,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,,vol4 #fa4 ,,no4 #aj--;,,july1 #aibf4 ,,on ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,int5sity ,,9 ,,/ell> ,,absorption ,,l9es ,,by ,,cecilia ,h4 ,,payne ,,& ,,h>l[ ,,%apley ,,on ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,int5sity ,,9 ,,/ell> ,,absorption ,,l9es#a ,footnote #a3 ,! co/ ( publication ( ?is rese>* has be5 met ) ! help ( a grant f ! ,rum=d ,fund4 ,,by ,,cecilia ,h4 ,,payne#b ,,& ,,h>l[ ,,%apley ,footnote #b3 ,national ,rese>* ,fell[4 #a4 ,x is unnecess>y to emphasize ! significance ( ! =m ( absorption l9es 9 ! /udy ( problems ( atomic /ructure & ! physical con/itution ( /ell> atmosph]es4 ,!re has be5 an abundance ( !oretical "w on l9e cont\r1 b a rem>kable sc>city ( quantitative obs]vation4 ,! pres5t prelim9>y /udy is aim$ to meet1 9 "p1 ! ne$ = measurem5ts on ! broad & /rong l9es 9 ! spectra ( />s ( v>i\s types4 ,9 g5]al ! inve/igation has be5 bas$ on objective prism spectra1 analyz$ ) a photographically record+ microphotomet]4 ,! ease ) :i* a photometric scale c be set up on ^! plates1 available ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! spectrum1 & ess5tially indep5d5t ( ! v>iability ( plates & developm5t1 is a decid$ factor 9 favor ( us+ objective prism spectra4 ,o!r advantages include ! effici5cy ( ! objective prism spectrograph & its simple op]ation4 ,! possible disadvantage ( lack ( purity is n important1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! l9es discuss$ 9 ?is communication2 ! ext5t to :i* scatt]$ light affects ! true cont\rs ( ! absorption l9es is consid]$ bel[4 ,t ! results f slit spectrographs are 9 ess5tial agreem5t ) ^! slitless spectrograms is %[n 9 ,figure #a1 :]e microphotomet] trac+s ( spectra f ! two s\rces are %[n4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,hussey & ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,curtiss1 ( ,ann ,arbor1 "s excell5t spectrograms made ) ! s+le prism spectroscope at ! ,detroit ,obs]vatory h be5 s5t to ,h>v>d = ?is comp>ison4 ,! disp]sion is practically ! same on ! ,mi*igan & ,h>v>d plates4 ,! microphotomet] records 7 made "u id5tical conditions = ! two sets ( spectra1 ?\gh ! pres5ce ( comp>ison l9es on ! ,mi*igan plates & ! n>r[ness ( ! spectra made _! analysis m difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,microphotomet] trac+s made f ! spectra ( f\r />s4 ,! names ( ! />s1 & ! s\rces ( ! analyz$ spectra1 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,canis ,majoris 7,sirius71 ,h>v>d objective prism spectrum1 7#b7 ,lyrae 7,vega71 slit spectrogram1 ,detroit ,obs]vatory1 7#c7 ,aquilae1 slit spectrogram1 ,detroit ,obs]vatory1 7#d7 ,pegasi1 slit spectrogram1 ,detroit ,obs]vatory4 ,! violet ends ( ! spectra are to ! left4 #b4 ,! "w on ! ,h>v>d spectrograms has be5 c>ri$ out by ! me?od t 0 describ$ 9 ! prelim9>y report 7,h4,b4 #hje1 #aibd74 ,! plates 7 all made ) ! sixte5-in* refractor1 us+ two prisms & a special set ( ap]tures4 ,! diff]5t ap]tures provide relative objective areas ( #af1 #h1 #d1 #b1 & #a1 respectively4 ,! ap]tures are rectangul>1 & ! successive r$uc+ /rips are plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! refract+ edge ( ! prism4 ,x is assum$ 9 ! discussion t ! am\nts ( light admitt$ by ! ap]tures are 9 ! same ratio z _! areas4 ,a /&>d proc$ure has be5 adopt$ 9 secur+ ! spectrograms4 ,a s]ies ( spectra ) ! sev]al ap]tures 0 obta9$ ^u ea* plate4 ,focus1 clock rate1 & exposure "t 7 kept con/ant ov] any "o s]ies4 ,9 g5]al ! ap]tures 7 us$ 9 ! ord] #af1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af4 ,ap]ture #a 0 omitt$ 9 ne>ly e case1 & = a few />s o!r ap]tures 7 also omitt$1 or f\nd to be useless ow+ to fa9tness ( ! image4 ,omission ( ap]tures is indicat$ by notes to ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,us$ ,plate ,/> ,spectral ,ap]tures ,rem>ks ,numb] ,class ,,mc #bjgij ,lyrae ,a#ja1 #af;a1 #h1 #d1 #b ,ap4 #b n us$ #bjgig ,bootis ,k#ja1 #af;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 ,ap4 #a & #b n #af;b us$ #bjhjj ,aquilae ,a#ea1 #af;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 ,ap4 #a & #b n #af;b us$ #bafdj ,cygni c,a#baf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b #bafde ,cassiopeiae ,a#eaf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b #bafdf ,cassiopeiae ,k#jaf;a1 #d1 #b1 #af;b ,ap4 #af;b n us$ #bagba ,aurigae ,g#jaf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b #bagbb ,canis ,majoris c,f#haf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b,ap4 #af;b n us$ #baghh ,orionis c,b#haf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b,ap4 #af;b n us$ #baghi ,orionis ,b#jaf;a1 #h1 #d1 #b1 #af;b,ap4 #af;b n us$ #bahjb ,canis ,majoris ,a#jh1 #af1 #d1 #b ,! ap]tur$ spectra 7 exam9$1 & any t %[$ irregul>ities 7 reject$4 ,9 cases ( int]f]5ce by cl\ds1 :e!r or n ! spectra 7 visibly impair$1 ! plates 7 n measur$4 ,spectra :i* appe>$ f exp]i5ce to be too /rong or too weak = satisfactory analysis 7 also reject$4 #c4 ,! pres5t report deals ) ! spectra ( ! elev5 />s enum]at$ 9 ,table ,i4 ,successive columns conta9 ! plate numb]1 ! "n ( ! />1 its spectral class1 ! ap]tures employ$1 & rem>ks4 ,9 addition to ! plates enum]at$ 9 ,table ,i1 ! foll[+ focus plates 7 obta9$4 ,plate ,/> ,ap]tures ,rem>ks #bafdh ,canis ,majoris#af1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1,v>i\s focus sett+s #d1 #d1 #af #bahjc ,canis ,majoris#af1 #af1 #d1 #b1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #h1 #af #d4 ,all ! plates h be5 analyz$ by means ( ! ,moll !rmoelectric microphotomet] ( ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1#c :i* furni%es a photographic record ( ! plate d5sity4 ,! adju/m5ts ( ?is in/rum5t 7 made ) sev]al ends 9 view4 ,! analyz+ beam ( light 0 kept z n>r[ z possible1 s t no integrat+ effect %\ld ent] into ! f9al result4 ,at ! same "t x 0 desir$ t ! total galvanomet] deflection--! quantity on :i* ! measures dep5d--%\ld be ( reasonable size2 o!rwise ! errors ( measurem5t w\ld become proportionately too great4 ,"s ( ! analyz$ spectra1 especially ^? ( fa9t] />s1 7 s n>r[ t ! slit admitt+ ! analyz+ beam _h to be consid]ably %ort5$4 ,?is cut d[n ! total light transmitt$ 9 ! same proportion1 & to keep ! deflections ( ! galvanomet] ( reasonable size1 a wid] slit1 & !re=e a wid] analyz+ beam1 _h to be us$4 ,a compromise 0 work$ out1 = ea* plate1 betwe5 a n>r[ analyz+ beam & a reasonable galvanomet] deflection4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is in/rum5t 0 pur*as$ ) ! aid ( ! ,rum=d ,fund ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces & ! ,ba*e ,fund ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,special precautions 7 tak5 to secure ! greate/ uni=mity ( conditions possible ?r\gh\t ! analysis ( ea* s]ies ( spectra ( any "o />4 ,at fir/ x 0 hop$ t ! :ole s]ies ( plates c\ld be analyz$ "u exactly uni=m conditions4 ,ow+ to ! n>r[ness ( "s ( ! spectra1 h[ev]1 x 0 necess>y to introduce ! modifications indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,ev5 if all ! spectra _h be5 analyz$ "u precisely ! same conditions1 exp]i5ce %[$ t direct int]comp>ison betwe5 diff]5t />s w\ld h be5 impossible1 ow+ to v>y+ am\nts ( fog on diff]5t plates4 ,! in/rum5tal sett+s 7 made & record$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! analysis ( ea* s]ies ( spectra1 & :5 possible 7 kept unt\*$ ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,! voltage supply+ ! analyz+ beam1 & ! temp]ature ( ! room1 7 record$ at ! beg9n+ & end ( ea* analysis1 s9ce bo? ^! factors may affect ! galvanomet] deflection4 ,,table ,,ii ,plate ,numb] ,/> ,slit ,wid? ,slit ,l5g? ,total mm4 mm4 ,deflection scale div4 ,,mc #bjgij ,lyr 4#be #f4j #gg #bjgig ,boo 4#aj #g4j #ce #bjhjj ,aql 4#aj #g4j #db #bafdj ,cyg 4#aj #e4e #cj #bafde ,cas 4#aj #d4j #ce #bafdf ,cas 4#dj #c4j #de #bafdh ,c,ma 4#be #d4j #fg #bagba ,aur 4#be #e4j #fb #bagbb ,c,ma 4#be #e4j #gd #baghh ,ori 4#be #f4e #ia #baghi ,ori 4#be #f4j #fi #bahjb ,c,ma 4#be #f4j #ij #bahjc ,c,ma 4#be #f4j #he ,! in/rum5tal sett+s = ! diff]5t plates analyz$ are summ>iz$ 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,successive columns conta9 ! plate numb]1 ! "n ( ! />1 ! wid? 9 millimet]s ( ! slit produc+ ! analyz+ beam1 & ! total l5g? ( t slit4 ,! effective wid? ( ! slit produc+ ! analyz+ beam diff]s some:at f ! quantity record$ 9 ! ?ird column4 ,= ! ?ree entries 4#aj1 4#be & 4#dj1 ! correspond+ effective slit wid?s are 4#aja1 4#bfb1 & 4#che mm41 respectively4 ,! correspond+ wid?s 9 millimet]s ( ! analyz+ beam are #j4jaj1 #j4jbf1 & #j4jch1 respectively1 :i* are approximately equival5t to 4#jb1 4#je1 & 4#jh ang/roms at ,h = ! disp]sion us$ 9 ?is s]ies ( plates4 #e4 ,measurem5t ( microphotomet] trac+s4--,9 addition to ! l9e repres5t+ ! d5sity ( ! image at diff]5t po9ts along ! spectrum1 ref]5ce m>ks 7 ins]t$ by regi/]+ a l9e = 8d>kness10 by int]pos+ an opaque scre5 9 ! pa? ( ! analyz+ beam1 & a l9e = 8cle> film10 by pass+ ! beam ?r\gh ! plate backgr\nd close to ! spectrum1 ?\gh n close en\gh to br+ x )9 range ( di/urb+ photographic effects due to ! image4 ,! microphotomet] trac+s on pap] pr9ts 7 measur$ ) respect to ! ref]5ce m>ks4 ,l9es1 repres5t+ 8d>kness0 & 8cle> film10 7 rul$ f end to end ( ! trac+1 & across ! absorption l9es a curve 0 drawn1 complet+ ! curve ( ! neighbor+ cont9u\s backgr\nd4 ,= e>ly type />s ?is backgr\nd curve c be drawn )\t ambiguity2 b :5 ! spectrum is ri* 9 l9es1 ! c\rse ( ! unl9$ cont9u\s backgr\nd is l>gely a matt] ( judgm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,diagram ( an absorption l9e1 z regi/]$ by ! microphotomet]1 %[+ ! me?od ( measur+ ! trac+s4 ,! quantities n 78d>kness0 to 8backgr\nd curve071 m 78backgr\nd curve0 to 8l9e071 & l 78l9e0 to 8cle> film07 7 measur$ at int]vals ( five scale divisions1 indicat$ by ! v]tical l9es4 ,! quantities measur$ on ! microphotomet] trac+s are be/ describ$ by a diagram4 ,figure #b repres5ts a wide absorption l9e1 & ! v>i\s di/ances t 7 measur$ 9 analyz+ su* a l9e4 ,! measures 7 all made ) a half-millimet] rseau scale photograph$ ^u glass1 :i* 0 laid directly ^u ! trac+4 #f4 ,me?od ( r$uction4--,! spectra obta9$ ) v>i\s ap]tures provide1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 ,h>v>d ,bullet9 #hje1 sev]al measures ( ! int5sity at any po9t ( an absorption l9e4 ,! int5sity is comp>$1 9 ! pres5t pap]1 ) ! int5sity t ! cont9u\s backgr\nd w\ld h at ! same po9t if ! l9e 7 n pres5t1 :i* is assum$ to be repres5t$ by ! 8backgr\nd curve0 drawn across ! absorption l9e4 ,! me?od has ! advantage ( mak+ a det]m9ation sep>ately = ea* wave l5g?4 ,! difficulties introduc$ by ! v>y+ color s5sitivity ( ! photographic plate are ?us avoid$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! disadvantage t ! measur$ quantity dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! individual judgm5t ( ! inve/igator 9 draw+ ! 8backgr\nd curve0--a matt] t is simple = ,classes ,b & ,a1 b may prove s]i\s = second-type />s4 ,! int5sity diff]5ces1 backgr\nd m9us l9e1 7 det]m9$ = sev]al po9ts by direct measurem5t4 ,! di/ances1 n & m n = ! same wave l5g? 9 all ! spectra ( any "o s]ies1 7 obta9$ f ! microphotomet] trac+s1 & 7 sep>ately plott$ aga9/ ! log>i?ms ( ! correspond+ ap]tures4 ,smoo? curves 7 drawn1 jo9+ ! plott$ po9ts = any "o wave l5g?1 z 9 ,figure #c4 ,! draw+ ( ! curves is some:at simplifi$ by consid]+ toge!r sev]al = ! same />1 rememb]+ t ! sections ly+ betwe5 ! same abscissae %\ld be r\ghly p>allel4 ,^! v>i\s curves repres5t diff]5t sections ( ! famili> *>act]i/ic curve = photographic black5+1 ! log>i?m ( ! ap]ture be+ "h sub/itut$ = ! m usual log>i?m ( ! int5sity4 ,diff]5ces ( int5sity betwe5 l9e & backgr\nd are !n readily obta9$ by int]polat+ values ( n on ! curve connect+ m n & ap]ture1 & simil>ly by int]polat+ values ( m n on ! curve connect+ ap]ture ) measur$ values ( n4 ,ea* spectrum ?us furni%$ at lea/ "o1 & sometimes two1 values = ! int5sity diff]5ce at any po9t4 ,x w be se5 f ,table ,,ix t = sev]al />s two mean values ( l9e int5sity are giv51 "o be+ ! mean ( all ! measures1 & ! o!r ! 8select$ mean40 ,! select$ means are obta9$ by us+ only po9ts f ! m l9e> portions ( ! *>act]i/ic curve1 & by reject+ values d]iv$ f microphotomet] trac+s ( exceptional total deflection4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,relation betwe5 galvanomet] deflection 7repres5t+ plate d5sity7 & ap]ture 7repres5t+ light int5sity71 f measures ( ! microphotomet] trac+s made f ! ap]tur$ spectra ( ,lyrae1 ,,mc #bjgij4 ,ord9ates are galvanomet] deflections 9 scale divisions1 abscissae are 7above7 ap]tures1 7bel[7 log>i?ms ( ap]tures4 ,smoo? curves are drawn jo9+ ! po9ts correspond+ to ! same wave l5g?1 = ! ?ree ap]tures repres5t$4 ,! int5sity drop f backgr\nd to l9e is ?us obta9$ 9 ! =m log4 int5sity ( backgr\nd m9us log4 int5sity ( l9e4 ,! *ange 9 int5sity may readily be conv]t$ into /ell> magnitudes by divid+ ! diff]5ce ( ! log>i?ms by #j4d4 #g4 ,! results embodi$ 9 ! pres5t pap] diff] s mat]ially f ^? ( "s previ\s work]s1 t x is ( especial int]e/ to exam9e ! accuracy t may be claim$ = ea* /age ( ! "w1 & ! weight t may be assign$ to ! results1 7,cf4 ,h>v>d ,monograph ,no4 #a1 p4 #ea74 ,?ree /ages ( ! inve/igation %\ld be consid]$ sep>ately2 ! plates1 7a & b71 ! microphotomet] records 7c71 & ! measures 7d74 a4 ,accuracy ( plates4--,a qualitative te/ ( ! reliability ( ! spectra us$ is made by exam9+ ! reproduction ( l9e detail ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies made = "o />4 ,figure #d %[s ! microphotomet] trac+s = a portion ( ! spectrum ( ,canis ,majoris1 made ) ap]tures #af1 #h1 & #d4 ,figure #e %[s a simil> s]ies ( trac+s made f spectra ( ,p]sei1 tak5 ) ap]tures #af1 #h1 #d1 & #b4 ,x may be se5 t ! reproduction ( l9e detail is satisfactorily fai?ful1 al?\gh a few spuri\s details c be detect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,microphotomet] trac+s made f a portion ( ! ,h>v>d ap]tur$ objective prism spectra ( ,canis ,majoris1 ,,mc #bagbb4 ,! diff]5t ap]tures us$ are indicat$ on ! left m>g94 ,a few ( ! m important l9es are m>k$ on ! l[] edge ( ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,microphotomet] trac+s made f a portion ( ,h>v>d ap]tur$ objective prism spectra ( ,p]sei4 ,! diff]5t ap]tures us$ are indicat$ on ! left m>g94 ,a few ( ! m important l9es are m>k$ on ! l[] edge ( ! diagram4 ,! be/ quantitative te/ ( ! reliability ( ! spectra us$ 9 ?is "w is ! consi/5cy ( ! num]ical results obta9$ f ! diff]5t memb]s ( a s]ies4 ,f ,table ,,ix x may be se5 t ! residuals v seldom exce$ #j4b m41 :ile ! majority are less ?an #j4je m4 ,9 specific criticism ( ! use ( ! objective prism 9 l9e photometry1 x has be5 claim$ t ! int5sity at ! l9e c5t] is affect$1 & measurably increas$1 by /ray light1 & t su* an effect is inappreciable = slit spectra4 ,! results ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* deals ) l9es ( v>i\s dep?s1 wid?s1 & qualities1 are relevant to a discussion ( ! "q1 s f> z x conc]ns objective prism spectra4 ,presumably ! effects ( /ray light mu/ be greate/ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! /rong] portions ( ! spectrum1 & fall (f at great] di/ances f ! m heavily expos$ p>ts ( ! plate4 ,skylight contributes ma9ly to plate fog1 is uni=m ov] ! spectrum & its vic9ity1 & is elim9at$ by ! use ( ! l9e repres5t+ 8cle> film0 z a ref]5ce base 9 measur+ ! trac+s4 ,if ! effects ( /ray light are ( importance 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! cont9u\s spectrum1 !y w presumably affect all absorption l9es to "s ext5t1 & w 9 p>ticul> be greate/ = n>r[ l9es4 ,! effects %\ld also be great] = heavily expos$ spectra ?an = ! m lightly expos$ spectra ( ! same />4 ,fur!r1 ! effects ( /ray light %\ld appe> n only )9 absorption l9es1 b also alongside ( ! spectrum on ei!r edge4 ,a comp>ison ( ! results = ,cassiopeiae & ,aquilae1 bo? />s ( ,class ,a#e 7see ,table ,x7 %[s t ! obs]v$ l9e dep? is n1 9 ?is case at lea/1 a function ( l9e wid?4 ,! l9es ( ,cassiopeiae are bo? n>r[] & deep] 7t is1 !y %[ great] contra/ ) ! backgr\nd7 ?an ^? ( ,aquilae4 ,! same is true ( ,canis ,majoris & ,capella2 ! l9es ( ! =m] are bo? n>r[] & deep]4 ,! results = ap]tures #af1 #h1 #d1 & #b h be5 comp>$ = all ! />s discuss$1 & ! int5sity diff]5ces betwe5 l9e & backgr\nd are n appreciably small] = ! l>g] ap]tures1 :i* w\ld be ! case if /ray light 7 an important factor4 ,inde$1 = ,cygni & ,orionis an opposite effect is %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,microphotomet] trac+ tak5 across ! spectra ( ,sirius 7,,mc #bafdg7 made ) ! diff]5t ap]tures indicat$ along ! upp] m>g94 ,to exam9e ! di/ribution ( light at ! edges ( ! spectrum1 a microphotomet] trac+ 0 made by runn+ ,,mc #bahjc 7,sirius7 ?r\gh ! in/rum5t 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( ! spectra4 ,! result+ trac+ is reproduc$ 9 ,figure #f4 ,effects ( /ray light are n to be f\nd1 except = ! /ronge/ spectrum4 ,evid5tly su* effects dep5d on ! heav9ess ( ! exposure1 b are n simply proportional to x2 !y may indicate ma9ly ! 8creep0 ( ! ov]expos$ image r ?an /ray incid5t light4 ,! po9t ( exposure beyond :i* /ray light beg9s to be a di/urb+ factor w\ld h to be det]m9$ sep>ately = ea* plate4 ,9 no case is x likely to involve any b ! /ronge/ spectrum1 & spectra t are /rong en\gh to exhibit ! effect are = o!r reasons n usable4 ,su* measures1 9 fact1 are omitt$ 9 d]iv+ ! 8select$ mean10 & x w\ld seem t effects ( /ray light are ?us elim9at$1 :ile an upp] limit may be assign$ to _! magnitude by comp>+ ! mean d]iv$ f all ! measures ) ! select$ mean 9 ,table ,,ix4 ,/ray light1 al?\gh c]ta9ly pres5t to "s degree1 is !re=e probably n an important factor 9 affect+ ! results ( l9e photometry ) ! pres5t objective prism spectra4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,microphotomet] trac+ tak5 across ! spectrum ( ,vega made ) ! s+le prism spectrograph ( ! ,detroit ,obs]vatory4 ,figure #g repres5ts ! result ( a simil> te/ made by tak+ a microphotomet] trac+ across an excell5t slit spectrogram ( ,vega t 0 made ) ! spectrograph at ,ann ,arbor4 ,!re are no traceable effects ( /ray light outside ! edges ( ! spectrum1 b on ! contr>y !re is a di/9ct drop 9 int5sity1 :i* may p>tly be due to an ,eb]h>d ,effect4 ,! objective prism spectrum !re=e appe>s to h a slight advantage 9 ?is reg>d1 judg+ f a comp>ison ( ,figures #f & #g4 b4 ,effect ( focus4--,! effect ( poor focus 9 blurr+ absorption l9es sugge/s t ?is factor may ent] into ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,x is n possible1 9 a /ell> spectrograph1 :5 work+ ) flat plates1 to keep all p>ts ( ! spectrum 9 focus at ! same "t4 ,two plates ( ,sirius 7 tak5 = ! purpose ( exam9+ ! magnitude ( ! effect4 ,! ap]tures us$1 & ! focus sett+s1 7 z foll[s4 ,,plate ,,mc #bafdh ,spectrum #a;a #c;a #c;b #c;c #c;d #c;e #c;f #c;g #c;h #c;i #a;b ,ap]ture #af #h #h #h #h #h #h #h #h #h #af ,sett+ #ag4b #ag4b #ag4d #ag4f #ag4h #ah4j #ag4j #af4h #af4f #ag4b #ag4b ,,plate ,,mc #bahjc ,spectrum #a;a #a;b #b;e #c #d #b;c #b;d #b;b #b;a ,ap]ture #af #af #h #d #b #h #h #h #h ,sett+ #af4f #af4f #af4f #af4f #af4f #af4b #af4d #af4h #ag4j ,f ,,mc #bafdh x is possible to obta9 a qualitative e/imate ( focus effects2 ,,mc #bahjc1 includ+ spectra tak5 ) all f\r ap]tures1 furni%es a quantitative e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! focus errors4 ,microphotomet] trac+s 7 made1 "u uni=m conditions1 ( ! spectra ( ea* ( ! focus plates1 & measures 7 made at ! c5t]s ( ! l9es only4 ,= ! plate ,,mc #bafdh1 ! obs]v+ record book conta9s ! entry3 8,fro/ 9 c5t] ( prism at close40 ,app>5tly ! fro/+ result$ 9 a gradual decrease 9 ! int5sity ( successive spectra1 :i* is %[n1 :5 ! spectra are arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 photograph$1 by a gradual decrease 9 n1 a quantity t %\ld rema9 con/ant = ! same ap]ture1 s9ce ! edges ( ! spectrum1 ! portion :]e focus w\ld affect ! int5sity1 are n cross$ by ! analyz+ beam ( ! microphotomet]4 ,! progressive *ange 9 n is %[n 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,,table ,,iii ,spectrum #c;a #c;b #c;c #c;d #c;e #c;f #c;g #c;h #c;i n at ,h #ac 7#ab7 #ac #ae #af #af #ag #ah #ag ,h #h #h #h #aa #i #aj #aa #aj #aa ,h #aa #i #aj #ab #ab #ad #ab #ac #ae ,h #af #ad #ag #ae #ah #ai #ai #ai #bj ,k #ai #ag #ai #ah #bj #bb #ba #bb #bc ,h #bg #be #bh #bi #bi #ca #ca #ca #cc ,t ! *ange 9 n is progressive & n due to *ange ( focus is %[n by arrang+ ! columns 9 ! ord] ( focus sett+1 #c;h1 #c;g1 #c;f1 #c;i1 #c;a1 #c;b1 #c;c1 #c;d1 #c;e4 ,no regul> *ange 9 n is !n evid5t4 ,! total deflection ( ! galvanomet] is satisfactorily con/ant = all ! microphotomet] records ( ! spectra on ,,mc #bafdh1 except+ #c;i1 :i* is reject$ = a l>ge voltage drop 7#j4b volts71 produc+ a r$uction ( f\r scale units 9 total deflection4 ,spectrum #c;i is omitt$ f fur!r discussion4 ,! quantity l mu/ be correct$ = *ange 9 n1 & ?is may be done by add+ to l a quantity equal to ! increase 9 n1 s9ce ! obs]v$ *ange 9 n1 :i* %\ld be con/ant1 corresponds to a %ift ( ! :ole spectrum1 t5d+ to decrease l4 ,! *ange 9 l1 ! di/ance f 8cle> film0 to l9e c5t]1 z measur$ on ! microphotomet] trac+s1 ) *ang+ focus1 is %[n 9 ,table ,,iv4 ,values ( l are correct$4 ,,table ,,iv ,spectrum #c;h #c;g #c;f #c;a #c;b #c;c #c;d #c;e ,focus #af4f #af4h #ag4j #ag4b #ag4d #ag4f #ag4h #ah4j l at ,h #cc #cf #dj #dg #di #di #dh #dc ,h #cg #ch #ci #dg #dg #ej #df #dg ,h #cb #ce #ca #dj #da #de #dc #dj ,h #bd #bf #bg #cc #cc #ce #cg #ca ,k #db #dd #db #ej #ej #eb #ed #dg ,h #ab #ad #ac #ai #ah #bb #bd #bj ,! l9e dep? is ! greate/1 & ! focus presumably ! be/1 :]e l is smalle/4 ,x appe>s t spectrum #c;h is at be/ focus4 ,table ,v conta9s ! values ( m = diff]5t focus sett+s1 9 ! same =m z ,tables ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,! quantity m requires no correction = *ange ( n4 ,= all ! spectra on ?is plate ! ,k l9e appe>s d\ble4 ,! la/ l9e ( ,table ,v conta9s ! di/ance1 9 scale divisions1 betwe5 ! two maxima ( ! ,k l9e on ! microphotomet] trac+4 ,"o scale division corresponds approximately to "o ,ang/rom4 ,,table ,v ,spectrum #c;h #c;g #c;f #c;a #c;b #c;c #c;d #c;e ,sett+ #af4f #af4h #ag4j #ag4b #ag4d #ag4f #ag4h #ah4j m at ,h #af #af #ad #ac #ac #ab #i #aa ,h #ai #ah #ah #af #ae #ad #ab #ac ,h #bb #bj #bj #ai #ah #ag #ae #af ,h #bd #bb #bj #ba #bb #ba #ba #ai ,k #c #c #b #b #b #b #b #b ,h #bd #bc #bc #bd #be #bc #bi #bh ,wid? ( ,k #d #d #e #e #g #f4e #i #i ,! data ( ,table ,v1 & ! *ang+ wid? ( ! ,k l9e 7?us %[n to be an effect ( focus7 indicate #c;h z be+ ! be/ focuss$ ( ! n9e spectra4 ,?is c also be se5 visually f ! plate4 ,! focus plate ,,mc #bahjc 0 simil>ly analyz$ & measur$4 ,no progressive weak5+ ( ! spectra is %[n by ?is plate1 & ! measures are !re=e uncorrect$4 ,= ! same plate ,table ,,vi %[s ! *ange ( l ) focus sett+1 9 ! same =m z ,table ,,iv4 ,,table ,,vi ,spectrum #b;c #b;d #b;e #b;b #b;a ,sett+ #af4b #af4d #af4f #af4h #ag4j l at ,h #ea #eb #ea #ed #ec #ddha #gg #gh #gi #gi #ha ,h #ed #ee #ef #ee #ef ,h #dg #dh #ea #ej #ej ,h #ci #ci #db #dc #da ,k #fb #fd #fe #fe #fd ,h #bb #bf #bh #bh #bf ,h #h #aj #ab #ab #h ,h #d #e #d #f #b ,table ,,vii is 9 ! same =m z ,table ,v1 & repres5ts ! *ange ( m ) *ang+ focus4 ,evid5tly ,spectrum #b;c is at be/ focus4 ,,table ,,vii ,spectrum #b;c #b;d #b;e #b;b #b;a ,sett+ #af4b #af4d #af4f #af4h #ag4j m at ,h #bb #bb #ba #bj #ai #ddha #c #c #b #b #b ,h #bd #bd #bc #bc #be ,h #bh #bg #bf #bg #bf ,h #ca #ca #cj #bh #cj ,k #f #e #e #d #d ,h #cf #cc #cd #cc #cd ,h #cb #ca #cj #cj #ca ,h #bj #ai #bj #ai #ai ,by ! use ( ! f\r ap]tur$ spectra t occur on ,,mc #bahjc x is possible to evaluate ! diff]5ces ( int5sity1 produc$ by ! *ange ( focus1 directly 9 /ell> magnitudes4 ,! me?od us$ 9 d]iv+ ! int5sities is ! "o employ$ 9 compil+ ,table ,,ix4 ,! int5sities at ! c5t]s ( ! l9es ( ! v>i\s spectra are summ>iz$ 9 ,table ,,viii4 ,x appe>s t ,spectrum #b;c is at be/ focus = l9es at ei!r end ( ! spectrum1 & t ! curve ( be/ focus moves t[>ds #b;b = int]m$iate l9es4 ,! effect is :at w\ld h be5 anticipat$ on g5]al gr\nds4 ,! magnitude ( ! effect is satisfactorily small1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! diff]5ces 9 ,table ,,viii ) ! residuals 9 ,table ,,ix4 ,errors aris+ f bad focus1 :ile !y are ( appreciable size1 d n exce$ ! errors due to o!r causes4 ,if ! spectra to be analyz$ appe> ^u visual exam9ation to be 9 good focus1 !y w probably n give results impair$ by s]i\s focus error4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,microphotomet] trac+s made f ,h>v>d objective prism spectra ( ,sirius1 ,,mc #bafdh1 to illu/rate ! effects ( focus4 ,analyses are %[n ( ! five l9es indicat$ on ! left m>g91 = ! focus sett+s giv5 above4 ,! be/ focus is at #af4h2 ! %ort l9es bel[ ! absorption m9ima indicate ! *ange 9 l9e dep? ) *ang+ focus4 ,! d\bl+ ( ! ,k l9e1 & ! increas+ di/ance betwe5 ! compon5ts1 is a noticeable effect ( focus4 ,figure #h %[s1 = ,,mc #bafdh1 ! l9es ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 & ,k1 = f\r out ( ! n9e focus sett+s4 ,! *ange 9 l9e dep?1 & ! blunt+ ( ! int5sity curve1 are at once app>5t4 ,,table ,,viii ,spectrum #b;c #b;d #b;e #b;b #b;a ,sett+ #af4b #af4d #af4f #af4h #ag4j ,h 4#ec 4#ec 4#ea 4#di 4#dg #ddha 4#ac 4#ac 4#ji 4#ji 4#ji ,h 4#fj 4#ei 4#fj 4#fj 4#fc ,h 4#fc 4#fe 4#fe 4#ff 4#fb ,h 4#fb 4#fb 4#ff 4#fb 4#fe ,k 4#ae 4#ad 4#ac 4#ab 4#aj c4 ,accuracy ( microphotomet] records4--,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ,h>v>d ,bullet9 #hje1 ! wid? ( ! analyz+ beam1 :i* is n 9 any case great] ?an "o-t5? ( an ,ang/rom1 is su* t no smoo?+ effect ne$ be consid]$ at ! l9e c5t]4 ,9 a few cases ! same l9e ( ! same spectrum 0 regi/]$ twice4 ,! measures made ^u ! two trac+s 7 always satisfactorily accordant4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,te/ ( ! consi/5cy ( spectra tak5 ) diff]5t ap]tures4 ,ord9ates are di/ance f 8cle> film0 to 8l9e c5t]0 tak5 f microphotomet] trac+s ( spectra ( ,aquilae1 ,,mc #bjhjj4 ,abscissae are ! ratio 7l m = "o ap]ture7_/7l m = twice ! ap]ture74 ,! fact t ! po9ts lie on a smoo? curve indicates t ! results are satisfactorily consi/5t4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! results giv5 by ! trac+s ( sev]al spectra ( ! same />1 :5 photograph$ ) diff]5t ap]tures1 may be exam9$ by means ( ! plot %[n 9 ,figure #i4 ,ord9ates are values ( l m4 ,abscissas are values ( ! ratio 77l m7 = "o ap]ture7_/77l m7 = twice ! ap]ture74 ,x is evid5t t if ! po9ts ?us d]iv$ fall on a smoo? curve1 ! results d]iv$ f diff]5t trac+s ( ! same spectrum w be mutually consi/5t4 ,! me?od ( int]polation describ$ 9 ,section #f may !re=e be us$ 9 d]iv+ ! diff]5ces ( int5sity betwe5 l9e & backgr\nd4 ,if ! me?od ( ,section #f is to be successfully appli$1 x is ess5tial t ! total range 78d>kness0 to 8cle> film07 %all be uni=m = a s+le s]ies ( trac+s4 ,9 g5]al ! v>iations 9 total range d n exce$ ?ree or f\r scale units1 b1 = "s spectra1 occasional *anges ( eight or t5 units h occurr$1 g5]ally ow+ to *anges ( voltage or room temp]ature4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x has be5 ?\ght be/ n to attempt to apply any correction = v>iations 9 total range1 b to reject f ! 8select$ mean0 read+s f spectra t gave v discordant total ranges4 d4 ,accuracy ( measures4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! errors ( ! plates & ( ! microphotomet] trac+s1 ! errors 9 ! measurem5t ( ! records are ( relative unimportance4 ,! *ief difficulty1 z m5tion$ above1 is t ( draw+ f fiducial po9ts ! ref]5ce l9es repres5t+ ! cont9u\s backgr\nd & ! 8cle> film40 ,! error ?us introduc$ may occasionally am\nt to "o millimet]1 or two divisions ( ! scale4 ,x is sometimes difficult to decide ^u ! position ( ! c5t] ( a l9e1 especially :5 x is wide1 )\t a %>p maximum4 ,?is may lead to l>ge residuals = measures on ! w+s1 especially = su* l9es z ,h & ,h4 #h4 ,! results ( ! inve/igation are giv5 9 ,table ,,ix1 :i* conta9s1 9 successive columns1 ! "n ( ! l9e1 ! wave l5g?1 express$ to ! ne>e/ ,ang/rom1 ! mean value ( ! diff]5ce ( int5sity1 backgr\nd m9us l9e1 express$ 9 /ell> magnitudes1 ! residuals1 ! 8select$ mean0 value ( ! same int5sity diff]5ce 7see ,section #f7 & its residuals4 ,! />s are m5tion$ at ! beg9n+s ( _! respective records1 & are arrang$ 9 ord] ( plate numb]4 ,9 ! case ( />s = :i* no 8select$ mean0 is quot$1 all ! values us$ = ! mean con=m to ! crit]ion = 8select$ mean40 ,,table ,,ix ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,int5sity1 ,,backgr\nd m9us ,,l9e ,plate & ,wave ,mean ,residuals ,select$ ,residuals ,/> ,l5g?,int5sity ,mean ,diff]5ce ,diff]5ce ,,mc #bjgij #dhgg 4#aaa1 #d1 #d 4#aad1 #d ,lyrae #dhgb 4#bcb1 #c1 #b 4#bcc1 #b #dhff 4#dib1 #a1 #a 4#ej #dhfa 4#ieaj1 #j1 #g1 #e 4#ie ,h #dhef 4#gcb1 #c1 #b1 #c 4#gcc1 #b #dhea 4#cee1 #e1 #b1 #c 4#chb1 #a #dhdf 4#age1 #c1 #c1 #j 4#aia1 #a1 #b #dhdj 4#jgb1 #j1 #c1 #b 4#jgj1 #c1 #b #dceh 4#aaf1 #i1 #f1 #f1 #a 4#ajh1 #g #dced 4#bcaa1 #a1 #i1 #d 4#bge1 #e #dcdi 4#deae1 #j1 #ae1 #b 4#ebg1 #h #dcde 4#hch1 #c1 #ai1 #h 4#hff1 #af1 #aa #dcdj #a4dcf1 #ai1 #f1 #c1 #a4fb ,h #c #dccf 4#ibh1 #ag1 #e1 #c 4#ibh1 #ag1 #e1 #c #dcca 4#eaai1 #d1 #aa1 #ad1 4#eej1 #ae1 #aj1 #g #aa #dcbg 4#beh1 #e1 #e1 #ae1 4#bii1 #i1 #aa1 #h #ab1 #aj #dcbb 4#adb1 #d1 #d1 #aa1 #h1 4#agg1 #g1 #h1 #e #g #daaf 4#acc1 #d1 #i1 #h 4#aib1 #c #daab 4#cbaj1 #c1 #h 4#cgb1 #c #daji 4#fjae1 #b1 #ab 4#fge1 #e #daje 4#ibag1 #ah1 #ag1 #ac1 4#ibah1 #ag #e #dajb #a4fjj1 #bb1 #ae1 #e #a4hb ,h #djih #a4aa #a4aa #djie 4#gbag1 #h1 #h 4#hjj1 #j #djia 4#cca1 #g1 #a1 #c 4#cfd1 #d #djhh 4#baf1 #a1 #d1 #i 4#bbb1 #e1 #h #djhd 4#acf1 #c1 #c1 #ab 4#aee1 #e1 #aj #cihf 4#aaa1 #a 4#aaa1 #a #cihc 4#bad1 #a1 #f1 #i1 #f 4#bca1 #h1 #g1 #d #cihj 4#deaj1 #j1 #e1 #g1 #aj 4#dhc1 #h1 #d1 #g #cigf 4#gcbf1 #g1 #ad1 #d 4#hj #cigc #a4jhf1 #e1 #c1 #b #a4ag #cigj #a4fhh1 #g #a4fj ,h #cifg #a4ag #cifd 4#gjac1 #h1 #bj 4#fb #cifj 4#efba1 #d1 #ad1 #d 4#fee1 #e #cieg 4#bhaa1 #b1 #c1 #ab 4#cbb1 #g1 #h #cied 4#acc1 #c1 #a1 #g 4#acc1 #c1 #a1 #g #cicf 4#jej1 #j 4#jej1 #j #cicc ,k 4#bca1 #c1 #c1 #g 4#bca1 #c1 #c1 #g #cicj 4#aaa1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d 4#aaa1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d #chii 4#eee1 #e1 #b1 #j 4#ej #chie 4#gfa1 #a1 #a1 #a 4#gg #chib #a4jcd1 #c #a4jg #chhi #a4db ,h #chhg #a4aj #a4aj #chhd 4#ghc1 #b1 #c1 #b 4#ge #chhj 4#dca1 #a1 #a1 #b 4#db #chde 4#fb #chdb 4#ge #chci 4#ge #chce 4#ge ,h #chcb 4#ge #chbi 4#be #chbf 4#af ,,mc #bjgig #dcdj 4#edb1 #a1 #a ,h ,bootis #dbbg #a4cdb1 #b1 #c ,ca #dbae 4#ejg1 #h ,sr #daja 4#gdb1 #c1 #b ,h ,,mc #bjhjj #dhgg 4#jjj1 #j 4#jjj1 #j ,aquilae #dhgb 4#abe1 #e 4#abe1 #e #dhff 4#cff1 #f 4#cj #dhfa 4#gaa1 #a 4#gj ,h #dhef 4#dee1 #e 4#dee1 #e #dhea 4#bje1 #e 4#bje1 #e #dhdf 4#aec1 #b 4#aec1 #b #dhdj 4#jig1 #h 4#jig1 #h #dcfc 4#jfa1 #a 4#jfa1 #a #dceh 4#aad1 #d 4#aad1 #d #dced 4#afd1 #d 4#afd1 #d #dcdi 4#bad1 #d 4#bad1 #d #dcde 4#ciaj1 #i 4#di #dcdj 4#haa1 #a 4#hb ,h #dccf 4#ciaj1 #i 4#di #dcca 4#bad1 #d 4#bad1 #d #dcbg 4#afd1 #d 4#afd1 #d #dcbb 4#jgj1 #j 4#jgj1 #j #dcah 4#jaa1 #a 4#jaa1 #a #daaf 4#jcd1 #c 4#jcd1 #c #daab 4#aje1 #e 4#aje1 #e #daji 4#bcg1 #h 4#bcg1 #h #daje 4#dff1 #f 4#dj #dajb 4#gaa1 #a 4#gj ,h #djih 4#eje1 #e 4#eje1 #e #djie 4#bcg1 #f 4#ag #djia 4#aje1 #e 4#aje1 #e #djhh 4#jaa1 #a 4#jaa1 #a #cihf 4#bj 4#bj #cihc 4#bej1 #j 4#be #cihj 4#cbb1 #c 4#cj #cigf 4#dcc1 #d 4#dj #cigc 4#haa1 #a 4#hb #cigj #a4ej #a4ej ,h #cifg 4#gia1 #a 4#gh #cifd 4#dhac1 #ad 4#ce #cifj 4#beab1 #ac 4#ag #cieg 4#abb1 #c 4#aj #cied 4#jb 4#jb #cidb 4#ae 4#ae #cici 4#bbb1 #c 4#bj #cicf 4#ecc1 #d 4#ej #cicc ,k 4#gic1 #b 4#hb #cicj 4#eaa1 #a 4#ej #cibg 4#jge1 #e 4#ab #cibd 4#je 4#je ,,mc #bafdj #dhff 4#jgg1 #e1 #j1 #g1 4#jgj1 #j1 #j #aj1 #j1 #j ,cygni #dhfa 4#ccb1 #d1 #c1 #a1 #c1 4#cbj1 #j ,h #a1 #b #dhef 4#ahd1 #c1 #a1 #b1 #c1 4#afa1 #a1 #a #a #dcde 4#aaa1 #a1 #a1 #a1 #a 4#ajj1 #j #dcdj 4#fca1 #b1 #af1 #d1 #ag1 4#fgb1 #c ,h #af1 #b1 #g #dccf 4#baa1 #a1 #a1 #a 4#baa1 #a #daje 4#afi1 #a1 #f1 #d1 #d1 4#aaa1 #a1 #a #f #daja 4#fcag1 #c1 #af1 #b1 #b 4#efh1 #i ,h #djih 4#cgac1 #b1 #g1 #j1 #e 4#caa1 #a #cigc 4#bee1 #e1 #e1 #j1 #e1 #j1 #g1 #b1 #e1 #j1 #e #cigj 4#gjae1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #bb1 4#ffa1 #a1 #a1 #a ,h #h1 #e1 #c1 #e1 #c #cifg 4#dfbd1 #d1 #ai1 #ad1 4#cdg1 #b1 #h #a1 #d1 #af1 #ad1 #af1 #d1 #a #cicf 4#ajbj1 #j1 #c1 #e1 4#jfa1 #a #e1 #j1 #b1 #c1 #c #cicc ,k 4#edac1 #a1 #g1 #a1 #aj 4#ebc1 #e1 #c #cicc 4#cgh1 #g1 #g1 #e1 #h1 4#cec1 #b #h1 #j1 #aj ,,mc #bafde #dhgg 4#cbae1 #ae 4#dg #dhgb 4#db 4#db ,cassiopeiae #dhff 4#gbb1 #c #dhfa #a4dig1 #g1 #bc1 #g ,h #dhef 4#gbag1 #ah 4#ij #dhea 4#cdi1 #g1 #af 4#ej #dhdf 4#aca1 #c1 #d 4#ag #dced 4#cad1 #ad1 #af1 #f1 #f1 4#caaf1 #f1 #i #i1 #i1 #d #dcdi 4#dee1 #ac1 #ab1 #g1 #e1 4#deac1 #g1 #e #e1 #bc #dcde 4#haa1 #a1 #bd1 #f1 4#gee1 #j1 #e #aa1 #af1 #ba #dcdj #a4dfd1 #i1 #d1 #i1 #af ,h #dccf 4#hdcc1 #ah1 #i1 #ad1 4#hfaf1 #af #i1 #ai #dcca 4#eebj1 #ah1 #e1 #g1 4#ejac1 #ab1 #j #e1 #e1 #c #dcbg 4#cbbj1 #ae1 #b1 #ac1 4#cbae1 #ac1 #c #c1 #j1 #ag #daab 4#cdb1 #d1 #ad1 #h1 4#cjj1 #aj1 #e1 #e #a1 #a1 #f1 #a #daji 4#edd1 #ab1 #bb1 #ba1 4#dge1 #ae1 #c1 #d1 #aa1 #ac #ah #daje 4#hhb1 #h1 #ah1 #ac1 4#gee1 #e1 #j #cd1 #ag1 #ac1 #c #dajb #a4eda1 #f1 #d1 #a1 #d ,h #djih 4#hfd1 #f1 #aa1 #bi1 4#gdf1 #a1 #a1 #g #aa1 #ai1 #bf #djie 4#ecac1 #h1 #h1 #bb1 4#dgb1 #b1 #c1 #c #c1 #c1 #ad #djia 4#ccaa1 #h1 #h1 #ag1 4#bid1 #d1 #ac1 #i1 #h1 #i #d #cigf 4#hdi1 #d1 #bi1 #g1 #ef1 #ag1 #i1 #ba 4#fhac1 #i1 #a1 #g #cigc #a4cgg1 #bc1 #cb1 #ac1 #a #a4bgbb1 #bc #cigj #b4aee1 #ae1 #e1 #aj1 ,h #ab #cicc ,k #a4dhbc1 #c1 #b1 #bb1 #b ,,mc #bafdf #dhfa 4#be 4#be ,h #dddd 4#caf1 #f 4#caf1 #f ,cassiopeiae,ti #dcdj 4#dbe1 #e 4#dbe1 #e ,h #dbbg 4#hcb1 #a 4#hcb1 #a ,ca #dbae 4#gaa1 #a 4#gaa1 #a ,sr #daja 4#efaa1 #aa 4#efaa1 #aa ,h #cigj #b4eje1 #e #b4eje1 #e ,h #cicc ,k #b4dg #b4dg ,,mc #bagba #dhfa 4#dcaf1 #aa1 #d1 #cb1 ,h #aa1 #d ,aurigae #dddd 4#bai1 #ad1 #a1 #aa1 ,ti #d1 #aa1 #a #dcdj 4#gdba1 #aa1 #a1 #g1 #i1 ,h #d1 #ab #dcbf 4#fbac1 #e1 #aj1 #ac1 #e1 ,fe #ag #dbbg 4#egcj1 #cg1 #e1 #g1 #h ,ca #dbae 4#cfad1 #aa1 #a1 #d1 #f ,sr #daja 4#egj1 #ab1 #aj1 #ac1 ,h #b1 #e1 #ag #cigf 4#ecb1 #a #cigc #a4adh1 #g #cigj #a4fbac1 #e1 #ag1 #bc1 ,h #bb #cifg #a4acag1 #af #cifd 4#fb #cici 4#hjj1 #e1 #e #cicf #a4bgaj1 #aj #cicc ,k #a4fge1 #c1 #aj1 #j1 #e #cicj #a4bgaj1 #aj #cibg 4#gfd1 #f1 #a ,,mc #bagbb #dhff 4#cbe1 #j1 #aj1 #e ,canis #dhfa 4#faa1 #d1 #d ,h ,majoris #dhef 4#bhd1 #a1 #f1 #b #dddd 4#gfd1 #d1 #f ,ti #dcde #a4abg1 #h #dcdj #a4ab ,h #dccf #a4bai1 #i #dcbf 4#ghg1 #h1 #b ,fe #dbbg 4#gjaj1 #aj ,ca #dbae 4#eaa1 #a ,sr #daje 4#caa1 #a #daja 4#hfa1 #a1 #a ,h #djih 4#baf1 #f #cigj #b4be ,h #cicc ,k #b4be ,,mc #baghh #dhfa 4#bbj1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #aj 4#bej1 #j1 #j1 #j ,h ,orionis #ddha 4#bbc1 #c1 #j1 #h1 #j1 #ab 4#bbc1 #j1 #h1 #j1 ,mg #ab #ddga 4#bad1 #d1 #a1 #i1 #a1 #aa 4#afa1 #f1 #f ,he #dcdj 4#debj1 #e1 #e1 #ae1 4#cfd1 #d1 #i ,h #e1 #ah #daja 4#dcab1 #c1 #c1 #ab1 4#djj1 #j ,h #c1 #ac #djbf 4#adc1 #a1 #b1 #h1 #b1 4#abj1 #j ,he #e #cigj 4#deaj1 #e1 #j1 #g1 #e1 4#dfd1 #a1 #f1 #f ,h #ah #cicc ,k 4#agb1 #c1 #c1 #j1 #b1 4#ahb1 #b1 #a1 #c #b #chhi 4#dcab1 #ab1 #h1 #aa1 4#eda1 #a1 #b ,h #h1 #ah ,,mc #baghi #dhfa 4#bcg1 #c1 #a1 #c 4#bcg1 #c1 #a1 ,h #c ,orionis #ddga 4#caaf1 #f1 #a1 #aa 4#bj ,he #dchg 4#bdb1 #d1 #h1 #b 4#bj ,he #dcdj 4#djab1 #h1 #b1 #e 4#ce ,h #daaf 4#age1 #b1 #e1 #b1 #c 4#agb1 #b1 #c ,he #daja 4#cge1 #e1 #c1 #b 4#cfd1 #d1 #a ,h #djig 4#age1 #b1 #b1 #b 4#aej1 #j1 #j #djbf 4#aia1 #a1 #a1 #d 4#agc1 #b ,he #cigj 4#cbh1 #b1 #e1 #aj 4#cjg1 #h ,h #chhi 4#ccb1 #ad1 #f1 #aa 4#ccb1 #ad1 #f1 ,h #aa ,,mc #bahjc #dhgg 4#abc1 #b1 #b1 #j1 #b1 4#aaa1 #a1 #a1 #j #a1 #a ,canis #dhgb 4#cjbe1 #h1 #e1 #j1 4#bec1 #j1 #e1 #e1 #aj1 #e #j ,majoris #dhff 4#efaa1 #d1 #d1 #i1 4#eec1 #c1 #aj1 #f1 #d #e #dhfa #a4jbah1 #g1 #b1 #aj 4#ifa1 #d1 #d ,h #dhef 4#fgac1 #ab1 #j1 #ac1 4#feaj1 #b1 #ae1 #ab1 #j #aj1 #ab #dhea 4#caaa1 #d1 #d1 #a1 4#bib1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #a #b1 #c #dhdf 4#aci1 #a1 #c1 #c1 #b1 4#abj1 #b1 #b1 #c1 #a1 #c #j1 #b #ddha 4#bje1 #j1 #j1 #j1 #j1 #h 4#ahb1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #f ,mg #dced 4#bhb1 #f1 #g1 #f1 #a1 4#cad1 #d1 #a #d #dcdi 4#dee1 #c1 #b1 #c1 #c1 4#deb1 #c1 #b #b #dcde 4#hjaj1 #e1 #j1 #e1 #b 4#gia1 #d1 #c #dcdj #a4chg1 #h1 #g1 #f #a4cif1 #g ,h #dccf 4#hca1 #d1 #f1 #c1 #b1 4#hbe1 #c1 #c #b #dcca 4#dcc1 #a1 #d1 #h1 #d1 4#dfa1 #a1 #a #b #dcbg 4#bgc1 #e1 #c1 #j1 #j1 #j 4#bhb1 #a1 #a #dabe 4#abaj1 #g1 #e1 #b1 4#aad1 #a1 #d #b1 #c #daba 4#bjae1 #e1 #e1 #c1 4#agb1 #b1 #d #e1 #b #daaf 4#dbae1 #g1 #aj1 #j1 4#cig1 #g1 #ac #aj1 #aj #daab 4#fjae1 #e1 #h1 #ae1 4#ebj1 #j1 #j #h1 #h #daji 4#ihag1 #af1 #d1 #f 4#ige1 #e #dajb #a4deab1 #ac1 #ag1 #ae #a4dfaf1 #af ,h #djih #a4jdba1 #i1 #b1 #ab 4#ige1 #e #djie 4#fabi1 #f1 #i1 #i1 4#eca1 #a1 #b #f #djia 4#dcad1 #c1 #af1 #d1 4#cgaj1 #e1 #ae #aa1 #i #djhh 4#bdaa1 #b1 #g1 #a1 4#bjc1 #j1 #b #d1 #b #djhd 4#abaj1 #j1 #g1 #j1 #g1 4#jhc1 #c1 #g #c #cihf 4#abg1 #j1 #ab1 #e1 #aj1 4#abj1 #ab1 #e1 #b1 #j #aj1 #b1 #j #cihc 4#beg1 #b1 #g1 #g1 #j1 #b 4#beb1 #g1 #g1 #j1 #b #cihj 4#dbae1 #b1 #aj1 #ab1 4#dbb1 #aj1 #ab1 #j1 #g #j #cigf 4#ffbb1 #b1 #e1 #j1 4#ehe1 #b1 #g1 #aj #ah #cigc 4#hfbb1 #ac1 #h 4#igc1 #b #cigj #a4dgaa1 #aa1 #ah1 #aa #a4deaa1 #bj1 #i ,h #cifg #a4ajbj1 #h1 #b1 #ae #a4jbj1 #aj1 #g #cifd 4#gjbg1 #c1 #aj1 #e1 4#fde1 #b1 #c1 #ae #g #cifj 4#dgbc1 #b1 #e1 #c1 4#dcb1 #a1 #g1 #c1 #g1 #aj #f #cieg 4#ccbd1 #j1 #f1 #j1 #h1 4#bhe1 #a1 #e1 #c1 #h #c #cied 4#bcai1 #d1 #f1 #ac1 4#afaa1 #a1 #f1 #d #aa #cicc ,k 4#ahab1 #b1 #f1 #d1 #c1 4#agc1 #e1 #e1 #b #f #chhi #a4dhg1 #i1 #ag1 #af #a4ee ,h #i4 ,table ,x conta9s a summ>y ( ! results1 = l9e c5t]s only4 ,successive columns give ! "n ( ! />1 ! spectral class1 ! absolute magnitude1 & ! drop 9 magnitudes f backgr\nd to l9e c5t]1 = ! spectrum l9es m5tion$ at ! heads ( ! columns4 ,! great] l9e dep? = absolutely bright] />s1 at lea/ among ^? ( ! second type1 is especially to be not$4 ,,table ,x ,,drop ,,9 ,,int5sity1 ,,f ,,backgr\nd ,,to ,,l9e ,,c5t]1 ,,= ,,elev5 ,,/>s1 ,,express$ ,,9 ,,/ell> ,,magnitudes ,/> ,class ,m ,h ,h ,h ,h ,k #dbbg #dbae ,ori ,b#j 4#bc 4#dj 4#cg 4#cb ,ori c,b#h #e3 4#bb 4#de 4#dc 4#df 4#ag ,lyr ,a#j #j4f 4#ie #a4dc #a4fj #a4fh 4#bc ,c,ma ,a#j #a4b 4#if #a4ci #a4df #a4dg ,cyg c,a#b #d3 4#cc 4#fc 4#fc 4#gj 4#ed ,aql ,a#e #b4d 4#ga 4#ha 4#ga #a4ej 4#gi ,cas ,a#e #a4f #a4di #a4df #a4ed #b4ae #a4dh ,c,ma c,f#h #c3 4#fa #a4ab 4#hf #b4be #b4be 4#gj 4#ea ,aur ,g#j #j4j 4#dc 4#gf 4#eg #a4fb #a4fg 4#eg 4#cf ,boo ,k#j #j4c 4#ed 4#gd #a4cd 4#gj ,cas ,k#j #j4j 4#be 4#db 4#ef #b4ej #b4dg 4#hc 4#ga #aj4 ,! mat]ial conta9$ 9 ,table ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,table ,,xi1 :]e ! int5sity at ! l9e c5t] is express$ 9 t]ms ( p]c5tage ( ! backgr\nd int5sity1 in/ead ( 9 /ell> magnitudes4 ,! 8backgr\nd int5sity10 z def9$ 9 ,section #f1 is ! int5sity t ! backgr\nd w\ld h if ! l9e 7 n pres5t4 ,x is notewor?y t1 = ! great majority ( ! l9es1 ! residual int5sity at ! l9e c5t] is great] ?an #cj p] c5t ( ! backgr\nd int5sity4 #aa4 ,! mat]ial pres5t$ above con/itutes ! fir/ sy/ematic /udy ( ! cont\rs ( /rong absorption l9es4 ,9 view ( ! prelim9>y nature ( ! "w ! discussion has be5 devot$ = ! mo/ "p to pres5tation ( me?od4 ,ext5d$ discussion seems at pres5t to be premature1 & only a few po9ts ne$ be m5tion$4 ,probably ! *ief int]e/ ( ,table ,x lies 9 ! result t ! maximum int5sity drop f backgr\nd to l9e record$ = any ( ^! />s is #b4ej magnitudes1 correspond+ to a light loss ( n9ety p] c5t4 ,except = ! sup]giant c,f#h /> & ! ,ca absorption = ,cassiopeiae & ,h = ,cassiopeiae1 ! light rema9+ at ! c5t] ( ! l9e is at lea/ fifte5 p] c5t ( ! backgr\nd int5sity4 ,on ! av]age = all ^! /rong absorption l9es !re is some?+ l tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! backgr\nd light rema9+ at ! c5t] ( ! l9es4 ,! significance ( ^! residual int5sities w be discuss$ 9 a lat] publication1 :5 ! =ms ( ! l9es z %[n by ! data ( ,table ,,ix w also be consid]$4 ,,table ,,xi ,,residual ,,int5sities ,,at ,,l9e ,,c5t]s1 ,,express$ ,,z ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,backgr\nd ,,int5sity ,/> ,class ,h ,h ,h ,h ,k #dbbg #dbae ,ori ,b#j #ha #fi #ga #gd ,ori c,b#h #hb #ff #fg #fe #hf ,lyr ,a#j #db #bg #bc #ba #ha ,c,ma ,a#j #da #bh #bf #bf ,cyg c,a#b #gd #ef #ef #eb #fa ,aql ,a#e #ea #dg #ea #be #dh ,cas ,a#e #be #bf #bd #ad #bf ,c,ma c,f#h #eg #cf #de #ac #ac #eb #fc ,aur ,g#j #fg #ej #ei #bb #ba #ei #gb ,boo ,k#j #fa #ea #bi #eb ,cas ,k#j #gi #fh #fj #aj #aj #dg #eb ,= ! wid] l9es1 especially ^? t are /rong & heavily w+$1 ! int5sities d]iv$ 9 ?is pap] are probably ( ! "r ord]4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! disp]sion us$ is too small to reproduce satisfactorily ! detail at ! c5t]s ( l9es z n>r[ z ^? ( su* />s z ,cygni & ,orionis4 ,! difficulty introduc$ does n involve inaccuracy ( plates1 microphotomet]1 or process ( measurem5t2 x is conc]n$ solely ) ! fact t ! spectral region exam9$ is s n>r[ t1 ) ! disp]sion us$1 ! gra9 ( ! plate is n f9e en\gh to reproduce ! spectral detail4 ,! same difficulty w\ld prev5t any recognition ( ! d\ble rev]sal ( ! sol> ,h & ,k l9es1 if !y 7 /udi$ ) ! pres5t disp]sion4 ,:atev] ! disp]sion us$1 ! same qualification mu/ be made 9 discuss+ ! results2 probably ! disp]sion w\ld h to be greatly increas$ be=e ! measur$ effective l9e dep? becomes mu* great] = n>r[ l9e />s4 ,relative effective l9e dep?1 d]iv$ f num]\s spectra made ) ! same disp]sion1 is /ill1 h[ev]1 ( consid]able significance4 ,x p]mits u to recognize diff]5ces ( surface gravity1 & to =m an idea ( relative *romosph]ic dep?s = diff]5t classes ( />s4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! inve/igation deals ) ! det]m9ation ( ! dep? & cont\r ( prom95t absorption l9es 9 ! spectra ( />s ( v>i\s classes4 #b4 ,! spectra us$ 7 made ) ! #af-;in* refractor ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 us+ two prisms & a special set ( ap]tures4 #c4 ,results are pres5t$ = elev5 />s1 ( spectral class rang+ f ,b#j to ,k#j4 #d4 ,! spectra 7 analyz$ "u uni=m conditions by means ( ! ,moll !rmoelectric microphotomet]4 ,! resolv+ p[] ( ?is in/rum5t is su* t no integrat+ effect ne$ be consid]$ 9 discuss+ ! results4 #e4 ,! microphotomet] trac+s 7 measur$ ) ref]5ce to fiducial l9es repres5t+ 8d>kness0 & 8cle> film10 & to a l9e1 repres5t+ ! cont9u\s backgr\nd1 drawn across ! absorption l9es4 #f4 ,! int5sity drop f cont9u\s backgr\nd to l9e 0 d$uc$ graphically f ! measures4 #g4 ,! accuracy ( ! results is discuss$ 9 detail4 a4 ,! reliability ( ! plates1 z judg$ f qualitative reproduction ( detail1 & f ! consi/5cy ( ! num]ical results1 is satisfactory4 ,effects ( /ray light are ( negligible magnitude1 & 9 ?is respect slit spectra appe> to h no advantage ov] objective prism spectra4 b4 ,effects ( poor focus are measurable1 b small4 ,spectra t are 9 su* poor focus z to cause appreciable inaccuracy w\ld be reject$ f visual inspection4 c4 ,! accuracy ( ! microphotomet] trac+s is 9 g5]al satisfactory4 ,trac+s %[+ abnormal deflections f 8d>kness0 to 8cle> film0 are n susceptible ( correction1 & are omitt$ 9 d]iv+ results4 d4 ,! measures ^u ! trac+s are also ( satisfactory accuracy4 #h4 ,! diff]5ces 9 int5sity betwe5 ! cont9u\s backgr\nd & v>i\s po9ts along ! l9e cont\r are tabulat$ = ! elev5 />s "u discussion4 #i4 ,! g5]al results = ! int5sities at ! c5t]s ( l9es %[ an int]e/+ relation to absolute brightness2 ! bright] />s h1 9 g5]al1 l9es t cut m deeply into ! backgr\nd4 ,a result ( consid]able int]e/ is t ! av]age residual int5sity 9 ! /rong wide absorption l9es is m ?an #cj p] c5t ( ! backgr\nd int5sity4 ,,volume #fj4 #a4 ,,daly1 ,,reg9ald ,a4--,! ,geology ( ,asc5sion ,isl&4 pp4 #a-hj4 #ba pls4 ,june1 #aibe4 #c4jj4 #b4 ,,b>nett1 ,s4 ,j41 ,,& ,,b>nett1 ,l4 ,j4 ,h4--,new ,rese>*es on ! ,magnetization ( ,f]romagnetic ,sub/ances by ,rotation & ! ,nature ( ! ,elem5t>y ,magnet4 pp4 #abe-baf4 ,july1 #aibe4 #a4ej4 #c4 ,,baxt]1 ,g4 ,p41 ,,& ,,coop]1 ,w4 ,c41 ,,jr4--,a ,revision ( ! ,atomic ,weight ( ,g]manium4 ,,ii ,! ,analysis ( ,g]manium ,tetrabromide4 pp4 #bai-bcg4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #j4ge4 #d4 ,,dana1 ,l4 ,i4--,! ,lat5t ,heat ( ,vaporization ( ,liquid ,oxyg5-,nitrog5 ,mixtures4 pp4 #bda-bfg4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #j4ge4 #e4 ,,pi]ce1 ,,george ,w4--,piezoelectric ,cry/al ,oscillators ,appli$ to ! ,precision ,measurem5t ( ! ,velocity ( ,s\nd 9 ,air & ,,co#b at ,high ,frequ5cies4 pp4 #bga-cjb4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #j4ge4 #f4 ,,bridgman1 ,p4 ,w4--,c]ta9 ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,s+le ,cry/als ( ,tung/51 ,antimony1 ,bismu?1 ,tellurium1 ,cadmium1 ,z9c1 & ,t94 pp4 #cje-chc4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #b4ej1 ) #g & #h4 #g4 ,,bridgman1 ,p4 ,w4--,v>i\s ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,rubidium & ,caesium & ! ,resi/ance ( ,potassium ,"u ,pressure4 pp4 #che-dba4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #b4ej1 ) #f & #h4 #h4 ,,bridgman1 ,p4 ,w4--,! ,effect ( ,t5sion on ! ,transv]se & ,longitud9al ,resi/ance ( ,metals4 pp4 #dbc-ddi4 ,octob]1 #aibe4 #b4ej1 ) #f & #g4 #i4 ,,bos*ma1 ,h4--,on ! ,symbiosis or ,c]ta9 ,b]muda ,coel5t]ates & ,zooxan!llae4 pp4 #dea-dfj4 ,octob]4 #aibe4 #j4ej4 #aj4 ,,k5nelly1 ,a4 ,e41 ,,& ,,slepian1 ,,ar?ur4--,computation ( ! 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