,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t4 ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t ,,includ+ ,,full ,,practical ,,directions ,,= ,,produc+ ,,! ,,lime ,,light1 ,,mak+ ,,oxyg5 ,,gas1 ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,lant]n ,,slides ,,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,hepwor? ,,late ,,lectur] ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,polyte*nic ,,in/itution1 ,,london4 ,illu/ration ,london ,,*atto ,,& ,,w9dus1 ,,piccadilly #ahhe ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 ! introduction ( a dry-plate photographic process ( su* a nature t x c be practis$ successfully by amateurs ( bo? sexes has ar\s$ an am\nt ( int]e/ 9 ! cam]a & its capabilities1 su* z few sci5tific in/rum5ts c comm&4 ,! ,magic ,lant]n is n[ closely alli$ ) ! cam]a1 = !re is no means ( %[+ ! p]fection ( a photographic picture s well z by its aid4 ,b _m p]sons are det]r$ f adopt+ ! latt] contrivance because !y fancy t !re mu/ be innum]able difficulties to surm\nt be=e !y c hope to ma/] its managem5t4 ,x is = ^! t ! foll[+ pages h be5 writt51 9 :i* ,i h tri$ to place cle>ly be=e ! read] :at c be done1 & h[ to d x4 ,i h also tri$ to indicate ! educational value ( ! lant]n1 & h po9t$ out 9 a necess>ily brief mann] h[ v>i\s bran*es ( k c be illu/rat$ by its aid4 ,! num]\s p]sonal inquiries address$ to me aft] my lectures1 & ! numb]s ( lett]s con/antly receiv$1 ask+ = in=mation reg>d+ ! lant]n1 its managem5t1 & ! prep>ation ( lant]n slides1 h conv9c$ me t !re is room = a manual1 humble ?\gh x be1 deal+ ) ^! subjects4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,hepwor?4 #cb1 ,,cantl[es ,,road1 ,,london1 ,n4,w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n4 ,,page ,! introduction ( m9]al oil lant]ns4--,! advance caus$ by ! aid ( photography4--,! optical sy/em ( a mod]n lant]n4--,educational value ( ! lant]n #a-ab ,,! ,,lime-,,light4 ,diff]5t =ms ( lime-jets4--,precautions to be obs]v$ 9 _! use #ab-af ,,dissolv+ ,,views4 ,! old me?od & ! new4--,! biunial lant]n4--,! dissolv+-tap & its managem5t4--,co9cid5t discs4--#8,effects'--,! application ( ! d\ble lant]n to spectrum analysis #ag-bb ,,mak+ ,,oxyg5 ,,gas4 ,necess>y precautions4--,! purifi]4--,explanatory diagram4--,practical details4--,! retort4--,! gas-bag4--,iron bottle = compress$ gas4--,pressure-bo>ds4 --,lime cyl9d]s #bb-cc ,,! ,,scre5 ,,or ,,%eet4 ,arrangem5t adapt$ to a sitt+-room4--,public exhibitions4 --,me?od ( hang+ a l>ge %eet4--,%eets on frames #cc-cg ,,pictures ,,= ,,! ,,lant]n4 ,photographic slides4--,home-made pictures4--,draw+ pictures on gr\nd-glass4--,! slide-pa9t]'s easel4--,m\nt+ slides #cg-dc ,,on ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,( ,,photographic ,,transp>5cies4 ,! process describ$4--,oil-col\rs employ$4--,app>atus requir$4--,mix$ t9ts4--,h[ to lay on ! col\r4--,f9i%+ t\*es4--,pa9t+ 9 wat]-col\rs #dc-ee ,,%[+ ,,solid ,,& ,,opaque ,,objects ,,on ,,! ,,lant]n ,,scre54 ,*adburn's opaque lant]n4--,! aph5gescope4--,%[+ co9s1 m$als1 etc4--,! opaque lant]n 9 a law c\rt4--,! physioscope #ef-fa ,,! ,,lant]n ,,microscope4 ,photographic microscopic slides4--,! sol> microscope4--,a sket* lecture #fa-fe ,,me*anical ,,or ,,mov+ ,,pictures4 ,comic slips4'--,beale's *oreutoscope4--,! danc+ skeleton #ff-fi ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,! managem5t ( ! lant]n 9 public4--,signals betwe5 lectur] & op]ator #gj-ge ,,! ,,magic ,,lant]n ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t4 ,!re is no optical in/rum5t s well kn[n or s highly held 9 popul> e/imation z ! ,magic ,lant]n4 ,x is some:at un=tunate t its old appellation1 giv5 to x :5 x 0 no?+ m ?an a m]e toy1 %\ld h /uck to x s long4 ,& m ?an "o attempt has be5 made by ^? conv]sant ) its capabilities z a sci5tific in/rum5t1 & z an important aid to education1 to give x a "n m consi/5t ) its real value4 ,! late ,mr4 ,dalmey] 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to re-*ri/5 x ! #8,optical ,lant]n2' & !re is evid5ce t o!rs are adopt+ ! t]m1 & t 9 "t ! old "n w s9k into oblivion4 ,) reg>d to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is des]v$ly fav\rite contrivance1 b little is kn[n4 ,its inv5tion has be5 ascrib$ to ,fri> ,bacon1 b ! evid5ce on ?is po9t is ( ! mo/ leg5d>y "*4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! fir/ to give an intellig5t description ( x 0 ,kir*]--a ,jesuit :o liv$ two & a half c5turies ago1 & :o publi%$ a "w entitl$ #8,ars ,magna ,lucis et ,umbr1' or #8,! ,great ,art ( ,light & ,%ad[4' ,! body ( ! lant]n1 z describ$ by ,kir*]1 consi/$ ( a room sev]al feet across1 furni%$ ) an op5+ 9 :i* a l5s 0 plac$4 ,! s\rce ( light 0 an oil-lamp1 & ! pictures = exhibition 7 ( ! r\ghe/ k9d4 ,inde$1 we may presume t ! effects produc$ fell f> %ort ( ^? atta9$ by ! *eape/ toy lant]n ( our s*oolboy days4 ,ev5 if we se>* ! columns ( an ,encyclopdia or any simil> book ( ref]5ce ( =ty ye>s ago1 we %all n f9d any great improvem5t on ! description af=d$ by ,kir*]4 ,! magic lant]n w !re be f\nd describ$ z #8an optical toy1 by :i* glass pictures execut$ ) col\r$ v>ni%es c be ?r[n ^u a wall or scre54' ,b f ?is "t a gradual improvem5t began4 ,fir/1 ! old oil-lamp 0 replac$ by ! arg& burn]2 !n came gas2 f9ally ! brilliant lime-light--& "s "t 9 ! ne> future1 p]haps1 w come electricity4 ,! improv$ means ( obta9+ light h naturally l$ to l>g] pictures be+ ?r[n on ! scre52 = ! size ( su* pictures is gov]n$ only by ! am\nt ( light available4 ,?us1 suppos+ we own a mod]n lant]n con/ruct$ ) "o ( ! improv$ ?ree or f\r-wick lamps1 & t x w give u a good picture ( ab\t six feet diamet]1 by us+ ! same lant]n1 & )\t any *ange :atev] 9 its optical arrangem5ts1 save fitt+ x ) a lime-light jet1 ! disc c be increas$ to fifte5 feet diamet]4 ,a picture ( ! same size c\ld be produc$ ) ! orig9al lamp1 provid$ t ! op]ator retir$ to ! necess>y di/ance f ! scre51 b ! light w\ld be s att5uat$ t ! picture w\ld be b a gho/ ( :at x ought to be4 ,x w !re=e be und]/ood t ! enl>g$ image =m$ by ! lant]n l5s c be made to fall at any po9t 9 front ( t l5s1 & may be ( any size2 b to r5d] x practically available its size1 & !re=e its di/ance f ! l5s1 mu/ be regulat$ by ! am\nt ( light at disposal4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s two circum/ances h comb9$ to r5d] ! optical lant]n m popul> ?an ev]3 "o be+ ! introduction ( photographic transp>5cies repres5t+ sc5es f ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ! o!r ! con/ruction ( metal-bodi$ lant]ns ( improv$ "*1 & burn+ m9]al oil4 ,z a good p>aff9e lamp is comp>$ ) a f>?+ ru%light1 s is "o ( ^! lant]ns to ! toy ( our boyhood4 ,! light giv51 al?\gh x falls f> %ort ( ! brilliance ( ! lime-light1 is mu* m int5se ?an c\ld h be5 hop$ = "s ye>s ago f oil4 ,b its brilliance is n all due to ! p>aff9e1 b q z mu* to ! c>eful v5tilation & g5]al con/ruction ( ! flame-*amb]4 ,!re is1 too1 no dang] 9 ! use ( ?is =m ( lant]n1 = ! res]voir conta9+ ! p>aff9e is f> bel[ ! combu/ion-*amb]1 & !re=e x _c become unduly heat$4 ,! l5ses1 too1 9 ?is new =m ( lant]n1 al?\gh plac$ 9 ! same position z ^? 9 ! old-fa%ion$ magic lant]n1 are ( a v diff]5t /amp4 ,& ?is leads me to a brief consid]ation ( ! optical sy/em compris$ 9 ^! in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,l1 ,light2 c1 c1 ,cond5s+ l5ses2 o1 o1 ,objective l5ses4 ,!re are two sets ( l5ses3 "o be+ kn[n z ! cond5s]1 & ! o!r z ! objective4 ,! cond5s] is made up ( two or m glasses1 ! usual =m consi/+ ( two plano-convex l5ses plac$ face to face4 ,! duty ( ?is cond5s] is to take up z mu* z possible ( ! light af=d$ by ! lamp1 & to *ange ! direction ( ! rays s t !y are ca/ ?r\gh ! picture or slide plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #a4 w %[ h[ ?is is accompli%$1 & h[ ! rays indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es w\ld be lo/ if n turn$ to acc\nt by ! cond5s]4 ,! use ( ! objective1 on ! o!r h&1 is to magnify ! image ( ! picture1 & to pres5t x 9 z p]fect a =m z possible on ! scre5 plac$ = its reception4 ,its di/ance f ! picture is gov]n$ by ! di/ance ( ! lant]n f ! scre51 & c be regulat$ to a nicety by ! focus+ screw atta*$ to x4 ,x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by all acqua9t$ ) ! requirem5ts ( ! lant]n t ! photographic cam]a l5s 7kn[n z ! qu>t]-plate portrait l5s7 fulfils admirably ?is duty2 & ?is p>ticul> =m ( l5s1 :i* is by no means exp5sive1 is g5]ally fitt$ to mod]n lant]ns ( ! m9]al-oil type4 ,! cond5s]s v>y f f\r to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 p]haps ! be/ size is ?ree & a half in*es4 ,! relative positions ( cond5s]1 light1 slide1 & objective are indicat$ 9 ! diagram to :i* att5tion has j be5 call$1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! optical lant]n always inv]ts ! image ( any picture project$ by x1 an inconv5i5ce readily obviat$ by plac+ ! slide on ! /age upside d[n4 ,at ! same "t ! picture mu/ h its front turn$ t[>ds ! cond5s]1 n away f x1 o!rwise e "p ( ! slide suff]s rev]sal on ! scre54 ,9 "s cases ?is does n matt]1 b :5 any word+1 su* z t on a signbo>d1 = in/ance1 is conta9$ 9 ! picture1 x reads backw>ds4 ,su* accid5ts c be prev5t$ by a :ite label1 easily se5 9 semi-d>kness1 plac$ 9 a c]ta9 position on ! picture4 ,if su* a precaution _h be5 obs]v$ at a c]ta9 exhibition at :i* ,i 0 pres5t1 ,g5]al ,g>field w\ld n h be5 %[n /&+ on 8 head--n a dignifi$ position = ! ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,republic4 ,! fir/ lant]ns1 con/ruct$ to burn m9]al oils1 7 v diff]5t to ^? ( mod]n make1 & took _! patt]n f ! cumbr\s in/rum5ts :i* be=e !m 7 provid$ ) colza-oil lamps4 ,! res]voir = ! oil 0 c>efully kept 9 a ci/]n at ! back ( ! lant]n1 & bubbl$ ?r\gh a pipe to ! lamp on ! same pr9ciple t wat] is suppli$ to an e>!nw>e p\ltry f\nta94 ,x 0 d\btless ?\ght necess>y 9 ^? days to ma9ta9 ! p>aff9e 9 ! ci/]n at a height equal to or above ! wick1 z 9 ! case ( colza & o!r heavy oils4 ,b p>aff9e is m ( ! nature ( a _s--= x volatilizes v readily--& 9 mod]n lamps = lant]ns ! res]voir is kept "s in*es bel[ ! po9t ( combu/ion4 ,by ! "t t ! liquid rea*es ?is po9t1 x has become s heat$ 9 ! c\rse ( its passage along ! metal wick-hold]s t x issues z a gas4 ,?is c be readily prov$ by turn+ d[n ! wicks aft] ! lant]n has be5 burn+ "s "t1 :5 ! flames w rema9 above ! wick-hold]s1 al?\gh ! wicks !mselves h be5 turn$ d[n q out ( rea*4 ,9 ! old] lant]ns1 too1 ! glass *imney 0 ?\ght to be indisp5sable1 b n[ ?is has be5 done away )1 & ) x ! cyl9drical wick has also gone4 ,! mod]n combu/ion-*amb] is made ( *>coal iron1 & is clos$ at "o end ) a ?9 pane ( glass1 j outside :i* ! cond5s+ l5ses are plac$1 & at ! o!r end by a silv]-plat$ reflector4 ,! necess>y air to promote combu/ion is admitt$ by suitable orifices bel[1 & a draught is e/abli%$ by a long iron *imney above4 ,!re is no great difficulty 9 manag+ "o ( ^! lant]ns4 ,! loosely plait$ cotton wicks %\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance be c>efully cut p>allel ) ! wick-hold]s4 ,aft] ?is !y d n require mu* att5tion4 ,x is a f> bett] plan to remove ! *>r$ end ( ! wicks by scrap+ !m along ) ! back ( a knife1 ?an to be always cutt+ !m afre%4 ,h[ev]1 any loose /r&s t may project f ! cotton %\ld be c]ta9ly snipp$ (f ) scissors4 ,aft] light+ ! lant]n--:i* is be/ done ) a long wax tap]--ea* wick %\ld be turn$ d[n q l[1 & ! combu/ion-*amb] clos$4 ,9 ab\t two m9utes1 by :i* "t ! front glass & ! lant]n g5]ally w h become w>m$1 ! wicks %\ld be turn$ up to _! highe/2 t is to say1 to a pit* j %ort ( smok+-po9t4 ,if ! wicks are turn$ l[ = any l5g? ( "t ! lamp w be sure to smell4 ,x w also smell if1 9 ! process ( *>g+ ) oil1 "s ( ! liquid has be5 sme>$ aga9/ any "p ( ! lant]n :i* may aft]w>ds become heat$4 ,! be/ oil only %\ld be us$4 ,i h already h9t$ at ! educational value ( ! optical lant]n1 b ^? :o h n exp]im5t$ ) x h b a fa9t idea ( its capabilities 9 ?is respect4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t e s*ool & college %\ld possess "o1 & t bo? pupils & tea*]s w\ld soon discov] its _m advantages4 ,n[ t x is manufactur$ 9 su* a portable & effici5t =m1 & c be s easily manag$1 !re is no possible h9drance to its adoption1 unless x be its old "n ( #8magic lant]n1' :i* is associat$ ) ?+s too *ildi% = consid]ation4 ,b ?is objection _c hold good :5 x is po9t$ out h[ _m diff]5t bran*es ( k c be illu/rat$ by its use4 ,! s*oolma/] ( a ,london ,bo>d ,s*ool once told me ( "s ( 8 difficulties 9 tea*+ su* a subject z geography4 ,mo/ ( ! *ildr5 _h nev] se5 ! sea1 & _m ( !m _h nev] ev5 travell$ s f> z ! ,?ames4 ,:at notion c\ld su* waifs h ( a m\nta91 a valley1 a cliff1 or ev5 ( a rock8 ,! value ( ! optical lant]n at once becomes app>5t "h4 ,b bett] in=m$ *ildr5 9 high-class s*ools1 al?\gh !y see _m places beyond ! ,london /reets1 c yet reap mu* advantage f ! mode ( in/ruction :i* ,i am advocat+2 & z ! range ( k increases1 s w "s su* means ( illu/ration be =c$ ^u tea*]s4 ,! lab\r & exp5se ( trac+ a doz5 diagrams on glass1 9 ! way h]eaft] expla9$1 is consid]ably less ?an t involv$ 9 draw+ a s+le l>ge diagram = ! s*oolroom wall4 ,by ?is easy me?od ! illu/rations 9 any book c be r\ghly copi$ & r5d]$ available = an entire class4 ,9 ! high] bran*es ( k ! lant]n c also give its help4 ,botany1 zoology1 & natural hi/ory g5]ally c be illu/rat$ by diagrams1 photographs1 & 9 _m cases by natural prep>ations4 ,! revelations ( ! microscope c be transf]r$ to ! lant]n1 & ! mo/ complex organisms c be se5 cle>ly def9$ & magnifi$ _m hundr$ times _! natural size4 ,x is possible1 too1 to %[ by ! lant]n _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 *emi/ry & electricity :i* _c be %[n to a l>ge numb] ( p]sons 9 any o!r way4 ,let me cite = in/ance ! =mation ( cry/als1 :i* c actually be wat*$ 9 progress1 highly magnifi$1 by ! simple exp$i5t ( sme>+ a piece ( glass ) a solution ( sal ammoniac & plac+ x 9 ! lant]n4 ,!re are sev]al adjuncts :i* may be fitt$ to a fir/-class lant]n :i* ,i h n space to notice 9 detail4 ,) ! lant]n-microscope ord9>y microscopic slides c be utiliz$1 & tanks = conta9+ ! liv+ d5iz5s ( our ponds & dit*es may be employ$4 ,! m>vels ( pol>is$ light may be demon/rat$ ) ! lant]n-pol>iscope4 ,by ano!r special device call$ ! #8aph5gescope' & :i* is made to fit on ! lant]n1 opaque objects c be ?r[n on ! scre54 ,x is possible1 = in/ance1 to utilize ord9>y photographs or diagrams on c>d1 to %[ ! mov+ works ( a wat*1 sections ( fruit1 & _m o!r objects z expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! lant]n1 at ! "t ( exhibition1 %\ld /& firmly4 ,x c1 if x be a small "o burn+ oil1 be plac$ on a box /&+ ^u a table4 ,i myself pref] to place x on a photographic tripod-/&1 & ?is ,i effect by screw+ on to ! top ( ! /& a base-bo>d ^u :i* ! lant]n firmly fits4 ,= l>ge lant]ns1 su* z ! lime-light biunial1 a f> m solid arrangem5t is requisite4 ,my own me?od is ?is4 ,! lant]n screws on to ! top ( its travell+-box1 at ! l[] corn]s ( :i* are sockets to admit f\r wr\ght-iron legs4 ,^! legs are b5t outw>ds1 & :at ,i may call _! toes are turn$ out1 & h a hole into :i* a screw may be ins]t$ & driv5 into ! floor4 ,! lant]n is fa/5$ to ! box by two h+$ pieces at ! back1 s t ! nozzles c be rais$ to any ext5t desir$4 ,,! ,,lime-,,light4 ,! lime-light consi/s ( a jet ( mix$ hydrog5 & oxyg5 gases "u pressure1 ignit$1 & =c$ ^u a cyl9d] ( lime1 :i* x r5d]s :ite-hot4 ,! heat giv5 by ^! gases is second only to ! heat ( ! electric arc1 & w melt t mo/ refractory ( metals1 plat9um4 ,ev5 ! lime block _c )/& ! great heat to :i* x is expos$1 b is quickly pitt$ "u ! action ( ! flame4 ,h5ce lime-light jets are furni%$ ) an arrangem5t by :i* ! lime cyl9d] c be turn$ at frequ5t int]vals1 s z to (f] a fre% surface = ! gases to play ^u4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( jet us$ = ! lant]n4 ,fir/ly1 a jet 9 :i* a /ream ( oxyg5 is =c$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s-lamp on to a cyl9d] ( lime4 ,?is =m is p]fectly safe1 & al?\gh x pres5ts an imm5se improvem5t ^u any =m ( oil arrangem5t1 does n af=d suffici5t light to illum9ate a scre5 m ?an ab\t n9e feet 9 diamet]4 ,secondly1 !re is :at is kn[n z ! bl[-?r\gh jet4 ,9 ?is case ! jet is connect$ ) ! h\se gas1 & ! oxyg5 meets x at ! po9t ( ignition1 & is bl[n ?r\gh x on to ! lime4 ,?is =m ( jet is also safe2 inde$1 x is (t5 call$ #8! safety jet1' & af=ds pl5ty ( light ev5 = pr(essional use4 ,x is ! "o t ,i recomm5d ! amateur to "w )4 ,?irdly1 !re is ! mix$ jet1 9 :i* ! two gases 9 sep>ate bags are bo? "u pressure1 & mix toge!r be=e rea*+ ! ext]nal orifice4 ,?is =m ( lime-light gives ! mo/ light ( any2 b su* c>e is requisite 9 deal+ ) x1 t ,i %all say no m ab\t x1 consid]+ x unfit = casual acqua9tance4 ,a beg9n] might fancy t x w\ld be a simple ?+ to mix ! two gases 9 "o bag1 put x "u pressure1 & use !m ?us4 ,s x w\ld1 & a beautiful light w\ld be ! result4 ,probably a beautiful explosion w\ld be ano!r result1 = ! two gases mix$ =m a mo/ t]rible comp\nd1 & a bag s *>g$ w\ld be almo/ equal 9 dang] to a live %ell4 ,) ! _s jet1 or ! #8bl[-?r\gh1' ! op]ator ne$ h no fe> ( dang]4 ,oxyg5 is n an explosive1 &1 al?\gh ! be/ support] ( combu/ion1 is n itself capable ( be+ ignit$4 ,! _s jet ,i %\ld n recomm5d1 except 9 situations :]e coal gas is n obta9able1 s 9 my directions = us+ ! lime-light1 let x be und]/ood t ,i am consid]+ ! employm5t ( ! bl[-?r\gh1 or safety jet4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t we are prep>+ = an exhibition4 ,! gas is made1 & is at h& 9 ! gas-bag2 our lant]n--& ,i w1 = simplicity's sake1 consid] x a s+le lant]n only--is rais$ on its /&-table1 or o!r support1 at a conv5i5t height f ! gr\nd1 & we wi% to h a private rehe>sal 9 ord] to see t all is "r4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to atta* ! hydrog5 t]m9al ( ! jet1 m>k$ ,h1 by flexible tub+ to ! ne>e/ gas-bracket4 ,n[ take a cyl9d] ( lime f its box1 cle> out ! hole 9 ! c5tre ) a bit ( wire1 or a mat*1 & place x on ! p9 provid$ = x above ! jet4 ,see t x turns freely1 & s adju/ ! p9 t ! lime is di/ant f ! jet nozzle ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in*4 ,light ! gas1 & turn x d[n s t ! flame is ab\t an in* high4 ,?is c be done ) advantage an h\r or m be=e ! lant]n is really requir$1 = ! l5ses & body ( ! lant]n w by ?is means get ?or\ghly w>m$1 & any moi/ure ^u ! glasses1 :i* w\ld %[ z a blemi% on ! %eet1 w be remov$4 ,9 all cases ! hydrog5 %\ld be light$ fir/1 if only to ?or\ghly w>m ! lime4 ,n[ ! oxyg5-bag c be put betwe5 ! pressure-bo>ds1 & connect$ by ano!r tube to ! tap m>k$ ,o4 ,a half-hundr$-weight hav+ be5 put on ! bo>ds1 ! gas-bag tap may be turn$ on to ! full4 ,we may n[ att5d to ! jet4 ,turn on ! hydrog5 s t x flames up "s in*es ov] ! lime1 !n gradually turn on ! oxyg54 ,at fir/ x is air only t comes away1 b pres5tly ) a *>act]i/ic little snap ! two gases come toge!r1 & ! brilliant lime-light is produc$4 ,a little c>e 9 adju/m5t ( ea* tap alt]nately w soon %[ u ! am\nt ( gas f ea* :i* w give ! be/ result4 ,x w soon be app>5t to ! op]ator t ! spot ( light on ! lime mu/ be exactly 9 ! axis ( ! sy/em ( l5ses1 or ! effect ^u ! %eet w be spoil$4 ,! v]tical movem5t ( ! jet is gov]n$ by a little screw1 :i* holds x to ! po/ on :i* x is fix$1 :i* po/ /&s ^u an iron tray glid+ betwe5 grooves4 ,we mu/ raise or l[] ! jet until ! "r place is f\nd1 :5 ! screw c be br\ght home1 & ! jet is fix$4 ,ev5 n[1 mo/ probably1 we %all f9d t ! out] m>g9 ( ! disc is ill-def9$4 ,?is %[s t ! light is ei!r too ne> or too f> f ! cond5s]4 ,by mov+ ! jet on its tray bodily backw>ds & =w>ds1 we %all soon be able to f9d its correct position1 & :5 f\nd1 t position w hold good to ! end ( ! exhibition4 ,we c n[ put a picture on ! slide-/age1 & focus x by means ( ! screw on ! front l5s4 ,if ! lime is prop]ly adju/$ & c5tr$1 our picture w be illum9at$ equally well 9 e "p4 ,,dissolv+ ,,views4 ,s f>1 we h consid]$ ! production ( a brilliantly illum9at$ picture ) a s+le lant]n4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! lime-light came into use1 ?is 0 all t 0 requir$ ( x4 ,b sudd5ly ! beautiful effect kn[n z dissolv+ views 0 contriv$--an effect :i*1 at ! "t ( its introduction1 made a wond]ful s5sation--& ! me?od ( produc+ :i* 0 = a long "t kept secret4 ,! old way ( dissolv+ "o picture into ano!r1 & ! way :i* mu/ /ill be adopt$ if oil-lant]ns are 9 "q1 0 to use two lant]ns1 side by side1 & by a k9d ( see-saw arrangem5t 9 front ( ! l5ses1 to gradually uncov] "o nozzle :il/ ! o!r 0 be+ clos$4 ,?is 0 easily done by furni%+ ea* end ( ! see-saw ) a scre5 ( t91 ! edge ( ea* be+ cut into tee? l a comb4 ,! "o picture 0 ?us caus$ to m+le ) ! o!r until ! fir/ lant]n 0 q clos$1 :5 ! new design became p]fectly disclos$4 ,x soon became evid5t t ! same effect c\ld be produc$ m simply & economically ) ! lime-light lant]ns1 by contriv+ a special =m ( gas-tap :i* w\ld sl[ly turn (f ! gases suppli$ to "o lant]n1 :ile x z sl[ly admitt$ ! gases to ! o!r4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ne>ly half ! gas supply is sav$1 & !re=e v little m is want$ = a dissolv+-view app>atus ?an = a s+le lant]n4 ,dissolv+ view1 or biunial lant]ns1 z !y are g5]ally t]m$1 are n[ made 9 v compact =m4 ,! two sy/ems ( l5ses1 "o above ! o!r--n side by side z ( old--are fitt$ into "o mahogany case1 l9$ ) t91 & furni%$ ) doors1 s t ! lights c be t5d$ :5 necess>y4 ,at ! back ( ! arrangem5t is plac$ ! dissolv+-tap1 :i* is connect$ by indi>ubb] tub+ ) ! lime-jets1 & has two nozzles by :i* ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 respectively c be suppli$ to x4 ,! dissolv] is also furni%$ ) by-passes1 s t :5 ! gases are turn$ f "o lant]n1 j suffici5t rema9s to keep ! jet turn$ d[n #8to ! blue4' ,! managem5t ( a pair ( lant]ns l ?is is1 ( c\rse1 mu* m on]\s ?an t ( a s+le lant]n2 b :5 once und]/ood pres5ts no difficulty4 ,be=e light+ up1 be q sure t all connections--& !re are _m--are q secure1 & t ea* place :]e indi>ubb] tub+ fits on to metal is secur$ ) tw9e4 ,n[ light ! hydrog5 9 bo? lant]ns1 :i* y c d by plac+ ! dissolv+-tap 9 an upright position4 ,move ! dissolv] until ! upp] jet seems on ! po9t ( go+ out2 b prev5t x do+ s by op5+ ! hydrog5 by-pass1 & adju/ ?is little tap s t ! flame rema9s ab\t "o in* high :5 ! o!r lant]n is be+ us$4 ,move ! dissolv] backw>ds & =w>ds a few times1 s z to see t x works well1 & t ! hydrog5 fl>es up 9 ea* lant]n alt]nately4 ,we c n[ pay att5tion to ! oxyg5 supply4 ,fir/ see t ! bag is prop]ly adju/$ betwe5 ! pressure-bo>ds1 & t ! weight--"o #ef lb4 weight is suffici5t to beg9 )--is 9 its place1 above ! upp] bo>d4 ,att5d+ to ! l[] lant]n fir/1 turn up ! hydrog51 & v g5tly admit ! oxyg5 by turn+ ! tap atta*$ to ! jet4 ,:5 ! light has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$1 ! oxyg5 by-pass mu/ be turn$ 9 ! same way t ! o!r by-pass 0 j n[ treat$1 s z to admit a small am\nt ( gas pass+ to ! lant]n n 9 use4 ,if ?is be n done1 ! sudd5 inru% ( ! oxyg5 is sure to cause a small explosion1 :i* w bl[ ! light out4 ,?is does n indicate any dang] :atev]1 b is inconv5i5t & undesirable dur+ an exhibition4 ,! upp] lant]n may n[ be att5d$ to ) ! same precautions2 & if all has be5 done well1 ! light w move f jet to jet alt]nately1 z ! dissolv] is work$4 ,9 us+ a d\ble lant]n1 x is necess>y to make bo? pictures co9cid5t on ! %eet4 ,if "o picture ov]laps ! o!r at e *ange1 x has a mo/ slov5ly appe>ance4 ,su* an error c be avoid$ by manipulat+ c]ta9 screws fitt$ to ! metal front ( ! lant]n1 by :i* ! two discs ?r[n ^u ! %eet c be adju/$ until !y q co9cide4 ,^! screws all[ ! l[] nozzle to be po9t$ slightly upw>ds1 & ! upp] "o to po9t d[nw>ds1 s t ! images ca/ by ea* may be made to meet at ! scre54 ,! d\ble lant]n is ma9ly employ$ = dissolv+ views2 b its use does n /op "h4 ,a great _m beautiful 8effects0 c be compass$ by its means1 a few ( :i* ,i may "h describe4 ,/atu>y slides =m v beautiful pictures if photograph$ direct f ! m>ble2 b _! effect is mu* enhanc$ if1 by means ( ! auxili>y lant]n1 a gl[ ( col\r is ?r[n ^u ! scre5 at ! same "t4 ,a few squ>es ( diff]5tly t9t$ glasses1 ea* m\nt$ l an ord9>y slide1 ) a mask ( oval or r\nd %ape1 are all t is ne$$4 ,aga91 a w9try sc5e 9 "o lant]n may be mu* improv$ by ! effect ( fall+ sn[1 produc$ by work+ a special =m ( slide 9 ! o!r lant]n4 ,?is slide consi/s m]ely ( a frame conta9+ a roll] at ! top ) ! h&le project+ outside4 ,z ! h&le is rotat$1 a long ribbon ( black pap] pi]c$ ) ne$le-pricks is roll$ up ^u x1 & ea* prick makes a desc5d+ spot ( light ^u ! scre51 :i* toge!r look exactly l fall+ sn[4 ,sunset & moonlight effects1 w9d[s light$ up 9 night-sc5es1 ripples ^u wat]1 c all be manag$ by specially-devis$ #8effect' slides 9 ! second lant]n4 ,^! effects c be mu* ext5d$ :5 a triple lant]n is employ$2 b z ?is in/rum5t is n (t5 f\nd--out ( ! h&s ( pr(essional op]ators--we ne$ n fur!r allude to x4 ,b ! d\ble lant]n c be us$ ) great advantage f an educational po9t ( view1 9 a mann] t 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ! pres5t writ]4 ,i mean 9 ! demon/ration ( ! ma9 features ( ,spectrum ,analysis4 ,let me cite "o example4 ,a slide prep>$ & col\r$ s z to repres5t ! cont9u\s sol> spectrum1 m>k$ ) ! pr9cipal ,frau5h(] l9es1 is plac$1 say1 9 ! l[] lant]n4 ,we n[ wi% to %[ ! bright l9es giv5 by an inc&esc5t metal1 say sodium4 ,a slide1 all black5$ out b ! d\ble ,d l9e due to sodium1 & s plac$ on ! glass t x w exactly regi/] ) ! ,d l9e 9 ! col\r$ spectrum slide1 is plac$ 9 ! upp] lant]n4 ,! dissolv] is n[ br\ght into play1 & c be s adju/$ t :ile ! cont9u\s spectrum has all b fad$ away1 ! two brilliant sodium l9es /& out boldly 9 _! prop] place4 ,! spectra ( all ! o!r metals c be treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 keep+ ! cont9u\s spectrum 9 ! l[] lant]n = con/ant comp>ison & ref]5ce4 ,,mak+ ,,oxyg5 ,,gas4 ,!re is v little dang] incurr$ 9 ! use ( ! lime-light if only ! op]ator be intellig5t 9 its employm5t4 ,b !re are c]ta9 dang]s connect$ ) ! prelim9>y mak+ ( ! oxyg5 gas1 s t t "p ( ! "w %\ld only be entru/$ to a c>eful work]1 & "o :o1 kn[+ :]e ! greate/ c>e is requir$1 w take e precaution aga9/ disa/]4 ,i h myself made sev]al ?\s& feet ( oxyg5 on diff]5t occasions1 & h nev] yet met ) any mi%ap2 b z ,i "k ( cases :]e s]i\s accid5ts h occurr$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to f9d out :y !y h happ5$1 & ,i n[ consid] myself =ew>n$1 & !re=e =e>m$1 aga9/ _! repetition4 ,! articles requir$ = mak+ ! gas comprise a retort 9 :i* to g5]ate x1 a gas-/ove to furni% ! necess>y heat1 a wa%-bottle or purifi]1 an indi>ubb] gas-bag1 & sev]al feet ( tub+4 ,beyond ^! is want$ ! mixture ( *lorate ( pota% & p]oxide ( manganese 9 p[d]1 :i* =ms ! *>ge ( ! retort1 f :i* ! gas is g5]at$ on ! application ( heat4 ,i h f\nd t ! be/ proportions ( *emicals to use are f\r p>ts 7by weight7 ( *lorate to "o ( manganese4 ,be=e be+ mix$ toge!r1 bo? %\ld be mo/ c>efully pick$ ov]1 & mo/ probably bo? w yield a small crop ( bits ( /raw & wood-*ips1 :i* are n only injuri\s1 b w\ld 9 suffici5t quantity prove actually dang]\s if p]mitt$ to rema94 ,! l>g] cry/als ( ! *lorate1 & any lumps :i* may be f\nd 9 ! manganese1 %\ld be rubb$ d[n to p[d] by g5tle pressure ) ! wood5 spoon us$ = mix+ ! comp\nd1 ab\t two p\nds ( :i* w yield suffici5t gas = an ev5+'s %[4 ,! mixture c n[ be funnell$ into ! retort1 ! nozzle ( :i*1 aft] be+ bl[n ?r\gh to see t ! passage is cle>1 c be screw$ into its place4 ,! purifi]1 or wa%-bottle1 is made ( t91 or may consi/ ( a wide-m\!d bottle ) an indi>ubb] cap1 fitt$ ) inlet & outlet tubes ( metal or glass4 ,9 ei!r case ! vessel is ?ree-p>ts fill$ ) wat]1 ! inlet tube dipp+ "s in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,?is tube is subsequ5tly connect$ by ?ree or f\r feet ( indi>ubb] tub+ ) ! retort4 ,z ! gas is giv5 (f1 x bubbles ?r\gh ?is wat]1 :i* n only cools x1 b cat*es ! p>ticles ( solid matt] :i* are sure to be bl[n f ! retort4 ,! outlet tube is connect$ ) ! gas-bag4 ,9 ! annex$ illu/ration ! relative positions ( ! retort1 purifi]1 & gas-bag are %[n1 b 9 practice c]ta9 modifications are desirable4 ,x is z well1 = in/ance1 to /& a *air betwe5 ! retort & purifi]1 ^u :i* ! connect+ rubb] tube may re/1 o!rwise ! wat] evolv$ f ! cry/als ( pota% w cond5se 9 ! tube & ob/ruct ! passage ( ! gas4 ,aga91 ! gas-bag1 in/ead ( be+ on ! same level1 %\ld be laid on a table1 s t any wat] accid5tally driv5 f ! purifi] may n be =c$ into x4 ,! rubb] tubes %\ld h an orifice ( ne>ly half an in*1 & %\ld on no acc\nt conta9 an inside coil ( wire4 ,previ\s to mak+ gas ! bag %\ld be w>m$ = an h\r or s 9 front ( a fire1 s z to make x s(t & pliable4 ,! cock %\ld !n be op5$1 & ! bag roll$ tightly up s z to expel any air4 ,! tap %\ld !n be clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,diagram %[+ relative positions ( g b1 ,gas-bag2 w b1 ,wa%-bottle2 & r1 ,retort4 ,:5 all is ready1 & e junction made except t betwe5 ! bag & ! pipe lead+ f ! purifi]1 ! gas-/ove may be k9dl$1 b turn$ d[n almo/ to its l[e/ po9t4 ,if ?is precaution be n obs]v$1 ! oxyg5 w come (f ) su* rapidity z to be q out ( control1 & w probably bl[ ! connections away4 ,9 two or ?ree m9utes ! gas w comm5ce to bubble ?r\gh ! purifi]1 at fir/ int]mitt5tly1 b ! bubbl+ w gradually become m regul>1 until x is evid5t t oxyg5 is com+ ov] 9 e>ne/4 ,! bright5+ ( a sp>k at ! end ( a bl[n-out mat*1 held to ! end ( ! purifi]-tube1 w ann\nce ! fact t all ! air has be5 driv5 out ( ! pipes1 & t gas has tak5 its place4 ,n[ is ! "t to connect ! gas-bag ) ! purifi]4 ,) a quick movem5t ! indi>ubb] tube %\ld be slipp$ ov] ! nozzle ( ! bag ) "o h&1 :ile ! tap is turn$ on ) ! o!r4 ,! gas %\ld n[ come ov] regul>ly until ! bag is ne>ly half full1 & ?is w occupy ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,! action w !n probably flag a little1 :5 ! flame fe$+ ! /ove may be increas$4 ,:5 ! bag is ne>ly full ! flame c be rais$1 if occasion %\ld require1 to its utmo/4 ,"s c>e is requisite 9 f9i%+ ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! bag is q full & z tight z a drum1 x %\ld be disconnect$ be=e any?+ else is done4 ,( c\rse at ! mom5t ( tak+ ! tube f x1 ! tap mu/ be turn$4 ,! next ?+ is to deta* ! retort f ! purifi] be=e ! gas is ext+ui%$ 9 ! /ove4 ,?is is a mo/ important po9t1 = if ! retort 7 cool$ by putt+ out ! gas fir/1 ! wat] might be suck$ into ! retort f ! purifi]1 & a small /eam-boil] explosion w\ld be ! result4 ,9 an h\r or s ! retort w be cool en\gh to h&le1 :5 ! nozzle c be unscrew$ & ! vessel wa%$ out ) sev]al *anges ( hot wat]4 ,x c !n be dri$ & put away = ! next occasion4 ,! retort-nozzle & its indi>ubb] tube %\ld also be wa%$ out1 or x may get clogg$4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to pur*ase ! *lorate & manganese ( "s reliable deal]4 ,accid5ts h be5 report$ ow+ to lamp-black1 bone-black1 etc41 hav+ be5 suppli$ 9 error = ! manganese1 :i* is a black p[d] mu* resembl+ !m4 ,i f9d t ! be/ plan is to buy sev]al p\nds ( ea* at a "t1 & to te/ a small quantity ( ! mix$ +r$i5ts 9 a te/-tube ov] a _s-flame4 ,if ! gas comes (f ) a slight sp>kl+ ( ! +r$i5ts all is "r2 b if !re is any?+ approa*+ to an explosion1 ! manganese is at fault4 ,"o accid5t :i* ,i he>d ( 0 due to connect+ ! retort to ! wrong side ( ! purifi]2 ! gas _h no outlet1 & ! retort explod$1 break+ all ! w9d[s ( ! room 9 :i* x 04 ,retorts are made ei!r ( copp] or iron4 ,i h tri$ bo?1 & mu* pref] ! latt]1 :i* h also ! advantage ( be+ *eap] ?an ! copp] ones4 ,a good retort %\ld s]ve = at lea/ fifty *>ges1 & ev5 !n a new bottom c be put into x1 & x w d duty = ano!r fifty4 ,b no retort w la/ long unless prop]ly treat$4 ,i am q satisfi$ t ! sp5t *>ge if all[$ to rema9 has ! effect ( eat+ into ! metal2 x %\ld1 !re=e1 be wa%$ out soon aft] use4 ,! ?ickness ( a retort aft] mu* use c be gaug$ by tapp+ x ) ! back ( a knife :5 empty4 ,! oxyg5 gas is mo/ usually /or$ 9 an indi>ubb] bag4 ,^! v>y v mu* 9 quality1 & ! *eape/ k9ds are to be avoid$4 ,! rubb] %\ld be s(t & pliant1 & %\ld be cov]$ outside ) /\t twill4 ,a good bag w almo/ la/ a lifetime if x be only us$ occasionally4 ,i h _h "o = _m ye>s1 :i* looks %abby en\gh ) con/ant use1 b seems to be z gas-tight & z effici5t g5]ally z ! fir/ day ,i _h x4 ,ev5 !n x _h be5 9 use = "s mon?s by a fri5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,iron bottle = compress$ oxyg5 gas4 ,a bag full ( gas is n ! mo/ portable ?+ t c\ld be nam$1 & v>i\s attempts h be5 made to replace x by "s contrivance ( a m conv5i5t "*4 ,!re is1 too1 ! dang] ( accid5tal injury1 :i* c readily occur if ! bag is c>elessly h&l$4 ,9 v cold wea!r1 = example1 "s bags get q /iff & h>d1 & h to be almo/ ?aw$ be=e !y c be us$4 ,neglect ( ?is precaution w lead to cracks1 :i* w ev5tually turn into holes4 ,metal gas-hold]s--m9iature copies ( ! big res]voirs se5 at gas-works--:i* s]ve z travell+-boxes = ! re/ ( ! app>atus--are recomm5d$ by "s1 b are seldom us$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t--:i*1 h[ev]1 is only suitable = a s+le lant]n--is to employ an iron bottle 9 :i* ! oxyg5 is greatly compress$4 ,su* a bottle *>g$ ) gas c be obta9$ f sev]al deal]s1 & ,i h _h "s little exp]i5ce ( _! use4 ,a bottle measur+ ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & ab\t sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 w hold ab\t eight feet ( compress$ gas--suffici5t = an ord9>y ev5+'s "w4 ,at ! end ( ! bottle is an op5+ clos$ ) a tap :i* c only be op5$ by a special =m ( key4 ,into ?is orifice is screw$ a nozzle1 ^u :i* an indi>ubb] tube c be readily fitt$4 ,:5 a bottle ( ?is k9d is us$1 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 :i* rea*es ! lime mu/ be directly controll$ by ?is tap1 & n by ! tap atta*$ to ! jet1 :i* mu/ rema9 fully op5$4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! gas issues ) su* =ce1 t1 unless controll$ 9 ! way ,i h /at$1 x w bl[ (f ! tub+ by its pressure4 ,i f\nd x s difficult to regulate ! supply1 t ,i _h an indep5d5t screw-tap made to fit on to ! bottle4 ,?is screw-tap is ( ! same patt]n z ^? us$ on /eam eng9es to control ! supply ( /eam to ! cyl9d]1 & ) x ,i c adju/ ! oxyg5 supply ) ! greate/ nicety4 ,my *ief objections to ! bottle sy/em--:i* pres5ts _m advantages 9 ! matt] ( portability--are1 fir/ly1 t y _c *>ge ! bottle y\rself--x mu/ always g back to ! deal] = t purpose--& y are !re=e dep5d5t = "o ( y\r fir/ requisites ^u o!rs2 & secondly1 y d n "k h[ mu* gas y are us+1 = y _c see x dim9i% z y c :5 y employ a bag4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons ,i /ill pref] bags to /ore my gas1 & %all cont9ue to d s until "s improvem5t comes ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,gas-bag & pressure-bo>ds4 ,! gas-bag is w$ge-%ap$1 & ! ?9 edge ( ! w$ge has 9 its c5tre a gas-cock = ! entrance & exit ( ! gas4 ,! object ( ! bag be+ 9 ?is =m is1 t x c conv5i5tly be plac$ betwe5 ! pressure-bo>ds4 ,^!1 9 _! simple/ =m1 consi/ ( two bo>ds /rongly put toge!r--! size ( ! bag :i* is us$--:i* are h+$ toge!r at "o end4 ,at ! c5tre ( ?is end1 & betwe5 ! h+es1 is cut an oval op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! gas-cock is ?ru/4 ,a %elf on ! upp] bo>d s]ves z a support = ! weights4 ,at lea/ two weights are requir$--"o be+ suffici5t at fir/1 :5 ! bag is full2 ! o!r be+ add$ lat] on :5 ! pressure becomes r$uc$4 ,! weight$ gas-bag %\ld always be plac$ z ne> ! lant]n z circum/ances w all[--9 ord] t x may be "u ! eye ( ! op]ator--& ! tube f x :i* supplies ! lant]n %\ld be gu>d$1 s t x is n accid5tally /epp$ ^u4 ,! lime-cyl9d]s are sold 9 air-tight t9 cani/]s hold+ "o doz5 ea*4 ,!y are ( two qualities--h>d & s(t4 ,= "w :]e l>ge pictures are requir$--necessitat+ ! use ( ! mix$ jet ) bo? gases "u heavy pressure--! h>d limes mu/ inv>iably be us$4 ,b :]e only a small %eet has to be cov]$1 & "o gas only is subject$ to ! unusual pressure1 ! s(t limes w af=d p]haps a bett] light ?an ! h>d] ones4 ,occasionally ! lime1 be x h>d or s(t1 w split4 ,9 su* a case x ought to be imm$iately replac$ by a fre% "o1 o!rwise ! flame may possibly be div]t$ t[>ds ! cond5s+ l5ses1 & w fracture t ne>e/ to ! light4 ,x is advisable always to keep a sp>e lime )9 ! lant]n1 ly+ on ! tray to :i* ! jet is atta*$4 ,by ?is means x gets w>m$1 & ready = use if requir$4 ,lime is mo/ absorb5t ( moi/ure1 & w1 if kept :]e air c get to x1 swell to d\ble its =m] size1 & f9ally crumble to p[d]4 ,= ?is reason ! t9 cani/] conta9+ ! cyl9d]s %\ld h /ret*$ ov] x1 :5 once op5$1 a broad indi>ubb] b& :i* w cov] ! junction betwe5 lid & box4 ,if ?is precaution be neglect$1 ! limes w swell ) a =ce suffici5t to break ! t9-conta9+ vessel asund]4 ,a compress$ lime c>tridge1 to :i* wat] is appli$ by artificial means1 has lately be5 successfully introduc$ to sup]s$e explosives hi!rto us$ = m9+ purposes4 ,?is w %[ ! imm5se p[] ( expansion ( :i* ! sub/ance is capable4 ,,! ,,scre5 ,,or ,,%eet4 ,& n[ a ^w ab\t ! be/ =m ( scre5 or %eet = %[+ lant]n pictures ^u4 ,! be/ possible =m ( surface is a smoo? :itewa%$ wall2 b z ?is is n commonly f\nd among ! appo9tm5ts ( a sitt+-room1 :]e ! lant]n w be want$1 we mu/ f9d "s sub/itute :i* w mo/ ne>ly resemble x4 ,a %eet ( c>toon pap]1 :i* c be b\ght ( any l5g?1 & measur+ m ?an f\r feet across1 w d well if only a small disc is desir$4 ,! pap] c be roll$ up out ( ! way at a m9ute's notice4 ,if a l>g] scre5 is want$1 x c be made ( /\t calico1 fac$ ) :ite pap]1 & c be made to roll up & d[n l a s*ool map ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,a map-m\nt]1 or ev5 an uphol/]]1 w\ld soon rig up su* an arrangem5t4 ,!re is a v effective way ( %[+ small pictures & diagrams ) an oil-lant]n1 :i* ,i h m ?an once adopt$1 :]e a room has be5 long 9 proportion to its bread?4 ,?is is to make a wood5 frame j l>ge en\gh to take ! full wid? ( a %eet ( trac+-pap]1 & to put ?is scre5 betwe5 ! lant]n & ! spectators4 ,trac+-clo? %\ld be avoid$1 z x is s transp>5t t ! light /ream+ f ! l5s makes a blot* 9 ea* picture :5 se5 ?r\gh x4 ,if ! lant]n is br\ght into regul> use--9 a s*oolroom1 = in/ance--x might be ?\ght wor? :ile to h a canvas %eet :itewa%$1 & hung 9 ! same mann] t a /age drop-sc5e is fix$4 ,9 mak+ su* a scre51 ! canvas %\ld be tack$ on a frame1 & %\ld h a coat+ ( ?9 glue1 :i* %\ld be all[$ to dry be=e two or m coats ( :itewa% are appli$4 ,x w be und]/ood t a really opaque scre51 su* z ?is repres5ts1 is ! m effective1 because ! light1 in/ead ( be+ p>tly lo/--z x mu/ be 9 p5etrat+ an ord9>y calico %eet--is reflect$ & utiliz$4 ,b = public exhibitions on a l>ge scale1 ! calico %eet is ! scre5 commonly 9 vogue1 = x is conv5i5tly put up & tak5 d[n1 & c be roll$ into a bundle = easy transport4 ,a %eet prop]ly hung %\ld be z flat z a bo>d & p]fectly free f wr9kles ( any k9d1 & ?is c be accompli%$ )\t mu* difficulty by adopt+ ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* is applicable to scre5s f twelve feet squ>e upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,%[+ me?od ( hang+ a %eet4 ,! %eet %\ld h at its top edge a /rong cord sewn into its hem1 :i* cord %\ld t]m9ate at ea* side ) a loop4 ,on its sides & bottom edges1 ! %eet %\ld h brass curta9 r+s sewn on to x at int]vals ( two feet4 ,hav+ *os5 ! position ( ! scre51 a c\ple ( screw-eyes are screw$ into ! ro(1 or cornice ne> ! top ( ! hall1 at su* a di/ance ap>t t ! %eet c easily g betwe5 !m4 ,?r\gh ea* ( ^! screw-eyes is pass$ a ?91 /rong l9e1 hav+ at its end a clip l t commonly atta*$ to a dog's *a94 ,?is clip is to clut* ! loop ( rope on ea* side ( ! %eet4 ,! %eet c n[ be pull$ up into position3 ! free ends ( ! cord be+ fa/5$ to screw-eyes 9 ! floor4 ,x n[ m]ely rema9s to lace ) /r+ ! curta9 r+s on ! side ( ! %eet to ! adjac5t cord1 & ! arrangem5t is complete4 ,! annex$ diagram %[s ! upp] corn] ( su* a %eet1 ) its atta*m5ts1 z j expla9$4 ,:]e ! hall is ( su* a height t ?is plan is n available1 or :]e ! /]n cu/odians fa9t ) horror at ! ?\ght ( _! walls or ceil+s be+ pi]c$ ) a screw-hole1 ! same me?od c be c>ri$ out by fa/5+ ! screw-eye to a timb] upright on ea* side1 support$ by light /ruts4 ,"s p]sons pref] a %eet /ret*$ on a frame1 & su* a frame ( a v portable "* c be easily devis$4 ,! frame itself is be/ made ( l5g?s ( p9e1 ab\t ! size ( broom-h&les4 ,^! c be jo9$ toge!r s z to make a frame ( any reasonable dim5sions1 by six-in* l5g?s ( brass tub+4 ,! same tub+1 mitr$ into ,l-pieces1 w s]ve = ! f\r corn]s4 ,! %eet is furni%$ ) tapes to secure x to ! frame1 & ! woodwork is kept 9 an upright position by /rong cords fa/5$ by screw-eyes to ! floor4 ,! appe>ance ( su* a scre5 is mu* enhanc$ if ! pla9 woodwork be hidd5 by a little drap]y 9 ! %ape ( n>r[ curta9s at ea* side1 & fe/oons ( ! same mat]ial above4 ,,pictures ,,= ,,! ,,lant]n4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ! art ( photography1 pictures or slides = ! lant]n 7 trac$ on glass & pa9t$ by h&2 & ?is art 0 c>ri$ to v great p]fection4 ,b no h&iwork c equal ! productions ( ! photographic cam]a2 s t :5 x 0 f\nd possible to produce transp>5t positives on glass1 t c\ld be magnifi$ on ! %eet to any ext5t )\t det]ioration1 ! occupation ( ! arti/ on glass 0 almo/ gone4 ,photographs are n[ almo/ exclusively us$1 & =m1 :5 prop]ly execut$1 ! f9e/ pictures = lant]n use4 ,! mann] ( _! production is fully describ$ 9 my little book #8,h[ to ,photograph2' b z !re may be _m w\ld-be lant]ni/s :o d n c>e to dabble 9 photography1 ,i w "h give a few pla9 directions by :i* lant]n slides c be extemporis$4 ,! /&>d size = lant]n pictures is #c #c in*es4 ,! glass *os5 %\ld be z ?9 z possible1 & q free f scrat*es1 bubbles1 or flaws ( any k9d :atev]4 ,rememb] t a piece ( ! f9e/ hair :i* may well be ov]look$ ^u ! slide itself1 w appe> on ! scre5 z a huge snake4 ,9 l mann] a t9y bubble 9 ! glass is magnifi$ into a blemi% ! size ( a s\p-plate4 ,glass pres5ts a v difficult surface to draw or pa9t ^u1 p>ticul>ly if wat]-col\rs are employ$1 b by coat+ x ) a transp>5t m$ium 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! difficulty is mu* r$uc$4 ,a film ( pla9 collodion w1 :5 dry1 give a surface t c be easily sket*$ ^u ) a f9e p5 & ,indian ink4 ,! sket* s made c aft]w>ds be fill$ 9 ) wat]-col\r1 temp]$ ) prep>$ ox-gall1 & tak+ c>e t ! col\rs us$ are ^? :i* are naturally transp>5t4 ,prussian blue1 indigo1 lake1 ! madd]s1 gamboge1 burnt & raw ,si5na1 ,v&yke br[n1 are all transp>5t pigm5ts1 & w answ] e purpose4 ,mix$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! mann] detail$ 9 any manual ( wat]-col\r pa9t+1 gre5s1 purples1 & all second>y & t]ti>y t9ts are readily obta9able4 ,ano!r me?od1 & an easi] "o1 = produc+ lant]n slides 0 introduc$ "s ye>s ago by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall+]2 & al?\gh ! au?or ( ! me?od int5d$ x = draw+s ( microscopic subjects only1 & ) t idea br\ght x be=e ! notice ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society1 x w be readily se5 t x is adapt$ to all mann] ( lant]n pictures4 ,?is me?od is be/ describ$ 9 its inv5tor's own words3 #8,on f9ely gr\nd glass draw+ ) a black-lead p5cil is z easy z draw+ ^u c>dbo>d4 ,i get squ>es ( glass to suit ! size ( my lant]n c>efully gr\nd on "o side l ! focus+-glass ( a cam]a4' ,! au?or goes on to describe h[1 by sket*+ ^u ! f9ely gr\nd surface ) a well-po9t$ h>d p5cil--,,hh or ,,hhh--& %ad+ ) a s(t] "o1 su* z ,,hb1 capital effects c be obta9$4 #8,if x be necess>y to put 9 col\r x may be done1 cleanly & c>efully ov] ! %ad+2 ?us "o lay] ( col\r suffices4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 al?\gh we h a p]fect draw+ ( ! object1 ) all ! detail accurately giv51 x is n a transp>5cy4 ,b we c easily make x "o4 ,?9 "s good pale ,canada balsam ) b5z9e to ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & simply float x ov] ! gr\nd surface ( y\r glass2 p\r (f until ! drop comes v sluggi%ly4 ,!n rev]se ! glass s t ! corn] f :i* ! balsam 0 fl[+ (f be plac$ upw>ds4 ,let ! return fl[ rea* ab\t ! middle2 !n rev]se x aga91 & move x 9 sev]al directions to get ! balsam level4 ,?is may be done ) a v little practice1 s t ! surface %all be undi/+ui%able f glass4 ,we h n[ a p]fect transp>5cy4 ,all t is requir$ is tw5ty-f\r h\rs = h>d5+ 7keep+ ! glass level71 & !n ano!r squ>e ( glass fa/5$ on to x by /rips ( pap] at ! edges1 ) small pieces ( c>d at ! corn]s to prev5t contact1 & x makes an admirable lant]n transp>5cy4' ,a h9t ab\t giv+ a f9e gra9 to glass w n be out ( place4 ,^u a p]fectly flat & firm table lay a piece ( glass say six & a half in*es squ>e1 = ?is size c aft]w>ds be cut across into f\r lant]n pictures4 ,a %eet ( wet blott+-pap] "u ! glass w keep x /eady4 ,n[ p\r ^u its surface a mixture ( fl\r-em]y & wat]4 ,place ano!r piece ( glass above1 & "w x r\nd ) a circul> motion1 con/antly spoon+ up ! mud =m$ by ! em]y & wat]1 & :i* oozes out betwe5 ! glasses1 & replac+ x betwe5 !m4 ,9 a %ort "t bo? glasses w be beautifully gr\nd on ! surfaces :i* h be5 rubb$ toge!r4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ t ! gr\nd effect is produc$ by ! surface be+ brok5 up into innum]able t9y pits1 ea* "o ( :i* scatt]s ! light4 ,by ,mr4 ,dall+]'s me?od ( fill+ up ^! pits ) a glassy m$ium l ,canada balsam1 ! glass is once m pres5t$ ) a flat surface1 & !re=e becomes once m transp>5t4 ,by :atev] means ! picture is produc$ ! op]ator %\ld h a glass transp>5t easel to "w ^u plac$ at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 ) a %eet ( pap] und]nea? x to ?r[ ! light up ?r\gh ! glass he is draw+ ^u4 ,a good easel c be made ( a small frame--t belong+ to a twop5ny slate w d--atta*$ to a base-bo>d1 & support$ on ea* side by /ruts4 ,a l$ge ( wood screw$ across ! frame makes a conv5i5t support = ! picture4 ,! annex$ cut w suffici5tly expla9 ! arrangem5ts describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,glass easel4 ,& n[ a ^w or two ab\t m\nt+ ! picture4 ,z ,mr4 ,dall+] po9ts out1 a cov]-glass %\ld be provid$1 b x %\ld be prev5t$ f actually t\*+ ! pa9t$ surface4 ,?is is be/ br\ght ab\t by us+ ! masks cut out ( black pap]1 & sold = ! purpose4 ,a mask is ins]t$ betwe5 ! glasses1 aft] :i* ! :ole is fa/5$ toge!r by pa/+ a slip ( pap] r\nd ! edges ( ! d\ble glass1 & turn+ x ov] on ei!r side4 ,gum arabic ) tw5ty-five p] c5t4 loaf-sug> add$1 is a good m$ium by :i* to atta* pap] to glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,masks = lant]n slides4 ,,on ,,! ,,col\r+ ,,( ,,photographic ,,transp>5cies4 ,!re are _m amateur photograph]s n[adays :o c produce fair transp>5cies = ! lant]n1 b at ! same "t !re are _m possessors ( a lant]n :o "k no?+ ab\t ! #8black art4' ,luckily = ^!1 fir/-class pictures c be b\ght *eaply1 _! av]age price rang+ f eighte5p5ce to two %ill+s ea*4 ,any optician's catalogue w %[ :at an imm5se v>iety ( subjects !re is to *ose f2 n only c we obta9 l&scapes ( ne>ly e "p ( ! _w1 b we c pur*ase figure /udies1 copies ( v>i\s pictures f books1 maps1 diagrams ( sci5tific matt]s--micro-photographs & /atu>y4 ,^! slides if col\r$ are d\ble ! price ( pla9 ones1 & if v well col\r$ _! price is quadrupl$4 ,x w\ld !re=e be s]viceable to _m if !y c\ld le>n h[ to col\r su* pictures = _! own use1 & ,i give simple directions h[ ?is c be accompli%$4 ,at ! same "t x is only fair to /ate t ! "w is really difficult1 & anyone to atta9 ev5 slight pr(ici5cy 9 slide-pa9t+ mu/ devote a great deal ( "t & pati5ce to ! subject4 ,! photographic slide z sold consi/s ( two glasses1 "o ( :i* be>s ! photograph4 ,?is is sep>at$ f ! cov]-glass by a pap] mask1 ! :ole be+ b\nd r\nd by a fillet ( gumm$ pap]4 ,aft] c>efully cutt+ r\nd ?is fillet ! two glasses may be sep>at$1 & ! "o be>+ ! picture is plac$1 v>ni%$ side upw>ds1 ^u ! glass easel1 ready = col\r+4 ,"s col\ri/s speak 9 fav\r ( wat]-col\rs = glass-pa9t+1 o!rs pref] oil-col\rs1 :ile "s1 ,i und]/&1 employ bo? on ! same picture4 ,i h tri$ ea* sy/em1 & mo/ c]ta9ly recomm5d oil-col\rs z be+ bo? easi] to "w )1 & do+ m satisfactory "w into ! b>ga9 ?an wat]-col\rs4 ,! mat]ials requir$ comprise ord9>y oil-col\rs 9 tubes1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are p]haps ! mo/ useful t c be employ$ = ! purpose3 ,italian ,p9k4 ,raw ,si5na4 ,yell[ ,lake4 ,*9ese ,orange4 ,br[n ,p9k4 ,prussian ,blue4 ,indigo4 ,neutral ,t9t4 ,mc,gilp4 ,br[n ,madd]4 ,rose ,madd]4 ,purple ,madd]4 ,crimson ,lake4 ,burnt ,si5na4 ,ivory ,black4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t ! suitability ( ^! col\rs = ! p>ticul> purpose ( glass-pa9t+ v>ies ) ! me?od ( manufacture4 ,i f9d by exp]i5ce t "o mak]'s ,prussian blue is bett] ?an ano!r's1 :ile = a suitable crimson lake ,i h to g to q a diff]5t %op1 & s on4 ,! bru%es us$ mu/ be ( ! be/1 ! majority ( !m be+ camel-hair1 a few f9e sables be+ kept = special t\*es4 ,x is also necess>y to provide "s good l>ge bu%y camel-hair bru%es to be us$ z s(t5]s4 ,a flat porcela9 palette is bett] ?an "o ( any o!r mat]ial1 = ! /r5g? ( ! t9ts is se5 well1 & ! surface c easily be clean$ ) a little turp5t9e4 ,a flexible palette knife mu/ also be provid$4 ,dabb]s to s(t5 d[n skies & o!r flat masses ( col\r c be made by wrapp+ a ball ( cotton wool 9 f9e wa%-lea!r4 ,! lea!r %\ld be fir/ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 & x w be bett] if a little ( ! soap be left 9 x z x dries1 = ?is r5d]s x s(t & pliant4 ,bo? dabb]s & bru%es %\ld be kept 9 a du/-tight box1 = du/ is ! greate/ enemy ( ! slide-pa9t]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! li/ ( col\rs giv5 includes ^? only :i* are transp>5t1 _m o!rs us$ 9 ord9>y oil-pa9t+ be+ omitt$4 ,x is obvi\s t opaque col\rs l ,naples yell[ or *rome yell[ w\ld simply appe> black on ! %eet4 ,! tyro :o is us$ to o!r me?ods ( pa9t+1 & has "s idea ( ! h>mony ( col\rs1 w1 ( c\rse1 h an imm5se advantage ov] anyone )\t arti/ic k or feel+2 & :5 he has once ma/]$ ! te*nicalities ( ! new "w1 w soon be able to produce passable pictures4 ,! li/ ( col\rs giv5 is necess>ily limit$ = ! reason already giv51 b _! numb] c be increas$ indef9itely by judici\s bl5d+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,let me give a few in/ances4 ,!re is no gre5 9 ! li/ giv51 simply because ,i d n "k ( a good transp>5t "o4 ,b v>i\s t9ts ( gre5 suitable = foliage c be easily made up ) ! col\rs nam$4 ,prussian blue mix$ ) any ( ! yell[s w at once give a crude gre51 b x w n be suitable = use )\t ! help ( "s o!r t9t1 su* z burnt ,si5na1 or "o ( ! r$s4 ,italian p9k & indigo make a f9e gre54 ,italian p9k1 br[n madd]1 & ,prussian blue is also ano!r useful comb9ation4 ,br[n p9k1 indigo1 & ,v&yke br[n w be f\nd admirable = ! %ad[s 9 foliage2 inde$1 ! comb9ations = ?is purpose are endless4 ,aga91 !re is a difficulty g5]ally f\nd 9 obta9+ any approa* to sc>let4 ,! be/ ,i "k ( is a mixture ( ,italian p9k1 crimson lake1 & ,*9ese orange4 ,= br[ns1 ,v&yke br[n1 ,*9ese orange1 ivory black1 & burnt ,si5na1 w give any range ( t9ts1 f ! colde/ to ! w>me/4 ,! read] w soon f9d by exp]im5t ! "r proportions = mix+ ^! col\rs to produce ! desir$ effect1 & he w be mu* assi/$ 9 ! "w by /udy+ any good manual ( wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,i recomm5d a wat]-col\r manual 9 pref]5ce to "o deal+ ) oil-col\rs1 because ! fir/ deals m ) transp>5t t9ts1 :i* dep5d = _! effect ^u ! :ite gr\nd ^u :i* !y are laid4 ,9 l mann] a lant]n picture dep5ds mu* ^u ! :ite surface ^u :i* ! t9ts are subsequ5tly exhibit$4 ,our fir/ attempt at glass-pa9t+ %all be an op5 l&scape ) figures 9 front--& we w suppose t ! sc5e is laid 9 ,brita94 ,?is w\ld seem to "s an unimportant po9t1 until !y rememb] t ! skies & atmosph]ic effects se5 9 "s o!r l&s w\ld require an altoge!r diff]5t treatm5t4 ,i once col\r$ an ,egyptian sc5e = a fri5d1 & he admir$ my "w1 ) "o exception4 #8,y h giv5 me an ,engli% sky1' he said4 ,! sky w be ! fir/ ?+ to see to1 & we w endeav\r to give x a flat t9t ( blue slightly d>k] at ! z5i? ?an x is at ! horizon4 ,we squeeze out f its tube a little ,prussian blue ^u ! palette1 & dipp+ a good-siz$ camel-hair bru% into a small cup ( turp5t9e1 we take up a little ( ! col\r & "w x ab\t on ! palette until x seems ( ! "r /r5g?4 ,be=e apply+ x to ! glass we add to x a v small quantity ( ,mc,gilp m$ium4 ,hav+ mix$ ?is la/ addition ) our bru%-load ( col\r1 we c apply x to ! glass1 pa9t+ x 9 broad b&s f side to side until ! sky is all /rip$ ) blue4 ,if ! subject comprises a range ( di/ant hills1 let !m too p>take ( ! blue t9t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 lay aside ! bru% & let ! col\r$ glass re/ = a m9ute1 s t "s ( ! turp5t9e w dry (f4 ,n[ proce$ to dab x c>efully ) "o ( ! lea!r dabb]s4 ,) a v light t\* br+ ! dabb] d[n ov] & ov] aga91 & avoid any?+ l a rubb+ action4 ,! movem5t mu/ be v]tical1 & n 9 ! lea/ horizontal4 ,by be>+ a little m heavily on ! dabb] z ! horizon is approa*$1 ! t9t w be s5sibly light5$4 ,:5 ?is sky-col\r has be5 uni=mly dabb$ 9 we may proce$ to put 91 or r wipe out1 "s cl\d effects4 ,a little piece ( s(t kid wrapp$ r\nd a po9t$ p5-hold] is a good tool to use = ! purpose1 b a lea!r /ump w answ] ! same end4 ,?is "p ( ! "w requires a little judgm5t & arti/ic ta/e4 ,9 a picture full ( detail & :i* only has a small portion ( sky expos$1 x is be/ col\r$ simply blue4 ,b :]e !re is n mu* detail 9 ! l&scape1 z 9 ! case = in/ance ( a mill on a bleak moor1 ! sky c be work$ up ) great advantage to ! g5]al effect4 ,! cl\ds are wip$ out by a rubb+ action comb9$ ) a dabb+ movem5t1 s t ! edges ( ! cl\ds =m$ rema9 q s(t4 ,if !y appe> too h>d !y c be correct$ by a few g5tle dabs ) ! top ( ! f+]4 ,be=e ! lea!r is laid aside1 x may be employ$ = wip+ (f any portions ( col\r :i* h accid5tally be5 plac$ :]e !y %\ld n be4 ,b if !re is wat] includ$ 9 ! subject1 su* z a lake or riv]1 x w :5 ! sky is reflect$ 9 x p>take ( ! same col\r1 & %\ld be dabb$ 9 at ! same "t4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] h[ we are go+ to treat ! re/ ( our picture4 ,if !re is "s expanse ( =egr\nd x w make ! be/ contra/ ) ! sky if we use a w>m s&y col\r4 ,*9ese orange1 raw ,si5na1 & br[n p9k mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions to suit ! lights & %ad[s ( ! picture w give ! t9t requir$4 ,at ?is /age1 too1 ! middle t9ts ( ! composition ly+ betwe5 ! sky & ! =egr\nd c also be laid 94 ,^! w mo/ly consi/ ( subdu$ greys1 made up ( ,prussian blue1 burnt ,si5na1 purple madd]1 & crimson lake4 ,:5 ^! t9ts are all dabb$ 91 & ! :ole picture has be5 c>efully gone ov] ) ! lea!r po9t1 s z to remove truant col\r1 ! slide may be laid aside to dry4 ,i f9d x a good plan to h a t9 box conta9+ grooves = ?is purpose4 ,! slides :5 gr\nd$ 9 9 ! way j describ$ are plac$ 9 ! grooves1 & ! op5 box is turn$ t[>ds a fire4 ,9 an h\r or s ! col\rs are dry en\gh = fur!r treatm5t4 ,we c n[ once m view our "w on ! easel1 & mo/ probably we %all see mu* to am5d4 ,! trees 9 ! middle di/ance are too yell[1 or too blue4 ,!y are easily correct$ by a t\* ( ! t9t 9 :i* !y fail4 ,b at ?is /age ( ! pa9t+ we mu/ use a diff]5t m$ium = our col\rs4 ,we h done ) dabb+1 & mu/ n[ lay ! col\rs on z smoo?ly z possible ) ! bru% alone4 ,canada balsam 9 turp5t9e1 ( ! consi/5ce ( v ?9 v>ni%1 is p]haps ! be/ m$ium to use4 ,x %\ld be mix$ ) e col\r z x is tak5 ^u ! bru%4 ,! beg9n] w f9d "s difficulty at fir/1 p>ticul>ly if oil-col\rs are new to him1 9 keep+ 8 bru%es 9 ord]4 ,he ne$ n h a bru% = e t9t4 ,let "o be kept = skies1 b only two or ?ree o!rs are necess>y4 ,:5 ,i comm5ce to pa9t a bat* ( pictures ,i put on my table1 aft] c>efully du/+ x all ov] ) a damp clo?1 a %eet ( newspap]4 ,9 ! c5tre /&s my easel4 ,on ! left h& my col\r-box1 & on ! "r my palette4 ,close to ! palette is plac$ a d\ble ?ickness ( clean :ite tissue pap]1 & a small pot ( turp5t9e4 ,:5 ,i wi% to clean my bru%1 x is simply dipp$ 9 turp5t9e1 & drawn ov] ! surface ( ! :ite pap] until ,i see t x leaves no trail ( col\r4 ,by ?is simple means "o bru% c be us$ = any numb] ( t9ts1 = ! cleans+ ( x does n occupy m ?an t5 seconds4 ,x is 9 ! =egr\nd ( a picture t ! arti/ mu/ be lavi% ) 8 bright col\rs4 ,if ! figures 9 ! subject w all[ ( bright col\r+1 s mu* ! bett]2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t if ^! col\rs are n put 9 ) "s reg>d to contra/1 _! effect is mu* dim9i%$1 if n altoge!r lo/4 ,let ! pa9t] rememb] t ! pr9cipal col\rs h _! complem5t>y col\rs1 & t :]ev] we c place "o ( ^! t9ts aga9/ its complem5t>y1 we are b\nd to h h>mony4 ,?us ! complem5t>y ( blue is orange2 ( r$1 gre52 & ( yell[1 purple4 ,b = fur!r p>ticul>s ( ?is nature1 ! a=esaid #8,manual ( ,wat]-,col\rs' mu/ be /udi$4 ,:5 ! picture is app>5tly f9i%$1 x w1 mo/ likely1 require "s f9i%+-t\*es4 ,& "h a new tool comes into use1 namely1 ! et*+-ne$le4 ,take a po9t$ piece ( wood1 ab\t ! size ( a p5hold]1 & b9d ^u x1 by means ( wax$ ?read1 a good /rong sew+-ne$le1 leav+ n m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! po9t expos$4 ,a few judici\s t\*es ) ?is ne$le w make a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( a picture1 b any?+ l co>se scrat*+ mu/ be avoid$4 ,! beg9n] w d well to view 8 "w 9 ! lant]n z x gradually progresses1 = :at may look v well on ! easel1 w look v diff]5t :5 all its imp]fections are magnifi$ on ! scre54 ,! art ( slide-pa9t+ is "o :i* requires con/ant c>e & practice be=e any?+ l pr(ici5cy is atta9$4 ,9 case "s ( my read]s %\ld be well acqua9t$ ) ! use ( wat]-col\rs1 & may be det]r$ f try+ ! art ( glass-pa9t+ because oils only are recomm5d$ = ! "w1 ,i w briefly describe h[ wat]-col\rs are utiliz$ = slide-pa9t+4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i hold to my previ\sly express$ op9ion1 t oil-col\rs are ! m suitable pigm5ts to use4 ,! v>ni%$ surface ( a glass picture does n take k9dly to wat]-col\r1 & z ! bru% is appli$ to x !re is a repell5t action :i* w\ld make ! pa9t] despair if "s means 7 n at h& to obviate ! difficulty4 ,by mix+ ea* col\r ) a c]ta9 proportion ( prep>$ ox-gall ! difficulty vani%es1 & x is a wise precaution to rub a little ox-gall & wat] ov] ! surface ( ! picture by means ( a tuft ( cotton wool1 be=e any col\r is appli$ at all4 ,! same transp>5t col\rs z ^? recomm5d$ = oil-pa9t+ may be employ$1 besides a few m transp>5t t9ts :i* are commonly n gr\nd up 9 oil4 ,b ! dabb]s are ( a diff]5t description4 ,procure two or ?ree good ?ick camel-hair bru%es1 & cut ! hair (f /raight ) a pair ( scissors1 s z to leave ! ends ( ! hairs l a flat /ump4 ,n[ c>efully turn ! bru% r\nd & r\nd 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 or c&le1 s z to j s+e ! po9t ( ea* hair4 ,:5 ?is is done1 rub ! ends ( ! hair on ! f9e/ glass-pap] until e trace ( s+e+ has disappe>$4 ,?is treatm5t w leave ! bru% ) a flat woolly head l a mop1 :i* makes an excell5t dabb]4 ,:5 ! sky-col\r has be5 appli$ z ev5ly z possible1 & has be5 all[$ to dry1 ! surface may be work$ ov] ) ! dabb]4 ,b1 be=e do+ ?is1 g5tly brea! ov] ! col\r4 ,! dabb] w remove little p>ticles ( ! pigm5t1 & w r$uce ! g5]al /r5g? ( ! t9t1 s t ?is loss %\ld be provid$ = :5 ! col\r is fir/ appli$4 ,cl\ds1 etc41 c be wip$ out ) ! lea!r1 aft] ! brea?+ op]ation1 & 9 _m o!r respects ! two modes ( col\r+ agree4 ,:5 ! g5]al t9ts h be5 laid 91 ! col\rs may receive a coat ( ma/ic v>ni%1 & ?is aga9 c be work$ ov] ) col\r to /r5g!n ^? t9ts :i* may require x4 ,! v>ni% also conf]s a transp>5cy ^u ! t9ts t !y d n possess )\t x4 ,,%[+ ,,solid ,,opaque ,,objects ,,on ,,! ,,lant]n ,,scre54 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! work+ ( ! microscope "k t ! objects :i* are employ$ 9 t in/rum5t c be view$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,transp>5t prep>ations h ! light ?r[n ?r\gh !m by means ( ! adju/able mirror b5ea? ! /age4 ,opaque objects1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ h light ?r[n ^u !m f above1 & ?is is manag$ by means ( a sep>ate cond5s+ l5s4 ,= ! magic lant]n1 transp>5t pictures are almo/ :olly employ$2 b !re is a means ( utiliz+ pap] pr9ts1 photographic c>tes de visite1 & a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( solid objects1 s t !y may be %[n 9 an enl>g$ =m on ! %eet4 ,! effect is n s bright z :5 transp>5cies are employ$1 = a l>ge proportion ( ! available light is absorb$ 9 ! op]ation2 b !re are _m :o w\ld sacrifice a good deal 9 ! way ( effect1 = ! und\bt$ advantage ( be+ able to utilize ! cont5ts ( _! albums1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,gr\nd-plan ( ,*adburn's ,opaque ,lant]n4 p1 ,picture2 c1 ,cond5s]2 l1 ,light2 r1 ,reflector2 o1 ,objective4 ,! fir/ in/rum5t :i* 0 con/ruct$ to accompli% ?is end is kn[n z ,*adburn's lant]n2 &1 z w be se5 f ! annex$ diagram1 x diff]s v mu* f ! ord9>y =m ( magic lant]n4 ,f :at has be5 already said conc]n+ ! loss ( light1 x w be evid5t t a p[]ful lum9ant is a matt] ( prime consid]ation4 ,a good oil-lant]n w d ! "w--b n s well z ! lime-jet4 ,! lum9\s face ( ! lime1 in/ead ( be+ turn$ t[>ds ! optical sy/em1 is opposite a concave reflector plac$ at ! back ( ! lant]n4 ,f ?is ! light is reflect$ t[>ds ! cond5s]1 :i* cond5s] conc5trates ! light obliquely ^u ! object4 ,! picture or object is conta9$ 9 a k9d ( box jo9$ to ! ma9 lant]n1 & :i* holds imm$iately opposite ! illum9at$ picture ! l5s = project+ its image ^u ! scre54 ,?is pione] =m ( opaque lant]n has be5 sup]s$$ by ! in/rum5t call$ ! ,aph5gescope4 ,?is c be pur*as$ n[ ( mo/ opticians4 ,virtually x consi/s ( ! front *amb] ( ,*adburn's lant]n con/ruct$ to fit on to ! front ( any ord9>y oil or lime-lit lant]n4 ,! aph5gescope c be us$ = %[+ woodcuts1 pap] photographs1 pr9t$ & writt5 matt] ( any k9d1 s long z ! space cov]$ is )9 ! size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?us any c>icatures f our comic publications c\ld be pa/$ on c>d1 & enl>g$ by its means4 ,b x w be readily obs]v$ t ?is class ( subjects1 if photograph$ z transp>5t positives & us$ 9 ! ord9>y lant]n1 c be %[n f> bett]4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! aph5gescope is to %[ solid objects :i* _c by any possibility be %[n enl>g$ )\t its help4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 t x is desir$ by "s collector to %[ 8 fri5ds a cab9et ( co9s & m$als4 ,su* objects are s bright 9 !mselves t !y are admirably adapt$ to ?is in/rum5t4 ,_! =m1 col\r1 & m9ute m>k+s are fai?fully reproduc$2 :il/ ! rais$ portions cat* ! reflect$ light 9 su* a way z to make ! images look z solid z ! objects !mselves4 ,at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 a lecture ^u ! inv5tion ( ! wat*1 & its gradual developm5t1 0 beautifully illu/rat$ by ! opaque lant]n4 ,fir/ came ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! wat*1 & !n ! v>i$ movem5ts4 ,x 0 mo/ curi\s & in/ructive to see ! :eels & spr+s all 9 movem5t ^u ! scre54 ,!re are also _m natural ?+s :i* c be %[n by ! same means4 ,a fre%ly op5$ oy/] makes a v rem>kable object4 ,a /ill m curi\s effect is obta9$ by conc5trat+ ! light ^u a fre%ly cut orange or lemon4 ,:5 ! fruit is squeez$1 ! pips & juice appe> to fly upw>ds2 =1 ( c\rse1 ev]y?+ is %[n upside d[n1 z 9 ! ord9>y lant]n4 ,! opaque lant]n 0 once introduc$ into a c\rt ( law 9 ,am]ica1 z a witness = ! prosecution 9 a case ( =g]y4 ,! foll[+ is a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce1 tak5 f a ,new ,york pap]3 #8,dur+ ! rec5t trial1 x became necess>y to %[ ! diff]5ces betwe5 a g5u9e signature & an imitation or =g]y ( ! same4 ,= ?is purpose1 !re 0 br\ght into c\rt a p[]ful reflect+ magic lant]n4 ,! room 0 d>k5$1 & images ( ! two signatures1 enorm\sly magnifi$1 7 ?r[n side by side ^u a scre5 be=e ! judge & jury4 ,! false signature 0 at once reveal$4 ,! illum9ation ( ! writ+ 0 effect$ by means ( two p[]ful lime-lights conta9$ )9 ! lant]n4 ,! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! lights & scre5 enables ! exam9] to discov] ! surface ( ! pap] ?r\gh ! ink1 s t pat*+1 %ad+1 or pa9t+ ( lett]s becomes evid5t ! in/ant x is br\ght "u ! focus ( ! lant]n4 ,an arrangem5t ( scre5s1 by :i* ! light is cut (f alt]nately f ei!r side ( ! in/rum5t1 discov]s any tamp]+ ) ! surface ( ! pap]1 ei!r by scrat*+ or wa%+ by *emicals4 7,9 o!r words1 by ?r[+ ! light alt]nately f ei!r side1 ! relief caus$ by ! gra9 ( ! pap] is cle>ly %[n2 & any tamp]+ ) t relief1 by scrat*+ or o!rwise1 at once becomes app>5t47 ,! in/rum5t1 9 ?is case1 0 ( suffici5t capacity to view at once two bank-notes plac$ side by side1 & ! pictures 7 ( su* f95ess t !re 0 no difficulty 9 view+ _! smalle/ details4 ,i fe> t ! introduction ( a magic lant]n into an ,engli% c\rt ( law w\ld be r too s5sational = ! ord9>y legal m9d--p>ticul>ly z ! evid5ce ( an exp]t1 ) ! help ( a microscope1 w\ld answ] ! same end4 ,"u ! "n ( ! ,physioscope1 an imm5se opaque lant]n 0 exhibit$ "s ye>s back 9 ,london4 ,! object magnifi$ on ! %eet 0 ! human face1 & a correct+ l5s 0 includ$ 9 ! app>atus1 s t ! face 0 se5 "r way up4 ,x 0 always r an unhappy face1 = ! individual :o l5t 8 c\nt5ance to ! transaction _h on ei!r side ( him1 & )9 a few in*es ( 8 *eeks1 a v p[]ful lime-light1 ! heat & gl>e f :i* 7 suffici5t to r5d] anyone uncom=table :o 0 n a salam&]4 ,,! ,,lant]n ,,microscope4 ,( late ye>s x has become possible to take v beautiful photographs ( microscopic objects1 :i*1 :5 us$ z lant]n-slides1 give a v f9e effect4 ,num]\s slides ( ?is "* may n[ be pur*as$1 :i* cov] a va/ field ( microscopic k1 & _m w be cont5t ) :at !y c ?us obta94 ,b !re is ano!r class ( work]s :o1 p]haps possess+ a l>ge numb] ( microscopic slides1 w be glad to utilize !m = ! lant]n1 s t !y are no long] limit$ to ! individual eye4 ,= ^! ! lant]n microscope1 :i* w screw 9 front ( ! lant]n 9 place ( ! usual optical sy/em1 is a mo/ useful in/rum5t4 ,diff]5t mak]s adv]tise 9 _! catalogues lant]n microscopes :i* range 9 price f tw5ty-five %ill+s to z _m gu9eas4 ,& x rec5tly came to my k t a well-kn[n ,london optician has und]tak5 ! con/ruction ( a few ( ^! in/rum5ts at ! price ( #aej ea*4 ,! amateur lant]ni/ w1 !re=e1 h "s difficulty 9 decid+ :at he ought to pay = su* an in/rum5t4 ,& x is mo/ difficult to advise him on t po9t4 ,8 be/ plan is1 p]haps1 to see = himself :at ! mak]s c (f] him1 &1 if possible1 to seek a trial ( ! in/rum5t be=e he pur*ases x4 ,! lant]n microscope is a modification ( ! old sol> microscope--an in/rum5t :i* c\ld be screw$ aga9/ a hole 9 ! %utt] ( a d>k5$ room--& :i* _h a mirror outside :i* project$ a beam ( sunlight ?r\gh x4 ,! objective l5ses 7 uncorrect$1 & small 9 ap]ture1 s t ! in/rum5t 0 f> f be+ a p]fect "o4 ,b ! int5sity ( ! sol> light cov]$ _m objectionable features1 & x 0 possible to get "s a/oni%+ effects ) ! contrivance4 ,b sunlight is su* an unc]ta9 commodity 9 our climate t1 :5 ! lime-light came into prom95ce1 ! old sol> microscope 0 =gott5 9 fav\r ( t :i* dep5d$ ^u a m con/ant1 if a f> less int5se1 light s\rce4 ,! great difficulty to ov]come 9 ! lant]n microscope is to get ! light suffici5tly int5se to well illum9ate ! objects4 ,! ap]ture ( a microscope objective1 ev5 ( l[ p[]1 is s small1 t1 :5 ! p5cil ( light :i* x emits is spread ov] a scre51 ! light is s att5uat$ t ! details ( ! object are difficult to make out4 ,9 ! ne> future1 :5 we are promis$ t electricity %all be laid on to our homes1 z gas is n[ suppli$ to u1 ! difficulty w disappe>1 = ! electric-arc light is _m times m int5se ?an ! mo/ p[]ful lime-jet4 ,hav+ obta9$ a lant]n microscope1 ! next ?+ to consid] is ! class ( objects :i* c be/ be %[n ) x4 ,to help ! read] 9 det]m9+ ?is po9t1 ,i w n[ give a k9d ( sket* ( a popul> lecture to accompany an exhibition ( ! in/rum5t4 ,su* a lecture might usefully comm5ce ) a brief description ( ! microscope3 its hi/ory1 & h[1 9 its improv$ =m1 x has op5$ up a _w ( m9ute life1 ( :i* our =efa!rs c\ld h _h no conception4 ,we might !n put =w>d a few rem>ks z to ! adaptation ( ! microscope to ! oxyhydrog5 lant]n1 & po9t out h[ by its aid a numb] ( p]sons c at ! same "t see :at1 9 an ord9>y microscope1 is visible to only "o p]son4 ,s mu* by way ( introduction4 ,we might next enl>ge ^u ! circum/ance t ! cont5ts ( ! _w h be5 classifi$ into ?ree g5]al divisions--popul>ly kn[n z ! ?ree k+doms ( ,nature3 ! ,m9]al ,k+dom1 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 & ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,%[ h[ "o is dep5d5t ^u ! o!r1 & ! difficulty 9 _m cases ( draw+ a l9e to sep>ate ! m9ute organisms ( ! ,animal ,k+dom f ^? ( ! ,vegetable ,_w4 ,num]\s examples f ! l[] =ms ( life may be quot$ to illu/rate ?is4 ,n[ %[ & expla9 subjects f ea* ( ! ?ree divisions1 tak+ ! m9]als fir/4 ,def9e a m9]al1 & %[ h[ !y cry/allize 9 def9ite =ms4 ,illu/rate ! process ( cry/allization by putt+ a drop ( a saturat$ solution ( sal-ammoniac on a slip ( glass1 & spread+ x ov] ) a bru%4 ,su* a glass plac$ 9 ! microscope w1 z x dries1 become cov]$ ) bran*es ( cry/als1 :i* seem to gr[ & /rike out 9 v>i\s directions on ! %eet 9 a truly m>vell\s mann]4 ,sections ( v>i\s m9]als may next be %[n1 f9i%+ ) sections ( coal4 ,9 po9t+ out ! orig9 ( coal f plants1 we may easily drift into ! next division ( our subject--! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,"h we h inde$ a wide field to illu/rate4 ,comm5c+ f ! simple cell1 z exhibit$1 = in/ance1 9 a bit ( s-call$ gre5 m\ld1 & arriv+ gradually at sections ( diff]5t /ems ( plants 7:i* by ! way =m mo/ beautiful objects on ! scre571 sections ( diff]5t woods1 p>ts ( fl[]s1 etc4 ,f ^! x w be easy to /ep ov] ! indi/9ct b\nd>y-l9e :i* sep>ates u f ! ,animal ,_w4 ,"h we c comm5ce ) ! l[e/ organisms2 next %[ ! liv+ inhabitants ( our ponds & dit*es4 ,arrive at ! ,insect ,_w1 & %[ ! g5]ally unfamili> p>ts ( famili> insects--bees1 wasps1 flies1 etc4 ,we c !n g high]1 & exhibit sections ( bone1 hair1 etc42 f9i%+ ) ! /ructure ( ! human body1 s f> z x c be indicat$ by means ( ! microscope4 ,?is is a brief sket* ( ! k9d ( ent]ta9m5t ! microscope is able to af=d1 :i* c be modifi$ to suit ! views ( ! exhibitor4 ,,me*anical ,,or ,,mov+-,,pictures4 ,! mo/ common =m ( moveable slide is t kn[n z a #8comic slip4' ,?is me*anical contrivance = ! amusem5t ( y\? is g5]ally ( ! co>se/ execution1 & x speaks little = ! orig9ality ( our slide-produc]s t ! same old ?+s %\ld appe> 9 catalogues ye> aft] ye> ) no improvem5t4 ,! #8comic slip' consi/s ( a glass 9 a wood5 frame1 ) ano!r loose piece ( glass :i* c "w backw>ds & =w>ds 9 front ( x4 ,?is movable glass g5]ally s]ves z a m]e scre5 to cov] some?+ pa9t$ und]nea? x1 & x is rubb$ ov] ) black v>ni% s z to be opaque4 ,?us a g5tleman is repres5t$ ) a nose ( ! normal size1 b z ! scre5 is )drawn x elongates to an awful ext5t4 ,or a woman's tongue may be graphically1 if n elegantly1 portray$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 ano!r class ( slide a circul> glass is kept 9 sl[ rotation 9 front ( ! slide prop] by means ( a rack-"w atta*m5t4 ,a common design = ?is device is a l&scape ) a w9dmill 9 ! c5tre4 ,! sails ( ! mill are pa9t$ on ! revolv+ glass1 & c be kept 9 rotation z long z desir$4 ,! *romatrope effect is manag$ 9 ! same way1 only t 9 ?is case bo? glasses are caus$ to sl[ly revolve 9 rev]se directions4 ,!re are _m p :o admire *romatropes1 & _m o!rs :o reg>d !m z r try+ to ! eyes4 ,rippl+ wat]1 ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun or moon1 & a/ronomical slides illu/rative ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 are among ! subjects :i* c be well illu/rat$ by me*anical means4 ,p]haps ! clev]e/ piece ( app>atus ev] inv5t$ to give ! effect ( movem5t by means ( a magic lant]n is ,beale's *oreutoscope4 ,?is in/rum5t dep5ds ^u ! well-kn[n ph5om5on common to our eyes1 call$ p]si/5ce ( vision4 ,! image ( any?+ t we look at is ca/ ^u ! ret9a at ! back ( ! eye by ! ag5cy ( ! cry/all9e l5s1 :i* is plac$ beh9d ! pupil4 ,s f>1 ! human eye resembles a cam]a obscura4 ,p]si/5ce ( vision means t an image s ca/ ^u ! ret9a rema9s impress$ !re = ab\t ! eigh? "p ( a second4 ,= ?is reason we w9k cont9ually )\t kn[+ x1 = ! light impression rema9s ) u dur+ ! %ort "t t ! eye is clos$ 9 accompli%+ t necess>y action4 ,a burnt /ick ) a r$-hot end :irl$ r\nd & r\nd appe>s to u l an unbrok5 circle ( fire4 ,! sep>ate drops ( ra9 z !y fall f ! sky look l /reaks ( wat]1 & s an arti/ w repres5t !m 9 8 picture4 ,a quickly mov+ meteor looks l a long trail ( fire = ! same reason4 ,9 ! *oreutoscope we h a v elegant adaptation ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,x consi/s1 9 its comm]cial =m1 ( a slide arrangem5t t c be plac$ 9 any lant]n4 ,?is conta9s a n>r[ /rip ( glass1 )1 say1 six figures pa9t$ ^u x1 ea* figure hav+ a diff]5t position4 ,a danc+ man is a good repres5tative ( ! re/4 ,by a turn ( a h&le ea* figure is br\ght into view successively1 b s rapidly z to give ! effect ( mov+ arms & legs4 ,an int]ceptor or scre5 runs 9 front ( ea* figure z ! *ange occurs4 ,"o ( ! be/ designs made = ?is in/rum5t is a danc+ skeleton 7see annex$ cut74 ,9 ?is case ! figures are cut /5cil-fa%ion out ( v ?9 brass1 & ! op5+s ?us cut transmit s mu* light t ! effect is f> m brilliant ?an if ! design 7 execut$ on glass 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! *oreutoscope is n only a mo/ amus+ contrivance1 b x illu/rates 9 a v beautiful mann] ?is optical law call$ #8p]si/5ce ( vision4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,facsimile ( a danc+ skeleton = ,beale's ,*oreutoscope4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,! be/ lant]n & ! be/ pictures w n int]e/ an audi5ce unless ! ent]ta9] or lectur] is up to 8 "w1 & ! matt] :i* he conveys is skilfully put toge!r4 ,i believe t lectur+ w\ld be f> m popul> among u _h x n be5 = ! numb]s ( utt]ly incompet5t m5 :o h 9 pa/ ye>s bor$ audi5ces to su* an ext5t t ! ^w #8lecture' is to !m z a r$ rag is to a bull4 ,:5 ,i say incompet5t m51 ,i d n mean un$ucat$ ones2 b ,i mean ^? :o f natural want ( voice1 & utt] ignorance ( its managem5t1 are g5]ally unfit = public speak+4 ,x seems to be too (t5 conc$$ t because a man has writt5 a book--or done some?+ else :i* has br\ght him be=e public notice--he is1 )\t any previ\s k or practice1 fit to lecture on ! p>ticul> subject ) :i* 8 "n is id5tifi$4 ,or 8 claims to recognition z a lectur] are bas$ ^u c]ta9 cabali/ic lett]s aft] 8 "n1 :i* 9 _m cases repres5t only s _m gu9eas ye>ly subscrib$ to ^? :o conf] !m4 ,lectur+ is an art t c only be acquir$ successfully by ^? :o h c]ta9 qualifications = ! "w1 & among ^! ! =emo/ is ! p[] ( imp>t+ k to o!rs 9 a common-s5se & int]e/+ mann]4 ,luckily = him1 ! amateur lectur] is likely to meet ) a f> m indulg5t audi5ce ?an ^? :i* pr(essional m5 h occasionally to face2 b ?is is no reason :y he %\ld be c>eless z to 8 me?od ( deliv]y1 or ( ! matt] deliv]$4 ,p]haps ! er--wor/ fault er--:i* a lectur] c er--fall into--is ! "o indicat$ er--9 ?is s5t5ce4 #8,to err is human1' 9 a wid] s5se1 un=tunately1 ?an ,pope1 ! writ] ( t well-kn[n l9e1 ev] dreamt (4 ,unless a w\ld-be lectur] c conqu] ?is tiresome habit1 or any o!r trick ( spee* :i* he may h cultivat$1 by all means let him conf9e himself to ! managem5t ( ! lant]n :ile "s "o else acts z %[man4 ,if two p are ?us manag+ an exhibition betwe5 !m1 & if ! room be l>ge1 s t !y are widely sep>at$1 "s signal f ! lectur] to indicate t he wants ! next picture ?r[n on ! scre5 becomes necess>y4 ,a bell1 or any?+ t makes a noise1 is di/ract+ bo? to lectur] & audi5ce4 ,/ill worse are v]bal in/ructions f "o to ! o!r4 ,i myself use an electric s+le-/roke bell ) ! gong remov$1 ! hamm] ( :i* gives a little click unmi/akable to ! op]ator1 b q unhe>d by ! audi5ce4 ,su* a bell c be plac$ close to ! lant]n1 :ile its pu% is f> away on ! lectur]'s desk4 ,sometimes a /r+ c be c>ri$ f lectur] to op]ator1 a g5tle pull ( :i* w give ! necess>y signal4 ,"s lectur]s signal by uncov]+ a little pane ( r$ glass 9 ! back ( _! read+-lamp4 ,b ,i ?9k t any sight signal is inadmissible1 because ! op]ator has q en\gh to d 9 att5d+ to 8 duties )\t hav+ 8 att5tion ?us di/ract$4 ,! signal1 ( :atev] nature x be1 %\ld be giv5 by ! lectur] "s seconds be=e he has f9i%$ ) ! picture 9 h&1 o!rwise !re is an awkw>d pause :ile ! op]ator makes ! necess>y *ange4 ,be=e ! lecture beg9s1 ! read] %\ld make himself n only ?or\ghly famili> ) 8 subject1 b %\ld be also famili> ) ! diff]5t pictures :i* illu/rate x4 ,& ?is especially applies to ! common case ( ^? :o h pur*as$ or hir$ a set ( slides & a publi%$ lant]n read+--_m ( :i* are compil$ by writ]s ( repute1 & are 9 e way excell5t4 ,let him1 !n1 c>efully g ?r\gh ! read+ be=eh&1 comp>+ ea* picture ) ! text1 & mak+ himself s famili> ) its details t he is aft]w>ds able1 dur+ p]=mance1 to po9t out any?+ to :i* att5tion may advantage\sly be direct$4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is necess>y 9 ! case ( an introductory map1 :]e places ( importance to ! subject 9 h& mu/ be po9t$ out4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( po9t]1 by ! way1 is a ,japanese fi%+-rod1 :i* telescopes into small compass :5 n 9 use4 ,= an ev5+'s lant]n ent]ta9m5t to be successful1 a great deal dep5ds ^u ! op]ator4 ,) a m9]al-oil lamp 9 a small room1 8 duties are n v on]\s1 = ! lamp :5 once e/abli%$ %\ld require no fur!r att5tion1 except x be to turn d[n a wick :i* %[s symptoms ( smok+4 ,b he %\ld be c>eful to h 9 res]ve a glass or two to replace ! front glass ( ! combu/ion-*amb]1 :i* may crack ?r\gh "s unexpect$ draught ( air4 ,8 slides mu/ all be numb]$ & 9 ord]4 ,!y may be ea* m\nt$ 9 a wood5 frame to fit ! lant]n /age1 or else ! lant]n may be fitt$ ) a p]man5t groov$ slide 9 :i* ! glass pictures are plac$ "o aft] ano!r1 ! la/ "o pu%+ out ! "o be=e4 ,ano!r plan1 :i* is a good "o to adopt :]e a s+le lant]n only is be+ us$1 is to make use ( :at is call$ a panoramic slide4 ,x is con/ruct$ l ! "o j describ$1 only x is furni%$ ) a travell+ tape ^u :i* ea* picture re/s4 ,! turn ( a h&le moves ! tape1 & ! pictures travel =w>d panorama-fa%ion4 ,9 ! use ( a d\ble lant]n furni%$ ) lime-jets1 !re is pl5ty = two h&s to d1 = ! op]ator has to keep 8 att5tion fix$ n only ^u ! bus9ess ( *ang+ ! pictures1 b ^u ! condition ( ! lights4 ,z ! pressure ( ! oxyg5 gas v>ies z x is gradually consum$1 s ! supply ( ! two gases to ! jets w want con/ant adju/m5t if ! maximum quantity ( light is expect$4 ,extra weights1 too1 mu/ be add$ z ! pressure-bo>ds gradually s9k d[n4 ,beyond c>efulness 9 ?is respect1 ! lant]n op]ator mu/ see to ! occasional turn+ ( 8 limes1 tak+ c>e to d ?is :5 ! lime want+ att5tion is n 9 actual use4 ,he %\ld also f9d "t to wipe ! glass ( ea* picture ) a lea!r be=e putt+ x 9 ! lant]n1 = a film ( moi/ure cond5ses on ! surface1 p>ticul>ly 9 a room full ( p4 ,! success ( a lant]n ent]ta9m5t dep5ds ne>ly z mu* on ! compet5ce ( ! assi/ant z x does on ! p[]s ( ! lectur]4 ,i am p]haps fa/idi\s on ?is po9t1 = my lectur+ appr5tice%ip 0 s]v$ at ! late ,royal ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 :]e op]ators 7 employ$ :o _h sp5t ! be/ "p ( _! lives 9 ?is p>ticul> "w4 ,x 0 seldom1 inde$1 t !y made a mi/ake4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,guild=d4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4