,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,und]l9$ text is d5ot$ by plus signs4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,h>dwood ,,f9i%]4 ,,) ,,rules ,,& ,,directions1 ,,= ,,f9i%+ ,,9 ,,natural ,,colors ,,& ,,9 ,,antique1 ,,mahogany1 ,,*]ry1 ,,bir*1 ,,walnut1 ,,oak1 ,,a%1 ,,r$wood1 ,,sycamore1 ,,p9e1 ,,& ,,all ,,o!r ,,dome/ic ,,woods4 ,,f9i%+1 ,,fill+1 ,,/a9+1 ,,v>ni%+1 ,,& ,,poli%+4 ,,also3 ,,miscellane\s ,,rules ,,= ,,dye+1 ,,gild+1 ,,& ,,bronz+ ,,compil$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,fr$ ,t4 ,,hodgson1 ,editor ( ,,! ,,op]ative ,,build]4 ,late ,editor ( 8,,build] ,,& ,,wood-,,work]10 & 8,,cab9et-,,mak] ,,& ,,uphol/]]40 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,company1 #ahib4 ,copyright secur$ #ahib1 by ,john ,h4 ,ph94 ,,preface4 ,! subject ( wood-f9i%+ is "o t int]e/s e p]son :o has any?+ to d ) ! con/ruction or decoration ( build+s1 be he ar*itect1 c>p5t] & jo9]1 pa9t]1 decorator or c>v]1 & x is to meet ! requirem5ts ( ^! arti/s & artisans1 9 ^! respects1 t ?is "w has be5 prep>$4 ,9 ord] to make ! book z complete z possible x has be5 necess>y to consult a v>iety ( au?orities on ! subject1 & cull f !m :atev] 9 my op9ion--bas$ on exp]i5ce--,i ?\ght be/1 & "h & !re add to1 or elim9ate1 su* matt] z my exp]i5ce prov$ to be good on ! "o h&1 & :at ,i ?\ght useless or absurd on ! o!r4 ,i am ( c\rse aw>e t !re are "s me?ods ( f9i%+ t ,i h n t\*$ ^u2 su* z ! f9i%+ ( musical in/rum5ts1 toys1 wood5 bric-a-brac1 lacqu]$ ,japann$ w>e1 walk+ /icks1 etc41 etc41 b z ?is "w is only int5d$ = ! f9i%+ ( wood-"w employ$ 9 ! con/ruction & completion ( build+s1 x 0 ?\ght bett] to conf9e x to t dep>tm5t alone2 !reby keep+ its co/ )9 reasonable limits4 ,among ! works drawn f ,i may m5tion1 ,,cab9et-,,mak+ ,,& ,,uphol/]y1 ,,! ,,build] ,,& ,,wood-,,work]s1 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,build+1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,,furniture ,,m5',s ,,manual1 ,,spon',s ,,work%op ,,receipts1 ,,! ,,work%op ,,companion1 ,,engli% ,,me*anic1 ,,h\se ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,decorat+1 ,,! ,,pa9t]s ,,magaz9e ,,& ,,coa* ,,pa9t]1 ,,encyclop$ia ,,britannica1 n9? edition1 & _m o!r works4 ,:ile believ+ ! "w1 z n[ pres5t$ to be equal1 if n sup]ior to any publi%$ on ! subject2 ,i feel t x is defective 9 "s m9or po9ts2 z x w\ld be impossible to convey to ! m9d ( ! op]ator all ! m9uti ( ea* & e process requir$ 9 wood-f9i%+2 = ! p]fect wood-f9i%] c only be ! outcome ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation add$ to ! k & in/ructions d]iv$ f ! tea*+s ( o!rs4 ,! latt] is (f]$ 9 ?is volume2 ! exp]i5ce & obs]vation mu/ re/ ) ! le>n]2 & if he takes advantage ( 8 opportunities & ma/]s all ! details (f]$ h]e)1 !re is no valid reason :y he %\ld n become an exp]t ,,wood-,,f9i%]4 ,,fr$ ,t4 ,,hodgson4 ,,new ,,york1 ,augu/1 #ahib4 ,,introduction4 ,d\btless1 ! arts ( ,c>p5try & ,jo9]y 7 among ! olde/ 9 ! _w1 & ^! arts mu/ h fl\ri%$ = _m c5turies be=e any?+ l poli% or f9e f9i% on wood-"w 7 ev5 ?\ght (4 ,! h&les ( /one weapons 7 probably ! fir/ specim5s ( ! wood-work]'s art1 !n clubs & o!r wood5 weapons subsequ5tly ! 8dug-out0 & ! paddle or o>4 ,huts or wood5 dwell+s ) doors & %utt]s1 ro(s & floors did n appe> until mu* lat]4 ,nature always makes h] works fitte/ = ! int5d$ end1 & beautiful z well4 ,s long z mank9d 7 9 con/ant contact ) ,nature's works !y tri$ to imitate h] me?ods1 b at la/ ?is involv$ two processes1 s1 t1 :5 !y ceas$ to c>e = beauty1 !y grudg$ ! necess>y labor requir$ to atta9 x4 ,!re=e1 9 any?+ made by ! h&s ( man1 ) no o!r motive 9 view b t ( utility1 ! *ances are a ?\s& to "o t beauty w be conspicu\s only by its abs5ce4 ,t wood plays a v important "p 9 ! affairs ( mank9d1 ,i sc>cely ne$ m5tion1 & nature seems to h well und]/ood our wants = x is claim$ by ^? :o claim to "k1 t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! e>?'s surface is cov]$ ) trees1 all ( :i* are capable ( contribut+ 9 "s =m or ano!r to ! wants ( man4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! art ( us+ wood = almo/ e purpose1 has gone f> beyond any?+ t has ev] be5 attempt$ by any o!r p4 ,! introduction ( wood-work+ ma*9]y = ! rapid manipulation ( intricate m\ld+s1 spirals1 flut+s1 bead+s & c>v+s1 has 9 a great measure1 _h a t5d5cy to elevate ! ta/e ( ! :ole community1 ?\gh ,i mu/ confess t arti/ic excell5ce ( a high ord]1 9 ! me*anical arts1 is n[ sc>cely f\nd among our y\ng] workm52 ma*9]y hav+ almo/ done away ) ! necessity = ! f9e k9ds ( h& & bra9 "w4 ,fa%ion1 :i* rules despotically 9 ! w>drobe1 influ5ces1 to a great] or less] degree1 ! /yle & f9i% ( wood-"w1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! k9d ( wood t mu/ be us$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,x is b a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 no o!r wood ?an clean :ite p9e1 w\ld be p]mitt$ to d s]vice 9 a build+4 ,e ?+ mu/ be p9e1 floors1 doors1 w9d[s1 & skirt+s1 ev5 to ! ba? fitt+s4 ,!n ,dame fa%ion s5t =? h] decree1 & a mixture ( :ite p9e1 ,norway & ,s\!rn p9e1 0 us$ foll[$ %ortly aft]w>d by ! abom9able mixture ( a%1 walnut & *e/nut4 ,"s ar*itect :o des]ves well ( 8 c\ntry1 introduc$ all walnut & all mahogany fitm5ts2 & at once1 p ( ta/e :o saw ?is mann] ( f9i% notic$ its sup]iority ov] ! 8tra%-l0 mixture at once2 & ! fa%ion !n ( f9i%+ 9 "o k9d ( wood became ! rage4 ,walnut 0 f\nd too d>k = g5]al purposes & 0 soon ab&on$ = ! light] woods2 *e/nut1 sycamore1 a% & oak 7 !n tri$1 b ,i believe ,i voice ! op9ion ( a majority ( ar*itects :5 ,i say t1 ) ! exception ( oak1 ! light color$ woods 7 n successful1 f an /hetic po9t ( view1 & x is on record1 t _m build+s f9i%$ 9 ^! woods1 h rec5tly _h _! wood-"w clean$ & /a9$ to imitate d>k] woods or h be5 pa9t$4 ,"o ( ! valuable qualities ( :ite oak1 is1 t x gr[s ri*] 9 color z x gets old]1 & no matt] h[ x is f9i%$1 s long z ! gra9 is visible1 x mell[s & improves ) age4 ,?is is a quality t no o!r ( our ,am]ican woods possess 9 ! same degree4 ,all ! oaks h ?is quality to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b ! :ite oak 7,qu]cus alba71 possesses x m ?an any o!r4 ,mahogany too1 has ?is quality l>gely1 if true ,spani% mahogany is us$1 b little ( ?is is 9 ! m>ket2 ?\gh !re are _m woods :i* h ! appe>ance ( mahogany1 & are call$ mahogany1 & bo? buy] & us] are (t5times deceiv$1 & pay = :at !y d n get4 ,we h (t5 be5 reproa*$ ) willfully or ignorantly ignor+ or de/roy+ our own h&some woods1 :ile import+ f abroad at excessive co/1 & ! paym5t ( heavy duties1 =eign woods :i* are mu* inf]ior to _m ( our native productions4 ,?is folly prevail$ at a "t :5 x 0 fa%ionable & ev5 popul> to believe !re 0 no m]it 9 dome/ic productions ( any sort1 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 h[ev] is n[ at an end2 & 9 ! neighborhood ( all l>ge t[ns1 & 9 c\ntry places z well1 a f9i% 9 h>d wood is ! rule1 & a f9i% 9 p9e ! exception1 if ! build+ to be f9i%$1 makes any pret5sion ( be+ 8up to ! times40 ,) reg>d to ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 a f9i% 9 ! be/ cle> p9e1 & ! be/ select$ h>d wood1 !re is really b little1 if any1 if we take into consid]ation durability & good ta/e4 ,z betwe5 p9e wood & good well f9i%$ h>d wood1 ! disp>ity 9 value & m]it is s v little z to completely sil5ce any comp>ison4 ,betwe5 poor p9e & poor h>d wood ! pref]5ce %\ld by all means be giv5 to ! =m]2 because1 poor p9e z x reveals its defects c be putti$ & pa9t$ 9 a mann] to disguise !m2 :]eas ! defects ( poor h>d wood are almo/ incurable4 ,! rationale ( ! subject seems to resolve itself into ! foll[+ /atem5t4 ,mod]n ta/e 9 exp5sive dwell+s calls = ! free use ( h>d woods4 ,x is immat]ial :i* are us$1 b highly ess5tial t ! be/ season$ woods %\ld be select$2 &1 fur!r1 t !y %\ld be skillfully treat$ & f9i%$4 ,! pr9cipal recomm5dation ( h>d wood is t x admits ( a treatm5t :i* r5d]s x imp]vi\s to ! effects ( atmosph]ic *anges1 &1 !re=e c be made m durable & ultimately less exp5sive ?an p9e wood4 ,a h>d wood t is well season$ be=e use1 t is treat$ ) prop] fill]s to close up its pores1 & !n f9i%$ ) successive coats ( copal v>ni%1 well rubb$ 9 ) pumice-/one1 be+ f9ally br\ght to a high] flat f9i%1 pres5ts ! mo/ attractive1 s]viceable & reliable /yle ( wood-"w t c be introduc$ into a h\se4 ,well f9i%$ h>d wood obviates ! exp5se & annoyance ( con/ant r5ewals1 :i* p9e "w calls = 9 pat*+1 putty+ & pa9t+4 ,! mo/ brilliant gloss ( f9i%$ h>d wood c be re/or$ by a skill$ p]son )\t di/urb+ ! furniture or c>pets ( a h\se4 ,p9e "w seems peculi>ly & incomp>ably adapt$ = *eap "w4 ,a good article ( common p9e1 suitable = ord9>y "w c be procur$1 & work$ at consid]ably less exp5se ?an w\ld be involv$ 9 us+ good h>d wood4 ,! use ( poor h>d wood 9 any "w %\ld n be tol]at$ or ?\ght ( "u any circum/ances1 = ! simple reason t x is c]ta9 to create annoyance & exp5se1 :i* no h\se-own]1 especially ( mod]ate pric$ prop]ty1 %\ld be subject$ to4 ,i h deem$ ! =ego+ introduction necess>y z x w enable ! workman to h "s idea ( ! developm5t ( ! art ( jo9]y1 & ! transition f ! use ( p9e & ! s(t] woods1 to t ( ! h>d woods4 ,9 ! foll[+ "w x is my int5tion to take ea* ( ! woods mo/ 9 use2 describe !m1 say :at ,i ?9k !y are be/ adapt$ =1 & ! be/ way to f9i% !m1 z f> z my k ext5ds4 ,by ?is means ! read] w h1 "u "o head1 all ! book conta9s conc]n+ ! p>ticul> wood he is ab\t to f9i%4 ,,prelim9>y4 ,if ! workman :o f9ally f9i%es wood-"w1 _h ! selection ( ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! "w is =m$2 & wr\ght ! "w himself2 ! foll[+ sugge/ions w\ld sc>cely be requir$1 = he w\ld see to x t ! mat]ial 0 free f %akes1 cracks1 worm holes1 doze1 sap & fractures2 & he w\ld s *oose 8 mat]ial1 t ! full beauty ( ! gra9 w\ld %[1 :5 ! poli% coat w5t on4 ,he w\ld also see1 t ! "w 0 clean4 ,t is1 t no plane m>ks 7 visible1 no r\gh spots1 or cross-gra9s noticeable1 & t all angles 7 %>p & def9ite1 all m\ld+s smoo? & n a nail head or screw top to be se51 nor any po9t t c\ld sugge/ a nail head4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! workman :o puts on ! la/ f9i%+ t\*es nev] makes ! "w1 ?\gh he is always expect$ to cov] & hide all ! faults ( bad workman%ip1 bad selection ( timb]1 & a ?\s& o!r objectionable ?+s 9 connection ) "w1 ov] :i* he has _h no control4 ,9 ord] to aid ! f9i%] z mu* z possible1 ,i give a few h9ts h]e)1 = ! use ( ! workman ^: duty x may be to prep>e & put up ! "w to be f9i%$4 ,! sugge/ions giv51 are equally applicable = h>d & s(t woods & ,i tru/ !y w n be out ( place4 ,fir/1 !n see t ! mat]ial is dry1 free f imp]fections1 ( ! full sizes requir$1 & ( su* v>iety ( gra9 z may be suitable = ! purpose int5d$4 ,next1 make all jo9ts close & z ne> p]fect z possible z on ?is po9t re/s1 9 a great measure1 ! arti/ic appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,make all angles %>p & clean1 & all mit]$ m\ld+s true & ) p]fect int]sections4 ,nev] use glass-pap] :]e a scrap] c be appli$1 & :5 a l>ge quantity ( m\ld+s ( simil> cont\r & size are to be employ$2 x is always bett] to make a scrap] _! rev]se %ape1 & use x 9 clean+ & prep>+ ! m\ld+s = ! v>ni%]1 ?an to use glass-pap] = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,:]ev] possible & suitable ,i w\ld advise ! use ( glue 9 putt+ up f9i%1 & ,i may "h rem>k to ! workman1 t aft] a little practice 9 ! use ( glue & a little k ( its wor? & capabilities1 he w pref] x1 to nails or screws :]e he c apply x2 fur!r on ,i w give a few h9ts & sugge/ions on ! prop] me?ods ( us+ glue 9 h\se f9i%+4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am well aw>e t ! use ( nails & screws is a necessity 9 wood-f9i%+1 b :]e ! "w is to be left natural color1 or /a9$ & poli%$1 !re %\ld n be ! slighte/ suspicion ( a nail or screw head1 & to meet ?is condition ! skill$ workman resorts to sev]al exp$i5ts to hide ! fa/5+s among :i* are ! foll[+4 ,^! me?ods1 :i* are simil>1 are call$ 8sliv]-nail+10 or sometimes1 8*ip bl9d-nail+40 ,9 ! fir/ me?od1 %[n at ,fig4 #a1 ! wood is rais$ ) a firm] *isel & ! screw or nail is !n put 9 place & driv5 home4 ,at ,fig4 #b1 ! 8sliv]0 or *ip1 is rais$ ) a g\ge4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance a %>p knife %\ld be employ$ to draw l5g?wise ) ! gra9 two deep cuts ! wid? ( ! *isel1 z ?is keeps ! sides ( ! *ip f splitt+4 ,! *isel %\ld be set at a /eep angle at fir/ till ! prop] dep? is rea*$1 & !n made to turn out a cut ( ev5 ?ickness until !re is room to drive 9 a screw or nail4 ,if too %>p a curve is giv51 ! 8sliv]0 is likely to break ap>t 9 be+ /raight5$ out aga94 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ,i %[ h[ ! 8sliv]0 is rais$ by us+ a g\ge4 ,to d ?is nicely a g\ge ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* across ! face %\ld be us$ & ! curve %\ld be quick4 ,9 ?is case no knife cut is ne$$1 z ! corn]s ( ! g\ge w cut z x progresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! cut be+ made & ! 8sliv]0 slightly rais$ z %[n 9 bo? cuts1 ! screw or nail may be driv5 )\t di/urb+ ei!r ! 8sliv]0 or ! cut und]nea?4 ,see t ! head ( ei!r screw or nail be sunk b5ea? surface ( recess1 s t ! 8sliv]0 w fit back 9 its place )\t ob/ruction4 ,n[ take prop]ly prep>$ glue &1 aft] w>m+ ! 8sliv]0 & recess ) a w>m clo?1 cov] ! und]side ( 8sliv]0 & ! wood und]nea?1 see+ t ! glue is n too ?ick2 press d[n ! 8sliv]0 9 place1 !n rub ) ! face ( a hamm] until ! glue holds2 !n leave until dry1 :5 ! :ole may be dress$ (f & f9i%$4 ,ano!r way is to glue ! 8sliv]0 d[n & !n take a flat piece ( p9e ab\t an in* ?ick1 & glue ov] ! 8sliv]10 rubb+ ! p9e block to & fro until ! glue takes4 ,! block is left on until dry & solid4 ,! p9e block may be split (f1 & ! face ( ! wood dress$ clean & f9i%$4 ,9 h>dwood f9i% = int]ior h\sework ?is latt] plan ( fa/5+ up /uff is (t5 resort$ to4 ,:5 ! "w has be5 made secure by any or all ! me?ods describ$1 ! next ?+ to be consid]$ is ! smoo?+ & f9al f9i%+1 & ^! two processes z "h def9$1 p]ta9 to all sorts ( wood1 h>d or s(t1 t is int5d$ to be f9i%$ 9 ! natural colors or /a9$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a f9e & sub/antial f9i% ! "w mu/ ei!r be smoo!d f9e ) a plane1 scrap$ ) a /eel scrap]1 or rubb$ d[n ) ! f9e/ glass-pap]4 ,= v h>d or irregul> gra9$ wood1 su* z is made into v5e]s or employ$ = ! f9] k9ds ( "w1 ! clean+-(f process consi/s fir/ 9 plan+ ! surfaces ) a too!d plane1 hav+ a s]rat$ edge l a comb1 ?is tool scrat*+ away ! high places & level+ ! surface )\t pull+ or spl9t]+ ! wood1 z a common knife w d unless v c>efully adju/$ & work$4 ,aft] too?-plan+1 ! surfaces are scrap$ ) a /eel h& scrap] until ! scrat*es made by a too? plane are remov$1 & ! surface is !n f9i%$ by rubb+ ) glass-pap] ( diff]5t f95esses4 ,/raight-gra9$ h>d woods c be clean$ (f by plan+ ) a common smoo?+ plane1 & !n scrap+ & rubb+ !m ) glass-pap]4 ,s(t wood requires only c>eful plan+ & glass-pap]+1 b if scrap+ is omitt$ great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 plan+1 or else ! plane m>ks w %[ by reflection :5 ! surface is poli%$1 v>ni%$ or pa9t$4 ,i h kn[n ( cases :]e ! f9i%]s 7 wrongly accus$ ( improp] execution ( ! "w because ! f9i%1 aft] be+ expos$ to ! *anges ( temp]ature occurr+ 9 a ye>1 became impair$ on acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( f9e cracks runn+ ) ! gra91 diff]+ f ^? caus$ by ! improp] application ( v>ni%1 :i* always runs across ! gra94 ,among o!r reasons = ?is premature impairm5t1 "o is t ! f9e fibres become affect$2 s&pap]+ ! wood l5g?wise or ) ! gra9 w loos5 ^!1 b w n break !m (f4 ,! application ( ! fill] w =ce !m d[n into ! pores1 ! fill] mak+ !m adh]e p]fectly tight = "s "t2 b ! *ang+ ( ! temp]ature exp&s & contracts ! wood1 ?us caus+ ! fibres to loos5 & "w out1 mak+ _! appe>ance 9 f9e cracks & impair+ ! f9i%4 ,?is fault mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 op5-gra9$ wood especially :5 employ$ 9 ! common class ( cab9et-"w :i* is transf]r$ to ! f9i%+-room directly ^u leav+ ! ma*9]y :]e x has be5 s&pap]$ l5g?wise by a set ( cyl9d]s "u heavy pressure1 & %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ ) great c>e4 8,?is s&pap]+10 f9i%]s w g5]ally say1 8is a matt] = ! cab9et-mak] or ! c>p5t]2 daub x ov] & let x g40 ,x is immat]ial to !m h[ ! f9i% holds out aft] leav+ _! h&s2 b ,i f9d x is well = a f9i%] to d 8 duty by at lea/ insi/+ ^u hav+ ! "w lightly cross-s&pap]$ ) pap] ) ,no4 #a4 or ,no4 #a pap]4 ,?is process w loos5 ! fibres at bo? ends2 consequ5tly1 !y w fall (f1 or1 if !y d n d s1 !y %\ld be du/$ (f previ\s to fill+4 ,!re is "o m s\rce ( injury :i* %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ ) great c>e1 & t is f9i%+ ov] wet timb]2 nor %\ld /eam1 wat] or dampness 9 any =m be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! smoo? dry surface1 z x w raise ! gra91 mak+ r$ress+ by ! jo9] a necessity4 ,9 _! natural /ate all woods are m or less por\s consi/+ ( bundles ( h>d fibres1 ) int]/ices fill$ ) a s(t] sub/ance4 ,^! con/itute ! gra91 & z ! h>d or s(t p>ts pr$om9ate1 ! wood is said to be h>d1 f9e1 or close-gra9$1 or s(t & op5-gra9$4 ,to fill ^! s(t] p>ts1 or pores1 & give to ! :ole an ev51 uni=m surface1 h>d1 & capable ( a brilliant poli%1 is ! object ( ! f9i%]s' art4 ,?is h>d1 firm surface 0 =m]ly ga9$ by ! successive application ( sev]al coats ( v>ni%1 at lea/ ?ree prelim9>y coats be+ requir$ to fill ! pores2 ! inequalities 7 !n r$uc$ by f9e s& or glass-pap]1 & sev]al additional coats laid on1 ! la/1 aft] becom+ ?or\ghly h>d be+ poli%$ if desir$4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 h[ev]1 a great quantity ( v>ni% is absorb$ by ! op5 pores ( ! wood1 & x is consequ5tly s exp5sive t x is n[ seldom us$4 ,rec\rse is !re=e _h to v>i\s plans to r5d] ! wood non-absorb5t be=e apply+ v>ni%es1 & c]ta9 comp\nds call$ fill]s are l>gely us$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! ,i w endeavor to describe1 & give ! me?ods ( application 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,,wood-,,fill]s ,,& ,,wood-,,fill+4 ,9 woods employ$ = h\se & cab9et "w !re are two di/9ct natures1 !re=e diff]5t treatm5t is requir$ 9 f9i%+4 ,fir/1 !re is ! co>se or op5-gra9$ wood1 hav+ its surface p]=at$ ) innum]able pores or cells4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a smoo? & ev5 f9i%1 ^! pores %\ld be fill$ up to a level ) ! h>d gra91 or1 z ! gra9] w\ld t]m !m1 ! 8lights0 ( ! wood4 ,next we h ! f9e or close-gra9$ wood1 :i*1 l ! prec$+1 also conta9s ^! pores1 b !y are ( a v f9e "*1 & simply seal+ !m up ) a liquid fill] w enable "o to produce a f9e smoo? f9i%1 :i* we %all consid] f>!r on4 ,i w n[ return to ! op5 or wide-gra9$ wood :i* requires m att5tion & c>e ?an ! clos]-gra9$ wood1 if same results are expect$4 ,!re are _m ?+s t w s]ve ! purpose ( fill]s & make pretty fair "w2 among ^! may be m5tion$1 *9a clay1 silv] :ite & corn />*2 ! be/ ( :i* is probably ! la/ nam$4 ,?is is well adapt$ to ! "w be+ equally useful ) light1 or :5 color$ ) d>k wood2 "o fault ) x1 is t x nev] h>d5s4 ,*9a clay--! ,engli% is ! be/--makes an exce$+ly good fill]2 x is light 9 color1 v f9e & dries z h>d z cem5t4 ,!re are an hundr$ ways ( prep>+ fill]s = use1 & ne>ly z _m diff]5t mat]ials = mak+ !m2 ,i w\ld recomm5d h[ev]1 t :]ev] x is possible1 t ,:eel]'s pat5t qu>tz fill] be us$2 ?\gh ,i am aw>e1 t 9 _m cases1 x may n be advisable to use x1 & to meet ^! r>e conditions ! foll[+ mixtures may be sub/itut$4 ,a fill] %\ld be s mix$ t ! great] portion ( ! vehicle w p5etrate into ! wood1 leav+ ! pigm5t on ! surface to be rubb$ into ! pores & /ill reta9 en\gh comb9+ prop]ty to =m a h>d & imp5etrable surface4 ,?is dep5ds entirely ^u ! proportions ( ! vehicles employ$1 &1 z diff]5t pigm5ts require diff]5t quantities ( vehicle1 ,i seldom mix fill] by actual measurem5t unless x be 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,i proce$ ) ! mix+ by fill+ my pot two-?irds full ( ! dry pigm5t1 !n add boil$ l9se$ oil1 produc+ ! consi/5cy ( putty1 !n dilute ) ab\t "o "p japan & two p>ts turp5t9e4 ,%\ld x be requir$ to keep ! wood z light z possible1 replace ! boil$ oil ) raw1 us+ a small] quantity1 b a little m japan4 ,= all light wood ! light japan %\ld be pref]r$1 al?\gh !re are _m :o nev] use any?+ b ! common br[n4 ,naph?a c also be employ$ 9 place ( ! turp5t9e1 some:at r$uc+ ! exp5se2 b1 z naph?a evaporates mu* fa/]1 x prev5ts ! op]ator f cov]+ an ext5d$ surface )\t runn+ ! risk ( hav+ x dry h>d4 ,?is causes difficulty at 8rubb+ x 90 & wip+ (f ! surplus1 al?\gh 8wip+ (f0 %\ld n proce$ until ! fill] has flatt$--or1 at lea/1 8set40 ,?is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! op]ator c accel]ate or ret>d by omitt+ or add+ a small quantity ( oil1 keep+ 9 view ! fact t ! small] ! quantity ( oil us$1 ! light] color$1 b ! less durable1 w be ! f9i%4 ,oil is sometimes us$ z a fill]1 b its use is n recomm5d$2 appli$ directly to ! wood1 its effect is to swell ! fibres1 or 8raise ! gra910 :i* rema9s 9 t condition until ! oil becomes entirely dry or disappe>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! fibres are gradually %r9k+1 & consequ5tly mov+ or *eck+ ! v>ni%4 ,! qualities ess5tial to a good fill] are t x %all readily ent] ! por\s portion ( ! wood1 & %all v soon h>d5 & r5d] ! wood imp]vi\s to ! v>ni%1 :i* %\ld lie smoo?ly ^u ! surface1 giv+ brilliancy & effect to ! natural beauty ( ! wood2 & t x %all n raise ! gra9 ( ! wood2 & t x %all n *ange ! color ( ! wood4 ,^! conditions are satisfactorily fulfill$ by few ( ! home-made fill]s ord9>ily us$ 9 %ops1 & :ile ,i give a numb] ( receipts1 my read]s are advis$ t !y w obta9 bett] satisfaction1 at less co/ by pur*as+ "s ( ! pat5t fill]s n[ com+ into g5]al use4 ,9 ^! fill]s v little oil is us$ & a l>ge am\nt ( dry]s1 s t ! wood becomes p]fectly dry & h>d 9 a few h\rs prev5t+ any swell+ or %r9k+ ( ! fibres ( ! wood aft] ! v>ni% is appli$4 ,! foll[+ fill]s %\ld be all[$ to dry until q h>d4 ,a p]iod ( ab\t eight h\rs is usually suffici5t1 b x is bett] to let ! "w /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e t\*+ x ) glass-pap]4 ,9 apply+ a fill] x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t ! sub/ance ( wood consi/s ( a multitude ( small tubes ly+ side by side4 ,^! tubes or cells are n cont9u\s f top to bottom ( ! tree1 b are comp>atively %ort & tap] out to po9ts s t !y are ?icke/ 9 ! middle4 ,mo/ ( ! common woods h ! walls ( ^! tubes s ?9 t liquid is readily absorb$ by !m & c>ri$ into ! sub/ance = "s di/ance4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( wood diff] mu* 9 ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ^! cells4 ,9 fill+ ! pores ! fir/ /ep is tak5 9 provid+ an absolutely smoo? surface4 ,we tru/ ma9ly to me*anical =ce 9 rubb+ 91 aid$ by ! absorptive p[]s ( ! wood4 ,=m]ly successive v>ni%+s & rubb+s & scrap+s took mu* "t & :5 !y 7 done1 ! f9al f9i% _h /ill to be appli$1 b ! :ole process has n[ be5 simplifi$1 by us+ fill]s4 ,! c>eful workman w n leave 8great daubs0 ( sup]flu\s fill] "h & !re on ! "w1 b w see t all corn]s & heads & quirks ( m\ld+s are well clean$ (f be=e x gets too h>d to remove easily1 & %\ld !re be any nail holes--:i* !re ought n to be--he w h !m fill$ ) prop]ly color$ putty or cem5t & nicely smoo!d d[n be=e he makes any attempt to put on 8 f9i%+ coats4 ,among ! _m home-made fill]s ,i h endeavor$ to select ! be/4 ,walnut ,fill]4--,= ,m$ium & ,*eap ,"w4--#aj lbs4 bolt$ ,engli% :it+1 #c lbs4 dry burnt umb]1 #d lbs4 ,v&yke br[n1 #c lbs4 calc9$ pla/]1 lb4 ,v5etian r$1 #a gal4 boil$ l9se$ oil1 gal4 spirits turp5t9e1 #a qu>t black japan4 ,mix well & apply ) bru%2 rub well ) excelsior or t[1 clean (f ) rags4 ,walnut ,fill]4--,= ,imitation ,wax ,f9i%4--#e lbs4 bolt$ :it+1 #a lb4 calc9$ pla/]1 #f oz4 calc9$ magnesia1 #a oz4 dry burnt umb]1 #a oz4 ,fr5* yell[1 #a qu>t raw l9se$ oil1 #a qu>t b5z9e spirits1 p9t v ?9 :ite %ellac4 ,mix well & apply ) a bru%4 ,rub well 9 & clean (f ) rags4 ,be=e us+ ! above fill+ give ! "w "o coat ( :ite %ellac4 ,:5 dry1 s&pap] d[n & apply ! fill]4 ,walnut ,fill]4--,= ,fir/-,class ,"w4--#c lbs4 burnt umb]1 gr\nd 9 oil1 #a lb4 burnt si5na1 gr\nd 9 oil1 #a qu>t spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t br[n japan4 ,mix well & apply ) a bru%2 s&pap] well2 clean (f ) t[ & rags4 ,?is gives a beautiful *ocolate color to ! wood4 ,fill] = ,light ,woods4--#e lbs4 bolt$ ,engli% :it+1 #c lbs4 calc9$ pla/]1 #a lb4 corn />*1 #c oz4 calc9$ magnesia1 gallon raw l9se$ oil1 #a qu>t spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t br[n japan1 & suffici5t ,fr5* yell[ to t+e ! :ite4 ,mix well & apply ) a bru%1 rub 9 ) excelsior or t[1 & clean (f ) rags4 ,fill] = ,*]ry4--#e lbs4 bolt$ ,engli% :it+1 #b lbs4 calc9$ pla/]1 #a oz4 dry burnt si5na1 #a oz4 ,v5etian r$1 #a qu>t boil$ l9se$ oil1 #a p9t spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t br[n japan4 ,mix well1 rub 9 ) excelsior or t[ & clean (f ) rags4 ,fill] = ,oak4--#e lbs4 bolt$ ,engli% :it+1 #b lbs4 calc9$ pla/]1 #a oz4 dry burnt si5na1 oz4 dry ,fr5* yell[1 #a qu>t raw l9se$ oil1 #a p9t b5z9e spirits1 p9t :ite %ellac4 ,mix well1 apply ) bru%1 rub 9 ) excelsior or t[1 & clean (f ) rags4 ,fill] = ,rosewood4--#f lbs4 bolt$ ,engli% :it+1 #b lbs4 calc9$ pla/]1 #a lb4 rose p9k1 #b oz4 ,v5etian r$1 lb4 ,v&yke br[n1 lb4 br&on r$1 #a gallon boil$ l9se$ oil1 gallon spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t black japan4 ,mix well1 apply ) bru%1 rub 9 ) excelsior or t[1 & clean (f ) rags4 ,ano!r4--,/ir boil$ oil & corn />* into a v ?ick pa/e2 add a little japan1 & r$uce ) turp5t9e1 b add no color = light a%4 ,= d>k a% & *e/nut use a little raw si5na2 = walnut1 burnt umb]1 add a small quantity ( ,v5etian r$2 = bay wood1 burnt si5na4 ,9 no case use m color ?an is requir$ to ov]come ! :ite appe>ance ( ! />*1 unless x is wi%$ to /a9 ! wood4 ,! fill] is work$ ) bru% & rags 9 ! usual mann]4 ,let x dry =ty-eight h\rs1 or until x is 9 condition to rub d[n ) ,no4 #j s&pap] )\t mu* gumm+ up1 & if an extra f9e f9i% is desir$1 fill aga9 ) ! same mat]ials1 us+ less oil1 b m ( japan & turp5t9e4 ,ano!r4--,take ?ree pap]s corn />*1 "o qu>t boil$ l9se$ oil1 two qu>ts turp5t9e1 "o-qu>t] p9t japan2 cut 9 half ! turp5t9e be=e mix+2 x w n cut p]fectly o!rwise4 ,= d>k woods add burnt umb] to color4 ,:5 ne>ly dry rub (f ) clo?s4 ,! above mixture mu/ be us$ fre%1 z x is ( no value aft] x is f\r or five days old4 ,! clo?s us$ 9 rubb+ z above m5tion$ %\ld be de/roy$ imm$iately aft] use1 z spontane\s combu/ion is likely to ensue f ! +r$i5ts employ$4 ,prep>ation ( ,wood = ,/a9+4--,z a fill] ( wood to be /a9$1 apply ,fr5* pla/] ( ,p>is1 mix$ z a creamy pa/e ) wat]1 & aft] rubb+ 91 clean any surplus (f2 or use :it+ f9ely p[d]$1 or :ite lead slack$ ) pa9t]s' dry+ oil1 & us$ z a fill]4 ,ano!r process is t ( oil+ !n rubb+ crosswise to ! gra9 ) a sponge dipp$ 9 ?9 poli% compos$ ( melt$ beeswax1 res91 & %ellac1 & smoo?+ ! surface1 :5 dry1 ) pumice-/one1 or f9e glass-pap]4 ,embody ! "w a second "t ) ?ick] poli%1 or a mixture ( poli% & v>ni%4 ,! rubb]s w "w easily ) half ! quantity ( oil :i* is ord9>ily us$4 ,?is second body %\ld be rubb$ v smoo? ) moi/ putty4 ,9 ! use ( any fill]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! selection ( color1 = ! employm5t ( a light color$ fill] on d>k wood or vice v]sa w\ld result 9 gross defacem5t1 z ! light] color w\ld %[ at ! pores ( ! wood 9 ! "o case1 & ! d>k] 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 to avoid ?is ! fill] %\ld be z ne> z possible ! color ( ! wood to be fill$4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 pa9t manufactur]s :o d n make fill]s a specialty use opaque colors to /a9 _! fill]1 z x requires a less quantity4 ,?is w d sometimes1 b n always4 ,b ^? :i* give to ! wood a cle> & bright appe>ance1 & !re=e produce ! be/ results1 are /a9$ ) transp>5t colors2 ^? *iefly employ$ are burnt umb] & si5na1 ,v5etian r$1 ,v&yke br[n & *>coal black1 ! *>coal be+ gr\nd f9e 9 oil1 :ile ! o!rs c be us$ dry & accord+ to ! foll[+ recipes ) good results3 ,9 mix+ any or all d>k fill]s ! same pigm5ts us$ = ! light 7previ\sly describ$7 %\ld be kept = a basis1 ) suffici5t color+ to /a9 x to ! desir$ dep? ( %ade4 ,fill] = ,walnut is v (t5 /a9$ ) burnt umb]2 ?is is r$di% 9 hue & gives to ! wood a pleas+ effect4 ,o!rs use ,v5etian r$ d>k5$ some:at ) lamp black2 ?is is r opaque1 & t5ds to dead5 ! color ( ! wood4 ,!re is ano!r article--namely1 ,v&yke br[n--:i* gives fair results4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a ri* effect1 ! fill] %\ld be made consid]ably d>k] ?an ! wood :5 new4 ,fill]s = mahogany1 *]ry1 ,cali=nia r$wood1 & o!r woods ( simil> %ade1 %\ld be /a9$ ) burnt si5na1 z !y %\ld be f9i%$ v cle>4 ,x is well to "k t *>coal black1 & ,v5etian r$ w give ! desir$ %ade = any d>k-color$ wood 9 common use or = all colors 9 antique1 b x does n %[ up q z cle> z "s o!r comb9ations4 ,= rosewood1 *>coal z a /a9 w suffice1 & = vanilla or ,brazil-wood ! use ( rose-p9k w give good results4 ,! me?ods ( mix+ ^! fill]s are q num]\s4 ,x is impossible to give ! proportions def9itely1 ow+ to ! /r5g? ( ! colors or ! transp>5cy ( ! *ief +r$i5t1 b "o _c g a/ray by foll[+ ! prec$+ rules4 ,mix ! light pigm5t to a pa/e ) boil$ oil1 :i* mu/ be well /irr$ up4 ,!n 9 ano!r pot mix a quantity ( ! color$ pigm5t ) turp5t9e or naph?a2 & :5 ?or\ghly 8cut10 or dissolv$1 add suffici5t ( x to ! light to give ! %ade requir$4 ,aft] ?is is obta9$1 dilute ) turp5t9e or naph?a & japan1 z direct$ 9 mix+ light fill]4 ,?is applies to all colors except black1 :i* is seldom obta9$ f9ely gr\nd unless 9 oil1 & prop]ly ?9n$ d[n4 ,!re are _m f9i%]s & firms :o exclusively use manufactur$ fill]s1 & 9 consequ5ce meet ) _m difficulties z to ! %ade !y require1 z diff]5t manufactur]s use diff]5t colors to /a9 _! fill]4 ,b ?is difficulty c be ov]come by a few exp]im5ts ) ! above-nam$ /a9s4 ,z ! =ego+ gives pretty ne>ly all ! fill]s 9 g5]al use ) ! exception ( "s ( ! manufactur$ m9]al prep>ations ( :i* ,i w h m to say fur!r on1 ,i w n[ proce$ to describe ! me?od ( application1 & = ! great] portion ( ?is description1 & o!r matt]s 9 ?is "w1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bahre's pap]s on ! subject contribut$ to ,h\se-,pa9t+ & ,decorat+1 a mon?ly magaz9e publi%$ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,! secret ( ?is is to d ! "w well1 quickly & economically4 ,^! po9ts are dealt ) 9 ! foll[+3 ,h y\r fill] mix$ to ! consi/5cy ( ord9>y lead pa9t2 !n apply to ! prep>$ surface ( ! wood ) a p\nd bru%1 or1 :at is /ill bett]1 a #c-j or #d-j oval *isel v>ni% bru%4 ,9 apply+ ! fill] x is n necess>y to cov] all ! small beads & c>v+s2 & if ! fill] be light bett] avoid coat+ !m at all1 & if d>k or antique /a9 !m ) a little ( ! fill]1 mu* r$uc$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,= ?is purpose h at h& a small pot ) a small fit* or sa% tool4 ,by n fill+ ! beads & c>v+s1 ! v>ni% is n s liable to run d[n 9 !m1 al?\gh suffici5t rema9s to produce a f9i% equal to ! balance ( ! surface4 ,aft] en\gh surface has be5 cov]$ ) ! fill]1 s t :at has be5 fir/ appli$ beg9s to flatt51 ! process ( wip+ %\ld imm$iately beg91 us+ = t purpose ei!r a rag or a h&ful ( wa/e or ,excelsior4 ,if ! wood is v op5-gra9$1 wa/e is pref]able4 ,) a piece ( ?is t has previ\sly be5 us$ & is pretty well suppli$ ) fill]1 rub crosswise ( ! gra91 r rubb+ x into ! gra9 ?an wip+ x (f4 ,aft] ! :ole surface has be5 gone ov] 9 ?is way1 take a clean piece ( wa/e or rag 7nev] use ,excelsior = wip+ clean7 & wipe ! surface p]fectly clean & free f fill]1 us+ a wood5 pick ! po9t ( :i* has be5 cov]$ ) a rag or wa/e to clean out ! corn]s1 beads1 etc4 ,x is well to give ^! picks "s att5tion1 z a p]son once accu/om$ to c]ta9 tools c accompli% m & bett] "w ?an ) tools t feel /range 9 8 h&s2 !re=e1 ea* f9i%] %\ld furni% 8 own pick4 ,z to _! con/ruction1 ^! are be/ made f second-gr[? hickory1 :i* c be procur$ at any c>riage repair %op1 su* z old spokes1 brok5 felloes1 etc4 ,!y are made eight in*es 9 l5g?1 half in* oval at "o end & tap]+ d[n to ! po9t at ! o!r4 ,%>p5 ! oval end l a cold *isel1 !n smoo? ) s&pap]1 :i* %\ld also be us$ to %>p5 ! tool :5 ! same becomes worn dull4 ,?is pick+ out ( ! fill] f beads1 etc41 c be accel]at$ by ! use ( a pick+ bru% manufactur$ especially = t purpose1 b x is n advisable to use ?is on v co>sely gra9$ wood1 z x scrubs ! fill] out ( ! pores4 ,!re are sev]al fill]s us$ :i* d n require ?is pick+ & scrubb+4 ,"o is a liquid fill] us$ *iefly = c>riage f9i%+2 b x c be us$ successfully on butt]nut1 bird's-eye maple1 curly maple1 sat9wood1 hickory1 etc4 ,x is made f gum & oil4 ,ano!r is a fill] made f f9ely-gr\nd pumice /one1 mix$ z o!r fill]s4 ,x is appli$ ) a bru%1 & mu/ be left to dry at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x is !n s&pap]$ smoo?1 :5 an oil v>ni% is appli$1 r5d]+ x completely transp>5t4 ,?is la/ c be us$ only ^u light wood4 ,! workman1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 w und]/& t diff]5t woods1 require slightly diff]5t treatm5t1 & ! f9]-gra9$ woods1 among :i* are ! p9es1 maples1 c$>s & popl>s1 ( diff]5t v>ieties1 & bir*1 *]ry1 bee*1 sycamore1 :ite box1 sat9wood1 etc41 require no fill+1 n t a fill+ w\ld prove detrim5tal to ! f9i%--except ^u /a9$ "w or :ite holly1 :i* 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a cle> color %\ld nev] be fill$--b1 f ! condition ( all f9e wood1 x is sup]flu\s1 & only causes unnecess>y labor & exp5se4 ,at ?is po9t x w be conv5i5t to pause to consid] ! subject ( m9]al or prep>$ wood-fill]s4 ,i ?9k ,i h prep>$ ! m9d ( ! read] to receive ! fact1 t ( all ! sev]al manufactur$ prep>ations 9 ! m>ket ,i ?9k t ,:eel]'s pat5t fill] made by ! ,bridgeport ,wood-,f9i%+ ,company1 is decid$ly ! be/ & ! mo/ economical to use1 = _m reasons1 ! *ief "o be+ its c]ta9ty ( action4 ,a great deal ( "t & money h be5 wa/$ 9 attempt+ to make good fill]s1 to no purpose1 & a great v>iety1 z ,i h %[n--( sub/ances z *alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 corn />*1 etc41 etc41 h be5 mix$ ) v>i\s vehicles & rubb$ into ! wood ) b indiff]5t success4 ,mo/ ( ^! comp\nds labor "u ! disadvantages ( =m+ *emical comp\nds ) ! oil & consequ5tly !y %r9k v mu* on dry+1 s t ?\gh ! surface may appe> smoo? :5 !y are fir/ put on1 waves & holl[s make _! appe>ance z !y dry4 ,^! waves hav+ r\nd edges1 are difficult to fill1 ! second coat build+ up z mu* or m ^u ! level spaces z 9 ! holl[s4 ,x sometimes seems almo/ impossible ) ^! fill]s 9 ! latt] coats to make ! holl[s hold any sub/ance1 ! fill] cl++ *iefly to ! surfaces4 ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to %[ h[ ! ord9>y or home-made fill]s act1 & fail 9 ord] to %[ by contra/ h[ mu* easi] x is to "w effici5tly ) ! m9]al fill]s4 ,! m9]al qu>tz1 :5 mix$ ) oil1 probably %r9ks less 9 dry+ ?an any o!r simil> kn[n mixture4 ,if a surface ( wood be cov]$ ) ?is & !n rubb$1 ! %>p & angul> p>ticles ( ! silica imb$ !mselves 9 ! pores ( ! wood1 clos+ !m up1 :ile ! oil cem5ts !m fa/4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ,:eel]'s wood-fill]1 & :i* we recomm5d = use by all wood f9i%]s4 ,:5 ! pores h be5 fill$ ) ! silica1 & are cem5t$ fa/ by ! prop] mixture ( gums & oils1 ! difficult "p ( ! "w is done4 ,aft] a good surface has be5 made ^u ! article x is ready = ! fill]1 :i* is to be select$ accord+ to ! color desir$4 ,9 putt+ ! fill] on x is ?9n$ ) turp5t9e until ab\t l fl[+ v>ni%1 & is appli$ ) a bru%4 ,only s mu* ( ! surface is cov]$ z c be clean$ (f be=e x h>d5s4 ,:5 x has set s t ! gloss has left ! surface1 x is at once rubb$ (f ) 8excelsior0 or %av+s1 go+ across ! gra9 ) ! /rokes4 ,if ! fill] dries too fa/ or too light a little raw l9se$ oil may be us$ 9 x4 ,= a nic] job ! fill] is rubb$ 9 ) a rubb]1 made by glu+ a piece ( sole or belt lea!r on ! face ( a block ( wood & trimm+ ! edges flu% ) ! block4 ,! rubb+ is done aft] ! fill] has set & be=e x is clean$ (f4 ,if x dries (f too light1 a little :ite japan may be add$ on nice "w4 ,! light color$ fill] %\ld be us$ on all "w :]e light & d>k woods are us$ toge!r4 ,! fill+1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 is done by ! silica1 :i* w (t5 be f\nd 9 ! %ape ( a s$im5t 9 ! bottom ( ! mixture4 ,eight h\rs is g5]ally consid]$ a suffici5t "t = ! fill] to dry4 ,:5 ! "w ) ! fill] is done ! surface ( ! wood ought to be l s mu* gr\nd glass4 ,su* portions ( ! wood z %[ a solid gra9 ne$ v little fill]4 ,on ,georgia p9e1 aft] ! fill] is dry1 a little rubb+ 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 ) v f9e s&pap] is an advantage4 ,if ! fill] has be5 prop]ly us$ ! desir$ results w be obta9$ ) little labor4 ,! wood is n[ 9 a condition to receive ! f9al coat+s4 ,:e!r ! "w is to be poli%$ or 8dead f9i%$10 d n employ %ellac or 8,fr5* poli%40 ,if a 8dead0 surface is want$1 wax f9i% is easily put on1 & z easily rubb$ to a good surface4 ,f4 ,w4 ,devoe ,co4 prep>e a wax f9i%1 :i* is a conv5i5t prep>ation ( wax & gums1 & c be appli$ ) a bru% & !n rubb$ d[n ) a wool5 clo?1 ti$ up to make a h>d rubb]1 until a f9e lu/]less surface is obta9$4 ,) mahogany & simil> woods ?is greatly improves ! color ( ! wood4 ,:5 ?is has dri$1 :i* w be 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 ! "w is ready = use4 ,! wax f9i%1 l _m ( ! furniture creams1 has ! advantage t x c be put on 9 a few m9utes at any "t to bright5 up "w :5 x has become dull4 ,a piece ( "w prep>$ 9 ?is way1 aft] f\r op]ations1 w pres5t z f9e an appe>ance z ! be/ cab9et "w f\nd 9 ! furniture /ores4 ,! mat]ials :i* h be5 describ$1 x w be notic$1 are bo? manufactur$ articles4 ,! prep>$ fill] is indisp5sable2 ! wax f9i% c be made by ! mix+ toge!r1 by ! aid ( heat1 :ite wax & spirits ( turp5t9e until !y are ( ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa/e4 ,ano!r wax f9i% is made ( beeswax1 spirits ( turp5t9e & l9se$ oil 9 equal p>ts4 ,! addition ( two drams ( ,alkanet root to e tw5ty ounces ( turp5t9e d>k5s & enri*es ! color4 ,! root is to be put into a little bag & all[$ to /& 9 ! turp5t9e until x is suffici5tly color$4 ,an altoge!r m durable surface c be made by a little *ange 9 ! treatm5t4 ,:5 ! wood is fill$ in/ead ( apply+ ! wax1 take "s h>d oil f9i%1 a prep>ation manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,b]ry ,bros41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*41 & put x on ) a bru% precisely l v>ni%4 ,! coat %\ld n be too heavy1 especially on v]tical surfaces1 & ! bru% us$ ought to be a good "o4 ,?is mat]ial gives a mo/ brilliant poli%4 ,by rubb+ x d[n ) a wool5 clo? & pumice-/one p[d] x c also be made dull4 ,h>d oil f9i% does n spot ) hot or cold wat]1 is slightly ela/ic & is n injur$ by pretty sev]e soak+ 9 wat]4 ,x gets h>d 9 twelve h\rs or less 9 w>m wea!r & ov] night 9 w9t] "t4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ surfaces :i* c be us$1 & has ! advantage ( work+ v well 9 ! h&s ( "o :o is n an exp]t 9 ! art ( f9i%+ wood or h&l+ v>ni%4 ,x w make a v fair surface appli$ direct to ! unfill$ wood1 9 :i* case x is a good sub/itute = %ellac4 ,wax f9i% has ! advantage t scrat*es c be easily repair$ )\t s5d+ to ! cab9et-mak] or ! pa9t]4 ,"h a ^w ( advice to ! c>p5t] :o does any "w ( ?is "* may save him "s tr\ble & make way = ! fur!r use ( ! same k9d ( f9i%4 ,:5 ! wood-"w ( a h\se is treat$ 9 ?is way1 be sure & leave a little bottle ( ! wax poli% ) ! h\sekeep]1 ) directions z to ! me?od ( us+ x4 ,9 s5d+ out a 8:at-n10 book-case1 or any o!r article ( simil> k9d1 put up a little bottle ( ! poli% & %[ ! own]1 or1 pref]ably ! lady ( ! h\se1 h[ to repair any little scrat* & make ! "w look 8z good z new40 ,! fre% appe>ance ( ! "w w be a good adv]tisem5t1 :ile x w prev5t compla9ts & dissatisfaction t (t5 foll[ ! use ( "w :i*1 :5 injur$1 _c be re/or$4 ,x may be said t ei!r ( ! me?ods ( f9i%+ involves a great deal ( labor4 ,?is is true2 b ! am\nt is n mu* great] ?an is ne$$ = ?ree coats ( pa9t1 & ! co/ ( ! pa9t w\ld probably be m ?an ! co/ ( ! f9i%4 ,! labor 9 "o case c be ( a *eap "*1 & 9 ! o!r an exp]i5c$ pa9t] mu/ be employ$4 ,! pr(it ^u ! 8dead f9i%0 c g into ! pocket ( ! c>p5t]1 :ile t ( ! pa9t+ mu/ 9 any ev5t be divid$ betwe5 ! c>p5t] & pa9t]1 or belong to ! latt] altoge!r :o is1 aft] all ! prop] p]son to d ! "w4 ,i h n[ said ab\t all t is necess>y 9 ! matt] ( 8fill]s0 & 8fill+10 b1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! old sy/em ( 8siz+10 has to be resort$ to = c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 ,i give h]e) a =mula = its con/ruction & use3 ,size ( diff]5t k9ds is sometimes appli$ to ! surface ( wood to prev5t absorption ( ! v>ni%4 ,! k9d ( mat]ial us$ = ! size is n important1 ! object be+ only to prev5t absorption by a v ?9 coat ( "s sub/ance n soluble 9 ! v>ni%4 ,= d>k-color$ wood1 ?9 size1 made by r$uc+ ord9>y glue ) wat]1 is g5]ally us$2 b = light]-color$ surfaces a :ite size is us$1 :i* is prep>$ by boil+ :ite kid or o!r lea!r or p>*m5t-cutt+s1 9 wat] = a few h\rs1 or until x =ms a ?9 jelly l sub/ance1 :i* is r$uc$ ) wat] to a ?9 consi/5cy1 & us$ 9 a tepid /ate4 ,sometimes solutions ( is+lass or tragacan? are employ$ 9 l mann]4 ,unlike ! be/ fill]s1 sizes ( any k9d d n improve ! f9i%1 & are sometimes a positive detrim5t to x4 ,!y are us$ solely z an economy to r$uce ! quantity ( ! v>ni% ne$$2 & _! use is n recomm5d$ = ! be/ "w4 ,,/a9+1 ,,f9i%+1 ,,v>ni%+ ,,& ,,poli%+4 ,! foll[+ w apply to ne>ly all /a9$ "w ) ! exception t ! color+ mat]ials mu/ be *os5 to suit ! results desir$2 directions = mix+ & prep>+ w be f\nd "u ! head ( woods4 ,/a9+1 or dye+1 ?\gh n v mod]n1 has gr[n 9 popul>ity ( late4 ,?is is due n s mu* to ! natural imitation ( valuable wood z to ! beautiful colors 9 :i* x may be produc$--= example1 ! deep r$1 g5]ally repres5t$ z mahogany1 :i* =ms a h&some & lively contra/ ) ne>ly any color or /yle ( f9i%+4 ,9 h\se int]iors1 h[ev]1 x has n be5 s ext5sively us$ z x has on furniture1 ow+ to ! pref]5ce = ! light wood = h\se f9i%+4 ,b1 despite its h&some color1 at ! pres5t "t x is oblig$ to yield to ! m arti/ic & sub/antial old oak1 :i*1 x is g5]ally anticipat$1 w cont9ue 9 vogue a great] l5g? ( "t ?an did ! /a9$ "w4 ,an objection to /a9$ "w is t aft] x has be5 9 s]vice a comp>atively %ort "t ! f9i% & /a9 we> (f f ^? portions mo/ expos$ to sev]e usage4 ,! appe>ance is !reby de/roy$1 & x _c be re/or$ by ref9i%+4 ,ano!r objection to /a9s is t !y fade1 a fault to :i* all ^! bright colors are subject4 ,:e!r ?is /yle ( "w is la mode or n1 x w always rema9 9 great] or less dem&4 ,a few details ( /a9+ w1 !re=e1 be due4 ,n[1 if ! object ( /a9+ is to imitate natural wood1 x w\ld be f\nd desirable to procure specim5s ( ! woods to be imitat$4 ,excell5t & mo/ conv5i5t specim5s c be obta9$ at any scroll-saw supply h\se at a trifl+ exp5se4 ,comm5ce by oil+ & v>ni%+ ! specim5 to br+ out ! color1 or apply a d>k5] if an antique color is requir$4 ,z a d>k5] = *]ry1 apply ) a bru% aqua-ammonia dilut$ ) wat] accord+ to ! dep? ( color requir$4 ,?is is probably ! be/ mixture = all r$ woods1 z x develops ! colors to _! utmo/ int5sity4 ,lime-wat] & lye 7pota% solution7 are also frequ5tly us$1 al?\gh lye %\ld be us$ cauti\sly2 = if appli$ too /rong1 x de/roys ! r$ color aft] develop+ x4 ,iron fill+s or %av+s boil$ 9 v9eg> produce a d>k5] = oak1 & are frequ5tly employ$ 9 produc+ ! 8d>ks0 or %ades 9 sixte5? c5tury f9i%4 ,aft] d>k5+ ) a wat] solution ! specim5s %\ld n be oil$1 b aft] hav+ ?or\ghly dri$ %\ld receive a coat ( %ellac1 &1 :5 dry1 a coat ( v>ni%4 ,hav+ ! colors well br\ght out1 !y w be f\nd ( great utility 9 prep>+ a /a9 ( accurate %ade4 ,n[1 ! secret 9 prep>+ a good /a9 is t x %\ld be p]fectly transp>5t1 :i* may be produc$ 9 ei!r oil or wat] colors4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 ) a few exceptions1 w be f\nd to give ! be/ results1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x p5etrates deep] into ! wood1 ?us produc+ a m sub/antial f9i%4 ,next1 ! wood employ$ is g5]ally h>d & f9e1 & by an application ( wat] /a9 ! gra9 is rais$1 :]eby ! 8lights0 or ve9s are m prom95tly br\ght out1 imp>t+ to ! f9i% a m vivid appe>ance1 :i* _c be s effectually produc$ 9 oil colors4 ,/ill ano!r advantage 9 wat] /a9 is ! sav+ ( "t 9 its application2 = :5 prop]ly prep>$1 x c be us$ = dipp+1 :i* is ! me?od practis$ 9 our cab9et %ops = /a9+ mu* furniture4 ,x c also be appli$ ) a bru%1 al?\gh good results by ?is me?od are accompli%$ only :5 skill & practice are ex]cis$4 ,9 apply+ x a f\r or-five-in* flat bri/le bru% w\ld be f\nd ! "r size1 enabl+ ! op]ator to cov] ov] any "o "p or section be=e ! /a9 p5etrates ! wood4 ,x w be f\nd less difficult to apply oil /a9 uni=mly ) a bru%1 & x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally employ$ 9 /a9+ s(twood & especially ! diff]5t species ( p9e1 all ( :i* absorb wat] /a9 9 spots1 giv+ x a daub$ appe>ance4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is ! receptacle or vessel 9 :i* ! wat] or acid /a9s are to be prep>$4 ,?is %\ld be =m$ ( a mat]ial :i* is unaffect$ by ! corrosive action ( acid4 ,porcela9-l9$ iron or glaz$ e>!nw>e 9 ! way ( kettles or common /ew crock]y are commonly us$4 ,z ! latt] are (t5 crack$ by ! heat requir$ 9 boil+1 x is saf] & *eap] 9 ! end to use porcela9-l9$ kettles4 ,i ne$ n say t c>e & cleanl9ess are two v necess>y qualities 9 ! prep>ation & application ( /a9s1 = a good workman is always a c>eful & a clean workman4 ,9 f9i%+ 8rubb+0 may be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial qualities1 s9ce x gives to ! v>ni% :5 laid ^u ! wood a degree ( smoo?ness n o!rwise atta9able2 = by ! use ( ! bru% alone m9ute furr[s & ridges are left ^u ! pla/ic surface ( ! v>ni%1 & al?\gh good v>ni% possesses 9 itself a high gloss1 ! gloss is n ne>ly s agreeable to ! eye z ! brilliant poli% ( :i* rubb+ is ! prelim9>y4 ,! r$uction ( ^! ridges & furr[s is accompli%$ by means ( f9ely-p[d]$ pumice-/one moi/5$ ) raw l9se$ oil1 appli$ ) a piece ( hairclo? or o!r co>se & fibr\s mat]ial4 ,= rubb+ l>ge flat surfaces ! hairclo? is sometimes fold$ ov] a block ( conv5i5t size1 b ?is is n practicable = articles ( small size or irregul> %ape4 ,9 rubb+1 consid]able =ce mu/ be us$1 b ! /roke mu/ be /eady1 & z long z possible1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 to rub ! surface uni=mly1 z 9 case x is rubb$ unev5ly ! v>ni% is liable to be worn away q to ! wood 9 "s places1 & ! p]fect smoo?ness t is ! beauty ( a good f9i% w ?us be impossible4 ,! edges especially are liable to be rubb$ b>e1 & %\ld be c>efully treat$4 ,! crevices & holl[s ( c>v+s are rubb$ by means ( h>d-po9t$ /icks ( v>i\s conv5i5t sizes4 ,! rubb+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! entire surface appe>s p]fectly smoo? & free f m>ks ( any k9d4 ,! surplus pumice-/one & oil %\ld all be c>efully remov$ f ! surface by means ( rags1 & ! "w may !n be clean$ up ) a little sweet oil well rubb$ 91 & ret\*$ ) a clo? slightly damp5$ 9 alcohol1 :i* s]ves to remove any rema9+ oil f ! surface4 ,if ! article has v5e]$ panels !y are n[ ready = ! f9al processes ( 8poli%+10 or 8fl[+10 processes1 :atev] ! k9d ( 8f9i%+10 ! workman %\ld make x a po9t :]e possible1 to h a suitable temp]ature4 ,no good f9i%+ c be done "u #fj1 & x is h>d to get ! temp]ature too high = ?is "w4 ,! wood %\ld be w>m & p]fectly dry1 & visitors1 flies1 dirt1 du/ & dampness %\ld rigor\sly be exclud$ f ! room :ile ! "w is 9 progress4 ,! ^w 8%ellack+0 has become ( late v common ) f9i%]s & is (t5 appli$ to fir/ coat+ or 8siz+10 :e!r %ellac be us$ or n4 ,?is1 d\btless1 arises f ! fact ( ! g5]al employm5t ( %ellac = fir/ coat+ & up to ! pres5t "t has prov$ ! mo/ suitable m$ium discov]$ = ! purpose4 #a aga9 quote f ,r4 ,a4 ,bahre's pap]s on ?is subject4 ,be=e proce$+ ) ! application ( %ellac1 x w be necess>y to inve/igate ! condition ( ! surface ( ! wood1 tak+ c>e t no successive application is made be=e ! prec$+ "o is p]fectly dry4 ,! dry condition ( wat]-/a9$ "w may easily be det]m9$ by ! uni=mly dead appe>ance x pres5ts1 especially 9 ! corn]s & angles4 ,a surface treat$ ) oil /a91 :5 dry1 w imp>t no color to ! f+] if br\ght 9 contact1 & is effect$ 9 twelve or fifte5 h\rs accord+ to ! am\nt ( japan us$4 ,! condition ( a fill$ surface _c be s readily obs]v$1 = 9 wip+ (f ! fill] f ! surface1 ! moi/ure is likewise wip$ (f1 & ! surface is dry to ! t\*4 ,b let u exam9e ! pores1 :i* h become small receptacles fill$ to ! brim ) a fatty sub/ance4 ,we f9d t ! bulk ( ! sub/ance 9 ^! pores does n dry s fa/ z 7 x spread out 9 a ?9 lay] ^u an ext5d$ surface4 ,:5 reg>d is n paid to ?is condition & ! surface is prematurely coat$1 x w be b a matt] ( a %ort "t be=e ! effects w become manife/ by ! crack+ ( ! v>ni%1 caus$ by ! v>ni% becom+ dry be=e ! fill]4 ,we %all h some?+ m to say on ?is subject lat]4 ,! safe/ way to asc]ta9 :e!r a fill] has become p]fectly dry is to drop1 :ile fill+1 a few drops ^u a bo>d & let !m rema9 until !y become h>d en\gh to resi/ ! pressure ( ! f+] nail4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( oil conta9$ 9 ! fill]4 ,^u acquir+ ?is degree ( h>dness ! fill] 9 ! "w may be consid]$ dry1 & ready to receive ! fir/ coat+4 ,?is coat+1 :i* %\ld be employ$ on all fir/-class "w1 is an alcoholic solution ( gum %ellac4 ,among ! advantages ( ?is solution are1 fir/1 t x dries v rapidly1 ?us prev5t+ x p5etrat+ & s9k+ into ! pores4 ,besides levell+ ! surface1 x =ms a close imp5etrable body = receiv+ ! v>ni%4 ,by reason ( ?is prop]ty x is also us$ = seal+ up ! pores ( f9e gra9$ wood by apply+ two coats4 ,on acc\nt ( its be/ solv5t 7alcohol71 x is indisp5sable = develop+1 c]ta9 /a9s1 especially ! anil9e & o!r wat] /a9s :i* d n conta9 lye or glue4 ,alcohol does n affect ! /a9s nor ! glue2 = ?is reason an alkali /a9 %\ld fir/ receive a light coat ( oil1 :ile ! glue /a9s require a /rong glue size = _! developm5t4 ,! second advantage ( %ellac solution is its exce$+ly h>d dry+ qualities2 z x dries 9 five or six h\rs suffici5tly h>d to s&pap]1 & 9 eight or t5 h\rs becomes s h>d t ! f+] nail c make no impression ^u x1 ! surface is !n ready = ! second coat4 ,9 addition to ?is1 its quality ( h>dness makes x indisp5sable = ! fir/ coat+ ( all res9\s woods1 especially ! p9es1 ( :i* x n only seals up ! pores b prev5ts ! exudation ( ! res9 :ile x s&pap]s z f9e z sat94 ,9 prep>+ %ellac = g5]al use1 dissolve 9 a gallon ( alcohol 7e?ylic alcohol1 spirits ( w9e7 f\r p\nds ( ! orange or five p\nds ( ! :ite %ellac1 us+ ! :ite ^u light wood if a clean or cle> job is requir$1 & ! orange if ! color is immat]ial or is requir$ to be d>k5$1 z ! co/ ( ! orange gum is ab\t =ty p]4 c5t4 less4 ,! cle>ness ( ! orange gum dep5ds mu* ^u its fre%ness1 & x is !re=e undesirable to prep>e x until x is want$ = use1 :5 ! dissolv+ ( ! gum c be accel]at$ by w>m+ & cont9ually agitat+ ! mixture4 ,wood _s 7me?ylic alcohol7 also dissolves ?is gum & is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = pure alcohol1 its co/ be+ ab\t "o-?ird2 b on acc\nt ( disagreeable odor & delet]i\s effect x is reject$ = fir/-class "w4 ,! application ( %ellac is to an exp]i5c$ f9i%] ! mo/ agreeable & lea/ difficult "p ( f9i%+2 b to a beg9n] x is (t5 mo/ aggravat+ & disc\rag+1 x be+ v difficult to prev5t lapp+ or d\bl+ up4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 ! lac is d>k] ?an ! wood1 z1 = in/ance1 9 %ellack+ p9e %utt]s ) orange %ellac1 :5 ! attempt ( ! beg9n] usually results 9 a total bot*4 ,an exp]i5c$ h& w produce a cle> & ev5 effect by proce$+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,hav+ 9 view ! fact t ! wood is v s(t1 he w dilute 8 lac some:at ) ! spirits1 to make x "w free4 ,!n1 ) a d\ble-?ick flat-*isell$ bri/le bru% ab\t two in*es wide he w apply a v free coat to ! clos$ slats1 on ! b> side1 includ+ ! small ogee edge ( ! frame1 tak+ c>e to daub none on ! flat surface4 ,!n1 quickly turn+ to ! o!r side & op5+ ! slats1 he w f9i% & lay (f ! sides1 &1 aga9 clos+ ! slats1 proce$ by coat+ !m ^u ! pla9 7non-b>7 sides1 includ+ ! o!r edge ( ! frame4 ,he w !n return to ! b> side1 op51 lay (f & f9i%2 !n1 runn+ ! bru% up & d[n ! b>1 complete t portion ( ! "w4 ,x may be laid d[n z a rule t "o section %\ld be complet$ be=e ano!r is />t$4 ,:5 "o portion is coat$1 proce$ ) ! frame by coat+ ! outside edges & !n ! c5tre rail1 cutt+ ! jo9ts clean4 ,!n beg9 at "o end ( ! /yle & foll[ ar\nd until ! />t+-po9t is rea*$1 be+ always c>eful to complete z y g on4 ,x is sometimes requir$ to f9i% %utt]s 9 a hang+ condition1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! spe$ requir$ 9 apply+ ! %ellac1 !re is mu* dang] ( spatt]+ ! walls or w9d[s4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y are hung ) loose jo9t butts1 x w be f\nd economical to remove !m & f9i% !m 9 a sep>ate room4 ,we h ?us f> ref]r$ to ! %ellack+ ( p9e %utt]s ) orange %ellac4 ,if "o has acquir$ pr(ici5cy 9 ?is po9t1 all ! rema9d] w come v easy to him1 especially :5 us+ :ite %ellac 7transp>5t71 :i* does n %[ ! laps aft] v>ni%+4 ,! :ole secret ( %ellack+ may be cond5s$ 9 adh]5ce to ! foll[+ simple rules3 ,fir/1 to keep a wet edge to "w to2 second1 always to "w to a jo9t be=e /opp+2 & ?ird1 nev] to repeat ) ! bru% aft] becom+ p>tly set1 !reby caus+ x to 8d\ble up40 ,!re are sev]al sub/itutes = %ellac1 b ! op]ator %\ld rememb] !y are only 8sub/itutes10 & _c comp>e ) ! 8real ?+0 & only ! man :o takes 8 "w at />vation prices1 w use ! 8subs10 unless su* be specifi$4 ,oil %ellac1 :i* is us$ to a great ext5t1 is g5]ally suppos$ to be gum %ellac dissolv$ 9 a volatile oil1 & 9 quality virtually equal to alcohol %ellac4 ,?is supposition is wrong h[ev]1 = ! gums employ$ are ( an inf]ior sort1 be+ *iefly tak5 f our p9es & dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e or naph?a1 & hav+ a little l9se$ oil & *emical dry] ?r[n 94 ,:5 dry x is v brittle1 easily spoils & w n resi/ ! action ( wat] on ! gra91 & is utt]ly useless z a sub/antial f9i%4 ,?is s-call$ %ellac1 is appli$ 9 ! same mann] z v>ni%4 ,glue size proves mo/ effectual 9 hold+ out v>ni%1 & :ile ! "w is new1 x is n easily m>r$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! glue decays1 :5 ! slighte/ bruise causes ! v>ni%1 size & all to give4 ,= develop+ wat]-/a9s conta9+ alkali x is q effective4 8,h>d oil f9i%0 s-call$1 is simply an application ( a quick-dry+ brittle v>ni%1 t w poli% ) rubb+2 = inside "w x conta9s v little 8oil0 :ile t prep>$ = outside purposes1 conta9s m 8oil10 is m exp5sive1 dries sl[] & is m durable4 ,x matt]s b little :e!r we employ %ellac or a sub/itute1 or ev5 v>ni% = fir/ coat+4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to dry & !n receive a rubb+ to take (f all ! grit or r\ghness :i* may h be5 caus$ by a little fill] rema9+ on ! surface or du/ settl$ ^u x be=e dry4 ,:atev] x may be1 x %\ld be smoo!d be=e apply+ a coat ( v>ni%4 ,= ?is purpose ,no4 #j s&pap] w be f\nd ! be/ adapt$1 b1 z ! ord9>y s&pap] is v heavy1 & !re=e /iff1 we are liable to cut ?r\gh ! edge 9 us+ x4 ,nei!r does x con=m easily to m\ld+s & corn]s4 ,x is !re=e advisable to employ ! ?9 pap] especially prep>$ = ! purpose2 b if x _c be obta9$1 ! heavy %\ld be split--t is1 by deta*+ "o or two lay]s ( ! back pap]4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,hold "o corn] ( ! %eet betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]2 rub t corn] briskly ) a moi/5$ f+] ( ! o!r h&1 & ! lay]s w !n become deta*$ & c easily be sep>at$ by runn+ ! f+] d[n ! edge betwe5 ! two lay]s4 ,!n1 hold+ ! pap] d[n ^u a flat surface1 ! lay]s c be drawn asund] across ! :ole wid? ( ! %eet4 ,by te>+ ! %eet once l5g?wise & twice crosswise1 we h pieces ( a conv5i5t size = use4 ,z new pap] scrat*es m or less1 x w be advisable to rub ! grit (f ^u ano!r piece2 !n by moi/5+ ! back we are able conv5i5tly to get into ! corn]s )\t sc\r+ ! edges ?r\gh4 ,%\ld ! s&pap] /ill scrat* 7:i* x frequ5tly does :5 inf]ior /ock is us$ = coat+71 hairclo? w d in/ead1 us+ ! hair side on ! surface4 ,?is c be obta9$ at any furniture repair %op4 ,a v important "p ( h>dwood f9i%+ is ! v>ni%+4 ,simple z x looks1 x is extremely difficult to prop]ly lay on a coat ( v>ni%1 & exp]i5c$ v>ni%]s w tell u t ?is is s4 ,sc>cely two v>ni%]s "w alike1 & x takes "t & pati5t exp]i5ce ) any p>ticul> v>ni% to le>n its peculi>ities4 ,we _c tea* h[ ! v>ni%+ %\ld be done1 b we c give a few g5]al directions t may prove helpful4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 d n be afraid ( y\r v>ni%2 d n get excit$ if x ?reat5s to give tr\ble4 ,i h se5 a c>riage-pa9t] tremble s :5 apply+ a /range v>ni% t he appe>$ z ?\gh 9 an ague-fit1 & x is ne$less to say t x 0 a bad job4 ,apply ! v>ni% quickly & freely1 & d n "w x mu*2 ! less v>ni% is work$ aft] be+ appli$1 ! high] w be ! lu/re4 ,rememb] ?is1 = x is true & v important to "k4 ,fl[ x on freely ) a flat bru% ( suitable wid?1 & use a badg] or fit* hair bru%2 a f9e ela/ic or half-ela/ic *isell$ bri/le bru% is v good4 ,i m5tion ! badg] & ! fit* m because !y w outwe> any bri/le v>ni% bru% & ( c\rse are *eap]4 ,a p\nd or any o!r bri/le bru% w answ] = v>ni%+ gra9$ or pa9t$ "w1 on :i* ! v>ni% is g5]ally scrubb$1 b 9 v>ni%+ natural wood x %\ld be laid on s z to level ! surface1 = :i* purpose f9e-hair$ bru%es are necess>y4 ,hav+ ! surface ( ! wood fill$ & %ellack$1 we h a gr\nd-"w suitable = any class ( "w f piano poli% to *eap "o-coat "w4 ,9 select+ ! v>ni% = ! latt]--:i* is g5]ally left 9 ! gloss--use a 8f9i%+0 v>ni%2 t is1 a v>ni% reta9+ a bright gloss :5 dry4 ,h[ev]1 ! v>ni%es ) ! brighte/ gloss are g5]ally n v durable4 ,:5 successive coats are to be appli$ ei!r 9 oil--f9i%+--i4 e41 oil rubb+--or poli%+1 a v>ni% is requir$ t dries h>d1 b n brittle1 ! latt] especially be+ *>act]i/ic ( *eap gum v>ni%1 su* z colophony--common pit* or ros9--poor copal1 etc4 ,if ! v>ni% conta9s mu* oil1 x w r5d] x ela/ic1 mak+ x difficult to rub2 & !re=e a good rubb+ v>ni% %\ld be made ei!r ( amb] or ( copal1 ! =m] be+ especially adapt$ to ! manufacture ( poli%+ v>ni%1 z ! gum is susceptible ( a v f9e poli%4 ,v>ni%es to suit almo/ any purpose are g5]ally obta9able at ! deal]s4 ,we nev] c expect good results if we put a h>d v>ni% ov] an ela/ic "o or apply a coat be=e ! previ\s "o is dry4 ,^! are ! ma9 causes = v>ni%+ crack+4 ,! same tr\ble also arises :5 v>ni% is appli$ too heavily1 s t ! coat =ms an enamel on ! surface1 rema9+ s(t und]nea?1 & !n dry+ v sl[ly4 ,:ile dry+1 ! surface enamel contracts1 consequ5tly draw+ ! cracks op5 q wide4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n rules :i* by simply be+ read w\ld make a practical v>ni%] ( a p]son1 z v>ni%+ requires mu* judgm5t & practice1 b a few 8tips0 may n g amiss2 at any rate1 !y assi/ 9 complet+ ! subject4 ,we w n[ ent] a room t has be5 s&pap]$ z describ$ previ\sly1 hav+ a temp]ature ( ab\t sev5ty degrees4 ,we spr9kle ) wat]1 n flood+ ! floor1 z a v damp atmosph]e w\ld prove injuri\s to ! gloss ( ! v>ni%1 !n ) a pa9t]'s du/] c>efully du/ (f all ! "w4 ,?is g5]ally ends ! prep>ation1 b 9 ord] to remove all ! du/ x requires wip+ (f ) a damp *amois sk92 & :5 all is clean & dry1 we are ready = ! v>ni%4 ,= a bucket or pot use "o ( ! clean t9 pails kn[n z 8two-qu>t-lun* pails40 ,!n1 to prev5t ! v>ni% f runn+ d[n ! outside by scrap+ ! bru% ov] ! edge1 a b> %\ld be sold]$ across ! pail ab\t in* f ! top & a little on "o side f ! c5tre4 ,manufactur]s claim t v>ni% %\ld be us$ j z x is sold1 & we f9d t ne>ly all good quality ( v>ni%es "w freely )\t dilut+1 b h[ to obta9 good results ) "s ( _! *eap /uff )\t dilut+ rema9s a my/]y to f9i%]s4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! v>ni% is ( a poor1 ?ick quality1 add turp5t9e until x spreads freely ) y\r 8fit* bru%10 :i*1 if ! "w is v complicat$1 %\ld be two in*es 9 wid?2 & if ! "w be pla91 a ?ree-in* c\ld be us$ to advantage4 ,v>ni% %\ld be appli$ freely--or1 r1 fl[$ on1 & n rubb$ out1 or 8sk9n$0 on1 z f9i%]s t]m x4 ,9 apply+ ! v>ni%1 fir/ run freely ov] a panel1 !n run ov] x crosswise4 ,if !re are projections ris+ ) an angle1 or any grooves or depressions1 z 9 m\ld+s1 !y w reta9 m v>ni% ?an ! flat surface1 & to prev5t runn+ d[n 9 !m x requires draw+ out4 ,?is is done by /abb+ ! bru% into ! angles & at ! same "t draw+ x out t[>d ! flat surface2 & :5 ?is is done1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! angle1 we f9i% by lay+ (f up & d[n4 ,?is %\ld complete ?is portion ( ! "w )\t be+ oblig$ to t\* x aga91 & ?us proce$+ until a section ( panels h be5 f9i%$1 :5 ! frame %\ld be gone ov]4 ,9 coat+ ! panels ! surface ( ! frame is v (t5 daub$--9 fact ?is is ne>ly inevitable--& to coat ov] ?is w\ld =m fat edges2 s we %all aga9 make x fluid by mix+ x ) ! fre% v>ni%1 & ?is is done by 8p\nd+0 x up well--or1 z a pa9t] w\ld call x1 8/abb+0 x--:5 x c be ev5ly laid (f4 ,! am\nt a surface w hold )\t runn+ c be asc]ta9$ only by exp]i5ce & judgm5t2 al?\gh mu* dep5ds ^u ! way x is laid (f1 z a great] quantity c be appli$ if laid (f up & d[n ?an horizontally1 z ! bru%m>ks give occasion = ! v>ni% to 8sag40 ,b if su* %\ld take place aft] ! v>ni% is p>tly set1 x c\ld be /opp$ by /abb+ ) ! bru% rubb$ out dry1 al?\gh ?is w leave ! surface pitt$1 b1 at any rate1 mu* easi] to rub out ?an a run4 ,! bru%es1 :5 n 9 use1 %\ld be kept 9 v>ni% or wa%$ out clean1 :i* c be done by rubb+ !m out well ) k]os5e & !n wa%+ !m ) soap & wat] until p]fectly clean4 ,%\ld x be desir$ aft] apply+ "o coat ( v>ni%1 to proce$ ) ! oil f9i%1 t is 8oil rubb+ or poli%+10 we %\ld fir/ take into consid]ation ! condition ( our surface4 ,provid+ t "o coat has fill$ ! little depressions ( ! gra9 to a p]fect level1 we are prep>$ to proce$ ) ! rubb+2 b ?is levell+ is seldom effect$ ) "o coat1 requir+1 z a rule1 at lea/ two coats = f9e wood & ?ree or f\r coats = co>se-gra9$ woods4 ,! ma9 object1 h[ev]1 is to =m a coat+ suffici5tly heavy to prev5t rubb+ x entirely (f f ! elevations 9 gett+ x d[n to t 9 ! depressions4 ,z to ! be/ me?od ( rubb+ & poli%+ z mu* or m div]sity ( op9ion exi/s ?an 9 any o!r bran* ( ! trade4 ,?is is probably due to ! s*em+ & exp]im5t+ ( ! s-call$ 8ru%]s10 :o get n]v\s at see+ a man take suffici5t "t to rub d[n a surface1 & ?us devise "s new plan = hu/l+ out ! "w1 & g5]ally1 :5 ! gloss is remov$1 ! job is complet$ reg>dless ( appe>ance4 ,b nev]!less 9 all ( ^! snide f9i%es !re is g5]ally a po9t or two ( importance = u4 ,we h = in/ance1 a dead f9i% produc$ by add+ wax to v>ni%4 ,?is is made by scrap+ ! wax f9e1 putt+ x into a di% & cov]+ x ) a good turp5t9e japan plac$ ov] a fire to dissolve1 b ) a mod]ate heat4 ,:5 dissolv$1 add twice its am\nt ( v>ni% & apply ) a fit* fl[+ bru%4 ,al?\gh ?is does n produce a rubb$ f9i%1 x produces q a clev] imitation1 & we c use x to advantage on ! slats ( %utt]s & on elaborately c>v$ capitals1 etc4 ,x is n infrequ5tly employ$ 9 floor f9i%+4 ,!re is a me?od practis$ :i* removes ! gloss f ! v>ni% by rubb+ ) a mixture ( oil & pumice-/one appli$ ) a furniture scrub bru%1 or1 = a l>ge flat surface1 a comm]cial /5cil bru%--,no4 #ab or #ad is frequ5tly us$--dipp+ ! bru% into ! mixture & scrubb+ x on to ! surface2 ?ree or f\r scrubs are g5]ally suffici5t1 dep5d+ p>ticul>ly ^u ! clean+ (f ) wadd+ completely to remove ! gloss4 ,unless ! v>ni% has be5 v cleanly appli$ & is p]fectly level1 x does n am\nt to mu*1 = x does n smoo? ! surface4 ,o!rs1 aga91 fir/ s&pap] ! surface ) f9e s&pap]1 !n rub x a trifle ) oil & pumice1 us+ a piece ( burlap or old felt boot = a rubb]4 ,! only way yet discov]$ by :i* to level ! surface is to rub x d[n ) felt4 ,= ?is op]ation we provide ourselves ) a set ( rubb]s :i* may be made z foll[s3 ,fir/ take a piece ( :ite ,spani% felt "o in* ?ick & ab\t #cx#e 9 size2 split x 9 two1 & keep "o half = ! l>ge pla9 surfaces4 ,!n aga9 split ! o!r half1 obta9+ two ?9 pieces1 res]v+ "o = m\ld+s1 etc41 to :i* x w easily con=m4 ,we n[ want "s tools to get into small corn]s s we :ittle /icks ab\t six or eight in*es long & 9 %ape ( a triangle1 half r\nd & oblong2 !n1 cutt+ ! ends squ>e1 glue a piece ( ?9 felt ^u x1 all[+ ! glue to dry ?or\ghly be=e putt+ 9 oil4 ,= gett+ ar\nd 9 ! bottom ( c>v+s1 we :ittle a /ick ( basswood b>k1 &1 moi/5+ x1 /ub ! end to a pulp4 ,a scrub bru% w also be necess>y to remove ! gloss f ! beads & ar\nd ! edges ( ! panels1 etc4 ,! oil g5]ally us$ = rubb+ is gold5 oil1 kn[n z ma*9e oil1 al?\gh crude petroleum1 raw l9se$ & cotton se$ oils are (t5 us$1 b none ( ! latt] cut s rapidly or clean (f s well z ! gold54 ,pumice-/one ,no4 #j is g5]ally us$1 al?\gh "s pref] ,no4 #jj or #jjj1 b ^! are q f9e1 & !re=e d n cut v fa/4 ,9 apply+ ! oil & pumice1 "s pref] dipp+ ! rubb] fir/ into ! oil1 !n into ! p[d]1 & ?us convey x to ! surface1 :ile o!rs apply ! oil ) a piece ( wadd+1 !n spr9kle on ! p[d]4 ,to excel 9 rubb+1 l all o!r bran*es ( ! trade1 requires practice1 always rememb]+ t if ! rubb] is all[$ to lag ov] ! edge :ile draw+ back & =w>d x w rub ! edge ?r\gh4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ! "w %\ld always be rubb$ l5g?wise ! gra91 s if x be necess>y at ! ends ( panels next to ! rails1 :]e x is g5]ally incl9$ to be r\gh1 to rub crosswise1 x %\ld be rubb$ d[n crosswise1 b f9i%$ l5g?wise1 to take away ! scrat*y appe>ance4 ,be=e attempt+ to rub1 ! v>ni% %\ld resi/ ! impression ( ! f+] nail1 or :5 rubb$ be=e dry x w aga9 fl[1 caus+ bright spots to reappe>1 g5]ally kn[n z 8sweat+10 & w\ld require re-rubb+ aft] becom+ dry4 ,an exp]i5c$ h& c\ld easily tell :5 8 surface 0 suffici5tly rubb$ by rais+ ! felt or edge & draw+ a clean /reak ! l5g? ( ! "w1 & if ! surface has lo/ its pitt$ appe>ance ! rubb+ is complete & ready to be clean$ (f4 ,?is is accompli%$ easi] if done directly1 n all[+ ! oil to soak & s(t5 ! v>ni%1 :i* causes ! surface to appe> mottl$ & sme>y4 ,9 clean+ use f9e s(twood sawdu/1 moi/5$ a trifle to prev5t scrat*+2 & :5 ! bulk ( ! oil is remov$1 ! corn]s pick$ out & ! "w du/$ x is aga9 wip$ (f ) wadd+ or wa/e1 splitt+ ! %eets ( wadd+ to get ! s(t inside1 !n ) ! po9t ( a pick & ! wadd+ ! beads & corn]s are c>efully fre$ f all p>ticles ( oil & pumice4 ,%\ld !re be sags & runs or wr9kles :i* ! ord9>y rubb+ did n remove1 !y %\ld be rubb$ out ) pumice & /rong soapsuds1 !n rubb$ ov] a little ) ! oil aga94 ,x is (t5 requir$1 9 f9i%+ a job1 to =m a contra/ by poli%+ ! raise ( ! panels1 ?us produc+ a ri* & elegant f9i%4 ,9 poli%+ z well z rubb+ ! hu/l]s h _! s*emes4 ,"o s*eme commonly practis$ is1 aft] ! ord9>y oil rubb+1 to rub ! surface to be poli%$ ) a bun* ( raw cotton moi/5$ ) ab\t equal p>ts ( sweet oil & alcohol1 ! oil & spirits be+ put into a bottle & well %ak5 be=e moi/5+ ! cotton4 ,al?\gh ?is may be a hu/l]'s s*eme1 an exp]i5c$ h& ) x c produce elegant results4 ,9 h& poli%+ proce$ some:at diff]5tly4 ,fir/ complete ! oil rubb+1 omitt+ ! p>ts to be poli%$1 !n proce$ by rubb+ ^? p>ts ) pumice & wat]1 us+ pumice = t purpose1 levell+ ! surface z mu* z ! coat+ w p]mit1 !n clean+ (f ) damp *amois frequ5tly r9s$ 9 clean wat]4 ,we !n apply a coat ( poli%+ v>ni%1 :i*1 :5 dry1 is aga9 rubb$ d[n ) pumice fl\r & wat]1 us+ a f9e b s(t piece ( felt2 & :5 p]fectly smoo?1 x is c>efully clean$ (f1 s t none ( ! pumice rema9s ^u ! surface1 z ?is w scrat* & de/roy ! poli%4 ,x is !n rubb$ aga9 ) rott5-/one & a piece ( *amois lea!r1 us+ ! lump ( rott5-/one & *ang+ ! rubb] by rubb+ x ov] ! lump ?ree or f\r times1 !n rubb+ ! surface q briskly1 = 9 ?is rubb+ is :]e ! poli%+ really is done4 ,?is p[d] !n is all[$ to dry ^u ! surface1 & !n ) a %ort circul> motion ) ! ball ( ! h& we proce$ to rub (f ! p[d]1 frequ5tly wip+ ! h& ^u a rag free f all o!r du/ or pumice-/one4 ,!n1 if ! v>ni% 0 ( a sup]ior quality1 ! poli% is complete2 b %\ld ! v>ni% conta9 *eap gum or a too great am\nt ( oil1 x is ne>ly impossible to produce a bright poli%1 al?\gh 9 ?is case ! me?od fir/ m5tion$ w\ld prove q effective--viz41 t ( us+ an old silk h&k]*ief to rub ) 9 place ( ! cotton4 ,9 ! f9e/ sort ( g5]al "w1 get a good quality ( c>riage v>ni%1 & be sure &1 d n mix ei!r oil or turp5t9e ) x1 z x is prep>$ & put up = imm$iate use & specially prep>$ to meet special ne$s4 ,two coats ( v>ni% are usually suffici5t :5 ! fill+ has be5 complete4 ,:5 ! fir/ coat is dry1 rub x d[n ) pulv]iz$ pumice-/one & wat]--9 "s cases simply ) curl$ hair1 :i* removes ! gloss & makes a good f9i%+-coat possible4 ,! rubb+ accompli%$1 wa% & du/ (f well2 !n apply ! f9i%+-coat ( v>ni%4 ,if a 8poli%$0 surface be requir$1 ! la/ coat mu/ be rubb$ d[n z be=e ) pumice-/one & br\ght to a mirror-l surface ) rott5-/one & wat]4 ,cle> up ) a little sweet oil1 & aft]w>d ) a clo? damp5$ ) alcohol4 ,a 8dead f9i%0 is produc$ by rubb+ ! v>ni%$ surface ) p[d]$ pumice-/one & raw l9se$ oil1 :i* gives a semi-lu/r\s f9i% ( great beauty & durability4 ,ano!r me?od ( poli%+ h>dwood is describ$ z foll[s3 ,take a long piece ( li/ or co>se flannel & roll x up 9 a wad l a roll ( rope1 & ov] ?is wrap a s(t piece ( l95 sev]al times d\bl$ up2 sew x on tightly & =m a sort ( h&le by ty+ up a r\nd wad4 ,!n put into a sauc] "s %ellac v>ni%1 into :i* dip ! flat side ( ! wad until x becomes saturat$4 ,p\r+ a few drops ( boil$ l9se$ oil on ! face ( ! wad1 rub ! "w briskly & lightly 9 a circul> direction1 do+ a small space at a "t until ! :ole surface is gone ov]4 ,repeat ! op]ation1 all[+ ea* successive application to dry well1 or rubb+ dry & n putt+ on too mu* poli%+-liquid at a "t4 ,obs]ve cleanl9ess & c>e dur+ ^! op]ations4 ,su* p>ts z _c well be rea*$ ) ! wad poli% ) a bit ( flannel4 ,?is w give a v durable poli%1 & ! p>ts are readily bright5$ up at any "t by means ( flannel moi/5$ ) oil4 ,rememb] t 9 all ^! op]ations ! utmo/ c>e & pati5ce mu/ be ex]cis$ if "o w\ld h a p]fect job4 ,d n slight ! "w 9 ! m9ute/ p>ticul>4 ,take y\r "t & d ev]y?+ z x %\ld be done1 fill+ 9 well1 rubb+ d[n smoo?ly & du/+ (f c>efully4 ,a t]m sometimes us$ by ,am]ican workm5 is some:at mislead+2 ,i ref] to ! ^w 8fl[+10 z appli$ to v>ni%+4 ,! t]m is giv5 to ! process ( giv+ ! "w1 aft] x has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 a coat ( v>ni% made expressly = t purpose1 call$ 8fl[+ v>ni%40 ,! process z s nam$1 z giv5 h]e) is quot$ f an ,engli% au?ority3 ,v5e]$ panels are usually f9i%$ t way4 ,"s f9i%]s1 :5 ! body-"w is to be dead f9i% ) fl[$ panels1 coat ! panels ) ! same v>ni%--%ellac or o!r--us$ = ! body1 & rub !m ) pumice-/one & oil2 9 fact1 up to ! po9t ( fl[+ make no diff]5ce :atev] 9 ! treatm5t ( ! body-"w & ! panels4 ,su* treatm5t is n recomm5d$2 :atev] v>ni% is us$ = ! body-"w1 ! panels %\ld be coat$ ) two or ?ree coats ( ! be/ rubb+ v>ni%2 oil %\ld n be us$ = rubb+1 z1 if ! surface is at all greasy1 ! subsequ5t coat ( fl[+ v>ni% _c be ev5ly laid1 !re=e wat] %\ld be us$ ) ! pumice-/one = rubb+1 9 place ( oil4 ,aft] ! rubb+ is complet$1 wa% (f ) a sponge1 & dry ) a *amois sk94 ,let x /& = a day1 & aft] free+ ! "w f all pumice-/one & du/1 tak+ x to ! fl[+-room1 :i* %\ld be clean1 dry1 & free f all draughts ( air1 apply ! v>ni% ) a flat bru% ( suitable wid?1 made ( badg] or fit* hair2 lay ! v>ni% on smoo?ly & ev5ly1 leav+ no m>ks ( ! bru%4 ,! quick] ! v>ni% is put on1 & ! less x is work$1 ! bett] x w look4 ,let x /& 9 ! room until x is h>d en\gh to h&le4 ,uphol/]$ "w %\ld n be fl[$ until x comes f ! h&s ( ! uphol/]] & is ready = ! w>e-rooms4 ,v>ni% poli%+ is us$ :5 x is desir$ to give to ! "w a bright lu/re1 diff]+ f ! natural gloss1 & result+ f a p]fectly smoo? surface produc$ by rubb+4 ,! previ\sly appli$ coats ( rubb+ v>ni% hav+ be5 rubb$ d[n ) pumice-/one & wat]1 "o or m coats ( poli%+ v>ni% are appli$1 rubb$ d[n z be=e1 & br\ght to a bright mirror-l surface ) rott5-/one & wat]4 ,clean up ) a little sweet oil1 & aft]w>d ) a clo? damp$ 9 alcohol4 ,!re are _m makes ( v>ni% 9 ! m>ket at ! pres5t writ+1 t are especially adapt$ = natural wood f9i% & :i* may be obta9$ f any respectable deal]4 ,! mo/ reliable manufactur]s ( v>ni% 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: prep>ations may be dep5d$ on to a dead c]ta9ty1 d n numb] m ?an a half a doz5 firms among :i* may be nam$ ,devoe ,co41 ( ,new ,york ,city1 ,murphy ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 & ,b]ry ,bros41 ( ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,! ,murphy ,company make a transp>5t v>ni% t is ext5sively us$ 9 ! trade4 ,x is us$ = ei!r a high poli% or dead surface4 ,x is recomm5d$ especially = develop+ ! gra9 ( natural wood2 = durability 9 all temp]atures1 fre$om f discoloration f soap1 wat] or acids1 a p]fect adh]5ce to ! surfaces1 prev5t+ crack+1 flak+ or bli/]+1 :ile act+ z a good pres]vative ( ! wood or metal1 prev5t+ ei!r decay or ru/4 ,x is made 9 diff]5t qualities1 adapt$ to int]ior f9i%+ on walls1 floors or ceil+s 9 halls1 ba?-rooms or kit*5s = dwell+s1 asylums & hospitals1 & also = ext]ior "w1 su* z front doors1 ve/ibules1 w9d[ ca/+s1 & protect+ ! wood f wea!r exposure4 ,! ,b]ry ,bros4 ( ,detroit1 also make a :ite v>ni% t possesses all ! requisites ( a fir/-class f9i%+ mat]ial4 ,! prep>ations ( ,devoe ,co4 are s well kn[n & s univ]sally us$1 t only a b>e ref]5ce to !m is necess>y4 ,d\btless !re are o!r makes ( v>ni% t answ] equally well ) ^? nam$4 ,i ?9k ,i h n[ plac$ be=e ! read] pretty ne>ly all t is wor? say+ on ! subject ( h>dwood & natural wood f9i%1 & h drawn l>gely f ! be/ au?orities extant2 b x w\ld n be wise to close ?is section1 )\t giv+ z briefly z possible1 a few rules on ! n[ almo/ obsolete process ( ,fr5* poli%+1 z occasionally ?is me?od ( f9i%+ is employ$ = c]ta9 purposes3 ,fr5* poli%+ is a me?od ( v>ni%+ by rubb+ ! v>ni% ^u ! surface ( ! wood in/ead ( apply+ x ) bru%es4 ,:5 v>ni% is appli$ simply ) a bru%1 a comp>atively unev5 surface results1 r5d]+ necess>y ! subsequ5t process ( rubb+ & poli%+1 b by ! me?od ( ,fr5* poli%+1 a smoo? & cont9u\s1 surface h>d & n easily scrat*$1 is secur$4 ,all ! poli%es are appli$ v mu* 9 ! same way1 & a g5]al description w !re=e be suffici5t4 ,to obta9 a good poli% ) lac v>ni% on wood1 ! quantity appli$ mu/ be v small1 & mu/ be rubb$ cont9u\sly until dry4 ,if ! "w be por\s or cross-gra9$1 x w be necess>y to give x a coat ( ?9 cle> size previ\s to comm5c+ ) ! poli%2 :5 dry1 ! surface mu/ be smoo!d ) f9e glass or s&pap]4 ,! size fills up ! pores & saves ! poli%1 & also saves consid]able "t 9 ! op]ation4 ,make a wad ( cotton-batt+1 cov]$ ) sev]al folds ( v new f9e s(t l95 clo?2 put ! wad or cu%ion to ! m\? ( ! bottle conta9+ ! prep>ation 7or poli%7 & %ake x suffici5tly to damp ! clo?2 !n proce$ to lightly rub ! "w ) circul> motion2 z ! rubb] becomes dri]1 ! pressure may be increas$1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to press too heavily :5 ! rubb] conta9s mu* poli%1 z a /reak9ess w result4 ,! circul> motion %\ld be cont9u$ until ! rubb] becomes q dry1 :5 m poli% may be tak5 ^u x & ! rubb+ r5ew$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! rubb] %\ld nev] be rais$ directly f ! "w1 b %\ld be rais$ ) a sweep+ motion2 also t x %\ld nev] = a mom5t rema9 quiet ^u ! surface2 & t its motion %\ld be z ev5 z possible2 neglect ( ^! precautions w produce a r\gh surface :]ev] ! rubb] rema9s quiet or is improp]ly remov$4 ,! circul> rubb+ mu/ be cont9u$ until ! surface appe>s p]fectly smoo? & ! pores are no long] visible4 ,be v p>ticul> to keep ! clo? cov]+ ( ! wad clean & s(t2 x is desirable to use a clean portion ea* "t x is dipp$ 9 ! poli%4 ,x is q likely t 9 ab\t twelve h\rs aft] ! above op]ation ! surface ( ! "w w be lu/reless1 & ! gra9 pla9ly visible1 9 t case proce$ ov] ! "w aga9 until ! gra9 is ?or\ghly fill$4 ,fr5* poli%+ is a process requir+ p>ticul> c>e & skill1 & consid]able exp]i5ce is necess>y to produce good results4 ,beg9n]s w f9d t !y w be m successful ) a flannel rubb]1 made 9 ! %ape ( a ball4 ,mo/ poli%]s use wadd+1 :i* is m pliable & bett] to get 9 ! int]nal angles or small m\ld+s4 ,a bottle ) a slit cork is ! be/ to apply ! poli% to ! rubb]4 ,9 comm5c+1 ! rubb] %\ld n be rubb$ q dry1 z y w nev] get any body on ! "w by s do+2 b1 z ! %9y appe>ance advances1 y mu/ rub ea* rubb] dry4 ,e "t ! rubb] is wett$ ) poli% x %\ld be press$ 9 ! palm ( ! left h&1 :i* w equalize ! poli%4 ,aft] ! cov] is put ov]1 :i* %\ld be "s clean old cotton or pr9t rags1 ! top ( ! f+] %\ld be dipp$ 9 l9se$ oil & appli$ to rubb]-cov]--j en\gh to keep x f /ick+4 ,z soon z ! cov] has a %9y appe>ance1 x %\ld be remov$ to a fre% place4 ,z soon z ! "w has got a good body ( poli% on1 x %\ld be set away = at lea/ t5 h\rs1 to all[ = ! poli% to s9k1 :i* always takes place4 ,be=e comm5c+ to poli% aga91 ! "w %\ld be v c>efully rubb$ ov] ) ! f9e/ glass-pap] obta9able1 tak+ c>e n to cut ?r\gh ! sk92 !n proce$ z be=e4 ,be sure nev] to let ! rubb] /op 9 "o place = an in/ant1 z x w surely take (f ! poli% to ! b>e wood & spoil ! job4 ,aft] ! "w has suffici5t poli% on1 x %\ld be all[$ to /& ?ree or f\r h\rs be=e spirit+ (f4 ,! same rubb] w d2 only use spirits4 ,j damp ! rubb]1 & cov] ?ree or f\r times d\ble ) cov]1 & rub v lightly ov] ! "w2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to make ! rubb] too wet1 or ! "w w be spoilt4 ,! same process w answ] = p9e or deal1 only no fill+ is requir$1 b a coat ( clean pat5t size1 be=e apply+ ! poli%4 ,! +r$i5ts = ! above k9d ( "w are q num]\s1 b %ellac1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 is ! basis ( all ,fr5* poli%es1 & "s f9i%]s use ?9 %ellac v>ni% )\t o!r admixture1 slightly moi/5+ ! rubb] ) l9se$ oil to prev5t /ick9ess & make x "w smoo?ly4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( admixtures & div]sity 9 ! proportion ( +r$i5ts1 b ! diff]5ces are n mat]ial4 ,i subjo9 a numb] ( receipts4 ,fir/ & ,be/4--,to "o p9t ( spirits ( w9e add a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum-copal1 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum-,arabic1 & "o ounce ( %ellac4 ,let ! gums be well bruis$1 & sift$ ?r\gh a piece ( musl94 ,put ! spirits & ! gums toge!r 9 a vessel t c be closely cork$2 place !m ne> a w>m /ove1 & frequ5tly %ake !m4 ,9 two or ?ree days !y w be dissolv$4 ,/ra9 ! mixture ?r\gh a piece ( musl91 & keep x tight cork$ = use4 ,next4--,take "o ounce ea* ( ma/ic1 s&>ac1 se$ lac1 %ellac1 gumlac1 & gum-,arabic2 r$uce !m to p[d]2 & add a qu>t] ( an ounce ( virg9 wax2 put ! :ole into a bottle1 ) "o qu>t ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e2 let x /& twelve h\rs1 & x w be fit = use4 ,ano!r4--,put into a glass bottle "o ounce ( gumlac1 two dra*ms ( ma/ic 9 drops1 f\r dra*ms ( s&>ac1 ?ree ounces ( %ellac1 & half an ounce ( gum dragon2 r$uce ! :ole to p[d]2 add to x a piece ( camphor ! size ( a nut1 & p\r on x eight ounces ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e4 ,/op ! bottle close1 b take c>e1 :5 ! gums are dissolv+1 t x is n m ?an half full4 ,place ne> a w>m /ove until dissolv$4 ,o!r ,fr5* ,poli% ,receipts4--#a p9t naph?a1 #c ounces orange %ellac1 ounce elima4 ,d>k5 ) r$ saund]s wood4 ,to "o p9t ( spirits ( w9e1 add half an ounce ( gum %ellac1 half an ounce ( se$ lac1 & a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum s&>ac2 submit ! :ole to a g5tle heat1 frequ5tly %ak+ x1 till ! v>i\s gums are dissolv$1 :5 x is fit = use4 ,%ellac1 #f ounces2 naph?a1 #a qu>t2 s&>ac1 #a ounce2 b5zo91 ounce4 ,?ree ounces %ellac1 ounce ( gum ma/ic pulv]iz$1 & "o p9t ( me?ylat$ spirits ( w9e add$4 ,let x /& till dissolv$4 ,twelve ounces %ellac1 #b ounces gum elima1 #c ounces gum copal1 #a gallon ( spirits ( w9e2 dissolve4 ,! foll[+ mu/ be well mix$ & dissolv$3--,pale %ellac1 #b p\nds2 #c ounces ma/ic1 #c ounces s&>ac1 #a gallon spirits ( w9e4 ,aft] ! above is dissolv$1 add #a p9t copal v>ni%1 #a ounces %ellac1 ounce gum junip]1 ounce b5zo91 p9t ( me?ylat$ alcohol4 ,a ,good ,poli%4--,to a p9t ( spirits ( w9e add1 9 f9e p[d]1 "o ounce se$ lac1 two dra*ms ( gum guaiacum1 two dra*ms ( dragon's-blood1 & two dra*ms ( gum ma/ic2 expose !m1 9 a vessel /opp$ close1 to a mod]ate heat = ?ree h\rs1 until y f9d ! gums dissolv$2 /ra9 ! :ole into a bottle = use1 ) a qu>t] ( a gill ( ! be/ l9se$ oil1 to be %ak5 up well ) x4 ,?is poli% is m p>ticul>ly int5d$ = d>k-color$ woods--= x is apt to give a t+e to light ones1 z sat9wood or air-wood1 etc4--ow+ to ! admixture ( ! dragon's-blood1 :i* gives x a r$ appe>ance4 ,a ,poli% t ,w ,/& ,wat]4--,take a p9t ( spirits ( w9e1 two ounces ( gum b5zo91 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum s&>ac1 & a qu>t] ( an ounce ( gum anime2 ^! mu/ be put into a /opp$ bottle1 & plac$ ei!r 9 a s&-ba? or 9 hot wat] till dissolv$2 !n /ra9 ! mixture1 &1 aft] add+ ab\t a qu>t] ( a gill ( ! be/ cle> poppy oil1 %ake x well up1 & put x by = use4 ,prep>$ ,spirits4--,?is prep>ation is useful = f9i%+ aft] any ( ! =ego+ receipts1 z x adds to ! lu/re & durability1 z well z removes e defect1 ( ! o!r poli%es2 & x gives ! surface a mo/ brilliant appe>ance4 ,half a p9t ( ! v be/ rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 two dra*ms ( %ellac1 & two dra*ms ( gum b5zo94 ,put ^! +r$i5ts into a bottle1 & keep x 9 a w>m place till ! gum is all dissolv$1 %ak+ x frequ5tly2 :5 cold1 add two teaspoonfuls ( ! be/ cle> :ite poppy oil2 %ake !m well toge!r1 & x is fit = use4 ,?is prep>ation is us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =ego+ poli%es2 b1 9 ord] to remove all dull places1 y may increase ! pressure 9 rubb+4 ,poli% = ,turn]'s ,"w4--,dissolve #a ounce ( s&>ac 9 p9t ( spirits ( w9e2 %ave #a ounce ( beeswax1 & dissolve x 9 a suffici5t quantity ( spirits ( turp5t9e to make x into a pa/e1 add ! =m] mixture to x by degrees2 !n1 ) a wooll5 clo?1 apply x to ! "w :ile x is 9 motion 9 ! la!1 & poli% x ) a s(t l95 rag2 x w appe> z if highly v>ni%$4 ,a ,fr5* ,poli% ,reviv]4--,beat gum acacia & :ite ( two eggs 9 a mort> until !y amalgamate2 !n add half a p9t ( raw l9se$ oil & be/ v9eg>1 eight ounces me?ylat$ spirits ( w9e1 "o ounce hydro*loric acid & two ounces muriate ( antimony4 ,!y are to be rubb$ on ! surface ( ! furniture until dry1 & w give a brilliant & la/+ poli%4 ,x n[ rema9s to expla9 ! sev]al v>ieties ( f9i%+ 9 use2 ^! are l>gely d]iv$ f ! peculi> qualities ( ! diff]5t v>ni%es us$4 ,poli%+ v>ni%es1 :i* are v h>d & durable1 are s call$ because _! surface c be br\ght to a high lu/re by rubb+ ) ! prop] mat]ials4 ,fl[+ or f9i%+-v>ni%es conta9 m oil ?an poli%+-v>ni%es1 dry m sl[ly1 & are s(t]1 b _! peculi> qualities are brilliancy & durability1 fitt+ !m = "w requir+ a brilliant gloss1 su* z v5e]$ panels4 ,rubb+-v>ni%es are ^? t dry suffici5tly h>d to admit ( be+ rubb$ to a smoo? surface4 ,turp5t9e v>ni%es1 be+ ! *eape/ v>iety1 are employ$ = *eap "w1 su* z common *airs1 b$/eads1 c4 ,dead ,f9i% is a t]m appli$ to ! f9i% produc$ by ! r$uction ( any ( ! rubb+ v>ni%es ) p[d]$ pumice-/one1 & raw l9se$ oil1 ! surface ?us produc$ be+ left 9 ! semi-lu/r\s /ate by omitt+ ! poli%+ process4 ,x is n[ m us$ ?an any o!r = body-"w1 %ellac v>ni% be+ g5]ally employ$ because ( its adaptation to ! requirem5ts ( f9e cab9et-"w1 & its prop]ties ( quick & h>d dry+4 ,copal1 anime1 & amb] v>ni%es are also us$1 b are sl[] dry+4 ,! numb] ( coats requir$ dep5ds some:at ^u ! quality ( ! fill]1 b usually ?ree coats1 & sometimes less1 are amply suffici5t4 ,v>ni% ,f9i%4--,= ,*eap ,"w4--,"o coat ( fill] or /a9 foll[$ by "o coat ( *eap turp5t9e v>ni% )\t rubb+4 ,9 ?is class ( "w ! brilliancy ( ! gloss & cov]+ qualities ( ! v>ni% are pr9cipally consid]$4 ,! *eap] turp5t9e v>ni%es h a brilliant gloss1 & dry v h>d1 b ! gloss is n p]man5t1 & aft] dry+ ! gum is v brittle & easily crack$ & brok54 ,! gum is pr9cipally common res94 ,wax ,f9i%4--,mix toge!r1 ) heat1 :ite wax1 & spirits ( turp5t9e to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa/e2 :5 cold1 apply x to ! "w ) a rag2 rub on heavily s z to fill ! pores ( ! wood2 remove all wax f ! surface ) a wood5 scrap] made 9 ! %ape ( a c>p5t]'s *isel2 smoo? (f ) a bun* ( s(t rags by rubb+ h>d & quick = a few m9utes2 f9i% ) a little ,fr5* poli% appli$ ) a cotton pad4 ,= table tops & all l>ge flat surfaces1 all[ ! wax to rema9 on1 & f9i% ) a w>m iron by pass+ x lightly & quickly ov] ! "w until ! wax is made smoo? & ! surface is suffici5tly poli%$4 ,?is is n consid]$ a desirable f9i%1 z x is n durable1 & wat] spots x v easily4 ,! bru%es requir$ = v>ni%+ are ( _m k9ds & sizes & a description ( ev5 a portion ( !m1 is out ( ! "q 9 a small "w ( ?is k9d2 h[ev] a few rem>ks conc]n+ !m may n be out ( place4 ,= _s v>ni%es1 camel's-hair p5cils & bru%es are us$1 ! sizes ( :i* v>y f "o-qu>t] to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* diamet]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! surfaces are v l>ge1 flat camel-hair bru%es are us$2 b f _! comp>ative ?9ness !y sc>cely conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( v>ni% to pres]ve ! bru% uni=mly *>g$ 9 pass+ ov] a l>ge surface4 ,turp5t9e & oil v>ni%es require less delicacy2 & flat bru%es1 made ( f9e s(t bri/les1 are g5]ally us$1 or sometimes ord9>y pa9t+ bru%es are employ$1 b !y are r h>%1 &1 ow+ to ! adhesion ( ! v>ni%1 ! hairs are apt to be loos5$1 & come out4 ,bru%es %\ld always be kept p]fectly s(t & clean1 & !re=e %\ld nev] be laid aside :5 ?r\gh "w1 )\t clean+4 ,= ?is purpose turp5t9e is be/2 ! bru%es c ei!r be wa%$ out q clean 9 x1 dri$ on a clo?1 & laid aside1 or ! bri/les c be p>tially imm]s$ 9 turp5t9e & all[$ to rema9 9 x until want$ = use4 ,w>m wat] & soap w also s]ve to clean ! bru%es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bru%es are laid aside )\t be+ ?or\ghly clean$1 !y w c]ta9ly be ru9$ by ! h>d5+ ( ! v>ni%4 ,v>ni% pans c be procur$ at any v>ni% %op4 ,!y are con/ruct$ ( t91 ) a false bottom2 ! int]val betwe5 ! two bottoms is fill$ ) s&1 :i* be+ heat$ ov] ! fire keeps ! v>ni% fluid1 & x fl[s m readily f ! bru%4 ,!re is a t9 h&le to !m1 & ! false bottom slopes f "o end to ! o!r1 :i* gives suffici5t dep? :5 ! v>ni% is l[4 ,!y %\ld also h a wire fix$ across ! top to wipe ! bru% aga9/4 ,an ord9>y pres]ve j> is frequ5tly us$ = conta9+ ! v>ni%1 & is suffici5tly suitable2 b x also %\ld h a wire or /r+ /ret*$ across ! top1 = r$uc+ ! quantity ( v>ni% tak5 up by ! bru%4 ,! quantity ( v>ni% p\r$ into ! j> %\ld be suffici5t to ne>ly cov] ! hairs ( ! bru% 9 ord] to keep x s(t4 ,too small a quantity ( v>ni% is liable to ?ick5 rapidly by evaporation1 :i* %\ld at all times be prev5t$ z f> z possible1 by keep+ ! vessel closely cov]$ :5 n 9 actual use4 ,! ,v>i\s ,woods1 _! ,/a9s & ,f9i%4--,! =ego+ rules & in/ructions apply1 9 a great measure to all woods t are to be f9i%$ 9 natural colors or /a9$1 b "u ?is head x is int5d$ to take ea* wood sep>ately1 ) reg>d to color+1 & o!r matt]s n be=e m5tion$1 t may be consid]$ necess>y to insure good "w4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 :5 speak+ ( h>dwood f9i%+1 t "s ( ! prettie/ woods us$1 are n 8,h>d0 b s(t woods among :i* may be m5tion$ p9e ( v>i\s k9ds1 popl>1 c$>1 r$wood1 hemlock & basswood4 ,:5 "s ( ^! are f9i%$ 9 _! natural /ate or /a9$ to imitate h>d] woods _! beauty is mu* enhanc$ & !y become des]v+ ( m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,p9e :5 prop]ly prep>$1 is 9 my op9ion "o ( ! mo/ useful z well z "o ( ! prettie/ woods t ,nature has giv5 to ?is cont95t1 & hemlock :i* is a mu* despis$ wood1 :5 prop]ly prep>$ & f9i%$ 9 ! natural /ate1 or slightly 8,mahoganiz$10 makes ! ri*e/ ( panels = doors1 wa9scot or o!r h\se f9i%4 ,z oak & mahogany are rivals z to :i* is ! bett] & h&som] woods = f9i%1 ,i w comm5ce ?is section ) ^? woods1 giv+ oak ! pref]5ce4 ,oak4--,we h 9 ?is c\ntry ov] =ty k9ds ( oak ne>ly e "o ( :i* may be us$ = "s special purpose1 ^? mo/ us$ = build+ f9i% & = furniture h[ev] are only few1 among :i* are ! :ite oak1 7,qu]cus rulia71 rock oak 7,qu]cus primas murticola7 & black oak 7,qu]cus t9doris74 ,all ( ! above nam$ oaks are capable ( be+ h&somely f9i%$1 ! :ite & black oaks be+ ! be/ & ! r$ be+ next4 ,:at is kn[n z qu>t]-oak is made by fir/ saw+ ! log f end to end ?r\gh ! middle4 ,!n ea* half is saw$ f end to end ?r\gh ! middle1 ?us leav+ f\r qu>t]s4 ,ea* qu>t] has only ?ree sides1 "o side ! bulge "p ( ! log1 & ! o!r two sides flat & com+ to an edge4 ,! bo>ds are saw$ (f ! %>p edge1 & ea* saw+1 !re=e1 ?r[s (f a bo>d wid] ?an "o be=e x4 ,saw+ ! qu>t]s ( ! log 9 ?is mann]1 lumb] possesses t beautiful cross-gra9$ figure s mu* 9 fa%ion n[ t x has become some:at ( a craze4 ,?is cross-gra9$ mat]ial f9ds favor 9 ! f9e/ furniture & int]ior "w4 ,! wood is susceptible ( ! v f9e/ poli%1 & ! cross-gra9 produces an effect made by bo? nature & ! saw1 t is q sup]ior to ! art ( ! mo/ skillful gra9]4 ,to effect a good imitation ( antique oak lamp black or ,v&yke br[n 9 oil is appli$ to ! surface ( ! wood1 d>k5+ its natural hue1 b ?is is n by any means be/ or ! only way1 b answ]s v well :]e o!r processes or me?ods are n available4 ,) reg>d to giv+ oak an antique appe>ance1 _m op9ions exi/4 ,=m]ly--& probably ! fir/--imitations ( antique oak 7 produc$ by expos+ ! b>e dress$ surface to ! /eam ( boil+ ammonia4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 x 0 impossible to apply to cas+s ( h\se int]iors1 ?us lead+ to ! application ( ! aqua ammonia ) a bru%1 b1 x is by repeat$ application t ! desir$ results are produc$4 ,x /a9s ! wood gray4 ,!re are f9i%]s :o claim ?is to be ! only process by :i* to imitate ,nature1 b ano!r mu* fa/]1 & "o :i* gives ! same results1 is to use /rong v9eg> ) iron fil+s or %av+s add$2 by a little exp]im5t+1 ?is c be made to suffice ) "o coat1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( iron add$4 ,a v clev] imitation ( ! g5]al antique c be obta9$ by /a9+ ! fill] ) ,v&yke br[n & *>coal1 equal p>ts1 us+ ab\t "o "p ( ! color$ to f\r p>ts ( ! light4 ,!n !re is ano!r antique :i* imitates c]ta9 oak f ! sixte5? c5tury3 ! peculi>ity ( x consi/s 9 d>k cl\d /reaks p]meat+ ! wood 9 e direction "s ( !m cross+ ! panels 9 a ,v-%ape1 o!rs /raight ne> top & bottom4 ,to give !m an odd appe>ance1 a pair ( panels c be cl\d$ by /reak+ "o ?ree or f\r times & ! o!r once or twice4 ,^! /ripes v>y 9 wid? f ?ree to five in*es4 ,! wid] /reaks look well across ! top ( a table ?ree or f\r times1 or ev5 p>tly across1 :ile ! n>r[ ones w\ld d well ar\nd ! legs & across ! /yles & rails ( panell$ "w4 ,9 putt+ ^! on1 !y %\ld be d>k 9 ! c5tre & bl5d out at ! edges4 ,?is is done ) an automatic pa9t burn]1 all[+ ! flames to scor* ! wood ne>ly black2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to *> x4 ,aft] ! "w is all /reak$ ! wood is fill$ ) fill] /a9$ ) burnt umb] mix$ z = black walnut4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! fill] /a9$ to ! prop] t9t1 & 9 apply+ correctly4 ,by foll[+ ! rules giv5 "u ! head 8,fill+0 ! op]ator %\ld h no tr\ble 9 mak+ good "w1 & we "h repeat ! in/ruction4 8,aft] en\gh surface has be5 cov]$ ) ! fill]1 s t :at has be5 fir/ appli$ beg9s to flatt51 ! process ( wip+ %\ld imm$iately beg91 us+ = t purpose ei!r a rag or a h&ful ( wa/e or excelsior4 ,if ! oak is v op5-gra9$1 wa/e is pref]able4 ,) a piece ( ?is t has previ\sly be5 us$ & is pretty well suppli$ ) fill]1 rub crosswise ( ! gra91 r rubb+ x into ! gra9 ?an wip+ x (f4 ,aft] ! :ole surface has be5 gone ov] 9 ?is way1 take a clean piece ( wa/e or rag 7nev] use excelsior = wip+ clean7 & wipe ! surface p]fectly clean & free f fill]1 us+ a wood5 pick1 ! po9t ( :i* has be5 cov]$ ) a rag or wa/e to clean out ! corn]s1 beads1 etc4 ,x is well to give ^! picks "s att5tion1 z a p]son once accu/om$ to c]ta9 tools c accompli% m & bett] "w ?an ) tools t feel /range 9 8 h&s2 !re=e1 ea* f9i%] %\ld furni% 8 own pick4 ,z to _! con/ruction1 ^! are be/ made f second-gr[? hickory1 :i* c be procur$ f any c>riage repair %op1 su* z old spokes1 brok5 felloes1 etc4 ,!y are made eight in*es 9 l5g?1 half in* oval at "o end & tap]+ d[n to ! po9t at ! o!r4 ,%>p5 ! oval end l a coal *isel1 !n smoo? ) s&pap]1 :i* %\ld also be us$ to %>p5 ! tool :5 ! same becomes worn dull40 ,?is pick+ out ( ! fill] f beads1 etc41 c be accel]at$ by ! use ( a pick+ bru% manufactur$ especially = t purpose1 b x is n advisable to use ?is on v co>se-gra9$ oak1 z x scrubs ! fill] out ( ! pores4 ,!re are sev]al fill]s us$ :i* d n require ?is pick+ & scrubb+4 ,"o is a liquid fill] us$ *iefly = c>riage f9i%+2 b x c be us$ successfully on butt]nut1 bird's-eye maple1 curly maple1 sat9wood1 hickory1 etc4 ,x is made f gum & oil4 ,ano!r is a fill] made f f9ely-gr\nd pumice /one1 mix$ z o!r fill]s4 ,x is appli$ ) a bru%1 & mu/ be left to dry at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x is !n s&pap]$ smoo?1 :5 an oil v>ni% is appli$1 r5d]+ x completely transp>5t4 ,?is la/ c be us$ only ^u light wood4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ne>ly all ! oaks gr[ d>k ) age2 _m ( !m assume an entirely diff]5t %ade f t :i* !y h :5 new & fir/ cut4 ,= in/ance1 light oak1 :5 new1 is ( a sort ( cream color2 :5 ag$ 9 a dry atmosph]e1 x w assume a r$di% br[n1 & 9 a damp atmosph]e x w turn a gray ) a blue t+e & ev5tually become br[n4 ,*]ry w turn f a light salmon to a m>oon1 & ! same ) mahogany4 ,x has n be5 s long s9ce mahogany & *]ry 7 antiquat$ by be+ color$ d>k ) /a9s or o!r color+ mat]ial1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 oak 0 f9i%$ light4 ,at pres5t ?is mann] ( f9i%+ is entirely rev]s$4 ,*]ry1 mahogany & all d>k woods are f9i%$ z light z possible1 :ile oak & a%1 especially black a%1 are f9i%$ antique4 ,ano!r me?od ( r5d]+ new oak wa9scot+ & o!r oak "w d>k1 & give x an antique appe>ance is giv54 ,a correspond5t 9 ! ,engli% ,me*anic gives ! foll[+ process ( treatm5t1 :i* he consid]s ! be/1 aft] try+ ! v>i\s o!r processes us$ by build]s & cab9et-mak]s to d>k5 woods3 8,oak is fumigat$ by liquid ammonia1 /r5g? #hhj1 :i* may be b\ght at any :olesale *emi/'s at #es4 a gallon4 ,! wood %\ld be plac$ 9 a d>k & air-tight room 79 a big pack+ case1 if y l671 & half a p9t or s ( ammonia p\r$ into a s\p plate1 & plac$ ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! c5t] ( ! comp>tm5t4 ,?is done1 %ut ! entrance1 & secure any cracks1 if any1 by pa/$ slips ( pap]4 ,rememb] t ! ammonia does n t\* ! oak1 b ! gas t comes f x acts 9 a wondr\s mann] ^u ! tannic acid 9 t wood1 & br[ns x s deeply t a %av+ or two may actually be tak5 (f )\t remov+ ! color4 ,! dep? ( %ade w entirely dep5d ^u ! quantity ( ammonia us$ & ! "t ! wood is expos$4 ,try an odd bit fir/ exp]im5tally1 & !n use y\r own judgm5t40 ,%ort pieces ( /uff may be s treat$ by us+ an air-tight box4 ,! box-ready1 a flat di% or plate ( /rong ammonia %\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom1 s t ! fumes w rise & surr\nd ! object4 ,all t is n[ necess>y is to place ! article 9 ! box1 nail+ up z close z possible & await results4 ,t5 h\rs exposure us+ /rong ammonia1 %\ld give a good color2 if n d>k en\gh let x rema9 long]1 be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! wood w pres5t no noticeable *ange until oil$ or br\ght 9 contact ) a wet sub/ance su* z %ellac4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to note ! progress by t\*+ ! wood ) ! wet f+] :5 x w %[ at once ! /age x has rea*$4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] me?od devis$ to /a9 oak ?an ?is :5 practicable1 & 9 adopt+ x we simply anticipate nature :i* 9 "t ?r\gh ! action ( ! ammonia ( ! atmosph]e w\ld pres5t ! same result4 ,mahogany may also be treat$ simil>ly ) success4 ,"h is ano!r me?od ( mak+ antique oak1 & ,i might add1 t :ite1 & black a%1 & *e/nut1 simil>ly treat$1 w give a fair imitation ( antique oak3 ,! job %\ld be made ( h>d wood1 ) z full an op5 gra9 z possible to secure a f9e effect4 ,s&pap] ?is & clean (f4 ,!n prep>e a prim+ made ( #a "p japan1 #a "p raw l9se$ oil & #a "p rubb+ v>ni%4 ,drop into gallon ( ! liquid #a p\nd ( comm]cial corn />*1 su* z is us$ = cul9>y purposes4 ,next take "s good1 dry1 burnt ,turki% umb]1 & add ab\t p\nd ( ?is to ! />*4 ,apply to ! job a good fl[+ coat ( ?is prim+4 ,let /& until x is set & has soak$ well into ! gra91 & !n take a broad putty knife & /ick x into ! gra91 work+ ! knife crosswise ( ! gra94 ,aga9 let /& a little :ile1 & !n wipe ) rags2 especially clean out all ! corn]s1 & get ! job into z good condition z possible z reg>ds hav+ ! gra9 well fill$4 ,^u ! completion ( ! op]ation above describ$ x w be f\nd t ! op5 gra9 has absorb$ ! />* & umb]1 & t ^! portions n[ %[ ! d>k %ade sugge/ive ( age1 :ile all ! re/ ( ! surface is also slightly d>k5$4 ,:5 aga9 p]fectly dry1 give "o coat ( rubb+ v>ni%1 prep>$ by add+ to x p\nd ( />* to ea* gallon ( v>ni%4 ,?is coat %\ld be fl[$ on freely z a m$ium coat ( rubb+ v>ni%1 b be c>eful n to h runs ( sags4 ,?is ought to completely fill ! wood1 aft] :i* proce$ to v>ni%1 rub & f9i% ! job 9 ! usual mann]4 ,to produce a natural oak f9i%1 foll[ precisely ! same c\rse z above describ$1 ) ! s+le exception ( omitt+ ! umb]4 ,?is w leave ! wood 9 its natural color4 ,"s ( ! mo/ attractive "w 9 ?is l9e1 h[ev]1 is effect$ by simply spread+ on ! surface ( ! mat]ial a conc5trat$ solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 ?is be+ all[$ to act until ! desir$ %ade is obta9$4 ,five m9utes suffice ord9>ily to give a good color1 a few trials indicat+ ! prop] proportions4 ,! sub/ance nam$ is decompos$ by ! vegetable fibre ) ! precipitation ( br[n p]oxide ( manganese1 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! pota%1 at ! same "t set free fixes 9 a durable mann] on ! fibres4 ,:5 ! action is t]m9at$1 ! wood is c>efully wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$1 !n oil$ & poli%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! effect produc$ by ?is process 9 sev]al woods is really rem>kable4 ,on ! *]ry especially x develops a beautiful r$ color :i* well resi/s ! action ( air & light1 & on ! o!r woods x has a v pleas+ & natural effect4 ,along ) ! =ego+ may be add$ ! foll[+ /a9s = oak3 add to a qu>t ( wat] #b ounces ea* ( pota% & pe>l-a%4 ,?is is a v good /a91 b x %\ld be us$ c>efully z x bli/]s ! h&s & s(t5s bru%es4 ,! /a9 may be made light] by add+ m wat]4 ,o!r ,oak ,/a9s4--,to d>k5 ! color ( oak any ( ! foll[+ may be us$3 ,liquid ammonia laid on ev5ly ) a rag or bru% w deep5 ! color imm$iately1 & x w n fade1 ?is be+ an artificial production ( result produc$ naturally by age4 ,bi*romate ( pota%1 dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 & appli$ ) a bru%1 w produce a simil> result4 ,a decoction ( gre5 walnut-%ell w br+ new oak to any %ade or ne>ly black4 ,ano!r4--,to two qu>ts ( boil$ oil2 half a p\nd ( gr\nd umb]1 mix$ 9 oil by colorman2 "o p9t ( liquid dri]s1 /irr$ 92 "o p9t ( turp5t9e2 mix4 ,aft] clean+ & plan+ y\r bo>ds1 lay ?is on ) ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,if requir$ light] add naph?a till ! requir$ %ade is atta9$2 x d>k5s ) age4 ,give x twelve h\rs to dry2 !n v>ni% ) wood v>ni%1 or use only beeswax & turp5t9e4 ,! result is good 9 "t1 b sl[] ?an v>ni%4 ,mahogany4--7,sviet5$47--,! tree has a d>ki%-br[n b>k & a r$di%-br[n1 co>sely fibr$1 /reaky1 h>d wood4 ,! tree gr[s to ! height ( #ce metres1 & is pretty /rong4 ,! *ief v>ieties are ! common mahogany1 ) a v h>d1 v durable wood1 :i* is nev] attack$ by worms1 & is excell5t = %ip-build+2 b its capability = tak+ a f9e poli% is its *ief recomm5dation4 ,mahagoni ,haiti1 ,mahagoni ,jamaika1 ,mahagoni ,havanna are ! o!r *ief k9ds4 ,?irty-five ye>s ago mahogany 0 comm]cially designat$ z 8,/4 ,dom+o10 f ! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & 8,baywood10 or 8,bay ,mahogany10 f ! vic9ity ( ! ,bay ( ,honduras1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! ,c5tral ,am]ican wood 0 condemn$ z be+ too s(t1 ( light weight1 /raight-gra9$ & *>act]less4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has ceas$ com+ to ?is m>ket1 b "o c>go hav+ arriv$ at ! port ( ,new ,york 7! l>ge/ mahogany m>ket 9 ! _w7 9 six ye>s4 ,/4 ,dom+o mahogany likewise exi/s only 9 "n1 ! orig9al gr[? hav+ long s9ce be5 utiliz$2 only ! small & /unt$ second gr[? be+ receiv$ "h n[4 ,! individual logs ( great size & be/ quality are s seldom f\nd z to come )9 ! category ( 8r>e specim5s40 ,! ,c5tral ,am]ican wood hav+ be5 deb>r$ by reason ( s(tness1 & ! ,/4 ,dom+o be+ virtually ext9ct1 x became a matt] ( discov]y :]e else to f9d ?is wood4 ,f ! isl& ( ,cuba a consid]able quantity ( ! small] sizes1 ( good texture & h>d1 suitable = small "w1 is obta9$2 b x is f ! va/ =e/ ( ,mexico t ! great m>kets ( ! _w are n[ suppli$1 n alone ) ! bulk ( ! be/ mahogany1 b mu* t is s(t1 ?\gh ^! s(t grades are sup]ior to ! ,baywood ( old5 times f ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,)1 p]haps ! exception ( our oaks1 no wood possesses l advantages ( comb9$ s\ndness1 l>ge size1 durability1 beauty ( color & ri*ness ( figure4 ,s1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r woods1 mahogany co/s no m to "w & /&s bett] ?an any o!r--! only po9t to weigh aga9/ ?is la/ great feature is ! slight diff]5ce 9 ! fir/ co/ ( ! wood 9 ! r\gh2 b if mahogany /&s bett] & long]1 & ne$s no att5tion aft]w>d1 surely ! sole advantage ( less co/ at fir/ :i* any o!r wood may possess is ov]come4 ,b ano!r m]it1 equal to any ?us f> m5tion$1 is ! w>m? 9 its color & ! glory 9 ! figure ( ?is beautiful wood4 ,! air ( elegance1 arti/ic effect & g5tle bre$+ x imp>ts to all its surr\nd+s1 its joy & life--all ^! _c be measur$ by a few c5ts a squ>e foot4 ,its gr[+ spl5dor ) age t gives increas+ satisfaction may safely be contra/$ ) ! tam5ess ( o!r woods1 :i*1 ?\gh pleas+ at fir/1 det]iorate r ?an improve4 ,does n mahogany add to ! value ( a private resid5ce or public build+8 ,i believe x does2 & x is ?is v fact t enc\rages s mu* imitation 9 h\sef9i%+ & 9 furniture4 ,:5 ! real wood is us$1 b little m is necess>y ?an to fill & v>ni% or poli%1 z x _c be mu* improv$ ^u4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x may be deem$ prop] to d>k5 x some:at to take away ! r$di% hue t newly wr\ght mahogany pres5ts1 & ?is c be/ be done by d>k5+ ! fill]1 to suit ! ta/e1 try+ ! mixture fir/ on a piece ( ! dress$ /uff1 until ! desir$ %ade is obta9$1 /a9+ ! v>ni% or poli% ) dragon's-blood or o!r suitable dyes1 w also accompli% ! desir$ end4 ,/a9+ by ! fumes ( ammonia w probably give ! be/ results1 z almo/ any t+e c be giv5 ! "w f ! newness ( y\?1 to ! mell[ness ( extreme age4 ,?is me?od is consid]$ ! be/ = imp>t+ to mahogany ! appe>ance ( age1 & = ^? wi%+ to avail !mselves ( an easy1 clean & c]ta9 means ( ga9+ ! result1 fumigat+ (f]s no s]i\s ob/acle to its accompli%m5t1 ! articles necess>y be+ easy ( acquirem5t1 & at small exp5se4 ,i give a numb] ( receipts = mak+ /a9s to imitate mahogany4 ,^! /a9s may be appli$ to *]ry1 black bir*1 :ite wood1 basswood1 p9e or sycamore1 ) pretty fair results4 ,! be/ ( ^! enum]at$ are *]ry1 bir* & p9e1 z f ^! woods ! be/ results are obta9able3 ,a good imitation ( & sub/itute = mahogany1 useful 9 f9e manufactures1 is made by procur+ any species ( close-gra9$ wood1 su* z *]ry1 bee* or bir*1 & prop]ly prep>+ x smoo? & clean4 ,!n rub ) dilut$ nitric acid1 :i* prep>es x = ! mat]ials subsequ5tly to be appli$4 ,^! consi/ ( "o & a half ounces ( dragon's-blood1 dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( spirits ( w9e1 & "o-?ird ( t quantity ( c>bonate ( soda1 mix$ toge!r & filt]$1 ! liquid 9 ?is /ate be+ rubb$1 or r1 laid ^u ! wood ) a s(t bru%4 ,?is process is repeat$ ) v little alt]ation1 & 9 a %ort int]val ! wood possesses all ! ext]nal appe>ance ( mahogany4 ,= o!r /a9s ! foll[+ are giv53 ,two ounces ( dragon's-blood dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 well %ak52 or raw si5na 9 be]1 ) burnt si5na to give ! requir$ tone2 = d>k] /a9s boil a half-p\nd ( madd] & two-ounces ( logwood *ips 9 "o gallon ( wat] & bru% ! decoction :ile hot ov] ! wood4 ,:5 dry pa9t ) a solution ( two ounces ( pota% 9 "o qu>t ( wat]4 ,a solution ( p]manganate ( pota% =ms a rapid & excell5t br[n /a94 ,= ! color ( new mahogany1 see ,*]ry ,/a9s4 ,a decoction ( logwood *ips1 made by boil+ 9 a closely-cov]$ vessel "o "p ( ! *ips 9 two p>ts wat] = two h\rs2 !n /ra9 ?r\gh a musl9 clo?4 ,%\ld ?is be requir$ d>k1 z = antique mahogany1 cond5se by a g5tle heat4 ,ano!r4--,= ! r$ g5]ally call$ mahogany1 add to a /rong decoction ( logwood *ips a small quantity ( *loride ( t94 ,or add to ! decoction a trifle eos9e4 ,apply two coats4 ,ano!r4--,add to ar*il 7or*il7 suffici5t eos9e to produce a natural color4 ,ano!r4--,dilute aliz>9-pa/e to ! prop] consi/5cy & color4 ,ano!r4--,to produce ! r$ 9 oil1 apply two coats ( crimson or rose-lake dilut$ ) turps & japan4 ,to d>k5 mahogany1 apply a weak solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 wat]4 ,apply successive coats1 all[+ ea* to dry1 until ! requir$ %ade is secur$4 ,half a p\nd ( madd]1 two ounces ( logwood *ips boil$ 9 a gallon ( wat]2 bru% ov] ! wood :ile hot4 ,:5 dry1 g ov] ! :ole ) pe>l-a% solution1 two dra*ms to a qu>t ( wat]4 ,size & poli%4 ,if a r$d] %ade be requir$1 x c be produc$ by sme>+ ! surface ) a /rong solution p]manganate ( pota%1 :i* is left on = a long] or %ort] "t1 accord+ to ! %ade requir$2 9 mo/ cases1 five m9utes w be en\gh4 ,! wood is !n c>efully wa%$1 dri$ & poli%$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! read] w und]/& t ! mahogany /a9s m5tion$ are mo/ly int5d$ = /a9+ inf]ior woods to imitate mahogany1 = z m5tion$ be=e only 9 isolat$ cases1 w ! g5u9e wood require to be /a9$--8good w9e ne$e? no bu%40-- ,*]ry4--7,prunus c]asus47--,?is is a f9e gra9$ wood1 t\gh & light1 is capable ( tak+ ! v f9e/ f9i%4 ,is h>d] ?an ,baywood1 & is ! ne>e/ approa* 9 color1 gra9 & texture1 to mahogany ?an any o!r native wood4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods = mak+ *]ry look l mahogany is to h ! wood rubb$ ) dilut$ nitro acid1 :i* prep>es x = ! mat]ials subsequ5tly appli$4 ,aft]w>ds to a filt]$ mixture ( "o ounce & a half ( dragon's-blood dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( spirits ( w9e is add$ "o-?ird t quantity ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,! :ole con/itut+ a v ?9 liquid is bru%$ ) a s(t bru% ov] ! wood4 ,?is process is repeat$ ) v little alt]ation1 & 9 a %ort int]val ( "t ! wood assumes ! ext]nal appe>ance ( mahogany4 ,if ! composition has be5 prop]ly made ! surface w resemble an artificial mirror & %\ld ?is brilliancy ev] decl9e x may be re/or$ by rubb+ ! surface ) a little cold drawn l9se$ oil4 ,:5 *]ry is nicely fill$ & rubb$ well d[n & n v>ni%$1 x has a s(t gl[ n possess$ by any o!r1 & has none ( ^? di/ortions ( gra9 t are s unpleasant 9 mahogany4 ,! timb] is *os5 f ! wild *]ry1 :i* 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,nor? g5]ally does n usually gr[ to a gir? ( m ?an #bj in*es1 b 9 "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates & 9 ! ,s\? frequ5tly atta9s a diamet] ( #bd in*es4 ,! dome/ic fruit *]ry gives "s good specim5s ( small timb]1 b z ! tree is r>ely sacrific$ until x is pa/ be>+ & is decay$1 ?is s\rce ( supply is prec>i\s4 ,! facility ) :i* *]ry c be work$ makes x a favorite ) ! cab9et-mak] & ! h\se jo9]2 & x also possesses ! quality ( 8/ay+ :]e x is put10 & t is m ?an c be said ( _m ( ! h>d woods4 ,i give bel[ sev]al /a9s = mak+ p9e & o!r suitable woods to h an appe>ance ( *]ry4 #a4 ,to prep>e ?is color 9 wat] /a91 boil 9 a gallon ( wat] "o p\nd ( ,spani% annotto & "o ounce ( conc5trat$ lye 7pota%74 ,%\ld ?is n be deep en\gh1 all[ ! wat] to evaporate by a g5tle heat4 ,! /a9 c also be d>k5$ by add+ gamboge previ\sly dissolv$ 9 a weak pota% solution4 #b4 ,gamboge 9 oil1 dilut$ ) turp5t9e1 & a little japan add$ z a siccative4 ,?is produces ! same color 9 oil z ! =m] 9 wat] /a91 & c be deep5$ ) dragon's-blood 9 oil or f9ely-gr\nd burnt si5na 9 oil4 #c4 ,mix toge!r1 by /irr+1 #a qu>t ( spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t ( v>ni%1 & #a lb4 ( dry burnt si5na2 apply ) a bru% & aft] x has be5 on ab\t five m9utes wipe x (f ) rags4 ,?is /a9 takes ab\t #ab h\rs to dry4 #d4 ,take #a qu>t alcohol1 #b ozs4 ( dragon's-blood2 pulv]ize ! latt] along ) oz4 ( alkanet root2 mix & let /& 9 a w>m place a c\ple ( days4 ,%ake frequ5tly 9 ! meantime4 ,apply ) a sponge or bru%4 ,two or ?ree coats may be requir$4 ,?is makes a f9e /a94 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r comp\nds1 b x is consid]$ t ! above are ample = all ord9>y purposes4 ,:5 /a9s are want$ 9 l>ge quantities x is mu* bett] to pur*ase !m1 z a numb] ( excell5t mixtures are n[ obta9able1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ^? ( ! ,*ilton ,mfg4 ,co41 ,new ,york1 :o make f9e ebony1 mahogany & *]ry /a9s4 ,anil9e /a9 may be pur*as$ at any color %op4 ,a%4 7,frax9us excelsior47 ,?is wood is n[ us$ v mu* by cab9et-mak]s & h\se jo9]s 9 place ( oak1 & ,i h (t5 se5 furniture palm$ (f1 to unsuspect+ cu/om]s z antique oak & 9 "o in/ance ,i "k ( an ar*itect :o specifi$ oak1 & :o 8pass$0 a mixture ( :ite & black a%1 z oak1 ei!r kn[+ly or o!rwise4 ,i am n sure t ! own]s 9 ei!r case lo/ any?+1 = good s\nd ,canadian a%1 is decid$ly bett] ?an dosey r$ oak4 ,9 f9i%+ a%1 ei!r black or :ite1 ! same me?ods are adopt$ z = f9i%+ oak & simil> processes w give simil> results4 ,+5i\s /a9]s & f9i%es c make a% resemble oak wa9scot1 9 ve9 & color s correctly t x is almo/ impossible = ! mo/ exp]i5c$ connoisseur to di/+ui% ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s4 ,9 ord] to d ?is "s f9i%]s make a comm5cem5t by sket*+ out1 ^u c]ta9 p>ts ( ! a% ext]ior1 ! requisite :ite ve9s1 by means ( a camel-hair p5cil1 ) :ite /a92 t done1 !y coat ! ve9s ) ?9 v>ni%1 & !n d>k5 ! g5]al gr\nd1 deal+ c>efully ?r\gh\t ! entire process ) ! ve9$ portions4 ,o!rs /a9 & embody1 i4 e4 ,fr5* poli%--! a% ) ! ord9>y prep>ation1 aft] :i* !y pursue an op]ative c\rse t]m$ 8*amp+02 t is1 scrat*+ fancifully1 s z to =m ! ve9s1 ^u diff]5t p>ts ( ! coat$ surface1 be=e x gets "t to h>d51 ) a saturat$ rag4 ,! =m] process is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ suitable ( ! two4 ,bir*4 7,betula ,nigra47 or ,canadian bir* is sup]ior to all o!r bir*es = con/ructive purposes & :5 prop]ly f9i%$ has a f9e quiet ref9$ look t comm&s itself to all lov]s ( dome/ic woods4 ,s popul> has ! use ( black bir* become )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 t ! price ( good grades has advanc$ f #h p] ,m feet1 9 #ahhj to #ajj p] ,m feet1 9 #ahib4 ,black bir* is a close-gra9$1 h&some wood1 & c be easily /a9$ to resemble walnut exactly4 ,x is j z easy to "w1 & is suitable = ne>ly1 if n all1 ! purposes to :i* walnut is at pres5t appli$4 ,bir* is mu* ! same color z *]ry1 b ! latt] wood is n[ sc>ce1 & consequ5tly de>4 ,:5 prop]ly /a9$ x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & walnut1 z x is susceptible ( a beautiful poli%1 equal to any wood n[ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( furniture1 & inside f9i%+s4 ,!re is a species ( bird's-eye bir*1 b x is v sc>ce4 ,an evid5ce ( ! weight & solidity ( ! wood is ! fact t x w s9k aft] be+ a few days on ! wat]4 ,x also possesses ! quality ( durability 9 a pre-em95t degree4 ,bir* is g5]ally f9i%$ ! same z *]ry1 & directions giv5 "u t head w apply "h also4 ,p9e4--7,p9us ,/robus74 ,if oak is ! k+ ( woods1 p9e is mo/ assur$ly 8presid5t10 = x is at once ! mo/ useful & ! mo/ democratic ( woods4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! halls ( ! great & p[]ful1 & 9 ! cottage ( ! mo/ humble among u4 ,x is /rong & vigor\s1 pla9 or ornam5tal & is n out ( place ei!r 9 ! backwoodsman's cab9 or 9 ! /ately ca!dral1 & l a true man ( ! _w1 x adapts itself to e condition t circum/ances may place x 94 ,p9e c be made to look l any kn[n wood1 b is at its be/ :5 left natural & f9i%$ 9 cle> %ellac4 ,!re is no wood gr[s1 t w convey s *e]ful a feel+ to ! behold] z yell[ or :ite p9e f9i%$ 9 a natural /ate4 ,next to be+ f9i%$ 9 a natural /ate1 is to imitate mahogany or light *]ry :i* color+ x takes readily4 ,:]e ! p9e--( any k9d--is to be ei!r /a9$ or left natural1 x %\ld be 8qu>t] saw$0 z x w %[ a f9] gra91 %r9k less1 & la/ long]4 ,! s(tness ( its texture & its susceptibility to injury may h _h "s influ5ce 9 prev5t+ its g5]al use = ornam5tal purposes1 b ! wood c be 8fill$10 s t mu* ( ?is objection is remov$4 ,its pure :ite color--:ite z comp>$ ) o!r woods--recomm5ds x = purposes = :i* holly has be5 h]et(ore us$2 & ! size ( ! timb] f :i* cle> bo>ds may be cut is greatly 9 its favor1 bo>ds ( a wid? ( sixte51 & ev5 tw5ty in*es be+ n uncommon1 ) no %ade ( di/9ction betwe5 sap wood & he>t1 & only ! fa9te/ p]ceptible gra94 ,"s specim5s lately exam9$ %[ a greatly enhanc$ beauty by v simple treatm5t--! fill+ ) w>m %ellac v>ni%1 blea*$ %ellac 9 alcohol1 appli$ ) a bru% :ile w>m4 ,sev]al coats are giv51 ! la/ coat be+ rubb$ ) pumice & rott5-/one1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 n oil4 ,a f9i% ( a fl[+ coat ( copal v>ni% completes ! prep>ation4 ,?us treat$1 ! wood is ( a fa9t creamy t9t1 ) an appe>ance ( semi-transp>5cy4 ,beautiful gradations ( tone 7 obta9$ by panels ( ?is prep>$ p9e4 ,mo/ ( ! /a9s giv5 "u previ\s heads1 are applicable to p9e1 ,i add1 h[ev] a few m1 s t ! workm5 may h a numb] ( recipes to draw f3 ,= ,walnut ,no4 #a4--;,dissolve by boil+ "o "p ea* ( ,epson salt & p]manganate ( pota% 9 ab\t tw5ty-five p>ts ( wat]4 ,?is /a9 may be improv$ by add+ a little eos9e1 & x works be/ :5 appli$ hot4 #b4 ,cate*u brok5 into crumbs & boil$ 9 ab\t twice its bulk ( wat] until dissolv$4 ,to d>k5 to ! requir$ dep?1 add bi*romate ( pota% previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ab\t eight times its equival5t ( wat]4 ,if ! deep yell[ %ade peculi> to ! ,s\!rn walnut be requir$1 add yell[ *romate ( pota%4 ,= ! r$di% %ade ( ! ,nor!rn wood1 add m eos9e4 #c4 ,= oil /a91 use ,v&yke br[n ton$ up ) ! si5nas1 ! colors be+ /rictly pure & f9ely gr\nd 9 oil1 & dilut$ ) turp5t9e & a small am\nt ( japan4 #d4 ,burnt ,turkey umb] mix$ 9 ! same way z ! =m]4 #e4 ,mix toge!r1 by /irr+1 #a qu>t spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t asphaltum v>ni%1 #a p9t ( japan1 #a lb4 dry burnt umb]1 #a lb4 dry ,v5etian r$2 apply ) a bru%4 ,?is /a9 is transp>5t1 & all[s ! gra9 ( ! wood to %[ ?r\gh4 #f4 ,boil #a ounces wa%+ soda1 & ounce bi*romate ( pota%1 9 #a qu>t ( wat]2 add #b ounces ,v&yke br[n4 ,?is /a9 may be us$ ei!r hot or cold4 #g4 ,) a bru% apply a ?9 solution ( p]manganate ( potassa 9 wat]1 until ! desir$ color is produc$1 all[+ ea* coat to dry be=e ano!r is appli$4 ,= ,mahogany or ,*]ry ,no4 #a4 ,= mahogany1 use a p9t ( turp5t9e & an ounce ( color kn[n z dragon's-blood4 ,dissolve & %ake well be=e apply+4 ,= ebony1 use hot liquor f logwood *ips1 & aft] dry apply a coat ( t9cture ( /eel4 ,= walnut1 use two ounces ( wa%+ soda1 d>k5$ ) ,v&yke br[n 9 wat]4 ,add two ounces ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 p9t & a half ( wat]4 #b4 ,mix toge!r1 by /irr+1 #a qu>t ( spirits ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t ( v>ni%1 & #a lb4 ( dry burnt si5na2 apply ) a bru%1 & aft] x has be5 on ab\t five m9utes wipe x (f ) rags4 ,?is /a9 takes ab\t #ab h\rs to dry4 #c4 ,take #a qu>t alcohol1 #b ozs4 ( dragon's-blood2 pulv]ize ! latt] along ) oz4 ( alkanet root2 mix1 & let /& 9 a w>m place a c\ple ( days4 ,%ake frequ5tly 9 ! meantime4 ,apply ) a sponge or bru%4 ,two or ?ree coats may be requir$4 ,?is makes a f9e /a94 ,= ,rosewood ,no4 #a4 ,mix 9 a bottle lb4 ( extract ( logwood1 #a oz4 salts ( t>t>1 & #a p9t ( wat]2 9 ano!r bottle1 put #a lb4 ( old iron 9 small pieces1 & #a p9t ( v9eg>1 :i*1 aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w be ready = use2 make a h>d /iff bru% ) a piece ( rattan %>p5$ at "o end 9 a w$ge %ape1 p\nd+ x s z to sep>ate ! fibre4 ,mix 9 #a p9t ( v>ni%1 lb4 ( f9ely-p[d]$ rose-p9k4 ,! mat]ials are n[ ready1 & ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! process is to /a9 ! wood ) ! logwood /a92 give two coats ( ?is1 all[+ ! fir/ to become ne>ly dry be=e apply+ ! second2 !n dip ! rattan bru% 9 ! v9eg>1 & ) x =m ! gra91 aft] :i* give ! "w a coat ( ! v>ni% & rose p9k4 ,!re c be no def9ite directions giv5 = gra9+1 except to /udy ! natural wood & imitate x z ne> z possible4 ,) ! above mat]ials skilfully appli$1 any common wood c be made to resemble rosewood s ne>ly t x w take a good judge to di/+ui% ! diff]5ce4 #b4 ,boil #a lb4 ( logwood 9 #a gallon ( wat]1 add a d\ble h&ful ( walnut %ell1 boil ! :ole aga91 /ra9 ! liquor & add to x #a p9t ( ! be/ v9eg>4 ,x is !n ready = use4 ,apply x boil+ hot1 & :5 ! wood is dry1 =m r$ ve9s 9 imitation ( ! gra9 ( rosewood ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ! foll[+ solution3 ,nitric acid1 #a p9t2 metallic t91 #a oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #a oz4 ,mix & set aside to dissolve1 occasionally %ak+4 ,if c>efully execut$ x w give ! appe>ance ( d>k rosewood4 ,= surface /a9s ! foll[+ are sometimes us$3 ,! colors are all to be mix$ ) v ?9 glue size1 laid on w>m ) a s(t wooll5 mat]ial1 & ! wood wip$ dry aft] application4 ,all ! colors us$ is /a9+ %\ld be well pulv]iz$1 & be=e use ! liquid %\ld be /ra9$4 ,imitation ,oak ,/a94--,equal p>ts burnt umb] & br[n o*re4 ,imitation ,mahogany ,/a94--,"o ,"p ,v5etian r$1 & two p>ts yell[ lead4 ,imitation ,rosewood ,/a94--,v5etian r$1 d>k5$ ) lamp black to requir$ %ade4 ,imitation ,walnut ,/a94--,burnt umb] & yell[ o*re1 mix$ 9 proportions to give desir$ %ade4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( p9e1 x may be z well to say a few words reg>d+ ! long leav$1 or ,georgia p9e 7,p9us ,pulu/ris47 z a great deal ( x is us$ n[ 9 & ab\t ! city ( ,new ,york1 & o!r l>ge c5tres4 ,?is wood is v f9e1 /rong & la/+4 ,"s ( x is insusceptible ( f9e f9i%1 b ! be/ success ) x1 is :5 treat$ ) %ellac f9i%4 ,9 all o!r respects1 :5 us$ z a f9i%+ mat]ial1 x may be treat$ ! same z ord9>y p9e4 ,walnut4--7,juglans ,nigra47--,z ?is wood is seldom or nev] /a9$ x is unnecess>y to say m ab\t x o!r ?an x may be treat$ l oak *]ry or bir*4 ,x looks well fill$ & f9i%$ 9 %ellac4 ,bir* /a9$ & prop]ly f9i%$ looks v mu* l walnut1 & ) a little c>e 9 gett+ a prop] t9t 9 ! /a91 c sc>cely be kn[n f ! real ?+4 8,fill+10 9 walnut f9i%+1 is "o ( ! mo/ important processes1 if ! ri*ness ( ! wood is desir$ to be %[n z mu* dep5ds on ! 8t9t0 z on ! fill+ mat]ial4 ,popl>4--7,populus balsamif]a47 ,basswood4--7,tieia ,am]icana47 ,c$>4--,:ite--7cupressus ?uyoides7 :i* is really a spruce1 & all simil> woods1 %\ld nev] be f9i%$ 9 a natural /ate4 ,deep /a9s or surface /a9s %\ld always be employ$ on ^! woods if !y are n to be pa9t$4 ,bee*4--7,fagus f]rug9ea47 ,?is is "o ( ! unnotic$ woods ( =m] ye>s b is n[ gradually ga9+ 9 favor z a decorative wood4 ,x is *eap & also q abundant1 :ile ! m popul> h>d woods are beg9n+ to gr[ sc>c] & high] 9 price4 ,bee*wood has a f9e gra91 is q durable1 & c be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( furniture & = decorative purposes g5]ally4 ,! r$ v>iety has a h&some appe>ance & is especially suitable = use :]e a good imitation ( *]ry is desir$4 ,if 8qu>t] saw$0 x %[s a f9e gra9 & has a "* di/9ctly its own :i* ,i ?9k has nev] be5 prop]ly appreciat$4 ,:5 qu>t]$1 prop]ly f9i%$1 fill$ & poli%$1 x looks some?+ l d>k leop>d wood4 ,x w assume a d>k mahogany color if prep>$ l *]ry or bir*1 or x may be made to appe> l walnut if treat$ ) walnut /a9s & f9i%4 ,elm4--7,ulmus ,am]icana47 ,*e/nut4--7ca/anea vesca47 ,butt]nut4--7,juglans c9]ea47 ,^! ?ree woods are (t5 us$ 9 inf]ior "w1 & are v s(t & easily d5t$4 ,! be/ is p]haps ! elm1 :i* does v well = ba?-room f9i%1 panels = a% doors & simil> "w4 ,all require a great deal ( 8fill+0 & ?is %\ld be well rubb$ 9 if a good job is requir$4 ,all ( ^! woods h a v co>se gra91 b if c>e is tak5 9 select+ ! mat]ial1 v odd & (times pleas+ effects may be obta9$4 ,any ( ! /a9s us$ on p9e1 w answ] = ^! woods1 dep5d5t ( c\rse on ! t9ts desir$4 ,! be/ results ) ^! woods is d]iv$ by giv+ ! "w "o coat ( %ellac aft] fill+ & /a9+1 !n s&pap] well & apply y\r v>ni% or oil f9i% or :atev] y purpose f9i%+ 94 ,cypress4--7,cupressus semp]vi]5s47 ,! light ! d>k & ! bald are good woods & are com+ m & m 9 favor e day4 ,?is wood conta9s a v small am\nt ( res91 & a v high poli% c be giv5 x2 9 fact1 because ( its n be+ affect$ by moi/ure1 x is be+ us$ = ci/]ns1 hog%eads1 & sug>1 molasses & honey b>rels4 ,! r$ cypress is ! favorite1 & "s ( x is s heavy t x w s9k ^u be+ plac$ 9 wat]4 ,! :ite v>iety is mu* light]1 & w float aft] be+ dead5$ a %ort :ile be=e be+ cut1 b x has n ! firm gra9 ( ! r$4 ,! r$ cypress has a /raight trunk ) a small top1 & ! b>k :5 cut has a r$di% t9t4 ,^! woods may be treat$ l *]ry or bir* ) good results4 ,!y look well :5 left _! natural color & f9i%$ 8dead f9i%40 ,sycamore1 or ,buttonwood1 z x is sometimes call$ 7ac] pseudo platanus7 :5 qu>t] saw$ & prop]ly f9i%$ makes a good appe>ance1 & 9 _m cases is sup]s$+ *]ry ow+ to its beauty & *eapness4 ,h]et(ore its natural beauty has be5 de/roy$ 9 _m cases by /a9+ ! wood1 & ?us prev5t+ ! developm5t ( _m *emical *anges :i* take place & are ?r[n to ! surface :5 prop]ly treat$4 ,:5 qu>t] saw$1 a light bodi$ & light color$ %ellac %\ld be us$1 :5 by a natural *emical process a beautiful silv] leaf is develop$ & ! surface assumes a *>m+ p9k hue4 ,hemlock4--7,abies ,canad5sis47 ,?is is r>ely us$ = f9i%+ ow+ to its brittl5ess & spl9t]y nature4 ,clean bo>ds1 h[ev]1 made into panels or o!r simil> "w & !n f9i%$ 9 natural color1 assumes a v h&some appe>ance4 ,x has a p9k t9t ( ! mo/ delicate k9d :i* improves & mell[s ) age4 ,x %\ld be f9i%$ 9 ! same mann] z p9e4 ,rosewood4--7,dalb]gia ,nigra47 ,x seldom falls to ! lot ( ! ord9>y f9i%] to h to 8try 8 h&0 on ! g5u9e wood1 b sometimes x does happ5 & x is j z well t he %\ld be arm$ ) ! means to wre/le ) ! "w if su* is ev] ?r[n 9 8 way4 ,to f9i% rosewood1 requires ab\t ! same treatm5t z mahogany1 ?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 _m pieces ( rosewood w be f\nd to h a co>s] gra9 ?an mahogany1 & w require mu* c>e 9 fill+4 ,! ma9 ?+ to be obs]v$1 is to see t ! fill+ is a %ade or two d>k] ?an ! wood to be fill$1 be=e any v>ni% is laid on4 ,= imitation ( rosewood ,i give bel[ a few recipes3 ,take half a p\nd ( logwood1 boil x ) ?ree p9ts ( wat] till x is ( a v d>k r$1 to :i* add ab\t half an ounce ( salt ( t>t>4 ,:5 boil+ hot1 /a9 y\r wood ) two or ?ree coats1 tak+ c>e t x is ne>ly dry betwe5 ea*2 !n1 ) a /iff1 flat bru%1 su* z is us$ = gra9+1 make /reaks ) a v deep black /a91 :i* if c>efully execut$ w be v ne> ! appe>ance ( d>k rosewood4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r me?od3 ,/a9 y\r wood all ov] ) a black /a91 & :5 dry1 ) a bru% z above dipp$ 9 ! bright liquid =m real ve9s 9 imitation ( ! gra9 ( rosewood1 :i* w produce1 :5 well manag$1 a beautiful effect4 ,a h&y bru% = ! purpose ( gra9+ may be made by tak+ a flat bru% su* z us$ = v>ni%+1 & cutt+ ! %>p po9ts ( ! hairs & mak+ ! edge irregul>2 by cutt+ out a few hairs "h & !re ! gra9 may be imitat$ ) great accuracy4 ,?is is suitable to p9e1 c$>1 cyprus1 :itewood1 basswoods :ile ! foll[+ %\ld only be us$ 9 mahogany1 *]ry1 or bir*1 spread on ! surface ( ! mat]ial a conc5trat$ solution ( hyp]magnate ( potassa1 to act until ! desir$ %ade is obta9$4 ,five m9utes suffice1 ord9>ily1 to give a deep color1 a few trials indicat+ ! prop] proportions4 ,! hyp]magnate ( potassa is decompos$ by ! vegetable fibre ) ! precipitation ( br[n p]oxide ( manganese1 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! potassa1 at ! same "t set free1 fixes 9 a durable mann] ! fibres4 ,:5 ! action is t]m9at$ ! wood is c>efully wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$1 & !n oil$ & poli%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! effect produc$ by ?is process 9 sev]al woods is really rem>kable4 ,x has be5 a my/]y to _m p :y ! d>k wood s highly priz$ = furniture is call$ 8,rosewood40 ,its color c]ta9ly does n look mu* l a rose1 s we mu/ look = "s o!r reason4 ,x is claim$ by "s t :5 ! tree is fir/ cut ! wood possesses a v /rong roselike fragrance1 h5ce ! "n4 ,?is is ! mo/ probable reason = its "n4 ,!re are ab\t a half a doz5 k9ds ( rosewood trees4 ,! v>ieties are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & neighbor+ isl&s4 ,sometimes ! trees gr[ s l>ge t bo>ds or planks f\r feet broad & t5 feet 9 l5g? c be cut f !m4 ,! broad bo>ds are us$ = ! tops ( piano =tes4 ,:5 gr[+ 9 ! =e/s ! tree is rem>kable = its beauty1 b su* its value 9 manufactur+ z an ornam5tal wood t "s ( ! =e/s :]e x once grew abundantly n[ h sc>cely a s+le specim5 left4 ,i h purposely left unm5tion$ a numb] ( our f9e/ woods su* z our maples1 & o!rs1 :i*1 w\ld x n increase ! size ( ?is volume1 beyond reasonable dim5sions4 ,i %\ld h m to say conc]n+ !m4 ,! workm5 w "k1 f :at has already be5 said1 h[ ^! light woods may be treat$1 & ,i may add1 t ! v>i\s maples1 ?\gh r light 9 color = g5]al purposes1 make ! mo/ delicate ( f9i%4 ,gum wood ( late1 has be5 us$ to "s ext5t & is n h>d to deal ) :5 to be f9i%$4 ,x %\ld be treat$ ab\t z *]ry & bir*1 & f9i%$ 9 a simil> way1 & :5 done nicely ! "w looks q well4 ,r$wood is gett+ to be a favorite wood ) "s build]s1 ow+ no d\bt to its *eapness1 & its eas9ess to "w4 ,x may be class$ among ! s(t] woods & requires treat+ ab\t ! same z *e/nut1 butt]nut & ! c$>s4 ,! foll[+ =mula & directions h be5 highly recomm5d$ z a f9i%1 b = my own "p1 ,i pref] us+ ,:eel]'s fill] z ,i ?9k bett] results are obta9$4 ,"h is ! =mula3 ,take "o qu>t ,spirits ,turp5t9e4 ,add "o p\nd ,corn ,/>*4 ,add 8 ,burnt ,si5na4 ,add "o tablespoonful ,raw ,l9se$ ,oil4 ,add 8 8 ,br[n ,japan4 ,mix ?or\ghly1 apply ) a bru%1 let x /& say fifte5 m9utes2 rub (f all y c ) f9e %av+s or a s(t rag1 !n let x /& at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs t x may s9k into & h>d5 ! fibres ( ! wood1 aft]w>d apply two coats ( :ite %ellac2 rub d[n well ) f9e fl9t pap]1 !n put on f two to five coats be/ poli%+ v>ni%2 aft] x is well dri$ rub ) wat] & pumice-/one gr\nd v f9e1 /& a day to dry2 aft] be+ wa%$ clean ) *amois1 rub ) wat] & rott5-/one2 dry1 wa% z be=e clean1 & rub ) olive oil until dry4 ,"s use cork = s&pap]+ & poli%+1 b a smoo? block ( h>d wood l maple is bett]4 ,:5 treat$ 9 ?is way r$wood w be f\nd ! pe] ( any wood = real beauty & life z a h\se trim or f9i%4 ,by prop] att5tion1 r$wood may be made to appe> l mahogany or *]ry b its s(tness is v mu* aga9/ x4 ,g5]al ,recipes4--,eboniz+4--,prep>e "s %ellac v>ni% by dissolv+ half a p\nd ( gum %ellac 9 a qu>t ( alcohol2 put 9 a tightly cork$ bottle1 set 9 a w>m place1 & %ake frequ5tly4 ,:5 completely dissolv$1 add suffici5t dry lamp or bone black4 ,x w require only ab\t a heap+ tablespoonful to half a p9t ( v>ni%4 ,%\ld x be too ?ick to fl[ easily f ! bru%1 & spread ev5ly1 add alcohol4 ,give ! wood two or ?ree coats ( ?is1 :i* c be done )9 two days4 ,= f9e "w give ?ree coats ( ! black v>ni% & all[ x to dry ?or\ghly2 !n take "s #jj or #jjj s&pap] & rub ! "w d[n lightly until ! surface is smoo? & ev51 be+ c>eful n to rub ?r\gh to ! wood4 ,!n apply two or ?ree coats m1 & rub d[n aga9 ) ! s&pap]2 give two coats m & all[ x to dry p]fectly h>d4 ,make "s rubb]s ( felt1 an old felt hat is good1 by tack+ ! felt on blocks ( s(t wood ( prop] %ape1 :i* %\ld be flat1 concave or convex to fit ! "w4 ,apply a few drops ( sew+ ma*9e oil to ! felt & spr9kle on a p9* ( pulv]iz$ pumice-/one4 ,rub ! "w ) ?is1 keep+ ! rubb] moi/ ) oil & suppli$ ) ! pumice1 until ! wood %[s a p]fectly smoo? surface1 )\t any gloss4 ,:5 x has all be5 gone ov] wipe (f ! surface & rub clean ) dry flannel clo?s4 ,! result is f9e imitation ( ebony4 ,if ! %ellac v>ni% is color$ ) anil9e in/ead ( lamp black1 ! f9i%$ surface is smoo!r & f9]4 ,o!rs4--#a4 ,infuse gall-nut 9 v9eg>1 into :i* ru/y nails h be5 soak$2 pa9t ! wood ) ?is1 poli% & burni% :5 dry4 #b4 ,wa% ! wood repeat$ly ) a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 made by dissolv+ #b oz4 ( sulphate 9 a p9t ( hot wat]4 ,:5 dry1 apply a hot decoction ( logwood & nut-galls two or ?ree times4 ,:5 dry1 clean ) a wet sponge & !n poli%4 #c4 ,bru% ! wood ) a /rong decoction ( logwood *ips sev]al times4 ,:5 dry1 give x a coat ( v9eg> 9 :i* ru/y iron has be5 plac$4 ,dissolve beeswax 9 turp5t9e by sett+ 9 a w>m place2 apply w>m ) a bru%1 & rub x till x %9es4 #d4 ,wa% ) a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( logwood sev]al times1 & !n ) a solution ( acetate ( iron ( #dj deg4 ,baume4 ,repeat till a deep black is produc$4 #e4 ,put #b oz4 ( logwood *ips ) #a oz4 ( copp]as 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 boil1 & lay on hot4 ,:5 dry1 wet ! surface aga9 ) #b oz4 ( /eel fil+s dissolv$ 9 half a p9t ( v9eg>4 ,:5 dry aga91 s&pap] smoo?1 !n oil1 !n fill x ) p[d]$ drop-black mix$ 9 ! fill]4 ,"w to be eboniz$ %\ld be smoo? & free f holes4 ,give x a light coat ( quick dry+ v>ni%1 !n rub ) f9ely pulv]iz$ pumice-/one & l9se$ oil until v smoo?4 #f4 ,boil p\nd ( *ip logwood 9 two qu>ts ( wat]1 & add oz4 ( v]digris & oz4 ( copp]as1 /ra91 & put 9 p\nd ( ru/y /eel fil+s4 ,) ?is g ov] ! "w a second "t4 #g4 ,a p\nd ( logwood boil$ 9 f\r qu>ts ( wat]1 add two h&fuls ( walnut %ells or peel1 boil up aga91 take out ! *ips1 add a p9t ( v9eg>1 & apply boil+4 ,aft]w>ds dissolve #a oz4 ( gre5 copp]as 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat] & apply hot4 #h4 ,fir/ sponge ! wood ) a solution ( *lorhydrate ( anil9e 9 wat]1 to :i* a small quantity ( copp] *loride is add$4 ,:5 dry1 g ov] aga9 ) a solution ( potassium bi*romate4 ,repeat ?is twice or ?rice4 #i4 ,"o gallon ( v9eg>1 p\nd ( gre5 copp]as1 p\nd ( ,*9a blue1 #b oz4 nut-gall1 #b p\nds extract ( logwood4 ,boil all ^! ov] a sl[ fire1 & add half a p9t ( iron-ru/4 ,apply z usual4 ,a good v>ni% = eboniz$ "w is made by dissolv+ 9 alcohol "s black wax4 ,/a9s4--,_m excell5t /a9s = p9e may be obta9$ by us+ ! ord9>y gra9+ colors1 ,v&yke br[n1 raw & burnt si5na1 ultram>9e blue1 etc41 appli$ ) a bru%1 )\t previ\s prep>ation & !n wip$ (f ) a clo?--a me?od t br+s out cle>ly ! gra9 or m>ks ( ! wood1 :i* 9 pit* p9e1 n[ be+ ext5sively us$ = fitt+s1 are (t5 extremely beautiful4 ,a bett] me?od = g5]al "w1 ,fr5* poli% be+ ord9>ily too exp5sive1 is1 :]e d>k oak or mahogany /a9s are n want$1 light v>ni%es1 ( :i* two coats are to be appli$4 ,! glue size ) :i* ! "w is fir/ coat$1 9 ord] to fill up ! pores ( ! wood1 %\ld n be too ?ick1 z 9 t case x is liable to crack4 ,logwood1 lime1 br[n s(t-soap1 dy$ oil1 sulphate ( iron1 nitrate ( silv] expos$ to ! sun's rays1 c>bonate ( soda1 bi*romate & p]manganate ( pota%1 & o!r alkal9e prep>ations1 are us$ = d>k5+ ! wood2 ! la/ ?ree are specially recomm5d$4 ,! solution is appli$ by dissolv+ "o ounce ( ! alkali 9 two gills ( boil+ wat]1 dilut$ to ! requir$ tone4 ,! surface is saturat$ ) a sponge or flannel1 & imm$iately dri$ ) s(t rags4 ,! c>bonate is us$ = d>k woods4 ,oil t+$ ) rose madd] may be appli$ to h>d woods l bir*1 & a r$ oil is prep>$ f soak$ alkanet root 9 l9se$ oil4 ,! gra9 ( yell[ p9e c be br\ght out by two or ?ree coats ( japan1 mu* dilut$ ) turp5t9e1 & aft]w>ds oil$ & rubb$4 ,to give mahogany ! appe>ance ( age1 lime wat] us$ be=e oil+ is a good plan4 ,9 /a9+ wood1 ! be/ & mo/ transp>5t effect is obta9$ by repeat$ light coats ( ! same4 ,= oak /a9 a /rong solution ( oxalic acid is employ$2 = mahogany1 dilute nitric acid4 ,a prim>y coat or a coat ( wood-fill]s is advantage\s4 ,= mahogany /a9s1 ! foll[+ are giv53 two ounces ( dragon's-blood dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 well %ak51 or raw si5na 9 be]1 ) burnt si5na to give ! requir$ tone2 = d>k] /a9s boil half p\nd ( madd] & two ounces ( logwood *ips 9 "o gallon ( wat]1 & bru% ! decoction :ile hot ov] ! wood2 :5 dry1 pa9t ) a solution ( two ounces ( pota% 9 "o qu>t ( wat]4 ,a solution ( p]mangate ( pota% =ms a rapid & excell5t br[n /a94 ,oak or a% may be /a9$ br[n by us+ l9se$ oil & b5z9e half & half1 & burnt umb] or ,v&yke br[n incorporat$ ) ?is4 ,maple c be /a9$ gre5-gray by us+ copp]as 9 wat]2 oak w also be *ang$ to a d>k gre5 blue ?r\gh ! same ag5cy1 ! effect on a% be+ v>i\s %ades ( olive gre54 ,ammonia appli$ to oak produces ! bronze olive t9t n[ us$ s mu* by ar*itects4 ,wa% any compact wood ) a boil+ decoction ( logwood ?ree or f\r times1 all[+ x to dry betwe5 ea* application4 ,!n wa% x ) a solution ( acetate ( iron1 :i* is made by dissolv+ iron fill+s 9 v9eg>4 ,?is /a9 is v black1 & p5etrates to a consid]able dep? into ! wood1 s t ord9>y scrat*+ or *ipp+ does n %[ ! orig9al color4 ,a wa% ( "o "p ( nitric acid 9 t5 p>ts ( wat] w1 if well done1 imp>t a /a9 resembl+ mahogany to p9e wood :i* does n conta9 mu* res94 ,:5 ! wood is ?or\ghly dry1 %ellac v>ni% w imp>t a f9e f9i% to ! surface4 ,a glaze ( c>m9e or lake w produce a rosewood f9i%4 ,a turp5t9e extract ( alkanet root produces a beautiful /a9 :i* admits ( ,fr5* poli%+4 ,asphaltum1 ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 makes an excell5t mahogany color on new wood4 ,a ,me?od4--,( imp>t+ to any pla9 :ite wood ! appe>ance ( c$> wood is z foll[s3--,mix two p>ts ( cate*u1 & "o "p ( cau/ic soda1 9 a hundr$ p>ts ( wat] 7all by weight74 ,! article to be /a9$ %\ld be boil$ 9 ?is solution = "s h\rs1 & is !n r9s$ 9 cle> wat] & dri$4 ,if ! desir$ dep? ( tone has n be5 obta9$1 a second boil+ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,?is /a9 is said to s9k s deep into ! wood t ev5 ?ick %eets ( v5e] ?us treat$ w be color$ "r ?r\gh2 :ile o!r wood articles ?us /a9$ may be safely manipulat$ )\t any fe> ( ! orig9al color ( ! wood %[+ ?r\gh4 ,= a ,br[n ,/a94--,boil #a lb4 ( ! br[n pigm5t call$ ,t]re de ,cassel ) #d qu>ts ( wat]1 until x is r$uc$ "o-?ird4 ,mix two ounces 7,troy7 ( :ite pota% ) suffici5t wat] to dissolve x1 & mix ) ! ,t]re de ,cassel4 ,?is /a9 mu/ be appli$ ) a bru%1 two or ev5 ?ree times1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! %ade requir$4 ,ano!r4--,pa9t ! wood ) a solution made by boil+ "o pot ( cate*u ) ?irty p>ts ( wat] & a little soda2 :5 dry pa9t ov] ) ano!r solution made ( "o "p bi*romate ( pota% & ?irty p>ts wat]4 ,by a little diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( treatm5t1 & by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! solutions1 sev]al %ades ( color may be giv54 ,= a ,black ,dye4--,put #f lbs4 ( *ip logwood into ! copp]1 ) z _m v5e]s z x w conv5i5tly hold1 )\t press+ too tight2 fill x ) wat]1 & let x boil sl[ly = ab\t ?ree h\rs2 !n add half a p\nd ( p[d]$ v]digris1 half a p\nd ( copp]as1 & f\r ounces ( bruis$ nut-galls2 fill ! copp] up ) v9eg> z ! wat] evaporates2 let x boil g5tly two h\rs ea* day till ! wood is dy$ ?r\gh4 ,to ,bright5 ,/a9s4--,any ( ! /a9s nam$ 7except ! surface /a9s7 w be r5d]$ mu* m brilliant by an application ( ! foll[+3 #a oz4 nitric acid1 teaspoonful muriatic acid1 oz4 gra9 t91 #b ozs4 ra9 wat]4 ,mix 9 a bottle1 at lea/ two days be=e us+1 & keep ! bottle well cork$4 ,! above /a9s are probably ! mo/ important to a h\se f9i%]1 &1 z !y h all be5 employ$ & f\nd practicable1 !y c be reli$ ^u4 ,9 p]=m+ a small job x w g5]ally be f\nd m conv5i5t & economical to obta9 ! /a9 f "s furniture %op :]e x is kept 9 bulk4 ,! be/ way to pres]ve /a9 is to keep x 9 bottles or jugs4 ,x is said t f\r or five drops ( creosote add$ to a qu>t ( /a9 w prev5t x f becom+ m\ldy & /agnant4 ,! /a9]s at ! furniture %ops h contriv$ a s*eme to prev5t _! h&s f becom+ deeply /a9$ :ile at "w1 by dipp+ !m into a quick-dry v>ni% or oil %ellac1 & !n 9 cleans+ !m !y r9se !m fir/ 9 wat] to remove ! /a91 & !n submit !m to a turp5t9e ba?1 ?us remov+ ! v>ni%4 ,miscellane\s4--,_m processes h ( late be5 appli$ to ! f9i%+ ( wood-"w1 su* z /a9+ 9 v>i\s colors1 fumigat+ & o!r me?ods4 ,a new f9i% is n[ practis$ 9 ! ,european m>ket1 & is kn[n z ! ,rub5ick process4 ,x is us$ = giv+ a metallic surface to wood1 & consi/s 9 fir/ imm]s+ ! wood 9 a ba? ( cau/ic alkal9e lye1 9 :i* x is all[$ to rema9 = two or ?ree days1 accord+ to ! degree ( p]meability ( ! wood1 at a temp]ature ( #afg to #aid ,f4 ,f ?is ba? ! wood passes to ano!r ( hydrosulphate ( calcium1 to :i* is add$1 aft] #bd or #cf h\rs1 a conc5trat$ solution ( sulphur4 ,"h x rema9s = ab\t #dh h\rs at a temp]ature ( #ie to #abb ,f41 &1 la/ly1 = f #cj to #ej h\rs ! wood is imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetate ( lead at ! same temp]ature4 ,! timb]1 ?us pickl$1 is all[$ to dry1 :5 x is said to be susceptible1 aft] burni%+1 ( a high poli% & ev5 metallic lu/]1 :i* is m brilliant if ! surfaces ( ! wood h be5 previ\sly rubb$ ) lead1 t9 or z9c plates1 & !n poli%$ ) a glass or porcela9 burni%]4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way ! wood may assume ! appe>ance ( a metallic mirror1 be+ also h>d & v /rong4 ,) ! majority ( lumb]m5 ! t]m h>dwood includes ev]y?+ except :ite p9e1 & is accept$ 9 t s5se g5]ally by ! trade1 ?\gh 9 reality !re are two or ?ree woods1 su* z buckeye & ,s\!rn :ite lynn1 t are s(t] ?an :ite p9e4 ,"s writ]1 we "k n :o1 says3 8,! relative h>dness ( woods is calculat$ by ! hickory1 :i* is ! t\ghe/4 ,e/imat+ ?is at #ajj1 we get = pignut hickory #if1 :ite oak #hd1 :ite a% #gg1 dogwood #ge1 scrub oak #gc1 :ite hazel1 #gb1 apple tree #gj1 r$ oak #gi1 :ite bee* #fe1 black walnut #fe1 black bir* #fb1 yell[ & black oak1 #fj1 h>d maple #ef1 :ite elm #eh1 r$ c$> #ef1 *]ry #ee1 yell[ p9e #ed1 *e/nut #eb1 yell[ popl> #ea1 butt]nut & :ite bir* #dc1 & :ite p9e #ce40 ,accord+ to ?is =mula1 woods possess+ a degree ( h>dness equal to only ab\t #dj p] c5t41 or less ?an t ( hickory1 %\ld n be class$ z h>dwoods4 ,su* woods are1 h[ev]1 limit$ 9 quantity1 & are n ( suffici5t importance to ju/ify a classification1 & ! trade w cont9ue to con/rue h>dwood to mean ev]y?+ except :ite p9e4 ,dye+ wood is mo/ly appli$ = ! purpose ( v5e]s1 :ile /a9+ is m g5]ally _h rec\rse to give ! desir$ color to ! article aft] x has be5 manufactur$4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! color %\ld p5etrate ?r\gh\t1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! surface is all t is ess5tial4 ,9 dye+1 pe> tree1 holly & bee*1 take ! be/ black2 b = mo/ colors holly is pref]able4 ,x is also be/ to h wood z "y & z newly cut z possible4 ,aft] ! v5e]s are cut1 !y %\ld be all[$ to lie 9 a tr\gh ( wat] = f\r or five days be=e !y are put into ! copp]2 z ! wat]1 act+ z a purgative to ! wood1 br+s out an abundance ( slimy matt]1 :i* mu/ be remov$1 or ! wood w nev] be a good color4 ,aft] ?is purificatory process1 !y %\ld be dri$ 9 ! op5 air = at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,!y are !n ready = ! copp]4 ,by ^! simple means ! color w /rike mu* quick]1 & be ( a bright] hue4 ,x w\ld also add to ! improvem5t ( ! colors1 if1 aft] ! v5e]s h boil$ a few h\rs1 !y are tak5 out1 dri$ 9 ! air1 & aga9 imm]s$ 9 ! color+ copp]4 ,always dry v5e]s 9 ! op5 air1 = fire inv>iably injures ! colors4 ,f9e ,black ,dye4--,put #f lbs4 ( *ip logwood into ! copp]1 ) z _m v5e]s z x w conv5i5tly hold1 )\t press+ too tight2 fill x ) wat]1 & let x boil sl[ly = ab\t ?ree h\rs2 !n add half a p\nd ( p[d]$ v]digris1 half a p\nd ( copp]as1 & #d ounces ( bruis$ nut-galls2 fill ! copp] up ) v9eg> z ! wat] evaporates2 let x boil g5tly two h\rs ea* day till ! wood is dy$ ?r\gh4 ,ano!r4--,procure "s liquor f a tann]'s pit1 or make a decoction ( oak b>k1 & to e gallon ( ! liquor add a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( gre5 copp]as1 & mix !m well toge!r2 put ! liquor into ! copp]1 & make x q hot1 b n boil2 imm]se ! v5e]s 9 x1 & let !m rema9 = an h\r2 take !m out1 & expose !m to ! air1 till x has p5etrat$ its sub/ance2 !n add "s logwood to ! solution1 place ! v5e]s aga9 9 x1 & let x simm] = two or ?ree h\rs2 let ! :ole cool gradually1 dry ! v5e]s 9 ! %ade1 & !y w be a v f9e black4 ,f9e ,blue ,dye4--,into a clean glass bottle put #a lb4 ( oil ( vitriol1 & #d ozs4 ( ! be/ indigo p\nd$ 9 a mort> 7take c>e to set ! bottle 9 a bas9 or e>!n glaz$ pan1 z x w f]m5t72 !n put ! v5e]s into a copp] or /one tr\gh2 fill x r m ?an "o-?ird ) wat]1 & add z mu* ( ! vitriol & indigo 7/irr+ x ab\t7 z w make a f9e blue1 :i* may be kn[n by try+ x ) a piece ( :ite pap] or wood1 ,let ! v5e]s rema9 till ! dye has /ruck ?r\gh4 ,! color w be mu* improv$ if ! solution ( indigo 9 vitriol be kept a few weeks be=e us+ x4 ,! color w /rike bett] if ! v5e]s are boil$ 9 pla9 wat] till completely soak$ ?r\gh1 & !n all[$ = a few h\rs to dry p>tially1 previ\s to be+ imm]s$ 9 ! dye4 ,ano!r4--,?r[ pieces ( quicklime into s(t wat]2 /ir x well2 :5 settl$1 /ra9 or p\r (f ! cle> "p2 !n to e gallon add t5 or twelve ounces ( ! be/ turnsole2 put ! :ole into ! copp] ) ! v5e]s1 :i* %\ld be ( :ite holly1 & prep>$ z usual by boil+ 9 wat]2 let !m simm] g5tly till ! color has suffici5tly p5etrat$1 b be c>eful n to let !m boil 9 x1 z x w\ld injure ! color4 ,a ,f9e ,yell[ ,dye4--,r$uce #d lbs4 ( ! root ( b>b]ry1 by saw+1 to du/1 :i* put 9 a copp] or brass tr\gh2 add #d ozs4 ( turm]ic & #d gallons ( wat]1 !n put 9 z _m :ite holly v5e]s z ! liquor w cov]2 boil !m toge!r = ?ree h\rs1 (t5 turn+ !m2 :5 cool1 add #b ozs4 ( aqua=tis & ! dye w /rike ?r\gh mu* soon]4 ,a ,bright ,yell[ ,dye4--,to e gallon ( wat] necess>y to cov] ! v5e]s1 add #a lb4 ( ,fr5* b]ries2 boil ! v5e]s till ! color has p5etrat$ ?r\gh2 add to ! infusion ( ! ,fr5* b]ries1 ! liquid = bright5+ colors giv5 on page #gh1 & let ! v5e]s rema9 = two or ?ree h\rs1 & ! color w be v bright4 ,bright ,gre5 ,dye4--,proce$ z 9 ei!r ( ! previ\s receipts to produce a yell[2 b in/ead ( add+ aqua=tis or ! bright5+ liquid1 add z mu* vitriolat$ indigo 7see page #hj7 z w produce ! desir$ color4 ,gre5 ,dye4--,dissolve #d ozs4 ( ! be/ v]digris1 & ( sap-gre5 & indigo half an ounce ea* 9 #c p9ts ( ! be/ v9eg>2 put 9 ! v5e]s1 & g5tly boil till ! color has p5etrat$ suffici5tly4 ,! hue ( ! gre5 may be v>i$ by alt]+ ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts2 & x is advis$1 unless want$ = a p>ticul> purpose1 to leave out ! sap-gre51 z x is a vegetable color v apt to *ange1 or turn br[n1 :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,bright ,r$ ,dye4--,to #b lbs4 ( g5u9e ,brazil du/1 add #d gallons ( wat]2 put 9 z _m v5e]s z ! liquor w cov]2 boil !m = ?ree h\rs2 !n add #b ozs4 ( alum1 & #b ozs4 ( aqua=tis1 & keep x lukew>m until x has /ruck ?r\gh4 ,r$ ,dye4--,to e p\nd ( logwood *ips1 add #b gallons ( wat]2 put 9 ! v5e]s1 & boil z 9 ! la/2 !n add a suffici5t quantity ( ! bright5+ liquid 7see page #gh7 till y see ! color to y\r m9d2 keep ! :ole z w>m z ! f+] c be borne 9 x1 till ! color has suffici5tly p5etrat$4 ,! logwood *ips %\ld be pick$ f all =eign sub/ances1 ) :i* x g5]ally ab\nds1 z b>k1 dirt1 etc42 & x is always be/ :5 fre% cut1 :i* may be kn[n by its appe>+ ( a bright-r$ color2 = if /ale1 x w look br[n1 & n yield s mu* color+ matt]4 ,purple ,dye4--,to #b lbs4 ( *ip logwood & half a p\nd ( ,brazil du/1 add #d gallons ( wat]1 & aft] putt+ 9 ! v5e]s1 boil !m = at lea/ ?ree h\rs2 !n add #f ozs4 ( pe>l-a% & #b ozs4 ( alum2 let !m boil = two or ?ree h\rs e day1 till ! color has /ruck ?r\gh4 ,! ,brazil du/ only contributes to make ! purple ( a m r$ ca/2 y may1 !re=e1 omit x1 if y require a deep blui% purple4 ,ano!r4--,boil #b lbs4 ( logwood1 ei!r 9 *ips or p[d]1 9 #d gallons ( wat]1 ) ! v5e]s2 aft] boil+ till ! color is well /ruck 91 add by degrees vitriolat$ indigo 7see page #hj7 till ! purple is ( ! %ade requir$1 :i* may be kn[n by try+ x ) a piece ( pap]2 let x !n boil = "o h\r1 & keep ! liquid 9 a milk-w>m /ate till ! color has p5etrat$ ! v5e]4 ,?is me?od1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 w produce a brilliant purple1 n s likely to fade z ! =ego+4 ,liquid ,= ,bright5+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,colors4--,to e p9t ( /rong aqua=tis1 add #a oz4 ( gra9 t91 & a piece ( sal-ammoniac ( ! size ( a walnut2 set x by to dissolve1 %ake ! bottle r\nd ) ! cork out1 f "t to "t2 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days x w be fit = use4 ,?is w be f\nd an admirable liquid to add to any color1 z x n only bright5s x1 b r5d]s x less likely to fade f exposure to ! air4 ,orange ,dye4--,let ! v5e]s be dy$ by ei!r ( ! me?ods giv5 9 page #ha1 ( a f9e deep yell[1 & :ile !y are /ill wet & saturat$ ) ! dye1 transf] !m to ! bright r$ dye z 9 page #hb1 till ! color p5etrates equally ?r\gh\t4 ,silv] ,grey ,dye4--,expose to ! wea!r 9 a ca/-iron pot ( six or eight gallons1 old iron nails1 hoops1 etc41 till cov]$ ) ru/2 add #a gallon ( v9eg> & #b ( wat]1 boil all well = an h\r2 h ! v5e]s ready1 :i* mu/ be h>dwood 7n too dry17 put !m 9 ! copp] us$ to dye black1 & p\r ! iron liquor ov] !m2 add #a lb4 ( *ip logwood & #b ozs4 ( bruis$ nut-galls2 !n boil up ano!r pot ( ! iron liquor to supply ! copp] )1 keep+ ! v5e]s cov]$1 & boil+ two h\rs a day1 till ! requir$ color is obta9$4 ,gray ,dye4--,expose any quantity ( old iron1 or :at is bett]1 ! bor+s ( gun-b>rels1 etc41 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 & f "t to "t spr9kle !m ) spirits ( salt 7muriatic acid7 dilut$ 9 f\r times its quantity ( wat]1 till !y are v ?ickly cov]$ ) ru/2 !n to e six p\nds add a gallon ( wat]1 9 :i* has be5 dissolv$ two ounces ( salt ( t>t>2 lay ! v5e]s 9 ! copp]1 & cov] !m ) ?is liquid2 let x boil = two or ?ree h\rs till well soak$1 !n to e gallon ( liquor add a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( gre5 copp]as1 & keep ! :ole at a mod]ate temp]ature till ! dye has suffici5tly p5etrat$4 ,gild+1 ,silv]+ & ,bronz+ are processes ( apply+ to previ\sly prep>$ surfaces a ?9 lay] ( gold or silv] leaf1 or 9 bronz+1 ( a f9e p[d]1 prep>$ f v>i\s metals & int5d$ to imitate ! peculi> appe>ance ( g5u9e bronze4 ,! processes ( gild+ & silv]+ be+ id5tical1 ! description ( "o w suffice to expla9 ! o!r4 ,gild+4--,gold leaf1 appli$ to articles ( furniture z a means ( decoration1 is us$ 9 two ways2 x is appli$ ov] an ord9>y v>ni% or o!r f9i%1 9 :i* case b little special prep>ation is necess>y2 or1 z :5 us$ = picture-frames1 cornices1 etc41 x is appli$ to a specially prep>$ f\ndation1 ! basis ( :i* is :it+1 mix$ ) v>i\s o!r +r$i5ts sugge/$ by exp]i5ce or fancy4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! gold leaf is caus$ to adh]e to ! "w1 by size specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 receipts = :i* foll[ h]e)2 ! size be+ fir/ appli$ to ! "w1 & :5 x has become ( ! "r consi/5cy1 ! gold is laid ^u x4 ,,oil-,,gild+ & ,,burni%-,,gild+ are diff]5t me?ods us$ to obta9 c]ta9 desir$ effects1 ! =m] pr9cipally = articles expos$ to ! wea!r1 & = height5+ ! effect ( incis$ c>v+ or engrav+1 & ! latt] = picture-frames & articles hav+ a specially prep>$ f\ndation1 ^: entire surface is to be gild$4 ,x is int5d$ t ! gold %all adh]e to ! "w only 9 ! places to :i* ! size has be5 appli$1 b ! smalle/ portion ( oil or ev5 a slight dampness may cause ! gold to p>tially adh]e to ! adjo9+ surface1 result+ 9 slightly ragg$ edges2 to prev5t ?is1 be=e apply+ ! size to ! desir$ design1 ! entire surface is cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( "s sub/ance p]fectly free f moi/ure1 & easily removable by wat]1 aft] completion ( ! process4 ,! ,requisites4--,fir/1 a suffici5t quantity ( leaf-gold1 :i* is ( two sorts--! deep gold1 z x is call$1 & ! pale gold4 ,! =m] is ! be/2 ! latt] v useful1 & may occasionally be introduc$ = v>iety or effect4 ,second1 a gild]'s cu%ion3 an oblong piece ( wood1 cov]$ ) r\gh calf-sk91 /uff$ ) flannel sev]al times d\bl$1 ) a bord] ( p>*m5t1 ab\t f\r in*es deep1 at "o end1 to prev5t ! air bl[+ ! leaves ab\t :5 plac$ on ! cu%ion4 ,?irdly1 a gild+-knife1 ) a /raight & v smoo? edge1 to cut ! gold4 ,f\r?ly1 sev]al camel-hair p5cils 9 sizes1 & tips1 made ( a few long camel's hairs put betwe5 two c>ds1 9 ! same mann] z hairs are put into t9 cases = bru%es1 ?us mak+ a flat bru% ) a v few hairs4 ,la/ly1 a burni%]1 :i* is a crook$ piece ( agate set 9 a long wood5 h&le4 ,sizes4--,^! are ( two k9ds3 oil sizes are ^? :i* :5 appli$1 pres5t an adhesive surface1 requir+ ! imm$iate lay+ ( ! gold-leaf ^u x2 ( ?is class is ! oil-size commonly us$ 9 decorat+ furniture2 wat]-sizes are ^? t are all[$ to become dry & h>d :5 appli$1 & are r5d]$ adhesive :5 ! gold is to be laid1 by bru%+ ov] ) wat]2 = burni%-gild+ ^! are always employ$1 z oil-size does n dry suffici5tly h>d to p]mit ( burni%+4 ,oil ,size = ,oil-,glid+4--,gr9d calc9$ r$-o*re ) ! be/ & olde/ dry+-oil4 ,:5 desir$ = use1 add suffici5t oil ( turp5t9e to make x "w freely4 ,p>*m5t-,size4--,= prep>+ ,frames1 etc4--,to half a p\nd ( p>*m5t %av+s1 or cutt+s ( :ite lea!r1 add ?ree qu>ts ( wat]1 & boil x 9 a prop] vessel till r$uc$ to ne>ly half ! quantity2 !n take x (f ! fire1 & /ra9 x ?r\gh a sieve4 ,be c>eful 9 ! boil+ to keep x well /irr$1 & d n let burn4 ,gold-,size = ,burni%-,gild+4--,gr9d f9e sal-ammoniac well ) a mull] & /one2 scrape into x a little beef suet1 & gr9d all wet toge!r2 aft] :i*1 mix 9 ) a pallet knife a small proportion ( p>*m5t-size ) a d\ble proportion ( wat]4 ,:5 ab\t to use1 add p>*m5t-size until x w j fl[ f ! bru%4 ,ano!r4--,gr9d a lump ( tobacco-pipe clay into a v /iff pa/e ) ?9 size2 add a small quantity ( ruddle & f9e black lead1 gr\nd v f9e1 & temp] ! :ole ) a small piece ( tall[4 ,:5 ready to use1 r$uce ) p>*m5t size until x w j fl[ f ! bru%4 ,ano!r4--,gr9d sep>ately 9 wat]1 #a lb4 ,arm5ian bole1 #b ozs4 r$ lead1 a suffici5t quantity ( black lead2 mix1 & regr9d ) a small quantity ( olive oil4 ,r$uce ) p>*m5t size to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,to ,prev5t ,gold ,adh]+4--,ei!r "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods w prev5t gold-leaf or bronze f adh]+ to ! surface beyond ! outl9es ( ! siz+ laid on to receive x3 #a4 ,:it+ us$ dry1 & appli$ by means ( a p\nce bag4 #b4 ,:it+ mix$ 9 wat]1 & appli$ ) a s(t bru%4 ,:5 ! wat] has evaporat$1 du/ (f ! sup]flu\s :it+ ) an ord9>y pa9t du/]4 ,by ?is me?od a v ?9 coat+ ( :it+ rema9s1 :i* is free f any gritt9ess4 ,"o advantage ga9$ by ! use ( :it+ ?us appli$ is1 x furni%es a :iti% gr\nd ov] :i* cle> v>ni% or oil-size may be di/9ctly se5 z ! /rip+ progresses4 ,aft] ! leaf or bronze has be5 appli$1 ! "w mu/ be c>efully wa%$1 s z to insure ! removal ( ! :it+4 #c4 ,:ite ( egg r$uc$ ) wat]1 & appli$ ) a piece ( sponge4 #d4 ,a ?9 wa% ( />* wat]1 ei!r bru%$ on ) a flat camel-hair bru%1 or appli$ ) a s(t sponge4 #e4 ,take ball liquorice & wat]1 a weak solution1 & apply ) a s(t bru%4 ,?is may be kept 9 a bottle ready = use at any "t4 #f4 ,cut a new potato 9 two1 & rub ov] ! "p to be siz$ ) ! raw face expos$1 all[+ ! juice to rema9 until dry4 ,x w be obs]v$ t any sub/ance :i* int]poses a film ov] ! v>ni%1 itself be+ free f tack9ess & readily remov$ by wat]1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,oil ,gild+4--,apply+ ! ,gold4--,if ! wood to be gild$ is f9i%$ ) v>ni% or o!rwise1 no additional f\ndation is necess>y ^u :i* to lay ! gold-leaf2 if ! wood is n f9i%$1 aft] x has be5 smoo!d & du/$1 give x "o or two coats ( p>*m5t size1 aft] x is p]fectly dry & h>d1 aga9 smoo?+ ! surface ) f9e s&pap]4 ,t ! gold may n adh]e to any "p ( ! "w except :]e ! size is h>d1 p[d] ! surface lightly ) :it+ f a p\nce-bag1 :i* is a small bag made ( mat]ial suffici5tly loose to p]mit ! p[d]$ :it+ to sift ?r\gh z f9e du/2 if pref]r$1 any ( ! prec$+ receipts = t purpose c be us$ in/ead4 ,remove ! surplus :it+ ) ! du/+-bru%1 & ! "w is !n ready = ! size4 ,apply ?is ) a sable or fit bru% ( ! prop] size1 c>efully obs]v+ to make ! out] l9es ( ! design cle> & %>p1 t ! "w may n appe> ragg$4 ,let ! size rema9 until x feels tacky1 :5 ! gold may be appli$4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! op]ation1 & exp]i5ce is necess>y be=e gold-leaf c be laid smoo?ly )\t a wr9kle or a break4 ,turn a leaf ( gold out ( ! book ^u ! cu%ion2 brea! g5tly ^u ! c5tre ( ! leaf & x w lay flat on ! cu%ion2 cut x to ! prop] size by br++ ! knife p]p5dicul>ly ov] x1 & saw+ x g5tly until divid$4 ,take y\r tip 7a bru% us$ = ! purpose7 & aft] draw+ x lightly ov] y\r hair to remove any p>ticles or du/ t may be ^u x1 brea! ^u x g5tly1 :i* w damp5 x suffici5tly to cause ! leaf ( gold to adh]e to x2 lay ! tip ^u ! leaf ( gold & c>efully transf] x to ! "w2 bl[ ^u x g5tly & x w /raight5 out & adh]e4 ,x may be r5d]$ q smoo? by slightly dabb+ x ) a bit ( cotton4 ,9 ab\t an h\r wa% (f ! sup]flu\s gold f ! edges1 ) a sponge & wat]4 ,if ! article is to be expos$ to ! wea!r or mu* we>1 ! gild+ may be v>ni%$ ) copal v>ni%4 ,burni%-,gild+4--,z previ\sly /at$1 ?is process requires a specially prep>$ f\ndation ^u :i* to lay ! gold1 & z ! prep>ation ( ?is f\ndation is a di/9ct trade1 ! furniture deal] or cab9et-mak] seldom f9ds x necess>y to und]take x1 ! articles com+ to 8 h& ready-prep>$ = gild+2 b z 9 repair+ picture-frames1 cornices1 mirror frames1 etc41 x frequ5tly becomes necess>y to r5ew ! f\ndation1 a compreh5sive description ( ! :ole process is giv54 ,prep>+ ! ,woodwork4--,aft] smoo?+ & du/+ ! "w1 coat ! frames 9 e "p ) boil+-hot p>*m5t-size1 z previ\sly describ$1 !n mix a suffici5t quantity ( :it+ ) size to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream1 & ) x by means ( a bru%1 coat e "p ( ! frame sev]al times1 p]mitt+ ea* coat to become p]fectly dry be=e proce$+ ) ! next4 ,! wood w ?us be cov]$ ) a lay] ( h>d :it+ ne>ly or q a sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! size mu/ n be too ?ick1 & :5 mix$ ) ! :it+ %\ld n be s hot z ! prelim9>y coat ( size4 ,poli%+4--,:5 ! prep>ations are q dry1 clean & poli% !m4 ,to d ?is1 wet a small piece at a "t1 &1 ) a smoo?1 f9e piece ( clo?1 dipp$ 9 wat]1 rub ! "p till all ! bumps & inequalities are remov$2 & = ^? p>ts :]e ! f+]s w n ent]1 z ! m\ld+s1 etc41 w9d ! wet clo? r\nd a piece ( wood1 & by ?is means make ! surface all smoo? & ev5 alike4 ,:]e !re is c>v$ "w1 etc41 x w sometimes be necess>y to br+ ! m\ld+s to _! orig9al %>pness by means ( *isels1 g\ges1 etc41 z ! prep>ation w be apt to fill up all ! f9] p>ts ( ! "w1 :i* mu/ be ?us re/or$4 ,x is sometimes ! practice1 aft] poli%+1 to g ov] ! "w once ) f9e yell[ or ,roman o*re2 b ?is is r>ely necess>y4 ,apply+ ! ,size4--,select ! prop] gold-size f ! receipts previ\sly giv52 add p>*m5t size until x w j fl[ f ! bru%2 make x q hot1 & apply x to ! wood ) a v s(t bru%1 tak+ c>e n to make ! fir/ coat too ?ick2 let x dry & give two or ?ree successive coats1 aft] ! la/ bru%+ x ) a /iff bru% to remove any inequalities4 ,! "w is !n ready = ! gold4 ,lay+ ! gold4 ,! manipulation ( ! gold leaf has be5 describ$ "u ! head+ ,,oil ,,gild+4 ,9 ! pa9t n[ be+ describ$1 size us$ 7be+ wat]-size1 :i* previ\sly expla9$ is p]mitt$ to become h>d & dry aft] be+ appli$7 mu/ be moi/5$ to cause ! gold-leaf to adh]e to x4 ,= ?is purpose1 ) a long-hair$ camel-hair p5cil1 dipp$ 9 wat]1 g ov] z mu* ( ! "w z y int5d ! piece ( gold to cov]2 !n lay ! gold ^u x 9 ! mann] previ\sly expla9$4 ,be sure t ! "p to :i* ! gold is appli$ is suffici5tly wet2 inde$ x mu/ be float+1 or ! gold w be apt to crack4 ,proce$ 9 ?is mann] a little at a "t1 & d n attempt to cov] too mu* at once1 until by exp]i5ce y are go+ to h&le ! gold ) fre$om4 ,burni%+4--,:5 ! "w is cov]$ ) gold1 set x by to dry2 !re is a p>ticul> /ate or degree ( dryness1 kn[n only by exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! m\ld+ is 9 a fit /ate = burni%+2 x w probably be ready to burni% 9 ab\t eight or t5 h\rs1 b x w dep5d on ! w>m? ( ! room or /ate ( ! air4 ,:5 x is ready1 ^? p>ts int5d$ to be burni%$ mu/ be du/$ ) a s(t bru%2 !n wip+ ! burni%] ) a piece ( s(t wa%-lea!r 7q dry7 beg9 to burni% ab\t an in* or two 9 l5g? at a "t1 tak+ c>e n to be> too h>d1 b ) a g5tle & quick motion1 apply+ ! tool until all ! p>ts ( ! surface are equally bright4 ,matt+ or ,dead ,gold4--,c]ta9 portions only ( ! "w are burni%$1 accord+ to ! fancy1 & ! facility ) :i* ! burni%+ tool c be appli$2 ! rema9+ p>ts are n[ to be depriv$ ( _! metallic lu/re1 to make a m effective contra/ ) ! burni%+4 ,! p>ts ?us treat$ are said to be matt$ or dead gold4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,gr9d "s v]milion or yell[ o*re v f9e1 & mix a v small portion ei!r ) ! p>*m5t size or ) ! :ite ( an egg1 & ) a v s(t bru% lay x ev5ly on ! p>ts to be dull$2 if well done1 x w add greatly to ! beauty ( ! "w4 ,previ\s to matt+1 ! "w mu/ be well cle>$ ( sup]flu\s gold1 by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,f9i%+4--,9 elaborate works x is frequ5tly impossible to lay gold-leaf into all ! intricacies ( an elaborate design1 & ! p>ts ?us left b>e mu/ be f9i%$ by t\*+ up ) a small bru% *>g$ ) %ell-gold1 or gold-p[d]1 mix$ ) gum-,arabic to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,! foll[+ receipt describes ! prep>ation ( %ell-gold3 ,%ell$ ,gold4--,take any quantity ( leaf-gold & gr9d x ) a small portion ( honey1 to a f9e p[d]1 add a little gum-,arabic & sug>-c&y1 ) a little wat]1 & mix x well toge!r2 let x dry4 ,silv] ,size4--,gr9d pipe-clay f9e ) a little black lead & good soap1 & add p>*m5t-size z direct$ = gold-size4 ,composition = ,frame ,ornam5ts4--,! ornam5ts = gild$ mirror-frames1 etc41 are usually m\ld$ f "s pla/ic sub/ance t is some:at t\gh] & m durable ?an ! ord9>y gild+ f\ndation ( :it+ & size4 ,! prop] m\lds be+ prep>$ !y are ?or\ghly rubb$ ^u ! inside ) sweet oil1 & ! composition firmly press$ 92 aft] remov+ ! m\ld ! ca/ may be dri$ by a g5tle heat1 or :ile /ill pla/ic x c be appli$ 9 its prop] place & b5t into any position4 ,foll[+ are receipts = composition3 ,dissolve #a lb4 ( glue 9 #a gallon ( wat]4 ,9 ano!r kettle boil toge!r #b lbs4 ( res91 #a gill ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 & #a p9t ( l9se$ oil2 mix altoge!r 9 "o kettle1 & boil & /ir till ! wat] has evaporat$4 ,turn ! :ole into a tub ( f9ely-roll$ :it+1 & "w till x is ! consi/5cy ( d\gh4 ,boil #g lbs4 ( be/ glue 9 #g half-p9ts ( wat]4 ,melt #c lbs4 ( :ite res9 9 #c p9ts ( raw l9se$ oil4 ,:5 ! above has be5 well-boil$ put !m into a l>ge vessel & simm] !m = half an h\r1 /irr+ ! mixture & tak+ c>e t x does n boil ov]4 ,! :ole mu/ !n be turn$ into a box ( :it+ roll$ & sift$1 & mix$ till x is ( ! consi/5cy ( d\gh4 ,to ,manipulate ,gold ,leaf4--,get a piece ( pap]1 ?9 en\gh to %[ %ad[ ( gold-leaf ?r\gh1 slightly wax x1 lay x on gold-leaf1 ! latt] w !n adh]e1 & c be easily work$ & w come (f clean4 ,! pap] %\ld be slightly l>g] ?an ! gold-leaf1 & ! f+]s pass$ ov] ! pap] to make ! gold-leaf adh]e4 ,bronz+4--,?is is a process = imitat+ on metal1 pla/] wood1 or o!r mat]ial1 ! peculi> appe>ance produc$ by *emical action ^u ! surface ( bronze metal4 ,x is accompli%$ by spread+ ov] ! surface ( ! mat]ial to be ornam5t$ a v ?9 coat+ ( bronze-p[d]1 :i* is caus$ to adh]e ei!r by apply+ x directly ^u a coat+ ( any ( ! sizes m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 or by mix+ ) a vehicle1 su* z gum-,arabic or transp>5t v>ni%4 ,! latt] is mo/ desirable1 z 9 ! o!r case1 be+ subject to ! direct action ( ! atmosph]e1 ! bronze-p[d] soon t>ni%es4 ,9 ornam5t+ furniture1 bronz+ is g5]ally employ$ to repres5t gild+1 a v>iety ( bronze call$ gold-bronze be+ us$1 :i* af=ds an excell5t imitation b is n v la/+4 ,x is usually appli$ aft] ! completion ( ! o!r f9i%+ processes1 ! gr\nd-"w be+ prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,,oil-,,gild+1 & ! size likewise appli$ z !re describ$4 ,a small wad ( cotton batt+ is !n dipp$ 9 ! bronze & pass$ g5tly ov] ! siz$ portions1 caus+ ! bronze to adh]e4 ,9 ! o!r me?od--t ( apply+ ! bronze by means ( a vehicle--! prelim9>ies ( :it+ ! gr\nd & siz+ are n necess>y1 a small quantity ( bronze be+ simply mix$ ) ! vehicle employ$ to su* a degree ( fluidity t x w fl[ easily1 & 9 t condition appli$ ) a f9e bru%4 ,_m prep>ations are us$ z vehicles su* z transp>5t v>ni% ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 gum-,arabic1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & gold-size r$uc$ ) p>*m5t-size4 ,!re are a v>iety ( colors 9 bronze-p[d]s1 & to produce ! be/ effect ! size or vehicle %\ld be ( a color simil> to t ( ! bronze us$2 9 gold-size ! color+ pigm5t is o*re1 & 9 its place1 = gre5-bronze1 or blue-bronze1 may be employ$ respectively v]dit]1 v]million or ,prussian blue1 a v small quantity be+ suffici5t4 ,9 bronz+ on pa9t$ "w ! gr\nd %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ! color ( ! bronze to be appli$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,a fill] = rosewood1 #ah4 ,ano!r me?od ( fill+1 #ah4 ,a good recipe = ,fr5* poli%1 #dg4 ,ano!r recipe = ,fr5* poli%1 #dg4 ,a good poli%1 #dh4 ,a poli% t w resi/ wat]1 #dh4 ,a ,fr5* poli% reviv]1 #di4 ,antique oak1 #ec4 ,a%1 #fc4 ,a f9e yell[ dye1 #ha4 ,a bright yell[ dye1 #ha4 ,apply+ size1 #hh4 ,b]ry ,bros4 h>d oil f9i%1 #be4 ,bru%es = v>ni%+1 #ce4 ,bir*1 #fd4 ,basswood1 #fi4 ,bee*1 #fi4 ,butt]nut1 #fi4 ,br[n /a91 #gg4 ,br[n /a9 by ano!r me?od1 #gg4 ,black dye1 #gg4 ,bright gre5 dye1 #ha4 ,bright r$ dye1 #hb4 ,burni% gild+1 #hg4 ,burni%+1 #hi4 ,c>riage v>ni%1 #da4 ,*amois sk91 #da4 ,cleanl9ess 9 poli%+1 #db4 ,cotton wads = poli%+1 #de4 ,*]ry1 #fb4 ,c$>1 #fi4 ,*e/nut1 #fi4 ,cypress1 #gj4 ,c$>wood imitation1 #gg4 ,composition = frame ornam5ts1 #ij4 ,dead f9i%1 #di4 ,dy+ wood1 #gi4 ,elm1 #fi4 ,fill] = light woods1 #ag4 ,fill] = *]ry1 #ah4 ,fill] = oak1 #ah4 ,fill] = rosewood1 #ah4 ,fill] = mahogany1 r$wood & *]ry1 #bj4 ,f4 ,w4 ,devoe ,co4's wax f9i%+1 #bd4 ,f9i%+1 v>ni%+ & poli%+1 #bg4 ,fl[+1 #db4 ,fr5* poli%+1 #dd4 ,fir/ & be/ recipe = ,fr5* poli%+1 #dg4 ,f9i%--dead1 #di4 ,f9e black dye1 #hj4 ,f9e blue dye1 #hj4 ,f9i%+1 #ij4 ,glue size1 #cd4 ,g5]al recipes1 #gc4 ,gre5 dye1 #ha4 ,grey dye1 #hc4 ,gild+1 silv]+ & bronz+1 #hc4 ,gild+1 #hd4 ,gold size = burni% gild+1 #he4 ,h>d oil f9i%1 #be4 ,h>d oil f9i%+1 #cd4 ,hemlock1 #gj4 ,introduction1 #e4 ,imitation oak /a91 #fh4 ,imitation mahogany /a91 #fh4 ,imitation rosewood /a91 #fh4 ,imitation walnut /a91 #fh4 ,liquid = bright5+ & sett+ colors1 #hb4 ,murphy's transp>5t v>ni%1 #dd4 ,mahogany1 #eh4 ,miscellane\s1 #gh4 ,matt+ or dead gold1 #hi4 ,oil %ellac1 #cc4 ,o!r ,fr5* poli% recipes1 #dg4 ,oak1 #eb4 ,oak /a9s1 #eh4 ,oak /a9 8,no4 #b10 #eh4 ,orange dye1 #hc4 ,oil size = oil gild+1 #he4 ,oil gild+1 #hf4 ,prelim9>y1 #i4 ,prep>ation ( wood = /a9+1 #ai4 ,poli%+ & f9i%+1 #bg4 ,prep>+ %ellac1 #cb4 ,pumice-/one1 #ci4 ,prep>$ spirits1 #dh4 ,poli% = turn]'s "w1 #di4 ,p9e1 #fe4 ,popl>1 #fi4 ,purple dye1 #hb4 ,p>*m5t size1 #he4 ,prep>+ wood-"w1 #hh4 ,poli%+1 #hh4 ,rubb+ & f9i%+1 #bi4 ,rubb] = poli%+1 #df4 ,rosewood1 #ga4 ,r$ dye1 #hb4 ,size & siz+1 #bf4 ,/a9+1 f9i%+1 v>ni%+ & poli%+1 #bg4 ,%ellac+1 #cj4 ,%ellac1 prep>+1 #cb4 ,s&pap]+1 #cf4 8,sag0 9 v>ni%1 #cg4 ,sweat+ v>ni%1 #dj4 ,sycamore1 #gj4 ,/a9s1 #ge4 ,silv] grey dye1 #hc4 ,sizes1 #he4 ,%ell$ gold1 #ij4 ,silv] size1 #ij4 ,! v>i\s woods1 _! /a9s & f9i%1 #ea4 ,to bright5 /a9s1 #gh4 ,! requisites1 #hd4 ,to prev5t gold adh]+1 #hf4 ,to manipulate gold leaf1 #ia4 ,v>ni%+ & poli%+1 #bg4 ,v>ni%+ h>dwood1 #ce4 ,v>ni% bru%es1 #ce4 ,v5e]$ panels1 #dc4 ,v>ni% poli%+1 #dc4 ,v>ni% f9i% = *eap "w1 #ej4 ,v>ni% pans1 #ea4 ,wood fill]s & wood-fill+1 #ad4 ,walnut fill]1 m$ium1 #ag4 ,walnut fill] = wax f9i%1 #ag4 ,walnut fill] = fir/-class "w1 #ag4 ,:eel]'s wood-fill]1 #bb4 ,wax f9i%1 #ej4 ,walnut1 #fh4 ,e/abli%$ #ahgj4 ,,/&>d ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,& ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,co4 ,new ,york4 ,^! books w be s5t1 po/paid1 to any address 9 any accessible "p ( ! _w1 on receipt ( price4--,full ,descriptive ,catalogues may be _h free4--,new ,catalogues1 ) additions ( new books1 are issu$ f "t to "t1 & w be s5t to any address on reque/4--,address1 ,,indu/rial ,,publication ,,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses4 ,be+ a ,description ( ! ,squ>e & ,its ,uses 9 ,obta9+ ! ,l5g?s & ,bevels ( all k9ds ( ,raft]s1 ,hips1 ,gro9s1 ,braces1 ,brackets1 ,purl9s1 ,coll>-,beams1 & ,jack-,raft]s4--,also1 its ,application 9 ,obta9+ ! ,bevels & ,cuts = ,hopp]s1 ,spr+ ,mold+s1 ,octagons1 ,/airs1 ,dim9i%$ ,/iles1 c4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,practical ,c>p5try10 8,! ,build]s' ,guide10 c4--,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,greatly ,enl>g$4--,illu/rat$ by ,ne>ly ,"o ,hundr$ ,f9e ,engrav+s4--,clo?1 gilt4 #a ,?is is ! only practical "w on ! /eel squ>e & its uses ev] publi%$4 ,x is ?or\gh1 accurate1 cle>1 & easily und]/ood4 ,conf\nd+ t]ms & sci5tific phrases h be5 religi\sly avoid$ :]e possible2 & ev]y?+ 9 ! book has be5 made s pla9 t a boy ( twelve ye>s ( age1 possess+ ord9>y intellig5ce1 c und]/& x f end to end4 ,?is new edition1 j issu$1 is illu/rat$ by ne>ly "o hundr$ h&some engrav+s1 %[+ h[ ! squ>e may be us$ = solv+ ne>ly e problem 9 ! :ole art ( c>p5try4 ,! c>p5t] :o possesses ?is book ne$ n wa/e "t & mat]ial 8cutt+ & try+40 ,he c lay out 8 "w to a hair's bread?1 & 8cut to ! l9e40 ,&1 9 ^! days1 ! workman :o c n lay out 8 "w accurately at ! fir/ attempt /&s no %[4 ,! book is absolutely indisp5sable to e p]son :o may h to use a c>p5t]'s squ>e4 ,jo9]s1 cab9et-mak]s1 bricklay]s1 /onecutt]s1 pla/]]s1 lumb]-deal]s1 amateurs1 & all :o build a f5ce1 t9k] a gate1 or make a *ick5-coop w f9d some?+ 9 ?is little volume t w help & aid !m to d _! "w bett] & m intellig5tly ?an !y c\ld )\t a k ( its cont5ts4 ,_m difficult & tr\blesome ma!matical problems c be solv$ by ! use ( ?is tool1 & ! me?ods ( solv+ !m are %[n 9 ?is book4 ,x describes h[ pa9t+1 pla/]+1 & brickwork c be measur$1 & h[ _m me*anical difficulties c be ov]come ) great ease4 ,x expla9s h[ ellipses1 p>abolas1 octagons1 circles1 & _m o!r figures1 may be describ$ by ! /eel squ>e4 ,x is safe to say t ?is doll> book w easily enable any intellig5t me*anic to save t5 doll>s 9 "t & mat]ial dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s t he has x 9 use4 ,,/eel ,,squ>es ,,& ,,_! ,,uses4 ,be+ a ,description ( ! ,v>i\s ,/eel ,squ>es & ,_! ,uses 9 ,solv+ a l>ge numb] ( ,me*anical ,problems 9 ,con/ructive ,c>p5try1 ,jo9]y1 ,%eet-metal ,"w1 ,cut-/one or ,brick-"w4 ,also1 %[+ h[ _m ,geometrical & o!r ,problems may be solv$ by ! use ( ! ,/eel ,squ>e4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 8,! ,slide-,rule1 & ,its ,uses10 8,practical ,c>p5try10 8,! ,build]s' ,guide10 c4--,f9ely ,illu/rat$4--,clo?4 #a ,?is =ms ,"p ,,ii ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 & is n 9 any s5se a sub/itute = ! ,fir/ ,"p1 :i* /ill rema9s :at x always has be5--a necessity to e intellig5t workman4 ,"p ,,ii is an ext5sion & enl>gem5t ( ! ,fir/ ,"p1 giv+ new problems1 new me?ods1 & new wr9kles = %ort5+ ! labor & increas+ ! accuracy ( ! workman4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ! same h&some mann] :i* *>act]izes ! ,fir/ ,"p1 to :i* x =ms a companion volume4 ,) ^! two volumes 9 8 possession ! workman has at comm& ! entire practical ma!matics ( con/ruction1 & is prep>$ to lay out any piece ( "w m easily1 quickly1 & accurately ?an x c be done by any o!r me?od4 ,,practical ,,c>p5try4 ,be+ a ,guide to ! ,correct ,work+ & ,lay+ out ( all k9ds ( ,c>p5t]s' & ,jo9]s' ,"w1 ) ! ,solutions ( ! ,v>i\s ,problems 9 ,hip-,ro(s1 ,go?ic ,"w1 ,c5t]+1 ,splay$ ,"w1 ,jo9ts & ,jo9t+1 ,h+e+1 ,dovetail+1 ,mit]+1 ,timb]-,splic+1 ,hopp]-"w1 ,skylights1 ,rak+ ,mold+s1 ,circul> ,"w1 c4--,to :i* is prefix$ a ?or\gh treatise on 8,c>p5t]s' ,geometry40--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 8,! ,slide-,rule1 & ,h[ to ,use ,x10 8,! ,build]s' ,guide10 c4--,illu/rat$ by ov] ,?ree ,hundr$ ,engrav+s4--,clo?1 gilt4 #a ,?is is ! mo/ ?or\gh book ( ! k9d ev] publi%$4 ,x is ?or\gh1 practical1 & reliable2 & at ! same "t is writt5 9 a /yle s pla9 t any workman or appr5tice c easily und]/& x4 ,,/air-,,build+ ,,made ,,easy4 ,be+ a ,full & ,cle> ,description ( ! ,art ( ,build+ ! ,bodies1 ,c>riages1 & ,cases = all k9ds ( ,/airs & ,/eps4--,toge!r ) ,illu/rations ,%[+ ! ,mann] ( ,lay+ ,out ,/airs1 =m+ ,treads & ,ris]s1 build+ ,cyl9d]s1 prep>+ ,/r+s2 ) ,in/ructions = mak+ ,c>riages = ,common1 ,plat=m1 ,dog-legg$1 & ,w9d+ ,/airs4--,to :i* is add$ an ,illu/rat$ ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,/air-,build+1 & ,designs = ,newels1 ,balu/]s1 ,brackets1 ,/air-,mold+s1 & ,sections ( ,h&-,rails4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 c4--,illu/rat$ by ov] ,"o ,hundr$ & ,tw5ty ,engrav+s1 _m ( !m full-page size4--,clo?1 gilt4 #a ,?is "w takes hold at ! v beg9n+ ( ! subject1 & c>ries ! /ud5t along by easy /ages until ! entire subject ( /airbuild+ has be5 unfold$1 s f> z ord9>y practice c ev] require4 ,?is book1 & ! foll[+ "o on ,h&-,rail+1 cov] ne>ly ! :ole subject ( ,/air-,build+4 ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,h&-,,rail+4 ,or1 ,h[ to ,cut ,h&-,rail+ = ,circul> & o!r ,/airs1 squ>e f ! ,plank1 )\t ! aid ( a ,fall+ ,m\ld4--,by ,,an ,,old ,,/airbuild]4--,edit$ & correct$ by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,/air-build+ ,made ,easy10 c4--,clo?1 gilt #a ,! sy/em is new1 novel1 economic1 & easily le>n$4 ,rules1 in/ructions1 & work+ draw+s = build+ rails = sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( /airs are giv54 ,,! ,,build]s' ,,guide1 & ,e/imators' ,price-,book4 ,be+ a ,compilation ( ,curr5t ,prices ( ,lumb]1 ,h>dw>e1 ,glass1 ,plumb]s' ,supplies1 ,pa9ts1 ,slates1 ,/ones1 ,limes1 ,cem5ts1 ,bricks1 ,t91 & o!r ,build+ ,mat]ials4 ,also1 ,prices ( ,labor & ,co/ ( ,p]=m+ ! ,sev]al ,k9ds ( ,"w ,requir$ 9 ,build+2 toge!r ) ,prices ( ,doors1 ,frames1 ,sa%es1 ,/airs1 ,mold+s1 ,newels1 & o!r ,ma*9e-"w4--,to :i* is app5d$ a l>ge numb] ( ,build+ ,rules1 ,data1 ,tables1 & ,useful ,memor&a1 ) a ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itectural & ,build+ ,t]ms4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 8,! ,slide-,rule1 & ,h[ to ,use ,x10 8,practical ,c>p5try10 c4--,clo? #b ,,c>p5t]s' & ,,jo9]s' ,,pocket ,,companion ,conta9+ ,rules1 ,data1 & ,directions = ,lay+ ,out ,"w1 & = ,calculat+ & ,e/imat+4--,) ,frontispiece %[+ ! p>ts ( an ,ar*itectural ,column2 also conta9+ _m o!r ,illu/rative ,engrav+s4--,compil$ by ,,?omas ,,moloney1 ,c>p5t] & ,jo9]4--,clo? #ej c5ts4 ,?is is a compact & h&y little volume1 conta9+ ! mo/ useful rules & memor&a1 practically te/$ by _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! %op1 factory1 & build+4 ,also1 a treatise on ! fram+-squ>e4 ,x is by a ?or\ghly practical man1 & conta9s en\gh t is n easily f\nd any :]e else to make x wor? m ?an its price to e intellig5t c>p5t]4 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4 ,consi/+ ( a ,s]ies ( ,que/ions & ,answ]s expla9+ 9 ,simple ,language ! ,pr9ciples & ,progress ( ,ar*itecture f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4--,by ,,?omas ,,mit*ell4--,illu/rat$ by ne>ly ,"o ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,engrav+s4--,new ,edition1 ) ,am]ican additions4--,clo? #ej c5ts4 ,ar*itecture is n only a pr(ession & an art1 b an important bran* ( e lib]al education4 ,no p]son c be said to be well educat$ :o has n "s k ( its g5]al pr9ciples & ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t /yles4 ,! pres5t "w is probably ! be/ ar*itectural textbook = beg9n]s ev] publi%$4 ,! num]\s illu/rative engrav+s make ! subject v simple1 & prev5t all misund]/&+4 ,x tells all ab\t ! diff]5t /yles1 _! peculi> features1 _! orig91 & ! pr9ciples t und]lie _! con/ruction4 ,,h9ts ,,& ,,aids ,,to ,,build]s ,gives h9ts & prices1 tells h[ to measure1 expla9s build+ t]ms1 &1 9 %ort1 conta9s a fund ( in=mation = all :o are int]e/$ 9 build+4--,pap] #be c5ts4 ,,buck',s ,,cottage ,,& ,,o!r ,,designs4 ,buck's ,designs 9 ,ar*itecture1 %[+ a ,v>iety ( ,designs1 toge!r ) a l>ge am\nt ( ,miscellane\s ,matt]1 mak+ x a v valuable book4--,=ty designs = fifty c5ts4 ,j ! book y want1 if y are go+ to build a *eap & com=table home4 ,x %[s a great v>iety ( *eap & m$ium-pric$ cottages1 besides giv+ a numb] ( useful h9ts & sugge/ions on ! v>i\s que/ions liable to arise 9 build+1 su* z selections ( site1 g5]al arrangem5t ( ! plans1 sanat>y que/ions4 c4 ,cottages co/+ f #ejj to #e1jjj are %[n 9 consid]able v>iety1 & ne>ly e ta/e c be satisfi$4 ,! in=mation on site1 g5]al arrangem5t ( plan1 sanat>y matt]s1 c41 is wor? a great deal m ?an ! co/ ( ! book4 ,,wat]-,,closets4--,a ,hi/orical1 ,me*anical1 & ,sanit>y ,treatise4--,by ,,gl5n ,,br[n1 ,ar*itect2 ,associate ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects4--,neatly b\nd 9 clo?1 gilt title4 #a ,?is book conta9s ov] #bej engrav+s1 drawn expressly = ! "w by ! au?or4 ,! draw+s are s cle> t ! di/9ctive features ( e device are easily se5 at a glance1 & ! descriptions are p>ticul>ly full & ?or\gh4 ,e kn[n wat]-closet is fully describ$1 & an acc\nt giv5 ( its qualities1 advantages1 & defects4 ,! p>am\nt importance ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ! con/ruction ( our h\ses r5d]s all comm5t ^u ! value ( su* a "w unnecess>y4 ,,pla/]3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use4 ,be+ a ,complete ,guide = ! ,pla/]] 9 ! ,prep>ation & ,application ( all k9ds ( ,pla/]1 ,/ucco1 ,portl& ,cem5t1 ,hydraulic ,cem5ts1 ,lime ( ,tiel1 ,ros5dale & o!r ,cem5ts4 ,) ,useful & ,practical ,in=mation on ! ,*emi/ry1 ,qualities1 & ,uses ( ! ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,limes & ,cem5ts4--,toge!r ) ,rules = ,measur+1 ,comput+1 & ,valu+ ,pla/] & ,/ucco ,"w4--,to :i* is app5d$ an ,illu/rat$ ,gloss>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,pla/]+1 c4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,build]s' ,guide1 & ,e/imators' ,price-,book10 8,practical ,c>p5try10 c4--,clo?1 gilt #a ,?is "w is illu/rat$ ) num]\s engrav+s 9 ! text & ?ree plates1 giv+ "s =ty figures ( ceil+s1 c5t]-pieces1 cornices1 panels1 & s(fits4 ,x is an invaluable book = pla/]]s1 bricklay]s1 masons1 build]s1 ar*itects1 & eng9e]s4 ,,h&saws3 ,,_! ,,use1 ,,c>e1 ,,& ,,abuse4 ,h[ to ,select & ,h[ to ,file ,!m4--,be+ a ,complete ,guide = ,select+1 ,us+1 & ,fil+ all k9ds ( ,h&saws1 ,back-saws1 ,compass & ,key-hole ,saws1 ,web1 ,hack1 & ,but*]s' ,saws4 ,%[+ ! ,%apes1 ,=ms1 ,angles1 ,pit*es1 & ,sizes ( ,saw-tee? suitable = all k9ds ( ,saws1 & = all k9ds ( ,wood1 ,bone1 ,ivory1 & ,metal4--,toge!r ) ,h9ts & ,sugge/ions on ! ,*oice ( ,files1 ,saw-sets1 ,fil+-clamps1 & o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,c>e & ,managem5t ( all classes ( ,h& & o!r ,small ,saws4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 au?or ( 8,! ,/eel ,squ>e & ,its ,uses10 8,! ,slide-,rule1 & ,h[ to ,use ,x10 8,! ,build]s' ,guide10 8,practical ,c>p5try10 c4--,illu/rat$ by ov] ,sev5ty-five ,engrav+s4--,clo?1 gilt #a ,?is "w is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly = op]ative c>p5t]s1 jo9]s1 cab9et-mak]s1 c>riage-build]s1 & woodwork]s g5]ally1 amateurs or pr(essionals4 ,,! ,,practical ,,uphol/]]4 ,giv+ ,cle> ,directions = ,skillfully ,p]=m+ all k9ds ( ,uphol/]]s' ,"w 9 ,lea!r1 ,silk1 ,plu%1 ,reps1 ,cottons1 ,velvets1 & ,c>pet+s4--,also1 = ,/uff+1 ,emboss+1 ,welt+1 & ,cov]+ all k9ds ( ,mattresses1 c4--,rules = ,measur+ ,valances1 ,curta9s1 ,tape/ry1 ,w9d[ & ,door ,drap]y1 ,curta9 ,rods1 ,p]sian ,b$s1 ,mantel ,drap]y1 ,lambrequ9s1 ,cu%ions1 ,floor-,clo?s1 ,fe/oon ,bl9ds & ,curta9-,hang+s1 & all k9ds ( ,uphol/]y4--,fully ,illu/rat$ ) ,engrav+s ( ,tools1 ,sket*es ( ,furniture1 & num]\s full-page ,illu/rations ( ,orig9al ,decorative ,designs4--,by ,a ,,practical ,,uphol/]]4 #abmo1 clo? #a ,?is "w conta9s a numb] ( orig9al designs 9 drap]y & uphol/]y1 ) full explanatory text1 & an imm5se numb] ( work+ illu/rations4 ,x gives a description ( tools1 appliances1 & mat]ials4 ,x tells h[ to uphol/] *airs1 p>lor furniture1 b$room furniture1 c4 ,x conta9s rules = cutt+ b$-hang+s1 w9d[-curta9s1 door-hang+s1 bl9ds1 & = measur+ & cutt+ c>pets4 ,x gives ari?metical calculations = cutt+ c>pets1 curta9s1 c41 mantle-bo>d drap]y1 fe/oons1 &1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to uphol/]y4 ,!re is no?+ publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry t is s ?or\gh & complete 9 ! in/ructions giv5 = uphol/]+1 z ?is book4 ,x is invaluable alike to ! practical workman & ! amateur4 ,,cab9et-,,mak+1 ,,uphol/]+1 ,,furniture4 ,h9ts & ,practical ,in=mation = ,cab9et-mak]s1 ,uphol/]]s1 & ,furniture-m5 ,g5]ally4--,toge!r ) a ,description ( all k9ds ( ,f9i%+1 ) ,full ,directions ,!re=2 ,v>ni%es1 ,poli%es1 ,/a9s = ,wood1 ,dyes = ,wood1 ,gild+ & ,silv]+1 ,recipes = ! ,factory1 ,lacqu]s1 ,metals1 ,m>bles1 c42 ,pictures1 ,engrav+s1 c4--,clo?1 gilt #a ,?is book conta9s an imm5se am\nt ( ! mo/ useful in=mation = ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! manufacture1 sup]9t5d5ce1 or con/ruction ( furniture or wood-"w ( any k9d4 ,x is "o ( ! *eape/ & be/ books ev] publi%$1 & conta9s ov] "o ?\s& h9ts1 sugge/ions1 & me?ods2 & descriptions ( tools1 appliances1 & mat]ials4 ,all ! recipes1 rules1 & directions h be5 c>efully revis$ & correct$ by practical m5 ( great exp]i5ce1 s t !y w be f\nd ?or\ghly tru/wor?y4 ,x conta9s _m ( ! recipes rec5tly sold at f #e to #ejj4 ,,! ,,work%op ,,companion4--,"p ,i4 ,a ,collection ( ,useful & ,reliable ,recipes1 ,rules1 ,processes1 ,me?ods1 ,wr9kles1 & ,practical ,h9ts1 = ! ,h\sehold & ! ,%op4 ,pap]1 #ce c5ts4--,clo?1 gilt title1 #fj c5ts4 ,?is is a book ( #afd closely pr9t$ pages1 =m+ a diction>y ( practical in=mation = me*anics1 amateurs1 h\sekeep]s1 f>m]s1--ev]ybody4 ,x is n a m]e collection ( newspap] clipp+s1 b a s]ies ( orig9al treatises on v>i\s subjects1 su* z alloys1 cem5ts1 inks1 /eel1 signal-lights1 poli%+ mat]ials1 & ! art ( poli%+ wood1 metals1 c42 v>ni%+1 gild+1 silv]+1 bronz+1 lacqu]+1 & ! work+ ( brass1 ivory1 alaba/]1 iron1 /eel1 glass1 c4 ,,! ,,work%op ,,companion4--,"p ,,ii4 ,a ,collection ( ,useful & ,reliable ,recipes1 ,rules1 ,processes1 ,me?ods1 ,wr9kles1 & ,practical ,h9ts1 = ! ,h\sehold & ! ,%op4 ,pap]1 #ce c5ts4--,clo?1 gilt title1 #fj c5ts4 ,?is is an ext5sion ( ! fir/ "p1 & conta9s subjects :i* h n be5 discuss$ 9 ! e>li] volume4 ,^! two volumes conta9 an imm5se am\nt ( practical in/ruction on matt]s 9 reg>d to :i* in=mation is con/antly desir$ by amateurs & practical m54 ,,! ,,practical ,,assi/ant1 ,,& ,,work%op ,,companion4--,a ,treasury ( ,useful ,in=mation relat+ to ! ,arts & ,sci5ces ( ev]yday life4--,conta9+ ,useful & ,reliable ,processes1 ,recipes1 ,wr9kles1 ,me?ods1 ,rules1 ,data1 ,tables2 & ,h9ts = ! ,factory & ! ,h\sehold1 ! ,%op & ! ,f>m4--,edit$ by ,,john ,,ph94--,clo?1 #a ,?is is ,p>ts ,i & ,,ii ( 8,! ,work%op ,companion10 describ$ above1 h&somely b\nd toge!r 9 clo?1 ) gilt title4 ,,! ,,amateurs' ,,h&book ,,( ,,practical ,,in=mation1 = ! ,work%op & ,laboratory4 ,second ,edition4--,greatly ,enl>g$4--,neatly b\nd4 #ae c5ts4 ,?is is a h&y little book1 conta9+ j ! in=mation ne$$ by amateurs 9 ! work%op & laboratory4 ,directions = mak+ alloys1 fusible metals1 cem5ts1 glues1 c42 & = sold]+1 braz+1 lacqu]+1 bronz+1 /a9+ & poli%+ wood1 temp]+ tools1 cutt+ & work+ glass1 v>ni%+1 silv]+1 gild+1 prep>+ sk9s1 c4 ,! new edition conta9s ext5d$ directions = prep>+ poli%+ p[d]s1 freez+ mixtures1 color$ lights = tableaux1 solutions = r5d]+ ladies' dresses incombu/ible1 c4 ,!re has also be5 add$ a ,v l>ge numb] ( new & valuable recipes4 ,! ,work%op ,companion1 ,"p ,i1 above describ$1 conta9s all ! matt] t is to be f\nd 9 8,! ,amateurs' ,h&book40 ,,me*anical ,,draught+4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,illu/rat$ ,guide to ,practical ,draught+4--,a s]ies ( ,practical ,in/ructions = ,ma*9i/s1 ,me*anics1 ,appr5tices1 & ,/ud5ts at ,eng9e]+ ,e/abli%m5ts & ,te*nical ,in/itutes4--,by ,t4 ,p4 ,,pemb]ton1 ,draughtsman & ,me*anical ,eng9e]4--,illu/rat$ by num]\s engrav+s4--,clo?1 gilt4 #a ,?is is a simple b ?or\gh book1 by a draughtsman ( tw5ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce4 ,x is int5d$ = beg9n]s & self-taught /ud5ts1 z well z = ^? :o pursue ! /udy "u ! direction ( a tea*]4 ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,be+ a ,treatise on ,draught+ ,in/rum5ts1 ) ,rules = _! ,use & ,c>e2 ,explanations ( ,scales1 ,sectors1 & ,protractors4 ,toge!r ) ,memor&a = ,draughtsm52 ,h9ts on ,pur*as+ ,in/rum5ts1 ,pap]1 ,ink1 ,p5cils1 c4 ,also1 a ,price-li/ ( all ,mat]ials requir$ by ,draughtsm54--,illu/rat$ ) tw5ty-f\r ,explanatory ,illu/rations4--,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson4--,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,,! ,,slide-,,rule1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x4 ,be+ a ,compilation ( ,explanations1 ,rules1 & ,in/ructions1 suitable = ,me*anics & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! ,indu/rial ,arts4--,compil$ & arrang$ by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson4--#be c5ts4 ,rules are giv5 = ! measurem5t ( all k9ds ( bo>ds & planks1 timb] 9 ! r\nd or squ>e1 glazi]s' "w & pa9t+1 brickwork1 paviors' "w1 til+ & slat+1 ! measurem5t ( vessels ( v>i\s %apes1 ! w$ge1 incl9$ planes1 :eels & axles1 lev]s1 ! weigh+ & measurem5t ( metals & all solid bodies1 cyl9d]s1 cones1 globes1 octagon rules & =mul1 ! measurem5t ( circles1 & a comp>ison ( ,fr5* & ,engli% measures1 ) mu* o!r in=mation useful to build]s1 c>p5t]s1 bricklay]s1 glazi]s1 paviors1 slat]s1 ma*9i/s1 & o!r me*anics4 ,possess$ ( ?is little book & a good slide-rule1 me*anics might c>ry 9 _! pockets "s hundr$s ( times ! p[] ( calculation t !y n[ h 9 _! heads1 & ! use ( ! in/rum5t is v easily acquir$4 ,,! ,,eng9e]',s ,,slide-,,rule1 & ,its ,applications4 ,a ,complete ,inve/igation ( ! ,pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,slide-,rule is con/ruct$2 toge!r ) ! ,me?od ( its ,application to all ! ,purposes ( ! ,practical ,me*anic4--,by ,,william ,,tonkes4--,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,calculator4 ,practical ,h9ts on ,lightn+ ,calculat+4--,to :i* are add$ ,rules1 ,tables1 ,data1 ,=mul1 & ,memor&a1 = mak+ rapidly ^? ev]yday calculations t are requir$ 9 bus9ess1 me*anics1 & agriculture4--,pap]4 #bj c5ts4 ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,inv5tions4 ,an exact repr9t ( ! fam\s 8,c5tury ( ,inv5tions0 ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #affc74--,) an ,introduction1 ,notes1 & a ,life ( ! ,au?or4--,) ,portrait aft] a ,pa9t+ by ,van ,dyke4--,edit$ by ,,john ,,ph94--,clo?4 #a ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y books ev] publi%$4 ,! fam\s 8,c5tury ( ,inv5tions0 is ( m ?an m]e hi/orical int]e/4 ,x conta9s num]\s h9ts & sugge/ions ( :at might be accompli%$1 & w be f\nd ( great int]e/ & value to e "o int]e/$ 9 me*anics4 ,_m p]sons claim t ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] anticipat$ _m ( our mo/ important mod]n inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,great c>e has be5 tak5 to reproduce exactly 7s f> z mod]n type1 c41 c\ld d x7 ! edition publi%$ by ! ,m>quis himself4 ,x has be5 entirely out ( pr9t = _m ye>s4 ,,! ,,electrician',s ,,pocket ,,companion4 ,electrical ,rules1 ,tables1 ,te/s1 & ,=mul4--,by ,,&rew ,,jamieson1 ,c4 ,e41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e4--,fully illu/rat$4--,clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is is ! mo/ compact & ?or\gh "w 9 ! m>ket = ! practical electrician4 ,x conta9s m9ute directions = all calculations1 te/s1 c41 ) cle> engrav+s ( ! app>atus employ$4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( cont5ts w give an idea ( its scope3-- ,=mul ( ! ,absolute ,units4--,practical1 ,electrical1 & ,me*anical4 ,heat & ,light ,units4 ,electro-*emical ,equival5ts1 ,electrolysis1 ,heat & ,en]gy ( ,combu/ion4 ,practical ,me?ods ( ,electrical ,measurem5ts4 ,electric ,conductors3 ,copp]1 c4--,insulators3 ,guttap]*a1 c4 ,subm>9e ,cables4--,a]ial ,l&-l9es4 ,electric ,light+ & ,transmission ( ,p[]4 ,,lectures ,,9 ,a ,,work%op4--,by ,t4 ,p4 ,,pemb]ton1 =m]ly ,associate ,editor ( ,! ,te*nologi/2 au?or ( 8,! ,/ud5t's ,illu/rat$ ,guide to ,practical ,draught+40--,) an ,app5dix conta9+ ! fam\s pap]s by ,:itwor? 8,on ,plane ,metallic ,surfaces ( ,true ,planes02 8,on ! ,uni=m ,sy/em ( ,screw-,?reads02 8,address to ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,glasg[02 8,on ,/&>d ,decimal ,measures ( ,l5g?40 ,clo?1 gilt4 #a ,we h "h a sprightly1 fasc9at+ book1 full ( valuable h9ts1 int]e/+ anecdotes1 & %>p say+s4 ,x is n a compilation ( dull s]mons or dry ma!matics1 b a live1 readable book4 ,! pap]s by ,:itwor?1 n[ fir/ made readily accessible to ! ,am]ican read]1 =m ! basis ( our mod]n sy/ems ( accurate "w4 ,,! ,,new ,,pocket ,,cyclop$ia4 ,a ,comp5dium ( ,g5]al ,k1 ,useful & ,int]e/+ ,facts1 ,valuable ,/ati/ics1 & ,practical ,in=mation4--#afmo41 clo?4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is is a h&y volume ( #afd pages1 pr9t$ 9 small b cle> type on v f9e ?9 pap]1 s t ! book may be readily c>ri$ 9 ! pocket or trunk4 ,x conta9s all ^? facts & figures :i* are mo/ commonly ref]r$ to 9 ev]yday life1 great c>e be+ tak5 to secure accuracy & cle>ness4 ,x is n a collection ( 8curi\s in=mation0 made up f newspap] clipp+s1 b a ?or\ghly arrang$ manual ( ! mo/ useful g5]al k4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,good ,,me*anic4 ,int5d$ z a ,practical ,guide to ,self-taught ,m53 ,tell+ ,:at to ,/udy2 ,:at ,books to ,use2 ,h[ to ,beg92 ,:at ,difficulties w be met2 ,h[ to ,ov]come ,!m4 ,9 a ^w1 h[ to c>ry on su* a c\rse ( self-in/ruction z w enable ! "y me*anic to rise f ! b5* to some?+ high]4--,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,?is is n a book ( 8goody-goody0 advice1 nei!r is x an adv]tisem5t ( any special sy/em1 nor does x advocate any hobby4 ,x gives pla9 practical advice 9 reg>d to acquir+ t k :i* alone c enable a "y man engag$ 9 any pr(ession or occupation connect$ ) ! indu/rial arts to atta9 a position high] ?an t ( a m]e workman4 ,,cem5ts1 ,,glue1 ,,& ,,pa/e4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,prep>ation & ,use ( all k9ds ( ,cem5ts1 ,glue1 & ,pa/e4--,by ,,john ,,ph91 au?or ( 8,h[ to ,use ! ,microscope40--,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,e me*anic & h\sehold] w f9d ?is volume ( almo/ ev]yday use4 ,x conta9s ne>ly two hundr$ recipes = ! prep>ation ( cem5ts = almo/ e conceivable purpose4 ,,h9ts ,,= ,,pa9t]s1 ,,decorators1 ,,& ,,pap]-,,hang]s4 ,be+ a ,selection ( ,useful ,rules1 ,data1 ,memor&a1 ,me?ods1 & ,sugge/ions = ,h\se1 ,%ip1 & ,furniture ,pa9t+2 ,pap]-,hang+1 ,gild+1 ,color-,mix+1 & o!r matt]s useful & in/ructive to pa9t]s & decorators4--,prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! wants ( amateurs4--,by ,,an ,,old ,,h&4--,pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,to ,,success ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,recipes1 ,=mul1 c41 ) ,h9ts on ,*emical & ,me*anical ,manipulation4--,int5d$ z a supplem5t to all books ( recipes4--,by ,,john ,,ph94--#abmo1 pap]4 #be c5ts4 ,:ile x is an und\bt$ fact t _m ( ! recipes publi%$ 9 ! ord9>y collections are errone\s1 ei!r f orig9al blund]s on ! "p ( ! au?ors or f mi/akes 9 copy+1 failure 9 ! use ( o!rs frequ5tly arises f defective in=mation & vici\s me?ods on ! "p ( ^? :o attempt to put !m 9 practice4 ,! object ( ! pres5t book is to give su* h9ts & cautions z w enable ! work] to secure success :]e success is possible2 & :]e ! products are int5d$ = sale x gives special & valuable advice z to ! be/ me?ods ( putt+ !m on ! m>ket4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,) a ,description ( ! necess>y ,tools & ,app>atus1 & ,concise ,directions = _! ,use2 ,explanations ( ! ,t]ms us$ & ! ,me?ods employ$ = produc+ ! v>i\s classes ( ,wood ,engrav+s4--,by ,s4 ,e4 ,,full]4--,fully illu/rat$ ) engrav+s by ! au?or1 sep>ate %eets ( engrav+s = transf] & practice be+ add$4--,new edition1 neatly b\nd4 #ej c5ts4 ,a really ?or\gh & practical "w1 writt5 = ^? :o want to le>n ! art )\t ! aid ( a tea*]4 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,collodio ,,et*+4--,by ,rev4 ,,b5jam9 ,,h>tley4--,illu/rat$ by ! au?or4--#abmo1 clo?4 #a4jj ,?is volume gives complete & m9ute in/ructions = "o ( ! mo/ delightful ( amateur arts4 ,x is fully illu/rat$ by woodcuts ( all ! app>atus us$ 7:i* is v simple & easily made71 & also by actual photo-pr9ts ( ! et*+s !mselves4 ,,! ,,practical ,,pocket ,,companion4 ,a ,cyclop$ia ( ! mo/ useful ,facts1 ,figures1 & ,g5]al ,in=mation requir$ by ev]ybody 9 ev]yday life4--,edit$ by ,,john ,,ph91 au?or ( 8,h[ to ,use ! ,microscope10 8,! ,work%op ,companion10 8,*emical ,hi/ory ( ! ,six ,days ( ,creation10 c4--,num]\s illu/rations4 #aj c5ts4 ,,cont5ts4--,abbreviations 9 ,common ,use--,bus9ess ,laws & ,comm]cial ,rules--,acceptances--,ag5cies--,bills ( ,ex*ange--,*ecques--,common ,c>ri]s--,corporations--,law ( ,f9d+--,indorsem5ts--,innkeep]s--,negoti able ,in/rum5ts--,p>tn]%ips--,promissory ,notes--,prote/s--,receipts--,concrete ,walls = ,h\ses--,copyrights--,rules = ,correspond5ce--,h[ to treat ,accid5ts to ! ,eye--,factors ( ,safety--,be/ ,me?ods ( ,ext+ui%+ ,fires--,language ( ,fl[]s--,significance ( ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones--,p]iods ( ,ge/ation & ,incubation--,legal ,holidays--,home/ead ,law--,di/+ui%+ ,*>act]i/ics & ,anxi\s ,p]iods ( ,infecti\s ,diseases--,prev5tion or ,attacks ( ,insects--,knots1 & ,h[ to ,tie ,!m1 ) full page ( illu/rations--,g5]al ,rules--,s+le ,draw-knot--,galley-knot--,squ>e-knot1 or ,reef+-knot--,weav]'s-knot1 or ,%eet-b5d-knot--,half-hit*--,two ,half-hit*es--,clove-hit*--,timb]-hit*-- ,b[l9e-knot--,fi%]man's-knot--,:ipp+ or ,b9d+--,ty+ ,p>cels--,c>e ( ,lea!r--,lightn+-rods1 g5]al rules =--,be/ ,mat]ials--,prop] ,size & ,be/ ,%apes ( ,rod--,pa9t+--,po9ts1 or ,air-,t]m9als--,gr\nd ,connections--,arrangem5t & ,mode ( ,atta*+ ! ,rod to ! ,h\se--,value ( ,moneys ( ,=eign ,nations--,passports--,pat5ts--,antidote s = ,poisons--,po/al ,rules & ,rates--,railroad & ,/eamboat ,signals--,rules = ,spell+ & ! ,use ( ,capitals--,trade-m>ks--,wea!r ,indications1 c4 ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,d ,,x ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,accid5t4--,a book = ev]ybody4--,clo?1 gilt4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful books ev] publi%$4 ,x tells exactly :at to d 9 case ( accid5ts1 su* z sev]e cuts1 spra9s1 dislocations1 brok5 bones1 burns ) fire1 scalds1 burns ) corrosive *emicals1 sun/roke1 suffocation by f\l air1 hang+1 dr[n+1 fro/-bite1 fa9t+1 /+s1 />vation1 lightn+1 poisons1 accid5ts f ma*9]y & f ! fall+ ( scaffold+1 gun%ot w\nds1 c4 ,x ought to be 9 e h\se1 = "y & old are liable to accid5t1 & ! directions giv5 9 ?is book might be ! means ( sav+ _m a valuable life4 ,,common ,,s5se ,,9 ,,! ,,p\ltry-,,y>d4 ,a ,/ory ( ,failures & ,successes1 includ+ a full acc\nt ( #a1jjj h5s & :at !y did4 ,) a complete description ( ! h\ses1 coops1 f5ces1 runs1 me?ods ( fe$+1 bre$+1 m>ket+1 c41 & _m new wr9kles & economical dodges4--,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,haig4--,) num]\s illu/rations4--,clo?1 gilt title4 #a ,?is is a lively & ent]ta9+ "w1 :i* embodies ! actual exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s 9 ! keep+ ( p\ltry 9 l>ge & small numb]s4 ,x is ! mo/ ?or\ghly practical "w on p\ltry 9 ! m>ket1 & conta9s an am\nt ( solid in=mation :i*1 to ev5 ! keep] ( a doz5 f[ls1 w make x wor? _m times its co/4 ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,practical ,,bee-,,keep+4 ,) ,notes & ,practical ,h9ts4--,by ,,john ,,ph91 au?or ( 8,h[ to ,use ! ,microscope10 c4--,num]\s illu/rations4--,clo?1 gilt4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is "w discusses ?or\ghly ne>ly five hundr$ subjects4 ,gives 9 cond5s$ =m an imm5se am\nt ( valuable in=mation "u ! diff]5t head+s4 ,"u ! heads ,bee1 ,comb1 ,glucose1 ,honey1 ,race1 ,species1 ,sug>1 ,wax1 & o!rs1 x br+s toge!r a l>ge numb] ( important facts & figures n[ scatt]$ ?r\gh our bee lit]ature & co/ly sci5tific works1 & are n easily f\nd :5 want$4 ,"h !y c be ref]r$ to at once "u ! prop] head4 ,,pla9 ,,directions ,,= ,,acquir+ ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,%oot+ ,,on ,,! ,,w+4 ,) ,useful ,h9ts conc]n+ all t relates to ,guns & ,%oot+1 p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! art ( load+ s z to kill4 ,to :i* has be5 add$ sev]al valuable & hi!rto secret recipes1 ( great practical importance to ! sportsman4--,by ,,an ,,old ,,gamekeep]4--#abmo1 clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is book conta9s a novel & mo/ valuable feature f\nd 9 no o!r "w on ?is subject4 ,?is is a s]ies ( graduat$ lessons by :i* ! self-taught "y sportsman is enabl$ to advance /ep by /ep f su* easy m>ks z a %eet ( pap] nail$ on a f5ce to ! mo/ difficult trap-%oot+ & ! %>pe/ snap-%ots4 ,,! ,,pi/ol ,,z ,a ,,weapon ,,( ,,def5ce1 ,9 ! ,h\se & on ! ,road4--#abmo1 clo?4 #ej c5ts4 ,?is "w aims to in/ruct peaceable & law-abid+ citiz5s 9 ! be/ means ( protect+ !mselves f ! attacks ( ! brutal & ! lawless1 & x is ! only practical book publi%$ on ?is subject4 ,its cont5ts are z foll[s3-- ,! ,pi/ol z a ,weapon ( ,def5ce--,! ,c>ry+ ( ,fire>ms--,diff]5t k9ds ( ,pi/ols 9 ,m>ket--,h[ to ,*oose a ,pi/ol--,ammunition1 diff]5t k9ds3 p[d]1 caps1 bullets1 copp] c>tridges1 c4--,be/ =m ( ,bullet--,h[ to ,load--,be/ ,*>ge = ,pi/ols--,h[ to ,regulate ! ,*>ge--,c>e ( ! ,pi/ol3 h[ to clean x--,h[ to ,h&le & ,c>ry ! ,pi/ol--,h[ to ,le>n to ,%oot--,practical ,use ( ! ,pi/ol--,h[ to ,protect ,y\rself & ,disable y\r ,antagoni/4 ,! ,h>dwood ,f9i%]4 ,,) ,,rules ,,& ,,directions ,,= ,,f9i%+ ,,9 ,,natural ,,colors1 ,,& ,,9 ,,antique1 ,,mahogany1 ,,*]ry1 ,,bir*1 ,,walnut1 ,,oak1 ,,a%1 ,,r$wood1 ,,sycamore1 ,,p9e1 ,,& ,,all ,,o!r ,,dome/ic ,,woods2 ,,also ,,= ,,fill+1 ,,/a9+1 ,,poli%+1 ,,dye+1 ,,gild+ ,,& ,,bronz+4 ,compil$ & ,edit$ by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 ,editor ( 8,! ,op]ative ,build]10 late editor ( 8,! ,build] & ,woodwork]10 & ( 8,! ,cab9etmak] & ,uphol/]]40 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,9 ^! days ( 8,h>dwood ,f9i%10 ! c>p5t] & jo9] :o does n make himself acqua9t$ ) all ! new & late/ me?ods ( work+ & f9i%+ our native woods is h&icapp$1 & w n be z likely to receive z mu* money = 8 day's "w z ! workman :o 8kn[s all ab\t x40 ,?is "w has j be5 br\ght out at ! v "t x is want$ ! mo/1 = f9i%+ 9 ! natural woods has lately become ! fa%ion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! bett] class ( build+s4 ,?is is a prop] & heal?y fa%ion1 = pa9t1 :ile all "r 9 its way1 is nei!r 9 z good ta/e z ! natural f9i%1 nor is x z clean or z h&some4 ,we "k t mo/ c>p5t]s & jo9]s :o h _h no exp]i5ce 9 prep>+ wood = ?is k9d ( f9i% d n c>e to try x = fe> ( failure2 b we c assure su* t if !y foll[ closely ! me?ods laid d[n 9 ?is book !y w be a/oni%$ & gratifi$ at ! results4 ,directions are giv5 at l5g? = ! prep>ation ( ! wood & ! application ( 8fill]s10 ) "s good & s\nd advice reg>d+ ^! important op]ations4 ,h9ts 9 fix+ h>dwood f9i% s t nail or screw heads _c be se5 are cle>ly pres5t$1 & ! :ole practice ( scrap+1 rubb+ & poli%+ are giv5 ) a cle>ness & simplicity t ! dulle/ workman may readily und]/&4 ,! "w is equally useful to ! cab9et-mak]1 pa9t] & decorator z x is to ! c>p5t] & jo9]4 ,?is book is writt5 to enable ! workman to "k1 :o does n "k1 z well z ! man :o does "k1 b :o desires to "k m2 &1 to ! ,am]ican workman's cr$it be x said1 9 ?is la/ class !re are _m4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! _m comm5datory press notices ! "w has receiv$ s9ce its publication3 8,%\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e pa9t] :o aims to keep up ) ! times 9 ! practice ( 8 art1 z a "w ( ?is "* w be ( great assi/ance & value4 ,! =mulas & sugge/ions laid d[n are good1 & we f9d mu* to admire 9 ! g5]al make-up ( ! "w4 8,! writ] is well kn[n z ! au?or ( _m practical books ( ! day1 & ?or\ghly und]/&s ! wants ( ! trade & meets !m 9 a satisfactory mann]40--,national ,build]1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 8,9 ord] to make x z complete z possible1 a v>iety ( au?orities on ! subject h be5 consult$1 & e ef=t put =? to make ! "w practical 9 all respects40--,c>p5try & ,build+1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 8,?is excell5t "w1 ) its v practical aspect1 seems to cov] a field t has be51 p]haps1 some:at neglect$4 ,x is exce$+ly practical1 & ) num]\s =mul = all k9ds ( /a9s & wood dyes1 z well z f9i%es1 is "o t is to be f\nd ( value to _m op]atives40--,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,practical ,,c>p5try4 ,,be+ ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,correct ,work+ & ,lay+ ,out ( all k9ds ( ,c>p5t]s' & ,jo9]s' ,"w4 ,) ! ,solutions ( ! ,v>i\s ,problems 9 ,hip-,ro(s1 ,go?ic ,"w1 ,c5t]+1 ,splay$ ,"w1 ,jo9ts & ,jo9t+1 ,h++1 ,dovetail+1 ,mit]+1 ,timb] ,splic+1 ,hopp] ,"w1 ,skylights1 ,rak+ ,m\ld+s1 ,circul> ,"w1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,prefix$ ,a ,,?or\gh ,,treatise ,,on 8,,c>p5t]',s ,,geometry40 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,ov] #cjj ,,engrav+s4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses10 8,,! ,,build]',s ,,guide ,,& ,,e/imator',s ,,price ,,book10 8,,! ,,slide ,,rule ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,h&somely ,b\nd 9 ,clo?1 ,price #a4jj4 ,?is is ! mo/ complete book ( ! k9d ev] publi%$4 ,x is ,?or\gh1 ,practical & ,reliable1 & at ! same "t is writt5 9 a /yle s pla9 t any workman or appr5tice c easily und]/& x4 ,! annex$ table ( cont5ts w give a bett] idea ( its scope & value ?an c be _h f any am\nt ( notices or descriptions3 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,geometry4--,/raight ,l9es4--,curv$ ,l9es4--,solids4--,comp\nd ,l9es4--,p>allel ,l9es--,oblique or ,conv]g+ ,l9es4--,plane ,figures4--,angles4--,"r ,angles4--,acute ,angles4--,obtuse ,angles4--,"r-angl$ ,triangles4--,quadrilat]al ,figures4--,p>allelograms4--,rectangles4 --,squ>es4--,rhomboids4-- ,trapeziums4--,trapezoids4--,diagonals4- -,polygons4--,p5tagons4--,hexagons4-- ,heptagons4--,octagons4--,circles4--,*or ds4--,tang5ts4-- ,sectors4--,quadrants4--,arcs4--,conc5tr ic & ,ecc5tric ,circles4--,altitudes4--,problems ,i4 to ,,xxix4--,draw+ ( ,angles4--,con/ruction ( ,geometrical ,figures4--,bisection ( ,l9es4--,trisection ( ,l9es & ,angles4--,division ( ,l9es into any ,numb] ( ,p>ts4--,con/ruction ( ,triangles1 ,squ>es & ,p>allelograms4--,con/ruction ( ,proportionate ,squ>es4--,con/ruction ( ,polygons4--,areas ( ,polygons4--,areas ( ,conc5tric ,r+s & ,circles4--,segm5ts ( ,circles4--,! use ( ,ord9ates = ,obta9+ ,arcs ( ,circles4--,draw+ an ,ellipse ) a ,trammel4--,draw+ an ,ellipse by means ( a ,/r+4--,same by ,ord9ates4--,rak+ ,ellipses4--,ovals4--,sixty-two ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,ar*es1 ,,c5tres4--,w9d[ & ,door ,heads4--,semi-circul> ,ar*--,segm5tal ,ar*es4--,/ilt$ ,ar*es4--,horse%oe ,ar*4--,lancet ,ar*4--,equilat]al ,ar*4--,go?ic ,trac]y4--,:eel-,w9d[s4--,equilat]al ,trac]y4--,squ>e ,trac]y4--,f9i%$ ,leaf ,trac]y4--,tw5ty-,two ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,ro(s4--,saddle ,ro(4--,lean-to or ,%$ ,ro(4--,simple ,hip-,ro(4--,pyramidal ,ro(4--,!oretical ,ro(4--,ro( ) ,/ra9+ ,beam4--,go?ic ,ro(4--,hamm]-,beam ,ro(s4--,curv$ ,pr9cipal ,ro(s4--,ro(s ) ,susp5d+ ,rods4--,deck ,ro(s4--,k+-po/ & ,pr9cipal ,ro(4--,que5-po/ & ,pr9cipal ,ro(4--,ro(s ) ,lam9at$ ,ar*es4--,/rapp$ ,ro( ,frames4--,tie-beam ,ro(s4--,ro(s = ,long ,spans4--,!atre ,ro(4--,*ur* ,ro(4--,mans>d ,ro(4--,slopes ( ,ro(s4--,rules = ,det]m9+ ! ,sizes ( ,timb]s = ,ro(s4--,acute & ,obtuse ,angl$ ,hip-,ro(s4--,developm5t ( ,hip-,ro(s4--,obta9+ ,l5g?s & ,bevels ( ,raft]s4--,back+ ,hip ,raft]s4--,l5g?s1 ,bevels & ,cuts ( ,purl9s4--,circul>1 ,conical & ,segm5tal ,ro(s4--,raft]s ) ,v>iable ,curves4--,v]&a ,raft]s4--,developm5t ( all k9ds ( ,raft]s4--,curv$ ,mans>d ,raft]s4--,fram$ ,mans>d ,ro(s4--,l9es & ,rules = obta9+ v>i\s k9ds ( ,in=mation4--,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,,cov]+ ,,( ,,ro(s4--,%+l+ ,common ,ro(s4--,%+l+ ,hip-,ro(s4--,me?od ( ,%+l+ on ,hip ,corn]4--,cov]+ ,circul> ,ro(s4--,cov]+ ,ellipsoidal ,ro(s4--,valley ,ro(s4--,f\r ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,! ,,mit]+ ,,& ,,adju/+ ,,( ,,m\ld+s4--,mit]+ ( ,spr+ ,m\ld+s4--,prep>+ ! ,mitre-box = ,cutt+ ,spr+ ,m\ld+s4--,rules = ,cutt+ ,m\ld+s ) ,diagrams4--,mitre-boxes ( v>i\s =ms4--,l9es = ,spr+ ,m\ld+s ( v>i\s k9ds4--,sev5 ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,sa%es ,,& ,,skylights4--,rais$ ,skylights4--,skylights ) ,hips4--,octagon ,skylights ) ,segm5tal ,ribs4--,angle-b>s1 ) ,rules & ,diagrams1 %[+ h[ to obta9 ! ,angles1 ,=ms1 etc4--,sa%-,b>s1 ,h9ts on _! ,con/ruction4--,twelve ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,m\ld+s4--,angle ,brackets4--,corn] ,coves4--,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,m\ld+s4--,irregul> ,m\ld+s4--,rak+ ,m\ld+s1 ) ,rules = ,obta9+4--,m\ld+s = ,pl9?s & ,capitals ( ,go?ic ,columns4--,m\ld+s ar\nd ,squ>e ,/&>ds4--,mit]+ ,circul> ,m\ld+s ) ea* o!r4--,mit]+ ,circul> ,m\ld+s ) ,/raight ones4--,mit]+ ,m\ld+s at a ,tang5t4--,mit]+ ,spr+ ,circul> ,m\ld+s4--,description ( ,spr+ ,m\ld+s4--,l9es = ,circul> ,spr+ ,m\ld+s4--,sev5te5 ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,jo9]y4--,dovetail+4--,common ,dovetail+4--,lapp$ ,dovetail+4--,bl9d ,dovetail+4--,squ>e ,dovetail+4--,splay ,dovetail+4--,regul> & ,irregul> ,dovetail+4--,l9es & ,cuts = ,hopp]s & ,splay$ ,"w4--,angles & ,mitres = ,splay$ ,"w4--,n9ete5 ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s ,,problems4--,b5t ,"w = ,splay$ ,jambs4--,developm5t ( ,cyl9d]s4--,rules & ,diagrams = ,tak+ ,dim5sions4--,angul> & ,curv$ ,measurem5ts4--,eight ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,x4 ,,jo9ts ,,& ,,/raps4--,mortise & ,t5on ,jo9ts4--,toggle ,jo9ts4--,hook ,jo9ts4--,tongue ,jo9t4--,lap ,splice4--,sc>f+4--,w$ge ,jo9ts4--,k+-bolts4--,/raps1 ,iron ,ties1 ,sockets1 ,be>+-plates1 ,r+s1 ,swivels & o!r ,iron ,fa/5+s4--,/ra9+ ,timb]s1 ,/ruts & ,k+-pieces4--,?ree ,plates1 ,sixty-,five ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,h++ ,,& ,,sw+ ,,jo9ts4--,door ,h++4--,c5tre-p9 ,h++4--,bl9d ,h++4--,fold+ ,h++4--,knuckle ,h++4--,pew ,h++4--,w9d[ ,h++4--,half-turn ,h+e4--,full-turn ,h+e4--,back ,flap ,h++4--,rule-jo9t ,h++4--,rebate ,h++4--,?ree ,plates1 ,fifty-"o ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,useful ,,rules ,,& ,,tables4--,h9ts on ! ,con/ruction ( ,c5tres4--,rules = ,e/imat+4--,=m ( ,e/imate4--,items = ,e/imat+4--,rem>ks on ,f5ces4--,nails3 sizes1 weights1 l5g?s & numb]s4--,cornices1 ,proportions & ,projections = ,diff]5t ,/yles ( ,ar*itecture2 & ,tall & ,l[ ,build+s1 ,v]&as1 ,bay ,w9d[s & ,por*es4--,proportion ( ,base-bo>ds1 ,dados1 ,wa9scots1 & ,surbases4--,woods1 ,h>d & ,s(t1 _! ,prep>ation1 & h[ to ,f9i%4--,/r5g? & ,resi/ance ( ,timb] ( v>i\s k9ds4--,rules1 %[+ ,weight & o!r qualities ( ,wood & ,timb]4--,/airs1 ,wid? ( ,treads & ,ris]s2 _! ,co/2 h[ to ,e/imate on !m1 etc4--,incl9ations ( ,ro(s4--,cont5ts ( ,boxes1 ,b9s1 & ,b>rels4--,ari?metical ,signs4--,m5suration ( ,sup]ficies4--,areas ( ,squ>es1 ,triangles1 ,circles1 ,regul> & ,irregul> ,polygons4--,prop]ties ( ,circles4--,solid ,bodies4--,gunt]'s ,*a94--,draw+ & ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts4--,color+ ,draw+s4--,color+ = ,v>i\s ,build+ ,mat]ials4--,draw+ ,pap]s4--,sizes ( ,draw+ ,pap]s4--,table ( ,bo>d ,measure4--,nautical ,table4--,measure ( ,"t4--,au?oriz$ ,metric ,sy/em4--,measures ( ,l5g?4--,measures ( ,surfaces4--,measures ( ,capacity4--,weights4--,am]ican ,weights & ,measures4--,squ>e ,measure4--,cubic ,measure4--,circul> ,measure4--,decimal ,approximations4--,=m ( ,build+ ,contract4 ,,h& ,,saws4 ,,_! ,,use1 ,,c>e ,,& ,,abuse4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,select1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,file ,,!m4 ,be+ a ,complete ,guide = ,select+1 ,us+ & ,fil+ all k9ds ( ,h&-,saws1 ,back-saws1 ,compass & ,key-hole ,saws1 ,web1 ,hack & ,but*]'s ,saws2 %[+ ! ,%apes1 ,=ms1 ,angles1 ,pit*es & ,sizes ( ,saw-,tee? suitable = all k9ds ( ,saws1 & = all k9ds ( ,wood1 ,bone1 ,ivory & ,metal2 toge!r ) ,h9ts & ,sugge/ions on ! ,*oice ( ,files1 ,saw-,sets1 ,fil+ ,clamps1 & o!r ,matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,c>e & ,managem5t ( all ,classes ( ,h& & o!r ,small ,saws4 ,! "w is int5d$ m p>ticul>ly = ,op]ative ,c>p5t]s1 ,jo9]s1 ,cab9et-,mak]s1 ,c>riage ,build]s1 & ,wood-,work]s ,g5]ally1 ,amateurs or ,pr(essionals4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,ov] ,,sev5ty-,,five ,,engrav+s4 ,by ,,fr$4 ,t4 ,,hodgson1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,,& ,,its ,,uses10 8,,! ,,build]',s ,,guide ,,& ,,e/imator',s ,,price ,,book10 8,,practical ,,c>p5try10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,price #a4jj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,saw4--,saws ( ! ,greeks4--,inv5tion ( ! ,fir/ ,saws4--,egyptian ,bronze ,saws 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4--,antiquity ( ,saws4--,m5tion ( ,saws 9 ,holy ,writ4--,saws ( ! ,/one ,age4--,saws ( ! ,s\?-sea ,isl&]s4--,saws = ,cutt+ ,/one4--,japanese ,saws4--,diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,saws4--,mann] ( ,us+ ,saws by ! ,anci5ts4--,assyrian ,saws4--,inv5tion ( ,circul> & ,b&-,saws4--,fir/ ,circul>-,saws 9 ,am]ica4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,philosophy ( ! ,cutt+ ,qualities ( ,saw-,tee?4--,! 8,:y & ,:]e=e0 ( ! ,cutt+ ,pit* & ,angles ( ,rip-,saw ,tee?4--,! ,r\nd ,gullet-,too?4--,*isel-,tee? & _! ,action on ! ,wood4-,on ! ,v>i\s ,angles ,requir$ = ,cutt+ ,h>d & ,s(t ,woods1 ) ,explanations ( ,space1 ,pit*1 ,gullet1 ,gauge1 ,set1 ,rake & ,po9ts4--,names ( ,saws1 ) ,dim5sions1 ,=m ( ,tee?1 ,descriptions & ,explanations4--,h[ to ,*oose a ,saw2 ) ,h9ts z to ,=m4 ,quality1 ,make & 8,hang0 ( a ,saw1 ) ,rem>ks ,conc]n+ ,diff]5t ,mak]s--,sa%-,saws1 ,dovetail-,saws1 ,rip-,saws1 ,panel-,saws1 ,cross-cut ,saws1 ,b[-,saws1 ,web-,saws1 ,key-hole ,saws1 ,compass-,saws & ,t5on-,saws4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,h[ to ,use ,h&-,saws4--,h[ to ,saw ,well & ,easily4--,h9ts = ,saw+ ,/raight4--,rules = ,new ,beg9n]s4--,fr5*4 ,g]man & ,am]ican ,workm54--,saws ,fil$ to ,"w on ! ,pull-,/roke4--,*angeable ,key-hole ,saws4--,use ( ,back-,saws4--,use ( ,web-,saws4--,c>e ( ,buck-,saws4--,! ,buck-,saw2 ! ,t]ror ( ,boyhood1 & ,:y4--,! ,but*]'s-,saw1 ! ,hack-,saw1 & ! ,surgeon's-,saw ) ,description ( ,ea*1 & ,h9ts z to _! ,managem5t4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,fil+ & ,sett+ ,h&-,saws4--,! ,qualities ,requir$ to make a ,good ,fil]4--,rules 9 "s ,old-"t ,jo9] ,%ops4--,c>eless ,fil+ & its ,consequ5ces4--,clamp+ ,saws = ,fil+4--,! ,l9e ( ,tee?4--,angul> ,groove on ,cutt+ ,edge ( ,saw4--,fil+ ,backs ( ,tee?4--,jo9t+ ! ,sides ( ,tee?4--,%ape ( ,tee? = ,cross-cutt+ ,h>d ,wood1 ,m$ium & ,s(t ,wood4--,cutt+ ,angles ,requir$ = ,v>i\s ,degrees ( ,h>dness 9 ,woods4--,angle to ,hold ! ,file--,! ,true ,!ory ( ,saw-,fil+4--,buckl+ & ,twi/+ ,saws2 ,h[ ,done & ,h[ ,avoid$4--8,hook & ,pit*40--,c>eless ,use ( ,saws1 & ! ,injuries ,done to !m 9 ,consequ5ce4--,! ,fil+ ( ,diff]5t ,saws1 & :y ,"o ,class ( ,saws ,require ,diff]5t ,treatm5t f ,ano!r4 ,! ,saw t ,scrapes1 & ! ,saw t ,cuts2 ! 8,:y0 ( ?is ,diff]5ce4--,:y ,"s ,m5 d ,mu* ,m ,"w ?an ,o!rs1 & ) ,great] ,ease1 :5 ,saw+4 ,,"p ,v4 ,miscellane\s ,saws2 _! ,uses1 ,h[ to ,c>e = ,!m1 & ,h[ to ,use ,!m4--,! ,m ,too?1 ,tee? t ,cut ,bo? ,ways1 ,cr5ate ,tee?1 ,bri] ,tee?1 ,gullet ,tee?1 ,p>rot-bill ,tee?1 ,hog ,tee?1 ! ,lancet & o!r ,fancy ,=ms ( ,tee?1 ,describ$ & ,expla9$4--,! ,old-/yle 8,peg ,too?10 = ,two-h&$ ,cross-cut ,saws4--,v>i\s ,examples ( ! 8,peg-,too?0 ,saw4--,hack-,saws2 ,h[ to ,use & ,h[ to ,keep 9 ,ord]4--,but*]'s-,saws1 ,surgeon's-,saws1 ,saws = ,cutt+ ,combs1 ,ivory1 ,brass1 ,gold1 & ,silv]4--,circul>-,saws = ,cutt+ ,metal1 ,ivory1 ,tortoise-%ell1 & o!r ,h>d ,mat]ials4--,jig-,saws1 ,b&-,saws2 _! ,uses & ,h[ to ,keep !m 9 ,ord]4--,scroll-,saws2 _! ,uses & ,c>e4--,progress ( ! ,b&-,saw2 its ,future2 ,h[ to ,make !m d ,clean ,"w4--,heat+ ,saws2 ,rules = _! ,managem5t4--,:y ,circul>-,saws ,bur/4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,rem>ks on ,saws1 ,files1 ,sets1 & o!r ,appliances4--,saw-,files2 :at ,con/itutes a ,good ,"o1 & ,h[ to ,select4--,diff]5t ,qualities ( ,saw-,files1 & ,h[ to ,"k ! ,v>i\s ,grades4--,:y !re are ,diff]5t ,grades4--,h9ts on ! ,use ( ,files4--,circul>-,saws t are n ,circul>4--,h[ to ,become an ,exp]t ,sawy]4--,spe$ ( ,circul>-,saws2 ,table ( ,same4--,spe$ ( ,reciprocat+-,saws1 or ,jig-,saws1 ,spe$ ( ,fe$ = ,same4--,work+ ,action ( ,b&-,saws4--,h[ ,b&-,saws ,became ,possible4--,fr5* & ,am]ican ,b&-,saw ,blades4--,inside ,saw+ ) ,b&-,saws4--,deta*able ,b&-,saws4--,aids to ,saw-,fil+4--,saw-,clamps4--,saw-,fil]s4 --,saw-,sets4--,h&-,sett+ ) ,pun* & ,hamm]4--,sett+ ) 8,sets40--,ma*9e ,b&-,saw ,sett]s--,devices = ,hold+ ,saws :ile be+ ,set & ,fil$4 ,,"p ,,vii4 ,notes & ,memor&a4--,saw-,gauges4-,comb-,saw ,gauges4--,saw-,guides4 ,mitre-,boxes4--,circul> vs4 ,b&-,saws4--,em]y ,%>p5]s4--,small ,saws4--,ma*9e-,saws4--,n>r[ ,saws4--,braz+ ,b&-,saws4--,rem>ks on ,circul>-,saws4--,p[] ,requir$ to ,drive ,circul>-,saws4--,mill-,saws4--,saws ) ,few ,tee?4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,! index 0 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? 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