,transcrib]'s ,notes ,words1 lett]s & phrases pr9t$ 9 boldface or italics 9 ! s\rce docum5t h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 equal signs & und]scores respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,phrases betwe5 tildes repres5t side notes4 o /&s = a sup]script o4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,man ,,burr[s ,,"u ,,! ,,wat] ,?is is a picture ( a section ( "o ( ! _w's greate/ tunnels1 %[+ h[ man has le>n$ to con/ruct great tubes ( /eel b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] & l&1 9 :i* to run ! swiftly mov+ tra9s :i* c>ry him rapidly f place to place4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,,gives ,,pla9 ,,& ,,simple ,,answ]s ,,to ,,! ,,?\s&s ,,( ,,ev]yday ,,que/ions ,,t ,,are ,,ask$ ,,& ,,:i* ,,all ,,%\ld ,,be ,,able ,,to1 ,,b ,,_c ,,answ] ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,hundr$s ,,( ,,educational ,,pictures ,,:i* ,,/imulate ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,give ,a ,,bird',s ,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,nature & ! ,,wond]s ,,produc$ ,,by ,,man ,edit$ & ,arrang$ by ,,rudolph ,j4 ,,bodm] ,fully ,index$ #aiae ,,presbrey ,,syndicate1 ,,inc4 #def ,f\r? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,copyright1 #aiad ,,by ,,presbrey ,,syndicate1 ,inc4 ,introduction ,no truly great book ne$s an explanation ( its aim & purpose4 ,a great book j gr[s1 z has ?is ,book ( ,wond]s4 ,x began ) ! attempt ( a fa!r to answ] ! natural que/ions ( ! active m9d ( a gr[+ boy4 ,x develop$ into a nightly se>* = pla91 und]/&able answ]s to su* que/ions z 8,:at makes x night80 8,:]e does ! w9d beg980 8,:y is ! sky blue80 8,:y does x hurt :5 ,i cut my f+]80 8,:y doesn't x hurt :5 ,i cut my hair80 8,:y does wood float80 8,:y does iron s9k80 8,:y doesn't an iron %ip s9k80 on ?r\gh ! maze ( ?\s&s ( puzzl+ que/ions :i* occur to ! *ild's m9d4 ,x has gr[n until ! answ]s to ! m]e que/ions cov] practically ! entire range ( e-day k1 & has be5 arrang$ 9 su* a =m t any *ild may n[ f9d ! answ] to 8 own inquiries4 ,z ! m9d ( ! *ild matures1 ! que/ions naturally drift t[>d ! ?+s :i* ! g5ius ( man has provid$ = 8 com=t & pleasure4 ,we h become s accu/om$ to ! use & b5efits ( ^! wond]s produc$ by man t we g5]ally leave out ( our books ! /ories ( our great indu/ries1 & yet ! m9d ( ! *ild wond]s & inquires ab\t !m4 ,we h s long worn clo!s made ( wool or cotton1 t we h =gott5 ! wond] !re is 9 mak+ a bolt ( clo?4 ,e indu/ry has a fasc9at+ /ory equal to t ( ! silkworm1 :i* moves its head sixty-five times a m9ute :ile sp9n+ 8 ?\s& y>ds ( silk4 ,c y tell ,:at happ5s :5 we telephone8 ,h[ a telegram gets !re8 ,:at makes an automobile g8 ,h[ man le>n$ to tell "t8 ,h[ a mov+-picture is made8 ,h[ a cam]a takes a picture8 ,h[ rope is made8 ,h[ ! light gets into ! electric bulb8 ,h[ glass is made8 ,h[ ! music gets into ! piano8 & hundr$s ( o!rs t embrace ! captivat+ tales ( h[ man has made use ( ! wond]s ( nature & turn$ !m to 8 advantage & com=t8 ,! ,book ( ,wond]s does ?is ) illum9at+ pictures :i* /imulate ! m9d & give a bird's-eye view ( ea* subject /ep by /ep4 ,:]e %all su* a book beg98 ,%all x beg9 ) ! ,/ory ( ,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,light a ,fire--he c\ld n cook 8 food1 see at night1 or keep w>m )\t a fire2 or %\ld x beg9 ) ,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,%oot--he c\ld n protect himself aga9/ ! bea/s ( ! =e/1 &1 !re=e1 c\ld n move ab\t1 till ! soil or obta9 food to cook until he knew h[ to %oot or de/roy4 ,:at 0 ! vital ?+ = man to "k be=e he c\ld really become civiliz$8 ,"s means1 ( c\rse1 by :i* ! ?+s he le>n$--! k he _h acquir$--c\ld be h&$ d[n to ^? :o came aft] him s t !y might g on ) ! intellig5ce h&$ d[n to !m4 ,?is requir$ "s means ( record+ 8 k4 ,man _h to le>n to write4 ,)\t writ+ !re c\ld be no ,book ( ,wond]s1 & ! book1 !n1 beg9s naturally ) ! ,/ory ( ,m[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,write4 ,,! ,,editor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,writ+ ,,by ,,mexican ,,indians ,,?\ght ,,to ,,be ,,m ,,?an ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,old4 ,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,write ,x is a long "t betwe5 ! day ( ! cave-dwell]s1 ) _! in/rum5ts ( *ipp$ /one1 & ! pres5t day ( ! p54 ,yet wide ap>t z are ^! po9ts ( "t1 ! tr5d ( developm5t c ) b few ob/acles be trac$4 ,! /ory ( ! p5 is a natural sequ5ce ( ideas betwe5 ! fir/ piece ( rock scrat*$ ^u rock by prehi/oric man1 & ! bit ( metal :i* n[ s smoo?ly records our ?\ghts4 ,!re 0 a "t 9 ! unwritt5 hi/ory ( man :5 necessity prompt$ ! inv5tion ( weapons1 & ! m9ds ( ^! primitive m5 7 conc5trat$ ^u ?is po9t4 ,b ! arts ( w> did n take up _! entire "t2 "s "t mu/ h be5 giv5 to o!r pursuits4 ,z ! m9d develop$1 & z an aid to memory1 we f9d !m c>v+1 engrav+1 incis+ ^u ! rocks _! hi]oglyphics1 :i* took ! =m ( figures ( m51 habitations1 weapons1 & ! animals ( _! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ylus ,h[ ,did ,writ+ ,fir/ ,come ,ab\t8 ,an app>5tly difficult "q to answ]1 s9ce )\t writ+ !re c be no record ( its orig91 & )\t records no facts2 yet ! d$uction is s cle> t ! answ] is simple4 ,some:]e f>1 f> back 9 ! dawn ( ! _w1 back 9 ! beg9n+ ( human hi/ory1 9 ! epo* :i* we h n[ nam$ ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 man liv$ 9 a d5se wild]ness surr\nd$ by ! wilde/ & mo/ f]oci\s bea/s4 ,8 home 0 a cave1 expos$ to ! dang]s incid5tal to t "t & 8 surr\nd+s1 & he 0 ( necessity compell$ to look ab\t = means ( def5se4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d1 he f\nd t by /rik+ "o /one aga9/ ano!r he knock$ (f *ips1 :i* *ips c\ld be us$ z arr[-heads1 spe>s & axes4 ,foll[+ along ^! l9es he discov]$ t by rubb+ "o ( ^! *ips aga9/ ano!r !re 0 left a m>k1 :i* 0 ! fir/ imitation ( writ+2 t ! %>p] ! edge ( ! *ip1 ! deep] 0 ! scrat*1 & consequ5tly ! m di/9ct ! m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>lie/ ,,ways ,,( ,,writ+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,imitation ,,( ,,writ+ ,next x 0 discov]$ t c]ta9 /ones1 su* z fl9t1 s]p5t9e & *alc$ony1 m>k$ m readily ?an o!rs2 t ! elongat$ *ip 0 h&l$ ) m facility2 t by rubb+ "o /one aga9/ ano!r ! f9e/ possible po9ts & edges might be obta9$4 ,?us 9 ! ,age ( ,/one 0 ! long1 tap]+ in/rum5t ( /one1 ! fir/ p51 ! ,/ylus1 orig9at$4 ,!n came ! "t1 kn[n z ! ,bronze ,age1 :5 m5 le>n$ to hamm] metal into %apes1 & metal hav+ _m advantages ov] /one1 ! /ylus ( /one gave way to "o ( iron4 ,s we f9d t 9 ! "t ( ! ,egyptians1 ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 c5turies ,b4,c41 an iron /ylus 0 9 use = m>k+ on soap/one1 lime/one & wax$ surfaces4 ,an improvem5t 9 ?is metal /ylus 0 t ! blunt end 0 convex & smoo?1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to erase & smoo? ov] irregul>ities4 ,9 "s cases x 0 po9t$ ) diamonds1 :i* gave x great] cutt+ prop]ties4 ,! iron /ylus 0 also us$ by ! ,egyptians ( t p]iod1 z well z 9 lat] times1 ) a mallet1 aft] ! mann] ( ! mod]n *isel 7:i* inde$ x resembl$7 = cutt+ out inscriptions on _! monum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bru% ,,writ+ ,,fluids ,,help$ ,,developm5t ,9 c\rse ( "t a m>k+ fluid 0 discov]$1 & ?is made necess>y a writ+ in/rum5t :i* c\ld spread *>act]s on p>*m5t1 tree-b>k1 etc4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t by putt+ toge!r a small bun* ( hairs1 arrang+ !m 9 ! %ape ( an acute cone1 & fa/5+ !m toge!r 9 "s mann]1 an in/rum5t c\ld be made :i* w\ld c>ry fluid 9 its pa?1 & ?us make a m>k ( ! desir$ %ape4 ,! hair be/ adapt$ = ! purpose 0 f\nd to be camel's hair1 :ile t ( ! badg] & sable 0 also us$4 ,a tube cut f a /alk ( grass answ]$ = a hold]4 ,! hairs 7 held toge!r by a piece ( ?read :i* 0 !n drawn ?r\gh ! tube1 ?us mak+ ! fir/ writ+ in/rum5t to be us$ 9 conjunction ) ink1 ! ,bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,*9ese ,,improv$ ,,me?ods ,j :5 ! ,bru% came into exi/5ce is n def9itely kn[n1 b ) ?is in/rum5t ! great ,*9ese philosoph] ,confucius wrote 8 m>vel\s philosophy4 ,! ,bru% z a writ+ in/rum5t is g5]ally associat$ ) ! ,*9ese1 because ! ,*9ese use ?is in/rum5t ev5 to ! pres5t day1 x be+ especially adapt$ to _! lett]s & mode ( writ+4 ,we h n[ a p5 7bru%71 z well z an ink1 b ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! p ( t age wrote1 9 lieu ( pap]1 0 /ill v crude1 p>*m5t & tree-b>k be+ mo/ commonly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,quill ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,=ms ,,( ,,pap] ,j z ! discov]y ( an ink wr\ght a *ange f ! ,/ylus to ! ,bru%1 s ! adv5t ( papyrus1 a pap] made f ! papyrus plant1 :i* 0 mu* f9] & m economical ?an p>*m5t1 br\ght ) x a p5 bett] adapt$ = ?is mat]ial4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ,re$1 or ,calamo1 z x 0 call$1 :i* grew on ! m>%es on ! %ores ( ,egypt1 ,arm5ia & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 if cut into %ort l5g?s & trimm$ d[n to a po9t1 made an admirable p5 = ?is newly discov]$ pap]4 ,?is 0 ! true anci5t repres5tative & precursor ( ! mod]n p54 ,! use ( ! ,re$ c be trac$ to a remote antiquity among ! civiliz$ nations ( ! ,ea/1 :]e ,re$s are 9 use n[ z in/rum5ts = writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,monks ,,did ,,_! ,,writ+ ,! introduction ( a f9] pap] r5d]$ necess>y a f9] in/rum5t ( writ+1 & ! quill ( ! goose1 swan1 &1 = v f9e writ+1 ( ! cr[1 0 f\nd to be well adapt$4 ,imm5se flocks ( geese 7 rais$1 *iefly = _! quills4 ,! e>lie/ specific allusion to ! quill occurs 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,isadore de ,seville1 sev5? c5tury1 al?\gh x is believ$ to h be5 9 use at an e>li] p]iod4 ,! quill 0 us$ = _m c5turies4 ,mo/ ( ! writ+ dur+ its reign 0 done 9 ! mona/]ies by ! monks1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 quill-mak+ became q an art1 e monk & e tea*] 0 expect$ to be pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( mak+ a p5 f a quill4 ,! prelim9>y process ( prep>+ ! quills 0 fir/ to sort !m accord+ to _! quality1 dry 9 ! hot s&1 !n clean !m ( ! out] sk91 & h>d5 by dipp+ 9 a boil+ solution ( alum & dilut$ nitric acid4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury _m ef=ts 7 made to improve ! quill1 its great defect be+ spe$y injury f use4 ,ruby po9ts 7 fitt$ to ! nib1 b ?is 0 f\nd impracticable on acc\nt ( ! delicacy ( ! "w4 ,joseph ,bramah devis$1 9 #ahji1 a ma*9e = cutt+ ! quill into sep>ate nibs = use 9 hold]s1 ?us mak+ sev]al p5s f "o quill & anticipat+ ! =m ( ! mod]n p54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/eel ,,tube ,,p5 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eel ,,p5 ,! quill held sway z writ+ in/rum5t = _m ye>s1 & ) x ! greate/ ma/]pieces 9 lit]ature h be5 writt54 ,_m attempts1 h[ev]1 _h be5 made to sup]s$e ! quill by a p5 n s easily injur$ by use1 b x 0 n until ab\t #aghj t1 aft] mu* exp]im5t+ & num]\s failures1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,h>rison introduc$ ! fir/ metallic p54 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,p5 ,?is p5 0 made z foll[s3 ,a %eet ( /eel 0 roll$ 9 ! =m ( a tube4 ,"o end 0 cut & trimm$ to a po9t aft] ! mann] ( ! quill1 ! seam :]e bo? edges ( ! tube met =m+ ! slit ( ! p54 ,?is 0 soon aft] improv$ ^u by cutt+ a r\gh blank out ( a ?9 %eet ( /eel1 :i* blank 0 fil$ into =m ab\t ! nib1 r\nd$1 & ) a %>p *isel m>k$ inside :]e ! slit 0 to be 9 ! f9i%$ p54 ,aft] temp]+1 ! nib 0 gr\nd & %ap$ to a po9t suitable = f9e or broad writ+1 z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,/eel ,,p5 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,writ+ ,,p5 ,once />t$1 ! /eel p5 made rapid /rides 9 improvem5t4 ,mr4 ,james ,p]ry1 9 #ahbd1 />t$ 9 ,engl& ! manufacture ( p5s on a l>ge scale1 & to him z well z ,gillott is due ! _m improvem5ts :i* foll[$4 ,p]ry 0 ! fir/ to manufacture 8slip0 /eel p5s1 up to ?is "t ! p5 & hold] be+ "o piece4 8,9 times ( yore1 :5 ea* man cut 8 quill ,) little ,p]ryian skill2 ,:at horrid1 awkw>d1 bungl+ tools ( trade ,appe>$ ! writ+ in/rum5ts1 home made60 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,way ,,( ,,writ+ ,! /eel p5 ( ! pres5t day has rea*$ ! p9nacle ( p]fection1 & ! me?od ( manufacture ( ?is little b mighty in/rum5t ( writ+1 ?\gh ( extreme int]e/1 is practically unkn[n by ! g5]al public4 ,to expla9 9 detail ! developm5t f ! r\gh /eel to ! f9i%$ p5 w\ld ne$s make a book 9 itself4 ,& z x has be5 our int5tion to dwell1 n ^u ! manufacture ( ! p51 b to trace its hi/ory & developm5t f its mo/ crude =m1 ! ,/ylus1 to ! p]fect & smoo?-writ+ /eel p5 ( to-day1 we w close our /ory ) ! well-worn epigram ( old1 grim ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu3 8,b5ea? ! rule ( m5 entirely great1 ,! ,p5 is mighti] ?an ! ,sword60 ,h[ a ,/eel ,p5 is ,made ,9 ! picture on ! foll[+ page1 we see ! v>i\s processes requir$ 9 mak+ a /eel p51 toge!r ) a description ( ea* process3 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,/eel ,,p5 ,,is ,,made ,no4 #a4 ,,roll$ ,,/eel4 ,no4 #b4 ,,scrap4 ,no4 #c4 ,,blanks4 ,no4 #d4 ,,m>k+4 ,no4 #e4 ,,pi]c+4 ,no4 #f4 ,,anneal+4 ,no4 #g4 ,,rais+4 ,no4 #h4 ,,h>d5+4 ,no4 #i4 ,,temp]+4 ,no4 #aj4 ,,sc\r+4 ,no4 #aa4 ,,gr9d+4 ,no4 #ab4 ,,slitt+4 ,no4 #ac4 ,no4 #a4 ,,college ,,p5 ,no4 #e4 ,,s*ool ,,p54 7,,f9i%$ ,,p5s47 ,,color+ ,,& ,,v>ni%+4 ,! pictures h]e) pr9t$ are by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,sp5c]ian ,p5 ,company ,raw ,mat]ial4--,! %eet /eel is cut into /rips ( a conv5i5t l5g? & wid?1 & !n roll$ cold to ! exact gauge necess>y1 accord+ to ! p5 to be manufactur$4 ,cutt+ ! ,blank4--,?is is a me*anical op]ation1 & is effect$ ) ! aid ( a screw press1 9 :i* a pair ( tools correspond+ ) ! %ape ( ! p5 has be5 fix$4 ,on pull+ a lev] ! screw desc5ds1 driv+ ! pun* into ! b$1 :i* cuts a blank ) a scissors-l action1 f ! /rip ( /eel4 ,m>k+ ! ,"n4--,?is is done by means ( a pun* fix$ 9 ! hamm] ( a /amp1 work$ by ! foot4 ,! blanks are rapidly introduc$ betwe5 guides fix$ on ! b$ ( ! /amp1 & z soon z ! hamm] has fall5 ! blank is ?r[n out & a new "o introduc$4 ,pi]c+4--,! tools = ?is op]ation are ( a delicate "*4 ,! blanks are f$ by h&1 z above expla9$1 & ! hole pun*$ by a screw press4 ,?is is a mo/ important process2 ! pi]ce hole & slide slits det]m9e ! ela/icity & regulate ! fl[ ( ! ink on ! p54 ,anneal+ or ,s(t5+4--,! blanks are /ill mod]ately h>d & be=e rais+1 x is necess>y to s(t5 !m by heat+ to a dull r$1 & all[+ !m to gradually cool4 ,rais+4--,! op]ator places "o ( ! s(t blanks on a die to :i* guides are affix$ to keep x 9 position2 !n by mov+ ! h&le ( ! press1 ! screw desc5ds1 =c+ a die :i* r\nds ! blank into ! =m ( a p54 ,h>d5+4--,! p5 is n[ too s(t1 & is h>d5$ by heat+ & ! imm]s+ 9 oil :ile hot1 aft] :i* x is ?or\ghly cleans$ f all grease4 ,temp]+4--,! p5s are n[ h>d b v brittle1 & 9 ord] to correct ?is defect !y are plac$ 9 an iron cyl9d]1 & kept revolv+ ov] a gas or *>coal fire until !y acquire a prop] temp]4 ,sc\r+4--,aft] soak+ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 ! p5s are plac$ 9 iron cyl9d]s conta9+ f9e /one & wat]1 or f9e s&1 & revolv$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 tak5 f ^! cyl9d]s !y are bright & smoo?4 ,gr9d+4--,?is is a process p]=m$ by h& on a 8bob10 or wood5 :eel cov]$ ) lea!r & dress$ ) emory1 revolv+ at high spe$4 ,a light t\* on ! emory :eel gr9ds (f ! surface betwe5 ! pi]ce hole & ! po9t1 to obta9 prop] action & to assi/ ! fl[ ( ink4 ,slitt+4--,?is is a h& process p]=m$ ) a press1 ! cutt]s be+ z %>p z razors4 ,! p5 is plac$ 9 position by means ( guides1 & mu/ be cut ) utmo/ precision f ! pi]ce hole to ! po9t1 ! po9t mu/ be divid$ exactly 9 ! middle1 ! lea/ v>iation mak+ ! p5 defective4 ,color+ & ,v>ni%+4--,! p5s hav+ be5 poli%$ to a bright silv] color are plac$ 9 an iron cyl9d] & kept revolv+ ov] a gas or *>coal fire until ! t9t requir$ is produc$4 ,!y are !n imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( %ellac v>ni%1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 an ov54 ,exam9ation4--,e /eel p5 pass+ ?r\gh ! factory is mo/ c>efully exam9$ be=e be+ box$1 & %\ld ! lea/ fault be f\nd1 x is at once reject$4 ,:y ,does a ,p5cil ,write8 ,y c use a p5cil to write ) or to make m>ks1 because ! p5cil we>s (f if y are scrat*+ x on a surface t is r\gh en\gh to make x d s4 ,writ+1 y "k1 is only a way ( mak+ m>ks 9 su* a mann] z to make !m mean some?+4 ,y _c write ) a p5cil on a pane ( glass1 because ! glass is s smoo? t :5 y move ! p5cil ov] its surface1 ! p5cil w n we> (f4 ,to prove to y\rself t ! tip ( ! p5cil con/antly we>s (f :5 y write1 y h only to recall t :5 y write ) x a p5cil keeps gett+ %ort] & %ort]4 ,a slate-p5cil w we> d[n %ort by m]ely writ+ ) x1 b a lead-p5cil mu/ be %>p5$--t is1 y mu/ keep cutt+ away ! wood 9 ord] to get at ! lead inside4 ,:y ,c't ,i ,write on ,pap] ,) a ,slate-p5cil8 ,y _c d s1 because x takes some?+ ) a r\gh] surface ?an pap] to we> (f ! po9t ( a slate-p5cil4 ,a slate is us$ to write on ) slate-p5cils1 because slate we>s (f ! end ( ! p5cil easily1 & also because y c rub out ! writ+ on a slate ) wat]4 ,lead-p5cils are us$ = writ+ on pap]1 b y mu/ h a r\gh surface on ! pap] to write on ev5 ) a lead-p5cil4 ,"s k9ds ( pap]s h su* a smoo? surface t y _c write on !m ) a lead-p5cil4 ,h[ ,does a ,p5 ,write8 ,writ+ ) a p51 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t f writ+ ) any k9d ( p5cil1 because 9 writ+ ) ink we d n we> (f ! end ( ! p51 b h ! ink fl[ f ! p54 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ h a surface t w absorb ! ink f ! p51 & draw ! ink d[n (f ! p5 & make x fl[4 ,a slate has no p[] ( absorption & !re=e _c draw ! ink4 ,a piece ( blott+ pap] is ! be/ k9d ( pap] = absorb+ ink1 b x is too mu* s = writ+ purposes4 ,= writ+ ) ink we ne$ a comp>atively h>d surfac$ pap] t has absorb5t qualities1 b n too absorb5t4 ,h[ ,does a ,blott] ,take ,up ! ,ink ( a ,blot8 ,x is because ! blott] has a v excell5t ability to absorb "s liquids4 ,! ?9n] ! liquid ! m easily ! blott] w absorb x4 ,ink is ?9--be+ mo/ly wat]--! blott] is ( a loose texture & has a r\gh surface4 ,?is gives ! blott] ! ability to pick up ! ink1 j z a sponge w\ld d4 ,a sponge has :at is call$ ! p[] ( capill>y attraction & s has ! blott]4 ,:]e ,does ,*alk ,come ,f8 ,deposits ( *alk are f\nd on "s %ores ( ! sea4 ,a piece ( *alk su* z ! tea*] uses to illu/rate some?+ on ! blackbo>d at s*ool consi/s ( ! rema9s ( ?\s&s ( t9y creatures t at "o "t liv$ 9 ! sea4 ,all ( _! bodies except+ ! *alk--call$ c>bonate ( lime 9 sci5tific language--has disappe>$ & ! *alk t 0 left 0 pil$ up :]e x fell at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ea* p>ticle press+ aga9/ ! o!r ) ! wat] press+ ov] x all until x became almo/ solid4 ,x took ?\s&s ( ye>s to make ^! *alk deposits ( ! ?ickness 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,lat] on1 ?r\gh *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface1 ! m\nta9 ( *alk 0 rais$ until x /ood out ( ! wat] & ?us became accessible to man & s*ool tea*]s4 ,h[ ,did ,m5 ,le>n to ,talk8 ,talk+ & ! words us$ came into be+ ?r\gh ! desire ( m5 to communicate ) ea* o!r4 ,be=e words became kn[n & us$ man talk$ to ^? ab\t him by ! use ( signs1 ge/ures & o!r movem5ts ( ! body4 ,ev5 to-day :5 m5 meet :o _c talk ! same language !y w be se5 try+ to come to an und]/&+ by ! use ( signs & ge/ures & g5]ally ) fair results4 ,! ne$ ( m signs & ge/ures to express a con/antly increas+ numb] ( objects & ?\ghts l$ to ! introduction ( s\nds or comb9ation ( s\nds made ) ! vocal cords to accompany c]ta9 signs & ge/ures4 ,9 ?is way man ev5tually develop$ a v consid]able faculty = express+ himself4 ,sign by sign1 ge/ure by ge/ure & s\nd by s\nd language 0 sl[ly develop$4 ,a man w\ld be try+ to expla9 some?+ to ano!r by sign or ge/ure & to make x m cle> w\ld make a s\nd or comb9ation ( s\nds to put m expression into 8 ef=ts4 ,f9ally ! o!r man w\ld und]/& :at 0 meant & he w\ld tell "s "o else1 us+ ! same signs1 ge/ures & s\nds4 ,lat] on x w\ld develop t to express ?us any c]ta9 ?\ght1 act or ! "n ( a ?+1 all ( ! p 9 ! community w\ld make ?is same comb9ation ( s\nds1 signs & ge/ures to express ! same ?+4 ,f9ally ! ge/ures & signs w\ld be dropp$ & x 0 f\nd t p und]/ood p]fectly :at 0 meant :5 only ! s\nd or comb9ation ( s\nds 0 produc$4 ,t made a ^w4 ,all ! o!r words 7 made 9 ! same way1 "o at a "t1 until we _h en\gh words to express all ! ord9>y ?+s & ! comb9ation ( words became a language4 ,! *ildr5 le>n$ ! language by he>+ _! p>5ts talk x1 & t is h[ m5 le>n$ to talk4 ,h[ ,did ,%ak+ ! ,head ,come to ,mean 8,no08 ,! orig9 ( ?is me?od ( indicat+ 8,no0 is f\nd 9 ! result ( ! "m's ef=ts 9 ! animal k+dom ( try+ to fe$ h] "y4 ,a "m animal w\ld be try+ to get h] "y to accept ! food %e br\ght !m & tri$ to put x 9 _! m\?s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! "y animal _h _h suffici5t food or did n fancy ! k9d ( food (f]$4 ,! natural ?+ to d "u ! circum/ances w\ld be to close ! m\? tight & %ake ! head f side to side to prev5t ! "m f =c+ ! food into ! m\?4 ,?us we get ! clos$ lips & ! %ak+ ! head f side to side to mean 8,no40 ,9 o!r words1 t k9d ( a way ( say+ 8,no0 came f an ef=t to say 8,i don't want any40 ,h[ ,did a ,nod ,come to ,mean 8,yes08 ,! idea ( nodd+ to mean 8,yes0 comes f ! opposite ( ! action :i*1 z j describ$1 indicates a 8,no40 ,:5 ! "y animal 0 anxi\s to accept ! (f]$ food1 x made an ef=t to get at ! food quickly4 ,h5ce1 ! pu%+ =w>d ( ! head & ! op5 m\? 7always m or less op5$ :5 y nod to indicate 8,yes07 & an expression ( gladness4 ,y w notice if y see anyone nod ! head to indicate 8,yes0 t ! lips are op5 r ?an clos$1 & t !re is always a smile or an indication ( a smile to accompany x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! nod to mean 8,yes0 is only ano!r way ( say+ 8,i %all be pleas$40 ,:y ,d ,we ,c\nt 9 ,t5s8 ,:5 man ev5 9 8 unciviliz$ /ate f\nd x necess>y to c\nt1 ! only implem5ts at h& 7 8 f+]s & toes1 & z he _h t5 toes & t5 f+]s1 he naturally began c\nt+ 9 t5s1 & has be5 do+ s ev] s9ce4 ,:5 we to-day c\nt on our f+]s we conf9e ourselves to our f+]s leav+ our toes /ay 9 our %oes1 :]e !y naturally belong4 ,b ! fir/ m5 :o c\nt$ us$ bo? f+]s & toes1 & s he 0 able to c\nt tw5ty be=e he _h to beg9 ov] aga91 :ile little *ildr5 to-day1 :5 !y c\nt ) _! f+]s1 mu/ beg9 :]e !y />t$ aft] !y rea* t54 ,:at ,does ,man ,mean by ,c\nt+ ,himself8 ,! expression 8c\nt+ himself0 0 orig9at$ by ! fir/ man :o c\nt$4 ,su* a man w\ld c\nt all ( 8 f+]s & toes & ! result w\ld be tw5ty4 ,!n1 s t he w\ld rememb] ! numb] ( times he _h c\nt$ himself1 he made a m>k "s place ea* "t he rea*$ tw5ty4 ,! m>k he made 0 a m]e scrat* 9 ! dirt or on a hoe or some?+ else4 ,to make a scrat* y m]ely1 ( c\rse1 score ! surface ( :atev] y happ5 to be scrat*+ on1 & t is h[ x happ5$ t ! ^w 8score0 9 our language to-day means z a t]m 9 c\nt+1 tw5ty4 ,!re has be5 a great ef=t made to *ange our sy/em ( c\nt+ 9 t5s to "o :]e y c\nt 9 twelves4 ,t w\ld fit 9 v well ) our sy/em ( measur+ :i* is bas$ on ! foot ( twelve in*es1 & ( our cal5d> = record+ ! passage ( "t :i* has twelve mon?s4 ,!re are _m argum5ts 9 favor ( ?is *ange1 among ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! fact t x w\ld make our problems ( division mu* easi]1 = our t5 c be ev5ly divid$ by b two ( our s+le figures1 two & five1 :]eas twelve c be ev5ly divid$ by f\r ( our s+le figures1 viz41 two1 ?ree1 f\r & six4 ,x is believ$ t soon] or lat] ! sy/em ( c\nt+ by twelve in/ead ( t5 w be adopt$ by ! entire _w = c\nt+ ev]y?+4 ,z x is n[ we d "p ( our c\nt+ by "o sy/em & "p ( x by ano!r4 ,:]e ,did ,all ! ,names ( ,p ,orig9ate8 ,!re is no sci5tific plan by :i* p get _! names4 ,!re is n mu* except curi\s int]e/ to be glean$ f ! /udy ( h[ p got _! names4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! _w1 or at lea/ z soon z m5 _h le>n$ to speak by s\nds1 all kn[n p]sons1 places & gr\ps ( human be+s mu/ h _h names by :i* !y c\ld be spok5 ( or to1 & by :i* !y 7 recogniz$4 ,! /udy ( ^! names & ( _! survival 9 civilization enables u 9 c]ta9 in/ances to tell :at tribes inhabit$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! e>? n[ peopl$ by desc5dants ( an entirely diff]5t race & ( ano!r spee* altoge!r4 ,we le>n su* ?+s f ! names ( m\nta9s & o!r ?+s1 = in/ance1 :i* /ill cl+ to !m4 ,! /ory ( p]sonal names is v complex1 b comes f v simple beg9n+s4 ,! olde/ p]sonal names 7 ^? :i* indicat$ a gr\p ( p r ?an individuals :o may h be5 actually relat$ to ea* o!r or ev5 b\nd toge!r = reasons ( protection or o!r conv5i5ce4 ,9 ! races ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica exam9ation %[s t gr\ps ( p :o consid]$ !mselves to be ( ! same relation%ip1 atta*$ to !mselves ! "n ( "s animal or o!r object1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 f :i* !y claim$ to be desc5d$4 ,?is animal or object 0 call$ ! 8totem10 & ?us ! e>lie/ & mo/ widely spread class & family names are totemi/ic4 ,su* gr\ps call$ !mselves by names f wolves1 turtles1 be>s1 suns1 moons1 birds1 & o!r objects1 & ^! p wore badges ) pictures ( ! animal or object f :i* !y took _! names to id5tify !m to o!r p4 ,:51 !n1 we come to inve/igate ! giv+ ( p]sonal names among ! tribes1 we see t mo/ unciviliz$ races gave a "n to ea* new-born infant d]iv$ f "s object or incid5t4 ,s a new-born memb] ( ! 8,sun0 tribe w\ld be nam$ 8,dawn10 & w\ld be kn[n z 8,dawn0 ( ! 8,sun0 tribe2 or p]haps a new-born son ( ! tribe ( 8,wolf0 w\ld be call$ 8,hungry10 & be kn[n z 8,hungry ,wolf40 ,a memb] ( ! 8,cl\d0 tribe w\ld be nam$ 8,morn+10 because he 0 born 9 ! morn+4 ,he w\ld always be kn[n z 8,morn+ ,cl\d40 ,lat]1 z society became m e/abli%$ & pat]nity became recogniz$1 we f9d ! totem "n give way to a g5tile "n4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ! sy/em 0 e>ly adopt$ & prov$ satisfactory4 ,?us we h ,caius ,julius ,caes>4 ,caius indicates t he is ,roman2 ,julius is ! g5tile "n giv5 him & ! ,caes> a sort ( h]$it>y nickname4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e>ly ,greeks began ! sy/em ( introduc+ a local "n in/ead ( ! g5tile "n4 ,?us ,?ucydides 7obta9$ f ! gr&fa!r71 ! son ( ,olorus1 ( ! ,deme 7t[n%ip7 ( ,halimusia4 ,,h[ ,,diff]5t ,,names ,,orig9at$ ,?is 0 all "r & suit$ ! purposes ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o _h pl5ty ( "t to give full explanations 9 ?is way4 ,b 9 ,europe1 = in/ance1 civilization dem&$ m spe$1 & ! increase ( population dem&$ m names1 s t nicknames & names indicat+ p]sonal descriptions & peculi>ities came into use4 ,su* names z ,long1 ,%ort1 ,small1 ,br[n1 ,:ite1 ,gre5 & o!rs ( ! same k9d came f ?is s\rce1 & z families grew ^! surnames /uck to ! family & p>5ts gave _! *ildr5 ,*ri/ian names to fur!r di/+ui% !m z individuals4 ,o!r surnames su* z ,f[l]1 ,sadl]1 ,smi?1 ,f>m]1 etc41 became atta*$ to p because ( ! occupations 9 :i* !y 7 engag$1 & yet o!r names 7 d]iv$ f places4 ,! own] ( an ext5sive e/ate w\ld be designat$ by a ,*ri/ian "n :i* might be ,george 7aft] 8 ,k+7 & !n to indicate 8 l&[n]%ip1 von 7mean+ (7 ,wood1 mak+ ! comb9ation ( ,george von ,wood1 mean+ ,george1 ! own] ( ! place call$ ,wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he might h work+ = him a labor] :o liv$ at ! place &1 if 8 "n 0 ,hiram1 !y w\ld1 to indicate :]e he belong$1 put ! ,wood aft] ! ,hiram2 b1 le/ !re be confusion z to 8 class1 !y w\ld put an ,at be=e ! ,wood & make him ,hiram ,atwood1 indicat+ 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 :]e he work$ & ! fact t he 0 n a l&[n]4 ,_m o!r names 7 inv5t$ 9 simil> mann]4 ,:5 ,adams became s common t !re w\ld likely be confusion on acc\nt ( !re be+ s _m ( !m1 a son ( "o ( ! ,adams family w\ld add to ! "n ! fact t he 0 a son by writ+ 8 "n ,adamson1 & ?us />t a new family "n4 ,?us1 9 ! same way also came ,willson1 ,cl>kson1 & o!r names ( t k9d4 ,= a long "t ! ,jews _h only "o ^w = a "n1 su* z ,isaac1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 etc4 ,!y became s num]\s t x 0 impossible to di/+ui% !m1 & s a commission 0 nam$ to give surnames to all ! ,jews 9 addition to _! o!r names4 ,z ! race 0 !n1 z n[1 held 9 d]ision by ! rul]s ( _m nations into :i* ! tribe _h become scatt]$1 ! p :o _h *>ge ( ! nam+ ( ! ,jews took advantage ( ! opportunity to make sport ( !m1 & gave !m su* names z ,ros5/ock 7,rose bu%71 ,ros5szweig 7,rose twig71 ,ros5baum 7,rose tree71 ,blum5/ock 7,fl[] bu%71 ,blum5?al 7,fl[] valley71 etc41 etc4 ,our ,*ri/ian names are f simil> s\rces1 & :ile _m ( !m are well select$ because ( _! beautiful mean+s1 !re are _m ( !m :i* mean no?+ z words z !y 7 only inv5t$ = ! purpose ( giv+ a new "n to a new *ild4 ,:y ,c ,y ,bl[ ,out a ,c&le8 ,:5 y light a c&le x burns1 because ! light$ wick heats ! wax suffici5tly to turn x into gases1 :i* mix ) ! oxyg5 9 ! air & produce fire 9 ! =m ( light4 ,y "k x is n easy to light a c&le quickly4 ,y mu/ hold ! light$ mat* to ! wick until ! wax beg9s to melt & *ange to gases4 ,z long z ! wax cont9ues hot en\gh to melt & turn to gas ! c&le w burn until all burn$ up2 b if !re is a break 9 ! cont9u\s process ( *ang+ ! wax to gas1 ! light w g out4 ,n[1 :5 y bl[ at ! light$ c&le1 y bl[ ! gases :i* fe$ ! flame away f ! light$ wick1 & ?is makes a break 9 ! cont9u\s fl[ ( gas f ! wax to tap]1 & ! light goes out4 ,illu/ration ,! ,/ory 9 a ,photograph ,h[ ,does a ,cam]a ,take a ,picture8 ,:5 we look ^u ! surface ( a mirror we see ! image ( ourself & our surr\nd+s4 ,! ext5t ( ! view dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! mirror & ! di/ance we are /&+ f x4 ,if we hold ! mirror close to our face we see only ! face1 or p]haps b a portion ( x1 & ! f>!r away we are ! m ! mirror w reflect1 only1 ( c\rse1 ! v>i\s images w be small]4 ,! mirror reflect+ exactly :at ! eye sees1 )\t d\bt _h a great influ5ce 9 induc+ ! exp]im5ts t result$ 9 ! process we call photography4 ,! tak+ ( a photograph ) a cam]a may 9 a way be comp>$ ) ! action ( y\r eyes1 :5 y gaze ^u y\r reflection 9 a mirror1 or look at any object or view4 ,any object 9 a light /rong en\gh to r5d] x visible w reflect rays ( light f e po9t4 ,n[1 ! eye conta9s a l5s v simil> 9 =m to t us$ 9 a cam]a4 ,?is l5s collects ! rays ( light reflect$ f ! object look$ at & br+s !m to a focus 9 ! back ( ! eye1 =m+ an image or picture ( :atev] we see1 j z ! mirror collects ! rays ( light & reflects !m back ?r\gh ! l5s ( ! eye4 ,c]ta9 n]ves transmit ! impression ( ! image s focus$ 9 ! back ( ! eye to ! bra9 & we exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( sight4 ,:at ,is ! ,eye ( ! ,cam]a8 ,! l5s is ! eye ( ! cam]a1 & ! process we call photography is ! me?od employ$ to make p]man5t ! image ! eye or l5s ( ! cam]a pres5ts to a s5sitive surface )9 ! cam]a4 ,fig4 #a %[s a simple =m ( cam]a1 x be+ m]ely a light tight box ) a l5s fitt$ to ! front1 & a means = hold+ a s5sitive plate at ! back1 ! plate be+ plac$ at j ! "r di/ance to focus ! rays ( light admitt$ ?r\gh ! l5s 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! rays ( light pass ?r\gh ! l5s ( ! eye & come to a focus 9 ! back "p ( ! eye4 ,n[1 if we c\ld look inside ! cam]a we w\ld note t ! image 0 inv]t$1 or upside d[n4 ,fig4 #b w expla9 ?is4 ,! rays ( light f 8,a0 pass 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! l5s 8,b0 until !y are int]rupt$ by 8,c10 ^u :i* !y /rike1 =m+ an upside d[n image ( ! object 8,a40 ,b1 y exclaim1 8we d n see ?+s upside d[n40 ,no1 we d n1 because "s m5tal process readju/s ?is dur+ ! pass+ ( ! impression f ! eye to our bra94 ,let u suppose we h our cam]a load$ ) its s5sitive plate or film4 ,we select "s object or view we wi% to photograph1 uncov] ! l5s = an in/ant1 & let ! light impress ! image ^u ! s5sitive surface ( ! plate or film4 ,n[1 h[ are we go+ to make ?is image p]man5t8 ,if we 7 to exam9e ! creamy yell[ /rip ( film ^u :i* ! picture 0 tak5 !re w\ld seem+ly be no diff]5ce betwe5 its pres5t appe>ance & be=e ! snap%ot 0 made4 ,n[ let u suppose t ?is /rip ( film is a little trundle b$1 & 9 x tuck$ securely away f ! light are _m hundr$s ( little *aps call$ silv] bromides1 little roly-poly fell[s ly+ j z close toge!r z possible1 & protect$ by a cov]let ( pure :ite gelat9e4 ,,h[ ,a ,,photograph ,,is ,,develop$ ,until ! sudd5 fla% ( light 9 _! faces :5 ! picture 0 tak51 !y h be5 cont5t to lie /ill & sleep s\ndly4 ,n[ !y are seiz$ ) a /range unre/1 & ea* little atom is eag] to d 8 "p 9 %[+ y\r picture to ! _w4 ,alone !y are p[]less1 b !y h1 all unbekn[n to !m1 "s p[]ful *emical fri5ds1 :o1 organiz$ & aid$ by ! photograph]1 w br+ ab\t _! trans=mation4 ,^! *emicals1 ) ! help ( ! photograph]1 =m !mselves into a society call$ ! develop]4 ,! photograph] takes j s _m ( ! t9y fea!ry cry/als ( pyro1 j s _m ( ! cle> little atoms ( sulphite ( soda1 & j s _m little cry/als ( c>bonate ( soda1 & tumbles !m all into a beak] ( cle> cold wat]4 ,unaid$ by ea* o!r1 any "o ( ^! *emicals w\ld be p[]less to help _! little bromide ( silv] fri5ds4 ,! fir/ ( ^! *emicals to g to "w is ! c>bonate ( soda4 ,he tiptoes s(tly ov] to ! trundle b$ & g5tly beg9s turn+ back ! gelat9e cov]s ov] ! little bromide ( silv] *aps1 s t ,pyro c f9d !m 9 ! d>k4 ,x is ,pyro's mission to trans=m ! little silv] bromides into silv] metal1 b he is r an impulsive *ap1 s he is accompani$ by sulphite ( soda1 :o w>ns him n to be too r\gh1 & ^: sole mission is to /ra9 8 eag]ness to help 8 fri5ds4 8,g sl[ n[10 says ,sulphite1 8don't fright5 ! little silv] bromides1 or else y'll make !m cuddle up 9 heaps1 & ! picture won't be z nice z if y wake !m up g5tly & ea* little bromide /ay$ j :]e he belong$40 ,aft] all ! little silv] bromides t ! light %one on h be5 trans=m$ into metallic silv] by ! develop]1 ano!r *emical fri5d has to /ep 9 & c>ry away all ! little bromides t 7 n awak5$ by ! fla% ( light4 ,?is fri5d's "n is 8,hypo10 & 9 a few m9utes he has c>ri$ away all ! little bromides t are /ill sleep+1 s t ! trundle b$ ) ! n[ awak5$ & trans=m$ silv] bromides w1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 be call$ a negative1 & ready to pr9t y\r pictures f4 ,if we take ?is negative1 z x is call$1 & hold x up to ! light1 we w see t ev]y?+ is rev]s$1 n only f "r to left1 b also t :atev] is :ite or light 9 color is d>k 9 ! negative1 & t :at w\ld correspond to ! d>k] p>ts ( our picture are ! lighte/ 9 ! negative1 & x is f ^! facts t we give x ! "n negative4 ,n[1 to get our picture z x %\ld be1 we mu/ place ?is negative 9 contact ) a %eet ( coat$ pap] t is also s5sitive to light4 ,s we place ! negative & ! %eet ( s5sitive pap] 9 :at is call$ a pr9t+ frame1 ) ! negative upp]mo/1 s t ! light may %9e ?r\gh ! negative1 & impress ! image ^u ! %eet ( s5sitive pap]4 ,n[1 x /&s to reason t if ! lighte/ p>ts ( our picture are ! d>ke/ 9 ! negative t less light c pass ?r\gh su* portions ( ! negative 9 a giv5 "t1 s t ) ! prop] exposure to light ! image ^u ! %eet ( s5sitive pap] w be a correct picture ( :atev] ! l5s saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,! swifte/ ?+ t ! human race has ev] put into motion is ! /eel projectile ( a twelve-in* gun4 ,no human eye c foll[ its flight4 ,releas$ at a pressure ( =ty ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*--9 a heat at :i* diamonds melt & c>bon boils--x hurls ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( tw5ty-five miles a m9ute1 & rea*es ! m>k ahead ( its own s\nd6 7,pictures & /ory by c\rtesy ( ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e47 ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,miles ,a ,,m9ute ,,an ,,exclusive ,,/ory1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,rem>kable ,,photographs ,,tak5 ,,) ,,! ,,fa/e/ ,,cam]a ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,by ,,clevel& ,,m(fett ,,h[ ,,%oot+ ,,%ells ,,are ,,photograph$ ,"o ( ! mo/ progressive bran*es ( our milit>y s]vice is ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,coa/ ,def5ses1 :i*1 "u ! f>-see+ guidance ( ,g5]al ,e4 ,m4 ,weav]1 holds our %ores & h>bors 9 a /ate ( al]t prep>$ness aga9/ =eign aggression4 ,at ,hampton ,roads sits ! ,coa/ ,artill]y ,bo>d1 compos$ ( (fic]s & consult+ eng9e]s to :om are ref]r$ all problems relat+ to coa/ artill]y1 & :o h ! responsibility ( te/+ all new in/rum5ts propos$ = artill]y use4 ,! purpose ( ?is article is to describe "o among sev]al notable a*ievem5ts ( ! ,hampton ,roads ,coa/ ,artill]y ,s*ool1 ?is p>ticul> "w hav+ be5 done by ,capta9 ,f4 ,j4 ,behr ( ! ,coa/ ,artill]y ,corps1 :o1 aft] ye>s ( ef=t1 has rec5tly develop$ a sy/em t makes x possible to take pictures ( ! swifte/ mov+ bodies1 ! great /eel projectiles ( our bigge/ guns--to seize !m ) ! cam]a's eye z !y hurl ?r\gh ! air at enorm\s velocities or at ! v mom5t ( _! em]g5ce f ! gun muzzles1 & to pres]ve ^! images1 nev] se5 be=e1 = milit>y /udy & comp>ison4 ,capta9 ,behr 0 ably assi/$ 9 ?is "w by ,eng9e] ,j4 ,a4 ,wilson4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fa/e/ ,,cam]a ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,! big gun1 equipp$ ) ! fa/e/ cam]a %utt] 9 ! _w1 ab\t to be fir$ & ! %ell photograph$4 ,= ye>s a "y (fic] ( ! ,coa/ ,artill]y has be5 try+ to devise a cam]a s incr$ibly swift t x w record e /age ( ?is lightn+ flight f ! gun-b>rel to ! t>get4 ,at la/ he has succe$$4 ,8 photographs--"s ( !m tak5 "o hundr$ ?\s&? ( a second ap>t--h reveal$ rem>kable & unsuspect$ facts to ! milit>y _w4 ,! /ory ( 8 inv5tion _h nev] be=e be5 told4 ,reckon+ 9 ,million?s ( a ,second4 ,"s ( ! increm5ts & decrem5ts ( "t involv$ 9 ! s]ies ( photographs h]e) publi%$ 7sev]al ( !m = ! fir/ "t7 are z small z "o t5-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,& ,capta9 ,behr has devis$ a me?od ( tak+ photographs ( projectiles z !y arrive at a /eel t>get & p5etrate ! t>get1 in* by in*1 t involves increm5ts or decrem5ts ( "t z small z ! "o hundr$-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,to ! un9itiat$ x seems incr$ible t su* inf9itesimal divisions ( "t c be us$ 9 practical calculations2 b e tra9$ physici/ kn[s t 9 wireless "w sci5ti/s ( to-day speak casually ( exp]im5ts t take acc\nt ( two-t5?s or "o-t5? ( a million? "p ( a second6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,projectile ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,mort> ,9 ?is photograph--! fir/ ( a rem>kable s]ies %[+ five /ages ( a mov+ projectile--! half-ton projectile seems to be /&+ /ill1 b really x is travel+ at ! rate ( #ijj miles an h\r4 ,! gunn]s "h "w 9 concrete pits #cd feet high4 ,und]nea? ! m\nts are ! p[d] magaz9es4 ,ea* pit has f\r mort>s usually s]v$ by an entire ,coa/ ,artill]y ,company4 ,! projectiles are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! twelve-in* guns1 b less p[d] is requir$ because mort> projectiles are hurl$ high 9 ! air1 n /raight at a vessel1 & deliv] _! de/ructive bl[s d[nw>d f a great height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,smoke ,,r+s ,,:i* ,,appe> ,?is second photograph %[s ! projectile almo/ entirely out ( ! mort>4 ,its %>p nose may be se5 above ! 8gas-r+0 =m+ at its upp] end4 ,^! 8gas-r+s10 or 8smoke-r+s10 come )\t w>n+1 & only occasionally1 p]haps once 9 eight or t5 %ots4 ,!y rise swiftly to ! height ( fifty or a hundr$ feet1 gr[+ l>g] & l>g]1 & giv+ =? a weird1 %riek+ s\nd l a second projectile4 ,"s insi/ t ^! 8smoke-r+s0 are z h>d z /eel1 ow+ to ! enorm\s compression ( _! compos+ gases1 & ! /ory is told ( a bird caught 9 ! pa? ( "o ( !m & torn to pieces4 ,:at happ5$ to ! projectile aft] x leaves ! gun1 or aft] ! dis*>ge ( ! gun1 & be=e ! projectile has _h "t to issue f ! gun-b>rel8 ,:at is ! action at ! muzzle ( gases g5]at$8 ,:at %ape d ^! gases assume z !y leave ! gun8 ,:at causes ! mu*-discuss$ 8gas-r+s0 t sometimes =m :5 a mort> is fir$1 & (t5] d n =m8 ,:at ph5om5a att5d ! arrival ( ! projectile at a solid /eel t>get8 ,is ! /eel actually fus$ by ! heat ( impact8 ,is x vaporiz$8 ,or :at8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions t ,capta9 ,behr set himself to solve1 or to help 9 solv+1 z he work$ out 8 me?ods ( rapid photography4 ,8 aims 7 /rictly milit>y1 b 8 results make fasc9at+ appeal to ! g5]al imag9ation4 ,fancy do+ any?+ 9 ! "o hundr$-?\s&? "p ( a second6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,projectile ,,hidd5 ,,by ,,! ,,smoke ,,cone ,9 ! ?ird photograph ! smoke-cone is almo/ p]fect & gives ! fam\s 8p[d]-puff0 effect4 ,x /ill hides ! projectile1 al?\gh ! latt] is travel+ at a velocity t w\ld take x f ,new ,york to ,*icago 9 "o h\r4 ,at night ! 8gas-r+s0 pres5t a />tl+ & fasc9at+ appe>ance1 burn+ ) a r$di% orange gl[1 & :irl+ ) a complicat$ d\ble motion1 /range opalesc5t balls1 l r+s ( ,saturn4 ,a /udy ( ^! photographs--! fir/ record ev] made ( ! 8gas-r+s0--has l$ "s exp]ts to ! conclusion t ! cause ( ! r+s is defective ramm+ ( ! projectile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,projectile ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,smoke ,,cone ,! f\r? photograph %[s ! projectile em]g+ f ! smoke-cone ab\t ?irty feet above ! muzzle ( ! mort>4 ,! m5 :o fire ^! mort>s f ! mort>-pits nev] see ! di/ant t>get or vessel !y are fir+ at1 b po9t _! mort>s accord+ to directions transmitt$ to !m 7usually by telephone7 f obs]v]s at di/ant /ations4 ,& s great a degree ( precision has be5 atta9$ t1 on c]ta9 practice occasions at ,hampton ,roads1 a record ( n9e hits out ( t5 %ots has be5 scor$ on a mov+ t>get five miles out 9 ! ocean4 ,?is picture %[s ! smoke-cone z fir/ se5 by ! human eye4 ,capta9 ,behr's g5]al idea 0 to utilize "s ph5om5a connect$ ) ! dis*>ge to actuate1 by electrical connections1 a me*anism t w\ld "w a rapid %utt] 9 a prop]ly plac$ cam]a4 ,! ph5om5on ( concussion 0 tri$ fir/--! sma% ( air aga9/ a little sw++ door2 b ?is 0 mu* too sl[4 ,! projectile 0 hundr$s ( y>ds away be=e ! cam]a _h regi/]$ its picture4 ,& t *ance 0 gone6 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,projectile ,,high ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,9 ! fif? photograph ! projectile is se5 entirely cle> ( ! smoke-cone & well />t$ on its long flight4 ,climb+ into ! sky at ?is /eep angle1 x w rea* a height ( f ?ree to six miles be=e x beg9s to desc5d4 ,!re are h>bors on our coa/s gu>d$ by s _m guns & mort>s t if ^! 7 fir$ simultane\sly !y c\ld hurl aga9/ a giv5 small area a conv]g+ ra9 ( projectiles aggregat+ m ?an fifty tons 9 _! comb9$ mass4 ,a m9ute lat] !y c\ld hurl ano!r fifty tons aga9/ ! same small area2 & s on z long z ! ammunition la/$4 ,9 ! next trial1 sev]al mon?s lat]1 ,capta9 ,behr arrang$ to h ! electrical connections made or brok5 by ! movem5t ( ! gun-c>riage itself 9 recoil+2 b ! result 0 unsatisfactory4 ,nor 0 he m =tunate at ! succe$+ t>get practice1 :51 hav+ plac$ ! app>atus f>!r =w>d on ! p>apet1 he _h ! cam]a demoli%$ by ! =ce ( ! concussion & sev]al blades ( ! rapid %utt] brok54 ,he 0 satisfi$1 n[1 t 8 ef=t to actuate ! cam]a me*anism f ! gun-c>riage w\ld nev] give ! requisite precision 9 results1 & he saw t he mu/ "w ) a device function+ m reliably4 ,9 ! mon?s t foll[$ be=e ! next t>get practice1 ! ,capta9 did "s exp]im5t+1 & f9ally det]m9$ mak+ ! projectile itself displace a l5g? ( piano-wire fix$ across ! muzzle ( ! gun1 & ?us actuate ! electrical sy/em & op]ate ! %utt]4 ,9 ?is way he elim9at$ tr\blesome v>iables ( recoil1 ela/icity ( ! c>riage1 etc41 leav+ to det]m9e only ! "t elem5t ( ! electrical sy/em to function4 ,?is result 0 admirable1 &1 aft] tak+ sev]al simil> pictures1 ! capta9 f\nd t he c\ld n[ op]ate ) great precision--t is1 he c\ld get ! same phase ( ! dis*>ge ) almo/ id5tical %apes ( gas-cone & smoke-cl\d1 & he c\ld get ^! e "t4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiab ,capta9 ,behr succe$$ 9 obta9+ a s]ies ( extremely rapid photographs %[+ a twelve-in* mort> batt]y 9 action4 ,9 tak+ ^! pictures ! cam]a 0 plac$ on an elevation ab\t t5 feet above ! concrete floor & ab\t sixty feet back ( ! mort>s4 ,! electrical device = work+ ! %utt] 0 actuat$ by ! mort> itself 9 its recoil4 ,^! pictures 7 tak5 9 ab\t "o five-?\s&? ( a second--:i* is ! m rem>kable z ! la/ two 7 tak5 9 ! %ade aft] #d4cj ,a4,m4 ,! fir/ ?ree 7 tak5 ab\t noon1 9 ! sun%9e1 z ! %ad[s %[4 ,s great 0 ! precision ( ! electrical device z to r5d] possible ! photographic record+ ( ^! mort> projectiles1 mov+ at great velocities1 9 almo/ any desir$ position aft] ! dis*>ge1 say two feet away f ! muzzle1 or six feet away1 or tw5ty feet away1 or "r at ! muzzle1 z %[n 9 ! fir/ mort> picture1 :]e ! great projectile has be5 caught 9 its flight half way out ( ! mort>4 ,pictures ,nev] ,se5 ,by ! ,human ,eye4 ,a ,,cam]a ,,t ,,is ,,fa/] ,,?an ,,! ,,eye ,x is int]e/+ to note t ( ^! five mort> pictures1 repres5t+ five phases ( ! fir+1 only ! la/ two are ev] se5 by ! human eye4 ,! f> swift] cam]a1 act+ 9 ab\t "o five-?\s&? ( a second1 has caught all ^! phases z reproduc$ "h2 b1 to ! ord9>y obs]v] /&+ by1 ! fir/ visible impression aft] fir+ is t ( ! smoke-cone z develop$ 9 ,numb] ,f\r4 ,! /range 8p[d]-puff0 effect %[n 9 ,numb] ,?ree is nev] se52 nor ! e>li] effects 9 ,numb]s ,"o & ,two4 ,nor is any s\nd he>d by an obs]v] or by ! gun crew until ! ?ird or f\r? phase has be5 rea*$4 ,?is is a matt] ( simple calculation4 ,s\nd travels ?r\gh ! air v sl[ly z comp>$ ) light1 & 9 ,numb]s ,"o1 ,two1 & ,?ree1 al?\gh ! cra%+ explosion has tak5 place & ! projectile is already />t$ on its long j\rney1 ! m5 7ev5 ! lany>d man1 :o is ne>e/71 h he>d no?+1 s9ce ! s\nd-waves h n yet _h "t to rea* _! e>s4 ,nor has ! mort> itself _h "t to recoil1 z x does pres5tly1 d[n into ! well 9 ! floor ( ! pit4 ,! m5 abo>d ! t[+ vessels t drag ! float+ t>gets dur+ gun & mort> practice w\ld seem to be 9 a dang]\s position1 s9ce ! t[-l9e is n m ?an two hundr$ y>ds long = guns & five hundr$ y>ds long = mort>s1 & a v slight error 9 aim or adju/m5t might cause a deviation ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds :5 ! range is eight or t5 ?\s& y>ds4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 su* errors d n occur1 & a gun-po9t] :o w\ld make a "r or left deviation f ! t>get ( t5 y>ds1 or at ! mo/ fifte5 y>ds at a di/ance ( five miles1 w\ld be consid]$ unfit = 8 job4 ,9 "o or two r>e in/ances a t[+ vessel has be5 /ruck :5 a projectile has fall5 %ort & !n rico*ett$ to ! "r1 z x inv>iably does ow+ to its rotation 9 t direction4 ,! rifl+ ( ! gun-b>rel causes ?is rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s "o ( ,capta9 ,behr's e>lie/ ef=ts to photograph ! projectile f a twelve-in* gun4 ,! man on ! plat=m has be5 adju/+ ! electrical connections t actuate ! cam]a me*anism4 ,! halo effect at ! muzzle ( ! gun is due to compress$ air caus$ by ! =w>d ru% ( ! projectile4 ,! projectile has n yet em]g$ f ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,on ! "r is ! place :]e ! 8,m]rimac0 & ! 8,monitor0 _h _! fam\s fight4 ,sometimes ^! great projectiles rico*et sev]al times1 & g b\nd+ ov] ! wat] z a pebble skips along ! surface ( a mill-pond1 only !re may be ! di/ance ( a mile or m betwe5 ^! giant leaps4 ,! ,projectile ,travels ,fa/] ,?an ! ,s\nd ,x ,makes4 ,a /range ph5om5on is witness$ by ! obs]v] on a t[+ vessel z he looks1 r uneasily p]haps1 t[>d ! di/ant %ore batt]y1 t seems to be fir+ /raight at him4 ,fir/ !re is a fla% & a puff ( smoke2 !n no?+ = a p]iod ( seconds1 :ile ! projectile is on its way2 !n sudd5ly a great spla% z ! mass ( iron /rikes ! wat]4 ,up to ?is mom5t !re has be5 no s\nd ( ! dis*>ge1 no s\nd ( ! projectile1 s9ce x travels fa/] ?an ! s\nd-waves2 b n[1 aft] x has buri$ itself 9 ! ocean1 is he>d its own unmi/akable voice1 a l[1 buzz+ um-m-m-m approa*+ f ! %ore4 ,! projectile itself has arriv$ be=e ! s\nd t x makes 9 transit1 & ! s\nd arrives aft]w>d4 ,la/ ( all is he>d ! boom ( ! dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,gun ,,t ,,photograph$ ,,its ,,own ,,%ot ,9 ?is beautiful picture ! hurl+ projectile 0 itself ! photograph]3 t is1 9 pass+ out ( ! gun-b>rel1 x broke a l5g? ( piano-wire /ret*$ across ! muzzle & ?us automatically clos$ an electrical circuit t actuat$ ! cam]a me*anism4 ,& s rapid 0 ! %utt] t ! great %ot hurl$ =? 9 ! dis*>ge photograph$ "h has n yet _h "t to issue f ! smoke-cone1 :]e x is /ill hidd54 ,ow+ to ! great velocity ( gun projectiles1 x is almo/ impossible = an obs]v] ne> ! t>get to see !m z !y approa*2 b a tra9$ eye c disc]n ! sl[] mov+ mort> projectiles z !y drop out ( ! sky1 %riek+ z !y come1 curv+ d[nw>d f a height ( f\r or five miles1 half a ton fall+ f a height ( f\r or five miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,explod+ ,a ,,subm>9e ,,m9e ,?is photograph illu/rates ano!r important =m ( coa/ def5se--! subm>9e m9e4 ,a t>get ab\t #e by #e feet1 ) a r$ flag at its apex1 is t[$ across ! m9e-field1 ! m9es be+ explod$ electrically f a %ore /ation sev]al miles away4 ,! me?ods ( lay+ & explod+ ^! m9es are c>efully kept secrets4 ,9 ?is case a *>ge ( five hundr$ p\nds ( ! newe/ explosive 0 us$4 ,fragm5ts ( ! %att]$ t>get & m9e-buoy are se5 at ! "r ( ! picture4 ,tons ( wat] are hurl$ into ! air by ^! explosions1 & hundr$s ( fi% are kill$ or /unn$4 ,x is difficult to realize :at an enorm\s =ce is releas$ :5 "o ( ^! twelve-in* guns is dis*>g$4 ,! pressure inside ( ! gun beh9d ! projectile is betwe5 ?irty-five & =ty ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,no eng9e or ma*9e made by man produces any?+ l ?is pressure4 ,! boil] pressure 9 /eam-eng9es1 or 9 big turb9es driv5 by sup]heat$ /eam1 does n exce$ two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! huge hydraulic presses t w\ld crumple up a /eel gird] d n ex]t a pressure ( m ?an "o ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! only reason a gun-b>rel c resi/ ?is pressure 7=ty ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*7 is t x is built up 9 a s]ies ( conc5tric /eel hoops or tubes %runk "o ov] ! o!r until !re is a resi/ance capacity ( f sev5ty ?\s& to n9ety ?\s& p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,ev5 at re/1 ! b>rels ( ^! great guns are "u su* enorm\s compression1 f be+ ?us squeez$ )9 ^! out] /eel cov]+s1 t1 if ! reta9+ /eel jackets 7 sudd5ly cut1 ! tubes w\ld bl[ !mselves into pieces f ! viol5t reaction ( release4 ,n only does ?is smokeless p[d]1 burn+ inside ^! guns1 produce enorm\s pressure1 b x g5]ates inconceivably great heat4 ,wat] boils at #ajj ,c5tigrade2 iron melts at #adjj2 plat9um & ! mo/ resi/ant metals at #bijj2 :ile ! hotte/ ?+ on e>? is ! temp]ature ( ! electric arc1 9 :i* c>bon boils4 ,?is temp]ature is betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj ,c5tigrade1 & is believ$ to be ! same z t ( ^! great p[d] *amb]s :5 ! gun is fir$4 ,?us a diamond1 ! h>de/ sub/ance kn[n1 w\ld melt 9 ! b>rel ( a twelve-in* gun at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge4 ,! consequ5ce is t at ea* dis*>ge ( a big gun a ?9 sk9 ( metal inside ! b>rel is lit]ally fus$1 & ?is leads to rapid erosion ( ! s(t5$ surfaces "u ! te>+ pressure ( gases g5]at$4 ,! rifl+ is worn away2 ! b& ov] ! projectile becomes loose-fitt+2 & soon ! huge gun1 t has co/ su* a great sum1 is r5d]$ unfit = s]vice4 ,! life ( a twelve-in* gun is only #dej r\nds1 t is1 ! gun w\ld be worn out if fir$ e ?ree m9utes = a s+le day4 ,aft] t a new life may be giv5 x by bor+ out ! inn] tube & putt+ 9 a new /eel l9+4 ,a ,secret = ,:i* ,=eign ,gov]nm5ts ,w\ld ,pay ,millions4 ,a few words may be add$ ab\t ! =midable smokeless p[d] us$ 9 ^! great guns4 ,?is p[d]1 9 spite ( its t]rible p[]1 is ( innoc5t appe>ance1 & a small /ick ( x may be held safely 9 ! h& :ile x burns ) a vivid yell[i% flame4 ,!re is no dang] ( its explod+ or detonat+ l gun-cotton1 & yet x is made f gun-cotton1 treat$ by a colloid+ process t is "o ( our jeal\sly gu>d$ milit>y secrets4 ,!re are =eign gov]nm5ts t w\ld give millions to "k exactly h[ ?is p[d] is made & h[ x is pres]v$ = ye>s )\t det]ioration4 ,! rec5t de/ruction ( two %ips ( ! ,fr5* navy 0 due1 x is believ$1 to det]ioration ( _! smokeless p[d]4 ,illu/ration ,:y ,d ,"s ,eyes ,9 a ,picture ,seem to ,foll[ ,u8 ,if a p]son's picture is tak5 ) ! eyes ( ! p]son look+ directly into ! l5s or op5+ ( ! cam]a1 !n ! eyes 9 ! picture w always be directly on & appe> to foll[ :oev] is look+ at x4 ,?is is also true ( pa9t+s4 ,if a subject be+ pa9t$ is pos$ s z to look directly at ! pa9t]1 & ! arti/ pa9ts ! picture ) ! eyes s po9t$1 !n ! eyes ( ! picture w foll[ y4 ,:5 y are look+ at a picture ( a p]son & ! eyes d n foll[ y1 y w "k at once t he 0 n look+ at ! cam]a or arti/ :5 ! picture 0 be+ tak5 or pa9t$4 ,illu/ration ,:]e ,does a ,light ,g ,:5 ,x ,goes ,out8 ,,:y ,,y ,,c ,,bl[ ,,out ,a ,,c&le ,to und]/& ! answ] to ?is "q fully y w fir/ h to le>n :at light is1 & p>ticul>ly t x is n ! flame f ! gas jet or ( ! lamp or c&le t is actually ! light1 b t light consi/s ( rays or waves 9 ! e!r1 :i* is con/antly 9 all space & ev5 9 our bodies1 com+ f ! some?+ t is burn+4 ,?is 9 ! in/ance above m5tion$ w\ld be ! gas burn+ z x comes out ( ! gas jet1 ! oil 9 ! lamp z x comes up ?r\gh ! wick or ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,we are apt to call a light$ gas jet a lamp1 or a c&le1 light1 because x is /eady4 ,really1 h[ev]1 !re is no su* ?+ z keep+ light 9 a room 9 an actual s5se1 = rays ( light travel f ! sub/ance :i* produces !m fa/] ?an any?+ else we "k ( 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ ?+ a light wave does :5 x is once creat$ is to g "s place1 & x does ?is at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,if x _c p5etrate ! walls ( ! room x is ei!r reflect$ back 9 ! direction f :i* x came or trans=m$ by ! objects :i* x /rikes into "s o!r k9d ( en]gy4 ,:5 y look at ! rays com+ f a gas jet1 y d n see "o ray = m ?an1 say ! million? "p ( a second1 b because ^! rays ( light come s fa/ "o aft] ! o!r f ! burn+ jet & spread 9 all directions1 !y seem to be cont9u\s4 ,s y see t ! rays ( light are go+ away z fa/ z !y are com+ f ! gas jet4 ,!y ei!r g on z light or1 z said above1 are *ang$ into o!r =ms ( en]gy :5 !y /rike ?+s !y _c p5etrate 9 ! =m ( light1 or r "o ?+1 :i* is heat4 ,a l>ge "p ( x goes into ! air 9 ! room 9 ! =m ( heat1 z y well "k1 n[ t x is call$ to y\r att5tion4 ,"s ( x goes into ! furniture & "s ( x is *ang$ into ano!r =m ( heat1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! *emicals 9 o!r ?+s x mixes )1 *anges _! appe>ance & usefulness4 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! c>pets & hang+s 9 ! room1 ! colors ( :i* become fad$ :5 expos$ to light rays too mu*4 ,! heat f ! light rays is responsible = ! fad+ ( colors 9 our g>m5ts z well4 ,:5 y 8put out ! light10 z we say1 or turn (f ! gas1 y cut (f ! s\rce ( light4 ,really1 !n1 our expression t 8! light goes out0 is only true :ile ! gas is light$1 = f ! flam+ gas jet ! light is go+ out all ! "t1 :]eas :5 ! gas is turn$ (f no light is be+ produc$1 & :5 y turn (f ! gas y d n turn out ! light1 b only t :i* makes light4 ,:y ,does a ,fire ,g ,out8 ,fire w g out naturally :5 !re is no?+ left to burn1 or x w g out if x _c secure en\gh oxyg5 out ( ! air to keep x go+4 ,9 ! fir/ case x dies :at we might call a 8natural dea?10 & 9 ! latt] case ! fire practically suffocates4 ,! fire 9 ! op5 fireplace1 if x has pl5ty ( air1 w burn up ev]y?+ burnable t x c rea*4 ,! /ones ( ! fireplace or o!r p>ts ( a /ove w n burn1 because !y h already be5 burn$1 & y _c burn any?+ a second "t1 if all ( ! oxyg5 9 x 0 burn$ out ( x ! fir/ "t4 ,n[1 !n1 to burn up a ?+1 y mu/ fir/ />t a fire "u x1 & !n keep a con/ant draft ( air play+ on x f b5ea?1 or ! fire w die out4 ,! m difficult a ?+ is to burn1 ! m important x is t y h pl5ty ( draft4 ,if ! a%es accumulate "u ! fire ! air _c g ?r\gh !m 9 suffici5t quantity & ! fire w g out4 ,o!r ?+s :i* prev5t ! curr5t ( air f go+ up ?r\gh ! fire w cause x to g out4 ,t is :y we close ! l[] door ( ! furnace1 to keep ! fire f burn+ out4 ,:5 we %ut (f ! draft ( air f bel[1 ! fire 9 ! furnace burns sl[ly1 i4 e41 x j hangs on1 s to speak4 ,:y ,does a ,lamp ,give a ,bett] ,light ,) ! ,*imney ,on8 ,:5 a lamp is burn+ )\t a *imney x g5]ally smokes4 ,t is because ! oil :i* is com+ up ?r\gh ! wick is be+ only p>tially burn$4 ,! c>bon1 :i* is ab\t "o-half ( :at ! oil conta9s1 is n be+ burn$ at all1 & goes (f into ! air 9 little black specks ) ! gases :i* are ?r[n (f4 ,! reason ! c>bon is n burn$ :5 ! *imney is (f is t !re is n suffici5t oxyg5 f ! air comb9+ ) x1 z x is sep>at$ f ! oil 9 ! p>tial combu/ion t is go+ on4 ,to make ! c>bon 9 ! oil burn y mu/ mix x ) pl5ty ( oxyg5 at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & ?is c only be done by =c+ suffici5t oxyg5 ?r\gh ! flame to br+ ! heat ( ! flame to ! po9t :]e ! c>bon w comb9e ) x & burn4 ,:5 y put ! *imney on ! lamp y create a draft :i* =ces m oxyg5 ?r\gh ! flame1 br+s ! heat up to ! prop] temp]ature & enables ! c>bon to comb9e ) x & burn4 ,:5 y take ! *imney (f aga9 ! heat goes d[n1 :5 ! draft is %ut (f & ! lamp smokes aga94 ,! *imney also protects ! flame ( ! lamp f drafts f ! sides & above1 & helps to make a bright] light1 because a /eady light is bright] ?an a flick]+ "o4 ,! draft creat$ by ! *imney also =ces ! gases produc$ by ! burn+ oil up & away f ! flame4 ,"s ( ^! gases h a t5d5cy to put out a light or a fire4 ,does ,light ,weigh ,any?+8 ,to get at ! answ] to ?is "q we mu/ g back to ! def9ition ( light4 ,light is a wave 9 ! e!r & conta9s no p>ticles ( matt]4 ,x1 !re=e1 does n weigh any?+ at all4 ,:5 m5 _h /udi$ light ?or\ghly1 h[ev]1 !y came to ! conclusion t x mu/ h ! p[] ( pressure1 :i*1 f ! /&po9t ( results1 w\ld am\nt to ! same ?+ z hav+ weight4 ,!y reason$ t if y _h a p]fect balance & let sunlight %9e d[n on "o ( ! sides ( ! balance1 t side %\ld g d[n "u ! pressure ( light4 ,9 _! fir/ exp]im5ts along ?is l9e m5 fail$ to %[ t "u su* conditions ! side ( ! balance on :i* ! light %one did g d[n1 b by cont9u\s exp]im5ts x 0 prov$ f9ally t ! light did ex]t a suffici5t pressure to cause ! scales to g d[n1 & 9 effect ?is is ! same z hav+ weight2 b ?is has be5 f\nd to be a common prop]ty ( rays ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ heat1 & we1 !re=e1 d n speak ( ?is quality z weight1 b z ! p[] ( radiat+ pressure4 ,:y ,does a ,/ick ,seem to ,b5d ,:5 ,put 9 ,wat]8 ,:5 light passes f "o m$ium to ano!r1 z = example f glass or wat] to air1 or f air or glass to wat]1 ! rays ( light *ange _! c\rse1 ?us mak+ !m seem to be b5t or brok54 ,! rays ( light f ! "p ( ! /ick 9 ! wat] take a diff]5t direction f ! rays f ! "p :i* is out ( ! wat]1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( break+ or b5d+ at ! place :]e ! air & wat] meet4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! light rays :i* are b5t & n ! object itself4 ,?is b5d+ or *ang+ ( ! pa? ( light rays is call$ refraction4 ,if y place a co9 9 a glass ( wat] s t x may be view$ obliquely1 y c app>5tly see two co9s1 a small "o ?r\gh ! surface ( ! wat] & ano!r app>5tly magnifi$ ?r\gh ! side ( ! glass4 ,?is is due only to ! absolute pr9ciple t rays ( light *ange _! direction 9 pass+ f "o ?+ to ano!r1 & on ?is pr9ciple ( ! rays ( light our optical in/rum5ts1 includ+ ! microscope1 ! telescope1 ! cam]a & eyeglasses are bas$4 ,:at ,makes ! ,/>s ,tw9kle8 ,i might tell y1 j to %[ h[ clev] ,i am1 t />s d n tw9kle at all1 & leave y ) t = an answ]4 ,b s9ce !y really d seem to tw9kle1 & t is :at causes y\r "q1 ,i w tell y4 ,z we h already le>n$ 9 our talks ab\t ! />s & ! sky 9 g5]al1 ! />s are suns :i* are con/antly ?r[+ (f light1 j z our sun gives u light1 & :5 ?is light /rikes ! air :i* surr\nds ! e>? x meets _m objects--little p>ticles ( du/ & o!r ?+s always float+ ab\t 9 x4 ,! light comes to u 9 ! =m ( rays f ! />s & "s ( ^! rays /rike p>ticles ( v>i\s k9ds 9 ! air & are ?us int]f]$ )4 ,if y are look+ at a light$ w9d[ "s di/ance away & !re are a lot ( boys & girls or m5 & wom5 runn+ pa/ ! w9d[1 "o aft] ! o!r1 rapidly1 x w make ! light 9 ! w9d[ appe> to tw9kle4 ,! tw9kl+ is due to ! int]f]5ce :i* ! rays ( light enc\nt] :ile travel+ t[>d ! eye4 ,:y ,does an ,onion ,make ! ,te>s ,come8 ,t is nature's way ( protect+ ! eyes f ! sm>t+ :i* ! onion w\ld cause 9 y\r eyes if ! te>s did n come quickly & ov]come ! bad effect s produc$4 ,te>s are provid$ = wa%+ ! ball ( y\r eyes4 ,e "t y w9k a little te> is releas$ f "u ! eyelid1 & ! w9k spreads x all ov] ! eyeball4 ,?is wa%es d[n ! front ( ! eyeball & cleanses x ( all du/ & o!r ?+s t fly at ! eye f ! air4 ,!n ! te> runs along a little *annel1 mu* l a tr\gh1 at ! l[] "p ( ! eye1 & out ?r\gh a little hole 9 ! eye1 & 9 ?is case ! te> is really only an eye-wa%4 ,_m ?+s1 b m (t5 sadness or injur$ feel+s1 />t ! te>s com+ s fa/ f "u ! eyelid t ! little tr\gh at ! bottom & ! hole 9 ! corn] ( ! eye are too small to hold !m or c>ry !m (f1 s !y roll ov] ! edge ( ! l[] eyelid & d[n ! face4 ,^! are :at we call te>s4 ,among o!r ?+s t w cause te>-gl&s to cause an ov]-supply ( eye-wa% to come d[n1 are onions4 ,:at !y give (f is v try+ to ! eyes1 & s1 j z soon z ! some?+ :i* an onion ?r[s (f hits ! eyeball1 ! n]ves ( ! eye telegraph ! bra9 to turn on ! te>s quickly1 & !y come 9 a little deluge & c\nt]act ! bad effect ( ! onion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,rem>kable ,,pictures ,,) ,a ,,fa/ ,,cam]a ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cave ,,man ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,times ,,:o ,,unconsci\sly ,,inv5t$ ,,ammunition ,! ,fir/ ,missile ,,h[ ,,man ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,%oot ,a nak$ savage f\nd himself 9 ! greate/ dang]4 ,a wild bea/1 hungry & fi]ce 0 ab\t to attack him4 ,escape 0 impossible4 ,retreat 0 cut (f4 ,he mu/ fight = 8 life--b h[8 ,%\ld he bite1 scrat* or kick8 ,%\ld he /rike ) 8 fi/8 ,^! 7 ! natural def5ces ( 8 body1 b :at 7 !y aga9/ ! tee?1 ! claws & ! trem5d\s muscles ( 8 enemy8 ,%\ld he wr5* a dead bran* f a tree & use x = a club8 ,t w\ld br+ him )9 /rik+ di/ance to be torn to pieces be=e he c\ld deal a second bl[4 ,!re 0 b a mom5t 9 :i* to act4 ,swiftly he seiz$ a jagg$ fragm5t ( rock f ! gr\nd & hurl$ x ) all 8 =ce at ! blaz+ eyes be=e him2 !n ano!r1 & ano!r1 until ! bea/1 daz$ & ble$+ f ! unexpect$ bl[s1 fell back & gave him a *ance to escape4 ,he knew t he _h sav$ 8 life1 b !re 0 some?+ else :i* 8 dull bra9 fail$ to realize4 ,he _h inv5t$ arms & ammunition6 ,9 o!r words1 he _h ne$$ to /rike a h>d] bl[ ?an ! bl[ ( 8 fi/1 at a great] di/ance ?an ! l5g? ( 8 arm1 & 8 bra9 %[$ him h[ to d x4 ,aft] all1 :at is a mod]n rifle b a device :i* man has made ) 8 bra9 p]mitt+ him to /rike an enorm\sly h>d bl[ at a wond]ful di/ance8 ,fire>ms are really b a m p]fect =m ( /one-?r[+1 & ?is e>ly ,cave ,man took ! fir/ /ep t has l$ d[n ! ages4 ,?is /range /ory ( a developm5t has be5 tak+ place sl[ly ?r\gh ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s t today y are able to take a swift %ot at di/ant game in/ead ( m]ely ?r[+ /ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sl+ ,,man ,,9 ,,action ,,practice ,,develop$ ,,"s ,,wond]ful ,,m>ksm5 ,,among ,,! ,,us]s ,,( ,,?is ,,primitive ,,weapon ,we d n "k ! "n ( ! man :o inv5t$ ! sl+4 ,possibly he did n ev5 h a "n1 b 9 "s way he hit ^u a s*eme = ?r[+ /ones f>!r1 h>d]1 & /raight] ?an any ( 8 ance/ors4 ,! m5 & wom5 9 ! ,cave ,colony sudd5ly f\nd t "o bright-ey$ "y fell[1 ) a little /raight] =ehead ?an ! o!rs1 0 beat+ !m all at hunt+4 ,dur+ weeks he _h be5 go+ away my/]i\sly1 = h\rs ea* day4 ,n[1 :5ev] he left ! camp he 0 sure to br+ home game1 :ile ! o!r m5 w\ld /raggle back = ! mo/ "p empty-h&$4 ,0 x wit*craft8 ,!y decid$ to inve/igate4 ,accord+ly1 "o morn+ sev]al ( !m foll[$ at a c>eful di/ance z he s\ght ! %ore ( a /ream :]e wat]-f[l might be f\nd4 ,p>t+ ! leaves1 !y saw him pick up a pebble f ! bank & !n to _! surprise1 take (f 8 girdle ( sk9 & place ! /one 9 its c5t]1 hold+ bo? ends ) 8 "r h&4 ,/rang] /ill1 he :irl$ ! girdle twice ar\nd 8 head1 !n releas$ "o end s t ! lea!r /rip flew out & ! /one %ot /raight at a bird 9 ! wat]4 ,! my/]y 0 solv$4 ,!y _h se5 ! fir/ sl+man 9 action4 ,! new plan work$ ) great success1 & a little practice made exp]t m>ksm54 ,we "k t mo/ ( ! e>ly races us$ x = hunt+ & 9 w>4 ,we f9d x %[n 9 pictures made _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 9 anci5t ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,we f9d x 9 ! ,roman ,army :]e ! sl+man 0 call$ a 8funditor40 ,surely1 too1 y rememb] ! /ory ( ,david & ,golia? :5 ! "y %eph]d 8prevail$ ov] ! ,phili/9e ) a sl+ & ) a /one40 ,yet sl+s _h _! drawbacks4 ,a /one slung might kill a bird or ev5 a man1 b x 0 n v effective aga9/ big game4 ,:at 0 want$ 0 a missile to pi]ce a ?ick hide4 ,man _h begun to make spe>s = use 9 a p9*1 b w\ld y l to tackle a husky be> or a well-horn$ /ag ) only a spe> = a weapon8 ,no m did our undress$ ance/ors4 ,! inv5tion ( ! greatly desir$ arm probably came ab\t 9 a mo/ curi\s way4 ,long ages ago man _h le>n$ to make fire by pati5tly rubb+ two /icks toge!r1 or by twirl+ a r\nd "o betwe5 8 h&s ) its po9t re/+ ^u a flat piece ( wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,long ,,b[0 ,,9 ,,%]wood ,,=e/ ,,"o ,,( ,,rob9 ,,hood',s ,,fam\s ,,b& ,,enc\nt]s ,a ,,savage ,,tusk] ,,at ,,close ,,range ,9 ?is way x c\ld be made to smoke1 & f9ally set fire to a tuft ( dri$ moss1 f :i* he might get a flame = cook+4 ,?is 0 su* h>d "w t he be?\ght him to twi/ a /r+ ( s9ew ab\t ! upright sp9dle & cause x to twirl by pull+ alt]nately at ! two /r+ ends1 z "s savage races /ill d4 ,f ?is x 0 a simple /ep to fa/5 ! ends ( ! two /r+s to a b5t piece ( wood1 ano!r great advantage s9ce n[ b "o h& 0 ne$$ to twirl ! sp9dle1 & ! o!r c\ld hold x 9 place4 ,?is 0 ! 8b[-drill0 :i* also is us$ to ?is day4 ,b b5t wood is apt to be spr+y4 ,suppose t :ile "o 7 be>+ on pretty h>d ) a well-tight5$ /r+1 9 ord] to br+ fire quickly1 ! po9t ( ! sp9dle %\ld slip f its block4 ,naturally1 x w\ld fly away ) "s =ce if ! position 7 j "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,de] ,,/alk+ ,,) ,,! ,,crossb[ ,,?is ,,compact ,,arm ,,) ,,its ,,small ,,bolt ,,& ,,great ,,p[] ,,0 ,,popul> ,,) ,,_m ,,sportsm5 ,!re 0 "o man :o /opp$ %ort :5 he lo/ 8 sp9dle1 = a r$-hot idea %ot sudd5ly ?r\gh 8 bra94 ,once or twice he *uckl$ to himself s(tly4 ,!reupon he arose & began to exp]im5t4 ,he *ose a long]1 spr+i] piece ( wood1 b5t x into a b[1 & /rung x ) a long] ?ong4 ,he plac$ ! end ( a /raight /ick aga9/ ! ?ong1 drew x /rongly back1 & releas$ x4 ,! %aft :izz$ away ) =ce en\gh to delight him1 & lo1 !re 0 ! fir/ ,b[-&-,arr[6 ,arm$ ) 8 b[-&-arr[1 man n[ 0 "l ( creation4 ,no long] 0 x necess>y = him to huddle ) 8 fell[s 9 "s cave to avoid be+ eat5 by pr[l+ bea/s4 ,in/ead he w5t :]e he w\ld & boldly hunt$ ! fi]ce/ ( !m4 ,9 o!r words1 8 bra9 0 beg9n+ to tell1 = ?\gh 8 body 0 /ill no mat* = ! lion & ! be>1 he _h ?\ght out a way to conqu] !m4 ,also he 0 bett] f$ ) a great] v>iety ( game4 ,& n[1 free to come & g :]ev] he might f9d x1 he 0 able to spread into v>i\s l&s & s to organize ! tribes & nations :i* at la/ gave u civilization & hi/ory4 ,a new weapon n[ came ab\t ?r\gh w>f>e4 ,man has be5 a savage fight+ animal ?r\gh pretty mu* all 8 hi/ory1 b :ile he tri$ to kill ! o!r fell[1 he object$ to be+ kill$ himself4 ,!re=e he took to we>+ armor4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages he pil$ on m & m1 until at la/ "o ( ! knights c\ld h>dly walk1 & x took a /rong horse to c>ry him4 ,:5 su* a "o fell1 he w5t ov] ) a cra% l a t9-p$dl]'s wagon1 & _h to be pick$ up aga9 by "s ( 8 m54 ,su* armor w\ld turn mo/ ( ! arr[s4 ,h5ce inv5tion got at "w aga9 & produc$ ! ,crossb[ & its bolt4 ,we h already le>n$ h[ ! t\gh sk9 ( animals br\ght ab\t ! b[2 n[ we see t man's artificial iron sk9 caus$ ! inv5tion ( ! crossb[4 ,:at 0 ! ,crossb[8 ,x 0 ! fir/ real h&-%oot+ ma*9e4 ,x 0 ano!r big /ep t[>d ! day ( ! rifle4 ,! idea 0 simple en\gh4 ,wood5 b[s _h already be5 made z /rong z ! /ronge/ man c\ld pull1 & !y wi%$ = /ill /rong] ones--/eel ones4 ,h[ c\ld !y pull !m8 ,at fir/ !y m\nt$ !m ^u a wood5 frame & re/$ "o end on ! %\ld] = a brace4 ,!n !y took to press+ ! o!r end aga9/ ! gr\nd1 & us+ bo? h&s4 ,next1 x 0 a bright idea to put a /irrup on ?is end1 9 ord] to hold x ) ! foot4 ,/ill !y 7 n satisfi$4 8,/rong]1 /rong]60 !y clamor$2 8give u b[s :i* w kill ! enemy f>!r away ?an he c %oot at u6 ,if we _c set su* b[s ) bo? arms let u try our backs60 ,s !y fa/5$ 8belt-claws0 to _! /\t girdles & tugg$ ! b[ /r+s into place ) _! back & leg muscles4 ,:o ,fir/ ,discov]$ ! ,p[] ( ,gunp[d]8 ,probably ! ,*9ese1 al?\gh all au?orities d n agree4 ,/range1 is x n1 t a race /ill us+ crossb[s 9 its army %\ld h kn[n ( explosives long be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 & p]haps z f> back z ! "t ( ,moses8 ,"h is a passage f _! anci5t ,g5too ,code ( ,laws3 8,! magi/rate %all n make w> ) any deceitful ma*9e1 or ) poison$ weapons1 or ) cannons or guns1 or any k9d ( fire>ms40 ,b ,*9a might z well h be5 ,m>s be=e ! age ( travel4 ,our civilization _h to "w out ! problem = itself4 ,x all began ?r\gh play+ ) fire4 ,x 0 desir$ to ?r[ fire on an enemy's build+s1 or 8 %ips1 & s de/roy !m4 ,burn+ tor*es 7 ?r[n by ma*9es1 made ( cords & spr+s1 ov] a city wall1 & x became a great /udy to f9d ! be/ burn+ comp\nd ) :i* to cov] ^! tor*es4 ,"o 0 ne$$ :i* w\ld blaze ) a great flame & 0 h>d to put out4 ,h5ce ! e>ly *emi/s made all possible mixtures ( pit*1 res91 naph?a1 sulphur1 saltpet]1 etc42 8,greek fire0 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s4 ,_m ( ^! 7 made 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,! monks 7 pretty mu* ! only p 9 ^? days ) "t = /udy1 & two ( ^! %av5-head$ sci5ti/s n[ _h a *ance to ent] hi/ory4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 ! fir/4 ,"o night he 0 work+ 8 diabolical mixture 9 ! /one-wall$ laboratory1 & wat*$1 by ! flick]+ lights1 ! progress ( a c]ta9 int]e/+ comb9ation = :i* he _h us$ pure in/ead ( impure saltpet]4 ,sudd5ly !re 0 an explosion1 %att]+ ! *emical app>atus & probably al>m+ ! :ole build+4 ,t explosion prov$ ! new comb9ation 0 n fitt$ = use z a ?r[n fire2 x also %[$ ! exi/5ce ( t]rible =ces f> beyond ! p[] ( all b[-spr+s1 ev5 ^? made ( /eel4 ,rog] ,bacon ?us discov]$ :at 0 practically gunp[d]1 z f> back z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & left writ+s 9 :i* he record$ mix+ #aa4b p>ts ( ! saltpet]1 #bi4d ( *>coal1 & #bi ( sulphur4 ,?is 0 ! =mula develop$ z ! result ( 8 inve/igations4 ,b]?old ,s*w>tz1 a monk ( ,freiburg1 /udi$ ,bacon's works & c>ri$ on dang]\s exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 s t he is rank$ ) ,bacon = ! honor4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ "o to r\se ! int]e/ ( ,europe 9 ! great discov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,k5tucky ,,rifle0 ,,) ,,its ,,fl9t-,,lock ,,0 ,,accurate ,,b ,,mu/ ,,be ,,muzzle-,,*>g$ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,real ,,fire ,,arms ,& !n began ! fir/ crude1 clumsy ef=ts at gunmak+4 ,fire>ms 7 born4 ,h& bomb>ds & culv]9s 7 among ! e>ly types4 ,"s ( ^! 7 s heavy t a =k$ support _h to be driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & two m5 7 ne$$1 "o to hold & aim1 ! o!r to prime & fire4 ,improvem5ts kept com+1 h[ev]4 ,guns 7 light5$ & bett]$ 9 %ape4 ,somebody ?\ght ( putt+ a fla% pan1 = ! p[d]1 by ! side ( ! t\*-hole1 & n[ x 0 decid$ to fa/5 ! sl[-mat* 9 a movable cock ^u ! b>rel1 & ignite x ) a trigg]4 ,^! mat*es 7 fuses ( "s sl[-burn+ fib]1 l t[1 :i* w\ld keep a sp>k = a consid]able "t4 ,=m]ly !y _h to be c>ri$ sep>ately1 b ! new arrangem5t 0 a great conv5i5ce & made ! mat*-lock4 ,! cock1 be+ curv$ l a snake1 0 call$ ! 8s]p5t9e40 ,ab\t ! "t sportsm5 7 ?r\gh wond]+ at ! conv5i5ce ( ! mat*-lock1 !y began to realize its inconv5i5ce4 ,!y f\nd t !y burn$ up a great deal ( fuse1 & 7 h>d to keep light$4 ,bo? /atem5ts 7 true1 s inv5tors rack$ _! bra9s aga9 = some?+ bett]4 ,!y all knew y c\ld br+ sp>ks ) fl9t & /eel1 & t seem$ an idea wor? work+ on4 ,a ,nuremb]g inv5tor1 9 #aeae1 hit on ! :eel-lock4 ,9 ?is a not*$ /eel :eel 0 w\nd up ) a key l a clock4 ,fl9t or pyrite 0 held aga9/ ! jagg$ edge ( ! :eel by ! pressure ( ! s]p5t9e4 ,y pull$ ! trigg]1 !n 8:irr10 ! :eel revolv$1 a /ream ( sp>ks flew (f into ! fla%-pan1 & ! gun 0 dis*>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eel-,,lock ,,rifle ,?is gun work$ beautifully1 b x 0 exp5sive4 ,weal?y sportsm5 c\ld af=d !m1 & s = ! fir/ "t fire>ms began to be us$ = hunt+4 ,"s ( ^! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury nabobs _h su* guns ( beautiful workman%ip1 s wr\ght & c>v$ & inlaid1 t !y mu/ h co/ a small =tune4 ,y w f9d !m 9 _m l>ge museums to ?is day4 ,b n[ ! robb]s _h _! turn4 ,!re are two /ories ( ! inv5tion ( ! fl9t-lock4 ,bo? deal ) robb]s1 bo? h good au?ority1 & bo? may be true1 = inv5tions sometimes are made indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t places4 ,"o /ory runs t ! fl9t-lock :i* 0 (t5 /yl$ 8,lock la ,miquelet10 f ! ,spani% ^w1 8,miquelitos0--m>aud]s--told its orig9 9 its "n4 ,! o!r is1 t ! fl9t-lock 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl& by gangs ( ?ieves1 ^: pr9cipal bus9ess 0 to /eal p\ltry4 ,9 ei!r case ! explanation is easy4 ,! mat*-lock %[$ its fire at night & w\ldn't d = ?ieves1 ! :eel-lock 0 too exp5sive1 s aga9 necessity became ! "m ( a f>-rea*+ inv5tion4 ,ev]ybody kn[s :at ! fl9t-lock 0 l4 ,y simply fa/5$ a flake ( fl9t 9 ! cock & snapp$ x aga9/ a /eel plate4 ,?is /ruck (f sp>ks :i* fell into ! fla%-pan & fir$ ! *>ge4 ,x 0 s practical t x became ! =m ( gun = all uses2 ?us gunmak+ began to be a big indu/ry4 ,inv5t$ e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 us$ by ! hunt]s & soldi]s ( ! next two hundr$ ye>s4 ,old p rememb] :5 fl9t-locks 7 pl5tiful ev]y:]e4 ,9 fact1 !y are /ill be+ manufactur$ & are sold 9 "s p>ts ( ,africa & ! ,ori5t4 ,"o factory 9 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 is said to produce ab\t twelve hundr$ weekly1 & ,belgium %>es 9 _! manufacture4 ,"s ( ! ,arabs use !m to ?is day 9 ! =m ( /range-look+ guns ) long1 sl5d] muzzles & v light1 curv$ /ocks4 ,!re 7 freak inv5tors 9 ! fl9t-lock p]iod j z !re are to-day4 ,"s ( !m wre/l$ ) ! problem ( repeat+ guns1 & put toge!r a numb] ( b>rels1 ev5 sev5 9 ! case ( "o c>b9e4 ,o!rs tri$ revolv+ *amb]s1 l our revolv]s1 & /ill o!rs1 magaz9e /ocks4 ,pi/ols came into use 9 _m int]e/+ %apes1 b ^! 7 too practical to be consid]$ freaks4 ,,:y ,,we ,,call ,,!m ,,pi/ols ,pi/ols1 by ! way1 are nam$ f ! t[n ( ,pi/ola1 ,italy1 :]e !y are said to h be5 inv5t$ & fir/ us$4 ,we mu/ n =get t rifl+ 0 inv5t$ ab\t ! "t t ! :eel-lock appe>$1 & _h a great deal to d ) ! improvem5t ( %oot+4 ,au/rians claim its inv5tion = ,casp] ,zolln]1 ( ,vi5na1 :o cut /raight grooves 9 ! b>rel's bore4 ,8 gun is said to h be5 us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #adih1 b ! ,italians seem to h /ill bett] w>rant z ^! significant words appe> 9 old ,lat9 ,italian1 "u date ( ,july #bh?1 #adgf1 9 ! inv5tory ( ! =tress ( ,gua/alla3 8,also "o iron gun made ) a twi/ l a snail %ell40 ,! rifl+ made ! bullet sp9 l a top z x flew ?r\gh ! air1 ?us greatly improv+ its precision4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjg ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,john ,=sy!1 ,,ll4,d41 got 8 pat5t pap]s = some?+ f> bett] ?an ev5 ! /eady old fl9t4 ,he _h inv5t$ ! p]cussion sy/em4 ,9 "s =m ?is has be5 us$ ev] s9ce4 ,:i* is to say t :5 ! hamm] ( y\r gun falls1 x doesn't explode ! p[d]1 al?\gh x seems to4 ,in/ead x sets (f a t9y portion ( a v s5sitive *emical comp\nd call$ ! 8prim]10 & ! explosion ( ?is 8prim]0 makes ! p[d] g (f4 ,( c\rse1 ! two explosions come s swiftly t y\r e> he>s only a s+le bang4 ,prim]s 7 tri$ 9 diff]5t =ms call$ 8detonators10 b ! famili> little copp] cap 0 ! mo/ popul>4 ,no ne$ to describe !m4 ,millions are /ill made to be us$ on old-fa%ion$ nipple guns1 ev5 9 ?is day ( fix$ ammunition4 ,b n[ we come to ano!r great developm5t1 ! ,bree*-load]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,automatic ,,rifle ,,! ,,mod]n ,,sportsman ,,) ,,8 ,,automatic ,,rifle ,,is ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,all ,,em]g5cies ,p]haps y h _h to h&le an old muzzle-load]4 ,x 0 all "r s long z y knew ( no?+ bett]1 b ?9k ( x n[ t y h y\r beautiful bree*-load]4 ,d y rememb] h[ sometimes y ov]load$1 & ! kick made y\r %\ld] lame = a week8 ,or h[1 :5 y 7 excit$ y %ot away y\r ramrod8 ,! gun f\l$ too1 & 0 h>d to clean1 ! nipples broke (f1 ! caps split1 & ! bree*es ru/$ s t y _h to take !m to a gunsmi?4 ,yes1 9 spite ( ! game x got1 x 0 a lot ( tr\ble1 n[ y come to ?9k ( x4 ,h[ diff]5t x all is n[6 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembl+ ,,repeat+ ,,%otguns ,,& ,,rifles ,bree*-load]s 7 h>dly new4 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl&1 he ( ! _m wives1 _h a mat*-lock arquebus ( ?is type dat$ #aecg4 ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france ev5 inv5t$ "o = 8 army1 & o!rs work$ a little on ! idea f "t to "t4 ,b x wasn't until fix$ ammunition came into use t ! bree*-load] really came to /ay--& t 0 only ! o!r day4 ,y rememb] t ! ,civil ,w> began ) muzzle-load]s & end$ ) bree*-load]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assembl+ ,,auto ,,%otguns ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,%oot+ ,,te/s ,h\ill]1 ! ,fr5* gunsmi?1 hit on ! great idea ( ! c>tridge4 ,if y 7 go+ to use p[d]1 ball & p]cussion prim] to get y\r game1 :y n put !m all into a neat1 h&y1 gas-tight case8 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,made ,,guns ,,h[ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,gun ,,0 ,,made ,two m51 a smi? & 8 son1 bo? nam$ ,eliphalet ,rem+ton1 9 #ahaf1 7 work+ busily "o day at _! =ge 9 beautiful ,ilion ,gorge1 :51 s tradition says1 ! son ask$ 8 fa!r = money to buy a rifle1 & met ) a refusal4 ,! reque/ 0 natural = ! surr\nd+ hills 7 full ( game4 ,! fa!r mu/ h _h 8 own reasons = refus+1 b x />t$ ! manufacture ( guns 9 ,am]ica4 ,eliphalet1 ,jr41 clos$ 8 firm jaws tightly1 & began collect+ scrap iron on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?is he weld$ skillfully into a gun-b>rel1 walk$ fifte5 miles to ,utica to h x rifl$1 & f9ally _h a weapon ( :i* he might well be pr\d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,types ,,( ,,c>tridges ,9 reality1 x 0 su* a v good gun t soon ! neighbors ord]$ o!rs l x1 & be=e long ! ,rem+ton =ge f\nd itself h>d at "w to meet ! increas+ dem&4 ,sev]al times ea* week ! /alw>t "y manufactur] pack$ a load ( gun-b>rels ^u 8 back1 & tramp$ all ! way to ,utica :]e a gunsmi? rifl$ & f9i%$ !m4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 no real gun-factories 9 ,am]ica1 al?\gh gunsmi?s 7 locat$ 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] t[ns4 ,all gun-b>rels 7 import$ f ,engl& or ,europe4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,a ,,c>tridge ,,factory ,,h[ ,,ammunition ,,is ,,made ,"o ( ! fir/ %ocks y get :5 y />t y\r visit ?r\gh a c>tridge factory is ! matt]-(-fact way 9 :i* ! op]atives1 girls 9 _m cases1 h&le ! mo/ t]rible comp\nds4 ,we /op1 = example1 :]e !y are mak+ prim]s to g 9 ! head ( y\r load$ %ell1 9 ord] t x may n miss fire :5 ! bun* ( quail :irrs sudd5ly into ! air f ! %elt]+ grasses4 ,t grayi% pa/y mass is wet fulm9ate ( m]cury4 ,suppose x %\ld dry a trifle too rapidly4 ,x w\ld be ! la/ ?+ y ev] did suppose1 = !re is =ce en\gh 9 t d\ble h&ful to bl[ its surr\nd+s into fragm5ts4 ,y edge away a little1 & no wond]1 b ! girl :o h&les x %[s no fe> z %e deftly b c>efully presses x into m\lds :i* sep>ate x into ! prop] sizes = prim]s4 ,%e kn[s t 9 its pres5t moi/ condition x _c explode4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inspect+ ,,metallic ,,%ells ,illu/ration3 ,,exam9+ ,,pap] ,,%ells ,illu/ration3 ,,weigh+ ,,bullets ,or1 p]haps1 we may be wat*+ "o ( ! _m load+ ma*9es4 ,!re is a c]ta9 sugge/iv5ess 9 ! way ! ma*9es are sep>at$ by p>titions4 ,! man 9 *>ge takes a small c>ri] ( p[d] f a case 9 ! outside wall & %uts ! door1 !n c>efully empties x into ! res]voir ( 8 ma*9e1 & wat*es al]tly :ile x packs ! prop] portions into ! wait+ %ells4 ,he looks l a c>eful man1 & ne$s to be4 ,y d n /& too close4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oot+ ,,room ,,( ,,balli/ics ,,dep>tm5t ,illu/ration3 ,,*ronograph ,,= ,,measur+ ,! empty c>ri] !n passes ?r\gh a little door at ! side ( ! build+1 & drops into ! yawn+ m\? ( an automatic tube4 ,9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye x appe>s 9 front ( ! op]ator 9 "o ( ! di/ribut+ /ations1 :]e x is refill$1 & return$ to its prop] load+ ma*9e1 9 ord] to keep ! ma*9e go+ at a p]fectly uni=m rate2 :ile at ! same "t x all[s b a m9imum am\nt ( p[d] to rema9 9 ! build+ at any mom5t4 ,ea* ma*9e has b j suffici5t p[d] 9 its hopp] to run until a new supply c rea* x4 ,great] precaution ?an ?is _c be imag9$1 illu/rat+ z x does t no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to protect ! lives ( ! op]ators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,metal ,,heads ,,on ,,pap] ,,%ot ,,%ells ,x is rem>kable t1 9 an output ( some?+ l f\r million p] day1 e c>tridge is p]fect4 ,su* ?+s are n accid5tal4 ,! secret is1 inspection4 ,,te/+ ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,products ,let u see :at t means4 ,x means laboratory te/s to />t )4 ,"h are br\ght _m samples ( ! body pap]1 wad pap]1 metals1 wat]pro(+ mixture1 fulm9ate ( m]cury1 sulphur1 *lorate ( pota%1 antimony sulphide1 p[d]1 wax1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 & ev5 ! op]at+ mat]ials su* z coal1 grease1 oil1 & soaps4 ,9 ! laboratory we see exp]t *emi/s & metallurgi/s ) _! te/-tubes1 scales1 ,buns5 burn]s1 retorts1 t5sile ma*9es1 microscopes1 & o!r sci5tific look+ app>atus1 busily hunt+ = defects4 ,= example1 "o m>k] is exam9+ a supply ( cupro-nickel1 su* z is us$ 9 jacket+ c]ta9 bullets4 ,a corn] ( ea* /rip is fir/ b5t ov] at "r angles1 !n back 9 ! o!r direction until x is d\bl$1 !n /raight5$4 ,x does n %[ ! slighte/ sign ( break+ or crack+1 9 spite ( ! sev]e treatm5t1 !re=e x is p]fect4 ,let b ! lea/ flaw appe>1 & ! %ipm5t is reject$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,%ot ,,t[] ,,looks ,,l ,,%ot ,,t[]--,,talle/ ,,build+ ,,9 ,,connecticut ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ge/ ,,c>tridge ,,equals ,,m ,,?an #a1jjj1jjj ,,( ,,smalle/ 7,,held ,,on ,,h&7 ,two l>ge iron cyl9d]s desc5d 9 ! c5t]1 com+ d[n ?r\gh ! ceil+ f above2 we are invit$ to look ?r\gh an op5 port 9 "o ( ^!4 ,we see no?+ b ! :it5$ opposite wall1 aga9/ :i* a light burns4 ,x appe>s absolutely empty1 ?\gh )9 x is ra9+ su* a swift %[] ( invisible metal t if we 7 to /ret* our h&s into ! app>5tly vacant space !y w\ld be torn f our arms4 ,a l>ge wat] tank bel[ is *urn$ into foam ) ! impact ( ! fall+ %ot1 & z we look d[nw>d we make out f9ally ! haze ( motion4 ,x is s int]e/+ t we take ! elevator & rise t5 /ories to ! s\rce ( ! %[]4 ,"h high 9 ! air are ! l>ge caldrons :]e _m pigs ( lead1 ) ! prop] alloy1 are melt$ into a sort ( metallic s\p4 ,?is is f$ into small comp>tm5ts conta9+ sieves or scre5s1 ?r\gh ! me%es ( :i* ! %9+ drops appe> & !n plunge swiftly d[nw>d4 ,b ?is only beg9s ! process4 ,tak5 f ! wat] tanks & hoi/$ up aga91 ! %ot pellets1 9 a second j\rney d[n1 ?r\gh complicat$ devices1 are sort$1 tumbl$1 poli%$1 grad$1 coat$ ) graphite1 & f9ally /or$4 ,! pictures %[n 9 ?is /ory 7 prep>$ especially to illu/rate ?is /ory ( 8,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,%oot0 by ! ,se>*light ,libr>y = ! ,rem+ton ,arms ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=g+ ,a ,,mon/] ,,gun ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s gun +ots aft] be+ 8/ripp$0 & 8cor$40 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s a gun +ot 9 ! process ( be+ =g$ "u =g+ press4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s a gun be+ fir$ at ! ,prov+ ,gr\nds = te/4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,big ,gun ,,?+s ,,to ,,"k ,,ab\t ,a ,,big ,,gun ,be=e go+ into a description ( ! manufacture ( a big gun x w\ld be well to und]/& ! foll[+ def9itions3 ,! 8bree*0 ( a gun is its re>-end1 or t end into :i* ! projectile & p[d] *>ge are load$4 ,! 8muzzle0 ( a gun is its =w>d end4 ,by 8calibre0 is meant ! inside diamet] ( ! gun 9 in*es4 ,a #e-;in* gun is "o ( 8m9or calibre10 & "o ( #ad-;in*es a gun ( 8major calibre40 ,! l5g? ( a gun is nev] express$ 9 in*es or feet1 b 9 ! numb] ( times t its calibre is divisible into its l5g?2 ?us1 :5 we say a #ab-;in* #ej-;calibre gun1 we mean a gun ( #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 & #ab times #ej1 or #fjj in*es long4 ,! 8bore0 is ! hole ext5d+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! gun1 f ! re> face ( ! l9] to its =w>d end4 ,! 8p[d] *amb]0 is ! re> "p ( ! bore1 & ext5ds f ! face ( ! bree* plug :5 clos$ to ! po9t :]e ! 8rifl+0 beg9s4 ,! p[d] *amb] is slightly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! re/ ( ! bore4 ,! 8rifl+0 is ! "n giv5 to ! spiral grooves :i* are cut into ! surface ( ! bore ( ! gun1 & give to ! projectile its rot>y motion :5 ! gun is fir$4 ,) ! adv5t ( 8iron-clads0 & heavily armor$ =tresses1 x became necess>y to increase ! p[] ( ! guns 9 use1 until to-day a #ad-;in* gun ( #de calibres fires a projectile weigh+ #adjj p\nds1 ) an initial velocity ( #bfjj feet p] second4 ,an idea ( ?is initial velocity may be bett] obta9$ by comp>ison :5 y realize t a tra9 go+ sixty miles an h\r is only travel+ at ! rate ( #hh feet p] second4 ,n[1 9 ord] to produce su* wond]ful p[] 9 a gun1 great pressure mu/ be g5]at$ 9 ! bore1 & x 0 soon f\nd t a "o-piece gun1 :e!r ca/ or =g$1 c\ld n )/& su* pressures4 ,to beg9 )1 we may consid] ?is "o-piece gun1 or any gun1 z a tube :i* mu/ )/& a great pressure f )91 s t :5 a gun is design$ c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! mat]ial f :i* x is con/ruct$ is /rong en\gh to )/& ?is pressure4 ,& n only mu/ ! gun be suffici5tly /rong1 b x mu/ n be too heavy1 s t y see y _c g on =ev] increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! walls ( ?is tube4 ,besides1 x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t a simple tube or cyl9d] _c be made ) walls ( suffici5t ?ickness to )/& f )9 a cont9u$ pressure p] squ>e in* great] ?an ! t5acity ( a squ>e-in* b> ( ! same mat]ial2 9 o!r words1 if ! t5sile /r5g? ( a metal is only twelve tons p] squ>e in*1 no gun ( t metal1 h[ev] ?ick its walls1 c\ld )/& a pressure ( tw5ty tons p] squ>e in*1 & ! mod]n big guns are te/$ at t great a pressure4 ,& if we look fur!r into ?is matt] ( pressures we f9d t :5 a gun is fir$ ! pressure ex]ts itself 9 two ways2 x t5ds to bur/ ! gun longitud9ally or d[n ! middle1 & x t5ds to pull ! gun ap>t 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,( c\rse1 "s me?od ( /r5g!n+ ?is "o-piece gun 0 s\ght aft]1 ) ! result t to-day guns are ei!r 8built-up0 or 8wire-w\nd40 ,a 8built-up0 gun is "o made ( sev]al lay]s1 ea* lay] be+ sep>ately con/ruct$ & !n assembl$ toge!r4 ,! ord] ( assemblage diff]s some:at ) ! diff]5t calibres1 b ! me?od ( assemblage is ess5tially ! same1 t is1 ! outside lay]s are heat$ & %runk on ! inn] ones4 ,?is "q w be treat$ at great] l5g? lat] on4 ,a 8wire-w\nd0 gun is "o 9 :i* ! necess>y additional /r5g? is obta9$ by w9d+ wire ar\nd an inn] tube ( /eel1 ea* lay] be+ w\nd ) a diff]5t t5sion ( ! wire2 ?is type ( gun has f\nd great favor ) =eign manufactur]s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! 8built-up0 sy/em is us$ almo/ exclusively1 & s ?is description w deal ) ! manufacture ( a 8built-up0 gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,big ,,gun ,,w\ld ,,look ,,if ,,y ,,7 ,,to ,,cut ,,x ,,9 ,,two ,sket* ,%[+ ,con/ruction ( a ,mod]n 8,built-up0 ,gun4 ,a1 ,,hoop2 ,b1 ,,hoop2 ,c1 ,,jacket2 ,d1 ,,tube2 ,e1 ,,l9]2 ,f1 ,,hoop4 ,a mod]n 8built-up0 gun is compos$ ( a l9]1 a tube1 a jacket & hoops4 ,! l9] is 9 "o piece & ext5ds ! entire l5g? ( ! bore & c>ries ! 8rifl+0 & ! p[d] *amb]4 ,! tube is 9 "o piece & envelops ! l9] = its entire l5g?4 ,=m]ly ! tube c>ri$ ! 8rifl+0 & p[d] *amb]1 b due to ! we>+ out ( ! 8rifl+0 ) con/ant fir+1 a l9] 0 decid$ on1 s t n[ :5 ! 8rifl+0 becomes worn1 ! l9] c be remov$ & a new "o sub/itut$4 ,! jacket is usually 9 two pieces & is %runk on ! tube2 x ext5ds ! entire l5g?1 & its re> end is ?read$ 9 ! inside = ! atta*m5t ( ! 8bree* bu%+40 ,hoops are %runk on ov] ! jacket & 9 a big gun are sometimes z _m z six or sev5 9 numb]4 ,! l9]1 tube1 jacket & hoops are made ( ! f9e/ quality ( op5 he>? /eel1 & ! /eel mu/ con=m to specifications set by ! gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s a m\ld = a gun +ot "u hydraulic press = fluid compression4 ,! *emical composition hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! necess>y elem5ts are weigh$ out & ! :ole *>g$ into an op5 he>? furnace4 ,:5 ! furnace is ready to be tapp$ ! molt5 metal is run into a l>ge ladle1 :i* 9 turn is tak5 by a crane to ! ca/+ pit1 :]e ! m\ld is fill$4 ,! +ots = ! l>ge calibre guns run f #db-;in* to #dh-;in* 9 diamet]1 & aft] be+ p\r$ !y are imm$iately run "u a hydraulic press1 :]e !y are subject$ to a pressure ( ab\t six tons p] squ>e in* to drive out ! gases1 & !n l[]$ to ab\t #aejj p\nds pressure p] squ>e in* = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t dur+ ! cool+4 ,?is pressure t5ds to make ! +ot solid1 by expell+ ! gases1 :i* w\ld cause bl[-holes1 & by prev5t+ 8pip+0 & 8segregation40 ,:5 a metal cools1 ! top & sides cool fir/1 & ?is out] lay] %r9ks & pulls away f ! c5tre1 ) ! result t a cavity or 8pipe0 w\ld be =m$1 b ! hydraulic pressure =ces fluid metal into ?is cavity & s prev5ts ! 8pipe40 ,! cool+ also causes ! v>i\s elem5ts to solidify sep>ately1 & !y t5d to break away f ! mass & collect at ! c5tre2 ?is is call$ 8segregation10 & is also p>tially prev5t$ by fluid compression4 ,a solid +ot1 h[ev]1 is obta9$1 & ?is is absolutely necess>y4 ,aft] ! +ot has cool$ suffici5tly x is 8/ripp$10 t is1 x is remov$ f ! m\ld1 & !n x is s5t to ! %op to h ! 8disc>d10 or extra l5g?1 cut (f4 ,:5 ! +ot is ca/1 an extra am\nt ( metal is p\r$ into ! m\ld to p]mit ?is disc>d1 ! !ory be+ t ! poor] metal1 toge!r ) gases & o!r impurities1 rise to ! top4 ,! gov]nm5t specifications require t !re %all be a #bj disc>d f ! upp] end & a #c disc>d f ! l[] end4 ,! disc>d hav+ be5 cut (f1 ! +ot is 8cor$10 t is1 its c5tre is bor$ out1 ! diamet] ( ! hole dep5d+ on ! size ( ! +ot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,! ,,bore ,,( ,a ,,big ,,gun ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s gun +ot 9 bor+ mill be+ cor$4 ,! +ot is n[ ready = ! 8=ge10 & on its receipt 9 ! =ge %op x is plac$ 9 a furnace to be heat$2 & "h great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t sett+ up any additional /ra9s 9 ! +ot4 ,:5 ! +ot 0 cool+ j aft] ca/+ ! metal t5d$ to fl[ f ! c5tre2 ! int]ior is /ill 9 a condition ( /ra91 & if ! cold +ot is n[ plac$ 9 a hot furnace1 cracks are apt to =m 9 ! c5tre1 caus+ ! =g+ to lat] break 9 s]vice4 ,h[ev]1 ! +ot hav+ be5 prop]ly heat$1 x is ready = ei!r ! =g+ hamm] or ! press4 ,! pres5t-day practice1 ?\gh1 is to =ge ! +ot "u a press =ge1 z ! work+ ( ! metal causes a c]ta9 fl[1 & z a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t is necess>y = ?is fl[1 ! cont9u$ pressure & sl[ motion ( ! press all[s ! molecules ( ! metal to adju/ !mselves m easily1 & a bett] & m homog5e\s =g$ +ot is produc$ ?an if ! =g+ _h be5 done ) a hamm]4 ,:5 =g+ a holl[ +ot1 a m&rel1 m]ely a cyl9drical /eel %aft1 is plac$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! +ot & ! +ot =g$ on ! m&rel1 !reby n only is ! outside diamet] ( ! +ot decreas$1 b ! l5g? ( ! +ot is increas$4 ,! usual practice is to cont9ue ! =g+ until ! orig9al ?ickness ( ! walls ( ! +ot is decreas$ "o-half & until ! +ot is )9 two in*es ( ! requir$ f9i%$ diamet]s4 ,! +ot is n[ kn[n z a 8=g+10 & ! l[] end ( ea* +ot z ca/ w be ! bree* end ( ! =g+ t is made f x4 ,! next process is t ( 8anneal+40 ,?is consi/s 9 heat+ ! =g+ to a r$ heat & !n all[+ x to cool v sl[ly1 & is usually done by haul+ ! fires 9 ! furnace aft] ! correct temp]ature has be5 atta9$ & p]mitt+ bo? to cool (f toge!r4 ,?is process is to relieve ! /ra9s set up 9 ! metal dur+ =g+1 & fur!r1 x alt]s ! molecul> condition ( ! /eel1 mak+ a f9] & m homog5e\s =g+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,gun ,,tube ,,is ,,temp]$ ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s a gun tube ready to be l[]$ into oil ba? = 8oil temp]+40 ,aft] anneal+1 ! =g+ is ready to g to ! ma*9e %op to be r\gh bor$ & turn$4 ,! =g+ is set 9 a la!1 ! bree* end be+ held by jaws on ! face-plate & ! muzzle end by a 8pot-c5tre10 a l>ge iron r+ hav+ sev]al radial arms screw$ ?r\gh x4 ,! la! c n[ be turn$ & ! =g+ c5t]$ by screw+ 9 or out on ! jaws ( ! face-plate or ! radial arms ( ! 8pot-c5tre40 ,:5 c5t]$1 sev]al surfaces are turn$ on ! =g+ = 8/eady re/s0 & !n all is 9 read9ess = ! turn+ & bor+4 ,9 bo? op]ations ( 8turn+0 & 8bor+10 ! "w revolves :ile ! cutt+ tools are f$ along4 ,turn+ is v simple & usually sev]al tools are cutt+ at ! same "t1 b bor+ is a m delicate op]ation1 because ! workman _c see :at he is do+4 ,& 9 bor+1 ei!r a 8hog bit0 or a 8pack$ bit0 is us$2 a 8hog bit0 is a half cyl9d] ( ca/ iron fitt$ ) "o cutt+ tool & us$ = r\gh cuts1 :ile a 8pack$ bit0 is a full cyl9d] ( wood ) metal fram+ & c>ry+ two tools #ahj ap>t & us$ = f9i%+ cuts4 ,! =g+1 hav+ be5 r\gh ma*9$1 is n[ ready to receive its heat treatm5t 9 ord] to give to ! /eel its requir$ physical *>act]i/ics4 ,e piece ( /eel us$ 9 gun manufacture mu/ con=m to c]ta9 specifications z reg>d bo? its physical & *emical *>act]i/ics4 ,! *emical analysis 0 made at ! "t ! +ot 0 ca/2 n[ = ! treatm5t ( ! =g+1 prior to ! physical te/ z to its t5sile /r5g?1 ela/ic limit1 elongation & contraction4 ,! 8t5sile /r5g?0 ( a metal is ! unit-/ress requir$ to break t metal into p>ts4 ,if a r\nd b> t5 in*es 9 cross-section area w fracture "u a /ra9 ( #abj tons1 its t5sile /r5g? is #abj #aj or #ab tons p] squ>e in*4 ,t5sile /r5g? is usually express$ 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! 8ela/ic limit0 ( a metal is ! unit-/ress requir$ to fir/ produce a p]man5t de=mation ( ! metal4 ,if a b> ( metal be subject$ to an increas+ /ra91 up to a c]ta9 po9t t metal w be p]fectly ela/ic1 resum+ its normal %ape :5 ! /ra9 is remov$2 at ! fir/ p]man5t set or de=mation1 h[ev]1 ! ela/ic limit ( t metal has be5 rea*$4 ,ela/ic limit is express$ 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,by 8elongation0 is meant ! increase 9 l5g? 9 a b> :5 its t5sile /r5g? is rea*$4 ,if a b> #aj in*es long aft] rupture measures #aa4h in*es1 its elongation is #ah4 ,by 8contraction0 is meant ! decrease 9 cross-section area 9 a b> :5 its t5sile /r5g? is rea*$4 ,if a b> #a squ>e in* 9 area aft] rupture is only 4#ge ( a squ>e in* 9 area1 its contraction is #be4 ,^! def9itions be+ und]/ood1 a brief description ( ! heat treatm5t c be tak5 up1 because x is aft] ?is treatm5t t /&>d b>s are tak5 f ! =g+s to und]go ! physical te/s4 ,! fir/ /ep consi/s 9 8temp]+0 or h>d5+ ! metal4 ,! piece to be temp]$ is plac$ 9 an upright position 9 a high furnace & uni=mly heat$ to ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,x is !n lift$ f ! furnace ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! top & c>ri$ by a crane to an oil tank ( suitable dep? & plung$ into ! oil4 ,?is rapid cool+ or 8temp]+ 9 oil0 is facilitat$ by hav+ ! oil tank surr\nd$ by a wat] ba?1 s arrang$ t a supply ( cold wat] is con/antly 9 circulation to c>ry ! heat f ! mass z quickly z possible4 ,?is op]ation produces exce$+ t\ghness1 increases ! t5sile /r5g? & raises ! ela/ic limit ( ! metal4 ,n[ ! =g+ is aga9 anneal$1 s z to relieve any /ra9s set up by temp]+ & to s(t5 up ! metal to ! degree requir$ by ! specifications4 ,x also increases mat]ially ! elongation & contraction4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! heat treatm5t1 z ! acceptance or rejection ( ! =g+ dep5ds ^u :e!r or n ! te/ b>s pass ! requir$ specifications4 ,! =g+ is n[ submitt$ = te/ & ! te/ b>s tak54 ,9 ! manufacture ( a big gun1 f\r te/ b>s are tak5 f ! bree* end & f\r f ! muzzle end ( ea* =g+ & ^! b>s s5t to ! physical laboratory4 ,q an elaborate te/+ ma*9e is provid$1 & if ! b>s pass ! requir$ te/s ! =g+ is accept$ & is s5t to ! ma*9e %op = f9i%-bor+ & turn+4 ,,se>*+ ,,= ,,possible ,,defects ,frequ5tly dur+ f9i%-bor+ ! "w is exam9$ to see t ! bit is runn+ true1 & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t its runn+ out ( alignm5t4 ,aft] f9i%-bor+ e =g+ is 8bore-se>*$10 t is1 ! bore is c>efully exam9$ = any cracks1 flaws1 /reaks or discoloration4 ,a special in/rum5t call$ a 8bore-se>*]0 is us$ & consi/s ( a long wood5 h&le :i* has a mirror incl9$ at #de at "o end1 toge!r ) a light to illum9ate ! bore1 & s %ield$ z to obscure ! light f ! obs]v]4 7,see sket*47 ,illu/ration ,! bore is also inspect$ by ! =eman aft] ea* bor+1 b ! f9al 8bore-se>*+0 is done by an inspector4 ,n[ to measure accurately ! inside diamet]s ( long cyl9d]s1 su* z are us$ 9 gun "w1 a special measur+ device call$ a 8/>-gauge0 is us$4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t x has ?ree measur+ po9ts set at #abj ap>t & two measurem5ts are tak51 "o ,illu/ration & ! o!r ,illu/ration1 mak+ a /> ,illu/ration4 ,e =g+ is 8/>-gaug$0 aft] be+ f9i%-bor$ & also ! l9] ( ! gun aft] ea* assemblage op]ation4 ,,putt+ ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a 8,,built-,,up0 ,,gun ,,toge!r ,9 prep>ation = ! assembl+ ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 ! tube is ! =g+ to be f9i%$4 ,x is bor$ & turn$ to exact dim5sions & c>efully 8bore-se>*$0 & 8/>-gaug$40 ,) ! data at h& a sket* is made %[+ ! ext]nal diamet]s ( ! l9] "u ! tube1 due all[ance be+ made = ! %r9kage :5 assembl+4 ,! l9] is next bor$ to )9 4#ce ( an in* ( ! f9i%$ diamet]1 & turn$ to ! dim5sions requir$ by ! sket* above4 ,?is extra metal 9 ! bore is left until ! gun is completely assembl$ & is remov$ 9 ! f9i%-bor+4 ,! l9] is !n c>efully 8bore-se>*$0 & 8/>-gaug$0 & l9] & tube are ready = assembl+4 ,! l9] is n[ tak5 to ! %r9k+ pit & c>efully align$ 9 an upright position ) ! bree* end d[n4 ,! %r9k+ pit is m]ely a well ( squ>e section ) room en\gh to p]mit workm5 to move freely ab\t ! gun :5 x is 9 position1 & equipp$ ) a movable table at its bottom ^u :i* ! gun re/s4 ,9 ! meantime ! tube1 ) bree* end d[n1 is be+ heat$ 9 a hot-air furnace4 ,?is furnace is a v]tical cyl9d] built ( fire-brick & asbe/os & s con/ruct$ t air :i* has be5 pass$ 9 pipes ov] petroleum burn]s c ent] at ! bottom1 pass ar\nd & ?r\gh ! tube & out ?r\gh ! top to be reheat$4 ,?is s]vice p]mits a uni=m heat to be transmitt$ to ! tube & :5 ! desir$ temp]ature has be5 atta9$ ! tube is lift$ f ! furnace by a crane1 c>ri$ to ! %r9k+ pit & c>efully l[]$ ov] ! l9]4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ?is op]ation to prev5t ! tube f /ick+ :ile be+ l[]$ into place4 ,%\ld x happ51 ! tube %\ld be hoi/$ (f at once1 all[$ to cool1 any r\gh+ ( ! l9] be smoo!d (f1 ! tube reheat$ & a second trial made4 ,:5 ! tube is prop]ly 9 place a cold spray may be turn$ ^u any p>ticul> section :]e x is desir$ ! tube %\ld fir/ grip ! l9]4 ,! tube is !n left to cool by itself1 b cold wat] is con/antly circulat+ ?r\gh ! l9]4 ,:5 ! gun is suffici5tly cool = h&l+ purposes1 x is hoi/$ out ( ! %r9k+ pit & tak5 to ! %op = c>eful measurem5t1 ! l9] be+ 8/>-gaug$0 to note ! compression due to ! %r9k+ on ( ! tube4 ,! same proc$ure is foll[$ 9 ! case ( ! jackets & hoops1 until ! entire gun is assembl$4 ,! gun is consid]$ completely 8built-up0 :5 ! la/ hoop has be5 %runk on & is n[ ready to be f9i%$4 ,! gun is n[ f9i%-bor$1 z 4#ce ( an in* ( metal 0 left 9 ! l9] 9 ! fir/ bor+4 8,pack$ bits0 are us$ & ! greate/ c>e is ex]cis$ to keep ! bit prop]ly c5t]$ & runn+ true4 ,aft] ?is /ep ! gun is f9i%-turn$ & ! p[d] *amb] is bor$4 ,foll[+ ?is op]ation ! gun is 8bore-se>*$0 = any defects t may h %[n up 9 ! f9i%-bor+ & *amb]+1 & !n c>efully 8/>-gaug$40 ,! gun is !n ready to be 8rifl$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,rifl+ ,a ,,big ,,gun ,photo by ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,?is photograph %[s a gun 9 ! ,rifl+ ,ma*9e 9 ! process ( be+ rifl$4 ,! 8rifl+0 ( a gun consi/s 9 cutt+ spiral grooves 9 ! surface ( ! bore f ! p[d] *amb] to ! muzzle end1 & is done f ! muzzle end4 ,rifl+ is a v difficult op]ation1 & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! cutt+ is uni=m4 ,! grooves are sep>at$ by rais$ portions call$ 8l&s10 & aft] 8rifl+10 ^! grooves & 8l&s0 are c>efully smoo!d up to remove ! r\gh edges or burrs caus$ by ! cutt+ tools ( ! 8rifl+0 ma*9e4 ,! necess>y holes are n[ drill$ = fitt+ ! bree* me*anism & ! bree* block fitt$4 ,?is op]ation usually takes "s little "t1 z q a bit ( h& "w is necess>y to insure a p]fect fit4 ,! 8yoke10 really ano!r 8hoop10 is n[ put on at ! bree* end & ! gun is complete4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( gun & bree* me*anism is n[ det]m9$ by balanc+ on knife edges & ! :ole !n weigh$4 ,! bree* me*anism is also weigh$ & ! two weights m>k$ on ! re> faces ( ! gun & bree* me*anism4 ,! gun is n[ fitt$ 9 its 8slide10 t "p ( ! m\nt :i* c>ries ! trunnions & ?r\gh :i* ! gun recoils :5 x is fir$1 & aft] x is adju/$1 all is 9 read9ess = ! 8pro(-fir+0 or te/+ ( ! gun4 ,:at ,is ,motion8 ,!re are practically b two ?+s we see :5 we use our eyes4 ,"o ( !m is matt]1 :i* is a t]m we apply to ! ?+s we see1 speak+ ( !m z objects only1 & ! o!r is motion :i* we obs]ve "s ( ! matt] to possess4 ,"s ( ! ?+s we see confuse u1 if we be> 9 m9d t ev]y?+ is ei!r matt] or motion4 ,= in/ance1 we see light & "k x is n matt] & are confus$ until we und]/& t light is a movem5t ( ! e!r :i* surr\nds u & is 9 & outside ( ev]y?+4 ,9 ! same way we feel heat & may ?9k x is matt] ?r[n (f by ! fire1 :5 x is only ano!r k9d ( motion ( ?is same e!r4 ,:5 we und]/& ^! ?+s we see t motion is a v important & real "p ( ! _w4 ,:5 a motion is />t$ x w keep on go+ =ev] unless "s o!r =ce :i* is able to ov]come ! motion /ops x4 ,:5 a ball is ?r[n 9 ! air x w\ld g on =ev] 7 x n = ! law ( gravitation :i* pulls x to ! e>? & ! friction ( ! air on ! ball z x goes ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 y /op a ?r[n ball y sometimes realize t motion is a real ?+ because x /+s y\r h&s4 ,we d wond]ful ?+s ) motion4 ,_m ?+s :5 y add motion to !m acquire qualities :i* !y did n possess be=e4 ,= in/ance1 an ord9>y icicle ?r[n aga9/ a wood5 door w break1 b if y put x into a gun & give x suffici5t motion1 x w g "r ?r\gh ! door4 ,!re is a /ory ( h[ a man kill$ ano!r by us+ an icicle z a bullet4 ,! icicle ent]$ ! man's body & kill$ him4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ! ice melt$ & no "o c\ld tell h[ ! man receiv$ 8 w\nd1 = no trace ( any?+ l a bullet c\ld be f\nd4 ,a piece ( pap] has no cutt+ qualities1 b if y arrange a circul> or squ>e piece ( pap] ) a rod or /ick ?r\gh ! c5t] & revolve x fa/ en\gh1 y c cut _m ?+s :ile x is :irl+4 ,! motion gives x ! cutt+ qualities4 ,y c take a piece ( /rong rope &1 by ty+ ! ends toge!r1 mak+ a circle ( x1 y c make x roll d[n ! /reet l a /eel hoop if y cat* x j ! "r way & set x sp9n+ fa/ en\gh be=e />t+ x on its way4 ,a /eam eng9e has no p[] to pull ! tra9 ( c>s until ! :eels are set 9 motion4 ,s we see t motion is a v important ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,motion is ! cause ( movem5ts ( all k9ds1 ! p[] :i* takes ?+s f "o place to ano!r4 ,is ,p]petual ,motion ,possible8 ,p]petual motion w nev] be possible unless "s "o discov]s a way to ov]come ! law ( gravitation & also ! c]ta9ty t mat]ials w ev5tually we> out4 ,_m m5 h tri$ to make a ma*9e t w\ld keep on mov+ =ev] )\t ! application ( any p[]1 ! consumption ( fuel )9 itself1 ! fall ( weights or ! unw9d+ ( a spr+2 su* a ma*9e w\ld be absolutely impossible1 al?\gh _m p h be5 fool$ into inve/+ money 9 ma*9es t appe>$ to h ?is p[] )9 !mselves4 ,h[ ,c an ,explosion ,break ,w9d[s ,t ,are at a ,di/ance8 ,an explosion is a sudd5 expansion ( a sub/ance l gunp[d] or "s ela/ic fluid or o!r sub/ance t has ! p[] to explode "u c]ta9 conditions ) =ce1 & usually a l\d report4 ,"s explosions are comp>atively mild & accompani$ by a v mild noise1 :ile o!rs are v p[]ful & accompani$ by a v l\d noise4 ,:5 an explosion occurs1 ! air & ev]y?+ surr\nd+ ! ?+ t explodes is v mu* di/urb$4 ,! air surr\nd+ ! ?+ t explodes is ?r[n back 9 air waves :i* are p[]ful 9 ! exact proportion 9 :i* ! explosion is p[]ful4 ,^! air waves c be s sudd5ly ?r[n back aga9/ ! objects 9 ! vic9ity t n only ! w9d[s 9 ! build+s are brok51 b (t5 ! entire build+ bl[n away4 ,! explosion acts 9 all directions at once ) equal =ce4 ,a great hole may be torn 9 ! e>? b5ea? ! explosion4 ,if !re is any?+ ov] ! explosion1 t is bl[n away unless its p[] ( resi/ance is suffici5t to )/& ! p[] ( ! explosion4 ,!n1 also1 ! air surr\nd+ on all sides is =c$ back aga9/ ev]y?+ 9 its pa?4 ,v (t5 ?is air :i* is sudd5ly =c$ back by ! p[] ( ! explosion is ?r[n aga9/ h\ses at a di/ance4 ,^! h\ses may be s /rongly built z to be able to )/& ! effect ( ! explosion1 b /ill c]ta9 p>ts ( !m1 su* z ! w9d[s & ! bricks ( ! *imney1 may n be able to )/& ?is sudd5 pressure ( air aga9/ !m & !y are =c$ 94 ,! w9d f su* an explosion acts on ! outside ( ! w9d[s j ! same z ?\gh y /ood on ! outside ) y\r h&s aga9/ ! w9d[s & pu%$ !m 94 ,any?+ t is ?r[n aga9/ a w9d[ ) m =ce ?an ! w9d[ glass c resi/ w break ! w9d[1 & ev5 slight explosions may be s p[]ful z to ?r[ ! air back & away f !m ) su* =ce z to break w9d[s at a great di/ance--ev5 a mile or m away4 ,:y ,d ,"s ,?+s ,b5d & ,o!rs ,break8 ,:5 an outside =ce is appli$ to "s objects1 "s ( !m w b5d & o!rs break4 ,x is due to ! fact t 9 "s ?+s ! p>ticles h ! faculty ( /ick+ toge!r or hang+ on to ea* o!r1 & x is v difficult to break !m away f ea* o!r4 ,9 su* in/ances1 z 9 ! case ( a wire1 ! article w b5d :5 we apply ! p[] to x & x w n break1 because ! p>ticles :i* make up ! wire h ! faculty ( hang+ on to ea* o!r4 ,a piece ( glass1 h[ev]1 c be brok5 "r 9 two by ! application ( no m =ce ?an 0 us$ to b5d ! wire1 because ! p>ticles :i* make up ! glass hav5't ! faculty to hang on to ea* o!r4 ,if y cont9ue to b5d a wire back & =?1 h[ev]1 at ! same po9t1 x w f9ally break ap>t1 because y ev5tually ov]come ! ability ( ! p>ticles 9 ! wire to hang on to ea* o!r4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! hang+-on ability4 ,sometimes 9 und]go+ diff]5t processes an article :i* w ord9>ily only b5d w become v brittle or breakable4 ,a /eel wire may b5d b if y make a /eel wire v h>d x becomes brittle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 glass is v brittle ord9>ily1 b if y make x v hot1 y c b5d x into any %ape y wi%1 & ?us ! glass-work] makes diff]5t %apes to v>i\s di%es2 lamp *imneys1 bottles1 etc41 by heat+ glass & !n b5d+ x4 ,:5 x becomes cool aga91 x also becomes brittle or breakable z be=e4 ,:y ,does a ,ball ,b\nce8 ,:5 y ?r[ a ball aga9/ ! floor 9 ord] to make x b\nce ! ball gets out ( %ape z soon z x comes 9 contact ) ! floor4 ,z mu* ( x z /rikes ! floor becomes p]fectly flat1 & because ! ball has a quality kn[n z ela/icity1 :i* means ! ability to return to its prop] %ape1 x returns to its %ape imm$iately & 9 do+ s =ces itself back into ! air & t is ! b\nce4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ ?+ we ?9k ( :5 we consid] some?+ t b\nces is a ball1 & 9 mo/ cases a rubb] ball4 ,we are m famili> ) ! b\nc+ qualities ( a rubb] ball4 ,o!r balls1 l /&>d baseballs1 are n s ela/ic z a rubb] ball fill$ ) air1 b a solid-rubb] ball is m ela/ic & "s golf balls are mu* m ela/ic ?an a solid-rubb] ball4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same1 :5 y drive a golf ball1 except+ t :5 y b\nce a ball on ! floor ! floor does ! flatt5+ & :5 y drive a golf ball1 ! golf club does ! flatt5+4 ,a baseball flies away f ! bat = ! same reason4 ,:5 y meet a fa/-pit*$ ball squ>ely on ! nose ) a good sw+1 x goes f>!r & fa/] ?an :5 y hit a sl[-pit*$ ball ) an equal sw+1 because 9 ! case ( ! fa/-pit*$ ball y flatt5 ! ball out m1 & x has s mu* m to d to recov] its prop] %ape t x b\nces away f ! bat at mu* great] spe$ & goes mu* fur!r unless caught ?an a sl[-pit*$ ball "u ! same circum/ances4 ,:at ,makes a ,ball ,/op ,b\nc+8 ,a b\nc+ ball1 :5 y fir/ ?r[ x aga9/ ! wall b\nces back at y ab\t z fa/ z y ?r[ x1 b if y d n cat* x on ! reb\nd1 x goes to ! floor aga91 because ! law ( gravitation :i* is ! pull+ p[] ( ! e>?1 pulls x d[n aga94 ,:5 x /rikes ! floor x is aga9 flatt5$ to a c]ta9 ext5t & b\nces up aga91 b does n come back s high4 ,x goes on /rik+ ! floor & b\nc+ back into ! air aga9 ea* "t a %ort] di/ance1 until ! =ce ( gravity has actually ov]come its t5d5cy to b\nce back4 ,:5 y b\nce a ball on ! floor & x b\nces up aga91 ! motion ( ! ball ?r\gh ! air is affect$ by ! friction t ! contact ) ! air produces & ?is friction ( ! air ov]comes "p ( ! b\nc+ ability 9 ! ball also4 ,:at ,makes a ,cold ,glass ,crack if ,we ,put ,hot ,wat] ,into ,x8 ,hot wat] w n always cause a cold glass to crack1 b is v apt to1 especially a ?ick glass4 ,! v ?9 glasses w n crack4 ,! te/ tubes us$ by *emi/s are made ( v ?9 glass1 & w n crack :5 hot liquids are p\r$ into !m4 ,:5 a glass cracks aft] y h p\r$ a hot liquid into x1 x does s because1 z soon z ! hot liquid is put 91 ! p>ticles ( glass :i* =m ! inside ( ! glass become heat$ & exp&4 ,!y beg9 to d ?is be=e ! p>ticles :i* =m ! outside ( ! glass become heat$1 & 9 _! ef=ts to exp& ! inside p>ticles ( glass lit]ally break away f ! p>ticles :i* =m ! outside1 caus+ ! crack4 ,! same ?+ happ5s if y put cold wat] into a hot glass1 except+ 9 ?is in/ance ! inside p>ticles ( ! glass contract be=e ! p>ticles :i* =m ! outside ( ! glass h _h "t to become cool & d likewise4 ,:at ,causes ! ,gurgle ,:5 ,i ,p\r ,wat] f a ,bottle8 ,! air try+ to get 9 causes ! gurgle4 ,air has "o /rong *>act]i/ic :i* /&s out above ev]y?+ else4 ,x wants to g "s place else all ! "t4 ,:5 x le>ns ( a place :]e !re is no air x wants to g !re above all ?+s1 & goes at x ) a ru%4 ,n[1 :5 y turn a bottle full ( wat] upside d[n1 ! wat] comes out if ! cork is out1 ( c\rse1 & z soon z ! wat] />ts out ! air /rives to get 91 & e "t y he> a gurgle y "k ! air is gett+ 94 ,e gurgle is a battle betwe5 ! wat] & ! air4 ,sometimes ! air comes & pu%es ! wat] back en\gh to let x slide into ! bottle2 sometimes ! wat] pu%es ! air back1 & ?us !y fight back & =?4 ,! wat] always gets out & ! air always gets 94 ,9 do+ s !y make ! gurgle4 ,:]e ,does ! ,"p ( a ,/ock+ ,g ,t ,0 ,:]e ! ,hole ,comes8 ,p]haps ?is is a fooli% "q1 b _m boys & girls h be5 puzzl$ = an answ] to x4 ,:5 y put y\r /ock+s on !y h no holes 9 ! feet1 & at night1 :5 y take !m (f1 !re are (t5 q l>ge holes 9 !m4 ,! answ] is ! same z 9 ! case ( ! lead 9 ! lead-p5cil4 ,! lead 9 ! p5cil we>s away4 ,y c see x we> away because t is :at makes ! m>ks4 ,:5 a hole is com+ into y\r /ock+1 ! /ock+ on y\r foot is be+ rubb$ betwe5 y\r foot & some?+ else 7probably "s "p ( y\r %oe7 & ?is con/ant rubb+ w we> ?r\gh ! y>ns ) :i* ! /ock+ is knitt$4 ,( c\rse1 ! y>ns 9 ! /ock+ are /ret*$ some:at :5 x is on y\r foot & ! rubb+ f9ally cuts ?r\gh ! ?reads & releases ! t5sion ( ! ?reads ( y>n1 s t n always is z mu* /ock+ lo/ z ! size ( ! hole4 ,b1 if y 7 to look c>efully at y\r foot & inside y\r %oe1 :5 y fir/ take ! /ock+ (f & see ! hole1 y w\ld f9d little p>ticles ( y>n all ab\t4 ,:y ,d ,coats ,h ,buttons ,on ! ,sleeves8 ,! practice ( putt+ buttons on coat sleeves1 :i* s]ve no useful purpose at all & d n add to ! beauty ( ! coat1 is a relic ( v old days4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 p did n use h&k]*iefs1 & x 0 common practice = m5 to wipe _! noses on _! sleeves4 ,!y _h coats also 9 ^? days1 b !y did n h buttons on ! sleeves4 ,"o ( ! old k+s f9ally develop$ ! idea ( dress+ 8 soldi]s 9 fancy uni=ms &1 z he sat 9 8 palace & review$ 8 troops1 he notic$ _m ( !m us+ ! sleeves ( _! coats z h&k]*iefs4 ,he imm$iately issu$ a decree t all sleeves %\ld h a r[ ( buttons sew$ on !m1 b at a po9t directly opposite to :]e !y are n[ on ! sleeves4 ,?is 0 done to rem9d ! soldi]s t ! sleeves ( _! beautiful uni=ms 7 n to be us$ z h&k]*iefs1 & ^? :o attempt$ to draw _! sleeves 9 front ( ! nose 7 quickly rem9d$ ( ! decree by ! buttons :i* scrat*$ !m4 ,& s ! buttons really _h a q useful purpose at "o "t1 & s also all sleeves _h buttons sew$ on to !m at ?is place4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 :5 ! unsightly practice _h be5 cur$ & p _h le>n$ to use h&k]*iefs1 ! buttons rema9$ z a decoration1 b _! =m] purpose 0 lo/ sight (4 ,!n "s tailor or lead] ( fa%ion _h ! buttons set on ! "u side ( ! sleeves = a *ange1 & x became ! fa%ion to h !m !re1 & ! tailors h be5 sew+ !m !re ev] s9ce4 ,:y ,has a ,long ,coat ,buttons on ! ,back8 ,! buttons on ! back ( a long coat1 i4 e41 "o ) skirts1 _h a m s5sible reason orig9ally4 ,at "o "t ! skirts ( su* coats 7 made v long1 & :5 ! we>] mov$ quickly ! tails ( ! coat flapp$ ab\t ! legs & int]f]$ ) progress4 ,s an +5i\s g5tleman _h buttons sew$ on to ! back & buttonholes made 9 ! corn] ( 8 coat-tails4 ,!n :5 he 0 9 a hurry he simply button$ up 8 skirts & w5t 8 way com=tably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,telephone ,,display ,,bo>d ,%[+ 9 outl9e ! app>atus necess>y to complete ! simple/ k9d ( a telephone call--to a numb] 9 ! same ex*ange ,! ,/ory 9 ! ,telephone ,,:at ,,happ5s ,,:5 ,,we ,,telephone ,mrs4 ,smi?1 at 8,subscrib]'s ,/ation ,no4 #a10 desires to telephone to ,mrs4 ,jones at 8,subscrib]'s ,/ation ,no4 #b40 ,:5 %e lifts h] receiv]1 ! movem5t causes a t9y :ite light to appe> in/antly on ! swit*bo>d at ! ,c5tral ,(fice4 ,directly b5ea? ?is light is ano!r & l>g] lamp1 :i* gl[s 9 a way to attract ! op]ator's att5tion imm$iately4 ,! op]ator ins]ts a 8plug0 9 a little hole on ! swit*bo>d call$ a 8jack10 directly above ! t9y light :i* appe>$ :5 ,mrs4 ,smi? lift$ ! receiv]4 ,?is connects h] to ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e4 ,!n %e pu%es a li/5+ key on ! bo>d1 connect+ h] telephone set to ! l9e4 8,numb]1 please80 %e calls4 ,mrs4 ,smi? gives ! numb]2 ! op]ator repeats x to be sure !re is no mi/ake1 places ano!r 8plug0 9 a 8jack0 correspond+ to ! numb] ( ,mrs4 ,jones' telephone & makes ! connection4 ,ea* subscrib]'s telephone has a p>ticul> signal on ! swit*bo>d to :i* x is connect$ by a pair ( wires4 ,mrs4 ,smi?'s wires run f h] in/rum5t to ! ne>e/ 8cable t]m9al10 a ga!r+ po9t = ! wires ( v>i\s telephones 9 h] neighborhood4 ,"h !y =m "p ( a gr\p ( wires go+ to ! ,c5tral ,(fice4 ,^! gr\ps1 call$ cables1 are made up ( f #ej to #fjj pairs ( wires1 accord+ to ! telephone ne$s ( ! di/rict ! 8t]m9al0 s]ves4 ,:5 ! wires rea* ! ,c5tral ,(fice !y pass ?r\gh ! 8cable vault0 to ! 8ma9 di/ribut+ frame10 :i* is ! ,c5tral ,(fice t]m9al ( ! cable4 ,:5 ! wires come to ?is frame !y are 9 numb]$ ord] 9 ! cable4 ,subscrib]s liv+ next door to ,mrs4 ,smi? may h entirely diff]5t call numb]s & yet use consecutive wires4 ,x is ! task ( ! ma9 frame to r$i/ribute ^! wires1 s t !y w be arrang$ accord+ to _! call numb]s & to make x possible to connect ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e ) ! l9e ( any o!r subscrib] ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,?is frame has two p>ts3 ! 8v]tical side0 & ! 8horizontal side40 ,be=e ! wires are r$i/ribut$ !y are tak5 to pairs ( spr+s equipp$ ) devices = protect+ ! l9es aga9/ outside curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ask+ ,,= ,a ,,numb] ,aft] leav+ ! ma9 frame !y are tak5 to ! 8int]m$iate di/ribut+ frame10 ! c5tral connect+ po9t = v>i\s bran*es ( ! l9es go+ to ! swit*bo>d1 signal+ & o!r app>atus4 ,f ! 8horizontal side0 ( ?is frame1 wires g to ! swit*bo>d1 :]e !y t]m9ate 9 little holes kn[n z 8multiple jacks40 ,!y also connect ) ! l9e & position message regi/]s1 :]e ! calls f ea* ,l9e & ! calls h&l$ at ea* op]ator's position at ! swit*bo>d are record$4 ,! 8multiple jacks0 are additional t]m9als plac$ at necess>y int]vals ?r\gh\t ! swit*bo>d1 :]e !y c be us$ by op]ators to make connections ) any o!r l9e on ! bo>d4 ,f ! 8v]tical side0 ( ! int]m$iate frame ,mrs4 ,smi?'s wires rea* ! 8l9e & cut-(f relay10 an electrically controll$ swit* :i* turns on ! light signal t appe>s on ! swit*bo>d :5 %e lifts ! receiv] f ! hook4 ,?is 8l9e relay0 also ext+ui%es ! light :5 ! op]ator makes ! connection1 or :5 ,mrs4 ,smi? returns ! receiv] to ! hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,pole ,,l9e1 ,,) ,,cross ,,arms1 ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,! swift mov+ electric curr5t t 0 set 9 motion :5 ,mrs4 ,smi? began ! call1 in/antane\sly passes ?r\gh all ^! devices = safegu>d+ & protect+ ! subscrib]'s telephone s]vice4 ,! light ann\nc+ ,mrs4 ,smi?'s desire to make a call is call$ ! 8l9e lamp10 & is fla%+ on ! swit*bo>d4 ,directly b5ea? x is ! 8pilot lamp10 :i* gl[s :5ev] any 8l9e lamp0 lights4 ,) ! 8l9e lamp0 is a 8jack0 or t]m9al1 :]e connection c be made ) ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e4 ,?is is ! 8answ]+ jack40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cable ,,vault ,,into ,,:i* ,,! ,,cables ,,pass ,,:5 ,,!y ,,ent] ,,! ,,ex*ange ,,& ,,f ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,l$ ,,upw>d ,,to ,,! ,,ma9 ,,di/ribut+ ,,frame ,:5 ! op]ator sees ! fla%+ signal ( ,mrs4 ,smi?'s 8l9e lamp10 %e ins]ts "o end ( a pair ( 8connect+ cords10 :i* are on ! bo>d be=e h]1 9 ! 8answ]+ jack0 = ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e4 ,^! 8connect+ cords0 are flexible conductors t put ! wires ( subscrib]s 9 electrical connection4 ,!n %e pu%es =w>d ! 8op]ator's key0 directly 9 front ( h] & is connect$ ) ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e4 ,! op]ator asc]ta9s ! numb] want$ & places ! o!r 8connect+ cord0 9 ! 8jack0 correspond+ to ,mrs4 ,jones' l9e4 ,if %e f9ds %e _c h]self connect ) ,mrs4 ,jones' 8jack10 because x is on ano!r "p ( ! bo>d out ( h] rea*1 %e makes a connection ) ano!r op]ator :o c rea* ,mrs4 ,jones' l9e4 ,! second op]ator !n makes ! connection ) ,mrs4 ,jones' 8multiple jack0 & places h] l9e 9 connection ) ,mrs4 ,smi?'s l9e at ! fir/ op]ator's position4 ,at ! same "t ! fir/ op]ator pu%es ! op]ator's key back1 ?us r++ ,mrs4 ,jones' bell4 8,sup]visory lamps0 on ! bo>d be=e h]1 connect$ ) ! 8connect+ cords10 tell ! op]ator :5 ,mrs4 ,jones answ]s ! summons4 ,!y fla% :5 ! connection is made & "o goes out j z soon z ,mrs4 ,jones takes ! receiv] f ! hook to answ]4 ,if "o ( ^! lamps fla%es & dies out alt]nately x tells ! op]ator t ei!r ,mrs4 ,smi? or ,mrs4 ,jones is try+ to attract h] att5tion & %e connects h]self & asc]ta9s ! p>ty's wi%es4 ,:5 bo? subscrib]s 8hang up10 bo? lights fla% to indicate ! end ( ! conv]sation4 ,! op]ator !n disconnects ! cords f ! subscrib]s' 8jacks0 & presses ! 8message regi/]0 button record+ ! call aga9/ ,mrs4 ,smi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\t9e ,,( ,a ,,telephone ,,call ,! subscrib]1 aft] look+ up 9 ! directory ! desir$ numb]1 takes ! telephone (f ! hook1 :i* causes a t9y electric light to gl[ 9 front ( ! op]ator assign$ to answ] 8 calls4 7,9 "s ex*anges equipp$ ) a magneto sy/em1 a drop is releas$ by ! turn+ ( a crank47 ,illu/ration3 ,! arr[ indicates ! light z x appe>s on ! swit*bo>d4 ,ea* op]ator c connect a call] ) any subscrib] 9 t ex*ange1 b %e is assign$ to answ] ! calls ( only a limit$ numb] ( subscrib]s ^: signals are ^! lights %[+ at h] p>ticul> position4 ,illu/ration3 ,%e takes up a brass-tipp$ cord1 ins]ts ! tip1 or 8plug10 into ! hole1 or 8jack10 j above ! light1 at ! same "t ?r[+ a key ) ! o!r h& 9 ord] to swit* h] transmitt] l9e into direct communication ) ! call]1 & says3 8,numb]80 ,illu/ration3 ,! call] replies by giv+ ! "n ( ! ex*ange & ! numb] he wants1 z = example1 8,ma9 #abfh40 ,! op]ator repeats ! numb]1 8,"o-two-six-eight10 pron\nc+ ea* digit ) cle> articulation1 to insure its correctness1 &1 if x be f a subscrib] 9 ! ,ma9 ,ex*ange1 %e-- ,illu/ration3 ,takes up ! cord :i* is ! team mate1 or 8pair10 ( ! "o ) :i* %e answ]$ ! call]1 locates ! jack numb]$ #abfh1 & 8te/s0 ! l9e by tapp+ ! tip ( ! plug = a mom5t on ! sleeve ( ! 8jack0 to asc]ta9 if ! l9e is 8busy40 ,if no click s\nds 9 h] e> %e-- ,illu/ration3 ,pu%es 9 ! plug & ) h] o!r h& op]ates a key on ! desk4 ,! fir/ action connects ! l9e ( ! subscrib] call$2 ! second r+s 8 bell4 ,:5 ei!r p>ty hangs up 8 receiv]1 a light gl[s on ! swit*bo>d desk1 %[+ ! op]ator t ! conv]sation is end$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,t]m9al ,,( ,,y\r ,,telephone ,a ,,multiple ,,swit*bo>d ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,back ,,( ,a ,,multiple ,,swit*bo>d ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bir?place ,,( ,,! ,,telephone1 #aji ,,c\rt ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on ,on ! top floor ( ?is build+1 9 #ahge1 ,pr(4 ,bell c>ri$ on 8 exp]im5ts & fir/ succe$$ 9 transmitt+ spee* by electricity ,h[ ! ,telephone ,came to ,be4 ,x is h>d to realize t !re 0 once a "t1 n s v _m ye>s ago1 :5 ! telephone 0 reg>d$ z a sci5tific toy & h>dly anyone c\ld be f\nd will+ to inve/ any money 9 ! developm5t ( ! telephone bus9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell ,,9 #ahgf ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,watson ,,9 #ahgd ,! /ory ( ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,graham ,bell's wond]ful inv5tion is full ( romantic int]e/ & ! e>ly days ( its exploitation 7 replete ) dramatic incid5ts4 ,,! ,,m5 ,,:o ,,made ,,! ,,telephone ,"y ,bell _h come to ,am]ica 9 #ahgj 9 se>* ( heal?1 ! family settl+ at ,brant=d1 ,canada4 ,he numb]$ among 8 =ebe>s _m di/+ui%$ pr(essional m54 ,= ?ree g5]ations ! ,bells _h taught ! laws ( spee* 9 ! univ]sities ( ,ed9burgh1 ,dubl9 & ,london4 ,he himself 0 an accompli%$ elocutioni/ & an exp]t 9 vocal physiology4 ,dur+ ! ye> sp5t 9 ,canada 9 rega9+ 8 heal?1 ,bell taught 8 fa!r's me?od ( visible spee* to a tribe ( ,mohawk ,indians & began to ?9k ab\t ! 8h>monic telegraph40 ,9 #ahga "y ,alex&] ,bell accept$ an (f] f ! ,bo/on ,bo>d ( ,education to tea* ! 8visible spee*0 me?od 9 a s*ool = deaf mutes 9 t city4 ,= two ye>s he devot$ himself to ! "w ) great success4 ,he 0 appo9t$ a pr(essor 9 ! ,bo/on ,univ]sity & op5$ a s*ool ( 8,vocal ,physiology0 :i* 0 at once successful4 ,he might h cont9u$ 8 c>e] z a tea*] _h x n be5 t 8 active bra9 /ill clung to ! 8h>monic telegraph0 idea & 8 inv5tive g5ius dem&$ an outlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(4 ,,bell',s ,,vibrat+ ,,re$ ,s we f9d him 9 #ahgd work+ out 8 idea ( ! 8h>monic telegraph10 ! p]fection ( :i* meant a =tune to ! "y inv5tor4 ,t he nev] realiz$ 8 goal 0 due to ! fact t :ile exp]im5t+1 he made a discov]y :i* l$ to a f> great] inv5tion & "o t 0 fraught ) m b5efit to mank9d ?an ! 8h>monic telegraph0 c\ld ev] h be54 ,x 0 :ile work+ ) 8 fai?ful man ,friday1 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson1 9 ! d+y little workrooms on ,c\rt ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 t ,bell got ! inspiration :i* made him turn f ! 8h>monic telegraph0 to devote himself to ! inv5tion :i* 0 de/9$ to make 8 "n fam\s--! speak+ telephone4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s\nd ,,ov] ,a ,,wire ,mr4 ,watson has dramatically describ$ ! incid5t z foll[s3 8,on ! aft]noon ( ,june #b1 #ahge1 we 7 h>d at "w on ! same old job1 te/+ "s modification ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,?+s 7 badly out ( tune t aft]noon 9 t hot g>ret1 n only ! in/rum5ts1 b1 ,i fancy1 my en?usiasm & my temp]1 ?\gh ,bell 0 z en]getic z ev]4 ,i _h *>ge ( ! transmitt]s1 z usual1 sett+ !m squeal+ "o aft] ! o!r1 :ile ,bell 0 retun+ ! receiv] spr+s "o by "o1 press+ !m aga9/ 8 e> z ,i h describ$4 ,"o ( ! transmitt] spr+s ,i 0 att5d+ to /opp$ vibrat+ & ,i pluck$ x to />t x aga94 ,x didn't />t & ,i kept on pluck+ x1 :5 sudd5ly ,i he>d a %\t f ,bell 9 ! next room1 & !n out he came ) a ru%1 dem&+1 #8,:at did y d !n8 ,don't *ange any?+4 ,let me see6' ,i %[$ him4 ,x 0 v simple4 ,! make-&-break po9ts ( ! transmitt] spr+ ,i 0 try+ to />t _h become weld$ toge!r1 s t :5 ,i snapp$ ! spr+ ! circuit _h rema9$ unbrok5 :ile t /rip ( magnetiz$ /eel by its vibration ov] ! pole ( its magnet1 0 g5]at+ t m>vel\s conception ( ,bell's--a curr5t ( electricity t v>i$ 9 int5sity precisely z ! air 0 v>y+ 9 d5sity )9 he>+ di/ance ( t spr+4 ,t undulatory curr5t _h pass$ ?r\gh ! connect+ wire to ! di/ant receiv] :i*1 =tunately1 0 a me*anism t c\ld trans=m t curr5t back into an extremely fa9t e*o ( ! s\nd ( ! vibrat+ spr+ t _h g5]at$ x1 b :at 0 /ill m =tunate1 ! "r man _h t me*anism at 8 e> dur+ t fleet+ mom5t1 & in/antly recogniz$ ! transc5d5t importance ( t fa9t s\nd ?us electrically transmitt$4 ,! %\t ,i he>d & 8 excit$ ru% into my room 7 ! result ( t recognition4 ,! speak+ telephone 0 born at t mom5t4 ,bell knew p]fectly well t ! me*anism t c\ld transmit all ! complex vibrations ( "o s\nd c\ld d ! same = any s\nd1 ev5 t ( spee*4 ,t exp]im5t %[$ him t ! complex app>atus he _h ?\ght w\ld be ne$$ to accompli% t long-dream$ result 0 n at all necess>y1 = "h 0 an extremely simple me*anism op]at+ 9 a p]fectly obvi\s way1 t c\ld d x p]fectly4 ,all ! exp]im5t+ t foll[$ t discov]y1 up to ! "t ! telephone 0 put into practical use1 0 l>gely a matt] ( work+ out ! details4 ,we sp5t a few h\rs v]ify+ ! discov]y1 repeat+ x ) all ! diff]5tly tun$ spr+s we _h1 & be=e we p>t$ t night ,bell gave me directions = mak+ ! fir/ electric speak+ telephone4 ,i 0 to m\nt a small drumhead ( gold-beat]'s sk9 ov] "o ( ! receiv]s1 jo9 ! c5t] ( ! drumhead to ! free end ( ! receiv+ spr+ & arrange a m\?piece ov] ! drumhead to talk into4 ,8 idea 0 to =ce ! /eel spr+ to foll[ ! vocal vibrations & g5]ate a curr5t ( electricity t w\ld v>y 9 int5sity z ! air v>ies 9 d5sity dur+ ! utt]ance ( spee* s\nds4 ,i foll[$ ^! directions & _h ! in/rum5t ready = its trial ! v next day4 ,i ru%$ x1 = ,bell's excitem5t & en?usiasm ov] ! discov]y _h ar\s$ m9e aga91 :i* _h be5 sadly damp5$ dur+ ^? la/ few weeks by ! meagre results ( ! h>monic exp]im5ts4 ,i made e "p ( t fir/ telephone myself1 b ,i didn't realize :ile ,i 0 work+ on x :at a trem5d\sly important piece ( "w ,i 0 do+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,,look$ ,,l ,,alex&] ,,graham ,,bell',s ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,! ,fir/ ,telephone ,l9e4 8,! two rooms 9 ! attic 7 too ne> toge!r = ! te/1 z our voices w\ld be he>d ?r\gh ! air1 s ,i ran a wire especially = ! trial f "o ( ! rooms 9 ! attic d[n two flights to ! ?ird floor :]e ,williams' ma9 %op 01 end+ x ne> my "w b5* at ! back ( ! build+4 ,t 0 ! fir/ telephone l9e4 ,y c well imag9e t bo? our he>ts 7 beat+ above ! normal rate :ile we 7 gett+ ready = ! trial ( ! new in/rum5t t ev5+4 ,i got m satisfaction f ! exp]im5t ?an ,mr4 ,bell did1 = %\t my be/ ,i c\ld n make him he> me1 b ,i c\ld he> 8 voice & almo/ cat* ! words4 ,i ru%$ up/airs & told him :at ,i _h he>d4 ,x 0 en\gh to %[ him t he 0 on ! "r track1 & be=e he left t night he gave me directions = sev]al improvem5ts 9 ! telephones ,i 0 to h ready = ! next trial40 ,!n foll[$ _m he>t-break+ mon?s ( exp]im5t+ & x 0 n until ! foll[+ ,m>* t ! telephone 0 able to transmit a complete1 intelligible s5t5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,telephone ,,app>atus ,,pat5t$ ,,9 #ahgf ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,bell1 ,,photograph$ ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,in/rum5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,pat5t ,,(fice ,,at ,,wa%+ton ,on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahgf1 ,pr(essor ,bell fil$ at ,wa%+ton 8 application = pat5ts cov]+ ! telephone :i* he describ$ z 8an improvem5t 9 telegraphy0 & on ,m>* #c1 ( ! same ye>1 ! pat5t 0 all[$4 ,t 0 ! ye> ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia & ,pr(essor ,bell _h a work+ model ( ! telephone on exhibition4 ,tuck$ away 9 an obscure corn] x _h attract$ b little att5tion1 until on ,june #be? an incid5t occurr$ :i* _h a trem5d\s effect 9 giv+ to ! new inv5tion j ! sort ( publicity x ne$$4 ,pr(essor ,bell himself describes ! incid5t 9 ! foll[+ int]e/+ mann]3 8,mr4 ,hubb>d & ,mr4 ,saund]s1 :o 7 f9ancially int]e/$ 9 ! telephone1 want$ ?is in/rum5t to be exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition4 ,9 ^? days--& ,i mu/ say ev5 up to ! pres5t "t ,i am afraid to say x is true--,i 0 n v mu* alive to comm]cial matt]s1 n be+ a bus9ess man myself4 ,i _h a s*ool = vocal physiology 9 ,bo/on4 ,i 0 "r 9 ! mid/ ( exam9ations4 8,i w5t d[n to ,philadelphia1 gr[l+ all ! "t at ?is int]ruption to my pr(essional "w1 & ,i appe>$ 9 ,philadelphia on ,sunday1 ! #be?4 ,i 0 an unkn[n man & look$ ar\nd ^u ! celebrities :o 7 judges !re1 & trott$ ar\nd aft] ! judges at ! exhibition :ile !y exam9$ ?is exhibit & t exhibit4 ,my exhibit came la/4 ,be=e !y got to t x 0 ann\nc$ t ! judges 7 too tir$ to make any fur!r exam9ations t day & t ! exhibit c\ld be exam9$ ano!r day4 ,t meant t ! telephone w\ld n be se51 = ,i 0 n go+ to come back ano!r day4 ,i 0 go+ "r back to ,bo/on4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,emp]or ,,sav$ ,,! ,,telephone 8,& t 0 ! way ! matt] /ood--:5 sudd5ly !re 0 "o man among ! judges :o happ5$ to rememb] me by sight4 ,t 0 no less a p]son ?an ,8 ,maje/y ,dom ,p$ro1 ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil4 ,i _h %[n him :at we _h be5 do+ 9 tea*+ spee* to ! deaf 9 ,bo/on1 _h tak5 him ar\nd to ! ,city ,s*ool = ! ,deaf & %[n him ! means ( tea*+ spee*1 & :5 he saw me !re he rememb]$ me & came ov] & %ook h&s & said3 #8,mr4 ,bell1 h[ are ! deaf mutes ( ,bo/on8' ,i said !y 7 v well & told him t ! next exhibit on ! program 0 my exhibit4 #8,come along1' he said1 & he took my arm & walk$ (f ) me--&1 ( c\rse1 :]e an ,emp]or l$ ! way ! o!r judges foll[$4 ,& ! telephone exhibit 0 sav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telephone ,,swit*bo>d ,,us$4 ,,eight ,,subscrib]s4 ,an ,emp]or ,wond]s4 8,well1 ,i _c tell v mu* ab\t t exhibit1 al?\gh x 0 ! pivotal po9t on :i* ! :ole telephone turn$ 9 ^? days4 ,if ,i _h n _h t exhibition !re x is v d\btful :at ! condition ( ! telephone w\ld be today4 ,b ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil 0 ! fir/ "o to br+ t situation ab\t at t "t4 ,i w5t (f to my transmitt+ in/rum5t 9 ano!r "p ( ! build+1 & a little iron box receiv] 0 plac$ at ! e> ( ! ,emp]or4 ,i told him to hold x to 8 e>1 & !n ,i he>d aft]w>d :at happ5$4 ,i 0 n pres5t at t end ( ! l9e4 ,i w5t to ! o!r end & 0 recit+1 #8,to be or n to be1 t is ! "q1' & s on1 keep+ up a cont9u\s talk40 8,i he>d aft]w>d f my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,william ,hubb>d1 t ! ,emp]or held x up 9 a v indiff]5t way to 8 e>1 & !n sudd5ly />t$ & said1 #8,my ,god6 x speaks6' ,& he put x d[n2 & !n ,sir ,william ,?omson took x up & "o aft] ano!r 9 ! cr[d took x up & li/5$4 ,i 0 9 ano!r "p ( ! build+ %\t+ away to ! membrane telephone t 0 ! transmitt]4 ,sudd5ly ,i he>d a noise ( p /amp+ along v heavily1 approa*+1 & !re 0 ,dom ,p$ro1 ru%+ along at a v un-,emp]or-l gait1 foll[$ by ,sir ,william ,?omson & a numb] ( o!rs1 to see :at ,i 0 do+ at ! o!r end4 ,!y 7 v mu* int]e/$4 ,b ,i _h to g back to ,bo/on & c\ldn't wait any long]4 ,i w5t t v night40 8,n[1 x s happ5$ !re1 t1 al?\gh ! judges _h he>d spee* emitt$ by ! /eel disc armature ( ?is receiv+ in/rum5t1 !y 7 n q conv9c$ t x 0 electrically produc$4 ,"s "o _h :isp]$ a suspicion t x 0 simply ! case ( ! ?read telegraph1 ! lov]s' telegraph1 z x 0 kn[n 9 ^? days1 & t ! s\nd _h be5 me*anically transmitt$ along ! l9e f "o in/rum5t to ! o!r4 ,( c\rse1 ,i did n "k ab\t x at t "t2 b :5 ! judges ask$ p]mission to remove ! app>atus f t location ,i said1 #8,c]ta9ly1 d any?+ y l ) x4' ,b ,i c\ld n rema9 to look aft] x2 !y _h to look aft] x !mselves40 8,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,william ,hubb>d1 :o _h k9dly come up f ,bo/on to help me on ?is celebrat$ ,sunday1 ,june #be1 said he w\ld d 8 be/ to help !m out1 al?\gh he 0 n an electrician4 ,he knew no?+ :atev] ab\t ! app>atus1 beyond be+ 9 my laboratory occasionally1 kn[+ me well4 ,b he und]took to remove ?is app>atus & set up ! l9e "u ! direction ( ! judges !mselves4 ,s !y _h an opportunity f9ally ( satisfy+ !mselves t spee* _h really be5 electrically reproduc$40 8,sir ,william ,?omson's ann\ncem5t 0 made to ! _w 9 ,engl&1 be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 & ! _w believ$--& f t "t dates ! popul> int]e/ 9 ! telephone40 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahgf1 ! fir/ outdoor demon/ration1 9 :i* conv]sation 0 c>ri$ on ov] a private telegraph wire1 borr[$ = ! occasion1 took place betwe5 ,bo/on & ,cambridge1 a di/ance ( two miles4 ,9 ,april1 #ahgg1 ! fir/ telephone l9e 0 in/all$ betwe5 ,bo/on & ,som]ville4 ,a mon? lat] an ent]pris+ ,bo/on man put up a crude swit*bo>d 9 8 (fice & connect$ up five banks1 us+ ! sy/em = telephon+ 9 ! day-"t & z a protection aga9/ burgl>s at night4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ex*ange sy/em1 all previ\s telephon+ hav+ be5 betwe5 two p>ties on ! same circuit4 ,,n9e ,,million ,,telephones ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,soon aft] ex*anges sprang up 9 sev]al cities1 & by ,augu/ ( t ye> !re 7 #ggh ,bell telephones 9 use4 ,f ?is mode/ beg9n+ ! telephone has gr[n until on ,janu>y #a1 #aiad1 !re 7 #ac1ejj1jjj telephones 9 ! _w1 ne>ly #i1jjj1jjj1 or ov] #fd p] c5t be+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,di/ribut+ ,,frame ,:5 ! wires come to ?is frame !y are 9 numb]$ ord] 9 ! cable4 ,! ma9 frame r$i/ributes ^! wires s t !y are arrang$ accord+ to _! call numb]s1 mak+ x possible to connect any wire ) any o!r wire any:]e t telephone s]vice is in/all$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wires ,,are ,,put ,,und]gr\nd ,break+ ,up ! ,asphalt ,pavem5t4 ,fir/ ,/ep 9 ,lay+ an ,und]gr\nd ,cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,lay+ ,multiple ,duct ,tile ,subway ,?r\gh ,:i* ! ,cables ,w ,run4 ,illu/ration3 ,fe$+ ,cable ,into ,duct z ,x is ,be+ ,pull$ ,?r\gh ,subway f ! ,o!r ,end4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cable ,,tr\ble ,! use ( ! telephone in/rum5t is common1 b x af=ds no idea ( ! magnitude ( ! me*anical equipm5t by :i* x is made effective4 ,,unse5 ,,=ces ,,beh9d ,,y\r ,,telephone ,to give y "s conception ( ! great numb] ( p]sons & ! enorm\s quantity ( mat]ials requir$ to ma9ta9 an always-effici5t s]vice1 v>i\s comp>isons are "h pres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,telephones4 ,en\gh to /r+ ar\nd ,lake ,erie--#h1jjj1jjj1 :i*1 ) equipm5t1 co/ at ! factory #de1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wire4 ,en\gh to coil ar\nd ! e>? #fba times--#ae1dfj1jjj miles ( x1 wor? ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj1 includ+ #bfj1jjj tons ( copp]1 wor? #hh1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,& ,,t94 ,en\gh to load #f1fjj coal c>s--be+ #fei1ifj1jjj p\nds1 wor? m ?an #cg1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conduits4 ,en\gh to g five times ?r\gh ! e>? f pole to pole--#bbe1ggh1jjj feet1 wor? 9 ! w>eh\se #i1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,poles4 ,en\gh to build a /ockade ar\nd ,cali=nia--#ab1dhj1jjj ( !m1 wor? 9 ! lumb] y>d ab\t #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,swit*bo>ds4 ,9 a l9e w\ld ext5d ?irty-six miles--#ee1jjj ( !m1 :i* co/1 unassembl$1 #ij1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+s4 ,suffici5t to h\se a city ( #aej1jjj--m ?an a ?\s& build+s1 :i*1 unfurni%$1 & )\t l&1 co/ #dd1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p4 ,equal 9 numb]s to ! entire population ( ,wyom+--#aej1jjj employes1 n includ+ ^? ( connect+ companies4 ,! poles are set all ov] ?is c\ntry1 & /rung ) wires & cables2 ! conduits are buri$ "u ! great cities2 ! telephones are in/all$ 9 sep>ate homes & (fices2 ! swit*bo>ds h\s$1 connect$ & supplem5t$ ) o!r ma*9]y1 & ! :ole sy/em kept 9 runn+ ord] s t ea* subscrib] may talk at any "t1 any:]e4 ,:]e ,does ,s\nd ,come ,f8 ,somebody or some?+ causes e s\nd we he>4 ,s\nds are ! result ( di/urbances 9 ! air4 ,s\nd is produc$ by waves 9 ! air4 ,! buzz ( ! bumble-bee is caus$ by ! quick movem5t ( 8 w+s 9 ! air4 ,! w+s !mselves d n make ! s\nd1 b _! motion causes waves or vibrations 9 ! air :i* produce ! s\nd ( buzz+4 ,e motion made by anybody or any?+ produces waves 9 ! air j l ! waves y see 9 ! wat]--a big movem5t makes a big wave & a t9y movem5t a t9y wave4 ,:5 y clap y\r h&s y make a di/urbance 9 ! air :i* causes a s\nd--! h>d] y clap ! l\d] ! s\nd4 ,y c he> ?is s\nd & anybody else ne> c he> x4 ,if !re 7 no air ab\t u1 h[ev]1 we w\ld he> no s\nd1 ev5 if we c\ld live 9 su* a condition ( ?+s1 = x is ! air waves produc$ /rik+ aga9/ ! drum ( our e>s t enable u to disc]n s\nds4 ,:5 we talk we make air waves also & ?us produce s\nd4 ,if y 7 deaf1 & talk$1 y c\ld n he> any s\nd1 because ev5 :5 !re are air waves !y mu/ /ill /rike aga9/ a s\nd+ bo>d 9 ord] to be recogniz$ z s\nd--& ! drum ( our e> is our s\nd+ bo>d = he>+ s\nds4 ,:5 ! air waves produc$ are regul> we call ! s\nd musical1 & :5 !y are irregul> we call x noise4 ,"s p c make musical s\nds :5 !y s+1 :ile o!rs _c4 ,if y take a piece ( ?9 wire & /ret* x tightly1 fa/5+ x at bo? ends1 & !n pull x ) y\r f+] & let g1 y w he> a musical s\nd1 because ! vibrations produc$ w be regul> & w cont9ue = "s "t4 ,if y %ort5 ! di/ance on ! wire :]e x is fa/5$ at bo? ends & pull x z be=e1 ! s\nd produc$ w be 9 a high] key4 ,if y take a guit> & snap ! big ,g /r+ y w produce ! bass note ( ,g4 ,if ! o!r ,g /r+ 7! small] "o7 is 9 tune 7if y wat* ! small] "o closely :ile y /rike ! l>g] "o7 y w notice ! small] "o vibrate also4 ,s\nd waves ( ! same tone1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t octaves1 produce ! same s\nds1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t keys4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! piano is made to produce music4 ,inside ! piano are wires ( diff]5t l5g?s & ! keys ( ! piano are arrang$ to op]ate c]ta9 little hamm]s1 ea* ( :i* /rikes a c]ta9 wire4 ,e "t y /rike a piano key y cause "o ( ! little hamm]s to hit its wire--! wire !n makes vibrations :i* cause air waves4 ,! air waves /rike aga9/ ! s\nd+ bo>d :i* is locat$ beh9d ! wires1 & be+ ?r[n back into ! air1 /rike aga9/ ! drum ( our e>s1 & we c he> ! note4 ,:y ,c ,we ,make ,s\nds ,) ,our ,?roats8 ,! s\nds we make :5 we talk are produc$ 9 exactly ! same way ) ! exception ( ! little hamm]s4 ,9 our ?roats are two cords :i* we call our vocal cords4 ,:5 we talk we cause ^! cords to vibrate & ?us we make ! s\nds ( our voices4 ,! mo/ wond]ful "p ( ?is voice ( ours is t ) only two vocal cords or wires1 we c produce practically all ! notes t c be made ) a piano1 :i* has a wire or cord = e note1 except+ t we _c make s _m at "o "t4 ,! human ?roat is s wond]fully con/ruct$ t we c l5g!n or %ort5 our vocal cords at w & produce1 ) two /r+s1 9 our ?roats z _m notes z x takes ! piano _m m /r+s to produce4 ,:y ,does ! ,s\nd ,/op ,:5 ,we ,t\* a ,gong t ,has ,be5 ,s\nd$8 ,:5 we t\* ! gong we /op ! s\nd waves :i* ! gong gives (f :5 x is /ruck4 ,^! s\nd waves cont9ue aft] ! gong has be5 /ruck 9 cont9u\s vibrations until some?+ /ops !m4 ,:5 y t\* ! vibrat+ gong1 y /op its vibrat+4 ,if y only t\* y\r f+] to ! vibrat+ gong y c feel ! vibrations :i* cause a little tickl+ s5sation4 ,naturally :5 y /op ^! vibrations y /op ! air waves :i* ! vibrations cause1 & ?us also ! s\nd ( ^! air waves /rik+ y\r e> are /opp$ & ! s\nd ceases4 ,h[ ,c ,s\nd ,come ,?r\gh a ,?ick ,wall8 ,a s\nd w come ?r\gh a ?ick or ?9 wall only if ! wall is a good conductor ( s\nd4 ,"s ?+s are good conductors ( s\nd & o!rs are n1 j z "s ?+s are good conductors ( electricity & o!rs are n4 ,if a wall is built ( mat]ials all ( :i* are good conductors ( s\nd1 ! s\nd w come ?r\gh x no matt] h[ ?ick4 ,wood is an especially good conductor ( s\nd4 ,x is ev5 bett] ?an air4 ,y c /& at "o end ( a long log & h ano!r p]son at ! o!r end hold up 8 wat* 9 ! air1 & y _c he> ! wat* tick1 b if ! wat* is 8go+0 z we say1 & y ask ! p]son hold+ x to put ! wat* aga9/ 8 end ( ! log1 & y !n put y\r e> to ! o!r end1 y c he> ! wat* tick+ almo/ z well z if y _h x to y\r own e>4 ,9 l mann] y c he> ! scrat*+ ( a p9 at ! o!r end ( ! log4 ,:5 y put y\r e> aga9/ a telegraph pole y c he> ! hum ( ! wires :ile y _c he> x ?r\gh ! air4 ,all s\nd is produc$ by s\nd waves & _m solids are bett] conductors ( s\nd waves ?an ! air4 ,s\nd waves1 h[ev]1 w sometimes n be he>d z pla9ly ?r\gh a wall1 because ( ! fact t ! wall may be made ( mat]ials :i* are n equally good conductors ( s\nd4 ,:5 a s\nd wave /rikes a poor conductor x loses "s ( its p[] & ! s\nd1 al?\gh x may be he>d ?r\gh ! wall1 w be fa9t]4 ,:at ,is ,meant by ,dead5+ a ,floor or a ,wall8 ,by dead5+ a floor1 = in/ance1 we mean ins]t+ betwe5 ! ceil+ ( ! room bel[ & ! floor above1 or 9 ! in/ance ( a dead5$ wall1 betwe5 ! two sides ( ! wall1 "s sub/ance l felt1 pap] or o!r non-conductor ( s\nd1 :i* w prev5t ! s\nd waves f pass+ ?r\gh4 ,?is dead5s !m to ! pass+ ( s\nd or makes !m s\nd-pro(4 ,:at ,makes ! ,s\nds ,l ,waves 9 a ,sea ,%ell8 ,! s\nds we he> :5 we hold a sea %ell to ! e> are n really ! s\nd ( ! sea waves4 ,we h come to imag9e t !y are because !y s\nd l ! waves ( ! sea1 & k t ! %ell orig9ally came f ! sea helps u to ?is conclusion v easily4 ,:at ,are ! ,s\nds ,we ,he> 9 a ,%ell8 ,! s\nds we he> 9 ! sea %ell are really air waves or s\nds made by air waves1 because all s\nds are produc$ by air waves4 ,! reason y c he> ^! s\nds 9 a sea %ell is because ! %ell is s con/ruct$ t x =ms a natural s\nd+ box4 ,! wood5 "p ( a guit>1 zi!r or viol9 is a s\nd+ box4 ,!y h ! faculty ( pick+ up s\nds & mak+ !m /rong]4 ,we call !m 8resonators10 because !y make s\nds res\nd4 ,! con/ruction ( a sea %ell makes an almo/ p]fect resonator4 ,a p]fect resonator w pick up s\nds :i* ! human e> _c he> at all & magnify !m s t if y hold a resonator to ! e> y c he> s\nds y c\ld n o!rwise he>4 ,e> trumpets = ! deaf are built ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,sometimes :5 y1 ) y\r e> alone1 ?9k some?+ is absolutely quiet1 y c pick up a sea %ell & he> s\nds 9 x4 ,b ! sea %ell w magnify any s\nd t rea*es x4 ,x w\ld be possible1 ( c\rse1 to take a sea %ell to a place :]e x w\ld be absolutely quiet & !n !re w\ld be no s\nds4 ,!re are su* places1 b v few ( !m4 ,a room c be built :i* is absolutely s\nd pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sib]ian ,,lambs ,,9 ,,s\? ,,dakota ,! ,/ory 9 a ,suit ( ,clo!s ,:]e ,does ,wool ,come ,f8 ,we c\ld n write ! /ory ( a suit ( clo!s )\t deal+ l>gely ) ! %eep1 = x is only f ! wool ( ! %eep t ! be/1 w>me/ & mo/ la/+ g>m5t c be made4 ,9 ord] t we may prop]ly und]/& ! developm5t ( ! great wool & clo?+ indu/ry 9 ,am]ica we mu/ supply a brief hi/ory ( our %eep indu/ry1 = ! %eep mu/ always come be=e ! clo?+4 ,:o ,br\ght ! ,fir/ ,%eep to ,am]ica8 ,! %eep is n a native ( ,am]ica1 b x came "h ) ! fir/ :ite m54 ,hi/ory records t ,columbus on 8 way to ?is c\ntry /opp$ at ! ,can>y ,isl&s to take on /ores4 ,among o!r ?+s he load$ a numb] ( %eep1 "s ( :i* 7 lat] l&$ on ! new cont95t4 ,:at became ( ?is e>ly importation hi/ory does n record1 b x is probable t mo/1 if n all1 ( !m p]i%$ f ! attack ( wild animals or at ! h&s ( ! natives4 ,h[ev]1 :5 settl]s began p\r+ into ! new _w _m ( !m br\ght along _! %eep1 s t f ! e>lie/ colonial days ! %eep con/itut$ our mo/ num]\s dome/ic animals4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 necess>y1 = if ! coloni/ 0 to survive ! rigor ( our climate he mu/ h an abundant supply ( wool5 clo?+4 ,9 ^? days clo?+ mat]ials 7 limit$ to wool1 flax & ! sk9s ( animals1 &1 z may be suppos$1 wools 7 9 v great dem&4 ,engl& & mo/ ,european c\ntries prohibit$ ! exportation ( wool1 9 ord] to increase ! dem& = ! clo?+ :i* %e manufactur$4 ,h[ev]1 z our new coloni/ _h ample "t & b little money1 he desir$ to make 8 own clo?+ r ?an s5d su* funds z he _h to ! "m c\ntry4 ,!re=e1 ! new settl]1 z a matt] ( necessity1 0 =c$ to increase ! dome/ic supply ( wools4 ,:o ,/>t$ to ,make ,clo?+ f ,wool 9 ,am]ica8 ,e>ly records reveal t %ortly aft] ! ye> #afjj _m ( ! colonies pass$ laws = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ ! %eep indu/ry4 ,9 fact1 "s ( !m w5t s f> z to prohibit ! transportation ( %eep or wool f "o colony to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 our new %eep indu/ry prosp]$1 & well x %\ld1 = x _h ! back+ ( e prom95t patriot ( ! e>ly days4 ,wa%+ton1 ,jeff]son1 ,madison1 & ,frankl9 all 7 en?usia/ic advocates ( %eep husb&ry1 = !y knew t unless a p _h a l>ge dome/ic supply ( wool !y c\ld n long rema9 indep5d5t or hope to ga9 indep5d5ce f =eign c\ntries4 ,9 fact1 at "o "t ,wa%+ton own$ z _m z "o ?\s& %eep1 & if he liv$ 9 ! pres5t day he w\ld be reg>d$ z a %eep b>on4 ,wool1 next to food1 is ! mo/ vital necessity ( a p1 = :5 w>s come wool becomes a contrab&1 & all =eign supplies are %ut (f4 ,?us1 9 /imulat+ a dome/ic wool supply ! great wisdom ( our e>ly patriots 0 v9dicat$ ) ! com+ ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,:5 t great /ruggle came our =eign wool supply 0 %ut (f1 b on acc\nt ( ! =esight ( ^! patriots 9 enc\rag+ home production1 our coloni/s _h a supply ample = mo/ ( _! ne$s4 ,we n only _h ! wool1 b ! h\sewife _h le>n$ ! art ( manufactur+ wool into clo?+ by means ( ! sp9n+ :eel1 s t :5 our soldi]s w5t =? 9 t great /ruggle1 :i* 0 to br+ to u indep5d5ce1 !y 7 clad 9 g>m5ts made ( ,am]ican gr[n wool & manufactur$ by ! good h\sewife dur+ h] h\rs ( leisure4 ,:5 affairs became tranquil1 foll[+ ! close ( ! ,revolution1 settlem5t1 :i* _h l>gely be5 conf9$ to ! ,atlantic coa/1 pu%$ we/w>d f>!r & f>!r into ! wild]ness4 ,ea* ( ^! settl]s took ) him 8 supply ( %eep1 = ! purpose ( furni%+ wool = clo?+ & meat = food4 ,9 ! e>ly days wool 0 n gr[n = ! purpose ( sale1 b to be us$ entirely by ! family ( ! produc]4 ,h[ev]1 :5 settlem5t rea*$ ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 conditions *ang$4 ,wool manufactur+ _h !n be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! l&1 & x became cu/om>y to raise wool to sell to ^! manufactur]s1 :o _h locat$ along ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,:y ,does ! ,%eep ,prec$e ! ,pl[ 9 ,civiliz+ a ,c\ntry8 ,9 all c\ntries ! %eep has be5 ! pione] ( civilization4 ,!y h settl$ & develop$ practically all new l&s4 ,9 fact1 s firmly e/abli%$ has be5 ?is rule t x seems almo/ necess>y t ! %eep %\ld prec$e ! pl[1 & ?us prep>e l& = agriculture4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! %eep is a tractable animal & dep5ds on man to guide its e /ep4 ,x c endure h>d%ips t w\ld de/roy o!r =ms ( animal life4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma9t5ance ( a %eep indu/ry requires an abundance ( labor1 & 9 ?is way settlem5t always foll[s ! %eep4 ,s has x be5 9 =eign c\ntries1 & s 0 x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:]e ,does ,mo/ ( ,our ,wool ,come ,f8 ,%eep came into our we/]n /ates e>ly 9 ! sev5ties1 at a "t :5 ^! /ates 7 ?9ly settl$1 b foll[+ ! %eep came ! labor incid5t to its c>e1 & ?us ! railroads1 /ores1 cities & s*oolh\ses f\nd _! way into ! l&4 ,orig9ally all ( our %eep indu/ry 0 ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,!n = a "t x 0 ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,to-day we/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] we h ab\t #bc1jjj1jjj ag$ %eep1 or m ?an "o-half ( ! total 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! pione] days ! we/]n %eep skirmi%$ on ! range = mo/ ( ! food t x obta9$4 ,to-day conditions are diff]5t1 &1 :ile ! %eep is on ! range = a %ort "t ea* ye>1 x sp5ds its summ] 9 ! ,national ,=e/1 = :i* graz+ a fee is paid to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,its w9t]s are sp5t l>gely ar\nd ! hay-/ack ( ! f>m]1 & ab\t fifty to sixty c5ts' wor? ( hay is f$ to ea* %eep 9 ! ,we/ ea* w9t]4 ,) ! com+ ( spr+ ! we/]n %eep are divid$ into b&s ( ab\t #aejj1 & ea* two b&s are plac$ 9 c>e ( ?ree c>etak]s1 :o c>e = & protect ! %eep ei!r on ! de$$ l& ( ! own] or on ! l& r5t$ f ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%eep ,,com+ ,,out ,,( ,,=e/ ,h[ ,mu* ,wool ,does ,am]ica ,produce ,ye>ly8 ,s mu* = ! hi/ory ( our %eep4 ,a few words n[ ab\t wool4 ,! total wool crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is approximately #cjj1jjj1jjj p\nds p] ye>4 ,! value ( ?is crop is ar\nd #fj1jjj1jjj annually4 ,h[ ,d ,we ,get ! ,wool ,(f ! ,%eep8 ,) ! com+ ( spr+ our %eep are driv5 to l>ge c5tral plants1 :]e !y are %orn by ! use ( ma*9es driv5 by electricity or /eam p[]4 ,"o man %e>s ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty %eep p] day4 ,= ?is he receives eight c5ts p] head4 ,:5 ! wool is tak5 (f ! %eep x is ga!r$ up & c>efully ti$ ) /r+ made ( pap]4 ,! ti$ fleece is !n dropp$ into an elevator1 & is c>ri$ up ab\t t5 feet1 :]e x is dropp$ into a l>ge sack ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet] & sev5 feet long4 ,9 ?is sack !re is always a wool tramp]1 :o keeps tramp+ ! fleeces d[n1 s t ab\t =ty fleeces are f9ally put into ea* sack1 mak+ ! weight ( ! sack approximately ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,z ^! sacks are fill$ !y are c>efully /or$ 9 a dry %$1 &1 :5 %e>+ is complet$1 are haul$ to ! railroad /ation & %ipp$ to ! great wool c5t]s ( ,bo/on or ,philadelphia4 ,:ile ! bulk ( ! wool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is produc$ we/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 t t]ritory manufactures v little wool4 ,s ! we/]n %eepman1 :o is ?us =c$ to gr[ 8 wool 9 ! we/]n /ates1 pays ab\t two c5ts a p\nd freight on x back to ! ea/]n m>ket1 :]e x is sold & lat] manufactur$ into clo?4 ,a "p ( ?is same clo?+ is !n %ipp$ we/1 to be sold to ! v man1 9 "s in/ances1 :o produc$ ! wool out ( :i* x is made4 ,am]ican wool1 tak5 z a :ole1 is ! be/ wool gr[n 9 ! _w4 ,x is n z s(t z "s ,au/ralian wool1 b all ( x possesses a great] /r5g? ?an =eign wools1 & x has long s9ce be5 det]m9$ t clo?+ made ( ,am]ican wool w give bett] s]vice ?an t made ( =eign wool4 ,( ! wool us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! manufactur+ ( clo?+ we produce ab\t #gj p] c5t & import ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,h[ ,mu* ,does ! ,wool ,9 a ,suit ( ,clo!s ,co/8 ,x is cu/om>y = ! p]son :o buys clo?+ made ( wool to believe t ! value ( ! wool 9 ! clo? is :at makes ! clo?+ seem exp5sive4 ,h[ev]1 if we take a man's suit made ( m$ium-weight clo?1 su* z is worn 9 ,novemb]1 we f9d t x requires ab\t n9e p\nds ( av]age wool to make ! suit4 ,= ?is wool ! %eepman receives an av]age ( sev5te5 c5ts p] p\nd1 s t out ( ! entire suit ! man :o produces ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! suit is made receives a total ( #a4ec4 ,a suit su* z is "h describ$ w\ld be ( all wool & free f %oddy or any wool sub/itute4 ,x w\ld be a suit t w\ld be sold by ! /orekeep] at #be4jj1 & if y _h x made by ! tailor he w\ld *>ge y #ce4jj4 ,yet ! wool-gr[] furni%$ all ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! suit 0 made1 & receiv$ z 8 %>e b #a4ec4 ,?us x w be cle> to ! p]son :o buys clo?+ & reads ^! l9es t no long] c ! blame = ! high co/ ( clo?+ be laid at ! door ( ! wool-gr[]4 ,:ile ! wool-us+ population ( ! _w is increas+ v rapidly1 ! numb] ( wool-produc+ %eep 9 ! _w is decreas+4 ,ord9>ily ?is w\ld mean t a po9t w\ld be rea*$ :]e ! supply ( wool w\ld be totally inadequate to meet ! ne$s ( ! public4 ,h[ev]1 ?is un=tunate possibility is be+ av]t$ by ! en]gy & ?rift ( ! %eepm5 9 bre$+ %eep t produce m & bett] wool ?an 0 ! case 9 ! pa/4 ,! %eep :i* ,columbus br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 &1 9 fact1 all ! %eep ( ! _w 9 t day1 produc$ wool ( v co>se1 inf]ior quality1 & b v little ( x4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago our %eep did n av]age ?ree p\nds ( wool p] head1 b by c>eful bre$+ & bett] fe$+ we h br\ght ! av]age fleece up to slightly m ?an sev5 p\nds4 ,( c\rse1 "s %eep produce decid$ly m wool ?an ?is1 b ! fact t 9 "o hundr$ ye>s we h m ?an d\bl$ ! am\nt ( wool t a %eep produces & increas$ its quality v mat]ially speaks well = ! +5uity & det]m9ation ( our %eep produc]s4 ,probably z "t goes on ! av]age fleece may be /ill fur!r increas$1 s t 9 ! next tw5ty-five ye>s x is n too mu* to hope t our %eep w produce on an av]age ( "o p\nd m wool ?an !y n[ d4 ,( c\rse1 z wool comes f ! %eep1 x naturally conta9s mu* dirt4 ,! %eep h run on ! range or 9 ! op5 pa/ure dur+ mu* ( ! ye>1 & du/ & dirt has settl$ into ! wool4 ,!n1 besides produc+ wool1 ! %eep excrete into ! wool a fatty sub/ance kn[n z wool fat4 ,:5 ! fleece is tak5 f ! %eep & s5t to ! m>ket ! fir/ ?+ t ! manufactur] does ) ! fleece is to wa% out all ?is =eign matt]4 ,! =eign matt] is ( a consid]able quantity1 = #fj p] c5t ( wool z x comes f ! %eep is dirt & grease1 s t only #dj p] c5t ( ! %eep's fleece repres5ts wool fibres4 ,?is wool fibre is a v delicate affair1 be+ made up ( ?\s&s ( little cells1 "o laid on top ( ! o!r4 ,on ! surface ( ! fibre are a lot ( scales arrang$ some?+ l ! scales on a fi%4 ,9 ! process ( manufactur+ ! scales on "o fibre lock ) scales on ano!r fibre1 & 9 t way ! fibres are held toge!r 9 ! piece ( clo?4 ,:5 wool is receiv$ at ! factory x is 9 fleeces1 & ea* fleece conta9s diff]5t k9ds ( fibres--long & %ort--co>se & f9e1 & x is necess>y t ^! %\ld be sort$ into diff]5t k9ds or grades1 z may be desir$--p]haps six or eight diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> uses to :i* ! diff]5t qualities are to be put4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,wool ,,sort+ ,! fleece is spread out on a table1 ! c5t] ( :i* is cov]$ ) wire nett+1 & ?r\gh ?is nett+ "p ( ! du/ & o!r matt] f ! wool falls :ile ! sort+ is go+ on4 ,sort]s te> ) ! h&s ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fleece f ea* o!r & sep>ate !m into piles1 accord+ to _! diff]5t qualities4 ,all unwa%$ wool conta9s a fatty or greasy matt] call$ yolk1 :i* is a secretion f ! sk9 ( ! %eep4 ,! effect ( ?is yolk is to prev5t ! fibres ( ! wool f matt+1 except at ! ends1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 x collects du/1 &1 =m+ a sort ( a coat+1 really s]ves z a protection to ! re/ ( ! fleece :ile on ! %eep's back4 ,aft] ! wool is sort$ x is next cleans$ or sc\r$1 9 ord] to remove all ?is yolk1 dirt & =eign matt]1 & ?is is accompli%$ by pass+ ! wool1 by means ( automatic rakes1 ?r\gh a wa%+ ma*9e1 consi/+ ( a set ( ?ree or f\r vats or b[ls1 :i* conta9 a cleans+ solution ( w>m1 soapy wat]1 until all ! grease & dirt h be5 remov$4 ,ea* b[l has its set ( roll]s1 :i* squeezes out ! wat] f ! wool be=e x passes into ! next b[l4 ,hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ b[l & set ( roll]s ! wool is c>ri$ on an apron made ( slats on *a9s1 to ! dry+ *amb]1 call$ ! dry]1 :]e is tak5 out mo/ ( ! moi/ure4 ,! wool is n[ bl[n ?r\gh pipes or c>ri$ on trucks to ! c>d+ room4 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,wool5s ,,& ,,wor/$s ,f ?is po9t ! wool foll[s "o ( two diff]5t processes ( manufacture--t ( mak+ into wor/$s or t ( mak+ into wool5s4 ,speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 wor/$ fabrics are made ( y>ns 9 :i* ! fibres all lie p>allel1 & wool5s are made ( y>ns 9 :i* ! fibres cross or are mix$4 ,ord9>ily1 wor/$s are made f long /aple wools1 & wool5s f %ort /aple wools4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,wool ,,sc\r+ ,by means ( ! comb ! fibre is /ill fur!r /raight5$ out1 ! %ort /ock & noil1 or nibs1 are remov$1 & :5 ! sliv] comes f ! combs mo/ ( ! fibres are p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,a numb] ( ! sliv]s tak5 f ! comb are !n put ?r\gh two fur!r op]ations ( gill+1 & w\nd into a l>ge ball1 :i* is call$ a f9i%$ top4 ,! next process 9 ! manufacture ( wor/$s is c>d+4 ,9 ?is process ! wool is pass$ betwe5 cyl9d]s & roll]s1 f :i* project ! ends ( _m small wires4 ,^! cyl9d]s revolve 9 opposite directions4 ,! result is ! op5+1 sep>at+ & /raight5+ ( ! fibres2 & ! wool is deliv]$ 9 s(t /r&s1 :i* are tak5 (f by ! d(f] comb & w\nd ^u a wood5 roll into ! %ape ( a l>ge ball1 kn[n z a c>d-ball or c>d-sliv]1 or put into a revolv+ c4 ,! sliv] f a numb] ( ^! balls or cans is n[ tak5 & put ?r\gh :at is kn[n z ! gill+ ma*9e1 :i* to a degree /raight5s ! fibres4 ,f ! gill+ ma*9e ! wool comes (f 9 s(t /r&s4 ,f\r /r&s are !n tak5 to ! ball+ ma*9e1 :]e is made a l>ge ball1 ready = ! comb+4 ,x takes eighte5 ( ^! balls to make a set or fill up ! comb4 ,! dye+ is done 9 ?ree ways--9 ! top1 9 ! ?read or ske9 aft] be+ spun1 or 9 ! piece aft] x is wov54 ,if ! wool is to be /ock dy$--t is1 dy$ 9 ! top--x is s5t to ! dyeh\se to be dy$ ! %ade requir$1 & aft]w>ds return$ to be gill$ & recomb$ ready = ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,wor/$ ,,c>d+ ,up to ?is po9t !re has be5 no twi/ giv5 to ! wool1 nor any appe>ance ( a ?read4 ,! top1 ! s(t untwi/$ end1 is n[ run ?r\gh ! draw+ ma*9e1 ! process sometimes consi/+ ( n9e di/9ct op]ations1 & is drawn & r$rawn until r$uc$ to ! size requir$ = its special purpose2 & ! /ock is !n deliv]$ to ! sp9n+ room on spools1 & is call$ rov+4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,gill+ ,,aft] ,,c>d+ ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,comb+ ,9 ! sp9n+ ! process ( draw+ cont9ues until ! twi/$ ?read is r$uc$ to ! size requir$1 :i*1 ei!r s+ly or twi/$ toge!r 9 two1 ?ree or f\r /r&s1 is to be us$ = weav+4 ,! y>n is !n v c>efully inspect$1 & all imp]fections :i* w\ld %[ 9 ! f9i%$ goods are remov$1 &1 if x is to be dy$ 9 ! ske91 ! y>n is tak5 to a reel1 :]e ! ske9s are made ready = ! dyeh\se4 ,,h[ ,,clo? ,,is ,,made ,,f ,,wool ,! ?reads mu/ n[ be prep>$ = ! loom1 9 ord] t ! actual weav+ may be done4 ,! ?read is us$ 9 two ways 9 weav+--z w>p1 :i* is ! ?read :i* runs l5g?wise ( ! clo?1 & z fill+1 or wo(1 :i* runs across ! clo? f side to side4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,gill+ ,,& ,,mak+ ,,top ,,aft] ,,comb+ ,! w>p ?reads--! ?reads :i* run l5g?wise ( ! clo?--are siz$ & w\nd ^u l>ge reels1 & f ^! transf]r$ to a l>ge wood5 roll call$ ! w>p beam1 :i* holds all ! w>p ?reads1 usually sev]al ?\s&s4 ,! fill+ ?reads are put on %uttle bobb9s & plac$ 9 ! %uttles to be refill$ by ! op]atives z requir$1 & z ! weav+ progresses4 ,! w>p beam is !n tak5 to ! draw+-9 room1 :]e ^! sev]al ?\s& ?reads are drawn ?r\gh wire h$dles 9 a frame call$ ! h>ness1 !n drawn ?r\gh a wire re$4 ,! complet$ w>p beam is n[ ready = ! loom4 ,! h>nesses are plac$ 9 ! loom1 & by means ( :at is call$ ! 8head-motion10 "p ( ! ?reads are rais$ & "p are l[]$4 ,?is all[s ! fill+ %uttles to pass above "s ?reads & bel[ o!rs1 fill+ out ! patt]n requir$4 ,! clo?1 hav+ be5 made 9 su* l5g? z is desir$1 is tak5 f ! loom1 &1 by :at is kn[n z burl+ & m5d+1 any knots or ?reads wov5 9 wrongly are remov$1 & any imp]fections :i* h be5 discov]$ ?r\gh a c>eful exam9ation are correct$4 ,! web or clo? is sc\r$ or wa%$ & ! oil & any =eign matt] remov$4 ,undress$ fabrics w\ld n[ be full$4 ,?is consi/s ( runn+ clo? ?r\gh a full+ ma*9e1 :]e1 moi/5$ ) a specially prep>$ soap1 x is subject$ to a great pressure & p\nd+1 :i* aids 9 giv+ ! requir$ f9i%4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( f9i%es :i* require diff]5t treatm5ts1 & x w\ld be impracticable = u to dwell 9 detail ^u ?is matt] "h4 ,if dy$ 9 ! piece1 ! web or clo? is tak5 to ! dyeh\se & dy$4 ,x is ?or\ghly r9s$1 all moi/ure is extract$ f x1 & x is dri$4 ,aft] dry+ ! clo? is run ?r\gh a ma*9e by :i* x is bru%$ & %e>$1 ! bru%+ lift+ ! long fibres1 & ! %e>+ cutt+ !m (f at ev5 l5g?4 ,! clo? is put ?r\gh ! press1 :i* irons x out1 giv+ x ! lu/re or ! f9i% t is desir$4 ,x is exam9$ aga9 = fur!r imp]fections1 & if su* h occurr$ !y are correct$4 ,measur+1 weigh+1 roll+ & tagg+ foll[1 & ! clo? is pack$ & ready = ! m>ket4 ,wool5s are made f %ort /aple wools1 kn[n z clo?+ wools1 & 9 ! f9i%$ wool5s ! fibres ( ! y>ns cross or are m+l$ toge!r4 ,9 ! case ( wool5s1 aft] ! sc\r+1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to remove burrs or o!r vegetable matt] f ! wool4 ,to accompli% ?is ! wool is dipp$ 9 a ba? ( *loride ( alum9um or sulphuric acid solution1 !n ! moi/ure is extract$ & ! wool is put ?r\gh a dri]1 :]e ! temp]ature mu/ be at lea/ #bab degrees4 ,?is heat c>bonizes ! =eign sub/ance1 b has little effect on ! animal fibres ( ! wool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f9i%+ ,,box ,,engli% ,,draw+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,gill+ ,,engli% ,,draw+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,next1 an +5i\s ma*9e call$ ! burr pick] removes ! burr4 ,sometimes !re is to be a bl5d ( ! wool ) o!r /ocks1 & 9 t case ! sev]al diff]5t wools are mix$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gill+1 ,,fir/ ,,op]ation ,,engli% ,,draw+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,r$uc] ,,engli% ,,draw+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,h[ ,,wool5 ,,clo? ,,is ,,dy$ ,dye+ ( wool5s is done 9 ?ree ways--9 ! wool1 9 ! ?read aft] x is spun1 or 9 ! piece aft] x is wov54 ,if ! wool is to be 8dy$ 9 ! wool0 x is n[ convey$ to ! dyeh\se1 dy$ ! %ade requir$1 !n return$ to ! mix+ room4 ,dur+ ! process ( sc\r+1 :5 ! yolk 0 remov$1 a l>ge "p ( ! natural oil ( ! wool 0 also elim9at$1 &1 9 ord] to re/ore ?is lubricant1 ! wool is spr9kl$ ) an oil emulsion1 & ! mix+ pick] ?or\ghly bl5ds ! wools4 ,f "h ! wool goes to ! c>droom1 & by means ( ! c>d+ ma*9e ! fibres are c>d$ & drawn & deliv]$ to ! f9i%] 9 a broad1 flat %eet4 ,by means ( ! cond5s] x is divid$ into n>r[ b&s1 & ! wool--free z yet f twi/--comes out 9 s(t /r&s4 ,^! /r&s or ?reads are call$ rop+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m5d+ ,,room ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,burl+ ,,rais+ ,,knots ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,m5d+ ,,p]*+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,illu/ration3 ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,w>p ,,?reads ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,,weav+ ,,& ,,sc\r+ ,n[ comes ! mule sp9n+4 ,! rop+ passes ?r\gh rolls by :i* x is drawn & twi/$ to ! size requir$1 & w\nd on pap] cop tubes or bobb9s4 ,su* ( ! y>n z is to be us$ = w>p is !n spool$ f ! bobb9s to dress] spools4 ,x is siz$ & w\nd ^u l>ge reels3 f ^! transf]r$ to ! w>p beam1 z 9 ! case ( wor/$s4 ,! processes ( draw+-91 prep>ation = weav+1 burl+ & m5d+ are practically ! same z 9 ! case ( wor/$s4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,clo? ,,is ,,made ,,p]fect ,! f9i%+ processes ( wool5s1 l ! f9i%+ processes ( wor/$s1 v>y ) diff]5t fabrics1 "s fabrics be+ sc\r$ & cleans$ 9 ! wa%]s be=e full+1 o!rs go+ to ! full+ mill )\t cleans+4 ,aft] full+1 ! clo? is aga9 wa%$ & r9s$1 & if necess>y to remove any vegetable fibres x is c>boniz$4 ,napp+ or gigg+ raises ! fibres to ! nap desir$4 ,gigg+ is done by means ( a wire napp+ ma*9e or teasel gig1 :i* raises ! ends ( ! fibres on ! face ( ! clo?4 ,! teasel is a vegetable product ab\t ! %ape ( a p9e cone1 & x is int]e/+ to note t no me*anical contrivance has ev] be5 inv5t$ to equal x = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,! ,,wool ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,engli% ,,cap ,,sp9n+ ,! napp+ :i* has be5 rais$ by ! teasel is %e>$ or cut to a prop] l5g? by ma*9e4 ,! clo? is press$1 &1 if x is desir$ to f9i% x ) lu/re1 x is w\nd ^u copp] cyl9d]s & /eam is =c$ ?r\gh x at a high pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,r+ ,,twi/+ ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,beam+--,,y>n ,,inspect+ ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,wool5 ,,mule ,,sp9n+ ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,f9i%] ,,wool5 ,,c>d+ ,next ! clo? is dy$1 if x is to be piece-dy$--t is1 dy$ 9 ! piece4 ,if ! clo? is a mixture1 ! wool 0 dy$ imm$iately aft] ! sc\r+4 ,9 wor/$s ! dye+ is done ei!r j aft] x has be5 subject$ to ! fir/ comb+ processes1 or ! y>n is dy$ 9 ! ske9 or hank4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,,piece ,,dye+ ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,,full+ ,,clo? ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,f9i% ,,p]*+ ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,am]ican ,wool5 ,company ,,f9i%$ ,,clo?1 ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,tailor ,9 ! dry f9i%+ ! clo? is f9i%$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( f9i%es desir$1 & x is /eam$1 bru%$1 %e>$ & press$4 ,ano!r exam9ation = any imp]fections or defects foll[s2 ! clo? is measur$1 pack$ & tagg$ & is ready = ! m>ket4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 wor/$s & wool5s is pr9cipally t 9 ! ?reads or y>ns f :i* wor/$s are made ! fibres ( ! wool lie p>allel1 "o to ano!r1 be+ made f comb$ wool1 f :i* ! %ort fibres h be5 remov$2 & wool5s are made f y>ns 9 :i* ! fibres cross & are matt$ & int]mix$4 ,:5 f9i%$ ! effect ( wor/$s & wool5s is mat]ially diff]5t4 ,^u exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! wor/$ ?read resembles a wire 9 ev5ness1 :ile ! wool5 ?read is unev5 & irregul>4 ,a wor/$ fabric :5 f9i%$ has a cle>1 bright1 well def9$ patt]n1 seems close & firmly wov51 & is ( a pron\nc$ dressy effect2 :ile wool5 clo?s are s(t]1 !y are m ela/ic1 ! colors are m bl5d$1 ! ?reads are n s easily di/+ui%able & ! g5]al effect is dull]4 ,:y ,c't ,we ,see 9 ! ,d>k8 ,we _c see 9 ! d>k because !re is no light to see by4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ fir/ und]/& t :5 we see a ?+1 z we g5]ally say1 we d n actually see ! ?+ itself1 b only ! light com+ f x4 ,b we h become s us$ to say+ t we see ! ?+ itself t = all practical purposes we c accept t z true1 al?\gh x is n sci5tifically exact4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 we see t "p ( ! sunlight or o!r light :i* is %9+ ^u x1 :i* ! object is able to reflect4 ,if !re 7 no air ab\t u we c\ld n he> any s\nds1 no matt] h[ mu* di/urbance p or ?+s creat$1 because x requires air to cause ! s\nd waves :i* produce s\nd1 & air also to c>ry ! s\nd waves to our e>s4 ,9 ! same way1 if !re is no light to produce light rays f any giv5 object to our eyes1 we c see no?+4 ,x requires light waves to produce ! reflections ( objects to our eyes4 ,)\t light our eyes & _! delicate organs are useless4 ,y _c see y\rself 9 a mirror :5 ! quicksilv] :i* 0 once on ! back ( ! glass has be5 remov$1 because !re is !n no?+ to reflect ! light4 ,we c only see ?+s :5 !re is light en\gh ab\t to reflect ?+s to our eyes4 ,:5 x is d>k !re is no light1 & t is ! reason we _c see any?+ 9 ! d>k4 ,:y ,c ,cats & ,"s ,o!r ,animals ,see 9 ! ,d>k8 ,!y _c see 9 ! real d>k any m ?an human be+s4 ,^! animals c f9d _! way 9 ! d>k & c see m ?an a human be+1 because ( "o di/9ct diff]5ce 9 _! eyes1 :i* may = !m be consid]$ an advantage4 ,! pupils ( _! eyes c be made mu* l>g]1 & !y c1 !re=e1 let m light into _! eyes ?an p4 ,! result is t :5 x is s d>k t y _c see a ?+ & y decide x is really d>k1 ! cat c /ill see1 because !re is always a little m light left & %e c op5 ! pupils ( h] eyes & make !m l>g]1 ?us lett+ 9 m light1 & ! little bit ( light !re is /ill left gets into h] eyes & %e is able to see4 ,b 9 a really d>k room a cat c\ld see no m ?an y c4 ,y see1 our eyes op5 & %ut m or less j l ^? ( ! cat1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,:5 y g out ( ! d>k & %ad$ room into ! bright sunlight & look at ! sun1 y naturally squ9t y\r eyes )\t delib]ately int5d+ to d s4 ,?is is nature's way ( prev5t+ too mu* light gett+ into y\r eyes at "o "t4 ,gradually ! pupils ( y\r eyes contract & get small]1 until y c see1 )\t squ9t+1 any?+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,if1 !n1 y 7 to g "r back into a d>k or %ad$ room1 y w\ld h to wait a mom5t or two be=e y c\ld see ?+s di/9ctly 9 ! room--until ! pupils ( y\r eyes _h dilat$ 7become l>g]71 s z to let 9 en\gh light to enable y to see normally4 ,! eye automatically enl>ges & contracts ! pupil ( ! eye1 to enable u to see di/9ctly 9 ei!r light or less light places4 ,:y ,is ,x ,difficult to ,walk ,/raight ) ,my ,eyes ,clos$8 ,! reason we _c d ?is always is because :5 we walk naturally ! /eps tak5 by our "r & left feet are n ( equal l5g?4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! /eps is due to ! fact t our legs are nev] exactly ! same l5g?4 ,we ?9k ( !m g5]ally z ( ! same l5g?1 b !y are n1 & ?is w be prov5 if y measure !m accurately4 ,n[1 !n1 ! long] ( ! legs w always take a long] /ep ?an ! %ort] "o1 & s1 if our eyes are %ut1 we walk 9 circles1 unless we h some?+ to guide u4 ,:5 we walk ) our eyes op51 we are able to ov]come ! t5d5cy to walk 9 circles1 because our eyes help ! bra9 to direct ! legs on a /raight c\rse4 ,ano!r reason :i* affects ! matt] is t our eyes are v necess>y 9 keep+ our bodies balanc$ on our feet1 & x is v difficult to le>n to keep ! body balanc$ ) ! eyes clos$4 ,n[1 :5 y\r eyes are clos$ & y attempt to walk 9 a /raight l9e y\r body balances f "o side to ! o!r1 & ?is fact1 c\pl$ ) ! fir/ reason giv51 makes y\r c\rse irregul>4 ,b1 say y1 ! man on ! tight-rope has 8 eyes b&ag$ & he walks a v /raight l9e4 ,yes2 b rememb] t he has a /raight tight-rope to guide him1 & all he ne$s is to ma9ta9 8 balance4 ,"o c le>n to walk 9 a /raight l9e ) ! eyes clos$1 b x takes a good deal ( practice1 z y w le>n if y try4 ,:y ,c't ,we ,sleep ) ,our ,eyes ,op58 ,we _c sleep ) our eyes op51 because to be asleep involves los+ control ( mo/ ( ! functions ( ! body4 ,:5 we sleep ! bra9 sleeps also4 ,p]haps x w\ld be /at$ m cle>ly to say t we _c sleep :ile ! "p ( ! bra9 :i* controls our activities is awake4 ,!re is a "p ( ! bra9 :i* has ! p[] to op5 our eyes1 i4 e41 lift ! eyelids1 & :5 t portion ( ! bra9 ceases to ex]cise its p[] to keep ! eyes op51 !y g %ut4 ,ev5 :5 we are awake t "p ( our bra9 _c keep our eyes f w9k+1 because !re is ano!r "p ( ! bra9 :i* sees to x t our eyes w9k e s (t54 ,?is is done = ! purpose ( wa%+ ! eye-ball1 & is ! answ] to ano!r ( y\r que/ions :i* is giv5 9 ano!r place 9 ?is book4 ,:5 ! eng9e] at ! electric light plant %uts (f ! p[] all ! lights g out1 & :5 y g to sleep y automatically %ut (f ! p[] t op5s y\r eyes1 & ! eyes are %ut4 ,! bra9 is asleep also1 & if x is n completely asleep1 y are re/less4 ,:y ,d ,our ,eyes ,sp>kle ,:5 ,we ,are ,m]ry8 ,if y %\ld wat* v closely ! eyes ( a m]ry p]son :5 y see !m sp>kle y w\ld probably notice t ! eyelids move up & d[n m (t5 "u su* conditions ?an ord9>ily1 & if y "k :at mov+ ! eyelids up & d[n 9 front ( ! pupil ( ! eye does1 y w h y\r answ]4 ,e "t ! eyelid comes d[n x releases a little te>1 :i* spreads ov] ! eyeball & wa%es x clean & bright4 ,x does ?is e "t ! eyelid comes d[n4 ,n[1 !re is some?+ ab\t be+ m]ry :i* has ! effect ( mak+ ! eyelids dance up & d[n1 & ?us1 e "t ! lid comes d[n1 ! ball ( ! eye is wa%$ clean & bright1 & gives x ! appe>ance ( sp>kl+1 z we say4 ,:y ,d ,we ,laugh ,:5 ,glad8 ,we laugh :5 glad because ! ?+s :i* make u laugh comb9e toge!r to r\se ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* are involv$ 9 a good laugh to act 9 a c]ta9 h>mony1 & :5 ?is comb9ation is arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 way x produces a laugh4 ,c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! _w1 :e!r !y are funny1 ludicr\s1 or o!r ?+s t produce ! laugh+ effect1 cause ! bra9 to "w c]ta9 muscles & n]ves 9 a comb9ation t produces a laugh4 ,! impression :i* rea*es ! bra9 causes ^! muscles & n]ves to act involunt>ily & ! laugh comes4 ,x works j l ! keys ( ! piano4 ,"s comb9ations ( notes produce sad s\nds & o!r comb9ations produce glad s\nds1 b ! comb9ation :5 once t\*$ w always produce ! same s\nd4 ,x is ! impressions made on ! bra9 :i* />t ! prop] comb9ation1 & x does ?is in/antly4 ,j z a p9 prick 9 ! arm w at once s5d a 8hurt0 message to ! bra9 & cause ! bra9 to j]k ! arm away1 s a laugh-produc+ comb9ation ( s\nds1 or ?+s we see1 or feel1 s5ds an impression to ! bra9 :i* at once s5ds out ! 8laugh0 ord]4 ,"s ?+s make "s p laugh :ile !y d n affect o!rs at all4 ,t is because our bra9s are n always ! same 9 reg>d to record+ impressions4 ,"s ?+s impress "s bra9s "o way & o!rs entirely 9 a diff]5t way or n at all4 ,y d n laugh s he>tily ! second "t y he> a funny /ory1 because ! impression ! bra9 receives :5 ! /ory is told ! second "t is n s vivid4 ,:y ,d ,i ,laugh ,:5 ,tickl$8 ,practically ! same ?+s happ5 :5 we are tickl$1 & expla9s :y y laugh :5 tickl$4 ,:5 "s "o tickles ! bottom ( y\r feet or y\r ribs or ano!r "p ( y\r body x produces1 9 mo/ cases1 ! same effect on ! bra9 z ! laugh-produc+ s\nd or sight1 & ar\ses ! same comb9ation ( muscles & n]ves to activity4 ,x is j l pu%+ ! button ( an electric bell4 ,:5 y pu% ! button ! contact produces ! sp>k :i* sets ! ma*9]y ( ! bell 9 motion & ! bell r+s & w cont9ue to r+ z long z y keep y\r f+] on ! button1 or until ! sp>k-produc+ p[] ( ! batt]y is gone4 ,!n1 z 9 ! case ( ! bell1 y cease to laugh1 because ! sp>k t produc$ ! laugh comb9ation is gone4 ,t is :y "s ?+s tickle "s p v mu* & d n affect o!rs4 ,"s are n s s5sitive to ! laugh-produc+ comb9ation z o!rs4 ,aft] ! ?+ t tickles y has be5 go+ on = "s "t y are n tickl$ into laught] any m1 because ! impression on ! bra9 ceases to be z /rong4 ,:y ,don't ,i ,laugh ,:5 ,i ,tickle ,myself8 ,y\r m9d tells y !re is no ne$ to laugh :5 y tickle y\rself4 ,y\r m9d w n respond to ! tickl+ s5sation :5 x is aw>e t ! cause ( ! tickle is y\rself4 ,! reflex action ( ! m9d :i* causes laught] & squirm+ :5 "s "o else tickles y only acts :5 x is n consci\s ( ! cause4 ,! :ole purpose ( ! s5sitive organization ( our sk9s is to give u in=mation & cause action :i* w enable u to protect ourselves :5 any outside influ5ce t\*es u4 ,an injuri\s t\* causes %ock & pa91 & ! h>mless tickle ar\ses ! laugh+ & squirm+ s5sation4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,we ,laugh8 ,laught] is :at we call a reflex action4 ,:5 some?+ occurs to make u laugh1 :e!r x is some?+ we see1 or feel1 or he>1 x is because c]ta9 s5sory n]ves receive an impression 9 "o ( ?ree ways1 c>ry x to ! n]ve c5tre & ! n]ve c5tre !n s5ds ! same impression along c]ta9 eff]5t n]ves1 :i* connect ) c]ta9 muscles or gl&s1 & excite !m to activity4 ,! action is practically ! same z :5 y hold a light be=e a mirror4 ,! rays f ! light /rike ! surface ( ! mirror & are reflect$ back f ! surface1 light+ p]haps corn]s ( ! room1 :i* ! direct rays f ! light c\ld n rea*1 all dep5d+ ^u ! angle ( reflection4 ,light w always reflect f a mirror t is expos$ to x4 ,n[1 !n1 :5 y see1 he> or feel any?+ t makes y laugh1 ! s5sory n]ves h only to receive ! impression to br+ on ! explosion ( laught]4 ,some?+ t\*$ ! laugh n]ves or ! laugh trigg] t caus$ x to g (f4 ,y c prove t x is a matt] ( impression entirely by not+ t "s p c li/5 to a p]fectly funny /ory1 ev5 :5 told by a clev] p]=m]1 & nev] crack a smile1 :ile o!rs bur/ into uncontrollable laught]1 & he :o does n ev5 smile may be li/5+ ev5 m int5tly ?an ! o!r--he may ev5 be look+ = a laugh4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! impression t is made ^u ! n]ves4 ,! muscles h ! p[] to express ! /ate ( gladness :i* is indicat$ by laught] :5 c]ta9 impressions pass along ! n]ves :i* op]ate !m1 j z !y c be made to d o!r ?+s :5 ! prop] cause = action is %[n !m4 ,:y ,d ,we ,cry ,:5 ,hurt8 ,we cry :5 we are hurt = ! same reason t we laugh :5 we are glad4 ,! muscles & n]ves1 "u ! direction ( ! bra91 produce ! cry j z ! muscles & n]ves produce laught]1 al?\gh !y are probably1 b n necess>ily1 a diff]5t set ( muscles & n]ves4 ,:5 we are hurt 9 any "p ( our body or feel+s ! impression does n affect u until x rea*es ! bra94 ,!n in/antly1 ( c\rse1 ! body & bra9 g to "w to de/roy ! pa94 ,! fir/ ?+1 ( c\rse1 is to give a w>n+ to o!r p>ts ( ! body t !re is a hurt1 & our cry+ is a w>n+ to o!r p t we are hurt4 ,t is probably ! only good t cry+ does4 ,x does n remove ! hurt--x only tells o!rs ( our tr\bles4 ,we cry ) ! l[] "p ( ! bra9--! only portion ( ! bra9 :i* is active 9 a little baby4 ,?is is :y ev5 a t9y baby c cry4 ,cry+ is ! only ?+ a baby c d to give w>n+ ( its di/ress or discom=t4 ,lat] 9 life ! upp] "p ( ! bra9 develops4 ,?is is ! ma/] ( ! l[] "p4 ,!re=e1 we d n always cry :5 hurt z we gr[ old]1 because ! ma/] bra9 sometimes tells ! l[] bra9 t to cry w n help matt]s 9 ! lea/1 ev5 ?\gh we are incl9$ to cry4 ,sometimes ! hurt or %ock to old] p is s great or sudd5 t we cry out be=e ! controll+ "p ( ! bra9 has _h "t to get 9 its "w ( prev5t+ ! outcry1 b we are able to /op cry+ :5 ! ma/] bra9 aga9 secures control4 ,:]e ,d ,te>s ,come ,f8 ,te>s are n made only :5 we cry4 ,!y seem to come only :5 y cry1 because x is !n t !y spill ov]4 ,a little "p ( y is mak+ te>s all ! "t1 & y\r eyes are con/antly wa%+ !mselves 9 !m4 ,y h (t5 notic$ h[ y w9k e few seconds8 ,y h (t5 tri$ to keep f w9k+--to see h[ long y c\ld keep f w9k+4 ,boys & girls (t5 d t1 & :5 y keep f w9k+ :at seems a long "t1 y notice h[ y\r eyes a*e & feel v dry j be=e y h to let !m w9k1 9 spite ( h[ h>d y try n to1 & j :5 y ?9k y are n go+ to4 ,i w tell y j :at w9k+ does = ! eyes4 ,all ( ! "t y\r eyes are op5 ! front1 or ! "p y see ?+s )1 is expos$ to ! du/ & dirt t fills ! air at all times1 al?\gh we _c always see ! du/4 ,! w9d1 too1 is con/antly mak+ !m dry4 ,b h y ev] notic$ t al?\gh y nev] wa% ! inside ( ! front ( ! eye1 or pupil1 x is always clean8 ,well1 x is because y\r eye wa%es itself e "t y w9k4 ,i w tell y h[ ?is is done4 ,up above ea* eye1 inside1 ( c\rse1 !re is a little gl& call$ ! te>-gl&4 ,?is gl& is busy all ! "t y are awake mak+ te>s4 ,z soon z ! front ( y\r eye becomes dry1 or if a p>ticle ( du/ or any?+ else /rikes x1 ! n]ves y h !re tell ! bra91 & almo/ at once ! eyelid comes d[n ) a te> inside ( x1 & s wa%es ! front ( y\r eye clean aga94 ,x does its "w p]fectly & z (t5 z necess>y4 ,!re is always a te> ready to be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,:]e ,d ! ,te>s ,g8 ,let me %[ y4 ,look "r d[n "h at ! inn] corn] ( my eyelid1 :]e y w see a little hole4 ,t is :]e ! te>s get out ( ! eye1 :5 !y h wa%$ y\r eyeball clean4 ,:]e d !y g !n8 ,did y ev] notice h[ soon aft] y cry y h to bl[ y\r nose8 ,! reason = t is t :5 ! te>s g ?r\gh ! little hole !y run d[n into ! nose4 ,?is mak+ ( te>s & w9k+ goes on all ! "t :ile y are awake1 & aft] !y wa% y\r eye (f !y g on out ?r\gh ?is little hole4 ,b :5 y cry y make m te>s come ?an y ne$1 s _m1 9 fact1 t !y _c all get away ?r\gh ?is little hole1 & z !re is no place else = !m to g1 & z !re is no place to keep !m inside ! eye1 !y simply spill !mselves "r ov] ! edge ( y\r l[] eyelid & run d[n y\r *eek4 ,/ory 9 a ,b>rel ( ,cem5t ,:at ,is ,cem5t8 ,! diction>y tells u t cem5t is 8any adhesive sub/ance :i* makes two bodies coh]e40 ,?us any mat]ial p]=m+ ?is function may be call$ cem5t1 su*1 = example1 z ! cem5t us$ 9 m5d+ brok5 *9a4 ,glue also is a =m ( cem5t4 ,?is /ory has to d ) ,portl& cem5t1 :i* is a /ructural or build+ mat]ial us$ 9 c\ntless ways4 ,:y ,is ,cem5t ,call$ ,portl& ,cem5t8 ,aft] be+ wet ) wat] x h>d5s into /one1 & x 0 giv5 ! "n 8,portl&0 because1 :5 fir/ manufactur$ 9 ,engl&1 & mix$ ) s& & /one1 x resembl$ a celebrat$ build+ /one call$ ,portl&1 :i* 0 obta9$ f ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,comp>$ ) o!r ,am]ican indu/ries1 ! manufacture ( ,portl& cem5t is ( rec5t orig94 ,=m]ly all ,portl& cem5t 0 br\ght f =eign c\ntries4 ,aft] successful manufacture became e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! indu/ry advanc$ ) great rapidity4 ,a few ye>s ago ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates did n use z mu* cem5t z is n[ us$ 9 any "o ( our l>ge cities4 ,at ! "t ^! facts 7 writt5 7#aiad7 ! manufactur]s 7 mak+ m ?an #ij millions ( b>rels a ye>4 ,:at ,is ,cem5t ,made ,(8 ,portl& cem5t is compos$ *iefly ( lime1 alum9a & silica4 ,x is manufactur$ f rocks1 m>l1 clay & %ale conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts4 ,if any "o ( !m is lack+ 9 ! raw mat]ial z x is tak5 f ! e>?1 x is suppli$ dur+ process ( manufacture4 ,! greate/ cem5t di/rict 9 ,am]ica is 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & is kn[n z ! 8,lehigh ,di/rict40 ,a rock conta9+ prop] con/itu5ts = mak+ ,portl& cem5t 0 f\nd !re 9 va/ quantities1 & = a numb] ( ye>s ! ,lehigh ,di/rict 0 ! c5t] ( ! indu/ry4 ,9 "t x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 clays1 m>ls & %ale c\ld also be manufactur$ into ,portl& cem5t1 & ?us mills h be5 erect$ 9 all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f\nd t cem5t c\ld be manufactur$ f a comb9ation ( bla/-furnace slag & lime/one1 & ?is is n[ made by ! company 9 l>ge quantities1 ! product be+ a true ,portl& cem5t4 ,:at ,is ,concrete8 ,portl& cem5t is ! /ronge/ & mo/ la/+ ( all mod]n mort>s or b9d+ mat]ials4 ,:5 mix$ ) s& & /one ! result+ mixture is call$ concrete4 ,be+ a pla/ic mat]ial :5 fir/ mix$1 x _c be us$ z we use brick or /one1 b mu/ be p\r$ into molds or =ms1 :i* hold x 9 place until x h>d5s into rock4 ,x may be ca/ 9 any =m or %ape1 & ?us x is useful = a va/ numb] ( purposes4 ,x w h>d5 "u wat]1 & "t & exposure to ! elem5ts m]ely increase its /r5g?4 ,! mo/ common =m 9 :i* x is us$1 "o famili> to ev]ybody1 is 9 ! con/ruction ( sidewalks4 ,x is us$ 9 all great eng9e]+ projects1 su* z ! build+ ( dams1 bridges1 reta9+ walls1 sew]s1 subways & tunnels4 ,be+ firepro(1 l>ge quantities ( x are us$ 9 build+s & likewise on our f>ms1 :]e x is extremely valuable z an endur+ & sanit>y mat]ial4 ,:at ,is ,cem5t ,us$ ,=8 ,x has be5 said t concrete is a pla/ic mat]ial1 mean+ t x is s(t & pliable 9 ! s5se t clay or putty are pla/ic4 ,= ?is reason x is ca/ 9 =ms or molds4 ,sometimes x is us$ 9 ! =m ( pla9 concrete1 & on o!r occasions x is re9=c$1 mean+ t iron rods1 /eel b>s or wov5 wire me% are imb$d$ 9 ! concrete4 ,:5 we speak ( a 8re9=c$0 concrete build+1 imag9e a huge wire bird cage encru/$ )9 & )\t ) concrete4 ,place a block1 beam or column ( concrete ^u ! gr\nd & x w be> a trem5d\s load1 mean+ t x has great /r5g? 9 compression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we 7 to place a long beam ^u supports at ei!r end1 leav+ ! great] l5g? ( x susp5d$ & )\t support1 x w\ld c>ry b a small load comp>$ ) concrete 9 compression4 ,!re=e1 9 mak+ concrete beams or gird]s 9 a build+1 /rong /eel b>s are emb$d$ 9 ! concrete to take up :at are t]m$ ! t5sile /ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,cem5t ,,mill ,,looks ,,l ,?is is a picture ( a cem5t mill4 ,millions ( doll>s are inve/$ 9 ^! great mills1 :i* are n[ locat$ 9 practically all sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,mat]ial is br\ght f ! qu>ry to ! mills1 :]e x passes ?r\gh v>i\s /ages1 su* z gr9d+1 burn+ & bagg+4 ,exp]t *emi/s are employ$ to see t ! cem5t is made exactly "r4 ,x is a v sci5tific matt] to make a ?or\ghly good cem5t4 ,!re mu/ be no guess "w4 ,"s mills are v l>ge1 ! plant compris+ a numb] ( build+s1 & "s companies op]ate sev]al mills 9 diff]5t localities4 ,a s+le company suppli$ all ( ! cem5t us$ 9 ! ,panama ,canal1 :i* great project requir$ m ?an six million b>rels4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is picture %[s a qu>ry 9 ! fam\s ,lehigh cem5t di/rict4 ,! giant /eam %ovel or excavator burr[s into ! hill l "s great animal1 & :5 ! bucket is full x is dump$ into ! c>s %[n on ! track1 :i* convey ! rock or ! raw mat]ial to ! mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,is ,,obta9$ ,?is is an illu/ration ( a me?od ( excavat+ & load+ m>l & clay to be manufactur$ into ,portl& cem5t4 ,! l>ge bucket susp5d$ ov] ! c>s does n g\ge into ! hillside z %[n 9 ! prec$+ picture1 b desc5ds l a huge /eel h&1 ! metal p>ts op5+ & clos+ l f+]s4 ,! long d]rick elevates ! bucket & sw+s x ov] ! tra9 ( c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a view ( a p[]ful rock cru%]1 :i* is op]at$ by ! electric motor %[n at ! "r4 ,! cem5t rock is br\ght f ! qu>ry & dump$ into ! ma*9e1 f :i* x issues 9 brok5 fragm5ts1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ?is be+ ! fir/ or prelim9>y cru%+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,huge ,,rock ,,gr9d]s ,?is is a view ( ! electric motors op]at+ ! gr9d+ ma*9es :i* r$uce ! raw mat]ial to a v f9e p[d]4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( mills or gr9d]s1 to :i* ! mat]ial comes aft] go+ ?r\gh ! rock cru%]4 ,!y gr9d x 9 prep>ation = ! kilns4 ,illu/ration3 ,! kiln is a v important feature ( ! cem5t plant4 ,! f9ely gr\nd raw mat]ial mu/ be calc9$ or burn$ be=e x becomes ,portl& cem5t4 ,^! kilns range f #fj to #bdj feet 9 l5g?4 ,!y are slightly incl9$ & revolve ^u roll]s4 ,! f9ely gr\nd mat]ial ent]s ! kiln at ! upp] end & travels ?r\gh\t its l5g? z ! kiln sl[ly revolves4 ,p[d]$ coal du/ is f$ into ! kiln at ! l[] end1 :]e x is ignit$ & g5]ates int5se heat4 ,:5 ! f9ely gr\nd raw mat]ial comes into contact ) ! heat1 :i* rea*es #bhjj degrees ,f41 x is trans=m$ into :at is kn[n z cl9k]1 :i* issues f ! l[] end ( ! kiln & is pass$ on to o!r ma*9]y1 :i* gr9ds x into impalpable p[d] or ,portl& cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,concrete ,,is ,,mix$ ,?is is an +5i\s ma*9e :i* bags & weighs ! cem5t4 ,! bags are susp5d$ z %[n1 & :5 fill$ & weigh$ by ! ma*9e are plac$ 9 b>rels & %ipp$ to _! de/9ation4 ,e device ( ?is k9d t w save "t & labor *eap5s ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 mix+ cem5t1 s& & /one toge!r 9 ord] t concrete may be obta9$1 x is cu/om>y to use1 if ! op]ation is a l>ge "o1 :at are kn[n z me*anical mix]s4 ,^! are l>ge iron cyl9d]s into :i* ! ?ree mat]ials are put & wat] add$4 ,! cyl9d] or iron drum revolves until ! cont5ts are ?or\ghly mix$1 :5 !y issue f ! mix] ?r\gh a *ute or sp\t4 ,a mix] ( ?is type is %[n on a succe$+ page describ+ ! mak+ ( a concrete road4 ,?is picture %[s mix+ concrete by h&4 ,! s& & cem5t are fir/ ?or\ghly mix$ 9 ! dry /ate & subsequ5tly ! /one & wat] are add$4 ,concrete %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ 9 ord] t e gra9 ( s& may be entirely coat$ ) cem5t1 & !n ^! two comb9$ make a ri* mort>1 :i* %\ld surr\nd entirely e piece ( /one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,concrete ,,build+s ,,are ,,made ,?is picture %[s h[ concrete h\ses or walls are built ?r\gh ! use ( :at are kn[n z =ms4 ,9 build+ a wall we h an inside & outside =m1 z %[n 9 ! picture1 betwe5 :i* ! concrete is plac$4 ,aft] x h>d5s ! =ms are remov$4 ,9 "s op]ations1 su* z ! con/ruction ( a l>ge factory build+ or great bridge1 !re is su* a va/ array ( timb] con/ruction z to make ! sc5e q impressive1 especially :5 bridge ar*es ( great span & height are "u con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a view ( an ar* built ( concrete dur+ ! ,jame/[n ,exposition4 ,x is a /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ concrete may be us$ = bo? ornam5tal & practical purposes4 ,9 no field has concrete prov$ to be ( m value & economy ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( bridges1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ bridges 9 ! _w are built ( concrete1 & 9 _m cases iron bridges are incas$ 9 concrete to keep !m f ru/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,h\ses ,,_c ,,burn ,?is is a curi\s example ( concrete con/ruction4 ,x is a coal pocket1 f :i* locomotives are suppli$ ) fuel4 ,railroad companies h adopt$ x because ( its great /r5g? & durability4 ,illu/ration3 ,j z mammo? /ructures are creat$ ) p\r$ concrete1 s we may produce ! mo/ delicate & ornam5tal patt]ns4 ,^! are usually ca/ 9 pla/] molds & (t5 9 molds ( wood or iron4 ,:]e und]cut "w is requir$1 su* z 9 ! sun-dial %[n1 a wood or metal mold c\ld n be remov$ )\t injury to ! concrete1 & s sculptors h inv5t$ ! pliable glue mold1 :i* c be easily remov$ & :i* w spr+ back to its orig9al %ape if necess>y to use x a second "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete 9 dwell+ con/ruction means ! elim9ation ( fire dang] & also co/ ( pa9t+ & repairs4 ,?is picture %[s a solid concrete h\se1 p>ts ( :i* h be5 encru/$ ) beautiful tiles4 ,concrete has be5 successfully us$ 9 all types ( dwell+s1 f ! humble abode ( ! work+man to ! palace ( ! multimillionaire4 ,an entire h\se may be made ( concrete1 ev5 to ! ro( & /airways1 & :]e a dwell+ is con/ruct$ ( ?is mat]ial ?r\gh\t1 x is pro( aga9/ fire & decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,f>m] ,,uses ,,concrete ,?is is an int]e/+ example ( concrete con/ruction4 ,x is a l>ge wat] t[] :i* w nev] w>p1 ru/ or decay4 ,9 ?is field concrete has be5 ( great s]vice1 :e!r res]voirs are con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( t[]s or tanks4 ,z already /at$1 wat] does n affect ! life or /r5g? ( concrete1 except to improve x4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a concrete silo4 ,a silo made ( concrete is m]ely a huge /one j> 9 :i* gre5 food = cattle is pres]v$4 ,! crop is ga!r$ & plac$ 9 ! silo1 ?us insur+ abundance ( gre5 & :olesome food ?r\gh\t dry seasons & dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! silo is kn[n z silage or ensilage1 & is m]ely corn fodd] cut :5 gre54 ,concrete silos are bo? /orm- & fire-pro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,x is usual to consid] concrete 9 connection ) great eng9e]+ ent]prises1 b nev]!less _m millions ( b>rels are us$ ea* ye> by ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is picture %[s a clean1 sanit>y & durable concrete /able4 ,9 build+s ( ?is "* concrete is rapidly supplant+ wood1 :i* soon goes to decay1 to say no?+ ( accumulation ( fil?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,concrete ,,roads ,,are ,,built ,,me*anical ,,cem5t ,,mix] ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,concrete ,,road ,our two la/ pictures relate to an exce$+ly important & rapidly increas+ use ( cem5t4 ,x is ! con/ruction ( concrete roads4 ,! fir/ picture %[s a concrete road 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,! me*anical mix] ref]r$ to above is %[n 9 ?is picture4 ,x is a self-propell+ ma*9e & mixes ! concrete v rapidly4 ,z x comes f ! mix] 9 a wet & mu%y mass x is plac$ betwe5 rigidly /ak$ side =ms1 :]e x h>d5s into imp]i%able rock4 ,! road is br\ght to its %ape by work+ to & fro a long plank call$ a template1 aft] :i* ! surface ( ! road is tr[el$ ) wood5 floats1 giv+ x a texture :i* prev5ts horses & c>s f slipp+4 ,! la/ picture %[s a n>r[ concrete road 9 ! /ate ( ,m>yl&4 ,:]ev] ^! roads h be5 built !y mean mu* to ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,!y nev] gr9d up into mud or du/1 & are z pleasant to walk ^u z ! sidewalks ( ! city4 ,*ildr51 especially1 delight 9 !m4 ,9 ,wayne c\nty1 ,mi*41 :]e !y h ! mo/ celebrat$ concrete roads 9 ! _w1 ! *ildr5 g to & f s*ool on roll] skates1 & v>i\s games are play$ on ! concrete road4 ,:y ,don't ,we ,make ,roads ,p]fectly ,level8 ,roads are made ) a curv+ upp] surface1 i4 e41 high] 9 ! middle1 9 ord] t ! ra9 w dra9 away f ! road into ! gutt]s or dit*es :i* y f9d at ! sides4 ,y see wat] has ! faculty ( runn+ only 9 "o direction1 & t is d[nw>d4 ,if x _c g d[n on "o side or ! o!r1 x w collect 9 puddles & make ! road impassable4 ,= ?is reason we build our roads s !y are high] 9 ! middle ?an at ! sides--n mu* high]2 only ab\t six in*es or s--giv+ !m j ! g5tle slope t[>d ea* side t is necess>y to all[ ! wat] to run (f gradually1 b suffici5tly slop+ to keep ! wat] f collect+ 9 puddles 9 ! road4 ,?us aft] ! du/ has be5 settl$ by ! fir/ ra9 t falls1 mo/ ( ! surplus ra9 t falls on ! roads f9ally runs into ! dit*es at ! side ( ! road4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,roads ,call$ ,turnpikes8 ,und\bt$ly ! "n turnpike z appli$ to "s roads arose f ! fact t pikes or gates 7 set across ! roads by ! keep] or toll-collector4 ,9 addition to collect+ tolls1 x 0 a "p ( ! toll-keep]'s bus9ess to keep ! road 9 repair4 ,8 wages & o!r exp5ses = do+ ?is 7 receiv$ f ! tolls collect$ f ! p :o us$ ! road to ride on 9 c>riages1 wagons1 etc4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! toll-collector 0 arm$ ) a pike1 a long-h&l$ weapon ) a %>p iron head1 :i* he us$ to prev5t p :o travell$ 8 road f go+ by )\t giv+ up _! toll4 ,lat] on a sw++ gate 0 built across ! road1 :i* made x unnecess>y to use ! pike1 ?\gh ! "n 0 reta9$1 = no "o c\ld pass :ile ! gate b>r$ ! way4 ,:5 ! pass]by _h paid 8 tolls1 ! toll-collector op5$ ! gate & let him pass4 ,if he did n pay ! gate rema9$ clos$ & ! driv] _h to turn back or decide to pay4 ,h5ce comes ! "n turnpike4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry !y call ^! toll roads4 ,:at ,is ,du/8 ,a l>ge "p ( ! du/ we see 9 ! roadway :5 ! horses kick x up1 or :5 an automobile passes1 is made up ( ! pulv]iz$ dirt ( ! roadway4 ,x becomes mix$ ) o!r ?+s1 su* z ! /reet deposits ( animals1 p>ticles ( c>bon1 etc4 ,p>ticles ( ?is du/ get into our ?roats1 & z !re are _m g]ms 9 x1 !y are v liable to cause sickness1 especially ! colds f :i* we suff]4 ,:at ,becomes ( ! ,du/8 ,! du/ ( ! roadway is g5]ally bl[n away by ! w9d1 to come d[n to e>? aga9 :]ev] ! w9d happ5s to c>ry x--on ! lawns1 ! door/eps or back to ! road1 p]haps4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! ra9 :i* is c]ta9 to come soon] or lat]1 wa%es ?is du/ back into ! soil1 or into ! sew]s4 ,"p ( x mixes ) ! soil4 ,! organic matt] 9 du/ helps to f]tilize ! soil1 & is !re=e useful4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! du/ are oxidiz$ & consum$ by ! air1 ?r\gh ! heat ( ! sun4 ,s y see ! du/ is cont9ually *ang+ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,are ,/ones ,alive8 ,real /ones are n alive4 ,!y d n become /ones until !y h be5 burn$ out--until !y h become :at is kn[n z dead matt]4 ,?is is meant entirely 9 ! s5se t we commonly ?9k ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8alive10 :i* is to be able to brea! & gr[4 ,/ones c nei!r brea! nor gr[4 ,!y belong to ! inanimate k+dom ( ?+s on ! e>?4 ,p>ticles ( ?is dead matt]1 f\nd 9 /ones1 etc41 are 9 _m cases tak5 up by ?+s t are actually alive1 & help to =m ! bodies ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! mo/ common ?+ to be f\nd 9 rocks & /ones is :at is call$ 8silicon10 & we f9d ?is silicon 9 ! /raws ( ! :eat1 oats & corn1 & 9 _m o!r ?+s1 b n 9 a way t c be detect$ except by *emical analysis4 ,a great _m ( ! ?+s f\nd 9 /ones are f\nd 9 liv+ ?+s1 b rocks & /ones are n alive 9 any s5se4 ,:at & ,:y ,is ,smoke8 ,smoke is produc$ only :5 some?+ :i* is be+ burn$ is burn+ imp]fectly4 ,if we 7 to put any?+ burnable into ! fire & e/abli% j ! "r am\nt ( draft1 & knew h[ to build our fires prop]ly1 !re w\ld be no smoke & v little a%es4 ,9 ! case ( ! black coal smoke :i* we ?9k ( mo/ly :5 we ?9k ( smoke at all1 ! black portion is pr9cipally little unburn$ p>ticles ( coal :i* pass up ! *imney ) ! gases :i* are ?r[n (f :5 ! coal is be+ burn$4 ,^! gases w\ld be invisible--!y really are invisible--if x 7 n = ! little p>ticles ( coal :i* are drawn up ! *imney ) !m4 ,if y look at ! *imney f :i* a wood fire expels ! gases y f9d ! smoke v light 9 color--%[+ t n s mu* unburn$ matt] is be+ ?r[n (f4 ,a *>coal fire makes no smoke1 because ! *>coal has _h ! unburnable ?+s tak5 out ( x be=eh&1 & ! *>coal /ove is almo/ p]fect 9 con/ruction f ! /&po9t ( combu/ion4 ,( c\rse1 ! ?ickness ( ! smoke f a coal fire is (t5 increas$ by ! fact t !re are unburnable ?+s mix$ 9 ) ! coal1 "s ( :i* also pass (f ?r\gh ! *imney4 ,:y ,c't ,we ,burn ,/ones8 ,we _c burn any?+ t has already be5 burn$1 & a /one has already be5 burn$4 ,to und]/& h[ ?is is we mu/ fir/ f9d out :at takes place :5 a ?+ is burn$4 ,:5 a ?+ is burn+ x means m]ely t t p>ticul> ?+ is tak+ into its sy/em all ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air t x c comb9e )4 ,:5 x has done ?is x _c be burn$ any m4 ,( c\rse1 9 do+ ?is ! ?+ orig9ally burn$ *anges its "*4 ,! elem5ts 9 a c&le :5 light$ mix ) ! oxyg5 9 ! air & disappe> 9 ! =m ( gases4 ,! elem5ts 9 coal mix :5 fir$ ) oxyg5 & *ange into a%es1 gases & smoke4 ,a /one1 h[ev]1 is ! result ( a burn+ t has already tak5 place4 ,! orig9al elem5t ( mo/ ( ! rocks & /ones we see 0 silicon1 & :5 t comb9es ) oxyg51 ! result is "s =m ( rock1 :i* y may be able to break up or ?r[1 b :i* y _c burn aga94 ,:at ,is ,fog8 ,! fog :i* we g5]ally ?9k ( :5 we speak ?is ^w is ! fog at or on ! sea or o!r body ( wat]--! "o t makes ! %ips /& by & bl[ _! fog horns4 ,a fog ( ?is k9d is no?+ m nor less ?an a cl\d1 come "r d[n to e>? & spread out a little m4 ,p :o h gone up into ! air 9 balloons & o!r air%ips ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 say t ! cl\ds are only fogs1 & t above !m x is z cle> z x is on a sun%9y day on ! wat] :5 !re is no fog4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( fog :i* settles d[n ov] ! l&1 especially 9 ! cities4 ,x is a damp mi/ :i* comb9es ) ! smoke & o!r impurities 9 ! air & =ms a black & dirty cl\d ab\t ev]y?+4 ,?is occurs :5 ! upp] air prev5ts ! smoke :i* rises f a city ) all its p & fires 9 ! furnaces f pass+ up & away4 ,! upp] air acts l a blanket & keeps ! mi/y1 smoky air d[n1 until ! w9d comes along & bl[s x away4 ,:at ,becomes ( ! ,smoke8 ,!re are a numb] ( ?+s 9 smoke1 & :5 we "k :at !y are1 we w f9d a natural answ] to ?is "q4 ,fir/1 !re are1 ( c\rse1 ! little unburn$ p>ticles ( fuel :i* get c>ri$ up ! *imney by its draw+ p[]4 ,^! naturally fall to ! gr\nd ( _! own weight1 once !y get beyond ! draw+ p[] ( ! *imney & out ( ! curr5t ( air s =m$4 ,"s ( ! gases are already q burn$ out :5 !y pass up ! *imney4 ,!re is a lot ( c>bonic acid gas :i*1 ( c\rse1 mixes ) ! air & ev5tually becomes food = ! plants4 ,!n !re are "s gases :i* are n entirely burn$1 & ! air burns !m /ill m until !y1 too1 become c>bonic acid gas1 or wat] :i* is also ?r[n (f by a burn+ fire4 ,:y ,does an ,apple ,turn ,br[n ,:5 ,cut8 ,! reason is t :5 y cut an apple1 ! exposure to ! air ( ! inside ( ! apple causes a *emical *ange to take place1 due to ! effect ! oxyg5 9 ! air has on :at is sci5tifically kn[n z ! enzymes 9 ! apple1 or :at are commonly call$ ! 8f]m5ts40 ,:5 ! peel is unbrok5 x protects ! inside ( ! apple aga9/ ?is action by ! oxyg54 ,! br[n color happ5s to be due to ! *emical action4 ,! action is simil> to ! action ( ! air on wet or damp iron or /eel1 9 :i* case we call x ru/4 ,:y ,does a ,piece ( ,wood ,float 9 ,wat]8 ,a piece ( wood w float 9 wat] because x is light] ?an ! same am\nt ( wat]4 ,we d n mean t a piece ( wood weigh+ "o p\nd1 = in/ance1 w\ld weigh any m ?an a p\nd ( wat]1 ( c\rse1 b if y took ! measurem5ts ( ea* y w f9d t x took less bulk to make a p\nd ( wat] ?an ( wood4 ,if y _h a piece ( wood s %ap$ t x j fill$ a glass completely1 & !n took ano!r glass & fill$ x ) wat]1 y w\ld f9d t ! glass conta9+ ! wat] weigh$ ! mo/4 ,ano!r "n to give to ?is diff]5ce w\ld be to say t ! wat] 0 m d5se ?an ! wood4 ,by ! law ( gravitation ! d5s] ?+ w always g to ! bottom1 & z wood is less d5se ?an wat]1 x w /ay at ! top if put 9 wat]4 ,! piece ( wood has m air 9 x ?an ! wat]4 ,if y c\ld expel ! air f ! piece ( wood & !n put x 9 wat]1 x w\ld s9k4 ,:y ,does ,iron ,s9k ,9 ,wat]8 ,! explanation 9 reg>d to ! piece ( wood float+ 9 wat] is ! beg9n+ ( ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,a piece ( iron is heavi] ?an an equal bulk ( wat]1 & w !re=e g to ! bottom1 z w all ?+s :i* are m d5se ?an wat]4 ,a piece ( iron has no air 9 x4 ,! p>ticles ( a piece ( iron are s close toge!r t !re is no room = air 9 x & x w !re=e s9k 9 wat]4 ,a piece ( wood f :i* all ( ! air _h be5 expell$ w\ld also s9k4 ,:y ,doesn't an ,iron ,%ip ,s9k8 ,?is is a v natural "q = y to ask "r aft] y 7 told :y iron s9ks 9 wat]4 ,! explanation is t by mak+ an iron %ip 9 ! way we d1 we fix x s t x holds a lot ( air 9 betwe5 ! bottom & sides1 mak+ ! comb9ation ( ! two--! iron %ip & ! air 9 x--light] ?an ! wat] on :i* x sails4 ,m5 ?\ght at "o "t t a %ip w\ld s9k if made ( iron1 & !re=e built all ( _! %ips ( wood4 ,f9ally "o inv5tor made a %ip ( iron & x 0 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,:5 we f\nd t iron %ips w\ld float if !y 7 built to reta9 suffici5t air to keep !m f s9k+1 we made ! hulls ( mo/ %ips ( iron = a "t4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! be/ %ips are made ( /eel1 :i* is ev5 bett]4 ,if y bore a hole 9 ! bottom ( a %ip1 ! wat] w run 9 if ! %ip is 9 ! wat]1 & ! %ip w s9k1 because ! wat] com+ 9 drives out ! air2 & :5 ! %ip is full ( wat]1 ! wat] 9 x1 ) ! %ip itself1 are heavi] ?an ! wat] on :i* x sails1 & ! %ip w g d[n4 ,fill+ a %ip ) wat] makes ! iron "p ( ! %ip j l a b> ( iron1 s f> z its s9k+ qualities are conc]n$4 ,( c\rse1 an iron %ip mu/ be made long en\gh & broad en\gh s t :5 x is complet$ !re w be suffici5t air conta9$ )9 ! hull to make ! comb9ation light] ?an wat]4 ,always1 !re=e1 :5 a %ip is to be built1 compet5t eng9e]s mu/ g ov] ! plans ( ! vessel & calculate ! air capacity1 s z to make sure %e w float4 ,n[adays x w\ld be difficult to s9k a mod]n vessel by bor+ "o small hole 9 ! bottom1 because ! bottom & sides are l9$ ) enclos$ /eel air-*amb]s1 & a %ip w keep afloat ev5 if "o or a numb] ( holes are made4 ,! reason is1 ( c\rse1 t :5 y bore a hole into "o ( ^! air-*amb]s ! wat] ru%+ 9 w fill t air-*amb] ) wat]1 b z !re is no connection f ! inside ) ! re/ ( ! %ip1 ! wat] c get no fur!r4 ,:y ,does a ,pok] ,get ,hot at ,bo? ,ends if ,left 9 ! ,fire8 ,bo? ends ( ! pok] become heat$ because ! pok] is made ( iron1 & iron is a p>ticul>ly good conductor ( heat4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ look into ! "q ( :at a good conductor ( heat is4 ,9 ?is case ! p>ticles ( iron1 :i* comb9$ =m ! pok]1 are s close toge!r t :5 ^? at ! end ( ! pok] :i* is 9 ! fire get hot1 ! p>ticles at t end h& ! heat on to ! p>ticles next to !m1 & s on until ! :ole pok] is hot4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a ?+ :i* is a good conductor ( heat & a ?+ :i* is n a good conductor1 lies 9 ! ability ( ! diff]5t p>ticles :i* compose x to h& ! heat on to ! o!rs4 ,did y ev] notice t ! h&le ( a solid silv] spoon w become hot if ! spoon is left 9 hot c(fee8 ,solid silv] is a good conductor ( heat4 ,a plat$ spoon is n a good conductor1 h[ev]1 & w n become hot if left 9 ! cup ( hot c(fee z a solid silv] spoon w4 ,w\ld a ,wood5 ,spoon ,get ,hot8 ,a wood5 spoon w\ld n get hot1 because wood is n a good conductor ( heat4 ,! atoms :i* compose ! wood h n ! p[] to transmit ! heat to ea* o!r4 ,?is is /range1 too1 :5 we ?9k t a pok] is a good conductor ( heat1 b w n burn1 :ile wood is n a good conductor1 b w burn readily4 ,p]haps y h already discov]$ ?is 9 connection ) a wood fire4 ,"o end ( a /ick ( wood may be burn+ fi]cely1 & yet y c pick x up by ! o!r end & f9d x is n ev5 w>m4 ,?is proves to y t wood is n a good conductor ( heat1 & expla9s :y ! h&le ( a wood5 spoon 9 a b[l ( hot s\p w n get hot :ile ! h&le ( a silv] spoon w4 ,:y ,does ,iron ,turn ,r$ ,:5 ,r$ ,hot8 ,! answ] is t ! piece ( iron has be5 heat$ to ! po9t :]e x gives (f light ( its own4 ,! r$ y see is only "o /age 9 ! developm5t ( iron to ! po9t :]e x makes its own light4 ,if y heat x /ill m x w make a :ite light4 ,y "k t x produces ! light itself1 because if y take a piece ( iron into a p]fectly d>k room & heat x to a :ite heat x w %[ bett] ?an :]e !re is o!r light4 ,if y cont9ue ! process ! iron w melt & *ange 9 =m4 ,!re=e1 ! 8r$ hot0 "n = a piece ( iron 9 t /ate is a p]fect "n4 ,x is a w>n+ t ! iron is com+ to a po9t :]e if ! heat+ process is cont9u$1 x w *ange its =m & 9 ?is /ate1 :5 treat$ accord+ to kn[n me?ods1 ! iron is turn$ into /eel1 :i* has _m *>act]i/ics t iron does n possess4 ,n[1 ,i c1 ( c\rse1 he> y ask :y doesn't an iron kettle get r$ hot8 & ,i c answ] t easily4 ,if y treat ! kettle ! same way z y d ! piece ( iron1 x w get r$ hot4 ,! diff]5ce is t y are ?9k+ ( an iron kettle ) wat] 9 x4 ,z long z !re is any wat] 9 ! kettle1 t keeps x f gett+ hot4 ,! wat] inside keeps ! kettle f becom+ r$ hot4 ,if y took a holl[ rod ( iron & fill$ x ) wat]1 x w\ld n become r$ hot z long z any wat] rema9$ 9 ! holl[ portion4 ,h[ ,did ! ,s& ,get on ! ,sea%ore8 ,! s& on ! sea%ore is no?+ m or less ?an gr\nd-up s&/one4 ,9 deal+ ) ! inanimate ?+s 9 ! _w we f9d t a v important elem5t ( all ( !m has be5 giv5 ! "n silicon4 ,:5 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* is ! "p we call ! l& & rocks1 & includes ! "p "u ! sea1 0 a molt5 mass1 ?is silicon 0 burn$1 comb9+ ) ! oxyg5 :i* surr\nd$ ev]y?+1 & produc$ :at is kn[n z silica4 ,silica is ! "n giv5 to ! ?+ :i* is left aft] y burn silicon4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ?is silica 0 deposit$ 9 p>ts ( ! e>?1 & :5 ! cru/ ( ! e>? cool$ (f x 0 s&4 ,by pressure & contact ) o!r sub/ances x became /uck toge!r1 j z y c take wet s& at ! sea%ore to-day & make bricks & h\ses & tunnels1 except+ t 9 ! case we speak ( x 0 some?+ besides wat] t press$ & /uck ! little p>ticles ( s& toge!r4 ,!y /uck toge!r m p]man5tly4 ,!n :5 ! oceans 7 =m$1 z %[n 9 ano!r "p ( ?is book1 mu* ( ! s&/one 0 f\nd to be at ! bottom & on ! %ores ( ! oceans4 ,! action ( ! wat] cont9ually wa%+ aga9/ ! s&/one gradually broke ! s&/one up into ! t9y p>ticles ( s& aga91 & ?is is :at makes ! s& on ! sea%ore4 ,:at ,makes a ,soap ,bubble8 ,a bubble is m]ely a holl[ ball ( wat] ) air inside4 ,! air 9 com+ up ?r\gh ! wat] 9 try+ to rise out ( ! wat] is caught 9 ! wat] 9 su* a way z to =m ! bubble1 & s9ce ! ability ( ! air inside ( ! bubble to rise is great] ?an t ( ! wat] :i* =ms ! bubble1 & :i* has a t5d5cy to pull x d[n1 ! bubble rises into ! air4 ,! wat] ball is v ?9 & keeps runn+ d[n to ! bottom ( ! ball1 :]e y see x =m into drops1 & soon ?is makes ! walls ( ! wat] bubble s ?9 t ! air bur/s ?r\gh ! ball ( wat]1 & t is ,:at ,makes ! ,bubble ,explode8 ,sometimes we bl[ soap bubbles4 ,we mix soap 9 ! wat] & t makes ! walls ( ! wat] ball :i* we produce a little t\gh]1 & x requires a great deal m ef=t = ! air to escape f x1 z ! soap keeps ! wat] 9 ! walls ( ! bubble f runn+ d[n to ! bottom = q "s "t1 &1 !re=e1 soap bubbles w (t5 travel 9 ! air = "s di/ance4 ,! colors we see on soap bubbles are produc$ by ! rays ( sunlight1 :i* /rike ! bubble & reflect !m back to u 9 colors v simil> to ^? ( ! ra9b[4 ,:y ,are ,bubbles ,r\nd8 ,bubbles are r\nd because ! air :i* =ms ! inside ( ! bubble ex]ts an equal pressure 9 all directions4 ,x presses equally aga9/ all sides ( ! bubble at ! same "t4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,y>d ( ,silk ,god's ,creation & ,man's ,inv5tion4 ,,:]e ,,does ,,silk ,,come ,,f8 ,silk 9 its f9i%$ /ate is an ideal product4 ,x is at once durable1 magnific5t to ! eye1 t5d] to ! t\*1 & its ru/le is s(t music to ! e>4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& :y ! silkworm1 f ! e>lie/ times1 has be5 an object ( mu* consid]ation & conc]n f a comm]cial & indu/rial po9t ( view4 ,9 ?is c\ntry alone1 we annually exp5d z mu* = silk goods z we d = public education & ?irty times z mu* z we d = =eign missions4 ,su* an indomitable produc] ( weal? is ! silkworm1 & a produc] ( weal? x has be5 f an age z remote z :5 ,joseph 0 d[n 9 old ,egypt1 int]pret+ ! dreams ( ,k+ ,ph>aoh's butl] & bak] & lat] t ( ! ,k+ himself4 ,to-day we speak ( tw5ty c5turies1 & our m9ds c h>dly compreh5d su* a lapse ( "t4 ,:at %all we ?9k ( ! silkworm1 t = twice tw5ty c5turies has furni%$ practically all ! raw mat]ial = ! _w's silk supply8 ,because man's +5uity is at pres5t actively engag$ 9 ! attempt to displace x by *eap] sub/itutes1 ! ?\ght has come to u t1 )\t go+ too m9utely into me*anical processes1 a good opportunity is pres5t$ to give "s int]e/+ in=mation 9 reg>d to ! silkworm z ! creation ( ! ,div9e ,h&1 9 contra/ to ! silkworm z ! creation ( man4 ,accord+ to ,*9ese au?ority1 ! use ( silk dates f #bfej ,b4,c41 & x is g5]ally conc$$ t1 9 po9t ( age1 x /&s midway among ! great textiles1 wool & cotton hav+ prec$$ x1 :ile flax1 hemp & o!r fibr\s plants foll[$ %ortly 9 its tra94 ,! fir/ patron ( ! silkworm 0 ,hoang-,ti1 ,?ird ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 & 8 ,empress1 ,si-,l+-,*i1 0 ! fir/ practical silkworm bre$] & silk reel]4 ,x is relat$ ( h] t %e 0 once walk+ 9 ! palace g>d5s :5 %e discov]$ a /range & repulsive look+ worm4 ,x 0 small1 ( a pale gre5 color1 & 0 fe$+ gre$ily on a mulb]ry leaf4 ,%e int]e/$ ! ,emp]or 9 ?is /range creature1 &1 at ! ,emp]or's sugge/ion1 took ! f9e silk5 web :i* ! worm f9ally spun1 & 0 ! fir/ to successfully reel ! new filam5t & weave x into clo?4 ,s b5eficial to ! nation 0 h] "w consid]$ t h] gratifi$ subjects be/[$ ^u h] ! div9e title ( 8,goddess ( ! ,silkworms10 & to ?is day ! ,*9ese celebrate 9 h] honor ! 8,con-,con ,fea/10 :i* takes place dur+ ! season 9 :i* ! silkworm eggs are hat*$4 ,9 acc\nt+ = ! pres5ce ( silkworms 9 ! g>d5 ( ?is e>ly empress1 we c rightly conclude t c]ta9 p>ts ( ,*9a h always ab\nd$ 9 =e/s ( mulb]ry trees1 & t ! worms !mselves _h exi/$ 9 great numb]s 9 a wild /ate & atta*$ _! cocoons to ! trees = ages be=e any use 0 discov]$ = _! web4 ,9 fact1 su* wild silkworms n only ab\nd 9 ,*9a to-day1 b h also be5 f\nd 9 ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,asia1 inhabit+ ! jungles ( ,india1 ,pegu1 ,siam & ,co*9 ,*9a1 b ! cocoons ( ^! worms are1 naturally1 ( a v inf]ior quality1 & are only us$ = ! crude/ k9d ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration by c\rtesy ,! ,bra9]d ,arm/rong ,silk ,co4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,silk ,,into ,,europe ,pilgrims br\ght silkworm eggs 9 _! /affs1 toge!r ) ! bran*es ( mulb]ry trees1 f ,*9a to ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/9ian at ,byzant9e1 ,a4,d4 #eee4 ,! p5alty = tak+ silkworm eggs out ( ,*9a 0 dea?4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration is a reproduction ( a mural pa9t+ on rep 9 ! ,royal ,textile ,museum at ,crefeld1 ,g]many1 "o ( ! great silk textile c5t]s ( ! _w4 ,! arti/ %[s ! pilgrims pres5t+ ! silkworm eggs & ! mulb]ry bran*es to ,ju/9ian1 beside :om1 j 9 ! act ( ris+1 is 8 fam\s que5 ,!odora4 ,silk culture f ! "t ( ,hoang-,ti became "o ( ! *]i%$ secrets ( ,*9a4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! indu/ry 0 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,*5 ,tong1 :]e 0 produc$ ! silk = ! royal family4 ,9 "t ! silk & /uffs ( ,*9a became articles ( export to v>i\s portions ( ,asia4 ,long j\rneys 7 made by c>avans1 occupy+ two-?irds ( a ye> 9 go+ f ! cities ( ,*9a to ^? ( ,syria1 b ! price obta9$ !re exce$$ ! exp5se ( ! j\rney1 & ?us left a l>ge m>g9 ( pr(it to ! m]*ants4 ,9 ?is mann]1 = "o ?\s& ye>s1 ! ,*9ese s5t _! silk to ! ,p]sians :o1 )\t kn[+ h[ or f :at x 0 made1 c>ri$ x to ! ,we/]n nations4 ,s c>efully did ! ,ori5tals gu>d _! secret1 t !re is reason to believe t ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ p]son 9 ! occid5tal _w to le>n ! true orig9 ( ! wr\ght silk f ,p]sia4 ,9 comm5t+ on ! silk :i* 0 br\ght f t c\ntry on ! return ( ,alex&]'s victori\s army1 he describ$ ! silkworm z a 8horn$ insect10 pass+ ?r\gh sev]al trans=mations1 :i* produc$ 8bomby-kia10 z he call$ ! silk4 ,b ! classics mu/ conv9ce "o t ,ari/otle's discov]y did n at once become matt] ( curr5t k4 ,9 fact1 = five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,ari/otle's "t ! common !ory ( ! orig9 ( silk among ! ,greeks & ,romans 0 t x 0 ei!r 8a fleece :i* grew ^u a tree0 7?us conf\nd+ x ) cotton71 or a fibre obta9$ f ! inn] b>k ( a tree2 & "s1 deceiv$ by ! glossy & silky fibres ( ! se$ vessels ( ! plant t corresponds to our milk or silk we$1 believ$ x to be ! product ( "s plant or fl[]4 ,s ,virgil1 9 speak+ ( silk1 says1 8! ,s]es comb ! delicate fleec+s f ! leaves40 ,9 ! ,six? ,c5tury1 ,a4,d41 all ! raw silk 0 /ill be+ import$ f ,*9a by way ( ,p]sia1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 hav+ engag$ 9 w> ) ,p]sia1 f\nd 8 supply ( raw silk cut (f & ! manufactur]s 9 great di/ress4 ,8 fooli% legislation did n help ! situation1 & a crisis 0 av]t$ only by two ,ne/orian monks1 :o came f ,*9a ) se$ ( ! mulb]ry tree & a k ( ! ,*9ese me?od ( re>+ worms4 ,no "o1 on pa9 ( dea?1 0 all[$ to export ! silkworm eggs f ,*9a1 b ,ju/9ian brib$ ! monks to return to t c\ntry1 & 9 #eee !y came back1 br++ ) !m a quantity ( silkworm eggs conceal$ 9 _! pilgrim's /affs4 ,& "h let u say t !re has only once s9ce be5 an important importation ( eggs f ,asia4 ,t 0 ab\t #ahfj1 :5 ,dr4 ,pa/eur 0 mak+ a /udy ( a g]m disease :i* 0 ?reat5+ ! indu/ry4 ,consequ5tly1 x c truly be said t practically all ! silkworms ( ! ,we/]n _w are desc5d$ f ^? br\ght 9 ! eggs by ! monks to ,con/ant9ople4 ,ju/9ian gave ! control ( ! silk indu/ry to 8 own treasur]4 ,weav]s1 br\ght f ,tyre & ,b]ytus1 7 employ$ to manufacture ! silk1 & ! :ole production 0 a monopoly ( ! emp]or1 he fix+ its prices4 ,"u 8 managem5t1 ! co/ ( silk became eight times z great z be=e1 & ! ,royal ,purple 0 tw5ty-f\r times its =m] price4 ,b ?is monopoly 0 n ( long duration &1 at ! dea? ( ,ju/9ian 9 #efe1 ! monopoly ceas$1 & ! spread ( ! indu/ry comm5c$ 9 new & div]se directions4 ,:ile e detail ( ! gr[? ( ! indu/ry has an unusual int]e/1 z %[+ h[ su* an insignificant ?+ z a worm may become a pot5t factor 9 ,nature's economy1 ! scope ( ?is article w h>dly all[ u to m ?an sket* "s ( ! o!r m sali5t po9ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! silkworm4 ,ab\t ! ye> #iaj1 ! silkworms made _! appe>ance 9 ,cordova1 ,spa91 be+ br\ght !re by ! ,moors4 ,f ,spa9 silk culture soon ext5d$ to ,greece & ,italy4 ,,:5 ,,silk ,,culture ,,0 ,,introduc$ ,,9 ,,am]ica ,silk 0 introduc$ on ?is cont95t ?r\gh ! ,spani% ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 & ! fir/ silkworm eggs sold = #fj4jj an ounce4 ,a c5tury lat] royal ord]s 7 issu$ requir+ mulb]ry trees to be plant$ 9 ! ,colony ( ,virg9ia1 & a f9e ( tw5ty p\nds ( tobacco 0 impos$ = neglect1 & fifty p\nds ( tobacco 0 giv5 z a b\nty = e p\nd ( reel$ silk produc$4 ,silk culture spread rapidly 9 ! o!r ,colonies1 & to-day ! /ory ( ! ineffectual attempts to pr(itably re> ! silkworm 9 ?is c\ntry is z volum9\s z x is int]e/+4 ,suffice x to say1 z a sop to our inh]5t ,yankee pride1 t silk culture 0 introduc$ into ,connecticut z e>ly z #agcg1 ! fir/ coat & /ock+s made f ,new ,engl& silk be+ worn by ,gov]nor ,law 9 #agdg1 & ! fir/ silk dress by 8 daught]1 9 #agej4 ,?is ,/ate1 = ! eighty-f\r ye>s foll[+1 l$ all ! o!rs 9 ! am\nt ( raw silk produc$4 ,9 ,connecticut also1 0 built ! fir/ silk mill to be erect$ on ?is cont95t = ! special purpose ( manufactur+ silk goods4 ,?is build+ 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahaj by ,rodney & ,horatio ,hanks1 at ,mansfield1 & is /ill /&+ z an heirloom :i* has come to u f ! infant days ( ! indu/ry4 ,! silkworm has become dome/icat$1 s9ce1 dur+ ! long c5turies 9 :i* x has be5 cultivat$1 x has acquir$ _m useful peculi>ities4 ,man has /riv5 to increase its silk produc+ p[]1 & 9 ?is he has succe$$1 =1 by comp>+ ! cocoon ( ! silkworm ( to-day ) its wild relations1 ! cocoon is f\nd to be mu* l>g]1 ev5 9 proportion to ! size ( ! worm t makes x or ! mo? t issues f x4 ,! mo?'s loss ( ! p[] ( flight & ! :ite color ( ! species are probably ! results ( dome/ication4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japan ,,! ,,natural ,,home ,,( ,,! ,,silk ,,worm ,,ga!r+ ,,mulb]ry ,,bran*es4#a ,?is picture %[s a grove ( mulb]ry trees f :i* bran*es are be+ ga!r$ z food = ! worms4 ,?is is (t5 done by ! *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,mo?s ,,deposit+ ,,eggs4#a ,! mo?s are plac$ ^u pieces ( c>dbo>d1 ^u :i* !y deposit _! eggs4 ,! c>ds ) ! eggs are kept 9 a cool place until ! season = hat*+ arrives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,cocoon+ ,,b$s4#a ,?is picture %[s two boys prep>+ a b$ ( twigs or bran*es ^u :i* ! worms may sp9 _! cocoons4 #a ,illu/rations by c\rtesy ,! ,bra9]d ,arm/rong ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,silkworms ,,are ,,c>$ ,,= ,,hat*+ ,,! ,,eggs4 ,z ! eggs hat* on ! c>ds1 ! "y worms are remov$ to o!r c>ds or trays1 :]e !y are f$ & c>$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,remov+ ,,silkworms ,,f ,,c>ds ,,:]e ,,!y ,,7 ,,hat*$4 ,e few days ! "y worms are *ang$ to new & clean c>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,reel+ ,,raw ,,silk4 ,! cocoons are soak$ 9 hot wat] 9 ! bas9s %[n 9 ! front to loos5 ! gum4 ,! silk ?reads !n pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! op]ators & are reel$ on swifts 9 ! cab9et %[n 9 ! re>4 ,a m mod]n appliance = reel+ ! silk is %[n on "o ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,! =ego+ pages & pictures by c\rtesy ( ,bra9]d ,arm/rong ,silk ,company1 f _! book entitl$1 8,silk1 ! ,real v]sus ! ,imitation40 ,illu/ration3 ,,full ,,gr[n ,,l>va--,,%[+ ,,position ,,9 ,,molt+4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,male ,,mo?4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,mo?4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,*rysalis4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,bottom ,,view ,,( ,,*rysalis4#b #b ,! cuts on ?is page & balance ( cuts 9 ! /ory ( silk copyright by ! ,corticelli ,silk ,mills4 ,! silk mo? exi/s 9 f\r /ates--egg1 l>va1 *rysalis1 & adult4 ,! egg ( ! mo? is ne>ly r\nd1 slightly flatt5$1 & closely resembles a turnip se$4 ,:5 fir/ laid x is yell[1 soon turn+ a gray or slate color if impregnat$4 ,x has a small spot on "o end call$ ! micropyle1 & :5 ! worm hat*es1 :i* 9 our climate is ab\t ! fir/ ( ,june1 x gnaws a hole ?r\gh ?is spot4 ,black 9 color1 sc>cely an eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 cov]$ ) long hair1 ) a %9y nose1 & sixte5 small legs1 ! baby worm is born1 leav+ ! %ell ( ! egg :ite & transp>5t4 ,,! ,,silkworm--,,h[ ,,he ,,does ,,8 ,,"w ,small & t5d] leaves ( ! :ite mulb]ry or osage orange are f$ ! "y worm :i* simply pi]ces !m & sucks ! sap4 ,soon ! worm becomes l>ge en\gh to eat ! t5d] portions betwe5 ! ve9s ( ! leaf4 ,9 eat+ !y hold ! leaves by ! six =w>d feet1 & !n cut (f semi-circul> slices f ! leaf's edge by ! %>p upp] portion ( ! m\?4 ,! jaws move sidewise1 & sev]al ?\s& worms eat+ make a noise l fall+ ra94 ,! worms are kept on trays made ( matt+1 t are plac$ on racks = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! leaves are plac$ beside ! worms1 or ^u a slatt$ or p]=at$ tray plac$ above !m1 & ^? t crawl (f are reta9$1 :ile ! weak ones are remov$ ) ! old leaves4 ,! worms brea! ?r\gh spiracles1 small holes :i* look l black spots1 "o r[ ( n9e d[n ea* side ( ! body4 ,!y h no eyes1 b are q s5sitive to a j>1 & if y hit ! rack !y /op eat+ & ?r[ _! heads to "o side4 ,!y are velvety1 smoo?1 & cold to ! t\*1 & ! fle% is firm1 almo/ h>d4 ,! pulsation ( ! blood may be trac$ on ! back ( ! worm1 runn+ t[>ds ! head4 ,! worm has f\r molt+ seasons1 at ea* ( :i* x %$s its old sk9 = a new "o1 s9ce 9 ! v rapid gr[? ( ! worm ! old sk9 _c keep pace ) ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,! p]iods betwe5 ^! diff]5t molts are call$ 8ages10 !re be+ five1 ! fir/ ext5d+ f ! "t ( hat*+ to ! end ( ! fir/ molt1 & ! la/ f ! end ( ! f\r? molt to ! trans=mation ( ! insect into a *rysalis4 ,! "t betwe5 ! f\r 8molts0 w be f\nd to v>y1 dep5d+ ^u ! species ( worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,silkworms ,,are ,,re>$4#b ,:5 ! worm molts x ceases eat+1 gr[s slightly light] 9 color1 fa/5s itself firmly by ! t5 prolegs1 & especially by ! la/ two1 to "s object1 & hold+ up its head & ! =e "p ( its body rema9s 9 a torpid /ate = ne>ly two days4 ,by ea* successive molt ! worm gr[s light]1 f9ally becom+ a slate or cream :ite color1 & ! hair1 :i* 0 long at fir/1 gradually disappe>s4 ,! gummy liquid :i* comb9es ! two /r&s h>d5s imm$iately on exposure to ! air4 ,! worm works incessantly1 =c+ ! silk out by ! contraction ( its body4 ,! ?91 gauze-l network :i* soon surr\nds x gradually ?ick5s1 until1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] beg9n+ to sp91 ! worm is ne>ly hidd5 f view4 ,h[ev]1 ! cocoon is n complet$ = ab\t ?ree days4 ,,sixty-,,five ,,motions ,,( ,,8 ,,head ,a ,,m9ute ,! cocoon is t\gh1 /rong1 & compact1 compos$ ( a firm1 cont9u\s ?read1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n w\nd 9 conc5tric circles1 b irregul>ly 9 %ort figure eight loops1 fir/ 9 "o place & !n 9 ano!r4 ,9 do+ ?is ! worm makes sixty-five elliptical motions ( 8 head a m9ute or a total ( #cjj1jjj 9 an av]age cocoon4 ,! motion ( ! worm's head :5 />t+ ! cocoon is v rapid1 & n9e to twelve in*es ( silk fl[ f ! sp9n]et 9 a m9ute1 b lat] ! av]age w\ld be ab\t half ?is am\nt p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silkworm ,,eat+4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,silkworm--,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,work]s ,,silkworm ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,=m ,,its ,,cocoon4 ,hav+ atta9$ full gr[?1 ! worm is ready to sp9 its cocoon4 ,x loses its appetite1 %r9ks ne>ly an in* 9 l5g?1 gr[s ne>ly transp>5t1 (t5 acquir+ a p9ki% hue1 becomes re/less1 seeks a quiet place or corn]1 & moves its head f side to side 9 an ef=t to f9d objects on :i* to atta* its guy l9es )9 :i* to build its cocoon4 ,! silk is elaborat$ 9 a semi-fluid condition 9 two long1 convolut$ vessels or gl&s betwe5 ! prolegs & head1 "o ^u ea* side ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,z ^! vessels approa* ! head !y gr[ m sl5d]1 & f9ally unite )9 ! sp9n]et1 a small d\ble orifice bel[ ! m\?1 f :i* ! silk issues 9 a glut9\s /ate & app>5tly 9 a s+le ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoon ,,begun--,,silkworm ,,c ,,/ill ,,be ,,se54 ,! color ( ! worm's prolegs be=e sp9n+ indicates ! color ! cocoon w be4 ,?is v>ies 9 diff]5t species1 & may be a silv]y :ite1 cream1 yell[1 lemon1 or gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,complet$ ,,cocoon4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,silkworm',s ,,"w ,,is ,,done ,:5 ! worm has f9i%$ sp9n+1 x is "o & a qu>t] in*es long4 ,two days lat]1 by a f9al molt1 its dri$-up sk9 breaks at ! nose & is cr[d$ back (f ! body1 reveal+ ! *rysalis1 an oval cone "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is a light yell[ 9 color1 & imm$iately aft] molt+ is s(t to ! t\*4 ,! t5 prolegs ( ! worm h disappe>$1 ! f\r w+s ( ! future mo? are fold$ ov] ! brea/1 toge!r ) ! six legs & two feel]s1 or ant5n4 ,x soon turns br[n1 & ! sk9 h>d5s into a t\gh %ell4 ,nature provides ! cocoon to protect ! worm f ! elem5ts :ile x is be+ trans=m$ into a *rysalis1 & !nce into ! mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mo?s ,,em]g+ ,,f ,,cocoons4 ,) no jaws1 & conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ space ( ! cocoon1 ! mo? has "s difficulty 9 escap+4 ,aft] two or ?ree weeks ! %ell ( ! *rysalis bur/s1 & ! mo? ejects aga9/ ! end ( ! cocoon a /rongly alkal9e liquid :i* moi/5s & dissolves ! h>d1 gummy l9+4 ,pu%+ aside "s ( ! silk5 ?reads & break+ o!rs1 ) crimp$ & damp w+s ! mo? em]ges2 & ! exit once effect$1 ! w+s soon exp& & dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoons ,,f ,,:i* ,,! ,,mo?s ,,h ,,em]g$4 ,! escape ( ! mo?1 h[ev]1 breaks s _m ?reads t ! cocoons are ru9$ = reel+1 & consequ5tly1 :5 t5 days old1 all ^? n int5d$ = se$ are plac$ 9 a /eam heat] to /ifle ! *rysalis1 & ! silk may !n be reel$ at any future "t4 ,! mo?s are cream :ite 9 color4 ,!y h no m\?s1 b d h eyes1 :i* is j ! rev]se ( ! case ( ! worm4 ,f ! "t x beg9s to sp9 until ! mo? dies1 ! insect takes no n\ri%m5t4 ,! six =w>d legs ( ! worm become ! legs ( ! mo?4 ,soon aft] mat+ ! eggs are laid4 ,! male has broad] feel]s ?an ! female1 is small] 9 size1 & q active4 ,! female lays half h] eggs1 re/s a few h\rs1 & !n lays ! rema9d]4 ,h] two or ?ree days' life is sp5t )9 a space occupy+ less ?an six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o mo? lays f ?ree to f\r hundr$ eggs1 deposit+ !m ov] an ev5 surface4 ,9 "s species a gummy liquid /icks ! eggs to ! object ^u :i* !y are laid4 ,9 ! l>ge cocoon v>ieties !re are full ?irty ?\s& eggs 9 a s+le ounce avoirdupois4 ,x takes f tw5ty-five hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& cocoons to make a p\nd ( reel$ silk4 ,d y wond] t1 c5turies ago1 silk 0 valu$ at its weight 9 gold8 ,gr[]s ( silk 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by work+ e>ly & late e day dur+ ! season1 :i* la/s f six to eight weeks1 c\ld sc>cely av]age fifte5 c5ts = a day's labor ( t5 h\rs4 ,silk1 once reg>d$ z a luxury1 is n[ consid]$ a necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,cocoon ,,is ,,unw\nd ,,reel+ ,,! ,,silk ,,f ,,cocoons ,,by ,,foot ,,p[]1 ,,call$ 8,,re-,,reel0 ,,silk4 ,! cocoons are fir/ assort$1 ^? ( ! same color be+ plac$ by !mselves1 & ^? ( f9e & co>se texture likewise4 ,! outside loose silk is !n remov$1 z ?is _c be reel$1 aft] :i* ! cocoons are plung$ into w>m wat] to s(t5 ! 8gum0 :i* /icks ! ?reads toge!r4 ,! op]ator bru%es ! cocoons ) a small broom1 to ! /raws ( :i* _! fib]s become atta*$1 & !n c>efully unw9ds ! loose silk until ea* cocoon %[s b "o ?read4 ,^! ?ree op]ations are call$ 8soak+10 8bru%+10 & 8cleans+40 ,into "o or two comp>tm5ts 9 a bas9 ( w>m wat] bel[ ! reel are plac$ f\r or m cocoons1 accord+ to ! size ( ! ?read desir$4 ,! ?reads f ! cocoons 9 ea* comp>tm5t are ga!r$ toge!r &1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh two sep>ate p]=at$ agates a few in*es above ! surface ( ! wat]1 are br\ght toge!r & twi/$ ar\nd ea* o!r sev]al times1 !n sep>at$ & pass$ upw>d ov] ! trav]se guide-eyes to ! reel4 ,! trav]se moves to & fro horizontally1 di/ribut+ ! ?read 9 a broad b& ov] ! surface ( ! reel4 ,! rapid cross+ ( ! ?read f side to side ( ! ske9 9 reel+ facilitates h&l+ & unw9d+ )\t tangl+1 ! natural gum ( ! silk /ick+ ! ?reads to ea* o!r on ! arms ( ! reel1 ?us secur+ ! trav]se4 ,silk reel$ by h& or foot p[] is kn[n z 8,re-reel0 silk1 :ile silk reel$ by p[] ma*9]y is call$ 8,filature40 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,filature--,,reel+ ,,! ,,silk ,,f ,,cocoons ,,by ,,p[] ,,ma*9]y4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,ske9s ,,( ,,silk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,silk ,,is ,,w\nd ,,on ,,spools ,,w9d+ ,,frames--,,w9d+ ,,! ,,silk ,,on ,,bobb9s4 ,,:]e ,,man',s ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,silk ,,beg9s ,! raw silk is fir/ assort$1 accord+ to ! size ( ! fib]1 z f9e1 m$ium1 & co>se4 ,! ske9s are put into canvas bags & !n soak$ ov] night 9 w>m soapsuds4 ,?is is necess>y to s(t5 ! natural gum 9 ! silk1 :i* _h /uck ! ?reads toge!r on ! arms ( ! reel4 ,foll[+ ! soak+1 ! ske9s are /raight5$ out & hung across poles 9 a /eam-heat$ room1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ photograph4 ,:5 ! ske9s are dry1 !y are ready = ! fir/ process ( manufactur+4 ,! room we n[ /ep into is fill$ ) 8w9d+ frames10 ea* conta9+ two long r[s ( 8swifts10 f :i* ! silk is w\nd on to bobb9s4 ,! bobb9s are l>ge spools ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,! bobb9s fill$ ) silk1 z w\nd f ! ske9s1 are next plac$ on p9s ( ! 8d\bl+ frames02 ! ?read f sev]al bobb9s1 accord+ to ! size ( ! silk desir$1 is pass$ upw>d ?r\gh drop wires on to ano!r bobb94 ,%\ld "o ( ! ?reads break1 ! 8drop wire0 falls1 :i* action /ops ! bobb94 ,by ?is +5i\s device absolute uni=mity 9 ! size ( silk is secur$4 ,! 8d\bl+ frame0 is %[n 9 "o ( ! photographs h]e)4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\bl+ ,,frames--,,! ,,silk ,,?read ,,is ,,made ,,uni=m4 ,! bobb9s tak5 f ! 8d\bl+ frame0 are next plac$ on a 8sp9n]40 ,driv5 by an endless belt at ! rate ( ov] six ?\s& turns a m9ute1 ! bobb9s revolve1 ! silk f !m be+ drawn upw>d on to ano!r bobb94 ,?is sp9s ! sev]al /r&s br\ght toge!r by ! 8d\bl+ process0 into "o ?read1 ! numb] ( turns dep5d+ on ! k9d ( silk--,filo silk be+ spun q slack1 & ,ma*9e ,twi/ j ! rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,silk4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,twi/+ ,,silk4#b ,a transf]r+ ma*9e comb9es two or ?ree ( ^! /r&s2 two = sew+ silk & ?ree = ma*9e twi/2 & ! bobb9 next goes on to ! 8twi/+ ma*9e0--a ma*9e t is simil> to a 8sp9n]10 b ! silk is twi/$ 9 ! opposite direction f ! sp9n+4 ,to /& be=e ^! ma*9es & wat* h[ rapidly & h[ accurately !y d ! "w assign$ !m is a revelation4 ,no "o realizes h[ nicely ! p>ts are adju/$4 ,if b "o t9y /r& breaks t "p ( ! ma*9]y is /opp$ by an automatic device :i* works in/antane\sly4 ,aft] twi/+1 ! silk is /ret*$ by an +5i\s ma*9e call$ a 8wat]-/ret*]40 ,?is smoo?s & consolidates ! con/itu5t fib]s1 giv+ an ev5ness to ! silk n to be obta9$ by any o!r kn[n process4 ,! bobb9s are plac$ 9 wat] & ! silk is w\nd on to ! l[] ( ! two copp] rolls4 ,f ! l[] roll x passes upw>d to ! upp] roll1 :i* turns fa/] ?an ! l[] "o1 !reby /ret*+ ! silk4 ,f ! upp] roll x passes aga9 on to a bobb94 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk ,,?reads ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,weav] ,,wat] ,,/ret*]--,,mak+ ,,! ,,silk ,,?read ,,smoo?4 ,! dye+ process is a v important "o1 & ^u its success dep5ds ! p]man5cy ( ! v>i\s colors4 ,va/ tubs1 tanks1 & kettles surr\nd y on e side1 & ! hiss+ /eam seems to spr+ f all qu>t]s4 ,! 8gum0 ( ! silk is fir/ boil$ out by imm]sion 9 /rong soapsuds = ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! att5dants1 /&+ 9 heavy 8clogs0 7big %oes ) wood5 soles two in*es ?ick71 turn ! silk on ! /icks at int]vals until ! gum is remov$4 ,aft] ! silk is dy$ x is put into a 8/eam f9i%]10 a device look+ l a long1 n>r[ box ) a cov] op5+ on ! side1 set upright on top ( an iron cyl9d]4 ,! hanks ( silk are plac$ ^u two p9s 9 ! /eam *e/1 ! cov] fa/5$1 & ! live /eam ru%es 9 ar\nd ! silk4 ,?is bright5s ! silk1 giv+ x ! lu/r\s1 glossy appe>ance4 ,! editors are indebt$ to ! ,corticelli ,silk ,mills1 ,flor5ce1 ,mass41 = ?is /ory ( h[ silk is made1 z well z = p]mission to use _! spl5did life-l copyright$ photographs ( ! silkworm4 ,_m tea*]s w be glad to "k t !y c obta9 f ! ,corticelli ,silk ,mills1 at slight exp5se1 specim5 cocoons & o!r helps = object lesson tea*+4 ,:at ,animal ,c ,leap ! ,greate/ ,di/ance8 ,! galago1 or fly+ lemur4 ,?is s+ul> animal is a native ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is f #b ft4 to #c ft4 9 l5g?1 & is furni%$ ) a sort ( membrane on ea* side ( its body connect+ its limbs ) ea* o!r2 ?is is ext5d$ & acts z a p>a*ute :ile tak+ its long leaps1 :i* measure ab\t #cjj ft4 9 an incl9$ plane4 ,! kang>oo c leap ) ease a di/ance ( betwe5 #fj ft4 & #gj ft4 & c spr+ clean ov] a horse & take f5ces f #ab ft4 to #ad ft4 9 height4 ,! animals t c leap ! greate/ di/ance 9 proportion to _! size are ! flea & ! gras%opp]1 ! =m] be+ able to leap ov] an ob/acle five hundr$ times its own height1 :ile ! gras%opp] c leap = a di/ance measur+ #bjj times its own l5g?4 ,! spr+bok w cle> f #cj ft4 to #dj ft4 at a s+le b\nd4 ,! fly+ squirrel1 9 leap+ f tree to tree (t5 cle>s #ej ft4 9 a leap4 ,?is animal also has a broad fold ( sk9 or membrane connect+ its =e & h9d legs4 ,a /eeple*ase horse1 call$ ,! ,*&l]1 is report$ to h cov]$ #ci ft4 9 a s+le leap at ,w>wick "s ye>s ago4 ,"s species ( antelopes c make a leap #cf ft4 9 l5g? & #aj ft4 9 height4 ,a lion & a tig] ea* cle> f #ah ft4 to ov] #bj ft4 at a b\nd :ile spr++ on _! prey4 ,a salmon (t5 leaps #ae ft4 out ( ! wat] 9 asc5d+ ! falls ( riv]s4 ,:y ,d ,we ,call ,vot+ ,ballot+8 ,! t]m cov]s all =ms ( secret vot+1 z 9 e>ly times su* votes 7 det]m9$ by balls ( diff]5t colors deposit$ 9 ! same box1 or balls ( "o color plac$ 9 v>i\s boxes4 ,! ,greeks us$ %ells 7o/rakon71 :5ce we d]ive ! t]m o/racism4 ,9 #aci ,b4,c4 ! ,romans vot$ by tickets4 ,! ballot 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 #afbi1 :5 ! ,salem ,*ur* ?us *ose a pa/or4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! same ye>1 b 0 n e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& until #ahgb1 al?\gh 9 ,scotl& x 0 us$ 9 cases ( o/racism 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 #afcd ! gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts 0 elect$ by ballot1 & ! con/itutions ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,nor? ,c>ol9a adopt$ 9 #aggf1 made ?is me?od ( vot+ obligatory4 ,! ballot progress$ sl[ly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,k5tucky reta9+ ! viva voce me?od until a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,9 c]ta9 /ates1 ! con/itutions /ipulate t ! legislature %all vote viva voce1 i4 e41 ca/ _! votes orally4 ,s9ce #ahge all congressm5 h be5 elect$ by ballot4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,au/ralian ballot sy/em1 :i* requires ! names ( all ! c&idates = ! v>i\s (fices to be plac$ on "o l>ge %eet ( pap]1 commonly kn[n z a 8blanket0 ticket1 0 adopt$ 9 ,l\isville1 ,ky41 & "s sections ( ,massa*usetts4 ,x is n[ 9 v g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! vot]1 9 ! privacy ( an individual boo?1 indicates 8 pref]5ce by mak+ a m>k opposite a p>ty emblem or a c&idate's "n4 ,?is sy/em orig9at$ 9 #ahea ) ,francis ,s4 ,dutton1 ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,h5ry ,george1 9 a pamphlet1 8,engli% ,elections10 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 0 ! fir/ to advocate x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fir/ bill enact+ x into a law "h 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,mi*igan legislature 9 #ahhg1 b x did n pass until #ahhi4 ,:y ,d ,we ,call a ,cab a ,hansom8 ,! t]m is appli$ usually to a public vehicle1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z a 8two-:eel]10 or 8,hansom0 7f ! "n ( ! inv5tor71 & drawn by "o horse4 ,9 a hansom cab1 ! pass5g] or hir] ( ! vehicle sits imm$iately 9 re> ( ! da%bo>d1 ! driv] sitt+ on an elevat$ p]* beh9d1 ! re9s be+ pass$ ov] ! top4 ,! t]m cab is sometimes also appli$ to a f\r-seat$1 clos$ or op5 c>riage1 drawn by "o or two horses1 ! driv] sitt+ 9 front4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to ! cov]$ "p ( a locomotive1 9 :i* ! eng9e] & fireman h _! /ations4 ,! ^w cab is d]iv$ f ! cabriolet1 a light "o-horse c>riage1 ) two seats & a cala% top4 ,9 ,london1 ,engl&1 ! cab or hansom 0 call$ ! 8gondola0 ( ! ,briti% metropolis by ,disraeli4 ,:]e ,did ! ,"n ,calico ,come ,f8 ,a fabric ( cotton clo?1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f ! city ( ,calicut1 9 ,madras1 :]e x 0 fir/ manufactur$1 & 9 #afca br\ght to ,engl& by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,calico-pr9t+1 an anci5t ,indian & ,*9ese art1 has become a great indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,brita91 z well z 9 ,holl&4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,po/age ,/amp8 ,! /ick on po/age /amps s g5]ally us$ today 0 inv5t$ by an ,engli%man ,james ,*alm]s 9 #ahcd4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t pass$ a bill call+ = uni=m po/age ( ,"o ,p5ny 9 #ahdj & furni%$ envelopes be>+ /amps pr9t$ on !m4 ,! p did n l !m1 h[ev]1 & ! adhesive /amp inv5t$ by ,*alm]s 0 sub/itut$4 ,! fir/ /amps us$ 9 ,am]ica 7 introduc$ 9 #ahdg4 ,p h1 x seems1 always pref]r$ to lick _! po/age /amps4 ,h[ ,_m ,languages ,are ,!re8 ,x is said t !re are m ?an #c1djj languages1 includ+ dialects1 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ ( !m belong1 ( c\rse1 to savage or unciviliz$ p4 ,!re are said to be m ?an #ijj languages us$ 9 ,asia1 almo/ #fjj 9 ,europe1 #bge 9 ,africa & m ?an #a1fjj languages & dialects :i* are ,am]ican4 ,:at ,is ! ,deepe/ ,m9e ,9 ! ,_w8 ,! m9e t goes f>!r d[n ?an any o!r 9 ! _w is ! rock salt m9e ne> ,b]l91 ,g]many :i* is #d1age feet4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 /raight d[n b some:at slant+4 ,! ,calumet ,copp] ,m9e ne> ,lake ,sup]ior is at a dep? 9 "s places ( #c1ijj feet4 ,! deepe/ bor+ 9 ! _w is an artesian well at ,potsdam1 ,miss\ri1 :i* is #e1ejj feet deep or m ?an "o mile /raight d[n4 ,:at ,is ,color8 ,,:at ,,produces ,,! ,,colors ,,we ,,see8 ,:at is t]m$ ! color-s5se is ! p[] or ability to di/+ui% k9ds or v>ieties ( light & _! di/9ctive t9ts4 ,we owe ! faculty ( do+ ?is to ! /ructure ( ! eye & its elaborate connect+ n]ve ma*9]y4 ,! eye 9 man is specially s5sitive to light1 & ! s5sations we feel ?r\gh x enables u to di/+ui% ! diff]5t colors4 ,ov] #a1jjj mono*romatic t9ts are said to be di/+ui%able by ! ret9a ( ! eye1 ?\gh ^! num]\s t9ts are1 9 ! ma91 m]ely bl5d+s or comb9ations ( ! ?ree prim>y color-s5sations1 ! s5se ( r$1 ( gre5 & ( violet4 ,ea* ( ^! colors1 x has be5 demon/rat$1 is produc$ by light ( a v>y+ wave l5g?1 :ile :ite light is only light 9 :i* ! prim>y colors are comb9$ 9 prop] proportion4 ,color$ light1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,newton prov$1 may be produc$ f :ite light 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 by refraction 9 a prism or l5s1 z obs]v$ 9 ! ra9b[2 second1 by diffraction1 z 9 ! blue color ( ! sky1 or 9 ! t9ts se5 9 "m-(-pe>l2 & ?ird1 by absorption1 z 9 ! r$ color ( a brick wall1 or 9 ! gre5 ( grass--! :ite light :i* falls ^u ! wall be+ :olly absorb$1 save by ! r$1 & all t falls ^u ! grass be+ absorb$ except ! gre54 ,9 art1 color means t comb9ation or modification ( t9ts :i* is specially suit$ to produce a p>ticul> or desir$ effect 9 pa9t+2 9 music1 ! t]m d5otes a p>ticul> int]pretation :i* illu/rates ! physical analogy betwe5 s\nd & color4 ,:]e ,did ! ,t]m ,dixie ,orig9ate8 ,! t]m 0 appli$ orig9ally to ,new ,york ,city :5 slav]y exi/$ !re4 ,accord+ to a my? or leg5d1 a p]son nam$ ,dixie own$ a tract ( l& on ,manhattan ,isl& & _h a l>ge numb] ( slaves4 ,z ,dixie's slaves increas$ beyond ! requirem5ts ( ! plantation1 _m 7 s5t to di/ant p>ts4 ,naturally ! deport$ negroes look$ ^u _! e>ly home z a place ( real & abid+ happ9ess1 z did ^? f ! 8,ole ,virg9ny0 ( lat] days4 ,h5ce 8,dixie0 became ! synonym = a locality :]e ! negroes 7 happy & cont5t$4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,dixie is tak5 to mean ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,!re ! ^w is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ,mason & ,dixon's l9e1 =m]ly divid+ ! free /ates f ! slave /ates4 ,x is said to h fir/ come into use !re :5 ,texas jo9$ ! ,union1 & ! negroes sang ( x z ,dixie4 ,x has be5 ! !me ( sev]al popul> songs1 notably t ( ,alb]t ,pike1 8,s\?rons1 ,he> ,y\r ,c\ntry ,call02 t ( ,t4 ,m4 ,cooley1 8,away ,d[n ,s\? :]e ,gr[s ! ,cotton10 & t ( ,dan ,emmett1 ! refra9 usually conta9+ ! ^w 8,dixie0 or ! words 8,dixie's ,l&40 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ! tune ( 8,dixie0 0 to ! ,s\!rn p :at 8,yankee ,doodle0 _h always be5 to ! p ( ! :ole ,union & :at x cont9u$1 9 w> times1 to be to ! ,nor!rn p1 ! comic national air4 ,! tune is 8cat*y0 to ! popul> e> & x 0 play$ by ! b&s 9 ! ,union army dur+ ! w> z freely z by ^? on ! o!r side4 ,dur+ ! rejoic+ 9 ,wa%+ton ov] ! surr5d] ( ,lee at ,appomattox1 a b& play$ 8,dixie0 9 front ( ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,presid5t ,l9coln began a %ort spee*1 imm$iately aft]w>d1 ) ! rem>k1 8,t tune fairly belongs to u n[2 we've captur$ x40 ,h[ ,big ,is ! ,e>?8 ,! ?ird planet 9 ord] ( di/ance f ! sun1 ,m]cury & ,v5us be+ ne>] to x4 ,x is 9 %ape a sph]e slightly flatt5$ at ! poles & bulg$ at ! equator1 h5ce x is call$ an oblate sph]oid4 ,! equatorial diamet] or axis measures #g1ibf miles & #a4jda yds41 & ! pol> diamet] is #g1hii miles & #a4jbc yds4 ,! e>? revolves ^u its axis1 complet+ its diurnal or daily revolution 9 a sid]eal day1 :i* is #c m9utes & #ee4i seconds %ort] ?an a mean sol> day4 ,x revolves ar\nd ! sun 9 "o sid]eal ye>1 :i* is #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 #i m9utes1 & #i seconds4 ,its orbit or pa? ar\nd ! sun is an ellipse1 hav+ ! sun 9 "o ( ! foci4 ,! e>?'s mean di/ance f ! sun is #ic1jjj1jjj miles4 ,its axis is incl9$ to ! plane ( its orbit at an angle ( #bc #bg #ab4fh4 ,! circumf]5ce at ! equator measures #bd1hii miles4 ,! total surface is #aif1ijj1bgh sq4 miles1 & ! solid cont5ts is #bfj1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic miles4 ,z we desc5d into ! e>? ! temp]ature rises at ! rate ( #a ,fahr4 = e #ej ft4 ,at ! dep? ( #aj or #ab miles ! e>? is r$-hot1 & at a dep? ( #ajj miles ! temp]ature is su* t at ! surface ( ! e>? x w\ld liquefy all solid matt] 9 ! e>?4 ,:at ,causes ,hail8 ,hail is ! "n giv5 to ! small masses ( ice :i* fall 9 %[]s1 & :i* are call$ hail/ones4 ,:5 a hail/one is exam9$ x is f\nd usually to consi/ ( a c5tral nucleus ( compact sn[1 surr\nd$ by successive lay]s ( ice & sn[4 ,hail falls *iefly 9 ,spr+ & ,summ]1 & (t5 accompanies a ?und]/orm4 ,hail/ones are =m$ by ! gradual rise & fall1 ?r\gh diff]5t degrees ( temp]ature 7by ! action ( w9d/orms71 & !y !n take on a cov]+ ( ice or froz5 sn[1 accord+ z !y are c>ri$ ?r\gh a region ( ra9 or sn[4 ,) reg>d to ra91 x may be said1 9 popul> language1 t "u ! influ5ce ( sol> heat1 wat] is con/antly ris+ into ! air by evaporation f ! surface ( ! sea1 lakes1 riv]s1 & ! moi/ surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,( ! vapors ?us =m$ ! great] "p is return$ to ! e>? z ra94 ,! moi/ure1 orig9ally invisible1 fir/ makes its appe>ance z cl\d1 mi/ or fog2 & "u c]ta9 atmosph]ic conditions ! cond5sation proce$s /ill fur!r until ! moi/ure falls to ! e>? z ra94 ,simply & briefly1 !n1 ra9 is caus$ by ! cool+ ( ! air *>g$ ) moi/ure4 ,:y ,does a ,human ,be+ ,h ,to ,le>n to ,swim8 ,x is /range1 isn't x1 t almo/ e animal1 except+ man & possibly ! monkey1 kn[s h[ to swim naturally2 o!rs su* z birds1 horses1 dogs1 c[s1 elephants1 c swim z soon z !y c move ab\t alone4 ,! tr\ble ) man 9 ?is connection is t 8 natural motion is climb+4 ,he has be5 a climb] ev] s9ce he 0 develop$ f ! monkey1 & :5 y ?r[ him into ! wat] be=e he has le>n$ to swim1 he naturally />ts to climb & z a climb+ motion won't d1 = swimm+1 ! man w dr[n4 ,?is climb+ motion is z mu* ( an in/9ct 9 man & monkeys z ! in/9ct 9 dogs :i* causes him to turn r\nd once or twice be=e he lies d[n j z 8 =efa!rs us$ to d ages ago :51 z wild dogs1 !y fir/ _h to trample ! grass be=e !y c\ld lie d[n com=tably4 ,:y ,d ,i ,get ,cold 9 a ,w>m ,room8 ,i suppose y mean ! in/ances :5 y get cold :ile 9 a w>m room ev5 :5 y are p]fectly well4 ,?is w happ5 (t5 :5 all ( ! moi/ure 9 ! room outside ( :at is 9 y\r body1 is evaporat$ by ! heat 9 ! room4 ,! rem$y is1 ( c\rse1 to keep a pan ( wat] "s place 9 ! room z ! air has become too dry4 ,:ile heat is necess>y to evaporate wat]1 ! process ( evaporation produces cold4 ,! quick] ! evaporation ! %>p] ! cold feel+ produc$4 ,n[ y\r body is cont9ually evaporat+ ! wat] f y\r body :i* comes out 9 ! =m ( p]spiration ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk94 ,?is is "o ( nature's ways ( tak+ ! impurities & wa/e out ( ! body4 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 don't y1 t m ?an "o-half ! wa/e mat]ial :i* ! body expels f ! sy/em comes out ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk9 r ?an ?r\gh ! canals4 ,:5 ! air 9 ! room becomes too dry1 ! evaporation on ! outside ( ! body proce$s fa/] & makes y cold4 ,by keep+ wat] 9 "s vessel 9 ! room y keep ! air ( ! room f becom+ too dry4 ,:y ,d ,!y ,call ,!m ,wisdom ,tee?8 ,! wisdom tee? are ! two la/ mol> tee? to gr[4 ,!y come "o on ea* side ( ! jaw & arrive some:]e betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! "n is giv5 !m because x is suppos$ t :5 a p]son has develop$ physically & m5tally to ! po9t :]e he has secur$ ^! la/ two tee? he has also arriv$ at ! age ( discretion4 ,x does n necess>ily mean t "o :o has cut 8 wisdom tee? is wise1 b t hav+ liv$ long en\gh to gr[ ^!1 :i* complete ! full set ( tee?1 ! p]son has pass$ suffici5t actual ye>s t1 if he has done :at he %\ld to fit himself = life1 he %\ld h come by t "t at ! age ( discretion or wisdom4 ,z a matt] ( fact ^! tee? gr[ at ab\t ! same age 9 p :e!r !y are wise or n4 ,:at ,makes ,freckles ,come8 ,freckles are g5]ally caus$ by ! exposure ( unprotect$ p>ts ( ! body to ! sun1 b ?is w n cause freckles on all p4 ,only p ) c]ta9 k9ds ( s5sitive sk9s freckle4 ,:at happ5s :5 freckles are produc$ 9 ?is way is ?is3 ,! sunlight %9+ on ! face1 neck or arms ( anyone :o has a t5d5cy to freckle1 has a peculi> action on c]ta9 cells ( ! sk9 :i* produces a yell[i% br[n color+ pigm5t1 :i* rema9s = a "t4 ,!n aga9 ! sk9s ( "s p are s peculi>ly s5sitive ! cells develop ?is k9d ( color+ matt] 9 almo/ any k9d ( light & su* p are1 s to speak1 apt to be freckl$ = life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ successful p[]-driv5 a]oplane4 ,! ,langley monoplane ) /eam eng9e1 :i* flew ov] ! ,potomac ,riv] 9 #ahif4 ,! ,fly+ ,boat ,:5 ,did ,man ,fir/ ,try to ,fly8 ,,h[ ,,man ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,fly ,man's desire to conqu] ! air is old] ?an record$ hi/ory4 ,:5 a kite 0 fl[n = ! fir/ "t ! pr9ciple ( aviation1 or dynamic flight1 0 uncov]$4 ,= c5turies man has s\ght ! me*anical equival5ts = ! ?+s t keep a kite fly+ /eadily 9 ! air1--! p[] t lies 9 ! cord t keeps a kite head$ into ! w9d2 an equival5t = ! w9d's own p[]2 an equival5t = ! tail :i* controls ! kite's lat]al & longitud9al balance4 ,ea* sep>ate "p ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e1 or a]oplane1 0 work$ out long ago1 ) ! exception ( ! gas eng9e light en\gh & reliable en\gh to be us$ = ?is "w4 ,! pres5t g5]ation kn[s dynamic flight z a commonplace ?+1 n because we are s mu* m clev] ?an previ\s g5]ations 9 design+ fly+ ma*9es1 b because ( ! developm5t ( ! mod]n gasol9e or int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,:o ,inv5t$ ,fly+8 ,no "o inv5t$ fly+1 nor did any "o man inv5t all ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,!y are ! result ( evolution1--( ! comb9$ "w & ?\ght ( hundr$s ( m51 _m ( ^: names are unrecord$4 ,to attempt to f9d ! true beg9n+ ( ! mod]n fly+ ma*9e w\ld be z difficult z attempt+ to discov] :o plant$ ! se$ ( ! tree f :i* "o has ga!r$ a rose4 ,b ! tree f :i* all ! fly+ ma*9es1 or a]oplanes1 ( today h sprung und\bt$ly is ,dr4 ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley1 ?ird secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,"s ( ! ,m5 ,:o ,help$4 ,tak+ ! mo/ conspicu\s names ( sci5ti/s :o work$ out v>i\s details ( ! a]oplane dur+ ! pa/ c5tury we f9d t a c5tury ago ,sir ,george ,cayley built a ma*9e on l9es v simil> to ^? accept$ today1 & he w5t s f> z to =etell ! necessity ( develop+ ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e be=e dynamic flight c\ld be a success4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,w5ham1 9 #ahff1 also built a fly+ ma*9e along conv5tional l9es & tri$ to fly x ) a /eam eng9e1 :i* ( c\rse1 prov$ too heavy4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ,dr4 ,langley's fir/ models2 a biplane ) flexible w+-tips & tw9 propell]s4 #ahhi4 ,,e>ly ,,types ,,( ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,m4 ,a4 ,p5aud1 a ,fr5*man1 9 exp]im5t+ ) models1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to discov] ! necessity ( v]tical & horizontal rudd]s 9 ma9ta9+ balance4 ,mr4 ,horatio ,phillips1 an ,engli%man1 discov]$1 & pat5t$1 ! use ( curv$ in/ead ( flat surfaces = ! planes4 ,otto & ,gu/av ,lili5?al are said to h be5 ! fir/ to attempt to balance a]oplanes by flex+ or b5d+ ! w+s4 ,v>i\s o!rs1 includ+ ,messrs4 ,ri*>d ,h>te1 ,b\lton1 ,m\ill>d1 work$ out ideas = balanc+ ma*9es by ! use ( auxili>y planes :i* c\ld be set at diff]5t angles ) reg>d to ! l9e ( flight1 ?us =c+ ! ma*9es to diff]5t positions by ! =ce ( ! air ru%+ aga9/ !m4 ,dr4 ,langley1 tra9$ 9 sci5tific inve/igation1 conduct$ an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts cov]+ _m ye>s & co/+ ?\s&s ( doll>s to te/ & prove ! value ( ! claims ( ! e>li] inve/igators4 ,"s ?+s :i* he ?\ght he 0 ! fir/ to discov]1--su* z ! effect ( ! v]tical & horizontal rudd]s1--he lat] f\nd _h already be5 prov5 by o!rs4 ,indep5d5tly he cov]$ ! entire field ( exp]im5t & aft] build+ hundr$s ( small models he succe$$1 9 #ahif1 9 mak+ a ma*9e weigh+ sev]al p\nds equipp$ ) a v light /eam eng9e :i* flew safely z long z ! fuel la/$4 ,= 8 e>ly exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,langley 0 af=d$ f9ancial assi/ance by ,mr4 ,william ,?aw ( ,pittsburg4 ,aft] ! success ( 8 small ma*9es ,dr4 ,langley 0 ask$ to und]take ! con/ruction ( a l>ge1 man-c>ry+ ma*9e1 & ,congress vot$ him #ej1jjj to c>ry on ! "w4 ,a l>ge %>e ( ?is 0 sp5t on ! developm5t ( a v light gasol9e eng9e4 ,! ma*9e f9ally 0 complet$1 b 0 twice brok5 ?r\gh defective laun*+ app>atus4 ,congress & ,dr4 ,langley 7 s ridicul$ by ! public press t ! ma*9e 0 tempor>ily ab&on$4 ,n1 h[ev]1 until aft] ,dr4 ,langley _h successfully fl[n a /eam driv5 ma*9e mu* l>g] ?an _m ( ! rac+ a]oplanes ( today4 ,b eight ye>s aft] ,dr4 ,langley's dea?1 :i* is said to h be5 due to ! he>t-break+ disappo9tm5t he suff]$ 9 try+ to demon/rate ! l>ge ma*9e1 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 rebuilt ! old ,langley ma*9e & succe$$ 9 mak+ a flight ) x at ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,may #bh1 #aiad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man-,,c>ry+ ,,a]oplane ,fir/ successful man-c>ry+ a]oplane4 ,design$ by ,dr4 ,langley 9 #ahih2 fl[n by ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss at ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiad4 ,illu/ration3 ,front view ( big ,langley ma*9e 9 #aiad4 ,:ile long] flights probably w be made ) ?is ma*9e none w atta9 great] importance1 because ?is fir/ flight ) x 0 suffici5t to e/abli% = all "t ! fact t ,dr4 ,langley built ! fir/ man-c>ry+ ma*9e equipp$ ) a gasol9e eng9e & able to fly & raise itself ) its own p[]4 ,?is 0 consid]ably m ?an 0 accompli%$ by o!r ma*9es = "s "t aft] ,dr4 ,langley's dea?4 ,! ,langley ma*9e n only lift$ ! weight x 0 design$ to fly )1 b also c>ri$ pontoon & o!r fitt+s1 add$ by ,mr4 ,curtiss to make flight f ! wat] possible1 :i* add$ #cdj p\nds to ! orig9al weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9e ,,) ,,:i* ,,bl]iot ,,flew ,,9 ,,europe ,copy ( e>ly ,langley model ) :i* ,bl]iot made fir/ circul> flight 9 ,europe4 ,! connection betwe5 ,dr4 ,langley's "w & pres5t ma*9es is n[ v easy to trace1 ?\gh n obvi\s until #aiaa1 :5 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution publi%$ memoirs writt5 by ,dr4 ,langley 9 #ahig1 & "s memoirs ( ,mr4 ,octave ,*anute1 a ,fr5* eng9e] :o resid$ 9 ,*icago1 & :o =ms "o ( ! ma9 connect+ l9ks4 ,! *a9 is practically complet$ by notes left by ! late ,lieut4 ,?omas ,selfridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,am]ica's fir/ m>tyr to aviation4 ,dr4 ,langley's k is repres5t$ 9 mod]n aviation by ?ree di/9ct l9es4 ,! c5tral & mo/ direct l9e is ?r\gh ,dr4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 inv5tor ( ! telephone1 to ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association1 & !nce to ,mr4 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss1 & f9ds its expression 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,curtiss type ( ma*9es4 ,ano!r l9e is t c>ri$ by a ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,h]r+ to ,mr4 ,*anute & by him transmitt$ to ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright1 f9d+ expression 9 ! ,wright type ( biplane4 ,! ?ird l9e is t lead+ to ! mod]n monoplane s*ool2 ,m4 ,bl]iot hav+ fir/ copi$ 9 toto ! t&em monoplane =m1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,langley type1 & lat]1 ) ! developm5t ( bett] gasol9e eng9es1 develop+ into ! monoplane z kn[n today4 ,) ! exception ( ,m4 ,bl]iot x is d\btful if ! o!rs fully realiz$ ! s\rce ( _! inspiration1--n to call x in=mation4 ,dr4 ,bell 0 int]e/$ 9 ,dr4 ,langley's "w = m ?an t5 ye>s be=e ,dr4 ,langley gave up4 ,he obs]v$ _m ( ! trials1 & 8 reports ( ! fir/ successful flights are incorporat$ 9 ! (ficial publications ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,dr4 ,bell began "s indep5d5t exp]im5ts1 b foll[+ ,dr4 ,langley's dea? he =m$ ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association1 to c>ry on ! "w left by ,dr4 ,langley4 ,! memb]s ( ?is organization 71 ,mr4 ,curtiss1 at t "t ! mo/ successful build] ( light motors2 ,lieut4 ,?omas ,h4 ,selfridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a42 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy & ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,baldw91 two "y ,canadian eng9e]s4 ,mrs4 ,bell f9anc$ ! project1 furni%+ ! sum ( #ce1jjj = ! exp]im5ts4 ,,:at ,,two ,,bro!rs ,,accompli%$ ,,= ,,fly+ ,! ,wright ,bro!rs1 = ,wilbur ,wright 0 jo9$ by 8 bro!r ,orville 9 ! exp]im5ts1 7 ! fir/ to reap success f ! se$s ( ,dr4 ,langley's s[+4 ,mr4 ,*anute _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) a biplane =m ( motorless glid] ) little success1 because ( lack ( means = balanc+ ! ma*9es 9 ! air1 until he 0 jo9$ by a =m] employe ( ,dr4 ,langley4 ,he appe>s to h imp>t$ to ,mr4 ,*anute ! secret ( ! /abiliz+ effect ( ! ,p5aud tail1 or comb9ation ( v]tical & horizontal rudd]s4 ,!reaft] hundr$s ( successful glid+ flights 7 made ) ! ,*anute biplane1 ?\gh ,*anute seems n to h grasp$ ! full significance ( ! rudd]s1--?\gh x 0 well und]/ood by ,dr4 ,langley4 ,to ! ,*anute ma*9e1 z describ$ to him1 ,mr4 ,wright add$ fir/ ! idea ( flex+ or w>p+ ! w+s1 aft] ! fa%ion set by ! ,lili5?als4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 z ,dr4 ,langley _h f\nd ye>s be=e1 t 9 attempt+ to correct lat]al balance 9 ?is way caus$ ! a]oplane to sw]ve to su* an ext5t t ! fix$ v]tical rudd]1 z orig9ally employ$1 did n correct ! upsett+ t5d5cy t 0 develop$4 ,mr4 ,wright !n arrang$ 8 rudd] 9 su* a way t :5 ! w+ 0 w>p$ ! rudd] turn$ 9 a way to (fset ! sw]ve4 ,?is comb9ation 0 pat5t$ all ov] ! _w & has result$ 9 mu* complicat$ litigation4 ,to ?is ma*9e ! ,wright ,bro!rs add$ a gasol9e motor 9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 & ) x made num]\s flights dur+ #aijd-e4 ,_! claims 7 n g5]ally cr$it$ h[ev] until a lat] date = _! exp]im5ts _h be5 conduct$ ) consid]able secrecy1 & dur+ #aijf1 #aijg & until late 9 #aijh !y did no m fly+4 ,9 ! meantime ,m4 ,bl]iot _h made a copy ( "o ( ! e>ly ,langley t&em monoplane models & made "s fairly successful flights ) x 9 ,europe4 ,lat]1 z gasol9e motors develop$ 9 p[] = weight1 he r$uc$ ! re> surface until ! mod]n monoplane evolv$4 ,:ile ,bl]iot 0 work+ 9 ,europe1 ,dr4 ,bell's ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association 9 ,am]ica 0 evolv+ /ill ano!r type ( ma*9e1 & ! memb]s ( ! association made ! fir/ successful public flights 9 ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,curtiss won ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,trophy = ! fir/ "t on ,july #d?1 #aijh1 by a /raightaway flight ( m ?an a kilomet]4 ,! balanc+ sy/em employ$ by ! ,a4 ,e4 ,a4 diff]$ f t employ$ by ! ,wrights & by ,bl]iot 9 t small auxili>y planes took ! place ( w>p+ planes = right+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is !y claim$ to be a sup]ior me?od1 fir/1 because x elim9at$ ! use ( ! rudd] z be+ absolutely ess5tial to ! balance ( ! ma*9e2 second1 because x enabl$ !m to make ! ma9 planes rigid ?r\gh\t1 & consequ5tly /rong] ?an ! flexible planes4 ,!re are sev]al o!r names t mu/ be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( successful flight2 ^! are ! ,fr5*m51 ,messrs4 ,h5ri ,f>man1 ,maurice ,f>man1 ! bro!rs ,vois91 & ,santos ,dumont4 ,^! produc$ "s ( ! fir/ notably successful a]oplanes 9 ,europe b seem to h discov]$ no?+ :i* has _h any m>k$ effect ^u ! lat] developm5t ( fly+ ma*9es4 ,m4 ,f>man adopt$ ! auxili>y planes us$ by ! ,a4 ,e4 ,a4 & modifi$ !m to suit 8 ideas4 ,,wond]ful ,,records ,,( ,,a]oplanes ,volumes c\ld be1 9 fact1 h be5 writt5 ab\t ! exploits ( ! fir/ demon/rators ( ! practical heavi]-?an-air fly+ ma*9es1--( ! cross+ ( ! ,engli% ,*annel by ,bl]iot1 ( ! flights by ,wilbur ,wright at ,rheims1 ,france2 ( ,mr4 ,curtiss' w9n+ ( ! fir/ ,gordon ,b5net ,int]national spe$ trophy & 8 flight d[n ! ,hudson f ,albany to ,new ,york2 ( ,orville ,wright's flight at ,=t ,mey]1 & ! dea? ( ,lieut4 ,selfridge :o 0 fly+ ) him4 ,! b>e/ record ( ^! int]e/+ accompli%m5ts w\ld fill volumes4 ,( ! a]oplane prop] x is en\gh to say "h t s9ce #aijh its developm5t has be5 too rapid = accurate record+4 ,9 /r5g?1 9 spe$1 9 reliability1 9 size & c>ry+ capacity1 x has develop$ at a rem>kable rate4 ,at ?is writ+ ! spe$ record is ab\t #acj miles p] h\r2 ! duration record is m ?an #bd h\rs1 non-/op2 ! di/ance record is "s #a1cjj miles 9 "o day2 ! altitude record "s #bf1jjj feet4 ,new records succe$ ! old ones ) su* rapidity t probably be=e ?is c be pr9t$ all ^! pres5t records w h be5 greatly eclips$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a]oplane 8,,r$ ,,w+0 ,,hammondsport1 ,n4,y4 ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,public ,,flight1 ,,m> #ab #aijh ,illu/ration3 ,! biplane 9 :i* ,g4 ,h4 ,curtiss flew f ,albany to ,new ,york 9 #aiaj4 ,meantime ! a]oplane has develop$ greatly 9 o!r directions4 ,9 fly+ ov] l& ) ! e>ly types ( ma*9es _m fatal accid5ts occurr$1 p>ticul>ly to ! fli]s :o gave exhibitions ev]y:]e dur+ #aiji1 #aiaj & #aiaa4 ,a majority ( ^! accid5ts 7 indirectly due to ! fact t a v smoo? surface is requir$ = l&+ a fragile ma*9e runn+ at high spe$4 ,! obvi\s exp$i5t 0 to develop ma*9es capable ( ris+ f & alight+ ^u ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,=eign ,,monoplanes ,a mod]n ,g]man monoplane4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ma*9e 9 :i* ,bl]iot cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 #aiji4 ,a modifi$ ,langley type4 ,illu/ration3 ,roll& ,g>ros & monoplane 9 :i* he flew across ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea 9 #aiad4 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,fly+ ,,boat ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiaj & #aiaa ,mr4 ,curtiss1 :o _h cont9u$ indep5d5t exp]im5ts ^u ! disb&m5t ( ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association1 succe$$ 9 produc+ ! fir/ ma*9e to safely leave & return to ! wat]4 ,= ! developm5t & demon/ration ( ?is type ( fly+ ma*9e he 0 aw>d$ ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica ,trophy1 & :5 dur+ #aiab he produc$ /ill ano!r type ( wat] fly+ ma*9e1 ! ,curtiss ,fly+ ,boat1 he 0 aga9 aw>d$ ! ,a]o ,club ,trophy & also vot$ a ,langley ,m$al by ! directors ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,illu/ration3 ,diff]5t views ( fly+ boat4 ,n until ! developm5t ( ! fly+ boat did ! g5]al public beg9 to take a p>ticipative int]e/ 9 aviation1 b z soon z ! comp>ative safety ( ?is type ( ma*9e became app>5t ! new sport began to be tak5 up rapidly bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,! exp]i5ces ( naval fli]s & amateurs alike w5t to %[ t wat] fly+ (f]$ n only ! fa/e/ & mo/ com=table mode ( rapid travel1 b also ! safe/1 = dur+ #aiac sev]al hundr$ ?\s& miles 7 fl[n by navy aviators & amateur en?usia/s 9 ,curtiss wat] fly+ ma*9es )\t a s+le s]i\s accid5t4 ,:at aviation w mean to future g5]ations1--ev5 to ?is g5]ation 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1--x w\ld be foolh>dy to try to guess4 ,mr4 ,rodman ,wanamak] already has agre$ to furni% ! f9ancial support = ,mr4 ,curtiss' attempt to build a ma*9e to fly across ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 f ,am]ica to ,europe4 ,if ! v5ture is successful x is expect$ ! cross+ w be made 9 a fraction ( ! "t tak5 by ! fa/e/ ,transatlantic l9]s4 ,! discov]y ( new metals & new manufactur+ me?ods w c]ta9ly result 9 ! developm5t ( light motors t may be reli$ ^u to run = days )\t /opp+1 & automatically /able a]oplanes seem to be n f> away4 ,?is w result 9 ov]l& flight z safe & sure z we n[ enjoy ov] wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,( ,a ,,mod]n ,,fly+ ,,boat ,int]ior arrangem5t ( mod]n fly+ boat1 %[+ fuel tank & in/rum5t bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,six-pass5g] fly+ boat hull4 ,?is ma*9e w fly #a1jjj miles )\t /opp+ = fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fun ,,9 ,a ,,fly+ ,,boat ,fly+ at spe$ ( a mile a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,monoplane fly+ boat1 built = ,r4 ,v4 ,morris4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 a fly+ boat on pleasure b5t4 ,,greate/ ,,pres5t ,,value ,,( ,,a]oplane ,at pres5t ! greate/ value ( ! a]oplane seems to be = milit>y reconnaissance & all ! great p[]s are /riv+ _! utmo/ to secure supremacy 9 ! air4 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia & ,engl& h to date sp5t millions 9 develop+ a]oplane fleets4 ,only ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has fail$ z yet to appreciate ! milit>y significance ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,if ! relative a]onautical /r5g? ( ! _w's nations 7 repres5t$ alphabetically ! ,u4 ,s4 w\ld naturally sc>ce h to *ange its initial1 ,u be+ slightly 9 advance ( ,z :i* w\ld /& = ,zulul&4 ,b ev5 ) its mode/ equipm5t ! navy fli]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates prov$ ! great wor? ( ! a]oplane & ! fly+ boat1 :5 dur+ ! rec5t tr\ble 9 ,mexico ! air sc\ts ga!r$ 9 a few m9utes in=mation t c\ld only h be5 secur$ by days ( cavalry sc\t+ be=e ! adv5t ( ! fly+ ma*9e4 ,inde$1 ! "n ( ,lieut4 ,p4 ,n4 ,l4 ,bell+]1 ! mo/ able ( ! naval fli]s at ,v]a ,cruz1 has figur$ m prom95tly 9 ! despat*es f ! front ?an t ( any o!r (fic] connect$ ) ! exp$ition4 ,fly+ seems c]ta9 9 ! v ne> future to take its place z ! fa/e/1 safe/ & mo/ com=table mode ( conveyance4 ,! fly+ boat w r5d] quickly accessible ! va/ c\ntry ly+ along ! great riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia2 x w bridge ! great lakes & ! oceans2 br+ ne> toge!r ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans4 ,x w make imp]ative1 because ( ! spe$ ) :i* di/ances w be trav]s$1 ( a language common to all peoples2 & treble man's life )\t ext5d+ 8 ye>s by mak+ x possible to see & d ?ree times z mu* 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,( ,,fly+ ,t5 ye>s ago on t day1 ,decemb] #ag1 #aiac1 ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright made f\r flights on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ne> ,roanoke ,isl&1 a spot hi/oric 9 ,am]ica's hi/ory z ! site ( ! fir/ ,engli% settlem5t 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fly+ ov] milit>y po/ 9 ,curtiss biplane4 ,! fir/ flight />t$ f level gr\nd aga9/ a #bg-mile w9d4 ,aft] a run ( #dj feet on a monorail track1 ! ma*9e lift$ & cov]$ a di/ance ( #abj feet ov] ! gr\nd 9 #ab seconds4 ,x _h a spe$ ?r\gh ! air ( a little ov] #de feet p] second1 & ! flight1 if made 9 calm air1 w\ld h cov]$ a di/ance ( ov] #edj feet4 ,altoge!r f\r flights 7 made on ! #ag?4 ,! fir/ & ?ird by ,orville ,wright1 ! second & f\r? by ,wilbur ,wright4 ,! la/ flight 0 ! longe/1 cov]+ a di/ance ( #heb feet ov] ! gr\nd 9 #ei seconds4 ,aft] ! f\r? flight1 a gu/ ( w9d /ruck ! ma*9e /&+ on ! gr\nd & roll$ x ov]1 injur+ x to an ext5t t made fur!r flights ) x impossible = t ye>4 ,illu/ration3 #aijj #aija #aijb #aije #aijd #aijc ,! glid+ exp]im5ts ( ,lili5?al 9 #ahif l$ ! ,wright ,bro!rs to become int]e/$ 9 flight4 ,! next f\r ye>s 7 sp5t 9 read+ & !oriz+4 ,9 ! ,fall ( #aijj practical exp]im5ts 7 begun ) a man-c>ry+ glid]4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on f ! s& hills ne> ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! fir/ glid] 0 )\t a tail1 ! lat]al equilibrium & ! "r & left /e]+ 7 obta9$ by w>p+ ( ! ma9 surfaces4 ,a flexible =w>d elevator 0 us$4 ,?is ma*9e 0 fl[n z a kite ) & )\t op]ator1 & sev]al glides 7 made ) x4 ,a second ma*9e 0 design$ ( l>g] size1 & _m glides 7 made ) x 9 #aija4 ,?is ma*9e 0 simil> to ! "o ( #aijj b _h slightly deep] curv$ surfaces4 ,exp]im5ts ) ?is ma*9e demon/rat$ ! inaccuracy ( all ! recogniz$ tables ( air pressures1 ^u :i* its design _h be5 bas$4 ,9 #aijb a ?ird glid] 0 con/ruct$1 bas$ ^u tables ( air pressures made by ! ,wright ,bro!rs !mselves4 ,! lat]al control 0 ma9ta9$ by w>p+ surfaces1 & a v]tical re> rudd] op]at$ 9 conjunction ) ! surfaces4 ,ne>ly a ?\s& glid+ flights 7 made ) ?is ma*9e4 ,9 #aijc1 ! ,wright ,bro!rs design$ a ma*9e to be driv5 ) a motor4 ,!y also design$ & built _! own motor4 ,?is _h f\r horizontal cyl9d]s1 #d 94 by #d 941 & develop$ #ab h4p4 ,two propell]s1 turn+ 9 opposite directions1 7 driv5 by *a9s f ! eng9e4 ,aft] _m delays ! ma*9e 0 f9ally ready & 0 fl[n on ! #ag? ( ,decemb]1 #aijc1 z relat$ above4 ,9 ! ,spr+ ( #aijd1 p[] flights 7 cont9u$ ne> ,dayton ) a ma*9e simil> to ! "o fl[n 9 #aijc1 b slightly heavi]4 ,! fir/ complete circle 0 accompli%$ on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 #aijd1 9 a flight cov]+ a di/ance ( ab\t "o mile4 ,altoge!r #aje flights 7 attempt$ dur+ ! ye>1 ! longe/ ( :i* 7 two ( five m9utes ea*1 cov]+ a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles4 ,all ( ! flights 7 />t$ f a monorail4 ,aft] ,septemb] a d]rick & a fall+ weight 7 us$ to assi/ 9 laun*+ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 #aijh-i #aiaj #aiaj ,,model ,r1 #aiaj ,,int]e/+ ,,gov]nm5ts ,,9 ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,x 0 n till #aijh t ! ,wright ,bro!rs f\nd pur*as]s = _! inv5tion4 ,9 t ye> !y made a contract to furni% "o ma*9e to ! ,signal ,corps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army & to sell ! rights to _! inv5tion 9 ,france to a ,fr5* company4 ,9 bo? cases !y agre$ to c>ry a pass5g] 9 addition to ! op]ator1 fuel suffici5t = a flight ( #ajj miles1 & to make a spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,aft] mak+ "s prelim9>y practice flights at _! old exp]im5t gr\nds ne> ,kitty ,hawk 9 ,may1 #aijh1 ,wilbur ,wright w5t to ,france to give demon/rations be=e ! ,fr5* ,syndicate & ,orville ,wright to ,wa%+ton to deliv] ! ma*9e to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,corps4 ,! ma*9es us$ by ,wilbur ,wright _h be5 /&+ 9 bond 9 ! w>eh\se at ,havre s9ce ,augu/ ( ! ye> be=e4 ,ow+ to damage done to ! ma*9e 9 %ipm5t1 x 0 n ready = ! (ficial demon/rations until late 9 ! ye>4 ,mean:ile ,orville ,wright 9 ,septemb]1 #aijh1 />t$ demon/rations ( ! ma*9e contract$ = by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! #i? he made two flights1 "o ( #eg m9utes1 & ! o!r "o h\r & #b m9utes1 _w's records4 ,on ! #aj? & #aa?1 ^! records 7 increas$ & on ! #ab? a flight ( #a h\r & #ae m9utes 0 made4 ,on ! #ag?1 ! te/s 7 t]m9at$ by an accid5t 9 :i* ,lieut5ant ,selfridge met 8 dea? & ,mr4 ,wright 0 sev]ely injur$1 s t he 0 n able to complete ! te/s until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,f\r days aft] ! accid5t1 on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 ,wilbur ,wright made a flight ( #a h\r & #ca m9utes at ,le ,mans1 ,france1 :i* record he improv$ sev]al times dur+ ! foll[+ mon?s1 & on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 won ! ,mi*el9 ,trophy by a flight1 9 :i* he rema9$ 9 ! air #b h\rs & #bd m9utes4 ,:]e ,is ! ,w9d ,:5 ,x ,is ,n ,bl[+8 ,! answ] is1 ( c\rse1 t !re isn't any w9d !n4 ,to und]/& ?is p]fectly we mu/ /udy a little & f9d out :at w9d is4 ,9 pla9 words x is no?+ m ?an mov+ air4 ,if y make a hole 9 ! bottom ( a pail ( wat] ! wat] w run out sl[ly4 ,if y knock ! :ole bottom out ( ! pail fill$ ) wat]1 ! wat] w ru% out be=e y "k x4 ,t is ab\t :at happ5s to make ! w9d4 ,! air is con/antly full ( air curr5ts1 l ! curr5ts y c see 9 a riv]4 ,d[n ! middle ( ! riv] y may notice a s(tly-fl[+ curr5t go+ /raight4 ,along ! %ores !re w be little side curr5ts go+ 9 all directions1 & y may f9d "s little :irlpools4 ,t is exactly :at we %\ld see 9 ! air if we c\ld see air curr5ts4 ,:]e ,does ! ,w9d ,beg98 ,! movem5t ( ^! curr5ts ( air leaves _m pockets ( space :]e !re is no air1 & :5 "o ( ^! is uncov]$ ! air ru%es 9 & creates a w9d 9 do+ s4 ,^! air curr5ts are cont9ually press+ aga9/ ea* o!r to get "s place else4 ,!y *ange _! direction accord+ to ! pressure t is be+ appli$ to !m4 ,sometimes ! pressure w be v light 9 "o "p ( ! air1 _m miles away p]haps1 & !n ! air 9 ano!r "p1 :i* is "u great pressure1 w ru% ) great =ce into ! "p :]e ! pressure is light1 & ?us =m a big w9d4 ,:5 ! pressure /ops ! w9d /ops4 ,we h probably felt ! w9d :i* comes out ( ! valve ( ! automobile tire :5 ! cap is tak5 (f to pump up ! tire4 ,x is a real w9d t comes out4 ,! reason is t ! air 9 ! tube ( ! tire is "u great pressure1 & :5 ! opportunity is giv5 to get :]e ! pressure is light x />ts = t place ) a ru% & comes out ( ! valve a real w9d4 ,:at ,causes ! ,w9d's ,:i/le8 ,! :i/le ( ! w9d is caus$ v mu* l ! :i/le y make ) y\r m\? or ! noise made by ! /eam escap+ ?r\gh ! sp\t ( ! kettle4 ,y d n he> ! w9d :i/le :5 y are out 9 x4 ,y c he> x :5 y are 9 ! h\se & ! w9d is bl[+ h>d4 ,:5 ! w9d bl[s aga9/ ! h\se x tries to get 9 ?r\gh all ! crevices1 "u ! cracks ( ! doors1 d[n ! *imneys1 :]ev] x f9ds an op5+4 ,& :5ev] x />ts ?r\gh an op5+ t is too small = x1 x makes a noise l ! /eam com+ out ( ! sp\t ( ! kettle1 provid$ ! op5+ is ( a c]ta9 %ape4 ,n all ! noises made by ! w9d1 h[ev]1 are made 9 ?is way4 ,! w9d 9 bl[+ aga9/ ?+s makes !m vibrate l ! /r+s ( a piano or viol91 & :5 ?+s vibrate1 z we h already se51 !y produce s\nd waves1 :i*1 :5 !y /rike our e>s1 produce s\nds ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! w9d ev5 on ord9>y days makes ! telegraph & telephone wires hum1 z y c prove to y\rself by plac+ y\r e> aga9/ a telegraph or telephone pole1 & :5ev] ! w9d makes any?+ vibrate1 a great _m que] s\nds are produc$1 :i* (t5 fright5 u m ?an !y %\ld4 ,:y ,does ! ,air ,nev] ,get ,us$ ,up8 ,simply because x is con/antly be+ repl5i%$4 ,! ?ree gases1 oxyg51 nitrog5 & c>bonic acid gas1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! air ab\t u1 are con/antly be+ us$ up4 ,all liv+ animal creatures are at all times tak+ oxyg5 out ( ! air to live on4 ,c]ta9 microbes are us+ up quantities ( ! nitrog5 all ! "t1 & ! plants live on ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,b :ile ^! diff]5t k9ds ( life betwe5 !m use up ! air1 !y give back some?+ also4 ,! plants give (f oxyg54 ,! bodies ( ! animals & plants :5 !y die decompose1 & z !y are full ( nitrog51 t is giv5 back to ! air 9 t way1 & !n all liv+ creatures are always ?r[+ (f c>bonic acid gas ?r\gh _! lungs1 & ?us ev]y?+ t is tak5 out ( ! air is put back aga94 ,! plants live on c>bonic acid gas1 & give u back oxyg54 ,! liv+ creatures live on oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid gas1 & :5 !y die _! bodies put back 9 ! air ! nitrog5 :i* ! microbes take out1 & s1 consumption & production are ab\t equal all ! "t4 ,:y ,c't ,we ,see ,air8 ,we _c see air because x has no color & is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,if at times x appe>s t !re is color 9 ! air x is n ! air y see1 b "s little p>ticles ( v>i\s sub/ances 9 x4 ,sometimes y ?9k :5 y look (f t[>d a range ( m\nta9s or hills1 = in/ance1 t ! air is blue4 ,y "k ! grass & trees on ! m\nta9s are gre51 s x _c be !y t h turn$ blue1 & s y ?9k ! air is blue4 ,b x is only ! sunlight reflect$ to y\r eyes f ! little p>ticles ( dirt & o!r sub/ances :i* fill ! air at all times :i* makes ! blue t y see1 & n ! air4 ,pure air is a mixture ( gases )\t any color & is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,air is ne>ly entirely compos$ ( a gas call$ nitrog5--! rema9d] be+ oxyg5 ) a little wat] & c>bonic acid gas1 :i* latt] is ?r[n (f 9 brea?+4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 b a v small p]c5tage4 ,air has be5 & /ill c be r$uc$ to a liquid /ate1 & ) ! use ( x 9 ?is =m _m seem+ly wond]ful ?+s c be done1 :i* are int]e/+ to look at1 b h n z yet become comm]cially practical4 ,:y ,does ,?und] ,always ,come ,aft] ! ,lightn+8 ,?is occurs simply because lightn+ or light travels s mu* m quickly ?an s\nd4 ,light travels at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 & s\nd travels only at ! rate ( #ajij feet p] second :5 ! temp]ature is at #cb degrees4 ,n[1 ! ?und] & lightn+ come at ! same "t & place 9 ! air1 b ! light travels s mu* fa/] t y see ! lightn+ (t5 q "s seconds be=e y he> ! ?und]4 ,9 fact1 y c tell q accurately h[ f> away f y ! fla% ( lightn+ & clap ( ?und] are by tak+ a wat* & not+ ! numb] ( seconds :i* elapse betwe5 ! fla% ( ! lightn+ & ! "t :5 y he> ! roll ( ! ?und]4 ,if z mu* z five seconds elapse y c figure t x 0 ab\t a mile away f y1 s9ce s\nd travels only ab\t #aajj feet p] second & !re are #ebhj feet 9 a mile4 ,:5 ! ?und] & lightn+ come close toge!r y may "k t x is ne> by1 & :5 !y come at ! same "t y may be sure x is v close4 ,:51 !re=e1 y see ! lightn+ & !n h to wait sev]al seconds = ! noise ( ! ?und]1 y may re/ easy ab\t ! lightn+ hurt+ y1 because y "k !n x is too f> away to h>m y1 & :5 x is s close t ! lightn+ & ?und] come simultane\sly1 !re is no use be+ afraid1 because if y 7 to be /ruck y w\ld h be5 /ruck at ! same in/ant or be=e y w\ld h _h "t to notice t ! lightn+ & ?und] come toge!r4 ,h[ ,big ,is ! ,sun8 ,x is v difficult to ga9 a cle> idea ( h[ v l>ge ! sun really is4 ,we "k f ! sci5ti/s :o h measur$ x ) _! accurate measur+ in/rum5ts t x is #hfe1jjj miles ?r\gh x1 & t at its l>ge/ "p x is #b1gbb1jjj miles ar\nd4 ,n[1 y c see :y ,i said x is v difficult to get a cle> conception ( ! sun's size4 ,a mile is q a long di/ance to walk on a hot day4 ,n[1 ! e>? is #hjjj miles ?r\gh4 ,if !re 7 a tunnel "r ?r\gh ! e>?1 l ! subway1 & y />t$ to walk x1 x w\ld take y #hc days if y walk$ day & night )\t /opp+ to re/ or eat1 if y kept go+ at ! rate ( f\r miles e h\r4 ,?is w\ld be a long1 hot walk1 =1 ( c\rse1 ! inside ( ! e>? is hot1 z we h already le>n$4 ,x w\ld take an automobile1 go+ at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r night & day1 ab\t n9e days to make ! trip ?r\gh su* a subway f "o side ( ! e>? to ! o!r4 ,t makes x look l a pretty big old e>?1 doesn't x8 ,b let u see :at w\ld happ5 if we />t$ to d ! same ?+ on ! sun4 ,! sun is #hfe1jjj miles ?r\gh4 ,if y 7 to walk ?r\gh a simil> tunnel on ! sun at f\r miles p] h\r x w\ld take y #bj ye>s1 n c\nt+ ! /ops1 & an automobile go+ #dj miles an h\r day & night w\ld take two ye>s & a half to make ! trip "o way4 ,! sun is n9ety million miles f ! e>? & an automobile travell+ at ! rate ( =ty miles p] h\r day & night on a /raight road1 )\t /opp+1 w\ld be #beg ye>s 9 gett+ !re4 ,:5 we /op to ?9k ( h[ big ! bulk ( ! sun is x is altoge!r beyond u4 ,we h a g5]al idea t our e>? is a pretty l>ge affair z worlds g1 & yet we _c conceive h[ mu* ! bulk ( ! e>? am\nts to4 ,/ill1 ! sun is s l>ge t x c\ld conta9 a million worlds l our own4 ,h[ ,hot ,is ! ,sun8 ,we ?9k ! sun is pretty hot 9 summ] :5 ! !rmomet] goes up to #ij degrees 9 ! %ade or out4 ,we beg9 to get sunburn$ long be=e x rea*es t high4 ,b "r on ! sun's surface x is betwe5 #aj1jjj & #ae1jjj degrees hot4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 a degree ( heat :i* we _c conceive4 ,h[ mu* hott] /ill x is on ! inside ( ! sun we don't z yet "k4 ,x mu/ be awfully hot !re4 ,:y ,is ,x ,w>m 9 ,summ]8 ,x is w>m 9 summ] because at t season ( ! ye> ! heat rays ( ! sun /rike our "p ( ! e>? ?r\gh less air4 ,! blanket ( air :i* surr\nds ! e>? is v mu* 9 comp>ison z to ?ickness l ! peel+ ( an orange & surr\nds ! e>? 9 j ! same way4 ,if y /ick a p9 /raight into an unpeel$ orange y only h to /ick x 9 a little way be=e y rea* ! juicy "p ( ! orange1 b if y /ick ! p9 9 at an angle ! p9 w travel a mu* long] ways ?r\gh pure peel+ be=e x /rikes ! juicy "p4 ,n[1 !n1 9 summ] ! rays ( ! sun come d[n to u /raight ?r\gh ! peel+ ( air1 & less ( ! heat is lo/ by contact ) ! air1 & t makes x w>m] 9 summ]4 ,! explanation also acc\nts = y\r next "q4 ,:y ,is ,x ,cold 9 ,w9t]8 ,9 w9t] ! heat rays ( ! sun /rike at our "p ( ! e>? at ! angle at :i* y /ick ! p9 into ! orange :5 y wi% to make x travel ?r\gh ! mo/ peel+4 ,9 w9t] ! rays /rike ! e>? at su* an angle t a great deal ( ! heat is lo/ 9 travell+ ?r\gh ! air1 because !y h to come ?r\gh s mu* m ( ! air4 ,( c\rse1 ! sun's rays /rike "s "p ( ! e>? /raight d[n ?r\gh ! peel+ ( air at all times1 & at ! equator ?is occurs all ! ye> r\nd1 s x is always summ] !re1 :ile at ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles ! rays always /rike ! e>? at ! greate/ possible angle1 & x is always v cold w9t] !re4 ,9 betwe51 :5 x is nei!r hot nor cold1 we h spr+ & fall1 due to ! fact t ! rays come d[n at an angle1 b n s great an angle4 ,:y ,h ,we ,five ,f+]s on ,ea* ,h& & ,five ,toes on ,ea* ,foot8 ,all animals1 x seems1 f a /udy ( nature 7 />t$ ) t5 f+]s & t5 toes1 ! f+]s orig9ally hav+ be5 ! toes ( ! =e legs4 ,9 a good _m cases ! environm5t 9 :i* animals h liv$ has caus$ a *ange 9 ! =mation ( ! ends ( ! limbs z well z 9 ! limbs !mselves4 ,! horse1 = in/ance1 has develop$ into a "o toe or "o f+] animal1 :ile a c[ is a two f+] animal4 ,! h5 has only ?ree toes on ea* foot & a "p ( ano!r4 ,b if we g back into ! hi/ory & exam9e h[ ! horses' foot us$ to look we w f9d t he orig9ally _h five toes4 ,! same is true ( ! c[ & also ! h54 ,some?+ happ5$ to cause ! *ange1 = ! rule ( five f+]s & five toes on ! end ( ea* limb has be5 univ]sal4 ,if y exam9e a *ick5 9 a %ell j be=e x is ready to come out1 y c di/9ctly c\nt five toes on ea* foot & at ! ends ( ! w+s y w see five little po9ts1 :i* "u o!r conditions w\ld develop into f+]s1 p]haps4 ,"s ( ^! toes ( ! new-born *ick5 d n develop4 ,x c be accept$ z a rule t creatures 7 int5d$ 9 ! orig9al plan to h five f+]s on ea* h& & five toes on ea* foot1 mak+ our c\nt ( t5s1 :i* is ! _w's basis = c\nt+1 & has always be54 ,:y ,d ,we ,h ,f+] ,nails8 ,f+] nails & toe nails are only ano!r phase ( ! developm5t ( man f ! animal t orig9ally walk$ on f\r feet4 ,animals t walk on all f\rs use ! f+] & toe cov]+s :i* 9 man is ! nail1 to scrat* 9 ! gr\nd1 to attack enemies1 & to climb )1 & our nails ( ! pres5t day are :at ! developm5t ( man into a civiliz$ be+ has *ang$ !m to4 ,at t1 !re are /ill uses = f+] nails & toe nails1 or man 9 8 *ang+ to a high] plane w\ld h f\nd a way to develop away f !m4 ,!y are useful to-day 9 mak+ our f+]s & toes firm at ! end1 & enable u to pick up ?+s m easily4 ,! "t may come :5 man w h nei!r f+] nails nor toe nails4 ,:y ,are ,our ,f+]s ( ,diff]5t ,l5g?s8 ,!re is no kn[n reason :y our f+]s %\ld be ( diff]5t l5g?s to-day2 9 fact1 x is ?\ght by "s p t ! h& w\ld be /rong] if ! f+]s 7 all ( ! same l5g?4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ! h&s w\ld n !n be s beautiful1 & x might n be s useful4 ,! human h& to-day is p]haps ! mo/ v]satile ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,y c d m ?+s ) ! h& ?an ) any o!r ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,! probability is t ! %ape ( ! h& to-day & ! l5g? ( ! f+]s are ! result ( ! diff]5t ?+s ! human be+ has call$ ^u ! h& to d dur+ man's developm5t up to ! pres5t "t4 ,we mu/ g back to ! "t1 h[ev]1 :5 man walk$ on f\rs1 = t is probably ! real explanation4 ,orig9ally man's f+]s 7 ( diff]5t l5g?s because all f\r-foot$ animals _h ! same peculi>ities4 ,! %ape & l5g? ( ! toes & _! arrangem5t 7 ! ideal arrangem5t = giv+ ! prop] balance & support to ! body1 & 9 mov+ ab\t & 9 climb+ produc$ ! be/ toe hold4 ,:y ,does ,x ,hurt ,:5 ,i ,cut ,my ,f+]8 ,x hurts :5 y cut y\r f+]1 or1 r1 :]e y cut x1 because ! place y h cut is expos$ to ! oxyg5 9 ! air1 & z soon z x is s expos$ a *emical action beg9s to take place1 j z :5 y cut an apple & lay x aside y come back & f9d ! cut surface all turn$ br[n4 ,if ! apple c\ld feel x w\ld hurt also1 because ! *emical action is mu* ! same4 ,! apple has a sk9 :i* protects its inside f ! oxyg5 9 ! air1 & y h also a sk9 :i* protects y f ! oxyg5 z long z x is unbrok54 ,:at happ5s1 ( c\rse1 is ?is3 ,:5 y cut y\r f+] y sev] ! t9y little ve9s & n]ves :i* are 9 y\r f+]4 ,!y are spread all ov] y\r body l a net-"w "u ! sk91 close to ! surface 9 mo/ places4 ,! n]ves :5 cut s5d a quick message to ! bra91 ) :i* !y are connect$1 tell+ t !y are damag$1 & ! bra9 calls on ! he>t & o!r functions to get busy & repair ! damage along ! l9e4 ,!re may be "s hurt :ile ?is process ( repair+ is go+ on1 b ! pr9cipal "p ( y\r hurt1 outside ( :at we call y\r feel+s1 is due to ! fact t ! inside ( y is ?us expos$ to ! *emical action ( ! air4 ,!n ,i c he> y say next3 ,:y ,don't ,my ,hair ,hurt ,:5 ,x ,is ,be+ ,cut8 ,x does n hurt to cut any?+ t has no n]ves4 ,!re are no n]ves 9 ! hair :i* ! b>b] cuts4 ,if he pulls out a hair x hurts1 because ! root ( ! hair has n]ves1 :i* telegraph notice ( ! damage to ! bra94 ,:5 a d5ti/ takes out or kills ! n]ve 9 y\r too? y _c h any m too?a*e 9 t too?1 because !re is no n]ve !re to s5d ! message to ! bra94 ,y c cut y\r f+] nails )\t feel+ pa91 because !y h no n]ves at ! ends1 b und]nea?1 :]e !y jo9 ! sk9 ( ! f+]1 !re are a great _m n]ves1 & x hurts v mu* to bruise ! nails at t location4 ,( ,:at ,use ,is ,my ,hair8 ,,:y ,,we ,,h ,,hair ,y\r hair is a relic ( ! days :5 ! entire body 0 cov]$ ) hair1 j l "s animals to-day1 to protect ! body f ! heat1 cold & wet4 ,man has1 h[ev]1 = s long a "t worn clo!s ov] mo/ ( 8 body t ! ne$ ( ! hair to protect him f ^! elem5ts has all b disappe>$1 & s also has ! hair1 except+ 9 su* places z ! top ( ! head & face & o!r expos$ p>ts4 ,if y 7 to g out into ! woods )\t clo!s & live a long "t y\r body w\ld probably aga9 become cov]$ ) hairs4 ,! "t is com+1 h[ev]1 x is believ$1 :5 human be+s w h no hair at all on _! bodies4 ,y h hair on y\r head1 b if y 7 to we> a hat or cap all ! "t y w\ld soon be bald4 ,hair is ( no use to u to-day except+ to adorn our bodies & add to our appe>ance4 ,?is x seems to d to-day1 probably because we are accu/om$ to see+ x1 & w make no diff]5ce 9 our looks relatively if ! "t comes :5 we h no hair at all4 ,:y ,does ,my ,hair ,/& ,on ,end ,:5 ,i ,am ,fright5$8 ,x does ?is "u c]ta9 conditions1 because !re is a little muscle d[n at ! root ( ea* hair t w make ea* hair /& up /raight :5 ?is muscle pulls a c]ta9 way4 ,x is difficult to say j h[ ^! muscles are caus$ to act 9 ?is way :5 we are fright5$4 ,we "k t :5 ?or\ghly fright5$ our hair w sometimes /& /raight up1 & we "k t x is ?is muscle at ! root ( ea* hair t makes x possible1 b :y x is t a big sc>e w make ?is muscle act ?is way we d n z yet "k4 ,:at ,makes ,"s ,p ,bald8 ,! *ief cause ( baldness is ! lack ( c>e ( ! hair4 ,x is z necess>y = ! roots ( ! hair to h a free circulation ( ! blood & t ! hair itself %\ld h pl5ty ( air z x is necess>y = ! bra9 to h a good circulation4 ,a great _m m5 become bald ?r\gh we>+ _! hats mo/ ( ! "t4 ,! hat pull$ d[n tight ov] ! head presses aga9/ ! scalp & int]f]es ) ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! scalp4 ,!n1 also1 _m hats d n h any means ( v5tilation1 & t keeps ! pure air away f ! hair4 ,! hair !n becomes sick & dies1 j z fl[]s wilt if y keep !m away f ! air4 ,y w notice t wom5 d n become bald s easily4 ,"o reason is t ev5 :5 ! wom5 we> l>ge hats1 z !y (t5 d1 !re is pl5ty ( room = ! air to circulate ?r\gh ! hair1 ev5 :5 ! hat is on1 & wom5's hats are n pull$ d[n tightly on ! scalp4 ,!re=e1 !y d n press on ! art]ies & ve9s 9 ! scalp & int]f]e ) ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,ano!r reason :y wom5 d n become bald is t ! hair ( wom5 has long be5 _! 8cr[n+ glory02 a man likes to see a f9e head ( hair on a woman1 & z wom5 h long tri$ to please m5 9 e possible way1 !y take bett] c>e ( _! hair ?an m5 d1 because !y l to h ! m5 consid] x beautiful4 ,:at ,makes ,"s ,?+s 9 ! ,same ,room ,cold] ?an ,o!rs8 ,! objects 9 a room :i* has be5 kept at a giv5 ev5 temp]ature ( heat w be all ! same temp]ature1 because heat spreads f "o ?+ to ano!r equally4 ,/ill1 if y put y\r h&s on v>i\s objects 9 su* a room "s ( !m w feel cold] ?an o!rs4 ,y t\* ! til+ ( ! fireplace & t w feel cool to y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uphol/]$ furniture w feel q w>m4 ,! piano keys feel cool1 :ile ! wood ( ! piano & case is w>m4 ,! diff]5ce is due to ! fact t heat or cold w run ?r\gh "s objects m quickly ?an ?r\gh o!rs4 ,x w run ?r\gh ! til+ on ! he>? & ! piano keys m quickly ?an ?r\gh ! uphol/]+ on ! furniture or ! wood ( ! piano case4 ,:5 y t\* a ?+ ) y\r f+] y supply "s ( ! heat ( y\r body to ! object ?r\gh y\r f+]4 ,if ! object is ! til+ on ! he>? or ! keys ( ! piano ! heat runs ?r\gh x quickly & y get a cold impression 9 y\r f+]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y t\* ! uphol/]y on ! furniture1 ?r\gh :i* ! heat runs sl[ly1 y get a w>m feel+ = ! v same reason4 ,?us1 any?+ :i* c>ries ! heat away f our contact quickly we call a cold feel+ object1 & if ! object t\*$ does n c>ry ! heat away s quickly we call x a w>m feel+ object4 ,:y ,does ! ,hair ,gr[ ,aft] ! ,body ,/ops ,gr[+8 ,! hair on our bodies is "o ( ! ?+s t is cont9ually we>+ or fall+ away1 & s9ce1 l ! sk91 x is necess>y to protect c]ta9 portions ( ! body1 ! hair keeps on gr[+ long aft] ! gr[n up p]iod has arriv$4 ,! sk9 is a v necess>y protection ( ! :ole body1 b is con/antly be+ worn away1 & is all ! "t be+ replac$4 ,y\r hair falls out :5 x is n heal?y4 ,unless prop] c>e is giv5 to x1 x w fall out & n gr[ 9 aga91 & !n we become bald4 ,w ,p ,all ,be ,bald ,sometime8 ,!re is a !ory t be=e _m ye>s h pass$ human be+s w lose all ( ! hairs :i* n[ gr[ on diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies1 due to ! fact t we we> s mu* clo?+ & keep s mu* ( our bodies away f ! sunlight4 ,if t "t comes we %all h a hairless race ( m5 & wom54 ,,! ,,/ory ,,9 ,a ,,lump ,,( ,,sug> ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,gr\nd4--,,pl[+ ,,& ,,h>r[+ ,,) ,a ,,cat]pill> ,,eng9e4 ,sug> beets require deep pl[+1 t5 to f\rte5 in*es1 or twice ! usual dep?4 ,:5 us+ horses1 f>m]s are incl9$ n to pl[ deeply en\gh to secure maximum results1 & "s ( ! factories h put 9 p[] pl[s :i* turn six furr[s & h>r[ ! l& at ! same "t4 ,!y pl[ & h>r[ ! l& ( beet f>m]s = #b4ej p] acre1 :i* is ab\t "o-half ( :at x co/s ! f>m]s to pl[ equally deep ) horses4 ,! traction eng9es also are us$ = haul+ tra9 wagon loads ( beets to ! factory4 ,9 "s localities f>m]s are b&+ toge!r & pur*as+ eng9es = pl[+ & haul+ beets4 ,! outfit illu/rat$ above co/s ab\t #d1ejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,,! ,,se$4 ,beets are drill$ 9 r[s1 usually eighte5 in*es ap>t1 #ah to #be p\nds ( se$ be+ drill$ to ea* acre4 ,practically all ! beet se$ us$ 9 ,am]ica is gr[n 9 ,europe1 pr9cipally 9 ,g]many1 b x has be5 demon/rat$ t sup]ior se$ c be produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sug>-beet se$ gr[+ requires five ye>s ( ! utmo/ skill1 c>e & pati5ce1 f ! plant+ ( ! orig9al se$ to ! matur+ ( ! comm]cial crop :i* is sold to ! trade4 ,! factories contract = _! se$ = ?ree to five ye>s 9 advance1 sell x to f>m]s at co/ price1 & d$uct ! am\nt f ! paym5t = beets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,beets ,,are ,,gr[n ,,block+ ,,& ,,?9n+4 ,:5 ! beets are up & %[ ! ?ird leaf !y %\ld be 8?9n$40 ,unless ?9n$ at ! prop] "t ! pull+ up ( ! sup]flu\s beetlets injures ! roots ( ! rema9+ ones4 ,sci5tific exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many1 :]e all o!r conditions 7 id5tical1 %[$ t "o acre ?9n$ at ! prop] "t yield$ #ae tons2 ! next acre1 ?9n$ a week lat]1 yield$ #ac tons2 ! ?ird acre1 ?9n$ /ill a week lat]1 yield$ #aj tons2 & ! f\r? acre1 ?9n$ ?ree weeks aft] ! fir/1 yield$ #g tons4 ,! m5 9 ! =egr\nd are 8block+0 ! beets1 leav+ a bun* ( !m e eight in*es4 ,^? 9 ! re> are 8?9n+10 or pull+ up ! sup]flu\s beetlets1 leav+ "o 9 a place1 eight in*es ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,h>ve/4 ,?is field ( beets yield$ #bj tons to ! acre4 ,ex-,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,james ,wilson is conv9c$ t :5 ,am]ican f>m]s become exp]t 9 beet culture !y w av]age to produce m ?an #bj tons p] acre because ( ! sup]iority ( our soils4 ,! ideal factory beet weighs ab\t two p\nds1 & a p]fect 8/&0 ( su* beets1 "o e eight in*es1 9 r[s eighte5 in*es ap>t1 w\ld yield #dc tons p] acre4 ,! pres5t av]age yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #aj tons p] acre1 :ile ! hi!rto 8worn-out soils0 ( ,g]many yield #ad tons p] acre1 or #dj m ?an is secur$ f our 8virg9 soils40 ,illu/ration3 ,,huge ,,b9s ,,to ,,hold ,,! ,,beets ,,at ,,factory ,,topp+ ,,! ,,beets4 ,aft] ! beets are pl[$ out !y are topp$ or cut (f by h& & ! tops are f$ to /ock1 = :i* purpose !y are wor? #c4jj p] acre4 ,!y are topp$ j bel[ ! cr[n & ! factories require t !y be s topp$ z to remove any portion :i* grew above ! gr\nd1 z su* portion ( ! beet conta9s b a small p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,! beet w gr[ 9 l5g?1 &1 if z a result ( %all[ pl[+ or com+ 9 contact ) a rock x _c gr[ d[nw>d1 x w gr[ upw>d & out ( ! gr\nd1 ?us necessitat+ a deep] topp+ & consequ5t loss to ! f>m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dump+ ,,c>s ,,at ,,factory ,,) ,,hydraulic ,,jack4 ,beets arriv+ at ! factory by rail f receiv+ /ations ei!r are /or$ 9 b9s until ne$$ or are float$ directly to ! beet wa%]s4 ,if to be us$ at once1 !y are dump$1 z %[n above1 & slide directly into a cem5t flume fill$ ) w>m wat]1 :i* has be5 pump$ to its upp] end1 & is fl[+ 9 ! direction ( ! beet end ( ! factory4 ,9 :atev] mann] !y may be receiv$1 !y fir/ are weigh$1 & z !y are dump$1 a basket is held "u !m to cat* a fair sample ( bo? beets & ! loose dirt1 :i* ! c> or wagon conta9s4 ,^! samples1 prop]ly tagg$1 are convey$ to ! beet laboratory1 :]e !y are wa%$1 & trimm$ if n prop]ly topp$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( ! sample beets z receiv$ & _! weight :5 wa%$ is call$ ! 8t>e40 ,:atev] p]c5tage ?is am\nts to is appli$ to & d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! c> or wagon load4 ,a sample ( ^! beets !n is te/$ by ! pol>iscope = its sug> cont5t & its purity2 f>m]s (t5 be+ paid a /ipulat$ price p] ton = a beet ( a giv5 sug> cont5t & #be to #cc c5ts p] ton additional = ea* extra degree ( sug> :i* !y conta94 ,! t>e rooms & ! beet-te/+ laboratories are op5 to any "o1 & 9 "s localities ! f>m]s' associations employ exp]ts to t>e & analyze ea* sample ( beets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,millions ,,( ,,bu%els ,,( ,,beets ,,factory ,,beet ,,b9s ,,fill$ ,,to ,,capacity4 ,z !y arrive by rail f receiv+ /ations1 or by team1 or traction eng9es f ! f>m1 beets are /or$ 9 b9s or %$s1 ! capacity ( :i* ranges f #fjjj to #ce1jjj tons p] factory1 dep5d+ ^u location & g5]al climatic conditions4 ,! b9s are ,v %ap$1 ab\t #c feet wide at ! bottom1 #bj to #cj feet at ! top1 & !y are #bj to #cj feet high4 ,z beets are ne$$1 beg9n+ at "o end ( ! b9 ! loose ?ree-foot planks at ! bottom are remov$ "o at a "t1 & ) hooks atta*$ to long poles ! beets are roll$ into ! flume or cem5t *annel bel[1 9 :i* !y are float$ into ! factory4 ,?is is n only to save labor1 b to loos5 up ! dirt :i* atta*es to ! beets1 ?us p>tially wa%+ !m4 ,! wat] :i* is us$ 9 ! flumes is w>m wat] f ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,am]ican ,,beet ,,sug> ,,factory4 ,^! factories co/ f half a million to ?ree million doll>s4 ,!y consume f #ejj to #c1jjj tons ( beets p] day1 & dur+ ! 8campaign10 :i* usually la/s ab\t ?ree mon?s1 w produce f #ab to #ge million p\nds ( granulat$ sug>4 ,!re are #gc ( ^! factories1 locat$ 9 #af ,/ates1 f ,ohio to ,cali=nia4 ,dur+ ! op]at+ season !y give employm5t to f #djj to #ajjj m5 ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ ,,! ,,sug> ,,beets ,,*emical ,,laboratory4 ,9 a beet-sug> factory ea* set ( app>atus = p]=m+ a giv5 process is t]m$ a 8/ation40 ,9 ! *emical laboratory ! juices & products f ea* /ation are te/$ h\rly to *eck up ! correctness ( ! "w & to det]m9e ! losses ( sug> 9 ea* process 9 ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circul> ,,diffusion ,,batt]y4 ,aft] be+ float$ 9 f ! %$s ! beets are elevat$ f ! flume to a wa%]1 :]e !y are giv5 an additional wa%+ be=e be+ slic$4 ,f ! wa%] !y are elevat$ & dropp$ into an automatic scale ( a capacity ( #gjj to #aejj p\nds4 ,f ! scale !y pass to ! slic]s1 :]e ) triangul> knives !y are cut into long1 sl5d] slices1 :i* look some?+ l 8%oe/r+0 potatoes4 ,^! slices drop ?r\gh ! upright *ute se5 at ! "r side ( ! picture1 & are pack$ tightly into cyl9drical vessels hold+ f two to six tons ea*2 ! batt]y consi/+ ( eight to twelve vessels arrang$ ei!r 9 a /raight l9e or 9 circul> =m4 ,w>m wat] is run into ^! slices1 & coaxes out ! sug> z x passes f "o vessel to ! succe$+ ones4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( vessels ! wat] has become ri* 9 sug>1 ( :i* x conta9s f #ab to #ae p] c5t1 dep5d+ ^u ! ri*ness ( ! beets4 ,x !n is drawn (f & is call$ diffusion juice or raw juice4 ,?is is c>efully measur$ into tanks & record$4 ,z ?is juice is drawn (f ! vessel ov] :i* ! wat] />t$ is empti$ ( ! slices f ! bottom1 ! exhau/ slices conta9+ 9 ! neighborhood ( to p] c5t ( sug>4 ,^! slices are c>ri$ out f ! factory 9 ! =m ( pulp & f$ to /ock1 z expla9$ lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,sug> ,,is ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,beet ,,c>bonatation ,,& ,,sulphur ,,/ation4 ,w>m raw juice is drawn into ! c>bonatation tanks & treat$ ) ab\t #aj p] c5t milk ( lime--ab\t l ord9>y :itewa%4 ,?is lime ?r[s out impurities1 /]ilizes ! juice & removes color+ matt]4 ,c>bonic acid gas f ! lime kiln is =c$ ?r\gh ! lime juice 9 ! tank1 ?r[+ out ! excess ( lime1 conv]t+ x into a c>bonate ( lime or *alk4 ,te/s are tak5 "h by ! /ation op]ator to %[ :5 ! process is f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,filt] ,,presses4 ,f ! c>bonatation tanks ! juice is pump$ or =c$ ?r\gh filt] presses consi/+ ( iron frames s cov]$ ) clo? t ! juice passes ?r\gh ! clo? z a cle> liquid1 leav+ ! lime & impurities precipitat$ by x1 9 ! frame1 9 ! =m ( a cake4 ,?is cake1 aft] wa%+1 is dropp$ f ! presses & convey$ out ( ! factory4 ,x conta9s f "o to two p] c5t ( its weight 9 sug>1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! l>ge losses ( ! process4 ,x also conta9s organic matt]1 phosphate & pota%1 besides ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* makes x an excell5t f]tiliz]1 all ( :i* is us$ 9 ,europe on ! f>m1 b s f> to too small an ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,evaporat+ ,,! ,,wat] ,,f ,,! ,,sug> ,,evaporators4 ,aft] a second1 & sometimes a ?ird c>bonatation & filtration1 ! juice is c>ri$ to ! evaporators1 commonly call$ ! 8effects10 usually f\r 7#d7 l>ge air-tight vessels furni%$ ) heat+ tubes runn+ f #cjjj to #gjjj squ>e feet 9 ea* vessel4 ,a p>tial vacuum is ma9ta9$ 9 ^! evaporators :i* makes ! juice boil out at a l[ temp]ature1 ?us prev5t+ discoloration1 & to a l>ge degree ! de/ruction ( sug> :i* w come ab\t by high temp]ature4 ,!re always is1 h[ev]1 "s unavoidable loss ( sug> 9 ?is app>atus4 ,! juice passes along copp] pipes f fir/ to la/ vessel1 becom+ ?ick] z x does s4 ,x comes into ! fir/ vessel at #aj to #ab sug> & is pump$ out ( ! la/ "o s ?ick t x conta9s ab\t #ej ( sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vacuum ,,pans4 ,aft] a c>eful filtration1 ! juice t comes f ! evaporators1 & is call$ ?ick juice1 is pump$ to l>ge tanks high up 9 ! build+1 & f ^! is drawn into vacuum pans4 ,^! are l>ge cyl9drical vessels f #aj to #ae feet 9 diamet] & f #ae to #be feet high1 ) conical top & bottom1 built air-tight4 ,ar\nd ! inn] circumf]5ce !y are furni%$ ) #d- to #f-;in* copp] coils1 :i* h a heat+ surface ( #hjj to #bjjj squ>e feet4 ,exhau/ /eam is us$ 9 ! evaporators1 live /eam 9 ! pans1 ! juice 9 bo? be+ boil$ 9 a vacuum to prev5t discoloration & r$uce losses4 ,aft] consid]able ?ick5+ by ?is evaporation1 m9ute cry/als beg9 to =m4 ,:5 suffici5t ( ^! h =m$1 fre% juice is drawn 9 & ! cry/als gr[1 ! op]ator gov]n+ ! size ( ! cry/als to suit ! trade4 ,if small cry/als be desir$1 a l>ge quantity ( juice is admitt$ at ! outset1 :ile if l>ge cry/als are desir$1 a small quantity ( juice fir/ is admitt$1 &1 z x boils to cry/als1 fre% juice gradually is add$ to ! pan1 & ! cry/als are built up to ! desir$ size4 ,! op]ator ( ?is pan1 kn[n z ! 8sug> boil]10 is "o ( ! mu/ important m5 9 ! factory4 ,! wat] furni%$ ! cond5s]s ( ^! vacuum pans & ! evaporator goes to ! beet %$s & is us$ = float+ 9 ! beets4 ,x am\nts to f #c1jjj1jjj to #h1jjj1jjj gallons e #bd h\rs1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! factory1 & mu/ be v pure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,sug> ,,is ,,granulat$ ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,c5trifugal ,,ma*9es4 ,! mass ( cry/als ) syrup ar\nd !m & conta9+ ab\t #h p] c5t to #aj p] c5t ( wat] is let out ( ! vacuum pan into a l>ge op5 vessel call$ a mix]1 b5ea? :i* are ! c5trifugal ma*9es4 ,^! are susp5d$ brass drums p]=at$ ) holes & l9$ ) a f9e scre54 ,!y are made to revolve ab\t #ajjj times to a m9ute1 & ! cry/al mass ( sug> rises up ! side l wat] 9 a :irl+ bucket4 ,! c5trifugals =ce ! syrup out ?r\gh ! scre5 holes1 leav+ ! :ite cry/als ( sug> 9 a ?ick lay] on ! inn] surface4 ,^! are wa%$ ) a spray ( pure w>m wat] & !n are ready = ! dry]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sug> ,,granulator ,,or ,,dry]4 ,! damp :ite cry/als f ! c5trifugal ma*9e are convey$ to horizontal revolv+ drums ab\t #be feet long by #e to #f feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! drums are furni%$ ) paddles on ! inside circumf]5ce1 ! paddles pick+ ! sug> up & dropp+ x 9 %[]s z ! drum revolves4 ,w>m dry air is drawn ?r\gh & takes ! moi/ure out ( ! sug>1 :i* n[ is ready to be put 9 bags or b>rels = ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,by-,,products ,,( ,,! ,,sug> ,,beet ,,cry/alliz]s4 ,! syrup t 0 ?r[n (f f ! cry/als 9 ! c5trifugal ma*9es is tak5 back to ! vacuum pan1 evaporat$ 9 ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$1 & f ! vacuum pan goes into ! cry/alliz]s to c>ry ! process ( cry/allization z f> z x w g4 ,^! conta9 f #ajjj to #afjj cubic feet ( ! cry/alliz$ mass :i* rema9s 9 !m f #cf to #gb h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x is kept 9 con/ant motion by a set ( sl[ly revolv+ paddles1 or arms1 to facilitate fur!r cry/allization4 ,f ! cry/alliz]s x goes to ! c5trifugal ma*9es1 :]e ! syrup is sep>at$ f ! cry/als z be=e4 ,! cry/als are remelt$ & g 9 ) ! ?ick juice = :ite sug>4 ,! syrup1 /ill conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( sug>1 goes out to be sold z cattle fe$ or to an ,osmose or ,/eff5s process1 :]e a portion ( ! rema9+ sug> may be recov]$4 ,?is lo/ syrup con/itutes ! l>ge/ loss 9 ! entire process4 ,x conta9s all ! impurities ( ! beet juice n remov$ by ! lime4 ,^! impurities prev5t m ?an "o & "o-half times _! weight ( sug> f cry/aliz+1 & make :at is call$ molasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sea ,,( ,,beet ,,pulp4 ,= a c5tury ! high fe$+ value ( sug>-beet pulp has be5 recogniz$ 9 ,europe1 b until a few ye>s ago millions ( tons ( ?is valuable by-product rott$ ab\t ,am]ican beet-sug> factories1 z %[n above1 because ,am]ican f>m]s c\ld n be made to believe x possess$ suffici5t value to pay = haul+ x back to ! f>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,t ,,fills1 ,,weighs ,,& ,,sews ,,! ,,bags ,,( ,,sug> ,,sack+ ,,room4--,,%[+ ,,automatic ,,scales ,,& ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,aft] ! moi/ure has be5 ?or\ghly remov$ 9 ! granulators or dry]s1 ! sug> drops directly to ! sack+ room ?r\gh a *ute1 at ! l[] end ( :i* ! top ( ! d\ble bag is atta*$4 ,! sug> fl[s directly into ! sack1 ! fl[ be+ cut (f automatically ) ea* #ajj p\nds1 :5 an endless belt conveyor passes ! upright sack pa/ ! sew+ ma*9e at ! prop] spe$ & ! product is seal$ ready = /orage or %ipm5t4 ,:ile x requires f #djj to #ajjj m5 to man a factory1 n a human h& has t\*$ ei!r beets or product s9ce ! beets 7 topp$ 9 ! field1 & at no /age ( ! op]ation c\ld flies or v]m9 or fil? come 9 contact ) ! product1 :i* f ! beg9n+ has be5 subject$ to cont9u\s high temp]atures4 ,pictures h]e) by c\rtesy ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry4 ,h[ ,c ,we ,smell ,?+s8 ,y d n ne$ to be told :at organ ( ! body we use 9 ex]cis+ ! s5se ( smell4 ,y c prove t easily to y\rself by gett+ ! nose )9 range ( a di/a/eful smell4 ,we d n use all ( ! nose to smell )1 & ! nose is useful to u 9 o!r ways besides ?is4 ,we use ! nose a great deal 9 ! act ( respiration or brea?+1 & x is also useful 9 help+ u to make s\nds1 =m words1 &1 ?\gh y may n h kn[n x1 helps our s5se ( ta/e4 ,we smell ?+s by means ( ! olfactory n]ves :i* are locat$ )9 ! nose4 ,! entire int]ior surface ( ! nose is cov]$ ) a membrane4 ,! ends ( olfactory n]ves1 or ! n]ves :i* give u ! s5sation ( smell1 are 9 ?is membrane1 & ! air1 :i* is fill$ ) ! odor ( ?+s we smell1 passes ov] ?is membrane1 & ?us ! ends ( ! n]ves feel ! odor & cause s5sation ( smell 9 ! bra94 ,! n]ves ( smell d n1 h[ev]1 g all ?r\gh ?is membrane4 ,!re are o!r n]ves 9 ! nose1 h[ev]1 besides ^? :i* give u ! s5sation ( smell4 ,^! are also v s5sitive & s]ve to make ! nose ex]cise o!r functions :5 ! inside ( ! nose is hurt or tickl$4 ,:5 a =eign sub/ance1 "o ( ! _m small] p>ticles :i* are con/antly float+ 9 ! air1 gets into ! membrane 9 ! nose1 x irritates ^! n]ves & (t5 causes u to sneeze1 :i* is only nature's ef=t to drive out ?is =eign sub/ance & clean out ! nose4 ,smell is "o ( ! less] ( ! five s5ses :i* we possess4 ,x is "o ( :at has be5 call$ ! *emical s5ses4 ,! s5se ( smell does n act at any great di/ance4 ,?is s5se c\ld be made ( m value to u if we develop$ x4 ,"s p h a m highly develop$ s5se ( smell ?an o!rs4 ,! l[] animals h a mu* ke5] s5se ( smell ?an p4 ,a great _m ( !m c foll[ a trail = miles m]ely by ! smell ( ! foot-pr9ts1 & x is said t a de] w note ! pres5ce ( man or any o!r animal t may subject him to dang] ev5 :5 miles away1 ! odor be+ c>ri$ to him ?r\gh ! air4 ,h[ ,d ,we ,ta/e ,?+s8 ,! s5se ( ta/e is closely associat$ ) ! s5se ( smell4 ,9 fact we d a good deal ( :at we ?9k is ta/+ by us+ our s5se ( smell4 ,a cold 9 ! nose w sometimes de/roy almo/ altoge!r ! ta/e ( food1 s t !re is a v close connection betwe5 ! s5se ( ta/e & ! s5se ( smell4 ,! s5se ( ta/e comes to u ?r\gh ! tongue1 :i* is ! pr9cipal organ ( ta/e4 ,! rema9d] ( our s5se ( ta/e lies 9 ! surface ( ! palate & 9 ! ?roat4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! o!r s5ses1 ! s5sation ( ta/e is giv5 u ?r\gh n]ves1 ! ends ( :i* are all ?r\gh ^? p>ts ( ! tongue1 ! palate & ! ?roat1 :i* contribute to ?is s5se4 ,m n]ves ( ta/e are locat$ 9 ! back "p ( ! tongue ?an on ! front1 & x is said t :5 y h to swall[ a bad dose ( m$ic9e x won't ta/e s mu* if y put x on ! front "p ( y\r tongue & !n swall[1 because !re are s few ta/+ n]ves !re4 ,! extreme tip ( ! tongue1 h[ev]1 is v ?ickly cov]$ ) ! ends ( ! ta/e n]ves4 ,9 l mann] "o c\ld h ! front end ( ! tongue cut (f & /ill reta9 mo/ ( ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,n[1 9 ord] to produce ! s5sation ( ta/e1 ! sub/ance to be ta/$ mu/ come 9 contact ) some?+ :i* mixes ) x & causes ! s5sation ( ta/e4 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 we ta/e any?+4 ,! juices or liquids :i* are caus$ to fl[ :5 any?+ is put into ! m\? act on ! sub/ances :i* ent] & give ! ta/e n]ves a *ance to ta/e !m4 ,really ! n]ves ( ta/e are s plac$ 9 ! m\? z to be regul> gu>ds or inspectors ( :at %all g into ! /oma*4 ,y c see h[ well !y are arrang$4 ,9 ! tip ( ! tongue q a few ( !m2 9 ! back "p ( ! tongue a great _m n]ves1 = f !re ! food goes into ! ?roat1 :i* deliv]s x to ! /oma*2 !n ^? 9 ! palate & 9 ! ?roat4 ,!y are arrang$ s t ! ta/e n]ves h ample opportunity to te/ :at comes 9 & to give w>n+ to ! bra9 ( :at is be+ s5t to ! /oma*4 ,sometimes ! ?+s t come into ! m\? are s di/a/eful to ! n]ves ( ta/e t !y refuse to h& x ov] to ! /oma*1 b in/ead cause ! di/a/eful sub/ance to be ?r[n out aga9 imm$iately4 ,x is said t a good rule to foll[ 9 eat+ w\ld be to swall[ only su* ?+s z are pleas+ to ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,on ?is pr9ciple _m *ildr5 w\ld decide to eat no?+ b c&y1 b d y "k1 if y tri$ t1 ! cont9u\s ta/+ ( sweets by our s5se ( ta/e n]ves w\ld cause !m to repel fur!r ins]tion ( c&y aft] a :ile4 ,y "k t too mu* ( a good ?+ is bad = y1 & t is :at makes y feel badly :5 y h eat5 too mu* ( "o ?+4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,we ,see8 ,,h[ ,,we ,,see ,,?+s ,( c\rse1 x is ! eyes ) :i* we see ?+s4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ?+s ) :i* we see1 we ?9k only ( eyes1 :i* give u our s5se ( vision1 b !re are c]ta9 =ms ( animal life :i* h no eyes b :i* h :at are call$ eye spots or eye po9ts1 :i* are s5sitive to light & :i* are m]ely spots4 ,^! eye spots may be locat$ 9 any "p ( ! body1 & are (t5 f\nd 9 great numb]s on ! same body4 ,^! rude eyes are1 h[ev]1 n real eyes4 ,!y are1 z has already be5 said1 s5sitive to light1 b are f\nd only 9 "s ( ! v l[ =ms ( animal life :i* live 9 ! wat]4 ,a real eye is an organ 9 :i* ! p>ts are s arrang$ t optical images may be =m$4 ,z animal life becomes develop$ to a high] scale1 ! p>ts :i* conta9 ! mak+ ( real eyes become m di/9ct al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! eyes !mselves are n s highly develop$ z 9 man4 ,"o ( ! fir/ k9ds ( life :i* has eyes ) a def9ite /ructural "* are ! worms1 snails1 etc41 ?\gh _! s5se ( vision is m or less dim4 ,:5 we come to ! family ( mollusks1 h[ev]1 l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( life ?\gh !y are1 we f9d !m to possess eyes :i* enable !m to see almo/ z well z animals :i* h a backbone1 al?\gh ?is k9d ( eyes is con/ruct$ 9 a v diff]5t mann] ?an ! eyes ( v]tebrate animals ref]r$ to4 ,z we asc5d ! scale ( animal life 9 ! /udy ( eyes1 we come next to ! cru/ace\s1 :i* is an important division ( animal life t embraces ! crabs & lob/]s1 %rimps1 crawfi%1 & insects su* z s&-hopp]s1 bea*-fleas1 wood-lice1 fi%-lice1 b>nacles4 ,! eyes ( su* animals are q develop$1 b ! numb] t ea* w h v>ies4 ,"s h only a s+le eye & o!rs two1 f\r1 six or eight1 b only c]ta9 k9ds ( ?is class ( life h m ?an two eyes4 ,! spid]s g5]ally h ! mo/4 ,9 v]tebrates1 :i* is ! class ( animal life to :i* we belong1 ! numb] ( eyes is almo/ always two & no m4 ,! eyes are =m$ 9 special sockets 9 ! skull1 :i* are call$ eye sockets or orbits4 ,?is arrangem5t ( plac+ !m 9 a socket is ( great advantage because ! eye is ?us protect$ f *ance ( injury except f "o direction--! front4 ,^! animals h also eyelids1 eyebr[s & eyela%es1 :i* s]ve z a fur!r protection to ! eyes4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! eye are arrang$ 9 a globe-l ball call$ ! eyeball4 ,?is eyeball is movable 9 ! socket "u control ( v>i\s muscles4 ,! eyeball is almo/ surr\nd$ by a membrane :i* is opaque 9 mo/ p>ts1 b v transp>5t at ! front4 ,?is transp>5t portion ( ! surr\nd+ membrane is call$ ! cornea1 & is q h>d4 ,?is is ! outside coat ( ! eye4 ,! second coat ( membrane consi/s ( p>ts ( v>i\s names & conta9s ! iris4 ,! ?ird coat is ! ret9a1 :i* is ! end ( ! optic n]ve ent]+ ! eye full f beh9d & exp&$ into a membrane :i* spreads out ov] ! second coat4 ,! ret9a or optic n]ve receives optical impressions focus$ ^u x by ! cry/all9e l5s4 ,^! impressions are c>ri$ along ! optic n]ve to ! bra91 & ! bra9 !n receives ! s5sation ( see+ ! image4 ,! eyeball is holl[1 & its ?ree surr\nd+ coats =m :at is practically ! same z ! int]ior ( a cam]a4 ,! cry/all9e l5s ( ! eye acts ! same z ! l5s 9 ! cam]a4 ,?is cry/all9e l5s is susp5d$ )9 ! eyeball "r 9 front ( ! transp>5t op5+ 9 ! front ( ! eyeball1 & :5 ! rays ( light /rike ?is l5s x focuses !m on ! ret9a1 :i* is ! same z ! film 9 y\r cam]a4 ,:y ,c ,we ,he>8 ,we c he> because nature has provid$ u ) a v wond]ful organ call$ ! e> & :i* cat*es ! s\nd waves t come ?r\gh ! air into ! e> & make a "p ( ! e> vibrate4 ,9 man & mammals ! e> is g5]ally f\nd on ! outside ( ! body1 b ! pr9cipal "p ( ! e> is locat$ )9 ! skull4 ,:at we call e>s are only ! funnel-%ap$ ext5sions on ! outside ( ! head :i* are n s v important s f> z he>+ is conc]n$1 because !y only help ! real e> to he> m easily4 ,! outside ( ! e> ga!rs 9 ! s\nd waves &1 because x is mu* l>g] ?an ! little hole :i* takes ! s\nds 9 to ! real e>1 we c detect m s\nds by hav+ ?is funnel-%ap$ arrangem5t on ! outside4 ,! inside ( ! e> conta9s an e>drum or tympanum :i* is sep>at$ f ! outside "p ( ! e> by a membrane4 ,beh9d ?is e>drum is ! real he>+ "p ( ! e> 9 a labyr9? conta9+ ! n]ves ( he>+4 ,n[1 :5 a s\nd wave /rikes ! membrane :i* hangs ov] ! op5+ be=e ! e>drum1 ! membrane vibrates & transmits ! s\nd wave ?r\gh ! e>drum into ! inn] e> :i* conta9s ! ends ( ! n]ves by :i* we he>4 ,^! n]ves1 on receiv+ ! s5sation1 transmit x to ! bra9 :i* ?us records ! impression ( s\nds4 ,z we desc5d ! scale ( animal life f ! mammals d[nw>d1 ! e> becomes a m & m simple organ4 ,9 ! v]tebrates :i* are n mammals1 !re is no ext]nal e> at all1 & we f9d great simplifications ( ! e> ! l[] d[n 9 ! scale we g4 ,:at ,is a ,totem ,pole ,=8 ,be=e p _h individual names1 ! savage p :o liv$ 9 clans or tribes ref]r$ to !mselves 9 ! "n ( "s natural object1 usually an animal :i* !y assum$ z ! "n or emblem ( ! clan or tribe4 ,^! names nev] appli$ to "o individual m ?an ano!r1 b only to ! clan or tribe1 s t ev]yone 9 a tribe :i* _h tak5 ! 8wolf0 = its emblem 0 kn[n z 8,wolf40 ,lat] on !y began to di/+ui% individuals by giv+ !m additional names *>act]i/ic ( ! individual1 su* z 8,lonely ,wolf10 8,gr[l+ ,wolf10 or o!r names4 ,! "n ( ?is animal 0 !n ! emblem ( "o tribe4 ,!y1 !re=e1 plac$ ?is emblem ^u _! bodies1 _! clo!s1 ut5sils1 etc4 ,?r\gh ?is1 ^! emblems also became at times idols ( wor%ip & s !y erect$ poles ^u :i* _! emblems 7 engrav$4 ,! ^w totem is a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian ^w mean+ 8family tok540 ,! tribes call$ !mselves aft] animals f :i* !y believ$ !mselves desc5d$4 ,:]e ,does a ,fl[] ,get ,its ,p]fume8 ,! p]fume or smell ( ! fl[] comes f )9 ! plant itself4 ,! p]fume arises f an oil :i* ! plant makes1 & j z !re are _m k9ds ( fl[]s1 s almo/ e fl[] has a diff]5t smell4 ,( c\rse1 fl[]s belong+ to ! same family or species are likely to develop diff]5t smells4 ,! oils produc$ are :at are kn[n z ! volatile oils1 :i* means 8fly+ oils10 because1 if extract$ f ! fl[] & plac$ 9 a bottle & ! cork left out1 !y w vani% into ! air4 ,)\t ?is quality we c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 smell !m at all4 ,:y ,d ,fl[]s ,h ,p]fumes8 ,man uses ^! oils to provide himself ) p]fumes1 b ! plant or fl[] has ano!r purpose ?an ?is4 ,! p]fume is n made = man's use1 b = ! use ( ! plant itself4 ,9 ! plant & fl[] _w ! smell ( ! plant :i* is 9 ! fl[] is a "p ( ! s*eme :]eby plants reproduce !mselves4 ,e plant 9 ord] to reproduce itself mu/ produce a se$4 ,! fl[]s are 9 mo/ cases ! advance ag5t ( ! com+ se$4 ,ea* fl[] produces )9 itself a little p[d] call$ ! poll51 b z plants are l p--also male & female--!y are dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r = ! production ( a p]fect se$4 ,"s ( ! poll5 f ! male plant mu/ be mix$ ) ! poll5 ( ! female plant be=e a p]fect se$ results4 ,h[ ,d ,fl[]s ,produce ,se$s8 ,naturally1 ! ne>e/ male plant to a female plant may be q "s di/ance (f4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! poll5 f ! male plant to mix ) ! poll5 ( ! female plant8 ,9 "s cases x is ! w9d :i* bl[s ! poll5 p[d] f "o to ! o!r1 & ?is ?us leaves ! developm5t ( a p]fect se$ f a p]fect fl[] op5 to *ance4 ,9 ! case ( p]fum$ fl[]s1 h[ev]1 :i* are mo/ly l[-gr[+ plants1 ! w9d _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,s nature gives to su* plants ! p[] to make ! p]fum$ oil & ! busy bee does ! re/4 ,! p]fume be+ a fly+ oil rises up into ! air & attracts ! bee4 ,he is ga!r+ honey & visits 9 turn all ! fl[]s to :i* he is attract$4 ,he lights on a male fl[] & ga!rs 9 8 honey1 & incid5tally acquires on 8 legs1 )\t int5d+ to d s1 "s ( ! poll5 ( ! male fl[]4 ,!n he flies ab\t to ! next fl[]1 & to o!rs1 & soon] or lat] he w come across a female fl[] ( ! same k9d z t f :i* he secur$ ! poll5 on 8 legs4 ,:5 he ?us ent]s ! female fl[]1 ! poll5 on 8 legs mixes ) ! poll5 ( ! same k9d ( ! female fl[]1 & q un9t5tionally ! bee helps ?us to make ! p]fect se$4 ,x is n a "p ( a bee's bus9ess to d ?is c>ry+4 ,x only happ5s t he does ?is 9 connection ) 8 regul> bus9ess ( ga!r+ honey4 ,x is a wond]ful ?+ :i* may be not$ "h t ! poll5 f a male ( any fl[] w n mix ) ! poll5 ( ! female ( any o!r k9d ( fl[]1 b t ! same k9ds only h attractions = ea* o!r4 ,fl[]s are giv5 ^! attractive p]fumes 9 ord] t !y may attract ! bees & o!r insects 9 ?is way4 ,! plants or fl[]s :i* gr[ close/ to ! gr\nd h g5]ally ! /ronge/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ smells4 ,?is is s t !y w n be ov]look$4 ,:y ,are ,leaves ,n ,all ! ,same ,%ape8 ,leaves are ( diff]5t %apes because !y belong to diff]5t families ( plants or trees4 ,!y are a good deal l p 9 ?is respect4 ,h>dly two p 9 ! _w look exactly alike1 b !re is a di/9ct family resemblance 9 memb]s ( ! same family4 ,x is difficult to say j :at happ5s inside ! tree to det]m9e ! %ape ( ! leaf & t causes !m to possess diff]5t %apes f o!rs4 ,! %ape ( ! leaf is a m>k ( id5tification ( ! family to :i* ! tree or plant belongs1 j z y c tell f a dog's e>s & f o!r *>act]i/ics :at 8 bre$+ has be54 ,9 ! case ( plants & trees h[ev] x is q probable t ! %ape & texture ( ! leaves has be5 develop$ z ! result ( ! conditions "u :i* ! plant gr[s4 ,a plant or tree ?r[s (f oxyg5 & takes 9 c>bonic acid gas ?r\gh ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,to ?rive & be heal?y x mu/ secure j ! prop] am\nt ( ?is food & z ! quantity ( food tak5 9 dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( surface expos$ ?r\gh ! leaves1 ea* p>ticul> tree or plant has develop$ 9 its own direction 9 ?is respect until ?is feature ( _! /ructures has be5 adju/$ prop]ly to _! ne$s4 ,x is a good deal l ! radiation ( heat 9 y\r home4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,radiators ,long] ,?an ,o!rs8 ,:5 ! plumb] gets ready to put 9 ! radiators 9 ! home he figures ! cubic measurem5ts ( ! room & !n puts 9 a radiator1 ! outside surface ( ^: pipes1 is 9 ! "r proportion to ?r[ (f suffici5t heat to fill ! room or heat all ! air 9 ! room4 ,x requires a c]ta9 numb] ( squ>e in*es ( radiator surface to heat ea* cubic foot ( air space & a good plumb] c figure ?is to a nicety4 ,if he puts 9 a radiator h[ev] t has n suffici5t numb] ( squ>e in*es on ! outside ( ! pipes1 ! room w n be heat$ prop]ly4 ,9 ! same way1 ! trees1 require t _! leaves h a c]ta9 am\nt ( squ>e in*es ( surface space 9 proportion to ! size ( ! tree1 to enable !m to d :at is requir$ ( !m & ?is is arrang$ by nature s t ! trees gr[ naturally1 & no d\bt ! %ape ( ! leaves has some?+ to d ) ?is4 ,:at ,makes ,roses ,r$8 ,all roses are n r$4 ,"s are :ite & o!rs p9k or ( /ill ano!r color4 ,! color ( ! rose1 & 9 fact ! color ( all fl[]s is due to ! way !y absorb & reflect ! sunlight4 ,9 ! case ( ! r$ rose1 ! some?+ 9 ! plant t det]m9es ! color1 absorbs all ! o!r colors 9 ! sunlight & reflects ! pure r$ rays & t makes ! color ( ! r$ rose4 ,y _c see ! color ( any fl[] :5 x is p]fectly d>k4 ,t is because !y h no color ( _! own1 b only ! colors :i* !y reflect :5 9 ! sunlight or "s o!r light4 ,! "q ( colors is m fully expla9$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! book4 ,:y ,d ,plants & ,trees ,gr[ ,up ,in/ead ( ,d[n8 ,z a matt] ( fact plants & trees d gr[ d[nw>d z well z up4 ,!re is a "p ( ea* call$ ! root ^: bus9ess x is to gr[ d[n & take c]ta9 ?+s necess>y to ! life ( ! tree out ( ! gr\nd4 ,b ! "p we see above ! gr\nd & :i* is ! "p we g5]ally ?9k ( only :5 we ?9k ( plants or trees4 ,! tree or plant1 9 ord] to gr[ prop]ly1 & ev5tually produce fl[]s & p]fect se$s1 mu/ h sun%9e & c>bonic acid gas1 & x is ! bus9ess ( ! leaves & o!r p>ts above ! gr\nd to get ^! out ( ! air = ! good ( ! plant or tree4 ,s !y />t to gr[ t[>d ! sun4 ,x is easy to prove h[ a plant w turn t[>d ! light4 ,take notice ( ! plants 9 ! fl[] pots at home4 ,set "o ( !m on ! w9d[ sill inside ! w9d[ :]e ! sun c %9e on x & notice h[ quickly ! leaves & bran*es w be b5t ov] aga9/ ! w9d[ pane4 ,turn x completely ar\nd !n s t ! plant leans away f ! sunlight & wat* x = a day or two4 ,be=e long y w f9d t x has n only /raight5$ itself completely out b />t$ to lean t[>d ! w9d[ glass aga9 s z to get z ne> ! sun z possible4 ,mo/ plants1 if kept :]e ! sunlight _c t\* !m1 w die4 ,! sunlight is a necess>y "p ( _! lives4 ,:at ,becomes ( ! ,plants & ,fl[]s 9 ,w9t]8 ,a great _m1 9 fact ! l>ge p]c5tage ( plants1 live only dur+ "o season4 ,?is k9d ( plant actually dies completely aft]1 9 ! natural c\rse ( gr[? & fl[]+1 x has produc$ its se$ :i* is ! me?od by :i* su* plants are reproduc$4 ,o!r plants only appe> to die 9 ! w9t]4 ,p>ts ( !m1 su* z ! leaves & fl[]s actually die1 b ! roots & /alks ( su* plants d n die 9 w9t]4 ,! "p t repres5ts ! life 9 !m goes to sleep & lies dormant until ! light & w>m? ( summ] br+ =? ! leaves & fl[]s aga94 ,! fl[]s1 h[ev]1 always die & ! same fl[]s nev] appe> aga9 b o!rs j l !m appe> 9 _! places4 ,ev5 9 hot c\ntries :]e !re is no w9t]1 ! plants mu/ g ?r\gh a p]iod ( re/ or sleep1 al?\gh ?is *ange is n s m>k$ 9 plants :i* gr[ 9 ^! hot c\ntries4 ,h[ ,c ,"s ,plants ,climb a ,smoo? ,wall8 ,to get at ! answ] to ?is "q1 we %\ld pick out "o k9d ( plant l ! creep+ ivy v9e4 ,if we exam9e same z x climbs a brick wall1 we f9d t x s5ds out little %oots :i* atta* !mselves ar\nd ! little r\gh places 9 ! bricks ( ! wall :i*1 if exam9$ "u a microscope are q l>ge app>5tly--at lea/ !y are l>ge en\gh = ! t9y creep]s ( ! ivy to hold on to4 ,( c\rse1 if !re 7 only "o little 8%oot0 to rea* out & take hold ( ! r\gh spots 9 ! wall1 ! v9e c\ld n cl+ to ! wall1 b ! v9e puts out a great _m ( ^! %oots--:i* x w\ld p]haps be be/ to call 8cl+]s0 & z ea* helps a little to hold on1 ! great numb] all hold+ on toge!r enable a q heavy v9e to hang on to an app>5tly smoo? wall4 ,"s v9es h actually ! ability to s5d out little suck]s :i* are made on ! same pr9ciple z ! boys' suck] 7a circul> piece ( lea!r ) /r+ atta*$ to ! middle ) :i* a boy c pick up /ones7 & su* plants c cl+ to & climb up an almo/ p]fectly smoo? wall4 ,:at ,are ! ,?orns on ,roses & ,o!r ,plants ,good ,=8 ,! ?orns ( roses & o!r plants :i* h ?orns orig9ally grew = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! plants to fa/5 !mselves on to o!r ?+s ?us help+ !m to climb4 ,_m plants ) ?orns are p]mitt$ to gr[ n[ 9 places :]e !y c use _! ?orns = climb+ b _m o!rs ) ?orns are cut d[n by ! g>d5] to make ! plants %apely & to make !m produce m fl[]s & less bran*es1 b !y keep on gr[+ _! ?orns j ! same4 ,d ,plants ,brea!8 ,yes1 inde$1 plants d brea!4 ,to brea! is j z important to ! life ( a plant z x is to a boy or girl4 ,plants d n h lungs l boys & girls & gr[n up p1 b !y f9d x necess>y to brea!4 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t fi%es brea!1 b !y hav5't any lungs ei!r1 ev5 ?\gh !y belong to ! animal k+dom4 ,fi%es d n1 h[ev]1 brea! ! air 9 ! same =m z we d because !y mu/ use ! air :i* !y f9d 9 ! wat]4 ,t is :y we say fi%es dr[n :5 on ! l&4 ,!y _c brea! air 9 ! =m 9 :i* we are able to use x any m ?an p c brea! ! air 9 ! wat]4 ,brea?+1 h[ev]1 is necess>y to all liv+ ?+s & ! gas :i* we take 9 :5 brea?+ is oxyg54 ,!re is oxyg5 9 ! wat] z well z 9 ! air4 ,?+s :i* live 9 ! air take _! oxyg5 out ( ! air & ?+s :i* live 9 ! wat] get _! oxyg5 out ( ! wat]4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y = plants & animals t live "u ! wat] to h a brea?+ app>atus especially adapt$ = gett+ oxyg5 out ( ! wat]4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,brea?+ ,occurs8 ,! act ( brea?+ consi/s really ( two actions4 ,tak+ some?+ into ! body & expell+ some?+4 ,e liv+ ?+ inhales & expels 9 brea?+4 ,we take 9 oxyg5 & expel x aga9 b :5 x comes out x has add$ some?+ to x & ! comb9ation or result is c>bonic acid gas--s we take 9 oxyg5 & expel c>bonic acid gas4 ,h[ ,d ,plants ,brea!8 ,! lungs ( a plant1 or :at ! plant brea!s ) correspond+ to our lungs1 are locat$ 9 ! leaves ( ! plant4 ,"u a magnify+ glass we c see ! lungs ( ! leaf q cle>ly4 ,9 addition to ?is we "k t plants brea!1 because if we put !m 9 a vacuum :]e !re is no air !y die v quickly4 ,! plant ne$s air or x w suffocate j z any animal w suffocate "u simil> conditions4 ,plants1 h[ev]1 d n make use ( ! oxyg5 z !y f9d x 9 ! air4 ,!y live on ! c>bon :i* !y f9d 9 ! air mix$ ) oxyg54 ,:at happ5s !n is ?is4 ,! plants take 9 ?r\gh _! lungs 9 ! leaves c>bonic acid gas f :i* !y take ! c>bon & use x z food1 & ?r[ (f ! oxyg5 :i* !y _c use4 ,human be+s & o!r animals take ! oxyg5 into _! lungs & use x & expel c>bonic acid gas4 ,! result is t ea* k9d ( life is dep5d5t ^u ! o!r4 ,if x 7 n = ! plant life1 m5 & o!r animals w\ld f9d x difficult p]haps to f9d suffici5t oxyg5 9 ! air to keep !m alive1 & if x 7 n = ! c>bonic acid gas :i* ! animals ?r[ (f1 plants & o!r vegetable life w\ld h great difficulty 9 f9d+ suffici5t c>bonic acid gas to g ar\nd4 ,:y ,d ,plants ,ne$ ,sunlight8 ,mo/ plants1 if plac$ :]e no light f ! sun c rea* !m1 w die v quickly4 ,to prove t a plant ne$s ! sunlight we h only to place x 9 a d>k corn] ( ! cell> & notice h[ soon x dies4 ,9 fact if x 7 n = sunlight !re w\ld be no life on e>? at all4 ,! plant or tree dr9ks 9 sunlight ?r\gh ! surface ( ! leaves4 ,9 fact ! ability to take 9 sunlight con/itutes ! real life ( ! tree or plant4 ,leaves gr[ ?9 & flat 9 ord] t z mu* surface z possible may be expos$ to ! sunlight4 ,if a leaf 7 curl$ up l a hoop only a "p ( ! outside surface w\ld be expos$ to ! sunlight & ! am\nt ( life t a leaf c\ld supply to ! re/ ( ! tree w\ld be mu* less4 ,! leaf is s con/ruct$ t :5 ! sunlight /rikes d[n ^u its gre5 surface1 x *anges ! c>bonic acid gas :i* x dr9ks 91 into its elem5ts1 i4e41 x takes out ! c>bon :i* goes into ! body ( ! plant & comb9+ ) o!r food & wat] suppli$ by ! roots causes ! plant or tree to gr[ & !n returns ! oxyg5 "p ( ! c>bonic acid gas to ! air4 ,:y ,does ,milk ,turn ,s\r8 ,! milk turns s\r because a little microbe1 kn[n z ! milk microbe gets into x1 & be+ v fond ( ! sug> :i* is 9 ! milk1 turns ?is sug> into an acid4 ,if we c\ld keep milk entirely away f ! air aft] ! c[ is milk$1 x w\ld n turn s\r1 b z soon z x is expos$ to ! air ^! microbes :i* are con/antly 9 ! air1 drop into ! milk4 ,!y are alive1 al?\gh invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,if :5 !y drop into ! milk x is w>m en\gh = !m to get 9 _! "w s to speak1 !y fall ^u ! sug> 9 ! milk & turn x into ! acid4 ,_! attempt to s\r ! milk c be ov]come by keep+ ! milk at a l[ temp]ature 9 ! refrig]ator1 b z soon z ! milk is tak5 out ( ! refrig]ator & left out long en\gh to become w>m1 ! microbe beg9s to "w & ! milk _c be made sweet aga94 ,if ! milk is boil$ z soon or %ortly aft] ! c[ is milk$1 ! sug> 9 ! milk is *ang$ 9 su* a way t ! microbe _c fe$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,p]sian ,,rug ,,weav] ,,at ,,"w4#c #c ,pictures & descriptions by c\rtesy ( ,h>t=d ,c>pet ,co4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,rug ,:at ,are ,c>pets & ,rugs ,made ,(8 ,! *oice/ wool ( ! _w is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c>pet4 ,9 ord] to give satisfactory s]vice c>pet mu/ be made ( wool t is ( a t\gh quality & has a long fib]4 ,su* wool is n produc$ 9 ,am]ica1 & ! m>kets ( ! di/ant l&s t supply x are practically exhau/$ to supply ! ,am]ican manufactur]s4 ,mo/ ( ! wool us$ comes f ,nor!rn ,russia1 ,sib]ia & ,*9a4 ,x is %ipp$ 9 bales4 ,:5 x arrives at ! mill !re is mu* to be done be=e ! wool is ready = any process ( manufactur+4 ,h[ ,long ,h ,p ,us$ ,c>pets8 ,! art ( weav+ /&s =emo/ among ! anci5t indu/ries4 ,x came into be+ 9 ! sunrise l&s ( ! ,ea/ :]e color has endless *>m & v>iety & :]e figure is made to s]ve ! purpose ( fact & fancy4 ,! art ( weav+ rugs is old] ?an ,egyptian civilization4 ,/one c>v+s made :5 ,egypt 0 yet unborn 7 reproduc$ 9 rugs4 ,at :at p]iod ! loom 0 fir/ us$ is impossible to tell4 ,an anci5t ,jewi% leg5d claims t ,naamah1 daught] ( ,tubal-,ca91 0 ! inv5tor ( ! process ( weav+ ?reads into clo?4 ,!re are o!r indications t ! anci5t ,hebrews 7 ! fir/ weav]s4 ,my?ology also tells ( beautiful maid5s weav+ exquisite patt]ns = ! gods4 ,mo/ ( u are famili> ) ! /ory ( ,jason :o set sail on ! ,argo 9 se>* ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 arriv$ at ! k+dom ( ,aeetes1 won ! h& ( ,m$ea1 ! daught] ( ,aeetes1 :o elop$ ) him aft] he _h secur$ ! covet$ fleece4 ,! fir/ h&s busy at ! weav+ craft und\bt$ly 7 ^? ( wom54 ,*aldean gossip1 repeat$ 9 hi/ory relates t ,s>danphulees1 an anci5t ,greek k+1 0 (t5 se5 9 woman's g>b c>d+ purple wool f :i* 8 wives wr\ght rugs = floor cov]+s = ! palace4 ,hom] %[s ,hel5 ( ,troy sett+ ! tale ( h] p's w> 9 ! wo( ( h] web1 & also tells ) ,virgil ( rugs t 7 laid "u ! ?rones ( k+s or ^u *>iot horses4 ,anci5t ,h9du hymns %[ t ^! p made _! textile fabrics /udies ( great beauty4 ,! woman 9 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon says3 8,i h wov5 my b$ ) cords2 ,i h cov]$ x ) pa9t$ tape/ry f ,egypt40 ,"o le>ns f ! writ+s ( ,pl9y ( ! l>ge money value ( rugs 9 anci5t times4 ,he wrote at l5g? ( a va/ rug display$ at a banquet ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphius1 ! value ( :i* 0 plac$ at a fabul\s sum4 ,a lat] writ] tells ( ! love ( ,cleopatra = ri* rugs & tape/ries t 7 wov5 9 h] palace or 9 ! c\ntries to ! ,ea/4 ,on ! occasions ( h] meet+ ) ,cs> & ,antony1 ! ,egyptian que5 envelop$ h]self 9 a sup]b rug :i* %e _h wov5 especially = ! purpose ( %[+ h] r5[n$ beauty to ! be/ advantage4 ,akh>1 emp]or ( ,h9do/an1 spread a k ( ! art ( weav+ ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,! e>li] phases ( ! art ( weav+ may be trac$ ?r\gh ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs to ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 & f9ally into ! dawn ( ! ,aryan civilization4 ,! loom has n be5 mat]ially *ang$1 & x may be se5 to-day z x 0 9 ! "t :5 ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis decorat$ ! %r9es ( _! gods ) magnific5t c>pets & :5 ,delilah wove ! hair ( ,samson ) h] web & fa/5$ x ) a wood5 p94 ,! anci5t weav]s atta9$ high arti/ic /&>ds 9 _! fabrics4 ,pl9y tells ( ,babylonian c\* cov]s t _h all ! beauty ( pa9t+s & sold = great =tunes to ! anci5t ,asiatic k+s4 ,9 all ages f9e rugs h be5 us$ = religi\s purposes4 ,e>ly writ+s describe ! use ( rugs on ! holy c>s ( pilgrimage to ,mecca1 at ! tomb ( ! prophet at ,m$9ah & ?r\gh\t ! mosques ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! abbot ,egelric gave to ! *ur* at ,croyl&1 be=e ! ye> #hib1 two l>ge rugs to be laid be=e ! high alt> on great fe/ivals4 ,at lat] p]iods rugs 7 us$ = simil> purposes 9 ! ca!drals ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,ori5tal p ev] h be5 devot$ to symbols & naturally wove !m into _! fabrics4 ,_! textiles 7 made to reproduce my?ological /ories 9 :i* ! fauna & flora ( a c\ntry figur$ prom95tly4 ,!re 0 ! symbolism ( =m1 color & animal life1 ( trees & fl[]s1 ( fai?1 & e>?ly & heav5ly exi/5ce4 ,! symbols 7 made to illu/rate ! conflict betwe5 light & d>kness1 ! evolution ( life1 ! decay ( dea? & ! immortality t awaits ! bless$ 9 p>adise4 ,:at ,d ! ,designs 9 ,rugs ,mean8 ,s9ce _m ( ! figures ( anci5t rug-weav+ are reta9$ 9 mod]n rug designs1 ! foll[+ li/ ( mean+s ( anci5t ,ori5tal symbols us$ 9 rug-weav+ may be int]e/+ z a key to ! /ories t are said to appe> 9 _m rugs ( ,ori5tal design3 ,asp--intellig5ce ,bat--duration ,bee--immortality ,beetle--e>?ly life ,blossom--life ,boat--s]5e _s ,butt]fly--soil ,cresc5t--cele/ial virg9 ,crocodile--deity ,dove--love ,eagle--creation ,egg--life ,fea!r--tru? ,goose--*ild ,liz>d--wisdom ,palm tree--immortality ,sail ( vessel--brea? ,:eel--deity ,lion--p[] ,ass--humility ,butt]fly--b5efic5ce ( summ] ,jug--k ,ox--pati5ce ,hawk--p[] ,lotus--! sun ,p9e-cone--fire ,zigzag--wat] ,leop>d--fame ,sword--=ce ,s]p5t--desire ,bird--_s ,owl--wisdom ,pig--k9dness ,su* are ! traditions t ! mak]s ( mod]n rugs mu/ live up to4 ,! art ( ! c5turies has be5 reveal$ 9 ! rugs ( _m nations1 & ! rug-mak] ( to-day mu/ uphold ! /&>ds ( an art t und\bt$ly takes rank ) ! great arts4 ,:]e a valuable pa9t+ goes into ! home ( "o millionaire1 ?\s&s ( rugs made f an orig9al design ( unque/ion$ art & beauty g into homes ! c\ntry ov] to give w>m?1 com=t & beauty1 delight+ h\sewives & imp>t+ a s5se ( coz9ess & elegance4 ,accord+ to /ud5ts ( ! art ( weav+1 ! p]fection ( ?is art 0 atta9$ ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 aft] _m c5turies ( sl[ gr[?4 ,s9ce !n weav+ z an art has be5 broad5$ & giv5 a wid] scope by means ( processes inv5t$ = a *eap] production ( rugs 9 all ! beauty ( _! orig9al designs4 ,b !re also has develop$ a mod]n s*ool ( rug & c>pet design+ t 9 itself repres5ts no mean /&>d ( art4 ,_m ( ! less exp5sive grades ( ,am]ican rugs & c>pets1 = example1 are ( designs creat$ by arti/s ( ?is mod]n s*ool ( weav+ designs ^: "w is ( a high degree ( arti/ic excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,our ,,gr&mo!rs ,,made ,,rag ,,c>pets ,,mak+ ,,! ,,old ,,rag ,,c>pet4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago _m homes _h rugs wov5 by ! h\sewives ) _! sp9n+-:eels1 or no floor cov]+s1 except crude clo?s made ( rags4 ,^! homes1 ( c\rse1 7 ^? ( families 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 :i* to-day c h _! attractive & com=t-giv+ rugs ( ! less exp5sive grades ( tape/ry c>pet1 ,axm9/] or ( ! v>i\s o!r grades ( c>pet manufactur$ at a range ( prices )9 ! f9ancial rea* ( p ( mode/ means4 ,x is only a /ep f ! anci5t weav+ ( rugs1 ) all ! color1 glamor & romance t atta*$ to rug-weav+ 9 ! anci5t days1 to ! manufacture ( rugs 9 ,am]ica to-day4 ,!re is no romance atta*$ to ! mak+ ( rugs & c>pets 9 ,am]ica1 except ! romance ( indu/rial a*ievem5t2 b ! ,am]ican rug-mak] is z c>eful ( ! quality & beauty ( 8 product z 0 ! anci5t weav]1 & ! be/ /&>ds ( anci5t weav+ h be5 realiz$ 9 ! manufacture ( rugs & c>pets 9 ,am]ica to-day4 ,:y ,did ! ,anci5ts ,make ,rugs8 ,x is only a rug1 sev]al y>ds ( wov5 ?reads1 a design t few c und]/&--a simple ?+1 to be sure2 yet :at a lot ( hi/ory & memories & traditions x c>ries6 ,m]ely a /rip ( c>pet1 ) /range figures1 beautiful ?\gh mean+less1 a product ( mod]n inv5tion l _m ano!r1 "s may ?9k4 ,b ! /ory ( a rug may g back ?r\gh _m c5turies to anci5t times ( opul5t spl5dor1 :5 w>s 7 wag$ & k+doms creat$ & %att]$ = ! beauty ( a woman2 :5 gorge\s palaces 7 rais$ & great spectacles ( art 7 %[n to inspire ! _w = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,only a rug1 b a relic ( a ri* & gl[+ pa/6 ,= 9 ^? di/ant days ( w> & pageantry1 an era m classic ?an our own1 hi/ory & romance 7 wov5 into ! rug4 ,! patt]ns & designs told great /ories ( w>s & loves t swept nations away & creat$ great new empires & relat$ vivid acc\nts ( intrigue & trag$y t det]m9$ hi/ory & inspir$ ! immortal works ( poets & dramati/s4 ,! rug 9 ! anci5t times 0 also us$ = religi\s symbolism1 & sacr$ doctr9es 7 inscrib$ 9 ! wov5 figures4 ,( all ! arts none has be5 z close to ! lives & hi/ory ( ! peoples ( ! e>? z ! art ( weav+4 ,songs & /ories ( ^! peoples & _! national a*ievem5ts h be5 immortaliz$ ?r\gh _! wov5 fabrics4 ,g5]ations h le>n$ ( ! great de$s ( _! =efa!rs ?r\gh ! hi/orical acc\nts wov5 into rugs4 ,& 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,greeks1 ,hebrews & ,egyptians & on ?r\gh ! succe$+ c5turies until ! middle ages ! rug 0 us$ z a symbolical "p ( /ate1 religi\s & romantic c]emonies4 ,:at ,makes ,"s ,rugs s ,valuable8 ,! reason _m rugs are valu$ at s high a price 9 money is l>gely due to ! skill ( ! arti/ or design]1 j z a pa9t+ becomes valuable because ! arti/ :o pa9t$ x has succe$$ 9 produc+ a rem>kable result4 ,! "q ( r>ity also ent]s l>gely into ! value ( rugs4 ,! great arti/ weav]s ( ! pa/ :o work$ = love ( _! art r ?an = ! money !y might secure by dispos+ ( _! ma/]pieces1 are dead1 & !y h _h no successors4 ,!n1 also1 ! rug becomes valuable by reason ( ! am\nt ( "t & labor put into x4 ,_m valuable rugs take ye>s to produce1 because ! arti/ mu/ d all 8 "w by h& practically & tie 8 diff]5t color$ y>ns toge!r j s1 or ! patt]n w n come "r4 ,^! knots may occur e in* or sometimes ev5 less ?an an in*1 & !re w be ?\s&s ( h& knots 9 "o rug4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,turki% ,,rugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old] ,,!y ,,are ,,! ,,m ,,highly ,,priz$ ,! above is a typical ,*9ese rug1 conta9+ symbolical emblems4 ,?is is an antique & is ( a class t sells sometimes z high z #e1jjj1 its r>ity ( design1 beauty 9 colors1 & sc>city enhances its value4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is an ,am]ican ma*9e-made int]pretation ( a ,*9ese rug4 ,! gr\nd is a ri* gold color+1 ! figures be+ 9 ecru1 d>k blue1 t]ra cotta & light blue4 ,x is a beautiful rug1 & "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( loom-tuft$ goods ev] produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,be/ ,,p]sian ,,rugs ,,are ,,made ,?is antique ,p]sian 0 made 9 ! di/rict ( ,kurdi/an1 9 ,we/]n ,p]sia4 ,! g5]al effect is h&some1 al?\gh ! design is crude4 ,! gr\nd is ( a deep ri* r$1 & top colors ( d>k blue & ecru4 ,! mo/ valuable ,p]sian rugs come f ,kurdi/an1 ,khurasan1 ,p]aghan & ,k>man4 ,! mo/ highly priz$ come f ,kurdi/an4 ,! patt]n does n %[ a uni=m gr\nd ( fl[]s or o!r objects1 b looks m l a field ( wild fl[]s 9 ! spr+1 :i* is v appropriate z a design = any?+ t is to be walk$ ^u4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at wond]ful arti/ic ability is display$ by "s ( ! memb]s ( ^! wild nomadic ,p]sian p4 ,! c>pets & rugs are wov5 on a simple frame on :i* ! w>p is /ret*$4 ,! wo(1 or cross ?reads1 consi/ ( %ort ?reads wov5 into ! w>p ) ! f+]s & )\t ! use ( a %uttle4 ,!n a sort ( comb is press$ aga9/ ! loose r[ ( cross ?reads to tight5 x4 ,! weav] sits ) ! back ( ! rug t[>ds him1 s t he dep5ds entirely on 8 memory to produce a p]fect patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is rug is an ,am]ican copy ( a typical ,kurdi/an4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ well ! effect 9 colors & design are reproduc$ 9 ?is dome/ic rug4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,we ,,imitate ,,popul> ,,designs ,,by ,,ma*9]y ,?is ,tabriz reproduction has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! g5u9e rug 9 bo? design & color4 ,! gr\nd is ( a s(t rose ) figures olives1 ivory & deep blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a copy ( an old piece ( a rug 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london1 :i* is #ejj to #fjj ye>s old4 ,! design is v int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! symbolical figures :i* cov] ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wool-,,pick+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ,mak+ ( ,c>pets ,h[ ,are ,mod]n ,rugs & ,c>pets ,made8 ,! be/ way to le>n ( ?is is = u to take a brief visit to "o ( ! l>ge/ c>pet factories1 :]e we w assume we h already arriv$4 ,!re is a %>p :i/le1 !n an outlet ( /eam1 ! clang ( a bell & a locomotive rolls ar\nd ! curve ( ! spur-track into ! factory y>d4 ,atta*$ to x are sev]al freight c>s t only ! day be=e receiv$ _! c>goes at ! ,new ,york docks fre% f /eam%ips com+ f =eign l&s4 ,inside ! y>d1 ! eng9e comes to a /op alongside a w>eh\se4 ,/urdy m5 unlock ! doors ( ! c>s & beg9 pull+ out bales ( ! import$ wool4 ,?is is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! evolution ( a rug4 ,betwe5 ! arrival ( ! r\gh wool at ! w>eh\se & ! plac+ 9 ! /ock room ( ! f9i%$ rug1 spl5didly wov5 aft] an arti/ic design %[n 9 attractive colors1 _m int]e/+ processes are foll[$4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate t few p look+ at rugs ( ! ,saxony1 or ,axm9/] or ,tape/ry type realize ! high degree ( me*anical sci5ce & arti/ic p]ception t h be5 br\ght to be> 9 ! manufacture ( ^! rugs4 ,aft] ! arrival ( ! wool !re are _m /eps to be tak5 until ! ske9s ( y>n receive _! color+ treatm5t 9 ! dye-h\se &1 at ! bidd+ ( ! great ma*9e1 assemble !mselves 9 ! beautiful designs t ! arti/s h creat$4 ,?\gh !re are _m details ( "w 9 ! developm5t ( a rug1 !y h be5 s well ma/]$ t ! employes 9 *>ge ( e /age ( ! rug's evolution give to _! "w a nicety ( att5tion 9 little "t t c>eful tra9+ & sci5tific und]/&+ alone c supply4 ,! travel-/a9$ cov]s ( ! bales are remov$4 ,! heavy bulk is brok5 & ! tightly-compress$ bales loos5$4 ,!n ! wool is f$ into ! wa%+-ma*9e1 & aft] t goes into ! pick+-ma*9e4 ,! process ( cleans+ ! wool is an elaborate "o1 = x is s full ( dirt & grease t sev]al wat]s & sev]al op]ations are necess>y to its f9al appe>ance 9 a :ite & fleecy condition4 ,aft] ! la/ wa%+ ! wool is lift$ to a dry+-room1 :]e ! heat f /eam-coils is =c$ ?r\gh x by means ( bl[]s4 ,! wool n[ passes to ! sort+-room1 :]e ! bl5ds are c>efully made be=e x goes to ! ma*9e :i* te>s ! wool fib]s ap>t1 & gets !m 9 %ape = ! c>d+ & comb+ processes4 ,next ! wool is bl[n into a sp9n+ mill4 ,! wool is n[ ready to be conv]t$ into y>n4 ,x passes ?r\gh a pick+-ma*9e1 :i* bl5ds ! diff]5t grades ( ! raw mat]ial1 select+ ! /r&s z to fib] & color4 ,!n x is ref9$ & purifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>d+ ,,ma*9e ,?r\gh tubes ! wool is =c$ to ! c>d+-room by means ( air pressure4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! c>ds x is c>efully weigh$ to secure ev5ness 9 ! y>n4 ,leav+ ! c>d+ ma*9e1 ! wool is tak5 to ! floor above1 :]e ! big spools ( y>n rea* ! comb+ ma*9e = ! next process4 ,?is ma*9e sep>ates ! long f ! %ort fib]s4 ,! /r&s ( wool are /ill ?ick & mu/ g ?r\gh ano!r process be=e !y are ready to be made into y>n4 ,!y are f9ally unit$ & giv5 suffici5t /r5g? to /& ! weav+ process4 ,z ! visitor sees ! /r&s ( y>n fir/ appe> on ! ma*9e !y resemble rolls ( smoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dye+ ,,! ,,y>n ,,h[ ,,! ,,y>n ,,= ,,c>pets ,,is ,,dy$ ,! y>n next appe>s on r[s ( sp9dles 9 ! mule-room1 six hundr$ feet long1 :]e ! y>n is twi/$ & br\ght to its f9al /age4 ,! y>n n[ is ready = ! dye-h\se4 ,"h ! atmosph]e is v d5se4 ,cl\ds ( /eam rise f ! _m vats ( boil+ dyes4 ,! y>n receives ! color+ = :i* x is int5d$1 or is blea*$ 9 an adjo9+ dep>tm5t1 & !n is transf]r$ on poles to ! dry+-room1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a /eam+ process :i* sets ! color4 ,next x passes on an electric conveyor to ! weave-%op4 ,consid]able skill is requir$ 9 ! weav+ process4 ,! assembl+ ( ! y>ns & mat*+ ( colors require exp]t att5tion4 ,! ske9s ( y>n are w\nd on spools1 :i* are put 9 sets back ( ! looms1 ea* color or set repres5t+ "o 8frame0 ( color 9 ! rug4 ,by ! fam\s ,jacqu>d motion ( c>ds ea* color want$ 9 ! surface ( ! rug is pull$ up 9 its prop] place1 ! o!r frame color lay+ 9 ! back ( ! rug4 ,! me*anical process is a rem>kable sight4 ,z ! patt]n =ms itself f ! me*anical devices1 ! onlook] is /ruck ) ! wond] ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,c>pet ,,is ,,wov5 ,,by ,,ma*9]y ,,weav+ ,a ,,rug ,,by ,,ma*9]y ,illu/ration3 #aj1jjj1jjj ,,y>ds ,,( ,,c>pet ,,p] ,,ye> ,,f ,,"o ,,factory ,?is picture %[s ! plant ( "o ( ! l>ge/ c>pet factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,?ompsonville1 ,conn4 ,f ! looms ( ^! mills are annually produc$ t5-million y>ds ( ! tw5ty-five diff]5t grades ( c>pet manufactur$ by ?is conc]n4 ,imag9e a /rip ( c>pet across ! ,unit$ ,/ates at its wide/ "p1 ! ,=ty-second latitude--a /rip ( 8,h>t=d ,saxony01 say1 /ret*+ f ! ,atlantic seabo>d to ! ,pacific coa/2 & !n ano!r c>pet /rip ! l5g? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ?is c\ntry is ! longe/--i4 e41 f ! ,nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! /ate ( ,m9nesota to ! ,s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! /ate ( ,texas2 !n imag9e "o m /rip /ret*+ f ,*icago to ,new ,orleans1 & f9ally a connection betwe5 ! two latt] /rips at ab\t ! vic9ity ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,) a m5tal picture ( ?is va/ c\ntry ?us /ripp$ ) c>pet1 y wond] if !re is t mu* c>pet 9 ! _w4 ,x seems incr$ible t ?is great sweep ( l& c\ld be measur$ ) c>pet--& yet en\gh mat]ial comes e ye> f ! looms ( "o c>pet factory alone 9 ?is c\ntry to /rip ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ea/ & ,we/1 & ,nor? & ,s\? z indicat$ above4 ,! weave is n[ complet$2 ! rug comes out4 ,b x is r\gh & has to be f9i%$4 ,x is pass$ ?r\gh a ma*9e t removes ! r\ghness ( ! face z a lawn-m[] cuts away ! top-grass4 ,! ends are f9i%$1 & ! c>pet is complete4 ,,"s ,,designs ,,/amp$ ,,on ,,y>n ,,be=e ,,weav+ ,! patt]n ( tape/ry c>pet is obta9$ by pr9t+ ! colors to appe> 9 ! design on ! y>n :i* =ms ! face be=e ! weav+ is />t$1 by means ( l>ge drums4 ,aft] all rugs leave ! weave-%op a =ce ( skill$ wom5 exam9e !m c>efully to make sure t !re are no defects4 ,e y>d ( ! annual output ( c>pet & rugs is inspect$ five times be=e x leaves ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,exam9+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,illu/ration3 ,,pack+ ,,= ,,%ipm5t ,:y ,d ,i ,yawn8 ,:5 y yawn1 y d s because y h n be5 brea?+ q prop]ly & = "s reason or o!r y\r blood supply has n be5 gett+ suffici5t oxyg5 ?r\gh ! air :i* has be5 tak5 into y\r lungs4 ,nature's way1 9 ?is in/ance1 is to call = a big intake ( air all at "o "t1 & s9ce x is important at su* times t a l>ge quantity ( air %\ld be suppli$ to ! lungs at once1 nature has s arrang$ matt]s t c]ta9 muscles %all cause y to op5 y\r m\? wide & take 9 z mu* air z y c at "o "t1 & also has arrang$ s t x is almo/ impossible to keep f yawn+ :5 ! dem& = x is once made4 ,! yawn is controll$ by a "p ( our n]ve /ructure :i* looks aft] ! brea?+ app>atus4 ,! satisfaction we feel aft] a :olesome yawn is due to ! fact t hav+ repli$ to nature's dem& t we br+ 9 m air1 our blood secures ! oxyg5 :i* x ne$s & we feel ! effect ( bett] blood 9 our art]ies at once4 ,a peculi> ?+ ab\t ! process ( yawn+ is t "o p]son 9 a room yawn+ w q likely set all or ne>ly all ! o!rs to yawn+ also4 ,!re seems to be no explanation ( ?is except+ t :5 a numb] ( p are 9 "o room & "o ( !m beg9s to yawn1 ! o!rs d s1 n because !y p]ceive ! fir/ yawn s mu* z ! probable fact t ! air 9 ! room has become s poor t !re is n en\gh good air = all ! p 9 x1 brea?+ normally1 & _m ( !m are =c$ to yawn at ab\t ! same "t4 ,:]e ,d ,liv+ ,?+s ,come ,f8 ,?is is a big subject1 b a v int]e/+ "o4 ,to und]/& x fully we mu/ beg9 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,god made fir/ ( all ! rocks1 ! m\nta9s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 ! soil1 & put ! wat] 9 ! lakes1 riv]s & oceans4 ,?is took a long "t1 b !y _h to be !re be=e ! liv+ ?+s c\ld beg9 to be4 ,:at is ,inorganic ,matt]8 ,?is ?+ we h spok5 ( is call$ inorganic matt]1 :i* means 8)\t life10 & ev]y?+ 9 ! _w :i* has no life is call$ inorganic matt]4 ,^! ?+s d n die1 & = t reason d n h to be replac$4 ,! =m & appe>ance ( inorganic matt] & its location is (t5 *ang$ by man or o!r causes1 b ev5 :5 man burns ! coal :i* he has dug up out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! furnace1 no "p ( x is de/roy$4 ,"s ( x is turn$ into smoke & gas & "s ( x is turn$ into a%es1 :ile e o!r p>ticle :i* w5t to make up ! coal orig9ally is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,x rema9s z inorganic matt] 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,:]e ,did ,life ,beg9 on ,e>?8 ,aft] ! inorganic ?+s _h be5 made & ! e>? 0 ready = life1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( liv+ ?+s :i* we f9d on ! e>? began to exi/4 ,^! are call$ organic objects1 :i* means objects 8) life40 ,! fir/ liv+ ?+s to appe> 7 ! bu%es1 ! grass1 ! g>d5 vegetables1 ! fl[]s1 trees1 & all ! k9ds ( life :i* we ord9>ily ?9k ( z gr[+ ?+s4 ,?is division ( liv+ ?+s makes up :at we call ! vegetable k+dom1 & 9 a g5]al way ( class+ x is ! k9d ( life :i* _c move ab\t f place to place & :i* has n a s5se ( feel+1 or any ( ! o!r s5ses1 see+1 he>+1 ta/+ or smell+4 ,aft] ?is division ( life _h be5 e/abli%$ ! _w 0 ready = ! o!r & m important =m ( life--! fi%es1 ! birds1 cats1 dogs1 horses1 c[s1 ) o!rs t we call dome/ic animals1 & also ! lions1 tig]s1 elephants & o!rs :i* con/itute ! division ( wild animals4 ,?is k9d ( life 0 giv5 "s or all ( ! five s5ses1 b n all classes ( animal life possess all ^! s5ses4 ,"s ( ! l[] =ms ( animal life1 l ! oy/]s1 clams1 9 ! fi% family1 _c see1 he>1 smell or ta/e4 ,!y c only feel2 o!rs are able to d m ( ^! ?+s1 & _m h all ( ! five s5ses4 ,:5 ,did ,man ,beg9 to ,live8 ,man 0 n creat$ until all ! o!r liv+ ?+s on e>? _h be5 />t$1 & he 0 giv5 additional p[]s s t he might become ! rul] ( all ! o!r liv+ ?+s1 pr9cipally because he 0 giv5 a bra9 ) p[] to ?9k1 reason & orig9ate4 ,:y ,mu/ ,life ,be ,reproduc$8 ,life mu/ be reproduc$ because liv+ ?+s die4 ,!y h p[] to live only = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,! o!r life 9 ! _w is us$ to provide food = man1 & if !re 7 no way ( reproduc+ life x w\ld n be long be=e man _h eat5 all ! vegetables & ! animals too1 & w\ld himself !n />ve to dea?4 ,to avoid su* a calamity ,god put into ea* liv+ ?+1 bo? vegetables & animals1 a p[] to cause o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d z itself to gr[4 ,?is is call$ ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,) ?is p[] ea* k9d ( liv+ ?+ c br+ o!r specim5s ( ! same k9d into ! _w & ea* k9d ( liv+ ?+ c d ?is )\t aid f any o!r k9d ( life4 ,! trees1 ! fl[]s1 & o!r k9ds ( vegetable life w\ld reproduce !mselves )\t ! aid ( man1 z w\ld also ! fi%es & o!r k9ds ( animal life4 ,man1 h[ev]1 j to h ?+s conv5i5tly at h&1 uses 8 p[] ov] o!r life to cause 8 vegetables to gr[ ne> :]e he lives1 & keep ! animals :i* he wi%es to use z food 9 "s place :]e he doesn't h to hunt = !m e "t he wi%es meat = 8 table4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he does only ) ! animals :i* he has dome/icat$ or tam$4 ,:5 he wants meat f ! animals :i* are /ill wild he mu/ hunt = !m z he us$ to d4 ,ea* k9d ( life has ! p[]1 h[ev]1 to reproduce only its own k9d4 ,if y plant a pea* /one y w soon] or lat] h a pea* tree :i* w be> pea*es1 & ^! pea*es f ! "y tree w look & ta/e j l ! pea* ^: pit or /one y plant$4 ,!re may be o!r k9ds ( fruit trees all ab\t1 & also trees :i* d n be> fruit4 ,all ( ! trees secure ! food ^u :i* !y live & gr[ f ! same soil4 ,ev5 ! grass "u y\r pea* tree eats ! same ?+s z y\r pea* tree1 b x rema9s always true t ?+s 9 ! vegetable k+dom w gr[ only to be l ! ?+ f :i* x came4 ,h ,plants ,fa!rs & ,mo!rs8 ,! little trees gr[ up to be exactly l _! fa!rs & mo!rs 7= !y h fa!rs & mo!rs71 :i* is some?+ all liv+ ?+s mu/ h4 ,^! are n ! same k9d ( fa!rs1 or mo!rs ei!r1 t a boy or girl has1 exactly1 b !y are p>5ts j ! same4 ,s f> z ! trees1 fl[]s & plants are conc]n$ we call ! p>5ts fa!r & "m natures1 :i* is a t]m us$ m]ely to keep y f confus+ vegetable life fa!rs & mo!rs ) ! regul> k9d4 ,9 ! vegetable k+dom y _c always see ^! fa!r & "m natures1 :i* enable !m to reproduce _! k9d ( life1 b ev]y?+ 9 ! vegetable & also 9 ! animal k+dom has !m4 ,h[ ,d ,plants ,reproduce ,life8 ,9 ! spr+ we put se$s into ! gr\nd & lat] on plants gr[ up :]e ! se$s 7 plant$1 & lat] ! fl[]s come4 ,! se$s conta9 ! baby plants1 :i* come to life1 & aft] bur/+ ! cov]+ ( ! se$1 unfold & gr[ up into plants if plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e !y c obta9 ! prop] am\nt ( w>m? & moi/ure to give !m a />t4 ,:y ,d ,plants ,h ,se$s8 ,to get at ?is subject 9 ! be/ mann] we mu/ /udy fir/ h[ plants produce se$s & :at happ5s4 ,! p[] 9 a plant to make ano!r plant l x gr[ comes f ! fl[]4 ,ord9>ily we ?9k ( ! fl[]s z beautiful to look at & delightful to smell1 b ! fl[]s d n gr[ = ! m]e purpose ( be+ beautiful1 b are = a m useful purpose--to develop a se$ :i*1 :5 plant$1 w produce ano!r plant4 ,! ma*9]y = produc+ a p]fect se$ is 9 ! fl[] or blossom4 ,e fl[] has a def9ite plan ( con/ruction4 ,! leaves & colors v>y1 b ! plan = a p]fect fl[] is always !re4 ,! petals :i* are g5]ally color$ are call$ ! cr[n4 ,:5 y pluck (f ! petals y see a numb] ( gre5 leaves at ! bottom :]e ! petals 7 atta*$4 ,^! =m :at is call$ ! calyx1 & help to hold ! petals 9 place4 ,inside ! fl[] are little /ems :i* gr[ to ! petals4 ,^! are call$ /am5s4 ,e "o ( ^! little /ems is holl[1 & if y split "o op5 y w discov] a f9e p[d]4 ,?is p[d] is call$ poll51 & is ! 8fa!r0 nature ( ! plant4 ,9 ! calyx1 ! "p we _h left aft] we pluck$ (f ! petals1 is ! 8"m0 nature ( ! plant4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! "m nature is ! /em ( ! fl[] call$ ! ov>y1 & ?is is :]e ! se$s gr[4 ,^! se$s 9 ! ov>y1 h[ev]1 w n become p]fect se$s unless "s ( ! poll5 f ! 8fa!r0 nature ( ! plant t\*es !m & f]tilizes !m4 ,at ! prop] age ( ! fl[] "s ( ?is poll5 p[d] passes into ! ov>y & f]tilizes ! se$s & makes !m good se$s4 ,?is is only "o k9d ( fl[]1 h[ev]4 ,9 ?is k9d ! fa!r & "m natures are 9 ! same fl[]4 ,9 o!r k9ds ( plants ! fa!r & "m natures are f\nd on diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant4 ,:y ,does an ,e> ( ,corn ,h ,silk8 ,! corn plant is "o ( ?is k9d4 ,y "k :at x looks l--a tall plant1 g5]ally six or sev5 feet high4 ,! e>s ( corn gr[ out ( ! side ( ! corn /alk4 ,! e> is cov]$ ) husks & out ( ! end ( ! e> hangs a bun* ( br[n silk ?reads :i* we t]m corn silk4 ,up at ! top ( ! plant y w see ! tassel1 b y may n h kn[n t ?is is ! fl[] ( ! corn plant4 ,! tassel or fl[] 9 ?is case conta9s ! 8fa!r nature0 ( ! corn plant1 & ! e> ( corn conta9s ! 8"m nature40 ,! husks on ! outside ( ! e> ( corn protect ! gra9s ( corn on ! e> inside & keep !m t5d]4 ,! e> ( corn is really ! ov>y ( ! corn plant1 because t is :]e ! se$s gr[4 ,y w guess1 ( c\rse1 t ! gra9s ( corn on ! e> are b se$s ( ! plant4 ,7 y to exam9e "o ( ^! e>s ( corn on ! plant :5 x _h j />t$ to =m y w\ld f9d no k]nels on ! cob1 b only little m>ks :i* indicat$ :]e ! gra9s ( corn are expect$ to gr[1 b if y want to "k1 !n1 h[ _m gra9s ( corn 7 expect$ to gr[ on ! e>1 y c\ld easily tell by c\nt+ ! little silk ?reads :i* y see on ! cob & :i* /ick out ov] ! end4 ,!re w be a ?read ( silk = ea* gra9 ( corn t is expect$ to gr[4 ,e gra9 ( corn mu/ receive "s ( ! poll5 p[d] f ! tassel or fa!r nature at ! top ( ! corn plant or x w n develop into a nice l>ge1 juicy k]nel4 ,h[ ,does ! ,poll5 ,t\* ! ,gra9 ( ,corn8 ,be=e ! k]nels ( corn gr[ ! tassel is 9 bloom4 ,! w9d bl[s & %akes ! poll5 p[d] (f ( ! tassel & ! p[d] falls on ! ends ( ! silk :i* /ick out ( ! little e> ( corn to be4 ,ea* ?read ( silk !n c>ries a little ( ! p[d] d[n to ! spot on ! e> :]e x is atta*$ & ?us ! gra9 ( corn receives ! f]tiliz+ necess>y to develop x into a ripe se$4 ,if y leave ! e> ( corn alone ! k]nel w ev5tually become yell[ & h>d & c !n be plant$ & w produce o!r corn plants4 ,man1 h[ev]1 f9ds ! e> ( corn a delightful food1 if tak5 at a "t :5 ! se$s are fully gr[n b n yet rip5$ into p]fect se$s4 ,at ?is /age ! gra9s ( corn w\ld n gr[ up aga9 if plant$1 because !y h n yet become p]fect se$s4 ,d ,fa!r & ,"m ,plants ,always ,live ,toge!r8 ,we come n[ to ! k9ds ( plants on :i* ! 8fa!r0 & 8"m0 natures are on diff]5t plants ( ! same k9d4 ,at times !y w gr[ side by side1 at o!r times !y w be 9 ! same field1 b v (t5 !y gr[ at q a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,9 "s in/ances ! ne>e/ fa!r tree w be ev5 miles away f ! "m tree ( ! same k9d4 ,b 9 any ev5t ! poll5 f ! fa!r nature mu/ rea* ! "m nature ( ! plant or tree be=e a p]fect se$ c be produc$4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ! fa!r nature w be on "o tree or plant & ! ov>y or "m nature on ano!r4 ,! w9d helps out nature 9 "s ( ^! cases by bl[+ ! poll5 ( ! fa!r plant to ! ov>y ( ! "m plant4 ,9 _m o!r in/ances ! bees & insects help4 ,:y ,d ,fl[]s ,h ,smells8 ,:]e ! bees d ?is x is because ! bee has be5 visit+ ! fl[]s 9 8 se>* = honey4 ,!y d n fly f fl[] to fl[] = ! purpose ( unit+ ! "m & fa!r natures ( plants1 b !y help ! fl[]s incid5tally :ile gett+ ! honey = :i* !y are se>*+4 ,9 ga!r+ 8 honey ! busy bee w g all ov] ! fa!r fl[] & get 8 legs all cov]$ ) poll5 p[d]4 ,soon] or lat] he comes to a "m fl[] ( ! same k9d ( plant or tree f :i* he has fa!r poll5 on 8 legs1 &1 /ill b5t on ga!r+ honey1 he incid5tally rubs ! poll5 p[d] on to ! ov>y ( ! "m fl[] & ! f]tilization takes place4 ,! wond]ful ?+ ab\t ?is is t ! fa!r poll5 ( "o k9d ( a plant w n f]tilize ! "m nature ( ano!r k9d ( plant4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 if a bee c>ry+ poll5 on 8 legs f a walnut blossom visits ! "m blossom ( a hickory tree ! poll5 ( ! walnut w\ld n affect ! hickory blossom1 b w\ld /ill h ! prop] effect on ! fir/ walnut "m blossom he visit$4 ,?is is h[ life 9 g5]al is reproduc$ among ! plants & trees4 ,life 9 ! vegetable k+dom has no s5se ( feel+ or any ( ! o!r s5ses1 b ?is k9d ( life is /ill true to its own nature & is a wise ?+ 9 ! plan ( creation1 because1 s9ce all se$ w produce only plants l ^? f :i* ! se$ came1 man c control ! gr[? ( ! vegetables & fruits he ne$s z food4 ,he kn[s :5 he plants corn t he w get corn 9 return1 because p]fect se$ nev] makes a mi/ake4 ,x w\ld mix ?+s up t]ribly = man if ?is 7 n s1 because man might !n plant "o ?+ & f9d ano!r ?+ gr[+4 ,x w\ld be a sad ?+ to plant :eat & f9d ?i/les gr[+4 ,9 ord] t se$s may gr[ !y mu/ be plant$ "u conditions t suit ! k9d ( vegetable life 9 ! se$4 ,man has to /udy & le>n :at ^! conditions are4 ,if a se$ is plant$ too deeply ! sun may n h a *ance to w>m ! gr\nd to t dep?1 & if x is plant$ too ne> ! surface x may become too w>m & be kill$ by ! sun4 ,:5 plant$ "u ! prop] conditions ! se$ soon beg9s to gr[4 ,x gr[s upw>d t[>d ! sun to get light & air1 & x s5ds roots d[n into ! gr\nd to get food & moi/ure4 ,! life 9 ! vegetable k+dom is soon able to take c>e ( itself4 ,h[ ,are ,fi%es ,born8 ,! next /ep 9 ! /udy ( ! reproduction ( life br+s u to ! animal k+dom4 ,! fir/ ?+ we discov] 9 ?is section is t 9 ! animal k+dom fa!r & "m natures are almo/ always sep>at$4 ,9 plants & trees ^! p>5t natures are sometimes 9 ! same fl[]1 (t5 sep>at$1 b on ! same plant1 & 9 o!r in/ances on diff]5t plants miles ap>t4 ,:at we mu/ rememb]1 !n1 is t 9 ! case ( plants x is giv5 m or less to ! *ance ( w9d or o!r circum/ances to br+ ! p>5t natures toge!r4 ,9 ! animal k+dom !re are a few cases :]e ! "m & fa!r natures are f\nd 9 ! same liv+ object1 z 9 ! oy/] & clam families1 "o ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life4 ,^! h b "o ( ! five s5ses--t ( feel+4 ,?is class ( animals--! cold-blood$ animals--includes ! fi%es1 & 9 mo/ memb]s ( ?is class ! fa!r & "m natures are sep>at$ & 9 diff]5t bodies4 ,/ep by /ep f n[ on we ent] high] =ms ( animal life1 & ?r\gh ea* /ep we f9d a great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! fa!r & "m natures1 & 9 ! animal k+dom we speak ( ! fa!r & "m natures z 8male & female40 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 too1 :at we h previ\sly call$ ! se$ is kn[n z ! egg4 ,se$s & eggs are ! same s f> z _! usefulness is conc]n$1 b we say eggs 9 ! animal k+dom to di/+ui% f se$s 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,fi% h eggs1 !n1 & x is f ! eggs t little fi% are born into ! _w & gr[ to be ( eatable size4 ,y recognize ! eggs ( ! fi% 9 ! 8roe10 :i* is eat5 z food4 ,n all fi% eggs are us$ z food1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! fi% _w ! eggs are develop$ 9 ! body ( ! female fi%4 ,ea* little r\nd speck 9 a 8%ad roe0 is "o egg1 & !re are _m ?\s&s 9 a s+le 8roe40 ,ea* egg w produce a little fi%1 "u favorable conditions4 ,^! eggs develop 9 ! body ( ! female fi% 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+1 :i* is ! "t 9 :i* mo/ liv+ ?+s are born1 &1 !re=e1 ! "t = hat*+ out fi% eggs1 all ( ! fi% swim f ! deep wat] :]e !y live 9 w9t] to ! places :]e ! wat] is %all[ & w>m1 & 9 ^! %all[ wat]s ! female fi% expels ! eggs f h] body :]e ! sun c get at !m & hat* !m by w>m+ !m4 ,aft] ! female fi% has ?us laid ! eggs1 ! male fi% swims ov] ! eggs z !y lay 9 ! wat]1 & expels f 8 body ov] !m a fluid :i* is :ite 9 appe>ance & :i* f]tilizes ! fi% eggs4 ,if any ( ?is fluid fails to rea* "s ( ! eggs x is n possible = ! sun to br+ !m to life4 ,:5 ! eggs are laid & f]tiliz$ ! "m & fa!r fi%es swim away & !y nev] see _! *ildr5 or recognize !m z su*1 ev5 if !y meet !m lat] 9 life4 ,! p>5t fi% d n act l o!r fa!rs & mo!rs1 & !y d n ne$ to1 because z soon z a baby fi% is born he is able to f9d 8 own food & ne$s no help f fa!r or "m to tea* him h[ to f9d x or enable him to gr[ into a real fi%4 ,( c\rse1 _m ( ! t9y fi% are eat5 by o!r fi% & n all ! eggs :i* ! "m fi%es lay hat* into live fi%1 because1 if !y did1 ! wat]s w\ld be s cr[d$ ) fi% t !re w\ld n be any room = ! wat]4 ,a s+le female fi% w lay millions ( eggs 9 a ye>1 & if ea* egg develop$ into a fi% !re w\ld be f> too _m4 ,?is ord] ( animals1 :i* includes turtles1 frogs1 etc41 is ! cold-blood$ class ( animal life4 ,!y h only "p ( ! five s5ses4 ,!y all c feel & "s ( ! fi%es c see & he>1 b a great _m ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ^? k9ds :i* live on ! bottom ( ! ocean1 _c ei!r see or he>1 & "s memb]s ( ! fi% family _c ev5 swim4 ,! ?+ to rememb] ab\t fi%es 9 connection ) ! reproduction ( life is t ! "m fi% mu/ select a place :i* is favorable to deposit ! eggs1 b aft] t h] responsibility ceases4 ,! fa!r m]ely f]tilizes ! eggs1 & !n 8 responsibility ceases4 ,! little fi% look out = !mselves z soon z !y are born & nev] "k :at x is to h a fa!r or "m to look aft] !m4 ,:5 we /udy ! next high] =m ( animal life we f9d t ! "y ones h to be look$ aft]1 & t ?is becomes m necess>y z we asc5d ! scale ( animal life until we rea* man1 ! mo/ intellig5t ( all animals & yet ! mo/ helpless ( all at bir?4 ,h[ ,birds ,are ,taught to ,fly4 ,! next /ep br+s u to ! birds4 ,be=e !y c look aft] !mselves ! little birds mu/ le>n h[ to se>* = food & ! k9ds ( food good = !m4 ,!y h to le>n ! habits ( _! k9d ( life4 ,! high] y g 9 ! /udy ( animal life ! great] seem to be ! dang]s :i* surr\nd ! "y animals & ! long] x takes to tea* !m h[ to look aft] !mselves & :at to d = !mselves4 ,! bird family includes n only ! rob9s1 l>ks1 sp>r[s & pigeons1 b also ! ducks1 geese1 & *ick5s1 etc4 ,we are all m or less famili> ) birds' eggs1 & if n we "k :at a h5's egg looks l4 ,! eggs ( ! bird family are laid 9 ne/s1 :i* is ! fir/ sign ( home build+ 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! birds are ! fir/ ( ! l>ge class ( w>m-blood$ animals4 ,! egg "h repres5ts aga9 ! reproductive p[]4 ,! eggs1 too1 =m 9 ! body ( ! female bird1 b are laid 9 a ne/ :i* ! p>5t birds build toge!r4 ,n[ ?is is ! fir/ /ep away f ! fi% family4 ,! fi% looks = a suitable place to lay ! eggs & !n goes (f & leaves !m4 ,! birds1 h[ev]1 h to make a ne/ 9 :i* to deposit ! eggs4 ,! fi%1 z y rememb]1 dep5d$ ^u ! w>m sun %9+ on ! %all[ wat] to hat* out ! eggs1 ?us dep5d+ on an outside =ce to supply ! necess>y w>m?4 ,9 ! bird family ! "m bird mu/ cov] ! eggs ) h] own body & keep !m w>m until !y hat* out4 ,!n1 too1 ! fa!r & "m birds fe$ ! "y until !y are /rong en\gh to fly & f9d food = !mselves1 & s ! "m & fa!r birds look aft] _! babies until !y are old en\gh to look aft] !mselves4 ,:5 ?is "t arrives ! old birds cease to bo!r ab\t ! "y ones altoge!r4 ,! fi%es nev] act l p>5ts aft] ! baby fi%es are born1 because ! little fi% are able to look aft] !mselves "r away4 ,! p>5t birds are a good deal l fa!rs & mo!rs = a "t1 b only s long z x takes !m to tea* _! little bird *ildr5 to look out = !mselves4 ,!n !y =get ! *ildr5 completely4 ,x requires b a few days & no p>5tal c>e to hat* out a family ( baby fi%es & no att5tion at all aft] bir?4 ,x requires sev]al weeks & mu* pati5ce = ! p>5t birds to hat* out _! eggs1 & x involves c>e & att5tion = sev]al weeks to tea* baby birds to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,?is be+ a fa!r or "m 9 ! animal k+dom becomes a great] responsibility 9 e /ep z we get clos] to man1 & :5 we rea* man we f9d him to be ! mo/ helpless (fspr+ ( all at bir?1 & t x takes m "t1 c>e & att5tion to br+ up a human *ild to maturity ?an any o!r animal4 ,:at ,makes ! ,holl[ ,place at ,"o ,end ( a ,boil$ ,egg8 ,?is holl[ place on ! end ( ! boil$ egg 7sometimes x %[s on ! side7 is ! air :i* is put inside ( ! egg :5 x is =m$ s t ! little *ick5 w h air to brea! f ! "t x comes to life )9 ! egg until x becomes /rong en\gh to break ! %ell & g out into ! _w4 ,!re is also food 9 ! egg = him4 ,:5 y boil ! egg ?is pocket ( air )9 ! %ell1 :i* w\ld h be5 us$ up by ! *ick if ! egg _h be5 set to hat* in/ead ( be+ cook$ = breakfa/1 beg9s to fight = its space & pu%es ! boil+ egg back & =ms ! holl[ place4 ,! purpose ( ! air 9 ! egg is a good ?+ to rememb] :5 we come to /udy ! high] =ms ( animal life f ! /&po9t ( h[ !y reproduce !mselves4 ,! mammals are ! next high] =m ( animals4 ,! babies ( ?is class ( animals mu/ be f$ = sev]al weeks or mon?s be=e !y are ready to come into ! _w4 ,a little *ick5 is ready to come out ( ! egg almo/ z soon z x comes to life1 &1 !re=e1 ne$s only a little air & food be=e x is /rong en\gh to peck its way out1 b ! babies ( mammals beg9 to live mon?s be=e !y are ready to come into ! _w1 & !y ne$ a great deal ( air & food dur+ ?is "t4 ,?is class includes ! dogs1 horses1 c[s1 cats & all o!r animals 9 ! ,zoo & 9 ! woods4 ,! "n mammals means ! same z 8mamma10 & indicates an animal :i* mu/ be f$ f ! body ( a female mammal ev5 aft] x is born4 ,9 ?is class ! eggs are reta9$ )9 ! body ( ! female animal in/ead ( be+ laid 9 a ne/ or "s o!r place1 z 9 animals ( l[] classes1 aft] be+ f]tiliz$ by ! male animal1 s t ! baby animal may secure its food & air f )9 ! "m's body aft] ! life )9 ! egg is begun4 ,! "m's body supplies ! necess>y w>m? to develop ! life ( ! little animal 9 ! egg1 j z ! birds suppli$ ?is ) _! bodies4 ,9 ! bird class x only takes a few h\rs to give ! little bird suffici5t /r5g? to peek 8 way out1 b 9 ! mammal class x is a long "t be=e ! baby animal is /rong en\gh to come out into ! _w1 & ev5 aft] x is born ! babies ( mammals require a great deal ( c>e & att5tion be=e !y are able to look out = !mselves4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! animal secures all ( its food f ! brea/ ( ! "m animal4 ,ano!r reason :y ! eggs ( mammals are reta9$ )9 ! bodies ( ! females is ! ne$ = protect+ ! "y animals f enemies4 ,9 ! animal k+dom ea* k9d ( animal preys ^u ano!r k9d4 ,!y attack & dev\r ea* o!r & are con/antly 9 dang]4 ,if1 !n1 mammals laid eggs 9 ne/s & sat ^u !m to hat* !m out1 ! "m animals sitt+ on ! ne/s w\ld be cont9ually 9 dang] ( attack f _! enemies4 ,!y w\ld ei!r h to flee & subject ! ne/ & its cont5ts to ! dang] ( de/ruction or else /ay & fight1 & p]haps be de/roy$4 ,b by c>ry+ h] egg )9 h] body ! "m mammal is able to move ab\t f place to place & protect h] baby4 ,is ,man an ,animal8 ,m51 wom5 & *ildr5 belong to ! 8mammal0 class ( animals4 ,! (fspr+ ( ! human family is ! mo/ helpless ( all animals at bir?4 ,! "y ( mo/ k9ds ( mammals c /& on _! legs %ortly aft] be+ born1 b ! human baby requires mon?s be=e x c /& up4 ,a baby horse c also walk )9 a few h\rs1 b human *ildr5 d n beg9 to walk until !y are m ?an a ye> old4 ,:y ,_c ,babies ,walk z ,soon z ,born8 ,! human baby has a great _m m ?+s to le>n ?an a horse baby be=e x is safe = him to g ab\t alone4 ,x takes "t = ! bra9 to develop1 & if a baby c\ld walk be=e ! bra9 _h ev5 p>tially develop$ x w\ld only get into tr\ble4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at we h le>n$ ab\t ! reproduction ( life & ! reasons = its be+ diff]5t 9 diff]5t classes ( life4 ,fir/1 we _h ! division ( organic life into ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,life 9 ! vegetable k+dom has none ( ! five s5ses1 = plants _c see1 he>1 feel1 smell or ta/e4 ,!y _c move f place to place1 b rema9 :]e !y gr[ until de/roy$ or remov$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all animal life has at lea/ "o ( ! five s5ses--feel+4 ,! oy/]s & clams belong to ?is class4 ,/>t+ ) ?is level ( life 9 ! animal k+dom we f9d t z we g on up ?r\gh ! diff]5t classes we f9d ea* class able to d ?+s :i* make x sup]ior to ! class bel[ x1 until we rea* ! human mammal1 :o c d mo/ ( all4 ,&1 fur!r1 t s9ce ea* class z we g up 9 ! scale ( life has great] ability to d ?+s ?an ! class b5ea? x1 s 9 ea* case ! task ( ! p>5ts 9 prep>+ _! (fspr+ = _! k9d ( life becomes great]1 & ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! (fspr+ is le>n+ becomes long] & long] until we rea* ! human family1 9 :i* we f9d t p>5ts h ! greate/ responsibility1 & ! *ildr5 are ! mo/ helpless ( all animals1 b t 9 ! f9al result man has a "r1 on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior qualities1 to be ! rul] ( ! o!r creatures ( ! _w4 ,:at ,are ,ball ,be>+s8 ,"s ye>s ago a g5tleman 9 try+ to f9d "s way to r$uce ! friction1 :i* is con/antly develop$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 :5 ! axle is oil$1 discov]$ t if betwe5 ! axle & ! inside ( ! hub a circle ( /eel balls 7 arrang$1 s t ! hub ( ! :eel did n t\* ! axle at all1 b re/$ on ! little balls :i* 9 _! turn t\*$ ! axle1 t a great deal ( ! friction 0 elim9at$4 ,?is prov$ to be a wond]ful inv5tion1 & :5 ?is comb9ation is arrang$ & oil$1 !re is h>dly any friction4 ,:y a ,gasol9e ,eng9e ,goes ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,z y "k1 gasol9e is a v inflammable fluid1 & w explode if plac$ too close to fire4 ,?is explosive quality is ! basic pr9ciple ( ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,by admitt+ a small quantity ( gasol9e vapor into an enclos$ cyl9d]1 & explod+ x by means ( an electric sp>k1 repeat+ ?is op]ation cont9u\sly1 ! eng9e is giv5 a regul> rot>y motion4 ,look at ,fig4 #a4 ,/>t+ f ! gasol9e tank1 ! fluid is f$ into ! #8c>buretor'1 :i* is a sort ( atomiz]4 ,"h ! gasol9e is mix$ ) air1 & brok5 up into a v f9e spray1 9 :i* condition x w explode readily4 ,! eng9e w n />t ( itself4 ,its fly-:eel mu/ fir/ be turn$ by h&1 or by "s o!r outside =ce1 until ! fir/ explosion takes place4 ,aft] ?is its action is automatic4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! fly-:eel is be+ turn$1 & is draw+ ! pi/on d[n ! cyl9d]1 :i* 9 turn sucks gasol9e vapor1 7%[n by little arr[s7 ?r\gh ! #8intake valve'4 ,?is #8intake valve'1 & ! #8exhau/ valve' on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d]1 are op5$ & clos$ at ! prop] "t ?r\gh ! action ( ! ge>s %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,pass+ to ,fig4 #b1 ! fly-:eel 9 turn+ has drawn ! pi/on to its l[e/ po9t1 & is n[ %[n =c+ x up ! cyl9d]4 ,?is compresses ! gasol9e vapor 9 ! cyl9d] to a d5sity at :i* its explosion produces ! greate/ am\nt ( p[]4 ,! intake & exhau/ valves are bo? clos$4 ,,:at ,,causes ,,! ,,explosion ,,9 ,a ,,gas ,,eng9e ,fig4 #c %[s ! explosion4 ,! cyl9d] has be5 fill$ ) compress$ gas1 & ! pi/on has aga9 />t$ on its d[nw>d travel4 ,! sp>k plug1 set 9 ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 makes a sp>k e "t an electrical curr5t passes ?r\gh x4 ,a swit* on ! eng9e p]mits ! curr5t to pass to ! sp>k plug only :5 ! eng9e is at ?is position 9 its action4 7,fig4 #c47 ,! consequ5t explosion drives ! pi/on d[nw>d ) great =ce1 turn+ ! fly-:eel1 :i* by its weight cont9ues ! rot>y motion aft] ! d[nw>d impulse ( ! pi/on has be5 exp5d$4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! fly-:eel1 /ill turn+1 =c+ ! pi/on up & ?us expell+ ! burn$ gases f ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! exhau/ valve1 held op5 = ?is purpose4 ,f ?is position ! eng9e goes aga9 to t ( ,fig4 #a1 & ?r\gh #b1 #c1 & #d1 cont9u\sly1 explod+ e second revolution1 & giv+ a regul> rot>y motion to ! fly-:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! illu/rations %[ a "o-cyl9d] motor1 b ^! eng9es c be built ) two or m cyl9d]s1 arrang$ to explode at diff]5t times1 ?us giv+ v smoo? action to ! fly-:eel & ma9 %aft4 ,a]oplanes1 almo/ all automobiles1 v>i\s pumps & o!r ma*9]y are driv5 by gasol9e eng9es4 ,! rot>y motion c readily be transmitt$ by *a9s or ge>s to ! propellor ( an a]oplane or motor boat1 or ! :eels ( an automobile4 ,x is only 9 ! pa/ few ye>s t ! gasol9e eng9e has rea*$ its pres5t high /ate ( p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,an ,,automobile ,,crankcase ,,%[+ ,,be>+s4 ,! he>t ( ! automobile is ! eng9e4 ,x is built ar\nd ! crankcase1 :i* is its f\ndation or base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crankcase ,,) ,,crank%aft ,,& ,,fly-,,:eel ,,add$4 ,! crank%aft s]ves ! same purpose 9 an automobile z ! p$als d on a bicycle4 ,! fly-:eel on ! end helps x to keep turn+ at an ev5 spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,gasol9e vapor is explod$ 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,?is pu%es ! pi/on d[n1 & z ! pi/on is connect$ to ! crank%aft x />ts ! crank%aft turn+4 ,! pi/on & ! rod t connect x to ! crank%aft are j l ! feet & limbs ( any "o rid+ a bicycle4 ,cyl9d]s %[+ pi/on 9 place & connect$ to crank%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ge>s or 8cog-:eels0 are = runn+ ! fan1 ! pump & o!r p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,he>t ,,( ,,! ,,automobile ,cyl9d] add$ to crankcase4 ,! cyl9d]s are next bolt$ d[n to ! crankcase1 ! pi/ons & crank%aft hav+ be5 connect$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a cov] is plac$ ov] ! ge>s to keep !m clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,an oil pan or res]voir is atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! crankcase to hold oil = ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c>buretor furni%es ! gasol9e vapor = ! cyl9d]s4 ,x is connect$ to ! eng9e by a crook$ pipe call$ ! intake manifold4 ,aft] ! gasol9e has be5 explod$ a valve op5s & all[s ! burn$ gases to escape ?r\gh ano!r pipe1 call$ ! exhau/ manifold4 ,illu/ration3 ,oil is p\r$ 9 ! sp\t :i* is at ! left ( ! c>buretor4 ,x runs d[n into ! res]voir & is pump$ up ?r\gh ! eng9e a little at a "t4 ,oil pump & fill] add$ to motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p[] ,,plant ,,( ,,an ,,automobile ,! electric g5]ator makes electricity to be us$ = />t+ ! eng9e & light+ ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,! magneto gives an electric sp>k1 :i* explodes ! gasol9e 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! wat] pump keeps wat] fl[+ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s to prev5t !m f gett+ too hot4 ,?is wat] comes back to ! pump ?r\gh ! radiator at ! front ( ! c>4 ,w9d bl[s ?r\gh ! radiator & cools (f ! wat]4 ,! tire pump on up-to-date c>s is run by ! eng9e4 ,x does n pump except :5 ! ge>s1 :i* are %[n 9 ! picture1 are pull$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,an electric motor />ts ! eng9e by turn+ ! fly-:eel4 ,?is makes x unnecess>y to get out & crank ! c> by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,/age ,,( ,,con/ruction ,! transmission is add$4 ,! transmission makes x possible to rev]se ! c>4 ,x also enables ! driv] to g into high-spe$ ge> :5 on level roads & l[-spe$ ge> = />t+ & = pull+ hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble-drop press$ /eel frame4 ,! frame on :i* ! c> is built4 ,illu/ration3 ,addition ( semi-elliptic & ?ree-f\r?s-elliptic spr+s to frame4 ,l>ge spr+s are plac$ at ! front & re> ( ! frame4 ,!y make ! c> ride smoo?ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,add+ ! front axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ready ,,= ,,! ,,:eels ,%[+ addition ( full-float+ re> axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,complet$ eng9e & transmission is next fa/5$ to ! frame & connect$ to ! re> axle by ! drive %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ addition ( gasol9e tank & gas lead to c>buretor4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ h[ /e]+ ge> is connect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,! ,,complet$ ,,*assis ,,looks ,,l ,:eels are next add$ to *assis4 ,illu/ration3 ,complet$ *assis ) radiator add$4 ,! wat] :i* keeps ! eng9e f gett+ too hot is pump$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s & !n ?r\gh ! radiator4 ,! w9d bl[s ?r\gh ! little op5+s 9 ! radiator1 & cools (f ! wat]4 ,!n ! wat] is pump$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,! /eps & f5d]s are next atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m>vell\s ,,gr[? ,,( ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,! f9i%$ c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gasol9e ,,automobile4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican-built automobile1 n[ 9 ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 :]e ?is photograph 0 tak54 ,! rude c>riage t 0 a curiosity tw5ty ye>s ago & less--! vehicle t vi$ ) ! two-head$ calf & ! wild man ( ,borneo at ! c\nty fairs--0 ! beg9n+ ( ! greate/ transportation aid s9ce ! bir? ( civilization4 ,because ( x our /&>ds ( liv+ h become high]4 ,x has broad5$ ! horizon ( all ( u4 ,built by ,elwood ,haynes1 9 ,kokomo1 ,indiana1 #ahic-ahid4 ,equipp$ ) "o-horse-p[] eng9e4 ,successful trial trip made at spe$ ( six or sev5 miles an h\r1 ,july #d1 #ahid4 ,gift ( ,elwood ,haynes1 #aiaj4 #bfb1ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 an automobile pass$ y tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,automobiles ,,h ,,improv$ ,,left ,,side ,,view ,,"r ,,side ,,view ,a new exhibit 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 (ficially kn[n z 8,exhibit ,numb] #ef1hfj10 is attract+ a great deal ( att5tion f visitors to ! ,national ,museum4 ,x consi/s ( a complete ,haynes six-cyl9d] unit p[] plant1 & has be5 giv5 a position at ! side ( ! orig9al ,haynes 8horseless c>riage10 :]e ! /rik+ contra/ %[s ! rem>kable improvem5t t has be5 made 9 motor design & con/ruction dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! mo/ important features ( ! p[] plant are %[n cle>ly & compreh5sively by hav+ sections cut away f ! v>i\s p>ts1 s t ! visitors to ! ,in/itute are enabl$ to see ! me*anical con/ruction1 & ! relation ( ! compon5t devices4 ,on ! "r side ( ! eng9e1 ! intake & exhau/ manifolds are %[n 9 _! natural position4 ,a full v]tical section ( ! ,/romb]g c>buretor gives a good idea ( h[ ! gasol9e is mix$ ) ! air & suppli$ to ! cyl9d]s4 ,! ,leece-,neville g5]ator has its cas+ cut away to give a view ( ! w9d+s & cores4 ,num]\s w9d[s h be5 cut into ! crankcase to disclose ! crank%aft con/ruction & ! oil res]voir4 ,! transmission ge>s are also %[n 9 ?is mann]4 ,mo/ ( ! electrical equipm5t is %[n cle>ly on ! left side ( ! motor4 ,"h an int]e/+ feature is ! full v]tical section ( ! ,am]ican ,simms high-t5sion dual magneto4 ,a half section has be5 remov$ f ! re> cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on z well1 to give a glimpse ( ! int]ior con/ruction4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! ,leece-,neville />t+ motor cas+ has be5 cut away4 ,! cov]-plate on ! swit* controll+ ! />t+ motor has be5 replac$ ) a glass cov] to display ! me?od ( complet+ ! circuit f ! batt]y to ! motor4 ,a skeleton selector swit* is m\nt$ at ! re> ( ! transmission case1 in/ead ( its usual position on ! /e]+ :eel4 ,! electric ge>-%ift+ me*anism is made visible by us+ a glass plate = ! top cov]-plate on ! transmission4 ,:y ,does ! ,he>t ,beat ,:5 ! ,bra9 ,is ,asleep8 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! he>t beats are controll$ by c]ta9 n]ve cells :i* are locat$ )9 ! he>t itself1 & ^! cause ! he>t to beat ev5 :ile ! bra9 is asleep4 ,?is expla9s :y ! he>t beats :5 ! bra9 is asleep1 & ! fact t ! bra9 :5 asleep does n ex]cise its functions1 %[s h[ necess>y ?is arrangem5t & ! control ( ord9>y he>t beats is4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 we %\ld n be able to live :ile asleep4 ,x is j l ! managem5t ( a great bus9ess 9 ?is s5se4 ,! g5]al manag] ( a great bus9ess has control ( ! entire works1 b !re are occasions :5 he mu/ be ?9k+ ( only "o ?+ 9 connection ) ! bus9ess1 & s he mu/ h 8 organization s complete1 t ! p>ts :i* he _c be ?9k+ ab\t at ! "t w d _! "w j ! same4 ,s he surr\nds himself ) compet5t assi/ants1 :o look aft] c]ta9 dep>tm5ts :ile he is busy or away or asleep1 & if any?+ goes wrong :ile he is away1 he calls on special =ces to set ?+s "r4 ,n[1 ! bra9 is ! g5]al manag] ( ! :ole body & has ^! n]ve cells 9 ! he>t z a sort ( assi/ant manag] to look aft] ! he>t beats 9 ord9>y conditions1 & to keep ! he>t go+ :ile he is asleep4 ,b1 by reason ( 8 (fice z g5]al manag]1 ! bra9 has a special way ( s5d+ ord]s to ! he>t ?r\gh special n]ves :i* run f ! bra9 d[n ea* side ( ! neck to ! he>t4 ,!re are two pairs ( ^! special n]ves4 ,"o pair1 if set 9 motion1 w make ! he>t beat fa/]1 & ! o!r pair w make ! he>t beat m sl[ly4 ,:y ,d ,our ,he>ts ,beat ,fa/] ,:5 ,we ,are ,runn+8 ,:5 y />t runn+1 ! bra9 kn[s at once t y\r legs & o!r p>ts ( ! body w ne$ m blood to keep !m go+1 & s ! bra9 s5ds d[n ord]s ?r\gh 8 special n]ves :i* make ! he>t beat fa/]1 to get busy1 & !y d4 ,!n :5 y /op runn+1 y\r he>t is beat+ fa/] ?an necess>y--!re is really an ov]supply ( blood be+ pump$ ?r\gh y\r sy/em = ! "t be+1 & t makes y uncom=table1 until ! bra9 s5ds ^w ?r\gh ! o!r set ( n]ves to ! he>t to sl[ d[n ! he>t beat4 ,x is bett] to /op runn+ gradually1 to give ! he>t a *ance to get back to its normal beat gradually also4 ,:y ,d ,i ,get ,out ( ,brea? ,:5 ,runn+8 ,?is is also caus$ by y\r bra9 9 its ef=ts to keep up y\r supply ( good blood4 ,we brea! to take air into ! lungs1 :]e ! blood :i* has once be5 ?r\gh ! art]ies & comes back on its return trip to ! he>t1 is expos$ to ! air 9 ! lungs1 be=e go+ back into ! he>t4 ,! air :i* we take into our lungs purifies ! once us$ blood & makes x into good blood aga94 ,:5 y run ! he>t pumps blood into y\r art]ies fa/] to enable y to run4 ,?us also1 ! art]ies s5d mu* m blood back to ! he>t ?r\gh ! ve9s1 & ?is mu/ be purifi$ by ! lungs be=e go+ back into ! he>t4 ,to att5d to purify+ ?is extra am\nt ( spoil$ blood ! lungs ne$ m air1 & ?us y are made to brea! 9 m air = ! purpose4 ,unless y are 9 good tra9+--y\r w9d 9 good condition z we say--x is almo/ impossible = y to supply ! lungs ) en\gh air = ! purpose1 b :e!r y c d x or n1 ! lungs call ^u y = m air1 & cause y to try to get x1 & t is :at makes y get out ( brea?4 ,:y ,does ,my ,he>t ,beat ,fa/] ,:5 ,i ,am ,sc>$8 ,! natural t5d5cy ( a sc>$ creature is to run or fly4 ,! effect ( be+ sc>$ has ! same effect on ! bra9 t y\r />t+ to run has4 ,! bra9 is always z quick z y are1 & kn[+ t :5 y are sc>$ y\r actual or natural incl9ation is to run1 x is m]ely gett+ y 9 %ape s t y c move or run fa/4 ,:y ,does ,cold ,make ,our ,h&s ,blue8 ,y\r h&s appe> blue :5 cold because ! ve9s :i* are ne> ! surface are fill$ ) impure blood :i* is purpli% 9 color4 ,y\r h&s become cold because !re is n suffici5t circulation ( w>m r$ blood go+ on to keep !m w>m4 ,! blood 9 circulat+ ?r\gh y\r body s5ds w>m r$ blood ?r\gh ! art]ies1 & ?is is return$ to ! he>t ?r\gh ! lungs by way ( ! ve9s4 ,! ve9s c>ry only us$-up blood or :at is left ( ! good r$ blood :5 ! art]ies are ?r\gh ) x4 ,its color is a purpli% blue4 ,:5 y\r h&s are blue x means t circulation ( good r$ blood has practically /opp$--! r$ blood is n fl[+ f ! he>t ?r\gh ! art]ies 9 suffici5t quantity & !re is no color 9 ! art]ies1 z ! blood f ! art]ies has practically all gone into ! ve9s4 ,! ve9s are full to purpli% blue blood1 & ?is makes ! h&s look blue1 because !re are a great _m ve9s 9 ! h&s close to ! surface4 ,:y ,d ,i ,get ,r$ 9 ! ,face8 ,n[1 :5 y rub y\r cold blue h&s toge!r1 y />t ! circulation go+ aga91 & t br+s ! r$ blood into ! art]ies1 giv+ y ! heal?y r$ color aga94 ,:5 y run h>d to get r$ 9 ! face because y are caus+ an unusual am\nt ( r$ blood to fl[ ?r\gh y\r :ole body by y\r viol5t ex]cise4 ,"s p ) an extraord9>y am\nt ( circulation are r$ 9 ! face all ! "t4 ,?is is because ( ! pres5ce ( a great deal ( blood 9 ! art]ies1 or because ! walls ( _! art]ies are s mu* ?9n] ?an o!rs t ! r$ blood %[s ?r\gh m easily4 ,is ,yawn+ ,infecti\s8 ,yawn+ is infecti\s to ! ext5t t o!r habits are4 ,! desire to yawn :i* comes to u :5 we see "s "o else does s comes "u ! head+ ( sugge/ion4 ,! p[] ( sugge/ion is great] ?an _m ( u realize4 ,we are great imitators ( ea* o!r4 ,:5 "o ( u is d[nhe>t$1 we are apt to become happy & glad simply by be+ ) o!r p :o are happy & glad4 ,if en\gh p "o at a "t tell a p]fectly well man t he looks sick1 he w actually feel ill1 provid$ he does n suspect a game is be+ play$ on him4 ,s a good actor c>ries 8 audi5ce ) him4 ,he c make !m laugh or cry almo/ at w1 & if he yawns1 8 audi5ce w beg9 yawn+4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !re is no act+ connect$ ) ! yawn+ ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,!n ! yawn is caus$ because ! p]son is n s5d+ en\gh good air into ! lungs = purify+ ! blood1 & ! yawn is only nature's way ( mak+ u take an exceptionally deep brea? ( air 9 at "o "t4 ,?is lack ( suffici5t good air 9 ! lungs may n be due to ! poor brea?+1 b to ! am\nt ( bad air 9 ! room4 ,9 su* cases x is q likely t o!r p 9 ! room yawn :5 "o ( !m />ts x because !y all beg9 to feel ! ne$ ( m good air at ab\t ! same "t4 ,:at ,makes ,me ,want to ,/ret*8 ,! necessity or desire to /ret* comes to u because c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body are n receiv+ ! prop] am\nt ( blood circulation & x is ^! p>ts t we /ret* at su* times4 ,if y h ev] be5 to a ball game1 y "k1 ( c\rse1 t x has become cu/om>y = ! cr[d1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 to /ret* its legs & arms dur+ ! la/ half ( ! sev5? inn+4 ,9 fact1 t has come to be a fixture at ball games & is univ]sally kn[n z ! 8/ret* inn+40 ,n[1 x is n s mu* ! result ( a desire to enc\rage ! home team z ! natural foll[+ out ( nature's laws t orig9ally />t$ ?is practice4 ,! end ( ! sev5? inn+ at a ball game g5]ally means t ! cr[d has be5 sitt+ q /ill = ! great] "p ( an h\r & a half1 j long en\gh = ! circulation to become poor 9 p>ts ( ! body1 & ! cu/om ( /ret*+ at a ball game ?us comes f ! necessity ( gett+ a little m spe$ into ! action ( ! he>t to increase ! blood supply4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ret*+ con/itutes a mild =m ( ex]cise4 ,y w notice ! ball play]s !mselves d n /ret* !mselves 9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5? inn+4 ,!y are gett+ en\gh ex]cise )\t t4 ,x is natural1 h[ev]1 = u to /ret* z we wake up f sleep aft] hav+ la9 quietly 9 "o position = "o or m h\rs4 ,x is nature's way ( caus+ ! he>t to "w fa/]4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,i ,/ret*8 ,:at happ5s is simply ?is4 ,:5 y /ret* y\r arms & legs1 y squeeze ! art]ies & ve9s :i* are a "p ( y\r arms & legs1 mu* z happ5s :5 y pull on a piece ( rubb] tub+4 ,! tub+ becomes flat in/ead ( p]fectly r\nd1 & x is n s easy to s5d wat] ?r\gh a flat tube z ?r\gh a r\nd "o4 ,j s ) ! he>t4 ,x is ! he>t's bus9ess to s5d blood ?r\gh ! art]ies at all times1 & :5 y make !m flat ! he>t's job becomes j a little h>d]1 & x goes to "w beat+ j a little fa/] to ov]come ?is extra difficulty4 ,by t "t y are ?r\gh /ret*+ & ! he>t is busy pump+ blood a little fa/] ?an ord9>ily1 & t is :at makes y feel s good aft] y h /ret*$4 ,:y ,c ,we ,?9k ( ,only ,"o ,?+ at a ,"t8 ,if y are ask+ ! "q intellig5tly1 y mu/ "k t to ?9k means to conc5trate1 & 9 t s5se we c only ?9k ( "o ?+ at a "t1 because x takes all ( t "p ( ! bra9 :i* is us$ = ?9k+ = j "o ?+4 ,to give close att5tion to any "o subject means to turn ! entire bra9 =ce practically 9 "o direction4 ,to let o!r ?+s pass ?r\gh ! m9d at ! same "t may appe> n to int]f]e ) ! "o ?\ght1 b !y d1 & our conclusions suff] accord+ly4 ,y c be do+ some?+ ) "o "p ( y\r body1 :ile engag$ 9 ?9k+ ( "o ?+1 b only su* ?+s z are m or less me*anical z ! result ( habit1 su* z walk+1 or mov+ ! arms--?+s :i* ! p>ts h done s (t5 t actual att5tion by ! bra9 is n absolutely ess5tial4 ,take = in/ance1 ! fact t a man 9 deep ?\ght on "o subject w sometimes walk up & d[n ! room or along ! sidewalk4 ,he c d ?is walk+ & /ill ?9k conc5trat$ly1 b if he /ubs 8 toe on ! leg ( a *air or on a r\gh place 9 ! walk1 8 ?\ght is brok51 because ! bra9 imm$iately takes itself out ( ! ?\ght & pays its att5tion to ! toe t 0 /ubb$4 ,:y ,d ,i ,turn ,:ite ,:5 ,sc>$8 ,simply because1 :5 y are sc>$ or fright5$1 ! blood almo/ leaves y\r face entirely4 ,"u normal conditions1 ! r$ blood :i* is fl[+ ?r\gh ! art]ies ( y\r face1 gives ! face a r$di% t+e1 & y\r face becomes :ite :5 y are fright5$1 because !n ! blood leaves ! face4 ,x is q s+ul>1 b :5 y are really fright5$1 :atev] ! cause may be1 ! human sy/em receives su* a %ock t ! he>t j ab\t /ops beat+ all toge!r4 ,:5 y\r he>t /ops beat+ ( c\rse ! fl[ ( ! blood f ! he>t /ops & !n !re is no supply ( fre% r$ blood com+ ?r\gh ! art]ies "u ! sk9 ( y\r face4 ,!re=e y look :ite--! color y\r face w\ld be if no blood ev] fl[$ ?r\gh y\r art]ies & ve9s4 ,"s p h faces s :ite !y look z ?\gh !y 7 sc>$ all ! "t4 ,?is is n because !y h no blood fl[+ ?r\gh ! ve9s & art]ies 9 _! faces1 b because _! supply ( blood is less ?an o!r peoples1 & sometimes because ! walls ( _! art]ies & ve9s are mu* ?ick] ?an ! av]age t ! color ( ! blood does n %[ ?r\gh4 ,!re are also _m p :o h s mu* blood 9 _! sy/ems all ! "t1 & ! walls ( ^: art]ies are s ?91 t !y look at all times z ?\gh !y might be blu%+4 ,:at ,makes ,me ,blu%8 ,any?+ t w make y\r he>t s5d an extra supply ( blood into ! art]ies & ve9s :i* supply y\r face ) blood1 w make y blu%4 ,emb>rassm5t w d ?is4 ,s w ang] g5]ally1 al?\gh sometimes p get s angry t ! blood is driv5 out ( _! faces4 ,9 ?is case !y are s angry t _! he>t has /opp$ beat+1 practically4 ,:at ,occurs ,:5 ,we ,?9k8 ,:5 we ?9k ! m9d is act+ on s5sations2 x is receiv+1 9 conjunction ) memories ( s5sations x has previ\sly receiv$4 ,s5sations z !y rea* ! m9d ar\se ! m9d to activity &1 z soon z ! s5sation is receiv$1 ! m9d beg9s to comp>e ! new s5sation ) s5sations receiv$ at previ\s times1 & by putt+ ?+s toge!r rea*es a conclusion4 ,:5 y are ?9k+ y are really try+ to call ^u memory to help y4 ,y "k ! ?\ght ( "o ?+ calls up ano!r1 & ?is leads to some?+ else4 ,?is association ( ideas is ! faculty :i* enables u to ?9k consecutively & accurately4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! m9d to receive ! s5sations t ent] x & arrange !m 9 _! prop] places4 ,t memory ( pa/ s5sations is ! important "p ( ?9k+1 is prov5 by ! fact t :5 we h =gott5 a ?+ we are unable to ?9k :at x 04 ,c ,animals ,?9k8 ,= ?is reason if animals h memory !y %\ld be able to ?9k4 ,x is n[ believ$ t _m animals h to a c]ta9 ext5t ! p[] to rememb]4 ,a dog w recognize 8 ma/] ev5 ?\gh he has n se5 him = ye>s4 ,we might ?9k he does ?is by 8 highly develop$ p[] ( smell1 b if 8 ma/] has come f a direction opposite to t f :i* ! dog fir/ sees him1 he c\ld n h track$ him by 8 smell4 ,a dog w recognize 8 ma/] f q a di/ance1 s he mu/ h to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ability to rememb] or ! p[] ( association ( ideas1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,aga91 a horse t once belong$ to ! fire dep>tm5t1 ev5 ?\gh n[ hit*$ to a milk wagon1 w h ! impulse to run to ! fire :5 he he>s ! fire gong4 ,& an old w> horse w prick up 8 e>s z he us$ to :5 he he>s ! bugle call4 ,:y ,d ,i ,sneeze8 ,y sneeze sometimes :5 y look up at ! sun or at a bright light4 ,!re does n seem to be any real good explanation ( :y look+ at a bright light %\ld make y sneeze4 ,x is due to ! connection !re is betwe5 ! n]ves ( ! eyes & ! nose4 ,y g5]ally bl9k if y look at a bright light sudd5ly1 & ! bl9k+ process /irs ! n]ves inside ( ! nose to make y sneeze4 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t ! />t ( ! sneeze is inside ( y\r nose4 ,! nose is1 besides be+ ! organ ( smell1 ! *annel ?r\gh :i* we take air into ! lungs1 :5 we brea! prop]ly4 ,! nose is l9$ ) membranes1 back ( :i* are a net ( v small n]ves :i* are extremely s5sitive4 ,! membranes are plac$ !re to cat* & hold ! impure p>ticles ( matt] :i* come into ! nose :5 we take 9 a brea? ( air1 & sneez+ is only "o effective way ( clean+ out ! nose4 ,x is br\ght on only :5 "s p>ticul>ly difficult job ( nose-clean+ has to be done4 ,pepp] up ! nose w make y sneeze quickly1 because pepp] produces a v great irritation inside ! nose1 & ! nose goes to "w at once to get rid ( x 9 ! quicke/ possible mann] z soon z ! pepp] comes 94 ,o!r ?+s h ! same effect4 ,sometimes a cold 9 ! head causes y to sneeze4 ,! sneeze 9 t ev5t is m]ely nature's ef=t to clean out ! nose :5 o!r ef=ts h fail$4 ,!re are _m sugge/ions = /opp+ a sneeze be=e x takes place1 aft] y feel x com+ on1 su* z putt+ ! f+] on ea* side ( ! nose1 & _m o!rs4 ,b a half sneeze does n remove ! cause ( ! sneeze1 s x is mu* bett] to sneeze x out1 & _m p enjoy ! aft] effects ( sneez+ s mu* t !y take snuff into ! nose to produce x4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,i ,swall[8 ,! muscles ( y\r ?roat act 9 ! =m ( a r+ :5 food passes into y\r ?roat4 ,! food does n drop directly into y\r /oma*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! action is n q ! same z :5 y drop a /one out ( ! w9d[4 ,:5 y d ! latt]1 ! /one hits ! sidewalk or :atev] is bel[ at ! "t1 ) a sma%4 ,x w\ld h>dly d to h our food drop into ! /oma*1 s ! muscles ( ! ?roat are arrang$ to contract 9 r+s :i* pu% or squeeze ! food d[nw>d1 & ! food is pass$ f "o r+ ( muscles to ! o!r4 ,x is j l pu%+ a ball d[n into ! foot ( a /ock+ t is app>5tly too small = x to drop d[n4 ,y put ! ball 9 ! top ( ! /ock+ & !n by mak+ a r+ ( y\r f+]s ar\nd ! /ock+ y c pu% ! ball d[n4 ,:5 y swall[1 y />t ! muscles ( y\r ?roat to mak+ ^! r+s4 ,! upp] r+ squeezes ! food on to ! r+ bel[ x & s on d[n to ! /oma*4 ,:at ,makes ! ,lump ,come ,9 ,my ,?roat ,:5 ,i ,cry8 ,! 8lump0 :i* comes up into y\r ?roat :5 y cry is caus$ by a sort ( p>alysis ( ! r+s ( muscles 9 y\r ?roat4 ,! muscles ( y\r ?roat c make ^! r+s or waves upw>d also1 b x is m difficult upw>d ?an d[nw>d--probably because ( lack ( practice1 z we say4 ,:5 y h put some?+ into y\r /oma* t makes y sick & causes y to vomit1 ! ?roat muscles take ! matt] f y\r /oma* & br+ x back to ! m\? 9 ! same way1 except1 ( c\rse1 t ?is action beg9s at ! bottom4 ,sometimes :5 y cry1 or lose control ( y\rself 9 "s o!r way 7y "k1 ( c\rse1 t 9 cry+ y always lose control ( y\rself1 don't y7 practically ! same effect is produc$ z :5 y h some?+ 9 y\r /oma* t %\ld come out4 ,cry+1 or ! ?+ t happ5s sometimes :5 we cry1 makes ! ?roat muscles act j z if we 7 vomit+1 & z ! action is an unnatural "o1 :5 ! r+ or wave rea*es ! top ( ! ?roat1 we feel ! lump or ball z we call x4 ,we feel ! lump because ! ?roat has be5 made to g ?r\gh ! motion ( elim9at+ some?+ 9 an unnatural way1 j z y\r arm w hurt if y pret5d to h a ball or a /one 9 x1 & 9 ?r[+ ! imag9>y ball or /one1 y put ! same =ce into y\r movem5ts z y w\ld if y _h an actual ball or /one 9 y\r h& & 7 see+ h[ f> y c\ld ?r[ x4 ,:y ,d ,we ,/op ,gr[+8 ,we ev5tually /op gr[+ because c]ta9 ( ! cells ( ! body lose _! ability ( increas+ 9 size & produc+ o!r cells4 ,x is "o ( ! m>vels ( ! con/ruction ( ! human body t ?is is s & "o ( ! wise/ provisions also4 ,at fir/ ! cells ( ! body crave lots ( food & increase 9 size1 divide & !n ! p>ts g on gr[+ until !y become ( a c]ta9 size1 :5 !y aga9 divide & ea* "p goes on gr[+1 etc41 & ?us we gr[4 ,a gr[+ boy ne$s m fond ?an a mature man1 because he ne$s "s ( x to gr[ )1 :ile ! man only has to keep :at gr[? he has go+1 i4 e41 alive4 ,we say ?is limit ( gr[? is a wise provision ( nature because if !re 7 no limit to ! size we might become1 we w\ld n "k h[ l>ge to build h\ses1 b>ns1 etc41 or else we w\ld h to build !m s l>ge to />t ) t we w\ld be lo/ 9 !m = a long "t4 ,we w\ld con/antly be =c$ to *ange ^! ?+s & !re w\ld be no basis to reckon f4 ,dogs might be z big z elephants & !n !y w\ld be ( no use to u1 or ( :at use w\ld a dog z big z an elephant be to a boy ( five ye>s4 ,y see x w\ld n d at all to h ?is rule *ang$4 ,:y ,d ,we ,gr[ ,ag$8 ,we age directly 9 accordance ) ! lives we lead4 ,y c b5d a wire back & =? a numb] ( times at ! same po9t )\t break+ x1 b ev5tually x w break4 ,j s ) ! human body4 ,y c use ea* "p ( x = its own purposes a numb] ( times1 b ev5tually ! break w come4 ,or1 y c fail to make a "p ( x p]=m its regul> functions1 & x w die--! break w come4 ,! human body is ! mo/ wond]ful ma*9e 9 ! _w1 b ev5 x w ev5tually we> out4 ,e "t y move y\r arm1 leg or "s o!r "p ( y\r body1 y de/roy "s tissues4 ,! body repl5i%es & builds up ^? tissues aga9 = a c]ta9 "t4 ,:5 y b5d a jo9t 9 y\r body1 ! body oils ! jo9t naturally1 b z y gr[ old]1 or r1 z y use ! diff]5t p>ts ( y\r body m & m1 x br+s ne>] always ! "t1 :5 ! body _c1 ( its own accord1 build up aga9 ! tissues y h de/roy$4 ,t is :y "s p become v old at =ty & o!rs are /ill comp>atively "y at sev5ty4 ,x requires a great deal ( c>e & att5tion & ! elim9ation ( all abuse ( ! body to keep u "y :5 we are old4 ,! use ( dr9k1 lack ( suffici5t sleep & o!r abuses prev5t ! body f re/or+ ! tissues :i* h be5 de/roy$4 ,worry & sorr[ age u v rapidly1 because ^! ?+s affect ! n]ves4 ,if ! n]ves are n quiet we _c get any re/ & )\t re/ we gr[ old v rapidly4 ,:at ,causes ,wr9kles8 ,wr9kles come to u 9 sev]al ways4 ,an easy way to cause wr9kles is to sc[l & fr[n & get into ! habit ( do+ ?is4 ,:5 y sc[l or fr[n y puck] up ! sk9 on y\r =ehead into wr9kles & if y cont9ue ! habit ! sk9 on y\r =ehead makes ! wr9kles p]man5t4 ,y h giv5 y\r sk9 ! wr9kle habit4 ,?is acts j ! same way z y\r arm w\ld1 if y ti$ x up 9 a sl+ & held x close to y\r side = a v long "t--a numb] ( weeks4 ,:5 y took ! sl+ (f y w\ld f9d y\r arm useless--a dead arm4 ,x _h develop$ ! habit ( do+ no?+4 ,9 old p1 h[ev]1 wr9kles come m naturally4 ,!re x is ! case ( ! sk9 n receiv+ ! prop] n\ri%m5t & att5tion to keep ! circulation ( ! blood "r4 ,:5 p become old !y are apt to lose ! fat :i* has accumulat$ "u _! sk9s4 ,if !y _h tak5 j ! "r am\nt ( ex]cise all ( _! lives & kept _! circulation p]fect 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 !re w\ld h be5 no fat !re4 ,b :5 ! fat accumulates1 x makes ! sk9 gr[ l>g]1 & !n :5 ! fat disappe>s & p get ?9 aga91 ! sk9 is too l>ge & makes ! wr9kles4 ,does ,?und] ,s\r ,milk8 ,milk w s\r 9 any k9d ( w>m & moi/ temp]ature &1 because j be=e & dur+ a ?und]/orm ! air is g5]ally q w>m & moi/1 x is only natural t x %\ld turn s\r4 ,x is wrong1 h[ev]1 to say or ?9k t ?und] makes milk s\r4 ,?und] is only a noise & noise _c d any?+ b make itself he>d4 ,! fact t x is g5]ally w>m & moi/1 h[ev]1 :5 x ?und]s1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t ^! conditions ( ! air s\r milk v rapidly1 h l$ p to connect ! two 9 _! m9ds & caus$ !m to fall into ! error ( believ+ t ! ?und] is responsible = ! *ange 9 ! milk4 ,:at ,makes ! ,r+s 9 ! ,wat] ,:5 ,i ,?r[ a ,/one ,into ,x8 ,e movem5t has a beg9n+4 ,:5 a movem5t on ! e>? is once />t$ x keeps on go+ until some?+ /ops x4 ,if no?+ /ops x x w g on =ev]4 ,:5 y %\t y />t air waves go+ 9 e direction1 :i* keeps on go+ until /opp$ by some?+ :i* has ! p[] to break up _! waves4 ,:5 y ?r[ a /one into ! ocean y />t a s]ies ( ripples or waves :i* spread out 9 e direction & if y dropp$ y\r /one into ! exact middle ( ! ocean--half way f ea* side--9 a p]fectly calm sea undi/urb$ by o!r =ces1 y\r r+ ( ripples w\ld g on gett+ l>g] until x l&$ on ! bea* or %ore on ea* side ( ! ocean at ! exactly ! same "t & !re ! bea* or %ore w\ld /op x4 ,! orig9al r+ ( ripples is caus$ by ! fact t :5 y drop a /one into ! wat] x di/urbs ! wat] :]e x goes 9 & ! wat] moves away f ! /one to ! sides1 & z ! /one goes d[n1 ov] & up above x1 & ! :ole body ( ! wat] is di/urb$ 9 su* a way t makes ! ripple appe> on ! surface & spread out 9 e direction4 ,z ! /one goes d[n into ! wat] fur!r & fur!r ! di/urbance is repeat$ & r+ aft] r+ appe>s on ! surface4 ,( c\rse !re are _m di/urbances 9 ! wat] at all times4 ,_m ?+s may happ5 to break up y\r little r+ ( ripples be=e !y t\* ! sides ( ! ocean--a %ip--a fi%--! w9d--or "o ( _m o!r ?+s1 & because ?is is true y w\ld h difficulty 9 s5d+ ! waves made by y\r little pebble across ! ocean1 b y c take a di%pan f ! kit*5 & aft] fill+ x ) wat] drop pebbles into x z ne>ly ! middle z possible1 & y w see ! ripples or waves y\r pebble makes spread out f ! po9t :]e ! pebble ent]$ ! wat] 9 all directions4 ,:y ,are ,!re ,_m ,languages8 ,diff]5t languages develop$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w because !re 0 no int]-communication betwe5 p 9 diff]5t communities1 & ea* 0 really develop+ a language = itself4 ,9 do+ s !y develop$ _! language )\t kn[+ t o!r communities 7 work+ out ! same problems = !mselves4 ,s !y fir/ develop$ _! own sign & ge/ure language & lat] on _! ^w or s\nd language & kept on us+ x4 ,:ile !y may ?us h develop$ ! use ( "s ( ! same signs & s\nds or comb9ation ( s\nds to express "o ?+ p]fectly und]/&able to !mselves1 ^! s\nds or comb9ations ( s\nds might mean some?+ entirely diff]5t to ano!r community1 :]e t p>ticul> s\nd or comb9ation ( s\nds may h be5 hit ^u to mean some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,( c\rse1 n all languages 7 develop$ 9 ?is way4 ,!re are1 y "k1 a great _m languages us$ 9 ! _w4 ,"s ( !m are (f%oots ( o!rs1 :]e "p ( a community mov$ to ano!r "p ( ! _w1 tak+ _! language ) !m1 b develop+ x fur!r along new l9es1 & us+ new comb9ations ( s\nds = new words4 ,!n also1 !re are _m words :i* mean ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t languages & are spok5 ) practically ! same s\nds4 ,?is is due to ! movem5t ( p f "o nation to ano!r & br++ _! own words ) !m1 s to speak4 ,9 _m in/ances a /rang] w\ld come to ano!r nation1 & use 8 own ^w = express+ a c]ta9 ?+ & t w\ld ev5tually be tak5 up & us$ z a bett] ^w1 & ! old ^w dropp$4 ,x is /range t ?is %\ld be true1 b ?is acc\nts = ! fact t _m words are ! same 9 s\nd & mean+ 9 num]\s languages4 ,:at ,makes a ,mat* ,light ,:5 ,we ,/rike ,x8 ,! mat* lights :5 we rub x along a r\gh sub/ance1 because ! rubb+ produces suffici5t heat on ! end ( ! mat* to set fire to ! head1 z we call x1 :i* is made ( *emicals t light m easily ?an ! /ick ( wood1 :i* is ! re/ ( ! mat*4 ,! fire ?us />t$ is hot en\gh & burns long en\gh to set fire to ! wood5 "p ( ! mat*4 ,to expla9 ?is m fully1 let me say ?is4 ,rub y\r f+] quickly along y\r coat sleeve or along ! seat ( y\r tr\s]s1 long a favorite place = m5 to /rike mat*es1 pret5d+ t y\r f+] is a mat*4 ,y f9d ! end ( y\r f+] becomes w>m1 don't y8 ,n w>m en\gh to set y\r f+] on fire1 ( c\rse1 b if y _h ! same comb9ation ( *emicals on ! end ( y\r f+] t !re is on ! mat*1 y w\ld set ! *emicals afire & ?is w\ld burn y\r f+]1 j z x sets fire to ! wood5 "p ( ! mat*4 ,x took a great _m ye>s to discov] ! comb9ation ( *emicals ( :i* ! head ( ! mat* is made4 ,be=e t discov]y 0 made x 0 f> f easy to light ! light 9 ! ev5+ z x is n[4 ,x mu/ h be5 a s]i\s ?+ to let ! fire g out 9 ! furnace 9 ^? days4 ,:at ,makes ! ,kettle ,:i/le8 ,! kettle :i/les only :5 ! wat] boils & ! /eam or gas :i* is ! =m ! wat] turns into :5 boil+ is try+ to escape ?r\gh ! sp\t ( ! kettle4 ,y see1 :5 ! wat] />ts boil+1 ! inside ( ! kettle is at once fill$ ) /eam & m is com+ out ( ! wat] all ! "t4 ,?is /eam mu/ get out "s way1 s x ru%es = ! sp\t ( ! kettle1 & because s mu* ( x is try+ to get out ( a comp>atively small op5+ at once !re is q a pressure & ?is results 9 mak+ ! :i/le out ( ! sp\t ( ! kettle4 ,x is j ! same process z :5 y :i/le y\rself4 ,to :i/le y fill y\r m\? ) air & =ce x out ?r\gh y\r lips1 :i* y h clos$ except+ = a small op5+1 by ! pressure y c br+ to be> ) ! ro( & sides ( y\r m\?1 & if y h le>n$ to make y\r lips into ! prop] %ape & apply ! pressure /eadily y c s\nd a v long note & make diff]5t notes by mak+ ! op5+ 9 y\r lips l>ge or small4 ,! kettle sp\t has only "o size ( op5+ s ! s\nd is practically ! same at all times ?\gh l\d] at sometimes ?an at o!rs4 ,?is is caus$ by ! v>y+ pressure at :i* ! /eam 9 ! kettle is be+ =c$ out4 ,:at ,makes ! ,wat] ,f a ,f\nta9 ,%oot ,into ! ,air8 ,! wat] f ! f\nta9 %oots into ! air because wat] any:]e w run d[n if giv5 a *ance4 ,to produce a f\nta9 y mu/ h a s\rce ( wat] supply = ! f\nta9 :i* is high] ?an ! op5+s ( ! f\nta9 out ( :i* ! wat] %oots4 ,! wat] comes out ( ! holes 9 ! f\nta9 = ! same reason t x comes out ( ! faucet 9 ! kit*5 or ba? room4 ,9 ! latt] case ! wat] comes f ! wat]works res]voir 9 :i* ! level ( ! wat] is mu* high] ?an ! op5+ 9 ! faucet 9 y\r home4 ,be+ high] ! wat] 9 ! res]voir is try+ to get away ?r\gh ! pipes all ! "t & all ! pipes lead+ f ! res]voir are full ( ?is wat] try+ to get away4 ,j z soon z y turn ! valve 9 ! faucet ! wat] comes out & runs d[n into ! b[l4 ,if y 7 to turn ! op5+ ( ! faucet up in/ead ( d[n z x is1 ! wat] w\ld %oot up in/ead ( d[n4 ,n v mu*1 x is true1 b x w\ld act mu* l ! wat] f ! f\nta94 ,! reason x does n %oot up high 9 ! air l a f\nta9 is because ! op5+ 9 ! faucet is ! same size z ! op5+ 9 ! little pipe :i* leads ! wat] f ! /reet into ! h\se4 ,if y w\ld turn ! op5+ ( ! faucet up & atta* to x a pipe :i* made ! op5+ mu* small] 7! size ( ! op5+ 9 ! f\nta9s71 y w\ld see ! wat] %oot into ! air j z x does f ! f\nta94 ,:5 y r$uce ! size ( ! op5+ y increase ! pressure ( ! wat] com+ f ! pipes 9 proportion to ! r$uction y h made 9 ! size ( ! op5+4 ,wat] f ! f\nta9 w n1 h[ev]1 %oot z high z ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! res]voir because1 z soon z x leaves ! pipes1 x enc\nt]s ! pressure ( ! air outside ! pipes & ! law ( gravitation :i* pulls all ?+s t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,x is n natural = wat] to %oot into ! air z x does 9 a f\nta94 ,! only way wat] c g naturally is d[n1 & x only goes up a little way f a f\nta9 because ( ! pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes beh9d ! op5+s 9 ! pipes 9 ! f\nta94 ,:at ,keeps a ,balloon ,up8 ,a balloon /ays up 9 ! air1 because ( ! air 9 x1 toge!r ) ! weight ( ! balloon1 is less ?an an equal bulk ( ! air 9 :i* x floats4 ,9 =m] days ( balloon+ ! balloons 7 fill$ ) hot air & 7 !n f\nd to rise & /ay up until ! air inside ( ! balloon became ( ! same temp]ature z t 9 :i* x float$4 ,:5 ?is /age 0 rea*$1 ! balloon itself w\ld fall because ! mat]ial ( :i* x 0 made 0 d5s] ?an air4 ,today ballooni/s fill _! balloons ) gas :i* is light] ?an air1 ev5 :5 z cool z ! air 9 :i* !y rise & are ?us able to /ay up a long "t4 ,y1 ( c\rse1 h se5 _m ( ! r$1 :ite & blue pap] balloons :i* are s5t up on ! ,f\r? ( ,july4 ,y w rememb] t fa!r1 or :oev] x is t is s5d+ !m up1 lights ! oil-soak$ knot ( clo? t is atta*$ to ! balloon imm$iately bel[ ! op5+ at ! bottom4 ,he fir/ lights ?is & !n holds ! balloon = a "t ) 8 h&s4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 y w rememb] t ! balloon />ts upw>d ) fa!r /ill hold+ x4 ,?is is because ! air inside ! balloon is becom+ heat$4 ,y w notice also t at fir/ he has to hold out ! sides ( ! top ( ! balloon ) 8 h&s or has "s "o help him d ?is1 b t ev5 s ! balloon does n /& out r\nd & full z x %\ld4 ,:5 ! balloon />ts to rise1 h[ev]1 y w notice t x is r\nd & full4 ,?is is because ! air 9 ! balloon has become heat$ & is exp&+4 ,soon ! balloon is tugg+ to get away & fa!r lets g & x rises & sails away ) ! w9d4 ,z long z ! fire bel[ x burns1 & if ! w9d does n upset x s z to make ! pap] "p cat* fire1 ! balloon w /ay up2 b1 :5 ! fire burns out1 ! balloon w come d[n4 ,! balloon m]ely rises because ! air inside1 & held !re by ! cov]+ ( ! balloon1 is w>m] air & light] ?an ! air on ! outside4 ,:y ,did ,p ( ,long ,ago ,live ,long] ,?an ,we ,d ,n[8 ,:5 read+ ( p :o liv$ long ye>s ago & especially :5 read+ ab\t ! l5g? ( _! lives1 we are told t 9 ! old days p liv$ long] ?an !y d n[4 ,"s ( ! e>ly hi/orical records speak ( s+le individuals :o liv$ hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!re is great d\bt z to :e!r ^! /atem5ts are f\nd$ on fact4 ,9 ?9k+ ab\t ?is we mu/ fir/ take into consid]ation t ^! records ( long ages 7 record$ at a "t :5 man _h no accurate ideas ( ! actual passage ( long p]iods ( "t su* z a ye>4 ,!y did n h our cal5d> z a basis = figur+ at all4 ,le>n$ m5 n[ tell u t ! actual age ( m5 :o liv$ at ! "t ^! records ( great ages 7 record$ probably liv$ %ort] lives ?an we d n[1 & t :at !y record z a p]iod ( "o ye> 0 probably a mu* %ort] p]iod ?an "o ye>4 ,x is true beyond ! "q ( a d\bt t ! p ( today live long] on ! av]age ?an p :o liv$ t51 tw5ty or m ye>s ago4 ,9 o!r words1 ! av]age p]iod ( life has increas$ /eadily4 ,?is is due to ! fact t we h tak5 great c>e ( our bodies2 h improv$ ! conditions 9 :i* we live1 & made !m m sanit>y2 h le>n$ to fight & *eck & eradicate diseases1 :i* only a few ye>s ago we c\ld n prev5t p dy+ ( :5 !y once contract$ !m1 & we "k f ! records :i* we keep t actually p live long] on ! av]age today ?an only a few ye>s ago1 & x is safe to say t !y live long] n[ on ! av]age ?an at any "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,is ,!re a ,reason = ,ev]y?+8 ,! _w is s con/ruct$ t !re mu/ be a reason or cause = ev]y?+4 ,!re are s _m =ces 9 ! _w t man has n yet be5 able to locate ! orig9al cause ( e "o ( !m4 ,conc]n+ o!r ?+s1 he sees ! effects )\t hav+ any k ( ! =ces :i* are _! cause4 ,o!r ?+s he has nev] ev5 bo!r$ to inquire ab\t1 b simply takes !m = grant$4 ,b e =ce1 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 ev]y?+ 9 ! _w1 mu/ h _h a beg9n+ & !re=e some?+ or a comb9ation ( ?+s mu/ h caus$ x to beg91 & ! ?+ or ?+s t caus$ x to be is ! reason = its be+4 ,e little :ile someone makes a discov]y ( "s new =ce1 & !n we sudd5ly realize t ?is =ce has be5 9 exi/5ce all ! "t al?\gh n kn[n to man1 & we discov] ?r\gh ?is ! reason = _m o!r ?+s be+ z !y are4 ,! o!r ?+ or side ( ! "q is also true4 ,we _c h a cause )\t an effect4 ,y _c d any?+ )\t caus+ some?+ to happ5 & produc+ an effect on "o or m o!r objects ei!r animate or inanimate4 ,y _c move y\r h& )\t creat+ "s di/urbance 9 ! air4 ,:5 y make a noise1 l[ or l\d1 y produce s\nd waves4 ,:5 y burn a /ick ( wood1 y create smoke1 a%es & gases ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,y *ange ! :ole nature ( :at 0 ! piece ( wood1 & yet no p>ticle ( :at made ! /ick ( wood is ev] de/roy$ or lo/1 b appe>s 9 "s o!r ?+ 9 ! air or on or 9 ! e>?4 ,:at ,makes an ,e*o8 ,an e*o is caus$ :5 ! waves ( air :i* y create :5 y %\t are ?r[n back aga9 :5 !y are /opp$ by some?+ !y enc\nt] & are turn$ back )\t *ang+ _! %ape4 ,any k9d ( a s\nd wave w make an e*o 9 ?is way4 ,y see1 y c h no s\nd ( any k9d )\t s\nd waves4 ,y c\ld n make a s\nd if !re 7 no air4 ,n[1 :5 y %\t1 y />t a s]ies ( s\nd waves t g out f y 9 e direction & !y spread away f y 9 circles j l ! r+s ( ripples t are caus$ :5 y drop a /one into a pool ( wat]4 ,y c prove ?is to y\rself easily by hav+ "o1 two1 ?ree or m ( y\r fri5ds /& ar\nd y 9 a l>ge circle4 ,y c place !m z f> away f y z y\r %\t c be he>d if y wi%4 ,:5 y %\t1 ea* ( y\r fri5ds w he> ! %\t at ! same "t1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 !y are at equal di/ances f y4 ,sometimes ^! s\nd waves z !y g away f y 9 circles /rike objects t turn ! waves back unbrok5 j z !y came to !m4 ,! waves w b\nce back j l a rubb] ball f a wall aga9/ :i* x has be5 ?r[n & ?is is ! e*o4 ,h[ev]1 "s ?+s t ! s\nd waves /rike break up ^! waves entirely & o!rs p>tially4 ,no d\bt y h sometimes notic$ :5 y %\t y he> a di/9ct e*o & t at o!r times1 /&+ 9 ! same place1 y _c he> any e*o1 al?\gh y %\t 9 ! same way4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t at times conditions ( ! air are su* t no e*o is produc$ :ile at o!r times a p]fect e*o results4 ,:at is a ,:isp]+ ,gall]y8 ,! possibilities ( an e*o h to be tak5 into acc\nt by ! ar*itects & build]s ( all public build+s1 su* z !at]s1 halls & *ur*es1 :]e anyone is to speak or ent]ta9 o!rs4 ,unless !y are v c>eful ! walls & ceil+s may be s arrang$ t :5 any "o s+s or speaks 9 ! room1 !re is su* an e*o t x int]f]es ) ! music or speak+4 ,x sometimes happ5s also t ?r\gh "s peculi>ity 9 :i* ! walls & ceil+ ( a build+ are con/ruct$ !re w be c]ta9 places 9 ! room :]e an e*o c be he>d1 ev5 a :isp]1 & :i* _c be he>d 9 o!r p>ts ( ! room at all4 ,?is is likely to occur 9 rooms :]e !re is a dome-%ap$ ceil+4 ,!re w be c]ta9 spots 9 ! room hundr$s ( feet ap>t1 :]e if y /& on "o spot & ano!r p]son is on ano!r def9ite spot cle> across ! room1 ! t9ie/ :isp] c be he>d1 :ile ! p 9 betwe5 _c he> at all4 ,?is is call$ a :isp]+ gall]y4 ,( c\rse1 l\d talk+ w\ld produce ! same effect4 ,a :isp]+ gall]y is a gall]y ) an e*o :i* c be he>d f c]ta9 positions4 ,!re are a numb] ( fam\s :isp]+ gall]ies ( ! _w4 ,9 ! room b5ea? ! great dome ( our ,capitol at ,wa%+ton is an almo/ p]fect :isp]+ gall]y4 ,!re are q a numb] ( po9ts at :i* y c /& & he> ! :isp]s across ! room :i* is m ?an a hundr$ feet4 ,^! :isp]+ gall]ies come accid5tally1 ( c\rse4 ,x w\ld be difficult to delib]ately con/ruct a build+ 9 su* a way z to produce a :isp]+ gall]y4 ,:y ,d ,we ,get a ,bump ,in/ead ( a ,d5t ,:5 ,we ,knock ,our ,heads8 ,:5 y knock y\r head aga9/ a %>p corn]1 or if "s "o hits y on ! head ) any?+ ) a %>p edge1 y d receive a d5t 9 y\r head1 b x does n la/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! head has "o ( ! qualities ( a rubb] ball4 ,y c press y\r f+] aga9/ ! sides ( ! rubb] ball & pu% x 91 b :5 y take y\r f+] (f ! ball resumes its %ape4 ,j s ) y\r head--x resumes its %ape aft] a bl[4 ,aft] do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 a bump or lump is =m$4 ,i w endeavor to tell y h[ ! bump is =m$ or r :at causes x to =m4 ,y _c knock y\r head aga9/ any?+ t is h>d] ?an y\r head )\t caus+ "s injury to ! p>ts :i* receiv$ ! bump4 ,n[1 :at happ5s !n is j :at happ5s to any o!r "p ( y\r body :5 x is injur$ :e!r z a result ( a bump1 a cut or a bee or mosquito /+4 ,z soon z ! injury occurs ! bra9 />ts ! 8repair crew0 to "w4 ,! result is t fir/ a great supply ( blood is ru%$ to ! injur$ "p ) ! result t ! blood vessels are fill$ up & ext5d$ ) blood4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! blood cells f9d _! way ?r\gh ! walls ( ! blood vessels at ! "p ( ! injury & o!r fluids f ! body are pil$ up !re1 s to speak1 to =m a conge/ion4 ,?is 8pil+ up or conge/ion0 di/5ds ! sk9 & raises ! bump4 ,on ! head :]e ! lay] ( muscul> /ructure is ?9n] & :]e !re is less space betwe5 ! bones ( ! skull & ! outside sk91 ! bump w be l>g] & m noticeable1 because a good deal ( blood & o!r fluids are pil$ up 9 a comp>atively small space1 & s ! sk9 gets pu%$ out fur!r to accommodate ?is great conge/ion1 :]eas 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body ! bump may be q z l>ge b n s noticeable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,m5 ,,g ,,d[n ,,to ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,suit4 ,socks1 tr\s]s & %irt 9 "o1 & a copp] brea/plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,iron-,,sol$ ,,%oes4 ,!y are purposely made heavy1 to help ! div] s9k4 ,! ,deep ,sea ,div] ,:at ,does ! ,bottom ( ! ,sea ,look ,l8 ,x looks v mu* l ! l& on :i* we live4 ,!re are m\nta9s & valleys1 rocks & crags1 trees & grass1 j ! same z we see on l&1 except1 ( c\rse1 t !re are no human be+s to be se54 ,in/ead ( birds flitt+ ab\t ! tree-tops1 fi% swim ab\t !m1 & :]e ! squirrel & rabbit b\nd ?r\gh ! woods on l&1 ! great k+ crab & sea turtle drag _! unwieldy =ms on ! ocean's bottom4 ,"s ( ! sc5es at ! bottom ( ! sea are l fairyl&1 & 9 tropical wat]s are (t5 z beautiful & spectacul> z ^? we see 9 !atrical pantomimes4 ,delicately t9t$ sea-%ells1 great trees ( sn[-:ite coral1 sea foliage ( e t9t & %ape1 & deep d>k cav]ns1 9 :i* lurk ! devil-fi% & o!r odd look+ fi%4 ,! ,div]'s ,outfit4 ,! armor ( to-day consi/s ( a rubb] & canvas suit1 socks1 tr\s]s & %irt 9 "o1 a copp] brea/plate or coll>1 a copp] helmet1 iron-sol$ %oes1 & a belt ( lead5 weights to s9k ! div]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adju/+ ,,! ,,telephone4 ,?is enables ! div] to talk at all times to ^? above him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,helmet4 ,x is made ( t9n$ copp]1 ) ?ree glass-cov]$ op5+s1 to enable ! div] to look out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,telephon+ ,,f ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,ocean ,,te/+ ,,! ,,telephone4 ,e precaution is tak5 to see t ev]y?+ is 9 ord] be=e ! div] goes d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f9al ,,te/4 ,! lea/ error 9 ! adju/m5t may mean dea? to ! div]4 ,! helmet is made ( t9n$ copp]1 ) ?ree circul> glasses1 "o 9 front & "o on ei!r side1 ) gu>ds to protect !m4 ,! front eye-piece is made to unscrew & enable ! div] to receive or give in/ructions )\t remov+ ! helmet4 ,"o or m outlet valves are plac$ at ! back or side ( ! helmet to all[ ! vitiat$ air to escape4 ,^! valves only op5 outw>ds by work+ aga9/ a spiral spr+1 s t no wat] c ent]4 ,! inlet valve is at ! back ( ! helmet1 & ! air on entry is direct$ by ?ree *annels runn+ along ! top ( ! helmet to po9ts above ! eye-pieces1 enabl+ ! div] to always inhale fre% air4 ,! helmet is secur$ to ! brea/plate bel[ by a segm5tal screw-bayonet jo9t1 secur+ atta*m5t by "o-eigh? ( a turn4 ,! junction betwe5 ! wat]-pro( dress & ! brea/plate is made wat]tight by means ( /uds1 brass plates & w+-nuts4 ,a life or signal-l9e & also a mod]n telephone enables ! div] to communicate at all times ) ^? above him4 ,! co/ ( a complete div+ outfit ranges f #gej4jj to #a1jjj4jj4 ,! weight ( ! armor & atta*m5ts worn by ! div] is #bef p\nds1 divid$ z foll[s3 ,helmet & brea/plate1 #eh p\nds2 belt ( lead weights1 #abb p\nds2 rubb] suit1 #ai p\nds2 iron-sol$ %oes1 #bg p\nds ea*4 ,! air :i* su/a9s ! div]'s life bel[ ! surface is pump$ f above by a p[]ful pump1 :i* mu/ be kept con/antly at "w :ile ! div] is d[n4 ,a /oppage ( ! pump a s+le in/ant :ile ! div] is 9 deep wat] w\ld result almo/ 9 8 in/ant dea? f ! pressure ( ! wat] outside4 ,! greate/ dep? rea*$ by any div] 0 #bjd feet1 at :i* dep? !re 0 a pressure ( #hh p\nds p] squ>e in* on 8 body4 ,! area expos$ ( ! av]age div] 9 armor is #gbj in*es1 :i* w\ld h made ! div] at t dep? su/a9 a pressure ( #ff1ifj p\nds1 or ov] #cc tons4 ,! wat] pressure on a div] is z foll[s3 #bj feet #h lbs4 #cj feet #ab lbs4 #dj feet #ag lbs4 #ej feet #ba lbs4 #fj feet #bf lbs4 #gj feet #cj lbs4 #hj feet #cd lbs4 #ij feet #ci lbs4 #ajj feet #dc lbs4 #abj feet #eb lbs4 #acj feet #ef lbs4 #adj feet #fj lbs4 #aej feet #fe lbs4 #afj feet #fi lbs4 #agj feet #gd lbs4 #ahj feet #gh lbs4 #aij feet #hb lbs4 #bjd feet #hh lbs4 ,! dang]s ( div+ are manifold1 & s risky is ! call+ t !re are comp>atively few div]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! *eape/ ( !m comm& #aj4jj a day = f\r or five h\rs' "w1 & _m ( !m get #ej4jj & #fj4jj = ! same t]m ( labor "u wat]4 ,! greate/ dang] t besets ! div] is ! risk he runs e "t he dives ( ruptur+ a blood-vessel by ! excessively compress$ air he is compell$ to brea!4 ,he is also subject to attacks f %>ks1 sword-fi%1 devil-fi%1 & o!r voraci\s mon/]s ( ! ocean's dep?s4 ,to def5d himself aga9/ !m1 he c>ries a d\ble-edg$ knife z %>p z a razor4 ,x is ! div]'s sole weapon ( def5se4 ,j h[ f> back ! art ( subm>9e div+ dates is a matt] ( conjecture1 b until ! inv5tion ( ! pres5t armor & helmet1 9 #ahci1 "w & exploration "u wat] 01 at be/1 imp]fect1 & c\ld only be pursu$ 9 a v limit$ degree4 ,feats ( ,div]s4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,div+ ,,feat ,millions ( doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty has be5 recov]$ f ! ocean's dep? by div]s4 ,"o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts 9 ?is l9e 0 by ! fam\s ,engli% div]1 ,lamb]t1 :o recov]$ va/ treasure f ! 8,alfonso ,,xii10 a ,spani% mail /eam] belong+ to ! ,lopez ,l9e1 :i* sank (f ,po9t ,g&o1 ,gr& ,can>y1 9 #bf fa?oms ( wat]4 ,! salvage p>ty 0 dispat*$ by ! und]writ]s 9 ,may1 #ahhe1 ! vessel hav+ #ajj1jjj 9 specie on bo>d4 ,= ne>ly six mon?s ! op]ations 7 p]sev]$ 9 be=e ! div]s c\ld rea* ! treasure-room b5ea? ! ?ree decks4 ,two div]s lo/ _! lives 9 ! va9 attempt1 ! pressure ( wat] be+ fatal4 ,! div] recov]$ #ij1jjj f ! wreck1 & got #d1ejj = do+ x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult op]ations ev] p]=m$ by a div] 0 ! recov]+ ( ! treasure sunk 9 ! /eam%ip 8,malab>10 (f ,galle4 ,on ?is occasion ! l>ge iron plates1 half an in* ?ick1 _h to be cut away f ! mail-room1 & !n ! div] _h to "w ?r\gh n9e feet ( s&4 ,! :ole ( ! specie on bo>d ?is vessel--upw>d ( #a1ejj1jjj--0 sav$1 z mu* z #hj1jjj hav+ be5 gott5 out 9 "o day4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t f "t to "t exp$itions h be5 fitt$ out1 & companies =m$1 ) ! sole int5tion ( se>*+ = buri$ treasure b5ea? ! sea4 ,aga9 & aga9 h exp$itions left ,new ,york or ,san ,francisco 9 ! c]ta9ty ( recov]+ tons ( bullion sunk (f ! ,brazilian coa/1 or ly+ undi/urb$ 9 ! mud ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,illu/ration3 ,! la/ look j be=e go+ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,com+ up aft] a successful trip4 ,at ! end ( #ahhe1 ! l>ge /eam] ,imbus1 belong+ to ! ,p4 ,o4 ,co41 sank (f ,tr9comalee1 hav+ on bo>d a v valuable ,ea/-,india c>go1 toge!r ) a l>ge am\nt ( specie4 ,?is 0 ano!r case ( a =tune f\nd 9 ! sea1 = a v l>ge am\nt ( treasure 0 recov]$4 ,ano!r wreck f :i* a l>ge sum ( gold co9 & bullion 0 recov]$ by div]s1 0 t ( ! ,fr5* %ip 8,l',ori5t40 ,%e is /at$ to h _h on bo>d specie to ! value ( no less ?an #c1jjj1jjj1 besides o!r treasure4 ,a p>allel case to 8,l',ori5t0 is t ( ! 8,lut9e10 a w>%ip ( ?irty-two guns1 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,holl&4 ,?is vessel sail$ f ! ,y>m\? ,roads ) an imm5se quantity ( treasure = ! ,texel4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day x came on to bl[ a heavy gale2 ! vessel 0 lo/ & w5t to pieces4 ,salvage op]ations by div]s1 dur+ eighte5 mon?s1 result$ 9 ! recov]y ( #djj1jjj 9 specie4 ,humor\s sc5es d n play mu* ( a "p on ! ocean's bottom1 & ! sublime & awe-inspir+ are f> m 9 evid5ce !re ?an ! ludicr\s1 yet ev5 b5ea? ! waves !re are laughable sc5es at times4 ,a div] _h be5 engag$ to inspect a sunk5 vessel (f ! coa/ ( ,cuba4 ,arriv+ on ! sc5e he discov]$ a numb] ( native sponge-div]s1 :o desc5d to consid]able dep?s1 div+ d[n f _! canoes to ! sunk5 vessel try+ to pick up some?+ ( value4 ,!y paid little att5tion to ! arrival ( ! wreck+ outfit1 & did n notice ! div] desc5d1 until sudd5ly :at seem$ to !m to be a horrible human-%ap$ mon/]1 ) an imm5se head ( gli/5+ copp] & ?ree big1 r\nd1 glassy eyes1 came walk+ ar\nd ! vessel's b[ & made a big salaam to !m4 ,t 0 en\gh4 ,!y %ot surfacew>d l sky-rockets1 climb$ frantically into _! canoes & hurri$ly r[$ away4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ,any?+ ,explodes8 ,by explosives are meant sub/ances t c be made to give (f a l>ge quantity ( gas 9 an exce$+ly %ort "t1 & ! %ort] ! "t requir$ = ! production ( ! gas ! great] w be ! viol5ce ( ! explosion4 ,_m sub/ances t ord9>ily h no explosive qualities may be made to act z explosives "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,wat]1 = example1 has caus$ v de/ructive boil] explosions :5 a quantity ( x has be5 all[$ to ent] an empty boil] t _h become r$ hot4 ,p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! air h occasion$ explosions 9 saw mills1 :]e ! air always conta9s l>ge quantities ( du/4 ,a flame introduc$ into air t is heavily lad5 ) du/ may cause a sudd5 burn+ ( ! p>ticles ne> x1 & f ^! ! fire may be convey$ s rapidly to ! o!rs t ! heat w cause ! air to exp& sudd5ly1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! =mation ( gases f ! burn+1 w cause an explosion4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t f9e sawdu/ or wat] w\ld ord9>ily be class$ z explosives4 ,! t]m is g5]ally appli$ only to ^? sub/ances t may be v easily caus$ to explode4 ,! olde/1 & mo/ widely kn[n1 explosive t we possess is gunp[d]1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is g5]ally cr$it$ to ! ,*9ese4 ,x is a mixture ( potassium nitrate1 or saltpet]1 ) p[d]$ *>coal & sulphur4 ,! proportions 9 :i* ^! sub/ances are mix$ v>y 9 diff]5t k9ds ( p[d]1 b !y usually d n diff] mu* f ! foll[+3 ,sulphur #aj p] c5t4 ,*>coal #af p] c5t4 ,saltpet] #gd p] c5t4 ,! explosive quality ( gunp[d] is due to ! fact t x w burn ) great rapidity )\t contact ) ! air1 & t 9 burn+ x lib]ates l>ge volumes ( gas4 ,:5 a sp>k is introduc$ into x1 ! c>bon1 *>coal1 & sulphur comb9e ) a portion ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! saltpet] to =m c>bonic acid gas & sulphur\s acid gas1 & at ! same "t ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! saltpet] is set free 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,?is action takes place v sudd5ly1 & ! volume ( gas set free is s mu* great] ?an t ( ! p[d] t an explosion foll[s4 ,9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d] all t is absolutely necess>y is to mix ! ?ree +r$i5ts ?or\ghly & 9 ! prop] proportions4 ,b to fit ! p[d] = use 9 fir+ small arms & cannon x is made into gra9s ( v>i\s sizes1 ! small sizes be+ us$ = ! small arms ) %ort b>rels1 & ! l>ge sizes = cannon4 ,! reason = ?is is t if ! p[d] is made 9 v small gra9s x all burns at once1 & ! explosion takes place s sudd5ly t an exce$+ly /rong gun is requir$ to )/& ! explosion1 :ile if l>g] gra9s are employ$ ! burn+ is sl[] & cont9ues until ! projectile has travel$ to ! muzzle ( ! gun4 ,9 ?is way ! projectile is fir$ f ! gun ) z mu* =ce z if ! explosion _h tak5 place at once1 b !re is less /ra9 on ! gun4 ,:at ,causes ! ,smoke ,:5 a ,gun ,goes ,(f8 ,p[d] ( ?is latt] k9d always produces a consid]able quantity ( smoke :5 x is fir$1 because !re is a quantity ( f9e p>ticles =m$ f ! break+ up ( ! saltpet] & f "s ( ! *>coal :i* is n completely burn$4 ,?is smoke =ms a cl\d t takes "s "t to cle> away1 :i* is a v objectionable feature4 ,9 ord] to get rid ( x1 ef=ts 7 made to produce a sub/ance t w\ld explode )\t leav+ any solid residue1 & t c\ld be us$ 9 guns4 ,^! ef=ts 7 f9ally successful1 & !re are n[ sev]al br&s ( smokeless p[d] 9 use4 ,:at is ,smokeless ,p[d] ,made ,(8 ,! mo/ satisfactory =ms ( smokeless p[d] are all made f guncotton or nitrocellulose4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is made by treat+ cotton ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 is a *emical comp\nd1 n a mixture l gunp[d]2 & :5 x is explod$ x is all conv]t$ into gases1 ( :i* ! *ief ones are c>bonic acid gas1 nitrog51 & wat]-vapor4 ,to cause ! explosion ( guncotton x is n necess>y to burn x1 b a m]e %ock or j> w cause x to decompose ) explosive viol5ce4 ,( c\rse1 su* a viol5t explosive z ?is c\ld n be us$ ei!r 9 small arms or 9 cannon1 b guncotton c be conv]t$ into less explosive =ms :i* are suitable = use 9 guns1 & ! majority1 ( smokeless p[d]s are made 9 ?is way4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 produc+ ! smokeless p[d]s are kept secret by ! v>i\s c\ntries t use !m4 ,:at is ,nitroglyc]9e8 ,ano!r v p[]ful explosive1 :i* is closely relat$ to guncotton1 is nitroglyc]9e4 ,?is comp\nd is made by treat+ glyc]9e ) ! same sort ( acid mixture t is us$ 9 mak+ guncotton4 ,x explodes 9 ! same way t guncotton does & yields ! same products4 ,x is an oily liquid ( yell[ color1 & on acc\nt ( its liquid =m x is difficult to h&le & use4 ,! difficulty 9 h&l+ nitroglyc]9e l$ to ! plan ( mix+ x ) a quantity ( v f9e s& call$ infusorial e>?4 ,:5 mix$ ) ?is a solid mass call$ dynamite is =m$1 :i* is easi] to h&le & m difficult to explode1 b :i* has almo/ z mu* explosive =ce z nitroglyc]9e4 ,a m p[]ful explosive ?an ei!r nitroglyc]9e or guncotton is obta9$ by mix+ !m toge!r4 ,:5 ?is is done ! guncotton swells up by absorb+ ! nitroglyc]9e & becomes a br[ni%1 jelly-l sub/ance t is kn[n z bla/+ gelat94 ,?is is g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ p[]ful explosive obta9able4 ,:at ,makes ,nitroglyc]9e & ,guncotton ,explode ,s ,readily8 ,let u n[ consid] = ! mom5t :at x is t makes guncotton1 nitroglyc]9e1 & bla/+ gelat9 explode s readily4 ,! explanation is f\nd 9 ! pres5ce 9 !m ( nitrog54 ,z y rememb] f :at y le>n$ ab\t air1 nitrog5 is an extremely inactive elem5t4 ,x has no /rong t5d5cy to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts1 & :5 x does ent] into comb9ation ) !m ! comp\nds =m$ are almo/ always easily decompos$4 ,9 ! comp\nds t h j be5 describ$ a %ock causes a loos5+ ( ! bonds t hold ! nitrog51 & ! :ole comp\nd goes to pieces j z an ar* falls :5 ! key/one is remov$4 ,:at ,is ,silv]8 ,s9ce ! e>lie/ "t record$ 9 hi/ory1 silv] has be5 ! mo/ us$ ( ! preci\s metals1 bo? 9 ! arts & z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,ev5 9 ! prehi/oric times silv] m9es 7 work$ & ! metal 0 employ$ 9 ! ornam5tal & useful arts4 ,x 0 n s e>ly us$ z money1 & :5 x began to be adopt$ = ?is purpose1 x 0 made into b>s or r+s & sold by weight4 ,! fir/ regul> co9age ( ei!r gold or silv] 0 9 ,phrygia1 or ,lydia1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,silv] 0 us$ 9 ! arts by ! ,a!nians1 ! ,phnicians1 ! ,vik+s1 ! ,aztecs1 ! ,p]uvians1 & 9 fact by all ! civiliz$ & semi-civiliz$ nations ( antiquity4 ,x is f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! globe1 usually 9 comb9ation ) o!r metals4 ,! m9es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are especially ri*4 ,silv] is sometimes f\nd 9 huge nuggets4 ,a mass weigh+ #hjj p\nds 0 f\nd 9 ,p]u1 & x is claim$ t "o ( #b1gjj p\nds 0 extract$ 9 ,mexico4 ,! ratio ( ! value ( silv] & gold has v>i$ greatly4 ,at ! ,*ri/ian era x 0 #i to #a2 #ejj ,a4,d4 x 0 #ah to #a2 b 9 #aajj ,a4,d4 x 0 only #h to #a4 ,9 #ahic x 0 z high z #b1egg to #a4 ,! subject has ent]$ l>gely into ,am]ican politics z a di/urb+ elem5t1 & 9 #ahif ! ,democratic p>ty1 9 its national conv5tion1 decl>$ = ! free co9age ( ! metals at #af to #a4 ,! ,republican p>ty adh]$ to ! gold /&>d & decl>$ aga9/ ! free co9age ( silv]4 ,ea* p>ty reaffirm$ 9 #aijj ?is plank 9 its plat=m4 ,9 bo? ye>s ! ,democrats 7 defeat$4 ,:at ,is ,worry8 ,worry is a feel+ ( fe>1 b is nev] ( ! pres5t4 ,x is always ab\t some?+ t may happ5 or t has happ5$4 ,x is g5]ally 9 ! future1 sometimes 9 ! pa/1 b nev] 9 ! pres5t4 ,an animal t kn[s nei!r future nor pa/ _c worry4 ,babies1 liv+ only z !y d 9 ! pres5t1 _c worry4 ,all creatures1 except+ human be+s1 live only 9 ! pres5t & !re=e !y d n worry1 = su* creatures _c rememb] :at happ5$ 9 ! pa/ or guess :at is go+ to happ54 ,a human be+ aft] arriv+ at a c]ta9 age is giv5 su* p[]s t 8 m9d c g back to ! pa/ & ca/ itself =w>d into ! future z he ?9ks x w be1 because he has imag9ation4 ,z a matt] ( fact we live less 9 ! pres5t ?an 9 ! pa/ or future4 ,:y ,d ,we ,worry8 ,we worry because we are able ?r\gh a p[] call$ self-consci\sness to place ourselves ?r\gh our m9ds = ! "t be+4 ,ei!r--back some:]e 9 ! pa/ )\t c>ry+ our physical bodies ) u2 = if we c\ld take our bodies ) u1 we w\ld be 9 ! pres5t aga91 & !n worry is impossible2 or1 we use our imag9ation & project ! future entirely ap>t f our bodies1 = we _c project our bodies into ! future1 & if we c\ld we w\ld aga9 be 9 ! pres5t4 ,we worry ov] go+ to h an op]ation p]=m$ :i* may or n be dang]\s1 b q necess>y4 ,we may /ill ?9k we worry :5 ! op]ation beg9s1 b z soon z t occurs ! "t becomes ! pres5t1 & ?\gh we may fe>1 we _c worry 9 ! pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,back ,view ( ,%ield ,longitud9al ,section ?r\gh ,%ield ,tunnel ,diagram %[+ me?od ( tunnel con/ruction by %ield & compress$ air4 ,scale2 in* #a foot ,jacobs ,davies ,inc4 #cj ,*ur* ,/4 ,n4,y4 ,oct4 #ae4 #aiaj4 ,,figure #a4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,tunnel ,h[ a ,tunnel ,is ,dug ,"u ,wat]4 ,fig4 #a4 ,on ! left is a cross section %[+1 9 diagram1 ! back view ( a %ield4 ,! heavy black circle is ! 8tail0 or 8sk940 ,! small circles )9 ! tail are ! hydraulic rams :i* at a pressure ( #e1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in* =ce ! %ield =w>d4 ,! squ>e comp>tm5ts )9 ! %ield are ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! m5 pass to dig away ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! middle ( ! %ield is %[n ! sw++ 8erector0 :i* picks up ! iron l9+ plates & puts !m 9 position4 ,! view on ! "r is a longitud9al section ( ! tunnel %[+ ! %ield & ! bulkhead wall across ! tunnel ) ! air locks built into x4 ,! front ( ! %ield ahead ( ! doors is made ) a %>p edge call$ ! 8cutt+ edge0 & ?is makes x easi] = ! %ield to advance 9 case all ! gr\nd 9 front has n be5 remov$4 ,?is view %[s h[ ! tail ov]laps ! la/ portion ( ! iron l9+4 ,"s di/ance beh9d ! %ield comes ! concrete bulkhead wall ) ! air locks conta9$ 9 x4 ,!re are two %[n 9 ! view4 ,! upp] "o is ! em]g5cy air lock1 always kept ready s t 9 case ( an accid5t ! m5 h a means ( escape ev5 ?\gh ! l[] "p ( ! tunnel is fill$ ) ru%+ wat] or mud4 ,! l[] air lock is = ! passage ( m5 & mat]ials dur+ ord9>y work+4 ,?is view also %[s t all ! tunnel ahead ( ! bulkhead wall is "u compress$ air :ile ! f9i%$ tunnel beh9d ! bulkhead wall is "u ! ord9>y or normal air pressure4 ,:5 ! tunnel is f9i%$ ! air locks & bulkhead walls are remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,a ,,driv+ ,,%ield ,?is %[s ! front ( "o ( ! %ields us$ on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad tunnels cross+ ! ,nor? ,riv] at ,new ,york4 ,! cutt+ edge is cle>ly se5 & ! v>i\s comp>tm5ts1 ea* ) its door1 :i* divide up ! front ( ! %ield4 ,^! %ields weigh$ ab\t #bjj tons ea*4 ,,h[ ,,tunnels ,,are ,,built4 ,^! notes describe v g5]ally ! way 9 :i* tunnels are built ?r\gh mud & gravel "u p>ts ( ! sea or l>ge riv]s 9 su* a way t ! m5 :o build !m are protect$ & z safe z ! c>p5t] :o is build+ a h\se4 ,! way ^! tunnels are built is call$ ! 8%ield0 way because ! ma*9e us$ is call$ a %ield4 ,x is giv5 ?is "n because x %ields ! tunnel build]s f ! wat] & ! mud :i* are ready at e mom5t to ov]:elm !m & kill !m4 ,! %ield 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahah by a great ,eng9e]1 ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 :o 0 a ,fr5*man liv+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! idea ( ! %ield came to him z he saw h[ ! sea worm :i* attacks ! wood5 piles ( docks along ! %ore bores ! holes x makes 9 ! wood4 ,! head ( ?is worm is v h>d & c bite its way ?r\gh ! h>de/ woods4 ,z x goes ?r\gh ! wood its body makes a h>d %elly coat+ :i* l9es ! holes :i* its head has made & prev5ts ! hole f gett+ fill$ up4 ,?is is ! g5]al idea ( a tunnel built by a %ield4 ,! fir/ %ield 0 us$ by ,mr4 ,brunel to make a tunnel across ! ,?ames ,riv] at ,london1 ,engl&4 ,?is is /ill ! bigge/ tunnel ev] built by a %ield1 al?\gh n ! longe/1 & is /ill us$ by railroad tra9s4 ,?is tunnel 0 begun 9 #ahbe & 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahdc1 & provides a hi/ory ( almo/ unexampl$ & n-to-be-excell$ c\rage 9 attack+ difficulties & skill 9 defeat+ !m4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,brunel _m great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! %ield & 9 ! way ( work+ x b ! same idea is /ill !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,%ield ,,is ,,pu%$ ,,=w>d ,?is %[s ! re> end or tail end ( "o ( ! small] %ields1 us$ on ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad tunnels "u ! ,nor? or ,hudson ,riv] at ,new ,york4 ,x %[s ! sk91 ! hydraulic jacks )9 ! sk9 & ! pip+ & valves = work+ !m4 ,x also %[s ! doors lead+ to ! front or 8face40 ,! erector is n %[n1 b ! circul> hole 9 ! middle %[s :]e x w\ld be atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s "o side ( an air lock bulkhead wall ) ! air lock 9 place4 ,! boil]-l appe>ance ( ! lock is cle>ly visible1 z well z ! door & ! pressure gauge to tell ! air pressure inside ! lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a re> view ( "o ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,tunnel %ields1 tak5 aft] a l5g? ( tunnel _h be5 complet$4 ,all ! details ( con/ruction are %[n1 b 9 ?is case ! erector is cle>ly se5 also4 ,! valves :i* control ! erector & ! rams :i* pu% ! %ield =w>d are se5 ne> ! top ( ! %ield4 ,! rods across ! tunnel are turn-buckles us$ to keep ! iron l9+ f gett+ out ( %ape 9 ! s(t mud4 ,^! are remov$ lat]4 ,! floor & tracks 9 ! bottom are tempor>y & are us$ = br++ mat]ials to & f ! %ield4 ,aft] ! days ( ,brunel's %ield ano!r great help 0 giv5 to tunnel build]s by ! inv5tion ( ! use ( compress$ air to hold back ! wat] :i* saturates ! gr\nd 9 :i* ! tunnel is be+ built4 ,,:o ,,inv5t$ ,,! ,,compress$ ,,air ,,me?od ,! fir/ real inv5tion ( compress$ air = ?is purpose 0 made by ,admiral ,sir ,?omas ,co*rane :o1 9 #ahcj1 took out a pat5t = ! use ( compress$ air to expel ! wat] f ! gr\nd 9 %afts & tunnels &1 by ?is means1 to conv]t ! gr\nd f a condition ( quicks& to "o ( firmness4 ,?is pat5t cov]s all ! ess5tial features ( compress$ air work+4 ,z sugge/$ above1 ! ?+ :i* compress$ air does 9 a tunnel is to pu% ! wat] out f all ! spaces :i* x fills 9 ! gr\nd1 s t ! m5 :o are digg+ away ! gr\nd = ! tunnel are work+ 9 firm dry gr\nd in/ead ( a mixture ( e>? & wat] :i* w run into & fill ! hole !y dig z soon z x is dug4 ,:5ev] a tunnel is be+ built bel[ a body ( wat] ?r\gh gr\nd :i* is por\s1 or 9 o!r words ?r\gh any gr\nd except solid rock or d5se clay1 ! wat] fills e crevice & space 9 ! gr\nd & is ex]t+ a pressure ( ab\t half a p\nd p] squ>e in* above ! ord9>y pressure ( ! air1 7:i* is #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in*7 = e foot ( dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]2 s t suppos+ ! tunnel is #dj feet bel[ ! wat] ! wat] has a pressure ( ne>ly #bj p\nds p] squ>e in* on e squ>e in* ( ! surface ( ! tunnel4 ,?is pressure causes ! wat] to fl[ viol5tly into any hole or op5+ t is made 9 ! gr\nd1 &1 unless ! wat] is prev5t$ f mov+ by "s means or o!r1 ! op5+ made w\ld be v quickly fill$ ) wat] & also ) gr\nd z ! ru% ( wat] w c>ry ! s&1 gravel or mud ) x4 ,by ,co*rane's inv5tion ! :ole tunnel is fill$ ) air "u a pressure equal to ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,?is compress$ air !re=e balances ! pressure ( ! wat] & holds x back f mov+1 & if ! pressure ( ! air is made slightly great] ?an t ( ! wat] ! wat] is driv5 back f ! tunnels = a %ort di/ance s t :5 ! tunnel is be+ dug ! gr\nd in/ead ( be+ wet is q dry4 ,?is expla9s ! pr9ciples ( ! %ield & compress$ air way ( mak+ a tunnel4 ,! foll[+ describes v %ortly h[ ^! pr9ciples are put to actual use4 ,mo/ tunnels :i* are built by %ield & compress$ air "u riv]s or arms ( ! sea are l9$ ) ca/ iron plates to protect ! railway or roadway :i* is 9 ! tunnel4 ,! tunnel is a circul> tube1 or %ell1 & ! plates h flanges on all sides :i* are bolt$ toge!r4 ,?is %ell is put into place1 plate by plate1 by means ( ! %ield :i* n only protects ! workm5 & ! "w "u con/ruction1 b :i* helps to build ! iron %ell4 ,9 fact x corresponds to ! sea worm :i* bores ?r\gh ! wood & l9es ! hole ) a %ell4 ,9 ! case ( ! tunnel ! %ell is made ( iron4 ,! %ield itself consi/s ( a /eel tube or cyl9d] slightly bigg] 9 diamet] ?an ! tube or tunnel x is int5d$ to build4 ,! front edge ( ?is %ield is made up ( a r+ ( %>p edg$ ca/+s :i* =m :at is call$ ! 8cutt+ edge40 ,j beh9d ! cutt+ edge is a bulkhead or wall ( /eel1 9 :i* are op5+s :i* may be op5$ or clos$ at w4 ,beh9d ?is bulkhead are plac$ a numb] ( hydraulic jacks or presses arrang$ ar\nd ! %ield & )9 x1 s t by ?ru/+ aga9/ ! la/ erect$ r+ ( iron l9+ ! :ole %ield is pu%$ =w>d4 ,! re> end ( ! %ield is a cont9uation ( ! cyl9d] :i* =ms ! front end1 & ?is "p1 call$ ! 8tail10 always ov]laps ! la/ few feet ( ! built up iron %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a photograph ( a model ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,tunnels to ,new ,york ,city1 made = ! ,jame/[n ,t]c5t5>y ,exposition ( #aijg4 ,x is giv5 because x illu/rates1 z no photograph ( actual "w c\ld d1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! %ield1 ! tunnel itself & ! air lock4 ,?is view %[s ! re> "p ( ! %ield on ! extreme left1 ) ! erector pick+ up an iron plate4 ,x %[s a man br++ a c> ) two ( ! iron plates up to ! %ield4 ,beh9d ?is man comes ! bulkhead wall ) ! em]g5cy air lock 9 ! top & ! ord9>y air lock = pass+ 9 & out at ! bottom4 ,x also %[s ! upp] plat=m to ! em]g5cy lock along :i* ! m5 c get to ! em]g5cy lock 9 case ( an accid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is ano!r view ( ! same model1 b %[+ ! front view ( ! %ield4 ,! doors on ! air locks are cle>ly %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a photograph tak5 9 "o ( ! ,p5nsylvania tunnels "u ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,x %[s ! s(t mud1 ?r\gh :i* ! tunnel is be+ built1 fl[+ 9 a ?ick /ream ?r\gh "o ( ! doors ( ! %ield4 ,! mud "u ! ,hudson1 :]e ^! tunnels are1 is s s(t t (t5 ! %ield 0 pu%$ ?r\gh ! mud ) all ! doors %ut1 s t no mud came into ! tunnel & no digg+ _h to be done1 b ! %ield pu%$ its way bodily ?r\gh ! mud1 ! r+s ( iron l9+ be+ built up beh9d z usual4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( mud 0 br\ght 9 & _h to be remov$4 ,?is photograph %[s h[ x look$4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,%ield ,,cuts ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,gr\nd ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 %[s m cle>ly :at is meant4 ,f an inspection ( ,figure #a x is cle> t1 :5 ! op5+s 9 ! %ield bulkhead are clos$1 ! tunnel is protect$ f an inru% ( ei!r wat] or e>?2 ! op5+s 9 ! bulkhead may be s regulat$ t control is ma9ta9$ ov] ! mat]ial pass$ ?r\gh4 ,aft] a r+ ( iron l9+ has be5 erect$ )9 ! tail ( ! %ield1 ! %ield doors are op5$ & m5 g ?r\gh !m & dig out en\gh e>? = ! %ield to g ahead4 ,! rams are !n ?ru/ out ?us pu%+ ! %ield ahead4 ,ano!r r+ ( iron is built up )9 ! tail = :i* purpose an hydraulic sw++ arm1 call$ ! 8erector10 is m\nt$ on ! %ield face4 ,?is erector picks up ! plates & puts !m into position1 "o by "o1 :ile ! m5 bolt !m toge!r4 ,excavation is !n c>ri$ on aga9 & ! :ole r\nd ( "w repeat$1 ga9+ e "t ! jacks are ramm$ or ?ru/ out a l5g? equal to ! l5g? ( "o r+ ( iron l9+4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is "w 9 gr\nd *>g$ ) wat] ! %ield is assi/$ by introduc+ compress$ air z describ$ be=e4 ,to use ! compress$ air ?ick bulkhead walls ( masonry are built across ! tunnel beh9d ! %ield & into ! space betwe5 ! %ield & ! bulkhead wall air is pump$1 compress$ to ! same pressure z t ( ! wat] 9 ! gr\nd1 or 9 o!r words ! pressure ( ! air 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* is ab\t half ! numb] ( feet ! tunnel is bel[ ! wat] surface4 ,?is dries ! gr\nd & simplifies enorm\sly ! difficulty ( work+ 9 x4 ,! diagram1 7,fig4 #a7 %[s a bulkhead wall across ! tunnel4 ,9 ord] to pass f ! ord9>y air outside ! bulkhead into ! compress$ air inside x1 all ! m5 & ! mat]ials h to pass ?r\gh ! 8air locks0 :i* are built into ! wall4 ,!y are call$ air locks because !y are l ! locks on a canal :i* raise ! wat] f a l[] to a high] level or l[] x f a high] to a l[] level z ! case may be4 ,! diff]5ce is t an air lock enables "o to pass f air at a l[ pressure to "o ( a high]1 or vice v]sa4 ,an air lock is made l a l>ge boil] ) a door at ea* end4 ,if we wi% to ent] ! compress$ air we ent] ! lock f ! outside4 ,! door at ! end has be5 tightly clos$ to prev5t ! compress$ air f ru%+ out4 ,we close ! door beh9d u & are n[ tightly %ut 9 ! boil]-l lock4 ,we n[ op5 a valve & compress$ air beg9s to fl[ quickly into ! air lock & ! air gets hott] & hott]1 due to ! compression ( ! air4 ,v likely an int5se pa9 beg9s to make itself felt 9 ! e>s b by swall[+ h>d & bl[+ ! nose x may be reliev$4 ,x is caus$ by ! air pressure be+ great] on ! outside ( ! e> drum ?an on ! inside4 ,if ! delicate e> passages are *ok$1 because ( a cold or "s su* reason1 x is unsafe to g fur!r or ! e> drum may bur/4 ,:5 ! pressure 9 ! air lock has rea*$ t 9 ! work+ *amb]1 ! door lead+ to ! %ield may be op5$ & we c pass to ! work+ space & note ! "w go+ on4 ,!re is no especial bodily s5sation to be felt except a slight exhil>ation & x is curi\s to f9d t "o _c :i/le4 ,on leav+ ! compress$ air we ent] ! air lock by ! door we left2 a valve is turn$ & ! air beg9s to escape & ! pressure 9 ! air lock beg9s to g d[n4 ,z x does s ! air becomes cold] & cold] & ! :ole lock is fill$ ) a wet fog due to ! *ill+ by expansion ( ! air4 ,! air has to be all[$ to escape v sl[ly1 z bubbles ( air & gas o!rwise =m 9 ! blood vessels & tissues ( ! body giv+ rise to ! v pa9ful compla9t kn[n to tunnel build]s z 8! b5ds10 & 9 v s]i\s cases to p>alysis & ev5 dea?4 ,! high] ! air pressure ! m sl[ly mu/ "o come out into ! ord9>y air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,jo9ts ,,wat] ,,tight ,?is %[s ! erector build+ up ! iron l9+ 9 "o ( ! ,p5nsylvania tunnels at ,new ,york4 ,x %[s cle>ly h[ ! iron plates are bolt$ toge!r to make ! r+s ( iron l9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! la/1 or clos+1 plate ( ea* iron r+ is call$ ! 8key10 & is mu* %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,?is photograph %[s ! %ield erector on "o ( ! ,p5nsylvania tunnels pick+ up & putt+ into place a key plate4 ,?is picture gives an idea ( ! mud & dirt & wet 9 :i* ! m5 :o "w 9 tunnels h to d _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,:]ev] possible1 e space & crevice outside ! iron l9+ is fill$ ) cem5t =c$1 9 a liquid /ate1 ?r\gh ! iron l9+ by compress$ air4 ,?is photograph %[s ! op]ation ( 8gr\t+10 z x is call$4 ,! man at ! left is 9 control ( ! gr\t+4 ,he has ! hose1 ?r\gh :i* ! gr\t is =c$1 screw$ to a pipe :i* passes ?r\gh a hole made = ! purpose 9 ! iron l9+ plates & call$ a 8gr\t hole40 ,! two m5 9 ! middle ( ! picture are att5d+ to ! 8gr\t+ ma*9e0 by :i* ! "w is done4 ,wat] & cem5t are f$ into ! small boil]-l tank1 ! tank clos$ & compress$ air admitt$ ?us bl[+ ! liquid cem5t ?r\gh ! hose & beh9d ! iron l9+4 ,:5 no m gr\t c be =c$ beh9d ! iron l9+ all ! space has be5 fill$4 ,! man on ! "r is ! eng9e]s' inspector tak+ note ( h[ mu* gr\t+ is done1 & see+ t ! "w is prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s ! process by :i* ! iron l9+ is made p]fectly wat]-tight1 s t1 :5 ! compress$ air is tak5 (f1 no wat] at all c get into ! tunnel4 ,two op]ations are %[n "h4 ,"o is call$ 8grommett+ ! bolts10 ! o!r is call$ 8caulk+ ! jo9ts40 ,! two m5 on ! left1 hang+ on to ! wr5*1 are tight5+ up ! bolts z tight z !y c aft] hav+ put on1 und]nea? ! wa%]s at ! head & nut ( ea* bolt1 a r+ ( spun y>n dipp$ 9 r$ lead & oil or t> or "s su* wat]-pro( mat]ial4 ,a few ( ^! 8grommets0 may be se5 at ! feet ( ! ?ird man f ! left4 ,! o!r f\r m5 are caulk+ ! jo9ts betwe5 ! iron plates by driv+ into ! jo9ts a mixture ( sal ammoniac & iron bor+s4 ,?is sets z h>d z iron & if prop]ly done makes a p]fectly wat]-tight jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rem>kable ,,accuracy ,,( ,,eng9e]+ ,usually :5 cross+1 ) a tunnel1 a wide riv] or e/u>y ! tunnel is />t$ f ea* %ore & ! %ields are pu%$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd until !y meet some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! riv]4 ,?is %[s two ( ! ,p5nsylvania tunnel %ields :i* h met f> bel[ ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! :ite arr[ %[s :]e ea* %ield ends4 ,! plat=m ( "o %ield on :i* ! man /&s corresponds exactly ) ! plat=m ( ! o!r %ield4 ,z may be imag9$1 x takes v c>eful & skillful eng9e]+ & survey+ "w1 bo? be=e ! "w is begun & :ile x is be+ c>ri$ out1 to enable tunnel %ields to meet l ?is4 ,?is "p ( ! art ( tunnell+ w\ld take an article to itself4 ,:5 ! %ield has be5 pu%$ across ! entire l5g? ( ! wat] way :i* has to be tunnell$1 & ! :ole ( ! iron tube or %ell is 9 place1 a ?ick l9+ ( concrete is plac$ inside ! iron %ell to protect x & make ! tunnel /rong]4 ,z an add$ safegu>d :]ev] ! tunnel is 9 rock1 gravel1 /rong clay or o!r gr\nd :i* is n s s(t t x does n close tightly 9 on ! outside ( ! tube1 liquid cem5t is =c$ by compress$ air ?r\gh holes made 9 ! iron plates = ?is purpose4 ,?is liquid cem5t ent]s e pore or crevice 9 ! surr\nd+ gr\nd & :5 x has set h>d x /ill fur!r protects ! iron ) a coat+ ( cem5t4 ,pieces h be5 cut out ( ! iron l9+ ( a tunnel built "u ! riv] ,?ames at ,london1 ,engl&1 9 #ahfi1 :i* %[$ t ! iron at all places 0 z good z ! day x 0 fir/ put 9 =ty ye>s be=e1 & iron put 9 ! l9+ ( ! ,hudson ,riv] ,tunnel ab\t #ahgh :5 remov$ aft] ?irty ye>s 0 9 p]fect condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ield ,,at ,,end ,,( ,,j\rney ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 %ields are n driv5 to meet "o ano!r1 b end _! j\rney at "s %aft or 9 "s o!r tunnel previ\sly built1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet ( all k9ds ( gr\nd1 f ! h>de/ rock1 :i* _h to be bla/$ out foot by foot be=e ! %ield c\ld advance1 ?r\gh h>d pan1 gravel1 b\ld]s1 piles1 rip-rap1 made gr\nd & mud s s(t t x fl[s l melt$ butt]4 ,naturally1 aft] an exp]i5ce l ?is a %ield does n look z spick & span z :5 x />t$ 9 life4 ,?is photograph %[s "o ( ! %ields ( ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad 9 ,new ,york j rea*+ ! end ( its j\rney1 batt]$ & b5t b /ill 9 ! r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s a piece ( curv$ tunnel ne> ,morton ,/reet1 on ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad1 & is giv5 because ( ! cle> %[+ x gives ( ! iron l9+4 ,! track & floor are only ! tempor>y roads = use dur+ con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,sometimes x is necess>y to make bor+s ( ! gr\nd bel[ ! tunnels4 ,9 "s ( ^! bore holes va/ quantities ( wat] are f\nd at a mu* high] pressure ?an ! tunnel compress$ air4 ,?is picture %[s a sp\t+ bore hole 9 "o ( ! ,p5nsylvania tunnels dur+ con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,! la/ ?+ to d be=e lay+ ! track is to put ! concrete inside ! iron l9+4 ,?is picture %[s ?is "w go+ on & ! wood5 =ms or ribs = hold+ up ! concrete :ile x is sett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l& ,,end ,,( ,a ,,great ,,tunnel ,,"u ,,! ,,hudson ,?is view is giv5 to %[ h[ complicat$ an und]gr\nd /ructure may h to be made to take c>e ( ! requirem5ts ( traffic4 ,?is view %[s ! ?ree great re9=c$ concrete caissons sunk ?r\gh ! e>? at ,j]sey ,city 9 ord] to conta9 ! swit*es & cross+s requir$ to =m ! ,new ,j]sey connections ( ! upt[n & d[nt[n tunnels ( ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad4 ,^! caissons 7 sunk "u air pressure by excavat+ bel[ !m j z ?\gh !y 7 tunnels turn$ up on end4 ,9 s9k+ ^! caissons ! mat]ial pass$ ?r\gh 0 wat]-logg$ made gr\nd1 & ! hulls ( two sunk5 canal boats 7 enc\nt]$ & _h to be cut into pieces small en\gh to be tak5 out ?r\gh ! locks4 ,! usual pass5g] ru%+ at high spe$ 9 ! tra9s betwe5 ,j]sey ,city & ,new>k & ,new ,york has little idea ( ! v complicat$ /ructure necess>y to all[ ( 8 do+ s4 ,! in=mation 9 ?is article 0 suppli$ by ,jacobs ,davies1 ,inc41 ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 #cj ,*ur* ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ! ,eng9e]s = ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 ,hudson ,riv] ,tunnels1 ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad1 & _m o!r tunnels 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! illu/rations 7 k9dly suppli$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad & ! ,hudson & ,manhattan ,railroad4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,tunnel ,,build+ ,?is acc\nt ( tunnell+ by %ield & compress$ air is v %ort & gives no m ?an a b>e /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples & *ief me?ods ( su* "w4 ,no?+ has be5 said ( ! eng9e]+ difficulties involv$ 9 ! design ( su* "w1 nor ( ! delicate survey+ "w necess>y if "o %\ld hope to />t two %ields a mile or two ap>t & h !m meet z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac l two great glass tumbl]s plac$ rim to rim aft] hav+ travell$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet ( e k9d ( gr\nd4 ,no?+ has be5 said ( ! m5 :o "w on ?is mo/ ardu\s =m ( subt]ranean navigation1 h[ !y *e]fully face ! d>k & ! wat] ev] ?reat5+ above !m & ! unse5 b n less deadly ally1 & yet foe1 ! compress$ air1 ) its dread$ result1 ! b5ds1 or ! m5 on ! surface :o keep ! air compressors runn+ )\t pause or /op day 9 & day out until ! "w is done s t _! comrades bel[ may "w 9 safety4 ,no?+ has be5 said ( ! curi\s accid5ts t are liable to occur z :5 ! air pressure 9 ! tunnel gets too high1 ov]balances ! wat] pressure & bl[s a hole ?r\gh ! riv]-b$ & =ms a geys] 9 ! riv] above4 ,x gives no acc\nt ( ! special difficulties :i* arise :5 special conditions are f\nd2 = example1 :5 ! l[] "p ( ! tunnel is 9 rock & ! upp] "p is 9 s(t mat]ial4 ,9 fact x is no?+ m ?an a b>e outl9e b x hop$ t "s1 :o may n be cle> 9 _! m9ds z to h[ tunnels are built1 may le>n "s ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ?is mo/ romantic k9d ( "w f ?is bald n>rative4 ,:y ,d ,my ,tee? ,*att]8 ,y\r tee? *att] because :5 y are cold 9 a way t makes y\r tee? *att] ! little muscles :i* close ! jaw act 9 a s]ies ( quick little contractions :i* pull ! jaw up1 & !n let x fall by its own weight4 ,?is is repeat$ _m times &1 z ! action is quick1 ! *att]+ occurs4 ,x is a peculi> ?+ t ?is occurs 9 spite ( ! w or bra91 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! muscles :i* op]ate ! jaws are especially "u ! control ( ! bra94 ,! *att]+ is really a spasm caus$ by ! cold1 & all spasms act indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,cold seems to act on ! jaw muscles a good deal l "s poisons :i* cause spasms4 ,:]e ,did ,all ! ,wat] 9 ! ,oceans ,come ,f8 ,no1 x did n come f ! riv]s :i* empty !mselves into ! oceans1 because ! oceans 7 !re be=e ! riv]s exi/$4 ,"p ( x comes f ! riv]s n[1 b only a little 9 comp>ison to all ! wat] !re is 9 ! ocean4 ,i w try to tell y simply h[ all ! wat] got into ! ocean4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 no wat] on ! e>? at all4 ,t 0 :5 ! e>? 0 r$ hot1 j z x is to-day on ! inside1 & at t "t all ! wat] we h to-day 0 up 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( gases4 ,/range z x may seem to y1 if y take two gases1 "o call$ hydrog5 & ! o!r oxyg51 & mix !m ! "r way1 !y w turn into wat]1 & if y _h ! "r k9d ( *emical app>atus y c\ld take wat] & turn x into ^! gases aga94 ,:51 !n1 ! e>? 0 /ill all r$ hot1 all ( our wat] 0 up 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( ^! two gases4 ,!n1 lat] on1 :5 ! am\nt ( heat on ! e>? 0 j "r to make ^! gases mix toge!r1 ! wat] came d[n out ( ! air 9 great quantities1 & !re 0 s mu* ( x t x completely cov]$ ! :ole e>? & no l& 0 visible4 ,lat] on1 = v>i\s reasons1 m\nta9s 7 ?r[n up on ! e>?'s surface by great e>?quakes1 & e "t a m\nta9 or a high place 0 =m$ !re _h to be a hole or l[ place "s place else1 & ! wat] ran into ^! l[ places & /ay$ !re1 & t uncov]$ m ( ! l&1 because !re wasn't en\gh wat] to fill all ! holes & cov] ! l& too1 & t is :at makes our cont95ts & isl&s & all ( ! l& we see4 ,!re is n[ ab\t ?ree times z mu* e>? cov]$ ) wat] z !re is l&4 ,( c\rse1 ! sun is always pick+ up wat] ?r\gh :at is call$ evaporation1 :i* means t x is tak5 into ! air 9 ! =m ( gases4 ,lat] x comes d[n aga9 9 ! =m ( ra9 & falls into ! oceans or on ! l&1 :]e x s9ks 91 f9ally f9d+ a /ream or riv]1 & soon] or lat] gets back into ! ocean aga94 ,:y ,don't ! ,wat] 9 ! ,ocean ,s9k ,98 ,?is is due to ! fact t !re is a k9d ( sub/ance at ! bottom ( ! ocean :i* ! wat] _c p5etrate1 9 spite ( ! trem5d\s pressure :i* ! great body ( deep wat] ex]ts4 ,9 all places :]e ! bottom ( ! ocean has a cov]+ :i* wat] c s9k into x does s1 b !re are su* a few places :]e ?is is possible1 by comp>ison1 t ! am\nt t gets out t way is n noticeable4 ,?is wat]1 if x c keep on go+1 w ev5tually rea* ! inside ( ! e>?1 :]e x is r$ hot1 & is turn$ into /eam4 ,:]e ,does ! ,wat] 9 ! ,ocean ,g at ,l[ ,tide8 ,to get to ! answ] ( ?is y mu/ "k some?+ ab\t ! tides4 ,! tide is caus$ by ! pull ( ! moon on ! wat]s 9 ! ocean4 ,! moon revolves ab\t ! e>? once ea* day & has ! ability to draw up ! wat]s 9 ! ocean t[>d x1 z we h se5 9 our /udy ( ! tides4 ,n[1 :5 x is high tide 9 "o place x is l[ tide 9 ano!r4 ,! moon does n make m wat]1 b only pulls x t[>d x f side to side4 ,:5 x is l[ tide :]e we are ! wat] has simply mov$ z a body t[>d ! place :]e x is high tide4 ,! tides act a good deal l a see-saw1 except t !y move f side to side in/ead ( up & d[n4 ,:5 "o end ( ! see-saw goes up ! o!r end goes d[n1 & :5 ! 8d[n0 end comes up ! o!r end goes d[n4 ,s ! answ] to y\r "q really is t at l[ tide ! wat] :i* made x high tide a few h\rs be=e has gone to "s place :]e x is at t mom5t high tide4 ,:y ,does ! ,ocean ,look ,blue at ,times & at ,o!r ,times ,gre58 ,sometimes :5 we look at ! ocean f ! pavilion or :ile on ! s& ( our favorite ba?+ bea* ! wat] 9 ! ocean looks v beautifully blue1 & on o!r days w look d>k gre5 f ! same po9t4 ,:y is x8 ,if y w /op to ?9k t at night :5 !re is no moon or o!r light ! wat] 9 ! ocean looks black1 ,i ?9k y w soon be on ! "r track to answ] ! "q y\rself4 ,:5 ! sky is blue--! k9d ( blue we l to see 9 ! sky :5 we are at ! bea*--! wat] 9 ! ocean is blue1 because ! sea reflects ! color ( ! sky1 & :5 ! sky is ov]ca/ & gray ! color reflect$ by ! sea w be gray also4 ,b1 say y1 sometimes ! wat] 9 ! ocean is d>k gre51 & yet ! sky is nev] gre54 ,q true1 & ,i w try to tell y :at produces ! gre5 color4 ,?is happ5s sometimes :]e ! wat] is %all[1 ei!r ne> ! %ore or out fur!r :]e !re is a s&b> or o!r %all[ place4 ,sometimes at su* po9ts ! sunlight /rikes ! wat] at su* an angle t ! rays g cle> to ! bottom & are reflect$ f t po9t--! bottom--to our eyes4 ,9 su* a case ! light w be *ang$ ?r\gh a comb9ation ( ! color ( ! bottom at t po9t & ! color ( ! sky itself at ! "t to make ! color gre5 z x is reflect$ to our eyes f ! bottom4 ,:y ,does ,wat] ,run8 ,wat] runs because x has n en\gh ( any?+ 9 x to make x /ick toge!r4 ,9 s*ool language we call ?is /ick+-toge!r-?+ 8cohesion40 ,! pr9ciple ( cohesion makes all ! diff]5ce !re is1 s to speak1 betwe5 solids1 liquids & gases4 ,a brick1 a /one1 a /ick ( wood1 or a piece ( iron & all o!r solid sub/ances h a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?is prop]ty ( cohesion1 & ! p>ticles /ick toge!r1 enabl+ u to build build+s & o!r ?+s :i* become p]man5t /ructures4 ,^! solid sub/ances are ei!r naturally cohesive or else man1 z 9 ! case ( ! brick1 has br\ght toge!r c]ta9 ?+s ) little or no cohesion & made !m /ick toge!r p]man5tly4 ,9 ! case ( ! brick1 he takes a quantity ( clay1 :i* is cohesive only to a c]ta9 degree1 bakes x 9 an ov5 & x becomes h>d en\gh--m cohesive--s t he c pile "o on top ( ! o!r & make a build+4 ,!n he puts s&1 mix$ ) o!r ?+s--lime & wat]--betwe5 ! bricks to hold ! bricks toge!r1 & makes a /ructure t w la/4 ,two bricks h no natural cohesion = ea* o!r &1 !re=e1 !y c only be held toge!r by some?+ t has cohesion )9 itself & also = ! bricks4 ,! lime1 s& & wat] make mort> :i* is cohesive :5 prop]ly mix$1 :ile 9 !mselves nei!r lime nor s& h mu* cohesive prop]ty1 & wat] has none at all4 ,liquids h little or no cohesion4 ,wat] has none1 or v little4 ,syrup has a good deal m1 b w run ov] ! edge ( a piece ( bread & butt] if y are n c>eful4 ,gases h no cohesive prop]ties at all &1 !re=e1 fly all ov] ! place1 ?r\gh any op5+ !y c f9d1 ei!r at ! top ( ! room or "u ! crack ( ! door4 ,!y are always try+ to get to "s place else & w keep mov+ z long z n conf9$4 ,gases c move 9 any direction4 ,liquids1 h[ev]1 :ile !y are incl9$ to be con/antly on ! move1 c only g 9 "o direction--d[n hill1 & !y g d[n fa/ or sl[ if !re is a *ance1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( /ick-toge!r prop]ties !y h4 ,liquids c nev] g up ( _! own accord1 except+ 9 ! process ( evaporation1 & !n only :5 *ang$ into gases4 ,a lake ( wat] w dry up completely by evaporation unless f$ by /reams ( wat] con/antly fl[+ 91 because evaporation is con/antly tak+ place :]ev] wat] is expos$ to ! air4 ,:at ,makes ! ,wat] ,boil8 ,:at we call boil+ 9 ! wat] we see :5 wat] is put ov] a hot fire long en\gh to make x boil1 is ! *ang+ ( ! wat] f :at we g5]ally reg>d x--a liquid--into gases4 ,wat] consi/s ( two gases--hydrog5 & oxyg5--9 fact1 two p>ts ( hydrog5 gas & "o "p ( oxyg5 gas :5 mix$ w always make pure wat]4 ,n[1 !n1 if liquid wat] is heat$ to a c]ta9 po9t or temp]ature x turns into ! two gases1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 & comes to ! top ( ! wat]1 :i* /ill rema9s 9 liquid =m1 9 ! =m ( a bubble & explodes into ! air--n a v l\d explosion1 b /ill an explosion4 ,! process ( turn+ liquid wat] into gases is a gradual "o1 & t is :y ! wat] does n all turn into "o l>ge bubble at once & explode away4 ,if y keep ! fire go+ long en\gh1 all ! wat] 9 ! vessel w explode away into ! air1 a few bubbles at a "t4 ,if y hold a cold plate ov] ! vessel z ! bubble explodes y c cat* "s ( ^! gases 9 ! =m ( bubbles on ! "u side ( ! plate1 :i* are aga9 liquid wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] becomes hot en\gh x turns into bubbles & z bubbles rise t is :at makes ! boil+ y see4 ,:5 ! same gases !n come toge!r aga9 9 a c]ta9 proportion "u prop] temp]ature !y turn into liquid wat]4 ,at ,:at ,po9t ( ,heat ,does ,wat] ,boil8 ,! boil+ po9t ( wat] is ! temp]ature at :i* x beg9s to pass into ! =m ( gases4 ,?is v>ies 9 diff]5t altitudes4 ,at ! sea level ! boil+ po9t is at #bab ,fahr5heit4 ,on ! top ( m\nta9s1 = in/ance1 wat] w\ld boil at a mu* l[] temp]ature4 ,x w\ld be possible to g high en\gh 9 a balloon s t ! wat] w\ld fly f ! pan 9 ! =m ( gas )\t mak+ ! wat] hot4 ,also1 a mile bel[ ! level ( ! sea x w\ld take _m m degrees ( heat to make ! wat] boil4 ,x is said t high up 9 a balloon y c\ld n boil an egg h>d 9 a pan ( boil+ wat] if y kept x 9 ! boil+ wat] = an h\r or m1 :]eas we "k t an egg w be h>d-boil$ if we keep x 9 boil+ wat] d[n :]e we live = m ?an five m9utes4 ,! degree ( heat at :i* wat] passes away into ! =m ( gases is regulat$ by ! pressure ( ! air on ! wat] & o!r ?+s ab\t u4 ,at ! av]age level 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e p live ! pressure ( ! air on ev]y?+ is fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & at ?is pressure wat] boils only aft] x rea*es a temp]ature ( #bab ,fahr5heit4 ,z we g up ! m\nta9s ! pressure becomes less & less z we g up4 ,at ! top ( ,m\nt ,blanc1 :i* is #ae1gha feet high1 wat] boils at #ahe ,fahr5heit4 ,if we took a balloon f ! top ( ! m\nta9 we w\ld come to a height :]e !re 0 no air pressure at all4 ,:at ,d ,we ,mean by ,fahr5heit8 ,! "n ,fahr5heit is us$ to di/+ui% ! k9d ( scale mo/ commonly us$ on !rmomet]s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,gabriel ,daniel ,fahr5heit1 a native ( ,dantzic1 made ! fir/ !rmomet] on :i* ?is scale 0 us$1 & x is nam$ aft] him4 ,9 ?is scale = !rmomet]s ! space betwe5 ! freez+ po9t & ! boil+ po9t is divid$ into #ahj degrees--! po9t = freez+ be+ m>k$ #cb degrees & ! boil+ po9t #bab degrees4 ,:y ,c't ,we ,swim z ,easily 9 ,fre% ,wat] z 9 ,salt ,wat]8 ,our bodies are heavi] ?an fre% wat]1 i4 e41 a bulk ( fre% wat] equal to ! size ( our body w\ld weigh less ?an our body1 s t ! fir/ t5d5cy is to s9k to ! bottom if we f9d ourselves 9 fre% wat]4 ,if man _h n le>n$ to swim t is :at he w\ld always d1 s9k to ! bottom2 b hav+ le>n$ h[ to keep f s9k+1 he is able to swim 9 fre% wat]4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d t an am\nt ( salt wat] equal to ! bulk ( a man 9 size is heavi] ?an an equal am\nt ( fre% wat]1 al?\gh su* a bulk ( ord9>y salt sea wat] w /ill weigh less ?an ! man4 ,a man w s9k 9 salt wat] also if he has n le>n$ to swim or float1 b he c keep up ) less ef=t 9 salt wat]1 & also swim 9 x m easily4 ,9 a nut%ell1 !n1 ! answ] to ?is "q is t salt wat] is heavi] ?an fre% wat]4 ,y c make salt wat] s full ( salt t x becomes heavi] ?an a man4 ,great ,salt ,lake 9 ,utah is s salty t "o _c s9k 9 x = ?is reason4 ,y c\ld dr[n y\rself 9 x1 ( c\rse1 by keep+ y\r head "u wat]1 b :e!r 9 %all[ wat] or deep wat] y w\ld n s9k 9 ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,:y ,d ,we ,say ,"s ,wat] ,is ,h>d & ,o!r ,wat] ,s(t8 ,:at we call h>d wat] conta9s c]ta9 salts :i* s(t wat] does n conta94 ,?is salt 9 h>d wat] is lime or "s o!r salts :i* ! wat] has pick$ up out ( ! gr\nd z x pass$ ?r\gh ei!r com+ up or go+ d[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c guess aft] hav+ be5 told ?is mu* t if we c f9d any wat] t has n pass$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 &1 !re=e1 n _h a *ance to pick up any salts1 we w h s(t wat]4 ,f t po9t x is easy to guess1 !n1 t ra9 wat] mu/ be s(t wat]1 & s x is4 ,! wat] 9 ! ci/]ns1 :i* is ra9 wat]1 is s(t wat]1 & ! k9d we get out ( ! wells is h>d wat]4 ,we d n l to wa% ei!r our faces or our clo!s 9 h>d wat]1 especially :5 x is necess>y to use soap1 because :5 we use soap ) h>d wat] ! soap und]goes *emical *ange :i* prev5ts its dissolv+ 9 ! wat]4 ,!re=e1 y _c easily d a good job ( wa%+ 9 h>d wat]4 ,on ! o!r h& x is easy to dissolve ! soap 9 pure ra9 wat] or s(t wat] & t is ! k9d we1 !re=e1 pref] = wa%+4 ,h[ ,does ,wat] ,put a ,fire ,out8 ,?is is at fir/ a puzzl+ "q1 because back 9 y\r m9d is ! ?\ght t s9ce hydrog5 & oxyg5 are necess>y to make a fire burn1 x seems /range t wat]1 :i* is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 w also put x out4 ,a burn+ fire ?r[s (f heat1 b if too mu* ( ! heat is tak5 f ! fire sudd5ly ! temp]ature ( ! fire is s5t d[n s f> bel[ ! po9t at :i* ! oxyg5 ( ! air w comb9e ) x t ! fire _c burn4 ,we speak commonly z ?\gh wat] ?r[n on a fire dr[ns x4 ,t is practically :at happ5s4 ,sci5tifically :at happ5s is t ! wat] ?r[n ^u ! fire absorbs s mu* ( ! heat to itself t ! temp]ature ( ! fire is r$uc$ bel[ ! po9t :]e oxyg5 w comb9e ) ! c>bon 9 ! burn+ mat]ial & ! fire goes out4 ,to answ] ! unask$ "p ( y\r "q at ! same "t ,i w say t hydrog5 & oxyg5 :5 comb9$ z wat] w put ! fire out r ?an make x burn1 m because :5 ^! gases take ! =m ( wat] !y are already once burn$1 & y "k t any?+1 sub/ance or gas1 :i* has already be5 burn$ _c be burn$ aga94 ,x requir$ great heat to make oxyg5 & hydrog5 comb9e & =m wat]1 & x also takes great heat to sep>ate !m aga94 ,s !y are really burn$ once be=e !y become wat]4 ,:]e ,does ! ,ra9 ,g8 ,ev5tually almo/ all ( ! ra9 t falls runs into ! riv]s & lakes & lat] f9ds its way into ! ocean1 :]e x is aga9 tak5 up into ! air by ! sun's rays4 ,b _m o!r ?+s happ5 to p>ts ( ! ra9 :i* d n f9d _! way into ! ocean4 ,9 ! pav$ /reet1 ( c\rse1 :]e ! wat] _c s9k 91 x fl[s into ! gutt] & !nce into ! sew] & on d[n to ! riv] or :]ev] x is t ! sew]s are empti$4 ,y see1 x dep5ds v mu* on :at ! e>?'s surface is cov]$ ) at ! place :]e ! ra9 falls4 ,:5 x /rikes :]e !re is vegetation a great deal ( x /ays 9 ! soil at a dep? ( comp>atively few feet4 ,if x is soil :]e trees & o!r plants gr[ a great deal ( x is suck$ up f ! gr\nd by ?is vegetation & giv5 back into ! air ?r\gh ! leaves & fl[]s4 ,"s ( ! ra9 keeps s9k+ on d[n into ! e>? until x /rikes "s sub/ance l rock or clay1 ?r\gh :i* x _c s9k1 & !n x foll[s along ?is until x f9ds some?+ x c get ?r\gh & collects 9 a pool & =ms an und]gr\nd lake1 & may cause a spr+ to fl[4 ,!n !re are also worms & o!r =ms ( animal life 9 ! e>? :i* use up "s ( ! wat]4 ,b x all gets back into ! air ev5tually to come d[n "s "t aga9 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,:y ,does ,ra9 ,make ! ,air ,fre%8 ,! ma9 answ] to ?is "q mu/ be t ! ra9 9 com+ d[n ?r\gh ! air drives ! du/ & o!r impurities :i* are 9 ! air be=e x1 & s cleans ! air & makes x absolutely clean4 ,9 addition to ?is x is n[ /at$ t s9ce v (t5 ra9 is produc$ by electrical *anges 9 ! air1 & t ^! electrical *anges produce a gas call$ ozone1 :i* has a delightfully fre% smell1 x is ?is ozone t makes u say ! air has become fre%4 ,! air above our cities is almo/ con/antly fill$ ) smoke1 conta9+ v>i\s poison\s gases1 & ^! are driv5 away by ! fall+ ra94 ,!n1 too1 !re is always a great] or less accumulation ( dirt1 g>bage & o!r ?+s 9 ! cities :i* give (f (f5sive smells con/antly1 b :i* we d n notice always because we become us$ to !m4 ,:5 ! ra9 comes d[n x wa%es ! /reets & de/roys ^! smells1 & t makes ! air fre% & delightful to take into ! lungs4 ,9 ! c\ntry ! air is m ne>ly pure all ! "t1 because ! ?+s :i* spoil ! air 9 ! city are n pres5t4 ,is a ,tra9 ,h>d] to ,/op ,?an to ,/>t8 ,! answ] is yes4 ,x is h>d] to /op a tra9 ?an to />t x1 or r x takes m p[]4 ,! spe$ ( a tra9 dep5ds ^u ! motive p[]4 ,:5 a tra9 is /opp$ & y wi% to />t x1 y mu/ apply en\gh motive p[] to />t x go+4 ,!re mu/ be en\gh p[] to move ! weight ( ! tra9 & ov]come ! friction ( ! :eels on ! track4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easi] to move a ?+ t weighs less ?an a heavi] "o4 ,if y ?r[ a ball t5 feet into ! air1 x w p]haps n /+ y\r h& :5 y cat* x on its return2 b1 if y ?r[ x "o hundr$ feet into ! air1 x w /+ y\r h&s :5 y cat* x4 ,besides1 x w come d[n fa/] ! la/ t5 feet ( ! way ?an ! ball :i* y ?rew only t5 feet into ! air4 ,?is is because :5 movem5t is appli$ to any?+ y add p[] to x4 ,! ball :i* comes d[n f "o hundr$ feet 9 ! air acquires m p[] 9 fall+ & x takes m p[] to /op x4 ,a tra9 9 motion has n only ! p[] ( ! weight ( ! tra9 beh9d x1 b also ! additional weight :i* ! movem5t ( ! tra9 has giv5 x4 ,!re=e1 x takes m p[] to /op x ?an to />t x4 ,to /op a tra9 y mu/ apply ! same am\nt ( p[] z is 9 ! mov+ tra9 because ! p[] to /op any mov+ ?+ mu/ always be at lea/ z great z ! p[] :i* is mov+ x4 ,:at ,makes ! ,knots ,9 ,bo>ds8 ,we f9d knots 9 ! bo>ds :i* we notice 9 a lumb] pile or 9 any o!r place :]e bo>ds happ5 to be1 because ! small] limbs :i* gr[ away f ! l>g] limbs ( trees gr[ f ! inside z well z ! outside ( ! tree4 ,:5 y see a knot 9 a bo>d x means t be=e ! tree 0 cut d[n & ! log saw$ up into bo>ds1 a limb 0 gr[+ out f ! inside ( ! tree at ! spot :]e ! knot occurs4 ,y w also f9d t ! wood 9 ! knot is h>d] g5]ally ?an ! re/ ( ! bo>d4 ,?is is because m /r5g? is requir$ at ! base ( a limb & 9 ! "p ( ! limb :i* grew inside ! tree ?an 9 o!r p>ts1 = ! limb mu/ be /rong en\gh to support n only ! limb itself1 b also ! small] limbs :i* gr[ out ( x4 ,h[ ,_m ,/>s ,are ,!re8 ,man may nev] "k h[ _m />s !re are4 ,! be/ we c d is to figure on ! numb] t c be se5 ) ! l>ge/ telescopes :i* h be5 inv5t$1 =1 ( c\rse1 y "k !re mu/ be _m millions ( !m :i* to u are invisible4 ,we h c\nt$ ! />s s f> z we c see !m2 or1 r1 s f> z we c photograph !m4 ,a/ronom]s h f\nd t a photographic plate expos$ to ! />s w %[ m ( !m ?an c be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,?is is because ! mat]ials on a photographic plate are m s5sitive to ! light ( ! />s ?an ! human eye4 ,by ?is me?od man has be5 able 9 a way to c\nt ! />s he c see4 ,x adds up to m ?an a hundr$ million ( !m4 ,a/ronom]s f\nd ?is out by tak+ photographs ( ! heav5s at night1 devot+ "o picture to ea* section1 until ! entire heav5s _h be5 cov]$1 & !n c\nt+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,pa9t ,,comes ,,f ,,mak+ ,,lead ,,buckles--,,! ,,fir/ ,,/ep ,,9 ,,pa9t ,,mak+4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,c ( ,pa9t ,pa9t su* z is mo/ frequ5tly us$ is ! mat]ial us$ = pa9t+ build+s1 su* z h\ses1 b>ns1 /ores1 & _m o!rs :i* we ne$ n m5tion "h4 ,?is pa9t is us$ on ^! build+s mo/ly = two v important reasons--"o be+ to beautify ! build+s1 ! o!r be+ to protect !m f ! ravages ( ! wea!r1 mu* 9 ! same way t y\r clo!s protect y f ! wea!r4 ,pa9t su* z we m5tion "h may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ simple & useful =m4 ,y h no d\bt frequ5tly se5 ! pa9t]-man spread+ pa9t on "s build+1 or p]*ance1 y h se5 y\r fa!r do+ x1 & h notic$ t pa9t is a fluid sub/ance look+ some?+ l cream1 :i* is appli$ to ! surface to be pa9t$ ) a suitable bru% & is bru%$ out smoo?ly4 ,aft] ! fir/ coat is dry1 o!r coats are put on 9 ! same way until en\gh pa9t has be5 put on to ?or\ghly hide ! unev5ness ( ! lumb] & mak+ x ( a uni=m color4 ,?is pa9t is made by simply mix+ toge!r dry p[d]1 :i* is usually call$ pigm5t1 ) a ?91 yell[i% liquid :i* is call$ l9se$ oil4 ,9 ! e>li] days1 ! pa9t]-man mix$ ?is pa9t himself :5ev] he desir$ to use x4 ,9 ^! m mod]n times1 he usually buys ?is pa9t already prep>$4 ,p]haps a little hi/ory ( ! prep>ation ( ! package ( a c ( pa9t :i* he buys may be int]e/+ to y4 ,let u imag9e t ! c ( pa9t is :ite4 ,9 ?is case1 ! pigm5t :i* is us$ is a :ite p[d] & is made ( ei!r metallic lead or metallic z9c4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is f9e :ite p[d] is v int]e/+ & requires consid]able "t to p]fect4 ,let u consid] ! pigm5t kn[n z :ite lead fir/4 ,?is is produc$ by caus+ metallic lead1 :i* is ( a blui%-gray color & v heavy1 to *ange f its orig9al =m by a process :i* is kn[n z 8corrosion40 ,?is corrosion is br\ght ab\t by fir/ tak+ ! metallic lead1 :i* at ?is /age exi/s 9 l>ge pieces kn[n z 8pigs40 ,^! pigs ( lead are melt$ 9 a furnace & !n mold$ into small1 ?9 %apes :i* are buckles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,:ite ,,lead ,,is ,,made ,,fill+ ,,! ,,/ack ,,) ,,lead ,,buckles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lead ,,be+ ,,tak5 ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,/acks4 ,! next /ep is to take an e>!nw>e vessel1 :i* resembles an ord9>y /one crock1 & fir/ p\r into x a small quantity ( acetic acid1 :i* is ab\t ! same z table v9eg>4 ,!n ! crock or pot is fill$ up ) ! lead buckles4 ,:]e ?is :ite lead is made 9 a l>ge way _m ?\s&s ( ^! pots are plac$ 9 a build+1 ! sides ( :i* are wall$ up tight1 ! spaces betwe5 ! crocks be+ fill$ 9 ) tan b>k4 ,aft] ! floor has be5 cov]$ ) a lay] ( ^! crocks1 ! lay] is cov]$ ) bo>ds1 9 ord] to provide a f\ndation = sett+ 9 ! next lay] ( crocks & tan b>k4 ,! lay] ( bo>ds also s]ves z a floor to keep ! tan b>k f fall+ into ! op5 crocks on ! ti] bel[4 ,?is proc$ure is foll[$ ) ti] aft] ti] until ! build+ is completely fill$4 ,corrosion ( ! metallic lead 9 ! pots n[ beg9s1 because ! tan b>k g5]ates "s heat1 becom+ f9ally q w>m4 ,?is heat causes ! acetic acid or v9eg> to ?r[ (f vapor or /eam1 :i* attacks ! metallic lead1 caus+ x to decompose or corrode4 ,?is process goes on = _m weeks 7sometimes z mu* z fifte5 or sixte5 weeks71 until ^? buckles ( metallic lead h become a mass ( :ite p[d] & ne>ly all trace ( ! orig9al metallic lead has disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lead ,,buckle ,,aft] ,,corrosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lead ,,buckle ,,be=e ,,corrosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,oxide ,,( ,,z9c ,,is ,,obta9$ ,,wa%+ ,,! ,,lead4 ,,scre5s ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,clo? ,,remove ,,all ,,=eign ,,matt]4 ,aft] ^! _m weeks h pass$1 ! pots conta9+ ! :ite p[d] ( c>bonate ( lead1 z x is call$1 is tak5 out ( ! build+ :]e corrosion took place1 & ! :ite deposit is put ?r\gh an elaborate sy/em ( ref9+1 :i* is call$ 8wa%+10 &1 9 fact1 is really wa%$ 9 wat]1 & is !n dri$ 9 v l>ge copp] pans4 ,aft] be+ dri$ x is 9 ! =m ( l>ge :ite cakes1 resembl+ pieces ( *alk4 ,^! cakes are !n pass$ ?r\gh a mill1 :i* gr9ds !m to v f9e p[d]1 :i* is pack$ 9 b>rels ready to be %ipp$ & us$ by ! pa9t-mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,furnace ,,:]e ,,! ,,sulphur ,,is ,,roa/$ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,ore4 ,n[ t we h foll[$ ?r\gh ! process ( mak+ ! :ite-lead p[d]1 or pigm5t1 let u take a little "t to /udy ! prep>ation ( ! o!r :ite p[d]1 kn[n to ! pa9t trade z 8oxide ( z9c40 ,?is is prep>$ 9 a mann] q diff]5t f t ( ! :ite lead4 ,fir/ ! ore :i* is m9$ f ! e>? conta9+ ! metallic z9c is c>efully select$ by exp]t workm5 & plac$ 9 a special k9d ( furnace1 be+ mix$ ) h>d coal1 su* z we use 9 our heat+ /oves4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,z9c ,,smelt]--,,! ,,m5 ,,keep ,,_! ,,m\?s ,,cov]$ ,,s ,,z ,,n ,,to ,,inhale ,,! ,,vapor1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,poison\s ,! burn+ ( ! coal causes an int5sely high temp]ature1 sometimes be+ sev]al ?\s& degrees4 ,?is causes ! z9c ore to be consum$ z x 7 or to pass into a =m ( vapor4 ,?is vapor is c>ri$ ?r\gh huge pipes :i* are sev]al feet 9 diamet] & ext5d = a long di/ance4 ,:ile ^! vapors are pass+ ?r\gh ^! pipes x becomes cool$4 ,aft] becom+ cool$ x takes on ! =m ( v f9e :ite p[d]1 com+ f ! pipes 9 mu* ! same way t sn[ falls f ! sky 9 ! w9t]4 ,?is is collect$ & plac$ 9 b>rels1 aft] :i* x is ready = ! pa9t-mak] )\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,,:]e ,,l9se$ ,,oil ,,comes ,,f ,s9ce we h foll[$ ! prep>ation ( ! two important :ite pigm5ts us$ 9 mak+ our c ( pa9t1 x is n[ important t we devote a little ?\ght to ! liquid :i* is to be us$4 ,?is is call$ 8,l9se$ ,oil40 ,l9se$ oil is ( a gold5 yell[ color1 resembl+ ! appe>ance ( ?9 syrup :i* we sometimes h on ! table4 ,?is oil is tak5 f ! se$ ( ! flax plant4 ,x might bett] be call$ 8,flaxse$ ,oil10 yet x is n commonly kn[n by t "n1 b is ne>ly always ref]r$ to z 8,l9se$ ,oil40 ,flax is gr[n 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ! mo/ important places be+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ,irel&1 ,india & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! se$ is s[n e>ly 9 spr+1 mu* ! same z is done ) o!r crops1 & rip5s & is h>ve/$ e>ly 9 ! fall ( ! ye>4 ,! h>ve/+ & sep>ation ( ! se$ f ! plant or /raw is done v mu* 9 ! same way t o!r crops1 su* z :eat & oats1 are h>ve/$4 ,! se$ is !n tak5 to m>ket & is ready = ! extraction ( ! oil1 :i* is done by m5 :o are kn[n z 8oil cru%]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,press+ ,,oil ,,out ,,( ,,flaxse$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,remov+ ,,oil ,,cake ,,f ,,press4 ,! oil is extract$ f ! se$ by a v simple process4 ,usually ! se$s are heat$ by /eam+ !m1 aft] :i* !y pass ?r\gh a mill1 be+ gr\nd to a co>se mass1 :i* is !n plac$ 9 v p[]ful ma*9es call$ 8,hydraulic ,oil ,presses10 :i* squeeze ! oil f ! se$1 leav+ ! rema9d] 9 ! =m ( l>ge cakes :i* are !n gr\nd to a mealy-l p[d] :i* is us$ z food = cattle & is v mu* priz$4 ,! oil :i* has be5 extract$ by ?is process is put into l>ge tanks :]e x is cl>ifi$ & is !n ready = ! pa9t-mak]4 ,?is oil is (t5 ref]r$ to z 8,vegetable ,oil0 & x has "o v peculi> & v important *>act]i/ic :i* makes x useful & necess>y = use 9 pa9t4 ,?is prop]ty is t ( dry+ or becom+ solid1 los+ all t5d5cy to /ick9ess aft] x has be5 spread out ?9ly & expos$ to ! air = a %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,lead ,,is ,,gr\nd ,,9 ,,oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,pa9ts ,,are ,,mix$4 ,n[ t we h giv5 att5tion to ! prep>ation ( ! mo/ important ?+s us$ 9 ! mak+ ( our c ( pa9t1 let u look a little to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are put toge!r1 & ! result4 ,! oil is necess>y 9 mak+ pa9t 9 ord] to make x fluid1 s t ! pa9t may be bru%$ on to ! wood or o!r surface1 & also s t ! pigm5t or p[d]$ mat]ial :i* has be5 put into ! pa9t w h some?+ to hold x to ! surface4 ,! oil or o!r liquid :i* may be us$ is usually call$ 8,b9d]0 by ! pa9t man because x b9ds ! pigm5t 9 ! pa9t & to ! surface on :i* x has be5 spread or appli$4 ,9 a l>ge pa9t factory1 ! two :ite pigm5ts1 lead & z9c1 are mix$ ) l9se$ oil 9 l>ge ma*9es kn[n z 8,mix]s0 into a smoo? pa/e :i* is !n run ?r\gh o!r ma*9es call$ 8,mills10 :]e ! pa/e is gr\nd v f9e into l>ge tubes :]e ! pa9t is f9i%$ by mix+ 9 en\gh m oil to make x ( ! prop] ?ickness or consi/5cy = bru%+4 ,9 ?is /ate x c be us$1 b w\ld n be entirely satisfactory because x w\ld dry v sl[ly4 ,= t reason1 ! pa9t-mak] adds 9 a small am\nt ( :at is kn[n z 8,dri]10 :i* causes ! pa9t to dry mu* m rapidly aft] x is spread out on any surface4 ,! pa9t-mak] may also add 9 a small am\nt ( ?9 liquid call$ 8,turp5t9e10 :i* also aids 9 ! dry+ & ! work+ ( ! pa9t4 ,turp5t9e is a v ?9 liquid :i* looks l wat]1 & x is d]iv$ f ! sap ( "o species ( p9e :i* gr[s abundantly 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sap is tak5 f ! tree by tapp+ ! tree or mak+ an incision call$ a box1 at c]ta9 seasons4 ,aft] ! sap is collect$ x is put ?r\gh a heat+ process call$ 8di/ill+10 :i* sep>ates ! wat]-:ite liquid1 call$ turp5t9e1 leav+ a l>ge mass ( heavy mat]ial :i* is commonly kn[n z 8,ros940 ,?is turp5t9e is v useful to ! pa9t-mak] & ! pa9t]4 ,x is also us$ = _m o!r purposes4 ,,:at ,,makes ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,colors ,,( ,,pa9t ,! pa9t :i* we h describ$ is ! mo/ simple k9d & is :ite4 ,!re are _m o!r k9ds ( pa9t us$1 be+ ( _m diff]5t colors4 ,all ( ^! diff]5t k9ds require diff]5t treatm5t & prep>ation & w\ld require _m l>ge books to expla9 ev5 9 a brief way4 ,! :ite pa9t :i* we h describ$ may be color$ or t9t$ to _m diff]5t hues by add+ suitable color pigm5ts4 ,^! color pigm5ts are ( _m k9ds & are d]iv$ f _m diff]5t s\rces4 ,! vegetable k+dom is repres5t$ z well z ! m9]al & animal k+doms4 ,! l9se$ oil :i* we h already m5tion$1 is d]iv$ f ! vegetable k+dom4 ,?is also applies to "s few ( ! pigm5ts4 ,a v important in/ance :i* we might m5tion is a beautiful ri* br[n call$ 8,v&yke ,br[n40 ,?is is made f decay$ vegetation :i* is f\nd 9 swampy di/ricts4 ,!re are _m pigm5ts d]iv$ f ! m9]al k+dom4 ,:ite lead & z9c oxide h already be5 describ$ z useful4 ,among color$ pigm5ts com+ f ?is k+dom1 we might m5tion yell[ o*re1 si5na1 umb]1 cobalt blue1 & _m o!rs4 ,! animal k+dom supplies q a numb]1 "o ( :i* is a beautiful r$ kn[n z 8,c>m9e40 ,?is is tak5 f a small insect or fly :i* is f\nd 9 c]ta9 tropical climates4 ,! production ( c>m9e is v exp5sive & ! product is highly priz$4 ,ano!r important developm5t ( ! animal _w is :at is call$ 8,bone ,black40 ,?is is made by tak+ ord9>y animal bones1 putt+ !m into a suitable furnace & burn+ !m1 :i* really produces bone *>coal1 :i* is ref9$ by p[d]+ & wa%+1 & f9ally produces a beautiful black1 su* z us$ = pa9t+ f9e coa*es & c>riages4 ,:y ,does a ,dog ,turn ,r\nd & ,r\nd ,be=e ,he ,lies ,d[n8 ,away back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! animal k+dom1 :5 ! ance/ors ( our dome/ic dog 7 wild1 !y slept 9 ! woods or op54 ,:5 !y 7 ready to lie d[n1 !y fir/ _h to trample ! grass ab\t !m flat to make a place to lie d[n4 ,?is became a habit & "o ( ! in/9cts ( ! animal :i* has be5 transmitt$ to ! dogs ( today :o keep x up4 ,x is an inh]it$ habit q useless to ! dogs ( to-day4 ,h[ ,is ,light ,produc$8 ,y already le>n$ t a sub/ance call$ e!r is f\nd 9 all sub/ances1 fill+ ! spaces betwe5 ! molecules4 ,:5 ! molecules are made to vibrate1 ! e!r naturally also vibrates4 ,z soon z ! vibrations become suffici5tly rapid1 !y produce ! s5sation ( light4 ,^! vibrations also produce heat4 ,9 heat$ bodies ! molecules are always f\nd to be 9 vibration1 & a body may become s hot t x gives (f light4 ,we notice ?is :5 iron becomes r$ hot4 ,heat & light are f\nd toge!r 9 bodies 9 _m in/ances4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ! light we h comes f bodies :i* are hot4 ,! sun is s hot1 t x is surr\nd$ by ! gases ( _m sub/ances t exi/ z solids on e>?4 ,we h "s bodies :i* produce light :i* is n accompani$ by mu* heat4 ,! gl[-worm1 or firefly1 seems to make light ) little or no heat2 b we d n yet "k h[ ?is is done4 ,almo/ all s\rces ( artificial light require t heat be produc$ be=e light obta9$4 ,only su* vibrations ( ! e!r :i* are suffici5tly rapid produce en\gh light to enable u to see4 ,= ?is reason1 a piece ( r$ hot iron1 :i* is made lum9\s by heat & ^: p>ticles vibrate less rapidly produce little light4 ,:at ,makes ,rays ( ,light8 ,:5ev] ! e!r is made to vibrate rapidly en\gh at any po9t1 ! vibrations g 9 /raight l9es f ! s\rce ( light 9 all directions4 ,a s+le l9e ( vibrat+ p>ticles 9 ! e!r1 is kn[n z a ray4 ,a numb] ( rays1 t issue f "o po9t1 are said to =m a p5cil4 ,a p5cil ( light may be produc$ by hold+ ne> a c&le a scre51 ) a hole 9 x4 ,sometimes rays ( light are br\ght toge!r 9 a po9t1 z may be done by means ( a burn+ glass1 & "o ( ^! bundles ( rays is kn[n z a conv]g5t p5cil4 ,a bundle ( rays t lie p>allel to ea* o!r =ms a beam4 ,! rays t come to u f ! sun are practically p>allel & are call$ sunbeams4 ,:y ,does a ,nail ,get ,hot ,:5 ,i ,hamm] ,x8 ,:5 we are 9 ! sun%9e1 or /&+ be=e a fire1 we feel hot2 :5 we take sn[ or ice 9 our h&s1 !y feel cold4 ,! ?+ :i* produces ^! s5sations is call$ heat4 ,:5 we feel heat1 x is because heat is absorb$ by our bodies1 & :5 we feel cold1 x is be+ ?r[n (f by !m4 ,to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ see h[ heat may be produc$4 ,if we draw a cord rapidly ?r\gh our f+]s1 !y feel hot1 & if we rub a co9 briskly ) a clo? or our h&s1 x becomes w>m2 if we take a nail & hamm] x on a h>d sub/ance1 x becomes too w>m = u to hold4 ,9 ^! in/ances heat is produc$ by ret>d+ or *eck+ ! motion ( a body4 ,:5 we draw a cord ?r\gh our f+]s1 x moves less easily2 we ret>d its motion by gripp+ x & ?is is :at makes ! heat we feel4 ,:5 we /rike ! nail ) a hamm]1 ! motion ( ! hamm] is *eck$ by ! nail1 & ! fa/] we p\nd ) ! hamm]1 ! hott] ! nail becomes4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we le>n t :5ev] ! motion ( a sub/ance is *eck$1 or ret>d$1 heat is g5]at$1 & ! sub/ance made hot4 ,9 expla9+ ?is me?od ( produc+ heat1 x 0 at "o "t ?\ght t all bodies conta9$ a sub/ance :i* produc$ ! heat & t1 :5 rubb$ or hamm]$1 ?is sub/ance 0 ?r[n (f4 ,ab\t ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 h[ev]1 x 0 %[n by ,b5jam9 ,?ompson 7,c\nt ,rum=d71 t sub/ances :5 rubb$ give (f heat4 ,f ?is we le>n$ t heat is n a sub/ance1 because ! quantity ( any sub/ance1 pres5t 9 a body1 _c be limitless4 ,if x 7 a sub/ance :i* produc$ ! heat1 ! supply w\ld soon] or lat] be exhau/$1 & rubb+ c\ld no long] produce heat4 ,heat produc$ by rubb+1 or by /rik+ sub/ances toge!r1 is caus$ z foll[s3 ,if two sub/ances are /ruck ^u ea* o!r1 ! :ole ( ^? sub/ances are *eck$1 b ! molecules ( ! sub/ances are made to vibrate v rapidly1 & ^! vibrations produce ! heat we feel4 ,h[ ,d ,we ,obta9 ,heat8 ,we get mo/ ( our heat f ! sun4 ,if ! heat f ! sun did n rea* u1 no liv+ ?+ w\ld exi/ on ! e>?4 ,no plants or animals c\ld live2 ! oceans & riv]s w\ld be solid ice4 ,ano!r important s\rce ( heat1 is *emical action4 ,*emical action is :at causes fire4 ,ev5 :5 x does n cause fire1 x produces a great deal ( heat4 ,:5 we brea! to keep our bodies w>m1 x is a *emical action t occurs4 ,fire is ! mo/ important =m ( *emical action1 z a s\rce ( heat4 ,:y ,does a ,gl[-,worm ,gl[8 ,a gl[-worm is a k9d ( beetle :i* may be f\nd 9 ! y>ds & h$ges 9 ! summ] "t4 ,! "n applies only to ! female ( ! species :i* is w+less & ^: body resembles t ( a cat]pill> some:at & emits a %9+ gre5 light f ! end ( ! abdom54 ,! male ( ?is species has w+s b does n %[ any light z does ! female & resembles an ord9>y beetle4 ,! male flies ab\t 9 ! ev5+s look+ = ! female & %e makes h] light gl[ 9 ord] t ! male may f9d h]4 ,gl[-worms are f\nd mo/ly 9 ,engl&4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s memb]s ( ! same species ( beetle common to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we speak ( !m z fireflies or lightn+ bugs4 ,! female ( ^! also is ! only "o c>ry+ a light1 al?\gh unlike ! gl[-worm %e has w+s & c fly4 ,:y ,d ,!y ,call ,x ,p9 ,money8 ,?is expression orig9ally came f ! all[ance :i* a husb& gave 8 wife to pur*ase p9s4 ,at "o "t p9s 7 dreadfully exp5sive s t only weal?y p c\ld af=d !m & !y 7 sav$ s c>efully t 9 ^? days y c\ld n h look$ along ! pavem5t & f\nd a p9 :i* y happ5$ to be 9 ne$ ( z y c & (t5 d today4 ,by a curi\s law ! manufactur]s ( p9s 7 only all[$ to sell !m on ,janu>y #a/ & #bnd ea* ye> & s :5 ^? days came ar\nd ! wom5 ^: husb&s c\ld af=d x1 secur$ p9 money f !m & w5t out & got _! p9s4 ,p9s h become s v *eap 9 ^! days t we are r c>eless ) !m1 b ! expression has cont9u$ to live al?\gh today :5 us$1 x means any all[ance ( money :i* a husb& gives a wife = h] p]sonal exp5ses4 ,p9s 7 kn[n & us$ z long ago z #acdg ,a4 ,d4 ,!y 7 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #aedj4 ,9 #ahbd an ,am]ican nam$ ,might inv5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ p9s :i* enabl$ !m to be manufactur$ *eaply4 ,ab\t #a1ejj tons ( iron & brass are made into p9s e ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:y ,d ,p ,%ake ,h&s ,) ! ,"r ,h&8 ,9 ! days ( v long ago :5 all m5 7 prep>$ to fight at any & all times because "o c\ld n "k :e!r ano!r approa*+ 0 a fri5d or an enemy1 all m5 w5t arm$4 ,?is 0 be=e ! day ( guns :5 ! sword 0 ! great weapon ( def5se4 ,^u occasion :5 "o man approa*$ ano!r1 ea* _h to decide :e!r ! o!r came on a peaceful mission or n4 ,p 9 ^? days 7 mo/ly "r h&$ z !y are n[ & :5 fight+ c>ri$ _! swords 9 _! "r h&s4 ,if1 !n1 a man wi%$ to speak ) a /rang] or1 z might easily be necess>y1 to "o :o may ev5 be kn[n to be unfri5dly1 he put out 8 "r h& ^u approa*+ to %[ t he _h no deadly or dang]\s weapon 9 x4 ,! o!r man c\ld see ?is & knew f ! ext5d$ op5 h& t no h>m 0 int5d$ & t ! approa* 0 peaceful4 ,if1 !n1 he 0 will+ to meet ! o!r1 he also ext5d$ 8 "r arm ) ! h& op5 to %[ him :o 0 approa*+ t 8 fight+ h& 0 empty also2 & :5 !y met ea* w\ld grasp ! h& ( ! o!r s t nei!r "o c\ld *ange 8 m9d & assume a fight+ attitude )\t ! o!r hav+ an equal w>n+4 ,h[ ,did ! ,cu/om ( ,cl9k+ ,glasses ,:5 ,dr9k+ ,orig9ate8 ,9 ! days ( ! ,roman gladiators1 be=e a duel ) swords1 x became ! cu/om ( ea* ( ! p>ticipants to dr9k a glass ( w9e be=e fight+4 ,j be=e ! fight+ comm5c$ two glasses ( w9e 7 br\ght & ! gladiators drank4 ,^! two glasses ( w9e 7 provid$ by ! fri5ds ( ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! gladiators4 ,to gu>d aga9/ trea*]y1 ?r\gh "s ov] zeal\s fri5d ( ! fight]s furni%+ poison$ w9e 0 necess>y4 ,s be=e dr9k+ & to %[ !re 0 no trea*]y1 ! gladiators came close toge!r & p\r$ w9e f "o glass into ! o!r back & =? until ! w9e 9 ! glasses 0 ?or\ghly mix$4 ,if ! w9e 9 "o glass !n _h be5 poison$1 ! poison$ w9e w\ld ?us be 9 bo? glasses1 & if !re _h be5 any trea*]y1 bo? gladiators w\ld be poison$ if !y drank4 ,! w9e 0 p\r$ f "o glass to ! o!r to %[ t !re 0 no trea*]y4 ,?is cu/om cont9u$ 9 use = a long "t until ! idea ( dr9k+ be=e a fight 0 ab&on$4 ,! cu/om1 h[ev]1 ( %[+ fri5dl9ess 9 ?is way :ile dr9k+ cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,lat] x became a m]e cu/om1 h[ev]1 to %[ a fri5dly _s t[>d ! "o :o 0 dr9k+ ) y1 & :5 ! dang] ( poison$ w9e 0 pa/1 ! actual act ( p\r+ ! w9e f "o glass to ano!r 0 *ang$ to m]ely t\*+ ! glasses toge!r4 ,?us today we h ! fri5dly cu/om ( t\*+ glasses toge!r long aft] ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ trea*]y :ile dr9k+ has pass$4 ,:y ,_c ,fi%es ,live ,9 ! ,air8 ,x is a curi\s ?+ isn't x t if a boy falls into ! wat]1 he w dr[n if he _c swim or someone does n help him out1 & t if a fi% falls out ( ! wat] onto ! l&1 he w dr[n also1 ev5 ?\gh he kn[s h[ to swim1 bett] ?an any?+ else he does4 ,a boy _c secure ! air :i* he ne$s to live on if he is "u ! wat]1 because !re is n en\gh air = him !re & a fi% _c secure en\gh air = him to live on :5 he is on l& :]e ! air is pl5tiful1 because1 ! boy takes 8 air f ! air itself & ! fi% gets 8 air out ( ! wat]4 ,to live by brea?+ ! air we f9d on or above ! l&1 x is necess>y to h lungs & fi%es d n h lungs4 ,9 ! case ( ! boy "u ! wat] he w\ld h to h gills to enable him to make use ( ! air :i* is 9 ! wat] to live by & he has no gills4 ,a fi% c only live a little :ile out ( ! wat]1 b ev5 s he c live long] out ( ! wat] ?an a boy c "u ! wat]4 ,le/ y read sometime ( ! fly+ fi% & ?9k !y mu/ be able to live out ( ! wat]1 ,i w tell y be=e y ask ! "q t ! fly+ fi% nev] /ays out ( ! wat] = m ?an a few seconds at a "t4 ,8 fly+ leaps am\nt to little m ?an long leaps f wave to wave4 ,he swims along v fa/ 9 ! wat]1 com+ "r up to ! surface & out into ! air & ! spe$ at :i* he has be5 swimm+ regulates ! di/ance he w g :5 he %oots into ! air1 z he has no means ( propell+ himself ?r\gh ! air1 b only into x4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 w+-l f9s1 :i* he spreads out :5 9 ! air & :i* enables him to glide ?r\gh ! air & ?us rema9 9 ! air long]4 ,:at ,makes a ,fi% ,move 9 ,swimm+8 ,?is is a puzzl+ "q1 ,i am sure4 ,( c\rse1 y at once cause sev]al o!r que/ions z soon z y ask ?is "o su* z ! foll[+3 ,does ! wat] 9 front ( him move out ( ! way & !n close 9 beh9d him8 ,if s1 :]e does x g 9 ! meantime8 ,does ! fi% move ! wat] =w>d or up or d[n or :at does he d8 ,! answ] is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! movem5ts ( ! fi%'s tail4 ,! fi% 9 swimm+ is surr\nd$ ) wat]1 top1 bottom & all sides ( him4 ,! pressure ( ! wat] on ! fi% is ! same at all po9ts s t any motion made by him w\ld h a t5d5cy to make him move4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! tail 9 mov+ f side to side creates a curr5t 9 ! wat] f ! head to ! tail1 or r w\ld produce an actual curr5t if ! fi% rema9$ p]fectly /ill4 ,in/ead ( mak+ an actual curr5t ( wat]1 ! body ( ! fi% is mov$ =w>d4 ,z to :e!r ! wat] ahead ( him op5s up fir/ & !n ! wat] beh9d him is a m difficult "q to answ]4 ,to ! appe>ance x w\ld seem z if ! wat] mov$ at bo? ends & sides at once1 b accord+ to sci5tific !ory1 ! wat] at ! head ( ! fi% is displac$ fir/4 ,:y ,are ,birds' ,eggs ( ,diff]5t ,colors8 ,?is is a wise provision ( nature to help ! "m birds hide h] eggs away f ! eyes ( h] enemies4 ,9 ! animal k+dom e k9d ( life is ! natural prey ( "s o!r k9d ( animal4 ,a bird w h enemies :i* try to cat* h] z food4 ,a bird _c fight back1 s mu/ fly away :5 dang] ?reat5s1 9 ord] to save h] life4 ,?is means t %e mu/ leave ! eggs 9 ! ne/ = ! "t be+4 ,at c]ta9 times %e mu/ also leave h] ne/ & se>* = food = h]self4 ,9 ord] t ! eggs s left alone may h a bett] *ance ( n be+ discov]$1 nature has arrang$ matt]s s t ! eggs take ! color v mu* ( ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y are laid4 ,eggs ( "s birds are spott$ or look l pebbles1 because ! "m bird lays !m 9 ! s&4 ,"s ( !m are gre51 almo/ ! color ( ! mat]ials f :i* ! bird builds ! ne/1 & s ! colors h a real1 & to ! birds1 a valuable purpose4 ,:y ,does a ,h5 ,cackle ,aft] ,lay+ an ,egg8 ,! h5 cackles because %e is glad4 ,%e is glad because %e has j accompli%$ some?+1 :i* %e 0 put on e>? to d4 ,if y /udy ! life on ! e>? c>efully ) ?is 9 m9d1 y w discov] t all k9ds ( life give expression 9 "s =m ( gladness1 :5 !y h p]=m$ ! ?+s !y are on e>? =4 ,x's ! h5's way ( express+ h]self & lett+ ! *ick5 _w "k4 ,! dog wags 8 tail :5 he is pleas$2 boys & girls jump up & d[n :5 !y are pleas$1 :e!r !y h be5 do+ any?+ comm5dable or n4 ,no d\bt also ! actual lay+ ( ! egg causes "s discom=t to ! h5 & ! correspond+ feel+ ( gladness w\ld come naturally aft] ! discom=t disappe>$4 ,:y ,w ,wat] ,run ,(f a ,duck's ,back8 ,! reason t wat] runs ( a duck's back1 is t ! fea!rs ( ducks are oily &1 z wat] & oil w n mix1 ! wat] runs (f in/ead ( soak+ 94 ,! fea!rs on a duck are s ?ick on ! body ( ! duck1 top & bottom1 t ev5 if x 7 n = ! oil :i* is on ! fea!rs ! wat] w\ld h "s difficulty 9 soak+ ?r\gh ! fea!rs4 ,b ! ma9 reason :y ! fea!rs on a duck's back cause wat] /rik+ !m to run (f is t ! duck has an oil gl& :i* is con/antly produc+ grease or oil & :i* ! duck uses 9 giv+ 8 fea!rs a ?9 coat+ ( oil to make !m slick ) oil & :5 any wat] /rikes ! duck x runs (f4 ,o!r birds :i* live 9 ! wat] a great deal h ?is oil gl& = ! same reason4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,9 ,a ,,/eel ,,rail ,illu/ration3 ,a ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,molt5 iron is br\ght f ! bla/ furnaces to ! op5-he>? furnaces1 & dump$ into a receptacle call$ a mix]1 ! capacity ( :i* ranges f #djj tons to #ajjj tons1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( furnaces to be s]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o-?\s&-ton ,mix]4 ,pictures 9 ?is /ory by c\rtesy ( ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,( ,,op5 ,,he>? ,,furnace ,*>g+ ,side ( an ,op5-he>? ,furnace4 ,an op5-he>? furnace consi/s ( a long1 %all[ he>?1 suitably enclos$ 9 fire-brick1 & b\nd toge!r ) /eel b9d+4 ,! furnace is heat$ by burn+ gas & air1 :i* h previ\sly be5 preheat$1 s t a temp]ature is obta9$ 9 ! furnace rang+ f #bijj to #cjej degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,illu/ration3 ,p\r+ ,side ( an ,op5-,he>? ,furnace4 ,! op5-he>? process consi/s ( ! purification ( iron by oxidiz+ out ! impurities & burn+ out ! c>bon ( ! iron until a t\gh & ductile /eel is produc$1 :i* c be made ( any desir$ composition by ! addition ( ! necess>y quantities ( alloys j previ\s to tapp+ & p\r+4 ,! impurities 9 ! iron are oxidiz$ by ! slag ly+ on top ( ! metal1 & ! burn+ out ( ! c>bon1 :i* is a v sl[ op]ation1 is ha/5$ by ! addition ( iron ore1 ! oxyg5 ( :i* comb9es ) ! c>bon ( ! iron & passes (f is a gas go+ up ! /ack4 ,:5 an op5-he>? furnace is ready = a *>ge1 a v>iable am\nt ( scrap1 say #cj p] c5t ( ! total weight ( mat]ial us$ = ! heat1 is *>g$ into ! furnace4 ,) ?is scrap is *>g$ suffici5t lime or lime/one to make ! slag1 z well z "s iron ore to assi/ 9 r$uc+ ! c>bon ( ! iron4 ,9 ab\t two or ?ree h\rs ! requir$ am\nt ( molt5 iron is br\ght f ! mix] 9 ladles1 & p\r$ into ! furnace on top ( ! scrap1 lime & ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,molt5 ,,/eel ,,be+ ,,p\r$ ,,l ,,wat] ,molt5 ,/eel ,be+ ,p\r$ ,into ,ladle4 ,:5 ! scrap has all be5 melt$1 a te/ is tak5 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( c>bon rema9+ 9 ! ba?4 ,iron ore is add$ f "t to "t until ! c>bon 9 ! ba? has be5 r$uc$ to ! desir$ po9t1 & ! metal is suffici5tly hot to p\r4 ,at ?is po9t 8rec>buriz]s0 7consi/+ ( ,f]ro-,manganese1 ,f]ro-,silicon1 & pig-iron1 or coal7 are add$ to get ! requir$ composition4 ,! tap hole at ! back ( ! furnace is op5$1 & ! /eel is all[$ to run out into a ladle1 ! slag com+ la/ & =m+ a blanket ov] ! /eel 9 ! ladle4 ,illu/ration3 ,crane ,c>ry+ ,+ot & ,soak+ ,pit ,furnaces4 ,! ladle is pick$ up by an electric crane & c>ri$ ov] ca/-iron m\lds1 :i* are set on c>s1 ! /eel be+ p\r$ into ! m\lds1 result+ 9 /eel +ots4 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( "t is all[$ = ! /eel to become *ill$ or set1 :5 ! c>s are pu%$ "u an electric /ripp]1 :]e ! m\lds are remov$ f ! +ots4 ,aft] ! +ots leave ! /ripp] !y are tak5 to ! scales & weigh$1 & aft] weigh+ are put into ! soak+ pits4 ,! pits get _! "n f ! "p !y play 9 ! heat+ ( ! /eel = roll+4 ,:5 ! /eel +ot is /ripp$ ! outside ( ! +ot is cool en\gh to hold ! inside1 :i* is /ill 9 a liquid /ate1 & ! /eel is put into ! soak+ pits to all[ ! inside to settle into a solid mass1 aft] :i* ! +ot is reheat$ = roll+4 ,! l5g? ( "t 9 ! soak+ pits dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! +ot1 z ! l>g] ! +ot1 ! great] l5g? ( "t is requir$ to set4 ,:5 ! /eel is ready = roll+ x is tak5 f ! pits by ov]head electric cranes1 & plac$ into a dump buggy at ! end ( a roll] l9e1 :i* leads to ! bloom+ mill4 ,! dump buggy d]ives its "n f ! fact t :5 ! +ot is plac$ into same 9 an upright position1 ! buggy1 9 ord] to place ! +ot into a horizontal position on ! roll] l9e1 dumps ov]1 9 ! same way z if "o 7 to rock too f> =w>d 9 a rock+-*air1 ! dump buggy op]at+ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gett+ ,,ready ,,to ,,make ,a ,,rail ,bloom+ ,mill & ,eng9e4 ,! +ot travels d[n ! movable-roll] l9e to ! bloom+-mill rolls1 :i* roll x d[n f a piece #ai in*es by #bc in*es to :at is kn[n z an #h in* by #h in* bloom1 :i* is ! size usually us$ 9 ! manufacture ( rails4 ,! bloom+ mill d]ives its "n f ! fact t aft] an +ot is roll$ 9 same x is no long] call$ an +ot1 b a bloom4 ,aft] leav+ ! bloom+ mill ! bloom travels along ano!r roll] l9e to ! %e>s1 :]e x is cut into two or ?ree pieces1 ! numb] ( pieces dep5d+ on ! size ( ! rail :i* is to be roll$4 ,! blooms are !n lift$ ov] ! roll] l9e at ! %e>s by a transf] crane1 & plac$ on a travel+ roll] l9e :i* connects ) ! re> ( ! reheat+ furnace4 ,?is furnace is ab\t #ce feet long1 & is s con/ruct$ t :5 ! bloom is pu%$ 9 at ! re> ( ! furnace1 ano!r bloom drops f ! front or dis*>ge end ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,+ot ,,becomes ,a ,,rail ,! ,+ot ,becomes a ,rail4 ,! bloom dropp+ out1 be+ suffici5tly hot to roll into rails1 travels along ano!r roll] l9e to ! r\gh+ or fir/ set ( rolls4 ,"h ! bloom is giv5 five passes 9 ! rolls1 & is !n transf]r$ to ! /r& or second set ( rolls1 :]e x receives five additional passes2 aft] ?is op]ation x is transf]r$ to ! f9i%+ or ?ird set ( rolls1 9 :i* x is giv5 "o pass4 ,! bloom has n[ be5 conv]t$ into a rail1 & ! rail travels on ano!r roll] l9e to ! hot saw1 :]e x is cut into #cc-;foot l5g?s1 ?is be+ ! /&>d l5g? 9 ?is c\ntry = all rails4 ,! rails :5 hot are cut by ! hot saw to l5g?s ( ab\t #cc feet #f in*es1 ! all[ance ( in*es be+ made = %r9kage 9 cool+4 ,x is difficult to believe t /eel %r9ks to ?is ext5t1 b ?is is a fact1 & :ile ! rails are cool+ on ! hotb$s !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ animat$1 z !y move fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r4 ,aft] ! rails are on ! hotb$ a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to cool1 !y are tak5 f ! hotb$ & plac$ on a travel+ roll] l9e1 :i* takes !m to an endless *a9 conveyor4 ,! /atem5t t rails are put on hotb$s = cool+ seems p>adoxical1 b ! hotb$s are s call$ because ! rails are plac$ on !m :ile hot1 & are left !re until !y h cool$4 ,! endless-*a9 conveyor places ! rails on ano!r b$1 f :i* !y are pick$ up by an electric crane & di/ribut$ to ! /raight5+ presses1 :]e all burrs 7:i* h be5 caus$ by ! hot-saw+ op]ation7 are remov$ be=e ! rails are /raight5$4 ,aft] /raight5+ !y are transf]r$ to drill presses1 :]e !y h holes drill$ into !m = ! accommodation ( ! splice b>1 aft] :i* !y are plac$ on ! load+ docks4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] be+ c>efully exam9$ by ! railroad company's inspectors !y are pick$ up f ! load+ docks by electric magnets atta*$ to a crane1 & are plac$ 9 c>s ready = %ipm5t4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,felt ,hat8 ,! felt hat is z old z ,hom]4 ,! ,greeks made !m 9 skull-caps1 conical1 truncat$1 n>r[- or broad-brimm$4 ,! ,phrygian bonnet 0 an elevat$ cap )\t a brim1 ! apex turn$ ov] 9 front4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8cap ( lib]ty40 ,an anci5t figure ( ,lib]ty 9 ! times ( ,antonius ,livius1 ,a4,d4 #aae1 holds ! cap 9 ! "r h&4 ,! ,p]sians wore s(t caps2 plum$ hats 7 ! headdress ( ! ,syrian corps ( ,x]xes2 ! broad-brim 0 worn by ! ,mac$onian k+s4 ,ca/or means a beav]4 ,! ,arm5ian captive wore a plug hat4 ,! m]*ants ( ! f\rte5? c5tury wore a ,fl&]s beav]4 ,*>les ,,vii1 9 #adfi1 wore a felt hat l9$ ) r$1 & plum$4 ,! ,engli% m5 & wom5 9 #aeaj wore close wool5 or knitt$ caps2 two c5turies ago hats 7 worn 9 ! h\se4 ,pepys1 9 8 di>y1 wrote3 8,septemb]1 #affd1 got a sev]e cold because ,i took (f my hat at d9n]02 & aga91 9 ,janu>y1 #affe1 he got ano!r cold by sitt+ too long ) 8 head b>e1 to all[ 8 wife's maid to comb 8 hair & wa% 8 e>s2 & ,"l ,cl>5don1 9 8 essay1 speak+ ( ! decay ( respect due ! ag$1 says 8t 9 8 y\ng] days he nev] kept 8 hat on be=e ^? old] ?an himself1 except at d9n]40 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iv all[$ ! c>d9als ! use ( ! sc>let clo? hat4 ,! hats n[ 9 use are ! clo? hat1 lea!r hat1 pap] hat1 silk hat1 op]a hat1 spr+-brim hat1 & /raw hat4 ,:at ,is ! ,hotte/ ,spot on ,e>?8 ,! hotte/ regions on e>? is said to be along ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :]e little or no ra9 falls4 ,at ,bahre9 ! arid %ore has no fre% wat]1 yet a comp>atively num]\s population contrive to live !re1 ?anks to ! copi\s spr+s :i* break =? f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! fre% wat] is got by div+4 ,! div]1 sitt+ 9 8 boat1 w9ds a great goat-sk9 bag ar\nd 8 left arm1 ! h& grasp+ its m\?2 !n he takes 9 8 "r h& a heavy /one1 to :i* is atta*$ a /rong l9e1 & ?us equipp$ he plunges 91 & quickly rea*es ! bottom4 ,in/antly op5+ ! bag ov] ! /rong jet ( fre% wat]1 he spr+s up ! asc5d+ curr5t1 at ! same "t clos+ ! bag1 & is help$ abo>d4 ,! /one is !n haul$ up1 & ! div]1 aft] tak+ brea?1 plunges 9 aga94 ,! s\rce ( ! copi\s subm>9e spr+s is ?\ght to be 9 ! gre5 hills ( ,osman1 "s #ejj or #fjj miles di/ant4 ,:]e ,d ,we ,get ,ivory8 ,ivory is a h>d sub/ance1 n unlike bone1 ( :i* ! tee? ( mo/ mammals *iefly consi/1 ! d5t9e or too?-sub/ance :i* 9 transv]se sections %[s l9es ( diff]5t color runn+ 9 circul> arcs4 ,x is us$ ext5sively = indu/rial purposes & is d]iv$ f ! elephant1 walrus1 hippopotamus1 n>:al1 & "s o!r animals4 ,! ivory ( ! tusks ( ! ,african elephant is held 9 ! highe/ e/imation by manufactur]s2 ! tusks v>y 9 size1 rang+ f a few ounces 9 weight to #agj p\nds4 ,holtzapffel /ates t he saw fossil tusks on ! banks ( riv]s ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia :i* weigh$ #ahf p\nds ea*4 ,ivory is simply too?-sub/ance ( exceptional h>dness1 t\ghness1 & ela/icity1 due to ! firmness & regul>ity ( ! d5t9al tubules :i* radiate f ! axial pulp-cavity to ! p]iph]y ( ! too?4 ,h[ ,did ,trial by ,jury ,orig9ate8 ,,:y ,,juries ,,h ,,twelve ,,m5 ,a jury consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 select$ accord+ to law & sworn to inquire into & det]m9e facts conc]n+ a cause or an accusation submitt$ to !m1 & to decl>e ! tru? accord+ to ! evid5ce4 ,! cu/om ( try+ accus$ p]sons be=e a jury1 z practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,engl&1 is ! natural outgr[? ( rudim5t>y =ms ( trial 9 vogue among our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( trial by jury is ! result ( a gradual gr[? "u ! ,engli% ,common ,law4 ,!re is no special reason :y twelve is ! usual numb] *os5 = a complete jury except ! necessity = limit+ ! numb]4 ,9 a gr& jury ! numb] accord+ to law mu/ n be less ?an twelve nor m ?an tw5ty-?ree1 & twelve votes are necess>y to f9d an indictm5t4 ,! anci5t ,romans also _h a =m ( trial be=e a presid+ judge & a body ( judices4 ,! "r ( trial by jury is gu>ante$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution 9 all crim9al cases1 & 9 civil cases :]e ! am\nt 9 dispute exce$s #bj4 ,a petit or trial jury consi/s ( twelve m51 select$ by lot f among ! citiz5s resid+ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt4 ,_! duty is to det]m9e que/ions ( fact 9 accordance ) ! weight ( te/imony pres5t$ & report _! f9d+ to ! presid+ judge4 ,an imp>tial jury is assur$ by draw+ by lot & !n giv+ ! accus$1 9 a crim9al case1 ! "r to dismiss a c]ta9 numb] )\t reason & c]ta9 o!rs = good cause4 ,ea* ( ! jurym5 mu/ meet c]ta9 legal requirem5ts z to capacity 9 g5]al & fitness = ! p>ticul> case ^u :i* he is to sit1 & mu/ take an oa? to decide )\t prejudice & accord+ to ! te/imony4 ,a coron]'s jury or jury ( inque/ is usually compos$ ( f six to fifte5 p]sons1 summon$ to inquire into ! cause ( sudd5 or unexpla9$ dea?s4 ,c ,animals ,=etell ! ,wea!r8 ,c]ta9 movem5ts on ! "p ( ! animal creation be=e a *ange ( wea!r appe> to indicate a reason+ faculty4 ,su* seems to be ! case ) ! common g>d5 spid]1 :i*1 on ! approa* ( ra9y or w9dy wea!r1 w be f\nd to %ort5 & /r5g!n ! guys ( 8 web1 l5g!n+ ! same :5 ! /orm is ov]4 ,!re is a popul> sup]/ition t x is unlucky = an angl] to meet a s+le magpie1 b two ( ! birds toge!r are a good om54 ,! reason is t ! birds =etell ! com+ ( cold or /ormy wea!r1 & at su* times1 in/ead ( se>*+ = food = _! "y 9 pairs1 "o w always rema9 on ! ne/4 ,sea-gulls pr$ict /orms by assembl+ on ! l&1 z !y "k t ! ra9 w br+ e>?worms & l>v to ! surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely a se>* = food1 & is due to ! same in/9ct :i* tea*es ! swall[ to fly high 9 f9e wea!r1 & skim along ! gr\nd :5 f\l is com+4 ,!y simply foll[ ! flies & gnats1 :i* rema9 9 ! w>m /rata ( ! air4 ,! diff]5t tribes ( wad+ birds always migrate be=e ra91 likewise to hunt = food4 ,_m birds =etell ra9 by w>n+ cries & uneasy actions1 & sw9e w c>ry hay & /raw to hid+-places1 ox5 w lick !mselves ! wrong way ( ! hair1 %eep w bleat & skip ab\t1 hogs turn$ out 9 ! woods w come grunt+ & squeal+1 colts w rub _! backs aga9/ ! gr\nd1 cr[s w ga!r 9 cr[ds1 crickets w s+ m l\dly1 flies come into ! h\se1 frogs croak & *ange color to a d+i] hue1 dogs eat grass1 & rooks so> l hawks4 ,x is probable t _m ( ^! actions are due to actual uneas9ess1 simil> to t :i* all :o are tr\bl$ ) corns or rheumatism exp]i5ce be=e a /orm1 & are caus$ bo? by ! v>iation 9 b>ometric pressure & ! *anges 9 ! electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,ne>e/ ,approa* ,ev] ,made to ,p]petual ,motion 9 ,me*anics4 ,an inv5tor has pat5t$ a d\ble electric batt]y :i* seems to come exce$+ly ne> to p]petual motion4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! z9c batt]y1 he pr(esses to h hit ^u a solution :i* makes a batt]y sev5 times z p[]ful z ! z9c batt]y1 ) absolutely no wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,! p[] ( ! batt]y gr[s gradually less 9 a few h\rs ( use1 b returns to its orig9al unit :5 all[$ to re/ a few h\rs4 ,he has two batt]ies s arrang$ t ! p[] is %ift$ f "o to ! o!r e ?ree h\rs4 ,a little ma*9e has be5 runn+ = "s ye>s 9 ! pat5t (fice at ,new ,york4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! me*anism are con/ruct$ ( diff]5t expansive capacities1 & ! ma*9e is work$ by ! expansion & contraction ( ^! "u ! usual v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d !re is an app>atus :i* has *im$ two little bells cont9u\sly = =ty ye>s1 by ! en]gy ( an app>5tly inexhau/ible 8dry-pile0 ( v l[ electrical en]gy4 ,a *ur* clock 9 ,brussels is w\nd up by atmosph]ic expansion induc$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,z long z ! sun %9es ?is clock w g till its works we> out4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,l4 ,g(f1 a weal?y ,am]ican1 has 9 8 hall an old-fa%ion$ clock1 :i*1 s long z ! h\se is occupi$1 nev] runs d[n4 ,:5ev] ! front door is op5$ or clos$1 ! w9d+ arrangem5ts ( ! clock1 :i* are connect$ ) ! door by a rod ) ge>+ atta*m5ts1 are giv5 a turn1 s t ! p]sons leav+ & ent]+ ! h\se keep ! clock con/antly w\nd up4 ,d ,plants ,brea!8 ,plants1 l animals1 brea! ! air2 plants brea! ?r\gh _! leaves & /ems j z animals d by means ( _! respiratory organs4 ,:5 a "y plant is analyz$ x is f\nd to consi/ *iefly ( wat]1 :i* is all remov$ f ! soil2 !re is ab\t #ge p] c5t or m ( ?is fluid pres5t1 & ! re/ is solid mat]ial4 ,( ?is latt] by f> ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t is c>bon1 almo/ e atom ( :i* is remov$ f ! atmosph]e by ! vital action ( m9ute bodies conta9$ 9 ! gre5 leaves4 ,! c>bon is tak5 into ! plant z c>bonic acid gas4 ,plants also absorb oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e 9 diff]5t quantities ?r\gh _! leaves1 & also by means ( _! roots4 ,^! new products /or$ are 9 turn us$ 9 build+ up ! diff]5t organs ( ! plant4 ,plants give (f us$-up moi/ure ?r\gh _! leaves1 j z animals p]spire ?r\gh ! pores ( _! sk9s4 ,calculations h be5 made z to ! am\nt ( wat] ?us p]spir$ by plants4 ,! sunfl[]1 only #c ft4 high1 ) #e1faf squ>e in*es ( surface expos$ to ! air1 gives (f z mu* moi/ure z a man4 ,:at ,dep? ( ,sn[ ,is ,equival5t to an ,in* ( ,ra98 ,newly fall5 sn[ hav+ a dep? ( ab\t #aa in*es is equival5t to "o in* ( ra94 ,a cubic foot ( newly fall5 sn[ weighs #e p\nds & a cubic foot ( fre% or ra9 wat] weighs #fb p\nds or #a1jjj ounces4 ,an in* ( ra9 means a gallon ( wat] spread ov] e two squ>e feet1 or ab\t a hundr$ tons to e acre4 ,! d5sity ( sn[ naturally v>ies a good deal accord+ to ! spe$ ) :i* x falls4 ,temp]ature1 also1 has mu* to d ) its bulk4 ,9 cold1 crisp wea!r1 :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s sev]al degrees ( fro/1 sn[ comes d[n light & dry2 b 9 moi/1 cold wea!r1 :5 ! temp]ature is only j bel[ ?irty-two degrees1 ! sn[ falls 9 l>ge1 p>tially ?aw$ flakes1 & occupies mu* less space :]e x falls ?an t :i* rea*es ! e>? dur+ ! preval5ce ( a great] degree ( cold4 ,h[ ,are ! ,/>s ,c\nt$8 ,/>s are c\nt$ by means ( ! telescope & photography4 ,! ,a/ronom]-,royal = ,irel&1 ,sir ,rob]t ,s4 ,ball1 9 "o ( 8 lectures m5tion$ a photograph :i* _h be5 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,isaac ,rob]ts repres5t+ a small "p ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan4 ,! picture is ab\t z l>ge z ! page ( a copy-book1 & x is s cr[d$ ) />s t x w\ld puzzle mo/ p to c\nt !m2 b !y h be5 c\nt$ by a pati5t p]son1 & ! numb] is ab\t #af1jjj4 ,_m ( ^! />s are too fa9t ev] to be se5 9 ! greate/ ( telescopes yet erect$4 ,attempts are n[ be+ made to obta9 a numb] ( simil> photographs :i* %all cov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! heav5s4 ,! task is inde$ an imm5se "o4 ,assum+ ! plates us$ to be ! same size z t above m5tion$1 x w\ld require at lea/ #aj1jjj ( !m to repres5t ! entire sky4 ,! c\nt+ ( />s by ! telescope 0 fir/ r$uc$ to a sy/em by ! ,h]s*els1 :o introduc$ 8/>-gauges10 :i* 7 simply a calculation by av]ages4 ,a telescope ( #ah 94 ap]ture1 #bj ft4 focus1 & a magnify+ p[] ( #ahj1 giv+ a field ( view #ae 94 9 diamet]1 0 us$ = ! purpose4 ,! process consi/$ 9 direct+ ?is in/rum5t to a "p ( ! sky & c\nt+ ! />s 9 ! field4 ,?is1 repeat$ hundr$s ( times1 gave a fair idea ( ! av]age numb] ( />s 9 a circle ( #ae 94 diamet] 9 all p>ts ( ! sky4 ,f ?is z a basis x is possible to reckon ! numb] ( />s 9 any kn[n area4 ,h[ ,is ! ,volume ( ,s\nd ,measur$8 ,s\nd arises f vibrations giv+ a wave-l motion to ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 ! wave gradually enl>g+ z x leaves ! s\rce ( di/urbance1 :ile at ! same "t ! motion ( ! air p>ticles becomes less & less4 ,! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ ! numb] ( vibrations ( a s\nd is by means ( ,sav>t's app>atus4 ,?is consi/s ( two :eels--a too!d or cog-:eel & a driv+-:eel4 ,!y are s adju/$ t ! cog-:eel is made to revolve ) great rapidity1 its tee? hitt+ ^u a c>d fix$ ne> x4 ,! numb] ( revolutions is indicat$ by a c\nt] atta*$ to ! axis ( ! cog-:eel4 ,suppose t s\nd is travel+ 9 ! air at ! rate ( #a1jjj ft4 p] second1 & t ,sav>t's :eel is giv+ a s\nd produc$ by #bjj taps on ! c>d p] second1 x foll[s t 9 #a1jjj ft4 !re w be #bjj waves or vibrations1 & if !re be #bjj waves 9 #a1jjj ft4 ea* wave or vibration mu/ be #e ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! velocity ( s\nd ?r\gh air v>ies ) ! temp]ature ( ! latt]1 b is usually reckon$ at #a1acj ft4 p] second4 ,at ,:at ,rate ,does ,?\ght ,travel8 ,?\ght travels #aaa feet p] second1 or ab\t a mile & a qu>t] p] m9ute4 ,elaborate exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,pr(essors ,heimholtz1 ,h]s*1 & ,dond]s1 to asc]ta9 ! facts on ?is "q1 ! result ( :i* 0 t !y f\nd ! process ( ?\ght v>i$ 9 rapidity 9 diff]5t individuals1 *ildr5 & old p]sons ?9k+ m sl[ly ?an p ( middle age1 & ignorant p m sl[ly ?an ! educat$4 ,x takes ab\t two-fif?s ( a second to call to m9d ! c\ntry 9 :i* a well-kn[n t[n is situat$1 or ! language 9 :i* a famili> au?or wrote4 ,we c ?9k ( ! "n ( ! next mon? 9 half ! "t we ne$ to ?9k ( ! "n ( ! la/ mon?4 ,x takes on ! av]age "o-?ird ( a second to add numb]s conta9+ "o digit & half a second to multiply !m4 ,^? us$ to reckon+ c add two to ?ree 9 less "t ?an o!rs2 ^? famili> ) lit]ature c rememb] m quickly ?an o!rs t ,%akespe>e wrote 8,hamlet40 ,x takes long] to m5tion a mon? :5 a season has be5 giv5 ?an to say to :at season a mon? belongs4 ,! "t tak5 up 9 *oos+ a motion1 ! 8w "t10 c be measur$ z well z ! "t tak5 up 9 p]ceiv+4 ,if x is n kn[n :i* ( two color$ lights is to be pres5t$1 & y (f] to lift y\r "r h& if x be r$ & y\r left if x be blue1 ab\t "o-?irte5? ( a second is necess>y to initiate ! correct motion4 ,:at ,is ! ,l>ge/ ,tree ,9 ! ,_w8 ,9 ,san ,francisco1 encircl$ by a circus t5t ( ample dim5sions1 is a section ( ! l>ge/ tree 9 ! _w--exce$+ ! diamet] ( ! fam\s tree ( ,calav]as by five feet4 ,?is mon/] ( ! vegetable k+dom 0 discov]$ 9 #ahgd1 on ,tule ,riv]1 ,tul>e ,c\nty1 ab\t sev5ty-five miles f ,visalia4 ,at "s remote p]iod its top _h be5 brok5 (f by ! elem5ts1 or "s unkn[n =ces1 yet :5 x 0 discov]$ x _h an elevation ( #bdj feet4 ,! trunk ( ! tree 0 #aaa feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ) a diamet] ( #ce feet #d in*es4 ,! section on exhibition is holl[$ out1 leav+ ab\t a foot ( b>k & sev]al in*es ( ! wood4 ,! int]ior is #ajj feet 9 circumf]5ce & #cj feet 9 diamet]1 & x has a seat+ capacity ( ab\t #bjj4 ,x 0 cut (f f ! tree ab\t twelve feet above ! base1 & requir$ ! labor ( f\r m5 = n9e days to *op x d[n4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! tree1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 0 a rott5 core ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 p>tially fill$ ) a soggy1 decay$ vegetation t _h fall5 into x f ! top4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is cavity 0 f\nd ! trunk ( a little tree ( ! same species1 hav+ p]fect b>k on x1 & %[+ regul> gr[?4 ,x 0 ( uni=m diamet]1 an in* & a half all ! way2 & :5 ! tree fell & split op51 ?is curi\s /em 0 trac$ = ne>ly #ajj feet4 ,! r+s 9 ?is mon>* ( ! =e/ %[ its age to h be5 #d1hdj ye>s4 ,:]e ,did ! ,t]m ,yankees ,orig9ate8 ,?is is a ^w said to be a corruption ( ,y5gees1 ! ,indian pronunciation ( ,engli%1 or ( ! ,fr5* 8,anglais10 :5 ref]r+ to ! ,engli% ,coloni/s4 ,x 0 fir/ appli$ to ! ,new ,engl&]s by ! ,briti% soldi]s z a t]m ( reproa*1 lat] by ! ,engli% to ,am]icans g5]ally1 & /ill lat] to ! p ( ! ,nor? by ! ,s\!rn]s4 ,h[ ,f> ,does ! ,air ,ext5d8 ,x is1 p]haps1 g5]ally kn[n t envelop+ ! e>? is a lay] ( air fifty or m miles 9 ?ickness4 ,j h[ ?ick ?is lay] is we d n "k1 b we d "k t x ext5ds _m miles f ! e>?4 ,y may assure y\rselves ( ?is 9 a v simple mann] by wat*+ ! %oot+ />s t may be se5 on any cle> night4 ,^! are no?+ b masses ( rocks t give (f light only :5 !y h be5 made r$-hot by friction ) ! air 9 _! rapid flight4 ,! fact t we (t5 see ^! />s :ile !y are /ill _m miles f ! e>? proves to u t ! air ?r\gh :i* !y are pass+ ext5ds to t height4 ,:at ,makes ,u ,feel ,hungry8 ,hung] is a peculi> crav+ :i* we are accu/om$ to say comes f ! /oma*4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! /oma* to *ange su* food z we take into x 9 su* a way t ! re/ ( ! organs ( ! body :i* we h = ! purpose c make blood out ( x4 ,:5 y feel ! s5sation ( hung]1 x means t ! blood-produc+ sy/em is call+ on ! /oma* to furni% m blood-mak+ mat]ial4 ,! /oma* prep>es ! food = blood production by mix+ ) x c]ta9 juices :i* ! /oma* is able to supply4 ,z soon z ! /oma* is !n call$ ^u to supply m blood-mak+ mat]ial1 x goes to "w on :at is 9 ! /oma* & beg9s mix+ ?+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ 9 ! /oma*1 ! crav+ :i* we call hung] is produc$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 !n n altoge!r ! /oma* :i* makes u hungry1 b ! p>ts ( our body :i* actually turn ! food into blood aft] ! /oma* has prep>$ x4 ,to prove ?is x is only necess>y to say t ! s5sation ( hung] w /op if food :i* is easily absorb$ &1 !re=e1 does n ne$ ! prep>ation :i* ! /oma* g5]ally gives1 is introduc$ into ! sy/em ?r\gh o!r p>ts ( ! body1 z1 = in/ance1 by inject+ x into ! l>ge inte/9e1 :i* is a "p ( ! body1 ! food passes ?r\gh aft] x leaves ! /oma* ord9>ily4 ,:at ,makes ,u ,?ir/y8 ,?ir/ is a s5sation ( dryness & heat :i* is g5]ally communicat$ to u ?r\gh ! tongue & ?roat4 ,! s5sation ( ?ir/ c be artificially produc$ by pass+ a curr5t ( air ov] ! membranes :i* cov] ! tongue & ?roat1 b ?ir/ is naturally due to a %ortage ( wat] 9 ! body4 ,! human body requires a great deal ( wat] to keep x 9 condition1 & :5 ! supply becomes l[ a w>n+ is giv5 to u by mak+ ! membranes ( ! tongue & ?roat dry4 ,9 connection ) ?ir/1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! case ( hung]1 :]e ! w>n+ is giv5 by ! /oma*1 ?ir/ w be appeas$ by ! introduction ( wat]1 ei!r into ! blood1 ! /oma* or ! l>ge inte/9e1 )\t hav+ t\*$ ei!r ! tongue or ?roat1 :i* proves t x is n our tongue or ?roat t is ?ir/y1 b ! body itself4 ,:at ,is ,pa9 & ,:y ,does ,x ,hurt8 ,pa9 is ! result ( an injury to "s "p ( our bodies1 or a di/urb$ condition--a *ange f ! normal condition4 ,pa9 is caus$ by n]ves 9 ! body4 ,! network ( n]ves com+ 9 big n]ves f ! back bone or sp9al *ord bran*es out 9 all directions1 & ne> ! surface ( ! sk9 !y spread out l ! t9y twigs ( a tree1 cov]+ e po9t ( ! body4 ,"s p>ts ( our bodies are m s5sitive ?an o!rs4 ,t is because ! n]ves are !n ne>] ! surface or else !re are m n]ves 9 t "p4 ,! heel is p]haps ! lea/ s5sitive "p ( ! body1 z ! n]ves d n lie s ne> ! surface !re4 ,pa9 is n a ?+ :i* y c make a picture ( or describe 9 words4 ,pa9 is a s5sation ( ! bra9 caus$ by a di/urbance ( conditions 9 "s "p ( ! body4 ,if y cut y\r f+]1 y cut c]ta9 ve9s or art]ies & also ! t9y n]ves 9 ! f+]4 ,! n]ves imm$iately let ! bra9 "k t !y are injur$1 & ! bra9 sets to "w to h ! damage repair$4 ,b !re is a conge/ion "r :]e ! cut is4 ,! ve9s be+ cut1 ! blood :i* w\ld ord9>ily fl[ ?r\gh !m back to ! he>t1 p\rs out into ! cut & ! inside ( y\r f+] is ?us expos$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & ! action ( ! air on ! expos$ "p helps to make ! pa94 ,x is n y\r f+]1 h[ev]1 t hurts4 ,x is ! %ock t y\r bra9 gets :5 y cut y\r f+] t hurts4 ,a pa9 9 y\r /oma* is a pa9 caus$ by some?+ else ?an a cut4 ,if ! /oma* c\ld always dige/ ev]y?+ or any am\nt ( /uff y put 9 x1 y w\ld n h a /oma* pa94 ,b sometimes y put ?+s into y\r /oma* ?r\gh y\r m\?1 ( c\rse1 t ! /oma* _c h&le4 ,or1 x may be a comb9ation ( a numb] ( ?+s t cause ?is unusual condition 9 y\r /oma*4 ,! /oma* makes a special ef=t to get rid ( ?is tr\blesome sub/ance & g5]ally succe$s ev5tually1 b :ile ! fight is go+ on1 x pa9s or hurts y4 ,pa9 is ! result ( a di/urbance ( ! n]ves4 ,x is j ! opposite ( gladness4 ,we sometimes are s glad we feel good all ov]4 ,pa9 is j ! opposite4 ,y c prove t pa9 is n a real ?+ b only a s5sation4 ,p]haps y h _h too?a*e4 ,y g to ! d5ti/ & he kills ! n]ve or takes x out4 ,aft] t y _c h ! too?a*e 9 t too? aga91 because !re is no n]ve !re to telegraph to ! bra91 ev5 ?\gh ! cause ( ! hurt /ill exi/s4 ,y _c feel pa9 unless ! bra9 kn[s ab\t ! injury4 ,:at ,is ! ,horizon8 ,( c\rse y "k :at ! horizon is4 ,x is easie/ to see ! horizon at sea :5 out ( sight ( l&4 ,!re1 :5 y look 9 any direction f ! %ip to ! place :]e ! sea & ! sky meet y see a l9e :i*1 if y foll[ ) y\r eye z y turn completely ar\nd1 makes a p]fect circle4 ,x looks z ?\gh x m>k$ ! b\nd>y ( ! e>?4 ,on l& x is n easy to see z mu* ( ! horizon at "o "t1 because ( build+s & trees & hills 9 ! woods & else:]e1 b if ! l& 7 p]fectly smoo? l ! sea & !re 7 no trees or build+s or hills 9 ! way1 y c\ld see j z p]fect a circle on l& z on sea4 ,?is proves t ! horizon is a movable circle4 ,on l& x is :]e ! e>? & sky appe> to meet1 & on wat] x is :]e sky & wat] appe> to meet4 ,h[ ,f> ,away ,is ! ,horizon8 ,! actual di/ance ( ! horizon away f u dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! height above ! sea level f :i* we are look+ z f> z we c4 ,! horizon is always z f> away z we c see4 ,at ! sea%ore1 :]e we are practically on a level ) ! wat]1 we _c see s f> z :5 we are up on a bluff or hill ov]look+ ! sea4 ,! high] we g up /raight f a giv5 po9t ! great] ! di/ance we c see up to a c]ta9 po9t & ! f>!r away ! horizon w appe>4 ,! height ( ! p]son look+1 ( c\rse1 figures 9 ?is1 because :5 y are at sea level x is only y\r feet really t are at sea level 7if y are /&+ up /raight7 & ! di/ance ( ! horizon is measur$ f ! eye ( ! p]son look+4 ,a boy or girl ( t5 w\ld be1 say1 a little ov] f\r feet high1 & ! eyes ( su* a p]son w\ld be ab\t f\r feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,at t height ! horizon w\ld be ab\t two & a half miles away4 ,if ! eyes are six feet above sea level ! di/ance ( ! horizon w be ab\t ?ree miles1 s t practically e "o sees a diff]5t horizon1 t is1 "o t appe>s at a diff]5t di/ance4 ,a hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea ! horizon w be m ?an ?irte5 miles away1 :ile at #ajjj feet altitude x w\ld be #db miles away1 & if y c\ld g a mile into ! air ! horizon w\ld appe> #if miles f :]e y are4 ,! high] y g ! f>!r away ! circle :i* app>5tly m>ks ! jo9+ ( ! e>? & sky appe>s4 ,:y ,c ,we ,see ,f>!r ,:5 ,we ,are ,up ,high8 ,rememb] t ! e>? is r\nd & y w probably be able to answ] ! "q y\rself4 ,?is "o1 l mo/ que/ions boys & girls ask1 only requires a little ?\ght4 ,! e>?1 ( c\rse1 z we h le>n$ long ago1 is a globe4 ,:5 y look out on ! l& or ! sea f a high place y c see m ( ! e>?'s r\nd surface be=e ! curve ( ! e>?'s surface takes ?+s beyond ! range ( vision4 ,if y are on a bluff #ajj feet high at ! sea%ore & look+ t[>d a po9t :]e a %ip is com+ t[>d %ore1 y w be able to see ! %ip mu* soon] ?an if y 7 at ! sea level4 ,9 exact words1 y actually see m ( ! e>?'s surface ! high] up y are1 because1 z y g up y\r position 9 relation to ! curvature ( ! e>?'s surface *anges4 ,:at ,makes ,lob/]s ,turn ,r$8 ,:5 a lob/] is tak5 out ( ! lob/] trap ) :i* ! fi%]man traps him1 he is gre51 b :5 he comes to ! table z a *oice morsel ( food 8 %ell is r$4 ,we "k t he has be5 boil$ & we "k t he goes into ! boil+ wat] gre5 & comes out r$4 ,?is *ange 9 ! color ( ! %ell ( ! lob/] is ! result ( ! effect ( boil+ wat] on ! color+ mat]ial 9 ! %ell4 ,:5 ! lob/] is put 9 ! boil+ wat] ! process ( boil+ produces a *emical *ange 9 ! color mat]ial 9 ! lob/]'s %ell4 ,!re is no p>ticul> reason :y ! lob/] %\ld turn r$1 except+ t t is ! effect boil+ wat] has on ! color+ matt] 9 ! %ell4 ,:y ,d ,we ,h to ,die8 ,dea? mu/ come to all ?+s t h life4 ,all matt] 9 ! _w is ei!r liv+ 7animate7 or dead 7inanimate74 ,inanimate ?+s d n *ange4 ,!y rema9 always ! same4 ,we c *ange ! =m & size ( inanimate ?+s1 & p>ticles ( !m ev5 help to make up ! bodies ( ! liv+ ?+s1 b :at !y are made ( always rema9s :at x 04 ,dea? is "o ( ! ?+s t mu/ occur if we are to cont9ue to h m life4 ,! :ole plan ( liv+ ?+s includes ! ability to reproduce !mselves4 ,e k9d ( life has ! p[] to produce life l itself & ?is process ( reproduction is cont9u\s4 ,if !re 7 no dea?1 !n ! _w w\ld soon be cr[d$ ) liv+ ?+s to ! po9t :]e !re w\ld be nei!r room nor food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,w9d[ ,,glass ,,comes ,,f ,pictures h]e) by c\rtesy ( ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co4 ,mak+ ,plate ,glass ,:at ,is ! ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,plate ,glass & ,w9d[ ,glass8 ,h[ is plate glass made8 ,^! que/ions are ask$ v frequ5tly4 ,! two products are :olly unlike ea* o!r2 & we wi% to %[ :]e9 lies ! diff]5ce4 ,we %all tell h[ plate glass is made2 & we hope to make x cle> t great c>e1 "t & exp5se are involv$ 9 its manufacture4 ,! raw mat]ials may be said to be virtually ! same 9 plate glass z 9 w9d[ glass2 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t 9 plate glass great] c>e is ex]cis$ 9 select+ & purify+ ! +r$i5ts4 ,w9d[ glass is made ) a bl[-pipe4 ,! "w requires skill on ! "p ( ! op]ator2 b ! process is q simple & rapid4 ,& ! result is1 naturally1 a comp>atively ord9>y & indiff]5t product4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sup]b quality ( plate glass is ow+ to ! elaborate me?od ( produc+ x4 ,comm]cial plate glass 0 fir/ made 9 ,france some:at m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago2 al?\gh glass 9 "o =m or ano!r has be5 9 use = _m c5turies4 ,app>5tly glass 0 kn[n 9 ,egypt fully f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9+ ,,silica ,! mat]ials us$ are silica 7:ite s&71 c>bonate ( soda 7soda a%71 & lime4 ,o!r mat]ials1 z ars5ic & *>coal1 are us$ 9 small proportions1 b ! ma9 +r$i5ts are ! fir/ ?ree nam$4 ,probably x is little imag9$ t 9 ! production ( plate glass1 m9+ is involv$ 9 two or m =ms 7namely silica & coal71 also ! qu>ry+ ( lime/one1 ! *emical manufacture ( soda a% on a l>ge scale1 ! r$uction & treatm5t ( fire clay to its "r consi/5cy1 an elaborate & exp5sive sy/em ( pot mak+2 & ! melt+1 ca/+1 roll+1 anneal+1 gr9d+ & poli%+ ( ! glass4 ,9 special uses1 z 9 bevel$ plates & mirrors1 two m elaborate processes mu/ be add$--bevel+ & silv]+--all ( :i* are p]=m$ "u ! direction ( exp]ts aid$ by a l>ge am\nt ( labor & exp5sive ma*9]y4 ,pots ( fire clay take s important a "p 9 ! successful manufacture ( plate glass t ! subject des]ves especial notice4 ,! diff]5t clays aft] be+ m9$ are expos$ to ! wea!r = "s "t to br+ ab\t dis9tegration4 ,,! ,,clay ,,mu/ ,,be ,,trampl$ ,,) ,,b>e ,,feet ,at ! prop] /age f9ely sift$ raw clay is mix$ ) co>se1 burn$ clay & wat]4 ,?is r$uces liability ( %r9kage & crack+4 ,x is !n 8pugg$10 or knead$ 9 a mill2 kept a long "t 7sometimes a ye>7 9 /orage b9s to rip52 & aft]w>ds goes ?r\gh ! labori\s process ( 8tread+40 ,no?+ has ?us f> be5 f\nd 9 ma*9]y by :i* ! "r k9d ( pla/icity c be develop$ z does ?is primitive tread+ by ! b>e feet ( m54 ,! clay mu/ be tread$1 n once or twice1 b _m times4 ,! build+ ( pots is a sl[1 t$i\s & "t-kill+ affair2 b ?is is mo/ ess5tial4 ,,h[ ,,melt+ ,,pots ,,are ,,made ,)\t extreme c>e1 "s elem5ts us$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! pots might be fus$ into glass :ile und]go+ ! int5se heat ( ! furnace2 or !y might break 9 ! h&l+4 ,! av]age pot mu/ hold ab\t a ton ( molt5 glass1 & ! av]age furnace heat necess>y is ab\t #c1jjj ,fahr5heit4 ,! "w is n cont9u\s4 ,ea* workman has sev]al pots 9 h& at a "t1 & passes f "o to ano!r add+ only a few in*es a day to ea* pot1 s t a prop] int]val = season+ be giv54 ,aft] completion1 comes ! prop] dry+ out ( ! pots2 & ?is is ano!r feature 9 :i* ! greate/ sci5tific c>e is requir$4 ,no pot may be us$ until x has be5 left to season = at lea/ ?ree mon?s1 & ev5 a ye> is desirable4 ,& aft] all ?is tr\ble1 ! pot has b #be days ( usefulness4 ,! pots =m "o ( ! heavy items ( exp5se 9 plate glass manufacture2 & ^u _! safety great ?+s dep5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pot ,,mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mix+ ,,! ,,clay4 ,,trampl+ ,,! ,,clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skimm+ ,,! ,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/+ ,,plate ,,glass4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,huge ,,plates ,,( ,,glass ,,are ,,ca/ ,! pot1 hav+ be5 fir/ br\ght to ! necess>y high temp]ature1 is fill$ heap+ full ) its mix$ 8bat*0 ( gr\nd silica1 soda1 lime1 etc4 ,melt+ r$uces ! bulk s mu* t ! pot is fill$ ?ree times be=e x conta9s a suffici5t *>ge ( metal4 ,:5 ! prop] molt5 /age is rea*$ ! pot is lift$ out ( ! furnace by a crane2 is fir/ c>efully skimm$ to remove surface impurities1 & !n c>ri$ ov]head by an electric tramway to ! ca/+ table4 ,?is is a l>ge1 massive1 flat table ( iron1 hav+ z an atta*m5t a heavy iron roll] :i* cov]s ! full wid?1 & arrang$ s z to roll ! entire l5g? ( ! table4 ,! sides ( ! table are fitt$ ) adju/able /rips :i* p]mit ! produc+ ( plates ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,! pa/y1 or half-fluid glass metal is n[ p\r$ ^u ! table f ! melt+ pot1 & ! roll] quickly passes ov] x1 leav+ a lay] ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,! heavy roll] is n[ mov$ out ( ! way1 & !n by means ( a /[+ tool ! r$ hot plate is %ov$ into an anneal+ ov54 ,all ( ^! /ages ( ! "w h to be p]=m$ ) rem>kable spe$1 & by m5 ( long tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,! plates rema9 = sev]al days 9 ! anneal+ ov51 :]e ! temp]ature is gradually r$uc$ f an int5se heat at fir/1 until at ! end ( ! requir$ p]iod x is no hott] ?an an ord9>y room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,gr9d+ ,,table4 ,:5 ! plate is tak5 f ! anneal+ ov5 x has a r\gh1 opaque1 almo/ undulat+ appe>ance on ! surfaces4 ,x is only ! surface1 h[ev]1 = )9 x is z cle> z cry/al4 ,fir/1 x is submitt$ = c>eful inspection1 s t bubbles or o!r defects may be m>k$ = cutt+ out4 ,x !n goes to ! cutt] :o takes (f ! r\gh edges & squ>es x into ! "r dim5sions2 & !nce to ! gr9d+ room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,glass ,,plates ,,are ,,gr\nd ,,gr9d+ ,,! ,,plates ,! gr9d+ table is a l>ge flat revolv+ plat=m made ( iron1 tw5ty-five feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,! plate mu/ be c>ri$ f ! anneal+ ov5 to ! gr9d+ ma*9es1 & !nce to ! racks1 by m5 skill$ 9 ! art4 ,tw5ty m5 are requir$ to c>ry ! l>g] plates ( glass1 t5 on ea* side1 us+ lea!r /raps & /epp+ toge!r 9 p]fect "t4 ,! lock-/ep is absolutely ess5tial to prev5t accid5t4 ,! gr9d+ table is prep>$ by be+ flood$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is & wat]2 !n ! glass is c>efully l[]$1 & a numb] ( m5 m\nt ^u ! plate & tramp x into place until x is set4 ,aft] ?is1 great] security is obta9$ by pegg+ ) prep>$ wood5 p9s2 & !n ! table is set 9 motion4 ,! gr9d+ is done by revolv+ runn]s4 ,%>p s& is f$ ^u ! table1 & a /ream ( wat] con/antly fl[s ov] x4 ,aft] ! fir/ cutt+ by ! s&1 em]y is us$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! plates are inspect$ aft] leav+ ! gr9d+ room1 & if any scrat*es or defects ( any k9d are f\nd !y are m>k$4 ,"s ( ^! c be rubb$ d[n by h&4 ,!re are also1 n infrequ5tly1 nicks & fractures f\nd at ?is /age2 & 9 su* case ! plate mu/ aga9 be cut & squ>$4 ,aft]w>d comes ! poli%+1 :i* is done on ano!r special table4 ,! poli%+ mat]ial is r\ge1 or iron p]oxide1 appli$ ) wat]1 & ! rubb+ is done by blocks ( felt4 ,reciprocat+ ma*9]y is s arrang$ t e "p ( ! plate is br\ght und]nea? ! rubb+ surface4 ,! gr9d+ & poli%+ has tak5 away f ! orig9al plate half ( its ?ickness1 sometimes m4 ,!re is no sav+ ( ! mat]ial2 x has all be5 wa%$ away4 ,:5 to ?is wa/e is add$ ! fact t fully half ( ! orig9al weight ( lime & soda has be5 releas$ by ! heat ( ! furnace1 escap+ into ! atmosph]e 9 fumes & acids1 "o may beg9 to und]/& some?+ ( ! co/ ( conv]t+ ! r\gh mat]ials ( s&1 lime/one & soda into beautiful plate glass4 ,,h[ ,,mirrors ,,are ,,made ,9 prep>+ plate glass = mirrors great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! plates4 ,?is selection be>s ref]5ce n only to surface defects1 b to ! quality 9 g5]al2 defects :i* _c ord9>ily be se5 are magnifi$ _m fold aft] ! glass has receiv$ a cov]+ ( silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bevel+ ,,plates ,9 ! process ( bevel+1 ! plate passes ?r\gh ! h&s ( skill$ workm5 ( five diff]5t divisions1 namely3 r\gh]s1 em]i]s1 smoo!rs1 :ite-:eel]s & buff]s2 & diff]5t abrasive mat]ials are us$ 9 ! ord] indicat$ by ! titles4 ,^! mat]ials are s&1 em]y1 natural s&/one import$ f ,engl&1 pumice & r\ge4 ,! r\gh+ mill is a circul> ca/-iron disk ab\t #bh in*es 9 diamet]1 con/ruct$ s t ! face or top ( ! mill revolves ^u a horizontal plane at a spe$ ( ab\t #bej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! s& is convey$ to ! mill f above ?r\gh a hopp] simultane\sly ) a /ream ( wat] :i* is play$ ^u ! s& to c>ry x to ! mill4 ,! r\gh] places ! edge ( ! plate ^u ! rapidly revolv+ mill1 & ! cutt+ ( ! bevel is done by ! passage ( ! s& betwe5 ! mill & ! plate ( glass4 ,a bevel ( any desir$ wid? may be produc$4 ,patt]n plates conta9+ incurves1 mitres1 etc41 require a practic$ eye & great skill ^u ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,:5 ! plate leaves ! r\gh]'s h&s ! surface ( ! bevel has be5 gr\nd s deep by ! co>se s& t poli%+ at ?is /age is impossible4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to produce a surface f9e en\gh to r5d] x susceptible ( a high & brilliant poli% x mu/ g ?r\gh ! v>i\s treatm5ts we h m5tion$4 ,! em]i] uses a f9e grade ( em]y on a mill simil> 9 con/ruction to a r\gh+ mill1 :i* takes away consid]able ( ! co>se surface giv5 by ! fir/ cutt+4 ,!n x goes to ! smoo!r1 :o r$uces ! r\ghness sl[ly by us+ a f9e s&/one f ,engl&2 !n x goes to ! :ite-:eel] :o op]ates an upright popl>-wood :eel us+ p[d]$ pumice /one z an abrasive2 & !n1 z a la/ /age x rea*es ! buff]1 ^: me?od ( op]ation is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! buff] br+s a high poli% to ! bevel by ! use ( r\ge appli$ to ?ick felt :i* cov]s 8 :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silv]+ ,,mirror ,,plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,! two photographs "h are ( ! same build+ tak5 "u contra/+ conditions4 ,! fir/ picture 0 tak5 ?r\gh a w9d[ glaz$ ) common w9d[ glass4 ,x is an extreme example1 to be sure1 b ( a sort n infrequ5tly se54 ,! second view %[s ! same build+ tak5 ?r\gh a w9d[ ( poli%$1 flawless plate glass4 ,an obs]v+ p]son c see ?is />tl+ contra/ any day z he walks along a resid5ce /reet4 ,at int]vals a front w9d[ w be se5 :i* gives a twi/$1 di/ort$ reflection ( ! h\ses or trees on ! opposite side3 ?is is w9d[ glass4 ,! o!r k9d--! w9d[ t gives a %>p brilliant reflection--is plate glass4 ,x is practically impossible to obta9 sup]ior reflect+ quality f w9d[ glass4 ,x c only be _h f surfaces :i* h be5 gr\nd & poli%$4 ,! plate1 aft] leav+ ! bevel+ room1 is aga9 c>efully exam9$ = surface defects4 ,^! defects may consi/ ( scrat*es caus$ inadv]t5tly by p]mitt+ ! surface ( ! plate to come into contact ) ! abrasive mat]ial4 ,^! scrat*es are remov$ by h& poli%+1 :i* mu/ be skillfully done2 o!rwise ! reflection w become di/ort$ ?r\gh ov]-poli%+ 9 a giv5 area or spot4 ,! plate is !n tak5 to a wa% table :]e ! surface to be silv]$ is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 aft] :i* x is tak5 to a table t is cov]$ ) blankets1 & :i* is heat$ to a temp]ature ( f #ij to #aaj4 ,! blanket+ is to protect ! plate f be+ scrat*$1 & also to cat* all ( ! silv] wa/e4 ,! silv]+ solution is nitrate ( silv] liquefi$ by a c]ta9 =mula1 & is p\r$ ov] ! plate2 ! fluid hav+ an appe>ance :i* to ! ord9>y obs]v] looks l no?+ o!r ?an pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,)9 a few m9utes ! silv]1 aid$ by a reactory1 add$ prior to p\r+1 beg9s to precipitate ^u ! glass2 ! liquids rema9+ above1 & ?us prev5t+ air & impurities f com+ into contact ) ! silv]4 ,su* contact w\ld produce oxidation4 ,aft] ! silv] is precipitat$ ! plate is ?or\ghly dri$1 %ellack$ & pa9t$2 aft] :i* x is ready = comm]cial use4 ,until ab\t #be ye>s ago1 practically all mirrors 7 silv]$ ) m]cury4 ,!re h be5 two reasons = disc\rag+ ! use ( m]cury = silv]+2 "o be+ its injuri\sness to ! heal? ( ! workm54 ,9 "s ,european c\ntries /r+5t laws 7 enact$1 /ipulat+ t m5 %\ld "w only a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs4 ,o!r hygi5ic /ipulations1 add$ to ! fact t ! use ( m]cury 0 already v exp5sive1 h t5d$ to replace t process by ! use ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,:y ,is ! ,sky ,blue8 ,?is "q puzzl$ e "o :o ?\ght ( x = a long "t4 ,ev5 a/ronom]s1 ! m5 :o make a bus9ess ( /udy+ ! skies1 & o!r le>n$ m51 puzzl$ _! bra9s ab\t x & se>*$ = ! answ] long ago1 until f9ally1 z always happ5s :5 a lot ( p /udy a subject1 ,pr(essor ,john ,tyndall1 a not$ sci5ti/ ( ! la/ c5tury1 discov]$ ! answ]4 ,! explanation foll[s3 ,all ! light we h is sunlight1 :i* is pure :ite light4 ,?is :ite light is made up ( rays ( light ( diff]5t colors4 ,^! rays are r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo & violet4 ,x takes all ( ^! diff]5t rays ( light to make our :ite sunlight1 & :5 y sep>ate sunlight into its orig9al rays y always produce ! rays ( light 9 ! above colors & 9 ! same ord]4 ,?is is only true1 h[ev]1 :5 ! sunlight is pass$ ?r\gh an object :i* does n absorb any ( its rays4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t colors ( light f\nd 9 ! ra9b[4 ,! ra9b[ is =m$ by sunlight pass+ into ra9drops or vapor 9 su* a way z to divide ! sunlight into ! diff]5t color$ rays ( light4 ,:5 ! ra9b[ is =m$ none ( ! rays are absorb$ by ra9drops or vapor ?r\gh :i* ! sunlight passes4 ,"s ( ^! rays ( light are kn[n z %ort rays & o!rs z long rays4 ,b :5 sunlight meets o!r ?+s besides ^? :i* make a pure ra9b[1 ^! o!r objects h ! ability to absorb "s ( ! rays ( color$ light1 & !y ?r[ (f ! rema9d]4 ,:5 ^! rays h be5 ?r[n (f ^? :i* h be5 absorb$ make _m diff]5t comb9ations1 & ?us are produc$ all ( ! diff]5t colors we "k1 ! v>i\s t9ts & %ades ( color1 accord+ to composition & size4 ,n[1 !n1 to get back to ! color ( ! sky1 :i* is blue z we "k4 ,! sky or air :i* surr\nds ! e>? is fill$ ) c\ntless t9y specks ( :at we may call du/--p>ticles ( solid ?+s hang+ or float+ 9 ! air4 ,^! specks are ( j ! size & quality t !y cat* & absorb "p ( ! rays ( light :i* =m our sunlight & ?r[ (f ! re/ ( ! rays1 & ! "p :i* has be5 absorb$ =ms ! comb9ation ( color :i* makes our sky s beautifully blue4 ,sometimes y notice1 ( c\rse1 t ! sky is a light] or d>k] blue ?an at o!r times4 ,?is diff]5ce is due to ! k9d & condition ( t9y specks 9 ! air at ! "t1 & to ! direction or angle at :i* ! sunlight /rikes ^! t9y p>ticles4 ,?is fact br+s up a "q :i* y h n ask$1 b :i* w\ld come naturally z ! result ( y\r fir/4 ,:at ,makes ! ,colors ( ! ,sunset8 ,! direction ( ! sun's rays :5 !y meet ^! l>ge & small p>ticles 9 ! air has a great deal to d ) ! comb9ation ( colors t result z ^! objects absorb "p ( ! rays & ?r[ (f o!rs4 ,! sky is ! mo/ beautiful blue :5 ! sun is high 9 ! sky4 ,b :5 ! sun is sett+ ! light has a great] di/ance to travel ?r\gh ! belt ( air :i* surr\nds ! e>? ?an :5 x is high up ov] our heads4 ,y "k t if y /ick a p9 /raight d[n into an orange x won't g 9 v f> be=e x is cle> ?r\gh ! peel1 b if y /ick ! p9 into an orange along ! edge x w g ?r\gh a great deal m ( ! peel ?an ! o!r way4 ,t is ! way x is ) ! sunset colors4 ,! peel ( ! orange is a good repres5tation ( ! belt ( air :i* surr\nds ! e>?4 ,at sunset ! light in/ead ( com+ /raight d[n ?r\gh ! belt ( air1 ?us meet+ ! eye ?r\gh ! %orte/ possible am\nt ( air1 /rikes ! air on a slant1 &1 !re=e1 travels ?r\gh a great deal m air & clos] to ! e>? to rea* x1 ) ! results t x meets a great _m m ( ^! little specks1 besides all ! smoke & o!r ?+s t hang 9 ! air ne> ! gr\nd1 & we ?us get _m m colors1 because "s ( ! ?+s 9 ! air absorb "s ( ! rays & o!rs absorb v diff]5t rays :5 ! light comes 9 ?is slant+ way1 & t is :at makes ! diff]5t colors 9 ! sunset4 ,= ?is reason sunsets are (t5 ri*] & m beautiful 9 color :5 ! air is n s pure1 b has mu* dirt & o!r matt] float+ ab\t 9 x4 ,are ,!re ,two ,sides to ! ,ra9b[8 ,no1 !re is only "o side to ! ra9b[4 ,! ra9b[ is made by reflection ( ! rays ( sunlight ?r\gh drops ( wat] 9 ! air1 b y c nev] see a ra9b[ unless y are betwe5 x & ! sun4 ,y c\ld nev] see a ra9b[ if y 7 look+ at ! sun1 & s if y are look+ at a ra9b[ y c be c]ta9 t anyone on ! o!r side ( x c\ld n see x1 because !y w\ld h to be look+ "r at ! sun4 ,! ra9b[ is always opposite to ! sun & !re c nev] be two sides to x4 ,d ! ,ends ( ! ,ra9b[ ,re/ on ,l&8 ,! ends ( ! ra9b[ d n re/ on any?+4 ,y see1 ! ra9b[ is only ! reflection ( ! sun's rays ?r[n back to u by ! inside ( ! back ( ! ra9drops1 :i* are /ill 9 ! sky aft] ! ra94 ,( c\rse1 if any ( ! drops ( wat] t\*$ ! gr\nd !y w\ld cease to be ra9drops &1 !re=e1 c\ld n reflect ! rays ( ! sunlight4 ,s1 :at we ?9k ( z ! ends ( ! ra9b[ d n really exi/ at all4 ,! ra9b[ is only a reflection ( ! rays ( sunlight f c\ntless drops ( wat] 9 ! air1 :i* ! sun's rays mu/ /rike at a c]ta9 angle 9 ord] to reflect back ! light s we c see x4 ,:]e ! sun's rays d n /rike ! drops ( wat] at ! "r angle no light is reflect$1 & !re is ! end ( ! ra9b[4 ,:at ,causes ! ,diff]5t ,colors ( ! ,ra9b[8 ,! colors ( ! ra9b[1 :i* are always ! same1 & are %[n 9 ?is ord]--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet--are sunlight brok5 up into its orig9al colors4 ,x takes all ( ^! colors 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are mix$ 9 ! ra9b[ to make ! pure sunlight4 ,^! are kn[n z ! prismatic colors4 ,z %[n 9 ano!r answ] to "o ( y\r puzzl+ que/ions1 ! ra9b[ is caus$ by ! rays ( ! sun pass+ into drops ( wat] 9 ! air & reflect$ back to u ) "o "p ( ! drop ( wat] act+ on x 9 su* a way z to break up ! pure sunlight into ^! prismatic colors4 ,:5 a ra9b[ appe>s at a "t :5 !re is a great deal ( sunlight1 y w g5]ally see two ra9b[s4 ,! inn] ra9b[ is =m$ by ! rays ( ! sun t ent] ! upp] "p ( ! fall+ ra9drops1 & ! out] ra9b[ is =m$ by ! rays t ent] ! "u "p ( ! ra9drops4 ,9 ! inn] or prim>y b[1 z x is call$1 ! colors beg9n+ at ! outside r+ ( color are r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue & violet1 & be+ exactly rev]s$ 9 ! out] or second>y b[4 ,! second>y b[ is also fa9t]4 ,y may sometimes see small] ra9b[s1 ev5 if x has n be5 ra9+1 :5 look+ at a f\nta9 or wat]fall4 ,^! are caus$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,:at ,makes ! ,hills ,look ,blue ,sometimes8 ,?is is due to ! fact t :5 ! hills look blue y are look+ at !m at a di/ance1 & !re is a long /ret* ( air betwe5 y & ! hills4 ,?is air is fill$ ) c\ntless p>ticles ( du/ & o!r ?+s1 & :at y see is n really blue hills1 b ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f ! little p>ticles 9 ! air /rik+ y\r eye4 ,! color is due to ! angle at :i* ! light f ! sun /rikes ^! p>ticles1 & is reflect$ back to y\r eye & p>tially due to ! "* ( ! p>ticles 9 ! air4 ,d ! ,/>s ,really ,%oot ,d[n8 ,! answ] is 8,no40 ,we h come to use ! expression 8%oot+ />s0 commonly1 b we %\ld probably be m correct if we said 8%oot+ rocks10 = ! ?+s we ref] to commonly z 8%oot+ />s0 are m l rocks ?an any?+ else4 ,if any ( ! real />s 7 to fall into ! air surr\nd+ ! e>? we %\ld all be burn$ up by ! great heat develop$ long be=e x actually hit ! e>?1 :i* x w\ld und\bt$ly de/roy4 ,! ?+s t fall & leave a /reak ( light are really only pebbles1 /ones1 rocks or pieces ( iron & o!r sub/ances t fall f "s place into ! e>?'s air belt4 ,:5 !y /rike ! air at ! spe$ at :i* !y are fall+ ! friction ( ! air makes a heat t causes !m to become lum9\s1 & by f> ! great] "p ( !m is burn$ up be=e !y get v ne> ! e>?4 ,we call !m meteorites4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 "o w manage to /rike ! e>?1 com+ at su* great spe$ & be+ s l>ge t ! air has n be5 able to burn x up completely1 & x w /rike ! e>? & s9k deep d[n into ! soil4 ,9 mo/ museums c be se5 su* meteorites t h be5 dug up aft] /rik+ ! e>?4 ,^! are con/antly fall+ into ! air surr\nd+ ! e>?1 b 9 ! day-"t _! light is n /rong en\gh to be se5 :ile ! sun is %9+4 ,w ! ,sky ,ev] ,fall ,d[n8 ,no1 ! sky c nev] fall d[n1 because x is n made ( ! k9d ( ?+s t fall4 ,we h become us$ to ?9k+ ( x z ! ro( ( ! e>?1 a great dome-%ap$ ro(1 because 9 our little way ( look+ at ?+s we comp>$ ! e>? & :at is above x ) ! h\ses 9 :i* we live4 ,! sky is j space 9 :i* ! heav5ly bodies revolve 9 _! orbits4 ,we _c really ev] see sky4 ,we see only ! sun's light reflect$ by ! air belt :i* surr\nds ! e>?4 ,9 ?is air belt are ! cl\ds :i* d come clos] to ! l& at times ?an at o!rs1 & ?is is apt to aid 9 giv+ u an incorrect impression ( ?is4 ,:at ,is ! ,milky ,way8 ,! 8,galaxy10 or 8,milky ,way10 z x is popul>ly call$1 is a lum9\s circle ext5d+ completely ar\nd ! heav5s4 ,x is produc$ by myriads ( />s1 z c be se5 :5 y look at x ?r\gh a telescope4 ,x divides into two great bran*es at "o po9t1 :i* travel = "s di/ance sep>ately & !n reunite4 ,x has also sev]al bran*es4 ,at "o po9t x spreads out v widely into a fanlike %ape4 ,:y ,d ,!y ,call ,x ! ,milky ,way8 ,! />s 9 ! gr\p are s num]\s t !y pres5t to ! nak$ eye a :it5ess l a /ream ( milk4 ,to produce ?is effect !re are n hundr$s ( />s1 nor ?\s&s ( !m1 b actually millions ( !m4 ,:5 y /op to ?9k t ea* "o ( ^! />s 9 ! ,milky ,way is a sun l our own--"s ( !m small]1 ( c\rse1 b _m ( !m mu* l>g]--y beg9 to realize h[ impossible x is = man to =m any real idea ( ! magnitude & wond]s ( ! e>?4 ,"h 9 ! ,milky ,way are s _m suns l our own sun t !y toge!r z we look at !m =m ! p>ticles ( a pa? :i* makes ! circle ( ! heav5s1 & yet are s f> away t to ! nak$ eye ea* ( !m looks to u l only "o ( c\ntless drops ( milk 9 a v l>ge /ream ( milk t goes ar\nd ! :ole sky4 ,:y ,don't ! ,/>s ,%9e 9 ! ,day-"t8 ,! />s d %9e 9 ! day-"t4 ,if y w g d[n into a deep well or ! op5 %aft ( a deep m9e & look up at ! sky1 ( :i* y c see a circul> pat* at ! top ( ! well1 y w be able to see ! />s 9 ! day-"t4 ,! moon also %9es 9 ! day-"t1 on "s "p ( ! e>?4 ,at c]ta9 times dur+ ! mon? y c notice t ! moon rises be=e ! sun sets1 & sometimes 9 ! morn+ y c /ill see ! moon 9 ! sky aft] ! sun is up4 ,usually y _c see ei!r ! moon or ! />s 9 ! day-"t1 because ! light f ! sun is s bright & /rong t ! light ( ! />s & moon are lo/ 9 ! brightness ( ! sun's rays4 ,:5 ! moon is visible be=e ! sun sets or aft] ! sun has ris5 x is because ! light ( ! sun is n s bright & /rong at ! beg9n+ or close ( daylight4 ,if y are =tunate en\gh "s "t to witness a total eclipse ( ! sun y w be able to see ! />s 9 day-"t )\t hav+ to g d[n into a deep well or m9e %aft4 ,h[ ,f> ,does ,space ,rea*8 ,space surr\nds all e>?s1 planets1 suns1 & ext5ds = an inf9ite di/ance beyond ea* ( !m 9 all directions4 ,x is impossible to measure 9 t]ms ( human k h[ f> space ext5ds4 ,x is "o ( ! ?+s beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! human m9d1 & = t reason man c nev] "k 9 miles or ! numb] ( millions ( miles h[ f> x ext5ds4 ,man has be5 able to measure ! di/ance f ! e>? ( "s ( ! />s1 & "s ( ! ne>e/ ( !m are millions ( miles f ! e>?4 ,mo/ ( !m are hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( million miles away1 & :5 we /op to ?9k t space ext5ds at lea/ z f> on ! o!r sides ( ! />s z x does on ?is side1 & ev5 beyond t1 we c readily und]/& t x is n only impossible to measure space1 b also impossible to give 9 words any conception ( :at its limits might be4 ,!re is "o ^w--inf9ite--:i* we are =c$ to use 9 speak+ ( ! ext5t ( space4 ,inf9ite means 8)\t end10 unb\nd$1 & s man has come to use ! ^w 8inf9ite0 9 describ+ ! ext5t ( space1 & t is z ne> z any "o c describe x4 ,:at ,does ,horse ,p[] ,mean8 ,! t]m 8horse p[]0 is us$ 9 describ+ ! am\nt ( p[] produc$ by an eng9e or motor4 ,:5 man made ! fir/ eng9es he ne$$ "s t]m to use 9 describ+ ! am\nt ( p[] 8 eng9e c\ld develop4 ,up to t "t man _h us$ ! horse = turn+ ! :eels ( 8 ma*9]y & ! horse to him naturally repres5t$ ! mo/ p[]ful animal work+ = man4 ,:5 eng9es came into use !y replac$ ! horses because !y 7 capable ( develop+ _m times ! p[] ( ! horse4 ,9 f9d+ an expression :i* w\ld accurately convey to ! m9d ( ano!r ! p[] ( a p>ticul> eng9e1 x 0 natural to say t ?is eng9e w\ld d ! "w ( five1 t5 or m horses1 & z ?is describ$ x accurately & 9 a way t 0 entirely cle>1 x became cu/om>y to describe ! p[] ( an eng9e z s _m times ! p[] ( "o horse4 ,to-day we /ill cl+ to ! t]m 8horse p[]0 9 describ+ ! /r5g? ( ! eng9e1 al?\gh ! horse-p[] unit us$ to-day is great] ?an ! p[] ( an av]age horse4 ,to speak ( an eng9e ( "o horse p[] to-day means an eng9e t has ! p[] to lift #cj1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,our ,,coal ,,comes ,,f ,a ,,coal ,,break]4 ,coal is br\ght 9 m9e c>s f sev]al m9e %afts & slopes1 dump$ onto a conveyor t runs on ! incl9$ framework %[n at ! "r ( ! picture4 ,at ! top x is brok5 9 rolls1 sort$ & siz$ z x slides ?r\gh ! diff]5t scre5s1 pick]s1 etc41 & is f9ally deliv]$ into railroad c>s4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,lump ( ,coal ,h[ ,did ! ,coal ,get ,into ! ,coal ,m9es8 ,! heavy black m9]al call$ coal1 :i* we burn 9 our /oves & furnaces1 & use to heat ! boil]s ( our eng9es 0 =m$ f trees & plants ( v>i\s sorts4 ,mo/ ( ! coal 0 =m$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago at a "t :5 ! atmosph]e t envelopes ! e>? conta9$ a mu* l>g] proportion ( c>bonic acid gas ?an x does n[1 & ! climate ( all regions ( ! e>? 0 mu* w>m] ?an x n[ is4 ,?is p]iod 0 kn[n z ! c>bonif]\s age1 t is1 ! coal-mak+ age1 & its atmosph]ic conditions1 favor$ ! gr[? ( plants1 s t ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) great =e/s1 ( trees1 giant f]ns1 & o!r plants1 _m ( :i* are no long] f\nd on ! e>?4 ,9 ! w>m1 moi/1 & c>bon-lad5 atmosph]e ( t p]iod ! gr[? ( all k9ds ( plants 0 rapid & luxuriant1 & z fa/ z old trees fell & p>tially decay$1 o!rs grew up 9 _! places4 ,9 ?is way1 ?ick lay]s ( vegetable matt] 7 =m$ ov] ! soil 9 :i* ! plants grew4 ,9 _m places1 :]e ^! b$s 7 =m$1 ! surface ( ! e>? became depress$ & ! wat] ( ! sea fl[$ ov] ! b$s ( vegetable matt]4 ,s$im5t ( v>i\s k9ds 0 deposit$ ov] ! vegetable matt]1 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! s$im5t 0 trans=m$ into rock4 ,aft] ! =mation ( ! cov]+ ( s$im5t1 ! decay ( ! vegetable matt] 0 *eck$1 b a sl[ *ange ( ano!r k9d 0 br\ght ab\t by ! pressure ( ! s$im5t>y deposits & ! heat to :i* ! plant rema9s 7 subject$4 ,! hydrog5 & oxyg5 :i* con/itut$ ! great] "p ( ! plant sub/ance 0 driv5 (f & ! c>bon left beh9d4 ,?is *ange took place v gradually1 ?r\gh p]iods s long t we c only guess at _! duration1 b we "k t _m b$s ( coal 7 =m$ f lay]s ( vegetable matt] t 7 cov]$ up _m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9e ,,work]s ,,t ,,nev] ,,see ,,daylight ,und]gr\nd /able con/ruct$ ( concrete & iron1 ) natural rock ro( to avoid dang] ( fire4 ,mules are only tak5 to surface :5 m9es are idle4 ,! coal fir/ =m$ & submitt$ longe/ to pressure is kn[n z h>d coal1 or an?racite4 ,x is pure black1 or has a blui% metallic lu/]4 ,its specific gravity is #a4df2 :i* is ab\t ! same z t ( h>d wood4 ,an?racite conta9s f #ij to #id p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 ! rema9d] be+ compos$ ( hydrog51 oxyg51 & a%4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,mules & _! driv]s4--,an important "p ( ! haulage sy/em4 ,mules are kept 9 /ables on surface at ?is m9e & driv5 9 e day ?r\gh slope or drift4 ,h>d coal may be call$ ! ideal fuel & is especially adapt$ to dome/ic heat+ purposes4 ,x burns )\t smoke & produces great heat4 ,!re is no soot deposit ^u ! walls ( *imneys1 & 9 good /oves or furnaces ! small am\nt ( gas giv5 (f by x is consum$4 ,an?racite is ! lea/ abundant ( all ! v>ieties ( coal & is mu* m co/ly ?an ! o!r v>ieties4 ,= ?is reason x is n mu* us$ 9 manufactur+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,slate ,,pick]s ,,"w ,boy slate pick]s4 ,coal slides d[n ! *utes4 ,boys pick out ! slate & rock & ?r[ into *ute alongside4 ,illu/ration3 ,spiral slate pick]s d "w ( _m boys4 ,coal & rock />t toge!r at ! top 9 ! small inn] spiral4 ,! coal be+ light] slides fa/]1 & 9 go+ ar\nd is c>ri$ ov] ! edge into ! out] spiral1 :ile ! rock cont9ues 9 ! bottom4 ,! coal =m$ lat] is v diff]5t 9 composition & is call$ bitum9\s or s(t coal4 ,its "n is d]iv$ f ! fact t x conta9s a s(t sub/ance call$ bitum51 :i* oozes out ( ! coal :5 heat is appli$ to x4 ,s(t coal conta9s f #ge to #he p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 "s traces ( sulphur1 & a l>g] p]c5tage ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 ?an an?racite4 ,:5 s(t coal is heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel or retort1 ! hydrog5 & oxyg51 9 comb9ation ) "s c>bon1 are driv5 (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,coal ,,m9e ,,looks ,,inside ,%aft gate4 ,"o ( ! two cages 9 ! %aft has j br\ght ! m5 to ! surface2 ! o!r is at ! bottom4 ,safety gate re/+ on top ( cage cov]s top ( %aft :5 cage is d[n1 z %[n at "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,section %[+ ,an?racite ,seams4 ,coal is %[n black2 rock & dirt light]2 %aft tunnels & work+s1 :ite4 ,upp] "p ( 8,mammo?0 seam is /ripp$ & qu>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lignite m9e 9 ,texas4 ,load$ m9e c>s ready to g to surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,m9]s ,,loos5 ,,! ,,coal ,und]cutt+ ) pick4 ,! man ly+ on 8 side cuts "u ! coal4 ,a light *>ge ( p[d] explod$ 9 a drill hole ne> ! ro( breaks ! coal d[n 9 l>ge pieces4 ,s(t coal is black1 & ^u smoo? surfaces x is glossy4 ,x lacks ! blui% lu/] sometimes se5 9 h>d coal & is mu* s(t] & m easily brok54 ,:5 h&l$ x black5s ! h&s m ?an h>d coal does4 ,9 ?is k9d ( coal are frequ5tly se5 ! outl9es ( leaves & /ems ( plants t ent] into its =mation4 ,occasionally1 trunks ( trees ) roots ext5d+ d[n into ! clay bel[ ! b$ ( coal h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,und]cutt+ 9 seam4 ,a compress$ air driv5 ma*9e und]cuts deep] & fa/] ?an ! man ) a pick4 ,s(t coal has a specific gravity ( #a4bg4 ,x burns ) a yell[ flame :i* is l>g] ?an ! flame f h>d coal1 b x does n emit s high a degree ( heat4 ,combu/ion1 g5]ally imp]fect1 gives rise to (f5sive gases & to black smoke t conc5trates 9 ! air & falls to ! gr\nd z soot1 :i* black5s build+s1 &1 9 w9t]1 noticeably discolors ! sn[4 ,! =mation ( lignite has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! timb]s ( "s old m9es 9 ,europe4 ,9 "s ( ^! m9es wood5 pill>s h be5 support+ ! rocks above = f\r hundr$ ye>s or long]1 & 9 t "t ! pressure ( ! rocks & o!r influ5ces act+ ^u ! wood ( ! pill>s h caus$ x to become trans=m$ into a br[n sub/ance resembl+ lignite4 ,?is fact t5ds to confirm ! !ory ( coal =mation /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4 ,! proportion ( c>bon 9 lignite is nev] above #gj p] c5t41 & ! a% indicates ! pres5ce ( consid]able e>?y matt]4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ^? =ms ( manufacture :]e a hot fire is n requir$4 ,9 ,europe x is us$1 to "s ext5t1 9 heat+ ! h\ses ( ! poor] classes4 ,peat is reg>d$ z ! late/ ( ! coal =mations4 ,9 x1 ! *ange 9 ! vegetable matt] has n ext5d$ beyond m]ely cov]+ x1 & subject+ x to slight pressure4 ,peat is =m$ 9 m>%y soils :]e !re is a consid]able gr[? ( plants t are con/antly und]go+ p>tial decay & becom+ cov]$ by wat]4 ,x consi/s ( ! roots & /ems ( ! plants matt$ toge!r & m+l$ ) "s e>?y mat]ial4 ,:5 fre%ly dug out ( ! bog or m>% 9 :i* x 0 =m$ !re is always a quantity ( wat] 9 x1 ! am\nt be+ greate/ 9 ! peat f\nd ne>e/ ! surface & lea/ 9 t at ! bottom ( ! b$1 :]e ! peat is n v diff]5t 9 appe>ance f lignite4 ,peat is us$ = fuel :]e wood is sc>ce & coal is high 9 price4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts 9 saturat+ peat ) petroleum1 h %[n t 9 ?is way a =m ( fuel may be produc$ = :i* consid]able value is claim$4 ,its manufacture is conf9$ to ,s\!rn ,russia1 :]e peat is pl5tiful & petroleum is *eap4 ,:y ,does ,fir$amp ,explode 9 a ,safety ,lamp ,)\t ,produc+ an ,explosion ( ! ,gas ,) ,:i* ! ,lamp ,is ,surr\nd$8 ,! pass+ ( ! flame f ! lamp to ! outside air is prev5t$ by ! gauze4 ,?is splits ! burn+ gas into little /reamlets 7#ghd to ea* squ>e in* ( gauze71 :i* are cool$ bel[ ! po9t ( ignition1 t is1 are ext+ui%$ by com+ 9 contact ) ! metal ( ! gauze1 s t ! flame does n pass outside ! lamp4 ,9 "s cases ! explosion may be s great z to =ce ! flame ?r\gh ! gauze & ?us ignite ! gas outside4 ,are ,!re ,any ,conditions ,"u ,:i* x ,w\ld ,n ,be ,safe to ,use a ,safety ,lamp8 ,,! ,,dang]s ,,to ,,! ,,m9]s ,! und]gr\nd conditions affect+ ! safety ( ! lamp are exposure 9 air-curr5ts ( high velocity by reason ( :i* ! flame may be bl[n ?r\gh or aga9/ ! gauze1 or exposure = too great a "t to mixtures ( air & gas :i* w burn )9 ! lamp & ?us heat ! gauze4 ,! dang]\s velocity ( air-curr5ts beg9s at ab\t #ejj feet a m9ute1 b v>ies ) ! type ( lamp1 "s be+ mu* less s5sitive to air-curr5ts ( high velocity ?an o!rs4 ,o!r conditions "u :i* ! lamp is n safe conc]n ! lamp itself or ! "o us+ x4 ,! lamp is dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ p]sons or :5 ! gauze is dirty or brok54 ,if ! gauze is dirty1 t portion absorbs ! heat & may become hot en\gh to ignite ! outside gas2 naturally any holes 9 ! gauze w pass ! flame4 ,! safety lamp :5 left too long 9 air conta9+ mu* explosive gas may cause an explosion1 & x is ext+ui%$ by c]ta9 unbrea?able gases4 ,! electric lamp burns safely reg>dless ( ! atmosph]e1 b gives no w>n+ ( poison\s or explosive gases4 ,x is (t5 us$ by rescue m5 we>+ oxyg5 helmets to ent] m9es full ( poison\s gases aft] explosions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lamp ,,:i* ,,saves ,,_m ,,lives ,! safety lamp4 ,! %eet iron bonnet or cov]+ ( ! upp] "p protects ! gauze )9 f /rong curr5ts ( air1 :ile ! glass p]mits ! light to be diffus$4 ,! above is a mod]n lamp simil> to a bonnett$ ,clanny lamp4 ,! safety lamp is dang]\s :5 !re is a hole 9 ! gauze t w p]mit ! passage ( flame to ! outside1 or :5 ! gauze is dirty1 s t any p>ticul> spot may be ov]heat$1 or :5 ! velocity ( ! air is s great t ! flame is bl[n ?r\gh ! gauze1 or 7g5]ally7 :5 9 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ p]son4 ,! unbonnet$ ,davy lamp is n safe :]e ! velocity ( ! air exce$s #cfj feet p] m9ute4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! air /rikes a lamp c>ri$ aga9/ x is increas$ by ! am\nt equal to ! rate at :i* ! fireboss travels4 ,if he walks at ! rate (1 say1 #d miles an h\r or #ceb feet a m9ute 7on ! gangways he w usually h to move fa/] ?an ?is to make 8 r\nds on "t7 he w create by 8 own motion 7& 9 /ill air7 a velocity practically ! same z t at :i* ! unbonnet$ ,davy is consid]$ unsafe4 ,illu/ration3 ,op5 oil lamp commonly worn on hat4 ,wick is inv]t$ 9 sp\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,acetyl5e or c>bide lamp = cap or h&4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,safety ,lamp4 ,! safety lamp1 ! m9]'s fai?ful & indisp5sable companion at 8 dang]\s "w1 has be51 h]et(ore1 consid]$ z ! inv5tion ( ! fam\s ,engli% sci5ti/1 ,humphrey ,davy1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,george ,/eph5son1 ( locomotive fame1 has also be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,bo? came out ) _! inv5tions ab\t ! same "t1 b nei!r ( !m is ! real inv5tor ( ! safety lamp2 = !re 01 z prov5 by ,wilhelm ,nieman1 a safety lamp 9 exi/5ce two ye>s be=e ,davy's inv5tion became kn[n4 ,x 0 n inf]ior to ! latt]1 b r surpass$ x 9 illum9at+ p[]4 ,previ\s to ?is1 all ! precaution employ$ = ! prev5tion ( ! ?reat5+ dang]s ( fir$amp _h be5 q incomplete4 ,"o tri$ to ?or\ghly v5tilate ! m9es by fa/5+ a burn+ tor* to a l>ge pole1 :i* 0 pu%$ ahead & explod$ ! gases4 ,?is 0 extremely dang]\s "w :i*1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 0 g5]ally done by a crim9al1 9 ord] t he might atone = 8 crimes1 or by a p5it5t = ! b5efit ( mank9d4 ,! attempt to sub/itute = ! op5 light phosphoresc5t sub/ances1 encas$ 9 glass1 0 n mu* ( a success4 ,an improvem5t 0 ! s-call$ /eel mill1 inv5t$ ab\t #agej by ,c>lyle ,sp$d+1 manag] ( a m9e4 ,?is /eel mill consi/$ ( a /eel :eel :i* 0 put into rapid motion by means ( a crank4 ,by press+ a fire/one aga9/ ! fa/ revolv+ :eel1 an incessant %[] ( sp>ks 0 produc$ giv+ a fairly good & absolutely safe illum9ation4 ,h[ev]1 ! runn+ exp5ses ( 8 app>atus1 :i* necessitat$ ! cont9ual s]vices ( "o man1 7 v high2 = in/ance1 ! exp5diture = light 9 a coal m9e ne> ,newca/le 9 ! ye> #ahaf am\nt$ to ab\t #bjj p] week4 ,nev]!less1 ! /eel mill 0 v mu* appreciat$ & 9 use = a long "t1 only to be sl[ly supplant$ by ! safety lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,cap ,,lamp ,,& ,,batt]y4 ,! safety lamp :5 left too long 9 air conta9+ mu* explosive gas may cause an explosion1 & x is ext+ui%$ by c]ta9 unbrea?able gases4 ,! electric lamp burns safely reg>dless ( ! atmosph]e1 b gives no w>n+ ( poison\s or explosive gases4 ,x is (t5 us$ by rescue m5 we>+ oxyg5 helmets to ent] m9es full ( poison\s gases aft] explosions4 ,,! ,,man ,,:o ,,inv5t$ ,,! ,,safety ,,lamp ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! exi/+ coal m9es 7 work$ to ! limit & ! cata/rophies1 caus$ by fir$amp1 increas$ 9 an al>m+ mann]4 ,9 fact ! di/ress 0 s great t 9 #ahab a society = ! prev5tion ( m9e disa/]s 0 =m$ at ,su!rl&1 & ! orig9 ( ! safety lamp c be trac$ back to ! ef=ts & labors ( ?is organization4 ,dr4 ,william ,reid ,clanny1 a retir$ %ip's surgeon1 0 probably ! fir/ to und]take ! task 79 ! ye> #ahjh71 :i* he successfully f9i%$ ) en]gy & skill4 ,he conc5trat$ 8 ef=ts at fir/ on ! sep>ation ( ! flames f ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 b he did n succe$ till ! latt] "p ( #ahab1 :5 he con/ruct$ a lamp t seem$ to meet all requirem5ts4 ,! report ( ?is inv5tion 0 submitt$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,may #bj1 #ahac1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ! m9utes ( t academy4 ,! cas+ ( ?is orig9al safety lamp 0 clos$ at ! top & bottom by two op5 wat] tanks2 ! air 0 pump$ 9 by means ( bell[s &1 pass+ 9 & out1 _h to g ?r\gh bo? ^! res]voirs :i* act$ z valves1 s to speak4 ,! lamp prov$ to be absolutely safe & 0 successfully introduc$ by ! managem5t ( ,h]r+ton ,mill pit m9e4 ,! clumsy p>ts ( ?is app>atus 7 elim9at$ by its inv5tor by v>i\s improvem5ts4 ,! s-call$ /eam safety lamp 0 complet$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahae1 & in/all$ 9 sev]al m9es4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 two competitors made _! appe>ance4 ,george ,/eph5son _h f9i%$ 8 lamp ,octob] #ba1 #ahae1 & ,davy publi%$ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts ,novemb] #i1 #ahae1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,clanny's lamp1 nev]!less1 /ood ! te/ 9 ! face ( ?is competition1 ?r\gh its mu* sup]ior illum9at+ p[]1 & m p>ticul>ly z x /ill cont9u$ to burn :5 ! ,davy & ,/eph5son lamps _h gone out4 ,to ,clanny1 !re=e1 belongs ! di/9ction1 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tion1 ( hav+ con/ruct$ ! fir/ reliable safety lamp4 ,:at ,is a ,metal8 ,! olde/ kn[n metals 9 ! _w are gold & silv]1 copp]1 iron1 t9 & lead4 ,!y are to-day /ill ! mo/ useful & widely-us$ metals4 ,"s ( ! prop]ties by :i* we di/+ui% metals are ! foll[+3 ,!y are solid & n transp>5t2 !y h lu/] & are heavy4 ,m]cury is an exception to ! rule2 x is a liquid1 ?\gh yet a metal1 & !re is ano!r1 sodium1 :i* is solid1 ?\gh v light4 ,:at ,is ! ,mo/ ,valuable ,metal8 ,if y 7 guess+ y w\ld naturally say t gold is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! metals4 ,b y w\ld be wrong4 ,! prop] answ] to ?is is iron4 ,we d n mean ! p\nd = p\nd value1 = y c\ld get mu* m = a p\nd ( gold ?an = a p\nd ( iron4 ,we mean 9 useful value--iron is 9 t s5se ! mo/ valuable metal kn[n to man4 ,?is is true because iron is ( su* great s]vice to man 9 s _m ways1 & x is v =tunate t !re is su* a great am\nt ( x available = man's purposes4 ,iron is n g5]ally f\nd 9 a pure /ate 9 ! m9es4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd comp\nd$ ) c>bon & o!r sub/ances1 & we obta9 pure iron by burn+ ^! o!r sub/ances out ( ! comp\nd4 ,iron is put ^u ! m>ket 9 ?ree =ms1 :i* diff] v mu* 9 _! prop]ties4 ,fir/1 !re is ca/-iron4 ,iron 9 ?is =m is h>d1 easily fusible & q brittle1 z y w "k if y ev] broke a lid on ! kit*5 range4 ,9 ! =m ( ca/-iron x _c be =g$ or weld$4 ,next comes wr\ght-iron1 :i* is q s(t1 c be hamm]$ out flat or drawn out 9 ! =m ( a wire & c be weld$1 b fusible only at a high temp]ature4 ,?ird comes /eel1 ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ we produce ) iron4 ,x is also malleable1 :i* means t x is capable ( be+ hamm]$ out flat & c easily be weld$1 & ?is is ! great prop]ty ( /eel--x acquires :5 temp]$ a v high degree ( h>dness1 s t a %>p edge c be put on x1 & :5 9 t %ape x w easily cut wr\ght-iron4 ,ord9>ily we make wr\ght-iron & /eel f iron t has be5 *ang$ f its orig9al /ate to ca/-iron4 ,! t]m ca/-iron is g5]ally giv5 to iron :i* has be5 melt$ & ca/ 9 any =m desir$ = use4 ,/oves are made 9 ?is way4 ,! iron is melt$ & !n p\r$ into a mold2 :ile ! product out ( :i* wr\ght-iron & /eel are made is te*nically ca/-iron1 ! t]m pig-iron is us$ 9 speak+ ( iron :i* is ca/ = ?is purpose4 ,! process by :i* pig-iron is *ang$ into wr\ght-iron is call$ puddl+4 ,! object ( puddl+1 :i* is done 9 :at is call$ a rev]b]atory furnace 7:i* is a furnace t reflects or drives back ! flame or heat7 is to remove ! c>bon :i* is 9 ! pig-iron4 ,?is is done p>tly by ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air at high temp]ature & p>tly by ! action ( ! c9d] =m$ by ! burn+ furnace4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done ! iron is made into balls ( a size conv5i5t = h&l+4 ,^! are 8%+l$0 by squeez+ or hamm]+ & pass$ betwe5 rolls by :i* ! iron is made to assume any desir$ =m4 ,n[ we come to /eel1 ! mo/ wond]ful product or =m 9 :i* we take advantage ( ! value ( iron4 ,/eel 0 =m]ly made f wr\ght-iron1 s t y fir/ _h to get ca/-iron1 f :i* y made wr\ght-iron1 & ev5tually got /eel by *ang+ ! wr\ght-iron4 ,n[ we make /eel direct f pig-iron4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,bessem] process4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature 9 ! *emical composition ( ! diff]5t grades ( iron & /eel is f\nd 9 ! p]c5tages ( c>bon !y conta94 ,pig-iron conta9s ! mo/ c>bon2 /eel ! next l[e/1 & wr\ght-iron ! lea/4 ,iron has be5 kn[n to m5 f e>ly hi/orical times4 ,! smelt+ ( iron ores is n any indication ( advanc$ civilization ei!r4 ,savage tribes 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w practic$ ! art ( smelt+1 ev5 be=e !y c\ld h le>n$ x f p :o _h become civiliz$4 ,:y ,is ,gold ,call$ ,preci\s8 ,gold is call$ "o ( ! preci\s metals because ( its beautiful color1 its lu/]1 & ! fact t x does n ru/ or t>ni% :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,x is ! mo/ ductile 7c be /ret*$ out into ! ?9ne/ wire71 & is also ! mo/ malleable 7c be hamm]$ out into ! ?9ne/ %eet74 ,x c be hamm]$ into leaves s ?9 t light w pass ?r\gh !m4 ,pure gold is s s(t t x _c be us$ 9 t =m 9 mak+ gold co9s or 9 mak+ jewelry4 ,o!r sub/ances1 g5]ally copp]1 are add$ to x to make ! gold co9s & jewelry h>d4 ,sometimes silv] is also add$ to ! gold ) copp]4 ,! gold co9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are made ( n9e p>ts ( gold to "o ( copp]4 ,! co9s ( ,france are ! same1 :ile ! co9s ( ,engl& are made ( elev5 p>ts ( gold to "o ( copp]4 ,! gold us$ = jewels & wat*-cases v>ies f eight or n9e to eighte5 c>ats f9e4 ,ano!r reason :y gold is call$ a preci\s metal is t x is v difficult to dissolve x4 ,none ( ! acids alone w dissolve gold1 & only two ( !m :5 mix$ toge!r w d s4 ,^! are nitric acid & hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ^! two acids are mix$ & gold put into ! mixture ! gold w disappe>4 ,:at ,d ,we ,mean ,by #ah-;,c>at ,f9e8 ,we (t5 he> p 9 speak+ ( _! wat*es say1 8,x is an #ah-;c>at case40 ,o!rs speak ( #ad-;c>at wat*es or #bb-;c>at or solid-gold r+s4 ,:5 y see ! m>ks on a wat*-case or ! inside ( a gold r+ !y read #ah ,k or #ad ,k1 or :atev] numb] ( c>ats ! mak] wi%es to indicate4 ,a piece ( gold jewelry m>k$ #ah ,k or #ah c>ats means t x is ?ree-f\r?s pure gold4 ,9 arrang+ ?is basis ( m>k+ ?+s made ( gold1 absolutely pure gold is call$ #bd c>ats4 ,!n if two1 six or t5 tw5ty-f\r?s ( alloy has be5 add$1 ! am\nt ( ! alloy is d$uct$ f tw5ty-f\r1 & ! result is ei!r #bb1 #ah or #ad c>ats f9e1 & s on4 ,on ord9>y articles made by jewel]s ! am\nt ( pure gold us$ is seldom ov] #ah c>ats1 or ?ree-f\r?s4 ,w$d+s r+s 7& ^! are consid]$ solid gold7 are g5]ally made #bb c>ats f9e1 t is1 !re are only two tw5ty-f\r? p>ts ( alloy 9 !m4 ,:y ,does ,silv] ,t>ni%8 ,silv] is a rem>kably :ite metal1 :i* is associat$ ) gold z "o ( ! preci\s metals4 ,x is h>d] ?an gold & w n ru/1 al?\gh x w t>ni%1 :i* gold w n1 :5 expos$ to c]ta9 k9ds ( air4 ,! silv] t>ni%es :5 x is expos$ to any k9d ( air t has sulphur mix$ 9 x4 ,x ranks bel[ gold z a preci\s metal = use 9 mak+ ornam5ts & is n s co/ly1 because !re is a great deal m ( x to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,:ile silv] is some:at h>d] ?an gold1 x is /ill n suffici5tly h>d to use pure = mak+ co9s1 s1 z 9 ! case ( ! gold co9s1 x is mix$ ) some?+ else--copp]--to h>d5 x4 ,o!rwise our dimes & qu>t]s w\ld we> out too rapidly4 ,our silv] co9s are made ( n9e p>ts ( silv] to "o ( copp]4 ,! co9s ( ,france are 9 ! same proportion1 :ile ! silv] co9s ( ,engl& are made ( #ib p>ts ( silv] to #g p>ts ( copp]4 ,g]man silv] co9s are made ( ?ree p>ts ( silv] & "o ( copp]4 ,:y ,d ,we ,use ,copp] ,telegraph ,wires8 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui%es copp] is its color--a peculi> r$4 ,x /&s next to gold & silv] 9 ductility & malleability1 & comes next to iron & /eel 9 t5acity--:i* means ! ability ( its t9y p>ticles to hang on to ea* o!r4 ,t is :y copp] wire b5ds in/ead ( break+ :5 y twi/ x4 ,b t is n ! only reason1 al?\gh an important "p ( ! reason1 :y we use copp] = telegraph wires4 ,copp] is an extremely good conductor ( electricity :5 x is pure4 ,s are gold & silv]1 b we _c af=d to buy gold & silv] wires = ! telegraph1 telephone & o!r wires1 & if we us$ su* wires ! co/ ( ! equipm5t w\ld be s great t we c\ld n af=d to h telephones 9 our homes4 ,b !re is a great deal ( copp] 9 ! _w & x is v *eap1 & s x makes an ideal elem5t = use 9 ?+s ?r\gh :i* electricity is to pass4 ,:5 y comp\nd x ) o!r sub/ances x loses "s ( its conductivity4 ,copp] is us$ ext5sively 9 _m ways 9 ! _w4 ,?is book is pr9t$1 = in/ance1 f copp] electrotype plates4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( electrotyp+ is bas$ on ! use ( copp]4 ,:y ,is ,lead ,s ,heavy8 ,lead is a :ite metal & is not$ = its s(tness & durability4 ,x has a lu/] :5 fre%ly cut1 b becomes dull q soon aft] ! fre%ly-cut surface is expos$ to ! air4 ,lead is ! s(te/ metal 9 g5]al use4 ,x c be cut ) an ord9>y knife4 ,x c be roll$ out into ?9 %eets1 b _c be drawn out into wire4 ,lead is a v d5se metal1 t is1 its p>ticles are v compact & !re is no room = air to circulate 9 betwe5 ^! p>ticles4 ,a piece ( wood is light] ?an a piece ( lead ( exactly equal bulk1 because ! little p>ticles :i* make up ! piece ( wood are n v close toge!r1 & !re is a lot ( air 9 ! ord9>y piece ( wood1 :ile ?is is n true ( ! lead4 ,a great deal ( lead is us$ 9 mak+ pipes = plumb+4 ,?is is because lead pipe is comp>atively *eap1 al?\gh y might n ?9k s :5 y ?9k ( ! g5]al conclusions we h be5 br\ght to =m ab\t plumb]s & ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m4 ,lead pipe is easily b5t 9 any direction also1 & is p>ticul>ly good = use 9 plumb+ = t reason4 ,ano!r wide use ( lead is 9 mak+ pa9ts--:ite lead be+ ! base us$ 9 mak+ oil pa9ts4 ,! process ( mak+ :ite lead = pa9t is q int]e/+ & pictures ( x are %[n 9 8,! ,/ory ,9 a ,c ( ,pa9t0 9 ano!r "p ( 8,! ,book ( ,wond]s40 ,:y ,are ,cook+ ,ut5sils ,made ( ,t98 ,t9 is ! lea/ important ( ! six useful metals4 ,x is also inf]ior 9 _m ways to ! o!rs 9 ?is gr\p ( elem5ts1 b is t\gh] ?an lead & w make a bett] wire1 ?\gh n a really good "o4 ,x has a :it5ess & a lu/] t are n t>ni%$ by ord9>y temp]ature & is *eap4 ,t is :y x is us$ 9 mak+ cook+ ut5sils1 pans1 etc41 & = ro(s4 ,b ! pans1 ro(s1 etc41 are n pure t94 ,!y are ?9 %eets ( iron coat$ ) t94 ,pure t9 w\ld n be /rong en\gh = ^! purposes1 s a %eet ( iron is fir/ tak5 to supply ! /r5g? & !n cov]$ ) t9 to improve ! appe>ance ( ! t9 pans & keep !m f ru/+ rapidly4 ,:at ,is ,gravitation8 ,gravitation is ! result ( ! attraction :i* e body1 no matt] :at its size1 has = e o!r body4 ,x is a /range =ce & difficult to expla9 9 pla9 words4 ,x is :at keeps ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! pa?s4 ,e "o ( ! planets is held 9 its pa? by gravitation & e object on ea* ( ! planets is kept on ! planet by gravitation4 ,we c come ne>] und]/&+ gravitation by /udy+ ! effect ( ! attraction ( gravitation on our own e>? & ! objects on x4 ,:5 y ?r[ a ball or a /one into ! air x is ! attraction ( gravitation t causes x to come back4 ,if ?is 7 n s ! /one w\ld g on up & up & w\ld keep on go+ =ev]4 ,if x 7 n = ?is wond]ful =ce y c\ld jump into ! air & j keep on go+ up ) no?+ to br+ y back4 ,! reason y d n pull ! e>? t[>d y is because ! body or mass ) ! great] bulk has always ! great] pull+ p[]4 ,?is is a wond]ful =ce4 ,x _c be produc$ nor c x be de/roy$ or less5$4 ,x j is4 ,x acts betwe5 all pairs ( bodies4 ,if o!r bodies come betwe5 any pair ( bodies ! attraction ( gravity betwe5 ! two outside bodies is nei!r less5$ or increas$1 & yet ea* ( ! outside bodies w h an indep5d5t attraction or pull on ! body :i* is 9 betwe54 ,no p>ticle ( "t is sp5t by ! transmission ( ! =ce ( gravity f "o body to ano!r1 no matt] h[ f> ap>t !y may be4 ,! only effect t di/ance has on ! attraction ( gravitation is to less5 its =ce4 ,any body :i* is be+ pull$ ?r\gh gravity t[>d ano!r body w\ld fall t[>d ! c5t] ( ! attract+ body if all ! =ce ( attraction f all o!r bodies 7 remov$4 ,:at ,is ,specific ,gravity8 ,specific gravity is ! ratio ( weight ( a giv5 bulk ( any sub/ance to t ( a /&>d sub/ance4 ,! sub/ances tak5 z ! /&>d = solids & liquids is wat]1 & air or hydrog5 = gases4 ,s9ce ! weights ( diff]5t bodies are 9 proportion to _! masses1 x foll[s t ! specific gravity ( any body is ! same z its d5sity1 & we n[ g5]ally use ! t]m 8d5sity0 in/ead ( specific gravity4 ,to f9d1 = in/ance1 ! specific gravity ( a giv5 bulk ( silv]1 we mu/ take an equal bulk ( wat] & weigh x4 ,!n we also weigh ! silv]4 ,we f9d t ! silv] weighs t5 & a half times z mu* z ! wat]1 & s ! specific gravity ( silv] is #aj4e4 ,if y w be> 9 m9d t wat] is ! /&>d us$ = measur+ ! specific gravity ( solids & liquids1 & t air or hydrog5 are us$ z /&>ds = ! gases1 y w always "k :at ! figures aft] ! words specific gravity mean4 ,:y ,d ,we ,see ,/>s ,:5 ,hit ,on ! ,eye8 ,we d n really see />s1 ( c\rse1 :5 we are hit on ! eye or :5 we fall 9 su* a way z to bump ! front ( our heads4 ,:at we d see1 or ?9k we see1 is light4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/ g back to ! explanation ( ! five s5ses--sight1 he>+1 feel+1 ta/+ & t\*+4 ,n[1 ea* ( ^! s5ses has a special set ( n]ves ?r\gh :i* ! s5sations receiv$ by ea* ( ! s5ses is communicat$ to ! bra9 &1 z a rule1 ^! special n]ves receive no s5sations except+ ^? :i* occur 9 _! own p>ticul> field ( usefulness4 ,! eye !n has n]ves ( vision2 ! nose1 n]ves ( smell2 ! e>1 n]ves ( he>+2 ! m\?1 n]ves ( ta/e1 & ! entire body n]ves ( t\*4 ,z we h se5 !n1 ^! special n]ves are susceptible ( receiv+ impressions or s5sations only 9 _! p>ticul> field4 ,b1 if y %\ld be able to r\se ! n]ves ( smell 9 an entirely artificial way & give !m a s5sation1 !y might easily act v mu* z ?\gh !y smell$ some?+4 ,we f9d ?is (t5 9 ! n]ves ( t\* :5 we ?9k we feel some?+ :5 we d n4 ,n[1 :5 "s "o hits y 9 ! eye1 ! n]ves ( vision are di/urb$ 9 su* a way z to produce ^u ! bra9 ! s5sation ( see+ light4 ,9 o!r words1 y _c affect ! eye n]ves )\t caus+ ! s5sation ( light1 & t is j :at happ5s :5 "s "o hits y 9 ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 8,,argonaut1 ,,junior40 ,exp]im5tal ,boat1 #ahid4 ,illu/ration3 8,,argonaut ,,! ,,fir/40 ,built #ahif-ahig4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,subm>9e ,boat ,h[ ,c a ,%ip ,sail ,"u ,wat]8 ,up to a few ye>s ago ! /ories we c\ld tell ab\t ! %ips t sail b5ea? ! wat] 7 ! creations ( ! m9ds ( writ]s ( fiction1 l ! au?or ( 8,tw5ty ,?\s& ,leagues ,"u ! ,sea10 b to-day we c read ( _m actual trips b5ea? ! wat] by ! brave m5 :o man our subm>9es4 ,we nev] dream$ t ! great /ory ( ,jules ,v]ne w\ld be realiz$ 9 ! little b v de/ructive %ips ( w> :i* c be se5 to-day 9 ! naval ports ( ! nations ( ! _w4 ,we might h _h ^! subm>9es long ago b = ! fact t ! m5 :o 7 try+ to inv5t !m w\ld n give up ! secrets :i* !y _h discov]$4 ,_m m5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w work$ on ?is problem & ea* discov]$ "o or m ?+s :i* 7 valuable 9 work+ out a solution1 & if !y _h all gott5 toge!r & comp>$ notes betwe5 !m !y c\ld h produc$ a subm>9e boat almo/ z good z ^? we h to-day4 ,h[ ,does ! ,subm>9e ,get ,d[n ,"u ! ,surface8 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 a vessel to enable x to navigate bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] is t x be made suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! surr\nd+ pressure ( wat]1 :i* increases at ! rate ( 4#dc ( a p\nd = ea* foot ( subm]g5ce4 ,a boat navigat+ at a dep? ( #ajj feet w\ld !re=e h #dc p\nds pressure p] squ>e in* ( surface1 or #faib p\nds = e squ>e foot ( surface4 ,x w readily be se51 !re=e1 t ! fir/ ess5tial is great /r5g?4 ,!re=e1 ! subm>9e boats are usually built circul> 9 cross section ) /eel plat+ rivet$ to heavy fram+1 z t is ! be/ =m to resi/ ext]nal pressure4 ,^! boats are built = surface navigation z well1 !re=e !y h a c]ta9 am\nt ( buoyancy :5 navigat+ on ! surface1 ! same z an ord9>y surface vessel4 ,:5 x is desir$ to subm]ge ! vessel ?is buoyancy mu/ be de/roy$1 s t ! vessel w s9k "u ! surface4 ,n[1 ! subm]g$ displacem5t ( a subm>9e vessel is its total volume1 &1 !oretically1 a vessel may be put 9 equilibrium ) ! wat] :i* x displaces by admitt+ wat] balla/ into comp>tm5ts conta9$ )9 ! hull ( ! vessel1 !re=e1 if a vessel ^: total displacem5t subm]g$ 0 #ajj tons1 ! vessel & cont5ts mu/ weigh also #ajj tons4 ,if x weigh$ "o ounce m ?an #ajj tons x w\ld s9k to ! bottom4 ,if x weigh$ "o ounce less ?an #ajj tons x w\ld float on ! surface ) a buoyancy ( "o ounce4 ,if x weigh$ exactly #ajj tons x w\ld be 9 :at subm>9e design]s specify z be+ 89 p]fect equilibrium40 ,x is possible to give a vessel a slight negative buoyancy to cause h] to s9k to1 say1 a dep? ( #ej feet & !n pump out suffici5t wat] to give h] a p]fect equilibrium1 & ?us cause h] to rema9 at a fix$ dep? :ile at re/4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is is seldom done4 ,mo/ subm>9e boats navigate "u ! wat] ) a positive buoyancy ( f #bjj to #ajjj p\nds & are ei!r /e]$ at ! dep? desir$ by a horizontal rudd] plac$ 9 ! /]n ( ! vessel1 or are held to ! dep? by hydroplanes1 :i* hydroplanes correspond to ! f9s ( a fi%4 ,!y are flat1 plane surfaces1 ext5d+ out f ei!r side ( ! vessel1 & :5 ! vessel has headway1 if ! =w>d ends ( ^! planes are incl9$ d[nw>d1 ! resi/ance ( ! wat] act+ ^u ! planes is suffici5t to ov]come ! res]ve ( buoyancy & holds ! vessel to ! desir$ dep?4 ,if ! vessel's propell] is /opp$1 ! boat1 hav+ positive buoyancy1 w come to ! surface4 ,by manipulat+ ei!r ! /]n rudd]s or ! hydroplanes1 ! vessel may be readily caus$ to ei!r come ne>] to ! surface or g to a great] dep?1 z ! *ange ( angle w give a great] or less d[npull to ov]come ! res]ve ( buoyancy4 ,! above description applies to navigat+ a vessel :5 betwe5 ! surface ( ! wat] & ! bottom4 ,ano!r type ( vessel :i* is us$ = se>*+ ! bottom 9 locat+ wrecks1 obta9+ pe>ls1 sponges1 or %ellfi%1 is provid$ ) :eels4 ,9 ?is type ( vessel ! boat is giv5 a slight negative buoyancy1 suffici5t to keep x on ! bottom1 & x is !n propell$ ov] ! wat] b$ on :eels1 ! same z an automobile is propell$ ab\t ! /reets4 ,?is type ( vessel is also provid$ ) a div]'s comp>tm5t1 :i* is a comp>tm5t ) a door op5+ outw>d f ! bottom4 ,if ! op]ators 9 ! boat wi% to inspect ! bottom1 !y g into ?is comp>tm5t & turn compress$ air into ! comp>tm5t until ! air pressure equals ! wat] pressure outside ( ! boat2 i4 e41 if !y 7 subm]g$ at a dep? ( #ajj feet !y w\ld introduce an air pressure ( #dc p\nds p] squ>e in* into ! div+ comp>tm5t4 ,! door c\ld !n be op5$ & no wat] c\ld come into ! comp>tm5t1 z ! div+ comp>tm5t w\ld be virtually a div+ bell4 ,div]s c !n readily leave ! boat by putt+ on a div+ suit & /epp+ out ^u ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,practical ,,subm>9es 8,,protector40 ,,built #aija-aijb1 ,,bridgeport1 ,,conn4 ,?is 0 ! pione] ,subm>9e ,torp$o ,boat ( ! level-keel type1 & 0 built 9 ,bridgeport 9 #aija-aijb4 ,x 0 %ipp$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia1 dur+ ! ,russian-,japanese w>4 ,f ,/4 ,pet]sburg x 0 %ipp$ to ,vladivo/ok1 #fjjj miles across ,sib]ia1 special c>s be+ built = its transport4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is picture illu/rates ! same vessel1 also at full spe$ "u eng9es1 ) ! conn+-t[] entirely awa% & ) ! sight+-hood & ! ,omniscope alone above wat]4 ,not)/&+ ! limit$ areas expos$ above ! surface1 /ill obs]vation c\ld be _h well-nigh cont9u\sly ei!r ?r\gh ! dead-lights 9 ! sight+-hood or by means ( ! ,omniscope4 ,9 nei!r condition is x necess>y to h rec\rse to electrical propulsion--! boats c /ill be safely & spe$ily driv5 z "h %[n "u _! eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,inside ,,( ,a ,,subm>9e ,,! 8,g-#a0 ,,rec5tly ,,deliv]$ ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! l>ge/1 fa/e/ subm>9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! mo/ p[]fully arm$ subm>9e torp$o boat 9 ! _w4 ,9 addition to ! usual fix$ torp$o tubes arrang$ 9 ! b[ ( ! vessel1 :i* requires ! vessel h]self to be tra9$1 ! 7seal7 8,g-#a0 c>ries f\r torp$o tubes on h] deck :i* may be tra9$ :ile ! vessel is subm]g$1 9 ! same mann] z a deck gun on a surface vessel is tra9$1 & ?us fir$ to ei!r broadside1 :i* gives _m te*nical advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,! above view gives a g5]al idea ( ! int]ior ( a subm>9e torp$o boat & ! me?od ( op]ation :5 runn+ entirely subm]g$ ) p]iscope only above ! surface4 ,! comm&+ (fic] is at ! p]iscope 9 ! conn+ t[] direct+ ! c\rse ( ! subm>9e ?r\gh ! p]iscope1 :i* is a tube arrang$ ) l5ses & prisms :i* gives a view ( ! horizon & ev]y?+ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! same z if ! obs]v] 9 ! subm>9e 0 himself above wat]4 ,! /e]sman is %[n j =w>d ( ! comm&+ (fic] & /e]s ! vessel by compass "u ! direction ( ! comm&+ (fic]1 ! same z :5 navigat+ above ! surface4 ,9 ! l>g] type boats ! /e]sman also has a p]iscope :i* enables him to see :at is go+ on above ! surface4 ,bel[ decks two ( ! crew are %[n load+ a torp$o into ! torp$o tube2 ea* torp$o is *>g$ ) gun-cotton & w run "u its own p[] ov] a mile & w explode on /rik+ ! enemy4 ,! crew live 9 ! comp>tm5t aft ( ! torp$o room4 ,aft ( ?is is ! eng9e room1 9 :i* are locat$ p[]ful int]nal combu/ion eng9es = runn+ on ! surface & electric motors = runn+ subm]g$4 ,! electric motors are driv5 by /orage batt]ies locat$ "u ! liv+ qu>t]s4 ,:eels are %[n h\s$ 9 ! keel1 :i* may be l[]$ = navigat+ on ! bottom 9 %all[ wat]4 ,a div+ comp>tm5t 9 ! b[ p]mits div]s to leave ! vessel :5 on ! bottom1 to se>* = & cut or repair cables or to plant m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,sail+ ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,surface ,a subm>9e runn+ p>tly subm]g$ ) ! conn+ t[] hat* op51 %[+ ! rem>kable /ead9ess ( ?is type ( boat 9 a semi-subm]g$ condition1 a ?+ no o!r craft c\ld safely accompli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r subm>9e runn+ entirely subm]g$1 p]iscope only %[+4 ,! flag is atta*$ to top ( p]iscope to %[ h] position 9 maneuv]s :5 p]iscope goes entirely "u wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,photograph ,,tak5 ,,) ,,! ,,p]iscope ,,univ]sal ,,l5s4 ,,an ,,all-,,see+ ,,eye ,,= ,,! ,,subm>9e ,vision "u wat] is limit$ to b a few y>ds at be/1 & h5ce a subm>9e boat1 :5 subm]g$1 w\ld be z bl9d z a %ip 9 a d5se fog & w\ld h to grope its way along guid$ only by *>t & compass1 7 x n = a device kn[n z a p]iscope1 t rea*es upw>d & projects out ( ! wat]1 enabl+ ! /e]sman to view 8 surr\nd+s f ! surface4 ,( c\rse ! height ( ! p]iscope limits ! dep? at :i* ! craft may be safely sail$4 ,nor c ! p]iscope tube be ext5d$ indef9itely1 because ! subm>9e mu/ be capable ( div+ "u a vessel :5 occasion dem&s4 ,b :5 op]at+ j "u ! surface1 :]e x c see )\t be+ se51 ! craft is 9 f> great] dang] ( collision ?an vessels on ! surface1 because x mu/ dep5d ^u its own al]tness & agility to keep out ( ! way ( o!r boats4 ,! latt] c h>dly be expect$ to notice ! inconspicu\s p]iscope tube project+ f ! wat] 9 "t to turn _! great bulks out ( ! dang] c\rse4 ,! =ego+ article describes ! type ( p]iscope n[ 9 common use on subm>9es & "o ( ! engrav+s on ?is page cle>ly illu/rates ! pr9ciples ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a s]i\s defect ( ?is type ( in/rum5t is t ! field ( vision is too limit$4 ,! man at ! :eel is able to see "u normal conditions only t :i* lies imm$iately be=e ! boat4 ,x is true t he c turn ! p]iscope ab\t s z to look 9 o!r directions1 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 involves consid]able inconv5i5ce4 ,on at lea/ two occasions has a subm>9e boat be5 run d[n by a vessel com+ up beh9d x4 ,illu/ration ,,see+ ,,9 ,,all ,,directions ,,at ,,once ,z long z ! subm>9e has b a s+le eye x w\ld seem q ess5tial to make ?is eye all-see+2 & s9ce ! two lam5table accid5ts j ref]r$ to1 an inv5tor 9 ,engl& has devis$ a p]iscope :i* provides a view 9 all directions at ! same "t4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ be=e1 b x has be5 f\nd v difficult to obta9 an annul> l5s mirror :i* w\ld project ! image d[n ! p]iscope tube )\t di/ortion4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ h[ ?is difficulty has n[ be5 ov]come4 ,:ile we w n attempt to ent] into a ma!matical explanation ( ! precise =m ( ! mirror l5s1 x w suffice to /ate t x is an annul> prism4 ,! prism is a zonal section ( a sph]e ) a conoidal c5tral op5+ & a slightly concave base4 ,all ! surfaces1 h[ev]1 are g5]at$ by arcs ( circles ow+ to ! me*anical inconv5i5ce ( produc+ truly hyp]boloidal surfaces4 ,! l5s mirror is %[n 9 section at ,a 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! arr[s indicate r\ghly ! c\rse ( ! rays into ! l5s & _! reflection f ! surface ,b1 :i* is pref]ably silv]$4 ,! tube is provid$ ) two objectives ,c & ,d 7,fig4 #c7 betwe5 :i* a cond5s] ,e is int]pos$ at ! image plane ( ! l5s ,c4 ,at ! bottom ( ! p]iscope tube ! rays are reflect$ by means ( a prism ,f into ! eyepiece4 ,two eyepieces are employ$4 ,"o ( l[] p[]1 ,g1 is a ,keln] eyepiece1 ! purpose ( :i* is to p]mit inspection ( ! :ole image1 :ile a high-p[]$ ecc5trically plac$ ,huygh5ian eyepiece1 ,h1 enables "o to inspect portions ( ! image4 ,! two eyepieces are m\nt$ 9 a rectil9e> *amb]1 ,i1 :i* may be rotat$ ab\t ! prism at ! end ( ! p]iscope1 ?us br++ "o or o!r ( ! eyepieces into active position4 ,! plan view1 ,fig4 #d1 %[s 9 full l9es ! high-p[]$ eyepiece 9 op]ative position1 :ile ! dott$ l9es indicate ! p>ts mov$ ab\t to br+ ! l[-p[]$ eyepiece into use4 ,a small cat*1 ,j1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 s]ves to hold ! *amb] 9 ei!r ( ^! two positions4 ,! high-p[]$ eyepiece is m\nt$ on a plate1 ,k1 :i* may be rotat$ to br+ ! eyepiece into position = inspect+ any desir$ portions ( ! annul> image4 ,! p>ts are s arrang$ t :5 ! eyepiece is 9 its upp]mo/ position1 z indicat$ by full l9es 9 ,fig4 #b1 ! obs]v] c see t :i* is directly 9 front ( ! subm>9e1 & :5 ! eyepiece is 9 its l[ position1 z indicat$ by dott$ l9es1 he sees objects to ! re> ( ! subm>9e4 ,) ! eyepiece at ! "r or at ! left he sees objects at ! "r or left1 respectively1 ( ! subm>9e4 ,! high-p[]$ eyepiece is slightly incl9$1 s t ! image may be view$ normally & to equal advantage 9 all p>ts4 ,m\nt$ above a pla9 unsilv]$ portion ( ! mirror is a scale ( degrees :i* appe>s j outside ( ! annul> image4 ,a scale is also engrav$ on ! plate ,k ) a fix$ po9t] on ! *amb]1 mak+ x possible to locate ! position ( any object & rotate ! plate ,k s z to br+ ! eyepiece ,h on x4 ,! scale also makes x possible to locate ! object ) respect to ! boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,we ,,look ,,?r\gh ,a ,,p]iscope ,,! ,,p]iscope ,,top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]iscope ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,obs]vation ,,l5s4 ,?is improv$ p]iscope is applicable n only to subm>9e boats b = o!r purposes z well1 su* z photographic l& surface "w1 9 :i* ! entire surr\nd+s may be record$ 9 a s+le photograph4 ,! accompany+ photograph1 tak5 ?r\gh a p]iscope ( ?is type1 %[s ! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t & gives an idea ( its value to ! subm>9e obs]v] :5 us+ ! l[-p[]$ eyepiece4 ,( c\rse1 by us+ ! o!r eyepiece any p>ticul> "p ( ! view may be enl>g$ & exam9$ 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inside ,,( ,a ,,m9e-,,plant+ ,,subm>9e ,,m9e-,,plant+ ,,subm]sible4 ,a ,lake type vessel design$ = plant+ contact m9es4 ,9 naval w>f>e x is sometimes ( advantage to plant m9es1 ei!r to def5d h>bors1 or 9 "s cases ! m9es are plant$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! approa*+ enemy4 ,?is is a vessel design$ = t purpose4 ,! enemy is se5 approa*+1 & ! m9e-plant+ subm>9e runs 9 ahead ( !m 9 a subm]g$ condition & drops a numb] ( contact m9es on _! c\rse2 ! enemy /rikes ! m9e & is bl[n up4 ,a numb] ( vessels 7 bl[n up by contact m9es ( ?is type 9 ! ,russian-,japanese w>4 ,accid5ts & ,_! ,causes4 ,! accid5ts :i* subm>9e vessels mu/ gu>d aga9/ are z foll[s3 collision1 f\nd]+1 explosions & asphyxiation4 ,! fir/ dang] is1 h[ev]1 no great] ?an ^? to :i* vessels t run entirely on ! surface ( ! wat] are expos$4 ,! eye ( ! subm>9e places ! comm&] on a practical level ) ! comm&] ( o!r vessels1 s t if a collision occurs x is due to ! same lack ( wat*fulness :i* causes collisions on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! subm>9e boat is less liable to f\nd] ?an an ord9>y vessel1 because %e is built to )/& a great] pressure ( wat] ?an o!r k9ds ( vessels4 ,( c\rse1 if a subm>9e spr+s a leak1 %e is 9 grave dang] ( s9k+ to ! bottom1 & !re is less *ance ( ! crew be+ rescu$ f a subm>9e1 because no "o b ^? on bo>d "k ( ! dang] if ! boat is "u ! wat]4 ,h[ ,explosions ,may ,occur4 ,9 subm>9e vessels explosions may occur ei!r ?r\gh a collection ( gases f ! batt]ies or by reason ( leaks 9 ! pipes or tanks ( ! fuel supply sy/em1 or ?r\gh ! bur/+ ( ! air flasks belong+ to ! boat1 or ! air res]voirs 9 ! automobile torp$oes4 ,! greate/ dang] is f explosive gases & h be5 ! cause ( all explosions 9 mod]n subm>9e craft1 & ! greate/ dang] 9 ?is connection is ! liability ( a leak 9 ! gasol5e pipes or tanks4 ,?is gas is a heavy gas & s goes to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :]e x is n s easily detect$ z a gas :i* rises4 ,!re is no c]ta9 way ( gu>d+ aga9/ leaks ( gasol5e4 ,a leak may occur at any "t 9 a pipe or tank ( gasol5e ?r\gh "s cause or o!r no matt] h[ c>efully inspect$1 & ! gas f ?is is s active t x w g ?r\gh ! t9ie/ hole imag9able--ev5 ?r\gh a hole :i* wat] w n p5etrate4 ,! crew ( a subm>9e is always subject to ?is dang] unless ! tanks are built outside ! hull ( ! %ip4 ,h[ ! ,air ,may ,become ,poison$4 ,!re is a con/ant dang] ( asphyxiation to ! m5 9 ! subm>9e4 ,a v small leakage ( gas or ! exhau/ f an int]nal combu/ion eng9e may make ! air s impure t ^? abo>d w be ov]come4 ,a great deal ( c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! air pure & to w>n ! crew at ! fir/ sign ( dang] f ?is4 ,:5 subm>9es fir/ came into practical use1 x 0 f\nd a good idea to take a numb] ( little :ite mice d[n ) ! vessel to w>n all if ! air began to become impure4 ,z soon z ?is occurr$1 ! mice became di/ress$ & squeal$ z l\dly z !y c\ld1 ?us w>n+ ^? abo>d ! %ip ( dang]4 ,! mice felt ! impurity ( ! air quick] ?an ! m51 n because !y _h any special gift to discov] :5 ! air 0 bad1 b because !y brea! mu* m quickly ?an man--take %ort] & _m m brea?s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a *emical device has be5 inv5t$ :i* is affect$ 9 su* a way z to r+ a l\d bell1 if ! air 9 ! vessel becomes impure to su* an ext5t t !re is any dang]4 ,brea?+ ! same air ov] & ov] may fill ! vessel ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,!re %\ld be no great dang] f ?is1 h[ev]1 z subm>9es are n[ built suffici5tly l>ge to provide en\gh actually pure air = ea* man abo>d = =ty-eight h\rs1 & x is h>dly conceivable t a subm>9e ne$ be subm]g$ m ?an half t l5g? ( "t "u any conditions4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 too1 !re is ! dang] ( accid5t due to c>elessness or ignorance4 ,9 o!r words1 x is j z difficult to make a fool-pro( subm>9e z a fool-pro( any?+ else4 ,:]ev] any?+ is con/antly dep5d5t ^u ! cont9u\s c>eful att5tion ( human be+s1 !re is con/ant dang] ( accid5t1 :e!r x be on bo>d a subm>9e1 a railroad tra91 /eam%ip or 9 connection ) any?+ else4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,subm>9e ,,"u ,,! ,,ice ,,"u-,,ice ,,subm>9e ,,torp$o ,,boat4 ,subm>9e design$ to navigate subm]g$ "u ! ice1 9 ice-b\nd c\ntries4 ,vessels ( ?is type c\ld ent] h>bors & de/roy ! enemy's %ipp+ at w4 ,a vessel ( ?is type w\ld also be ( value 9 transport+ mails1 pass5g]s & c>goes betwe5 ice-b\nd ports :]e navigation by surface vessels is clos$ = sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,/ory ( ,h[ ! ,subm>9e ,has ,be5 ,develop$4 ,x is only )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s t man has be5 able to successfully navigate "u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,,:o ,,made ,,! ,,fir/ ,,subm>9e ,,boat8 ,x has be5 a dream ( inv5tors & eng9e]s = ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 a crude subm>9e vessel 0 built ( wood1 & 0 design$ to be propell$ by o>s ext5d+ out ?r\gh holes 9 ! side ( ! vessel1 ! wat] be+ prev5t$ f com+ 9 ?r\gh ! op5+s by goat sk9s ti$ ab\t ! o>s & nail$ to ! sides ( ! boat1 :i* made a wat]-tight jo9t1 b at ! same "t gave flexibility to ! o>s1 s t by fea!r+ !m on ! return /roke !y c\ld be manipulat$ to give head motion4 ,v little1 if any1 success c\ld h att5d$ ?is ef=t4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s lat] a man by ! "n ( ,day built a subm>9e & made a wag] t he c\ld desc5d to #ajj y>ds & rema9 !re #bd h\rs4 ,he built a boat & subm]g$ x 9 a place :]e !re 0 a dep? ( #ajj y>ds4 ,he succe$$ 9 rema9+ ! #bd h\rs1 & accord+ to late/ advices is /ill !re1 z he nev] return$ to ! surface4 ,!re is v little in=mation z to ! con/ruction ( ^! e>ly craft4 ,! fir/ really s]i\s attempt at subm>9e navigation 0 made by a ,connecticut man1 a ,dr4 ,david ,bu%nell1 :o liv$ at ,saybrook dur+ ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,he built a small subm>9e vessel :i* he call$ ! 8,am]ican ,turtle10 & ) x he expect$ to de/roy ! ,briti% fleet1 an*or$ (f ,new ,york dur+ its occupation by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton & ! ,cont95tal ,army4 ,?at*]'s ,milit>y ,j\rnal gives a description ( ?is vessel & describes an attempt to s9k ! ,briti% frigate 8,eagle0 ( #fd guns by atta*+ a torp$o to ! bottom ( ! %ip by means ( a screw manipulat$ f ! int]ior ( ?is subm>9e vessel4 ,a s]geant :o op]at$ ! 8,turtle0 succe$$ 9 gett+ "u ! ,briti% vessel1 b ! screw :i* 0 to hold ! torp$o 9 place came 9 contact ) an iron scrap1 refus$ to ent]1 & ! implem5t ( de/ruction float$ d[n /ream1 :]e its clockwork me*anism f9ally caus$ x to explode1 ?r[+ a column ( wat] high 9 ! air & creat+ con/]nation among ! %ipp+ 9 ! h>bor4 ,skipp]s 7 s badly fright5$ t !y slipp$ _! cables & w5t d[n to ,s&y ,hook4 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton complim5t$ ,dr4 ,bu%nell on hav+ s ne>ly accompli%$ ! de/ruction ( ! frigate4 ,if ! p]=mance ( ,bu%nell's 8,turtle0 0 su* z describ$1 x seems /range t our new gov]nm5t did n imm$iately take up 8 ideas & make an appropriation = fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ! same l9e4 ,:5 ! attack 0 made on ! 8,eagle10 ,dr4 ,bu%nell's bro!r1 :o 0 to h mann$ ! craft1 0 sick1 & a s]geant :o und]took ! task 0 n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! op]ation to succe$ 9 atta*+ ! torp$o to ! bottom ( ! frigate4 ,_h he succe$$ ! 8,eagle0 w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 de/roy$ & ! ev5t w\ld h add$ ! "n ( ano!r 8h]o0 to hi/ory & might !n h *ang$ ! entire art ( naval w>f>e4 ,in/ead ( ,bu%nell be+ enc\rag$ 9 8 plans1 h[ev]1 !y 7 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! naval au?orities4 ,8 treatm5t 0 su* z f9ally to compel him to leave ! c\ntry1 b he return$ aft] "s ye>s ( w&]+1 & "u an assum$ "n1 settl$ 9 ,georgia1 :]e he sp5t 8 rema9+ days practic+ 8 pr(ession4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 ! man ^: g5ius made /eam navigation a success1 0 ! next to turn 8 att5tion to subm>9e boats1 & subm>9e w>f>e by subm]g$ m9es4 ,a l>ge "p ( 8 life 0 devot$ to ! solution ( ?is problem4 ,he w5t to ,france ) 8 project & int]e/$ ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 :o became 8 patron & :o 0 ! means ( secur+ suffici5t funds to build a boat :i* 0 call$ ! 8,nautilus40 ,) ?is vessel ,fulton made num]\s desc5ts1 & x is report$ t he cov]$ #ejj y>ds 9 a subm]g$ run ( sev5 m9utes4 ,,h[ ,,subm>9es ,,7 ,,develop$ ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahja he took ! 8,nautilus0 to ,bre/1 & exp]im5t$ ) h] = "s "t4 ,he & ?ree companions desc5d$ 9 ! h>bor to a dep? ( #be feet & rema9$ "o h\r1 b he f\nd ! hull w\ld n /& ! pressure ( a great] dep?4 ,!y 7 9 total d>kness dur+ ! :ole "t1 b aft]w>d he fitt$ 8 craft ) a glass w9d[ #a in*es 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* he c\ld see to c\nt ! m9utes on 8 wat*4 ,he also discov]$ dur+ 8 trials t ! m>9]'s compass po9t$ equally z true "u wat] z above x4 ,8 exp]im5ts l$ him to believe t he c\ld build a subm>9e vessel ) :i* he c\ld swim "u ! surface & de/roy any man-(-w> afloat4 ,:5 he came be=e ! ,fr5* ,admiralty1 h[ev]1 he 0 met ) blunt refusal1 "o bluff old ,fr5* admiral say+3 8,?ank ,god1 ,france /ill fights h] battles on ! surface1 n b5ea? x10 a s5tim5t :i* app>5tly has *ang$ s9ce ^? days1 z ,france n[ has a l>ge fleet ( subm>9es4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( unsuccessful ef=ts 9 ,france to get 8 plans adopt$1 ,fulton f9ally w5t ov] to ,engl& & int]e/$ ,william ,pitt1 !n *ancellor1 9 8 s*emes4 ,he built a boat !re1 & succe$$ 9 atta*+ a torp$o b5ea? a condemn$ brig provid$ = ! purpose1 bl[+ h] up 9 ! pres5ce ( an imm5se ?rong4 ,pitt induc$ ,fulton to sell 8 boat to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t & n br+ x to ! att5tion ( any o!r nation1 ?us recogniz+ ! fact t if ?is type ( vessel %\ld be made entirely successful1 ,engl& w\ld lose h] supremacy z ! 8,mi/ress ( ! ,seas40 ,fulton cons5t$ to d s1 b w\ld n pl$ge himself reg>d+ 8 own c\ntry1 /at+ t if 8 c\ntry %\ld become engag$ 9 w>1 no pl$ge c\ld be giv5 t w\ld prev5t him f (f]+ 8 s]vices 9 any way :i* w\ld be = its b5efit4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t paid him #ge1jjj = ?is concession4 ,fulton !n return$ to ,new ,york & built ! 8,cl]mont0 & o!r /eamboats1 b did n entirely give up 8 ideas ( subm>9e navigation1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? 0 at "w on plans = a mu* l>g] boat4 ,fulton _h a true conception ( ! result ( subm>9e w>f>e1 & 9 a lett] he says3 8,gunp[d] has )9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s totally *ang$ ! art ( w>1 & all my reflections h l$ me to believe t ?is application ( x w1 9 a few ye>s1 put a /op to m>itime w>s1 give t lib]ty on ! seas :i* has be5 long & anxi\sly desir$ by e good man1 & secure to ,am]icans t lib]ty ( comm]ce1 tranquillity1 & indep5d5ce :i* w enable citiz5s to apply _! m5tal & corporeal facilities to useful & humane pursuits1 to ! improvem5t ( our c\ntry & ! happ9ess ( ! :ole p40 ,aft] ,fulton's dea? spasmodic attempts 7 made by v>i\s inv5tors look+ to ! solv+ ( ! difficult problem1 b no v s]i\s ef=ts 7 put =? until ! p]iod ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & !n a numb] ( subm>9e boats 7 built by ! ,conf$]ates4 ,^! boats 7 commonly call$ 8,davids10 & x 0 "o ( !m t sank ! ,unit$ ,/ates /eam%ip 8,h\satonic0 9 ,*>le/on ,h>bor on ! night ( ! #ag? ( ,febru>y1 #ahfd4 ,?is subm>9e vessel dr[n$ f\r diff]5t crews1 a total ( ?irty m51 dur+ h] brief c>e]4 ,at ! "t %e sank ! 8,h\satonic0 h] attack 0 anticipat$1 & %>p look\t 0 kept at all times2 b1 not)/&+ _! vigilance1 %e succe$$ 9 gett+ suffici5tly close to plant a torp$o on ! end ( a sp>1 & s9k ?is f9e1 new %ip ( #adjj tons displacem5t4 ,x w be se5 f ! above description t ^! vessels1 :ile able to g "u wat]1 7 n controllable4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w> sev]al o!r inv5tors took up ! problem ( try+ to design a subm>9e vessel t c\ld be controll$ z to ma9t5ance ( dep? & direction "u wat]4 ,9 ,europe1 ,gu/ave ,z$e1 ,g\bet & ,drzwiezki1 & 9 ?is c\ntry ,mr4 ,bak] & ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,holl&1 built exp]im5tal vessels4 ,9 #ahgg ,mr4 ,holl& built a small boat :i* 0 call$ ! 8,f5ian ,ram40 ,x is /at$ t ?is vessel 0 built ) capital furni%$ by ! 8,clan-na-,gael10 ) ! idea ( us+ x aga9/ ! ,briti% fleet 9 an attempt to free ,irel&4 ,:ile "s slight success 0 met ) by ^! inv5tors1 x 0 n until ab\t #ahig t any real progress 0 made4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,successful ,,subm>9e ,,) ,,hydroplanes ,9 #ahic1 ,simon ,lake1 an ,am]ican inv5tor1 submitt$ plans to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval au?orities at ,wa%+ton = a subm>9e boat t w\ld navigate betwe5 ! surface & ! bottom by ! use ( :at he call$ 8hydroplanes10 :i* 7 design$ to cause ! vessel to subm]ge on an ev5 keel4 ,mr4 ,lake's design ( vessel 0 also provid$ ) :eels to enable x to navigate on ! wat] b$4 ,x 0 also provid$ ) a div+ comp>tm5t to enable ! crew to don div+ suits & leave ! vessel1 9 work+ on wrecks1 cutt+ cables1 plant+ m9es1 etc4 ,9 #aijd & #aije he built a small vessel to demon/rate 8 pr9ciples & succe$$ 9 successfully navigat+ ! vessel on ! bottom ( ,new ,york ,bay4 ,he !n built a l>g] vessel ( ab\t #ej tons displacem5t = fur!r exp]im5tal purposes4 ,?is vessel 0 call$ ! 8,argonaut10 & 0 built 9 ,baltimore 9 #aijf & #aijg4 ,?is boat 0 successful f ! />t & cov]$ ?\s&s ( miles 9 ! ,*esapeake ,bay & along ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 ,new ,york ,bay & ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & 0 ! fir/ successful subm>9e boat to navigate 9 ! op5 sea & on ! wat] b$ ( ! ocean4 ,mr4 ,holl& _h1 9 #ahid1 receiv$ a contract = a subm>9e vessel = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & h] con/ruction 0 />t$ 9 #ahie4 ,?is vessel 0 call$ ! 8,plung]40 ,?is 0 ! fir/ (ficial recognition giv5 to a subm>9e boat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france _h also giv5 an ord] = a subm>9e boat :i* 0 "u con/ruction at ?is p]iod4 ,! 8,plung]0 0 nev] subm]g$1 h] con/ruction cov]+ a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s1 & %e 0 f9ally ab&on$4 ,mr4 ,holl& _h1 h[ev]1 9 ! meantime prep>$ ! designs ( ano!r vessel :i* he call$ 8,! ,holl&40 ,?is vessel 0 accept$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 #aijj1 & a numb] ( o!r vessels ( ?is type 7 built4 ,^! vessels 7 kn[n z subm>9es ( ! div+ type4 ,!y 7 controll$ by means ( a horizontal & v]tical rudd] plac$ at ! /]n ( ! vessel & ! boat 01 by means ( ^! rudd]s1 incl9$ d[n by ! b[1 & driv5 "u ! wat] by ! =ce ( _! screw propell]4 ,engl& also built a numb] ( subm>9es ( ! div+ type4 ,9 #aija ,mr4 ,lake br\ght out a l>g] vessel ( 8 type1 :i* 0 controll$ by hydroplanes1 :i* vessel 0 sold to ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 0 %ipp$ across ! ,atlantic to ,kron/adt1 & f !re by rail to ,vladivo/ok1 & 0 9 commission (f ,vladivo/ok j be=e ! close ( ! ,russian-,japanese ,w>4 ,mr4 ,lake !n receiv$ ord]s f ! ,russian & o!r ,gov]nm5ts = a numb] ( additional boats ( ! ev5 keel type1 to be controll$ by hydroplanes4 ,mr4 ,lake's pr9ciples ( control h be5 n[ g5]ally adopt$ by all ,gov]nm5ts1 z provid+ ! safe/ & mo/ reliable means ( control ( ! vessel :5 navigat+ "u ! surface4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has rec5tly adopt$ ?is type to be built 9 _! ,navy ,y>ds1 & mo/ o!r build]s h adopt$ ! hydroplanes z ! means ( ma9ta9+ dep? :5 runn+ b5ea? ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cle>+ ,a ,,*annel ,,( ,,buoyant ,,m9es ,?is is "o ( ! s]vices to :i* subm>9e boats ( ?is type l5d !mselves ) peculi> fitness4 ,x is possible = !m to c>ry on ?is "w ) delib]ation & to success1 "u ! v guns & se>*lights ( a vigilant foe1 )\t ! slighte/ dang] ( be+ detect$4 ,?is w\ld be accompli%$ pref]ably by ! co-op]ation ( two boats4 ,!y w\ld take opposite sides 9 ! *annel1 ) a connect+ rope ext5d+ out ?r\gh ! div+ comp>tm5t4 ,x is obvi\s t z !y move along ! rope w sweep ! :ole m9e-field & ga!r 9 ! connect+ cables4 ,?is w\ld be indicat$ at once to ! op]ators 9 ! div+ comp>tm5t by ! load ^u ! sweep+ l9e4 ,a grapple may !n be atta*$ to ! rope & s5t out ( "o boat & haul$ into ! o!r1 & ?us drag ! m9e s ne> t a div] c\ld g out & de/roy its electrical connections or cut x adrift4 ,%\ld ! latt] op]ation be ! aim1 ! grapple may be s fa%ion$ z to accompli% ?is )\t ! div] leav+ ! comp>tm5t4 ,?is latt] me?od is "o /rongly recomm5d$ by "s ( ! mo/ prom95t milit>y au?orities on subm>9e def5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is picture indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! boats h travel$ _m miles ov] all k9ds ( bottom4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! boat is %[n sy/ematically se>*+ ! bottom ) h] div+ door op5 & /rong lights be+ us$ to facilitate a m p]fect exam9ation4 ,!re is no trim or equilibrium to ma9ta94 ,:5 ! propell+ ma*9]y /ops ! boat comes to re/4 ,a cyclomet] atta*$ to ^! :eels gives a fairly reliable read+ ( ! di/ance travel$ "u normal circum/ances4 ,z ! curr5ts d n c>ry h] out ( h] c\rse1 & z h] gauges give an absolute record ( *ang+ dep?s1 x is possible to s navigate ^u ! bottom ) rem>kable precision4 ,9 %all[ wat]s ?is me?od has _m advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ma*9e ,,:i* ,,makes ,,! ,,div]',s ,,task ,,easy ,,%[+ ,,tube ,,h&l+ ,,c>go ,,9 ,,sunk5 ,,%ip4 ,recov]+ ,c>go or ,subm]g$ ,objects ,)\t ! ,aid ( ,div]s4 ,! op]at+ tube is "h %[n )9 ! body ( a hulk & co-op]at+ ) ! lift+ d]rick on ! surface craft 9 ! removal ( ! subm]g$ c>go4 ,a grab-dr$ge bucket ( well-kn[n con/ruction is us$1 ! jaws ( :i*1 :5 be+ l[]$ by "o rope1 op51 & :5 /ra9 is br\ght on ! lift+ rope1 ! jaws close4 ,! work+ end ( ! tube is plac$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! c>go to be lift$ &1 z ! grab is be+ l[]$ f ! boat above1 ! op]ator 9 ! comp>tm5t controls ! grab by means ( ! guide l9e %[n atta*$ to ! small d]rick boom1 & leads x directly ov] ! c>go to be lift$4 ,! grab is !n dropp$ & ! signal s5t to ! vessel above to hoi/4 ,! mom5t ! lift+ l9e taut5s ! bucket grasps a load & fills itself ) mat]ial 9 ! mann] common to ?is type ( dr$ge4 ,?is me?od ( direct+ intellig5tly & delib]ately ! dr$ge bucket may be appli$ z well to ! removal ( rock or any o!r ob/ruction or to any ( ^? v>i\s s]vices ( k9dr$ "* famili> to subm>9e eng9e]s4 ,! great & prime advantage ( ! sy/em is ! fact t no div]s are requir$1 & ! "w is "u ! p]fect control ( an op]ator subject only to atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !re=e1 ! only limit to ! effective op]at+ ( ?is app>atus is ! l5g? ( ! tube1 &1 z has be5 said1 ?is c be made long en\gh to rea* dep?s d5i$ to ! div] simply by int]pos+ additional sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,abo>d ,a ,,subm>9e ,,liv+ ,,qu>t]s ,,abo>d ,a ,,subm>9e4 ,:]e ,d ,sponges ,come ,f8 ,until )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 ! sponge 0 reg>d$ z a plant2 x is n[ kn[n to belong to ! animal k+dom1 & to ! ord] spongida ( ! class ( rhizopoda4 ,sponge is an ela/ic1 por\s sub/ance1 =m$ ( int]lac$ horny fib]s1 :i* produce by _! num]\s inosculations1 a rude sort ( network1 ) me%es or pores ( unequal sizes1 & usually ( a squ>e or angulat$ %ape4 ,besides ^! pores !re are "s circul> holes ( l>ge size scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( mo/ sponges1 :i* lead into s9u\s canals t p]meate _! int]ior 9 e direction4 ,! oscula1 canals1 & pores1 communicate freely toge!r4 ,! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! sponge is ! facility ) :i* x absorbs a l>ge quantity ( any fluid1 m especially ( wat]1 :i* is reta9$ amid ! me%es until =c$ out aga9 by a suffici5t degree ( compression1 :5 ! sponge returns to its =m] bulk4 ,f ?is peculi>ity1 comb9$ ) its pleasant s(tness1 arises ! value ( ! sponge = ! purposes to :i* x is appli$4 ,9 dome/ic economy & 9 surgical practice1 !re is no o!r product t c be satisfactorily sub/itut$ = x4 ,sponge is an aquatic production1 indig5\s to almo/ e sea & %ore4 ,x is abundant & v>i$ betwe5 ! tropics1 b becomes less s 9 temp]ate latitudes & cont9ues to dim9i% 9 quantity1 v>iety1 & size1 z x is trac$ into ,european & cold] seas1 until x almo/ disappe>s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! pol> circles4 ,"s sponges are kn[n to be h]maphrodite1 b t ! individual at "o p]iod produces *iefly male elem5ts1 & lat]1 *iefly female elem5ts4 ,f]tilization takes place 9 ! body ( ! "m1 & ! egg "h und]goes its e>ly developm5t4 ,! embryo ev5tually bur/s ! mat]nal tissue &1 pass+ into "o ( ! canals1 is caught by ! curr5t sweep+ ?r\gh ! canal sy/em & is dis*>g$ into ! surr\nd+ wat] ?r\gh "o ( ! l>ge ap]tures on ! surface ( ! sponge4 ,9 ! ,bahama ,isl&s & along ! coa/ ( ,florida1 ! bre$+ "t ( _m sponges cov]s ! p]iod f mid-summ] on ?r\gh e>ly ,autumn4 ,!re is propagation sometimes by ciliat$ gemmules1 yell[i% & oval1 aris+ f ! s>code mass1 & c>ri$ out by ! curr5ts4 ,^! are mo/ly =m$ 9 ! spr+1 & aft] swimm+ freely ab\t = a "t1 become fix$ & gr[4 ,9 its natural /ate1 ! sponge is a v diff]5t look+ object f ! article ( comm]ce4 ,! entire surface is cov]$ ) a ?91 slimy sk91 usually ( a d>k color1 & p]=at$ to correspond ) ! ap]tures ( ! canals4 ,! sponge ( comm]ce is 9 reality only ! home or ! skeleton ( ! sponge4 ,!re are a few sponges t inhabit ponds & sluggi% riv]s2 ! o!rs are m>9e4 ,( ^!1 _m ( ! calc>e\s & silice\s k9ds inhabit ! %ores betwe5 tide-m>ks1 pref]r+ a site ne> ! l[ ebb1 :]e1 nev]!less1 !y are daily alt]nately subm]g$1 & left expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,! figur$ sponges ) a fibr\s texture1 to :atev] g5us !y belong1 are d5iz5s ( deep] wat]1 & are nev] left uncov]$4 ,!y gr[ usually 9 gr\ps1 on rock %ells1 %ellfi%1 corall9es1 & seawe$s1 & ei!r h no p[] ( selection1 or ! quality ( ! site is indiff]5t to !m4 ,h[ ,d ,sponges ,gr[8 ,9 _! gr[?1 "s sponges assume a det]m9ate figure or at lea/ "o ^: v>iations are conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! great] numb] are irregul> & v>iable1 _! %ape dep5d+ 9 a great measure ^u ! peculi>ities ( _! /ate1 to :i* !y easily accommodate !mselves4 ,!y w incru/ a %ell1 or a crab1 a rock1 or seawe$1 foll[+ e projection & s9uosity4 ,! (f%oots w spr+ up ) a m luxuriant gr[? 9 ! deep] %elt]$ places until ! orig9al %ape ( ! f\ndation !y gr[ ^u is lo/ to sight4 ,sponges are unmov+ & inirritable4 ,!y nev] rema9 root$ to ! places ( ! g]m9ation1 & are incapable ei!r ( contract+ or dilat+ !mselves or ev5 ( mov+ any fib] or portion ( _! mass4 ,! functions :i* di/+ui% !m z liv+ be+s are few1 & fa9tly imag$4 ,h[ ,d ,sponges ,eat8 ,al?\gh sponges lack ! p[] ( motion possess$ by mo/ animals1 be+ ne>ly always atta*$1 9 "o position or ano!r1 to "s object1 ! /udy ( _! habits 9 captivity br+s out _m ( _! animal *>act]i/ics 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,small specim5s tak5 f ! sea & plac$ 9 di%es ( salt wat] may be kept alive = sev]al h\rs if well c>$ =2 & by us+ f9ely p[d]$ color+ matt]1 su* z c>m9e or indigo1 ! mann] ( _! fe$+ may be readily obs]v$4 ,sponges are m active 9 fre% sea wat] ?an 9 /ale2 !y _c be kept alive out ( wat] & soon die if expos$ to ! air4 ,be+ unable to g 9 se>* ( food1 z a natural result1 !y c gr[ only 9 places :]e !re is always an abundance ( food suit$ to _! wants4 ,! great spong+ gr\nds ( ! _w are :olly conf9$ )9 wat]s hav+ a relatively high temp]ature dur+ ! entire ye>4 ,! ,old ,_w sponges gr[ pr9cipally 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ seas2 ! ,new ,_w sponges are f\nd ab\t ! ,bahamas1 s\!rn & we/]n ,florida1 & p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! f9e/ sponges come f ! ,ea/1 b "o ( ! ,am]ican species1 ! s-call$ 8%eep's wool10 /&s high 9 favor4 ,! comm]cial sponges are sep>at$ into six species1 ?ree ( :i* are ,european & ?ree ,am]ican4 ,!y are all ref]r$ to a s+le g5us call$ spongia1 & ?\gh hav+ mu* 9 common z reg>ds /ructure1 _! texture v>ies to su* an ext5t z to make !m ( v unequal value = dome/ic purposes4 ,! ,old ,_w species may be arrang$ z foll[s1 9 ord] ( _! grade ( excell5ce1 beg9n+ ) ! be/ quality3 ,! ,turkey cup sponge1 ,levant toilet sponge1 ! horse1 honey comb1 or ba? sponge1 & ! ,zimoca sponge4 ,! ,am]ican species include ! %eep's wool sponge1 ! yell[ glove1 violet1 & grass1 sponges4 ,a v close relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ! species ( ! two cont95ts4 ,all kn[n regions 9 :i* useful specim5s ab\nd contribute to ! _w's supply4 ,! trade is ext5sive4 ,! dem&s ^u ! fi%]ies are great4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! fi%+ is c>ri$ on 9 "s places at a dep? ( =ty fa?oms4 ,div]s1 nak$1 or 9 armor1 g d[n to ! bottom & te> (f ! sponges f _! places ( gr[?4 ,9 "s places drag dr$ges are employ$4 ,h[ ,are ,sponges ,caught8 ,9 ! pa/ qu>t]-c5tury ! sponge-fi%]y ( ! ,florida coa/ has gr[n rem>kably4 ,its headqu>t]s is at ,key ,we/ & sev]al hundr$ sail+ vessels are engag$ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! fi%+ appliances consi/ ( a small boat1 a long hook1 & a wat]glass4 ,! hook is 9 reality a ?ree-prong$ spe> atta*$ to a pole ?irty-five feet long4 ,9 se>*+ = sponge ! fi%]s r[ ab\t 9 ! small boat4 ,by hold+ ! glass on ! surface ( ! wat] ! bottom is pla9ly se5 & small objects are readily disc]n$4 ,:5 a sponge is sight$ ! pole ) ! hook atta*$ is %ot d[n & ! product deftly ga!r$4 ,! boat-load is br\ght to ! deck ( ! s*oon]1 all[$ to rema9 !re a few h\rs1 & !n is c>ri$ d[n into ! hold4 ,on ,friday nights1 ! fi%+ g5]ally ends = ! week1 & ! vessel sails = "s spot on ! neighbor+ coa/ :]e !re are e/abli%$ crawls1 or places = cur+ ! cat*4 ,^! crawls are ab\t #h x #aj feet squ>e1 _! purpose be+ to hold ! sponges :ile mac]ation & decomposition take place4 ,! result+ refuse is c>ri$ (f by ! tide4 ,! fi%]m5 g away = ano!r cat* & ! sponges are left 9 ! crawls until ! end ( ! foll[+ week :5 a new c>go is br\ght 94 ,! return+ fi%]m5 beat ! decompos$ sponges ) clubs1 remov+ ! impurities4 ,! wat] is squeez$ out1 !n ! sponges are all[$ to dry on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] dry+1 ! hold ( ! l>ge vessel is load$ to ! utmo/ ) ! product & ! voyage to ,key ,we/ is made4 ,buy]s f ,new ,york look ov] ! sponges1 & make (f]s = entire c>goes4 ,! fi%]m5 dispose ( _! goods rapidly & sail away = m4 ,! buy]s /ore ! sponges 9 "s dry build+1 & cause !m to be blea*$ by lime4 ,a popul> mann] ( blea*+ is to wa% ! sponges ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 & !n to imm]se !m 9 dilut$ hydro*loric acid to dissolve any ( ! calc>e\s sub/ance4 ,hav+ aga9 be5 wa%$ !y are plac$ 9 ano!r ba? ( dilute hydro*loric acid to :i* six p] c5t4 ( hyposulphite ( soda1 dissolv$ 9 a little w>m wat]1 has be5 add$4 ,9 ?is ba? ! sponges rema9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or until ! blea*+ process is complet$4 ,aft] blea*+1 ! sponges are press$ until _! bulk is greatly r$uc$2 !y are !n bal$1 & %ipp$ to ,new ,york1 :i* is ! di/ribut+ po9t = ! entire ,florida product4 ,sponges are by f> ! mo/ important fi%]y products ( ,florida1 repres5t+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! annual value ( ! fi%+ indu/ry4 ,9 #ahii1 ! yield 0 ov] #cej1jjj p\nds ( sponges ( :i* ! fir/ value 0 ne>ly #djj1jjj4 ,:y ,does ,yea/ ,make ,bread ,rise8 ,!re is a lot ( sug> 9 ! d\gh f :i* bread is made4 ,sug> conta9s ?ree ?+s--c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,:5 sug> is f]m5t$ x am\nts practically to burn+ x4 ,to make good bread f ! d\gh x is necess>y to f]m5t ! sug> :i* is 9 ! +r$i5ts f :i* x is made4 ,yea/1 :i* is a simple liv+ plant1 has ! p[] to f]m5t sug>4 ,:5 sug> f]m5ts1 two ?+s are produc$4 ,"o ?+ is ! =mation ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,a great deal ( ?is c>bonic acid gas is caught 9 ! d\gh 9 ! =m ( l>ge or small bubbles & "s ( x escapes into ! air4 ,! o!r "p tries to escape into ! air also b _c1 & causes ! d\gh to rise1 :i* makes ! bread light1 z we say4 ,! holes y see 9 ! bread aft] x is bak$ are ! little pockets :]e ! c>bonic acid gas 0 reta9$ 9 ! d\gh4 ,^! bubbles ( gas all ?r\gh ! d\gh act l a lot ( little balloons & lift ! d\gh up ) !mselves z !y try to get to ! top & escape into ! air4 ,:at ,is ,yea/8 ,yea/ is a liv+ plant t is us$ = ! purpose ( caus+ f]m5tation4 ,! yea/ we use 9 bak+ bread is an artificial yea/--really a d\gh made ( fl\r & a little common yea/ & made into small cakes & dri$4 ,if kept free f moi/ure x reta9s ! p[] ( caus+ f]m5tation = "s "t4 ,! fl\r & o!r matt] 9 a cake ( yea/ are only us$ to keep ! yea/ 9 a =m :]e x c be pres]v$4 ,x is necess>y to add wat] to />t f]m5tation & t is :y we add hot wat] :5 we /ir 9 ! yea/ = a bak+4 ,is a ,mo? ,attract$ ,by a ,light8 ,x seems to be a /range contradiction ( ! nature ( liv+ ?+s t a mo? %\ld fly delib]ately into a light or da% itself to dea? aga9/ ! glass surr\nd+ a /rong light4 ,?is is contr>y to ! usual law ( nature :i* gives ! liv+ ?+ an in/9ct to protect itself aga9/ enemies4 ,= a long "t we ?\ght t mo?s did n delib]ately burn !mselves up by fly+ "r into a light1 b our naturali/s h prov5 t n only mo?s b c]ta9 birds1 bees1 flies & butt]flies1 burn !mselves up by fly+ into ! flame ( a light or fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,man ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,fire ,,saw+ ,?is 0 probably man's fir/ me?od ( produc+ fire4 ,by rubb+ two /icks toge!r 9 ?is way suffici5t heat 0 produc$ to set fire to easily burnable mat]ial su* z dri$ grass1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,an improvem5t came :5 man le>n$ t by twirl+ a dry /ick 9 a hole 9 ano!r piece ( dry wood ! fire c\ld be />t$ m quickly4 ,h[ ,man ,discov]$ ,fire ,fire 0 probably "o ( man's fir/1 if n ! fir/1 great discov]ies1 & has be5 "o ( 8 greate/ s]vants z well z "o ( 8 greate/ dang]s4 ,we d n "k :o discov]$ fire1 or :at nation fir/ us$ x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! signs t di/+ui%es man f ! o!r animals4 ,n any ( ! l[] animals 0 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( fire1 :ile probably ! e>lie/ races ( mank9d seem to h be5 acqua9t$ ) x4 ,my?ology tells u wond]ful /ories ( ! orig9 ( fire3 accord+ to ^! tales x 0 /ol5 f ! sun1 or ! gods1 & giv5 to man2 & ,p&ora1 ! fir/ woman1 0 s5t d[n to e>? to puni% man = 8 !ft4 ,! mo/ popul> ( ^! /ories is ! leg5d ( ,prome!us4 ,accord+ to ?is leg5d1 fire1 9 ! e>ly days1 0 "u ! exclusive control ( ! gods4 ,prome!us1 bro!r ( ,atlas1 ! god :o support$ ! _w on 8 %\ld]s1 det]m9$ t ! use ( fire %\ld be giv5 to ! p4 ,he decid$ by "s means to s5d a sp>k ( fire to ! e>?1 believ+ t "o sp>k caught by man w\ld />t a burn+ flame t w\ld nev] g out4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d1 ,prome!us visit$ ,zeus1 ! great rul]1 to c>ry out 8 purpose1 = ,zeus controll$ fire4 ,:ile ,zeus 0 n look+1 ,prome!us 8/ole "s br&s ( fire f ! he>?1 :i* he hid 9 ! /alk ( a f5nel & s5t x d[n to ! e>?40 ,?r\gh ?is ,prome!us gave to man 8 fir/ k ( fire4 ,b :ile ?is /ory ( fire may or may n be true1 ! use ( fire re/s entirely ) man & 8 +5uity4 ,?r\gh 8 +5uity man 0 able to subject fire to 8 w2 mak+ x p]=m c]ta9 ( 8 labors2 & to a c]ta9 ext5t mak+ x 8 s]vant2 al?\gh x always did & always w get beyond 8 control at times4 ,our ance/ors 7 n satisfi$ ) pres]v+ ! fire :i* ! gods gave !m2 !y tri$ & succe$$ 9 produc+ x4 ,"o day "o ( !m discov]$ t by rubb+ two /icks toge!r rapidly1 ! friction w\ld create a fire4 ,x 0 a mo/ useful discov]y4 ,be=e long ! :ole ( mank9d _h le>n$ ?is trick2 o!rs improv$ on ?is crude me?od until /ep by /ep m5 le>n$ t by /rik+ two pieces ( fl9t or o!r h>d m9]al toge!r1 quick] action 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,,) ,,b[ ,,/r+ ,man's +5uity soon taught him t if he ti$ "o end ( a /r+ to some?+ & wrapp$ x ar\nd 8 drill+ /ick1 "o end ( :i* 0 9 a hole z 9 ! fir/ drill+ picture1 he c\ld increase ! rapidity ( mak+ fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drill+ ,,) ,,help ,) "s o!r to hold ! drill+ /ick :ile he op]at$ ! /r+ he 0 able to produce fire m quickly ?an he _h ev] done be=e4 ,all k9ds ( me?ods 7 devis$ to increase k ( produc+ fire4 ,! e>ly ,greeks f\nd out h[ to cat* ! rays ( ! sun on a burn+-glass & produce fire2 ! ,romans a*iev$ ! same results ?r\gh ! use ( mirrors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl[+ ,?is is ano!r me?od man us$ = rubb+ two pieces ( wood toge!r4 ,9 foll[+ ?is plan he usually us$ "o /ick ( bamboo & rubb$ x back & =? 9 a slot he _h made 9 ano!r piece ( bamboo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9t ,,& ,,pyrites ,9 "s places x 0 discov]$ t if y /ruck a piece ( h>d /one1 l fl9t1 aga9/ ano!r1 a sp>k 0 produc$ :i* c\ld be caught on a bun* ( dry grass or moss & s />t a fire4 ,9 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ijj1 an ,arab1 nam$ ,be*el1 discov]$ phosphorus1 b x took almo/ #hjj ye>s m = ,haukwitz to le>n t :5 phosphorus 0 br\ght into friction ) sulphur1 fire w\ld result4 ,9 ano!r hundr$ ye>s ! _w 0 b5efit$ by ! inv5tion ( ! friction mat*--& s9ce t "t ab\t "o-half ! p h be5 c>ry+ mat*es ab\t ) !m1 able ?us to />t a fire easily any "t4 ,,fire ,a ,,m>k ,,( ,,civilization ,fire & man's k ( x h _h mu* to d ) man's progress 9 civilization4 ,be=e man _h fire1 8 life & movem5ts 7 mu* l ^? ( o!r animals4 ,:5 man _h le>n$ to make a fire he 0 free to move & live any:]e &1 !re=e1 p began to cov] m t]ritory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fl9t ,,& ,,/eel ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,fire ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,fl9t ,,& ,,/eel ,,me?od ,because fire 0 s important to him1 man kept on try+ to make ?is task easi]4 ,he f9ally contriv$ a t9d] box :5 iron & /eel became kn[n4 ,! t9d] box is :]e he kept 8 fl9t & ! piece ( /eel :i* he /ruck ^u ! fl9t4 ,he also kept 9 ! box pieces ( clo? or pap] on :i* he caught ! sp>ks s produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pi/ol ,,t9d] ,,box ,?is is a picture ( a t9d] box 9 ! =m ( a pi/ol4 ,x enabl$ man to produce sp>ks 9 great] numb]s & m rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,produc+ ,,sp>k ,,) ,,fl9t ,,& ,,/eel ,?is %[s ! me?od = /rik+ ! piece ( /eel aga9/ ! fl9t to make ! sp>ks fall on ! clo? or pap] 9 ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,complete ,,t9d] ,,box ,,set ,?is picture %[s a v complete t9d] box set us$ by ! weal?y p 9 ! old days4 ,a man c>ri$ ?is outfit ) him j z today he c>ries mat*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is t9d] box set is v neat & compact4 ,x is said /ill to be us$ among ! ,himalayan tribes :]e x 0 discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mat*es ,,! ,,oxymuriate ,,mat* ,?is mat*1 ! fir/1 0 introduc$ 9 #aeje4 ,x 0 a slip ( wood tipp$ ) a *emical mixture4 ,to light x x 0 necess>y to /ick its head into a bottle conta9+ acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prome!an ,,mat* ,?is 0 a pap] cig>ette dipp$ 9 a mixture ( sug> & pota%4 ,roll$ )9 ! pap] 0 a t9y glass bulb fill$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,to light ! mat* y press$ ! bulb ) p9c]s h>d en\gh to break ! bulb4 ,?is releas$ ! acid :i* set fire to ! pap]4 ,:at ,w\ld ,we ,d ,)\t ,mat*es8 ,if "o 7 to ask ! man 9 ! /reet :at inv5tion ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is 8 mo/ con/ant & invaluable ally he might be my/ifi$ = ! mom5t1 b ! und\bt$ answ] w\ld surely come 9 ! s+le ^w 8,mat*es40 ,^! famili> objects1 ap>t f _! luxuri\s use by smok]s1 are ! indisp5sable s]vants ( mank9d f ! mom5t ( ris+ 9 ! morn+ till ! h\sehold is wrapp$ 9 sleep1 & x is to !m we turn :5 di/urb$ 9 ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,lucif] ,,mat* ,inv5t$ by ,john ,walk] 9 #ahbg4 ,x consi/$ ( a /ick ( wood tipp$ ) sulphur & !n ) a *lorate mixture4 ,to ignite x ! mat* 0 drawn rapidly ?r\gh a fold$ piece ( s&pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,safety ,,mat* ,! fir/ practical mat* 0 made less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,no d\bt 8famili>ity bre$s contempt10 & x is difficult to imag9e h[ man w\ld f>e1 b]eft ( 8 box ( mat*es4 ,x might help ! _w to realize h[ mu* x owes to ! inv5tors ( ! ,lucif] ,mat*1 7 x possible to cut (f ! supply ( ^! magic fire produc]s = only "o brief day4 ,x requires no v vivid imag9ation to picture ! con/]nation & confusion t su* a /ep w\ld produce1 & !re is a grim humor 9 wond]+ h[ ! primitive me?ods ( obta9+ a light w\ld s]ve ! public conv5i5ce 9 ^! days ( /r5u\s hu/le4 ,see+ t fire has be5 employ$ by man s9ce prehi/oric days1 "o w\ld expect t easy means ( obta9+ x w\ld h be5 devis$ 9 ! e>ly ages4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury no?+ 9 ! nature ( a mat* 0 available1 & ! crude/ me?ods 7 /ill 9 use4 ,we "k f ,virgil t 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,titus fire 0 obta9$ by rubb+ decay$ wood ) a roll ( sulphur betwe5 two /ones1 b x is n till ,saxon times t we h evid5ce ( ! use ( ! t9d] box ) its fl9t & /eel4 ,t ?is latt] 0 /ill reg>d$ z some?+ rem>kable1 z late z ! fifte5? c5tury1 is prov$ by its repres5tation 9 ! coll> ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #adbi4 ,burn+ glasses _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 employ$ f ! mo/ primitive times1 b "o c imag9e ! despair ( an e>ly ,briton :o _h to wait = a sunny day be=e he c\ld boil 8 kettle4 ,incr$ible z x may seem1 x 0 n a "t well )9 ! memory ( _m p liv+ to-day t mat*es 9 any?+ approa*+ ! =m n[ famili> 7 (f]$ to ! public4 ,! way = _! manufacture _h be5 prep>$ by two discov]ies2 "o by a ,g]man :o isolat$ phosphorus 9 #affi2 ! o!r by a ,fr5*man :o produc$ *lorate ( pota% 9 #aghf4 ,f ?is latt] date ! production ( fire 0 mu* facilitat$1 & a few ye>s be=e ,que5 ,victoria came to ! ?rone1 ,john ,walk]--a *emi/ ( ,/ockton-on-,tees--produc$ ! fir/ friction mat*es ( :i* !re is any c]ta9 record4 ,^!1 call$ 8,congreves10 7 sold 9 boxes ( fifty = #b_/f1 & _! success soon l$ o!rs to exp]im5t 9 mat* manufacture1 s t improvem5ts 7 rapidly inv5t$ & factories sprang up 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be a difficult task to compute accurately ! value to ! human race ( ! introduction to g5]al use ( ?is little article4 ,at ! pres5t writ+1 9 ,am]ica ! consumption ( mat*es am\nts to ov] a billion ( mat*es a day4 ,h[ ,mat*es ,are ,made4 ,to-day mat*es are 9 su* dem& t ! +5uity ( man has devis$ a ma*9e :i* makes complete mat*es )\t ! help ( ! human h&4 ,at ! v />t ( op]ations a man fe$s blocks ( wood into ! jaws ( ! ma*9e1 & !nce=? ! me*anical mon/] does its own "w4 ,seiz+ ! block f ! man's h&1 ! ma*9e grips x betwe5 roll]s & =ces x aga9/ r[s ( ke5-edg$ cutt]s1 :i* are s arrang$ t !re is little or no wa/e4 ,ea* ( ^! cutt]s 7& !re are usually =ty-eight 9 a ma*9e7 sev]s a piece ( wood ( exact size & %ape4 ,at ! same mom5t a plate rises f b5ea?1 :i* ?ru/s ^! little pieces ( wood into a mov+ flexible ca/-iron b&1 or r into small holes 9 ?is b&1 f :i* ! embryo mat*es project l bri/les4 ,?is travel+ b& is ab\t #gjj feet 9 l5g?1 & foll[s a s]p5t9e c\rse 9 its j\rney1 :i* occupies ab\t an h\r f />t to f9i%1 ! spe$ be+ regulat$ accord+ to temp]ature s t ! mat*es may be q dry :5 !y rea* ! boxes4 ,:5 ! b& arrives at ! f9i%+ po9t1 a /eel b> pun*es out ! mat*es /uck 9 its surface & !y fall into ! inside boxes plac$ ready to cat* !m4 ,^! boxes are kept cont9ually %ak+1 to t no spaces are left & ! mat*es fill !m completely4 ,z ! inside boxes fill1 a /eel arm presses !m =w>d into _! cov]s1 & !y are pass$ along a tr\gh 9 doz5s1 quickly wrapp$ 9 pap] & seal$ by a ma*9e4 ,quick-f+]$ girls !n wrap twelve ( ^! doz5 packages & we h ! gross packages ( boxes s famili> 9 ! /ores4 ,x w be se51 t 9 spite ( ! m>vell\s ma*9es :i* d s mu*1 !re is /ill pl5ty ( "w = human h&s4 ,h[ ,mat* ,boxes ,are ,made4 ,! ma*9es = mak+ ! wood5 box :i* conta9 ! mat*es are 9 !mselves wond]ful4 ,fir/1 a section ( ! trunk ( an asp5 tree1 ab\t #cj in*es 9 l5g?1 is made to revolve 9 :at is kn[n z a peel+ ma*9e4 ,aft] a few revolutions ! r\gh out] surface is remov$1 & ?9 rolls ( smoo?-surfac$ wood are peel$ (f or v5e]$4 ,! ma*9e at ! same "t scores ! wood ready = fold+ by ! boxmak+ ma*9e4 ,cut into skillets1 i4 e41 into pieces ( ! size requir$ = box cov]s or insides1 ! ends are next dipp$ 9 p9k dye to cov] ! edge ( ! wood :i* is n cov]$ by ! label4 ,! skillets !n g to ! box ma*9es1 :i* fold & label !m1 & aft] half an h\r 9 a clev]ly devis$ dry+ *amb] !y are ready = use4 ,9 "o room alone sixty ma*9es are labell+ & fold+ ! skillets to ! numb] ( sev]al ?\s& gross a day4 ,to see ^! ma*9es take a /rip ( wood1 pu% x =w>d to receive ! pa/$ label1 fold x1 fa/5 ! jo9t1 wipe (f ! sup]flu\s pa/e1 &1 f9ally1 toss ! f9i%$ 8outside0 into a receiv+ basket1 is z fasc9at+ an example ( me*anical +5uity z ! indu/rial _w c af=d4 ,are ,mat*es ,poison\s8 ,a non-poison\s 8/rike any:]e0 safety mat*1 made f select$1 cle>1 /rong cork p9e is n[ made 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is ! fir/ satisfactory non-poison\s mat*4 ,x is also ! fir/ mat* to be endors$ by ! c\ntry's recogniz$ lead]s & au?orities 9 fire prev5tion & ! cons]vation ( human life & prop]ty4 ,! ,hughes-,es* ,anti-,:ite ,phosphorus ,mat* ,bill1 :i* became a law dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,presid5t ,taft1 0 draft$ by ! attorneys ( ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,labor ,legislation1 & is ! mo/ dra/ic t our ,national ,con/itution w p]mit4 ,x w\ld be uncon/itutional to absolutely prohibit ! manufacture ( :ite phosphorus mat*es1 b ! ,hughes-,es* bill obta9s ! same result1 viz43 absolute prohibition by means ( excessive taxation4 ,no mat* manufactur] 9 ^! days ( ke5 competition c af=d to pay a tax ( t5 c5ts on ea* box ( :ite phosphorus mat*es made1 & place 8 factory "u gov]nm5t surveillance1 = ?is tax ( t5 c5ts is ov] ?ree times z mu* z 8 pres5t sell+ price to ! :olesale trade4 ,z soon z man le>n$ to make fire & light1 he began to appreciate h[ mu* m com=table he c\ld be if he c\ld keep 8 lights burn+ & to h 8 light indep5d5t ( 8 fire1 because x 0 at times v uncom=table to sit by a fire on a hot night simply because he wi%$ to use ! light :i* x made4 ,! fir/ s*emes devis$ = light+ purposes m]ely 7 ! camp-fire tor* & ! ru%light4 ,) ^! z a basis1 man 0 enabl$ to fa%ion m conv5i5t =ms ( light+4 ,he inv5t$ ! c&le & ! lamp1 & gr[n 8enlight5$10 box$ 8 light 9 iron & 9 o!r metals4 ,did ,c&les ,come ,be=e ,lamps8 ,! c&le is 9 appe>ance a primitive affair1 yet !re is little d\bt t its pr$ecessor 0 ! lamp4 ,^? old ,egyptian tombs1 :i* h unlock$ _m my/]ies1 held lamps1 & ?r\gh !m evid5ce ( anci5t burial cu/oms4 ,lamps play$ a "p 9 ! solemn fea/s ( ! ,egyptians1 :o on su* occasions plac$ !m be=e _! h\ses1 burn+ !m ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,h]odotus1 9 "o ( 8 num]\s ref]5ces to ,x]xes1 alludes to ! h\r ( lamp-light+1 & evid5ces ab\nd reg>d+ ! use ( lamps among ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,lamps1 inde$1 are pictur$ ^u "s ( _! olde/ vases1 indicat+ ! symbolic significance :i* atta*$ to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fr5* wat* t[] ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 "t ( siege4 ,! t[] is light$ by means ( beacons & is protect$ by dogs4 ,ru9s ( su* a t[] c /ill be se5 at ,godesb]g] on ! ,rh9e4 ,:at ,7 ! ,e>lie/ ,lamps8 ,x is probable t ! e>lie/ lamps 7 no?+ m ?an conv5i5t vessels1 fill$ ) oil & fir$ by means ( ru%es4 ,among ! ,romans p9e spl9t]s1 ! tor* & ! flambeau1 suppli$ light until ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & ev5 :5 ! ,roman began to use ! lamp1 x 0 by no means common1 f9d+ a place only 9 ! homes ( ! ri*1 or on special fe/ival days4 ,! cu/om ( burn+ fun]al lights beside ! dead be=e int]m5t is a v old "o4 ,gregory1 int]pret+ its significance = ! ,*ri/ian1 says t dep>t$ s\ls1 hav+ walk$ "h z ! *ildr5 ( light1 n[ walk ) ,god 9 ! light ( ! liv+4 ,! ,roman1 ,pl9y1 ref]s to ! use ( ! pi? ( brittle ru%es 9 mak+ fun]al lights & wat*-c&les1 :i* 7 probably ! anci5t prototype ( ! old ru%light ( ,engl&4 ,aga91 9 speak+ ( flax1 ,pl9y /ates t ! "p ( ! re$ t is ne>e/ to ! out] sk9 is call$ t[1 & is good = no?+ b to make lamp-mat*es or c&lewicks4 ,:at ,7 ! ,lamps ( ! ,wise & ,fooli% ,maid5s ,made ,(8 ,:5 lamps _h come into g5]al favor1 bett] att5tion 0 giv5 to _! =m & con/ruction4 ,! fir/ seem to h be5 made ( bak$ clay1 m\ld$ by h& into elongat$ vessels to conta9 ! oil1 & provid$ at "o end ) a lip to admit ! wick4 ,^! are ! lamps :i* arti/s h pictur$ 9 ! h&s ( ! wise & fooli% virg9s1 ?\gh 9 ! op9ion ( "s s*ol>s !y 7 m]ely rods ( porcela9 & iron1 cov]$ ) clo? & /eep$ 9 oil4 ,ano!r e>ly type1 :i* 0 less common1 pres5ts a simple disc ) an ap]ture 9 ! c5tre = ! oil1 & a hole = ! wick1 at "o or bo? ( ! sides4 ,"u ! ,empire1 :5 ! light ( ! lamp _h become g5]al1 ! bett] ones 7 made ( bronze1 ornam5t$ ) heads1 animals1 & o!r decorations1 atta*$ to ! h&les1 :ile z life 9 ,rome p>took m ( luxury & extravagance1 gold1 silv]1 or ,cor9?ian brass 7 ! mat]ials1 ! designs be+ m elaborate & complicat$4 ,_m & beautiful examples ( ^! anci5t lamps h be5 une>!d f ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,:5 ,7 ,/reet ,lamps ,fir/ ,us$8 ,d>k mu/ h be5 ! lives ( ^? p :o1 until comp>atively rec5t times1 liv$1 9 ! abs5ce ( sunlight1 by ! feeble1 unc]ta9 light ( ! primitive illum9ants borne by ^! lamps4 ,& z = /reet light+--t 0 a luxury b seldom indulg$ 91 & !n1 n = public b5efit1 b to enhance ! glory ( a pot5tate1 or grace ! obsequies ( "s great man4 ,ev5 ,rome1 at ! height ( h] luxury & beauty1 r>ely exhibit$ m ?an "o or two lant]ns 9 h] /reets4 ,^! 7 susp5d$ ov] ! ba?s & places ( public resort4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! /reets 7 illum9at$ dur+ fe/ivals & o!r public occasions1 :ile ! ,=um 0 sometimes light$ = a midnight exhibition4 ,) ^! glitt]+ exceptions1 & t memorable "o :51 to satisfy ! homicidal impulses ( a bad emp]or1 ! bodies ( ,*ri/ians 7 made liv+ tor*es1 ,rome 0 a city ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/reet ,,light ,,9 ,,am]ica ,! fir/ /reet light 9 ,am]ica4 ,e>ly 9 #agie sev]al l>ge cressets 7 plac$ on ! corn]s ( ,bo/on's mo/ frequ5t$ /reet4 ,p9e-knots 7 plac$ 9 ^! fire baskets by ! night wat*man4 ,:5 ,7 ,c&les ,introduc$8 ,hi/orical records indicate ! preval5t use ( c&les 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ,rome1 b ^! c&les 7 ( ! simple/ sort--m]e /r+ or rope :i* _h be5 sme>$ ) pit* or wax4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies x 0 ! cu/om to dip ru%es 9 pit* & coat !m ) wax1 a me?od ( c&le-mak+ t 0 long cont9u$1 = x 0 n until ! f\rte5? c5tury t dipp$ tall[ c&les 7 introduc$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages wax c&les provid$ ! usual means ( illum9ation1 & ^! 7 made1 n by common craftsm51 b by monks1 or by ! s]vants ( ! ri*4 ,until ! fifte5? c5tury _! use 0 conf9$ to *ur*es1 mona/]ies & ! h\ses ( nobles1 b ! dem& = !m _h become s great t ! *&l]s ( ,london obta9$ an act ( incorporation4 ,z late z ! eighte5? c5tury ! c&les 7 made by dipp+ ! wicks into melt$ wax or tall[1 b ab\t ?is "t an +5i\s ,fr5*man conceiv$ ! idea ( ca/+ !m 9 metal m\lds4 ,illu/ration3 ,a "p ( ! 8,am5de ,honorable0 ( ,jacques ,coeur be=e ,*>les ,,vii ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,a pagan votive lamp ( bronze1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,naples4 ,x is only )9 a mod]n p]iod t ! /ate or city has assum$ responsibility 9 ! matt] ( public light+1 :i* = ! mo/ "p _h be5 left to ! good w & public _s ( citiz5s4 ,b 9 ,engl& a proclamation 0 issu$ to ! effect t e individual %\ld place a c&le 9 ea* ( ! l[] w9d[s ( 8 h\se1 & keep x burn+ f nightfall until midnight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,oil ,,lant]n ,! fir/ 8,rv]bre0--oil lant]n--) a metal reflector1 us$ to light ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,b\rgeois de ,*teaublanc 9 #agfe1 & us$ until ! introduction ( gas4 ,p>is 0 ! fir/ city to improve ^u ?is me?od ( /reet light+1 & 9 #afeh huge1 vase-l contrivances1 fill$ ) res9 & pit*1 7 set up 9 ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es4 ,! improvem5t prov+1 z may readily be se51 bo? dang]\s & exp5sive1 ! falct1 s-call$1 7 replac$ by ! lant]n4 ,?is 0 at fir/ simply a rude frame1 cov]$ ) horn or lea!r1 )9 :i* a c&le burn$4 ,= m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ?is 0 ! ext5t ( ! illum9ation :i* ! au?orities c\ld provide4 ,b ( c\rse x 0 und]/ood t no hone/ man w\ld v5ture abroad )\t 8 tor* or flambeau1 & z ,london1 ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 & all lead+ cities ( ,europe1 7 9 l case1 ! d>kness ( ,p>is c\ld be borne4 ,illu/ration3 ,arg& got 8 fir/ sugge/ion = 8 burn]--inv5t$ 9 #aghj--;f ?is /yle ( alcohol lamp1 !n 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ,france4 ,b progress _h be5 made1 & e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,corporation ( ,london ent]$ into contract ) a c]ta9 individual to set up public lights1 giv+ him p]mission to exact a sum ( six %ill+s f e h\sehold] ^: actual r5t exce$$ t5 p\nds4 ,9 ! middle ( ! same c5tury ! ,"l ,mayor & ,common ,c\ncil appli$ to ,p>liam5t = p[] to light ! /reets ( ,london bett]4 ,f ! grant+ ( ?is p]mission dates improvem5t 9 public light+4 ,:]e ,did ! ,^w 8,gas0 ,orig9ate8 ,a ,belgium *emi/1 ,van ,helmont1 co9$ ! ^w 8gas0 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,dut* ^w 8gee/10 signify+ 8gho/10 sugge/$ ! t]m to him1 & 8 sup]/iti\s neighbors h\nd$ him into obscurity = talk+ ( gho/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,hang+ lamp f ,nu%agak 9 ,s\!rn ,alaska4 ,x is susp5d$ f ! framework ( ! t5t by cords4 ,oils & fats f nor!rn animals give a cle> & /eady light1 & ,eskimo lamps are frequ5tly prais$ by travel]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,! ,,big ,,tank ,,ne> ,,! ,,gasworks ,,is ,,= ,,six ,,million ,,cubic ,,foot ,,gas ,,hold]4 ,almo/ e boy & girl has se5 ! big tank ne> ! gas works1 & mo/ ( !m h wond]$ :at 0 9 x & :at x is =4 ,?is big tank is a 8hold]0 9 :i* ! gas is /or$ aft] x is manufactur$4 ,! giant hold]s are res]voirs f :i* gas is con/antly be+ tak5 & ! quantity on /orage con/antly repl5i%$1 z ! ord9>y gas plant nev] ceases manufactur+ its product4 ,!re is little or no dang] ( an int]ruption ( ! supply by reason ( accid5t1 z gas plants are always equipp$ ) duplicate app>atus = em]g5cies4 ,:5 ,illum9at+ ,gas ,0 ,discov]$4 ,! fir/ practical demon/ration ( ! value ( gas made f coal = light+ 0 made by a ,scot*man--,rob]t ,murdock--:o 9 #agig1 aft] "s ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 fitt$ up an app>atus 9 ! work%op ( ,b\lton & ,watt1 9 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 :i* successfully light$ a portion ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,! advantages ( ?is k9d ( light+ 7 s app>5t t its use 0 rapidly ext5d$1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances ! p 7 afraid ( x4 ,= a "t ?is k9d ( light+ 0 conf9$ to /reet lights4 ,"o ( ! fir/ great /ructures to be light$ by gas 0 ,we/m9/] ,bridge 9 ,london1 & great cr[ds ga!r$ to wat* ! burn+ jets nightly4 ,x 0 difficult to remove f ! m9ds ( ! p ! belief t ! gas-pipes 7 fill$ ) fire & ! jets 7 only op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! flame 9 ! pipes escap$4 ,p sometimes t\*$ ! pipes expect+ to f9d !m hot1 & :5 ! pipes 7 put 9 build+s !y made sure t !y 7 plac$ sev]al feet f ! walls le/ ! fire 9 !m set fire to ! build+s4 ,! use ( illum9at+ gas = light+ private h\ses develop$ q sl[ly because ( ?is fe> ( ! fire 9 ! gas-pipes4 ,?is 0 n entirely unw>rant$1 h[ev]1 because at fir/ ! plumb]s did n "k1 z !y d n[1 h[ to prev5t leakage ( gas f ! pipes4 ,! me?ods ( jo9+ ! pipes 7 (t5times imp]fect &1 n realiz+ ! dang]s :i* w\ld foll[ leaks1 caus+ explosions1 ! workm5 7 (t5 c>eless 9 in/all+ ! pipes4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican h\se 9 :i* gas 0 us$ = light+ 0 ! home ( ,david ,mellville at ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&1 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican city to use gas = light+4 ,x 0 introduc$ !re 9 #ahag4 ,h[ ,does ,gas ,get ,into ! ,gas ,jet8 ,if y hold a cool dr9k+ glass ov] a burn+ gas jet = a mom5t1 a film ( moi/ure w =m on ! inside ( ! glass & rema9 until ! tumbl] becomes w>m1 & !n disappe>4 ,n[1 !n1 y w rememb] t wat] is a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 & t :5 hydrog5 is burn$ 9 ! air1 wat] is =m$4 ,x is also true t :5ev] wat] is =m$ by burn+ any?+1 hydrog5 is pres5t 9 x4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t ! gas us$ = light+ purposes mu/ conta9 hydrog54 ,let u n[ le>n some?+ m ab\t :at gas is made (4 ,wet a piece ( glass ) a little fre% lime wat] & hold ?is ov] ! light$ gas jet4 ,9 a few mom5ts a *ange takes place 9 ! wat]4 ,! wat] turns some:at milky4 ,?is indicates ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid gas1 & ! =mation ( c>bonic acid gas1 :5 burn+ is go+ on1 means ! pres5ce ( c>bon4 ,f ^! two exp]im5ts we ga!r t ! gas 9 ! jet conta9s hydrog5 & c>bon4 ,all k9ds ( illum9at+ gas conta9 ^! two sub/ances4 ,sometimes !re are small quantities ( o!r sub/ances pres5t1 b ! value ( gas = light+ dep5ds on hydrog5 & c>bon4 ,we h already le>n$ ab\t hydrog51 b x w\ld be well to re-le>n ab\t c>bon4 ,c>bon is an elem5t1 & an extremely important "o1 = a l>ge "p ( ! composition ( e liv+ ?+ is c>bon4 ,x is f\nd 9 m comp\nds ?an any o!r elem5t4 ,almo/ pure c>bon c easily be obta9$ by heat+ a piece ( wood1 9 a cov]$ ut5sil1 until x is turn$ into *>coal4 ,*>coal1 :i* is black1 is compos$ almo/ entirely ( c>bon4 ,x is a v int]e/+ product 9 all ways2 9 connection ) gas we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! fact t c>bon w burn :5 heat$ 9 ! air or 9 oxyg54 ,*>coal is v mu* l h>d coal1 bo? be+ =m$ 9 practically ! same way4 ,ages ( ye>s ago _m l>ge =e/s ( trees 7 buri$ "u a lay] ( soil & rocks1 dur+ *anges t occurr$ 9 ! e>?'s surface1 & ! hot inside e>? sl[ly heat$ ! wood1 until almo/ no?+ 0 left b ! c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,gas ,,is ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,coal ,,g5]ator ,,h\se ,,& #age-;,,ft4 ,,/ack4 ,9 ! process ( gas mak+1 coal is plac$ 9 ! g5]ator & heat$ to an inc&esc5t /ate1 !n f ! top or bottom /eam is admitt$ & =c$ ?r\gh ! heat$ coal1 produc+ a crude wat] gas :i* is pass$ on to ! c>buret]4 ,9 ?is %ell enri*+ oil is produc$1 b z ! oil & ! wat] gas d n effectually unite1 !y are pass$ on to ! sup]heat]1 :]e1 z its "n implies1 !y are subject$ to a high temp]ature :i* ?or\ghly gasifies !m into a p]man5t gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,g5]ator ,,h\se4 99 ,pictures on ,gas ,manufacture by c\rtesy ( ! ,consolidat$ ,gas1 ,electric ,light & ,p[] ,co4 ( ,baltimore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illum9at+ ,,gas ,,mu/ ,,be ,,scrubb$ ,,%av+ ,,scrubb]s4 ,aft] pass+ into ! scrubb]s ! gas is cool$1 pass$ into ! scrubb]s1 & by contact ) wood5 slat trays1 made up l scre5s2 a l>ge portion ( ! t> is remov$ f ! gas1 ! t> pass+ (f to l>ge receptacles4 ,s(t coal 0 =m$ 9 mu* ! same mann]1 b ! process 0 n s completely f9i%$4 ,mix$ ) ! c>bon 9 s(t coal we f9d q a good deal ( o!r sub/ances1 ( :i* hydrog5 =ms ! pr9cipal "p4 ,?is is :at makes s(t coal valuable 9 ! mak+ ( illum9at+ gas4 ,:5 s(t coal is heat$ 9 a clos$ receptacle a gas is =m$ :i* w burn4 ,to %[ ?is we h only to take an ord9>y clay pipe1 put a little piece ( coal 9 ! b[l1 close ! top ) wet clay1 & put ! b[l "p ( ! pipe 9 ! fire4 ,:5 x is q hot1 a gas w be f\nd com+ out ( ! /em ( ! pipe1 :i* w1 :5 light$1 burn4 ,! ,/ory ,9 a ,gas ,jet4 ,,h[ ,,illum9at+ ,,gas ,,is ,,made ,s(t coal is heat$ 9 l>ge tubes ( fire clay call$ retorts1 & ! gas t is =m$ is !n collect$ 9 a l>ge tank & s5t ?r\gh pipes to our homes aft] be+ purifi$4 ,! "p ( ! coal t is left consi/s l>gely ( c>bon & is :at we call coke4 ,:ile ! gas t comes directly f coal w burn if light$1 x is n a desirable gas to burn 9 our homes1 because x conta9s a numb] ( sub/ances t %\ld be elim9at$ be=e x is us$ = light+4 ,h[ ! ,gas ,is ,purifi$4 ,f ! clay retorts ! gas passes ?r\gh horizontal pipes conta9+ wat]4 ,?is cools x & takes out ( x mo/ ( ! t> & wat] vapor t are driv5 (f ) ! gas :5 =m$4 ,^! sub/ances settle 9 ! wat]4 ,! gas !n goes ?r\gh a s]ies ( curv$ pipes1 :i* are air cool$4 ,^! pipes con/itute :at is kn[n z an atmosph]ic cond5s]4 ,f ^! ! gas goes into a s]ies ( receptacles conta9+ wood5 slat trays1 made up l scre5s4 ,^! receptacles are call$ ! scrubb]s1 & !y take out ( ! gas ! la/ traces ( t> & "s ( ! o!r comp\nds f\nd pres5t4 ,! removal ( ! sulphur is v important1 = burn+ sulphur gives (f a gas :i* is n only extremely impure to brea!1 b also injuri\s to ! heal?4 ,f ! scrubb]s ! gas goes on ?r\gh pipes to ! purifi]s--boxes :i* conta9 wood %av+s coat$ ) iron ru/ ^u :i* ! sulphur is deposit$ by *emical action4 ,at ! same "t ! lime absorbs a small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is =m$ ) ! o!r gases4 ,f ! purifi]s ! gas passes into ! great iron tanks1 9 :i* x is /or$ until ne$$4 ,! gas 9 ! tanks consi/s *iefly ( hydrog51 a numb] ( comp\nds ( hydrog5 & c>bon1 & a small am\nt ( a comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg5 conta9+ less oxyg5 ?an c>bonic acid gas1 kn[n z c>bon monoxide4 ,! hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide burn ) a v pale flame1 :i* gives b little light & mu* heat4 ,! light-giv+ quality ( ! gas is f\nd 9 ! comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,:5 ^! burn1 ! p>ticles ( c>bon are heat$ :ite hot & gl[ v brightly1 mak+ a lum9\s flame4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s impurities 9 ! purifi$ gas4 ,^! are comp\nds conta9+ sulphur & ammonia4 ,! quantities ( ^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 are s small t !y are h>mless2 b ! comp\nds tak5 out 9 ! process ( purify+ ! gas are sav$1 z consid]able use is made ( !m4 ,! wat] us$ = wa%+ ! gas is heavily *>g$ ) ammonia & is1 9 fact1 ! *ief s\rce ( ! ammonia sold by druggi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,impurities ,,are ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,gas ,,purify+ ,,boxes4 ,! pr9cipal impurity to be remov$ is sulphur1 & ?is is accompli%$ by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh l>ge iron rectangul> boxes fill$ ) wood %av+s coat$ ) iron ru/ ^u :i* ! sulphur is deposit$ by *emical action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ation ,,met] ,,h\se1 ,,%[+ ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,two ,,new #ac-;,,ft4 ,,met]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,met] ,,measures ,,! ,,gas ,fig #a ,fig #c ,fig4 #b4 ,fig #d ,gas fir/ ent]s inlet pipe ,a 7,fig4 #c7 pass+ along ,a#a into cov]$ valve *amb] ,b up ?r\gh orifice ,o4 ,x !n passes d[n ?r\gh two ( ! valve ports at ! same "t1 ports ,c & ,d#a 7,fig4 #b74 ,be=e ,c#a 7,fig4 #c7 has gott5 to its extreme op5+1 ! valve on ! opposite side has mov$ to all[ gas to pass d[n port ,d4 ,on e qu>t] turn ( tang5t ,p1 "o port is op5+ to receive gas :i* passes d[n ?r\gh ! valve ports into ! *amb]s bel[ 7see arr[s on ,fig4 #b71 :i* %[s ! gas pass+ into *amb] ,f4 ,! pressure be+ great] on ! outside ( ! diaphragm1 =ces ! diaphragm inw>d & expels ! gas f ! inside ( ,d#b ?r\gh ,d & passes ov] ! cross-b> into ! =k *annel 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,on ! o!r side gas is pass+ d[n ?r\gh port ,d#a 7,fig4 #b7 ent]+ diaphragm ,d#c1 ! pressure be+ great] on ! inside ( ,d#c !re=e =ces ! diaphragm outw>d & expels ! gas f ! outside ( diaphragm ,d#c2 out ?r\gh port ,c#a into =k *annel same z %[n 9 7,fig4 #a74 ,all exhau/ gas f ! *amb]s bel[ is *eck$ f ent]+ ! *amb] ,b by ! slide valve ,g & ,g#a 7,fig4 #b74 ,in/ead ( pass+ into *amb] ,b x passes ov] ! cross-b>s betwe5 ,d#a;,e#a & ,c#a;,e#a into ! =k *annels1 !n to outlet pipe ,n 7,fig4 #c7 to h\se pipe4 ,,note3 ,all gas regi/]$ mu/ pass ?r\gh outlet ,n4 ,9 addition to coal gas made 9 ! way j describ$1 !re is ano!r =m ( illum9at+ gas1 9 ! manufacture ( :i* coal is indirectly employ$4 ,?is gas1 kn[n z wat] gas1 because x is =m$ by ! decomposition ( wat]1 is produc$ by pass+ /eam ov] r$ hot c>bon1 9 ! =m ( h>d coal or coke4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! hydrog5 9 ! /eam is set free & ! oxyg5 comb9es *emically ) ! c>bon1 to =m ! c>bon monoxide1 t 0 m5tion$ z be+ pres5t1 9 small proportions1 9 ord9>y coal gas4 ,?is c>bon monoxide is poison\s1 if mu* ( x is brea!d1 & z x has no odor x is difficult to detect :5 escap+4 ,a numb] ( dea?s h result$ f wat] gas = ?is reason1 & 9 "s /ates ! laws =bid its use = light+ purposes4 ,:5 wat] gas is us$ x mu/ be enri*$ ) "s o!r sub/ances be=e x w yield mu* light4 ,y h already le>n$ t nei!r hydrog5 nor c>bon monoxide burns ) a bright flame1 & y w see t wat] gas mu/ h some?+ add$ to x to fit x = light+ purposes4 ,! sub/ance usually add$ is ! vapor ( "s light1 volatile oil1 l gasol9e4 ,?is vapor is compos$ ( comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog51 & :5 x is mix$ ) ! wat] gas x =ms a gas t yields a v satisfactory light2 & t may be produc$ m *eaply ?an common coal gas4 ,!re rema9s "o m =m ( illum9at+ gas :i* has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion 9 rec5t ye>s1 namely1 acetyl5e4 ,?is is a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 9 :i* !re is twelve times z mu* c>bon z hydrog54 ,x has n be5 discov]$ rec5tly1 = x 0 kn[n e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b its possible use = light+ purposes 0 n consid]$ !n4 ,att5tion 0 direct$ to x a few ye>s ago by ! discov]y ( a sub/ance call$ calcium c>bide4 ,?is is a comp\nd ( c>bon & ! metal calcium1 =m$ by heat+ to a v high temp]ature a mixture ( coal & lime4 ,x has ! peculi> prop]ty ( decompos+1 :5 treat$ ) wat]4 ,! calcium pres5t comb9es ) ! oxyg5 & half ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 to =m common slack$ lime or calcium hydrate1 :ile ! c>bon & ! rema9d] ( ! hydrog5 comb9e to =m acetyl5e gas4 ,! gas =m$ 9 ?is way ne$s no purifications be=e burn+2 x c be produc$ 9 small g5]ators1 & ! production c be *eck$ at any "t4 ,:5 burn$ 9 ! prop] =m ( burn] x yields ! brighte/ ( all gas flames4 ,= ^! reasons x is adapt$ = use 9 small villages & = light+ s+le h\ses4 ,x is also frequ5tly us$ 9 magic lant]ns1 :]e a /rong & /eady light is necess>y4 ,b ! co/ ( produc+ acetyl5e 9 l>ge quantities is great] ?an t ( coal gas1 & x seems extremely unlikely t x w ev] be mu* us$ = light+ l>ge cities & t[ns4 ,h[ ! ,light ,gets ,into ! ,electric ,light ,bulb4 ,! inc&esc5t lamp 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahgi & ! pat5ts 7 grant$ to ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 a numb] ( electrical m5 :o 7 work+ on ! idea at ?is "t :o des]ve a great deal ( cr$it = develop+ ! lamp4 ,! inc&esc5t lamp1 :i* is us$ *iefly = h\se light+1 consi/s ( a glass bulb f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$ by pumps & *emical processes--9 :i* !re is a ?9 filam5t ( tung/5 metal w\nd on :at is call$ an arbor 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d74 ,?is filam5t opposes high resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t ( electricity1 &1 consequ5tly1 is heat$ to inc&esc5ce :5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh x4 ,! removal ( ! air f ! bulb prev5ts ! tung/5 metal f burn+ up1 z x w\ld d if oxyg5 7 pres5t4 ,! filam5ts ( ! fir/ lamps 7 made ( vegetable fibre4 ,! next developm5t 0 ! cellulose process1 :i* is /ill us$ 9 c>bon & metalliz$ lamps1 al?\gh a numb] ( processes are us$ n[ :i* improve ! filam5t consid]ably4 ,! discov]y t tung/5 metal c\ld be us$ 9 inc&esc5t lamps 0 made 9 #aijf4 ,! fir/ tung/5 lamp manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica 0 made 9 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamps ,edison's fir/ lamp ) a filam5t ( bamboo fibre4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c>bon lamp--! olde/ =m ( inc&esc5t lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,/&>d ,mazda lamp--! highe/ developm5t ( ! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,tantalum lamp develop$ j be=e ! ,mazda lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,improv$ ,mazda lamp = light+ l>ge areas--! mo/ effici5t lamp ev] made4 ,! filam5ts ( ! fir/ tung/5 lamps 7 compos$ ( two or ?ree %ort pieces ( wire4 ,9 #aiaj1 h[ev]1 a lamp ) a cont9u\s tung/5 filam5t 0 inv5t$ :i* increas$ ! /r5g? ( ! lamp wond]fully4 ,mazda is a trade "n giv5 to all metal filam5t lamps made by ! prom95t ,am]ican lamp manufactur]s4 ,! reason t ! ,mazda lamp is s mu* m effici5t ?an ! c>bon filam5t lamp is because ! tung/5 filam5t c be burn$ at a mu* high] temp]ature ?an ! pres5t c>bon filam5t1 )\t s]i\sly black5+ ! bulb4 ,h[ ,does an ,arc ,light ,burn8 ,9 ! arc light a curr5t ( electricity is made to leap across f ! tip ( "o rod ( c>bon to ! tip ( ano!r t is held a %ort di/ance f ! fir/4 ,9 pass+ across ! curr5t does n foll[ a /raight pa?1 b makes a curve1 or arc1 :5ce comes ! "n 8arc light40 ,9 ?is =m ( light ! c>bons are n enclos$ 9 a space f :i* air is exclud$1 consequ5tly !re is "s de/ruction ( ! c>bon4 ,! light is due to ! fact t ! air betwe5 ! tips ( ! c>bon rods opposes a high degree ( resi/ance to ! curr5t1 s t ! rods become int5sely hot at _! tips4 ,! high degree ( heat causes a sl[ burn+ ( ! c>bon at ! tips1 & ! small p>ticles t burn are heat$ :ite hot be=e !y are consum$1 ?us produc+ light4 ,9 ord] to keep ! light f an arc light uni=m 9 /r5g?1 x is necess>y to keep ! tips ( ! c>bon rods always ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,?is is practically impossible1 &1 z a result1 ! arc light does n produce light t is well adapt$ = read+ or = o!r purposes t require con/ant use ( ! eyes4 ,! light produc$ by ! arc light is v p[]ful1 h[ev]1 & = t reason x is mu* us$ = /reet light+4 ,:at ,are ,x-,rays8 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,conrad ,ro5tg5 9 #ahie1 t if a curr5t ( electricity be pass$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 =m ( glass bulb1 f :i* mo/ ( ! air has be5 exhau/$1 a di/urbance is produc$ 9 ! e!r t be>s "s resemblance to light waves4 ,= want ( a bett] "n to give to a di/urbance :i* 0 n well und]/ood1 ,ro5tg5 call$ 8 discov]y ! ,x-,ray1 b x is n[ frequ5tly call$ 9 8 honor ! ,ro5tg5 ray4 ,! nature ( ?is di/urbance is n yet kn[n1 b z x does n affect ! eye x is n light4 ,^! rays are produc$ ) a glass vacuum tube & a batt]y f :i* a curr5t ( electricity is s5t ?r\gh ! tube4 ,! wires ( ! batt]y are connect$ ) two electrodes1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( a concave disk ( alum9um1 & ! latt] ( a flat disk ( plat9um4 ,! ,x-rays are dis*>g$ 9 /raight l9es z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! mo/ /rik+ prop]ties ( ! ,x-ray is its p[] to p5etrate _m sub/ances t are imp]meable to light4 ,all vegetable sub/ances1 & ! fle% ( animals1 are p5etrat$ by x v readily4 ,glass1 metals1 bones1 & m9]al sub/ances g5]ally are opaque to x4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 a limb1 or ev5 ! body ( an animal1 is expos$ to ,x-rays !y pass ?r\gh ! fle%y p>ts1 b are /opp$ by ! bones4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances h ! prop]ty ( gl[+1 or becom+ fluoresc5t1 :5 expos$ to ! ,x-ray1 & :5 scre5s ( pap] are coat$ ) ^! sub/ances !y =m a conv5i5t means ( detect+ ! pres5ce ( ,x-rays4 ,by hold+ ! h& betwe5 a tube t is giv+ (f ,x-rays & a scre5 ( ?is k9d1 ! bones ( ! h& w be outl9$ 9 %ad[ on ! scre51 & ! re/ ( ! surface w gl[ ) a gre5i% light4 ,if a bullet or o!r piece ( metal has become imb$d$ 9 ! body1 x may easily be locat$1 if x is n 9 a bone1 & ! ext5t ( an injury to a bone or a jo9t may be pla9ly %[n4 ,= ?is reason ! ,x-ray is n[ widely us$ by surgeons4 ,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,fight ,fire4 ,:5 y see ! mod]n fire eng9e rac+ ?r\gh ! /reets1 gongs r++1 ) ! firem5 hang+ on & ! police cle>+ ! track1 y %\ld rememb] t x has tak5 man a long "t to le>n z mu* z he has ab\t fight+ fire4 ,no soon] did man le>n to make fire ?an he f\nd x necess>y to le>n h[ to put x out4 ,! fir/ fire app>atus ( record is f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,! ,gauls burn$ ! city 9 #cij ,b4 ,c41 ea* citiz5 0 ord]$ to keep 9 8 h\se a 8ma*9e = ext+ui%+ fire40 ,?is consi/$ ( a syr+e4 ,! fir/ record ( an actual ma*9e = putt+ out fire is by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is contrivance1 a 8siphon us$ 9 conflagrations10 0 us$ 9 ,egypt ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ record ( :at we w\ld call a fire dep>tm5t is also f\nd 9 ,rome4 ,a disa/r\s fire1 occurr+ 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us call$ 8 att5tion to ! b5efit ( a regul> fire brigade w\ld br+4 ,s he organiz$ a fire dep>tm5t4 ,x consi/$ ( sev5 companies ( a ?\s& m5 ea*4 ,! fir/ real fire eng9es 7 us$ 9 #afcc at a big fire on ,london ,bridge4 ,! fir/ fire hose 0 inv5t$ by ! two ,van d] ,heydes 9 #afgb4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ eng9es us$ consi/$ ( a tank drawn by two horses1 :i* ?rew a /ream an in* 9 diamet] to a height ( eighty feet4 ,an improv$ eng9e 0 inv5t$ 9 #agba by ,new%am1 ( ,london1 & ! fir/ eng9e us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 made by ,new%am4 ,! fir/ /eam fire eng9e 0 inv5t$ by ,john ,brai?waite1 ( ,london1 9 #ahbi4 ,fire al>ms came into use 9 m$ieval times4 ,x 0 ! cu/om1 9 _m ( ! t[ns to h a wat*man /ation$ on a high build+ ^: duty x 0 to look = fires4 ,z soon z he saw "o1 he gave w>n+ by bl[+ a horn1 fir+ a gun1 or r++ a bell4 ,! fir/ ,london fire dep>tm5t consi/$ ( t5 m5 ( ea* w>d4 ,! fir/ municipal ,am]ican fire dep>tm5t 0 creat$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #afgh4 ,! fire eng9e 0 a h& pump b\ght 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ lea!r fire hose 0 made 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahjh 9 ,philadelphia4 ,rubb] hose 0 fir/ made 9 ,engl& at ab\t #ahbj4 ,h[ ,did ,man ,le>n to ,cook ,8 ,food8 ,! primitive man liv$ on raw food--raw fle%1 roots1 fruits & nuts4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 he liv$ ?us because !re 0 a "t :5 he _h no fires & no k ( h[ to make a fire4 ,!re are no records1 h[ev]1 to %[ :5 man le>n$ t cook$ food 0 be/4 ,x mu/ h come ab\t almo/ simultane\sly ) 8 k ( fire1 = ! art ( cook+ goes back to ! fir/ k ( fire4 ,we d n "k ei!r h[ man le>n$ to make a fire4 ,! e>lie/ nations ( :i* we h any record seem to h be5 acqua9t$ ) fire & c]ta9 me?ods = produc+ x4 ,n only "o b all e>ly nations seem to h be5 possess$ ( ?is k4 ,occasionally travell]s h report$ t p h be5 f\nd :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ei!r fire or cook+1 b inve/igation has always prov5 ^! reports unau!ntic4 ,cook]y has always be5 f\nd 9 practice :]e p knew ab\t fire4 ,x is /range h[ man has lo/ track ( ! beg9n+ ( 8 k ( fire & cook]y1 because fire repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( man's culture & cook]y goes h& 9 h& ) x4 ,!re are _m leg5d>y acc\nts ( h[ man le>n$ ! value ( cook$ food1 all ( :i* are bas$ ^u ! accid5tal burn+ or roa/+ ( animals or birds4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 ,*>les ,lamb's 8,roa/ ,pig0 /ory1 :i* we read ) mu* laught] 9 our s*ool read]s1 0 q accurate f a hi/orical /&po9t4 ,accord+ to ! /ory a man's h\se burn$ & he cri$ m ov] ! fate ( 8 pet pig ?an ab\t ! loss ( 8 h\se4 ,he kept 8 pig 9 ! h\se y w rememb] & z soon z ! fire di$ away he ru%$ into ! debris to look = 8 pet pig1 hop+ /ill to rescue him4 ,he f\nd him 9 a corn] & made ha/e to pick him up & c>ry him into ! op5 air4 ,b ! poor pig _h be5 roa/$ to a turn & 0 /ill hot4 ,! man's f+]s w5t "r into ! well done roa/ pig & 7 burn$4 ,) a cry he )drew 8 f+]s & put !m into 8 m\? to bl[ on !m & ?us he secur$ 8 fir/ ta/e ( roa/ pig1 :i* he f\nd s mu* to 8 ta/e t he repeat$ ! op]ation ( lick+ 8 f+]s4 ,:ile ?is is b a /ory1 x is q likely hi/orically correct z to ?is discov]y ( ! value ( cook$ food to "s ( ! e>ly nations4 ,no d\bt ,fire & ,cook]y 7 develop$ toge!r4 ,:5 man _h le>n$ to make fire1 he f\nd t x (t5 got beyond 8 control4 ,"h & !re he w\ld set ! woods on fire q )\t int5tion p]haps1 b ) damag+ results4 ,he w\ld wat* ! conflagration &1 :5 x 0 pass$1 he w\ld f9d ! bak$ bodies ( de] or o!r animals :i* _h be5 ov]come by ! fire & le>n$ t bak$ meats 7 good to ! ta/e & m easily dige/ible ?an raw meats4 ,:y ,does a ,sponge ,hold ,wat]8 ,a sponge w hold wat] because x has1 on acc\nt ( ! plan on :i* x is gr[n ! p[] ( capill>y attraction4 ,! sponge is made up ( little hair l tubes4 ,if y take a glass tube1 op5 at bo? ends & imm]se "o end 9 a vessel ( wat]1 y w f9d t ! wat] w rise 9 ! tube to a level high] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel4 ,! small] ! hole ?r\gh ! glass tube1 ! high] ! wat] w rise4 ,?is is caus$ by ! cohesion ( ! wat] aga9/ ! inside surface ( ! hole 9 ! tube & causes a pull upw>d4 ,! wat] is pull$ up into ! tube because ! surface ( ! tube has a great] cohesive attraction = ! wat] ?an = ! air :i* 0 9 x & ! air is =c$ out p>tly4 ,"s liquids1 su* z m]cury w n rise 9 ! same way1 b is depress$ 9 a glass tube1 s9ce x _c adh]e to glass4 ,m]cury h[ev] w run or rise 9 a t9 tube1 j z wat] 9 a glass tube1 because x adh]es to ! t94 ,n[ a sponge is m]ely a lot ( capill>y tubes :i* h ! same p[] ( pull+ up ! wat] z ! glass tube4 ,! tubes 9 a sponge are s f9e t ! wat] w rise to ! entire l5g? ( ! tubes4 ,9 addition1 ?is adhesive quality ( wat] to ! inside ( ! tubes 9 ! sponge is s /rong1 t ! sponge c be tak5 entirely out ( ! wat] & ! wat] w rema9 9 x4 ,:y ,is ! ,"r ,h& ,/rong] ,?an ! ,left8 ,! "r h& is /rong] ?an ! left only 9 case y are "r-h&$4 ,if y h ! habit ( be+ left-h&$1 y\r left h& becomes /rong]4 ,if y are truly ambidextr\s1 y\r /r5g? w be ! same 9 bo? h&s4 ,we get our /r5g? by mov+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 i4 e41 by us+ !m4 ,:5 a little baby /ret*es 8 arms & legs & kicks1 he is only ex]cis+ naturally1 mak+ ! blood circulate4 ,y c prove t ! fact t y\r "r h& is /rong] ?an y\r left because ( ! great] use or ex]cise y give x1 by ty+ y\r "r arm close to y\r side & keep+ x 9 t condition )\t us+ x = sev]al weeks4 ,:5 y remove ! b&s :i* held x tight1 y w f9d y\r arm has lo/ its /r5g? & t n[ y\r left h& is /rong]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are left-h&$ & tie t h& d[n = ! same l5g? ( "t1 y\r "r h& w\ld be ! /rong]4 ,?is %[s t ! /r5g? we h 9 our arms & legs1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 is develop$ by us+ !m & giv+ !m rational ex]cise4 ,( c\rse1 x is possible to ov]-use a "p ( ! body1 b y w notice t nature always gives u a w>n+ by mak+ u tir$ be=e we come to ! po9t :]e fur!r use ( t p>ticul> "p ( ! body w\ld cause injury4 ,:y ,d ,my ,muscles ,get ,sore ,:5 ,i ,play ,ball ,9 ! ,spr+8 ,!y d ?is because y h probably n be5 ex]cis+ ! p>ticul> muscles :i* y employ 9 ?r[+ a ball en\gh 9 ! w9t] to keep y 9 good condition4 ,muscles :i* h be5 develop$ ?r\gh use or "w ne$ m "w to keep !m 9 condition4 ,9 a s5se c]ta9 ( ! muscles :i* y employ 9 play+ ball h be5 treat$ dur+ ! w9t] v mu* z if y _h ti$ !m d[n1 z we sugge/$ y might d ) y\r arm4 ,y h n be5 us+ !m--!y h n be5 do+ en\gh "w1 & !y beg9 to lose _! /r5g? :5 = any p]iod !y h n be5 us$ en\gh4 ,! sor5ess t y feel is ! natural condition t arises :5 y beg9 to use a muscle t has be5 idle = "s "t4 ,:y ,does a ,b>b]'s ,pole ,h ,/ripes8 ,9 e>ly ye>s ! b>b] n only cut hair & %av$ p1 b he 0 also a surgeon4 ,he 0 a surgeon to ! ext5t t he bl$ p4 ,9 e>ly times our k ( surg]y 0 practically limit$ to blood lett+4 ,a great _m ( ! ailm5ts 7 attribut$ to too mu* blood 9 ! body1 & :5 any?+ got wrong ) a man or woman1 ! fir/ ?+ !y ?\ght ( 0 to r$uce ! am\nt ( blood 9 ! body by tak+ "s ( x out4 ,! t[n b>b] 0 ! man :o did ?is = p & 8 pole repres5t$ ! sign ( 8 bus9ess4 ,! r\nd ball at ! top :i* 0 g5]ally gild$ repres5ts ! b>b]+ end ( ! bus9ess4 ,x /ood = ! brass bas9 :i* ! b>b] us$ to prep>e la!r = %av+ cu/om]s4 ,! pole itself repres5ts ! /aff :i* p :o 7 hav+ blood tak5 out ( _! bodies held dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! two spiral ribbons1 "o r$ & "o :ite1 :i* are pa9t$ spirally on ! pole1 repres5t$ ! b&ages4 ,! :ite "o /ood = ! b&age :i* 0 put on be=e ! blood 0 tak5 out & ! r$ "o ! b&age :i* 0 us$ = b9d+ up ! w\nd :5 ! op]ation 0 complet$4 ,h[ ,0 ! ,flag ,made8 ,! design ( our flag 0 outl9$ 9 a congressional resolution pass$ on ,june #ad1 #aggg1 :i* /at$ 8t ! flag ( ! ?irte5 ,unit$ ,/ates be ?irte5 alt]nate /ripes r$ & :ite2 t ! union be ?irte5 />s1 :ite 9 a blue field1 repres5t+ ! new con/ellation40 ,aft] ,v]mont & ,k5tucky _h be5 admitt$ to ! ,union1 ,congress made a decree 9 #agid t aft] ,may #a1 #agie1 8! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be fifte5 /ripes alt]nate r$ & :ite & t ! ,union be fifte5 />s :ite on a blue field40 ,?is made ! />s & /ripes aga9 equal & x 0 ! plan to add a new /ripe & a new /> = ea* new /ate admitt$ to ! ,union4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 x 0 realiz$ t ! flag w\ld be too l>ge if we kept on add+ "o /ripe = ea* new /ate admitt$ to ! ,union1 s on ,april #d1 #ahah1 ,congress pass$ a resolution r$uc+ ! numb] ( /ripes to ?irte5 once m to repres5t ! orig9al colonies1 & to add only a new /> to ! field :5 a new /ate 0 admitt$ to ! ,union4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 tw5ty /ates 9 ! ,union4 ,s9ce t "t none ( ! flags ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h m ?an ?irte5 /ripes :ile a new /> has be5 add$ = ea* /ate until n[ we h =ty-eight />s1 repres5t+ ! =ty-eight /ates4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,guns ,call$ ,gatl+ ,guns8 ,a gatl+ gun is a k9d ( gun inv5t$ by ,ri*>d ,jordan ,gatl+ 9 #ahfa & #ahfb & s x receives its "n f its inv5tor4 ,! orig9al gatl+ gun _h t5 p>allel b>rels & 0 capable ( fir+ #a1jjj %ots p] m9ute :5 op]at$ by h& p[]4 ,x 0 dis*>g$ by turn+ a crank & w\ld %oot 9 proportion to ! rapidity ) :i* ! crank 0 turn$4 ,x 0 at fir/ n a huge success b has f "t to "t be5 improv$ s t ! crank is n[ turn$ by electric p[] & ab\t fifte5 hundr$ %ots p] m9ute c be fir$ ) x4 ,h[ ,did ,hobson's ,*oice ,orig9ate8 ,z us$ today1 ?is expression means a *oice ) only "o ?+ to *oose4 ,tobias ,hobson 0 a liv]y /able keep] at ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,he kept a /able ( =ty horses :i* he hir$ out by ! h\r or day1 & 0 fam\s 9 8 day s f> z a liv]y /able keep] c\ld be4 ,:5 y w5t to ,hobson to hire a horse1 y _h ! privilege ( look+ ov] all ! horses 9 ! /able to decide :i* "o y w\ld l to drive1 b he always made y take ! "o 9 ! /all ne>e/ ! door4 ,9 ?is way all ! horses 9 ! /able 7 work$ 9 turn & :ile y might pret5d to *oose y\r own horse1 y really _h no *oice--y _h to take ! "o ne>e/ ! door or none4 ,z soon z a horse 0 hir$1 ! o!r horses 9 ! /able 7 mov$ up1 ea* "o to ! /all next t[>ds ! door s !re 0 always a horse 9 ! /all ne>e/ ! door4 ,:y ,d ,!y ,call ,x a ,honeymoon8 ,! ^w ,honeymoon :i* is commonly us$ to describe ! fir/ few weeks aft] m>riage1 has always meant ! fir/ mon? or moon aft] m>riage1 b does n h any ref]5ce to ! mon? or moon except+ z t describes a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,! ^w orig9at$ 9 an old cu/om q common among newly m>ri$ c\ples among ! anci5t ,teutons ( dr9k+ a k9d ( w9e made f honey dur+ ! fir/ ?irty days aft] be+ m>ri$4 ,9 ^! days newly m>ri$ c\ples g5]ally take a trip away f home = a %ort or long] p]iod aft] _! w$d+ day & ?is is call$ ! honeymoon :e!r x is b a few days or ?ree mon?s or m4 ,! cu/om ( dr9k+ w9e made f honey has be5 ab&on$ s t ! ^w is n[ us$ 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se ?an =m]ly4 ,:y ,is a ,horse%oe ,said to ,br+ ,good ,luck8 ,! luck ( ! horse%oe comes f ?ree lucky ?+s always connect$ ) horse%oes4 ,^! consi/ ( ! foll[+ facts3 ,x is ! %ape ( a cresc5t2 x is a portion ( a horse2 x is made ( iron4 ,ea* ( ^! has f "t immemorial be5 consid]$ lucky4 ,any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a cresc5t 0 always consid]$ a ?+ to br+ luck4 ,f ! e>lie/ times1 too1 at lea/ s9ce ! _w knew some?+ ( ! qualities ( iron1 iron has be5 reg>d$ z a ?+ to give protection & incid5tally t w\ld involve good luck4 ,& la/ly ! horse1 s9ce ! days ( ,engli% my?ology1 has be5 reg>d$ z a luck animal4 ,:51 !n1 we _h a comb9ation ( ! ?ree--! cresc5t1 ! iron & ! horse 9 "o object1 x became a true lucky sign 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,"s ,wond]s ( ! ,human ,body4 ,!re are said to be m ?an two million little op5+s 9 ! sk9s ( our bodies to s]ve z outlets = an equal numb] ( sweat gl&s4 ,! body conta9s m ?an two hundr$ bones4 ,x is said t z mu* blood z is 9 ! entire body passes ?r\gh ! he>t e m9ute1 i4e41 all ! blood 9 ! body goes 9 & out ( ! he>t once e m9ute4 ,! lung capacity ( ! av]age p]son is ab\t #cbe cubic in*es4 ,) e brea? y inhale ab\t two-?irds ( a p9t ( fre% air & exhale an equal am\nt if y brea! normally4 ,! /oma* ( ! av]age adult p]son has a capacity ( ab\t five p9ts & manufactures ab\t n9e p\nds ( ga/ric juice daily4 ,!re are ov] five hundr$ muscles 9 ! body all ( :i* %\ld be ex]cis$ daily to keep y 9 ! be/ condition4 ,! av]age adult human he>t weighs f eight to twelve ounces & x beats ab\t #ajj1jjj times e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! p]spiration sy/em 9 ! body has only v small ducts or pipes1 b !re are ab\t n9e miles ( !m4 ,! av]age p]son takes ab\t "o ton ( food & dr9k ea* ye>4 ,we brea! ab\t eighte5 times a m9ute1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #c1jjj cubic feet an h\r4 ,:]e ,did ! ,expression 8,kick ! ,bucket0 ,orig9ate8 ,! expression orig9ally came f ! me?od us$ 9 /r++ a hog aft] kill+ x4 ,! pig aft] be+ slaught]$ 0 hung by ! h9d legs4 ,a piece ( b5t wood 0 pass$ 9 beh9d ! t5dons ( ea* ( ! h9d legs & ! pig hung up by ?is /ick ( wood mu* l we hang up clo!s ) a clo!s hang] today4 ,! piece ( wood 0 call$ a bucket4 ,! 8bucket0 "p ( ! expression does n1 !re=e1 ref] to a bucket at all b to ?is b5t piece ( wood4 ,all are n agre$ on ?is explanation1 h[ev]1 z x does n expla9 :]e ! 8kick0 comes 94 ,_m inve/igators hold to ! belief t a man nam$ ,bolsov] 0 ! fir/ to 8kick ! bucket0 lit]ally & t ! expression came f ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,he /ood on a pail or bucket :ile arrang+ to hang himself by ty+ a rope ar\nd 8 neck & to a beam :i* he c\ld n rea* )\t /&+ on ! bucket4 ,:5 ready he kick$ ! bucket out f "u 8 feet & s succe$$ 9 c>ry+ out 8 own wi%es & 9 s do+ co9$ a fam\s expression :i* /ill means 8to die40 ,h[ ,did ! ,^w 8,news0 ,orig9ate8 ,! ^w 8,news0 :i* 0 creat$ to describe :at newspap]s are suppos$ to pr9t1 came f ! f\r lett]s :i* h = ages be5 us$ z abbreviations ( ! directions ( ! compass4 ,9 ?is ,n /&s = ,nor?1 ,e = ,ea/1 ,s = ,s\? & ,w = ,we/1 & 9 illu/rat+ ! po9ts ( ! compass ! foll[+ diagram has long be5 us$3 ,n ,w----,e ,s ,! e>lie/ newspap]s always pr9t$ ?is sign on ! front pages ( _! pap]s 9 e issue4 ,?is 0 done to indicate t ! pap] pr9t$ all ! happ5+s f f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,lat] on "s ent]pris+ newspap] man :o may h =gott5 ! orig9al significance ( ! lett] 9 ! diagram1 arrang$ ! lett]s ,n4 ,e4 ,w4 ,s4 9 a /raight l9e at ! head ( ! pap] & t is h[ :at we read 9 ! pap]s came to be kn[n z news4 ,almo/ "o-half ! :ole numb] ( newspap]s publi%$ 9 ! _w are publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,umbrella8 ,no "o kn[s :o made ! fir/ umbrella b we "k t ,jonas ,hanway ( ,london 0 ! fir/ man to c>ry "o ov] 8 head to keep (f ! ra94 ,umbrellas seem to h be5 kn[n z f> back z ! days ( ,n9evah & ,p]sepolis1 = repres5tations ( !m appe> frequ5tly 9 ! sculptures ( ^? e>ly days4 ,! wom5 ( anci5t ,rome & ,greece c>ri$ !m b ! m5 nev] did4 ,mr4 ,hanway is said to be ! fir/ man :o walk$ 9 ! /reets ( ,london ) an op5 umbrella ov] 8 head to keep (f ! ra94 ,he is said to h us$ x = ?irty ye>s be=e !y came into g5]al use = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,man ,,le>n$ ,,to ,,tell ,,"t ,! fir/ picture %[s :at 0 probably man's fir/ me?od ( tell+ "t4 ,! pr9ciple 0 ! same z t ( ! sun-dial4 ,x provides to-day an accurate me?od ( tell+ "t4 ,( c\rse1 man 9 ! e>ly days ne$$ to f9d "s o!r means ( not+ ! pass+ ( "t at night1 = !n ! sun ca/ no %ad[ = him4 ,8 +5uity taught him to make a c&le :i* 0 light & d>k 9 alt]nate r+s1 & z ea* section burn$ he made a m>k to record ! pass+ ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,be=e c&les 7 inv5t$ he us$ a rope 9 :i* he ti$ knots at equal spaces ap>t & :i* he burn$ z %[n 9 ! ?ird picture4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,"t ,piece ,:at ,is ,"t8 ,"t1 z a sep>ate entity1 has n yet be5 def9$ 9 language4 ,def9itions w be f\nd to be m]ely explanations ( ! s5se 9 :i* we use ! ^w 9 matt]s ( practical life4 ,no human be+ c tell h[ long a m9ute is2 only t x is long] ?an a second & %ort] ?an an h\r4 ,9 "s s5se we c ?9k ( a long] or %ort] p]iod ( "t1 b ?is is m]ely comp>ative4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 #ej & #ge /eps a m9ute 9 m>*+ is cle> to u1 b note t we introduce motion & space be=e we c get a conception ( "t z a succession ( ev5ts1 b "t1 9 itself1 rema9s elusive4 ,9 "t measures we /rive = a uni=m motion ( some?+ & ?is implies equal spaces 9 equal times2 s we "h assume j :at we _c expla91 = space is z difficult to def9e z "t4 ,"t _c be 8squ>$0 or us$ z a multipli] or divisor4 ,only numb]s c be s us$2 s :5 we speak ( 8! squ>e ( ! "t0 we mean "s numb] :i* we h arbitr>ily assum$ to repres5t x4 ,?is becomes pla9 :5 we /ate t 9 calculations relat+ to p5dulums1 = example1 we may use seconds & in*es--m9utes & feet--or seconds & met]s--& ! answ] w come out "r 9 ! units :i* we h assum$4 ,/ill m1 numb]s !mselves h no mean+ till !y are appli$ to some?+1 & "h we are apply+ !m to "t1 space & motion2 s we are try+ to expla9 ?ree ab/ractions by a f\r?6 ,b1 happily1 ! results ( ^! assumptions & calculations are borne out 9 practical human life1 & we are n compell$ to settle ! deep "q z to :e!r fundam5tal k is possible to ! human m9d4 ,:at ,0 ,man's ,fir/ ,division ( ,"t8 ,evid5tly1 man began by consid]+ ! day z a unit & did n include ! night 9 8 "t-keep+ = a long p]iod4 8,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day10 ,g54 i1 #e2 8,ev5+ & morn+ & at noonday10 ,ps4 lv1 #ag1 divides ! day 78sun up07 9 two p>ts4 8,f\r? "p ( a day10 ,neh4 ix1 #c1 %[s ano!r advance4 ,!n comes1 8are !re n twelve h\rs 9 a day10 ,john xi1 #i4 ,! 8elev5? h\r10 ,matt4 xx1 #a to #ab1 %[s cle>ly t sunset 0 #ab o'clock4 ,a mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is #ab-;h\r day1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is t ! writ]s g5]ally speak ( ! ?ird1 six? & n9? h\rs1 ,acts ii1 #ae2 iii1 #a2 x1 #i4 ,?is is extremely int]e/+1 z x %[s t ! writ]s /ill ?\ght 9 qu>t] days 7,neh4 ix1 #c7 & _h n yet acquir$ ! #ab-;h\r conception giv5 to !m by ! ,romans4 ,!y ?\ght 9 qu>t] days ev5 :5 us+ ! #ab-;h\r num]als6 ,note1 fur!r1 t ref]5ces are to 8h\rs02 s x is evid5t t 9 ,new ,te/am5t times !y did n ne$ small] subdivisions4 8,ab\t ! ?ird h\r0 %[s ! m5tal attitude4 ,t !y _h no conception ( our m9utes1 seconds & fif?-seconds becomes q pla9 :5 we notice t !y jump$ d[n f ! h\r to n[h]e1 9 su* expressions z 89 an in/ant--9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye40 ,be=e ?is ! night _h be5 divid$ into ?ree wat*es 7,judges vii1 #ai74 ,poetry to ?is day uses ! 8h\rs0 & ! 8wat*es0 z symbols4 ,?is twelve h\rs ( daylight gave v v>iable h\rs 9 latitudes "s di/ance f ! equator1 be+ long 9 summ] & %ort 9 w9t]4 ,! am\nt ( human +5uity exp5d$ on "t measures s z to divide ! "t f sunrise to sunset into twelve equal p>ts is almo/ beyond belief4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople1 to-day1 ?is is us$1 b 9 a r imp]fect mann]1 = ! clocks are mod]n & run tw5ty-f\r h\rs uni=mly2 s ! be/ !y c d is to set !m to m>k twelve at sunset4 ,?is necessitates sett+ to ! v>y+ l5g? ( ! days1 s t ! clocks appe> to be sometimes m & sometimes less ?an six h\rs ahead ( ours4 ,a clock on ! t[] at ! ,sultan's private mosque gives ! impression ( be+ out ( ord] & ab\t six h\rs ahead1 b x is runn+ correctly to _! sy/em4 ,hotels 9 ,con/ant9ople (t5 %[ two clocks1 "o ( !m to our twelve o'clock noon sy/em4 ,evid5tly ! ,jewi% me?od ( end+ a day at sunset is ! same & expla9s ! comm&1 8let n ! sun g d[n ^u ?y wra?10 :i* we might read1 8d n c>ry y\r ang] ov] to ano!r day40 ,?is simple l9e ( /eps 9 divid+ ! day & night is tak5 pr9cipally f ! ,bible because e "o c easily look up ! passages quot$ & _m m1 :ile quotations f books n 9 g5]al use w\ld n be s cle>4 ,h[ ,did ,man ,beg9 to ,measure ,"t8 ,n[1 z to ! me?ods ( measur+ "t1 we mu/ use circum/antial evid5ce = ! prehi/oric p]iod4 ,! ris+ & ! go+ d[n ( ! sun--! l5g!n+ %ad[s1 etc41 mu/ come fir/1 & we are on safe gr\nd "h1 = savages /ill use primitive me?ods l sett+ up a /ick & m>k+ its %ad[ s t a p>ty trail+ beh9d c e/imate ! di/ance ! lead]s are ahead by ! *ang$ position ( ! %ad[4 ,m5 notice _! %ort5+ & l5g!n+ %ad[s to ?is day4 ,:5 ! %ad[ ( a man %ort5s m & m sl[ly till x appe>s to be fix$1 ! obs]v] kn[s x is noon1 & :5 x %[s ! lea/ obs]vable l5g!n+ !n x is j pa/ noon4 ,n[1 x is a rem>kable fact t ?is crude me?od ( det]m9+ noon is j ! same z 8tak+ ! sun0 to det]m9e noon at sea4 ,noon is ! "t at :i* ! sun rea*es 8 highe/ po9t on any giv5 day4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sun-dial is only an improvem5t on ! /ick :i* ca/ a %ad[ :i* enabl$ man to tell ! "t ( day at any h\r4 ,! %ad[ moves ar\nd ! dial1 fall+ on ! numb]s on ! circle4 ,h[ ,is ! ,"t ,calculat$ at ,sea8 ,at sea ?is is det]m9$ g5]ally by a sextant1 :i* simply measures ! angle betwe5 ! horizon & ! sun4 ,! in/rum5t is appli$ a little be=e noon & ! obs]v] sees ! sun creep+ upw>d sl[] & sl[] till a little tremor or hesitation appe>s1 indicat+ t ! sun has rea*$ 8 height--noon4 ,oh6 y wi% to "k if ! obs]v] is likely to make a mi/ake8 ,yes1 & :5 accurate local "t is important1 sev]al (fic]s on a l>ge %ip w take ! m]idian passage at ! same "t & av]age _! read+s1 s z to r$uce ! 8p]sonal error40 ,all ( :i* is m]ely a great] degree ( accuracy ?an t ( ! man :o obs]ves 8 %ad[4 ,! gradual developm5t ( ! primitive %ad[ me?ods culm9at$ 9 ! mod]n sun-dial4 ,! 8dial ( ,ahas0 7,isa4 xxxviii1 #h71 on :i* ! sun w5t back t5 8degrees10 is (t5 ref]r$ to1 b 9 "o ( ! revis$ editions ( ! ,bible ! sun w5t back t5 8/eps40 ,?is becomes extremely int]e/+ :5 we f9d t 9 ,india !re /ill rema9s an imm5se dial built ) /eps in/ead ( h\r l9es4 ,9 a re/or$ fl[] g>d51 )9 "o ( ! l>ge h\ses 9 ! ru9s ( ,pompeii1 may be se5 a sun-dial ( ! ,armill>y type1 presumably 9 its orig9al position4 ,x looks z if ! plane ( ! equator & ! position ( ! e>?'s axis mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! mak]4 ,bo? ^! dials 7 9 use be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era & 7 cov]$ by ! great eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 #gi ,a4,d41 :i* de/roy$ ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,,?ree ,,great ,,/eps ,,9 ,,measur+ ,,"t ,mod]n sun-dials diff] only 9 be+ m accurately made & a few 8curiosity0 dials add$4 ,! necessity = "t dur+ ! night1 z man's life became a little m complicat$1 necessitat$ ! inv5tion ( "t ma*9es4 ,! 8clepsydra10 or wat]-clock1 0 probably ! fir/4 ,a ,fr5* writ] has dug up "s old records putt+ x back to ,hoang-ti #bfgi ,b4,c41 b x appe>s to h be5 c]ta9ly 9 use 9 ,*9a 9 #aajj ,b4,c41 s we w be satisfi$ ) t date4 ,9 pres5t+ a subject to ! "y /ud5t x is sometimes advisable to use r\nd numb]s to give a simple compreh5sion & !n leave him to f9d ! ov]lapp+ ( dates & me?ods z he advances4 ,keep+ ?is 9 m9d1 ! foll[+ table may be us$ to give an elem5t>y h9t ( ! ?ree great /eps 9 "t measur+4 ,%ad[ "t1 #bjjj to #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,dials & wat]-clocks1 #ajjj ,b4,c4 to #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,clocks & wat*es1 #ajjj to #bjjj ,a4,d4 ,ge>-:eel clocks & wat*es h "h be5 pu%$ =w>d to #bjjj ,a4,d41 z !y may la/ to t "t1 b no d\bt we w sup]s$e !m4 ,at ! pres5t "t sci5ce is j ab\t ready to say t a "t measur] consi/+ ( :eels & p9ions--a driv+ p[] & a regulator 9 ! =m ( a p5dulum or balance1 is a clumsy contrivance & t we ought to d bett] v soon4 ,x is rem>kable h[ few are aw>e t ! simple/ =m ( sun-dial is ! be/1 & t1 z a regulator ( our pres5t clocks1 x is good )9 "o or two m9utes4 ,no "o ne$ be )\t a 8noon-m>k0 sun-dial2 t is1 e "o may h ! be/ ( all dials4 ,take a po/ or any /raight object /&+ 8plumb10 or be/ ( all ! corn] ( a build+4 ,9 ! case ( ! po/1 or tree trunk1 a /one 7%[n 9 solid black7 may be set 9 ! gr\nd2 b = ! build+ a l9e may (t5 be cut across a flag/one ( ! footpa?4 ,_m me?ods may be employ$ to get ?is noon m>k1 :i* is simply a nor? & s\? l9e3 ,view+ ! pole />1 us+ a compass 7if ! local v>iation is kn[n7 or ! old me?od ( f9d+ ! "t at :i* ! %ad[ ( a pole is %orte/4 ,b ! be/ practical way 9 ?is day is to use a wat* set to local "t & make ! m>k at #ab o'clock4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+ by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,a =m ( ,sun-dial t is z good to-day z any dial = det]m9+ noon4 ,on f\r days ( ! ye> ! sun is "r & y\r m>k may be set at #ab on ^! days1 b y may use an almanac & look 9 ! column m>k$ 8mean "t at noon0 or 8sun on m]idian40 ,= example1 suppose on ! bright day :5 y are ready to place y\r noon m>k y read 9 ?is column #aa4ej1 !n :5 y\r wat* %[s #aa4ej make y\r noon m>k to ! %ad[ & x w be "r = all "t to come4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !re are n an ev5 numb] ( days 9 a ye>1 x foll[s t on any giv5 ye>ly date at noon ! e>? is n at ! same place 9 its elliptical orbit1 & ! correction ( ?is by ! leap ye>s causes ! equation table to v>y 9 p]iods ( f\r ye>s4 ,! c5t5nial leap ye>s cause ano!r v>iation ( #djj ye>s1 etc41 b ^! v>iations are less ?an ! error 9 read+ a dial4 ,h[ ,did ,m5 ,tell ,"t ,:5 ! ,sun ,ca/ ,no ,%ad[s8 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,,wat] ,,clocks ,,= ,,tell+ ,,"t ,?is picture %[s ! h\r-glass or s&-glass4 ,x is really a type ( wat]-clock1 be+ bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! upp] glass bulb 0 fill$ ) s& & ?is s& fell ?r\gh a little hole betwe5 ! two bulbs4 ,:5 ! s& _h all gone ?r\gh1 ! glass 0 turn$ upside d[n & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,,"t-,,boy ,,( ,,india4--,,wat]-,,clock4 ,! ,wat]-clock consi/$ ( a l>ge vessel fill$ ) wat]1 on ! surface ( :i* 0 plac$ a small] vessel1 really a gong1 ) a hole 9 ! bottom4 ,! wat] gradually fill$ ! small] vessel1 & x sank4 ,! ,"t-boy sat beside ! ,wat]-clock & z soon z ! vessel sank he fi%$ x out1 empti$ x1 /ruck ! gong "o or m times & set x on ! wat] aga94 ,dur+ ! night & also 9 cl\dy wea!r ! sun-dial 0 useless1 & we read t ! prie/s ( ! temples & monks ( m mod]n times 8w5t out to obs]ve ! />s0 to make a guess at ! "t ( night4 ,! mo/ prom95t type aft] ! %ad[ devices 0 ! 8wat]-clock0 or 8clepsydra10 b _m o!r me?ods 7 us$1 su* z c&les1 oil lamps1 & 9 comp>atively late times1 ! s&-glass4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all wat]-clocks is ! escape ( wat] f a vessel ?r\gh a small hole4 ,x is evid5t t su* a vessel w\ld empty itself ea* "t x is fill$ 9 v ne>ly ! same "t4 ,! rev]se ( ?is has be5 us$1 z %[n 9 ! picture ( ! ,"t-boy ( ,india4 ,he sat 9 front ( a l>ge vessel ( wat] & float$ a bronze cup hav+ a small hole 9 its bottom 9 ?is l>ge vessel1 & z ! wat] ran 9 ?r\gh ! hole ! cup sank4 ,! boy !n fi%$ x up & /ruck "o or m bl[s on x z a gong4 ,?is he cont9u$ & a rude division ( "t 0 obta9$--:ile ! boy kept awake6 ,illu/ration3 ,draw+ f description by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,! 8,hon-woo-et-l[10 ,canton1 ,*9a4 ,copp] j>s dropp+ wat]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( all wat]-clocks 0 und\bt$ly ! 8copp] j>s dropp+ wat]10 9 ,canton1 ,*9a1 :]e x c /ill be se54 ,ref]r+ to ! picture h]e) & read+ ! f\r ,*9ese *>act]s d[nw>ds ! translation is 8,canton ,city40 ,to ! left & /ill d[nw>ds1 8,hon-woo-et-l[10 :i* is1 8,copp] j>s dropp+ wat]40 ,educat$ ,*9am5 in=m me t x is ov] #cjjj ye>s old4 ,! little op5 build+ or t[] 9 :i* x /&s is high] ?an surr\nd+ build+s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 reasonably safe to /ate t ! ,*9ese _h a wea!r & "t /ation ov] #ajjj ye>s be=e our era4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,,t[] ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds4 ,?is t[] is locat$ at ,a!ns1 ,greece4 ,x 0 built ab\t #ej ,b4,c4 ,x is octagonal 9 %ape & _h at "o "t sun-dials on ea* ( its eight sides4 ,on top 0 a bronze wea!r vane f :i* x d]iv$ its "n4 ,a ,,primitive ,,twelve-,,h\r ,,clock ,x is a #ab-;h\r clock1 consi/+ ( f\r copp] j>s p>tially built 9 masonry =m+ a /air-l /ructure4 ,comm5c+ at ! top j> ea* "o drops into ! next d[nw>d until ! wat] rea*es ! solid bottom j>4 ,9 ?is l[e/ "o a float1 8! bamboo /ick10 is plac$ & indicates ! height ( ! wat]1 & ?us 9 a rude way gives ! "t4 ,x is said to be set morn+ & ev5+ by dipp+ ! wat] f j> #d to j> #a1 s x runs #ab h\rs ( our "t4 ,:at are ! uses ( j>s #b & #c1 s9ce ! wat] simply ent]s !m & drips out aga98 ,no in=mation c\ld be obta9$1 b ,i v5ture an explanation & hope ! read] c d bett]1 z we are all ( a family & !re is no jeal\sy4 ,:5 ! top j> is fill$ = a #ab-;h\r run x w\ld drip out too fa/ dur+ ! fir/ six h\rs & too sl[ dur+ ! second six h\rs1 on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ 8head0 ( wat]4 ,n[1 ! spigot ( j> #b c\ld be set s t x w\ld ga9 wat] dur+ ! fir/ six h\rs1 & lose dur+ ! second six h\rs1 & ?us equalize a little by splitt+ ! error ( j> #a 9 two p>ts4 ,simil>ly1 ^! two errors ( j> #b c\ld be aga9 split by j> #c mak+ f\r small v>iations 9 l[e/ j>1 in/ead ( "o l>ge error 9 ! fl[ ( j> #a4 ,?is c\ld be ext5d$ to a great] numb] ( j>s1 ano!r j> mak+ eight small] errors4 ,! be/ ?+ ! "y /ud5t c\ld d at ?is po9t w\ld be to grasp ! rem>kable fact t ! clock is n an old ma*9e1 s9ce is cov]s only ! comp>atively %ort p]iod f #acfd to ! pres5t day4 ,comp>$ ) ! p]iod ( man's hi/ory & inv5tions x is ( ye/]day4 ,/rictly speak+1 z we use ! ^w clock1 its age f ,de ,vick to ! mod]n a/ronomical is only ab\t #edj ye>s4 ,if we take ! ye> #affj1 we f9d t x repres5ts ! c5t] ( mod]n improvem5ts 9 clocks1 a few ye>s be=e & aft] t date includes ! p5dulum1 ! an*or & dead beat escapem5ts1 ! m9ute & second h&s1 ! circul> balance & ! hair spr+1 along ) m9or improvem5ts4 ,s9ce ! end ( t p]iod1 :i* we may make #agjj1 no fundam5tal inv5tion has be5 add$ to clocks & wat*es4 ,?is becomes impressive :5 we rememb] t ! la/ #bjj ye>s h produc$ m inv5tions ?an all previ\s kn[n hi/ory--b only m9or improvem5ts 9 clocks6 ,! application ( electricity = w9d+1 driv+1 or regulat+ clocks is n fundam5tal1 = ! "t-keep+ is done by ! ma/] clock ) its p5dulum & :eels1 j z by any gr&fa!r's clock #bjj ye>s old4 ,?is broad survey ( "t measur+ does n p]mit u to g into m9ute me*anical details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,clock ,draw+ by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,mod]n clocks comm5ce ) ,de ,vick's ( #acfd1 :i* is ! fir/ unque/ion$ clock consi/+ ( too!d :eels & conta9+ ! fundam5tal features ( our pres5t clocks4 ,ref]5ces are (t5 quot$ back to ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 b ! words translat$ 8clocks0 7 us$ = bells & dials at t date2 s we are =c$ to consid] ! ,de ,vick clock z ! fir/ till m evid5ce is obta9$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ?is clock c\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$ all at once2 & !re=e x is probable t _m inv5tions lead+ up to x h be5 lo/ to hi/ory4 ,t "p ( a clock :i* does ! tick+ is call$ ! 8escapem5t10 & ! olde/ =m kn[n is ! 8,v]ge40 ,,e>lie/ ,,clocks ,,_h ,,no ,,dials ,,or ,,h&s ,scatt]$ ref]5ces 9 old writ+s make x reasonably c]ta9 t f ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 to #acjj ,a4,d4 bells 7 /ruck by ma*9es regulat$ ) ?is v]ge escapem5t1 ?us %[+ t ! /rik+ "p ( a clock is old] ?an ! clock itself4 ,x seems /range to u to say t _m ( ! e>li] clocks 7 /rik]s only1 & _h no dials or h&s1 j z if y turn$ ! face ( y\r clock to ! wall & dep5d$ on ! /rik+ = ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,james ,ar?ur4 ,,engli% ,,blacksmi?',s ,,clock4 ,a good idea ( ! old *ur* clocks may be obta9$ f ! picture h]e)4 ,tradition has foll[$ x d[n z ! 8,engli% ,blacksmi?'s ,clock40 ,x has ! v e>lie/ application ( ! p5dulum4 ,! p5dulum is less ?an #c in*es long & is hung on ! v]ge1 or pallet axle1 & beats #bbb p] m9ute4 ,?is clock may be safely put at #bej ye>s old1 & conta9s no?+ inv5t$ s9ce t date4 ,:eels are ca/ brass & all tee? labori\sly fil$ out by h&4 ,p9ions are solid ) ! axles1 or 8/affs10 & also fil$ out by h&4 ,x is put toge!r1 g5]ally by mortise1 t5on & cott]1 b x has f\r orig9al screws all made by h& ) ! file4 ,h[ did he ?read ! holes = ^! screws8 ,probably made a tap by h& z he made ! screws4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable feature is ! fact t no la! 0 us$ 9 =m+ any "p--all /affs1 p9ions & pivots be+ fil$ by h&4 ,?is is simply extraord9>y :5 x is po9t$ out t a little dead c5t] la! is ! simple/ ma*9e 9 ! _w1 & he c\ld h made "o 9 less ?an a day & sav$ himself weeks ( h>d labor4 ,x is probable t he _h great skill 9 h& "w & t le>n+ to use a la! w\ld h be5 a great & t$i\s ef=t = him4 ,s we h a complete /rik+ clock made by a man s poor t he _h only 8 anvil1 hamm] & file4 ,! weights are hung on cords z ?ick z an ord9>y lead-p5cil & pass ov] pulleys hav+ spikes set ar\nd !m to prev5t ! cords f slipp+4 ,! weights desc5d #g feet 9 #ab h\rs1 s !y mu/ be pull$ up--n w\nd up--twice a day4 ,! s+le h\r h& is a "w ( art & is cut ?r\gh l lace4 ,public clocks may /ill be se5 9 ,europe ) only "o h&4 ,_m h be5 puzzl$ by f9d+ t old1 rudely made clocks (t5 h f9e dials1 b ?is is n rem>kable :5 we /ate t art & engrav+ _h rea*$ a high level be=e ! days ( clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,clock ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,c\rtesy ( ,colgate & ,company4 ,,! ,,h&s ,,( ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,clock ,,9 ,,! ,,_w--,,on ,,! ,,ro( ,,( ,,! ,,colgate ,,factory4 ,?is big clock faces ! giant (fice build+s ( d[n-t[n ,new ,york4 ,its dial is #ch feet 9 diamet] & c be read easily at a di/ance ( ?ree miles1 s t pass5g]s on ! incom+ l9]s pick out ! clock z "o ( _! fir/ sights ( ,new ,york4 ,! next l>ge/ clock 7on ! ,metropolitan ,t[]7 is #bf feet 9 diamet]2 ! ,we/m9/] clock ( ,london1 #bb feet4 ,! great clock weighs approximately #f tons4 ,! m9ute h&1 #bj feet long1 travels at its po9t #bc in*es e m9ute2 m ?an "o-half mile ea* day4 ,! b$ ( ?is clock is #d feet 9 l5g?1 ! :eels & ge>s be+ made ( bronze & p9ions ( h>d5$ /eel4 ,! "t tra9 occupies ab\t "o-?ird ( ! b$plate1 & has a ma9 "t :eel measur+ #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is tra9 is equipp$ ) ,d5nison's d\ble ?ree-legg$ gravity escapem5t1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,sir ,edmund ,becket1 *iefly = use on ! fam\s ,we/m9/] clock1 in/all$ 9 ! ,p>liam5t ,build+s1 9 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,! use ( ?is escapem5t is mo/ advantage\s = a gigantic clock ( ?is k9d z x all[s ! impulse giv5 ! p5dulum rod to be always con/ant1 & !re=e does n p]mit any *ange ( p[] or driv+ =ce ( ! clock to affect its "t-keep+ qualities4 ,x requires ab\t #fjj p\nds ( ca/-iron to propel ?is "t tra91 & ! clock is arrang$ to run eight days )\t w9d+4 ,! gravity arms ( ! escapem5t are fa/5$ at a po9t v ne> ! susp5sion spr+1 & ! arms are fitt$ ) bronze roll] beat p9s4 ,! dial conta9s #aacd squ>e feet1 or ab\t "o ?irty-fif? ( an acre4 ,! num]als consi/ ( heavy black /rokes1 #e feet #f in*es long & #cj in*es wide at ! out] end1 tap]+ to a po9t at ! inn] end4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! dial is approximately #abj feet4 ,! di/ance f c5t] to c5t] ( num]als is #aj feet1 & ! m9ute spaces are #b feet4 ,! backgr\nd on dial is pa9t$ :ite1 & 9 ! daytime ! black num]als %[ up di/9ctly4 ,at night ! num]als1 or h\r m>ks1 are designat$ by a r[ ( inc&esc5t bulbs plac$ 9 a tr\gh #e in*es wide & #e in*es deep4 ,! h&s at night are outl9$ ) inc&esc5t electric lights1 !re be+ #bg lamps on ! h\r h& & #db lamps on ! m9ute h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,:i* ,,runs ,a ,,big ,,clock ,?is picture %[s ! ma*9]y necess>y to op]ate a l>ge mod]n t[] clock4 ,! me*anism is held 9 place & conf9$ entirely )9 a ca/-iron /ructure :i* is firmly bolt$ to ! floor4 ,! :eels are compos$ ( bronze1 ! p9ions ( /eel 7h>d5$7 & ! ge>s are ma*9e cut4 ,at ! front ( ! clock is a small dial :i* enables "o to tell exactly ! position ( ! h&s on ! outside dials1 & !re is also a second h& to p]mit ( v close regulation & adju/m5t4 ,?ree ways are provid$ = ! regulation4 ,fir/ by a knurl$ screw at ! top ( b$ frame4 ,second by a revolv+ disc at ! bottom ( ! p5dulum ball4 ,v (t5 by ei!r ( ^! two me?ods x is impossible to br+ ! clock to fractional seconds1 & 9 ord] to p]mit ( a nicety ( adju/m5t !re is a cup fitt$ at ! top ( ! ball s t by ins]t+ or tak+ out lead pellets1 ! rat+ c be br\ght to absolute "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,clock ,,9 ,,indep5d5ce ,,hall ,,indep5d5ce ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,hall ,:]e ,does ! ,day ,beg98 ,to und]/& ?is subject we mu/ fir/ appreciate t a day z we ?9k ( x is a division ( "t made by man = ! purpose ( 8 own reckon+4 ,s f> z ! beg9n+ ( day is conc]n$1 x beg9s at a diff]5t place 9 ! _w e h\r2 yes1 e m9ute & e second 9 ! day4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance 9 feet :]e ! day beg9s f "o m9ute to ano!r is s %ort t we c h>dly notice x 9 su* %ort measurem5ts ( "t1 we w look at ! answ] to ! "q f h\r to h\r4 ,:5 y und]/& ! subject f t po9t y c y\rself see t ! day actually beg9s at a diff]5t po9t ( ! e>? e m9ute & e second ( "t4 ,h[ ,mu* ( ! ,e>? ,does ! ,sun ,%9e on at ,"o ,"t8 ,! sun is %9+ on "s "p ( ! e>? all ! "t & ! %9+ ( ! sun makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 day & night4 ,:]ev] ! sun is %9+ x is day-"t1 & :]e ! sun is n %9+ x is night-"t4 ,to illu/rate we w make use ( an ord9>y orange & a light$ gas jet4 ,let u take a long hat-p9 & /ick x ?r\gh ! orange f /em to /em4 ,n[ hold ! orange by ! ends ( ! hat-p9 up be=e ! light$ gas jet4 ,y w notice t "o-half ( ! orange is light$1 :ile ! o!r half is d>k4 ,( c\rse1 x is ! half ( ! orange away f ! light t is d>k4 ,n[1 revolve ! orange sl[ly on ! hat-p9 axis t[>d ! light4 ,:5 y h turn$ ! orange half way r\nd ! "p t 0 =m]ly d>k is n[ light$ up & ! o!r "p is n[ d>k4 ,n[ exam9e closely & y w see t j "o-half ( ! orange is light$ at "o "t & ! o!r half is d>k4 ,y revolve ! orange 9 front ( ! light sl[ly & a portion ( ! surface ( ! orange is always com+ into ! light1 :ile a correspond+ portion ( x on ! opposite side is con/antly go+ into ! d>k4 ,9 o!r words1 :atev] ! spe$ at :i* y revolve ! orange t[>d ! light1 "o-half ( x is always light & ! o!r half is always d>k4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ! relation ( ! e>? to ! sun e day4 ,"o-half ( ! e>?1 :i* is cont9ually revolv+ on its axis1 is fac+ ! sun1 & is1 !re=e1 9 ! daylight1 :ile ! o!r half ( ! e>?'s surface is 9 d>kness1 because ! light f ! sun does n /rike any portion ( x4 ,if ! e>? did n revolve "o-half ( x w\ld always be 9 day-"t1 :ile ! o!r half w\ld be cont9ually hav+ night-"t4 ,z ! e>? is always mov+ or revolv+ ! half :]e x is day-"t is con/antly *ang+1 s t ! day is beg9n+ on "o-half ( ! e>?'s surface e second ( ! day4 ,actually1 ( c\rse1 !n1 if y live on ! ea/ side ( t[n day beg9s ) y a little soon] ?an ) y\r *um :o lives on ! we/ side ( t[n4 ,we h come to measure ! beg9n+ ( day z sunrise & ! beg9n+ ( night z sunset1 :]ev] we happ5 to be4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 sett+ clocks & 9 measur+ "t we d n take into consid]ation ^! v slight diff]5ces 9 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 b set our clocks all alike 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same t[n or city to avoid confusion4 ,9 fact1 9 ord] to ov]come ! difficulties & confusions aris+ 9 reckon+ ! "t ( ! clock 9 diff]5t localities1 & /ill keep ! beg9n+ ( :at we call day-"t con/ant ) ! h&s ( ! clock1 we h agre$ ^u :at we call /&>d "t4 ,we agre$ ^u ?is sy/em ( fix+ /&>d "t because ! actual sun "t by :i* p set _! clocks up to a few ye>s ago l$ to s _m mi/akes 9 cat*+ tra9s1 keep+ engagem5ts & o!r misund]/&+s :]e ! "q ( "t 0 involv$4 ,!n :5 ?is sy/em ( /&>d "t 0 adopt$ ! confusion became ev5 worse1 & ! mi/akes & misses m num]\s1 because "s p insi/$ on sett+ _! clocks to /&>d "t & o!rs insi/$ on /ick+ to ! old sun "t s*$ule4 ,s y c\ld nev] tell by look+ at ! clock :at "t x really 0 unless !y put a sign on ! clock say+ :at k9d ( "t !y 7 go+ by4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! p came to appreciate t x w\ld be a good idea to use "o uni=m sy/em ( sett+ ! clocks & ( hav+ !m 9 h>mony 9 a s5se ) ! o!r clocks 9 ! _w1 & ! adoption ( ! /&>d "t plan became univ]sal4 ,to make ?is sy/em practical & effective1 c]ta9 po9ts ab\t equally di/ant f ea* o!r 7 select$1 at :i* po9t ,:]e ,is ! ,h\r ,*ang$8 ! h\r w\ld *ange = all po9ts )9 t zone4 ,"u ?is sy/em all timepieces 9 any "o zone po9t to ! same h\r4 ,s ! clock "t *anges only z y g ea/ or we/4 ,all po9ts on a nor? & s\? l9e h ! same "t z ! zone 9 :i* x is locat$4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 adju/+ ! "t 9 ,am]ica ! c\ntry 0 divid$ into f\r ea/ & we/ zones4 ,! fir/ zone takes 9 ev]y?+ on a /raight nor? & s\? l9e ea/ ( ,pittsburg1 & is call$ ,ea/]n "t4 ,! second zone ext5ds f ,pittsburg to ,*icago1 & is call$ ,c5tral "t2 ! ?ird zone ext5ds f ,*icago to ,d5v]1 & is call$ ,m\nta9 "t2 :ile ! f\r? zone ext5ds f ,d5v] to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,^! selections 7 made because ! sun actually rises ab\t "o h\r lat] 9 ,pittsburg ?an 9 ,new ,york2 "o h\r lat] 9 ,*icago ?an 9 ,pittsburg2 "o h\r lat] 9 ,d5v] ?an 9 ,*icago1 & "o h\r lat] on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ?an 9 ,d5v]4 ,"u ?is plan :5 x is n9e o'clock 9 ,new ,york x is only eight o'clock at ,pittsburg & all po9ts 9 ! ,c5tral zone2 sev5 o'clock 9 all po9ts 9 ! ,m\nta9 zone2 six o'clock 9 ,d5v] & five o'clock 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,z y keep travell+ we/w>d y drop "o h\r ( ! clock "t 9 e zone1 & z "u ?is sy/em ! e>?'s ea/ to we/ di/ance is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r su* zones1 if y w5t we/ entirely ar\nd ! _w y w\ld lose a :ole day ( clock "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y w5t ar\nd ! _w f we/ to ea/ 9 ! same mann] y w\ld ga9 a :ole day4 ,:]e ,does ! ,day ,*ange8 ,?is sy/em ( agree+ on fix$ places :]e ! h\r *anges made x necess>y to also fix a po9t :]e = ! purposes ( ! cal5d> ! day also *anges4 ,?is imag9>y nor? & s\? l9e is fix$ ^u at #ahj degrees we/ longitude1 :i* w\ld cut ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 two4 ,?is l9e makes x possible = a p]son to travel all day be=e approa*+ ?is l9e & !n f9d himself aft] cross+ x travell+ all ! next day ) ! same "n = ! day ( ! week4 ,?us he c\ld sp5d all ( ,sunday travell+ t[>d ! ,int]national ,day ,l9e1 z ?is is call$1 & aft] cross+ x sp5d ano!r ,sunday1 :i* w\ld be ! next day1 go+ away f x4 ,?is w\ld give him ! novel exp]i5ce ( hav+ two ,sundays on successive days4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 if he 7 travell+ to ! ,day ,l9e on ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday1 ,friday or ,saturday4 ,he w\ld live ?r\gh two succe$+ days ( ! same "n 9 ! same week1 "o "r aft] ! o!r4 ,?is w\ld be 9 go+ we/w>d4 ,if y 7 travel+ ea/w>d & cross$ ! ,int]national ,day ,l9e on ,sunday at midnight y w\ld lose a day completely out ( ! week1 = :5 y woke up ! next morn+ x w\ld be ,tuesday4 ,:y ,d ,we ,cook ! ,?+s ,we ,eat8 ,we h sev]al reasons = do+ ?is4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important reason to u is t ! application ( heat to food makes x m easy to dige/4 ,o!r reasons are t :5 cook$ our food is m palatable2 ! process ( cook+ kills all microbes1 :i*1 if tak5 into our bodies alive1 w\ld give u diseases1 & also x is easi] = u to *ew food t has be5 cook$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wond]s ,,p]=m$ ,,by ,,electric ,,lift ,,magnet ,?is picture %[s ! con/ruction ( a successful electric lift magnet4 ,?is device1 by means ( magnetic attraction1 fa/5s itself to practically all k9ds ( iron & /eel )\t ! aid ( sl+s1 cables or *a9s4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,magnet ,:at ,makes an ,electro ,magnet ,lift ,?+s8 ,! work+ p>ts ( an electric lift magnet are z foll[s3 ,a ,%ell4--,?is is a /eel ca/+ heavily ribb$ on ! top = /r5g?1 & also to assi/ 9 radiat+ ! heat+ effect f ! coil4 ,x is usually made circul> 9 %ape1 ! outside rim =m+ "o pole1 :ile ! lug 9 ! c5t] =ms ! o!r4 ,! coil fits 9 betwe5 ^! poles1 ?us mak+ a magnet simil> to ! ord9>y horse%oe type4 ,a ,bottom ,plate4--,! "u side ( ! magnet is clos$ by a v t\gh & h>d non-magnetic /eel plate1 9 ord] to protect ! coil4 ,z well z be+ non-magnetic1 ?is plate also has suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! sev]e we> to :i* a magnet is necess>ily subject$4 ,a ,t]m9al ,box4--,a "o-piece heavily-con/ruct$ /eel ca/+ bolt$ to ! top ( ! %ell1 conta9+ & protect+ ! brass sockets into :i* ! wires f ! coil t]m9ate1 =ms ! ,t]m9al ,box4 ,! sockets are made to receive plugs plac$ on ! end ( ! conductor wire1 by :i* ! magnet is connect$ ) ! g5]ator4 ,a ,coil4--,?is consi/s ( a r\nd insulat$ wire :i* is pass$1 :ile be+ w\nd1 ?r\gh a cem5t-l sub/ance1 heavily coat+ ea* individual /r&4 ,a l[ voltage ( curr5t is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! coil1 a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 to ?or\ghly dry out & bake ! coat+4 ,?is r5d]s ! magnet absolutely firepro(1 elim9at+ all dang] ( %ort circuit+ ( ! coil4 ,:5 f9i%$ x is well tap$ to protect ! outside wire f becom+ *af$4 ,! coil is made slightly small] ?an ! inside dim5sions ( ! %ell & ! rema9+ space is fill$ ) an impregnat+ comp\nd1 :i* h>d5s to ! consi/5cy ( pit*4 ,?is r5d]s ! coil ?or\ghly wat]pro(2 also =ms a cu%ion to prev5t injury f ! sev]e j>s & %ocks1 receiv$ :5 dropp+ a magnet on its load4 ,a ,controll]4--,! rapidity ) :i* x is necess>y to turn curr5t on & (f :ile op]at+ a magnet1 creates :at is call$ a 8back kick40 ,unless ?is is dissipat$ quickly x is v de/ructive to ! coil4 ,a special controll] dissipates ?is back kick ?r\gh a set ( resi/ance coils plac$ 9 ! controll]4 ,by means ( an automatic arrangem5t1 connection ) ^! coils is made in/antly ^u break+ ! curr5t betwe5 ! magnet & g5]ator4 ,a sy/em ( control us$ prev5ts undue heat+ ( ! coil4 ,?is enables ! magnet to lift z l>ge a load aft] a long /eady run z at ! />t4 ,:at ,is a ,lode/one8 ,a lode/one is a v>iety ( ! m9]al nam$ magnetite :i* is a natural magnet4 ,! "n magnet comes f ! "n ( ! m9]al magnetite & ?is 9 turn d]iv$ its "n f ! fact t x 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,magnesia4 ,! ^w magnet really means ! 8,/one ( ,magnesia40 ,a lode/one is "o ( ! my/]ies ( nature4 ,its prop]ties c m ne>ly be und]/ood if we exam9e an artificial magnet1 :i* is g5]ally made 9 ! =m ( ei!r a /raight b> or a %oe4 ,an artificial magnet is made ( iron4 ,if y drop a b> magnet into a box ( iron fil+s1 ! fil+s atta* !mselves to ! b>4 ,if y exam9e x closely y obs]ve t mo/ ( ! fil+s atta* !mselves to ! ends ( ! b>4 ,!re=e we call ! ends ( ! b> ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,if y susp5d a magnetic ne$le at its c5t] ( gravity s t x is absolutely free to turn1 y w soon f9d "o end ( ! ne$le po9t+ nor? & ! o!r s\? ( c\rse4 ,! end :i* is po9t$ t[>d ! nor? is call$ ! nor? pole & ! o!r ! s\? pole4 ,if y h a horse-%oe magnet1 y c demon/rate ?is = y\rself4 ,rub ! end ( y\r magnet ov] a sew+ ne$le & oil ! ne$le s t :5 y lay x on ! surface ( a glass ( wat] x w float4 ,!n look at x closely4 ,y w see ! ne$le sl[ly turn until f9ally x becomes q /ill4 ,if y h a compass at h& s t y "k surely :i* is nor? & :i* is s\?1 y w f9d "o end ( ! ne$le po9t+ nor? & ! o!r s\?4 ,y c !n place ! end ( y\r magnet aga9/ ! outside ( ! glass & draw ! ne$le t[>d y\r magnet4 ,y\r horse-%oe magnet has its nor? & s\? poles close toge!r4 ,if y h a b> magnet & ! end ( ! ne$le ) ! eye 9 x is po9t+ nor?1 y c drive ! ne$le on ! surface ( ! wat] away f y by t\*+ ! outside ( ! glass opposite t end ( ! ne$le ) ! nor? pole ( y\r magnet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y rev]se ! exp]im5t & place ! s\? pole ( y\r magnet to ! side ( ! glass1 ! ne$le w come t[>d ! magnet4 ,9 o!r words !n ! l poles ( a magnet repel ea* o!r & ! unlike poles attract ea* o!r4 ,ano!r int]e/+ way to %[ ?is is to take two lode/ones or two magnets & let a lot ( iron fil+s atta* !mselves to ! ends ( !m4 ,!n :5 y h done ?is1 po9t ! two nor? poles ( ! magnets or lode/ones at ea* o!r close toge!r4 ,y w be int5sely int]e/$ 9 see+ h[ quickly ! my/]i\s some?+ t is 9 ! magnets makes ! fil+s on ! two ends ( ! magnet try to get away f ea* o!r4 ,on ! o!r h& :5 y put a nor? & s\? pole toge!r1 !y =m a union ( ! iron fil+s4 ,ano!r /range ?+ ab\t a magnet is t if y break x 9 two1 ea* half w be a complete magnet 9 itself ) a nor? & s\? pole also1 & ?is is true no matt] h[ _m times y break x into pieces4 ,f ?is we le>n t ea* t9y p>ticle or molecule ?r\gh\t ! b> is a magnet by itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,lode/one ,,is ,?is is a picture ( a complete electro magnet4 ,! magnet is atta*$ to ! arm ( a crane by ! loop 9 ! c5t] & :5 ! magnet !n comes 9 contact ) any k9d ( iron or /eel x lifts x z soon z ! curr5t is turn$ on4 ,by mak+ ! electric curr5t /rong]1 great] weight c be lift$4 ,_m tons ( mat]ial c be lift$ at "o "t4 ,an electro magnet w d ! "w ( _m m5 at mu* less co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is picture we see ! magnet lift+ a great weight ( miscellane\s pieces ( scrap iron4 ,z _m z tw5ty tons c be lift$ & transf]r$ f "o place to ano!r at "o "t4 ,"s ?+s c be magnetiz$ :ile o!rs _c4 ,_m sub/ances h n ! prop]ty ( magnetiz+ o!r sub/ances :5 !y h once be5 attract$ by a magnet4 ,^! are call$ magnetic sub/ances4 ,!y rema9 magnetiz$ only z long z !y are 9 t\* ) ! magnet2 o!r sub/ances :5 once magnetiz$ become p]man5t magnets4 ,/eel & lode/one h ?is faculty4 ,a compass ne$le is an artificial magnet :i* becomes a p]man5t magnet :5 rubb$ ) a magnet4 ,:at ,is ,electricity8 ,if y pass a h>d rubb] comb ?r\gh y\r hair1 9 fro/y wea!r1 a crackl+ s\nd is produc$1 & ! individual hairs %[ a t5d5cy to /ick to ! comb4 ,aft] be+ drawn ?r\gh y\r hair a few times1 y may notice t ! comb has become *>g$ ) electricity4 ,?is electricity is produc$ by friction4 ,n only rubb] b _m o!r sub/ances become electrifi$ by friction1 su* z a b> ( seal+ wax rubb$ ) flannel1 or a glass rod rubb$ ) silk1 w %[ ! same qualities1 & ^! simple exp]im5ts tea* u _m ( ! fundam5tal facts ab\t electricity4 ,"s simple exp]im5ts w be f\nd in/ructive & int]e/+4 ,rub ) flannel a /ick ( seal+ wax until x is electrifi$ & !n br+ x close to a pi? ball :i* %\ld be hung by a silk ?read4 ,! pi? ball w at once be attract$ to ! seal+ wax1 &1 if br\ght q close1 ! ball w adh]e to ! wax = a few mom5ts1 & !n fly away f x4 ,! ball w n[ be repell$ by ! seal+ wax in/ead ( be+ drawn t[>d x4 ,n[ take a glass rod1 rub x ) a silk clo? aft] dry+ x ?or\ghly4 ,:5 ! pi? ball is br\ght close to ! glass rod x also w at fir/ be attract$ t[>d ! glass &1 if br\ght 9 contact ) ! glass1 ! pi? ball w adh]e z be=e4 ,x w also !n fly away 9 ! same way x did f ! seal+ wax4 ,repeat ^! exp]im5ts ) ! seal+ wax n[ & y w f9d ! ball w be atta*$1 z x 0 at fir/1 b if x t\*es ! wax x w aga9 adh]e = a mom5t & !n fly away4 ,by us+ ! seal+ wax & glass rod alt]nately & br++ !m into contact ) ! pi? ball1 y discov] t :5 x is attract$ by "o1 x is repell$ by ! o!r1 & t1 aft] x has be5 9 contact ) ei!r = a few mom5ts x is no long] attract$ by x4 ,we le>n ?us t ! electricity 9 ! glass & ! seal+ wax are n ! same4 ,to di/+ui% ! two k9ds ( attraction1 we say ! glass is *>g$ ) positive1 or vitre\s electricity1 :ile ! *>ge on ! seal+ wax is call$ negative1 or res9\s electricity4 ,:5 ! pi? ball 0 t\*$ ) ! seal+ wax1 x became fill$ ) negative electricity1 & 0 !n no long] attract$ by ! wax1 b 0 repell$ by x & attract$ by ! glass rod2 b :5 ! ball _h be5 fill$ ) positive electricity1 x 0 repell$ by ! glass & attract$ by ! wax4 ,we conclude f ^! facts t bodies fill$ ) ! same k9d ( electricity repel ea* o!r1 :ile bodies fill$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity attract ea* o!r4 ,:5 two sub/ances are *>g$1 z we say1 ) electricity ( opposite k9ds & are br\ght into contact1 & left s = "s "t1 ! two *>ges disappe>1 "o appe>+ to neutralize ! o!r4 ,f ?is1 we conclude1 & rightly1 t any sub/ance n electrifi$1 conta9s equal am\nts bo? positive & negative electricity4 ,:51 !re=e1 we rub a piece ( glass ) silk1 we are n creat+ electricity1 b only sep>at+ ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,! positive electricity adh]es to ! glass1 & ! negative rema9s beh9d1 on ! silk4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 we electrify seal+ wax ) flannel ! negative k9d rema9s 9 ! seal+ wax & ! flannel becomes *>g$ ) ! positive4 ,:5ev] a body is electrifi$ by friction1 bo? k9ds ( electricity are produc$2 x is impossible to produce "o k9d )\t ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,electricity ,,is ,magnets are p>ticul>ly valuable 9 lift+ raw mat]ial 9 a /eel mill4 ,! r$-hot pig-iron1 f :i* /eel is made1 c be h&l$ easily 9 ?is way1 :]eas x w\ld be impossible to h&le same by h&4 ,sometimes great quantities ( iron are brok5 up by ! magnet4 ,a weight ( _m tons is lift$ by ! magnet & all[$ to fall on ! mat]ial to be brok5 up4 ,! weight falls z soon z ! curr5t is turn$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,weight ( :eel1 #hafj lbs4 ,pieces ( ma*9]y :i* _c be lift$ by m5 on acc\nt ( _! great weight & %ape are h&l$ easily4 ,y mu/ rub ! entire glass rod or b> ( seal+ wax to electrify ! :ole ( x4 ,if only a "p ( ! glass rod or seal+ wax is rubb$1 only t "p becomes electrifi$1 z may be %[n by try+ to attract a pi? ball ) ! "p t has n be5 rubb$4 ,,:at ,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,conductors ,,( ,,electricity ,,are ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *>g$ "p ( ! seal+ wax is br\ght into contact ) a metal rod re/+ on1 say1 a dr9k+ glass1 ! rod becomes *>g$1 n only :]e x is br\ght into contact1 b all ov] its surface4 ,sub/ances ov] :i* electricity fl[s readily are call$ conductors ( electricity4 ,all metals are ( ?is k9d4 ,?+s l glass & seal+ wax ov] :i* electricity does n fl[ readily1 are call$ non-conductors1 or insulators4 ,wat]1 ! human body1 & ! e>? are good conductors & rubb]1 porcela91 mo/ res9s1 & dry air are non-conductors4 ,y h already le>n$ t sub/ances *>g$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity attract ea* o!r1 & sub/ances *>g$ ) ! same k9d repel ea* o!r4 ,we w try to discov] :y sub/ances *>g$ ) ei!r k9d ( electricity attract small light objects1 su* z pi? balls1 :5 ^! latt] are n *>g$ ) electricity4 ,z we h discov]$1 all sub/ances :i* h rema9$ undi/urb$ h bo? k9ds ( electricity pres5t 9 !m1 9 equal am\nts4 ,n[1 :5 an un*>g$ body is br\ght ne> a *>g$ body1 ! two k9ds ( electricity 9 ! un*>g$ body h a t5d5cy to sep>ate4 ,! k9d opposite 9 "*1 to t on ! *>g$ body1 is attract$ t[>d ! *>g$ body1 & ! o!r k9d is repell$4 ,?us1 if our b> ( seal+ wax1 *>g$ )1 let u say1 negative electricity1 is br\ght ne> a pi? ball1 ! positive electricity 9 ! ball is attract$ to ! side ne>e/ ! scal+ wax1 & ! negative electricity is repell$ to ! f>!r side4 ,z ! positive electricity on ! pi? is ne>] to ! scal+ wax ?an ! negative1 its attraction = ! negative *>ge1 on ! seal+ wax1 is /rong] ?an ! repulsion betwe5 ! negative electricities ( ! two objects1 & consequ5tly1 ! ball is attract$ to ! seal+ wax4 ,if ! *>g$ seal+ wax is br\ght ne> a good conductor1 :i* is support$ on "s non-conduct+ sub/ance1 su* z glass1 silk1 or rubb]1 ov] :i* electricity w n fl[1 a mu* m complete sep>ation ( ! two k9ds ( electricity occurs on ! conductor ?an on ! pi? ball4 ,if ! *>g$ seal+ wax is br\ght ne> "o end ( a metal rod s plac$1 ! *>ge ( negative electricity ^u ! seal+ wax w attract ! positive electricity on ! metal1 to t end1 & w repel ! negative electricity to ! o!r end4 ,:5 a pi? ball1 hung by ! silk ?read1 is br\ght close to ei!r end ( ! metal rod1 :5 ! *>g$ seal+ wax is ne> ! o!r end1 ! pi? ball w be attract$ t[>d ! rod2 b w n be attract$ if plac$ close to ! middle ( ! rod4 ,?is proves t ! metal rod is electrifi$ only 9 ! p>ts ne>e/ to & f>!/ away f ! *>g$ body4 ,! two k9ds ( electricity neutralize ea* o!r at ! p>ts 9 betwe54 ,if n[ we take two conductors & place !m end to end1 we h = all practical purposes1 a s+le conductor4 ,x has ! decid$ advantage1 h[ev]1 ( be+ easily sep>at$ into two p>ts4 ,:5 an electrifi$ sub/ance is br\ght close to "o end ( su* a conductor1 a *>ge ( "o k9d is attract$ to ! ne> portion ( ! conductor1 & a *>ge ( ! opposite k9d is repell$ to ! f>!r "p4 ,by sep>at+ ! two p>ts ( ! conductor1 we le>n t "o ( ! ends1 :i* h be5 9 contact1 is *>g$ ) positive & ! o!r ) negative electricity4 ,?is act ( sep>at+ ! two k9ds ( electricity ^u a conductor by means ( a *>ge ^u ano!r body :i* is n p]mitt$ to come into contact ) ! conductor1 is call$ induction1 & two *>ges ( electricity produc$ 9 ?is way are kn[n z induc$ *>ges4 ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* a *>ge ( electricity may be induc$ ^u a conductor4 ,"o end ( ! conductor may be connect$ ) ! e>? by means ( "s good conduct+ mat]ial1 & ! *>g$ sub/ance br\ght close to ! o!r end4 ,a *>ge1 opposite 9 "* to ! initial *>ge1 is attract$ to ! end ( ! conductor t is ne> ! *>g$ body1 & ! electricity ( ! opposite k9d is repell$1 ?r\gh ! conductor to ! e>?4 ,by secur+ ! connection ) ! e>?1 :ile ! *>g$ body is ne> ! conductor1 a *>ge is obta9$ ^u ! conductor1 t is opposite 9 "* to ! initial *>ge4 ,?is me?od ( *>g+ conductors1 by induction1 is practically ! same z ! "o fir/ describ$1 = ! e>? is a conductor ( electricity1 & corresponds to ! m di/ant "p ( ! two-piece conductor4 ,an in/rum5t1 kn[n z ! electrophorus1 is especially design$ = ! production ( electric *>ges by induction 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a brass plate1 on an insulat+ h&le ( glass1 & a disk ( seal+ wax1 fitt$ into a brass di%1 ^: edges rise some:at high] ?an ! surface ( ! wax4 ,9 us+ ! electrophorus ! brass di%1 or sole1 is plac$ ^u "s support t w conduct electricity1 & ! seal+ wax disk is !n rubb$ vigor\sly ) a piece ( flannel1 or catsk91 :i* electrifies ! seal+ wax1 ) negative electricity4 ,! brass plate is !n tak5 by ! glass h&le & br\ght close to ! *>g$ seal+ wax4 ,! *>ge ( negative electricity on ! wax attracts a *>ge ( positive electricity to ! "u surface ( ! plate & repels a negative *>ge to its upp] surface4 ,if ! *>g$ plate is n[ br\ght into contact ) ! edge ( ! brass di% ! negative *>ge1 on ! back ( ! plate1 fl[s away1 ?r\gh ! legs ( ! di%1 to ! e>?1 b ! positive *>ge rema9s on ! "u surface1 :]e x is b\nd1 by ! attraction ( ! negative *>ge on ! disk ( seal+ wax4 ,if ! brass plate is n[ remov$1 x w be f\nd to be *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,! negative *>ge ^u ! seal+ wax is n r$uc$ or dim9i%$ by its action 9 *>g+ ! brass plate1 & x is possible to *>ge ! plate an indef9ite numb] ( times by means ( "o *>ge on ! seal+ wax4 ,! *>ges ( electricity1 produc$ 9 any ( ! ways t h be5 describ$1 are necess>ily small1 & ! di/urbance produc$1 :5 !y are de/roy$ by br++ oppositely *>g$ conductors toge!r1 is v slight1 m]ely a little snapp+ noise &1 p]haps1 a small sp>k1 t seems to leap f ! positively *>g$ conductor to ! negatively *>g$ "o1 :5 !y come v close toge!r4 ,by ! use ( electrical ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds1 9 "s ( :i* ! electricity is produc$ by friction1 & 9 o!rs by induction1 conductors may be *>g$ ) mu* l>g] quantities ( electricity1 & ! di/urbance produc$ by _! dis*>ge is greatly increas$4 ,! noise produc$ is l\d] & ! sp>k mu* bright]1 & leaps f "o conductor to ! o!r1 :ile !y are mu* f>!r ap>t4 ,x is possible to produce /ill l>g] *>ges ( electricity ^u conductors if !y are arrang$ s z to =m :at are call$ cond5s]s4 ,:at ,is a ,leyd5 ,j>8 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( cond5s] is ! ,leyd5 j>1 :i* is s nam$ because x 0 inv5t$ at ,leyd51 9 ,holl&4 ,?is is a glass j>1 ^u ! outside ( :i* is fa/5$ a coat+ ( t9foil1 t cov]s ! bottom ( ! j> & ext5ds two-?irds ( ! way up ! sides4 ,inside ! j> !re is a simil> coat+ ( t9foil1 & ?r\gh ! top ( ! j>1 :i* is usually made ( wood1 ext5ds a metal rod4 ,on ! upp] end ( ! rod1 !re is a metal ball1 &1 at ! l[] end1 is atta*$ a *a9 :i* runs d[n to ! bottom ( ! j> & re/s ^u ! inn] t9foil coat+4 ,9 us+ ! ,leyd5 j>1 ! ball on ! metal rod t runs ?r\gh ! top ( ! j> is connect$ ) an electrical ma*9e1 & ! j> is support$ ^u "s conduct+ mat]ial1 ?r\gh :i* electricity may be convey$ f ! out] coat+ ( t9foil to ! e>?4 ,if ! inn] coat+ ( t9foil is n[ *>g$ ) positive electricity1 by means ( ! electrical ma*9e1 x induces1 ^u ! out] coat+ ( foil1 a *>ge ( negative electricity1 :i* is b\nd by ! attraction ( ! positive *>ge on ! inside ( ! j>4 ,at ! same "t1 ! positive electricity1 on ! out] coat+ ( foil1 is repell$1 ?r\gh ! conduct+ support1 to ! e>?4 ,! *>ge t c be communicat$ to ! coat+ ( ! foil1 inside ! ,leyd5 j>1 is greatly increas$ by ! pres5ce ( a *>ge ( ! opposite k9d ( electricity1 on ! coat+ on ! outside ( ! j>4 ,ea* ( ^! *>ges attracts ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! glass ( ! j>1 & s]ves to b9d or hold x4 ,if ei!r coat+ ( foil is remov$1 ! *>ge on ! o!r coat+ t5ds to fly (f ! t9foil1 & w imm$iately d s1 if a conductor is br\ght ne>4 ,x is because ! negative effects ( ! initial *>ge1 inside ! j>1 & ( ! induc$ *>ge outside ! j>1 make x possible to communicate1 to ea* coat+ ( foil1 a l>g] *>ge ?an x c\ld o!rwise be made to receive1 t a ,leyd5 j> is call$ a cond5s]4 ,:5 a ,leyd5 j> is disconnect$ f ! electrical ma*9e1 two opposite *>ges ( electricity are pres5t on x1 "o inside & ! o!r on ! outside4 ,if ! two coats ( t9foil are n[ connect$1 by means ( a cond5s]1 !y w at once neutralize ea* o!r1 & ! j> w be dis*>g$4 ,a j> may be dis*>g$1 by simply tak+ hold ( ! t9foil on ! outside ( ! j>1 ) "o h&1 & t\*+ ! metal rod1 runn+ ?r\gh ! top ( ! j>1 ) ! o!r4 ,if y d ?is1 !re w be a sudd5 fl[ ( electricity ?r\gh y\r body1 y\r muscles w give a sudd5 j]k1 & y w feel a peculi> t+l+ s5sation4 ,9 o!r words1 y w h receiv$ a %ock4 ,x is n necess>y1 = ! h& t does n grasp ! j>1 actually to t\* ! rod t runs ?r\gh ! top4 ,if ! h& is br\ght t[>d ! rod1 r sl[ly1 y w see a sp>k leap across ! space betwe5 ! rod & y\r h&1 :ile y\r h& is /ill "s di/ance f ! rod4 ,! great] ! di/ance1 across :i* ! sp>k leaps1 ! bright] w be ! sp>k1 & ! /rong] ! %ock produc$4 ,?is di/ance is sometimes spok5 ( z ! l5g? ( ! sp>k1 & x indicates ! size ( ! *>ges on ! t9foil coat+s ( ! j>4 ,:o ,discov]$ ,electricity8 ,x may seem difficult to believe1 t ! t9y sp>k & weak snapp+ noise t are produc$ :5 a ,leyd5 j> is dis*>g$1 are1 9 _m respects1 ! same z lightn+ & ?und]1 b x is nev]!less true4 ,?is 0 prov$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,"o aft]noon1 :5 a ?und] %[] 0 approa*+1 he s5t up a kite1 to ! /r+ ( :i* he fa/5$ a l>ge metal key2 & to ! key1 a ribbon ( non-conduct+ silk1 :i* he held 9 8 h&4 ,:5 ! ra9 _h be5 fall+ long en\gh to wet ! /r+ ?or\ghly1 x become a good conductor ( electricity1 & ,frankl9 f\nd t ! key _h become *>g$ ) electricity transmitt$ f ! cl\ds1 along ! wet kite /r+4 ,! non-conduct+ silk ribbon1 t =m$ ! cont9uation ( ! kite /r+1 f ! key to 8 h&1 0 employ$ to prev5t him f receiv+ %ocks f ! passage ( ! electricity1 ?r\gh 8 body1 to ! e>?4 ,up to ?is po9t1 y\r att5tion has be5 direct$ 9 *>ges ( electricity4 ,y h be5 told h[ !y may be produc$1 :at "s ( _! lead+ prop]ties are1 & :at effects !y produce1 :5 !y are dis*>g$4 ,! subject t w n[ be expla9$ to y is t ( electric curr5ts4 ,:at ,is an ,electric ,curr5t8 ,by an electric curr5t1 is meant a fl[ ( electricity along a conductor4 ,! fl[ ( electricity1 ?r\gh y\r body1 :5 y receive an electric %ock1 is a curr5t1 b x la/s only = an in/ant1 & x is difficult to le>n mu* ab\t its nature4 ,by ! use ( v>i\s devices1 x is possible to produce curr5ts1 t w cont9ue z long z we want !m1 s t we are enabl$ to /udy _! prop]ties q ?or\ghly4 ,"o ( ! olde/ & simple/ =ms ( app>atus1 = produc+ electric curr5ts1 is t :i* is kn[n z ! voltaic cell4 ,?is =m ( app>atus may v easily be con/ruct$4 ,p\r "s wat] into a glass j>1 & add a little sulphuric acid4 ,n[ place 9 ! wat] a /rip ( clean z9c & "o ( clean copp]4 ,d n let ! /rips ( metal t\* 9 ! wat]1 b connect !m outside ! wat] by means ( a piece ( wire4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 a curr5t ( electricity w be s5t up along ! wire & ?r\gh ! wat] betwe5 ! two /rips ( z9c & copp]4 ,?is curr5t is said to fl[ along ! wire f ! copp]1 :i* is call$ ! positive pole ( ! cell1 to ! z9c1 :i* is call$ ! negative pole4 ,9 ! liquid 9 ! cell 7i4e41 ! j>71 ! curr5t travels f ! z9c to ! copp]1 ?us complet+ :at is call$ ! electric circuit4 ,:5ev] ! circuit x brok51 t is1 :5ev] !re is a gap made 9 ! wire connect+ ! poles1 or any?+ else is done to de/roy ! complet5ess ( ! pa?1 along :i* ! curr5t travels1 ! curr5t ceases2 consequ5tly1 :5 x is desirable to /op ! curr5t1 all t is necess>y is to cut ! wire connect+ ! two /rips ( copp] & z9c4 ,! production ( a curr5t ( electricity1 by means ( an app>atus ( ?is sort1 dep5ds ^u ! *emical action ( ! acid 9 ! wat] ^u ! /rip ( z9c4 ,z long z ! acid cont9ues to act ^u ! z9c1 ! curr5t is produc$1 & :5 ! acid ceases to act ^u ! z9c1 ! curr5t ceases to fl[4 ,if ! z9c is clean1 ! *emical action ( ! acid ceases1 :5ev] ! circuit is brok51 & consequ5tly1 :5 ! cell is n be+ us$ to produce a curr5t1 ! z9c is n de/roy$ by ! acid4 ,b if ! z9c is n clean1 small electric curr5ts are set up1 )9 ! liquid1 betwe5 ! z9c & ! impurities on its surface1 & ar\nd ! po9ts :]e ^! impurities lie ! acid acts ^u ! z9c & dissolves x4 ,?is action ( ! acid ^u ! z9c1 :5 ! circuit is brok51 is kn[n z local action1 & x is v desirable to prev5t x1 z f> z possible4 ,= ?is purpose ! z9c is (t5 rubb$ ) m]cury1 :i* soaks into ! z9c & =ms a film on its surface1 ^u :i* ! impurities float4 ,?is treatm5t ( ! z9c is kn[n z amalgamation1 & x s]ves to prev5t almo/ all ! local action1 due to impurities ( ! z9c4 ,_m o!r sub/ances1 besides z9c & copp]1 h be5 f\nd capable ( yield+ an electric curr5t1 :5 plac$ 9 a suitable liquid1 & _m o!r fluids1 besides wat] t conta9s a little sulphuric acid1 h be5 employ$ to act ^u ! z9c & copp]1 or ! sub/ances us$ 9 _! /ead4 ,num]\s cells ( diff]5t k9ds h1 !re=e1 be5 devis$1 b1 9 all ( !m1 ! curr5t is produc$ by *emical action4 ,mo/ ( !m conta9 a liquid ( "s sort1 :i* is call$ ! excit+ fluid1 & two solid sub/ances1 :i* are call$ ! elem5ts ( ! cell4 ,"o ( ^! elem5ts is always mu* m susceptible to ! *emical action ( ! excit+ fluid1 ?an ! o!r1 & ?is "o is kn[n z ! positive elem5t4 ,! o!r elem5t1 ^u :i* ! excit+ fluid may h no action1 is call$ ! negative elem5t4 ,9 cells 9 :i* ! elem5ts are z9c & copp]1 ! z9c is always ! positive elem5t4 ,?is may seem /range to y1 = y h already le>n$ t ! z9c is ! negative pole ( ! cell1 b1 to avoid confusion1 y mu/ fix well 9 y\r m9d ! fact t ! z9c is n ! positive elem5t ( a voltaic cell1 b its negative pole1 & t ! copp]1 :i* =ms ! negative elem5t is ! positive pole ( ! cell4 ,! curr5ts produc$ by ! v>i\s =ms ( voltaic cells1 v>y consid]ably 9 /r5g?1 b none ( !m are v /rong4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a /rong] curr5t1 a numb] ( cells mu/ be us$ toge!r4 ,su* a collection ( cells =ms a voltaic batt]y1 & 9 "s in/ances1 z _m z fifty ?\s& cells h be5 us$ 9 a s+le batt]y4 ,we h already le>n$ 9 our /udy ( wat] t x may be sep>at$ into its elem5t>y gases by s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,! effect is a *emical "o4 ,wat]1 h[ev]1 is n ! only sub/ance t is decompos$ by electricity2 almo/ all *emical comp\nds may be decompos$ by ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh !m1 provid$ a curr5t ( suffici5t /r5g? is us$4 ,ano!r effect ( ! curr5t is its heat+ effect4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! passage ( an electric curr5t1 ?r\gh any body1 is always productive ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat4 ,! am\nt ( heat produc$ dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t ( electricity1 & ! resi/ance to its passage t is (f]$ by ! body ?r\gh :i* x travels4 ,?is am\nt is increas$ by increas+ ei!r ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t or ! resi/ance ( ! conductor along :i* x travels4 ,we h already le>n$1 t "s sub/ances all[ electricity to pass ov] !m v readily1 & are !re=e call$ conductors1 :ile sub/ances ?r\gh :i* electricity does n fl[ readily are kn[n z non-conductors4 ,no sub/ance is a p]fect non-conductor1 = electricity c be made to pass ?r\gh any sub/ance1 if ! curr5t is suffici5tly p[]ful4 ,nei!r is any sub/ance a p]fect conductor1 = all sub/ances (f] "s resi/ance to ! passage ( an electric curr5t4 ,^? sub/ances t are ord9>ily consid]$ good conductors (f] v>y+ degrees ( resi/ance to electric curr5ts4 ,= example1 a copp] wire (f]s less resi/ance ?an an iron wire ( ! same l5g? & diamet]4 ,! resi/ance ( a body dep5ds n only ^u its mat]ial1 b also ^u its l5g? & size4 ,9 conductors ( ! same mat]ial1 ! resi/ance is directly proportional to ! l5g? ( ! conductor1 & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( its diamet]4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = an electric curr5t be>s a /rong resemblance to a curr5t ( wat]1 9 _m ( its prop]ties1 & y "k t x is h>d] to =ce wat] ?r\gh long1 n>r[ pipes1 ?an ?r\gh %ort1 wide ones4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ ab\t resi/ance1 y may see1 t a curr5t w produce m heat1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a long f9e wire1 ?an ?r\gh a %ort] & ?ick] "o1 & t1 ( two conductors ( ! same l5g? & size1 b ( diff]5t mat]ial1 "o may be heat$ mu* m by a curr5t ?an w ano!r4 ,,h[ ,,magnets ,,are ,,made ,a ?ird effect ( ! electric curr5t1 :i* has n previ\sly be5 m5tion$ is its magnetiz+ effect4 ,x is ^u ?is1 t "s ( ! mo/ important effects ( electricity dep5d4 ,by coil+ a wire ar\nd a b> ( iron or /eel1 & !n s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh x1 ! piece ( iron1 or /eel1 is made to %[ magnetic prop]ties4 ,by ?is is meant1 z y d\btless "k1 t ! iron w n[ attract o!r pieces ( iron1 or /eel1 to x4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is attraction dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & ^u ! numb] ( turns ( wire ar\nd ! b>4 ,by increas+ ei!r ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 or ! numb] ( turns 9 ! coil ( wire1 ar\nd ! b> ( iron1 ! /r5g? ( its magnetic attraction is increas$4 ,:5 ! curr5t is /opp$1 ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! iron disappe> almo/ completely4 ,a magnet1 t dep5ds ^u a curr5t ( electricity = its magnetic p[]1 is call$ an electro-magnet4 ,besides electro-magnets !re are o!rs1 :i* are call$ p]man5t magnets4 ,electro-magnets are compos$ ( s(t iron1 ! s(t] ! bett]1 &1 z soon z ! curr5t ( electricity ceases to fl[ ar\nd !m1 _! magnetic prop]ties disappe>4 ,p]man5t magnets1 on ! contr>y1 are made ( /eel1 & _! magnetism is indep5d5t ( ! action ( a curr5t ( electricity4 ,no coil ( wire is w\nd ar\nd !m1 & no curr5t is employ$ to ma9ta9 _! magnetic prop]ties4 ,a piece ( /eel may be made to become a p]man5t magnet1 by pass+ a curr5t ( electricity1 = a consid]able "t1 ?r\gh a coil ( wire w\nd ar\nd x1 or by all[+ a piece ( /eel to rema9 = "s "t 9 contact ) a /rong magnet4 ,:5 a curr5t ( electricity passes ?r\gh a coil ( wire1 w\nd ar\nd a b> ( /eel1 x takes long] to magnetize ! /eel ?an x w\ld to magnetize iron1 b1 :5 ! curr5t ceases1 ! magnetism does n all disappe> f ! /eel4 ,a portion ( x rema9s1 & ! /eel becomes p]man5tly magnetic4 ,if a ?9 b> ( /eel is magnetiz$1 & is !n susp5d$ by its middle1 s t x c spr+ freely1 x w be f\nd t "o end t5ds to po9t t[>d ! nor?1 & ! o!r t[>d ! s\?4 ,:5ev] ! b> is swung out ( ?is position1 x sw+s back to x1 & if ! nor? end is turn$ entirely ar\nd to ! s\?1 x does n rema91 b sw+s back to its =m] position4 ,?is %[s t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! magnetism at ! two ends ( ! magnet4 ,to indicate ?is diff]5ce1 ! nor?-seek+ end ( a magnet is call$ ! positive pole ( ! magnet1 & ! s\?-seek+ end is kn[n z ! negative pole4 ,by susp5d+ two b> magnets1 9 ! mann] describ$1 x c be %[n t ! positive & negative poles ( ! magnets act l positive & negative *>ges ( electricity4 ,poles ( ! same k9d repel1 & poles ( opposite k9ds attract1 ea* o!r4 ,p]man5t magnets are usually made 9 two =ms1 ei!r /raight or horse%oe %ap$4 ,a compass ne$le1 z has be5 %[n1 is an example ( a /raight magnet4 ,! horse%oe v>iety1 :i* has a little b> ( iron1 call$ ! keep]1 laid across ! poles is a common toy4 ,electro-magnets are seldom se51 except 9 electrical in/rum5ts or ma*9]y4 ,! pictures %[n on ! foll[+ pages give u a bird's-eye view ( "s ( ! wond]s p]=m$ by ^! electro-magnets4 ,tons & tons ( mat]ial are pick$ up & held securely by "o ( ^! magnets z easily z y c hold on to an apple4 ,:y ,does a ,bee ,h a ,/+8 ,! bee's /+ is giv5 him z a weapon ( def5ce4 ,prim>ily x is = ! sole purpose ( enabl+ him to help def5d ! hive f 8 enemies4 ,sometimes :5 he is attack$ away f ! hive he uses 8 /+ to def5d himself4 ,:5 he does s1 he injects a little quantity ( poison ?r\gh ! /+ & t is :at causes ! inflammation4 ,h[ ,does a ,honey ,bee ,live8 ,! bee lives 9 sw>ms ( f #aj1jjj to #ej1jjj 9 "o h\se4 ,9 ! wild /ate ! h\se or hive is locat$ 9 a holl[ tree g5]ally4 ,^! sw>ms conta9 ?ree classes ( bees1 ! p]fect females or que5 bees1 ! males or drones1 & ! imp]fectly develop$ females1 or work+ bees4 ,9 ea* hive or sw>m !re is only "o p]fect female or que5 ^: sole mission is to propagate ! species4 ,! que5 is mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r bees4 ,:5 %e dies a "y work+ bee ?ree days old is select$ z ! new que54 ,h] cell is enl>g$ by break+ d[n ! p>titions1 h] food is *ang$ to 8royal jelly or pa/e0 & %e gr[s into a que5 bee4 ,! que5 lays #b1jjj eggs p] day4 ,! drones d n "w & aft] p]=m+ _! duty z males are kill$ by ! work+ bees4 ,! female bees d ! "w ( ga!r+ ! honey4 ,!y collect ! honey f ! fl[]s1 !y build ! wax cells1 & fe$ ! "y bees4 ,:5 a colony becomes ov]/ock$1 a new colony is s5t out to e/abli% a new hive "u ! direction ( a que5 bee4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,/eam%ip ,illu/ration3 ,probably no =m ( con/ruction is s int]e/+ to ev]yone z ! con/ruction ( a huge /eam]1 a wond]ful 8city0 afloat1 ) its ?\s&s ( pass5g]s1 its ?\s& (fic]s & crew1 ! trem5d\s /ores ( provisions & wat]1 & ! precision ) :i* ! great %ip pl[s its way f "o %ore to ! o!r4 ,?is picture %[s ! fir/ "w 9 build+ a mod]n /eam]1 lay+ ! keel & c5t] plate1 ^u :i* ! massive hull is con/ruct$4 ,! rivets are driv5 by hydraulic p[]1 noiselessly b firmly4 ,9 ! new 8,britannic0--l>ge/ ( all ,briti% /eam]s & ! newe/ 7#aiae7 mod]n levia?an--ov] #bgj tons ( rivets--ne>ly ?ree million 9 all--7 requir$ to give /aun*ness to ! /eel-plat$ hull4 ,! cellul> d\ble bottom is con/ruct$ betwe5 ! bottom & top ( ! c5t] plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,long] ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,above ,,op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cradle ,,( ,a ,,/eam%ip ,,call$ ,a 8,,gantry0 ,,view ,,ne> ,,! ,,b[4 ,! 8ribs0 ( ! 8,britannic10 %[+ ! deck divisions1 9 outl9e4 ,! huge 8gantry0 or cradle ( /eel1 9 :i* 8,britannic0 0 built1 co/ #a1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,bottom ,,( ,,mod]n ,,/eam%ips ,,! 8,,britannic0 ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,/> ,,l9e4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,d\ble ,,bottom ,,plat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,huge ,,/eel ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! 8,,britannic0 ,,be=e ,,! ,,plates ,,7 ,,plac$ ,,on ,,x4 ,! plates are se5 pil$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m are #cf feet long & weigh #d tons ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,%ip ,,ready ,,to ,,laun* ,,n ,a 8,,skyscrap]10 ,,b ,a ,,float+ ,,hotel ,,9 ,,process ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,,! ,,hull ,,itself ,,is #fd #c ,,deep1 ,,& ,,f ,,! ,,keel ,,to ,,! ,,top ,,( ,,! ,,funnels ,,is #age ,,feet4 ,,! ,,navigat+ ,,bridge ,,is #ajd #f ,,above ,,! ,,keel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:ite ,,/> ,,royal ,,mail ,,/eam] 8,,britannic0 ,,ready ,,to ,,laun*4 ,! 8,britannic0 on ! ways at ,belfa/ 7,h>l& ,wolff's74 ,! l>ge/ gantries ev] con/ruct$ to hold a %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,us$ ,,9 ,,laun*+ ,a ,,%ip ,,=w>d ,,laun*+ ,,ge> 7,,hydraulic74 ,! %ip w5t f ! ways into ! wat] 9 #fb seconds & 0 /opp$ 9 twice h] own l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,huge ,,hull ,,left ,,! ,,ways ,,easily ,,& ,,creat$ ,,only ,a ,,small ,,spla%4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,close ,,view ,,( ,a ,,%ip',s ,,rudd] 8,,britannic0 ,,held ,,up ,,j ,,aft] ,,! ,,laun*4 ,illu/ration3 8,,britannic40 ,,! #ajj-,,ton ,,rudd]4 ,,! 7,,c5t]7 ,,turb9e ,,propell] ,,%aft ,,& ,,"o ,,( ,,! 8,,w+0 ,,propell] ,,%afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,%ip',s ,,propell] ,,looks ,,l ,,! ,,complet$ ,,%ip ,! c5t] 7! turb9e7 propell]1 #af #f 9 diamet]1 ca/ ( "o solid piece ( manganese bronze1 #bb tons 9 weight4 ,! 8,britannic0 l 8,olympic10 is propell$ by two sets ( reciprocat+ eng9es1 ! exhau/ /eam f ^! be+ reus$ 9 ! l[-pressure turb9e1 effect+ great economy 9 coal4 ,! two 8w+0 propell]s are #bc #f 9 diamet] & weigh #ch tons ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,%ip',s ,,turb9e ,,looks ,,l ,! turb9e motor1 #acj tons 9 weight 7,p>sons type74 ,! /eam plays ^u ! blades ) su* p[] t !y develop #af1jjj horse-p[] & revolve ! propell] 7turb9e7 #afe times a m9ute4 ,! motor is #ab feet 9 diamet]1 #ac #h long1 ! blades 7numb]+ ?\s&s7 rang+ f #ah to #be in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,imm5se ,,turb9e ,,motor ,,fully ,,encas$--,,weight #dbj ,,tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,funnel ,,appe>s ,,be=e ,,x ,,is ,,9 ,,place ,"o ( ! f\r imm5se funnels--)\t ! out] cas+4 ,ea* is #abe feet above ! hull ( ! %ip & measures #bd #f by #ai #j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,a ,,great ,,/eam%ip ,,w\ld ,,look ,,l ,,if ,,split ,,end ,,to ,,end ,?is view w give "s idea ( ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! huge ,:ite ,/> ,l9e triple-screw /eam] 8,britannic40 ,_m features undream$ ( a doz5 ye>s ago h be5 introduc$ 9 ! pass5g] qu>t]s ( ?is %ip4 ,z _m decks are necess>y to provide ! requir$ space = /ate-rooms1 public ap>tm5ts1 prom5ades1 etc41 sev]al pass5g] elevators h be5 in/all$1 :i* are a great conv5i5ce = ^? :o f9d ! use ( /airs irksome4 ,!re is a fully equipp$ ,gymnasium1 a *ildr5's ,play ,room = ! y\ng] pass5g]s1 a ,squa% ,racquet ,c\rt1 a ,swimm+ ,pool ) sea-wat]1 & ! ,turki% ,ba? e/abli%m5t4 ,!re are accommodations = ov] #bejj pass5g]s z well z a crew ( #iej4 ,! view %[s h[ ! %ip is divid$ into num]\s wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 s t %\ld sev]al ( ^! sections become flood$ ! re/ ( ! %ip w\ld rema9 intact4 ,! lifeboats1 ( :i* !re are suffici5t to c>ry all on bo>d1 are h&l$ by a new device1 by means ( :i* ! boats c be laun*$1 :5 fill$1 ) great] ease & safety ?an hi!rto4 ,ea* ( ! great davits c h&le sev]al boats & !y are long en\gh to c>ry ! boats cle> ( ! side ( ! %ip1 %\ld any accid5t cause h] to li/ to "o side4 ,! 8,britannic0 is ne>ly #ijj feet 9 l5g?1 & ) h] gross tonnage ( #ej1jjj is ! l>ge/ ,briti% /eam] 9 ! _w4 ,:at ,is ,wat] ,made ,(8 ,e k9d ( sub/ance 9 ! _w is made up ( t9y portions1 ea* ( :i* is di/9ctly j :at ! :ole mass is1 b :i* are s small y _c see !m4 ,a pile ( s&1 or a cupful ( sug> or salt consi/s ( a great _m small gra9s4 ,a cup ( wat] too is made up ( :at we w\ld call small gra9s ( wat]1 or :at we w\ld call gra9s ( wat] if we c\ld ?9k ( !m 9 ! same way z we d sug> or salt or s&4 ,^! p>ticles are s small t !y c\ld n be se5 sep>ately1 ev5 if ! p>ticles did n h ! ability to /ick s close toge!r t we c\ld n di/+ui% !m ev5 if !y 7 l>ge en\gh to be se54 ,! ^w us$ 9 describ+ ^! t9y p>ticles 9 any sub/ance1 wat]1 sug>1 s&1 salt or any?+ else is molecule4 ,:at ,is a ,molecule8 ,! ^w molecule means 8smalle/ mass10 :i* indicates ! v smalle/ division t c be made ( any sub/ance )\t de/roy+ its id5tity4 ,e sub/ance is made up ( molecules1 & 9 _m cases ! molecules ( "o sub/ance w mix ) ^? ( ano!r sub/ance1 :ile 9 o!r cases !y w n4 ,:5 y dissolve sug> 9 wat] or melt lead or *ange wat] into /eam1 ! physical body ( ! sub/ance is *ang$1 b ! molecules rema9 z !y 74 ,!y are only *ang$ 9 s f> z _! relations to ea* o!r & to ^? ( ano!r sub/ance are conc]n$4 ,h[ ,d ,we ,"k a ,?+ ,is ,solid1 ,liquid or ,gas8 ,! relations ( ! molecules 9 any sub/ance to ea* o!r is :at det]m9es :e!r a sub/ance is a solid1 a liquid or a gas4 ,a gas is a sub/ance 9 :i* ! molecules are con/antly mov+ rapidly ab\t among ea* o!r1 b always 9 /raight l9es4 ,a liquid sub/ance is "o 9 :i* ! molecules are also con/antly mov+ ab\t b :i* d n move 9 /raight l9es4 ,solids are sub/ances 9 :i* ! molecules /ick toge!r 9 "o position by ! p[] ( cohesion :i* !y h4 ,cohesion means ! p[] ( /ick+ toge!r4 ,h[ ,big ,is a ,molecule8 ,we d n z yet "k all !re is to be le>n$ ab\t molecules4 ,we "k ?r\gh ! wond]s ( *emi/ry t small z a molecule is1 x is /ill made up ( small] p>ticles call$ atoms4 ,an atom is ! smalle/ division ( any?+ t c be imag9$4 ,we h f\nd by *emi/ry t ev5 a molecule is capable ( be+ divid$1 i4e41 x is made up ( /ill small] p>ticles1 b molecules are small en\gh4 ,an em95t sci5ti/1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 has giv5 u probably ! ne>e/ approa* to a correct way ( say+ some?+ ( ! size ( a molecule4 8,if a drop ( wat] 7 magnifi$ to ! size ( ! e>?1 ! molecules w\ld ea* occupy spaces great] ?an ^? fill$ by small %ot & small] ?an ^? occupi$ by cricket balls40 ,to get at :at wat] is made ( we mu/ sep>ate x ?r\gh *emi/ry into its p>ts or atoms4 ,:5 we d ?is we f9d t a molecule ( wat] is made ( ?ree atoms or p>ts4 ,two ( ^! are exactly alike & consi/ ( a gas call$ hydrog51 & ! o!r "p is ano!r gas call$ oxyg51 conc]n+ :i* gases we h already le>n$ mu* 9 ! answ]s to o!r que/ions 9 ?is book4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 we sep>ate wat]1 :i* is a liquid1 into its p>ts1 we *ange ! relations ( ! molecules 9 ! wat] :i* move 9 irregul> l9es1 into p>ts :i* move 9 /raight l9es &1 :5 ! molecules ( a sub/ance1 z we h already se51 move 9 /raight l9es1 ! sub/ance becomes a gas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 y freeze wat]1 x becomes a solid 7ice71 & 9 do+ t y fix ! molecules 9 ! wat] s t !y /ick to ea* o!r4 ,m5 ?\ght = a long "t t wat] 0 an elem5t l oxyg5 & hydrog51 i4 e41 t its molecules c\ld n be sep>at$ 9 its p>ts & 01 !re=e1 consid]$ "o ( ! ?+s :i* c\ld n be divid$ up1 b ?is 0 due to ! fact t x requires a great am\nt ( p[] to break up ! molecules ( wat]4 ,:at ,is an ,elem5t8 ,an elem5t is any sub/ance ^: molecules _c be brok5 up & made to =m o!r sub/ances4 ,y c take "o or m elem5ts & make a comp\nd1 :i* is :at wat] is4 ,a comp\nd is a sub/ance 9 :i* ! molecules are made up ( at lea/ two k9ds ( elem5ts or elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,comp\nds ,! ?+s we f9d 9 ! _w are kn[n z ei!r comp\nds or elem5ts4 ,an elem5t1 z we h already le>n$1 is some?+ 9 :i* ! molecules _c be brok5 up4 ,a comp\nd is1 !re=e1 a sub/ance 9 :i* ! molecules are made ( molecules ( "o or m elem5ts & is ei!r gas1 liquid or solid1 accord+ to ! relations :i* ^! molecules h to ea* o!r4 ,we h s f> discov]$ less ?an eighty real elem5ts 9 ! _w1 al?\gh s9ce we f9d a new "o e little :ile1 !re are probably _m m z yet undiscov]$4 ,n all elem5ts are gases1 ( c\rse4 ,solids l copp]1 gold1 iron1 lead & a numb] ( o!rs are elem5ts4 ,among liquids we h m]cury1 & ( ! gases we f9d hydrog51 nitrog5 & oxyg51 :i* are ! ?ree wond]ful gases ab\t :i* we are ab\t to le>n some?+1 & ^! ?ree are also ! _w's mo/ important gases4 ,ammonia is an elem5t1 b1 :ile we ?9k ( x z a liquid1 ! real ammonia is really a gas4 ,our h\sehold ammonia is really a comp\nd ( ammonia ) some?+ else4 ,:at ,is ,hydrog5 ,gas8 ,hydrog5 is "o ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances 9 ! =m ( a gas4 ,x has no color or ta/e or odor1 s we c nei!r see1 smell nor ta/e x4 ,x is ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n to ! _w4 ,we h by ! aid ( *emi/ry be5 able to cat* & reta9 x 9 suffici5t quantities to weigh x & h f\nd x to be light] ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] & "s o!r liquids1 b only slightly s4 ,x refracts light v /rongly & w absorb 9 a v rem>kable mann] ) "s metals :5 !y are heat$4 ,x burns ) a beautiful blue flame & v great heat4 ,:5 burn$ x comb9es ) oxyg5 9 ! air & =ms wat]4 ,hydrog5 is n poison\s b1 if inhal$1 x prev5ts ! blood f secur+ oxyg51 & s ! inhal+ ( hydrog5 w cause dea?4 ,hydrog5 is n f\nd free 9 ! air except 9 small quantities l oxyg5 & nitrog5 & is1 !re=e1 secur$ by sep>at+ comp\nds by kn[n me?ods4 ,x c be secur$ by ! action :i* dilut$ sulphuric acid has on z9c or iron1 by pass+ /eam ?r\gh a r$-hot tube fill$ ) iron trimm+s1 by pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh wat] & 9 o!r ways4 ,hydrog5 is absolutely necess>y to e =m ( animal or vegetable /ructure4 ,x is f\nd 9 all acids4 ,:at ,is ,oxyg58 ,oxyg5 0 discov]$ 9 #aggd4 ,x is an elem5t>y sub/ance 9 ! =m ( a gas :i* is f\nd free 9 ! air4 ,x is colorless1 ta/eless & odorless &1 l hydrog51 _c !re=e be se51 ta/$ or smell$4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] & comb9es v readily ) mo/ ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 mo/ cases :5 oxyg5 comb9es ) o!r ?+s ! process ( comb9+ is s rapid t light & heat are produc$--?is comb9ation is call$ combu/ion4 ,:]e ! process ( comb9+ ) o!r sub/ances acts sl[ly ! heat & light produc$ at "o "t are n en\gh to be notic$4 ,:]e metals t>ni% or ru/ or animal or vegetable sub/ances decay1 ! same ?+ *emically is tak+ place z :5 y light a fire & produce light or heat--y are mak+ ! oxyg5 comb9e ) ! sub/ance 9 ! mat]ial :i* is burn+4 ,:5 iron is ru/+ or vegetables decay+1 ! action is s sl[ t no heat or light is produc$1 b ! result is ! same if "s outside =ce does n /op ! action4 ,! fire w burn until ev]y?+ burnable :i* x c rea* is burn$ out1 & 9 ! case ( ! piece ( iron ru/+1 ! action w g on sl[ly until ! :ole piece ( iron is de/roy$--or burn$ out4 ,l hydrog51 no vegetable or animal life c live )\t oxyg5 cont9ually giv5 x4 ,oxyg5 w de/roy life & w su/a9 x4 ,all ( our body heat & muscul> en]gy are produc$ by sl[ combu/ion go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 ( oxyg5 c>ri$ 9 ! blood aft] x ent]s ! lungs4 ,9 sunlight oxyg5 is exhal$ by gr[+ plants4 ,oxyg5 is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ & abundant elem5t 9 nature4 ,x am\nts to ab\t "o-fif? ( ! volume ( ! air belt ( ! e>?2 ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( all ! weight ( wat] is oxyg54 ,! rocks ( ! e>? conta9 ab\t fifty p] c5t ( oxyg5 & x is f\nd 9 mo/ animal & vegetable products & 9 acids4 ,:at ,is ,nitrog58 ,nitrog5 is ! ?ird ( ! _w's wond]ful & important gases4 ,x is also )\t color1 ta/e or smell4 ,x w n burn or help o!r sub/ances to burn & x w n comb9e easily ) any o!r elem5t4 ,x w unite at a v high degree ( heat ) magnesium1 silica1 & o!r metals4 ,ab\t #g4g p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! air is nitrog51 s t x is a v important "p ( ! air we brea! & x is absolutely necess>y 9 mak+ all animal & vegetable tissues4 ,:5 unit$ ) hydrog51 x produces ammonia1 & ) oxyg5 "o ( ! mo/ important acids--nitric acid4 ,x is f\nd free 9 ! air & is ?us easily secur$4 ,nitrog51 :ile v important to all k9ds ( life1 is kn[n z ! quiet gas4 ,x /ays quietly by itself unless =c$ to comb9e "u great p[] ) o!r ?+s1 &1 ev5 "u ^? conditions1 w comb9e r>ely4 ,we f9d a good deal ( nitrog5 9 ! blood b1 :ile we ne$ ! nitrog5 :i* is f\nd 9 ! blood1 x does no?+ p>ticul>ly to ! blood or ! re/ ( ! body4 ,! nitrog5 :i* ! body uses is valuable to ! body only :5 f\nd 9 a comp\nd4 ,?is nitrog5 :i* ! body ne$s is secur$ ?r\gh vegetable products su* z ! :eat f :i* our bread is made1 & :i* are said to secure _! nitrog5 ?r\gh ! aid ( microbes :i* are able to =ce ! nitrog5 ( ! air into a comp\nd4 ,"s day p]haps we %all "k all !re is to "k ab\t nitrog51 :i* is ! lea/ kn[n ( ^! ?ree wond]ful & necess>y gases4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,?+s ,transp>5t & ,o!rs ,n8 ,transp>5cy is produc$ by ! way rays ( light g ?r\gh sub/ances or n4 ,:5 light /rikes a sub/ance t is almo/ p]fectly transp>5t1 x means t ! rays ( light g ?r\gh x almo/ exactly z !y come 94 ,we ?9k quickly ( glass :5 we ?9k ( some?+ readily transp>5t4 ,wat] is almo/ equally z transp>5t4 ,:5 ! sunlight is %9+ on "o side ( a pane ( ord9>y w9d[ glass1 x causes e ?+ on t side ( ! w9d[ to reflect ! light :i* /rikes x 9 all directions4 ,:5 ^! rays ( light /rike ! w9d[ pane1 !y g "r ?r\gh & t is h[ we are able to see ! trees & grass & ev]y?+ else ?r\gh a cle> w9d[ pane4 ,! same reason applies also to ! wat]4 ,"s k9ds ( w9d[ glass 7! fro/$ k9d7 we _c see ?r\gh--!y are n transp>5t4 ,! surface ( a fro/$ w9d[ pane is s made t :5 ! light rays /rike x ! rays are twi/$ & brok51 & d n come ?r\gh z !y ent]$ ! glass4 ,sometimes ! wat] is almo/ p]fectly transp>5t4 ,:5 wat] is p]fectly cle>1 x is q transp>5t4 ,:5 y look at or into wat] t is n transp>5t1 y w "k t !re are p>ticles ( solid matt] float+ ab\t 9 x :i* twi/ & mix ! light rays4 ,if ! wat] is n too deep y c see ! bottom sometimes ev5 :5 !re are "s p>ticles ( solid sub/ances float+ ab\t 9 x1 b ! deep] ! wat] ! m ( ^! solid p>ticles !re are g5]ally 9 x1 s t x is impossible 9 mo/ wat]s to see ! bottom if ! wat] is deep4 ,9 "s places1 h[ev]1 ! wat] is s free f float+ p>ticles t ! bottom ( ! ocean c be se5 at q consid]able dep?s4 ,:y ,is ! ,sea ,wat] ,salt8 ,all wat] t comes into ! oceans by way ( ! riv]s & o!r /reams conta9s salt4 ,! am\nt is s v small = a giv5 quantity ( wat] t x _c be ta/$4 ,b all ?is riv] wat] is p\r$ into ! oceans ev5tually at "s po9t4 ,aft] x rea*es ! oceans1 ! wat] is evaporat$ by ! action ( ! sun4 ,:5 ! sun picks up ! wat] 9 ! =m ( moi/ure1 x does n take up any ( ! solid sub/ances :i* ! wat] conta9$ z x came 9 f ! riv]s1 & :ile !re is ab\t z mu* wat] 9 ! ocean all ! "t & ab\t z mu* also 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( moi/ure also1 ! ocean nev] gets full]2 ! solid sub/ances f ! riv] wat]s keep pil+ up 9 ! ocean & float ab\t 9 ! wat] !re4 ,! salt :i* is 9 ! riv] wat] has be5 left beh9d by ! sun :5 x evaporat$ ! wat] 9 ! ocean = s long t ! am\nt ( salt has become v noticeable4 ,! moi/ure :i* ! sun takes into ! air f ! ocean is ev5tually turn$ back to ! e>? aga9 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,?is process ( evaporation & precipitation 9 ! =m ( ra9 is go+ on all ! "t4 ,:5 ! wat] :i* is 9 ! =m ( ra9 /rikes ! e>?1 x is pure wat]4 ,x s9ks into ! gr\nd & on ! way picks up "s salt1 f9ds its way into a riv] soon] or lat]1 & !n evid5tly gets back into ! ocean4 ,all ?is "t x has be5 c>ry+ ! t9y bit ( salt :i* x pick$ up 9 go+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,b :5 x rea*es ! ocean aga9 & is tak5 up by ! sun1 x leaves its salt beh9d & s ! salt f c\ntless drops ( wat] is con/antly be+ left 9 ! ocean z x goes up into ! air4 ,?is has be5 go+ on = c\ntless ages & ! am\nt ( salt has be5 increas+ 9 ! ocean all ! "t1 s t ! sea is becom+ salti] & salti]4 ,:y ,does ,salt ,make ,me ,?ir/y8 ,! blood 9 our body conta9s ab\t ! same proportion ( salt z ! wat] 9 ! ocean normally4 ,:5 ! supply is normal we d n feel t we h too mu* salt 9 our sy/ems1 b :5 y take salt into y\r m\? ! p]c5tage ( salt 9 ! body is increas$1 & ! be+ ?ir/y1 or ! desire to dr9k wat] aft]w>ds is caus$ by ! dem& ( ! human sy/em t ! salt be dilut$4 ,! sy/em calls = wat] or some?+ to dr9k 9 ord] t x may c\nt]act ! too great p]c5tage ( salt 9 ! sy/em4 ,o!r ?+s also1 :5 tak5 into ! body 9 too great a proportion1 cause u to become ?ir/y4 ,?ir/ is m]ely nature's dem& = m wat] on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( r$uc+ ! p]c5tage ( "s sub/ance l salt1 or m]ely a necessity = hav+ m wat] 9 ! body4 ,:at ,are ,diamonds ,made ,(8 ,we le>n$ ! def9ition ( an elem5t 9 our /udy ( wat] & o!r sub/ances4 ,_m ?+s :i* 7 at "o "t ?\ght by our wise/ m5 to be elem5ts 7 lat] f\nd to be comp\nds ( o!r sub/ances4 ,wat] is "o ( ^! :i* we h le>n$ is really n an elem5t at all1 b comp\nd$ f two gase\s elem5ts1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,"o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! _w is ! "o out ( :i* diamonds are =m$4 ,n because diamonds are s valuable1 b because ! elem5t ref]r$ to1 c>bon1 is f\nd 9 e tissue ( e liv+ ?+1 bo? animal & m9]al4 ,?is c>bon is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( all elem5ts1 b is f\nd 9 & us$ by liv+ ?+s always 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r sub/ance4 ,c>bon is combu/ible1 =m+ c>bonic acid gas1 f :i* ! e>?'s vegetation secures its necess>y c>bon1 :i* is v great 9 am\nt4 ,:5 heat is made to act 9 c]ta9 ways on ! tissues ( animal & vegetable life we get *>coal1 lampblack & coke4 ,c>bon w comb9e ) m o!r sub/ances ?an any ( ! o!r kn[n elem5ts4 ,its wond]s lie 9 ! fact t "u v>i\s treatm5ts x produces altoge!r diff]5t look+ ?+s1 al?\gh rema9+ z pure c>bon4 ,our diamonds1 = in/ance1 are pure c>bon1 b our lead p5cils1 t is1 ! "p we write )1 are also pure c>bon1 & ! coal we burn is c>bon also4 ,x w\ld be h>d to say :i* ( ^! ?ree =ms ( pure c>bon is mo/ valuable to ! _w4 ,a great _m ri* p might say diamonds1 :ile ! poor p w\ld surely say coal1 especially if y ask$ !m 9 w9t]1 :ile ! p :o write books1 & newspap] report]s1 w\ld probably say lead-p5cils4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be bett] to *oose diamonds1 = if y h !m y c always trade !m = coal or lead-p5cils4 ,a v small diamond w buy q a lot ( ei!r coal or lead-p5cils4 ,c>bon is "o ( ! solid elem5ts :i* are n metals4 ,a great _m ( ! important elem5ts 9 ! gr\p ( solids are metals4 ,:at ,causes ,dimples8 ,a dimple is a d5t or depression 9 ! sk9 on a "p ( ! body :]e ! fle% is s(t4 ,! fib]s :i* lay 9 ! tissue "u ! outside sk9 help to hold ! sk9 firm4 ,^! fib]s :i* are1 ( c\rse1 small run 9 all directions & are ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,n[ & !n ^! fib]s w j happ5 to gr[ %ort 9 "o spot or ! o!r & pull ! sk9 91 =m+ a little depression1 b produc+ a v pleas+ effect4 ,:y ,does ! ,d>k ,cause ,fe>8 ,fe> is an in/9ct4 ,we are by nature afraid ( ! ?+s we d n "k all ab\t4 ,t is :y k is s valuable2 :5 we "k ab\t a ?+ we are sure ( our gr\nd4 ,:5 we are :]e x is light we c see :at is !re2 :5 x is d>k our imag9ation becomes active & because we d n "k = c]ta9 :at is !re 9 ! d>k be=e u1 we imag9e ?+s4 ,fe> ( ! d>k1 h[ev]1 _c be said to be entirely natural4 ,x comes naturally only :5 we h come to ! age :5 we beg9 to imag9e ?+s4 ,animals h no imag9ative p[]s & !y d n fe> ! d>k4 ,"s p say t ! fe> ( ! d>k is br$ 9 u1 b little babies d n fe> ! d>k4 ,if !y are prop]ly tra9$ !y w g to sleep 9 ! d>k & w pref] ! d>k4 ,z !y gr[ old] *ildr5 beg9 to fe> ! d>k1 b t is because _! imag9ation is com+ to life & because p>5ts s (t5 make ! mi/ake at ?is /age ( tra9+ _! *ildr5 ( ei!r enc\rag+ ! feel+ ( fe> t d>kness br+s = ! conv5i5t means ( puni%m5t x provides ?r\gh ?reat5+ to put ! light out1 or because !y d n take ! pa9s to %[ t !re is no reason = fe>4 ,mo/ *ildr5 :o fe> ! d>kness are really taught to d s p]man5tly by p>5ts or s]vants4 ,:5 a boy or girl fir/ beg9s to imag9e ?+s 9 ! d>k1 _m p>5ts run quickly to ! *ild & say1 8,don't be afraid0 or 8,!re is no?+ to be afraid (10 & 9 do+ ?is !y p]haps m5tion ! ^w 8fe>0 = ! fir/ "t4 ,repetition ( ?is w always cause ! *ild to associate ! ^w 8fe>0 ) 8d>kness40 ,z a matt] ( fact :5 ! boy or girl fir/ %[s fe> ( ! d>kness1 p>5ts %\ld g to !m & quiet _! fe>s1 b talk ab\t any?+ else b fe> & direct ! *ild's m9d away f any ?\ght ( fe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,rope4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,coil ( ,rope ,h[ _m h ev] giv5 a ?\ght to ! "q ( :]e rope comes f & h[ x is made1 or realize :at a v>iety ( uses x is put to1 & h[ dep5d5t we are ^u x 9 _m ( ! ev]yday affairs ( life8 ,b let u suppose = a mom5t t ! _w 7 sudd5ly depriv$ ( its supply ( ?is v commonplace mat]ial1 & ( its small] relatives1 cords & tw9e4 ,we %\ld !n beg9 to realize ! importance ( a seem+ly unimportant ?+1 & to appreciate ! difficulty 9 gett+ along )\t x4 ,anci5t civiliz$ peoples _h _! ropes & cordage1 made f su* mat]ials z 7 available 9 _! respective c\ntries4 ,! ,egyptians are said to h made rope f lea!r ?ongs1 & our illu/ration w be f\nd int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,?is is f a sculpture tak5 f a tomb 9 ,!bes ( ! "t ( ! ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,egyptians ,,mak+ ,,rope4 ,:ile ?is sc5e is said by ! be/ au?ority to repres5t ! prep>ation ( lea!r cords = use 9 lac+ s&als1 x has be5 suppos$ by "s to be a repres5tation ( rope mak+4 ,9 any ev5t ! process is und\bt$ly ! same z t us$ 9 mak+ rope4 ,! sc5e is depict$ ) ! true ,egyptian faculty = %[+ details1 mak+ words almo/ unnecess>y to an und]/&+ ( _! pictorial records4 ,we see ! raw mat]ial 9 ! %ape ( ! hide1 & also two well-made coils ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,"o ( ! workm5 is cutt+ a /r& f a hide by revolv+ x & cutt+ z x turns4 ,any "o :o has n tri$ x w be surpris$ to see :at a good1 ev5 /r+ c be cut f a piece ( lea!r 9 ?is way4 ,ano!r man is arrang+ & pay+ out ! ?ongs to a ?ird1 :o is evid5tly walk+ backw>d 9 "t-honor$ fa%ion1 twi/+ z he goes4 ,com+ d[n to m rec5t times we f9d t rope-mak+ _h be5 go+ on = c5turies ) probably v little *ange1 up to ! "t ( ! introduction ( ma*9]y & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! factory sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hackl+4 ,,h[ ,,rope ,,0 ,,long ,,made ,,by ,,h& ,9 ! e>ly days to :i* we h ref]r$1 all ! y>n = rope-mak+ 0 spun by h& 9 ! "t-honor$ way4 ,we are able to repres5t to our read]s by ! photographs %[n1 ?is n[ almo/ lo/ art4 ,! mat]ial %[n 9 ! pictures is ,am]ican hemp1 :i* because ! e>li] ma*9es 7 n adapt$ to work+ ?is s(t] fib]1 cont9u$ to be spun by h& long aft] manila 0 spun *iefly on ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,native ,,philip9o ,,scrap+ ,,! ,,fib] ,,f ,,! ,,leaf ,,/ock4 ,! hemp 0 fir/ hackl$1 z is also %[n by our photograph1 ! hackle or 8he*el0 be+ simply a bo>d hav+ long1 %>p /eel tee? set into x4 ,?is comb$ out ! t[ or %ort1 matt$ fib]1 leav+ ! clean1 /raight hemp4 ,?is 8/rike0 ( hemp ! sp9n] wrapp$ ab\t 8 wai/1 br++ ! ends ar\nd 8 back & tuck+ !m into 8 belt1 ?us keep+ ! mat]ial 9 place )\t knot or twi/1 & all[+ ! fib]s to pay out freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,! ,,fib]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,kit*5 ,,%[+ ,,use ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,rope ,,to ,,support ,a ,,sort ,,( ,,hang+ ,,%elf4 ,! workman 9 our picture is ,johnny ,moores1 an old-"t exp]t h&-sp9n]1 :o c walk (f backw>d f ! :eel ) 8 wad ( hemp1 sp9n+ ) ea* h& a ?read z f9e & ev5 z c be ask$ =4 ,9 ! photograph1 9 ord] to %[ ! process m cle>ly1 "o l>ge y>n is be+ spun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,fa%ion$ ,,rope ,,walk ,,h& ,,sp9n+4 ,! l>ge :eel1 usually turn$ by a boy1 is us$ to convey p[] to ! 8:irls10 or small sp9dles c>ry+ hooks ^u :i* ! fib] is fa/5$4 ,^! :irls1 revolv+1 give ! twi/ to ! y>n z ! sp9n] deftly pays out ! fib]1 regulat+ x ) skillful f+]s to pres]ve ! uni=mity & prop] size ( ! y>n4 ,z he goes backw>d d[n ! long walk ?r\gh ! 8squ>es ( sunlight on ! floor0 he ?r[s ! trail+ y>ns ov] ! 8/akes0 plac$ at int]vals along ! walk = ! purpose4 ,! sp9n+ 8gr\nds0 7 usually arrang$ ) :eels at ei!r end1 s t sp9n]s rea*+ ! f>!r end1 c\ld g back to _! />t+ po9t sp9n+ ano!r set ( y>ns4 ,!n 9 ! case ( small ropes1 ! /r&s c\ld be made by atta*+ two or m y>ns to ! 8:irl0 & twi/+ !m toge!r1 rev]s+ ! motion to give ! /r&s a twi/ opposite to t giv5 ! y>ns4 ,^! /r&s 7 twi/$ toge!r1 aga9 rev]s+ ! motion1 mak+ a rope4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms1 rope-mak+ consi/s simply ( a s]ies ( twi/+ processes4 ,! twi/+ ( ! y>ns into ! /r& is kn[n z 8=m+0 or putt+ 9 ! 8=eturn40 ,! f9al process is 8lay+10 8clos+0 or putt+ 9 ! 8aft] turn40 ,horse-p[] 0 us$ 9 old times = =m+ & lay+ rope :i* 0 too l>ge to be made by h&4 ,h[ all ?is "w is n[ done 9 a mod]n rope factory by +5i\sly devis$ ma*9]y we %all n[ see4 ,! op5+ room :]e ! fib] is made ready = ! prep>ation ma*9]y is a rem9d] ( ! days :5 all rope-mak+ processes 7 h& "w4 ,! bales are fir/ op5$ up--9 ! case ( ,manila ?is means cutt+ ! /raw matt+ put on to protect ! fib] 9 %ipm5t4 ,!n ! hanks :i* are pack$ 9 v>i\s ways--sometimes d\bl$1 sometimes twi/$--are tak5 out & /raight5$ & ! b& at ! end ( ! hank remov$4 ,no ma*9]y has yet be5 p]fect$ = do+ ! "w j describ$ b ! fir/ ( ! prep>ation processes1 a %ort /ep beyond1 tells q a diff]5t /ory4 ,"h ! hanks ( su* fib]s z require a special clean+ treatm5t are plac$ on fa/ work+ hackl+ ma*9es :i* comb away mo/ ( ! sn>ls1 loose t[ & dirt4 ,at ?is po9t h>d fib]s--,manila1 ,sisal & ,new ,zeal&--are usually oil$ to s(t5 !m & to make !m m workable = ! op]ations t foll[4 ,! oil1 fur!rmore1 acts z a pres]vative4 ,x is a matt] ( importance to ! buy]1 h[ev]1 t ! fib] %\ld n be too heavily oil$1 = t m]ely increases ! weight & co/ ( ! rope )\t improv+ its quality4 ,! wond] ( mod]nism 9 rope-mak+ is n[h]e m /rik+ ?an 9 ! prep>ation room4 ,to pass f "o end1 :]e ! raw hemp is receiv$ j z x left ! h&s ( ! native ,filip9o labor] ) 8 crude me?ods1 d[n ?r\gh ! long r[s ( ma*9es to ! draw frames f :i* ! sliv] is deliv]$ 9 a =m t c be lik5$ to a /ream ( molt5 metal1 is to cov] decades ( inv5tive g5ius & me*anical developm5t4 ,! me*anism p]=ms its "w s accurately t at fir/ glance ! man fe$+ ! fib] into ! ma*9e & all ! o!r m51 busy ab\t _! v>i\s duties1 w\ld appe> to be play+ v m9or p>ts 9 mod]n rope mak+4 ,9 reality1 exp]t workman%ip & wat*fulness are v important factors4 ,good rope dep5ds no m ^u sci5tific ma*9e processes ?an ^u ceaseless att5tion to ! little details1 & ?is is especially true 9 ! prep>ation room4 ,be=e tak+ up ! di/9ctly mod]n ma*9es s l>gely us$ n[ 9 ! f9al processes ( rope-mak+--! =m+ ( /r&s1 lay+ ( common ropes & clos+ ( cable-laid goods--we w describe ! rope-walk :]e mu* ( ?is "w is /ill be/ c>ri$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,huge ,,bales ,,( ,,raw ,,rope ,,mat]ial ,,manila ,,hemp ,,9 ,,w>eh\se4 ,= mak+ t>r$ goods 9 all b ! small] sizes ! walk has c]ta9 advantages n af=d$ by new] me?ods4 ,x also provides effici5t equipm5t = turn+ out ! l>ge/ ropes1 :i* w\ld o!rwise require special ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,rope ,,walk ,,int]ior ,,( ,,rope ,,walk1 ,,plym\? ,,cordage ,,co4 ,! long alleys or gr\nds :]e ! "w takes place are usually laid out 9 pairs1 "o = =m+1 ! o!r = lay+ & clos+4 ,ea* gr\nd has a track to accommodate ! ma*9es us$ & an endless b&-rope :i* conveys ! p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,view ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,rope ,,walk4 ,,h[ ,,rope ,,is ,,=m$ ,,& ,,twi/$ ,at ! head ( ! =m+ gr\nd /& frames hold+ ! bobb9s ( y>n4 ,! y>ns = ea* /r& fir/ pass ?r\gh a plate p]=at$ 9 conc5tric circles4 ,?is arrangem5t gives ea* y>n ! correct angle ( deliv]y into a tube :]e ! :ole mass gets a c]ta9 am\nt ( compression4 ,z ! top truck is =c$ ahead by ! twi/+ process1 ! ropemak] by means ( great] or less lev]age on ! 8tails0--! loose ropes %[n 9 our picture--pres]ves a correct lay 9 ! rope4 ,! /akes on :i* ! /r&s re/ are remov$ "o by "o to all[ ! top truck to pass1 & !n replac$ to support ! rope until ! lay+ is f9i%$ & ! reel+ 9 ( ! rope begun4 ,! clos+ process on cable-laid goods is l ! lay+ except t ! twi/ is rev]s$4 ,! "w n[ be+ ) ?ree complete ropes--frequ5tly v l>ge--a heavi] top truck is necess>y1 & ?is mu/ (t5 be balla/$1 z %[n 9 our illu/ration1 to keep d[n ! vibration :i* w\ld o!rwise t5d to lift ! truck (f ! track4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,view ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,rope ,,walk4 ,mod]n rope-mak+ +5uity rea*es its high-wat] m>k 9 ! comp\nd lay+-ma*9e :]e ! two op]ations ( =m+ ! /r&s & lay+ !m into a rope are comb9$4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ?is me?od is m economical ?an t 9 :i* ! =m+ & lay+ are unconnect$4 ,few] ma*9es are requir$ = a giv5 output--h5ce1 less floor space & few] workm54 ,! "t-sav+ elem5t also ent]s 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,fib] ,,9 ,,rope ,,mak+ ,,op5+ ,,bales ,,( ,,manila ,,fib] ,,= ,,prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>ation ,,room4 ,"h ! fib] is c>efully clean$ & comb$ by a s]ies ( f9e too? ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\ntless ,,sliv]s ,,/ream ,,f ,,! ,,rope ,,ma*9e ,,=mation ,,( ,,sliv]--,,fir/ ,,break]4 ,! hanks ( fib] are f$ by h& into ?is ma*9e sev]al at a "t1 :]e x is grasp$ by /eel p9s fitt$ to a sl[ly revolv+ endless *a94 ,a second set ( p9s mov+ m rapidly draws out ! individual fib]s & combs !m into a cont9u\s =m4 ,! op]ations :i* foll[ are v simil>4 ,a numb] ( 8rop+s0 are all[$ to fe$ toge!r into a fir/ sl[ly revolv+ set ( p9s & are drawn out aga9 by a high spe$ set into a small] sliv]1 ! p9s becom+ f9] on ea* succe$+ ma*9e until ! draw frame is rea*$4 ,"h ! fib] is pull$ f a s+le set ( p9s betwe5 two rapidly mov+ lea!r belts call$ aprons4 ,on all ( ^! ma*9es ! fib] passes betwe5 roll]s z x goes onto & leaves ! p9s & ! sliv] is giv5 its cyl9drical =m by be+ drawn ?r\gh a circul> op5+4 ,a f9i%$ sliv] mu/ con=m to ! special size desir$ = sp9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spread]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,break]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draw ,,frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rope ,,ma*9e ,,t ,,is ,,almo/ ,,human ,,f\r-,,/r& ,,comp\nd ,,lay+-,,ma*9e4 ,! comp\nd lay+ ma*9e mu/1 h[ev]1 be /opp$ ea* "t t ! supply ( y>n on any bobb9 is s l[ z to call = a fre% "o4 ,?is w\ld occur s frequ5tly 9 ! case ( ! l>g] ropes z to (fset ! advantages j m5tion$1 h5ce ! ma*9e is us$ on a limit$ range ( sizes only4 ,z c be se5 9 ! picture1 ! ma*9e conta9s a v]tical %aft ) upp] & l[] project+ arms :i* support ! bobb9-fly]s--f\r 9 numb] 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,! bobb9s )9 ea* fly] turn on sep>ate sp9dles1 all[+ ! y>ns to pass up ?r\gh small guide plates & !nce into a tube4 ,ea* fly] is ge>$ to revolve on its own axis1 ?us twi/+ its set ( y>ns into a compact /r&4 ,at ! same "t all ! fly]s revolve ) ! ma9 %aft 9 an opposite direction & =m a rope out ( ! /r&s z ! latt] come toge!r 9 a c5tral tube /ill high] up4 ,! rope is drawn ?r\gh ?is tube by a s]ies ( pulleys :i* ex]t a /eady pull & s keep ! prop] twi/ 9 ! rope4 ,f ^! pulleys ! f9i%$ product is deliv]$ onto a sep>ately-driv5 coil+ reel1 an automatic device regi/]+ mean:ile on a dial ! numb] ( fa?oms run4 ,! small reel1 se5 ne> ! head ( ! ma9 %aft1 holds ! small he>t rope :i* is f$ into ! c5t] ( c]ta9 f\r-/r& ropes to act z a b$ = ! /r&s4 ,pure ,manila rope is ! v be/ & ! mo/ satisfactory = all ar\nd use4 ,! "* ( good ,manila fib] is su* z to imp>t to a prop]ly made rope su* necess>y factors z /r5g?1 pliability1 & we>+ qualities4 ,regul> #c-/r& ,manila rope is univ]sally us$ = all g5]al purposes4 ,= c]ta9 special uses1 h[ev]1 & p>ticul>ly :]e ! rope is to be us$ = any k9d ( %eave "w1 a #d-/r& type ( con/ruction w be f\nd ! mo/ suitable1 z su* a rope pres5ts a mu* firm]1 r\nd]1 & great] we>+ surface ?an ! ord9>y #c-/r&4 ,!re are _m diff]5t types ( #d-/r& rope4 ,! picture %[n on ?is page repres5ts a coil ( #d-/r& ,manila call$ 8,be/ ,fall40 ,?is rope is made ( c>efully select$ fib]2 is #d-/r& ) he>t1 & is h>d] twi/$ ?an ord9>y goods4 ,be/ ,fall is adapt$ = heavy hoi/+ "w1 z on coal & gra9 elevators1 c>go & qu>ry hoi/s & = pile-driv] hamm] l9es4 ,,an ,,av]age ,,coil ,,( ,,rope--#abjj ,,feet ,! /&>d l5g? coil ( rope is #a1bjj feet1 al?\gh extra long l5g?s are e day made = su* purposes z oil-well drill+1 ! transmission ( p[]1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section1 ,,cross ,,section ,,& ,,coil1 ,,f\r ,,& ,,?ree-,,f\r? ,,in*es ,,circumf]5ce4 ,,section ,,& ,,cross ,,section ,,"o-,,half ,,actual ,illu/ration3 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,knots ,,knots4 ,f ,knight's ,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y4 #a4 ,simple ov] h& knot4 #b4 ,slip-knot1 seiz$4 #c4 ,s+le b[-knot4 #d4 ,squ>e or reef knot4 #e4 ,squ>e or b[-knot4 #f4 ,weav]'s knot4 #g4 ,g]man or figure-(-#h knot4 #h4 ,two half-hit*es1 or artific]'s knot4 #i4 ,d\ble artific]'s knot4 #aj4 ,simple galley-knot4 #aa4 ,cap/an or prolonge knot4 #ab4 ,b[l9e-knot4 #ac4 ,roll+-hit*4 #ad4 ,clove-hit*4 #ae4 ,blackwall-hit*4 #af4 ,timb]-hit*4 #ag4 ,b[l9e on a bight4 #ah4 ,runn+-b[l9e4 #ai4 ,catspaw4 #bj4 ,d\ble runn+-knot4 #ba4 ,d\ble-knot4 #bb4 ,sixfold-knot4 #bc4 ,boat-knot4 #bd4 ,l>k's head4 #be4 ,l>k's head4 #bf4 ,simple boat-knot4 #bg4 ,loop-knot4 #bh4 ,d\ble ,flemi% knot4 #bi4 ,runn+ knot1 *eck$4 #cj4 ,cron$ runn+-knot4 #ca4 ,la%+-knot4 #cb4 ,rosette4 #cc4 ,*a9-knot4 #cd4 ,d\ble *a9-knot4 #ce4 ,d\ble runn+-knot ) *eck-knot4 #cf4 ,d\ble twi/-knot4 #cg4 ,build]'s knot4 #ch4 ,d\ble ,flemi% knot4 #ci4 ,engli% knot4 #dj4 ,%ort5+ knot4 #da4 ,%ort5+ knot4 #db4 ,%eep-%ank4 #dc4 ,dog-%ank4 #dd4 ,moor+-knot4 #de4 ,moor+-knot4 #df4 ,moor+-knot4 #dg4 ,pig-tail1 work$ on ! end ( a rope4 #dh4 ,%r\d-knot4 #di4 ,sailor's b5d4 #ej4 ,a granny's knot4 #ea4 ,a weav]'s knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,splice ,a ,,rope ,,engli% ,,splice4 ,= transmission rope4 ,! successive op]ations = splic+ a #a-;in* rope by ?is me?od are z foll[s3 #a4 ,tie a piece ( tw9e 7#i & #aj1 figure #f7 ar\nd ! rope to be splic$1 ab\t six feet f ea* end4 ,!n unlay ! /r&s ( ea* end back to ! tw9e4 #b4 ,butt ! ropes toge!r1 & twi/ ea* correspond+ pair ( /r&s loosely1 to keep !m f be+ tangl$1 z %[n 7a7 figure #f4 #c4 ,! tw9e #aj is n[ cut1 & ! /r& #h unlaid1 & /r& #g c>efully laid 9 its place = a di/ance ( f\r & a half feet f ! junction4 #d4 ,! /r& #f is next unlaid ab\t "o & a half feet1 & /r& #e laid 9 its place4 #e4 ,! ends ( ! cores are n[ cut (f s !y j meet4 #f4 ,unlay /r& #a f\r & a half feet1 lay+ /r& #b 9 its place4 #g4 ,unlay /r& #c "o & a half feet1 lay+ 9 /r& #d4 #h4 ,cut all ! /r&s (f to a l5g? ( ab\t tw5ty in*es1 = conv5i5ce 9 manipulation4 ,! rope n[ assumes ! =m %[n 9 b1 ) ! meet+-po9ts ( ! /r&s ?ree feet ap>t4 ,ea* pair ( /r&s is n[ successively subject$ to ! foll[+ op]ations3 #i4 ,f ! po9t ( meet+ ( ! /r&s #h & #g1 unlay ea* "o ?ree turns2 split bo? ! /r&s #h & #g 9 halves1 z f> back z !y are n[ unlaid1 & 8:ip0 ! end ( ea* half /r& ) a small piece ( tw9e4 #aj4 ,! half ( ! /r& #g is n[ laid 9 ?ree turns1 & ! half ( #h also laid 9 ?ree turns4 ,! half /r&s n[ meet & are ti$ 9 a simple knot1 #aa 7c7 mak+ ! rope at ?is po9t its orig9al size4 #aa4 ,! rope is n[ op5$ ) a m>l9-spike1 & ! half /r& ( #g work$ ar\nd ! half /r& ( #h by pass+ ! end ( ! half /r& ?r\gh ! rope1 z %[n1 drawn taut1 & aga9 work$ ar\nd ?is half /r& until x rea*es ! half /r& #ac t 0 n laid 94 ,?is half /r& #ac is n[ split1 & ! half /r& #g drawn ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us made1 & !n tuck$ "u ! two adjac5t /r&s z %[n 9 d4 #ab4 ,! o!r half ( ! /r& #h is n[ w\nd ar\nd ! o!r half /r& #g 9 ! same way4 ,aft] ea* pair ( /r&s has be5 treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! ends are cut (f at #ab1 leav+ !m ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,aft] a few days' we> !y w all draw into ! body ( ! rope or we> (f1 s t ! locality ( ! splice c sc>cely be detect$4 ,:y ,d ,we ,g to ,sleep8 ,fir/1 ( c\rse1 we sleep to re/ our body & bra94 ,dur+ our wak+ h\rs _m1 if n all1 p>ts ( our bodies are active all ! "t1 & ) e movem5t we exhau/ or sp5d "s ( our /r5g?4 ,take ! case ( y\r arm1 = in/ance4 ,y may be able to move x up & d[n fifty or a hundr$ or m times )\t gett+ tir$1 accord+ to h[ /rong y are1 b soon] or lat] y w n be able to move x any m--x is tir$--! life has all gone out ( x & x ne$s re/1 9 ord] t x may become /rong aga94 ,e "t y move y\r arm y de/roy c]ta9 p>ts ( its tissues1 :i* c only be replac$ dur+ re/4 ,e activity ( y\r body has ! same exp]i5ce1 & ! con/ant "w ( ! bra9 9 direct+ ! v>i\s movem5ts & activities ( ! body1 tires x out too4 ,z soon z ?is condition occurs1 ! bra9 tells ! o!r p>ts ( ! body t x is "t to re/1 & ev5 if we try to keep awake & g on ) our "w or play1 or :atev] x is we are do+1 we f9d soon] or lat] t x is impossible4 ,if we p]si/ we fall asleep :]ev] we happ5 to be4 ,x is n necess>y = all p>ts ( ! body to be tir$ be=e we sleep4 ,"o "p alone may be s affect$ by :at x has be5 do+ t x alone causes u to fall asleep4 ,sometimes ! eyes become s tir$1 :ile we are look+ at ! pictures 9 a book or read+1 = in/ance1 t we fall (f to sleep quickly4 ,x is p]haps easi] to br+ on sleep by mak+ ! eyes tir$ ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,t is :y s _m p read !mselves to sleep4 ,x is su* a gradual pass+ into unconsci\sness t y c h>dly ev] tell :]e y left (f read+4 ,x is said t :5 we are awake our bodies are cont9ually plann+ = ! "t :5 we %all ne$ sleep & are cont9ually mak+ "s little g]m :i* is c>ri$ to ! bra9 z soon z made1 & :5 !re are a suffici5t numb] ( ^! little g]ms pil$ up 9 ! bra91 we g to sleep4 ,! process ( sleep+ !n de/roys ^! g]ms1 & :5 !y are de/roy$ we aga9 wake up4 ,:y ,d ,we ,wake ,up 9 ! ,morn+8 ,to answ] ?is we mu/ g back to ! answ] to ! "q1 8,:at makes u g to sleep80 ,we g to sleep 9 ord] to secure ! re/ :i* our body & bra9 ne$ to build up ! p>ts :i* h be5 de/roy$ dur+ our active "w or play4 ,we wake up naturally :5 we h _h suffici5t re/4 ,we wake up naturally1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! de/roy$ p>ts ( ! body h be5 replac$4 ,o!r ?+s may wak5 u--a noise ( any k9d1 l\d or slight1 a />tl+ dream or a mov+ ?+ t di/urbs our sleep--accord+ to h[ fully we are asleep4 ,x is said t sometimes only p>ts ( ! body are asleep2 t we are n always all asleep :5 we appe> to sleep1 & t we dream because "s "p ( ! body is awake or active4 ,?is is probably true4 ,n[ !n1 :5 all ( anyone ( u is sleepy1 we g into :at is call$ a deep sleep & at su* times only some?+ out ( ! ord9>y w\ld awak5 u4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body become re/$ & !y are said to wake up1 & f9ally :5 all ( u is re/$1 we naturally wake up all ov]4 ,if y are heal?y & sleep naturally1 9 a place :]e y _c be di/urb$ by noises or movem5ts ( o!rs1 y %\ld be 8wide awake0 :5 y\r eyes op5 & be ready to get up at once4 ,if y feel l turn+ ov] = ano!r snooze1 :5 x is "t to get up1 y did n g to b$ z e>ly z y %\ld h done1 or else "s "p ( y did n get ! requir$ am\nt ( sleep x %\ld h _h4 ,:]e ,are ,we ,:5 ,asleep8 ,we are j :]e we lie4 ,x seems to u1 ( c\rse1 because ( our dreams :5 we are asleep t we are away (f "s place else4 ,(t5 :5 we wake up we wond] = a m9ute or two :]e we are1 z ev]y?+ seems s /range to u1 & x takes a m9ute or s = u to rememb] t we are 9 our own b$1 if t is :]e we w5t to sleep4 ,?is is because ( ! dreams we h :ile asleep4 ,9 pa/ times ! unciviliz$ savages 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>? believ$ t :5 any ( !m w5t to sleep t ! real p]son s asleep actually w5t away1 leav+ ! body beh9d2 9 o!r words1 t ! s\l w5t travel+4 ,!y ?\ght ?is because x 0 ! only explanation !y c\ld ?9k ( = ! dreams !y _h1 s9ce almo/ inv>iably ! dream 0 ab\t "s o!r place4 ,:y ,does ,x ,seem ,:5 ,we ,h ,slept ,all ,night ,t ,we ,h ,be5 ,asleep ,only a ,m9ute8 ,?is is because all our ideas ( passage ( "t are bas$ on our consci\s p]iods4 ,:5 we are asleep we are unconsci\s4 ,x is ! same z if "t did n pass1 & :5 we wake up ! t5d5cy is to />t 9 :]e we left (f4 ,we h le>n$ by exp]i5ce t :5 we g to sleep at night & wake up 9 ! morn+ t mu* "t has pass$ & ?is unconsci\s k keeps u f ?9k+ always t we h be5 asleep b a m9ute4 ,b if y drop asleep 9 ! day "t1 no matt] h[ long y sleep1 y wake up ?9k+ t y h be5 asleep only a m9ute1 & sometimes x is difficult to conv9ce y\rself t y h be5 asleep at all4 ,sometimes aft] be+ asleep = h\rs1 y\r fir/ wak+ ?\ght is a cont9uation ( :at y\r m9d 0 on :5 y w5t to sleep4 ,! reason = ?is1 z /at$ above1 is t we _c keep track ( pass+ "t :5 we are asleep1 because we are p]fectly unconsci\s4 ,:y ,%\ld ,we ,n ,sleep ,) ! ,moon ,%9+ ,on ,u8 ,!re is no h>m 9 lett+ ! moon %9e on u :ile we are asleep4 ,?is is "o ( ! que] sup]/itions t has develop$ 9 ! _w4 ,a great _m p ?9k t some?+ t]rible w happ5 if ! moon is all[$ to %9e into ! room :]e !y are asleep4 ,n s _m believe ?is z us$ to d s1 ?anks to ! m enlight5$ condition ( ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,to prove to y\rself t no h>m c come to y ?r\gh ! moon %9+ into y\r b$room or ^u y z y are asleep1 y h only to rememb] t a great _m m5 & v _m m animals sleep out "u ! sky e night & t ! moon mu/ %9e on !m :ile !y are asleep4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 p :o sleep out "u ! op5 sky are g5]ally 9 possession ( m rugg$ heal? ?an p :o sleep 9 b$s 9 clos$ rooms4 ,s x is r bett] to let ! moon %9e on y :ile asleep ?an n4 ,?is belief probably />t$ ) "s "o :o _h tr\ble 9 go+ to sleep ) ! moon %9+ on him1 because ! light ( ! moon might h a t5d5cy to keep him awake4 ,x is easi] to g to sleep 9 a d>k room ?an 9 "o t is light$1 because :5 !re is no light !re is less ab\t y to keep y awake4 ,:at ,makes ,u ,dream8 ,dreams orig9ate 9 ! bra94 ,! bra9 has _m p>ts & "s p>ts ( x may be asleep :ile o!rs are n4 ,if all p>ts ( ! bra9 are actually asleep1 x is said !re c be no dreams4 ,we h dreams ab\t ?+s :i* seem v natural :ile we are hav+ !m1 & :i* we "k w\ld be impossible if we 7 :olly awake1 because ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 :i* control ! o!r p>ts are probably asleep :ile ! dream is tak+ place1 & x is !n t we h ^? fanta/ic & highly imag9ative dreams1 = ! bra9 is n "u control 9 e s5se4 ,we us$ to believe t dreams h no purpose1 j z n[ we "k t !y h no mean+4 ,b x has be5 discov]$ t dreams h a purpose 9 t !y protect our sleep4 ,y see1 e dream is />t$ by "s di/urbance or excitem5t ( ! body or m9d4 ,some?+ may be press+ or t\*+ u :ile we sleep1 or a /range s\nd may />t a dream1 or p]haps x is "s uncom=table position 9 :i* we are ly+ or tr\ble 9 ! /oma* on acc\nt ( eat+ some?+ we %\ld n4 ,:atev] x may be1 ^? ?+s wake up "s "p ( ! bra91 because if all p>ts ( ! bra9 7 asleep1 we c\ld n feel or he> any?+4 ,any su* di/urbance or excitem5t w\ld naturally excite ! :ole bra9 & wake u up completely if x 7 n = dreams4 ,! dream takes c>e ( ?is & enables ! re/ ( ! body & bra9 to sleep :ile "o or m p>ts ( ! bra9 are di/urb$ & ev5 p]haps awake4 ,we may p]haps h become uncov]$ 9 "s way4 ,?is w\ld produce a cold feel+ & might wake a "p ( ! bra9 & cause a dream ab\t skat+ or "s o!r w9t] amusem5t or exp]i5ce1 or ev5 p]haps "o ab\t fall+ ?r\gh ! ice1 & /ill we might n be uncov]$ s mu* t x w\ld make any great diff]5ce4 ,! dream comes & we g on ) our sleep )\t wak+ up1 :]eas if x 7 n = ! dream we w\ld awak54 ,9 o!r words1 dreams are j ano!r wise provision ( nature :i* enables u to g "r on & get ! re/ we ne$1 ev5 if our dige/ion is out ( ord]1 or "s "p ( our bra9 is di/urb$ ?r\gh some?+ we read ab\t1 or 7 told (1 or we ?\ght ( :ile /ill awake4 ,:y ,d ,we ,"k ,we ,h ,dream$ ,:5 ,we ,wake ,up8 ,because we rememb] "s ( our dreams4 ,sometimes we d n rememb] ! dreams we dream$4 ,?is is j l :at happ5s :5 we are awake4 ,we rememb] "s ?+s & =get o!rs4 ,dreams are a sort ( safety valve 9 our sleep4 ,we dream because n all ( our bra9 is asleep at ! "t & x is a wise provision ( nature t p]mits ! wak+ "p ( ! bra9 to g on work+ )\t di/urb+ ! sleep ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! bra94 ,if a l>ge "p ( ! bra9 is awake & engag$ 9 mak+ ! dream1 we are v apt to rememb] ! dream2 b :5 we dream & _c rememb] :at ! dream 01 x is because only a v small portion ( ! bra9 0 awake & mak+ a dream4 ,:at ,causes ,nightm>e8 ,a nightm>e is a dream ( :at we might call a vigor\s k9d4 ,a nightm>e is caus$ by a feel+ ( int5se fe>1 horror1 anxiety or ! inability to escape f "s great dang]4 ,a nightm>e is ! result ( ei!r an irregul> fl[ ( blood to ! bra9 or by a /oma* t is n 9 prop] condition4 ,! "n = ?is k9d ( a dream comes f ! words night & m>e4 ,! latt] ^w 9 "o ( its sev]al mean+s indicates an incubus or evil vision1 & a dream ( an evil vision involv+ fe> or horror came to be t]m$ a m>e4 ,s9ce !y occurr$ g5]ally at night1 s9ce mo/ p sleep at night1 !y became kn[n z nightm>es4 ,nightm>es are m common to *ildr5 ?an gr[n-up p because *ildr5 are m apt to h an unev5 fl[ ( blood to ! bra9 & also are m apt to eat ! ?+s :i* put ! /oma* 9 a /ate ( unre/ :i* causes nightm>es4 ,gr[n-up p are m likely to h le>n$ to avoid ! abuses ( ! /oma* :i* are apt to produce nightm>es4 ,:at ,are ,gho/s8 ,! idea ( gho/s is ! result ( a mi/ake ( ! bra9 or an attempt to acc\nt = some?+ ( :i* we see ! results1 b h no actual k4 ,!re are no gho/s4 ,!re are _m =ces at "w 9 ! _w ( :i* we "k no?+ z yet4 ,_m ( ! wond]ful ?+s t occur 9 ! _w are z yet my/]ies to ! m9d ( man4 ,e little :ile man discov]s "o ( ^! new =ces1 & !n he is able to und]/& _m ?+s pla9ly :i* 7 up to !n surr\nd$ ) my/]y & 9 ! m9ds ( sup]/iti\s p attribut$ to spirits or gho/s4 ,long be=e we und]/ood z mu* z we d n[ ( ! work+s ( electricity 7& !y say we "k only a little ( its wond]s z yet7 _m ( ! natural wond]s produc$ by electricity 7 attribut$ to gho/s4 ,mo/ ( ! m>vel\s tales ( ! wond]s p]=m$ by & visits f gho/s are ! result ( di/urbances ( ! bra9 9 ! p :o ?9k !y see ! gho/s & ! results ( _! "w4 ,a creature )\t imag9ation does n pret5d to see or believe 9 gho/s4 ,man is ! only animal :i* possesses ! ability to imag9e ?+s & s ! gho/s we he> ab\t are ! creatures ( ! di/urb$ bra9s ( m54 ,g5]ally 9 ! gho/ /ories we he> (1 ! gho/ is describ$ z we>+ clo!s--usually :ite4 ,a b$ %eet ?r[n ov] ! foot ( ! b$ may appe> to a half-awake p]son z ! outl9e ( ! figure ( a gho/ & to "o ( a highly imag9ative temp]am5t )\t ! c\rage ( inve/igation1 become =ev] a real gho/4 ,usually :at is suppos$ to be a gho/ is only a creation ( ! m9d--a vision su* z we c develop dur+ a dream--(t5times1 h[ev]1 :at y look at :5 y ?9k y see a gho/ is an actual some?+ su* z ! %eet ref]r$ to1 b :i* takes ! =m ( ! gho/ 9 ! bra9 ( ! p]son :o is look+ at x ?r\gh eyes t really see x1 b out ( a bra9 t = ! mom5t at lea/ is f> (f its balance4 ,:y ,d ,girls ,l ,dolls8 ,girls l dolls because !y come into ! _w = ! purpose ( becom+ mo!rs & ! love :i* !y display = dolls is ! "m in/9ct :i* beg9s to %[ itself e>ly 9 life4 ,to ! little girl ! doll is a make-believe *ild4 ,x satisfies h] z long z !re are no real babies to take its place1 b any little girl w drop h] dollie if %e is giv5 an opportunity to play at dolls ) a real live baby in/ead4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ fact 9 connection ) ! human race4 ,boys sometimes play ) dolls1 b n s (t51 & any k9d ( a boy w give up play+ ) a doll z soon z a toy eng9e or "s o!r boy's toy appe>s = him4 ,a boy has c]ta9 manni% in/9cts :i* a girl has n4 ,we h _m o!r in/9cts besides ! in/9ct ( p>5?ood & ea* ( !m has its orig9 9 "s c]ta9 k9d ( feel+ :i* is born )9 u & is capable ( developm5t along int]e/+ l9es4 ,:at ,makes ! ,works ( a ,wat* ,g8 ,a wat* l any o!r ma*9e :i* we h1 only goes :5 p[] is appli$ 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,9 ! case ( a wat* x is a spr+4 ,a spr+ is an ela/ic body1 su* z a /rip ( /eel1 z 9 ! case ( ! wat*1 coil$ spirally :i*1 :5 b5t or =c$ out ( its natural /ate1 has ! p[] ( recov]+ its %ape aga9 by virtue ( its ela/ic p[]4 ,! natural /ate ( a wat* spr+ is to be op5 flat & spread out to its full l5g?4 ,:5 y w9d a wat* y coil ?is spr+1 i4e41 y b5d x out ( its natural %ape4 ,z soon z y /op w9d+ ! spr+ beg9s to uncoil itself1 try+ to get back to its natural %ape1 & 9 do+ s makes ! :eels ( ! wat* :i* op]ate ! h&s g r\nd4 ,! spr+ !n1 or r its ela/icity1 :i* always makes an ef=t to get back to its natural /ate1 is ! p[] :i* makes ! wat* g4 ,m5 :o make wat*es arrange ! spr+ & ! o!r ma*9]y 9 ! wat* 9 su* a way t x w uncoil itself only at a c]ta9 rate ( spe$4 ,soon] or lat] ! spr+ loses its ela/icity & !n its p[] to make ! wat* g4 ,:at ,makes a ,hot ,box8 ,:5 y put oil on ! axle1 h[ev]1 ! oil fills up ! holl[s betwe5 ! little irregul> bumps on bo? ! axle & ! hub1 & makes !m bo? smoo?--almo/ p]fectly s4 ,?is r$uces ! friction & keeps ! axle & hub f becom+ hot & exp&+4 ,! less friction t is develop$1 ! m easily ! :eel w turn4 ,illu/ration ,! ,/ory 9 a ,mov+ ,picture ,h[ ,are ,mov+ ,pictures ,made8 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 we mu/ />t ) ! negative /ock1 or film on :i* ! pictures are tak54 ,?is mat]ial is v mu* l ! films y buy = ! ord9>y snap-%ot cam]a1 slightly heavi] & ( m durable quality1 to /& ! we> & te> ( pass+ ?r\gh ! picture cam]a & ! project+ ma*9e us$ 9 exhibition4 ,?is film is #a in*es wide & comes 9 rolls ( #bjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is negative /ock has to be c>efully p]=at$1 mak+ ! holes necess>y to conduct ! film by aid ( sprockets ?r\gh ! cam]a & ! projectoscope4 ,to /ill fur!r und]/& ?is explanation1 see illu/rations ( ! negative /ock4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! film 9 ! d>k room1 we c load ! cam]a 9 ! d>k room & proce$ to take ! picture4 ,9 tak+ an indu/rial or travelogue picture1 aft] ! cam]a is 9 read9ess1 is n s mu* ( an und]tak+ z tak+ a picture ( a drama or com$y1 :]e9 a plot & play]s are conc]n$4 ,! travelogue or indu/rial pictures are simply photography1 ) ! additional manipulation ( panoram+ or turn+ ! cam]a1 :i* requires an exp]t k1 acquir$ f exp]i5ce & ye>s ( /udy4 ,!re is a di/9ction & a big diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y photograph] & ! mov+ picture photograph]1 :o is g5]ally kn[n z a 8cam]a-man40 ,a photograph]1 !re=e1 ?\gh ( va/ exp]i5ce1 _c /ep into a 8cam]a-man's0 place & expect to 8make good40 ,! latt] has to dep5d entirely ^u 8 special exp]i5ce & judgm5t z to light & di/ance1 focus+ & g5]al physical conditions ( ! mov+-picture cam]a1 :i* is affect$ by /atic & o!r electrical peculi>ities ( ! atmosph]e1 to be avoid$ by him4 ,^!1 & _m o!r po9ts1 are conv9c+ evid5ce t ! mov+-picture cam]a is entirely diff]5t f an ord9>y photographic cam]a4 ,a mov+-picture cam]a & tripod weigh f fifty to "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,!re are two /yles ( cam]as1 "o :i* takes a s+le film & "o :i* takes two films at once1 & ea* l5s ( ! d\ble cam]a mu/ be equally well focus$ & e feature to be depict$ mu/ be br\ght )9 ! focus1 :i* g5]ally occupies a radius ( #h feet 9 wid? by #aj feet 9 height4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5es ,,f 8,,(fic] ,,kate40 ,illu/ration3 ,,raw ,,negative ,,/ock4 ,,p]=at$ ,,negative ,,/ock4 ,exact size ( a ,motion ,picture ,film ,:5 x comes to tak+ a photo-play1 a drama or com$y1 diff]5t conditions ( a v>i$ nature h to be cont5d$ )4 ,to proce$ intellig5tly 9 tak+ a photo-play1 a sc5>io or manuscript is ess5tial4 ,x mu/ be prefac$ ) a well-writt5 synopsis ( ! /ory involv$1 ca/ ( *>act]s1 sc5es to be enact$ & a li/ ( prop]ties requir$ 9 ! sc5es4 ,! director1 or produc]1 ( ! play1 be+ furni%$ ) su* a guide1 proce$s to select ! actors & actresses 7call$ play]s7 suitable = ! p>ts & ! fill+ ( ! ca/4 ,?is be+ accompli%$1 he insi/s t ea* "o ( ! play]s read ! sc5>io 9 ord] to be famili> ) 8 or h] "p & und]/& ! :ole play be=e go+ into ! picture4 ,! director in/ructs !m z to ! co/umes fitt+ ! p>ts & !n conf]s ) ! co/um] conc]n+ ! furni%+ ( prop] dress = ea* "o ( ! play]s4 ,! director is ready to g on ) ! p]=mance ( ! play1 & tells 8 ca/ to appe> = rehe>sal at a set h\r4 ,at t "t he puts !m ?r\gh a ?or\gh c\rse ( tra9+ or rehe>sal1 to 8get ov]0 & regi/] ! mean+ ( ea* ?\ght :i* is to be express$ by _! actions4 ,sometimes a sc5e is rehe>s$ f\r to six h\rs be=e x is photograph$4 ,a "o-reel play is g5]ally #ajjj feet 9 l5g?1 & x is v important t ! director1 if he has tw5ty sc5es1 = in/ance1 to introduce )9 t #ajjj feet1 to "t ! sc5es to ! l5g? ( 8 film2 t is1 if he has tw5ty sc5es )9 "o ?\s& feet1 ea* ( ! tw5ty sc5es mu/ n av]age m ?an "o m9ute ea*4 ,if "o %\ld happ5 to be m ?an "o m9ute1 !n he has to cond5se ano!r sc5e less ?an "o m9ute1 9 ord] to br+ all )9 ! tw5ty m9utes or #ajjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ag+ ,a ,,motion ,,picture ,,9 ,a ,,/udio ,,rehe>s+ ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,/udio ,! ,size ( ,ea* ,picture on ! ,film4 ,s y c see f ?is t x ne$s v c>eful rehe>sal & nice calculation to br+ a well-act$ & conv9c+ play )9 s %ort a "t1 to tell ! :ole /ory intellig5tly4 ,hav+ done all ?is1 ! director is ready to h ! 8cam]a-man0 d 8 "p ( ! "w4 ,he draws 8 l9es )9 ! range ( ! cam]a1 :i* d n exce$ eight or t5 feet 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,?is is ano!r po9t to be consid]$ on ! "p ( ! director1 because all ! action has to be c>ri$ out )9 ! eight feet ( space1 :i* is really conf9$ to t mu* /age wid?4 ,"h aga9 is :]e ! cam]a-man has to wat* v c>efully1 n only ! work+s ( 8 cam]a1 b ! play]s2 always al]t t !y are 9 ! picture1 & assi/+ ! director by 8 obs]vations4 ,! size ( ea* picture z tak5 on ! film is by #a in*4 ,x is magnifi$ t5 ?\s& times its actual size :5 we see x on ! scre5 9 a place ( exhibition4 ,a full reel ( #ajjj feet %[s #af1jjj photographs on ! scre5 dur+ ! tw5ty m9utes x consumes 9 its %[+4 ,! future ( mov+ pictures is no long] a matt] ( speculation4 ,! bus9ess is an e/abli%$ "o1 & its fur!r developm5ts are only matt]s ( "t4 ,! possibilities & uses ( ! animat$ art are unlimit$4 ,already x is felt 9 educational1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 & indu/rial affairs4 ,_! influ5ce 9 matt]s ( sanitation & all civic improvem5ts1 con/ruction & me*anics1 is invaluable4 ,z a m$ium ( :olesome ent]ta9m5t & solid in/ruction x is unsurpass$4 ,^! are m]ely sugge/ions ( a few phases ( its utility & x is only a natural conclusion t x w be s f>-rea*+ 9 its uplift t x w surpass ! expectations ( ! mo/ sangu9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,develop+ ,,room4 ,to develop1 t9t & cle> ! films1 l>ge tanks ( wood or soap/one are us$4 ,! films1 :i* are w\nd ^u ! wood5 frames1 or racks1 are dipp$ into ^! vats1 fill$ ) ! necess>y *emicals & liquids4 ,! films be+ w\nd on frames enables ! develop]s to exam9e !m )\t h&l+ !m4 ,! t9t+ is done by simil> me?ods to give ! necess>y t9t1 color+ 9 r$1 sepia1 blue1 gre5 or yell[1 imp>t+ to !m ! effect ( night1 sunlight or ev5+1 :i*ev] ! case may be4 ,! films are f9ally cle>$1 to wa% !m cle> ( any extrane\s *emicals or matt] :i* might /reak or scrat* ! films1 & avoid any objectionable matt] t might m> _! appe>ance :5 %[n on ! scre5 or 9 ! process ( h&l+4 ,,ea* ,,picture ,,is ,,fir/ ,,exhibit$ ,,at ,,! ,,/udio ,z soon z conv5i5t aft] a film is f9i%$ x is tak5 to ! exhibition rooms1 at ! /udio1 :]e x is ?r[n onto ! scre54 ,x is review$ fir/ by ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts & ! directors1 & lat] by play]s & all ^? int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! projectoscopes or mov+-picture ma*9es are run by motor1 presid$ ov] by lic5s$ op]ators1 :o are kept on ! job cont9ually4 ,^! exhibition rooms are call$1 9 ! p>lance ( ! /udios1 8knocklodeums10 = "h is :]e ev]y?+ is criticis$4 ,play]s' act+ & fitness are judg$ by _! appe>ance & conduct on ! scre5 & decision giv5 z to _! qualifications4 ,! quality ( ! photography1 develop+ & ! picture z a f9i%$ production is "h det]m9$ by ! heads ( ! conc]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dry+ ,,room4 ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,c5sors ,,passes ,,on ,,e ,,picture ,e picture be=e x is releas$ = exhibition mu/ be pass$ ^u by ! ,bo>d ( ,c5sors4 ,x is run ^u ! scre5 & ?or\ghly inspect$1 criticis$1 & e po9t involv$ ?or\ghly weigh$ z to its effect ^u ! m9d ( ! g5]al public4 ,if1 9 _! e/imation1 x is f\nd objectionable 9 any p>ticul>1 ! objectionable p>ts are elim9at$1 & if consid]$ entirely h>mful1 9 its s5tim5ts or influ5ce1 ! picture is condemn$4 ,! majority rules 9 ! bo>d's judgm5t1 al?\gh x is by no means infallible 9 its decision4 ,?is bo>d is compos$ ( ab\t sixty p]sons1 :o are appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5t = _! g5]al qualifications1 _! int]e/ 9 ! g5]al welf>e ( ! public1 ke5ness z to morals & uplift ( ! p at l>ge4 ,!y d n receive sal>ies2 _! s]vices are pro bono publico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,a ,,milit>y ,,sc5e ,,outdoors4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,9 8,,pigs ,,is ,,pigs0 ,illu/ration3 8,,pigs ,,is ,,pigs40 ,illu/ration3 ,,vitagraph ,,fam\s ,,au?ors' ,,s]ies ,,by ,,ellis ,,p>k] ,,butl]4 ,y ,h ,se5 ,pigs1 b ,nev] ,su* ,pigs z ,^!4 ,two ( ,!m ,become ,eight ,hundr$ ,pigs s ,rapidly1 ,!y ,set ,bunny ,daffy & ,almo/ ,ru9 ! ,express ,bus9ess4 ,director--,,george ,d4 ,,bak]4 ,au?or--,,ellis ,,p>k] ,,butl]4 ,,ca/4 ,flann]y1 an ,express ,ag5t ,,john ,,bunny ,mr4 ,moreh\se ,,eti5ne ,,gir>dot ,cl]k 9 ,compla9t ,dept4 ,,c\rtl& ,,van ,,deus5 ,head ( ,claims ,dept4 ,,william ,,%ea ,mr4 ,morgan1 ,head ( ,t>iff ,dept4 ,,alb]t ,,rocc>di ,presid5t ( ,company ,,&]s ,,r&olf ,pr(4 ,gordon ,,george ,,/ev5s ,aft] a /r5u\s argum5t ) ,flann]y1 ! local ,express ,ag5t1 ,mr4 ,moreh\se refuses to pay ! #cj;c *>ges on ea* ( two gu9ea pigs %ipp$ him1 claim+ !y are pets & subject to ! #be;c rate4 ,flann]y replies1 8,pigs is pigs & ,i'm blame sure !m animals is pigs1 n pets1 & ! rule says1 #8#cj;c ea*4'0 ,mr4 ,moreh\se writes _m times to ! ,express ,company1 claim+ gu9ea-pigs are n common pigs1 & ea* "t is ref]r$ to a diff]5t dep>tm5t4 ,flann]y receives a note f ! ,t>iff ,dep>tm5t inquir+ z to condition ( consignm5t1 to :i* he replies1 8,!re are eight n[6 ,all good eat]s4 ,paid out two doll>s = cabbage s f>40 ,! matt] f9ally rea*es ! ,presid5t1 :o writes a fri5d1 a ,zoological ,pr(essor4 ,un=tunately t g5tleman is 9 ,s\? ,africa1 caus+ a delay ( _m mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t ! pigs increase to #afj4 ,at la/ ^w is receiv$ f ! le>n$ man prov+ t gu9ea-pigs are n common pigs4 ,flann]y is !n ord]$ to collect #be;c ea* = two gu9ea-pigs & deliv] ! entire lot to consignee4 ,!re are n[ #hjj & ,flann]y is horrifi$ to f9d ,moreh\se has mov$ to p>ts unkn[n4 ,he is ab\t to give up 9 despair :5 ! company ord]s him to =w>d ! entire collection to ! ,ma9 ,(fice1 to be dispos$ ( z unclaim$ prop]ty1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bunny ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,pigs4 ,illu/ration ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,mov+ ,pictures8 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mov+ ,,picture ,,cam]a ,! fir/ device :i* produc$ ! motion-picture effect 0 no?+ b a sci5tific toy4 ,! idea is almo/ z old z pictures !mselves4 ,?is toy we speak ( 0 call$ a zoetrope4 ,x consi/$ ( a :irl+ cyl9d] hav+ _m slits 9 ! outside ?r\gh :i* y c\ld see by look+ into ! cyl9d] a picture opposite ea* slit4 ,! pictures 7 drawn by h& & ! arti/ aim$ to place ! pictures )9 ! cyl9d] 9 su* ord] t ea* succe$+ "o w\ld repres5t ! next successive motion ( any mov+ object 9 mak+ a movem5t z ne> z he c\ld draw x2 :5 ! cyl9d] 0 :irl$ ) ! slits on a level ) ! eye1 ! effect produc$ 0 ( a cont9u\s mov+ picture4 ,a great _m devices 7 produc$ z a result ( ?is toy = pres5t+ ! effect ( pictures s arrang$1 b until photography 0 inv5t$ no way 0 f\nd = mak+ ! pictures to be view$ except su* z 7 drawn by arti/s4 ,b :5 photography 0 develop$ x 0 possible to get actual successive photographs4 ,! greate/ difficulty 0 f\nd 9 tak+ photographs 9 su* quick succession t all ( ! motions 9 ! mov+ object 7 tak5 )\t any skipp+4 ,?is difficulty 0 = ! fir/ "t successfully ov]come by ,muybridge 9 #ahgg4 ,he arrang$ a r[ ( tw5ty-f\r cam]as ) /r+ trigg] %utt]s1 ! /r+ ( ea* %utt] be+ /ret*$ across a race track4 ,a mov+ horse approa*+ d[n ! track broke ! /r+s z he came to !m1 ?us op]at+ ea* ( ! cam]as 9 turn 9 quick succession & secur+ a s]ies ( pictures ( ! mov+ horse )9 a v %ort "t4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-f\r pictures to ?is film :5 reproduc$ 9 ! devices !n kn[n = project+ pictures1 & ?is me?od requir$ "o cam]a = ea* section ( ! picture produc$4 ,( c\rse1 ! l5g? ( ! s]ies 0 ?us limit$ greatly4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s lat] ,le ,pr9ce arrang$ :at he call$ a multiple cam]a4 ,?is 0 z a matt] ( fact a batt]y ( sixte5 automatically reload+ cam]as 9 :i* /rips ( film 7 us$4 ,ea* ( ! sixte5 cam]as took a picture 9 turn & !n automatically br\ght ano!r /rip ( ! film into position1 s t cam]a numb] "o took ! sev5te5? picture1 ! tw5ty-?ird1 ! =ty-n9?1 etc41 & ea* ( ! o!r cam]as took _! v>i\s pictures 9 turn4 ,) ?is cam]a a film ( any requir$ l5g? c\ld be produc$4 ,! ,le ,pr9ce cam]a 0 !re=e ! real p>5t f :i* ! mod]n motion-picture cam]a sprang4 ,! fir/ really mod]n motion-picture cam]a 0 built 9 a s+le case ) a batt]y ( sixte5 sep>ate l5ses & sixte5 %utt]s4 ,^! 7 op]at$ by turn+ a crank4 ,! pictures 7 tak5 on f\r /rips ( film4 ,:5 ! crank 0 turn$ ! exposure 0 made to ea* ( ! sixte5 l5ses 9 succession1 & :5 ! s]ies 0 complet$ ! films 7 cut ap>t & pa/$ toge!r 9 a s+le /rip ( film1 ! pictures !mselves be+ arrang$ 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,! pr9cipal developm5t ( ?is cam]a1 z f\nd 9 ! pres5t me?od ( mak+ motion pictures1 is ! inv5tion ( ! flexible film negatives2 ! transp>5t support = ! pr9t :i* p]mits ! pictures to be project$ 9 enl>g$ =m ^u a scre52 & ! sy/em ( holes 9 ! m>g9 ( ! film by :i* ! film is held 9 p]fect alignm5t = project+ ! pictures4 ,b a few ye>s ago1 !n1 ! motion picture 0 a *ild's toy4 ,to-day x =ms ! basis = n only a v l>ge & pr(itable bus9ess = _m p1 b a s\rce ( amusem5t & education to millions ( p at reasonable prices4 ,to-day ! motion-picture bus9ess is reg>d$ z "o ( ! _w's greate/ indu/ries4 ,no corn] ( ! _w is s f> remote b ! motion-picture man f9ds 8 way !re1 ei!r z an exhibitor or z a produc]4 ,no?+ happ5s 9 ! _w to-day b ! motion-picture man ) 8 cam]a is on ! job if x is a happ5+ t c be pres]v$ 9 motion pictures & wor?y ( t4 ,! de?ronem5t ( k+s & ! inaugurations ( presid5ts are all alike to him4 ,if !re is a w>1 he is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! field1 & is ! fir/ to see ! p>ade :5 !re is a peace jubilee4 ,disa/]s1 horrors1 h]oes & crim9als pass be=e 8 l5s & he gives u a mov+ panorama ( ev]y?+ t is int]e/+1 9 nature1 9 real life1 & 9 fiction4 ,tak+ ,motion ,pictures a ,simple ,op]ation4 ,motion-picture photography is me*anically simple & ! projection ( ! pictures on ! scre5 0 made possible by ! improvem5t 9 dry plates :i* made in/antane\s photography successful1 toge!r ) ! inv5tion ( ! process ( us+ celluloid films = negatives4 ,motion pictures consi/ ( a s]ies ( photographs made rapidly & !n project$ rapidly on ! scre54 ,9 ?is way "o picture foll[s ano!r s quickly t ! *ange f "o picture to ano!r is n notic$ & ! movem5ts & actions ( ! p]sons or ?+s photograph$ are reproduc$ 9 a life-l mann]4 ,is ! ,h& ,quick] ,?an ! ,eye8 ,!re is no "q t ! h& c be mov$ s quickly t ! eye _c detect ! movem5t4 ,?is is prov$ by ! motion picture :5 project$ on ! scre54 ,9 mov+ pictures ! quickness ( ! ma*9e deceives ! eye & ! transition f "o picture to ano!r is done s rapidly t ! *ange is n se5 & ! app>5t movem5t is cont9u\s & unbrok54 ,! film made by ! motion picture is a 8negative0 9 :i* ! colors are rev]s$1 ! blacks be+ :ite & ! :ites black1 exactly z 9 /ill photography4 ,! film us$ 9 ! projection ma*9e is a 8positive10 9 :i* ! lights & %ad[s h _! prop] values4 ,! pr9ciple & process is exactly ! same z 9 mak+ lant]n slides & w9d[ transp>5cies4 ,does ! ,film ,move ,cont9u\sly8 ,9 mak+ ! negative = ! motion picture ! film does n move =w>d regul>ly1 b x goes by jumps4 ,x is absolutely /ill at ! mom5t ( exposure4 ,! same is true 9 project+ ! picture on ! scre54 ,9 mo/ projection ma*9es ! film is /ation>y ?ree times z long z x is 9 motion1 ?\gh 9 "s ma*9es ! proportion is "o 9 six4 ,9 ! tak+ ( ! picture1 ! film is really /ation>y "o-half ( ! "t4 ,z pictures are usually project$ at ! rate ( f\rte5 or sixte5 to ! second1 ?is means t ea* sep>ate picture appe>s on ! scre5 ?ree-f\r?s ( "o-sixte5? ( a second1 or ?ree-sixty-f\r?s ( a second1 & ,h[ ,are ,freak ,pictures ,made8 ,freak pictures are usually ! result ( clev] manipulation ( ! cam]a or ! film4 ,articles or individuals c be made to in/antly disappe> by /opp+ ! cam]a :ile ! article is remov$ or ! p]son walks (f ! /age1 ! o!r *>act]s hold+ _! pose until ! cam]a is aga9 put 9 motion4 ,9 "s films 9 :i* a p]son is ?r[n f a height or is app>5tly cru%$ "u a /eam roll] ! effect is ga9$ by ! live p]son walk+ away aft] ! cam]a is /opp$ & a dummy sub/itut$ to und]go ! dea? p5alty4 ,by project+ ! picture at a fa/] rate ?an x 0 tak51 excruciat+ly comic sc5es are sometimes devis$4 ,an automobile go+ t5 miles an h\r1 by spe$+ up ! projection ma*9e1 may be made to app>5tly move at a hundr$ miles an h\r1 & by increas+ 9 ! same way ! app>5t spe$ ( p]sons dodg+ ! demoniac auto exce$+ly ludicr\s effects are _h4 ,by me*anical means 9 comb9+ two or m negatives into "o positive a man c be %[n f5c+ ) himself or ev5 cutt+ 8 own head (f4 ,pictures by c\rtesy ( ! ,vitagraph ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,rubb] ,,tires ,,are ,,made ,,wa% ,,room4#d #d ,^! & ! foll[+ ,pictures by c\rtesy ( ! ,goodye> ,tire & ,rubb] ,co4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,ball ( ,rubb] ,h[ ,crude ,rubb] ,is ,treat$4 ,wa%+4--,:5 ! crude rubb] arrives at ! factory ( ! rubb] manufactur]1 x is g5]ally /or$ 9 b9s 9 d>k & fairly cool /ore-rooms1 :]e x is kept until ready to be us$4 ,! rubb] passes directly f ! /orage b9s to ! wa%-room1 :]e x is cut up into small pieces1 put into l>ge vats ( w>m$ wat] & all[$ to soak1 9 ord] to s(t5 x suffici5tly to be brok5 d[n 9 ! ma*9es4 ,x is !n f$ into a crack]1 a ma*9e consi/+ ( two rolls ) projections on _! surfaces %ap$ l little pyramids1 ! two rolls revolv+ ) a diff]5tial1 "o go+ consid]ably fa/] ?an ! o!r1 & be+ adju/able1 s t !y c "w close toge!r or ) "s di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,! rubb] is f$ betwe5 ^! rolls & brok5 d[n into a co>se1 spongy mass4 ,wat] fl[s on to ! rubb] dur+ ! process1 br++ d[n s&1 dirt1 b>k1 & ! _m o!r =eign mat]ials :i* come mix$ ) ! rubb]4 ,! rubb] is put ?r\gh ?is ma*9e a numb] ( times1 until x is work$ into a uni=m condition4 ,"s ( ! rubb]s1 l ! ,ceylons & ,p>as1 w %eet out into a co>se %eet by be+ put ?r\gh ?is ma*9e2 o!rs1 l ! majority ( ! ,african rubb]s1 w fall ap>t & come d[n 9 *unks & h to be f$ into ! ma*9e ) a %ovel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,crude ,,rubb] ,,= ,,mak+ ,,tires ,,cal5d] ,,room4 ,aft] ! rubb] is brok5 d[n suffici5tly 9 ! crack]1 x is next put ?r\gh a wa%+ ma*9e1 :i* is built v simil> to ! crack+ ma*9e1 except t ! rolls are groov$ or rifl$1 s t _! action is n s sev]e on ! rubb]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( wat] is kept con/antly runn+ ov] ?is ma*9e :ile ! rubb] is be+ put ?r\gh1 & ! rolls "w v close toge!r1 s t ! rubb] is f9ely gr\nd & run out into a ?9 & comp>atively smoo? %eet1 all[+ ! wat] fl[+ betwe5 ! rolls to take out practically all ( ! =eign matt] t rema9s4 ,! rubb] is run ?r\gh ?is ma*9e a numb] ( times until ! exp]i5c$ inspectors 9 *>ge are satisfi$ t x is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,"s types ( rubb]1 su* z ,manicoba1 :i* h l>ge quantities ( s& 9 !m1 are wa%$ 9 a special =m ( wa%+ ma*9e kn[n z ! beat] wa%]4 ,?is is an endless1 oval-%ap$ tr\gh ) a fa/-revolv+ paddle-:eel4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! rubb] is subm]g$ 9 wat]1 aft] be+ brok5 d[n 9 ! crack]1 & ! s& is lit]ally knock$ out ( x by ! paddle-:eel4 ,! s& drops to ! bottom ( ! ma*9e1 :]e if is dra9$ (f1 :ile ! rubb] floats to ! top & is !re ga!r$ & !n put ?r\gh a regul> wa%+ ma*9e = ! f9al %eet+ out4 ,dry+4--,f ! wa%-room ! rubb] goes to ! dry-room4 ,be=e ! rubb] c be us$ 9 any articles ( comm]cial value1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$1 z any moi/ure 9 ! /ock w\ld turn to /eam dur+ ! vulcaniz+ process & cause bli/]s or bl[-holes to =m 9 ! goods4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* rubb] is usually dri$4 ,! me?od mo/ly us$1 & :i* is g5]ally practic$ ) all ! bett] grades ( gums1 is to hang ! wa%$ /rips on horizontal poles & space !m 9 aisles1 s t air c freely circulate all ar\nd ! surface ( ! rubb]1 ! dry-room be+ kept at a con/ant temp]ature4 ,to prop]ly dry ! rubb]s by ?is me?od takes f f\r to six weeks4 ,! o!r me?od ( dry+ is by means ( a vacuum-dri]4 ,l[-grade rubb]s :i* h a comp>atively l>ge p]c5tage ( res9 9 _! composition _c be> _! own weight :5 hung on horizontal poles1 b drop (f & /ick 9 piles on ! floor4 ,h5ce1 ^! rubb]s h to be dri$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,!y are laid 9 trays :i* are plac$ into a l>ge air-tight receptacle4 ,! air is !n )drawn f ?is receptacle & ! int]ior heat$ by means ( /eam coils4 ,?is all[s ! wat] to be evaporat$ (f f ! rubb] at a consid]ably l[] temp]ature ?an t at :i* wat] boils "u atmosph]ic pressure1 & at su* a l[ temp]ature1 & 9 su* a %ort "t1 t ! rubb] is n affect$4 ,by ?is process ^! rubb]s c be dri$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,mix+4--,aft] ! rubb] has be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 x is ready to be mix$ 9 prop] proportions ) ! v>i\s +r$i5ts :i* are us$ 9 rubb] comp\nd+1 to give ! desir$ quality ( rubb]s = ! v>i\s products = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,9 ord] t rubb] %all vulcanize1 x is necess>y to mix ) x a c]ta9 proportion ( sulphur1 vulcaniz+1 or cur+1 z x is sometimes call$1 be+ m]ely ! *ang+ ( a physical mixture ( rubb] & sulphur into a *emical comp\nd ( ^! +r$i5ts1 by ! application ( heat4 ,besides sulphur1 "s ( ! m important +r$i5ts us$ 9 comp\nd+ rubb] are3 ,z9c oxide4--,?is t\gh5s ! rubb] & increases its we>+ prop]ties & t5sile /r5g?4 ,b>ium sulphate4--,?is /iff5s ! rubb] & adds weight1 s r$uc+ ! co/4 ,li?opones4--,?is :it5s ! /ock & makes x s(t1 & is us$ ext5sively 9 druggi/s' sundries4 ,antimony sulphide4--,?is makes ! /ock r$ & is a pres]vative aga9/ oxidation4 ,li?>ge4--,?is has ! same action z antimony sulphide1 b makes ! /ock black4 ,:ite lead4--,?is ha/5s ! cure & is ext5sively us$ 9 gray & black /ocks1 & is a good fill] or weight add]4 ,magnesia oxide & c>bonate4--,^! are us$ z fill]s = :ite /ocks4 ,oxide ( iron4--,us$ = color+ r$ & yell[ /ocks4 ,lime 7unslack$74--,?is ha/5s vulcanization & *emically removes any wat] left 9 ! rubb]4 ,:it+4--,?is is us$ only z a *eap fill] to increase quantity & l[] co/4 ,alum9um silicate4--,?is is us$ *iefly z a fill]4 ,!re are also us$ 9 comp\nd+ :at are kn[n z ! v>i\s sub/itutes4 ,^! are *iefly l9se$ oil products & m9]al hydroc>bons :i* are m or less ela/ic1 & act some:at z a flux4 ,:y ,don't ,we ,use ,pure ,rubb]8 ,!re seems to be a g5]al impression t ! v>i\s +r$i5ts :i* are mix$ ) rubb] are put into ! comp\nds m]ely to *eap5 ! product & to l[] ! grade ( ! mat]ial4 ,?is is true 9 _m cases1 su* z ! g5]al l9e ( mold$ goods1 rubb] heels1 bicycle grips1 automobile bump]s1 etc41 b 9 _m cases1 su* z tires1 pack+1 belt+1 etc41 ^! +r$i5ts are add$ to t\gh5 ! gum1 increase its we>+ qualities1 to make x inde/ructible :5 subject$ to heat1 or to make x s(t & yield+ s t x c be =c$ into fabric1 etc4 ,,process ,,necess>y ,,to ,,mak+ ,,rubb] ,,goods ,9 ! g5]al process ( manufacture ! %eet$ rubb] is s5t directly f ! dry-room to ! comp\nd-room1 :]e ! v>i\s +r$i5ts are weigh$ out into prop] proportions along ) ! rubb] to make up a bat*1 & plac$ 9 receptacles ready to be mix$4 ,! bat* is !n s5t into ! mill-room to be mix$ into a uni=m pa/y mass1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic uncur$1 or s-call$ gre51 rubb] comp\nd4 ,! mix+ is done 9 ! mill4 ,?is is a v heavy ma*9e1 con/ruct$ simil>ly to a crack] & a wa%] except t x is mu* l>g] & heavi]1 & ! rolls are p]fectly smoo? & run clos] toge!r4 ,no wat] at all is us$ on ! bat* dur+ ! mix+4 ,!re are /eam & cold wat] connections to ! mills :i* are connect$ ) holl[ spaces inside ! rolls1 s t ! latt] c be kept at any temp]ature desir$4 ,! g5]al process ( mix+ is z foll[s3 ,fir/ ! rubb] portion ( ! bat* is ?r[n into ! mill & is work$ & w>m$ up until x takes on a v /icky & pla/ic consi/5cy4 ,:5 x has arriv$ at a c]ta9 /age ( pla/icity1 ! v>i\s comp\nds 9 ! bat*1 :i* are always 9 ! =m ( v f9e p[d]s1 are ?r[n 9 ! mill1 be+ work$ by ! rolls into ! rubb]4 ,! comp\nds are g5]ally ?r[n on1 a small am\nt at a "t1 until !y are all tak5 up by ! rubb]4 ,! bat* is !n all[$ to g ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! mill1 ov] & ov] aga91 until ! mixture is absolutely uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! rubb]1 dur+ ?is op]ation1 is su* t ! bat* c be made endless ar\nd "o ( ! rolls ( ! mill1 s t x is con/antly fe$+ itself betwe5 ! rolls4 ,aft] ! bat* is prop]ly mix$1 x is cut (f ! rolls 9 %eets & roll$ up & s5t to ! gre5-/ock /ore-room4 ,9 ?is /ore-room ! comp\nd$1 uncur$ gums are kept 9 diff]5t b9s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! comp\nd1 & are !re all[$ to season a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 aft] :i* !y are deliv]$ to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! factory 9 :i* !y are go+ to be us$4 ,ano!r =m 9 :i* rubb] is us$ is ! s-call$ ,rubb]-,cem5t4 ,rubb] or any ( its comp\nds are readily soluble 9 naph?a4 ,9 ?is process1 ! comp\nds1 aft] be+ mill$1 are *ew$ up & wa%$ 9 specially con/ruct$ cem5t-mills & !re mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( naph?a :i* gives a ?ick solution4 ,spread+ & cal5d]+4--,rubb] :i* is us$ = ! g5]al l9e ( mold$ goods1 solid tires1 "s k9ds ( tub+1 etc41 goes directly to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts f ! gre5-/ock /ore-room1 :ile rubb] us$ = boots & %oes1 wat]pro( fabrics1 _m ( ! druggi/s' sundries1 belt+1 pneumatic tires1 inn] tubes1 etc41 has to be %eet$ out1 & "s ( x =c$ into fabric be=e x goes to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,?is %eet+-out ( ! gum1 z well z apply+ ! rubb] to fabrics1 is done g5]ally by two me?ods2 ei!r by spread+ a solution ( ! rubb] & naph?a onto ! fabric1 or by cal5d]+ ! rubb] betwe5 heavy rolls 9 a rubb] cal5d]4 ,9 ! spread+ process1 a ma*9e call$ a spread] is us$4 ,! fabric to :i* ! rubb] is to be appli$ is m\nt$ 9 a roll at "o end ( ! spread] & f ! roll passes ?r\gh a tr\gh ( rubb]-cem5t1 & !n up ov] a s-call$ doctor roll1 & "u a knife edge1 :i* all[s only en\gh cem5t to pass ?r\gh to fill ! pores ( ! fabric4 ,f ?is knife ! cem5t$ fabric passes ov] a /eam dry+ *e/ & is !n roll$ up ) a roll ( l9] clo? to prev5t its /ick+ toge!r4 ,fabric treat$ 9 ?is mann] mu/ be put ?r\gh ! spread] a numb] ( times be=e x has suffici5t rubb] on x to be us$ 9 ! products = :i* x is int5d$4 ,= cal5d]+ rubb]1 a ma*9e call$ a rubb] cal5d] is us$4 ,?is ma*9e is made ) ?ree & sometimes f\r heavy rolls1 :i* are capable ( v f9e adju/m5t4 ,! rubb] f ! gre5-/ock /ore-room is fir/ w>m$ up on a small mix+ mill & is !n f$ betwe5 ! rolls ( ! cal5d]1 com+ ?r\gh 9 a ?9 %eet ( requir$ ?ickness1 & is w\nd up 9 a l9] clo? & s5t directly to ! dep>tm5ts1 :]e x is us$ = inn] tubes1 druggi/s' sundries1 etc41 :]e only rubb] & no fabric is us$4 ,:]e ! rubb] is to be appli$ to fabric1 ! fabric is put ?r\gh ! cal5d] rolls ) ! rubb]1 & ! rubb] is lit]ally gr\nd into ! fabric4 ,fabric treat$ 9 ?is mann] is kn[n to ! trade z friction1 & is g5]ally us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pneumatic tires1 belt+1 hose1 etc4 ,= boots1 %oes1 & o!r special "w1 cal5d]s are us$ :i* are equipp$ ) rolls engrav$ ) ! %apes ( ! soles & o!r p>ts ( ! articles 9 "q1 s t ! %eet ( rubb] com+ f ! ma*9e has impr9t$ on x ! %apes & ?ickness ( ! articles = :i* x is int5d$4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh su* ( ! above processes z are requir$ ! rubb] is ready to be made up into ! v>i\s articles kn[n to ! rubb] trade1 su* z boots & %oes1 mack9to%es1 wat]pro( fabrics1 = balloons1 a]oplanes1 t5t+s1 etc41 me*anical goods1 su* z rubb] heels1 horse%oe pads1 pack+1 til+1 automobile & o!r bump]s1 artificial fi% bait1 etc41 druggi/s' sundries1 su* z nurs+-bottles1 nipples1 syr+es1 bulbs1 hot-wat] bottles1 tub+1 etc4 tobacco p\*es1 rubb] belt+1 golf & o!r balls1 insulat$ wire1 fire & g>d5 hose1 inn] tubes1 tires1 & ! _m o!r commodities into ! manufacture ( :i* rubb] ent]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trad+ ,,room ,h[ ,are ,automobile ,tires ,made8 ,f ! cal5d] room ( ! rubb] factory ! /ock is receiv$ 9 ! automobile tire dep>tm5t1 9 ! =m ( l>ge rolls ( rubb]-coat$ fabric1 & 9 rolls ( %eet$ rubb] ( v>i\s ?icknesses & wid?s4 ,! rubb]-coat$ fabric is fir/ cut into /rips ( prop] wid?s s t ! edges w ext5d f bead to bead ov] ! cr[n ( ! tire4 ,^! /rips are always cut on ! bias1 g5]ally at a #de-;degree angle1 ) ! edge ( ! roll1 & 7 =m]ly all cut on a cutt+-table1 a table ab\t #ej feet long & #f feet wide1 cov]$ ) %eet metal4 ,! cutt+ 0 done by two m51 ea* hav+ a knife & ea* cutt+ half-way across ! clo? along ! edge ( a /raight-edge s arrang$ z to be always set at #de degrees ) ! edge ( ! table4 ,?is me?od ( cutt+ is gradually be+ put aside by ! use ( ! bias cutt]1 an extremely up-to-date ma*9e hav+ jaws :i* ride up to ! end ( ! fabric & pull x = a c]ta9 di/ance "u a knife set at a #de-;degree angle1 ! knife be+ set to cut j :5 ! jaws h arriv$ at ! limit ( _! motion4 ,! action is repeat$ s t ! ma*9e cuts ab\t eighty /rips a m9ute4 ,^! /rips are f$ onto a s]ies ( belts :i* c>ry !m to :]e !y are plac$1 by boys1 into a book hav+ a leaf ( common clo? betwe5 ea* /rip ( gum fabric1 to prev5t ! /rips f /ick+ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cur+ ,,room--,,solid ,,tires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,pneumatic ,,tire ,,cur+ ,,room1 ,,fir/ ,,cure--,,pneumatics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spread] ,,room4 ,! majority ( automobile tires to-day are ma*9e built1 b !re are /ill a great _m built by h& & ?is is ! process we %all describe fir/4 ,9 ?is process ! books ( fabric are laid up & splic$ into prop] l5g?s to g ar\nd ! tire & all[ a prop] lapp+ = ! splices4 ,! prop] numb] ( ^! laid-up pieces1 or plies1 z !y are call$1 are plac$ toge!r ) cotton clo? betwe5 & tak5 to ! tire build]4 ,! tire build] m\nts ! core1 ^u :i* ! tire is to be built1 on ! build+ /&1 g5]ally cem5t+ x s t ! fir/ ply ( fabric w /ick 9 place4 ,! fir/ ply is !n /ret*$ onto ! core & splic$1 roll$ d[n ) a h& roll] onto ! sides ( ! core1 & trimm$ ) a knife at ! base4 ,! foll[+ plies are put on & roll$ d[n 9 ! same mann]1 ! beads be+ put 9 at ! prop] "t1 accord+ to ! size & ! numb] ( plies to be us$4 ,aft] all ! plies h be5 put onto ! core ! s-call$ cov] rubb] is put on4 ,?is cov] rubb] is g5]ally a %eet ( rubb] ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick or m1 & ( ! same comp\nd z ! rubb] on ! fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,tread ,,( ,a ,,tire ,,is ,,made ,,tread ,,lay+ ,,room4 ,9 ! case ( ! ma*9e-built tire1 ! result is ! same1 b ! /ock is h&l$ z foll[s3 ,aft] ! rubb]-coat$ fabric has be5 cut on ! bias cutt]1 ! /rips are splic$ & roll$ up 9 rolls on a sp9dle :i* is plac$ 9 ! s-call$ tire-build+ ma*9e4 ,! tire core is m\nt$ on a /& atta*$ to ! ma*9e1 s t x c be revolv$ by p[]1 & ! fabric is drawn onto ! core f ! sp9dle "u a c]ta9 def9ite t5sion4 ,! tire-ma*9es roll ! fabric d[n by p[]1 & ! beads are put into place be=e ! tire & core are remov$ f ! ma*9e4 ,!reaft] ! process is ! same z 9 ! case ( ! h&-built tires4 ,aft] ! cov] rubb] is 9 place ! tire is ready to h ! tread appli$4 ,! tread is made up indep5d5tly ( ! tire by lay+ up n>r[ /rips ( rubb]1 9 diff]5t wid?s1 9 su* a way t ! c5t] ( ! tread is ?ick] ?an ! edges4 ,9 ! case ( ! s-call$ s+le-cure tires1 :i* are :olly vulcaniz$ at "o "t1 ?is tread is appli$ to ! tire directly aft] ! cov]1 a /rip ( fabric call$ ! break]-/rip g5]ally be+ plac$ und]nea?1 & ! build+ ( ! tire s complet$4 ,9 ! g5]al me?od ( cur+1 ! tire is all[$ to rema9 on ! core1 & is ei!r bolt$ up 9 a mold & put into an ord9>y heat]1 or x is laid 9 a mold & put into a heat] press1 :]e ! hydraulic pressure keeps ! two halves ( ! mold =c$ toge!r dur+ ! vulcaniz+ process4 ,aft] ! vulcaniz+ is complet$1 ! tire is remov$ f ! mold1 ! inside is pa9t$ ) a ,fr5* talc mixture1 ! tire inspect$ & clean$1 & s made ready = ! m>ket4 ,9 "s me?ods ( cur+1 in/ead ( ! tire be+ put 9 a mold1 x is put into a s-call$ toe-mold1 :i* is virtually a pair ( side flanges only rea*+ up z high z ! edges ( ! tread on ! side ( ! tire4 ,aft] ! flanges are fa/5$ into place1 ! :ole is cross-wrapp$1 ! cross-wrapp+ com+ 9 direct contact ) ! tread4 ,! tire 9 ?is condition is !n put into ! heat] & vulcaniz$1 giv+ ! s-call$ wrapp$ tread tire4 ,/ill ano!r =m ( cur+ is to inflate a k9d ( canvas inn] tube inside ! tire & place ! :ole 9 a mold4 ,?is is kn[n z ! air-bag mold process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pneumatic-,,tire ,,room--,,%[+ ,,tire-,,build+ ,,ma*9es4 ,h[ ,are ,inn] ,tubes ,made8 ,inn] tubes = pneumatic tires may be class$ "u ?ree head+s1 accord+ to ! me?ods us$ 9 _! manufacture1 viz41 seam$ tubes1 roll$ tubes1 & tube-ma*9e tubes4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( tubes come "u ! fir/ two head+s4 ,= seam$ tubes1 ! rubb] is tak5 f ! cal5d] 9 ! =m ( %eets f "o-sixte5? to ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^! %eets are cut into /rips ( prop] l5g? & j wide en\gh to make a tube ( prop] cross-section diamet] :5 ! two long edges are fold$ ov] & fa/5$ toge!r ) rubb] cem5t4 ,^! two long edges are cut on a bevel s t !y make a good lap seam4 ,! tube is !n pull$ ov] a m&rel ( prop] size & a ?9 piece ( wet clo? roll$ ar\nd x1 & !n x is spirally cross-wrapp$ ) a long1 n>r[ piece ( wet duck = its entire l5g?4 ,! :ole is !n put into a regul> heat] & ! tube vulcaniz$4 ,aft] vulcaniz+ ! wrapp+ is remov$ & ! tube /ripp$ f ! m&rel1 turn+ ! tube inside out1 s t ! smoo? side :i* is vulcaniz$ next to ! m&rel appe>s outside1 & ! r\gh side %[+ ! m>ks ( ! cross-wrapp+ is inside4 ,! valve hole is !n pun*$ 9 ! tube1 ! valve ins]t$ & ! op5 ends ( ! tube buff$ d[n to a fea!r edge4 ,! tube 9 ?is /ate passes to ! splic]s1 :o cem5t ! buff$ ends & splice !m toge!r1 plac+ "o op5 end )9 ! o!r1 mak+ a lapp$ seam ar\nd ! tube ab\t #b in*es long4 ,! cem5t us$ 9 splic+ is g5]ally cur$ by an acid :i* *emically vulcanizes ! rubb] )\t ! application ( heat4 ,! tube is ?us f9i%$ & ready = ! m>ket4 ,roll$ tubes are made f v ?9 %eet rubb] by roll+ same ov] a m&rel ( prop] size1 until ! requir$ numb] ( lay]s ( ?9 rubb] h be5 roll$ on to give ! tube ! desir$ ?ickness4 ,! tube is !n wrapp$1 cur$ & splic$1 9 exactly ! same mann] z a seam$ tube4 ,:at ,is ,rubb]8 ,crude rubb] is a vegetable product ga!r$ f c]ta9 species ( trees1 %rubs1 v9es & roots4 ,its *>act]i/ic peculi>ities 7 e>ly recogniz$ by ! natives ( ! tropical c\ntries 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,records ( ! e>lie/ travel]s 9 ^! c\ntries %[ t ! natives _h us$ v>i\s articles1 su* z receptacles1 ties1 clubs1 etc41 made f rubb]1 b x 0 n until ab\t #agce t rubb] 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe4 ,9 civilization rubb] 0 fir/ us$ = p5cil eras]s & 9 wat]pro( clo?1 & f9ally 9 cem5ts4 ,vulcaniz+1 or ! cur+ ( rubb]1 0 n discov]$ until #ahdd1 & !reaft] ! developm5t ( ! rubb] indu/ry 0 v rapid1 especially 9 ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,wrapp+ ,,room--,,pneumatics4 ,!re are _m k9ds & grades ( rubb]1 & to-day ^! c be divid$ into two *ief classes1 wild & cultivat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pneumatic-,,tire ,,room1 ,,%[+ ,,tire ,,f9i%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,crude ,,rubb] ,,is ,,secur$ ,ga!r+ ,rubb] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,tapp+ ,axe4 #b4 ,t9 ,cup to ,cat* ! ,rubb] ,milk4 #c4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( a ,rubb] 8,biscuit40 #d4 ,a ,palm ,nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ ,balls ( ,crude ,rubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,tapp+ ! ,trees 9 ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,h[ ! ,rubb] ,looks :5 x comes to ,m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>ry+ ,balls ( ,crude ,rubb] to ,native ,m>ket4 ,pictures h]e) by c\rtesy ( ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,company1 ,ltd4 ,:at ,is ,wild ,rubb]8 ,,:]e ,,rubb] ,,comes ,,f ,! fir/ class1 or wild rubb]s1 are collect$ f trees :i* h gr[n wild & :]e no cultivation processes :atsoev] h be5 us$4 ,^! rubb]-produc+ trees1 %rubs1 etc41 are f\nd mo/ly 9 ,nor!rn ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,africa & ,borneo4 ,! f9e/ rubb] 9 ! _w is ,f9e ,p>a1 & is ga!r$ 9 ! ,amazon regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is rubb] has be5 ga!r$ 9 practically ! same way = ov] a c5tury4 ,! natives g out into ! =e/s &1 select+ a rubb] tree1 cut 8,v0-%ap$ grooves 9 ! b>k ) a special knife made = ! purpose1 ^! grooves be+ cut 9 h]r+-bone fa%ion diagonally ar\nd ! tree1 ) "o ma9 groove cut v]tically d[n ! c5t] l ! ma9 ve9 9 a leaf4 ,! latex1 or milk-l liquid1 ( ! tree1 f :i* ! rubb] is tak51 fl[s f ^! ve9s & d[n ! c5t] ve9 into a little cup :i* ! natives place to receive x4 ,aft] ! little cups are fill$ !y are ga!r$ & br\ght into ! rubb] camp1 & !re ! latex is coagulat$ by means ( smoke4 ,?is is done by ! use ( a paddle :i* is alt]nately dipp$ into a b[l ( ! latex & !n revolv$ 9 ! smoke f a wood or palm-nut fire4 ,?is smoke seems to h a pres]vative effect on ! rubb] z well z dry+ x out & caus+ x to h>d5 on ! paddle1 ea* successive lay] ( ! latex caus+ ! size ( ! rubb] ball or biscuit to increase4 ,:5 a biscuit ( suffici5t size has be5 ?us coagulat$ x is remov$ f ! paddle & is ready = %ipm5t to c\ntries :]e rubb] products are manufactur$4 ,p>a rubb] is sold 9 ?ree grades4 ,f9e ,p>a1 :i* is ! m c>efully coagulat$ or smok$ rubb]2 ,m$ium ,p>a1 :i* is rubb] ga!r$ & smok$ 9 ! same way z ,f9e1 b :i* has _h insuffici5t smok+1 &1 !re=e1 m subject to det]ioration due to oxidation1 etc42 & ,co>se ,p>a1 :i* is rubb] ga!r$ f ! dripp+s f ! rubb] trees aft] ! cups h be5 remov$4 ,?is latt] grade has g5]ally a l>ge p]c5tage ( b>k & o!r =eign sub/ances mix$ ) x1 & is subject to ev5 m det]ioration ?an is ,m$ium ,p>a1 z x is (t5times n smok$ at all4 ,ano!r important grade ( rubb] com+ f ,s\? ,am]ica is ,cau*o4 ,?is tree gr[s simil> to ! ,p>a trees & ! rubb] is ga!r$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b is cur$ by add+ to ! latex "s alkal9e solution & all[+ ! :ole to dry out 9 ! sun4 ,! value ( ?is rubb] c be greatly improv$ by bett] me?ods ( coagulation4 ,f ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico comes ! ,ca/illoa rubb]4 ,?is rubb] is ga!r$ f trees 9 a v simil> mann] to ,p>a1 & is coagulat$ by be+ mix$ ) juices :i* are obta9$ by gr9d+ up a c]ta9 plant :i* gr[s 9 ! ,ca/illoa di/ricts4 ,aft] be+ mix$ ) ?is plant juice1 ! ,ca/illoa is spread out 9 %eets on bull hides1 :]e x is all[$ to dry 9 ! sun1 aft] :i* ! rubb] is roll$ up & is ready = %ipm5t4 ,ca/illoa is ga!r$ mo/ly f wild trees1 b 9 ,mexico x has rec5tly be5 cultivat$ to "s ext5t4 ,f ,mexico we also get ,guayule4 ,?is rubb] is obta9$ f a c]ta9 species ( %rub1 ! %rub be+ cut d[n & f$ into a gr9d+ or pebble mill :]e ! bran*es are cru%$ & gr\nd & mix$ ) wat]1 & ! rubb]1 :i* is conta9$ 9 little p>ticles all ?r\gh ! wood1 is work$ out1 be+ tak5 f ! pebble mills 9 *unks z l>ge z a man's fi/4 ,f ,c5tral ,africa & f ,borneo come ! s-call$ ,african gums1 su* z ,congo1 ,s\dan1 ,massai1 ,lapori1 ,manicoba1 ,pontianic1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! rubb]s are ga!r$ f trees1 b mo/ ( !m f v9es & roots1 & ! me?ods ( coagulation are v>i$4 ,practically all ( !m are dri$ out 9 ! sun4 ,^! rubb]s are all ( l[] grade ?an ! ,p>a rubb]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bags ,,( ,,cacao ,,beans4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,/ick ( ,*ocolate ,:]e ,does ,*ocolate ,come ,f8 ,p]haps no o!r "o ?+ is s well kn[n to boys & girls ! _w ov] z *ocolate4 ,yet !re 0 a "t1 & n s _m ye>s ago1 z we figure "t 9 hi/ory1 :5 !re 7 no cakes ( *ocolate1 or *ocolate c&ies to be _h 9 ! c&y %ops1 no *ocolate flavor$ soda wat] or *ocolate cake4 ,to-day q a panic w\ld be />t$ if ! _w's supply ( *ocolate 7 cut (f4 ,*ocolate is obta9$ f cacao1 :i* is ! se$ ( ! cacao tree4 ,x is q (t5 call$ cocoa1 al?\gh ?is is n q a correct way ( spell+ ! ^w4 ,! cacao tree gr[s to a height ( sixte5 or eighte5 feet :5 cultivat$1 b to a great] height :5 f\nd gr[+ wild4 ,! cacao pod gr[s out f ! trunk ( ! tree z %[n 9 ! picture1 & is1 :5 ripe1 f sev5 to t5 in*es long & f ?ree to five in*es 9 diamet]1 giv+ x ! =m ( an ellipse4 ,:5 y cut "o ( ^! pods op51 y f9d five comp>tm5ts or cells1 9 ea* ( :i* is a r[ ( f five to t5 se$s1 :i* are imb$d$ 9 a s(t pulp1 :i* is p9ki% 9 color4 ,ea* pod !n conta9s f tw5ty-five to fifty se$s1 :i* are :at we call 8cocoa beans40 ,! cacao tree 0 discov]$ = u by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 s t we h good reason to rememb] him aside f 8 great discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! discov]y ( ei!r ( ^! w\ld be fame en\gh = any "o man1 & x w\ld be difficult = "s boys & girls to say j :i* ( ! two 0 ,columbus' great] discov]y4 ,columbus f\nd ! cacao tree fl\ri%+ bo? 9 a wild & 9 a cultivat$ /ate ^u "o ( 8 voyages to ,mexico4 ,! ,indians ( ,p]u & ,mexico 7 v fond ( x 9 its native /ate4 ,!y did n "k ! joy ( eat+ a *ocolate cream1 b !y _h discov]$ ! qualities ( ! cacao bean z a food & _h le>n$ to cultivate x long be=e ,columbus came to ,mexico4 ,columbus took "s ( ! cacao beans back ) him to ,spa9 & to ?is day cacao is mu* m ext5sively us$ by ! ,spani>ds ?an by any o!r nation4 ,! fir/ record ( its introduction into ,engl& is f\nd 9 an ann\ncem5t 9 ! ,public ,adv]tis] ( ,june #af1 #afeg1 to ! effect t3 8,9 ,bi%opgate ,/reet1 9 ,que5's ,head ,alley1 at a ,fr5*man's h\se1 is an excell5t ,we/ ,indian dr9k call$ *ocolate1 to be sold :]e y may h x ready at any "t & also unmade1 at reasonable rates40 ,( c\rse1 by ! "t ,am]ica became settl$ ! p br\ght _! ta/e = *ocolates ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,cocoa ,,beans ,,9 ,,bag ,,& ,,cocoa-,,gr9d+ ,,mill4 ,:at is ! ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,cacao & ,*ocolate8 ,:5 ! cacao se$s are roa/$ & sep>at$ f ! husks :i* surr\nd !m1 !y are call$ cocoa-nibs4 ,cocoa consi/s ( ^! nibs alone1 :e!r !y are gr\nd or ungr\nd1 dri$ & p[d]$1 or ( ! crude pa/e dri$ 9 flakes4 ,*ocolate is made f ! cocoa-nibs4 ,^! nibs are gr\nd into an oily pa/e & mix$ ) sug> & vanilla1 c9namon1 cloves1 or o!r flavor+ sub/ances4 ,*ocolate is only a product made f cocoa-nibs1 b x is ! mo/ important product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cacao ,,crack+ ,,mill ,,& ,,%ell ,,sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa ,,crack+ ,,& ,,%ell ,,sep>ator4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,%ells ,,are ,,sep>at$ ,,f ,,! ,,bean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa ,,mill4 ,:at ,are ,cocoa ,%ells8 ,!re are o!r products :i* are obta9$ f ! cacao se$4 ,"o is call$ ,broma--:i* is ! dry p[d] ( ! se$s1 aft] ! oil has be5 tak5 out4 ,cocoa %ells are ! husks :i* surr\nd ! cocoa bean4 ,^! are gr\nd up into a f9e p[d] & sold = mak+ a k9d ( cocoa = dr9k+1 al?\gh ! flavor is to a great ext5t miss+ & x is1 ( c\rse1 n ne>ly s n\ri%+ z a dr9k ( real cocoa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cocoa ,,roa/]4 ,,mill ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,beans ,,are ,,roa/$4 ,:at is ,cocoa ,butt]8 ,! oil f ! cacao se$s1 :5 sep>at$ f ! se$s1 is :at we call cocoa butt]4 ,x has a pleasant odor & *ocolate-l ta/e4 ,x is us$ 9 mak+ soap1 o9tm5ts1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,cacao ,,beans ,,gr[ ,,cocoa ,,tree ,,) ,,fruit ,,kn[n ,,z ,,cocoa ,,pods1 ,,:i* ,,conta9 ,,! ,,cocoa ,,beans4 ,h[ is ,cacao ,ga!r$8 ,:5 ! cacao pods rip5 on ! tropical plantations1 :]e ! climate is su* t !y c be gr[n successfully1 ! native labor] cuts (f ! rip5$ pods z we see him do+ 9 ! picture %[+ ! pods on ! tree4 ,he does ?is ) a scissors-l arrangem5t ( knives on a long pole4 ,z he cuts (f ! pods he lays !m on ! gr\nd & leaves !m to dry = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! next day !y are cut op51 ! se$s tak5 out & c>ri$ to ! place :]e !y are cur$ or sweat$4 ,9 ! process ( cur+ or sweat+1 ! acid :i* is f\nd ) ! se$s is p\r$ (f4 ,! beans are !n plac$ 9 a sweat+ box4 ,?is "p ( ! process is = ! purpose ( mak+ ! beans f]m5t & is ! mo/ important "p ( prep>+ ! beans = m>ket1 z ! quality & ! flavor ( ! beans &1 !re=e1 _! value 9 ! m>ket1 dep5ds l>gely ^u ! ability ( :oev] does x 9 cur+ or f]m5t+4 ,sometimes ! cur+ is done by plac+ ! se$s 9 tr5*es or holes 9 ! gr\nd & cov]+ !m ) e>? or clay4 ,?is is call$ ! clay-cur+ process4 ,! "t requir$ 9 cur+ ! cacao beans v>ies1 b on ! av]age requires two days4 ,:5 cur$ !y are dri$ by exposure to ! sun & pack$ ready = %ipp+4 ,at ?is "t beans ( f9e quality are f\nd to h a w>m r$di% color4 ,! quality or grades ( beans are det]m9$ by ! color at ?is /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ocolate ,,mill4 ,h[ ,*ocolate is ,made4 ,:5 ! cacao beans arrive at ! *ocolate factory !y are put ?r\gh v>i\s processes to develop _! aroma1 palatability & dige/ibility4 ,,processes ,,9 ,,*ocolate ,,mak+ ,! se$s are fir/ roa/$4 ,9 roa/+ ! sub/ance :i* develops ! aroma is =m$4 ,! roa/+ is accompli%$ 9 revolv+ cyl9d]s1 mu* l ! revolv+ peanut roa/]s1 only mu* l>g]4 ,aft] roa/+ ! se$s are transf]r$ to cru%+ & w9n[+ ma*9es4 ,! cru%+ ma*9es break ! husks or 8%ells10 & ! w9n[+ ma*9e by ! action ( a fan sep>ates ! %ells f ! actual k]nel or bean4 ,! beans are n[ call$ cocoa-nibs4 ,^! nibs are n[ 9 turn w9n[$1 b 9 small] quantities at a "t1 dur+ :i* process ! imp]fect pieces are remov$ ) o!r =eign sub/ances4 ,cacao beans 9 ?is =m con/itute ! pure/ & simple/ =m ( cacao 9 :i* x is sold4 ,! objection to _! use 9 ?is =m is t x is necess>y to boil !m = a mu* long] "t1 9 ord] to dis9tegrate !m1 ?an :5 !y are gr\nd up 9 ! =m ( meal4 ,= t reason ! nibs are g5]ally gr\nd be=e m>ket+ z cacao or cocoa4 ,ano!r =m 9 :i* ! pure se$s are prep>$ is ! flak$ cocoa4 ,?is is accompli%$ by gr9d+ up ! nibs into a pa/e4 ,?is gr9d+ is done 9 a revolv+ cyl9d] ma*9e 9 :i* a drum revolves4 ,9 ?is process ! heat develop$ by ! friction 9 ! ma*9e is suffici5t to liquefy ! oil 9 ! beans & =m ! pa/e4 ,! oil !n solidifies aga9 9 ! pa/e :5 x becomes cool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ocolate ,,f9i%]4 ,:at we "k z cakes ( *ocolate are made f ! cocoa-nibs by heat+ ! mixture ( ! cacao1 sug> & su* flavor+ extracts z vanilla1 until an ev5 pa/e is secur$4 ,?is pa/e is pass$ sev]al times betwe5 heavy roll]s to get a ?or\gh mixture & f9ally p\r$ into molds & all[$ to cool4 ,:5 cool x c be tak5 f ! molds 9 firm cakes & wrapp$ = ! m>ket4 ,?is is ! way ,milk ,*ocolate is made4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! ta/e & consi/5cy ( milk *ocolate dep5ds ^u h[ _m diff]5t ?+s ! *ocolate mak] adds to ! pure cocoa-nibs to produce ?is mixture4 ,(t5 sub/ances su* z />*y mat]ials are add$ to make ! cakes m firm4 ,!y add no?+ to ! quality ( ! *ocolate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ocolate ,,mix]4 ,,h[ ,,*ocolate ,,c&ies ,,are ,,made ,*ocolate-cov]$ bonbons1 *ocolate drops1 & ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( too?some confections are prep>$ 9 ! ,am]ican c&y factories1 z we all well "k4 ,! *ocolate cov]+ ( ?is confection]y is g5]ally put on by dipp+ ! inside ( ! *oice morsel 9 a pan ( liquid *ocolate pa/e & !n plac+ ! bits 9 t9s to all[ !m to cool & h>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ocolate ,,mix+ ,,& ,,heat+ ,,ma*9e4 ,a great _m ( ! *oice/ bits ( confection]y are n[ produc$ by ma*9es entirely4 ,^! ma*9es are almo/ human1 app>5tly1 z we see !m make a p]fect *ocolate bonbon :i* is deliv]$ to a c&y box all wrapp$ = pack+4 ,^! wond]ful ma*9es ?us give u c&y :i* has n be5 t\*$ by ! h&s ( any "o prior to ! "t we ?ru/ our own f+]s 9 ! brightly-decorat$ box & take our pick ( ! assortm5t x (f]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,individual ,,pieces ,,( ,,confection ,,are ,,wrapp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,talle/ ,,build+ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,woolwor? ,,build+1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,?is build+1 ! talle/ 9 ! _w1 is equipp$ ) #bf ge>less traction elevators4 ,two ( ! elevators run f ! fir/ to ! fifty-fir/ floor ) actual travels ( #fgi feet #i in*es & #fgi feet #aj in*es1 respectively4 ,!re is also a %uttle elevator :i* runs f ! fifty-fir/ to ! fifty-f\r? floor4 ,total height ( build+ f curb to base ( flag/aff1 #gib feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,an ,,elevator ,,goes ,,up ,,& ,,d[n ,,complete ,,ge>less ,,traction ,,elevator ,,in/allation4 ,h[ ,does an ,elevator ,g ,up & ,d[n8 ,ord9>ily1 :5 we ?9k ( an elevator we ?9k m]ely ( ! cage or c> 9 :i* we ride up or d[n4 ,b ! c> is really only ! "p :i* makes ! elevator ( s]vice to man1 & f ! /&po9t ( ! ma*9]y1 is a relatively unimportant "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,!re are two pr9cipal types ( elevators us$ to-day2 ! hydraulic1 :i* is work$ by wat] "u pressure1 & ! electric1 :i* is work$ by electricity ?r\gh an electric motor4 ,! latt] type1 because ( ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! g5]al use ( electricity 9 rec5t ye>s1 has l>gely sup]s$$ ! hydraulic1 &1 z :5 y ?9k ( elevators y probably h 9 m9d ^? y h se5 9 "s huge skyscrap]1 we %all look at "o ( ^!4 ,:at are ! ,pr9cipal ,p>ts ( an ,elevator8 ,! mo/ advanc$ type ( elevator to-day is call$ a ,ge>less ,traction ,elevator4 ,9 ?is elevator ! pr9cipal p>ts are a motor1 a groov$ :eel on ! motor %aft call$ a driv+ %eave & a brake1 all m\nt$ on "o ca/-iron b$-plate2 a numb] ( cables ( equal l5g? :i* pass ov] ! driv+ %eave & !nce ar\nd ano!r groov$ :eel call$ an idl] %eave1 locat$ j bel[ ! driv+ %eave1 & to "o end ( :i* is atta*$ ! c> or cage1 & to ! o!r end a weight call$ a c\nt]weight2 also a controll] :i* gov]ns ! fl[ ( electric curr5t into ! motor & !reby ! spe$1 />ts & /ops ( ! elevator c>4 ,al?\gh ! controll]1 motor1 brake & %eaves are usually plac$ way at ! top ( ! build+ out ( our sight1 !y are really v important p>ts ( ! elevator4 ,! cage or c> 9 :i* we ride is held 9 place by tracks built upright 9 ! elevator %aft1 & ! c\nt]weight at "o side ( ! %aft travels up & d[n along two sep>ate upright tracks4 ,:5 ! c> goes up ! c\nt]weight on ! o!r end ( ! cables goes d[n an equal di/ance4 ,! c\nt]weight is us$ to balance ! load ( ! c> & to make x easi] = ! motor to move ! c>4 ,electricity is ! p[] t makes ! c> g up or d[n4 ,! op]ator 9 ! c> moves a ma/] swit*--9 "o direction if he wi%es to g up1 9 ! o!r direction if he wi%es to g d[n4 ,?is ma/] swit* sets ! electro-magnetic swit*es ( ! controll] at ! top ( ! hat*way into action1 electrically1 & ! controll] 9 turn all[s ! electric curr5t to fl[ into ! motor4 ,! motor !n beg9s to revolve1 gradually at fir/1 & !n fa/]1 turn+ ! driv+ %eave ) :i* x is directly connect$4 ,z ?is driv+ %eave revolves1 ! cables pass+ ov] x are set 9 motion1 & ! c> & c\nt]weight to :i* !y are atta*$ beg9 to move4 ,:y ,does ,n ! ,c> ,fall8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,,( ,,an ,,elevator ,( c\rse1 ! "q ( safety is a v important "o 9 any elevator1 & y wond] :at w\ld happ5 if ! cables broke4 ,y ?9k ( ?is especially :5 y are go+ up 9 "o ( ! big skyscrap]s--:]e ! elevators sometimes travel to a height ( #gjj feet4 ,x c be tru?fully said t on e mod]n elevator !re are safety devices :i* %\ld make x practically impossible to h a s]i\s accid5t1 due to ! fall ( ! c>4 ,e elevator is equipp$ ) w$g+ or clamp+ devices :i* automatically grip ! rails 9 case ! c> goes too fa/ ei!r up or d[n4 ,^! gripp+ devices c be adju/$ to "w at any spe$ t is desir$ above ! regul> spe$4 ,x is n at all probable t all ! cables w break at once1 because !re are usually six ( ^!1 & any "o ( !m is /rong en\gh to hold ! c> if ! o!rs break2 b ev5 if !y all %\ld break ! gripp+ devices on ! rails w op]ate & hold ! c> safely1 j z soon z x />ts d[n at great spe$4 ,suppose t ! c> %\ld desc5d at full spe$1 b n suffici5tly fa/ to "w ! rail-gripp+ devices1 x w\ld be br\ght to a gradual re/ at ! bottom ( ! hat*way1 because ( ! oil-cu%ion buff] aga9/ :i* x w\ld /rike4 ,?is is a rem>kable inv5tion1 ) a plung] work+ 9 oil 9 su* a way t a c> /rik+ x at full spe$ w come to re/ s gradually t !re is sc>cely any %ock4 ,y h p]haps se5 a clev] juggl] on ! /age ?r[ an ord9>y h5's egg high into ! air & cat* x 9 a *9a di% )\t crack+ x ,he does x by putt+ ! di% "u ! fall+ egg j at ! "r mom5t1 & br++ ! di% d[n ) ! egg at j ! "r spe$1 s t ev5tually he has ! egg 9 ! di% )\t crack+ x4 ,! trick is 9 calculat+ ! rate ( spe$ ( ! fall+ egg accurately & adju/+ ! ins]tion ( ! di% "u ! fall+ egg to a nicety4 ,! oil-cu%ion buff] 9 ! mod]n elevator works 9 v mu* ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,rop+ ,,= ,,ge>less ,,traction ,,elevator ,,in/allation4 ,if x 7 n = ! g5ius :i* has made possible ^! new types ( elevators we c\ld n h ! high build+s4 ,! elevators 9 ! ,woolwor? ,build+ are ! late/ type 9 mod]n elevator con/ruction4 ,9 ?is "o build+ alone !re are #bi elevators1 & :5 y are told t ! electric elevators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates in/all$ by a s+le company repres5t a total ( #ebe1jjj horse-p[]1 y w h "s idea ( ! p[] requir$ to op]ate elevators all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,does ,air ,weigh ,any?+8 ,air is v light1 s light t x seems to h no weight at all2 b1 if y w ?9k a m9ute y w see t x mu/ h "s weight1 because birds fly 9 x & balloons c be made to float ?r\gh x4 ,x has be5 f\nd t "o hundr$ cubic in*es ( air at ! sea level weighs1 "u ord9>y conditions1 ab\t ?irty-"o gra9s4 ,?is seems a v small weight1 b :5 we rememb] ! ?ickness ( ! atmosph]ic envelope ov] ! e>? we see t x mu/ press q heavily ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,!re is a v simple in/rum5t call$ a b>omet]1 :i* is us$ = measur+ ! am\nt ( ?is pressure4 ,! "n means pressure-measure4 ,ano!r /rik+ feature ( air is its ela/icity1 & ?is expla9s some?+ t is notic$ by all m\nta9 climb]s4 ,on a high m\nta91 x is difficult to get en\gh air to ! lungs1 ?\gh "o brea!s rapidly & deeply4 ,! reason is1 t ! air at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 is compress$ by ! weight ( t above x1 & consequ5tly ! lungs c hold m ( x ?an ( ! air on ! m\nta9 top1 :i* has less weight re/+ ^u x & is1 !re=e1 n s mu* compress$4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* x is compress$1 we f9d t m ?an half ( all ! envelope ( air t surr\nds ! e>? is )9 ?ree miles ( ! surface4 ,:5 air is *emically analyz$ x is f\nd to consi/ ( a numb] ( sub/ances m+l$ toge!r1 b n *emically unit$4 ,^! include nitrog51 oxyg51 argon1 c>bonic acid gas1 wat] vapor1 ozone1 nitric acid1 ammonia1 & du/4 ,oxyg5 is ! mo/ important ( ^! con/itu5ts1 = x is ! "p t is necess>y to support life4 ,yet1 not)/&+ its importance1 x =ms only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! entire bulk ( ! atmosph]e4 ,oxyg5 is a v int]e/+ sub/ance & _m /rik+ exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ ) x4 ,if a light$ c&le is ?ru/ into a vessel fill$ ) oxyg51 x burns v mu* m rapidly & brilliantly ?an 9 air4 ,a piece ( wood ) a m]e sp>k on x bur/s into flame & burns brightly :5 ?ru/ into oxyg51 & "s ?+s t w n burn at all 9 air1 c be made to burn v rapidly 9 oxyg54 ,= example1 if a piece ( clock spr+ be dipp$ 9 melt$ sulphur & !n put into a j> ( oxyg51 aft] ! sulphur has be5 set on fire1 ! /eel spr+ w take fire & burn fi]cely4 ,! heat produc$ is s great t drops ( molt5 /eel =m at ! end ( ! spr+1 & fall+ on ! bottom ( ! j>1 melt ! surface ( ! glass :]e !y /rike4 ,! o!r two sub/ances f\nd 9 pure air1 nitrog5 & argon1 are v mu* alike4 ,!y make up ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s ( ! air1 & are v diff]5t f oxyg5 9 ne>ly e respect4 ,nitrog5 & argon resemble oxyg5 9 be+ colorless1 odorless1 & ta/eless gases2 & !y are ( ne>ly ! same weight z oxyg51 argon be+ a little heavi] & nitrog5 a little light]2 b "h ! simil>ity ends4 ,oxyg5 is :at we call a v active sub/ance4 ,z we h se51 x causes ?+s to burn v mu* m rapidly 9 x ?an 9 air4 ,nitrog5 & argon1 on ! contr>y1 put out fire4 ,if a light$ c&le is put into a j> ( nitrog5 or argon its flame w be ext+ui%$ z quickly z if put into wat]4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! impurities f\nd 9 air4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is c>bonic acid gas1 or1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 c>bon dioxide4 ,x is always produc$ :5 wood or coal is burn$1 & is1 ( c\rse1 con/antly be+ p\r$ out ( *imneys4 ,x is also produc$ 9 our lungs & we give (f "s ( x :5 we brea!4 ,x is colorless1 l ! gases f\nd 9 pure air1 has no odor or ta/e1 & is consid]ably heavi] ?an oxyg5 or nitrog54 ,9 its o!r prop]ties x is mu* m l nitrog5 ?an oxyg51 = :5 a c&le is put into x ! flame is ext+ui%$ at once4 ,to f9d out :e!r air conta9s c>bonic acid gas1 x is only necess>y to =ce x ?r\gh a little lime wat]1 9 a glass vessel1 & wat* :at *ange takes place 9 ! wat]4 ,fre% lime wat] is z cle> z pure wat]2 b aft] =c+ air conta9+ c>bonic acid ?r\gh x1 x becomes turbid & milky4 ,if ! turbid wat] is all[$ to /& = a "t1 a :ite p[d] w settle to ! bottom1 & if we exam9e ?is p[d]1 we f9d x to be v mu* ! same ?+ z *alk4 ,:ile x is true t air g5]ally conta9s only a v small portion ( c>bonic acid gas1 !re are "s places 9 :i* x is pres5t 9 su* l>ge quantities z to r5d] ! air unfit = brea?+4 ,! air at ! bottom ( deep m9es & old wells (t5 has an unusually l>ge proportion ( ?is gas1 :i*1 because ( its great weight1 accumulates at ! bottom1 & rema9s conf9$ !re4 ,! pres5ce ( a dang]\s quantity ( ! gas 9 su* places may be detect$ by l[]+ a c&le into x4 ,:y ,does ! ,sc5]y ,appe> to ,move ,:5 ,we ,are ,rid+ 9 a ,tra98 ,:5 y sit 9 a mov+ tra9 look+ out ( ! w9d[ x appe>s z ?\gh ! fields1 ! telegraph poles & ev]y?+ else outside 7 mov+1 in/ead ( y4 ,?is is because our only ideas ( motion are arriv$ at by comp>ison1 & ! fact t nei!r y nor ! seats ( ! c> or any o!r "p ( ! inside ( ! c> is *ang+ its position1 leads y to ! delusion t ! ?+s outside ! c> are mov+ & n y4 ,if y 7 to pull d[n all ! curta9s & ! tra9 7 mak+ no noise at all1 y w\ld n ?9k t any?+ 0 mov+4 ,x w\ld appe> z ?\gh y 7 motionless j z ev]y?+ 9 ! c> appe>s s4 ,:5 y turn !n to ! w9d[1 & lift ! curta9 y c>ry 9 ! back ( y\r m9d ! idea ( be+ at re/ & t is :at makes x appe> z ?\gh ! fields & ev]y?+ outside 7 mov+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable :5 y are 9 a tra9 9 a /ation ) ano!r tra9 on ! next track4 ,!re is a s5se ( motion if "o ( ! tra9s only is mov+ & y feel t x is ! o!r tra91 because y are surr\nd$ by objects 9 ! c> :i* are at re/1 & :5 y look out at ! o!r tra9 ) ?is half consci\sness ( re/ 9 y\r m9d1 x appe>s z ?\gh ! o!r tra9 7 mov+ :5 z a matt] ( fact x is y\r tra94 ,if ! delusion happ5s to be turn$ ! o!r way1 x w appe> z ?\gh y are mov+ & ! o!r is /ill4 ,x dep5ds ^u :at cause ! impression />ts )4 ,:y ,don't ! ,sc5]y ,appe> to ,move ,:5 ,i am 9 a ,/reet ,c>8 ,if y are 9 a /reet c> 9 ! c\ntry & mov+ along fa/ y w receive ! same impression1 especially 9 a clos$ c>1 because y are look+ out ( "o hole or "o w9d[4 ,9 an op5 c> y d n receive ! same impression because y\r range ( vision is broad]4 ,y c & d1 al?\gh p]haps unconsci\sly1 look out on bo? sides & ! impression y\r m9d gets ?r\gh ! eyes is n ! same4 ,if y 7 to pull d[n all ! /orm curta9s 9 a mov+ op5 /reet c>1 & !n look out ( "o little crack1 y w\ld ?9k ! outside 0 mov+4 ,b if y /op to rememb] t y are mov+ & n ! ?+s outside ! c>1 !n ! impression vani%es4 ,9 ! city1 ( c\rse1 y\r bra9 is s ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! fact t h\ses & pavem5ts d n move1 & ! c>s move s mu* m sl[ly1 t x is difficult to make y\rself believe o!rwise4 ,! impression is m difficult always :5 y are mov+ ?r\gh or pa/ objects ) :i* y are p]fectly famili>4 ,x is all1 ( c\rse1 a "q ( impressions4 ,:y ,does ! ,moon ,travel ,) ,u ,:5 ,we ,walk or ,ride8 ,! moon does n really travel ) u4 ,x only seems to d s4 ,! moon is s f> away t :5 we walk a block or two or a hundr$1 we _c notice any relative diff]5ce 9 ! relative positions ( ! moon & ourselves4 ,:5 a ?+ is close at h& we c notice e *ange 9 our position t[>d x1 b :5 x is f> away ! *ange ( our position t[>d x is s slight t x is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,a v good way to illu/rate ?is is to ask y to recall ! la/ "t y 7 9 a railroad tra9 look+ out at ! sc5]y 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! telegraph poles ru% pa/ y s fa/ y _c c\nt !m4 ,! c[s 9 ! pa/ure beside ! railroad d n seem to g by s fa/4 ,y c c\nt !m easily4 ,! tree f>!r ov] 9 ! next field does n appe> to be mov+ b slightly1 :ile ! *ur* /eeple :i* y c see f> 9 ! di/ance1 does n g out ( sight = a long "t--9 fact1 seems almo/ to be mov+ along ) y4 ,! moon is j l ! *ur* /eeple 9 ?is case1 except t x is s mu* f>!r away t x seems to travel "r ) y4 ,x is all due to ! fact z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is answ]1 t ! relative positions ( y\rself & ! moon are only slightly *ang$ z y move f place to place1 s slight 9 fact z to appe> imp]ceptible4 ,is ,!re a ,man 9 ! ,moon8 ,! m>k+s :i* we see on ! face ( ! moon :5 x is full c by a /ret* ( ! imag9ation be said to =m ! face ( a man4 ,on "s nights ?is face appe>s to be q di/9ct4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look at ! moon ?r\gh a telescope1 we see di/9ctly t x is n ! face ( a man4 ,?r\gh a v l>ge telescope we c see v pla9ly t ! m>ks are m\nta9s & crat]s ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,x j happ5s t ^! m>ks on ! moon1 aid$ by ! reflections ( ! light f ! sun1 :i* gives ! moon all ! light x has1 make a comb9ation t looks l a face4 ,does ! ,air ,surr\nd+ ! ,e>? ,move ,) ,x8 ,?is is "o ( ! old puzzl+ que/ions :i* _m a high-s*ool /ud5t has _h to /ruggle ) to ! great amusem5t ( ! tea*] :o asks = ! in=mation & su* o!r s*ol>s :o h already _h ! exp]i5ce ( try+ to solve x4 ,to get at ! "r answ] y h m]ely to ask "o o!r "q4 ,if ! air does n revolve ) ! e>?1 :y c't ,i g up 9 a balloon at ,new ,york1 & /ay up long en\gh = ! e>? to revolve on its axis b5ea? me1 & come d[n aga9 :5 ! city ( ,san ,francisco appe>s "u ! balloon1 :i* %\ld be 9 ab\t f\r h\rs8 ,if t 7 possible1 travel w\ld be bo? rapid & com=table1 = !n we c\ld sit quietly 9 a balloon :ile ! e>? travel+ b5ea? u w\ld get all ! bumps4 ,no1 ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>? moves "r along ) ! e>? on its axis4 ,if x 7 n s1 ! e>? w\ld probably burn up--at lea/ no liv+ ?+ c\ld rema9 on x--s9ce ! friction ( ! surface ( ! air aga9/ ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld develop su* a heat t no?+ c\ld live 9 x4 ,:y ,does ,oil+ ! ,axle ,make ! ,:eel ,turn ,m ,easily8 ,if y look at :at appe>s to be a p]fectly smoo? axle on a bicycle or motor c> ?r\gh a p[]ful magnify+ glass1 y w f9d t ! surface ( ! axle is n smoo? at all1 z y may h ?\ght1 b cov]$ ) :at appe> to be q l>ge bumps or irregul>ities 9 ! surface4 ,if y 7 to exam9e ! inside ( ! hub ( ! :eel 9 ! same way1 y w\ld f9d t x also is l t4 ,n[1 :5 y attempt to turn a :eel on ! axle )\t oil1 ^! little irregul>ities or bumps gr9d aga9/ ea* o!r1 produc+ :at we call friction4 ,z friction develops heat1 ! metal ( ! axle & ! hub exp& & ! :eel gets /uck4 ,:at ,made ! ,m\nta9s8 ,!re is no "q b t at "o "t ! surface ( ! e>? 0 smoo?1 i4 e41 !re 7 no big hills & no deep valleys4 ,t 0 be=e ! m\nta9s 7 made4 ,! e>? 0 a hot molt5 mass t began to cool (f f ! outside inw>d4 ,x is /ill a hot molt5 mass inside today4 ,! outside cru/ became cool] & cool] & ! cru/ became deep] & deep] all ! "t4 ,!n :5 !re w\ld be an eruption ( ! r$-hot mass inside1 ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld be bulg$ out 9 "s places & suck$ 9 9 o!rs & w\ld /ay t way4 ,! bulg$ out place became a range ( m\nta9s & ! suck$ 9 place became a valley4 ,?is process w5t on happ5+ ov] & ov] aga9 until ! cru/ ( ! e>? became firmly set4 ,volcanos caus$ "s ( ^! eruptions1 z also did e>?quakes4 ,!re are today gradual *anges occurr+ :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t *ange ! outside surface ( ! e>?1 & x is possible t new m\nta9 ranges w be produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,:at ,makes ! ,sea ,ro>8 ,! ro> ( ! sea is a movem5t ( ! sea :i* causes ! same k9d ( air waves or s\nd waves t y make :5 y %\t1 except+ t1 ( c\rse1 ! vibrations d n occur s quickly 9 ! sea &1 !re=e1 ! s\nd produc$ is a l[ s\nd4 ,x is no diff]5t 9 any s5se ?an ! same noise w\ld be if ! same air waves c\ld be produc$ on ! l& away f ! wat]4 ,:y ,is ,fire ,hot8 ,:5 a fire is light$ x ?r[s (f :at we call heat rays or waves4 ,^! waves are v mu* l ! waves ( light :i* come f a light or fire or ! air waves :i* produce s\nds4 ,! rays ( light & heat :i* come f ! sun are l ! rays ( light & heat f a fire4 ,heat is ( two k9ds--heat prop] :i* is resid5t 9 ! body1 & radiant heat :i* is ! k9d :i* comes to u f ! sun or f a fire4 ,?is radiant heat is n heat at all1 b a =m ( wave motion ?r[n out by ! vibrations 9 ! e!r4 ,! heat we feel is ! s5sation produc$ ^u our sk9s :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! waves creat$ by ! fire4 ,heat 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be an actual sub/ance1 b we "k n[ t radiant heat is kn[n to be ! en]gy ( heat transf]r$ to ! e!r :i* fills all ( space & is 9 all bodies also4 ,! hot body :i* sets ! p>ticles ( ei!r 9 vibration & ?is vibrat+ motion 9 ! =m ( waves travels 9 all directions4 ,:5 ^! vibrations /rike aga9/ our sk9 !y produce a heat s5sation2 /rik+ o!r objects ^! vibrations may produce in/ead ( a heat s5sation1 ei!r *emical action or lum9osity4 ,?is is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! vibratory rays 9 ea* case4 ,:5 ,i ,?r[ a ,ball ,into ! ,air ,:ile ,walk+1 ,:y ,does ,x ,foll[ ,me8 ,:5 y ?r[ a ball into ! air :ile mov+ y\r body =w>d or backw>d1 ei!r sl[ly or fa/1 ! ball p>takes ( two motions--! "o upw>d & ! =w>d or backw>d motion ( y\r body4 ,! ball possess$ ! motion ( y\r body be=e x left y\r h& to g up into ! air because y\r body 0 mov+ be=e y ?rew x up1 & ! ball 0 a "p ( y at ! "t4 ,if y are mov+ =w>d up to ! "t y ?r[ ! ball into ! air & /op z soon z y let g ( ! ball1 x w fall at "s di/ance f y4 ,also if y ?r[ ! ball up f a /&+ position & move =w>d z soon z ! ball leaves y\r h& ! ball w fall beh9d y1 provid$ y actually ?rew x /raight up4 ,( c\rse1 y "k t ! e>? is mov+ _m miles p] h\r on its axis & t :5 y ?r[ a ball /raight into ! air f a /&+ position1 ! e>? & y\rself z well z ! ball move ) ! e>? a long di/ance be=e ! ball comes d[n aga94 ,! relative position is1 h[ev]1 ! same4 ,we get our s5se ( motion by a comp>ison ) o!r objects4 ,if y are 9 a tra9 t is mov+ swiftly & ano!r tra9 goes by 9 ! opposite direction mov+ j z fa/1 y seem to be go+ twice z fa/ z y really are4 ,if ! tra9 on ! o!r track1 h[ev]1 is go+ at ! same rate ( spe$ & 9 ! same direction z y are1 y w appe> to be /&+ /ill4 ,go+ back to ! ball aga91 y w f9d t x always p>takes ( ! motion ( ! body hold+ x 9 addition to ! motion giv5 :5 x is ?r[n up4 ,:at ,good ,are ! ,l9es ,on ! ,palms ( ,our ,h&s8 ,x _c be said t ! l9es on ! palms ( our h&s are ( any great s]vice to u4 ,inde$ x is d\btful if !y are ( any value 9 !mselves1 outside ( ! possible aid !y may be 9 help+ u to det]m9e ! "* ( ! surface ( ?+s :i* we grasp or t\*4 ,x is possible t !y aid 9 "s slight degree 9 ?is way4 ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !y are a result ( ! "w ! h&s are con/antly call$ ^u to d r ?an contriv$ = any p>ticul> s]vice4 ,! habitual t5d5cy ( ! f+]s 9 grasp+ & hold+ ?+s ?r[s ! sk9 ( ! palms into creases :i* ?r\gh frequ5t repetition make ! l9es ( ! palms p]man5t 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,! peculi>ities ( ^! l9es or creases 9 v>i\s individuals z to details & l5g? & v>iations is ! *ief basis ( ! s-call$ sci5ce ( palmi/ry4 ,:at ,makes ,?+s ,:irl ,r\nd ,:5 ,i ,am ,dizzy8 ,! m$ical t]m t describes ?is condition ( turn+ or :irl+ is v]tigo1 :i* means 9 simple language 8to turn40 ,!re are two k9ds ( dizz9ess--"o :]e ! objects ab\t u seem to be turn+ r\nd & r\nd & ! o!r :]e ! p]son :o is dizzy seems to himself to be turn+ r\nd & r\nd4 ,"o cause ( ?is is due to ! fact t :5 y are dizzy ! eyes are n 9 complete control ( ! bra9 & ! eyes mov+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r look 9 diff]5t directions & produce ?is turn+ effect on ! bra91 s9ce ea* eye !n s5ds a diff]5t impression to ! bra9 in/antly4 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ! s5se ( dizz9ess is1 h[ev]1 ! little organ :i* gives u our p[] to balance & :i* is locat$ ne> ! e>s4 ,sometimes ?is organ becomes diseas$ & p affect$ 9 ?is way are almo/ cont9ually dizzy4 ,:5ev] ?is organ ( balance is di/urb$ we lose our idea ( balance & ! turn+ s5sation occurs4 ,x is easy to make y\rself dizzy4 ,all y d is to turn r\nd a few times 9 ! same direction & /op4 ,9 do+ ?is y di/urb ! little organ ( balance & ?+s beg9 to turn app>5tly be=e y\r eyes4 ,if y turn ! o!r way y "r matt]s aga9 or if y j /& /ill matt]s w "r !mselves4 ,!re is no great h>m 9 mak+ y\rself dizzy & v little fun4 ,:y ,are ! ,complexions ( ,"s ,p ,light & ,o!rs ,d>k8 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! complexions ( p is due to ! v>y+ am\nts ( pigm5t or color+ mat]ial 9 ! cells ( :i* ! sk9s ( all animals is made up4 ,v light p h v little pigm5t2 v d>k p1 ^? ) d>k eyes & black hair1 h a great deal ( ?is color+ mat]ial 9 _! cells4 ,a great _m p are nei!r light or v d>k4 ,!y h less ?an ! d>k-complexion$ p & m ?an ! light-complexion$ p4 ,:5 ! hair turns gray x is because ! pigm5t has disappe>$4 ,z ?is is due to ! loss ( ?is color+ mat]ial1 d>k-complexion$ p turn gray soon] ?an light-complexion$ p4 ,! /ructure ( ! sk9 %[+ h[ ^! cells are made 9 lay]s c be se5 by exam9+ ! sk9 ) a microscope4 ,:at ,makes ,me ,tir$8 ,m5 7 wrong = a long "t 9 _! conclusions z to :at produc$ ! tir$ feel+ 9 u4 ,we "k n[ t e activity ( our body regi/]s itself on ! bra94 ,:5 we move an arm or leg a great _m times we soon feel tir$4 ,e "t y move y\r arm ! movem5t is regi/]$ 9 ! bra91 & aft] a numb] ( ^! movem5ts are regi/]$ ! tir$ feel+ 9 ! arm appe>s4 ,x is said t e movem5t ( any "p ( ! body really produces c]ta9 defective cells & t ^! accumulate 9 ! blood4 ,:5 ^! rea* a c]ta9 numb] ! tir$ feel+ takes possession ( u1 & :5 we re/1 ! blood "u ! guidance ( ! bra91 goes to "w & rebuilds ^! defective cells4 ,we "k t a *ange takes place 9 ! blood :5 we become tir$ because1 if y take "s ( ! blood f an animal t %[s unmi/akable signs ( fatigue & inject x into an animal t %[s no tir$ feel+ at all1 ! second animal w beg9 to %[ signs ( fatigue ev5 ?\gh x is n active at all4 ,we us$ to ?9k t be+ tir$ indicat$ t our bodies 7 9 ne$ ( food & t ! way to ov]come x 0 to eat a big meal4 ,we did n /op to ?9k t ev5 :5 we are hungry ! human body has suffici5t food supply /or$ up to keep x go+ = days )\t tak+ 9 new food4 ,( c\rse1 ?is mi/ake 0 made because we knew t our p[] & en]gy came z a result ( ! food we took into our sy/ems1 b ?is belief 0 explod$ :5 x 0 f\nd t a really tir$ p]son c\ld h>dly dige/ food :ile tir$1 & t x is be/ = p :o are v tir$ to eat only a light meal4 ,:y ,are ,mo/ ,p ,"r-,h&$8 ,mo/ p are "r-h&$ because !y are tra9$ t way4 ,be+ "r-h&$ or left-h&$ dep5ds l>gely on h[ we get />t$ 9 t connection4 ,:5 we are "y we =m ! habit g5]ally ( be+ ei!r "r-h&$ or left-h&$1 z ! case may be4 ,mo/ p correct _! *ildr5 :5 x appe>s !y are likely to become left-h&$1 z we h come to ?9k t x is bett] to be "r-h&$ ?an left1 & t is ! reason :y mo/ p are "r-h&$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if we 7 tra9$ p]fectly1 we %\ld all be bo? "r-h&$ & left-h&$ also4 ,"s p are s tra9$ &1 :5 we ref] to _! ability to d ?+s equally well ) bo? h&s & wi% to br+ out ?is fact1 we say !y are ambidextr\s4 ,x is n natural t "o h& %\ld be tra9$ to d ?+s :ile ! o!r is n4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,faculties ,/rong] ,?an ,o!rs8 ,all ( our s5ses are capable ( be+ develop$ s t our ability along ^! l9es w\ld be ab\t equal4 ,! tr\ble is t we soon beg9 to develop "o or m ( our faculties 9 an unusual mann] at ! exp5se ( ! developm5t ( o!rs4 ,_m p h a ke5] s5se ( obs]vation ?an o!rs because !y h _h m & bett] tra9+ along t l9e4 ,x is a pity t m att5tion is n giv5 to ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( obs]vation 9 *ildr51 because x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable accompli%m5ts t we c possess ourselves (4 ,) ! s5se ( obs]vation develop$ to ! highe/ degree1 _m ( ! o!r faculties ne$ n be develop$ s /rongly because1 if we notice e ?+ t x is possible = u to see1 we d n h ! ne$ ( ! developm5t ( o!r p[]s to ! same ext5t4 ,x is said t x w\ld be possible to s tra9 an infant & br+ him up to maturity ) all 8 faculties develop$ & 9 practically an ev5 way4 ,if we did t we w\ld h a wond]fully intellig5t be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,glaz+ plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,decorat+ *9a cups4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,cup & ,sauc] ,,h[ ,,*9a ,,is ,,made ,_m diff]5t k9ds ( raw mat]ials are requir$ to produce ! clay f :i* *9a is =m$1 & ^! +r$i5ts come f widely sep>at$ localities4 ,clays f ,florida1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,cornwall & ,devon4 ,fl9t f ,ill9ois & ,p5nsylvania4 ,boracic acid f ! ,mojave ,des]t & ,tuscany4 ,cobalt f ,ont>io & ,saxony4 ,feldsp> f ,ma9e4 ,all ^! & m mu/ ent] into ! mak+ ( e piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr9d]s = r$uc+ glaz+ mat]ials4 ,^! mat]ials are r$uc$ to f9e p[d] & /or$ 9 huge b9s4 ,betwe5 ^! b9s1 on a track provid$ = ! purpose1 ! workm5 pu% a c> :i* be>s a great box4 ,"u ?is box is a scale = weigh+ ! exact am\nt ( ea* +r$i5t z x is put 91 = too mu* ( "o k9d ( clay or too little ( ano!r w\ld s]i\sly impair ! quality ( ! f9i%$ *9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,mill = pulv]iz+ mat]ials4 ,f b9 to b9 ?is c> goes1 ga!r+ up s _m p\nds ( ?is mat]ial & s _m p\nds ( t1 until its load is complete4 ,!n x is dump$ into "o ( ! great r\nd tanks call$ 8blung]s10 :]e big electrically driv5 paddles mix x ) wat] until x has ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream4 ,f ! blung]s ?is liquid mass passes into ano!r & /ill l>g] tank1 call$ a 8r\gh agitator10 & is !re kept con/antly 9 motion until x is releas$ to run 9 a /eady /ream ov] ! 8sift]s40 ,^! sift]s are vibrat+ tables ( f9e/ silk lawn1 v mu* l t us$ = bolt+ fl\r at ! mills4 ,! mat]ial = *9a mak+ /ra9s ?r\gh ! silk1 :ile ! refuse1 includ+ all =eign matt]1 little lumps1 etc41 runs into a wa/e tr\gh & is ?r[n away4 ,f ! sift]s ! liquid passes ?r\gh a squ>e box-l *ute1 9 :i* are plac$ a numb] ( l>ge horse%oe magnets1 :i* attract to !mselves & hold any p>ticles ( h>mful m9]als :i* may be 9 ! mixture4 ,aft] leav+ ! magnets ! fluid is free f impurities1 & is dis*>g$ into ano!r huge tank call$ ! 8smoo? agitator40 ,:ile ! fluid is 9 ?is tank a numb] ( paddles keep x con/antly 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,press+ ! wat] f ! clay4 ,f ! smoo? agitator ! mixture is =c$ "u high pressure into a press :]e a peculi> arrangem5t ( /eel *amb]s pack$ ) heavy canvas all[s ! wat] to escape1 filt]$ pure & cle>1 b reta9s ! clay 9 discs or leaves weigh+ ab\t ?irty p\nds ea*4 ,f ! presses ?is damp clay is tak5 out to ! 8pug mills10 :]e x is all gr\nd up toge!r1 r$uc$ to a uni=m consi/5cy1 & cut into blocks ( conv5i5t size4 ,x is n[ ready to use4 ,automatic elevators c>ry x to ! workm5 up/airs4 ,illu/ration3 ,mold+ ,di%es4 ,! racks to ! left are full ( molds on :i* ! clay is dry+4 ,illu/ration3 ,mold+ sug> b[ls & cov]$ di%es4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,di%es ,,are ,,%ap$ ,! exact process ( h&l+ ! clay diff]s ) articles ( diff]5t %apes4 ,"s are mold$ by h& 9 pla/] ( p>is molds ( prop] %ape1 :ile o!rs are =m$ by ma*9e4 ,to make a plate1 = example1 ! workman takes a lump ( clay z l>ge z a teacup4 ,he lays ?is on a flat /one1 & ) a l>ge1 r\nd1 flat weight1 /rikes x a bl[ :i* flatt5s ! mat]ial out until x resembles d\gh roll$ out = cake or biscuits1 only in/ead ( be+ :ite or yell[ x is ( a d>k gray color4 ,a h>d1 smoo? mold exactly ! size & %ape ( ! inside ( ! plate is at h&4 ,ov] ?is ! workman claps ! flat piece ( damp clay4 ,!n ! mold is pass$ on to ano!r workman1 :o /&s be=e a rapidly revolv+ p$e/al1 commonly kn[n z ! pott]'s :eel4 ,on ?is :eel he places ! mold & its lay] ( clay4 ,he !n pulls d[n a lev] to :i* is atta*$ a /eel scrap]4 ,z ! plate rapidly revolves1 ?is scrap] cuts away ! surplus clay1 & gives to ! back ( ! plate its prop] =m4 ,! plate1 /ill 9 its mold1 is plac$ on a long bo>d1 toge!r ) a numb] ( o!rs1 & %ov$ into a rack to dry4 ,"o workman ) two help]s w make #b1djj plates p] day4 ,x is fasc9at+ to wat* ! mold]s' deft h&s at "w swiftly *ang+ a mass ( clay into p]fectly =m$ di%es4 ,su* skill$ workm5 are naturally well paid4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( a kiln %[+ h[ ! 8sagg]s0 are pack$ = fir+4 ,:5 ! clay is suffici5tly dry1 ! plate is tak5 f its mold1 ! edge smoo!d & r\nd$1 & any m9or defects rem$i$4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 an oval %ap$ clay receptacle call$ a 8sagg]10 toge!r ) ab\t two doz5 ( its fell[s1 pack$ 9 f9e s&1 & plac$ 9 "o ( ! furnaces or kilns4 ,ea* kiln w conta9 on an av]age two ?\s& sagg]s4 ,:5 ! kiln is full ! doorway is clos$ & pla/]$ ) clay1 ! fires />t$1 & ! di%es subject$ to t]rific heat = a p]iod ( =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! fuel us$ is natural gas1 pip$ "o hundr$ miles f wells #b1jjj feet deep4 ,natural gas gives an int5se heat1 & yet is always "u p]fect control--features :i* are vital 9 produc+ uni=mly good *9a4 ,:5 ! plate is tak5 f ! kiln aft] ! fir/ bak+1 x is pure :ite1 b ( dull1 velvety texture1 & is kn[n z bisque w>e4 ,9 ord] to give x a smoo?1 high f9i%1 ! plate is next dipp$ into a solution ( :ite lead1 borax & silica1 dri$1 plac$ 9 a kiln & aga9 bak$4 ,:5 x is tak5 out = ! second "t x has acquir$ t beautiful glaze :i* s delights ! eye4 ,9 ?is condition x is kn[n z 8pla9 :ite w>e10 & is f9i%$1 unless "s decoration is to be add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,tak+ ! di%es f a kiln4 ,,h[ ,,*9a ,,is ,,decorat$ ,mo/ p are surpris$ to le>n t ! great] "p ( ! gold :i* adorns di%es is put on by a simple rubb] /amp4 ,two prep>ations ( gold are us$4 ,"o is a comm]cial solution call$ 8liquid bright gold10 ! o!r is v exp5sive1 & is simply gold bullion melt$ d[n ) acids to ! "r consi/5cy4 ,decorat+ 9 colors is n[ done almo/ exclusively by decalcomania art transf]s4 ,^! are made pr9cipally 9 ,europe4 ,aft] ! gold & colors are appli$1 ! ,*9a mu/ aga9 g ?r\gh ! ov5's heat = a p]iod ( twelve h\rs4 ,!n ! piece f9i%$ at la/1 is ready to grace y\r table4 ,! dull gray clay has become beautifully f9i%$ *9a1 :i* w delight alike ! h\sekeep] & h] gue/s4 ,h[ ,d ,birds ,f9d ,_! ,way8 ,! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! movem5t ( animals f place to place is f\nd 9 ! flight ( birds dur+ ! spr+ & fall4 ,9 ! spr+ ! birds come nor? & 9 ! fall !y g s\?4 ,?is is call$ 8migration0 & ! reason giv5 = ! ability ( "s birds to come back e ye> to build a ne/ 9 ! same tree is usually attribut$ to ! 8in/9ct ( migration10 & yet t is m a /atem5t ( fact r ?an an explanation ( ! wond]ful ability ( ! birds to d ?is4 ,h[ ,does a ,capta9 ,/e] ,8 ,%ip ,across ! ,ocean8 ,man1 ! mo/ intellig5t animal1 c also f9d 8 way ab\t1 b he has _h to le>n to d ?is /ep by /ep4 ,:5 an explor] fir/ travels into ! unexplor$ =e/1 he c>ries a compass :i* tells him 9 :at direction he is travel+1 b ?is is n suffici5t to tell him ! exact pa? he came & return ! same way4 ,9 ord] t he may d ?is1 he mu/ make m>ks on ! trees & o!r objects to f9d 8 way back4 ,:5 ^! m>ks are once made1 o!r m5 c foll[ ! pa? by _! aid1 & ev5tually a pa? becomes worn s t m5 c f9d _! way back & =? )\t ! aid ( ! m>ks especially4 ,a tra9$ %ip capta9 c take 8 %ip f any port 9 ! _w to ano!r port4 ,he c />t at ,new ,york ,city & 9 a giv5 numb] ( days1 accord+ to h[ fa/ 8 %ip c travel1 l& 8 pass5g]s & c>go 9 ! port ( ,london or ,johannesburg1 ,s\? ,africa1 or at any desir$ port 9 ,*9a1 ,japan or any o!r c\ntry4 ,b he _c d ?is by any k9d ( in/9ct4 ,he takes 8 directions f in=mation t 0 furni%$ him by "s "o :o w5t t way be=e him--"s o!r capta9 ( a vessel :o made m>ks 9 8 book ( 8 position 9 relation to ! sun & />s4 ,?is is practically ! same z ! travel] 9 ! =e/ :o made m>ks on ! trees to make a map ( ! way back & =?4 ,ev5 ) ^! *>ts1 compasses & o!r guid+ m>ks1 h[ev]1 man1 ev5 ?\gh he is ! mo/ intellig5t ( all ! animals1 makes v grave mi/akes & sometimes br+s disa/] ^u himself & ! lives 9 8 c>e4 ,:y ! ,birds ,come ,back 9 ,spr+8 ,! birds1 h[ev]1 h no *>ts or compasses to guide !m4 ,we d n "k z yet absolutely :at x is t enables ! bird to f9d its way back & =? to ! same spot ye> aft] ye>4 ,z ne>ly z we h be5 able to asc]ta91 ! birds aft] !y mate & build _! fir/ ne/ & br+ up _! fir/ family1 develop a fondness = t p>ticul> spot :i* is mu* ! same z ! in/9ct 9 man :i* we call ! 8hom+ in/9ct40 ,man becomes atta*$ to "o p>ticul> spot :i* he calls home & :]ev] he is !reaft]1 he is v likely to ?9k ( ! old locality :5 he ?9ks ( home1 & !re are v few ( u b h ye>n+s to g back to ! old 8home locality0 e n[ & !n4 ,! environm5t 9 :i* a bird or human be+ is br\ght up g5]ally becomes to a great] or less ext5t a p]man5t "p ( him 9 ?is s5se4 ,:y ,d ,birds ,g ,s\? 9 ,w9t]8 ,we "k :y birds g s\? 9 ! w9t]4 ,! necessity ( f9d+ food to live ^u has ev]y?+ to d ) t4 ,z food gr[s sc>ce t[>ds ! end ( summ] 9 ! f>!/ nor!rn places :]e birds live1 ! birds !re mu/ f9d food else:]e4 ,!y naturally turn s\? & :5 !y f9d food1 !y h to divide ) ! birds liv+ !re4 ,! result is t soon ! food becomes sc>ce aga9 & bo? ! new-com]s & ! old resid5ts1 s to speak1 are =c$ to seek places :]e food is pl5tiful4 ,s bo? ( ^! flocks1 to use a %ort t]m1 fly away to ! s\? until !y f9d food aga9 & enc\nt] a ?ird flock or gr\p ( ! bird family cr[d+ ! locality & exhau/+ ! food supply4 ,s 9 turn ea* flock presses = food ^u ! "o 9 ! locality next fur!r to ! s\? until we h a g5]al movem5t to ! s\? ( practically all ! birds until !y rea* a po9t :]e ! food supply is suffici5t = all = ! "t be+4 ,:y ,don't ! ,birds ,/ay ,s\?8 ,! result ( all ?is is t ! s\?-l& is cr[d$ ) birds ( all k9ds & ! food supply is en\gh = all4 ,b soon 9 foll[+ ! laws ( nature 9 birds1 z 9 o!r liv+ ?+s1 comes ! "t = bre$+4 ,! s\?-l& is w>m en\gh = ne/+ & hat*+1 b x is s cr[d$ t !re w\ldn't be en\gh food = all ! old birds & ! little ones too & s ! birds beg9 to scatt] aga94 ,j ?9k ( :at w\ld happ5 9 ! s\?-l& if all ! birds t /ay !re 9 ! w9t] built _! ne/s !re & br\ght up a new family4 ,a bird family w av]age f\r "y birds1 s t if all ! bird families 7 born & rais$ 9 ! s\? ! bird population w\ld quickly multiply itself by ?ree & !re w\ld be ! same old necessity ( travel+ away to look = food4 ,to avoid ?is ! birds beg9 to scatt] to _! old homes be=e ! bre$+ season beg9s4 ,h[ ,d ,!y ,f9d ! ,old ,home8 ,! return ( ! birds to _! old homes & h[ !y f9d _! way back to ! same spot e ye>1 to d :i* !y mu/ sometimes travel ?\s&s ( miles1 is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s ?+s 9 nature & has n z yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,! ne>e/ approa* we h to a satisfactory answ] to ?is is t birds d h a memory1 t !y c & d recognize famili> objects1 & t _! love = ! old home causes !m to fly to ! nor? until !y recognize ! l&m>ks ( _! =m] habitation4 ,9 ?is x is said t ! old] birds--^? :o h gone t way be=e--lead ! flocks & %[ ! way4 ,!re is no d\bt t birds h a m p]fect in/9ct ( direction ?an man4 ,!y c foll[ a l9e ( longitude almo/ p]fectly1 i4e41 !y c pick out ! %ort] r\te by in/9ct1 & ?is is1 ( c\rse1 a /raight l9e4 ,!y j keep on go+ until !y come to ! famili> place !y call home & !n !y /op & build _! ne/s4 ,t x is n memory & sight ( places alone t guides ! birds is %[n by ! fact t "s birds :5 migrat+ fly all night :5 !re is no light by :i* to recognize famili> objects4 ,:y ,d ,birds ,s+8 ,! song ( ! birds is a "p ( ! love-mak+4 ,! male bird is ! 8s+]10 z we call !m at home1 :5 we ?9k ( ! can>y 9 ! cage ne> u4 ,! male bird s+s to 8 mate to *>m h] & to fur!r 8 woo+4 ,?is woo+ goes on aft] ! eggs h be5 laid 9 ! ne/ & :ile ! "m bird is keep+ !m w>m until !y hat* out1 b almo/ in/antane\sly ) ! bir? ( ! little birds1 ! song ( ! male bird is hu%$4 ,take ! case ( ! night+ale4 ,= weeks dur+ ! p]iod ( ne/-build+ & hat*+ he *>ms 8 mate & u ) ! beautiful music ( 8 love song4 ,b z soon z ! little night+ales come f ! eggs1 ! s\nds :i* ! male night+ale makes are *ang$ to a gutt]al croak1 :i* are expressive ( anxiety & al>m1 9 great contra/ to ! song notes ( 8 woo+4 ,& yet1 if y 7 at ?is p]iod--j aft] ! birds are born1 & :5 8 song *anges--to de/roy ! ne/ & cont5ts1 y w\ld at once f9d ,mr4 ,night+ale return to 8 beautiful song ( love to inspire 8 mate to help him build ano!r ne/ & />t all ov] aga9 to raise a family4 ,:at ,causes an ,arr[ to ,fly8 ,x is caus$ by ! p[] g5]at$ :5 y b5d ! b[ & /r+ ( ! b[ & arr[ out ( %ape4 ,! b[ & /r+ h ! quality ( ela/icity :i* causes a rubb] ball to b\nce4 ,:5 y =ce any?+ ela/ic out ( %ape1 ?is quality 9 x makes x try to get back to its natural %ape quickly4 ,9 do+ ?is x acts 9 ! direction :i* w take x back to its normal %ape mo/ quickly4 ,! arr[ is fix$ on ! /r+ 9 a way t w n int]f]e ) ! b[ & /r+ gett+ back to its %ape &1 :5 !y b\nce back1 ! arr[ goes ) x4 ,! real cause = ! arr['s flight1 h[ev]1 comes n f ! b[1 because ! b[ _c put itself out ( %ape1 b comes f ! p]son :o causes x to be out ( %ape &1 !re=e1 ! p]son :o pulls ! /r+ back really causes ! arr[ to fly4 ,:y ,d ,*ildr5 ,l ,c&y8 ,*ildr5 crave c&y because ! sug> :i* x conta9s l>gely is 9 su* a condition t x is ! mo/ suit$ ( all our foods = quick use by ! body4 ,x is actually turn$ into real en]gy )9 a few m9utes aft] x is eat54 ,all ! ?+s we eat are = ! purpose ( supply+ en]gy to our bodies to replace ! en]gy t our daily activities h dissipat$4 ,nature takes ! valuable p>ts ( ! foods we eat & *anges !m into en]gy4 ,! wa/e p>ts %e ?r[s (f4 ,_m ?+s we eat h little real value z food & _m also nature has to "w ^u a long "t be=e _! food value is available 9 en]gy4 ,sug>1 h[ev]1 repres5ts almo/ en]gy itself4 ,*ildr5 are1 ( c\rse1 m active ?an gr[n-ups4 ,!y are nev] /ill4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 almo/ always burn+ up or us+ up _! en]gy4 ,!y are also1 !re=e1 almo/ always 9 ne$ ( food t c be made into en]gy1 & z sug> does ?is almo/ m quickly ?an any o!r food1 nature tea*es ! *ildr5 to l c&y or sweets4 ,:y ,does ,eat+ ,c&y ,make ,"s ,p ,fat8 ,eat+ z mu* z "o c ( any?+ at any "t w produce fat1 provid$ y d n d suffici5t physical "w or take en\gh ex]cise to c\nt]act ! effect ( g5]\s eat+4 ,:5 y see a p]son :o eats a great deal & is gr[+ fat1 y may "k t he or %e is n tak+ suffici5t bodily ex]cise to "w (f ! en]gy produc$ by ! body f ! food t has be5 eat54 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! en]gy 9 ! =m ( fat piles up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,c&y w d ?is m quickly ?an any o!r ?+ we eat because x conta9s s mu* sug> & because sug> is s easily *ang$ by our sy/em into usable en]gy4 ,y g5]ally f9d a fat p]son :o eats mu* c&y to be a lazy p]son4 ,:at ,makes ,sn[flakes ,:ite8 ,a sn[flake is1 z y are no d\bt aw>e1 made ( wat] affect$ 9 su* a way by ! temp]ature z to *ange x into a cry/al4 ,wat]1 ( c\rse1 z y "k1 is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 o!r words1 sunlight or o!r light w pass ?r\gh wat] )\t be+ reflect$4 ,a s+le sn[ flake also is p>tially transp>5t1 i4e41 ! light w g ?r\gh x p>tially1 al?\gh "s ( x w be reflect$ back4 ,:5 a drop ( wat] is turn$ into a sn[flake cry/al1 a great _m reflect+ surfaces are produc$1 & ! :it5ess ( ! sn[flake is ! result ( practically all ( ! sunlight :i* /rikes x be+ reflect$ back1 j z a mirror reflects practically all ! light or color t is ?r[n aga9/ x4 ,if y turn a gre5 light on ! sn[1 x w reflect ! gre5 light 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ! c\ntless sn[ cry/als lie on ! gr\nd close toge!r1 ! ability to reflect ! light is increas$ & s a mass ( sn[ cry/als on ! gr\nd look ev5 :it] ?an "o s+le sn[flake4 ,:at ,makes ! ,:ite ,caps on ! ,waves ,:ite8 ,9 tell+ :y ! sn[flake is :ite we h practically already answ]$ ?is "q also4 ,in/ead ( little cry/als =m$ f ! wat]1 ! foam produc$ by ! waves ( ! ocean are t9y bubbles :i* h ! same ability to reflect ! light z ! sn[ cry/als4 ,:at ,good ,c ,come ( a ,too?a*e8 ,v few ( u realize t an a*+ too? is a good ?+ = u1 provid$ we h x att5d$ to & ! a*e remov$4 ,any "o :o has _h too?a*e w h>dly agree t !re c be a bless+ atta*$ to ?is excruciat+ pa94 ,b ! good comes f ! w>n+ x gives u ( ! condition ( our tee? on ! inside ( our m\?s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! int]ior ( ! m\? & ! use we make ( x 9 pass+ ?+s into our sy/ems1 favors v mu* ! developm5t & increase ( microbes1 & :5 !y once get 9 !y are difficult to remove4 ,x is said t ! greate/ p]c5tage ( cases ( /oma* tr\ble come f tee? :i* are 9 bad condition & t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( p :o h bad tee? are 9 grave dang] ( blood poison+ or o!r tr\bles due to ! microbes4 ,:5 ^! microbes lodge 9 ! m\?1 !y f9d conditions favorable to _! developm5t :5 !re are bad tee?1 & spread ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,h[ ,c ,microbes ,spread ,?r\gh ! ,body8 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 includ+ ! gums1 are connect$ by a lymphatic tissue1 :i* is practically a s]ies ( canals4 ,if ! tee? are n prop]ly att5d$ to & kept 9 good condition1 bo? z to cleanl9ess & repair1 ! microbes or g]ms collect on ! gums & tee?1 & increase 9 numb]s4 ,soon ! m\? is ov]-populat$ ) microbes & are pu%$ (f ! gums or tee? into ! lymphatic canals1 :]e !y succe$ 9 develop+ a disease 9 y\r body4 ,n[ ! a*e 9 ! too? becomes a bless+ v promptly if x beg9s soon aft] ! too? beg9s to decay1 because 9 t ev5t ! d5ti/ is visit$ & ! too? fill$ or pull$4 ,!re=e1 :ile x hurts t]ribly1 x might be well to rememb] t a too?a*e is a timely w>n+ ( dang] :i*1 if n he$$1 w likely develop into some?+ q s]i\s4 ,:at ,causes ,too?a*e8 ,! a*e comes :5 ! t9y n]ve at ! he>t ( ! too? is expos$ to ! air4 ,:5 ! too? beg9s to decay1 x />ts to d s g5]ally f ! outside1 & aft] ! decay+ process has gone f> en\gh1 x rea*es ! n]ve 9 ! too?1 :i* a*es :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! a*e is ! signal :i* ! n]ve s5ds to ! bra9 t !re is an exposure & a cry = help4 ,( ,:at ,use ,are ,pa9s & ,a*es8 ,all pa9s & a*es are helpful 9 s\nd+ a w>n+4 ,a heada*e may be ! result ( improp] sleep & re/ &1 !re=e1 w>ns u to take ! ne$$ re/ or sleep4 ,a pa9 9 ! /oma* is only nature's way ( tell+ u t we h be5 unwise 9 our eat+ & dr9k+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 %ort ?\gh our lives are1 !y w\ld probably be /ill %ort]1 on ! av]age1 if x 7 n = pa9s & a*es1 because )\t ^! w>n+s we w\ld nev] h s5se en\gh to /op do+ ! ?+s we %\ld n d if we liv$ normally4 ,:at ,causes ,e>a*e8 ,e>a*e is caus$ by ! n]ves 9 ! e> be+ affect$ by some?+ ei!r f )9 or )\t :i* produces a swell+ ( ! p>ts imm$iately adjac5t to ! n]ves 9 ! e>1 & :i* press aga9/ ! n]ves2 z ! n]ves _c g any place else !y s5d a w>n+ to ! bra9 t !y are be+ cr[d$ & press$ aga9/4 ,! pa9 y feel is ! n]ve 9 ! e> w>n+ ! bra9 t some?+ is wrong 9 ! e>4 ,:at ,is ,soap ,made ,(8 ,soap is n a v mod]n product1 al?\gh we h r>ely read ( soap 9 old5 times4 ,z long ago z two ?\s& ye>s1 ! ,g]mans _h an o9tm5t :i* 0 made 9 practically ! same way z we n[ make soap4 ,a soap factory 0 engag$ 9 mak+ soap 9 ,france 9 #ajjj ,a4 ,d4 ,ev5 be=e soap 0 manufactur$1 p knew t a%es ( "s plants1 :5 mix$ ) wat]1 gave x a peculi>1 smoo?1 slipp]y feel+1 & add$ to ! cleans+ qualities ( wat]4 ,al?\gh !y did n "k x1 ?is 0 due to ! soda ( pota% :i* 0 9 ! a%es4 ,pure soda & pota% bo? h excell5t qualities = clean+1 b are likely to injure ! sk91 & o!r ?+s com+ 9 contact ) !m4 ,soap is made by boil+ toge!r oil or fat & 8cau/ic0 soda or pota%4 ,cau/ic soda is a sub/ance made f sodium c>bonate by add+ slak$ lime to a solution ( x4 ,! slak$ lime conta9s calcium 9 comb9ation ) hydrog5 & oxyg51 & is kn[n 9 *emi/ry z calcium hydrate4 ,:5 calcium hydrate is add$ to a solution ( sodium c>bonate1 ! sodium pres5t comb9es ) ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 to =m a comp\nd1 v>i\sly call$ sodium hydrate1 sodium hydroxide1 or cau/ic soda4 ,a simil> comp\nd ( potassium is =m$ :5 ! same k9d ( lime is mix$ 9 a solution ( potassium c>bonate4 ,9 bo? cases ! calcium is conv]t$ into calcium c>bonate1 :i* is n soluble 9 wat] & settles to ! bottom2 b ! cau/ic soda or pota% is dissolv$4 ,! ^w 8cau/ic0 means to burn4 ,bo? w burn ! sk9 if all[$ to t\* ! sk9 = a %ort "t4 ,! fats us$ = mak+ soap consi/ ( glyc]9e1 9 *emical comb9ation ) :at are call$ fatty acids4 ,:5 ^! fats are boil$ ) cau/ic soda1 or cau/ic pota%1 ! fat is decompos$2 ! fatty acid comb9es ) ! sodium or potassium to =m soap & ! glyc]9e is left uncomb9$4 ,9 mod]n soap factories ! manufacture is c>ri$ on 9 l>ge iron vessels4 ,"s fat & oil are put into ! vessel & a little lye1 :i* is really cau/ic soda or pota%1 is add$ & ! mixture boil$4 ,! fat & ! lye comb9e v quickly & =m a :iti% fluid4 ,m lye is n[ add$ & ! boil+ cont9u$4 ,?is process is repeat$ until ne>ly all ! oil or fat has comb9$ ) ! lye4 ,if yell[ laundry soap is be+ made1 "s ros9 is put 91 & ?is gives ! yell[ color4 ,if toilet soap is be+ made1 common salt is put 9 in/ead ( ros94 ,! addition ( ! salt has ! effect ( sep>at+ ! wat] & ! glyc]9e f ! soap4 ,! soap rises to ! surface & is skimm$ (f4 ,z soon z ! sep>ation is complete1 & ! soap is !n cut or press$ into cakes aft] x has become h>d4 ,soaps ref]r$ to above are ! ord9>y h>d soaps4 ,9 mak+ s(t soaps no salt is add$ to sep>ate ! soap f ! liquid4 ,z ! wat] & glyc]9e d n sep>ate f ! soap1 ! entire mixture rema9s ( a s(t consi/5cy4 ,s(t soap is also made ) a lye1 t is obta9$ f wood a%es4 ,! a%es are plac$ 9 b>rels & wat] p\r$ ^u !m4 ,! wat] drips d[n ?r\gh ! a%es 9 ! b>rel & dissolves ! pota% conta9$ 9 !m1 mak+ lye or cau/ic pota%4 ,?is lye is !n 9 liquid =m & is mix$ & boil$ ) grease or fat to make soap4 ,!re are _m diff]5t fats us$ 9 soap mak+4 ,palm oil is p]haps ! mo/ common1 b tall[1 olive oil1 cotton se$ oil1 & _m o!r fats are us$4 ,! h>dness ( ! soap v>ies ) ! k9d ( fat & lye us$4 ,palm oil or tall[ soap is v h>d1 & o!r oils are sometimes mix$ ) x to s(t5 x4 ,^! are ! ma9 facts connect$ ) ! mak+ ( soaps4 ,!re may appe> to be diff]5t k9ds all ( :i* look & smell diff]5tly4 ,! diff]5ce 9 !m is l>gely due to ! pres5ce ( diff]5t p]fumes & color+ matt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,s5d+ ,,message ,,) ,,smoke ,,signals4 ,! savage ,indians f\nd _! sy/em ( smoke signals q effective 9 s5d+ messages f place to place4 ,) a good burn+ fire be=e him1 & a blanket or %ield at h&1 ! ,indian 0 equipp$ to s5d 8 messages4 ,! code consi/$ ( ! v>y+ k9ds ( smoke cl\ds produc$4 ,^! 7 made l>ge or small by cov]+ ! fire at int]vals ) ! blanket or %ield1 ?us mak+ int]ruptions ( v>i\s l5g?s 9 ! ris+ cl\ds ( smoke4 ,by dropp+ moss or o!r ?+s into ! fire1 he made ! smoke cl\ds ei!r light or d>k at w4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,telegram ,h[ ,man ,le>n$ to ,s5d ,messages4 ,f ! "t :5 man _h le>n$ to protect himself f ! bea/s ( ! =e/1 & ?us 0 able to move ab\t m freely1 & live by himself r ?an rema9 ) ! tribe1 he has f\nd x necess>y to s5d messages4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! e>ly me?ods = s5d+ messages 0 ! ,indian way ( smoke signall+ ) ! simple equipm5t ( a fire ) its ris+ column ( smoke & a blanket or %ield4 ,messages 7 s5t1 relay$1 receiv$ & answ]$1 at po9ts hundr$s ( miles ap>t4 ,among savages /ill f\nd 9 remote p>ts ( ! e>? ?is & o!r primitive me?ods are /ill 9 use4 ,9 ! wilds ( ,africa to-day at po9ts :]e ! electric telegraph s]vice has n yet p5etrat$1 ! natives by ! simple me?od ( beat+ drums1 :i* c be he>d f "o relay po9t to ano!r1 are able to s5d ! 8news ( ! day0 across ! c\ntry ) m>vell\s rapidity4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! natives long ago discov]$ t ! gr\nd is a good conductor ( s\nd & s5d _! messages almo/ at w1 mak+ _! signals by tapp+ aga9/ poles :i* !y h plant$ 9 ! gr\nd at v>i\s po9ts & :i* con/itute bo? _! s5d+ & receiv+ in/rum5ts4 ,! ,signal ,corps 9 ! army uses flags = s5d+ messages1 :]e ! telegraph is n available1 ! flags be+ ( diff]5t colors1 & ! signals are produc$ by wav+ ! flags 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! army heliograph is also us$ z a telegraph l9e--a mirror :i* reflects ! sun's rays 9 a mann] und]/ood by a pre>rang$ code4 ,^! & o!r simil> me?ods are m]ely elaborations ( devices develop$ & us$ by ! savages z a solution ( ! ev] pres5t ne$ ( s5d+ a message to "s o!r po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mess5g] ,,boy ,,! ,,greek ,,runn]4 ,9 ?is picture we see ! ,greek ,runn] on ! la/ leg ( 8 j\rney & ! man to :om he is to deliv] ! message wait+ = him4 ,?is me?od ( s5d+ messages 0 n v fa/1 al?\gh ! runn]s 7 pick$ because ( _! spe$ & endurance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pony ,,telegraph4 ,"h we see ! fa/ rid]s ( ! ,pony ,telegraph1 :i* increas$ ! spe$ ( deliv]+ messages q a good deal1 b1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 dang] ( los+ ! message to enemies or ?r\gh accid5t1 s t x might be difficult "u su* circum/ances to s5d a secret message or to ev5 be c]ta9 t x w\ld arrive at de/9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,x ,,is ,,easy ,,to ,,call ,a ,,telegraph ,,mess5g]444 ,,r++ ,,! ,,call ,,box4 ,! great ,m>a?on runn] 0 no?+ m or less ?an a telegraph mess5g] ha/5+ ) 8 writt5 message1 f ! man :o deliv]$ x to him1 to its de/9ation1 & 8 "w 0 h>d] ?an t ( ! mess5g] boy to-day1 = he n only _h to deliv] ! message himself to its de/9ation1 b _h to run fa/ all ! way or lose 8 job4 ,! mess5g] on foot f9ally gave way to ! ,pony ,telegraph1 :i* n only %ort5$ ! "t necess>y to deliv] a message1 b m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mess5g] ,,boys ,,) ,,bicycles ,,wait+ ,,! ,,call4 ,h[ ,does a ,telegram ,get ,!re8 ,! next "t y\r daddy takes y d[n to ! (fice1 ask him to %[ y ! telegraph call box4 ,:5 y see x1 y w p]haps n ?9k t by m]ely pull+ d[n ! little lev] y c s />t ?+s go+ t1 if y wi%1 y c cause m5 :o are on ! o!r side ( ! e>? to "w = y 9 a few m9utes1 & to make little in/rum5ts all along ! way :i*1 ) _! o!r equipm5t1 h co/ millions ( doll>s1 click1 click1 click at y\r w4 ,illu/ration3 444,,b ,,_m ,,telegraph ,,employees ,,mu/ ,,"w444 ,"h we see ! mess5g] call+ at ! (fice f :i* ! call box regi/]$ a call & receiv+ ! telegram to be tak5 by him to ! c5tral (fice to be put on ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 ! mess5g] gets back to ! (fice1 he h&s ! message to ! receiv+ cl]k :o /amps x1 %[+ ! exact "t receiv$ & s5ds x by pneumatic tube to ! op]at+ room4 ,soon] or lat] dur+ ! day y\r fa!r w be want+ to s5d a telegram4 ,he /eps to ! call box1 pulls ! little lev] & goes back to 8 desk4 ,9 a few m9utes1 sometimes be=e y realize x1 ! little blue-coat$ mess5g] appe>s & says 8,call80 ,fa!r h&s him a telegraph blank on :i* he has writt5 ! message1 ! mess5g] takes (f 8 cap1 puts ! message inside & ! cap back on 8 head & away he goes on 8 bicycle z fa/ z 8 legs c p$al1 to ! c5tral (fice1 to :i* po9t y foll[ him to see :at he does ) ! message4 ,if y _h be5 at ! telegraph (fice in/ead ( y\r fa!r's (fice1 y w\ld h se5 "o ( ^! boys />t (f on 8 :eel to get ! message y\r fa!r wi%$ to s5d4 ,:5 ! little lev] on ! call box is pull$ d[n1 x is pull$ back by a spr+ :i* sets "s clock "w go+ :i* s5ds a signal ov] ! wire on a circuit :i* runs out f a regi/] at ! ma9 (fice4 ,! regi/] has a pap] tape runn+ ?r\gh x1 & ! signal f ! call box appe>s z a s]ies ( dots on ! tape4 ,! cl]k kn[s f ! numb] & spac+ ( ! dots t x 0 y\r fa!r t call$ & n "s o!r bus9ess man ^: box might be on ! same circuit4 ,illu/ration3 444,,be=e ,,! ,,telegraph ,,s]vice ,,is ,,possible ,,&444 ,we h n[ foll[$ ! telegram to ! po9t :]e x is to />t on its real j\rney4 ,"h we see ! op]ator prep>+ to s5d ! message4 ,he fir/ mu/ 8get ! wire40 ,by ?is is meant to get a ?r\gh connection to ! t[n :]e ! message is to be deliv]$4 ,ea* (fice along ! l9e has a signal4 ,! o!r op]ators c he> ! call1 b s9ce x is n _! signal1 !y pay no att5tion4 ,almo/ imm$iately1 h[ev]1 ! op]ator at ! deliv]y po9t he>s ! signal4 ,he signals back 8,i ,i0 & repeats 8 own (fice call1 :i* means 8,i he> y & am ready40 ,! message is !n tick$ (f1 until f9i%$ & ! op]ator at ! deliv]y po9t signals 8,o4 ,k410 toge!r ) 8 p]sonal signal1 :i* means he has receiv$ ! :ole message & has x d[n on pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h we see ! op]ator at ! deliv]y (fice4 ,%e has translat$ ! dots & da%es z !y came to h] ov] ! wire into pla9 words on a regul> telegraph blank1 putt+ d[n ! "t receiv$1 ! am\nt to be collect$1 if x is a 8collect0 message1 or m>k+ x 8,paid0 if x 0 s s5t4 ,%e has h&$ x to "o ( ! blue-clad mess5g]s 9 h] (fice :o />ts (f at once to deliv] x4 ,! op]ator has also made a copy ( ! message = ! (fice files4 ,illu/ration3 444,,! ,,telegram ,,arrives ,,at ,,de/9ation ,"h we see ! mess5g] deliv]+ ! telegram to ! p]son to :om x is address$4 ,x may be good news or bad news = ! p]son receiv+ x1 b x is all 9 ! day's "w = ! mess5g] boy4 ,b let u see h[ _m p h to "w to deliv] ! message4 ,we h foll[$ x ?r\gh f ! orig9al call box4 ,fir/ !re 0 ! mess5g] :o came = x1 !n ! receiv+ cl]k1 ! s5d+ op]ator & ! op]ator :o receives x & la/ ( all ! mess5g] boy :o deliv]$ x4 ,?is does n take into acc\nt ! m5 :o mu/ look aft] ! _m miles ( wires1 ! ma*9]y :i* supplies ! curr5t1 or ! great army ( m5 :o are con/antly lay+ new wires s t y c s5d a telegram f almo/ any:]e to any o!r place4 ,! op]ators y h se5 work+ 9 ^! pictures are ,morse op]ators4 ,!y s5d ! message by ,morse ,code 9 dots & da%es :i* are s5t ov] ! wire z electric impulses4 ,at ! o!r end ! message is read by li/5+ to ! clicks ! s\nd] makes z x receives ^! same electric impulses4 ,?is is ! simple/ way ( telegraph+4 ,! numb] ( messages s5t betwe5 two big cities 9 a day is trem5d\s--_m m ?an c\ld be transmitt$ ov] "o ,morse wire4 ,_m wires w\ld be ne$$4 ,b wire co/s money1 s +5i\s m5 set to "w to f9d "s way to s5d m ?an "o message ov] a s+le wire at ! same "t4 ,!y succe$$4 ,!re is n[ ! duplex telegraph1 :i* s5ds a message ea* way simultane\sly ov] a s+le wire1 ! quadruplex1 :i* s5ds two messages ea* way simultane\sly ov] a s+le wire4 ,la/ b n lea/ !re is ! multiplex1 :i* s5ds f\r messages ea* way simultane\sly ov] a s+le wire4 ,?is seems almo/ unbelievable1 b x is done4 ,9 ! case ( ! duplex & quadruplex1 ! diff]5t messages are s5t by curr5ts ( diff]5t /r5g?1 & by *ang+ ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,receiv+ in/rum5ts are design$ s z to sep>ate ! messages by be+ affect$ only by ! curr5ts ( c]ta9 /r5g? or pol>ity1 z ! direction ( fl[ is t]m$4 ,x c easily be se5 t by ^! +5i\s devices1 ! telegraph company saves _m ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 ! miles & miles ( wire1 & hundr$s ( telegraph poles :i* w\ld be requir$ if all ! messages _h to be s5t ov] a simple ,morse wire1 "o message only ^u ! wire at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,sy/em444 ,9 ?is picture we see ! int]ior ( a telegraph (fice along ! l9e ( a railroad4 ,! op]ator has h] h& on ! 8key0 or s5d+ in/rum5t4 ,at h] left 9 a /& call$ ! resonator1 is ! receiv+ in/rum5t call$ ! 8s\nd]0 :i* clicks (f ! message4 ,9 front ( h] is an in/rum5t call$ ! 8relay40 ,curr5t f two ( ! batt]ies goes ?r\gh ! key :5 x is press$ d[n1 ?r\gh ! relay & out on to ! wires ( ! pole l9e1 !n ?r\gh ! relay ( ! receiv+ op]ator at ! o!r end1 7see picture on opposite page7 ?r\gh 8 key & ?r\gh two m batt]ies to ! gr\nd4 ,! e>? =ms ! return wire ( an electric circuit :5 bo? keys are 8clos$0 or press$ d[n4 ,y "k all electricity has to fl[ 9 a clos$ circuit4 ,! 8s\nd]0 has to make good /rong clicks to be und]/ood1 & ! curr5t aft] x has gone ?r\gh miles ( wire & gr\nd may n be /rong en\gh s ! s\nd] is put on a local circuit ( its own1 ) a special batt]y4 ,9 ?is circuit is a contact mak] :i* is "p ( ! relay4 ,:5 ! key is press$ d[n & curr5t fl[s ov] ! wires on ! poles & ?r\gh ! relays1 ! magnets ( ! relay pull on a little piece ( metal call$ ! 8armature10 :i* makes a contact & closes ! local s\nd] circuit1 s curr5t f ! s+le local batt]y c fl[ up ?r\gh ! magnets ( ! s\nd] & back to ! batt]y4 ,?is makes ! s\nd] click4 ,:5 ! key is releas$1 ! relay armature is pull$ back by a spr+ & breaks ! circuit ( s\nd]1 :i* !n emits ano!r click4 ,by ! numb] & duration ( ! clicks & ! "t betwe5 !m1 ! receiv+ op]ator kn[s ! mean+ ( ! signal4 ,! ,morse ,code1 :i* is us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is %[n on next page4 ,illu/ration3 444,,s5ds ,,messages ,,?\s&s ,,( ,,miles ,,in/antane\sly ,,morse ,,telegraph ,,code ,lett]s ,morse ,a -- ,b -- ,c ,d -- ,e ,f -- ,g -- -- ,h ,i ,j -- -- ,k -- -- ,l ---- ,m -- -- ,n -- ,o ,p ,q -- ,r ,s ,t -- ,u -- ,v -- ,w -- -- ,x -- ,y ,z ,num]als ,figures ,morse #a -- -- #b -- #c -- #d -- #e -- -- -- #f #g -- -- #h -- #i -- -- #j ---- ,punctuations 4 ,p]iod -- -- 3 ,colon -- -- 2 ,semicolon 1 ,comma -- -- 8 ,int]rogation -- -- 6 ,exclamation -- -- -- - ,fraction ,l9e ,p>agraph -- -- -- -- 77 ,p>5!sis -- -- ,! multiplex telegraph is truly a m>vell\s inv5tion4 ,x has be5 develop$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 work+ ) ! eng9e]s ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is in/rum5t works is t if sep>ate in/rum5ts are giv5 connection ) ! wire "o aft] ! o!r dur+ v %ort int]vals ( "t1 ! effect is z ?\gh ! wire 7 split up1 & ea* in/rum5t works j z if x alone 7 on ! wire4 ,n only does ! multiplex telegraph ?us s5d f\r messages 9 "o direction & f\r messages 9 ! opposite direction1 simultane\sly ov] a s+le wire1 ?us keep+ no less ?an sixte5 op]ators employ$ on "o wire1 f\r s5d+ & f\r receiv+ at ea* end1 b ea* message in/ead ( be+ s5t by ! ord9>y ,morse key1 is writt5 ^u a typewrit] keybo>d at "o end ( ! l9e & appe>s automatically typewritt5 at ! o!r end4 ,if y live 9 a big city1 g into "o ( ! l>g] bran* (fices ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 & ask to see pr9t+ telegraph4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge bran* (fices communicate ) ! g5]al op]at+ dep>tm5t 9 ! city by means ( :at !y t]m 8%ort l9e pr9t]s10 :i* are in/rum5ts on :i* ! message is writt5 ^u a typewrit] keybo>d & appe>s typewritt5 at ! o!r end4 ,:o ,inv5t$ ! ,electric ,telegraph8 ,x is h>d to say j h[ ! telegraph orig9at$ 9 ! m9d ( m54 ,we h already %[n h[ ! savages s5t signals ov] di/ances by means ( ! smoke ris+ f 8 fire4 ,e boy & girl has us$ a little mirror1 held 9 ! sun to fla% a bright spot "h & !re4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 us$ by ! army to signal at di/ances4 ,! sun's rays are fla%$ f a small mirror1 long & %ort fla%es indicat+ ! da%es & dots ( ! ,morse telegraph code4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,telegraph4 ,progress t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! electric telegraph began ) ! fir/ rese>*es ( sci5ti/s into ! natural laws :i* gov]n t great natural ag5t1 electricity4 ,clev]1 pa9/ak+ m51 /udy+ & exp]im5t+ = ! love ( ! "w1 discov]$ bit by bit h[ to control ! =ce4 ,/eph5 ,gray ) 8 ,leyd5 j>s1 :i* /or$ up a *>ge ( electricity1 inspir$ ,sir ,william ,watson to exp]im5t1 & he s5t curr5t f "o j> to ano!r two miles away4 ,! ,fir/ ,sugge/ion ( ! ,electric ,telegraph4 ,= a long "t no "o ?\ght t ?is op5$ ! way = ! mak+ ( a useful s]vant = man4 ,9 #agec ?is ?\ght occurr$ to an unkn[n man 9 ,scotl&1 :o wrote a lett] to a newspap] sugge/+ t messages be s5t by electric curr5ts4 ,"o ( 8 s*emes 0 t !re %\ld be a light ball at ! receiv+ end ( ! wire :i* w\ld /rike a bell :5 x felt ! electric impulse come ov] ! wire f ! ,leyd5 j>1 & by devis+ a code dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( /rokes ( ! bell & ! "t betwe5 !m1 he sugge/$ t messages c\ld be s5t & int]pret$4 ,"s believe ?is man to h be5 a doctor nam$ ,*>les ,morrison ( ,gre5ock1 ,scotl&4 ,:oev] he 01 he sugge/$ a me?od :i* comes v ne> to be+ t 9 use to-day4 ,! difficulty ) proce$+ on ?is sugge/ion 0 t ! curr5t f ! ,leyd5 j> 0 /atic electricity1 :i* has n ! /r5g? nor c x be controll$ z c ! curr5t ( l[ pot5tial :i* is us$ to-day4 ,volta discov]$ ?is new & m /able =m ( electricity & _m diff]5t m5 labor$ inve/igat+ :at c\ld be accompli%$ ) x4 ,! names ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy & ,mi*ael ,f>aday are insep>ably connect$ ) ?is advance4 ,x 0 ,o]/$'s & ,f>aday's discov]y ( ! connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 & h[ an electric curr5t may be made to magnetize a piece ( iron at w1 t really op5$ ! way = ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph we "k to-day4 ,! ,fir/ ,real ,telegraph4 ,b be=e ! mu* great] practical value ( ,volta's curr5t 0 discov]$1 "o man develop$ a real telegraph :i* work$ ) electricity ( ! /atic k9d1 produc$ by friction4 ,?is man 0 nam$ ,sir ,francis ,ronalds4 ,he work$ along ! l9es laid d[n by ! unkn[n ,scot*man1 :om we h suppos$ to be ,*>les ,morrison4 ,! ma*9e he built & op]at$ 9 8 g>d5 at ,hamm]smi? utiliz$ pi? balls1 :i* actuat$ by ! *>ge ( /atic electricity s5t along ! wire caus$ a lett] to appe> be=e an op5+ 9 ! dial4 ,:5 p]fect$ he (f]$ x to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 :o refus$ x4 ,!y 7 v /upid 9 _! refusal1 = !y said 8telegraphs are :olly unnecess>y40 ,sir ,francis ,ronalds' inv5tion co/ him mu* c>e1 anxiety & money4 ,he liv$ to see ! m practical voltaic curr5t tak5 up by o!rs & put to successful use4 ,be+ unselfi% he rejoic$ t o!rs %\ld succe$ :]e he _h fail$4 ,two ,m5 :o ,inv5t$ our ,telegraph almo/ ,simultane\sly4 ,! telegraph1 work+ on ! electro-magnetic pr9ciple1 z us$ to-day1 0 develop$ almo/ simultane\sly on ! two sides ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,9 ,engl& ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one & ,sir ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke work$ out a practical me?od & in/rum5ts1 :i* ) few *anges1 are 9 use to-day4 ,cooke 0 a doctor & _h s]v$ ) ! ,briti% army 9 ,india4 ,:eat/one 0 ! son ( a ,gl\ce/] musical in/rum5t mak]4 ,! latt] 0 fond ( sci5ce & exp]im5t$ cont9ually ) electricity & wrote ab\t x & o!r sci5tific subjects4 ,z a result ( 8 "w he 0 made a pr(essor at ,k+'s ,college4 ,!re he conduct$ important rese>*es & te/s1 among :i* 0 "o :i* measur$ ! spe$ at :i* electricity travels along a wire4 ,s ,cooke1 :o 0 a doctor & a good bus9ess man1 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ! sci5ti/ ,:eat/one1 & toge!r !y complet$ _! inv5tion4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 #ahch on ! ,london & ,blackwall ,railway4 ,at fir/ x 0 exp5sive & cumb]some1 us+ five l9es ( wire4 ,lat] ?is numb] 0 r$uc$ to two1 & 9 #ahde1 an in/rum5t 0 devis$ :i* requir$ b "o wire4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ) a few m9or *anges1 is ! "o 9 use to-day 9 ,engl&4 ,:ile ^! two m5 7 work+ 9 ,engl&1 an ,am]ican arti/1 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 0 /udy+ & exp]im5t+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates along 8 own l9es b ) ! same end 9 view1 namely to produce in/rum5ts :i* w\ld satisfactorily s5d messages ov] a wire by electricity4 ,an ,am]ican1 h[ev]1 is giv5 ! honor ( ,fir/ by ,slight ,m>g94 ,morse 0 born 9 ,*>le/[n1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agia4 ,he 0 gift$ z an arti/1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 9 #ahaa w5t abroad to ,engl& to /udy4 ,:ile on a voyage f ,havre to ,am]ica 9 #ahcb he met on bo>d %ip a ,dr4 ,jackson1 :o told him ( ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies 9 reg>d to ! electric curr5t & ! electro-magnet4 ,?is set ,morse to ?9k+ & aft] ?ree ye>s' h>d "w on ! problem he produc$ a telegraph :i* work$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! electro-magnet4 ,) ! app>atus devis$ by ,morse & 8 p>tn] ,alfr$ ,vail1 a message 0 s5t f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore 9 #ahdd4 ,!re has be5 "s "q z to :e!r ,morse or ,:eat/one fir/ inv5t$ a workable telegraph4 ,z w be evid5t f ?is hi/ory1 ! telegraph 9 pr9ciple 0 a gradual developm5t1 to :i* _m m9ds contribut$4 ,to ,morse1 h[ev]1 ! high au?ority ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has giv5 ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ to p]fect a practical in/rum5t1 say+ t ! ,morse inv5tion 8prec$$ ! ?ree ,european inv5tions0 & t x w\ld be impossible to exam9e ! latt] )\t p]ceiv+ at once 8! decid$ sup]iority ( ! "o inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,morse40 ,uncle ,sam ,help$ ,build ! ,fir/ ,telegraph ,l9e4 ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,l9e ,,f ,,baltimore ,,to ,,wa%+ton ,at ! "t ,morse's ,record+ ,telegraph 0 inv5t$ !re 71 ( c\rse1 no telegraph l9es 9 any "p ( ! _w1 ) ! exception ( ! %ort l9es ( wire put up by inve/igators = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,to remove ! obscurity z to ! purpose to be s]v$ by ! telegraph 0 ! fir/ problem :i* pres5t$ itself to ,morse & 8 back]s4 ,9 #ahdc an appropriation 0 secur$ ( #cj1jjj f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t1 ) :i* a l9e 0 built f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,?is 0 built & op]at$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = ab\t two ye>s1 b ! ,gov]nm5t refus$ to pur*ase ! pat5t rights4 ,s ! own]s ( ! pat5ts endeavor$ to get ! g5]al public int]e/$ 9 ! telegraph z a comm]cial und]tak+ & gradually companies 7 f\nd$ & lic5s$ to use ! inv5tion4 ,by #ahea !re 7 z _m z fifty diff]5t telegraph companies 9 op]ation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a few ( ^! us$ ! devices ( a man nam$ ,alex&] ,ba91 :i* 7 aft]w>ds adjudg$ to infr+e ! ,morse pat5ts1 & "o or two us$ an in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,royal ,e4 ,h\se ( ,v]mont1 :i* pr9t$ ! messages receiv$ 9 pla9 ,roman lett]s on a ribbon ( pap]4 ,?is at fir/ seem$ to h an advantage ov] t ( ,morse1 :i* receiv$ ! message 9 dots & da%es1 9 ! ,morse ,code1 & ^! _h to be translat$ & writt5 out by an op]ator be=e !y c\ld be deliv]$4 ,h[ev]1 z "t w5t on1 ! op]ators came to read ! ,morse messages by ! s\nd ( ! dots & da%es1 in/ead ( wait+ to read ! pap] tape hav+ ! dots & da%es m>k$ on x1 & f9ally ! record+ feature 0 giv5 up & ! s\nd]1 or in/rum5t :i* simply clicks out ! message1 came into g5]al use4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 ! possibility ( ! bus9ess 7 little und]/ood & _m telegraph companies fail$4 ,april #h1 #ahea1 pap]s 7 fil$ 9 ,albany = ! incorporation ( ! ,new ,york & ,mississippi ,valley ,pr9t+ ,telegraph ,co4 ,?is company1 :i* soon aft]w>ds *ang$ its "n to ,we/]n ,union1 0 de/9$ to absorb ! v>i\s companies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry until x1 9 "t1 op]at$ ! telegraph l9es ov] practically ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates1 & has its blue sign 9 ne>ly e t[n & hamlet 9 ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,exp5sive ,,equipm5t ,,necess>y ,,to-,,day ,,op]at+ ,,room4 ,9 l>ge cities l ,new ,york & ,*icago1 ! op]at+ rooms are v l>ge4 ,= in/ance1 ! ma9 op]at+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 9 ,new ,york ,city has #ajjj op]ators4 ,?is picture %[s an op]at+ room4 ,! m5 & wom5 sit 9 opposite sides ( long tables4 ,on ! tables are ! keys & s\nd]s by :i* !y s5d & receive ! messages4 ,ea* op]ator has a typewrit]1 or 8mill10 z he calls x1 on :i* he writes (f ! message z x comes to him ov] ! wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma9 ,,swit*bo>d4 ,! picture %[s a ma9 swit*bo>d 9 a l>ge op]at+ room4 ,to ?is come ! ends ( ! wires f o!r cities1 & to x are connect$ ! wires f ! in/rum5ts 9 front ( ! op]ators4 ,by putt+ plugs1 atta*$ to ea* end ( a wire1 into ! sockets 9 ! bo>d1 any wire c be connect$ ) any op]at+ position1 or sev]al local circuits c be connect$ up ) a ma9 l9e f ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,?or\gh ,,sy/em ,,mu/ ,,h&le ,,! ,,messages ,a ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,repeat] ,,room4 ,:5 a wire runs to a di/ant po9t f ! ma9 op]at+ dep>tm5t ( ! telegraph company 9 a l>ge city1 ! same electric curr5t :i* runs ?r\gh ! key ( ! op]ator z he sits at 8 place1 busily s5d+ messages1 does n g out ov] ! wire to t di/ant po9t4 ,x simply goes to ! repeat] room & op]ates a repeat]1 :i* s5ds out ano!r curr5t ov] ! long wire :i* leads to ! de/9ation ( ! message4 ,?is is necess>y because ! condition ( ! wea!r affects ! l9es & ! curr5t /r5g? has to be *ang$ to suit ! *ang+ l9e conditions4 ,! op]ators hav5't "t to make ^! adju/m5ts1 & s all ! repeat]s are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! repeat] room :]e !y are "u ! wat*ful eyes ( exp]ts4 ,"h also are ! delicate in/rum5ts :i* sep>ate ! messages com+ ov] duplex & quadruplex wires1 by respond+ to impulses ( v>i\s /r5g?s4 ,^! messages :i* h be5 sep>at$ are !n transmitt$ by ! duplex or quadruplex repeat]s to diff]5t op]ators 9 ! op]at+ room1 :o he> _! s\nd]s tick out ! message j ! same z if x came ov] a simple ,morse wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cables ,,ent]+ ,a ,,c5tral ,,(fice4 ,y may n b y\r fa!r w rememb] ! "t :5 9 l>ge cities !re 7 tall telegraph poles ) hundr$s ( wires on !m runn+ along ! ma9 /reets1 s t ! t[n seem$ to be b\nd ) great spid]s' web4 ,t is all *ang$ n[1 & ! telegraph wires are run ?r\gh ducts1 plac$ und]gr\nd4 ,= ?is purpose !y are made up 9 cables1 & 9 ! picture y see a numb] ( cables ent]+ a c5tral (fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m>vel ,,( ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5ts ,,:eat/one ,,s5d+ ,,in/rum5t4 ,^! two photographs %[ ! mo/ mod]n =m ( ! in/rum5ts :i*1 z we are told on ano!r page1 7 inv5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,:eat/one & ,cooke4 ,9 s5d+ a pap] tape is pun*$ 9 :at is call$ a p]=ator1 :i* has a keybo>d l a typewrit]4 ,a c]ta9 comb9ation ( holes means a c]ta9 lett]4 ,?is tape is !n automatically f$ ?r\gh ! s5d+ in/rum5t1 :i* s5ds impulses ov] ! wire4 ,! tape ) ! holes pun*$ ?r\gh x c be se5 9 ! picture4 ,on ! "r is ! ,:eat/one receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,x pr9ts ! signals receiv$ 9 dots & da%es on a tape1 :i* is translat$ by ! op]ator :o typewrites ! translation on a message blank = deliv]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,! automatic telegraph typewrit] %[n "h is "o ( ! wond]ful in/rum5ts m5tion$ on "o ( ! prec$+ pages4 ,! op]ator at ! o!r end ( ! l9e writes on a typewrit] keybo>d1 on ! s5d+ in/rum5t4 ,! electric impulses are receiv$ by ! ma*9e %[n above1 :i* automatically typewrites ! message on a blank1 ready = deliv]y4 ,on ?is page we see "s ( ! fir/ telegraph in/rum5ts1 9 fact1 ! v in/rum5ts :i* ,pr(essor ,morse us$ 9 ! e>ly demon/rations ( 8 inv5tion4 ,^! in/rum5ts may be se5 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! key is kn[n z ! ,vail key1 because x is suppos$ to h be5 con/ruct$ by ,alfr$ ,vail1 :o work$ ) ,morse 9 8 exp]im5ts ) ! telegraph4 ,z c be se5 x is v simple4 ,"o wire 0 connect$ to ! spr+ piece & ! o!r to ! po/ b5ea? x4 ,:5 ! key 0 press$ d[n1 ! contact 0 made & an impulse s5t ov] ! wire1 ei!r a dot1 if ! key 0 press$ d[n & imm$iately releas$1 or a da% if x 7 held d[n = j ! fraction ( a second be=e releas+4 ,f ! v fir/ x 0 f\nd t relays 7 necess>y1 because ! curr5t aft] com+ a long way ov] ! wire (t5 0 n /rong en\gh to op]ate ! record+ in/rum5t4 ,!re=e1 ?is weak curr5t 0 made to g ?\gh ! electro-magnets ( ! relay1 magnetiz+ ^! & pull+ to ! left ! upright arm :i* c be se5 9 ! photograph ) a little block ( iron atta*$ to x4 ,?is arm1 :5 pull$ by ! magnets1 made a contact at ! top & all[$ a /rong curr5t f a batt]y to fl[ ?r\gh ! magnets ( ! record+ in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ practical record+ telegraph in/rum5t devis$ by ,morse is %[n4 ,x looks l a clumsy affair comp>$ to ! in/rum5ts ( to-day1 b x work$ s effectively z to conv9ce p ( ! possibilities ( ! great inv5tion4 ,9 ! wood5 box1 atta*$ to ! frame at ! "r1 is clockwork :i* pull$ a pap] tape at an ev5 rate ( spe$ ov] a pulley j b5ea? a ne$le po9t4 ,?is ne$le po9t is atta*$ to a light framework hav+ a piece ( iron fa/5$ 9 x4 ,bel[ ?is iron are ! electro-magnets1 & :5 !y receiv$ an impulse ( curr5t f ! batt]y1 ?r\gh ! relay1 !y pull$ d[n ! frame s t ! po9t made a m>k ^u ! pap] tape :i* mov$ "u x4 ,?us 9 ! tape appe>$ a s]ies ( dots & da%es1 :i* ! op]ator1 kn[+ ! ,morse ,code1 c\ld easily translate into ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5ts ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,keys ,,= ,,s5d+ ,,telegrams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,relays4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ record+ app>atus4 ,! box on ! "r conta9s clock "w = pull+ a pap] tape b5ea? a %>p po9t actuat$ by magnets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,little ,,in/rum5ts ,,t ,,*eck ,,(f ,,! ,,words ,a ,,lat] ,,key4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lat] ,,& ,,improv$ ,,record+ ,,in/rum5t4 ,"h we see "s e>ly telegraph in/rum5ts :i* h be5 improv$ some:at f ! crude devices illu/rat$ on ! prec$+ page4 ,! key answ]s ! same purpose z be=e1 b has be5 improv$ by pivot+ ! lev] arm1 & hav+ a coil spr+1 adju/able by means ( a screw1 s t ! weight necess>y to press x d[n c be v>i$ to suit ! lik+s ( ! op]ator :o uses x4 ,! play ( ! key or ! di/ance x mu/ be press$ d[n be=e x makes an electric contact1 c be adju/$ by ano!r screw4 ,! record+ in/rum5t "h %[n is a mu* neat] affair ?an ! cumb]some device :i* ,pr(essor ,morse fir/ built4 ,! cumb]some wood5 box has be5 replac$ ) a neat brass frame conta9+ ! clockwork = draw+ ! pap] tape b5ea? ! m>k+ po9t1 :i* is atta*$ to a piece ( iron1 or armature1 plac$ j above ! magnet4 ,bel[ we see ! mo/ mod]n types ( ,morse in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! c5t] is ! key1 :i* is n mu* *ang$ except t x is built to be l[ d[n to a table1 s t ! op]ator may re/ 8 =e>m on ! table top 9 front ( x1 & op]ate ! key ) 8 wri/1 ) less fatigue4 ,! relay at ! left is int]e/+4 ,x %[s h[ little ?is in/rum5t has *ang$1 except = ref9em5t 9 its appe>ance1 f ! fir/ relay built by ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,at ! "r is ! ,morse s\nd]1 :i* has replac$ ! old ,morse tape record+ in/rum5t4 ,:5 curr5t goes ?r\gh ! magnets !y attract a piece ( iron atta*$ to ! metal arm & pull x d[n to /rike ! brass frame4 ,?is makes a click1 & :5 ! curr5t is int]cept$1 ! magnets release ! arm & a spr+ pulls x back1 mak+ ano!r click4 ,! op]ator reads ! message by li/5+ to ! clicks4 ,if ! up click comes "r aft] ! d[n click x repres5ts a dot4 ,if !re is a pause betwe5 !m1 a da% is repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,relay ,key ,s\nd] ,,mod]n ,,morse ,,in/rum5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,ocean ,,cables ,,look ,,l ,,:5 ,,cut ,,9 ,,two ,light ,int]m$iate ,heavy ,int]m$iate ,ma9 ,cable ,rock ,cable ,heavy ,%ore ,end ,rock ,cable ,heavy ,%ore ,end ,heavy ,int]m$iate ,light ,int]m$iate ,deep ,sea ,bay ,cable ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cables ,,on ,,vanc\v]-,,fann+ ,,isl& ,,section4 ,full size4 ,core1 #fjj_/cdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,y>n ,s]v+ ,comp\nd #af ,no4 #ac 7#jie7 ,galvaniz$ ,wires ,jute ,s]v+ ,gutta ,p]*a ,copp] ,conductor ,,fig4 #b4--;,,cables ,,us$ ,,on ,,fiji-,,norfolk ,,isl&-,,que5sl& ,,& ,,new ,,zeal& ,,sections4 ,full size4 ,core #acj_/acj4 ,?is picture %[s cross-sections ( a cable :i* runs f ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c41 to ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,a cable is n laid ) a uni=m cross-section4 ,on ! floor ( ! ocean1 p]haps miles bel[ ! surface1 ! cable re/s quietly & is n mov$ by /orms :i* g5]ate great waves on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,z ! cable approa*es ! %ore1 ! movem5t ( ! wat] goes deep] & ! cable mu/ be made heavi] to prev5t x f be+ worn by movem5t on ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,:]e ! cable passes ov] a rocky bottom1 x is made mu* l>g] 9 diamet] & is heavily armor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h is ! cable /eam%ip 8,colonia0 lay+ ! %ore end ( a cable4 ,note ! r[ ( floats ^u ! wat] :i* c>ry ! cable until ! end 9 ! cable (fice is firmly fa/5$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! floats are remov$ & ! cable s9ks to ! bottom4 ,! ,/ory 9 an ,ocean ,cable ,:at is a ,cable ,made (8 ,a subm>9e telegraph cable z usually made consi/s ( a core 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is a /r& ( copp] wire :i* v>ies 9 weight f sev5ty to f\r hundr$ p\nds to ! mile4 ,/r&s ( copp] wire in/ead ( "o ?ick wire ( copp] are us$1 because ! =m] is m flexible4 ,! copp] conductor is cov]$ ) sev]al coat+s ( rubb] ( equal weight to ! copp] wires4 ,aft] ?is comes a coat+ ( jute s]v+1 !n a lay] ( galvaniz$ iron wires & f9ally a lay] ( y>n & comp\nd :i* =ms ! out] cov]+ ( ! cable4 ,9 addition to ?is :]e ! cable lays among rocks t might injure x1 *a9s are securely wrapp$ ar\nd x1 s z to prev5t we> & te> z mu* z possible4 ,y may n h kn[n x1 b ! cable :i* lies on ! bottom :]e ! wat] is deepe/ is nev] s l>ge z ne>] ! %ore or 9 %all[ wat]4 ,little by little ! m5 :o lay & look aft] cables h f\nd t x is be/ to h a specially con/ruct$ out] cov]+ = diff]5t dep?s & "* ( bottoms s z to provide ! lea/ possible dang] ( damage ?r\gh ! action ( ! wat] on ! bottom4 ,h[ is a ,cable ,laid8 ,:5 ! cable ( suffici5t l5g? is complet$1 x is c>ri$ to a specially equipp$ vessel :i* has a great tank = hold+ ! cable & ! necess>y ma*9]y = l[]+ x ov] ! end ( ! %ip into ! wat]4 ,! cable is c>efully coil$ 9 ! tank1 ! diff]5t coils be+ prev5t$ f adh]+ by a coat ( :itewa%4 ,fir/ !n1 a suffici5t l5g? ( cable is paid out to rea* ! cable h\se or %ore4 ,"h x is f9ally te/$ to see t ! entire l5g? ( cable is 9 work+ ord]4 ,if satisfactorily te/$1 ! vessel /eams sl[ly away on ! c\rse outl9$1 pay+ out ! cable z %e goes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/or+ ,a ,,cable ,,long ,,en\gh ,,to ,,cross ,,! ,,ocean ,"h we see a cable coil$ r\nd & r\nd 9 ! tank :i* holds x on bo>d ! cable %ip4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! front ( ! picture we see ! cable com+ f ! tank 9 :i* x is coil$4 ,x goes ov] ! drum ( ! pay+-out ma*9e & !nce to ! b[ ( ! %ip1 :]e x passes ov] big %eaves or pulleys & d[n into ! ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,on ,a ,,cable ,,%ip ,! pay+-out ma*9e4 ,! cable makes a c\ple ( turns ar\nd ! big drum1 :i* is connect$ to ! dial1 s t ! dial indicates ! l5g? ( cable :i* has be5 paid out into ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,! upp] =w>d deck ( ! cable /eam%ip 8,telconia10 %[+ ! ge> :i* is us$ 9 pay+ out ! cable4 ,away 9 ! b[ are ! big %eaves ov] :i* ! cable goes into ! sea4 ,ne>] is a dynamomet] :i* measures ! t5sion on ! cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,cable ,,is ,,dropp$ ,,into ,,! ,,ocean ,"h we see ! cable on ! lead1 z x is call$1 pass+ ov] ! big b[ %eave f :i* x dives into ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,! vessel mu/ pay out m ?an a mile ( cable = e mile %e travels because !re mu/ be en\gh slack all[$ at ! same "t to provide = ! unev5ness ( ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,= ?is purpose ! am\nt ( cable paid out mu/ be measur$4 ,?is is done by ! pay+-out ma*9e1 :i* is %[n 9 "o ( ! pictures4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! spe$ ( ! %ip & ! am\nt ( cable paid out gives ! am\nt ( slack4 ,too mu* slack w\ld also be bad1 s t x is a v pretty problem to pay out j en\gh & bo? ! spe$ ( ! vessel & ! rate ( pay+ out ! cable mu/ be wat*$ c>efully4 ,"o ( ! greate/ wond]s accompli%$ by ! +5uity ( man is ! ocean telegraph1 by :i* we fla% messages back & =? "u ! sea betwe5 ! cont95ts & completely ar\nd ! _w4 ,h>dly _h ! telegraph become an e/abli%$ fact1 be=e ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o made ! telegraph practical1 express$ ! belief t a telegraph l9e to ,europe by means ( a wire laid on ! bottom ( ! ocean 0 easily possible at "s future "t4 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 ! fir/ to lay an ocean cable successfully1 he>d him & 9 8 own m9d said 8,:y n n[80 ,! idea fix$ itself s ?or\ghly 9 8 resolute m9d t he soon said to himself 8,x %all be done10 & w5t to "w1 & labor$ incessantly ?r\gh twelve ye>s ( failure & disc\ragem5t be=e he accompli%$ 8 task1 :i* 0 a great complim5t to ?is giant ( ,am]ican /ick-to-x-iv5ess4 ,:ile _m d\bt$ ! feasibility ( ! project & o!rs ?\ght x ! dream ( a disord]$ bra91 ,mr4 ,field f\nd _m :o believ$ 9 him & 8 idea & :o loan$ him _! f9ancial support = ! und]tak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cable ,,arrives ,,on ,,! ,,o!r ,,side ,l&+ ! %ore end ( a cable4 ,! cable is support$ on sev]al boats & ?is picture %[s ! in%ore boat ) ! end ( ! cable rea*+ ! bea* ) ! seas break+ ov] h]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m5 ,,:o ,,made ,,! ,,ocean ,,cable ,,possible ,,! ,,pione]s ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ocean ,,cable4 ,am]ican g5ius _h n at t "t ass]t$ its supremacy 9 me*anics & s ! fir/ cable _h to be made 9 ,engl&2 s ,mr4 ,field ord]$ "o long en\gh to /ret* f ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& to ! ea/]n po9t ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,engli% capitali/s subscrib$ ! money & ! ,unit$ ,/ates provid$ ! vessel 9 :i* to /ore & f :i* to drop ! cable into ! ocean4 ,^u ! fir/ attempt to lay ! cable1 e ?+ w5t along nicely = six days1 & !n sudd5ly ! cable broke :5 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-five miles _h be5 laid1 & _m said x c\ld n be done4 ,mr4 ,field1 h[ev]1 full ( ,am]ican pluck & det]m9ation1 said 8,we w try aga940 ,a second attempt 0 made ) two %ips1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 8,niag>a0 & ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,s4 8,agamemnon40 ,ea* %ip c>ri$ half ! cable & !y travel$ 9 company to ! middle ( ! ocean4 ,!re ! two pieces ( ! cable 7 splic$ toge!r & ! %ips />t$ = ! %ores 9 opposite directions4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 :5 only a little ( ! cable _h be5 paid out--a little m ?an "o hundr$ miles 9 fact--! cable broke & bo? %ips 7 =c$ to return to ,engl&4 ,9 8 ?ird attempt ! cable 0 f9ally laid cle> across ! ocean & fa/5$ at bo? ends4 ,:5 tri$ x 0 f\nd to "w successfully & ,que5 ,victoria & ,presid5t ,bu*anan 7 able to ex*ange greet+s ^u ! a*ievem5t ( a wond]ful "w4 ,! p celebrat$ ! ev5t on bo? sides ( ! ocean1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! fe/ivities1 :ile a message 0 be+ fla%$1 some?+ happ5$ to ! cable--:at1 we h nev] be5 able to le>n--& ! cable 0 sil5t1 =ev]4 ,no?+ daunt$1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,field by 8 great c\rage induc$ 8 back]s to buy him ano!r cable & ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 sail$ ^u :at 0 to be a mo/ successful mission4 ,/>t+ f ! ,am]ican side ) ! greate/ /eam%ip !n kn[n 9 *>ge ( ! previ\s cable1 ! o!r end 0 successfully l&$ at ,he>ts ,cont5t1 ,irel&1 on ,july #bg1 #ahff1 9 p]fect work+ ord]1 & ! "q ( ! ocean telegraph 0 solv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,cables ,,are ,,repair$ ,"h is a buoy :i* is an*or$ to ! cable4 ,! cable %ip w pick x up & haul up ! cable to ! surface = inspection & p]haps x w h to be repair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree grapnels us$ = pick+ up a cable f ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,on ! left is a common grapnel4 ,9 ! middle is a special grapnel kn[n z ,trott-,k+s=d4 ,on ! "r is ! ord9>y cutt+ grapnel4 ,note ! knives on ! %aft & ! insides ( ! prongs4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is picture we see a portion ( a cable :i* has be5 f\l$ by ! an*or ( a %ip & badly damag$4 ,note h[ ! wires are bun*$4 ,! cable splic]s w g to "w on ?is & put 9 a new piece ( cable1 aft] :i* x w be let d[n into ! sea aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,we/]n ,union ,cable %ip 8,m9ia10 fa/ 9 an ice field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[]ful ,,eng9es ,,ne$$ ,,on ,,cable ,,repair ,,%ips ,"h are ! p[]ful eng9es :i* are us$ = pick+ up a cable :i* has to be rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea = inspection or repair4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is picture we see m5 at "w splic+ a cable :i* has be5 pick$ up out ( ! dep?s ( ! sea & f\nd to be damag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,%ip ,,:i* ,,help$ ,,9 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cable ,,armor+ ,,ma*9e ,"h is "o ( ! ma*9es us$ = armor+ ! cable4 ,by armor+ is meant w9d+ /eel wires ar\nd & ar\nd ! cable to protect x f be+ cut by %>p rocks on ! bottom or by deep sea animals l ! t]$o1 :i* might attack x4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,great ,ea/]n0 :i* 0 ! fir/ %ip to c>ry a cable across ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is a section ( a telephone cable1 kn[n z a 8bulge40 ,x conta9s inductance coils to (fset :at is call$ ! cond5s] capacity ( ! cable1 :i* w\ld o!rwise cause ! talk+ to become blurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dots ,,& ,,da%es ,,:i* ,,fla% ,,across ,,! ,,sea ,,cont95tal ,,morse ,,code ,,signals ,,us$ ,,9 ,,cable ,,work+ ,mak+ repairs to a cable :]e x comes out ( ! sea on to a bold rocky %ore4 ,note h[ ! cable is w\nd ) *a9 to protect x f ! rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile ( ,cont95tal ,morse ,alphabet z ,signall$ ,across ! ,atlantic & ,copi$ on ,tape by ,siphon ,record] ,in/rum5t at ! ,receiv+ ,/ation4 ,signals ,enl>g$ = ,purposes ( ?is ,illu/ration4 ,same ,signals z ,!y ,appe> 9 ,actual ,work+ ,"h are two photographs %[+ ! cont95tal ,morse code signals us$ 9 cable work+ & ! signals z !y are receiv$ by ! siphon record+ in/rum5t at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,?is siphon record] is 9 practical use 9 ! cable _w4 ,! dots & da%es s5t into ! wire on "o side ( ! ocean accord+ to ! ,morse code1 cause ! siphon record] ?r\gh ! means ( electrifi$ ink to make a wav+ l9e on a tape4 ,! signals are readily r$ucible aga9 if necess>y to ! dots & da%es ( ! ,morse code because dots make deflections to "o side ( ! c5t] ( ! tape & da%es to ! o!r4 ,! op]ator :o receives ! message c !re=e readily read x4 ,,alphabet3 ,a -- ,b -- ,c -- -- ,d -- ,e ,f -- ,g -- -- ,h ,i ,j -- -- -- ,k -- -- ,l -- ,m -- -- ,n -- ,o -- -- -- ,p -- -- ,q -- -- -- ,r -- ,s ,t -- ,u -- ,v -- ,w -- -- ,x -- -- ,y -- -- -- ,z -- -- ,,figures3 #a -- -- -- -- #b -- -- -- #c -- -- #d -- #e #f -- #g -- -- #h -- -- -- #i -- -- -- -- #j -- -- -- -- -- ,,or -- ,illu/ration3 ,,to-,,day ,,!re ,,are ,,_m ,,cables ,,on ,,! ,,bottom ,,map ,no4 #a ,,we/]n ,,union ,,trans-,,atlantic ,,cables ,,& ,,connections ,,! ,,/ory ,,9 ,a ,,railway ,,locomotive ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! ,mo/ ,p[]ful ,locomotives 9 ! ,_w ,illu/ration3 ,,boil] ,,( ,,articulate ,,comp\nd ,,locomotive4 ,! wond] ( our railroad sy/ems to-day is ! gr[? ( ! locomotive4 ,! necessity = economy 9 haul+ long freight tra9s has l$ to ! developm5t ( ?is type ( eng9e4 ,"s idea ( its size c be _h f ! second picture1 :i* %[s ! boil] & firebox ( ! locomotive %[n 9 ! fir/ picture4 ,! firebox is s l>ge t an ord9>y n>r[-gauge locomotive ( ! old /yle c be com=tably /or$ 9 x4 ,,load$ ,,weights ,on driv+ :eels #dge1jjj lbs4 ,on truck :eels #cj1jjj lbs4 ,on trail+ :eels #ce1jjj lbs4 ,total ( eng9e #edj1jjj lbs4 ,total ( t5d] #bab1jjj lbs4 ,,:eel ,,base ,driv+1 rigid #ae ft4 #f ins4 ,total ( eng9e #eg ft4 #d ins4 ,total ( eng9e & t5d] #ia ft4 #e ins4 ,,cyl9d]s ,diamet] ,h4,p4 #bh ins41 ,l4 ,p4 #dd ins4 ,/roke ( pi/on #cb ins4 ,,:eels ,diamet] ( driv+ :eels1 outside #ef ins4 ,diamet] ( truck :eels #cj ins4 ,diamet] ( trail+ :eels #cj ins4 ,diamet] ( t5d] :eels #cc ins4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cyl9d]s ,,big ,,en\gh ,,= ,,m5 ,,to ,,sit ,,d[n ,,9 ,,l[ ,,pressure ,,cyl9d]s ,,( ,,articulat$ ,,comp\nd ,,locomotive4 ,9 ! picture we see ! cyl9d]s ( ! locomotive %[n on ! previ\s page4 ,"s idea ( _! size c be _h f ! fact t a good-siz$ man c sit com=tably 9 ea* ( !m4 ,,boil] ,type ,ex4 ,wagon ,top ,work+ pres4 p] sq4 94 #bjj lbs4 ,outside diam4 at front end #ajj ins4 ,outside diam4 at back end #aab ins4 ,l5g? firebox inside #agc ins4 ,l5g? firebox1 actual1 inside #acb ins4 ,wid? ( firebox inside #ajh ins4 ,no4 & diam4 ( tubes #ccd1 #b ins4 ,no4 & diam4 ( flues #dh1 #e ins4 ,l5g? ( tubes #bd ft4 #j ins4 ,combu/4 *amb] l5g? #ci ins4 ,grate area #ii4b sq4 ft4 ,,heat+ ,,surface ,tubes & flues #fdfb sq4 ft4 ,wat] tubes #fg sq4 ft4 ,firebox #chj sq4 ft4 ,total #fiji sq4 ft4 ,sup]heat+ surface #acaa sq4 ft4 ,,cle>ance ,,limitations ,extreme height #af ft4 #e ins4 ,extreme wid? #aa ft4 #h ins4 ,l5g? ov] all #ii ft4 #i ins4 ,,maximum ,,tractive ,,p[] ,work+ comp\nd #aae1jjj lbs4 ,work+ simple #ach1jjj lbs4 ,factor ( adhesion 7work+ comp\nd7 #d4ac ,factor ( adhesion 7work+ simple7 #c4dd ,,t5d] ,,capacity ,wat] #ab1jjj gals4 ,fuel #af tons ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]',s ,,workroom ,"h is a picture ( "o end ( ! boil] ( ?is giant locomotive4 ,x w\ld take a man m ?an sev5 feet high to bump 8 head 9 ! middle ( x :ile /&+ on 8 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is %[s a picture ( ! eng9e]'s cab ( "o ( ^! great railroad ma*9es4 ,we are accu/om$ to see ! lev]s & o!r ma*9]y = op]at+ ! eng9e "r 9 ! back ( ! eng9e cab4 ,ov] or ne> ! firebox4 ,^u look+ closely we f9d t ! op]at+ ma*9]y is at ! side ( ! locomotive & f> =w>d 9 ! cab4 ,9 fact !re is a complete set ( op]at+ ma*9]y on bo? sides ( ! cab1 s t ! eng9e] c run ! eng9e f :atev] side he happ5s to be on4 ,?is is v necess>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 swit*+4 ,ne> ! end ( ! cab :]e ! eng9e] us$ to sit y w notice a peculi> pipe-l arrangem5t4 ,?is is n = op]at+ ! eng9e1 b is ! automatic /ok]1 :i* is fully expla9$ 9 ! next picture4 ,an eng9e ( ?is size w require sev5 tons ( coal p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ma*9e ,,:i* ,,does ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,f\r ,,firem5 ,:5 ^! l>ge locomotives 7 fir/ us$ x 0 f\nd t no "o fireman c\ld %ovel 9 en\gh coal to keep ! /eam up4 ,x w\ld require ?ree or f\r firem5 work+ con/antly to %ovel en\gh coal to keep ?is eng9e go+4 ,man's inv5tive g5ius came to ! front1 h[ev]1 & n[ we h an automatic fireman1 s to speak4 ,in/ead ( %ovel+ coal on "o ( ^! eng9es ! fireman m]ely op]ates a lev]4 ,?is is a picture ( ! ,sweet locomotive /ok] in/all$ 9 a railroad eng9e4 ,?is ma*9e automatically conveys coal f ! t5d] to ! locomotive1 raises x by an elevator to a po9t above ! fire door1 dumps x into ! firebox & spreads x ev5ly ov] ! grate4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is ! new type ( electric locomotive be+ us$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,fa/ ,,tra9 ,,takes ,,wat] ,,)\t ,,/opp+ ,! fa/ express tra9s hav5't "t to /op & take wat] f ! tank at ! side ( ! railroad z 9 =m] days4 ,?is picture %[s a tank built betwe5 ! tracks :i* enables ! eng9e] to fill 8 boil]s )\t slack5+ spe$4 ,:5 approa*+ ?is tank ! eng9e] simply l[]s a tube into ! wat]1 ! end ( :i* is a scoop4 ,! mov+ eng9e ?us =ces ! wat] up into ! tube1 f :i* x runs into ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is an improv$ signal t[] f :i* swit*es are op]at$4 ,if y 7 ev] 9 a signal t[] y w n recognize ?is z "o1 = y are us$ to see+ a room full ( lev]s :i* ! t[] man _h to pull h>d :5 he wi%$ to ?r[ a swit*4 ,by ! old way ! end ( ! lev] 0 atta*$ to a wire :i* 0 connect$ ) ! swit*4 ,! wire runn+ ?r\gh pipes1 :5 ! op]ator pull$ ! lev] ! swit* 0 pull$ %ut by ! pull on ! wire4 ,9 ?is new plan ! swit* is controll$ by electricity1 & ! op]ator has m]ely to pull out a plug z %[n 9 ! picture1 :i* is mu* easi] ?an op]at+ a lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,makes ,a ,,wireless ,,message ,,g ,sket* %[+ arrangem5t ( a]ial on %ip equipp$ ) ! ,m>coni ,direction ,f9d]1 an in/rum5t :i* tells ! sea capta9 ! exact po9ts ( ! compass f :i* wireless di/ress signals are be+ s5t & enables %ips to avoid collisions 9 fog4 ,! ,/ory 9 ! ,wireless ,:at is ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,wireless ,telegraphy8 ,drop a /one 9 a pool ( wat]4 ,circul> waves or ripples w travel outw>d 9 all directions4 ,t is ! pr9ciple ( wireless telegraph4 ,if a *ip be float+ on ! wat] x w be rock$ by ea* ripple1 j z a wireless receiv+ /ation w respond to ! electrical waves or impulses t make up a wireless message4 ,x is n kn[n j h[ ! invisible wireless waves are propell$ ?r\gh space1 b !y travel ?r\gh ! e!r 9 ! air 9 v mu* ! same way z d s\nd waves4 ,! electrical signals1 too1 are receiv$ only by app>atus t is attun$ to !m2 t is1 !y c n be he>d except at wireless /ations1 any m ?an s\nd c be he>d by ! e>s ( a deaf p]son4 ,! wireless waves h a def9ite l5g?1 c be measur$ 9 feet or met]s1 & are regulat$ accord+ to ! di/ance ! message is to travel4 ,/ations t s5d a few hundr$ miles use a wave l5g? ( six hundr$ met]s1 or less1 :ile at ! p[]ful l& /ations us$ = trans-atlantic "w ! wave l5g?s us$ run into z _m ?\s&s4 ,:y ,don't ! ,messages ,g to ! ,wrong ,/ations8 ,s t ! hundr$s ( messages hurtl+ ?r\gh space at ! same "t w n int]f]e1 ! wireless /ations are equipp$ ) tun+-app>atus ?r\gh :i* !y c adju/ _! wave l5g? to receive ! p>ticul> message desir$4 ,a diff]5t wave l5g? is us$ by ea* %ip or wireless %ore /ation1 & ev5 ?\gh doz5s ( messages fill ! air1 ! m9ute ! wireless op]ator adju/s 8 tun] to ! l5g? ( ! /ation he is aft]1 t p>ticul> message /&s out v /rongly & all ! o!rs gr[ dim4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m>coni ,wireless /ation at ,miami1 ,fla41 :i* is typical ( ! %ore /ations t h&le messages to sev]al ?\s& %ips at sea4 ,h[ ,does ! ,wireless ,rea* ,%ips at ,sea8 ,all %ips at sea report _! positions regul>ly2 ?us x is a simple matt] = a %ore /ation to s5d a wireless message to ! %ip to :i* x is address$4 ,= example1 ! ,m>coni /ation at ,sea ,gate1 ,new ,york1 wants to rea* ! ,lusitania4 ,! op]ator looks up t vessel on ! li/ & notes h] call signal & wave l5g?4 ,he adju/s 8 tun] to correspond & calls h] signal1 ,m ,f ,a1 repeat+ x ?ree times4 ,! wireless man on ! vessel1 kn[+ t he is )9 range ( a %ore /ation1 has set 8 tun] at ! wave l5g? assign$ to him & is li/5+4 ,:5 8 call lett]s are he>d1 he ackn[l$ges !m & signals to g ahead ) ! message4 ,:5 x has be5 giv51 ! ,sea ,gate /ation 8signs (f0 ) its call lett]s ,w ,s ,e & ! %ip op]ator ent]s 9 8 record t t p>ticul> message rea*$ him via ! ,m>coni /ation at ,sea ,gate4 ,?us1 ) ! wide v>iety 9 wave l5g?s1 no confusion ( messages exi/s & any desir$ %ip or %ore /ation c be call$1 j z a direct telephone connection is secur$ by giv+ ! c5tral /ation ! call numb] ( ! subscrib] want$4 ,:at ,k9d ( ,signs ,are ,us$ 9 ! ,wireless8 ,! actual wireless message is compos$ ( dots & da%es1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 comb9ations1 /& = c]ta9 lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,?is is done ?r\gh op5+ & clos+ ! electrical circuit by press+ a key1 a %>p t\* =m+ a dot & a long] pressure a da%1 z ) ! wire telegraph4 ,if secrecy 9 a wireless message is want$1 ! words are s5t 9 ciph] :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c be und]/ood by outsid]s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t s5ds ?\s&s ( words ea* day )\t a s+le ^w mean+ any?+ to ! wireless /ations t happ5 to be 8li/5+ 940 ,:ile x is true t any "o own+ a wireless receiv+ set may li/5 to messages fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 e p]son )9 he>+ :o und]/&s ! ,morse ,code c read ! telegrams t come into a telegraph (fice4 ,k ?us ga9$1 h[ev]1 is ( little value1 z ! law provid$ heavy p5alties = disclos+ ! cont5ts ( any k9d ( telegraph message4 ,:at ,does a ,wireless ,equipm5t ,consi/ (8 ,! v>i\s app>atus t comprises a wireless equipm5t c n be prop]ly expla9$ )\t ! use ( te*nical language1 b ! g5]al pr9ciple ( op]ation is some:at z foll[s3 ,if a small loop ( copp] wire1 ) a slight sep>ation betwe5 ! ends1 is plac$ across a room f an electric sp>k1 x w be slightly affect$4 ,increase ! electrical curr5t to f> great] p[] & control x1 & ! invisible electrical wave may be ?r[n _m miles4 ,to s5d a message across ! ocean1 ! curr5t us$ by ! mod]n wireless /ation is s p[]ful t x w pass ?r\gh /orm & fog1 ev5 ?r\gh m\nta9s1 )\t los+ mu* ( its =ce4 ,:5 ?is trem5d\s =ce is releas$ by press+ ! telegraph key1 x leaps f ! a]ial wires1 or ant5nae1 travels across ! ,atlantic & is pick$ up by a correspond+ a]ial1 attun$ to receive ! signal4 ,illu/ration3 ,pack & rid+ horses gr\p$ toge!r ready = unload+ ! ,m>coni wireless set us$ 9 ! cavalry4 ,/ation set up & work+4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,wireless ,,9 ,,! ,,army4 ,! a]ial1 or ant5nae1 z x is call$ 9 a wireless "w1 is made up ( copp] wires4 ,on a %ip ^! are /rung betwe5 ! ma/s1 usually consi/+ ( two1 f\r or six wires held ap>t by crosspieces4 ,two or m wires lead d[n f ?is to ! wireless cab94 ,! coil or trans=m] is ! app>atus :i* produces ! sp>k t =ms ! electrical waves4 ,9 small /ations1 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ! sp>k & ! spe$ ( vibration is regulat$ by a ?umb screw4 ,trans=m]s are us$ :5 ! p[] is tak5 f ! alt]nat+ curr5t ( an electric light circuit4 ,! gap1 :i* ! electrical curr5t jumps :5 ! telegraph key is press$ d[n1 is compos$ ( two rods :i* slide toge!r or ap>t to v>y ! l5g? ( ! sp>k4 ,! simple/ type ( s5d+ /ation consi/s ( ! ant5na1 batt]y1 coil1 wireless key & sp>k gap4 ,if a *ange 9 wave l5g? is desir$ a transmitt+ tun+ coil mu/ be add$4 ,! receiv+ app>atus conta9s a detector1 :i* is *iefly two m9]al po9ts lightly t\*+ & connect$ ) a s5sitive head telephone4 ,! incom+ signals are he>d z long & %ort buzz+ s\nds correspond+ to ! dots & da%es4 ,! receiv+ tun+ coil1 us$ to adju/ wave l5g?s1 is op]at$ by simply mov+ slid+ contacts along a b> until ! signals are m pla9ly he>d4 ,:ile ! l>ge /ations h m complicat$ app>atus1 ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ma/s = ! cavalry wireless sets are s atta*$ t !y c be load$ & unload$ ) ! utmo/ rapidity2 a complete /ation c be erect$ or dismantl$ 9 less ?an t5 m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,! gasol9e eng9e :i* supplies ! p[] = op]at+ a cavalry wireless /ation is fitt$ to ! saddle frame & is light en\gh to be c>ri$ by "o horse4 ,,! ,,wireless ,,9 ,,! ,,army ,h[ ,high ,d ,wireless ,ma/s ,h to be8 ,! t[]+ ma/s ( ! ,m>coni ,trans-,oceanic /ations are (t5 suppos$ to rise to _! great height1 s t an ant5nae w be rais$ above ! ob/ructions betwe54 ,if ?is 7 necess>y1 two wireless /ations sep>at$ by ! ,atlantic w\ld h to h ma/s "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five miles high to rise above ! curvature ( ! e>?4 ,! pa? ( ! wireless waves1 h[ev]1 is n 9 a /raight l9e1 b foll[s ! curvature ( ! e>?4 ,sci5ti/s expla9 ?is by say+ ! r>efi$ air above ! e>?'s surface acts z a %ell enclos+ ! globe4 ,! spe$ ( wireless messages is plac$ at #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,a wireless message w ?us cross ! ,atlantic 9 ab\t "o-n9ete5? ( a second--a p]iod ( "t too small = ! human m9d to grasp4 ,9 o!r words1 ! wireless fla% crosses 9 a fraction ( a second a di/ance t ! e>? requires five h\rs to turn on its axis & ! fa/e/ %ips take ne>ly a week to cross4 ,! longe/ di/ance ov] :i* a wireless message c be s5t is n def9itely kn[n2 ! pres5t record 0 made 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 by ,m>coni f ,clifd51 ,irel&1 to ,bu5os ,aires1 ,arg5t9a1 a di/ance ( #fgjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wireless ,,prev5ts ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,saves ,,_m ,,lives ,?is photograph makes u appreciate :at a wond]ful aid is wireless to navigators4 ,on ,ea/] ,sunday1 #aiad1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,rev5ue ,cutt] 8,s5eca10 patroll+ ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 f\nd ^! two gigantic iceb]gs 9 ! regul> /eam] lanes & s5t out wireless w>n+s to all ne>by /eam%ips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,wireless ,,is ,,in/all$ ,,on ,,fa/ ,,tra9s ,,railroad ,,wireless4--,,ant5na ,,on ,,c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wireless ,,/ation ,,on ,,tra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wireless ,,/ation ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,city side ( ,scranton /ation1 ,lackawanna ,r4,r41 %[+ a]ial ( wireless :i* communicates ) tra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,/efano ,,wireless ,,receiv+ ,,/ation ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,army4 ,illu/ration3 ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 ,inv5tor ( wireless telegraphy4 ,! ,man ,:o ,inv5t$ ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,communication )\t wires = ?\s&s ( miles across oceans1 f cont95t to cont95t1 is a f> cry f s5d+ a wireless impulse ! l5g? ( a kit*5 table4 ,t is ! developm5t ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,to prop]ly trace ! developm5t ( wireless telegraphy1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to g back eighty-?ree ye>s to :51 9 #ahca1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday discov]$ electro-magnetic induction betwe5 two entirely sep>ate circuits4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 too1 9 #ahch1 sugge/$ t ! metallic portion ( a gr\nd$ electrical circuit might be disp5s$ ) & a sy/em ( wireless telegraphy e/abli%$4 ,!n1 9 #ahei1 ,b[man ,l9dsay demon/rat$ to ! ,briti% ,association 8 me?od ( transmitt+ messages by means ( magnetism ?r\gh & across ! wat] )\t subm]g$ wires4 ,9 #ahfg ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell laid d[n ! !ory ( electro-magnetism & pr$ict$ ! exi/5ce ( ! electric waves t are n[ us$ 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,dolbe>1 ( ,tufts ,college1 9 #ahcf1 pat5t$ a plan = e/abli%+ wireless communication by means ( two insulat$ elevat$ plates1 b !re is no evid5ce t ! me?od propos$ by him effect$ ! transmission ( signals betwe5 /ations sep>at$ by any di/ance4 ,a ye> lat] ,he9ri* ,rudolph ,h]tz discov]$ ! progressive propagation ( electro-magnetic action ?r\gh space & accompli%$ ! mo/ valuable "w 9 ?is p]iod ( speculation & exp]im5t4 ,j tw5ty ye>s ago1 at 8 fa!r's c\ntry home 9 ,bologna1 ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 !n a lad j out ( 8 'te5s1 read ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,h]tz & conceiv$ ! fir/ wireless telegraph app>atus4 ,?is 0 complet$ "s mon?s lat] & a message 9 ! ,morse ,code 0 transmitt$ a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r feet1 ! l5g? ( ! table on :i* ! app>atus re/$4 ,satisfi$ t he _h laid ! f\ndation ( an epo*-mak+ discov]y "y ,m>coni pursu$ 8 exp]im5ts & fil$ ! fir/ pat5t on ! subject on ,june #b1 #ahif4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on 9 ,london dur+ t ye> & at ! reque/ ( ,sir ,william ,h4 ,preece1 ( ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice1 (ficial te/s 7 made1 fir/ ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj y>ds & lat] = "o & ?ree-qu>t] miles4 ,dur+ ! ye> foll[+ ,mr4 ,m>coni gave sev]al demon/rations to ! (ficials ( ! v>i\s ,european gov]nm5ts & communication 0 e/abli%$ up to #cd miles4 ,9 ,july ( ?is ye>1 #ahig1 ! fir/ comm]cial wireless telegraph company 0 incorporat$ 9 ,engl& & ! fir/ ,m>coni /ation 0 erect$ at ! ,ne$les1 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,on ,june #c1 #ahih1 ,"l ,kelv9 visit$ ?is /ation & s5t ! fir/ paid ,m>conigram4 ,a mon? lat] ! ev5ts ( ! ,k+/[n ,regatta 9 ,dubl9 7 report$ by wireless telegraphy = a local newspap] f ! /eam] 8,fly+ ,huntress40 ,9 ,augu/ ( t ye> ! royal ya*t 8,osborn0 0 equipp$ ) a wireless set1 9 ord] t ,que5 ,victoria might communicate ) ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o 0 at ,ladywood ,cottage & suff]+ f ! results ( an accid5t to 8 knee4 ,= sixte5 days1 con/ant & un9t]rupt$ communication 0 ma9ta9$4 ,!n on ,*ri/mas ,eve 0 inaugurat$ ! fir/ light%ip wireless s]vice1 messages be+ s5t f ! ,ea/ ,goodw9 light%ip to ! ligh?\se at ,s\? ,=el&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,s5d ,,messages ,,across ,,! ,,ocean ,?is photograph %[s h[ wireless messages are prep>$ = direct transmission across ! ocean4 ,! dots & da%es ( ! telegraphic code are pun*$ on tapes by skill$ op]ators1 ?us insur+ accuracy & a p]man5t record ( ea* message4 ,five or six op]ators1 & sometimes m1 are /eadily prep>+ ^! tapes1 :i* are pa/$ toge!r & run ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* op]ates ! key at ea* p]=ation4 ,a spe$ ( #ajj words a m9ute is ?us obta9$4 ,?ree mon?s lat] ! fir/ m>9e rescue 0 effect$ ?r\gh ?is in/allation4 ,! /eam%ip 8,r4 ,f4 ,mat!ws0 ran into ! light%ip & lifeboats f ! ,s\? ,=el& /ation promptly respond$ to ! wireless appeal = aid4 ,! mo/ important wireless ev5t abroad dur+ ! ye> #ahii 0 ! e/abli%+ ( communication across ! ,engli% ,*annel1 a di/ance ( ?irty miles4 ,! ,am]ican public next le>n$ some?+ ( ,m>coni's inv5tion1 = 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] ( t ye> wireless telegraphy 0 employ$ 9 report+ ! ,int]national ya*t races betwe5 ! 8,%amrock0 & ! 8,columbia0 = a ,new ,york newspap]4 ,at ! conclusions ( ! races1 ! naval au?orities reque/$ a s]ies ( trials1 dur+ :i* wireless messages 7 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! cruis] 8,new ,york0 & ! battle%ip 8,massa*usetts0 up to a di/ance ( ab\t #cf miles4 ,on leav+ ,am]ica1 ,m>coni fitt$ ! l9] 8,/4 ,paul0 ) 8 app>atus & :5 #cf miles f ! ,ne$les ,/ation1 secur$ wireless reports ( ! w> 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,^! 7 pr9t$ abo>d ! vessel 9 a leaflet call$ 8,! ,transatlantic ,times10 ! fir/ ( ! *a9 ( wireless newspap]s n[ publi%$ daily on practically all pass5g] /eam%ips4 ,six field wireless sets 7 dispat*$ to ,s\? ,africa ab\t ?is "t & 7 lat] ( consid]able s]vice 9 ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ?is picture is se5 ! automatic transmitt] ) ! message p]=at$ tape runn+ ?r\gh4 ,?is is "o ( ! small] wireless equipm5ts2 mu* l>g] ones are us$ at ! new ,m>coni /ations4 ,! ye> #aijj br\ght ! fir/ comm]cial wireless contracts4 ,by agreem5t ) ! ,norddeuts*] ,lloyd1 ,m>coni app>atus 0 in/all$ on a light%ip1 a ligh?\se & abo>d ! l9] 8,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse40 ,on ,july #d? ! ,briti% ,admiralty ent]$ into a contract = ! in/allation ( ,m>coni app>atus on ?irty-two w>%ips & %ore /ations & ! erection ( ! high p[] /ation at ,poldhu 0 comm5c$4 ,,_w ,,wide ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,wireless ,"w on simil> /ation at ,cape ,cod 0 begun e>ly 9 #aija & on ,augu/ #ab? ! fam\s ,nantucket ,isl& & ,nantucket light%ip /ations op5$ to report incom+ vessels by wireless4 ,heavy gales 9 ,septemb] & ,novemb] wreck$ ! ma/s at bo? ,poldhu & ,cape ,cod /ations & ^! 7 replac$ by f\r wood5 t[]s1 #baj feet high4 ,important exp]im5tal "w 0 !n %ift$ to ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 & on ,decemb] #ab? & #ac?1 signals 7 receiv$ across ! ,atlantic f ,poldhu4 ,?is to ,m>coni 0 a great a*ievem5t & ! =]unn] ( ! pres5t day trans-atlantic s]vice4 ,b ) ! ann\ncem5t t ! long dreamt ( feat _h be5 accompli%$ a flood ( vitup]ation f sci5tific m5 0 let loose4 ,x 0 nons5se2 x 0 delib]ate deception2 ! read+ 0 9 error1 7 among ! comm5ts4 ,ano!r prank ( ! 8"y man ) a box10 "o sci5ti/ t]m$ x4 ,x is amus+ n[ to recall ?is extraord9>y treatm5t1 b x 0 h>dly s amus+ to ! "y inv5tor1 !n 9 8 tw5ty-sev5? ye>4 ,b 9 spite ( ! skepticism1 developm5ts foll[$ rapidly f !n on & 9 #aijb1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,am]ican ,m>coni ,company 0 e/abli%$1 full recognition to wireless telegraphy 0 giv5 by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts4 ,! wond]ful gr[? ( ! ,m>coni sy/em )9 ! la/ twelve ye>s is well kn[n to all & does n require detail+4 ,b 9 view ( its y\? z an indu/ry & its inauspici\s beg9n+1 a glimpse into :at ! pres5t day ,m>coni sy/em comprises may be int]e/+4 ,m ?an #ahjj %ips are equipp$ ) ,m>coni wireless & its %ore /ations are l&m>ks 9 practically e c\ntry on ! globe4 ,press & comm]cial messages are transmitt$ daily f cont95t to cont95t direct4 ,%ore to %ip & %ip to %ore bus9ess ea* ye> runs into millions ( words4 ,m>coni wireless )9 sev5te5 ye>s1 has become an absolute necessity 9 ! m>itime field1 an invaluable aid 9 o!rs4 ,regul> communication has be5 e/abli%$ ) iceb\nd settlem5ts & des]t communities1 & (ficial runn+ ord]s transmitt$ to mov+ railway tra9s4 ,its s]vice is dep5dable "u all conditions & embraces activities & locations inaccessible to any o!r telegraph sy/em4 ,cont9u\s s]vice is ma9ta9$ & wireless messages = all p>ts ( ! _w at greatly r$uc$ rates are receiv$ at any ,we/]n ,union ,(fice4 ,! direction f9d] & wireless compass are rec5t ,m>coni inv5tions4 ,a wide v>iety ( types ( ,m>coni equipm5t are design$ = ! m]*ant m>9e1 w>%ips1 subm>9es1 pleasure craft1 motor c>s & railroad tra9s2 also portable signal corps sets1 app>atus = aircraft1 cavalry sets1 knapsack sets & high-p[] in/allations = trans-ocean communication4 ,h[ ,does a ,fly ,walk ,upside ,d[n8 ,!re is a little suck] on ! end ( ea* ( ! fly's feet :i* makes 8 foot /ick to ! ceil+ or any o!r place he walks1 & :i* he c control at w4 ,x is made v mu* l ! suck] y h se5 ) :i* a boy c pick up a flat /one--a circul> piece ( rubb] or lea!r ) a /r+ 9 ! middle & m or less bell %ap$ und]nea?4 ,a boy c pick up a flat /one ) ?is k9d ( a suck] by press+ ! rubb] or lea!r "p d[n flat on ! /one & !n pull+ g5tly on x by ! /r+4 ,:5 he does ?is he simply expels ! air :i* is betwe5 ! lea!r "p ( ! suck] & ! /one1 :i* creates a vacuum & ! pressure ( ! air on ! outside "p ( ! lea!r enables him to pick x up4 ,! fly has little suck]s l ^! on ea* ( 8 feet1 & !y act automatically :5 he puts 8 foot d[n4 ,( c\rse ! /ick+ p[] ( ea* foot is adju/$ to ! weight ( ! fly1 j z ! /ick+ or lift+ p[] ( ! boy's suck] is regulat$ by ! weight ( ! /one or o!r object he tries to pick up4 ,if ! weight ( ! object is suffici5t to ov]come ! /ick+ p[] :i* ! vacuum creates1 ! /one _c be lift$4 ,:at ,is ,money8 ,x is q difficult to give a broad def9ition ( money t w be und]/ood by all1 = 9 diff]5t ages & l&s _m ?+s h be5 us$ z money besides ! co9s & bills :i* we ?9k ( only :5 we ?9k at all :at money is4 ,any?+ t passes freely f h& to h& 9 a community 9 ! paym5t ( debts & = goods pur*as$1 accept$ freely by ! p]son :o (f]s x )\t any ref]5ce to ! p]son :o (f]s x1 & :i* c be 9 turn us$ by ! p]son accept+ x to give to "s "o else 9 paym5t ( debt or = ! pur*ase ( goods1 is money4 ,?is is r a long s5t5ce & p]haps difficult to und]/&1 & s we w try to analyze :at ?is means4 ,if "s "o (f]$ y a pretty /one z money 9 paym5t ( a debt1 x w\ld be z good z any k9d ( money if y 9 turn c\ld pass x on to any o!r p]son to :om y ow$ a debt or 9 paym5t ( some?+ y b\ght4 ,! /one might appe> to y to be valuable b x w\ld n be good money unless y c\ld c\nt on e "o else 9 ! community accept+ x at ! same value4 ,if ev]ybody accepts x at ! same value1 x is z good z any k9d ( money4 ,s t any?+ :i* is acceptable to ! p 9 any community z a unit ( value to pay debts1 is good money1 provid$ ev]ybody ?9ks s & accepts x t way4 ,9 ?is case1 !n any k9d ( sub/ance might become money provid$ x 0 us$ & accept$ by ev]yone4 ,:y ,d ,we ,ne$ ,money8 ,we ne$ money = ! sake ( ! conv5i5ce :i* x provides 9 mak+ ! ex*ange ( "o k9d ( weal? = ano!r & z a /&>d ( value4 ,:5 a community has adopt$ some?+ or any?+ :i* is reg>d$ by all ( ! p z a /&>d ( value1 all ( ! difficulties ( trad+ disappe>4 ,:o ,orig9at$ ,money8 ,! e>lie/ tribes ( savages did n ne$ money because no individual 9 ! tribe own$ any?+ p]sonally4 ,all ! prop]ty ( ! tribe belong$ to ! tribe z a :ole & n to any p>ticul> p]son4 ,lat] on1 :5 diff]5t gr\ps ( savages came into contact ) ea* o!r1 !re arose ! cu/om ( b>t]+ or ex*ang+ ?+s :i* "o tribe possess$ & :i* ! o!r tribe want$4 ,9 t way arose ! bus9ess ( trad+ or ( :at we call do+ bus9ess1 & soon ! ne$ ( some?+ by :i* to measure ! values ( diff]5t ?+s arose4 ,"s ( ! old ,au/ralian tribes _h a t\gh gre5 /one :i* 0 valuable = mak+ hat*ets4 ,memb]s ( ano!r tribe w\ld see "s ( ?is /one & notice :at good hat*ets c\ld be made f x--bett] hat*ets ?an !y _h be5 able to make4 ,naturally !y want$ x s mu* t x became v valuable 9 _! eyes & s !y came want+ to buy gre5 /ones4 ,b !y _h no?+ l :at we c\ld call money today4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( r$ o*re 9 _! l&s :i* !y us$ to pa9t _! bodies4 ,!y got ?is r$ o*re out ( ! gr\nd on _! own l&s j z ! o!r tribe got gre5 /ones out ( its gr\nd1 & ^? :o own$ ! gre5 /ones :i* 7 good = mak+ hat*ets1 want$ "s r$ o*re v mu*1 & s !y trad$ gre5 /ones = r$ o*re4 ,! gre5 /ones !n took on a value 9 !mselves = mak+ ex*anges = v>i\s commodities1 & be=e long became a k9d ( money inside & outside ! community s t :5 !y want$ to obta9 any?+1 ! price 0 put by ! m]*ant z s _m gre5 /ones & he accept$ ^! 9 paym5t = goods giv5 9 ex*ange4 ,he 0 will+ to d ?is because he knew he c\ld use !m 9 mak+ trades = almo/ any?+ he might want1 provid$ he _h en\gh ( ! gre5 /ones4 ,s y see ^! gre5 /ones ( ! ,au/ralian tribe became a rudim5t>y k9d ( money1 j because a desire _h aris5 to possess !m2 & ! r$ o*re 0 actual money 9 ! same s5se1 = :5 ?is tribe f\nd t o!r tribes w\ld value ?is r$ o*re1 !y began gett+ ! ?+s !y want$ & pay+ = !m 9 r$ o*re4 ,b ! 8unit ( value0 _h to be develop$ to make a curr5cy t 0 ela/ic4 ,x requir$ some?+ t c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t easily--9 fact x _h to be some?+ small en\gh s a numb] ( units ( value c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t )\t too mu* tr\ble4 ,! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia solv$ ?is difficulty ( mak+ an ela/ic curr5cy by adopt+ z a unit ( value a haiqua %ell :i* !y wore 9 /r+s z ornam5tal bord]s ( _! dresses--& "o /r+ ( ^! %ells 0 wor? "o beav]'s sk94 ,^! %ells !n 7 real money & "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( x4 ,! sk9s ( animals 7 long us$ by savage tribes z money4 ,! sk9s 7 valuable 9 trad+ & a man's =tune 0 reckon$ by ! numb] ( sk9s he own$4 ,z soon z ! animals became dome/icat$1 h[ev]1 ! :ole animal replac$ ! sk9 z ! unit ( value4 ,?is *ange und\bt$ly came because a :ole animal is m valuable ?an only its sk94 ,! fir/ sk9s obta9able h[ev] 7 worn by wild animals--! k9d t ! p c\ld n deliv] to someone else alive & :ole4 ,b :5 ! animals became dome/icat$1 :i* meant t man tam$ !m & kept !m :]e he c\ld control !m at w1 ! sk9 & ! wild animal ceas$ to be a unit ( value because x 0 an unc]ta9 k9d ( money4 ,among dome/ic animals1 ox5 & %eep 7 ! e>lie/ =ms ( money--an ox 0 consid]$ wor? t5 %eep4 ,?is idea ( us+ cattle z money 0 us$ by _m tribes 9 _m l&s4 ,we f9d traces ( x 9 ! laws ( ,icel&4 ,! ,lat9 ^w pecunia 7pecus7 %[s t ! e>lie/ ,roman money 0 compos$ ( cattle4 ,! ,engli% ^w fee indicates ?is also4 ,! ,iri% law records %[ ! same evid5ce ( ! use ( cattle z money & )9 rec5t ye>s ! cattle /ill =m ! basis ( ! curr5cy ( ! ,zulus & ,kaffirs4 ,:5 slav]y became prom95t _m l&s adopt$ ! slaves z ! unit ( value4 ,a man's weal? 0 reckon$ by ! numb] ( slaves he own$4 ,!n1 :5 ! practice ( agriculture became m common1 p us$ ! products ( ! soil z money--maize1 olive oil1 cocoanuts1 tea & corn--! latt] is said to pass curr5t z actual money 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,norway n[4 ,!y us$ ^! products ( ! soil = money ev5 9 our own c\ntry4 ,our ance/ors 9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia be=e ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 & ev5 aft]1 us$ tobacco z money4 ,!y pass$ laws mak+ tobacco money & paid ! sal>ies ( ! gov]nm5t (ficials & collect$ all taxes 9 tobacco4 ,o!r e>ly =ms ( money 7 ornam5ts & ^! s]ve ! purpose ( money among all unciviliz$ tribes4 ,9 ,india !y us$ c[rie %ells--a small yell[i%-:ite %ell ) a f9e gloss4 ,! ,fiji ,isl&]s us$ :ales' tee?2 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl& tribes us$ r$ fea!rs2 o!r nations us$ m9]al products z money--su* z salt 9 ,abyss9ia & ,mexico4 ,up to ?is po9t we h talk$ ab\t ! ?+s us$ z money f ! /&po9t ( primitive =ms ( money4 ,today ! metals h practically driv5 all ^! o!r crude =ms ( money out4 ,metallic ,=ms ( ,money4 ,,:y ,,we ,,use ,,metals ,,= ,,co9+ ,! use ( metals z money goes f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization b x has nev] be5 possible to trace ! hi/orical ord] ( ! adoption ( ! v>i\s metals = ! purposes4 ,iron accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,ari/otle 0 at "o "t ext5sively us$ z money4 ,copp]1 9 conjunction ) iron1 0 us$ 9 e>ly times z money 9 ,*9a2 & until comp>atively a %ort "t ago 0 us$ = ! co9s ( small] value 9 ,japan4 ,iron spikes 7 us$ 9 ,c5tral ,africa & nails 9 ,scotl&2 lead money is n[ us$ 9 ,burmah4 ,copp] has long be5 us$ z money4 ,! e>ly co9s ( ,engl& 7 made ( t94 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 came silv] & silv] 0 ! pr9cipal =m ( money up to a few ye>s ago4 ,x 0 ! basis ( ,greek co9s introduc$ at ,rome 9 #bfi ,b4 ,c4 ,mo/ ( ! money ( ,m$ieval times 0 compos$ ( silv]4 ,! e>lie/ traces ( gold us$ z money is se5 9 pictures ( anci5t ,egyptians 8weigh+ 9 scales heaps ( gold & silv] r+s40 ,:y ,d ,we ,use ,gold & ,silv] z ,money ,pr9cipally8 ,!re are a good _m reasons :y gold & silv] h become almo/ univ]sal mat]ials = use z money4 ,p]haps ?is w be bett] und]/ood if ^! reasons are set d[n 9 ord]4 #a/4 ,x is necess>y t ! mat]ial out ( :i* money is made %\ld be valuable1 b no?+ 0 ev] us$ z money t _h n fir/ become desirable &1 !re=e1 valuable z money4 ,?is is only "o ( ! incid5tal reasons = tak+ gold & silv] = co9+ money4 #bnd4 ,to s]ve its purpose be/1 money %\ld be easy to c>ry ar\nd--9 o!r words1 its value %\ld be high 9 proportion to its weight4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is quality made ! e>ly =ms ( money su* z sk9s1 corn1 tobacco1 etc41 undesirable4 ,x 0 difficult to c>ry v mu* money ab\t4 ,imag9e ! sk9 ( a %eep wor? a doll>1 say1 & hav+ to c>ry t5 ( !m d[n to pay ! groc]4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is difficulty occurr$ ) iron & copp] money & 9 times :5 !y us$ live cattle x 0 a pretty exp5sive job to pay y\r debts because1 :ile ! cattle c\ld move1 x 0 /ill exp5sive to drive !m f place to place4 ,a man :o accept$ a ?\s& cattle 9 paym5t _h to g to "s exp5se 9 gett+ !m home4 ,!n x 0 exp5sive to h money :5 live cattle 7 us$ because ! cattle1 ( c\rse1 _h to be f$ & f t po9t ( view ! poor man :o _h no money 0 bett] (f ?an ! ri* man :o _h money4 ,:5 cattle 7 us$ z money x co/ a lot to keep x4 ,our k9d ( money doesn't eat any?+2 9 fact1 if y put x 9 a sav+s bank1 x w e>n int]e/ money = y4 ,b :5 cattle 7 us$ z money x co/ a great deal to keep !m & s x 0 worse ?an n e>n+ any int]e/4 #crd4 ,ano!r quality t money %\ld possess is divisibility )\t damage & also ! quality ( be+ unit$ aga94 ,?is quality is possess$ by ! metals 9 e s5se because !y c be fus$1 :ile sk9s & preci\s /ones suff] 9 value greatly :5 !y are divid$4 #d?4 ,! mat]ial out ( :i* money is made %\ld be ! same ?r\gh\t 9 quality & weight s t "o unit ( money %\ld be wor? z mu* z any o!r unit4 ,?is c\ld nev] be true ( sk9s or cattle z ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( sk9s is v great sometimes1 & a small sk9 f ! same animal c\ld n be wor? z mu* z a l>ge "o1 or a sk9 ( an animal ( inf]ior quality s valuable z a v f9e "o4 #e?4 ,ano!r quality :i* money %\ld possess is durability4 ,?is requirem5t made x necess>y to use some?+ else besides animals or vegetable sub/ances4 ,animals die & vegetables w n keep & s lose _! value4 ,ev5 iron is apt to ru/ & ?r\gh t process lose m or less ( its value4 #f?4 ,! mat]ials out ( :i* money is made %\ld be easy to di/+ui% & _! value easy to det]m9e4 ,= ?is reason su* ?+s z preci\s /ones are n good to use z money because x takes an exp]t to det]m9e _! value & ev5 !y are n always c]ta9 to be correct4 #g?4 ,!n a v important quality t ! mat]ial out ( :i* money is made is t its value %\ld be /eady4 ,! value ( cattle v>ies v greatly &1 9 fact1 mo/ ( ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! fir/ curr5cies 7 made 7 subject to quick *ange 9 value 9 a %ort "t4 ,! value ( gold & silv] does n *ange except+ at long int]vals4 ,gold & silv] are bo? durable & easily recognizable4 ,!y c be melt$1 divid$ & unit$4 ,! same is true ( o!r metallic sub/ances1 b iron z /at$ is subject to ru/ & its value is l[2 lead is too s(t4 ,t9 w break1 & bo? ( !m & copp] also are ( l[ value4 ,gold & silv] *ange only sl[ly 9 value :5 ! *ange at all2 !y d n lose any ( _! value by age1 ru/ or o!r cause2 !y are h>d metals & d n1 !re=e1 we>4 ,_! value 9 proportion to ! bulk ( ! pieces us$ = money is s l>ge t ! money made f !m c be c>ri$ )\t discom=t & x is almo/ impossible to imitate !m4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,c5t8 ,v]mont 0 ! fir/ /ate to issue copp] c5ts4 ,9 ,june1 #aghe1 %e grant$ ! au?ority to ,rub5 ,h>mon1 ,jr41 to make money = ! /ate = two ye>s4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 ,connecticut grant$ ! "r to co9 #aj1jjj p\nds 9 copp] c5ts1 kn[n z ! ,connecticut c5t ( #aghe4 ,massa*usetts1 9 #aghf1 e/abli%$ a m9t & co9$ #fj1jjj 9 c5ts & half c5ts4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,new ,j]sey grant$ ! "r to co9 #aj1jjj at #ae copp]s to ! %ill+4 ,9 #agha ! ,cont95tal ,congress direct$ ,rob]t ,morris to inve/igate ! matt] ( gov]nm5tal co9age4 ,he propos$ a /&>d bas$ on ! ,spani% doll>1 consi/+ ( #ajj units1 ea* unit to be call$ a c5t4 ,8 plan 0 reject$4 ,9 #aghd1 ,jeff]son propos$ to ,congress1 t ! smalle/ co9 %\ld be ( copp]1 & t #bjj ( !m %\ld pass = "o doll>4 ,! plan 0 adopt$1 b 9 #aghf1 #ajj 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 #agib ! co9age ( copp] c5ts1 conta9+ #bfd gra9s1 & half c5ts 9 proportion1 0 au?oriz$2 _! weight 0 subsequ5tly r$uc$4 ,9 #ahec ! nickel c5t 0 sub/itut$ & ! half c5t discont9u$1 & 9 #ahfd ! bronze c5t 0 introduc$1 weigh+ #dh gra9s & consi/+ ( #ie p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & ! rema9d] ( t9 & z9c4 ,h[ ,did ! ,"n ,uncle ,sam ,orig9ate8 ,! "n ,uncle ,sam is a jocul> "n long 9 use = ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%ortly aft] ! w> ( #ahab 0 decl>$1 ,elb]t ,&]son ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 :o 0 a contractor = ! army1 w5t to ,troy1 ,new ,york1 to pur*ase a quantity ( provisions4 ,at t place ! provisions 7 inspect$1 ! (ficial inspectors be+ two bro!rs nam$ ,wilson--,eb5ez] & ,samuel4 ,! latt] 0 v popul> among ! m5 & 0 kn[n z 8,uncle ,sam ,wilson0 & ev]ybody call$ him t4 ,! boxes 9 :i* ! provisions 7 pack$ 7 /amp$ ) f\r lett]s1 ,e4 ,a4 = ,elb]t ,&]son1 & ,u4 ,s4 = ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! m5 engag$ 9 mak+ ! inspection ask$ ano!r ( ! workm5 :o happ5$ to be a jocul> fell[1 :at ! lett]s ,e4 ,a4 ,u4 ,s4 on ! boxes /ood =4 ,he said 9 reply t he did n "k b ?\ght !y probably meant ,elb]t ,&]son & ,uncle ,sam ,wilson1 & t !y _h left (f ! ,w :i* w\ld /& = ,wilson4 ,! sugge/ion caught on quickly & z su* ?+s (t5 d1 ! joke spread rapidly s t ev]ybody soon ?\ght ( ! "n 8,uncle ,sam0 :5ev] !y saw ! lett]s ,u4 ,s4 on any?+ or 9 any place4 ,! suit ( /rip$ tr\s]s & long tail$ coat & beav] hat 9 :i* ,uncle ,sam is n[ always repres5t$ 9 pictures1 0 ! inspiration ( ! fam\s c>tooni/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,bread ,,loaves ,egypt #bejj ,b4,c4 ,unleav5$ ,bread #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,pompeii #ej ,a4,d4 ,pale/9e ,mod]n ,am]ican ,loaf ,engl& ,engl& ,france ,hung>y ,spa9 ,switz]l& ,bohemia ,holl& ,italy ,au/ria ,g]many ,balkan ,/ates ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,:eat4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,loaf ( ,bread ,:y is ,bread s ,important8 ,! hi/ory ( bread z a food reads l a romance4 ,x has play$ an important "p 9 ! de/9ies ( mank9d & its /ruggles ?r\gh ! ages to p]fection4 ,! progress ( nations ?r\gh _! diff]5t p]iods ( developm5t c be trac$ by ! quality & quantity ( bread !y h us$4 ,no o!r food has tak5 su* an important "p 9 ! civilization ( man4 ,to a l>ge ext5t x has be5 ! means ( *ang+ 8 habits f ^? ( a savage to ^? ( a civiliz$ be+4 ,x has suppli$ ! peaceful pursuits ( agriculture & turn$ him f w> & ! *ase4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! civiliz$ & ! semi-civiliz$ p ( ! e>? c be divid$ into two classes1 bas$ ^u _! pr9cipal c]eal foods3 ! rice eat]s & ! bread eat]s4 ,e "o admits t rice eat]s are less progressive1 :ile bread eat]s h always be5 ! lead]s ( civilization4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t j z ,japan is *ang+ f a rice-eat+ nation to a bread-eat+ nation %e is ass]t+ h] p[]4 ,any "o :o /ops to consid] ! hi/ory ( nations w see t ?is matt] ( :at we eat is ! "o "q ( vital importance4 ,bread is "o ( ! e>lie/1 ! mo/ g5]ally us$ & "o ( ! mo/ important foods us$ by man4 ,)\t bread ! _w w\ld n exi/ )\t great h>d%ip4 ,on bread alone a nation ( p c exi/1 & to sit d[n to a meal )\t x causes u to feel at once t some?+ is miss+4 ,:at ,0 ! ,orig9 & ,mean+ ( ,bread8 ,bread is bak$ f _m sub/ances1 al?\gh :5 we ?9k ( bread1 we usually ?9k ( :eat bread4 ,x is sometimes made f roots1 fruits & ! b>k ( trees1 b g5]ally only f gra9s su* z :eat1 rye1 corn1 etc4 ,! ^w bread comes f an old ^w bray1 mean+ to p\nd4 ,?is came f ! me?od us$ 9 prep>+ ! food4 ,food :i* 0 p\nd$ 0 said to be bray$ & lat] ?is spell+ 0 *ang$ to bread4 ,prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 ^! bray$ or gr\nd mat]ials are n really bread 9 our s5se ( us+ ! t]m until !y are moi/5$ ) wat]1 :5 x becomes d\gh4 ,! ^w d\gh is an old "o mean+ to 8moi/540 ,?is d\gh 0 9 old5 times imm$iately bak$ 9 hot a%es & a h>d indige/ible lump ( bread 0 ! result4 ,accid5tally x 0 discov]$ t if ! d\gh 0 left = a "t be=e bak+1 all[+ x to f]m5t1 x w\ld :5 mix$ ) m d\gh1 swell up & become por\s4 ,?us we got our ^w loaf f an old ^w lifian1 :i* meant to raise up or to lift up4 ,:5 ,0 ,:eat ,fir/ ,us$ 9 ,mak+ ,bread8 ,x is n cle>ly kn[n :5 or by :om :eat 0 discov]$1 b x seems to h be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 c be trac$ to anci5t ,egypt & !re are records %[+ t ! ,*9ese cultivat$ :eat z e>ly z #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,to-day x supplies ! pr9cipal article = mak+ bread to all ! civiliz$ nations ( ! _w4 ,! orig9 ( ! :eat plant is said to h be5 a k9d ( grass :i* is giv5 a ,lat9 "n gilops ovata by ! botani/s4 ,w ,:eat ,gr[ ,wild8 ,?is is a "q t has puzzl$ ! _w's sci5ti/s = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,f "t to "t x has be5 report$ by inve/igators 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w t "h & !re :eat has be5 f\nd gr[+ wild & do+ well1 b e "t a fur!r inve/igation is made1 x develops t ! :eat has be5 cultivat$ by "s "o4 ,!re is z yet no evid5ce = believ+ t :eat w gr[ 9 a wild /ate4 ,:at is ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,graham ,fl\r & ,:ole ,:eat8 ,graham fl\r f :i* ,graham bread is bak$ is made f unbolt$ fl\r4 ,! process ( bolt+ fl\r1 :i* is describ$ 9 "o ( ! foll[+ pages1 consi/s briefly 9 tak+ out ( x all b ! inside ( ! gra9 ( :eat4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 we h pure :ite fl\r4 ,9 mak+ ,graham fl\r e "p ( ! gra9 ( :eat is left 9 ! fl\r1 & gr\nd up f9ely4 ,_m p ?9k t ,graham fl\r is made f a special gra9 call$ ,graham1 b ?is is n true4 ,x is said t ,graham bread is n s good = y because x conta9s ! outside cov]+ ( ! :eat gra9 or bran :i* is compos$ ( almo/ pure silica1 ! same sub/ance ( :i* glass is made1 & _c !re=e be good = u4 ,:ole :eat fl\r is made f ! :ole gra9 ( :eat f :i* ! outside cov]+ or bran has be5 sep>at$4 ,x conta9s ev]y?+ b ! bran & is !re=e ! mo/ nutriti\s fl\r made4 ,! gra9 ( :eat has sev]al cov]+s ( bran coats1 ! out] "o ( :i* is ! "o compos$ ( silica1 & :i* is n valuable z food4 ,und]nea? ?is husk--are f\nd ! inn] bran coats1 :i* conta9 ! glut54 ,glut5 is a d>k sub/ance conta9+ ! fle%-=m+ or nitrog5\s elem5ts1 :i* are valuable 9 muscle build+4 ,! inside or he>t ( ! gra9 ( :eat consi/s ( cells fill$ ) />*1 a f9e :ite mealy p[d] :i* has little value z food1 b is a great heat produc]4 ,sometimes 9 mak+ :ole :eat fl\r1 ! he>t ( ! gra9 is also remov$1 mak+ a pure glut5 fl\r4 ,! "n :ole :eat = fl\r is n accurate1 !re=e1 = ,graham fl\r is made ( ! :ole :eat gra91 :ile 8:ole :eat0 fl\r is made ( only c]ta9 p>ts ( ! gra9 ( :eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,:eat condition]s = temp]+ ! :eat be=e be+ gr\nd by ! corrugat$ roll] mills4 ,h[ is ,fl\r ,made8 ,9 great factories ! raw mat]ial is frequ5tly tak5 9 at "o end & comes out ( ! opposite end z a f9i%$ locomotive1 a ,pullman palace c>1 or a pair ( %oes4 ,!re is no su* progression 9 mak+ fl\r4 ,! :eat comes 9 at "o place z a pla9 ,spr+ or ,w9t] :eat & at ano!r goes out z fl\r1 b 9 ! process p>ts ( x may g f top to bottom ( ! big mill #cj times4 ,in/ead ( a factory :]e ev]y?+ moves along f h& to h& or ma*9e to ma*9e1 ! fl\r mill is l a human body--a huge framework l ! bones1 ) ?\s&s ( c>ry+ devices1 8elevators10 8sp\ts0 & 8conveyors10 l ! ve9s & art]ies ( ! blood-c>ry+ sy/em4 ,/op up a ve9 ( :eat1 ! mill becomes clogg$1 & f9ally mu/ %ut d[n if x _c be me*anically reliev$4 ,x is an intricate & int5sely int]e/+ process1 ! result ( ye>-to-ye> exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,,:eat ,,fib] ,,& ,,g]ms ,purifi] = sep>at+ ! fib]1 g]m1 & o!r impurities f ! semol9a 7grits7 be=e x is f9ally cru%$ or gr\nd into fl\r by smoo? roll] mills4 ,sc\r+ t ,sugge/s a ,dut* ,kit*54 ,f ! /orage b9s ! :eat is drawn (f ?r\gh conveyors to ! fir/ ( sev]al clean+ processes1 ! 8sep>ators10 :]e ! co>se gra9 :i* naturally comes ) ! :eat1 su* z corn & oats1 & imp]fect k]nels ( :eat1 is tak5 out4 ,aft] ?is g5]al clean+ ! gra9 goes to ! 8sc\r+ ma*9e10 :i* is an int]e/+ device--a rapidly revolv+ cyl9d] ) :at are call$ 8beat]s0 atta*$4 ,! gra9 is ?r[n aga9/ p]=at$ iron scre5s4 ,any cl++ dirt is loos5$1 & a /rong curr5t ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] is con/antly 8call+ = du/10 z ! mill] aptly expresses x1 & c>ries ! impurities away z du/ & dirt4 ,inde$1 ! clean+ process seems to be a con/ant "o f ! "t ! :eat ent]s ! mill until ! fl\r is made4 ,hav+ be5 cleans$1 ! :eat is n[ ready = ! rolls except = a 8temp]+0 process1 :i* is to prep>e ! gra91 s t ! outside ( ! :eat may be tak5 (f )\t injury to ! inside or k]nel4 ,!n z ! gra9 passes to ! rolls !re beg9s a gradual r$uction ( :eat to fl\r :i* is mo/ intricate4 ,! fir/ sets ( rolls are corrugat$ & s adju/$ z to 8break0 ea* gra9 ( :eat into #ab to #ae p>ts4 ,! 8break+0 process goes on ?r\gh five diff]5t sets ( rolls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+ ,,! ,,:eat ,,= ,,mak+ ,,fl\r ,corrugat$ roll] mills = gr9d+ ! :eat aft] x has be5 clean$4 ,illu/ration3 ,wood5 sp\ts = convey+ ! diff]5t products1 bran & p>tly gr\nd :eat1 f "o ma*9e to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fl\r ,,is ,,ready ,,= ,,bak+ ,gyrat+ sift] = sep>at+ ! bran p>ticles f ! fl\r & semol9a4 ,! ,big ,bolt]s ) ,silk5 ,sieves4 ,closely alli$ ) ! roll+ process is ! bolt+ process1 :i*1 work+ h& 9 h& ) x has made mod]n fl\r mak+ s p]fect4 ,! bolt+ process consi/s ( a s]ies ( sieves--a sift+ ( ! brok5 gra9 s t x is f9ally1 aft] repeat$ break+ & sift+1 a fl\r4 ,! bolt] ma*9e conta9s a numb] ( sieves cov]$ ) silk bolt+ clo? ) v>y+ me% or numb] ( ?reads to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is bolt+ ma*9e1 mov+ rapidly1 makes f #h to #aj diff]5t sep>ations ( ! mat]ial4 ,f rolls to bolt]s1 f bolt]s to purifi]s1 f purifi]s to rolls1 ov] & ov]1 ! process cont9ues1 until five diff]5t grades ( 8middl+s0 h be5 select$ by ! me*anical h&s ( ! mill]s4 ,! purifi] is /ill ano!r /ep to ! process4 ,x is a ma*9e hav+ eight sieves ( diff]5t me%4 ,! 8middl+s0 fl[ d[n ov] ! diff]5t sieves 9 a ?9 %eet1 a curr5t ( air meantime draw+ all impurities out4 ,) ?is purify+ process complet$1 ! mat]ial is ready = ! smoo? rolls4 ,! ,mill ,tries to ,cat* ,up ) ! ,b9s4 ,:5 ! fl\r is made x is convey$ to l>ge r\nd b9s--five %eets ( h>d wood press$ toge!r4 ,^! b9s are be+ fill$ all ! "t & be+ empti$ all ! "t1 ! mill be+ ab\t sev5 h\rs beh9d ! capacity ( ! b9s1 s t f />t to f9i% ! mod]n fl\r mill is a trem5d\sly busy place4 ,und]nea? ! b9s & connect+ ) !m are ! fl\r pack]s--automatic devices :i* pack a #c-p\nd pap] sack z accurately z a #aif-p\nd b>rel4 ,! fill$ packages are s5t d[n 8*utes0 to ! %ipp+ floor4 ,!re !y g to wagons or ?r\gh o!r *utes to boats4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,lead ,p5cil#e #e ,c\rtesy ( ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,:y ,d ,!y ,call ,!m ,lead-p5cils8 ,,:]e ,,lead ,,p5cils ,,come ,,f ,! lead-p5cil s g5]ally us$ today is n1 z its "n w\ld imply1 made f lead1 b f graphite4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! fact t prior to ! "t :5 p5cils 7 made f graphite1 metallic lead 0 employ$ = ! purpose4 ,graphite 0 fir/ us$ 9 p5cils aft] ! discov]y 9 #aefe ( ! fam\s ,cumb]l& m9e 9 ,engl&4 ,?is graphite 0 ( rem>kable purity & c\ld be us$ )\t fur!r treatm5t by cutt+ x into ?9 slabs & encas+ !m 9 wood4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,lead-p5cils 9 ,am]ica8 ,= two c5turies ,engl& enjoy$ practically a monopoly ( ! lead-p5cil indu/ry4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! lead-p5cil indu/ry _h f\nd its way into ,g]many4 ,9 #agfa1 ,casp> ,fab]1 9 ! village ( ,/e91 ne> ! anci5t city ( ,nuremb]g1 ,bav>ia1 />t$ 9 a mode/ way ! manufacture ( lead-p5cils1 & ,nuremb]g became & rema9$ ! c5t] ( ! lead-p5cil indu/ry = m ?an a c5tury4 ,= five g5]ations ,fab]'s desc5dants made lead-p5cils4 ,up to ! pres5t day !y h cont9u$ to devote _! int]e/ & en]gy to ! developm5t & p]fection ( p5cil mak+4 ,eb]h>d ,fab]1 a great-gr&son ( ,casp> ,fab]1 immigrat$ to ?is c\ntry1 &1 9 #ahdi1 e/abli%$ himself 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 #ahfa1 :5 ! w> t>iff fir/ w5t into effect1 he erect$ 8 own p5cil factory 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & ?us became ! pione] ( ! lead-p5cil indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce !n f\r o!r firms h e/abli%$ p5cil factories "h4 ,wages1 z comp>$ to ^? paid 9 ,g]many1 7 v high1 & ,eb]h>d ,fab] realiz$ ! necessity ( creat+ labor-sav+ ma*9]y to ov]come ?is h&icap4 ,_m automatic ma*9es 7 inv5t$ :i* greatly simplifi$ ! me?ods ( p5cil mak+ & improv$ ! product4 ,to-day ,am]ican manufactur]s supply n9e-t5?s ( ! home dem& & h l>gely ent]$ into ! competition ( ! _w's m>kets4 ,:at ,are ,lead-p5cils ,made (8 ,! pr9cipal raw mat]ials t ent] into ! mak+ ( a lead-p5cil are graphite1 clay1 c$> & rubb]4 ,al?\gh graphite occurs 9 comp>atively abundant quantities 9 _m localities1 x is r>ely ( suffici5t purity to be available = p5cil mak+4 ,oxides ( iron1 silicates & o!r impurities are f\nd 9 ! ore1 all ( :i* mu/ be c>efully sep>at$ to insure a smoo?1 s]viceable mat]ial4 ,! graphites f\nd 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 ,mexico1 ,bohemia & ,ceylon are pr9cipally us$ by manufactur]s4 ,pictures by c\rtesy ,joseph ,dixon ,crucible ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! %ape 9 :i* ! c$> slats arrive at ! factory4 ,^! slats aft] grad+ are boil$ 9 /eam to remove :at rema9+ sap !re may be 9 ! wood4 ,! slats are !n dri$ 9 /eam-dry+ rooms4 ,!n ! next /ep is groov+ & gives ! results %[n by ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ ! wood is ready to receive ! 8leads0 7:i* y w rememb] are a mixture ( graphite & clay71 :i* are plac$ betwe5 two slats s&wi* fa%ion1 glu$1 put 9 =ms t hold !m ov] night "u a ?\s& p\nds pressure4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! leads laid 9 "o ( ! groov$ slats4 ,h[ ,are ,lead-p5cils ,made8 ,! graphite1 z x comes f ! m9es1 is brok5 into small pieces1 ! impure p>ticles be+ sep>at$ by h&4 ,x is !n f9ely divid$ 9 l>ge pulv]iz]s & plac$ 9 tubs ( wat]1 s t ! light] p>ticles ( graphite float (f f ! heavi] p>ticles ( impurities4 ,?is sep>at+1 9 ! *eap] grades1 is also done by means ( c5trifugal ma*9es1 b ! results are n z satisfactory4 ,aft] sep>ation1 ! graphite is filt]$ ?r\gh filt]-presses4 ,:at ,makes ,"s ,p5cils ,h>d & ,o!rs ,s(t8 ,! clay1 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to a simil> process1 is plac$ 9 mix]s ) ! graphite1 9 proportions dep5d5t ^u ! grade ( h>dness t is desir$4 ,a great] proportion ( clay produces a great] degree ( h>dness2 a less] proportion increases ! s(tness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #d %[s a prospective view ( ! block z x appe>s :5 tak5 out ( ! =m2 ! leads c be se5 9 ! end4 ,^! blocks are f$ to ma*9es :i* cut out ! p5cils 9 "o op]ation4 ,an idea ( ?is op]ation is giv5 by ,fig4 #e1 :i* %[s a block half cut ?r\gh4 ,! p5cils come out q smoo?1 b are s&-pap]$ to a f9] f9i% be=e receiv+ ! f9i%+ coats4 ,! f9] grades ( p5cils are giv5 f sev5 to n9e coats ( v>ni% be=e be+ pass$ along = ! next process4 ,fig4 #f %[s a p5cil aft] x has be5 ma*9$ & be=e x has be5 v>ni%$ & /amp$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! requisite degree ( h>dness is obta9$ by ! subsequ5t op]ation1 viz41 ! compress+ ( ! lead & %ap+ x into =m ready to be glu$ into ! wood cas+s4 ,a highly compress$ lead w produce a p5cil ( great] we>+ qualities1 an important feature 9 a high-grade p5cil4 ,hydraulic presses are us$ = ?is purpose2 & ! mixture ( clay & graphite1 :i* is /ill 9 a pla/ic condition & has be5 =m$ into loaves1 is plac$ into ^! presses4 ,! presses are provid$ ) a die con=m+ to ! calib] ( ! lead desir$1 ?r\gh :i* die ! mat]ial is =c$4 ,! die is usually cut f a sapphire or em]ald or o!r v h>d m9]al sub/ance1 s t x w n we> away too quickly f ! friction ( ! lead4 ,! lead leaves ! press 9 "o cont9u\s /r+1 :i* is cut into ! l5g?s requir$ 7usually sev5 in*es = ! ord9>y size ( p5cil71 is plac$ 9 crucibles1 & fir$ 9 muffle furnaces4 ,! lead is n[ ready = use1 & receives only a wood5 case to conv]t x into a p5cil4 ,:]e ,does ! ,wood5 ,"p ( a ,lead-p5cil ,come f8 ,! wood us$ 9 p5cil mak+ mu/ be close & /raight gra9$1 s(t1 s t x c readily be :ittl$1 & capable ( tak+ a good poli%4 ,no bett] wood has be5 f\nd ?an ! r$ c$>1 a native ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a durable1 compact & fragrant wood to-day almo/ exclusively us$ by p5cil mak]s ! _w ov]4 ,! be/ quality is obta9$ f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ,florida & ,alabama 9 p>ticul>4 ,! wood is cut into slats ab\t #g in*es long1 #b in*es wide1 & in* ?ick4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly dri$ 9 kilns to sep>ate ! excess ( moi/ure & res9 & to prev5t subsequ5t w>p+4 ,aft] ?is ! slats are pass$ ?r\gh automatic groov+ ma*9es1 ea* slat receiv+ six semi-circul> grooves1 into :i* ! leads are plac$1 :ile a second slab ) simil> grooves is bru%$ ) glue & cov]$ ov] ! slat conta9+ ! leads4 ,?is is pass$ ?r\gh a mold+-ma*9e1 :i* turns out p5cils %ap$ 9 ! =m desir$1 r\nd1 hexagon1 etc4 ,! p5cils are n[ pass$ ?r\gh s&+ ma*9es1 to provide !m ) a smoo? surface4 ,h[ is ! ,color ,put on ! ,outside ( ! ,p5cil8 ,aft] s&-pap]+1 :i* is a necess>y prelim9>y to ! color+ process1 :5 f9e f9i%es are desir$1 ! p5cils are v>ni%$ by "o ( sev]al me?ods4 ,t mo/ commonly employ$ is ! me*anical me?od by :i* ! p5cils are f$ f hopp]s "o at a "t ?r\gh small ap]tures j l>ge en\gh to admit ! p5cil4 ,! v>ni% is appli$ to ! p5cil automatically :ile pass+ ?r\gh1 & ! p5cils are !n deposit$ on a long belt or dry+ pan4 ,!y are c>ri$ sl[ly a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty feet1 ! v>ni% deposit$ on ! p5cils mean:ile dry+1 & are empti$ into a receptacle4 ,:5 suffici5t p5cils h accumulat$1 !y are tak5 back to ! hopp] ( ! ma*9e & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,?is is done z (t5 z is necess>y to produce ! desir$ f9i%4 ,! bett] grades are pass$ ?r\gh t5 times or m4 ,ano!r me?od is t ( dipp+ 9 pans ( v>ni%1 ! p5cils be+ susp5d$ by _! ends f frames1 imm]s$ _! entire l5g? & )drawn v sl[ly by ma*9e4 ,a smoo? enamel$ effect is ! result4 ,! f9e/ grades ( p5cils are poli%$ by h&4 ,?is "w requires consid]able deftness2 mon?s ( practice are necess>y to develop a skill$ workman4 ,aft] be+ v>ni%$1 ! p5cils are pass$ ?r\gh ma*9es by :i* ! accumulation ( v>ni% is s&-pap]$ f _! ends4 ,! ends are !n trimm$ by v %>p knives to give !m a clean1 f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,/amp+ is ! next op]ation4 ,! gold or silv] leaf is cut into n>r[ /rips & laid on ! p5cil1 :]eupon ! p5cil is plac$ 9 a /amp+ press1 & ! heat$ /eel die br\ght 9 contact ) ! leaf1 caus+ ! latt] to adh]e to ! p5cil :]e ! lett]s ( ! die t\*4 ,! surplus leaf is remov$1 &1 aft] a f9al clean+ ! p5cil is ready to be box$1 unless x is to be fur!r embelli%$ by ! addition ( a metal tip & rubb]1 or o!r atta*m5t4 ,h[ is ! ,eras] ,put ,on a ,p5cil8 ,9 ?is c\ntry ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ! p5cils are provid$ ) rubb] eras]s4 ,^! are ei!r glu$ into ! wood ) ! lead1 or ! p5cils are provid$ ) small metal f]rules ?read$ on "o end1 into :i* ! rubb] eras]-plugs are ins]t$4 ,^! f]rules are made f %eet brass1 :i* is cupp$ by means ( p[] presses1 drawn ?r\gh subsequ5t op]ations into tubes ( f\r- or five-in* l5g?s1 cut to ! requir$ size1 ?read$ & nickel-plat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 ,a ,,s\!rn ,,cotton ,,field ,! ,/ory 9 a ,bale ( ,cotton ,:]e ,does ,cotton ,come ,f8 ,we get cotton f a plant :i* gr[s be/ 9 ! w>m climate ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,cotton has be5 kn[n to ! p ( ! _w = a long "t4 ,be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/ p knew ab\t cotton4 ,!y ?\ght x 0 wool :i* grew on a tree in/ead ( a %eep's back4 ,no o!r plant is ( su* value to man z cotton4 ,we %\ld le>n some?+ ab\t a plant t is us$ by man 9 s _m ways z cotton4 ,! cotton plant ( our ,s\!rn ,/ates is a small %rub-l annual ab\t f\r feet high4 ,! fl[]s ( ! cotton plant are :ite at fir/ b *ange to cream color & !n are t+$ ) r$4 ,?is *ange takes place ov] a p]iod ( f\r days :5 ! petals drop (f & leave :at is call$ a 8boll0 9 ! calyx ( ! fl[]4 ,?is boll1 :i* is to conta9 ! cotton1 is really ! se$ conta9] ( ! cotton plant & keeps on gr[+ l>g] until x is ab\t z big z a h5's egg4 ,:5 x is fully gr[n or ripe ! boll cracks & ! se$s & fibr\s l9t bur/ =?4 ,! bolls are !n ga!r$ & tak5 to a cotton g91 :]e ! se$s are sep>at$ f ! l9t & ! l9t prep>$ = weav+4 ,! boll is divid$ into f ?ree to five sections4 ,ea* section conta9s a quantity ( l9t & se$s4 ,:5 ! boll is fully gr[n ! cov]+ ( ea* ( ! sections cracks & op5s up1 reveal+ ! cont5ts4 ,x is j l op5+ ! door ( ea* section & hav+ ! cont5ts bur/ out4 ,:5 ^! bolls bur/ op51 !re is no m beautiful sight 9 ! _w ?an to look out ov] a cotton field & see ! color$ p--! 8cotton pick]s0--busy at _! "w pick+ (f ! bolls4 ,:5 ! crop is ga!r$ & g9n$1 ! l9t is pack$ into bales & tak5 to ! cotton mill1 :]e x is made into clo?4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ indu/rial processes 9 ! _w is to see ! bale ( cotton g into a cotton mill & come out a piece ( cotton goods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cotton ,,arrives ,,at ,,! ,,mill ,,bales ,,( ,,cotton ,,at ,,cotton ,,mill ,illu/ration3 ,,op5+ ,,ma*9es4 ,! bales are op5$1 & ! cotton is ?r[n into ! l>ge hopp]s at ! front ( ^! ma*9es1 :i* op5 & loos5 ! fib]s1 "w out lumps & remove ! gross] impurities1 su* z dirt1 leaf1 se$ & tra%4 ,a /rong air draft c>ries (f ! du/ & =eign p>ticles1 & lifts ! cotton ?r\gh trunks to ! floor above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lapp] ,,ma*9es4 ,9 ^! ma*9es1 kn[n z ,break] & ,f9i%] ,lapp]s1 m ( ! tra% & impurities is beat5 out ( ! cotton1 & ! l9t is c>ri$ =w>d & w\nd into rolls ( cotton batt+1 kn[n z laps4 ,sev]al ( ^! are d\bl$ & drawn into "o s z to get ! weight ( ea* y>d z uni=m z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,cotton ,,clo? ,,c>d ,,room4 ,9 ^! ma*9es1 kn[n z ,revolv+ ,flat ,top ,c>ds1 ! cotton passes ov] revolv+ cyl9d]s clo!d ) wire tee?1 & ! fib]s are comb$ out & laid p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,!y are deliv]$ at ! front ( ! ma*9e z a filmy web1 :i* is ga!r$ toge!r & =m$ into a s(t d[ny ribbon or rope1 kn[n z c>d sliv]4 ,?is is automatically coil$ & deliv]$ into cans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draw+ ,,frames4 ,to insure uni=mity 9 weight1 s t ! y>n :5 spun %all run ev51 ! c>d sliv]s are d\bl$ & drawn out1 r$\bl$ & aga9 drawn out1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( a c&y mak] pull+ taffy1 only "h ! process is cont9u\s4 ,six /r&s ( ! c>d sliv] are f$ 9 toge!r at ! back ( ! draw+ frames1 pull$ out & deliv]$ z "o2 & ! process repeat$4 ,?is produces a sliv] m uni=m 9 weight1 & 9 :i* ! fibres are m p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slubb]s4 ,! sliv] f ! draw+ frames is tak5 to ma*9es call$ slubb]s1 :]e aga9 ! fib]s are drawn out1 & ! /r& ( cotton1 n[ mu* f9] & kn[n z slubb] rov+1 is giv5 a bit ( twi/ to hold x toge!r1 & is w\nd on l>ge bobb9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,! ,,cotton ,,fib] ,,on ,,bobb9s ,,spe$]s4 ,! l>ge bobb9s ( rov+ f ! slubb]s are tak5 to o!r ma*9es kn[n z ,spe$]s1 & are unw\nd ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 aga9 drawn out f9] & f9]1 & rew\nd on small] bobb9s4 ,! /r& ( cotton kn[n z spe$] rov+ is n[ ready to be tak5 to ! sp9n+ room = ! f9al draft & twi/ necess>y to turn x into y>n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,frames4 ,! rov+ f ! spe$]s is plac$ on ! ,sp9n+ ,frames1 & n[ und]goes its f9al draft z x passes ?r\gh ! sp9n+ rolls4 ,! att5uat$ fibres are !n twi/$ firmly toge!r by ! action ( ! sp9dles1 :i* turn at a spe$ ( ab\t #aj1jjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! y>n ?us =m$ is w\nd on bobb9s & is ready to be dy$ & weav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cotton ,,is ,,ready ,,= ,,dye+ ,,spool]s4 ,two k9ds ( y>n are deliv]$ at ! sp9n+ frames1 kn[n z w>p & fill+1 :i* make respectively ! l5g?wise & crosswise ?reads ( ! clo?4 ,! fill+ is 9 its complet$ =m ready = ! loom2 ! w>p mu/ fir/ be gott5 into %ape = dye+ & !n arrang$ 9 p>allel r[s or %eets ( ?read = weav+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! processes is spool+1 & consi/s simply 9 unw9d+ ! y>n f ! small bobb9s on :i* x is spun1 & rew9d+ x on l>ge spools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>p]s4 ,! spools ( w>p y>n are plac$ 9 l>ge wood5 racks or creels f :i* !y c conv5i5tly unw9d4 ,! sep>ate ?reads are drawn ?r\gh little wires 9 ! w>p]s1 & are ga!r$ into a bun* or rope ( ?reads1 :i* is w\nd 9 a l>ge cyl9drical ball kn[n z a w>p4 ,if any ?read breaks :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! w>p]1 ! little wire drops & /ops ! ma*9e4 ,9 ?is way full c\nt ( ?reads & uni=m weight ( ! goods is insur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dye-,,h\se4 ,"h ! w>ps1 aft] be+ boil$ & s(t5$ to enable ! dye to p5etrate1 are pass$ ?r\gh ! indigo vats4 ,sev]al runs are made to get ! beautiful dep? ( color4 ,?is ,dye-h\se is equipp$ ) "o hundr$ indigo vats1 & is "o ( ! be/-light$ & cleane/-kept dye-h\ses 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,cotton ,,is ,,wov5 ,,into ,,clo? ,,beam+ ,,frames4 ,aft] be+ dy$1 ! w>ps are wa%$ & !n pass$ ?r\gh dry+ ma*9]y1 f :i* !y are deliv]$ 9 coils4 ,^! are br\ght to ! beam+ frames1 :]e !y are aga9 spread out into %eets ( p>allel ?reads1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! tee? ( a /eel comb1 :i* sep>ates ! ?reads & prev5ts tangl+1 & 9 ?is =m !y are w\nd on huge iron spools kn[n z sla%] beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sla%]s4 ,f ! beam+ frames ! w>ps are tak5 to ma*9es kn[n z ,sla%]s1 :]e !y are siz$ or /iff5$ to enable !m to /& ! *af+ at ! looms incid5tal to ! process ( weav+4 ,! sla%] beams are plac$ 9 an iron frame at ! back ( ! sla%]s & unw\nd toge!r ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,) !m "s additional ?reads ( :ite y>n are unw\nd at ei!r side to =m ! selvage ( ! clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weave ,,room4 ,! %eet ( w>p ?reads unw9ds f ! loom beam1 receives ! fill+ ?reads & is w\nd into a roll ( clo? at ! front ( ! loom4 ,?is weave room conta9s #bjjj looms4 ,x is #ijd feet long by #ahj feet wide 7ab\t f\r acres7 & is ! l>ge/ s+le weave room 9 ! _w4 ,ov]head is ! ro(1 :i* =ms "o va/ sky-light1 be+ ( :at is kn[n z saw-too? con/ruction4 ,! v]tical sides ( ! tee? all face due nor? & are =m$ ( ribb$ glass1 :i* af=ds ! mo/ p]fect light to e section ( ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cotton ,,clo? ,,f9i%$ ,,inspect+ ,,tables4 ,be=e go+ to ! bal+ presses e y>d ( cotton clo? passes "u ! vigilant eyes ( ! clo? inspectors1 :o m>k z seconds & lay aside all pieces conta9+ imp]fections4 ,?is inspection is n a m]e =mality1 b is conduct$ mo/ c>efully1 & ?is dep>tm5t is specially locat$ to get ! be/ & mo/ p]fect light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bal+ ,,presses4 ,! bolts ( f9i%$ clo? are n[ plac$ 9 presses & made into bales ( f9i%$ clo? & are ready = ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ipp+ plat=m ( ! ,:ite ,oak ,mills1 ,gre5sboro1 ,n4 ,c41 %[+ h[ ! bales ( f9i%$ clo? are h&l$ 9 %ipp+4 ,pictures h]e) by c\rtesy ( ,:ite ,oak ,mills4 ,:o ,discov]$ ,cotton8 ,j :o discov]$ cotton is n kn[n4 ,! e>ly records are s incomplete t no individual c be cr$it$ ) ! discov]y ( ! value ( ?is wond]ful plant4 ,long be=e ,cs>'s "t1 among ! ,h9doos !y _h a law t if y /ole a piece ( cotton y 7 f9$ ?ree times its value4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly nations 7 famili> ) cotton--! e>ly ,egyptians1 ,*9ese & o!r anci5t p us$ x & valu$ x4 ,:at ,nation ,produces ! ,mo/ ,cotton8 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! lead] 9 ! production ( cotton1 z 9 _m o!r important _w products4 ,we produce m ?an sev5ty-five p] c5t ( all ! cotton gr[n 9 ! _w4 ,! rema9d] is practically all gr[n by ,ea/ ,india1 ,egypt & ,brazil4 ,:at is ,cotton ,us$ ,=8 ,! cotton plant is "o ( ! wond] plants ( ! _w1 :5 y /op to ?9k h[ well we c\ld get along )\t wool or silk or o!r fabrics if we _h to4 ,little w\ld be lo/ to ! _w s f> z actual com=t is conc]n$ if all ( ! o!r fabric-mak+ mat]ials 7 lo/4 ,we w\ld sleep1 z we (t5 d n[1 9 b$s ! cov]+s ( :i* 7 pure cotton1 9 a room 9 :i* ! rugs 7 wov5 f cotton1 ! sun kept out ( ! room by cotton w9d[ %ades4 ,we c\ld /ill h pl5ty ( good soap to wa% our bodies & clo?+1 = mu* ( our soap to-day is made f cotton-se$ oil2 !n we c\ld use a cotton t[el to dry ourselves2 & put on a complete outfit ( clo?+ made entirely ( cotton4 ,:ite cotton table clo?s & napk9s are n s f9e z l952 !y are good en\gh = anyone4 ,y\r breakfa/ rolls w ta/e q z well if bak$ ) cottol5e in/ead ( l>d2 ! meat = y\r d9n] w\ld be f$ & fatt5$ on cotton-se$ meal & hulls z !y are n[2 y w\ld h butt] made f cotton-se$ t comp>es favorably ) ! butt] y n[ h on ! table2 ! tobacco 9 y\r cig> w\ld cont9ue to be gr[n "u cotton clo? & pack$ 9 cotton bags2 armies w\ld /ill sleep "u cotton t5ts & c\ld use gun-cotton to de/roy ! enemy4 ,:at ,are ! ,pr9cipal ,cotton ,clo?s8 ,!re are a great _m diff]5t names giv5 to cotton clo?s1 b !y may 9 g5]al be divid$ into five classes--pla9 goods1 twills1 sate51 fancy clo? & jacqu>d fabrics4 ,! cotton clo? 9 ea* ( ^! classes v>ies & goes by diff]5t names4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,pla9 ,goods1 ! diff]5t k9ds are lawn1 na9sook1 %eet+1 mull1 pr9t clo?1 madras4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 ! numb] ( ?reads 9 "o in* ( wid?1 ! f95ess & ! weave4 ,! ,twills h l9es runn+ diagonally & are us$ = l9+s mo/ly4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ! weav+4 ,d5im1 l>gely us$ = ov]alls1 belongs to ! class ( ,twills4 ,sate5 is us$ = dress l9+s1 dresses & wai/s4 ,!n !re is ! class ( ,fancy ,clo?s :i* is ano!r k9d ( weave us$ l>gely 9 *ildr5's clo!s1 %irt wai/s1 etc41 & "u ! "n ,scrim is f9e = drap]ies & t[ell+4 ,! o!r class1 ,jacqu>d ,fabrics1 repres5ts ! mo/ complicat$ =m ( weav+ & us$ l>gely "u special individual names or br&s = dress goods1 novelties1 etc4 ,h[ ,mu* ,cotton ,clo? ,w a ,p\nd ( ,cotton ,make8 ,:5 ! cotton is spun into y>n x is no long] sold by ! bale1 b by ! p\nd4 ,x is impossible to make an exact /atem5t ( ! am\nt ( cotton clo? "o p\nd ( cotton y>n w make1 because ( ! diff]5ce 9 weav+4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 figur$ out t a p\nd ( cotton y>n %\ld make #c y>ds ( %eet+1 or #c y>ds ( musl91 or #i y>ds ( lawn1 or #g y>ds ( calico1 or #e y>ds ( g+ham1 or #eg spools ( ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,*ri/(ori ,,piano ,,f ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,piano ,:at is ,music8 ,music is "o k9d ( s\nd4 ,all s\nds1 :e!r musical or n1 are ! result ( s\nd waves 9 ! air4 ,!y travel almo/ exactly l ! waves ( ! wat]4 ,!y g 9 circles 9 all directions at ! same spe$ & w g on =ev] unless !y meet some?+ t has ! ability to /op !m4 ,if y drop a pebble into ! exact c5t] ( a bas9 ( wat]1 y w see ! r+ ( waves produc$ />t f ! po9t :]e ! pebble ent]$ ! wat] & travel to ! sides ( ! vessel1 :i* /op !m4 ,also ! pebble z x falls into ! wat] w make r+ aft] r+ ( waves4 ,:5 y %\t or r+ or /rike "o ( ! keys ( ! piano y />t a s\nd wave or a s]ies ( !m1 :i* y c he> z soon z ! s\nd wave /rikes y\r e>4 ,:5 ! s]ies ( waves is regul> ! s\nd produc$ is a musical s\nd1 & :5 ! s\nd waves are n regul> 9 l5g? we call x "s o!r k9d ( a s\nd4 ,act+ on ! k s le>n$1 man has devis$ num]\s in/rum5ts ) :i* he c produce musical s\nds1 su* z ! piano1 phonograph1 & _m o!rs4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,piano8 ,! fir/ real piano 0 made by ,b>tolomeo ,*ri/(ori1 an ,italian4 ,he inv5t$ ! little hamm]s by ! aid ( :i* ! /r+s are /ruck1 giv+ a cle> tone in/ead ( ! scrat*+ s\nd :i* all ! previ\s in/rum5ts produc$4 ,x took two ?\s& ye>s to discov] ! value ( ! little hamm]s 9 mak+ cle>] notes4 ,8 fir/ piano 0 made 9 #agji4 ,! ^w by :i* we call ! in/rum5t pian(orte has1 h[ev]1 be5 trac$ back z f> z #aeih1 :5 x is said to h be5 orig9at$ by an ,italian nam$ ,pali>9o4 ,! fir/ piano made 9 ,am]ica 0 produc$ by ,john ,behnud1 9 ,philadelphia1 9 #agge4 ,h[ ,0 ! ,piano ,discov]$8 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,/r+$ ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts ,! piano is a /r+$ musical in/rum5t4 ,! "n pian(orte comes f two ,italian words mean+ s(t & l\d1 & is accurately descriptive ( ! piano because ! notes c at w be made s(t or l\d4 ,! piano is a developm5t ( ! simple/ =m ( mak+ regul> s\nd vibrations by snapp+ or hamm]+ a /r+ ( "s k9d :i* is /ret*$ tight & fa/5$ at bo? ends4 ,we mu/ g f> back into hi/ory to f9d ! e>lie/ traces ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 & ev5 !n we d n "k :]e & :5 !y orig9at$1 = !re seem to be no records :i* help u to trace _! orig94 ,we "k t ! ,egyptians z f> back z #ebe ,b4,c4 _h /r+$ in/rum5ts1 b we only "k !y _h !m--n :]e !y got !m or :o made !m4 ,!re is a leg5d t ! ,roman god ,m]cury1 :ile walk+ along ! ,nile aft] ! riv] _h ov]fl[$ its banks & ! l& _h aga9 become dry1 /ubb$ 8 toe on ! %ell ( a dead tortoise4 ,he pick$ x up to ca/ x aside & accid5tally t\*$ "s /r+s ( s9ew ) 8 f+]4 ,^! /r+s 7 only :at rema9$ ( ! once live tortoise4 ,at ! same "t ,m]cury he>d a musical note &1 aft] va9ly try+ to f9d a cause = ! musical s\nd1 twang$ ! /r+ aga9 & discov]$ ! music 9 tightly-/ret*$ /r+s4 ,he set ab\t mak+ an in/rum5t1 us+ ! tortoise %ell = ! s\nd box & /ret*+ a numb] ( /r+s ( s9ew across x4 ,?is is only a leg5d1 ( c\rse1 b if we exam9e ! e>ly musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,greeks1 :i* 0 ! lyre1 we always f9d ! repres5tation ( a tortoise ^u x4 ,o!r nations1 su* z ! e>ly ,*9ese1 ! ,p]sians1 ! ,h9dus & ! ,hebrews1 _h /r+$ in/rum5ts mu* resembl+ ! lyre4 ,9 ! tombs ( ! great rul]s ( ,egypt are f\nd repres5tations ( h>ps1 & "o h>p :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 "o ( ! tombs = m ?an #cjjj ye>s 0 actually f\nd to be 9 good condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,dulcim]4 ,:]ev] we se>* among ! records ( e>ly nations we f9d evid5ce t !y 7 famili> ) ! music obta9able f play+ ^u /r+$ in/rum5ts1 b we h nev] be5 able to discov] :at p or :at p]sons fir/ le>n$ t music c\ld be produc$ ) su* in/rum5ts4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/r+$ ,,musical ,,in/rum5t ,! h>p 0 probably ! fir/ practical /r+$ in/rum5t4 ,its music 0 produc$ by pick+ ! /r+s ) ! f+]s or ) a piece ( bone or metal4 ,! next /ep 0 ! psalt]y1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 a box ) /r+s /ret*$ across x & repres5t$ ! fir/ crude attempt at us+ a s\nd+ bo>d4 ,a l>g] in/rum5t :i* came ab\t ! same "t & 0 v l ! psalt]y1 0 ! dulcim]4 ,bo? 7 play$ by pick+ ! /r+s ) ! f+] or a small piece ( bone or o!r sub/ance4 ,!n came ! keybo>d1 fir/ us$ on /r+$ in/rum5ts 9 :at is call$ ! clavicy!rium4 ,?is consi/$ ( a box ) cat-gut /r+s rang$ 9 a semitriangle4 ,on ! end ( ea* key 0 a quill1 :i* pick$ ! /r+ :5 ! key 0 op]at$4 ,aft] ?is came ! clavi*ord4 ,x 0 built l a small squ>e piano )\t legs4 ,! /r+s 7 made ( brass & on ! end ( ea* key 0 a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( brass :i* pick$ ! /r+s4 ,! eld] ,ba* compos$ 8 music on ! clavi*ord1 8 favorite in/rum5t1 & t is :y ! music writt5 by ,ba* is full ( s(t & melan*oly notes4 ,! clavi*ord produc$ only su* notes4 ,! next /eps br\ght ! virg9al1 sp9et & h>psi*ord4 ,! /r+s on all ?ree 7 ( brass ) quills at ! key ends = pick+ ! /r+s4 ,! virg9al & sp9et 7 v mu* alike4 ,! h>psi*ord 0 l>g] & sometimes 0 made ) two keybo>ds4 ,^! in/rum5ts _h notes cov]+ f\r octaves only4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,clavi*ord4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /r+s 9 ! h>psi*ord provid$ "o /ep ne>] to our piano4 ,x _h five octaves ( notes & !re 7 at lea/ two /r+s to ea* note in/ead ( only "o1 z 9 previ\s in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,sp9et4 ,:y ,d ,we ,h ,only ,sev5 ,octaves ,on a ,piano8 ,:y ,n ,twelve or ,m ,octaves8 ,ord9>ily ! longe/ key-bo>d ( ! piano has sev5 octaves & ?ree notes 9 addition1 or #eb notes1 n c\nt+ ! %>ps & flats4 ,an octave y1 ( c\rse1 "k consi/s ( ! sev5 notes ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b4 ,e eigh? note is a repetition ( ! "o sev5 notes bel[ or above4 ,! reason t !re are no m notes or octaves on ! piano is t if we ext5d$ ! key-bo>d ei!r way "o or two octaves m1 we %\ld n be able to he> ! notes /ruck on ! keys4 ,!re w\ld be s\nd produc$1 or c\rse1 b ! vibrations w\ld be too f9e = ! human e> to he>4 ,x is said t ! range ( ! human e> does n g beyond some:]e betwe5 elev5 & twelve octaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,upright ,,h>psi*ord4 7,f ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,city47 ,illu/ration3 ,picture by c\rtesy ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,virg9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,music ,,gets ,,into ,,! ,,piano ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,putt+ ,,on ,,! ,,s\nd+ ,,bo>d4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 produc+ ! piano is to make a wood5 frame or back on :i* is atta*$ fir/ ! s\nd+ bo>d1 !n ! iron1 h>p-%ap$ frame to :i* ! /r+s are fa/5$4 ,! tones ( ! piano are produc$ by felt-cov]$ hamm]s /rik+ ! /r+s4 ,! s\nd+ bo>d1 :i* is made ( wood1 magnifies ! tones4 ,?is picture %[s ! me*anics glue+ ! s\nd+ bo>d to ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,fa/5+ ,,! ,,/r+s4 ,! /r+s are hit*$ on to p9s 9 ! iron frame at its l[] end & fa/5$ at ! upp] end by a metal p9 or peg driv5 into ! back4 ,! peg is squ>e on top1 s t x c be turn$ ) a tun+ hamm] or wr5* 9 ord] to tight5 or slack5 ! /r+s1 :i* is ! op]ation ( tun+ ! piano4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,little ,,hamm]s ,,:i* ,,/rike ,,! ,,piano ,,/r+s ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,build+ ,,! ,,case ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,s\nd+ ,,bo>d4 ,z soon z ! s\nd+ bo>d ) its iron frame & /r+s is complete1 ! outside case is built up ar\nd x1 ! front be+ left op5 to receive ! action & key-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,atta*+ ,,! ,,little ,,hamm]s ,,t ,,/rike ,,! ,,/r+s4 ,9 ?is picture ! workm5 are plac+ ! action & keys1 to :i* are atta*$ ! little wood5 felt-cov]$ hamm]s1 :i* w /rike ! /r+s & produce ! tones4 ,x took a great _m ye>s = our musical in/rum5t mak]s to hit ^u ! idea ( us+ ^! little hamm]s1 & ?us make ! piano a p]fect in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,piano ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,action ,,& ,,keybo>d4 ,?is picture %[s ! piano p>tly assembl$ & ! workm5 adju/+ ea* little black & :ite key to ! prop] t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,kohl] ,campbell ,piano ,co4 ,,tun+1 ,,poli%+ ,,& ,,f9i%+4 ,! piano is n[ complete except = poli%+ & tun+4 ,! tun+ is left to ! la/4 ,! tun] mu/ h a good e> = music4 ,) 8 key he tight5s or loos5s ea* ( ! pegs to :i* ! wires are atta*$ until x is p]fectly 9 tune & all 9 h>mony4 ,! piano is n[ ready to play ^u4 ,h[ ,s\nds ,are ,produc$4 ,if y look closely at a tun+ =k1 or a piano /r+1 :ile x is s\nd+1 y c see t x is sw++ rapidly to & fro1 or vibrat+4 ,t\* x ) y\r f+] & ?us /op its vibration & x no long] produces s\nd4 ,! only diff]5ce t y c discov] 9 ! =k or /r+ :5 s\nd+ & :5 sil5t is t :5 y /op ! motion x is sil5t & :5 x vibrates x makes a s\nd4 ,f ?is we le>n t ! s\nds are due to ! vibrations ( s\nd+ bodies4 ,?is has be5 prov5 by ! exam9ation ( s _m s\nd+ bodies t we believe t all s\nds are produc$ by vibrations4 ,! "q t next pres5ts itself is1 h[ ! vibrations affect our e>s1 s z to produce ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,?is may be made cle> by a v simple1 b /rik+1 exp]im5t4 ,if a bell :i* has be5 arrang$ to be rung by clock-"w is susp5d$ "u ! receiv] ( an air pump1 & ! air pump$ out1 ! s\nd ( ! bell w gr[ fa9t z ! quantity ( air 9 ! receiv] decreases1 & f9ally w /op completely4 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! glass ( ! receiv]1 h[ev]1 ! bell may be se5 r++ z vigor\sly z at fir/4 ,we le>n ?us t ! air ar\nd a s\nd+ body plays an important "p 9 ! transmission ( ! vibrations to our e>s4 ,! way 9 :i* ! air acts 9 transmitt+ ! vibrations is z foll[s4 ,at ea* vibration ( ! s\nd+ body1 x compresses1 to a c]ta9 degree1 a lay] ( air 9 front ( x4 ,?is lay]1 h[ev]1 does n rema9 compress$1 = air is v ela/ic1 & ! compress$ air soon exp&s1 & 9 do+ s compresses a lay] ( air j beyond x4 ,?is lay] exp&s 9 its turn1 & compresses ano!r lay] /ill fur!r f ! body4 ,9 ?is way waves ( compression are s5t ?r\gh ! air1 at ea* vibration1 9 all directions f ! vibrat+ body4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t p>ticles ( air travel all ! way f ! vibrat+ body to ! e> :5 a s\nd is he>d4 ,ea* p>ticle ( air travels a v %ort di/ance1 nev] any fur!r ?an ! vibrat+ body moves 9 mak+ a vibration1 & ! movem5t ( ! air p>ticles is a vibratory "o1 l t ( ! s\nd+ body4 ,b ! p>ticles ( air ne> ! s\nd+ body communicate _! vibrations to o!r p>ticles1 fur!r f t body1 & ^!1 9 turn1 to o!rs /ill fur!r away1 s1 :ile ! p>ticles ( air !mselves move v %ort di/ances1 ! waves produc$ by _! vibrations may be made to travel a consid]able di/ance4 ,! size ( a s\nd wave ord9>ily is v small1 b s\nd waves are sometimes made ( su* size & /r5g? z to /rike our e>s ) a =ce suffici5t to rupture ! e> drum4 ,su* l>ge & =ceful waves come dur+ explosions1 su* z ! dis*>ges ( cannon or ! explosions ( l>ge quantities ( gunp[d] "u any conditions4 ,:at ,is ,s\nd8 ,f :at has already be5 said1 y w probably answ] t s\nds are waves 9 ! air1 :i* produce ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,?is is correct1 b s\nd is n limit$ to vibrations ( ! air4 ,o!r ela/ic sub/ances c be made to vibrate 9 ! same way1 & ! waves s produc$ :5 convey$ to our e>s1 produce ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,if y put y\r e> "u wat] & !n /rike two /ones toge!r 9 ! wat] y w he> a s\nd z readily z y w\ld 9 air4 ,s\nd waves may be transmitt$ by solid bodies also1 & "s ( ^! are bett] = ?is purpose ?an air or liquids4 ,p]haps y h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( plac+ y\r e> aga9/ "o ( ! /eel rails on a railroad track to li/5 = ! com+ ( a di/ant tra94 ,if y h tri$ ?is1 y "k t a s\nd t is too fa9t1 or is made too f> away1 to be he>d ?r\gh ! air1 c easily be he>d ?r\gh ! rail4 ,9 view ( ! fact t o!r sub/ances ?an air c be ?r[n into waves t w affect ! s5se ( he>+1 we may def9e s\nd z vibrations 9 any ela/ic object1 t produces ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,! def9ition is sometimes call$ ! physical def9ition ( s\nd1 9 contradi/9ction to ! physiological def9ition ( s\nd :i* is giv5 z ! s5sation produc$ :5 vibrations 9 ela/ic sub/ances are convey$ to our e>s4 ,y w see !n t s\nd :5 ref]r+ to ! physical def9ition is :at makes s\nd kn[n 9 ! physiological def9ition4 ,! t]m s\nd alone1 )\t qualifications1 may h ei!r mean+1 & !re=e /atem5ts conc]n+ s\nd may be mislead+1 unless we are exact 9 expla9+ ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$4 ,h[ ,fa/ ,does ,s\nd ,travel8 ,:5 a s\nd is made close to u1 x rea*es our e>s s quickly t x seems z ?\gh x took no "t to travel2 b :5 a gun is fir$ by a p]son at a di/ance1 y w notice t aft] y see ! fla% ( ! gun1 a little "t elapses be=e ! s\nd rea*es y\r e>4 ,x takes a little "t = ! light f ! fla% to get to y\r eyes1 b a v %ort "t1 :i* y _c appreciate4 ,s\nd travels mu* m sl[ly & ! "t x takes to travel a few hundr$ y>ds is noticeable4 ,accurate measurem5ts ( ! spe$ ( s\nd h be5 made1 & x has be5 f\nd t s\nd usually travels 9 air at a spe$ ( ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet a second4 ,! spe$ is n always ! same1 h[ev]1 = a numb] ( circum/ances may cause x to v>y4 ,9 air :i* is heat$1 ! spe$ at :i* s\nd travels 9 x is increas$ because hot air exp&s4 ,at ! freez+ po9t1 s\nd travels ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #a1jia feet a second1 & = e increase 9 temp]ature ( "o degree ( heat1 ! spe$ is increas$ ab\t ?irte5 in*es a second4 ,accord+ly at #fh ,f4 ! spe$ w\ld be approximately #a1acj feet a second4 ,s\nds also travel fa/] 9 moi/ air ?an 9 dry4 ,9 o!r gases ! spe$ ( s\nd transmission may be great] or less ?an 9 air4 ,= example1 9 hydrog5 gas1 :i* is mu* light] ?an air1 s\nd travels ne>ly f\r times z fa/ z x does 9 air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is heavi] ?an air1 s\nd is transmitt$ m sl[ly4 ,9 liquids1 :i* are always heavi] ?an air1 y w\ld naturally ?9k t s\nd w\ld travel m sl[ly ?an 9 air1 b ?is is n true4 ,liquids are less compressible ?an gases & ?is causes ! spe$ ) :i* s\nd is transmitt$ 9 !m to be increas$4 ,9 wat] s\nd travels ab\t f\r times z fa/ z 9 air4 ,:at ,are ! ,prop]ties ( ,s\nd8 ,s\nds diff] f ea* o!r by ! ext5t to :i* !y possess ?ree qualities1 namely2 int5sity1 pit* & quality4 ,! int5sity ( any s\nd t we he> dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! waves t rea* our e>s4 ,! size ( a s\nd wave gradually decreases1 z ! wave travels f its />t+ po9t1 consequ5tly ! int5sity ( a s\nd dep5ds ^u ! di/ance f ! po9t at :i* ! s\nd 0 produc$4 ,we "k ?is f exp]i5ce & if we ?9k ( ! matt] = a mom5t we w see :y x is s4 ,at ! />t ( a s\nd wave1 only a small quantity ( air is affect$1 b = e in* x travels ! quantity ( air to :i* ! wave is convey$ becomes l>g]1 & ! int5sity ( ! waves mu/ gr[ correspond+ly small]1 j z :5 a pebble is dropp$ into wat]1 ! ripples produc$ by x are highe/ at ! po9t :]e ! pebble /ruck ! wat]1 & gr[s l[] & l[] z _! circle wid5s4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible to measure ! int5sity ( a s\nd wave1 at diff]5t di/ances f ! po9t f :i* x />t$1 & f ^! measurem5ts x has be5 le>n$ t ! decrease 9 ! op5 air1 foll[s a fix$ rule t is /at$ ?us3 ! int5sity ( a s\nd wave at any po9t is inv]sely proportional to ! squ>e ( its di/ance f its />t+ po9t4 ,?is rule is call$ 8! law ( inv]se squ>e10 & x means t if ! int5sity ( a wave be measur$ at two po9ts1 di/ant say "o hundr$1 & two hundr$ y>ds1 respectively1 f ! />t+ po9t ( ! s\nd1 ! int5sity ( ! s\nd at ! fir/ po9t w be f\nd to be f\r times z great z at ! second po9t4 ,:y ,c ,y ,he> ,m ,easily ,?r\gh a ,speak+ ,tube8 ,we h se5 t ! decrease 9 int5sity ( a s\nd wave z x travels ?r\gh ! air1 is due to ! fact t ! quantity ( air set 9 motion by x is con/antly increas+4 ,b1 if a wave is convey$ ?r\gh a tube conta9+ air1 ! quantity ( air to :i* ! vibrations are communicat$ does n increase z ! wave travels =w>d1 & !oretically !re is no decrease 9 int5sity4 ,:5 a wave is actually transmitt$ 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t !re is "s decrease 9 int5sity on acc\nt ( ! friction ( ! p>ticles ( air aga9/ ! sides ( ! tube2 b ! decrease f ?is cause is mu* sl[] ?an t :i* occurs 9 ! op5 air1 & consequ5tly s\nds c be he>d at mu* great] di/ances ?r\gh tubes ?an ?r\gh ! op5 air4 ,tubes = speak+ purposes are frequ5tly us$ to connect diff]5t p>ts ( ! same build+1 & if ! tubes are n too crook$ !y s]ve _! purpose v well4 ,pit* is t prop]ty ( s\nds t det]m9es :e!r !y are high or l[4 ,! pit* ( a s\nd dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( vibrations a second :i* ! body t produces x makes4 ,! s\nd ( an explosion has no pit* because x makes b "o wave 9 ! air4 ,! s\nd made by a wagon on a pavem5t has no def9ite pit*1 = x is a mixture ( s\nds1 9 :i* ! numb] ( vibrations p] second is n ! same4 ,pit* is a prop]ty ( cont9u\s s\nds only1 & x is app>5t *iefly 9 musical s\nds1 by :i* we mean s\nds 9 :i* ! vibrations are cont9u\s & regul>4 ,9 music1 h[ev]1 pit* is v important4 ,9 a musical in/rum5t1 ! p>ts are s arrang$ t ! s\nds produc$ c be giv5 any desir$ pit*1 & x is by controll+ ! pit* t ! pleas+ effect ( musical s\nds 9 l>ge measure is produc$4 ,s\nds ( l[ pit* are produc$ by bodies mak+ b a few vibrations a second :ile high-pit*$ s\nds are made by bodies t vibrate rapidly4 ,quality1 may be def9$ z t prop]ty ( s\nds :i* enable u to di/+ui% ! notes produc$ by diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,two notes1 "o ( :i* is produc$ ^u a piano1 & ! o!r ^u a viol91 may h ! same pit* & be equally l\d1 yet !y are easily di/+ui%able4 ,! diff]5ce 9 !m is due to ! pres5ce ( :at are call$ ov]tones4 ,:at ,is ,meant ,by ! ,l5g? ( ,s\nd ,waves8 ,! l5g? ( a s\nd wave embraces ! di/ance f ! po9t ( greate/ compression 9 "o wave to ! same po9t 9 ! next4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! pit* = if a s\nd+ body is mak+ "o hundr$ vibrations a second1 by ! "t ! "o hundr$? vibration is made1 ! wave f ! fir/ vibration w h travell$ ab\t elev5 hundr$ feet f ! />t+ po9t1 & ! rema9+ n9ety-eight waves w lie betwe5 ! fir/ & ! "o hundr$?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! wave l5g? = t p>ticul> s\nd w be ab\t elev5 feet4 ,if ! s\nd+ body _h made elev5 hundr$ vibrations a second by ! "t ! fir/ wave _h travell$ elev5 hundr$ feet1 !re w\ld h be5 elev5 hundr$ waves produc$1 & ! wave l5g? = t s\nd w\ld be "o foot4 ,! wave l5g?s ( s\nds produc$ by ! human voice usually lay betwe5 "o & eight feet1 ?\gh "s s+]s h produc$ notes hav+ wave l5g?s z great z eighte5 feet1 & o!rs h rea*$ notes s high t ! wave l5g? 0 only ab\t n9e in*es4 ,:5 a tun+ =k is /ruck1 x produces a s\nd s fa9t t x c sc>cely be he>d unless ! =k is held ne> ! e>2 b if ! end ( ! =k is held on a box or table1 ! s\nd r+s out l\dly & seems to come f ! table4 ,! explanation ( ?is is v simple4 ,:5 only ! =k vibrates1 x produces v small s\nd waves1 because its prongs are small & cut ?r\gh ! air4 ,b :5 x is set on a box or table1 its vibrations are communicat$ to ! support1 & ! broad] surface ( ! box or table sets a l>g] mass ( air 9 vibration1 & s amplifies ! s\nd ( ! =k4 ,:5 a surface is us$ 9 ?is way to re9=ce ! vibrations ( a small body1 & ?us produce s\nd waves ( great] volume1 x is call$ a s\nd+ bo>d4 ,_m musical in/rum5ts1 l ! viol9 & ! piano1 owe ! int5sity ( _! s\nds to s\nd+ bo>ds1 :i* re9=ce ! vibrations ( _! /r+s4 ,,:at ,a ,,s\nd+ ,,bo>d ,,does ,columns ( air1 l s\nd+ bo>ds1 s]ve to re9=ce s\nd waves4 ,unlike s\nd+ bo>ds1 h[ev]1 !y d n respond equally well to a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t s\nds4 ,!y respond to "o s\nd only1 or to sev]al widely diff]5t ones4 ,?is may be %[n z foll[s3 ,take a glass tube ab\t sixte5 in*es long1 & two in*es 9 diamet]1 & aft] ?ru/+ "o end ( x into a vessel ( wat]1 hold a vibrat+ tun+ =k ov] ! o!r end4 ,by gradually l[]+ ! tube into ! wat] a po9t w be rea*$ at :i* ! s\nd becomes v l\d1 & z ?is po9t is pass$ ! s\nd gradually dies away aga94 ,by rais+ ! tube aga9 ! s\nd is aga9 made l\d :5 ! tube rea*es a c]ta9 po9t4 ,?is %[s t to re9=ce s\nd waves ( a c]ta9 vibration frequ5cy1 ! column ( air 9 ! tube mu/ be ( c]ta9 l5g?4 ,let u n[ see :y ! waves produc$ by ! tun+ =k are re9=c$ only by a column ( air ( a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,:5 ! prongs ( ! =k make a vibration1 a wave ( air is produc$ :i* ent]s ! tube1 goes d[n to ! wat]1 is reflect$1 & comes back t[>d ! =k4 ,n[1 if ! reflect$ wave rea*es ! =k at ! precise mom5t :5 x has complet$ "o-half ( its vibration & is ab\t to beg9 ^u ! second half1 x w /r5g!n ! wave produc$ by ! second half ( ! vibration2 b if ! reflect$ wave rea*es ! =k be=e or aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! second half ( ! vibration1 x w n re9=ce x4 ,at ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l[] prong ( ! tun+ =k1 a wave ( compression is s5t d[n into ! tube1 & is reflect$ at ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to re9=ce ! wave produc$ by ! prong :5 x moves upw>d1 ! reflect$ wave mu/ rea* ! =k j at ! "t t ! prong rea*es its normal position & be=e x />ts ^u ! second half ( its vibration4 ,n only d columns ( air t5d to re9=ce notes hav+ a c]ta9 rate ( vibration1 b all ela/ic bodies h a c]ta9 rate at :i* !y t5d to vibrate1 & :5 s\nds hav+ ! same rate ( vibration are produc$ ne> !m1 ^! bodies w vibrate 9 sympa?y ) !m4 ,if ! s\nds be kept up long en\gh1 ! sympa!tic vibrations 9 objects ne> !m sometimes become s great t !y c easily be se54 ,goblets & tumbl]s made ( ?9 glass %[ ?is prop]ty v /rik+ly4 ,:5 ! prop] notes are s\nd$ ! glasses take up ! vibrations1 & give a s\nd ( ! same pit*4 ,if ! note is l\d1 & is cont9u$ = "s "t1 ! vibrations ( a glass sometimes become s great t ! glass breaks4 ,l>ge build+s1 & bridges also1 h rates at :i* !y t5d to vibrate1 & ?is fact is ! f\ndation = ! old say+1 t a man may fiddle a bridge d[n1 if he fiddles long en\gh4 ,musical ,in/rum5ts4 ,by musical s\nds1 are meant s\nds t are pleasant to he>1 & _! comb9ation 9 su* a way t _! effect is agreeable produces music4 ,any in/rum5t1 !re=e1 t is capable ( produc+ pleas+ s\nds may be call$ a musical in/rum5t1 & music is sometimes produc$ by v odd devices2 b by musical in/rum5ts we ord9>ily mean in/rum5ts t are especially design$ to produce musical s\nds4 ,! numb] ( su* in/rum5ts t h be5 inv5t$ is enorm\s1 b all ( !m may be divid$ into comp>atively few classes1 only two ( :i* are ( mu* importance4 ,! two classes1 only two ( :i* are ( mu* importance4 ,! two classes ref]r$ to are /r+$ in/rum5ts & w9d in/rum5ts4 ,,:at ,,pit* ,,is ,,9 ,,music ,/r+$ musical in/rum5ts are ^? 9 :i* ! s\nds are produc$ by ! vibration ( a numb] ( /r+s1 & are g5]ally re9=c$ by a s\nd+ bo>d4 ,! /r+s are arrang$ 9 ! in/rum5ts 9 su* a way t ! pit* ( ! s\nd produc$ by ea* /r+ %all be> relation to ! pit* ( ^? obta9$ f ! o!r /r+s4 ,z long z ?is relation exi/s1 ! in/rum5t is said to be 9 tune1 & :5 ! relation is de/roy$1 ! in/rum5t is out ( tune1 & ! music produc$ by x is apt to conta9 :at we call discords4 ,! conditions t det]m9e ! pit* ( s\nds produc$ by /r+s c be v easily discov]$ by exp]im5t4 ,?us1 by tak+ two pieces ( ! same wire1 "o twice z long z ! o!r1 & /ret*+ !m equally1 y w obs]ve on /rik+ !m t ! %ort] "o yields ! high] note4 ,if _! vibration frequ5cies are measur$ x w be f\nd t ! %ort] /r+ has a vibration frequ5cy j twice z great z t ( ! long] /r+4 ,f ?is we conclude t :5 two /r+s ( ! same size 7& mat]ial7 are /ret*$ equally taut1 _! vibration frequ5cies are inv]sely proportional to _! l5g?s4 ,by n[ tak+ two pieces ( wire1 ( ! same size & l5g?1 & /ret*+ !m s t ! t5sion ( "o is f\r times z great z t ( ! o!r1 we %all f9d t ! vibration frequ5cy ( ! tight] /r+ is j twice z great z t ( ! loos]4 ,?us1 we see t ! vibration frequ5cy dep5ds ^u ! t5sion appli$ to a /r+1 &1 t 9 /r+s ( ! same size & l5g?1 ! vibration frequ5cies are proportional to ! squ>e roots ( _! t5sions4 ,n[ tak+ two /r+s ( ! same l5g?1 b ) ! diamet] ( "o twice z great z t ( ! o!r1 & /ret*+ !m equally1 we %all f9d t ! vibration frequ5cy ( ! small] /r+ is twice t ( ! l>g]2 :i* %[s t :5 ! l5g?s & t5sions ( two /r+s are equal1 _! vibration frequ5cies are inv]sely proportional to _! diamet]s4 ,9 con/ruct+ /r+$ in/rum5ts1 advantage is tak5 ( ea* ( ^! conditions t affect ! vibration ( /r+s1 & ! requisite pit* is secur$ 9 a /r+ by *oos+ "o ( conv5i5t l5g? & diamet]1 & by /ret*+ x to j ! "r t5sion4 ,:5 a /r+ is pluck$ 9 ! middle1 x vibrates z a :ole1 & its rate ( vibration1 or vibration frequ5cy1 is det]m9$ by ! ?ree conditions t h j be5 discuss$2 b if a f+] is laid on ! /r+1 9 ! middle1 & ! /r+ is pluck$ betwe5 ! middle & ! end1 ! /r+ w vibrate 9 halves1 & ! middle po9t w rema9 at re/4 ,if ! /r+ _h be5 t\*$ at a po9t "o-f\r? ( ! l5g? f ! end x w\ld h vibrat$ 9 f\r?s1 & !re w\ld h be5 ?ree /ation>y po9ts4 ,:5 vibrations are set up 9 a /r+1 ) no?+ to prev5t ! free vibration ( ! :ole /r+1 x fir/ vibrates z a :ole1 & ! s\nd produc$ is kn[n z ! fundam5tal tone ( ! /r+2 b v soon small] vibrations ( segm5ts ( ! /r+ beg91 fir/ ( halves ( ! /r+1 !n ( ?irds1 & !n ( f\r?s4 ,^! small] vibrations produce s\nd waves t bl5d ) ! fundam5tal tone & are kn[n z ov]tones4 ,! comb9$ s\nd ( ! fundam5tal tone & ! ov]tones is call$ a note4 ,! ov]tones pres5t 9 notes t h ! same fundam5tal tone are n ! same :5 ! notes are produc$ by diff]5t in/rum5ts1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! s\nd ( notes ( ! same pit* is n ! same on diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 notes ( ! same pit* has already be5 m5tion$1 b ! way 9 :i* ov]tones are produc$ 0 n expla9$ 9 connection ) x4 ,9 w9d in/rum5ts ! s\nds are produc$ by ! vibrations ( columns ( air 9 pipes4 ,9 ! organ1 :i* is probably ! be/ example ( a w9d in/rum5t1 ! vibrations are usually produc$ by caus+ a curr5t ( air to /rike a %>p edge1 j above ! op5+ ( ! pipe1 z is done 9 a common :i/le4 ,a portion ( ! air curr5t is deflect$ into ! organ pipe1 & x sets up vibrations 9 ! air )9 ! pipe4 ,! pit* ( ! s\nd produc$ by an organ pipe is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! pipe4 ,a pipe t is op5 at bo? ends1 call$ an op5 pipe1 produces a s\nd t has a wave l5g? twice z great z ! l5g? ( ! pipe2 & if ! pipe is op5 at "o end only1 a clos$ pipe1 ! s\nd produc$ has a wave l5g? twice ! l5g? ( ! op5 pipe4 ,h5ce x w be se5 t a clos$ pipe produces a s\nd t has ! same pit* z t produc$ by an op5 pipe t is twice z long4 ,talk+ ,ma*9es4 ,! phonograph1 graphophone1 gramophone1 sonophone1 & o!r talk+ ma*9es1 furni% "o ( ! be/ pro(s ( ! wave !ory ( s\nd1 because _! inv5tion 0 bas$ ^u t !ory4 ,! fir/ talk+ ma*9e 0 t inv5t$ by ,?omas ,a4 ,edison & call$ by him ! phonograph4 ,! o!rs m]ely %[ ! pr9ciple ( ! phonograph appli$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & ne$ n be sep>ately describ$4 ,! reason+ t l$ ,edison to inv5t ! phonograph 0 t if ! s\nd waves produc$ by ! human voice 7 all[$ to /rike a ?ick disk ( h>d rubb] or metal1 !y w\ld cause ! disk to vibrate 9 a c]ta9 way1 & if ! disk 7 aga9 made to vibrate z x _h done "u ! influ5ce ( ! voice1 ! s\nds ( ! voice w\ld be reproduc$4 ,! difficult "p ( ! task ( mak+ a talk+ ma*9e 0 9 f9d+ a way to make ! disk vibrate aga9 z x did "u ! influ5ce ( ! voice4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 f9ally accompli%$1 provid+ ! disk ) a ne$le1 t re/s on a cyl9d] ( h>d wax1 :i* turns sl[ly "u ! po9t ( ! ne$le :ile ! s\nd waves are /rik+ ! disk4 ,! vibrations ( ! disk cause ! po9t to ind5t ! surface ( ! wax s z to produce a groove ( v>y+ dep? on its surface4 ,aft] ! vibrations ( ! speak]'s voice h be5 record$ 9 ?is way on ! surface ( ! wax cyl9d] ! ne$le c be made to retrace its pa?1 & w cause ! disk to vibrate z x did "u ! tones ( ! speak]'s voice4 ,^! la/ vibrations ( ! disk produce s\nd waves simil> to ^? ( ! voice1 b _! amplitude is less & ! s\nd is n s l\d4 ,:y ,does ,r$ ,make a ,bull ,angry8 ,x is v d\btful if a r$ flag really makes a bull m excit$ or m quickly ?an a rag ( any o!r color or any o!r object :i* ! bull c see pla9ly b does n und]/&4 ,conc$+ = ! mom5t t r$ excites a bull m ?an any o!r color1 ! answ] to ! "q w be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t any?+ unusual :i* ! bull sees has a t5d5cy to make him angry & ! ?+ :i* he c see at a di/ance m quickly w />t him go+ mo/ quickly4 ,he c see a r$ rag bett] p]haps ?an almo/ any o!r color4 ,!re may be some?+ ab\t ! color :i* excites him j z "s notes on ! piano w worry "s dogs1 b !re is no way ( /udy+ ! bull's anatomy to det]m9e :y r$ %\ld excite him m ?an any o!r color1 if t is s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,h[ ,a ,,key ,,turns ,a ,,lock ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ! ,knob is ,turn$8 ,all ( t portion ( ! lock :i* is %[n above ! r\nd c5tral po/ is op]at$ by ! knob1 ! sp9dle ( :i* passes ?r\gh ! squ>e hole4 ,be=e ! knob is turn$1 ! p>ts are 9 ! position %[n 9 figure #b1 ) ! lat* bolt protrud+4 ,turn+ ! knob to ! left gives ! position %[n 9 figure #a1 ! upp] lev] 9 ! hub pu%+ back ! yoke1 :i* 9 turn pu%es back ! lat* bolt4 ,:5 ! h& is remov$1 ! spr+s cause ! p>ts to return to ! position %[n 9 figure #b4 ,turn+ ! knob to ! "r also retracts ! lat* bolt1 z %[n 9 figure #c1 by means ( ! l[] lev] on ! hub4 ,! spiral spr+ on ! lat* bolt is light] ?an ! "o above x4 ,?is gives an easy1 lively action to ! bolt1 ) v little friction :5 ! door is clos$1 :ile ! heavi] spr+ above gives a quick & positive action ( ! knobs4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 ! ,key is ,turn$8 ,all ( t portion ( ! lock :i* is %[n bel[ ! r\nd c5tral po/ is op]at$ by ! key4 ,! squ>e /ud is atta*$ to ! bolt1 & 9 figure #a1 x is se5 t ! projections on ! flat tumbl]s prev5t ! /ud f mov+ =w>d1 hold+ ! bolt 9 retract$ position4 ,:5 ! key is turn$ z %[n 9 figure #b1 x raises ! tumbl]s releas+ ! /ud1 & !n pu%es ! bolt out1 ! tumbl]s fall+ into position z %[n 9 figure #c1 ) ! projections aga9 engag+ ! /ud & prev5t+ ! bolt f mov+ until ! key is turn$ backw>d1 aga9 rais+ ! tumbl]s & releas+ & retract+ ! bolt4 ,h[ ,key ,*anges ,are ,provid$4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* keys are made individual to ! locks !y fit4 a4 ,by *ang+ ! %ape ( ! keyhole4 ,?is may be done %ort] or long]1 wide or n>r[1 /raight or tap]+ & ) projections on ! sides :i* ! key mu/ fit1 mak+ x difficult or impossible = keys ( a diff]5t class to ent] ! lock4 ,9 ! lock %[n1 a projection on ! keyhole w be not$1 fitt+ a groove 9 ! bit ( ! key4 b4 ,by w>ds atta*$ to ! lock-case4 ,! two cresc5t-%ap$ w>ds se5 ne> ! key 9 figure #b illu/rate ?is feature4 ,simil> w>ds are plac$ on ! lock cov]4 ,^! fit into ! two not*es %[n on ! key bit 9 figure #d1 & _! %ape & position are v>i$ at w4 c4 ,by *anges 9 ! tumbl]s4 ,!re are five flat tumbl]s 9 ! lock %[n1 & _! l[] edges fit into ! end ( ! key bit4 ,by v>y+ _! height1 *anges 9 ! cutt+ ( ! key are made necess>y4 ,! security ( a lock dep5ds v l>gely ^u its be+ s made t no key w op]ate x except ! "o :i* belongs to x1 & ?is is obta9$ by gu>d+ ! keyhole by means ( a1 by prev5t+ ! wrong key f turn+ by means ( b1 & by /ill fur!r limitations by means ( c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,cyl9d] ,,lock ,,works ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,face ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,lock4 ,! ,cyl9d] ,lock4 ,door locks ( ! highe/ grade ( security are made ) a lock+ cyl9d]1 :i* conta9s tumbl]s 9 ! =m ( m9iature bolts :i* make x impossible to op]ate ! lock except ) ! key to :i* x is fitt$4 ,?is is screw$ into ! lock-case ?r\gh ! side ( ! door1 ) ! lev] on ! inn] end engag+ ! end ( ! bolt 9 ! lock1 s t z x is mov$ x ei!r retracts or 8?r[s0 ! bolt z desir$4 ,figure #a %[s all ! p>ts ( a mod]n ma/]-key$ lock4 ,figure #d %[s a brok5 view ( ! cyl9d] ) all p>ts 9 position4 ,figure #c %[s a simpl] =m us$ :5 ! ma/] key is n desir$4 ,figure #b %[s ! front1 ! only "p :i* is visible :5 ! lock is 9 use1 ) its keyway ( tortu\s %ape :i* w n admit flat-pick+ tools4 ,:5 ! lock is assembl$1 ! p9 tumbl]s project ?r\gh ! %ell1 ! ma/] cyl9d] & ! key plug hold+ all p>ts firmly bolt$ or fa/5$ toge!r4 ,:5 ! prop] key is ins]t$1 ! tumbl]s are rais$ until ! 8breaks0 9 all ( !m co9cide ) ! surface ( ! key plug1 releas+ x & p]mitt+ ! key to turn x4 ,if any "o ( ! five tumbl]s is 4#jjb in* too high or too l[1 ! key w n turn2 s t no key except ! "o made = ! lock c be us$4 ,9 ! ma/]-key$ lock1 ! ma/] key causes ! breaks to co9cide ) ! out] surface ( ! ma/] r+4 ,x is ?us possible to h a ma/] key :i* w fit any desir$ numb] ( locks ) ! individual or *ange keys all diff]5t f ea* o!r & f ! ma/] key4 ,! balls r$uce friction to su* an ext5t t a key has be5 ins]t$ & )drawn = a million times )\t affect+ ! accuracy ( ! lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,lock ,,)\t ,,ma/] ,,key4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,ma/]-,,key$ ,,cyl9d] ,,lock4 ,:]e ,does ,salt ,come ,f8 ,salt is "o ( ! ?+s ) :i* we come 9 contact ) daily p]haps m ?an any o!r4 ,) ! exception ( wat]1 probably no "o ?+ is us$ m by all civiliz$ p ?an salt4 ,y h already le>n$ 9 our talk on elem5ts ! diff]5ce betwe5 a m]e mixture ( sub/ances & a *emical comp\nd4 ,y rememb] t :5 "s sub/ances are only mix$ toge!r1 !y d n lose _! id5tity4 ,9 a comp\nd ! sub/ances are always comb9$ 9 fix$ proportions & ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nd are (t5 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ?+s t make x4 ,common salt is made ( two sub/ances1 t are n at all l salt1 & are v diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,"o1 sodium1 is a s(t1 blui% metal1 & ! o!r is *lor9e1 a yell[i%-gre5 gas4 ,! *emical "n = salt is sodium *loride :i* is d]iv$ f ! two names sodium & *lor9e4 ,sodium & *lor9e are bo? :at we h le>n$ to call elem5ts4 ,an elem5t be+ a sub/ance :i* _c be sep>at$ into sub/ances ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,!re are n[ kn[n ab\t sev5ty su* elem5ts4 ,all ! sub/ances ar\nd u are compos$ ( ^! elem5ts alone1 or *emically unit$ 9 diff]5t comp\nds1 or simply mix$ toge!r4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are mixtures1 n ( sep>ate elem5ts1 b ( comp\nds4 ,! soil "u our feet is a mixture ( comp\nds4 ,wat] is also a comp\nd4 ,pure comp\nds v r>ely occur naturally4 ,salt is sometimes f\nd almo/ pure2 b g5]ally is mix$ ) s _m o!r ?+s t we h to take !m out to get absolutely pure salt4 ,= practical e-day use x is unnecess>y to purify ! salt4 ,salt is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! sea wat]1 9 :i* x is dissolv$ ) "s o!r sub/ances4 ,x is also f\nd 9 salt b$s1 =m$ by ! dry+ up ( old lakes t h no outlets2 salt wells1 t yield /rong br9e2 & salt m9es1 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 h>d1 solid1 transp>5t cry/als1 call$ rock salt4 ,rock salt is ! pure/ =m 9 :i* salt is f\nd &1 to prep>e x = m>ket1 x is m]ely necess>y to gr9d x or cut into blocks4 ,! greate/ deposit ( salt 9 ! _w is probably t at ,wielizka 9 ,pol&1 :]e !re is a b$ #ejj miles long1 #bj miles wide1 & #a1bjj feet ?ick4 ,"s ( ! m9es !re are s ext5sive t x is said "s ( ! m9]s sp5d all _! lives 9 !m1 nev] com+ to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,a trip ?r\gh ^! m9es is int]e/+4 ,9 "o ( !m c be se5 a *ur* made entirely ( salt4 ,! salt supply ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is obta9$ *iefly f ! salt wells ( ,mi*igan & ,new ,york1 ! ,great ,salt ,lake 9 ,utah1 & ! rock-salt m9es ( ,l\isiana & ,kansas4 ,9 ! arts & manufactures1 ! mo/ important uses ( salt are 9 glaz+ e>!nw>e1 9 extract+ metals f _! ores1 9 pres]v+ meats & hides1 9 f]tiliz+ arid soil1 & also1 z we %all pres5tly see1 9 ! manufacture ( soda4 ,( equal importance1 p]haps1 is its use 9 food4 ,mo/ p ?9k x n only l5ds a pleasant flavor1 b is itself an important article ( diet4 ,x is c]ta91 t all p :o c obta9 x use salt 9 _! food1 & :]e x is sc>ce1 x is consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ ( luxuries4 ,soda is ( int]e/ to u1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( its use 9 our h\seholds1 z because x plays on extremely important "p 9 two indu/ries t contribute greatly to our com=t1 viz41 ! manufacture ( glass & soap4 ,soda is n f\nd naturally 9 great abundance1 z salt is1 b is g5]ally made f o!r sub/ances4 ,=m]ly x 0 made almo/ entirely f ! a%es ( c]ta9 plants4 ,"o1 kn[n z ! ,salsoda soda-plant1 0 =m]ly cultivat$ 9 ,spa9 = ! soda conta9$ 9 x1 & ! a%es1 or ,b>illa1 z !y 7 call$1 7 soak$ 9 wat] to dissolve out ! soda4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! _w's soda supply is produc$ f common salt by two processes1 kn[n f ! names ( _! inv5tors z ! ,leblanc & ,solvay processes4 ,,:]e ,,we ,,get ,,soda ,9 ! ,leblanc process ! fir/ /ep is to treat ! salt1 or sodium *loride1 ) sulphuric acid4 ,z a result ( ?is1 a comp\nd ( sodium1 sulphur1 & oxyg51 call$ sodium sulphate is =m$1 toge!r ) ano!r acid conta9+ hydrog5 & *lor9e1 & call$ hydro*loric acid4 ,?is acid is driv5 (f by boil+1 & ! sodium sulphate is left4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process is to conv]t ! sodium sulphate1 or 8salt cake10 into soda1 or1 to give x its *emical "n1 sodium c>bonate4 ,?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by mix+ ! salt cake ) lime/one & coal & heat+ ! mixture4 ,j :at *anges g on :5 ?is is done1 are n kn[n1 b ! *ief ones are probably ! foll[+3 ! coal1 :i* consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( an elem5t call$ c>bon1 takes ! oxyg5 out ( ! sodium sulphate1 & unites ) x to =m c>bonic acid gas1 leav+ a comp\nd ( sodium & sulphur call$ sodium sulphide2 ?is acts on ! lime/one1 :i* is compos$ ( a metal1 calcium1 9 comb9ation ) c>bon & oxyg51 & causes ! sulphur 9 ! sodium sulphide to comb9e ) ! calcium1 =m+ calcium sulphide1 :ile ! sodium comb9es ) ! c>bon & oxyg5 & =ms ! desir$ comp\nd1 sodium c>bonate4 ,aft] ! heat+1 ! result+ mass :i* conta9s calcium sulphide1 sodium c>bonate1 & "s unburn$ coal1 & is kn[n z 8black a%10 is brok5 up & treat$ ) wat]4 ,?is dissolves ! sodium c>bonate1 leav+ ! re/ undissolv$1 & :5 "p ( ! wat] is evaporat$ cry/als conta9+ sodium c>bonate & wat] are =m$4 ,by heat+ ^! ! wat] may be driv5 (f1 & ! sodium c>bonate left beh9d z a :ite p[d]4 ,! ,solvay1 or ammonia soda1 process consi/s 9 =c+ c>bonic acid gas ?r\gh /rong br9e1 to :i* a consid]able quantity ( ammonia has be5 add$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 cry/als are =m$ 9 ! br9e1 :i* are compos$ ( a comp\nd ( hydrog51 sodium1 c>bon1 & oxyg51 & are call$ sodium bic>bonate4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is ! soda we sometimes use 9 bak+ bread1 is decompos$ by heat+1 into wat] & sodium c>bonate1 ! soda us$ = wa%+4 ,! ,leblanc process 0 =m]ly us$ almo/ altoge!r = mak+ soda2 b 9 rec5t ye>s ! ,solvay process has come into ext5sive use1 & x is said t n[ m ?an half ! soda ( ! _w is made 9 ?is way4 ,:]e ,d ,all ! ,little ,r\nd ,/ones ,come ,f8 ,! little r\nd /ones y are ?9k+ ( are really pebbles :i* h be5 worn smoo? & r\nd by be+ rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! wat]1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! waves on a bea*1 or ! runn+ wat] ( brooks & /reams4 ,?is sort ( rock is call$ a wat]-=m$ rock4 ,"s ( !m h travell$ _m miles be=e !y are f\nd side by side on ! %ore or 9 a l>ge mass ( :at we w\ld call conglom]ate rock4 ,b :5ev] y see a r\nd smoo? rock or pebble y may be q sure t x 0 made r\nd & smoo? by ! action ( wat]4 ,y sometimes see l>ge rocks made ( small /ones ( v>i\s colors & sizes4 ,y c (t5 f9d a l>ge rock ( ?is k9d /&+ by itself4 ,if y exam9e x c>efully1 y w f9d x consi/s ( an imm5se numb] ( small /ones ( diff]5t sizes & ( a v>iety ( colors1 all fa/5$ toge!r z ?\gh ) cem5t4 ,?is k9d ( rock is call$ conglom]ate4 ,we "k two k9ds ( conglom]ate rock1 "o1 q common1 9 :i* ! little /ones are r\nd & smoo?1 & ano!r1 n se5 s (t51 9 :i* ! /ones are %>p4 ,! latt] sort is sometimes call$ breccia1 to di/+ui% x f ! =m]1 :i* is call$ true pudd+ /one4 ,:at ,is ,clay8 ,clay is ! result ( ! crumbl+ ( a c]ta9 k9d ( rocks call$ feldsp>s4 ,:5 feldsp> is expos$ to ! action ( ! wea!r1 x crumbles sl[ly at ! surface & ! little fragm5ts comb9e ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 =m+ clay4 ,pure clay is :ite & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *9a & porcela94 ,! common clay t we usually ?9k ( :5 we ?9k ( clay1 is g5]ally yell[i%1 b !re are _m diff]5t color$ clays4 ,mo/ ( ^! colors1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( r$ clay1 yell[ clay & blue clay1 come f ! iron :i* is pres5t 9 ! clay4 ,clay :i* conta9s iron is useful = mak+ bricks4 ,bricks are made f clay by fir/ s(t5+ ! clay & press+ x 9 molds1 ! size ( a brick4 ,:5 dri$ = a "t 9 ! sun !y are put into an ov5 & bak$ 9 great heat & !y become q h>d & g5]ally r$4 ,mo/ ( ! clay f :i* bricks are made turns r$ :5 bak$1 :e!r blue1 yell[ or r$1 because ! iron :i* is 9 ! clay is g5]ally turn$ r$ :5 subject$ to heat4 ,= mak+ porcela9s x is desirable to use ! k9ds ( clay :i* conta9 no?+ t melts :5 heat$ to a high degree4 ,clays :i* conta9 sub/ances :i* melt 9 /rong heat are1 !re=e1 n good = mak+ porcela9s4 ,!re is a pure :ite clay call$ ,kaol9 :i* is v excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,clay out ( :i* we make firebrick = l9+ /oves & fireplaces is free f sub/ances :i* melt4 ,sev]al k9ds ( clay are good = mak+ pa9ts4 ,:]e ,d ,s*ool ,slates ,come ,f8 ,slates su* z are us$ 9 s*ool & z ro(+ mat]ial are =m$ ( clay1 :i* has be5 h>d5$ "u pressure & heat4 ,:5 ?is occurs x does s because a numb] ( lay]s ( clay1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 h at sometime be5 subject$ to great heat & pressure )9 ! e>? ) ! result t ! clay is press$ into v ?ick lay]s & *ang$ 9 color by ! heat & becomes h>d4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( slate4 ,"s ( ! slate1 z f\nd 9 slate m9es1 is us$ to make ro(s ov] build+s & = ?is purpose !y are cut to %apes v mu* l wood5 %+les4 ,!y are easily brok51 h[ev]1 z slate is v brittle4 ,slate is us$ 9 _m o!r ways besides = ro(s & s*ool slates4 ,sometimes x is made into slate p5cils b1 s9ce pap] has become s *eap1 comp>atively few slate p5cils are us$ 9 ! s*ool room today4 ,:at ,causes ,%ad[s8 ,:]e any?+ ?r\gh :i* rays ( light _c pass int]cepts ! light rays com+ f a lum9\s body1 ! light rays are turn$ back 9 ! direction f :i* !y come & ! "p on ! o!r side ( ! object :i* int]cept$ ! light goes into %ade & a %ad[ results4 ,a %ad[ !n is produc$ by cutt+ (f "o or m light rays4 ,we notice %ad[s :5 ! sun is bright 9 ! daytime & at night :5 we walk along ! /reets light$ p>tly by /reet lamps4 ,! %ad[s we see 9 ! daytime are caus$ by our cutt+ (f & ?r[+ back "s ( ! light rays :i* come f ! sun4 ,^! are n s d>k z ! %ad[s we see at night because ! rays ( light f ! sun are s bright & are reflect$ f s _m o!r objects to ! side & 9 back ( u4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we are walk+ along a dimly light$ /reet & come to a /reet lamp ! %ad[s our bodies cause are q black4 ,! night %ad[s are d>k] because ! s\rce ( light is less int5se & ! objects to ! side ( & 9 back ( u 7if we are walk+ t[>d ! light7 d n reflect s mu* ( ! light rays z !y d ( ! sun's rays 9 ! daytime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,! ,,holl[ ,,/eel ,,piles ,,to ,,b$ ,,rock4 ,! ,f\ndation ( a ,sky ,scrap] ,h[ ,holl[ ,/eel ,piles1 ,compress$ & ,concrete ,are ,employ$ to ,make a ,f\ndation ,rapidity ( build+ con/ruction is ( prim>y importance 9 e city ( metropolitan size4 ,:5 real e/ate is sold at ! rate ( sev]al hundr$ doll>s a squ>e foot x is self-evid5t t "t is inde$ money4 ,! delay ( a few days 9 complet+ a /ructure may deprive ! own] ( ! *ance ( e>n+ ?\s&s 9 r5tal money4 ,because ( ! excessive dep? ( an op5 caisson1 ! completion ( a f\ndation may be delay$ = mon?s4 ,h5ce ! build+ may n be complet$ until ! r5t+ p]iod has pass$ & ! own] mu/ wait an entire ye> be=e he c expect any f9ancial return on 8 inve/m5t4 ,because rapidity is s ess5tial 9 city build+ con/ruction ! me?od ( fir/ s9k+ an op5 pit to rock 9 provid+ a f\ndation has be5 displac$ to a l>ge ext5t by a sy/em 9 :i* heavy holl[ /eel piles are employ$ 9 clu/]s to support a build+4 ,! holl[ piles are driv5 ?r\gh quicks& to rock1 clean$ out & ultimately fill$ ) concrete4 ,,piles ,,are ,,driv5 ,,d[n ,,to ,,solid ,,rock ,9 ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ f\ndations1 :i* is illu/rat$1 holl[ /eel piles are driv5 9 ! well-kn[n mann] d[n to solid rock4 ,! /eel pile sections v>y 9 l5g? f #bj feet to #bb feet1 & 9 diamet] f #ab in*es to #bd in*es4 ,if ! gr\nd is to be p5etrat$ to a dep? great] ?an #bb feet1 ! sections ( pil+ are connect$ by means ( a sleeve 9 su* mann] t a wat]tight jo9t is =m$4 ,"u a pressure ( #aej p\nds to ! squ>e in* a jet ( compress$ air is !n employ$ to bl[ out ! e>? & wat] conta9$ )9 ! %ell4 ,a sp\t+ geys] ( mud ris+ sometimes to a height ( #aej feet1 & occasional l>ge pieces ( rock bl[n up f a dep? ( #dj feet bel[ ! gr\nd1 be> te/imony to ! t]rific =ce ( ! air bla/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,piles ,,are ,,ab\t ,,tw5ty-,,two ,,feet ,,long4 ,,if ,,great ,,dep?s ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,rea*$ ,,sections ,,( ,,pil+ ,,are ,,jo9$ ,,toge!r ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,sleeve4 ,:5 ! %ell has be5 completely clean$ out by means ( ! bla/ ( compress$ air1 ! expos$ rock c be exam9$ by l[]+ an electric light4 ,/eel s\nd+ rods are employ$ to te/ ! h>dness ( ! rock & to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 s(t & h>d b$ rock4 ,aft] ! piles 9 ea* pi] h be5 clean$ out1 !y mu/ be cut (f at absolutely ! same height--sometimes a v difficult task :5 !re is little room4 ,! oxy-acetyl5e tor* is us$ = ! purpose1 ! int5sely hot flame cutt+ (f ! /eel almo/ l butt] at ! exact elevation desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+ ,,/eel ,,piles ,,) ,a ,,hot ,,flame ,,pile ,,be+ ,,cut ,,to ,,prop] ,,level ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,tor*4 ,aft] ! piles 9 ea* pi] h be5 clean$ out !y mu/ be cut (f at exactly ! same height--sometimes a v difficult task :5 !re is little room4 ,! oxy-acetyl5e tor* is us$ = ! purpose1 ! int5sely hot flame cutt+ (f ! /eel almo/ l butt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,clu/] ,,( ,,piles1 ,,clean$ ,,out1 ,,fill$ ,,) ,,concrete ,,& ,,cut ,,(f ,,flu% ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,oxy-,,acetyl5e ,,flame4 ,,piles ,,are ,,next ,,fill$ ,,) ,,concrete ,! holl[ %ell is next fill$ ) concrete re9=c$ by means ( long two-in* /eel rods1 sometimes fifty feet 9 l5g?4 ,on clu/]s ( ^! concrete-fill$ piles1 ! weight ( ! build+ is support$4 ,t ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ f\ndations is inde$ rapid1 ! /ory ( ! "w at #ade-adg ,we/ ,tw5ty-eigh? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 proves4 ,rock 0 locat$ #ch feet bel[ ! curb4 ,! mat]ial above x 0 clay & wat]-be>+ s&4 ,/ructural /eel 0 due 9 ?ree weeks1 b ! completion ( ! cell> 0 /ill t5 days (f4 ,! /eel pile f\ndation me?od (f]$ ! only solution ( ! problem4 ,specifications 7 drawn :i* call$ = eighty-five #ab-;in* /eel piles1 driv5 to rock1 bl[n clean by compress$ air1 & fill$ ) concrete1 re9=c$ ) #b-;in* rods4 ,despite v>i\s ob/ructions on ! gr\nd 7%or+ ( neighbor+ build+s & ! l7 ! driv+ 0 />t$ on ,june #cj?4 ,! excavator 0 /ill tak+ out 8 runway :ile ! re> half ( ! lot 0 completely driv54 ,aft] he _h left ! gr\nd a compressor 0 set up1 & ! fir/ pipe 0 bl[n on ,july #g?4 ,?ree days lat] all driv+ & clean+ _h be5 complet$4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ two days all ! piles 7 fill$ & capp$4 ,9 a ^w1 ! entire f\ndation _h be5 complet$ ?ree days be=e ! expect$ arrival ( ! /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,concrete ,,piles ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,sunk ,,to ,,rock ,,bottom ,,& ,,9 ,,:i* ,,two-,,in* ,,/eel ,,rods ,,h ,,be5 ,,ins]t$ ,,to ,,act ,,z ,,re9=cem5t ,,= ,,! ,,concrete ,,:i* ,,w ,,ev5tually ,,be ,,p\r$ ,,94 ,su* rapid "w is n unusual ) ! /eel f\ndation me?od4 ,on ano!r contract1 "w 0 complet$ n 9 ! ?ree mon?s /ipulat$1 b 9 exactly "o mon? & a half1 dur+ :i* brief "t all ! excavation _h be5 done1 includ+ %eet+1 %or+1 pile-driv+1 ! m\nt+ ( concrete gird]s to c>ry ! wall & capp+ ( ! piles ready to receive ! grillage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/eel ,,pile ,,is ,,easily ,,=c$ ,,ev5 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,s(t ,,upp] ,,lay]s ,,( ,,b$ ,,rock4 ,,sometimes ,,v ,,l>ge ,,pieces ,,are ,,bl[n ,,up ,,into ,,! ,,air ,,by ,,! ,,bla/ ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air4 ,sometimes difficulties are enc\nt]$ :i* w\ld prove all b insurm\ntable & c]ta9ly hopelessly exp5sive ) o!r me?ods4 ,?us 9 c>ry+ out ! "o contract1 wat] 0 f\nd #ab feet f ! curb4 ,two runn+ /reams _h int]sect$ at t po9t4 ,! piles 7 simply sunk ?r\gh ! /ream to rock bottom )\t any difficulty4 ,! excessive co/ ( op5-pit "w has sometimes made x impossible to build twelve or f\rte5-/ory build+s 9 _m sections ( ! city ( ,new ,york4 ,! /eel pile has1 h[ev]1 made /eel build+ con/ruction pr(itable4 ,! c>ry+ capacity ( a /eel pile is enorm\s4 ,on a s+le #ab-;in* /eel pile "o hundr$ tons c be safely ma9ta9$4 ,pi]s conta9+ sixte5 piles h be5 us$1 & load+s up to #acjj tons are n unusual4 ,naturally ! "q arises3 ,d ! /eel piles det]iorate 9 "t8 ,! "q has be5 answ]$ ov] & ov] aga9 by ! piles !mselves4 ,aft] a s]vice ( fifte5 ye>s ! /eel f\ndation piles 7 remov$ f ! site ( a build+ :i* n[ /&s at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,wall & ,nassau /reets1 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,!y %[$ practically no det]ioration4 ,! oxidation on ! outside 0 almo/ negligible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bl[+ ,,out ,,mud ,,& ,,rock ,,) ,,compress$ ,,air ,,clean+ ,,out ,a ,,holl[ ,,/eel ,,pile ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air ,a ,,geys] ,,( ,,mud ,,always ,,appe>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,driveway ,,along ,,! ,,top ,,( ,,! ,,olive ,,bridge ,,dam4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,glass ( ,wat] ,h[ ,does ! ,wat] ,get into ! ,faucet8 ,x is easy = y boys & girls :o live 9 ! city to run into ! kit*5 or ba?room :5 y are ?ir/y & by a simple turn ( ! faucet tap secure a glass ( cool & refre%+ wat]1 b did y ev] /op to ?9k h[ _m m5 mu/ con/antly "w & h[ great & p]fect arrangem5ts mu/ be made be=e x is possible to supply a great city ) wat] to dr9k1 to ba! 91 & = cook+ & wa%+8 ,no "o :o has nev] _h ! exp]i5ce ( be+ 9 a t[n or city f :i* ! wat] supply has be5 cut (f1 = a day or a numb] ( days1 c realize h[ necess>y wat] is 9 our daily lives4 ,we are s us$ to hav+ all ! wat] we want at any "t t we ev5 compla9 :5 9 summ] we are ask$ to dr9k wat] :i* is n ic$4 ,dr9k+ ice-wat] is v mu* ( a habit4 ,9 tropical c\ntries :]e !re is no ice1 p dr9k ! wat] j z !y f9d x1 & if y 7 to g !re & dr9k ! wat]s = a few days1 y w\ld soon f9d t ! wat] slakes y\r ?ir/ ev5 :5 q w>m1 s x is n ! ice 9 ! wat] t qu5*es y\r ?ir/1 b ! wat] itself1 & ! ice-wat] is n good = y1 z ! doctor w tell y1 because x *ills ! /oma*4 ,:]e ,does ,our ,dr9k+ ,wat] ,come f8 ,! be/ way to f9d out :]e ! wat] 9 ! faucet comes f is to foll[ x back to its s\rce4 ,let u see4 ,"h we are 9 ! kit*5 & y h j _h a dr9k ( wat] tak5 f ! faucet above ! s9k4 ,! faucet1 y w notice1 is atta*$ to a small pipe :i* is fa/5$ to ! wall back ( ! s9k4 ,we look "u ! s9k & see t ! pipe goes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! floor1 s we reason t ! wat] mu/ come f ! cell>4 ,let u g d[n cell> & see4 ,yes1 "h is ! little pipe t comes d[n ?r\gh ! floor "u ! s9k & we foll[ x along ! wall t[>d ! front ( ! h\se1 & well1 well1 !re x goes "r out ?r\gh ! /one f\ndation ( ! h\se4 ,s we conclude t ! wat] comes f some:]e outside ( ! h\se1 & t ! little pipe we h be5 foll[+ is only a means ( gett+ x f ! outside into ! h\se4 ,we n[ m>k ! place 9 ! wall :]e ! pipe goes ?r\gh & run ar\nd to ! front ( ! h\se to see :]e x comes out1 b we don't see x4 ,x mu/ be buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 s we get a spade & pick & beg9 to dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & pretty soon we f9d ! little pipe po9t+ /raight out t[>d ! /reet4 ,we keep on digg+ ! dirt away1 & ?us op5 a little tr5* f ! h\se to ! middle ( ! /reet & :5 we get !re aft] a great deal ( digg+ we f9d our little pipe atta*$ to a l>g] pipe :i* seems to run along ! gr\nd 9 ! middle ( ! /reet2 s we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to :]e ! wat] comes f1 except+ t s f> z our own home is conc]n$ we "k t x gets into ! h\se ?r\gh a little pipe :i* is atta*$ to a big pipe 9 ! middle ( ! /reet4 ,by ?is "t we "k we h a big job on h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,big ,,dam ,,is ,,built ,,build+ ,,olive ,,bridge ,,dam ,,to ,,=m ,,! ,,a%okan ,,res]voir4 ,! great ,a%okan res]voir is situat$ ab\t f\rte5 miles we/ ( ,k+/on on ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,its co/ is #ah1jjj1jjj1 & x w hold suffici5t wat] to cov] ! :ole ( ,manhattan ,isl& to a dep? ( tw5ty-eight feet4 ,! wat] is imp\nd$ by ! ,olive ,bridge dam1 :i* is built across ,esopus ,creek1 & also by ! ,beav] ,kill & ! ,hurley dikes1 :i* h be5 built across /reams & gaps ly+ betwe5 ! hills :i* surr\nd ! res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,olive ,,bridge ,,dam1 #dfej ,,feet ,,long1 #bjj ,,feet ,,high4 ,! dam is a masonry /ructure #aij feet 9 ?ickness at ! base1 & #bc feet ?ick at ! top4 ,! surface ( ! wat] :5 ! res]voir is full is #eij feet above tide level4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ma9 dam is #defj feet1 & ! maximum dep? ( ! wat] is #aij feet4 ,! area ( ! wat] surface is #ab4h squ>e miles1 & 9 prep>+ ! bottom x 0 necess>y to remove sev5 villages1 ) a total population ( #bjjj4 ,=ty miles ( highway & t5 bridges _h to be built4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! dam & dikes x 0 necess>y to excavate ne>ly #c1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( mat]ial1 & #h1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( embankm5t & ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds ( masonry _h to be put 9 place4 ,! maximum numb] ( m5 employ$ on ! job 0 #cjjj4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pipes ,,run ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,/reet ,we are pretty tir$ ( digg+ by ?is "t1 s we call 9 all ! boys & girls 9 t[n to help u dig s t we may see :]e ^! pipes come f1 & we h a regul> digg+ c>nival4 ,we foll[ ! big pipe along our own /reet until we come to ! corn]4 ,"h we f9d t our l>g] /reet pipe is connect$ ) a /ill l>g] pipe1 s we ?9k we _h bett] foll[ ! l>g] pipe4 ,we keep on digg+1 gett+ m ( ! boys & girls to help1 & we foll[ t big pipe "r out to ! edge ( t[n :]e we see x runs into ano!r /one wall :i* y knew all ! "t 0 ! res]voir1 b conc]n+ :at x 0 = y 7 p]haps nev] q cle>4 ,"r ne> ! place :]e ! pipe goes 9 is a /airway :i* leads up to ! top ( ! wall1 s ! :ole cr[d ( boys & girls climb ! /eps & y are at ! top ( ! res]voir2 & !re spread out be=e y1 y see a big lake surr\nd$ ) a /one wall & y see :]e ! wat] comes f--! res]voir--at lea/ s y ?9k4 ,b y are wrong4 ,y really hav5't come any:]e ne> ! s\rce ( ! supply4 ,= soon z y walk ar\nd ! broad top ( ! wall :i* surr\nds y\r res]voir1 y meet a man :o asks y :at y want1 & y tell him t y h be5 f9d+ out :]e ! wat] 9 ! faucet came f1 b hav+ f\nd out y ?\ght y w\ld g back home4 ,! man smiles at y1 b1 z he is good-natur$ & sees y are really try+ to f9d out :]e ! wat] comes f1 he tells y t s9ce y h gone to all ! tr\ble ( digg+ up ! /reets to foll[ ! pipes1 y might z well le>n all ab\t x4 ,he fir/ tells y t ! res]voir is n really ! place :]e ! wat] comes f b only a tank1 s to speak4 ,he expla9s to y t mo/ ( ! faucets 9 ! city are high] ?an ! real s\rce ( ! wat]1 :i* is out 9 ! c\ntry miles away1 & z wat] w n run up hill1 x is necess>y to keep ! city's daily supply 9 "s place t is high] ?an ! highe/ faucet 9 ! city1 s t x w =ce its way into & fill to ! v end all ( ! l>ge pipes 9 ! /reets & ! small pipes :i* g into ! h\ses1 s t ! wat] w come out j z soon z y turn ! faucet4 ,!n he takes y ov] to a l>ge build+ ne> ! res]voir :i* y h always call$ ! wat] works1 b nev] knew exactly :at x 0 =4 ,he takes y into a l>ge room :]e !re is a lot ( nice-look+ ma*9]y work+ away /eadily b quietly1 & tells y t ^! are ! great pumps :i* lift ! wat] f ! great pipes :i* br+ x f f> away 9 ! c\ntry1 into ! res]voir we h j se51 f :i* ! wat] runs into & fills all ( ! pipes into ! city4 ,he also tells y t 9 "s cities x is impossible to f9d a place to build a res]voir :i* is high] ?an ! highe/ places 9 ! city4 ,9 su* places1 ! pumps 9 ! wat] works pump ! wat] direct into ! city wat] pipes & =ce ! wat] to ! v end ( all ! pipes & keep x !re "u pressure all ! "t4 ,f ! pump+ /ation he takes y d[n /airs 9 ! wat] works & %[s y ! huge pipe :i* br+s ! wat] to ! wat] works f ! c\ntry4 ,x is q ! l>ge/ pipe y ev] saw4 ,y see x is n really an iron pipe1 b built ( concrete1 :i* is q z good4 ,y w be surpris$ to h our fri5d1 ! wat]-works man1 tell y t ?ree av]age-siz$ m5 c\ld /& up on ea* o!r's %\ld]s inside ! great pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,big ,,pipes ,,are ,,laid ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,olive ,,bridge ,,dam2 ,,esopus ,,creek ,,fl[+ ,,?r\gh ,,tempor>y ,,tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plac+ ,,! #i ,,foot ,,/eel ,,pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,huge ,,und]gr\nd ,,riv] ,! wat] is conduct$ f ,a%okan res]voir z a huge1 und]gr\nd1 artificial riv]4 ,! aqu$uct is n9ety-two miles 9 l5g? f ,a%okan to ! nor!rn city l9e1 & x %\ld be expla9$ t x is built on a g5tle grade1 & t ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ?is at a sl[ & fairly con/ant spe$4 ,! aqu$uct conta9s f\r di/9ct types3 ! cut-&-cov]1 ! grade tunnel1 ! pressure tunnel1 & ! /eel-pipe siphon4 ,! cut-&-cov] type1 :i* is us$ on fifty-five miles ( ! aqu$uct1 is ( a horse%oe %ape & measures #ag feet high by #ag feet #f in*es wide1 inside measurem5ts4 ,x is built ( concrete1 & on completion x is cov]$ 9 ) an e>? embankm5t4 ,?is type is us$ :]ev] ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! elevation all[4 ,:]e ! aqu$uct int]sects hills or m\nta9s1 x is driv5 ?r\gh !m 9 tunnel at ! /&>d grade4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r ( ^! tunnels1 aggregat+ f\rte5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,!y are horse%oe 9 %ape1 #ag feet high by #af feet #d in*es wide1 & !y are l9$ ) concrete4 ,:5 ! l9e ( ! aqu$uct enc\nt]$ deep & broad valleys1 !y 7 cross$ by two me?ods3 if suitable rock 7 pres5t1 circul> tunnels 7 driv5 deep )9 ?is rock & l9$ ) concrete4 ,!re are sev5 ( ^! pressure tunnels ( a total l5g? ( sev5te5 miles4 ,_! int]nal diamet] is #ad feet1 & at ea* end ( ea* tunnel a v]tical %aft connects ! tunnel ) ! grade tunnel above4 ,if ! bottom ( ! valley did n (f] suitable rock = a rock tunnel1 or if !re 7 o!r prohibitive reasons1 /eel siphons 7 us$4 ,^! are #i feet & #aa feet 9 diamet]4 ,!y are l9$ ) two in*es ( cem5t mort> & are imb$d$ 9 concrete & cov]$ ) an e>? embankm5t4 ,!re are f\rte5 ( ^! pipe siphons ( a total l5g? ( six miles4 ,at pres5t "o pipe suffices to c>ry ! wat]4 ,ultimately ?ree w be requir$ = ea* siphon4 ,our wat]-works man sees h[ e>ne/ y are 9 see+ j :]e ! wat] comes f1 s he proposes t we g f9d out4 ,we g outside & !re is an automobile all ready to g & we jump 9 & ! ma*9e />ts (f along q "o ( ! nice/ roads y 7 ev] on4 ,soon y exclaim1 8,:y1 ?is is ! aqu$uct road10 & s x is4 ,! great pipe ?r\gh :i* ! wat] comes to ! city is an aqu$uct & !y h built ! road "r ov] ! place :]e ! aqu$uct runs4 ,away we g z fa/ z ! c> c c>ry u1 sometimes t51 or tw5ty or p]haps fifty miles1 accord+ to :at city y are 94 ,! city goes z f> z x mu/ to f9d a supply ( pure wat] & pl5ty ( x & sp5ds millions ^u millions ( doll>s to make its supply ( wat] good & c]ta94 ,occasionally we come to a little /one h\se along ! way :]e we c g d[n & see ! sides ( ! great /one pipe4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 we f9d our aqu$uct road comes to an abrupt /op be=e ano!r great /one wall4 ,x is ! great dam :i* has be5 built out !re 9 ! c\ntry to =m "o end ( a great tank t cat*es & holds ! wat]s f ! creeks & riv]s t fl[ into x4 ,usually ! dam is built up "r across a riv]4 ,!y simply build ! dam /rong en\gh to /op ! riv] f go+ any fur!r4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ! wat] piles up on ! o!r side ( ! dam & occasionally ?is tank1 :i* is simply ano!r huge res]voir1 gets s full t ! wat] fl[s ov]4 ,x does n really ov]fl[ ! top ( ! dam1 because und]nea? ! top ! eng9e]s h left op5+s "h & !re = ! wat] to get ?r\gh4 ,if x 7 n = ^! loopholes1 s to speak1 ! great wall ( wat] )9 ! res]voir1 pil$ aga9/ ! dam1 w\ld break d[n ! wall no matt] h[ well built1 by ! great pressure x ex]ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?r\gh ,,?is ,,*amb] ,,! ,,fl[ ,,( ,,wat] ,,to ,,! ,,aqu$uct ,,is ,,regulat$4 ,,! ,,real ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,we are n[ ne> to ! real s\rce ( ! wat]4 ,we take a trip ar\nd ! top ( ! great res]voir4 ,ar\nd at ! o!r end we f9d :at looks l a riv]1 except+ t !re isn't any curr5t to speak (4 ,x is a riv]1 b a mu* deep] "o ?an x w\ld h be5 b = ! dam :i* has be5 built across x1 & orig9ally its surface 0 q f> d[n 9 a valley4 ,sometimes man makes 8 wat] dam at "o end ( a lake1 :i* has be5 =m$ by /reams fl[+ into a valley :i* has no op5+ = ! wat] to run out (4 ,9 ^! cases ! lake w be high up 9 ! hills & man simply builds 8 dam at "o end1 lets ! end ( 8 aqu$uct into ! bottom ( ! lake & ! wat] fl[s4 ,9 o!r cases he picks out a valley :]e !re is no lake at all1 builds 8 dam & !n dra9s ! wat] :i* he f9ds 9 small lakes high] up 9 ! hills into ! "o big valley & makes a v l>ge lake4 ,b ! wat] 9 ! lakes comes orig9ally f ! creeks1 riv]s or spr+s :i* run into x1 & s we w foll[ our orig9al riv] back into ! hills4 ,"h & !re along its c\rse we f9d a little /ream fl[+ into our riv] &1 z we g up high] & high] into ! hills1 we f9d our riv] gett+ small] & small]4 ,n[ x is only a creek &1 if we g f> en\gh1 we f9d its s\rce b ! t9ie/ k9d ( a t9kl+ brook ) ! wat] dripp+ almo/ noiselessly betwe5 ! rocks z x makes its pa? d[n ! side ( ! hill4 ,!re is ! s\rce ( ! wat] 9 ! glass y h j enjoy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,digg+ ,a ,,hole ,,"u ,a ,,riv] ,,diamond ,,drill ,,bor+ ,a ,,horizontal ,,hole #aajj ,,feet ,,bel[ ,,! ,,hudson ,,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hudson ,,riv] ,,siphon1 #aajj ,,feet ,,bel[ ,,! ,,riv]4 ,( ! _m siphons con/ruct$1 by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ & difficult is t :i* has be5 complet$ b5ea? ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! prelim9>y bor+s made f sc[s 9 ! riv] %[$ t great dep?s w\ld h to be rea*$ be=e rock suffici5tly solid & free f seams 0 enc\nt]$ to )/& ! enorm\s hydraulic pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! tunnel4 ,aft] fail+ to rea* rock by ! sc[ drills1 two s]ies ( incl9$ bor+s 7 made f ea* %ore1 "o pair int]cept+ at ab\t #ijj feet dep? & ! o!r at ab\t #aejj feet4 ,bo? %[$ satisfactory rock1 & accord+ly a %aft 0 sunk on ea* %ore1 to a dep? ( approximately #aajj feet1 & !n a horizontal tunnel 0 driv5 connect+ ! two4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t because ( ! enorm\s head1 :i* mu/ be measur$ f ! fl[ l9e f> above ! riv] surface1 ! pressure 9 ! horizontal tunnel rea*es ov] =ty tons p] squ>e foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,build+ ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,upside ,,d[n ,,%aft #geb-j ,,deep ,,woolwor? ,,build+ #gej #j ,,high ,?is picture %[s ! dep? to :i* ! pipes :i* c>ry ! wat] ?r\gh ! city mu/ sometimes be sunk 9 ord] t x w be c]ta9 to rema9 9 place4 ,to illu/rate ?is 9 connection ) ! dep? ( ! wat] tunnel 9 "o place 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 our arti/ has tak5 ! lib]ty ( turn+ ! ,woolwor? ,build+ upside d[n4 ,ev5 ?is build+1 :i* is ! talle/ bus9ess build+ 9 ! _w1 & is #gib feet high1 w\ld n p5etrate ! wat] tunnel1 at ! po9t %[n1 :i* is at ! ,cl9ton ,/reet %aft at ! we/ bank ( ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,:at is ,c>bonic ,acid8 ,x 0 =m]ly call$ fix$ air1 & is a gase\s comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,x is procur$ by ! processes ( combu/ion & respiration1 & h5ce is always pres5t 9 ! air1 ?\gh 9 m9ute quantity4 ,plants live ^u x & absorb x into _! tissues2 !y ab/ract & assimilate its c>bon1 & return its oxyg5 to ! atmosph]e 9 a pure condition4 ,x is also pres5t 9 spr+ wat]1 & (t5 9 quantities1 s t x sp>kles & eff]vesces2 x is also produc$ dur+ ! processes ( putrefaction1 f]m5tation1 & sl[ decay ( animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 pres5ce ( air4 ,x is l>gely employ$ by ! manufactur]s ( a]at$ bread & a]at$ wat]s4 ,"u a pressure ( ab\t #fjj p\nds x liquefies1 & :5 all[$ to escape ?r\gh a small jet x rapidly evaporates & causes int5se cold1 s mu* s z to become froz54 ,x does n support burn+4 ,! gas d]iv$ f x1 c>bon dioxide1 is invisible1 & is heavi] ?an air by "o half1 & has a pung5t odor & slightly acid ta/e4 ,9 a pure /ate ! gas _c be respir$1 z x supports nei!r respiration nor combu/ion4 ,:5 ! portion 9 ! atmosph]e is increas$ to a consid]able ext5t1 z happ5s sometimes1 x endang]s life4 ,! famili> 8ris+0 ( bread is br\ght ab\t by c>bonic acid gas escap+ ?r\gh & p]meat+ ! d\gh1 mak+ x light & por\s4 ,9 ?is =m x is kn[n z yea/ or z bak+ p[d]4 ,we see its uses also 9 ! *emical fire-eng9e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid gas are con/antly issu+ f op5+s ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,two su* places are ! fam\s ,poison ,valley ( ,java1 & ! ,grotto del ,cane1 ne> ,naples1 9 ,italy4 ,! =m] is a small valley ab\t a half a mile ar\nd & ab\t ?irty-five feet deep1 9 :i* ! air is s load$ ) c>bonic acid gas t animals ent]+ x are kill$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,ev5 birds t fly ov] ! valley are ov]come if !y d n rise high above x4 ,! ,grotto del ,cane1 or ,grotto ( ! ,dog1 is a small cav]n 9 ! crat] ( a volcano4 ,a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas fl[s con/antly into ! grotto1 b ! level ( ! gas does n rea* ! height ( a man's m\?4 ,:5 ! same air is brea!d ov] & ov] aga91 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 x is increas$ s mu*1 t x may become z deadly z ! air 9 ! ,poison ,valley4 ,two o!r gases t may g5]ally be f\nd 9 air are ozone & ammonia4 ,! fir/ is m]ely a =m ( oxyg5 t is produc$ by ! passage ( lightn+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,aft] sev]e ?und]/orms1 x is said to be pres5t1 sometimes1 9 suffici5t proportion to give to ! air a slightly pung5t odor4 ,x is m active *emically ?an is ! ord9>y =m ( oxyg51 & consequ5tly has a /imulat+ effect ^u animals4 ,ammonia1 or h>t%orn1 z x is sometimes call$1 f ! fact t x 0 =m]ly obta9$ by di/ill+ ! horns ( h>ts1 or de]1 is almo/ always pres5t 9 ! air 9 small quantities4 ,x is produc$ *iefly by ! decay ( animal & vegetable matt]1 especially ! =m]4 ,?\gh pres5t 9 ! air 9 v small quantities1 x is ( mu* value to ! plant _w1 because x conta9s nitrog5 9 a =m 9 :i* x c be readily absorb$ by plants4 ,all plants conta9 "s nitrog51 :i* is ess5tial to _! gr[?1 b ! great] "p ( ! nitrog5 9 ! air is n 9 su* =m t x c be absorb$ by !m4 ,!y mu/ obta9 _! supply f ! soil1 :i* usually conta9s "s nitrog5 9 a =m t may be tak5 up by plants1 & f ! ammonia 9 ! air4 ,! latt] is n tak5 directly out ( ! air by ! plants1 b ! ra9s fall+ ?r\gh ! air absorb ! ammonia & c>ry x to ! soil1 f :i* x is tak5 up into ! plants by _! roots4 ,,v>i\s ,,gases ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,air ,besides ! gases t h be5 m5tion$1 !re is pres5t 9 ! air1 at all times1 a small quantity ( wat]-vapor1 :i* is1 9 _m ways z important to mank9d z is ! oxyg5 itself4 ,! quantity ( wat] 9 ! air is n always ! same4 ,z a rule1 ! quantity is great] 9 w>m air ?an 9 cold1 & is less ov] l& ?an ov] wat]4 ,frequ5tly ! air feels damp 9 cold wea!r1 & dry 9 hot wea!r1 & x is natural to suppose t !re is m vapor 9 ! air on ! damp day ?an on ! dry "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n always true4 ,!re is usually m moi/ure 9 ! air on a w>m summ] day ?an on a cold day 9 w9t]1 ?\gh ! w9t] day may seem mu* m moi/4 ,y w be able to und]/& :y ?is is s by comp>+ ! air to a sponge4 ,if we fill a sponge ) wat]1 & squeeze x g5tly1 a little wat] w be =c$ out ( x4 ,if we !n remove ! pressure on ! sponge4 ,:5 ! air cools1 w appe> dry on ! surface1 b !re w /ill be wat] 9 x1 & on be+ squeez$ h>d] ?an be=e x w aga9 become moi/ on ! surface & m wat] w be =c$ out ( x4 ,n[ cold has an effect ^u moi/ure-lad5 air v mu* l t ( pressure on ! sponge4 ,:5 ! air cools1 "s ( ! moi/ure is =c$ out ( x1 & ! air seems damp4 ,:5 x w>ms aga91 ! air seems dry1 ?\gh !re is /ill wat]-vapor 9 x4 ,x seems dry because x c absorb m wat]-vapor1 j z ! sponge seems dry aft] y cease to squeeze x1 ?\gh x /ill conta9s wat]4 ,f ?is we see t ! air does n always seem moi/ :5 !re is mu* wat]-vapor 9 x1 nor dry :5 !re is only a little4 ,x feels moi/ :5 !re is z mu* wat]-vapor pres5t z x c hold1 & dry :5 x c held m ?an x already has4 ,& we also see t 9 hot wea!r ! air c hold mu* m moi/ure ?an x c 9 cold wea!r1 s t :e!r ! air feels dry or moi/1 !re is g5]ally mu* m wat]-vapor 9 x 9 hot wea!r ?an 9 cold4 ,x is easy to see t1 ov] wat]1 ! air naturally takes up m moi/ure ?an ov] l&1 because !re is s mu* m wat] !re to be trans=m$ into vapor4 ,ov] ! surface ( seas1 lakes & riv]s1 wat] is cont9ually be+ conv]t$ into vapor by ! process ( evaporation1 & ?is vapor is absorb$ by ! air4 ,let u n[ consid] ! solid p>ticles float+ 9 ! air1 ! du/ t is se5 danc+ 9 ! pa? ( a sunbeam4 ,:5ev] we exam9e ! air1 ^! small p>ticles are f\nd1 ev5 on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 & at po9ts s high above ! e>? t !y h be5 rea*$ only by balloons4 ,( c\rse1 !re is v mu* less du/ high above ! e>? ?an ne> ! surface1 :]e ! w9ds are con/antly /irr+ up ! loose soil1 & ?r[+ into ! air small p>ticles ( e k9d4 ,9 cities1 :]e factory *imneys are cont9ually p\r+ out cl\ds ( smoke1 & ! p & vehicles are con/antly di/urb+ ! du/ ( ! /reets1 ! air always conta9s m du/ ?an does ! air ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ord] t we may brea! air1 ! oxyg5 9 x has be5 mix$ ) f\r times z mu* nitrog5 & argon1 :i* mu/ be inhal$ ) ! oxyg51 ?\gh !y h no m effect on ! body ?an ! wat] y take ) a /rong m$ic9e to weak5 x4 ,! oxyg51 h[ev]1 has a v important effect ^u ! body1 & if we comp>e ! air we exhale ) t we inhale we f9d consid]ably less oxyg5 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,9 place ( ! oxyg51 ! air has receiv$ c>bonic acid gas4 ,x may seem v /range to say t !re is burn+ go+ on 9 ! body1 b t is v ne>ly :at takes place4 ,! *ief diff]5ce f coal-burn+ is t 9 ! body ! process goes on s sl[ly t x does n make ! body v hot2 b :5 we set fire to coal1 ! process is mu* m rapid1 & a l>ge am\nt ( heat is produc$ 9 a %ort "t1 s t ! coal becomes v hot4 ,! products ( brea?+ & ( coal-burn+ are ! same1 c>bonic acid gas be+ ! *ief "o4 ,:5 coal is burn$ x disappe>s1 toge!r ) "s ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & 9 _! /ead we h c>bonic acid gas4 ,:5 a brea? is tak5 "s ( ! mat]ial ( ! body disappe>s1 z does "s ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & 9 place ( !m c>bonic acid gas is f\nd4 ,if we c\ld weigh ! coal burn$ & ! oxyg5 t disappe>s 9 ! burn+ ( x1 & c\ld !n weigh ! c>bonic acid gas t is produc$ 9 ! burn+1 we %\ld f9d t ! latt] weighs j z mu* z ! coal & ! oxyg5 toge!r4 ,s1 too1 if we c\ld weigh ! oxyg5 t disappe>s f ! air we brea!1 & also f9d ! weight ( ! mat]ial tak5 f our bodies by brea?+1 we %\ld f9d t ! two toge!r weigh j z mu* z ! c>bonic acid gas giv5 (f 9 our brea?4 ,9 nei!r case is any?+ absolutely de/roy$2 ! sub/ances result+ f ! *ange weigh j z mu* z ^? t took "p 9 x4 ,hav+ le>n$ t a quantity ( oxyg5 disappe>s e "t we take a brea?1 e "t we build a fire1 x w\ld seem t 9 ! ?\s&s ( ye>s dur+ :i* m5 & animals h be5 liv+ on ! e>?1 all ! oxyg5 w\ld h be5 exhau/$ & no?+ left 9 its place b c>bonic acid gas4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 z ! c>bonic acid gas is us$ up almo/ z fa/ z x is produc$ & ! oxyg5 is return$ to ! air 9 its /ead4 ,,h[ ,,plants ,,eat ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,all trees & plants1 f ! great r$wood trees ( ,cali=nia to ! smalle/ fl[]s t dot ! fields1 ne$ c>bonic acid gas to keep !m alive & to make !m gr[4 ,_! leaves h ! p[] :5 ! sun %9es on !m to take up c>bonic acid f ! air & to return oxyg5 9 ex*ange4 ,9 ?is way y see t ! balance is kept j z x %\ld be4 ,! oxyg5 ne$$ by animals ( all k9ds is furni%$ by ! plants1 & ! c>bonic acid requir$ by plants is ?r[n (f 9 ! brea? ( animals4 ,is ,x a ,fact t ! ,sun ,revolves ,on ,its ,axis8 ,x is a prov$ fact t ! sun revolves on its axis4 ,all p>ts ( its surface1 h[ev]1 d n rotate ) ! same velocity4 ,! rotation ( ! sun diff]s f t ( ! e>? 9 ?is respect4 ,?is con/itutes ! visible pro( t ! physical /ate ( ! sun is diff]5t f ! e>?'s1 al?\gh !y are compos$ ( simil> *emical elem5ts4 ,! e>?1 be+ cov]$ ) a solid cru/1 & be+ also1 z rec5t inve/igation demon/rates1 z rigid z /eel ?r\gh\t its entire globe1 rotates ) "o & ! same angul> velocity f ! equator to ! poles4 ,if y /ood on ! e>?'s equator y w\ld be c>ri$ by its daily rotation r\nd a circle ab\t #be1jjj miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,if y /ood )9 a y>d ( ! ,nor? or ,s\? ,pole y w\ld be c>ri$1 by ! same motion1 r\nd a circle n q #ai feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,& yet x w\ld require precisely ! same "t1 viz41 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to describe ! #ai-;foot circle z ! #be1jjj-mile "o4 ,:at ,is ! ,mo/ ,usefully ,valuable ,metal8 ,if y 7 guess+ y w\ld naturally say t gold is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! metals4 ,b y w\ld be wrong4 ,! prop] answ] to ?is is iron4 ,we d n mean ! p\nd = p\nd value1 = y c\ld get mu* m money = a p\nd ( gold ?an = a p\nd ( iron1 b we mean 9 useful value--iron is 9 t s5se ! mo/ valuable metal kn[n to man4 ,?is is s because iron is ( great s]vice to man 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 & x is v well t !re is s great a quantity ( x = man's use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,does ,,tobacco ,,come ,,f8 ,,gr[+ ,,tobacco ,,"u ,,*eeseclo?4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,pipe & ,cig>#f #f ,copyright by ,tobacco ,leaf ,publi%+ ,co4 ,:]e ,did ! ,"n ,tobacco ,orig9ate8 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ! ^w tobacco is d]iv$ f 8tobago10 :i* 0 an ,indian pipe4 ,! tobago 0 ,y-%ap$1 & usually consi/$ ( a holl[1 =k$ re$1 ! two prongs ( :i* 7 fitt$ into ! no/rils1 ! smoke be+ drawn f tobacco plac$ 9 ! end ( ! /em4 ,! isl& ( ,tobago1 contr>y to ! belief ( _m1 did n furni% ! "n = tobacco1 b on ! o!r h&1 x 0 giv5 t "n by ,columbus1 ow+ to its resemblance 9 %ape to ! ,indian pipe4 ,h[ ,0 ,tobacco ,discov]$8 ,:ile tobacco is n[ f\nd gr[+ 9 all inhabit$ c\ntries1 x is a native ( ! ,am]icas & adjac5t isl&s4 ,its discov]y by civiliz$ man 0 co9cid5t ) ! discov]y ( ?is cont95t by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 9 #adib4 ,columbus & 8 adv5tur\s sailors f\nd ! native ,indians us+ ! we$ on ! explor]'s fir/ visit to ! new _w4 ,inve/igation has e/abli%$ t ! plant 0 fir/ us$ z a religi\s rite & gradually became a social habit among ! natives4 ,columbus & 8 ,ca/ilian successors c>ri$ ! we$ to ,spa94 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh took x to ,engl&1 ,jean ,nicot1 ^: "n is immortaliz$ 9 nicot9e1 introduc$ x to ! ,fr5*2 adv5tur\s trad]s br\ght ! se$ to ,turkey & ,syria1 & ,spani% argosies c>ri$ x we/w>d f ,mexico to ! ,philipp9es & !nce to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,?us )9 two c5turies aft] its discov]y tobacco 0 be+ cultivat$ 9 ne>ly e c\ntry & 0 be+ us$ by e race ( m54 ,:]e ,does ,tobacco ,gr[8 ,:ile tobacco is a native ( ! ,am]icas1 x is a fact t x w gr[ aft] a fa%ion almo/ any:]e4 ,milton ,:itney1 ,*ief ( ! ,division ( ,soils1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 9 8 bullet9 on tobacco soils says tobacco c be gr[n 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! c\ntry ev5 :]e :eat & corn _c economically be gr[n4 ,! plant readily adapts itself to ! great range ( climatic conditions1 w gr[ on ne>ly all k9ds ( soil & has a comp>atively %ort season ( gr[?4 ,b :ile x c be s univ]sally gr[n1 ! flavor & quality ( ! leaf are greatly influ5c$ by ! conditions ( climate & soil4 ,! indu/ry has be5 v highly specializ$ & !re is only dem& n[ = tobacco possess+ c]ta9 qualities adapt$ to c]ta9 specific purposes4444 ,x is a curi\s & int]e/+ fact t tobacco suitable = our dome/ic cig>s1 is rais$ 9 ,sumatra1 ,cuba & ,florida1 & !n pass+ ov] our middle tobacco ,/ates ! cig> type is f\nd aga9 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio & ,wiscons94444 ,x is surpris+ to f9d s little diff]5ce 9 ! meteorological record = ^! sev]al places dur+ ! crop season4 ,!re does n seem to be suffici5t diff]5ce to expla9 ! di/ribution ( ! diff]5t classes ( tobacco1 & yet ?is di/ribution is probably due ma9ly to climatic conditions4444 ,! plant is f> m s5sitive to ^! meteorological conditions ?an are our in/rum5ts4 ,ev5 9 su* a fam\s tobacco region z ,cuba1 tobacco ( good quality _c be gr[n 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ocean or 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! isl& t w\ld o!rwise be consid]$ good tobacco l&s4 ,?is has be5 exp]i5c$ also 9 ,sumatra & 9 our own c\ntry1 b ! influ5ces are too subtle to be detect$ by our meteorological in/rum5ts4444 ,"u good climatic conditions1 ! class & type ( tobacco dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! soil1 especially on ! physical "* ( ! soil ^u :i* x is gr[n1 :ile ! grade is dep5d5t l>gely ^u ! cultivation & cur+ ( ! crop4 ,diff]5t types ( tobacco are gr[n on widely diff]5t soils all ! way f ! co>se s&y l&s ( ! ,p9e ,b>r5s1 to ! heavy1 clay1 lime/one1 corn & :eat l&s4 ,! be/ soil = "o k9d ( tobacco1 !re=e1 may be almo/ wor?less = ! /aple agricultural crops1 :ile ! be/ = ano!r type ( tobacco may be ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive soil ( any t we h4 ,,:]e ,,havana ,,tobacco ,,is ,,gr[n ,havana tobacco1 :i* means all tobacco gr[n on ! isl& ( ,cuba1 possesses peculi> qualities :i* make x ! f9e/ tobacco 9 ! _w = cig> purposes4 ,! isl& produces f #cej1jjj to #ejj1jjj bales annually1 ( :i* #aej1jjj to #bej1jjj bales come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = use 9 ,am]ican cig> factories4 ,! be/ quality ( ! ,cuban tobacco comes l>gely f ! ,vuelta ,abajo section1 al?\gh "s v *oice tobaccos are rais$ also 9 ! ,p>tidos section4 ,rem$ios tobaccos are m heavily bodi$ ?an o!rs & are us$ almo/ exclusively = bl5d+ ) our dome/ic tobaccos4 ,:ile !re are innum]able sub-classifications1 su* z ,semi-,vueltas1 ,remates1 ,tumbad]o1 etc41 ! ?ree g5]al divisions nam$ above1 ,vuelta ,abajo1 ,p>tidos & ,rem$ios1 embrace ! entire isl&4 ,if a f\r? g5]al classification 7 to be add$1 x w\ld be ,semi-,vueltas4 ,! ,vuelta ,abajo is gr[n 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,p9> del ,rio1 locat$ at ! we/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,x is rais$ practically ?r\gh\t ! entire prov9ce4 ,semi-,vueltas are also gr[n 9 ,p9> del ,rio1 b ! trade draws a l9e betwe5 !m & ! g5u9e ,vueltas4 ,p>tidos tobacco1 :i* is gr[n pr9cipally 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,havana1 diff]s f ! ,vuelta ,abajo 9 t x is ( a mu* light] quality4 ,! ,p>tidos c\ntry is fam\s = its production ( f9e light glossy wrapp]s4 ,tobacco f ! =ego+ sections is us$ pr9cipally 9 ! manufacture ( cle> ,havana cig>s4 ,"s ( ! heavi] ,vueltas1 h[ev]1 are also us$ = se$ & ,havana cig> purposes4 ,rem$ios1 o!rwise kn[n z ,vuelta-,arriba1 is gr[n 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,santa ,cl>a1 locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! isl&4 ,?is tobacco is tak5 almo/ entirely by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe & is us$ "h = fill] purposes1 pr9cipally 9 se$ & ,havana cig>s4 ,its g5]al *>act]i/ics are a high flavor & r heavy body1 :i* make x especially suitable = bl5d+ ) our dome/ic tobaccos4 ,havana tobacco is pack$ & m>ket$ 9 bales4 ,prep>+ ! ,se$ ,b$s4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! prep>ation ( ! se$ b$s4 ,= ^! b$s l[1 ri*1 h>dwood l&s are select$4 ,! trees are cut d[n & ! wood split1 conv]t$ into cord wood & pil$ up to dry4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,janu>y ?is wood is /ack$ up on skid poles & ignit$4 ,! gr\nd is ?us cle>$ by burn+1 ! fires be+ mov$ f spot to spot until a suffici5t area is cle>$4 ,by ?is process all grass1 we$s1 bru% & insects are eradicat$4 ,! gr\nd is !n dug up ) hoes & cle>$ (f & a p]fect se$ b$ is made4 ,! tobacco se$ is fir/ mix$ ) dry a%es 9 ! proportion ( ab\t a tablespoonful ( se$ to a gallon ( ! a%es1 & ab\t ?is quantity is s[$ ov] a squ>e rod ( l&4 ,?is am\nt is calculat$ to supply plants en\gh = "o acre ( gr\nd1 b ! f>m]s usually d\ble ! plant+ z a precaution aga9/ em]g5cies4 ,aft] ! se$ b$s are s[$ !y are cov]$ ov] ) *eeseclo? z a means ( protection1 & !y are c>efully we$$ & wat]$ until ! leaves h atta9$ a l5g? ( ab\t f\r in*es4 ,!y are !n ready = transplant+1 :i* op]ation beg9s ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,f]tilization4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! tobacco-gr[+ areas h be5 prep>$ by pl[+ & f]tiliz+4 ,! matt] ( f]tilization has be5 ! subject ( mu* /udy & _m exp]im5ts1 & x has be5 def9itely e/abli%$ t c[ manure is "o ( ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,?is natural f]tiliz] is di/ribut$ on ! fields at ! rate ( t5 to tw5ty two-horse loads to ea* acre4 ,9 addition to ?is f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( c>bonate ( pota%1 & f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& p\nds ( bright cottonse$ meal are employ$4 ,! total co/ ( ?is f]tiliz] am\nts to ab\t #abj p] acre4 ,plant+4 ,aft] ! f]tiliz] is well pl[$ into ! l& ! gr\nd is laid (f into ridges ab\t f\r feet ap>t1 made by ?r[+ two "o-horse furr[s toge!r4 ,^! ridges are ab\t two feet 9 wid? & are flatt5$ on ! top s z to make a level b$ = ! "y plant4 ,! f>m] !n measures (f & m>ks ^! r[s at int]vals ( #af to #ah in*es4 ,at ea* m>k he makes a small hole1 & aft] p\r+ 9 a p9t ( wat] ! plant is c>efully set4 ,ma*9e plant]s are us$ = ?is purpose to a limit$ ext5t4 ,c>e ( ! ,gr[+ ,crop4 ,! gr[]s usually calculate on f9i%+ _! plant+ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,! "y plants are !n closely wat*$ & are ho$ & cultivat$ at lea/ once a week4 ,!y are also suppli$ ) suffici5t wat] to keep !m alive & gr[+4 ,at ?is /age ( ! proce$+s1 ! plant] beg9s to look out = worms4 ,! butt] worm is "o ( 8 greate/ enemies4 ,?is is a small gre5 mo? t lays its eggs 9 ! bud ( ! plant & turns into a worm two days lat]4 ,to /op ! ravages ( ?is insect1 x is cu/om>y to use a mixture compos$ ( "s insecticide mix$ ) corn meal4 ,a small p9* ( ?is mixture is ins]t$ at regul> int]vals 9 ! bud ( ea* plant until ! plant is ne>ly gr[n4 ,:5 ! tobacco is ab\t ?ree feet high1 all su* leaves z 7 on ! plant :5 x 0 fir/ set out are pick$ (f & ?r[n away4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! crop is usually ?reat5$ by ano!r enemy kn[n z ! horn worm4 ,?is is a l>ge1 m\se-color$ mo?1 :i* sw>ms ov] ! field ab\t sun-d[n1 & deposits gre5 eggs ab\t ! size ( a v small bird %ot1 on ! back sides ( ! leaves4 ,?is is a v rav5\s insect & unless c>efully wat*$ x w dev\r e leaf ( tobacco1 leav+ no?+ b ! /alks /&+4 ,x is remov$ by pick+ (f & by insecticides4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,field ,,( ,,f9e ,,havana4 ,h>ve/+4 ,ab\t sixty to n9ety days aft] sett+1 ! bottom leaves on ! plant are ripe & ! gr[] is able to remove f ?ree to f\r on ea* /alk4 ,?is is call$ prim+4 ,! prim] deta*es ea* leaf c>efully & places x face d[n 9 8 left h&1 inspect+ x at ! same "t to see t no worms are c>ri$ to ! b>ns4 ,^u accumulat+ a h&ful1 he places !m 9 baskets t are l9$ ) burlap to prev5t injury to ! leaf1 & ! fill$ baskets are ei!r c>ri$ or haul$ to ! b>ns4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! plants h begun to bud out at ! top1 & ?is bud1 ) a few small leaves ar\nd x1 is brok5 (f4 ,?is process is call$ topp+1 & is done = ! purpose ( conf9+ ! developm5t ( ! plant to ! leaves bel[4 ,aft] topp+1 ! prim+ ( ! tobacco is cont9u$ = ab\t ?ree weeks1 & until all ! upp] leaves ( m>ketable value h be5 h>ve/$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! suck]+ has to be look$ aft]1 :i* is ! remov+ ( ! small bran*es t h a t5d5cy to gr[ out ( ! ma9 /alk ( ! plant4 ,9 ! b>ns ! leaves are plac$ on long tables1 beh9d :i* /& ! /r+]s4 ,!y /r+ ! leaves1 ea* sep>ately1 on /rong cotton tw9e1 ab\t ?irty leaves to a /r+1 spac$ ab\t an in* ap>t4 ,if ?is is n done c>efully & accurately1 sev]al leaves may become bun*$ toge!r & ! cure w !reby be impair$4 ,x is att5tion to ?is detail :i* prev5ts ! defect kn[n z pole-sweat4 ,^! /r+s are ti$ at ei!r end to a tobacco la?1 & ! la? is hung ^u two poles4 ,^! poles are plac$ 9 c\rses 9 ! b>n1 at spaces ( two feet1 "o above ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,cuban ,,tobacco ,,plantation4 ,,h[ ,,tobacco ,,is ,,cur$ ,"h ! tobacco und]goes its prelim9>y1 or b>n cure1 & dur+ ?is p]iod ! gr[] is con/antly on ! anxi\s seat1 hav+ to op5 & close 8 cur+ h\ses accord+ to ! *anges 9 ! wea!r1 & to look closely aft] ! v5tilation ( 8 crop 9 ord] to avoid ! developm5t ( /em rot & o!r afflictions ) :i* ! tobacco is ?reat5$ at ?is /age ( ! proce$+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/& ,,( ,,tobacco ,,9 ,,ea* ,,h&4 ,bulk ,sweat+4 ,9 due c\rse ( "t ! la?s are tak5 d[n1 ! /r+s remov$ & ! leaves are =m$ into h&s & ti$ ) a /r+4 ,! tobacco is !n pack$ tempor>ily 9 cases & deliv]$ at ! f]m5t+ h\se1 :]e x is put into :at is kn[n z ! bulk sweat4 ,?is consi/s ( uni=m piles ( tobacco cov]$ ov] ) blankets1 & :i* are frequ5tly 8turn$0 9 ord] t !y %all cure ev5ly & n become too d>k 9 color4 ,f ! bulk sweat ! tobacco goes to ! sort+ tables1 :]e x is divid$ into num]\s grades ( l5g? & color4 ,x is !n turn$ ov] to ! pack]s1 :o =m x into bales4 ,h[ is ,tobacco ,cultivat$8 ,z ! "y plants spr+ up & beg9 to gr[1 !y are ?9n$ out1 wat]$ & c>$ = until along 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]1 & z soon z ! wea!r becomes settl$ = ! season1 ! little se$l+s are transplant$ into ! field4 ,"s gr[]s use %ade1 b mo/ ( ! tobacco is gr[n 9 ! op54 ,! plants are plac$ 9 r[s1 v mu* z corn is plant$1 only f>!r ap>t4 ,! plants are c>efully protect$ f we$s & insects1 & 9 ,decemb] ! e>ly tobacco is ready to be h>ve/$4 ,"h ! mode ( proc$ure diff]s accord+ to ! discretion ( ! gr[]4 ,! plan univ]sally 9 vogue until rec5t ye>s 0 to cut ! plant d[n at ! base ( ! /alk4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 ! m sci5tific gr[]s h>ve/ _! tobacco gradually1 pick+ x leaf by leaf1 accord+ z !y rip5 & mature4 ,! tobacco is !n all[$ to lie 9 ! field until ! leaves are wilt$4 ,! /alks 7or /ems1 accord+ to ! me?od foll[$7 are !n /rung on cujes or poles1 s t ! plants hang ) ! tips d[n4 ,! tobacco is !n all[$ to hang 9 ! sun until x is dry & lat] c>ri$ into ! b>ns1 :]e ! poles are susp5d$ 9 ti]s until ! b>n is full4 ,tobacco b>ns ev]y:]e are con/ruct$ ) movable1 or r1 adju/able1 side & end walls :i* p]mit ( a con/ant adju/m5t ( ! v5tilation4 ,:ile hang+ 9 ! b>n ! tobacco und]goes its prelim9>y cure & *anges 9 color f ! gre5 ( ! gr[+ plant to a yell[i% br[n4 ,! climatic *anges h to be c>efully /udi$ dur+ ?is process4 ,if ! wea!r is extremely dry x is cu/om>y to keep ! b>ns clos$ 9 ! daytime & to op5 ! v5tilators at night4 ,x is g5]ally desirable to keep ! tobacco fairly dry :ile x is und]go+ ! b>n cure4 ,aft] a few weeks1 & :5 ! hang+ tobacco has rea*$ ! prop] /age ( maturity1 a p]iod ( damp wea!r is look$ = s t ! dry leaves may be reh&l$ )\t injury4 ,:5 ! desir$ %[] comes along ! tobacco is /ripp$ (f ! poles & plac$ 9 pilon--t is1 9 heaps1 or piles1 on ! floors ( ! b>ns & w>eh\ses1 ea* pile be+ cov]$ ) blankets4 ,"h1 be+ 9 a compact mass1 x und]goes ! cal5tura1 or fev]1 by :i* x is pretty ?or\ghly cur$1 ! color *ang+ to a deep] br[n4 ,aft] ab\t two weeks 9 ! piles x is sort$1 ti$ into small bundles or c>rots1 & ^! 9 turn are pack$ 9 bales4 ,aft] be+ bal$ ! tobacco1 if all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$1 und]goes a ?ird cure1 by :i* x is greatly improv$ 9 quality4 ,x is !n ready = ! factory4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tobacco ,,b>n4 ,! ,%ade-gr[+ ,me?od4 ,! %ade-gr[+ me?od is "o ( ! in/itutions ( mod]n tobacco cultivation4 ,! pr9ciple is ?is3 ,! sun1 %9+ on ! tobacco plants1 draws ! nutrition f ! e>?1 & ! plant rip5s quickly1 ! leaves hav+ a t5d5cy to be heavy-bodi$ & n v l>ge4 ,to defeat ^! results & produce l>ge1 ?91 silky leaves = cig>-wrapp] purposes1 ! gr[] sometimes cov]s 8 field ) a t5t ( *eeseclo? or ) a lattice-"w ( la?+ :i* protects ! gr[+ tobacco f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,?us ! rip5+ process is sl[]1 caus+ ! leaves to gr[ l>g] & ?9n] & less gummy2 & be+ ?9n] & less gummy1 !y are ( a light] color :5 f9ally cur$4 ,?is me?od is employ$ by "s gr[]s 9 cig>-leaf di/ricts1 su* z ,cuba1 ,florida & ,connecticut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,tobacco ,,f ,,bales ,h[ ,are ,cig>s ,made8 ,:ile _m labor-sav+ devices h be5 introduc$ 9 all bran*es ( tobacco manufacture1 x is a curi\s fact t 9 ! production ( ! be/ grade ( cig>s1 namely1 ! cle> ,havana1 ! "w is done entirely by h&4 ,9 fact1 x may be said t 9 ! process ( manufactur+ f9e cig>s exactly ! same pr9ciples are foll[$ z ^? ( two c5turies ago4 ,!re has be5 mu* improvem5t 9 ! artisan%ip ( ! work]1 ( c\rse1 b no rudim5t>y *ange 9 me?od4 ,9 ! manufacture ( snuff1 *ew+ & pipe tobacco1 cig>ettes & all-tobacco cig>ettes1 ma*9]y plays an important "p2 & me*anical devices are also us$ ext5sively 9 ! production ( five-c5t cig>s & 9 ! /ill high] pric$ grades ( "p-dome/ic cig>s1 su* z ! se$ & ,havana4 ,"s ( ^! appliances are almo/ human 9 _! +5uity4 ,b 9 fa%ion+ ! tobacco ( ,cuba into cig>s t are p]fect 9 %ape1 9 =mation & 9 all ! qualities t g to make a good cig>1 !re is no sub/itute = ! human h&4 ,^u op5+ a bale ( tobacco ! workman takes ea* c>rot out sep>ately1 %akes x g5tly to sep>ate ! leaves1 & !n moi/5s x1 ei!r by dipp+ x into a tub ( wat] f :i* x is quickly remov$ & %ak5 to ?r[ (f ! surplus wat] or else by spray+ x ) a bl[]4 ,x is left 9 ?is condition ov] night1 s t ! leaves may absorb ! moi/ure & become uni=mly damp & pliable4 ,! tobacco is !n turn$ ov] to ! /ripp]s1 :o remove ! midrib f ea* leaf1 at ! same "t sep>at+ ! wrapp] f ! fill]4 ,f ?is po9t on ! treatm5t ( ! wrapp]s & fill]s is diff]5t4 ,! half leaves suitable = fill]s are spread out & plac$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 mak+ :at are call$ books4 ,^! books are plac$ side by side1 closely toge!r1 on a bo>d1 & a simil> bo>d is plac$ on top ( ! tobacco to hold x 9 position4 ,lat]1 x is pack$ into b>rels1 ! tops ( :i* are cov]$ ) burlap1 & !re x und]goes a f]m5tation4 ,x is usually all[$ to rema9 9 ?is condition = t5 days or two weeks1 :5 x is reh&l$ & inspect$1 & if f\nd to be 9 ! "r condition1 x is plac$ on racks1 :]e x rema9s until x is 9 j ! prop] /ate ( dryness to be ready = work+4 ,,! ,,great ,,c>e ,,necess>y ,,9 ,,selection ,! wrapp] leaves1 aft] leav+ ! h&s ( ! /ripp]1 are tak5 by ! wrapp] selector1 :o sits1 usually1 at a b>rel1 & spreads out ea* leaf1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 ov] ! edge ( ! b>rel1 assort+ !m z to size1 color1 etc41 into sev]al diff]5t piles or books4 ,ea* ( ^! piles is divid$ into packs ( tw5ty-five ea*1 & ea* lot ( tw5ty-five is fold$ ov] into :at is call$ a 8pad0 & ti$ ) a /em4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t !y g to ! cig>mak]4 ,e morn+ ! /ock is di/ribut$ among ! cig>mak]s4 ,ea* workman is giv5 en\gh tobacco to make a c]ta9 numb] ( cig>s1 & :5 8 "w is f9i%$ he mu/ return ei!r ! full numb] ( cig>s or ! equival5t 9 unus$ leaves4 ,! tools ( ! cig>mak] consi/ m]ely ( a squ>e piece ( h>dwood bo>d1 a knife & a pot ( gum tragacan?4 ,he sits at a table ^u :i* re/s ! bo>d1 & at :i* !re is also a gauge on :i* ! diff]5t l5g?s are indicat$4 ,fa/5$ to ! front ( ea* table is a sack or pocket ( burlap into :i* ! cutt+s t accumulate on ! table are bru%$4 ,! op]ator deftly cuts 8 wrapp] f ! leaf1 fa%ions ! fill] into prop] =m & size 9 ! palm ( 8 h& 7?is is kn[n z ! 8bun*07 & rolls ! tobacco into cig> =m1 ,9 w9d+ ! wrapp] ar\nd ! 8bun*0 ! op]ator beg9s at ! 8light+ end0 ( ! cig>1 call$ ! 8tuck10 & f9i%es at ! end t goes into ! m\?1 :i* is call$ ! 8head40 ,a bit ( gum tragacan? is us$ to fa/5 ! leaf securely at ! 8head40 ,! cig> is !n held to ! gauge & is trimm$ smoo?ly (f to ! prop] l5g? by a /roke ( ! knife at ! 8tuck40 ,! cig>s are tak5 up 9 bundles ( fifty ea*4 ,!y next pass into ! h&s ( ! selectors1 :o sep>ate !m into diff]5t piles1 accord+ to ! color ( ! wrapp]s1 & :o also reject any cig>s t may be ( faulty con/ruction4 ,brok5 wrapp]s1 bad colors or any o!r defects are suffici5t to cause ! rejection ( a cig>4 ,! reject$ cig>s are kn[n z resagos 78?r[\ts07 or secundos4 ,f ! selectors ! cig>s g to ! pack]s1 ^: duty x is to place !m 9 ! boxes1 & to see t ! colors 9 ea* box are uni=m1 m>k+ ! tempor>y color classification on ea* box 9 lead p5cil4 ,aft] be+ pack$1 ! fill$ boxes are put into a press & s left = twelve h\rs or until ! cig>s con=m some:at to ! %ape ( ! box :i* conta9s !m4 ,on be+ remov$ f ! press1 if to be b&$1 ! cig>s are c>efully remov$ 9 lay]s f ! box1 ! b&s affix$1 & ! cig>s replac$4 ,! goods are !n plac$ 9 an air-tight vault to await %ipm5t4 ,:5 ! cig>mak] ties up 8 bundle ( fifty cig>s1 he atta*es to x a slip ( pap] ^u :i* is m>k$ 8 numb]4 ,?is enables ! manufactur] to keep an accurate acc\nt ( ! numb] ( cig>s made by ea* workman & also to place ! responsibility = any defects 9 ! workman%ip4 ,cig>mak]s are paid by ! piece1 ! scale ( wages rang+ f #af to #ajj p] ?\s&4 ,9 ne>ly e factory !re may be f\nd advanc$ appr5tices or old m5 work+ at ! rate ( #ad p] ?\s& & also !re may be f\nd skill$ artisans mak+ exceptionally l>ge odd sizes at m ?an #ajj p] ?\s&1 b ^! are n g5]ally consid]$ 9 ! regulation scale ( prices4 ,9 av]ages1 ! workm5 e>n ab\t #ah a week & make ab\t #aej cig>s a day4 ,j a ,few ,figures ,ab\t ,tobacco4 ,! int]nal rev5ue f tobacco = "o ye> w\ld build f\rte5 battle%ips ( ! fir/-class2 or x w\ld pay ! sal>y ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x w\ld pay ! int]e/ on ! public debt = ?ree ye>s1 & !re w\ld be en\gh left ov] to add a doll> to ! acc\nt ( e sav+s bank depositor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! money sp5t by smok]s = cig>s only1 n c\nt+ cig>ettes1 smok+ & *ew+ tobacco & snuff w\ld m ?an pay = ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal1 besides tak+ c>e ( ! #ej1jjj1jjj paid to ! new ,fr5* ,canal ,co41 & ! ,republic ( ,panama = prop]ty & fran*ises4 ,& 9 addition to ?is x w\ld cov] ! co/ ( =tify+ ! ,canal4 ,or x w\ld build a fleet ( ?irty-five trans-,atlantic l9]s1 ea* exactly l ! lo/ ,titanic1 coal !m1 provision !m & keep !m runn+ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,liv]pool ) a full complem5t ( pass5g]s & crew1 almo/ indef9itely4 ,!re are #ba1gah1ddh cig>s burn$ up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & #ijd1ice e h\r2 & #ae1jhb e m9ute2 & #bea e second4 ,! annual p] capita consumption ( cig>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c\nt+ m51 wom5 & *ildr51 is eighty-six cig>s4 ,if all ! cig>s smok$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 "o ye> 7 put toge!r1 end to end1 !y w\ld girdle ! e>?1 at its l>ge/ circumf]5ce1 tw5ty-two times4 ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,cig>ettes1 !re are #bc1gcf1aij ( !m consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e day2 & #ihi1jjg e h\r2 & #af1dhb e m9ute4 ,) e tick ( y\r wat*1 night & day1 ! ye> ar\nd1 ! butts ( #bge smok$-up cig>ettes are dropp$ into ! a% tray4 ,cig>ette smok]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n c\nt+ ^? :o roll _! own smokes f tobacco1 sp5d #fj1fde1iff4cf = ! little pap]-cov]$ rolls4 ,if all ! cig>ettes smok$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 "o ye> 7 plac$ end to end & /ood up v]tically !y w\ld make a sl5d] %aft ris+ #eab1gff miles into ! heav5s4 ,if /rung on a wire !y w\ld make a cable t w\ld rea* f ! e>? to ! moon & back aga91 ) en\gh left ov] to circle "o-&-a-half times ar\nd ! globe4 ,if ?is quantity ( tobacco c\ld be plac$ on "o side ( a huge balanc+ scale x w\ld take ! comb9$ weight ( f\r va/ armies1 ea* army consi/+ ( #a1jjj1jjj m51 to pull d[n ! o!r side ( ! scale4 ,! weight ( ! tobacco consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a ye> is equal to ! weight ( ! entire & comb9$ population ( ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,t5nessee & ,alabama4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,our ,,f+] ,,pr9ts ,,id5tify ,,u ,,ar*3 ,,9 ,,?is ,,patt]n ,,ridges ,,run ,,f ,,"o ,,side ,,to ,,ano!r1 ,,mak+ ,,no ,,backw>d ,,turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop3 ,,"s ,,ridges ,,9 ,,?is ,,patt]n ,,make ,a ,,backw>d ,,turn1 ,,b ,,)\t ,,twi/4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,f+] ,pr9t#g #g ,engrav+s & /ory by ! c\rtesy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,our ,f+]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ab\t our f+]s is t e memb] ( ! human race1 irrespective ( age or sex1 c>ries 9 p]son c]ta9 delicate m>k+s by :i* id5tity c be readily e/abli%$4 ,if ! inn] surface ( ! h& be exam9$1 a numb] ( v f9e ridges w be se5 runn+ 9 def9ite directions1 & arrang$ 9 patt]ns1 !re be+ f\r prim>y types--ar*es1 loops1 :orls1 & composites4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ^! patt]ns p]si/ 9 all _! details ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( human life4 ,! impressions ( ! f+]s ( a new-born infant are di/9ctly traceable on ! f+]s ( ! same p]son 9 old age4 ,! fact t ^! patt]ns on ! bulbs ( ! f+]s are *>act]i/ic ( & diff]5tiate "o individual f ano!r1 makes x an ideal means ( fix+ id5tity4 ,ev5 m5 :o look s mu* alike t x is virtually impossible to tell "o f ! o!r s f> z facial *>act]i/ics are conc]n$1 c be id5tifi$ by _! f+] impressions4 ,innum]able illu/rations c be giv5 ( h[ ! p]petrators ( crime h be5 id5tifi$ & convict$ by _! f+] pr9ts4 ,impressions left by crim9als on su* articles z plat$ goods1 w9d[ panes1 dr9k+ glasses1 pa9t$ wood1 bottles1 ca% boxes1 c&les1 etc41 h (t5 successfully suppli$ ! clue :i* has l$ to ! appreh5sion ( ! ?ief or ?ieves4 ,"o ( our illu/rations is t ( a *ampagne bottle :i* 0 f\nd empty on ! d9+-room table ( a h\se :i* _h be5 ent]$ by a burgl> 9 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,!re 0 a di/9ct impression ( a ?umb m>k on ! bottle4 ,an (fic] ( ! ,birm+ham ,city ,police took ! bottle to ,new ,scotl& ,y>d1 ,london1 & )9 a few m9utes a duplicate pr9t 0 f\nd 9 ! records4 ,! burgl> 0 arre/$ ! same ev5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f+] ,,pr9ts ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p ,,are ,,diff]5t ,,:orl3 ,,ridges ,,"h ,,make ,a ,,turn ,,?r\gh ,,at ,,lea/ ,,"o ,,complete ,,circuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,composite3 ,,includes ,,patt]ns ,,9 ,,:i* ,,two ,,or ,,m ,,( ,,! ,,o!r ,,types ,,are ,,comb9$4 ,_m simil> in/ances c\ld be giv5 ( h[ ?ieves h be5 caught by h&l+ bottles & glasses4 ,on "o occasion a burgl> ent]$ a h\se 9 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,london1 & be=e leav+ help$ himself to a glass ( w9e4 ,on ! tumbl] us$ he left two f+] impr9ts1 & ^! 7 subsequ5tly f\nd1 ^u se>* 9 ! records at ,new ,scotl& ,y>d1 to be id5tical ) two impressions ( a notori\s crim9al1 :o 0 9 due c\rse arre/$ & s5t5c$ to f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,a some:at gruesome relic is a ca%-box :i* be>s ! blurr$ ?umb m>k ( a man :o 0 convict$ ( murd]4 ,! box 0 f\nd 9 ! b$room ( a man & 8 wife :o 7 murd]$ at ,dept=d1 ,london1 9 #aije4 ,! ca%-box 0 tak5 to ,new ,scotl& ,y>d1 & ! impression photograph$ & enl>g$4 ,two bro!rs1 suspect$ ( ! crime1 7 arre/$1 & ! ?umb pr9t ( "o 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) t on ! lid ( ! box4 ,our photograph ( a gate recalls a curi\s case t rec5tly occupi$ ! att5tion ( a ,london magi/rate4 ,9 ?is in/ance a ?ief successfully climb$ ! gate1 :i* 0 t5 feet high4 ,9 8 attempt to rea* ! gr\nd on ! inn] side he plac$ 8 feet on ! c5t] cross-b>1 at ! same "t hold+ ! spikes ) 8 "r h&4 ,9 ?is position he fell1 & ! r+ he wore on 8 little f+] caught on ! spike indicat$ by ! arr[head4 ,?is caus$ him to rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air until 8 weight tore ! f+] f 8 h&4 ,! r+ ) ! f+] 0 f\nd on ! spike1 & 9 due c\rse 0 receiv$ at ,new ,scotl& ,y>d4 ,an impression 0 tak5 ( ! f+]1 & se>* among ! records reveal$ a duplicate pr9t1 :i* l$ to ! man's arre/4 ,if a crim9al h&les a piece ( c&le or removes a pane ( glass & leaves ^! beh9d1 x is a hundr$ to "o he has left a valuable clue = ! police4 ,! c&le %[n on ! foll[+ page be>s ! impr9t ( a man's ?umb1 & 0 f\nd 9 a h\se :i* a burgl> _h ent]$4 ,by h&l+ ! c&le1 ! ?ief virtually sign$ ! w>rant = 8 own arre/4 ,! sy/em 0 fir/ us$ by ! police 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,b5gal1 ,india1 at ! in/igation ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,its value 0 at once app>5t4 ,! "w ( ! c\rts 0 consid]ably light5$1 z ! natives recogniz$ t a sy/em ( id5tification _h be5 discov]$ :i* 0 indisputable4 ,!n f ! police x 0 introduc$ into v>i\s bran*es ( ! public s]vice1 & "h aga9 its value 0 quickly demon/rat$4 ,:5 native p5sion]s di$1 = in/ance1 fri5ds & relatives p]sonat$ !m1 & s cont9u$ to draw _! all[ances4 ,by record+ ! id5tity ( p5sion]s by f+] pr9ts1 ?is evil 0 quickly /amp$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,impressions ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,f+]s ,,& ,,palms ,,palm>y ,,impressions ,,( ,,:ole ,,h&1 ,,%[+ ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,ridges ,,& ,,patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"r ,,h& ,,left ,,h& ,,?umb ,,fir/ ,,f+] ,,second ,,f+] ,,?ird ,,f+] ,,f\r? ,,f+] ,,f+] ,,impressions ,,( ,,an ,,orang-,,outang 7,,an?ropoid ,,ape7 ,,tak5 ,,at ,,! ,,london ,,zoo4 ,,!y ,,7 ,,made ,,by ,,scotl& ,,y>d4 ,! wond]ful l9eations1 9 ! =m ( ridges & patt]ns1 :i* adorn ! palm> surface ( ! human h&1 _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 kn[n = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,francis ,galton1 ! fam\s travel] & sci5ti/1 0 p]haps ! fir/ to give s]i\s att5tion to ! subject ( f+] pr9ts4 ,he discov]$ _m int]e/+ facts ab\t !m4 ,!n1 9 #ahbc1 ,pr(4 ,purk9je1 ( ,breslau1 read a pap] be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,breslau on ! subject4 ,up to ?is date1 h[ev]1 no practical use c\ld be made ( ! impressions = ! want ( a sy/em ( classification4 ,pr(4 ,purk9je c]ta9ly sugge/$ "o1 b little notice appe>s to h be5 tak5 ( x4 ,naturally1 to be ( any value to ! police or to any gov]nm5t dep>tm5t1 x is absolutely ess5tial to classify ! pr9ts 9 su* a way t !y c\ld be readily ref]r$ to & id5tity e/abli%$ )\t undue delay4 ,x 0 virtually left to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 to inv5t a really practical sy/em ( classification1 s x may be claim$ t ! f+]-pr9t me?od ( id5tification1 z at pres5t adopt$1 is ! discov]y ( an ,engli%man4 ,!n x is only fair to add t ,sir ,edw>d ,r4 ,h5ry1 ! ,commission] ( ! ,metropolitan ,police ( ,london1 has also devot$ mu* "t & /udy to ! subject4 ,8 book1 8,classification & ,uses ( ,f+] ,pr9ts10 has pass$ ?r\gh _m editions1 & has be5 translat$ into sev]al =eign languages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,?ieves ,,h ,,be5 ,,caught ,,?r\gh ,,f+] ,,pr9ts ,a ,,*ampagne ,,bottle ,,hav+ ,,?umb ,,impr9t1 ,,:i* ,,l$ ,,to ,,arre/ ,,( ,a ,,burgl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c&le ,,be>+ ,,?umb ,,m>k ,,( ,a ,,burgl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca%-,,box ,,9 ,,b$room ,,( ,,murd]$ ,,man ,,& ,,wife4 ,,! ,,?umb ,,impression 7,,po9t$ ,,at ,,by ,,arr[7 ,,l$ ,,to ,,arre/ ,,( ,,! ,,murd]]4 ,impressions are divid$ up into f\r di/9ct types or patt]ns4 ,fir/1 we h ar*es 9 :i* ! ridges run f "o side to ! o!r1 mak+ no backw>d turn4 ,9 loops1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! ridges d make a backw>d turn1 b are devoid ( twi/s4 ,9 :orls "s ( ! ridges make a turn ?r\gh at lea/ "o complete circuit4 ,"u composites are includ$ patt]ns 9 :i* two or m ( ! =m] types are comb9$ 9 ! same impr9t4 ,al?\gh simil>ity 9 type is ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 completely co9cid5t ridge *>act]i/ics h nev] be5 f\nd 9 any two impressions4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] into a detail$ acc\nt z to h[ ! classification ( ^! wond]ful l9eations ( ! human h& is effect$4 ,x is bas$ on a numb] value1 atta9$ by an exam9ation1 by means ( a magnify+ glass1 ( ! 8deltas0 & 8cores10 :i* break up a collection into z _m z #ajbd sep>ate prim>y gr\ps1 ea* ( :i* c aga91 by a sy/em ( sub-classification1 be fur!r split up into q a numb] ( sub-gr\ps4 ,:5 ! ,briti% police discov] f+] pr9ts on articles at ! sc5e ( crime1 ! latt] are at once convey$ to ,new ,scotl& ,y>d4 ,if ! impressions are v fa9t1 a little p[d]1 kn[n to *emi/s z 8grey p[d]0 7m]cury & *alk71 is spr9kl$ ov] ! m>k+ & !n g5tly bru%$ (f ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,?is br+s out ! impr9t mu* m cle>ly4 ,if "o places 8 dry ?umb ^u a piece ( :ite pap] no visible impression is left4 ,if p[d]1 h[ev]1 is spr9kl$ ov] ! spot & !n bru%$ (f1 a di/9ct impression is se54 ,9 ! case ( c&les & articles ( ?is nature1 a drop ( pr9t]'s ink is lightly sme>$ ov] an impression1 9 ord] ! m cle>ly to def9e ! ridges & patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,spike ,,t ,,caught ,a ,,crim9al ,,on ,,! ,,spike ,,( ,,! ,,gate 7,,indicat$ ,,by ,,an ,,arr[7 ,a ,,crim9al ,,left ,,8 ,,f+] ,,& ,,r+1 ,,:i* ,,l$ ,,to ,,8 ,,conviction4 ,at ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,briti% police at ,new ,scotl& ,y>d !y possess special cam]as & a d>k room = photograph+ ^! ?umb m>ks4 ,! d>k room is #ba feet long & #g feet wide4 ,:5 f+] pr9ts are requir$ = production 9 c\rt !y are fir/ enl>g$ five diamet]s ) an enl>g+ cam]a4 ,! negatives are aft]w>d plac$ 9 an electric light enl>g+ lant]n1 ) :i* x is possible to obta9 photographic enl>gem5ts ( a ?umb m>k #cf in*es squ>e4 ,! lant]n is arrang$ on a specially made table #ab feet long1 ! lant]n runn+ betwe5 tram l9es1 s t :5 mov$ x is squ>e ) ! easel4 ,crim9als h naturally come to dread ! value ( _! ?umb m>ks z a means ( id5tify+ _! movem5ts4 ,"s w try to oblit]ate ! m>k+s by prick+ _! f+]s1 b s f> ?is has n avail$ !m4 ,to successfully accompli% ?is x w\ld be necess>y to oblit]ate ! :ole ( ! palm>y impressions on ! tip ( ea* f+] ( ea* h&4 ,!n ! sy/em1 too1 is f> 9 advance ( any o!r1 bo? 9 reliability & simplicity ( work+4 ,comp>$ to an?ropometry1 = in/ance1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,b]tillon1 9 :i* measurem5ts ( c]ta9 portions ( ! body are reli$ ^u z a m$ium ( id5tification1 ! f+]-pr9t sy/em is c]ta9ly pref]able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! in/rum5ts are co/ly & are liable to get out ( ord]2 :ile ! measurem5ts c only be tak5 by a fairly educat$ p]son1 & !n only aft] a special c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! f+]-pr9t sy/em ! accessories ne$$ are a piece ( pap] & ink1 :ile any p]son1 :e!r educat$ or n1 aft] half an h\r's practice1 c take legible f+] pr9ts4 ,!n ! classification ( ! latt] is mu* simpl] & readi] ( access ?an ! =m]4 ,at ! "t ( writ+ !re are "s #afd1jjj f+]-pr9t records 9 ! pigeon-holes at ,new ,scotl& ,y>d1 & ! numb] n[ be+ add$ to x is at ! rate ( ab\t #bej weekly4 ,! sy/em1 too1 is n only 9 use 9 ,great ,brita91 b 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,india1 includ+ ,burma1 & 9 mo/ ( ! ,briti% colonies & dep5d5cies4 ,x is be+ rapidly ext5d$1 n only ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b also ?r\gh ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,records ,,( ,,f+] ,,pr9ts ,,are ,,kept ,,at ,,headqu>t]s ,,specim5 ,,=m4 ,?is ,=m is n to be p9n$4 ,,male4 ,h4,c4,r4 ,no4 44444 ,"n 44444 ,aliases 44444 ,classification ,no4 #bh4 ,,mm4 #cb4 ,,ii4 ,,"r ,,h&4 #a4--,"r ,?umb4 #b4--,r4 ,=e ,f+]4 #c4--,r4 ,middle ,f+]4 #d4--,r4 ,r+ ,f+]4 #e4--,r4 ,little ,f+]4 7,fold47 7,fold47 ,impressions to be s tak5 t ! flexure ( ! la/ jo9t %all be imm$iately above ! black l9e m>k$ 7,fold74 ,if ! impression ( any digit be defective a second pr9t may be tak5 9 ! vacant space above x4 ,:5 a f+] is miss+ or s injur$ t ! impression _c be obta9$1 or is de=m$ & yields a bad pr9t1 ! fact %\ld be not$ "u ,rem>ks4 ,,left ,,h&4 #f4--,l4 ,?umb4 #g4--,l4 ,=e ,f+]4 #h4--,l4 ,middle ,f+]4 #i4--,l4 ,r+ ,f+]4 #aj4--,l4 ,little ,f+]4 7,fold47 7,fold47 ,,left ,,h&4 ,pla9 impressions ( ! f\r f+]s tak5 simultane\sly4 ,,"r ,,h&4 ,pla9 impressions ( ! f\r f+]s tak5 simultane\sly4 ,impressions tak5 by ,classifi$ at ,h4,c4 ,regi/ry by ,te/$ at ,h4,c4 ,regi/ry by #acccf ,rank ,police ,=ce4 ,date ,date 7,p4,t4,o47 ,illu/ration3 ,,combs ,,( ,,honey ,,z ,,we ,,receive ,,same ,! ,/ory 9 a ,honey ,bee#h #h ,pictures by ,c\rtesy ( ,e4 ,r4 ,root ,co4 ,( all ! insect associations !re are none t h m excit$ ! admiration ( m5 ( e age or t h be5 m univ]sally int]e/+ ?an ! colonies ( ! common honey-bee4 ,! anci5ts held _m absurd views conc]n+ ! g5]ation & propagation ( bees1 believ+ t !y arose f decay+ animals1 f ! fl[]s ( c]ta9 plants1 & o!r views equally ridicul\s f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,:]e ,does ,honey ,come ,f8 ,honey is a /icky fluid collect$ f fl[]s by sev]al k9ds ( insects1 p>ticul>ly ! honey bee2 & ! common honey bee f ! e>lie/ p]iod has be5 kept by p 9 hives = ! advantage & enjoym5t :i* its honey & wax gives4 ,x is f\nd wild 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 great numb]s1 /or+ its honey 9 holl[ trees & o!r suitable locations1 b n native to ?is c\ntry1 hav+ be5 introduc$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ,european coloni/s4 ,! /ory ( ! honey bee is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all /ories ( ! liv+ ?+s f\nd on ! e>?4 ,! busy bee is ! ideal example ( h>d & p]si/5t "w & has = a long "t be5 ! subject ( int]e/+ /udy = "y & old4 ,! bee is "o ( ! busie/ ( all ( ! _w's work]s1 & x is f ! honey bee t we get our expression 8z busy z a bee02 su* o!r expressions z 8to h a bee 9 "o's bonnet02 also su* o!rs z 8quilt+ bees0 & 8husk+ bees0 are f\nd$ on ! kn[n activities ( ! honey bee4 ,! fir/ expression means 8to be flighty or full ( :ims or uneasy motions0 :i* comes f ! re/less habits ( bees1 & 8quilt+ bee0 or 8husk+ bee0 orig9at$ f ! k t bees "w toge!r = ! que54 ,9 a quilt+ bee or husk+ bee a numb] ( p get toge!r & "w toge!r = a "t = ! b5efit ( "o individual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work]-,,bee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5-,,bee1 ,,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drone-,,bee4 ,honey ,is ,produc$ by ,bees :i* ,live 9 ,colonies4 ,,h[ ,a ,,bee ,,makes ,,honey ,a colony ( bees consi/s ( "o female1 capable ( lay+ eggs1 call$ ! que52 "s ?\s&s ( undevelop$ females t normally nev] lay eggs1 ! work]s2 &1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 _m males1 ! drones1 ^: only duty is to mate ) ! "y que5s4 ,^! diff]5t k9ds ( individuals c readily be recogniz$ by ! diff]5ce 9 size ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 s t ev5 ! novice at bee-keep+ c soon recognize ea* ) ease4 ,?is colony makes its home 9 nature 9 a holl[ tree or cave2 b x ?rives p]haps ev5 bett] 9 ! hives provid$ = x by man4 ,9 a mod]n hive1 %eets ( comb are plac$ 9 wood5 frames :i* are hung 9 ! hive-box 9 su* a way t !y c be remov$ at ! pleasure ( ! bee-keep]4 ,a %eet ( comb is made up ( small cells 9 :i* honey is /or$ by ! bees1 & 9 :i* eggs are laid1 & "y bees develop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bees ,,liv+ ,,on ,,combs ,,built ,,9 ,,! ,,op5 ,,air4 ,h[ ,does a ,bee ,make ,honey f ,fl[] ,nect>8 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> ! colony consi/s ( a que5 & work]s1 !re be+ no drones pres5t at ?is "t4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! bees rema9 quiet1 & ! que5 lays no eggs1 s t !re are no develop+ bees 9 ! hive4 ,! supply ( honey is also l[1 = !y h eat5 honey all w9t]1 & none has be5 collect$ & plac$ 9 ! cells4 ,z soon z ! days are w>m en\gh ! bees beg9 to fly f ! hive 9 se>* ( ! e>lie/ spr+ fl[]s4 ,f ^! fl[]s !y collect ! nect>1 :i* is trans=m$ into honey1 & poll51 :i* !y c>ry to ! hive on ! poll5-baskets on ! ?ird pair ( legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cucumb]-,,blossom ,,) ,a ,,bee ,,on ,,x2 ,,caught ,,9 ,,! ,,act4 ,! nect> is tak5 by ! bee into its m\?1 & !n passes to an enl>gem5t ( ! alim5t>y canal kn[n z ! honey-/oma*1 :]e x is act$ ^u by c]ta9 juices secret$ by ! bee4 ,! true /oma* lies j beh9d ! honey-/oma*2 & if ! bee ne$s food = its own imm$iate use x passes on ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 ! two /oma*s4 ,on its arrival 9 ! hive ! bee places its head 9 "o ( ! cells ( ! comb & deposits !re ! nect> :i* x has c>ri$ 94 ,by ?is "t ! nect> has be5 p>tly trans=m$ into honey1 & ! process is complet$ by ! bees by fann+ ! cells to evaporate ! excess ( moi/ure :i* /ill rema9s4 ,:5 a cell has be5 fill$ ) ! ?ick honey ! work]s cov] x ) a ?9 %eet ( wax unless x is to be eat5 at once4 ,! poll5 is also deposit$ 9 cells1 b is r>ely mix$ ) honey4 ,! little pellets :i* ! bees c>ry 9 are pack$ tightly into cells until ! cell is ne>ly full4 ,if a cell ( poll5 be dug out ( ! comb1 "o c (t5 see ! lay]s made by ! diff]5t pellets4 ,?is collect+ ( nect> & poll5 cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! summ] :5ev] !re are fl[]s 9 bloom1 & ceases only ) ! dea? ( ! la/ fl[]s 9 ! autumn4 ,:at ,does ! ,que5 ,bee ,d8 ,almo/ z soon z ! honey & poll5 beg9 to come 91 ! que5 ( ! colony beg9s to lay eggs 9 ! cells ( ! c5t] combs4 ,! title ( que5 has be5 giv5 to ! female bee :i* normally lays all ! eggs ( ! colony1 "u ! supposition t %e gov]ns ! colony & directs its activities4 ,?is we n[ "k to be an error1 b ! "n /ill rema9s4 ,h] "o duty 9 life is t ( egg-lay+4 ,%e is mo/ c>efully wat*$ ov] by ! work]s1 & is con/antly surr\nd$ by a circle ( att5dants :o fe$ h] & t\* h] ) _! ant5n2 b %e 9 no way dictates :at %all take place 9 ! hive4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ! bottom ( ! hexagonal cells1 be+ atta*$ by "o end to ! c5t] ( ! cell4 ,! fir/ eggs laid develop into work]s1 & are deposit$ 9 cells "o-fif? ( an in* across4 ,z ! colony increases 9 size by ! hat*+-out ( ^! work]s1 & z ! /ores ( honey & poll5 increase1 ! que5 beg9s to lay 9 l>g] cells measur+ "o-f\r? ( an in*1 & f ! eggs laid 9 ^! cells drones 7or males7 develop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,honey ,,develops ,,9 ,a ,,comb ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,comb ,,honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5-,,cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,que5 ,,& ,,h] ,,ret9ue4 ,! eggs d n develop directly into adult bees1 z might be inf]r$ f :at has j be5 said2 b aft] ?ree days !re hat*es f ! egg a small :ite worm-l l>va4 ,= sev]al days ! l>v are f$ by ! work]s1 & ! am\nt ( food consum$ is truly rem>kable4 ,! l>va gr[s rapidly until x fills ! entire cell 9 :i* x lives4 ,! work]s !n cov] ! cell ) a cap ( wax1 & at ! same "t ! l>va inside sp9s a delicate cocoon "u ! cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,egg ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,bee ,,looks ,,egg ,,( ,,que5 ,,"u ,,! ,,microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,honey ,,develops ,,9 ,a ,,comb ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,comb ,,honey4 ,:at ,are ,drone ,bees ,good =8 ,! work] brood c at once be di/+ui%$ f ! drone brood by ! fact t ! work]s place a flat cap ov] work] brood & a high ar*$ cap ov] drone brood2 & ?is is (t5 a great help to ! bee-keep] 9 enabl+ him to det]m9e at once :at k9d ( brood any hive conta9s4 ,tw5ty-"o days f ! "t ! egg is laid ! "y work]-bee em]ges f its cell1 hav+ gone ?r\gh "s wond]ful trans=mations dur+ ! "t x 0 seal$ up1 ?is /age be+ kn[n z ! pupa /age4 ,= drones ! "t is tw5ty-f\r days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,sw>m ,,w ,,sometimes ,,occupy ,a ,,small ,,tree ,,& ,,b5d ,,x ,,ov] ,,by ,,its ,,weight4 ,ab\t ! "t ! drones beg9 to appe>1 ! inmates ( ! hive beg9 to prep>e = sw>m+1 :i*1 to any "o wat*+ ! habits ( bees1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s :i* takes place 9 ! colony4 ,sev]al "y work] l>v are *os5 z ! mat]ial = que5-re>+1 g5]ally locat$ ne> ! m>g9 ( ! comb4 ,! work]s n[ beg9 to fe$ ^! *os5 l>v an extra am\nt ( food & at ! same "t ! sides ( ! cells conta9+ !m are remodel$ & enl>g$ by ! de/ruction ( surr\nd+ cells4 ,! que5 7or royal7 cell is ne>ly horizontal at ! top1 l ! o!r cells ( ! comb1 & projects beyond !m2 b !n ! work]s con/ruct ano!r portion to ! cell into :i* ! que5 l>va moves4 ,?is is an acorn-%ap$ cell plac$ v]tically on ! comb1 ab\t z l>ge z ?ree ord9>y cells4 ,z ! cell is be+ built1 ! que5 l>va cont9ues to gr[ until ! "t comes = h] to be seal$ up & ent] h] pupa /ate4 ,al?\gh x takes ! work] tw5ty-"o days to complete its developm5t1 ! que5 passes ?r\gh all ! /ages & rea*es a consid]ably l>g] size 9 b sixte5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,daily ,,gr[? ,,( ,,l>v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drone-,,comb4 ,,work]-,,comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,honey ,,comb ,,is ,,made ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,cell-,,mak+4 ,note t ! cells are made indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & t x is ! refuse wax1 l dropp+s ( mort> 9 brick-lay+1 t seems to tumble into ! int]/ices to fill up4 ,9 ! sw>m+ season1 at ab\t ! "t ! new que5s are ready to leave _! cells1 ! old que5 leaves ! hive & takes ) h] "p ( ! work]s1 ?is be+ kn[n z sw>m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clipp+ ,,! ,,que5 ,,bee',s ,,w+s ,,h[ ,,to ,,bump ,,! ,,bees ,,(f ,a ,,comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mann] ,,( ,,us+ ,,g]man ,,bee-,,bru% ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,g4 ,d]vi%ian's me?od ( cat*+ que5s1 = cag+ or clipp+ _! w+s1 by means ( a jewel]'s tweez]s4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,,! ,,pudd+ ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,eat+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,an ,,api>y ,,looks ,,l ,,an ,,api>y ,,9 ,,summ]4 ,?is photo %[s ! w9dbreak ( ev]gre5s surr\nd+ ! y>d4 ,! h\se-api>y is %[n 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! upp] /ory ( :i* is us$ z a work%op4 ,a trellis ( grapev9es is plac$ 9 front ( ea* hive4 ,9 summ] !re is ample %ade1 & 9 ! fall & e>ly spr+ ! leaves are %$1 leav+ pl5ty ( sun to /rike ! hives :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,honey ,,man ,,h&les ,,! ,,bees ,a ,,sw>m ,,ent]+ ,a ,,hive4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,live ,,bee-,,hat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,frame ,,( ,,bees1 ,,%[+ ,,"o ,,way ,,( ,,hold+ ,,an ,,unspac$ ,,frame4 ,h[ ,d ,bees ,build ! ,honey ,comb8 ,9 ! h&s ( a bee-keep] ! dep>t+ sw>m w be put into ano!r hive provid$ he wi%es to increase ! numb] ( 8 colonies2 b 9 a /ate ( nature ! sw>m w f9d an old holl[ tree or "s simil> place 9 :i* to e/abli% itself4 ,! bees1 be=e leav+ _! old hive1 fill !mselves ) honey until ! abdom5 is greatly di/5d$1 & = ?is reason x is n necess>y = !m to collect nect> = a day or two1 = !y h o!r "w to d4 ,"s ( ! bees beg9 to clean out ! new qu>t]s & get x fit = occupancy2 b mo/ ( !m beg9 ! con/ruction ( new combs4 ,to d ?is !y susp5d !mselves 9 curta9s f ! top ( ! hive1 & rema9 motionless = "s "t4 ,! wax us$ 9 build+ comb is secret$ by ! work]s 9 eight small pockets on ! l[] side ( ! abdom5 :ile !y ?us hang 9 curta9s4 ,f9ally1 aft] en\gh wax has be5 =m$1 !y beg9 to build4 ,! small flakes ( wax are pass$ =w>d to ! m\?1 !re mix$ ) a saliv>y secretion to make ! wax pliable1 & !n are plac$ on ! top ( ! hive by ! fir/ comb-build]s4 ,o!r work]s !n come & place _! small burd5s ( wax on ^? fir/ deposit$1 & ?is cont9ues until ! combs are f9i%$4 ,!re is m to comb-build+ ?an ! m]e /ick+ on ( wax plates1 h[ev]1 & no?+ 9 all bee in/9cts is m wond]ful ?an ! beautiful plan on :i* !y build ! comb4 ,! cells are hexagonal 9 %ape1 s t ea* cell 9 ! c5t] ( ! comb is surr\nd$ by six o!rs4 ,nor is ?is ! only rem>kable ?+ 9 _! ar*itecture1 = ea* comb is compos$ ( a d\ble r[ ( cells1 ! base ( ea* cell be+ =m$ ( ?ree p>ts1 ea* "o ( :i* is likewise a "p ( a sep>ate cell ( ! o!r side ( ! comb4 ,by ?is me?od ! bees obta9 ! greate/ possible capacity = _! cells1 ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( wax4 ,! accuracy ( ! cells ( ! comb has 9 all ages be5 an object ( admiration ( naturali/s & bee-keep]s4 ,z soon z !re are "s cells con/ruct$1 & ev5 be=e ! cells are entirely complet$1 ! que5 beg9s to lay eggs1 & ! work]s beg9 to collect ! /ores ( honey & poll54 ,!y also collect 9 consid]able quantity a waxy sub/ance f v>i\s trees1 commonly call$ propolis1 ) :i* !y seal ! inside ( ! hive1 clos+ up all op5+s except ! "o :i* s]ves z ! entrance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,honey ,,bee ,,def5ds ,,himself ,,effect ,,( ,a ,,/+ ,,ne> ,,! ,,eye4 ,! cells :i* are us$ = ! /orage ( honey g5]ally slant upw>d slightly to help keep ! honey f runn+ out4 ,que5-cells are made only :5 a new que5 is to be re>$4 ,c a ,bee ,/+8 ,x is true t bees _c bite & kick l horses1 nor c !y hook l cattle2 b mo/ p1 aft] hav+ _h an exp]i5ce ) bee-/+s = ! fir/ "t1 are incl9$ to ?9k !y w\ld r be bitt51 kick$1 & hook$1 all toge!r1 ?an risk a repetition ( t ke5 & exquisite angui% :i* "o feels z he receives ! full cont5ts ( ! poison-bag4 ,:at ,happ5s ,:5 a ,bee ,/+s8 ,aft] ! bee has p5etrat$ ! fle% on y\r h&1 & work$ ! /+ s deeply into ! fle% z to be satisfi$1 x beg9s to f9d t x is a prison]1 & to consid] means ( escape4 ,x usually gets sma%$ at ab\t ?is /age ( proce$+s1 unless x succe$s 9 te>+ ! /+--poison-bag & all--f ! body2 h[ev]1 if all[$ to d ! "w quietly x seldom does ?is1 kn[+ t su* a proce$+ s]i\sly maims x = life1 if x does n kill x4 ,aft] pull+ at ! /+ to see t x w n come out1 x seems to consid] ! matt] a little1 & !n comm5ces to walk ar\nd x1 9 a circle1 j z if x 7 a screw x 0 go+ to turn out ( a bo>d4 ,if y w be pati5t & let x alone1 x w get x out by ?is v process1 & fly (f unh>m$4 ,i ne$ n tell y t x takes "s h]oism to submit pati5tly to all ?is maneuv]+4 ,! temptation is almo/ ungov]nable1 :ile exp]i5c+ ! int5se pa91 to say1 :ile y give x a clip1 8,!re1 y little begg>1 take t1 & le>n bett] mann]s 9 future40 ,well1 h[ does e bee "k t x c extricate its /+ by walk+ ar\nd x8 ,"s w\ld say x is in/9ct4 ,well1 ,i guess x is2 b x seems to me1 aft] all1 t x 8sort o' rememb]s0 h[ its ance/ors h behav$ 9 simil> pr$icam5ts = ages & ages pa/4 ,odor ( ! ,bee-/+ ,poison4 ,aft] "o bee has /ung y1 if y rema9 :]e y 7 /ung1 ! smell ( ! poison1 or some?+ else1 w be pretty sure to get m /+s = y1 unless y are v c>eful4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is is ow+ to ! smell ( ! poison1 & t ! use ( smoke w neutralize ?is sc5t4 ,?is probably is s4 ,:at ,%\ld ,i ,d ,if ,i ,am ,/ung by a ,bee8 ,! blade ( a knife1 if "o is h&y1 may be slid "u ! poison-bag1 & ! /+ lift$ out1 )\t press+ a p>ticle m ( ! poison into ! w\nd4 ,:5 a knife-blade is n h&y1 pu% ! /+ out ) ! ?umb or f+] nail 9 mu* ! same way4 ,x is q desirable t ! /+ %\ld be tak5 out z quickly z possible1 = if ! b>bs once get a hold 9 ! fle%1 ! muscul> contractions w rapidly "w ! /+ deep] & deep]4 ,sometimes ! /+ sep>ates1 & a "p ( x 7"o ( ! spl9t]s1 s to speak7 is left 9 ! w\nd2 x has be5 sugge/$ t we %\ld be v c>eful to remove e "o ( ^! t9y po9ts2 b aft] try+ _m times to see :at ! effect w\ld be1 ,i h conclud$ t !y d b little h>m1 & t ! ma9 ?+ is1 to remove ! "p conta9+ ! poison-bag be=e x has empti$ itself completely into ! w\nd4 ,:y ,are ,"s ,races ,:ite1 & ,o!rs ,black1 ,yell[ & ,br[n8 ,:at y eat det]m9es y\r color1 accord+ to ,b]gfield1 a ,g]man inve/igator4 ,n necess>ily t y y\rself c\ld effect any *ange 9 color1 b y\r ance/ors = ?\s&s ( ye>s h unconsci\sly be5 influ5c$ by ! food !y h eat5 & ! dr9ks !y h drunk4 ,= in/ance1 ! orig9al m5 7 black1 says ,b]gfield4 ,_! *ief diet 0 ( vegetables & fruits1 he expla9s1 & ^! same food conta9s manganates t are n unlike iron4 ,d>k br[ns & blacks result f ?is comb9ation4 ,x is a sci5tific fact t negroes :o dr9k milk & eat meat are nev] z d>k z ^? :o eat vegetables4 ,aga91 ,mongols are yell[ because !y h desc5d$ f races t 7 fruit-eat+1 & :o1 mak+ _! way into ! deepe/ nooks & wide/ pla9s ( ,asia1 develop$ into %eph]ds & liv$ l>gely on milk4 ,( c\rse x is n[ kn[n t milk conta9s a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( *lor9e1 & has a decid$ly blea*+ effect4 ,9 ! case ( ,caucasians1 !y are said to h become :ite by add+ salt to _! foods1 :i* common salt is a /rong *loride1 & p[]ful 9 blea*+ ! sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,hide ,,h\se ,! ,/ory 9 a ,piece ( ,lea!r#i #i ,pictures by c\rtesy ( ,endicott1 ,johnson ,co4 ,:]e ,does ,lea!r ,come ,f8 ,lea!r is made by treat+ ! hides ( v>i\s animals su* z ! calf1 c[ & horse4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal animals f :i* we obta9 hides = mak+ lea!r to make %oes4 ,be=e ! hides are fit = mak+ %oes1 !y mu/ be tak5 to a tann]y :]e !y are prep>$ & tann$4 ,9 view+ a tann]y1 we ent] fir/ ! enorm\s hide h\se4 ,x is long1 damp & d>k4 ,"h ! hides are collect$ f all ov] ! _w & /or$1 await+ _! turn = tann+4 ,we foll[ a small c> ( ^! hides into ! beamh\se4 ,we see ! hides load$ into a vat4 ,!y are soak$1 resoak$1 s(t5$ & split into sides4 ,?is op]ation1 :ile simple1 holds y\r att5tion long] p]haps ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,sev]al hides aft] be+ s(t5$ are ?r[n ov] a sort ( saw-horse1 ! lot numb] is /amp$ on ! hide 9 su* a mann] t x appe>s on ea* side aft] be+ split4 ,) an unusually long blad$ knife ! workman quickly cuts d[n ?r\gh ! c5t] & ! hides :i* are n[ call$ sides1 fall to ! floor4 ,!y are next hook$ toge!r & pass on ?r\gh vat aft] vat ( lime solution :i* loos5s ! hair & sup]flu\s fle%4 ,at ! end ( ?is long *a9 ( vats1 we see ! sides await+ _! turn at ! fir/ unhair+ ma*9e1 :]e all ! hair is remov$ & !n to ! fle%+ ma*9e1 :]e ! fle% is tak5 (f & ! sides are aga9 load$ 9 a c> & pass on to ! tany>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,hides ,,are ,,treat$ ,,! ,,tan ,,y>d ,we resume our travels1 foll[+ a c> ( sides f ! beamh\se to ! sole lea!r tany>d4 ,!re are ab\t #dj op]ations 9 ! tann+ ( sole lea!r1 requir+ ab\t #ajj days to produce fir/ quality lea!r4 ,9 ! tany>d1 we see m ?an #ejj vats1 ea* hold+ #cjj sides1 weigh+ ab\t #bc p\nds apiece4 ,ea* vat conta9s ab\t #cjjj gallons ( liquor at an approximate co/ ( #ajj a vat4 ,"h we see ! sides slipp$ ov] /icks & plac$ 9 vats six feet deep1 :]e !y receive ! tann+1 ! real tann+ process :i* pres]ves ! fib]s giv+ ! lea!r its life & long we>+ qualities4 ,f ! tany>d we g to ! big wr+]s :]e ! liquor is wrung out1 ! hides are mill$1 dri$ & load$ on c>s = ! dry+ l(t1 :]e !y are all[$ to dry or season prep>atory to roll+4 ,?is long build+ is section$ (f e #ej feet into *amb]s1 :]e ! hides are hung 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! vats4 ,! temp]ature ( ea* room is *ang$ f ! outside temp]ature to a heat ( #aae degrees1 at :i* temp]ature ! hides are dri$ & are ready = roll+4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! roll+ room1 we see an op]ation requir+ skill & quickness ( eye4 ,! roll]s pass to & fro ov] ! side1 :i* is n[ h>d & /iff1 ) a pressure ( #cjj tons4 ,?is roll+ or f9i%+ gives x a high poli% & we see a beautiful side ( sole lea!r1 weigh+ f #ah to #be p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,upp] ,,%oe ,,lea!r ,,is ,,tann$ ,9 ! upp] lea!r tann]y we see ! v>i\s op]ations prep>atory to ! actual op]ation ( tann+ ! hide1 ab\t ! same z 9 ! sole lea!r tann]y1 ) ?is diff]5ce3 ,upp] lea!r 9 ?is tann]y is g5]ally *rome tann$1 a process requir+ #cj days & in/ead ( vats sunk5 9 ! gr\nd we see huge roll+ drums revolv+ at a rapid rate4 ,?is process is ! mo/ up-to-date me?od & absolutely insures ! we>+ qualities ( ! lea!r4 ,?is lea!r is v t\gh1 yet is j z s(t & pliable z glove lea!r & z com=table to ! feet4 ,x does n h>d5 ) age1 nor does x /iff5 aft] be+ wet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unhair+ ,,ma*9e ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sight :ile go+ ?r\gh ! tann]ies is ! process ( dispos+ ( wa/e mat]ials1 su* z hair1 fle%+s & ! s$im5ts f ! lime & sulphur vats4 ,! hair is sep>at$ into :ite1 br[n & black colors1 ea* color tak+ its turn ?r\gh ! huge mill or g9 :]e ! hair is dri$ & aft]w>ds bal$4 ,! br[n & black are sold to pla/]]s4 ,^? :o pur*ase ! :ite (t5 mix x ) wool & use x = mak+ _m useful articles4 ,! fle%+s & trimm+s are sold to manufactur]s ( glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,anci5t ,s&al ,mak] z pictur$ on ! wall ( ! ru9$ temples at ,!bes1 ,egypt4 ,! ,/ory 9 a ,pair ( ,%oes#aj #aj ,pictures by ,c\rtesy ( ,unit$ ,%oe ,ma*9]y ,co4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,%oes8 ,,:]e ,,%oes ,,come ,,f ,! mak+ ( %oes is "o ( ! olde/ arts ( :i* !re is any human k4 ,long be=e primitive man devis$ any me?od ( record+ 8 exploits or ?\ghts1 he contriv$--?r\gh necessity--a me?od ( protect+ 8 feet f ! r\gh way or hot s&s ov] :i* he 0 oblig$ to travel 9 8 se>* = food & %elt]4 ,t foot cov]+ ant$ates clo?+ or ornam5ts is %[n f ! fact t ! primitive savage to-day1 devoid ( clo?+ or ornam5t1 is almo/ inv>iably f\nd ) a crude =m ( foot protection & !re is sc>cely a tribe or nation )\t x's traditions ( ! %oe--its my/]i\s p[] = good or evil4 ,:at ,0 ! ,fir/ ,foot ,cov]+ ,l8 ,! fir/ foot cov]+ devis$ 0 und\bt$ly a simple =m ( s&al--a r\gh bit ( hide1 wood or plait$ grass held to ! foot by means ( ?ongs1 g5]ally br\ght up betwe5 ! toes & ti$ ab\t ! ankle4 ,?is =m ( foot cov]+ is depict$ 9 records ( ! greate/ antiquity3 9 ! ru9$ temples at ,!bes ,egypt1 ! anci5t s&al mak] is %[n at 8 task2 ! ,assyrian bricks %[ ! anci5t w>riors & p ( t "t we>+ ! simple s&al4 ,! disp]sion ( ! human races & ! w&]+ ( tribes into cold] climates br\ght ! necessity = m ?or\gh protection = ! feet & body1 & t ?is 0 accompli%$ 0 %[n 9 ! gradual increase 9 ! numb] ( /raps or ?ongs :i* held ! s&al 9 place &1 9 ! cold] climates1 9 ! contrivance ( a bag-l foot cov]+--traces ( :i* are f\nd ev5 n[ 9 ! ,indian moccas9 & ! foot cov]+ ( ! ,eskimo4 ,9 all cold] c\ntries ?is type ( footwe> is /ill 9 evid5ce1 ! seam ar\nd ! outl9e ( ! foot be+ a relic ( ! puck]+ /r+ :i* held ! bag-l cov]+ to ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t s&al %[+ puck]+ /r+ & ?ongs = hold+ x on foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese 8,,zori0 ,a flat s&al ) felt sole4 ,also %[+ 8,tabi0 or glove-l sock worn by ,japanese4 ,! s&al 0 develop$ & adorn$ by ! ,greeks1 b x 0 n until ! days ( ! ,roman ,empire t any?+ approa*+ ! pres5t =m ( %oes 0 design$4 ,9 ?is p]iod a =m ( foot cov]+ 0 develop$--t 0 appropriat$ by ! ,emp]or & worn by him only--:i* cov]$ ! entire foot ) ! exception ( ! toes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,s&al ,,to ,,! ,,%oe ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,=ms ,,( ,,s&als ,japanese ,a/rida or ,r\gh ,wea!r ,clog4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,turki% ,ba? ,slipp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,crakr[ or ,p\la9e %[+ cle>ly traces ( ! ori5tal orig9 ( ?is design4 ,illu/ration3 ,home made s&al ( ,sib]ian ,peasant4 ,%[+ puck]+ /r+ & key /rap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,w>y ,a primitive =m ( foot cov]+ v g5]ally us$ by ,japanese at ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n s&al issu$ by ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t = we> ( soldi]s4 ,! ,boot ,develop$ f ! ,s&al4 ,x 0 b a /ep f ?is =m ( foot cov]+ to ! boot :i* cov]$ n only ! foot b ! l[] leg z well & :i* came widely into use aft]w>ds 9 ! =m ( ! ,jack-boot4 ,up to ! f\rte5? c5tury !re _h be5 little 9 ! way ( developm5t ( foot cov]+1 b x is well e/abli%$ t 9 ! ye> #adjh !re 7 %oemak]s' guilds 9 ,europe4 ,"s ( ^! 7 semi-religi\s 9 "*1 ! memb]s work+ 9 communities & %>+ 9 ! g5]al product ( _! toil4 ,guilds ( ?is p]iod 7 v g5]ally d$icat$ to ei!r ,sa9t ,crisp9 or ,sa9t ,crispianus 7! patron sa9t ( %oemak+71 & ev5 to ?is day ! bir?day ( ,sa9t ,crisp9 is celebrat$ 9 "s ( ! ,engli% %oemak+ guilds on ,octob] #be4 ,! c]emonies att5d+ ! celebration 9 ! old5 days 7 ( a v elaborate nature4 ,,! ,,%oe ,,:i* ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,law ,,=bade ,9 ! process ( "t ! %oes began to lose ! crude nature & design 9 :i* ! ,d>k ,ages _h held !m & develop$ a /yle ! fir/ ( :i* 0 app>5t 9 ! gradual elongation ( ! toes1 ! cu/om said to h be5 introduc$ by ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,anj\1 & ^! %oes 7 kn[n z 8,crakr[s0 or 8,p\la9es40 ,! /yle f9ally ran to su* extremes t ef=t 0 made to /op x by ! *ur* & gov]nm5t1 b ) indiff]5t success until f9ally its end 0 accompli%$ by ! impos+ ( summ>y f9es & ?reat ( excommunication by ! *ur*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,crakr[ ,,or ,,peak$ ,,%oe ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury ,imm$iately ! /yle w5t to ! o!r extreme & ! toes became v broad1 z evid5c$ 9 ! p]iod ( ,elizabe?1 & 9 "s in/ances ! %oes 7 z broad z six in*es at ! toe4 ,!y 7 made ( velvet & 7 sla%$ to %[ ! sat9 l9+4 ,:o ,made ! ,fir/ ,%oes 9 ,am]ica8 ,! fir/ %oemak+ 9 ,am]ica is record$ :5 ,?omas ,baird arriv$ on ! second voyage ( ! ,mayfl[] 9 #afbh4 ,baird 0 "u contract ) ! ,plym\? ,company to make %oes = ! coloni/s & br\ght ) him div]s hides1 etc41 = ?is purpose4 ,x 0 record$ t 9 #afcf a plant] 9 ,virg9ia employ$ six %oemak]s to make %oes = 8 slaves4 ,t 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! c\ntry ! art ( mak+ %oes _h become ( consid]able importance is %[n by ! v summ>y laws pass$ by ! diff]5t colonies regulat+ ! indu/ry4 ,p>ticul>ly 0 ?is s 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania :i*1 9 #agba1 plac$ ^u its /atute book mo/ dra/ic laws reg>d+ ! mak+ ( %oes & regulat+ ! prices to be *>g$ !re=4 ,%oemak+ 9 ,new ,engl& e>ly receiv$ impetus f ! arrival ( "o ,phillip ,kirtl&1 a ,wel%man1 :o came to ,lynn1 ,mass41 9 #afcf4 ,he 0 an exp]i5c$ %oemak] & taught 8 art to _m ( ! coloni/s 9 8 vic9ity4 ,%oemak+ 9 ?is locality 0 fur!r advanc$ by ! arrival ( ,john ,adams ,dagyr1 :o settl$ 9 ,lynn 9 ! ye> #agej4 ,dagyr 0 a celebrat$ %oemak] & 0 enabl$1 f 8 own means1 to secure ! be/ examples ( "w f abroad4 ,he possess$ ! peculi> quality ( be+ able to tea* ! art to ^? :o came "u 8 *>ge4 ,! fame ( ,new ,engl& made %oes 0 due l>gely to ! tea*+s ( ^! m5 & ! indu/ry has cont9u$ to be "o ( ! fir/ 9 importance4 ,9 ,massa*usetts alone1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaj1 ov] #dj p] c5t ( ! entire value ( %oes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 produc$4 ,! "y man ( ?is p]iod1 :o essay$ to le>n ! %oemak+ trade1 0 ord9>ily appr5tic$ = a t]m ( sev5 ye>s "u ! mo/ rigor\s t]ms1 z %[n 9 "s ( ! ind5tures ( t p]iod :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ 9 e "p ( ! trade &1 ^u completion ( 8 t]m ( s]vice1 x 0 ! cu/om = ! newly fl$g$ %oemak] to />t :at 0 kn[n z 8:ipp+ ! cat0--:i* meant j\rney+ f t[n to t[n1 liv+ ) a family :ile mak+ a ye>'s supply ( %oes = ea* memb] !re(1 & !n leav+ to fill o!r engagem5ts previ\sly made4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! ma/] workman c\ld l>gely increase 8 income by employ+ o!r m5 to d c]ta9 portions ( ! "w1 :ile he direct$ _! ef=ts1 & ?is gradually lead to a division ( ! labor & 0 ! beg9n+ ( a factory sy/em--:i* has be5 9 process ( developm5t f t "t4 ,9 ! ye> #agie x is record$ t !re 7 9 ! city ( ,lynn1 ,mass41 ov] two hundr$ ma/] workm51 employ+ ov] six hundr$ j\rneym51 & t !y manufactur$ %oes at ! rate ( ab\t "o pair p] day p] man4 ,factory build+s1 z ! words w\ld be kn[n to-day1 7 practically unkn[n at t "t4 ,! small build+s1 ab\t t5 feet squ>e1 7 9 ! back y>ds ( _m homes & 9 ^! little %ops 7 employ$ f ?ree to eight m54 ,/range z x may seem1 prior to ! ye> #ahde !re _h be5 little *ange 9 ! tools employ$ 9 mak+ %oes4 ,! workman ( t p]iod1 seat$ at 8 l[ b5*1 us$ practically ! same implem5ts t 7 employ$ by 8 prototype1 ! anci5t s&al-mak] ( ,egypt4 ,! lap /one1 ! hamm]1 ! crude ne$le & ! knife be+ practically ! only tools us$4 ,n t !re _h be5 no ef=t to p]fect ma*9]y = ?is purpose2 ,napoleon ,i1 9 8 endeavor to secure bett] %oes = 8 soldi]s1 _h (f]$ great rew>ds = ! p]fect+ ( %oe ma*9]y t w\ld accompli% ?is purpose1 b al?\gh great ef=t _h be5 made !re _h be5 no successful ma*9]y produc$4 ,9 ?is ye> #ahde ! fir/ ma*9e to be widely adopt$ by ! indu/ry 0 p]fect$4 ,x 0 a simple =m ( roll+ ma*9e1 :i* took ! place ( ! lap /one & hamm] us$ by ! %oemak]s = t\gh5+ ! lea!r1 & x is said t a man c\ld1 9 half an h\r1 obta9 ! same results f ?is ma*9e t w\ld require a day's labor on ! "p ( ! h& workman employ+ ! old me?od ( p\nd+4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #ahdh by ! v important inv5tion by ,elias ,h[e ( ! sew+ ma*9e--:i* 0 n adapt$ = use 9 connection ) sew+ lea!r until sev]al ye>s lat]4 ,x />t$1 h[ev]1 an era ( great activity among inv5tors & 9 #aheg !re 0 p]fect$ a ma*9e = driv+ pegs1 :i* came into successful op]ation4 ,! ,fir/ ,ma*9e = ,mak+ ,%oes4 ,?is 0 %ortly foll[$ by a v important inv5tion by ,lyman ,e4 ,blake1 ( ,ab+ton1 ,mass41 ( a ma*9e = sew+ ! soles ( %oes & ?is aft]w>ds became fam\s z ! 8,mc,kay ,sew+ ,ma*9e40 ,?is inv5tion ( ,blake's 0 pur*as$ by ,gordon ,mc,kay1 :o sp5t l>ge sums ( money 9 p]fect+ x1 & ! fir/ ma*9e 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,lynn 9 #ahfa4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ma*9es 7 ( an indiff]5t nature & x 0 only aft] l>ge exp5ditures & ! hir+ ( a numb] ( diff]5t inv5tors to "w ^u x t a successful ma*9e 0 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boots ,,( ,,! ,,cavali]s ,,& ,,po/illions ,,fr5* ,,po/illion ,,boot ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cavali] ,,boot ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,milit>y ,,jack ,,boot ,,( ,,cromwell',s ,,"t ,illu/ration3 ,,milit>y ,,jack ,,boot ,,( ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,h[ ,,%oe ,,ma*9]y ,,0 ,,develop$ ,:ile ! quality ( "w 0 pron\nc$ by manufactur]s to be a success1 few _h any fai? 9 ! possibility ( manufactur+ %oes by ma*9]y & ,mc,kay met ) con/ant rebuffs 9 8 endeavor to introduce 8 ma*9e4 ,x is record$ t 9 8 desp]ation he f9ally (f]$ to sell all ! pat5t rights 9 ma*9es :i* he own$ to a syndicate ( ,lynn manufactur]s = ! sum ( #bej1jjj4jj--! am\nt he _h exp5d$--b ! (f] 0 refus$4 ,9 8 dilemma ,mc,kay at la/ (f]$ to %oe manufactur]s ! use ( 8 ma*9es on a basis1 :i* aft]w>ds became fam\s & an inh]5t "p ( ! %oe indu/ry kn[n z 8royalty10 :]eby ,mc,kay plac$ 8 ma*9es ) manufactur]s & p>ticipat$ to a small ext5t 9 ! am\nt ( money sav$4 ,ow+ to ! fact t %oemak]s 7 leav+ rapidly = ! front & t !re 0 a great sc>city ( footwe>1 ! manufactur]s gladly accept$ ?is proposition & ! ma*9es 7 v rapidly introduc$4 ,! success ( 8 e>ly ma*9es accompli%$1 ,mc,kay set ab\t ! p]fect+ ( o!rs t w\ld d diff]5t p>ts ( ! "w & !re 0 accord+ly great activity on ! "p ( inv5tors 9 _! endeavor to p]fect ma*9es = ! wide v>iety ( uses made necess>y 9 ! prep>ation ( lea!r = %oemak+4 ,!re 7 soon ma*9es on ! m>ket = a wide v>iety ( purposes--includ+ ! la/+ ( ! %oe1 cutt+ ! lea!r & = _m o!r processes necess>y 9 mak+ a complete %oe4 ,contempor>y ) ! e>ly success ( ! ,mc,kay ma*9es1 a ,fr5* inv5tor1 ,augu/ ,de/oney1 conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld sew turn$ %oes--!n a popul> type ( footwe> = wom54 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ( endeavor he f9ally secur$ ! int]e/ ( ,john ,hanan1 a fam\s %oemak] ( t "t 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & ?r\gh him ! int]e/ ( ,*>les ,goodye>--nephew ( ,goodye> ( ,india-rubb] fame4 ,no soon] _h ! ma*9e become p]fect$ = ! sew+ ( turn$ %oes1 h[ev]1 ?an he set to "w to make *anges :i* w\ld fit x to sew welt %oes4 7,! welt %oe has always be5 consid]$ ! highe/ type ( %oemak+1 z1 by a v +5i\s process1 a %oe is made :i* is p]fectly smoo? inside2 all ! o!r types hav+ a seam ( ?read or tacks inside :i* make !m ( consid]able disadvantage4 ,he 0 able to accompli% ?is a few ye>s lat]1 al?\gh ! ma*9es 7 n 9 ext5d$ use until ab\t #ahic1 :5 auxili>y ma*9es = p]=m+ important p>ts ( ! "w 7 p]fect$2 & f t "t headway 0 made 9 ! manufacture ( ?is high grade type ( footwe>4 ,! developm5t ( ! indu/ry--:i* has be5 v rapid ) ! introduction ( ma*9]y--suff]$ mat]ially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury ?r\gh ! bitt] rivalry ( ma*9]y manufactur]s1 a common process be+ ! enjo9+ ( manufactur]s f ! use ( ma*9es on :i* x 0 claim$ ! pat5ts 7 infr+$ & ?is creat$ a /ate ( great unc]ta9ty 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( ^? manufactur+ %oes4 ,?is condition f9ally f\nd its solution 9 ! =mation ( "o l>ge corporation1 kn[n 9 ! %oe indu/ry z ! 8,unit$ ,%oe ,ma*9]y ,company10 :i* pur*as$ ! pat5ts = a suffici5t numb] ( ma*9es to =m a complete sy/em = ! 8bottom+0--or fa/5+ ! soles & heels ( %oes--& f9i%+ !m4 ,^! ma*9es h be5 ! subject ( con/ant improvem5t & o!rs h be5 p]fect$ to take c>e ( op]ations :i*1 prior to _! introduction1 7 purely h& op]ations4 ,ea* ma*9e has be5 /&>diz$ & s adapt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ^? us$ 9 connection ) x t !y collectively =m ! mo/ rem>kable & effici5t sy/em ( ma*9es us$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,m5tion is made ( ?is company ow+ to ! important position x has tak5 9 ! organization & advancem5t ( ! indu/ry1 ! ,am]ican-made %oe be+ ! "o commodity ( _w-wide consumption ^: supremacy is n conte/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,my ,,lady',s ,,slipp]s ,,( ,,e>ly ,,times ,,embroid]$ ,,rid+ ,,boot ,,worn ,,by ,,nobles ,,dur+ ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,poli% ,,indep5d5ce ,illu/ration3 ,,embroid]$ ,,rid+ ,,boot ,,f ,,p]sia ,,( ,,ab\t #ahej ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,calf ,,boot ,,made ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 #ahce ,illu/ration3 ,,lady',s ,,%oe--,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,illu/ration3 ,,lady',s ,,%oe--,,p]iod ,,( ,,l\is ,,xvi4 ,has wood5 heel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lady',s ,,adelaid ,,or ,,side ,,lac$ ,,%oe--,,p]iod #ahcj ,,to #ahgj ,illu/ration3 ,,*annel ,,lip ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,insole ,,wood5 ,,la/--,,det]m9es ,,size ,,& ,,%ape ,,( ,,%oe ,,an ,,insole ,,an ,,insole ,,tack$ ,,to ,,bottom ,,( ,,la/ ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,%oe ,h[ ,%oes ,are ,made by ,ma*9]y ,at ! pres5t "t ! types ( %oes ord9>ily made are b five3 ! 8peg0 %oe1 :i* is ! *eape/ type ( %oe made2 ! 8/&>d screw10 :i* is us$ 9 ! soles ( ! heavie/ types ( boots2 ! 8,mc,kay sew$10 :i* is made aft] ! fa%ion e/abli%$ by ,gordon ,mc,kay2 ! 8turn0 %oe1 a light type ( %oe :i* 0 inv5t$ c5turies ago & :i* is /ill worn at ?is "t to a limit$ ext5t2 & ! 8,goodye> welt10 :i* has be5 univ]sally adopt$ z ! highe/ type ( footwe>4 ,= ?is reason1 ?is type ( %oe has be5 select$ to %[ ! me?ods employ$ 9 mak+ %oes4 ,,! ,,goodye> ,,welt ,,%oe4--,a ,goodye> ,welt %oe 9 its evolution f ! embryonic /ate 9 :i* x is 8m]e lea!r & ?read0 to ! complet$ product1 passes ?r\gh "o hundr$ & six diff]5t pairs ( h&s & is oblig$ to con=m to ! requirem5ts ( fifty-eight diff]5t ma*9es1 ea* p]=m+ ) unyield+ accuracy ! v>i\s op]ations = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,x might seem t 9 all ?is multiplicity ( op]ations confusion w\ld occur1 & t ! _m details & specifications reg>d+ mat]ial & design ( any giv5 lot ( %oes 9 process ( manufacture w\ld become hopelessly entangl$ ) ^? ( simil> lots und]go+ ! same op]ations4 ,b su* is n ! case2 =1 :5 an ord] is receiv$ 9 any mod]n & well-organiz$ factory1 ! factory managem5t promptly take ! precaution to see t all ! details reg>d+ ! samples to :i* ! f9i%$ product is to con=m are set d[n 9 ! ord] book4 ,ea* lot is giv5 an ord] numb] & ?is numb]1 toge!r ) ! details affect+ ! prep>ation ( ! %oe upp]1 are writt5 on tags--"o = ea* two doz5 %oes--:i* are s5t to ! =eman ( ! cutt+ room4 ,o!rs conta9+ details reg>d+ ! sole lea!r are s5t to ! sole lea!r room1 :ile a ?ird lot is made out = ! guidance ( ! =eman ( ! mak+ or bottom+ room1 :5 ! diff]5t p>ts :i* h receiv$ att5tion & be5 prep>$ accord+ to specifications 9 ! cutt+ & sole lea!r rooms are ready to be assembl$ = ! mak+ or bottom+ process4 ,if ! tags :i* 7 s5t to ! cutt+ room 7 foll[$1 x w\ld be f\nd t on _! receipt ! =eman ( ?is dep>tm5t figur$ out ! am\nt & k9d ( lea!r requir$1 ! k9d ( l9+s1 /ays1 etc41 & t ! lea!r1 toge!r ) ! tags :i* gave directions reg>d+ ! size1 etc41 0 s5t to "o ( ! op]ators ( ! ,ideal ,click+ ,ma*9e4 ,,%oemak+ ,,ma*9]y ,,is ,,all ,,b ,,human ,?is ma*9e has be5 pron\nc$ "o ( ! mo/ important innovations t h be5 made 9 ! %oe manufactur+ indu/ry dur+ rec5t ye>s1 z x p]=ms an op]ation :i* has h]et(ore successfully )/ood e attempt at me*anical aid4 ,prior to its introduction1 ! cutt+ ( upp] lea!r 0 accompli%$ by ! use ( patt]ns made ) metal edges1 :i* 7 laid ^u ! lea!r by cutt]1 :o !n ran a small %>p knife along ! edges ( ! patt]n1 cutt+ ! lea!r to con=m to x4 ,?is 0 a sl[ & labori\s process1 & if great c>e 0 n tak51 !re 0 a t5d5cy to cut away f ! patt]n2 & 9 _m cases1 ?r\gh "s slip ( ! knife1 ! lea!r 0 cut beyond ! requir$ limits4 ,?is ma*9e has a cutt+ bo>d v simil> to ^? :i* 7 us$ by ! h& workman & ov] x is a beam :i* c be swung ei!r to ! "r or to ! left1 z desir$1 & ov] any portion ( ! bo>d4 ,any k9d ( sk9 to be cut is plac$ on ! bo>d1 & ! op]ator places a die ( unusual design on x4 ,grasp+ ! h&le1 :i* is a "p ( ! sw++ beam1 he sw+s ! beam ov] ! die1 & on d[nw>d pressure ( ! h&le a clut* is engag$ :i* br+s ! beam d[nw>d1 press+ ! die ?r\gh ! lea!r4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$1 ! beam automatically returns to its full height & rema9s !re until ! h&le is aga9 press$4 ,! dies us$ are b ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 height & are s light t !y d n m> ! mo/ delicate lea!r :5 plac$ ^u x4 ,!y enable ! op]ator to see cle>ly ! entire surface ( ! lea!r he is cutt+ out1 & x is obvi\s t ! pieces cut by ! use ( any giv5 die mu/ be id5tically ! same4 ,aft] ! diff]5t p>ts requir$ by ! tag h be5 cut out by ! op]ator ( ! ,click+ ,ma*9e1 "s ( ! edges :i* %[ 9 ! f9i%$ %oe mu/ be skiv$ or ?9n$ d[n to a bevel$ edge4 ,?is "w is p]=m$ by ! ,amaze5 ,skiv+ ,ma*9e--a wond]ful little ma*9e 9 :i* ! edge to be skiv$ is f$ to a %>p revolv+ disk t cuts x d[n to ! desir$ bevel4 ,! ma*9e does ! "w 9 a v effici5t mann]1 con=m+ to all ! curves & angles4 ,?is skiv+ is done 9 ord] t ! edges may be fold$1 to give ! p>ticul> edge on :i* x is p]=m$ a m f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! skiv$ edges are !n giv5 a little coat+ ( cem5t & aft]w>ds fold$ on a ma*9e :i* turns back ! edge & incid5tally p\nds x d[n1 s t x pres5ts a v smoo? & f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,aside f ! "w ( skiv+ toe caps & fold+ !m1 !re is g5]ally a s]ies ( ornam5tal p]=ations cut along ! edge ( ! cap4 ,?is is done v (t5 by ! ,p[] ,tip ,press1 by means ( :i* ! piece to be p]=at$ is plac$ "u a s]ies ( dies :i* cuts ! p]=ations 9 ! lea!r accord+ to a pr$et]m9$ design1 do+ ! "w all at "o "t4 ,! numb] ( designs us$ = ?is purpose are _m & v>i$1 comb9ations ( diff]5t siz$ p]=ations be+ work$ out 9 innum]able designs4 ,on "o ( ! top l9+s ( ea* %oe !re has be5 /amp$ ! ord] numb]1 toge!r ) ! size ( ! %oe = :i* ! l9+s 7 int5d$4 ,aft] all ! l9+s h be5 prep>$ 9 accordance ) ! in/ructions on ! tag1 !y1 9 connection ) ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! %oe1 receive att5tion f ! ,/it*]s1 :]e all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! upp] are unit$4 ,! "w is p]=m$ on a range ( wond]ful ma*9es1 :i* p]=m all ! diff]5t op]ations ) great rapidity & accuracy4 ,at ! completion ( ^! op]ations ! %oe is ready to receive ! eyelets1 :i* are plac$ ) rem>kable spe$ & accuracy by ! ,duplex ,eyelett+ ,ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e eyelets bo? sides ( ! %oe at "o "t ) bewild]+ rapidity4 ,! eyelets are securely plac$ & accurately spac$2 & z bo? sides ( ! upp] are eyelett$ at "o "t1 ! eyelets are plac$ directly opposite ea* o!r1 :i* greatly helps ! fitt+ ( ! %oe1 z !reby ! wr9kl+ ( ! %oe upp] is avoid$4 ,) ! completion ( ?is op]ation1 ! prep>ation ( ! %oe upp] is f9i%$1 & ! diff]5t lots ) _! tags are s5t to ! bottom+ room to await ! com+ ( ! diff]5t sole lea!r portions ( ! %oe4 ,^! h be5 und]go+ prep>ation 9 ! sole lea!r room1 :]e on receipt ( tag ! =eman has giv5 directions = ! prep>ation ( outsoles1 insoles1 c\nt]s1 toe boxes & heels1 to con=m ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ord]4 ,! soles are r\ghly di$ out f sides ( sole lea!r on l>ge ,die+-out ,ma*9es1 :i* press heavy dies d[n ?r\gh ! lea!r2 b to make !m con=m exactly to ! requir$ %ape1 !y are g5]ally r\nd$ out on a ma*9e kn[n z ! 8,planet ,r\nd+ ,ma*9e10 9 :i* ! r\ghly di$-out piece ( lea!r is held betwe5 clamps1 "o ( :i* is ! exact patt]n ( ! sole4 ,on />t+ ! ma*9e1 a little knife d>ts ar\nd ?is patt]n1 cutt+ ! sole exactly to con=m ) x4 ,! outsole is n[ pass$ to a heavy ,roll+ ,ma*9e1 :]e x is subject$ to tons ( pressure betwe5 heavy rolls4 ,?is takes ! place ( ! hamm]+ :i* ! old-"t %oemak] gave 8 lea!r & br+s ! fibres v closely toge!r1 greatly increas+ its we>4 ,?is sole is next f$ to a ma*9e call$ ! 8,summit ,splitt+ ,ma*9e--,model ,m10 :i* r$uces x to an exactly ev5 ?ickness4 ,! insole--:i* is made ( v mu* light] lea!r--is prep>$ 9 mu* ! same mann]1 & 9 ?is way x w be notic$ t bo? ! insole & outsole are r$uc$ to an absolutely uni=m ?ickness4 ,! insole also receives fur!r prep>ation2 x is *annel$ on ! ,goodye> ,*annel+ ,ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e cuts a little slit along ! edge ( ! insole1 ext5d+ ab\t "o-half in* t[>ds its c5t]4 ,x also cuts a small *annel along ! surface4 ,! lip :i* has be5 =m$ by ! ,goodye> ,*annel+ ,ma*9e is n[ turn$ up on ! ,goodye> ,lip ,turn+ ,ma*9e1 s t x ext5ds out at a "r angle f ! insole1 =m+ a lip or %\ld] aga9/ :i* ! welt is sew$4 ,! cut :i* has be5 made on ! surface inside ?is lip s]ves z a guide = ! op]ator ( ! ,welt ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 :5 ! %oe rea*es t /age4 ,! heels to be us$ on ^! %oes h also be5 =m$ f diff]5t lifts ( lea!r :i* are cem5t$ toge!r4 ,! heel is !n plac$ "u great pressure1 giv+ x exact =m & greatly increas+ its we>4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,%oe ,,come ,,toge!r ,! c\nt]s are also prep>$ 9 ?is room1 z well z ! toe boxes or /iff5+1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 ! toe cap & ! vamp ( ! %oe4 ,:5 ^! are all complet$1 !y are s5t to ! mak+ or bottom+ room1 :]e ! complet$ %oe upp] is await+ !m4 ,"h a wond]fully +5i\s little ma*9e call$ ! 8,ensign ,lac+ ,ma*9e10 passes /rong tw9e ?r\gh ! eyelets & 9 a tw9kl+ ties x automatically4 ,?is is done s t all p>ts ( ! %oe w be held 9 _! normal position :ile ! %oe is be+ made4 ,! knot ti$ by ?is ma*9e is p]fect & is p]=m$ ) me*anical exactness4 ,on high-grade %oes ?is "w 0 =m]ly p]=m$ by h& & x w be readily recogniz$ h[ difficult x 0 to obta9 uni=mity4 ,! spread ( ! upp] at ! ?roat c be regulat$ p]fectly :5 ?is ma*9e is us$4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! %oe n[ comm5ce to come toge!r4 ,! workman places ! toe box1 or /iff5+1 9 ! prop] location z well z ! c\nt] at ! heel1 & draws ! upp] ov] ! la/4 ,to ! bottom ( ?is la/ has already be5 tack$ by means ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,co4 ,insole ,tack+ ,ma*9e--:i* drives tacks automatically--! insole1 :i*1 x w be notic$1 con=ms exactly to ! %ape ( ! bottom ( ! la/4 ,?is la/1 made ( wood1 is ( ! utmo/ importance1 = ^u ! la/ dep5ds ! %ape ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea* ,,%oe ,,ma*9e ,,does ,,some?+ ,,diff]5t ,,assembl+ ,,ma*9e ,op]ator locates back seam ( upp] on la/4 ,ma*9e drives two tacks :i* hold x 9 place4 ,! %oe z complet$ up to ?is po9t ) ! p>ts m5tion$ fa/5$ toge!r z %[n1 is n[ ready = assembl+4 ,! workman1 aft] plac+ ! la/ inside ! %oe upp]1 puts x on ! sp9dle ( ! ,rex ,assembl+ ,ma*9e1 :]e he takes c>e t ! seam at ! heel is prop]ly locat$4 ,he presses a foot lev] & a small tack is driv5 "p way 91 to hold ! upp] 9 place4 ,he !n h&s x ov] to ! op]ator ( ! ,rex ,pull+-,ov] ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pull+-,,ov] ,,ma*9e ,draws %oe upp] smoo?ly d[n to la/4 ,op]ator adju/s x s t ea* seam occupies correct position on la/4 ,ma*9e automatically drives back to hold x 9 place4 ,?is ma*9e is a v important "o2 = z ! p>ts ( ! %oe upp] h be5 cut to exactly con=m to ! %ape ( ! la/1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be correctly plac$ on ! la/ to secure ! desir$ results4 ,! p9c]s ( ?is ma*9e grasp ! lea!r at diff]5t po9ts on ea* side ( ! toe2 & ! op]ator1 /&+ 9 a position f :i* he c see :5 ! upp] is exactly c5t]$1 presses a foot lev]1 ! p9c]s close & draw ! lea!r securely aga9/ ! wood ( ! la/4 ,at ?is po9t ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e halts4 ,by mov+ diff]5t lev]s1 ! workman is able to adju/ ! %oe upp] accurately1 s t ea* "p ( x lies 9 ! exact position x 0 int5d$ :5 ! %oe 0 design$4 ,:5 ?is important op]ation has be5 complet$1 ! op]ator aga9 presses a foot lev]1 ! p9c]s move t[>d ea* o!r1 draw+ ! lea!r securely ar\nd ! la/1 & at ! same "t !re are driv5 automatically two tacks on ea* side & "o at ! toe1 :i* hold ! upp] securely 9 position4 ,^! tacks are driv5 b "p way 91 s t !y may be aft]w>d remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,la/+ ,,ma*9e ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,h& ,,me?od ,,la/+ ,,ma*9e ,la/ sides ( %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la/+ ,,ma*9e ,la/ toe & heel ( %oe4 ,! %oe is n[ ready = la/+4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & important p>ts ( ! %oemak+ process1 = ^u ! success ( ?is op]ation dep5ds 9 a great measure ! beauty & com=t ( ! %oe4 ,! ,consolidat$ ,h& ,me?od ,welt ,la/+ ,ma*9e1 :i* is us$ = ?is purpose1 takes its "n f ! almo/ human way 9 :i* x p]=ms ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,x is wond]ful to obs]ve h[ ev5ly & tightly x draws ! lea!r ar\nd ! la/4 ,at ea* pull ( ! p9c]s a small tack driv5 automatically "p way 9 holds ! edge ( ! upp] exactly 9 place1 s t 9 ! f9i%$ %oe e "p ( ! upp] has be5 /ret*$ 9 all directions equally4 ,! toe & heel ( ! %oe are consid]$ p>ticul>ly difficult portions to la/ prop]ly4 ,?is important "p ( ! "w is n[ be+ v g5]ally p]=m$ on ! ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,co4 ,la/+ ,ma*9e--,no4 #e1 a ma*9e ( :at is kn[n z ! 8b$ type40 ,x is provid$ ) a s]ies ( wip]s = toe & heel1 :i* draw ! lea!r simultane\sly f all directions4 ,!re c be no wr9kles at ! toe or heel ( %oe on :i* x is prop]ly us$ & ! quality ( "w produc$ by x has be5 v g5]ally recogniz$ z a di/9ct advance 9 ?is important "p ( %oemak+4 ,aft] ! lea!r has be5 br\ght smoo?ly ar\nd ! toe x is held !re by a little tape fa/5$ on ea* side ( ! toe & :i* is held securely 9 place by ! surplus lea!r crimpl$ 9 at ?is po9t4 ,! surplus lea!r crimpl$ 9 at ! heel is =c$ smoo?ly d[n aga9/ ! insole & held !re by tacks driv5 by a v +5i\s h& tool 9 :i* !re is a con/antly r5ew$ supply ( tacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ma*9e ,,t ,,=ms ,,& ,,drives ,,tacks ,,upp] ,,/apl+ ,,ma*9e ,=ms small /aples f wire4 ,holds %oe upp] to lip ( insole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,upp] ,,trimm+ ,,ma*9e4 ,trims (f surplus "p ( %oe upp] & l9+4 ,9 all ( ! la/+ op]ations ! tacks are driv5 b "p way 91 except at ! heel portion ( ! %oe1 :]e !y are driv5 ?r\gh ! insole & cl9*$ on ! iron heel ( ! la/4 ,! tacks are driv5 only "p way 91 9 ord] t !y may be aft]w>d )drawn s z to leave ! inside ( ! %oe p]fectly smoo?4 ,9 mak+ %oes o!r ?an ,goodye> ,welts1 ) ! exception ( ! ,goodye> ,turn ,%oe1 x is necess>y to drive ! tacks ?r\gh ! insole & cl9* !m inside ! %oe1 s t ! diff]5t portions ( ! sole inside ! %oe h cl9*$ tacks4 ,^! are left ev5 aft] ! %oe is f9i%$4 ,?is smoo? int]ior ( ! %oe is "o ( ! ess5tial features ( ! ,goodye> ,welt ,process4 ,9 ! la/+ op]ation !re is naturally a surplus am\nt ( lea!r left at ! toe & sometimes ar\nd ! sides ( ! %oe1 & ?is is remov$ on ! ,rex ,upp] ,trimm+ ,ma*9e 9 :i* a little knife cuts away ! surplus portion ( ! lea!r v smoo?ly & ev5ly1 & simultane\sly a small hamm] op]at+ 9 connection ) ! knife p\nds ! lea!r smoo? along ! sides & ! toe ( ! %oe4 ,! %oe !n passes to ! ,rex ,p\nd+ ,ma*9e1 9 :i* a hamm] p\nds ! lea!r & c\nt] ar\nd ! heel s t ! /iff portion ( ! %oe con=ms exactly to ! %ape ( ! la/4 ,! %oe is n[ ready to receive ! welt1 :i* is a n>r[ /rip ( lea!r t is sew$ along ! edge ( ! %oe1 beg9n+ :]e ! heel is plac$ & end+ at ! same spot on ! opposite edge4 ,?is welt is sew$ f ! inside lip ( ! insole1 s t ! ne$le passes ?r\gh ! lip1 upp] & welt1 unit+ all ?ree securely & all[+ ! welt to protrude ev5ly along ! edge4 ,! ne$le 9 mak+ ?is /it* does n g inside ! %oe1 b passes ?r\gh only a portion ( ! insole1 leav+ ! inside p]fectly smoo?4 ,?is "p ( ! "w 0 =m]ly "o ( ! mo/ difficult & labori\s tasks 9 %oemak+4 ,z x 0 p]=m$ entirely by h&1 ! draw+ ( ea* /it* dep5d$ ^u ! /r5g? & mood ( ! workman4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t ) diff]5t op]ators /it*es 7 (t5times ( diff]5t l5g?s & drawn at diff]5t t5sions2 = human nature is mu* ! same ev]y:]e1 & x is impossible = a workman :o has labor$ h>d all day to draw a /it* ) ! same t5sion at night z might h be5 possible 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,automatic ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ,,:i* ,,nev] ,,tires ,,welt ,,& ,,turn$ ,,%oe ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ,upp] portion %[s op]ator at ma*9e4 ,! l[] %[s =mation & location ( /it* =m$ by ?is ma*9e4 ,welt ,/it* ,welt ,x is surpris+ h[ quickly & easily ! "w is done on ! ,goodye> ,welt ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,?is fam\s ma*9e has be5 ! lead+ factor 9 ! great revolution t has tak5 place 9 %oe manufactur+4 ,its "w %\ld be c>efully not$--all /it*es ( equal l5g? & measur$ automatically1 ! /rong l95 ?read ?or\ghly wax$ & drawn ev5ly & tightly2 = ! ma*9e nev] tires1 & x draws ! ?read z /rongly 9 ! ev5+ z 9 ! morn+4 ,e complet$ movem5t ( ! ne$le =ms a /it* ( great /r5g?1 :i* holds ! welt1 upp] & insole securely toge!r4 ,z ! la/+ tacks z well z ! tacks :i* hold ! insole 9 place on ! la/ 7 )drawn j prior to ?is op]ation1 x w be se5 t ! inside ( ! %oe is left p]fectly smoo?4 ,aft] ?is process ! surplus portions ( ! lip1 upp] & welt :i* protrude beyond ! /it*es made by ! ,goodye> ,welt ,ma*9e are trimm$ (f by ! ,goodye> ,inseam ,trimm+ ,ma*9e--a mo/ effici5t ma*9e1 9 :i* a revolv+ cup-%ap$ knife comes 9 contact ) ! surplus portions ( ! lea!r & trims !m (f v smoo?ly d[n to ! /it*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,cork ,,& ,,rubb] ,,cem5t ,,9 ,,%oes ,,inseam ,,trimm+ ,,ma*9e4 ,trims %oe upp] l9+ & lip ( insole smoo? d[n to /it*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,welt ,,beat+ ,,& ,,sla%+ ,,ma*9e ,beats welt s t x /&s out ev5ly r\nd edge ( %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plac+ ,,%ank ,,& ,,fill+ ,,bottom4 ,workman tacks %ank 9 place & fills bottom ) gr\nd cork & rubb] cem5t4 ,at ?is /age ! %oe is pass$ to ! ,univ]sal ,welt ,beat]1 9 :i* a little hamm] vibrat+ v rapidly beats ! welt s t x /&s out ev5ly f ! side ( ! %oe4 ,z ! lea!r is b5t ar\nd ! toe1 x is ! natural t5d5cy ( ! welt to draw m tightly at t place1 & ?is is tak5 c>e ( by a little knife :i* ! op]ator =ces into op]ation1 9 ! beat+ process1 ! toe is be+ tak5 c>e (1 & x makes a s]ies ( little cuts diagonally along ! edge ( x4 ,! insole & welt n[ receive a coat+ ( rubb] cem5t4 ,?is cem5t is conta9$ 9 an air-tight tank & is appli$ by means ( a revolv+ bru%1 :i* takes its supply ( cem5t1 z requir$1 f a c4 ,9 ?is way1 an ev5 coat+ ( any desir$ ?ickness is giv5 to ! insole & welt4 ,?is ma*9e has _m advantages2 ! cem5t be+ closely conf9$ 9 ! tank1 !re is almo/ no wa/e 9 its use4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ?is 0 done by h&1 ! wa/e ?r\gh evaporation or lack ( c>e on ! "p ( ! workman 0 v mat]ial4 ,! heavy outsole ( ! %oe also receives at ?is "t prop] att5tion4 ,! fle% side ( ?is sole1 or ! side next to ! animal1 receives a coat+ ( rubb] cem5t1 & aft] x has dri$ slightly ! op]ator ( ! ,goodye> ,improv$ ,tw9 ,sole ,lay+ ,ma*9e takes ! "w 9 h&4 ,9 ?is ma*9e !re is a rubb] pad1 or m\ld1 :i* has be5 made to con=m to ! curve 9 ! sole ( ! %oe4 ,aft] plac+ ! la/ on ! sp9dle1 :i* is susp5d$ f ! ma*9e & hangs ov] ! rubb] m\ld1 ! outsole hav+ be5 previ\sly press$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! %oe1 ! op]ator by press+ ! foot lev] causes ?is arm to desc5d1 =c+ ! %oe d[n into ! m\ld1 s t e portion ( ! sole is press$ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! %oe & welt4 ,"h !y are all[$ to rema9 = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t = ! cem5t to prop]ly set1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ on a duplicate "p ( ! ma*9e1 ! op]ator leav+ "o %oe "u pressure :ile he is prep>+ ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9es ,,:i* ,,put ,,! ,,soles ,,on ,,%oes ,,sole ,,lay+ ,,ma*9e4 ,presses outsole to bottom ( %oe :]e x is held by rubb] cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\nd+ ,,& ,,*annell+ ,,ma*9e4 ,r\ghly r\nds outsole & welt to con=m to %ape ( la/4 ,cuts small *annel along edge = /it*es4 ,! next op]ation is t ( trimm+ ! sole & welt s t !y w protrude a uni=m di/ance f ! edge ( ! %oe4 ,?is "w is p]=m$ on ! ,goodye> ,univ]sal ,r\gh ,r\nd+ ,ma*9e1 :i* gauges ! di/ance exactly f ! edge ( ! la/4 ,x is (t5 desir$ to h ! edge ext5d$ fur!r on ! outside ( ! %oe ?an x does on ! inside & also t ! wid? ( ! edge %\ld be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 ! %ank ( ! %oe4 ,?is is tak5 c>e ( ) great accuracy by ! use ( ?is ma*9e4 ,! op]ator is able to *ange ! wid? at w4 ,by ! use ( ?is rem>kable ma*9e ! op]ator is also enabl$ to make ! sole ( ! %oe con=m exactly to all o!rs ( simil> size & design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*annel ,,op5+ ,,ma*9e4 ,turns back lip ( *annel prep>atory to /it*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*annel ,,cem5t+ ,,ma*9e4 ,coats surface ( *annel s x may be laid to cov] /it*es4 ,! surplus portion ( ! lea!r is n[ trimm$ (f on ! ,heel-,seat ,r\nd+ ,ma*9e1 & ! *annel cut by ! knife on ! ,r\gh ,r\nd+ ,ma*9e is turn$ up s t x leaves ! *annel op54 ,?is is done by ! ,goodye> ,univ]sal ,*annel ,op5+ ,ma*9e1 9 :i* a little :eel1 turn+ v rapidly1 lays ! lip smoo?ly back4 ,,sew+ ,,! ,,sole ,,to ,,! ,,%oe ,! outsole is n[ sew$ to ! welt4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ on ! ,goodye> ,outsole ,rapid ,lock/it* ,ma*9e1 :i* is v simil> 9 op]ation to ! ,goodye> ,welt ,sew+ ,ma*9e us$ 9 sew+ ! welt to ! %oe4 ,! /it*1 h[ev]1 is f9] & ext5ds f ! *annel :i* 0 cut = x to ! upp] side ( ! welt1 :]e x %[s aft] ! %oe has be5 f9i%$4 ,! lock/it* =m$ by ?is ma*9e is a mo/ durable "o4 ,us+ a ?or\ghly wax$ ?read1 x holds ! outsole securely 9 place1 ev5 aft] ! connect+ /it*es h be5 worn (f4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important ma*9es 9 ! %oemak+ process4 ,x is able to sew ev5 9 ! n>r[ %ank1 :]e a ma*9e us+ a /raight ne$le c\ld n possibly place its /it*4 ,! 8,/> ,*annel ,cem5t+ ,ma*9e--,model ,a0 is aga9 call$ into op]ation = ! purpose ( coat+ ) cem5t ! inside ( ! *annel 9 :i* ?is /it* has be5 made4 ,a special bru% ) gu>d is us$ = ?is purpose1 & ! op]ation is v quickly p]=m$ by ! skill$ op]ator4 ,aft] ?is cem5t has be5 all[$ to set a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ! *annel lip1 :i* has previ\sly be5 laid back aga9/ ! sole1 is aga9 =c$ into its =m] position & held securely 9 place by rubb] cem5t4 ,?is "w is done by ! ,goodye> ,*annel ,lay+ ,ma*9e1 9 :i* a rapidly revolv+ :eel provid$ ) a peculi> arrangem5t ( flanges =ces back into place1 securely hid+ ! /it*es f obs]vation on ?is portion ( ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9es ,,:i* ,,pun* ,,! ,,soles ,,( ,,%oes ,,*annel ,,lay+ ,,ma*9e4 ,rubs *annel lip d[n to cov] /it*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loose ,,nail+ ,,ma*9e ,drives small nails :i* hold outsole 9 place at heel4 ,! next op]ation is t ( level+1 :i* is p]=m$ on ! ,automatic ,sole ,levell+ ,ma*9e--"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ us$ 9 ! %oemak+ process4 ,?is is a d\ble ma*9e provid$ ) two sp9dles1 on "o ( :i* ! op]ator places a %oe to be levell$4 ,x is securely held by ! sp9dle & a toe re/1 & on ! op]ator's press+ a foot lev]1 ! %oe passes automatically b5ea? a vibrat+ roll "u heavy pressure4 ,?is roll moves =w>d ) a vibrat+ motion ov] ! sole ( ! %oe d[n into ! %ank1 passes back aga9 to ! toe1 !n cants to ! "r1 & repeats ! op]ation on t side ( ! %oe1 return+ to ! toe & cant+ to ! left1 repeat+ ! op]ation on t side2 aft] :i* ! %oe automatically drops =w>d & is reliev$ f pressure4 ,?is roll+ motion removes e possibility ( !re be+ any unev5ness 9 ! bottom ( ! %oe1 & :ile "o %oe is "u pressure ! op]ator is prep>+ a second "o = ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automatic ,,levell+ ,,ma*9e4 ,rolls out any unev5ness 9 soles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,heel ,,( ,a ,,%oe ,,is ,,put ,,on ,,top ,,lift ,,compress$ ,,heel ,,be=e ,,op]ation ,,aft] ,,op]ation ,heel ,atta*+ ,,"w ,,p]=m$ ,,by ,,heel+ ,,ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,automatic ,,heel ,,load+ ,,& ,,atta*+ ,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slugg+ ,,ma*9e4 ,drives small pieces ( ornam5tal metal :i* protect ! heel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,heel ,,trimm+ ,,ma*9e4 ,trims r\gh lifts ( heel to desir$ %ape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,heel ,,brea/+ ,,ma*9e4 ,cuts ! brea/ ( ! heel to correct angle & curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edge ,,trimm+ ,,ma*9e4 ,trims edge ( outsole smoo?ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,lump ,,( ,,pulp4 ,pap] su* z f\nd 9 ?is book is made f trunks & limbs ( trees4 ,! use ( good fib]s 9 book pap] is a gu>antee ( quality & durability4 ,! above illu/ration repres5ts a lump ( ?is pulp prep>$ = ! beat]s4 ,h[ ! ,pap] 9 ?is ,book is ,made ,:]e ,does ,pap] ,come ,f8 ,egyptians 7 ! fir/ p to make :at w\ld today be call$ pap]4 ,!y made x f a plant call$ papyrus & t is :]e ! "n comes f4 ,?is plant is a species ( re$4 ,! ,egyptians took /alks ( re$ cut into z ?9 slices z !y c\ld1 laid !m side by side2 !n !y arrang$ ano!r lay] on top ) ! slices ! o!r way & put ?is 9 a press4 ,:5 dri$ & rubb$ until smoo?1 x made a k9d ( pap]1 :i* c\ld be writt5 ^u4 ,"o ( ! fir/ sub/ances us$ = mak+ ! k9d ( pap] we h today 0 cotton4 ,pap] 0 made f cotton ab\t #aajj ,a4 ,d4 ,f ?is ?9 cotton pap] our pres5t pap]s are a developm5t1 i4e41 pap] today is l>gely made ( vegetable fib]s4 ,vegetable fib]s consi/ mo/ly ( cellulose surr\nd$ by o!r ?+s :i* hold ! %ort vegetable fib]s toge!r4 ,! fib]s be/ adapt$ = mak+ pap] are ^? ( ! cotton & flax plants1 & :ile ! uses ( pap] 7 few1 no o!r mat]ial 0 ne$$ :5 x 0 once le>n$ t cotton & l95 fib]s w\ld d = mak+ pap]4 ,all we _h to d 0 to save all ! old rags & sell !m to ! pap] man4 ,9 mak+ pap] f rags1 ! rags 7 all[$ to rot to remove ! sub/ances t incru/ ! cellulose1 & !n beat5 into a pulp1 to :i* a l>ge quantity ( wat] 0 add$4 ,?is pulp 0 put into a sieve1 until ! great] "p ( ! wat] _h be5 dra9$ (f by %ak+1 & ! fib]s rema9+ =m$ a ?9 lay] on ! bottom ( ! sieve4 ,?is lay] ( fib] 0 put into a pile ) o!r simil> lay]s1 & ! :ole pile 0 plac$ "u a press1 :]e m ( ! wat] 0 remov$4 ,:5 !y 7 dry1 we _h a v fair k9d ( pap] :i* 01 h[ev]1 n mu* bett] ?an blott+ pap] & c\ld n be writt5 on ) ink because x 0 loose 9 texture & v absorb5t4 ,to give x good writ+ surface x 0 necess>y to fill ! pores4 ,?is 0 done by siz+ :i* gave ! pap] great firmness4 ,pap] 0 siz$ by draw+ ! lay]s ( pap] ?r\gh a solution ( alum & glue1 or "s simil> sub/ances1 & !n dry+ !m1 !n f9ally pass$ betwe5 highly poli%$ roll]s to iron x4 ,?is gave x ! necess>y smoo? h>d surface4 ,9 ! mod]n me?od ( mak+ rag pap] by ma*9]y1 ! rags are boil$ ) cau/ic soda1 :i* sep>ates ! cellulose fib]s1 & plac$ 9 a ma*9e 9 :i* roll]s set ) knives te> ! rags to pieces & mix !m ) wat] to =m a pulp4 ,?is is call$ a break]4 ,! pulp is !n blea*$ ) *loride ( lime1 & is pass$ on to ! siz+ ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e mixes ! pulp ) alum & ) a k9d ( soap1 made f suitable res9s :i* s]ves ! purpose bett] ?an glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,n ,a ,,wood ,,y>d ,,b ,,! ,,outside ,,( ,a ,,pap] ,,mill4 ,?is %[s ! great piles ( trunks & limbs ( trees ne> a wood pulp pap] mill us$ 9 mak+ pap] = newspap]s1 books1 magaz9es1 etc4 ,h[ ,is ! ,wat] ,m>k ,put ,into ,pap]8 ,! pulp1 :i* is n[ ready to be made into pap]1 is p\r$ out ^u an endless clo? made ( f9e brass wire4 ,?is clo? travels con/antly 9 "o direction1 by means ( roll]s1 & is giv5 at ! same "t a sort ( vibratory motion1 to cause ! pap] fib]s to become m closely felt$ toge!r4 ,on ! wire clo? web are usually wov5 words1 or designs1 9 wire1 t rise above ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,^! are transf]r$ to ! pap]1 & are call$ wat] m>ks4 ,! ma*9e !n w9ds ! f9i%$ pap] into rolls1 s t x may be h&l$ conv5i5tly4 ,,h[ ,,pap] ,,is ,,n[ ,,made ,,f ,,wood ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ! uses = pap] h increas$ s greatly t !re h n be5 en\gh rags available to meet ! dem& = mat]ial1 & a successful ef=t 0 made to f9d o!r mat]ial f :i* pap] c\ld be made4 ,_m fib]s 7 tri$ be=e x 0 f\nd t wood pulp c\ld be us$4 ,/raw & esp>to grass1 a plant t gr[s wild 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 f\nd to yield cellulose hav+ ! desir$ qualities & 7 us$ to "s ext5t4 ,b ! problem 0 solv$ :5 x 0 le>n$ t pulp made f trunks & limbs ( trees w\ld s]ve ev5 !n4 ,at fir/ ! p[d] =m$ by gr9d+ up logs 0 us$1 b ! pap] produc$ 0 n /rong1 & c\ld be us$ = v few purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,=e/s ,,turn$ ,,into ,,pap] ,,pap] ,,trees4 ,?is picture %[s ! trees z !y gr[ 9 ! woods4 ,^! trees are good = mak+ pap]4 ,y\r morn+ pap]1 may "s morn+ be pr9t$ on :at is left ( "o ( ^! trees4 ,x 0 discov]$ f9ally t if wood %av+s 7 boil$ 9 /rong solutions ( cau/ic soda1 9 receptacles t w\ld )/& v high pressure1 ! wood fib]s 7 sep>at$1 & a v good quality ( cellulose = pap] manufacture produc$1 provid$ x 0 blea*$ be=e be+ made into pap]1 & mo/ ( our pap] to-day is1 !re=e1 made ( wood4 ,lat] on ?is process gave way to ! sulphite process4 ,9 ! sulphite process1 a solution ( sulphite ( lime is us$4 ,acid sulphite ( lime results :5 ! fumes f burn+ sulphur are pass$ ?r\gh *imneys fill$ ) lime4 ,by ?is process ! sep>ation ( ! fib]s & ! blea*+ are done at ! same "t & an ev5 :it] pap] mak+ mat]ial is obta9$4 ,! sulphite process is n[ us$ almo/ exclusively 9 mak+ pap] f wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr9d+ ,,room4 ,9 ?is picture we see h[ ! trees are fir/ cut into small] *unks be=e be+ r$uc$ to *ips = mak+ pulp4 ,! discov]y ( ! process ( mak+ pap] f wood has l$ to ! use ( pap] = _m purposes = :i* x c\ld o!rwise nev] h be5 us$4 ,! wood pulp is also us$ 9 ! =m ( papi]-m*1 a t\gh1 pla/ic sub/ance1 :i* is made by mix+ glue ) x1 or by press+ toge!r a numb] ( lay]s ( pap] hav+ glue betwe54 ,papi]-m* c easily be mold$ into almo/ any =m1 & aft] dry+ =ms a v t\gh sub/ance & "o t w /& r\gh usage4 ,x has be5 employ$ = mak+ di%es1 wat] baskets & ut5sils ( _m o!r k9ds1 = mak+ ! matrices = & f electrotype plates1 = c> :eels1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,+r$i5ts ,,= ,,mak+ ,,pap] ,,are ,,mix$ ,,mix+ ,,room4 ,! wood fib] mu/ be mix$ ) o!r +r$i5ts :5 pap] is made f x4 ,?is %[s a corn] ( ! l>ge electro-*emical dep>tm5t = ! production ( blea* & soda us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( rag & wood fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply4 ,a good deal ( wat] is ne$$ 9 mak+ pap]4 ,f twelve to fifte5 million gallons daily are drawn f ! riv] & filt]$ ?r\gh ?is plant 9 ,ma9e2 clean pap] ( bright color be+ dep5d5t ^u ! use ( pure wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,beat+ ,,! ,,+r$i5ts ,,= ,,mak+ ,,pulp ,,beat] ,,room4 ,! +r$i5ts = mak+ pap] are fir/ mix$ ?or\ghly 9 ma*9es call$ 8beat]s0 be=e go+ to ! pap] mak+ ma*9es4 ,! op]ation ( beat+ is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 pap] mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pap] ,,com+ ,,(f ,,9 ,,rolls4 ,z ! pap] progresses ?r\gh ! ma*9es1 x passes ov] a long s]ies ( heat$ cyl9d]s1 dry+ & h>d5+ ! /ock until x rea*es ! f9i%$ end4 ,?is illu/ration %[s a web #ace in*es wide be+ cut into two rolls4 ,! air pressure 9 ! ma*9e room is slightly great] ?an ! atmosph]ic pressure outside1 prev5t+ du/ f ent]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,pap]-,,mak+ ,,ma*9es ,,9 ,,op]ation ,,pap] ,,mak+ ,,ma*9es4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is ! s-call$ wet end %[+ ! vats 9 :i* ! liquid pulp1 ab\t #ih p] c5t wat]1 is pump$4 ,x is scre5$ & !n fl[s on to an endless wire web beyond1 :]e ! free wat] is tak5 out by dra9age & by suction boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,surface ,,on ,,! ,,pap] ,,pap] ,,/ock4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( /ock ( pap] mills4 ,?is pap] is season$ by hold+ x 9 /ock & w be lat] giv5 su* surface z is call$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,coat+ ,,ma*9es4 ,:]e ! pap] passes ?r\gh a ba? ( coat+ mixture to a long dry+ gall]y at ! end ( :i* x is rew\nd prep>atory to be+ giv5 ! highly f9i%$ surface on ! cal5d>+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a section ( ,f9i%+ ,room dep>tm5t :]e pap] is pass$ ?r\gh alt]nat+ compress$ fib] & /eel rolls giv+ x ! surface requir$ = diff]5t classes ( pr9t+4 ,! pap] on :i* ! ,book ( ,wond]s is pr9t$ has a highly f9i%$ smoo? surface s t ! pictures w come out cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:]e ,,! ,,pap] ,,is ,,cut ,,9 ,,%eets ,! f9i%$ rolls ( /ock pass ?r\gh rot>y cutt]s :i* produce ! %eets ( v>i\s requir$ sizes4 ,! pap] 9 ! ,book ( ,wond]s 0 cut 9 %eets #dax#ee in*es1 ?us mak+ x possible to pr9t #cb pages on ea* side ( ea* %eet4 ,illu/ration3 ,rot>y ,boil] = cook+ rags or wood 9 mak+ pulp = use 9 manufacture ( pap]4 ,illu/rations %[+ manufacture ( pap] by c\rtesy ( ,s4 ,d4 ,w>r5 ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,type ,,( ,,?is ,,book ,,0 ,,set ,?is picture %[s ! wond]ful ,l9otype ma*9e by :i* ! type ( ?is book 0 8set10 z ! pr9t]s say4 ,! m5 :o op]ate ! ma*9e are compositors4 ,orig9ally ! type matt] ( books 0 set by h& & ! compositor compos$ 9 type :at ! au?or ( ! book _h writt54 ,by press+ d[n on ! keys :i* y see 9 ! picture1 ! compositor sets ! words 9 l9es ( metal4 ,?is ma*9e is almo/ human4 ,by t\*+ ! prop] keys1 ! op]ator assembles a l9e ( matrices ! details ( :i* are expla9$ 9 ano!r picture1 & aft] ?is is done ! ma*9e automatically ca/s a slug f !m1 turns & deliv]s a slug into a galley ready = use & f9ally di/ributes ! matrices back into _! respective *annels 9 ! magaz9e1 :]e !y are ready to be call$ d[n aga91 by ! t\* ( ! key button4 ,! late/ model l9otype has f\r magaz9es & c be equipp$ ) matrices :i* :5 assembl$ w ca/ l9es 9 f six to twelve diff]5t sizes & /yles ( type4 ,! assembl+ me*anism is ! only "p ( ! l9otype :]e ! human m9d is appli$ to ! work+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is necess>y = ! eye to read :at is to be pr9t$1 & ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! f+]s1 to translate ?is into assembl$ l9es ( matrices2 aft] t ! ma*9e acts automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l9otype--,,f\r ,,ma*9es ,,9 ,,"o ,! keybo>d is made up ( #ij keys1 :i* act directly on ! matrices 9 _! *annels 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! slighte/ t\* on ! keybuttons releases ! matrix1 :i* drops to ! assembl] belt & is c>ri$ swiftly to ! assembl]4 ,:5 a ^w is assembl$1 ! spaceb& key is t\*$ & a spaceb& drops into ! assembl]4 ,:5 ! necess>y matrices & spaceb&s to fill ! l9e h be5 assembl$1 ! op]ator raises ! assembl] by press+ a lev] on ! side ( ! keybo>d4 ,:5 ! assembl] rea*es its highe/ po9t x automatically />ts ! ma*9e & ! matrices are transf]r$ to ! ca/+ position4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! mann] 9 :i* matrices are con/antly circulat$ 9 ! ,l9otype4 ,f ! magaz9e !y are c>ri$ to ! assembl]1 !n pass$ to ! mold1 :]e ! l9e is ca/1 & f ! mold aft] ca/+ !y are rais$ to ! top ( ! ma*9e & r$i/ribut$ to _! prop] *annels 9 ! magaz9e4 ,! ,l9otype is sometimes call$ a typesett+ ma*9e1 b ?is is n correct3 x does n set type4 ,x is a sub/itute = typesett+4 ,x is /rictly speak+ a compos+ ma*9e1 z x does composition b its product is n set type1 b solid slugs 9 ! =m ( l9es ( type ) ! pr9t+ face ca/ on ! edge4 ,x is 9 reality f\r ma*9es s arrang$ t !y "w toge!r 9 h>mony--! magaz9e1 ! assembl+ me*anism1 ! ca/+ me*anism & ! di/ribut+ me*anism4 ,! magaz9e is at ! top ( ! ma*9e slop+ to ! front at an angle ( ab\t #ca degrees1 & consi/s ( two brass plates plac$ toge!r ) a space ( ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* betwe54 ,! two inn] surfaces are cut ) #ib grooves or *annels runn+ ! up & d[n way ( ! magaz9e1 = c>ry+ ! matrices4 ,! matrices slide d[n ^! *annels on edge1 ) ! face or pun*$ edge d[n1 & ! ,v-end ext5d+ t[>d ! upp] "p ( ! magaz9e4 ,ea* ( ^! *annels w hold tw5ty matrices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,little ,,pieces ,,( ,,brass ,,:i* ,,produce ,,solid ,,type ,,"o-,,lett] ,,& ,,two-,,lett] ,,matrices4 ,l9otype matrices are made ( brass4 ,9 ! edge ( ea* matrix is ei!r "o or two lett]s or *>act]s 9 intaglio4 ,! ?ickness ( ! individual matrices is dep5d5t on ! wid? ( ! "*4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t ei!r "o-lett] or two-lett] matrices c be us$ 9 ! same ma*9e1 & ei!r "* on a two-lett] matrix c be us$ at w4 ,! two-lett] matrix be>s two *>act]s1 "o above ! o!r1 "o ( :i* may be a ,roman face & ! o!r an italic1 small capital1 or black face4 ,if a l9e is to be compos$ p>tly ( ! ,roman face1 :i* is 9 ! upp] position on ! matrix1 & p>tly ( ! o!r face1 :i* is 9 ! l[] position1 ?is is accompli%$ by means ( a slide on ! assembl] op]at$ by a small lev]4 ,:5 ! l[] *>act]s on ! matrices are requir$1 ! slide is %ift$ & ! matrices are arre/$ at a high] level1 s t ! l[] *>act]s align ) ! upp] *>act]s ( ! o!r matrices 9 ! assembl]4 ,:5 ! slide is )drawn ! matrices are assembl$ at ! l[] level4 ,by means ( ?is simple contrivance1 a l9e may be compos$ p>tly ( "o face1 p>tly ( ! o!r face1 or entirely ( ei!r face4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?is ,,%[s ,,h[ ,,! ,,head+s ,,are ,,made ,,9 ,,capitals ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,type4 ,l9otypes are gu>ante$ to be capable ( sett+ above #ejjj ems ( #f po9t p] h\r1 & ?is output is widely obta9$ 9 comm]cial pr9t+ (fices ) fir/ class op]ators4 ,:5 a compositor speaks ( ! am\nt ( type he sets p] h\r or day he speaks ( 8ems40 ,a column ( type matt] is s _m 8ems0 wide4 ,! t]m 8em0 means ! squ>e ( ! p>ticul> size ( type t is be+ set4 ,?us if a column is said to be #ac ems wide x means t an em quad or squ>e1 c\ld be set #ac times 9 ! wid? ( ! column4 ,type is grad$ accord+ to size by po9ts4 ,ma*9e type = book "w runs f #e po9ts to #ab po9ts4 ,a po9t is "o sev5ty-second ( an in*1 t is1 !re are #gb po9ts to an in*4 ,?is gu>antee1 h[ev]1 by no means indicates ! limit ( spe$ at :i* ! ma*9e c be op]at$1 z evid5c$ by records ( #aj1jjj to #aa1jjj ems p] h\r ma9ta9$ = an entire day4 ,! rapidity ( ! ,l9otype is limit$ only by ! ability ( ! op]ator to manipulate ! keys1 & ! extreme capacity ( ! ma*9e has nev] yet be5 atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,l9otype ,,makes ,,solid ,,type ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,magaz9e ,,%[+ ,,*annel ,,full ,,( ,,matrices4 ,?is picture %[s ! ma*9e ) "p ( ! magaz9e top & side remov$4 ,we c ?us see h[ ! matrices are arrang$ 9 _! respective grooves 9 ! magaz9e4 ,:5 "o ( ! keys ( ! keybo>d is press$ d[n ! fir/ matrix 9 ! correspond+ grove 9 ! magaz9e escapes & drops ^u a conveyor belt & is c>ri$ 9 its prop] ord] to an assembl]1 :i* answ]s mu* ! same purpose z a pr9t]'s /ick4 ,! correct spac+ or ju/ification ( ! l9e ( matrices is accompli%$ by means ( spaceb&s1 :i* are assembl$ automatically betwe5 ! words 9 ! l9e by ! t\* ( a lev] at ! left ( ! keybo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9otype ,,slugs4 ,in/ead ( produc+ s+le type *>act]s1 ! ,l9otype ma*9e ca/s metal b>s1 or slugs1 ( any l5g? desir$ up to #cf ems1 ea* complete 9 "o piece & hav+ on ! upp] edge1 prop]ly ju/ifi$1 ! *>act]s to pr9t a l9e4 ,^! slugs are automatically assembl$ 9 prop] ord] z !y are deliv]$ f ! ma*9e1 :5 !y are imm$iately available ei!r = pr9t+ f direct or = mak+ electrotype or /]eotype plates4 ,!y answ] ! same purpose & are us$ 9 ! same mann] z compos$ type matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/+ ,,! ,,slugs ,,( ,,solid ,,metal ,,l9e ,,( ,,matrices ,,be+ ,,lift$ ,,to ,,di/ributor ,aft] ! slug has be5 ca/1 ! matrices are c>ri$ up to ! second transf] position1 :]e !y are pu%$ to ! "r1 & ! tee? 9 ! ,v at ! top ( ! matrices engage ! grooves 9 ! di/ributor b> ( ! second elevator1 :i* desc5ds f ! di/ributor box at ! same "t t ! matrices rise to ! second transf] position4 ,! second elevator !n rises t[>d ! di/ributor box1 tak+ ! matrices ) x1 b leav+ ! spaceb&s2 ^! are !n pu%$ to ! "r & slide into ! spaceb& box1 to be us$ aga94 ,z ! second elevator rises t[>d ! di/ributor box ) its load ( matrices1 ! di/ributor %ift] lev] moves to ! left until ! elevator head has rea*$ its place by ! di/ributor box4 ,x !n moves back to ! "r & pu%es ! matrices (f ! second elevator di/ributor b> into ! di/ributor box1 :]e !y meet ! 8matrix lift0 & are lift$1 "o at a "t1 to ! di/ributor screws & di/ributor b> prop]4 ,! tee? 9 ! matrix & ! grooves 9 ! b> are s arrang$ t :5 a matrix arrives at a po9t directly ov] ! *annel 9 :i* x belongs1 x 8lets g0 & drops into its *annel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a matrix 9 ! l9e :i* 0 n design$ to drop into "o ( ! *annels op]at$ f ! keybo>d1 x w be c>ri$ cle> across ! di/ributor b> & dropp$ into ! la/ *annel1 & f !re x w f9d its way to ! sorts box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,metal ,,pot ,,) ,,l9e ,,( ,,matrices ,,9 ,,position ,,be=e ,,! ,,mold ,! ca/+ me*anism consi/s ( ! metal pot1 mold disk1 mold1 ejector1 & trimm+ knives4 ,! illu/ration %[s a cross-section ( ! metal pot1 mold disk1 & mold1 ) a l9e ( matrices 9 ! ca/+ position4 ,:5 ! l9e ( matrices leaves ! assembl]1 !y pass to a position 9 front ( ! mold disk4 ,! disk makes a "o-qu>t] turn to ! left1 :i* br+s ! mold f ! eject+ position1 :]e x /&s :ile ! ma*9e is at re/1 to ! ca/+ position4 ,x !n advances until ! face ( ! mold comes 9 contact ) ! matrices4 ,! metal pot advances until ! pot m\?piece comes 9 contact ) ! back ( ! mold2 at ?is po9t ! pump plung] desc5ds & =ces ! metal into ! mold & aga9/ ! matrices4 ,! pot !n rec$es1 ! mold disk )draws f ! matrices & makes ?ree-f\r?s ( a revolution to ! left1 /opp+ 9 ! eject+ position1 f :i* x />t$4 ,! slug is eject$ & assembl$ 9 ! galley4 ,dur+ ! la/ revolution ( ! disk ! bottom ( ! slug is trimm$ (f1 & 9 ! process ( ejection ! sides ( ! slug are trimm$1 s t :5 x drops 9 ! galley ! slug is a p]fect l9e ( type1 ready = ! =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,book ,,looks ,,at ,,fir/ ,z ! slugs ( type1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts a l9e1 come f ! l9otype ma*9e1 !y are arrang$ 9 ord] 9 a brass hold] ! wid? ( ! l9e ( type1 call$ a 8galley40 ,?is hold] is ab\t tw5ty in*es long4 ,z soon z x is fill$ "o ( ! m5 9 ! typesett+ (fice takes x to a pro( press :]e he makes a r\gh impression ( x4 ,he runs an ink cov]$ roll] ov] ! top ( ! slugs1 lays a piece ( blank pap] on x & !n ei!r runs ano!r roll] ov] x or puts x 9 a h& press & secures an impression ( ! type j z x is4 ,?is is call$ mak+ a 8galley pro(40 ,! galley pro( is !n s5t to ! pro(-read] :o reads x c>efully & indicates su* errors 9 sett+ z appe> & mu/ be *ang$4 ,be=e correct+ ! actual type1 h[ev]1 ! compos+ room s5ds ! galley pro( to ! "o :o is publi%+ ! book4 ,! publi%] also reads ! pro( ov] c>efully &1 if he does n wi% to *ange any ( ! word+1 he s5ds x back to ! compos+ room ) 8 8,o4 ,k40 atta*$ 9 writ+4 ,if he wi%es to *ange ! word+1 he does s & ! galley pro( is !n return$ to ! compos+ room m>k$ 8,o4 ,k4 aft] corrections & *anges are made40 ,! l9otype op]ator !n makes :atev] *anges are desir$ or necess>y by sett+ new l9es :]e mi/akes or *anges occur4 ,if !re is only "o wrong lett] 9 a l9e1 he mu/ reset ! :ole l9e z ! ma*9e1 z y rememb]1 only turns out solid l9es ( type4 ,a revis$ pro( is !n s5t to ! publi%+ (fice &1 if no fur!r *anges are to be made1 he gives in/ructions to h ! 8galley0 made up into pages4 ,h[ ! pages are made up is %[n 9 ! next picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pages ,,( ,a ,,book ,,are ,,made ,,up ,:5 ! revis$ pro(s come back f ! publi%] ready to be made into pages1 ! publi%] has m>k$ on same :at pictures are to g on ! pages ( ! 8make up0 z ?is is call$4 ,! compositor !n picks out ! pictures 9 ! =m ( cuts :i* are to g on ! diff]5t pages & puts !m 9 ! page fir/4 ,he !n arranges ! type matt] f ! galley pro( ar\nd1 above or bel[ ! pictures1 puts 9 ! prop] head+s & takes a 8f9al pro(0 ( h[ ! pages are arrang$ to look4 ,if ?is is satisfactory ! publi%] puts a 8f9al ,o4 ,k40 on ! pro( 9 writ+ & ! page is ready to be pr9t$4 ,?us ! book is made up page by page4 ,no page is pr9t$ )\t ! ,o4 ,k4 ( ! publi%] & s1 if !re are any errors /ill 9 ! page1 ! publi%] is responsible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,pr9t$ ,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,?is picture %[s ! pages ( ! ,book ( ,wond]s be+ pr9t$4 ,?irty-two pages are pr9t$ on ea* side ( a %eet ( pap] at "o "t4 ,a pr9t+ (fice is a busy place z c be se5 f ! picture4 ,z soon z ! ink is dry on ! pr9t$ %eets !y are tak5 to ! b9d]y :]e !y are fold$ & sew$ ready to h ! cov]s put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,,is ,,b\nd ,:5 ! pr9t$ %eets are receiv$ 9 ! b9d]y !y are f$ into a fold+ ma*9e :i* is %[n "h4 ,a %eet ( #fd pages is fold$ & cut & deliv]$ 9 f\r sections ( #af pages ea* ready to be ga!r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,"h we see a ma*9e :i* takes ! fold$ sections ( #af pages ea*1 :i* are call$ 8signatures10 & sorts !m1 dropp+ !m into comp>tm5ts 9 ord]1 s t ea* comp>tm5t f9ally conta9s ! pr9t$ matt] = "o book all arrang$ 9 ! ord] :i* x w be b\nd4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,co4 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew+ ,,! ,,pages ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,"h we see ! girls at "w op]at+ ! sew+ ma*9es :i* sew ! sections toge!r at ! back side ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,! m5 9 ?is picture are mak+ ! backs ( ! books r\nd & prep>+ !m = ! putt+ on ( cov]s4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,wond]s ,,is ,,ready ,,to ,,read ,9 ?is picture we see ! 8case mak]s0 at "w mak+ ! cov]s on :i* ! actual book is b\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,! book is n[ 8b\nd0 by hav+ ! cov]s put on & is ready = di/ribution4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,h[ ,is ,photo ,engrav+ ,done8 ,illu/ration3 ,?is cut %[s a section ( a photo-engrav+ scre5 enl>g$1 illu/rat+ ! squ>es above-m5tion$4 ,9 reality x w\ld take f #ajj to #djj ( ^! dots to make an in*1 accord+ to ! f95ess ( scre54 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pictures ,,9 ,,?is ,,book ,,are ,,made ,! fir/ /ep is ! mak+ ( ! halftone negative :i* diff]s f an ord9>y negative 9 be+ made up ( diff]5t siz$ dots in/ead ( %ades ( gray4 ,?is result is obta9$ by photograph+ ! picture ?r\gh a halftone scre5 consi/+ ( two pieces ( glass1 rul$ ) black l9es & cem5t$ toge!r s ! l9es cross at "r angles & leave small squ>es ( cle> glass4 ,! effect ( mak+ ! negative 9 ?is way is to repres5t ! diff]5t %ades f black to :ite by l>ge or small dots4 ,wet plate photography is usually us$ 9 ?is process because ! film is ?9n] & m int5sely black besides be+ *eap] ?an dry plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,new ,process ,engrav+ ,co4 ,?is cut %[s a portion ( a halftone cut enl>g$ s t ! dots c be se5 v pla9ly4 ,hav+ made ! negative ! next /ep is to make a pr9t+ plate f x4 ,to d ?is1 a piece ( metal1 copp] if ! "w is f9e1 & z9c = co>s] "w1 is coat$ ) a solution :i* is s5sative to light1 fi% glue is commonly us$ to :i* is add$ a small am\nt ( ammonium bi*romate4 ,! metal be+ coat$ & dri$1 x is put 9 a v /rong frame ) ! negative & squeez$ toge!r s t !y are 9 p]fect contact4 ,a p[]ful light is n[ direct$ ^u ! negative ) ! metal beh9d x1 ! result be+ t :]ev] ! light goes ?r\gh ! :ite spaces 9 ! negative1 ! coat+ on ! metal is r5d]$ insoluble4 ,:]e ! dots on ! negative are1 ! light is unable to get at ! coat+ s t :5 ! metal is remov$ f ! frame & ?or\ghly wa%$ ?is "p ( ! coat+ wa%es away1 leav+ ! "p :i* ! light got at atta*$ to ! metal4 ,?is is n[ heat$ until ! enamel1 z ! coat+ is call$1 turns d>k br[n & ! picture c be easily se54 ,! picture is n[ on ! metal b x mu/ be made to /& out 9 relief be=e x c be us$ = pr9t+ f1 s x is put 9 a ba? ( acid :i* eats away t "p ( ! metal left uncov]$ by ! wa%+ away ( ! coat+ & ?is leaves ! dots :i* make up ! picture /&+ up 9 relief4 ,a roll] cov]$ ) v ?ick pa/e-l ink is n[ roll$ ov] ! picture1 or cut z x is n[ call$1 & :5 a piece ( pap] is press$ aga9/ ! ink cov]$ cut ea* little dot leaves a m>k ( ink on ! pap] ! total mak+ up ! picture z we see x4 ,!re are _m m wond]ful ?+s connect$ ) ! mak+ ( cuts su* z ! r\t+ ma*9e :i* has a tool t revolves s fa/ t x turns ar\nd #cjj times :ile ! clock ticks once1 & o!r ma*9es :i* cut h>d metal z easily z y c cut a potato ) a knife4 ,color$ pictures are also made by ! process outl9$ above4 ,! picture is photograph$ ?ree times ) a diff]5t color$ piece ( glass 9 front ( ! l5s1 ! result be+ ?ree negatives1 "o ( :i* has all ! blue1 "o all ! r$ & ! o!r all ! yell[ 9 ! picture4 ,by mak+ cuts f ea* negative & pr9t+ !m on top ( "o ano!r 9 yell[1 r$1 & blue1 ! orig9al picture is reproduc$ 9 all its colors4 ,?is is h[ all our pretty magaz9e cov]s are made4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,! ,editors ( ! ,book ( ,wond]s make ackn[l$gm5t h]e) to ! foll[+4 ,all m5tion$ h be5 a great assi/ance 9 mak+ ! book n only possible b au!ntic3 ,sp5c]ian ,p5 ,co4 ,ea/man ,kodak ,co4 ,am]ican ,telephone ,telegraph ,co4 ,rem+ton ,arms ,co4 ,be?lehem ,/eel ,co4 ,am]ican ,portl& ,cem5t ,manufactur]s ,assn4 ,bra9]d ,arm/rong ,silk ,co4 ,corticelli ,silk ,co4 ,curtiss ,a]oplane ,co4 ,u4 ,s4 ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry4 ,h>t=d ,c>pet ,co4 ,haynes ,automobile ,co4 ,jacobs ,davis1 ,eng9e]s4 ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,co4 ,endicott1 ,johnson ,co4 ,unit$ ,%oe ,ma*9]y ,co4 ,%]w9-,williams ,co4 ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,co4 ,! ,colli]y ,eng9e]4 ,lake ,torp$o ,boat ,co4 ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 ,new ,york ,edison ,co4 ,we/+h\se ,lamp ,co4 ,consolidat$ ,gas1 ,electric ,light & ,p[] ,co4 ( ,baltimore4 ,br[n+ ,eng9e]+ ,co4 ,! ,:ite ,/> ,l9e4 ,m>coni ,wireless ,co4 ,plym\? ,cordage ,co4 ,am]ican ,wool5 ,co4 ,! ,vitagraph ,co4 ,! ,b4 ,f4 ,goodri* ,co4 ,! ,goodye> ,rubb] & ,tire ,co4 ,! ,lex+ton ,*ocolate ,co4 ,! ,heck]-,jones ,mill+ ,co4 ,! ,:ite ,oak ,mills4 ,! ,h4 ,c4 ,:ite ,company4 ,a4 ,i4 ,root ,company4 ,kohl] ,campbell4 ,br[ne ,h[ell ,co4 ,p4 ,f4 ,corb94 ,otis ,elevator ,co4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,joseph ,dixon ,crucible ,co4 ,hom] ,w4 ,laughl9 ,co4 ,s4 ,d4 ,w>r5 ,co4 ,c4 ,b4 ,cottrell ,sons ,co4 ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,co4 ,j4 ,f4 ,tapley ,co4 ,new ,process ,engrav+ ,co4 ,mutual ,film ,corporation4 ,tobacco ,trade ,j\rnal ,co4 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e4 ,james ,ar?ur4 ,se? ,?omas4 ,am]ican ,locomotive ,co4 ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad ,co4 ,columbia ,rope ,co4 ,c>l ,w]n]4 ,national ,wool ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,,index ,acid1 c>bonic1 :at x is1 #eji ,a]ial1 on %ip1 7illus471 #dee ,a]oplanes1 ,engli% ,*annel cross+ 7illus471 #acb ,curtiss biplane 7illus471 #aca fir/ demon/rations (1 #acj fir/ flight 9 ,europe1 #abi fir/ man-c>ry+ 7illus471 #abh fir/ successful 7illus471 #abf gas motors us$ 91 #acj glid+1 #acg greate/ pres5t value (1 #acf records (1 #aca r$ w+ 7illus471 #aca :at two bro!rs accompli%$ =1 #acj ,wright ,bros4' inv5tions1 #acj ,age1 :y d we1 #aif ,air1 does x move ) ! e>?8 #djj does x weigh any?+8 #cih du/ 91 #ch ext5d1 h[ f> does1 #bdc ,airlocks1 description ( 9 tunnel build+1 #bac ,ammunition1 fir/ inv5tion (1 #dj fix$1 #dg 9 prehi/oric times1 #dj ,animals1 c !y ?9k8 #aid is man an1 #ahj t leap greate/ di/ance1 #abb :i* =etell wea!r1 #bdj ,an?racite seams 7illus471 #bfj ,aqu$uct 7illus471 #eje ,are mat*es poison\s1 #bid ,armor1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #dd ,army1 wireless 9 !1 #ddh-dea ,are !re two sides to ! ra9b[8 #bed ,arr[1 :at causes x to fly8 #djh ,at :at po9t does wat] boil8 #bbj ,at :at rate does ?\ght travel8 #bdb ,au/ralian ,ballot1 :]e fir/ us$1 #abb ,automobile 7illus471 axle1 location (1 #ahf beg9n+ (1 #ahc c>buretor1 location (1 #ahd c>buretor1 use (1 #ahd *assis1 complete1 #ahh cog-:eels1 use (1 #ahc cog-:eels1 location ( 7illus471 #ahc crankcase1 location ( 7illus471 #ahc cyl9d]1 location ( 7illus471 #ahd drive %aft1 location ( 7illus471 #ahg electric g5]ator1 use (1 #ahe exhau/1 #ahd f5d]s1 location (1 #ahh f5d]s1 use (1 #ahh f9i%$ c> 7illus471 #ahi fir/ ,am]ican 7illus471 #ahi fly-:eel1 location ( 7illus471 #ahc fly-:eel1 use (1 #ahc frame 7illus471 #ahf gasol9e1 :at x does1 #ahc gasol9e tank1 location (1 #ahg ge>s1 location ( 7illus471 #ahc ge>s1 use (1 #ahc he>t ( 7illus471 #ahd h[ improv$1 #aij magneto1 location (1 #ahe magneto1 use (1 #ahe m>vell\s gr[? ( tw5ty ye>s1 #ahi mod]n p[] plant complete1 #aij oil pan1 use (1 #ahd oil pump1 location (1 #ahd pi/on1 location ( 7illus471 #ahc pi/on1 use (1 #ahc p[] plant1 an 7illus471 #ahe radiator1 location ( 7illus471 #ahh radiator1 use (1 #ahh ready = ! :eels1 #ahg second /age ( con/ruction 7illus471 #ahf self-/>t]1 location (1 #ahe self />t]1 use (1 #ahe ,smi?sonian exhibit ( complete p[] plant1 #aij spr+s1 location ( 7illus471 #ahf spr+s1 use (1 #ahf /e]+ ge>1 location ( 7illus471 #ahg /reet sc5e #bj ye>s ago1 #ahi transmission1 location (1 #ahf tire pump1 use (1 #ahe tires1 h[ made1 #chb transmission1 use (1 #ahf wat] pump1 location (1 #ahe wat] pump1 use (1 #ahe :at ! complet$ *assis looks l 7illus471 #ahh ,bacon1 ,rog]1 discov]] ( gunp[d]1 #dd ,balance1 effect ( sunlight on1 #cg ,baldness1 *ief c\rse (1 #adc :y "s p are1 #adc ,ball1 :y x b\nces1 #fc be>+s1 :at !y are1 #ahj ,balloon1 :at keeps x up1 #aii :y x goes up1 #aii ,ballot1 :5 fir/ us$1 #abb ,au/ralian1 :]e fir/ us$1 #abb ,be>+s1 ,ball1 :at !y are1 #ahj ,bee1 h[ x lives1 #ccf :y x has a /+1 #ccf ,bell1 ,alex&] ,graham 7illus471 #gj fir/ telephone1 #gb ,b5d1 :y ?+s1 #fb ,biplanes1 ,curtiss 7illus471 #aca 9 flight1 ,curtiss 7illus471 #acf ,birds1 h[ d !y f9d ! old home8 #djh h[ !y le>n to fly1 #agh h[ !y f9d _! way1 #djg reproduction ( life 91 #agi :y d !y s+8 #djh ,birds' ,eggs1 :y diff]5t colors1 #bcc ,bla/+ gelat91 def9ition (1 #bjf ,bl]iot1 ,m41 fir/ ,european flights1 #abi ,blott]1 capill>y attraction (1 #ah h[ x takes up ink1 #ah ,blu%1 :y d we1 #aid ,boat1 h[ x c sail "u wat]1 #bfi hydroplane ( subm>9e1 #bgj inside ( a subm>9e 7illus471 #bgb ,bodies1 swifte/ mov+1 #be ,boil+ po9t ( wat]1 #bbj :at makes wat]1 #bbj ,bor+ mill 7illus471 #ef ,bottles1 gurgle 91 #fc ,b\nce1 :y a ball w1 #fc ,b[1 long 7illus471 #db ,b[-&-,arr[1 inv5tion (1 #dc ,boxes1 mat*1 h[ made1 #bid ,brazil1 ,emp]or (1 receives fir/ words ov] telephone1 #gd ,bread1 h[ fl\r is made1 #dfb diff]5ce 9 ,graham & :ole :eat1 #dfa gr9d+ :eat 7illus471 #dfd h>ve/+ :eat1 #dfj loaves ( _w 7illus471 #dei orig9 & mean+ (1 #dfj purify+ ma*9e 7illus471 #dfc sep>at+ fibre g]ms 7illus471 #dfc :eat condition+ 7illus471 #dfb :5 :eat 0 fir/ us$ 9 mak+1 #dfa :]e x comes f1 #dfj :y s important1 #dfj ,break1 :y ?+s1 #fb ,bree*1 ( a big gun1 #ec ,bree*-load]s 9 ,civil ,w>1 #dh 9 rifle1 #dg ,bru%1 9 writ+1 inv5tion (1 #ac 9 writ+ 7illus471 #ac ,bullets1 cupro-nickel us$ 91 #ej grad+ (1 #ea weigh+ ( 7illus471 #di ,build+s1 concrete1 h[ made 7illus471 #ajj ,buttons1 on sleeves1 #fd ,build+1 talle/ 9 ! _w 7illus471 #cie-ejh :at holds x up8 #dif ,build+ f\ndations1 con/ruction (1 #dif compress$ air1 use ( 7illus471 #ejj cutt+ piles ) a hot flame 7illus471 #dih driv+ /eel piles1 #dif piles fill$ ) concrete 7illus471 #dii piles1 l5g? (1 #dig piles1 s9k+ ( 7illus471 #dig use ( oxyacetyl5e1 #dih ,cable1 lay+ armor+ ma*9e 7illus471 #dcg arriv$ on o!r side1 #dcc bulge 7illus471 #dcg ge>-pay+-out 7illus471 #dca ,great ,ea/]n1 !1 #dcd1 #dcg l&+ ( 7illus471 #dcc ma*9]y on cable %ip 7illus471 #dca pay+-out ma*9e 7illus471 #dca %ore end ( 7illus471 #dbi /or+ (1 abo>d %ip 7illus471 #dcj :at !y look l :5 cut 9 two 7illus471 #dbh ,cable1 ocean1 ,cont95tal ,morse ,code1 #dch h[ dropp$ 7illus471 #dcb h[ repair$ 7illus471 #dce inv5tor (1 #dcd laid1 h[1 #dbi man :o made x possible1 #dcd pione]s (1 #dcd signals z receiv$ 7illus471 #dch :at is x made (1 #dbi ,cable1 repair+1 grapnels 7illus471 #dce h[ repair$1 #dce on rocky %ore1 7illus471 #dch p[]ful eng9es us$ 7illus471 #dcf splic+ ( 7illus471 #dcf ,cable1 s]vice1 map ( ,trans-,atlantic1 #dci ,cable1 vault1 ( telephone 7illus471 #fg ,cabriolet1 #abb ,cacao1 beans1 bags ( 7illus471 #chh h[ cur$1 #cib nibs1 #cib ,cacao1 flak$1 h[ made1 #cib h[ ga!r$1 #cia pods1 h[ ga!r$1 #cia free1 discov]y (1 #chh & *ocolate1 diff]5ce betwe51 #chi ,cackl+1 :y a h51 #bcc ,calibre ( a gun1 #ec ,calico1 "n1 :]e f1 #abc ,cam]a1 #bb fir/ mov+ picture1 #cge ,c a bee /+8 #ecf ,c animals ?9k8 #aid ,c&les1 did !y come be=e lamps8 #bid :y x burns1 #ba :y x gives light1 #ba :y y c bl[ out1 #ba-cf :5 introduc$1 #bif ,c&y1 :y d *ildr5 l8 #dji :y does eat+ c&y make "s p fat8 #dji ,c>bon1 #ceb ,c>bonate ( ,soda1 us$ 9 develop+1 #bc ,c>buretor1 9 gas eng9e1 #ahd ,c>pets1 c>d+ ma*9e 7illus471 #agj dye+ ! y>n1 7illus471 #agj exam9+ & repair+ 7illus471 #agc h[ y>n is dy$1 #agj manufacture ( 7illus471 #afi mod]n1 h[ made1 #afi pack+ = %ipm5t 7illus471 #agc processes1 #afi-agj-aga1 #agc /amp+ designs1 #agc view ( factory 7illus471 #agb weav+1 by ma*9e 7illus471 #aga wool1 pack+ ma*9e 7illus471 #afi wool sort+1 #agj ,c>tridges1 inv5tion (1 #dh types ( 7illus471 #di ,cave1 man :o inv5t$ ammunition1 #dj ,cem5t1 alum9a 91 #ie am\nt us$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ie ar*1 #ie bagg+ 7illus471 #ii bridges1 #ie bucket 7illus471 #ig burn$ 7illus471 #ih calc9$ 7illus471 #ih clay 91 #ie cru%] 7illus471 #ig dams1 #ie firepro(1 #ie gr9d]s 7illus471 #ih indu/ry1 #ie 9 wat]1 #ie kiln 7illus471 #ih lime 91 #ie ma*9e 7illus471 #ig m>l 91 #ie mill 7illus471 #if-ih mix+ 7illus471 #ii mort>1 #ii on f>ms1 #ie orig91 #ie pla/ic1 #ie ,portl&1 #ie p[d] 7illus471 #ih qu>ry 7illus471 #if re9=c$1 #ie rock 7illus471 #ie-ig sew]s1 #ie %ale 91 #ie %ovel 7illus471 #if sidewalks1 #ie silica 91 #ie /r5g? (1 #ie subways1 #ie tunnels1 #ie walls1 #ie :at is x1 #ie :at made (1 #ie :at us$ =1 #ie weigh+ 7illus471 #ii :]e obta9$ 7illus471 #ig ,*alk1 :]e x comes f1 #ah ,*att]+1 :y d my tee?1 #bah ,*9a-mak+1 blung]s1 #djd clay1 9 mak+ di%es1 #dje decorat+ cups 7illus471 #djd-djf di%es1 h[ %ap$1 #dje glaz+ plates 7illus471 #djd gr9d]s 7illus471 #djd h[ ! di%es are %ap$1 #dje mold+ 7illus471 #dje press+ wat] f clay 7illus471 #dje pulv]iz+ mat]ials1 #djd pulv]iz+ mill 7illus471 #djd sagg]s 7illus471 #djf tak+ ! di%es f kiln 7illus471 #djf ,*9ese1 probable discov]s ( gun p[d]1 #dd ,*ocolate1 broma1 :at x is1 #cij cacao beans 7illus471 #chh cacao pods1 7illus471 #cia cacao tree1 discov]y (1 #chh cocoa butt]1 #cij cocoa mill 7illus471 #cij cocoa roa/] 7illus471 #cij cocoa %ells1 #cij crack+ mill1 #chi cream mix+ 7illus471 #cic diff]5ce betwe5 & cacao1 #cid dipp+ dep>tm5t1 #cid f9i%] 7illus471 #cib flak$ cocoa1 #cib heat+ ma*9e 7illus471 #cic h[ are *ocolate c&ies made8 #cid h[ made1 #cib mak+1 #cic milk1 h[ made1 #cid mill 7illus471 #cib mix] 7illus471 #cic %ell sep>ator 7illus471 #chi :at cocoa butt] is1 #cij wrapp+ individual1 #cid ,cig>s1 h[ !y are made1 #eag ,clay1 :at is1 #die ,circles1 t5d5cy to walk 91 #ia ,cl9k+ glasses1 h[ x orig9at$8 #bcb ,clock1 age (1 #cai l>ge/ 9 ! _w 7illus471 #cba ma*9]y :i* runs a big 7illus471 #cbb 9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall 7illus471 #cbc 9 ,new ,york ,city ,hall1 #cbc ,clo?1 beam+ 7illus471 #hi ,burl+ 7illus471 #hh ,burr pick]1 #hg *loride ( alum9um 9 mak+1 #ih ,engli% cap sp9n+ 7illus471 #hi f9i%$1 ready = m>ket 7illus471 #ij f9i% p]*+ 7illus471 #ij full+ 7illus471 #ij h[ made f wool1 #he h[ made p]fect1 #hc h[ wool5 is dy$1 #hg m5d+ p]*+ 7illus471 #hh napp+1 #hi piece dye+ 7illus471 #ij r+ twi/+ 7illus471 #hi sulphuric acid solution 9 mak+1 #hg teasel1 #hi weav+ & sc\r+ 7illus471 #hh web1 #hf wool5 mule sp9n+ 7illus471 #hi wor/$ c>d+ 7illus471 #he y>n inspect+ 7illus471 #hi ,clo!s1 co/ ( wool 9 a suit (1 #hc ( wool1 #hj wool 9 "o suit (1 #hc ,coal1 an?racite1 #beg1 #beh an?racite seams 7illus471 #bfj break] 7illus471 #beg c>s ready to g to surface 7illus471 #bfj dang]s to ! m9]s1 #bfb electric cap lamp 7illus471 #bfd fir$amp1 #bfb gas illum9at+ f1 #bii gases1 #bfb hi/ory ( ! safety lamp 7illus471 #bfc h[ ! m9]s loos5 ! coal 7illus471 #bfa h[ ! slate pick]s "w 7illus471 #bei lamp :i* saves _m lives1 #bfc man :o inv5t$ ! safety lamp1 #bfd m9e work]s t nev] see day light1 #beh mules & _! driv]s 7illus471 #beh peat1 #bfb safety lamp & fir$amp1 #bfb seams 7illus471 #bfj %aft gate 7illus471 #bfj slate pick]s 7illus471 #bei s(t1 #bei spiral slate pick]s 7illus471 #bei /able und]gr\nd 7illus471 #beh und]cutt+ ) compress$ air ma*9es 7illus471 #bfa und]cutt+ ) pick 7illus471 #bfa ,cocoa1 see ,cacao ,cocoon1 description (1 #aae complet$ 7illus471 #aaf f :i* mo?s h em]g$ 7illus471 #aag h[ silk is reel$ f1 #aah mo?s em]g+ f 7illus471 #aag numb] requir$ to "o p\nd ( silk1 #aag silkworm beg9n+ ( 7illus471 #aaf silkworm1 prep>+ = mak+ ( 7illus471 #aaf ,co9s1 gold1 #bff 9 glass ( wat]1 #ch silv]1 #bff ,cohesion1 def9ition (1 #bai1 #bbj ,cold1 :y "s ?+s are1 #add ,color1 expos$ to light rays1 #cf 9 pa9t1 #bbi :at x is1 #abc ,colors1 diff]5t 9 birds' eggs1 #bcc 9 sunset1 cause (1 #bec ,color1 ( ra9b[1 #bec r$1 :y x makes a bull angry1 #dij ,columbus1 br\ght fir/ %eep to ,am]ica1 #hj ,comb honey1 developm5t ( 7illus471 #ebi ,comp\nds1 comp>$ ) elem5ts1 #cdi ,compress$ air1 me?od 9 build+ tunnels1 #baa ,concrete1 build+s 7illus471 #ajj con/ruction 7illus471 #ajj decay1 #aja eng9e]+1 #ajb =ms 7illus471 #ajj h\ses 7illus471 #aja loads 7illus471 #ajj mold1 #aja ornam5tal 7illus471 #ajj practical uses ( 7illus471 #ajj ru/+1 #ajj ,silo 7illus471 #ajb /able 7illus471 #ajb sun dial 7illus471 #aja t5sile /ra91 #ajd t[] 7illus471 #ajb walls 7illus471 #ajj wat] t[] 7illus471 #ajb :at x is1 #ie wood1 #ajb ,confucius1 philosophy writt5 ) bru%1 #ac ,cook+1 :5 fir/ us$1 #cjh ,copp]1 z a conductor ( electricity1 #bfg wire1 telegraph1 #bff ,corn plant1 h[ poll5 f]tilizes1 #agj :y x has silk1 #agf ,corn ,silk1 :at x is =1 #agf bal+ presses 7illus471 #dgf ,cotton1 draw+ frames 7illus471 #dgb sla%]s 7illus471 #dge sp9n+ frames 7illus471 #dgc w>p+ ma*9e 7illus471 #dgd :at nation produces ! mo/1 #dgg h[ mu* clo? w a p\nd ( cotton make1 #dgg mill 7illus471 #dga clo?1 fir/ /eps 9 mak+1 #dgb putt+ fib] on bobb9s 7illus471 #dgc clo? f9i%$ 7illus471 #dgf :o discov]$1 #dgg weave room1 #dge :]e x comes f1 #dgj lapp] ma*9es1 #dga c>d room 7illus471 #dgb bobb9s 7illus471 #dgc dye-h\se 7illus471 #dgd beam+ frames 7illus471 #dge inspect+ tables 7illus471 #dgf field a s\!rn 7illus471 #dgj break] ma*9es 7illus471 #dga slubb] ma*9es 7illus471 #dgb spe$]s 7illus471 #dgc spool+ ma*9e 7illus471 #dgd %ipp+ 7illus471 #dgf :at us$ =1 #dgg clo?s1 :at are ! pr9ciple1 #dgg ,c\nt+1 man1 himself1 #ai 9 t5s1 #ai 9 twelves1 #bj ,cry+1 :at makes u1 #aie :5 hurt1 :y we1 #ic ,cross-b[1 inv5tion (1 #dd ,crude rubb]1 h[ treat$1 #cgh ,culv]9s1 e>ly type (1 #de ,cyl9d] 9 gas eng9e 7illus471 #ahd ,d>kness1 cats c see 91 #ia "s animals c see 91 #ia :y we _c see 91 #ia :y we fe>1 #ceb ,deep sea div+1 ! telephone adju/+ 7illus471 #bjb com+ up 7illus471 #bjd co/ ( outfit1 #bjc helmet1 putt+ on 7illus471 #bjb j be=e go+ d[n 7illus471 #bjd outfit1 #bjb %oes1 putt+ on 7illus471 #bjb suit1 putt+ on 7illus471 #bjb telephon+ f bottom1 #bjc telephone1 te/+ ! 7illus471 #bjc te/+1 f9al 7illus471 #bjc wat] pressure at v>y+ dep?s1 #bjc weal? recov]$ by div+1 #bjd weight ( outfit1 #bjc ,de]-/alk+ ) ! cross-b[ 7illus471 #db ,detonators1 9 fire>ms1 #dg ,develop]1 ,pyro1 9 photography1 #bc ,diamonds1 :at made (1 #cea ,did c&les come be=e lamps8 #bid ,die1 :y d we h to1 #bde ,diff]5ce 9 wool5s & wor/$s1 #hd ,dimples1 :at causes1 #ceb ,discov]y ( gunp[d]1 #dd ,discov]y ( /r+$ musical in/rum5ts1 #dgi telephone1 #ga ,div]'s task made easy 7illus471 #bhd ,div+1 deep-sea1 ! telephone adju/+1 7illus471 #bjb co/ ( outfit1 #bjc hats ( div]s1 #bjd j be=e go+ d[n 7illus471 #bjd helmet1 putt+ on 7illus471 #bjb %oes1 putt+ on 7illus471 #bjb suit1 putt+ on ! 7illus471 #bjb suit1 :at consi/s (1 #bjb telephone f bottom1 #bjc telephon+1 te/+ ! 7illus471 #bjc te/+ f9al 7illus471 #bjc wat] pressure at v>y+ dep?s1 #bjc weal? recov]$ by div+1 #bjd weight ( outfit1 #bjc ,dixie1 :at "n means1 #abd :]e "n orig9at$1 #abc ,does air weigh any?+1 #cih ,does ! air surr\nd+ ! e>? move ) x8 #djj ,does ?und] s\r milk1 #aif ,does light weigh any?+8 #cg ,does ! sun revolve on its axis8 #eaa ,d fa!r & "m plants always live toge!r8 #agf ,d ! ends ( ! ra9b[ re/ on l&8 #bed ,d ! />s really %oot d[n8 #bee ,dog1 :y he turns r\nd be=e ly+ d[n1 #bbi ,dolls1 :y girls l1 #cfh ,dom ,p$ro1 ,emp]or ( ,brazil1 :o sav$ ! telephone1 #gc ,d plants brea!8 #bda ,draft1 creat$ by *imney1 #cg ,dreams1 cause (1 #cff nightm>e1 #cfg :at makes u8 #cff ,dr9k+1 orig9 ( cl9k+ glasses1 #bcb ,driv+ %ield1 airlock bulkhead 7illus471 #baj erector 7illus471 #baj 9 tunnel build+ 7illus471 #bjh inv5tor (1 #bji tunnels1 front view 7illus471 #bji ,ducks1 :y wat] runs (f backs (1 #bcc ,du/1 9 air1 #ch :at x is1 #ajd ,dye+1 silk1 #aba ,e>a*e1 :at causes1 #daj ,e>?1 h[ big x is1 #abd light surr\nd+1 #ch ,e*o1 :at makes an1 #bjj :isp]+ gall]y1 #bja ,eggs1 birds :y diff]5t colors1 #bcc silkworm1 h[ import$1 #aaa ,egyptians1 h[ anci5ts wrote1 #ab ,electric arc1 temp]ature (1 #ce ,electric curr5t1 :at x is1 #ccd ,electricity1 conductors (1 #cca curr5t1 #ccd good conductors1 #cca h[ discov]$1 #ccc non-conductors1 #cca :at is1 #cbi ,electric light+1 arc-light1 #cjg ,edison's fir/ lamp 7illus471 #cjf inc&esc5t c>bon lamp 7illus471 #cjf ,mazda lamp 7illus471 #cjf tantalum lamp 7illus471 #cjf ,tung/5 metal lamps1 #cje :5 introduc$1 #cje ,elem5ts1 c>bon1 #ceb comp>$ ) comp\nds1 #cdi hydrog51 #cdi nitrog51 #cej oxyg51 #cdi :at an is1 #cdi ,elevator1 description ( 7illus471 #cig in/allation 7illus471 #cif pr9cipal p>ts (1 #cif :y does n ! c> fall8 #cig ,emp]or1 sav$ ! telephone1 #gc ,emp]or ( ,brazil1 receives fir/ message ov] fir/ telephone1 #gd ,eng9e1 gas 7illus471 #aha-ahb c>buretor1 #ahd cyl9d] 7illus471 #ahd horse-p[]1 (1 #bef ,ex*ange1 fir/ telephone1 #ge ,exhibition1 ( fir/ telephone at ,c5t5nial1 #gd ,exp]im5ts1 ) mirror resultant 9 photograph1 #bb ,explod+1 a subm>9e m9e1 #cd ,explosions1 h[ !y break w9d[s1 #fb 9 gas eng9es 7illus471 #ahb ( subm>9e m9es 7illus471 #cd :at happ5s 91 #bje ,explosives1 def9ition (1 #bje bla/+ gelat91 #bjf gun-cotton1 #bjf nitroglyc]9e1 #bjf ,eye1 ( a subm>9e 7illus471 #bgd ,eyes1 clos$1 walk+ )1 #ia h& quick] ?an1 #cgf help bra9 9 walk+1 #ia 9 "s pictures foll[ y1 :y1 #cf keep+ body balanc$1 #ia nature's way ( protect+1 #ch protect+ ) te>s1 #ch sp>kle :5 m]ry1 :y1 #ib :y we c't sleep :5 op51 #ib :y we see />s :5 hit on1 #bfh ,eye-wa%1 te>s z an1 #ch ,fabrics1 wor/$1 #he ,fahr5heit1 :at is meant by1 #bba :y s call$1 #bba ,fa/e/ cam]a 9 ! _w1 #be ,fa!rs & ,mo!rs1 d plants h1 #age ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 graz+ fee paid to1 #hb ,f]tilization1 9 birds1 #agi h[ corn plant f]tilizes1 #agf ( fi%es1 #agg ,fight1 ( ,m]rimac & ,monitor1 #cb ,film1 be=e & aft] snap%ot1 #bc s5sitive1 #bc ,f+] pr9ts1 ar*1 7illus471 #ebj composite 7illus471 #eba ( diff]5t p1 #eba enl>gem5ts (1 #ebd h[ !y id5tify u1 #ebj impressions ( orang-outang 7illus471 #ebb loop 7illus471 #ebj palm>y impressions 7illus471 #ebb specim5 =m (1 record 7illus471 #ebe spike t caught a crim9al 7illus471 #ebd ?ieves caught ?r\gh _!1 #ebc ?umb impr9t on bottle 7illus471 #ebc ?umb impression on ca% box 7illus471 #ebc ?umb m>k on a c&le 7illus471 #ebc :]e fir/ us$1 #ebb :orl 7illus471 #eba ,f+]s1 :y !y hurt :5 cut1 #adc :y we h t51 #adb ,f+] nails1 :y we h1 #adb ,fire1 al>ms :5 fir/ us$1 #cjh fir/ app>atus to fight1 #cjh fir/ fire dep>tm5t1 #cjh fir/ real1 fire eng9e1 #cjh gases put out1 #cg h[ man discov]$1 #bhi h[ man le>n$ to fight1 #bjh h[ man le>n$ to make a1 #bhi m>k1 ( civilization1 #bij :y x goes out1 #cg :y is x hot8 #dja :y put out by wat]1 #bbb ,fire mak+1 drill+ 7illus471 #bhi drill+ ) b[ /r+ 7illus471 #bij drill+1 two p]sons 7illus471 #bij fir/ mat*es 7illus471 #bib fl9t & pyrites 7illus471 #bij fl9t1 introduction ( 7illus471 #bia pl[+ 7illus471 #bij pyrites 7illus471 #bij rubb+ /icks toge!r1 #db saw+ 7illus471 #bhi /eel & fl9t 7illus471 #bia t9d] box 7illus471 #bia t9d] box1 pi/ol 7illus471 #bia ) mat*es1 #bib ,fir$amp1 #bfb explosion 9 safety lamp1 #bfb ,fire>ms1 fir/ crude ef=ts (1 #de fir/ real 7illus471 #de fuse (1 #de 9 e>ly ,*9ese hi/ory1 #dd fir/ trigg] (1 #de ,fir+1 mort>1 causes gas-r+s1 #bg ,fir/ man-c>ry+ a]oplane1 #abh real telegraph1 #dba /r+$ musical in/rum5t1 #dhj telephone 7illus471 #gb telephone l9e1 #gb telephone swit*bo>d 7illus471 #gd ,fi%es1 h[ !y are born1 #agg h[ !y come to life1 #agg motion 9 swimm+1 #bcc :at ! eggs are1 #agg :y !y _c live 9 air1 #bcb ,flag1 made1 h[ 0 ,am]ican1 #caj made1 :5 0 ,am]ican8 #caj ,fla% pan1 e>ly type1 #de ,flaxse$ oil1 :at x is1 #bbg ,flight1 ( projectile1 long1 #cj ,fl9t-lock1 inv5t$ 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #df inv5t$ by ?ieves1 #df /ill 9 use 9 ,ori5t1 #df ,floor1 s\nds ?r\gh a1 #gi ,fl\r1 bolt]s 7illus471 #dfe h[ made1 #dfb purify+ ma*9e 7illus471 #dfc sieves1 #dfe ,fl[]s1 :y !y h smells1 #agf ,fly+1 h[ birds le>n1 #agh boat1 wond]ful 7illus471 #acc fir/ ,langley monoplane1 #abf fir/ successful a]oplane 7illus471 #abf ma*9e1 fir/ models1 #abg "s ( ! m5 :o help$1 #abf t5 ye>s ( 7illus471 #acg ,fly+ boat1 fun 9 7illus471 #ace glid+ by1 #acg ,fly+ boat1 int]ior arrangem5t 7illus471 #acd monoplane type 7illus471 #ace six-pass5g] hull 7illus471 #acd spe$ ( 7illus471 #ace ! wond]ful1 #acc views ( 7illus471 #acc ,fly+ ma*9es1 #abf ,bl]iot flew 9 ,europe 7illus471 #abi ,curtis biplane 9 flight 7illus471 #acf ,dr4 ,langley's fly+ 7illus471 #abg e>ly types (1 #abg fir/ demon/rations1 #acj fir/ flight 9 ,europe )1 #abi fir/ man-c>ry+ a]oplane1 #abh fir/ models1 #abg fly+ boat1 #acc fly+ boat1 ext]ior arrangem5t1 #acd glid+ exp]im5ts1 #acg gov]nm5t int]e/ 91 #ach hull ( fly+ boat1 #acd int]e/+ gov]nm5ts 91 #ach ,wright ,bros41 fir/ flights1 #acj ,focus1 9 eye1 #bb ,fog1 :at x is1 #aje ,food1 h[ we le>n$ to cook1 #cjh ,=eign monoplanes1 "s fam\s 7illus471 #acb ,=sy!1 ,,ll4,d4 ,j41 inv5tor ( ! prim]1 #dg ,freckles1 :at makes !m come1 #abe ,fuse1 = fire>ms 9 e>ly hi/ory1 #de ,funditor1 #db ,gas1 acetyl5e1 #cje def9ition1 #cdh fir/ /ructure to be light$ by1 #cjb 9 coal m9es1 #bfb wat]1 #cje ,gas1 illum9at+1 ,baltimore fir/ city to use1 #cjb c>bon 91 #cjb discov]$1 :51 #cjb fir/ ,am]ican h\se to use1 #cjb fir/ practical demon/ration (1 #cjb g5]ator h\se 7illus471 #bii hold] 7illus471 #bih h[ x gets into jet1 #cjb h[ x is purifi$1 #cjc h[ made1 #cjc h[ ! met] works1 #cjd hydrog5 91 #cjb impurities remov$ f 7illus471 #cja jet1 ! /ory 9 a1 #cjc made (1 #cjb met]1 description1 #cjd purify+ boxes 7illus471 #cja remov+ t> f1 #cjj %av+ scrubb]s 7illus471 #cjj ,gasol9e eng9e 7illus471 #aha1 #ahb ,gases1 g5]at$ at gun muzzle1 #bg h[ expell$ 9 gun +ot1 #ee hydrog51 #cdi nitrog51 #cej oxyg51 #cdi t5d5cy to put out fire1 #cg ,gas-r+s1 9 fir+ motor1 #bg ,gatl+1 inv5tor ( guns1 #caj ,gelat9e1 9 photography1 #bc ,ge/ures1 talk+ by1 #ah ,gho/s1 :at are !y8 #cfg ,glad1 :y d we laugh :51 #ib ,glass1 :y x cracks1 #fc h[ long kn[n1 #bdg ,glass1 plate1 ca/+ 7illus471 #bdi comm]cial1 #bdf plate & w9d[ glass comp>$ 7illus471 #beb ,glass1 plate1 mak+1 anneal+1 ov51 #bdi bevel+1 #bdg blanket+1 #beb clay mix+ 7illus471 #bdh clay trampl+ 7illus471 #bdh clay us$1 #bdg gr9d+ table1 #bej mat]ials us$ 91 #bdg m]cury1 #bec nitrate ( silv]1 #bec pots 7illus471 #bdh pots1 dry+ (1 #bdh pots1 l5g? ( usefulness1 #bdh silv]+1 #bdg skimm+ ! pot 7illus471 #bdi tread+1 #bdg ,gl[-worm1 :y does x gl[8 #bca ,gold1 :y is x call$ preci\s8 #bff ,gong1 :y does x /op :5 x has be5 s\nd$1 #gh ,good luck1 :y a horse%oe br+s8 #caa ,graphite 9 lead p5cils1 #dfh ,gravitation1 :at is1 #bfg ,gravity1 c5t] (1 9 gun1 #fa ,gravity1 =ce (1 #fa ,greek fire1 9 e>ly hi/ory1 #dd ,gr[+1 :y d we /op1 #aie ,gun1 action at muzzle1 #bg anneal+ a gun +ot1 #eg assembl+ (1 #dh-ed arquebus (1 #aecg1 #dg b>rels1 erosion (1 #ce bl[-holes1 #ef bore se>*]1 #ei bree* ( a1 #ec dis*>ges1 =ce (1 #cc calibre ( a1 #ec ela/ic limit1 #eh elongation1 #eh =g+ a 7illus471 #eb heat treatm5t1 #eh hoops ( a1 #ed improvem5ts 91 #de +ot1 calibre (1 #ee jacket (1 #ed l5g? ( a1 #ec l9] (1 #ed life (1 #ce manufacture 9 ,am]ica1 #dh measur+ inside diamet] 7illus471 #ei mod]n built-up 7illus471 #ed mold = +ot1 #ee muzzle (1 #ec pressure g5]at$ 9 a big gun1 #ed photography 7illus471 #cc pip+1 #ef p[d] *amb] ( a1 #ec rifl+ 7illus471 #fj rifl+ (1 #ec %r9k+ pit1 #ei t5sile /r5g? (1 #eh factory1 te/+ mat]ials1 7illus471 #ej tube (1 #ed tube1 h[ x is temp]$1 #eg :y call$ gatl+1 #caj wire-w\nd1 #ed ,gun-b>rels1 import$ f ,engl&1 #di resi/+ pressure (1 #cd ,gun-cotton1 9 smokeless p[d]1 #ce1 #bjf ,gunp[d]1 ,*9ese probable discov]s (1 #dd discov]] (1 #dd exp]im5ts by ,s*w>tz1 #de =mula ( ,rog] ,bacon1 #de +r$i5ts 91 #bje manufactur$ 9 mona/]ies1 #dd :at causes ! smoke8 #bjf smokeless1 :at made (1 #bjf :y "s is f9e & o!rs l>ge gra9$1 #bjf ,gurgle1 9 bottles1 #fc ,hail1 :at causes1 #abd ,hair1 :at causes baldness1 #adc :y x don't hurt :5 cut1 #adc :y x keeps gr[+1 #add ,h& bomb>ds1 e>ly types1 #de ,h&s1 %ak+1 :y ) ! "r1 #bca ,hansom1 :y s call$1 #abb ,h plants fa!rs & mo!rs8 #age ,he>t1 :y beats dur+ sleep1 #aia :y beats fa/] :5 sc>$1 #aia :y beats fa/] :5 runn+1 #aia ,heat1 light wave *ang$ into1 #cf :y a nail gets hot :5 hamm]$1 #bcj :y "s ?+s are w>m1 #add h[ we obta91 #bca ,hemp1 ,manilla 7illus471 #cef ,hobson's *oice1 h[ orig9at$1 #caa ,honey1 api>y 9 summ] 7illus471 #ecd h[ produc$1 #ebg work] comb 7illus471 #ecb mann] ( us+ ,g]man bee-bru%1 #ecc f9i%$ product 7illus471 #ecc frame 7illus471 #ece h[ to bump ! bees (f a comb 7illus471 #ecc bee-hat 7illus471 #ece a /udy 9 cell-mak+ 7illus471 #ecb bee /+1 c a1 #ecf frame ( bees 7illus471 #ece comb1 h[ bees build1 #ecf ,honey-bee1 poison-bag1 #ecg egg ( que51 "u microscope 7illus471 #ebi prep>+ = re>+1 #eca liv+ on combs 9 op5 air1 7illus471 #ebg ! daily gr[? ( l>v 7illus471 #ecb effect ( a /+ 7illus471 #ecf work]-bee 7illus471 #ebg :at ! que5-bee does8 #ebh drone-comb 7illus471 #ecb clipp+ que5 bees w+s 7illus471 #ecc cucumb] blossom ) bee on x 7illus471 #ebh que5-bee 7illus471 #ebg ! que5 & h] ret9ue 7illus471 #ebi que5-re>+1 #eca que5-cells 7illus471 #ebi ,honeymoon1 :y d !y call x a8 #caa ,horizon1 h[ f> away is !1 #bde :at is x1 #bdd :]e is x1 #bdd ,horse-p[]1 a1 :at x is1 #bef ,horse%oes1 :y x is said to br+ good luck8 #caa ,hot box1 cause (1 #cfh ,h\ill]1 ,fr5* gunsmi?1 #dh ,h\ses1 concrete 7illus471 #aja ,h[ f> does ! air ext5d8 #bdc is ammunition made 7illus478 #di does an arc light burn8 #cjg are automobile tires made8 #chb does a honey bee live8 #ccf does a bee make honey8 #ebg d bees build ! honey comb8 #ecf does ! honey bee def5d itself8 #ecf does honey develop 9 a comb 7illus478 #ecj d birds le>n to fly8 #agh d birds f9d _! way8 #djg does ! blott] take up ! ink ( a blot8 #ah ?is book is b\nd1 #egh ?is book is made1 #efa ! pap] 9 ?is book is made1 #efa ! pictures 9 ?is book are made1 #eha are bullets made8 #ea is an ocean cable laid8 #dbi does a cam]a take a picture8 #bb is a cable dropp$ into ! ocean 7illus478 #dcb are mod]n c>pets made8 #afi is a c>pet wov5 by ma*9]y8 #aga is *9a decorat$8 #djf is *9a made8 #djd is *ocolate made8 #cib did ! cu/om ( cl9k+ glasses 9 dr9k+ orig9ate8 #bcb are cig>s made8 #eag is clo? made f wool8 #hf did ! coal get into ! coal m9es8 #beg does a coal m9e look inside8 #bfj d ! cocoa beans gr[ 7illus478 #cia is ! color put on ! outside ( ! p5cil8 #dfi is ! honey comb made8 #ecb are concrete roads built 7illus478 #ajc did man le>n to cook 8 food8 #cjh are concrete build+s made 7illus478 #ajj is wool5 clo? dy$8 #hg big is ! e>?8 #abd mu* ( ! e>? does ! sun %9e on at "o "t8 #cbd does an elevator g up & d[n 7illus478 #cif 0 electricity discov]$8 #ccc does ! light get into ! electric bulb8 #cje is ! eras] put on a p5cil8 #dfi c an explosion break w9d[s8 #fb explosions may occur on subm>9es1 #bgh does ! f>m] use concrete 7illus478 #ajb d our f+] pr9ts id5tify u8 #ebj did man le>n to fight fire8 #cjh did man le>n to make a fire8 #bhi are fi%es born8 #agg 0 ! flag made8 #caj is fl\r made8 #dfb does a fly walk upside d[n8 #ded did m5 le>n to fly8 #abf does ! gas get into ! gas jet8 #cjb is illum9at+ gas made8 #cjc is gas purifi$8 #cjc is plate glass made8 #bdf is plate glass gr\nd8 #bej a wire-w\nd gun is made8 #ed 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican gun made 7illus478 #dg is a gun +ot made8 #ee d we f9d ! l5g? ( a gun8 #ec is a gun tube temp]$8 #eg d we obta9 heat8 #bca ! heel ( a %oe is put on 7illus471 #efj did ,hobson's *oice orig9ate8 #caa f> away is ! horizon8 #bde does a key turn a lock 7illus478 #dia does a spr+ lock "w 7illus478 #dib are lead p5cils made8 #dfg d ! m9]s loos5 ! coal8 #bfa is light produc$1 #bcj are magnets made8 #cce are mat*es made8 #bic are mat* boxes made8 #bid did man le>n to s5d messages8 #dab does ! met] measure ! gas8 #cjd c microbes spread ?r\gh ! body8 #daj are mirrors silv]$8 #ebb big is a molecule8 #cdh did money orig9ate8 #dee are mov+ pictures made8 #cfi does ! music get into ! piano8 #dgh-dhb did ! ^w news orig9ate8 #cab did a nod come to mean yes8 #ai did %ak+ ! head come to mean no8 #ai are pa9ts mix$8 #bbh is a photograph develop$8 #bc 0 ! piano discov]$8 #dgi d plants brea!8 #bda d plants reproduce life8 #age does ! %ield cut ?r\gh ! gr\nd 9 tunnel build+8 #bab are %oot+ %ells photograph$8 #bd %oes are made by ma*9]y1 #edi %oe ma*9]y 0 develop$1 #deg is crude rubb] secur$8 #cgg is rope turn$ & twi/$8 #ceh are rubb] tires made8 #cgh are mod]n rugs made8 #afi to splice a rope1 #cfd d m5 g d[n to ! bottom ( ! sea8 #bjb did ! s& get on ! sea%ore8 #ajh f> back does ! silkworm date8 #aji 0 silk introduc$ into ,europe8 #aaj are ! silkworms c>$ =8 #aac d we "k a ?+ is solid1 liquid or gas8 #cdh are s\nds produc$8 #dhe fa/ does s\nd travel8 #dhf c s\nd come ?r\gh a ?ick wall8 #gi is ! volume ( s\nd measur$8 #bdb f> does space rea*8 #bef d ! slate pick]s "w8 #bei does a capta9 /e] 8 %ip across ! ocean8 #djg c a %ip sail "u wat]1 #bfi is a subm>9e subm]g$8 #bgj d sponges gr[8 #bhf d sponges eat8 #bhg are sponges caught8 #bhg are ! />s c\nt$8 #bda big is ! sun8 #ada hot is ! sun8 #ada is a /eel p5 made 7illus471 #ag did man le>n to %oot1 #dj d we get wool (f ! %eep8 #hb is a /one ?r[n ) a sl+8 #da are metallic & pap] %ells fill$ ) p[d]8 #ej did man le>n to talk8 #ah did ! telephone come to be8 #gj fa/ does ?\ght travel8 #bdb does a telegram get !re8 #dad did man le>n to tell "t8 #cac did man beg9 to measure "t8 #cad did m5 tell "t :5 ! sun ca/ no %ad[s8 #cag is ! "t calculat$ at sea8 #cae is tobacco cultivat$8 #eaf is tobacco cur$8 #eaf 0 tobacco discov]$8 #eab is tobacco h>ve/$8 #eae is tobacco plant$8 #ead is a tunnel dug "u wat]8 #bjh does wat] put fire out8 #bbb is :ite lead made8 #bbe are wires put "u gr\nd8 #gf did writ+ fir/ come ab\t8 #aa did ! ,*9ese write8 #ac did ! ,monks d _! writ+8 #ad does a p5 write8 #ah mu* does ! wool 9 a suit ( clo!s co/8 #hc mu* wool does ,am]ica produce8 #hb is wool tak5 f ! %eep8 #hb is ! y>n = c>pets dy$8 #agj is oxide ( z9c obta9$8 #bbf does ! wat] get into ! faucet8 #eja are ! big wat] pipes laid8 #ejd did ! "n ,uncle ,sam orig9ate8 #deh ,human body1 wond]s ( !1 #caa ,hunt+1 ) ! b[-&-arr[1 #dc ,hurt1 :y we cry :51 #ic ,hydrog51 :at x is1 #cdi ,hypo1 us$ 9 develop+1 #bc ,impact1 ( projectile f guns1 #bh ,ink1 h[ does a blott] take up8 #ah ,in/rum5ts1 artill]y1 te/+1 #bd musical1 #dhh optical1 bas$ on refraction1 #ch ,inc&esc5t lamp1 developm5t (1 #cjf ,inside ( a m9e plant+ subm>9e 7illus471 #bgg ,iron1 ca/1 #bfe melts at1 #ce ! mo/ valuable metal1 #bfe wr\ght1 #bfe ,is a mo? attract$ by a light8 #bhh man an animal8 #ahj ! h& quick] ?an ! eye8 #cgf !re a reason = ev]y?+8 #bjj !re a man 9 ! moon8 #djj yawn+ infecti\s8 #aib ,jacket1 ( a gun1 #ed ,japan ! natural home ( ! silk worm 7illus471 #aab ,k5tucky rifles1 #de ,key1 h[ x works 9 a lock 7illus471 #dia ,knots1 diff]5t k9ds ( 7illus471 #cfc :at makes1 9 bo>ds1 #bbc ,lambs1 ,sib]ian1 9 ,s\? ,dakota 7illus471 #hj ,lamps1 fir/ /reet light 9 ,am]ica1 #bif ! ,clanny safety1 #bfd did c&les come be=e8 #bid e>lie/ =ms (1 #bie ,edison's fir/ 7illus471 #cjf inc&esc5t c>bon 7illus471 #cjf inc&esc5t1 developm5t (1 #cjf inc&esc5t1 electric1 :5 inv5t$1 #cje ,fr5* wat* t[] 7illus471 #bie ,mazda 7illus471 #cjf f ,nu%agak hang+ 7illus471 #big ,pagan votive 7illus471 #bif ,tantalum 7illus471 #cjf /reet1 :5 fir/ us$1 #bie *imney protects flame1 #cg coal m9]s & safety1 #bfb ,lamp *imney1 :y x makes a bett] light1 #cg ,langley1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,p41 #aiad flight ( a]oplane1 #abh ,languages1 :y s _m1 #aig ,lant]n1 ! fir/ oil 7illus471 #big ! 8,rv]bre0 7illus471 #big ,laugh1 :5 glad1 :y we1 #ib n]ves1 #ic :5 tickl$1 :y we1 #ic ,laught]1 reflex action1 #ic ,lead1 z us$ 9 mak+ pa9t1 #bfg 9 a p5cil1 #dfh :y s heavy1 #bfg z us$ 9 pipes = plumb+1 #bfg ,lea!r1 h[ ! hides are treat$1 #eci treatm5t ( hides1 #ech unhair+ ma*9e 7illus471 #edj hide h\se 7illus471 #ech tann+ process1 #eci roll+ room 7illus471 #eci tann+ sole lea!r1 #eci h[ upp] lea!r is tann$ 7illus471 #edj dispos+ ( wa/e mat]ial1 #edj wr+]s1 #eci tan y>d 7illus471 #eci ,legs1 n same l5g?1 #ia ,l5s1 9 ! eye1 #bb ,leyd5 j>1 :at x is1 #ccb ,life1 beg9n+ (1 #agd beg9n+ ( man's1 #agd h[ plants reproduce1 #age ,light1 attract+ mo?s1 #bhh gl[-worms :y !y gl[8 #bca h[ produc$1 #bcj lightn+ bugs1 made by1 #bca :]e x goes :5 x goes out1 #cf :at makes mat*1 #aih 9 mirror1 #bb 9 negative1 #bc rays1 #cf1 #die brok5 rays (1 #ch rays1 heat f1 #cf & refraction1 #ch spe$ (1 #cf1 #adj travels fa/] ?an any?+ 9 ! _w1 #cf surr\nd+ e>?1 #ch wave *ang$ into heat1 #cf ,light+1 arc1 h[ does x burn1 #cjg 9 ,am]ica1 fir/ /reet 7illus471 #bif fir/ oil lant]n1 #big electric1 :5 introduc$1 #cje fir/ /reet light 9 ,p>is1 #big gas tank1 7illus471 #bih ,lightn+1 :y x foll[s ?und]1 #adj ,lightn+ bugs1 :y !y produce light1 #bca ,lignite1 f\nd 9 coal m9es1 #bfb ,l9]1 ( a gun1 #ed ,l9se$ oil1 extraction (1 #bbh :at x is1 #bbg :]e x comes f1 #bbg ,liquid1 def9ition1 #cdh ,liv+1 :y d "s p live long]1 #aii reproduction necess>y :y1 #agd reproduction (1 9 birds1 #agi reproduction (1 9 fi%es1 #agg ,load+ ma*9es 9 p[d] factory1 #ej ,lob/]s1 r$1 :at makes !m1 #bde ,lock1 cyl9d] 7illus471 #dib h[ a key turns a 7illus471 #dia h[ key *anges are provid$ 7illus471 #dia h[ a spr+ lock works 7illus471 #dib ma/]-key$ cyl9d] 7illus471 #dib :at happ5s :5 ! key is turn$8 7illus471 #dia :at happ5s :5 ! knob is turn$8 7illus471 #dia ,locomotives1 boil] ( articulate type 7illus471 #ddj boil] ( 7illus471 #ddb cab ( 7illus471 #ddb cyl9d]s description (1 #dda l[ pressure cyl9d]s ( 7illus471 #dda electric1 newe/ 7illus471 #ddc "o ( ! l>ge/ 7illus471 #ddj signal t[]1 late/ 7illus471 #ddd /ok]1 automatic 7illus471 #ddc wat] tank 7illus471 #ddd ,lode/one1 :at x is1 #cbg 8,long ,b[10 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ 7illus471 #db ,loom1 clo? mak+ ma*9e1 #hf ,magnet1 break+ iron 7illus471 #ccj electro 7illus471 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cce electric lift 7illus471 #cbf exp]im5ts )1 #cbg great lift+ by 7illus471 #ccj h[ made1 #cce :at makes x lift ?+s8 #cbf wond]s p]=m$ by1 #cbf "w x c d 7illus471 #cbh ,man1 writ+1 h[ man le>n$1 #aa c\nt+ himself1 #ai is he an animal8 #ahj ,mat*es1 are !y poison\s8 #bid fir/1 #bib h[ made1 #bic lucif] 7illus471 #bib mak+ by ma*9]y1 #bic mod]n safety 7illus471 #bib oxymuriate 7illus471 #bib prome!an 7illus471 #bib :at we w\ld d )\t1 #bib :5 fir/ us$ 7illus471 #bib ,mat*-lock1 ( e>ly fire>ms1 #de ,melt+ ( iron1 #ce ,m5 :o made ! telephone1 #gj ,m]cury1 fulm9ate (1 #di ,m]rimac & ,monitor1 fight (1 #cb ,m]ry1 :y eyes sp>kle :51 #ib ,messages1 h[ m5 le>n$ to s5d1 #dab ,indian smoke signals1 #dab m>a?on runn] by 7illus471 #dac pony telegraph 7illus471 #dac ,mess5g] boy1 h[ to call a 7illus471 #dad ! fir/ 7illus471 #dac ,metal1 :at is a1 #bfe :at is ! mo/ valuable8 #bfe :y we use = co9+1 #def ,met]1 description ( gas1 #cjd h[ x measures gas1 #cjd ,milk1 does ?und] s\r8 #aif ,milky way1 :y is x call$1 #bee :at is1 #bee ,m9e c>s 7illus471 #bfj ,m9es1 cle>+ *annel ( buoyant1 #bhc explod+ subm>9e1 #cd plant+ subm>9e1 inside ( 7illus471 #bgg work]s t nev] see daylight1 #beh ,mirror1 collects rays ( light1 #bb reflection 91 #bb reflects rays ( light1 #bb ,mirrors1 bevel+ 7illus471 #bea h[ made1 #bea h[ silv]$1 #beb poli%+1 #bea r\gh+1 #bea silv]$ ) m]cury1 #bec silv]+ mirror plates 7illus471 #beb ,molecule1 h[ big is a1 #cdh :at is a1 #cdh ,mona/]ies1 :]e gunp[d] 0 manufactur$1 #dd ,money1 h[ orig9at$1 #dee metallic =ms (1 #def :o made ! fir/ c5t1 #deh :o orig9at$1 #dee :y d we ne$1 #dee :y gold & silv] are be/ = co9+1 #deg ,monitor & ,m]rimac1 fight (1 #cb ,monks1 mak+ gunp[d]1 #dd ,monoplane1 fly+ boat 7illus471 #ace ,g]man 7illus471 #acb ov] ,m$it]ranean 7illus471 #acb ,moon1 :y x travels ) u1 #cii ! man 9 !1 #djj ,morse1 ,s4 ,b41 inv5tor ( telegraph1 #dbj ,mort>s 7illus471 #bf ,mo!rs & ,fa!rs1 d plants h1 #age ,mo?s1 attract$ by light1 #bhh em]g+ f cocoon 7illus471 #aag ,motion bodies1 swifte/1 #be ,motion1 is tra9 h>d] to /op ?an />t8 #bbc ( light1 #adj ( s\nd1 #adj p]petual1 #fa p]petual1 9 me*anics1 #bdj ,motors1 gas1 us$ 9 a]oplanes1 #acj ,m\nta9s1 :at made !m1 #dja ,mov+ pictures1 ,bo>d ( ,c5sors1 #cgc develop+ room 7illus471 #cgb dry+ room 7illus471 #cgc cont9u\s movem5t ( film1 #cgf exact size ( film1 #cgj fir/ cam]a1 #cge fir/ exhibit$ at /udio1 #cgb h[ made1 #cfi h[ freak pictures are made1 #cgf negative1 /ock1 #cgj negative1 p]=at$1 #cgj 8,pigs is ,pigs0 7illus471 #cgd rehe>s+ 7illus471 #cga sc5>io 7illus471 #cgd /ag+1 #cga tak+ a 7illus471 #cgc ,mulb]ry trees1 food = silk worms 7illus471 #aab ,mules & driv]s 7illus471 #beh ,multiple swit*bo>d ( telephone1 #fi ,music1 h>p1 #dgi lyre1 #dgi note1 :at x is1 #dij :at pit* is1 #dhi :at is1 #dgh ,musical talk+ ma*9es1 #dij ,muzzle1 ( a big gun1 #ec ,muzzle-load]s1 9 ,civil ,w>1 #dg ,nails1 :y !y get hot :5 hamm]$1 #bcj ,names1 ( p1 #bj ,nature1 protect+ eyes1 ways (1 #ch ,navigat+ on bottom ( sea1 #bhc ,negative 9 photography1 #bc ,n]ves1 s5sory1 receive impression1 #ic transmitt+ impression1 #bb ,news1 h[ did ! ^w orig9ate8 #cab ,nightm>e1 cause (1 #cfg ,nitrog51 :at x is1 #cej ,ocean1 :y is x blue8 #bai :at makes x gre58 #bai :y don't wat] s9k 98 #bai :]e did all ! wat] 91 come f8 #bah :]e is wat] at l[ tide1 #bai ,( :at use is my hair8 #adc ,( :at use are pa9s & a*es8 #daj ,oil ba?s1 = gun 7illus471 #eg ,oil cake1 f l9se$1 #bbh ,oil1 palm olive1 9 soap1 #daa ,omniscope1 ( subm>9e boat1 #bga ,onions1 make te>s1 #ch bad effect ( on eyes1 #ch ,op]atives1 9 p[d] factory1 girls z1 #di ,optical in/rum5ts1 bas$ on refraction1 #ch ,organic matt]1 :at x is1 #agd ,orig9 ( cem5t1 #ie ( c\nt+ 9 t5s1 #ai names ( p1 #bj ( nodd+ to indicate yes1 #ai ( %ak+ head to indicate no1 #ai ( turnpike1 #ajd ,oxide ( z9c smelt] 7illus471 #bbg h[ obta9$1 #bbf ,oxyg51 :at x is1 #cdi 9 air1 #cg ,pa91 ( :at use is1 #daj :at x is1 #bdd ,pa9t1 c>e (1 /ory 91 #bbd h[ mix$1 #bbh uses (1 #bbd :at us$ =1 #bbd ,pa9t manufactur+1 colors1 :at makes diff]5t1 #bbi buckles be=e corrosion 7illus471 #bbe buckles aft] corrosion 7illus471 #bbe buckles plac$ 9 /acks 7illus471 #bbe buckles tak5 f /acks 7illus471 #bbe fir/ /ep 9 mak+ 7illus471 #bbd lead buckles mak+ 7illus471 #bbd lead1 :ite1 h[ made1 #bbd-bbe lead :ite us$ 91 #bbd gr9d+ lead 9 oil 7illus471 #bbh wa%+ ! lead 7illus471 #bbf mix+1 #bbh :]e pa9ts are mix$ 7illus471 #bbh l9se$ oil1 :]e obta9$1 #bbg press+ oil f flaxse$ 7illus471 #bbh remov+ oil cake f press1 #bbh sulphur roa/+ furnace 7illus471 #bbf z9c smelt] 7illus471 #bbg oxide ( z9c1 h[ made1 #bbf ,pap]1 e>lie/ =ms (1 #ad s5sitive 9 photography1 #bc %ells1 inspection ( 7illus71 #di papyrus1 ! fir/1 #ad ,papyrus1 inv5tion (1 #ad ,pat5ts1 ( orig9al telephone1 #gc ,peat1 z a fuel1 #bfb ,p51 fir/ metallic 7illus471 #ae fir/ /eel 7illus471 #ae fir/ metallic p51 h[ made1 #ae h[ x writes1 #ah inv5tion ( !1 #ae ,p5cils1 8lead0 :]e f1 #dff eras] is put on1 #dfi mak+ description ( 7illus471 #dfg :o made ! fir/8 #dff ,p]iscope1 description (1 #bge h[ we look ?r\gh a 7illus471 #bgf mirror (1 #bge ,p]petual motion1 ne>e/ approa* to1 #bdj is x possible8 #fa ,p]sian rug1 antique 7illus471 #afg h[ made1 #afg imitation 7illus471 #afg ,kurdi/an 7illus471 #afg :]e be/ are made1 #afg ,photographs1 ( projectiles1 #be ,photography1 resultant f exp]im5ts ) mirror1 #bb ,piano1 pit*1 #dhi f9i%+ 7illus471 #dhd :y n m ?an sev5 octaves1 #dhj ,dulcim] 7illus471 #dgi sp9et 7illus471 #dhj-dha note :at x is1 #dij s\nd+ bo>d1 #dhh tun+1 7illus471 #dhd build+ case ar\nd 7illus471 #dhc h[ ! music gets into !1 #dhb clavi*ord 7illus471 #dhj in/rum5ts1 musical1 #dhh /r+s1 fa/5+ on 7illus471 #dhb psalt]y1 #dhj s\nd box1 ! fir/1 #dgi :o made ! fir/1 #dgh hamm]s 7illus471 #dhc action regulation 7illus471 #dhd virg9al 7illus471 #dhj-dha fir/ 7illus471 #dgh tun+ =k1 #dhh poli%+ 7illus471 #dhd s\nd+ bo>d1 putt+ on ! 7illus471 #dhb h[ discov]$1 #dgi lyre1 #dgi octave1 #dhj h>psi*ord 7illus471 #dhj-dha ,pick]s1 boy1 slate 7illus471 #bei ,pictures1 ) a fa/ cam]a1 #ci mov+1 h[ made1 #cfi size ( mov+ film1 #cgj nev] se5 by ! human eye1 #ca tak5 9 "o five-?\s&? ( a second1 #ca ,p9 money1 :y !y call x8 #bca h[ "n orig9at$1 #bca ,pi/ols1 inv5t$ 9 ,pi/ola1 ,italy1 #df ,plants1 corn1 :y x has silk8 #agf d fa!r & "m plants live toge!r1 #agf h[ !y eat1 #eaa h[ !y reproduce1 #age :y d fl[]s h smells8 #agf :y !y produce leaves1 #age ,plate glass1 7illus471 #bdf ,portl& ,cem5t1 :y call$1 #ie ,p[d]1 fill+ %ells1 #ej gun-cotton 9 smokeless1 #ce secret ( smokeless p[d]1 #ce smokeless1 #ce 9 subm>9e m9es1 am\nt (1 #cd ,pressure1 g5]at$ 9 bore ( a big gun1 #ed inside ( a gun at dis*>ge1 #cc 9 gun-b>rel1 resi/ance (1 #cd ( light1 on scales1 #cg ,prim]1 inv5t$ by1 #dg ,pr(4 ,bell's vibrat+ re$ 7illus471 #ga ,projectiles1 photographs (1 #be arrival at t>get1 #bd cle> ( smoke-zone 7illus471 #cj smoke-zone1 em]g+ f 7illus471 #bi height 9 air f mort>1 #cj impact (1 f guns1 #bh leav+ gun muzzle 7illus471 #bg travel fa/] ?an s\nd1 #cb velocity (1 #cc view$ 9 transit1 #cc weight (1 #ec ,prov+ gr\nds1 = big guns1 7illus471 #ec ,pyro1 us$ 9 develop+1 #bc ,qu>ry1 cem5t 7illus471 #if ,quill !1 9 writ+ 7illus471 #ad ,quills1 rais+ geese =1 #ad ,rails1 /eel mak+1 bla/ furnace 7illus471 #bcd bloom+ mill 7illus471 #bcg crane1 c>ry+ +ot1 7illus471 #bcf l5g? (1 #bch mix] 7illus471 #bcd molt5 /eel1 p\r+ 7illus471 #bcf op5 he>? furnace 7illus471 #bce p\r+ side ( op5 he>? furnace1 #bce %r9kage (1 #bch soak+ pit 7illus471 #bcf temp]ature 9 furnace1 #bce ,ra91 :]e x goes1 #bbb :y x fre%5s ! air1 #bbb ,ra9b[1 cause (1 #bec colors 91 :at makes8 #bed ends (1 #bed ,rays1 *ange _! c\rse1 #ch heat f light1 #cf ( light1 #cf ,ro5tg51 #cjg ,rays-,x1 :at are !y8 #cjg ,reason1 is !re "o = ev]y?+8 #bjj ,re$1 ! 7illus471 #ab ,reflection1 9 mirror1 #bb1 #ia ,refraction1 *ang+ light rays call$1 #ch ( light1 #ch ,reproduction1 ( life1 9 birds1 #agi 9 fi%es1 #agg 9 plants1 #age :y we mu/ h1 #agd ,rifle1 ,k5tucky1 #de kick (1 #dg mod]n automatic1 #dg ov]-load+1 #dg :eel-lock 7illus471 #df ,rifl+1 causes rotation ( projectile1 #cb a big gun 7illus471 #fj ( a gun1 #ec inv5t$ 9 ,au/ria1 #df ,roads1 concrete 7illus471 #ajc ,ro5tg5 ,rays1 #cjg ,rope1 break] 7illus471 #cfj comp\nd lay+ ma*9e 7illus471 #cfa cross-section1 #cfb draw frame 7illus471 #cfj dry+ fib]1 #ced ,egyptian kit*5 7illus471 #ced ,egyptians mak+ 7illus471 #cec prep>+ ! fib] 9 7illus471 #cei f\r-/r& 7illus471 #cfb hackl+1 #ced hemp 7illus471 #cef hemp 9 w>eh\se 7illus471 #cef knots1 #cfc l5g?s1 /&>d1 #cfb oil+ 9 manufacture1 #cef long made by h&1 #ced ma*9e 7illus471 #ceh op5+ bales ( fib] 7illus471 #cei prep>ation room 7illus471 #cei scrap+ fib] 7illus471 #ced sliv] =mation ( 7illus471 #cfj sp9dles1 #cee sp9n+ aft] turn1 #cee ,rope sp9n+1 aft] turn1 #cee =eturn1 #cee splic+ 7illus471 #cfd spread] 7illus471 #cfj /akes1 #cee ,rope walk1 mod]n 7illus471 #ceg-ceh old-fa%ion$ 7illus471 #cee ,r\t9e1 ( a telephone call 7illus471 #fh ,rubb]1 automobile tires1 #chb biscuit1 #cgg bli/]s1 #cgi bl[ holes1 #cgi break]-/rip1 #chd cal5d]+1 #cha ca/illoa1 #chg cem5t1 #cha crude1 #cgg-cgh cur+ room1 #chb-chc dry]1 #cgi fabric1 #chd furni%+ pneumatic tires 7illus471 #chf ga!r+ 7illus471 #cgg h[ secur$1 #cgg h[ are inn] tubes made1 #che m>ket+ balls (1 #cgg mix+1 #cgi ,p>a1 #chg pneumatic tires1 #chc pure1 :y n us$1 #chj spread+1 #cha spread] room 7illus471 #chc tapp+ 7illus471 #cgg tire build+ ma*9es 7illus471 #che tires1 h[ made1 #cgh-cgi-chj tread lay+ room1 #chd tubes1 inn]1 h[ made1 #che vulcaniz+1 #chd wa%+1 #cgh wild1 :at is1 #chg :y n us$ pure1 #chj wrapp+ room1 #chf ,rugs1 designs imitat$ by ma*9]y1 #afh ,p]sian 7illus471 #afg ,p]sian1 h[ made1 #afg ,p]sian1 imitation1 #afg ,p]sian ,kurdi/an 7illus471 #afg ,p]sian1 :]e be/ are made1 #afg ,tabriz1 reproduction 7illus471 #afh weav+ by ma*9e 7illus471 #aga ,rug manufactur+1 c>d+ ma*9e 7illus471 #agj exam9+ & repair+ 7illus471 #agc pack+ = %ipm5t 7illus471 #agc processes1 #afi-agj weav+ by ma*9]y 7illus471 #aga wool sort+1 #agj ,sadness1 cause ( te>s1 #ch ,salt1 b$s1 #dic *emical "n (1 #dic 9 wat]1 #cea m9es1 #dic ,salt ,lake1 #dic soda1 #dic supply = ,unit$ ,/ates1 #dic wells1 #dic :]e x comes f1 #dic ,scales1 pressure ( light on1 #cg ,s*ool slates1 :]e !y come f1 #die ,score1 orig9 (1 #bf ,sc\r+1 wool 7illus471 #he ,sc\r+ & weav+1 9 mak+ wool5 clo? 7illus471 #hh ,scre5s1 9 %ot t[]1 #ea ,sea1 div]1 #bjb h[ m5 g d[n to ! bottom (1 #bjb navigat+ on bottom (1 #bhc "t calculat$ on !1 #cae :at ! bottom looks l1 #bjb :at makes x ro>1 #dja ,second1 reckon+ 9 million?s ( a1 #be pictures tak5 9 "o five-?\s&? ( a1 #ca ,se$s1 :y plants produce1 #age ,see+1 :y we _c see 9 d>k1 #ia ,s5sation1 ( sight1 #bb ,s5sitive1 pap]1 #bc ,s]vice1 milit>y1 ,u4 ,s41 #bd ,%ad[s1 cause (1 #die ,%ell1 s\nds 9 a1 #gi ,%ells1 fill+ ) p[d]1 #ej inspection ( metallic 7illus471 #di putt+ metal heads on pap]1 #ej wad-pap] 9 mak+1 #ej ,%eep1 com+ out ( =e/ 7illus471 #hb fir/ 9 ,am]ica1 #hj fleece pack+1 #hb h[ mu* wool does a %eep produce8 #hc h[ wool is tak5 f !1 #hb h[ tak5 c>e (1 #hb h[ we get wool (f (1 #hb indu/ry 9 ,am]ica1 #hj indu/ry 9 ! colonies1 #ha indu/ry 9 ! we/1 #ha numb] 9 ! we/1 #ha %e>+1 #hb %e>+ ma*9es1 #hb wool-produc+1 #hc :y %eep prec$e ! pl[ 9 civiliz+ a c\ntry1 #ha ,%ield driv+1 air lock bulkhead 7illus471 #baj caulk+ ! jo9ts 7illus471 #bad description ( airlocks1 #bac erector at "w 7illus471 #bad erector 7illus471 #baj at end ( j\rney 7illus471 #baf grommett+ ! bolts 7illus471 #bad gr\t+ 7illus471 #bad h[ x cuts 9 tunnel build+1 #bab h[ !y meet exactly 7illus471 #bae 9 tunnel build+ 7illus471 #bjh key plate 7illus471 #bad curves ar\nd 7illus471 #baf models ( ,p5na4 ,r4,r4 tunnel %ields 7illus471 #bab re> end 9 tunnel build+ 7illus471 #baj tunnels1 front view 7illus471 #bji ,%ip1 h[ does a capta9 /e] 81 #djg h[ c x sail "u wat]8 #bfi ,%oes1 ,amaze5 skiv+ ma*9e1 #eej assembl+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eeb automatic heel load+ & atta*+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj automatic level+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eei automatic sew+ ma*9e1 #eee ,am]ican made1 #edg anci5t & mod]n =ms ( s&als1 7illus471 #edc anci5t s&al mak] 7illus471 #eda beg9n+ ( a %oe 7illus471 #edi boot develop$ f ! s&al1 #edd boots 7illus471 #edf *annel cem5t+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eeh *annel lay+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eei *annel op5+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eeh ,crakr[ or peak$ 7illus471 #edd :i* *ur* & law =bade 7illus471 #edd description ( anci5t s&al 7illus471 #edb dye+ out ma*9e1 #eea diff]5t p>ts come toge!r1 #eea duplex eyelett+ ma*9e1 #eej edge trimm+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj ,ensign lac+ ma*9e1 #eea evolution cf ! s&al to ! %oe 7illus471 #edb fir/ ma*9e = mak+ %oes1 #ede h& me?od la/+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eec heel brea/+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj heel trimm+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj ideal click+ ma*9e1 #eej ,inseam trimm+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eef insole tack+1 #eea la/+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eec loose nail+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eei success ( ,mc,kay ma*9e1 #edg ma*9e t =ms & drives tacks1 #eed ma*9es :i* pun* ! soles (1 #eei my lady's slipp]s 7illus471 #edh plac+ %ank & fill+ bottom1 #eef planet r\nd+ ma*9e1 #eea p[] tip press1 #eej pull+ ov] ma*9e 7illus471 #eeb putt+ ! gr\nd cork & rubb] cem5t 91 #eef roll+ ma*9e1 #eea r\nd+ & *annell+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eeg sew+ ! sole on1 #eeh slugg+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj sole lay+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eeg ,summit splitt+ ma*9e1 #eea upp] /apl+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eed upp] trimm+ ma*9e 7illus471 #eed welt & turn$ %oe ma*9e 7illus471 #eee welt beat+ & wa%+ ma*9e1 #eef welt sew+ ma*9e1 #eea :at 0 ! fir/ foot cov]+ l8 #eda 8:ipp+ ! cat10 #ede :o made ! fir/ %oe 9 ,am]ica8 #ede "w p]=m$ by heel+ ma*9e 7illus471 #efj ,%oot+ te/s 7illus471 #dh ,%otguns1 assembl+ (1 7illus471 #dh ,%ot pellets1 #ea ,%r9k+1 pit = big gun1 #ei ,%uttle1 ,9 weav+ wool1 #hf ,sib]ian lambs1 9 ,s\? ,dakota 7illus471 #hj ,signs1 talk+ by1 #ah ,silica1 m9e 7illus471 #bdg ,silk1 #aji call$ 8bomby-kia10 #aaj c>+ = "y worms1 #aac culture1 #aaj dry+ ske9s (1 #aai dye+1 #aba fir/ /ep 9 manufacture1 #aai fir/ us$1 #aji hat*+ eggs1 #aac introduction ( into ,europe 7illus471 #aaj numb] ( cocoons 9 p\nd (1 #aag manufacture (1 #aai me?od ( reel+1 #aac mo?s deposit+ eggs 7illus471 #aab prep>+ cocoon+ b$s1 #aab reel+ silk f cocoon 7illus471 #aah sp9n+ 7illus471 #abj ?read made uni=m 7illus471 #abj ?reads ready = ! weav]1 #aba twi/+ 7illus471 #abj use (1 #aji wat]-/ret*] 7illus471 #aba w9d+ 7illus471 #aai ,silk manufacture1 d\bl+ frames1 #abj sp9n+1 #abj twi/+1 #abj ,silk mo?1 description ( #aad ,silkworm1 age1 #aae fir/ bre$] (1 #aji *rysalis 7illus471 #aad cocoon1 #aae cocoon1 beg9n+ ( 7illus471 #aaf cocoon+ b$ 7illus471 #aab description (1 #aad dome/ication (1 #aaa eat+ 7illus471 #aae female mo? 7illus471 #aad h[ c>$ =1 #aac h[ x eats1 #aae home (1 #aab eggs1 h[ import$1 #aaa hat*+ ! eggs 7illus471 #aac h[ he does 8 "w1 #aad l>v (1 7illus471 #aad motions ( head 9 sp9n+1 #aae molt+ season1 #aae mo?s em]g+ f cocoon 7illus471 #aag male mo? 7illus471 #aad mulb]ry bran*es = 7illus471 #aab "o ( ! _w's greate/ wond]s1 #aaf prep>+ = mak+ cocoon 7illus471 #aaf re>$1 h[ !y 7illus471 #aae %$d+ old sk91 #aae sp9n]et ( !1 #aae sp9n+ cocoon1 #aae wild1 #aji ,silv]1 def9ition (1 #bjg use1 hi/ory (1 #bjg :y does x t>ni%1 #bff ,silv] bromide1 9 photography1 #bc ,sk9s1 us$ = clo?+1 #hj ,sky1 w x ev] fall8 #bee :y is x blue8 #bec ,soap1 lye 91 #daa palm olive oil 91 #daa :at made (1 #daa ,soda1 ,leblanc process1 #did ,solvay process1 #did :]e we get1 #did ,solids1 def9ition1 #cdh ,"s wond]s ( ! human body1 #caa ,s\nd1 dead5+ (1 #gi fir/ ov] a wire1 #ga h[ measur$1 #bdb h[ produc$1 #dhe spe$ (1 #adj-dhf travels ?r\gh air sl[ly1 #ca 9 a sea %ell1 #gi :at is1 #gh-dhe waves1 #gi waves1 l5g? (1 #dhg :]e comes f1 #gh ,slate p5cil1 :y _c write on pap] )1 #ah ,sleep1 :]e are we :51 #cfe ) eyes op51 :y we _c1 #ib gho/s1 #cfg :y he>t beats dur+1 #aia :y we g to1 #cfe re/less1 #ib ,sl+1 man 9 action 7illus471 #da h[ fir/ made1 #da ,sl+s1 & _! drawbacks1 #db ,sl[ mat*1 ( e>ly fire>ms1 #de ,smells1 :y d fl[]s h1 #agf ,smoke-cone1 9 gun-fir+ 7illus471 #bh ,smokeless p[d]1 #ce ,smoke-r+s1 h>d z /eel1 #bg ,smoke signals1 ( ,indians1 #dab ,smoke-zone1 9 gun fir+1 #aaa ,sneez+1 :at makes u1 #aid :y d we1 #aid ,sn[flakes1 :at makes !m :ite8 #dji ,space1 ext5ds1 h[ f>1 #bef ,sp>kle1 :5 m]ry1 :y eyes1 #ib ,spe>1 z a weapon1 #db ,specific gravity1 mean+ (1 #bfh ,spe$1 ( light1 #cf ,sp9n]et1 ( ! silkworm1 #aae ,sp9n+ :eel1 9 mak+ clo? f wool1 #ha ,sponge1 capill>y attraction (1 #ah ,sponges1 bre$+ "t (1 #bhf h[ d !y gr[8 #bhf h[ !y eat1 #bhg h[ !y are caught1 #bhg :]e !y come f8 #bhf ,/able1 und]gr\nd 7illus471 #aeh ,/>s1 c\nt$ 9 photograph1 #bbc d !y %oot d[n8 #bee h[ c\nt$1 #bda h[ _m !re are1 #bbc photograph$1 #bbc :at makes !m tw9kle1 #ch ,/eam%ip1 beg9n+ ( 7illus471 #ccg cross-section1 #cdf build+ ( a 7illus471 #ccg cradle ( a1 #cch d\ble bottom1 #cci end to end section1 #cdf-cdg funnel 7illus471 #cde gantry 7illus471 #cch hull 7illus471 #cda hull be=e laun*+ 7illus471 #cdj inside ( 7illus471 #cdf-cdg laun*+ ( a 7illus471 #cdj laun*+ ma*9]y 7illus471 #cda ready to laun* 7illus471 #cdj plates 7illus471 #cci ribs 7illus471 #cch skeleton 7illus471 #cci turb9e1 weight (1 #cdd turb9e 7illus471 #cdd ,/eel p51 h[ made1 #af ,/eel rail mak+1 bla/ furnace 7illus471 #bcd ,bloom+ mill & eng9e 7illus471 #bcg dump buggy1 #bcg crane1 c>ry+ +ot 7illus471 #bcf +ot1 #bcg +ot becomes a rail 7illus471 #bch mix] 7illus471 #bcd molt5 /eel be+ p\r$ into ladle 7illus471 #bcf op5-he>? furnace 7illus471 #bce furnace1 p\r+ sides ( an op5 he>? 7illus471 #bce iron1 purification (1 #bce soak+ pit 7illus471 #bcf furnace1 temp]ature 91 #bce ,/ick1 :y x b5ds 9 wat]1 #ch mak+ a fire )1 #db ,/ock+s1 :]e x goes :5 ! hole comes1 #fd ,/one-?r[+1 #da ,/ones1 :]e !y come f1 #did ,/ory 9 an automobile1 #aha 9 a loaf ( bread1 #dfj 9 a book1 #efa 9 a build+ f\ndation1 #dif 9 a cablegram1 #dbh 9 a b>rel ( cem5t1 #ie 9 a /ick ( *ocolate1 #chh 9 a suit ( clo!s1 #hj 9 a lump ( coal1 #beg 9 a bale ( cotton1 #dgj ( a cup & sauc]1 #djd ( ! deep sea div]1 #bjc 9 an electric light1 #cje 9 an elevator1 #cie 9 a f+] pr9t1 #ebj 9 a fly+ ma*9e1 #abf 9 a gas jet1 #cjc 9 a gun1 #dj 9 a honey bee1 #ebf 9 a magnet 7illus471 #cbf 9 a lead p5cil1 #dff 9 light+ a fire1 #bhi 9 a lock1 #dia 9 a c ( pa9t1 #bbd 9 a p51 #aa 9 a piano1 #dgh 9 a photograph1 #bb 9 8,pigs is ,pigs0 7illus471 #cgd 9 a pipe & cig>1 #eab 9 a railroad eng9e1 #ddj 9 a coil ( rope1 #cec 9 a ball ( rubb] 7illus471 #cgh 9 a rug1 #afg 9 a pair ( %oes1 #eda 9 a /eel rail 7illus471 #bcd 9 a subm>9e boat 7illus471 #bfi 9 a lump ( sug>1 #ade 9 a telegram1 #dab 9 ! telephone1 #fe 9 a "t piece1 #cac 9 a tunnel1 #bjh 9 a dr9k ( wat]1 #eja 9 a w9d[ pane1 #bdf 9 ! wireless1 #dee 9 a y>d ( silk1 #aji 9 a piece ( lea!r1 #ech ,/r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! fir/1 #dhj discov]y (1 #dgi ,/ret*+1 :y d we1 #aib :at happ5s :5 we1 #aic ,/ylus1 iron1 #ac ! 9 writ+ 7illus471 #aa ,subm>9e1 accid5ts & _! causes1 #bgh air & h[ x may become poison\s1 #bgh buoyancy (1 #bgj 8,bu%nell's ,turtle10 #bhj c>go1 recov]+ (1 #bhe cle>+ a *annel ( buoyant m9es 7illus471 #bhc developm5t (1 #bhj-bha div]s' comp>tm5t1 #bgj equilibrium1 #bgj explosions1 #bgh fir/ practical 7illus471 #bga gas1 explosion (1 #bgh 8,g-#a0 7illus471 #bgb ,holl&1 #bhb h[ we look ?r\gh a p]iscope 7illus471 #bgf hydroplanes on1 #bgj hydroplane1 #bhb ice1 "u 7illus471 #bgi inside ( a 7illus471 #bgb l5s1 ( p]iscope 7illus471 #bgf liv+ qu>t]s 7illus471 #bhe mice on1 #bgh m9e plant+ inside ( 7illus471 #bgg ,omniscope1 #bga "o ( ! fir/ practical1 #bga 8,proctor10 fir/ practical1 #bga 8,proctor0 subm]g$ 7illus471 #bga p]iscope top ( 7illus471 #bgf rudd]1 horizontal1 #bgj sail+ close to surface 7illus471 #bgc see+ 9 all directions at once1 #bgf ,simon ,lake1 ,am]ican inv5tor (1 #bhb /ead9ess ( 7illus471 #bgc "u ! ice 7illus471 #bgi subm]g5ce1 #bgj wat] pressure on1 #bgj :o made ! fir/1 #bhj ,subm>9e boat1 8,argonaut ! ,fir/0 7illus471 #bfi-bhb 8,argonaut ,junior0 7illus471 #bfi-bhb :o made ! fir/1 #bhj ,subm>9e m9es1 am\nt ( p[d] us$1 #cd ,sug>1 c>bonatation /ation 7illus471 #aej *emical laboratory 9 factory 7illus471 #adi circul> diffusion batt]y 9 factory 7illus47 #adi filt] presses 7illus471 #aej h[ tak5 f beets1 #aej sulphur /ation 7illus471 #aej wa%+ ! beets1 #adi ,sug> factory1 c>bonatation /ation 7illus471 #aej *emical laboratory 9 7illus471 #adi circul> diffusion batt]y 7illus471 #adi filt] presses 7illus471 #aej sulphur /ation 7illus471 #aej ,suit1 co/ ( wool 9 a1 #hc ,sulphite ( soda1 us$ 9 develop+1 #bc ,sun1 di/ance f e>?1 #ada revolv+ on its axis1 #eaa ,sun-dial 7illus471 #cae 9 det]m9+ noon 7illus471 #caf concrete 7illus471 #aja ,sunlight1 effect on balance1 #cg ,sunset1 cause ( colors 91 #bec ,swall[+1 :at happ5s :5 we1 #aie ,swimm+1 :y man mu/ le>n1 #abe ,swit*bo>d1 telephone1 #fi back ( a1 telephone 7illus471 #fi telephone1 ! fir/ 7illus471 #gd ,talk+1 h[ man le>n$ talk+1 #ah signs & ge/ures1 #ah ,talk+ ma*9es1 #dij ,t>get1 float+1 #ca ,nev] se5 by m5 fir+ mort>1 #bi projectile1 arrival at1 #bd ,te>s1 caus$ by onions1 #ch z an eye-wa%1 #ch run along *annel1 #ch :]e !y come f1 #id :]e !y g1 #id ,tee?1 :y !y are call$ wisdom1 #abe :y !y *att]1 #bah ,telegram1 h[ x gets !re1 #dad /ory 9 a1 #dab ,telegraph1 cables 7illus471 #dbd code1 #dai call+ a mess5g]1 #dad wait+ calls 7illus471 #dad arrival at de/9ation 7illus471 #dag duplex1 #dag electric1 #dbj electric1 fir/ sugge/ion (1 #dbj inv5tor (1 #dbj two m5 inv5tors (1 #dba in/rum5ts1 #dbe in/rum5ts1 fir/ s5d+ 7illus471 #dbf in/rum5t1 s5d+1 #dah key1 mod]n 7illus471 #dbg key1 a lat]1 #dbg key1 s5d+ 7illus471 #dah l9e1 fir/1 #dbb mess5g] receives message 7illus471 #dae messages1 numb] s5t 9 a day1 #dag multiplex1 #dag op]at+ room 7illus471 #dbc ! pony 7illus471 #dac quadruple1 #dag ,:eat/one1 receiv] 7illus471 #dbe ,:eat/one s5d] 7illus471 #dbe receiv+ op]ator 7illus471 #daf relay1 ! fir/ 7illus471 #dbf relay1 mod]n 7illus471 #dbg record+ app>atus fir/ 7illus471 #dbf record+ in/rum5t improv$1 7illus471 #dbg repeat] room 7illus471 #dbd s5d+ op]ator 7illus471 #daf s\nd]1 mod]n 7illus471 #dbg ma9 swit*bo>d 7illus471 #dbc automatic typewrit] 7illus471 #dbe ,telephone1 app>atus1 #fe bir?place ( 7illus471 #gj co/ ( numb] 9 use 7illus471 #gg display bo>d 7illus471 #fe discov]y (1 #ga fe$+ cable into duct 7illus471 #gf fir/ outdoor demon/ration1 #ge h[ an emp]or sav$ !1 #gc =ces beh9d y\r1 #gg mod]n di/ribut+ frame 7illus471 #ge l9e1 ! fir/1 #gb l9e lamp1 #ff pilot lamp1 #ff f bottom ( ocean1 #bjc op]ator1 #fg break+ up ! asphalt pavem5t 7illus471 #gf a cable tr\ble 7illus471 #gf call r\t9e ( 7illus471 #fh beg9n+ ( s]vice1 #ge ! fir/ swit*bo>d1 #gb lay+ multiple duct subway 7illus471 #gf fir/ practical comm]cial te/ ( telephone1 #ge h[ wires are put und]gr\nd 7illus471 #gf n9e million 9 use1 #ge ! fir/ words ov]1 #gd ,t5s1 c\nt+ 91 #ai ,te/1 ( big gun 7illus471 #ec ,te/+1 mat]ials & products 9 gun factory 7illus471 #ej artill]y in/rum5ts1 #bd ,te/s1 %oot+ 7illus471 #dh ,?+s1 to "k ab\t a big gun1 #ec ,?roats1 mak+ s\nds ) our1 #gh ,?read1 silk1 made uni=m 7illus471 #abj ,?und]1 :y x prec$es light+1 #adj does x s\r milk8 #aif ,tickl$1 :y we laugh :51 #ic ,tides1 :]e does wat] g at1 l[1 #bai ,"t1 age ( clocks1 #cia blacksmi?'s clock 7illus471 #cbj fir/ mod]n clock1 #cai h\r-glass 7illus471 #cag "t-boy ( ,india 7illus471 #cag :]e ! day *anges1 #cbe :]e is ! h\r *ang$8 #cbe clock 9 ,indep5d5ce ,hall 7illus471 #cbc clock 9 ,new ,york ,city ,hall 7illus471 #cbc l>ge/ clock 9 ! _w1 #cba ma*9]y :i* runs a big clock 7illus471 #cbb h[ man measur$1 #cad mod]n clock1 description ( 7illus471 #cai primitive twelve-h\r clock1 #cah wat] clocks =1 #cag wat]-clock 7illus471 #cah man's fir/ divisions (1 #cad :at x is1 #cac ?ree great /eps 9 measur+1 #caf fir/ me?ods ( tell+ 7illus471 #cac 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #cad sun-dial 7illus471 #cae sun-dial 9 det]m9+ noon1 #caf calculat$ at sea1 #cae t[] ( ! w9ds 7illus471 #cah h[ told :5 sun ca/s no %ad[s1 #cag ,t91 :y us$ = cook+ ut5sils1 #bfg ,tobacco1 b>n1 #eae gr[+ crop1 c>e (1 #ead gr[+ "u *eeseclo? 7illus471 #eab gr[n 9 ,cuba1 #eac cultivation (1 #eaf cur+ (1 #eae cig>s1 h[ made1 #eag h[ discov]$1 #eab field 7illus471 #eae figures ab\t1 #eai fill]1 #eah f]tilization1 #ead :]e x comes f1 #eab %ade gr[+1 #eag :]e does x gr[1 #eab h>ve/+1 #eae ,havana1 :]e gr[n1 #eac orig9 ( "n1 #eab plant+1 #ead se$ b$s1 #ead fir/ c>e 9 selection1 #eah /ripp]s1 #eah bulk sweat+1 #eaf wrapp]s1 #eah butt] worm1 #ead ,toes1 :y we h t51 #adb ,too?a*e1 :at good c come f8 #daj cause (1 #daj ,tor*es1 us$ 9 battles1 #dd ,t[-l9e1 ( float+ t>get1 #ca ,tra9s1 :y h>d] to /op ?an />t1 #bbc ,transp>5t1 :y "s ?+s are1 #cej ,trees1 f\nd 9 coal1 #bfa ,tube1 ( a gun1 #ed ,tunnels1 accid5ts 91 #bah causes ( accid5ts1 #bah accuracy ( eng9e]+1 #bae airlocks1 description (1 #bac op]ation ( airlocks1 #bac compress$ air me?od1 #baa ! b5ds1 #bac b5ds1 ! dang] (1 #bac b5ds1 ! symptoms (1 #bac dang]s 9 build+1 #bah grommett+ ! bolts1 7illus471 #bad bor+s 9 gr\nd 7illus471 #baf airlock bulkhead 7illus471 #baj h[ built1 #bji driv+ %ield re> end ( 9 tunnel build+ 7illus471 #baj caissons 9 ,hudson tunnels 7illus471 #bag curves1 h[ made 7illus471 #baf h[ %ield cuts ?r\gh1 #bab h[ dug "u wat]1 #bjh erector 7illus471 #baj erector at "w 7illus471 #bad gr\t+ 7illus471 #bad inv5tor ( %ield me?od1 #bji inv5tor ( compress$ air me?od1 #baa caulk+ ! jo9ts 7illus471 #bad mak+ jo9ts wat] tight1 #bad at end ( j\rney 7illus471 #baf l& end ( ,hudson tunnels 7illus471 #bag dang] ( leaks1 #bac result ( leaks 7illus471 #bac concrete l9+ 7illus471 #baf key plate 7illus471 #bad diagrams ( driv+ %ield 7illus471 #bjh bigge/ ev] built by %ield me?od1 #bji re> end ( driv+ %ield 7illus471 #baj driv+ %ield front view 7illus471 #bji h[ ! %ields meet exactly 7illus471 #bae models ( ,p5na ,,rr4 tunnel %ield 7illus471 #bab ,turb9e1 h[ x works 7illus471 #cdd ,tw9kle1 :at makes />s1 #ch ,tw9kl+ />s1 due to int]f]5ce1 #ch ,types ( c>tridges 7illus471 #di ,umbrella1 :o made ! fir/1 #cab :o c>ri$ ! fir/1 #cab ,uncle ,sam1 h[ "n orig9at$1 #deh ,und]cutt+ ) compress$ air ma*9e 7illus471 #bfa ,vault ( telephone cables 7illus471 #fg ,velocity ( a projectile1 #ec ,wak+1 :y we wake up1 #cfe ,walk+1 difficult to1 /raight ) eyes clos$1 #ia :y _c babies walk z soon z born1 #ahj ,wall1 s\nds ?r\gh a ?ick1 #gi ,wat]1 aqu$uct 7illus471 #eje ,a%okan ,res]voir 7illus471 #ejb boil+-po9t (1 #ce-bbj dr9k+1 :]e does x come f1 #eja h>d1 #bba h[ is a big dam built1 #ejb ,hudson ,riv] siphon 7illus471 #ejg 9 ocean :]e x came f1 #bah pump+ /ation 7illus471 #ejc real s\rce ( ! 7illus471 #ejf regulat+ *amb] 7illus471 #ejf res]voir1 #ejc s(t1 #bba z /&>d 9 measur+ specific gravity solids1 #bfh :at made (1 #cdh :at makes x boil1 #bbj :at makes wat] %oot 9 air1 #aih :at h>d is1 #bba :at s(t is1 #bba :y don't wat] 9 ocean s9k 91 #bai :y does x run1 #bai :y x puts fire out1 #bbb :y runs (f a duck's back1 #bcc :y sea wat] is salty1 #cea ,watson1 ,?omas ,a41 7illus471 #gj ,wave1 ( light *ang$ into heat1 #cf ,waves1 ( s\nd1 #gi ,weight1 ( light1 #cg ( projectiles1 #ec ,:at does ! air weigh8 #cih animal c leap ! greate/ di/ance8 #abb causes an arr[ to fly8 #djh makes "s p bald8 #adc keeps a balloon up8 #aii makes a ball /op b\nc+1 #fc are ball be>+s8 #ahj happ5s :5 a bee /+s8 #ecg makes ! hills look blue sometimes8 #bee makes me blu%8 #aid 0 ! orig9 & mean+ ( bread8 #dfj is ! hotte/ spot on e>?8 #bci holds a build+ up8 #dif makes a bubble explode1 #ajh is c>bonic acid8 #eji is a cable made (8 #dbi is ! eye ( ! cam]a8 #bb d ocean cables look l :5 cut 9 two8 7illus471 #dbh d we mean by #ah-;c>at f9e8 #bff is clay8 #die is color8 #abc produces ! colors we see8 #abc makes ! colors 9 ! ra9b[8 #bed makes ! colors ( ! sunset8 #bec are cocoa %ells8 #cij is cem5t8 #ie is cem5t us$ =8 #ie a cem5t mill looks l 7illus471 #if is cem5t made (8 #ie is cem5t us$ =1 #ie is concrete8 #ie makes "s ?+s 9 ! same room cold] ?an o!rs8 #add does wool5 clo? come f8 #hj 0 ! cross-b[8 #dd are diamonds made (8 #cea causes dimples8 #ceb makes u dream8 #cff 7 man's fir/ divisions ( "t8 #cad makes ?+s :irl ar\nd :5 ,i am dizzy8 #djb is du/8 #ajd becomes ( ! du/8 #ajd are drone bees good =8 #eca is meant by dead5+ a floor or a wall8 #gi causes e>a*e8 #daj makes an e*o8 #bjj are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( an elevator8 #cif causes ! explosion 9 a gas eng9e8 7illus471 #ahb happ5s :5 any?+ explodes8 #bje is an elem5t8 #cdi makes ! holl[ place 9 a boil$ egg8 #agi is electricity8 #cbi is an electric curr5t8 #ccd makes an electric magnet lift ?+s8 #cbf d we mean by ,fahr5heit8 #bba makes a fi% move 9 swimm+8 #bcc is fog8 #aje makes ! wat] f a f\nta9 %oot into ! air8 #aih makes freckles come8 #abe makes a gasol9e eng9e g8 #aha is gravitation8 #bfg does specific gravity mean8 #bfh makes a cold glass crack if we put hot wat] 9 x8 #fc are gho/s8 #cfg causes ! gurgle :5 ,i p\r wat] f a bottle8 #fc causes hail8 #abd is ! horizon8 #bdd causes a hot box8 #cfh good are ! l9es on ! palms ( our h&s8 #djb does horse-p[] mean8 #bef is hydrog5 gas8 #cdi makes u feel hungry8 #bdc makes knots 9 bo>ds8 #bbc 7 ! e>lie/ lamps8 #bie 7 ! lamps ( ! wise & fooli% maid5s8 #bie happ5s :5 we laugh8 #ic makes u laugh :5 glad8 #ib is a leyd5 j>8 #ccb is a lode/one8 #cbg makes lob/]s turn r$8 #bde makes ! lump come 9 my ?roat :5 ,i cry8 #aie makes a mat* light :5 we /rike x8 #aih w\ld we d )\t mat*es8 #bib is a metal8 #bfe is ! mo/ valuable metal8 #bfe is ! milky way8 #bee is a molecule8 #cdh is money8 #dee is motion8 #fa made ! m\nta9s8 #dja is music8 #dgh does a note 9 music consi/ (8 #dij is organic matt]8 #agd is oxyg58 #cdi is nitrog58 #cej makes nitroglyc]9 explode s readily8 #bjf causes nightm>e8 #cfg is pa9 & :y does x hurt8 #bdd makes ! diff]5t colors 9 pa9t8 #bbi is pit* 9 music8 #dhi is ! pr9ciple ( ! wireless8 #dee makes "s p5cils h>d & o!rs s(t8 #dfg makes rays ( light8 #bcj makes u r$ 9 ! face8 #aib makes ! r+s 9 ! wat] :5 ,i ?r[ a /one into x8 #aig is rubb]8 #chf is wild rubb]8 #chg %\ld ,i d if /ung by a bee8 #ecg is ! cause ( %ad[s8 #die makes ! sea ro>8 #dja does ! bottom ( ! sea look l8 #bbj becomes ( ! smoke8 #ajf & :y is smoke8 #aje causes ! smoke :5 a gun goes (f8 #bjf is smokeless p[d] made (8 #bjf makes sn[flakes :ite8 #dji dep? ( sn[ is equival5t to an in* ( ra98 #bda is soap made (8 #daa makes a soap bubble8 #ajh %ot t[] looks l8 #ea makes u sneeze8 #aid is silv]8 #bjg happ5s :5 we /ret*8 #aic makes me want to /ret*8 #aib happ5s :5 ,i swall[8 #aie is s\nd8 #dhe are ! prop]ties ( s\nd8 #dhf are ! s\nds we he> 9 a sea %ell8 #gi makes ! s\nds l waves 9 a sea %ell8 #gi does a s\nd+ bo>d d8 #dhh is meant by ! l5g? ( s\nd waves8 #dhg makes u ?ir/y8 #bdc makes me tir$8 #djc a great /eam%ip looks l inside 7illus471 #cdf did ! fir/ telephone look l8 7illus471 #gb occurs :5 we ?9k8 #aid are ! big tanks ne> ! gas works =8 #bih makes ! />s tw9kle8 #ch a %ip's turb9e looks l 7illus471 #cdd is ! l>ge/ tree 9 ! _w8 #bdb happ5s :5 we telephone8 #fe makes wat] boil8 #bbj is ! boil+-po9t ( wat]8 #bbj causes a :isp]+ gall]y8 #bja makes a wireless message g8 #dee makes ! works ( a wat* g8 #cfh makes ! :ite caps on ! waves :ite8 #daj is worry8 #bjg causes ! w9d's :i/le8 #aci makes ! kettle :i/le8 #aih causes wr9kles8 #aif are ,x-rays8 #cjg is yea/8 #bhh ,:5 did man fir/ try to fly8 #abf did man beg9 to live8 #agd 7 c&les introduc$8 #bif 0 illum9at+ gas discov]$8 #cjb 0 :eat fir/ us$ 9 mak+ bread8 #dfa ,i ?r[ a ball into ! air1 :ile walk+ :y does x foll[ me8 #dja 0 silk culture introduc$ 9 ,am]ica8 #aaa 7 /reet lamps fir/ us$8 #bie ,:]e does bread come f8 #dfj does wat] 9 ! ocean g at l[ tide8 #bai does silk come f8 #aji are we :5 asleep8 #cfe did ! "n calico come f8 #abc cem5t is obta9$ 7illus471 #ig does *alk come f8 #ah does *ocolate come f8 #chh our coal comes f8 #beg does cotton come f8 #dgj does ! day beg98 #cbd does ! day *ange8 #cbe did ! t]m ,dixie orig9ate8 #abc does honey come f8 #ebf is ! horizon8 #bdd does ! h\r *ange8 #cbe ! gas is tak5 f ! coal 7illus471 #bii did all ! names ( p come f8 #bj did ! expression 8kick ! bucket0 orig9ate8 #cba does lea!r come f8 #ech d liv+ ?+s come f8 #agd did life beg9 on e>?8 #agd d we get ivory8 #bci d lead p5cils come f8 #dff does ! wood5 "p ( a lead p5cil come f8 #dfi does a light g :5 x goes out8 #cf does l9se$ oil come f8 #bbg does pa9t come f8 #bbd does ! ra9 g8 #bbb are ! be/ ,p]sian rugs made8 #afg does rope come f8 #cec does salt come f8 #dic d we get soda8 #did d all ! little r\nd /ones come f8 #did does ! "p ( a /ock+ g t 0 :]e ! hole comes8 #fd does s\nd come f8 #gh d s*ool slates come f8 #die d %oes come f8 #eda d sponges come f8 #bhf d te>s come f8 #id d ! te>s g8 #id did ! "n tobacco orig9ate8 #eab is ,havana tobacco gr[n8 #eac does tobacco come f8 #eab does tobacco gr[8 #eab did all ! wat] 9 ! ocean come f8 #bah does our dr9k+ wat] come f8 #eja does mo/ ( our wool come f8 #ha does ! w9d beg98 #aci is ! w9d :5 x is n bl[+8 #aci does wool come f8 #hj did ! t]m ,yankee orig9ate8 #bdc ,:eat1 bread loaves ( ! _w1 #dei gr9d+ 7illus471 #dfd h>ve/+ 7illus471 #dfj sc\r+ (1 #dfc temp]+ (1 #dfc :5 fir/ us$ 9 mak+ bread1 #dfa w x gr[ wild8 #dfa ,:eel-lock rifle 7illus471 #df ,:isp]+ gall]y1 accid5tal1 #bja cause (1 #bja :at x is1 #bja ,:i/le1 :at makes ! kettle8 #aih ,:ite ,lead1 mak+ 7illus471 #bbe buckles1 be=e corrosion 7illus471 #bbe buckles aft] corrosion 7illus471 #bbe buckles1 mak+1 #bbe ,:o />t$ to make clo?+ f wool 9 ,am]ica8 #ha discov]$ electricity8 #ccc inv5t$ electric telegraph8 #dbj made ! fir/ felt hat8 #bci made ! fir/ c5t8 #deh made ! fir/ subm>9e boat8 #bhj fir/ discov]$ ! silkworm8 #aji fir/ discov]$ ! p[] ( gunp[d]8 #dd inv5t$ fly+8 #abf made ! fir/ piano8 #dgh br\ght ! fir/ %eep to ,am]ica8 #hj fir/ wove silk ?read into clo?8 #aji make ! fir/ %oes8 #eda made ! fir/ umbrella8 #cab ,:y don't ! air ev] get us$ up8 #adj c't we see air8 #adj d we gr[ ag$8 #aif does an apple turn br[n :5 cut8 #ajf d coats h buttons on ! sleeves8 #fd has a long coat buttons on ! back8 #fd _c babies walk z soon z born8 #ahj are "s p bald8 #add don't ! birds /ay ,s\?8 #djh does a ball b\nce8 #fc does a balloon g up8 #aii d we call vot+ ballot+8 #abb does a b>b] pole h /ripes8 #caj d "s ?+s b5d & o!rs break8 #fb d ! birds come back 9 ! ,spr+8 #djg d birds s+8 #djh d birds g ,s\? 9 ! ,w9t]8 #djg are birds' eggs ( diff]5t colors8 #bcc has a bee a /+8 #ccf c y bl[ out a c&le8 #ba1 #cf are bubbles r\nd8 #ajh does r$ make a bull angry8 #dij d we get a bump in/ead ( a d5t :5 we knock our heads8 #bja c't we burn /ones8 #aje has a long coat buttons8 #fd is bread s important8 #dfj d ,i get out ( brea? :5 runn+8 #aia d we call a cab a hansom8 #abb does a h5 cackle aft] lay+ an egg8 #bcc d *ildr5 l c&y8 #dji is cem5t call$ ,portl& cem5t8 #ie d ,i get cold 9 a w>m room8 #abe is x cold 9 w9t]8 #ada does cold make our h&s blue8 #aib does an e> ( corn h silk8 #agj d we c\nt 9 t5s8 #aj we _c see 9 ! d>k1 #ia does ! d>k cause fe>8 #ceb d we h to die8 #bde does a dog turn r\nd & r\nd be=e he lies d[n1 #bbi d we "k we h dream$ :5 we wake up8 #cfg does eat+ c&y make "s p fat8 #dji doesn't an elevator fall8 #cig d our eyes sp>kle :5 we are m]ry8 #ib d ! eyes ( "s pictures foll[ u8 #ce is x difficult to walk /raight ) my eyes clos$8 #ia d ,i get r$ 9 ! face8 #aib are "s faculties /rong] ?an o!rs8 #djc is a fire hot8 #dja does a fire g out8 #cg we fe> ! d>k8 #ceb _c fi%es live 9 air8 #bcb d we h f+] nails8 #adb are our f+]s ( diff]5t l5g?s8 #adb h we five f+]s on ea* h& & five toes on ea* foot8 #adb d we h f+] nails8 #adb does a gasol9e eng9e g8 #aha d girls l dolls8 #cfh is gold call$ preci\s8 #bff are gold & silv] be/ = co9+8 #deg is "s gun-p[d] f9e & o!rs co>se gra9$8 #bjf are "s guns call$ gatl+ guns8 #caj does a gl[-worm gl[8 #bca d we /op gr[+8 #aie d we h hair8 #adc does ! hair gr[ aft] ! body /ops gr[+8 #add don't my hair hurt :5 x is be+ cut8 #adc does my hair /& on end :5 ,i am fright5$8 #adc is ! "r h& /rong] ?an ! left8 #cji does my he>t beat fa/] :5 ,i am sc>$8 #aia does ! he>t beat :5 ! bra9 is asleep8 #aia d our he>ts beat fa/] :5 we are runn+8 #aia d !y call x a honeymoon8 #ca is a horse%oe said to br+ good luck8 #caa does x hurt :5 ,i cut my f+]8 #adc we cry :5 hurt1 #ic does iron turn r$ :5 r$ hot8 #ajg does iron s9k 9 wat]8 #ajf doesn't an iron %ip s9k8 #ajf d we h twelve m5 on a jury8 #bci does a lamp give a bett] light ) ! *imney on8 #cg are !re _m languages8 #aig d we laugh :5 glad8 #ib is lead s heavy8 #bfg d !y call !m lead p5cils8 #dff mu/ life be reproduc$8 #agd are "s p light & o!rs d>k8 #djb did p ( long ago live long] ?an we d n[8 #aii d we use metal = co9+8 #def d !y call x ! milky way8 #bee d we ne$ money8 #dee does ! moon travel ) u :5 we walk or ride8 #cii %\ld we n sleep ) ! moon %9+ on u8 #cff d my muscles get sore :5 ,i play ball 9 ! spr+8 #caj does a nail get hot :5 hamm]$8 #bcj d we h only sev5 octaves on a piano8 #dhj does ! ocean look blue at times8 #bai does oil+ ! axle make ! :eel turn m easily8 #djj does an onion make ! te>s come8 #ch c't ,i write on pap] ) a slate p5cil8 #ah does a p5cil write8 #ah are "s races :ite & o!rs black1 yell[ & br[n8 #ecg d !y call x p9 money8 #bca d we call !m pi/ols8 #df d plants produce se$s8 #age does a pok] get hot at bo? ends if left 9 ! fire8 #ajg does ra9 make ! air fre%8 #bbb are mo/ p "r-h&$8 #djc don't we make roads p]fectly level8 #ajd don't we use pure rubb]8 #chj does salt make u ?ir/y8 #cea don't ! sc5]y appe> to move :5 ,i am 9 a /reet c>8 #cii does ! sc5]y appe> to move :5 we are rid+ 9 a tra98 #cii c cats & "s o!r animals see 9 ! d>k8 #ia c we see f>!r :5 we are up high8 #bde d ,i turn :ite :5 sc>$8 #aic does silv] t>ni%8 #bff does ! %eep prec$e ! pl[ 9 civiliz+ a c\ntry8 #ha is ! sky blue8 #bec d ,i sneeze8 #aid d we see />s :5 hit on eye8 #bfh _m />s are !re8 #bbc does a /ick 9 wat] b5d8 #ch does a s\nd /op :5 we t\* a gong t has be5 s\nd$8 #gh c we make s\nds ) our ?roats8 #gh d p %ake ) ! "r h&8 #bca d we g to sleep8 #cfe does x seem :5 we h slept all night t we h be5 asleep only a m9ute8 #cff c't we sleep ) our eye op58 #ib we c he> ?r\gh speak+ tubes1 #dhg does a human be+ h to le>n to swim8 #abe are cook+ ut5sils made ( t98 #bfg d we use copp] telegraph wires8 #bff d my tee? *att]8 #bah are "s ?+s transp>5t & o!rs are n8 #cej d ,i laugh :5 tickl$8 #ic c we ?9k ( only "o ?+ at a "t8 #aic does ?und] always come aft] ! lightn+8 #adj d we call !m wisdom tee?8 #abe are "s roads call$ turnpikes8 #ajd is ! sea wat] salt8 #cea w wat] run (f a duck's back8 #bcc d we worry8 #bjg don't ! wat] 9 ! ocean s9k 98 #bai is x w>m 9 summ]8 #ada does wat] run8 #bai d we say wat] is s(t or h>d8 #bba does a piece ( wood float 9 wat]8 #ajf d we wake up 9 ! morn+8 #cfe d ,i yawn8 #agc does yea/ make bread rise8 #bhh ,w p all be bald sometime8 #add ! sky ev] fall d[n8 #bee ,w9d[s1 h[ an explosion breaks !m1 #fb ,wireless1 accid5ts1 prev5tion (1 #ddi a]ial on ,r4 ,r4 /ations 7illus471 #dea a]ial on %ip 7illus471 #dee ant5n1 #ddg ant5n on tra9s 7illus471 #dej batt]y1 #ddg coil1 #ddg compass1 #ded developm5t (1 #ded direction f9d]1 #ded di/ance ( s5d+1 #ddh equipm5t1 #ddf fir/ ,m>coni /ation1 #deb h[ x rea*es %ips at sea1 #ddf iceb]gs 7illus471 #ddi 9 ! army 7illus471 #ddg-ddh inv5tor (1 #deb key1 #ddg ma/s1 height (1 #ddh ,g4 ,m>coni1 portrait1 #deb on tra9s 7illus471 #dej prev5ts accid5ts1 #ddi pr9ciples (1 #dee receiv+ /ation 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7illus471 #dea sp>k gap1 #ddg /ations1 %ore 7illus471 #ddf /ations on tra9s 7illus471 #dej transmission automatic 7illus471 #dec transmission ( messages 7illus471 #dec :at k9d ( signs are us$ 98 #ddf :y don't ! message g to ! wrong /ations1 #dee _w-wide use1 #ded ,wires1 copp] telegraph1 #bff h[ put und]gr\nd 7illus471 #gf wire-w\nd gun1 #ed ,wond]s p]=m$ by electric lift magnet 7illus471 #cbf ,wool beam+ 7illus471 #hi bobb9 9 weav+ ma*9e1 #hf ,burl+ 7illus471 #hh burr pick]1 #hg c>d+1 #he c>d+1 f9i%] 9 clo? mak+ 7illus471 #hi *loride ( alum9um 9 mak+ clo?1 #hg clean+1 #he made clo?+ f1 #ha comb+ 7illus471 #hf co/ ( 9 a suit ( clo!s1 #hc crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hb dye+1 #he-hg fabrics1 #he fib] description1 #hc f9i%+1 box 7illus471 #hg f9i%1 p]*+ 7illus471 #ij full+ clo? 7illus471 #ij gill+ aft] c>d+ 7illus471 #hf gill+ & mak+ top aft] comb+ 7illus471 #hf gill+ 7illus471 #hg greasy matt] 91 #hd h[ we get x (f ! %eep1 #hb h[ mu* does a %eep produce1 #hc h[ mu* does ,am]ica produce1 #hb h[ made into clo?1 #he h[ wool5 clo? is made p]fect1 #hh h[ %ipp$1 #hb loom1 #hf m5d+1 p]*+ 7illus471 #hh m5d+ room 7illus471 #hh wool5 mule sp9n+ 7illus471 #hi napp+1 #hi next to food z a vital necessity1 #ha piece dye+ 7illus471 #ij quality ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 #hc rais$ to sell to manufactur]s1 #ha r$uc] ma*9e 9 wool mak+ 7illus471 #hg r+ twi/+ 7illus471 #hi %ipp$ to manufactur]s1 #hb %uttle 9 weav+1 #hf sc\r+ 7illus471 #he sort+ 7illus471 #hd sp9n+ process1 #hf sp9n+1 #hi ,engli% cap sp9n+1 #hi 9 "o suit ( clo!s1 #hc sulphuric acid solution 9 mak+ clo?1 #hg teasel1 #hi tramp]1 #hb 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 bulk (1 #hb w>p ?read1 #hf web1 #hf weav+ 7illus471 #hh :]e does mo/ ( our wool come f8 #ha wo( (1 #hf made into y>n1 #hf y>n inspect+ 7illus471 #hi yolk (1 #hd ,wool5 clo?1 ready = m>ket 7illus471 #ij ,wool5s & wor/$s1 diff]5ce betwe51 #hd ,woolwor? build+ 7illus471 #cie ,words1 =mation (1 #ai ! fir/ ov] a telephone1 #gd ,_w's bread loaves 7illus471 #dei ,worry1 def9ition (1 #bjg :at x is1 #bjg ,:y we1 #bjg ,wor/$ c>d+ 7illus471 #he fabrics1 #he ,wor/$s & wool5s1 diff]5ce (1 #hd ,wright ,bro!rs1 fir/ successful flights1 #acj ,wr9kles1 :at causes1 #aif ,writ+1 bru%1 ! 7illus471 #ac e>lie/ ways (1 #ab fir/ done ^u rocks1 #aa fir/ imitation (1 #ab fir/ metallic p5 introduc$1 #ae fluids = develop+1 #ac h[ man le>n$ to1 #aa h[ ! monks did _!1 #ad h[ a p5 writes1 #ah mod]n way (1 #af pap] =1 e>lie/1 #ad p51 inv5tion (1 #aa p51 fir/ /eel 7illus471 #ae quill1 ! 7illus471 #ad ,re$1 !1 9 7illus471 #ab /eel tube p5 9 7illus471 #ae /eel p51 mod]n 7illus471 #af ,/ylus1 ! 7illus471 #aa ) *alk1 #ah :y a p5cil writes1 #ah ,x-rays1 :at are !y8 #cjg ,yankee1 :]e ^w orig9at$1 #bdc ,y>n1 made f wool1 #hf ,yawn+1 :y d1 #agc is x infecti\s1 #aib ,yea/1 :at x is1 #bhh :y x makes bread rise1 #bhh ,yes1 mean+ ( nod1 #ai ,zolln]1 ,casp]1 inv5tor ( rifl+1 #df ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! language us$ 9 ?is ebook is t ( ! s\rce docum5t1 includ+ unusual or ar*aic spell+4 ,! book 0 p>tly writt5 by repres5tatives ( ! indu/ries conc]n$2 inconsi/5cies 9 gramm>1 spell+1 punctuation 7includ+ ! use ( decimal po9ts & commas71 /yle1 lay-out1 etc4 h be5 reta9$4 ,contradictions & repetitions h n be5 address$4 ,alphabetical sort+ inconsi/5cies 9 ! index h n be5 correct$4 ,page #bah1 444 & h !m meet z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac 4443 ,! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt] are n numb]$4 ,! illu/ration on page #bae %[s ! describ$ meet+ ( ! %ields4 ,page #cje1 444 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d73 ! illu/rations ) ?is article are n numb]$4 ,page #cjg1 ,! ,x-rays are dis*>g$ 9 /raight l9es z %[n 9 ! figure3 !re is no su* figure 9 ! book4 ,pages #cbh & #ccj3 page head+s ,,:at ,a ,,lode/one ,,is & ,,:at ,,electricity ,,is d n relate to ! cont5ts ( ! pages4 ,page #ccf1 ,! pictures %[n on ! foll[+ pages 4443 z pr9t$2 ! illu/rations are giv5 on previ\s pages4 ,page #cfd1 ref]5ce to figure #f3 presumably ! f\r illu/rations on ?is page toge!r =m figure #f4 ,page #cfh1 ,:5 y put oil on ! axle1 h[ev]1 4443 "s text may be miss+4 ,page #cgf1 444 or ?ree-sixty-f\r?s ( a second1 &3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 "s text is obvi\sly miss+4 ,page #dhi1 444 ( mu* importance4 ,! two classes1 only two ( :i* are ( mu* importance4 ,! two classes 4443 ! r$undant text is z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #dia3 ,!re is no ,fig4 #d 9 ! s\rce docum5t2 ! unnumb]$ figure 9 ! bottom "r ( ! page is assum$ to be ,fig4 #d4 ,page #ejb1 captions ) bottom illu/ration3 at lea/ "o ( ! l5g?s giv5 7#dfej & #defj feet7 is likely to be a typographical error4 ,page #edg1 7,! welt %oe has always be5 consid]$ 4443 ! clos+ bracket is lack+4 ,*anges made3 ,"s m9or obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors & unnecess>ily repeat$ words h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,page head]s h be5 transcrib$ z illu/ration captions 7on top ( illu/rations7 or z side notes at a suitable location on ! page conc]n$1 s t _! ref]5ce 9 ! index is 7at lea/ approximately7 correct4 ,text t 0 n pres5t z su* 9 ! s\rce docum5t b t 0 transcrib$ f )9 illu/rations is giv5 z "p ( ! illu/ration caption4 ,page #bi3 444 nev] see ! di/ance t>get or vessel 444 *ang$ to 444 nev] see ! di/ant t>get or vessel 4444 ,page #df3 ,lock l ,miquelet *ang$ to ,lock la ,miquelet4 ,pages #gd-ge3 clos+ d\ble quotes ins]t$ aft] 444 w5t t v night42 444 _h to look aft] x !mselves42 444 spee* _h really be5 electrically reproduc$4 ,op5+ d\ble quotes ins]t$ be=e ,n[1 x s happ5$ !re1 4442 ,my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,william ,hubb>d1 4444 ,page #aad3 444 ! :ite mulb]ry or osage orange are f$ ! "y worms 444 *ang$ to 444 ! :ite mulb]ry or osage orange are f$ ! "y worm 4444 ,page #abd3 444 call$ an ablate sph]oid 444 *ang$ to 444 call$ an oblate sph]oid 4444 ,page #abf3 ,dr4 ,samuel ,pi]rpont ,langley *ang$ to ,dr4 ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley4 ,page #afg3 444 aga9/ ! loose r[ ( cross ?reads to light5 x 444 *ang$ to 444 aga9/ ! loose r[ ( cross ?reads to tight5 x 4444 ,page #bje3 444 ?an ! heat w cause ! air to exp& sudd5ly 444 *ang$ to 444 t ! heat w cause ! air to exp& sudd5ly 4442 444 a mixture ( potassium1 nitrate1 or saltpet]1 ) p[d]$ *>coal & phur 444 *ang$ to 444 a mixture ( potassium nitrate1 or saltpet]1 ) p[d]$ *>coal & sulphur 4444 ,page #bbi3 444 o!r ma*9es call$ ,mills10 444 *ang$ to 444 o!r ma*9es call$ 8,mills10 44442 444 :i* also adds 9 ! dry+ & ! work+ 444 *ang$ to 444 :i* also aids 9 ! dry+ & ! work+ 4444 ,page #bfe3 444 !re is ano!r1 solium1 :i* is solid 444 *ang$ to 444 !re is ano!r1 sodium1 :i* is solid 4442 444 :at is call$ a rev]bratory furnace 444 *ang$ to :at is call$ a rev]b]atory furnace 4444 ,page #bib3 ,,promo!an ,,mat* *ang$ to ,,prome!an ,,mat*4 ,page #cge3 ,?is toy we speak ( 0 call$ a zoctrope *ang$ to ,?is toy we speak ( 0 call$ a zoetrope4 ,page #cgf3 444 project$ at ! rate ( f\rte5 or sixte5 to ! m9ute 444 *ang$ to 444 project$ at ! rate ( f\rte5 or sixte5 to ! second 4444 ,page #cgg3 ,footnote an*or #d ins]t$4 ,page #dad ff43 ,ellipses 74447 h be5 add$ surr\nd+ ! cont9u+ page head+s & illu/ration captions4 ,pages #dai & #dch1 ,morse codes3 = ! sake ( cl>ity1 ! spac+ betwe5 individual da%es & dots has be5 increas$ slightly4 ,page #dij3 444 if a r$ flag really makes a bull m exit$ 444 *ang$ to 444 if a r$ flag really makes a bull m excit$ 4444 ,page #dic3 ,! *emical "n = salt is sodium :i* is d]iv$ 444 *ang$ to ,! *emical "n = salt is sodium *loride :i* is d]iv$ 4442 444 sub/ances ar\nd u are compos$ ( ^! elem5ts along1 or 444 *ang$ to 444 sub/ances ar\nd u are compos$ ( ^! elem5ts alone1 or 4444 ,page #eej3 444 = :i* ! l++s 7 int5d$4 ,aft] all ! l++s h be5 prep>$ 444 *ang$ to 444 = :i* ! l9+s 7 int5d$4 ,aft] all ! l9+s h be5 prep>$ 4444 ,index3 sev]al miss+ punctuation m>ks ins]t$ = consi/5cy4 ,page #ehc3 ,curtis biplane *ang$ to ,curtiss biplane4 ,page #ehe3 ,burl9e 7illus47 *ang$ to ,burl+ 7illus47 ,page #ehf3 ,culv]9es1 e>ly type ( *ang$ to ,culv]9s1 e>ly type (4 ,page #ehg3 /eal & fl9t *ang$ to /eel & fl9t4 ,page #ehh3 ,fly+ boot1 int]ior arrangem5t *ang$ to ,fly+ boat1 int]ior arrangem5t4 ,page #ehi3 7,h[7 ! pictures 9 ?is bo? are made *ang$ to 7,h[7 ! pictures 9 ?is book are made4 ,page #eij3 7,h[7 did %ak+ ! head come to come no8 *ang$ to 7,h[7 did %ak+ ! head come to mean no82 7,h[7 does does ! wool 9 a suit ( clo!s co/8 *ang$ to 7,h[7 mu* does ! wool 9 a suit ( clo!s co/82 ,hurt1 :y we cry *ang$ to ,hurt1 :y we cry :51 #ic4 ,page #eia3 ! 8,rev]b]e0 *ang$ to ! 8,rv]bre02 7,lamp7 f ,na%agak hang+ *ang$ to 7,lamp7 f ,nu%agak hang+4 ,page #eib3 promo!an *ang$ to prome!an4 ,page #eic3 ,kurde/an 7illus47 *ang$ to ,kurdi/an 7illus474 ,page #eie3 ,crakron or peak$ *ang$ to ,crakr[ or peak$4 ,page #eig3 omniscope *ang$ to ,omniscope2 cucul> diffusion batt]y 9 factory *ang$ to circul> diffusion batt]y 9 factory4 ,page #fja3 7,:o7 :o make ! fir/ felt hat8 *ang$ to 7,:o7 made ! fir/ felt hat82 7,:y7 don't an elevator fall8 *ang$ to 7,:y7 doesn't an elevator fall8 ,page #fjc3 7,writ+7 p5 inv5tion (1 #jj *ang$ to 7,writ+7 p51 inv5tion (1 #aa4