,transcriber's ,note    ,italic text    
displayed as3 italic                    
,illustration            ,,essay ,,and  
,,speech    ,,on    ,,jewish            
,,disabilities      ,,by    ,,lord      
,,macaulay      ,,edited1 ,,with ,,an   
,,introduction ,,and ,,notes1 ,,by      
,,israel ,,abrahams1 ,m4,a4    ,,and    
,,the    ,,rev4 ,s4 ,,levy1 ,m4,a4      
,second ,edition      ,printed for the  
,jewish ,historical ,society of ,england
    ,by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson  ,,co4   
,,edinburgh      #aiaj          ,,note  
,the authors and editors of all volumes 
published by the ,jewish  ,historical   
,society of ,england accept full and    
sole responsibility for  the views      
expressed by them4          ,,contents  
,,page      ,,editors' ,,introduction   
#g      ,,macaulay',s ,,essay           
#ai      ,,macaulay',s ,,speech         
#db      ,,editors' ,,notes             
#fc          ,,illustrations            
,,portrait ,,of ,,macaulay              
,frontispiece      ,the frontispiece is 

a reduced photograph of    the portrait 
by ,sir ,francis ,grant1 ,p4,r4,a4 ,the 
original is in the ,national ,portrait  
,gallery1 ,london    7,no4 #dec74       
,,macaulay',s ,,autograph         ,to   
face page #fb      ,a facsimile         
reproduction of ,macaulay's signature   
at the end of a letter to ,macvey       
,napier1    ,editor of the ,edinburgh   
,review1 dated #ajth ,feb4    #ahci4    
,the original is in the ,british ,museum
    7,add4 ,,ms4 #cd1fbj f4 #hc b74     
,,introduction      ,the first edition  
of this reprint of ,macaulay's famous   
essay and  speech on the removal of     
,jewish disabilities was timed for      
publication  on ,december #bh1 #aiji1   
the fiftieth anniversary of their       
author's  death4 ,it was intended to    
serve a double object4 ,in the first    
place1  it was a tribute to the memory  
of ,macaulay in grateful recognition  of
 his strenuous advocacy of the cause of 
,jewish emancipation2 and  in the second
 place1 it was designed to be a further 

memento of the  celebration organised by
 the ,jewish ,historical ,society of    
,england in  #aijh1 on the occasion of  
the jubilee of the admission of ,jews   
into  ,parliament4    ,neither the essay
 nor the speech was ,macaulay's first   
contribution to  the cause of ,jewish   
emancipation4 ,thomas ,babington        
7afterwards ,lord7  ,macaulay           
7#ahjj-ahei7 entered the ,house of      
,commons at the ,general  ,election of  
#ahcj4 ,on ,april #e1 in that same year1
 ,mr4 7afterwards ,sir7  ,robert ,grant 
moved to bring in a ,bill to remove     
,jewish political  disabilities4 ,the   
motion was opposed by ,sir ,robert      
,inglis4 ,when ,inglis  resumed his     
seat1 8,sir ,james ,mackintosh and ,mr4 
,macaulay10 as ,hansard  reports1 8rose 
together1 but the latter1 being a new   
,member1 was  called for by the ,house40
 ,thus1 ,macaulay's maiden speech was   
delivered  in behalf of the ,jewish     
cause4 ,it made considerable stir4 ,sir 
,james  ,mackintosh took part in the    

debate later1 and after complimenting   
the  young orator1 said3 8,i do not     
rise1 therefore1 to supply any defects  
in that address1 for indeed there were  
none that ,i could find2 but it  is     
principally to absolve my own conscience
 that ,i offer myself to the  attention 
of the ,house40    ,writing to ,mr4     
7afterwards ,sir7 ,isaac ,lyon ,goldsmid
 on ,april #ac1 #ahcj1  ,lord ,holland  
suggested 8that it might promote your   
cause to print a  correct copy of the   
late triumphant debate in the ,commons  
in the shape  of a pamphlet during      
holidays4 ,if ,mr4 ,grant1 ,sir ,james  
,mackintosh1 ,mr4  ,macaulay1 and ,dr4  
,lushington could be prevailed upon to  
correct their  speeches for that        
publication1 it would be a valuable     
manual for all  those who in or out of  
,parliament are disposed to urge the    
facts and  reasons in your favour0      
7,transactions of the ,jewish           
,historical ,society  of ,england1 iv4  
#aeh74 ,this advice does not seem to    

have been followed1  nor did ,macaulay  
himself reprint this particular speech1 
but it was  included in ,vizetelly's two
 volumes of ,macaulay's ,speeches1      
published  in #ahec1 much to their      
author's indignation4 ,the speech       
occupies the  first place in ,vol4 ,i4  
,in the second volume of ,vizetelly's   
edition is  another speech by ,macaulay1
 delivered in the ,house on ,march #ca1 
#ahda1  on the ,jews' ,declaration      
,bill4 ,angered by ,vizetelly's         
publication1  ,macaulay himself brought 
out an edition of his speeches4 ,he     
included  neither of the two speeches   
which appear in ,vizetelly1 but inserted
 the  more powerful and effective speech
 delivered on ,april #ag1 #ahcc4    ,the
 production of the essay seems in the   
first instance to have been  due to     
,macaulay's own initiative4 ,for on     
,april #bi1 #ahcj1 a little over  three 
weeks after the #ahcj debate1 he wrote  
to ,macvey ,napier1 the  editor of the  
,edinburgh ,review3 8,if1 as ,i rather  

fear1 we should be  beaten in           
,parliament this year about the ,jews1 a
 short pungent article  on that question
 might be useful and taking4 ,it ought  
to come within  the compass of a single 
sheet0 7,selection from the             
,correspondence of  the late ,macvey    
,napier1 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #hj74 ,in   
the course of the  next few months      
,macaulay was strengthened in his       
conviction of the  probable efficacy of 
an essay on the ,jewish case by the     
representations  which were made to him 
in the interval1 apparently as an       
indirect  result of ,lord ,holland's    
original suggestion for the reprint in  
pamphlet form of the debate in the      
,house of ,commons on ,april #e1 #ahcj4 
,thus in another letter to ,macvey      
,napier1 dated ,october #af1 #ahcj1 he  
stated3 8,the ,jews have been urging me 
to say something about their  claims2   
and ,i really think that the question   
might be discussed1 both  on general and
 on particular grounds1 in a very       

attractive manner4  ,what do you think  
of this plan80 7ibid41 pp4 #ic1 #id74   
,on ,november #bg1  #ahcj1 he wrote     
again3 8,i have only a minute to write4 
,i will send you  an article on the     
,jews next week0 7ibid41 p4 #ig74 ,and  
finally on  ,december #ag1 #ahcj1       
,macaulay sent the article as promised4 
8,i send you  an article on the         
,jews4444 ,i am very busy1 or ,i should 
have sent you  this ,jew article before4
 ,it is short1 and carelessly written1  
perhaps1  as to style1 but certainly as 
to penmanship0 7ibid41 p4 #ih74 ,the    
essay  appeared in the ,edinburgh       
,review in the following month1 ,january
  #ahca1 and thus stands in date between
 the maiden speech of #ahcj and  the    
speech of #ahcc4 ,in the latter year the
 ,house of ,commons passed ,mr4         
,grant's ,bill through all its stages1  
though it was not till #ahfj that  the  
victory was formally won1 after a       
practical triumph in #aheh4 ,it is      
curious to note that1 in the debate of  

#ahcj1 ,mr4 ,grant appealed to the      
,commons to concede justice to the ,jews
 promptly1 and not let the matter  hang 
in the balance for thirty years1 as had 
been done with ,catholic  ,emancipation4
 ,the very interval feared by ,mr4      
,grant separated his  original motion   
from its final ratification4 ,macaulay's
 essay played a  great part in          
converting ,english public opinion4 ,so 
popular had this  essay become1 so      
convincing its plea1 that it was        
regarded as the main  statement of the  
,jewish case4 ,edition after edition of 
the volume  containing the essay was    
called for and exhausted4 ,so late as   
,september  #ahdg1 when the ,tory organ1
 the ,quarterly ,review1 futilely       
attempted  to set up a reasonable case  
against the ,jewish claim1 the whole of 
the  argument was directed towards      
rebutting ,macaulay's essay4    ,the    
present edition is a verbal reprint of  
,macaulay's own revision4  ,in the notes
 attention is drawn to some of the      

modifications which  the author         
introduced1 but a few words may here be 
said on one or two  points in which     
,macaulay's revision is particularly    
interesting4 ,thus1  in the speech as   
reported in ,hansard 7#crd ,series1     
,vol4 ,,xvii41 col4  #bcb71 there occurs
 this passage1 deleted in the           
revision3--     8,no charge could be    
brought against the ,jews of evincing   
any   disposition to attack the         
,christian religion1 or to offend its   
professors4 ,it was true that one       
imputation of such a nature had   lately
 been thrown out in that ,house1 but it 
was entirely unfounded4   ,he had seen a
 great deal of the worship of the ,jews1
 and he had   heard a great deal on the 
subject from others1 and from all that  
he   had seen and all that he had heard1
 he was able to say1 without the        
slightest fear of contradiction1 that   
there was no part of the ,jewish        
worship which was not only not insulting
 to ,christians1 but in which           

,christians might not1 without the least
 difficulty1 join40    ,the imputation  
had been made in the ,house by ,william 
,cobbett1 on ,march  #a1 #ahcc4 ,the    
most noteworthy point is1 however1 the  
sentences which  have been italicised4  
,they give direct evidence that         
,macaulay must  often have visited the  
synagogue services4    ,in the revision 
of the essay1 ,macaulay1 by omitting a  
couple of  sentences1 laid himself open 
to a charge of formal fallacy4          
,professor  ,f4 ,c4 ,montague 7in his   
edition of the ,essays1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4    
#bhi7 writes3  8,when ,macaulay asserts 
the identity of the two                 
propositions--,it is right  that some   
person or persons should possess        
political power1 and1 ,some  person or  
persons must have a right to political  
power--he commits an  obvious fallacy40 
,but in the ,edinburgh ,review ,macaulay
 continued3 8,it  will hardly be denied 
that government is a means for the      
attainment of  an end4 ,if men have a   

right to the end1 they have a right to  
this--that  the means shall be such as  
will accomplish the end40 ,there is thus
 no  fallacy in the argument as         
,macaulay intended it to be understood4 
,it  is equally difficult to admit the  
validity of ,professor ,montague's      
further comment3 8,neither is it true in
 all cases1 and without any             
qualification1 that differences of      
religion are absolutely irrelevant  to  
the bestowal of political power4 ,in    
some cases the differences of  thought  
and feeling between the adherents of    
different creeds are so  many and so    
considerable that harmonious            
co-operation in the same body  politic  
becomes almost inconceivable4 ,whilst   
,mohammedanism and ,hinduism  remain    
what they are1 it is scarcely           
conceivable that ,mohammedans and       
,hindus could really blend in one       
constituent body for the choice of  a   
parliament which should govern ,india40 
,it remains to be proved by  experience 

whether the results of ,lord ,morley's  
constitutional reforms  will not belie  
this fear1 and whether the joint        
admission of various  sects to political
 responsibility will not1 in the end1   
mitigate  sectarian animosities1 under  
the impulse of a common striving for the
  common good4 ,and ,macaulay's point is
 missed by ,professor ,montague4        
,religion as such must not be made a bar
 to admission to political  rights4     
,macaulay did not argue that power      
should be placed in the  hands of those 
unfit to use it for the general good4   
,but assuming the  fitness proved1 their
 religion must not be a ground for      
exclusion4  ,every one admitted that the
 fitness had been proved in the case of 
the  ,jews4 ,inglis1 who preceded       
,macaulay1 and1 of course1 on the       
opposite  side1 said in the #ahcc       
debate3 8,he believed that there was no 
portion  of the community that furnished
 a smaller relative proportion of       
criminals1 or that were better          

conducted1 than the ,jews were40        
,another  opponent of the ,bill1 ,mr4   
,halcomb1 said3 8,he admitted that the  
,jews  were a body against whose moral  
character nothing could be adduced2     
that they were good and loyal citizens  
of the king40 ,mr4 ,william ,roche  7a  
,catholic supporter of the ,bill7 might 
well comment on all this3 8,if1  ,sir1  
the ,jews have proved themselves good   
subjects in this country1 and  in all   
other countries where they have been    
domesticated and admitted  to political 
freedom1 that is all we have a right to 
look to1 leaving  to them1 as to every  
other sect1 perfect liberty of          
conscience in their  spiritual          
concerns40 ,of course ,professor        
,montague does not dispute the  validity
 of ,macaulay's plea as applied to the  
,jews4 ,he describes the  success of the
 arguments in the essay as complete1 and
 their justice as  generally admitted4  
,j4 ,cotter ,morison1 in his life of    
,macaulay in the 8,english ,men of      

,letters0 series1 advanced the view     
8that ,macaulay's natural aptitude  was 
rather oratorical than literary4444 ,it 
is no exaggeration to say  that as an   
orator he moves in a higher intellectual
 plane than he does  as a writer4444 ,in
 his speeches we find him nearly without
 exception  laying down broad luminous  
principles1 based upon reason1 and those
  boundless stores of historical        
illustration1 from which he argues with 
equal brevity and force4 ,it is         
interesting to compare his treatment of 
the same subject in an essay and a      
speech4 ,his speech on the ,maynooth    
grant and his essay on ,mr4 ,gladstone's
 ,church and ,state deal with           
practically the same question1 and few  
persons would hesitate to give  the     
preference to the speech0 7pp4 #aca1    
#acb74 ,jewish disabilities  is another 
subject which occasioned both an essay  
and a speech from  ,macaulay4 ,here1    
too1 the speech1 by comparison1 must be 
judged to be  more effective than the   

essay4 ,certainly there is no passage in
 the  essay which equals in dignity and 
strength and eloquence the following    
sentences in the speech3--     8,nobody 
knows better than my honourable friend  
the ,member for the   ,university of    
,oxford that there is nothing in their  
national character   which unfits them  
for the highest duties of citizens4 ,he 
knows that1   in the infancy of         
civilisation1 when our island was as    
savage as ,new   ,guinea1 when letters  
and arts were still unknown to ,athens1 
when   scarcely a thatched hut stood on 
what was afterwards the site of ,rome1  
this contemned people had their fenced  
cities and cedar palaces1 their         
splendid ,temple1 their fleets of       
merchant ships1 their schools of        
sacred learning1 their great statesmen  
and soldiers1 their natural             
philosophers1 their historians and their
 poets4 ,what nation ever   contended   
more manfully against overwhelming odds 
for its independence   and religion8    

,what nation ever1 in its last agonies1 
gave such signal   proofs of what may be
 accomplished by a brave despair8 ,and  
if1 in the   course of many centuries1  
the oppressed descendants of warriors   
and   sages have degenerated from the   
qualities of their fathers1 if1 while   
excluded from the blessings of law1 and 
bowed down under the yoke of   slavery1 
they have contracted some of the vices  
of outlaws and of   slaves1 shall we    
consider this as matter of reproach to  
them8 ,shall we   not rather consider it
 as matter of shame and remorse to      
ourselves8   ,let us do justice to them4
 ,let us open to them the door of the   
,house   of ,commons4 ,let us open to   
them every career in which ability and  
energy can be displayed4 ,till we have  
done this1 let us not presume   to say  
that there is no genius among the       
countrymen of ,isaiah1 no   heroism     
among the descendants of the ,maccabees0
 7,infra1 pp4 #fj1 #fa74    ,we may at  
this distance of time prefer the speech 

to the essay4  ,nevertheless1 we cannot 
but be profoundly grateful for both1 and
  are bound to recognise and appreciate 
the deep influence they both  exercised 
in persuading public opinion to grant   
the ,jews of ,england  complete equality
 before the law with all other          
denominations4 ,macaulay  was brought up
 in a home which was the headquarters of
 the movement  for the abolition of     
slavery4 ,he carried the lessons of his 
youth into  the work of his manhood4 ,he
 championed the cause of the persecuted 
and  the wronged in various human       
relations4 ,but nothing that he did has 
raised a more enduring monument to his  
name than his enthusiastic and          
triumphant advocacy of the cause of     
,jewish freedom4          ,civil        
,disabilities of the ,jews    ,,from    
8,,the ,,edinburgh ,,review10 ,jan4     
#ahca    ,statement of the ,civil       
,disabilities and ,privations affecting 
,jews in  ,england    #hvo4 ,london3    
#ahbia      ,the distinguished member of

 the ,house of ,commons who1 towards the
 close  of the late ,parliament1 brought
 forward a proposition for the relief of
  the ,jews1 has given notice of his    
intention to renew it4#b ,the force  of 
reason1 in the last session1 carried the
 measure through one stage1  in spite of
 the opposition of power4 ,reason and   
power are now on the  same side2 and we 
have little doubt that they will        
conjointly achieve a  decisive          
victory4#c ,in order to contribute our  
share to the success of  just           
principles1 we propose to pass in       
review1 as rapidly as possible1  some of
 the arguments1 or phrases claiming to  
be arguments1 which have  been employed 
to vindicate a system full of absurdity 
and injustice4    ,the constitution1 it 
is said1 is essentially ,christian2 and 
therefore  to admit ,jews to office is  
to destroy the constitution4 ,nor is the
  ,jew injured by being excluded from   
political power4 ,for no man has any    
right to power4 ,a man has a right to   

his property2 a man has a right to  be  
protected from personal injury4 ,these  
rights the law allows to the  ,jew2 and 
with these rights it would be atrocious 
to interfere4 ,but it  is a mere matter 
of favour to admit any man to political 
power2 and no  man can justly complain  
that he is shut out from it4    ,we     
cannot but admire the ingenuity of this 
contrivance for shifting  the burden of 
the proof from those to whom it properly
 belongs1 and  who would1 we suspect1   
find it rather cumbersome4 ,surely no   
,christian  can deny that every human   
being has a right to be allowed every   
gratification which produces no harm to 
others1 and to be spared  every         
mortification which produces no good to 
others4 ,is it not a  source of         
mortification to a class of men that    
they are excluded from  political power8
 ,if it be1 they have1 on ,christian    
principles1 a right  to be freed from   
that mortification1 unless it can be    
shown that  their exclusion is necessary

 for the averting of some greater evil4 
,the presumption is evidently in favour 
of toleration4 ,it is for the           
prosecutor to make out his case4    ,the
 strange argument which we are          
considering would prove too much  even  
for those who advance it4 ,if no man has
 a right to political  power1 then      
neither ,jew nor ,gentile has such a    
right4 ,the whole  foundation of        
government is taken away4 ,but if       
government be taken  away1 the property 
and the persons of men are insecure2 and
 it is  acknowledged that men have a    
right to their property and to personal 
security4 ,if it be right that the      
property of men should be protected1    
and if this can only be done by means of
 government1 then it must be  right that
 government should exist4 ,now there    
cannot be government  unless some person
 or persons possess political power4    
,therefore it  is right that some person
 or persons should possess political    
power4  ,that is to say1 some person or 

persons must have a right to political  
power4#d    ,it is because men are not  
in the habit of considering what the end
  of government is1 that ,catholic      
disabilities and ,jewish disabilities   
have been suffered to exist so long4 ,we
 hear of essentially ,protestant        
governments and essentially ,christian  
governments1 words which mean  just as  
much as essentially ,protestant cookery1
 or essentially  ,christian             
horsemanship4 ,government exists for the
 purpose of keeping  the peace1 for the 
purpose of compelling us to settle our  
disputes  by arbitration instead of     
settling them by blows1 for the purpose 
of  compelling us to supply our wants by
 industry instead of supplying  them by 
rapine4 ,this is the only operation for 
which the machinery  of government is   
peculiarly adapted1 the only operation  
which wise  governments ever propose to 
themselves as their chief object4 ,if   
there  is any class of people who are   
not interested1 or who do not think     

themselves interested1 in the security  
of property and the maintenance  of     
order1 that class ought to have no share
 of the powers which exist  for the     
purpose of securing property and        
maintaining order4 ,but why  a man      
should be less fit to exercise those    
powers because he wears a  beard1       
because he does not eat ham1 because he 
goes to the synagogue on  ,saturdays    
instead of going to the church on       
,sundays1 we cannot conceive4    ,the   
points of difference between            
,christianity and ,judaism have very    
much to do with a man's fitness to be a 
bishop or a rabbi4 ,but they  have no   
more to do with his fitness to be a     
magistrate1 a legislator1  or a minister
 of finance1 than with his fitness to be
 a cobbler4 ,nobody  has ever thought of
 compelling cobblers to make any        
declaration on the  true faith of a     
,christian4 ,any man would rather have  
his shoes mended  by a heretical cobbler
 than by a person who had subscribed all

 the  thirty-nine articles1 but had     
never handled an awl4 ,men act thus1 not
  because they are indifferent to       
religion1 but because they do not see   
what religion has to do with the mending
 of their shoes4 ,yet religion  has as  
much to do with the mending of shoes as 
with the budget and  the army estimates4
 ,we have surely had several signal     
proofs within  the last twenty years    
that a very good ,christian may be a    
very bad  ,chancellor of the            
,exchequer4#e    ,but it would be       
monstrous1 say the persecutors1 that    
,jews  should legislate for a ,christian
 community4 ,this is a palpable         
misrepresentation4 ,what is proposed is1
 not that the ,jews should  legislate   
for a ,christian community1 but that a  
legislature composed  of ,christians and
 ,jews should legislate for a community 
composed of  ,christians and ,jews4 ,on 
nine hundred and ninety-nine questions  
out of a  thousand1 on all questions of 
police1 of finance1 of civil and        

criminal  law1 of foreign policy1 the   
,jew1 as a ,jew1 has no interest hostile
 to  that of the ,christian1 or even to 
that of the ,churchman4 ,on questions   
relating to the ecclesiastical          
establishment1 the ,jew and the         
,churchman  may differ4 ,but they cannot
 differ more widely than the ,catholic  
and  the ,churchman1 or the ,independent
 and the ,churchman4 ,the principle     
that ,churchmen ought to monopolise the 
whole power of the state would  at least
 have an intelligible meaning4 ,the     
principle that ,christians  ought to    
monopolise it has no meaning at all4    
,for no question connected  with the    
ecclesiastical institutions of the      
country can possibly come  before       
,parliament1 with respect to which there
 will not be as wide a  difference      
between ,christians as there can be     
between any ,christian and  any ,jew4   
,in fact1 the ,jews are not now excluded
 from political power4 ,they  possess   
it2 and as long as they are allowed to  

accumulate large  fortunes1 they must   
possess it4 ,the distinction which is   
sometimes made  between civil privileges
 and political power is a distinction   
without  a difference4 ,privileges are  
power4 ,civil and political are         
synonymous  words1 the one derived from 
the ,latin1 the other from the ,greek4  
,nor is  this mere verbal quibbling4 ,if
 we look for a moment at the facts of   
the  case1 we shall see that the things 
are inseparable1 or rather identical4   
,that a ,jew should be a judge in a     
,christian country would be most        
shocking4 ,but he may be a juryman4 ,he 
may try issues of fact2 and no  harm is 
done4 ,but if he should be suffered to  
try issues of law1 there  is an end of  
the constitution4 ,he may sit in a box  
plainly dressed1  and return verdicts4  
,but that he should sit on the bench in 
a black  gown and white wig1 and grant  
new trials1 would be an abomination not 
to be thought of among baptized people4 
,the distinction is certainly  most     

philosophical4    ,what power in        
civilised society is so great as that of
 the creditor  over the debtor8 ,if we  
take this away from the ,jew1 we take   
away from  him the security of his      
property4 ,if we leave it to him1 we    
leave to  him a power more despotic by  
far than that of the king and all his   
cabinet4    ,it would be impious to let 
a ,jew sit in ,parliament4 ,but a ,jew  
may make  money2 and money may make     
,members of ,parliament4 ,gatton and    
,old ,sarum  may be the property of a   
,hebrew4 ,an elector of ,penryn will    
take ten  pounds from ,shylock rather   
than nine pounds nineteen shillings and 
elevenpence three farthings from        
,antonio4#f ,to this no objection is    
made4 ,that a ,jew should possess the   
substance of legislative power1  that he
 should command eight votes on every    
division as if he were the  great ,duke 
of ,newcastle#g himself1 is exactly as  
it should be4 ,but  that he should pass 
the bar and sit down on those mysterious

 cushions  of green leather1 that he    
should cry 8hear0 and 8order10 and talk 
about  being on his legs1 and being1 for
 one1 free to say this and to say  that1
 would be a profanation sufficient to   
bring ruin on the country4    ,that a   
,jew should be privy councillor to a    
,christian king would  be an eternal    
disgrace to the nation4 ,but the ,jew   
may govern the  money-market1 and the   
money-market may govern the world4 ,the 
minister  may be in doubt as to his     
scheme of finance till he has been      
closeted  with a ,jew4 ,a congress of   
sovereigns may be forced to summon the  
,jew to  their assistance4 ,the scrawl  
of the ,jew on the back of a piece of   
paper  may be worth more than the royal 
word of three kings1 or the national    
faith of three new ,american republics4 
,but that he should put ,right          
,honourable before his name would be the
 most frightful of national  calamities4
    ,it was in this way that some of our
 politicians reasoned about the  ,irish 

,catholics4 ,the ,catholics ought to    
have no political power4 ,the  sun of   
,england is set for ever if the         
,catholics exercise political  power4   
,give the ,catholics everything else2   
but keep political power  from them4    
,these wise men did not see that1 when  
everything else had  been given1        
political power had been given4 ,they   
continued to repeat  their cuckoo song1 
when it was no longer a question whether
 ,catholics  should have political power
 or not1 when a ,catholic ,association  
bearded the ,parliament1 when a         
,catholic agitator exercised infinitely 
more authority than the ,lord           
,lieutenant4#h    ,if it is our duty as 
,christians to exclude the ,jews from   
political  power1 it must be our duty to
 treat them as our ancestors treated    
them1  to murder them1 and banish them1 
and rob them4 ,for in that way1 and in  
that way alone1 can we really deprive   
them of political power4 ,if we do  not 
adopt this course1 we may take away the 

shadow1 but we must leave  them the     
substance4 ,we may do enough to pain and
 irritate them2 but we  shall not do    
enough to secure ourselves from danger1 
if danger really  exists4 ,where wealth 
is1 there power must inevitably be4     
,the ,english ,jews1 we are told1 are   
not ,englishmen4 ,they are a separate   
people1 living locally in this island1  
but living morally and  politically in  
communion with their brethren who are   
scattered over  all the world4 ,an      
,english ,jew looks on a ,dutch or a    
,portuguese ,jew as  his countryman1 and
 on an ,english ,christian as a         
stranger4 ,this want  of patriotic      
feeling1 it is said1 renders a ,jew     
unfit to exercise  political functions4 
,the argument has in it something       
plausible2 but a close examination      
shows it to be quite unsound4 ,even if  
the alleged facts are admitted1  still  
the ,jews are not the only people who   
have preferred their sect  to their     
country4 ,the feeling of patriotism1    

when society is in a  healthful state1  
springs up by a natural and inevitable  
association1  in the minds of citizens  
who know that they owe all their        
comforts and  pleasures to the bond     
which unites them in one community4     
,but1 under a  partial and oppressive   
government1 these associations cannot   
acquire  that strength which they have  
in a better state of things4 ,men are   
compelled to seek from their party that 
protection which they ought  to receive 
from their country1 and they1 by a      
natural consequence1  transfer to their 
party that affection which they would   
otherwise have  felt for their country4 
,the ,huguenots of ,france called in the
 help of  ,england against their        
,catholic kings4 ,the ,catholics of     
,france called in  the help of ,spain   
against a ,huguenot king4 ,would it be  
fair to infer1  that at present the     
,french ,protestants would wish to see  
their religion  made dominant by the    
help of a ,prussian or ,english army8   

,surely not4  ,and why is it that they  
are not willing1 as they formerly were  
willing1  to sacrifice the interests of 
their country to the interests of their 
religious persuasion8 ,the reason is    
obvious3 they were persecuted then1  and
 are not persecuted now4 ,the ,english  
,puritans1 under ,charles the  ,first1  
prevailed on the ,scotch to invade      
,england4 ,do the ,protestant           
,dissenters of our time wish to see the 
,church put down by an invasion  of     
foreign ,calvinists8 ,if not1 to what   
cause are we to attribute  the change8  
,surely to this1 that the ,protestant   
,dissenters are far  better treated now 
than in the seventeenth century4 ,some  
of the most  illustrious public men that
 ,england ever produced were inclined to
  take refuge from the tyranny of ,laud 
in ,north ,america4#i ,was this  because
 ,presbyterians and ,independents are   
incapable of loving their  country8 ,but
 it is idle to multiply instances4      
,nothing is so offensive  to a man who  

knows anything of history or of human   
nature as to hear  those who exercise   
the powers of government accuse any sect
 of foreign  attachments4 ,if there be  
any proposition universally true in     
politics  it is this1 that foreign      
attachments are the fruit of domestic   
misrule4  ,it has always been the trick 
of bigots to make their subjects        
miserable  at home1 and then to complain
 that they look for relief abroad2 to   
divide society1 and to wonder that it is
 not united2 to govern as if a  section 
of the state were the whole1 and to     
censure the other sections  of the state
 for their want of patriotic spirit4 ,if
 the ,jews have not  felt towards       
,england like children1 it is because   
she has treated them  like a stepmother4
 ,there is no feeling which more        
certainly develops  itself in the minds 
of men living under tolerably good      
government than  the feeling of         
patriotism4 ,since the beginning of the 
world1 there  never was any nation1 or  

any large portion of any nation1 not    
cruelly  oppressed1 which was wholly    
destitute of that feeling4 ,to make it1 
therefore1 ground of accusation against 
a class of men1 that they are  not      
patriotic1 is the most vulgar           
legerdemain of sophistry4 ,it is the    
logic which the wolf employs against the
 lamb4 ,it is to accuse the  mouth of   
the stream of poisoning the source4#aj  
,if the ,english ,jews really felt a    
deadly hatred to ,england1 if the       
weekly prayer of their synagogues were  
that all the curses denounced  by       
,ezekiel on ,tyre and ,egypt might fall 
on ,london1 if1 in their  solemn feasts1
 they called down blessings on those who
 should dash  their children to pieces  
on the stones1 still1 we say1 their     
hatred  to their countrymen would not be
 more intense than that which sects  of 
,christians have often borne to each    
other4 ,but in fact the feeling  of the 
,jews is not such4 ,it is precisely     
what1 in the situation in  which they   

are placed1 we should expect it to be4  
,they are treated  far better than the  
,french ,protestants were treated in the
 sixteenth  and seventeenth centuries1  
or than our ,puritans were treated in   
the  time of ,laud4 ,they1 therefore1   
have no rancour against the government  
or against their countrymen4 ,it will   
not be denied that they are far  better 
affected to the state than the followers
 of ,coligni or ,vane4#aa  ,but they are
 not so well treated as the dissenting  
sects of ,christians  are now treated in
 ,england2 and on this account1 and1 we 
firmly  believe1 on this account alone1 
they have a more exclusive spirit4 ,till
  we have carried the experiment        
farther1 we are not entitled to conclude
  that they cannot be made ,englishmen  
altogether4 ,the statesman who  treats  
them as aliens1 and then abuses them for
 not entertaining all  the feelings of  
natives1 is as unreasonable as the      
tyrant who punished  their fathers for  
not making bricks without straw4        

,rulers must not be suffered thus to    
absolve themselves of their solemn      
responsibility4 ,it does not lie in     
their mouths to say that a sect  is not 
patriotic4 ,it is their business to make
 it patriotic4 ,history  and reason     
clearly indicate the means4 ,the        
,english ,jews are1 as far  as we can   
see1 precisely what our government has  
made them4 ,they are  precisely what any
 sect1 what any class of men1 treated as
 they have  been treated1 would have    
been4 ,if all the red-haired people in  
,europe  had1 during centuries1 been    
outraged and oppressed1 banished from   
this place1 imprisoned in that1 deprived
 of their money1 deprived of  their     
teeth1 convicted of the most improbable 
crimes on the feeblest  evidence1       
dragged at horses' tails1 hanged1       
tortured1 burned alive2  if1 when       
manners became milder1 they had still   
been subject to  debasing restrictions  
and exposed to vulgar insults1 locked up
 in  particular streets in some         

countries1 pelted and ducked by the     
rabble  in others1 excluded everywhere  
from magistracies and honours1 what     
would be the patriotism of gentlemen    
with red hair8 ,and if1 under such      
circumstances1 a proposition were made  
for admitting red-haired men  to office1
 how striking a speech might an eloquent
 admirer of our old  institutions       
deliver against so revolutionary a      
measure6 8,these men10  he might say1   
8scarcely consider themselves as        
,englishmen4 ,they think  a red-haired  
,frenchman or a red-haired ,german more 
closely connected  with them than a man 
with brown hair born in their own       
parish4 ,if a  foreign sovereign        
patronises red hair1 they love him      
better than their  own native king4     
,they are not ,englishmen3 they cannot  
be ,englishmen3  nature has forbidden   
it3 experience proves it to be          
impossible4 ,right  to political power  
they have none2 for no man has a right  
to political  power4 ,let them enjoy    

personal security2 let their property be
 under  the protection of the law4 ,but 
if they ask for leave to exercise power 
over a community of which they are only 
half members1 a community the           
constitution of which is essentially    
dark-haired1 let us answer them in  the 
words of our wise ancestors1 ,nolumus   
leges ,angli mutari40#ab    ,but it is  
said1 the ,scriptures declare that the  
,jews are to be restored  to their own  
country2 and the whole nation looks     
forward to that  restoration4 ,they are1
 therefore1 not so deeply interested as 
others in  the prosperity of ,england4  
,it is not their home1 but merely the   
place  of their sojourn1 the house of   
their bondage4 ,this argument1 which    
first appeared in the ,times            
newspaper1#ac and which has attracted a 
degree of attention proportioned not so 
much to its own intrinsic force  as to  
the general talent with which that      
journal is conducted1 belongs  to a     
class of sophisms by which the most     

hateful persecutions may  easily be     
justified4 ,to charge men with practical
 consequences which  they themselves    
deny is disingenuous in controversy2 it 
is atrocious  in government4 ,the       
doctrine of predestination1 in the      
opinion of many  people1 tends to make  
those who hold it utterly immoral4 ,and 
certainly  it would seem that a man who 
believes his eternal destiny to be      
already  irrevocably fixed is likely to 
indulge his passions without restraint  
and to neglect his religious duties4 ,if
 he is an heir of wrath1 his  exertions 
must be unavailing4 ,if he is           
preordained to life1 they must  be      
superfluous4 ,but would it be wise to   
punish every man who holds  the higher  
doctrines of ,calvinism1 as if he had   
actually committed  all those crimes    
which we know some ,antinomians to have 
committed8  ,assuredly not4 ,the fact   
notoriously is that there are many      
,calvinists  as moral in their conduct  
as any ,arminian1 and many ,arminians as

 loose  as any ,calvinist4    ,it is    
altogether impossible to reason from the
 opinions which a man  professes to his 
feelings and his actions2 and in fact no
 person is  ever such a fool as to      
reason thus1 except when he wants a     
pretext  for persecuting his neighbours4
 ,a ,christian is commanded1 under the  
strongest sanctions1 to be just in all  
his dealings4 ,yet to how many  of the  
twenty-four millions of professing      
,christians in these islands  would any 
man in his senses lend a thousand pounds
 without security8 ,a  man who should   
act1 for one day1 on the supposition    
that all the people  about him were     
influenced by the religion which they   
professed1 would  find himself ruined   
before night2 and no man ever does act  
on that  supposition in any of the      
ordinary concerns of life1 in borrowing1
 in  lending1 in buying1 or in selling4 
,but when any of our fellow-creatures   
are to be oppressed1 the case is        
different4 ,then we represent those     

motives which we know to be so feeble   
for good as omnipotent for evil4  ,then 
we lay to the charge of our victims all 
the vices and follies to  which their   
doctrines1 however remotely1 seem to    
tend4 ,we forget that  the same         
weakness1 the same laxity1 the same     
disposition to prefer the  present to   
the future1 which make men worse than a 
good religion1 make  them better than a 
bad one4    ,it was in this way that our
 ancestors reasoned1 and that some      
people in  our time still reason1 about 
the ,catholics4 ,a ,papist believes     
himself  bound to obey the pope4 ,the   
pope has issued a bull deposing ,queen  
,elizabeth4 ,therefore every ,papist    
will treat her grace as an usurper4     
,therefore every ,papist is a traitor4  
,therefore every ,papist ought to  be   
hanged1 drawn1 and quartered4 ,to this  
logic we owe some of the most  hateful  
laws that ever disgraced our history4   
,surely the answer lies on  the surface4
 ,the ,church of ,rome may have         

commanded these men to treat  the queen 
as an usurper4 ,but she has commanded   
them to do many other  things which they
 have never done4 ,she enjoins her      
priests to observe  strict purity4 ,you 
are always taunting them with their     
licentiousness4  ,she commands all her  
followers to fast often1 to be          
charitable to the  poor1 to take no     
interest for money1 to fight no duels1  
to see no  plays4 ,do they obey these   
injunctions8 ,if it be the fact that    
very few  of them strictly observe her  
precepts1 when her precepts are opposed 
to their passions and interests1 may not
 loyalty1 may not humanity1  may not the
 love of ease1 may not the fear of      
death1 be sufficient  to prevent them   
from executing those wicked orders which
 the ,church  of ,rome has issued       
against the sovereign of ,england8 ,when
 we know  that many of these people do  
not care enough for their religion to go
  without beef on a ,friday for it1 why 
should we think that they will run  the 

risk of being racked and hanged for it8 
,people are now reasoning about the     
,jews as our fathers reasoned about  the
 ,papists4 ,the law which is inscribed  
on the walls of the synagogues          
prohibits covetousness4#ad ,but if we   
were to say that a ,jew mortgagee  would
 not foreclose because ,god had         
commanded him not to covet his          
neighbour's house1 everybody would think
 us out of our wits4 ,yet it  passes for
 an argument to say that a ,jew will    
take no interest in  the prosperity of  
the country in which he lives1 that he  
will not  care how bad its laws and     
police may be1 how heavily it may be    
taxed1  how often it may be conquered   
and given up to spoil1 because ,god has 
promised that1 by some unknown means and
 at some undetermined time1  perhaps ten
 thousand years hence1 the ,jews shall  
migrate to ,palestine4  ,is not this the
 most profound ignorance of human       
nature8 ,do we not  know that what is   
remote and indefinite affects men far   

less than  what is near and certain8    
,the argument1 too1 applies to          
,christians as  strongly as to ,jews4   
,the ,christian believes as well as the 
,jew1 that  at some future period the   
present order of things will come to an 
end4  ,nay1 many ,christians believe    
that the ,messiah will shortly establish
  a kingdom on the earth1 and reign     
visibly over all its inhabitants4       
,whether this doctrine be orthodox or   
not we shall not here inquire4 ,the     
number of people who hold it is very    
much greater than the number of  ,jews  
residing in ,england4 ,many of those who
 hold it are distinguished  by rank1    
wealth1 and ability4 ,it is preached    
from pulpits both of the  ,scottish and 
of the ,english ,church4 ,noblemen and  
,members of ,parliament  have written in
 defence of it4 ,now wherein does this  
doctrine differ1  as far as its         
political tendency is concerned1 from   
the doctrine of  the ,jews8 ,if a ,jew  
is unfit to legislate for us because he 

believes  that he or his remote         
descendants will be removed to          
,palestine1 can we  safely open the     
,house of ,commons to a fifth-monarchy  
man1 who expects  that before this      
generation shall pass away1 all the     
kingdoms of the  earth will be swallowed
 up in one divine empire8    ,does a    
,jew engage less eagerly than a         
,christian in any competition  which the
 law leaves open to him8 ,is he less    
active and regular in  his business than
 his neighbours8 ,does he furnish his   
house meanly1  because he is a pilgrim  
and sojourner in the land8 ,does the    
expectation  of being restored to the   
country of his fathers make him         
insensible  to the fluctuations of the  
stock-exchange8 ,does he1 in arranging  
his  private affairs1 ever take into the
 account the chance of his migrating  to
 ,palestine8 ,if not1 why are we to     
suppose that feelings which  never      
influence his dealings as a merchant1 or
 his dispositions as a  testator1 will  

acquire a boundless influence over him  
as soon as he  becomes a magistrate or a
 legislator8    ,there is another       
argument which we would not willingly   
treat with  levity1 and which yet we    
scarcely know how to treat seriously4   
,scripture1 it is said1 is full of      
terrible denunciations against the      
,jews4 ,it is foretold that they are to 
be wanderers4 ,is it then right to  give
 them a home8 ,it is foretold that they 
are to be oppressed4 ,can we  with      
propriety suffer them to be rulers8 ,to 
admit them to the rights of  citizens is
 manifestly to insult the ,divine       
oracles4    ,we allow that to falsify a 
prophecy inspired by ,divine ,wisdom    
would be  a most atrocious crime4 ,it   
is1 therefore1 a happy circumstance for 
our  frail species1 that it is a crime  
which no man can possibly commit4 ,if   
we admit the ,jews to seats in          
,parliament1 we shall1 by so doing1     
prove  that the prophecies in question1 
whatever they may mean1 do not mean     

that the ,jews shall be excluded from   
,parliament4    ,in fact it is already  
clear that the prophecies do not bear   
the meaning  put upon them by the       
respectable persons whom we are now     
answering4  ,in ,france and in the      
,united ,states the ,jews are already   
admitted to  all the rights of citizens4
 ,a prophecy1 therefore1 which should   
mean  that the ,jews would never1 during
 the course of their wanderings1 be     
admitted to all the rights of citizens  
in the places of their sojourn1  would  
be a false prophecy4 ,this1 therefore1  
is not the meaning of the  prophecies of
 ,scripture4    ,but we protest         
altogether against the practice of      
confounding prophecy  with precept1 of  
setting up predictions which are often  
obscure against  a morality which is    
always clear4 ,if actions are to be     
considered as  just and good merely     
because they have been predicted1 what  
action  was ever more laudable than that
 crime which our bigots are now1  at the

 end of eighteen centuries1 urging us to
 avenge on the ,jews1  that crime which 
made the earth shake and blotted out the
 sun from  heaven8 ,the same reasoning  
which is now employed to vindicate the  
disabilities imposed on our ,hebrew     
countrymen will equally vindicate  the  
kiss of ,judas and the judgment of      
,pilate4 8,the son of man goeth1  as it 
is written of him2 but woe to that man  
by whom the son of man  is betrayed40#ae
 ,and woe to those who1 in any age or in
 any country1  disobey his benevolent   
commands under pretence of accomplishing
 his  predictions4 ,if this argument    
justifies the laws now existing against 
the ,jews1 it justifies equally all the 
cruelties which have ever  been         
committed against them1 the sweeping    
edicts of banishment and  confiscation1 
the dungeon1 the rack1 and the slow     
fire4 ,how can we  excuse ourselves for 
leaving property to people who are to   
8serve their  enemies in hunger1 and in 
thirst1 and in nakedness1 and in want of

  all things02 for giving protection to 
the persons of those who are to  8fear  
day and night1 and to have none         
assurance of their life02 for not       
seizing on the children of a race whose 
8sons and daughters are to be  given    
unto another people08#af    ,we have not
 so learned the doctrines of him who    
commanded us to love  our neighbour as  
ourselves1 and who1 when he was called  
upon to explain  what he meant by a     
neighbour1 selected as an example a     
heretic and an  alien4#ag ,last year1 we
 remember1 it was represented by a pious
 writer  in the ,john ,bull             
newspaper1#ah and by some other equally 
fervid  ,christians1 as a monstrous     
indecency1 that the measure for the     
relief  of the ,jews should be brought  
forward in ,passion week4 ,one of these 
humourists ironically recommended that  
it should be read a second time  on     
,good ,friday4 ,we should have had no   
objection2 nor do we believe  that the  
day could be commemorated in a more     

worthy manner4 ,we know of  no day      
fitter for terminating long hostilities1
 and repairing cruel  wrongs1 than the  
day on which the religion of mercy was  
founded4 ,we  know of no day fitter for 
blotting out from the statute-book the  
last  traces of intolerance than the day
 on which the spirit of intolerance     
produced the foulest of all judicial    
murders1 the day on which the list  of  
the victims of intolerance1 that noble  
list wherein ,socrates and  ,more are   
enrolled1 was glorified by a yet greater
 and holier name4          ,a ,,speech  
,,delivered ,,in ,a ,,committee ,,of    
,,the ,,whole ,,house ,,of ,,commons    
,on the #agth of ,april #ahcc4       ,on
 the seventeenth of ,april1 #ahcc1 the  
,house of ,commons resolved   itself    
into a ,committee to consider of the    
civil disabilities of   the ,jews4 ,mr4 
,warburton took the chair4 ,mr4 ,robert 
,grant moved the   following            
resolution3--      8,that it is the     
opinion of this ,committee that it is   

expedient to    remove all civil        
disabilities at present existing with   
respect to    ,his ,majesty's subjects  
professing the ,jewish religion1 with   
the like    exceptions as are provided  
with respect to ,his ,majesty's subjects
    professing the ,roman ,catholic     
religion40     ,the resolution passed   
without a division1 after a warm debate1
 in the   course of which the following 
,speech was made3--    ,,mr4            
,,warburton1--,i recollect1 and my      
honourable friend the ,member for  the  
,university of ,oxford#ai will          
recollect1 that when this subject  was  
discussed three years ago1 it was       
remarked1 by one whom we both  loved and
 whom we both regret1 that the strength 
of the case of the  ,jews was a serious 
inconvenience to their advocate1 for    
that it was  hardly possible to make a  
speech for them without wearying the    
audience  by repeating truths which were
 universally admitted4 ,if ,sir ,james  
,mackintosh felt this difficulty when   

the question was first brought  forward 
in this ,house1 ,i may well despair of  
being able now to offer  any arguments  
which have a pretence to novelty4#bj    
,my honourable friend1 the ,member for  
the ,university of ,oxford1 began  his  
speech by declaring that he had no      
intention of calling in question  the   
principles of religious liberty4 ,he    
utterly disclaims persecution1  that is 
to say1 persecution as defined by       
himself4 ,it would1 in his  opinion1 be 
persecution to hang a ,jew1 or to flay  
him1 or to draw  his teeth1 or to       
imprison him1 or to fine him2 for every 
man who  conducts himself peaceably has 
a right to his life and his limbs1 to   
his personal liberty and his property4  
,but it is not persecution1  says my    
honourable friend1 to exclude any       
individual or any class  from office2   
for nobody has a right to office3 in    
every country  official appointments    
must be subject to such regulations as  
the  supreme authority may choose to    

make2 nor can any such regulations be   
reasonably complained of by any member  
of the society as unjust4 ,he  who      
obtains an office obtains it1 not as    
matter of right1 but as matter  of      
favour4 ,he who does not obtain an      
office is not wronged2 he is only  in   
that situation in which the vast        
majority of every community must        
necessarily be4 ,there are in the       
,united ,kingdom five and twenty million
  ,christians without places2 and1 if   
they do not complain1 why should  five  
and twenty thousand ,jews complain of   
being in the same case8 ,in  this way my
 honourable friend has convinced himself
 that1 as it would  be most absurd in   
him and me to say that we are wronged   
because we are  not ,secretaries of     
,state1 so it is most absurd in the     
,jews to say that  they are wronged     
because they are1 as a people1 excluded 
from public  employment4    ,now1 surely
 my honourable friend cannot have       
considered to what  conclusions his     

reasoning leads4 ,those conclusions are 
so monstrous  that he would1 ,i am      
certain1 shrink from them4 ,does he     
really mean that  it would not be wrong 
in the legislature to enact that no man 
should  be a judge unless he weighed    
twelve stone1 or that no man should sit 
in ,parliament unless he were six feet  
high8 ,we are about to bring in  a bill 
for the government of ,india4 ,suppose  
that we were to insert  in that bill a  
clause providing that no graduate of the
 ,university  of ,oxford should be      
,governor-,general or ,governor of any  
,presidency1  would not my honourable   
friend cry out against such a clause as 
most  unjust to the learned body which  
he represents8 ,and would he think      
himself sufficiently answered by being  
told1 in his own words1 that  the       
appointment to office is a mere matter  
of favour1 and that to  exclude an      
individual or a class from office is no 
injury8 ,surely1 on  consideration1 he  
must admit that official appointments   

ought not to be  subject to regulations 
purely arbitrary1 to regulations for    
which no  reason can be given but mere  
caprice1 and that those who would       
exclude  any class from public          
employment are bound to show some       
special reason  for the exclusion4      
,my honourable friend has appealed to us
 as ,christians4 ,let me then  ask him  
how he understands that great           
commandment which comprises the  law and
 the prophets4 ,can we be said to do    
unto others as we would  that they      
should do unto us if we wantonly inflict
 on them even the  smallest pain8 ,as   
,christians1 surely we are bound to     
consider1 first1  whether1 by excluding 
the ,jews from all public trust1 we give
 them  pain2 and1 secondly1 whether it  
be necessary to give them that pain in  
order to avert some greater evil4 ,that 
by excluding them from public  trust we 
inflict pain on them my honourable      
friend will not dispute4  ,as a         
,christian1 therefore1 he is bound to   

relieve them from that pain1  unless he 
can show1 what ,i am sure he has not yet
 shown1 that it is  necessary to the    
general good that they should continue  
to suffer4    ,but where1 he says1 are  
you to stop1 if once you admit into the 
,house of ,commons people who deny the  
authority of the ,gospels8 ,will  you   
let in a ,mussulman8 ,will you let in a 
,parsee8 ,will you let in a  ,hindoo1   
who worships a lump of stone with seven 
heads8 ,i will answer  my honourable    
friend's question by another4 ,where    
does he mean to  stop8 ,is he ready to  
roast unbelievers at slow fires8 ,if    
not1 let him  tell us why3 and ,i will  
engage to prove that his reason is just 
as  decisive against the intolerance    
which he thinks a duty1 as against  the 
intolerance which he thinks a crime4    
,once admit that we are bound  to       
inflict pain on a man because he is not 
of our religion2 and where  are you to  
stop8 ,why stop at the point fixed by my
 honourable friend  rather than at the  

point fixed by the honourable ,member   
for ,oldham1#ba  who would make the     
,jews incapable of holding land8 ,and   
why stop at  the point fixed by the     
honourable ,member for ,oldham rather   
than at  the point which would have been
 fixed by a ,spanish ,inquisitor of the 
sixteenth century8 ,when once you enter 
on a course of persecution1 ,i  defy you
 to find any reason for making a halt   
till you have reached  the extreme      
point4 ,when my honourable friend tells 
us that he will  allow the ,jews to     
possess property to any amount1 but that
 he will  not allow them to possess the 
smallest political power1 he holds      
contradictory language4 ,property is    
power4 ,the honourable ,member for      
,oldham reasons better than my          
honourable friend4 ,the honourable      
member  for ,oldham sees very clearly   
that it is impossible to deprive a man  
of political power if you suffer him to 
be the proprietor of half a  county1 and
 therefore very consistently proposes to

 confiscate the  landed estates of the  
,jews4 ,but even the honourable ,member 
for ,oldham  does not go far enough4 ,he
 has not proposed to confiscate the     
personal  property of the ,jews4 ,yet it
 is perfectly certain that any ,jew who 
has a million may easily make himself   
very important in the state4 ,by  such  
steps we pass from official power to    
landed property1 and from  landed       
property to personal property1 and from 
property to liberty1  and from liberty  
to life4 ,in truth1 those persecutors   
who use the  rack and the stake have    
much to say for themselves4 ,they are   
convinced  that their end is good2 and  
it must be admitted that they employ    
means which are not unlikely to attain  
the end4 ,religious dissent has         
repeatedly been put down by sanguinary  
persecution4 ,in that way the           
,albigenses were put down4#bb ,in that  
way ,protestantism was suppressed  in   
,spain and ,italy1 so that it has never 
since reared its head4 ,but  ,i defy    

anybody to produce an instance in which 
disabilities such as  we are now        
considering have produced any other     
effect than that of  making the         
sufferers angry and obstinate4 ,my      
honourable friend should  either        
persecute to some purpose1 or not       
persecute at all4 ,he dislikes  the word
 persecution1 ,i know4 ,he will not     
admit that the ,jews are  persecuted4   
,and yet ,i am confident that he would  
rather be sent to the  ,king's ,bench   
,prison for three months1 or be fined a 
hundred pounds1  than be subject to the 
disabilities under which the ,jews lie4 
,how can  he then say that to impose    
such disabilities is not persecution1   
and  that to fine and imprison is       
persecution8 ,all his reasoning consists
  in drawing arbitrary lines4 ,what he  
does not wish to inflict he calls       
persecution4 ,what he does wish to      
inflict he will not call persecution4   
,what he takes from the ,jews he calls  
political power4 ,what he is too        

good-natured to take from the ,jews he  
will not call political power4  ,the    
,jew must not sit in ,parliament2 but he
 may be the proprietor of all  the      
ten-pound houses in a borough4#bc ,he   
may have more fifty-pound  tenants than 
any peer in the kingdom4 ,he may give   
the voters treats to  please their      
palates1 and hire bands of gipsies to   
break their heads1  as if he were a     
,christian and a ,marquess4 ,all the    
rest of the system is  of a piece4 ,the 
,jew may be a juryman1 but not a judge4 
,he may decide  issues of fact1 but not 
issues of law4 ,he may give a hundred   
thousand  pounds damages2 but he may not
 in the most trivial case grant a new   
trial4 ,he may rule the money-market3 he
 may influence the exchanges3 he  may be
 summoned to congresses of ,emperors and
 ,kings4 ,great potentates1  instead of 
negotiating a loan with him by tying him
 in a chair and  pulling out his        
grinders1 may treat with him as with a  
great potentate1  and may postpone the  

declaring of war or the signing of a    
treaty till  they have conferred with   
him4 ,all this is as it should be3 but  
he must  not be a ,privy ,councillor4   
,he must not be called ,right           
,honourable1 for  that is political     
power4 ,and who is it that we are trying
 to cheat  in this way8 ,even           
,omniscience4 ,yes1 ,sir2 we have been  
gravely told  that the ,jews are under  
the divine displeasure1 and that if we  
give  them political power1 ,god will   
visit us in judgment4 ,do we then think 
that ,god cannot distinguish between    
substance and form8 ,does not ,he  know 
that1 while we withhold from the ,jews  
the semblance and name of  political    
power1 we suffer them to possess the    
substance8 ,the plain  truth is that my 
honourable friend is drawn in one       
direction by his  opinions1 and in a    
directly opposite direction by his      
excellent heart4  ,he halts between two 
opinions4 ,he tries to make a compromise
 between  principles which admit of no  

compromise4 ,he goes a certain way in   
intolerance4 ,then he stops1 without    
being able to give a reason for         
stopping4 ,but ,i know the reason4 ,it  
is his humanity4 ,those who formerly    
dragged the ,jew at a horse's tail1 and 
singed his beard with blazing           
furze-bushes1 were much worse men than  
my honourable friend2 but they  were    
more consistent than he4    ,it has been
 said that it would be monstrous to see 
a ,jew judge try a  man for             
blasphemy4#bd ,in my opinion it is      
monstrous to see any judge  try a man   
for blasphemy under the present law4    
,but1 if the law on  that subject were  
in a sound state1 ,i do not see why a   
conscientious  ,jew might not try a     
blasphemer4 ,every man1 ,i think1 ought 
to be at  liberty to discuss the        
evidences of religion2 but no man ought 
to be  at liberty to force on the       
unwilling ears and eyes of others sounds
  and sights which must cause annoyance 
and irritation4 ,the distinction  is    

clear4 ,i think it wrong to punish a man
 for selling ,paine's 8,age of  ,reason0
 in a back-shop to those who choose to  
buy1 or for delivering  a ,deistical    
lecture in a private room to those who  
choose to listen4  ,but if a man        
exhibits at a window in the ,strand a   
hideous caricature  of that which is an 
object of awe and adoration to nine     
hundred and  ninety-nine out of every   
thousand of the people who pass up and  
down  that great thoroughfare2 if a man 
in a place of public resort applies     
opprobrious epithets to names held in   
reverence by all ,christians2  such a   
man ought1 in my opinion1 to be severely
 punished1 not for  differing from us in
 opinion1 but for committing a nuisance 
which gives  us pain and disgust4 ,he is
 no more entitled to outrage our        
feelings by  obtruding his impiety on   
us1 and to say that he is exercising his
 right  of discussion1 than to establish
 a yard for butchering horses close to  
our houses1 and to say that he is       

exercising his right of property1 or  to
 run naked up and down the public       
streets1 and to say that he is          
exercising his right of locomotion4 ,he 
has a right of discussion1 no  doubt1 as
 he has a right of property and a right 
of locomotion4 ,but he  must use all his
 rights so as not to infringe the rights
 of others4    ,these1 ,sir1 are the    
principles on which ,i would frame the  
law of  blasphemy2 and if the law were  
so framed1 ,i am at a loss to understand
  why a ,jew might not enforce it as    
well as a ,christian4 ,i am not a ,roman
  ,catholic2 but if ,i were a judge at  
,malta1 ,i should have no scruple  about
 punishing a bigoted ,protestant who    
should burn the ,pope in effigy  before 
the eyes of thousands of ,roman         
,catholics4 ,i am not a ,mussulman2  but
 if ,i were a judge in ,india1 ,i should
 have no scruple about  punishing a     
,christian who should pollute a mosque4 
,why1 then1 should ,i  doubt that a     
,jew1 raised by his ability1 learning1  

and integrity to the  judicial bench1   
would deal properly with any person who1
 in a ,christian  country1 should insult
 the ,christian religion8    ,but1 says 
my honourable friend1 it has been       
prophesied that the ,jews  are to be    
wanderers on the face of the earth1 and 
that they are not  to mix on terms of   
equality with the people of the         
countries in which  they sojourn4 ,now1 
,sir1 ,i am confident that ,i can       
demonstrate that  this is not the sense 
of any prophecy which is part of ,holy  
,writ4 ,for  it is an undoubted fact    
that1 in the ,united ,states of         
,america1 ,jewish  citizens do possess  
all the privileges possessed by         
,christian citizens4  ,therefore1 if the
 prophecies mean that the ,jews never   
shall1 during  their wanderings1 be     
admitted by other nations to equal      
participation  of political rights1 the 
prophecies are false4 ,but the          
prophecies are  certainly not false4    
,therefore their meaning cannot be that 

which is  attributed to them by my      
honourable friend4    ,another objection
 which has been made to the motion is   
that the ,jews  look forward to the     
coming of a great deliverer1 to their   
return to  ,palestine1 to the rebuilding
 of their ,temple1 to the revival of    
their  ancient worship1 and that        
therefore they will always consider     
,england1  not their country1 but merely
 as their place of exile4 ,but1 surely1 
,sir1 it would be the grossest ignorance
 of human nature to imagine that  the   
anticipation of an event which is to    
happen at some time altogether          
indefinite1 of an event which has been  
vainly expected during many  centuries1 
of an event which even those who        
confidently expect that it  will happen 
do not confidently expect that they or  
their children or  their grandchildren  
will see1 can ever occupy the minds of  
men to such  a degree as to make them   
regardless of what is near and present  
and  certain4 ,indeed ,christians1 as   

well as ,jews1 believe that the existing
  order of things will come to an end4  
,many ,christians believe that ,jesus   
will visibly reign on earth during a    
thousand years4 ,expositors of  prophecy
 have gone so far as to fix the year    
when the ,millennial period  is to      
commence4 ,the prevailing opinion is1 ,i
 think1 in favour of the  year #ahff2   
but1 according to some commentators1 the
 time is close at  hand4 ,are we to     
exclude all millenarians from           
,parliament and office1 on  the ground  
that they are impatiently looking       
forward to the miraculous  monarchy     
which is to supersede the present       
dynasty and the present  constitution of
 ,england1 and that therefore they      
cannot be heartily  loyal to ,king      
,william8    ,in one important point1   
,sir1 my honourable friend1 the ,member 
for the  ,university of ,oxford1 must   
acknowledge that the ,jewish religion is
  of all erroneous religions the least  
mischievous4 ,there is not the          

slightest chance that the ,jewish       
religion will spread4 ,the ,jew does    
not wish to make proselytes4 ,he may be 
said to reject them4#be ,he  thinks it  
almost culpable in one who does not     
belong to his race to  presume to belong
 to his religion4 ,it is therefore not  
strange that a  conversion from         
,christianity to ,judaism should be a   
rarer occurrence  than a total eclipse  
of the sun4 ,there was one distinguished
 convert in  the last century1 ,lord    
,george ,gordon2 and the history of his 
conversion  deserves to be              
remembered4#bf ,for if ever there was a 
proselyte of  whom a proselytising sect 
would have been proud1 it was ,lord     
,george2  not only because he was a man 
of high birth and rank2 not only because
  he had been a member of the           
legislature2 but also because he had    
been  distinguished by the intolerance1 
nay1 the ferocity1 of his zeal for  his 
own form of ,christianity4 ,but was he  
allured into the synagogue8  ,was he    

even welcomed to it8 ,no1 ,sir2 he was  
coldly and reluctantly  permitted to    
share the reproach and suffering of the 
chosen people2  but he was sternly shut 
out from their privileges4 ,he underwent
 the  painful rite which their law      
enjoins4 ,but when1 on his death-bed1 he
  begged hard to be buried among them   
according to their ceremonial1 he  was  
told that his request could not be      
granted4 ,i understand that cry  of     
8,hear40 ,it reminds me that one of the 
arguments against this motion  is that  
the ,jews are an unsocial people1 that  
they draw close to each  other1 and     
stand aloof from strangers4 ,really1    
,sir1 it is amusing to  compare the     
manner in which the question of         
,catholic emancipation  was argued      
formerly by some gentlemen with the     
manner in which the  question of ,jew   
emancipation is argued by the same      
gentlemen now4  ,when the question was  
about ,catholic emancipation1 the cry   
was1 8,see  how restless1 how versatile1

 how encroaching1 how insinuating1 is   
the  spirit of the ,church of ,rome4    
,see how her priests compass earth and  
sea  to make one proselyte1 how         
indefatigably they toil1 how attentively
  they study the weak and strong parts  
of every character1 how skilfully  they 
employ literature1 arts1 sciences1 as   
engines for the propagation  of their   
faith4 ,you find them in every region   
and under every  disguise1 collating    
manuscripts in the ,bodleian1 fixing    
telescopes  in the observatory of       
,pekin1 teaching the use of the plough  
and the  spinning wheel to the savages  
of ,paraguay4 ,will you give power to   
the  members of a ,church so busy1 so   
aggressive1 so insatiable80 ,well1 now  
the question is about people who never  
try to seduce any stranger to  join     
them1 and who do not wish anybody to be 
of their faith who is  not also of their
 blood4 ,and now you exclaim1 8,will you
 give power to  the members of a sect   
which remains sullenly apart from other 

sects1  which does not invite1 nay1     
which hardly even admits neophytes80    
,the  truth is1 that bigotry will never 
want a pretence4 ,whatever the sect  be 
which it is proposed to tolerate1 the   
peculiarities of that sect  will1 for   
the time1 be pronounced by intolerant   
men to be the most  odious and dangerous
 that can be conceived4 ,as to the      
,jews1 that they  are unsocial as       
respects religion is true2 and so much  
the better3  for1 surely1 as            
,christians1 we cannot wish that they   
should bestir  themselves to pervert us 
from our own faith4 ,but that the ,jews 
would  be unsocial members of the civil 
community1 if the civil community did   
its duty by them1 has never been proved4
 ,my right honourable friend who  made  
the motion which we are discussing has  
produced a great body of  evidence to   
show that they have been grossly        
misrepresented2#bg and  that evidence   
has not been refuted by my honourable   
friend the ,member  for the ,university 

of ,oxford4 ,but what if it were true   
that the ,jews  are unsocial8 ,what if  
it were true that they do not regard    
,england  as their country8 ,would not  
the treatment which they have undergone 
explain and excuse their antipathy to   
the society in which they live8  ,has   
not similar antipathy often been felt by
 persecuted ,christians to  the society 
which persecuted them8 ,while the bloody
 code of ,elizabeth  was enforced       
against the ,english ,roman ,catholics1 
what was the  patriotism of ,roman      
,catholics8 ,oliver ,cromwell said that 
in his time  they were ,espaniolised4   
,at a later period it might have been   
said that  they were ,gallicised4 ,it   
was the same with the ,calvinists4 ,what
 more  deadly enemies had ,france in the
 days of ,louis the ,fourteenth than the
  persecuted ,huguenots8 ,but would any 
rational man infer from these facts     
that either the ,roman ,catholic as     
such1 or the ,calvinist as such1 is     
incapable of loving the land of his     

birth8 ,if ,england were now invaded  by
 ,roman ,catholics1 how many ,english   
,roman ,catholics would go over to  the 
invader8 ,if ,france were now attacked  
by a ,protestant enemy1 how  many       
,french ,protestants would lend him     
help8 ,why not try what effect  would be
 produced on the ,jews by that tolerant 
policy which has made  the ,english     
,roman ,catholic a good ,englishman and 
the ,french ,calvinist a  good          
,frenchman8#bh    ,another charge has   
been brought against the ,jews1 not by  
my honourable  friend the ,member for   
the ,university of ,oxford--he has too  
much learning  and too much good feeling
 to make such a charge--but by the      
honourable  ,member for ,oldham1 who    
has1 ,i am sorry to see1 quitted his    
place4 ,the  honourable ,member for     
,oldham tells us that the ,jews are     
naturally a  mean race1 a sordid race1 a
 money-getting race2 that they are      
averse  to all honourable callings2 that
 they neither sow nor reap2 that  they  

have neither flocks nor herds2 that     
usury is the only pursuit  for which    
they are fit2 that they are destitute of
 all elevated and  amiable sentiments4  
,such1 ,sir1 has in every age been the  
reasoning of  bigots4 ,they never fail  
to plead in justification of persecution
 the  vices which persecution has       
engendered4 ,england has been to the    
,jews  less than half a country2 and we 
revile them because they do not feel    
for ,england more than a half           
patriotism4 ,we treat them as slaves1   
and wonder that they do not regard us as
 brethren4 ,we drive them to  mean      
occupations1 and then reproach them for 
not embracing honourable  professions4  
,we long forbade them to possess land2  
and we complain  that they chiefly      
occupy themselves in trade4 ,we shut    
them out from  all the paths of         
ambition2 and then we despise them for  
taking refuge  in avarice4 ,during many 
ages we have1 in all our dealings with  
them1  abused our immense superiority of

 force2 and then we are disgusted       
because they have recourse to that      
cunning which is the natural and        
universal defence of the weak against   
the violence of the strong4 ,but  were  
they always a mere money-changing1      
money-getting1 money-hoarding  race8    
,nobody knows better than my honourable 
friend the ,member for the  ,university 
of ,oxford that there is nothing in     
their national character  which unfits  
them for the highest duties of citizens4
 ,he knows that1  in the infancy of     
civilisation1 when our island was as    
savage as ,new  ,guinea1 when letters   
and arts were still unknown to ,athens1 
when  scarcely a thatched hut stood on  
what was afterwards the site of ,rome1  
this contemned people had their fenced  
cities and cedar palaces1 their         
splendid ,temple1 their fleets of       
merchant ships1 their schools of  sacred
 learning1 their great statesmen and    
soldiers1 their natural  philosophers1  
their historians and their poets4 ,what 

nation ever  contended more manfully    
against overwhelming odds for its       
independence  and religion8 ,what nation
 ever1 in its last agonies1 gave such   
signal  proofs of what may be           
accomplished by a brave despair8 ,and   
if1 in the  course of many centuries1   
the oppressed descendants of warriors   
and  sages have degenerated from the    
qualities of their fathers1 if1 while   
excluded from the blessings of law1 and 
bowed down under the yoke of  slavery1  
they have contracted some of the vices  
of outlaws and of  slaves1 shall we     
consider this as matter of reproach to  
them8 ,shall we  not rather consider it 
as matter of shame and remorse to       
ourselves8  ,let us do justice to them4 
,let us open to them the door of the    
,house of  ,commons4 ,let us open to    
them every career in which ability and  
energy  can be displayed4 ,till we have 
done this1 let us not presume to say    
that there is no genius among the       
countrymen of ,isaiah1 no heroism  among

 the descendants of the ,maccabees4     
,sir1 in supporting the motion of my    
honourable friend1 ,i am1 ,i firmly     
believe1 supporting the honour and the  
interests of the ,christian  religion4  
,i should think that ,i insulted that   
religion if ,i said that  it cannot     
stand unaided by intolerant laws4       
,without such laws it was  established1 
and without such laws it may be         
maintained4 ,it triumphed  over the     
superstitions of the most refined and of
 the most savage  nations1 over the     
graceful mythology of ,greece and the   
bloody idolatry  of the ,northern       
forests4 ,it prevailed over the power   
and policy of  the ,roman empire4 ,it   
tamed the barbarians by whom that empire
 was  overthrown4 ,but all these        
victories were gained not by the help of
  intolerance1 but in spite of the      
opposition of intolerance4 ,the whole   
history of ,christianity proves that she
 has little indeed to fear from         
persecution as a foe1 but much to fear  

from persecution as an ally4 ,may  she  
long continue to bless our country with 
her benignant influence1  strong in her 
sublime philosophy1 strong in her       
spotless morality1  strong in those     
internal and external evidences to which
 the most  powerful and comprehensive of
 human intellects have yielded assent1  
the  last solace of those who have      
outlived every earthly hope1 the last   
restraint of those who are raised above 
every earthly fear6 ,but let  not us1   
mistaking her character and her         
interests1 fight the battle of  truth   
with the weapons of error1 and endeavour
 to support by oppression  that religion
 which first taught the human race the  
great lesson of  universal charity4     
,,notes      #a ,the full title of the  
publication which forms the peg for     
,macaulay's essay is ,statement of the  
,civil ,disabilities and ,privations    
affecting natural born ,subjects of ,his
 ,majesty professing the ,jewish        
,religion1 commonly called ,jews4 ,it   

was printed in #ahbi by ,g4 ,taylor1    
,printer1 #g ,little ,james ,street4 ,in
 the article in the ,westminster        
,review1 ,april #ahbi1 occasioned by    
this same pamphlet1 the address of  the 
printer1 ,george ,taylor1 is given as   
,lamb's ,conduit ,passage1 ,red  ,lion  
,square4 ,the ,statement must have      
appeared in two forms4 ,macaulay        
describes it as octavo1 but the pages of
 the copy which ,mr4 ,israel  ,solomons 
possesses measure #ab by #g inches4 ,the
 margins in this copy  have been cut for
 binding4 ,it was meant to fold in four1
 as is shown  by the manner in which the
 title is repeated on the fourth side4  
,the  title as there printed is exactly 
that cited by ,macaulay4 ,probably  the 
document was originally a ,petition to  
the ,house of ,commons4    ,the         
,statement is anonymous1 but bears the  
clear hallmark of ,francis  ,henry      
,goldsmid's style4 ,cf4 ,d4 ,w4 ,marks  
and ,a4 ,lwy1 ,memoir of ,sir  ,francis 
,henry ,goldsmid1 #ahgi1 p4 #bc second  

edition1 #ahhb1 p4 #bg4  ,the author    
opens with the general assertion that no
 man ought to be  deprived of civil or  
political right because of his religious
 opinions1  8unless it can be shewn     
that1 from the removal of their         
disabilities1  injury is likely to      
result to the community at large40 ,the 
,statement  goes on to argue that such  
removal would not injure the religion or
  threaten the government of ,england1  
for1 on the one hand1 ,jews do not      
proselytise1 and1 on the other1 they are
 noted for their 8proverbial  loyalty40 
,the experience of the happy effect of  
emancipation in  ,france1 ,america1 and 
the ,netherlands is next appealed to4   
,this leads  up to a short survey of the
 history of the ,jews in ,england before
 the  expulsion in #abij1 and after the 
return in the time of ,cromwell1 and an 
able argument as to their legal         
status--including their right to hold   
land--follows4 ,the whole concludes with
 an appeal for the 8,omission in  the   

,oath of ,abjuration and ,dissenters'   
,declaration1 when respectively  taken1 
or made and subscribed1 by persons      
professing the ,jewish  religion1 of    
words obviously inconsistent with such  
profession40 ,it is  altogether a       
moderate and able presentation of the   
case for the ,jews1  and fairly deserved
 the prominence given to it by          
,macaulay4    #b ,sir ,robert ,grant    
7#aggi-ahch7 was born in ,bengal1 and1  
after a  distinguished career at        
,cambridge1 entered ,parliament in      
#ahah4 ,in #ahcj  his first ,bill was   
rejected2 but a better fate rewarded his
 effort of  #ahcc4 ,soon afterwards he  
went to ,india as ,governor of ,bombay4 
,grant  was the author of some famous   
sacred poems1 one of the best and most  
popular of which was his translation of 
,psalm civ41 8,o ,worship the  ,king40  
#c ,there had been a change of          
,government4 ,parliament was dissolved  
on ,july #bd1 #ahcj1 and in the new     
parliament the ,duke of ,wellington's   

ministry fell1 to be succeeded by the   
,grey administration4    #d ,see        
comments on this passage in the         
,introduction4    #e ,professor ,f4 ,c4 
,montague remarks that 8probably        
,perceval1 ,goulburn1  and ,vansittart  
are more particularly meant40 ,these    
were ,chancellors  between #ahaj and    
#ahcj4    #f ,gatton 7,surrey7 and ,old 
,sarum 7,wilts7 were 8pocket boroughs   
without  inhabitants10 and1 like the    
corrupt borough of ,penryn 7,cornwall71 
were  disfranchised by the ,reform ,act4
 ,macaulay was far from implying that   
,jews actually did own any corrupt      
boroughs4 ,his argument is based on  the
 fact that nothing in the then state of 
the law could prevent such  ownership4  
#g 8,henry ,pelham ,francis ,pelham     
,clinton1 fourth ,duke of ,newcastle1   
#aghe-ahea1 a high ,tory1 ejected some  
of his tenants at ,newark for  having   
voted on the ,whig side in the general  
election of #ahcj0  7,professor         
,montague74    #h ,this refers to       

,daniel ,o',connell--who1 it may be     
remembered1 was a  consistent friend of 
the ,jewish claims4    #i ,william ,laud
 7#aegc-afde71 ,archbishop of           
,canterbury from #afcc1  was one of the 
principal advisers of ,charles ,i4 in   
his repression of  the ,puritans and the
 enforcement of episcopacy upon         
,scotland4 ,he was  attainted in        
,january #afde1 and was executed on     
,tower ,hill4    #aj ,in the ,edinburgh 
,review these sentences follow3 8,it is 
to put  the effect before the cause4 ,it
 is to vindicate oppression by pointing 
to the depravation which oppression has 
caused40 ,macaulay felt1  no doubt1 that
 the word 8depravation0 was unjust1 and 
conveyed an  unintended stigma4    #aa  
,gaspard de ,coligni was a ,huguenot    
victim of the massacre of ,st4          
,bartholomew1 in #aegb4    ,sir ,henry  
,vane was a leader in the ,opposition   
against ,charles ,i41 and  was executed 
in #affb4    #ab ,the answer given by   
the lay barons at the ,parliament of    

,merton  in #abcf to the proposal of the
 prelates to make the ,english law of   
legitimacy correspond with that of other
 countries4 ,sir ,james ,h4  ,ramsay1   
,the ,dawn of the ,constitution1 pp4    
#gg1 #gh1 following the text  of the    
,statutes of the ,realm1 reads mutare in
 the active1 instead of  mutari in the  
passive4    #ac ,the argument is        
lengthily and moderately stated in a    
,times  leader for ,may #c1 #ahcj4      
#ad ,this passage confirms what is said 
in the ,introduction as to  ,macaulay's 
personal familiarity with synagogue     
usages4    #ae ,matthew xxvi4 #bd4      
#af ,deuteronomy xxviii4 #dh1 #ff1 #cb4 
#ag ,luke x4 #bi4 8,love thy neighbour  
as thyself0 is from ,leviticus xix4     
#ah4    #ah ,in its issue of ,april #c1 
#ahcj1 the newspaper ,john ,bull 7which 
bore on its title-page the legend1 8,for
 ,god1 the ,king1 and the ,people07     
published a violent attack on ,mr4      
,grant's ,bill4 ,the article took the   
form of a sarcastic plea for the        

emancipation of the gipsies4 ,there  was
 a further attack on ,april #be1 and on 
,may #bc the same paper1 while          
rejoicing at the rejection of ,mr4      
,grant's 8romantic and un-,christian    
,bill10 expressed its dissatisfaction   
with the speeches of the opponents  of  
,jewish emancipation4 ,they were        
altogether too conciliatory and         
tolerant to please ,john ,bull4    #ai  
,sir ,robert ,inglis 7#aghf-ahee7       
entered ,parliament in #ahbd4  ,he      
opposed the various ,catholic ,relief   
,bills and the repeal of  the ,test and 
,corporation ,acts4 ,sir ,robert ,peel  
had supported the  ,catholic claims1 and
 ,inglis thereupon successfully opposed 
him  7#ahbi7 as candidate for the       
,university of ,oxford4 ,inglis         
continued  to represent the ,university 
until his withdrawal from parliamentary 
life4 ,he persistently opposed the      
,jewish emancipation4 8,inglis was an   
old-fashioned ,tory1 a strong           
,churchman1 with many prejudices and no 

great ability0 7,dictionary of ,national
 ,biography74    #bj ,sir ,james        
,mackintosh 7#agfe-ahcb7 supported      
,grant's first  resolution in #ahcj2 in 
the interim he had died4 ,mackintosh1   
who  entered the ,house in #ahac1       
enjoyed much reputation as a            
philosopher4    #ba ,the ,member for    
,oldham was the noted ,william ,cobbett 
7#agfb-ahce71  who1 after an            
extraordinary career in ,england and    
,america1 entered the  first ,reformed  
,parliament4 ,cobbett was very violent  
in his opposition  to ,jewish liberties4
 ,see note #bd4    #bb ,the ,albigenses1
 who took their name from one of their  
strongholds1  the town of ,albi on the  
,tarn1 were an anti-sacerdotal sect in  
the ,south  of ,france during the       
twelfth and thirteenth centuries1       
infected with  ,manichan heresy4 ,they  
suffered the most horrible cruelties in 
the  crusade carried on against them    
from #abji to #abah under the command of
  ,simon de ,montfort1 the father of the

 ,simon de ,montfort so well known in   
,english history4 ,see ,t4 ,f4 ,tout1   
8,the ,empire and the ,papacy10 pp4     
#baf1  #dja4    #bc ,see note #f4    #bd
 ,on ,march #a1 #ahcc1 ,mr4 ,hill       
presented a petition by ,unitarians  in 
favour of the 8removal of all ,religious
 ,disqualifications still  existing1 and
 especially for the removal of the      
,disabilities affecting  the ,jews40 ,it
 was on this occasion that ,cobbett     
raised the objection to  which          
,macaulay's argument is the reply4 ,the 
reference to ,paine's 8,age  of ,reason0
 is also a covert hit at ,cobbett1 who  
reprinted ,paine's work4    #be         
,macaulay here overstates the case4 ,the
 synagogue has at various  times been   
reluctant to receive and unwilling to   
seek proselytes4 ,but  it does not      
reject them4    #bf ,lord ,george       
,gordon 7#agea-agic71 the third son of  
,cosmo ,george1  ,duke of ,gordon1 was  
charged with high treason for having in 
#aghj headed  terrible riots in ,london 

directed against the removal of certain 
,roman  ,catholic disabilities4 ,he was 
acquitted on the ground that he had no  
treasonable intentions4 ,he afterwards  
embraced the ,jewish faith1 and  was    
received into the covenant of ,abraham  
in ,birmingham1 but without  the        
sanction of the ,jewish ecclesiastical  
authorities in ,london4 ,a  vivid       
description of the 8,no ,popery0 riots  
of #aghj will be found in  ,dickens'    
8,barnaby ,rudge10 which also contains a
 reference to ,lord  ,george's change of
 religion4    #bg ,in the report of     
,grant's speech in the ,times of ,april 
#ah1 #ahcc1  occurs this passage3--     
8,now with respect to the supposed      
anti-social principles of the ,jews1    
the most sacred of their books had told 
them to #8,seek the peace of  the city  
whither ,i have caused you to be carried
 away captives1 and  pray unto the ,lord
 for it2 for in the peace thereof shall 
ye have  peace' ,jeremiah xxix4 #g4     
,this principle was fully recognised by 

the  ,jews under ,napoleon1 who asked   
whether they held themselves bound1 as  
citizens of the ,state in which they    
resided1 by the laws and customs  of    
that ,state8 ,the ,sanhedrin replied    
that every ,jew1 regarded as a  citizen 
by the ,state1 must obey the laws of the
 country which protected  them and      
conform to the regulations of the civil 
code2 in short1 that  ,israelites were  
bound to consider such countries as     
their own1 and  serve and defend them to
 the utmost4 ,in a catechism of the     
elements of  the ,jewish faith1 intended
 for the use of ,hebrew youths1 it was  
stated  that the ,messiah not having    
come1 the king under whose protection   
they  lived must be considered as a     
,king of ,israel1 and that the country  
in  which they enjoyed such protection  
was to be looked upon in the same  light
 as the land of their forefathers40     
,grant followed this up by a masterly   
survey of the relations of ,jews  to    
various ,states in the past and present1

 and cited evidence of  the patriotism  
and good citizenship of ,jews wherever  
they had been  permitted an opportunity 
of displaying those qualities4    #bh   
,in ,hansard's report 7col4 #bcf7       
,macaulay finished the paragraph  with  
the words3 8,why not try the same       
experiment which has been tried  in     
,france and ,prussia1 and which was now 
trying in the ,united ,states of        
,america80 ,in the same debate 7col4    
#cdb71 in the report of ,mr4 ,joseph    
,hume's speech1 occurs the passage3 8,he
 had a letter in his hand1 though  he   
would not trouble the ,house by reading 
it1 from ,mr4 ,quincy ,adams1  the late 
,president of the ,united ,states1      
stating that there were  no better      
citizens than the ,jews1 and expressing 
the hope that ere  long the whole of    
,europe would see the justice and wisdom
 of freely  conceding to them the       
fullest political privileges40          
,,foreign ,,editions    ,the numbers in 
square brackets at the end of the       

entries indicate the  press-marks of the
 copies in the ,british ,museum4        
7a7 ,,macaulay',s ,,essay    7#a7       
,french4 ,essais politiques et          
philosophiques par ,lord ,macaulay1     
,traduits par ,m4 ,guillaume ,guizot4   
,paris1 #ahfb4 ,pp4 #chj-cih4 #abbgc k  
#c4    7#b7 ,dutch4 ,historische en     
letterkundige ,schetsen door ,lord      
,macaulay4  ,in het ,hollandsch         
overgebragt door ,dr4 ,a4 ,pierson4     
,haarlem1 #ahfe4 ,i4  #aje-abj4 #abbgb  
aa #bc4    7#c7 ,italian4 ,saggi        
biografici e critici di ,tommaso        
,babington  ,macaulay4 ,versione dall'  
,inglese con note di ,cesare ,rovighi4  
,torino1  #ahei-ahff4 ,v4 #bhh-cjb4     
#abbgc aa #c4    7#d7 ,english text1    
with ,introduction and ,notes in        
,german4 ,civil  ,disabilities of the   
,jews4 ,eine #ahca verffentlichte       
,abhandlung von  ,thomas ,babington     
,macaulay4 ,herausgegeben und mit       
,anmerkungen versehen  von ,dr4 ,f4     
,fischer4 ,berlin1 #ahhb4 #djcc f #cb   

7#aj74    7#e7 ,roumanian4 ,the son of  
,prince ,john ,ghica 7for some time     
,roumanian  minister at the ,court of   
,st4 ,james'71 who was educated in      
,england1  translated ,macaulay's ,essay
 on the 8,civil ,disabilities of the    
,jews0  into ,roumanian4 ,the           
translation appeared as a small pamphlet
 in  ,bucharest4 ,political exigencies  
and the rise of anti-,jewish feeling in 
,roumania demanded the suppression of   
the translation1 to avoid awkward       
questions and to remove a possible bar  
to the young man's career4  ,the        
pamphlet has in consequence almost      
completely disappeared4 ,a few  copies1 
however1 have been saved1 and one of    
them is in the library of  the ,rev4    
,dr4 ,m4 ,gaster4      7b7 ,,macaulay',s
 ,,speech    7#a7 ,a ,german translation
 of ,macaulay's ,speech on 8,jewish     
,disabilities0  was published in #ahha1 
in reply to the anti-,semitic campaign  
of ,stcker  and ,henrici4 ,the full     
title is ,macaulay's ,rede fr die       

,emancipation  der ,juden gehalten im   
,englischen ,unterhaus1 am #ag ,april   
#ahcc4  bersetzt von ,a4 ,e4 ,frankfurt 
a4 ,main1 #ahha4 #djcc f #ca 7#ab74     
7#b7 ,a ,spanish translation will be    
found on pp4 #aji-abb of ,discursos     
,parlamentarios de ,lord ,macaulay1     
,traducidos del ,ingls por ,daniel      
,lpez4 ,madrid1 #ahhe4 #haci aa #ff4    
,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson      
,,co4    ,edinburgh  ,london