,illu/ration3 ,wide ,_w ,photos4 ,,dr4 ,,alb]t ,,e9/e9 ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udy ,,at ,,b]l94 ,,easy ,,lessons ,,9 ,,e9/e9 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,intelligible ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,relativity ,,by ,,edw9 ,e4 ,,slosson1 ,m4,s41 ,ph4,d4 ,lit]>y ,editor ( ,! ,indep5d5t1 ,associate 9 ! ,columbia ,s*ool ( ,j\rnalism4 ,au?or ( 8,great ,am]ican ,univ]sities10 8,major ,prophets ( ,to-day10 8,six ,major ,prophets10 8,creative ,*emi/ry10 etc4 ,) an ,article by ,alb]t ,e9/e9 & a ,bibliography ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,h[e #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,h[e1 ,,inc4 ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,company ,,rahway1 ,n4 ,j4 ,deepe/ ( all illusory ,appe>ances1 = hid+ ,wond]1 z = _m o!r ends1 are y\r two gr& fundam5tal _w-envelop+ ,appe>ances1 ,space & ,"t4--,,c>lyle4 ,h5ce=? ,space 9 itself & ,"t 9 itself s9k into m]e %ad[s & only a k9d ( union ( ! two c be ma9ta9$ z self-exi/5t4--,,m9k[ski4 ,a ,,prefatorial ,,dialogue 7,! ,purpose ( :i* is to ,prev5t ! ,prospective ,read] f buy+ ! ,book "u ,false ,pret5ses7 ,,sc5e3 ,a /reet c> 9 uni=m movem5t ( translation 9 any direction4 ,,"t3 ,! pres5t4 ,! ,read]3 7look+ ov] ! top ( a morn+ pap]73 ,"h's some?+ que]--a :ole page tak5 ) a new discov]y 9 physics--8,eclipse ,obs]vations ,confirm ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity40 ,any?+ ab\t x 9 y\r pap]8 ,! ,au?or3 ,yes4 ,"h's a c>toon on x by ,mc,cutcheon4 ,! ,read]3 ,mu/ be some?+ to x !n4 ,mc,cutcheon always kn[s :at's news4 7,reads on ) audible fragm5ts7 8,mo/ s5sational discov]y 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce0--8,greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! human intellect0--8,upsets ,galileo1 ,newton1 & ,euclid0--8,revolution 9 philosophy & !ology40 ,x looks z ?\gh ,i ought to "k some?+ ab\t ?is1 doesn't x8 ,! ,au?or3 ,i ?9k y w h to sometime4 ,& y might z well d x n[ & get x ov] )4 ,! ,read]3 7runn+ d[n ! column & hitt+ ! high spots73 8,p>allel l9es meet0--8a man mov+ ) ! spe$ ( light nev] gr[s old0--8gravitation due to a w>p 9 space0--8l5g? ( a measur+ /ick dep5ds ^u direction ( its motion0--8mass is lat5t en]gy0--8"t z a f\r? dim5sion0--:y1 ! man is crazy1 isn't he8 ,! ,au?or3 ,well1 def9itions ( insanity are s unc]ta9 t x is n safe to say :o is crazy4 ,b x seems !re's me?od 9 8 madness--o!rwise h[ c\ld he h hit ^u ! exact ext5t ( ! sun's attraction on light8 ,! ,read]3 7,picks up 8 pap] & reads al\d ) conc5trat$ att5tion7 8,po/ulate ,i4 ,e law ( nature :i* holds good ) respect to a cord9ate sy/em ,k mu/ also hold good = any o!r sy/em ,k1 provid$ t ,k & ,k are 9 uni=m movem5t ( translation40 ,say1 d y "k any?+ ab\t ?is bus9ess8 ,! ,au?or3 ,well1 yes1 a little4 ,i h foll[$ ! controv]sy--at a safe di/ance--= a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! ,read]3 ,c y tell me 9 pla9 language :at x is all ab\t8 ,! ,au?or3 ,yes4 ,j t4 ,i c tell y :at x is ab\t1 ?\gh ,i c't tell y :at x is4 ,e9/e9 says t !re are only twelve m5 9 ! _w capable ( und]/&+ 8 late/ pap]4 ,! ,read]3 ,are y "o ( ! twelve8 ,! ,au?or3 ,no1 nor ! ?irte5?4 ,b )\t plung+ into ! ma!matics ( x1 we might talk ov] "s ( ! int]e/+ aspects ( ! !ory ( relativity & 9 ! end ,i c\ld put y on track ( ! twelve s y c\ld read up on ! subject if y lik$4 ,! ,read]3 ,all "r4 ,t's fair4 ,?is is a sl[ c> anyh[4 ,g ahead4 ,! ,au?or3 7,see foll[+ pages7-- ,,easy ,,lessons ,,9 ,,e9/e9 8,a w>p 9 nature has be5 f\nd1 ,no l9e is /raight1 no circle r\nd2 ,= ,isaac ,newton _h uns\nd ,ideas ( gravitation40 ,:y is x t our newspap]s are s5d+ out _! report]s to int]view a/ronom]s z well z actresses & devot+ pages to speculations on ! nature ( space & "t z well z on ! /ate ( ! m>ket8 ,x is--to get at ! bottom ( x--m]ely because a few photographs tak5 dur+ ! eclipse ( ! sun on ,may #bi1 #aiai1 by two telescopes1 "o at ,sobral 9 nor!rn ,brazil & ! o!r on ! isl& ( ,pr9cipe (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 %[$ an abnormal %ift ( less ?an "o-#cbd1jjj? ( a "r angle 9 ! position ( ! />s4 ,:5 ^! photograph films 7 laid ov] films tak5 be=e ! eclipse x 0 f\nd t ! />-images ab\t ! d>k5$ disk ( ! sun did n exactly co9cide ) ! images :5 ! sun 0 n 9 _! mid/4 ,measur$ ) a micromet] ! displacem5t ( ! />s f _! ord9>y positions 0 f\nd to be #a4fj seconds ( arc on ! ,african plates & #a4ih seconds on ! ,brazilian plates4 ,av]age ^! two obs]vations & y get #a4gi4 ,?is is extremely close to ! #a4gc pr$ict$ by ,pr(essor ,e9/e9 ( ,b]l9 & twice z l>ge z ! deflection calculat$ accord+ to ,newton's law ( gravitation :i* w\ld be 4#hg ( a second4 ,:5 ! ann\ncem5t ( ?is result 0 made at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london on ,novemb] #f all eyes 7 turn$ t[>d ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 = la/ ,febru>y he _h be5 ra% en\gh to express ! hope1 if n ! pr$iction1 t ! results ( ! eclipse exp$ition w\ld support ,newton r ?an ,e9/e94 ,b in/ead ( tak+ "p 9 ! discussion ,sir ,oliv] got up & walk$ out4 ,x 0 suspect$ t he _h 8gone (f mad10 z we ,am]icans w\ld put x1 because ! />light w\ld n foll[ 8 pref]r$ pa?4 ,b he put a /op to any su* rumors by a lett] to ,! ,times 9 :i* he expla9s t 8 dep>ture 0 n due to any dissatisfaction ) ! univ]se b to ! necessity ( cat*+ ! #f o'clock tra94 ,he frankly ackn[l$ges t 8! eclipse result is a great victory = ,e9/e92 ! quantitative agreem5t is too close to all[ mu* room = d\bt0 b he adds 8a caution aga9/ a /r5g!n+ ( great & complicat$ g5]alizations conc]n+ space & "t on ! /r5g? ( ?is spl5did result3 ,i tru/ t x may be acc\nt$ =1 ) reasonable simplicity 9 t]ms ( ! e!r ( space40 ,?is caution is wise1 b we _c hold our brea? till #aibb1 :5 ! next eclipse comes1 to see if ^! obs]vations are v]ifi$ & we may 9 ! meantime consid] "s ( ! implications ( ,e9/e9's !ory ( relativity4 ,sir ,joseph ,?omson1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 mak+ ! mom5t\s ann\ncem5t 9 ! session ( ! ,society1 said3 ,if 8 !ory is "r1 x makes u take an entirely new view ( gravitation4 ,if x is su/a9$ t ,e9/e9's reason+ holds good--& x has su/a9$ two v sev]e te/s 9 connection ) ! p]ihelion ( ,m]cury & ! pres5t eclipse--!n x is ! result ( "o ( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( human ?\ght4 ,! weak po9t 9 ! !ory is ! great difficulty 9 express+ x4 ,x w\ld seem t no "o c und]/& ! new law ( gravitation )\t a ?or\gh k ( ! !ory ( inv>iants & ( ! calculus ( v>iations4 ,:at is ?is !ory ( relativity & :y is x s important8 ,! ma!matics ( x are too mu* = mo/ ( u1 b we c get "s notion ( x by a famili> illu/ration4 ,suppose y wake up "s morn+ 9 a ,pullman b]? & look out ( ! w9d[ to see :]e y are4 ,y f9d y\r view block$ by a pass+ tra9 on ! next track4 ,n[ if y d n feel any j> ( y\r c> & _c cat* sight ( ! l&scape beyond ! o!r tra9 y _c tell :e!r 7#a7 y\r tra9 is mov+ =w>d & ! o!r tra9 is /&+ /ill1 or 7#b7 y\r tra9 is /&+ /ill & ! o!r tra9 is mov+ backw>d1 or 7#c7 :e!r bo? tra9s are mov+ 9 opposite directions1 or 7#d7 :e!r bo? tra9s are mov+ 9 ! same direction1 b y\r tra9 fa/]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! tra9s are gett+ pa/ "o ano!r4 ,y c measure _! spe$ ( p>t+ z accurately z y please4 ,b all y c p]ceive is ! relative motion ( ! two tra9s4 ,y beg9 to wond] :e!r !re is any su* ?+ z absolute motion2 :e!r !re is any real diff]5ce betwe5 re/ & motion4 ,is !re any possible way ( tell+ :e!r y\r tra9 is 9 motion or n if all y c see out ( ! w9d[ is "s object t itself be mov+8 ,suppose ! w9d[s 7 all curta9$1 h[ c\ld y f9d out :e!r y 7 mov+ =w>d or backw>d or /&+ /ill8 ,y discuss ?is curi\s "q ) y\r fell[ pass5g]s at ! breakfa/ table & "o ( !m makes ! brilliant sugge/ion t x might be possible to det]m9e ! absolute motion ( ! c> by ref]5ce to ! air4 ,if ! c> is mov+ =w>d ! air w\ld /ream f front to re> & ! rev]se if x 7 mov+ backw>d4 8,suppose10 says ! +5i\s exp]im5tali/1 8t y /& at "o end ( ! c> & ,i at ! o!r4 ,we w %\t at ea* o!r alt]nately & "t ! passage ( ! s\nd ) our /op wat*es4 ,s9ce s\nd is c>ri$ by air waves x w take long] = ! %\t to g aga9/ ! air curr5t ?an ) x1 & f t measurem5t x might be possible = u n only to det]m9e :i* way ! c> is mov+ b h[ to calculate h[ fa/ x travels1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t !re is no w9d bl[+40 ,t /rikes y z a crucial exp]im5t1 b y po9t out "o possible difficulty1 t ! doors at ! ends ( ! c> may be clos$ & ! air inside is be+ c>ri$ along ) ! c>1 s no diff]5ce w\ld be obs]vable 9 ! spe$ ( ! s\nd ev5 ?\gh ! c> 7 mov+4 8,all "r10 replies y\r sci5tific fri5d1 8we w make a prelim9>y te/ to see if ! enclos$ air is c>ri$ along ) ! c>1 & if we f9d t x is n !n we w try ! second exp]im5t ) ! s\nd signals to see :i* way ! air curr5t is mov+4 ,^! two exp]im5ts mu/ settle x1 = ei!r ! air is mov+ ) ! c> or x is mov+ ?r\gh ! c>4 ,c y conceive ( any o!r possibility ?an ^! two80 ,no1 y _c1 s y proce$ to try ! two exp]im5ts4 ,fir/ y visit bo? ends ( ! c> & f9d bo? doors op52 ! air !n is n be+ c>ri$ along ) ! c>4 ,y turn !n ) confid5ce to ! second exp]im5t & y f9d1 ( c\rse1 t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! spe$ ( s\nd :e!r x moves ) ! air drift or aga9/ x4 ,!re might1 ,i admit1 be practical difficulties 9 ! way ( c>ry+ out su* a delicate exp]im5t on a mov+ tra91 b we ne$ n bo!r ) !m1 = probably ! curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! c> w\ld be s /rong z to bl[ y\r hat out ( ! back door & t w\ld settle ! "q to y\r satisfaction--or at lea/ x w\ld settle ! "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,b imag9e y\r amazem5t if ?is second exp]im5t %\ld give negative results l ! fir/ "o2 if y c\ld detect no diff]5ce 9 "t :e!r ! s\nd 0 s5t =w>d or back or across ! c>4 ,y w\ld !n h prov$ by exp]im5t 7#a7 t ! air did n move ) ! c> & 7#b7 t ! air did n move ?r\gh ! c>4 ,y might suppose f ?is t y\r c> is at re/1 b suppose ! p on ! o!r tra9 pass+ y\rs tri$ ! same exp]im5ts & got ! same result1 namely1 t !y1 too1 7 at re/ z reg>ds ! air4 ,y w\ld !n be 9 a qu&>y1 = y\r two indisputable exp]im5ts _h app>5tly giv5 contradictory results4 ,y might get out ( x by say+ t !re 0 no air1 b if n :at c>ri$ ! s\nd waves--& ! hat8 ,,contradictory ,,exp]im5ts ,n[ ?is is ! qu&>y 9 :i* physici/s h be5 9 = ! la/ ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,is !re any way ( discov]+ absolute motion among ! heav5ly bodies8 ,we c obs]ve & measure ) great accuracy _! relative motion4 ,! sun is se5 to pass across ! sky f ea/ to we/ & man at fir/ assum$ t ! e>? 0 /ill & ! sun w5t ar\nd x4 ,?is is ! natural & in/9ctive assumption1 = :5 y fir/ glance out ( y\r ,pullman w9d[ y get ! impression t ! o!r tra9 is ! mov+ "o4 ,b = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s x has be5 ! fa%ion to assume ! e>? 0 mov+ & n ! sun4 ,t assumption has ! advantage ( simplify+ ! calculations ( ! a/ronom]s1 ?\gh ,i nev] c\ld see :y we %\ld h to give up our simple notions ( sunrise & sunset to save !m a little tr\ble figur+4 ,! e>? moves--if x does move--s quietly & sil5tly t we feel no j> or eng9e-beat to tell u ( its motion4 ,if ! e>? 7 p]petually %r\d$ by cl\ds c\ld we f9d out its motion ?r\gh space or ev5 its rotation8 ,& d we actually get any pro( on ?is po9t f obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies8 ,we see !m mov+ ab\t relatively to ea* o!r & we c repres5t _! movem5ts mo/ easily by suppos+ t ! moon goes ar\nd ! e>? & t ! e>? & ! re/ ( ! planets g ar\nd ! sun4 ,b is ?is :ole sol> sy/em 9 motion8 ,s x seems :5 we comp>e x ) ! />s4 ,b :o kn[s if ! sol> sy/em & all ! visible />s are n altoge!r mov+ (f ?r\gh space at ! rate ( a mile or a ?\s& miles a second8 ,h[ c we tell unless we h some?+ t is /ill & fix$ to measure ! motion by8 ,x seem$ until rec5tly t we _h su* a fixture1 ! e!r4 ,we "k ( ! sun & />s only f ! light t comes f !m to u4 ,light1 z we c prove by simple exp]im5ts1 consi/s ( wave motion4 ,n[1 c y h wave motion )\t some?+ to wave8 ,s\nd waves are convey$ by air b !re is no air betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,s z no?+ c\ld be f\nd to fill ?is empty space sci5ti/s _h to inv5t some?+ to satisfy _! s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,! e!r 0 ! product ( _! excogitations4 ,x 0 a ,briti% inv5tion1 devis$ 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :5ce h come s _m useful !ories & discov]ies4 ,! e!r1 z ,salisbury said1 is simply ! nom9ative ( ! v]b 8to undulate40 ,x 0 conceiv$ ( z a sort ( transp>5t jelly fill+ all space1 m rigid ?an any solid1 m frictionless ?an any fluid1 m easily p5etrat$ ?an any gas4 ,x mu/ be m ela/ic ?an /eel & yet s r>efi$ t ord9>y matt] passes ?r\gh x )\t ! slighte/ ef=t4 ,! e!r is suppos$ to slip betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! ru%+ e>? z ! w9d bl[s ?r\gh ! bran*es ( a tree4 ,= _m ye>s aft] its inv5tion ! e!r _h no?+ to d except to c>ry light ab\t f "o place to ano!r4 ,b :5 ! electro-magnetic waves ( ! wireless telegraph 7 produc$ some?+ 0 ne$$ also to c>ry !m & ?is new task 0 laid ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! uncompla9+ e!r4 ,:5 ,rntg5 discov]$ ! ,x-rays1 ^: waves are #aj1jjj times %ort] ?an ! %orte/ light waves1 ^! 7 turn$ ov] to ! e!r to run4 ,9 fact1 x got s t :5ev] a physici/ f\nd any action t he c\ld n expla9 by ord9>y matt] he said3 8,let ! e!r d x10 & t hypo!tical sub/ance app>5tly answ]$ e purpose until x came to ?is "q ( relative motion4 ,n[ :atev] we may ?9k ab\t ! e!r x w\ld seem t if !re is any su* ?+ fill+ all 8empty0 space we might use x = measur+ ! motion ( ! e>? ?r\gh x z we did ! air curr5t 9 ! c>4 ,if ! e>? is really revolv+ ar\nd ! sun ! e!r mu/ be :izz+ ?r\gh its pores at ! rate ( ab\t n9ete5 miles a second4 ,b wait--!re is ! possibility t ! e>? c>ries along ) x 9 its flight ?r\gh space a sort ( atmosph]e ( e!r z x does ( air4 ,we mu/ fir/ get rid ( ?is possibility by a prelim9>y exp]im5t to see if a swiftly mov+ mass ( matt] does cat* up & c>ry along ) x a little ( ! e!r4 ,?is w\ld cause a sort ( an eddy or di/urbance 9 ! e!r 9 ! neighborhood ( ! mov+ mass z a boat di/urbs ! wat]4 ,= in/ance1 a ray ( light pass+ close to a rapidly revolv+ :eel w\ld be a little deflect$ & %[ a di/ort$ image4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge tri$ ?is exp]im5t & got negative results4 ,t is1 mov+ matt] does n di/urb or c>ry ) x ! e!r4 ,consequ5tly1 x w\ld seem1 we are left to ! only o!r logical alt]native1 t ! e!r drifts ?r\gh matt] & we %\ld expect to detect ?is drift by measur+ ! spe$ ( light 9 ! direction ( ! e>?'s motion4 ,x ought to take long] = light to travel f "o po9t to ano!r if ! e>? meantime is mov+ away f ! fir/ po9t & x ought to take less "t if ! e>? is mov+ t[>d x4 ,well1 ,mi*elson & ,morley tri$ ?is exp]im5t--& also got negative results6 ,x did n make any diff]5ce :e!r ! ray ( light 0 s5t 9 ! direction ( ! e>?'s movem5t or ! rev]se or across ! l9e1 x travel$ inv>iably at ! same spe$1 #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,"h !n 7 two unque/ionable exp]im5ts app>5tly contradict+ ea* o!r4 ,"o prov$ t ! e!r did n travel ) ! e>?4 ,! o!r prov$ t ! e!r did n /& /ill :ile ! e>? travel$ ?r\gh x4 ,n[ :5 we get contradictory answ]s to ! que/ions we put to ,nature we mu/ assume--unless ,nature is nons5sical--t we are ask+ nons5sical que/ions4 ,if 9 ! trial ( a pickpocket "o witness swe>s t ! ?ief did n run up ! /reet & ano!r witness t he did n run d[n ! /reet ! lawy] does n necess>ily say t "o ( !m mu/ be a li>4 ,he m$itates a mom5t & !n x occurs to him t possibly ! pickpocket did n move or t p]haps he disappe>$ into ! ?ird dim5sion by climb+ up a fire-escape or dropp+ into a coalhole4 ,s ) our e!r qu&>y4 ,if ! e!r does n move & does n /& /ill p]haps !re isn't any e!r or p]haps !re is a f\r? dim5sion4 ,^! are two conceivable ways out ( ! dilemma ?\gh !y are n easy to accept1 ei!r ( !m4 ,if !re is no e!r :at c>ries ! light waves8 ,if !re is a f\r? dim5sion 9 :at direction does x lie8 ,b x is no h>d] to believe 9 or conceive ( a f\r? dim5sion ?an x is ! e!r1 & if ! physici/ f9ds t he ne$s x 9 8 bus9ess he w h to h x4 ,e9/e9 says t he ne$s a f\r? dim5sion = 8 =mulas4 ,,! ,,conundrum ,,( ,,! ,,ages ,= tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s philosophic ?\ght has be5 conc]n$ ) ! problem ( ! relation ( space & "t4 ,drop into any ( ! sci5tific societies ( today & y w f9d !m discuss+ :e!r space is f9ite or inf9ite1 :e!r !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 re/ & motion1 :e!r l5g? is absolute or relative1 :e!r "t & space h real exi/5ce1 :i* are ! v que/ions discuss$ by ,py?agoras & ,z5o 9 ! ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,n[ ! "t sp5t 9 ^! speculations has n be5 wa/$1 al?\gh x has l$ to no def9ite conclusion1 = out ( x h gr[n our ma!matics & physics4 ,! ,w&]+ ,jew1 :o is ! only mortal hav+ ! privilege ( att5d+ ! s*ools ( ! ,eleatics & ^? ( ! pres5t day1 w\ld obs]ve "o diff]5ce1 t mod]n sci5ti/s try to put _! !ories to ! te/ ( exp]im5t :]ev] possible1 :ile ! anci5ts 7 cont5t ) ?9k+ !m out4 ,( all ! guesses t h be5 giv5 to ?is riddle ( ! univ]se none has be5 m bold & revolution>y ?an t conta9$ 9 a pap] ( f\r or five pages contribut$ 9 #aije to ! ,annal5 d] ,physik by ,alb]t ,e9/e94 ,! controv]sy x precipitat$ has n altoge!r be5 conf9$ to ! realm ( pure reason1 = sci5ti/s are b human & z su* are n entirely un9flu5c$ by patriotic prejudice4 ,9 ?is brief pap] he propos$ a new !ory ( ! univ]se bas$ ^u two po/ulates4 ,! fir/ 0 ! pr9ciple ( relativity2 t all motion is relative4 ,?is means1 = in/ance1 t we w\ld nev] "k ! motion ( a smoo?ly mov+ tra9 if ! w9d[s 7 d>k5$ & t we c\ld nev] discov] ! =w>d movem5t ( ! e>? if we c\ld n see ! heav5ly bodies4 ,e9/e9's second po/ulate 0 t ! velocity ( light is indep5d5t ( ! motion ( ! s\rce4 ,?is is a h>d "o = our reason to swall[1 = x means t no?+ c travel fa/] ?an light1 #ahf1jjj miles a second1 & t y _c make light travel fa/] ?an t by giv+ x a swift s5d-(f4 ,x is ! same z say+ t if a man /&+ on ! c[cat*] ( an eng9e ?rew a ball =w>d1 x w\ld n make any diff]5ce ) ! velocity ( ! ball :e!r ! tra9 0 runn+ at full spe$ =w>d or backw>d or /&+ /ill4 ,b ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,am]ican physici/s1 ,mi*elson & ,morley1 :o measur$ ! spe$ ( light & f\nd x ! same :e!r ! e>? 0 mov+ t[>d ! s\rce ( ! ray or away f x1 or at "r angles to its direction1 confirm ,e9/e9's second assumption4 ,if we accept ,e9/e9's two prim>y po/ulates & 8 lat] 8,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce0 8 !ory cle>s up ?is e!r-drift difficulty z well z v>i\s o!r riddles ( ! univ]se4 ,x expla9s ! %ift+ ( ! orbit ( ,m]cury t ,newton's !ory c\ld nev] acc\nt =4 ,x =etold ! deflection ( light by ! sun's gravitation t ! obs]vations on ! eclipse ( la/ ,may confirm$4 ,a ?ird te/1 ! %ift+ ( ! l9es ( ! sol> spectrum t[>d ! r$ end 9 a gravitational field1 has n be5 met4 ,su* te*nical po9ts conc]n only physici/s & a/ronom]s1 b ,e9/e9's relativity !ory1 :i* two out ( ! ?ree exp]im5ts support1 c>ries ) x c]ta9 speculations z to "t & space t are upsett+ to curr5t conceptions4 ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,relativity ,all ?ree ( ,newton's laws ( motion are n[ que/ion$ & ! _w is call$ ^u to unle>n ! lesson :i* ,euclid taught x t p>allel l9es nev] meet4 ,accord+ to ,e9/e9 !y may meet4 ,accord+ to ,newton ! action ( gravitation is in/antane\s ?r\gh\t all space4 ,accord+ to ,e9/e9 no action c exce$ ! velocity ( light4 ,if ! !ory ( relativity is "r !re c be no su* ?+ z absolute "t or way ( f9d+ :e!r clocks 9 diff]5t places are syn*ron\s4 ,our y>d/icks may v>y accord+ to h[ we hold !m & ! weight ( a body may dep5d ^u its velocity4 ,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts may n be a /raight l9e4 ,^! are a few ( ! />tl+ implications ( ,e9/e9's !ory ( relativity4 ,if he _h put x =w>d z a m]e metaphysical fancy1 z a possible b unv]ifiable hypo!sis1 x w\ld h ar\s$ m]e idle curiosity4 ,b he d$uc$ f x ma!matical laws gov]n+ physical ph5om5a :i* c\ld be put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,!y h be5 te/$ 9 ^! two crucial cases & prove to be true4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages we h discuss$ ! "q ( ! relativity ( motion & se5 h[ impossible x is to tell1 = in/ance1 :e!r a tra9 or a %ip y are on is mov+ or n unless y c comp>e x ) some?+ t y are 8sure0 is /ation>y4 ,b :at are y sure is /ation>y8 ,no?+ on e>? surely1 = ! e>? comp>$ ) ! 8fix$0 />s is sp9n+ ar\nd at ! rate ( ab\t a ?\s& miles an h\r & ru%+ ar\nd ! sun at ! rate ( ne>ly #gj1jjj miles an h\r4 ,b are we sure ! />s are fix$ s9ce we h no?+ else to comp>e !m )8 ,y may rememb] ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s illu/ration ( ! sea capta9 :o 0 walk+ we/ on ! deck ( a %ip sail+ ea/ at ! same rate4 ,is he mov+ or n8 ,if y are 9 ! same boat1 y say he is4 ,if y are on %ore :5 ! %ip is pass+ y say he is /&+ /ill & 8m>k+ "t40 ,x all dep5ds on ! po9t ( view4 ,n[ y may readily admit t all motion is relative1 n absolute1 & yet y may balk at ! idea t space & "t are also relative1 n absolute4 ,b motion is m]ely simultane\s *ange ( position 9 space & "t1 & :y %\ld we feel s c]ta9 ab\t space & "t :5 we h nev] se5 ei!r8 ,y may say1 = in/ance1 t y are sure y\r desk is s long4 ,b if ,i ask y h[ long y h to say z long z some?+ else4 ,y may say x is a y>d long4 ,b h[ long is a y>d8 ,x is z long z "s tape or /ick m>k$ 8"o y>d10 & ?is 9 turn has be5 tak5 f "s o!r y>d/ick1 until y get back to ! brass rod 9 ,london t is j z long z ! di/ance f ! tip ( ! nose ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,i to ! end ( 8 royal ?umb4 ,b su* a /&>d ( absolute measurem5t is unsatisfactory to ev]yone except an absolute mon>*i/4 ,b ap>t f ! difficulty ( ! pres5t inaccessibility ( ,k+ ,h5ry's nose & ?umb1 c we be confid5t t our y>d/ick keeps ! same l5g? :ile we are measur+ ) x8 ,we mu/ admit inde$ t x is long] on a summ] day ?an on a w9t] day1 b c we be sure t x does n alt] 9 l5g? :5 we hold x upright or lay x horizontally8 ,or1 r1 c\ld we tell if x did *ange 9 l5g? z x is *ang$ 9 direction8 ,,are ,,y ,,sure ,,( ,,y\r ,,%ape8 ,if y h ev] be5 9 any ( ^? funny places at ! amusem5t p>ks y w h notic$ ! convex mirrors !re & h[ ridicul\s !y make o!r p look4 ,if y _c af=d ! nickel necess>y = ! /udy ( optics 9 su* an e/abli%m5t y c contemplate y\r reflection 9 ! side ( a %9y t9 cup or c4 ,9 a plane mirror y see a man :o looks z y suppose y\rself to be except t someh[ y seem to h become left-h&$4 ,b :5 y look into a convex cyl9drical mirror set upright y see a man ?9n] ?an y 8really are40 ,look into ! same mirror set horizontal & y see a man %ort] ?an y 8really are40 ,y gr9 at ! sight ( su* que]-look+ creatures1 b y notice t !y are equally amus$ at y\r %ape4 ,n[ h[ are y go+ to prove to ! m5 9 ! curv$ glasses t !y are m]e c>icatures & t y are n really built on ! plan ( ei!r ( ^! images8 ,y naturally resort to measurem5t1 z a sci5ti/ %\ld4 ,y _c get into ! mirror _w to measure ! tall man :o pret5ds to repres5t y1 b y c expla9 to him 9 ! sign language :at y want him to d & he in/antly complies4 ,y /& up a measur+ rod at y\r side & %[ him t y are exactly #gb in*es tall4 ,he also sets up a rod & t also reads #gb in*es4 ,nev] m9d1 let him use any k9d ( measure he likes1 y w cat* him :5 x comes to measurem5t ( wid? ) ! same /ick4 ,y hold y\r rule across y\r %\ld]s & x reads #ah in*es1 t is1 "o-f\r? y\r height4 ,b he also measures 8 wid? ) 8 rule & makes x j ! same1 #ah in*es1 al?\gh z y see him he looks at lea/ six times z high z he is broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,a ,,man ,:5 ! man 9 ! middle looks at himself 9 a curv$ mirror he sees :at he reg>ds z a di/ort$ image4 ,! image on ! "r is ?9n] & seems tall] because x is reflect$ f a cyl9drical surface set upright4 ,! image on ! left is %ort] & seems broad] because x is reflect$ f a cyl9drical surface set horizontally4 ,b if ! man & 8 image are measur$ by scales 9 ! real _w & ! mirror _w !y come out ! same4 ,s1 too1 x w\ld be impossible = u to f9d out if ev]y?+ 9 ! _w 7 exp&$ or contract$ 9 all directions4 ,9 o!r words1 all measurem5ts are relative4 ,accord+ to ,e9/e9 any body 9 movem5t is %ort5$ 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( motion :ile ! transv]se dim5sion rema9s ! same4 ,if1 !n1 a man is be+ c>ri$ headlong ?r\gh space ) a velocity approa*+ ! spe$ ( light he w\ld be %ort5$ l ! man on ! left4 ,if he 7 mov+ sideways he w\ld be l ! man on ! "r4 ,! man's image 9 a plane mirror seems to him symmetrical b rev]s$4 ,8 "r h& has someh[ got ov] on 8 left side & vice v]sa4 ,su* a trans=mation z ! mirror seems to effect _c be actually accompli%$ 9 ord9>y space1 b w\ld conceivably be possible 9 a space ( f\r dim5sions4 ,n[ y are sure he is *eat+--mu/ h "s sort ( telescop+ rod t contracts & exp&s accord+ to ! way he holds x4 ,y po9t out to him t 8 measure is unreliable1 b to y\r surprise 8 ge/ures seem int5d$ to conv9ce y t y in/ead are us+ ! ela/ic rule4 ,y %ake y\r fi/ 9 8 face--to :i* he responds ) equal indignation--& !n y turn to ! squatty *ap 9 ! o!r mirror1 hop+ he w be am5able to reason4 ,b he also measures himself z #gb in*es high & #ah in*es wide by 8 own rule4 ,if y try ! /ill que]]-look+ fell[ 9 ! concavo-convex mirror :o is di/ort$ 9 all sorts ( ways y w f9d t 8 rule l5g!ns & %ort5s & b5ds j en\gh to make him z symmetrical a man z y\rself4 ,& h[ c he be o!rwise s9ce he is ! image ( y\rself8 ,y are !re=e driv5 to d\bt ! inv>iabl5ess ( y\r own y>d/icks4 ,suppose :5 y wake up tomorr[ ev]y?+1 includ+ all means ( measur+1 is twice z big z x is today4 ,c\ld y tell ! diff]5ce8 ,w\ld x make any diff]5ce8 ,w\ld !re be any diff]5ce8 ,is !re any su* ?+ z absolute di/ance8 ,are n all measurem5ts relative8 ,su* que/ions _h f ! e>lie/ times occupi$ ! att5tion ( speculative philosoph]s1 b !y pass$ f ! realm ( metaphysics to ! realm ( physics 9 #ahhf :5 ,mi*elson & ,morley made _! fam\s exp]im5t on ! spe$ ( light 9 v>i\s directions4 ,_! object 0 to f9d out if ! e!r1 ! hypo!tical m$ium c>ry+ ! light waves1 0 /ation>y & drift$ back ?r\gh ! e>? z ! e>? mov$ onw>d4 ,!y devis$ an in/rum5t ( su* delicacy t ! /amp ( a foot a hundr$ y>ds (f w\ld be noticeable4 ,a ray ( light 0 divid$ into two p>ts2 "o half 0 s5t =w>d & back 9 ! direction t[>d :i* t "p ( ! e>? :]e ! exp]im5t 0 made 0 mov+ at ! "t2 ! o!r half 0 s5t back & =? across ! l9e ( ?is motion4 ,b ! two rays ( light foll[+ diff]5t r\tes came back at ! same in/ant & mat*$ up exactly4 ,9 ord] to correct = any inequality 9 ! in/rum5t1 ,mi*elson & ,morley turn$ x ar\nd s ! arm t =m]ly po9t$ across ! l9e ( motion n[ po9t$ 9 ! direction ( t motion & ! o!r arm po9t$ across1 b t made no diff]5ce4 ,! light travel$ ) ! same velocity reg>dless ( ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,?is negative result 0 j z a/oni%+ z if y %\ld /& at a c]ta9 spot on ! bank ( a riv] half a mile wide & %\ld s5d out two boats1 "o to g up ! riv] half a mile aga9/ ! curr5t & !n back ) ! curr5t & ! o!r boat to g across ! riv] & back4 ,if bo? boats %\ld return at ! same mom5t y w\ld be puzzl$ to acc\nt = x4 ,"o way ( acc\nt+ = x w\ld be t y\r measurem5t ( ! half-mile c\rse up/ream _h be5 a little %ort4 ,?is 0 ! explanation ( ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t giv5 by ! ,dut* physici/1 ,lor5tz4 ,he sugge/$ t ! arm ( ! in/rum5t %ort5$ a trifle z x 0 turn$ f across ! l9e ( ! e>?'s motion to ! direction ( t motion4 ,! am\nt ( %r9kage necess>y to comp5sate = ! e!r drift w\ld be exce$+ly small4 ,besides h[ c\ld y measure ! *ange 9 ! l5g? ( ! arm if ! rule y laid alongside ( x alt]$ 9 ! same proportion8 ,lor5tz's explanation c\ld n be disprov$1 yet x 0 s upsett+ to our ord9>y ideas ( ! /ability ( matt] t x 0 h>d to accept4 ,e9/e9 took ,lor5tz's idea & made x "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 new !ory ( ! univ]se & !n d$uc$ f ?is !ory sundry v />tl+ conclusions1 "s ( :i* c\ld be--& h be5--confirm$ by exp]im5t4 ,accord+ to ,e9/e9 ! size & %ape ( any body dep5ds ^u ! rate & direction ( its movem5t4 ,= ord9>y spe$s ! alt]ation is v slight1 b x becomes consid]able at rates approa*+ ! spe$ ( light1 #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y c\ld %oot an arr[ f a b[ ) a velocity ( #afj1jjj miles a second1 x w\ld %r9k to ab\t half its l5g?1 z measur$ by a man rema9+ /ill on e>?4 ,a man travel+ along ) ! arr[ c\ld discov] no *ange4 ,no =ce c\ld br+ ! arr[ or ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] to a motion great] ?an ! spe$ ( light1 & ! ne>] x comes to ?is limit ! great] ! =ce requir$ to move x fa/]4 ,?is means t ! mass ( a body1 in/ead ( be+ absolute & unalt]able z we h suppos$1 increases ) ! spe$ ( its movem5t4 ,newton's laws ( dynamics are !re=e valid only = matt] 9 motion at su* mod]ate spe$s z we h to deal ) 9 our exp]im5ts on e>? & 9 our obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,:5 we come to consid] velocities approximat+ t ( light ! ord9>y laws ( physics are subject to an increas+ correction4 ,if a p]son calculates t he is atta9+ a spe$ fa/] ?an light he w seem to ano!r obs]v] to be mov+ ! o!r way4 ,t is1 any motion above ! spe$ ( light is negative motion4 ,j z a t\ri/ travel+ m ?an #ab1jjj miles away f home 9 any direction w really be gett+ ne>] home ! f>!r he goes4 ,su* speculations w\ld n h bo!r$ anybody tw5ty ye>s ago1 = !n ! physici/ did n h to h&le any cases ( su* high spe$s4 ,b :5 radium 0 discov]$ x 0 f\nd t ?is metal 0 cont9u\sly ?r[+ (f p>ticles ( negative electricity ) approximately ! spe$ ( light4 ,n[ if ^! electrons are n matt] !y are at any rate ! mat]ial ( :i* matt] is made4 ,!y c be detect$ & c\nt$ & track$ & deflect$ & spe$$ & weigh$4 ,!y are v real ?+s1 p]haps ! ultimate reality ( all ?+s1 yet _! extreme velocity c>ries !m out ( ,newton's _w & into ,e9/e9's4 ,,introduc+ ,,! ,,f\r? ,,dim5sion ,n[ ,e9/e9's _w1 z ,i said be=e1 diff]s f ! _w 9 :i* we are accu/om$ to live 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,x has f\r dim5sions in/ead ( ?ree4 ,"o ( ^! dim5sions may be "t4 ,"t1 too1 mu/ be relative1 n absolute4 ,?is is ev5 h>d] to imag9e ?an ! relativity ( space4 ,z "s s*oolboy said3 8,if !re 7 no matt] 9 ! univ]se ! law ( gravitation w\ld fall to ! gr\nd40 ,q s4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,dim5sions ,no dim5sions3 ,a ma!matical po9t4 ,has position b no size4 ,repres5t$ by a dot4 ,l ?is 4 ,"o dim5sion3 ,has l5g? b no bread?4 ,made by mov+ a po9t along /raight 9 any direction4 ,repres5t$ by a l9e4 ,l ?is ---- ,two dim5sions3 ,a plane surface l ?is page4 ,has l5g? & bread? b no ?ickness4 ,made by mov+ a l9e 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its l5g? 7t is1 into ! second dim5sion74 ,repres5t$ by two /raight l9es ( indef9ite l5g? p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r4 ,! l9es are call$ axes & are label$ x & y4 ,! po9t :]e !y meet1 ! orig91 is m>k$ ,o4 ,l ?is ,illu/ration ,?ree dim5sions3 ,a solid l a cube4 ,has l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness4 ,made by mov+ a plane 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! o!r two 7t is1 into ! ?ird dim5sion74 ,_c be pictur$ on pap]1 b is indicat$ by ?ree axes1 x1 y1 & z1 ( :i* x & y are on ! plane ( ! page & z is suppos$ to be /uck up at "r-angles to ! o!r two4 ,/ick a p9 into ! pap] at ! po9t ,o & y w h ! ?ird or z axis4 ,l ?is ,illu/ration ,f\r dim5sions3 ,has l5g?1 bread?1 ?ickness & ext5sion into a f\r? dim5sion1 say "t4 ,made by mov+ a cube 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to ! o!r ?ree 7t is1 into ! f\r? dim5sion74 ,_c be pictur$ on pap]1 b may be indicat$ by f\r axes1 x1 y1 z & t 7or u71 ea* at "r-angles to ! o!r ?ree4 ,l ?is ,illu/ration ,m dim5sions3 ,any desir$ numb] ( dim5sions c be work$ out ma!matically b ) increas+ difficulty because ( ! impracticability ( diagrammatical repres5tation4 ,we c g5]alize ! idea by speak+ ( a 8geometry ( n dim5sions0 :]e n may /& = any numb] :atev] f z]o to inf9ity4 ,a l9e ( a giv5 l5g? conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts4 ,a squ>e ( a giv5 size conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( l9es4 ,a cube ( a giv5 size conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( plane squ>es4 ,a tess]act 7f\r-dim5sional cuboid7 ( a giv5 size conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( solid cubes4 ,& :at w\ld !re be left ( space if y took ev]y?+ out ( x1 & :at w\ld become ( "t if no?+ ev] happ5$8 ,9 o!r words are n space & "t m]ely =ms ( ?\ght1 ! framework ( ideas1 & if s _c we fix !m ov] to suit our ne$ ( new conceptions8 ,z a matt] ( fact we d4 ,we h con/ruct$ by ! aid ( ,euclid & 8 successors a geometry ( ?ree dim5sions t works p]fectly = all ord9>y requirem5ts & if we ne$ a f\r? dim5sion to accommodate ^! new a/ronomical & physical ph5om5a we w build on ! necess>y addition to our conception ( space4 ,!re 0 no use hav+ a f\r? dim5sion s long z we _h no?+ to put 9 x4 ,= ord9>y e>? measurem5ts 7geometry7 su* z lay+ out a t[n lot we only use two dim5sions1 l5g? & bread?4 ,we speak ( 8flat gr\nd0 & 8wat]-level0 reg>dless ( ! fact t all our 8/raight0 l9es on ! e>?'s surface are really curves t come back to u aft] go+ #be1jjj miles or less4 ,x is only :5 measur+ mile l5g?s t we h to correct = ! curvature ( ! e>? 9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,s if1 z seems probable1 we %all h to make all[ance 9 a/ronomical measurem5ts = ! curvature ( ! univ]se 9 a f\r? dim5sion x w m]ely mean a little labor to ! a/ronom]s & x w relieve _! m9ds ( "s ( _! p]plexities4 ,!re is no?+ m my/ical or my/]i\s or 8psy*ical0 ab\t a f\r? dim5sion ?an ab\t ! o!r ?ree4 ,a dim5sion is simply a measurable direction & we c use five dim5sions or n dim5sions if we ne$ to4 ,x does n matt] t we _c 8see0 a figure 9 f\r dim5sions ev5 ) our m9d's eye4 ,actually we _c see any figure ( m or less ?an two dim5sions3 we h to take ! o!rs on fai?4 ,nobody c see ! ma!matician's po9t because x has no dim5sions1 no size at all4 ,! s*oolboy says3 8,let t be ! po9t ,a10 & we let x be al?\gh :at he is po9t+ at ) 8 /ick is n a po9t b a va/ irregul> splot* ( :ite *alk on ! blackbo>d4 ,s1 too1 we _c see a ma!matical l9e because x has only "o dim5sion1 l5g? & no bread?4 ,b set f\r l9es at "r angles to "o ano!r & we get a squ>e4 ,?is we c really see if ! enclos$ surface is ( a diff]5t color su* z a %ad[ or black pr9t4 ,set six squ>es toge!r at "r angles & we get a cube4 ,?is we _c see 9 its entirety at "o "t4 ,all t we see :5 we look squ>ely at a cube is a squ>e4 ,if we look at x f an angle we see :at looks l a squ>e ) a c\ple ( loz5ges on ! sides4 ,! ret9a ( ! eye is practically a plane surface1 s all we c get is a two-dim5sional projection ( a solid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,f\r-,,dim5sional ,,figure ,! be/ way to get an idea ( ! con/ruction ( a cubical solid 9 f\r dim5sions is to draw a diagram y\rself & trace out 9 turn ea* ( ! eight cubes t inclose x4 ,i am indebt$ to ,k4 ,w4 ,lamson ( ,b>n>d ,college = ! foll[+ sket* & directions3 ,draw ! f\r cord9ate axes ,,ox1 ,,oy1 ,,oz1 ,,ou4 ,lay (f ! unit a#a;a#d on ! ,x axis1 a#a;a#b on ! ,y axis1 a#a;a#g on ! ,z axis & a#a;b#a on ! ,u axis4 ,draw ! cube a#a;a#b;a#c;a#d;a#e;a#f;a#g;a#h on ! ?ree axes ,,xyz4 ,draw p>allel to ?is ! cube b#a;b#b;b#c;b#d;b#e;b#f;b#g;b#h on ! ,u axis4 ,draw ! cube a#a;a#b;a#c;a#d;b#a;b#b;b#c;b#d on ! ?ree axes ,,xyu4 ,?is is p>tly drawn already4 ,draw p>allel to ?is ! cube a#g;a#h;a#e;a#f;b#g;b#h;b#e;b#f on ! ?ree axes ,,xyu4 ,?is completes ! figure4 ,!re are f\r o!r cubes 9 ! figure besides ^? describ$ above3 ,! cube on ! ,,xzu axes a#a;a#d;b#a;b#d;a#g;a#h;b#g;b#h & its opposite a#b;a#c;b#b;b#c;a#e;a#f;b#e;b#f4 ,! cube on ! ,,yzu axes a#e;a#b;a#g;a#a;b#e;b#b;b#g;b#a & its opposite a#f;a#c;a#h;a#d;b#f;b#c;b#h;b#d4 ,! figure has3 #af corn]s1 #cb edges1 #bd b\nd+ squ>es1 #h b\nd+ cubes4 ,! heavy l9e a#a;b#f might be call$ ! pr9cipal diagonal & makes an angle ( #fj degrees ) ea* ( ! f\r axes4 ,x is =e%ort5$ 9 ! sket*1 b its real l5g? is twice t ( "o edge ( ! cube4 ,e l9e except ?is is on ! outside ( ! f\r-dim5sional figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tess]act ,a f\r-dim5sional cube-l solid if transp>5t & look$ at ) "o eye w\ld appe> some?+ l ?is4 ,b x is obvi\sly impossible to depict a f\r-dim5sional figure on a two-dim5sional surface l ?is page4--,f 8,! ,f\r? ,dim5sion ,simply ,expla9$10 ,munn & ,company1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s9ce our two eyes pres5t u slightly diff]5t pictures ( an object we inf] f ^! its size1 %ape & di/ance1 b ?is is guesswork4 ,/ill we h a pretty cle> idea ( a cube al?\gh we h nev] se5 x 9 its solidity4 ,b ! attempt to visualize ! hyp]cube1 ! f\r-dim5sional figure correspond+ to ! cube1 /ra9s our imag9ation to ! break+ po9t4 ,"s ma!maticians end[$ ) con/ructive imag9ations ( high p[] claim to h got by long h>d ?9k+ "s sort ( a %ad[y & fleet+ p]ception ( x1 b _! visions--if !y are n imag9>y--d n help out u ord9>y folks4 ,b if we _c imag9e--t is1 image--! hyp]cube we "k all ab\t x1 ev5 its "n4 ,x is call$ ! 8tess]act10 & x is b\nd$ by eight cubes j z ! cube is b\nd$ by six squ>es & ! squ>e by f\r l9es4 ,! tess]act has #bd squ>e faces1 #cb edges & #af rightangul> corn]s4 ,,"t ,,z ,,! ,,f\r? ,,dim5sion ,al?\gh we f9d x h>d to conceive ( a f\r? dim5sion 9 space we h no su* difficulty 9 case ! f\r? dim5sion is "t4 ,9 fact1 we use ?is idea all ! :ile & c\ld n get along )\t x4 ,to fix ! position ( any ev5t requires f\r dim5sions4 ,= in/ance1 a man is %ot4 ,:]e8 ,at ! corn] ( #g? ,av5ue & #db;d ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,?is fixes ! place by two cord9ates cross+ at "r angles 9 a plane4 ,b 0 x above or bel[ ?is1 on ! tw5tie? floor ( ! ,times ,build+ or 9 ! ,subway8 ,kn[+ ?is fixes ! ?ird dim5sion1 b we h /ill to fix its position 9 a f\r? dim5sion1 "t4 ,0 x today or la/ week & :at h\r8 ,if !n we f9d out all f\r we c di/+ui% ?is %oot+ f any t may h occurr$ 9 o!r places at ! same "t or at o!r times 9 ! same place4 ,or consid] ?is simple illu/ration3 ,cut a /rip ( motion picture film into its sep>ate sc5es & pile !m up 9 ord] till x is z high z x is broad4 ,y h !n a cubical ev5t4 ,two dim5sions ( ! cube are spatial2 ! ?ird dim5sion is ess5tially temporal1 al?\gh 9 a spatial =m4 ,if "o ( ! films f ! middle ( ! pack repres5ts ! pres5t !n ! films bel[ repres5t ! pa/ & ^? above ! future4 ,! p on ! picture y pick$ out "k only ( ! sc5e !re depict$ ?\gh !y may h a fad+ memory ( ! pa/ & a dim anticipation ( ! future4 ,b to y :o are outside ( ! film pack all ! sc5es are equally visible4 ,!y are all pres5t to y4 ,?is is ! way mo/ ,*ri/ians h conceiv$ ( ,god1 z "o to :om pa/ & future =m "o et]nal pres5t1 s he sees simultane\sly all ?+s t h be51 are or w be4 ,if our pile ( film 7 made up ( snap%ots tak5 "o a day ?r\gh\t a man's life we %\ld see at "o glance 8 gr[? f babyhood to boyhood1 to maturity & old age4 ,we c\ld turn ! leaves ( 8 life backw>d or =w>d z we w4 ,"s day p]haps we %all h /]eo-movies1 sc5es 9 ?ree dim5sions ) "t z ! f\r?4 ,?is idea ( "t z a f\r? dim5sion is n a new "o4 ,9 #aged d',alemb]t1 def9+ 8dim5sion0 9 ! ,encyclop$ia1 wrote3 8,a brilliant man ( my acqua9tance believes t "o may reg>d duration z a f\r? dim5sion40 ,9 #aijc ,m9k[ski work$ out ! idea 9 ma!matical =m4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 always quick to cat* up a new sci5tific !ory to use z a plot = a /ory1 wrote 9 #ahie ( 8,! ,"t ,ma*9e10 a vehicle by :i* a man c\ld travel back & =? 9 "t z he c travel ea/ & we/ 9 a motor c>4 ,9 ?is he visits ! future & f9ds mank9d split into two species1 a subt]ranean work+ class liv+ on--lit]ally--a pleasure-lov+ leisure class4 ,9 8,! ,plattn] ,case0 ,wells tells ( a *emical pr(essor :o 0 by an explosion knock$ into--n ! middle ( next week z we commonly say--b into ! f\r? dim5sion ( space4 ,t5 days lat] he 0 knock$ back aga9 into our _w b ! only evid5ce ( ! tru? ( 8 /ory 0 t 8 he>t beat on ! "r side & he 0 left h&$ & o!rwise rev]s$ 9 a way t w\ld be impossible 9 a space ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 space ( ?ree dim5sions we _c make a "r h& glove & a left h& glove look ! same no matt] h[ we turn !m ar\nd4 ,b if we turn "o glove inside out x w mat* ! o!r except t ! l9+ n[ appe>s on ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,our two h&s _c be turn$ inside out s z to look ! same 9 ?ree dim5sions1 ?\gh !y might 9 f\r dim5sions4 ,we c turn a glove inside out 9 ?ree dim5sions & s make x j l its mate ( ! o!r h&1 b we _c turn a solid inside out except 9 f\r-dim5sional space4 ,9 ano!r ( 8 8,?irty ,/range ,/ories0 ,wells tells 8,! ,/ory ( ,davidson's ,eyes40 ,:ile ,davidson 0 work+ 9 8 ,london laboratory a lightn+ %ock s affect$ 8 eyesight t he c\ld n see ! famili> objects ab\t him :i* he c\ld feel b look$ in/ead at a ,s\? ,sea isl& on ! opposite side ( ! globe4 ,?is might be possible 9 a curv$ space ( f\r dim5sions al?\gh ,wells pr(esses to pooh-pooh su* an absurd sugge/ion :ile he +5i\sly ins9uates x4 ,george ,macdonald 9 8 fanta/ic romance 8,lili?0 also introduces ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,po9ts t are f> ap>t if measur$ 9 ?ree dim5sions may be close toge!r 9 ! f\r?4 ,we c readily und]/& ?is if "t is ! f\r? dim5sion1 = ev5ts c happ5 at ! same in/ant ?\gh ?\s&s ( miles ap>t4 ,b x is n impossible to conceive ( ! f\r? dim5sion z spatial in/ead ( temporal if we approa* ! problem f a simpl] /&po9t4 ,let u ?9k ( ourselves z liv+ 9 a 8,flatl&0 ( two dim5sions ) no ?\ght ( a ?ird4 ,!re yet survive 9 enlight5$ ,am]ica individuals :o believe t 8! sun d move0 & :o d5y t ! e>? is 8r\nd l a ball40 ,t is1 !y d n recognize ! curvature ( ! e>? 9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,b if su* an individual 7 to travel 9 a 8/raight0 l9e we/w>d ov] ! 8level0 l& & wat] he w\ld1 mu* to 8 surprise1 come back to 8 />t+ po9t :i* he _h left #be1jjj miles beh9d him4 ,illu/ration3 ,by movem5t 9 "o dim5sion we _c make ! l9es ,,ab & ,b,a co9cide = if we drag ,b,a /raight on to ,,ab ! ends w n mat*4 ,b if we sw+ ,b,a ar\nd ?r\gh ! second dim5sion we br+ x on ,,ab s ! lett]s correspond4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 space ( two dim5sions1 su* z a table top1 we _c br+ ^! two triangles into ! same position4 ,if we drag "o /raight ov] on to ! o!r 7movem5t 9 "o dim5sion7 !y w n fit toge!r4 ,if we sw+ "o triangle ar\nd 7movem5t 9 two dim5sions7 !y /ill d n fit4 ,b if we take "o triangle (f ! table & turn x ov] 7movem5t 9 ! ?ird dim5sion7 we c !n lay x by ! side ( ! o!r & !y w mat* p]fectly4 ,a ,,worm',s-,,eye ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,illu/ration ,suppose y\rself a worm--! ,bible says y are anyway--& crawl+ ar\nd on a %eet ( pap]4 ,) y\r v]micul> m9d y d\btless w\ld take a sup]ficial view ( ! univ]se & f9d x z impossible to imag9e a ?ird dim5sion z man does a f\r?4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( y\r crawl+ y came across a triangle y might--if y 7 a measur+ worm--pace x (f & f9d t ! di/ance f ,a to ,b 0 #h in*es1 f ,b to ,c 0 #f in*es & f ?is data1 if y knew ! law ( ! hypo!nuse1 y might calculate t ! di/ance f ,a to ,c 0 #aj in*es4 ,on measur+ x y w\ld f9d y\r pr$iction v]ifi$ & s ga9 p]fect confid5ce 9 y\r plane geometry4 ,b unbekn[n/ to y1 poor worm ) y\r eyes fix$ on ! pap]1 "s man may h pick$ up ! %eet & crumpl$ x up or roll$ x ov] s t ,a & ,c are only "o in* ap>t--9 ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,! worm is "r :5 he ?9ks ! di/ance betwe5 ^! po9ts is #aj in*es3 s is ! man "r :5 he says x is "o in*4 ,x dep5ds on ! po9t ( view4 ,n[ 9 ,e9/e9's view some?+ ( ?is sort happ5s to our ?ree-dim5sional space :5 matt] gets into x4 ,we "k = in/ance t if y divide ! circumf]5ce ( any circle by ! diamet] ! ratio figures out z #c4adae4 ,x has be5 calculat$ to #gjg decimal places b we c disp5se ) ! re/ ( !m & call ! :ole ?+ ,pi = %ort4 ,write x 9 ,greek z & x looks m le>n$4 ,n[ if y place a heavy p>ticle1 say a lead bullet1 9 ! c5t] ( a circle ! ratio ( ! diamet] to ! circumf]5ce1 accord+ to ,e9/e91 becomes a little less ?an ,pi1 = ! circle has be5 w>p$1 s to speak1 into ! f\r? dim5sion by ! /ra9 ( gravitation4 ,! diff]5ce 9 su* a case is too small to be measurable by any kn[n means1 b x is suppos$ to be an actual1 n an imag9>y1 deviation f ! geometrical law4 ,n[ ! sun be+ a big heavy body mu/ ext5d its gravitational /ra9 = a consid]able di/ance ar\nd & a ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh ?is crumpl$ up space w\ld n be able to pursue a /raight c\rse4 ,&1 accord+ to ! eclipse obs]vations1 x does n4 ,light l ev]y?+ else foll[s 8! easie/ way0 & ?is is n always ! /raight & n>r[ pa?4 ,a riv] takes ! easie/1 n ! %orte/1 way to ! sea & ?is leads x ?r\gh _m me&]+s4 ,mo/ ( u1 ,i suppose1 h a m5tal image ( ,newton's gravitation z a sort ( rope by :i* ! sun pulls ! e>? into its orbit :5 x is dispos$ to fly (f on a tang5t4 ,b f ,e9/e9's viewpo9t we %\ld r ?9k ( ! e>? z pick+ its way z be/ x c ?r\gh a space-&-"t comb9ation t has be5 /ra9$ & di/ort$ by ! p[] ( ! sun4 ,i visualize ,e9/e9's sol> sy/em z a spid] web ) ! sun 9 ! middle l ! spid] & ! planets l flies try+ to get ar\nd ?r\gh ! tangl$ /r&s4 ,b x is m complicat$ ?an t = ea* planet has its own less] web ( radiat+ influ5ce to drag ab\t ) x :]ev] x goes4 ,newton's idea is simpl]1 b un=tunately light at lea/ seems to foll[ ,e9/e9's law1 n ,newton's4 ,t is :y ,e9/e9 is su* a tr\blesome fell[4 ,if he w\ld conf9e himself to metaphysical speculation nobody ne$ bo!r ab\t ^! /range notions ( 84 ,b :5 he po9ts h[ !y c be prov$ & !n ,briti% a/ronom]s & ,am]ican physici/s f9d ?+s accord+ to 8 d$uctions he _c be ignor$4 ,! man does n seem to h t dec5t respect = ! op9ions ( mank9d t leads mo/ ( u to limit our logic to ! sph]e ( common s5se4 ,:5 he gets an idea 9 8 head he foll[s x :]ev] x leads him ev5 ?\gh he bumps up aga9/ ,euclid & ,newton & ! re/ ( u4 ,= in/ance1 if y admit ! second ( 8 two fundam5tal po/ulates1 t ! spe$ ( light is con/ant1 reg>dless ( ! velocity ( its s\rce1 y are irresi/ibly l$--unless y let g ( 8 h& some:]e on ! way--to ! conclusion t "t is a local affair2 t !re is no way ( tell+ by light signals :e!r two clocks at a di/ance are keep+ ! same "t1 or :e!r two ev5ts at diff]5t places occur simultane\sly4 ,y c\ld n tell ?is ev5 if y c\ld %oot a wat* f "o place to ! o!r ) ! spe$ ( light1 = no matt] h[ _m seconds--or ye>s--! wat* might be on its way x w\ld regi/] ! same "t4 ,if in/ead ( a wat* a man c\ld travel at t spe$ he w\ld n gr[ old on ! way4 ,accord+ to ,e9/e9 no man1 wat* or any o!r mat]ial ?+ c travel ) ! spe$ ( light1 = x w\ld require an inf9ite =ce to give ! smalle/ p>ticle su* a velocity4 ,b let u suppose t a holl[ projectile hold+ a man1 su* z ,jules ,v]ne & ,wells us$ on _! voyages to ! moon1 %\ld be s5t (f into space ) a velocity "o tw5ty-?\s&? less ?an light4 ,if at ! end ( a ye> ! projectile %\ld be caught l a comet by ! gravitation ( "s /> & be swung ar\nd & s5t back to ! e>?1 ! man on /epp+ out ( 8 %ell w\ld be two ye>s old] b he w\ld f9d ! _w two hundr$ ye>s old]4 ,?is w\ld be1 z ,pr(essor ,langev9 sugge/s 9 ,sci5tia1 #aiaa1 an int]e/+ way to /udy hi/ory1 b x w\ld be risky1 n to say impossible4 ,/ill ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 l ,napoleon1 h no place 9 _! diction>ies = s /upid a ^w z 8impossible0 & ,m4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie has figur$ out t a ?\s& p\nds ( radium w\ld be suffici5t to c>ry a man to ,v5us 9 #ce h\rs if a holl[ projectile c\ld be fitt$ up l a rocket ) ! radium 9 ! re> s5d+ out a rapid fire ( electrons4 ,,turn+ ,,"t ,,backw>d ,to loos5 up our conv5tional ideas ( ! fixity ( "t & space we may accept ! aid ( ! sci5tific romanc]s4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 ! fam\s ,fr5* a/ronom]1 wrote a fanta/ic little book call$ 8,lum50 :i* tells ( a man :o di$ 9 #ahfd4 ,8 s\l flew /raight to its heav5 :i* 0 "o ( ! planets ( ,capella1 ! l>ge/ /> 9 ! con/ellation ,auriga4 ,"h he f\nd ! b5evol5t inhabitants ( t sph]e1 :o 7 end[$ ) sup]human p[]s ( sight1 wat*+ ) great di/ress ! bloody sc5es ( ! ,fr5* revolution ( #agic1 & wond]+ h[ x w\ld come out4 ,to ! visitor f ! e>? ?is 0 an old /ory1 to ! p ( ,alpha ,aurigae x 0 a pres5t spectacle1 = ! di/ance ( ! /> 0 su* t x took light #gb ye>s to travel f ! e>?1 s !y 7 #gb ye>s belat$ 9 _! obs]vation ( curr5t ev5ts on our planet4 ,! _s ( ! defunct ,p>isian1 hav+ ! p[] ( fly+ ?r\gh empty space at any spe$ he *ose1 f\nd t he _h !reby also acquir$ control ( "t & c\ld ha/51 ret>d1 /op or rev]se ! c\rse ( ev5ts at w by simply v>y+ 8 spe$4 ,if he rema9$ /ation>y1 sc5es on ! e>? w\ld unfold at _! normal rate & 9 regul> ord]4 ,if he travel$ away f ! e>? ) ! spe$ ( light ev]y?+ seem$ to /& /ill4 ,if he travel$ fa/] ?an light he ov]took ! rays t _h left ! e>? f>!r & f>!r back 9 ! pa/ s he saw ?r\gh !m ev5ts 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,= in/ance :5 he look$ d[n on ,wat]loo he saw ! battlefield /rewn ) corpses & ,napoleon walk+ t[>d ,wat]loo backw>d pu%+ 8 horse by ! bridle4 ,?is is h[ ! battle look$ to ! int]spatial obs]v]3 ,:5 my sight 0 suffici5tly habituat$ to ! sc5e1 ,i p]ceiv$ "s soldi]s com+ to life out ( ! et]nal night1 & by a s+le ef=t /&+ up4 ,! dead horses reviv$ l ! dead cavali]s1 & ! latt] rem\nt$ !m4 ,z soon z two or ?ree ?\s& m5 _h return$ to life1 ,i saw !m =m unconsci\sly 9 l9e ( battle4 ,! two armies took _! places front+ "o ano!r1 & began to fight desp]ately ) a fury t "o might h tak5 = despair4 ,z ! combat deep5$ on bo? sides1 ! soldi]s came to life m rapidly4444 ,at ea* gap made by ! cannon 9 ! s]ri$ ranks a gr\p ( resuscitat$ dead fill$ up ! gaps imm$iately4 ,:5 ! bellig]5ts _h sp5t ! :ole day 9 te>+ "o ano!r to pieces ) grape-%ot1 ) cannons & bullets1 ) bayonets1 sab]s & swords--:5 ! great battle 0 ov]1 !re 0 n a s+le p]son kill$1 no "o 0 ev5 w\nd$2 ev5 uni=ms t be=e x 7 torn & 9 disord] 7 9 good condition1 ! m5 7 safe & s\nd1 & ! ranks 9 correct =m4 ,! two armies sl[ly )drew f "o ano!r1 z if ! heat ( ! battle & all its fury _h no o!r object ?an ! re/oration to life1 amid ! smoke ( ! combat1 ( ! two hundr$ ?\s& corpses :i* _h la9 on ! field a few h\rs be=e4 ,:at an exempl>y & desirable battle x 06 ,ano!r lit]>y curiosity on ! same !me is 8,ignis0 by ,comte ,didi] de ,*\sy4 ,?is tells ( c]ta9 eng9e]s :o attempt$ to utilize ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? by runn+ ! wat]s ( a lake into a deep bor+4 ,! result 0 an explosion t blew (f a piece ( ! planet4 ,b ! pass5g]s on ?is artificial a/]oid on look+ d[n ?r\gh _! well at ! e>? !y _h left c\ld see ! lake & city undi/urb$ & wat* !mselves at "w z !y 7 be=e ! place blew up4 ,! explanation 0 t ?is fragm5t ( ! e>? 0 project$ into space m rapidly ?an ! spe$ ( light & s 0 cat*+ up ) ! rays t _h gone out be=e ! explosion2 ^! rays1 ( c\rse1 c>ri$ ! picture ( e>li] sc5es4 ,b ,e9/e9 w\ld say t ?is /ory--z we might ourselves h suspect$--mu/ be fiction = accord+ to 8 !ory ! spe$ ( light is ! absolute limit ( motion1 ! inf9ity ( velocity1 :i* no mat]ial body may excel or atta94 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 say any?+ ab\t ! possible spe$ ( a disembodi$ _s su* z ,flamm>ion employ$ 9 8 imag9>y exploration ( space4 ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,( ,,! ,,movies ,b f su* fantasies we c see t ! ord] 9 :i* we view ev5ts dep5ds ^u h[ fa/ & 9 :at direction we are mov+ & t pa/ & future may be rev]s$ to our vision4 ,?is is easily made app>5t by means ( motion pictures4 ,if ! film is reel$ (f 9 ! wrong direction ! action is rev]s$4 ,s we see div]s ris+ gracefully out ( ! wat] & l&+ on ! spr+ bo>d4 ,newly hat*$ *ick5s1 dismay$ at ! sight ( ?is unfri5dly _w1 calmly tuck !mselves back into _! brok5 %ells :i* close 9 ^u !m4 ,:5 we h come to ! close ( a p]fect ,?anksgiv+ ,day ! oblig+ op]ator may give u an encore ( ! d9n] rev]s$ by runn+ 8 ma*9e backw>d4 ,!n we see pieces ( turkey politely pick$ out ( ! m\?s ( ! d9]s ) _! =ks & replac$ ^u ! plates4 ,:5 ^! are pass$ back to ! c>v] he puts ! slices neatly 9 _! places & ! f[l is !n s5t back to ! ov5 to be unroa/$4 ,! cook !n /icks on ! fea!rs4 ,! hir$ man c>ries ! turkey out to ! *opp+ block :]e ) "o swift /roke he re/ores ! head & ! f[l runs (f backw>ds4 ,?is is j z correct z ! ord9>y ord]4 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts is ! same4 ,cause & effect are l9k$ toge!r z firmly z be=e1 only !y h ex*ang$ places4 ,a sci5ti/ kn[+ no?+ ( our _w except f wat*+ su* rev]s$ motion pictures might d$uce f !m ! same consi/5t & logical sy/em ( natural laws t we n[ h al?\gh "s ( !m1 = in/ance1 ! second law ( !rmo-dynamics1 w\ld be rev]s$ 9 =m4 ,! motion-picture man has also ! p[] to alt] ! spe$ ( ! passage ( "t z he w by turn+ ! crank fa/] or sl[]4 ,sometimes he is q too c>eless 9 ! way he employs ?is pr]ogative4 ,if he is beh9d "t on 8 s*$ule he w ru% ?r\gh a lazy sie/a sc5e 9 a ,mexican plaza ) all ! fury ( a ,mack ,s5nett f>ce4 ,b ?is telescop+ ( "t c be us$ to advantage z :5 he %[s u ! gr[? ( a plant1 ! unfold+ ( its fl[] & ! rip5+ ( its fruit1 all 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,on ! o!r h& motion may be sl[$ up by tak+ twice z _m pictures a m9ute z usual & project+ !m at ! ord9>y rate4 ,= in/ance1 if x is a dog jump+ up to grab a piece ( meat f 8 ma/]'s h&1 we see ! dog rise sl[ly f ! gr\nd &1 :ile pois$ 9 mid-air1 eye ! meat c>efully to select ! be/ po9t ( attack1 !n delib]ately take x betwe5 8 jaws & gradually desc5d4 ,n[ notice t ?is is j z true a picture ( ! dog's jump z any o!r4 ,! movie man has simply exp&$ "t measurem5ts z he exp&s space measurem5ts :5 he %[s u a close-up4 ,a close-up ) a face cov]+ a sixte5-foot scre5 is j z true z a small] picture4 ,x is :at we %\ld always see if ! l5s ( our eyes 7 a bit m convex4 ,we look ?r\gh ! small end ( an op]a-glass & objects seem magnifi$4 ,we look ?r\gh ! l>ge end & objects seem m9ifi$4 ,?is is n an illusion4 ,! op]a-glass does actually enl>ge or r$uce :at we see4 ,s1 too1 "t int]vals c be l5g!n$ or %ort5$4 ,take a dose ( ha%i%--no1 don't--,i %\ld say1 if y did take a dose y w\ld f9d t y\r p]ception ( duration 0 prolong$4 ,if :ile "u ! influ5ce ( ! drug y drop a book x w seem an h\r gett+ to ! gr\nd4 ,de ,qu9cey describes su* exp]i5ces 9 8 8,confessions ( an ,opium ,eat]40 ,b )\t ent]+ into su* abnormal /ates we all "k by ev]yday exp]i5ce h[ "t flies or lags accord+ to ! numb] ( our s5sations4 ,b]gson's philosophy is built ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! idea ( duration z exp]i5c$ by all ( u & ! idea ( "t z e/abli%$ by ! physici/s = comp>ative measurem5ts4 ,we live 9 de$s n ye>s2 9 ?\ghts n brea?s2 ,9 feel+s n 9 figures on a dial4 --,fe/us4 ,= all we "k an ephem]al insect t dies 9 a day may live a long] life ?an a ,galapagos turtle t exi/s = two c5turies4 ,:at ,m>k ,twa9 said ab\t classical music applies also to sci5ce2 8,x is n s bad z x s\nds40 ,! ?+ t ! *emi/ calls 8sodium *loride0 o!r folks call 8salt0--& s does he :5 he is (f duty4 ,don't let ! sci5ti/ bluff y by 8 polysyllabic prop5sity4 ,j try to see :at he means by su* language4 ,n[ :at ^! new-fa%ion$ non-,euclidean geometricians call 8! f\r-dim5sional space-"t cont9uum0 is ess5tially ! same sy/em ( ref]5ce z y h us$ ev] s9ce y c\ld toddle4 ,m9k[ski did n inv5t x4 ,ev]ybody ?9ks t way unless he is an idiot4 ,ea* "o ( u has _h to build up 8 own philosophy ( ! univ]se long be=e we w5t to s*ool1 mo/ly be=e we c\ld talk4 ,we _h to /udy geometry :ile we 7 9 our cradles--worse ?an t we _h to "w out a practical sy/em ( geometry = ourselves )\t ! help ( ,euclid or anyone else4 ,we _h to excogitate a sy/em ( relation%ip betwe5 ! sights & s\nds & t\*es t came to u be=e we c\ld get along 9 ! _w4 ,probably we all solve ?is riddle ( ! univ]se 9 ab\t ! same way al?\gh s9ce !re is no way ( directly comp>+ notes we _c be sure ab\t t4 ,,! ,,egoc5tric ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,b ! framework t we con/ruct to hold ev]y?+ outside ( ourselves is ess5tially ( ! foll[+ =m3 ,y are ! c5t] ( y\r univ]se4 ,ev]y?+ & e ev5t t y are consid]+ is relat$ to y "h & n[4 ,/>t+ f ?is1 y\r po9t ( place & "t1 y imag9e eight /raight l9es /ret*+ out t[>d inf9ity 9 eight directions z div]g5t z possible4 ,^! l9es--call !m de/9ations or directions or dim5sions or cord9ates z y please--consi/ ( f\r oppos+ pairs1 "r & left1 up & d[n1 =w>d & back1 future & pa/4 ,some:]e along or betwe5 ^! f\r dim5sional l9es t cross 9 y\r bra9 y c f9d a place = any?+ t y ne$2 y\r p5cil1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! sun & next ,friday4 ,y c connect up all ^! ?+s by l9es :i* may repres5t *anges1 t is ! tracks ( movem5ts 9 space & "t4 ,to connect ! p5cil 9 y\r h& ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica y w\ld h to c\nt back #dbh ye>s on ! "t l9e & measure (f on ! ea/-we/ & nor?-s\? l9es :atev] di/ance y may be f ,san ,salvador--n to consid] ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,any?+ t exi/s1 t is to say1 p]si/s1 is mov+ along ! "t dim5sion at :at appe>s to be a uni=m rate4 ,( c\rse y c1 if y l1 conceive ( "t itself z a /ream fl[+ ?r\gh ?+s4 ,s9ce all motion is relative1 t way ( look+ at x is j z 8true0 z ! o!r4 ,b x is simpl] & m s5sible to ?9k ( ?+s mov+ ?r\gh a /ation>y "t j z we ?9k ( !m mov+ ?r\gh a /ation>y space4 ,a mat]ial po9t t is at re/1 su* z ! dot ( an i on ?is page1 7we cont9ue to disreg>d ! motion ( ! e>?7 is n mov+ ab\t 9 space b is mov+ =w>d 9 "t4 ,its track !n is a /raight l9e along ! "t dim5sion4 ,t is1 a mat]ial po9t is a l9e 9 ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,if y move ! page to ! "r ! =w>d movem5t ( ! dot ( ! i 9 ! "t dim5sion is comb9$ ) ! sideways motion 9 a s+le slant+ l9e4 ,if y move ! page simultane\sly upw>d1 rightw>d & backw>d ! track ( ! po9t is a l9e comb9+ ! movem5t 9 all f\r dim5sions4 ,su* a track ( a po9t mov+ ?r\gh space & "t is call$ its 8_w-l9e40 ,x is a cont9uity ( "o dim5sion4 ,any ev5t is ! po9t ( int]section ( "o or m su* _w l9es & we c nev] obs]ve any?+ except su* int]sections4 ,t is to say1 ev]y?+ happ5s some:]e & sometime4 ,a picture fla%$ on a c9ema scre5 has ?ree dim5sions4 ,x is1 say1 #aj feet long & #f feet high & la/s ( a second1 b x has no ?ickness4 ,a man necess>ily has f\r dim5sions4 ,he may measure f #bd to #gb in*es 9 "o dim5sion1 f #h to #ah in*es 9 ! second1 f #d to #i in*es 9 ! ?ird & #gj ye>s 9 ! f\r?4 ,aft] all1 ! idea ( ! relativity ( "t ought to be easi] to accept ?an t ( space = x is 9 accord ) exp]i5ce in/ead ( contr>y to x4 ,we drop (f to sleep & wake ! next in/ant if we cr$it our p]sonal p]ceptions4 ,:y %\ld we believe ! sun & ! clock 9 pref]5ce to ourselves8 ,b]gson bases 8 :ole philosophy ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 duration z x is felt by ! individual :ile he is liv+ ?r\gh x & "t z x is employ$ by ! physici/ 9 8 calculations4 ,! latt] conception1 physical "t1 is1 z ,b]gson says1 a m]e inv5tion ( man & virtually a f\r? dim5sion ( space1 s he concludes3 ,to sum up2 e dem& = explanation 9 reg>d to fre$om comes back1 )\t our suspect+ x1 to ! foll[+ "q3 8,c "t be adequately repres5t$ by space80 ,to :i* we answ]3 ,yes1 if y are deal+ ) "t fl[n2 ,no1 if y speak ( "t fl[+4#a ,pa/ & future are alike to ! physici/1 diff]+ only 9 direction1 l ea/ & we/4 ,b to ! liv+ p]son !y are altoge!r diff]5t ?+s4 ,= man rolls up 8 pa/1 z a t\ri/ 8 rug1 & c>ries x ) him :]ev] he goes4 ,t is :y ,wells's 8,"t ,ma*9e0 & ! rev]s$ reels ( ! movies are s funny4 ,!re is no?+ absurd ab\t runn+ a :eel backw>d b !re is ab\t runn+ a man backw>d4#b ,! physici/ feels no reluctance ab\t turn+ ! /ream ( "t backw>d = all physical ph5om5a are rev]sible "u ! prop] conditions4 ,if we int]pret ! univ]se z m]ely matt] 9 motion & imag9e at a c]ta9 in/ant t e individual p>ticle rev]ses its motion & goes 9 j ! opposite direction at ! same spe$1 !n ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w w\ld be renact$ 9 ! opposite ord] & ! e>? w\ld return to its primeval nebul4 ,9 ,wells's /ory1 8,! ,new ,accel]ator10 a pr(essor inv5ts an elixir t spe$s up ! rate ( liv+ a ?\s&fold4 ,a p]son tak+ a dose ( x sees p z wax figures app>5tly motionless 9 ! mid/ ( viol5t action4 ,fall+ objects seem to /& /ill 9 ! air4 ,! music ( a b& is r$uc$ to 8a l[-pit*$1 :eezy rattle0 or 8! sl[ muffl$ tick+ ( "s mon/r\s clock40 ,b 9 comp5sation = ?is ! accel]at$ drug-fi5d c\ld wat* at leisure ! sl[ flapp+ ( a bee's w+s4 ,b ev5 ,wells ) 8 sev5-league-boots imag9ation f9ds x difficult to keep ahead ( ! m>* ( sci5ce4 ,:at he !n saw only ) 8 m9d's eye we c actually obs]ve4 ,by mov+ ! accel]at+ lev] on y\r phonograph t[>d ! ,s end ( ! scale y c sl[ up ! tune & l[] its pit* until x becomes inaudible z music4 ,! new ,pa? ultra-rapid cam]a c take pictures at ! rate ( #afj to ! second4 ,:5 ^! are project$ on ! scre5 at ! usual rate ( #af to ! second all movem5t takes place t5 times sl[] ?an 9 actual life4 ,?is gives opportunity = ! /udy 9 detail ( ! action ( a ballplay] pit*+ a curve or ( ! w+ motion ( a humm+ bird or ( ! spla% ( a m>ble fall+ into wat] or ( ! flight ( a bullet4 ,we c magnify motion or m9ify x z mu* z we w4 ,! c9ematograph owes its orig9 ! desire ( ,s5ator ,lel& ,/an=d to /udy ! movem5t ( a horse's legs s z to f9d out :y "o rac] w5t fa/] ?an ano!r4 ,su* playful flights ( ! sci5tific imag9ation z ,wells & ,flamm>ion indulge 9 & su* freaks ( projection z ! cam]a man amuses u ) are ( use to ^? ( u :o f9d difficulty 9 translat+ a ma!matical =mula into t]ms ( ev]yday life4 ,!re is no bett] place to /udy metaphysics ?an 9 ! _w ( ! flick]+ scre51 = !re man has complete control ( "t & space4 ,he c enl>ge & r$uce any object4 ,he c ha/51 ret>d or rev]se any action4 ,he c ?r[ ^u ! scre5 at ! same "t ev5ts happ5+ mon?s & miles ap>t4 ,!re=e to ^? ( u :o h _h ! advantage ( an education 9 ! movies1 ,e9/e9's ideas ( ! relativity ( "t & space d n seem />tl+ or inconceivable4 ,kant n only conceiv$ ! possibility ( m ?an ?ree dim5sions b believ$ 9 ! probability ( x4 ,8 argum5t is bas$ on great] insight into ! int5tions ( ! ,almighty ?an we ( ?is day w\ld claim3 8,if x is possible t !re be developm5ts ( o!r dim5sions 9 space1 x is also v probable t ,god has some:]e produc$ !m4 ,= ,8 works h all ! gr&eur & v>iety t c possibly be conceiv$40 ,9 ?is temporal1 spatial & mat]ial _w ( ours reality requires t ! f\r dim5sions %\ld hang toge!r4 ,b at an inf9ite di/ance f all matt] ?is f\rfold comb9ation w\ld be dissolv$ into a ?ree-dim5sional space & a "o-dim5sional "t4 ,9 t extra-mundane realm "t ceases to fl[1 gravitation no long] drags d[nw>d1 matt] is non-exi/5t1 light is immovable & *ange is impossible4#c ,?us ! new ma!matics leads to a /ate curi\sly l ! conv5tional conception ( heav54 ,we talk z our =efa!rs did ab\t 8! ends ( ! e>?0 b we "k t "o might />t f 8 home & walk =ev] 9 any direction )\t com+ to an end ( x4 ,b ?\gh ! e>?'s surface is inf9ite 9 ! s5se ( endless1 yet "o nev] c get m ?an #h1jjj miles away f home :]e'er he may roam4 ,if a man /ood on ! top ( ! highe/ m\nta9 on e>? & aim$ a level gun 9 any direction1 ! bullet1 if x c\ld be giv5 suffici5t velocity to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( gravity1 w\ld g ar\nd ! _w & hit him 9 ! back ( ! head4 ,or if light 7 suffici5tly deflect$ by gravitation to foll[ a level l9e ar\nd ! e>?--ano!r absurd assumption--! man look+ ?r\gh a level telescope 9 any direction c\ld see h[ 8 hair 0 comb$ 9 ! back4 ,su* happ5+s1 ?\gh impossible1 are n inconceivable b are logical consequ5ces ( our k t ! _w is r\nd & t :at we call /raight or level l9es z measur$ on pla9 or sea are really great circles ar\nd a c5t] f\r ?\s& miles bel[4 ,n[ is x n also conceivable t ! l9es we call /raight 9 a/ronomical space may also h an imp]ceptible curvature 9 "s unkn[n f\r? dim5sion8 ,if ?is curve is clos$ l ! circumf]5ces ( ! e>? a ray ( light pursu+ a /raight c\rse 9 a c]ta9 direction might ev5tually return ^u its track1 ev5 ?\gh n refract$ or reflect$ by ! matt] x passes ?r\gh or by4 ,a telescope ( unlimit$ p[] po9t$ into space at a tang5t might !n %[ ! obs]v] 8 own back1 if light 7 transmitt$ in/antane\sly1 b1 s9ce x is n & s9ce ! curvature ( space1 if !re be any1 is exce$+ly m9ute1 :at ! obs]v] w\ld see1 assum+ t ! e>? _h come back to its =m] position1 might be ! sc5es ( "s geological age millions ( ye>s ago4 ,,non-,,euclidean ,,geometry ,! idea t space itself may be curv$ & t ! axioms & assumptions on :i* our geometry s9ce ! "t ( ,euclid h be5 bas$1 may n be absolutely & exactly & et]nally & univ]sally true has be5 dilig5tly /udi$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! ,russian ,lobat*ewsky1 ! ,hung>ian ,bolyai & ! ,g]man ,riemann h develop$ sy/ems ( geometry by />t+ f premises ! opposite ( ^? ( ,euclid & ^! sy/ems are j z logical & consi/5t ) !mselves z ! ord9>y or ,euclidean geometry4 ,^! non-,euclidean geometries 7 at fir/ commonly reg>d$ z m]e freaks ( ! ma!matical imag9ation1 b !y h already prov$ valuable 9 lead+ to a reconsid]ation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our ?9k+ &1 if ,e9/e9 is "r1 !y may be necess>y to expla9 physical ph5om5a4 ,x is h>d = ! ma!matician to discov] any?+ useless4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican ma!matician 9 ann\nc+ a new !orem exclaim$3 8,& ?ank ,heav51 no possible use c ev] be f\nd = x40 ,b1 :atev] x 01 he made a ra% boa/ = n[adays ! me*anic treads on ! heels ( ! ma!matician & uses imag9>y quantities1 actual only 9 ! f\r? dim5sion1 l -#a1 9 figur+ out ! w9d+ ( 8 dynamo4 ,read]s ^: ma!matical faculty is weak or undevelop$ & :o l some?+ concrete ) 8human int]e/0 9 x w f9d :at !y want 9 8,flatl& by ,a ,squ>e10 a book publi%$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahia4 ,! au?or1 :o turn$ out to be ! ,rev]5d ,edw9 ,abbott1 tells ( a l& 9 only two dim5sions4 ,! rul+ class consi/$ ( polygons1 ! b\rgeoisie ( squ>es & equilat]al triangles1 ! l[] class ( isosceles triangles ( n>r[ base1 :ile ! crim9als _h m irregul> =ms & ! wom5 7 m]e ne$les4 ,s9ce all 7 conf9$ to a surface1 f\r l9es set 9 a squ>e made a tight prison4 ,! inhabitants ( ,flatl&1 ev5 ! ari/ocratic & intellectual individuals :o _h s _m sides z to be almo/ circul>1 c\ld n conceive ( a ?ird dim5sion f :i* a p]son l ourselves c\ld look d[n & see at a glance ! insides ( _! h\ses1 _! safes & _! bodies j z a be+ 9 ! f\r? dim5sion c\ld see ! insides ( ours4 ,! n>rator1 t is1 ,a ,squ>e ( ,flatl&1 visits z a mission>y ! l& ( two dim5sions :]e all ! p lie 9 a l9e & refuse to believe 9 any?+ outside x & f9ally he enc\nt]s & endeavors to conv]t a solit>y po9t ( no dim5sions b f9ds him1 z we %\ld expect1 an incorrigible solipsi/4 ,we %\ld all ( u h be5 famili> ) ! f\r? dim5sion = ye>s if ,slade _h n turn$ out a trick/]4 ,slade 0 an ,am]ican m$ium--! orig9al ( ,br[n+'s 8,mr4 ,sludge0--:o fool$ ,pr(essor ,zlln] by giv+ him :at purport$ to be exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,zlln] 0 a di/+ui%$ ,g]man physici/1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 old1 ne>-sight$1 pre-dispos$ to spiritualism1 & unskill$ 9 leg]dema94 ,any pro(s t ,zlln] ask$ =1 ,slade 0 usually able at ! next sance to produce4 ,all ! ?+s t "o might d 9 f\r dim5sions b c\ld n d 9 ?ree 7 =?com+ by ! oblig+ spirits :om ,slade _h at call4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 space ( "o dim5sion 7a /raight l9e7 !re c\ld be nei!r b5d1 loop nor knot 9 a /r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 space ( two dim5sions 7a flat surface7 a d\ble b5d c\ld be made 9 ! /r+ b no loop or knot c\ld be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,b if we raise "o /r+ 7into ! ?ird dim5sion7 & lay x ov] ! o!r l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,we get a loop b _c =m a knot )\t us+ ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,a knot l ?is _c be made 9 a /r+ s long z ! ends are held by ! h&s4 ,b if we c\ld use a f\r? dim5sion we c\ld tie su* a knot z easily z we made a b5d by ! use ( ! second dim5sion & a loop by ! use ( ! ?ird4 ,if su* a knot c\ld be ti$ 9 a /r+ s held x w\ld be exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( f\r-dim5sional space4 ,zlln] ti$ ! ends ( a /r+ toge!r & seal$ !m on ! table top1 lett+ ! loop hang d[n "u ! table out ( sight4 ,he !n ask$ to h a s+le knot ti$ 9 ! /r+ & ! spirits ti$ f\r4 ,zlln] also reports t ! co9s he put into a seal$ box 7 tak5 out & writ+ produc$ inside seal$ slates4 ,on ! basis ( ^! exp]im5ts ,zlln] wrote a volume on 8,transc5d5tal ,physics0 to prove ! exi/5ce ( ano!r _w 9 ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,b :5 ,slade tri$ 8 tricks 9 ,london he 0 caught at !m by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]4 ,he 0 convict$ ( deception ) int5t to defraud 9 ! ,b[ ,/reet ,police ,c\rt & s5t5c$ to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t ) h>d labor4 ,n[adays ! app>atus = ,slade's fam\s slate-writ+ trick c be pur*as$ at any conjur]'s %op4 ,x is va9 to expect any?+ sci5tific to come out ( ! sance room :]e ! alleg$ ph5om5a are n reproducible "u specifi$ conditions b appe> only occasionally & "u circum/ances prescrib$ by ! m$ium :o always may be & (t5 is prov$ to be a sleight-(-h&--or sleight-(-foot--p]=m]4 ,! f\r? dim5sion :i* ,e9/e9 & o!r sci5ti/s are n[ consid]+ is n conceiv$ ( z ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits1 a sp>e room = gho/ly visitants1 b m]ely z a new factor 9 a ma!matical =mula4 ,x (f]s u no hope ( ev] be+ able to take co9 out ( a clos$ safe or put co9 into an unop5$ coconut b x does promise to expla9 c]ta9 optical ph5om5a :i*1 ?\gh r>e & m9ute1 are yet op5 to ! obs]vation ( anybody1 be he skeptical or cr$ul\s4 ,,"s ,,simple ,,examples ,lisbon lies ne>ly /raight ea/ ( ,new ,york b :5 a %ip capta9 wants to g to ,lisbon he does n sail /raight ea/ b sets 8 c\rse a little nor?w>d 9 ! beg9n+ & a little s\?w>d t[>d ! end & s gets !re quick] ?an if he _h foll[$ a l9e ( latitude4 ,draw 8 c\rse on a flat map & y w\ld ?9k he 0 tak+ a r\ndab\t r\te1 b trace x on a globe & y w see t he is foll[+ a great circle1 ! geodetic l9e1 :i* is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts on ! e>?'s surface4 ,an airman look+ d[n on a rocky1 hilly1 woody c\ntry sees x z a flat pla9 & if he wat*$ a hunt] return+ home ) 8 bag ( game w\ld wond] t he did n g /raight in/ead ( w&]+ ar\nd 9 su* an irregul> way4 ,yet ! hunt]1 be+ tir$1 is tak+ :at is = him ! %orte/ way home z he dodges rocks & circumambulates ! hills4 ,! easie/ way is ! %orte/ way4 ,a riv] 9 its desire to rea* ! sea always takes ! %orte/ possible way4 ,its me&]+s are n mean+less b det]m9$ by a law z rigid z a law ( geometry1 t is1 ! law ( gravitation :i* prev5ts ! riv] f tak+ a %ort cut ov] ! hill4 ,if y look at a l&scape ov] a heat$ pla9 or bonfire or ?r\gh unev5 glass y w see t ! image is di/ort$ & confus$ because ! rays ( light are refract$ & entangl$ z !y pass ?r\gh ?is unequal m$ium4 ,yet ea* ray is go+ j z /raight z x c t[>d y\r eye4 ,n[ to su* famili> cases :]e a ray ( light is b5t out ( its /raight c\rse by ! unev5 d5sity ( ! air or glass ?r\gh :i* x passes ,e9/e9 has add$ ano!r & unsuspect$ effect1 namely1 t light is likewise deflect$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh a /rong gravitational field su* z ! vic9ity ( a l>ge body l ! sun4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! displacem5t ( ! e>? 9 space & "t 7t is to say1 its motion7 causes an app>5t displacem5t ( ! />s 9 space4 ,! a/ronom] does n po9t 8 telescope /raight at a />4 ,if he did1 he w\ld n see x1 =1 ow+ to ! =w>d motion ( ! e>?1 ! telescope moves out ( range ( ! rays t o!rwise w\ld h rea*$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,ev]yone kn[s t a ray ( light is b5t out ( its /raight c\rse z x passes f ! air into a d5s] m$ium l wat] or glass1 & t ?is deflection app>5tly %ifts ! position ( ! object f :i* ! light comes4 ,e9/e9's !ory & ! ,briti% eclipse obs]vations prove1 :at 0 n kn[n be=e1 t a ray ( light z x passes ?r\gh ! gravitational field ( a l>ge body l ! sun1 is also p]ceptibly b5t out ( its /raight c\rse & likewise makes an app>5t %ift 9 ! position ( its s\rce1 ! />4--,f ,black ,davis' 8,practical ,physics40 ,publi%$ by ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,if y h ev] tri$ to %oot a bird on ! w+1 or1 bett]1 a prairie-dog f a tra9 y w get ! idea4 ,or1 if y h n _h ?is exp]i5ce1 y h d\btless wat*$ ! ra9drops runn+ d[n a c> w9d[ & h notic$ t :5 ! ra9 is fall+ /raight d[n ! drops /rike ! pane on a slant :5 ! c> is mov+ =w>d4 ,! fa/] ! c> moves ! great] ! deviation f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,if ! tra9 runs backw>d ! ra9-/reaks slant 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if !n y %\ld be ask$ to po9t out ! direction ( ! cl\d f :i* ! ra9 is com+ y w\ld--unless y knew & made all[ance = ! movem5t ( ! tra9--po9t 9 a l9e ) ! /reaks on ! pane1 sometimes backw>d1 sometimes =w>d1 b n /raight upw>d :]e ! ra9cl\d really is4 ,n[ ! a/ronom] is on a mov+ tra91 ! e>?1 :i* is ru%+ ar\nd a r+ ab\t #ahf1jjj1jjj miles across4 ,consequ5tly e /> appe>s to wabble ar\nd 9 a little ellipse & ! a/ronom] has to aim 8 telescope1 n[ on "o side1 !n on ! o!r1 ( ! real position ( ! /> 9 ord] to br+ x on ! cross-hairs ( 8 object glass4 ,?is app>5t displacem5t ( ! />s is kn[n z 8! ab]ration ( light0 0 expla9$ by ,fresnel 9 #ahah--to ev]ybody's satisfaction until rec5tly--on ! assumption t all space is fill$ ) an immovable m$ium1 ! e!r1 :i* transmits ! rays ( light 9 /raight l9es 9 ! =m ( wave motion1 & t ! e>? moves ?r\gh ! e!r )\t displac+ x1 some:at z an airplane moves ?r\gh /ill air4 ,b ! aviator kn[s h[ fa/ he is mov+ by ! curr5t ( air /ream+ back 9 8 face4 ,:y !n1 s9ce ! e!r is 9 p]fect repose1 c\ld we n det]m9e ! absolute motion ( ! e>? ?r\gh space by measur+ ! drift ( ! e!r z x /reams ?r\gh ! pores ( ! e>?8 ,light appe>s to af=d u a means ( measur+ su* a drift ( ! e!r ?r\gh matt]1 if !re be su*4 ,s9ce light is convey$ by ! e!r we %\ld naturally expect x to take less "t to travel a c]ta9 di/ance if ! receiv+ in/rum5t is c>ri$ t[>d ! s\rce ( ! light by ! e>? motion ?an if x is be+ c>ri$ away f x4 ,?is "q 0 put to ! crucial te/ by two ,am]ican physici/s1 ,mi*elson & ,morley1 :o devis$ an in/rum5t s delicate t x c\ld detect diff]5ces ( "o-#be1jjj1jjj? ( an in* 9 ! pa? ( a light ray4 ,b al?\gh ?is delicacy 0 t5 times great] ?an 0 necess>y to detect ! e!r drift1 if !re 7 any1 no evid5ce ( su* drift c\ld be discov]$4 ,,! ,,eclipse ,,obs]vations ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ! ye> #aiai is likely to be kn[n1 n z ! ye> ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 b z ! ye> ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,newton's law ( gravitation4 ,! ,briti% a/ronom]s :o w5t to ,africa to obs]ve ! eclipse ( ! sun ,may #bi1 #aiai1 came back ) ! pro( t a ray ( light pass+ close by ! sun is b5t out ( its /raight c\rse4 ,! photographs tak5 dur+ ! six m9utes :5 ! sun 0 %ad[$ %[ ! surr\nd+ />s 9 diff]5t positions f :]e !y are se5 :5 ! sun's disk is n 9 _! mid/4 ,?is is ! second "t t ,e9/e9 has scor$ ov] ,newton4 ,! fir/ 0 9 reg>d to ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,if ! sun & ,m]cury 7 alone 9 ! univ]se ! planet1 accord+ to ,newton's law1 w\ld revolve =ev] ar\nd ! sun 9 ! same elliptical track4 ,b ! pres5ce ( ! o!r planets makes ,m]cury deviate f ?is regul> r\te s ! ellipse x describes is nev] q ! same b sl[ly %ifts ar\nd s t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies its long] diamet] w\ld be po9t+ 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,calculat+ by ,newton's law1 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! o!r planets a/ronom]s f\nd t x w\ld %ift ! orbit ( ,m]cury #ecb seconds ( arc 9 a c5tury4 ,b :5 !y took obs]vations on ,m]cury !y f\nd t its orbit 0 %ift+ at ! rate ( #egd seconds4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 obs]vation & !ory1 #db seconds1 is ?irty times great] ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = by errors ( in/rum5ts or obs]vation4 ,b accord+ to ,e9/e9's !ory1 if ! sun & ,m]cury 7 alone 9 space ) no o!r planets int]f]+1 ! orbit ( ,m]cury w\ld n rema9 ! same1 b w\ld advance at ! rate ( #dc seconds a c5tury4 ,?is1 z ! read] w obs]ve1 is 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! discrepancy :i* has = two c5turies puzzl$ a/ronom]s1 s9ce x 0 inexplicable on ! ,newtonian !ory4 ,! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 ?\ght out by ,cl]k ,maxwell =ty-five ye>s ago1 has prov$ to be an excell5t guide to rese>* & l$ to _m practical applications1 su* z wireless telegraphy4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! miles-long ,m>coni waves1 ! inf9itesimal waves t we feel z heat or see z light & ! /ill m m9ute waves ( ! ,x-rays are movem5ts ( ! same sort1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 l5g?1 & all travel at ! same spe$ 9 space ( #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,x 0 "o ( ! implications ( ,maxwell's !ory1 ?\gh x 0 n p]ceiv$ until lat]1 t light & all su* waves mu/ ex]cise a c]ta9 pressure ^u a body aga9/ :i* !y /rike1 j z a jet ( wat] f a fireman's hose pu%es aga9/ ! side ( a h\se4 ,! pressure ( light is s exce$+ly slight t x _h nev] be5 notic$1 b x has be5 actually detect$ & measur$ by ,pr(essors ,e4 ,f4 ,ni*ols ( ,yale & ,g4 ,f4 ,hull ( ,d>tm\?4 ,! sun%9e falls ^u ! e>? ) a =ce ( #afj tons4 ,bo? !ory & exp]im5t h %[n t a beam ( light has in]tia or mass1 t is to say1 a beam ( light pu%es l a wat] jet1 & x has n[ be5 prov$1 by ! eclipse exp$ition1 t ! pull ( gravity deflects a beam ( light z x does a wat] jet4 ,t is to say1 a beam ( light has weight1 is attract$ by gravity4 ,?is deflection ( a beam ( light by gravity is extremely small1 b photographs tak5 dur+ ! rec5t total eclipse ( ! sun %[ t /> beams t pass$ ne> ! sun are b5t out ( a /raight pa?4 ,illu/ration3 ,! eclipse exp$ition f\nd t ! />s se5 ab\t ! sun appe> slightly %ift$ f ! positions !y occupy on a map ( ! same region ( ! sky :5 ! sun is n 9 _! mid/4 ,?is %[s t a ray f a /> is refract$ or b5t z x passes close to ! sun & confirms ,e9/e9's !ory t light is affect$ by gravitation4 ,! obs]v$ angle ( deflection agrees closely ) t pr$ict$ by ,e9/e9 b is twice z great z t requir$ by ,newton's !ory ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is diagram ( c\rse ! angle ( ! deflect$ ray & ! size ( ! sun & e>? relative to di/ance are greatly exagg]at$4 ,a bett] illu/ration ( ! eclipse obs]vation ?an ,i c\ld ^w is giv5 by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 8 int]e/+ article on 8,! ,new ,!ory ( ,gravitation0 9 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ( ,decemb]1 #aiae1 f :i* ,i !re=e quote3 ,take a f9e silk ?read ( indef9ite l5g?1 & /ret* x /raight ov] ! surface ( a smoo? table or floor4 ,imag9e a /> at "o end ( ! ?read1 & an eye at ! o!r2 & let ! ?read typify "o ( ! rays ( light emitt$ 9 all directions by ! />1 viz4 ! ray emitt$ 9 ! direction ( ! obs]v+ eye4 ,n[ take a halfp5ny or an ,am]ican qu>t]1 place x on ! table close to ! ?read1 s t ! eye end ( ! ?read is t5 feet away2 & !n pu% ! halfp5ny g5tly =w>d1 till x has displac$ ! ?read ! b>ely p]ceptible am\nt ( "o ?\s&? ( an in*4 ,! eye look+ along ! ?read w n[ see t ! ray is no long] absolutely /raight2 9 o!r words1 ! /> ^: app>5t position is det]m9$ by t ray w appe> slightly %ift$4 ,! scale is fix$ by ! size ( ! halfp5ny1 ^: diamet]1 "o in*1 is us$ to repres5t ! ,sun's diamet] ( #hjj1jjj miles4 ,! t5-foot di/ance betwe5 eye & ,sun practically supposes t ! eye is on ! ,e>?1 :i* w\ld be a spot "o hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 or ab\t ! size ( ?is full /op4 ,z = ! di/ance ( ! />1 at ! o!r f> end ( ! ?read1 t does n matt] 9 ! lea/3 b1 on ?is scale1 x may be int]e/+ to note t "o ( ! ne>e/ />s1 ab\t eight light-ye>s away1 w\ld require ! ?read to be a ?\s& miles long4 ,! ray is n[ b5t or deflect$ z x passes ! neighborhood ( ! ,sun on its long j\rney1 s t x is out ( place "o ?\s&? ( an in* at a di/ance ( t5 feet2 & ! effect ( ?is tilt ( ! ray1 ^u ! obs]v]1 is to make him j able to see a /> ^u ! ,sun's #8limb' :5 x is really beh9d x1 or to make him see a /> slightly fur!r (f ! #8limb' or rim ( ! ,sun ?an x really is4 ,! %ift ( "o ?\s&? ( an in* at a di/ance ( t5 feet corresponds to an angle ( "o & ?ree-qu>t] seconds ( arc1 :i* is j ! optical %ift t actually ought to occur1 accord+ to ,e9/e91 :5 a ray f a /> ne>ly grazes ! ,sun's limb on its way to a telescope2 & ?is is ! optical %ift :i* we n[ "k does occur4 ,t may be tak5 z ! def9ite result ( ! rec5t eclipse obs]vations4 ,! effect1 bo? 9 magnitude & direction1 _h be5 pr$ict$ f\r ye>s be=e1 on ! /r5g? ( a ma!matical inve/igation1 by ,pr(essor ,e9/e94 ,! images ( two />s1 "o on ea* side ( ! sun's disk1 w app>5tly be cr[d$ a little ap>t :5 ! sun comes betwe5 !m4 ,a /> t w\ld be j eclips$ by ! edge ( ! sun's disk if its rays came /raight may /ill be visible s9ce ! rays are curv$4 ,9 o!r words we c 8see ar\nd a corn]0 z e good tea*] is said to d4 ,if ! sun 7 encircl$ by a r+ ( />s1 or a nebula1 l a halo1 ! circle ( light w\ld be contract$ z x pass$ ! sun & w\ld come to a focus at a place sev5te5 times ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 or #dg1fjj1jjj1jjj miles beyond ! sun4 ,! obs]vations made by ! ,briti% exp$itions dur+ ! eclipse ( ,may #bi1 #aiai1 7 n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,at ,pr9cipe1 on acc\nt ( a cl\d t drift$ by at an inopportune "t1 only a few photographs c\ld be obta9$4 ,at ,sobral "o ( ! object glasses gave di/ort$ plates1 b ! o!r gave a v good s]ies ( sev5 /> images4 ,^! :5 measur$ at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory gave ! foll[+ figures :i* are 9 accordance ) ^? calculat$ by ,e9/e9's =mula3 ,,radial ,,displacem5t ,,( ,,/>s ,,9 ,,seconds ,,( ,,angle ,z obs]v$ by ! ,briti% a/ronom]s3 4#bj 4#cb 4#ef 4#ed 4#hd 4#ig #a4jb ,z pr$ict$ by ,e9/e93 4#cb 4#cc 4#dj 4#ec 4#ge 4#he 4#hh ,?is is reg>d$ by ! a/ronom]s ( ! ,briti% ,eclipse ,exp$ition z suffici5tly close to confirm ,e9/e9's law b ^? :o hesitate to accept s f>-rea*+ & subv]sive a !ory on ! basis ( ^! few m9ute measurem5ts may hold _! judgm5t 9 susp5se until #aibb :5 ! next sol> eclipse1 visible 9 ,au/ralia1 takes place4 ,or possibly "s means may be f\nd to take /> photographs close to ! sun :ile %9+4 ,our ,cali=nia m\nta9 obs]vatories may be ( s]vice 9 ?is s9ce !y are p]*$ above mu* ( ! du/ & mi/ & d5s] air t cause a /rong light to irradiate & fog ! photographic plate4 ,d\btless1 too1 ! old photographs ( e>li] eclipses w n[ be got out to see if !y conta9 any />s suitable = measur+4 ,"s ( ! oppon5ts ( ,e9/e9 sugge/ t ! obs]v$ deflection ( ! />light may be due to a sol> atmosph]e t refracts ! rays l our e>?ly air4 ,b x is h>dly probable t an envelop+ atmosph]e suffici5tly d5se & s f>-ext5d+ z to produce su* an effect w\ld h rema9$ unobs]v$ & x is highly improbable t ! d5sity ( su* an atmosph]e %\ld h j ! d5sity & decrease ) ! di/ance at j ! rate to produce ! deflection pr$ict$ by ,e9/e9's calculation4#d ,! discov]y is r disconc]t+ to a/ronom]s1 = all _! calculations = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s h be5 bas$ ^u ! assumption t light travels 9 /raight l9es at ev5 spe$ ?r\gh empty space or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,if n[ light is pull$ aside by gravitation z x goes by a solid body ! rays f a di/ant /> hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! tangl$ ?rong ( ! ,milky ,way might travel a v devi\s r\te & ! /> w\ld appe> to u to be locat$ 9 a diff]5t place f :]e x really is4 ,9 fact x is possible t a /> :i* we see d\ble may actually be s+le b t rays />t+ out f x 9 diff]5t directions may be s deflect$ by pass+ ne> o!r />s t :5 !y rea* u !y appe> to come f diff]5t po9ts ( space & s appe> to u z tw9 />s4 ,!re may1 too1 be dead or d>k />s on ! way ^: exi/5ce we _c disc]n & all[ =4 ,n[ ^? ( u :o are n a/ronom]s are n mu* conc]n$ ov] a discrepancy ( a few hundr$?s ( a second 9 ! measurem5t ( an angle by ! telescope4 ,we d n c>e mu* :]e ,m]cury w be five c5turies h5ce1 = we d n "k q :]e x is n[4 ,if a/ronom]s made ! laws ( ,nature in/ead ( m]ely discov]+ !m we might be afraid t at _! next congress !y might repeal ,newton's law ( gravitation & s5d u all fly+ (f into space4 ,b =tunately !y h no su* p[] & ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld all become adh]5ts ( ,e9/e9's mo/ revolution>y !ories1 ,newton's laws ( me*anics & ,euclid's laws ( geometry w\ld rema9 z true z !y ev] 71 n p]haps absolutely & univ]sally true1 z we h assum$1 b suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes4 ,deviations f !m c only become detectable :5 we come to consid] movem5ts z swift z light waves or electrons4 ,h[ a heavy object c alt] space relations may be se5 f ?is simple illu/ration3 ,/ret* a %eet ( rubb] ov] a hoop l a drumhead4 ,x is n[ level & flat & if p>allel l9es are drawn across x 9 two directions s z to divide x up into squ>es l a *eck]bo>d all ^! l9es are /raight & equidi/ant & all ! squ>es are ( equal size4 ,a r[ ( worms1 />t+ 9 an ev5 rank & crawl+ along ! p>allel l9es across ! drumhead1 w\ld keep ev5 all ! way4 ,n[ lay a bullet on ! c5t] ( ! drumhead4 ,! rubb] sags d[n & /ret*es1 mo/ 9 ! middle1 lea/ at ! edges4 ,! 8p>allel0 l9es are no long] equidi/ant4 ,! squ>es are no long] equal4 ,! l9es are no long] ( ! same l5g?4 ,if n[ we repeat our worm race we %all f9d t ^? worms foll[+ l9es close to ! weight h to g d[n hill & up aga9 & s travel a great] di/ance to trav]se ! same numb] ( squ>es ?an ^? foll[+ l9es ne>] ! edge :i* lie comp>atively flat & are ne>ly z %ort z be=e4 ,consequ5tly ! worms w be sl[$ up 9 proportion to _! ne>ness to ! c5t] & ! r[ ( _! heads w be swung ar\nd at an angle to _! =m] frontage4 ,we might 8expla90 ?is by assum+ t ! worms on see+ ! bullet to "o side 7 drawn by _! curiosity a little t[>d x1 ^? ne>e/ ( c\rse be+ drawn ! mo/4 ,or if we _h got beyond ?is crude animi/ic me?od ( explanation we might assume t ! bullet 0 atta*$ to ! head ( ea* worm by an invisible l>iat :i* be+ pull$ by ! bullet drew ! worms m or less to "o side1 ! %ort] ! l>iat ! /rong] ! pull4 ,or if we _h outgr[n ?is crude me*anical me?od ( explanation we might assume ! exi/5ce ( a 8=ce0 9 ! lead :i* 9 "s my/]i\s mann] attracts ! heads ( ! worms inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! di/ance4 ,b in/ead ( inv5t+ a wormhead psy*ology or an invisible cord or an incompreh5sible =ce is x n simpl] to consid] ! space betwe5 & to suppose t ! l9es to be trav]s$ are l5g!n$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! weight8 ,n[ ^! f\r successive me?ods ( explanation h be5 us$ to acc\nt = gravitation4 ,fir/ x 0 assum$ by ! anci5t ,babylonians & ,hebrews t ! sun & />s 7 liv+ be+s1 gods or angels1 mov+ ( _! own volition ar\nd ! e>?1 or at lea/ t ea* 0 guid$ 9 its orbit by its p>ticul> god or angel4 ,! lat] ,greeks ( ,ptolemy's "t suppos$ ! heav5ly bodies to be set 9 conc5tric cry/al sph]es & s revolv$2 ,i presume by somebody turn+ a crank beh9d ! sc5es4 ,!n came ,newton & said3 8,let's disc>d ! ,ptolemaic sph]es & all me*anical connection & assume a =ce ( gravitation attract+ all bodies 9 proportion to _! masses & inv]sely proportional to ! squ>es ( ! di/ances sep>at+ !m40 ,n[ comes ,e9/e9 & says3 8,let's disc>d ?is hypo!tical =ce & simply assume t ! field ( "t & space trav]s$ by a mov+ body is alt]$ if !re is ano!r body 9 ! vic9ity40 ,9 ,e9/e9's view gravitation is n a =ce2 x is a di/ortion ( space & "t 9 ! pres5ce ( matt]4 ,a comet sweep+ pa/ ! sun _c pursue a /raight c\rse1 z x c\ld 9 int]/ell> space1 b foll[s a curv$ pa? ab\t ! sun :i* is = ! comet ! %orte/ way x c g "u ! circum/ances4 ,s1 too1 a r[ ( light waves com+ f a di/ant /> keeps an ev5 front z !y pass ?r\gh empty space b z !y come close to ! sun !y f9d _! pa?s imp$$1 or1 we may say1 /ret*$4 ,^? go+ ne>e/ ! sun are sl[$ up ! mo/2 ^? f>!/ (f ! lea/4 ,consequ5tly ! wavefront is slu$ ar\nd a bit & ! direction ( ! ray is slightly alt]$4 ,if n[ light waves h difficulty gett+ pa/ ! sun we %\ld expect t !y w\ld exp]i5ce l difficulty gett+ away f ! sun4 ,!y w\ld be sl[$ up a bit by its gravitational pullback4 ,! frequ5cy w\ld be r$uc$2 ! int]val ( "t betwe5 wave-cre/s l5g!n$4 ,?is means1 9 ! case ( s\nd1 l[]+ ! pit*4 ,t\* y\r f+] to ! turntable ( y\r phonograph & y flat ! tone4 ,9 ! case ( light1 x means *ange ( color t[>d ! r$4 ,?is effect1 accord+ to ,e9/e91 %\ld be1 b has n be51 obs]v$4 8,if ,e9/e9's ?ird pr$iction is v]ifi$10 says ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 8,e9/e9's !ory w dom9ate all high] physics & ! next g5]ation ( ma!matical physici/s w h a t]rible "t ( x4 ,= univ]sity c\rses & = all practical purposes we %all h ! ,galilean & ,newtonian dynamics b !y w reign z a limit$ mon>*y & soon] or lat] ! ,e9/e9 physics _c fail to influ5ce e intellig5t man4 ,if ^! complications are to come into sci5ce we mu/ leave !m to ! y\ng] m54 ,i hope t gravitation1 n[ t x has begun to int]act ) light1 w beg9 to give up its secrets1 b 9 my "t ,i mu/ be cont5t to get secrets out dynamically & leave transc5d5tal me?ods to o!rs40 ,"o ,engli% sci5ti/1 ,?omas ,case1 writes to ,! ,times to prote/ t x w\ld h be5 9 mu* bett] ta/e = ! ,royal ,society to h adj\rn$ its discussion 8be=e br++ into "q ! reputation ( ,newton1 :o 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life & rais$ ! society to ! acme ( its fame40 ,,:o ,,is ,,e9/e98 ,alb]t ,e9/e9 0 born 9 ,g]many 9 #ahgd4 ,he e>ly %[$ ! b5t ( 8 g5ius & at ! age ( twelve1 :5 8 fell[ pupils 7 plodd+ along ) _! daily tasks1 he 0 plung+ ?r\gh works ( high] ma!matics borr[$ f 8 tea*]4 ,he 0 only eighte5 :5 he conceiv$ ! outl9es ( 8 !ory & t5 ye>s lat] x 0 ready to give to ! _w4 ,he left ,g]many = ,switz]l& at ! age ( sixte5 & became naturaliz$ z a ,swiss citiz54 ,8 fir/ academic position 0 ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,ma!matical ,physics at ! ,zri* ,polyte*nic4 ,!n ! f\nd+ ( ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,academy = ,rese>* at ,b]l9 gave him opportunity to "w out 8 !ories undi/urb$ by o!r duties4 ,%ortly be=e ! w> he 0 call$ to ,b]l9 to succe$ ! fam\s ,dut* physici/1 ,pr(essor van't ,h(f 9 ! ,academy4 ,! object ( ?is in/itution 0 ! same z ,c>negie _h :5 he f\nd$ 8 in/itution = sci5tific rese>* at ,wa%+ton1 :i* 0 to seek out ! exceptional man :]ev] he may be f\nd & set him at 8 peculi> tasks4 ,at ,b]l9 ,e9/e9 receives a sal>y ( #d1ejj & has no?+ to d b sit & ?9k4 ,?is he cont9u$ to d all ?r\gh ! five ye>s ( w> & revolution z quietly & p]si/5tly z ,kant at ,knigsb]g dur+ ! w>s & revolutions ( a c5tury be=e4 ,or z ,ar*im$es at ! siege ( ,syracuse :o 0 absorb$ 9 draw+ geometrical figures 9 ! s&--8 blackbo>d--:5 a ,roman soldi] ran him ?r\gh ) a spe>4 ,on two occasions he took "p 9 ! _w-/ruggle go+ on ab\t 8 /udy1 bo? actions greatly to 8 cr$it4 ,9 ! beg9n+ he refus$ to sign ! manife/o ( ! ,g]man m5 ( sci5ce d5y+ all ! *>ges aga9/ ,g]many1 & at ! "t ( ! armi/ice he sign$ an appeal 9 favor ( ! revolution4 ,he is an ard5t ,zioni/ & has promis$ to aid ! ,hebrew univ]sity :i* is to be f\nd$ at ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ,isaac ,newton 0 l$ to 8 !ory ( gravitation by obs]v+ an apple fall+ f a tree 9 8 g>d54 ,! newspap] correspond5ts />t a simil> tradition by report+ t ,e9/e9 got 8 !ory ( gravitation by obs]v+ a man fall+ f ! ro( ( a build+ 9 ,b]l94 ,n[ a man has ! advantage ( an apple 9 t he is able to tell 8 s5sations4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,e9/e91 :o _h se5 ! accid5t f 8 libr>y w9d[ 9 ! top /ory ( a neighbor+ ap>tm5t h\se1 rea*$ ! spot he f\nd ! man _h hit ^u a pile ( s(t rubbi% & _h escap$ almo/ )\t injury4 ,ask$ h[ x felt to fall he told ,dr4 ,e9/e9 t he _h no s5sation ( d[nw>d pull at all4 ,?is l$ ,dr4 ,e9/e9 to consid] :e!r ! relativity !ory1 :i* he _h appli$ only to ! case ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 c\ld n be ext5d$ to dif=m or accel]at$ motion by gravitation4 ,s ! special relativity !ory :i* he _h enunciat$ 9 #aije develop$ t5 ye>s lat] into a g5]aliz$ relativity !ory 7,v]allgeme9]t5 ,relativitt/heorie74 ,,h[ ,,to ,,lose ,,weight ,a man fall+ out ( an airplane is obey+ a natural impulse1 namely1 ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,s long z he does n resi/ he is free z air1 light z a fea!r1 & altoge!r com=table4 ,he c look d[n ) complac5cy & contempt on ! poor mortals bel[ him :o are try+ to /& up aga9/ ?is natural impulse & labori\sly dragg+ "o foot aft] ano!r z !y crawl ab\t ! e>? :5 !y might be fly+ ?r\gh space )\t ef=t z he is4 ,x is only :5 he tries to /op 8 free fall by bump+ aga9/ ! gr\nd t he gets into tr\ble on acc\nt ( gravitation4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ! ,calv9i/s1 :o 7 a sort ( ma!matical !ologians1 conceiv$ ( ! fall ( man4 ,! s9n] is simply obey+ ! =ce ( natural depravity1 namely1 moral gravity1 & s long z he is consci5celess & does n consid] 8 inevitable end he has no k ( ! moral law & is q happy 9 8 d[nfall4 ,a p]son fall+ freely loses all 8 weight4 ,8 hat does n press d[n on 8 head4 ,8 feet d n press d[n on 8 %oes4 ,if he lets g ( 8 walk+-/ick x does n 8fall d[n0 at 8 feet4 ,x /&s upright & simply travels along ) him4 ,=1 z ,galileo %[$ :5 he dropp$ 8 big & little cannon ball (f ! ,lean+ ,t[] ( ,pisa1 all bodies fall ) ! same spe$4 ,if he 7 9 a fall+ elevator ) an opaque door he w\ld n "k he 7 fall+ unless he surmis$ x f ! abs5ce ( gravitation z evid5c$ by 8 own feel+ ( lo/ weight & ! que] behavior ( ! objects 9 ! c>4 ,he might fall all 8 life & nev] f9d x out4 ,! law ( gravitation is l crim9al law2 y don't feel x till y come into conflict ) x4 ,or if our illu/ration requires too tall a skyscrap]1 let u imag9e t a comet z x flies by knocks a *ip (f ! e>? ) a gr\p ( p on x4 ,?is t]re/rial fragm5t1 ca/ loose 9 space1 gets caught by ! attractive =ce ( "s gigantic & di/ant /> & falls t[>d x ) ev]-increas+ velocity = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is errant orb w\ld nev] "k x f _! own feel+s or any obs]vations !y c\ld make on _! own little _w4 ,does t seem incr$ible to y8 ,!n tell me h[ d y "k b ?is our _w is su* a planet & toge!r ) ! sol> sy/em has be5 fall+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s t[>d "s c5t] ( attraction8 ,a/ronom]s1 inde$1 say t we are mov+ at trem5d\s spe$ t[>d ,canis ,major1 9 o!r words t ! _w is go+ to ! dogs4 ,all ?is means t uni=mly accel]at$ motion1 su* z gravitation imp>ts to a freely fall+ body1 is1 l uni=m translatory motion1 a "q ( relativity & _c be discov]$ by an obs]v] c>ri$ along by su* movem5t4 ,! idea t uni=m translation1 l ! mov+ tra9 we h consid]$1 is m]ely relative motion1 is an old idea & n h>d to und]/& or accept4 ,b :5 we try to ext5d ! pr9ciple ( relativity to accel]ation1 t is1 to a rate ( motion t is cont9u\sly increas$ or ret>d$1 we get a new & revolution>y conception ( ! univ]se & are drawn into "s v />tl+ conclusions4 ,e9/e9 took ?is /ep five ye>s ago & t is :at has caus$ ! pres5t excitem5t4 ,= ,e9/e9 :5 he once gets hold ( an idea foll[s x :]ev] x leads him ) ! undaunt$ det]m9ation ( a ,nantucket sailor t[$ by a h>poon$ :ale4 ,x 0 a :ale ( an idea t he h>poon$ 9 #aiae & x c>ri$ him into /range wat]s4 ,x l$ directly to a contradiction or correction ( "o ( ! two fundam5tal po/ulates :i* he _h laid d[n z ! f\ndation ( 8 !ory ( ! univ]se 9 #aije1 namely1 t ! velocity ( light 9 space is a con/ant4 ,b he promptly ab&on$ ?is idea ) *e]ful non*alance 9 favor ( ! new notion t ! velocity ( light is affect$ by gravitation4 ,a ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,gravity ,let u !n foll[ ,e9/e9 & apply 8 ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce to accel]at$ motion & see :at x leads to4 ,imag9e y\rself %ut up inside a clos$ *amb]1 l an elevator c>1 some:]e out 9 space away f ! gravitational =ces ( ! e>? or sun4 ,suppose ?is *amb] to be ris+ ) a con/antly increas+ velocity4 ,we c1 if we want to be def9ite ab\t x1 assume t ! *amb] is a big %ell pull$ up by a cable coil+ ar\nd a conical w9dlass t hauls x up fa/] all ! "t4 ,or we c assume t x is propell$ f beh9d by ! cont9u\s backfire ( explosives1 l ! rocket :i* ,pr(essor ,godd>d proposes to s5d to ! moon4 ,all we ne$ is "s =ce1 n gravitation1 capable ( giv+ ! *amb] e second an additional velocity ( ?irty-two feet a second4 ,n[ ! po9t is t if y 7 9 su* an upw>d-mov+ *amb] y w\ld n "k b :at y 7 re/+ on ! e>?4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld behave exactly ! same4 ,if y n[ weigh "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds on ! scales1 t is1 if y\r %oe soles press d[n ) t =ce1 ! floor ( ! ris+ *amb] w\ld press upw>d ) t same =ce & y w\ld n "k ! diff]5ce4 ,if y let loose a ball f y\r h& ! floor w\ld rise up to meet x & x w\ld appe> to fall4 ,if y ?rew ! ball upw>d ) a velocity great] ?an ! velocity ( ! *amb] at ! mom5t1 ! ball w\ld rise1 b s9ce ! velocity ( ! *amb] 0 con/antly increas+ ! floor w\ld ga9 on ! ball & cat* up ) x4 ,?is w\ld look to y j ! same z :5 on e>? y ?rew a ball into ! air & x fell back to ! gr\nd1 drawn1 z y are accu/om$ to ?9k1 by 8! =ce ( gravitation40 ,b "h we h no 8=ce10 b m]ely a mode ( motion4 ,"u su* circum/ances x w\ld seem t all ,nature conspir$ to keep y 9 ! d>k4 ,y appeal to ! e!r1 t suppos$ly /able & /ation>y m$ium t fills all space1 b t also fails y4 ,y try ! ,mi*elson-,morley exp]im5t to see if y are mov+ ?r\gh ! e!r or at re/ on ! e>? b y\r app>atus exp&s or contracts j en\gh to deceive y4 ,y n[ try obs]v+ horizontal rays ( light b !y seem to b5d2 t is1 a beam ( sun%9e ent]+ a p9hole on "o side ( y\r cam]a obscura w n /rike ! wall at a spot exactly opposite b a little bel[ x1 if y h in/rum5ts suffici5tly delicate to %[ ?is4 ,y try v]tical rays ( light 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,y exam9e ) ! spectroscope rays ( light com+ f two s\rces bel[ 7beh9d7 y\r in/rum5t1 "o at a di/ance & ! o!r ne>]4 ,n[ s9ce y are mov+ away ) increas+ spe$1 ! light f ! f>!r s\rce w h to take long] /rides to cat* up4 ,or 9 o!r words1 its frequ5cy w be r$uc$ & x w be %ov$ t[>d ! r$ end ( ! spectrum :]e ! long] waves are4 ,y w h notic$ t :5 a :i/l+ tra9 ru%es pa/ ! tra9 y are on1 ! :i/le z x comes t[>d y is rais$ 9 pit* 7decreas$ wave-l5g?7 & z x rec$es f y is l[]$ 9 pit* 7increas$ wave-l5g?74 ,n[1 says ,e9/e9 to himself1 if my ,pr9ciple ( ,equival5ce is correct & !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 7#a7 weight & 7#b7 ! accel]at$ upw>d movem5t ( an obs]v]1 !n all ! optical effects t ,i h ?\ght out 9 ! second case mu/ apply to ! fir/1 t is1 to gravitation4 ,x mu/ foll[ t a ray ( light pass+ ?r\gh a gravitational field w be b5t out ( its c\rse z ?\gh x 7 attract$ by ! heavy body4 ,?is pr$iction has be5 v]ifi$4 ,x mu/ fur!r foll[ t light proce$+ f a heavy body l ! sun or a /> w be held back or sl[$ up by ! attraction ( gravitation1 & ! spectral l9es w be displac$ t[>d ! left z comp>$ ) ! same l9es 9 ! spectrum ( an e>?ly light4 ,n[ su* displacem5t has be5 obs]v$ 9 /ell> spectra b x does n seem to be ( ! "r value to satisfy ,e9/e9's equation & x has n be5 obs]v$ 9 sunlight4 ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t x is t ,e9/e91 by foll[+ a l9e ( reason+ some:at l t :i* ,i h crudely outl9$1 n m]ely suppli$ an explanation = ph5om5a t _h be5 obs]v$ b c\ld n be expla9$ 7su* z ! discrepancy 9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury7 b he provid$ 9 advance ! explanation = ph5om5a t _h nev] be5 obs]v$ until he direct$ att5tion to x 7su* z ! deflection ( />light by ! sun74 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge says ( ?is3#e ,be=e ,e9/e9's pr$iction no?+ ( ! k9d _h be5 se51 no?+ ( ! k9d _h be5 look$ =1 nor1 s f> z x is kn[n1 _h su* an am\nt ( deflection be5 suspect$4 ,:atev] may ultimately be ?\ght ( ! validity ( ,e9/e9's views z a :ole x is evid5t t he has work$ out a ma!matical me?od ( unprec$5t$ p[] & wide usefulness4 ,pr(essor ,bum/ead ( ,yale says3 ,e9/e9's !ory is important 9 t x exemplifies a me?od :i* is 9 _m respects new 9 !oretical physics & :i* may prove to be a v p[]ful me?od = advanc+ sci5tific k4 ,!re 0 no idea t ! pr$iction ( ! b5d+ ( light w\ld fix up ,m]cury's p]ihelion & incid5tally expla9 a two-c5tury old a/ronomical difficulty4 ,t came /raight out ( a blue sky4 ,,me*anical ,,v]sus ,,ma!matical ,,m9ds ,we sometimes he> x said t 8,e9/e9 has ov]?r[n ,newton's !ory ( gravitation40 ,t is impossible because ,newton did n h any !ory ( gravitation4 ,he m]ely laid d[n ! law ( gravitation4 ,he told h[ bodies behav$ t[>d _! neighbors2 he did n tell :y4 ,newton 0 n cont5t ) ! idea ( action at a di/ance ?r\gh empty space & he tri$ to expla9 gravitation by ! pressure ( ! e!r on mat]ial bodies b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! results & did n publi% !m4 ,9 ! #bcd ye>s s9ce _m m5 h tri$ _! h&s at devis+ "s sort ( ma*9]y t w 8expla90 gravitation4 ,= human be+s are l ,toddie ( 8,hel5's ,babies0 & want to h ! wat* op5$ s !y c 8see ! :eels g w\nd40 ,at lea/ ,anglo-,saxons h t desire4 ,po9c>1 ! ,fr5* physici/1 said ?is is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat9 m9ds2 ! =m] are uneasy until !y c imag9e a me*anical model to repres5t natural ph5om5a1 ! latt] are satisfi$ ) a ma!matical =mula express+ ! action4 ,! e!r1 :i* 0 inv5t$ to expla9 light1 also requir$ 8explanation40 ,"l ,kelv9 imag9$ x to consi/ ( sp9n+ tops :i* h a sort ( mobile /ability4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge has fill$ x ) a complicat$ /ructure ( int]lock+ ge>$ :eels to acc\nt = electro-magnetic action4 ,^! are typical ,anglo-,saxon modes ( ?9k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,e9/e91 :o1 9 spite ( 8 ,hebrew blood & ,g]man tra9+1 has prem95tly :at ,po9c> claims z ! ,lat9 temp]am5t1 does n h any use = ! e!r & does n c>e at all :e!r he c 8picture0 ! f\r? dim5sions on pap] or n4 ,n[ "s ( u are excessively ,anglo-,saxon 9 our attitude t[>d ma!matics4 ,x is ) a fell[-feel+ = su* folks t ,i h fill$ ?is little volume ) su* crude & absurd analogies z tra9s & elevators & projectiles fly+ ?r\gh space & ,coney ,isl& mirrors4 ,to ! ma!matically m9d$ su* illu/rations are n simplifications b complications1 n repres5tations b c>icatures4 ,ma!matics is ! prop] language ( physics z ! five-b>r$ /aff is ! prop] language ( music4 ,ask a musician to expla9 a symphony 9 pla9 ev]yday ,engli% & he _c d x1 ?\gh he c>ry ! ,ox=d ,diction>y 9 8 head4 ,he c h ! music play$ = u or he c %[ u ! pr9t$ score b he c\ld nev] convey x 9 ord9>y language h[ev] long he might be will+ to talk or we to li/54 ,b we mu/ n d ! musician or ! ma!matician ! inju/ice to suspect t 8 notions are hazy or absurd because he _c expla9 7i4e4 translate7 !m to u4 ,nor %\ld we assume t ! new ideas1 because !y are m difficult = u to grasp1 are necess>ily m complicat$ or extravagant ?an ! old4 ,a fri5d ( m9e :o is famili> ) bo? tells me t ,e9/e9's pap]s are easi] read+ ?an ,newton's 8,pr9cipia40 ,! aim ( sci5ce is simplification ?r\gh g5]alization & ?is is ! wide/ g5]alization yet attempt$4 ,x promises to br+ gravitation into relation%ip ) o!r =ces4 ,"o great g5]alization1 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy work$ out by ,j\le & o!rs 9 ! =ties1 br\ght heat & "w & *emical p[] all into "o simple sy/em4 ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 ! sev5ties br\ght toge!r 9 "o beautiful =mulation all ! div]se ph5om5a ( light1 electricity & magnetism4 ,b gravitation has always /ood out aga9/ any su* league ( natural =ces4 ,x refus$ to come into ! comb9e4 ,x rema9$ unique1 indep5d5t1 irr$ucible1 unalt]able & inexplicable4 ,ev]y?+ else is correlat$ & int]active4 ,heat de/roys magnetism1 magnetism produces electricity2 electricity dissolves *emical comb9ation2 *emical comb9ation produces heat2 heat causes motion2 motion makes magnetism2 magnetism produces heat2 & s on 9 endless r\nd1 ea* affect+ all ! o!rs4 ,diff]5t sub/ances behave v diff]5tly2 "o is m easily heat$ ?an ano!r2 "s are readily magnetiz$ or electrifi$1 o!rs are n s susceptible2 c]ta9 elem5ts ru% into ea* o!rs' arms1 o!rs _c be =c$ into comb9ation4 ,b gravitation seem$ indiff]5t to all ^! ?+s2 x %[$ no prejudices or pref]5ces4 ,x attract$ ) equal =ce all sorts ( sub/ances1 no matt] :e!r !y 7 hot or cold1 %9y or black1 mov+ or /ill1 electrifi$ or magnetiz$ or nei!r4 ,o!r =ces & effects too requir$ "t = action at a di/ance4 ,s\nd travels at ! rate ( #a1ajj feet a second 9 ord9>y air4 ,light travels at ! rate ( #ahf1ccg miles a second 9 a vacuum4 ,b ! =ce ( gravity seem$ n to require any "t b to be ev]y:]e1 act+ all ! :ile1 & no?+ c\ld %ield x (f or %ut x out or 9 any way int]f]e ) x4 ,! sub/ance or mass ( a body z measur$ by its weight 7! gravitational pull ( ! e>?7 0 always id5tical ) its mass z measur$ by its in]tia 7its resi/ance to be+ set 9 motion74 ,all ! en]gies are int]*angeable4 ,all o!r =ces c\ld be r$uc$ or increas$1 annull$ or br\ght into effect at w4 ,n s gravitation4 ,any bodies ( a c]ta9 mass plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance ap>t are always drawn by ! same attraction4 ,t is1 gravitation is affect$ by no?+ except geometrical relation%ips4 ,?is naturally leads u to suspect t gravitation is no?+ b a geometrical relation%ip1 t x is someh[ a peculi>ity ( space itself4 ,if s1 our dem& ( ! physici/ t he %[ u gravitation1--drag out ?is my/]i\s =ce f its hid+-place & let u see x--is altoge!r irrational4 ,x is l a bl9d man hunt+ 9 a d>k cell> at midnight = a black cat t isn't !re4 ,! geometrician tells u t ! int]nal angles ( any triangle are equal to two "r angles4 ,%all we ask him1 :at is ! =ce t makes x s8 ,%all we refuse to ride on a trolley c> until ! electrician c answ] our p]si/5t "q2 8b :at is electricity80 ,:5 we ask su* a "q we are really ask+ him to tell u :at electricity is n4 ,to %[ u :at electricity is he c keep 8 m\? %ut & simply po9t to ! dynamo t produces x1 ! wire t conveys x & ! motor t consumes x4 ,b :at we secretly mean is t he %[ u a me*anical model t imp]fectly imitates "s ( ! actions ( electricity or a ma!matical =mula t w calculate its effects4 ,n[ ,e9/e9 seems 9 ! way ( mak+ gravitation ! f\ndation ( a new sy/em ( geometry4 ,in/ead ( 8expla9+0 gravitation 9 t]ms ( some?+ else he w expla9 o!r ?+s 9 t]ms ( gravitation1 or r ( 8 space-"t manifold ( :i* gravitation is "o ( ! prop]ties4 ,e9/e9's law ( gravitation proves to be m accurate ?an ,newton's law1 b ! correction is trifl+ except 9 r>e cases4 ,b ,e9/e9's !ory ( gravitation is fundam5tal & f>-rea*+ & if x is sub/antiat$ x w revolutionize physics & radically affect our ord9>y conceptions ( ! univ]se4 ,! v]ification ( a pr$iction does n necess>ily prove ! tru? ( ! hypo!sis t l$ to ! pr$iction4 ,_m a sci5tific discov]y has come out ( a false assumption4 ,j z a m9] may reop5 an ab&on$ gold m9e or "w ov] 8 dump heap to get m out ( x1 s sci5ti/s (t5 return to an old !ory :i* !y _h ab&on$ = a m fruitful hypo!sis4 ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,light ,x is int]e/+ to see t our mod]n physici/s %[ a disposition to adopt a corpuscul> or emission !ory ( light n unlike ! conception :i* ,newton /eadfa/ly & va9ly def5d$ aga9/ ! undulatory !ory4 ,pr(essor ,?omson1 ( ,cambridge1 rem9ds u t ! crucial exp]im5t betwe5 ! two !ories 0 ! te/ made by ,b5net 9 #agib to det]m9e if light ex]t$ any pressure on a body :5 x /ruck x z x w\ld if light consi/$ ( m9ute p>ticles driv5 /raight =w>d ) great velocity4 ,b5net f\nd no su* pressure & ! corpuscul> !ory 0 reg>d$ z disprov$4 ,b x 0 lat] f\nd t ! undulatory !ory also involv$ su* a pressure1 & rec5t exp]im5t]s h prov$ & measur$ x4 ,z ,pr(essor ,?omson says3 ,x is p]haps =tunate t ,b5net _h n at 8 comm& m delicate app>atus4 ,_h he discov]$ ! pressure ( light1 x w\ld h %ak5 confid5ce 9 ! undulatory !ory & *eck$ t magnific5t "w at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury :i* s greatly increas$ out k ( optics4 ,( c\rse any mod]n =m ( ! emission !ory ( light mu/ acc\nt1 z ,newton's did n1 = su* ph5om5a z int]f]5ce & pol>ization1 :i* are s satisfactorily h&l$ by ! undulatory !ory4 ,t is1 x mu/ comb9e ! be/ features ( bo?4 ,pr(essor ,?omson %[s t only an exce$+ly small fraction ( ! e!r is conc]n$ 9 ! =w>d movem5t ( light1 9 o!r words1 8! wave front mu/ be m analog\s to bright specks on a d>k gr\nd ?an to a uni=mly illum9at$ surface40 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 g s f> z ,planck 9 reg>d+ x z prov$ t radiant en]gy ( all k9ds has a unit or atomic /ructure1 ! color ( ! light dep5d+ on ! size ( ^! p>ticles4 ,! discov]y ( ! pressure ( a beam ( light has l$ to "s />tl+ conclusions4 ,= example1 :at %all be done ) ,newton's law t action & reaction are equal8 ,:5 a gun is fir$ ! kick ( ! gun is balanc$ by ! mom5tum ( ! projectile4 ,:5 a reflector ?r[s a beam ( light into space1 ! kick ( x is !re all "r b :]e is ! projectile1 if light is m]ely ! undulation ( an impond]able fluid8 ,we may suppose t ! light /rikes "s d>k body out 9 space1 transmits its impulse to t & ,newton's laws is satisfi$1 b x may be a long "t be=e su* a body is enc\nt]$ & x may nev] be3 at any rate a law t rema9s 9 a /ate ( innocu\s desuetude = sev]al ?\s& ye>s is n good = mu*4 ,we mu/ !n assume t light has mass s9ce x has in]tia & mom5tum4 ,b if light has mass x mu/ h weight2 t is1 x mu/ be attract$ by gravitation4 ,! eclipse obs]vations confirm$ ?is d$uction4 ,newton w\ld h expect$ some?+ ( ?is1 = he says 9 8 ,opticks3#f ,qu]y #a4--;,d n ,bodies act ^u ,light at a di/ance1 & by _! action b5d its ,rays1 & is n ?is action 7caet]is p>ibus7 /ronge/ at ! lea/ di/ance8 ,! obs]v$ deflection ( light due to ! sun's gravitation is great] ?an ,newton w\ld h anticipat$ b x w\ld h be5 /ill m disconc]t+ to ! n9ete5?-c5tury physici/s1 = 9 giv+ up ,newton's emission !ory !y _h come to reg>d light z m]ely a =m ( motion 9 a weightless m$ium1 ! e!r4 ,disembodi$ en]gy1 l heat & light 9 e!real space1 0 reg>d$ z hav+ no mass or weight4 ,tw5tie?-c5tury physici/s are com+ to ! opposite view1 t ! mass ( a body is ! measure ( its int]nal en]gy4 ,if s1 mass is n con/ant b *anges ) composition1 temp]ature1 /ructure1 electrification & motion4 ,z ,e9/e9 himself expresses x3 ,x is evid5t t x is n possible to attribute an absolute s5se to ! notion ( accel]ation1 no m ?an to ! notion ( velocity4 ,x is only possible to speak ( ! accel]ation ( a mat]ial po9t 9 connection ) a body tak5 z ! body ( ref]5ce4 ,x foll[s f ?is t !re is no s5se 9 attribut+ to a body a 8resi/ance to accel]ation0 9 ! absolute s5se1 l ! resi/ance ( in]tia 9 ! classical me*anics4 ,fur!r1 ?is resi/ance ( in]tia ought to be s mu* ! great] :5 !re is1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! body1 m in]t masses n 9 accel]at$ movem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is resi/ance ought to disappe> :5 ^! masses p>ticipate 9 ! accel]ation ( ! body4 ,n[ x is altoge!r rem>kable t ! equations ( ! gravitational field conta9 ^! diff]5t aspects ( ! resi/ance ( in]tia1 :i* "o might call ! relativity ( in]tia4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is cont9ually t[>d a demat]ialization ( matt]4 ,physical analysis resolves ! crude1 heavy1 solid /uff t our s5ses %[ u into f9] & f9] p>ticles f>!r & f>!r ap>t until ^! practically disappe> into m]e po9ts ( irradiat+ influ5ce4 ,fir/ ! mass is divid$ into ! molecule & ?is aga9 into ! atom1 assum$1 at ! "t x 0 inv5t$1 to be ! ultimate unit ( matt]4 ,b rec5tly ! atom has be5 %[n to be a sort ( sol> sy/em1 b m complex1 compos$ ( hundr$s ( electrons1 corpuscles ( electricity1 ^: radius is calculat$ to be #a_/aj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ( a c5timet] 7a c5timet] is s ---- long74 8,b ! size ( ! c5t]s ( di/urbance1 :i* 9 ,e9/e9's !ory are associat$ ) matt]1 be>s to ! size ( ! electron ab\t ! same proportion z ! size ( ! smalle/ p>ticle visible "u ! mo/ p[]ful microscope to t ( ! e>? itself40#g ,! old axiom 01 8matt] _c act :]e x is n40 ,! new v]sion might r read3 8matt] _c act except :]e x is n40 ,t is to say1 att5tion is n[ direct$ to ! space surr\nd+ a mat]ial body or electrical corpuscle4 ,al?\gh we laym5 are n conc]n$ ) ! niceties ( a/ronomical measurem5ts !re is an aspect ( ?is conflict ( !ories t does int]e/ u4 ,! !ory ( ,newton or1 to g back fur!r1 ( ,galileo1 t ! e>? moves ar\nd ! sun1 alt]$ pr(\ndly ! philosophical & religi\s beliefs ( ! _w1 & ! !ory ( ,e9/e9 is mu* m f>-rea*+ & revolution>y 9 its metaphysical implications ?an ! =m]4 ,pr(essor ,planck1 :o has j receiv$ ! ,nobel ,prize = 8 discov]ies 9 physics1 said ( ,e9/e9's fir/ pap]3 ,x surpasses 9 boldness ev]y?+ previ\sly sugge/$ 9 speculative natural philosophy & ev5 9 ! philosophical !ories ( k4 ,non-,euclidean geometry is *ild's play 9 comp>ison4444 ,! revolution introduc$ into ! physical conceptions ( ! _w is only to be comp>$ 9 ext5t & dep? ) t br\ght ab\t by ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,,mutable ,,!ories ,,& ,,/able ,,facts ,!re is a feel+ v preval5t among ! g5]al public int]e/$ 9 su* ?+s t ! f\ndations ( mod]n sci5ce are be+ swept away by ! rec5t discov]ies4 ,! layman has be5 l$ to believe t su* laws z gravitation1 ! cons]vation ( matt] & ! immutability ( ! elem5ts are ! mo/ c]ta9 & absolute tru?s ( sci5ce4 ,b n[ he he>s reputable m5 ( sci5ce talk calmly ab\t ! decay ( matt] & ! trans=mation ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 & gravely consid] a !ory :i* makes invalid ,newton's ?ree laws ( motion4 ,x surprises1 ev5 %ocks1 him1 z mu* z x w\ld to h a conv5tion ( bi%ops discuss ! "q ( :e!r !re is a ,god1 or ! ,supreme ,c\rt agree to set aside ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or a congress ( physicians resolve t all m$ic9e does m h>m ?an good4 ,he kn[s t ! m]e broa*+ ( su* h]etical views 9 ^! assemblies w\ld be met ) a /orm ( indignation & t all ! weapons ( contempt1 ridicule & ev5 p]sonal spite w\ld be direct$ aga9/ ! ra% innovator4 ,!re=e he is a/oni%$ & puzzl$ to see t 9 ! sci5tific _w ^! revolution>y !ories are receiv$ ) int]e/ & ev5 pleasure1 & 9 ! criticism to :i* !y are subject$ !re is sc>cely a trace ( animosity4 ,& he does n see :y m5 ( sci5ce :o h accept$ doctr9es app>5tly contradictory to _! =m] tea*+s d n appe> %amefac$ & apologetic be=e ! public1 l augurs ^: tricks _h be5 expos$4 ,! difficulty ( ! layman arises f 8 n und]/&+ h[ a sci5ti/ looks at 8 sci5ce2 n realiz+ h[ firmly he holds to its facts & h[ loosely he holds to its !ories4 ,! sci5ti/ nev] bo!rs 8 head ) ! "q :e!r a p>ticul> !ory is true or false4 ,he consid]s x simply z m or less useful1 m or less adequate1 succ9ct & compreh5sive4 ,a !ory is m]ely a tool1 & he drops "o !ory & picks up ano!r at w & )\t a ?\ght ( inconsi/5cy1 j z a c>p5t] drops 8 saw & picks up 8 *isel4 ,he w say t ! e>? moves ar\nd ! sun "o mom5t1 & ! next w rev]t to ! !ory ( ,*aldean a/ronom]s1 because x is m conv5i5t1 & say 8! sun rises40 ,really1 ! new discov]ies are n s upsett+ to sci5ce z !y appe> to ! g5]al public4 ,unexpect$ & revolution>y z !y are1 no page ( millions t record ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( sci5ce is invalidat$4 ,no man's "w is prov$ wrong4 ,revolutions 9 sci5ce d n de/roy2 !y ext5d4 ,9 ! reaction ( public op9ion t[>d any novel & revolution>y idea !re are ?ree /ages obs]vable4 #a4 ,t x is n true4 #b4 ,t x is n new ev5 if x is true4 #c4 ,t x does n make any diff]5ce anyh[4 ,! fir/ is m]ely ! natural & in/9ctive reaction aga9/ any di/urb+ intellectual innovation4 ,x is a flat d5ial inspir$ by t unconsci\s neophobia or x5ophobia t possesses all ( u m or less4 ,! second /age is ! ef=t at compromise 9 :i* usually bo? ! advocates & oppon5ts ( ! new idea cop]ate by endeavor+ to prove t x is n s novel & unprec$5t$ z 0 at fir/ assum$ b fits 9 v fairly ) our accept$ notions1 9 fact may be reg>d$ z a supplem5t or ev5 a natural developm5t ( !m4 ,! ?ird /age1 l ! second1 is design$ z an attempt to dis>m opposition by allay+ al>m 9 ! cons]vative m9d4 ,! second l9e ( argum5t has a good deal ( validity1 = ev5 ! mo/ />tl+ & orig9al idea w be f\nd on clos] exam9ation to h its roots deep 9 ! gr\nd ( ! pa/ & to h be5 approximately anticipat$ _m times be=e4 ,! ?ird l9e ( argum5t also conta9s "s tru? = we f9d ev]yday life does g on 9 mu* ! same way1 al?\gh x may seem t ! f\ndations h be5 knock$ f "u our m5tal1 moral or social univ]se by "s new notion4 ,yet z ! popul> m9d gradually accepts & adapts itself to ! novel conception we g5]ally f9d t its influ5ce is ev5 m f>-rea*+ ?an 0 at fir/ anticipat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,cop]nican !ory x took ab\t two c5turies = ! controv]sy to pass ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages & ! m9d ( ! public to become readju/$ to ! new conception ( ! e>?'s revolution4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( evolution ! process 0 accompli%$ 9 ab\t fifty ye>s4 ,! ,e9/e9 !ory is m subv]sive ( ord9>y ideas ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs s x w\ld naturally take long] to soak 94 ,b ! mod]n m9d seems to be subject to accel]ation & we see 9 ! two mon?s s9ce ! notion has be5 sprung ^u ! public t all ?ree ( ! l9es ( argum5t are appe>+ at once & s ! controv]sial p]iod may run its c\rse 9 five ye>s ?\gh x w be long] be=e its indirect influ5ce ^u our fundam5tal philosophy & habits ( ?\ght are fully felt4 ,,sci5tific ,,v]sus ,,legal ,,laws ,9 all su* discussions we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 8law0 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w means1 n a comm&m5t or a rule1 b m]ely a way ( work+4 ,x is a concise description ( h[ ?+s behave4 ,!re are no laws 9 ,nature2 !re are only laws ( ,nature2 t is to say1 laws drawn out ( ,nature 7or1 if y pref] ,lat9 to ,anglo-,saxon1 laws d$uc$ f ,nature7 by man = 8 own conv5i5ce 9 ?9k+4 ,physical laws are !re=e ess5tially psy*ological2 m]e memory s*emes1 calculat+ ma*9es4 ,! law ( gravitation is no m gravity ?an ! funny wriggles t my /5ograph] is mak+ 9 h] notebook are ! s\nds ,i am utt]+4 ,to *ange geometries does n require any su* ef=t z to *ange c>s4 ,x means m]ely *ang+ our m9ds4 ,b ?is is h>d] = "s ( u ?an x ought to be4 ,"h is :]e ! !ory ( relativity w be ( use to u4 ,po9c>1 ! ,fr5* ma!matician1 c\s9 ( ! late ,presid5t1 said3 8,^! two propositions1 #8! e>? turns r\nd' & #8x is m conv5i5t to suppose ! e>? turns r\nd' h ! same mean+4 ,!re is no?+ m 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r40 ,if ,galileo & 8 inquisitors _h und]/ood ! ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity x might h sav$ !m bo? tr\ble2 ! =m] tempor>y imprisonm5t & ! latt] ev]la/+ disgrace4 ,a revolution 9 sci5ce is simply a *ange 9 m5tal attitude4 ,maybe a political revolution is no m4 ,x is disconc]t+ to ! layman to be told1 fir/1 t matt] consi/s ( solid r\nd atoms 9 empty space2 next1 t x is made ( m]e p>ticles ( electricity & negative at t2 !n t x is con/itut$ out ( /ra9s 9 ! e!r2 aga91 t ! atoms are bubbles 9 ! e!r2 & f9ally1 t !re is n any e!r4 ,b ^! v>i\s hypo!ses are l ! crayon /rokes t an arti/ makes ab\t a figure he is try+ to draw4 ,!y are all attempts at prelim9>y sket*es = m5tal pictures ( natural ph5om5a4 ,we d n call ! geograph]s inconsi/5t & contradictory because "o colors ,massa*usetts r$ on ! map & ano!r colors x gre54 ,all sci5tific hypo!ses are put to ! pragmatic te/ ( :i* works ! be/ 9 unlock+ ! secrets ( ,nature4 ,is 8:eat0 or 8sesame0 ! magic ^w8 ,:e!r we call a dog 8,fido0 or 8,t[s]0 dep5ds n on :i* "n is %ort] or s\nds bett] b on :i* ! dog answ]s to4 ,if gravitation comes to heel bett] :5 we say 8,e9/e90 ?an :5 we say 8,newton10 all "r1 we'll *ange4 ,i tru/ t ^! frivol\s illu/rations w n lead my read]s to accuse me ( treat+ gravity ) levity4 ,! layman--& ) him mu/ be includ$ all ^? :o h m]ely le>n$ sci5ce b n us$ x--talks a great deal ab\t 8! laws ( ,nature10 :i* he reg>ds z ab/ract1 immutable1 univ]sal & et]nal edicts1 "p ( :i* are transcrib$ into ! textbooks4 ,to ! work+ sci5ti/ !y are only m or less conv5i5t =mulas2 9 ! ultimate analysis only mnemonic symbols = /r++ toge!r facts to make !m easi] to h&le1 l vibgyor1 = ! spectrum colors4 ,he kn[s t mo/ ( !m are limit$ 9 _! scope & only approximate 9 _! accuracy4 ,8 *ief delight is 9 discov]+ ^! limitations & irregul>ities4 ,he reg>ds ^! 8laws0 ) no awe or rev]5ce4 ,he has no atta*m5t = any ( !m--unless x happ5s to be "o t he has =mulat$ himself4 ,if he f9ds a new hypo!sis t works bett] he ?r[s ! old "o aside z he does 8 old model dynamo1 or keeps x ar\nd z h&y /ill = do+ "s ( ! common "w ( ! laboratory4 ,x is1 to recur to our example1 j z 8true10 us+ ! ^w 9 its ord9>y s5se1 to say t ! sun goes ar\nd ! e>? z to say t ! e>? goes ar\nd ! sun1 = all motion is relative1 & we c reg>d ei!r body z ! /ation>y "o or bo? z mov+1 z we *oose4 ,:5 we say t ! /atem5t t ! e>? moves ar\nd ! sun is ! 8true0 "o1 we m]ely mean t x is ! m conv5i5t =m ( expression1 = on ?is hypo!sis ! pa?s ( ! e>? & ! o!r planets become circles 7or m accurately speak+1 irregul> & ecc5tric spirals7 :ile on ! o!r & old] hypo!sis _! pa?s are v complicat$ & difficult to h&le ma!matically4 ,! !ory t ! e>? moves is n only simpl] ?an t ( a /ation>y e>?1 b x is wid] 9 its scope4 ,x expla9s m1 t is1 x connects up ) o!r k1 su* z ! flatt5+ at ! poles4 ,cop]nicus1 !n1 did n discov] a new fact ab\t ! sol> sy/em4 ,he only inv5t$ a lazi] way ( ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,! man ( sci5ce inv5ts an hypo!sis :5ev] he ne$s "o 9 8 bus9ess4 ,x is to him m]ely a new tool1 a novum organum4 ,if !re is n an e!r x w\ld be necess>y to create "o4 ,s he did x4 ,he _h to h a n\n = ! v]b 8undulate40 ,:5 he _h creat$ x he saw x 0 n good4 ,! prop]ties ) :i* he end[$ x 7 self-contradictory1 & x refus$ ei!r to move ) ! e>? or to pass ?r\gh x4 ,b ^! !oretical inconsi/5cies d n bo!r ! physici/ mu*4 ,9 spite ( !m ! e!r is a h&y ?+ to h ab\t ! laboratory4 ,! sci5ti/ does n ab&on a !ory because x has inconsi/5cies any m ?an he divorces 8 wife because %e has inconsi/5cies4 ,c]ta9ly ! physici/ did n consid] himself presumptu\s 9 ?us inv5t+ e!r = 8 own conv5i5ce4 ,he knew t ! ord9>y man _h 9 ! same way inv5t$ 8matt]0 long ago = 8 own conv5i5ce4 ,x is a crude1 inadequate & impossible idea1 ?is nave conception ( matt] z some?+ solid1 heavy1 h>d1 in]t1 inde/ructible1 imp5etrable1 color$ & surfac$2 b x is good en\gh = "p ( ! p all ( ! "t & = all ( ! p "p ( ! "t4 ,! physici/ himself uses x = ev]yday4 ,only 9 8 rigor\s mom5ts does he come d[n to b$-rock & say1 ) ,po9c>1 8,mass is a co-effici5t :i* x is conv5i5t to introduce into calculations40 ,b :5 ! physici/ ?us r$uces matt] to a small italic m "s p are sure to say t he is d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,:at w\ld !y say ab\t ,riemann :o consid]s matt] to be holes 9 ! e!r8 ,a def9ition is a diff]5t ?+ f a d5ial4 ,!re are p among u :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( matt] & !y call !mselves 8,sci5ti/s10 too1 b !y are n ! ones :o are devot+ _! days & nights to ! /udy ( ! work+s ( matt] 9 ord] to make x ! s]vant ( man4 ,a pr(essor ( *emi/ry w\ld n ?9k ( ask+ 8 /ud5ts if ! atomic !ory is true any m ?an he w\ld ask !m if ! atomic !ory is blue4 ,he does n c>e :e!r !y believe ! atomic !ory or n4 ,he only wants !m to be able to use ! atomic !ory = gett+ c]ta9 valuable results4 ,consequ5tly1 he wat*es ) int]e/ & )\t appreh5sion ! progress ( discov]y 9 radio-activity :i* is und]m9+ ! old conception ( ! atom4 ,he w\ld be glad to get rid ( ! atomic !ory if he c\ld f9d some?+ bett] because aft] all x is a clumsy ?+ & w n hold half ! facts he wants to put into x4 ,he w\ld h no m hesitation ab\t dropp+ x ?an he has 9 sett+ d[n "o beak] to pick up a l>g] "o :5 :at he has 9 ! fir/ is fro?+ ov]4 ,he does n want to spill any?+1 b he does n c>e :at vessel x is 94 ,revolutions 9 sci5ce nev] g backw>d & !y diff] f political revolutions 9 t no?+ wor? sav+ is lo/ 9 transition4 ,! new !ory mu/ always include all t ! old "o does & m4 ,9 _! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 =mulas fight l snakes2 ! "o t c swall[ ! o!r beats4 ,n[ a f\r-dim5sional univ]se c take 9 a ?ree-dim5sional univ]se & h space to sp>e = :atev] ! n>r[] conception c\ld n include s x seems likely to prevail4 ,we n[ "k h[ to sympa?ize ) ^? poor fright5$ p :o liv$ 9 ! times ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo :5 !y 7 told t ! solid e>? on :i* !y /ood 0 n support$ by any?+1 b :irl+ ab\t & ru%+ ar\nd ?r\gh empty space & t half ! "t !y hung ) _! heads d[n ov] immeasurable space ) no?+ to hold on to4 ,b !y got us$ to x 9 "t & liv$ happily ev] aft]4 ,s may we4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o want to get _! in=mation at fir/ h& ,i app5d an article by ,dr4 ,e9/e9 himself :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,times ( ,decemb] #ac1 #aiai1 & 9 ,sci5ce ( ,janu>y #f1 #aibj3 ,,"t1 ,,space1 ,,& ,,gravitation ,by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,e9/e9 ,i respond ) pleasure to y\r ,correspond5t's reque/ t ,i %\ld write some?+ = ! ,times on ! ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,aft] ! lam5table brea* 9 ! =m] int]national relations exi/+ among m5 ( sci5ce1 x is ) joy & gratefulness t ,i accept ?is opportunity ( communication ) ,engli% a/ronom]s & physici/s4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ! high & pr\d tradition ( ,engli% sci5ce t ,engli% sci5tific m5 %\ld h giv5 _! "t & labor1 & t ,engli% in/itutions %\ld h provid$ ! mat]ial means1 to te/ a !ory t _h be5 complet$ & publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry ( _! enemies 9 ! mid/ ( w>4 ,al?\gh inve/igation ( ! influ5ce ( ! sol> gravitational field on rays ( light is a purely objective matt]1 ,i am none ! less v glad to express my p]sonal ?anks to my ,engli% colleagues 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce2 = )\t _! aid ,i %\ld n h obta9$ pro( ( ! mo/ vital d$uction f my !ory4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( !ory 9 ,physics4 ,mo/ ( !m are con/ructive4 ,^! attempt to build a picture ( complex ph5om5a out ( "s relatively simple proposition4 ,! k9etic !ory ( gases1 = in/ance1 attempts to ref] to molecul> movem5t ! me*anical1 !rmal1 & diffusional prop]ties ( gases4 ,:5 we say t we und]/& a gr\p ( natural ph5om5a1 we mean t we h f\nd a con/ructive !ory :i* embraces !m4 ,b 9 addition to ?is mo/ weighty gr\p ( !ories1 !re is ano!r gr\p consi/+ ( :at ,i call !ories ( pr9ciple4 ,^! employ ! analytic1 n ! syn!tic me?od4 ,_! />t+-po9t & f\ndation are n hypo!tical con/itu5ts1 b empirically obs]v$ g5]al prop]ties ( ph5om5a1 pr9ciples f :i* ma!matical =mul are d$uc$ ( su* a k9d t !y apply to e case :i* pres5ts itself4 ,!rmodynamics1 = in/ance1 />t+ f ! fact t p]petual motion nev] occurs 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 attempts to d$uce f ?is1 by analytic processes1 a !ory :i* w apply 9 e case4 ,! m]it ( con/ructive !ories is _! compreh5siv5ess1 adaptability1 & cl>ity1 t ( ! !ories ( pr9ciple1 _! logical p]fection1 & ! security ( _! f\ndation4 ,! !ory ( relativity is a !ory ( pr9ciple4 ,to und]/& x1 ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s mu/ be grasp$4 ,b be=e /at+ ^! x is necess>y to po9t out t ! !ory ( relativity is l a h\se ) two sep>ate /ories1 ! special relativity !ory & ! g5]al !ory ( relativity4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks x has be5 well kn[n t 9 describ+ ! motion ( a body we mu/ ref] to ano!r body4 ,! motion ( a railway tra9 is describ$ ) ref]5ce to ! gr\nd1 ( a planet ) ref]5ce to ! total assemblage ( visible fix$ />s4 ,9 physics ! bodies to :i* motions are spatially ref]r$ are t]m$ sy/ems ( cord9ates4 ,! laws ( me*anics ( ,galileo & ,newton c be =mulat$ only by us+ a sy/em ( cord9ates4 ,! /ate ( motion ( a sy/em ( cord9ates _c be *os5 arbitr>ily if ! laws ( me*anics are to hold good 7x mu/ be free f twi/+ & f accel]ation74 ,! sy/em ( cord9ates employ$ 9 me*anics is call$ an in]tia-sy/em4 ,! /ate ( motion ( an in]tia-sy/em1 s f> z me*anics are conc]n$1 is n re/rict$ by nature to "o condition4 ,! condition 9 ! foll[+ proposition suffices3 a sy/em ( cord9ates mov+ 9 ! same direction & at ! same rate z a sy/em ( in]tia is itself a sy/em ( in]tia4 ,! special relativity !ory is !re=e ! application ( ! foll[+ proposition to any natural process3--8,e law ( nature :i* holds good ) respect to a cord9ate sy/em ,k mu/ also hold good = any o!r sy/em ,k1 provid$ t ,k & ,k are 9 uni=m movem5t ( translation40 ,! second pr9ciple on :i* ! special relativity !ory re/s is t ( ! con/ancy ( ! velocity ( light 9 a vacuum4 ,light 9 a vacuum has a def9ite & con/ant velocity1 indep5d5t ( ! velocity ( its s\rce4 ,physici/s owe _! confid5ce 9 ?is proposition to ! ,maxwell-,lor5tz !ory ( electro-dynamics4 ,! two pr9ciples :i* ,i h m5tion$ h receiv$ /rong exp]im5tal confirmation1 b d n seem to be logically compatible4 ,! special relativity !ory a*iev$ _! logical reconciliation by mak+ a *ange 9 k9ematics1 t is to say1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! physical laws ( space & "t4 ,x became evid5t t a /atem5t ( ! co9cid5ce ( two ev5ts c\ld h a mean+ only 9 connection ) a sy/em ( cord9ates1 t ! mass ( bodies & ! rate ( movem5t ( clocks mu/ dep5d on _! /ate ( motion ) reg>d to ! cord9ates4 ,b ! old] physics1 includ+ ! laws ( motion ( ,galileo & ,newton1 cla%$ ) ! relativi/ic k9ematics t ,i h indicat$4 ,! latt] gave orig9 to c]ta9 g5]aliz$ ma!matical conditions ) :i* ! laws ( nature w\ld h to con=m if ! two fundam5tal pr9ciples 7 compatible4 ,physics _h to be modifi$4 ,! mo/ notable *ange 0 a new law ( motion = 7v rapidly7 mov+ mass-po9ts1 & ?is soon came to be v]ifi$ 9 ! case ( electrically-lad5 p>ticles4 ,! mo/ important result ( ! special relativity sy/em conc]n$ ! in]t mass ( a mat]ial sy/em4 ,x became evid5t t ! in]tia ( su* a sy/em mu/ dep5d on its en]gy-cont5t1 s t we 7 driv5 to ! conception t in]t mass 0 no?+ else ?an lat5t en]gy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( mass lo/ its indep5d5ce & became m]g$ 9 ! doctr9e ( cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,! special relativity !ory1 :i* 0 simply a sy/ematic ext5sion ( ! electro-dynamics ( ,maxwell & ,lor5tz1 _h consequ5ces :i* rea*$ beyond itself4 ,mu/ ! indep5d5ce ( physical laws ) reg>d to a sy/em ( cord9ates be limit$ to sy/ems ( cord9ates 9 uni=m movem5t ( translation ) reg>d to "o ano!r8 ,:at has nature to d ) ! cord9ate sy/ems t we propose & ) _! motions8 ,al?\gh x may be necess>y = our descriptions ( nature to employ sy/ems ( cord9ates t we h select$ arbitr>ily1 ! *oice %\ld n be limit$ 9 any way s f> z _! /ate ( motion is conc]n$4 7,g5]al !ory ( relativity47 ,! application ( ?is g5]al !ory ( relativity 0 f\nd to be 9 conflict ) a well-kn[n exp]im5t1 accord+ to :i* x appe>$ t ! weight & ! in]tia ( a body dep5d$ on ! same con/ants 7id5tity ( in]t & heavy masses74 ,consid] ! case ( a sy/em ( cord9ates :i* is conceiv$ z be+ 9 /able rotation relative to a sy/em ( in]tia 9 ! ,newtonian s5se4 ,! =ces :i*1 relatively to ?is sy/em1 are c5trifugal mu/1 9 ! ,newtonian s5se1 be attribut$ to in]tia4 ,b ^! c5trifugal =ces are1 l gravitation1 proportional to ! mass ( ! bodies4 ,is x n1 !n1 possible to reg>d ! sy/em ( cord9ates z at re/1 & ! c5trifugal =ces z gravitational8 ,! int]pretation seem$ obvi\s1 b classical me*anics =bade x4 ,?is slight sket* indicates h[ a g5]aliz$ !ory ( relativity mu/ include ! laws ( gravitation1 & actual pursuit ( ! conception has ju/ifi$ ! hope4 ,b ! way 0 h>d] ?an 0 expect$1 because x contradict$ ,euclidean geometry4 ,9 o!r words1 ! laws accord+ to :i* mat]ial bodies are arrang$ 9 space d n exactly agree ) ! laws ( space prescrib$ by ! ,euclidean geometry ( solids4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! phrase 8a w>p 9 space40 ,! fundam5tal concepts 8/raight10 8plane10 etc41 accord+ly lose _! exact mean+ 9 physics4 ,9 ! g5]aliz$ !ory ( relativity1 ! doctr9e ( space & "t1 k9ematics1 is no long] "o ( ! absolute f\ndations ( g5]al physics4 ,! geometrical /ates ( bodies & ! rates ( clocks dep5d 9 ! fir/ place on _! gravitational fields1 :i* aga9 are produc$ by ! mat]ial sy/ems conc]n$4 ,?us ! new !ory ( gravitation div]ges widely f t ( ,newton ) respect to its basal pr9ciple4 ,b 9 practical application ! two agree s closely t x has be5 difficult to f9d cases 9 :i* ! actual diff]5ces c\ld be subject$ to obs]vation4 ,z yet only ! foll[+ h be5 sugge/$3-- #a4 ,! di/ortion ( ! oval orbits ( planets r\nd ! sun 7confirm$ 9 ! case ( ! planet ,m]cury74 #b4 ,! deviation ( light-rays 9 a gravitational field 7confirm$ by ! ,engli% ,sol> ,eclipse exp$ition74 #c4 ,! %ift+ ( spectral l9es t[>d ! r$ end ( ! spectrum 9 ! case ( light com+ to u f />s ( appreciable mass 7n yet confirm$74 ,! great attraction ( ! !ory is its logical consi/5cy4 ,if any d$uction f x %\ld prove unt5able1 x mu/ be giv5 up4 ,a modification ( x seems impossible )\t de/ruction ( ! :ole4 ,no "o mu/ ?9k t ,newton's great creation c be ov]?r[n 9 any real s5se by ?is or by any o!r !ory4 ,8 cle> & wide ideas w =ev] reta9 _! significance z ! f\ndation on :i* our mod]n conceptions ( physics h be5 built4 ,a f9al comm5t4 ,! description ( me & my circum/ances 9 ,! ,times %[s an amus+ feat ( imag9ation on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,by an application ( ! !ory ( relativity to ! ta/e ( read]s1 today 9 ,g]many ,i am call$ a ,g]man man ( sci5ce1 & 9 ,engl& ,i am repres5t$ z a ,swiss ,jew4 ,if ,i come to be reg>d$ z a bte noire1 ! descriptions w be rev]s$1 & ,i %all become a ,swiss ,jew = ! ,g]mans & a ,g]man man ( sci5ce = ! ,engli%6 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,b]gson3 8,"t & ,free ,w10 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #b3 ,b]gson 9 8 8,laught]0 traces all humor back to ?is fundam5tal absurdity ( mak+ a man act me*anically4 ,footnote #c3 8,we c ?us say t all ^! p>adoxical ph5om5a 7or r negations ( ph5om5a7 :i* h be5 enum]at$ above c only happ5 aft] ! end or be=e ! beg9n+ ( et]nity0 7,de ,sitt]74 ,footnote #d3 ,if y insi/ ^u see+ j :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,e9/e9's & ,newton's laws ( gravitation "h x is z giv5 9 ,! ,sci5tific ,mon?ly ( ,janu>y1 #aibj3 ,any p>ticle or light pulse moves s t ! integral ( ds betwe5 ! two po9ts ( its pa? 79 f\r dim5sions7 is /ation>y :]e 7accord+ to ,e9/e97 ds#b -7#a - #bm_/r7-#a;dr#b-r#b d #b 7#a - #bm_/r7dt or 7accord+ to ,newton7 ds#b dr#b - r#b d #b 7#a - #bm_/r7dt ,^! expressions are 9 pol> cord9ates = a p>ticle ( gravitational mass m4 ,! new factor introduc$ by ,e9/e9 is1 z %[n above1 #a_/a-7bm_/r7 ,footnote #e3 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb]1 #aiai4 ,footnote #f3 ,quot$ by ,edd+ton 9 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #aiai4 ,footnote #g3 ,sir ,joseph ,?omson 9 ,nature1 ,decemb] #d1 #aiai4 ,& f9ally ,,if ,,y ,,want ,,to ,,read ,,m ,,ab\t ,,! ,,e9/e9 ,,!ories ,= ! non-ma!matical read]3 ,,abbott1 ,,edw94 ,flatl&1 by ,a ,squ>e4 ,bo/on1 #ahia4 ,an amus+ way ( lead+ up to ! f\r? dim5sion4 ,,campbell1 ,,norman4 ,! ,commons5se ( ,relativity4 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,,c>r1 ,,wildon4 ,! ,metaphysical ,implications ( ! ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,philosophical ,review1 ,jan41 #aiae4 ,,c>us1 ,,paul4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity4 ,*icago3 ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 #aiac4 ,,com/ock1 ,d4 ,f4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,relativity4 ,sci5ce1 ,may #bj1 #aiaj1 vol4 #ca1 p4 #gfg4 ,,cunn+ham1 ,e4 ,e9/e9's ,relativity ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,nature1 ,dec4 #d1 #aa1 & #ah1 #aiai4 ,an int]e/+ non-ma!matical discussion ( ! late/ phases ( ! !ory4 ,,edd+ton1 ,a4 ,s4 ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,space & ,"t4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,dec1 #aiai4 ,good popul> article4 ,,edd+ton1 ,a4 ,s4 ,gravitation4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,july #f & #ac1 #aiah4 ,an excell5t popul> explanation by ! lead+ ,briti% disciple ( ,e9/e94 ,,e9/e91 ,a4 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,gravitation4 ,sci5ce1 ,g>rison1 #aibj1 ,jan4 #c1 n4s41 vol4 #ea1 p4 #h-aj4 ,my ,!ory4 ,liv+ ,age4 ,bo/on1 #aibj1 vol4 #cjd1 p4 #da-c1 ,jan4 #c4 ,,flamm>ion1 ,,camille4 ,lum54 ,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead & ,co41 #ahig4 ,conta9s no?+ ab\t ,e9/e9 b pres5ts ! relativity ( "t 9 fanta/ic =m4 ,,keys]1 ,c4 ,j4 ,conc]n+ ! ,figure & ! ,dim5sions ( ! ,univ]se ( ,space4 ,sci5ce1 ,june #ac1 #aiac4 ,,lodge1 ,,sir ,,oliv]4 ,! ,new ,!ory ( ,gravity4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,dec41 #aiai4 ,! ,e!r v]sus ,relativity4 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,jan41 #aibj4 ,admirable article by a c\rte\s oppon5t4 ,,po9c>1 ,,h5ri4 ,sci5ce & ,me?od2 also conta9$ 9 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,sci5ce ,press1 #aiac4 ,,russell1 ,,b]tr&4 ,! ,relativity ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,engli% ,review1 ,dec41 #aiai4 ,a cle> explanation by "o ( ! =emo/ ( ,briti% philosoph]s4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,deflection ( ,light by ,gravitation & ! ,e9/e9 ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 ,g>rison1 ,n4 ,y41 #aibj1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #gi-he1 ,jan4 ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s4 ,! ,f\r? ,dim5sion ,simply ,expla9$4 ,new ,york3 ,munn & ,co41 #aiaj4 ,! essays submitt$ = a prize (f]$ by ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,tw5ty-two ma!maticians try _! be/ to ju/ify ! title & if !y d n succe$ x is n _! fault4 ,,wetzel1 ,,re9h>d ,a4 ,! ,new ,relativity 9 ,physics4 ,sci5ce1 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,new s]41 vol4 #ch1 pp4 #dff-dgd4 ,expla9s ! relativity ( "t ) diagrams & ref]5ces to ! lit]ature4 ,o!r articles ( g5]al int]e/ may be f\nd 93 ,sci5ce3 ,july #af1 #aiji2 ,may #bj1 #aiaj2 ,june #bj1 #aiac2 ,april #bd1 #aiad2 ,dec4 #e1 #aiai4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t3 ,april #g1 #aiag2 ,dec4 #ag1 #aiaj4 ,london ,nation3 ,nov4 #ad & ,dec4 #bg1 #aiai4 ,london ,times3 ,nov4 #h1 #ah1 & #be1 ,dec4 #d & #ai1 #aiai4 ,london ,nature3 ,almo/ e numb] 9 ,nov41 ,dec41 #aiai1 ,jan41 ,feb41 #aibj4 ,new ,york ,times3 ,nov4 #g & #af1 ,dec4 #ba1 #aiai4 ,new ,york ,sun3 ,nov4 #aj1 #aiai4 ,! ,new ,republic3 ,jan4 #ba1 #aibj4 ,= ! ma!matical read]3 ,,e9/e91 ,,alb]t4 ,bases physiques d'une ?orie de la gravitation4 ,socit ,a/ronomique de ,france4 ,bullet91 ,p>is1 #aiag1 ,tome #ca1 pp4 #djg-daa4 ,die =male ,grundlage d] allgeme95 ,relativitt/heorie4 ,knigli* ,preussis*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 ,b]l91 #aijd 7,juli-,dez471 pp4 #ajcj-ajhe4 ,die ,grundlag5 d] allgeme954 ,relativitt/heorie4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiaf1 ,b& #di1 ,folge #d1 p4 #gfi4 ,i/ die ,trgheit e9es ,korp]s von se9em ,en]gie9halt abhngig8 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aije1 ,b& #ah1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #fci-fdd4 ,li*tges*w9digkeit und ,/atik des ,gravittionsfeldes4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiab1 ,b& #ch1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #cee-cfi4 ,pr9zipielles zur allgeme95 ,relativitt/heorie4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiah1 ,b& #ee1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #bda-bdd4 ,ub] das ,relativittspr9zip und die aus demselb5 gezog55 ,folg]ung54 ,jahrbu* d] ,radioaktivitt und ,elektronik1 ,leipzig1 #aijh1 ,b& #d1 pp4 #daa-dfb4 ,ub] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,s*w]kraft auf die ,ausbreitung des ,li*tes4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,lypzig1 #aiaa4 ,b& #ce1 pp4 #hih-ijh4 ,ub] die ,mgli*keit e9] neu5 ,prfung des ,relativittspr9zips4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 ,b& #bc1 pp4 #aig-bjh4 ,ub] die vom ,relativittspr9zip ge=d]te ,trgheit d] ,en]gie4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 ,b& #bc1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #cga-chd4 ,ub] e95 die ,erzeugung und ,v]w&lung des ,li*tes betreff5des heuri/is*5 ,gesi*tspunkt4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aije1 ,b& #ag1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #acb-adh4 ,zum geg5wrtig5 ,/&e des ,gravittionsproblems4 ,physikalis*e ,zeits*rift1 ,leipzig1 #aiac1 ,b& #ad1 pp4 #abdi-abff4 ,zum ,relativitts ,problem4 ,sci5tia1 ,bologna1 #aiad1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #ccg-dh4 ,zur ,elektrodynamik bewegt] ,korp]4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aije1 ,b& #ag1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #hia-iba4 ,zur ,!orie d] ,li*t]zeugung und ,li*tabsorption4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aijf1 ,b& #bj1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #aii-bjf4 ,spiel5 ,gravitationsfeld] im ,aufbau d] mat]iell5 ,elem5t>teil*5 e9e wes5tli*e ,rolle8 ,sitz4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss41 ,april #aj1 #aiai4 ,,e9/e91 ,,alb]t1 & ,,m>cel ,,grossman4 ,entwurf e9] v]allgeme9]t5 ,relativitt/heorie und e9] ,!orie d] ,gravitation4 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiad1 ,b& #fb1 pp4 #bbe-bfa4 ,,e9/e91 ,,lor5tz & ,,m9k[ski4 ,relativittspr9zip1 ,das4 ,e9e ,sammlung von ,abh&lung54 ,mit ,anm]kung5 von ,a4 ,somm]feld und ,vorwort von ,o4 ,blum5?al4 ,leipzig3 ,b4 ,g4 ,teubn]1 #aiac1 #hi p4 7,=ts*ritte d] ma!matis*5 ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,monographi51 ,heft #b47 ,a repr9t ( ^! ?ree fam\s fundam5tal pap]s4 ,,abraham1 ,m4 ,die neue ,me*anik4 ,sci5tia1 ,bologna1 #aiad1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #h-bg4 ,no*mals ,relativitt und ,gravitation4 ,bem]kung5 zu ,a4 ,e9/e9s ,erwid]ung4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiab1 ,folge #d1 vol4 #ci1 pp4 #ddd-ddh4 ,,backlund1 ,a4 ,v4 ,zusamm5/ellung e9] ,!orie d] klassis*5 ,dynamik und d] neu5 ,gravittion/heorie von ,e9/e94 ,arkiv fr ma!matik1 a/ronomie1 o* fysik1 ,/ockholm1 #aiai1 ,b& #ad1 no4 #aa1 #fd seite4 ,,bateman1 ,h4 ,g5]al ,relativity ,!ory4 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,feb41 #aiji1 vol4 #cg4 ,applies ! !ory to life & m9d4 ,,brill\91 ,,m>cel4 ,propos ,sceptiques au ,sujet du ,pr9cipe de ,relativit4 ,sci5tia1 ,bologna1 #aiac1 vol4 #ac1 pp4 #aj-bf4 ,,brose1 ,,h5ry ,l4 ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,relativity 7non-ma?4 =m74 ,lecture publi%$ 9 pamphlet by ,b4 ,h4 ,blackwell4 ,not$ 9 ,engli% ,me*anic1 ,dec4 #ai1 #aiai4 ,,c>mi*ael1 ,,rob]t ,,daniel4 ,! ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,ma!matical ,monographs1 no4 #ab4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley1 #aiac4 ,,cobb1 ,,*>les ,w4 ,relativity4 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?od1 ,jan4 #ah1 #aiag4 ,,conway1 ,a4 ,w4 ,relativity4 ,ed94 ,ma?4 ,tracts1 no4 #c1 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,crommel91 ,a4 ,c4 ,d4 ,results ( ! ,total ,sol> ,eclipse ( ,may #bi & ! ,relativity ,!ory4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 #ej1 pp4 #eah-ebj4 ,sci4 ,am]4 ,supp41 ,dec4 #f1 #aiai4 ,,cunn+ham1 ,e4 ,report on ! ,relativity ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,london1 ,gre51 #aiae4 ,,dezuani1 ,,arm&o4 ,equilibrio relativo ed equazioni gravitazionali di ,e9/e9 nel caso /azion>io4 ,il nuovo cim5to1 ,pisa1 #aiai1 vol4 #ah1 pp4 #e-be1 ,july1 #aiai4 ,,dond]1 ,t4 ,,de4 ,gravitational ,t5sors ( ,e9/e9's ,!ory4 ,sci5ce ,ab/racts1 ,april #cj1 #aiai4 ,,dro/e1 ,j4 ,! ,field ( ,mov+ ,c5t]s 9 ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiaf1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #ddg-dge4 ,! ,field ( a ,s+le ,c5t] 9 ,e9/e9's ,!ory ( ,gravitation & ! ,motion ( a ,p>ticle 9 t ,field4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiaf1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #aig-bah4 ,,edd+ton1 ,a4 ,s4 ,report on ! ,relativity ,!ory ( ,gravitation4 ,london3 ,fleetway ,press1 #aiah4 #ia p4 ,! only acc\nt ( ,e9/e9's late/ !ory 9 ,engli%4 ,,edd+ton1 ,a4 ,s41 & ,,o!rs4 ,! ,deflection ( ,light by ,gravitation & ! ,e9/e9 ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,eclipse ,exp$ition to ! ,royal ,society4 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 ,jan41 #aibj4 ,,grossman1 ,,m>cel4 ,df9itions1 m?odes et problmes ma?matiques relatifs la ?orie de la gravitation4 ,ar*ives des ,sci5ces ,physiques et ,naturelles1 ,g5ve1 ,jan4-,ju91 #aiad1 #d priode1 ,tome #cg1 pp4 #ac-ai4 ,,guillaume1 ,e4 ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,ar*ives des ,sci5ces1 ,dec41 #aiah1 vol4 #df4 ,,humm1 ,r4 ,j4 ,en]gy ,equations ( ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 #aiai1 vol4 #eh4 ,,hunt+ton1 ,,edw>d ,v4 ,a new approa* to ! !ory ( relativity4 ,fe/s*rift ,he9ri* ,web]4 ,leipzig1 #aiab1 pp4 #adg-afi4 ,,i%iw>a1 ,,jun4 ,zur relativi/is*5 ,!orie d] ,gravitation4 ,tohoku ,imp]ial ,univ]sity4 ,sci5ce reports1 s]4 #a1 ,s5dai1 ,japan1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #aaa-afj4 ,,kafka1 ,h4 ,t5sor ,analysis4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 #aiai1 vol4 #eh1 pp4 #a-ed4 ,,kottl]1 ,,fri$ri*4 ,ub] die physikalis*5 ,grundlag5 d] e9/e9s*5 ,gravittion/heorie4 ,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,leipzig1 #aiah1 ,b& #ef1 ,folge #d1 pp4 #djh-dfb4 ,,l>mor1 ,j4 ,ess5ce ( ,physical ,relativity4 ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,proc41 vol4 #d1 ,nov41 #aiah4 ,,laue1 ,,rd4 ,m4 ,das ,relativittspr9zip4 ,brauns*weig1 #aiaa4 #bjh p4 ,,lecornu1 ,l,,on4 ,la ,mcanique4 ,p>is3 ,flamm>ion1 #aiji4 ,,lor5tz1 ,h4 ,a4 ,consid]ations lm5taires sur le pr9cipe de relativit4 ,revue gnrale des sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #aiad4 ,tome #be1 pp4 #agi-ahf4 ,la gravitation4 ,sci5tia4 ,bologna1 #aiad1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #bh-ei4 ,das ,relativittspr9zip4 #aiad4 ,la ,gravitation4 ,sci5tia1 ,bologna1 #aiad1 vol4 #af1 pp4 #bh-ei4 ,on ,e9/e9's !ory ( gravitation4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiag-ah1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #acda-acfi2 vol4 #bj1 pp4 #b-cd4 ,on ,hamilton's pr9ciple 9 ,e9/e9's !ory ( gravitation4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiag1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #gea-gfe4 ,,lunn1 ,,ar?ur ,c4 ,"s functional equations 9 ! !ory ( relativity4 ,am]ican ,ma!matical ,society4 ,bullet91 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 #aiai1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #bf-cd4 ,,mi*elson1 ,a4 ,a41 & ,,morley1 ,e4 ,w4 ,! ,relative ,motion ( ! ,e>? & ! ,lum9if]\s ,e!r4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhg1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #ccc4 ,see also3 ,a/ro-,physical ,j\rnal1 vol4 #cg1 pp4 #ajj-aic4 ,! report ( ! crucial exp]im5ts t upset ! idea ( a /ation>y e!r4 ,,m9k[ski1 ,,h]mann4 ,relativittspr9zip4 ,jahresb]i*t d] ,deuts*5 ,ma!matik]-,v]e9igung4 ,leipzig1 #aiae1 ,b&1 #bd1 pp4 #abda-abdd4 ,,nord/r,m1 ,,gunn>4 ,e9/e9's !ory ( gravitation & ,h]glotz's me*anics ( cont9ua4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiag1 vol4 #ai4 ,,nord/r,m1 ,g4 ,on ! ,en]gy ( ! ,gravitation ,field 9 ,e9/e9's ,!ory4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiah1 vol4 #bj1 pp4 #abch-abde4 ,,palat9i1 ,a4 ,la ,teoria di ,relativit nel suo ,sviluppo ,/orieo4 ,sci5tia1 ,nov4 & ,dec41 #aiai 79 ,italian & ,fr5*74 ,,planck1 ,,max4 ,zur ,dynamik bewegt] ,sy/eme4 ,knigli* ,preussis*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,sitzungb]i*te1 ,b]l91 #aijg1 pp4 #edb-egj4 ,8 !ory4 ,,petzoldt1 ,j4 ,does ! ,relativity ,!ory ,exclude ! ,reality ( ,space & ,"t8 ,deuts*e ,phys4 ,gesell41 ,dec4 #cj1 #aiah4 ,,ritz1 ,w4 ,la gravitation4 ,sci5tia1 ,bologna1 #aiji1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aeb-afe4 ,,rufus1 ,,c>l4 ,relativity 9 a/ronomy4 ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 ,nor?field1 ,m9n41 #aiah1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #afj-afe4 ,,silb]/e91 ,l4 ,! ,!ory ( ,relativity4 ,london3 ,macmillan1 #aiad1 #ib p4 ,,sitt]1 ,w4 ,,de4 ,on ,e9/e9's !ory ( gravitation1 & its a/ronomical consequ5ces4 ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,mon?ly ,notices1 ,london1 #aiae-ah1 vol4 #gf1 pp4 #fii-gbh2 vol4 #gg1 pp4 #aee-ahd2 vol4 #gh1 pp4 #c-bh4 ,on ! relativity ( rotation 9 ,e9/e9's !ory4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiag1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #ebg-ecb4 ,on ! relativity ( in]tia4 ,rem>ks conc]n+ ,e9/e9's late/ hypo!sis4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiag1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #abag-abee4 ,planet>y motion & ! motion ( ! moon accord+ to ,e9/e9's !ory4 ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app54 ,proce$+s1 ,am/]dam1 #aiaf1 vol4 #ai1 pp4 #cfg-cha4 ,fur!r ,rem>ks on ! 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