,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words & phrases 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores2 ^? 9 bold are surr\nd$ by equal signs4 ,misspell$ words 7 correct$4 ,"o full-page adv]tisem5t 0 mov$ f ! front to ! end ( ! book4 ,,c>rots1 ,mangold ,wurtzels ,,& ,,sug> ,,beets4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,!m1 ,,h[ ,,to ,,keep ,,!m ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,fe$ ,,!m4 ,,by ,,james ,j4 ,h4 ,,gregory1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,onion ,,rais+10 8,,cabbage ,,rais+10 ,,etc4 ,,l9otyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,j4 ,,arakelyan1 #bie ,,congress ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aijj1 by ,,james ,j4 ,h4 ,,gregory4 ,at ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,argum5t = ! ,rais+ ( roots #c ,,! ,,c>rot #e ,! ,location & ,soil #e ,! ,manure & its ,application #g ,prep>+ ! ,b$ #ab ,:5 to ,plant #ac ,! ,se$ & ! ,plant+ ( x #ae ,quantity to ! ,acre #af ,v>ieties1 & ,:at ,k9ds to ,gr[ #ag ,e>ly ,v ,%ort ,sc>let #ai ,e>ly ,%ort ,sc>let ,horn #ai ,%ort ,horn #ai ,danv]s ,c>rot #ba ,gu]&e ,c>rot #ba ,long ,orange1 or ,long ,surry #ba ,l>ge ,:ite ,belgian #bb ,! ,cultivation1 & ! ,implem5ts ne$$ #bc ,ga!r+ & ,/or+ ! ,crop #bf ,rais+ ,c>rots ) ,onions #bi ,m>ket+ & ,fe$+ #cj ,,! ,,mangold ,,wurtzels #cb ,v>ieties #cd ,! ,long ,v>ieties #ce ,! ,r\nd ,v>ieties #ce ,! ,ovoid ,v>ieties #ce ,:at ,k9ds to ,gr[ #ce ,! ,soil & its ,prep>ation #ch ,! ,manure & its ,application #ci ,salt z an ,auxili>y ,manure #dh ,plant+ ! ,se$ & ,t5d+ ! ,crop #di ,ga!r+ & ,/or+ ! ,crop #eb ,fe$+ ! ,crop #ef ,! ,co/ ( ! ,crop #fa ,,c>rots4 ,9 nutriti\s value roots comp>e ) hay 9 ab\t ! av]age proportion ( "o to ?ree4 ,if n[ we consid] t ?irty-f\r tons ( ,sw$es ne>ly =ty tons ( ,c>rots & sev5ty-f\r tons ( ,mangold roots h be5 rais$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 to ! acre1 & t to ea* ( ^! crops %\ld be add$ at lea/ #ae p] c5t4 = ! fodd] value ( ! yield ( leaves1 :i* 7 n includ$ 9 ^! e/imates1 we h a demon/ration ( h[ imm5sely m is ! n\ri%m5t t c be obta9$ f an acre ( roots ?an f an acre 9 hay4 ,su* an imm5se increase 9 ! n\ri%+ products ( ! f>m1 if f$ on ! premises z x %\ld be1 unless ! f>m] is s locat$ t he c buy manure *eap] ?an he c make x1 means a great increase 9 ! manure products1 & consequ5tly a great increase 9 ! crops1--s t x has be5 wisely said1 root culture lies at ! basis ( good husb&ry4 ,c>rots & ,mangolds are subject to b few diseases4 ,9 discuss+ ! nutriti\s value1 *emi/s diff] some:at1 accord+ z !y measure ?is by ! nitrog5 !y conta91 _! p] c5t4 ( dry matt] or sug>1 b !y agree 9 rank+ !m mu* sup]ior to ! e>ly v>ieties ( turnip & some:at sup]ior to ! ,ruta ,baga or ,sw$e class1 p>ticul>ly :5 f$ to full gr[n cattle4 ,pr(4 ,johnson ranks ,c>rots ) ,cabbage :5 f$ to ox51 = n\ri%m5t4 ,exp]im5ts appe> to h prov$ t :5 equal measures ( ea* are f$1 ,mangolds w give a great] increase ( milk ?an potatoes1 by ab\t a ?ird4 ,= "s reason n fully und]/ood 7p]haps ! dep? !y p5etrate ! soil has some?+ to d ) x7 ,onions w d bett] aft] ,c>rots ?an aft] any o!r crop1 ! yield be+ l>g]1 ! bulb h&som]1 :ile ! crop w bottom d[n e>li] & bett]4 ,unlike ,turnips or ,sw$es1 ) high manur+ ! crop c be pr(itably gr[n = ye>s on ! same piece ( l&4 ,sw9e pref] ,mangolds to any root except ! p>snip1 & bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl& /ore hogs1 weigh+ f #abe lbs4 & upw>ds h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 f9e condition1 :5 f$ :olly on raw ,sug> ,beets or ,mangolds4 ,*emi/s rank ,c>rots1 :5 comp>$ ) oats1 ) ref]5ce to _! fat & fle% =m+ qualities1 z #a to #e4 ,n only h roots a value 9 !mselves z food1 b !y h a special (fice1 tak+ to a l>ge degree ! place ( grass & prev5t+ ! con/ipation t dry fe$ sometimes causes4 ,:ile practice proves t !y %\ld n be reli$ ^u to entirely sup]s$e hay or gra91 /ill !y increase ! value ( ei!r ( ^! to a l>ge degree2 & = sl[ work+ /ock !y may be f$ ) pr(it 9 place ( f a ?ird to half ! gra9 usually giv54 ,c>rots add n only to ! ri*ness ( ! color1 b also to ! quality ( ! milk1 :ile ! flavor ( ! butt] made f su* milk is improv$4 ,c>rots f$ 9 mod]ate quantities to horses give additional gloss to _! hairy coats1 & h n only a m$ic9al value :5 giv5 to su* z h be5 ov]-gra9$1 b aid !m 9 dige/+ gra91 z may be se5 9 ! dung ( horses f$ on oats ) ,c>rots1 & t ( ^? f$ on oats )\t ,c>rots4 ,:5 cook$ !y are sometimes f$ to p\ltry1 & ei!r cook$ or raw to sw9e4 ,9 ! family economy !y h _! place1 p>ticul>ly :5 "y & fre%1 :ile 9 ,europe !y ent] l>gely into ! composition ( ! well-kn[n vegetable s\ps ( ! ,fr5*4 ,,! ,,c>rot4 8,! ,c>rot10 7,daucus ,c>ota7 says ,burr 9 8 8,field & ,g>d5 ,vegetables ( ,am]ica10 a book wor?y a place 9 e f>m]'s libr>y1--89 its cultivat$ /ate is a half-h>dy bi5nial4 ,x is indig5\s to "s p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 g5]ally gr[+ 9 *alky or s&y soil1 & to "s ext5t has become naturaliz$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 be+ f\nd 9 gravelly pa/ures & m[+ fields1 & occasionally by roadsides1 9 loose places1 :]e ! surface has be5 di/urb$ or remov$4 ,9 its native /ate ! root is small1 sl5d] & fibr\s or woody1 ( no value1 & ev5 ( que/ionable prop]ties z an article ( food40 ,! av]age result ( sev]al analyses ( ! ,c>rot z giv5 by ,dr4 ,voelck]1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat]1 #hg4j ,album9\s ,comp\nds1 4#g ,fat1 4#b ,pect9e1 #a4b ,cellul> ,fib]1 #c4e ,sug>1 #f4e ,a%1 4#i ,,! ,,location ,,& ,,soil4 ,x is important 9 select+ a location = ! ,c>rot b$ t ! l& %\ld be ne>ly level1 z o!rwise ! se$ w be liable to wa% out aft] heavy %[]s1 & ! plants :ile "y be ei!r wa%$ out or cov]$ ) soil & kill$4 ,! l& %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 cle> ( all /ones4 ,! pres5ce ( l>ge rocks 89 place10 z ! geologi/s say1 w\ld int]f]e ) ! cont9uity ( ! r[s1 :ile ! loose /ones are n only always 9 ! way :ile rak+ & plant+ ! b$1 b are also 9 ! way ( ! slide or :eel hoes :i* are apt to knock !m aga9/ ! "y plants to _! injury4 ,! /ronge/ objections to a /ony soil1 = ,c>rots1 are t x int]f]es ) ! gr[? ( ! roots & greatly increases ! labor ( digg+ !m4 ,x is important t ! piece ( gr\nd select$ = a crop t w require s mu* manure & labor %\ld h e advantage possible 9 its favor2 x %\ld n only be level & comp>atively free f /ones1 b if possible %\ld h be5 previ\sly "u high cultivation1 t x may come to ,c>rots :5 9 high condition4 ,! be/ soil1 p>ticul>ly = ! ,long ,orange v>iety1 is a loam mell[ to ! dep? ( two feet or m4 ,on su* soil ! ,c>rot w p]fect itself1 gr[+ /raight & altoge!r beautiful to look ^u1 z !y /ret* f side to side ( ! bu%el boxes4 ,on "s m>ket g>d5s ne> critical m>kets1 f>m]s f9d x = _! int]e/ to asc]ta9 by actual exp]im5t on :at "p ( _! gr\nds ! root w gr[ longe/ & /raighte/1 & :5 su* plot is f\nd make x a p]man5t b$4 ,if ! soil does n naturally gr[ a long ,c>rot & !y are desir$1 ! end may be atta9$ by tr5*+ deep & add+ s&4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! ,long ,orange1 :5 gr[n on a deep mell[ loam1 & on a heavy soil ) a compact sub-soil1 is s rem>kable t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to make an inexp]i5c$ p]son believe ea* lot 0 f ! same se$1--^? gr[n on ! heavy soil1 re/+ on a compact sub-soil1 (t5times s closely resembl+ ! ,int]m$iate v>ieties z n to be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,?\gh ! c\rse is n on ! :ole to be advis$1 yet ,c>rots c be rais$ on fre%ly turn$ sod4 ,su* l& w be v free f we$s1 & by mak+ good use ( ! :eel h>r[1 & apply+ manure 9 a v f9e /ate1 %\ld ! season be a moi/ "o1 fair crops may be rais$4 ,reclaim$ mead[s 9 a good /ate ( cultivation1 :i* are well-dra9$ to ! dep? ( ?irty in*es1 w (t5times gr[ crops1 l>ge 9 bulk1 b ! individual roots are (t5times incl9$ to 8sprangle10 & unless su* mead[s h be5 well dra9$1 & lib]ally cov]$ ) s& or gravelly loam1 !y are apt to be spongy & inf]ior4 ,:5 gr[n on l& incl9+ to clay1 !y are apt to be small & woody 9 /ructure2 /ill1 su* l&1 if made friable by good und]dra9+ & ! application ( s&1 may be made fair ,c>rot gr\nd4 ,,! ,,manure ,,& ,,its ,,application4 ,all root crops delight 9 mo/ lib]al manur+ & ! highe/ ( cultivation4 ,c>rots are no exception to ?is rule4 ,) e crop1 o!r conditions be+ equal1 x is ! la/ half ( ! manure gives ! pr(its2 & ! m co/ly ! cultivation requir$ ! m important x is t ?is gold5 fact be borne 9 m9d4 ,?\gh *emical analysis %[s diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( all roots1 & t !re is !re=e an (fice = special manures1 yet _! g5]al composition is s ne>ly alike1 & animal manures1 mo/ ( :i* conta9 9 great] or less proportion1 all ! elem5ts requir$1 are s difficult to h&le 9 j ! proportions t w\ld be requir$ f ! *emical /&po9t1 p>ticul>ly :5 we consid] t soils on :i* root crops are gr[n are usually ri* 9 manures1 v>y+ 9 _! *emical con/itu5ts1 left ov] f =m] crops2--= ?is reason ,i treat ( manure by ! cord & ) ref]5ce to its comp>ative /r5g?1 bulk = bulk1 r ?an ( its *emical elem5ts4 ,eight cords ( good /able manure2 n9e cords ( a compo/ made ( "o "p night soil to two p>ts muck or loam2 eight cords ( muscle mud2 six or eight cords ( rott5 kelp--ei!r ( ^! appli$ to an acre ( l& 9 good condition by previ\s high cultivation w\ld be suffici5t = a good crop ( ,c>rots4 ,o!r manures might be m5tion$1 b ^! w s]ve z a pretty good measure ( value = any k9d accessible to f>m]s 9 g5]al4 ,to produce a v l>ge crop1 su* z "o w\ld l to be able to po9t to :5 premium crops are call$ =1 add f "o-qu>t] to "o-half to ! above quantities4 ,! condition ( ! manure is a matt] ( importance2 ! /able manure %\ld be good2 n half b$d+1 n burnt1 nei!r too co>se nor too new2 ! night soil %\ld h be5 well mix$ ) ! soil 9 ! compo/ heap1 & h be5 pit*$ ov] twice ) suffici5t int]vals betwe5 to all[ x to develop "s heat4 ,! muscle mud %\ld be ri* 9 dead muscles4 ,9 all f>m+1 x is important t ! manures appli$ %\ld be 9 a f9e condition me*anically1 & p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( root crops4 ,= ! roots ( all plants c take up only su* p>ts ( ! manures z are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! firm] ! manure is ! m readily c wat] p5etrate x4 ,a man :o is un=tunately %ort ( manures c mat]ially increase ! capacity ( :at he has by work+ x ov] until x is v f9e4 ,:5 %ort ( a supply ( animal manure1 :]e ! soil is already 9 good condition1 a good f]tiliz] c be us$ ) success4 ,apply fifte5 hundr$ p\nds to ! acre4 ,! fam\s f]tiliz] =mulas ( ,pr(4 ,/ockbridge h g5]ally done s well ,i %\ld be will+ to try !m on an acre ( ,c>rots1 7 ,i %ort ( o!r manures4 ,!re is ano!r matt] conc]n+ our manures :i* requires att5tion2 if !y are too fre% or crude !y w be apt1 if appli$ to our long gr[+ v>ieties1 to drive ! gr[? too mu* into ! top ( ! ,c>rot1 to ! loss ( ! root1 giv+ u tops to our knees ) roots ab\t ! size ( a hoe h&le4 ,x is important !re=e1 :5 us$ lib]ally1 t !y %\ld be some:at decompos$--t ! mixtures %\ld be compo/s1 z f> z ! "t w all[1 & n m]e mixtures4 ,to ! %ort] v>ieties ! crude manure may be appli$ ) a degree ( safety4 ,"h let me note a fact t ,i ?9k is ( g5]al application 9 f>m+1 viz43--t a /yle ( manur+ t w drive tall gr[+ v>ieties ( vegetables ne>ly all to tops or v9e1 ) dw>f v>ieties ( ! same k9d w "w admirably4 ,! ,pea is a v good illu/ration2 to get a good crop ( a dw>f v>iety1 manure lib]ally1 b ! same quantity appli$ to ! tall] sorts w\ld drive !m excessively into v9e at ! exp5se ( ! crop4 ,don't make y\r compo/ heap on ! gr\nd :]e ! crop is to gr[1 = ! result w be no crop :]e ! heap /&s4 ,= ! same reason x is bad policy to c>t out any /rong manure to /& on ! l& 9 heaps1 no matt] h[ small1 ov] w9t]4 ,!re w be no?+ lo/ by spread+ ! manure ov] ! surface be=e ! gr\nd is froz54 ,9 gett+ x into ! soil1 keep x z ne> ! surface z possible )\t its int]f]+ ) ! plant+ ( ! se$1 be>+ 9 m9d ! nitrog51 t elem5t 9 manures1 ab\t ! loss ( :i* by evaporation !re is mu* uncall$ = anxiety1 t5ds to "w d[n into ! soil4 ,if ! manure is co>se x may be appli$ to ! surface 9 ! ,fall & be deeply pl\gh$ 91 & 9 ! ,spr+ aga9 br\ght to ! surface by pl\gh+ equally deep1 hav+ mean:ile receiv$ ! b5efits ( fro/ & moi/ure4 ,9 apply+ f]tiliz]s keep !m ne> ! surface1 scatt]+ !m broadca/ & rak+ or h>r[+ 94 ,x is bett] n to apply ^! all at once4 ,apply ab\t two-?irds at ! "t ( s[+1 ! rema9d] :5 ! crop is ab\t "o-?ird gr[n--foll[+ x ) ! slide hoe1 :i* w t5d to "w x 9 j "u ! surface4 ,9 apply+ all f]tiliz]s 9 ! ,spr+ "t1 x is well to d s e>ly 9 ! day1 z w9ds are apt to rise z ! day advances1 :i* s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! economical application & ev5 di/ribution4 ,f]tiliz]s t5d to ha/5 ! maturity ( ! crops to :i* !y are appli$4 ,!re is "o condition t has a v important be>+ on ! co/ ( ,c>rots & all roots1 viz43--t bo? ! gr\nd & manure %\ld be z free f all we$ se$ z possible4 ,= ?is reason gr\nd rec5tly f ! sod1 ! ?ird ye>1 provid$ x has be5 kept "u a high /ate ( cultivation1 & su* manures :i* f _! v nature mu/ be comp>atively free f ! se$ ( we$s1 su* z fi% compo/s1 night soil1 or b>n manure a ye> old1 are to be pref]r$4 ,dr4 ,voelck] gives ! result ( #aj analyses ( ! a%es ( ! root & #b ( ! a%es ( ! leaves ( ! ,c>rot1 & f ^! d$uces ! foll[+ z ! numb] ( p\nds ( m9]al matt] tak5 f an acre ( l&1 by #aj tons ( roots & #d tons ( tops4 ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,lime1 ,phosphoric ,acid1 #aaf lbs4 #hf lbs4 #aja lbs4 #ca lbs4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,*lor9e1 #cd lbs4 #ca lbs4 ,to ^? :o desire to exp]im5t ) m9]al manures ?is table w be int]e/+ z %[+ ! k9ds & proportion ( ea* ne$$4 ,! pota% is f\nd 9 unlea*$ a%es1 f two to five p\nds to ! bu%el2 or 9 ! ,g]man ,pota% salts2 ! soda & *lor9e 9 common salt1 7*loride ( sodium72 lime 9 ! common lime ( ! mason1 ! ,phosphoric acid 9 ! phosphates (f]$ 9 ! m>kets1 & ! ,sulphuric acid 9 t directly or 9 common f9ely gr\nd pla/] kn[n by *emi/s z ,sulphate ( ,lime4 ,i %all h occasion to pres5t "s v valuable sugge/ions ( ! le>n$ ,pr(essor1 "u ! head ( 8,! ,manure0 9 my article on ,mangolds1 to :i* !y m especially apply4 ,! greate/ s+le item 9 ! co/ ( any crop is ! manure1 b ?is is an exce$+ly v>y+ elem5t4 ,f>m]s ne> cities1 & p>ticul>ly if !y also reside ne> ! sea-coa/1 z an (f-set = ! great] co/ ( f>m+-l& & exp5ses ( liv+1 h ! advantages ( a city m>ket & special facilities = collect+ manures1 at a co/ to !m1 mu* bel[ ! /&>d value ( /able manure4 ,night soil to almo/ an unlimit$ ext5t c be obta9$ = ! co/ ( collect+ x1 :ile ! wa/e mat]ial ( ! fi%]ies1 ,kelp1 ,rock ,we$1 ,muscle ,mud1 ,glue ,wa/e1 ,sug> ,h\se ,wa/e1 & ! products ( ! di/ill]ies1 ^! & o!r ri* f]tiliz]s c be procur$ at s l[ a figure1 9 proportion to _! value1 t root crops c be rais$ consid]ably *eap] ?an 9 f>m+ di/ricts n s favor$4 ,_m a man c be f\nd 9 ^! favor$ di/ricts :o ?9ks he is mak+ a good bus9ess at f>m+1 yet c\ld he b sell ! manure he ga!rs s *eaply1 at its m>ket value1 b>n manure be+ ! /&>d1 he w\ld make money by do+ s & fold+ 8 arms ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,! fact is he is really los+ money at f>m+2 b ?r\gh 8 crops he is sell+ :at co/ him b a trifle--at a price1 inde$1 bel[ its real value1 b /ill s f> 9 advance ( co/ z to leave a pr(it4 ,su* a man does wisely 9 ! c\rse he pursues ?\gh he makes a mi/ake 9 ! debtor & cr$itor side ( ! acc\nt1 = x is mo/ decid$ly wis] to be at "w ?an idle1 ?\gh ! result makes no diff]5ce 9 ! doll>s 9 a man's pocket4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,b$4 ,! great object "h %\ld be to get ! soil ?or\ghly f9e t ! small1 ?read-l fib]s1 & ! roots !mselves1 may wa/e ! lea/ possible vital p[] 9 p]meat+ ! e>? 9 se>* ( food1 or 9 pu%+ d[nw>ds4 ,! vitality wa/$ 9 ?is way is j s mu* tak5 f gr[?1 & may make ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 a good crop & a poor "o4 ,if x is necess>y t ! fir/ pl\gh+ %\ld be a v deep "o1 bett] apply ! manure 7z previ\sly /at$1 ! f9] me*anical condition ?is is 9 ! bett]7 aft]w>ds4 ,%\ld ! manure be to any degree co>se aft] spread+1 run ! bru% or :eel h>r[ ov] x1 "o or bo?4 ,?is w also break up ! clods & f9e up ! soil & incorporate ! manure ) x4 ,if /ill at all lumpy1 foll[ ) a plank drag4 ,next pl[ %all[ a few furr[s1 & h m51 ) wood5-too!d h& rakes1 rake at "r angles1 pull+ all co>se /ones & lumps ( e>? & manure into ! la/ furr[ made4 ,9 brief1 proce$ to make z f9e a se$ b$ z = onions4 ,if any "o1 dep5d+ on ! app>5t f95ess ( ! surface1 concludes to disp5se ) ! f9al rak+ & let ! "w ( ! bru% h>r[ answ]1 he w be apt to rep5t x be=e ! season closes2 %\ld he try x let him be sure to d\ble ! quantity ( se$ plant$ 9 t portion ( ! l& s treat$4 ,:5 ! l& is loamy & free f /ones an implem5t kn[n z ! 8,meek] ,h>r[10 w be f\nd to be a great "t-sav] 9 prep>+ ! se$ b$2 by actual te/ on my own f>m1 ,i f9d t x w d ! "w ( m ?an a doz5 h&s ) rakes4 ,if ! b$ has its fir/ pl\gh+ e>ly 9 ! season1 mu* ( ! we$ se$ w g]m9ate be=e plant+ "t1 !n an occasional use ( ! cultivator w de/roy _m ( ! pe/s4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,plant4 ,"s ( our be/ f>m]s advocate plant+ ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 o!rs equally successful 9 root culture claim t ! middle ( ,june is ! be/ "t4 ,!re are argum5ts = bo? e>ly & late plant+4 ,9 ,new ,engl& we usually h ! wea!r suffici5tly moi/ t[>ds ! close ( ,may to insure ! g]m9ation ( ! se$ & protect ! plants :5 !y break gr\nd1 f 8sun-scald40 ,^? plant$ z late z ! middle ( ,june are m liable to be s affect$ by ! dry wea!r usual at t p]iod z n to vegetate z well2 & %\ld ! heat be v great j aft] !y pu% ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 sometimes 9 a s+le day ne>ly ! entire crop w disappe> by 8sun-scald40 ,b on ! o!r h&1 by plant+ late we ab\t get rid ( "o we$+1 assum+ t ! gr\nd is /irr$ by ! cultivator occasionally1 up to ! "t ( plant+4 ,aga91 ?is br+s ! crop 9 full vigor 9 ,octob]1 ! mon? ( all o!rs mo/ favorable = ! gr[? ( ! root1 & ! ,c>rots be+ dug :ile ! tops are 9 fair gr[+ condition1 keep bett] ?an :5 dug fully ripe4 ,! argum5t = late plant+ holds especially good = ! ,%ort ,horn v>ieties1 z ^! require a %ort] "t to mature ?an ! long k9ds4 ,if ! crop is plant$ too e>ly1 sometimes ! roots1 hav+ matur$1 w attempt to pu% se$ %oots2 :5 ?is is s !y w be f\nd woody 9 _! /ructure1 ) numb]less ?read-l roots1 :ile _! quality & keep+ prop]ties are greatly injur$4 ,?is crop on ri* l& is sometimes plant$ z late z ! fir/ week 9 ,july1 & ) great success1 %\ld ! ,fall prove exceptionably mild1 yet1 z a rule1 ,i w\ld n recomm5d plant+ lat] ?an ! middle ( ,june4 ,if x s happ5s1 f press ( "w1 or ! dry wea!r1 ! f>m] has to plant lat] ?an ?is1 !n by all means let him conf9e himself to ! e>li] v>ieties4 ,,! ,,se$ ,,& ,,! ,,plant+ ,,( ,,x4 ,! se$ gr[s ) a cov]+ ( small1 %ort1 /iff hairs1 :i* makes !m adh]e toge!r2 ^! mu/ be v ?or\ghly remov$ be=e ! se$ c be reli$ ^u to fl[ freely f ! ma*9e4 ,mu* ( =eign gr[n se$ rea*es ?is c\ntry n prop]ly clean$4 ,to remove ?is furze1 ei!r ?ra% ! se$ ) ! flail v ?or\ghly1 :5 ! wea!r is q cold & dry1 or w>m ! se$ slightly & rub x ) ! h& aga9/ ! wires ( a sieve1 ( a "r degree ( f95ess to let ! hairs fall ?r\gh4 ,ei!r w9n[ or s9k 9 wat]1 to remove all impurities4 ,if sunk1 be c>eful to dry ! se$ at a v mod]ate temp]ature4 ,z ,c>rot se$ vegetates some:at sl[ly & ! plants are q small :5 !y fir/ appe>1 we$s are apt to get ! />t ( !m be=e ! r[s c be se5 ) suffici5t di/9ctness to make x safe to use ! slide hoe4 ,= ?is reason "s f>m]s practice soak+ ! se$ 9 wat] & keep+ x at a temp]ature t w ne>ly develop ! spr\t1 be=e plant+4 ,?is may be done by soak+ ! se$ f #cf to #dh h\rs 9 milk w>m1 or r /rong manure wat]1 !n remov+ x to :]e ! air is ( ab\t ! same temp]ature4 ,/ir1 x slightly = a few days1 & f9ally dry x suffici5tly to drop freely f ! ma*9e by add+ pla/]1 *>coal or du/4 ,camphor has a wond]ful effect 9 /imulat+ ! vitality ( se$1 & ! addition ( a small quantity ( x to ! manure wat] w\ld d\btless be ( advantage4 ,?is process %\ld n be c>ri$ s f> z to develop ! spr\t4 ,%\ld ! surface ( ! gr\nd be v dry :5 ! se$ is s[n1 ?is soak+ process may be fatal1 = if ! g]m is once />t$ x w n live 9 a dormant /ate2 x mu/ ei!r gr[ or die3 :]eas1 se$ t h n be5 soak$ w vegetate aft] ra9s wet ! dry surface4 ,be sure t ! se$ plant] has a good roll] atta*$ to x1 & n a m]e cov]]1 z ?is w help conf9e ! moi/ure & ?us mat]ially aid 9 develop+ ! se$4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,se$ ,,to ,,! ,,acre4 ,tables v>y greatly "s advis+ z high z f\r p\nds to ! acre4 ,if ! design is to raise small-siz$ roots = e>ly m>ket+1 possibly ?is might n be an excess ( se$1 b to advise s heavy se$+ = ord9>y field crops1 means t mu* ( ! se$ is poor tra%1 probably old & wor?less1 & put 9 z a make-weight4 ,"s ye>s ago a p>ty wrote me1 (f]+ a v>iety ( g>d5 se$ at a v l[ figure1 & /at$ t x 0 ( 8 own rais+4 ,z x 0 a k9d t ,i 0 9 ! habit ( rais+1 ,i _h ! curiosity to write & ask h[ he c\ld af=d to raise x at su* a price4 ,he repli$ t x 0 ( 8 own gr[+1 b s old z to be good = no?+1 & !re=e he sold x to se$sm5 at a v l[ figure1 to mix ) _! good se$ to help make weight6 ,:5 f\r p\nds ( ,c>rot se$ are advis$ to ! acre1 = a field crop1 ,i ?9k t "s ( ?is k9d ( se$ mu/ someh[ h got into ! mixture4 ,) ev]y?+ favor+1 & ! f>m] by exp]i5ce hav+ 8 se$ s[] "u p]fect control1 r less ?an a p\nd ( se$ w be suffici5t = an acre4 ,! great object to aim at is1 :ile hav+ ! plants ?ick en\gh1 n to h mu* ( any ?9n+ to d1 z x co/s ab\t z mu* to ?9 a crop z x does to we$ x1 ) ! drawback t ! plants left 9 ! gr\nd are m or less />t$1 & s put back by ! ?9n+4 ,z a g5]al rule ,i w\ld advise "o & "o-half p\nds ( se$ to ! acre1 & ?is ! f>m] c r$uce 9 proportion z he is favor$ by circum/ances & advances 9 exp]i5ce4 ,twelve in*es is a suffici5t di/ance betwe5 ! r[s ( ! two small1 e>ly v>ieties1 & fifte5 betwe5 ! r[s ( all o!r sorts4 ,) ! greate/ ( c>e ! se$ w n come up ) ma!matical precision4 ,"s advocate leav+ a plant to ab\t e in* ( r[2 o!rs1 to ?9 to f\r in*es ap>t4 ,) ! exception ( ! %ort] v>iety includ+ ! ,gu]&e1 :i* are some:at l ,onions 9 _! aptitude to gr[ to a good size :5 cr[d$1 pu%+ out ei!r side ( ! r[s1 z a rule ,i advise ?9n+ to f\r in*es1 leav+ !m ?ick] ne> ! vacant places4 ,,v>ieties1 ,,& ,,:at ,,k9ds ,,to ,,gr[4 ,=eign catalogues give li/s ( ab\t two doz5 v>ieties1 :i* diff] 9 e>l9ess1 size1 color1 =m1 t]m9ation ( root1 *>act]i/ic ( gr[+ entirely "u or p>tly above gr\nd1 & 9 ! size ( ! core or he>t4 ,9 =eign catalogues1 :at we call 8,orange10 are kn[n z 8,r$0 ,c>rots4 ,f a te/ ( ^! v>ieties ,i h ?us f> f\nd two1 viz43 ! ,gu]&e & ! ,*ant5ay wor?y ( be+ add$ to ! k9ds already gr[n to a great] or less ext5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! yell[-fle%$ sorts are repudiat$ 9 ,new ,engl& by g5]al cons5t2 yet ! ,yell[ ,belgian1 on a limit$ trial has prov$ ) me to be an exceptionally good keep]4 ,! ,purple or ,blood-,r$ is ( a deep purple color1 a poor cropp] & by no means attractive to ! eye4 ,! rema9+ v>ieties may be class$ z foll[s3--,e>ly1 middl+ e>ly & late4 ,! fir/ class is made up ( ! ,e>ly ,v ,%ort ,sc>let1 ! ,e>ly ,sc>let ,horn & ,gu]&e4 ,! second class ( all ! half-long or %ort-horn v>ieties1 & ! ?ird1 ( ! long v>ieties1 su* z ,long ,orange1 ,belgian & ,altr+ham sorts4 ,9 addition to ab\t "o-half ( ^! =eign v>ieties1 cultivat$ m or less g5]ally 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re are sev]al k9ds catalogu$ by se$sm51 all ( :i* are b improv$ /ra9s made by c>eful selections1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 f :at 0 orig9ally import$ /ock4 ,^! /ra9s usually be> ! "n ( "s p]son4 ,a brief discussion ( ! m valuable v>ieties w n[ be 9 ord]4 ,"h ,i w lay d[n ?ree g5]al facts1 viz43--#a/1 t ( ! v>i\s orange color$ v>ieties1 ! %ort] gr[+ k9ds are1 z a rule1 ! d>k] color$ & sweet] flavor$4 #b;d1 t ! proportion ( d>k1 orange-color$ roots 9 any crop1 :ile x w dep5d l>gely on ! c>e t has be5 us$ 9 ! selection ( se$ /ock = a s]ies ( ye>s1 does n turn :olly on ?is1 b soil1 season or manure1 "o or all1 h "s influ5ce 9 ?is direction4 #c;d1 t ! fact t m or less ( ! ,c>rots t5d to pu% se$ %oots ! fir/ ye>1 :ile ) ! long v>ieties x may prove t ! se$ has be5 all[$ to mix ) ! wild v>ieties1 yet ! probability 7m>k$ cases except$7 is decid$ly ! o!r way2 :ile ) ! %ort horn v>ieties ?is t5d5cy to pu% se$ %oots ! fir/ season1 s z to make some?+ ( a %[ :5 an acre is glanc$ ov]1 is q a common *>act]i/ic ) se$ ( ! v pure/ /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,v ,,e>ly ,,%ort ,,%ort ,,horn4 ,,long ,,orange4 ,,%ort ,,sc>let4 ,,sc>let4 ,e>ly ,v ,%ort ,sc>let4 7see engrav+47 ,e>ly ,%ort ,sc>let ,horn4 7see engrav+74 ,^! two v>ieties are ! %orte/ gr[n & are rais$ at times 9 =c+ b$s1 = an e>ly m>ket1 ! =m] v g5]ally s4 ,!y are ( a v ri* orange color1 f9e-gra9$1 sweet1 & ( excell5t flavor1 head+ ! li/ = quality4 ,_! ri* color makes !m valuable above all o!r k9ds = color+ butt]4 ,?\gh q %ort1 yet ! ,e>ly ,%ort ,sc>let ,horn c be gr[n to yield a great bulk ( roots1 f ! fact t f ! smallness ( _! tops ! roots c be gr[n v ?ick1 two or ?ree abrea/ all along ! r[s4 ,:5 ! small1 h&y size ( ?is v>iety is consid]$ 9 connection ) ! sup]ior quality1 x /&s =emo/ z a table ,c>rot1 & ,i !re=e recomm5d x 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs = family use4 ,%ort ,horn4 7,see engrav+47 ,?is v>iety int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,e>ly ,=c+ & ,long ,orange1 ) b slight v>iations 9 =m1 is %[n "u v>i\s names1 z ,int]m$iate1 ,nantes1 ,half ,long1 ,james' ,improv$1 ,/ump-,root$1 etc4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by a d>k] color ?an ! av]age ( ! ,long ,orange1 f9] gra91 & a sweet] & ri*] flavor4 ,9 "p f ! m solid /ructure ( ! ,c>rot1 & 9 "p f its bett] /[age1 ?irty-six measur$ bu%els ( ?is v>iety make a ton1 :ile ( ! l>g] v>ieties =ty bu%els are requir$4 ,! be/ /ra9 ( ?is v>iety is d\btless ! k9d kn[n z ! 8,danv]s0 ,c>rot4 ,danv]s ,c>rot4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,danv]s1 ,mass41 ! rais+ ( ,c>rots on an ext5sive scale has = ye>s be5 q a bus9ess--! f>m]s f9d+ a l>ge m>ket 9 ! neighbor+ cities ( ,salem1 ,lynn & ,bo/on4 ,aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t+ !y settl$ ^u a v>iety :i* orig9at$ among !m 7z did ! ,danv]s ,onion7 kn[n 9 _! locality z ! 8,danv]s ,c>rot40 ,x is 9 =m ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,long ,orange & ,%ort ,horn class1 gr[+ v g5]ally ) a /ump root4 ,! great problem 9 ,c>rot gr[+ is to get ! greate/ bulk ) ! smalle/ l5g? ( root1 & ?is is :at ! ,danv]s' gr[]s h atta9$ 9 _! ,c>rot4 ,"u _! cultivation !y raise f tw5ty to =ty tons to ! acre4 ,?is ,c>rot is ( a ri*1 d>k orange 9 color1 v smoo? & h&some1 & f its l5g?1 is easi] to dig ?an ! ,long ,orange4 ,x is a fir/-class ,c>rot = any soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gu]&e ,,c>rot4 ,gu]&e or ,ox ,he>t4 ,?is v>iety is a great favorite ) _m :o raise ,c>rots = /ock4 ,x is %ort & *unky 9 build1 ( a ri* orange color1 & ( excell5t quality1 & ! crop c be h& pull$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,long ,,orange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,danv]s ,,c>rot4 ,long ,orange1 or ,long ,surry4 ,?is is a /&>d v>iety1 & 9 its v>i\s /ra9s is d\btless m g5]ally gr[n ?an any o!r k9d4 ,! *ief objection to x is ! dep? to :i* x p5etrates ! gr\nd1 & h5ce ! extra "w ( digg+ x2 :ile ! end ( ! root :i* causes ! extra "w is ( inf]ior quality :5 comp>$ ) ! body1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ! %ort] v>ieties1 :i* are ( ! same quality ?r\gh\t4 ,! he>t is l>g] 9 proportion ?an 9 ! %ort] v>ieties1 :i* is consid]$ an objection4 ,! keep+ prop]ties are excell5t1 & 9 ?is respect x is sup]ior to ! e>li] k9ds4 ,on light soil ! roots gr[ long1 /raight & make a f9e %[ 9 ! m>ket4 ,altr+ham4 ,?is is a ,c>rot ( excell5t quality = ! table1 ! fle% be+ ( a ri* orange color1 crisp & sweet1 b z a cropp] x is inf]ior to ! ,int]m$iate or ,long ,orange v>ieties1 & h5ce is b little cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ge ,,:ite ,,belgian4 ,l>ge ,:ite ,belgian4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( all v>ieties & w yield at lea/ a qu>t] m ?an any o!r sort4 ,! roots gr[ sev]al in*es out ( gr\nd1 & all c be readily pull$ by ! h&4 ,analysis %[s t x is ne>ly z sweet z ! ,mangold ,wurtzel1 r sweet] ?an ! ,sw$e ,turnip1 & ab\t two ?irds z sweet z ! ,sug> ,beet4 ,! two objections to x are its color & its keep+ prop]ties2 x be+ r a poor keep]1 :ile ! color has made x a c>rot = horses r ?an c[s4 ,if f>m]s h b a small quantity ( manure1 ! ,:ite ,belgian is a good v>iety = !m to raise = fe$+ e>ly 9 ! w9t]4 ,,! ,,cultivation1 ,,& ,,! ,,implem5ts ,,ne$$4 ,j z soon z ! "y plants c be detect$ break+ r\nd1 ! prud5t f>m] w pu% ! slide hoe1 & h 8 boy we$]s foll[ imm$iately aft] x on h&s & knees4 ,boys t h _h a little exp]i5ce1 ) _! nimble f+]s c d m "w ?an m51 :ile _! wages are only ab\t half z mu*4 ,on ! sea-coa/ we hire boys :o make a bus9ess ( we$+1 = f sev5ty-five c5ts to a doll> a day4 ,! "o great dang] 9 hir+ boys is t c>eless ones are apt to break (f ! we$s in/ead ( pull+ !m up by ! roots4 ,to asc]ta9 _! comp>ative fai?fulness1 x is well to quietly m>k a few r[s ( ! diff]5t we$]s1 at _! fir/ we$+1 & by ! "t = ! second we$+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a good & a bad "o w be v pla9ly visible4 ,don't accept t !ory ( ! %iftless man1 t x is well to h ! we$s gr[ pretty tall be=e ! fir/ we$+1 t ! plants may be protect$ f ! sun4 ,i h notic$ t (t5times ^? :o act on ?is !ory give ov] _! we$+1 & pl\gh up ! b$ be=e !y h half f9i%$ x4 ,promptness 9 ! fir/ hoe+ & we$+ is exce$+ly important 9 ! managem5t ( all root crops1 & x is :]e ! greate/ mi/ake is apt to be made 9 _! cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slide ,,hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel ,,hoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,mc,g,e,e ,,cultivator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*igan ,,se$ ,,s[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lang',s ,,h& ,,we$]4 ,!re are a few implem5ts t are specially ne$$ 9 ! cultivation ( root crops1 & ( ^!1 e wise f>m] w get ! v be/ atta9able4 ,^! implem5ts are ! ,se$ ,s[]1 ! ,h& ,we$]1 ! ,slide ,hoe1 ! common ,:eel ,hoe1 & "o = we$+ bo? sides ( a r[ at ! same "t4 ,( ^! !re are a great _m v>ieties1 ea* ( :i* are m or less popul> among a class ( gr[]s4 ,! engrav+s illu/rate su* z are 9 use 9 my own section ( c\ntry1 :]e root culture =ms a v important "p ( ! agriculture ( f>m]s4 ,bo? ! slide & ! :eel hoe1 = rapid "w1 f> surpass ! common h& hoe1 :ile !y cut up ! we$s equally cle>4 ,! d\ble :eel hoe is us$ until ! tops ( ! crops become s l>ge z to be 9 ! way1 :5 ! s+le :eel hoe or slide hoe takes its place4 ,full]'s ,unique ,hoe hav+ a s+le :eel is pref]r$1 to any d\ble :eel$ implem5t by _m g>d5]s1 especially s by reason ( its /iffness4 ,ea* %\ld be two in*es n>r[] ?an ! space betwe5 ! r[s4 ,a slide hoe is an amaz+ h&y implem5t ab\t a f>m = _m uses o!r ?an betwe5 ! r[s ( root crops4 ,a new class ( implem5ts h be5 introduc$ )9 a few ye>s :i*1 to a degree1 sup]s$e ! use ( ! common :eel or slide hoe1 ?\gh !re is yet a valuable sph]e = ea* ( !m2 ,i ref] to ! we$]s :i* cut ea* side ( ! r[ at ! same "t4 ,i h te/$ e v>iety ( ^! & h f\nd no?+ n[ 9 ! m>ket sup]ior to ! ,mc,gee ,g>d5 ,cultivator4 ,^! hoes :i* take ea* side ( ! r[ at once _c safely be made to g ov] ! gr\nd z fa/ z ^? design$ = use betwe5 ! r[s1 b work+ close home to ! gr[+ crop1 !y save a l>ge portion ( ! co/ ( h>d we$+4 ,( se$ drills !re are a doz5 or m 9 ! m>ket1 sev]al ( :i* ,i h us$ on my f>ms4 ,i pref] ! ,mi*igan ov] all o!rs4 ,among o!r advantages x c be reli$ ^u to drop almo/ any v>iety ( small se$1 :ile x is a good cov]] & hav+ a roll] atta*$1 x packs ! e>? ov] ! se$1 :i*1 z e f>m] kn[s1 t5ds to keep ! moi/ure 9 & ?us ha/5s _! g]m9ation4 ,! h& we$] is an excell5t little implem5t to facilitate ! labori\s "w ( we$+1 especially :5 ! surface is bak$ & !re=e r h>d on ! f+]s4 ,,ga!r+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,! ,,crop4 ,"o ( ! greate/ outlays att5d+ ! rais+ ( ,c>rots is 9 ! ga!r+ & topp+ ( ! crop4 ,! common process ( digg+ ) a =k & ?r[+ into piles to be aft]w>ds topp$ is labori\s & co/ly4 ,:]e ! crop is to be consum$ on ! f>m1 ! labor & consequ5t co/ may be greatly less5$ by fir/ cutt+ (f ! tops by a %>p %ovel1 spade or common hoe1 or a slide hoe :i* has be5 weigh$ by a piece ( lead pipe1 or "s simil> heavy article1 slid d[n ! h&le & fa/5$ :]e t unites ) ! hoe4 ,%\ld a slice be tak5 (f ! tops ( ! roots x w d no h>m1 z ,c>rots diff] 9 ?is respect f o!r roots1 9 t1 :5 ! tops are cut !y are n apt to rot2 inde$1 "s practice cutt+ (f a slice ( ! top :5 topp+1 to keep !m f spr\t+ s readily :5 /or$4 ,! common way ( ga!r+ ! crop1 by loos5+ ) spades or =ks & !n pull+ out by ! tops1 ?r[+ into heaps or scatt]+ ov] ! gr\nd & aft]w>ds topp+ ) a knife1 is a long & co/ly job4 ,an improvem5t on digg+ is to run a pl\gh close to ! r[ & !n pull out z _m z possible by h& & dig up ! rema9d]4 ,/ill a bett] c\rse p>ticul>ly :5 ! ,danv]s v>iety is gr[n1 is beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( ! piece1 to run a subsoil pl\gh close home to ! roots1 :51 if run suffici5tly deep x w lift ! ,c>rots a little out ( ! gr\nd4 ,foll[ ) =ks or hoes & draw ! roots inw>d on ! pl\gh$ portion1 s f> z to give room = ! horse to walk4 ,let ! roots rema9 a few h\rs scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 :5 9 pick+ up & toss+ !m into c>ts or baskets1 any e>? adh]+ w be j>r$ (f4 ,let ! crop rema9 out z late z x c be risk$ )\t freez+2 & if !y are 9 good gr[+ condition ?is w be well t[>ds ,novemb]1 9 ! latitude ( c5tral ,new ,engl&1 & ev5 into ! fir/ week ( t mon? 9 ! mild] temp]ature ( ! sea-coa/4 ,roots n fully matur$ w keep bett] ?an ^? fully ripe :5 dug1 on ! pr9ciple t ! v>ieties ( apples we call 8w9t]0 apples are simply ^? k9ds t d n rip5 on ! tree--!y are n w9t] apples1 because !y are ,baldw9s1 or ,gre5+s1 = ^! same k9ds 9 ! ,s\? :]e ! rip5+ season is long]1 are ,fall apples4 ,if ! ,c>rots h be5 plant$ too e>ly !y w rip5 be=e digg+1 & be apt to s5d out roots & prove poor keep]s1 besides los+ ! advantage ( ,octob] wea!r :i* is ! ,c>rot mon?1 do+ m = ! weight ( ! late plant$ crop ?an all ! season besides4 ,rake ! tops (f ! b$ b d n wa/e !m1 = !y are highly reli%$ by animals1 & if ! ,c>rots are h>ve/$ :5 !y ought to be1 to keep well1 t is1 :5 9 good gr[+ condition1 !re w be a great weight ( tops1 sometimes z high z a qu>t] ( ! weight ( roots2 & ?is mass ( gre5 fodd]1 com+ at a "t :5 ! fields are usually b>e ( grasses1 w prove v valuable & acceptable food = ! c[s4 ,9 /or+1 "o fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d2 t ,c>rots w heat1 spr\t & rot1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* ,mangolds w\ld keep s\nd & un9jur$4 ,i h sev]al times lo/ quantities :5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd :]e ,mangolds & common table ,beets1 "u precisely ! same conditions1 h kept p]fectly s\nd4 ,if ! crop is to be f$ at once1 !y may be dump$ into ! cell> or b>n floor 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s way2 b if to be f$ into ! w9t]1 !n all dep? ( ! heap above two & a half feet means a proportionate increase ( dang] ( heat+1 spr\t+ & rott+1 & s mu* great] c>e to air ! cell> 9 cool1 dry wea!r4 ,i ne$ h>dly /ate t cell>s = keep+ ,c>rots & all roots %\ld be free f /&+ wat]1 & z cool z possible )\t actually freez+4 ,!y %\ld n be put directly on ! cell> floor1 b on a plat=m to admit air "u !m & x is an excell5t plan to scatt] a little s& among !m4 ,i f9d t ,c>rots keep exce$+ly well if p\r$ 7n plac$7 9 a tr5* #ad in*es wide & #b feet deep1 to be cov]$ slightly at fir/ & m z cold increases1 s t !y h fir/ a little co>se litt]1 !n a foot ( e>?1 & on ?is ab\t #ah in*es ( wa/e or *eap hay4 ,:5 ! roots are l>ge !y w keep suffici5tly bett] to pay = ! extra tr\ble1 if !y are pil$ 8heads & po9ts0 to ! height ( two & a half feet1 ) a slight space = air betwe5 ! piles4 ,if !re are n cell> conv5i5ces = /or+ ! entire crop1 ) a good protection ( hay "u & ar\nd !m1 a few tons may be /or$1 = e>ly fe$+1 9 ! b>n1 provid$ x is n s cold z to freeze !m4 ,,rais+ ,,c>rots ,,) ,,onions4 ,i transf] f my ,treatise on ,onions1 a p>agraph relative to gr[+ ,c>rots ) onions4 ,! plan ( rais+ ,c>rots ) onions is consid]$ an improvem5t by "s :o h adopt$ x1 z ! yield ( ,c>rots is ?\ght to be cle> ga91 dim9i%+ b little or none ! yield ( onions4 ,c>rots are plant$ 9 two ways2 "o by s[+ !m 9 drills betwe5 e o!r r[ ( onions1 & ! o!r1 :i* is consid]$ an improvem5t1 call$ ! ,long ,isl& plan1 by plant+ ! onions 9 hills f sev5 to eight in*es f c5t] to c5t]1 dropp+ a numb] ( se$ 9 ea* hill1 & f ! fir/ to ! twelf? ( ,june1 plant+ ! ,c>rot se$1 usually by h&1 betwe5 ^! hills 9 two r[s !n skipp+ "o1 & ?us on ?r\gh ! piece4 ,! onions1 z !y are pull$ are ?r[n into e ?ird r[1 ! ,c>rots be+ left to mature4 ,by ?is me?od f two to six hundr$ bu%els ( ,c>rots are rais$ p] acre 9 addition to ! crop ( onions4 ,m manure is requir$ = ! two crops ?an = ! onions alone4 ,! ma*9e us$ = s[+ 9 drills has two boxes atta*$ to ! axle at equi-di/ance f ! :eels2 !re are ?ree or f\r holes 9 ! axle t communicate ) ! se$ 9 ! boxes1 & z ^! holes pass "u ! boxes !y are fill$ ) se$1 & z !y turn ! se$ are dropp$ into ! e>?4 ,screws are sunk into ! holes1 :i* c be sunk m or less at pleasure1 & ! quantity ( se$ :i* ! holes w conta9 is ?us grad$4 ,! ma*9e %\ld fir/ be te/$1 & s regulat$ t on a b>n floor x w drop f elev5 to twelve se$ f ea* hole4 ,:5 s regulat$1 on us+ 9 ! field x w drop b f sev5 to twelve1 ow+ to ! m unev5 motion4 ,,m>ket+ ,,& ,,fe$+4 ,9 ! cities !re is a l>ge m>ket = ,c>rots z fe$ = horses1 x be+ v g5]ally accept$ t a few giv5 daily or e o!r day1 aids ! dige/ion ( gra9-f$ animals1 adds to ! gloss ( ! hair1 & are ( special m$ic9al value4 ,! l>ge/1 smoo!/ & d>ke/ orange color$ roots sell ! be/ 9 ! m>ket4 ,! price v>ies all ! way f t5 to tw5ty doll>s a ton ( #b1jjj p\nds1 dep5d+ 9 "p on ! value ( hay4 ,:]e ! quantity f$ daily is small1 a l>ge knife or a %ovel w answ] to cut !m up 9 pieces ( suitable size2 b if ! quantity am\nts to sev]al bu%els daily1 !n a root-cutt] w be ne$$4 ,!re are two classes ( ^!1 "o = %eep1 & ! o!r = l>ge /ock1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce be+ t ^? design$ to cut roots = %eep cut into small] pieces4 ,( ^? design$ to cut roots = l>ge /ock1 ! ,:ittemore ma*9e is z good a ma*9e z any1 hav+ a capacity to cut up a bu%el 9 ab\t half a m9ute4 ,among f>m]s !re is mu* unnecess>y fe> ab\t ! dang] ( animals *ok+ :ile fe$+ on apples1 potatoes & roots4 ,= ! la/ t5 ye>s ,i h f$ to my c[s n f> f ?ree hundr$ tons ( squa%es1 potatoes & roots1 7mo/ly squa%es7 & nev] yet lo/ an animal or _h any v s]i\s tr\ble f *ok+4 ,my habit is to fe$ !m :ile quietly 9 _! /alls1 ) a division bo>d betwe5 ! fe$ ( ea*4 ,all cases ( *ok+ t h come to my notice h occurr$ :]e ! animal 0 sudd5ly di/urb$ :ile eat+4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to h[ _m roots c be f$ to /ock daily )\t injur+ !m4 ,! proportion w dep5d some:at on ! con/itutional peculi>ities ( individual c[s1 b :5 ! b[els are all "r ! appetite ( ! animal is probably ! safe/ guide4 ,i h _h a l>ge & ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 fe$+ squa%es to mil* c[s1--! ,bo/on ,m>r[1 ,hubb>d & o!r v>ieties2 beg9n+ ) a half a bu%el to ea* animal1 ,i increase ! quantity until ! daily consumption has av]ag$ a hundr$ p\nds a day to ea*4 ,"u su* heavy fe$+1 aft] a :ile _! appetites clog some:at1 b ,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion t beg9n+ ) a mod]ate fe$1 !y w\ld soon readily eat sev5ty-five p\nds daily ) a reli%1 = z long a p]iod z !y might la/4 ,:5 fe$+ ,c>rots or any roots1 ! mo/ economical me?od is to give mead[ or salt hay1 ) a small quantity ( flax-se$ or cotton-se$ meal4 ,! effect ( ! roots & ^! ri* meals is to give to ^! inf]ior v>ieties ( hay1 ! nutriti\s value ( ! be/ upl& ,engli%4 ,c>rots f$ too lib]ally to horses1 w make !m s(t1 & cause !m to sweat at ! lea/ ex]tion4 ,! manure made by animals f$ on ,c>rots or any o!r roots is ( poor quality & !re=e = ! f>m's 7z well z ! animal's7 sake a proportion ( gra91 or its equival5t1 %\ld always be f$ ) !m4 ,,mangold ,,wurtzels4 ,:at is a ,mangold ,wurtzel8 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ,i rais$ a piece ( ,e>ly ,turnip ,beet se$ 9 a v isolat$ location2 !re 0 n ano!r piece ( ,beet se$ gr[+ )9 half a mile1 at lea/4 ,a good deal ( ! se$ wa/$1 z is usual :5 ! se$ is all[$ to rip5 well on ! /ock be=e cutt+4 ,f ?is wa/e se$ ?\s&s ( "y plants sprang up1 _m ( :i* surviv$ ! w9t]1 by ! help ( ! protection ( *ickwe$ & sn[4 ,!y _h got s f> along :5 pl\gh+ "t came1 ,i left ! piece unpl\gh$1 ?9n+ !m out t !y might produce e>ly beets4 ,z ! season advanc$ a good _m ( !m pu%$ se$ %oots & rip5$ a crop ( se$4 ,"s ( ! se$ ,i ga!r$ & ! next season plant$ x to see :at x w\ld produce4 ,! crop 0 8ev]y?+20 all ! way f a nice1 d>k color$ ,e>ly ,turnip ,beet1 ?r\gh diff]5t sizes1 colors & =ms1 up to a light-fle%$ ,mangold ,wurtzel6 ,z ! orig9al ,beets 7 a v pure ,turnip ,beet1 & dur+ sev]al ye>s ( c>eful cultivation = se$ purposes _h %[n no admixture ) any o!r v>iety1 ! exp]im5t prov$ ei!r t ! co>se v>iety ( ,/ock ,beet1 :i* we call ,mangold ,wurtzel are b sports f our f9e-gra9$ table ,beets1 or t ! ,beets class are sports f ,mangolds1--mo/ probably ! =m]4 ,mangold ,wurtzels diff] f table ,beets 9 _! g5]al co>s5ess ( /ructure1 & ! l>g] size to :i* !y gr[1 ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( ea* be+ ! same 9 k9d4 ,:at is a ,sug> ,beet8 ,! t]m 8,sug> ,beet0 is an un=tunate "o1 z ! ^w 8,sug>0 _h already be5 appropriat$ to express ! sweet flavor ( ! v>ieties ( ,beets rais$ = table use1 :ile ! ^w ,beet is /rictly a misnom]1 ! vegetable ,sug> ,beet be+ 9 reality a ,mangold ,wurtzel4 ,a g5]ation ago our fa!rs us$ ! t]m 8,sug>0 z a famili> designation = any sweet v>iety ( beet rais$ = table use1 & at ! pres5t by ! great majority ( ! public ! t]m is /ill s us$4 ,z ! new indu/ry ( manufactur+ sug> f ! beet grew on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 se$sm5 7 call$ ^u to supply = comm]ce se$ ( ! be/ v>iety = ?is purpose4 ,x 0 necess>y t ?is v>iety %\ld be z free z possible f all color+ sub/ance z ?is w\ld1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 give a /a9 to ! juice1 & impose on ! manufactur] ! labor ( purify+ x4 ,! ones at fir/ select$ 7 ! long1 :ite ,mangold ,wurtzel1 & ^! 7 call$ ! 8,sug>0 ,beet 9 comm]cial p>lance4 ,^! :ite ,mangolds 7 n entirely :ite1 ! portion t grew above gr\nd be+ usually color$ a light gre5 by exposure to ! sun's rays2 x became !re=e an object = ! manufactur] to /ill improve on !m to ! end t all ! color+ %\ld be elim9at$4 ,! intellig5ce & ent]prise ( ! se$sm5 ( ,europe respond$ to ?is want1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s two prom95t v>ieties 7 produc$1 t h ne>ly completely satisfi$ x1--"o ( ^! 0 s5t out by ! e/imable h\se ( ,vilmor9 ,&rieux ,co41 ( ,p>is1 & is nam$ 8,vilmor9's ,new ,improv$ ,:ite10 & ! o!r 8,:ite ,imp]ial ,extra10 by ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man h\se ( ,erne/ ,b5>y4 ,^! improv$ ,sug> ,beets ( comm]ce gr[ ne>ly entirely "u gr\nd1 & :5 gr[n ^! beets def9e !mselves to be ! ,mangold v>iety1 by ! co>s] /ructure ( ! root1 ! /\t] ribs & ! great] co>s5ess ( ! leaves1 :i* spr+ 9 l>g] masses directly f ! cr[n1 ?an is ! case ) beets = ! table4 ,! moral ( all ?is = my f>m] fri5ds is1 t if y want a beet = table use d n ord] 8,sug> ,beet0 or y w be v likely to f9d a ,mangold gr[+ 9 y\r g>d51 a return1 b n a recomp5se = ! sweat & toil ( ! husb&man4 ,,v>ieties4 ,ab\t tw5ty v>ieties are catalogu$ by se$sm51 _m ( :i* are b /ra9s ( ! same k9d1 be>+ ! "n ( ! gr[]1 :o by c>eful cultivation has endeavor$ to improve x4 ,classifi$ by =m !y come "u ?ree classes1 viz43--! long1 ! r\nd & ! ovoid or int]m$iate v>ieties4 ,classifi$ by color we h ! r$ or sc>let1 ! p9k1 ! yell[ or orange1 & ! :ite v>ieties4 ,! ,long ,v>ieties4--,among ! m prom95t ( ^! are ! ,ox ,horn1 ! common ,long ,r$1 ,norbition ,giant1 ,c>t]'s ,orange ,globe1 & ! ,silesian v>ieties ( ,sug> ,beet4 ,! ,ox ,horn is a v crook$ gr[+ v>iety1 z its "n w\ld imply1 ) a small diamet] 9 proportion to its great l5g?4 ,gr[+ almo/ :olly out ( gr\nd x curves ab\t s 9 ! r[ z to be decid$ly 9 ! way1 is apt to break :5 pull$ & 9 addition to ^! defects1 /or+ v badly1 x is n 9 any way desirable4 ,! ,norbiton ,giant1 ,long ,r$1 ,gate ,po/1 & ,tank>d are improvem5ts ov] ! common ,long ,r$ 9 a great] uni=mity 9 _! habit ( gr[?1 _! size1 & a less liability to gr[ holl[ at ! top at ! advanc$ /age ( gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,long ,,r$ ,,mangold4 ,! ,r\nd ,v>ieties4--,9 ^! are includ$ ! common ,r$ & ,yell[ ,globe1 ,gate ,po/ & ,tank>d1 ) "s ( ! und]gr\nd v>ieties ( ! ,sug> ,beet4 ,ovoid are ei!r r$ or yell[ 9 color & are int]m$iate 9 =m betwe5 ! long & ! r\nd k9ds4 ,:at ,k9ds to ,gr[4--,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,long ,r$ are ! mo/ popul>1 p>ticul>ly ! ,norbiton ,giant v>iety4 ,:ile travell+ 9 ,engl&1 ,irel& & ,france1 = inquiry & obs]vation1 ,i f\nd t ! r\nd & ovoid v>ieties 7 m g5]ally cultivat$ ?an ! long sorts4 ,9 my exp]i5ce ! ovoid v>ieties incl9e to gr[ smoo!r ?an ! long k9ds & h5ce are likely to br+ up less e>? ) !m1 :i* on heavy soil is a matt] ( "s mom5t4 ,i ?9k ( ! two k9ds ! yell[1 "u ! same circum/ances1 makes ! l>g] root4 ,! long v>ieties pile bett] 9 ! cell>1 :ile ! r\nd or ovoids cut up r m readily1 appe> less incl9$ to rot at ! top1 & are firm] fle%$4 ,! globe & ovoid v>ieties appe> to be be/ adapt$ to h>d & %all[ soils1 & ( ^! ! ,yell[ ,globe & ,ovoid are especially valuable1 z !y are bett] keep]s ?an mo/ sorts & rema9 s\nd1 )\t spr\t+1 until late into ! spr+1 & ) special c>e may be kept ev5 into ! summ] season4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ovoid ,,mangold4 ,! long ,silesian v>ieties ( ,sug> ,beet v>y f ea* o!r only 9 ! color ( ! "p expos$ above gr\nd1--be+ gre51 grey or r$4 ,! k9d introduc$ to ! ,am]ican public a few ye>s ago1 "u ! "n ( ,lane's ,improv$ ,am]ican ,sug> ,beet1 is a /ra9 ( ,long ,:ite ,mangold4 ,! improv$ v>ieties ( ,g]many & ,france yield ab\t d\ble ! p]c5tage ( sug> t is f\nd 9 ! common ,mangold1 9 "s crops ! proportion be+ z high z sixte5 p] c5t4 ,?is w\ld make ! ,sug> ,beets ( d\ble ! value ( ,mangolds = /ock1 b un=tunately1 ! roots "u l conditions ( cultivation1 av]age b half ! weight ( ,mangolds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,globe ,,mangold4 ,! av]age p]c5tage ( sug> f\nd 9 analysis ( beets gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry is exceptionably high4 ,hav+ l& free f alkalies1 ( unb\nd$ f]tility1 readily accessible1 & atta9able at almo/ nom9al co/1 x is a s]i\s "q :y we d n foll[ ! example ( o!r c\ntries & raise our own sug> r ?an import x4 ,our inducem5t is ! home m>ket t ! sug> factory w\ld af=d = unlimit$ areas ( beets1 :ile ! refuse pulp w\ld enable f>m]s to increase greatly ! numb] ( _! neat /ock1 to ! advantage ( ! manure pile & enl>gem5t ( _! area ( tillage4 ,! great draw back is ! price ( labor 9 our own prosp]\s c\ntry4 ,,! ,,soil ,,& ,,its ,,prep>ation4 ,9 ! matt] ( soil1 ,mangold ,wurtzels w accept a great] latitude ?an any o!r root2 ?riv+ on e v>iety1 all ! way f light loam to muck1 & f t to z /rong a clay z is suffici5tly friable = tillage4 ,muck 7prop]ly dra9$7 & a /rong loam are be/ suit$ to develop p\nds ( crop4 ,?\gh ! crop gr[n 9 ! light] soil is n s great x is mu* sweet] ?an :5 gr[n on heavy soil & :5 extraord9>y quantities ( manure h be5 appli$1 "s ( ! heavie/ crops on record h be5 gr[n on light loam4 ,! great crop ( ,mr4 ,fe>+ ( ,h+ham1 ( ov] sixty tons to ! acre1 0 rais$ on a s&y loam4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i took a pur*as] into ! field :]e two lots ( ,mangolds 7 gr[+2 he select$ at once ! l>ge roots on ! l[ l&4 ,i ask$ him to ta/e a slice ( ^? on ! upl&1 :5 he at once *ang$ 8 pref]5ce4 ,z a rule x w be f\nd t ^? gr[n on w>m upl& soil are decid$ly ! sweet] & ?is fact has an important be>+ on ! fe$+ value ( ! crop4 ,if ! soil is 9 good he>t = a foot 9 dep?1 pl\gh x to t dep? be=e putt+ on ! manure4 ,aft] putt+ on ! manure1 if co>se1 x w be well to cut x up ) ,r&all's :eel-h>r[ be=e pl\gh+ "u4 ,aft] cross pl\gh+ ! manure f\r or five in*es b5ea? ! surface ! aim %\ld be to make a good se$ b$ by gett+ ! surface level & ! soil light & f9e4 ,on mo/ soils ?is c be accompli%$ by a lib]al use ( ! :eel-h>r[ foll[$ by a f9e-too!d smoo?+ h>r[ & t by a plank drag4 ,an old b>n door w sometimes answ] = ?is1 b z x is an excell5t implem5t on ! f>m x w be well to h "o4 ,x %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet wide & six long1 ) "o side ab\t t5 in*es high1 meet+ ! bottom at an angle ( =ty-five degrees2 ! planks _h bett] ov]lap slightly1 z !y w ! bett] break ! lumps ( e>?4 ,! team is to be hit*$ to ! turn$ up side1 & ! driv] is to /& on ! drag1 driv+ x sideways ov] ! l&4 ,! effect ( su* a drag 9 break+ up lumps & g5]ally pulv]iz+ ! soil1 w be f\nd to be mu* sup]ior to t ( any roll]4 ,%\ld ! soil be ( su* a "* or 9 su* a condition t ! h>r[ & drag process w n make a good se$ b$1 !re rema9s no res\rce o!r ?an to prep>e x z = onions1 ei!r rak+ ov] ! entire surface1 or runn+ ov] x ?ree or m times ) ! ,meek] ,h>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meek] ,,h>r[4 ,,! ,,manure ,,& ,,its ,,application4 ,! k9d & quantities ( food ne$$ to gr[ any vegetables is f\nd by an analysis ( t vegetable4 ,hav+ ?us le>n$ ! k9d & quantity ne$$ = any crop1 ! next /ep ( ! wise f>m] w be to asc]ta9 :at manures conta9 ! necess>y con/itu5ts & :i* ( ^! conta9 !m 9 ! *eape/ =m4 ,a little k ( ,*emi/ry1 9 its application to manures1 is ( incalculable value to ! husb&man & no am\nt ( exp]i5ce & tradition>y k c s]ve z a sub/itute = x4 ,i believe t x is 9 ?is direction t ! great advance 9 agriculture w be made1 & 7 !re no o!r argum5t = ,agricultural colleges ! fact t !y are prep>$ to give ?or\gh in/ruction 9 ?is "o dep>tm5t w\ld be a suffici5t reason = _! exi/5ce1 & = _! lib]al patronage by _! sev]al /ates4 ,pr(4 ,voelck]1 an excell5t au?ority 9 ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to *emi/ry1 9 its application to agriculture1 gives ! foll[+ table z ! av]age composition ( ! a% ( ! pr9cipal root crops4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,a% ,,( ,,roots4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,numb] ( ,analyses4 ,pota%4 ,soda4 ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ,oxide ( ,iron4 ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,silica4 ,*lor9e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,turnips4 #ch #di4h #g4h #aa4g #b4f #j4i #aj4c #aa4h #a4b #e4j ,,sw$es4 #g #ch4i #ad4j #ab4h #d4b #j4h #aj4d #ac4g #a4i #d4b ,,mangolds4 #ab #df4f #ah4d #e4i #d4h #j4h #h4c #c4g #d4j #i4i ,,sug> ,,beet4 #dj #dh4j #aj4d #f4d #i4e #a4j #ad4d #d4g #c4h #b4c ,,c>rots4 #aj #cg4j #bj4g #aj4i #e4b #a4j #aa4b #f4i #b4j #d4i ,,p>snips4 #d #df4g #b4g #ae4g #f4j #a4c #ae4h #e4f #b4d #d4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,leaf ,,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,turnips4 #cg #bg4f #e4a #cc4b #b4f #b4j #g4c #ac4a #c4e #g4g ,,sw$es4 #c #ba4i #ab4c #cj4b #c4b #b4j #f4d #aj4f #d4h #aa4j ,,mangolds4 #d #be4e #bc4c #aj4d #i4g #a4b #e4d #g4b #c4c #ag4h ,,sug> ,,beet4 #g #ba4i #af4f #ai4eah4a #a4c #g4c #g4i #c4a #e4g ,,c>rots4 #g #ag4f #ah4b #cb4a #c4i #c4j #c4h #h4b #e4b #h4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,?is table %[s u t ! ,mangolds require ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( manure 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 :5 arrang$ ) ref]5ce to _! importance3--,pota%1 ,soda1 ,*lor9e1 ,lime1 ,phosphoric ,acid1 ,magnesia1 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,silica4 ,9 addition to ^! m9]als o!r sub/ances ent] into ! composition ( ,mangolds1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ,nitrog54 ,b>n-y>d manure conta9s ab\t all ! elem5ts ne$$ by vegetation1 b n always 9 ! "r proportion1 !re=e1 :5 apply+ x1 x is always pr(itable to "k ! proportions ( ! m9]als :i* ent] into crops t ! defici5cy may be suppli$ f o!r s\rces4 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to say t unlea*$ wood a%es & ! ,g]man ,pota% ,salts1 ,sulphate & ,muriate1 are ! *eape/ s\rces = ,pota% at pres5t kn[n1 :ile ,soda & ,*lor9e are obta9$ f ,muriate ( ,pota% or f ! wa/e salt ( ! fi%]ies4 ,( ?is ,i %all h m to say pres5tly :5 treat+ ( salt z an auxili>y f]tiliz]4 ,lime is obta9$ f ! common ,c>bonate ( ,lime ( ! mason1 ei!r wat] or air slack$1 & ?is usually conta9s m or less ( ,magnesia1 or f wood a%es :i* is l>gely "o-?ird lime4 ,! great s\rce ( ,phosphoric ,acid is ! bones ( animals or corprolites1 by :i* is meant ! fossiliz$ bones & dung ( ext9ct animals2 ,sulphuric ,acid is mo/ *eaply obta9$ f ,pla/]1 :i* is ,sulphate ( ,lime4 ,"s hold great b5efit is d]iv$ by ! crop ( ! foll[+ ye>1 f pl\gh+ "u ! leaves z soon z ! roots are topp$2 ! value ( ?is is j :at ! analyses ( our table %[s4 ,! l>ge crops report$ z rais$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h be5 rais$ on soil rang+ f light to a friable clay loam & h receiv$ all ! way f eight to fifte5 cords ( b>n-y>d manure to ! acre4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is has be5 all pl\gh$ 92 9 o!rs half spread broadca/ & pl\gh$ 9 & ! o!r half put 9 ! furr[s4 ,:5 co>se & unf]m5t$ ,i w\ld advise a deep pl\gh+ ( x "u1 9 ! ,fall z ) ,c>rots2 o!r wa/e sub/ances c be us$ z sub/itutes = b>n-y>d manure1 c>e be+ tak5 ei!r t su* wa/e sub/ances are specially ri* 9 ,pota%1 ,soda & ,*lor9e1 or t ^! sub/ances be add$4 ,! equival5ts giv5 are r\ghly e/imat$ "u ! article treat+ ( ! manure = ,c>rots & w be suffici5t = practical purposes2 ,i !re=e make no fur!r allusions to ^! *eap wa/es z s\rces = manure1 fur!r ?an to m5tion t sea manures are specially ri* 9 pota% & soda4 ,( all roots ,mangolds are ! ranke/ fe$]s1 remov+ m plant food f ! soil ?an any o!r root crop4 ,! crop ( ,mr4 ,alb]t ,fe>+1 ( ,h+ham1 ,mass41 0 sixty tons ( roots1 & if ! tops 7 9 ! usual proportion1 ( ab\t "o-?ird1 !y weigh$ tw5ty tons m1 giv+ ! enorm\s yield ( eighty-tons ( gre5 food f "o acre ( gr\nd4 ,! crop rais$ on ,de] ,isl&1 9 ,bo/on h>bor1 0 ab\t sev5ty tons to ! acre2 ) a l proportion ( tops ! total yield mu/ h be5 ov] a hundr$ tons4 ,9 ! sewage f>ms ( ,engl& eighty tons ( roots h be5 rais$ on an acre ( gr\nd4 ,fe>+ appli$ fifte5 cords ( manure to 8 acre ( gr\nd2 ( ! quantity appli$ to ! ,de] ,isl& crop ,i regret ,i h n ! data at h&4 ,if ! m]e bulk alone 0 to be aim$ at 9 ! crop1 ! problem w\ld be a v simple "o1 b !re are ?ree po9ts to be consid]$3 fir/1 h[ to get a crop t %all be great 9 bulk & at ! same "t give u ! second desirable po9t1 viz43 rip5ess1 & ?us insure ! ?ird desirable po9t1 viz43 ! highe/ p]c5tage ( sug> x is possible = ! roots to acquire4 ,?is matt] ( ! value ( ,mangolds1 = fe$+ purposes1 be+ 9 ab\t ! same proportion z ! sug> pres5t1 ?\gh app]ta9+ to t "p ( ?is ,treatise :i* treats ( 8,fe$+ to ,/ock10 yet has s direct a be>+ on ! manur+ ( ! crops t ,i w take x up at ?is place4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( t di/+ui%$ *emi/1 ,pr(4 ,voelck] ( ,engl&1 ?an :om !re is no bett] au?ority1 has ?r[n mu* light on ! "q ( manure 9 its application to ?is crop4 ,! ,pr(essor takes ! position t ! nutriti\s value ( roots is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( dry matt] 9 !m1 & t ! p]c5tage ( sug> pres5t co9cides ) t ( dry matt]1 ! proportion ( sug> ris+ or fall+ ) ! p]c5tage ( dry matt] 9 ! roots4 ,t ! fe$+ value does n dep5d on ! proportion ( nitrog5 !y conta91 is prov$ !oretically1 by ! fact t ! p]c5tage is v mu* high] 9 ! e>ly /ages ( gr[?1 be=e ! crop is matur$1 ?an x is lat] 9 ! season1 :ile 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,lawes 9 fe$+ %eep1 ! lot conta9+ ! mo/ nitrog5 9 ! way ( nutrition gave ! poore/ results4 ,assum+ ) ,pr(4 ,voelck] t bulk %\ld n be s\ght at a disproportionate sacrifice ( sug> 9 ! crop1 & t c]ta9 soils & c]ta9 manures & c]ta9 me?ods ( cultivation are m favorable ?an o!rs to ! developm5t ( ?is desirable proportion4 ,i pres5t extracts f 8 valuable article on 8,root ,crops z affect$ by ,soil & ,manures40 8,l& highly manur$ ) ri* dung f ! fatt5+ boxes or /ables1 induces luxuri\s & vigor\s gr[? 9 root crops1 &1 z is well kn[n1 has a t5d5cy to develop ov]-luxuriance 9 ! tops4 ,?is is ! case m p>ticul>ly if ! dung is d]iv$ f fatt5+ bea/s1 lib]ally suppli$ ) oil-cake & artificial food1 ri* 9 nitrog5\s con/itu5ts4 ,if ! ,autumn turns out fairly dry & w>m1 ! roots 9 highly manur$ l& cont9ue to gr[ vigor\sly1 ! bulbs swell to a l>ge dim5sion1 & if ! wea!r 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] cont9ues w>m & dry1 a heavy weight1 & fairly ripe roots1 result f ! lib]al use ( ri* dung4 ,b %\ld ! ,autumn be cold & wet1 too lib]al application ( good1 well-rott5 dung is apt to ma9ta9 ! luxuriant tops 9 a vigor\s1 active-gr[+ condition1 at a p]iod ( ! ye> :5 ! crop has to be tak5 up1 & ! result is an immature root crop1 ( a l[ fe$+ value4 ,al?\gh ! bulbs may be ( a good size1 !y turn out1 :5 gr[n "u su* conditions1 wat]y1 defici5t 9 sug>1 & n ne>ly z nutriti\s z !y w\ld h be5 _h a m mod]ate dress+ ( dung be5 put ^u ! l&4 ,! ma9 cause ( ! immature condition & l[-fe$+ quality ( ,mangolds gr[n ) an excessive quantity ( ri* dung is ! comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( ammonial & nitrog5\s con/itu5ts 9 ! dung2 = num]\s field exp]im5ts h %[n t ! peculi> t5d5cy ( ammonia salts1 & ( readily available nitrog5\s sub/ances is to induce luxuriant leaf-developm5t & vigor\s & prolong$ gr[?1 :i* results frequ5tly 9 a m or less immature condition ( ! roots4 ,!re is ?us dang] ( ov]-manur+ crops2 & ! desire to produce heavy crops ( ,mangolds n unfrequ5tly leads practical m5 n to appreciate suffici5tly ?is dang]4 ,x is q true ,mangolds are v gre$y fe$]s1 & no d\bt "s soils w swall[ up almo/ any am\nt ( dung2 b at ! same "t x has to be borne 9 m9d t all l& is n alike1 & t !re are _m naturally ri* clay loams conta9+ imm5se /ores ( plant food :i* requires only to be br\ght into play by good cultivation 9 ord] to become available to plants4 ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?9k t x is a mi/ake to manure soils ( ! latt] description too lib]ally ) dung1 ev5 = ,mangolds1 & t 9 _m cases a m economical result1 & c]ta9ly a bett] quality ( ,mangolds1 al?\gh n s heavy a crop1 w\ld be giv51 if in/ead ( all ! enorm\s dress+s ( dung :i* are (t5 appli$ to t crop1 ! l&s 7 manur$ 9 ,autumn ) only half ! quantity ( dung1 & ! se$ drill$ 9 ) ?ree to f\r cwt4 ( sup]phosphate or dissolv$ bones1 :i* manures1 z we %all see pres5tly h a t5d5cy to produce e>ly maturity 9 roots4 ,we frequ5tly he> ( compla9ts t ,mangolds sc\r1 or d n keep well4 ,compla9ts ( ?is k9d are only expressions 9 o!r words = ! immature condition ( ! roots1 & 9 _m cases ! cause ( ?is undesirable condition has to be s\ght 9 ! excessive am\nt ( ammonial or nitrog5\s con/itu5ts :i* are appli$ to ! ,mangolds 9 ! %ape ( heavy dress+s ( dung4 ,! same rem>ks apply ) equal =ce to ! exclusive & to abundant use ( sulphate ( ammonia1 nitrate ( soda1 & nitrog5\s manures 9 g5]al4 ,! special effect ( all ammonial & nitrog5\s manures 9 g5]al1 z already /at$1 is to produce luxuriant leaf developm5t1 to induce prolong$ & vigor\s gr[?1 result+ 9 an immature & wat]y condition ( ! bulbs4 8,l>ge roots1 g5]ally speak+1 are f> less nutriti\s ?an bett] matur$ roots ( a mod]ate size4 ,= illu/ration ( ?is fact ,i quote ! foll[+ comp>ative analyses3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,wat]4 ,nitrog5\s ,con/itu5ts4 ,sug>1 ,pect9e1 c4 ,crude ,fibre4 ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,mangolds #i lbs4 #ia4he #a4cd #b4hf #b4ed #a4da 8 #g lbs4 #hi4dh #a4bd #c4ie #d4ea 4#hb 8 #d lbs4 #hi4gg #j4gc #g4fh 4#hi 4#ic 8 #a to #b lbs4 #hf4ij #j4fa #aj4ea #a4jg 4#ia ---------------------------------------- -------------- 8,small ,mangolds approa* ,sug> ,beets 9 composition1 :il/ l>ge ,sug> ,beets are h>dly bett] ?an common ,mangolds1 & mon/] beets are ev5 less nutriti\s ?an well-matur$ ,mangolds ( fair av]age size4 ,mon/] roots1 z is well kn[n1 are always v wat]y1 poor 9 sug>1 & almo/ useless = fe$+ purposes4 8,big ,b]k%ire beets1--"o weigh+ #af p\nds & ! o!r #ab p\nds1--conta9$ only #c4hi or #d p] c5t4 ( sug> respectively1 & 9 r\nd numb]s z mu* z #ia p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,?is high p]c5tage ( wat] is accompani$ by a l>g] am\nt ( album9\s comp\nds & ( m9]al matt]1 ?an ! proportions 9 roots1 conta9+ v mu* m solid fe$+ matt]4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( album9\s matt] & ( a%1 inde$ indicates immaturity & pov]ty 9 sug>1 a *>act]i/ic ( big1 excessively manur$ roots4 8,g5]ally speak+1 all nitrog5\s manure1 ei!r %\ld n be us$ at all1 or only sp>+ly1 = roots1 on /iffi% l&1 & all soils :i* conta9 a good deal ( clay1 are naturally cold & unfavorable to a vigor\s & rapid gr[?4 ,light l&1 l mo/ productive s&y soils & friable turnip loams1 favors ! quick & vigor\s gr[? ( roots1 & is conducive to e>ly maturity4 8,nitrate ( soda has ! same g5]al effect ^u root crops z nitrog5\s manures1 b x appe>s to be m en]getic 9 its action1 &1 on ! :ole1 to be a useful addition to home manures1 & to increase ! produce 9 roots m consid]ably ?an sulphate ( ammonia4 ,its effect is specially m>k$ ^u ,mangolds1 &1 to my k1 heavy crops ( ,mangolds h be5 produc$ ^u r light l& by #a #a-b cwt4 ( ,nitrate ( ,soda1 two cwt4 ( common salt1 s[n broadca/1 & f\r cwt4 ( dissolv$ bones drill$ 9 ) ! se$4 8,pota% salts 9 "s field exp]im5ts :i* ,i h tri$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 h %[n t ,pota% has a decid$ly b5eficial effect ^u root crops1 on poor1 s&y soils2 :ile on ! majority ( l&1 & notably ^u clays or clay loams1 or soils 9 a good agricultural condition1 ,salts ( ,pota% d n increase ! produce4 ,! special effect ( sup]phosphates1 dissolv$ bones & simil> phosphatic manures1 is to produce e>ly maturity2 & h5ce phosphatic manures are employ$ 9 practice v l>gely1 & ) mu* b5efit1 by root gr[]s4 ,9 free-gr[+1 light soils1 x is desirable ei!r to use dissolv$ bones 9 addition to half dress+ ( f>m-y>d manure1 z a manure = roots1 or to spread broadca/ #b or #c cwt4 ( salt1 or #b cwt4 ( guano & #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda & #b cwt4 ( common salt1 & to drill ) ! se$ #c to #d cwt4 ( dissolv$ bones4 ,on ! heavi] description ( soils x is pref]able to use m9]al sup]phosphate = roots1 especially if ! l& has be5 dress$ 9 ,autumn ) a mod]ate quantity ( dung40 ,,salt ,,z ,,an ,,auxili>y ,,manure4 ,x w be se5 by ! table ( analysis ( roots1 t ! ,mangold has 9 x a rem>kably l>ge p]c5tage ( ,*lor9e & ,soda1 ! roots yield+ respectively #i4i & #ah4d1 :ile ! tops give1 #ag4h & #bc4c4 ,salt be+ a comb9ation ( ,*lor9e & ,soda1 kn[n to *emi/s z ,*loride ( ,sodium1 mu/ !re=e be a valuable auxili>y manure = ,mangolds1 t is1 "o to be us$ 9 connection ) o!r manures4 ,practice proves :at *emi/ry indicates4 ,pr(4 ,voelck] tells u t 8salt t5ds to *eck ov]-luxuriance 9 ! tops1 :ile x prolongs ! p]iod ( active gr[?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is specific action x may be employ$ ) b5efit z an auxili>y manure ^u light l&1 9 quantities n great] ?an five bu%els to ! acre40 ,mr4 ,lewes1 ( ,new ,york1 believes t by scatt]+ ov] ! surface1 :5 ! ,mangolds develop ! f\r? leaf1 f\r or five bu%els ( ! refuse ( ! ,syracuse salt works1 :i* is ab\t equal p>ts ( salt & pla/]1 he has increas$ 8 crop t5 tons to ! acre4 ,mr4 ,lewes f9ds t salt t5ds to prev5t a disease :i* sometimes attacks ! leaves1 kn[n z 8ru/40 ,he /ates t x c be obta9$ at ! works = ab\t #c4ej p] ton4 ,pr(4 ,voelck] believes x w\ld be injuri\s r ?an b5eficial on heavy l&4 ,! quantity to be appli$ to ! acre z giv5 by practical gr[]s1 v>ies f f\r to tw5ty-five bu%els4 ,! effect is n always ! same2 "o season ! increase may be v /rik+ & ! next1 "u ! same application1 n be p]ceptible1 ! cause ( :i* is n v cle>1 ?\gh x appe>s to give bett] results 9 dry seasons ?an 9 wet4 ,! mo/ /rik+ effect f ! application ( l>ge quantities1 9 my exp]i5ce1 has be5 on ! bord]s ( mead[ l&4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ,i manur$ 9 ! furr[ ) refuse h]r+ bait1 salt & all1 j z tak5 f ! fi% b>rels4 ,! crop ( ,mangolds gr[n f ?is manur+ 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ & smoo!/ ,i ev] rais$4 ,! next season ! l& 0 plant$ to ,oats4 ,9 ! ,fall1 :ile lay+ a heap ( ?is oat /raw 9 ! b>n1 ,i *anc$ to use "o z a too?-pick4 ,x ta/$ z ?\gh x _h be5 pickl$2 ?9k+ x 0 ! result ( "s accid5t1 ,i took ano!r2 t also 0 salt4 ,?is ar\s$ my curiosity & on exam9ation ,i f\nd f>!r1 to my great surprise1 t all ! /raw ta/$ z ?\gh x _h be5 dipp$ 9 pretty /rong br9e4 ,c]ta9ly ?is trem5d\s salt+1 ov] & above :at ! crop ( ,mangolds c\ld use1 to all appe>ance1 _h n less5$ ! bulk ( roots4 ,on mead[ l&1 ,mr4 ,w>e ( ?is t[n1 ?9ks t 9 a dry season he d\bl$ 8 crop by ! application ( refuse salt1 at ! rate ( tw5ty-five bu%els to ! acre4 ,9 pur*as+ wa/e salt = ?is or any o!r agricultural crop1 x is be/ to get ! dirtie/ lot possible1 = ?is dirt is ! wa/e ( ! fi% on :i* x has be5 us$1 & consi/s mo/ly ( fi% scales1 :i* = manur+ purposes is decid$ly ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! fi%4 ,= ?is reason ! wa/e f salt$ h]r+ is probably ! mo/ valuable ( all4 ,,plant+ ,,! ,,se$ ,,& ,,t5d+ ,,! ,,crop4 ,our gr\nd be+ n[ ready ! next /ep is to plant x3 ,h[ mu* se$ %all we ne$ & h[ f> ap>t %all we h ! r[s8 ,! v be/ ( se$ is (t5 disappo9t+ 9 ! matt] ( vegetat+1 & x is !re=e be/ to plant ) a lib]al h&1 = x is bett] to h to ?9 out ?an n h plants en\gh4 ,f six to t5 p\nds ( se$ is ! quantity us$1 ! l>g] quality :5 plant$ = sug> purposes1 ! object 9 view be+ to get an ev5 /& ) all ! roots ! same di/ance ap>t1 to atta9 :i* a great deal ( ?9n+ is necess>y4 ,z to ! prop] di/ance betwe5 ! r[s1 practical gr[]s w give v>i\s replies2--#ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd1 #cj in*es4 ,! ?irty in* m5 are ^? :o expect to dep5d on ! cultivator to d ab\t all _! we$+4 ,t ! crop does n require s mu* room to yield ! greate/ bulk1 is %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( o!r cultivators1 :o h rais$ f =ty to ov] sixty tons to ! acre1 ) _! r[s f eighte5 to tw5ty-two in*es ap>t1 :ile ! greate/1 crop on record1 viz43--( ov] eighty tons to ! acre1 0 rais$ ) ! r[s tw5ty-f\r in*es ap>t4 ,plant+ on ridges is (t5 advis$1 b z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 ^? :o beg9 ?is way g5]ally *ange to ! sy/em ( level culture z !y advance 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! only advantages ,i h f\nd 9 ! sy/em ( ridge cultivation h be5 t ! ,mangolds appe> to gr[ ) few] roots1 & are r m easily we$$4 ,^! advantages 9 practice are m ?an (f-set by ! extra labor ( mak+ ! ridges & prep>+ !m = plant+4 ,mangold se$ is apt to come up badly4 ,9 ,france1 :]e l& is cut up into small areas & labor is *eap1 "o w\ld expect to f9d z little wa/e z possible1 b :ile travell+ !re ,i not$ 9 _! fields t ! ,mangolds 7 q scatt]+4 ,mangold se$1 l ^? ( beets1 are enclos$ 9 a por\s %ell :i* itself is usually call$ ! se$4 ,by crack+ ^! 8se$s0 ! real se$ w be f\nd )91 at ! angles1 f "o to f\r 9 numb]1 & :5 brok51 if fre%1 appe> z :ite z fl\r4 ,"o reason :y a portion ( ! se$ fails to vegetate1 is1 ,i inf]1 f ! quantity ( moi/ure necess>y to rea* & swell ! encas$ se$4 ,= ?is reason1 if plant$ dur+ dry spells1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to get !m d[n to a good dep?1 say an in* & a half deep1 & !n to pack ! f9e e>? closely ov] !m s t x may hold ! moi/ure4 ,any ma*9e1 !re=e1 t is us$ = plant+ %\ld h a good roll]4 ,to facilitate & ha/5 ! vegetation1 "s cultivators practice soak+ ! se$1 by p\r+ on wat] :5 almo/ at a scald+ temp]ature1 & lett+ ! se$ rema9 9 x f ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs1 be+ c>eful to keep x :]e ! wat] w n fall bel[ blood heat1 !n roll+ pla/] or dry soil1 until x is suffici5tly dry to drop readily f ! ma*9e4 ,"s pref] to plant by h&1 believ+ t ! great] c]ta9ty ( gett+ ! se$ up & ! great] regul>ity ( ! plants 9 ! r[ is m ?an an (f-set to ! additional labor4 ,9 do+ ?is "s gr[]s w drop ! se$ on ! surface by ! ma*9e1 & !n foll[ & pu% !m "u to ! dep? requisite1 ) ! ?umb & f+]2 o!rs use a /rip ( plank ab\t f\r in*es wide & ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 on ! "u side ( :i* are ins]t$ wood5 p9s1 e sev5 in*es1 ! p9s be+ "o & a qu>t] in*es 9 diamet] & project+ two in*es4 ,! holes hav+ be5 made1 ! se$ are dropp$ 91 & cov]$ by ! h&4 ,:]e blanks are f\nd !y may be pr(itably fill$ by transplant+ ! "y ,mangolds1 c>e be+ tak5 to break (f ! tops ( ! l>g] leaves1 & also to loos5 ! gr\nd a little :5 plant+ !m4 ,if a "t j aft] a %[] is select$1 ! result w be v satisfactory4 ,! transplant$ roots :5 ga!r$ 9 ! ,fall w usually be f\nd ) sev]al small roots 9 place ( a s+le tap root4 ,all root crops require prompt & ?or\gh att5tion 9 ! matt] ( we$+1 & to less5 ?is co/ly dep>tm5t ( labor !y %\ld n be rais$ on l& ab\nd+ 9 ! se$ ( we$s4 ,mangolds w require two or ?ree h& we$+s1 besides z _m slid+s ) ! scuffle or :eelhoe4 ,if too ?ick !y %\ld be ?9n$ r e>ly 9 _! gr[?1 = ,i h (t5times notic$ t if ?is is left until ! roots beg9 to develop1 ^? left /&+ are apt to be dw>f$4 ,x is be/ to give two ?9n+s4 ,! plants %\ld be left f t5 to twelve in*es ap>t2 ! crop ( eighty tons 0 ?9n$ to twelve in*es ap>t & z ! roots are m apt to gr[ co>se & prongy1 & ) less sug> 9 !m1 :5 f> ap>t1 ,i am incl9$ to t5 or twelve in*es z f> en\gh4 ,! object aim$ at %\ld be1 z ,pr(4 ,voelck] has %[n1 to get ! weight 9 _m roots ( m$ium size r ?an 9 few] roots ( l>ge size4 ,,ga!r+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,! ,,crop4 ,unlike o!r roots1 ! keep+ qualities ( ,mangolds are de/roy$ by a temp]ature l[ en\gh to b little m ?an freeze ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! late ,fall :5 ! gr[? is ab\t complet$1 ^! mu* expos$ roots h b few leaves to protect !m & h5ce1 :]e freez+ wea!r is fe>$1 ! provid5t f>m] w always give !m ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,if he is s un=tunate z to h 8 crop injur$1 let him at once get ! mo/ he c out ( !m1 9 ! way ( food1 = ?\gh ! injury at fir/ may appe> to be b trivial1 ! "p froz5 w become fir/ corky & aft]w>ds turn black1 & ultimately rot4 ,if b slightly froz5 ! fro/ may be tak5 out by at once cov]+ ! roots tempor>ily ) e>?1 b su* roots mu/ be f$ e>ly or !y w rot4 ,:]e ! globe or ovoid v>ieties are gr[n1 on l& :]e !y pull h>d !y may be lift$ by runn+ a subsoil pl\gh ) c>e4 ,9 pull+ ^!1 or any roots t are to be topp$ on ! field1 don't d1 z is usually done1 ei!r scatt] !m on ! surface1 )\t any sy/em1 or ?r[ !m into heaps1 z 9 ei!r way ! co/ ( remov+ ! tops is increas$4 ,if ?r[n 9 piles ! tops become m or less int]m+l$1 & ! small am\nt ( extra labor !reby caus$ 9 topp+ ea* individual root becomes great 9 ! aggregate1 :5 ?\s&s are h&l$4 ,/ill x (t5times happ5s t ! wea!r takes a sudd51 unexpect$ turn1 ?reat5+ too l[ a temp]ature = ! safety ( ! crop2 "u su* circum/ances ! "q is h[ to get x out ( dang] 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s way possible4 ,! quicke/ way is to pull & ?r[ into heaps1 roots 91 tops out1 by :i* arrangem5t1 %\ld !re be consid]able ( a freeze up1 ! tops w\ld %ield ! roots4 ,to protect !m /ill m effectually e>? may be %ovell$ ov] ! heaps1 s z b>ely to cov] !m1 & :5 protect$ 9 ?is way !y may be all[$ to rema9 q a:ile await+ ! leisure ( ! f>m]4 ,"h let me say t ?is plan ( protection w n answ] = all crops1 z ,i h le>nt ) ,cabbages1 to my sorr[1 = :5 cov]$ up ?is way1 b = a few days1 :5 tak5 out !y w be f\nd to be almo/ cook$ by ! great heat :i* !y h develop$4 ,9 ga!r+ all roots ! great object is to h z few h&l+s z possible1 h5ce1 if ! tops are n twi/$ (f z ! ,mangolds are pull$1 !y %\ld be laid 9 r[s1 tops 9 & roots out1 f\r or m r[s be+ put 9 "o4 ,x w be be/ to h two h&s "w toge!r1 & s make two ( ^! r[s1 leav+ a small passage-way betwe5 !m1 ! roots be+ on ! inside4 ,n[ let ! topp] foll[ ) a l>ge & %>p knife1 & lop (f ! leaves to 8 "r & left z he goes1 be+ c>eful to s top ! roots t ea* individual leaf w fall sep>ately1 :i* means t he is n to cut ! top ( ! root itself1 = unlike ,c>rots1 ,mangolds s cut are apt to decay :5 /or$4 ,= economical "w ! knife %\ld be a l>ge & some:at heavy "o1 ! blade eight or n9e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a small grit /one = ! use ( ! h&s engag$ 9 topp+ any k9d ( roots is always a good inve/m5t2 is saves runn+ to ! b>n = an occasional t\* on ! gr9d/one4 ,if ! roots are to be m>ket$ !y w ne$ to be left to h ! e>? on !m dry1 t x may fall (f :5 load+1 b if = use on ! f>m x w be r ( an advantage1 z x w help keep !m f wilt+4 ,! portion ( ! crop to be f$ be=e ,spr+ %\ld be /or$ z ne> to ! place ( fe$+ z possible4 ,! great object %\ld be to keep !m suffici5tly cov]$ & cool to prev5t wilt+4 ,z all ! beet family are good keep]s1 !re ne$ be b a small p] c5t4 ( loss4 ,/ore !m 9 a cool1 r moi/ cell>1 provid$ x has no /&+ wat]4 ,! heap may be ?ree or f\r feet 9 dep?1 & %\ld be cov]$ ) e>? t is r moi/ ?an o!rwise1 to prev5t evaporation4 ,! long v>ieties may be pil$ cordwood fa%ion4 ,^? to be f$ aft] ,spr+ op5s c be kept 9 a pit1 dug 9 gravelly soil1 on a hill-side1 or :]e !re is no dang] f /&+ wat]2 ! pit may be ?ree or f\r feet 9 dep?1 & be fill$ to ! surface4 ,9 cov]+ !re are two me?ods3 "o1 to ?r[ ! e>? directly on ! roots1 & ! o!r to fir/ cov] !m ) corn/alks1 or "s dry1 co>se litt] be=e ?r[+ on ! e>?4 ,9 practice ,i f9d t :5 ! litt] is us$ ! roots 9 imm$iate contract ) x are apt to m\ld1 m or less1 & be affect$ ) a dry rot1 ?\gh x is an excell5t plan to ?r[ ov] co>se litt] up to sev]e freez+ wea!r4 ,:i* ev] c\rse is pursu$ x is be/ n to ?r[ on m at fir/ ?an is suffici5t to b>ely cov] !m1 & to add ! rema9d]1 mak+ a cov]+ ( ab\t two feet 9 dep? 9 all2 to :i* is to be add$ a foot ( co>se hay z ! wea!r becomes cold4 ,! process ( ?at*+ ) /raw & s pil+ t !re %all be a ro(-l slant to ! heap1 ) furnace-l v5tilators op5+ f x at int]vals1 ,i h nev] f\nd necess>y 9 actual practice1 ! elevation ( ! e>? above ! b$ be+ a suffici5t wat] %$1 :ile ! cold nature ( ! root prev5ts heat+4 ,rats are ! great enemies ( root pits4 ,i h _h gall]ies cut by ^! v]m9 ?r\gh a b$ ( roots1 utt]ly de/roy+ !m = se$ purposes4 ,! be/ way ( kill+ !m 9 my exp]i5ce1 has be5 to drop a little ars5ic on butt]$ bread & put x conv5i5tly ne> _! holes1 b s f> hidd5 t no neighbor's dog w\ld be likely to suff] by x4 ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,crop4 ,besides argum5ts :i* are ( weight = cultivation ( all k9d ( roots1 !re are special ones = ! rais+ ( ,mangolds4 ,! va/ bulk ( yield exce$s t ( any annual crop z high z eighty tons ( roots hav+ be5 rais$ to ! acre on ! sew]age f>ms ( ,engl& & :5 to ?is is add$ ! weight ( leaves t su* a crop w\ld c>ry1 x w be safe to say t a hundr$ tons h be5 giv5 to ! acre4 ,tak5 z a :ole ! ,mangold has less enemies & is less apt to fail ?an any o!r root4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,turnip family1 x has sev]al m>k$ advantages1 be+ m reliable 9 dry seasons & less liable to disease2 & 9 fle%-=m+ heat-giv+ & fat-produc+ elem5ts x surpasses x4 ,:ile ! ,turnip family _c be rais$ repeat$ly on ! same l&1 inde$ on mo/ soil c be rais$ only int]vals ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ,mangolds c be rais$ _m ye>s 9 succession1 z ,mr4 ,me*i1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% agriculturi/1 has prov$ by rais+ sixty tons p] annum on ! same tract ( l& ( six acres area1 = six successive ye>s4 ,!y w keep long] 9 good condition ?an any o!r root1 "u favorable circum/ances ev5 z late z ,july4 ,exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ /e]s made ) c>e1 prov$ t :ile a ton ( ,mangolds increas$ _! weight sixty-five p\nds1 a ton ( ,sw$e increas$ _! weight b =ty-eight p\nds1 equal quantities ( hay hav+ be5 f$ 9 ea* exp]im5t4 ,o!r exp]im5ts h e/abli%$ ab\t ! same proportionate value betwe5 ^! two roots1 ?\gh ! g5]al result 0 n z favorable4 ,mangolds1 l fruit1 und]go a rip5+ *ange aft] !y are ga!r$1 & until ?is is effect$ !y are n 9 ! be/ condition = fe$+4 ,! rip5+ process = ! mo/ "p consi/s 9 a *ange ( />* into sug>1 & makes ! ,mangolds bo? m heal?ful & m nutriti\s food4 ,be=e ?is *ange is effect$ !y are apt to sc\r /ock if f$ to any degree lib]ally4 ,! "t :5 ?is *emical *ange takes place w dep5d on ! degree ( rip5ess ( ! crop :5 /or$2 & ?is1 z has be5 cle>ly %[n1 is affect$ by bo? ! soil on :i* !y grew & ! manure ) :i* !y 7 f$2 o!r conditions equal1 ^? gr[n on upl& rip5 e>li] ?an ^? on l[l&1 :ile rank manures t5d to prolong ! p]iod ( gr[? & crops s gr[n come into condition = fe$+ lat] 9 ! season4 ,9 ,engl&1 a common practice is to beg9 fe$+ ! ,mangolds at ,*ri/mas1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry ! middle ( ,janu>y is consid]$ e>ly en\gh4 ,exp]im5ts c>efully made h prov$ t :5 f$ to fatt5+ animals !y %\ld foll[ & n prec$e ,turnips4 ,x is a good rule 9 fe$+ ?is z ) o!r roots or tub]s1 to beg9 ) a small quantity & gradually increase ! am\nt up to ! limit :i* ! appetite ( ! c[1 h] g5]al heal? & ! tale ( ! milk pail indicate4 ,e f>m] :o fe$s a dairy ne$s a root cutt]4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! 9 ! m>ket1 "s design$ = %eep only1 :i* cut ! roots into small pieces1 o!rs = neat cattle1 :ile "s manufactur$ by our ,canada neighbors c be arrang$ to cut = ei!r class ( /ock4 ,z good a "o z ,i "k ( = /ock purposes1 *eapness1 durability & effectiv5ess comb9$1 is "o sometimes kn[n z ! ,ames ma*9e ( :i* ,i pres5t an engrav+4 ,?is ma*9e is capable ( cutt+ ab\t two bu%els a m9ute4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& h %[n t #ei p\nds ( cook$ ,mangolds are equal to #gj ( uncook$4 ,leaves ( ,mangolds %\ld be f$ ) c>e z !y are m apt to sc\r ?an ^? ( any o!r root4 ,! reason ( ?is is t !y conta9 comp>atively a l>ge quantity ( a poison\s acid kn[n by *emi/s z 8oxalic0 acid1 ! same t is develop$ 9 ,rhub>b leaves1 :5 slightly wilt$1 & :i* sometimes causes dea? :5 su* leaves are eat5 z 8gre5s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,ames ,,cutt]4 ,! practice sometimes foll[$ 9 ,europe1 ( fe$+ ! leaves ( ! gr[+ crop1 :]e labor is v *eap1 is ?\ght to pay1 z ! leaves are ga!r$ j z !y beg9 to drop f _! upright position & :5 _! usefulness z n\ri%]s ( ! root h end$4 ,b ) labor z *eap z may be1 !re is no economy 9 ?is1 =1 aside f ! delet]i\s effects to animals1 :5 f$ too lib]ally1 by actual exp]im5t x has be5 f\nd t ! we> & te> to ! crop1 incid5tal to ! pluck+ ( ^! leaves by an av]age f>m h&1 injures x m ?an ! value ( ! leaves aft] !y are ga!r$4 ,7 x n = ! enorm\s bulk t an acre w produce 9 roots :5 comp>$ ) its yield 9 hay or gra91 !re w\ld be a s]i\s argum5t aga9/ ! gr[+ ( !m to any ext5t beyond :at might be ne$$ = m$ic9al purposes1 9 ! fact t ! manure made f !m is ( s l[ a value2 & ! practical weight ( ?is argum5t w\ld gr[ 9 proportion z f>m]s acquire a k ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5t ( f>m+4 ,to mo/ f>m]s a cord or load ( manure ( c[ or horse1 is a cord or load ( equal value2 n[ ?is is f>1 v f> f be+ ! fact1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ table :i* ,i take f ! ,sci5tific ,f>m]1 compil$ by ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,lewes1 :o1 by 8 c>eful exp]im5ts1 has laid ! agricultural _w "u la/+ obligation4 ,9 ?is table a ton ( ,engli% hay is tak5 z ! /&>d & 7 all ! manure sav$1 bo? solid & liquid1 f a ton ( ea* ( ^! v>ieties ( food1 ! +r$i5ts at ! m>ket value ( ! ,ammonia1 ,pota% & ,phosphoric ,acid w\ld be wor? z foll[s3-- ,hay1 #aj4jj ,clov] ,hay1 #ae4jj ,oat ,/raw1 #d4ej ,:eat ,/raw1 #d4af ,b>ley ,/raw1 #c4ej ,decorticat$ ,cotton ,se$ ,cake1 #dc4cc ,l9se$ ,cake1 #cj4ff ,malt ,du/1 #bh4cc ,malt1 #aj4ej ,oats1 #aa4ej ,:eat1 #aa4jj ,indian ,corn1 #aj4ej ,b>ley1 #i4hc ,potatoes1 #b4cc ,mangolds1 #a4ff ,sw$es1 #a4da ,turnips1 7common17 #a4cc ,c>rots1 #a4cc ,?is table is v sugge/ive 9 _m ways3--by x we see t !re are v>ieties ( food1 ! manure f :i* is wor? m ?an ! co/ ( ! food itself4 ,9 its application to ! fe$+ ( ,mangolds1 x at a glance sugge/s ! wisdom ( fe$+ at ! same "t a portion ( some?+ ri*] & m conc5trat$4 ,by s do+ ! quality ( ! manure is va/ly improv$ & ! crops w n be sl[ to discov] x4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason = fe$+ ^! ri* foods :ile us+ roots2 x enables ! f>m] to fe$ ) pr(it 8 /raw or inf]ior v>ieties ( hay4 ,says ,pr(4 ,/ockh>dt1 8,! full b5efit to animals d]ivable f fe$+ roots is secur$ only :5 ! prop] proportion ( sub/ances ri* 9 nitrog5 are f$ ) !m2 accord+ly1 ab\t two p\nds ( oil-cake %\ld be f$ ) ea* hundr$ p\nds ( beet root1 or o!r foods may be sub/itut$ 9 ! same proportion z !y are ri* 9 nitrog540 ,rec5t rese>*es h det]m9$ a fact ( great value to agriculture3 t to get ! mo/ pr(itable results f food ! ,album9oid & ,c>bohydrate elem5ts %\ld be> a c]ta9 proportion to ea* o!r1 & t :ile a decrease 9 ei!r ( !m f ?is prop] proportion means insuffici5t food1 & a consequ5t loss ( fle%1 fat or milk1 an excess ( ei!r means money wa/$4 ,! proportion = c[s t are dry & ox5 :5 n at "w is ab\t "o ( ,album9oids to eight ( ,c>bohydrates2 = ox5 at "w & c[s 9 milk1 "o ( ,album9oids to f f\r to six ( ,c>bohydrates4 ,! foll[+ table tak5 f ,pr(4 ,johnson's excell5t "w1 8,h[ ,crops ,gr[10 gives ! proportion ( ! ,album9oids1 ,c>bohydrates & o!r elem5ts 9 roots & tub]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,wat]4 ,organic ,matt]4 ,a%4 ,album9oids4 ,c>bohydrates4 ,crude ,fibre4 ,fat1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,roots ,,& ,,tub]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,potato4 #ie4jbd4aj4ib4jba4ja4aj4c ,,j]usalem ,,arti*oke4 #hj4jah4ia4ab4jae4fa4cj4e ,,kohl-,,rabi4 #hc4jaj4ha4bb4c #g4ca4bj4b ,,field ,,beets 7#c lbs4 weight74#hh4jaa4aj4ia4a #i4aj4ij4a ,,sug> ,,beets 7#a to #b lbs474 #ha4eag4gj4ha4jae4da4cj4a ,,ruta ,,bagas 7ab\t #c lbs474 #hg4jab4ja4ja4f #i4ca4aj4a ,,c>rot 7ab\t lb474 #he4jad4ja4ja4eaj4ha4gj4b ,,giant ,,c>rot 7#a to #b lbs474 #hg4jab4bj4ha4b #i4ha4bj4b ,,turnips4 #ib4j #g4bj4ha4a #e4aa4jj4a ,,p>snip4 #hh4caa4jj4ga4f #h4da4jj4b ,,pumpk94 #id4e #d4ea4ja4c #b4ha4jj4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,to give ! tables necess>y to develop ?is int]e/+ subject to its full capacity1 w\ld be altoge!r beyond ! scope ( my little treatise4 ,i w ref] my read]s to ! app5dix ( t excell5t "w by ,pr(4 ,johnson1 8,h[ ,crops ,gr[40 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,! ,,crop4 ,an av]age crop ( ,mangolds may be set d[n at #bb tons4 ,to gr[ ?is crop w\ld co/ ! f>m] :o dep5ds on b>n manure ma9ly1 ab\t z foll[s3-- ,,debtor4 ,pl\gh+ twice1 h>r[+ & dragg+1 #i4jj ,se$1 #aj lbs41 #c4ej ,plant+1 #a4jj ,slid+1 we$+ & ?9n+ crop1 #af4jj ,ga!r+1 topp+ & /or+1 #ab4jj ,manure1 & h&l+ ( #g cords1 #ch4jj ,refuse salt1 #af bu%els1 at #a4be p] hog%ead1 #b4ej ,int]e/1 taxes & we> & te> ( implem5ts & teams1 #ae4jj ------ ,total co/1 #ig4jj ,,cr$itor4 ,by crop ( #bb tons roots1 at #h4ej p] ton1 #ahg4jj 8 tops1--#d tons1 at #e4jj1 #bj4jj 8 value ( manure left 9 soil1 #ad4jj ------- #bba4jj ,balance1 #abc4jj ,9 ! above e/imate ,i h assum$ mo/ ( ! labor to be by boys1 :o at h& we$+1 if !y are reliable1 c get ov] ! gr\nd fa/] ?an m54 ,i h made no all[ance = ! co/ ( cutt+ up ! roots :5 fe$+1 z ?is does n belong "u ?is head4 ,%\ld ! l& be old ! item ( we$+ w\ld h to be increas$ "o-half4 ,! salt ,i h pric$ at its co/ along ! sea-coa/4 ,i h e/imat$ ! value ( ! crop at ! av]age value ( sev]al ye>s pa/1 :ile ! manure *>ge is high] ?an x %\ld be :]e f>m]s h access to ! f]tiliz+ wa/es ( great cities4 ,n[1 if in/ead ( be+ cont5t$ ) a crop ( #bb tons to ! acre1 ! f>m] /rives = d\ble t quantity1 he w get x by additional exp5se 9 b two directions1 viz43 8 manure bill & ! co/ ( ga!r+ & /or+4 ,if we n[ d\ble ! co/ ( ea* ( ! latt]1 & cr$it ! results ) d\ble ! crop1 :i* e practical f>m] :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 root culture w all[ is b reasonable1 we %all h ! foll[+ results3-- ,extra co/ ( crop ( #dd tons ov] "o ( #bb3 ,manure1--#g cords1 #ch4jj ,ga!r+1 topp+ & /or+1 #ab4jj ------ #ej4jj ,n[ add+-! cr$it side we %all h = ,extra #bb tons roots1 #ahg4jj ,six tons tops1 #cj4jj ,value ( manure left 9 gr\nd1 #ad4jj ------- #bca4jj ,d$uct extra co/1 #ej4jj ------- ,pr(its cle>$1 #aha4jj ,9 o!r words1 by inve/+ #fh4jj = six mon?s1 we cle> #afc4jj1 :i*1 z any f>m] boy c figure1 is at ! rate ( ab\t five hundr$ p] c5t4 a ye>4 ,mr4 ,fe>+ ( ,h+ham1 ) ! same am\nt ( manure rais$ ov] sixty tons to ! acre1 & ! in/ances are num]\s :]e ov] =ty tons h be5 ! crop :5 ev5 a less quantity has be5 us$4 ,c any f>m] :o has accumulat$ a small surplus ( money d bett] ?an inve/ x 9 manure8 ,!re is altoge!r too mu* money1 = ! prosp]ity ( _! f>m+1 inve/$ by f>m]s 9 ,sav+s ,banks4 ,^! banks pay f f\r p] c5t4 on money1 b "h is an in/ance :]e an inve/m5t made 9 manure pays ov] f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 ,m]*ants don't d s fooli% a ?+ z to put _! e>n+s into ,sav+s ,banks4 ,no2 !y inve/ 9 _! bus9ess & s keep x & its money mak+ capacity "u _! own control2 :5 w f>m]s be z wise & become _! own bank]s8 ,let me rem>k t ! f>m] :o is s wise z to attempt to get ! mo/ f 8 l& w d well to foll[ ,pr(4 ,voelck]'s advice & drill 9 f\r or five hundr$ weight ( dissolv$ bone to ! acre1 9 place ( ! same value 9 /able manure4 ,9 ! above e/imates ( ! value ( ,mangolds we h assum$ t ! f>m] sold 8 crop4 ,n[ x is true ( ?is z ( e o!r crop t ! f>m] c use on 8 premises1 t x is ( m value to him ?an ! g5]al m>ket price indicates4 ,"u ?is head an intellig5t f>m] ( l>ge exp]i5ce writes3-- 8,f exp]im5ts made 9 fe$+ beets1 _! value has be5 made to range f #ac to #bj c5ts p] bu%el1 ) hay at tw5ty doll>s p] ton4 ,an exact e/imate ( ! practical value ( beets = cattle food1 is a difficult matt]1 z x is n[1 & ev] w be1 hid f mortal k54 ,! improv$ condition ( ! c[ 7:5 f$ to c[s dur+ ! w9t]71 h] increas$ usefulness dur+ ! entire season1 h] less5$ liability to sickness & disease :i* high fe$+ ) any "o ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 induces1 h] l5g!n$ lease ( life1 h] evid5t satisfaction & p]fect cont5tm5t1 :i* is s pla9ly manife/$ :ile eat+ h] daily ration ( roots1 are ea* & e "o legitimate items to be tak5 into ! acc\nt 9 e/imat+ ! practical1 ! actual value ( beets z food = dairy /ock4 8,aft] c>efully look+ at ! subject 9 all its be>+s1 s f> z my exp]i5ce has giv5 me opportunity to d s1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t beets = cattle food are well wor? fully z _m c5ts p] bu%el z good hay is wor? doll>s p] ton1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! increase ( ! manure2 & t ! av]age co/1 :5 /or$ 9 ! cell> or put into pits1 ) e item ( exp5se includ$1 ne$ n exce$ eight c5ts p] bu%el40 ,i w close my little treatise by rem>k+ t :ile ,i _c expect to h exhau/$ s prolific a subject1 yet ,i hope & tru/ t x may prove ( value z a guide & a /imulus to "s ( my _m fri5ds 9 ! great community ( f>m]s4 ,,cabbages3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,raise ,,!m4 ,price1 #cj ,c5ts1 by ,mail4 ,,squa%es3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,!m4 ,price1 #cj ,c5ts1 by ,mail4 ,ea* ( ^! treatises is amply illu/rat$ & gives full p>ticul>s on e po9t1 includ+ keep+ & m>ket+ ! crops4 ,,onion ,,rais+4 ,,:at ,,k9ds ,,to ,,raise ,,& ,! ,way to ,raise ,!m4 ,?is "w1 issu$ by me 9 #ahfe1 has be5 recomm5d$ by "s ( ! be/ au?orities 9 ! c\ntry & has gone ?r\gh sixte5 editions4 ,,price ,,by ,,mail1 #cj ,,c5ts4 ,,james ,j4 ,h4 ,,gregory1 ,,m>blehead4 ,,our ,,l>ge ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue ,,( ,,vegetable & ,,fl[] ,,se$s1 ,,s5t ,,free ,,to ,,all ,,applicants4 ,james ,j4 ,h4 ,gregory ,son1 ,,m>blehead1 ,,mass4