,transcriber's ,note ,italic text displayed as3 italic ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,plant ,,industry--,,bulletin ,,no4 #ij1 ,,part ,,iii4 ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway1 ,chief of ,bureau4 ,,peppermint4 ,,by ,,alice ,,henkel1 ,,assistant1 ,,drug-,,plant ,,investigations4 ,,issued ,,december #bh1 #aije4 ,illustration ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #aije4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,description #e ,countries where grown #f ,peppermint cultivation in the ,united ,states #g ,cultivation #h ,conditions injurious to crop #i ,harvesting and distillation #aj ,description of still #aa ,peppermint oil and menthol #ab ,export of peppermint oil #ac ,prices of peppermint oil #ad ,,illustrations4 ,page4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,peppermint 8runners10 showing method of propagation #f #b4 ,leaves and flowering top of peppermint #f #c4 ,peppermint still 7after ,dewey1 in ,bailey's ,cyclopedia of ,american ,horticulture7 #ab ,b4 ,p4 ,i--#ahi4 ,,peppermint4#a ,,description4 ,one of the most important essential oils produced in the ,united ,states is distilled from the peppermint plant and its varieties4 ,the three kinds of mint grown in this country for the distillation of peppermint oil are the so-called ,american mint 7,mentha piperita ,l471 the black mint 7,mentha piperita vulgaris ,sole71 and the white mint 7,mentha piperita officinalis ,sole71 the two last named being varieties of the ,american mint4 ,the ,american mint1 although introduced from ,england many years ago1 is so called from the fact that it has long been cultivated in this country1 and the name 8,state mint0 has been applied to it in the ,state of ,new ,york for the same reason4 ,the peppermint1 or ,american mint1 is now naturalized in many parts of the eastern ,united ,states1 occurring in wet soil from the ,new ,england ,states to ,minnesota1 south to ,florida and ,tennessee4 ,it is an aromatic perennial belonging to the mint family 7,menthace71 and propagates by means of its long1 running roots 7fig4 #a74 ,the smooth1 square stems are erect and branching1 from #a to #c feet in height1 bearing dark-green1 lance-shaped leaves1 which are from #a to #b inches long1 and from one-half to #a inch wide4 ,the leaves are pointed at the apex1 rounded or narrowed at the base1 sharply toothed1 smooth on both sides1 or with hairy veins on the lower surface4 ,the flowers are borne in whorls in dense1 terminal spikes2 they are purplish1 with a tubular1 five-toothed calyx1 and a four-lobed corolla4 7,fig4 #b47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,peppermint 8runners10 showing method of propagation4 ,the two varieties mentioned are closely related botanically1 although in general appearance they are quite different4 ,the variety known as black mint 7,mentha piperita vulgaris7 has purple stems and slightly toothed1 dark-green leaves1 while the white mint 7,mentha piperita officinalis7 has green stems1 with brighter green leaves1 which are more lance-shaped and more deeply toothed4 ,black mint is much more hardy and productive than either the ,american mint or the white mint1 and is grown on nearly all peppermint farms in this country4 ,the white mint1 which produces a fine grade of oil1 is rarely cultivated on a commercial scale in this country on account of its inability to withstand the climate and its smaller yield of essential oil4 ,the oils spoken of as ,japanese and ,chinese 8peppermint0 oils are not obtained from the true peppermint plant1 but are distilled from entirely different species1 namely1 ,mentha arvensis piperascens ,malinvaud and ,mentha arvensis glabrata ,holmes1 respectively4 ,,countries ,,where ,,grown4 ,the most important peppermint-producing countries are the ,united ,states1 ,england1 and ,japan4 ,peppermint is grown on a smaller scale in ,germany1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,china1 and southern ,india4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,leaves and flowering top of peppermint4 ,in ,japan1 peppermint cultivation is said to have been undertaken before the ,christian era4 ,the plant grown there is not1 as already stated1 the peppermint cultivated in our country1 but ,mentha arvensis piperascens1 which is entirely distinct from the true peppermint1 not only botanically but also in taste and odor4 ,peppermint is cultivated on many drug farms in ,england1 especially at ,mitcham1 the middle of the eighteenth century marking the beginning of peppermint cultivation in that country4 ,up to #ahje1 however1 there were no stills at ,mitcham1 and the crops obtained there were sent to ,london for distillation4 ,about #ahej1 at which time the peppermint industry in ,england was at its height1 the effect of ,american competition began to be felt1 and caused a decided check in the production4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,in response to a steady demand for information relating to the peppermint industry1 ,miss ,alice ,henkel1 ,assistant in ,drug-,plant ,investigations1 has been requested to bring together the most important facts regarding the history1 culture1 and utilization of the peppermint plant4 ,the information here presented has been obtained in large part from scattered articles on the subject1 and in part from experience with the plant in the ,testing ,gardens of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,rodney ,h4 ,,true1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,,office ,,of ,,drug-,,plant ,,investigations4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,october #ad1 #aije4 ,,peppermint ,,cultivation ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,wayne ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 in #ahaf1 was the first locality in this country to distill peppermint on a commercial scale4 ,the supply of rootstocks was obtained from the wild plants found growing along the banks of streams and brooks4 ,adjacent counties soon undertook the cultivation of peppermint1 but ,wayne ,county was then1 and is now1 the principal peppermint district in ,new ,york4 ,the cultivation of peppermint was extended to ,ashtabula1 ,geauga1 and ,cuyahoga counties in ,ohio1 and also to northern ,indiana4 ,roots were taken from ,ohio into ,st4 ,joseph ,county1 ,mich41 the first plantation being made on ,pigeon prairie in #ahce4 ,other plantations in ,st4 ,joseph ,county were established the following years1 and adjoining counties soon took up the cultivation of peppermint1 and southwestern ,michigan has been for thirty-five years or more the greatest peppermint-producing section in the ,united ,states4 ,about #ahdd an interesting peppermint oil monopoly#b was undertaken by a ,new ,york firm1 which seems to have put an end to peppermint cultivation in ,ohio1 for none of the counties just mentioned has since been heard from as a peppermint-producing section4 ,the first step taken by this ,new ,york firm in its efforts to control the peppermint oil market was to send a representative to ,liverpool1 ,england1 to ascertain the amount annually demanded by that market1 which was found to be about #ab1jjj pounds4 ,this done1 another agent was sent ,west to determine the amount produced annually1 with the result that it was found that the farms in ,new ,york did not produce enough oil for their purposes1 the plantations in ,ohio too much1 while those in ,michigan seemed to produce just about the right amount to satisfy the ,liverpool demand4 ,a contract was then entered into by this agent with the producers in ,new ,york and ,ohio 8whereby he bound them under heavy penalties to plow up their mint fields and destroy the roots1 and not plant any more mint1 or sell or give away any roots1 or produce or sell any mint oil for the period of five years40 ,for this wholesale destruction of their mint fields the producers received a bonus of #a4ej per acre4 ,next a contract was made by the agent with the producers of ,st4 ,joseph ,county1 ,mich41 agreeing to pay them #b4ej a pound for their mint oil1 every ounce of the mint oil to be delivered for a period of five years to the agents named in the contract4 ,they also were prohibited during this period from extending their plantations and from selling roots to anyone4 ,the producers held to these contracts for about three years1 after which period the ,new ,york firm was not so anxious to enforce them1 having1 in the meantime1 acquired a large fortune through its peppermint oil monopoly4 ,since that period the area devoted to peppermint cultivation in ,michigan has steadily increased1 and northern ,indiana1 with its principal centers of production in ,st4 ,joseph1 ,steuben1 and ,la ,grange counties1 continues to place on the market a considerable quantity of oil4 ,ohio seems to have abandoned peppermint cultivation1 at least on a commercial scale1 and ,new ,york1 for a number of years and until very recently1 had greatly reduced the area under peppermint1 thousands of acres formerly devoted to this crop having been given over to sugar beets1 onions1 and celery4 ,in #ahhi ,wayne ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 had #c1cbe acres of peppermint1 whereas in #ahii there were only #cjj acres4 ,in #aije1 about #icc acres were under cultivation4 ,special canvassers appointed by the ,state of ,michigan#c made a canvass of #bii growers in the peppermint district in that ,state1 covering #ci townships in nine counties 7,allegan1 ,berrien1 ,branch1 ,cass1 ,kalamazoo1 ,oakland1 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,st4 ,clair1 and ,van ,buren71 and the total number of acres under peppermint cultivation1 the number of pounds of oil distilled1 and the average number of pounds per acre1 as ascertained by this canvass1 for the years #aijj1 #aija1 and #aijb1 are as follows3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,items4 #aijj4 #aija4 #aijb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total number of acres grown #b1aab #b1ghb #f1djj ,total number of pounds distilled #dg1fbh #fc1gah #hb1dbj ,average number of pounds per acre #bb4e #bc4i #ab4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,footnotes3 #b ,proc4 ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc41 #g3 #ddi-dei 7#aheh74 #c ,twentieth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,labor of the ,state of ,michigan1 #aijc1 pp4 #dch-ddg4 ,,cultivation4 ,peppermint cultivation is most profitable on muck lands1 such as are now used in ,michigan for this crop and for celery and cranberry culture4 ,these muck lands were formerly marshes and swamps1 which have been reclaimed by draining1 plowing1 and cultivating1 the swamp vegetation having been thus subdued1 and the decayed vegetable matter resulting in a very black soil which is most admirably adapted to mint cultivation4 ,formerly peppermint was grown exclusively on upland soil in ,michigan1 but it is a very exhausting crop on such land4 ,only two crops can be obtained from upland plantations1 and after the second year's harvest the land is plowed and a rotation of clover1 corn1 etc41 is practiced for five years before peppermint is again planted4 ,but on the rich muck land peppermint can be grown year after year for six or seven years1 the land being plowed up after each crop is harvested1 and the runners turned under to form a new growth the succeeding year4 ,the ground is harrowed in autumn and again in spring1 and carefully weeded4 ,peppermint will grow1 however1 on any land that will produce good crops of corn1 the ground being prepared by deep plowing and harrowing4 ,in ,michigan#d the land is plowed in the autumn1 and early in spring it is harrowed and marked with furrows about #c feet apart4 ,the roots selected for planting are from one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch thick1 and from #a to #c feet long2 and the workmen engaged in 8setting mint10 as the process is called1 carry these roots in sacks across their shoulders and place them in the furrows by hand1 covering the roots with one foot and stepping on them with the other4 ,the roots are planted so close together in the furrow as to form a continuous line4 ,an expert workman can plant about an acre in a day4 ,in about two weeks the young plants will make their appearance1 and are carefully hoed and cultivated until ,july and ,august1 when the plants have usually sent out so many runners as to make further cultivation difficult4 ,the crop is cultivated with horse cultivators1 but if the land was very weedy in the first place1 the weeds will have to be pulled by hand4 ,it is very necessary that the land be free from weeds1 as any collected with the peppermint crop will seriously injure the quality of the oil4 ,it may be interesting to note here that on muck lands1 when necessary1 the horses are usually provided with mud shoes to prevent their sinking into the soft1 wet ground1 these mud shoes consisting of wide pieces of iron or wood about #i by #aj inches1 fastened to the hoofs and ordinary shoes by means of bolts and straps4 ,,conditions ,,injurious ,,to ,,crop4 ,cold and wet weather or extremely dry periods have a very unfavorable effect on the mint crop4 ,insect enemies also tend to cut down the mint harvest--grasshoppers1 crickets1 and cutworms sometimes doing considerable damage4 ,a rust1 causing the foliage to drop off and leaving the stems almost bare1 is apt to follow if very moist weather occurs toward the latter part of the season4 ,weeds are especially to be avoided in a mint field1 since1 as stated1 the quality of the oil will be seriously impaired if these are harvested with the peppermint4 ,the weeds generally found in a peppermint field are ,canada fleabane 7,leptilon canadense71 fireweed 7,erechtites hieracifolia71 giant ragweed 7,ambrosia trifida71 pennyroyal 7,hedeoma pulegioides71 ,eaton's grass 7,eatonia pennsylvanica71 ,june grass 7,poa pratensis71 and other low grasses4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,twentieth ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,labor of the ,state of ,michigan1 #aijc1 pp4 #dch-ddg4 ,,harvesting ,,and ,,distillation4 ,the first crop of mint is harvested in the latter part of ,august1 when the plants are in full flower1 and the gathering continues until about the middle of ,september1 the stills running night and day until all the mint is disposed of4 ,the first crop is usually cut with a scythe1 as mowing machines do not work well on soft cultivated land4 ,the succeeding crops are cut with a mowing machine or sweep-rake reaper4 ,the highest yield per acre and the best quality of oil are obtained from the first year's crop4 ,sometimes1 if the weather conditions have been very favorable1 a second cutting is made4 ,the yield of oil from peppermint obtained from the same field sometimes varies very much1 the condition of the atmosphere seeming to exert an influence upon it1 as it is said that mint cut after a warm and humid night will yield more oil than that cut after a cool and dry night4 ,it requires about #ccj pounds of dried peppermint to produce #a pound of oil1 and the yield of oil from an acre ranges from #ab to #ej pounds4 ,if the mint crop has been grown on muck land1 all that is necessary after the crop has been harvested is to plow up the land and turn the runners under for a new crop4 ,if grown on upland1 after the second year's crop is in1 or1 at the most1 after the third year's harvest1 the land is plowed and then given up to other crops4 ,peppermint exhausts the land1 and it is necessary to practice rotation of crops for about five years in order to put the land in condition if it is desired to use it again for peppermint cultivation4 ,after the plants are cut they are usually placed in windrows until they are dried1 but are not allowed to become so dry as to permit the leaves to shatter off1 and are then taken to the distillery4 ,some growers believe that if the plants are allowed to dry there will be a smaller oil content owing to the escape of some of the oil into the atmosphere1 and so have the plants brought to the distillery in the green state2 but ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,todd#e is of the opinion that no loss of oil will result from drying1 his experiments along this line showing that the dry plants can be distilled three times as rapidly as the green plants1 and that a larger quantity of oil may be obtained4 ,he states that-- ,to obtain the best results1 both as to quality of essential oil and economy of transportation and distillation1 the plants should be dried as thoroughly as possible without endangering the loss of the leaves in handling4 ,distillation should then take place as soon as convenient to prevent the oxidation of the oil in the leaf by atmospheric action4 ,the smaller producers1 who have no stills of their own1 have their mint crop hauled to the nearest peppermint distillery1 where it is distilled for them at a cost of #be cents per pound of oil4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,amer4 ,jour4 ,pharm41 #fj3 #cbh-ccb 7#ahhh74 ,,description ,,of ,,still4 ,the apparatus used in peppermint distillation in the early years of the industry in this country consisted of a copper kettle1 from the top of which a pipe connected with a condensing 8worm40 ,water was placed in the kettle and the plants were immersed in it1 and direct heat was applied to the bottom from a furnace4 ,with such a still only about #ae pounds of oil could be obtained from a charge4 ,in #ahdf1 large wooden vats were substituted for the copper kettles1 and the plants were distilled by steam passing through them4 ,the kettle formerly used as the still was now employed to generate steam1 a long pipe conveying the steam to the bottom of the vats4 ,with this method of distillation from #ge to #ajj pounds of oil could be obtained from a charge without much additional expense4 ,a modern peppermint still 7fig4 #c7 may be briefly described as follows3 ,the apparatus required consists of a boiler1 a pair of large circular wooden vats1 a condenser1 and a receiver4 ,the boiler1 of course1 is used for the generation of steam4 ,two wooden vats are used in order that they may be filled and emptied alternately4 ,these vats are about #f feet high and about #e feet in diameter1 with tight-fitting removable covers and perforated false bottoms4 ,steam pipes are led from the boiler into the bottom of the vats4 ,the condenser consists of a series of pipes of block tin1 either immersed in tanks of cold water or over which cold water is kept running1 the condenser being connected with the top of the distilling vats4 ,the condensed steam1 together with the oil1 flows into a metallic receiver1 in which the oil1 being lighter than the water1 rises to the top and can be drawn off4 ,the perforated false bottoms with which the vats are supplied permit the passage of steam4 ,a strong iron hoop is placed about this false bottom1 and two pairs of stout chains1 which meet at the top of the vat in a pair of rings1 are attached to it4 ,after the charge has been distilled it is drawn from the vats by means of this arrangement4 ,the plants are thrown into the vats and are closely packed by two or three men tramping upon them1 and as the vat becomes about one-third full the packing is still further assisted by turning in a small supply of steam1 which softens the plants4 ,when the vat is filled the tight cover is replaced and a full head of steam turned on4 ,in the largest distilleries the vats have a capacity of from #b1jjj to #c1jjj pounds of dried plants each4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,peppermint still4 7,after ,dewey1 in ,bailey's ,cyclopedia of ,american ,horticulture47 ,a1 boiler2 ,b1 steam pipes leading to vats2 ,c1 valves for shutting off steam2 ,d1 mint packed in vat ready for distilling2 ,e1 mint being lowered into vat2 ,f1 tight-fitting cover used alternately for both vats2 ,g1 pipe from top of vat1 joined at ,h so as to swing to other vat2 ,j1 perforated pipe1 from which cold water drops over condensing tubes2 ,k1 supply pipe for cold water2 ,m1 condensing pipes2 ,n1 outlet for condensed oil and water2 ,o and ,p1 water and oil in separating can2 ,r1 outlet for water2 ,s1 floor of distilling room4 ,large tanks are used for storing the oil1 and cans holding #bj pounds each are employed for shipping1 three of these cans being placed in a wooden case4 ,the peppermint hay which remains after distillation is used as a fertilizer or is fed to stock4 ,,peppermint ,,oil ,,and ,,menthol4 ,peppermint leaves and flowering tops are official in the ,eighth ,decennial ,revision of the ,united ,states ,pharmacopia1 as are likewise the following products and preparations derived from these parts3 ,oil of peppermint1 menthol1 spirit of peppermint1 and peppermint water4 ,the ,united ,states ,pharmacopia describes oil of peppermint as 8a colorless liquid1 having the characteristic strong odor of peppermint and a strongly aromatic pungent taste1 followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn into the mouth40 ,it is largely used in medicine1 internally as a stimulant and carminative1 and externally to relieve neuralgic and rheumatic conditions4 ,it is also used for flavoring and scenting confectionery1 cordials1 and cosmetics4 ,there is a slight difference in the odor of white and black peppermint oil1 the black being more pungent and less agreeable in fragrance than the white1 which has a much finer odor1 but1 as already indicated1 the white mint is less hardy than the black and yields a smaller quantity of oil4 ,the ,japanese oil of peppermint1 which1 as pointed out elsewhere in these pages1 is obtained from a different species of mint than that which produces the true oil of peppermint1 is very inferior to the last named4 ,it has a very unpleasant odor and a bitter1 disagreeable taste1 but it is a heavy oil and contains a higher percentage of menthol and1 being a very much cheaper oil1 it is liable to be used as an adulterant of true peppermint oil4 ,menthol1 formerly known as peppermint camphor1 is the solid constituent of oil of peppermint1 obtained by subjecting the distilled oil to an exceedingly low temperature by means of a freezing mixture4 ,its properties are about the same as those of oil of peppermint1 only somewhat intensified4 ,it is very largely made up into cones or pencils1 which furnish a popular remedy1 to be applied externally or inhaled1 for the relief of headache1 neuralgia1 catarrh1 asthma1 and kindred affections4 ,it is also largely employed in other forms of medication4 ,the name 8pipmenthol0 has been applied to the menthol obtained from the ,american oil1 to distinguish it from the ,japanese menthol4 ,pipmenthol is said to have a distinct odor of peppermint1 while the ,japanese menthol has but a slight peppermint odor4 ,,export ,,of ,,peppermint ,,oil4 ,the exports of peppermint oil during the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijd1 amounted to #db1ici pounds1 valued at #abd1gbh4 ,germany and the ,united ,kingdom were the largest consumers1 the former receiving #bb1cgb pounds1 valued at #fe1eje1 and the latter #aa1eeh pounds1 worth #ca1gih4 ,the following tables show the export of peppermint oil1 by countries1 for the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijd1 and the quantities and values of peppermint oil exported for a period of ten years1 from ,july #a1 #ahid1 to ,june #cj1 #aijd1 inclusive3 ,exports of peppermint oil1 by countries1 for the fiscal year ended ,june #cj1 #aijd4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,country4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pounds4 ,belgium #dgc #a1ehe ,france #c1jed #aj1jei ,germany #bb1cgb #fe1eje ,italy #hbf #b1dga ,netherlands #eij #a1icd ,united ,kingdom #aa1eeh #ca1gih ,dominion of ,canada3 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 etc4 #he #bcd ,quebec1 ,ontario1 ,manitoba1 etc4 #a1afe #c1cjf ,newfoundland and ,labrador #id #bjd ,west ,indies3 ,british #ahc #gjj ,cuba #bi #hg ,danish #ag #ee ,dutch #bj #fa ,argentina #a1bcg #c1ejd ,british ,guiana #aj #ca ,peru #ej #age ,british ,australasia #a1agf #c1jai -------------------------------- ,total #db1iciabd1gbh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,quantities and values of peppermint oil exported during the fiscal years #ahie to #aijd1 inclusive4#g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,fiscal year4,quantity4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pounds4 #ahie #hg1fcc #aid1faf #ahif #he1bij #agd1haj #ahig #afb1dib #beg1dhd #ahih #ade1cge #ahj1haa #ahii #aag1dfb #aah1bbg #aijj #hi1eeh #ij1bih #aija #fj1aff #fc1fgb #aijb #cf1cja #ed1hih #aijc #ac1jcc #cd1idc #aijd #db1ici #abd1gbh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,footnotes3 #f ,the ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states for the year ending ,june #cj1 #aijd1 vol4 #a1 p4 #eca1 ,bureau of ,statistics1 ,department of ,commerce and ,labor4 #g ,from ,the ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states for the year ending ,june #cj1 #aijb1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cji4 ,bureau of ,statistics1 ,treasury ,department2 and ,the ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states for the year ending ,june #cj1 #aijd1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aib1 ,bureau of ,statistics1 ,department of ,commerce and ,labor4 ,,prices ,,of ,,peppermint ,,oil4 ,the price of peppermint oil was very low for a few years prior to #aijj1 the enormous production of #ahig resulting in a great drop in price4 ,the lowest price paid for it was in #ahii1 when it brought only #ge cents per pound4 ,as a result of the low price a great many mint farmers restricted the area of their mint plantations or altogether abandoned peppermint cultivation4 ,the smaller output of the following seasons again sent prices up1 and in #aijb the oil sold as high as #d4ge a pound1 which price was maintained until early in #aijc1 when it gradually declined1 until toward the end of that year it reached #b4bj per pound4 ,the following table#h gives the highest and lowest prices of peppermint oil in bulk from #ahgc to ,september #af1 #aije3 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,year4 ,highest4,lowest4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #ahgc #c4ae #c4ae #ahgd #e4be #c4ge #ahge #e4ej #c4bj #ahgf #c4ge #b4dj #ahgg #c4jj #a4ge #ahgh #b4jj #a4ej #ahgi #b4fe #a4de #ahhj #b4hg #b4fj #ahha #b4he #b4ce #ahhb #b4ej #b4be #ahhc #b4fj #b4bj #ahhd #c4jj #b4ej #ahhe #d4cg #b4ge #ahhf #c4fj #b4ge #ahhg #b4ge #a4ij #ahhh #b4dj #a4ge #ahhi #b4cj #a4hj #ahij #b4dj #a4hj #ahia #b4ej #b4de #ahib #b4ej #b4ae #ahic #b4de #b4ae #ahid #b4de #a4gj #ahie #b4jj #a4gj #ahif #a4he #a4bj #ahig #a4be 4#ij #ahih 4#ij 4#hj #ahii 4#ij 4#ge #aijj #a4aj 4#hj #aija #a4hj #a4aj #aijb #d4ge #a4gj #aijc #d4ge #b4bj #aijd #c4ge #b4fe #aijei #c4de #b4be ---------------------------------------- ---- ,the good prices of the past few years have caused many farmers to look again to peppermint as a profitable crop1 as noted in increased areas under cultivation in many localities4 ,this is the case not only in ,michigan and ,indiana1 but also in ,new ,york1 where for many years the peppermint industry has been declining4 ,thus1 if favorable conditions of growth prevail1 an increased production may be looked for within the next few years1 which will have the effect of again depressing prices4 ,as is the case with other products the prices of which are subject to great fluctuations1 the condition of the market for peppermint oil needs to be closely observed4 ,the cost of cultivation per acre has been stated at from #ab to #ad1 and1 with a charge of #be cents per pound of oil for distillation1 the market price may easily fall below the cost of production4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,from ,oil1 ,paint1 and ,drug ,reporter1 ,september #ah1 #aije1 p4 #g4 #i ,to ,september #af4