,transcrib]'s ,note    ,italic text     
display$ z3 italic            ,! ,wisdom
 ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies      ,,edit$ ,,by      
,l4 ,,cranm]-,,byng    ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4     
,,kapadia        ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,filial
 ,,duty            ,,wisdom ,,( ,,!     
,,ea/      ,,! ,,book ,,(    ,,filial   
,,duty      ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,*9ese 
,,( ,,! ,,hsiao ,,*+      ,,by ,,ivan   
,,*,n      ,,fir/ ,,secret>y ,,to ,,!   
,,*9ese ,,legation        ,,) ,,!       
,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,examples    ,,f ,,!     
,,*9ese      ,illu/ration      ,,london 
,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet     
#aijh            ,,pr9t$ ,,by           
,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,& ,,v9ey1 ,,ld41   
,,london ,,& ,,aylesbury4               
,,cont5ts                               
,,page    ,,introduction                
#g      ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,filial      
,,duty                                  
#af      ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,examples   
#cc          ,,editorial ,,note      ,! 
object ( ! ,editors ( ?is s]ies is a v  
def9ite "o4 ,!y  desire above all ?+s t1

 9 _! humble way1 ^! books %all be  !   
ambassadors ( goodwill & und]/&+ betwe5 
,ea/ & ,we/--!  old _w ( ,?\ght & ! new 
( ,action4 ,9 ?is endeav\r1 & 9  _! own 
sph]e1 !y are b foll[]s ( ! highe/      
example 9 !  l&4 ,!y are confid5t t a   
deep] k ( ! great ideals  & l(ty        
philosophy ( ,ori5tal ?\ght may help to 
a revival ( t  true _s ( ,*>ity :i*     
nei!r despises nor fe>s ! nations (     
ano!r cre$ & col\r4 ,f9ally1 9 ?ank+    
press & public =  ! v cordial reception 
giv5 to ! 8,wisdom ( ! ,ea/0 ,s]ies1  !y
 wi% to /ate t no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to    
secure ! be/  speciali/s = ! treatm5t ( 
! v>i\s subjects at h&4      ,l4        
,,cranm]-,,byng4    ,s4 ,a4 ,,kapadia4  
,,nor?brook ,,society1    #ahe          
,,piccadilly1 ,w4                       
,,introduction      ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( 
,,! ,,book    ,! ,hsiao ,*+1 or ,book ( 
,filial ,duty1 is g5]ally held to be  ! 
"w ( an unkn[n pupil ( ,tsng ,ts#8an1 ! 
disciple ( ,confucius1  to :om is       
attribut$ ! fam\s ,confucian classic    

kn[n z ,!  ,great] ,le>n+4 ,c]ta9ly x c 
be trac$ back z f> z #djj ,b4,c41  )9 a 
c5tury f ! dea? ( ,confucius4 ,!        
pres]vation (  ! text 9 its pres5t =m is
 due to ! ,emp]or ,m+ ,huang 7,a4,d4    
#fhe-gfb71 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ *>act]s 9
 ,*9ese hi/ory1  :o _h x engrav$1 toge!r
 ) elev5 o!r ( ! ,confucian  writ+s1 on 
tablets ( /one & set up 9 8 capital (   
,*ang-an4 ,he  aft]w>ds add$ a comm5t>y 
( 8 own1 :i* is /ill extant1 &  has     
prov$ invaluable to all comm5tators ( a 
lat] p]iod4 ,! ,book  ( ,filial ,duty is
 (t5 f\nd 9 ,*9a b\nd up ) ano!r        
treatise  call$ ! ,hsiao ,hseh1 or      
,tea*+ = ! ,"y1 ( :i* !  foll[+ is a    
specim53 8,! way to become a /ud5t is ) 
meekness  & humility1 receiv+ )         
confid5ce e ^w spok5 by !  ma/]4 ,!     
pupil1 :5 he sees m5 ( virtue1 %\ld try 
to foll[  9 _! /eps2 :5 he he>s wise    
say+s1 he %\ld try to con=m  to !m4 ,he 
mu/ n h>b\r evil designs1 b always act  
hon\rably4  ,:e!r at home or abroad1 he 
mu/ h a fix$ abode1 & resort )  ^? :o   

are well dispos$1 regulat+ 8 demean\r ) 
c>e1 &  curb+ ! passions40    ,few books
 h enjoy$ great] popul>ity among/ all   
classes 9  ,*9a ?an ,! ,book ( ,filial  
,duty4 ,x may be call$ ,! ,book (       
,emp]ors1 f ! fact t s _m ,emp]ors1 bo? 
be=e & aft]  ,m+ ,huang1 h comm5tat$ ^u 
x4 ,equally x is ,! ,book (  ,y\?1 be+ !
 fir/ treatise ( importance plac$ 9 !   
h&s (  *ildr51 aft] ! horn books (      
elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,! reason  = its   
survival aft] s _m c5turies is n h>d to 
seek4 ,family  life has always be51 f "t
 immemorial1 ! f\ndation-/one  ( !      
,*9ese ,empire1 & filial piety is !     
f\ndation-/one (  family life4 ,nor does
 ?is duty ( son to fa!r m]ely ext5d to  
! liv+4 ,! liv+ head ( ! family pays due
 rev]5ce to !  c\ntless ance/ors :o h   
prec$$ him4 ,a witty ,*9ese writ]  once 
rem>k$ t 9 ! ,we/ family life only began
 aft] dea?--9  ! family vault4 ,"h1 at  
any rate1 aft] ye>s ( sep>ation &       
divid$ int]e/s1 ! memb]s met to enjoy a 
common oblivion4 ,i _c  b ?9k t !re is  

"s exagg]ation 9 ?is2 yet n ev5 !       
greate/ apologi/ ( ,we/]n me?ods w      
v5ture to d5y t !  ,*9ese & inde$ mo/   
,ori5tal ideals ( family life are       
sup]ior to  8 own4 ,:il/ liv+1 only !   
calls ( ,empire1 or ! dem&s (  _!       
pr(ession1 may keep relations ap>t2 b ! 
int]e/s ( !  family are always great]   
?an ! int]e/s ( ! individual1 & no      
exile is )\t hope ( return to ! home ( 8
 fa!rs4 ,! dead  w n be =gott51 = x w be
 ! duty ( _! sons to (f]  sacrifice to  
_! %ades4 ,! dea?-days ( two g5]ations (
 p>5ts  are kept sacr$ ) solemn fe/ival1
 & ! nameless & unnumb]$  dead h _!     
special days ( c]emony & remembrance 9 !
 spr+  & autumn4 ,e h\se has its family 
%r9e1 e village its hall  ( ance/ors4   
,?us ! filial piety ( ! survivors hon\rs
 ^? :o  h gone4    ,z reg>ds ! liv+1    
respect is ! great ess5tial ( daily     
int]c\rse4 ,! subject respects 8 emp]or1
 ! son 8 fa!r1  ! wife h] husb&1 & !    
y\ng] bro!r 8 eld] bro!r4 ,b  respect is
 n only = ^? old] ?an ourselves1 or (   

sup]ior  /ation4 ,! wisdom ( ,confucius 
is n[h]e m cle>ly %[n ?an 9  8 utt]ance 
conc]n+ ! respect to be paid to y\?3 8,a
 y\? is  to be reg>d$ ) respect4 ,h[ d  
we "k t 8 future w n  be equal to our   
pres5t8 ,if he rea* ! age ( =ty or      
fifty1 &  has n made himself he>d (1 !n 
he w inde$ n be wor?y (  respect40      
,maxima debetur pu]is rev]5tia6    ,!   
,*9ese national _s is a _s ( cont9uity2 
! _s (  ! ,confucian philosophy is a _s 
( h>mony ) ! environm5t (  daily life4  
8,confucius10 says ,tz-ss1 8possess$1 z 
if by h]$it>y  transmission1 ! virtues (
 ,yao & ,%un ,emp]ors ( ! ,gold5 ,age1  
& modell$ himself on ,wn & ,wu fir/ ,k+ 
( ! ,*\ dyna/y1  #aacc ,b4,c4 z 8       
exempl>s4 ,above all1 he kept 9 unison )
 !  seasons ( ! sky2 bel[1 he con=m$ to 
! wat] & ! l&4    8,we may lik5 him unto
 ! sky & e>? 9 respect ( ! univ]sality  
) :i* !y uphold & su/a9 ?+s1 !          
univ]sality ) :i*  !y ov]spread & enfold
 ?+s4 ,we may lik5 him unto ! f\r       
seasons 9 respect ( _! v>i$ m>*2 unto ! 

sun & moon 9  respect ( _! alt]nate %9+4
    8,all ?+s are kept 9 tra9 toge!r )\t
 _! injur+ "o  ano!r2 _! ways g on      
toge!r )\t int]f]+ "o )  ano!r3 ! small]
 =ces 9 riv] /reams1 ! great] =ces 9    
ample trans=mations4 ,x is ?is t makes !
 sky & e>? s  great40#a    ,! fir/      
environm5t ( ! human s\l is t ( !       
family4 ,be=e  we c become good         
subjects1 be=e we c aspire to /udy      
nature &  m\ld ourselves ^u ! laws (    
heav5 & e>?1 we mu/ fir/ (  all le>n to 
become good sons1 to complete ! unity ( 
family life4  ,all ?+s w be add$ 9 _!   
due c\rse4 ,to ! ,*9ese m9d !           
successful policy 9 life is a policy (  
adju/m5t4 ,?is policy runs  f highe/ to 
l[e/1 & back aga9 f l[e/ to highe/4 ,!  
,emp]or adju/s himself to ! requirem5ts 
( 8 great ,m9i/]s1  !y 9 _! turn to !   
prov9cial gov]nors1 !y 9 _! turn to  !  
local magi/rates1 & s on d[n ! scale (  
social ord]4 ,s  ?is policy ( adju/m5t  
works equally upw>ds f ! y\nge/ son  ( !
 meane/ family to ! ,emp]or himself1 :o 

adju/s 8 me?ods  to ^? employ$ by 8     
,augu/ ,fa!r4 ,z ,! ,book ( ,odes says3 
,t great & noble ,pr9ce display$      ,!
 s5se ( "r 9 all he wr\ght2      ,adju/+
 ju/ly1 grade by grade1      ,! _s ( 8  
wisdom sway$      ,peasant & pe]2 !     
cr[d1 ! c\rt4    ,x is = ?is reason t ,!
 ,book ( ,filial ,duty comm5ces )  a    
*apt] on 8,filial ,piety 9 ! ,son (     
,heav540 ,! ,emp]or is1 !  ,emp]or      
always has be51 ! fa!r ( ! greate/      
family on e>?--!  ,*9ese nation4        
,,ii4 ,,! ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,examples ,,(  
,,filial ,,duty    ,in/ead ( ! ,hsiao   
,hseh1 or ,tea*+ = ! ,"y1 :i* is        
usually gr\p$ ) ,! ,book ( ,filial      
,duty1 ,i h *os5 ,!  ,tw5ty-f\r         
,examples ( ,filial ,duty by way (      
illu/ration to !  ,hsiao ,*+4 ,!y are   
nave & t]se1 & yet n )\t _!  simple *>m4
 ,ev5 :]e !y l5d !mselves to            
exagg]ation1 z 9  ! /ory ( ! old        
g5tleman :o dress$ himself 9 gay g>m5ts 
& frisk$ 9 front ( 8 v v5]able p>5ts1 !y
 are n  mean+less nor devoid ( humanity4

 ,! lesson to be drawn is t our  duty   
t[>ds our p>5ts is ! fir/ obligation 9  
life1 & t we  %\ld g1 if necess>y1 to   
all l5g?s to fulfil x4 ,no?+ is kn[n  ( 
! au?or%ip ( ^! /ories1 or ! "t 9 :i* !y
 are  writt54 ,ea* /ory is accompani$ by
 its comm5t>y1 & probably !  /ories     
!mselves orig9at$ dur+ ! ,m+ dyna/y     
7,a4,d4 #acfh-afdd71  ! comm5t>ies      
belong+ mo/ly to ! latt] ye>s ( t       
dyna/y4  ,! p]iod dealt ) 9 ^! tales is 
a v wide "o1 & ranges  f ! "t ( ! great 
,emp]or ,%un 7circa #bcjj ,b4,c47 d[n to
  ! ,sung dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #ijj-abjj74    
,!re h be5 _m editions (  ,! ,tw5ty-f\r 
,examples 9 ,*9ese1 mo/ly embelli%$ )   
qua9t  & orig9al woodcuts1 ( :i* !      
figure on ! cov] ( ! pres5t  volume1    
k9dly suppli$ by ,mrs4 ,lionel ,giles1  
is an example4      ,,iii4 ,,filial     
,,duty ,,& ,,p>5tal ,,love    ,9        
conclusion1 ,i hope none ( my read]s w  
imag9e1 f ^!  examples & ! treatise t   
prec$es !m1 t ,*9ese family life  is    
cold & repell5t1 & devoid ( mutual love4

 ,! mom5t a t9y  life ent]s ! circle x  
is gu>d$ by ! triple walls ( k9%ip4  ,9 
! *ildr5 our p>5ts return to u2 9 !     
*ildr5 we survive4  ,all ?r\gh ,*9ese   
hi/ory ! exile longs = return to wife & 
*ildr54 ,all ?r\gh ,*9ese lit]ature y w 
f9d allusion to !  love ( little ones   
:i* has be5 ! h]itage ( ! ,*9ese f  "t  
unkn[n4 ,! ,book ( ,odes1 quot$ 9 ,mr4  
,ku ,hung-m+'s eloqu5t  translation ( ! 
,*ung ,yung1 or ,conduct ( ,life1 = ?is 
,s]ies1  says3        ,:5 wives & *ildr5
 & _! sires are "o1      ',tis l ! h>p &
 lute 9 unison4      ,:5 bro!rs live 9  
concord & 9 peace1      ,! /ra9s (      
h>mony %all nev] cease4      ,! lamp (  
happy union lights ! home1      ,&      
bright days foll[ :5 ! *ildr5 come4     
,) ! ,*9ese ! natural joys ( life h     
always be5 ! mo/  s\ght aft]4 ,home1    
family1 fri5d%ip1 l&scape1 & fl[]s--^!  
are ! pleasures :i* !y delight 94 ,!    
religion ( ,confucius  is ! religion (  
daily life4 ,on ! side ( ! p>5t !re is  
responsibility2 on ! side ( ! *ild1     

ob$i5ce1 b n a bl9d  "o4 ,( !           
responsibility ( p>5ts !re is no "q4    
,confucius  himself laid d[n ! law :5 he
 s5t5c$ a fa!r1 :o _h br\ght  an        
accusation aga9/ 8 son1 to be imprison$ 
) him4 ,on be+  remon/rat$ )1 he made   
?is memorable reply3 8,am ,i to puni% = 
a brea* ( filial piety "o :o has nev]   
be5 taught to be filially  m9d$8 ,is n  
he :o neglects to tea* 8 son 8 duties   
equally  guilty ) ! son :o fails 9 !m8  
,crime is n inh]5t 9 human  nature1 &   
!re=e ! fa!r 9 ! family & ! gov]nm5t 9  
! ,/ate are responsible = ! crimes      
committ$ aga9/ filial piety  & ! public 
laws40    ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ob$i5t son mu/
 be able to discrim9ate &  n foll[      
bl9dly1 :5 ! fa!r is at fault4 ,9 ! ,li 
,*i1 or  ,book ( ,rites1 x is writt53   
8,:5 8 p>5ts are 9 error1 !  son mu/    
remon/rate ) !m ) respect & g5tly4 ,if  
!y d n  receive 8 repro(1 he mu/ /rive m
 & m to be dutiful &  respectful t[>ds  
!m till !y are pleas$1 & !n he mu/ aga9 
po9t out _! fault40    ,! ,*9ese give   

respect to ! liv+1 & also rev]5ce !     
dead4  ,x is f ! pa/ t !y h tri$ to     
le>n1 & ! pa/ is a  pa?way :i* ! feet ( 
spirits h trodd5 & made lum9\s4 ,&1     
moreov]1 no man c escape f 8 ance/ors1  
ev5 if he g to !  utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? &
 dwell among /rang]s4 ,ov] ! heads  ( ! 
family ! politician1 anci5t & mod]n1    
looks to ! ,/ate4  ,b ,*9a1 f ! %elt] & 
security ( h] myriad bulw>ks1 has  wat*$
 ! sun ( _m empires rise & set4         
,,note    ,9 prep>+ ?is little book = ! 
press1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4  ,lionel   
,giles & ,mr4 ,l4 ,cranm]-,byng = _! k9d
 assi/ance4 ,mr4  ,giles has revis$ !   
,engli% spell+ ( ,*9ese names accord+ to
  ! sy/em almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by    
s9ologues to-day2 :ile ,mr4             
,cranm]-,byng has made himself          
responsible = ! ,introduction4 ,z       
reg>ds ,! ,tw5ty-f\r ,examples ( ,filial
 ,duty1 due ackn[l$gm5t  mu/ be made to 
,vol4 ,,vi4 ( ,! ,*9ese ,repository1 :i*
 conta9s  ! only complete translation ( 
^! /ories1 & has be5  ext5sively drawn  

^u = ! pres5t "w4      ,,footnotes3     
#a ,translat$ by ,john ,c>ey ,hall 9    
,*9ese ,civilisation1 by ,pi]re         
,laffitte4          ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,(   
,,filial ,,duty          ,,*apt] ,i     
,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,filial ,,duty         
,once ^u a "t ,confucius 0 sitt+ 9 8    
/udy1 hav+ 8  disciple ,tsng ,ts#8an to 
att5d ^u him4 ,he ask$ ,tsng ,ts#8an3   
8,d  y "k by :at virtue & p[] ! good    
,emp]ors ( old made !  _w peaceful1 ! p 
to live 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 &  !       
inf]ior cont5t$ "u ! control ( _!       
sup]iors80 ,to ?is  ,tsng ,ts#8an1 ris+ 
f 8 seat1 repli$3 8,i d n "k ?is1 =  ,i 
am n clev]40 ,!n said ,confucius3 8,!   
duty ( *ildr5 to _!  p>5ts is ! f\nta9  
:5ce all o!r virtues spr+1 & also !     
/>t+-po9t f :i* we ought to beg9 our    
education4 ,n[ take  y\r seat1 & ,i w   
expla9 ?is4 ,our body & hair & sk9 are  
all  d]iv$ f our p>5ts1 & !re=e we h no 
"r to injure any  ( !m 9 ! lea/4 ,?is is
 ! fir/ duty ( a *ild4    8,to live an  
upright life & to spread ! great        

doctr9es ( humanity  mu/ w9 good        
reputation aft] dea?1 & reflect great   
hon\r ^u our  p>5ts4 ,?is is ! la/ duty 
( a son4    8,h5ce ! fir/ duty ( a son  
is to pay a c>eful att5tion to e  want (
 8 p>5ts4 ,! next is to s]ve 8 gov]nm5t 
loyally2 &  ! la/ to e/abli% a good "n =
 himself4    8,s x is writt5 9 ! ,ta    
,ya#b3 #8,y mu/ ?9k ( y\r ance/ors  &   
cont9ue to cultivate ! virtue :i* y     
inh]it f !m4'0          ,,*apt] ,,ii    
,,! ,,filial ,,duty ,,( ,,an ,,emp]or   
,9 ord] to prev5t ! p f treat+ _! p>5ts 
)  cruelty1 ! ,emp]or fir/ sets an      
example to !m by %[+ a de>  love to 8   
"m2 & 9 ord] to tea* !m n to treat _!   
p>5ts ) rud5ess1 he fir/ treats 8 p>5ts 
) respect4 ,hav+  lov$ & respect$ 8 own 
p>5ts1 8 good conduct w influ5ce  ! m9ds
 ( 8 p1 & 8 good example w be foll[$ by 
!m4    ,s x is writt5 9 ! ,fu ,hs+#c3   
8,:5 ! ,emp]or has done a  good act1    
millions w be b5efit$40                 
,,footnotes3    #b ,a section ( ! ,canon
 ( ,poetry4    #c ,! #bg? ( ! books (   

,*\ 9 ! ,canon ( ,hi/ory4               
,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,! ,,filial ,,duty ,,(
 ,,feudal ,,pr9ces      ,any man w be   
secure 9 8 position1 h[ev] high x may   
be1 if he  does n behave himself 9 a    
haughty mann]2 & w be ev] able to  keep 
8 weal? if he is frugal & c>eful 9 8    
exp5ses4    ,:5 he is able to secure    
himself 9 8 high position1 he c1 (      
c\rse1 rema9 unimpair$ 9 8 dignity2 &   
:]e he c keep 8  weal?1 he w always     
rema9 ri*4 ,hav+ plac$ himself 9 a      
position  ( hon\r1 & secur$ ! possession
 ( 8 weal?1 he w be able to  protect 8  
c\ntry & fur!r ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,?is is !
  filial duty ( a feudal ,pr9ce4    ,9 !
 ,%ih ,*+ x is ?us writt53 8,be c>eful z
 ?\gh y 7  /&+ ^u ! br9k ( a high       
precipice or tread+ on ?9 ice40         
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,! ,,filial ,,duty ,,( 
,,high ,,(fic]s      ,if we d n put on  
su* dress z our good ,emp]ors ( old w\ld
  =bid1 if we d n speak su* words z !y  
w\ld =bid1 & if  we d n behave ourselves
 9 su* a way z !y w\ld =bid1 !n  we %all

 be always "r 9 :at we say & :at we d4  
,if s1 !n  nobody w be able to f9d fault
 ) our words or ) our de$s1  & !re=e we 
%all be able to keep our family f be+   
visit$  ) any s]i\s mis=tune1 & to (f]  
sacrifices to our ance/ors  = ev]4 ,?is 
is ! filial duty ( a high (fic]4    ,9 !
 ,%ih ,*+ x is ?us writt53 8,be dilig5t 
e m9ute to  att5d ^u ! "o p]son0 7mean+ 
! ,emp]or74          ,,*apt] ,v    ,,!  
,,filial ,,duty ,,( ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,class
      ,f ! mann] 9 :i* we %\ld treat our
 fa!r we le>n h[ to  treat our "m4 ,!   
love t[>d !m is ! same4 ,f ! mann]  9   
:i* we %\ld treat our fa!r we also le>n 
h[ to s]ve our  ,augu/ ,ma/]4 ,! respect
 %[n to !m is ! same4 ,to our "m  we %[ 
love1 to our ,augu/ ,ma/] respect1 :ile 
to our fa!r1 bo?  love & respect4 ,if we
 c s]ve our ,augu/ ,ma/] ) su* feel+s  z
 we h t[>d our fa!r1 !n loyalty is %[n2 
& if we treat  v5]able p]sons ) respect1
 !n h>mony w reign 9 ! circle  ( our    
life4 ,n fail+ to treat ! ,augu/ ,ma/] )
 loyalty &  ! v5]able ) respect1 we %all

 be able to make ourselves secure  9 our
 high position & to (f] sacrifices to   
our ance/ors = ev]4    ,?is is ! filial 
duty ( ! ,lit]ati4 ,s 9 ! ,%ih ,*+ x is 
writt53 8,d n d any?+ 9 ! c\rse ( a day 
:i* w reflect  di%on\r ^u y\r ance/ors40
          ,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! ,,filial  
,,duty ,,( ,,common ,,p      ,to d !    
necess>y 9 e season 7su* z gr[+ crops 9 
spr+  & reap+ h>ve/ 9 autumn71 to d !   
utmo/ to make l&s z  f]tile z possible1 
& to be frugal 9 _! exp5se1 9 ord] to   
keep _! p>5ts 9 com=t1 is ! filial duty 
( ! common p4    ,f ! ,emp]or d[nw>ds to
 ! common p1 e "o has ! same  duty      
impos$ ^u him1 & !re is no in/ance 9 :i*
 we c f9d  t a man _c fulfil ?is duty4  
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,! 8,,?ree ,,p[]s0#d  
,on he>+ :at ,confucius said ab\t filial
 duty1 ,tsng ,tz rem>k$3  8,h[ great is 
! use ( filial duty60 ,"h ,confucius    
cont9u$3  8,filial duty is ! con/ant    
doctr9e ( ,heav51 ! natural             
righte\sness ( ,e>?1 & ! practical duty 
( man4 ,e memb] (  ! community ought to 

obs]ve x ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,we d :at  is 
dictat$ by ,heav5 & :at is good = !     
g5]al public 9 ord]  to organise !      
community4 ,on ?is acc\nt our education 
is widespread1  ?\gh x is n compulsory1 
& our gov]nm5t is s\nd1 ?\gh x  is n    
rigor\s4 ,! effect ( education ^u ! m9ds
 ( ! p  0 well kn[n to ! good ,emp]ors (
 old4 ,!y made e p]son  love 8 p>5ts by 
lov+ _! own p>5ts fir/4 ,!y induc$ e    
p]son to cultivate 8 virtue by exp\nd+ !
 advantages ( virtue  to him4 ,!y behav$
 !mselves respectfully & humbly1 s t !  
p might n qu>rel ) "o ano!r4 ,!y tra9$ !
 p  ) c]emonial obs]vances1 & educat$ !m
 ) music s t !y  might live 9 h>mony4   
,!y told ! p :at ?+s !y lik$ or  dislik$
 to see done1 s t !y might und]/& :at !y
 7  =bidd5 to d4    ,9 ! ,%ih ,*+ x is  
?us writt53 8,! dignifi$ /atesman is    
always ! subject ( ! att5tion ( ! p40   
,,footnotes3    #d ,i4e4 ,heav51 ,e>?1 &
 ,man4          ,,*apt] ,,viii          
,,filial ,,duty ,,9 ,,gov]nm5t      ,!  
good ,emp]ors ( old rul$ ! ,empire by   

means ( filial duty1 &  d>$ n neglect ! 
m9i/]s ( _! vassal /ates4 ,h[ mu* less  
! dukes1 m>quises1 e>ls1 visc\nts1 &    
b>ons6 ,!y !reby ga9$  ! goodwill ( all 
_! vassal /ates1 :i* s5t _! deputies  to
 repres5t !m 9 any sacrifice (f]$ to !  
ance/ors ( _!  ,supreme ,ma/]4 ,?is is  
:at we mean by say+ t ! good ,emp]ors  (
 old gov]n$ ! _w by filial duty4    ,z  
to ! vassal /ates1 _! rul]s d>$ n treat 
wid[]s &  wid[s ) insol5ce2 h[ !n c\ld  
!y d>e act s t[>ds !  lit]>y class & !  
p8 ,h5ce !y ga9$ ! goodwill ( _!        
subjects1 & ! latt] w\ld jo9 !m 9 (f]+  
sacrifices to  _! ance/ors4    ,n[ we   
may say a ^w ab\t a family4 ,if ! head (
 a family d n  act haughtily t[>ds 8    
s]vant1 he _c act s to 8 wife &  *ildr54
 ,h5ce he w ga9 ! goodwill ( all 8 p1 & 
!y  w help him 9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 filial 
duty4 ,9 su* a family  ! p>5ts mu/ feel 
happy :5 !y are liv+1 & _! spirits  mu/ 
come to enjoy ! sacrifice :5 !y are     
dead4 ,by ! pr9ciple  ( filial duty !   
:ole _w c be made happy & all calamities

 &  dang]s c be av]t$4 ,su* 0 ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! ,empire by !  enlight5$ rul]s (    
old1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( filial 
duty4    ,9 ! ,%ih ,*+ x is ?us writt53 
8,if y adorn y\rself ) !  highe/ virtue1
 ! :ole _w w foll[ y40          ,,*apt] 
,,ix    ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,! ,,sage      
,tsng ,tz ask$3 8,is filial piety !     
highe/ ( all ! virtues  possess$ by a   
great sage80 ,to ?is ,confucius repli$3 
8,!re is  no?+ s great 9 ! _w z man1 &  
!re is no?+ s great  9 a man z filial   
piety4 ,! fir/ duty ( a son is to v5]ate
 8  p>5t1 & 9 ord] to %[ rev]5ce = 8    
dead fa!r he has to  (f] him sacrifice  
:5 he (f]s sacrifices to ,heav54 ,a man 
:o _h  done ?is 0 ! ,duke ( ,*\4 ,:5 he 
(f]$ sacrifices to ,heav5  9 a suburban 
di/rict1 he also (f]$ a sacrifice to 8  
deceas$  ance/or ,h\ ,*i1 & :5 he (f]$  
sacrifice to ,heav5 at ! temple  nam$   
,m+ ,tang1 he also made "o to 8 deceas$ 
fa!r ,wn ,wang4  ,8 good action produc$ 
su* an effect t all ! feudal b>ons at  t
 "t came to assi/ him 9 p]=m+ ! c]emony 

( (f]+  sacrifice to ,heav54 ,x is !re=e
 evid5t t !re is no?+ s  great 9 human  
nature z filial piety4 ,! feel+ (       
affection is  fo/]$ dur+ ! "t ( infancy1
 & f t affection spr+s  rev]5ce4 ,s9ce e
 man has a natural rev]5ce1 ! great     
sages  ( ! "t tea* him h[ & :5 to %[ x2 
& s9ce he has a  natural feel+ (        
affection1 !y tea* him :5 & h[ to       
cultivate  x4 ,z ! tea*+s ( ^! sages are
 bas$ on ! pr9ciple (  filial piety1 _! 
doctr9e is propagat$ )\t ef=t1 & _!     
gov]nm5t is effectual )\t resort+ to    
=ce4 ,! affection  betwe5 a fa!r & a son
 is natural1 & also a s\rce f :i*  spr+s
 ! rev]5ce :i* a m9i/] ought to %[ to 8 
sov]eign4  ,:5 p>5ts h a son born to !m1
 ! regul> l9e ( desc5t 9  ! family is   
!reby secur$4 ,?is is ! greate/ duty 9  
family  life4 ,we mu/ treat our p>5ts ) 
! same rev]5ce z is %[n  to our         
sov]eign1 because we receive b\ndless   
k9dness f !m &  are "u a natural        
obligation to d s4 ,if any "o does n    
love 8  p>5ts1 b o!rs1 he is a rebel    

aga9/ virtue2 & if any "o  does n       
respect 8 p>5ts1 b o!rs1 he is also a   
rebel aga9/  ! /&>d ( rites4 ,any action
 :i* is aga9/ ! law ( nature  w c]ta9ly 
n be an example = ! public2 & any "o :o 
gets  a high position1 su* z t ( a rul]1
 by undue influ5ce in/ead  ( by good    
actions1 w be despis$ by good m54 ,z to 
! latt]1  !y say :at !y ought to say1 & 
d :at !y ?9k is good =  ! public4 ,_!   
virtue & ju/ice are e/imable1 _! actions
 are  wor?y ( be+ foll[$1 _! behavi\r is
 cr$itable1 & _!  mann] is correct 9 e  
way4 ,if su* p]sons are rul]s ( a /ate1 
!y w af=d to ! p a good example to foll[
 & w also  inspire !m ) rev]5ce &       
affection4 ,?is is pr9cipally !  cause (
 _! be+ successful 9 propagat+ _!       
doctr9es1 &  9 effectually c>ry+ on _!  
gov]nm5t4 ,d y n rememb] :at  is said 9 
! ,%ih ,*+8--#8,look at t good man4 ,h[ 
correct 8  behavi\r is6'0               
,,*apt] ,x    ,,! ,,filial ,,duty ,,( ,a
 ,,son      ,confucius said3 8,a filial 
son has five duties to p]=m to 8  p>5ts3

 7#a7 ,he mu/ v5]ate !m 9 daily life4   
7#b7 ,he mu/ try to  make !m happy 9 e  
possible way1 especially :5 ! meal is   
s]v$4 7#c7 ,he mu/ take extra c>e ( !m  
:5 !y are sick4 7#d7 ,he  ought to %[   
great sorr[ = !m :5 !y are dead4 7#e7   
,he mu/  (f] sacrifices to 8 deceas$    
p>5ts ) ! utmo/ solemnity4 ,if  he      
fulfils ^! duties1 !n he c be consid]$ z
 hav+ done :at  ought to be done by a   
son40    ,a son ought n to feel pr\d ( !
 high position he occupies1 ought  n to 
%[ dissatisfaction ) 8 inf]ior position 
to t (  o!rs1 & ought n to act aga9/ !  
natural feel+ ( ! public4  ,if he is    
pr\d & haughty :5 he is a high (ficial1 
he w soon  br+ ru9 ^u himself & 8       
family2 if he feels dissatisfi$ )  8 l[]
 position1 he may be l$ to d illegal    
acts2 & if he does  any?+ contr>y to !  
public feel+1 he w probably be !  object
 ( attacks4 ,hav+ ?us wrong$ himself1 he
 _c be consid]$  z a filial son1 al?\gh 
he treats 8 p>5ts e day to luxuri\s     
meals4          ,,*apt] ,,xi    ,,!     

,,five ,,puni%m5ts      ,! crim9al law  
consi/s pr9cipally ( five puni%m5ts1 :i*
 are  direct$ aga9/ ?ree ?\s& (f5ces4 ,(
 !m1 disob$i5ce to  "o's p>5ts is       
consid]$ ! mo/ he9\s crime4    ,to      
?reat5 ! sov]eign ) =ce is an act :i*   
%[s t !  wrongdo] does n "k ! duty ( an 
inf]ior to a sup]ior2 to  say any?+     
aga9/ ! gov]nm5t f\nd$ by ! wise m5 ( _m
  g5]ations gone by is an act :i* %[s t 
! speak] does n  "k :at law is2 & to say
 t a son ne$ n be filial to 8  p>5ts is 
also an act :i* %[s t ! speak] does n "k
 :at  is ! natural relation & duty      
betwe5 a son & p>5ts4 ,su* acts  w no   
d\bt lead ! man to a wrong c\rse ( life4
          ,,*apt] ,,xii                 
,,amplification ,,( ,,! 8,,important    
,,doctr9e0      ,confucius said3 8,! be/
 way to tea* ! p to love _!  sov]eign is
 = ! sov]eign fir/ to love 8 own p>5ts2 
to tea*  !m to be polite to ea* o!r is =
 ! sov]eign himself fir/ to  be polite  
to all 8 eld]s2 & to improve bad mann]s 
& cu/oms is  = him fir/ to pay att5tion 

to ! composition ( ! music play$  9 !   
c\ntry4    8,:at is etiquette8 ,x is    
simply due respect to "o's eld]s4 ,if ,i
  respect ! p>5ts1 ! son w be pleas$2 if
 ,i respect ! eld]  bro!rs1 ! y\ng] ones
 w be pleas$2 & if ,i respect !         
sov]eign1 all ! m9i/]s w be pleas$4 ,i  
respect only "o  p]son1 b ,i please     
?\s&s ^u ?\s&s4 ,^? to :om !  respect is
 paid are few1 & ^? :om ,i please are   
_m4 ,?is is :at  is call$ an #8important
 doctr9e4'0          ,,*apt] ,,xiii     
,,amplification ,,( 8,,! ,,highe/       
,,virtue0      ,confucius said3 8,:5 a  
rul] wi%es to tea* 8 p to love _!       
p>5ts1 he does n g to _! family e day to
 tea* !m4 ,he  tea*es !m by 8 %[+       
rev]5ce to all old p4 ,9 ! same  mann]  
he tea*es 8 p to %[ respect to _! eld]s 
by do+  s fir/2 & to be loyal to _! rul]
 by 8 do+ duty to 8  sup]iors fir/4     
8,! ,%ih ,*+ says1 #8,! behavi\r ( !    
rul] is s good t he  is lov$ by ! p z _!
 p>5t4' ,a rul] c\ld n h be5  s lov$ by 
8 p _h he n possess$ ! highe/ virtue40  

,,*apt] ,,xiv    ,,amplification ,,(    
8,,rais+ ,,! ,,reputation0              
,confucius said3 8,a true g5tleman is   
always filial to 8 p>5ts1 &  9 ord] to  
fulfil 8 duty to !m to ! fulle/ ext5t1  
he also  s]ves 8 ,augu/ ,ma/] )         
patriotism4 ,he always %[s rev]5ce  to 8
 eld] bro!rs1 & 9 ord] to fulfil 8 duty 
to !m to !  fulle/ ext5t1 he does ! same
 t[>ds e "o :o is old] ?an he4    8,z he
 c ma9ta9 ord] 9 8 family affairs1 s he 
c d ! same  9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,he bases !   
pr9ciple ( ! gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate  ^u t ( 
a rul+ family1 & ! consequ5t success w  
make 8  "n to be rememb]$ ?r\gh\t       
g5]ations to come40          ,,*apt]    
,,xv    ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,remon/rance ,,9  
,,connection ,,) ,,filial ,,duty        
,tsng ,tz said3 8,i h he>d all t y said 
ab\t p>5tal love1  filial love1 rev]5ce 
to eld]s1 h[ to treat p>5ts e day1 &  h[
 to please !m by mak+ oneself kn[n =    
good conduct2 & n[  ,i w v5ture to ask y
 :e!r x is filial t a son %\ld obey  e  
comm& ( 8 fa!r1 :e!r "r or wrong80      

8,:at d y say8--:at d y say80 repli$    
,confucius4 8,once ^u a  "t !re 0 a     
c]ta9 ,emp]or :o w\ld h lo/ 8 empire    
?r\gh  8 wick$ness1 b t he _h sev5 good 
m9i/]s :o (t5 *eck$  8 illegal actions  
by /rong prote/s2 !re 0 also a feudal   
b>on  :o w\ld h lo/ 8 feudal e/ate ?r\gh
 wantonness1 b = !  fact t he _h five   
good m5 :o (t5 made /rong remon/rances  
to  him2 & !re 0 also a /atesman :o w\ld
 h br\ght frightful  calamity ^u 8      
family1 b = ! fact t he _h ?ree good    
s]vants :o (t5 /rongly advis$ him n to d
 :at he ought n4    8,if a man has a    
good fri5d to resi/ him 9 do+ bad       
actions1 he w  h 8 reputation pres]v$2 s
 if a fa!r has a son to resi/ 8  wrong  
comm&s1 he w be sav$ f committ+ s]i\s   
faults4    8,:5 ! comm& is wrong1 a son 
%\ld resi/ 8 fa!r1 & a  m9i/] %\ld resi/
 8 ,augu/ ,ma/]4    8,! maxim is1       
#8,resi/ :5 wrongly comm&$4' ,h5ce h[ c 
he be  call$ filial :o obeys 8 fa!r :5  
he is comm&$ to d wrong80               
,,*apt] ,,xvi    ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,&     

,,fruit ,,( ,,filial ,,piety      ,!    
good ,emp]ors ( old 7 n only filial to  
_! p>5ts1 b  also to ! ,supreme ,fa!r & 
,"m--t is1 ,heav5 & ! ,e>?4  ,:5 an     
,emp]or c live 9 h>mony ) 8 eld]s1 !re w
 be  h>mony ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ion betwe5    
sup]iors & inf]iors2 &  :5 he is filial 
to ! ,supreme ,fa!r & ,"m1 he w be      
bless$  by !m4    ,al?\gh ! ,emp]or is !
 highe/ ( all ranks1 yet he /ill has "s 
"o to respect4 ,he has 8 fa!r & eld]    
bro!rs4    ,:y d we (f] sacrifices to   
our ance/ors 9 our family %r9e8         
,because we ought n to =get !m4 ,:y mu/ 
we cultivate our m9ds  & be circumspect 
9 our actions8 ,because we d n wi% to   
br+  disgrace ^u ! "n ( our ance/ors4   
,if we c %[ respect to !m  :5 we (f] !m 
sacrifices 9 our family %r9e1 we %all be
 bless$  by ! ,supreme ,fa!r & ,"m4     
,filiality to p>5ts & rev]5ce to  eld]s 
w be kn[n to ! ,supreme ,be+1 & w be    
foll[$ by !  p 9 e "p ( ! _w2 no place c
 rema9 unaffect$ by  _! influ5ce4 ,9 !  
,%ih ,*+ x is said t 8f ea/ to we/  & f 

nor? to s\? !re is no "o :o does n      
submit to rule40          ,,*apt] ,,xvii
    ,,s]v+ ,,! ,,sov]eign               
,confucius said3 8,a good man always    
endeav\rs1 :ile he is 9 !  s]vice ( 8   
sov]eign1 to express ! utmo/ loyalty    
dur+  audi5ce ) 8 ,augu/ ,ma/]1 & ?9ks  
at 8 leisure h[ to  repair any wrong 8  
,augu/ ,ma/] may h done4 ,he w c>ry out 
any praisewor?y s*emes project$ by 8    
ma/]1 & w correct  any fault :i* he may 
commit4 ,9 ?is way a great affection w  
be  fo/]$ betwe5 !m4    8,?us 9 ! ,%ih  
,*+ x is writt53 #8,al?\gh ! m9i/] may  
be  f> away f 8 ma/]1 yet 8 affection w 
n be affect$ by !  di/ance4 ,he is s    
atta*$ to him t he ?9ks ( him e day4'0  
,,*apt] ,,xviii    ,,m\rn+ ,,= ,,"o',s  
,,p>5ts      ,confucius said3 8,:5 a    
filial son loses 8 p>5t1 he1 ( c\rse1   
_c help cry+ pite\sly4 ,he _c feel happy
 :5 he he>s music4  ,he w h no appetite 
= food1 h[ev] tempt+ a sav\ry4 ,he w    
greet no visitor1 h no reg>d = elegance 
( spee*1 & w put  on a m\rn+-dress      

in/ead ( a beautiful "o4 ,all ^! tell u 
! ext5t ( 8 sorr[ = 8 lo/ p>5t4 ,:at is 
meant by !  say+ t he mu/ try to eat    
some?+ aft] ?ree days f !  dea? ( 8     
p>5t1 ?\gh he has no appetite = x8 ,x   
tea*es u  t al?\gh we h to %[ great     
sorr[ = ! dead1 yet we mu/  n sacrifice 
ourselves on _! acc\nt1 & t we mu/ n    
c>ry  self-mortification s f> z to      
de/roy our life4 ,?is is ! doctr9e  laid
 d[n by good m5 ( old4 ,t m\rn+ only    
ext5ds to ! p]iod  ( ?ree ye>s %[s t !re
 is a limit = our sorr[4    8,= ! corpse
 we make a c(f9 & "s clo!s4 ,we set =? !
  sacrificial vessels1 & at ! sight ( !m
 grief breaks =?  afre%4 ,! wom5 beat _!
 brea/s1 ! m5 /amp _! feet1 &  ) weep+ &
 wail+ escort ! c(f9 to its re/+-place4 
,=  its burial we buy a well-dra9$      
gr\nd4 ,9 memory ( our deceas$  p>5t we 
build a %r9e4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ our    
remembrance we  (f] sacrifices e spr+ & 
autumn4    8,:5 our p>5ts are alive1 we 
%\ld treat !m ) love &  respect4 ,:5 !y 
are dead1 we %\ld h sorr[ = !m4 ,by do+ 

s we %all h p]=m$ ! duty ( mank9d1 & h  
done :at  ought to be done by a filial  
son1 & by ! liv+ to ! dead4          ,,!
 ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,examples      ,no4 ,i  
,! ,filial ,piety t influ5c$ ,heav5     
,y ,%un1 ! son ( ,ku ,s\1 _h an exce$+ly
 filial disposition2  8 fa!r1 h[ev]1 0  
/upid1 8 "m p]v]se1 & 8 y\ng]  bro!r1   
,hsiang1 v conceit$4 ,8 actions are     
relat$ 9 ! ,%ang  ,%u1 9 ! ,*ung ,yung1 
& 9 ! works ( ,m5cius4 ,^? :o speak  (  
him say t ,%un cultivat$ ! hills ( ,li  
79 ! prov9ce (  ,%ansi71 :]e he _h      
elephants to pl\gh 8 fields & birds to  
we$  ! gra94 ,s widespread 0 ! r5[n ( 8 
virtue t ! ,emp]or  ,yao he>d ( him1 &  
s5t 8 n9e sons to s]ve him1 & gave to   
him  two ( 8 daught]s 9 m>riage1 &      
aft]w>ds resign$ to him !  imp]ial      
dignity4    ,( all ^? ^: virtue & filial
 duty des]ve to be illu/rat$1  ,%un is  
pre-em95t2 & 8 example1 9 obey+ 8 p>5ts1
 is wor?y  ( be+ h&$ d[n to po/]ity1    
?r\gh myriads ( ages4 ,once he 0  9     
great dang] 9 a well1 into :i* he 0     

comm&$ by 8 fa!r to  desc5d1 & 8 bro!r  
ca/ d[n /ones ^u him2 aga91 he 0 9 a    
gran>y1 :5 x 0 set on fire2 b f ^!1 z   
well z f _m  o!r dang]s1 he escap$      
unhurt4 ,he fi%$1 burn$ pott]y1 pl\gh$  
& s[$1 ) great toil on ! hills ( ,li4   
,he labori\sly p]=m$  all ^! duties1 b 8
 p>5ts 7 n affect$1 :ile 8 bro!r        
,hsiang became m insol5t & ov]be>+4 ,8  
p>5ts alleg$ crimes  aga9/ him1 b ,%un  
c\ld n f9d t he _h done wrong2 he lov$  
& rev]$ !m1 ?\gh !y did n requite him ) 
affection4 ,8  feel+s 7 griev$ at ^!    
manifold tr\bles1 & ) /rong  cry+ & te>s
 he invok$ ,heav54    ,8 p]fect s9c]ity 
0 effectual to r5ovate 8 family2 8 p>5ts
  became pleasant1 & 8 bro!r m          
conciliatory & virtu\s4  ,heav5 also    
consid]$ 8 excell5cy to be great1 &     
reg>d$ him  z truly good1 ?us e/abli%+ 8
 reputation s firmly t x 0  p]petuat$   
to1 & influ5c$1 succe$+ ages4 ,ev5      
,confucius is  reg>d$ z elevat$ b a     
little above ,%un1 & ,i w\ld praise &   
extol !m bo? to com+ g5]ations4         

,no4 ,,ii    ,affection %[n 9 ta/+ ,s\ps
 & ,m$ic9es    ,! ,emp]or ,wn ( ! ,han  
dyna/y1 ! ?ird son ( 8 fa!r1 ,kao  ,tsu1
 0 appo9t$ ,pr9ce ov] ! c\ntry ( ,tai4  
,8 own "m1  ,po1 0 ,que5-d[ag]1 & ,wn 0 
con/ant 9 8 att5dance on h]4  ,%e 0 ill 
= ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t 8 eyelids did n
  close1 nor 0 ! girdle ( 8 dress       
unloos$2 & %e took none (  ! s\ps &     
m$ic9es prep>$ = h] till he _h ta/$ !m4 
,?is  b5evol5ce & filial affection 0    
he>d ( ?r\gh\t ! empire4    ,wn receiv$ 
direction to g & arrange ! imp]ial      
sacrifices1 &  reque/$ 8 "m to accompany
 him to ! royal doma9s4 ,morn+  & ev5+  
he visit$ h] 9 h] own ap>tm5ts1 & h&$ h]
 !  fragrant di%es4 ,if ! provisions _h 
lo/ _! flav\r1 he 0  vex$2 & :5 ta/+ !  
m$ic9es he comm&$ p]fect sil5ce4 ,!     
live-long night 8 girdle 0 n loos$1 nor 
= ?ree ye>s 7  8 eyelids clos$4 ,by z   
mu* z 8 animal spirits 7 exhau/$1  by s 
mu* ! m did 8 he>t become fix$ on !     
subject ( its  affection2 & = a long "t 
8 ?\ghts 7 n di/ract$4 ,su*  filial love

 & virtue s mov$ ^u ,heav5's k9d reg>d1 
t x  wr\ght ^u 8 fa!r to conf] ! ?rone  
^u him z 8 patrimony4      ,no4 ,,iii   
,gnaw+ h] ,f+] pa9$ 8 ,he>t    ,dur+ !  
,*\ dyna/y !re liv$ a lad nam$ ,tsng    
,ts#8an1 a disciple  ( ,confucius1 :o   
s]v$ 8 "m v dutifully4 ,tsng 0 9 !      
habit ( go+ to ! hills to collect       
faggots2 & once1 :ile he 0  ?us abs5t1  
_m gue/s came to 8 h\se1 t[>ds :om 8 "m 
0  at a loss to "k h[ to act4 ,%e1 :ile 
expect+ h] son1 :o delay$  8 return1    
began to gnaw h] f+]s4 ,tsng sudd5ly    
felt a pa9 9  8 he>t1 & took up 8 bundle
 ( faggots 9 ord] to return home2  & :5 
he saw 8 "m1 he kneel$ & begg$ to "k :at
 0 !  cause ( h] anxiety4 ,%e repli$3   
8,!re h be5 "s gue/s "h  :o came f a    
great di/ance1 & ,i bit my f+] 9 ord] to
 ar\se  y to return to me40    ,!       
faculties ( m9d & body 9 bo? "m & son   
sprang orig9ally  f ! same s\rce1 & are 
alike2 b 9 common m5 ?is connection  is 
brok5 & int]rupt$1 & !y are dull &      
/upid4 ,^? sages  ^: nature is heav5ly  

diff] f ! re/ ( mank9d2 & virtue1  z 9 a
 brea?1 p]meates _! :ole s\ls4 ,at a    
c]ta9 "t1 :5  ,tsng 0 abs5t to collect  
faggots1 visitors came & knock$ at 8    
door 9 great ha/e2 & z !re 0 no man at  
home ready to receive  !m1 8 "m 0 mu*   
griev$4 ,he _h ent]$ ! d5se fog on !    
hills & did n "k :]e he 01 :5 8 "m lean$
 aga9/ !  door-po/ & gnaw$ h] f+]s z if 
%e w\ld g 9 que/ ( him4  ,h] son 9 !    
hills is sudd5ly seiz$ ) a pa9 9 8 he>t1
 &  quickly takes up 8 bundle ( faggots 
to return2 al?\gh di/ant1  he sympa?ises
 ) 8 "m's grief & compla9t4 ,! he>ts (  
"m & son are mutually affect$1 "o       
influ5c+ ! o!r1 9 !  same mann] z ! amb]
 draws small /raws & ! load/one attracts
  ! sl5d] ne$le4 ,f ! remote/ p]iod     
sages h be5 able to  control _!         
dispositions1 & 9 ! deepe/ sil5ce h     
revolv$  _! actions z 9 a brea?4 ,! mov+
 influ5ce t su* m9ds h  on ea* o!r !    
g5]ality ( m5 _c und]/&4 ,! devot$ness  
) :i* !y s]ve _! p>5ts & ! respect ) :i*
 !y  *]i% !m--:o c compreh5d4      ,no4 

,,iv    ,clad 9 a ,s+le ,g>m5t1 he 0    
ob$i5t to 8 ,"m    ,dur+ ! ,*\ dyna/y   
liv$ ,m9 ,sun1 a disciple ( ,confucius1 
:o 9  e>ly life lo/ 8 "m4 ,8 fa!r       
subsequ5tly m>ri$ ano!r  wife1 :o bore  
him two *ildr51 b dislik$ ,sun4 ,9 w9t] 
%e  clo!d him 9 g>m5ts made ( ru%es1    
:ile h] own *ildr5 wore  cotton clo!s4  
,m9 0 employ$ 9 driv+ 8 fa!r's *>iot1  &
 8 body 0 s cold t ! re9s dropp$ f 8    
h&s1 =  :i* c>elessness 8 fa!r *a/is$   
him2 yet he did n v9dicate  himself4 ,:5
 8 fa!r knew ! circum/ances1 he det]m9$ 
to  divorce 8 second wife2 b ,sun said1 
8,:il/ "m rema9s1 "o  son is cold2 if "m
 dep>ts1 ?ree sons w be de/itute40 ,!   
fa!r desi/$ f 8 purpose2 & aft] ?is ! "m
 0 l$ to  rep5tance1 & became a good &  
virtu\s p>5t4    ,! filial piety ( !    
r5[n$ ,%un influ5c$ ,heav51 :il/ t (    
,m9 r5ovat$ mank9d4 ,if ,heav5 be       
influ5c$1 all bel[ x w be  trans=m$2 if 
m5 be r5ovat$1 f !m w spr+ a p[] able   
to cause _! families to become good4 ,9 
all ages m5 h exhibit$  a great love =  

_! wives2 b dutiful *ildr5 h (t5 met )  
unk9dness4 ,m9 c>efully conceal$ all 8  
grievances1 & refus$ to  indulge 9 any  
compla9t2 ev5 :ile suff]+ sev]ely f cold
 &  hung]1 he ma9ta9$ 8 affection       
unabat$4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod  :i* he     
endur$ ?is oppressive treatm5t1 8 good  
disposition became  manife/2 & by 8 own 
conduct he 0 able to ma9ta9 ! h>mony  ( 
! family unimpair$4 ,8 fa!r & "m 7      
influ5c$ by 8  filial devotion2 & 8     
bro!rs jo9$ 9 extoll+ 8 virtues4  ,all 8
 fri5ds & acqua9tances1 ) unit$ voice1  
celebrat$ 8  m]its2 & ! m5 ( 8 native   
village joyfully comb9$ to spread  !    
fame ( 8 actions4 ,! memory ( 8         
agreeable c\nt5ance &  pleas+ mann]s 0  
p]petuat$ to ! remote/ ages2 & 8 example
  0 9 _m respects l t ( ,%un1 ^: p>5ts 7
 equally  p]v]se4      ,no4 ,v    ,he   
c>ri$ ,rice = 8 ,p>5ts    ,9 ! ,*\      
dyna/y liv$ ,*ung ,yu1 also a disciple (
 ,confucius1 :o1  because 8 family 0    
poor1 usually ate h]bs & co>se pulse2 & 
he also w5t m ?an a hundr$ li to procure

 rice = 8 p>5ts4  ,aft]w>ds1 :5 !y 7    
dead1 he w5t s\? to ! c\ntry ( ,*#8u1   
:]e he 0 made comm&] ( a hundr$         
companies ( *>iots4 ,!re  he became ri*1
 /or+ up gra9 9 myriads ( measures1     
recl9+  ^u cu%ions1 & eat+ food s]v$ to 
him 9 num]\s di%es2 b1  sigh+1 he said3 
8,al?\gh ,i %\ld n[ desire to eat co>se 
h]bs &  br+ rice = my p>5ts1 x _c be60  
8,alas60 said ,*ung ,yu1 8al?\gh ,i 0 a 
s*ol>1 yet my p>5ts 7  poor2 & h[ 0 ,i  
to n\ri% !m80 ,exhau/$ he travell$ !    
long  road & *e]fully br\ght rice = 8   
p>5ts4 ,pleasantly he endur$  ! toil1 & 
ex]t$ 8 utmo/ /r5g? )\t any comm5dation4
  ,at t "t 8 lot 9 life 0 h>d &         
un=tunate1 & he little  expect$ !       
(ficial hon\rs he aft]w>ds enjoy$4 ,b :5
 8  p>5ts 7 dead1 & he _h become ri* &  
hon\rable1 enjoy+  all ! luxuries (     
life1 !n he 0 unhappy & discont5t$2 n   
*e]ful z 9 ! days ( 8 pov]ty1 nor happy 
z :5 he m9i/]$  to 8 p>5ts' wants4      
,no4 ,,vi    ,) ,sports & ,embroid]$    
,robes he amus$ 8 ,p>5ts    ,9 ! ,*\    

dyna/y !re fl\ri%$ ,lao ,lai ,tz1 :o 0 v
 ob$i5t  & rev]5t t[>ds 8 p>5ts1        
manife/+ 8 dutifulness by  ex]t+ himself
 to provide !m ) e delicacy4 ,al?\gh    
upw>ds  ( sev5ty ye>s ( age1 he decl>$ t
 he 0 n yet too old1 &1  dress$ 9       
gaudy-col\r$ g>m5ts1 w\ld frisk & cut   
cap]s l a  *ild 9 front ( 8 p>5ts4 ,he  
w\ld also take up buckets ( wat]  & try 
to c>ry !m into ! h\se2 b1 feign+ to    
slip1 w\ld fall  to ! gr\nd1 wail+ &    
cry+ l a *ild2 & all ^! ?+s he  did 9   
ord] to div]t 8 p>5ts4    ,9 ! c\ntry ( 
,*#8u liv$ ,lao ,lai ,tz1 :o1 :5 s old t
 he _h  lo/ ne>ly all 8 tee?1 made e    
ef=t to rejoice & com=t 8  p>5ts1       
con/antly endeav\r+ to gladd5 _! he>ts4 
,at times he  imitat$ ! playfulness ( a 
little *ild1 & array+ himself 9  gaudy &
 v>iegat$ clo!s1 amus$ !m by 8 /rutt+ & 
gambols4  ,he w\ld likewise purposely   
fall on ! gr\nd1 kick+ & wail+  to !    
utmo/ ( 8 p[]4 ,8 "m 0 delight$1 &      
manife/$  h] joy 9 h] c\nt5ance4 ,?us   
did ,lai =get 8 age 9 ord] to  rejoice !

 he>ts ( 8 p>5ts2 & affection1 h>mony1 &
 joy  prevail$ among ! family4 ,if ?is  
ard5t love = 8 p>5ts _h  be5 ins9c]e &  
con/ra9$1 h[ c\ld x be ref]r$ to z wor?y
  ( imitation8      ,no4 ,,vii    ,)    
,de]'s ,milk he suppli$ 8 ,p>5ts    ,9 !
 "t ( ! ,*\ dyna/y liv$ ,y51 :o possess$
 a v filial  disposition4 ,8 fa!r & "m 7
 ag$1 & bo? 7 afflict$  ) sore eyes1 to 
cure :i* !y desir$ to h "s de]'s milk4  
,y5 conceal$ himself 9 ! sk9 ( a de]1 & 
w5t deep into !  =e/s1 among ! h]ds (   
de]1 to obta9 "s ( _! milk = 8  p>5ts4  
,:ile among/ ! trees ! hunt]s saw him1 &
 7 ab\t  to %oot at him ) _! arr[s1 :5  
,y5 disclos$ to !m 8 true  "* & relat$ !
 hi/ory ( 8 family1 ) ! reasons =  8    
conduct4    ,d 8 p>5ts desire "s milk f 
! de]8 ,he is n det]r$ by  ! ob/acles 9 
! way ( procur+ x2 b clo?+ himself 9 a  
hairy g>m5t1 he goes c>efully seek+ = x 
among ! multitudes  ( wild bea/s4 ,he   
closely imitat$ ! cry1 yew1 yew1 ( !    
fawns1  wat*+ = ! tracks ( ! h]ds4 ,by  
?is mode he obta9$ !  sweet secretion2  

he also surpris$ ! hunt]s :om he met 9 !
 deep  & lonely =e/4      ,no4 ,,viii   
,he sold himself to bury 8 ,fa!r        
,dur+ ! ,han dyna/y liv$ ,tung ,yung1 ^:
 family 0 s v poor  t :5 8 fa!r di$1 he 
0 oblig$ to sell himself 9 ord] to      
procure money to bury 8 rema9s4 ,aft]   
?is he w5t to ano!r place  to ga9 !     
means ( r$eem+ himself2 & on 8 way he   
met a lady  :o desir$ to become 8 wife1 
& g ) him to 8 ma/]'s h\se4  ,%e w5t )  
,tung1 & wove ?ree hundr$ pieces ( silk1
 :i* be+  complet$ 9 two mon?s1 !y      
return$ home2 & on ! way1 hav+  rea*$ ! 
%ade ( ! cassia-tree :]e !y met be=e1 ! 
lady  bid him adieu & vani%$ f 8 sight4 
,tung c\ld n endure to behold 8 fa!r's  
bones ly+ expos$1 b  _h n suffici5t     
means to bury !m4 ,he saw t 8 h\sehold  
goods  7 n suffici5t1 & he said3 8,?is  
little body ( m9e1 :at is  ! use ( x8   
,if ,i sell x1 ,i c r$eem x aga91 & ?us 
bury  my fa!r1 :o w be sav$ f di%on\r40 
,8 filial piety mov$  ,heav5 to direct a
 female _s 9 human =m to come & help him

 9  fulfill+ 8 engagem5t2 %e wove ?ree  
hundr$ pieces ( silk1 &  ?us procur$ !  
r$emption ( a man ( truly filial he>t4  
,no4 ,,ix    ,he hir$ himself out z a   
,lab\r] to support 8 ,"m    ,9 ! "t ( ! 
,han dyna/y liv$ ,*iang ,ko1 :o1 :5 "y1 
lo/  8 fa!r1 & aft]w>ds liv$ alone ) 8  
"m4 ,times (  tr\ble aris+1 :i* caus$ !m
 mu* di/ress1 he took 8 "m  on 8 back1 &
 fl$4 ,on ! way he _m times met )       
companies (  robb]s1 :o w\ld h compell$ 
him to g ) !m & become a  b&it1 b ,*iang
 entreat$ !m ) te>s to sp>e him1 say+ t 
he _h 8 ag$ "m ) him2 & ! robb]s c\ld n 
be> to  kill him4 ,alt]+ 8 c\rse1 he    
came into ! di/rict ( ,hsia-p#8ei1      
extremely impov]i%$ & r$uc$1 :]e he hir$
 himself out &  support$ 8 "m2 & su* 0 8
 dilig5ce t he 0 able to  supply h] )   
:atev] %e p]sonally requir$4    ,pass+  
ov] ! hills & wad+ ?r\gh ! /reams1 he   
c>ri$ 8  "m ) mu* difficulty4 ,x 0 dur+ 
a ye> ( fam9e1 :5  all ! inhabitants ( !
 l& 7 9 confusion f ! sc>city  ( food1 &
 engagem5ts 7 frequ5t betwe5 ! soldi]s &

 !  b&its1 & signal fires 7 light$ on ! 
high hills4 ,*iang 0  fe>ful le/ !      
robb]s %\ld meet him on ! road & plund] 
him2  & !y did seize him1 reg>dless ( 8 
cries & te>s1 & 7  ab\t to rob him2 b :5
 !y knew ( 8 filial piety & affection  =
 8 "m1 !y p]mitt$ him to proce$4 ,:ile  
j\rney+1 he 0  too poor to procure any  
food beyond ! b>e necess>ies ( life2 &  
because he c\ld n provide com=ts &      
delicacies = 8 "m1  he 0 griev$ z if x  
_h be5 8 fault4 ,he w5t & hir$ himself  
= lab\r2 ) ! greate/ dilig5ce he adh]$  
to 8 purpose to  ma9ta9 8 "m2 & soon !  
/rang] obta9$ an abundance (  food &    
clo?+4 ,?is success caus$ 8 "m to       
rejoice1 & !y  7 bo? delight$1 %e =gett+
 h] =m] h>d%ips 9 ! joy  t fill$ h]     
brea/4      ,no4 ,x    ,he fann$ !      
,pill[ & w>m$ ! ,b$clo!s    ,9 ! ,han   
dyna/y liv$ ,huang ,hsiang1 :o :5 only  
n9e ye>s old  lo/ 8 "m1 :om he lov$ s   
ard5tly & rememb]$ s well t  all !      
villag]s prais$ 8 filial duty4 ,he 0    
employ$ 9 !  sev]e/ toil1 & s]v$ 8 fa!r 

) entire ob$i5ce4 ,9 summ]1  :5 ! wea!r 
0 w>m1 he fann$ & cool$ 8 fa!r's pill[  
& b$2 & 9 w9t]1 :5 x 0 cold1 he w>m$ !  
b$-clo!s  ) 8 body4 ,! magi/rate s5t him
 an honor>y bann]1 z a m>k (  di/9ction4
    ,:5 ! heat ( summ] made x difficult 
to sleep quietly1 ! lad  knew :at w\ld  
be = ! com=t ( 8 v5]at$ p>5t4 ,tak+ a   
fan1 he sl[ly wav$ x ab\t ! silk5       
curta9s1 & ! cool air1  ent]+1 envelop$ 
& fill$ ! pill[s & b$4 ,9 w9t]1 :5  !   
sn[ ?reat5$ to cru% 9 ! ro( & ! fi]ce   
w9d %ook !  f5ces1 & ! cold p5etrat$ to 
! bones1 mak+ x haz>d\s to  unloose !   
girdle1 !n ,hsiang w>m$ 8 fa!r's b$ t he
 might  n fe>1 because ( ! cold1 to ent]
 ! 8place ( dreams40      ,no4 ,,xi     
,! ,gu%+ ,f\nta9 & ! ,frisk+ ,c>p    ,9 
! ,han dyna/y liv$ ,*iang ,%ih1 :o s]v$ 
8 "m  ) p]fect ob$i5ce2 & 8 wife ,p#8ang
 also fulfill$ h]  "m-9-law's comm&s )\t
 ! lea/ reluctance4 ,! old lady  lov$ to
 dr9k ( ! wat] f ! riv] six or sev5 li  
away f  h] cottage1 & ,p#8ang us$ to g  
to draw x & h& x to h]4  ,%e 0 also fond

 ( c>p1 & :5 x 0 obta9$1 deem+ h]self   
unable to consume alone :at h] *ildr5 ) 
great toil & tr\ble  cont9ually prep>$ =
 h]1 usually invit$ "s ( ! neighb\rs  to
 fea/ ) h]4 ,by ! side ( ! cottage !re  
sudd5ly gu%$ a  f\nta91 ! ta/e ( ^:     
wat]s 0 l t ( ! riv]1 &  x also produc$ 
two liv+ fi%es daily4 ,^! 7 tak5 out &  
prep>$ by ,*iang ,%ih = 8 "m4    ,! fi% 
f ! riv] 7 fre% & delici\s1 & ! wat] 0  
sweet2 ! "m ( ,*iang ,%ih wi%$ to ta/e (
 bo? daily4 ,h]  son w5t to pur*ase !   
fi% & h] daught]-9-law to br+ !  wat]2 z
 con/antly z ! revolution ( morn+ & ev5+
 did !y  ex]t !mselves 9 ?is ardu\s     
lab\r4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! fi% &  wat]1 h]   
c\nt5ance bright5$1 &1 laugh+1 %e invit$
 9 "o  ( ! neighb\rs to rejoice & p>take
 ( !m ) h]4 ,sitt+  opposite at ! table1
 toge!r !y ate !m1 %e fooli%ly n ev5    
reg>d+1 b totally =gett+1 h] son &      
daught]1 :o ) s  mu* tr\ble _h prep>$ !m
 = h]4 ,heav5 took pity on ^! two       
filial *ildr51 & employ$ its div9e p[]  
to assi/ !m1 s5d+  a _s to /rike ! e>? )

 an axe :i* caus$ a p]5nial  spr+ to    
bubble =?4 ,! ta/e ( ! wat] f ! f\nta9 0
  l t f ! riv]1 & two fi% cont9ually    
sport$ ab\t 9  x1 :i* h5ce=? ,*iang ,%ih
 took out = _! su/5ance1 nor  0 !re any 
fe> ( ! supply fail+4 ,to procure ! fi% 
n[ no  money 0 ne$$1 to obta9 ! wat] no 
long & we>y walk 0 to  be tak54 ,x 0 z  
if ! productions ( ?is riv] & ( ! wat]  
7 transf]r$ into ! mid/ ( ! cottage2 &  
,*iang ,%ih c\ld  support 8 family )    
ease = _m ye>s4      ,no4 ,,xii    ,he  
c>v$ ,wood & s]v$ 8 ,p>5ts    ,dur+ !   
,han dyna/y liv$ ,t+ ,lan1 ^: p>5ts bo? 
di$ :5 he  0 "y1 be=e he c\ld obey &    
support !m2 & he reflect$ t  = all !    
tr\ble & anxiety he _h caus$ !m1 no     
recomp5se _h  yet be5 giv54 ,he !n c>v$ 
wood5 images ( 8 p>5ts1 & s]v$  !m z if 
!y _h be5 alive4 ,= a long "t 8 wife    
w\ld n  rev]5ce !m2 & "o day1 tak+ a    
bodk91 %e prick$ _! f+]s  9 d]ision4    
,blood fl[$ imm$iately f ! w\nd2 & see+ 
,t+  com+1 ! images wept4 ,he inquir$   
into ! circum/ances1 &  =?) divorc$ 8   

wife4    ,he rememb]s 8 p>5ts1 b _c see 
!m2 s he c>ves wood to  repres5t _!     
p]sons4 ,he believes t _! spirits are n[
 !  same z :5 !y 7 alive1 & 8 quietless 
he>t tru/s t  _! spirits h ent]$ ! c>v$ 
images4 ,he _c re/ until  he has made _!
 /atues1 s /rong is 8 desire to n\ri% & 
rev]5ce !m4 ,he n[ rev]es !m1 al?\gh    
dead1 z if !y 7  alive2 & hopes !y w    
condesc5d to dwell 9 8 ance/ral hall4   
,no4 ,,xiii    ,= 8 ,"m's ,sake he w\ld 
bury 8 ,*ild    ,9 ! days ( ! ,han      
dyna/y liv$ ,kuo ,*1 :o 0 v poor4 ,he _h
  "o *ild ?ree ye>s old2 & su* 0 8      
pov]ty t 8 "m  usually divid$ h] portion
 ( food ) ?is little "o4 ,kuo says to  8
 wife3 8,we are s poor t our "m _c be   
support$1 = !  *ild divides ) h] !      
portion ( food t belongs to h]4 ,:y  n  
bury ?is *ild8 ,ano!r *ild may be born  
to u1 b a "m1  once gone1 w nev]        
return40 ,8 wife did n v5ture to object 
to  ! proposal1 & ,kuo imm$iately digs a
 hole ab\t ?ree cubits deep1  :5 sudd5ly
 he lights ^u a pot ( gold1 & on ! metal

 reads !  foll[+ inscription3 8,heav5   
be/[s ?is treasure ^u ,kuo ,*1 !        
dutiful son2 ! magi/rate may n seize x1 
nor %all ! neighb\rs  take x f him40    
,:at a fooli% action1 t ! sage ,kuo %\ld
 be will+ to bury 8  own *ild6 ,fe>+ le/
 8 "m %\ld n h en\gh to eat1 he  is     
will+ to resign 8 *ild to dea?2 b :5 x  
is dead1 :at  relief w !re be = ! grief 
( its affectionate gr&mo!r8  ,:5 a numb]
 ( c>es come at "s future "t1 :o !n w be
 able  to disp]se !m if ! *ild is dead8 
,b at ?is "t ! reflection  t 8 "m w\ld  
be 9 want fill$ 8 brea/ ) grief1 &  he  
_h no "t to ?9k ( ! future :5 he w\ld be
 *ildless4  ,heav5 hav+ giv5 him a      
dutiful m9d1 caus$ him to take a light  
hoe  = digg+ ! e>?4 ,toge!r ,kuo & 8    
wife w5t1 sorr[+ &  di/ress$1 by ! way1 
until !y came to a v hilly place1 :]e   
!y /opp$4 ,hav+ dug into ! gr\nd1       
sudd5ly a gleam ( light  %ot =?1 & ! pot
 ( yell[ gold :i* ,heav5 _h deposit$ !re
  0 se54 ,tak+ x up1 !y clasp$ _! *ild )
 ec/asy 9 _!  arms & return$ home2 = n[ 

!y _h suffici5t to support _!  :ole     
family 9 pl5ty4      ,no4 ,,xiv    ,he  
seiz$ ! ,tig] & sav$ 8 ,fa!r    ,9 !    
,han dyna/y liv$ ,yang ,hsiang1 a lad ( 
f\rte51 :o 0 9 !  habit ( foll[+ 8 fa!r 
to ! fields to cut gra94 ,once a tig]   
seiz$ 8 fa!r1 & 0 sl[ly c>ry+ him (f1 :5
 ,yang1 anxi\s  = 8 fa!r & =gett+       
himself1 al?\gh he _h no iron weapon  9 
8 h&1 ru%$ =w>d & seiz$ ! tig] by !     
neck4 ,! bea/  let ! prey fall f 8 tee?1
 & fl$1 & ,yang's fa!r 0 ?us  sav$ f    
injury & dea?4    ,a tig] sudd5ly appe>s
 9 ! bord]s ( ! field1 & seizes !  man z
 lightly z he cat*es a %eep1 & drags him
 (f4 ,yang ,hsiang1  see+ ! sudd5 p]il (
 8 fa!r1 0 vex$ t he _h no weapon  ) an 
iron head2 b be+ /rongly excit$ & 8     
feel+s r\s$1  he ran =w>d 9 ! pa?1 cry+ 
) a l\d voice1 & grasp$ !  tig] by !    
neck4 ,! fright5$ animal fl$1 nor /opp$ 
9 its rapid  c\rse until x rea*$ ! high 
hills4 ,yang !n1 9 a g5tle mann]1  rais$
 8 fa!r up & l$ him home1 endeav\r+ to  
soo! 8  m9d & dispel 8 fe>s1 & also     

pres5t$ him ! gold5 w9ecup4  ,among !   
great numb] ( sages ^: reputations are  
fam\s1 h[ few  ( !m h be5 devot$ &      
filial at ! haz>d ( _! lives6  ,b ?is   
lad1 q "y & fair1 z soon z he saw 8     
fa!r's  dang]1 risk$ 8 own life2 surely 
8 fame w spread ?r\gh\t !  c\ntry4 ,we h
 he>d ( ! lady ,t#8i ,y+1 :o sav$ h]    
fa!r f  bani%m5t1 & ( "y ,*u ,o1 :o lo/ 
h] life 9 try+ to rescue  h] fa!r f     
dr[n+2 & ,i ?9k t ,yang ,hsiang w =m a  
trio  ) !m1 & ! ?ree be celebrat$ 9 !   
same ode4      ,no4 ,,xv    ,he collect$
 ,mulb]ries to support 8 ,"m    ,dur+ ! 
,han dyna/y liv$ ,ts#8ai ,%un1 ^: fa!r  
di$ :5 he 0  "y1 & :o s]v$ 8 "m v       
dutifully4 ,x happ5$ t1  dur+ ! tr\bles 
( ! "t1 :5 ,wang ,mang 0 plott+ to usurp
  ! ?rone1 !re 7 ye>s ( sc>city1 9 :i*  
he c\ld n procure  food1 & ,ts#8ai 0    
compell$ to ga!r mulb]ries1 :i* he      
assort$1  putt+ !m into two vessels4 ,! 
r$-eyebr[$ robb]#e saw him1 &  inquir$  
:y he did ?us4 ,ts#8ai repli$3 8,! black
 & ripe b]ries ,i  give to my "m1 !     

yell[ & unripe ones ,i eat myself40 ,!  
b&it  admir$ 8 filial affection1 &      
rew>d$ him ) ?ree measures (  :ite rice 
& ! leg ( an ox4    ,anxi\s & fe>ful1 he
 seeks = food2 untir+ 9 8 toil1 he takes
  up 8 baskets & p5etrates ! ?ickets ( !
 di/ant =e/s1  :]e he f9ds _m           
mulb]ry-trees4 ,8 hung] n[ has some?+   
to satisfy its crav+s2 he also rememb]s 
8 "m1 & t he  mu/ c>ry "s to h]4 ,! ripe
 & unripe b]ries he does n put  toge!r1 
b divides !m1 s t "m & son c ea* h _!   
prop] portion4 ,! *iefta9 he>d ( 8      
conduct1 & highly prais$  him1 conf]r+ a
 gift ^u him1 & speak+ ( 8 filial piety 
to  all ar\nd4 ,tak+ up 8 rice & fle%1  
,ts#8ai return$ home to 8  "m ) ! food2 
& 9 _! joy !y ev5 =got t ! ye>  0 "o (  
de>?4      ,no4 ,,xvi    ,he laid up !  
,oranges = 8 ,"m    ,lu ,*i1 a lad six  
ye>s old1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,han & 9 !   
di/rict ( ,k9kiang1 once met ! celebrat$
 g5]al ,yan ,%u1 :o  gave him a few     
oranges4 ,two ( !m ! lad put 9 8 bosom1 
& :5  turn+ to ?ank ! giv]1 !y fell out 

on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !  g5]al saw ?is1 he    
said3 8,:y does my "y fri5d1 :o is n[ a 
gue/1 put ! fruit away 9 8 bosom80 ,!   
y\?1 b[+1 repli$3  8,my "m is v fond (  
oranges1 & ,i wi%$1 :5 ,i return$ home1 
to pres5t !m to h]40 ,at ?is answ] ,yan 
0 mu* a/oni%$4    ,on acc\nt ( 8 love = 
8 p>5t1 he w\ld n at fir/ ta/e !  pres5t
 ( fruit1 b put into 8 sleeve to c>ry   
home ! fragrant  & lusci\s gift4 ,i ?9k 
t :5 he saw 8 "m1 h] pleasant  c\nt5ance
 mu/ h bright5$1 = ! fruit fill$ 8 bosom
 &  delight$ all :o came ne> him4 ,lu1  
al?\gh s "y1 _h ! true  heav5ly         
disposition2 ev5 9 ! small matt] ( an   
orange he did n  =get 8 p>5t's wi%es4   
,_m *ildr5 are p]haps l ?is boy1  & ^?  
:o requite _! p>5ts = ! c>e be/[$ ^u !m1
 we  hope1 are n few4      ,no4 ,,xvii  
,on he>+ ! ,?und] he wept at ! ,tomb    
,9 ! c\ntry ( ,wei liv$ ,wang ,p#8ou1 a 
v dutiful *ild1 ^:  "m1 :5 alive1 0 mu* 
afraid ( ?und]4 ,aft] h] dea?  h] grave 
0 dug 9 ! hilly =e/2 & :5ev] x blew &   
ra9$ furi\sly1 & ,wang he>d ! s\nd ( !  

*>iot ( !  ,?und]-goddess roll+ along1  
he ha/5$ imm$iately to ! grave1  &1     
rev]5tly kneel+1 bes\ght h] ) te>s1     
say+3 8,i am "h1  de> "m2 d n be al>m$40
 ,& aft]w>ds1 :5ev] he read  9 ,! ,book 
( ,odes ?is s5t5ce1 8,*ildr5 %\ld h deep
 &  ard5t affection = _! p>5ts1 :o h    
endur$ s mu* anxiety 9  n\ri%+ !m10 !   
te>s fl[$ abundantly at ! recollection (
  8 "m4    ,sudd5ly ! black cl\ds arise 
f ! wild]ness1 :irl$ by !  w9d2 he he>s 
! di/ant mutt] ( ?und] f ! s\!rn hills4 
,he$less ( ! ra91 ha/ily he spe$s ov] ! 
rugg$ pa? lead+  to ! tomb1 & z he goes 
r\nd ! grave 8 tones ( grief &  entreaty
 are he>d4 ,! ro>+ ( ! dreadful ?und]   
affrights !  e>s ( m51 "o clap foll[+   
ano!r 9 quick succession4 ,if 8  k9d "m1
 :5 alive1 always dread$ ! voice (      
,heav5's maje/y1  h[ mu* m w %e n[1 :5  
ly+ alone 9 ! dep?s ( ! wild  =e/6 ,if  
,p#8ou 0 ) 8 "m1 he knew %e w\ld be     
com=t$2  & he ?9ks t if 9 ! gre5 hills  
%e has a companion1 %e w  n be t]rifi$4 
,aft]w>ds1 be+ successful1 he refus$ to 

take !  duties ( an (fic] "u ! ,emp]or  
,ss-ma1 because he wi%$ to g  frequ5tly 
to visit ! grave ( 8 p>5t4 ,& :5 he 0   
go+ &  return+ f x1 he w\ld weep at !   
recollection ( 8 "m1 &  ask himself3    
8,if ,i h n yet recomp5s$ ! c>e & tr\ble
 my  "m endur$ = me1 :at m c ,i d80 ,&  
to ?is day1 :5ev]  s*ol>s read ! pages (
 ! ,liu ,o1 !y rememb] h[ te>s b$ew$  ! 
*eeks ( ,wang ,p#8ou4      ,no4 ,,xviii 
,he wept to ! ,bamboos1 & ,%oots sprang 
up    ,mng ,tsung1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,*9      
dyna/y1 lo/ 8 fa!r :5 "y4  ,8 "m 0 v    
ill1 & "o w9t]'s day %e long$ to ta/e a 
s\p made ( bamboo %oots1 b ,mng c\ld n  
procure any4 ,at la/ he  w5t into !     
bamboo grove1 &1 clasp+ ! bamboos ) 8   
h&s1  wept bitt]ly4 ,8 filial love mov$ 
,nature1 & ! gr\nd sl[ly  op5$1 s5d+ =? 
sev]al %oots1 :i* he ga!r$ & c>ri$      
home4 ,he made a s\p ( !m1 :i* 8 "m     
ta/$1 & imm$iately  recov]$ f h] malady4
    ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! =e/s are unsightly &  
b>e1 & ! bamboos  sombre & gloomy1 =    
plants to s5d =? _! bran*es is  surpris+

 & unexpect$4 ,b x is impossible to root
 out ! true  filial nature f m5 :o h x1 
al?\gh s5seless & ignorant  p1 n und]/&+
 its p[]1 ridicule !m1 call+ !m mad4  ,!
 "y ,mng ,tsung dutifully s]v$ 8 "m1 &  
morn+ &  ev5+ wait$ on h] to receive h] 
comm&s4 ,8 "m 0 ill1 &  desir$ !        
delicacy ( a s\p made f bamboo %oots2 b 
9 dre>y  w9t]1 ,nature /ill conceal$ h] 
fruits await$4 ,) anxi\s ha/e  he goes  
to ! *e]less =e/1 :i* he ent]s1 seek+ = 
!m2  b n f9d+ ! %oots1 he entreats !    
bamboos ) te>s4 ,"o  petition f 8 inmo/ 
he>t asc5d$ to ! ?re%old ( heav51  & !  
deities 7 delight$1 laugh+ ) pleasure4  
,a miracle is  wr\ght1 ! ord9>y c\rse ( 
nature is rev]s$1 & sudd5ly !  pe>ly    
%oots appe> 9 ! =e/4      ,no4 ,,xix    
,he slept on ,ice to procure ,c>p       
,dur+ ! ,*9 dyna/y liv$ ,wang ,hsiang1  
:o e>ly lo/ 8 "m1  & ^: /epmo!r ,*u _h  
no affection = him4 ,8 fa!r also1  he>+ 
_m evil reports aga9/ him1 9 c\rse ( "t 
ceas$ to  reg>d him ) k9dness4 ,8 "m 0 9
 ! habit ( eat+ fre%  fi% at h] meals1 b

 w9t] com+1 ! ice b\nd up ! riv]s4 ,wang
  unloos$ 8 clo!s1 & w5t to sleep on !  
ice 9 ord] to seek  !m2 :5 sudd5ly ! ice
 op5$ ( itself1 & two c>p leapt out1    
:i* he took up & c>ri$ to 8 "m4 ,!      
villag]s1 he>+ (  ! affair1 7 surpris$1 
& admir$ "o ^: filial duty 0 !  cause ( 
su* an unusual ev5t4    ,! riv] is      
firmly b\nd up by ice1 & ! fi% are hidd5
 9 _!  deep retreats4 ,p]turb$ & anxi\s1
 ,wang goes out to seek ! fi%1  app>5tly
 =gett+ t x 0 w9t]4 ,8 resolution is    
fix$1 &  al?\gh x is at ! risk ( 8 life1
 he w g4 ,he 0 n dismay$  at ! coldness 
( ! sn[1 nor t]rifi$ at ! fi]c5ess ( !  
w9ds4 ,ev5 ! wick$ spirits 7 det]r$ f   
injur+ him1 &  d>$ n mole/ him4 ,if     
metals & /ones c be op5$1 %all ice be   
consid]$ too difficult to cleave8 ,!    
frisk+ fi% came up on !  surface ( !    
wat]1 ob$i5t to ! h& ( him :o w\ld take 
!m  out4 ,a ?\s& ages _c efface !       
remembrance ( ! crack 9 !  ice1 nor     
oblit]ate ! fragrant traces ( s wor?y a 
de$4      ,no4 ,,xx    ,wu ,mng f$ !    

,mosquitoes    ,wu ,mng1 a lad eight    
ye>s ( age1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,*9 dyna/y1 0  v
 dutiful to 8 p>5ts4 ,!y 7 s poor t !y  
c\ld n  af=d to furni% _! b$s )         
mosquito-curta9s2 & e summ]  night      
myriads ( mosquitoes attack$ !m )\t     
re/ra9t1 fea/+  ^u _! fle% & blood4     
,al?\gh !re 7 s _m1 yet ,wu w\ld  n     
drive !m away f himself1 le/ !y %\ld g  
to 8 p>5ts  & annoy !m4 ,su* 0 8 filial 
affection6    ,! buzz+ ( ! mosquitoes   
s\nds l y+1 y+1 & _!  unit$ hum is almo/
 equal to ?und]4 ,8 tir$ p>5ts are      
recl9+  on _! b$1 _! c\nt5ances already 
sunk 9 slumb]4 ,legions (  mosquitoes   
fi]cely attack !m1 alt]nately retreat+ &
 advanc+4  ,! insects di/urb ! dream+   
sleep]s1 & ) annoyance !y  toss f side  
to side4 ,wu sees !m suck+ 8 p>5ts'     
blood1  :i* causes 8 he>t to grieve2 8  
fle%1 he ?9ks1 c be easily  pi]c$1 b t (
 8 p>5ts is h>d to p5etrate4 ,ly+ on !  
b$1 he ?rew (f 8 clo!s1 & soon feel+ !  
pa9 ( _!  attacks1 he cri$3 8,i h no    
dread ( y1 nor h y any reason to  fe>   

me2 al?\gh ,i h a fan1 ,i w n use x1 nor
 w ,i /rike  y ) my h&4 ,i w lie v      
quietly1 & let y gorge to !  full40     
,no4 ,,xxi    ,?is /ory1 commemorat+ ,y 
,*#8i5-l\ ( ! s\!rn ,*#8i dyna/y1  is   
be/ left out4      ,no4 ,,xxii    ,!    
same applies to ?is /ory1 commemorat+ ! 
,lady ,t#8ang ( !  ,t#8ang dyna/y4      
,no4 ,,xxiii    ,he resign$ ,(fice to   
seek 8 ,"m    ,9 ! ,sung dyna/y liv$ ,*u
 ,%\-*#8ang1 ^: "m1 ,liu1 :5 he  0 sev5 
ye>s ( age1 left ! family because %e 0  
hat$ by 8  fa!r's wife2 & "m & son did n
 see ea* o!r = ab\t  fifty ye>s4 ,x 0   
dur+ ! reign ( ,%n ,tsung t ,*u resign$ 
8 (ficial /ation & w5t into ! ,*#89     
c\ntry1 & !re made an  engagem5t ) 8    
family 8t he w\ld n return until he _h  
f\nd  8 "m40 ,he !n travell$ into       
,t#8ung-*\1 :]e he discov]$ 8  "m1 :o at
 t "t 0 ov] sev5ty ye>s ( age4    ,?us  
,*u exclaim$3 8,i h a "m2 b1 alas6      
sep>at$1 we abide 9  diff]5t villages4  
,x 0 n ! free w ( my "m :i* l$  h] ?us  
to =sake h] son1 b ! envi\s mi/ress :o  

compell$ h]  to g4 ,)\t a "m1 on :om    
%all ,i rely8 to :om %all ,i p\r out  my
 sorr[s & c>es8 ,n[ ,i am gr[n old] & h 
become an (fic]1  b z yet ,i h be5      
unable to return ! k9dness ( my p>5t4 ,9
  :at place1 among all ! c\ntries "u    
heav51 does %e live8 ,i am  det]m9$ to  
resign my (fice & seek h] abode1 n      
det]r$ f  ! tr\ble ( ! se>*4 ,to effect 
x1 ,i w "p f my family &  no long] be a 
companion ) !m2 ,i w n return till ,i   
f9d my  "m1 & !y ne$ n await 9          
expectation ( me40 ,heav5 direct$  8    
way1 & he came into ,t#8ung-*\1 :]e %e  
resid$4 ,:5 !  "m & ! son met ea* o!r1  
joy & grief arose toge!r--joy  = ! meet+
 aft] fifty ye>s1 sorr[ t !y _h be5 s   
long  ap>t4 ,b n[1 9 "o h\r1 all _!     
long-accumulat$ griefs 7  laid aside1 & 
joy & gladness fill$ _! he>ts4 ,*u      
possesses !  true heav5ly disposition1 &
 hon\rs & ri*es _c de/roy 8  affection =
 8 "m4      ,no4 ,,xxiv    ,he wat*$ by 
8 ,"m's ,b$side    ,9 ! ,yan-yu p]iod ( 
! ,sung dyna/y1 ,huang ,t#8+-*i5 fill$ !

  (fice ( prefect4 ,he 0 ( a v filial   
disposition1 & al?\gh  hon\rable &      
r5[n$1 yet he receiv$ 8 "m's comm&s ) ! 
utmo/ def]5ce4 ,:5 8 "m 0 seiz$ )       
illness1 he wat*$  h] = a :ole ye> )\t  
leav+ h] b$side or ev5 tak+ (f 8  clo!s2
 & at h] dea? he m\rn$ s bitt]ly t he   
himself fell  ill & ne>ly lo/ 8 life4   
,well-writt5 poetry fl[s along l rills  
me&]+ among ! hills  & valleys4 ,?is    
in/ance ( a dutiful he>t has n z yet be5
  br\ght into mu* notice4 ,= a :ole ye> 
he t5d$ 8 p>5t 9  h] illness2 & bo? %e  
:o dwelt 9 ! curta9$ room 7i4e4 8  "m7 &
 he :o rema9$ 9 ! hall 7i4e4 8 fa!r7    
/rove to  express ! m]its ( _! son4 ,x  
w\ld be difficult to f9d ano!r  *ild :o 
w\ld h done s--all w\ld be dilatory &   
unwill+2 &  :]e %all we meet ano!r :o   
w\ld und]go su* drudg]y himself  )      
ke5ness & pleasure8 ,al?\gh rais$ to    
high (fice1 he does  n hesitate to p]=m 
! mo/ tr\blesome & m9ute duties1 = he   
loves 8 p>5ts2 h[ !n c we suppose t he w
 *ange f  :at he 0 :5 "y & unhon\r$8    

,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson  ,v9ey1 ,ld41
 ,london & ,aylesbury4      ,,footnotes3
    #e ,t is1 ! usurp] ,wang ,mang      
himself4