ! writ+ ( x--x 0 a necess>y evil4 ,moz>t1 we f9d1 on "o or two occasions1 entru/$ its composition to 8 pupil ,sussmyr4 ,moreov]1 ! or*e/ra r>ely play$ ! accompanim5t to x1 ?is task be+ entru/$ to ! h>psi*ord2 ev5 ! "p = ?is 0 n writt5 out1 only a bass ) figures be+ provid$4 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ small a degree ( importance 0 atta*$ to ! music ( ^! connect+ l9ks3 su* recitative 0 t]m$ 8,recitativo secco10 & ( ?is our fir/ quotation f ,p]i is a good example4 7,see page #ce47 ,bo? ,montev]de & ,gluck _h made attempts at reliev+ ! dulness ( ?is me?od ( accompanim5t by ! introduction n only ( ! or*e/ra1 b also ( fitt+ & suitable music on c]ta9 occasions4 ,ross9i reviv$ ?is plan 9 ,otello1 & s9ce !n x has be5 g5]ally employ$ 9 all s]i\s op]a4 ,f ! fact t ! in/rum5ts ( ! or*e/ra are necess>y = its prop] pres5tation1 ?is =m ( recitative has receiv$ ! "n ( ,recitativo ,/rom5tato4 ,sid5ote3 8,william ,tell0 ,ross9i's op]as h mo/ly gone ! way ( all su* light & trivial music1 b among ! m long-liv$ specim5s may be nam$ ,la ,c5]5tola1 ,gazza ,ladra1 & ,william ,tell4 ,! la/-nam$1 ) its popul> ov]ture1 is a "w ( mu* bett] class ?an its bre?r51 & 0 writt5 "s long p]iod aft] ! o!rs1 :5 ,ross9i himself began to be dissatisfi$ ) 8 e>li] works4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 rema9s t he c nev] h tak5 himself z a v s]i\s musician1 = ! la/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 idl5ess & he wrote practically no?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,bell9i & ,donizetti ,:at has be5 said ( ! op]as ( ,ross9i applies also 9 v l>ge measure to ^? ( 8 foll[]s--,m]cadante1 ,pac9i1 ,bell9i1 & ,donizetti1 all ( :om wrote on ! same empty plan4 ,( ^! f\r ! la/-nam$ produc$ works :i* h _h ! greate/ longevity1 &1 ?anks to c]ta9 prime donne :o h m belief 9 ! beauty & skill ( manipulation ( _! voices ?an !y h love = ! real & arti/ic 9 music1 "s are /ill to be he>d dur+ e op]a season4 ,! mo/ fam\s ,bell9i op]a is ,norma1 :ile ,la ,sonnambula runs x a close second4 ,donizetti is rememb]$ by ,lucia di ,lamm]moor1 ,lucretia ,borgia1 ,la ,favorita1 ,la ,fille du ,rgim5t1 & ,l',elisir d',amore4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]di1 #ahad-aija ,m wor? atta*es to ! _m beautiful works ( ! la/ ( ?is s*ool1 ,v]di1 :o liv$ to s ripe an age & s mod]niz$ 8 me?ods t 8 lat] op]as all belong rightly to a po/-,wagn] p]iod4 ,b 9 8 e>ly scores ,v]di wrote entirely on ! ,italian model1 & al?\gh ( /]n] m\ld ?an ,bell9i & ,donizetti1 8 works be> a close family resemblance to ^? ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,l !m1 ,v]di _h a ready gift ( melody4 ,su* op]as z ,ernani 7#ahdd71 ,rigoletto 7#ahea71 ,il ,trovatore 7#ahec71 & ,la ,traviata 7#ahec7--! la/-nam$ hav+ be5 writt5 9 ! %ort space ( "o mon?--are replete ) en]gy & vig\r & full ( broad & sometimes some:at vulg> tune4 ,^! works /ill hold _! position on ! /age1 & appeal to ^? :o love easily grasp$ & tuneful music1 c\pl$ ) int]e/+ dramatic action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]di4 ,= ye>s ,v]di wrote op]as on ?is popul> plan1 produc+ ! famili> ,un ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a z late z #ahei4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! me?ods ( ,wagn] 0 creep+ ov] him1 & 7al?\gh he nev] attempt$ to foll[ ! ma/] to ! full7 x is evid5t 9 8 gr& op]a ,ada1 produc$ 9 #ahga4 ,?is "w1 ri* & gl[+ ) local col\r1 & ) a plot ^: action is laid 9 ,egypt1 is a /epp+-/one betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] op]as1 & %[s ! music ( its compos] 9 a transition /age4 ,"h is a type ( ,v]di's ready gift ( melody3-- ,radams' fir/ ,aria 9 8,ada0 7,v]di74 ,music ,cele/e ,ada =ma div9a mi/ico s]to di luce e fior ,sid5ote3 ,v]di's ,lat] ,op]as ,otello1 produc$ 9 #ahhg1 & ,fal/aff 9 #ahic1 :5 its wond]ful creator 0 j ^u eighty ye>s ( age1 are mod]n op]as 9 ! real s5se ( ! expression4 ,! old ,v]di is to a great ext5t laid aside1 & ^! m>vell\s & p[]ful works1 :ile /ill exhibit+ great fre%ness ( melody1 give evid5ce also ( su* ma/]ly use ( ! or*e/ra1 & su* p]fect w$d+ ( words ) music z is only to be f\nd 9 ! music ( ! mo/ mod]n days4 ,s t 9 ,v]di's op]as we /ret* h&s across ! *asm t divides ! simple1 melodi\s1 old-fa%ion$ works f ! complex polyphonic mod]n examples1 & note 9 8 compositions a movem5t & progress p>allel ) t made 9 all o!r bran*es ( musical art dur+ a simil> p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7b7 ,,! ,,g]man ,,s*ool 7,,keis] ,,to ,,nicolai74 ,keis] & 8 successors--,hill]--,real ,g]man op]a--,spohr--,m>s*n]--,op]atic int]e/ n c5tr$ 9 ,g]many at ?is "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,keis] & 8 ,successors ,a good />t 0 giv5 to ,g]man op]a1 z we h already %[n1 by ,keis]1 :o wrote ov] "o hundr$ op]as = ! ,hamburg h\se4 ,! fact t aft] 8 decease ! c5tre ( int]e/ %ifts p>tly to ,engl& 7:]e ,h&el 0 at "w71 & /ill m to ,italy1 does n mean t ,g]man compos]s 7 idle4 ,true1 _m ( !m 7 writ+ op]as on ! ,italian plan1 & !re=e mu/ be class$ ) ! ,italian s*ool1 & ev5 ! greate/ sons ( ,g]man soil 7 cont5t to produce _! ma/]pieces 9 =eign capitals r ?an at home4 ,?us x is t we f9d ,gluck br++ out all 8 important works 9 ,vi5na or ,p>is2 ,moz>t 8 at ,prague1 ,muni*1 or ,vi5na2 ,bee?ov5 8 only specim5 9 ,vi5na4 ,! "w done on ,g]man soil mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be pass$ ov] lightly4 ,/>s ( ! second magnitude1 su* z ,hasse 7#afii-aghc71 :o wrote ov] "o hundr$ op]as1 & ,graun 7#agja-agei7 h _! place among ! con/ellations4 ,!y are n important ei!r 9 _! influ5ce ^u op]a g5]ally nor ^u ,g]man op]a 9 p>ticul>1 s9ce _! "w 0 almo/ exclusively done to ,italian libretti on ! prevail+ ,italian model2 b !y bo? _h great influ5ce ^u ,adam ,hill]1 :o has a di/9ct place 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a4 ,sid5ote3 ,hill]1 #agbh-ahjd ,= x is v l>gely to ,hill] t ! cr$it ( ! f\ndation ( ! 8,s+spiel0 may be allott$4 ,?is =m ( op]a1 to :i* we mu/1 ( necessity1 allude frequ5tly1 see+ t x 0 ! =m v l>gely 9 vogue at ! "t ( ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,web]1 al?\gh possibly d]iv$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! ,fr5* op]etta1 soon ju/ifi$ its exi/5ce z a di/9ctly ,g]man =m ( art4 ,hill] rais$ x f a m]e collection ( songs1 & adopt$ an able & dramatic me?od 9 sett+ ! words to =ms ( l>g] outl9e & ( m complex developm5t4 ,8 *ief works are ,d] ,dorfb>bi] & ,die ,jagel1 bo? ( :i* sometimes ga9 a he>+ to-day4 ,)\t d\bt he _h some?+ to d ) ! success atta9$ by ,web] & ,moz>t1 = al?\gh _! sett+s ( simil> 8song-plays0 are inf9itely sup]ior1 _! "w is c]ta9ly m sure by reason ( ! lead]%ip he gave !m4 ,! pione] 9 a new l& seldom rea*es its utmo/ limits4 ,sid5ote3 ,real ,g]man ,op]a ,hill]'s op]ettas 7 ,g]man & n ,italian1 & t also mu/ h affect$ ,moz>t & ,web]1 = !y 7 able to notice ! deep] appeal made on a ,g]man audi5ce by a p]=mance 9 ! v]nacul>1 & bo? ev5tually foll[$ suit4 ,until ! production ( ,d] ,freis*tz at ! ,b]l9 ,op]a ,h\se 9 #ahba !re 0 little to ju/ify su* a c\rse1 b aft] t date we f9d _m compos]s writ+ ,g]man op]as1 & f\nd+ a s*ool ( composition :i* includes su* names z ,spohr1 ,m>s*n]1 ,lortz+1 ,l9dpa9tn]1 & ,nicolai4 ,sid5ote3 ,spohr1 #aghd-ahei ,spohr's greate/ op]atic "w1 ,fau/1 0 actually /ag$ at ,frank=t two ye>s be=e ,d] ,freis*tz fir/ saw ! light ( day4 ,al?\gh v popul> bo? 9 ,g]many & ,engl& = _m ye>s1 ?is op]a r>ely gets a p]=mance n[1 x hav+ be5 entirely eclips$ by ,g\nod's "w ( ! same title4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,a4 ,,hill]4 ,besides ,fau/1 ,spohr wrote _m o!r op]as1 foll[+ ,web] to a l>ge ext5t 9 romanticism ( me?od1 al?\gh ! peculi>ly *romatic g5ius ( 8 music nev] leaves "o 9 d\bt z to its au?or%ip4 ,! mo/ successful ( ^! are ,zemir & ,azor1 ,jessonda1 ,d] ,b]ggei/1 & ,d] ,al*ymi/1 all almo/ entirely =gott5 n[4 ,! popul> song ) sopranos1 8,rose ,s(tly ,bloom+10 comes f ! fir/-nam$ ( ^!4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>s*n]1 #agif-ahfa ,a /ill m fai?ful foll[] 9 ! foot/eps ( ,web] 0 ,he9ri* ,m>s*n]1 :o lov$ ! demoniacal & ! weird1 & gloat$ ov] !m 9 8 music4 ,8 op]as1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* are ,d] ,vampyr1 ,hans ,heil+1 & ,! ,templ> & ! ,jewess 7f\nd$ on ,scott's ,ivanhoe71 /ill h a hold on ,g]man affections4 ,! /udy ( ,hans ,heil+ is held to h _h a great influ5ce ov] ,wagn] at ! "t he 0 compos+ ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man4 ,_m compos]s ( ?is s*ool & ?is date rema9 9 our memories ?r\gh ! m or less frequ5t p]=mances ( _! mo/ successful "w4 ,among su* may be nam$ ,lortz+ 7#ahjc-aheb71 compos] ( ,pet] ! ,%ipwright 7a /ory deal+ ) ,pet] ! ,great's life 9 ! %ipbuild]'s y>d at ,za&am72 ,flot[ 7#ahab-hc71 compos] ( ! tuneful & popul> ,m>?a2 ,kreutz] 7#aghb-ahdi71 ,l9dpa9tn] 7#agia-ahef71 & ,nicolai 7#ahaj-di74 ,! ov]ture to ! la/-nam$ compos]'s ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor is _w fam\s4 ,pet] ,cornelius 7#ahbd-gd7 & ,goetz 7#ahdj-gf7 ea* compos$ a well-kn[n op]a1 ,! ,b>b] ( ,bagdad & ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew respectively4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]atic int]e/ n c5tr$ 9 ,g]many at ?is "t ,! fact t ! ,g]mans at ?is "t did n produce compos]s ( great] op]atic em95ce is due l>gely to ! fact t ! gr&eur & *>m ( ,fr5* gr& op]a 0 draw+ _m devotees & _m compos]s to ,p>is4 ,:ile ,italy _h its brilliant ,ross9i & ,v]di to uphold ! traditions ( national op]a 9 _! own l&1 !re 0 no compos] ( ,g]man op]a on a l em95ce1 or "o t c\ld successfully vie ) ! ev]-increas+ magnific5ce & int]e/ ( ! gr& op]a ( ,p>is4 ,to t brilliant episode 9 ! /ory ( ! op]a we w n[ turn our att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,"s ,,less] ,,/>s ,,9 ,,! ,,op]atic ,,firmam5t4 7c7 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,s*ool 7,,rameau ,,to ,,ambroise ,,?omas74 ,rameau--,div]g5ce ( me?ods--,! successors ( ,gluck & ,picc9i--,mhul--,*]ub9i & ,spont9i--,mey]be]--,aub]--,g\nod--,bize t--,reasons = ! popul>ity ( ,fau/ & ,c>m5--,(f5ba*--,dlibes & ,lalo--,?omas4 ,! ,italian ,lully _h no small %>e 9 f\nd+ :at aft]w>ds became a s*ool ( ,gr& ,op]a 9 ,p>is4 ,z we h already said1 he 0 s jeal\s ( 8 fame t he brook$ no rivals2 s p[]ful 0 he1 too1 at ,c\rt t he 0 in/rum5tal 9 keep+ 9 ! backgr\nd e o!r aspirant to fame 9 8 own p>ticul> l9e4 ,s t we h to wait = "s ye>s be=e we f9d any notable "n 9 ,france s f> z op]atic developm5t is conc]n$4 ,sid5ote3 ,rameau1 #afhc-agfd ,rameau is ! next compos] to be m5tion$4 ,8 fame is n s great z t ( 8 pr$ecessor ,lully1 nor are 8 works s full ( vivacity & brightness4 ,b he 0 a capable & skill$ workman1 & did mu* = ,fr5* op]a2 8 music is pomp\s & antique1 nor does x comp>e 9 int]e/ ) t ( ! v]satile ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 :o wrote at lea/ "o "w1 ,le ,dev9 du ,village1 :i* enjoy$ v _m ye>s ( popul>ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,div]g5ce ( ,me?ods ,! la/-nam$ "w1 moreov]1 did n pret5d to belong to ! g5us 8,gr& ,op]a10 b 0 an 8,op]a ,comique10 a bran* ( art 9 :i* ! ,fr5* h always excell$3 inde$1 f ab\t ?is date 7#agfj circa7 op]a 9 ,france 0 div]g+ into two l9es1 "o look+ t[>ds ,gr& ,op]a1 & tak+ exalt$1 s]i\s1 or tragic !mes = treatm5t1 ! o!r hav+ ! production ( ,comic ,op]a1 ) all its v>iety ( scope & m human subjects ( int]e/1 z its aim2 ! c\rse ( ^! two mu/ be foll[$1 z inde$ !y ran to a great ext5t1 side by side4 ,mu* 0 due to ! op5+1 9 #agfb1 ( ! new 8,op]a ,comique0 ,!atre 9 ,p>is1 at :i* compos]s obta9$ a he>+1 ^: music 0 n fit = ! ,op]a ,h\se prop]1 & :o w\ld n1 moreov]1 h attempt$ "w 9 ! l>g] & m s]i\s =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pucc9i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,picc9i4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,successors ( ,gluck & ,picc9i ,su* m5 7 ,monsigny 7#agbi-ahag71 ,grtry 7#agda-ahac71 & ,philidor 7#agbf-agig74 ,!y 7 at "w 9 ,p>is %ortly aft] ! ,gluck-,picc9i conte/1 & wrote op]as :i* pleas$ by _! simplicity1 brightness1 & tunefulness2 all ( !m be+ ( ! ord] ( ! ,g]man 8,s+spiel0--i4e41 ) spok5 dialogue4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! compos]s1 al?\gh !y fl\ri%$ subsequ5t to ,gluck1 _h n imbib$ 8 pr9ciples2 nor did ! light =ms ( op]a :i* !y1 9 ! ma91 set !mselves to write1 leave mu* room = ! exemplification ( su*4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! op]as ( ,moz>t1 con/ruct$ ) arti/ic unity ( pr9ciple & ^u logical l9es1 began to obta9 a he>+ 9 ,p>is1 su* works z !irs soon dropp$ out ( fa%ion4 ,sid5ote3 ,mhul1 #agfc-ahag ,( m importance is ,mhul1 :o1 :ile /ill writ+ 9 ! ma9 = ! ,op]a ,comique1 did s 9 a ?or\ghly arti/ic mann]1 tak+ ,gluck z 8 model4 ,he 0 a man ( consid]able orig9ality1 :o made ! curi\s exp]im5t ( leav+ out ! viol9s ( ! or*e/ra ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 op]a ,u?al1 ) ! idea ( giv+ a cold1 vague effect4 ,h[ev] successful 9 t respect1 x may be safely prophesi$ t ?is 0 done by ,mhul = ! fir/ & ! la/ "t4 ,8 mo/ popul> "w 0 ,joseph1 a /ory deal+ ) ! ,bible n>rative4 ,"o ( its tunes is well kn[n to piani/s ?r\gh ! fact t ,web] wrote a set ( v int]e/+ pian(orte v>iations ^u x4 ,sid5ote3 ,*]ub9i & ,spont9i ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to two ,italian compos]s1 :o belong to ,france ?r\gh ! fact ( _! hav+ produc$ almo/ all _! important works on ! bo>ds ( ei!r ! ,op]a ,comique or ! ,acadmie4 ,*]ub9i 7#agfj-ahdb7 wrote two or ?ree great works1 su* z ,les deux ,j\rnes 7#ahjj71 ,les ,ab5c]ages 7#ahac71 & ,ali ,baba 7#ahcc74 ,! fir/-nam$1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,! ,wat] ,c>ri]1 al?\gh class$ z op]a comique1 approximates 9 its music m to :at ,bee?ov5 wrote 9 ,fidelio & ,web] 9 ,d] ,freis*tz ?an to ! ephem]al productions :i* 7 ! fa%ion ( ! h\r4 ,*]ub9i's music is t ( a man :o prec$$ all compos]s ( ! 8romantic0 p]iod1 & !re=e s\nds antique & col\rless to mod]n e>s2 nev]!less x is solid & good1 & f> sup]ior to mu* ( ! same date4 ,spont9i 7#aggd-ahea7 is spok5 ( by ,naumann ! hi/orian 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,no o!r compos] has succe$$ 9 infus+ into ! music ! _s ( h]oism & glory :i* prompt$ ! victori\s exploits ( ,napoleon1 9 portrayal ( :i* ,spont9i creat$ a k9d ( arti/ic expression1 ! influ5ce ( :i* has ext5d$ to ! pres5t day40 ,8 *ief works1 replete ) gr&eur & magnific5ce1 are ,la ,ve/ale 7#ahjg71 ,f]n& ,cortez 7writt5 at ! reque/ ( ,napoleon 9 #ahji on a ,spani% subject1 p>tly ) ! idea ( conciliat+ ! ,spani%71 & ,olympia 7#ahai74 ,o!r compos]s ( ! p]iod include ,boieldieu 7#agge-ahcd71 :o wrote ! _w fam\s ,la ,dame ,blan*e1 ,is\>d 7#aggg-ahah71 ,adam1 ,halvy1 ,hrold 7! compos] ( ,zampa71 & _m ano!r4 ,! names ( ^! compos]s pale be=e t ,titan ( ,fr5* ,gr& ,op]a1 ^: adv5t ^u ! sc5es we mu/ n[ note--,mey]be]4 ,sid5ote3 ,mey]be]1 #agia-ahfd ,mey]be]1 a ,g]man by bir?1 hav+ fir/ se5 ! light ( day 9 ,b]l91 &1 )al ( ,jewi% orig91 produc$ op]as 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france2 8 *oice/ ef=ts 7 lavi%$ ^u 8 op]as = ! ,p>is ,acadmie1 & 8 "n is n[ always class$ ) ,fr5* music4 ,he _h wond]ful gifts1 :i* he sometimes abus$1 = 8 music seeks ! effective1 irrespective ( its arti/ic unity or ! rev]se4 ,9 8 lifetime he 0 laud$ to ! skies1 & aft]w>ds j z bitt]ly d5\nc$4 ,wagn]1 :o really le>n$ mu* f him1 speaks ( him z 8a mis]able music-mak]1 a ,jew bank] to :om x occurr$ to compose op]as40 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,mey]be]'s music is (t5 vulg> & conv5tional1 b 8 ma/]piece1 ,! ,hugu5ots1 conta9s "s f9e writ+1 & is specially noticeable = ! clev] & /rik+ use made at sev]al po9ts 9 ! progress ( ! /ory ( ,lu!r's gr& old hymn-tune1 8,e9 ,fe/e ,burg40 ,?is *orale is us$ z a k9d ( leit-motif = ! p]secut$ ,hugu5ots1 & =ms a mo/ effective foil to mu* ( ! o!r music ( ! op]a4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,*orale1 f ,mey]be]'s 8,les ,hugu5ots40 ,music ,9 8 mo/ fam\s works1 ,rob]t le ,diable 7#ahca71 ,les ,hugu5ots 7#ahcf71 ,le ,prophte 7#ahdi71 ,d9orah 7#ahei71 & ,l',africa9e 7#ahfd71 ,mey]be] %[s 8 k ( effect1 bo? vocally & or*e/rally4 ,al?\gh ov]-elaborate & pomp\s1 ^! op]as are /ill p]=m$ at fairly frequ5t int]vals1 see+ t !y are effective f a /age po9t ( view1 & also extremely gratify+ to ! s+]s1 )\t desc5d+ to t inanity :i* s (t5 *>act]izes op]atic music writt5 to please vocali/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,aub]1 #aghb-ahga ,pass+ ov] t ecc5tric g5ius1 ,hector ,b]lioz1 :o made a few bids = popul>ity 9 op]atic composition1 ) rem>kable lack ( success1 we mu/ notice ! brilliant ,aub]1 ^: light-he>t$ music fill$ ! ,op]a ,comique audi5ces ) delight = _m ye>s4 ,al?\gh only kn[n to u 9 ,engl& by ! ov]tures :i* are s popul> ) sea-side or*e/ras & amateur b&s1 8 op]as are /ill popul> en\gh on ! ,cont95t4 ,he wrote bo? = ! ,gr& ,op]a & ! ,op]a ,comique1 8 mo/ la/+ successes be+ a*iev$ 9 ! latt] field2 ( ! l>g] type1 ,masaniello is ! be/ kn[n1 & is important z inaugurat+ a new c>e] = ,fr5* gr& op]a1 9 s f> z x breaks f ! classic model ( ,gluck & 8 foll[]s & incorporates elem5ts ( ! new] romance s*ool4 ,( ! light] works1 ,fra ,diavolo is "o ( ! mo/ successful4 ,aub] w be rememb]$ n only = ! vivacity & brightness ( 8 music1 b also = 8 fasc9at+ & clev] employm5t ( ! or*e/ra1 = :i* he wrote ) consummate ease & inv>iable excell5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,g\nod1 #ahah-ic ,9 ,g\nod we meet ! compos] ( ,fau/1 probably ! mo/ popul> op]a t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,! reasons = its popul>ity are n h>d to seek--an easily und]/ood & well-kn[n /ory1 a succession ( bright1 melodi\s1 & yet good musical numb]s1 & an am\nt ( opportunity = ! /age managem5t beyond ! av]age--all ^! ?+s h t5d$ to keep ,fau/ con/antly be=e ! op]a-go]4 ,fau/ 0 produc$ 9 #ahei1 & al?\gh its or*e/ration may s\nd ?91 & its melodies appe> ultra-squ>e to ^? :o are accu/om$ to fea/ on ! sonor\s melody ( ,wagn]1 x yet pleases & is likely to please4 ,x is ! be/ ( ! ,g\nod op]as1 & q outpaces o!r ef=ts by ! same compos]4 ,( ^!1 ,romeo & ,juliet is ! mo/ (t5 he>d1 b !re are o!rs1 su* z ,! ,mock ,doctor1 ,philmon & ,baucis1 & ,mireille1 :i* latt] ,g\nod always said 0 8 be/ op]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,(f5ba*4 ,sid5ote3 ,bizet1 #ahch-ge ,if ,fau/ holds fir/ place = popul>ity ) ! masses1 x is closely foll[$ 9 ?is respect by ! ,c>m5 ( ,bizet1 a "w ( great] dramatic p[]1 & (f]+ mu* t is fre% 9 its scor+ & its +5i\s use ( ,spani% col\r+ & rhy?ms4 ,! p]=mance ( ,fau/ or ,c>m5 is fairly c]ta9 to fill any prov9cial op]a-h\se1 & we f9d ^! works to be v (t5 ! ma9/ay ( ! t\r+ companies4 ,inde$1 /ati/ics %[ ! numb] ( p]=mances ( ^! works to exce$ t ( all o!r op]as1 & 9 #ahha ! numb] ( times ,c>m5 _h be5 p]=m$ exce$$1 z 0 asc]ta9$ 9 ,b]l91 t ( all ! repres5tations ( ,web] & ,wagn]'s works put toge!r4 ,b ,wagn]'s music enjoys s l>ge a %>e ( public att5tion at ! pres5t "t t ! proportion ( p]=mances ( ^! op]as is probably n[ consid]ably less4 ,sid5ote3 ,(f5ba*1 #ahai-hj ,contempor>y ) ,g\nod & ,bizet 0 ,jules ,(f5ba*1 a compos] ( comp>atively l[ aim b ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( musicianly skill & a sure k ( effect4 ,8 op]as are mo/ly comic1 b 9 _! day !y enjoy$ a furore by no means limit$ to ! ,p>isian public4 ,8 output 0 enorm\s1 ne>ly sev5ty op]as /&+ to 8 "n2 ( ^! ! mo/ fam\s is ,orphe aux enf]s2 8 mo/ ambiti\s ef=t1 ,les ,contes d',h(fmann1 0 only complet$ j be=e 8 dea?4 ,writt5 only = ! pleasure ( ! "t1 !re is little ( any la/+ m]it 9 8 "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,dlibes & ,lalo ,( high] /&>d1 al?\gh 8 att5tion 0 9 ! ma9 giv5 to comic op]a1 is ! music ( ,lo ,dlibes 7#ahcf-ia71 compos] ( ! op]as ,le ,roi l'a dit 7#ahgc71 ,lakm 7#ahhc71 & ! ballet1 ,copplia4 ,lalo 7#ahbc-ib7 is be/ kn[n by 8 "w1 ,le ,roi d' ,ys1 (t5 /ag$ & conta9+ mu* good music4 ,victor ,mass 7#ahbb-gf7 compos$ ,paul et ,virg9ie & _m o!r works :i* ga9$ popul>ity4 ,sid5ote3 ,?omas1 #ahaa-if ,) brief m5tion ( ,ambroise ,?omas1 a musician mu* influ5c$ by ,g\nod1 :o wrote two works at lea/ ( endur+ quality1 ,mignon 7#ahff7 & ,hamlet 7#ahfh7 = ! ,fr5* op]a1 we mu/ = ! pres5t leave ?is s*ool ( composition1 return+ to x anon to make m5tion ( a numb] ( brilliant m5 ( tal5t /ill happily alive & at "w to-day add+ _! quota to ! fabric re>$ by _! pr$ecessors4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,engli% ,,op]a ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a--,arne--,bi%op--,balfe--,wallace-- ,gor+ ,?omas--,sullivan--,liv+ writ]s4 ,we h n mu* to boa/ (1 s f> z ,engli% op]atic music is conc]n$1 f ! dea? ( ,purcell to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,purcell's "w1 9 its limit$ field1 0 excell5t1 b ,h&el's p[]ful p]sonality attract$ s mu* att5tion to ! ,italian me?ods ( composition t no o!r /yle f\nd real fav\r = _m ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8,begg>'s ,op]a0 ,op]a1 ( c\rse1 exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 b x 0 ( ! ,italian ord]3 inde$1 !re 0 s mu* said aga9/ ! un=tunate ,engli% language z a m$ium ( vocal expression1 t native tal5t _h little or no *ance ( di/+ui%+ itself4 ,! only "w t /&s out dur+ ?is p]iod z be+ ess5tially ,engli% 0 a curi\s m$ley ( songs & airs call$ ! ,begg>'s ,op]a produc$ 9 #agbh1 b ev5 ?is 0 arrang$ by ,dr4 ,pepus* 7a ,g]man76 ,! old g5u9e ,engli% tunes 71 h[ev]1 us$ 9 ?is1 & its "o or two successors1 b ! music is n ( a s]i\s type4 ,! airs are simple & simply h>moniz$1 & make no comp>ison ) ! ,h&el or ,buononc9i op]as4 ,moreov]1 !y are s %ort t we may quote ! :ole ( "o z an example4 ,song f 8,! ,begg>'s ,op]a10 arrang$ by ,dr4 ,pepus*4 ,music ,pretty ,polly say1 ,:5 ,i 0 away1 ,did y\r fancy nev] /ray to "s new] lov]8 ,)\t disguise2 ,heav+ sighs2 ,doat+ eyes2 ,my con/ant he>t discov]s1 ,fondly let me tell1 ,fondly let me tell6 ,o pretty1 pretty ,poll4 ,sid5ote3 ,arne1 #agaj-gh ,"o ( ! fir/ ,engli%m5 to write ,op]a on ! preval5t ,italian model 0 ,?omas ,arne1 ^: *ief "w 0 ,artax]xes2 he also wrote _m masques or plays ) incid5tal music4 ,to u ( to-day he is be/ kn[n z ! reput$ au?or ( 8,rule ,britannia10 & ( ! popul> & tuneful sett+ ( ,%akespe>e's words1 8,:]e ! ,bee sucks40 ,! ,engli% /yle ( composition ( ?is p]iod1 :i* is 9 ! ma9 vigor\s1 manly1 & bold1 0 n at all suit$ to ! ta/e ( ! fa%ionable public1 :o 7 l$ to believe t ! florid & effem9ate ,italian airs 7 ! only tune me?od ( op]atic composition2 consequ5tly we are n surpris$ t native tal5t 0 ov]look$ & ignor$1 & t we h no?+ to %[ t w comp>e ) :at 0 go+ on 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,france at a correspond+ p]iod4 ,arne's "n is /ill rememb]$ & 8 tunes sung1 b ! same c h>dly be said ( 8 foll[]s & successors1 ,%ield1 ,/orace1 ,kelly & o!rs4 ,al?\gh ^! m5 attempt$ dramatic composition 9 ! /yle ( ,arne1 !y _h no v def9ite model ^u :i* to "w1 & !y 7 m successful 9 ! glee & madrigal ?an 9 /age "w4 ,we he> "s ( _! songs n[ & !n1 b _! influ5ce on national op]a 0 v slight inde$4 ,sid5ote3 ,bi%op1 #aghf-ahee ,! eighte5? c5tury is inde$ a p]iod ( blank 9 ,engli% op]atic hi/ory1 & 9 spite ( ! "w ( ,h5ry ,bi%op1 :o wrote effective conc]t$ numb]s1 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has b little m to %[4 ,bi%op 0 cont5t to leave ! ,engli% 8,ballad ,op]a0 :]e he f\nd x1 al?\gh he _h ! ability to f\nd a natural s*ool ( op]a _h he _h ! requisite en]gy & initiative4 ,sid5ote3 ,balfe1 #ahjh-ahgj ,! fir/ ,engli% compos] aft] ,arne to produce any?+ atta9+ to real popul>ity1 & to really des]ve ! "n ( op]a1 0 ,balfe1 :o1 foll[+ an example set by ,john ,b>nett 9 8 op]a ,! ,m\nta9 ,sylph1 produc$ 9 #ahce ,! ,siege ( ,ro*elle1 & eight ye>s lat] ! well-kn[n ,bohemian ,girl4 ,t ^! op]as are n ( a p>ticul>ly exalt$ type mu/ be admitt$2 ! airs are tuneful & mo/ly commonplace4 ,!re c be no comp>ison1 = example1 betwe5 ! ,bohemian ,girl & ,fau/1 because al?\gh bo? make a ready & imm$iate appeal1 ! arti/ic /&>d is mu* l[] 9 ! ,engli% ?an 9 ! ,fr5* "w4 ,b /ill ! "w ( ,balfe 0 an imm5se advance on ! poorly con/ruct$ ballad op]a t _h hi!rto f\nd acceptance1 & x help$ to pave ! way to high] ideals & bett] me?ods4 ,type ( ,balfe's melody 8,! ,bohemian ,girl40 ,music ,:5 o!r lips & o!r he>ts ,_! tale ( love %all tell1 ,sid5ote3 ,wallace1 #ahad-fe ,on ab\t ! same plane is ,wallace1 ^: mo/ popul> "w is ,m>itana--ev5 m try+ to li/5 to 7= ! cultur$ he>]7 ?an ! ,bohemian ,girl4 ,^! works1 al?\gh poor & ( no int]e/ to ! musician1 yet play a "p 9 ! education ( ! p4 ,^? q un5light5$ 9 ! =ms ( op]a c make a good />t by at fir/ li/5+ to works ( ?is type2 & z _! exp]i5ce gr[s1 s _! ta/e w und\bt$ly improve1 & rip5 to an appreciation ( bett] ?+s4 ,! admiration ( ! cr[d = su* works z ^!1 al?\gh n[ less ?an =m]ly1 is n to be altoge!r condemn$1 see+ t x may 9 "s cases be ! means ( rais+ ! masses to an appreciation ( some?+ bett] & m musically satisfactory4 ,z musical education 9 ,engl& gradually improv$1 s we f9d our compos]s m arti/ic 9 _! outlook & m solid 9 _! "w4 ,! op]as ( ,b5$ict 7#ahjd-he7 & ,macf>r5 7#ahac-hg71 al?\gh seldom p]=m$ n[1 are ! output ( tal5t$ & cultur$ musicians1 :o possess$1 moreov]1 gifts ( melody & dramatic *>act]ization :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,b5$ict's be/ op]a 0 ,! ,lily ( ,kill>ney1 produc$ 9 #ahfb4 ,sid5ote3 ,gor+ ,?omas1 #ahea-ib ,great] heights /ill 7 rea*$ by ,gor+ ,?omas1 :o wrote ,esm]alda & ,nade%da1 bo? works ( m]it1 & f :i* exc]pts are frequ5tly giv5 9 our conc]t rooms4 ,sid5ote3 ,sullivan1 #ahdb-aijj ,la/ among/ deceas$ ,engli% compos]s ( op]a may be nam$ ,ar?ur ,sullivan1 :o wrote "o s]i\s op]a1 ,ivanhoe 7#ahia71 & a ho/ ( delightful works ( slight] scope to :i* x is h>d to give a class-"n4 ,!y are n q ( ! op]a comique type1 nor d !y p>take ( ! f>cical nature ( 8,op]a ,b\ffe40 ,p]haps a nondescript t]m su* z 8,light ,op]a0 answ]s z well z any o!r to ! *>m+1 h>moni\s1 graceful class ( 8,s+spiel0 :i* f\nd su* fav\r n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ! case ( "s works 7su* z ,! ,mikado71 also on ! ,cont95t4 ,_! popul>ity1 imm5se "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 n[ appe>s to be some:at on ! wane2 b !y are /ill models ( ref9em5t & ( good s\nd musician%ip4 ,sid5ote3 ,liv+ ,writ]s ,illu/ration ,m s]i\s att5tion has1 h[ev]1 be5 paid to op]a 9 ,engli% by compos]s /ill liv+ ?an by any nam$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,to ^! "s consid]ation mu/ be giv51 aft] we h notic$ to "s ext5t ! ,wagn] op]as & _! influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,wagn] ,,& ,,8 ,,op]as4 ,wagn]'s e>ly days--,at ,wrzburg--,at ,knigsb]g-- ,at ,riga--,at ,p>is--,ri5zi--,dresd5--,zuri*-- ,muni*--,triebs*5--,bayreu?--,dea?--,wag n]'s me?ods--,! ,fly+ ,dut*man--,tannhus] --,loh5gr9--,tri/an & ,isolde--,die ,mei/]s+]--,! ,r+--,p>sifal-- ,wagn]'s cont9u$ developm5t4 ,! "n ( ,wagn] is ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 all ! annals ( op]a4 ,we live too f> away f ! days ( ,lully & ( ,gluck to feel m ?an a %ad[y int]e/ 9 ! p]sonality ( ^! m51 al?\gh x 0 v m>k$2 & 9 ! case ( m mod]n compos]s ( pron\nc$ "* & di/9ctive a*ievem5t1 su* z ,mey]be]1 ,spont9i1 or ,v]di1 none c approa* ! great ,ri*>d ,wagn] 9 int]e/ or 9 fasc9ation4 ,s9ce he is n only ! mo/ /rik+ ( op]a compos]s1 b also "o ^: "w is judg$1 practically1 by 8 ef=ts 9 ?is field alone ( all musical art1 we ne$ h no hesitation 9 giv+1 9 8 case1 a slightly m develop$ biographical notice ?an has be5 possible = m5 ( less op]atic repute4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]'s ,e>ly ,days ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 a junior memb] ( a l>ge family1 0 born 9 ,leipsic 9 #ahac 7,may #bbnd74 ,8 fa!r di$ e>ly1 & 8 "m soon m>ri$ aga94 ,ri*>d's /ep-fa!r1 ,gey]1 0 in/rum5tal 9 introduc+ ! boy to ! /age1 z he 0 an assi/ant at ! ,c\rt ,!atre at ,dresd54 ,moreov]1 he p]ceiv$ arti/ic in/9cts 9 ! boy1 & _h him prop]ly educat$4 ,wagn]'s e>lie/ dramatic ef=t 0 made at ! age ( f\rte51 :5 he wrote a great trag$y la ,%akespe>e2 =ty-two ( 8 *>act]s 7 slaught]$ 9 ! fir/ f\r acts1 s = ! dn\em5t !y 7 9 "p resuscitat$ z gho/s6 ,^! e>ly attempts may cause u to smile1 b 9 !m may be se5 ! p[] to grapple ) "w on a l>ge scale1 :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ! man's lat] life4 ,he /ruggl$ to ma/] ! pian(orte1 v unsuccessfully1 & also wrote ! usual pian(orte sonatas & pieces4 ,8 education1 proce$$ ) at ,dresd5 & ,leipsic1 0 ( a v brok5 nature1 & he 0 a bad pupil3 8 incl9ation be+ to /udy ,web] & ,bee?ov5 r ?an ,lat9 & ,greek2 consequ5tly he 0 always uneasy & desir\s ( escap+ f ! trammels ( education4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ,wrzburg1 #ahcc ,?is he did :5 he 0 ab\t n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 tak+ a po/ z *orus ma/] at ! ,wrzburg !atre1 & writ+ at ! age ( tw5ty 8 fir/ op]a1 ,! ,fairies2 ?is "w & its successor1 ,das ,liebesv]bot1 ne$ n deta9 u1 except to record t ! latt] _h two productions at ,magdeburg 9 #ahcf1 ,wagn] hav+ gone !re to act z conductor4 ,( ^! ! fir/ 0 a failure1 ! second 0 to an audi5ce consi/+ ( ,wagn]'s l&lady1 h] husb&1 & a ,poli% ,jew4 ,aft] ?is ! ,magdeburg !atre retir$ gracefully into bankruptcy1 & ) x w5t ! conductor4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ,knigsb]g1 #ahcf ,be+ attract$ by a c]ta9 ,wilhelm9a ,plan]1 :o 0 act+ at ,knigsb]g1 ,wagn]'s next /eps 7 direct$ to ?is small t[n1 :]e he m>ri$ 8 lady-love1 & also receiv$ ! director%ip ( ! op]a4 ,bankruptcy fell to ! lot ( ?is !atre also1 & ,wagn] %ift$ to ,riga1 :]e he f\nd bett] "w on a m secure foot+4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ,riga1 #ahch ,riga _h a good op]a-h\se1 & s inspir$ ! ambiti\s compos] t he long$ to scale great] heights1 & set out = ,p>is4 ,he w5t by sea to ,london1 be+ well-nigh wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & receiv$ impressions :i* are ably record$ = u 9 8 sett+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 compos$ %ortly aft] ! voyage4 ,sid5ote3 ,at ,p>is1 #ahci ,cross+ to ,p>is1 ,wagn] liv$ = "s "t on ! v v]ge ( />vation2 he _h _h introductions to ,mey]be] & o!r p]sons ( influ5ce 9 ! ,fr5* capital1 b no "o want$ ! "w ( an unkn[n ,g]man compos]1 & he 0 =c$ to e>n a liv+ z be/ he c\ld by arrang+ fantasias f popul> op]as1 & turn+ out tuneful melodies = ! cornet4 ,8 wife *e]$ him on & did h] be/1 b mis=tune dogg$ him1 = a little !atre t agre$ to produce ,das ,liebesv]bot fail$ be=e ! day ( production came4 ,sid5ote3 8,ri5zi0 ,undaunt$1 ,wagn] cont9u$ 8 "w on ! score ( 8 fir/ real op]a ,ri5zi1 :i* is f\nd$ on ,lytton's novel ( ! same "n4 ,its music is modell$ aft] ! /yle ( ,mey]be]1 & ( ! gr& op]a ( ,p>is4 ,! ,wagn] ( re=m 0 n yet born3 be=e 8 crusade c\ld />t1 its au?or mu/ be conv9c$ ( ! futility ( ! old] me?ods1 & z a /ruggl+ compos] he _h at pres5t z 8 great idea ! problem ( mak+ bo? ends meet2 consequ5tly 9 ,ri5zi we d n f9d any?+ to specially arre/ ! att5tion1 nor is ! "w look$ ^u by s]i\s ,wagn]ians z wor?y ( consid]ation2 x _h its importance1 h[ev]1 9 ga9+ ,wagn] a he>+1 be+ produc$ at ,dresd5 9 #ahdb4 ,sid5ote3 ,dresd51 #ahdb ,wagn] w5t to ,dresd5 to prep>e ! "w = p]=mance1 & settl$ d[n !re1 tak+ up ! duties ( ,h(kapellmei/]4 ,dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ! ,saxon capital he produc$ ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man 7#ahdc7 & ,tannhus] 7#ahde74 ,b 9 ! latt] ye> ,wagn] got himself into political tr\bles1 & _h to fly ! k+dom4 ,he settl$ d[n to a rov+ life 9 ,p>is & ,switz]l&1 work+ at ,loh5gr91 :i* 0 produc$ by ,liszt at ,weim> 9 #ahej4 ,sid5ote3 ,zuri*1 #aheb-ee ,:ile liv+ at ,zuri* he sket*$ ! libretto ( ! ,r+1 a gigantic cycle ( f\r op]as1 ( :i* m anon4 ,9 #ahee he came to ,engl& z ! conductor ( ! ,philh>monic ,society's conc]ts = ! ye>4 ,a good deal ( disapproval ) 8 me?ods & 8 "w 0 exp]i5c$ by him 9 ?is c\ntry1 & he return$ to ,zuri* to take up 8 "w aga9 !re1 settl+ d[n n only to ! ,r+1 b also to ! newly-conceiv$ ,tri/an4 ,sid5ote3 ,muni*1 #ahfa-fe ,9 #ahfj ,wagn]'s p]iod ( exile 0 at an end1 & he return$ to ,g]man soil & compos$ ! mo/ ,g]man ( 8 op]as1 ,die ,mei/]s+]4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he w5t to dwell 9 ,muni*1 b5ea? ! eye ( 8 patron1 ,k+ ,ludwig ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia1 :o f9anc$ him until ! end ( 8 life4 ,! mon>* & ! compos] 7 h&-9-glove ) ea* o!r1 s mu* s t 9 ! ye> #ahfe ! latt] _h p]=ce to leave ! ,bav>ian capital1 return+ to ,swiss soil = six m ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,triebs*51 #ahff-gb ,! well-kn[n village ( ,triebs*51 on ! lake ( ,luc]ne1 0 ,wagn]'s home dur+ ?is p]iod1 dur+ :i* mo/ ( ! detail "w ( composition ( ! ,r+ 0 poli%$ (f & 9 "p produc$4 ,9 #ahgj1 8 fir/ wife hav+ di$1 ,wagn] m>ri$ ,cosima von ,bl[1 a daught] ( 8 fri5d ,liszt4 ,?is is ! pres5t ,madame ,wagn]1 :o rules all at ,bayreu? to-day ) s firm a grip4 ,sid5ote3 ,bayreu?1 #ahgb-hc ,9 #ahgb ,wagn] return$ to 8 patron1 ,ludwig ,,ii41 :o enc\rag$ him to devise s*emes to raise #de1jjj to build a !atre :]e he lik$1 & aft] 8 own design2 ,bayreu?1 a small ,bav>ian t[n%ip1 0 pit*$ ^u1 & "h a !atre 0 erect$ & op5$ 9 #ahgf4 ,x 0 built ) special ref]5ce to ,wagn]'s idea t e seat 9 ! h\se %\ld h a complete view ( ! /age1 & %\ld !re=e be on a slightly high] level ?an ! seat 9 front ( x2 & also t ! or*e/ra %\ld be out ( sight b5ea? ! /age4 ,special arrangem5ts = ! rem>kably heavy /age sc5es & me*anical devices necess>y = ! production ( ! ,r+ 7 also made1 & all 0 successfully br\ght to a happy issue by ?ree p]=mances ( t cycle 9 full1 "u ! well-kn[n & happily liv+ great ,wagn]ian conductor1 ,hans ,ri*t]4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? ,aft] a fur!r visit to ,engl& 9 #ahgg1 ,wagn] return$ to ,bayreu? & wrote 8 la/ "w1 ,p>sifal1 :i* 0 produc$ at ! new ,op]a ,h\se 9 #ahhb4 ,e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,wagn] di$ at ,v5ice1 b 8 body 0 tak5 to 8 home1 8,wahnfri$10 & !re int]r$4 ,bayreu? is to-day ! goal ( _m pilgrims1 p ( all nationalities assembl+ = ! p]=mances ( ! ,r+ & o!r works1 :i* g5]ally take place dur+ ! summ]s ( alt]nate ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]'s ,me?ods ,9 our *apt] ^u ! ,re=m]s ( ,op]a we not$ ! me?ods by :i* ,wagn] br\ght music into its prop] sph]e--namely1 t ( an adjunct to ! "w ( ! /age2 we ne$ n "h recapitulate 8 !ories ( ! absolute necessity ( ! music help+1 r ?an h9d]+1 ! dramatic action4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d t he set be=e himself ! object ( elim9at+ all t 0 unwor?y 9 ! me?ods ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & f\nd himself unable1 9 ! great] "p ( 8 "w1 to accept ! set aria1 duet1 or o!r conc]t$ movem5t1 9 _! place sub/itut+ a cont9u\s1 ri*1 & fully-scor$ accompani$ recitative1 consi/+ v l>gely ( a s]ies ( melodies1 he>d s+ly or 9 comb9ation2 ea* melody1 or leit-motif 7:i* might1 h[ev]1 be also a *ord-progression1 or *>act]i/ic comb9ation ( in/rum5ts71 be+ meant to br+ to ! m9d ( ! li/5]1 ?r\gh 8 e> & bra91 a def9ite tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 8,! ,fly+ ,dut*man0 ,wagn] did n by any means arrive at ?is conception /raight away4 ,ri5zi1 ) its spectacul> effects & %[y music1 is an av[$ copy ( ,mey]be] & ! gr& op]a me?ods4 ,a /ep 9 advance 0 tak5 9 ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man4 ,! /ory is ! well-kn[n "o ( ! sailor doom$ to p]petually sail 8 vessel = ev] & ev]1 be+ all[$ to t\* l& once 9 sev5 ye>s only2 8 *ance ( salvation be+ t "s woman w volunt>ily give h]self to him2 !n only may he f9d peace4 ,s5ta1 ! h]o9e ( ! op]a1 (f]s to d ?is1 9 spite ( h] affection = h] promis$ lov] ,erik2 %e cl+s to h] det]m9ation1 9 spite ( all entreaties ( fa!r 7,dal&7 & lov]1 & ?r[s h]self into ! sea z ! ,dut*man's %ip sails away4 ,?is proves h] devotion1 & ! %ip s9ks2 its w&]+s n[ ov] at la/4 ,! 8,curse0 ,motive1 associat$ ) ! 8,fly+ ,dut*man40 ,music ,! music 9 ?is e>ly "w is /ill r\ghly divid$ into solo1 duet1 & *orus1 & %[s only a few traces ( ! ,wagn] ( ! future2 ! f9e ov]ture1 ) its well-kn[n passages depict+ ! angry1 /ormy waves & ! o!r sea portions ( ! "w1 7 l>gely inspir$ by ,wagn]'s own p]il\s voyage 9 #ahch4 ,x conta9s mu* f9e music1 b mu* also t is dull & unconv9c+4 ,sid5ote3 8,tannhus]0 ,tannhus] deals ) ! /ory ( ! knight :o leaves ! _w1 8 affianc$ bride1 & 8 duties1 = ! unhall[$ delight ( ,v5us4 ,tir+ at la/ ( ^!1 a *orus ( pilgrims on _! way to ,rome moves him to p5it5ce1 & he returns to ! c\rt ( ! ,l&grave ( ,?ur+ia1 ^: daught] ,elizabe? welcomes back ,tannhus] h] belov$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 _c refra9 f boa/+ ( ! joys ( 8 impi\s haunts1 & is bani%$ f ! ,c\rt1 to seek =giv5ess at ,rome4 ,elizabe? prays 9 solitude = him1 b ! pilgrims return )\t him1 he ev5tually reappe>+ 9 despair1 = ! ,pope has refus$ him absolution4 ,he desires to return to ,v5us1 b ,wolfram1 8 fri5d1 rem9ds him ( ,elizabe?1 :o has di$ ( grief2 h] fun]al procession passes1 & ,tannhus] falls dead by h] bi]1 j z mess5g]s f ,rome ann\nce 8 ultimate =giv5ess by ! ,pope4 8,v5usb]g0 ,motives1 8,tannhus]40 ,music ,music ,to all conc]t go]s ! ,tannhus] music is famili> by ! ov]ture1 bas$ ma9ly on ! pilgrims' *orus & ! ,v5usb]g music1 & by ! song ( ,wolfram to ! ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,?r\gh\t ! op]a ! scor+ is f9e & effective1 & ! leit-motif makes a few def9ite appe>ances2 x is a /ep t[>ds ,wagn]'s goal1 b only an e>ly "o4 ,! music is cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ea* act1 & less def9itely split up ?an 9 ! ,dut*man2 a good deal ( ! success ( ,tannhus] dep5ds on its spectacul> opportunities1 ! gr& sc5e 9 ! second act ) ! maje/ic m>* (f]+ special scope 9 ?is respect4 ,sid5ote3 8,loh5gr90 ,9 ,loh5gr9 we meet ) "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ,wagn]'s works3 ,loh5gr91 an unkn[n knight1 appe>s 9 a boat drawn by a swan1 z x 7 by magic1 to succ\r ,elsa ( ,brabant1 wrongfully accus$ ( ! murd] ( h] bro!r by ,fr$]ic ( ,telramund1 & ,ortrud 8 wife3 he defeats ,telramund 9 a duel1 & ,elsa be/[s h] h& ^u him4 ,ortrud nurtures rev5ge1 & sugge/s t ,elsa has m>ri$ a nameless adv5tur]4 ,elsa1 al?\gh %e has promis$ nev] to "q ,loh5gr9 z to 8 "n1 or orig91 falls a prey to ins9uation & to anxi\s curiosity3 %e elicits f him t he is son to ,p>sifal1 gu>dian ( ! ,holy ,grail1 & n[ 8 orig9 is kn[n1 ! swan w come to be> him away once m4 ,at 8 dep>ture ,ortrud sugge/s t ! swan is none o!r ?an ! bro!r :om ,elsa is "u suspicion ( hav+ made away )1 b ,loh5gr91 by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,grail1 re/ores h] bro!r to h]1 & !n sails away1 leav+ h] = ev]4 ,! my/ical beauty ( ! 8,grail0 7see p4 #bh7 !me1 ) its di/9ctive & orig9al scor+ = flutes & /r+ h>monics1 always ?r[s ! he>]1 at ! outset ( ! ,prelude1 into ! "r mood = ?is "w4 ,! music is n ?r\gh\t at an equally high level1 b !re is a great] consi/5cy ?an 9 ! e>li] works1 & m use is made ( guid+ !mes4 ,! well-kn[n 8,bridal ,*orus10 s (t5 play$ at w$d+s1 occurs 9 ! second act1 & adds greatly to ! spectacul> opportunities af=d$2 !re is beautiful writ+1 also1 9 ,elsa's procession to ! ,ca!dral1 & 9 ,loh5gr9's 8,f>ewell40 ,sid5ote3 8,tri/an & ,isolde0 ,tri/an & ,isolde is an exposition ( a leg5d :i* n>rates h[ ,k+ ,m>k ( ,cornwall s5ds 8 tru/y knight ,tri/an to br+ back = him f ,irel& a bride1 ,isolde4 ,! knight & ! maid51 "u *>m ( a love potion adm9i/]$ by ! maid ,brangne1 fall 9 love ) ea* o!r dur+ ! voyage1 & on _! return are nei!r ( !m fai?ful to ,k+ ,m>k4 ,! foll[]s ( ! latt] surprise !m1 & ,melot /abs ,tri/an1 :o is !n convey$ to 8 ca/le 9 ,brittany4 ,"h he p9es away 9 long+ = ,isolde1 & dies j z %e rea*es ! %ore4 ,! comb9$ !mes ( ,tri/an's ,suff]+s & ,isolde's ,love-long+4 ,music ,?is op]a has be5 describ$ z "o long love duet1 ) occasional int]ludes3 !re is v little action or movem5t1 & x is ! surpass+ beauty ( ! music :i* acc\nts = ! wondr\s hold ! "w has ^u ! cultur$ public4 ,x is ! manife/ation to ! full ( ,wagn]'s ideas ( ! propriety ( music = illu/rative purposes1 & ! music is a cont9u\s /ream ( surg+ s\nd1 passion lad54 ,! *romatic nature ( ! !mes int5sify ! emotionalism s\ght to be convey$3 su* music c nev] be popul> 9 ! ord9>y int]pretation ( ! ^w1 b z an illu/ration ( ! musical expression ( ! beauty & passion ( love x is unapproa*able & inimitable4 ,sid5ote3 8,die ,mei/]s+]0 ,! ,ma/]s+]s ( ,nuremb]g is ! "o "w ( ,wagn] embody+ t\*es ( hum\r4 ,x is sometimes call$ a comic op]a1 b ?is is to give x a mislead+ title3 humor\s x is 9 p>ts1 b ^! are sep>at$ by long /ret*es ( music ( a s]i\s & dignifi$ nature4 ,! plot is conc]n$ ) ! old guild ( ,ma/]s+]s1 entry to :i* 0 h$g$ ab\t by numb]less petty re/rictions 9 ! middle ages4 ,wal!r1 a "y knight1 seeks entry1 s9ce x is only z a ma/] s+] t he c hope to w9 ! h& ( ,eva1 daught] to ,pogn]1 :o aw>ds h] z ! prize to ! compos] & s+] ( ! mo/ beautiful song4 ,beckmess]1 ano!r c&idate = ! fair ,eva1 is also umpire to ! guild1 & ?us has an unfair advantage ov] ,wal!r :5 he s+s ! song :i* he hopes w ga9 him admission4 ,he breaks e possible rule1 & is hopelessly reject$4 ,b ,hans ,sa*s1 ! %oemak]1 is conv9c$ ( ! beauty ( ,wal!r's song1 & induces ! o!r ma/]s to give him ano!r he>+4 ,beckmess] breaks d[n 9 a comically hopeless attempt at ! f9al competition1 & ,wal!r1 ) a beautiful & impassion$ 8,prize ,song10 w9s ! covet$ aw>d4 8,! ,ma/]s+]s40 ,music ,! dignifi$ ov]ture1 ) its contrapuntal skill 9 comb9$ !mes1 ! songs sung by ,wal!r at v>i\s p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( ! /ory1 ! curi\s & humor\s lute music alli$ to ,beckmess]'s qua9t v]ses1 ! noble monologue = ,hans ,sa*s1 ! dance ( ! appr5tices1 & ! qu9tet ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s :i* occurs late 9 ! op]a1 are all features ( musical int]e/4 ,! /ory all[s m scope ?an 9 ! o!r music dramas = numb]s 9 set musical =m1 ) ! result t we h sev]al delightful exc]pts f ?is "w :i* are q capable ( effective p]=mance ap>t f ! /age sett+4 ,= ! re/1 ! music is 9 ,wagn]'s advanc$ mann]1 b (t5 9 light] /yle ?an is usual ) him2 a natural sequel to ! humor\s nature ( _m ( ! sc5es :i* ! music portrays4 ,sid5ote3 8,! ,r+0 ,! cycle ( f\r op]as writt5 on ! same set ( leg5ds1 ,rhe+old1 ,die ,walkre1 ,siegfri$1 & ,gott]dmm]ung1 is conv5i5tly spok5 ( z ! 8,r+40 ,! t]m is d]iv$ 9 ! same way z is ! ^w cycle or circle1 & expresses a complete or r\nd$ gr\p ( ideas3 x is n 9 any way tak5 f ! actual gold5 r+ :i* figures l>gely 9 ! plot z ! desir$ object ar\nd :i* s mu* ( ! /ory c5tres4 ,x is n possible "h to g into detail z to ! plots ( ^! f\r op]as2 !y may & %\ld be /udi$ be=e he>+ ! "w1 by means ( "o ( ! num]\s h&y volumes on ! subject :i* h be5 publi%$ dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,suffice x to say t ea* ( ! op]as is a complete "w 9 itself1 ! %orte/ be+ ,rhe+old1 :i* is 9 "o long act la/+ ab\t two h\rs3 ! longe/ is ,! ,dusk ( ! ,gods1 :i* plays = ab\t five h\rs4 ,die ,walkre & ,siegfri$ are ea* ( !m ord9>y op]as 9 ?ree acts4 ,! leg5d>y /ory ( ! ,nibelungs =ms ! basis ( ! op]as1 & ) x is comb9$ ! bir? ( ,siegfri$1 *ild ( e>?-mortal & ( w>-maid5 7,walkre71 8 life1 dea?1 & ! g5]al fall ( ! gods4 ,! conception ( ! 8,r+0 0 some:at =tuit\s4 ,wagn] />t$ ) ! /ory ( ,siegfri$2 he !n f\nd t he mu/ expla9 t by tell+ ! /ory ( ,brnnhilde1 ! w>-maid54 ,to make ?is cle>1 a prelude 7,rhe+old7 0 necess>y = ! explanation ( ! pres5ce ( ! curs$ gold :i* lies buri$ b5ea? ! ,rh9e1 & ov] :i* gods & mortals fight & cont5d4 ,9 ! ,r+1 ,wagn]'s use ( leit-motiv5 & g5]al pr9ciples rea* _! highe/ consummation4 ,! music has its supreme mom5ts ( beauty1 :i* are app>5t to e auditor4 ,= him :o w\ld s\nd ^! works to _! fulle/ dep?s1 /udy & conc5trat$ ?\ght are1 9 addition1 necess>y4 ,9 mo/ cases1 full enjoym5t ( ! wondr\s beauties & complexities ( ! scores w only come aft] he>+ & mu* rehe>+4 ,sid5ote3 8,p>sifal0 ,wagn]'s la/ op]a1 ,p>sifal1 returns to ! subject ( ! 8,holy ,grail10 & is entitl$ a ,sacr$ ,fe/ival ,drama4 ,its compos]'s wi% 0 t x %\ld be p]=m$ at ,bayreu? only1 & = m ?an tw5ty ye>s ?is reque/1 back$ also by copyright laws1 0 foll[$4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 9 ,new ,york & 9 ,am/]dam ent]pris+ manag]s h1 mu* aga9/ ,madame ,wagn]'s wi%1 put x be=e _! patrons4 ,accord+ to all acc\nts x is less impressive 9 an ord9>y !atre ?an amid/ ! quiet surr\nd+s ( ,bayreu?1 & x seems to be a "w unsuit$ = g5]al p]=mance1 & "o t %\ld only be giv5 at a suitable "t1 9 a suitable place1 & be=e an audi5ce ?or\ghly 9 sympa?y ) ! subject4 ,its p]=mances 9 ,engl& h s f> be5 re/rict$ to ! conc]t-room1 :5 its ,prelude1 ! ,good ,friday music1 ! *orus ( ,fl[] ,girls1 & o!r exc]pts are sometimes giv54 ,! /ory deals ) ! dual relation%ip ( ! h]o1 ,p>sifal1 9 8 s]vice to ! ,holy ,grail 7gu>d$ by ,titurel & ,am=tas71 & 9 8 contact ) ! temptations ( ! _w1 z exemplifi$ by ,kl+sor1 ) 8 magic *>ms1 & ,kundry1 8 mo/ beautiful & ravi%+ assi/ant4 ,p>sifal ma9ta9s 8 spotless innoc5ce1 spite ( all temptation1 & ev5tually op5s up a way ( salvation to ! fall5 ,am=tas1 & to all ! knights ( ! ,grail ^: fai? _h langui%$ & fad$4 ,! music ?r\gh\t is ( int5sely devotional feel+ & ( a religi\s f]v\r1 v>i$ only by ! /ra9s t accompany ,kundry & ! ,fl[] ,girls3 ! use ( ! guid+-!me is less prom95t & important 9 ?is "w ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,r+ op]as1 nor are ! pr9ciples ( its compos] s closely foll[$ out4 ,its s9c]ity1 poetry1 & dep? always comm& our admiration & att5tion1 ev5 if ! *>m be n always s app>5t z 9 "s ( ! e>li] op]as4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]'s ,cont9u$ ,developm5t ,betwixt fir/ & la/ 9 ,wagn] is a great gulf fix$3 8 0 a nature t 0 cont5t to g on only f /r5g? to /r5g?4 ,unlike ,mey]be] or ,ross9i1 :o 7 mo/ly cont5t to write op]a aft] op]a ^u ! same g5]al outl9e1 ! same broad patt]n1 ,wagn] always presses on t[>ds a clos] realization ( an ideal =m ( "w :i* he has set himself = a*ievem5t4 ,h5ce ! cumulative p[] display$ 9 ! wondr\s s]ies ( music dramas ( :i* we h attempt$ to give "s slight acc\nt 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,mod]n ,,op]a ,,s9ce ,,wagn]',s ,,re=ms4 ,wagn]'s influ5ce--,no m]e copy+--,mod]n 8,melos0--,use ( ! or*e/ra--,8 h>mony --,m5 ( a y\ng] g5]ation--,! ,slavs4 ,! la/ ( ! revolutioni/s has left an indelible m>k ^u op]atic hi/ory4 ,z we h be=e said1 !re has be5 no?+ s9ce ! "t ( ,wagn] :i* c lay claim to hav+ advanc$ ! art ( op]a1 no?+ new has be5 done1 & x is n easy to see on :at l9es any?+ fre% c be attempt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]'s ,influ5ce ,b compos]s h n be5 sl[ to take advantage ( ! new me?ods introduc$ by t ,colossus among op]a writ]s1 ^: innovations h alt]$ ! :ole aspect ( ?+s1 bo? 9 /age managem5t1 9 ! w$d+ ( suitable music to a really dramatic libretto1 9 ! use ( ! leit-motif1 & 9 ! writ+ ( melos1 accompani$ by *>act]i/ic & def9itive use ( ! or*e/ra4 ,sid5ote3 ,no m]e ,copy+ ,x is n too mu* to say t e compos] ( op]a1 s9ce ,wagn]'s lat] works became kn[n1 has come "u ! influ5ce ( ! great ma/]1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,x is n inf]r$ t mod]n musicians h tak5 ! sy/em ( guid+ !mes & us$ !m sy/ematically 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are us$ 9 ! ,r+3 ?is has inde$ be5 attempt$1 sometimes on q a l>ge scale1 & sometimes ) success1 m (t5 ) failure2 = m]e imitation ( ,wagn]'s me?ods h always spelt failure4 ,! sy/ematic use ( guid+ !mes has1 h[ev]1 become common1 n only 9 dramatic music1 b ev5 9 ab/ract music1 & occasionally 9 ! oratorio1 z witness ,elg>'s ,apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n ,melos ,b :e!r ! guid+-!me plan has be5 adopt$ or no by late n9ete5? c5tury compos]s ( op]a1 !re is no d\bt t all h be5 influ5c$ by ! melos & accompani$ recitative ( ,wagn]4 ,! new1 ri*ly-con/ruct$ musical dialogue1 if we may s t]m x1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to treat 9 s *>act]i/ic & individual a mann]1 became a new tool 9 ! h&s ( compos]s4 ,! tool is "o :i* turns out attractive "w & has be5 pl5tifully lab\r$ )3 its results are app>5t ev]y:]e1 9 ! mod]n dramatic passages t diff] z widely f ! ,moz>tean recitatives z !y 9 turn d f ^? ( ,sc>latti4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is due to ! polyphonic bl5d+ ( !mes 9 ! or*e/ral accompanim5t3 !y may or may n be guid+ !mes1 b 9 any case !y are sup]impos$ to a mu* great] ext5t ?an 0 ! case 9 ! simple *ordal recitative sections ( e>li] days4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! ,or*e/ra ,wagn]'s use ( ! or*e/ra1 too1 unque/ionably l$ ! way = mu* ( ! mod]n scor+2 ! ri* complet5ess ( a :ole family ( in/rum5ts ( ! same timbre has f\nd _m admir]s1 & mod]n or*e/ration has a resonance & a r\ndness :i* is h>d to f9d 9 music prior to 8 "t4 ,! t5d5cy to-day is to use m & m in/rum5ts1 & to gr\p !m accord+ to _! *>act]i/ic tone col\r1 ?us (f]+ a palate ( great] scope & v>iety4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 ,h>mony ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 too1 t ,wagn]'s simultane\s use ( _m !mes br\ght into prom95ce ! possibility ( ! use ( _m uncommon h>monies4 ,we w n say he inv5t$ ^!1 because x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to f9d any t h n occurr$ 9 ! writ+s ( t m>vell\s contrapunti/1 ,j4 ,s4 ,ba*2 b :]eas 9 ! old] ma/] _! use is =tuit\s & r>e1 !y become 9 ,wagn] ( frequ5t & design$ occurr5ce--h5ce ! e> accepts !m ev5tually1 al?\gh sometimes at fir/ repell$4 ,^! _m new h>monies are "p ( ! legacy bequea!d to a y\ng] g5]ation by ! ,bayreu? mae/ro4 ,we h se5 h[ ,v]di1 ! greate/ ( ,wagn]'s contempor>ies1 0 influ5c$ by ! ,g]man compos]1 & h[ 8 :ole /yle und]w5t trans=mation z he imbib$ deep] & deep] ( ! f\nta9 ( new me?ods & ideas :i* sprung f ! /udy ( su* works z ! ,r+4 ,nor 0 ,v]di alone ( ^? ( :om we h already spok5 9 be+ ?us influ5c$1 al?\gh ! traces ( su* influ5ce are n ev]y:]e s app>5t4 ,g\nod1 ,ambroise ,?omas1 ,sullivan1 & _m ano!r wrote works dur+ & aft] ,wagn]'s lifetime :i* owe at lea/ some?+ to :at _! compos]s _h le>n$ f him4 ,sid5ote3 ,m5 ( a ,y\ng] ,g5]ation ,b x is only natural t full] results %\ld be se5 9 ! m5 ( a y\ng] g5]ation1 m5 happily alive & at "w to-day1 9 v>i\s c\ntries & ( v>i\s nationalities4 ,to ^! we may n[ devote a little att5tion4 ,t !y h by no means slavi%ly copi$ ,wagn] is ( c\rse readily admitt$2 at ! same "t x _c be ma9ta9$ t !y h 9 any way advanc$ ^u 8 "w1 & _! success is l>gely dep5d5t ^u _! ability to seize ^u ! *ief m]its ( 8 models & to comb9e ) !m "s ( _! own p>ticul> features ( temp]am5t1 & ( _! individuality ( /yle4 ,! *ief mod]n compos]s ( op]a liv+ to-day are-- 7a7 ,g]man--,goldm>k1 ,hump]d9ck1 ,ri*>d ,/rauss4 7b7 ,italian--,boito1 ,pucc9i1 ,mascagni1 ,leoncavallo1 ,cilea1 ,manc9elli1 ,fran*etti4 7c7 ,fr5*--,sa9t-,sans1 ,mass5et1 ,messag]1 ,bruneau1 d',indy1 ,*>p5ti]1 & ,debussy4 7d7 ,engli%--,mack5zie1 ,/an=d1 ,c[51 ,bunn+1 ,cord]1 de ,l>a1 ,e!l ,smy?1 ,mc,cunn1 & o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,slavs ,be=e say+ m ab\t ^! compos]s1 :om we c conv5i5tly treat "u ! head+s ( ! diff]5t nationalities to :i* !y belong1 we may turn aside a mom5t = a consid]ation ( a s*ool ( composition t possesses peculi> & *>act]i/ic features ( its own--namely1 t ( ! ,russian & ,slav races4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( its repres5tatives h liv$ & work$ s9ce ! "t ( ,wagn]1 b ! /rong national *>act]i/ics ( ! ,slavs h prev5t$ 8 influ5ce f be+ s app>5tly m>k$ z x is 9 ! case ( compos]s ( ! m we/]n nations4 ,! op]a writ]s ( ?is s*ool are1 9 _m cases1 /ill liv+1 b z dea? has tak5 f u ,gl9ka & ,t*akovsky1 & m rec5tly ,dvrk1 x w be z well to treat ( ! ,slav compos]s 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 mak+ "s slight endeav\r to grasp "s outl9e ( ! di/9ctive features :i* are !irs1 & :i* col\r all _! compositions1 :e!r = ! /age or o!rwise4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,slavonic ,,op]a4#b ,e>ly ,russian compos]s--,gl9ka--,d>gomijsky--,borod9-- ,cs>-,cui--,t*akovsky--,poli% op]a--,bohemian op]a --,dvrk--,o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,! op]as ( ! ,russians1 ,poles1 & ,bohemians1 9 s f> z !y possess po9ts ( individual int]e/1 d s by virtue ( _! natural *>act]i/ics4 ,x is unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to trace back ! hi/ory ( ,op]a 9 ^! c\ntries to its f\ndation1 z we %\ld f9d t1 9 ! ma91 x 0 a borr[$ & =eign art1 employ+ only me?ods t _h d]iv$ _! orig9 else:]e1 g5]ally 9 ,italy4 #b ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,national ,op]a 9 ,russia are ref]r$ to f\r exhau/ive pap]s read be=e ! ,musical ,association by ,mrs4 ,newm>*1 "u ?is head+1 & publi%$ 9 ! volumes ( ! ,proce$+s = #aijj1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijd respectively4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly ,russian ,compos]s ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 we f9d t op]a 9 ,russia 0 produc$ z e>ly z #agcg on ! ,italian model1 & ev5 9 ! v]nacul> ) "s attempt at national /yle 9 #agef1 ^! e>ly attempts soon gave way be=e ! popul> /yle ( light ,italian pieces1 & ! "w ( su* compos]s z ,volkov1 ,titov1 & ,cavos may be pass$ ov] z unimportant 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a4 ,ev5 ! music ( t mu* great] musician1 ,anton ,rub9/e91 s f> z 8 dramatic "w goes1 is a negligible quantity1 9 s f> z x is ,teuton 9 /yle & )\t di/9ction or national signification4 ,sid5ote3 ,gl9ka1 #ahjd-eg ,! ackn[l$g$ pione] 9 ?is s*ool 0 ,gl9ka1 :o wrote b "o "w ( la/+ wor?1 ,a ,life = ! ,cz>4 ,?is op]a1 h[ev]1 laid su* hold ^u ! ,russian peoples z to h become ! mo/ popul> op]a 9 _! rep]toire1 & we are told t x is play$ inv>iably = ! op5+ night ( ! season bo? at ,mosc[ & at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,x is int5sely national 9 subject1 & al?\gh ! music %[s _m traces ( ,italian influ5ce1 :i* is n surpris+ consid]+ its date ( production 7#ahcf71 !re is /ill mu* t has its orig9 9 national song & folk !me4 ,gl9ka aft]w>ds wrote & produc$ a /ill m national1 b less successful1 "w entitl$ ,ruslan & ,ludmilla4 ,gl9ka's "o popul> op]a is n only important 9 itself2 x is /ill m wor?y ( notice z ! /imulat+ motive :i* enabl$ a l>ge numb] ( y\ng] ,russians to write works ( a simil> nature4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ t to ,engli%m5 ! names ( ^! m5 are h>dly any?+ b names2 yet 9 _! own c\ntry !y mean mu* m to ! p ?an d ! names ( our ,engli% compos]s to ! majority ( u 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,un=tunately1 int5se en?usiasm & natural f]v\r has by no means f\nd its way at pres5t into ,engli% music4 ,! extremely intimate nature ( ! music ( ! op]as writt5 by su* m5 z ,d>gomijsky1 ,s]ov1 ,cs>-,cui1 ,rimsky-,korsak(f1 ,borod91 ,t*akovsky1 & ,ar5sky1 :ile mak+ = _! popul>ity 9 ! c\ntry ( _! production1 is a factor aga9/ _! p]=mance 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! folk-songs & !mes introduc$ w\ld be unkn[n & unappreciat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,d>gomijsky1 #ahac-fh ,d>gomijsky1 :o has be5 claim$ z ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,russian op]a1 wrote two fairly well-kn[n works1 ,! ,wat]-,sprite & ,! ,/one ,gue/1 ! /ory ( ! latt] be+ closely alli$ to t ( ,moz>t's ,don ,giovanni4 ,9 8 op]as ,d>gomijsky seems to h be5 m or less unconsci\sly work+ on ! l9es ( ,wagn] 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 int]m$i>y recitative sections1 & 8 :ole me?od is "o ( great] advancem5t ?an t ( ,gl9ka4 ,8 *ief foll[] 0 ,m\ssorgsky 7#ahci-ha71 a compos] mu* influ5c$ also by ,wagn]4 ,! latt] 0 also an able lit]>y critic2 8 mo/ fam\s "w 0 entitl$ ,judi?4 ,sid5ote3 ,borod9 #ahcd-hg ,borod91 a capable *emi/ z well z a skill$ musician1 has a "n = ! composition ( clev] examples ( *amb] music4 ,to ! op]atic rep]toire he contribut$ ,pr9ce ,igor1 a "w foll[+ ,italian me?ods to "s ext5t1 b /ill possess+ mu* t /amps its ,russian orig94 ,x is "o ( ! few memb]s ( its class :i* is bright & *e]ful 9 tone1 ) an abs5ce ( t pessimism :i* is ! preval5t feature ( s mu* ,russian music4 ,sid5ote3 ,cs>-,cui #ahce- ,cs>-,cui has compos$ ,ratcliff1 ,angelo1 ,! ,flibu/i]1 & five o!r works1 ! la/ m5tion$ hav+ be5 produc$ 9 ,p>is4 ,cui is /ill liv+ 7#aiji71 & is well kn[n = 8 able lit]>y articles & contributions to ! ,russian j\rnals & magaz9es4 ,rimsky-,korsak(f 7born 9 #ahdd7 has writt5 sev]al works1 among !m ,psk[itjanka & ,! ,may ,night4 ,up to ! pres5t1 al?\gh "s ( 8 or*e/ral music has f\nd repres5tation 9 ,engl&1 we h n yet _h any opportunity ( pass+ criticism ^u 8 op]atic flights4 ,sid5ote3 ,t*akovsky #ahdj-ic ,! "n ( ,t*akovsky is well en\gh kn[n 9 ! conc]t rooms ( ,engl&1 &1 inde$1 ( ! _w4 ,( all ,russian compos]s 8 is ! "n to conjure )1 & al?\gh "o _c pass unre/rict$ly fav\rable criticism ^u all t he compos$1 we und\bt$ly owe to him a v great deal t is surpass+ly ri*1 beautiful1 & likely to endure4 ,8 g5ius1 h[ev]1 did n %9e at its brighte/ 9 ! !atre1 & al?\gh1 l ! ,bohemian ,dvrk1 he 0 attract$ aga9 & aga9 to ! /age1 8 "w has n met ) su* univ]sal success z x has done 9 o!r sph]es4 ,9 ,engl& only "o op]a ( 81 ,eug5e ,onieg91 has be5 produc$2 b sev]al m f9e works proce$$ f 8 f]tile p51 "s ( !m /ill v popul> 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,! *ief are ,! ,opri*nik 7#ahgb71 ,eug5e ,onieg91 ,joan ( ,arc 7#ahhj71 ,mazeppa 7#ahhc71 & ,! ,en*antress 7#ahhg74 ,t*akovsky attempt$ _m /yles1 b 8 individuality 0 always app>5t1 sometimes ) good results & sometimes n4 ,:5 ! subject ( ! op]a 0 9 accordance ) ! g5]al tr5d ( 8 ?\ght1 ! result 0 a felicit\s "o1 b he holds a l[] place z a writ] ( op]a ?an is 8 possession z a creator ( symphony1 song1 & tone poem4 ,sid5ote3 ,poli% ,op]a ,! si/] c\ntry ( ,pol& has at pres5t made little claim to a*ievem5t 9 ! op]a h\se3 ! national dances1 ! polonaise1 valse1 maz\rka1 etc41 h be5 utiliz$ by ,gl9ka v effectively1 b ! only record ( ,poli% op]a to h& is ! "w ( ! great piani/1 ,pad]ewski1 ^: ,manru has rec5tly come to light4 ,its music is describ$ z ,g]man r ?an ,poli%1 & x is n likely to f\nd a new s*ool ( composition4 ,sid5ote3 ,bohemian ,op]a ,( m int]e/ is ! national op]a ( ,bohemia1 ) its headqu>t]s at ,prague4 ,among its e>li] compos]s we f9d ! names ( ,tomas*ek1 ,nepravnik1 & ,fibi*4 ,m important ?an ^! is ,smetana 7#ahbd-hd71 :o settl$ 9 ,prague 9 #ahff1 at a "t :5 national fre$om ( ?\ght & language 0 ga9+ position 9 ,bohemia4 ,smetana took advantage ( ! en?usiasm ) :i* ev]y?+ national 0 greet$1 & by 8 incorporation ( ! folk-songs ( ! p into 8 op]as1 introduc$ to 8 c\ntry a new =m ( op]a :i* at once took root & fl\ri%$ !re4 ,! melodies he *ose 7 de> to ! he>ts ( ! p2 moreov]1 !y 7 simply & yet effectively treat$1 ) due k ( & consid]ation = /age-effect2 consequ5tly ,smetana's op]as are 9 ,bohemia look$ ^u z ! realization ( a national ideal4 ,we "k little ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry1 save t ! ov]ture to ! ,b>t]$ ,bride is a popul> item 9 ! rep]toire ( our or*e/ral societies2 b he wrote _m o!r works1 su* z ,dalibor1 ,d] ,kuss1 & ,libusa4 ,sid5ote3 ,dvrk1 #ahda-aijd ,8 pupil & foll[]1 ,dvrk1 ^: "n z a compos] ( symphonies & *amb] music is an exalt$ "o also wrote mu* = ! /age2 inde$1 j be=e 8 dea? a new op]a by him1 ,armida1 0 produc$ 9 ,prague4 ,b 8 success1 al?\gh s great & well des]v$ 9 o!r fields1 is n comp>able ) t ( ,smetana1 nor has he ev] 9 ! same way t\*$ ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,o!r works by him are ,k+ & ,colli] 7#ahgd71 ,w&a 7#ahgf71 ,d] ,bau] e9 ,s*elm 7#ahgg71 ,demetrius 7#ahhb71 & ,rusalka 7#aija74 ,8 op]atic essays are unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 nor are any works ( o!r ,bohemian compos]s (f]$ = our pleasure 9 ,engl& s f> z ! !atre is conc]n$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a promis+ "y gr\p ( compos]s work+ at ,prague1 ( ^: do+s we may "s day he> m ?an at pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r ,european ,c\ntries ,x may "h be conv5i5t to glance at ! conditions t gov]n op]a 9 "s ( ! o!r ,european c\ntries1 :i* give evid5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( activity2 ?is has1 9 ! ma91 conf9$ itself up to ! pres5t )9 its own bord]s4 ,! ,sc&9avian compos]s1 su* z ,gade1 ,grieg1 ,s9d+1 etc41 ^: names are _w kn[n 9 o!r fields1 h no?+ to %[ u 9 respect ( op]a4 ,! op]a h\ses ( ,*ri/iania & ,cop5hag5 are active & busy1 b !y produce little indig5\s op]a1 nor does ! fame ( t little travel v f>4 ,! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese also h no claim to fame z compos]s ( op]a1 ! "n ( ,arrieta1 we take x1 be+ little kn[n1 al?\gh he is ! mo/ fam\s ( ,spani% musicians s f> z dramatic writ+ is conc]n$4 ,int]e/ 9 ! op]a ( ^! c\ntries is ! "w ( ! speciali/1 r ?an ( ! g5]al writ]2 & we n[ turn to ! conditions ( op]a z !y obta9 to-day 9 ,engl& & 9 ! si/] c\ntries ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,op]a ,,to-,,day ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,& ,,engl&4 ,boito--,8 int]e/+ p]sonality--,pucc9i--,mascagni --,leoncavallo--,cilea--,g]man compos]s--,goldm>k & ,hump]d9ck--,! ,fr5* s*ool--,sa9t-,sans-- ,mass5et--,bruneau--,engli% compos]s--,/an=d-- ,mack5zie--,c[5--,cord]--,bunn+1 etc4 ,to-day ! art ( op]atic composition appe>s to be return+ = its be/ results to its mu* lov$ home1 ,italy3 x is ! "y ,italian compos]s1 among all its devotees ( all nationalities1 :o appe> to be putt+ =? ! /ronge/ "w4 ,contempor>y ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man op]as1 ) a few notable exceptions1 are r>ely he>d beyond ! bord]s ( ! l& :i* gives !m bir?1 b ! works ( ,mascagni1 ,pucc9i1 & ,leoncavallo f9d a home 9 e op]a-h\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,boito1 #ahdb ,at ! outset ( our review ( liv+ ,italian op]a compos]s we meet ! /range figure ( ,arrigo ,boito1 m fam\s = 8 "o complet$ op]a ?an are _m compos]s :o h end[$ ! _w ) doz5s ( su* works4 ,! *>m ( 8 p]sonality has aid$ its success1 :ile ! ill =tune :i* dogg$ its bir? & its intimate relation%ip to a great home h also contribut$ to its _w-wide fame4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 int]e/+ ,p]sonality ,n t ,boito's ,mefi/(ele is a "w 9 ! rep]toire ( e op]a-h\se2 r1 its p]=mances seem to be limit$ 9 numb]1 & yet all ! _w kn[s ( its compos] z ! capable litt]ateur & musician :o1 amid/ int5se excitem5t1 br\ght 8 ,mefi/(ele be=e ! ,milanese public at ,la ,scala 9 #ahfh1 & by ! novelty ( its =m & musical treatm5t s displeas$ a v l>ge numb] ( 8 w\ld-be admir]s1 t he fell f ! height ( popul>ity to :i* expectation _h elevat$ him almo/ to ! dep? ( ext9ction s f> z 8 musical ef=ts 7 conc]n$4 ,mefi/(ele has be5 rewritt52 x 0 a "w 9 advance ( its "t1 & hon\r mu/ be giv5 to ,boito = ! arti/ic beauty ( 8 conceptions1 & = 8 c\rage & skill 9 ! wield+ ( !m to ! ultimate conviction ( an unwill+ public4 ,?is fasc9at+ b tantaliz+ compos] /ill /imulates int]e/ by ! fact t he keeps two o!r & new] op]as1 ,n]o & ,ore/iade1 9 8 desk1 & refuses1 at any rate = ! pres5t1 to br+ !m to ! light4 ,he has receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,music f ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & at a conc]t giv5 to celebrate ! ev5t 9 #ahic ! au?or _h ! pleasure ( tak+ "p 9 a p]=mance ( ! ,prologue to ,mefi/(ele "u 8 bton4 ,v]di's la/ two op]as are to libretti by ,boito4 ,comm5cem5t ( ,vocal ,s*]zo f ,boito's 8,mefi/(ele40 ,music ,siam nimbi volanti dai limbi1 nei santi ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 ,mascagni ,we n[ come to a compos] ^: music1 or "p ( x1 at any rate1 mu/ h be5 he>d by ev]ybody2 we speak ( ,pietro ,mascagni1 ^: mo/ fam\s op]a1 entitl$ ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana1 is probably ! mo/ popul> mod]n "w 9 ! op]atic rep]toire4 ,x 0 produc$ 9 #ahij1 & soon atta9$ to fame2 ?is 0 due1 to "s ext5t1 to ! introduction ( a new device--namely1 ! p]=mance ( an or*e/ral int]mezzo divid+ ! "w into two p>ts1 ! curta9 rema9+ up & disclos+ an empty /age 7a /reet sc5e74 ,possibly ! orig9al int5tion 9 leav+ ! curta9 up 0 to prev5t ! buzz ( conv]sation :i* always accompanies its fall1 & precludes ! possibility ( c>eful att5tion to ! music2 b 9 ?is in/ance ! music is s melodi\s1 tuneful1 & clev]ly scor$ t x assur$ ! success ( ! op]a4 ,succe$+ works f ! same p51 ,l',amico ,fritz1 ,i ,rantzau1 ,william ,ratcliff1 ,iris1 & o!rs1 h n yet f\nd equal success4 ,sid5ote3 ,leoncavallo ,v frequ5tly c\pl$ ^u ! same play-bill ) ,mascagni's ,cavall]ia is ! %ort mod]n ,italian op]a1 ,i ,pagliacci 7,! ,/roll+ ,play]s71 ! "w ( ,leoncavallo1 & writt5 ^u mu* ! same g5]al l9es z its =]unn]2 its prologue1 = a solo b>itone1 is popul> 9 our conc]t halls2 9 ! op]a x occurs z "p ( ! ov]ture1 ! s+] pu%+ 8 way ?r\gh ! curta91 & retir+ aga9 aft] 8 p]=mance1 be=e ! /age sc5e is actually disclos$4 ,leoncavallo has writt5 _m o!r works1 b 8 *ief di/9ction ( lat] date has be5 t ^u him has fall5 ! *oice ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or to write a typically ,g]man op]a on ! subject ( ,rol& ( ,b]l94 ,! "w 0 produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #aije1 b )\t giv+ full satisfaction1 ! g5]al op9ion be+ t a ,g]man compos] %\ld h be5 *os5 to clo! s ess5tially national a subject ) music1 & t ,leoncavallo's attempt 0 un9spir$1 gr&iose1 & lack+ 9 ! elem5ts ( beauty4 ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 ,cilea ,o!r foll[]s ( ,mascagni are ,giordano1 compos] ( ,&rea ,*5i]2 ,sp9elli1 *iefly kn[n by ,a ,basso ,porto2 & ,fran*etti4 ,m fam\s ?an ^! is ,francesco ,cilea1 a "y compos] ( promise1 ^: "o "w t has be5 submitt$ to ,engli% audi5ces1 ,adriana ,lec\vreur1 conta9s music ( great beauty & *>m4 ,! me?od ( ,mascagni is closely foll[$1 ev5 to ! introduction ( a tuneful & *>m+ly scor$ int]mezzo1 b !re is indep5d5ce ( melodic phrase & real grip 9 ! music4 ,adriana 0 orig9ally produc$ at ,milan 9 #aijb1 & 0 /ag$ at ,cov5t ,g>d5 dur+ ! autumn visit ( ! ,san ,c>lo ,company two ye>s lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,pucc9i ,und\bt$ly ! greate/ ( ! mod]n ,italian compos]s is ,giacomo ,pucc9i1 :o has made himself fam\s n m]ely by "o op]a b by sev]al4 ,8 e>li] works1 ,manon ,lescaut1 etc41 h>dly repres5t him at 8 be/1 al?\gh !y conta9 mu* f9e music2 b 9 ,la ,bohme 7produc$ 9 #ahif71 9 ,la ,tosca1 & mo/ ( all 9 ,madama ,butt]fly 7#aijd71 ?is clev] musician has f\nd himself & has ris5 to great heights4 ,he is mo/ happy 9 ! way 9 :i* 8 music pa9ts ! situation to be depict$1 & he has a mo/ wond]fully ready p[] ( melody4 ,! cont9u\s use ( di/9ctive & rhy?mic melody & ! abs5ce ( any def9ite *>act]ization by means ( ! leit-motif diff]5tiates 8 "w v l>gely f t ( ! ,wagn] ,s*ool--x is altoge!r on a light] basis1 b ! melody has an irresi/ible attractiv5ess1 :i* acc\nts l>gely = ! fav\r :i* 8 op]as are f9d+ at ! pres5t day4 ,su* /raight=w>d lyrical writ+ z ! !me :i* usually accompanies ,%>pless ! ,consul 79 ,madama ,butt]fly71-- ,music or ! m t5d]ly impassion$ !mes1 su* z ?is "o f ! love duet :i* closes ! fir/ ,act ( ! same op]a1 ,love ,duet1 f 8,butt]fly40 ,music w convey "s idea ( ! /yle :i* ?is compos] adopts4 ,8 next promis$ op]a is to be ^u an ,am]ican subject1 ,! ,girl ( ! ,gold5 ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leoncavallo4 ,sid5ote3 ,g]man ,compos]s ,sid5ote3 ,goldm>k1 #ahcj ,g]many to-day c h>dly be held to h produc$ su* an array ( famili> names1 b t ( ,hump]d9ck has become fam\s ?r\gh 8 sett+ ( ! delightful fairy tale ,hansel & ,gretel4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /ill liv+ a s5ior to ,hump]d9ck 9 ! p]son ( ,goldm>k1 ^: ,cricket on ! ,he>? has be5 p]=m$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,goldm>k 0 born z long ago z #ahcj1 & became fam\s by 8 op]a1 ,! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 produc$ 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahge3 he has p5n$ mu* music1 & o!r op]as1 b ! two above nam$ are 8 be/ kn[n contributions to op]atic lit]ature4 ,sid5ote3 ,hump]d9ck ,m int]e/+1 because 8 fairy op]a has be5 se5 by almo/ ev]yone1 is ,hump]d9ck1 :o has skilfully appli$ ,wagn]ian me?ods to op]a on a comp>atively light subject4 ,! /ory ( ,hansel & ,gretel1 f ,hans ,&]s51 is work$ up into a *>m+ plot1 & if "s ( ! incid5ts seem1 ^u ! mod]n /age1 some:at trivial & *ildi%1 ! music is s p]fect 9 =m & matt] t ! e> is delight$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! use ( folk-songs & simple melodies :i* appeal to all1 is supplem5t$ by a wond]fully capable & polyphonic use ( ! or*e/ra1 :i* %[s ! ma/] h& 9 e b> ( ! score4 ,f ,hump]d9ck's 8,hansel & ,gretel0 ,ov]ture1 %[+ ?ree important ,motives4 ,music ,hansel & ,gretel c be appreciat$ alike by ! smalle/ *ild & by ! skill$ musician1 & !re9 lies its great *>m1 = mu* /udy mu/ usually prec$e appreciation ( "w s elaborate & complex4 ,hump]d9ck's succe$+ works1 sev]al 9 numb]1 h n ris5 to ! same level1 ei!r ( beauty or ( popul>ity3 8 rec5t op]a1 ,die ,heirat wid] ,will51 0 produc$ ) a fair measure ( success "u ,/rauss at ,b]l9 9 ,april #aije4 ,sid5ote3 ,ri*>d ,/rauss ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 ! well-kn[n compos] ( or*e/ral tone poems1 has made sev]al bids = fame 9 op]a3 8 e>ly works1 su* z ,guntram & ,feursnot1 h n call$ s mu* att5tion z h ,salome1 produc$ at ,dresd5 9 #aijf1 & ! ,elektra /ag$ 9 #aiji 7,janu>y #be?74 ,/rauss writes v boldly1 ) ! mo/ cacophon\s lack ( bl5d betwe5 or*e/ra & voice1 z ?is example1 cull$ at r&om f ,elektra1 w %[4 ,fragm5t f ,/rauss' 8,elektra0 7#aiji74 ,music ,i* habe sol*e ,ang/ mir zitt]n die ,knie bei ,tag und ,na*t ,o!r liv+ compos]s ( ,g]man op]a are ,max ,s*ill+s2 ,we+>tn]1 ! great or*e/ral conductor2 ,siegfri$ ,wagn]1 son ( ! great ma/]2 ,nessl]1 compos] ( ,! ,trumpet] ( ,skk+5 7a wond]fully popul> "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ( ! fir/ rank71 & _m o!rs ^: fame may or may n be endur+4 ,mod]n ,g]man op]a s9ce ,wagn] has h>dly1 ) ! exception ( ,hansel & ,gretel1 ! di/9ction1 p[]1 & orig9ality :i* we f9d 9 ! foll[]s ( ! "y ,italian s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fr5* ,s*ool ,m fam\s are ! m5 ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 ! natural foll[]s ( ,g\nod1 ,ambroise ,?omas1 & _! fell[s4 ,progress is noticeable f ! type ( music :i* prevails 9 ,fau/ 9 ! works ( su* compos]s z ,sa9t-,sans1 ,mass5et1 & ,bruneau1 & ! influ5ce ( ,wagn] is q app>5t4 ,b 9 ,fr5* op]a ! traditions :i* belong$ to ! 8,acadmie0 ( old1 & :i* h desc5d$ to ! m mod]n 8,gr& ,op]a10 comb9e ) a c]ta9 ,gallic grace & *>m to pres]ve individuality to ?is s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 ,sa9t-,sans #ahce ,=emo/ among ,fr5* compos]s 9 e bran* ( ! art is t v]satile & gift$ man1 :o has j miss$ becom+ a g5ius1 ,camille ,sa9t-,sans4 ,l ,boito1 he possesses an int]e/+ p]sonality1 prom95t among/ 8 *>act]i/ics be+ a habit he has ( sudd5ly disappe>+ = mon?s toge!r f ! eyes ( a _w ( :i* he has gr[n tempor>ily we>y4 ,he w !n come back f "s half civiliz$ or totally b>b>\s di/rict ( ,africa or else:]e1 be>+ ) him piles ( manuscript1 :i* soon f9ds a ready publi%]4 ,! music s compos$ (t5 be>s "s impress ( ! surr\nd+s amid/ :i* x has be5 p5n$1 :i* adds 9 no small degree to its acceptance by ! public4 ,sa9t-,sans has writt5 _m op]as bo? = ! ,gr& & ! ,comique /age )\t any v m>k$ success3 ! "w be/ kn[n 9 ,engl& is ,samson & ,delilah1 a dramatiz$ v]sion ( ! ,bible /ory4 ,z su*1 by ! c5sor%ip ( /age plays t exi/s 9 ,engl&1 ?is 0 n all[$ to be p]=m$ 9 its orig9al condition until ! ye> #aiji2 b x !n became z popul> z x is on ! ,cont95t1 :]e its beautiful & impassion$ music f9ds _m admir]s4 ,sa9t-,sans' ,h5ry ,,viii4 is1 ( 8 o!r works1 ! be/ kn[n4 ,! li/ also includes ,pros]p9e1 ,ascanio1 ,phryne1 & ,les ,b>b>es4 ,8 la/ "w is ,l',anctre1 produc$ at ,monte ,c>lo 9 #aijf4 ,sid5ote3 ,mass5et1 #ahdb ,illu/ration ,jules ,mass5et is ! au?or ( _m op]as1 ( :i* m5tion may be made ( ,le ,roi de ,lahore1 ,hrodiade1 ,manon1 ,le ,cid1 ,escl>monde1 ,w]!r1 ,?as1 ,la ,nav>raise1 & ,le ,jongleur de ,notre ,dame4 ,hrodiade is really a dramatic v]sion ( ! ,bible /ory ( ,/4 ,john & ,salome4 ,by a few trivial alt]ations ( names & l9es x 0 s alt]$ z to pass ! ,"l ,*amb]la9's c5sor%ip1 & 0 produc$ at ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 #aijd4 ,! g5]al atmosph]e ( ! sacr$ subject1 h[ev]1 /ill hov]$ ov] x1 & to ,engli% ta/e x 0 unpleas+ & unpopul>3 x is p]haps ! be/ ( ! ,mass5et op]as1 ,manon & ,la ,nav>raise approa*+ x ne>e/ 9 popul> e/eem4 ,8 late/ success is ,le ,jongleur de ,notre ,dame1 produc$ at ,monte ,c>lo 9 #aijb4 ,sid5ote3 ,bruneau1 #aheg ,a mo/ e>ne/ & s]i\s m9d$ compos]1 :o m closely foll[s ,gluck & ,wagn] 9 8 desire = op]atic tru?1 is ,alfr$ ,bruneau1 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,fr5* musicians4 ,f ! fir/ 8 /yle has be5 revolution>y1 & ow+ to crudities some:at h>d to accept2 b :ile sometimes musically defici5t1 8 dramatic grip & s9c]ity ( purpose are s /rong t !re is d\btless a future be=e 8 op]as4 ,le ,rve1 ,l',attaque du ,m\l91 ,messidor1 & ,l',ouragan are ! names giv5 to 8 *ief works1 ! ?ird nam$ ( ^! be+ p]haps ! be/4 ,bruneau 0 =tunate 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( ! late ,m4 ,zola z 8 libretti/1 sev]al prose-poems by ! great noveli/ hav+ be5 entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,&r ,messag] has *iefly di/+ui%$ himself by a *>m+ light "w1 ,la ,baso*e1 :i* has _h mu* att5tion at ,engli% h&s4 ,dubois1 ,paladihle1 & o!rs are /ill at "w 9 ! field ( ,fr5* op]a1 b p]haps its mo/ prom95t mod]n repres5tative is ,gu/ave ,*>p5ti]1 ^: op]a ,l\ise 7#aijj7 has made a great hit1 & %[s possession ( great gifts f :i* mu* m may 9 ! future be expect$4 ,v9c5t d',indy1 ano!r ( ! y\ng] s*ool1 is ! compos] ( a fairly successful "w1 ,f]vaal4 ,sid5ote3 ,debussy ,claude ,debussy1 a compos] :o has writt5 an am\nt ( successful music ( an unique k9d1 9 t x employs mo/ly a scale ( :ole tones1 r ?an "o ( tones & semitones1 produc$ 9 #aijb an op]a bas$ on ,maet]l9ck's ,pelleas et ,melis&e4 ,?is orig9al & di/9ctive "w has become highly popul>1 & 0 p]=m$ at ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 season ( #aiji4 ,"h is a fragm5t %[+ ! compos]'s curi\s use ( :ole tones4 ,debussy's 8,pelleas & ,melis&e40 ,music ,sid5ote3 ,engli% ,compos]s ,) ! exception ( ,sir ,hub]t ,p>ry1 all ! *ief liv+ compos]s ( ,engli% nationality h made a bid = fame 9 ,gr& ,op]a1 b ) only p>tial success4 ,^? ^: ef=ts appe> to h l$ to ! be/ results are ,/an=d & ,mack5zie4 ,un=tunately = u1 !re is 9 ?is c\ntry less opportunity = op]atic compos]s ?an 9 almo/ any o!r3 works :5 writt5 h little *ance ( be+ /ag$1 unless p]haps semi-privately4 ,occasionally ! managem5t ( ! ,gr& ,op]a invites a "w f an ,engli% musician1 b ev5 !n x is sometimes c\pl$1 z 0 ! case ) ,bunn+'s ,pr9cess ,osra1 ) ! condition t x be p]=m$ 9 a =eign language4 ,op]a is n ! hobby & delight ( ! man 9 ! /reet1 z x is 9 _m ,cont95tal c\ntries1 & ! works t f9d fav\r at ,cov5t ,g>d5 seem to be *os5 accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! boxhold]s & memb]s ( ! syndicate4 ,aft] all1 x is ^! t supply ! s9ews ( w>1 & !re=e ! ,engli% public at l>ge has no j cause = compla9t4 ,if ! ,engli% public w come =w>d & support national op]a s*emes1 z x is con/antly be+ invit$ to d1 !re w\ld be "s hope = ,engli% op]a compos]s4 ,"u pres5t conditions opportunity is infrequ5t1 al?\gh :5 x comes x is g5]ally seiz$ by ^? conc]n$4 ,sid5ote3 ,/an=d1 #aheb ,und\bt$ly ! pluckie/ attempts to wre/ fame f grudg+ audi5ces 9 ?is respect has be5 made by ,sir ,*>les ,/an=d4 ,undet]r$ by failure1 indiff]5t success1 & lack ( appreciation1 he has made repeat$ ef=ts 9 op]a4 ,8 e>lie/ 7 9 ,g]many1 :]e ,! ,veil$ ,prophet ( ,khorassan 7,hanov]7 & ,savon>ola 7,hamburg7 came to light4 ,lat] on came ! ,cant]bury ,pilgrims1 produc$ at ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 #ahhd4 ,"s success att5d$ ! la/-nam$1 b x 0 _m ye>s be=e x f\nd a companion1 ,%amus ,o',bri5 n appe>+ until #ahif4 ,/an=d is an ,iri%man1 & ! subject p>ticul>ly suit$ 8 individual temp]am5t4 ,! "w1 confess$ly less 9 ! gr& op]a /yle ?an t ( ! romantic comic op]a1 enjoy$ great fav\r = a %ort "t1 & conta9$ *>m+ music4 ,( /ill m importance is 8 la/ born1 a v]sion ( ,mu* ,ado ab\t ,no?+1 /ag$ at ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 #aija1 ! music ( :i*1 al?\gh unequal1 conta9s "s f9e mom5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,russell ,sons4 ,,sir ,a4 ,c4 ,,mack5zie4 ,sid5ote3 ,mack5zie #ahdg ,mack5zie's op]as are ,colomba 7#ahhc71 ,! ,tr\bad\r 7#ahhf71 & ,! ,cricket on ! ,he>?4 ,! la/-nam$ /ill awaits a he>+1 & promises to be ( mu* int]e/4 ,a light] "w ( ! ,savoy type 0 also writt5 by ?is compos]1 & _h a good run4 ,a bid = popul>ity1 9 ! %ape ( a small & trifl+ b musically int]e/+ op]etta1 produc$ at "o ( our l>ge/ music halls 9 #aije1 0 also made by ,mack5zie4 ,( su* innovations z ?is1 & _! purport1 we may say m anon4 ,sid5ote3 ,c[51 #aheb ,fr$]ic ,c[5 seems to h lo/ he>t1 s f> z op]atic ent]prise is conc]n$4 ,! li/ ( 8 essays 9 ?is =m ( art are ,! ,lady ( ,lyons 7#ahgf71 ,?orgrim 7#ahij71 ,signa 7#ahic71 & ,h>old 7#ahie74 ,! g5]al op9ion ( ^! is1 t :ile conta9+ mu* music t is g5u9ely *>m+ & beautiful1 !re is n en\gh dramatic virility or dep? ( idea to c>ry s exact+ a "w z a gr& op]a to a successful issue4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,cord] has complet$ _m op]as1 only "o ( :i*1 ,nordisa1 has be5 produc$1 & ?is z long ago z #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,hami% ,mac,cunn1 a ,scot* compos]1 is answ]able = ! music to ,jeanie ,deans & ,di>mid4 ,miss ,e!l ,smy? is "o ( ! r>e in/ances ( a memb] ( ! fair] sex ris+ to any po9t ( di/9ction 9 op]atic composition3 h] "o-act "w ,d] ,wald 78,! ,wood07#c a*iev$ consid]able success 9 ,engl& a few ye>s back1 & h] music is held 9 /ill high] e/eem 9 ,g]many1 :]e h] la/ op]a1 ,! ,wreck]s1 has _h great success4 #c ,p]=m$ at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,july #aijb1 & di/9ctly ,wagn]ian 9 /yle4 ,! op5+ woodl& sc5e music is z orig9al z x is delightful1 & evid5ces ! real ability ( ?is native lady compos]4--,,ed4 ,illu/ration ,pr9cess ,osra1 produc$ at ,cov5t ,g>d5 9 #aijb1 is ! "w ( a "y ,engli%man1 ,h]b]t ,bunn+1 :o simulates ! mod]n ,italian me?od1 & f :om m may be he>d ere long4 ,mr4 de ,l>a has produc$ ,! ,light ( ,asia1 ,amy ,rosb>t1 & ,messal9e1 :ile o!r work]s 9 ?is direction may include ,mr4 ,som]ville1 ,alick ,mc,lean1 ,edw>d ,g]man1 & ,franco ,leoi4 ,engli% op]a suff]s mu* f lack ( opportunity1 /ill m f abs5ce ( individuality4 ,7 ,engli% compos]s able to graft on to _! /yle "s trace ( natural *>act]i/ics1 z we f9d ! ,russians & ,bohemians ( to-day h done1 !re is little d\bt b t _! productions w\ld comm& a great] int]e/ & a m endur+ success4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,op]atic ,,ent]prise ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,subsidiz$ op]a--,op]a an educative factor--,objection to subsidies--,advantages--,engli% op]a--,op]a companies--,cov5t ,g>d5--,! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate --,hi/ory ( op]a 9 ?is c\ntry--,travell+ companies--,! ,c>l ,rosa ,company--,! ,moody-,mann]s ,company--,! outlook4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsidiz$ ,op]a ,9 ,engl& we /&1 s f> z op]atic ent]prise is conc]n$1 on a diff]5t foot+ to mo/ ( ! ,cont95tal nations1 9 s f> z !re is no ,gov]nm5t support nor ,/ate aid to ,op]a4 ,x is a c>e 9 ! economy ( mo/ ( ! ,european ,gov]nm5ts t an annual grant %\ld be made t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! ,op]a ,h\se4 ,! subsidies s grant$ v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t t[ns1 b ! ma9 idea 9 all cases is ! same1 to provide a c]ta9 am\nt ( money s t !re may be an op]a-h\se m or less always op51 to :i* ! p may g on paym5t ( q small sums & witness really good p]=mances4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a an ,educative ,quantity ,9 su* c\ntries z ^!1 ,op]a is look$ ^u n s mu* z a luxuri\s amusem5t z an educational factor1 capable ( in/ill+ arti/ic ideas into ! plebeian m9d1 & 9 common ) picture gall]ies1 public /atues1 & beautifully kept g>d5s1 inculcat+ an appreciation ( ! beautiful 9 art4 ,9 ,p>is1 = example1 a sum ( #cb1jjj is giv5 annually = ! support ( ! ,gr& ,op]a ,h\se1 :ile a fur!r sum ( #ab1jjj is grant$ = ! ,op]a ,comique1 ! deficit aris+ f ! num]\s exp5ses incurr$ = s+]s1 or*e/ra1 /age h&s1 etc41 be+ met by ^! grants4 ,z a quid pro quo ! ,gov]nm5t dem&s ! di/ribution ( free seats to c]ta9 p]sons & societies to a v l>ge proportion ( its subsidy4 ,?is may or may n repres5t a h>d%ip to ! managem5t1 = :]eas ! seats ?us giv5 might possibly h be5 all sold1 x is m ?an probable t on ! majority ( occasions !re w\ld h be5 mu* sp>e room :i* is ?us fill$4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections to ,subsidiz$ ,op]a ,besides ! objections t returns 9 ! %ape ( gratuit\s entrances mu/ be all[$ !re is ! fur!r & m s]i\s "o1 t ! re9s ( p[] sometimes fall into ! h&s ( in>ti/ic & unmusical p]sons4 ,?is is less likely to happ5 9 a city ( culture1 su* z ,p>is1 ?an 9 "s ( ! small] ,g]man t[ns1 :5 ! control ( su* matt]s is left to ! ,int5dant ( ! place1 :o holds despotic sway & works matt]s accord+ to 8 own sweet w4 ,s t x (t5 happ5s t a c]ta9 class ( op]a1 or a c]ta9 little p>ticul> clique ( s+]s1 obta9s a he>+ to ! exclusion ( almo/ all else4 ,sid5ote3 ,advantages ,b ^! possible dang]s c h>dly be said to c\nt]act ! b5efits :i* are conf]r$ by ! regul>ly paid subsidy3 ! money paid assures a l>ge portion ( ! work+ exp5ses1 & ! managem5t ( ! ,op]a ,h\se kn[s t ! doors w n h to be clos$ = lack ( ! s9ews ( w>1 b t all ! ye> r\nd p]=mances may be giv51 if n daily1 at lea/ at v frequ5t int]vals4 ,su* vex$ que/ions z control ( ! rep]toire & ( ! *oice ( s+]s1 ( c\rse1 may & d occur2 b s f> z ! man 9 ! /reet is conc]n$1 !re is always ! opportunity pres5t$ ( he>+ op]a1 ( he>+ x well done1 & ( ext5d+ 8 k & critical p[]1 to say no?+ ( ! addition to ! arti/ic pleasures ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% ,op]a ,9 ,engl& we h no ,/ate aid1 ) ! result t we are n 9 a position to be able to he> op]a all ! ye> r\nd4 ,dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( ! 8,gr&0 season ! prices are high & ! h\rs some:at prohibitive4 ,! desirability ( "s ,gov]nm5tal subsidy has be5 w>mly advocat$ by ,sir ,*>les ,/an=d & o!rs1 & 7 su* an am\nt z t grant$ by ! ,fr5* = _! ,op]a ,h\se giv5 to ,cov5t ,g>d51 !re is little d\bt t we %\ld be able to he> ,gr& ,op]a :5ev] we lik$ to g1 at mod]ate prices4 ,?is und\bt$ly w\ld be a great advantage to ! g5]al musician1 & to "s memb]s ( ! public1 b x has yet to be %[n t !re is a public will+ to ga!r 9 suffici5t numb]s to fill a l>ge h\se = ! great] numb] ( ! nights ( ! ye>3 x w\ld be q possible to h ! money & ! h\se op5$1 & yet no audi5ce suffici5t to ju/ify a p]=mance4 ,x seems a little d\btful :e!r1 at pres5t1 ! ,engli% lay m9d is q ready = ! s*eme3 inde$ x is to be fe>$ t an appreciation ( op]a is n suffici5tly wide-spread ?r\gh ! rank & file ( ! ,engli% p to ju/ify any su* s*eme = ! "t be+4 ,free tickets to /ud5ts1 & ! l1 9 return = a grant1 might d some?+ t[>ds fill+ ! h\se1 b unless ! g5]al public w\ld ev9ce suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! s*eme to come nightly 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! purpose 9 view w\ld be defeat$4 ,we d n appe> to h ! natural inborn love ( op]a s common among/ cont95tal peoples1 & until our national education is m advanc$ x is n v likely t a ,/ate grant w\ld be ( ultimate practical value4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a ,companies ,op]atic ent]prise 9 ,engl&1 !n1 dep5ds ^u private initiative3 ?is means1 ( c\rse1 t !re are diff]5t bids = =tune made f "t to "t by v>i\s companies & syndicates4 ,?is has be5 s = _m ye>s1 ev5 s long ago z ! days :5 ,h&el made a v5ture on 8 own acc\nt1 9 opposition to ! b& ( weal?y titl$ folk :o set up ,buononc9i to oppose him3 & 9 s f> z rivalry is provocative ( ef=t1 ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t companies makes = good4 ,"o body 9 ,engl& is1 h[ev]1 almo/ unique 9 be+ able to sp5d freely on s+]s1 or*e/ra1 & accessories4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,op]a ,?is body is ! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate1 =m]ly g5]ally kn[n z ! ,royal ,italian ,op]a1 ! sc5e ( ^: lab\rs is ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,"h ano!r po9t1 9 :i* we diff] f ! ,cont95tal nations1 mu/ be notic$1 & t is1 t we h 9 ,engl& no ,op]a ,h\se4 ,! ,gr& ,op]a ( our ,london season is held at ,cov5t ,g>d51 :i* is no?+ b an ord9>y !atre1 al?\gh a v l>ge "o2 :]eas 9 ,france & ,g]many ! ,op]a ,h\se is practically sacr$ to ! p]=mance ( op]a4 ,we h no build+ ( a simil> nature4 ,cov5t ,g>d51 = in/ance1 is ! sc5e ( musical fe/ivals1 sometimes ( prom5ade conc]ts1 ( fancy dress balls1 & v>i\s o!r functions1 x be+ devot$ to op]a only at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate runs a season ( ,gr& ,op]a f ! end ( ,april until ! end ( ,july--a ?ree mon?s' season1 p]=mances be+ giv5 nightly4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate ,= f9ancial support ! syndicate dep5ds ^u subscrib]s1 :o take boxes & /alls = ! :ole ( ! season3 ! boxes1 prices = :i* are v high1 are tak5 by ! ,k+ & ,c\rt1 weal?y & titl$ p1 & also weal?y & untitl$ p2 9 %ort1 subscrib]s to ! op]a are fa%ionable1 & memb]s ( 8society0 r ?an musical4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t !y provide ! backbone ( ! ent]prise1 x is only natural t ! syndicate %\ld feel b\nd to consult _! ta/es2 x ?us happ5s t we r>ely get op]a 9 ! v]nacul>1 society pref]r+ ! words 9 ei!r ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,italian4 ,to mu* ! same cause is due ! some:at lam5table fact t op]a by ,engli% compos]s r>ely obta9s a he>+4 ,besides ! subscrib]s = boxes1 etc41 ord9>y memb]s ( ! public c obta9 entrance at prices t are some:at high3 /alls co/ a gu9ea ea* p] p]=mance 7on special occasions tw5ty-five or ?irty %ill+s71 & ! topmo/ gall]y--f :i*1 h[ev]1 "o c see well & he> bett]--is pric$ at half-a-cr[n2 !re are1 ( c\rse1 v>i\s int]m$iate prices4 ,admission is exp5sive1 b a good p]=mance is n[ almo/ a c]ta9ty1 & mu* ?anks is due to ! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate = ?is4 ,9 ye>s gone by ! *ief c5tre ( int]e/ us$ to be ! prima donna or pr9cipal t5or1 all else be+ relegat$ to a slip%od backgr\nd2 b ( late ye>s ! ,syndicate has laid out mu* money 9 alt]+ & improv+ ! /age & /age ma*9]y2 new sc5]y has be5 pa9t$1 & ! op]as newly dress$2 ! be/ s+]s available are engag$1 & a good or*e/ra1 ) good conductors1 adds no little to ! p]=mances4 ,reliance is plac$1 9 ! ma91 ^u c]ta9 attractive op]as1 b int]e/+ novelties & quasi-novelties are f "t to "t introduc$1 & ! :ole ?+ may be said to be well done4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/ory ( ,op]a 9 ?is ,c\ntry ,?is 0 n always s1 & ! =tunes ( ,gr& ,op]a 9 ,engl& h fluctuat$ accord+ to ! f9ancial /ate ( ! companies responsible = its production4 ,op]a always appe>s 9 ?is c\ntry to h be5 l>gely dep5dant ^u fa%ionable support]s1 f ! times ( ! old ,op]a ,h\se 9 ! ,haym>ket up to ! pres5t day4 ,cov5t ,g>d5 has _h its ups & d[ns2 x 0 really dubb$ 8,op]a ,h\se0 9 #ahdg1 hav+ =m]ly be5 giv5 ov] to ord9>y !atrical uses1 *ief ( :i*1 s f> z op]a is conc]n$1 0 ! production ( ,web]'s ,ob]on 9 #ahbf1 :ile ,bi%op's op]as all saw ! light ^u ! same bo>ds4 ,italian op]a prevail$ f #ahdf to #ahhe1 :5 ! company came to f9ancial grief4 ,op]a 0 !n c>ri$ on by ,seor ,lago1 ,sir ,augu/us ,h>ris tak+ ov] ! re9s f #ahhh to #ahif4 ,s9ce t date x has be5 9 ! h&s ( ! pres5t ,syndicate4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y ?ree mon?s' season1 ! ,syndicate has ( late prec$$ _! ord9>y op]atic productions by "o or m pres5tations ( specially prep>$ & rehe>s$ p]=mances ( ,wagn]'s ,r+4 ,= ^! special c>e & detail$ "w is giv51 & high] prices are *>g$2 :ile ! ,wagn]ian conductor1 ,ri*t]1 is plac$ 9 comm&4 ,( late ye>s ! ,syndicate has exp]im5t$ ) op]a 9 ,engli%3 ! ,r+ ( ,wagn]1 ! ,mei/]s+]1 ,madama ,butt]fly1 & o!r op]as h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,engli%1 &1 9 ! ma91 by ,engli% & ,am]ican arti/s1 ) great success4 ,^! ,engli% p]=mances h be5 held dur+ %ort seasons giv5 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye> to ! gr& season prop]1 & ! admission fees h be5 slightly less4 ,! ,syndicate also occasionally lets ! h\se to ! ,moody-,mann]s & o!r op]a companies4 ,al?\gh n exclusively giv5 ov] to ! purposes ( op]a1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 is1 9 ! ma91 an 8,op]a ,h\se02 ! ambiti\s title is1 h[ev]1 also claim$ by _m a suburban & prov9cial !atre1 absolutely )\t mean+ or reason1 see+ t op]as are r>ely he>d )9 _! walls4 ,_m attempts h p]iodically be5 made to provide ,london ) an ,op]a ,h\se1 a notable in/ance be+ ! f9e build+ n[ kn[n z ! ,palace ,!atre ( ,v>ieties2 ?is h\se 0 int5d$ z ! home ( ,engli% national op]a1 & ,sullivan's ,ivanhoe />t$ ! v5ture 9 #ahia1 b nei!r t "w nor any o!r c\ld1 9 all probability1 fill a !atre night aft] night )\t "s f9ancial support to fall back ^u2 & al?\gh v>i\s plans are 9 ! air1 a p]man5t ,op]a ,h\se does n seem to be a v quickly realizable possibility4 ,illu/ration ,sid5ote3 ,travell+ ,companies ,sid5ote3 ,! ,c>l ,rosa ,op]a ,company ,sid5ote3 ,! ,moody-,mann]s ,op]a ,company ,aft] ! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate1 ) ! opportunities x af=ds = he>+ ,gr& ,op]a1 ! ,engli%man owes mo/ to ! v>i\s travell+ companies1 "s ( !m v good1 ^: "w1 al?\gh occasionally he>d 9 ! ,metropolis1 is mo/ly done 9 ! prov9ces4 ,( ^! ! mo/ fam\s1 9 its palmy days1 0 ! company =m$ by ,mr4 ,c>l ,rosa 9 #ahge1 & :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 al?\gh its inceptor di$ "s ye>s ago4 ,orig9ally1 p]=mances giv5 by ,mr4 ,c>l ,rosa took place 9 ,london1 & dur+ ! seasons ( #ahge & foll[+ ye>s ! ,pr9cess' ,!atre1 ,! ,lyceum1 ,! ,adelphi1 & ,h] ,maje/y's ,!atre 7 ! sc5es ( _m a successful pres5tation2 among works fir/ br\ght to light "u ,mr4 ,rosa's rgime1 or subsequ5tly by ! company be>+ 8 "n1 may be m5tion$ ,c[5's ,paul9e & ,?orgrim1 ,?omas' ,nade%da & ,esm]alda1 & ,hami% ,mac,cunn's ,jeanie ,deans4 ,ev5 m important ?an ! production ( ^! novelties 0 ! "w done by ,mr4 ,rosa 9 putt+ be=e ! ,engli% public = ! fir/ "t op]as ( su* ackn[l$g$ excell5ce z ,*]ub9i's ,wat] ,c>ri]1 ,wagn]'s ,dut*man & ,loh5gr9 79 ,engli%71 & o!r works ( simil> calibre4 ,al?\gh /ill do+ good "w1 ! company has h>dly1 s9ce its f\nd]'s dea? 9 #ahhi1 liv$ up to its e>li] a*ievem5ts1 & ! new op]as p]=m$ are infrequ5t 9 appe>ance4 ,london is no long] its home1 al?\gh suburban !atres (t5 welcome "o ( its v>i\s con/itu5t travell+ p>ties2 its "w lies m 9 ! prov9ces1 especially 9 ! l>g] comm]cial cities ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,p]haps m to ! =e1 at ! pres5t day1 is ! company f\nd$ 9 #ahig by ,mr4 ,*>les ,mann]s & ,madame ,fanny ,moody4 ,sev]al plucky attempts h be5 made by ^! arti/s to provide a really effici5t s]ies ( pres5tations ( /&>d op]as at comp>atively l[ prices 9 ,london4 ,?is has be5 a*iev$ by limit+ ! exp5ses incurr$ ^u vocali/s4 ,:ile !re=e x c h>dly be claim$ = ! ,moody-,mann]s company t ! expon5ts ( ! lead+ *>act]s ( ! op]as are s+]s ( ! fir/ rank1 !re are comp5sat+ advantages 9 ! great] arti/ic unanimity ( ! *orus-s++ & act+1 & ( ! g5]al /age managem5t4 ,ano!r feature ( ! ,london p]=mances has be5 ! occasional adoption ( a s*eme ( %ort illu/rative lectures giv5 be=e ! curta91 z to ! plot1 music1 & compos] ( ! "w ab\t to be r5d]$4 ,x is said t ,mr4 ,mann]s loses money annually 9 ,london to ga9 x aga9 9 ! prov9ces2 he has c]ta9ly be5 c\rage\s 9 tak+ ,cov5t ,g>d5 & o!r l>ge h\ses = long s]ies ( p]=mances1 "s ( quasi-novelties1 :i* _c h be5 f9ancially successful4 ,! rep]toire conta9s "s works ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & ! ma9 company gives v good p]=mances4 ,o!r features ( ! s*eme to be notic$ are ! prizes occasionally (f]$ 9 public competition = new works1 & a 8s*ool0 atta*$ to ! company1 & travell+ ) x1 :]e "y vocali/s are tra9$ & giv5 opportunity = plac+ _! abilities be=e ! public4 ,besides ! *ief company1 !re are f\r o!r bran*es f ! same p>5t /em travell+ & p]=m+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,mann]s rec5tly endeav\r$ to =m an 8,op]a ,union10 & "s two ?\s& p]sons sign$ a =m agree+ to support & take tickets = an ,engli% op]a season 9 ,london2 :51 h[ev]1 ! s*eme 0 ripe only a few hundr$ ( ^! actually subscrib$1 & ! idea _h !re=e to be rel9qui%$4 ,m5tion mu/ be made ( ! g5]\s action ( ! music publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,ricordi1 :o 9 #aije (f]$ a prize ( #ejj = ! be/ ,engli% op]a4 ,?is 0 ga9$ by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,naylor ( ,cambridge = a "w entitl$ ,! ,angelus1 /ag$ & p]=m$ by ! ,royal ,op]a ,syndicate on ,janu>y #bg?1 #aiji2 ! "w _h a poor reception1 & 0 only play$ twice4 ,o!r s*emes are frequ5tly put be=e ! public1 & al?\gh 9 "s cases !y are too %ort-liv$1 & 9 o!rs n ( suffici5tly high aim to call = special m5tion1 !re is no real lack ( opportunity 9 ,engl& 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ( he>+ op]a fairly well done4 ,no comp>ison ) ,cont95tal /&>ds c be made 9 ! prov9ces1 conditions be+ s diff]5t2 b ! op]a season at ,cov5t ,g>d5 c vie ) all rivals1 & !re is a gradual increase ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 bo? ( p]sons capable ( appreciation ( op]atic ent]prise & ( arti/ic p]ception1 :i* w n all[ ( slip%od pres5tations or p]=mances4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,outlook ,und\bt$ly mu* rema9s to be done be=e we c claim = ! ,engli% z a nation an equal am\nt ( t fondness = op]a :i* is s notable a *>act]i/ic ( our ,cont95tal bre?r52 t we are mov+ some:at sl[ly 9 t direction is p]haps1 = ! pres5t1 suffici5t matt] = congratulation4 ,lov]s ( op]a 9 ! v]nacul> h n s v mu* to enc\rage !m z to ! ultimate realization ( ! ideas !y *]i%1 b ^? :o are cont5t to be satisfi$ ) progress t is /eady1 if /ill sl[1 may see 9 ,engl& ( to-day mu* 9 ! gr[+ appreciation = bett] music on ! "p ( ! masses ^u :i* to congratulate !mselves1 & ^u :i* also to build hopes = ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,li/5 ,,to ,,& ,,enjoy ,,op]a4 ,feel+s ( disappo9tm5t--,expectations--,! language difficulty--,:y ! /ory is h>d to foll[--,:at we g to ! op]a to he>--,"s sugge/ions--,to grasp ! /ory--,to realize ! /yle ( ! music --,re-he>+ necess>y--,h[ to beg9 to /udy op]a --,:at is necess>y = its enjoym5t4 ,9 p5n+ su* a *apt] z ?is1 ,i h no desire to lay d[n ! law to ^? old] & wis] ?an myself1 nor d ,i wi% to be didactic1 or to in/ruct :]e no in/ruction is ne$$4 ,! musician & ! op]a-habitu w n ne$ tell+ h[ to li/5 to op]a1 nor h[ to enjoy x2 nor %\ld ,i be ?ank$ = attempt+ ! task4 ,sid5ote3 ,feel+s ( ,disappo9tm5t ,at ! same "t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t to ! v l>ge majority ( "y p]sons _! fir/ introduction to op]a raises a feel+ ( disappo9tm5t4 ,p v>y mu*1 & !re are ^? to :om ! *>m ( music is s great t ! mo/ unfamili> h>monies w convey delight to _! e>s & satisfaction to _! m9d4 ,b ?is is exceptional r ?an ! rule1 & x is to be fe>$ t ! neophyte1 visit+ ! op]a 9 a /ate ( glori\s ignorance1 g5]ally comes away ) an +lori\s feel+ ( unrealiz$ ideals & unatta9$ expectations4 ,sid5ote3 ,expectations ,to ! av]age s*ool-girl1 = example1 op]a sugge/s v>i\s fasc9at+ details read ab\t 9 books & pap]s2 su* z beautiful s++1 ! pres5ce ( fa%ionable & brilliant p]sons1 possibly ( royalty2 ti>as ( diamonds & gorge\s co/umes1 & a ?\s& & "o o!r trifles :i* may or may n come up to expectation4 ,ev5 if !y d1 ! excitem5t ( su* extrane\s attributes z ^! soon palls1 & ! girl is left to reflect on ! op]a itself1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( disappo9tm5t4 ,= ,i w\ld "h assume :at ,i take to be g5]ally ! case1 namely1 t ! boy or girl pay+ a fir/ visit to ! op]a has no real idea z to :at is 9 /ore = !m2 & ! excitem5t ( ! fir/ entry into ! l>ge & brilliant h\se1 ) its cr[d ( well-dress$ p exp]i5c$1 a s]ies ( m9iature %ocks awaits ! novice1 :om1 = sake ( example1 we may take to be an av]agely intellig5t & musical girl ( sixte54 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,language ,difficulty ,x does n take h] long to discov] t %e c und]/& ! mean+ ( h>dly any ^w sung on ! /age2 a ^w or two "h & !re may be caught & m5tally translat$1 b h>dly suffici5t1 unless ! girl be specially conv]sant ) ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or ,g]man to piece ?+s connect$ly toge!r1 or to ga!r en\gh to foll[ ! s5tim5ts express$3 a little natural irritation at n kn[+ :at x is all ab\t ensues4 ,sid5ote3 ,:y ! ,/ory is ,h>d to ,foll[ ,! words n be+ caught1 z !y w\ld 9 an ord9>y play 9 ! v]nacul>1 x is difficult to foll[ ! /ory :i* is be+ unfold$2 an ord9>y /age piece may be intellig5tly foll[$ by a deaf p]son by means ( ! eye1 b 9 op]a1 situations mu/ develop m sl[ly ow+ to ! musical sett+1 & !re is g5]ally1 s f> z /age "w is conc]n$1 a m9imum ( action2 x is !re=e q possible = our "y lady to leave ! !atre ) ! v b>e/ notion z to ! plot ( ! op]a %e has witness$4 ,%\ld ! "w witness$ be ( a v popul> "*1 su* z ,fau/1 v>i\s numb]s 9 ! music w appeal to h] e> z be+ pleasantly famili>2 ev5 9 su* a case z ?is1 h[ev]1 !re w be mu* t falls /rangely1 :ile ) ! majority ( works ! music w\ld be s new t only a confus$ g5]al idea w\ld be c>ri$ away4 ,n foll[+ ei!r ! language or ! /ory1 ! music w\ld be b ano!r factor ( confusion to our inexp]i5c$ girl1 & especially w\ld ?is be ! case if ! "w pres5t$ 7 ( a mod]n nature1 or 9 a /yle to :i* %e 0 q unaccu/om$ 9 any phase ( ! art4 ,su*1 to my k1 are "s ( ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by "y p tak5 to ! op]a = ! fir/ "t2 fir/ impressions are /rong1 & a feel+ ( di/a/e ?us inculcat$ may be h>d to eradicate4 ,be=e consid]+ h[ su* wrong impressions might be prev5t$1 or at lea/ modifi$1 we mu/ aga9 consid] briefly :at we g to ! op]a to he>4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at we g to ! ,op]a to he> ,x is n m]ely beautiful s++1 = t c be he>d m effectively f ! same arti/s 9 ! conc]t hall1 :5 !y are unhamp]$ by ! necessities ( /age-action1 co/ume1 & make-up4 ,nev]!less1 !re are ^? :o are cont5t at ! op]a ) ?is alone1 h5ce ! popul>ity ( c]ta9 ,italian op]as1 ! success ( :i* dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u pure vocalization & expressive s++ ) support ( little 9 ! way ( /agecraft or dramatic tru?4 ,nor is x excell5t or*e/ral play+ t is ! ma9 objective1 = t1 too1 c be bett] he>d 9 ! symphony ( ! conc]t-room4 ,nor is f9e act+ ! ma9 consid]ation--= t we mu/ visit "s temple ( ! drama2 nor is x ! wond]ful developm5t ( /age appliance1 ! m>vell\s sc5ic displays1 or electric light+ devices t call = comm5t3 ^! c be bett] se5 9 "s h\se ma9ly devot$ to spectacul> pres5tation4 ,x is none ( ^! 9 p>ticul> = :i* we g to ! op]a1 b r = ! comb9ation ( !m all1 :i* =ms ! *>act]i/ic feature ( t complex aggregation ( v>i\s arts ( :i* op]a is con/itut$4 ,& see+ h[ _m-sid$ & complex an art-gr[? x is ) :i* we h to deal1 small wond] is x t real appreciation = its num]\s po9ts comes b sl[ly1 & only subsequ5t to exp]i5ce1 p]haps to /udy4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s ,sugge/ions ,n[ exp]i5ce & /udy are j ! ?+s ( :i* our imag9>y "y fri5d is q unable to boa/1 h5ce ! confus$ & my/ifi$ m5tal condition 9 :i* %e1 9 all probability1 leaves ! op]a h\se4 ,al?\gh easy to diagnose1 ! rem$y = ?is /ate ( ?+s is m difficult to seek1 b p]haps ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be made3-- ,sid5ote3 ,to ,grasp ! ,/ory ,fir/ ( all1 ,i w\ld advise1 make "s attempt be=e go+ to ! op]a to ma/] ! details ( ! plot or /ory2 !re are _m means ( do+ ?is3 9 all ! op]as publi%$ 9 ,boosey's ,royal ,edition ! plot is pla9ly set out at ! beg9n+1 & any "w n publi%$ !re may almo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd ) its /ory simply set =? 9 a book entitl$ ,! ,op]a1 by ,/reatfield4 ,?is done1 "s idea ( :at is tak+ place ^u ! /age c be grasp$1 & ev5 p]haps "s s5t5ces ( ! libretto foll[$4 ,)\t su* help1 plots ) s mu* movem5t & incid5t z ev5 ,loh5gr9 or ,siegfri$ may be h>d to grasp2 b d n make ! mi/ake ( tak+ a copy ( ! music or libretto into ! h\se ) y2 ! auditorium is g5]ally too d>k to admit ( _! use1 & ev5 if ?is be n impossible1 frequ5t cuts make foll[+ a difficult matt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ,realize ! ,/yle ( ! ,music ,hav+ realiz$ ! plot1 try to get "s idea ( ! /yle ( ! music1 t is1 :e!r x is an op]a ( ! old] classical s*ool 7,moz>t1 ,*]ub9i1 ,web]1 etc471 9 :i* case x w split up into airs1 duets1 f9ales1 etc41 ) music some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! famili> sonata2 or if p]haps x be an ,italian "w 7,ross9i1 ,donizetti1 ,v]di71 ) ! same sub-divisions1 b ( a m tuneful & simple nature2 or if a "w ( ! 8,gr& ,op]a0 s*ool 7,spont9i1 ,mey]be]71 ) massive /age effects & pomp\s musical utt]ances2 or aga91 p]haps a mod]n "w 9 ! ,wagn] mann]1 ) cont9u\s non-divid$ music1 & )\t def9ite tunes 7melos & n rhy?mic air72 9 ?is latt] case1 "o or two ( ! *ief leit-motiv5 might be memoriz$1 b ,i w\ld n advise ?is class ( op]a = a fir/ exp]i5ce2 x is too advanc$4 ,9 any case1 d n g )\t "s cle> idea z to ! mann] & /yle ( ! music to be li/5$ to2 if any ( ! "w c be play$ ?r\gh & made at all famili> be=eh&1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,re-he>+ ,necess>y ,) "s sort ( nodd+ acqua9tance ) ! plot & ! music1 enjoym5t may be atta9$ if ! "w be n too complex2 b ev5 !n ,i w\ld say t x is n v easy to appreciate an op]a at a fir/ he>+2 s t if opportunity arises = a second visit to ! op]a h\se to be paid1 *oose ! same "w t y h already he>d4 ,a fir/ visit does little m ?an create an impression2 a second visit w r5ew old impressions & convey fur!r ones2 a ?ird visit w\ld enable "o to be on ! look-out = special p>ts :i* h made special appeal2 a f\r? visit w\ld1 z a rule1 con/itute ?or\gh enjoym5t1 provid$ ! "w be well p]=m$4 ,( c\rse !re are "s op]as :i* c be easily appreciat$ at a fir/ or second he>+1 b ^! are ! great m9ority1 & ,i w\ld sugge/ f\r visits be=e any judgm5t is pass$2 = an ord9>y amateur to he> a new "w & ei!r praise or condemn extravagantly is no?+ m or less ?an presumption2 ! m exp]i5c$ & capable ! critic1 ! m res]v$ is 8 judgm5t4 ,und\bt$ly1 = ! m complex op]as1 f\r visits1 unaccompani$ by private /udy or by rehe>+ ( ! music1 w\ld be insuffici5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to ,beg9 to ,/udy ,op]a ,beg9 ) simple op]as3 su* works z ,fau/ & ,c>m51 ! tunes ( :i* are already kn[n to a l>ge ext5t1 at once sugge/ !mselves2 & p]haps 9 ! same category1 al?\gh 9 a v diff]5t class1 may be plac$ ,loh5gr9 & ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana2 aft] a c\rse ( easily grasp$ works1 m exalt$ creations1 su* z ,don ,giovanni1 ,fidelio1 & ,die ,mei/]s+]1 may be approa*$2 & f9ally we come to ! s]i\s works ( ,wagn]'s ,r+1 su* op]as z ,tri/an & ,isolde1 ! beauties ( :i* are a seal$ book to ! inexp]i5c$ & ! unmusical4 ,z is ! case ) e phase ( e art1 real appreciation c only spr+ f real compreh5sion2 t :i* is n und]/ood _c be fully belov$4 ,!re mu/ be a beg9n+ & a gradual gr[?2 love = op]a is h>dly an inborn gift2 r is x a cumulative =ce1 f$ by an ev]-increas+ k1 & by ev]-wid5+ critical faculties4 ,to love music1 s++1 or an or*e/ral p]=mance does n also necess>ily imply an ability to c>e 9 ! v lea/ = s polymorph\s a "w z op]a1 :i* mu/ be a ?+ ( sep>ate /udy1 ! m difficult 9 t x dem&s att5tion f s _m po9ts ( view4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ,necess>y = its ,enjoym5t ,& :5 k & exp]i5ce are to "s ext5t ga9$1 become n too critical1 = t m>s enjoym5t2 ^? ^: love is fre%e/ = op]a are n ^? unhappy critics :o mu/ p]=ce write a long analytical acc\nt ( a new "w ere ! f9al curta9 has fall5 ^u x1 b r ^? :o h gr[n to *]i% ! musical phrases = _! own sake & = _! inh]5t beauty1 irrespective ( :o may be s++ !m1 provid$ ! s++ be good & correct4 ,love = op]a1 al?\gh n lightly ga9$1 is also n lightly lo/2 x is a ta/e t endures & /r5g!ns z "t goes on & k deep5s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,op]a ,,h\ses ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,cov5t ,g>d5--,la ,scala--,san ,c>lo--,v5ice--,rome--,p>is & ! ,gr& ,op]a--,vi5na--,budape/--,prague--,b]l9 --,dresd5--,muni*--,bayreu?--,russia--,o !r ,european c\ntries--,egypt--,am]ica4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,ar*itecturally speak+1 our ,engli% op]a h\se is n "o ( ! sights ( ,london4 ,hidd5 away some:at ignom9i\sly 9 a side /reet1 x has little appe>ance1 9 spite ( its size1 & by no means =ms s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! way ( public build+ z d ! majority ( ! h\ses 9 =eign capitals4 ,( ! p]=mances devot$ to op]a giv5 )9 its walls we h already said some?+1 & may !re=e pass on to a consid]ation ( ! ways & do+s ( "s ( ! ,cont95tal op]a h\ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,la ,scala ,turn+1 at fir/1 to ! sunny l& :]e op]a 0 born1 ! "n ( ! mo/ fam\s 8,la ,scala0 ,!atre at ,milan at once comes to ! m9d4 ,?is h\se has ! enorm\s seat+ capacity = #c1fjj p]sons4 ,ap>t f its size1 !re is ! musical & arti/ic int]e/ :i* ?is h\se d]ives f ! production ( _m works "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,s9ce its op5+ date1 ,augu/ #crd1 #aggh1 hundr$s ( op]as h be5 /ag$1 & ! triumphs ( ,ross9i1 ,mey]be]1 ,bell9i1 ,donizetti1 & ,v]di h be5 witness$4 ,x is en\gh to /ate t su* works z ,ross9i's ,la ,gazza ,ladra1 ,bell9i's ,norma1 ,donizetti's ,lucretia ,borgia1 ,v]di's ,i ,lomb>di1 ,boito's ,mefi/(ele1 & ,pon*ielli's ,la ,gioconda fir/ saw ! light ( day 9 8,la ,scala0 to e/abli% = x a claim to notice on ! "p ( op]a-go]s4 ,sometime ago ! municipal grant t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! e/abli%m5t 0 close ^u #aj1jjj1 b a five ye>s' contract dat+ f #aijb all[s only an annual subsidy ( #c1ijj = #ej p]=mances1 & at r$uc$ prices4 ,sid5ote3 ,san ,c>lo ,ev5 old] ?an ,la ,scala1 z x dates orig9ally f #agcg1 is its ,neapolitan rival 8,san ,c>lo40 ,! new h\se1 built aft] a fire 9 #ahaf1 is ( great size1 & at "o "t vi$ ) its ,milanese bro!r 9 ! importance ( new works produc$2 b less f9ancial support has be5 =?com+ f ,naples ?an is ! case at ,milan1 & al?\gh an annual grant ( #c1bjj is giv5 by ! municipality1 ! ,san ,c>lo productions1 al?\gh ( v high rank1 are p]haps h>dly on a level ) ^? at ,la ,scala4 ,b ,san ,c>lo has _h its triumphs1 & has se5 ! fir/ production ( ,ross9i's ,mos 9 ,egitto1 ,zelmira1 & o!r works1 & ( ,donizetti's ,lucia di ,lamm]moor1 besides numb]s ( o!r op]as ( less fame4 ,sid5ote3 ,v5ice ,al?\gh ,v5ice looms l>ge 9 ! hi/ory ( music1 & its do+s 9 op]a h be5 v consid]able1 !re appe>s to be no !atre solely devot$ to ?is class ( "w1 nor is !re any regul> grant4 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t ,ross9i's ,semiramide & ,tancr$i are bo? ,v5etian productions4 ,sid5ote3 ,rome ,rome 9 old] days _h pride ( place among/ op]a h\ses1 & ,mr4 ,had[ speaks ( x z be+ at "o "t ! highe/ s*ool 9 :i* a musician c\ld graduate4 ,"h 0 produc$ ,ross9i's ,il ,b>bi]e & _m ano!r fam\s "w4 ,to-day op]a at ,rome1 if inde$ x is on an equal level1 h>dly seems to be ( high] importance ?an t 9 o!r ,italian cities4 ,x has no subsidy at ! pres5t "t1 & has to dep5d on its own res\rces = its upkeep4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>is ,! ,fr5* op]a h\se is1 z mo/ p "k1 "o ( ! mo/ impos+ sights ( ,p>is2 well situat$ & f9ely conceiv$1 x is a wor?y home = t art product = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,fr5* op]a f ! e>lie/ record$ p]=mances ( ! sixte5? c5tury is1 ( c\rse1 a v ext5sive "o4 ,s long ago z #afgb ! "n ( ,lully made ,p>isian op]a fam\s1 & al?\gh = a "t its home 0 transf]r$ to ! ,palace ,royal1 ! site has borne te/imony to _m a f9e build+1 ! pres5t "o1 inscrib$ ,acadmie ,nationale de ,musique1 dat+ f #ahgd 7comm5c$ 9 #ahfa74 ,al?\gh its seat+ capacity ( #b1aef is mu* less ?an t ( ,la ,scala1 x is ! l>ge/ h\se 9 ! _w1 & cov]s almo/ ?ree acres ( gr\nd1 ! co/ ( its erection be+ ne>ly a million & a half4 ,besides ,lully1 ! names ( ,rameau1 ,gluck1 ,*]ub9i1 ,spont9i1 ,hrold1 ,aub]1 ,mey]be]1 & ,b]lioz are all indissolubly connect$ ) ! op]a ( ,p>is3 ( t special class ( "w1 ! ,p>isian 8,gr& ,op]a10 we h already spok54 ,!re is no h\se 9 all musical hi/ory t c claim s great a measure ( v>iety & incid5t1 nor make su* int]e/+ read+1 z t ( ! 8,acadmie de ,musique40 ,its =tunes h fluctuat$1 b x has done wond]ful "w1 & a m]e recapitulation ( names ( f9e op]as :i* ga9$ _! orig9al production "h w\ld be f> too long = quotation4 ,! glory ( ,p>isian ,gr& ,op]a has always held a spell ov] ! nations1 & has be5 a ?+ ap>t f all else 9 music2 we "k some?+ ( its hold ^u ,wagn]1 & if !re is to-day some:at less ( a glam\r ca/ by x ?an 9 ! days :5 ,lully held despotic sway1 or ,spont9i or ,mey]be] dom9at$ all1 !re is /ill a *>m & delight to be f\nd )9 its walls1 :i* are difficult to equal 9 h\ses :]e ! traditional uses are less sacr$ly adh]$ to4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gr& ,op]a ,! ,fr5* are v jeal\s ( its traditions1 & al?\gh mod]n times h n all[$ ! direction to fall beh9d 9 _! ef=ts to keep pace ) ! /rides op]atic music has made "u ,wagn]'s influ5ce1 x is only q rec5tly t ! works ( ! compos] h be5 welcom$ 9 ,p>is4 ,popul> feel+1 p>tly on patriotic gr\nds1 = long kept 8 op]as 9 ! backgr\nd3 ,p>isians w\ld h none ( !m4 ,! result has be51 p]haps1 ev5 m rigidly to pres]ve ^? cu/oms ( ,gr& ,op]a1 su* z ! inclusion ( a ballet1 :i* are among/ its mo/ di/9ctive features4 ,t\*+ ^u ! "q ( f9ance1 we f9d t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t all[s ! v l>ge subsidy ( #cb1jjj p] annum t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ,gr& ,op]a2 9 return1 h[ev]1 op]a is suppos$ to be /ag$ ?ree or f\r times dur+ ! week1 & ! prices ( admission1 z comp>$ ) ,london1 are n high 7rang+ f #ag fr4 to #b fr474 ,france loves its op]a1 & does n hesitate to lay out good r\nd sums = its support2 nor are its p beh9d-h& 9 _! att5dance2 a cr[d$ h\se is ! rule r ?an ! exception1 appreciation1 :ile critical1 be+ /ill ke54 ,sid5ote3 ,vi5na ,comp>+ n unfav\rably 9 dignity ( conception & spl5d\r ( adornm5t ) ! ,fr5* h\se is ! ,op]a ,h\se ( ,vi5na1 an ornam5t 9 t encircl+ r+ ( f9e build+s :i* is s di/9ctive a feature ( ! ,au/rian capital4 ,vi5na has be5 ! home ( s _m ( ! giants ( music t x is n surpris+ t x %\ld h witness$ ! production ( _m a "w n[ _w fam\s3 ,gluck's ,orfeo 7#agfb71 ,moz>t's ,fig>o 7#aghf71 ,cosi fan ,tutte 7#agij71 & ,zaub]flte 7#agia71 ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio 7#ahje72 ^! alone w\ld suffice to cause ,vi5na to /& high 9 musical fame1 = x 0 at ,vi5na t ^! works fir/ came to light4 ,n t ! pres5t ,op]a ,h\se witness$ _! production1 = ! build+ :i* to-day /&s z an abode ( op]a dates f a m rec5t "t2 ! co/ ( its erection 0 #eji1gie4 ,belong+ to ! ,/ate1 its affairs are adm9i/]$ by ! ,"l ,*amb]la9's dep>tm5t1 any deficit be+ made good f ! ,emp]or's ,civil ,li/4 ,sid5ote3 ,budape/ ,! ,hung>ian ,op]a ,h\se at ,budape/ also receives f ! ,/ate a subsidy ( #bd1bjh1 & 9 addition a sum ( #bej = sal>ies2 ! ,emp]or supplem5t+ ?is by a grant ( #ac1ccd4 ,sid5ote3 ,prague ,ref]5ce mu/ also be made to ,prague1 fam\s = ! production ( ,moz>t's ,don ,giovanni 9 #aghg4 ,m rec5tly ,prague has be5 ! home ( works ( ! ,bohemian s*ool1 z exemplifi$ by ,smetana1 ,dvrk1 ,fibi*1 & o!rs4 ,smetana's ,b>t]$ ,bride 0 /ag$ at ,prague 9 #ahff1 & f t date to ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ,dvrk's la/ op]a1 ,armida1 9 #aijd1 ! ,national ,!atre has witness$ a con/ant succession ( works ( a *>act]i/ically national tone :i* make an unfail+ appeal to ! ,cze*s4 ,! ,cze* !atre has a ,/ate grant ( #c1gej4 ,sid5ote3 ,b]l9 ,! ,b]l9 ,op]a ,h\se also has claims to notice1 = 0 n ,web]'s ,d] ,freis*tz m\nt$ "h = ! fir/ "t8 ,moreov]1 ,b]l9 be+ ! capital ( ,g]many1 ! h\se is ! sc5e ( _m f9e ,/ate p]=mances mu* patroniz$ by ! ,royal ,h\se4 ,! build+ itself1 al?\gh /&+ well 9 ! f9e 8,l9d50 prom5ade1 w n comp>e ) ,p>is or ,vi5na f an ar*itectural po9t ( view2 ! ,op]a ,h\se & ,play ,h\se ( ,b]l9 toge!r receive #ed1jjj t[>ds _! work+ exp5ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,dresd5 ,leipzig & ,dresd5 h also f9e !atres1 ! ,dresd5 ,op]a ,h\se be+ specially fam\s = its associations ) ,web] & ,wagn]4 ,moreov]1 x is a f9e build+1 magnific5tly situat$ 9 an impos+ position1 & hav+ consid]able ar*itectural pret5sions4 ,! ,k+ ( ,saxony pays #ca1jjj = ! op]a1 !atre1 & or*e/ra1 & also makes good any deficit t arises4 ,at ?is !atre ,ri*>d ,/rauss has produc$ 8 two late/ op]as1 ,salome & ,elektra4 ,sid5ote3 ,muni* ,muni* has ( late come to ! front 9 op]atic matt]s2 ! ,c\rt ,!atre1 adm9i/]$ f ! ,civil ,li/1 has = long devot$ mu* att5tion to op]a1 b int]e/ is n[ c5tr$ some:at on ! new 8,pr9ce ,reg5t0 ,!atre1 :]e an attempt is be+ made to outvie ,bayreu? itself 9 ! ,wagn] productions2 f9e p]=mances h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ few summ]s2 ! be/ s+]s available h be5 engag$1 & no exp5se sp>$ 9 m\nt+ & g5]al details4 ,nor h ! p]=mances be5 conf9$ to ,wagn]1 = repres5tations ( ,moz>t's op]as h be5 int]sp]s$ ) ^!4 ,x is z yet too e>ly to say :at influ5ce1 if any1 ! new ,muni* h\se w h on ! =tunes ( ,bayreu?1 b x seems probable t a !atre ev5 bett] fitt$ up ?an ,bayreu? itself = ,wagn]ian p]=mances1 & 9 s mu* m c5tral & easily rea*$ a position1 may 9 ! ne> future v prejudicially affect ! =tunes ( ! old] h\se4 ,almo/ e ,g]man t[n ( any size has its ,op]a ,h\se1 & detail$ description ( ^! is manife/ly impossible1 al?\gh v mu* int]e/ atta*es to "s ( !m2 we mu/ !re=e conclude our acc\nt ( ! ,g]man !atres ) a %ort description ( ! !atre built by ,wagn] at ,bayreu? accord+ to 8 own ideas ( :at su* a h\se %\ld be4 ,sid5ote3 ,bayreu? ,!re is little d\bt t at ! pres5t "t ! ,bayreu? ,op]a ,h\se is ! mo/ fam\s 9 ! _w2 wor%ip ( ,wagn] is /ill wide-spread1 & ! halo surr\nd+ 8 "n & 8 home ca/s a gl[ ^u ! little t[n :i* he select$ z ! sc5e ( 8 f9al lab\rs2 &1 !re=e1 f all p>ts ( ! _w1 :5 ! ,bayreu? !atre op5s its doors1 pilgrimages are made1 & devotees flock ) an int5se en?usiasm :i* has no p>allel 9 ! case ( any o!r h\se4 ,moreov]1 until ! ,am]icans boldly pirat$ ,p>sifal1 contr>y to ,wagn]'s wi%es1 x 0 "h only t 8 la/ great "w c\ld be he>d2 h5ce1 to ! true ,wagn]ian1 ,bayreu? is a spot sacr$ & hall[$1 inspir+ a rev]5ce q di/9ct f t felt = any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bayreu? ,,!atre4 ,x 0 9 ,may #ahgb t ! f\ndation-/one 0 laid1 & celebrat$ ) a p]=mance ( ,bee?ov5's ,*oral ,symphony1 & ! completion ( ! build+1 delay$ by lack ( funds1 took place 9 #ahgf1 :5 ! ,r+ 0 p]=m$2 s9ce !n p]=mances h tak5 place on a gr& scale at int]vals ( a ye> or two ye>s 9 ! summ]4 ,seats1 :i* are ! same price all ov] ! h\se1 co/ #a = ea* p]=mance2 a feature 9 ! con/ruction 0 t an equally good view %\ld be obta9$ f e po9t ( view 7h5ce ! equality ( prices72 ?is 0 done by rais+ e seat a little above ! "o imm$iately 9 front ( x1 & by putt+ ea* spectator :]e he c\ld see betwe5 ! heads ( ! two p]sons be=e him4 ,ano!r feature 0 ! subm]g$ or*e/ra--i4e41 bel[ ! level ( ! floor ( ! h\se2 ev5 ! conductor1 al?\gh he has ! /age 9 view1 _c be se5 by ! audi5ce1 & "p ( ! or*e/ra 7! brass7 is actually "u ! /age--an exp]im5t :i* seem$ d\btful at fir/1 b :i* has on ! :ole prov$ successful4 ,! ma*9]y & sc5]y 7 z good z c\ld possibly be obta9$1 & ! managem5t /ill keeps up to date 9 ?is respect4 ,al?\gh op5 to competition bo? f ,new ,york & f ,muni*1 ,bayreu? seems likely to hold its own = "s ye>s to come1 :5ev] x may *oose to op5 its doors4 ,sid5ote3 ,russia ,9 ,russia1 & m especially at ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[1 !atrical att5dance is look$ ^u z an educational matt]1 & !re=e x is possible to see op]a = fivep5ce6 7,happy p--9 t respect67 ,( c\rse ?is means v l>ge ,imp]ial help1 in=mation z to ! exact am\nt ( :i* is n =?com+2 b ! two capitals h f9e h\ses1 ) int]e/ = u 9 t !y h witness$ ! production ( mo/ ( ! op]as ( ! "y ,russian s*ool2 ! ballet is mu* belov$ 9 ,russia1 & =ms "o ( ! regul> objects ( repres5tation4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r ,european ,c\ntries ,space =bids u to g into detail z to ! op]a h\ses ( ,sw$5 7,royal ,!atre ( ,/ockholm71 ,norway 7,national ,!atre1 ,*ri/iania71 ,spa91 ,holl&1 ,belgium 7,brussels1 ,?tre de la ,monnaie71 ,d5m>k 7,cop5hag51 ,royal ,!atre71 or ,portugal 7,lisbon1 ,san ,c>los74 ,! latt] is1 h[ev]1 ( special int]e/ 9 be+ "o ( ! olde/ h\ses ( its k9d1 hav+ be5 erect$ 9 #agic4 ,in=mation z to ! subsidies receiv$ by ^! & o!r !atres w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,b4 ,sid5ote3 ,egypt ,sid5ote3 ,am]ica ,( op]a h\ses outside ,europe x w be p]haps suffici5t to m5tion ^? ( ,cairo & ,alex&ria 7! =m] ( :i* saw ! production ( ,v]di's ,ada 9 #ahga71 & ! ,am]ican h\ses 7,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia74 ,! ,new ,york1 ! ,metropolitan1 & ! ,manhattan op]a h\ses witness v magnific5t p]=mances1 & comm& ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive tal5t 9 ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,(f%oots ,,& ,,curiosities ,,( ,,op]a4 ,op]etta--,musical com$y--,ballad op]a--,masque-- ,ballet--,objections !reto--,curiosities ( con/ruction--,pa/iccio--,mix$ language-- ,/]eotyp$ ca/s--,curiosities ( /age requirem5ts --,wagn]'s sup]natural requirem5ts--,curiosities ( ! music--,vocal cad5zas4 ,! *ief (f%oot ( ,op]a prop] is ,op]a ,comique1 or ,s+spiel4 ,?is we h already describ$ z be+ op]a int]sp]s$ ) spok5 dialogue1 n necess>ily ( a humor\s nature3 ! m]e fact1 h[ev]1 ( its introduction conf]s on ! "w ! title ( ,op]a ,comique 9 ,france1 or ( ,s+spiel 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t su* works z ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio & ,web]'s ,d] ,freis*tz belong to ?is type1 x is evid5tly ( great importance1 & a v l>ge numb] ( ! op]as already m5tion$ by a v>iety ( compos]s come "u ?is head+4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]etta ,next p]haps 9 int]e/ is ! op]etta1 or %ort op]a1 orig9ally a "o-act light op]a v frequ5tly employ+ spok5 dialogue2 ! g5]al /yle1 moreov]1 is light] & ( less impos+ proportions ?an s]i\s op]a4 ,9 lat] days op]ettas are (t5 prolong$ into two or m acts1 & h be5 made v specially famili> to ,engli% !atre-go]s by ! long s]ies ( works by ,gilb]t & ,sullivan1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 belong to ?is category4 ,sid5ote3 ,musical ,com$y ,( a some:at l[] grade is musical com$y1 a popul> type ( /age piece mak+ consid]able use ( music1 b ( only ! less exalt$ =ms ( ! art2 no s]i\s pret5sions to arti/ic beauty are claim$ by ^! works1 ! ta/e = :i* seems to be1 at ! pres5t "t1 some:at on ! wane4 ,sid5ote3 ,ballad ,op]a ,a =m ( op]a = :i* ! ,engli% h always _h an affection is ! 8,ballad ,op]a10 really a /r+ ( airs1 (t5 by diff]5t compos]s1 ?r[n m or less promiscu\sly into a /ory1 ) :i* !y (t5 appe> to h no v close connection2 !re is practically no conc]t$ music1 & ! :ole be>s "s sort ( resemblance to a ballad conc]t4 ,! r5[n$ ,begg>'s ,op]a1 :i* = ye>s 0 a model = ,engli% entrepr5eurs1 belong$ to ?is category1 & set an example = ho/s ( imitators to foll[2 inde$1 ,engl& is only n[ beg9n+ to %ake h]self free f ! trammels ( ?is class ( "w1 to :i* su* op]as z ,! ,bohemian ,girl & ,m>itana t5d to approximate4 ,! ballad op]a also took root 9 ,am]ica1 :]e hundr$s ( su* works fl\ri%$ = a "t1 & x is n unkn[n 9 ,g]many1 :]e x receives ! title ( 8,li$]spiel40 ,sid5ote3 ,masque ,( m arti/ic m]it & int]e/ is ! 8,masque10 :i* really prec$$ op]a2 orig9ally develop+ 9 c>nival processions ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,italian t[ns1 x 0 adopt$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & "s succe$+ mon>*s4 ,! plan ( su* works 0 ! pres5tation ( "s allegorical idea ^u a /age ) descriptive music1 bo? vocal & in/rum5tal1 &1 9 addition1 a l>ge proportion ( danc+4 ,campion1 ,lock1 ,cop]>io1 & _m o!rs took "p 9 ! composition ( ^! div]tissem5ts1 :i* 7 9 great dem& = su* functions z royal w$d+s4 ,!y 7 /ag$ 9 ! mo/ sumptu\s mann]1 great att5tion be+ paid to /age ma*9]y1 co/ume1 etc42 mu* ( ! music has be5 lo/1 b :at rema9s %[s x to h be5 excell5t ( its class1 & effective ev5 9 p]=mance to-day4 ,sid5ote3 ,ballet ,9 e>ly days ( op]atic hi/ory !re 0 no radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! masque & ! ballet2 an ent]ta9m5t ( vocal & in/rum5tal music 9 celebration ( ! m>riage ( ! ,duke ( ,joyeuse 9 #aeha 7co/+ ?ree & a half million francs to produce1 by-!-bye7 0 t]m$ 8,ballet comique de la ,royne40 ,z an illu/ration ( ! dance alone1 :i* is its pres5t signification1 ! ballet appe>s to date f ! f\ndation ( ! op]a 9 ,france1 ) :i* x has _h a v close & la/+ connection4 ,inde$ until rec5tly gr& op]a )\t a ballet 0 unkn[n2 beg9n+ ) ,lully1 & cont9u+ ev5 up to ! pres5t day1 ! ballet has ma9ta9$ a position ( great importance2 & al?\gh x has nev] appeal$ to ! ,engli% to ! same ext5t z x seems to h done to our ,cont95tal bre?r51 x has be5 transport$ ) ! works 9 :i* x 0 introduc$1 & has become a v famili> feature to op]a-go]s2 ev5 s rec5t a "w z ,cilea's ,adriana ,lec\vreur introduces a l5g?y & some:at annoy+ ballet4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections !reto ,= ! great disadvantage ( ! ballet is t x breaks up ! cont9uity ( ! /ory2 ! developm5t ( ! int]e/ ( ! op]a is arre/$1 & s f> z ! music is conc]n$ a complete diff]5ce 9 /yle is (t5 necess>y1 ! result be+ t ! old tra9 ( ?\ght & idea is (t5 only to be resum$ ) difficulty4 ,h5ce x happ5s t1 ) a gr[+ appreciation = arti/ic tru? 9 op]a1 ! ballet has fall5 into ! backgr\nd1 & mo/ op]as se5 to-day d n include any p]=mance ( :at is1 at be/1 a some:at irrelevant int]lude4 ,a few attempts1 su* z t by ,wagn] 9 ,tannhus]1 to introduce a ballet z an integral factor 9 ! dn\em5t1 h n be5 specially successful1 nor h !y be5 widely imitat$4 ,z a sep>ate =m ( ent]ta9m5t1 ap>t f op]a1 ! ballet has _h excell5t music writt5 = x by ,adam1 ,sullivan1 ,t*akovsky1 & o!rs 79 ,russia x is a v popul> amusem5t72 b 9 ,engl& its appe>ances are n[ ma9ly conf9$ to ! music-hall1 :]e x is w$d$ to music ( a light & *>m+ "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,curiosities ,a few words z to curiosities ( op]a2 ^! may be gr\p$ "u two or ?ree diff]5t heads1 some:at z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,curiosities ( ,con/ruction & ,design4 7#b7 ,curiosities ( ,/age ,requirem5ts4 7#c7 ,curiosities ( ! ,music4 ,sid5ote3 ,curiosities ( ,con/ruction ,sid5ote3 ,pa/iccio ,! old mann] ( collect+ a mass ( het]og5e\s mat]ials 9 ! way ( airs & songs1 & ( turn+ !m into a k9d ( op]a1 is c]ta9ly curi\s4 ,! "n 8,pa/iccio10 or 8pie10 is v applicable to ?is hybrid gr[?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has at times atta9$ to great popul>ity2 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s in/ances ( its k9d is ,muzio ,scevola1 produc$ 9 #agga4 8 "w 0 9 ?ree acts3 ! fir/ compos$ by ,ario/i1 ! second by ,buononc9i1 & ! ?ird by ,h&el2 ! la/-nam$ great compos]1 ) an easy mann] ( do+ ?+s :i* w\ld c]ta9ly n pass mu/] at ! pres5t day1 also br\ght out 9 #agch an op]a almo/ entirely made up ( fav\rite airs f 8 o!r works2 an example :i* ,gluck foll[$ a few ye>s lat]4 ,! day = ?is k9d ( ?+ is =tunately pa/1 & no compos] ( s]i\s op]atic "w w\ld rev]t to a proc$ure :i* is m sugge/ive ( ! con/ruction ( a pantomime4 ,sid5ote3 ,mix$ ,languages ,! s++ by diff]5t p]=m]s 9 diff]5t languages at ! same "t is ano!r defunct cu/om2 s little reg>d 0 paid to ! importance ( ! libretto t x us$ to be q a common occurr5ce = ea* p]son on ! /age to s+ 9 :atev] language came easie/ to him or h]2 on ! ,cont95t ! airs w\ld p]haps be sung 9 ,italian & ! recitatives 9 ,g]man1 ) an inconsi/5cy t is almo/ incr$ible2 :51 h[ev]1 agility 9 vocalization 0 ! *ief attraction 9 op]atic repres5tation1 x is to be presum$ t intelligibility ( utt]ance 0 n an important consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,/]eotyp$ ,ca/s ,to ! same cause mu/ be attribut$ ! extraord9>y fact t ! dramatis p]son 7 ! same = ne>ly all op]as dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,:atev] ! /ory or plot to be unfold$1 x 0 ess5tial t !re %\ld be six pr9cipal *>act]s--a high soprano1 a mezzo1 & a contralto1 a male soprano1 a t5or1 & a bass2 ( c\rse slight modifications 9 ! "* ( ! voices 0 occasionally all[$1 b ! ma9 l9es foll[$ 7 z above4 ,& :e!r x suit$ ! /ory or n1 ea* ( ^! good p expect$ to h an important air to s+ 9 ea* act1 & woe betide ! unhappy compos] :o wrote a m attractive piece = "o ( !m ?an 0 suppli$ to 8 or h] rival s+]4 ,f ?is /]eotyp$ =m ( bondage1 ) its horrible artificiality1 op]a is n[ free2 & x is due to ! obs]vance ( ^! conv5tions t ! works ( ,h&el & o!r compos]s1 :o wrote really good music1 are absolutely dead4 ,ap>t f ! con/ruction 9 ! =m ( ! op]a1 !re h be5 f "t to "t int]e/+ exp]im5ts made ) reg>d to ! h\s+ ( t integral portion ( x--! or*e/ra4 ,wagn]'s innovation1 ! plac+ ( ! b& out ( sight & bel[ ! /age1 al?\gh x necessitat$ ! increase ( ! /r+ sections1 has prov$ on ! :ole good2 o!r designs h be5 ! entire cov]+ 9 ( ! or*e/ra ) a ?9 transp>5t sub/ance1 :i* has _h ! effect ( subdu+ ! s\nd1 b :i* has also prov$ disa/r\sly hot = ! poor play]s4 ,"o idea emanat$ f ! ,new ,york ,metropolitan1 :5 ,mr4 ,conri$ sugge/$ ! plac+ ( ! brass play]s ^u a movable plat=m1 :i* c\ld move up or d[n at w2 if x is desir$ t _! in/rum5ts %all s\nd prom95tly !y w be rais$ into ! air2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 a subdu$ effect is requir$1 !y w be l[]$ a few feet2 a long cresc5do w1 presumably1 be effect$ by a gradual elevation ( ?is movable floor6 ,"o has yet to wait to see ?is some:at freaki% inv5tion adopt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,curiosities ( ,/age ,requirem5ts ,9 days :5 enorm\s gr\ps ( p]=m]s 7 consid]$ indisp5sable = gr& effects 9 op]a1 "o reads ( _m extravagances 9 ! way ( display4 ,9 mod]n sc5ic dramatic works1 9 ! ballet1 & 9 pantomime1 ^! effects are no d\bt legitimate en\gh2 b 9 s f> z ! cumb]+ ( ! /age ) voiceless sup]s h>dly helps on ! cause ( op]a1 x is a matt] = congratulation t ^! exceptional /age dem&s are no long] made to any great ext5t4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! mode/ li/ ( p]=m]s t took "p 9 ,fres*i's ,b]5ice 9 #afhj3-- #ajj ,virg9s4 #ajj ,soldi]s4 #ajj ,horsem5 9 ,iron ,arm\r4 #dj ,cornets on ,horseback4 #f ,m\nt$ ,trumpet]s4 #f ,drumm]s4 #f ,ensigns4 #f ,sackbuts4 #f ,flutes4 #ab ,m9/rels play+ on ,turki% in/rum5ts1 etc4 #f ,pages4 #c ,s]geants4 #f ,cymbale]s4 #ab ,huntsm54 #ab ,grooms4 #ab ,*>iote]s4 #b ,lions l$ by #b ,turks4 #b ,elephants4 #d ,horses ) ,b]5ice's ,triumphal ,c>4 #ab ,horses draw+ #f c>s4 #f ,*>iots4 ,a /able ) #ajj liv+ horses4 ,a =e/ fill$ ) wild bo>1 de]1 & be>s4 ,h[ev] magnific5t & impos+ 9 effect su* a spectacle may be1 its prop] sph]e is n op]a4 ,) ,mey]be]1 ,spont9i1 & o!r compos]s ( gr& op]a ^! ideas h f\nd fav\r2 b !y are a b> to ! production ( _! works to-day1 n only on ! score ( v consid]able exp5se1 b also because ! arti/ic s5se t delights 9 beautiful music w$d$ to appropriate drama w h>dly f9d pleasure 9 su* m]ely s5su\s effects ( ! eye4 ,sid5ote3 ,wagn]'s ,sup]natural ,requirem5ts ,! difficulties ( mod]n /age managem5t occur *iefly 9 ! pres5tation ( ! sup]natural2 huge cr[ds are easy en\gh to put ^u ! /age1 b to make a bird fly across naturally is a m involv$ matt]4 ,9 s _m ( ! ,wagn] op]as ^! sup]natural features are ess5tial elem5ts ( ! situation2 ! ,rh9e maid5s mu/ appe> to be swimm+ 9 real wat]1 ! bird mu/ fly ahead ( ,siegfri$ to %[ him ! rock on :i* ,brnnhilde sleeps1 & r\nd t rock liv+ flames ( fire mu/ d>t & play4 ,x is su* po9ts z ^! :i* are difficult to /age conv9c+ly4 ,has anyone ev] felt v fright5$ at ! dragon ,fafn]8 ,! fire has a way ( com+ out ( 8 m\? at ! wrong "t1 8 head & 8 tail seem to h little connection ) "o ano!r1 & ! impressive effect ( 8 deeply sonor\s utt]ances is (t5 m>r$ by ! v visible megaphone ?r\gh :i* !y are utt]$4 ,9 ^! /range bea/s1 = :i* ma*9]y is ineffective1 !re is /ill scope = improvem5t 9 mod]n /age managem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,curiosities ( ! ,music ,curiosities 9 ! music occur n[ & !n3 su*1 = in/ance1 is ! weird portion 9 ! middle ( ,web]'s ,euryan! ov]ture1 :]e ! curta9 rises mom5t>ily to display a gruesome tomb3 su* is ! ?ru/+ aside ( ! /age curta9 9 ! mid/ ( ,leoncavallo's ,pagliacci prelude = "o ( ! *>act]s to s+ a song2 su* is ! curi\s vocal s*]zo ^u "o reit]at$ note1 = ! *orus ( s]aphim 9 ,boito's ,mefi/(ele4 ,on a bigg] scale is ! curi\s exp]im5t made by ,mi*ael 9 ! op]a ,utal1 9 writ+ 8 "w )\t any viol9s 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an ! omission ( in/rum5ts is ! inclusion ( v>i\s unusual effects1 su* z ! introduction ( a m&ol9e = ! s]5ade 9 ,moz>t's ,don ,giovanni1 ( ! ,glock5spiel = ,papag5o 9 ! ,magic ,flute1 ( peal ( bells 9 _m works1 & s =?1 :]eas ,h&el sigh$ = a cannon1 & ,t*akovsky actually us$ "o 9 8 #ahab ov]ture4 ,! maximum ( /age noise 9 ?is way 0 probably rea*$ by ,spont9i1 :o1 9 8 op]a ,alcidor _h a numb] ( anvils ^u ! /age tun$ to c]ta9 notes6 ,an anvil accompanim5t1 n ineffectively us$1 may be he>d 9 ,g\nod's ,philmon & ,baucis4 ,sid5ote3 ,vocal ,cad5zas ,among curiosities ( ! music mu/ be m5tion$ ! vocal cad5zas1 etc41 writt5 = exceptional s+]s2 & 9 ! days :5 ^! s+]s us$ to include male sopranos & contraltos 7t]m$ ,ca/rati71 ! majority ( s+]s appe> to h be5 exceptional4 ,= a man to develop a high soprano voice seems n only unnatural b in>ti/ic2 & ^! s+]s1 _m ( !m mo/ fam\s1 belong to an ord] ( ?+s t obta9s no long]1 be+ contr>y bo? to mod]n e?ics & to good ta/e3 :at ! male soprano c\ld d c usually be done equally well by a good woman s+]1 & ( ^! !re is usually a suffici5t supply4 ,= wom5 s+]s ) voices ( exceptional compass special music has (t5 be5 writt51 z witness ! "p ( 8,que5 ( ! ,night0 9 ,moz>t's ,zaub]flte1 mu* ( :i* lies abnormally high4 ,ev5 :]e n writt51 s+]s ( ,italian op]a h (t5 introduc$ elaborate & wond]ful cad5zas = ! purposes ( display1 & ^!1 al?\gh n tol]at$ 9 op]a ( ! mo/ exalt$ k9d1 may /ill be frequ5tly he>d4 ,an example ( a cad5za ( ?is k9d may conclude ! *apt]4 ,example ( a ,vocal ,cad5za quot$ by ,moz>t z sung to him by ,lucrezia ,aguj>i 9 #aggj4 ,music ,n[adays little ( ?is k9d ( music is writt5 = ! voice1 s f> z op]a is conc]n$4 ,! "w requir$ ( ! mod]n op]atic s+] is m dramatic by nature1 & makes dem&s ^u te*nique ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,a ,,*apt] ,,( ,,*att]4 ,op]a & politics--,loh5gr9 9 ,p>is-- ,op]a non-lucrative to ! compos]--,j5ny ,l9d's contract--,mod]n fees--,royalties-- ,libretti/s--,meta/asio & ,scribe--,! prima donna--,/ories ( s+]s & compos]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a & ,politics ,n[ & aga9 x happ5s t ,op]a rubs %\ld]s ) ,politics1 & acquires "s importance 9 ! affairs ( nations4 ,lully's p[] at c\rt 9 ! days ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 notori\s1 & none too g5]\sly ex]cis$ s f> z 8 fell[ musicians 7 conc]n$4 ,b influ5ce ) mon>*s1 su* z t :i* he acquir$1 is exceptional & r>] n[1 & less p[]ful ?an 9 ^? e>li] days4 ,lully pr(it$ by ! royal fav\r be/[$ on him1 b "s great compos]s h be5 less =tunate4 ,*]ub9i1 = in/ance1 0 dete/$ by ! great ,napoleon1 :o lo/ no opportunity ( inflict+ slights ^u him4 ,*]ub9i's sympa?ies 7 cle>ly manife/$ 9 8 ,wat] ,c>ri] op]a1 z on ! side ( revolution1 b di/9ctly contr>y to ! excesses to :i* x (t5 l$4 ,s enrag$ 7 "s ruffians ) him t he 0 9 #agid dragg$ out ( 8 h\se1 m>*$ ?r\gh ,p>is1 & f9ally compell$ to provide music = ! pleasure ( 8 captors4 ,napoleon frequ5tly call$ him into 8 pres5ce 9 ord] to praise o!r compos]s1 sugge/+ t he comp>$ unfav\rably ) !m4 ,:5 ,*]ub9i repli$ ) "s little _s1 he 0 promptly puni%$ by be+ compell$ to conduct v>i\s conc]ts & /ate p]=mances ) no rew>d :atev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,napoleon1 = a "t1 c\ld n d en\gh = ,spont9i3 he comm&$ ! production ( ,la ,ve/ale1 & rew>d$ him ) a pres5t ( #aj1jjj francs1 load+ him1 moreov]1 ) praises & hon\rs2 ?is did n1 h[ev]1 la/ = v long1 = ! d[nfall ( ! great conqu]or 0 at h&1 & anxieties & c>es claim$ 8 att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,w4 ,%adwell ,cl]ke4 ,sid5ote3 8,loh5gr90 9 ,p>is ,political feel+ has probably nev] run s high ov] op]atic matt]s z x did 9 ,p>is aft] ! ,franco-,g]man w>3 = ye>s no ,g]man "w 0 tol]at$1 at any rate s f> z new matt] 0 conc]n$1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! managem5t to produce ,wagn]'s ,loh5gr9 9 #ahia 0 ! signal = a riot\s upro>4 ,public feel+ ran high2 "s ( ! lead+ s+]s1 consid]+ discretion ! bett] "p ( val\r1 caus$ frequ5t po/ponem5ts ( ! p]=mance by means ( conv5i5t indispositions1 & :5 ! "w actually came to pres5tation cordons ( police 7 call$ out to gu>d ! op]a h\se1 bo? inside & out4 ,m4 ,lam\reux1 :o conduct$1 did s ) a pi/ol 9 8 pocket4 ,opposition inside ! !atre made itself felt by an objectionable device ( sett+ float+ 9 ! auditorium little balloons ( evil-smell+ gas2 :ile opposition 9 ! /reet 0 met by cavalry *>ges & frequ5t arre/s4 ,! :ole occasion 0 made "o ( political import1 b =tunately commons5se prevail$1 & no s]i\s issues result$2 happily = op]a1 su* sc5es z ^! are infrequ5t & unusual4 ,9 our c\ntry op]a has little or no connection ) political matt]s1 except t :5 "s =eign pot5tate visits our %ores1 a gala p]=mance at ,cov5t ,g>d5 is usually arrang$ z "o ( ! features ( 8 visit3 s f> z ,engli% art or ,engli% arti/s are conc]n$1 !re is1 un=tunately1 little use made ( ei!r on ^! occasions4 ,sid5ote3 ,op]a non-lucrative to ! ,compos] ,op]a is n a =tune-mak+ bus9ess = ! majority ( ^? :o emb>k on su* ent]prise3 s f> z ! composition ( op]a is conc]n$1 f9ancial result is usually v small4 ,n[adays an op]a _c be lightly toss$ (f 9 a few days3 x is true t ,h&el compos$ ,r9aldo 9 f\rte5 days1 ,ross9i ,il ,b>bi]e 9 ?irte5 7a wond]ful p]=mance71 & ,pac9i 8 ,saffo 9 f\r weeks2 b ^! are v exceptional in/ances1 & may fitly be comp>$ ) ! lab\r ( ,wagn]1 :o _h ! ,mei/]s+] & ! ,r+ on h& = some?+ l tw5ty ye>s4 ,mod]n op]a1 ) its polyphonic or*e/ral backgr\nd & amorph\s movem5ts1 dem&s ye>s ( "w1 & = ! majority ( ^? :o give s mu* ( _! lives to x !re is little to %[ 9 return1 s f> z a monet>y po9t ( view is tak54 ,op]atic managem5t1 too1 is v speculative2 ,h&el lo/ 8 :ole =tune 7#aj1jjj7 & became bankrupt ?r\gh 8 op]atic v5tures1 & yet 8 works _h enorm\s success 9 _! day4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ! example set by him has be5 foll[$ by _m a subsequ5t manag]1 & is yet 9 /ore = _m ano!r4 ,! *ief item 9 exp5diture is1 ( c\rse1 ! enorm\s am\nt swall[$ up 9 ! fees paid to ! s+]s2 ,h&el paid ,s5es9o #a1djj gu9eas = ! season 9 #agca1 & ev5 all[+ = ! great] value ( money 9 ^? days1 t is a comp>atively small am\nt4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! contract made by ,j5ny ,l9d ) ,mr4 ,lumley 9 #ahdf4 ,f> less lib]al1 by ! way1 ?an su* a s+] w\ld receive to-day3-- ,sid5ote3 ,j4 ,l9d's ,contract 8#a4 ,an honor>ium ( #abj1jjj francs 7#d1hjj7 = ! season 7,april #ad?-,augu/ #bj?1 #ahdg74 8#b4 ,a furni%$ h\se1 c>riage1 & pair ( horses4 8#c4 ,a sum ( #cjj %\ld %e desire to h a prelim9>y holiday 9 ,italy4 8#d4 ,lib]ty to cancel ! engagem5t %\ld %e feel dissatisfi$ aft] h] fir/ appe>ance4 8#e4 ,an agreem5t n to s+ else:]e = h] own emolum5t40 ,x g5]ally happ5s t a s+] comm&s high] fees = private ?an = public s++1 ! advantage ( ! latt] be+ z a rule a gu>ante$ numb] ( appe>ances2 ,f>9elli1 = example1 ! *ief s+] engag$ by ! noble faction t set up 9 opposition to ,h&el 9 #agcd receiv$ only #a1ejj p] annum1 b 8 private engagem5ts made up 8 income to #e1jjj a ye>--a l>ge "o at t date4 ,?is s+] aft]w>ds visit$ ! c\rt ( ,philip ,v4 ( ,spa92 t mon>* 0 suff]+ f m5tal depression1 f :i* no?+ ar\s$ him until ! adv5t ( ,f>9elli4 ,! ,que5 0 s delight$ to see h] royal sp\se once m int]e/$ 9 any?+ t %e engag$ ,f>9elli at a sal>y ( #ej1jjj francs to rema9 9 ,madrid2 ?is he did1 s++ ! same f\r songs to ! ,k+ e night = t5 ye>s6 ,ev5tually ,philip ,v4 succumb$1 b he mu/ h be5 a pati5t mon>*4 ,x does n always happ5 t s+]s ( equal m]it receive ! same paym5ts1 "s be+ m =tunate ?an o!rs2 ,catalani1 = example1 9 #ahjg receiv$ #e1jjj = ! season1 & ) h] conc]ts & prov9cial t\rs nett$ a pr(it = ! ye> ( #af1gjj4 ,a m fam\s s+]1 ,labla*e1 9 #ahbh c\ld only comm& #a1fjj = f\r mon?s2 :ile ,malibran 9 #ahce receiv$ #b1gee = tw5ty-f\r appe>ances 9 ,london1 & #de1jjj francs = "o hundr$ & eighty-five p]=mances a few ye>s lat] at ,la ,scala4 ,sid5ote3 ,mod]n ,fees ,b ^! fees are z no?+ comp>$ ) ^? comm&$ by ! lead+ s+]s ( to-day1 m especially 9 ,am]ica1 :]e money is p\r$ out l wat]1 & :]e arti/s are reta9$ at high fees by "o op]a h\se1 ev5 if !y d n s+ a s+le note dur+ ! :ole season1 s t a rival h\se %\ld n secure _! s]vices4 ,x is n v unusual = a s+] to receive #a1jjj p] p]=mance 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,madame ,patti has /at$ t %e receiv$ #a1bjj p] night = two seasons ( sixty nights ea*4 ,c>uso has be5 paid #bj1jjj = eighty p]=mances1 & ab\t #h1jjj p] annum = s++ into gramophones2 8 contract = f\r ye>s at #dj1jjj p] annum ) ! ,new ,york ,metropolitan is probably a record 9 ?is direction4 ,( c\rse ! am\nt receiv$ by ^? :o compose ! music nev] approximate to su* figures z ^!4 ,= ,don ,juan ,moz>t receiv$ only #ejj ?al]s1 & = ,fig>o #ajj ducats4 ,web]'s paym5t = ,d] ,freis*tz 0 #hj ,fri$ri* d'ors1 out ( :i* he _h to pay ! libretti/2 aft] ! treasury _h nett$ #cj1jjj ?al]s f ?is "w ,web] 0 pres5t$ ) ano!r #ajj6 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few examples ( fair b>ga9s made by musicians3 ,spont9i 9 #ahad 0 (f]$ ! !n lib]al sal>y ( #gej p] annum = two op]as ea* ye> 9 ,b]l92 9 #ahai he accept$ a t5 ye>s' engagem5t at ! c\rt ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 ( ,b]l9 at a sal>y ( #d1jjj ?al]s1 a b5efit ( #a1jej ?al]s1 a free conc]t1 & a p5sion4 ,he 0 well treat$1 b did n himself behave v well1 all[+ 8 s]vant to sell free admissions to ! !atre1 & grumbl+ because 8 fir/-night pres5tations did n br+ 9 z mu* z he wi%$4 ,he f9ally end$ by a dem& = comp5sation = #df1hej ?al]s1 & t 9 face ( ! fact t he 0 convict$ ( lse-maje/ & s5t5c$ to n9e mon?s' imprisonm5t3 an indignity f :i* 8 new mon>* graci\sly releas$ him4 ,sid5ote3 ,royalties ,sometimes an agreem5t is made ) ! compos] by :i* he receives a royalty or lump sum = ea* p]=mance ( 8 "w4 ,to ! compos] ( an op]a t takes ! public fancy ?is spells =tune1 & va/ sums h n[ & aga9 be5 made 9 ?is way4 ,is\>d1 = example1 receiv$ = ! p]=mances ( 8 ,c5drillon 9 ,p>is alone ov] #ajj1jjj francs 9 #ahaj1 :ile ,ross9i & o!rs h by simil> /rokes ( luck easily acquir$ weal?4 ,s small1 h[ev]1 is ! proportion ( new works to-day :i* become popul>1 t ! *ances ( su* good =tune are v small2 a ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana only makes its appe>ance n[ & !n1 nor is ! compos] ( su* a "w (t5 able to repeat 8 success4 ,sid5ote3 ,libretti/s ,al?\gh r>ely recogniz$1 ! "w ( ! au?or ( ! libretto is ( va/ importance4 ,9 ! days :5 ! /ory meant little or no?+1 provid$ s _m pegs 7 provid$ on :i* to hang ! 8,arias10 ! %>e ( ! libretti/ 0 a less conspicu\s "o2 to-day no inconsid]able "p ( ! failure ( an op]a is due to a poor libretto4 ,x !re=e frequ5tly happ5s t compos]s1 f9d+ x impossible to f9d a poem to please !m1 write _! own libretti1 ! *ief example ( ?is dual "w be+ ,wagn]1 ^: dramas are (t5 v f9e consid]$ f a lit]>y po9t ( view alone4 ,sid5ote3 ,meta/asio & ,scribe ,mo/ fam\s ( ! libretti/s ( e>ly op]as is ,meta/asio 7#afih-aghb71 "s ( ^: poems 7 set by ?irty & =ty diff]5t compos]s3 he wrote dramas us$ by su* compos]s z ,h&el1 ,hasse1 ,jomelli1 ,porpora1 ,graun1 ,gluck1 ,mey]be]1 ,cald>a1 ,haydn1 ,cim>osa1 & ,moz>t4 ,9 lat] days m5tion may be made ( ! dramati/ ,scribe 7#agia-ahfa71 a ,fr5* poet :o provid$ a va/ numb] ( works = bo? ! ,gr& ,op]a & ! ,op]a ,comique4 ,! li/ ( compos]s :o h us$ ,scribe's libretti includes ,aub]1 ,adam1 ,boieldieu1 ,donizetti1 ,hrold1 ,halvy1 ,mey]be]1 & ,v]di4 ,q "o hundr$ ( 8 op]as 7 /ag$ & p]=m$1 to say no?+ ( light dramatic & o!r pieces4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,prima ,donna ,scatt]$ "h & !re 9 lit]ature t deals ) op]a may be f\nd endless /ories ( s+]s1 compos]s1 & art-patrons4 ,mo/ fruitful 9 provid+ amus+ tales are ! prime donne1 ^: jeal\sies & bick]+s1 al?\gh unpleasant en\gh = ^? :o h to cont5d aga9/ !m1 make suffici5tly good read+4 ,! ,prima ,donna g5]ally kn[s h] p[]1 & is autocratic3 !re is n e day at h& a ,h&el1 to take su* a "o =cibly by ! scruff ( h] neck & hang h] susp5d$ f a w9d[ 9 mid-air until 8 w is grant$4 ,:5 su* a facti\s lady has a husb& 9 ! same rle consequ5ces may be v bad inde$3 ! t5or ,arsani1 = example1 ! tea*] ( ! ,g>cias1 _h a wife :o 0 a prima donna2 b in/ead ( act+ toge!r1 s jeal\s 7 !y ( ea* o!r1 t :5 "o 0 receiv+ ! plaudits ( ! audi5ce ! o!r w\ld g r\nd into ! auditorium & hiss6 ,rivalry is n always1 h[ev]1 s app>5t1 & :5 f9e s+]s are will+ to co-op]ate1 v f9e results are sometimes obta9$4 ,! mo/ notable ensemble 9 ?is respect 0 probably t ( ! f\r great s+]s1 ,grisi1 ,rub9i1 ,tambur9i1 & ,labla*e1 a comb9ation ( tal5t v seldom equall$1 :i* delight$ auditors ( ! e>ly ,victorian era4 ,n[adays1 al?\gh a p]son ( p[]1 ! great s+] has n ! field s entirely to himself z to be able to dictate z to :at he w or w n d3 a c]ta9 t5or1 = example1 at ,m>seilles e>ly 9 #aije )drew 8 promise to s+ at a c]ta9 conc]t = ! reason t a rival t5or _h be5 engag$4 ,great 0 8 amazem5t to f9d t ?is refusal by no means jeop>diz$ ! conc]t1 z he _h hop$1 b r became an additional s\rce ( amusem5t2 = ! managem5t1 hav+ adv]tis$ him1 det]m9$ t he %\ld be se5 ^u ! /age1 & a ridicul\s effigy ( him 0 br\ght =w>d1 & a trio f ,fau/ sung by o!r s+]s gr\p$ r\nd x4 ,?is may n h be5 v dignifi$1 or ev5 witty1 b a few dra/ic measures ( ?is k9d might induce s+]s to be a little m reasonable 9 _! treatm5t ( ! public4 ,/range measures are sometimes tak5 to prev5t ! success ( an op]a3 a hir$ body ( fell[s to hiss 9 opposition to ! organiz$ claque is by no means a r>e sight 9 a ,fr5* h\se2 b sometimes m militant measures are tak54 ,r\sseau's ,le ,dev9 du ,village1 = example1 receiv$ its c\p de grace f ! fact t 9 #ahbh "s p]son 7suppos$ to h be5 ,b]lioz7 ?rew a huge p[d]$ wig on to ! /age 9 ! mid/ ( ! p]=mance4 ,s bad 0 ! opposition to ,jomelli's ,armida1 produc$ 9 #agej1 t its compos] flew ! h\se = 8 life by a back door4 ,! opposition to ,loh5gr9 9 ,p>is has already be5 comm5t$ ^u1 b t to ,tannhus]1 organiz$ by ! ,jockey ,club 9 #ahff1 0 ev5 /rong]3 noise & disord] fill$ ! !atre2 p 9 ! pit play$ flageolets1 :ile ! gall]y sang riot\s songs4 ,s prejudic$ 0 public op9ion t a fair he>+ 0 n accord$ to ! "w4 ,"u ^! conditions x is n altoge!r incr$ible t ,m]ime %\ld h exclaim$ t he c\ld write simil> music aft] he>+ 8 cat walk up & d[n ! pian(orte6 ,( compos]s1 !re are p]haps m amus+ /ories ( ,spont9i ?an ( any o!r s+le op]a writ]4 ,?is v op9ionat$ & high-h&$ ,italian ?\ght mu* ( himself1 & little ( all else1 ) ! result t 8 life is v amus+ read+4 ,he w\ld h :at he want$4 ,if 8 cellos c\ld n play l\d en\gh1 !y 7 made to s+ _! p>ts z well2 if1 aft] six h\rs' rehe>sal1 8 prima donna fa9t$1 he sugge/$ t someone ) m physique %\ld be engag$4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 always h 8 own way4 ,:5 ,la ,petite ,maison 0 produc$ 9 #ahjd1 ! audi5ce da%$ on ! /age & sma%$ ev]y?+1 :ile ,la ,ve/ale 0 greet$ ) laugh+1 snor+1 & ! putt+ on ( nightcaps4 ,8 or*e/ra1 al?\gh mod]ate 9 volume 9 comp>ison ) :at (t5 obta9s to-day1 0 consid]$ v noisy1 s mu* s t x is said t a c]ta9 doctor :o _h a v deaf pati5t ?\ght he might be made to he> by att5d+ a p]=mance ( ,la ,ve/ale4 ,aft] a specially noisy passage ! deaf man ) delight turn$ to 8 doctor3 8,i c he>10 said he4 ,8 rem>k met ) no response1 = ! reason t ! doctor himself _h be5 deaf5$ by ! noise4 ,spont9i felt su* opposition v ke5ly3 o!rs are less affect$ by ho/ility4 ,:5 ,ross9i's ,il ,b>bi]e 0 produc$ at ,rome 9 #ahaf1 x 0 hoot$ & hiss$1 mu* to ! *agr9 ( sev]al ( ! compos]'s fri5ds4 ,?9k+ to commis]ate ) him on ! failure ( 8 "w1 !y call$ at 8 h\se1 expect+ to f9d him 9 ! dep?s ( despair3 in/ead ( t ! mae/ro 0 safely tuck$ up 9 b$ & fa/ asleep4 ,quotations ( /ories ( s+] & compos] might fill _m *apt]s ( su* a book z ?is1 b !re are books su* z ,su!rl& ,edw>d's ,hi/ory ( ! ,op]a & ,ella's ,musical ,rem9isc5ces to :i* ^? int]e/$ may readily turn1 & !re=e ne$ n be repr9t$ "h4 ,a :ole weal? ( amusem5t may be d]iv$ f ! daily pap]s1 & to-day ! impress>ios ( ,new ,york seem to be ! mo/ p]secut$ p]sons 9 ! _w4 ,op]a has its worries & tr\bles1 b to ^? :o love x x is a con/ant s\rce ( refre%m5t & ( arti/ic joy4 ,app5dices4 ,a4 ,,*ronological ,,li/ ,,( ,,compos]s ,,( ,,op]a1 ,,great ,,s+]s1 ,,conductors1 ,,etc4 ,b4 ,,f9ancial ,,aid ,,grant$ ,,to ,,op]atic ,,s*emes ,,f ,,/ate ,,or ,,municipal ,,funds4 ,c4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms ,,ma9ly ,,us$ ,,9 ,,op]a4 ,d4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,or*e/ras ,,( ,,compos]s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,op]a4 ,e4 ,,bibliography ,,( ,,op]a4 ,app5dix ,a4 ,*ronological ,li/ ( ,compos]s ( ,op]a 7) names ( _! *ief works71 ,great ,s+]s1 ,conductors1 etc4 #aece 7874 ,v9c5zo ,galilei 7,flor5ce74 ,e>ly writ] ( music drama on ! l9es ( ,greek trag$y4 #aeej 7874 ,cavali]i4 ,compos] ( ! fir/ oratorio1 also ( f\r music dramas4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ compos]s to seek to illu/rate ! mean+ ( ! words by ! music4 #ae-- 7874 ,giovanni ,b>di4 ,! in/igator ( ! idea ( mod]n op]a3 at ,b>di's h\se ! circle ( dilletanti & musicians assembl$ & endeav\r$ to resuscitate ,greek drama by ! provision ( suitable music4 #ae-- 7874 ,jacopo ,p]i4 ,compos] ( fir/ real op]a 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m2 ,dafne 7#aeig7 & ,euridice 7#afjj7 are ! titles ( 8 works1 9 ! monodic /yle4 ,^! op5$ up new gr\nd1 & set a model :i* o!r compos]s quickly foll[$4 #aeeh4 ,guilio ,cacc9i 7,rome74 ,op]a compos] ( ! monodic s*ool2 %>es ) ,p]i ! m]it ( f\nd+ mod]n op]a4 #aefg4 ,claudio ,montev]de 7,cremona71 #aefg-afdc4 ,writ] ( _m op]as1 int]mezzi1 etc42 he 0 a great innovator 9 h>mony1 & also did mu* to ext5d ! use ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts ( ! or*e/ra4 ,! e>lie/ compos] to associate c]ta9 gr\ps ( in/rum5ts ) c]ta9 ( ! /age *>act]s4 #aege4 ,?omas ,campion 7,london74 ,engli% compos] ( masques & ballets4 #aehj4 ,john ,cop]>io 7,london74 ,an ,engli%man :o travell$ 9 ,italy1 & wrote music = ,engli% plays4 #aehb4 ,william ,lawes 7,d9ton74 ,engli% compos] ( c\rt masques & airs4 #aehe4 ,he9ri* ,s*tz 7,k/ritz71 #aehe-afgb4 ,fir/ ,g]man op]atic compos]1 :o also excell$ 9 *ur* music4 #aehh or #aeij4 ,ni*olas ,lani]e 7,italy74 ,a =eign musician :o settl$ 9 ,engl& & wrote music = masques2 "o ( 8 compositions 0 a masque by ,b5 ,johnson1 89 /ylo recitativo40 #aeif4 ,h5ry ,lawes 7,d9ton74 ,engli% compos] :o %>$ ) ,mat!w ,lock & ,cook ! composition ( "o ( ! e>lie/ ,engli% op]as1 ,! ,siege ( ,rhodes4 #aeig4 ,b5$etto ,f]r>i 7,v5ice74 ,help$ to f\nd ! ,v5etian ,s*ool ( ,op]a4 #afjj4 ,pietro ,f4 ,cavalli 7,crema74 ,a foll[] ( ,montev]de1 :o wrote at lea/ tw5ty-sev5 op]as1 mo/ly = ,v5ice1 b "s 7 p]=m$ 9 ,p>is2 a compos] ( dramatic p[]4 #afjj4 ,production ( ,p]i's ,orfeo1 ! fir/ publicly p]=m$ op]a4 #afjj 7874 ,francesco ,manelli 7,v5ice74 ,%>es ) ,f]r>i ! cr$it ( ! f\ndation ( op]a 9 8 native city4 #afjd4 ,giacomo ,c>issimi 7,m>9o74 ,great compos] ( oratorio1 :o also wrote occasionally = ! /age4 #afbj4 ,m>cantonio ,ce/i 7,flor5ce874 ,foll[] ( ,cavalli & ,c>issimi2 wrote ab\t twelve op]as4 #afbe4 ,giovanni ,legr5zi 7,b]gamo74 ,compos] ( sev5te5 op]as1 mo/ly produc$ 9 ,v5ice4 #afbg4 ,! fir/ ,g]man op]a 7,dafne7 produc$4 #afbh4 ,rob]t ,camb]t 7,p>is74 ,fir/ ,fr5* compos] ( op]a2 at fir/ ?or\ghly successful1 ?is musician 0 ou/$ f 8 position by ,lully1 & di$ 9 ,engl& 9 #afgg4 #afcb 7874 ,mat!w ,lock 7,exet]74 ,compos] ( incid5tal music to plays 7,! ,tempe/1 ,macbe?1 etc471 "o ( :i* 7,psy*e7 0 publi%$ "u ! title ( 8,! ,engli% ,op]a40 #afcc4 ,jean ,bati/e ,lully 7,flor5ce74 ,migrat$ to ,france at an e>ly age2 obta9$ great p[] at ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & monopoliz$ ,fr5* op]a = _m ye>s4 ,he wrote at lea/ ?irty ballets & tw5ty op]as4 ,lully di$ 9 #afhg4 #afce4 ,g4 ,v4 ,draghi4 ,italian compos] :o settl$ 9 ,engl& & wrote incid5tal music & act tunes4 #afcg4 ,b]n>do ,pasqu9i 7,tuscany74 ,wrote a few op]as = ,rome2 a f9e polyphonic compos]4 #afdj4 ,giovanni ,buononc9i 7,mod5a74 ,fa!r ( a m fam\s son2 wrote five op]as1 :i* rema9 9 ,,ms4 #afde4 ,aless&ro ,/radella 7,v5ice871 #afde-ha4 ,al?\gh m fam\s = 8 *ur* music1 wrote elev5 op]as4 #afde4 ,francesco ,rossi 7,b>i74 ,wrote f\r op]as = ,v5ice4 #afdf4 ,johann ,?iele 7,naumburg74 ,compos] ( op]a & also ( ,s+spiel4 ,8 ,s+spiel1 ,adam & ,eve1 produc$ 9 #afgh1 0 ! fir/ ( su* works to be publicly p]=m$ 9 ,g]many1 & is int]e/+ z be+ ! =]unn] ( _m a subsequ5t "w ( ! same class :i* has obta9$ _w-wide popul>ity4 #afdf4 ,akeb>1 ,roi de ,mogol1 ! fir/ ,fr5* op]a 7words & music by ! ,abb ,mailly71 p]=m$ at ,c>p5tras4 #afdi4 ,pascal ,colasse 7,rheims74 ,wrote _m op]as1 aft] ! model ( ,lully4 #afej4 ,m>ais4 ,compos] ( ,fr5* op]a2 di$ #agah4 #afeh4 ,h5ry ,purcell 7,london71 #afeh-ie4 ,engli% compos] ( great dramatic p[] & ( m>k$ orig9ality4 ,wrote music = _m masques1 plays1 & = ! fir/ real ,engli% op]a1 ,dido & neas2 _h x n be5 = ! p[]ful p]sonality ( ,h&el1 :i* dw>f$ all o!r matt]s musical dur+ ! "t he liv$ 9 ,london1 ,purcell might h f\nd$ a real s*ool ( ,engli% op]a4 ,*ief works3 ,dido & neas 7#afgg71 ,! ,indian ,que5 7#afij71 ,dryd5's ,tempe/ 7#afij71 ,dioclesian 7#afij71 ,k+ ,ar?ur 7#afia71 ,bonduca 7#afie74 #afei4 ,aless&ro ,sc>latti 7,trapani71 #afei-agbe4 ,compos] ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 op]as2 is important z ! fir/ to l>gely employ set =ms 9 8 works4 ,8 use ( ! ,da capo ,aria1 al?\gh at fir/ att5d$ ) success1 became s popul> z to be ! means ( its own undo+4 ,he also uses ! or*e/ral ritornello1 occasionally employ$ by ,montev]de1 & is ! fir/ compos] to make full use ( ! or*e/ra = ! accompanim5t ( recitative4 ,:ile hi/rionically int]e/+1 little ( 8 music w\ld be accept$ to-day4 #afei4 ,francesco ,a4 ,pi/oc*i 7,pal]mo74 ,a memb] ( ! ,bolognese s*ool ( compos]s4 #affj4 ,&r ,campra 7,aix1 ,prov5ce74 ,popul> writ] ( ,fr5* op]a1 :o attempt$ to comb9e ! features ( ! ,italian & ,fr5* s*ools2 he produc$ ab\t ?irty works ( high rank4 #affa4 ,j4 ,a4 ,p]ti 7,bologna74 ,ano!r memb] ( ! ,bolognese s*ool2 produc$ op]as 9 8 native t[n & at ,v5ice4 #affg4 ,antonio ,lotti 7,v5ice74 ,produc$ an op]a be=e he 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age1 & wrote _m o!rs 9 aft] life4 #affg4 ,dr4 ,pepus* 7,b]l974 ,fam\s ,g]man compos] :o settl$ 9 ,london1 & collect$ ! songs & pieces :i* made up ,! ,begg>'s ,op]a1 ! fir/ ( a long l9e ( su* ballad op]as4 #afgj 7874 ,johann ,conradi4 ,e>ly writ] ( ,g]man op]a2 produc$ works at ,hamburg4 #afgb4 ,giovanni ,bati/e ,buononc9i 7,mod5a71 #afgb-agej 7874 ,writ] ( tw5ty-two op]as2 ma9ly fam\s z hav+ be5 ! select$ compos] pitt$ aga9/ ,h&el1 ) disa/r\s results to bo? p>ties f9ancially4 #afgb4 ,&r ,de/\*es 7,p>is74 ,wrote a fam\s op]a1 ,iss2 & _m o!r works = ! /age4 #afgd4 ,re9h>d ,keis] 7,weiss5fels71 #afgd-agci4 ,fir/ important compos] ( ,g]man op]a1 compos+ sometimes z _m z eight 9 "o ye>2 "o hundr$ & sixte5 works /& to 8 "n1 _m ) ! recitatives 9 ,g]man & ! arias 9 ,italian4 #afge4 ,m>c ,antonio ,buononc9i 7,mod5a74 ,wrote an op]a1 ,camilla1 :i* 0 play$ sixty-f\r times 9 ,engl& dur+ f\r ye>s2 bro!r ( ,h&el's rival4 #afgg4 ,production ( ,purcell's ,dido & neas1 ! fir/ real ,engli% op]a4 #afgh 7874 ,antonio ,cald>a 7,v5ice74 ,wrote sixty-six op]as1 besides a l>ge numb] ( oratorios & o!r works4 #afhj 7874 ,s5es9o4 ,fam\s male soprano1 :o appe>$ 9 _m ( ! op]as ,h&el wrote = ,london2 he retir$ f ! /age 9 #agce ) a =tune ( #ae1jjj4 #afha4 ,johann ,mat!son 7,hamburg74 ,op]a s+] & compos] & a fri5d ( ,h&el1 9 "s ( ^: op]as he appe>$4 #afhc4 ,jean ,phillippe ,rameau 7,dijon71 #afhc-agfd4 ,"o ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ,fr5* op]a1 & second only 9 importance to ,lully2 produc$ _m op]as1 & influ5c$ ,gluck1 :o he>d "s ( 8 works 9 ,p>is4 #afhd4 ,francesco ,durante 7,naples74 ,wrote occasionally = ! /age1 b mo/ly = ! *ur*4 #afhe4 ,george ,fr$]ick ,h&el 7,hall71 #afhe-agei4 ,wrote op]as = ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,9 great contra/ to ! music ( 8 oratorios1 8 op]a music s\nds antiquat$ & dull2 its only p]=mance to-day is ! occasional s++ ( an air f "o ( ! op]as4 #afhf4 ,niccola ,porpora 7,naples71 #afhf-agfg4 ,wrote _m op]as1 ma9ly consi/+ ( florid arias & vocal gymna/ics2 a wond]ful s++-ma/]1 :o turn$ out "s excell5t pupils4 #afih4 ,p4 ,a4 ,d4 ,b4 ,meta/asio 7,rome74 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( libretti/s2 he furni%$ subjects = op]atic treatm5t = a va/ numb] ( compos]s1 includ+ ,gluck & ,moz>t4 #afii4 ,johann ,a4 ,hasse 7,b]g$orf71 #afii-aghc4 ,f]tile op]a compos]1 :o produc$ ov] "o hundr$ works ) success4 ,hasse possess$ great gifts ( melody1 & 0 =tunate 9 hav+ a rem>kably f9e s+] 9 8 wife1 :o act$ z expon5t ( _m ( ! lead+ p>ts4 #agjj4 ,fau/9a ,hasse 7,v5ice74 ,sang also = ,h&el1 & 0 v popul> 9 ,london2 h] sal>y = #agbf 0 #b1jjj2 a great rivalry exi/$ betwe5 ,hasse & ,cuzzoni4 #agjj4 ,francesca ,cuzzoni 7,mod5a74 ,also sang = ,h&el2 ?is is ! lady :om he ?reat5$ to ?r[ out ( ! w9d[ unless %e sang :at he wi%$4 ,%e di$ 9 pov]ty 9 #aggj4 #agjj4 ,nicolo ,logrosc9o 7,naples74 ,wrote comic op]as1 & is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! conc]t$ f9ale2 8 op]as are all 9 ! ,neapolitan dialect4 #agja4 ,k4 ,h4 ,graun 7,wahr5br*74 ,wrote tw5ty-sev5 op]as1 :i* conta9 melodies & good arias4 ,he is bett] kn[n by 8 *ur* cantatas1 especially ,d] ,tod ,jesu4 #agjc4 ,g4 ,m4 ,caff>elli 7,naples74 ,fam\s s+]1 said to h be5 kept by ,porpora = five ye>s to "o page ( ex]cises & !n dismiss$ z ! greate/ s+] 9 ,europe4 ,he _h great success 9 male soprano p>ts4 #agje4 ,giovanni ,c>e/9i 7,ancona74 ,fam\s male contralto1 :o sang = ,h&el 9 ,london4 #agje4 ,c4 ,b4 ,f>9elli 7,naples74 ,ano!r pupil ( ,porpora1 :o sang = ! p>ty oppos$ to ,h&el2 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ s+]s ! _w has ev] produc$4 #agji4 ,egidio ,duni 7,mat]a74 ,seems to h f\nd$ op]a comique 9 ,france1 writ+ _m su* works = ! ,p>isian /age4 #agaj4 ,?omas ,arne 7,london71 #agaj-gh4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( e>ly ,engli% op]a writ]s2 besides _m masques 7includ+ ,milton's ,comus7 he wrote ! op]a ,artax]xes1 :i* enjoy$ _m ye>s ( popul>ity4 ,arne is be/ kn[n to-day by ! incid5tal music :i* he wrote to ,%akespe>e's ,tempe/1 ! song1 8,:]e ! ,bee sucks10 be+ _w kn[n4 #agaj4 ,g4 ,v4 ,p]golesi 7,jesi71 #agaj-cf4 ,a compos] ( great promise1 ^: e>ly dea? may be mu* lam5t$4 ,al?\gh be/ kn[n by 8 *ur* music1 he _h _m m]its z a writ] ( op]a4 ,8 be/ "w 9 ?is direction is a %ort op]etta1 ,la ,s]va ,padrona4 #agab4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau 7,p>is71 #agab-gh1 ! fam\s litt]ateur1 wrote op]as1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i*1 ,le ,dev9 du ,village1 may claim to h be5 ! fir/ op]a comique2 its success 0 enorm\s1 b ! or*e/ration & "s ( ! details are n ,r\sseau's4 #agad4 ,nicolo ,jommelli 7,av]sa71 #agad-gd4 ,"o ( ! be/ compos]s ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool1 :o comb9$ skilful design ) melodi\s & expressive !mes4 ,moz>t ?\ght mu* ( 8 music & extoll$ 8 op]as2 8 sacr$ music alone has come d[n to our day4 #agad4 ,cri/oph] ,willibald ,gluck 7,weid5wang71 #agad-hg4 ,! fir/ ( ! great re=m]s ( op]a4 ,besides a v l>ge numb] ( works writt5 on old models1 8 new]-fa%ion$ & endur+ ma/]pieces include ,orfeo 7#agfb71 ,alce/e 7#agfg71 ,iphignie en ,aulide 7#aggd71 ,amide 7#aggg71 ,iphignie en ,tauride 7#aggh74 #agbe4 ,gaetano ,guadagni 7,lodi74 ,a great male contralto :o sang = ,h&el & creat$ a furore 9 ,london4 #agbf4 ,f4 ,a4 ,d4 ,philidor 7,dreux74 ,fam\s *ess play] & op]atic compos]2 0 a prolific writ]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! unaccompani$ qu>tet ^u ! /age4 ,8 happie/ essay 0 ^u ! ,engli% subject ,tom ,jones4 #agbh4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hill] 7,grlitz74 ,e/abli%$ ! ,s+spiel1 compos+ f\rte5 ( ^! works1 :i* met ) pron\nc$ success4 #agbh4 ,nicolo ,picc9i 7,b>i74 ,a good compos]1 n[ mo/ly rememb]$ z ! oppon5t ( ,gluck2 :ile ! fact militat$ aga9/ ! success ( 8 op]as ^u _! production1 x has kept 8 memory gre5 & has ga9$ att5tion = 8 music1 :i*1 al?\gh on ! preval5t model ( its "t1 has mu* m]it4 #agbi4 ,guiseppe ,s>ti 7,fa5za74 ,produc$ _m op]as ( great excell5ce1 :i* are =gott5 to-day4 ,8 triumphs 7 won 9 su* contra/$ c5tres z ,milan & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #agbi4 ,p4 ,a4 ,monsigny 7,/4 ,om]74 ,compos$ _m =gott5 op]as2 :ile possess+ melodic gifts he _h little tra9+1 & 8 scor+ & con/ructive p[]s 7 weak4 ,8 be/ works are ,le ,ds]teur 7#agfi71 & ,flix ou l'enfant tr\v 7#aggg74 #agcb4 ,joseph ,haydn 7,rohrau71 #agcb-ahji1 ! ma/] :o excell$ 9 s _m bran*es ( ! art1 made no s]i\s claim to be a compos] ( op]a4 ,a few works 7 writt5 by him = ! /age :ile he 0 atta*$ to ,c\nt ,e/]hazy1 b !y c 9 no way comp>e ) 8 lab\rs 9 o!r fields1 nor _h !y any be>+ ^u ! gr[? & developm5t ( op]a z an art =m4 #agcc4 ,f4 ,j4 ,gossec 7,ha9ault74 ,a ,belgian compos] ( "s repute 9 8 day2 8 op]as 7 mo/ly writt5 = ,p>is4 #agcd4 ,a4 ,m4 ,g4 ,sac*9i 7,pozzuoli71 #agcd-hf4 ,a compos] ( dramatic gifts mu* influ5c$ by ,gluck1 ^: compositions q ov]%ad[ ^? ( 8 foll[]4 ,sac*9i wrote ov] =ty op]as4 #agci4 ,k4 ,d4 von ,ditt]sdorf 7,vi5na74 ,compos$ v _m op]as1 bo? s]i\s & light4 ,he is be/ kn[n by ! ,s+spiel1 ,doctor und ,apo!ke 7#aghf74 #agda4 ,a4 ,e4 ,m4 ,grtry 7,lige74 ,a f]tile compos]1 v gift$ = ! writ+ ( op]a comique1 wrote fifty op]as = ,p>is4 ,he _h a knack ( clev]ly illu/rat+ ! /age situation1 & al?\gh 8 h>monies 7 s ?9 t x 0 said t "o c\ld 8draw a coa* & f\r betwe5 ! bass & ! fir/ fiddle10 he yet seems to h be5 m apt 9 8 musical conceptions ?an _m a m cultur$ musician4 #agda4 ,giovanni ,paisiello 7,t>5to74 ,may be reckon$ among/ ! mo/ prolific ( ,italian compos]s ( 8 p]iod4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to introduce ! conc]t$ f9ale into s]i\s op]a1 ?is =m hav+ hi!rto be5 almo/ entirely conf9$ to light op]a4 ,8 ,b>b] ( ,seville became s fam\s z almo/ to wreck ! production ( an op]a "u ! same title by ,ross9i4 #agdc4 ,lucretia ,aguj>i 7,f]r>a74 ,0 a s+] ( extraord9>y ability & compass4 #agde4 ,ludwig ,fis*] 7,ma9z74 ,also a s+] ( great compass1 hav+ a r\nd bass voice ( two & a half octaves4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,moz>t's1 & sang 9 ! production ( ,entfhrung aus dem ,s]ail4 ,music #agdh4 ,william ,%ield 7,durham74 ,compos] to ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre2 wrote op]as bo? s]i\s & comic4 ,he appe>s to h possess$ great melodic gifts1 & 8 _m works are notable = _! vig\r & _! tunefulness4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbi4 #agdi4 ,! ,abb ,vogl] 7,wrzburg71 #agdi-ahad4 ,0 a man ( _m p>ts2 he wrote ^u !atrical matt]s1 & compos$ music = ! organ1 = in/rum5ts1 = ! *ur*1 & = ! /age4 ,8 op]atic music is p]haps ( ! lea/ importance1 al?\gh 8 /age productions numb] "s sixte5 pieces4 #agdi4 ,dom5ico ,cim>osa 7,av]sa74 ,0 9 8 day a mo/ popul> compos] ( op]a1 sixty-six f9e works /&+ to 8 cr$it4 ,he made 8 m>k m especially 9 8 comic op]as1 ( :i* ,il matrimonio segreto 7#agib7 is ! be/ kn[n4 #agdi4 ,g]trude ,elizabe? ,m>a 7,cassel74 ,a f9e s+]1 made little impression ^u ,moz>t1 b /ill appe>s to h be5 a great arti/4 ,%e _h a beautiful voice & great facility2 %e 0 "o ( ,h&el's be/ s+]s 9 ,engl&4 #agej4 ,antonio ,sali]i 7,legnano74 ,wrote ?irty-sev5 op]as & a ,s+spiel4 ,8 works 7 modell$ ^u ^? ( ,gluck1 & pres5t no special features ( int]e/4 #ageb4 ,j4 ,f4 ,rei*>dt 7,knigsb]g74 ,wrote "s mod]ately successful op]as1 & "s important specim5s ( ,s+spiel1 mo/ly = ,b]l94 #ageb4 ,n4 ,a4 ,z+>elli 7,naples74 ,0 a prolific op]atic compos]1 :o p5n$ "s ?irty op]as1 besides mu* sacr$ music4 ,8 /yle 0 recomm5d$ by ,napoleon to ,*]ub9i1 mu* to ! disgu/ ( ! la/-nam$ compos]4 #aged4 ,pet] ,w9t] 7,mannheim71 #aged-ahbe4 ,wrote a v l>ge numb] ( tuneful & melodi\s op]as4 ,8 works h n surviv$ to ! pres5t day1 be+ /ructurally weak1 b !y 7 v successful dur+ ! compos]'s life & = a few ye>s aft]w>ds4 #agef4 ,v9c5zo ,righ9i 7,bologna74 ,0 op]atic s+]1 compos]1 & conductor4 ,8 tw5ty op]as 7 _m ( !m produc$ at ,b]l91 :]e he 0 = "s ye>s conductor ( ! ,italian ,op]a4 #agef4 ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,moz>t 7,salzburg71 #agef-ia4 ,! long li/ ( ,moz>t's op]as 7_m ( !m writt5 9 y\?7 includes ,idom5eo 7#agha71 ,die ,entfhrung aus dem ,s]ail 7#aghb71 ,le ,nozze di ,fig>o 7#aghf71 ,don ,giovanni 7#aghg71 ,cosi fan tutte 7#agij71 ,la ,clem5za di ,tito 7#agia71 ,die ,zaub]flte 7#agia74 #agfj4 ,m>ia ,luigi ,c4 ,z4 ,s4 ,*]ub9i 7,flor5ce71 #agfj-ahdb4 ,an accompli%$ musician 9 all dep>tm5ts2 wrote f9e op]as1 conta9+ a weal? ( /]l+ music4 ,8 *ief op]as are ,la ,f9ta ,pr9cipessa 7#aghe71 ,giulio ,sab9o 7#aghf71 ,dmophon 7#aghh71 ,lodoiska 7#agia71 ,mde 7#agig71 ,les deux ,j\rnes 7#ahjj71 ,anacreon 7#ahjc71 ,faniska 7#ahjf71 ,les ,ab5c]ages 7#ahac71 ,ali ,baba 7#ahcc74 #agfj4 ,aloysia ,web] 7,mannheim74 ,a vocali/ = :om ,moz>t conceiv$ a great affection1 ev5tually1 h[ev]1 m>ry+ h] si/]4 ,! "p ( 8,con/ance10 9 ,die ,entfhrung aus dem ,s]ail1 0 writt5 = h]4 #agfa4 ,ka!r9a ,cavali]i 7,whr+74 ,0 a s+] = :om bo? ,moz>t & ,sali]i wrote special p>ts 9 _! op]as4 ,moz>t said ( h] t 8%e 0 a s+] ( :om ,g]many might well be pr\d40 #agfc4 ,/eph5 ,/orace 7,london74 ,produc$ "s e>ly op]as 9 ,vi5na1 :]e he =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ,moz>t4 ,on 8 return to ,london he produc$ ,! ,haunt$ ,t[] 7#aghi71 ,! ,pirates 7#agib71 & _m o!r works1 :i* atta9$ v great success4 ,he is almo/ ! e>lie/ example ( an ,engli% compos] introduc+ ! conc]t$ f9ale4 #agfc4 ,eti5ne ,h5ri ,mhul 7,givet74 ,_h a wond]ful tal5t = op]a1 ( :i* he produc$ a great quantity ( examples1 9 addition to writ+ ballets & op]ettas4 ,8 be/ kn[n works are ,u?al & ,joseph4 ,mhul di$ 9 #ahbb4 #agfc4 ,j4 ,f4 ,lesueur 7,abbeville74 ,wrote a c]ta9 numb] ( op]as = ,p>is1 ( :i* ! be/ is ,les ,b>des4 ,! m>* ( "t has left ,lesueur beh9d1 9 company ) _m ano!r compos] ( consid]able b n comm&+ m]its4 #agff4 ,f4 ,x4 ,sssmay] 7,/ey]74 ,is *iefly kn[n to fame z be+ a sort ( 8hack0 to ,moz>t1 writ+ recitatives & fill+ 9 details = ! great & busy compos]1 ^: factotum he 0 = "s ye>s4 #agff4 ,g4 ,cresc5t9i 7,urbania74 ,0 a fam\s soprani/1 "o ( ! la/ ( 8 class2 he won fav\r f _m1 includ+ ! ,emp]or ,napoleon1 :o %[]$ b5efits ^u him4 ,he n only sang magnific5tly1 b compos$ arias to suit 8 own voice & special /yle4 #agff4 ,joseph ,weigl 7,eis5/adt74 ,wrote "o fam\s "w1 ,s*weiz] ,familie1 & _m o!rs ( less import1 numb]+ ?irty-"o 9 all1 besides ballets4 #agfg4 ,h5ri ,b]ton 7,p>is74 ,wrote _m op]as4 ,he is int]e/+1 moreov]1 z an e>ly in/ance ( a compos] p5n+ 8 own libretti4 ,8 music 0 (t5 writt5 9 conjunction ) o!rs1 su* z ,*]ub9i1 ,mhul1 & ,spont9i4 #agfh4 ,elizabe? ,bill+ton 7,london74 ,0 a prima donna ( exceptional compass4 ,dur+ a long & v>i$ c>e] %e appe>$ on ! bo>ds ( _m an op]atic /age 9 ,europe2 h] successes 71 h[ev]1 l>gely won 9 ,engl&4 #aggj4 ,ludwig von ,bee?ov5 7,bonn71 #aggj-ahbg4 ,bee?ov5's s+le op]a1 ,fidelio1 0 produc$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahjf4 #agga4 ,f]d9& ,pa] 7,p>ma74 ,0 an ,italian compos] ( _m op]as1 bo? s]i\s & comic2 8 ,eleanor seems to h inspir$ ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio4 #aggc4 ,c4 ,s4 ,catel 7l',aigle74 ,wrote _m op]atic works = ! ,p>is ,op]a4 ,8 music 0 look$ ^u by ! ,fr5* public z 8academic0 because he held a pr(essor%ip at ! ,cons]vatoire2 h5ce x /ood condemn$ be=e trial & _h little *ance4 ,catel 0 associat$ ) ,*]ub9i 9 ! composition ( "o op]a4 #aggd4 ,g4 ,l4 ,p4 ,spont9i 7,majolate71 #aggd-ahea4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonalities 9 ! hi/ory ( op]a4 ,al?\gh he wrote ,italian op]a = ,naples1 8 great successes 7 a*iev$ 9 ! field ( ,fr5* gr& op]a1 ( :i* he rema9s "o ( ! %9+ ornam5ts4 ,8 *ief op]as are ,la ,ve/ale 7#ahjg71 ,f]d9& ,cortez 7#ahji71 ,olympia 7#ahba71 ,alcidor 7#ahbe72 none are n[ p]=m$4 #aggd4 ,c4 ,e4 ,f4 ,weyse 7,altona74 ,0 a compos] ( ,dani% op]a1 ^: works1 h[ev]1 h n p5etrat$ beyond ! c\ntry = :i* !y 7 writt54 ,he seems to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ to introduce ! ,sc&9avian ,volksli$ to ! /age4 #agge4 ,f4 ,a4 ,boieldieu 7,r\574 ,is _w kn[n by 8 op]a1 ,la ,dame ,blan*e1 produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbe1 "o ( _m works1 b ! only "o at all kn[n to fame4 ,he sp5t eight ye>s 9 ,russia writ+ op]as & ballets = t c\ntry1 b 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts belong to 8 second ,p>isian p]iod4 #agge4 ,nicolo ,is\>d 7,malta74 ,is ano!r compos] ( works = ! ,p>isian h\ses1 no less ?an ?irty-f\r op]as /&+ to 8 cr$it4 ,is\>d & ,boieldieu 7 9 ke5 rivalry1 to _! great advantage1 s9ce bo? put =? _! be/ "w4 #aghj4 ,angelica ,catalani4 ,0 ! possessor ( a voice ( wond]ful flexibility1 ) a speciality = *romatic scales4 ,= ! p]iod at :i* %e fl\ri%$1 %e probably made m money ?an any o!r arti/4 ,h] greate/ success seems to h be5 z 8,susanne0 9 ,moz>t's ,nozze di ,fig>o4 #aghb4 ,d4 ,f4 ,e4 ,aub] 7,ca574 ,0 "o ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( op]a comique2 8 melodi\s /yle & piquant or*e/ration are models ( _! k9d1 & h secur$ a la/+ vogue = 8 works1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* are ,masaniello 7#ahbh71 ,fra ,diavolo 7#ahcj71 ,le ,*evale de ,bronze 7#ahce71 ,le ,dom9o ,noir 7#ahcg71 ,les ,diamants de la ,c\ronne 7#ahdb74 #aghb4 ,conrad9 ,kreutz] 7,msskir*74 ,wrote a numb] ( successful op]as1 8 p[]s z a compos] ( attractive arias be+ consid]able4 ,8 fairy op]a1 ,d] ,v]s*w5d]1 may /ill occasionally be he>d 9 ,g]many4 #aghd4 ,l\is ,spohr 7,brunswick71 #aghd-ahei4 ,is a compos] mo/ly kn[n 9 ,engl& by 8 sacr$ music & 8 viol9 compositions4 ,8 claims z a writ] ( op]as mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ov]look$1 8 ,fau/ be+ 9 ! van ) reg>d to ,romanticism 9 op]a4 ,8 ,jessonda also met ) consid]able fav\r1 & its ov]ture (t5 ga9s a he>+ 9 our conc]t rooms4 #aghd4 ,francesco ,morlac*i 7,p]ugia74 ,0 *orus-ma/] ( ! ,italian ,op]a at ,dresd51 = :i* t[n he wrote a l>ge numb] ( works1 successful 9 _! day1 b n[ nev] he>d4 ,he mo/ly excell$ 9 ! composition ( light1 sp>kl+1 & sup]ficial music4 #aghf4 ,c>l ,m>ia von ,web] 7,eut971 #aghf-ahbf4 ,besides _m e>ly works1 :i* call = no special m5tion1 ,web]'s op]atic productions include ,d] ,freis*tz1 ,euryan! 7#ahbc71 & ,ob]on 7#ahbf74 #aghf4 ,h5ry ,r[ley ,bi%op 7,london74 ,0 a mo/ prolific writ] ( op]as = ! ,london !atres1 eighty-two ( su* works /&+ to 8 "n2 _m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 d n m]it ! t]m 8op]a0 z we und]/& x to-day4 ,bi%op 0 mo/ effective 9 8 *oruses & 8 writ+ = ! voice g5]ally4 #aghg4 ,m4 ,e4 ,c>afa 7,naples74 ,wrote ?irty-five op]as1 :i* met ) great success 9 ,italy2 he is n[ a =gott5 compos]4 #agij4 ,alb]ico ,curioni 7,naples874 ,0 a fam\s t5or s+] :o met ) great success 9 ,london1 notably 9 ! op]a ,m$ea4 #agij4 ,nicola ,vaccaj 7,tol5t9o74 ,wrote _m ,italian op]as1 p>ticul>ly = ,v5ice4 ,"o at lea/ ( 8 works 0 also pres5t$ 9 ,london1 :]e he liv$ = a %ort "t4 #agia4 ,giacomo ,mey]be] 7,b]l971 #agia-ahfd4 ,is a v notable figure 9 ! annals ( op]a1 & 8 be/ works /ill survive 9 ! rep]toires ( ! lead+ h\ses4 ,^! are ,rob]t le ,diable 7#ahca71 ,les ,hugu5ots 7#ahcf71 ,le ,prophte 7#ahdi71 ,l'toile du ,nord 7#ahed71 ,d9orah 7#ahei71 & ,l',africa9e 7#ahfd74 #agia4 ,l4 ,j4 ,f4 ,hrold 7,p>is74 ,is be/ kn[n by 8 ,zampa & ,le ,pr aux ,cl]cs1 bo? ( :i* are frequ5tly be=e ! public4 #agia4 ,p4 ,j4 ,l9dpa9tn] 7,cobl5z74 ,wrote tw5ty-eight op]as1 mo/ly =gott5 n[4 ,! be/ seems to be ,d] ,vampyr4 #agib4 ,g4 ,a4 ,ross9i 7,pes>o71 #agib-ahfh4 ,is _w kn[n1 if only = 8 ,william ,tell music4 ,f 8 enorm\s li/ ( op]atic works1 ! foll[+ may be select$ = m5tion3 ,tancr$i 7#ahac71 ,l',italiani 9 ,alg]i 7#ahac71 ,il ,b>bi]e di ,siviglia 7#ahaf71 ,la ,c5]5tola 7#ahag71 ,la ,gazza ,ladra 7#ahag71 ,semiramide 7#ahbc71 ,mos 9 ,egitto 7#ahah71 ,guillaume ,tell 7#ahbi74 #agid4 ,luigi ,labla*e 7,naples74 ,0 a magnific5t bass s+] :o delight$ ,europe4 ,he excell$ 9 bo? s]i\s & comic p>ts1 & 0 a well-equipp$ arti/4 #agie4 ,g4 ,b4 ,rub9i 7,romano74 ,0 equally celebrat$ z a t5or ( ! fir/ rank4 ,8 greate/ successes 7 atta9$ 9 ,ross9i's & ,bell9i's op]as4 #agif4 ,giovanni ,pac9i 7,catania74 ,wrote a l>ge numb] ( op]as1 ( :i* ! be/ is ,saffo 7,naples1 #ahdj74 ,8 works total eighty specim5s ( op]a alone1 b mo/ are writt5 ^u ! patt]n ( ,ross9i4 #agif4 ,he9ri* ,m>s*n] 7,zittau74 ,0 a p[]ful compos] ( romantic op]a4 ,hans ,heil+ is especially f9e1 :ile m5tion mu/ also be made ( ,templ] und ,jd9 & ( ,d] ,vampyr4 ,8 op]as are conceiv$ 9 a k9dr$ _s to t ( ,web]'s4 #agig4 ,franz ,s*ub]t 7,vi5na71 #agig-ahbh4 ,s*ub]t's importance z a writ] ( op]a is small z comp>$ ) 8 a*ievem5t 9 o!r fields--su* z song & symphony4 ,! *ief 9 degree are ,fi]rabras & ,alfonso und ,e/ella4 #agig4 ,sav]io ,m]cadante 7,altamura74 ,wrote a numb] ( op]as on ! ,italian model1 ( :i* ,il ,guiram5to 7,milan1 #ahcg7 is ! f9e/4 #agig4 ,lucy ,elizabe? ,ve/ris 7,london74 ,made a great impression z a s+] ^u ! op]a habitus ( h] day4 ,%e 0 ! orig9al 8,fatima0 9 ! production ( ,ob]on4 #agig4 ,gaetano ,donizetti 7,b]gamo74 ,wrote a v l>ge numb] ( op]as1 :i* pres5t su* opportunities to vocali/s z to be frequ5tly produc$ to-day4 ,! *ief ones 9 ! mod]n rep]toire are ,lucia di ,lamm]moor 7#ahce71 ,lucretia ,borgia 7#ahcc71 ,l',elisir d',amore1 ,la ,fille du ,rgim5t 7#ahdj71 ,l9da di ,*am\nix 7#ahdb71 ,la ,favorita 7#ahdj71 ,don ,pasquale4 #agih4 ,giudetta ,pa/a 7,como74 ,0 an ,italian s+] ( great *>m & ability2 9 ,ross9i's op]as %e appe>s to h be5 almo/ unequall$4 #agih4 ,k4 ,g4 ,reissig] 7,belzig74 ,a prolific compos]1 produc$ _m op]as ( an 8academic0 class1 :i* h n surviv$ _! day4 #agii4 ,j4 ,f4 ,f4 ,e4 ,halvy 7,p>is74 ,wrote a va/ numb] ( ,fr5* op]as1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is ,la ,juive4 #ahjj4 ,antonio ,tambur9i 7,fa5za74 ,0 a b>itone s+] & a memb] ( ! fam\s 8,puritani0 qu>tet1 :i* delight$ bo? ,london & ,p>is = s _m ye>s4 ,he excell$ 9 8 int]pretation ( ! b>itone p>ts ( op]as ( ! ,ross9i s*ool4 #ahja4 ,v9c5zo ,bell9i 7,catania74 ,?is fam\s op]a compos] is /ill kn[n by ! frequ5t p]=mance ( 8 be/ works--,la ,somnambula 7#ahca71 ,norma 7#ahca71 ,i ,puritani 7#ahce74 ,m might h come f ?is compos]1 _h he n di$ at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-f\r4 #ahjb4 ,john ,b>nett 7,b$=d74 ,0 an ,engli% compos] ( a numb] ( op]as & ( music = /age pieces4 ,he has ! cr$it ( ! fir/ real ,engli% op]a s9ce ,arne's ,artex]xes 9 8 ,m\nta9 ,sylph1 produc$ 9 #ahce4 ,?is is 8 be/ kn[n "w1 b he wrote o!r op]as1 su* z ,fair ,rosamund 7#ahcg7 & ,f>9elli 7#ahci74 #ahjb4 ,l\is ,ni$]mey] 7,nyon74 ,_h ! mis=tune to produce sev]al op]as :i* 7 mo/ly failures4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 orig9al ideas z to or*e/ration1 & is wor?y ( remembrance = 8 gifts ( melody4 #ahjc4 ,adolphe ,*>les ,adam 7,p>is74 ,wrote gr& op]a1 ballet music1 & op]a comique1 be+ only rememb]$ = ! la/-nam$1 = :i* he _h real tal5t4 ,8 be/ "w is ,le ,po/illon de ,longjumeau 7#ahcf74 #ahjc4 ,g4 ,a4 ,lortz+ 7,b]l974 ,wrote _m op]as /ill popul> 9 ,g]many2 "o inde$1 ,pet] ! ,%ipwright1 has met ) consid]able success 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he wrote ^u a model :i* ,sullivan s excell5tly employ$ 9 8 light op]as4 #ahjc4 ,hector ,b]lioz 7,gr5oble71 #ahjc-fi4 ,an ecc5tric g5ius among musicians4 ,wrote op]as su* z ,les ,troy5s & ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 :i* conta9 f9e music1 b :i* h nev] pleas$ ! public1 & :i* rema9 practically unp]=m$4 #ahjd4 ,julius ,b5$ict 7,/uttg>t74 ,al?\gh a ,g]man1 is always look$ ^u z an ,engli% compos]1 8 life hav+ be5 sp5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he is be/ kn[n by 8 (t5-p]=m$ ,lily ( ,kill>ney1 :i* dates f #ahfb4 ,b5$ict di$ 9 #ahhe4 #ahjd4 ,wilhelm9e ,s*rd]-,devri5t 7,hamburg74 ,mu/ always rema9 a p]son ( int]e/ to musicians1 9 t %e creat$ ! "p ( ,leonora 9 ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio ^u its revival 9 #ahbb1 :5 t "w really ga9$ a fair he>+4 ,%e 0 also an e>ly expon5t ( ,wagn]ian p>ts 7,s5ta1 ,v5us1 etc474 #ahjd4 ,mi*ael ,i4 ,gl9ka 7,novospaskoi74 ,is ! e>lie/ ( ,russian op]a compos]s to be kn[n outside 8 own c\ntry1 & he is important1 n only = 8 compositions ( ,life = ! ,cz> & ,russlan1 b also 9 t he f\nd$ a s*ool ( ,russian op]a :i* has br\ght =? mu* fruit4 #ahje4 ,luigi ,ricci 7,naples74 ,wrote a l>ge numb] ( op]as1 v fam\s 9 _! day1 b n[ =gott54 #ahje4 ,manuel ,g>cia 7,madrid74 ,! wond]ful c5t5>ian3 claims notice z ! tra9] ( ^? f9e op]atic arti/s1 ,j5ny ,l9d & ,ca!r9e ,hayes4 #ahjf4 ,h5rietta ,sontag 7,cobl5z74 ,0 a *>m+ & gift$ soprano ( ,european reputation1 :o delight$ all he>]s1 & seems to h comb9$ a *>m+ p]sonality ) great arti/ic atta9m5ts4 #ahjg4 ,j4 ,a4 ,ti*ats*ek 7,weckelsdorf74 ,0 a ,bohemian t5or :o made = himself a great reputation 9 all ! gr& op]as ( ! great] ma/]s4 ,he 0 also ! orig9al 8,ri5zi0 & 8,tannhus]40 #ahjh4 ,a4 ,l4 ,clapisson 7,naples74 ,0 a graceful compos] ( _m op]as :i* pleas$ 9 _! day1 b :i* h _h no cont9uance ( popul> fav\r4 #ahjh4 ,mi*ael ,william ,balfe 7,dubl971 #ahjh-ahhh4 ,is ! be/ kn[n ( ,engli% op]a writ]s ( 8 p]iod1 & 8 ,bohemian ,girl 7#ahdc7 is famili> to all4 ,o!r ( 8 successes are ,! ,siege ( ,ro*elle 7#ahce71 ,! ,maid ( ,artois 7#ahcf71 ,blan*e de ,nev]s 7#ahfc71 ,il ,talismano 7#ahgd74 #ahjh4 ,mi*ael ,a4 ,a4 ,co/a 7,naples74 ,0 be/ kn[n z a conductor1 m especially ( ! ,italian op]a 9 ,engl&4 ,he wrote a few =gott5 specim5s1 b is ma9ly ( importance z a wield] ( ! bton4 ,co/a di$ 9 #ahhd4 #ahjh4 ,p4 ,l4 ,p4 ,diets* 7,dijon74 ,0 also a conductor4 ,8 *ief claim to fame seems to h be5 t he pur*as$ ! libretto ( ,wagn]'s ,fly+ ,dut*man1 & clo!d x ) absolutely =gott5 music4 #ahjh4 ,alb]t ,gns> 7,antw]p74 ,wrote a numb] ( comic op]as = ,p>is4 ,!y seem to h be5 works ( elegance & grace1 )\t special di/9ction4 #ahjh4 ,m>ie ,felicita ,malibran 7,p>is74 ,p]=m$ 9 op]a at ! age ( five4 ,%e seems to h _h no rivals z a s+]1 & excell$ 9 all p>ts :i* %e und]took4 ,%e creat$ an indelible impression ^u all t 7 =tunate en\gh to he> h]4 #ahji4 ,felix ,m5delssohn ,b>?oldy 7,hamburg71 #ahji-ahdg4 ,! claims ( ,m5delssohn z a writ] ( op]a are n s]i\s1 & are conf9$ to a few e>ly & incomplete works4 ,! be/1 musically1 is ! fragm5t ( ,lorelei4 #ahji4 ,f4 ,ricci 7,naples74 ,l 8 bro!r ,luigi1 wrote op]as :i* h n surviv$ _! g5]ation4 #ahji4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hatton 7,liv]pool74 ,is bett] kn[n z a writ] ( songs ?an ( op]as4 ,he wrote1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( incid5tal music = ! /age1 z well z "o real op]a4 #ahaj4 ,rob]t ,s*umann 7,zwickau71 #ahaj-ef4 ,s*umann's "o contribution to ! field ( op]a is 8 ,g5oveva1 :i* is seldom he>d1 9 spite ( _m unque/ionable beauties4 #ahaj4 ,otto ,nicolai 7,knigsb]g74 ,0 a capable compos] & conductor4 ,he is *iefly kn[n to fame by 8 ma/]piece1 ,! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahdi4 #ahaj4 ,flici5 ,c4 ,david 7,cad5et74 ,a ,fr5* compos] ( op]as2 is n to be confus$ ) ,f]d9& ,david ! viol9i/1 & fri5d ( ,m5delssohn4 ,flici5 wrote gr& op]as = ,p>is1 & 8 greate/ success seems to h be5 ,lalla ,rookh 7#ahfb74 #ahaa4 ,p4 ,j4 ,a4 ,v>ney 7,p>is74 ,is "o ( ! m9or lights ( ,fr5* ,op]a1 8 works1 :i* are ( small importance1 be+ 9 ! light /yle4 #ahaa4 ,c4 ,ambroise ,?omas 7,metz71 #ahaa-if4 ,0 "o ( ! greate/ repres5tatives ( mod]n ,fr5* op]a1 :o possess$ real tal5t = writ+ = ! /age4 ,he le>nt mu* f bo? ,g\nod & ,hrold1 & is be/ kn[n by 8 op]as ,mignon 7#ahff7 & ,hamlet 7#ahfh74 #ahab4 ,f4 von ,flot[ 7,b5t5dorf74 ,is ! compos] ( ,m>?a1 an ev]-popul> light op]a2 ! music ( ?is1 z ( 8 _m o!r works1 is by no means exalt$1 b pleases by its melodi\s & tuneful attractiv5ess4 #ahab4 ,giulia ,grisi 7,milan74 ,0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s op]atic arti/s ( la/ c5tury1 & ! soprano ( ! 8,puritani0 qu>tet 7,grisi1 ,rub9i1 ,tambur9i1 & ,labla*e74 ,l s _m arti/s ( t p]iod1 h] great a*ievem5ts 7 9 ! works ( ,ross9i4 #ahab4 ,cavali]e ,m>io 7,cagli>i74 ,0 an ev5 great] t5or1 :o ev5tually m>ri$ ,grisi4 ,l 8 wife he 0 ! idol ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* capitals = _m seasons4 #ahab4 ,fanny ,p]siani 7,rome74 ,0 yet ano!r s+] ( ,ross9ian op]a4 ,%e 0 a f9e actress z well z a vocali/1 & comm&$ univ]sal admiration4 #ahac4 ,enrico ,petrella 7,pal]mo74 ,produc$ an ,italian op]a practically e ye> = _m ye>s4 ,?is compos] has be5 dead = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 & 8 op]as seem to h %>$ ! same fate4 #ahac4 ,ri*>d ,wagn] 7,leipsic71 #ahac-hc4 ,! names & dates ( ,wagn]'s *ief op]as are3--,ri5zi 7,dresd57 #ahdb2 ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man 7,dresd57 #ahdc2 ,tannhus] 7,dresd57 #ahde2 ,loh5gr9 7,weim>7 #ahej2 ,! ,r+3--7#a7 ,rhe+old 7,muni*7 #ahei2 7#b7 ,die ,walkre 7,muni*7 #ahgj2 7#c7 ,siegfri$ 7,bayreu?7 #ahgf2 7#d7 ,gott]dmm]ung1 7,bayreu?7 #ahgf2 ,tri/an und ,isolde 7,muni*7 #ahfe2 ,die ,mei/]s+] 7,muni*7 #ahfh2 ,p>sifal 7,bayreu?71 #ahhb4 #ahac4 ,giuseppe ,v]di 7,roncole7 #ahac-aija4 ,v]di's op]as are v num]\s3 ^! may p]haps be specially m5tion$3--,i ,lomb>di1 #ahdc2 ,ernani1 #ahdd2 ,rigoletto1 #ahea2 ,il ,trovatore1 #ahec2 ,la ,traviata1 #ahec2 ,un ,ballo 9 ,mas*]a1 #aheg2 ,ada1 #ahga2 ,otello1 #ahhg2 ,fal/aff1 #ahic4 #ahac4 ,a4 ,s4 ,d>gomizhsky 7,t\la74 ,is ( consid]able importance 9 ! developm5t ( national ,russian op]a2 ( 8 works we may m5tion ,! ,r\ssalka 7#ahef7 & ,! ,/one ,gue/1 only p]=m$ ?ree ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 9 #ahgb4 #ahac4 ,g4 ,a4 ,macf>r5 7,london74 ,s well kn[n z a !ori/2 essay$ _m op]as1 ( :i* ,rob9 ,hood 0 ! mo/ successful4 ,o!r ( 8 works are ,! ,devil's ,op]a & ,helvellyn4 #ahac4 ,e4 ,j4 ,lod] 7,ba?74 ,0 an ,engli% writ] ( op]as1 ! be/ ( :i* is ! ,night ,danc]s 7#ahdf74 #ahad4 ,emma ,alb]tazzi 7,london74 ,an ,engli% prima donna :o m>ri$ an ,italian4 ,%e sang 9 all ! *ief h\ses ( op]a1 b 0 a poor & indiff]5t actress4 #ahad4 ,w4 ,v4 ,wallace 7,wat]=d74 ,is kn[n to all by 8 tuneful1 if ord9>y1 ,m>itana4 ,he wrote bett] works1 & 8 ,lurl9e may be m5tion$4 #ahae4 ,g4 ,hippolyte ,rog] 7,sa9t-,d5is74 ,0 a great ,fr5* t5or1 = :om ,ambroise ,?omas1 ,aub]1 ,clapesson & o!rs wrote op]as4 ,he un=tunately lo/ an arm1 & _h to give up ! /age4 #ahag4 ,c>lo ,p$rotti 7,v]ona74 ,wrote ,italian op]as1 ( :i* m5tion may be made ( ,tutti 9 ,mas*]a & ,il ,favorito4 #ahag4 ,aim ,maill>t 7,montpelli]74 ,won ! ,gr& ,prix de ,rome1 & wrote op]as :i* _h "s measure ( success4 #ahag4 ,francesco ,lamp]ti 7,savona74 ,a great tea*] ( s++1 ^: pupils include ,albani1 ,m>iani1 & ,%akespe>e4 #ahah4 ,c4 ,f4 ,g\nod 7,p>is71 #ahah-ic4 ,besides ! ev]gre5 ,fau/ 7#ahei71 ,g\nod's o!r successes include ,! ,mock ,doctor1 ,philmon & ,baucis1 ,mireille1 & ,romeo & ,juliet1 all ( :i* are (t5 he>d4 #ahah4 ,j4 ,sims ,reeves 7,woolwi*74 ,9 8 palmy days 0 (t5 he>d 9 op]a1 ! t5or p>ts ( _m melodi\s op]as 9 fav\r at ! "t exactly suit+ 8 me?ods & /yle4 #ahah4 ,a4 ,n4 ,s]ov 7,pet]sburg74 ,s]ov 0 a ,russian compos] :o admir$ & foll[$ ,wagn]2 8 works h _! place 9 ! annals ( op]a 9 8 c\ntry4 #ahai4 ,jacques ,(f5ba* 7,cologne74 ,a prolific compos] ( "s sev5ty specim5s ( op]a b\ffe & op]etta2 9 light works su* z ^! he a*iev$ almo/ unexampl$ success1 & enjoy$ imm5se popul>ity4 #ahbj4 ,j5ny ,l9d 7,/ockholm74 ,?is "n is fre% 9 ! memory ( all1 al?\gh its gift$ possessor w5t ! way ( all fle% "s ?irty ye>s ago4 ,z a s+] %e comm&$ univ]sal admiration1 :ile z a woman %e 0 look$ up to & respect$ by all4 ,h] triumphs 9 op]atic soprano p>ts 7 su* z to be seldom equall$4 #ahbj4 ,franz von ,supp 7,spalato74 ,0 ! ,g]man equival5t ( ,(f5ba*--a prolific writ] ( comic op]a4 #ahba4 ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,e*]t 7,potsdam74 ,wrote an op]a at ! age ( t51 & o!rs at a lat] date4 ,he won m fame1 h[ev]1 z a conductor1 hold+ important po/s 9 ?is capacity at ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 & ,b]l94 #ahba4 ,m4 ,f4 ,p4 ,vi>dot-,g>cia 7,p>is74 ,a "y si/] ( ,malibran1 atta9$ consid]able celebrity z a s+] & actress2 %e appe>$ n only 9 works ( ! ,ross9i s*ool1 b 9 ! op]as ( ,mey]be]1 ,gluck1 & o!rs4 #ahba4 ,italo ,g>doni 7,p>ma74 ,0 a t5or s+] ( repute1 :o to a consid]able ext5t took ! place ( ,m>io2 he sang frequ5tly 9 ,london4 #ahbb4 ,apolloni4 ,0 an ,italian compos] :o wrote op]as ^u ! e>ly ,v]di model1 a*iev+ "o great success 9 ,l',ebreo4 #ahbb4 ,luigi ,arditi 7,cresc5t9o74 ,al?\gh he compos$ a few op]as1 is m widely rememb]$ z a conductor1 he hav+ wield$ ! bton dur+ _m op]atic seasons bo? 9 ,engl& & abroad4 #ahbb4 ,cs> ,franck 7,lige74 ,8 m]its seem only n[ beg9n+ to be recogniz$ z a compos]2 wrote a small numb] ( op]as1 ( :i* ! music appe>s to h be5 he>d only 9 ! conc]t room4 #ahbb4 ,f4 ,m4 ,v4 ,mass 7,lori5t74 ,wrote "s op]as 9 ! /yle ( ,aub] ) v great success4 ,a numb] ( lat] works1 "s ( :i* h be5 produc$ at ,cov5t ,g>d51 h be5 less fav\rably receiv$4 #ahbc4 ,ed\>d ,lalo 7,lille74 ,! writ] ( "s excell5t viol9 music2 includes among 8 writ+s "o "w1 ,le ,roi d' ,ys1 :i* is (t5 to be he>d4 #ahbc4 ,l4 ,e4 ,e4 ,rey] 7,m>seilles74 ,is yet ano!r ,fr5* compos] ( op]a1 *iefly kn[n by 8 ,sigurd1 produc$ 9 #ahhd4 #ahbc4 ,m>ietta ,alboni 7,ces5a74 ,0 a _w-r5[n$ contralto1 :o creat$ a furore 9 ,london4 ,%e 0 set up z a sort ( rival attraction to ,j5ny ,l9d1 :o 0 p]=m+ at ano!r !atre1 & 0 p[]ful en\gh to hold h] own4 #ahbd4 ,pet] ,cornelius 7,ma9z74 ,wrote a numb] ( op]as1 ( :i* ,! ,b>b] ( ,bagdad seems to h be5 a k9d ( =]unn] ( ,die ,mei/]s+]1 & is enorm\sly 9 fav\r 9 ,g]many4 #ahbd4 ,fri$ri* ,smetana 7,leitomis*l74 ,is ! fa!r ( ,bohemian op]a1 & 8 "w1 ,! ,b>t]$ ,bride1 pav$ ! way = a s]ies ( national op]as :i* are de> inde$ to ! he>ts ( ! ,bohemians4 ,he is important1 also1 z ! model ^u :i* ,dvrk fram$ mu* ( 8 "w4 #ahbe4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h]v 7,h\da974 ,wrote a v l>ge numb] ( ,fr5* op]ettas ( a v light tr5d1 :i* are h>dly likely to g d[n to po/]ity4 #ahbf4 ,ma?ilde ,m>*esi 7,frank=t74 ,an em95t soprano vocali/1 ^: influ5ce has be5 widely felt 9 ! op]atic _w1 n only by h] p]=mances1 b also by h] tea*+4 ,h] ,ecole de ,*ant & vocal ex]cises are _w kn[n4 #ahbf4 ,iv> ,hall/rm 7,/ockholm74 ,a ,sw$i% compos] ( op]as2 has produc$ works ( a di/9ctly national impress4 #ahbg4 ,m>ie ,c>valho 7,m>seilles74 ,a ,fr5* vocali/2 0 at "o "t 9 ! fir/ rank ( arti/s ( ! gr& op]a & ! op]a comique4 ,%e specially excell$ 9 h] int]pretations ( ! soprano *>act]s ( ! ,g\nod op]as4 #ahbh4 ,antonio ,cagnoni 7,godiasco74 ,wrote a numb] ( ,italian op]as ( mod]ate quality2 8 att5tions 7 mo/ly conf9$ to op]a buffa4 #ahbh4 ,f]d9& ,poise 7,nmes74 ,wrote a numb] ( *>m+ light works1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( 8 ma/] ,adam4 ,p>is 0 ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs4 #ahbi4 ,anton ,rub9/e9 7,we*wotynecz74 ,be>s a "n well kn[n 9 _m musical fields3 9 op]a he 0 h>dly great1 8 music be+ non-dramatic 9 "*4 ,he wrote ,! ,demon & a few 8sacr$ op]as40 #ahbi4 ,ciro ,p9suti 7,si5a74 ,is inde$ popul> z a writ] ( songs2 x is n s well kn[n t he includes among/ 8 l>g] works op]as t h be5 produc$ at ,la ,scala1 ,milan1 & else:]e4 #ahcj4 ,k>l ,goldm>k 7,kesz!ly74 ,! mo/ fam\s op]a by ?is compos] is ,! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 produc$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahge2 subsequ5t & less successful productions include ,m]l9 7#ahhf7 & ,! ,cricket on ! ,he>? 7#ahif74 #ahcj4 ,ed\>d ,lass5 7,cop5hag574 ,ano!r writ] ( melodi\s songs2 produc$ ?ree successful op]as4 ,he also succe$$ ,liszt z conductor at ,weim>4 #ahcj4 ,edmund ,krets*m] 7,o/ritz74 ,_h at "o p]iod a reputation z a compos] ( op]a1 :i* rec5t ye>s h fail$ to ma9ta94 #ahca4 ,t4 ,c4 ,j4 ,tietj5s 7,hamburg74 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant & successful prime donne ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 %e excell$ alike 9 light op]a & gr& op]a1 9 secul> music & 9 sacr$4 ,h] e>ly dea? 9 #ahgg 0 lam5t$ by all :o _h he>d h] beautiful & arti/ic int]pretations ( ! ma/]pieces ( op]a & ( oratorio4 #ahcb4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lecocq 7,p>is74 ,a prolific compos] ( light ,fr5* pieces 9 ! mann] ( ,(f5ba*4 ,n to be reckon$ ) z s]i\s music1 8 compositions are notable = _! sprightl9ess1 vivacity1 & v]ve4 #ahcd4 ,pi]re ,l4 ,l4 ,b5oit 7,h>lebeke74 ,is a ,flemi% compos] & an apo/le ( a ,flemi% s*ool ( composition :i* he endeav\rs to =m4 ,among 8 _m works are op]as & dramatic pieces4 #ahcd4 ,a4 ,p4 ,v4 ,borod9e 7,s4 ,pet]sburg74 ,is well kn[n z a *emi/ & an op]a writ]4 ,8 music1 national 9 "*1 is be/ /udy f an op]atic po9t ( view 9 ,pr9ce ,igor4 ,borod9e's music is also well kn[n 9 ! conc]t hall4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhg4 #ahcd4 ,a4 ,pon*ielli 7,pad]no74 ,al?\gh he di$ z long ago z #ahhf1 mu/ be class$ z a compos] ( ! "y ,italian s*ool4 ,8 *ef d'uvre1 ,la ,gioconda1 (t5 obta9s a he>+4 #ahcd4 ,*>les ,santley 7,liv]pool74 ,fam\s alike on ! /age & 9 ! conc]t hall2 :ile 8 att5tions h be5 latt]ly conf9$ to oratorio4 ,8 0 a famili> figure on ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 /age "s =ty ye>s ago4 #ahce4 ,filippo ,m>*etti 7,bologna74 ,a memb] ( ! ,italian s*ool ( compos]s4 ,wrote _m op]as1 ,ruy ,blas a*iev+ great success4 #ahce4 ,cs> ,a4 ,cui 7,vilna74 ,has built up a reputation = himself among/ ,russian compos]s = 8 works ( e description1 & he has an important place among/ ^? :o h develop$ op]a 9 ,russia4 ,william ,ratcliff & ,le ,flibu/i] des]ve special m5tion4 #ahce4 ,c4 ,c4 ,sa9t-,sans 7,p>is74 ,"o ( ! mo/ v]satile & gift$ ( mod]n ,fr5* compos]s2 has enri*$ ! _w by a few op]as & by ! sacr$ drama ,samson et ,dalila1 :i* is (t5 he>d 9 ,engli% conc]t rooms4 ,m rec5t ef=ts include ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,phryne4 #ahcf4 ,emil ,h>tmann 7,cop5hag574 ,is "o ( ! few op]atic compos]s ( ,d5m>k4 ,8 music is n he>d 9 ,engl&4 #ahcg4 ,erne/ ,guiraud 7,new ,orleans74 ,a contempor>y & co-work] ( ,dlibes2 wrote ,piccol9o & o!r pieces4 #ahcg4 ,f4 ,c4 ,t4 ,dubois 7,rosney74 ,! fam\s ,fr5* organi/2 has also a*iev$ c]ta9 success ) 8 op]as & ballets4 #ahcg4 ,joseph ,hub] 7,sigm>+574 ,a disciple ( ! ,g]man s*ool4 ,wrote two op]as1 popul> 9 _! day4 #ahch4 ,georges ,bizet 7,p>is74 ,is nev] likely to be =gott5 s long z ,c>m5 atta9s to a ti! ( its pres5t popul>ity4 ,?is bright & sp>kl+ "w is des]v$ly 9 ! front rank ( fav\rite op]as4 ,bizet wrote sev]al unimportant op]as be=e ,c>m51 b 8 e>ly dea? prev5t$ 8 giv+ to ! _w any successor to t fam\s op]a4 #ahch4 ,zelia ,trebelli 7,p>is74 ,a prima donna ( high rank4 ,%e made h] db at ,madrid1 & 0 successful 9 ,g]many & 9 ,london1 :]e h] appe>ances 9 ,italian op]a 7 v frequ5t4 #ahch4 ,fr$]ic ,clay 7,p>is74 ,! compos] ( ! popul> 8,i'll s+ !e songs ( ,araby40 ,wrote sev]al light op]as = ,cov5t ,g>d5 & o!r ,engli% h\ses4 #ahci4 ,c4 ,p4 ,l4 ,dlibes 7,/4 ,g]ma9 du ,val74 ,wrote bright & sp>kl+ music1 & 0 mo/ successful 9 ! ballet4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) 8 ,sylvia1 & among 8 op]as are ,lakm & ,le ,roi l'a dit4 #ahci4 ,c>los ,gomez 7,comp9os74 ,0 a ,brazilian compos]1 ^: op]a ,il ,gu>any 0 p]=m$ at ,cov5t ,g>d54 #ahci4 ,v4 de ,gonci]es 7,p>is74 ,has produc$ sev]al gr& op]as1 none ( :i* h met ) cont9u$ success4 #ahci4 ,edw>d ,napravnik 7,kniggratz74 ,0 = a "t ! conductor ( op]a 9 ,pet]sburg1 & also wrote _m national op]as & songs4 #ahci4 ,joseph ,rhe9b]g] 7,vaduz74 ,fam\s z a writ] ( organ music1 & ( a*ievem5ts 9 almo/ all bran*es ( composition2 v5tur$ also into ! op]atic field ) 8 "w ,die ,sieb5 ,rab54 #ahdj4 ,h]mann ,goetz 7,knigsb]g74 ,0 a %ort-liv$ compos]1 ^: op]a1 ,! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew1 %[$ ! possession ( extraord9>y gifts4 #ahdj4 ,p4 ,t*akovsky 7,vot9sk74 ,?is gift$ & v]satile compos] is kn[n 9 ,engl& only by 8 ,eug5e ,onieg91 s f> z op]a is conc]n$4 #ahda4 ,anton9 ,dvrk 7,kralup74 ,! ,bohemian compos]'s op]as are h>dly z successful z 8 *amb] music & 8 symphonies4 #ahda4 ,victor ,nessl] 7,bald5heim74 ,wrote popul> op]as = ,g]many4 ,_! music is n ( high rank1 b su* works z ,d] ,trumpet] von ,skk+5 enjoy great popul>ity4 #ahda4 ,franco ,faccio 7,v]ona74 ,is an obscure compos] ( ,italian op]a1 ^: compositions display no p>ticul> orig9ality4 #ahda4 ,paul9e ,lucca 7,vi5na74 ,a soprano vocali/ :o appe>$ 9 op]as ( ,mey]be] & o!rs4 ,alike 9 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & ,engl&1 %e seems to h ar\s$ ! ke5e/ int]e/ & excitem5t4 ,h] voice 0 "o ( ext5d$ compass & ( a sympa!tic quality4 #ahda4 ,emmanuel ,*abri] 7,amb]t74 ,wrote "s op]as1 ! be/ ( :i* 0 ,le ,roi malgr lui4 #ahdb4 ,c>l ,millck] 7,vi5na74 ,compos] ( ,s+spiel4 #ahdb4 ,he9ri* ,h(mann 7,b]l974 ,wrote music dramas & op]as1 & s\ght to compose light works on ! gr& op]a plan1 omitt+ all dialogue4 #ahdb4 ,jules ,f4 ,e4 ,mass5et 7,mont&74 ,is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s liv+ compos]s ( ,fr5* op]a1 _m ( ^: works may be he>d 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,hrodiade1 ,manon1 ,le ,cid1 ,esclamonde1 ,w]!r1 & o!r works te/ify to 8 ability & indu/ry1 & he is a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 ! developm5t ( op]a 9 ,france4 #ahdb4 ,arrigo ,boito 7,padua74 ,is ! compos] ( ,mefi/(ele & ( ! unhe>d ,n]o4 #ahdb4 ,edmund ,audran 7,lyons74 ,0 a fam\s compos] ( comic op]a1 produc+ _m light works 9 ,p>is & 9 ,london4 #ahdb4 ,a4 ,s4 ,sullivan 7,london74 ,compos$ ! op]a ,ivanhoe4 ,he 0 also practically ! orig9ator ( a *>m+ =m ( com$y op]a4 ,he di$ 9 #aijj4 #ahdc4 ,*ri/9e ,nilsson 7,wexio74 ,a ,sw$i% soprano1 & yet ano!r ( t brilliant b& ( gift$ s+]s :o delight$ ! habitus ( ! op]a a few decades back4 #ahdc4 ,adel9a ,patti 7,madrid74 ,fir/ appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 op]a 9 #ahfa4 ,h] successes 7 all made 9 ,italian op]a1 ) music ( ! florid type4 ,h] appe>ances be=e ! public are /ill frequ5t4 #ahdc4 ,hans ,ri*t] 7,raab74 ,is "o ( ! greate/ ( conductors1 & ! greate/ liv+ au?ority ^u ,wagn]1 ^: pupil & fri5d he 04 ,dr4 ,ri*t] conducts ! ,g]man p]=mances at ,cov5t ,g>d51 & 0 responsible = ! fir/ production ( ! ,r+ at ,bayreu? 9 #ahgf4 #ahdd4 ,f4 ,celli] 7,london74 ,wrote light op]as aft] ! /yle ( ,sullivan1 ^: mann] he successfully caught4 #ahdd4 ,rimsky-,korsak(f 7,ti*w974 ,9 ! van ( mod]n ,russian musicians4 ,9 op]a he creat$ "s successes1 notably 9 ,! ,may ,night4 ,8 la/ op]a 7! #ae?7 is entitl$ ,! ,gold5 ,cock4 #ahdd4 ,emile ,paladilhe 7,montpelli]74 ,a memb] ( ! y\ng] ,fr5* s*ool2 *iefly kn[n by 8 ,patrie4 #ahdf4 ,h4 ,c4 ,a4 ,g4 ,s]pette 7,nantes74 ,has also writt5 ,fr5* op]as1 b ( a light] /yle1 p]ta9+ to ! ,buffo "*4 #ahdf4 ,ignaz ,brll 7,prossnitz74 ,has writt5 a v l>ge numb] ( op]as1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i*1 ,! ,gold5 ,cross1 has be5 produc$ 9 ,engl& by ! ,c>l ,rosa ,company4 ,8 op]as are ( ! ,g]man s*ool4 #ahdg4 ,augu/a ,holmes 7,p>is74 ,is "o ( ! few wom5 writ]s ( op]a4 #ahdg4 ,alex&] ,mack5zie 7,ed9burgh74 ,has produc$ op]as ) ! ,c>l ,rosa ,company1 & has also unhe>d works 9 8 desk await+ a fav\rable opportunity = production4 #ahdg4 ,amalie ,mat]na 7,/4 ,georg574 ,a fam\s soprano ( ,g]man op]a1 & a great ,wagn]ian s+]1 h] imp]sonations ( ,brnnhilde be+ specially f9e4 #ahdg4 ,joseph ,maas 7,d>t=d74 ,0 a good t5or vocali/1 & an indiff]5t actor4 ,al?\gh (t5 he>d ^u ! /age1 he 0 m appreciat$ 9 conc]t "w4 #ahdh4 ,luigi ,manc9elli 7,orvieto74 ,is ! popul> conductor ( ,italian op]a at ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,z a compos] he is also kn[n1 bo? ( op]a & ( oratorio4 #ahdi4 ,b4 ,l4 ,p4 ,god>d 7,p>is74 ,wrote mu* music 9 _m /yles4 ,8 op]as did n atta9 to ! popul>ity ( 8 *amb] music or pian(orte pieces4 #ahej4 ,albani 7,*ambly74 ,^: real "n is ,m>ie ,lajeunesse1 is famili> to all conc]t go]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,h] op]atic successes dur+ ! two la/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 _m1 & %e sang well su* p>ts z 8,isolde0 & 8,elsa40 #ahej4 ,zd5ko ,fibi* 7,bohemian74 ,has writt5 op]as ( ! type popul>iz$ 9 8 c\ntry by ,smetana4 #ahej4 ,rob]t ,planquette 7,p>is74 ,compos$ ! ev]gre5 ,clo*es de ,corneville1 s de> to ! he>t ( ! ,fr5*man4 ,8 op]ettas are bright & sp>kl+4 #ahej4 ,anton ,si$l 7,pe/h74 ,a ,wagn]ian conductor ( p[]4 ,he has conduct$ on ! ,cont95t1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,am]ica4 #ahea4 ,a4 ,gor+ ,?omas 7,ratton74 ,?is compos] ( s _m fav\rite songs1 wrote ! op]as ,esm]alda & ,nade%da1 f :i* exc]pts are frequ5tly he>d4 #ahea4 ,v9c5t d',indy 7,p>is74 ,is a prom95t mod]n ,fr5* compos]2 8 ,f]vaal is a f9e dramatic "w4 #ahea4 ,tamagno 7,tur974 ,a celebrat$ op]atic t5or1 ^: fees ( #djj p] night 9 ,am]ica are said to h creat$ a record = male vocali/s4 ,tamagno di$ 9 #aije4 #ahea4 ,jan ,blockx 7,belgian compos]74 ,is ! director ( ! ,flemi% ,s*ool ( ,music 9 ,antw]p2 he has writt5 sev]al op]as1 ( :i* m5tion may be made ( ,pr9cesse d',aub]ge4 #aheb4 ,fr$]ick ,c[5 7,jamaica74 ,! well-kn[n song-writ] & conductor has made sev]al essays on op]a ) m or less success4 #aheb4 ,c4 ,v4 ,/an=d 7,dubl974 ,is "o ( ! /ronge/ hopes ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( op]a composition2 8 v>i\s ef=ts1 al?\gh h>dly cr[n$ ) unqualifi$ success1 are almo/ all notewor?y & di/9ctly great 9 a*ievem5t4 #aheb4 ,fr$]ick ,cord] 7,london74 ,compos$ ,nordisa = ! ,c>l ,rosa ,company4 #aheb4 ,jean de ,reszke 7,w>saw74 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( op]atic t5ors1 ^: int]pretations ( ! ,wagn] rles has seldom be5 equall$4 #aheb4 ,b>ton ,mc,guckin 7,dubl974 ,t5or vocali/ ( repute4 #ahed4 ,engelb]t ,hamp]d9ck 7,siegburg74 ,! compos] ( ! popul> ,hansel & ,gretel4 #ahee4 ,e4 de ,reszke 7,w>saw74 ,bro!r ( ! fam\s t5or1 & an almo/ equally great b>itone2 excels 9 su* p>ts z 8,sa*s0 7,mei/]s+]71 etc4 #aheg4 ,alfr$ ,bruneau 7,p>is74 ,an extremely mod]n ,fr5* compos]1 ^: /rik+ works create mu* discussion4 #aheh4 ,giacomo ,pucc9i 7,lucca74 ,is an ,italian compos] ^: works are n[ enjoy+ v great popul>ity1 q a numb] ( !m be+ con/antly be=e ! public4 #aheh4 ,r4 ,leoncavallo 7,naples74 ,is ano!r memb] ( ! ,italian s*ool1 & ! compos] ( ,pagliacci4 #ahei4 ,t4 ,j4 ,pad]ewski 7,podolia74 ,! _w-r5[n$ piani/2 has also compos$ a fairly successful op]a4 #ahfj4 ,gu/ave ,*>p5ti] 7,fr5* s*ool74 ,has writt5 ,l\ise1 a famili> & popul> "w across ! ,*annel4 #ahfd4 ,ri*>d ,/rauss 7,muni*74 ,! mod]n writ] ( symphonic poems2 has produc$ op]as4 ,he is a conductor ( ! ,royal ,b]l9 ,op]a ,h\se4 #ahfd4 ,pietro ,mascagni 7,leghorn74 ,is ! compos] ( ! tuneful ,cavall]ia ,ru/icana & o!r works4 ,among o!r contempor>y compos]s & s+]s ( op]a may be m5tion$3-- ,compos]s4 ,eug5e d',alb]t ,h4 ,bunn+ ,cilea ,coron>o ,hami% ,mc,cunn ,a4 ,catalani ,delius ,g4 ,dupont ,c4 ,debussy ,dupais ,enna ,f4 d',erlang] ,filasi ,erne/ ,=d ,fran*etti ,glaz\n[ ,gilson ,giordano ,galli ,edw>d ,g]man ,j4 ,holbrooke ,ki5zl ,f4 ,leoi ,i4 de ,l>a ,lap>ra ,l]\x ,a4 ,messag] ,mc,alpin ,mc,lean ,edw>d ,naylor ,orefice ,reznicika ,e4 ,solomon ,max ,s*ill+s ,miss ,e4 ,smy? ,som]ville ,w4 ,/5hamm] ,sp9elli ,tasca ,t9el ,siegfri$ ,wagn] ,amh]/ ,webb] ,f4 ,we+>tn] ,conductors4 ,signor ,campan9i ,h]r ,lohse ,mottl ,mahl] ,frig>a ,eckhold ,signor ,mugnone ,a4 ,messag] ,e4 ,goos5s ,w4 van ,nord5 ,nikis* ,panizza ,p]cy ,pitt ,t4 ,bee*am ,s+]s4 ,m4 ,alv>ez ,m4 ,ancona ,suzanne ,adams ,signor ,anselmi ,fraule9 ,alt5 ,l4 ,ar5s ,signor ,ballis9i ,m>ie ,brema ,a4 ,black ,mdlle4 ,bau]mei/] ,madame ,eames ,olive ,frem/ad ,madame ,frease ,gre5 ,m4 ,gilib]t ,madame ,gia*etti ,mc,hinckley ,m4 ,hrold ,walt] ,hyde ,m4 ,j\rnet ,alice ,niels5 ,agnes ,ni*olls ,madame ,nordica ,mdlle4 ,olitzka ,plancon ,van ,rooy ,re9l ,h]r ,reiss ,russ ,madame ,sembri* ,h]r ,burrian ,david ,bispham ,signor ,c>uso ,madame ,calv ,john ,coates ,m4 ,cotreuil ,h]r ,cornelius ,madam$e ,cisn]os ,fraule9 ,de/9n ,van ,dyck ,dani ,mdlle4 ,donalda ,fraule9 ,dels>ta ,m4 ,dufri*e ,signor ,dalmors ,knupf]-,egli ,selma ,kurz ,kirkby ,lunn ,zelie de ,lussan ,m4 ,lafitte ,m4 ,maurel ,m>ian ,mc,kenzie ,john ,mc,cormack ,madame ,melba ,*>les ,mann]s ,fanny ,moody ,joseph ,o',m>a ,blan*e ,m>*esi ,?omas ,meux ,madame ,norelli ,signor ,samm>co ,salignac ,scotti ,m4 ,saleza ,madame ,sobr9o ,m4 ,seveilhac ,madame ,saltzmann-,/ev5s ,m4 ,slezak ,fraule9 ,t]n9a ,edna ,?ornton ,madame ,tettraz9i ,vignas ,madame ,witti* ,c4 ,:itehill ,gleeson ,:ite ,app5dix ,b4 ,f9ancial ,aid ,grant$ to ,op]atic ,s*emes f ,/ate or ,municipal ,funds4 7,drawn f ! ,gov]nm5t return made 9 pursuance ( ! ,address ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ( ,m>* #bnd1 #aijc47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,c\ntry4 ,,t[n4 ,,am\nt4 ,,comm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,arg5t9e ,bu5os ,ayres ,nil4 ,municipal taxation ,republic exempt$ to p]=m+ ,companies at ! ,op]a4 ,au/ria & ,vi5na ,free ,!atre giv53,op]a ,h\se co/ ,hung>y deficit made good #eji1gie to build4 f ! ,emp]or's ,civil li/4 ,buda-,pe/h #bd1bjh & #bej ,an additional grant = sal>ies4 f ! ,sov]eign ( #ac1ccd4 ,prague #c1gej4 7,= ! ,cze* ,!atre = #aijc74 ,bav>ia ,muni* ,municipality keeps ,a sum ( #ab1ejj goes up ! ,c\rt to ! g5]al ,!atre4 upkeep ( ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t ,c\rt ,!atre & ,!atre 7,new ,op]a ,resid5cy ,!atre ,h\se7 free 9 ,muni* f ! electric light+ ,royal ,civil li/4 up to #a1abe4 ,wrtemb]g ,deficit1 av]ag+ ,h\se us$ = #ae1jjj1 made dramatic z well z good by ! ,k+ op]atic purposes4 ( ,wrtemb]g4 ,belgium ,subsidies grant$ to compos]s ( f #ejj to #a1ejj francs p] act on approv$ op]as2 also ( f #fj to #bej francs p] p]=mance4 ,brussels ,?tre ,royale de ,r5t free1 b _m la ,monnaie1 conditions impos$4 #e1fjj4 ,antw]p ,subsidy v>i$ accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,bulg>ia ,nil4 ,c5tral ,san ,jos #ahig1 ,fr5* ,op]a1 #d1jjj4 ,am]ica-- #ahih1 ,italian ,op]a1 #a1bjj4 ,co/a ,rica #ahii1 ,nil4 #aijj1 ,italian ,op]a1 #ibj4 #aija-b1 ,nil4 #aijc1 ,italian ,op]a1 #dhj4 ,guatemala ,guatemala ,a v>y+ am\nt4 ,salvador ,san ,am\nts v>y+ ,free use ( ! ,salvador f #bgg to ,national ,!atre4 #f1jfh = v>i\s k9ds ( op]a dur+ ! la/ #ab ye>s4 ,*ili ,santiago ,an am\nt1 ab\t ,r5t free3 ! same #e1jjj1 8if ! company app>5tly municipality is visits ,*ili satisfi$ ) annually f ! p]=mances40 ,europe4 ,d5m>k ,cop5hag5 ,deficit on ,royal paid f ,/ate ,!atre acc\nts4 ,egypt ,cairo & ,e#e1jjj = #cf ,alex&ria op]as & #bd com$ies4 ,e#d1jjj = ! ,cairo ,op]a ,h\se & ano!r !atre = upkeep4 ,france ,p>is ,op]a1 #cb1jjj4 ,r5t free4 ,op]a ,comique1 #ab1jjj4 ,g]many ,b]l9 #ed1jjj f ! ,/ate contributes to ,cr[n = ! ! upkeep & ,op]a ,h\se & repairs4 ! ,play ,h\se4 ,great ,nil4 ,brita9 ,greece ,nil4 ,small am\nts occasionally grant$ f ,municipal ,funds 9 v>i\s t[ns4 ,italy ,rome ,nil4 #b1djj1 )drawn 9 #ahih4 ,milan ,la ,scala receives #c1ijj = #ej p]=mances4 ,tur9 ,municipal ,or*e/ra ,previ\s subsidy l5t = op]atic )drawn4 purposes4 ,naples #c1bjj = ! ,san ,c>lo ,h\se4 ,v5ice ,v>y+ am\nts on special occasions4 ,norway ,*ri/iania ,ab\t #a1ajj grant$ p] annum to ! ,national ,!atre 7n exclusively = op]a74 ,p]u ,lima ,occasional grants to travell+ companies = op]a4 ,portugal ,lisbon ,san ,c>los ,op]a ,h\se r5t free4 ,russia ,pet]sburg ,details unavailable4 & ,9 #aijb ! sum ( ab\t ,mosc[ #cjj1jjj 0 grant$ by ! ,emp]or to ! ?ree ,imp]ial ,!atres 9 ^! cities4 ,w>saw ,nil4 ,=m] subsidy )drawn4 ,riga ,nil4 ,manag$ by a 8,guild40 ,odessa ,op]a ,h\se ma9ta9$ by ,municipality4 ,saxony ,coburg & #c1ggh to ! ,ducal ,r5t free4 ,go?a ,c\rt ,!atre4 ,dresd5 #ca1jjj paid by ! ,k+1 & any deficit made good 7#ae1jjj 9 #aijc74 ,_m o!r t[ns grant free use ( ! !atre1 & sometimes ( ! ,municipal or*e/ra1 ! sc5]y1 dresses1 etc4 ,s]via ,belgrade ,royal ,national ,us$ = op]a ,!atre receives & drama4 #a1gbj p] annum4 ,spa9 ,nil3 v>i\s 8s*ools ( music0 & or*e/ras receive ,municipal aid4 ,sw$5 ,/ockholm ,royal ,!atre 7ma9ly op]a7 receives #c1ccj f ! ,cr[n1 & #c1ccj f ! ,/ate2 also v>i\s o!r am\nts4 ,switz]l& ,b]ne #bhj to ! !atre or*e/ra4 ,basle #a1jjj = musical in/itutions & ! !atre or*e/ra4 ,g5eva #f1dhj = ! !atre & classical conc]ts4 ,unit$ ,nil4 ,/ates ,uruquay ,montevideo ,a subsidy giv5 to an annual p]=mance ( ,italian ,op]a4 ,v5ezuela ,nil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,note4--,z a grant1 :5 made1 is (t5 giv5 bo? = ! drama & = op]atic purposes1 & sometimes = ! support ( musical functions g5]ally1 su* z conc]ts & b& p]=mances1 x is difficult to arrive at ! actual figures = op]a alone4 ,b ! above quotations w af=d a g5]al idea z to ! conditions obta9+ ) reg>d to subsidies 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,app5dix ,c4 ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms ma9ly us$ 9 ,op]a4 ,act4 ,! l>g] sub-divisions into :i* op]as are divid$4 ,old] op]as 7 usually 9 five acts1 mod]n ones m (t5 9 ?ree2 "s1 z ,wagn]'s ,rhe+old1 9 "o only4 ,act ,tune or ,curta9 ,tune4 ,an old =m ( in/rum5tal int]mezzo1 compos$ = p]=mance betwe5 ! acts4 ,!y 7 writt5 = op]as f ab\t #afej to #agej1 by su* compos]s z ,locke & ,purcell4 ,air or ,aria4 ,an op]atic sc5e = a s+le voice2 !y 7 ( _m k9ds1 ) titles def9+ ! class to :i* !y belong$ 9 ! op]as ( ,h&el's day4 ,among ^! titles may be m5tion$ ! 8,aria all ,unisono10 8,aria ,cantabile10 8,aria ,conc]tante10 8,aria da ,capo10 8,aria di ,bravura10 8,aria d',imitazione10 8,aria di ,mezzo ,c>att]e10 8,aria di ,portam5to10 8,aria ,gr&e10 8,aria ,p>lante40 ,arietta4 ,a %ort aria1 ( less pret5sion ?an any ( ! =ego+4 ,ballad ,op]a4 ,a =m ( ,engli% op]a 9 :i* old & well-kn[n songs 7 us$ in/ead ( new music2 !re 0 little conc]t$ music4 ,! be/ example is ! ,begg>'s ,op]a4 ,ballet4 ,an ent]ta9m5t ( danc+1 always a con/itu5t feature ( op]as ( a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,bol]o4 ,a ,spani% dance1 (t5 introduc$ into ! ballet4 ,cad5za4 ,vocal fl\ri%es v common 9 ! op]as ( ! ,bell9i1 ,ross9i1 & e>ly ,v]di s*ool4 ,ca/rati4 ,male sopranos1 ! break+ ( ^: voices 0 prev5t$ by artificial means4 ,cavat9a4 ,a melodi\s air4 ,fau/'s solo1 8,salve dimora10 is s nam$4 ,*it>rone4 ,a long-/r+$1 d\ble-neck$ lute1 us$ by ,montev]de 9 ,orfeo4 ,*oragos4 ,! lead] ( ! *orus 9 ,greek drama4 ,*orale4 ,a ,g]man hymn-tune4 ,effective use is made ( *orales 9 ,mey]be]'s ,hugu5ots4 ,coloratura4 ,highly ornam5t$ vocal music1 us$ 9 su* places z ! 8,aria ,conc]tante40 ,comic ,op]a4 ,op]a ( a light nature1 ) a humor\s /ory4 ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ,op]a ,comique4 ,conc]t$ ,numb]s4 ,! ,f9ales & o!r p>ts ( op]as ( ! old] s*ool4 ,:5 sev]al *>act]s are ^u ! /age1 & ! music describes a s]ies ( ev5ts or "s developm5t ( ! /ory4 ,curta9 ,tune4 ,see ,act ,tune4 ,da ,capo4 ,a =m ( ,aria mu* us$ by ,sc>latti1 9 :i* ! second "p ( ! air 0 foll[$ by a repetition ( ! fir/4 ,div]tissem5t4 ,a %ort ballet1 or an in/rum5tal int]mezzo4 ,ensemble4 ,a collection ( mo/ or all ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 an op]a ^u ! /age at ! same "t4 ,entree4 ,see ,ov]ture4 ,entr'acte4 ,music compos$ = p]=mance betwe5 ! acts4 ,entrepr5eur 7,fr474 ,! organiz] or director ( a s]ies ( p]=mances4 ,falsetto4 ,a false1 artificial use ( ! voice1 employ$ by m5 mo/ly = s++ alto p>ts4 ,fanf>e4 ,a fl\ri% ( trumpets us$ 9 _m op]as 7,fidelio1 ,tannhus]1 etc474 ,f9ale4 ,! conclusion ( an op]a1 or ( an act !re(2 9 e>ly op]as (t5 a duet or trio1 b lat] on a conc]t$ numb]1 (t5 ( v great dignity4 ,x 0 fir/ l>gely us$ by ,logrosc9o1 & has s9ce become an important feature ( _m op]as4 ,glock5spiel4 ,a small set ( bells play$ f a keybo>d2 us$ by ,moz>t 9 ,zaub]flte & by ,wagn] 9 ! ,walkre4 ,gong1 or ,tam-,tam4 ,a bronze plate /ruck ) a /ick2 us$ by ,mey]be]4 ,gr& ,op]a4 ,op]a on s]i\s or tragic subjects1 ) no spok5 dialogue1 & ) ev]y?+ conceiv$ ^u a l>ge & dignifi$ scale4 ,g5]ally us$ to d5ote ,fr5* ,op]a4 ,h>psi*ord4 ,"o ( ! =]unn]s ( ! pian(orte1 & ! accompany+ in/rum5t us$ 9 ! e>lie/ op]as4 ,imbroglio4 ,a confus$ passage1 :]e conflict+ ?+s are go+ on at ! same "t1 z 9 ! /reet sc5e ( ,die ,mei/]s+]s4 ,impres>io 7,italian74 ,has ! same mean+ z ,entrepr5eur4 ,int]mezzo4 ,a %ort1 light musical play1 orig9ally introduc$ betwe5 ! acts ( ,gr& ,op]a4 ,! t]m is n[ usually appli$ to an in/rum5tal int]lude4 ,leit-motif1 or guid+-!me4 ,! di/9ctive piece ( melody1 h>mony1 or scor+ associat$ ) "o "* ^u ! /age1 or ) a def9ite idea4 ,its use 0 p]fect$ by ,wagn]4 ,libretto4 ,! 8book10 or words ( an op]a4 ,li$4 ,g]man = air4 ,li$]spiel4 ,play ( songs4 ,?is corresponds ) ! ,engli% ballad op]a4 ,masque4 ,an e>ly =m ( op]a :i* made mu* ( danc+ & ( sc5ic effects4 ,op]a ,buffa 7,fr5*1 ,op]a ,b\ffe74 ,a light op]a ( v little dignity1 b full ( hum\r & comicality4 ,x corresponds some:at ) ! ,engli% t]m1 8,comic op]a40 ,op]a ,comique4 ,a /age play1 (t5 ( s]i\s "*1 ma9ly set to music1 b 9 :i* !re is spok5 dialogue4 ,bee?ov5's ,fidelio & ,web]'s ,d] ,fris*tz are 9 ?is class4 ,op]etta4 ,a %ort op]a1 g5]ally ( a light "*4 ,ov]ture4 ,! prelim9>y or*e/ral introduction to an op]a4 ,x v>ies mu* 9 "*1 l5g?1 & importance2 accord+ to its "* & con/ruction x is n only call$ ov]ture1 b introduction 7intrada71 entre1 ,vorspiel1 prelude4 ,pa/iccio 7a pie74 ,a collection ( songs1 duets1 etc41 f v>i\s s\rces1 wov5 toge!r to =m a pleas+ ent]ta9m5t4 ,potp-ourri4 ,a collection ( ! fav\rite airs ( an op]a work$ up into a piece = a solo in/rum5t--g5]ally ! pian(orte4 ,recitative4 ,! less melodi\s & less def9itely rhy?mic vocal portions ( an op]a4 ,a k9d ( musical declamation4 ,recitativo ,secco4 ,simple recitation support$ only by slight *ords4 7,mu* us$ by ,moz>t47 ,recitativo ,/rom5tato4 ,accompani$ recitative1 ! or*e/ral "p hav+ individual int]e/ & importance4 ,ritornello4 ,an in/rum5tal int]lude betwe5 sc5es1 or dur+ ! c\rse ( a sc5e4 ,romantic ,op]a4 ,a class ( op]a deal+ ) leg5d>y or sup]natural subjects r ?an classic !mes4 ,its application is *iefly to op]as ( ! ,web]-,m>s*n] s*ool4 ,sc5a4 ,a long & important op]atic solo1 (t5 9 sev]al movem5ts1 = a solo voice4 ,x may consi/ ( recitative or ( aria portions1 or bo?1 b %\ld be dramatic 9 its con/ruction4 ,sc5>io4 ,a synopsis ( ! plot & sc5es ( ! libretto ( an op]a4 ,secco4 7,see ,recitative47 ,s+spiel4 ,! ,g]man =m ( op]a comique1 ) bo? music & spok5 dialogue4 ,tessitura4 ,! range ( a vocal composition--i4e41 z to :e!r x lies high or l[ 9 ! compass ( ! voice4 ,transcription4 ,! m mod]n "n = ,pot-p\rri4 ,tremolo4 ,a rapid reit]ation ( ! same note2 mu* us$ on ! /r+$ in/rum5ts = dramatic purposes4 ,vaudeville4 ,a %ort op]etta 7,fr5*71 usually ( a frivol\s nature4 ,vorspiel 7,g]man74 ,see ,ov]ture4 ,zwick5spiel 7,g]man74 ,an int]mezzo or int]lude4 ,app5dix ,d4 ,li/ ( ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,or*e/ras ( ,compos]s ( diff]5t p]iods ( ,op]a4 #a4 ,! fir/ real ,italian op]a1 ,euridice1 by ,p]i 7#afjj7-- #a ,*it>one #a ,lira ,gr&e #a ,viol di ,gamba #a ,!orbo #c ,flutes #b4 ,montev]de's ,orfeo 7#afjh7-- #b ,gravicembali 7,clavicembali7 #b ,contrabassi da ,viola #aj ,viole di ,brazzo #a ,arpa ,doppia #b ,viol9i ,piccioli alla ,francese #b ,*it>roni #b ,organo di ,legno #a ,regal #c ,bassi da ,gamba #d ,tromboni #b ,cornetti #a ,flaut9o 7,flageolet7 #a ,cl>9o 7,soprano ,trumpet7 #c ,trombe ,sord9i 7,mut$ ,trumpets7 ,except = ! small] numb] ( /r+s ?is or*e/ra is pretty well z l>ge z a mod]n full op]atic or*e/ra1 b its con/itution & effect are absolutely diff]5t1 & ( c\rse 9 ! pres5t day h>dly producible4 ,! gambas 7 us$ to accompany ,orpheus1 ! violas ,euridice1 ! guit>s ,*>on1 ! organs ,apollo1 & ! trombones ,plato4 #c4 ,gluck's ,alce/e 7#agfg7-- #b ,flauti ,trav]si #b ,oboe #b ,corni #c ,tromboni #b ,fagotti #b ,trombe ,/r+s ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an approximation to ! mod]n or*e/ra1 b we mu/ notice ! abs5ce ( cl>ionets & p]cussion in/rum5ts4 #d4 ,moz>t's ,fig>o 7#aghf7-- #b ,flutes #b ,oboes #b ,cl>ionets #b ,bassoons #b ,horns #b ,trumpets ,tympani ,/r+s ,?is is ! ord9>y or*e/ra ( ! 8classical p]iod0 ( music4 #e4 ,web]'s ,ob]on 7#ahbf7-- ,! same or*e/ra z ,moz>t's1 ) ! addition ( ano!rp air ( horns & ( ?ree trombones4 #f4 ,ross9i's ,william ,tell 7,ov]ture71 #ahbi-- #a ,piccolo #b ,flutes #b ,oboes 7,cor ,anglais7 #b ,cl>ionets #d ,horns #b ,bassoons #b ,trumpets #c ,trombones ,timpani ,cymbals ,triangle ,big ,drum ,/r+s 7) #e solo ,celli7 #g4 ,mey]be]1 ,les ,hugu5ots 7#ahcf7-- #b ,flutes 7,piccolos7 #b ,oboes ,cor ,anglais #b ,cl>ionets #b ,bassoons #d ,horns #c ,trombones ,ophicleide #b ,cornets #b ,trumpets ,drums ,bell ,h>p ,bass ,drum & ,cymbals ,/r+s #h4 ,wagn]1 ,tannhus] 7#ahde7-- #c ,flutes 7"o *ang+ to ,piccolo7 #b ,oboes #b ,cl>ionets #a ,bass ,cl>ionet #b ,bassoons #b ,v5til ,horns #b ,h& ,horns #c ,trumpets #c ,trombones #a ,tuba #a ,pair ,tympani ,triangle ,cymbals ,tamb\r9e ,grosse ,trommel ,h>p ,/r+s ,& 9 addition1 ^u ! 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