,,! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,libr>y ,,edit$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,jones ,no4 #d ,,beyond ,,! ,,pleasure ,,pr9ciple ,,by ,,sigm4 ,,freud1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,f ,,! ,,second ,,g]man ,,edition ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,hubback ,illu/ration3 ,logo ,,! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,press ,,london ,,mcmxxii ,,vi5na ,,copyright #aibb ,,editorial ,,preface ,i h revis$ ?is translation1 s c>efully made by ,miss ,hubback1 sev]al times1 b ,i feel t x calls = special indulg5ce on ! "p ( ! read]4 ,on acc\nt1 d\btless1 ( ! extreme complexity & rem>kable novelty ( ! ideas :i* ,pr(essor ,freud "h exp\nds1 compris+ z !y d 8 ?\ghts on ! ultimate problems ( life1 ! /yle is "o ( exceptional difficulty4 ,z x is m important to r5d] 8 ideas precisely ?an to clo! !m 9 ano!r g>b1 we decid$ to adh]e fai?fully to ! orig9al ev5 at ! exp5se ( "s unc\?ness z reg>ds ! ,engli%4 ,! ^w ,unlu/1 z 9 ! phrase pleasure-pa9 pr9ciple1 has be5 translat$ z #8pa9'2 pa9 )\t inv]t$ commas signifies ,s*m]z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ^w ,besetzung 7lit]ally3 /ate ( be+ occupi$71 z 9 ! expressions ,besetzungs5]gie & ,en]giebesetzung has be5 r5d]$ by ! words #8inve/m5t' or #8*>ge'1 ! latt] be+ tak5 f ! analogy ( electricity4 ,^! & o!r te*nical t]ms w be discuss$ 9 a ,gloss>y :i* x is int5d$ to publi% z a supplem5t to ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,psy*o-,analysis4 ,,beyond ,,! ,,pleasure ,,pr9ciple ,i ,9 ! psy*o-analytical !ory ( ! m9d we take x = grant$ t ! c\rse ( m5tal processes is automatically regulat$ by #8! pleasure-pr9ciple'3 t is to say1 we believe t any giv5 process orig9ates 9 an unpleasant /ate ( t5sion & !reupon det]m9es = itself su* a pa? t its ultimate issue co9cides ) a relaxation ( ?is t5sion1 i4 e4 ) avoidance ( #8pa9' or ) production ( pleasure4 ,:5 we consid] ! psy*ic processes "u obs]vation 9 ref]5ce to su* a sequ5ce we are introduc+ into our "w ! economic po9t ( view4 ,9 our op9ion a pres5tation :i* seeks to e/imate1 n only ! topographical & dynamic1 b also ! economic elem5t is ! mo/ complete t we c at pres5t imag9e1 & des]ves to be di/+ui%$ by ! t]m metapsy*ological4 ,we are n int]e/$ 9 exam9+ h[ f> 9 our ass]tion ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple we h approa*$ to or adopt$ any giv5 philosophical sy/em hi/orically e/abli%$4 ,our approa* to su* speculative hypo!ses is by way ( our endeav\r to describe & acc\nt = ! facts fall+ )9 our daily sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,priority & orig9ality are n among ! aims :i* psy*o-analysis sets itself1 & ! impressions on :i* ! /atem5t ( ?is pr9ciple is f\nd$ are ( s unmi/akable a k9d t x is sc>cely possible to ov]look !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld will+ly ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness to any philosophical or psy*ological !ory t c\ld tell u ! mean+ ( ^! feel+s ( pleasure & #8pa9' :i* affect u s p[]fully4 ,un=tunately no !ory ( any value is =?com+4 ,x is ! obscure/ & lea/ p5etrable region ( psy*ic life &1 :ile x is impossible = u to avoid t\*+ on x1 ! mo/ ela/ic hypo!sis w be1 to my m9d1 ! be/4 ,we h decid$ to consid] pleasure & #8pa9' 9 relation to ! quantity ( excitation pres5t 9 ! psy*ic life--& n conf9$ 9 any way--along su* l9es t #8pa9' corresponds ) an increase & pleasure ) a decrease 9 ?is quantity4 ,we d n !reby commit ourselves to a simple relation%ip betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! feel+s & ! *anges correspond+ ) !m1 lea/ ( all1 judg+ f psy*o-physiological exp]i5ces1 to any view ( a direct proportion exi/+ betwe5 !m2 probably ! am\nt ( dim9ution or increase 9 a giv5 "t is ! decisive factor = feel+4 ,possibly !re is room "h = exp]im5tal "w1 b x is inadvisable = u analy/s to g fur!r into ^! problems until we c be guid$ by q def9ite obs]vations4 ,we _c h[ev] pr(ess ! l indiff]5ce :5 we f9d t an inve/igator ( su* p5etration z ,g4 ,?4 ,fe*n] has advocat$ a conception ( pleasure & #8pa9' :i* 9 ess5tials co9cides ) t =c$ ^u u by psy*o-analytic "w4 ,fe*n]'s pron\ncem5t is to be f\nd 9 8 %ort "w #8,e9ige ,ide5 zur ,s*pfungs- und ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,organism5'1 #ahgc 7,section ,,xi1 ,note p4 #id7 & reads z foll[s3 #8,9 s f> z consci\s impulses always be> a relation to pleasure or 8pa901 pleasure or 8pa90 may be ?\ght ( 9 psy*o-physical relation%ip to conditions ( /ability & in/ability1 & ^u ?is may be bas$ ! hypo!sis ,i int5d to develop else:]e1 viz43 t e psy*o-physical movem5t ris+ above ! ?re%old ( consci\sness is *>g$ ) pleasure 9 proportion z x approximates--beyond a c]ta9 limit--to complete equilibrium1 & ) 8pa90 9 proportion z x dep>ts f x beyond a c]ta9 limit2 :ile betwe5 ! two limits :i* may be describ$ z ! qualitative ?re%olds ( 8pa90 or pleasure1 !re is a c]ta9 area ( ae/hetic indiff]5ce4' ,! facts t h l$ u to believe 9 ! supremacy ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple 9 psy*ic life also f9d expression 9 ! hypo!sis t !re is an attempt on ! "p ( ! psy*ic app>atus to keep ! quantity ( excitation pres5t z l[ z possible1 or at lea/ con/ant4 ,?is is ! same supposition only put into ano!r =m1 =1 if ! psy*ic app>atus op]ates 9 ! direction ( keep+ d[n ! quantity ( excitation1 all t t5ds to increase x mu/ be felt to be contr>y to function1 t is to say pa9ful4 ,! pleasure-pr9ciple is d$uc$ f ! pr9ciple ( con/ancy2 9 reality ! pr9ciple ( con/ancy 0 inf]r$ f ! facts t necessitat$ our assumption ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,on m detail$ discussion we %all f9d fur!r t ?is t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! psy*ic app>atus po/ulat$ by u may be classifi$ z a special case ( ,fe*n]'s pr9ciple ( ! t5d5cy t[>ds /ability to :i* he has relat$ ! pleasure-pa9 feel+s4 ,9 t ev5t1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be affirm$ t x is n /rictly correct to speak ( a supremacy ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple ov] ! c\rse ( psy*ic processes4 ,if su* exi/$1 !n ! va/ majority ( our psy*ic processes w\ld necess>ily be accompani$ by pleasure or w\ld conduce to x1 :ile ! mo/ ord9>y exp]i5ce emphatically contradicts any su* conclusion4 ,"o c only say t a /rong t5d5cy t[>ds ! pleasure-pr9ciple exi/s 9 ! psy*e1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 o!r =ces or conditions are oppos$1 s t ! ultimate issue _c always be 9 accordance ) ! pleasure-t5d5cy4 ,comp>e ! comm5t ( ,fe*n] 9 a simil> connection4#a #8,!re)al x is to be not$ t ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! goal does n imply ! atta9m5t ( x & t 9 g5]al ! goal is only approximately atta9able4444' ,if we n[ address ourselves to ! "q ( :at circum/ances h ! p[] to fru/rate ! successful c>ry+ out ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple we %all be tread+ on saf] & bett]-kn[n gr\nd1 & we c draw 9 abundant measure on our analytical exp]i5ces = ! answ]4 ,! fir/ case ( su* a *eck on ! pleasure-pr9ciple is p]fectly famili> to u 9 ! regul>ity ( its occurr5ce4 ,we "k t ! pleasure-pr9ciple is adju/$ to a prim>y mode ( op]ation on ! "p ( ! psy*ic app>atus1 & t = ! pres]vation ( ! organism amid ! difficulties ( ! ext]nal _w x is ab initio useless & inde$ extremely dang]\s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! in/9ct ( ! ego = self-pres]vation x is replac$ by ! #8reality-pr9ciple'1 :i* )\t giv+ up ! int5tion ( ultimately atta9+ pleasure yet dem&s & en=ces ! po/ponem5t ( satisfaction1 ! r5unciation ( manifold possibilities ( x1 & ! tempor>y endurance ( #8pa9' on ! long & circuit\s road to pleasure4 ,! pleasure-pr9ciple h[ev] rema9s = a long "t ! me?od ( op]ation ( ! sex-impulses1 :i* are n s easily educable1 & x happ5s ov] & ov] aga9 t :e!r act+ ?r\gh ^! impulses or op]at+ 9 ! ego itself x prevails ov] ! reality-pr9ciple to ! detrim5t ( ! :ole organism4 ,x is at ! same "t indubitable t ! replacem5t ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple by ! reality-pr9ciple c acc\nt only = a small "p1 & t n ! mo/ int5se1 ( pa9ful exp]i5ces4 ,ano!r & no less regul> s\rce ( #8pa9' proce$s f ! conflicts & dissociations 9 ! psy*ic app>atus dur+ ! developm5t ( ! ego t[>ds a m highly co-ord9at$ organisation4 ,ne>ly all ! en]gy ) :i* ! app>atus is *>g$ comes f ! inborn in/9cts1 b n all ( ^! are all[$ to develop to ! same /age4 ,on ! way x ov] & aga9 happ5s t p>ticul> in/9cts1 or portions ( !m1 prove irreconcilable 9 _! aims or dem&s ) o!rs :i* c be weld$ into ! compreh5sive unity ( ! ego4 ,!y are !reupon split (f f ?is unity by ! process ( repression1 reta9$ on l[] /ages ( psy*ic developm5t1 & = ! "t be+ cut (f f all possibility ( gratification4 ,if !y !n succe$1 z s easily happ5s ) ! repress$ sex-impulses1 9 fight+ _! way ?r\gh--along circuit\s r\tes--to a direct or a sub/itutive gratification1 ?is success1 :i* might o!rwise h br\ght pleasure1 is exp]i5c$ by ! ego z #8pa9'4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! old conflict :i* end$ 9 repression ! pleasure-pr9ciple has be5 violat$ anew1 j at ! mom5t :5 c]ta9 impulses 7 at "w on ! a*ievem5t ( fre% pleasure 9 pursuance ( ! pr9ciple4 ,! details ( ! process by :i* repression *anges a possibility ( pleasure into a s\rce ( #8pa9' are n yet fully und]/ood1 or are n yet capable ( cle> pres5tation1 b x is c]ta9 t all neurotic #8pa9' is ( ?is k9d1 is pleasure :i* _c be exp]i5c$ z su*4 ,! two s\rces ( #8pa9' "h indicat$ /ill d n ne>ly cov] ! majority ( our pa9ful exp]i5ces1 b z to ! re/ "o may say ) a fair %[ ( reason t _! pres5ce does n impugn ! supremacy ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,mo/ ( ! #8pa9' we exp]i5ce is ( a p]ceptual ord]1 p]ception ei!r ( ! urge ( unsatisfi$ in/9cts or ( some?+ 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* may be pa9ful 9 itself or may ar\se pa9ful anticipations 9 ! psy*ic app>atus & is recognis$ by x z #8dang]'4 ,! reaction to ^! claims ( impulse & ^! ?reats ( dang]1 a reaction 9 :i* ! real activity ( ! psy*ic app>atus is manife/$1 may be guid$ correctly by ! pleasure-pr9ciple or by ! reality-pr9ciple :i* modifies ?is4 ,x seems ?us unnecess>y to recognise a /ill m f>-rea*+ limitation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 & nev]!less x is precisely ! inve/igation ( ! psy*ic reaction to ext]nal dang] t may supply new mat]ial & new que/ions 9 reg>d to ! problem "h treat$4 ,,ii ,aft] sev]e %ock ( a me*anical nature1 railway collision or o!r accid5t 9 :i* dang] to life is involv$1 a condition may arise :i* has long be5 recognis$ & to :i* ! "n #8traumatic neurosis' is atta*$4 ,! t]rible w> t is j ov] has be5 responsible = an imm5se numb] ( su* maladies & at lea/ has put an end to ! incl9ation to expla9 !m on ! basis ( organic injury to ! n]v\s sy/em due to ! op]ation ( me*anical =ce4#b ,! cl9ical picture ( traumatic neurosis approa*es t ( hy/]ia 9 its weal? ( simil> motor symptoms1 b usually surpasses x 9 its /rongly m>k$ signs ( subjective suff]+--9 ?is resembl+ r hypo*ondria or melan*olia--& 9 ! evid5ces ( a f> m compreh5sive g5]al weak5+ & %att]+ ( ! m5tal functions4 ,nei!r ! w> neuroses nor ! traumatic neuroses ( peace are z yet fully und]/ood4 ,) ! w> neuroses "s light 0 contribut$1 b also on ! o!r h& a c]ta9 confusion introduc$1 by ! fact t ! same type ( malady c\ld occasionally occur )\t ! int]position ( gross me*anical =ce4 ,9 ! traumatic neuroses !re are two out/&+ features :i* might s]ve z clues = fur!r reflection3 fir/ t ! *ief causal factor seem$ to lie 9 ! elem5t ( surprise1 9 ! fright2 & secondly t an injury or w\nd su/a9$ at ! same "t g5]ally t5d$ to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ! neurosis4 ,fright1 fe>1 appreh5sion are incorrectly us$ z synonym\s expressions3 9 _! relation to dang] !y admit ( q cle> di/9ction4 ,appreh5sion 7,ang/7 d5otes a c]ta9 condition z ( expectation ( dang] & prep>ation = x1 ev5 ?\gh x be an unkn[n "o2 fe> 7,fur*t7 requires a def9ite object ( :i* "o is afraid2 fright 7,s*reck7 is ! "n ( ! condition to :i* "o is r$uc$ if "o enc\nt]s a dang] )\t be+ prep>$ = x2 x lays /ress on ! elem5t ( surprise4 ,9 my op9ion appreh5sion _c produce a traumatic neurosis2 9 appreh5sion !re is some?+ :i* protects aga9/ fright & !re=e aga9/ ! fright-neurosis4 ,we %all return lat] to ?is dictum4 ,! /udy ( dreams may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ tru/wor?y approa* to ! exploration ( ! deep] psy*ic processes4 ,n[ 9 ! traumatic neuroses ! dream life has ?is peculi>ity3 x cont9ually takes ! pati5t back to ! situation ( 8 disa/]1 f :i* he awak5s 9 r5ew$ t]ror4 ,?is fact has caus$ less surprise ?an x m]its4 ,! obtrusion on ! pati5t ov] & aga91 ev5 9 sleep1 ( ! impression made by ! traumatic exp]i5ce is tak5 z be+ m]ely a pro( ( its /r5g?4 ,! pati5t has s to speak und]gone a psy*ical fixation z to ! trauma4 ,fixations ( ?is k9d on ! exp]i5ce :i* has br\ght ab\t ! malady h long be5 kn[n to u 9 connection ) hy/]ia4 ,breu] & ,freud /at$ 9 #ahic t hy/]ics suff] = ! mo/ "p f rem9isc5ces4 ,9 ! w> neuroses1 obs]v]s1 su* z ,f]5czi & ,simmel1 h be5 able to expla9 a numb] ( motor symptoms z fixation on ! factor ( ! trauma4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t ! pati5ts suff]+ f traumatic neuroses are mu* occupi$ 9 wak+ life ) ! recollection ( :at happ5$ to !m4 ,!y p]haps /rive r n to ?9k ( x4 ,to reg>d x z self-evid5t t ! dream at night takes !m back to ! situation :i* has caus$ ! tr\ble is to misund]/& ! nature ( dreams4 ,x w\ld be m 9 correspond5ce ) t nature if ! pati5t 7 pres5t$ 79 sleep7 ) images f ! "t ( 8 normal heal? or ( 8 hop$-= recov]y4 ,if we are n to g ?or\ghly a/ray z to ! wi%-fulfilm5t t5d5cy ( ! dream 9 consequ5ce ( ^! dreams ( ! %ock neuroses1 p]haps ! exp$i5t is left u ( suppos+ t 9 ?is condition ! dream function suff]s dislocation along ) ! o!rs & is div]t$ f its usual ends1 or else we %\ld h to ?9k ( ! enigmatic maso*i/ic t5d5cies ( ! ego4 ,i propose n[ to leave ! obscure & gloomy !me ( ! traumatic neuroses & to /udy ! way 9 :i* ! psy*ic app>atus works 9 "o ( its e>lie/ normal activities4 ,i ref] to ! play ( *ildr54 ,! diff]5t !ories ( *ild-play h rec5tly be5 collat$ by ,s4 ,pfeif] 9 ,imago#c & _! analytical value e/imat$2 ,i may "h ref] ! read] to ?is "w4 ,^! !ories endeav\r to conjecture ! motives ( *ildr5's play1 ?\gh )\t plac+ any special /ress on ! #8economic' po9t ( view1 i4 e4 consid]ation ( ! atta9m5t ( pleasure4 ,)\t ! int5tion ( mak+ a compreh5sive /udy ( ^! ph5om5a ,i avail$ myself ( an opportunity :i* (f]$ ( elucidat+ ! fir/ game inv5t$ by himself ( a boy eighte5 mon?s old4 ,x 0 m ?an a casual obs]vation1 = ,i liv$ = "s weeks "u ! same ro( z ! *ild & 8 p>5ts1 & x 0 a consid]able "t be=e ! mean+ ( 8 puzzl+ & cont9ually repeat$ p]=mance became cle> to me4 ,! *ild 0 9 no respect =w>d 9 8 intellectual developm5t2 at eighte5 mon?s he spoke only a few intelligible words1 mak+ besides sundry significant s\nds :i* 7 und]/ood by ^? ab\t him4 ,b he made himself und]/ood by 8 p>5ts & ! maid-s]vant1 & _h a good reputation = behav+ #8prop]ly'4 ,he did n di/urb 8 p>5ts at night2 he scrupul\sly obey$ ord]s ab\t n t\*+ v>i\s objects & n go+ into c]ta9 rooms2 & above all he nev] cri$ :5 8 "m w5t out & left him = h\rs toge!r1 al?\gh ! tie to 8 "m 0 a v close "o3 %e _h n only n\ri%$ him h]self1 b _h c>$ = him & br\ght him up )\t any outside help4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ?is well-behav$ *ild ev9c$ ! tr\blesome habit ( fl++ into ! corn] ( ! room or "u ! b$ all ! little ?+s he c\ld lay 8 h&s on1 s t to ga!r up 8 toys 0 (t5 no light task4 ,he accompani$ ?is by an expression ( int]e/ & gratification1 emitt+ a l\d long-drawn-out #8o-o-o-oh' :i* 9 ! judgem5t ( ! "m 7"o t co9cid$ ) my own7 0 n an int]jection b meant #8g away' 7=t74 ,i saw at la/ t ?is 0 a game1 & t ! *ild us$ all 8 toys only to play #8be+ gone' 7=tse97 ) !m4 ,"o day ,i made an obs]vation t confirm$ my view4 ,! *ild _h a wood5 reel ) a piece ( /r+ w\nd r\nd x4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him1 = example1 to drag ?is aft] him on ! floor & s play horse & c>t ) x1 b he kept ?r[+ x ) consid]able skill1 held by ! /r+1 ov] ! side ( 8 little drap$ cot1 s t ! reel disappe>$ into x1 !n said 8 significant #8o-o-o-oh' & drew ! reel by ! /r+ out ( ! cot aga91 greet+ its reappe>ance ) a joyful #8,da' 7!re74 ,?is 0 !re=e ! complete game1 disappe>ance & return1 ! fir/ act be+ ! only "o g5]ally obs]v$ by ! onlook]s1 & ! "o untir+ly repeat$ by ! *ild z a game = its own sake1 al?\gh ! great] pleasure unque/ionably atta*$ to ! second act4#d ,! mean+ ( ! game 0 !n n f> to seek4 ,x 0 connect$ ) ! *ild's rem>kable cultural a*ievem5t--! =ego+ ( ! satisfaction ( an in/9ct--z ! result ( :i* he c\ld let 8 "m g away )\t mak+ any fuss4 ,he made x "r ) himself1 s to speak1 by dramatis+ ! same disappe>ance & return ) ! objects he _h at h&4 ,x is ( c\rse ( no importance = ! affective value ( ?is game :e!r ! *ild inv5t$ x himself or adopt$ x f a sugge/ion f outside4 ,our int]e/ w atta* itself to ano!r po9t4 ,! dep>ture ( ! "m _c possibly h be5 pleasant = ! *ild1 nor m]ely a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,h[ !n does x accord ) ! pleasure-pr9ciple t he repeats ?is pa9ful exp]i5ce z a game8 ,! answ] w p]haps be =?com+ t ! dep>ture mu/ be play$ z ! necess>y prelude to ! joyful return1 & t 9 ?is latt] lay ! true purpose ( ! game4 ,z aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is ! obs]vation t ! fir/ act1 ! go+ away1 0 play$ by itself z a game & f> m frequ5tly ?an ! :ole drama ) its joyful conclusion4 ,! analysis ( a s+le case ( ?is k9d yields no sure conclusion3 on imp>tial consid]ation "o ga9s ! impression t x is f ano!r motive t ! *ild has turn$ ! exp]i5ce into a game4 ,he 0 9 ! fir/ place passive1 0 ov]tak5 by ! exp]i5ce1 b n[ br+s himself 9 z play+ an active "p1 by repeat+ ! exp]i5ce z a game 9 spite ( its unpleas+ nature4 ,?is ef=t might be ascrib$ to ! impulse to obta9 ! ma/]y ( a situation 7! #8p[]' in/9ct71 :i* rema9s indep5d5t ( any "q ( :e!r ! recollection 0 a pleasant "o or n4 ,b ano!r int]pretation may be attempt$4 ,! fl++ away ( ! object s t x is gone might be ! gratification ( an impulse ( rev5ge suppress$ 9 real life b direct$ aga9/ ! "m = go+ away1 & w\ld !n h ! defiant mean+3 #8,yes1 y c g1 ,i don't want y1 ,i am s5d+ y away myself4' ,! same *ild a ye> lat] ?an my obs]vations us$ to ?r[ on ! floor a toy :i* displeas$ him1 & to say #8,g to ! w>6' ,he _h be5 told t 8 abs5t fa!r 0 at ! w>1 & he did n miss him at all1 giv+ ! cle>e/ indications t he did n wi% to be di/urb$ 9 ! sole possession ( 8 "m4#e ,x is kn[n ( o!r *ildr5 also t !y c give v5t to simil> ho/ile feel+s by ?r[+ objects away 9 place ( p4#f ,?us "o is left 9 d\bt :e!r ! compulsion to "w ov] 9 psy*ic life :at has made a deep impression1 to make oneself fully ma/] ( x1 c express itself prim>ily & indep5d5tly ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,9 ! case discuss$ "h1 h[ev]1 ! *ild might h repeat$ a disagreeable impression 9 play only because ) ! repetition 0 b\nd up a pleasure ga9 ( a diff]5t k9d b m direct4 ,nor does ! fur!r pursuit ( ! "q ( play resolve our hesitations betwe5 two conceptions4 ,we see t *ildr5 repeat 9 _! play ev]y?+ t has made a great impression on !m 9 actual life1 t !y !reby abreact ! /r5g? ( ! impression & s to speak make !mselves ma/]s ( ! situation4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is cle> en\gh t all _! play is influ5c$ by ! dom9ant wi% ( _! "t ( life3 viz4 to be gr[n-up & to be able to d :at gr[n-up p d4 ,x is also obs]vable t ! unpleas+ "* ( ! exp]i5ce does n always prev5t its be+ utilis$ z a game4 ,if a doctor exam9es a *ild's ?roat1 or p]=ms a small op]ation on him1 ! al>m+ exp]i5ce w q c]ta9ly be made ! subject ( ! next game1 b 9 ?is ! pleasure ga9 f ano!r s\rce is n to be ov]look$4 ,9 pass+ f ! passivity ( exp]i5ce to ! activity ( play ! *ild applies to 8 playfell[ ! unpleasant occurr5ce t befell himself & s av5ges himself on ! p]son ( ?is proxy4 ,f ?is discussion x is at all ev5ts evid5t t x is unnecess>y to assume a p>ticul> imitation impulse z ! motive ( play4 ,we may add ! rem9d] t ! dramatic & imitative art ( adults1 :i* diff]s f ! behavi\r ( *ildr5 9 be+ direct$ t[>ds ! spectator1 does n h[ev] sp>e ! latt] ! mo/ pa9ful impressions1 e4 g4 9 trag$y1 & yet c be felt by him z highly enjoyable4 ,?is conv9ces u t ev5 "u ! dom9ation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple !re are ways & means en\gh ( mak+ :at is 9 itself disagreeable ! object ( memory & ( psy*ic pre-occupation4 ,a !ory ( ae/hetics ) an economic po9t ( view %\ld deal ) ^! cases & situations end+ 9 f9al pleasure ga93 = our purposes !y are ( no help1 s9ce !y presuppose ! exi/5ce & supremacy ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple & be> no witness to ! op]ation ( t5d5cies beyond ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 t is to say1 t5d5cies :i* might be ( e>li] orig9 & indep5d5t ( ?is4 ,,iii ,five-&-tw5ty ye>s ( int5sive "w h br\ght ab\t a complete *ange 9 ! m imm$iate aims ( psy*o-analytic te*nique4 ,at fir/ ! endeav\rs ( ! analytic physician 7 conf9$ to div9+ ! unconsci\s ( :i* 8 pati5t 0 unaw>e1 effect+ a syn!sis ( its v>i\s compon5ts & communicat+ x at ! "r "t4 ,psy*oanalysis 0 above all an art ( int]pretation4 ,s9ce ! !rapeutic task 0 n !reby accompli%$1 ! next aim 0 to compel ! pati5t to confirm ! recon/ruction ?r\gh 8 own memory4 ,9 ?is endeav\r ! *ief emphasis 0 on ! resi/ances ( ! pati5t2 ! art n[ lay 9 unveil+ ^! z soon z possible1 9 call+ ! pati5t's att5tion to !m1 & by human influ5ce--"h came 9 sugge/ion act+ z #8transf]5ce'--tea*+ him to ab&on ! resi/ances4 ,x !n became increas+ly cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! aim 9 view1 ! br++ into consci\sness ( ! unconsci\s1 0 n fully atta9able by ?is me?od ei!r4 ,! pati5t _c recall all ( :at lies repress$1 p]haps n ev5 ! ess5tial "p ( x1 & s ga9s no conviction t ! conclusion pres5t$ to him is correct4 ,he is oblig$ r to repeat z a curr5t exp]i5ce :at is repress$1 in/ead (1 z ! physician w\ld pref] to see him d1 recollect+ x z a fragm5t ( ! pa/4#g ,?is reproduction appe>+ ) unwelcome fidelity always conta9s a fragm5t ( ! infantile sex-life1 !re=e ( ! ,o$ipus complex & its (f-%oots1 & is play$ regul>ly 9 ! sph]e ( transf]5ce1 i4 e4 ! relation%ip to ! physician4 ,:5 ?is po9t 9 ! treatm5t is rea*$1 x may be said t ! e>li] neurosis is n[ replac$ by a fre% "o1 viz4 ! transf]5ce-neurosis4 ,! physician makes x 8 conc]n to limit ! scope ( ?is transf]5ce-neurosis z mu* z he c1 to =ce into memory z mu* z possible1 & to leave z little z possible to repetition4 ,! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 memory & reproduction is diff]5t = e case4 ,z a rule ! physician _c sp>e ! pati5t ?is phase ( ! cure2 he mu/ let him live ?r\gh a c]ta9 fragm5t ( 8 =gott5 life1 & has to see to x t "s measure ( asc5d5cy rema9s1 9 ! light ( :i* ! app>5t reality is always recognis$ z a reflection ( a =gott5 pa/4 ,if ?is is successfully accompli%$ !n conviction on ! "p ( ! pati5t is atta9$1 & ) x ! !rapeutic result t dep5ds on x4 ,9 ord] to r5d] m compreh5sible ?is #8repetition-compulsion' :i* appe>s 9 ! psy*o-analytic treatm5t ( neurotics1 we mu/ above all get entirely rid ( ! errone\s idea t 9 ?is /ruggle ) resi/ances we are conc]n$ ) any resi/ance on ! "p ( ! unconsci\s4 ,! unconsci\s1 i4 e4 ! #8repress$' mat]ial1 (f]s no resi/ance :atev] to ! curative ef=ts2 inde$ x has no o!r aim ?an to =ce its way ?r\gh ! pressure weigh+ on x1 ei!r to consci\sness or to dis*>ge by means ( "s real action4 ,! resi/ance 9 ! treatm5t proce$s f ! same high] levels & sy/ems 9 ! psy*ic life t 9 _! "t br\ght ab\t ! repression4 ,b s9ce ! motives ( ! resi/ances1 & inde$ ! resi/ances !mselves1 are f\nd 9 ! process ( ! treatm5t to be unconsci\s1 we are well advis$ to am5d an inadequacy 9 our mode ( expression4 ,we escape ambiguity if we contra/ n ! consci\s & ! unconsci\s1 b ! coh]5t ego & ! repress$4 ,mu* 9 ! ego is c]ta9ly unconsci\s itself1 j :at may be call$ ! k]nel ( ! ego2 only a "p ( x comes "u ! category ( preconsci\s4 ,aft] ?us replac+ a purely descriptive me?od ( expression by a sy/ematic or dynamic "o1 we may say t ! resi/ance on ! "p ( ! analys$ p]son proce$s f 8 ego1 & !n we at once see t ! #8repetition-compulsion' mu/ be ascrib$ to ! repress$ elem5t 9 ! unconsci\s4 ,x probably c\ld n f9d expression till ! "w ( ! treatm5t com+ to meet x _h loos5$ ! repression4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! resi/ance ( ! consci\s & preconsci\s ego subs]ves ! pleasure-pr9ciple2 x is try+ to avoid ! #8pa9' t w\ld be ar\s$ by ! release ( ! repress$ mat]ial1 & our ef=ts are direct$ to effect+ an entry = su* pa9ful feel+ by an appeal to ! reality-pr9ciple4 ,9 :at relation to ! pleasure-pr9ciple !n does ! repetition-compulsion /&1 t :i* expresses ! =ce ( :at is repress$8 ,x is pla9 t mo/ ( :at is reviv$ by ! repetition-compulsion _c b br+ discom=t to ! ego1 = x promotes ! br++ to light ( ! activities ( repress$ impulses2 b t is a discom=t we h already tak5 into acc\nt & )\t subv]sion ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 s9ce x is #8pa9' 9 respect ( "o sy/em & at ! same "t satisfaction = ! o!r4 ,! new & rem>kable fact1 h[ev]1 t we h n[ to describe is t ! repetition-compulsion also revives exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ t conta9 no pot5tiality ( pleasure1 & :i* c\ld at no "t h be5 satisfactions1 ev5 ( impulses s9ce repress$4 ,! effloresc5ce ( infantile sex-life 01 by reason ( ! irreconcilability ( its wi%es ) reality & ! inadequacy ( ! *ildhood /age ( developm5t rea*$1 de/9$ to pass away4 ,x p]i%$ 9 mo/ pa9ful circum/ances & ) feel+s ( a deeply di/ress+ nature4 ,loss & failure 9 ! sph]e ( ! affections left beh9d on ! ego-feel+ m>ks ( injury comp>able to a n>cissi/ic sc>1 :i*1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce & ! exposition giv5 by ,m>c9[ski1#h yields ! mo/ important contribution to ! #8inf]iority complex' common among neurotics4 ,! sex-que/ to :i* ! physical developm5t ( ! *ild set limits c\ld be br\ght to no satisfy+ conclusion2 h5ce ! pla9t 9 lat] life3 #8,i c't d any?+1 ,i am nev] successful4' ,! bonds ( t5d]ness l9k+ ! *ild m especially to ! p>5t ( ! opposite sex succumb$ to disappo9tm5t1 to ! va9 expectation ( satisfaction1 & to ! jeal\sy ar\s$ by ! bir? ( a new *ild1 unmi/akable pro( z x is ( ! fai?lessness ( ! lov$ p>5t2 ! *ild's attempt1 und]tak5 ) tragic s]i\sness1 to produce ano!r su* *ild himself met ) humiliat+ failure2 :ile ! p>tial )drawal ( ! t5d]ness lavi%$ on ! little "o1 ! m exact+ dem&s ( discipl9e & education1 sev]e words & an occasional puni%m5t f9ally reveal$ to him ! :ole ext5t ( ! disda9 :i* is 8 portion4 ,"s few regul>ly recurr+ types are to be f\nd1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ! typical love ( ?is p]iod 0 br\ght to an end4 ,all ^! undesir$ happ5+s & pa9ful affective situations are repeat$ by neurotics 9 ! #8transf]5ce' /age & re-animat$ ) mu* +5uity4 ,!y /ruggle to break (f ! unf9i%$ treatm5t1 !y "k h[ to re-create ! feel+ ( be+ disda9$1 h[ to =ce ! physician to adopt brusque spee* & a *ill+ mann] t[>ds !m1 !y f9d suitable objects = _! jeal\sy1 !y sub/itute = ! ard5tly desir$ *ild ( e>ly days ! promise ( "s great gift :i* becomes z little real z t 04 ,no?+ ( all ?is c\ld ev] h af=d$ any pleasure2 "o w\ld suppose x ought to br+ some:at less #8pa9' if reveal$ z memory r ?an if liv$ ?r\gh z a new exp]i5ce4 ,x is a "q naturally ( ! action ( impulses t %\ld lead to satisfaction1 b ! exp]i5ce t in/ead ( ?is !y ev5 !n br\ght #8pa9' has borne no result4 ,! act is repeat$ 9 spite ( ev]y?+2 a p[]ful compulsion insi/s on x4 ,t :i* psy*o-analysis reveals 9 ! transf]5ce ph5om5a ) neurotics c also be obs]v$ 9 ! life ( normal p]sons4 ,x "h gives ! impression ( a pursu+ fate1 a daemonic trait 9 _! de/9y1 & psy*o-analysis has f ! outset reg>d$ su* a life hi/ory z 9 a l>ge measure self-impos$ & det]m9$ by infantile influ5ces4 ,! compulsion :i* !reby f9ds expression is 9 no way diff]5t f ! repetition-compulsion ( neurotics1 ev5 ?\gh su* p]sons h nev] %[n signs ( a neurotic conflict result+ 9 symptoms4 ,?us "o kn[s p ) :om e human relation%ip ends 9 ! same way3 b5efactors ^: protgs1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may o!rwise h be51 inv>iably aft] a "t des]t !m 9 ill-w1 s t !y are app>5tly condemn$ to dra9 to ! dregs all ! bitt]ness ( +ratitude2 m5 ) :om e fri5d%ip ends 9 ! fri5d's trea*]y2 o!rs :o indef9itely (t5 9 _! lives inve/ "s o!r p]son ) au?ority ei!r 9 _! own eyes or g5]ally1 & !mselves ov]?r[ su* au?ority aft] a giv5 "t1 only to replace x by a new "o2 lov]s ^: t5d] relation%ips ) wom5 ea* & all run ?r\gh ! same phases & come to ! same end1 & s on4 ,we are less a/oni%$ at ?is #8endless repetition ( ! same' if !re is involv$ a "q ( active behavi\r on ! "p ( ! p]son conc]n$1 & if we detect 9 8 "* an unalt]able trait :i* mu/ always manife/ itself 9 ! repetition ( id5tical exp]i5ces4 ,f> m /rik+ are ^? cases :]e ! p]son seems to be exp]i5c+ some?+ passively1 )\t ex]t+ any influ5ce ( 8 own1 & yet always meets ) ! same fate ov] & ov] aga94 ,"o may recall1 = example1 ! /ory ( ! woman :o m>ri$ ?ree m5 9 succession1 ea* ( :om fell ill aft] a %ort "t & :om %e _h to nurse till _! dea?4#i ,tasso gives a s+ul>ly affect+ poetical portrayal ( su* a tr5d ( fate 9 ! romantic epic3 #8,g]usalemme lib]ata4' ,! h]o1 ,tancr$1 has unwitt+ly sla9 ,clor9da1 ! maid5 he lov$1 :o f\ght ) him disguis$ 9 ! arm\r ( an enemy knight4 ,aft] h] burial he p5etrates into ! my/]i\s en*ant$ wood1 ! bane ( ! army ( ! crusad]s4 ,"h he hews d[n a tall tree ) 8 sword1 b f ! ga% 9 ! trunk blood /reams =? & ! voice ( ,clor9da ^: s\l is imprison$ 9 ! tree cries out to him 9 reproa* t he has once m wr\ght a baleful de$ on 8 belov$4 ,9 ! light ( su* obs]vations z ^!1 drawn f ! behavi\r dur+ transf]5ce & f ! fate ( human be+s1 we may v5ture to make ! assumption t !re really exi/s 9 psy*ic life a repetition-compulsion1 :i* goes beyond ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,we %all n[ also feel dispos$ to relate to ?is compell+ =ce ! dreams ( %ock-pati5ts & ! play-impulse 9 *ildr54 ,we mu/ ( c\rse rem9d ourselves t only 9 r>e cases c we recognise ! work+s ( ?is repetition-compulsion 9 a pure =m1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( o!r motives4 ,z reg>ds *ildr5's play we h already po9t$ out :at o!r int]pretations its orig9 p]mits4 ,! repetition-compulsion & direct pleasurable satisfaction ( impulse seem !re to be inextricably int]tw9$4 ,! transf]5ce ph5om5a obvi\sly subs]ve ! purpose ( ! resi/ance made by ! ego p]si/+ 9 its repression3 ! repetition-compulsion is1 z x 71 call$ to ! aid ( ! ego1 :i* is resolv$ to hold fa/ to ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,9 :at "o might call ! de/9y compulsion mu* appe>s capable ( rational explanation1 s t no ne$ is felt to e/abli% a new & my/]i\s impulse4 ,! lea/ suspici\s case is p]haps t ( ! %ock-dream1 b on clos] exam9ation x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ! o!r examples too ! /ate ( affairs is n completely expla9$ by ! op]ation ( ! motives kn[n to u4 ,!re rema9s en\gh ov] to ju/ify ! assumption ( a repetition-compulsion1 & ?is seems to u m primitive1 m elem5t>y1 m in/9ctive ?an ! pleasure-pr9ciple :i* is displac$ by x4 ,b if !re is su* a repetition-compulsion 9 psy*ic life1 we %\ld naturally l to "k ) :at function x corresponds1 "u :at conditions x may appe>1 & 9 :at relation x /&s to ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 to :i* we h h]et(ore ascrib$ ! dom9ation ov] ! c\rse ( ! processes ( excitation 9 ! psy*ic life4 ,,iv ,:at foll[s n[ is speculation1 speculation (t5 f>-fet*$1 :i* ea* w accord+ to 8 p>ticul> attitude ackn[l$ge or neglect4 ,or "o may call x ! exploitation ( an idea out ( curiosity to see :i!r x w lead4 ,psy*o-analytic speculation />ts f ! impression ga9$ on inve/igat+ unconsci\s processes t consci\sness _c be ! mo/ g5]al *>act]i/ic ( psy*ic processes1 b m]ely a special function ( !m4 ,metapsy*ologically express$1 x ass]ts t consci\sness is ! function+ ( a p>ticul> sy/em :i* may be call$ ,bw4 ,s9ce consci\sness ess5tially yields p]ceptions ( excitations com+ f )\t & feel+s 7,empf9dung57 ( pleasure & #8pa9' :i* c only be d]iv$ f )9 ! psy*ic app>atus1 we may allot ! sy/em ,w-,bw4#aj 7 p]ceptual consci\sness7 a position 9 space4 ,x mu/ lie on ! b\nd>y betwe5 out] & inn]1 mu/ face t[>ds ! out] _w1 & mu/ envelop ! o!r psy*ic sy/ems4 ,we !n note t 9 ?is assumption we h v5tur$ no?+ new1 b are 9 agreem5t ) ! localis+ t5d5cies ( c]ebral anatomy1 :i* places ! #8seat' ( consci\sness 9 ! cortical lay]1 ! out]mo/ envelop+ lay] ( ! c5tral organ4 ,c]ebral anatomy does n ne$ to wond] :y--anatomically speak+--consci\sness %\ld be accomodat$ on ! surface ( ! bra91 in/ead ( be+ safely lodg$ some:]e 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( x4 ,p]haps we may c>ry matt]s a little fur!r ?an ?is 9 our d$uction ( su* a position = our sy/em ,w-,bw4 ,consci\sness is n ! only peculi> feature t we ascribe to ! processes 9 ?is sy/em4 ,our impressions ga9$ by psy*o-analytic exp]i5ce lead u to ! supposition t all excitation processes 9 ! o!r sy/ems leave 9 !m p]man5t traces =m+ ! f\ndations ( memory-records :i* h no?+ to d ) ! "q ( becom+ consci\s4 ,!y are (t5 /ronge/ & mo/ endur+ :5 ! process t left !m beh9d nev] rea*$ consci\sness at all4 ,b we f9d x difficult to believe t su* la/+ traces ( excitation are =m$ also 9 ! sy/em ,w-,bw4 itself4 ,if !y rema9$ p]man5tly 9 consci\sness !y w\ld v soon limit ! fitness ( ! sy/em = regi/ration ( new excitations2#aa on ! o!r h&1 if !y became unconsci\s we %\ld be confront$ ) ! task ( expla9+ ! exi/5ce ( unconsci\s processes 9 a sy/em ^: function+ is o!rwise accompani$ by ! ph5om5on ( consci\sness4 ,we %\ld1 s to speak1 h ga9$ no?+ & alt]$ no?+ by our supposition :i* relegates to a special sy/em ! process ( becom+ consci\s4 ,?\gh ?is may n be an absolutely b9d+ consid]ation1 x may at any rate lead u to conjecture t becom+ consci\s & leav+ beh9d a memory-trace are processes incompatible ) ea* o!r 9 ! same sy/em4 ,we %\ld ?us be able to say3 9 ! sy/em ,bw4 ! process ( excitation becomes consci\s b x leaves beh9d no la/+ trace2 all ! traces ( x on :i* memory relies w\ld come ab\t 9 ! next sy/ems inw>ds f ! propagation ( ! excitation on to !m4 ,x is on ^! l9es t ! s*eme is sket*$ :i* ,i ins]t$ into ! speculative section ( my #8,traumdeutung' 9 #aijj4 ,if "o reflects h[ little we "k f o!r s\rces ab\t ! orig9 ( consci\sness ! pron\ncem5t t consci\sness arises 9 ! place ( ! memory-trace mu/ be conc$$ at lea/ ! importance ( a /atem5t :i* is to "s ext5t def9ite4 ,! sy/em ,bw4 w\ld ?us be *>act]is$ by ! peculi>ity t ! excitation process does n leave 9 x1 z x does 9 all o!r psy*ic sy/ems1 a p]man5t alt]ation ( its elem5ts1 b is z x 7 dis*>g$ 9 ! ph5om5on ( becom+ consci\s & vani%es4 ,su* a dep>ture f ! g5]al rule requires an explanation on ! gr\nd ( a factor :i* comes into acc\nt 9 ?is "o sy/em only3 ?is factor :i* is abs5t f all o!r sy/ems might well be ! expos$ situation ( ! ,bw4 sy/em--its imm$iate contact ) ! out] _w4 ,let u imag9e ! liv+ organism 9 ! simple/ possible =m z an undiff]5tiat$ vesicle ( s5sitive sub/ance3 !n its surface1 expos$ z x is to ! out] _w1 is by its v position diff]5tiat$ & s]ves z an organ = receiv+ /imuli4 ,embryology1 repeat+ z x does ! hi/ory ( evolution1 does 9 fact %[ t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em arises f ! ectod]m2 ! grey cortex ( ! bra9 rema9s a d]ivative ( ! primitive sup]ficial lay] & may h inh]it$ ess5tial prop]ties f ?is4 ,x w\ld !n be easily conceivable t1 ow+ to ! con/ant impact ( ext]nal /imuli on ! sup]ficies ( ! vesicle1 its sub/ance w\ld und]go la/+ alt]ation to a c]ta9 dep?1 s t its excitation process takes a diff]5t c\rse f t tak5 9 ! deep] lay]s4 ,?us a r9d w\ld be =m$ :i* w\ld f9ally h be5 s burn$ ?r\gh by ! effects ( /imulation t x pres5ts ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = ! reception ( /imuli & is incapable ( any fur!r modification4 ,apply+ ?is idea to ! sy/em ,bw41 ?is w\ld mean t its elem5ts are n susceptible ( any fur!r la/+ alt]ation f ! passage ( ! excitation1 because !y are already modifi$ to ! utt]mo/ 9 t respect4 ,b !y are !n capable ( giv+ rise to consci\sness4 ,9 :at exactly ^! modifications ( ! sub/ance & ( ! excitation process 9 x consi/ _m views may be held :i* z yet _c be te/$4 ,x may be assum$ t ! excitation has1 9 its transmission f "o elem5t to ano!r1 to ov]come a resi/ance1 & t ?is dim9ution ( ! resi/ance itself lays d[n ! p]man5t trace ( ! excitation 7a pa?73 9 sy/em ,bw4 !re w\ld no long] exi/ any su* resi/ance to transmission f "o elem5t to ano!r4 ,we may associate ) ?is conception ,breu]'s di/9ction betwe5 quiesc5t 7b\nd7 & free-mov+ #8inve/m5t-en]gy' 9 ! elem5ts ( ! psy*ic sy/ems2#ab ! elem5ts ( ! sy/em ,bw4 w\ld !n convey no #8b\nd' en]gy1 only free en]gy capable ( dis*>ge4 ,9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 x is bett] = ! pres5t to express oneself z to ^! conditions 9 ! lea/ committal way4 ,at any rate by ^! speculations we %\ld h br\ght ! orig9 ( consci\sness into a c]ta9 connection ) ! position ( ! sy/em ,bw4 & ) ! peculi>ities ( ! excitation process to be ascrib$ to ?is4 ,we h m to say ab\t ! liv+ vesicle ) its receptive out] lay]4 ,?is morsel ( liv+ sub/ance floats ab\t 9 an out] _w :i* is *>g$ ) ! mo/ pot5t en]gies1 & x w\ld be de/roy$ by ! op]ation ( ! /imuli proce$+ f ?is _w if x 7 n furni%$ ) a protection aga9/ /imulation 7,reizs*utz74 ,x acquires ?is ?r\gh its out]mo/ lay]--:i* gives ! /ructure t belongs to liv+ matt]--becom+ 9 a measure inorganic1 & ?is n[ op]ates z a special integum5t or membrane t keeps (f ! /imuli1 i4 e4 makes x impossible = ! en]gies ( ! out] _w to act ) m ?an a fragm5t ( _! int5sity on ! lay]s imm$iately bel[ :i* h pres]v$ _! vitality4 ,^! are n[ able "u cov] ( ! protect+ lay] to devote !mselves to ! reception ( ^? /imulus masses t h be5 let ?r\gh4 ,b ! out] lay] has by its own dea? secur$ all ! deep] lay]s f a l fate--at lea/ s long z no /imuli pres5t !mselves ( su* a /r5g? z to break ?r\gh ! protective b>ri]4 ,= ! liv+ organism protection aga9/ /imuli is almo/ a m important task ?an reception ( /imuli2 ! protective b>ri] is equipp$ ) its own /ore ( en]gy & mu/ above all endeav\r to protect ! special =ms ( en]gy-trans=mations go+ on )9 itself f ! equalis+ & !re=e de/ructive influ5ce ( ! enorm\s en]gies at "w 9 ! out] _w4 ,! reception ( /imuli s]ves above all ! purpose ( collect+ in=mation ab\t ! direction & nature ( ! ext]nal /imuli1 & = t x mu/ suffice to take little samples ( ! out] _w1 to ta/e x1 s to speak1 9 small quantities4 ,9 highly develop$ organisms ! receptive ext]nal lay] ( :at 0 once a vesicle has long be5 )drawn into ! dep?s ( ! body1 b portions ( x h be5 left on ! surface imm$iately b5ea? ! common protective b>ri]4 ,^! portions =m ! s5se organs1 :i* ess5tially comprise arrangem5ts = ! reception ( specific /imuli1 b also possess special arrangem5ts adapt$ = a fre% protection aga9/ an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( /imulus1 & = w>d+ (f unsuitable k9ds ( /imuli4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( !m t !y assimilate only v small quantities ( ! out] /imulus1 & take 9 only samples ( ! out] _w2 "o might comp>e !m to ant5nae :i* t\* at ! out] _w & !n con/antly )draw f x aga94 ,at ?is po9t ,i %all p]mit myself to t\* cursorily ^u a !me :i* w\ld des]ve ! mo/ ?or\gh treatm5t4 ,! ,kantian proposition t "t & space are necess>y modes ( ?\ght may be submitt$ to discussion to-day 9 ! light ( c]ta9 k rea*$ ?r\gh psy*o-analysis4 ,we h f\nd by exp]i5ce t unconsci\s m5tal processes are 9 !mselves #8timeless'4 ,t is to say to beg9 )3 !y are n arrang$ *ronologically1 "t alt]s no?+ 9 !m1 nor c ! idea ( "t be appli$ to !m4 ,^! are negative *>act]i/ics1 :i* c be made pla9 only by in/itut+ a comp>ison ) consci\s psy*ic processes4 ,our ab/ract conception ( "t seems r to be d]iv$ :olly f ! mode ( function+ ( ! sy/em ,w-,bw41 & to correspond ) a self-p]ception ( x4 ,9 ?is mode ( function+ ( ! sy/em ano!r =m ( protection aga9/ /imulation probably comes into play4 ,i "k t ^! /atem5ts s\nd v obscure1 b ,i mu/ conf9e myself to ^! few h9ts4 ,s f> we h got to ! po9t t ! liv+ vesicle is equipp$ ) a protection aga9/ /imuli f ! out] _w4 ,be=e t1 we _h decid$ t ! cortical lay] next to x mu/ be diff]5tiat$ z ! organ = reception ( ext]nal /imuli4 ,b ?is s5sitive lay] 7:at is lat] ! sy/em ,bw47 also receives excitations f )93 ! position ( ! sy/em betwe5 out] & inn] & ! diff]5ce 9 ! conditions "u :i* ?is receptivity op]ates on ! two sides become decid+ factors = ! function+ ( ! sy/em & ( ! :ole psy*ic app>atus4 ,t[>ds ! out] _w !re is a b>ri] aga9/ /imuli1 & ! mass ( excitations com+ up aga9/ x w take effect only on a r$uc$ scale2 t[>ds :at is )9 no protection aga9/ /imuli is possible1 ! excitations ( ! deep] lay]s pursue _! way direct & 9 undim9i%$ mass into ! sy/em1 :ile c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( _! c\rse produce ! s]ies ( pleasure-pa9 feel+s4 ,naturally ! excitations com+ f )9 w1 9 con=mity ) _! int5sity & o!r qualitative *>act]i/ics 7or possibly _! amplitude71 be m proportionate to ! mode ( op]ation ( ! sy/em ?an ! /imuli /ream+ 9 f ! out] _w4 ,two ?+s are1 h[ev]1 decisively det]m9$ by ^! conditions3 fir/ ! prepond]ance ov] all out] /imuli ( ! pleasure & #8pa9' feel+s1 :i* are an index = processes )9 ! me*anism2 & secondly a %ap+ ( behavi\r t[>ds su* inn] excitations z br+ ) !m an ov]plus ( #8pa9'4 ,!re w be a t5d5cy to treat !m z ?\gh !y 7 act+ n f )9 b f )\t1 9 ord] = x to be possible to apply aga9/ !m ! def5sive measures ( ! b>ri] aga9/ /imuli 7,reizs*utz74 ,?is is ! orig9 ( projection1 = :i* s important a "p is res]v$ 9 ! production ( pa?ological /ates4 ,i h ! impression t by ^! la/ consid]ations we h approa*$ ne>] to a compreh5sion ( ! supremacy ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 b we h n atta9$ to an explanation ( ^? cases :i* are oppos$ to x4 ,let u !re=e g a /ep fur!r4 ,su* ext]nal excitations z are /rong en\gh to break ?r\gh ! b>ri] aga9/ /imuli we call traumatic4 ,9 my op9ion ! concept ( trauma involves su* a relation%ip to an o!rwise efficaci\s b>ri]4 ,an occurr5ce su* z an ext]nal trauma w und\bt$ly provoke a v ext5sive di/urbance 9 ! work+s ( ! en]gy ( ! organism1 & w set 9 motion e k9d ( protective measure4 ,b ! pleasure-pr9ciple is to beg9 ) put out ( action "h4 ,! flood+ ( ! psy*ic app>atus ) l>ge masses ( /imuli c no long] be prev5t$3 on ! contr>y1 ano!r task pres5ts itself--to br+ ! /imulus "u control1 to #8b9d' 9 ! psy*e ! /imulus mass t has brok5 its way 91 s z to br+ ab\t a dis*>ge ( x4 ,probably ! specific discom=t ( bodily pa9 is ! result ( "s local break+ ?r\gh ( ! b>ri] aga9/ /imuli4 ,f ?is po9t 9 ! p]iph]y !re /ream to ! c5tral psy*ic app>atus cont9ual excitations su* z w\ld o!rwise come only f )94#ac ,:at are we to expect z ! reaction ( ! psy*ic life to ?is invasion8 ,f all sides ! #8*>g+ en]gy' is call$ on 9 ord] to create all r\nd ! brea* correspond+ly high #8*>ges' ( en]gy4 ,an imm5se #8c\nt]-*>ge' is set up1 9 fav\r ( :i* all ! o!r psy*ic sy/ems are impov]i%$1 s t a wide-spread p>alysis or dim9ution ( o!r psy*ic activity foll[s4 ,we endeav\r to le>n f examples su* z ^! to base our metapsy*ological conjectures on su* prototypes4 ,?us f ?is behavi\r we draw ! conclusion t ev5 a highly *>g$ sy/em is able to receive new en]gy /ream+ 91 to conv]t x into a #8quiesc5t *>ge'1 ?us to #8b9d' x psy*ically4 ,! m int5se is ! intr9sic quiesc5t *>ge ! great] is its b9d+ =ce3 & conv]sely ! l[] ! *>ge ( ! sy/em ! less capable is x ( receiv+ ! en]gy t /reams 91 & s ! m viol5t are ! consequ5ces :5 ! b>ri] aga9/ /imuli is brok5 ?r\gh4 ,x is n a valid objection to ?is view t ! int5sify+ ( ! *>ges r\nd ! place ( irruption c\ld be mu* m simply expla9$ z ! direct action ( ! oncom+ mass ( excitation4 ,if t 7 s1 ! psy*ic app>atus w\ld m]ely und]go an increase ( its en]gy *>ges1 & ! p>alys+ "* ( pa91 ) ! impov]i%m5t ( all ! o!r sy/ems1 w\ld rema9 )\t explanation4 ,nor d ! v viol5t dis*>ge effects ( pa9 invalidate our explanation1 = !y happ5 9 a reflex mann]1 t is to say1 !y foll[ )\t ! int]position ( ! psy*ic app>atus4 ,! indef9ite nature ( all ! discussions t we t]m metapsy*ological naturally comes f ! fact t we "k no?+ ab\t ! nature ( ! excitation process 9 ! elem5ts ( ! psy*ic sy/ems & d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ any assumption ab\t x4 ,?us we are all ! "t op]at+ ) a l>ge ,x1 :i* we c>ry ov] into e new =mula4 ,t ?is process is accompli%$ ) en]gies :i* diff] quantitatively is an easily admissible po/ulate1 t x also has m ?an "o quality 7e4g4 9 ! direction ( amplitude7 may be reg>d$ z probable3 ! new consid]ation we h br\ght 9 is ,breu]'s proposition t we h to d ) two ways 9 :i* a sy/em may be fill$ ) en]gy1 s t a di/9ction has to be made betwe5 a #8*>g+' ( ! psy*ic sy/ems 7or its elem5ts7 t is free-fl[+ & /riv+ to be dis*>g$ & "o t is quiesc5t4 ,p]haps we may admit ! conjecture t ! b9d+ ( ! en]gy /ream+ into ! psy*ic app>atus consi/s 9 a translat+ ( x f ! free-fl[+ to ! quiesc5t /ate4 ,i ?9k "o may v5ture 7t5tatively7 to reg>d ! ord9>y traumatic neurosis z ! result ( an ext5sive rupture ( ! b>ri] aga9/ /imuli4 ,9 ?is way ! old nave doctr9e ( #8%ock' w\ld come into its own aga91 app>5tly 9 opposition to a lat] & psy*ologically m pret5ti\s view :i* ascribes aetiological significance n to ! effect ( ! me*anical =ce1 b to ! fright & ! m5ace to life4 ,b ^! oppos+ views are n irreconcilable1 & ! psy*o-analytic conception ( ! traumatic neurosis is f> f be+ id5tical ) ! crude/ =m ( ! #8%ock' !ory4 ,:ile ! latt] takes ! ess5tial nature ( ! %ock z resid+ 9 ! direct injury to ! molecul> /ructure1 or ev5 to ! hi/ological /ructure1 ( ! n]v\s elem5ts1 we seek to und]/& ! effect ( ! %ock by consid]+ ! break+ ?r\gh ( ! b>ri] ) :i* ! psy*ic organ is provid$ aga9/ /imuli1 & f ! tasks ) :i* ?is is !reby fac$4 ,fright reta9s its mean+ = u too4 ,:at conditions x is ! failure ( ! me*anism ( appreh5sion to make ! prop] prep>ation1 includ+ ! ov]-*>g+ ( ! sy/ems fir/ receiv+ ! /imulus4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is l[] degree ( *>g+ ^! sy/ems are h>dly 9 a position to b9d ! oncom+ masses ( excitation1 & ! consequ5ces ( ! break+ ?r\gh ( ! protective b>ri] appe> all ! m easily4 ,we ?us f9d t ! appreh5sive prep>ation1 toge!r ) ! ov]-*>g+ ( ! receptive sy/ems1 repres5ts ! la/ l9e ( def5ce aga9/ /imuli4 ,= a great numb] ( traumata ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! unprep>$ sy/ems & ^? prep>$ by ov]-*>g+ may turn ! scale z to ! outcome3 ) a trauma beyond a c]ta9 /r5g? su* a diff]5ce may no long] be ( any importance4 ,:5 ! dreams ( pati5ts suff]+ f traumatic neuroses s regul>ly take !m back to ! situation ( ! disa/] !y d n !reby1 x is true1 s]ve ! purpose ( wi%-fulfilm5t1 ! halluc9atory conjur+ up ( :i* has1 "u ! dom9ation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 become ! function ( dreams4 ,b we may assume t !y !reby subs]ve ano!r purpose1 :i* mu/ be fulfill$ be=e ! pleasure-pr9ciple c beg9 its sway4 ,^! dreams are attempts at re/or+ control ( ! /imuli by develop+ appreh5sion1 ! pret]mission ( :i* caus$ ! traumatic neurosis4 ,!y ?us af=d u an insight into a function ( ! psy*ic app>atus1 :i* )\t contradict+ ! pleasure-pr9ciple is nev]!less indep5d5t ( x1 & appe>s to be ( e>li] orig9 ?an ! aim ( atta9+ pleasure & avoid+ #8pa9'4 ,?is is !re=e ! mom5t to conc$e = ! fir/ "t an exception to ! pr9ciple t ! dream is a wi%-fulfilm5t4 ,anxiety dreams are no su* exception1 z ,i h repeat$ly & 9 detail %[n2 nor are ! #8puni%m5t dreams'1 = !y m]ely put 9 ! place ( ! int]dict$ wi%-fulfilm5t ! puni%m5t appropriate to x1 & are ?us ! wi%-fulfilm5t ( ! s5se ( guilt react+ on ! contemn$ impulse4 ,b ! dreams m5tion$ above ( pati5ts suff]+ f traumatic neuroses d n p]mit ( classification "u ! category ( wi%-fulfilm5t1 nor d ! dreams occurr+ dur+ psy*o-analysis t br+ back ! recollection ( ! psy*ic traumata ( *ildhood4 ,!y obey r ! repetition-compulsion1 :i* 9 analysis1 x is true1 is support$ by ! 7n unconsci\s7 wi% to conjure up aga9 :at has be5 =gott5 & repress$4 ,?us ! function ( ! dream1 viz4 to d away ) ! motives lead+ to int]ruption ( sleep by pres5t+ wi%-fulfilm5ts ( ! di/urb+ excitations1 w\ld n be its orig9al "o2 ! dream c\ld secure control ( ?is function only aft] ! :ole psy*ic life _h accept$ ! dom9ation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,if !re is a #8beyond ! pleasure-pr9ciple' x is logical to admit a prehi/oric pa/ also = ! wi%-fulfill+ t5d5cy ( ! dream1 ?\gh to d s is no contradiction ( its lat] function4 ,n[1 :5 ?is t5d5cy is once brok5 ?r\gh1 !re arises ! fur!r "q3 are su* dreams1 :i* 9 ! int]e/s ( ! psy*ical b9d+ ( traumatic impressions foll[ ! repetition-compulsion1 n possible ap>t f analysis8 ,! answ] is c]ta9ly 9 ! affirmative4 ,) reg>d to ! w> neuroses1 s f> z ! t]m has any significance ap>t f a ref]5ce to ! occasion ( ! appe>ance ( ! illness1 ,i h expla9$ else:]e t !y might v well be traumatic neuroses :i* h aris5 ! m easily on acc\nt ( an ego-conflict4#ad ,! fact m5tion$ on page #i1 viz4 t a sev]e injury inflict$ at ! same "t by ! trauma less5s ! *ance ( a neurosis aris+1 is no long] difficult to und]/& if two circum/ances emphasis$ by psy*o-analytic rese>* are borne 9 m9d4 ,fir/ t me*anical concussion mu/ be recognis$ z "o ( ! s\rces ( sexual excitation 7cp4 ! rem>ks3 #8,! effects ( sw++ & railway travell+' 9 ,drei ,abh&lung5 zur ,sexual!orie1 #d4 ,auflage #aibj72 &1 secondly1 t a pa9ful & fev]i% illness ex]ts = ! "t x la/s a p[]ful influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( ! libido4 ,?us ! me*anical =ce ( ! trauma w\ld set free ! quota ( sexual excitation :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! lack+ prep>ation by appreh5sion1 has a traumatic effect3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! contemporane\s bodily injury w\ld b9d ! surplus excitation by ! putt+ 9 ( a claim to a n>cissi/ic ov]-*>g+ ( ! injur$ "p 7see #8,zur ,e9fhrung des ,n>zissmus'1 ,sammlung kle9] ,s*rift5 zur ,neuros5lehre1 ,,iv4 ,folge1 #aiah74 ,x is also kn[n1 ?\gh ! idea has n be5 suffici5tly made use ( 9 ! ,libido !ory1 t di/urbances 9 ! di/ribution ( ! libido s sev]e z ^? ( melan*olia may be remov$ = a "t by an int]curr5t organic disease2 9 fact ev5 ! condition ( a fully develop$ dem5tia praecox is capable ( a transitory improvem5t 9 ^! circum/ances4 ,v ,! fact t ! s5sitive cortical lay] has no protective b>ri] aga9/ excitations emanat+ f )9 w h "o inevitable consequ5ce3 viz4 t ^! transmissions ( /imuli acquire increas$ economic significance & frequ5tly give rise to economic di/urbances comp>able to ! traumatic neuroses4 ,! mo/ prolific s\rces ( su* inn] excitations are ! s-call$ in/9cts ( ! organism1 ! repres5tatives ( all =ces aris+ )9 ! body & transmitt$ to ! psy*ic app>atus--! mo/ important & mo/ obscure elem5t 9 psy*ological rese>*4 ,p]haps we %all n f9d x too ra% an assumption t ! excitations proce$+ f ! in/9cts d n con=m to ! type ( ! #8b\nd' b ( ! free-mov+ n]ve processes t are /riv+ = dis*>ge4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y k we h ( ^! processes comes f ! /udy ( dreams4 ,!re we f\nd t ! processes 9 ! unconsci\s sy/ems are fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? 9 ! 7pre7consci\s2 t 9 ! unconsci\s #8*>ges' may easily be completely transf]r$1 displac$ or cond5s$1 :ile if ?is happ5$ ) preconsci\s mat]ial only defective results w\ld be obta9$4 ,?is is ! reason = ! well-kn[n peculi>ities ( ! manife/ dream1 aft] ! preconsci\s residues ( ! day be=e h und]gone elaboration accord+ to ! laws ( ! unconsci\s4 ,i t]m$ ?is k9d ( process 9 ! unconsci\s ! psy*ic #8prim>y process' 9 contradi/9ction to ! second>y process valid 9 our normal wak+ life4 ,s9ce ! excitations ( in/9cts all affect ! unconsci\s sy/ems1 x is sc>cely an innovation to say t !y foll[ ! l9es ( ! prim>y process1 & little m s to id5tify ! psy*ic prim>y process ) ! freely mobile *>ge1 ! second>y process ) *anges 9 ,breu]'s b\nd or tonic *>ge4#ae ,x w\ld !n be ! task ( ! high] lay]s ( ! psy*ic app>atus to b9d ! in/9ct-excitation t rea*es ! prim>y process4 ,! failure to effect ?is b9d+ w\ld evoke a di/urbance analog\s to ! traumatic neuroses2 x is only aft] ! b9d+ _h be5 successfully accompli%$ t ! pleasure-pr9ciple 7& its modification ! reality-pr9ciple7 w\ld h an opportunity to ass]t its sway )\t h9drance4 ,till !n1 ! o!r task ( ! psy*ic app>atus w\ld take prec$5ce1 viz4 to obta9 control ( or to b9d ! excitation1 n 9 opposition to ! pleasure-pr9ciple b indep5d5tly ( x & 9 "p )\t reg>d to x4 ,! expressions ( a repetition-compulsion :i* we h describ$1 bo? 9 ! e>ly activities ( infantile psy*ic life & 9 ! exp]i5ces ( psy*o-analytic treatm5t1 %[ 9 a high degree an in/9ctive "*1 &1 :]e !y come into contra/ ) ! pleasure-pr9ciple1 a daemonic "*4 ,9 ! play ( *ildr5 we seem to arrive at ! conclusion t ! *ild repeats ev5 ! unpleasant exp]i5ces because ?r\gh 8 own activity he ga9s a f> m ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! /rong impression ?an 0 possible by m]e passive exp]i5ce4 ,e fre% repetition seems to /r5g!n ?is ma/]y = :i* ! *ild /rives2 ev5 ) pleasurable exp]i5ces ! *ild _c d en\gh 9 ! way ( repetition & w inexorably insi/ on ! id5tity ( ! impression4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is de/9$ lat] to disappe>4 ,a witticism he>d = ! second "t w almo/ fail ( effect2 a !atrical p]=mance w nev] make ! same impression ! second "t t x did on ! fir/ occasion2 inde$ x is h>d to p]suade ! adult to read aga9 at all soon a book he has enjoy$4 ,novelty is always ! necess>y condition ( enjoym5t4 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 nev] gets tir$ ( dem&+ f a gr[n-up ! repetition ( a game he has play$ ) him be=e or has %[n him1 till at la/ ! gr[n-up refuses1 utt]ly worn out2 simil>ly if he has be5 told a pretty /ory1 he wants always to he> ! same /ory in/ead ( a new "o1 insi/s inexorably on exact repetition & corrects ea* deviation :i* ! n>rator lets slip by mi/ake1 :i* p]haps he ev5 ?\ght to ga9 new m]it by ins]t+4 ,"h !re is no contradiction ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple3 x is evid5t t ! repetition1 ! r$iscov]y ( ! id5tity1 is itself a s\rce ( pleasure4 ,9 ! case ( a pati5t 9 analysis1 on ! o!r h&1 x is pla9 t ! compulsion to repeat 9 ! transf]5ce ! occurr5ces ( 8 infantile life disreg>ds 9 e way ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,! pati5t behaves 9 ?is respect completely l a *ild1 & ?us makes x cle> to u t ! repress$ memory-traces ( 8 primitive exp]i5ce are n pres5t 9 a #8b\nd' =m1 are inde$1 9 a s5se1 n capable ( ! second>y process4 ,to ?is fact ( _! n be+ b\nd !y owe _! p[] to weave a wi%-phantasy t w be repres5t$ 9 a dream1 by adh]+ to ! residues f wak+ exp]i5ces4 ,we frequ5tly enc\nt] ! same repetition-compulsion z a !rapeutic ob/acle1 :5 at ! end ( ! treatm5t we wi% to br+ ab\t complete deta*m5t f ! physician2 & x may be suppos$ t ! vague dread ) :i* ^? :o are unfamili> ) x view analysis1 z ?\gh !y fe>$ to wake :at !y ?9k is bett] left to sleep1 is at root a fe> ( ! appe>ance ( ?is daemonic compulsion4 ,9 :at way is ! in/9ctive connect$ ) ! compulsion to repetition8 ,at ?is po9t ! idea is =c$ ^u u t we h /umbl$ on ! trace ( a g5]al & hi!rto n cle>ly recognis$--or at lea/ n expressly emphasis$--*>act]i/ic ( in/9ct1 p]haps ( all organic life4 ,accord+ to ?is1 an in/9ct w\ld be a t5d5cy innate 9 liv+ organic matt] impell+ x t[>ds ! re9/atem5t ( an e>li] condition1 "o :i* x _h to ab&on "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal di/urb+ =ces--a k9d ( organic ela/icity1 or1 to put x ano!r way1 ! manife/ation ( in]tia 9 organic life4#af ,?is conception ( in/9ct /rikes u z /range1 s9ce we are accu/om$ to see 9 in/9ct ! factor urg+ t[>ds *ange & developm5t1 & n[ we f9d ourselves requir$ to recognise 9 x ! v opposite1 viz4 ! expression ( ! cons]vative nature ( liv+ be+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we soon ?9k ( ^? examples 9 animal life :i* appe> to confirm ! idea ( in/9ct hav+ be5 hi/orically condition$4 ,:5 c]ta9 fi% und]take ardu\s j\rneys at spawn+-"t1 9 ord] to deposit ! spawn 9 c]ta9 def9ite wat]s f> remov$ f _! usual habitats1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( _m biologi/s !y are only seek+ ! e>li] homes ( _! k9d1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t !y h ex*ang$ = o!rs4 ,! same is said to be true ( ! migratory flights ( birds ( passage1 b ! se>* = fur!r examples becomes sup]flu\s :5 we rememb] t 9 ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity & 9 ! facts ( embryology we h ! mo/ impos+ pro(s ( ! organic compulsion to repetition4 ,we see t ! g]m cell ( a liv+ animal is oblig$ to repeat 9 its developm5t--al?\gh 9 a fleet+ & curtail$ fa%ion--! /ructures ( all ! =ms f :i* ! animal is desc5d$1 in/ead ( ha/5+ along ! %orte/ pa? to its own f9al %ape4 ,a me*anical explanation ( ?is except 9 "s trifl+ p>ticul>s is impossible1 & ! hi/orical explanation _c be disreg>d$4 ,9 ! same way we f9d ext5d+ f> upw>ds 9 ! animal k+dom a p[] ( reproduction :]eby a lo/ organ is replac$ by ! gr[? ( a new "o exactly l x4 ,! obvi\s objection1 t x may well be t besides ! cons]vative in/9cts compell+ repetition !re are o!rs :i* press t[>ds new =mation & progress1 %\ld c]ta9ly n be left unnotic$2 x w be consid]$ at a lat] /age ( our discussion4 ,b we may fir/ be tempt$ to foll[ to its f9al consequ5ces ! hypo!sis t all in/9cts h z _! aim ! re9/atem5t ( an e>li] condition4 ,if :at results gives an appe>ance ( #8pr(undity' or be>s a resemblance to my/icism1 /ill we "k ourselves to be cle> ( ! reproa* ( hav+ /riv5 aft] any?+ ( ! sort4 ,we are 9 se>* ( sob] results ( inve/igation or ( reflections bas$ ^u x1 & ! only "* we wi% = 9 ^! results is t ( c]ta9ty4 ,if !n all organic in/9cts are cons]vative1 hi/orically acquir$1 & are direct$ t[>ds regression1 t[>ds re9/atem5t ( some?+ e>li]1 we are oblig$ to place all ! results ( organic developm5t to ! cr$it ( ext]nal1 di/urb+ & di/ract+ influ5ces4 ,! rudim5t>y creature w\ld f its v beg9n+ n h want$ to *ange1 w\ld1 if circum/ances _h rema9$ ! same1 h always m]ely repeat$ ! same c\rse ( exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! la/ resort x mu/ h be5 ! evolution ( our e>?1 & its relation to ! sun1 t has left its impr9t on ! developm5t ( organisms4 ,! cons]vative organic in/9cts h absorb$ e "o ( ^! en=c$ alt]ations 9 ! c\rse ( life & h /or$ !m = repetition2 !y ?us pres5t ! delusive appe>ance ( =ces /riv+ aft] *ange & progress1 :ile !y are m]ely endeav\r+ to rea* an old goal by ways bo? old & new4 ,?is f9al goal ( all organic /riv+ c be /at$ too4 ,x w\ld be c\nt] to ! cons]vative nature ( in/9ct if ! goal ( life 7 a /ate nev] hi!rto rea*$4 ,x mu/ r be an anci5t />t+ po9t1 :i* ! liv+ be+ left long ago1 & to :i* x h>ks back aga9 by all ! circuit\s pa?s ( developm5t4 ,if we may assume z an exp]i5ce admitt+ ( no exception t ev]y?+ liv+ dies f causes )9 itself1 & returns to ! inorganic1 we c only say #8,! goal ( all life is dea?'1 &1 ca/+ back1 #8,! inanimate 0 !re be=e ! animate4' ,at "o "t or ano!r1 by "s op]ation ( =ce :i* /ill completely baffles conjecture1 ! prop]ties ( life 7 awak5$ 9 lifeless matt]4 ,p]haps ! process 0 a prototype resembl+ t o!r "o :i* lat] 9 a c]ta9 /ratum ( liv+ matt] gave rise to consci\sness4 ,! t5sion !n ar\s$ 9 ! previ\sly inanimate matt] /rove to atta9 an equilibrium2 ! fir/ in/9ct 0 pres5t1 t to return to lifelessness4 ,! liv+ sub/ance at t "t _h dea? )9 easy rea*2 !re 0 probably only a %ort c\rse ( life to run1 ! direction ( :i* 0 det]m9$ by ! *emical /ructure ( ! "y organism4 ,s ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t ! liv+ sub/ance may h be5 con/antly creat$ anew1 & easily ext+ui%$1 until decisive ext]nal influ5ces alt]$ 9 su* a way z to compel ! /ill surviv+ sub/ance to ev] great] deviations f ! orig9al pa? ( life1 & to ev] m complicat$ & circuit\s r\tes to ! atta9m5t ( ! goal ( dea?4 ,^! circuit\s ways to dea?1 fai?fully reta9$ by ! cons]vative in/9cts1 w\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an ! ph5om5a ( life z we n[ "k x4 ,if ! exclusively cons]vative nature ( ! in/9cts is accept$ z true1 x is impossible to arrive at any o!r suppositions ) reg>d to ! orig9 & goal ( life4 ,if ^! conclusions s\nd /rangely 9 our e>s1 equally s w ^? we are l$ to make conc]n+ ! great gr\ps ( in/9cts :i* we reg>d z ly+ beh9d ! vital ph5om5a ( organisms4 ,! po/ulate ( ! self-pres]vative in/9cts we ascribe to e liv+ be+ /&s 9 rem>kable contra/ to ! supposition t ! :ole life ( in/9ct s]ves ! "o end ( br++ ab\t dea?4 ,! !oretic significance ( ! in/9cts ( self-pres]vation1 p[] & self-ass]tion1 %r9ks to no?+1 se5 9 ?is light2 !y are "p-in/9cts design$ to secure ! pa? to dea? peculi> to ! organism & to w>d (f possibilities ( return to ! inorganic o!r ?an ! imman5t ones1 b ! enigmatic /ruggle ( ! organism to ma9ta9 itself 9 spite ( all ! _w1 a /ruggle t _c be br\ght into connection ) any?+ else1 disappe>s4 ,x rema9s to be add$ t ! organism is resolv$ to die only 9 its own way2 ev5 ^! wat*m5 ( life 7 orig9ally ! myrmidons ( dea?4 ,h5ce ! p>adox comes ab\t t ! liv+ organism resi/s ) all its en]gy influ5ces 7dang]s7 :i* c\ld help x to rea* its life-goal by a %ort way 7a %ort circuit1 s to speak72 b ?is is j ! behavi\r t *>act]ises a pure in/9ct z contra/$ ) an intellig5t /riv+4#ag ,b we mu/ be?9k ourselves3 ?is _c be ! :ole tru?4 ,! sexual in/9cts1 = :i* ! !ory ( ! neuroses claims a position ap>t1 lead u to q ano!r po9t ( view4 ,n all organisms h yield$ to ! ext]nal compulsion driv+ !m to an ev] fur!r developm5t4 ,_m h succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ !mselves on _! l[ level up to ! pres5t "t3 !re are 9 exi/5ce to-day1 if n all1 at all ev5ts _m =ms ( life t mu/ resemble ! primitive /ages ( ! high] animals & plants4 ,&1 simil>ly1 n all ! elem5t>y organisms t make up ! complicat$ body ( a high] =m ( life take "p 9 ! :ole pa? ( evolution to ! natural end1 i4e4 dea?4 ,"s among !m1 ! reproductive cells1 probably reta9 ! orig9al /ructure ( ! liv+ sub/ance &1 aft] a giv5 "t1 deta* !mselves f ! p>5t organism1 *>g$ z !y are ) all ! inh]it$ & newly acquir$ in/9ctive dispositions4 ,possibly x is j ^? two features t make _! indep5d5t exi/5ce possible4 ,if br\ght "u fav\rable conditions !y beg9 to develop1 t is1 to repeat ! same cycle to :i* !y owe _! orig91 ! end be+ t aga9 "o portion ( ! sub/ance c>ries ?r\gh its developm5t to a f9i%1 :ile ano!r "p1 z a new g]m9al core1 aga9 h>ks back to ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5t4 ,?us ^! reproductive cells op]ate aga9/ ! dea? ( ! liv+ sub/ance & are able to w9 = x :at mu/ seem to u to be pot5tial immortality1 al?\gh p]haps x only means a l5g!n+ ( ! pa? to dea?4 ,( ! highe/ significance is ! fact t ! reproductive cell is =tifi$ = ?is function1 or only becomes capable ( x1 by ! m+l+ ) ano!r l x & yet diff]5t f x4 ,!re is a gr\p ( in/9cts t c>e = ! de/9ies ( ^! elem5t>y organisms :i* survive ! individual be+1 t conc]n !mselves ) ! safe %elt]+ ( ^! organisms z long z !y are def5celess aga9/ ! /imuli ( ! out] _w1 & f9ally br+ ab\t _! conjunction ) o!r reproductive cells4 ,^! are collectively ! sexual in/9cts4 ,!y are cons]vative 9 ! same s5se z ! o!rs are1 9 t !y reproduce e>li] conditions ( ! liv+ sub/ance1 b !y are s 9 a high] degree 9 t !y %[ !mselves specially resi/ant to ext]nal influ5ces2 & !y are m cons]vative 9 a wid] s5se /ill1 s9ce !y pres]ve life itself = a long] "t4 ,!y are ! actual life-in/9cts2 ! fact t !y run c\nt] to ! tr5d ( ! o!r in/9cts :i* lead t[>ds dea? indicates a contradiction betwe5 !m & ! re/1 "o :i* ! !ory ( neuroses has recognis$ z full ( significance4 ,!re is z x 7 an oscillat+ rhy?m 9 ! life ( organisms3 ! "o gr\p ( in/9cts presses =w>d to rea* ! f9al goal ( life z quickly z possible1 ! o!r flies back at a c]ta9 po9t on ! way only to trav]se ! same /ret* once m f a giv5 spot & ?us to prolong ! duration ( ! j\rney4 ,al?\gh sexuality & ! di/9ction ( ! sexes c]ta9ly did n exi/ at ! dawn ( life1 nev]!less x rema9s possible t ! in/9cts :i* are lat] describ$ z sexual 7 active f ! v beg9n+ & took up ! "p ( opposition to ! rle ( ! #8ego-in/9cts' !n1 & n only at "s lat] "t4 ,let u n[ retrace our /eps = ! fir/ "t1 to ask :e!r all ^! speculations are n aft] all )\t f\ndation4 ,are !re really1 ap>t f ! sexual in/9cts1 no o!r in/9cts ?an ^? :i* h z _! object ! re9/atem5t ( an e>li] condition1 none t /rive t[>ds a condition nev] yet atta9$8 ,i am n aw>e ( any satisfactory example 9 ! organic _w runn+ c\nt] to ! *>act]i/ic ,i h sugge/$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a g5]al impulse t[>ds high] developm5t 9 ! plant & animal _w c c]ta9ly n be e/abli%$1 ?\gh "s su* l9e ( developm5t is z a fact unque/ionable4 ,b1 on ! "o h&1 x is (t5 m]ely a "q ( our own valuation :5 we pron\nce "o /age ( developm5t to be high] ?an ano!r1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 biology makes cle> to u t a high] developm5t 9 "o p>ticul> is (t5 pur*as$ )1 or balanc$ by1 retrogression 9 ano!r4 ,!n !re are pl5ty ( animal =ms ! y\?ful /ages ( :i* tea* u t _! developm5t has tak5 a retrograde "* r ?an o!rwise4 ,high] developm5t & retrogression alike might well be ! results ( ext]nal =ces impell+ t[>ds adaptation1 & ! "p play$ by ! in/9cts might be conf9$ 9 bo? cases to reta9+ ! en=c$ *anges z s\rces ( pleasure4#ah ,_m ( u w also f9d x h>d to ab&on our belief t 9 man himself !re dwells an impulse t[>ds p]fection1 :i* has br\ght him to 8 pres5t heights ( intellectual pr[ess & e?ical sublimation1 & f :i* x might be expect$ t 8 developm5t into sup]man w be ensur$4 ,b ,i d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* an inn] impulse1 & ,i see no way ( pres]v+ ?is pleas+ illusion4 ,! developm5t ( man up to n[ does n seem to me to ne$ any explanation diff]+ f t ( animal developm5t1 & ! re/less /riv+ t[>ds fur!r p]fection :i* may be obs]v$ 9 a m9ority ( human be+s is easily explicable z ! result ( t repression ( in/9ct ^u :i* :at is mo/ valuable 9 human culture is built4 ,! repress$ in/9ct nev] ceases to /rive aft] its complete satisfaction :i* w\ld consi/ 9 ! repetition ( a prim>y exp]i5ce ( satisfaction3 all sub/itution- or reaction-=mations & sublimations avail no?+ t[>ds relax+ ! cont9ual t5sion2 & out ( ! excess ( ! satisfaction dem&$ ov] t f\nd is born ! driv+ mom5tum :i* all[s ( no abid+ 9 any situation pres5t$ to x1 b 9 ! poet's words #8urges ev] =w>d1 ev] unsubdu$' 7,mephi/o 9 #8,fau/'1 ,act #a4 ,fau/'s /udy474 ,! pa? 9 ! o!r direction1 back to complete satisfaction1 is z a rule b>r$ by ! resi/ances t ma9ta9 ! repressions1 & ?us !re rema9s no?+ = x b to proce$ 9 ! o!r1 /ill unob/ruct$ direction1 t ( developm5t1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any prospect ( be+ able to br+ ! process to a conclusion or to atta9 ! goal4 ,:at occurs 9 ! developm5t ( a neurotic phobia1 :i* is really no?+ b an attempt at flight f ! satisfaction ( an in/9ct1 gives u ! prototype = ! orig9 ( ?is o/5sible #8impulse t[>ds p]fection' :i*1 h[ev]1 we _c possibly ascribe to all human be+s4 ,! dynamic conditions are1 x is true1 q g5]ally pres5t1 b ! economic relations seem only 9 r>e cases to fav\r ! ph5om5on4 ,,vi ,our discussion s f> results 9 ! e/abli%+ ( a %>p anti!sis betwe5 ! #8ego-in/9cts' & ! sexual in/9cts1 ! =m] impell+ t[>ds dea? & ! latt] t[>ds ! pres]vation ( life1 a result :i* we ourselves mu/ surely f9d 9 _m respects f> f adequate4 ,fur!r1 only = ! =m] c we prop]ly claim ! cons]vative--or1 bett]1 regressive--"* correspond+ to a repetition-compulsion4 ,= accord+ to our hypo!sis ! ego-in/9cts spr+ f ! vitalis+ ( inanimate matt]1 & h z _! aim ! re9/atem5t ( lifelessness4 ,z to ! sexual in/9cts on ! o!r h&3 x is obvi\s t !y reproduce primitive /ates ( ! liv+ be+1 b ! aim !y /rive = by e means is ! union ( two g]m cells :i* are specifically diff]5tiat$4 ,if ?is union does n take place1 !n ! g]m cell dies l all o!r elem5ts ( ! multicellul> organism4 ,only on ?is condition c ! sexual function prolong life & l5d x ! semblance ( immortality4 ,( :at important happ5+ !n 9 ! process ( developm5t ( ! liv+ sub/ance is sexual reproduction1 or its =]unn]1 ! copulation ( two individual protozoa1 ! repetition8 ,t "q we d n "k h[ to answ]1 & !re=e we %\ld feel reliev$ if ! :ole /ructure ( our argum5ts 7 to prove errone\s4 ,! opposition ( ego- 7or dea?-7 in/9cts & sexual 7life-7 in/9cts w\ld !n disappe>1 & ! repetition-compulsion w\ld !reupon also lose ! significance we h attribut$ to x4 ,let u turn back !re=e to "o ( ! assumptions we int]polat$1 9 ! expectation t x w p]mit ( exact refutation4 ,we built up fur!r conclusions on ! basis ( ! assumption t all life mu/ die f int]nal causes4 ,we made ?is assumption s light-he>t$ly because x does n seem to u to be "o4 ,we are accu/om$ s to ?9k1 & e poet enc\rages u 9 ! idea4 ,p]haps we h resolv$ s to ?9k because !re lies a c]ta9 consolation 9 ?is belief4 ,if man mu/ himself die1 aft] fir/ los+ 8 mo/ belov$ ones by dea?1 he w\ld pref] t 8 life be =feit to an inexorable law ( nature1 ! sublime 1 ?an to a m]e accid5t :i* p]haps c\ld h be5 9 "s way avoid$4 ,b p]haps ?is belief 9 ! incid5ce ( dea? z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( an inn] law ( be+ is also only "o ( ^? illusions t we h fa%ion$ = ourselves #8s z to endure ! burd5 ( exi/5ce'4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a primordial belief3 ! idea ( a #8natural dea?' is ali5 to primitive races2 !y ascribe e dea? occurr+ among !mselves to ! influ5ce ( an enemy or an evil _s4 ,s let u n neglect to turn to biological sci5ce to te/ ! belief4 ,if we d s1 we may be a/oni%$ to f9d h[ little agreem5t exi/s among biologi/s on ! "q ( natural dea?1 t inde$ ! v conception ( dea? altoge!r eludes !m4 ,! fact ( a c]ta9 av]age l5g? ( life1 at lea/ among ! high] animals1 is ( c\rse an argum5t = dea? f inn] causes1 b ! circum/ance t c]ta9 l>ge animals & giant trees rea* a v great age1 "o n to be comput$ up to n[1 once m removes ?is impression4 ,accord+ to ! gr&iose conception ( ,w4 ,fliess all ! vital ph5om5a--& c]ta9ly also dea?--are l9k$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 p]iods ( "t1 among :i* !re f9ds expression ! dep5d5ce ( two liv+ sub/ances1 "o male & "o female1 ^u ! sol> ye>4 ,b obs]vations ( h[ easily & ext5sively ! influ5ces ( ext]nal =ces c alt] vital manife/ations1 especially 9 ! plant _w1 z to _! occurr5ce 9 "t1 c ha/5 or ret>d !m1 militate aga9/ ! rigidity ( ! =mulae laid d[n by ,fliess & leaves at lea/ d\btful ! univ]sality ( ! laws he s\ght to e/abli%4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! !mes1 dea? & ! duration ( life among organisms1 9 ! works ( ,a4 ,weismann#ai possesses ! greate/ int]e/ = u4 ,?is inve/igator orig9at$ ! di/9ction ( liv+ sub/ance into a mortal & an immortal half2 ! mortal is ! body 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 ! soma1 :i* alone is subject to natural dea?2 :ile ! g]m cells are pot5tially immortal1 9 s f> z !y are capable "u c]ta9 fav\rable conditions ( develop+ into a new individual1 or express$ o!rwise1 ( surr\nd+ !mselves ) a new soma4#bj ,:at "h arre/s our att5tion is ! unexpect$ analogy ) our conception develop$ along s diff]5t a l9e ( ?\ght4 ,weismann1 :o is consid]+ liv+ sub/ance morphologically1 recognises 9 x a con/itu5t :i* is ! prey ( dea?1 ! soma1 ! body view$ ap>t f sex or h]$ity elem5ts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 an immortal "p1 ! g]m-plasm1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( pres]vation ( ! species1 ( propagation4 ,we h fix$ our att5tion n on ! liv+ matt]1 b on ! =ces active 9 x1 & h be5 l$ to di/+ui% two k9ds ( in/9cts3 ^? ! purpose ( :i* is to guide life t[>ds dea?1 & ! o!rs1 ! sexual in/9cts1 :i* p]petually /rive =1 & br+ ab\t1 ! r5ewal ( life4 ,?is s\nds l a dynamic coroll>y to ,weismann's morphological !ory4 ,?is appe>ance ( an important correspond5ce vani%es z soon z we exam9e ,weismann's pron\ncem5t on ! problem ( dea?4 ,= ,weismann admits ! diff]5tiation betwe5 ! mortal soma & ! immortal g]m-plasm only 9 relation to multicellul> organisms2 ) ! unicellul> be+s ! individual & ! reproductive cell are /ill "o & ! same4#ba ,! unicellul> he ?us affirms to be pot5tially immortal2 dea? appe>s only among ! metazoa1 ! multicellul>4 ,?is dea? ( ! high] organisms is1 x is true1 a natural "o1 a dea? f inn] causes1 b x does n dep5d on an inh]5t quality ( ! liv+ sub/ance1#bb is n to be conceiv$ z an absolute necessity bas$ on ! nature ( life4#bc ,dea? is r a purposive contrivance1 a ph5om5on ( adaptation to ! ext]nal conditions ( life1 because aft] ! diff]5tiation ( ! corporeal cells into soma & g]m-plasm ! indef9ite prolongation ( ! life ( ! individual w\ld h become a q inexp$i5t luxury4 ,) ! appe>ance ( ?is diff]5tiation among multicellul> organisms dea? became possible & exp$i5t4 ,s9ce !n ! soma ( ! high] organisms dies aft] a c]ta9 "t f int]nal causes2 ! protozoa1 h[ev]1 rema9 immortal4 ,propagation1 on ! o!r h&1 0 n fir/ introduc$ ) dea?2 x is on ! contr>y a primordial prop]ty ( liv+ matt] l gr[?1 9 :i* x orig9at$1 & life has gone on un9t]rupt$ly f its inception on ! e>?4#bd ,x is easy to see t to conc$e natural dea? to ! high] organisms does n greatly help our case4 ,if dea? is a late acquisition ( life1 !n dea? in/9cts traceable to ! beg9n+ ( life on ?is planet no long] come into "q4 ,multicellul> organisms may cont9ue to die f int]nal causes1 :e!r defect ( diff]5tiation or imp]fections ( _! metabolism2 x possesses no int]e/ = ! inquiry on :i* we are engag$4 ,su* a conception & d]ivation ( dea? c]ta9ly m ne>ly approa*es ! ord9>y human view ( x ?an ! unwont$ assumption ( #8dea?-in/9cts'4 ,! discussion :i* has c5tr$ r\nd ,weismann's ass]tations has 9 my op9ion _h no decisive result 9 any direction4#be ,_m writ]s h rev]t$ to ! /&po9t ( ,goette 7#ahhc7 :o saw 9 dea? ! direct consequ5ce ( propagation4 ,h>tmann does n reg>d z ! *>act]i/ic ( dea? ! appe>ance ( a #8corpse'1 a piece ( liv+ sub/ance :i* has #8di$ (f'1 b def9es x z ! #8def9itive end ( individual developm5t'4 ,9 ?is s5se protozoa are also subject to dea?2 ) !m dea? inv>iably co9cides ) propagation1 b x is1 s to speak1 disguis$ by ! latt]1 = ! :ole sub/ance ( ! p>5t organism may be absorb$ directly into ! new individuals4#bf ,! int]e/ ( ! inquiry 0 soon direct$ t[>ds te/+ exp]im5tally ! ass]t$ immortality ( liv+ sub/ance 9 unicellul> be+s4 ,an ,am]ican1 nam$ ,woodruff1 in/itut$ a culture ( a ciliat$ infusorium1 a #8slipp]-animalcule'1 :i* reproduces itself by division into two individuals2 ea* "t he isolat$ "o ( ! products & put x into fre% wat]4 ,he trac$ ! propagation to ! #cjbi? g5]ation1 :5 he discont9u$ ! exp]im5t4 ,! la/ desc5dant ( ! fir/ slipp]-animalcule 0 j z lively z its orig9al ance/or1 )\t any sign ( age or deg5]ation3 if su* numb]s are conv9c+1 ! immortality ( protozoa seem$ ?us exp]im5tally demon/rable4#bg ,o!r inve/igators h arriv$ at o!r results4 ,maupas1 ,calk9s1 etc41 f\nd1 9 contradiction to ,woodruff1 t ev5 ^! infusoria aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( divisions become weak]1 decrease 9 size1 lose a portion ( _! organisation1 & f9ally die if !y d n enc\nt] c]ta9 invigorat+ influ5ces4 ,accord+ to ?is1 protozoa die aft] a phase ( s5ile decay j l high] animals1 9 direct contrav5tion ( :at is ma9ta9$ by ,weismann1 :o recognises 9 dea? a late acquisition ( liv+ organisms4 ,tak+ ! net result ( ^! rese>*es toge!r1 we note two facts :i* seem to af=d u a firm foo?old4 ,fir/3 if ! animalculae1 at a "t :5 !y z yet %[ no signs ( age1 h ! opportunity ( m+l+ ) ea* o!r1 ( #8conjugat+'--aft]w>ds aga9 sep>at+--!n !y rema9 exempt f age1 !y h be5 #8rejuv5at$'4 ,?is conjugation is d\btless ! prototype ( sexual propagation ( high] organisms3 z yet x has no?+ to d ) multiplication1 x is conf9$ to ! m+l+ ( ! sub/ances ( bo? individuals 7,weismann's ,amphimixis74 ,! invigorat+ influ5ce ( conjugation c also be replac$1 h[ev]1 by c]ta9 modes ( /imulation1 *anges 9 ! composition ( ! nutri5t fluid1 rais+ ( temp]ature1 or %ak+4 ,! fam\s exp]im5t ( ,j4 ,loeb w be recall$1 :o by ! application ( c]ta9 *emical /imuli to ! ova ( sea-ur*9s br\ght ab\t processes ( division :i* usually take place only aft] f]tilisation4 ,secondly3 x is aft] all probable t ! infusoria are br\ght to a natural dea? ?r\gh _! own vital process1 = ! contradiction betwe5 ,woodruff's f9d+s & ^? ( o!rs arises f ,woodruff hav+ plac$ ea* g5]ation 9 fre% nutri5t fluid4 ,:5 he refra9$ f do+ s he obs]v$1 z did ! o!r inve/igators1 t ! g5]ations %[$ signs ( age4 ,he conclud$ t ! animalculae 7 injur$ by ! products ( metabolism :i* !y gave (f into ! surr\nd+ fluid1 & 0 !n able to prove conv9c+ly t only ! products ( its own metabolism _h ?is effect 9 br++ ab\t ! dea? ( ! g5]ation4 ,= 9 a solution ov]-saturat$ ) wa/e products ( a di/antly relat$ species ! v same animalculae ?rove excell5tly :i* :5 all[$ to accumulate 9 _! own nutri5t fluid inevitably p]i%$4 ,?us1 left to itself1 ! infusorium dies a natural dea? f ! imp]fect disposal ( its own metabolic products3 p]haps all high] animals die ultimately f ! same inability4 ,at ?is po9t ! d\bt may !n occur to u :e!r any good purpose has be5 s]v$ 9 look+ = ! answ] to ! "q z to natural dea? 9 ! /udy ( ! protozoa4 ,! primitive organisation ( ^! =ms ( life may conceal f u important conditions :i* are pres5t 9 !m too1 b c be recognis$ only among ! high] animals :]e !y h a*iev$ = !mselves a morphological expression4 ,if we ab&on ! morphological po9t ( view = ! dynamic1 x may be a matt] ( entire indiff]5ce to u :e!r ! natural dea? ( ! protozoa c be prov$ or n4 ,) !m ! sub/ance lat] recognis$ z immortal has n yet sep>at$ itself 9 any way f ! "p subject to dea?4 ,! in/9ctive =ces :i* endeav\r to conduct life to dea? might be active 9 !m too f ! beg9n+ & yet _! effect might be s obscur$ by t ( ! =ces t5d+ to pres]ve life t any direct evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce becomes h>d to e/abli%4 ,we h he>d1 x is true1 t ! obs]vations ( biologi/s all[ u to assume su* dea?-w>d t5d+ inn] processes also among ! protozoa4 ,b ev5 if ! protozoa prove to be immortal 9 ,weismann's s5se1 8 ass]tion t dea? is a late acquisition holds good only ( ! outw>d manife/ations ( dea?1 & does n invalidate any hypo!sis z to su* processes z impel t[>ds dea?4 ,our expectation t biology w\ld entirely put out ( c\rt any recognition ( ! dea?-in/9cts has n be5 fulfill$4 ,x is op5 to u to occupy ourselves fur!r ) ?is possibility1 if we h o!r reasons = do+ s4 ,! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ,weismann's sep>ation ( soma & g]m-plasm & our di/9ction betwe5 ! dea? & ! life-in/9cts rema9s un%ak51 moreov]1 & reta9s its value4 ,let u dwell = a mom5t on ?is exquisitely duali/ic conception ( ! in/9ctive life4 ,accord+ to ,e4 ,h]+'s !ory ( ! processes 9 liv+ matt] !re c\rse ?r\gh x un9t]rupt$ly two k9ds ( processes ( opposite direction1 "o anabolic1 assimilatory1 ! o!r katabolic1 dis9tegrat+4 ,%all we v5ture to recognise 9 ^! two directions ( ! vital processes ! activity ( our two in/9ctive t5d5cies1 ! life-in/9cts & ! dea?-in/9cts8 ,& we _c disguise ano!r fact f ourselves1 t we h /e]$ unaw>es into ! hav5 ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy = :om dea? is ! #8real result' ( life#bh & !re=e 9 s f> its aim1 :ile ! sexual in/9ct is ! inc>nation ( ! w to live4 ,let u boldly try to g a /ep fur!r4 ,accord+ to g5]al op9ion ! union ( num]\s cells into "o vital connection1 ! multicellul>ity ( organisms1 has become a means to ! prolongation ( _! span ( life4 ,"o cell helps to pres]ve ! life ( ! o!rs1 & ! cell-community c g on liv+ ev5 if s+le cells h to p]i%4 ,we h already he>d t also conjugation1 ! tempor>y m+l+ ( two unicellul> entities1 has a pres]vative & rejuv5at+ effect on bo?4 ,! attempt might consequ5tly be made to transf] ! ,libido !ory yield$ by psy*o-analysis to ! relation%ip ( ! cells to "o ano!r & to imag9e t x is ! vital or sexual in/9cts active 9 e cell t take ! o!r cells = _! #8object'1 p>tially neutralise _! dea?-in/9cts1 i4 e4 ! processes /imulat$ by ^!1 & s pres]ve ^? cells 9 life1 :ile o!r cells d ! same = !m1 & /ill o!rs sacrifice !mselves 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is libid9\s function4 ,! g]m cells !mselves w\ld behave 9 a completely #8n>cissi/ic' fa%ion1 z we are accu/om$ to describe x 9 ! !ory ( ! neuroses :5 an individual conc5trates 8 libido on ! ego1 & gives out none ( x = ! *>g+ ( objects4 ,! g]m cells ne$ _! libido--! activity ( _! vital in/9cts--= !mselves z a provision = _! lat] enorm\s con/ructive activity4 ,p]haps ! cells ( ! malignant gr[?s t de/roy ! organism c also be consid]$ to be n>cissi/ic 9 ! same s5se4 ,pa?ology is inde$ prep>$ to reg>d ! k]nels ( !m z cong5ital 9 orig9 & to ascribe embryonal attributes to !m4 ,?us ! ,libido ( our sexual in/9cts w\ld co9cide ) ! ,eros ( poets & philosoph]s1 :i* holds toge!r all ?+s liv+4 ,at ?is po9t opportunity (f]s ( review+ ! gradual developm5t ( our ,libido !ory4 ,! analysis ( ! transf]5ce-neuroses =c$ on our notice 9 ! fir/ place ! opposition betwe5 #8sexual in/9cts' :i* are direct$ t[>ds an object & o!r in/9cts :i* we only imp]fectly disc]n$ & provisionally describ$ z #8ego-in/9cts'4 ,among ! latt] ^? :i* subs]ve ! self-pres]vation ( ! individual _h ! fir/ claim = recognition4 ,:at o!r di/9ctions 7 to be made1 x 0 impossible to say4 ,no k w\ld h be5 s important = ! e/abli%m5t ( a s\nd psy*ology z "s approximate und]/&+ ( ! common nature & possible diff]5ces ( ! in/9cts4 ,b 9 no dep>tm5t ( psy*ology did "o grope m 9 ! d>k4 ,ev]yone posit$ z _m in/9cts or #8fundam5tal in/9cts' z he pleas$1 & contriv$ ) !m j z ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]s did ) _! f\r elem5ts3 e>?1 air1 fire & wat]4 ,psy*o-,analysis1 :i* c\ld n disp5se ) "s k9d ( hypo!sis z to ! in/9cts1 adh]$ to beg9 ) to ! popul> di/9ction1 typically repres5t$ by ! phrase #8hung] & love'4 ,x 0 at lea/ no new arbitr>y creation4 ,) ?is "o adequately cov]$ a consid]able di/ance 9 ! analysis ( ! psy*oneuroses4 ,! conception ( #8sexuality'--& !re) t ( a sexual in/9ct--c]ta9ly _h to ,be ext5d$1 till x includ$ mu* t did n come into ! category ( ! function ( propagation1 & ?is l$ to outcry en\gh 9 a sev]e & sup]ior or m]ely hypocritical _w4 ,! next /ep foll[$ :5 ,psy*o-,analysis 0 able to feel its way a little ne>] to ! psy*ological ego1 :i* 0 at fir/ kn[n to u only z a repress+1 c5sor+ ag5cy1 capable ( con/itut+ def5ces & reaction-=mations4 ,critical & o!r f>-see+ m9ds _h inde$ = a long "t rais$ objections to ! n>r[+ ( ! libido concept d[n to ! en]gy ( ! sexual in/9ct z direct$ to ! object4 ,b !y omitt$ to say :5ce !y obta9$ ?is full] compreh5sion1 & fail$ to d$uce any?+ f x ( value = ,psy*o-,analysis4 ,9 ! c\rse ( m delib]ate advance x came "u psy*o-analytic obs]vation h[ regul>ly libido is )drawn f ! object & direct$ t[>ds ! ego 7introv]sion71 & ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! libido-developm5t ( ! *ild 9 its e>lie/ phases x became cle> t ! ego is ! true & orig9al res]voir ( ! libido1 :i* is ext5d$ to ! object only f ?is4 ,! ego took its place z "o ( ! sexual objects & 0 imm$iately recognis$ z ! *oice/ among !m4 ,:]e ! libido ?us rema9$ atta*$ to ! ego x 0 t]m$ #8n>cissi/ic'4#bi ,?is n>cissi/ic libido 0 naturally also ! expression ( ! en]gy ( sexual in/9cts 9 ! analytical s5se :i* n[ _h to be id5tifi$ ) ! #8in/9cts ( self-pres]vation'1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 admitt$ f ! fir/4 ,:]eupon ! orig9al anti!sis betwe5 ! ego-in/9cts & ! sexual in/9cts became inadequate4 ,a "p ( ! ego-in/9cts 0 recognis$ z libid9\s3 9 ! ego sexual in/9cts 7 f\nd to be active--probably 9 addition to o!rs2 nev]!less "o is ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! old =mula1 viz4 t a psy*oneurosis arises out ( a conflict betwe5 ! ego-in/9cts & ! sexual in/9cts1 conta9$ no?+ t we %\ld h to reject to-day4 ,only1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two k9ds ( in/9cts :i* 0 suppos$ orig9ally to be 9 "s k9d ( way qualitative has n[ to be def9$ o!rwise1 namely on a topographical basis4 ,9 p>ticul> ! transf]5ce-neurosis1 ! real object ( psy*o-analytic /udy1 is /ill se5 to be ! result ( a conflict betwe5 ! ego & libid9\s inve/m5t ( an object4 ,we are ! m compell$ n[ to acc5tuate ! libid9\s "* ( ! self-pres]vative in/9cts1 s9ce we are v5tur+ on ! fur!r /ep ( recognis+ ! sexual in/9ct z ! ,eros1 ! all-su/a9+1 & ( d]iv+ ! n>cissi/ic libido ( ! ego f ! sum ( ! libido quantities t br+ ab\t ! mutual adh]5ce ( ! somatic cells4 ,b we n[ f9d ourselves sudd5ly confront$ ) ?is "q3 ,if ! self-pres]vative in/9cts are also ( a libid9\s k9d1 !n p]haps we h no o!r in/9cts at all ?an libid9\s ones4 ,!re are at lea/ no o!rs app>5t4 ,9 t ev5t we mu/ admit ! critics to be 9 ! "r :o f ! fir/ h suspect$ t psy*o-analysis makes sexuality ! explanation ( ev]y?+1 or ! innovators l ,jung :o1 quickly mak+ up _! m9d1 h us$ #8libido' z a synonym = #8in/9ctive =ce' 9 g5]al4 ,is t n s8 ,?is result 0 at all ev5ts "o n int5d$ by u4 ,on ! contr>y1 we took z our />t+ po9t a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! ego-in/9cts 7 dea?-in/9cts7 & ! sexual in/9cts 7 life-in/9cts74 ,we 7 prep>$ inde$ to reckon ev5 ! alleg$ self-pres]vative in/9cts ( ! ego among dea?-in/9cts1 a position :i* we h s9ce correct$ & )drawn f4 ,our /&po9t 0 a duali/ic "o f ! beg9n+1 & is s to-day m %>ply ?an be=e1 s9ce we no long] call ! contra/+ t5d5cies egoi/ic & sexual in/9cts1 b life-in/9cts & dea?-in/9cts4 ,jung's libido !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 is a moni/ic "o2 t he has appli$ ! t]m libido to 8 only in/9ctive en]gy 0 b\nd to create confusion1 b %\ld n h any fur!r effect on u4 ,we suspect t !re are 9 ! ego o!r in/9cts ?an ^? ( self-pres]vation2 only we ought to be 9 a position to demon/rate !m4 ,un=tunately s little progress has be5 made 9 ! analysis ( ! ego t ?is pro( becomes extraord9>ily difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,! libid9\s in/9cts ( ! ego may inde$ be conjo9$ 9 a special way ) o!r ego-in/9cts ( :i* we z yet "k no?+4 ,be=e ev] we _h cle>ly recognis$ n>cissism1 ! conjecture 0 already pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( psy*oanaly/s t ! #8ego-in/9cts' _h drawn libid9\s compon5ts to !mselves4 ,b ^! are m]ely vague possibilities :i* our oppon5ts w h>dly take into acc\nt4 ,x rema9s an awkw>d fact t analysis up to n[ has only put u 9 ! position ( demon/rat+ libid9\s impulses4 ,! conclusion t !re=e !re are no o!rs is "o to :i* we d n ass5t4 ,9 ! obscurity t at pres5t %r\ds ! !ory ( in/9ct1 we %all c]ta9ly n d well to reject any idea t promises to ?r[ light4 ,we h made ! anti!sis betwe5 ! life & dea?-in/9cts our po9t ( dep>ture4 ,object-love itself displays a second su* pol>ity1 t ( love 7t5d]ness7 & hate 7aggression74 ,:at if we c\ld succe$ 9 br++ ^! two pol>ities into relation ) ea* o!r1 9 trac+ ! "o to ! o!r6 ,we h long recognis$ a sadi/ic compon5t ( ! sexual in/9ct3#cj x c1 z we "k1 atta9 indep5d5ce1 & z a p]v]sion1 dom9ate ! :ole sexual tr5d ( a p]son4 ,9 "o ( ! organisations :i* ,i h t]m$ #8preg5ital' x appe>s z a dom9at+ "p-in/9ct4 ,b h[ is "o to d]ive ! sadi/ic impulse1 :i* aims at ! injury ( ! object1 f ! life-su/a9+ ,eros6 ,does n ! assumption sugge/ itself t ?is sadism is prop]ly a dea?-in/9ct :i* is driv5 ap>t f ! ego by ! influ5ce ( ! n>cissi/ic libido1 s t x becomes manife/ only 9 ref]5ce to ! object8 ,x !n ent]s ! s]vice ( ! sexual function2 at ! oral /age ( organisation ( ! libido1 amor\s possession is /ill "o & ! same z annihilation ( ! object2 lat] ! sadi/ic impulse sep>ates itself1 & at la/ at ! /age ( ! g5ital primacy x takes ov] ) ! aim ( propagation ! function ( s f> ov]p[]+ ! sex-object z ! c>ry+ out ( ! sexual act dem&s4 ,"o might ev5 say t ! sadism expell$ f ! ego has act$ z guide to ! libid9\s compon5ts ( ! sexual in/9ct2 ^! lat] press on t[>ds ! object4 ,:]e ! orig9al sadism exp]i5ces no abatem5t or fusion1 ! well-kn[n hate-love ambival5ce ( ! love-life is set up4 ,if ! above assumption is ju/ifiable !n we h met ! *all5ge ( demon/rat+ an example ( a dea?-in/9ct--?\gh a displac$ "o4 ,?is conception1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ evid5t1 & creates a frankly my/ical impression4 ,we incur ! suspicion ( hav+ attempt$ at all co/s to f9d a way out ( an impasse4 ,we may appeal aga9/ ?is v]dict by say+ t ! assumption is no new "o1 t we h once be=e made x :5 !re 0 no "q ( an impasse4 ,cl9ical obs]vations =c$ ^u u ! view t ! "p-in/9ct ( maso*ism1 ! "o complem5t>y to sadism1 is to be und]/ood z a recoil ( ! sadism on to ! ego itself4#ca ,a turn+ ( ! in/9ct f ! object to ! ego is1 h[ev]1 ess5tially ! same z a turn+ f ! ego to ! object1 :i* is j n[ ! new idea 9 "q4 ,maso*ism1 ! turn+ ( ! in/9ct aga9/ ! self1 w\ld !n be 9 reality a return to an e>li] phase ( ?is1 a regression4 ,! exposition ,i !n gave ( maso*ism ne$s correction 9 "o respect z be+ too exclusive3 maso*ism may also be :at ,i 0 !re conc]n$ to d5y1 prim>y4#cb ,let u return1 h[ev]1 to ! life-su/a9+ sexual in/9cts4 ,we h already le>n$ f ! inve/igation ( ! protozoa t ! m+l+ ( two individuals )\t consequ5t p>tition1 j z copulation betwe5 two individuals :i* soon aft] sep>ate1 has a /r5g!n+ & rejuv5at+ effect 7v4 s4 ,lips*tz74 ,!re is no sign ( deg5]ation 9 _! desc5d5ts1 & !y also seem to h ga9$ ! capacity = )/&+ = a long] "t ! injuri\s results ( _! own metabolism4 ,i ?9k t ?is "o obs]vation may be tak5 z a prototype ( ! effect ( sexual int]c\rse also4 ,b 9 :at way does ! bl5d+ ( two slightly diff]5t cells br+ ab\t su* a r5ewal ( life8 ,! exp]im5t :i* sub/itutes = conjugation among protozoa ! effect ( *emical or ev5 ( me*anical /imuli#cc admits ( our giv+ a reply ) c]ta9ty3 x comes ab\t by ! introduction ( new /imulus masses4 ,?is is 9 close agreem5t ) ! hypo!sis t ! life-process ( an individual leads1 f int]nal causes1 to ! equalis+ ( *emical t5sions3 i4 e4 to dea?1 :ile union ) an individually diff]5t liv+ sub/ance increases ^! t5sions--s to speak1 introduces new vital diff]5tia1 :i* !n h to be aga9 liv$ out4 ,= ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !re mu/ naturally be "o or m optima4 ,our recognition t ! rul+ t5d5cy ( psy*ic life1 p]haps ( n]ve life altoge!r1 is ! /ruggle = r$uction1 keep+ at a con/ant level1 or removal ( ! inn] /imulus t5sion 7! ,nirvana-pr9ciple1 z ,b>b>a ,l[ t]ms x7--a /ruggle :i* comes to expression 9 ! pleasure-pr9ciple--is inde$ "o ( our /ronge/ motives = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( dea?-in/9cts4 ,b ! c\rse ( our argum5t is /ill di/urb$ by an uneasy feel+ t j 9 ! case ( ! sexual in/9ct we are unable to demon/rate t "* ( a repetition-compulsion :i* fir/ put u on ! track ( ! dea?-in/9cts4 ,x is true t ! realm ( embryonic developm5tal processes (f]s an abundance ( su* repetition ph5om5a--! two g]m cells ( sexual propagation & _! life hi/ory are !mselves only repetitions ( ! beg9n+ ( organic life3 b ! ess5tial feature 9 ! processes design$ by ! sexual in/9ct is nev]!less ! m+l+ ( two cells4 ,only by ?is is ! immortality ( ! liv+ sub/ance among ! high] =ms ( life assur$4 ,to put x 9 o!r words3 we h to make enquiry into ! orig9 ( sexual propagation & ! s\rce ( ! sexual in/9cts 9 g5]al1 a task be=e :i* ! lay m9d quails & :i* ev5 speciali/s h n yet be5 able to solve4 ,let u1 !re=e1 make a cond5s$ selection f all ! conflict+ acc\nts & op9ions ( :atev] c be br\ght into relation ) our tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,"o view deprives ! problem ( propagation ( its my/]i\s attraction by repres5t+ x z "p ( ! ph5om5on ( gr[? 7multiplication by division1 g]m9ation1 budd+74 ,! aris+ ( propagation by means ( g]m cells sexually diff]5tiat$ might be conceiv$1 9 accordance ) ! sob] ,d>w9ian mode ( ?\ght1 z a way ( ma9ta9+ & utilis+ = fur!r developm5t ! advantage ( ! amphimixis :i* result$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! =tuit\s conjugation ( two protozoa4#cd #8,sex' w\ld n ?us be ( v anci5t orig9 & ! extraord9>ily p[]ful in/9cts :i* aim at br++ ab\t sexual union w\ld !reby repeat some?+ :i* once *anc$ to happ5 & s9ce became e/abli%$ z be+ advantage\s4 ,! same "q n[ recurs z arose 9 respect ( dea?--namely1 :e!r ! protozoa c be cr$it$ ) any?+ beyond :at !y exhibit1 & :e!r we may assume t =ces & processes :i* become p]ceptible only 9 ! case ( ! high] animals did fir/ arise 9 ! m primitive4 ,= our purpose ! view ( sexuality m5tion$ above helps v little4 ,! objection may be rais$ aga9/ x t x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( life-in/9cts z already op]ative 9 ! simple/ =ms ( life1 = o!rwise conjugation1 :i* works aga9/ ! expiration ( life & makes ! task ( dy+ h>d]1 w\ld n h be5 reta9$ & elaborat$1 b w\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,if1 !n1 we are n to ab&on ! hypo!sis ( dea?-in/9cts ma9ta9$1 we mu/ associate !m ) life-in/9cts f ! beg9n+4 ,b we mu/ admit t we are work+ "h at an equation ) two unkn[n quantities4 ,any?+ else t sci5ce c tell u ( ! orig9 ( sexuality am\nts to s little t ?is problem may be lik5$ to an obscurity into :i* n ev5 ! ray ( an hypo!sis has p5etrat$4 ,9 q ano!r qu>t]1 h[ev]1 we enc\nt] su* an hypo!sis1 b x is ( s fanta/ic a k9d--assur$ly a my? r ?an a sci5tific explanation--t ,i %\ld n v5ture to br+ x =w>d if x did n exactly fulfil ! "o condition = ! fulfilm5t ( :i* we are lab\r+4 ,t is to say1 x d]ives an in/9ct f ! necessity = ! re9/atem5t ( an e>li] situation4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! !ory t ,plato 9 8 ,symposium puts into ! m\? ( ,ari/ophanes & :i* deals n only ) ! orig9 ( ! sexual in/9ct b also ) its mo/ important v>iations 9 relation to ! object4 #8,human nature 0 once q o!r ?an n[4 ,orig9ally !re 7 ?ree sexes1 ?ree & n z to-day two3 besides ! male & ! female !re exi/$ a ?ird sex :i* _h an equal %>e 9 ! two fir/4444 ,9 ^! be+s ev]y?+ 0 d\ble3 ?us1 !y _h f\r h&s & f\r feet1 two faces1 two g5ital p>ts1 & s on4 ,!n ,zeus all[$ himself to be p]suad$ to cut ^! be+s 9 two1 z "o divides pe>s to /ew !m4444 ,:5 all nature 0 divid$ 9 ?is way1 to ea* human be+ came ! long+ = 8 own o!r half1 & ! two halves embrac$ & entw9$ _! bodies & desir$ to gr[ toge!r aga94'#ce ,are we to foll[ ! clue ( ! poet-philosoph] & make ! d>+ assumption t liv+ sub/ance 0 at ! "t ( its animation r5t into small p>ticles1 :i* s9ce t "t /rive = reunion by means ( ! sexual in/9cts8 ,t ^! in/9cts--9 :i* ! *emical aff9ity ( inanimate matt] is cont9u$--pass+ ?r\gh ! realm ( ! protozoa gradually ov]come all h9drances set to _! /riv+ by an environm5t *>g$ ) /imuli dang]\s to life1 & are impell$ by x to =m a protect+ cov]+ lay]8 ,& t ^! disp]s$ fragm5ts ( liv+ sub/ance ?us a*ieve a multicellul> organisation1 & f9ally transf] to ! g]m cells 9 a highly conc5trat$ =m ! in/9ct = reunion8 ,i ?9k ?is is ! po9t at :i* to break (f4 ,b n )\t a few words ( critical reflection 9 conclusion4 ,i might be ask$ :e!r ,i am myself conv9c$ ( ! views "h set =w>d1 & if s h[ f>4 ,my answ] w\ld be t ,i am nei!r conv9c$ myself1 nor am ,i seek+ to ar\se conviction 9 o!rs4 ,m accurately3 ,i d n "k h[ f> ,i believe 9 !m4 ,x seems to me t ! affective feature #8conviction' ne$ n come into consid]ation at all "h4 ,"o may surely give oneself up to a l9e ( ?\ght1 & foll[ x up z f> z x leads1 simply out ( sci5tific curiosity1 or--if y pref]--z advocatus diaboli1 )\t1 h[ev]1 mak+ a pact ) ! devil ab\t x4 ,i am p]fectly aw>e t ! ?ird /ep 9 ! !ory ( in/9ct :i* ,i am tak+ "h _c claim ! same c]ta9ty z ! two =m] ones1 viz4 ! ext5d+ ( ! conception ( sexuality & ! e/abli%+ ( n>cissism4 ,^! innovations 7 direct translations ( obs]vation into !ory1 subject to no great] s\rces ( error ?an is inevitable 9 any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! ass]tion ( ! regressive "* ( in/9ct re/s also1 x is true1 on obs]v$ mat]ial1 namely on ! facts ( ! repetition-compulsion4 ,b p]haps ,i h ov]-e/imat$ _! significance4 ,at all ev5ts !re is no way ( work+ out ?is idea except by comb9+ facts ) pure imag9ation _m times 9 succession1 & !reby dep>t+ f> f obs]vation4 ,we "k t ! f9al result becomes ! m untru/wor?y ! (t5] "o does ?is 9 ! c\rse ( build+ up a !ory1 b ! precise degree ( unc]ta9ty is n asc]ta9able4 ,"o may !reby h made a brilliant discov]y or "o may h gone ignom9i\sly a/ray4 ,9 su* "w ,i tru/ little to s-call$ intuition3 :at ,i h se5 ( x seems to me to be ! result ( a c]ta9 imp>tiality ( ! intellect--only t p un=tunately are seldom imp>tial :]e !y are conc]n$ ) ! ultimate ?+s1 ! great problems ( sci5ce & ( life4 ,my belief is t !re ev]yone is "u ! sway ( pref]5ces deeply root$ )91 into ! h&s ( :i* he unwitt+ly plays z he pursues 8 speculation4 ,:]e !re are su* good gr\nds = di/ru/1 only a tepid feel+ ( indulg5ce is possible t[>ds ! results ( "o's own m5tal lab\rs4 ,b ,i ha/5 to add t su* self-criticism does n r5d] obligatory any special tol]ance ( div]g5t op9ions4 ,"o may inexorably reject !ories t are contradict$ by ! v fir/ /eps 9 ! analysis ( obs]vation & yet at ! same "t be aw>e t ^? "o holds oneself h only a t5tative validity4 ,7 we to appraise our speculations ^u ! life & dea?-in/9cts x w\ld di/urb u b little t s _m processes g on :i* are surpris+ & h>d to picture1 su* z "o in/9ct be+ expell$ by o!rs1 or turn+ f ! ego to an object1 & s on4 ,?is comes only f our be+ oblig$ to op]ate ) sci5tific t]ms1 i4 e4 ) ! metaphorical expressions peculi> to psy*ology 7or m correctly3 psy*ology ( ! deep] lay]s74 ,o!rwise we %\ld n be able to describe ! correspond+ processes at all1 nor 9 fact ev5 to h rem>k$ !m4 ,! %ortcom+s ( our description w\ld probably disappe> if = ! psy*ological t]ms we c\ld sub/itute physiological or *emical ones4 ,^! too only con/itute a metaphorical language1 b "o famili> to u = a mu* long] "t & p]haps also simpl]4 ,on ! o!r h& we wi% to make x q cle> t ! unc]ta9ty ( our speculation is enhanc$ 9 a high degree by ! necessity ( borr[+ f biological sci5ce4 ,biology is truly a realm ( limitless possibilities2 we h ! mo/ surpris+ revelations to expect f x1 & _c conjecture :at answ]s x w (f] 9 "s decades to ! que/ions we h put to x4 ,p]haps !y may be su* z to ov]?r[ ! :ole artificial /ructure ( hypo!ses4 ,if t is s1 someone may ask :y does "o und]take su* "w z ! "o set out 9 ?is article1 & :y %\ld x be communicat$ to ! _w8 ,well1 ,i _c d5y t "s ( ! analogies1 relations & connections !re9 trac$ appe>$ to me wor?y ( consid]ation4#cf ,,vii ,if ?is attempt to re9/ate an e>li] condition really is s univ]sal a *>act]i/ic ( ! in/9cts1 we %\ld n f9d x surpris+ t s _m processes 9 ! psy*ic life are p]=m$ indep5d5tly ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,?is *>act]i/ic w\ld communicate itself to e "p-in/9ct & w\ld 9 t case conc]n a h>k+ back to a def9ite po9t on ! pa? ( developm5t4 ,b all t ! pleasure-pr9ciple has n yet acquir$ p[] ov] is n !re=e necess>ily 9 opposition to x1 & we h n yet solv$ ! problem ( det]m9+ ! relation ( ! in/9ctive repetition processes to ! dom9ation ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple4 ,we h recognis$ t "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important functions ( ! psy*ic app>atus is to #8b9d' ! in/ream+ in/9ctive excitations1 to sub/itute ! #8second>y process' = ! #8prim>y process' dom9at+ !m1 & to trans=m _! freely mobile en]gy-*>ge into a pr$om9antly quiesc5t 7tonic7 *>ge4 ,dur+ ?is trans=mation no att5tion c be paid to ! developm5t ( #8pa9'1 b ! pleasure-pr9ciple is n !reby annull$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! trans=mation takes place 9 ! s]vice ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple2 ! b9d+ is an act ( prep>ation1 :i* introduces & secures its sov]eignty4 ,let u di/+ui% function & t5d5cy m %>ply ?an we h hi!rto done4 ,! pleasure-pr9ciple is !n a t5d5cy :i* subs]ves a c]ta9 function--namely1 t ( r5d]+ ! psy*ic app>atus z a :ole free f any excitation1 or to keep ! am\nt ( excitation con/ant or z l[ z possible4 ,we _c yet decide ) c]ta9ty = ei!r ( ^! conceptions1 b we note t ! function s def9$ w\ld p>take ( ! mo/ univ]sal t5d5cy ( all liv+ matt]--to return to ! peace ( ! inorganic _w4 ,we all "k by exp]i5ce t ! greate/ pleasure x is possible = u to atta91 t ( ! sexual act1 is b\nd up ) ! tempor>y qu5*+ ( a greatly height5$ /ate ( excitation4 ,! #8b9d+' ( in/9ct-excitation1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a prep>atory function1 :i* w\ld direct ! excitation t[>ds its ultimate adju/m5t 9 ! pleasure ( dis*>ge4 ,9 ! same connection1 ! "q arises :e!r ! s5sations ( pleasure & #8pa9' c emanate z well f ! b\nd z f ! #8unb\nd' excitation processes4 ,x appe>s q beyond d\bt t ! #8unb\nd'1 ! prim>y1 processes give rise to mu* m int5se s5sations 9 bo? directions ?an ! b\nd ones1 ^? ( ! #8second>y processes'4 ,! prim>y processes are also ! e>li] 9 po9t ( "t2 at ! beg9n+ ( m5tal life !re are no o!rs1 & we may conclude t if ! pleasure-pr9ciple 7 n already 9 action 9 respect to !m1 x w\ld n e/abli% itself 9 reg>d to ! lat] processes4 ,we ?us arrive at ! result :i* at bottom is n a simple "o1 t ! se>* = pleasure manife/s itself ) f> great] int5sity at ! beg9n+ ( psy*ic life ?an lat] on1 b less unre/rict$ly3 x has to put up ) repeat$ brea*es4 ,at a matur] age ! dom9ance ( ! pleasure-pr9ciple is v mu* m assur$1 ?\gh ?is pr9ciple z little escapes limitations z all ! o!r in/9cts4 ,9 any case1 :atev] x is 9 ! process ( excitation t eng5d]s ! s5sations ( pleasure & #8pa9' mu/ be equally 9 exi/5ce :5 ! second>y process is at "w z ) ! prim>y process4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! place to in/itute fur!r /udies4 ,our consci\sness conveys to u f )9 n only ! s5sations ( pleasure & #8pa9'1 b also ^? ( a peculi> t5sion1 :i* aga9 may be ei!r pleasurable or pa9ful 9 itself4 ,n[ is x ! #8b\nd' & #8unb\nd' en]gy processes t we h to di/+ui% f ea* o!r by ! help ( ^! s5sations1 or is ! s5sation ( t5sion to be relat$ to ! absolute quantity1 p]haps to ! level ( ! *>ge1 :ile ! pleasure-pa9 s]ies ref]s to ! *anges 9 ! quantity ( *>ge 9 ! unit ( "t8 ,we mu/ also be /ruck ) ! fact t ! life-in/9cts h mu* m to d ) our inn] p]ception1 s9ce !y make _! appe>ance z di/urb]s ( ! peace1 & cont9ually br+ along ) !m /ates ( t5sion ! resolution ( :i* is exp]i5c$ z pleasure2 :ile ! dea?-in/9cts1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to fulfil _! function uno/5tati\sly4 ,! pleasure-pr9ciple seems directly to subs]ve ! dea?-in/9cts2 x keeps gu>d1 ( c\rse1 also ov] ! ext]nal /imuli1 :i* are reg>d$ z dang]s by bo? k9ds ( in/9cts1 b 9 p>ticul> ov] ! inn] increases 9 /imulation :i* h = _! aim ! complication ( ! task ( liv+4 ,at ?is po9t innum]able o!r que/ions arise to :i* no answ] c yet be giv54 ,we mu/ be pati5t & wait = o!r means & opportunities = inve/igation4 ,we mu/ hold ourselves too 9 read9ess to ab&on ! pa? we h foll[$ = a "t1 if x %\ld seem to lead to no good result4 ,only su* #8true believ]s' z expect f sci5ce a sub/itute = ! cre$ !y h rel9qui%$ w take x amiss if ! inve/igator develops 8 views fur!r or ev5 trans=ms !m4 ,= ! re/ we may f9d consolation 9 ! words ( a poet = ! sl[ rate ( progress 9 sci5tific k3 ,:i!r we _c fly1 we mu/ g limp+4 ,! ,scripture sai? t limp+ is no s94#cg ,,index ,acquir$ in/9ctive dispositions1 #di4 ,adaptation1 #eb4 ,dea? a ph5om5on (1 #eh4 ,ambival5ce1 hate-love1 #fi4 ,amphimixis1 #fj1 #gb4 ,anabolic processes1 #fc4 ,ang/1 #i4 ,animalculae1 #fj1 #fa4 ,anxiety dreams1 #ch4 ,appreh5sion1 #i1 #cg1 #ci4 ,ari/ophanes1 #gd4 ,b>ri] aga9/ /imuli1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf-g4 ,b9d+1 psy*ical1 #cj1 #cd-g1 #ci1 #db1 #dd1 #hj-b4 ,breu]1 ,j41 #aj1 #bg1 #cj1 #cf1 #db4 ,calk9s1 #fj4 ,*>ge1 #cd-g1 #hj1 #hb4 ,breu]'s b\nd or tonic1 #db4 ,c\nt]-1 #cd4 ,free-fl[+1 #cf1 #db1 #hj4 ( object1 #fd4 ,ov]-1 #cg1 #ci-dj4 ,quiesc5t1 #ce-f1 #hj4 ,*ildr51 play (1 #aa1 #af1 #dc4 ,compulsion1 #bb1 #di4 ,daemonic1 #dd4 ,de/9y-1 #bd4 ,repetition-4 ,see ,repetition-compulsion4 to repeat1 #dd4 ,conjugation1 #fj1 #fc1 #ga-c4 ,consci\s3 ,becom+1 #bg1 #bh4 ego1 #ai-bj4 impulses1 #c4 psy*ic processes1 #cb4 ,!1 #ai4 ,consci\sness1 #c1 #ag1 #ai1 #bf-i1 #dg1 #hb4 ,orig9 (1 #bh1 #cj4 ,p]ceptual1 #bf4 ,seat (1 #bg4 ,?re%old (1 #c4 ,cons]vative3 in/9cts4 ,see "u ,in/9cts4 nature ( liv+ be+s1 #de4 ,con/ancy1 pr9ciple (1 #d4 ,daemonic3 "*1 #dc4 compulsion1 #dd4 ,dang]1 #g1 #i1 #di1 #hc4 ,dea?1 #dg-ej1 #ed-fc1 #ga1 #gc4 consequ5ce ( propagation1 #ei4 f inn] causes1 #ef1 #eh4 ,goal (4 ,see "u ,goal4 ,impulsion t[>ds1 #gj4 in/9cts4 ,see "u ,in/9cts4 ,natural1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fa-b4 ( high] animals1 #fa4 ph5om5on ( adaptation1 #eh4 ,de/9y1 #bb4 -compulsion1 #bd4 ,deuss51 #ge4 ,developm5t1 #de1 #dg1 #di-ed1 #ei1 #gb1 #hj4 ,impulse t[>ds high]1 #ea4 ,libido-1 #ff4 ,organic1 #df4 ,d(le91 ,franz1 #ei4 ,dreams1 #i-aj1 #cg-i1 #da1 #dd4 ,anxiety-1 #ch4 dur+ psy*o-analysis1 #ch4 ,function (1 #cg-h4 9 traumatic neuroses1 #cg-h4 -life1 #i4 ( %ock-pati5ts1 #bd4 ,puni%m5t1 #ch4 ,wi%-fulfilm5t t5d5cy (1 #aj4 ,duali/ic /&po9t ( psy*o-analysis1 #fg4 ,dynamic1 #a1 #ai1 #ec1 #eg1 #fb4 ,economic1 #a1 #aa1 #af1 #da1 #ec4 ,ego1 #e1 #f1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #fd1 #ff-gj1 #ge1 #gh-i4 ,analysis (1 #fh1 #fi4 ,coh]5t1 #ai4 -conflict1 #ci4 ,consci\s1 #ai1 #bj4 -feel+1 #bj4 in/9ct4 ,see "u ,in/9ct4 ,k]nel (1 #ai4 ,libid9\s compon5ts (1 #fh4 ,libido direct$ t[>ds1 #fe-f4 ,maso*i/ic t5d5cies (1 #aj4 ,preconsci\s1 #ai1 #bj4 ,psy*ological1 #fe4 ,embryology1 #bi1 #de4 ,en]gy1 #e1 #ca1 #cf4 ,b9d+ (1 #cf4 ,b\nd1 #cj1 #hb4 *>ges1 #cd1 #ce4 ,*>g+1 #cd4 ,free1 #cj4 ,free-fl[+1 #cf1 #hj4 ,in/9ctive1 #fg4 ,propagation (1 #bh4 -trans=mations1 #ca4 ,unb\nd1 #hb4 ,quiesc5t1 #cf1 #hj4 ,eros1 #fd1 #fg1 #fi1 #gi4 ,excitation1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #ha1 #hb4 ,b>ri] aga9/1 #da4 ,b\nd1 #ha4 ,di/urb+1 #ch4 ,ext]nal1 #cd4 f )91 #cb1 #cc4 ,height5$ /ate (1 #ha4 ,inn]1 #d4 ,in/9ct1 #db1 #ha4 ,in/9ctive1 #hj4 ,mass (1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg4 ,quantity (1 #b1 #c1 #ha4 ,p]ceptions (1 #bf4 processes1 #be1 #bg-cj1 #ce4 ,propagation (1 #bh4 ,sexual1 #ci4 ,traces (1 #bg1 #cj4 ,traumatic1 #cd4 ,unb\nd1 #ha4 ,exp]i5ces3 ,pa9ful1 #f1 #ac2 repeat$ z a game1 #ac1 #ae1 #dc4 ,pleasurable1 #dc4 ,prim>y e4 ( satisfaction1 #ec4 ,repetition ( id5tical1 #bb1 #bc4 ,revival ( pa/1 #bj4 ,traumatic1 #aj4 ,fate1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,fe>1 #i4 ,fe*n]1 ,g4 ,?41 #c1 #d4 ,feel+1 #b4 ,ego-1 #bj4 ,ho/ile1 #ae4 ( #8pa9'1 #bf1 #cc4 ( pleasure1 #bf1 #cc4 ,pa9ful1 #bj4 ,pleasure-pa91 #d1 #cc4 ,f]5czi1 #aj1 #eb4 ,fixation1 #bj4 ,fliess1 ,w41 #ef4 ,fright1 #i1 #cf1 #cg4 -neurosis1 #i4 ,fur*t1 #i4 ,game3 ,*ild's1 #ab4 ,mean+ (1 #ac4 ,pa9ful exp]i5ce repeat$ z1 #ac1 #ae1 #dc4 ,repetition (1 #dc4 ,g5ital primacy1 #fi4 ,g]m cell1 #de1 #ed1 #ef1 #fd1 #gb1 #gf4 ,n>cissi/ic behavi\r (1 #fc4 ,g]m-plasm1 #eg1 #eh1 #fb4 ,goal1 #dg1 #ec4 ,life-1 #di4 ,t5d5cy t[>ds1 #d4 ( life1 #dg-i1 #ea4 ( organic /riv+1 #dg4 ,goette1 #ei4 ,gomp]z1 ,pr(4 ,he941 #gd4 ,h>tmann1 ,max1 #ei4 ,hate1 #fh1 #fi4 ,h]$ity1 #de1 #eg4 ,h]+1 ,e41 #fb4 #8,hung] & ,love'1 #fe4 ,imitation impulse1 #af4 ,immortality1 #ej1 #ed1 #ef-fb1 #gb4 ( protozoa1 #fj4 ( unicellul> be+s1 #ei4 ,impulse1 #g1 #ad1 #bb1 #ea4 ,consci\s1 #c4 ,contemn$1 #ch4 ,imitation1 #af4 ,libid9\s1 #fh4 ( rev5ge1 #ad4 ,play1 #bd4 ,repress$1 #bj4 ,sadi/ic1 #fi4 ,/ages (1 #ea4 t[>ds high] developm5t1 #ea4 t[>ds p]fection1 #eb-c4 ,in]tia1 9 organic life1 #de4 ,infantile3 influ5ces1 #bb4 life1 #dd4 psy*ic life1 #dc4 sex-life1 #ah1 #bj4 ,inf]iority complex1 #ba4 ,inh]itance t5d5cies1 #gc4 ,inh]it$ in/9ctive dispositions1 #di4 ,in/ability1 conditions (1 #c4 ,in/9ct1 #e1 #f1 #da1 #df1 #dh-ec1 #fd-h1 #gj1 #gc-d1 #gg1 #gi-hj1 #hb-c4 ,aim (1 #df4 compell+ repetition1 #df4 ,conception (1 #dd-e4 ,cons]vative1 #df1 #dh2 c4 ego-1 #ed2 c4 organic1 #dg2 c4 sexual1 #ej4 ,dea?-1 #ed-e1 #eh-i1 #fb-c1 #fg-i1 #ga-c1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb-c4 ,de/ruction-1 #gi4 ,ego-1 #ea1 #ed-e1 #fd1 #ff-h1 #gi2 ,libid9\s nature (1 #gi4 ,egoi/ic-1 #gi4 excitations1 #db1 #ha4 ,fir/1 #dg4 ,=ego+ ! satisfaction (1 #ac4 = reunion1 #gf4 ,inborn1 #e4 ,libid9\s1 #fg-h1 #gi4 ,life-1 #ej-a1 #ed-e1 #eg1 #fb-c1 #fg-h1 #gc1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb4 ,n>cissi/ic1 #gi4 ,nature (1 #dd4 ,object-1 #gi4 ( self-ass]tion1 #dh4 ,"p-1 #dh1 #fi1 #gj1 #hj4 ,p[]-1 #ad1 #dh4 ,regressive "* (1 #gf4 ,repression (1 #eb4 ,self-pres]vative1 #e1 #dh1 #di1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gi4 ,sexual1 #di-ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #eg1 #fc-h1 #gj1 #gb1 #gh1 #gi2 libid9\s1 #gi1 libid9\s compon5ts (1 #fi1 orig9 (1 #gd4 ,!ory (1 #fh1 #gj1 #gf4 ,two k9ds (1 #eg4 ,unsatisfi$1 #f4 ,vital1 #fc1 #fd4 ,introv]sion1 #ff4 ,inve/m5t-en]gy1 quiesc5t 7b\nd7 & free-mov+1 #cj4 ,see ,*>ge4 ,jeal\sy1 #ad1 #ba1 #bb4 ,jung1 ,c4 ,g41 #bc1 #fg4 ,katabolic processes1 #fc4 ,libido1 #fd-g1 #gi4 concept1 #fe1 #gj1 #gi4 developm5t1 #ff4 direct$ t[>ds ! ego1 #fe-f4 di/ribution1 #ci-dj4 ,n>cissi/ic1 #ff-g1 #fi1 #gi4 ,oral /ages (1 #fi4 quantities1 #fg4 ,res]voir (1 #ff4 !ory1 #dj1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg4 ,life1 #dg-h1 #ej1 #ee1 #eh1 #fb1 #fc4 ,beg9n+s (1 #gi4 ,dawn (1 #ea4 ,=ces t5d+ to pres]ve1 #fb4 ,goal (4 ,see "u ,goal4 -in/9cts4 ,see "u ,in/9cts4 ,in/9ctive1 #fb4 ,l5g? (1 #ef4 ,love-1 #fi4 ,m5ace to1 #cf4 process1 #ga4 ,prolongation (1 #ed1 #eh1 #fc1 #gc4 ,prop]ties (1 #dg4 ,r5ewal (1 #eg1 #ga1 #gc4 ,rhy?m 91 #ej-a4 ,/imuli dang]\s to1 #gf4 ,lips*tz1 ,alex41 #ei1 #fj1 #ga4 ,loeb1 ,j41 #fa4 ,love1 #ba1 #fh1 #fi4 ,l[1 ,b>b>a1 #ga4 ,m>c9[ski1 #ba4 ,maso*i/ic t5d5cies ( ! ego1 #aj4 ,maso*ism1 #gj4 prim>y1 #gj4 ,maupas1 #fj4 ,me*anical3 concussion1 #ci4 =ce1 #ci4 %ock1 #h4 /imuli1 #g4 ,memory1 #bb1 #bh4 -records1 #bg4 -traces1 #bg-h2 repress$1 #dd4 ,metabolism1 #eh1 #fa1 #ga4 ,metapsy*ology1 #a1 #bf1 #ce4 ,metazoa1 #eg4 ,multicellul> organisms1 #eg-h1 #fc1 #gf4 ,n>cissism1 #fh1 #gf4 ,n>cissi/ic3 behavi\r ( g]m cells1 #fc4 in/9cts1 #gi4 libido1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #gi4 ov]-*>g+ ( ! injur$ "p1 #ci-dj4 sc>1 #bj4 ,neuroses1 #h-i1 #ah1 #ci4 ,fright-1 #i4 ,%ock1 #aj4 ,!ory ( !1 #di1 #ej1 #fd4 ,nirvana-pr9ciple1 #ga4 ,object1 #fc-f1 #fi1 #gj1 #gd1 #gh-i4 ,annihilation (1 #fi4 ,*>g+ (1 #fd4 ,injury (1 #fi4 -in/9ct1 #gi4 ,libid9\s inve/m5t (1 #ff4 -love1 #fh4 ,sex-1 #fi4 ,o$ipus complex1 #ah4 ,oral /age ( libido1 #fi4 ,organic3 compulsion to repetition1 #de4 developm5t1 #dg4 ,pa91 #ce4 ,bodily1 #cd4 #8,pa9'1 #a-c1 #e-f1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf1 #cc1 #ch1 #hj-b4 ,avoidance (1 #a1 #ch4 feel+s1 #cc4 ,feel+s 7,empf9dung57 (1 #bf4 ,neurotic1 #f4 ,s5sations (1 #ha4 ,"p-in/9ct1 #dh1 #fi1 #gj1 #hj4 ,p]fection1 impulse t[>ds1 #eb4 ,pfeif]1 ,s41 #aa4 ,philosophy1 #a1 #b1 #fc1 #fe4 ,plato1 #gd-e4 ,play3 -impulse1 #bd4 ( *ildr51 #aa-af1 #dc4 ,motive (1 #af4 ,pleasure1 #a-f1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #bb1 #bf1 #cc1 #ch1 #eb1 #ha4 ,pleasure-pa91 #d1 #cc1 #hb4 ,pleasure-pr9ciple1 #a-g1 #ac1 #ae-af1 #bj1 #bd-e1 #cd1 #cg-i1 #db-d1 #ga1 #hj-c4 ,beyond !1 #af1 #bd1 #ch4 ,dom9ance (1 #hb4 ,fru/ration (1 #d-f4 ,replac$ by reality-pr9ciple1 #e4 ,supremacy (1 #c4 ,t5d5cies beyond1 #af4 ,pleasure-t5d5cy1 #d4 ,p[]-in/9ct1 #ad4 ,preconsci\s1 #ai1 #da4 ego1 #ai1 #bj4 mat]ial1 #db4 residues1 #db4 ,preg5ital organisation1 #fi4 ,prim>y3 exp]i5ce ( satisfaction1 #ec4 ,maso*ism1 #gj4 process1 #hj1 #ha4 ,projection1 #cc4 ,propagation1 #eg-i1 #fe1 #fi1 #gb4 & dea?1 #ei4 ,dea? ! consequ5ce (1 #ei4 ,function (1 #gi4 ( en]gy1 #bh4 ,sexual1 #fj1 #gb4 ,protective b>ri]1 #ca1 #cg1 #da1 #gf4 ,protozoa1 #ee1 #eh-fb1 #gj-a1 #gc1 #gf4 ,immortality (1 #fj4 ,psy*ic3 app>atus1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #aa1 #bf1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #hj1 #ha4 life1 #b1 #c1 #ae1 #ai1 #bd1 #be1 #cd1 #ch1 #ga1 #hj1 #hb4 processes1 #a1 #d1 #i1 #bf2 consci\s1 #cb1 prim>y1 #db1 second>y1 #db4 sy/ems1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,puni%m5t dreams1 #ch4 ,py?agoras1 #ge4 ,rank1 #gj4 ,reaction-=mation1 #ec1 #fe4 ,reality-pr9ciple1 #e1 #g1 #bj1 #db4 ,pleasure-pr9ciple replac$ by1 #e4 ,regression1 #df1 #eb1 #gj4 ,regressive "* (3 ego-in/9cts1 #ed4 in/9cts1 #gf4 ,re-inc>nation1 #ge4 ,re9/atem5t (3 e>li] condition1 #dd1 #df1 #ea1 #gd1 #hj4 lifelessness1 #ed4 ,rejuv5ation1 #fj1 #fc1 #ga1 #gc4 ,repetition1 #ah1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #eb1 #ee1 #gb4 ,endless r4 ( ! same1 #bc4 ,in/9cts compell+1 #df4 ( id5tical exp]i5ces1 #bb-c1 processes1 #hj4 ,repetition-compulsion1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #be1 #ch1 #ci1 #db1 #dd1 #ee1 #gb1 #gf4 ,organic1 #de4 ,repress$3 impulses1 #bj4 in/9ct1 #eb4 mat]ial1 #ai1 #bj4 memory-traces1 #dd4 sex-impulses1 #f4 ,!1 #ai1 #ch4 ,repress+ ag5cy1 #fe4 ,repression1 #f1 #ah1 #ai1 #bd1 #ec4 ( in/9ct1 #eb4 ,reproductive cells1 #di1 #ej1 #eg4 ,resi/ance1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #bd1 #cj1 #ec4 ,retrogression1 #ea-b4 ,return to3 lifelessness1 #dg4 ! inorganic1 #dh1 #ha4 ,rck]t1 #hc4 ,sadism1 #fi1 #gj4 ,s*op5hau]1 #fc4 ,second>y process1 #dd1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb4 ,self-pres]vation3 ,in/9ct (1 #e1 #dh1 #di1 #fd1 #ff1 #fh1 #gi4 ,libid9\s "* (1 #fg4 ,sex1 #eg1 #gc1 #gh4 di/9ction1 #ea4 impulses1 #e2 repress$1 #f4 -life1 infantile1 #ah1 #bj4 -object1 #fi4 -que/1 #ba4 ,sexuality1 #ea1 #fe1 #eg4 ,conception (1 #gf4 ,orig9 (1 #gc4 ,%ock1 #cf4 -dream1 #bd4 ,dreams ( s4 pati5ts1 #bd4 ,me*anical1 #h4 neuroses1 #aj4 !ory1 #cf4 ,simmel1 #aj4 ,spielre91 ,sab9a1 #gj4 ,/ability3 ,conditions (1 #c4 ,t5d5cy t[>ds1 #d4 ,/rcke1 ,a41 #gj4 ,/imulation1 #hc4 ,protection aga9/1 #cj1 #cb4 ,/imuli1 #bi-cd1 #cg1 #da1 #ej1 #eb1 #gf1 #hc4 ,b>ri] aga9/1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg4 ,*emical1 #ga4 ,control (1 #cg4 dang]\s to life1 #gf4 ,def5ce aga9/1 #cg4 ,me*anical1 #ga4 ,protection aga9/1 #ca1 #cc4 ,reception (1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb4 ,/imulus masses1 #ca1 #cd1 #ga4 ,sublimation1 #eb1 #ec4 ,sy/em3 ,bw41 #bf1 #bh1 #bi4 ,w-,bw41 #bf1 #bg1 #cb4 ,tasso1 #bc4 ,t5sion1 #hb4 ,unpleasant /ate (1 #a4 ,*emical1 #ga4 ,relaxation (1 #a1 #ec4 ,trauma1 #cd1 #cg1 #ci4 ,ext]nal1 #cd4 ,fixation on1 #aj4 ,traumatic3 excitation1 #cd4 exp]i5ces1 #aj4 impressions1 #ci4 neurosis1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #da1 #db2 dreams 91 #cg1 #ch4 neurosis ( peace1 #h4 ,unconsci\s1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg4 *>ges1 #da4 m5tal process #8timeless'1 #cb4 processes1 #bf1 #bg4 resi/ances1 #ai4 ,sy/ems1 #da-b4 ,!1 #ai1 #db4 ,unicellul> be+s1 #eg1 #ei1 #fc4 ,immortality (1 #ei4 ,upani%ads1 #ge4 ,vesicle1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 ,w> neuroses1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ci4 ,w-,bw41 ! sy/em1 #bf-g1 #cb4 ,weismann1 ,a41 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 #gc4 ,wi%-fulfilm5t1 #cg1 #ch4 t5d5cy ( dreams1 #aj2 prehi/oric pa/ (1 #ch4 ,woodruff1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa4 ,ziegl]1 ,k41 #ge4 ----- ,footnote #a3 op4 cit41 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #b3 ,cp4 ,psy*o-,analysis & ! ,w> ,neuroses1 by ,f]5czi1 ,abraham1 ,simmel & ,erne/ ,jones2 ,no4 #b ( ! ,int]national ,psy*o-,analytical ,libr>y1 #aiba4 ,footnote #c3 #aiai1 ,bd4 ,v1 ,s4 #bdc4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is int]pretation 0 fully e/abli%$ by a fur!r obs]vation4 ,"o day :5 ! "m _h be5 out = "s h\rs %e 0 greet$ on h] return by ! in=mation #8,baby o-o-o-o' :i* at fir/ rema9$ un9telligible4 ,x soon prov$ t dur+ 8 long lonely h\rs he _h f\nd a me?od ( br++ ab\t 8 own disappe>ance4 ,he _h discov]$ 8 reflection 9 ! long mirror :i* ne>ly rea*$ to ! gr\nd & _h !n cr\*$ d[n 9 front ( x1 s t ! reflection 0 #8=t'4 ,footnote #e3 ,:5 ! *ild 0 five & ?ree-qu>t] ye>s old 8 "m di$4 ,n[1 :5 %e 0 really #8gone' 7o-o-o71 ! boy %[$ no grief = h]4 ,a second *ild _h1 x is true1 be5 born 9 ! meantime & _h ar\s$ 8 /ronge/ jeal\sy4 ,footnote #f3 ,cp4 #8,e9e ,k9dheits]9n]ung aus 8,di*tung und ,wahrheit04' ,imago1 #aiag1 ,bd4 ,v1 ,s4 #di4 ,footnote #g3 ,see #8,zur ,te*nik d] ,psy*oanalyse4 ,,ii4 ,er9n]n1 ,wi$]hol5 und ,dur*>beit54' ,sammlung kle9] ,s*rift5 zur ,neuros5lehre4 ,,iv4 ,folge1 #aiah1 ,s4 #dda4 ,footnote #h3 ,m>c9[ski3 #8,die erotis*5 ,quell5 d] ,m9d]w]tigkeitsgefhle'1 ,zeits*rift fr ,sexualwiss5s*aft1 #aiah1 ,,iv4 ,footnote #i3 ,cp4 ! p]t95t obs]vations ( ,c4 ,g4 ,jung 9 8 article #8,die ,b$eutung des ,vat]s fr das ,s*icksal des ,e9zeln5'4 ,jahrbu* fr psy*oanalytis*e und psy*opa?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 #aija1 ,bd4 ,i4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?us nam$ aft] ! ,g]man words ,wahrnehmung 7 p]ception7 & ,bewutse9 7 consci\sness74 ,footnote #aa3 ,"h ,i foll[ ?r\gh\t ,j4 ,breu]'s exposition 9 ! !oretical section ( ! #8,/udi5 b] ,hy/]ie'1 #ahie4 ,footnote #ab3 ,j4 ,breu] & ,s4 ,freud3 ,/udi5 b] ,hy/]ie4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cp4 #8,triebe und ,triebs*icksale'1 ,sammlung kle9] ,s*rift5 zur ,neuros5lehre4 ,,iv4 ,folge1 #aiah4 ,footnote #ad3 ,psy*o-,analysis & ! ,w> ,neuroses4 ,introduction4 ,int]national ,psy*o-,analytical ,libr>y4 ,no4 #b1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ae3 ,cp4 ,section ,,vii1 #8,psy*ology ( ! ,dream-,processes' 9 my #8,traumdeutung'4 ,footnote #af3 ,i h little d\bt t simil> conjectures ab\t ! nature ( in/9ct h be5 already repeat$ly put =w>d4 ,footnote #ag3 ,comp>e ! subsequ5t criticism ( ?is extreme view ( ! self-pres]vative in/9cts4 ,footnote #ah3 ,by a diff]5t r\te ,f]5czi has arriv$ at ! possibility ( ?is conception4 7#8,/ages ( ,developm5t 9 ! ,s5se ( ,reality'4 ,*4 ,,viii ( 8 ,contributions to ,psy*o-,analysis1 #aiaf47 ,he writes3 #8,by foll[+ ?r\gh ?is process ( ?\ght logically "o is oblig$ to ga9 famili>ity ) ! idea ( a t5d5cy to p]si/5ce or regression gov]n+ organic life also1 :ile ! t5d5cy to progress 9 developm5t1 adaptation1 etc4 is manife/$ only z aga9/ ext]nal /imuli4' ,footnote #ai3 b] die ,dau] des ,leb5s1 #ahhb2 b] ,leb5 und ,tod1 #b4 ,aufl41 #ahib2 ,das ,keimplasma1 #ahib1 etc4 ,footnote #bj3 b] ,leb5 und ,tod1 #b4 ,aufl41 ,s4 #bj4 ,footnote #ba3 b] die ,dau] des ,leb5s1 ,s4 #ch4 ,footnote #bb3 b] ,leb5 und ,tod1 #b4 ,aufl41 ,s4 #fg4 ,footnote #bc3 b] die ,dau] des ,leb5s1 ,s4 #cc4 ,footnote #bd3 b] ,leb5 und ,tod4 ,conclusion4 ,footnote #be3 ,cp4 ,max ,h>tmann3 ,tod und ,=tpflanzung1 #aijf2 ,alex4 ,lips*tz3 #8,w>um wir /]b5'1 ,kosmosb*]1 #aiad2 ,franz ,d(le93 ,das ,problem des ,todes und d] ,un/]bli*keit bei d5 ,pflanz5 und ,ti]51 #aiai4 ,footnote #bf3 ,h>tmann3 loc4 cit41 ,s4 #bi4 ,footnote #bg3 ,= ?is & :at foll[s see ,lips*tz3 ,loc4 cit41 ,s4 #bf & #eb ff4 ,footnote #bh3 #8b] die ans*e95de ,absi*tli*keit im ,s*icksale des ,e9zeln5'4 ,groh]zog ,wilhelm ,ern/ ,auflage1 ,bd4 ,,iv1 ,s4 #bfh4 ,footnote #bi3 #8,zur ,e9fhrung des ,n>zissmus'1 ,jahrbu* d] ,psy*oanalyse1 ,bd4 ,,vi1 #aiad1 & ,sammlung kle9] ,s*rift5 zur ,neuros5lehre1 ,,iv4 ,folge1 #aiah4 ,footnote #cj3 ,drei ,abh&lung5 zur ,sexual!orie1 f ! ,fir/ ,edition1 #aije1 onw>ds4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,sexual!orie1 #d4 ,aufl41 #aibj1 & #8,triebe und ,triebs*icksale' 9 ,sammlung kle9] ,s*rift51 ,,iv4 ,folge4 ,footnote #cb3 ,a consid]able "p ( ?is speculation has be5 anticipat$ 9 a "w :i* is full ( valuable matt] & ideas b is un=tunately n entirely cle> to me3 7,sab9a ,spielre93 #8,die ,de/ruktion als ,ursa*e des ,w]d5s'1 ,jahrbu* fr ,psy*oanalyse1 ,,iv1 #aiab74 ,%e designates ! sadi/ic compon5t z #8de/ructive'4 ,9 /ill ano!r way ,a4 ,/rcke 7,inleid+ by de v]tal+ von ,s4 ,freud1 ,de sexuele bes*av+smoral etc41 #aiad7 has attempt$ to id5tify ! libido concept itself ) ! biological concept ( an impulsion t[>ds dea? :i* is to be assum$ on !oretical gr\nds 7,cp4 also ,rank3 #8,d] ,kn/l]'74 ,all ^! attempts1 z ! "o 9 ! text1 indicate h[ mu* ! ne$ is felt = a cl>ification 9 ! !ory ( in/9ct :i* we d n yet possess4 ,footnote #cc3 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #cd3 ,al?\gh ,weismann 7,das ,keimplasma1 #ahib7 d5ies ev5 ?is advantage3 #8,f]tilisation 9 no way signifies a rejuv5ation or r5ew+ ( life1--x is 9 no way necess>y = ! prolongation ( life2 x is no?+ b a device = mak+ possible ! bl5d+ ( two diff]5t inh]itance t5d5cies4' ,/ill1 he consid]s an increase ( v>iability 9 liv+ organisms to be ! result ( su* bl5d+4 ,footnote #ce3 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,he9ri* ,gomp]z ( ,vi5na = ! foll[+ indications z to ! orig9 ( ! ,platonic my?1 :i* ,i repeat p>tly 9 8 own words3 ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to ! fact t ess5tially ! same !ory is also to be f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads4 ,! ,brihad-,aranyaka ,upani%ad #a1 #d1 #c 7,deuss51 #fj ,upani%ads des ,v$a1 ,s4 #cic71 :]e ! creation ( ! _w f ! tman 7! self or ego7 is describ$1 has ! foll[+ passage #8,nor did he 7! tman1 ! self or ego7 exp]i5ce any joy1 & = t reason no "o has joy :5 he is alone4 ,s he long$ = a p>tn]4 ,he 0 z big z a woman & a man toge!r :5 !y embrace4 ,he divid$ himself into two p>ts1 :i* made a husb& & a wife4 ,?is body is !re=e "o half ( ! self1 accord+ to ,yajnavalkya4 ,& = ! same reason ?is empty space "h becomes fill$ by ! woman4' ,! ,brihad-,aranyaka ,upani%ad is ! olde/ ( all ! ,upani%ads1 & no exp]t au?ority w\ld date x lat] ?an #hjj ,b4,c4 ,9 opposition to ! prevail+ op9ion ,i %\ld n l def9itely to d5y ! possibility ( ,plato hav+ be5 dep5d5t1 ev5 ?\gh v indirectly1 on ^! ,indian ?\ghts1 = ?is possibility _c be absolutely put aside ev5 = ! doctr9e ( re-inc>nation4 ,a dep5d5ce ( ?is sort1 fir/ convey$ ?r\gh ,py?agoras1 w\ld sc>cely detract f ! significance ( ! co9cid5ce 9 ?\ght1 = ,plato w\ld n h adopt$ any su* /ory convey$ 9 "s way f ,ori5tal traditions1 let alone h giv5 x su* an important place1 _h he n himself felt ! tru? conta9$ 9 x to be illum9at+4 ,9 an article by ,k4 ,ziegl] 7#8,m5s*5- und ,weltw]d5'1 ,neue ,fahrb*] fr das klassis*e ,alt]tum1 #aiac1 ,b& ,,xxxi71 :i* conta9s a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! ?\ght 9 "q1 x is trac$ back to ,babylonian ideas4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i w\ld "h subjo9 a few words to cl>ify our nom5clature1 "o :i* has und]gone a c]ta9 developm5t 9 ! c\rse ( our discussion4 ,:at #8sexual in/9cts' are1 we knew ?r\gh _! relation to ! sexes & to ! function ( propagation4 ,we !n reta9$ ?is t]m :5 ! f9d+s ( psy*o-analysis compell$ u to reg>d its relation to propagation z less close4 ,) ! discov]y ( n>cissi/ic libido1 & ! ext5sion ( ! libido concept to ! individual cells1 ! sexual in/9ct became = u trans=m$ into ! ,eros t endeav\rs to impel ! sep>ate p>ts ( liv+ matt] to "o ano!r & to hold !m toge!r2 :at is commonly call$ ! sexual in/9ct appe>s z t "p ( ! ,eros t is turn$ t[>ds ! object4 ,our speculation !n supposes t ?is ,eros is at "w f ! beg9n+s ( life1 manife/+ itself z ! #8life-in/9ct' 9 contradi/9ction to ! #8dea?-in/9ct' :i* develop$ ?r\gh ! animation ( ! inorganic4 ,x endeav\rs to solve ! riddle ( life by ! hypo!sis ( ^! two in/9cts /riv+ ) ea* o!r f ! v beg9n+4 ,! trans=mation :i* ! concept ( ! #8ego-in/9cts' has und]gone is p]haps h>d] to review4 ,orig9ally we appli$ ?is t]m to all ^? in/9ct-directions--n bett] kn[n to u--:i* c be di/+ui%$ f ! sexual in/9cts t h ! object z _! aim1 ?us contra/+ ! ego-in/9cts ) ! sexual ones1 ! expression ( :i* is ! libido4 ,lat] on we approa*$ ! analysis ( ! ego & saw t a "p also ( ! #8ego-in/9cts' is ( a libid9\s nature1 hav+ tak5 its own self z an object4 ,^! n>cissi/ic in/9cts ( self-pres]vation !re=e _h n[ to be reckon$ to ! libid9\s sexual in/9cts4 ,! contra/ betwe5 egoi/ic & sexual in/9cts 0 n[ conv]t$ into "o betwe5 egoi/ic & object-in/9cts1 bo? libid9\s 9 nature4 ,9 its place1 h[ev]1 arose a new contra/ betwe5 libid9\s 7ego & object7 in/9cts & o!rs ^: exi/5ce c be det]m9$ 9 ! ego & c p]haps be detect$ 9 ! de/ruction-in/9cts4 ,speculation trans=ms ?is contra/ into t ( life-in/9cts 7,eros7 & dea?-in/9cts4 ,footnote #cg3 ,rck]t 9 ! #8,makam5 des ,h>iri4' ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,vi5na ,,by ,,! ,,society ,,= ,,graphic ,,indu/ry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,libr>y ,edit$ by ,,erne/ ,,jones ,no4 #a4 ,,addresses ,,on ,,psy*o-,,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,putnam1 ,m4,d4 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,neurology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,) a ,preface by ,,sigm4 ,,freud1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,no4 #b4 ,,psy*o-,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,w> ,,neuroses4 ,by ,,drs4 ,s4 ,,f]5czi 7,budape/71 ,,k>l ,,abraham 7,b]l971 ,,ern/ ,,simmel 7,b]l97 & ,,erne/ ,,jones 7,london74 ,,introduction by ,pr(essor ,,sigm4 ,,freud 7,vi5na74 ,no4 #c ,,! ,,psy*o-,,analytic ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,family4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,fl,,gel1 ,b4,a4 ,no4 #d4 ,,beyond ,,! ,,pleasure ,,pr9ciple4 ,by ,,sigm4 ,,freud ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation f ! second ,g]man ,edition by ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,hubback4 ,no4 #e4 ,,essays ,,9 ,,appli$ ,,psy*o-,,analysis4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,jones ,m4,d4 ,presid5t ( ! ,int]national ,psy*o-,analytical ,association4 ,no4 #f4 ,,gr\p ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,ego4 ,by ,,sigm4 ,,freud ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation f ! ,g]man by ,,james ,,/ra*ey4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,psy*o-,,analysis ,direct$ by ,,sigm4 ,,freud ,(ficial ,organ ( ! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,association ,edit$ by ,,erne/ ,,jones ,presid5t ( ! ,association ,) ! ,assi/ance ( ,,d\glas ,,bryan1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,fl,,gel 7,london7 ,a4 ,a4 ,,brill1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,fr9k1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,ob]ndorf 7,new ,york7 -------------------- ,issu$ ,qu>t]ly ,subscription #cjs4 or #f4-- p] ,volume ( ,f\r ,p>ts 7c4 #ejj pp471 ! p>ts n be+ sold sep>ately4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,psy*o-,,analytical ,,press ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,us$ numb]s = footnotes1 plac+ !m all at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4