,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,a ,,lib]al ,,education ,! ,p's ,in/itute 8,lectures-9-,pr9t0 ,s]ies ,,psy*ology by ,ev]ett ,dean ,m>t9 #c4jj ,,behaviorism by ,john ,b4 ,watson #c4jj ,,influ5c+ ,,human ,,behavior by ,h4 ,a4 ,ov]/reet #c4jj ,,indu/rial ,,psy*ology by ,*>les ,s4 ,my]s #b4ej ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,a ,,lib]al ,,education by ,ev]ett ,dean ,m>t9 #c4jj ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,p',s ,,heal? ,edit$ by ,b5jam9 ,c4 ,gru5b]g #b4ej ,o!r ,volumes 9 ,prep>ation ,w,w,,norton ,,company1 ,,inc4 #gj ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,a ,,lib]al ,,education ,,by ,,ev]ett ,,dean ,,m>t9 ,director1 ,! ,p's ,in/itute1 ,new ,york ,lectur]1 ,! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>* ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,w,w,,norton ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,publi%]s ,copyright1 #aibf ,w,w,,norton ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,= ,,! ,,publi%]s ,,by ,,! ,,vail-,,ball\ ,,press ,to h] :o lov+ly gave me ! fir/ & mo/ important in/ruction1 & inspir$ ! desire = s*ol>%ip1 ,,my ,,"m ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,preface ,mo/ books t deal ) ! subject ( education1 & !re are _m1 are conc]n$ ) ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,mu* is said ab\t educational me?ods b v little ab\t cont5t4 ,!re is discussion1 also1 ( ! effectiv5ess ( in/itutions1 s*ools & colleges1 & ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate 9 education4 ,?is book does n deal ) su* matt]s4 ,x is conc]n$ ) o!r problems4 ,:at is an educat$ p]son l8 ,h[ does he diff] f ! un$ucat$8 ,does he ?9k diff]5tly &1 if s1 :y8 ,we %all be empirical 9 our /udy4 ,we %all /udy p]sons :o are g5]ally recogniz$ z out/&+ educat$ m9ds & ask :at x is t *>act]izes !m4 ,is an educat$ p]son "o :o is l ,socrates1 ,erasmus1 ,montaigne1 ,goe!1 ,arnold1 ,santayana8 ,! !me ( ?is book is t education is m ?an in=mation1 or skill1 or propag&a4 ,9 ea* age education mu/ take into acc\nt ! conditions ( t age4 ,b ! educat$ m9d is n a m]e creature ( its own "t4 ,education is emancipation f h]d op9ion1 self-ma/]y1 capacity = self-criticism1 susp5d$ judgm5t1 & urbanity4 ,x is (t5 believ$ t education1 adult education 9 p>ticul>1 is an avocation or an int]e/ to occupy ! individual 9 8 leisure "t1 l music or /amp collect+4 ,! "w ( ,! ,p's ,in/itute at ,coop] ,union1 ,new ,york1 :]e ^! lectures 7 giv51 is ess5tially t ( adult education4 ,i h tri$ to ?9k ?r\gh ) ^? :o att5d$ ! lectures :at x is t = t5 ye>s we h be5 try+ to a*ieve4 ,adult education is n[ becom+ an important int]e/ 9 ,am]ican life1 & ! inquiry seems timely4 ,?is book1 !n1 cont5ds t education is a spiritual revaluation ( human life4 ,its task is to reori5t ! individual1 to enable him to take a ri*] & m significant view ( 8 exp]i5ces1 to place him above & n )9 ! sy/em ( 8 beliefs & ideals4 ,if education is n lib]aliz+1 x is n education 9 ! s5se ( ! title ( ! book4 ,i use ! t]m 8lib]al0 n 9 ! political s5se1 z if x meant half measures1 b 9 its orig9al s5se mean+ by a lib]al education ! k9d ( education :i* sets ! m9d free f ! s]vitude ( ! cr[d & f vulg> self-int]e/s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 education is simply philosophy at "w4 ,x is ! se>* = ! 8good life40 ,education is itself a way ( liv+4 ,i h writt5 ! book n f ! /&po9t ( ! pr(essional educator = :om education is frequ5tly--if x be adult education--an ent]prise design$ = ! uplift ( o!r p1 b f ! /&po9t ( "o :o is conc]n$ t 8 own education %all n /op 9 middle-life4 ,no "o is fit to be a tea*] 9 ^: own m5tal process education has ceas$ to g on4 ,"o is a /ud5t fir/ & only incid5tally a tea*]4 ,! be/ tea*] is ! seek] aft] tru? among/ 8 /ud5ts4 ,probably ! mo/ successful educator _c tell :at is ! secret ( 8 success 9 tea*+4 ,t :i* is important ab\t ! philosophy ( education is n me?od b t backgr\nd ( k :i* enables its possessor to judge :at is wor? kn[+ & do+4 ,,ev]ett ,,dean ,,m>t94 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,preface vii ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,lib]al ,,education ,,v]sus ,,animal ,,tra9+ #bc ,,iii4 ,,lib]al ,,education ,,v]sus ,,propag&a #de ,,iv4 ,,lib]al ,,education ,,v]sus ,,book ,,le>n+ #ff ,v4 ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,d\bt #hd ,,vi4 ,a ,,man ,,is ,,kn[n ,,by ,,! ,,dilemmas ,,he ,,keeps #ajg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,free ,,_s #abg ,,viii4 ,,! ,,appreciation ,,( ,,human ,,wor? #adf ,,ix4 ,,education ,,& ,,"w #afj ,x4 ,,education ,,& ,,morals #ahj ,,xi4 ,,! ,,classical ,,tradition3 ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle #aig ,,xii4 ,,humanism3 ,,erasmus ,,& ,,montaigne #bbj ,,xiii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sup]/ition3 ,,huxley #beb ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,tree ,,( ,,k #bhf ,,xv4 ,,po/script--,,adult ,,education ,,9 ,,am]ica #cjh ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,a ,,lib]al ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! evid5ce is unmi/akable t !re is an important *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! public t[>d education4 ,!re is an increas+ly g5]al dem& = x 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,ev]y:]e & 9 all classes ( society ! int]e/ 9 acquir+ bett] k is app>5t4 ,9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t ( ,europe !re are ?\s&s ( classes & gr\ps pati5tly pursu+ long & s]i\s c\rses ( /udy4 ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities are cr[d$ & _m /ud5ts are ea* ye> turn$ away4 ,va/ & increas+ numb]s regi/] annually = correspond5ce & univ]sity ext5sion c\rses4 ,! dem& = m education is %[n also 9 ! increas+ numb] ( lecture c\rses1 p's colleges1 & o!r c5t]s ( public discussion4 ,:ile p d n always "k j :at x is !y dem& & frequ5tly ! ?+ :i* !y receive is n education1 nev]!less !re is a new & v wide-spread int]e/4 ,?is new int]e/ %[s itself n only 9 ! increas+ numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 "s k9d ( educational activity b also 9 ! fact t p are beg9n+ to see t education prop]ly may be ext5d$ into adult life4 ,until rec5tly1 p h ?\ght ( education z some?+ = *ildr51 some?+ :i* a man ei!r got or miss$ 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 some?+ :i* he g5]ally =got 9 8 mature ye>s4 ,to ! av]age p]son1 education 0 a matt] ( fond memories or ( unpleasant associations ) tea*]s1 s*ool h\ses & exp]i5ces ( *ildhood4 ,! 8highly0 educat$ p]son 0 ! exceptional p]son 9 ! community1 discussions ( ! philosophy ( education did n appeal to a wide public int]e/4 ,n[ high] bran*es ( le>n+ are be+ pursu$ by numb]s ( p outside regul> educational in/itutions4 ,some?+ v significant is happ5+4 ,p]haps at no "t s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury has ! desire = k s ne>ly approa*$ a mass movem5t4 ,c]ta9 qualifications mu/ h[ev] be made4 ,:ile mu* ( ! dem& = education is g5u9e & spontane\s1 mu* ( x is spuri\s1 irrelevant1 inconsequ5tial4 ,! increas$ att5dance at s*ool or univ]sity does n necess>ily mean t m education is go+ on4 ,x is frequ5tly said t our colleges are cr[d$ ) inf]ior /ud5ts4 ,a?letics1 frat]nities1 s*ools ( bus9ess & ! automobile t5d to displace sci5ce & ! classics4 ,am]ican y\? has acquir$ its ideal ( college life f ! motion pictures4 ,we %\ld n inf] f ! l>ge numb]s engag$ 9 adult education t democracy has sudd5ly decid$ to rid itself ( intellectual %odd9ess4 ,if ! adv]tisem5ts ( correspond5ce c\rses 9 self-improvem5t :i* regul>ly appe> 9 ! popul> magaz9es are an indication ( ! in/ruction (f]$ = sale1 p might bett] sp5d _! money = pat5t m$ic9e or 9 hav+ _! =tunes told4 ,at be/ adult education consi/s l>gely ( brief c\rses ( a vocational nature4 ,ev5 work]'s education1 a movem5t :i* has inspir$ hope 9 _m lib]als1 may easily be ov] e/imat$4 ,mu* ( x is little m ?an a recrudesc5ce ( antiquat$ radical propag&a1 design$ to enable ! prolet>iat to 8emancipate itself f ! slav]y ( capitalism10 & to get x 8ready = a mill5nial indu/rial democracy40 ,! initiative (t5 comes n f /udi\s m9d$ work]s1 b f en?usia/ic intellectuals & ideali/ic uplift]s4 ,! cultural ge/ure is (t5 pa!tic or comic4 ,x is n uncommon = ^? :o h complet$ ! c\rses ( /udy 9 a 8work]s0 college to f9d !mselves m unadju/$ ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,x is s\ght to make ( adult education some?+ :i* w broad5 ! int]e/s & sympa?ies ( p reg>dless ( _! daily occupation--or along ) x--to lift m5's ?\ght out ( ! monotony & drudg]y :i* are ! common lot1 to free ! m9d f s]vitude & h]d op9ion1 to tra9 habits ( judgm5t & ( appreciation ( value1 to c>ry on ! /ruggle = human excell5ce 9 our day & g5]ation1 to temp] passion ) wisdom1 to dispel prejudice by bett] k ( self1 to enli/ all m51 9 ! measure t !y h capacity = x1 9 ! a*ievem5t ( civilization4 ,adult education is a way ( liv+ :i* %\ld be op5 to all :o c>e = x = its own sake4 ,x is n surpris+ t x frequ5tly fails ( its true aims4 ,education has always be5 reg>d$ z a m]e means to ends t h no?+ to d ) x4 ,x is to be expect$1 !re=e1 t education 9 our day %\ld be reg>d$ prim>ily z a means ( entrance to ! already ov]cr[d$ pr(essions1 or to mat]ial ga9 or bett] social position4 ,d\btless x mu/ rema9 s until ! community becomes suffici5tly civiliz$ s t "s degree ( lib]al education is ! expect$ ?+ 9 all classes1 an int]e/ & a goal1 a spiritual bond ( union some:at l ! idea ( ca?olic religion 9 ! middle ages4 ,?is is an ideal :i* w n be realiz$ by magic4 ,!re is no *eap popul> sub/itute = education4 ,nor are we ne>+ ! goal :ile z n[ almo/ any?+ passes = education4 ,almo/ any me?od ( salesman%ip or trick ( influ5c+ p = any ends :atev] is n[ 8education40 ,e "o educates ! public4 ,x is m>vel\s h[ l>ge a portion ( ! population ( ^! /ates is qualifi$ to in/ruct4 ,education has become ! game m5 p]petually "w to conv]t _! neighbors4 ,x is ! cure = e social ill4 ,h[ %all we put an end to ! crime wave1 aboli% w>1 h[ to prev5t social revolution1--or br+ revolution ab\t1 h[ induce unwill+ p to accept *e]fully ! co]cion ( national prohibition or give lip s]vice to "s "o's favorite br& ( patriotism8 ,! answ] is 9 all cases--education4 ,if y are engag$ 9 increas+ ! sale ( a c]ta9 soap1 9 putt+ ev]yone on gu>d aga9/ t social disability ( :i* "o's be/ fri5d w n tell him1 if y c fright5 a multitude ) ! dang] ( pyorrhea & ?us increase y\r pr(it 9 too? pa/e--all ?is is n[ call$ education4 ,_m see 9 ! g5]al movem5t = m education a great hope = humanity4 ,x 0 ! belief 9 its political b5efits t l$ to ! compulsory education ( *ildr5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,m5 7 sure t all t held ! _w back 0 ignorance4 ,p w\ld surely wi% to h _! ignorance remov$4 ,remove x1 tea* m5 ! laws ( a reasonable & b5efic5t nature1 & mank9d 9 g5]al w\ld be wise & happy & good4 ,+]soll us$ to rejoice :5ev] he visit$ a t[n :]e ! s*oolh\se 0 l>g] ?an ! *ur*4 ,z ! humanit>ians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury held t public s*ool education mu/ inevitably put an end to tyranny & sup]/ition1 s _m ( our contempor>ies look ^u adult education z ! gu>antor ( a new & bett] civilization4 ,!re is to be an end ( bigotry & p>tisan /rife & ( cr[d hy/]ia & ( ! vulg>ities :i* beset democracy4 ,!y see g5ius appreciat$1 a selection by ! masses ( a s9c]e & compet5t lead]%ip4 ,m5 ev]y:]e are to le>n 8n only h[ to make a liv+1 b h[ to live40 ,f9ally1 x is hop$ t adult education w give u new me?ods & aims :i* w be c>ri$ back into our s*ools & colleges & trans=m !m4 ,a bett] in=m$ adult population w naturally take a m active & intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! education ( y\?4 ,& :5 tea*]s try to in/ruct adults x w become necess>y = !m to make _! tea*+ int]e/+ & significant4 ,! tea*]s w also le>n some?+ ab\t life1 glean+ %eaves ( ripe wisdom out ( ! mature exp]i5ce ( _! /ud5ts2 !y w become bett] tea*]s4 ,all ?is may or may n come to pass4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ is t !re is ?is t5d5cy to make a gospel ( education4 ,we ,am]icans h a weakness = new gospels4 ,!y are a pleasant =m ( v]bal ex]cise4 ,lib]ty1 ,democracy1 ,social ,re=m1 ! ,cause ( ,labor1 ,psy*oanalysis--all h be5 put to su* evangeli/ic use4 ,n[ we are to become an educat$ nation by ! simple process ( ev]yone educat+ ev]yone else4 ,education is l re=m1 x is some?+ :i* is always good = o!r p4 ,!re is mu* talk ab\t adult education & !re are _m conf]5ces4 ,b ,i h n att5d$ a conf]5ce = ! discussion ( ?is subject 9 :i* anyone spoke ( adult education z 8 own pursuit ( k4 ,& z ) mo/ gospels1 we are 9 su* a hurry to save s\ls t we w\ld beg9 proclaim+ ! new salvation to ! nation be=e paus+ to f9d out :at education is4 ,education has "o ?+ 9 common ) religion4 ,"o mu/ come to x ) clean h&s & a pure he>t or "o c nev] "k ! secret p[] ( x4 ,?is is z true ( a nation z ( an individual4 ,z a p we h c]ta9 traits :i* may be praisewor?y 9 !mselves1 b are di/9ctly ho/ile to ! "w ( education4 ,i w enum]ate !m & !n briefly indicate _! elem5t ( ho/ility4 ,!y are1 fir/1 our g5ius = organization2 second1 our well-kn[n utilit>ianism2 ?ird1 our clev]ness 9 f9d+ %ortcuts to ! ends we seek2 & f\r?1 our t5d5cy to make propag&a4 ,! ,am]ican way ( do+ ?+s is to proce$ to organize !m4 ,our g5ius = organization is probably our mo/ g5]ally recogniz$ national *>act]i/ic4 ,x has giv5 u su* pre/ige z we enjoy among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,ours is ! l& ( ! ,woolwor? ,build+1 ! ,=d factories1 ! ,anti-saloon ,league1 ,rot>y1 ! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 & ! college *e] lead]4 ,9 organization !re is p[] & !re is effici5cy1 z se5 9 ! success ( our indu/ries4 ,labor1 politics1 morals1 religion1 *>ity h all foll[$ ! same c\rse4 ,9 fact a man ga9s recognition 9 ?is c\ntry only by virtue ( 8 memb]%ip 9 "s p[]-seek+ gr\p4 ,he :o rema9s unorganiz$ is lo/4 ,& )\t a *airman1 a committee1 an executive secret>y & a press ag5t no human int]e/ c survive4 ,we simply d n "k :at to d ) x or h[ to ?9k ab\t x4 ,organization1 :i* is in/rum5t or means1 t5ds to become an end 9 itself4 ,?is is ! fate ( mo/ organiz$ causes2 a movem5t arises ) its /&>diz$ labels & values1 its /]eotyp$ mann]isms1 its rigam>ole4 ,success is e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( mat]ial effects1 tangible results1 numb]s & p[]4 ,! organiz] takes prec$5ce ov] ^? :o possess ! int]e/ :i* x is 8 task to s]ve4 ,:5 a man becomes a labor organiz]1 he /ops "w4 ,_m univ]sity presid5ts are n !mselves tea*]s or ev5 s*ol>s4 ,!y are good organiz]s1 & ) v mu* ! same me?ods & /&>ds ( value "o c\ld z well organize a labor union or an insurance company4 ,?is is no criticism ( ! college presid5t4 ,8 practical ability is requisite ( mod]n conditions4 ,b ways ( ?9k+ & ( feel+ are elusive & ess5tially p]sonal1 & :5 ! attempt is made to in/itutionalize !m !y vani% & a lifeless imitation is sub/itut$4 ,y may z well try to organize ! wea!r z to organize fai?1 hope & love4 8,organiz$ *>ity0 is almo/ a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,organiz$ religion is a g>d5 ( artificial fl[]s1 badly fad$ too4 ,! spiritual life ( ! race 0 c>efully we$$ out long ago4 ,to "k ! effect ( organization ^u education1 "o ne$ only att5d a conv5tion ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 or famili>ize oneself ) ! public s*ool sy/em any:]e4 ,! sy/em supplants education4 ,! pres5t int]e/ 9 adult education is 9 "p a prote/ aga9/ ! sy/em4 ,! ?ir/ = k is n[h]e m g5u9e & heal?y ?an 9 su* gr\ps z ^? :i* att5d ,! ,p's ,in/itute ( ,new ,york & o!r educational c5t]s :]e le>n+ is pursu$ ) a m9imum ( organization4 ,9 su* places p :o desire fur!r k ( "s subject 9 :i* !y are int]e/$ come toge!r1 volunt>ily1 & _! only basis ( association is _! common intellectual int]e/4 ,!re is no cult or 8movem5t02 !re are no promot]s = !re is no?+ to promote4 ,!re are no ult]ior ends to s]ve & !re are no outside influ5ces or regulations save ^? necess>y to insure hone/ s*ol>%ip & compet5t in/ruction4 ,_m adult /ud5ts w\ld res5t any attempt at fur!r organization4 ,!re is 9 exi/5ce at ! pres5t "t a ,_w ,association = adult education1 & !re 0 rec5tly =m$ an ,am]ican ,association4 ,b ^! associations h no ambition to guide or control or to /&>dize4 ,nor are !y equipp$ to d s4 ,"o ( ! greate/ s]vices t su* an association1 made up ( tea*]s & /ud5ts1 c\ld p]=m w\ld be to "w to prev5t ! div]sion ( ! pres5t int]e/ 9 popul> education to ends t are n educational4 8,adult ,education0 is becom+ a slogan1 a phrase to capitalize1 a label to atta* to v>i\s activities :i* h hi!rto borne o!r br&s1--,am]icanization = in/ance1 or social "w1 or community organization1 or re=ms & propag&as ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,mu* t is n[ label$ ,adult ,education has a curi\sly famili> look4 ,!re are faces "o has se5 be=e some:]e 9 o!r climes t !n enjoy$ ! sun%9e ( popul> int]e/4 ,praisewor?y ent]prises no d\bt1 & n less praisewor?y is ! some:at t>dy discov]y t ! organiz]s h all along be5 speak+ ! prose ( adult education )\t kn[+ x4 ,! dang] is t p]sons ) long exp]i5ce 9 promot+ & adm9i/]+ _m ?+s may also conceive ( ea* educational task z prim>ily "o ( organization4 ,9 a rec5t conf]5ce on adult education 9 a ,new ,engl& /ate1 an en?usia/ic public s*ool adm9i/rator 9 a bur/ ( oratory propos$ t adult education be made compulsory4 ,ano!r call$ att5tion to ! appall+ ext5t ( illit]acy1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! use ( ! ,engli% language1 & urg$ t adult education be promot$ z a prev5tive ( crime4 ,a ?ird1 a dean 9 an ea/]n college1 insi/$ t adult education at once be dep>tm5taliz$2 grad$1 ,i suppose1 into its prim>y1 second>y1 collegiate & po/-graduate bran*es4 ,no?+ has yet be5 said ab\t an adult k9d]g>t51 ?\gh d\btless _m p c\ld pr(it by att5d+ su* an in/itution4 ,p]haps ! associat$ k9d]g>t5s h n yet discov]$ ! fact t !y also h be5 engag$ 9 adult education4 ,we %all be disappo9t$ if x is our hope to s5d ! gr[n-up population ( ! c\ntry back to ,public ,s*ool to receive /ill m ( ! ?+ t caus$ _m ( !m to leave4 ,"o ( ! lead+ educators 9 ,am]ica rec5tly ask$ a gr\p ( tea*]s :e!r any among !m 7 s well satisfi$ ) :at !y _h accompli%$ 9 _! own sph]e t !y c\ld wi% to ext5d _! "w ?r\gh ! adult ye>s4 ,x is v difficult = ! man ( ! sy/em to ?9k ( education itself1 he is too mu* preoccupi$ ) gradations1 requirem5ts1 discipl9e1 reports1 ) see+ t a giv5 m9imum ( id5tical "w is done by all 9 a giv5 "t4 ,he ?9ks 9 t]ms ( build+s & equipm5t1 submission to au?ority1 con=mity to h]d op9ion1 s]vice to ! /ate4 ,all or at lea/ "s ( ^! ?+s are necess>y1 b x is obvi\s t !y d n con/itute an education4 ,?is lesson ,am]ica has got to le>n4 ,!re c be no quantity production ( ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,ano!r national trait :i* influ5ces our education is our utilit>ianism4 ,i d n use ?is t]m 9 ! s5se t x 0 us$ by ^? philosoph]s :o held ! pr9ciple ( ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess4 ,i ref] to t 9 u :i* is spok5 ( z 8,yankee %rewdness40 ,except 9 politics & religion1 we are a s5sible p4 ,& by s5sible ,i mean--& mo/ ,am]icans w\ld agree--practical4 ,we c be v effici5t :5 we wi% to1--t is1 :5 !re is any?+ to ga9 by x4 ,we are /raight=w>d1 & except 9 matt]s conc]n+ :i* we pref] to deceive ourselves1 n easily tak5 94 ,:atev] we pr(ess1 we are born pragmati/s4 ,our fir/ "q ab\t any?+ is #8:at good is x'1 t is1 :at use is x8 ,we dem& results & we get !m4 ,we get ?+s done because our philosophy ( life is "o ( action1 & our prevail+ e?ical /&>d is "o ( s]vice4 ,9 ! solution ( a practical problem1 & mo/ problems to :i* we give our att5tion are practical1 we pride ourselves on our directness4 ,we come to ! po9t4 ,we disp5se ) ! unnecess>y1 ! ornam5tal1 ! traditional4 ,x is a valuable trait4 ,b ?+s sometimes h mean+s o!r ?an t ( usefulness4 ,!re are values :i* c n be measur$ 9 t]ms ( money or p]sonal advantage1 or ( "t lo/ or ga9$1 or ( indu/rial effici5cy4 ,heal? = in/ance is good n m]ely because ! heal?y man c d m "w2 x is good = its own sake4 ,yet p are frequ5tly advis$ to gu>d _! heal? = /rictly economic reasons1 & practical p h ! habit ( %[+ u ! co/ ( disease1 pres5t+ /ati/ics ( labor-"t lo/1 e/imat+ ! loss to ! community z s _m ?\s&s ( doll>s annually4 ,i h kn[n p to take a l utilit>ian view ( human relation%ips1 mak+ fri5ds = ! sake ( comm]cial & social advancem5t1 furni%+ _! h\ses1 select+ _! motor c>s & ev5 _! clo!s ) ! view to keep+ up _! cr$it at ! bank4 ,_m a man op5ly says t he belongs to c]ta9 clubs1 & sometimes "o ev5 jo9s a *ur*1 = bus9ess reasons4 ,h[ mu* ! practical man misses is evid5t f ! fact t x nev] occurs to him t !re are o!r reasons = do+ ^! ?+s4 ,practical m5 love to philosophize ab\t ! value ( education4 ,:5 ,i 0 a /ud5t ,i once rode up to ! college ) a f>m] :o 0 pass+ ! campus on 8 way home f t[n4 ,he in=m$ me 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms t he _h no use = t in/itution4 ,x irritat$ him to see all ^? 8"y loaf]s0 wa/+ _! "t le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek & lawn t5nis4 ,n "o ( !m1 n ev5 ! faculty1 knew h[ to d any?+2 he _h rec5tly te/$ !m out4 ,he _h ask$ ! pr(essor ( ,greek h[ _m feet ( lumb] c\ld be saw$ f a log tw5ty-?ree in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty feet long1 & ! pr(essor did n "k4 ,! f>m]'s po9t ( view is n[ t ( _m mod]n in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,educators are det]m9$ to give p ! k !y ne$ = success 9 life & "w4 ,c\rses are (f]$ 9 sc5>io writ+1 mill9]y1 salesman%ip4 ,:e!r c\rses are any:]e (f]$ 9 pap] hang+--) cr$it t[>d ! ba*elor's degree1 ,i d n "k4 ,b x is held t z ?9k+ is really "p ( act+1 only t k is real :i* c be put 9 op]ation4 ,!re is a tru? 9 ?is /atem5t if "o takes a suffici5tly broad view ( activity4 ,b ! t5d5cy is to make an easy & crude di/9ction betwe5 k :i* is useful1 & t :i* is m]ely 8ornam5tal40 ,?is di/9ction does n always hold4 ,k may be l art1 x may h values :i* are m ?an use or ornam5tation4 ,dr4 ,horace ,kall5 divides values into economic values & /hetic values4 ,economic goods are ^? :i* are valuable because !y are ! means ( gett+ "s good o!r ?an !mselves4 ,ae/hetic goods are ^? :i* h value 9 !mselves4 ,art is excell5ce4 ,education is ! art ( mak+ liv+ itself an art4 ,x is ! a*ievem5t ( human excell5ce2 x transc5ds bo? ! useful & ! ornam5tal4 ,x is a way ( life1 j z truly z ! religi\s life is a way ( life1 or ! moral life1 or ! s+le life4 ,p motivat$ by a n>r[ utilit>ianism d n really desire education4 ,!y are q cont5t ) a vulg> sub/itute--if x pays4 ,education does n trans=m !m2 !y t5d to trans=m x aft] _! own lik5ess4 ,t _m are seek+ 8education0 f su* motives is evid5t4 ,"o has only to /udy ! adv]tis+ pages ( ! popul> magaz9es to note ! k9d ( appeal t is made to induce ! ambiti\s to enroll 9 c]ta9 correspond5ce s*ools4 ,! prospective /ud5t is giv5 ! promise t if he w subscribe = c]ta9 c\rses he may "s day sit 9 ! boss's *air1 & associate ) ! big m5 at ! top :o d real ?+s4 ,usually !re is an allur+ picture ( ^! big m5 at _! desks1 ?9k+ great ideas2 a picture :i* gives ab\t ! same notion ( ! lives ( ! successful z "o sees 9 ! motion pictures4 ,sometimes ! picture is ( two m5 "o on ei!r side ( ! manag]'s desk4 ,"o /&s meekly1 hat 9 h&1 dress$ z a labor]4 ,on 8 face are ! m>ks ( sorr[1 humility1 hung]4 ,! o!r man has ! look ( ! typical 8g-gett]40 ,! latt] is seat$2 he is evid5tly giv+ an ord]4 ,su* a picture is n int5d$ to be a comm5t ^u ! inequalities ( our indu/rial sy/em4 ,! read] is in=m$ t bo? m5 />t$ at ! bottom1 t "o improv$ 8 m9d & 8 opportunities1 ! o!r's is a wa/$ life4 ,su* adv]tisem5ts are typical1 & are wor?y ( note because !y indicate some?+ ( ! nature ( ! prevail+ ,am]ican int]e/ 9 education4 ,"h is an illu/ration ( a dome/ic sc5e3 ,! man /&s at ! door deject$4 ,he has j be5 dis*>g$ f 8 position1 & has come home to tell 8 wife4 ,%e sympa!tically replies t he ought long ago to h b\ght t c\rse ( lessons4 ,or %e consoles him ) ! "q1 8,:y is x t all ! o!rs h gone ahead & y h n80 ,by contra/ !re is a s]ies ( invitations to ent] ! temple ( k 9 :i* a wife is portray$ lean+ affectionately ov] h] husb&'s %\ld]4 ,he holds a pay envelope 9 8 h& & says1 8,i am mak+ real money n[40 ,x is well1 :5 tell+ p ( ! advantages ( education1 to give !m an idea ( ! conv]sation :i* takes place 9 ! homes ( ! cultur$4 ,b t anyone %\ld s]i\sly ent] ^u a c\rse ( /udy ( ! _w's classics 9 ord] t he may impress p ) 8 k1 appe> g5teel1 make himself attractive to wom5 or ga9 entrance to an exclusive social set1 is1 ,i believe1 a di/9ctly mod]n contribution to educational !ory4 ,!re rec5tly came into my possession half a %elf ( little old books b\nd 9 lea!r4 ,!y conta9 a translation ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 "s novels ( ,field+ & ,smollet1 & a book or two ( sev5te5? c5tury religi\s m$itations4 ,! volumes are discolor$ ) age & are worn ) mu* read+1 brok5 b9d+s are c>efully repair$ ) h& /it*+ & torn pages pa/$ toge!r by someone :o priz$ & rev]5c$ _! cont5t4 ,!y are "p ( ! small libr>y ( a ,new ,engl& f>m] ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,republic1 :o read 8 books by 8 kit*5 fireside :5 ! day's "w 0 done1 :o liv$ ) !m = ye>s1 & f\nd 9 !m a p]petual s\rce ( int]e/ & wisdom & a refuge 9 an exi/5ce ( lonel9ess & toil4 ,imag9e anyone try+ to sell t man a "w ( art ) ! promise t a casual read+ ( x w\ld enable him to appe> m cultivat$ ?an he really 04 ,today a mu* adv]tis$ & 9 fact admirable selection ( classic lit]ature is (f]$ ) precisely ?is appeal4 ,a full page display appe>s 9 ! ,sunday pap]s depict+ a gaudy d9+-room ) ?ree p conv5tionally dress$ = d9n] seat$ at ! table4 ,!re are two m5 & a beautiful woman4 ,%e is talk+ to ! man on h] "r1 & is evid5tly fasc9at$ ) 8 brilliant conv]sation4 ,! man on ! left sits dumb & mis]able & unnotic$2 he c n jo9 9 su* sophi/icat$ & sc9tillat+ discussion4 ,we are in=m$ t ! poor man has neglect$ to read 8 fifte5 m9utes a day4 ,x is to ?is sort ( ?+ t popul> utilit>ianism1 aid$ & appeal$ to by comm]cialism1 w\ld div]t a hesitat+ int]e/ 9 education4 ,ev5 9 ! be/ ( educational in/itutions ! utilit>ian po9t ( view ) its emphasis ^u a n>r[ effici5cy has its dang]s4 ,x is ! s\rce ( t specialization :i* crams ! /ud5t's head full ( in=mation conc]n+ "o subject1 leav+ him 9 ignorance ( all else & h5ce unable to ga9 a prop] p]spective ( ! k t he does possess4 ,9 8,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w10 ,:itehead says 8,! mod]n *emi/ is likely to be weak 9 zology1 weak] /ill 9 8 g5]al k ( ! ,elizabe?an drama1 & completely ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( rhy?m 9 ,engli% v]sification4 ,x is probably safe to ignore 8 k ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,( c\rse ,i am speak+ ( g5]al t5d5cies2 = *emi/s are no worse ?an eng9e]s1 or ma!maticians1 or classical s*ol>s4 ,effective k is pr(essionalis$ k1 support$ by a re/rict$ acqua9tance ) useful subjects subs]vi5t to x4 ,?is situation has its dang]s4 ,x produces m9ds 9 a groove4 ,ea* pr(ession makes progress1 b x is progress 9 its own groove4 ,n[ to be m5tally 9 a groove is to live 9 contemplat+ a giv5 set ( ab/ractions4 ,! groove prev5ts /ray+ across c\ntry1 & ! ab/raction ab/racts f some?+ to :i* no fur!r att5tion is paid4 ,b !re is no groove ( ab/raction :i* is adequate = ! compreh5sion ( human life4444 ,! dang]s aris+ f ?is aspect ( pr(essionalism are great1 p>ticul>ly 9 our democratic societies4 ,! directive =ce ( reason is weak5$4 ,! lead+ intellects lack balance4 ,!y see ?is set ( circum/ances1 or t set2 b n bo? sets toge!r4 ,! task ( coord9ation is left to ^? :o lack ei!r ! =ce or ! "* to succe$ 9 "s def9ite c>e]4444 ,! po9t is t ! discov]ies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 9 ! direction ( pr(essionalism1 s t we are left ) no expansion ( wisdom & ) great] ne$ ( x4 ,wisdom is ! fruit ( a balanc$ developm5t4 ,x is ?is balanc$ gr[? ( individuality :i* x %\ld be ! aim ( education to secure40 ,a philosophy :i* r$uces le>n+ to m]e effici5cy1 makes ( education only a means to some?+ o!r ?an p]sonal developm5t4 ,x sees ea* good z an economic good1 a means only1 mak+ ev]y?+ exi/ only = ! sake ( some?+ else to be obta9$4 ,b !re are goods :i* exi/ = _! own sakes & "o su* good is human excell5ce4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,l4 ,p4 ,jacks1 8,! civilization ( p[] aims at ! exploitation ( ! _w1 :i* is ?\ght ( z a dead or me*anical ?+1 exi/+ t m5 may exploit x4 ,t ( culture aims at ! developm5t ( man1 ?\ght ( z a citiz5 ( a univ]se :i* c be lov$1 enjoy$ & rev]5c$3 education be+ ! "n ( ! process :i* leads him to love1 enjoy & rev]5ce x40 ,ano!r & ev5 m s]i\s dang] is our passion = %ortcuts4 ,bus9ess prosp]s by rapid turnov]4 ,practical m5 dem& quick results4 ,we are an impati5t p1 always 9 a hurry4 ,we h n "t = ! t$i\s labor processes necess>y to produce well-made articles ( h&icraft4 ,consequ5tly we h le>n$ to be satisfi$ ) ha/ily & *eaply made commodities :i* some:at resemble ! real articles & w d j z well--= ! "t be+4 ,:y %\ld we n buy *eap furniture1 :5 we expect to move e fir/ day ( ,octob]8 ,:y n we> g>m5ts made ( %oddy1 :5 ev]yone kn[s ! fa%ions w *ange ev5 be=e %oddy c be worn ?readb>e8 ,:y erect build+s t w /& = c5turies 9 cities :]e ev]y?+ is torn-d[n & rebuilt 9 a decade1 & ev5 *ur*es move ab\t foll[+ ! %ift+ elem5ts ( ! population :i* con/itute _! memb]%ip8 ,j :y we are all mov+ ab\t 9 su* a hurry no "o kn[s4 ,"s p ?9k t ?is re/less ha/e is progress4 ,:e!r x is or n1 x is c]ta9ly mod]n4 ,b some?+ ( ! %odd9ess ent]s into ! m9ds & he>ts ( m51 :5 %ortcuts are s\ght 9 matt]s ( m5tal gr[? :i* are ess5tially processes ( sl[ matur+4 ,education requires "t4 ,! only "t wa/$ is t sp5t try+ to save "t4 ,!re %\ld be no ha/e or cr[d+ or cramm+4 ,ma/]y ( any subject requires ye>s ( famili>ity ) x4 ,! =mal tra9+ "o receives 9 an in/itution is b ! introduction4 ,mo/ p nev] get beyond a m]e b[+ acqua9tance ) k4 ,a prom95t ,am]ican manufactur]1 s we are told1 once made ! /atem5t t if he wi%$ to "k any?+ he w\ld employ an exp]t to tell him ab\t x 9 five m9utes4 ,among work]s 9 adult education !re is a dem& = easy text books1 prim]s :i* w give to p 9 a few pages & 9 words ( "o syllable ! ess5tials ( philosophy1 psy*ology1 lit]ature & natural sci5ce4 ,simple & cle> /atem5t is always desirable4 ,no au?or really kn[s 8 subject matt] until he c 8talk ,unit$ ,/ates0 9 pres5t+ x4 ,b t is ano!r /ory4 ,p :o c read no?+ m pr(\nd ?an ! tabloid pap]s are a m5ace to education4 ,!y only ret>d ! progress ( any class !y ent]4 ,yet !re is a wide dem& = tabloid in=mation4 ,we l outl9es ( hi/ory1 psy*ology1 philosophy2 prim]s ( relativity2 ,,abc's ( atoms4 ,su* books h value only = ! /ud5t :o aft] read+ !m consults ! orig9al s\rces4 ,b :at p want is education )\t ef=t1 ready-made education4 ,i rec5tly saw an adv]tisem5t 9 :i* !re 0 (f]$ = sale 8a :ole libr>y 9 "o volume40 ,ano!r adv]tisem5t (f]s 8,! ,ess5tials ( a ,lib]al ,education2 ,tw5ty ,c5turies ( ?\ght on y\r ,libr>y ,%elf10--"o %elf is all t is requir$6 ,& 9 addition ! publi%]s w provide y ) 8easy read+ c\rses40 ,! foll[+ example is typical ( :at happ5s to education :5 wisdom lifte? up h] voice 9 ! /reet4 ,a full page adv]tisem5t appe>s 9 a ,sunday newspap]4 ,!re is a picture ( two successful bus9ess m5 look+ at a newspap]4 ,! article :i* has caught _! att5tion reads1 8,r4 ,p4 ,cl>k ,made ,presid5t ( ,big ,m]cantile ,corp4 ,began z ,(fice ,boy #ba ye>s ago40 ,"h are a few l9es quot$ f _! comm5ts1 8,t fell[ amazes me6 ,d y rememb] :5 he fir/ came to u z an (fice boy8444 & all ! o!r fell[s _h a head />t on him ) _! college degrees4 ,he mu/ h f\nd an unusual way to make up = 8 lack ( s*ool+--he mu/ h f\nd a secret means ( improv+ 8 *ances bo? 9 bus9ess & society4 ,cl>k knew h[ trem5d\sly he 0 h&icapp$ by 8 lack ( s*ool+ & he det]m9$ to f9d a %ortcut to education4 ,& ?is he f\nd 9 ,elb]t ,hubb>d's ,fam\s ,scrapbook40 ,!re y h x4 ,i h nev] se5 a m complete /atem5t ( ! av]age man's idea ( education4 ,ma/]y ( ! tricks :i* br+ e>ly success2 belief t !re is some:]e a secret magic1 k ( :i* w imm$iately trans=m "o's p]sonality2--! %ortcut4 ,no appreciation ( ! fact t x is nev] in=mation :i* trans=ms a p]son1 b ! p]si/5t ef=t put =? to acquire x4 ,education is on ! air1 9 ^! enlight5$ times "o c get x any:]e--l bootleg :iskey4 ,x is propos$ n[ to give adult education by radio4 ,all y ne$ d to a*ieve s*ol>%ip is to turn x on1 close y\r eyes1 & g to sleep4 ,y c get x )\t ef=t1 )\t kn[+ t y are gett+ x1 or j :o is educat+ y4 ,i m5tion$ e>li] t "o ( ! dang]s to education 9 ,am]ica is our weakness = propag&a4 ,few p "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 education & adv]tis+4 ,! latt] is commonly spok5 ( z education by ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,i once knew an adv]tis+ manag] = a fruit gr[]'s organization4 ,he conceiv$ a brilliant idea4 ,j z we h ,heal? ,week1 ,clean-,up ,week1 ,fire ,prev5tion ,week1 he arrang$ 9 v>i\s localities an ,orange ,eat+ ,week4 ,he told me t he c\ld educate ! public to eat z _m oranges z he *ose4 ,press ag5ts are ev]y:]e busy 8educat+ ! public0 = all sorts ( objects2 to respect ! rights ( ve/$ capital1 to give money to build ca!drals1 to vote a /raight p>ty ticket4 ,i once att5d$ a banquet giv5 by an organization ( manufactur]s4 ,!re ,i met a spl5did-look+ eld]ly g5tleman & 0 told t he 0 ! attorney = ! organization4 ,z ,i _h nev] be=e se5 him1 ,i inquir$ if he _h (fices 9 ,new ,york4 ,my in=mant said1 8,oh1 no1 he lives 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,8 job is to educate ,congress40 ,9 spite ( all ?is popul> int]e/1 or p]haps because ( x1 ! cause ( education is 9 a bad way4 ,x is dang]\s to enc\rage p to ?9k !y are educat$ :5 !y are n1 or to believe !y are acquir+ x :5 !y are 9 fact gett+ some?+ else4 ,mu* t passes = adult education s]ves only to make p m sup]ficial & op9ionat$ ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,x is v d\btful if ! g5]al level ( our intellectual life has be5 rais$ by su* k z ! public has ga9$4 ,! public c read & we h ) u ! ,he>/ pap]s & ! tabloids4 ,lit]acy has plac$ ! bulk ( ! population daily at ! m]cy ( ! propag&i/ & ! press ag5t4 ,) libr>ies & colleges & high s*ools ev]y:]e1 & aft] a c5tury ( sci5ce1 va/ sections ( ! population c be swept by su* movem5ts z ! ,ku ,klux ,klan & ,fundam5talism4 ,/ate aft] /ate prohibits ! tea*+ 9 its s*ools ( su* sci5tific k z w lead to a belief 9 evolution4 ,crazy re=m1 fanta/ic religi\s innovation1 political fooli%ness & unbalanc$ p>tisan%ip may at any "t sweep ov] ! c\ntry4 ,intellig5ce 9 ?is c\ntry makes a poor %[+ 9 competition ) quack]y & complac5t ignorance = popul> lead]%ip4 ,x is common to lay ! blame = ! pres5t /ate ( affairs at ! door ( ! s*ools & colleges4 ,)\t d\bt !y mu/ accept "s measure ( responsibility 9 ! matt]4 ,9 _m in/ances ! only alt]native to a g5]al slump 9 /&>ds ( s*ol>%ip has be5 a n>r[ academic p$antry4 ,!re has be5 mu* yield+ to ! pressure ( popul> prejudice1 mu* display ( conv5tional morality z a cov] = second-rate educational activity4 ,faculties are well aw>e h[ little a /ud5t may "k & get ?r\gh college4 ,! colleges !mselves seem to h p>ticipat$ 9 ! g5]al *eap5+ ( education by _! g5]osity 9 grant+ honor>y degrees4 ,almo/ any "o :o is successful 9 bus9ess or prom95t 9 politics becomes a 8,doctor40 ,erasmus 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ev5 ?\gh he _h already become probably ! lead+ classical s*ol> ( 8 times1 /udi$ & taught at ,p>is = n9e ye>s be=e he 0 grant$ 8 doctor's degree4 ,:5 ! late ,mr4 ,bryan ?reat5$ to pr9t all 8 college degrees on 8 c>d1 9 answ] to ! repeat$ /atem5t t he 0 an ignoramus1 ! joke 0 really on ! colleges4 ,b too mu* is dem&$ ( in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts come to !m ) no backgr\nd ( cultural tradition1 & !y return to an environm5t :i* is di/9ctly ho/ile to intellectual pursuits4 ,! public clamor t "s "o educate u 9 spite ( ourselves is only ano!r way ( %\t+1 8,we h pip$ unto y & ye h n danc$40 ,! ultimate responsibility = ! condition ( education re/s ^u ! av]age memb]s ( society1 & x is r$ucible to a moral factor4 ,c>lyle once said t p c\ld only be tak5 9 by quacks :5 !y _h a c]ta9 elem5t ( quack]y 9 _! own s\ls4 ,:5 multitudes reg>d education m]ely z a %ortcut to f9ancial success1 or z a device = appe>+ to be some?+ !y are n1 or z an in/rum5t = conv]t+ o!rs to _! own p>tisan beliefs1 !y w ( c\rse get ! 8education0 !y desire4 ,once ,i ?\ght t ignorance 0 an innoc5t ?+1 a sort ( spiritual vacuum passively wait+ to be fill$ ) preci\s tru?s4 ,except 9 *ildr5 ignorance is by no means an innoc5t ?+4 ,x is a v active elem5t 9 human life4 ,we mu/ ov]come /rong resi/ances be=e we may beg9 to le>n "s ?+s4 ,we keep ourselves 9 ignorance because !re are facts & tru?s ^: exi/5ce we pref] n to admit4 ,! man :o /rives to educate himself--& no "o else c educate him--mu/ w9 a c]ta9 victory ov] 8 own nature4 ,he mu/ le>n to smile at 8 de> idols1 analyze 8 e prejudice1 scrap if necess>y 8 fonde/ & mo/ consol+ belief1 "q 8 presuppositions1 & take 8 *ances ) ! tru?4 ,! great] ! ne$ ( education1 ! /rong] ! resi/ance to x4 ,:e!r ! pres5t increase ( int]e/ 9 education is to be an empty ge/ure dep5ds ^u :e!r ! ?+ dem&$ is really education4 ,!re is no "o "r way1 & c]ta9ly ea* age ) its special ne$s & peculi> indu/rial & cultural environm5t %\ld make its own contribution to educational a*ievem5t4 ,b !re is some?+ :i* belongs to no special "t & to all times1 a way ( approa*+ our tasks or valu+ exp]i5ces4 ,no "o :o is m]ely a creature ( 8 own times is really educat$4 ,!re is conceivable a _w 9 :i*1--great z are ! hi/orical accid5ts t sep>ate !m--a ,socrates1 or a ,plato1 or a ,cic]o1 or an ,erasmus1 a ,voltaire1 a ,goe!1 a ,huxley w\ld be at home4 ,mu* z !y diff]1 !re is yet some?+1 :i* ! educat$ h 9 common1 a quality ( _s1 some?+ t may n be def9$1 b t "r-m9d$ p recognize4 ,we %all /rive f v>i\s av5ues ( approa* to envisage x1 = to miss x is to miss all4 ,x is ! mean+ ( a lib]al education4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lib]al ,,education ,,vs4 ,,animal ,,tra9+ ,9 a s5se no liv+ p]son is yet educat$1 = ! le>n+ process is nev] complet$4 ,b !re mu/ come a "t :5 ! process results 9 "s diff]5ces 9 behavior4 ,(t5 ^! diff]5ces seem to be small & irrelevant1 am\nt+ m]ely to add$ social grace or m correct use ( language4 ,some?+ m ?an ?is mu/ diff]5tiate ! educat$ f ! un$ucat$ or s mu* human en]gy w\ld n be exp5d$ 9 ! ef=t to get education4 ,:5 we inquire :at ! diff]5ce is1 we f9d !re is mu* confusion4 ,9 ! process ( education k is acquir$4 ,_m a p]son's education consi/s ( :at he has le>n$4 ,may "o possess mu* k or in=mation & rema9 un$ucat$8 ,i "k a physician :o has great skill & wide pr(essional in=mation1 yet he is ess5tially vulg> 9 8 ta/es & enjoym5ts & bigot$ 9 8 human relation%ips1 & 8 judgm5ts conc]n+ mo/ ?+s are n>r[ & ha/y & are det]m9$ l>gely by passion & prejudice4 ,y feel t 8 le>n+ has nev] become integrat$ ) 8 p]sonality4 ,x is a prop]ty annex$ to 8 e/ate ov] :i* he is an abs5tee l&lord4 ,x has made no *anges 9 8 g5]al habits ( ?\ght & behavior4 ,!re are p :om no "o w\ld ?9k educat$1 :o yet h an a/\nd+ am\nt ( in=mation4 ,!y "k all ab\t race horses1 or bridge1 or baseball scores1 or /ocks & bonds4 ,_m h a k ( su* ?+s :i* may be great] bo? 9 range & accuracy ?an t :i* "s pr(essional s*ol>s h ( _! special subjects4 ,%all we say !n t "s k9ds ( k h educational value & t o!rs h n8 ,b :y %\ld n all k be equally education8 ,is !re a psy*ological reason = ! alleg$ diff]5ce or is ! exclusion ( "s k9ds ( k ! result m]ely ( a conv5tional attitude8 ,our discussion ( education resolves itself into a philosophical problem4 ,! issue ( practical education v]sus ! s-call$ cultural comes up :5ev] p are int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,p>tisans ( ! latt] type ( le>n+ are incl9$ to look d[n ^u ! =m]4 ,!y say x is n education b only skill & effici5cy4 ,!y hold t education is s*ol>%ip & prop]ly has to d ) su* subjects z ! classics1 ! humanities1 philosophy1 etc41 :i* discipl9e ! m9d & ennoble ! _s4 ,?is is ! traditional view4 ,^? :o take ! opposite view ask :at e>?ly purpose c useless & seque/]$ le>n+ s]ve8 ,!y are suspici\s ( education = 8ref9em5t0 or ! 8g5teel tradition40 ,is x n ! aim ( ! pursuit ( k to enable "o to d some?+1 to atta9 ma/]y1 to equip ! m9d to function well 9 an environm5t :i* dem&s activity ( u all8 ,is n any?+ well le>n$ culture8 ,an excell5t /atem5t ( ?is po9t ( view c be f\nd 9 ,huxley's lectures on education4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ( ?is "q 9 ! univ]sities & colleges4 ,!re are ^? :o deplore ! decl9e ( int]e/ 9 ! classics & philosophy4 ,!y say t in/itutions ( high] le>n+ are becom+ m]e 8intellectual cafet]ias10 t ! *ange f classical education to an elective sy/em embrac+ all sorts ( vocational c\rses is a di/9ct loss1 inasmu* z ! k s acquir$ lacks coord9ation & balance1 :ile specialization cr[ds out ! g5]al & cultural subjects t =m ! f\ndation ( education4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :y %\ld n a ,univ]sity tea* any?+ t p wi% to "k8 ,!re 0 once resi/ance to includ+ ! sci5ces1 *emi/ry & physics & biology4 ,! lib]aliz+ effect & cultural value ( ^! subjects is n[ recogniz$1 & _! usefulness is a social ga94 ,!n :y n dome/ic sci5ce1 agriculture1 me*anics1 bus9ess me?ods8 ,:at is wrong ) ! s*ools ( bus9ess at ,h>v>d & ,columbia8 ,a simil> issue exi/s 9 second>y education4 ,x is (t5 said t high s*ools pay too mu* reg>d to college entrance requirem5ts1 s9ce only a small portion ( graduates expect to cont9ue _! education4 ,! /ud5ts h ga9$ only a mo/ sup]ficial introduction to ! classics & h le>n$ no?+ practical4 ,s*ools ( trade1 comm]ce1 & ( te*nology are increas+ 9 numb] & ! movem5t = su* tra9+ is guid$ by pr9ciples ( education v diff]5t f ^? ( ! classical tradition4 ,^? ( u :o are int]e/$ 9 adult education meet ! same problem4 ,writ+ ( work]'s education ,dr4 ,horace ,m4 ,kall5 says1 8444 ,! complexity ( ! tasks ( any union (ficial has gr[n s great1 _! v>iety s consid]able1 t x is no long] possible = an (ficial m]ely to pass f ! work]'s b5* to ! (ficial's desk & completely dis*>ge 8 duties4444 ,s*ools w\ld h to be provid$ analog\s to ! s*ools ( bus9ess adm9i/ration ma9ta9$ 9 ! colleges4444 ,out ( ! in/ruction !re w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t em]ge a communicable p]man5t record1 on :i* ! necess>y accessories ( books c\ld be built4 ,su* a s*ool ( (ficials w\ld be a nucleus f :i* ! educational process c\ld ultimately radiate into e %op4 8,labor education w\ld f9ally ?us become conv]sant ) control r ?an escape4 ,9 su* a conv]sancy m & m ( ! en]gies n[ seek+ relief 9 ! vapors ( ! social me*anisms ( escape1 w\ld f9d satisfactory en*annelm5t 9 ! te*nique ( control4 8,x is ! ess5tial function ( labor education to envisage1 to =eca/ & to enable ?is transition4 ,! v>i\s arts w\ld !n develop no long] z comp5sations aga9/1 b z expressions & prophetic fulfillm5ts1 z criticisms & mitigations (1 ! processes ( ?is movem5t2 !y too w\ld m l>gely be cot]m9\s ) indu/rial life40 ,dr4 ,kall5 w\ld probably n g s f> z to say t ! sole aim ( ,labor ,education is to equip ! memb]s ( ! work+ class ) su* k z w enable !m to ma/] ! indu/rial environm5t & *ange ! social sy/em4 ,b !re are ^? :o hold su* a view1 j z !re are ^? :o hold t ! work] %\ld receive only su* education z w make him a m compet5t workman4 ,bo? views1 "o held by extreme radicals1 ! o!r by cons]vative capitali/s1 h 9 common ! belief t education = work]s is purely practical tra9+4 8,cultural0 subjects are sometimes /udi$1 & !re is a lively dem& = !m1 b ! t5d5cy is to reg>d ?is int]e/ z an 8escape0 f reality into a _w ( fanciful contemplation & m]e v]bal ex]cise4 ,x is an intellectual luxury1 a =m ( ent]ta9m5t or inspiration to :i* a work] is entitl$1 b x is an int]e/ :i* is a little "u suspicion ( be+ 8b\rgeois40 ,h5ce 9 all phases ( education1 ?is issue is debat$4 ,! issue is inevitable 9 a "t l ! pres5t1 ) a classical tradition surviv+ 9 an indu/rial civilization4 ,h we any ne$ 9 ! mod]n _w ( cultural traditions :i* h _! orig9 9 antiquity8 ,%\ld we or c\ld we disp5se ) all educational values except ^? :i* are cot]m9\s ) ! pres5t indu/rial situation8 ,:]ev] su* an issue arises1 ,i h le>n$ to suspect bo? sides4 ,z a rule bo? are bas$ ^u a common presupposition :i* is an error4 ,"h ! presupposition is t ! important factor 9 education is ! "q :at is to be taught1 r ?an ! _s ( le>n+ itself4 ,education is conceiv$ ( z k acquir$4 ,att5tion is fix$ n on ! le>n+ process ?r\gh :i* an individual becomes reori5t$ to 8 _w1 b ^u ! end result1 some?+ fix$ & done1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation /or$ up4 ,is ?is :at we mean by le>n+8 ,is x receiv+ & memoriz+ a giv5 some?+ ei!r cultural or practical8 ,or is x an adv5ture 9 any k9d ( tru?-seek+ :i* *anges ! quality ( "o's future exp]i5ce & enables "o to behave n m]ely effici5tly b wisely1 ) a broad view & a sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! _m ways 9 :i* m5 h /riv5 to create mean+ & value out ( ! possibilities ( human life8 ,if ?is la/ is correct1 ! real "q is n :at %all be le>n$ b h[ & :y & to :at end4 ,is le>n+ a v5ture 9 spiritual fre$om t is humanism1 or is x a r\t9e process ( animal tra9+8 ,bo? cultural & practical k may be r$uc$ to animal tra9+--& !y g5]ally are4 ,x is !re t ! issue betwe5 !m arises4 ,to my m9d1 an educat$ p]son is n m]ely "o :o c d some?+1 :e!r x is giv+ a lecture on ! poetry ( ,horace1 runn+ a tra91 try+ a lawsuit1 or repair+ ! plumb+4 ,he is also "o :o kn[s ! significance ( :at he does1 & he is "o :o _c & w n d c]ta9 ?+s4 ,he has acquir$ a set ( values4 ,he has a 8yes0 & a 8no10 & !y are 8 own4 ,he kn[s :y he behaves z he does4 ,he has le>n$ :at to pref]1 = he has liv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ?+s t are pref]able4 ,i d n mean t he is m]ely tra9$ 9 ! conv5tions ( polite society or ! con=mities ( cr[d morality4 ,he w d\btless dep>t f bo? 9 _m ?+s4 ,:e!r he con=ms or n1 he has le>n$ en\gh ab\t human life on ?is planet to see 8 behavior 9 ! light ( a body ( exp]i5ce & ! relation ( 8 actions to situations z a :ole4 ,su* a p]son is acquir+ a lib]al education & x makes little diff]5ce :e!r he has be5 tra9$ 9 philosophy or me*anics4 ,he is be+ trans=m$ f an automaton into a ?9k+ be+4 ,! anti!sis ( lib]al education & practical tra9+ arises 9 "p out ( a misund]/&+ on bo? sides ( a pr9ciple /at$ 9 ,ari/otle's 8,politics40 ,9 ?is book !re is set =? ! philosoph]'s !ory ( education4 ,he is seek+ = 8 times j :at our practical educators seek = ours--to tra9 y\? to deal ma/]fully ) exi/+ conditions4 ,unlike _m mod]ns he sees t su* tra9+ applies to ! :ole p]sonality4 ,?is is evid5t = example 9 8 discussion ( music :]e he consid]s ! g5]al psy*ological effects ( v>i\s k9ds ( rhy?m4 ,!re 7 ?ree important facts 9 ! environm5t ( ! ,greek y\? to :i* ! educator _h to assi/ ! /ud5t to adapt himself4 ,! way 9 :i* ! intellig5t p]son fac$ ^! facts 0 ! mean+ ( lib]al education 9 ,ari/otle's "t4 ,!re 0 fir/ a psy*ological fact4 ,popul> my? 0 ceas+ to function z an explanation ( ! processes ( nature & z a basis = ! control ( behavior4 ,=tunately = ! ,greeks1 no prie/ly class _h ga9$ control ( _! spiritual life4 ,/ories ( ! do+s ( ! gods 7 com+ to be reg>d$ z m]e poetry1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,philosoph]s did n hesitate to subject religi\s beliefs to ! judgm5t ( reason4 ,! ass]tion _h be5 made t 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s40 ,a _s ( intellectual fre$om prevail$ t 0 unique 9 anci5t times1 ,i might say 9 any "t4 ,!re 0 a disposition to inve/igate1 to classify natural ph5om5a1 to speculate ^u _! nature & causes4 ,m5 7 fac$ ) ! necessity ( ?9k+ _! exp]i5ce ?r\gh to f9d mean+s :i* else:]e 7 a matt] ( my? & folkway4 ,?\ght mu/ be cl>ifi$ & made exact if behavior 0 to be guid$ by reason4 ,philosophy1 :i* includ$ ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce1 & education 7 almo/ ! same ?+1--! se>* = ! good life4 ,i w discuss ?is po9t fur!r 9 a lat] lecture4 ,! second fact conc]n+ :i* ! ,greek y\? mu/ le>n to behave intellig5tly 0 political 9 its nature4 ,x 0 ! exi/5ce ( an ari/ocratic democracy 9 :i* z a citiz5 he mu/ p>ticipate ) important results = bo? himself & ! /ate4 ,! free citiz5 mu/ h le>n$ to judge :at is good4 ,! ?ird fact :i* *all5g$ ! educator 0 sociological2 x 0 ! exi/5ce ( slav]y4 ,?is in/itution1 :i* 9 ! end 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! breakd[n ( anci5t civilization1 seem$ to be p]fectly natural to ! philosoph]4 ,ari/otle ?9ks t "s p are slavi% by nature4 ,he has no ?\ght ( educat+ su* p]sons1 ?\gh !y may be tra9$ to p]=m _! tasks well4 ,all %\ld be s tra9$ t !y may live happily & well 9 ! /ations 9 life :]e !y are4 ,z mo/ me*anical labor 0 p]=m$ by slaves1 & by hirel+s ^: social /atus 0 n v diff]5t f t ( ! slave1 ! ,greeks c&idly despis$ me*anic arts4 ,k ( !m 0 ?\ght to be a slavi% k9d ( skill4 ,ari/otle likewise look$ d[n ^u trade & comm]ce z debas+ ! m9d1 j z h>d labor 0 ?\ght to demean ! body4 ,! free man mu/ be s tra9$ t 8 privileges1 8 leisure & au?ority ov] o!rs w\ld make = g5]al human happ9ess4 ,?is education ( ! free man 0 call$ 8,lib]al ,education40 ,x 0 ! education ( a leisure class4 ,x 0 a tra9+ = lead]%ip & responsibility3 n a m]e initiation into ! idealogy ( an exploit+ class1 toge!r ) ! passwords curr5t 9 exclusive circles4 ,nei!r did x mean--at lea/ = ! anci5t ,greek--! accumulation ( dead & inconsequ5tial k ! only purpose ( :i* 0 a p$antic display ( erudition4 ,9 ages t foll[$1 ! /udy ( ! classics t5d$ to become some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,b ?is t5d5cy m>k$ a decl9e1 a loss ( ! _s ( lib]al education z x _h once exi/$4 ,a!nian education1 9 spite ( ! in/itution ( slav]y1 develop$ m5 ( wisdom & nobility ( _s & civilization ( int]e/ 9 su* numb]s t anci5t ,greece became ! pione] ( we/]n civilization & has rema9$ ! inspiration & guide to m5 9 mo/ ( _! ef=ts to atta9 a life ( reason & beauty4 ,! fact t ! lib]al tradition _h its orig9 9 a society 9 :i* slav]y prevail$ has left traces 9 education :i* p]si/ ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is "o ( ! ?+s t cause p to believe t !re are diff]5t types ( education prop] to diff]5t social /rata4 ,education becomes a m>k ( di/9ction4 ,x is = ! privileg$ few4 ,x is itself a privilege & a k9d ( ve/$ int]e/4 ,!re is a high] k & a l[] k4 ,9 "p ?is di/9ction goes back to primitive times4 ,9 e>ly civilization1 ev]yone le>n$ to d ev]y?+ :i* ! p ( ! tribe c\ld d4 ,!re 0 no specialization2 all alike le>n$ to fi%1 to hunt1 to fight1 to dance4 ,! primitive magic 0 associat$ ) e human int]e/ & e =m ( activity1 & = e type ( p]=mance !re 0 a magic =mula4 ,9 "t x became ! special function ( ! eld]s & m$ic9e m5 to rememb] ! =mulae & pass !m on to _! successors4 ,k ( ! =mulae became ! special privilege ( ! prie/ly class4 ,k ( labor processes rema9$ ) ! mass4 ,! =m] 0 high] k & develop$ into anci5t wisdom4 ,9 c]ta9 religions x l$ to an esot]ic intellectualism4 ,! di/9ction ga9s emphasis among peoples l ! ,hebrews1 ,moslems & ,*ri/ians ^: religion is ! 8,religion ( ! ,book40 ,! 8,high] ,k0 is n[ a div9e revelation pres]v$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,book4 ,) ea* ( ! peoples m5tion$ religi\s s*ol>%ip becomes ! basis ( all le>n+1 & dom9ates education4 ,any accretions ( g5]al culture :i* are acquir$ & add$ to !ology1 become t9ctur$ by x4 ,a prie/ly tradition is m+l$ ) ! classic culture z ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle becomes elaborat$ fir/ by ! ,arabs1 & !n by ! ,rabbis & ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:at ,ari/otle meant simply z ! tra9+ ( ! free man 9 self-ma/]y1 9 "t became a pr(essionaliz$ 8high] le>n+10 a seque/]$ s*ol>%ip l>gely unrelat$ to ! exi/+ environm5t4 ,m$ival education became s*ola/icism4 ,x 0 /ill a high] k set ap>t f o!r int]e/s3 x did n include pr(ici5cy 9 ! arts ( indu/ry1 b r 9 book le>n+ & 9 disputation4 ,lib]al x 0 n1 ?\gh x /ill 9 a s5se _h to d ) leisure4 ,! good life _h become "o ( pi\s contemplation4 ,ari/otle's free citiz5 0 displac$ by ! c5obite & ! c&idate = holy ord]s4 ,! life ( ,reason became "o ( skill 9 ! =mal logic ) :i* a giv5 sy/em ( life & ?\ght 0 elaborat$4 ,s*ola/ic education made possible a high type ( s*ol>%ip2 x c>ri$ v f> its tra9+ 9 ! subtleties ( argum5t4 ,b x exhau/$ itself 9 a _w ( ab/ractions :i* x mi/ook = realities4 ,x 0 a discipl9e1 n a voyage ( discov]y4 ,x 0 a matt] ( r\t9e le>n+ by memoriz+4 ,its aim 0 to mold ! m9d ( ! /ud5t to a fix$ type4 ,x plac$ him 9 an environm5t s manipulat$ z to det]m9e 8 habits ( ?9k+ once = all1 to give support to requir$ beliefs4 ,x 0 education by indoctr9ation4 ,x develop$ a type ( m9d :i* c\ld be dep5d$ on to d & say ! expect$ ?+ on ! expect$ occasion1 "o :i* w\ld hold c]ta9 desir$ convictions & no o!rs4 ,= su* an educational sy/em1 le>n+ 0 accept+ & reta9+ some?+ provid$ 9 advance4 ,9 ?is s5se x 0 passive4 ,m5tality 0 ! product ( environm5t4 ,s*ola/ic education ?\gh x dealt ) 8?+s ( ! _s0 0 f "o po9t ( view 8animal tra9+40 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance turn$ f !ological education to human lett]s4 ,a revival ( int]e/ 9 ! lit]ature ( antiquity became a sort ( passion4 ,^? :o s\ght ?r\gh ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 poets1 essayi/s1 & philosoph]s to revive ! _s ( ! lo/ pagan civilization 7 call$ ,humani/s4 ,!y _h a philosophy ( education v diff]5t f t ( s*ola/icism :i* 0 at t "t on ! decl9e4 ,!re 0 ! promise t education might aga9 become lib]al1 9 ! s5se ,i use ! t]m4 ,:]ev] ! 8,new ,le>n+0 0 c>ri$ x _h a lib]aliz+ influ5ce4 ,x r\s$ ! ho/ility ( 8obscuranti/s0 & creat$ a jolly r[ 9 _m in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,x awak5$ pagan ideas ?r\gh\t ,italy1 ev5 9 high ecclesia/ical circles4 ,x 0 br++ 8ref9em5t0 to ,france4 ,x 0 receiv+ some?+ ( a triumph 9 ,nor!rn ,europe "u ! lead]%ip ( ,erasmus1 :5 ! ,re=mation aga9 turn$ g5]al int]e/ to !ology4 ,:at ! result ( ?is humani/ic movem5t 9 education might h be5 _h x gone on un*eck$ no "o c say4 ,no "o n[ believes x c\ld h be5 :at its lead]s expect$4 ,!y tri$ to produce an imitation 9 _! own times ( ! mann]s & ways ( m5 :o _h liv$ c5turies e>li] 9 a :olly diff]5t environm5t4 ,su* an attempt ( c\rse is futile4 ,b x is conceivable t z l>g] & l>g] numb]s ( p a*iev$ fre$om 9 ! mod]n _w a lib]al education might h done 9 our day :at ! ,greeks s\ght to d 9 !irs--lay ! f\ndations ( fre$om 9 a well-consid]$ basis ( philosophy4 ,9 t ev5t ! :ole ( mod]n education might h be5 vitaliz$ by a cultural tradition :i* c\ld take into acc\nt ! conditions "u :i* mod]n m5 live & "w )\t deg5]at+ into n>r[ utilit>ianism & m]e me*anical effici5cy4 ,:at *iefly surviv$ f ! ,r5aissance--at lea/ 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries--is ! traditional education1 9 :i* ! anci5t classics are taught z t$i\s drill 9 language ) ! aim ( improv+ ! /ud5t's lit]>y /yle1 also ( discipl9+ 8 s\l by compell+ him to d some?+ disagreeable1 & f9ally s t he may be able to repeat a few ,lat9 or ,greek phrases1 rememb] ! names ( a few anci5t writ]s & p]haps if he has be5 v dilig5t1 reta9 a suffici5t numb] ( vague memory traces to enjoy a book l ,pr(essor ,ersk9e's 8,private ,life ( ,hel5 ( ,troy40 ,b to call ?is lib]al education requires bo? humor & imag9ation4 ,little attempt is made to get beh9d ! language into lit]>y appreciation1 or back ( ! lit]ature to ! ways & values ( anci5t life & ! wisdom ( ! ages1 or to see ! relation ( su* wisdom to ! problems ( liv+ 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,traditional education has aga9 become an artificial ?+1 alo( f reality1 a high] k set ap>t by itself4 ,t is1 if "o may call x k at all4 ,mo/ college graduates aft] a few ye>s d n rememb] en\gh ,lat9 to enable !m to translate _! own diplomas1 s badly are ! classics taught1 ev5 z m]e language drill4 ,mu* ( ! _s ( s*ola/icism1 ?\gh little ( its ?or\ghness & subtlety1 p]si/$ 9 ! lat] ,prote/antism4 ,its influ5ce necess>ily t5d$ to make ?is tea*+ ( ! humanities =mal & innocu\s4 ,aft] ! ,r5aissance1 memb]s ( ! nobility & g5try1 & lat] an increas+ numb] ( ! middle class1 s\ght high] education = its ref9+ influ5ce1 z an adornm5t r ?an z a way ( life4 ,! result is a culture t is = ! mo/ "p ext]nal to ! sph]e ( our activities & int]e/s1 some?+ borr[$1 n won2 seldom an expression or valuation or glorification ( mod]n life4 ,?is also is a r\t9e & a m\ld+ to type4 ,x is aga9 a =m ( animal tra9+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! developm5t ( sci5ce 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury l$ to a dem& = ! education requisite = mod]n life4 ,! application ( sci5ce to indu/ry creat$ a new environm5t4 ,new k 0 requir$ & new m5tal habits mu/ be =m$ if !re 0 to be effective control4 ,natural sci5ce gave m5 a new intellectual discipl9e & a new _w-view4 ,) x came a new hope = ! race4 ,mank9d ne$ only le>n ! laws ( nature & obey !m to become wise & happy & good4 ,! new k dispell$ ignorance & sup]/ition & set ! m9d free4 ,!re 0 mu* criticism ( traditional education1 & mu* fai? 9 ! lib]aliz+ effects ( sci5tific tra9+ z well z 9 its practical results4 ,today sci5tific rese>* occupies a mo/ important place 9 education4 ,9 _m colleges & univ]sities x has almo/ supplant$ ! classical /udies4 ,no mod]n p]son c be really educat$ )\t "s tra9+ 9 sci5tific me?ods4 ,b sci5ce also may become m]e animal tra9+4 ,ea* sci5ce is a pr(ession1 acquir$ z a te*nical tra9+ l le>n+ a trade4 ,( ?+s outside 8 own trade ! sci5ti/ may be q ignorant & lack+ 9 curiosity4 ,he is (t5 unable to see ! significance ( 8 specialty = k z a :ole4 ,)9 8 *os5 field ( /udy he may come to res5t new discov]y--especially if x fails to confirm "s favorite !ory4 ,9 "s ( ! sci5ces1 notably psy*ology1 biology1 m$ic9e & ! social sci5ces1 !re are int5se p>tisan divisions1 (t5 rivall+ 9 dogmatism & bitt]ness1 ^? ( !ology4 ,ea* 8s*ool0 develops its cult ideas1 its j>gon cr$o1 & ritual4 ,h]d op9ion holds sway ov] sci5ti/s z ov] o!r m54 ,c]ta9 phrases & mann]isms are adopt$1 j z among ,rot>ians1 because !y %[ t "o belongs to ! cr[d4 ,! psy*ologi/ today1 = in/ance1 mu/ boa/ 8 ignorance ( philosophy & make a noise l a biologi/4 ,! advancem5t ( k is by no means ! sole motive 9 sci5tific tra9+2 !re is also mu* mold+ to type ev5 ?\gh ?is latt] objective is 9 conflict ) ! _s ( sci5ce itself4 ,mu* contempor>y educational philosophy is op5ly & av[$ly a te*nique ( animal tra9+2 s mu* s t x q prop]ly borr[s its p$agogical pr9ciples f animal psy*ology4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov] e/imate ! importance ( animal exp]im5tation = mod]n !ories ( education4 ,s*ools ( education are deeply int]e/$ 9 ! psy*ology ( ! le>n+ process4 ,education is le>n+1 & le>n+ is habit =mulation4 ,habits are ! acquir$ modes ( response ( m5 & animals4 ,!y may be organiz$ 9 ! n]v\s tissue by any environm5tal factors :i* 8condition0 c]ta9 reflexes2 t is1 *a9 c]ta9 responses to giv5 /imuli4 ,x is possible = an animal exp]im5t] or an educator ( *ildr5 to organize ! environm5tal situation 9 su* a mann] t def9ite sy/ems ( desir$ responses may be regul>ly obta9$ :5ev] a /imulus ( a c]ta9 k9d is giv54 ,a simple & well-kn[n exp]im5t :i* w s]ve to expla9 :at we mean by ! condition$ reflex is t ( ,pavlov4 ,a hungry dog :5 %[n meat secretes saliva4 ,at ! "t ! dog sees ! meat a bell is rung4 ,?is is repeat$ a numb] ( times until ! dog w secrete saliva at ! s\nd ( ! bell1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! meat /imulus4 ,! saliva response1 induc$ by ! bell /imulus1 is ! condition$ reflex4 ,x is said t all le>n+ takes place aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,an animal1 a cat1 may be plac$ 9 a cage1 ! door be+ s arrang$ t escape is possible only :5 ! cat /rikes a c]ta9 lat*4 ,aft] a p]iod dur+ :i* ! cat makes all sorts ( frantic r&om movem5ts1 ! successful movem5t f9ally occurs & ! cat escapes4 ,! exp]im5t is repeat$ & p]haps ! p]iod ( futile activity w n be s long z at fir/4 ,aft] a numb] ( trials ! cat w give up ! r&om movem5ts & at once unlock ! door4 ,! gradual %ort5+ ( ! int]val ( "t requir$ = ! desir$ response may be plott$4 ,x is !n call$ ! animal's 8le>n+ curve40 ,su* curves may also be made ( human le>n+ processes4 ,x is said t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is animal le>n+ & our own le>n+ :e!r x be to swim or play t5nis1 or to memorize a poem1 or solve a problem 9 algebra1 or to ma/] ! te*nique ( a pr(ession4 ,"o's education ?us consi/s :olly ( "o's organiz$ sy/ems ( responses1 or habit patt]ns4 ,we speak ( education z ! developm5t ( p]sonality4 ,b f ?is po9t ( view p]sonality is no?+ b ! sum total ( an individual's condition$ reflexes3--t is1 x is m]ely ! mann] 9 :i* ! organism has be5 taught to "w4 ,"o em95t ,behaviori/ among ! psy*ologi/s comp>es p]sonality to ! runn+ ( a gas eng9e4 ,i w n ent] ^u a psy*ological discussion ( ?is view ( education1 except to say t ! me?od ( animal tra9+ :i* is tak5 = grant$ is op5 to s]i\s criticism4 ,! !ory proce$s on ! assumption t insight into ! situation is n necess>y to le>n+4 ,! cat 9 ! cage hits ^u ! successful ge/ure z a matt] ( pure *ance4 ,aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ea* said to place ! animal 9 an id5tical situation1 ! successful action becomes 8ov] det]m9$10 & fix$ z a habit4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* tra9+ is le>n+ at all4 ,! animal--& conceivably ! human be+--ne$ nev] take 9 ! situation4 ,! successful art1 ! m ?is le>n+ process is p]fect$1 deg5]ates into a m]e ge/ure1 relat$ to ! ev5t 9 a purely ext]nal & arbitr>y mann]4 ,x is difficult to see h[ educational me?ods guid$ by su* a !ory c\ld d mu* to tra9 ! /ud5t 9 habits ( indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,pr(essor ,wolfgang ,khl] sp5t f\r ye>s /udy+ ! intellig5ce ( apes at ! an?ropoid /ation 9 ,t5]ife4 ,8 exp]im5ts ) ^! animals foll[$ a proc$ure q ! rev]se ( t we h be5 discuss+4 ,he arrang$ 8 exp]im5ts s t !re c\ld be no *ance & no r\t9e1 s t ! situation z a :ole impli$ a def9ite action on ! "p ( ! animal1 an action :i* w\ld be natural to x once x ga9$ insight into ! situation4 ,f simple tasks he mov$ to m complex ones1 always keep+ ! mom5t ( insight z ! crucial factor 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,an ape is plac$ 9 a cage & fruit is put outside beyond ! animal's rea*4 ,a /ick has also be5 plac$ )9 rea*4 ,aft] va9 attempts to rea* ! fruit ) its h&1 ! ape sudd5ly sits quietly look+ ! situation ov]3 x looks f ! fruit to ! /ick1 !n seizes ! latt] & pulls 9 ! fruit4 ,lat] ! animal is requir$ to *oose betwe5 a long /ick & a %ort] "o1 !n two /icks are put )9 rea* :i* mu/ be jo9$ be=e success may be atta9$4 ,f su* tasks ! animal is l$ on to ^? :i* f9ally te/ ! limitations ( its insight4 ,s f> z ,i "k no use has yet be5 made ( su* psy*ological /udy ( animal le>n+ by our educators4 ,b if we mu/ resort to animal psy*ology 9 ord] to und]/& ! processes ( human le>n+ x w\ld seem t ,khl]'s me?ods w\ld be m sugge/ive to ! educator ?an ^? :i* assume t ! le>n] is ?r\gh\t an automaton )\t und]/&+4 ,! s-call$ 8new psy*ology0 has fill$ mod]n education ) confusion4 ,fads & fancies ( all sorts prevail1 ea* ) its psy*ological j>gon4 8,progressive0 exp]im5tal s*ools ev]y:]e give voice to 8mod]n ideas40 ,9 _m su* s*ools !re is a m9imum ( discipl9e1 pupils are enc\rag$ to take ! initiative 9 all ?+s1 to /udy :at !y l1 & :5 !y *oose4 ,ev]y?+ is made z easy & z int]e/+ z possible1 & !re is mu* talk ab\t p]mitt+ ! /ud5t to express himself & develop 8 p]sonality4 ,s long z we conf9e our att5tion m]ely to ! me?ods ( tea*+ we h ! impression t ?is 8new0 education is any?+ b /&>diz$4 ,we get a diff]5t impression :5 we turn to exam9e ! ideals ( s*ol>%ip1 ! valuations1 & g5]al outlook on life :i* ! new] philosophy ( education accepts uncritically4 ,9 fact v little ?\ght is giv5 to ^! matt]s4 ,! prevail+ int]e/s & tr5ds ( a democratic1 indu/rial age are tak5 z ! ultimate crit]ia4 ,x might almo/ be said t education has come to be reg>d$ m]ely z a function ( ! environm5t4 ,n[ x is "o ?+ to tra9 a m9d to deal effectively ) its environm5t & to a*ieve "s value 9 ! modifications :i* x makes 9 t environm5t4 ,x is a diff]5t ?+ to hold t m9d is ! product ( ! environm5t4 ,a well-kn[n psy*ologi/ says t ! aim ( 8 sci5ce is to pr$ict & control behavior4 ,he (f]s u ! condition$ reflex z ! means to any desir$ result1 & says t if he c\ld h full control ( ! environm5t ( a giv5 numb] ( *ildr51 he w\ld p]mit "s "o to select by lot ! future life & c>e] ( ea* *ild1 & he w\ld =m ! m9d ( ea* accord+ to ! *os5 patt]n4 ,our mod]n environm5tali/s h m 9 common ) m$ival s*ola/icism ?an !y ?9k4 ,! aim ( bo? is to produce an individual :o w react "u all circum/ances accord+ to a pre>rang$ patt]n4 ,s*ola/icism1 z we h se51 consi/$ *iefly ( memory drill & tra9+ 9 logic & disputation4 ,law & !ology 7 sometimes /udi$1 b pr(ici5cy 9 su* subjects does n 9 itself mean t a man has acquir$ a lib]al education4 ,he may only h le>n$ to d ! conv5tional trick :5 ! expect$ signal is giv51 mu* l a tra9$ dog 9 a circus4 ,! same mu/ be said ( mu* mod]n pr(essional tra9+4 ,! s*ola/ic _s haunts ! legal m9d to ?is day4 ,also x is possible--p]haps usual--= "o to /udy m$ic9e1 & nev] once get an idea ( :at m$ic9e means to ! sci5ti/4 ,mo/ p educat$ by s*ool tea*]s & college pr(essors are 9 fact tra9$ 9 ?is way4 ,?9k ( :at passes = moral & religi\s tra9+4 ,) respect to ! mo/ important que/ions 9 life1 p h be5 s 8condition$0 t !y d n try to solve problems z !y arise1 b to say & d ! expect$ ?+ on occasion4 ,i once he>d a pr(essor 9 a !ological sem9>y in/ruct 8 class 9 ! art ( visit+ ! sick4 ,! /ud5ts 7 busy copy+ 9 _! note books ! spee*es :i* x is correct = a pa/or to make on su* occasions4 ,! foll[+ is typical ( su* in/ruction4 8,z y ent] ! sick-room x is well to say ,:5 ,god puts a man d[n on 8 back1 x is s t he may look up into ,heav540 ,9 su* habit =mation1 le>n+ is m]e repetition4 ,!re is no?+ ( indep5d5ce ( judgm5t1 no reflection on ends1 no developm5t ( ! capacity to deal ) new situations4 ,! bett] "o is tra9$ ! m automatic "o's behavior becomes4 ,& "h we see ! limitations to mu* s-call$ practical education1--8education = "w & = life40 ,yes1 b d we live simply to d ?+s & to s]ve1 to p]=m1 h[ev] well1 ! tasks requir$ by our times8 ,is all ! _w a /age1 & are m5 m]ely actors :o h le>n$ well or poorly ! l9es writt5 = !m by someone else or dictat$ by necessity8 ,& is !re to be no und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( ! "p we play1 or ( ! drama z a :ole8 ,is no "o ?r\gh 8 education to contribute some?+ orig9al to ! drama ( life8 ,x seems to me t ! animal tra9+ !ory re/s ^u two presuppositions1 bo? ( :i* are wrong4 ,! fir/ is t ! m9d consi/s ( :at x has le>n$1 t is1 t x is ! product ( environm5t4 ,?is is really n a psy*ological doctr9e1 b a metaphysical assumption4 ,x is ! me*ani/ !ory2 an idea :i* works well z sci5tific me?od1 b :i* leads to false conclusions :5 tak5 z a description ( ultimate reality4 ,! second presupposition is a by-product ( pres5t-day indu/rial democracy4 ,x is t education is a means to effici5t s]vice1 ) its rew>ds1 gett+ on1 g5]al prosp]ity1 etc4 ,b is indu/ry ! end & aim ( our exi/5ce8 ,x is said t man if he is to be happy mu/ be able to express himself 9 8 "w4 ,i w\ld n dispute ?is /atem5t1 b x is important to consid] :at x is t f9ds expression 9 "o's "w4 ,if "w1 9 addition to be+ ! means to "s mat]ial end or bodily good1 is also to be a =m ( self-expression1 !n ! po9t ( int]e/ is ! k9d ( selfhood1 or quality ( exp]i5ce express$4 ,!n "w exi/s = education1 n education = "w4 ,some?+ is possible to mank9d1 :i* transc5ds "w & by :i* "w itself is valu$4 ,z m]e craftsm5 we lose ! s5se ( :at good workman%ip is & become ! bl9d slaves ( necessity or ( desire ! mom5t t education ceases to be ! goal ( labor4 ,i d n mean m]ely t we le>n by do+4 ,t is ! way animals le>n & x is all !y le>n4 ,by repeat$ p]=mance an individual le>ns h[ to d a task1 b he does n !reby le>n :at to d1 nor :y x is done4 ,education has to d ) insight1 ) valu+1 ) und]/&+1 ) ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( discrim9ation1 ! ability to make *oice among/ ! possibilities ( exp]i5ce & to ?9k & act 9 ways t di/+ui% m5 f animals & high] m5 f l[]4 ,! anci5ts ?\ght ( education z ! atta9m5t ( ! virtues1 wisdom1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 ju/ice4 ,x is ! pursuit ( t k :i* gives self-ma/]y4 ,x is an int]e/ :i* is nev] exhau/$1 b gr[s always broad] & ri*]4 ,x consi/s n 9 le>n+ tricks b 9 develop+ ourselves4 ,x is a victory won 9 "s secret *amb] ( ! m9d :i* gradually trans=ms ! :ole p]sonality & reveals itself z an indef9able quality 9 e ^w & act4 ,x is a spiritual awak5+2 & if ?is awak5+ does n come1 a p]son is n be+ educat$ h[ev] mu* he kn[s4 ,i ?9k x is ! inability to w9 ?is psy*ological victory1 or ! dis9cl9ation to make ! ef=t necess>y to x1 t acc\nts = ! fact t "s p _c be educat$4 ,?\gh ! *ange 9 ! quality ( ! p]sonality is indef9able1 x is a v concrete fact 9 human life4 ,its pres5ce is evid5t 9 ! "w ( writ]s z diff]5t o!rwise z ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,galswor?y1 ,anatole ,france1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ,h5ry ,adams1 etc4 ,!re is a quality ( ! educat$ m9d :i* may be/ be describ$ z a k9d ( s9c]ity1 & conv]sely ! out/&+ trait ( ignorance is t ( clev] ins9c]ity4 ,! pa!tic ?+ ab\t ! wrongly educat$1--^? :o are tra9$ m]ely to produce an effect1 or get results1 is t 9 ! deep] human relation%ips !y seldom "k :at s9c]ity is4 ,education is ! anti!sis ( vulg>ity4 ,directly & imm$iately1 x is useless4 ,x is a k9d ( liv+ :i* is ( value = its own sake1 a p]sonal a*ievem5t :i* possesses intr9sic wor?4 ,x is n = any?+4 ,to subject x to an ult]ior end--citiz5%ip1 effici5cy1 ! economic emancipation ( ! work+ class1 increas$ income2 or to educate p = 8"*10 or to p]petuate a religi\s fai?1 or any o!r purpose h[ev] good1 is to make education a means to some?+ q irrelevant4 ,su* misuse %[s t p are n int]e/$ 9 _! education b 9 some?+ else4 ,education1 ! developm5t ( p1 is n a means1 x is itself ! true end ( civilization4 ,:ile education is n = any?+1 indirectly x improves ev]y?+ t p d4 ,make education ! aim & mean+ ( liv+1 & all becomes diff]5t4 ,exp]i5ce has a new c5t] ( gravity4 ,facts fall into new & m significant p]spective4 ,objects1 di/9ctions1 relation%ips1 qualities1 are se5 :i* be=e pass$ unnotic$4 ,& z p]sonality does n exi/ 9 a vacuum b 9 ! relation%ips e/abli%$ betwe5 organism & environm5t1 no improvem5t ( x c fail to make itself felt 9 ! quality ( "o's "w4 ,animal tra9+ may give "o ! means to make a liv+2 lib]al education gives liv+ a mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lib]al ,,education ,,vs4 ,,propag&a ,:oev] is conc]n$ ab\t 8 education %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ propag&a4 ,he :o assi/s 9 ! education ( ano!r %\ld be d\bly cauti\s4 ,! temptation to conv]t p to our own p>ticul> cause1 movem5t or belief is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,an epidemic it* = manipulat+ ! public has infect$ ! :ole population4 ,p]haps nev] 0 ! bus9ess ( 8sell+0 ideas & int]e/s ( all sorts s common a practice or s clev]ly done4 ,press ag5ts1 publicity exp]ts1 adv]tis]s & propag&i/s h become a pe/4 ,mu* ( ! news is 8treat$0 = int]e/s :i* may or may n be disclos$4 ,milit>i/s1 pacifi/s1 prohibitioni/s1 bir? controli/s1 social work]s1 bus9ess int]e/s1 anti-vivisectioni/s1 radicals1 reaction>ies & all k9ds ( re=m]s ins9uate !mselves ev]y:]e l crawl+ insects4 ,e legislative body is ov]-run ) lobbyi/s4 ,e gov]nm5t1 our own includ$1 fights ) propag&a z deadly z poison gas4 ,*ur*es h r$uc$ ev5 ! spread+ ( ! gospel to ! level ( adv]tis+4 ,& to judge by ! popul>ity ( "o ( ! vulg>e/ books ev] writt5 ab\t ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 a l>ge numb] ( *ur*m5 are happy to believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! _w's greate/ salesman & bus9ess executive6 ,x ought n to be necess>y to say t propag&a is n education4 ,b ! confusion ( ! two is common4 ,x is (t5 v difficult to enli/ ! int]e/ ( p ev5 9 _! own education if ! propag&i/ motive is left out ( x4 ,i f9d t our /ud5ts are (t5 at fir/ p]plex$4 ,!y ask me1 8,:at p>ty or cre$ or social movem5t d y repres5t8 ,:at are y try+ to conv]t u to80 ,i h ev5 be5 ask$ :y ,i lecture at all1 if x is n my purpose to tell /ud5ts :at !y %\ld ?9k & d4 ,! idea ( a c\rse ( /udy z an adv5ture 9 tru?-seek+1 an inve/igation delib]ately plann$ )\t made-9-advance conclusions or ult]ior aims1 is difficult = _m m9ds4 ,if no p>tisan motive is app>5t1 /ud5ts (t5 suspect t !re mu/ be "s d>k & secret conspiracy4 ,p l to h _! in/ructors label$ & tagg$4 ,o!rwise !y feel t !y are n be+ giv5 any?+4 ,!y pref] to be told :at to ?9k4 ,& ( c\rse ev]yone wi%es to tell 8 fell[s :at to ?9k4 ,! g5]al int]e/ 9 our neighbor's 8education0 r ?an our own is responsible = mu* ( ! pres5t confusion ( education ) propag&a4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! education ( *ildr54 ,sc>cely "o p]son 9 t5 believes *ildr5 %\ld be told ! tru?4 ,*ildr5 are cr$ul\s & easily acquire habits :i* become fix$ = life3 h5ce ! t5d5cy to take advantage ( _! innoc5ce & :ile giv+ !m ! in/ruction :i* x is n[ recogniz$ t society owes !m1 to add some?+ :i* c]ta9 p wi% !m to believe :5 !y gr[ up4 ,consequ5tly !re has h>dly ev] be5 a "t :5 education 0 n to "s ext5t div]t$ into propag&i/ *annels4 ,gov]nm5ts & *ur*es & rul+ classes & comm]cial gr\ps h always s\ght to get _! h&s on ! in/itutions = ! education ( y\? & utilize !m = _! own int]e/s4 ,! t5d5cy is univ]sal4 ,radicals d5\nce ! ,fundam5tali/s1 ! capitali/s & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* = do+ ?is sort ( ?+1 & !n d ! same ?+ !mselves2 z = example1 9 ! revolution>y propag&a t sometimes passes z 8work]'s education10 ! sociali/ ,sunday ,s*ool1 ! sy/em ( public education 9 ,soviet ,russia4 ,! habit ( speak+ ( propag&a z if x 7 education has gr[n ) ! activities ( ! adv]tis+ pr(ession & o!r exp]t manufactur]s ( public op9ion4 ,anyone ) any?+ to sell 8educates0 ! public to buy 8 product4 ,! ^w is s commonly us$ = adv]tis+ t few "q ! legitimacy ( su* use4 ,9 fact ! popul>ity ( ?is use ( ! ^w education has a def9ite psy*ological cause4 ,_m p w\ld l to get _! education by ! easy me?od ( read+ subway adv]tisem5ts4 ,x is pleasant moreov] to feel t we are be+ educat$ :5 we glance at ! billbo>ds on ! way f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia or look ov] ! back pages 9 ! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,i once he>d an editor ( a f>m j\rnal boa/ t 8 pap] _h educat$ ! h\sewives ( 8 /ate to buy c]eal 9 packages r ?an 9 bulk4 ,a rec5t well-writt5 book on ! psy*ology ( adv]tis+ by a g5tleman :o /yles himself a 8,public ,relations ,c\nsel0 expla9s ! te*nique ( mak+ propag&a4 ,! au?or ref]s to su* propag&i/ ef=ts z education1 & says t ! diff]5ce betwe5 education & propag&a is ?is3 :5 y\r side ( ! case is giv5 publicity1 t is education2 :5 y\r oppon5t publi%es 8 side1 t is propag&a4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if memb]s ( ! adv]tis+ pr(ession are ! wor/ s9n]s 9 ?is respect4 ,ne>ly ev]yone ) a cause to promote does ! same4 ,we (t5 he> s+le-tax]s1 sociali/s1 patriotic societies1 or veget>ians1 speak ( _! propag&a z education4 ,9 ! report on ! prohibition situation issu$ by ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil ( ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/ 9 ,am]ica1 ! sugge/ion is made t !re be a campaign ( 8education0 9 ! int]e/ ( ! en=cem5t ( ! ,vol/ead ,act4 ,al?\gh ! educator & ! propag&i/ are bo? conc]n$ ) ! dissem9ation ( in=mation1 !y h no?+ else 9 common4 ,!y use contr>y me?ods & !y /rive = opposite goals4 ,! propag&i/ is int]e/$ 9 :at p ?9k2 ! educator 9 h[ !y ?9k4 ,! propag&i/ has a def9ite aim4 ,he /rives to conv]t1 to sell1 to secure ass5t1 to prove a case1 to support "o side ( an issue4 ,he is /riv+ = an effect4 ,he wi%es p to come to a conclusion2 to accept 8 case & close _! m9ds & act4 ,! educator /rives = ! op5 m9d4 ,he has no case to prove1 :i* may n lat] be rev]s$4 ,he is will+ to reconsid]1 to be exp]im5tal1 to hold 8 conclusions t5tatively4 ,! result = :i* he /rives is a type ( /ud5t :o w n jump at ! propag&i/'s ha/y conclusions or be tak5 9 by 8 cat*words4 ,to ! "o 8le>n+0 is passively accept+ some?+2 criticism ( ! matt] (f]$ is n enc\rag$4 ,to ! o!r1 le>n+ comes by exam9+4 ,! propag&i/ ne$ h no respect = ! p]sonalities ( ^? he manipulates4 ,! educator mu/ respect 8 /ud5t1 s9ce ! developm5t ( p]sonality is 8 aim4 ,9 ! end ! "q is :e!r p are to be us$ = purposes o!r ?an _! own4 ,?is is ! sole object ( ! propag&i/2 its successful a*ievem5t is ! defeat ( ! educator4 ,ev5 9 ! s]vice ( a good cause1 propag&a makes = sup]ficiality 9 bo? him :o gives & him :o receives x4 ,! conv]t has se5 ! light4 ,he is on ! "r side4 ,he ne$ h no m d\bts or hesitation4 ,curiosity & fur!r speculation are no long] necess>y4 ,reason+ h5ce=? c become special plead+--m]e rationalization1 an array ( clev] plausibilities design$ to /r5g!n ! fai? & protect ! devotee aga9/ ! dang] t he may *ange 8 m9d4 ,he n[ becomes a propag&i/ himself1 a lay prea*] z x 71 ^: mission 9 life is to conv]t & uplift o!rs4 ,he beg9s to h>p on "o /r+4 ,9 8 eag]ness to conv9ce he resorts to ! obvi\s1 ! ?+ said = effect4 ,he is m conc]n$ ) ! =ce ( 8 argum5ts ?an ) ! accuracy ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,he is s busy ) ! g5]al good t he neglects to purify himself4 ,) unwa%$ h&s he breaks 8 bread & s]ves x to 8 neighbors4 ,i h seldom se5 a p]son :o has sp5t ye>s mak+ conv]ts1 :o has n lo/ 9 intellectual integrity4 ,em]son not$ ?is trait 9 ! abolitioni/s ( 8 day4 ,x is a quality :i* _w m5d]s ( all types h 9 common4 ,soon] or lat] ! passion to conv]t1 l any o!r passion ov]-indulg$1 w>ps ! :ole p]sonality4 ,! propag&i/ becomes intemp]ate4 ,he loses some?+ 9 delicacy & s5se ( humor4 ,!re is 9 8 mann] a mixture ( emotion & co]cion & a k9d ( slyness4 ,f9ally f mu* repetition ( /ock phrases ! great cause itself becomes hackney$ & pr(essionaliz$4 ,mo/ ( ! messages :i* m5 w\ld c>ry to ! masses slip ?r\gh ! propag&i/s' f+]s & dribble out be=e !y arrive at _! de/9ation4 ,i h tri$ to make cle> ! diff]5ces betwe5 propag&a & education4 ,if ,i am correct1 x foll[s t :5ev] ! educator becomes a propag&i/ he gives up 8 prop] function4 ,i d n mean t a s*ool tea*] %\ld n advocate political *ange or any o!r re=m he *ooses4 ,he is a citiz5 z well z a tea*]1 & has ! "r to express 8 convictions1 h[ev] unpopul> !y may be4 ,b x is n z a tea*] t he does s4 ,ord9>ily ! public insi/s t !re are c]ta9 views t he may n express ei!r 9 or outside 8 class-room4 ,at ! same "t he is requir$ to be ! advocate ( popul> moral1 religi\s & political prejudices1 h[ev] errone\s he kn[s !m to be4 ,public education suff]s mu* f ?is lack ( fre$om1 = x op]ates to keep indep5d5t m9ds out ( ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,unless any subject may be pres5t$ & e relevant fact discuss$ )\t fe> or favor1 ! in/ruction (f]$ /ud5ts is a *eat4 ,x is h[ev] 9 ! process ( tea*+ itself t ! _s ( ! propag&i/ may supplant t ( ! educator4 ,x is mu* easi] to appeal to au?ority ?an to exp]im5t1 to comm& ass5t ?an to awak5 curiosity1 to tell ! /ud5t :at he mu/ believe ?an to wait = ! matur+ ( 8 judgm5t4 ,!re are five devices commonly 9 use among propag&i/s :i* may defeat ! ef=t = a lib]al education4 ,!y are ! fixation ( ideas by repetition1 ! trick ( ov]-simplification1 ins9uation by appeal to prejudice1 di/ortion ( fact1 & co]cion4 ,psy*ology has taught ! adv]tis+ pr(ession ! sell+ p[] ( m]e monoton\s repetition4 ,at "o ( ! /ations ( ! ,hudson ,tube ,i c\nt$ five po/]s all display+ ! same adv]tisem5t ( a c]ta9 %av+ cream4 ,! adv]tis] _h n leas$ s mu* space because ( extravagance1 nor 0 he afraid t p w\ld fail to notice 8 adv]tisem5t if he display$ x on only "o bo>d4 ,x 0 s l>ge & vivid t ! pass]by c\ld easily see x4 ,8 aim 0 to deep5 ! impression by repetition4 ,= ! same reason a fla%+ int]mitt5t electric sign on :i* ! same lett]s are illum9at$ aga9 & aga9 is m effective ?an "o ) a cont9u\s light4 ,ano!r example ( ?is me?od is ! po/] conta9+ ! "n ( a popul> cig>ette toge!r ) ! comm&1 8,read ?is out l\d40 ,adv]tisem5t ( ?is nature makes no attempt to argue or expla9 or p]suade1 or to call att5tion to ! m]it ( ! article = sale4 ,_m commodities 9 common use owe _! popul>ity n to ! fact t p are p]suad$ t !y are sup]ior to a rival b because a trade ^w has become fix$ 9 memory ?r\gh endless repetition4 ,a simil> me?od is (t5 us$ 9 sell+ ideas & movem5ts4 ,santayana says1 8,a confus$ competition ( propag&a is c>ri$ on by ! mo/ exp]t psy*ological me?ods--= in/ance1 by always repeat+ a lie in/ead ( retract+ :5 x is expos$4 ,a =mula ( ?is nature may n be a consci\s lie1 x ne$ only be s fix$ 9 ! m9d by long repetition t x becomes compulsive4 ,! p]son :o cont9ues repeat+ x becomes unable to consid] ! facts :i* w\ld contradict x40 ,?us ! religi\s propag&i/ w cont9ue repeat+ an obsolete dogma long aft] its untru? is a matt] ( common k4 ,! use :i* propag&i/s make ( rumor is ano!r example ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,dur+ ! w> we saw mu* ( ?is sort ( ?+4 ,! wilde/ fabrications 7 accept$ uncritically2 :5 ev]yone 0 repeat+ !m x seem$ disloyal to "q _! bases ( fact4 ,9 any political campaign ! editorials & spee*es are made up l>gely ( repetitions4 ,popul> moral ideas are psy*ologically simil>2 we call !m platitudes4 ,9 fact public discussion :i* is mo/ly propag&a ( "o sort or ano!r consi/s almo/ :olly ( monoton\s repetition4 ,anyone :o has _h exp]i5ce ) an op5 =um w1 ,i ?9k1 agree ) me t ! discussion f ! floor--& n unfrequ5tly ! plat=m also--%[s an amaz+ monotony ( repetition4 ,i h kn[n m5 = ye>s to ga9 ! recognition ( ! *air & repeat ! same phrases night aft] night1 no matt] :at 0 ! subject "u discussion4 ,we love r\t9e4 ,!re is ,i believe less r\t9e le>n+1 less m]e memory drill1 9 our s*ools n[ ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,i d\bt if _m /ud5ts le>n geography or hi/ory or ! multiplication tables or ,lat9 gramm> 9 ! mann] ,i 0 made to le>n ^! subjects4 ,h[ev]1 x is n 9 ^! subjects1 :i* are at be/ ! m]e scaffold+ ( k1 t humdrum does ! greate/ h>m4 ,x is 9 its failure to /imulate g5u9e ?9k+ ab\t ! important human int]e/s t education commonly falls %ort ( its lib]aliz+ function4 ,!re is a dullness ab\t s+-song repetition ( ! multiplication table or ! recital ( ! names ( ! riv]s ( ,*9a1 b x does n equal 9 monotony ! uni=mity ) :i* college graduates w say ! same ?+s ab\t politics1 ! protective t>iff1 ! labor problem1 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! relation ( comm]ce to culture4 ,i rec5tly he>d a pr(essor1 :o holds an important *air 9 "o ( our lead+ univ]sities say t 8 in/itution /rove n s mu* = s*ol>%ip z to develop a c]ta9 type ( college man4 ,no d\bt he _h 9 m9d a desirable type ( man1 b any attempt to m\ld a gr\p to a s+le =m c succe$ only at ! exp5se ( ! individuality ( ! /ud5t4 ,moreov]1 su* a goal naturally causes ! au?orities to adopt me?ods ( drill & /&>dization4 ,:5ev] ! aim ( education is fix$ 9 advance1 x t5ds to propag&a & illib]alism4 ,! habit ( repetition develops a cr$ul\s & incuri\s m9d4 ,x produces a type ( p]son :o n only accepts 8 beliefs second-h&1 b also t5ds to ov]-simplify any subject "u consid]ation1 & s nev] get to ! bottom ( x z an educat$ m9d %\ld /rive to d4 ,x is v conv5i5t to /op speculation ) a half-true g5]alization /at$ z ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,we love big words2 cat* phrases are easy to rememb] & to repeat4 ,moral & religi\s tea*]s "k ?is1 h5ce _! use ( aphorisms4 ,"o does n /op to analyze an aphorism2 x is self-evid5t1 f9al4 ,propag&i/s & adv]tis]s are also aw>e ( ?is human trait1 & !y delight 9 mak+ slogans = u4 8,i'd walk a mile = a ,camel10 8,*ildr5 cry = x10 8,f\r out ( five n[ lose10 are examples ( a type ( adv]tis+ famili> to all4 ,rec5tly an ef=t 0 made 9 ,new ,york to *eck ! 8crime wave0 ) a slogan4 ,a po/] address$ to pot5tial robb]s 0 display$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city conta9+ ! words1 8,y c't w940 ,a comp>ison ( ! numb] ( convictions ) ! numb] ( crimes ( viol5ce w\ld seem to indicate t ?is slogan _h ab\t ! same measure ( tru?fulness z mo/ o!rs4 ,slogans us$ 9 comm]cial adv]tis+ are = ! mo/ "p innoc5t en\gh4 ,b !re are slogans us$ 9 types ( propag&a :i* are n innoc5t4 ,i w discuss ! di/ortion ( fact lat]2 my po9t is t ! type ( phrase-mak+ we are discuss+ t5ds at be/ to close ! m9d4 ,e movem5t t5ds to dry up into a v]bal cult ) a fix$ phraseology ! repetition ( :i* seems to satisfy ! adh]5ts' hung] = tru?4 ,! ?9k+ ( mo/ m5 consi/s ( little m ?an ! repetition ( ! phrases :i* *>act]ize ! gr\p to :i* !y belong4 ,!re are gr\ps :i* regul>ly assemble to li/5 to _! famili> v]bal =mulas repeat$ aga9 & aga91 d]iv+ mu* satisfaction f ! "t-worn phrases4 ,any deviation f regul>ity or omission ( any "p is res5t$ 9 ! same _s t caus$ primitive m5 to hold t any deviation f ! magic ritual 0 s9ful4 ,x 0 ! obs]vation ( ?is wide-spread trait 9 _m =ms t l$ me to ! conclusion t !re is practically only "o soap-box spee* on socialism1 "o address on ! pr9ciples ( ! s+le tax1 "o revival s]mon1 "o type ( campaign spee* = ea* p>ty4 ,at lea/ ,i f9d t mo/ memb]s ( any movem5t all say ! same ?+4 ,if "o kn[s :at k9d ( an 8i/0 a man happ5s to be & is famili> ) ! ritual ( t 8ism10 "o c ord9>ily pr$ict :at ! man w say on any subject4 ,frequ5tly propag&i/s d n recognize _! own pr9ciples :5 !y he> !m /at$ 9 ord9>y ,engli%4 ,& once ! cult phrases are ?or\ghly le>n$ x is v difficult = an individual to le>n any?+ m4 ,?is is :y ! tea*+ ( any subject %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to take on a set =m1 = cult ideas r$uce an issue or situation to a /atem5t s simple t x is a m]e c>icature4 ,subjects t require exhau/ive analysis & deep m$itation or mu* m in=mation ?an anyone possesses are settl$ ) amaz+ f9ality by oracul>-m9d$ p4 ,h[ _m matt]s ( vital importance are met ) su* phrases z 8,"o hundr$ p]c5t ,am]ican10 8,my c\ntry "r or wrong10 8,e ,bol%evik %\ld be /ood up aga9/ a wall & %ot10 8,pl5ty ( room at ! top10 8,rew>d ( ,m]it10 8,progressive10 8,reaction>y10 8,! cure = democracy is m democracy10 8,let ! p rule10 8,d[n ) capitali/ exploitation10 8,labor produces all weal?10 8,! demon rum10 8,godless evolution40 ,! habit :i* politicians1 pr(essional re=m]s & o!r propag&i/s h ( appeal+ to popul> prejudice 9 ord] to ga9 adh]5ts is a well-kn[n ph5om5on ( social psy*ology4 ,e political campaign is an orgy ( ?is sort ( ?+4 ,mayor ,hylan ( ,new ,york1 :5 8 incompet5ce 0 expos$1 div]t$ att5tion by d5\nc+ ! 8int]e/s40 ,9 ! same city a few ye>s ago ^? :o 7 oppos$ to mod]niz+ ! public s*ool sy/em /irr$ up a l>ge section ( ! population ) ! ass]tion t ! 8,g>y ,s*ool0 0 a ,/eel ,tru/ s*ool4 ,dur+ ! w> m5 7 elect$ to (fice n because ( _! record b accord+ to h[ /r5u\sly !y pr(ess$ _! ,am]icanism & d5\nc$ alleg$ pro-,g]mans & sociali/s4 ,a 8fri5d ( ! p0 attacks ,wall ,/reet z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,any man :o que/ions ! wisdom ( ! prohibition laws is imm$iately said to be 9 league ) ! 8liquor int]e/s40 ,9 prohibition propag&a effective use 0 made ( ! fact t _m brew]s 7 ( ,g]man desc5t4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! ,ku ,klux ,klan is ma9ly anti-,negro1 9 ! ,middle ,we/ x is anti-,ca?olic4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x takes on an anti-,semitic color+4 ,x is by su* appeals t multitudes are m>%all$ & l$ fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ano!r1 always to ! tempor>y advantage ( a gr\p ( lead]s4 ,into all ?is an ult]ior purpose1 a q p]sonal int]e/ is (t5 ins9uat$4 ,dur+ ! w> ,i made a collection ( adv]tisem5ts 9 :i* all sorts ( articles 7 urg$ ^u ! pur*as] ) ! /atem5t t 9 buy+ su* goods ! public 0 help+ w9 ! w>4 ,x is obvi\s t :5ev] a cr[d movem5t is creat$ its propag&a has a m>k$ illib]al influ5ce ^u in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,dur+ ! w> public education 9 ?is c\ntry suff]$ s]i\sly4 ,a _s ( intol]ance (t5 :olly irrelevant to ! w9n+ ( ! w> took possession ( _m educators4 ,em95t sci5ti/s lo/ _! heads & ceas$ to behave ) t good judgm5t :i* p expect ( a s*ol> 9 a critical situation4 ,su* results ( propag&a are n limit$ to times ( w>f>e4 ,i "k a college :]e ! "w ( e dep>tm5t 0 s]i\sly disorganiz$ = a seme/] by a religi\s revival 9 ! t[n4 ,! pressure ( religi\s prejudices ^u in/itutions ( le>n+ 9 ?is c\ntry is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s =ces ) :i* education has to cont5d4 ,! ho/ility 9 ! ,we/ & ,s\? t[>d ! tea*+ ( any o!r acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( man ?an t conta9$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 is n new4 ,x is m]ely ! giv+ ( legislative support to religi\s dogma :i* /rikes u z new4 ,& t has also happ5$ _m times 9 hi/ory4 ,popul> religion has always wat*$ education ) jeal\s eyes4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o factor 9 ! pres5t ,fundam5tali/ attack ^u ! !ory ( evolution :i* seems to h escap$ g5]al notice4 ,!re is reveal$ an attitude t[>d education 9 g5]al :i* %\ld give u conc]n because x seems to be held by _m p :o are n rural ,fundam5tali/s4 ,:5 ^? :o conceiv$ ( tea*+ z imp>t+ a doctr9e--let u say ( special creation or ! au?ority ( ! ,bible--f\nd t /ud5ts 7 be+ made acqua9t$ ) biological sci5ce & its v>i\s hypo!ses reg>d+ ! evolution ( species1 !y c\ld n und]/& t sci5ce c\ld be taught 9 any o!r _s ?an t ( !ology4 ,!y /ill ?\ght ( tea*+ z impos+ ^u ! uncritical /ud5t m9d a sy/em ( belief1 a rival cre$ b /ill some?+ alleg$ to be a f9al tru?1 :i* mu/ be accept$ on au?ority4 ,p]sons :o speak 9 ?is mann] ( tea*+ simply d n "k :at education is4 ,h[ c\ld a sci5ti/ g ab\t tea*+ evolution 9 ?is way8 ,nobody b a propag&i/ ev] tea*es a !ory4 ,! sci5tific laboratory itself is a witness aga9/ su* a philosophy ( education4 ,"h ! /ud5t is expos$ to ! ph5om5a to be /udi$1 & to ! s\rces ( in=mation & is aid$ to discov] ! facts = himself & draw 8 own conclusions4 ,sci5ce le>n$ by any o!r process is a m]e pret5se to k4 ,i suspect x 0 n ! doctr9e ( evolution s mu* z p]mitt+ ! /ud5t to draw 8 own conclusions f ! facts t mo/ di/urb$ ! advocates ( popul> religi\s dogma4 ,yet few p saw ! issue 9 ?is light4 ,at ! ,dayton trial ( ! in/ructor :o broke ! /atute pass$ by ! legislature ( ,t5nessee1 *ief emphasis seems to h be5 laid on ! issue :e!r aft] all evolution is contr>y to ,g5esis4 ,mo/ p seem to h accept$ )\t comm5t ! ,fundam5tali/ notion ( :at tea*+ is4 ,! :ole mean+ ( education is involv$ 9 ?is issue4 ,education is n ! sub/itution ( new cre$s = old4 ,appeals to popul> prejudice w cont9ue to d h>m to education s long z x is conceiv$ ( z 8tea*+0 any beliefs :atsoev]4 ,z long z /ud5ts are to be indoctr9at$1 naturally e gr\p w wi% its own propag&a taught4 ,9 ?is connection ,i %\ld say a ^w ab\t adult education4 ,^? engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( in/ruction are l\d 9 _! criticism ( ! propag&a :i* passes = education 9 s*ool & college4 ,_m ( !m h turn$ to adult education 9 ord] to spread "s propag&a ( _! own4 ,tea*]s 9 ?is field are con/antly tempt$ to yield to ! prejudices ( _! /ud5ts 9 ord] to ga9 popul>ity & keep up att5dance4 ,ea* type ( in/itution or special gr\p has its peculi> prejudices & w insi/ t ! in/ruction giv5 9 its classes be s pres5t$ z to l5d support to its int]e/s & beliefs4 ,:]e *ur*es ma9ta9 classes1 adult education w t5d to take on a c]ta9 color4 ,x w assume ano!r 9 ! trade union1 /ill ano!r :5 ! appeal is to radicals4 ,we h already se5 t a s*ool ( adult education may be 9 fact a sociali/ !ological sem9>y4 ,_m o!rs m]ely provide cont9u$ employm5t = p :o _h be5 pr(essional ,am]icanization propag&i/s 9 ! hectic ye>s t foll[$ ! w>4 ,a favorite me?od among propag&i/s is di/ortion ( fact4 ,x is difficult = anyone :o takes an int5sely p>tisan view ( a situation to be hone/ ) himself or c>eful ab\t matt]s ( fact4 ,respect = ! tru? is1 ,i ?9k1 an acquir$ ta/e4 ,& ! propag&i/ is a special plead]4 ,!re is always ! t5d5cy to load ! dice1 to ov]-emphasize any?+ t l5ds support & to gloss ov] & expla9 away any fact t might weak5 ! case4 ,rumor1 allegation1 m]e surmise1 w1 if x happ5s to be useful1 to put out z fact e/abli%$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is practice is a /atem5t rec5tly issu$ by a committee ( "o ( ! l>ge ,prote/ant d5om9ations attack+ bo? ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate & ! ,mayor ( ,new ,york4 ,on ! occasion ( ! latt]'s visit to ! ,s\? ,i quote a s5t5ce or two4 8,! ,s\? w be int]e/$ to "k ,mr4 ,walk]'s connection ) ,new ,york's odor\s prize-fight+ game & ) ^? elem5ts 9 ,new ,york :i* are do+ _! be/ to murd] ,am]ican /&>ds ( morality4444 ,let x rememb] ! propag&a :i* is sy/ematically organiz$ to incite to crime 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ 9 ord] t ! prohibition law may be ov]?r[n by ^! crim9al activities4444 ,let x rememb] t ,gov]nor ,smi? & 8 fri5ds 7 ! fir/ political gr\p 9 ,am]ica to introduce a religi\s issue into a conv5tion ( a political p>ty1 an atroci\s ?+ to d 9 a c\ntry :]e all religions /& on ! same basis40 ,note h[ ! impression is giv5 t ! ,mayor's alleg$ sympa?y ) ^? :o wi% to repeal ! ,vol/ead ,act is a connection ) propag&a sy/ematically organiz$ to incite to crime & und]m9e ,am]ican morals4 ,! ref]5ce to ,gov]nor ,smi? is typical ( mu* propag&a4 ,?is me?od ( *ampion+ causes is s common t x is almo/ impossible to get at ! tru? ab\t any public "q4 ,i h v little int]e/ 9 :at is happ5+ 9 ,russia4 ,if ,i _h1 ,i %\ld n "k :at to believe4 ,spokesm5 = bo? ! ,bol%evi/s & _! enemies seem to be ab\t equally unable to tell ! tru?4 ,! pursuit ( k is ! pursuit ( ! tru? ab\t some?+1 & s9ce propag&a is n ! pursuit ( tru?1 its influ5ce ^u educational in/itutions is illu/rat$ by _m ( ! text books on ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 common use 9 ! ,public ,s*ools4 ,:5 attempts 7 made to write ! acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution ) fairness to bo? sides &1 9 ! light ( e/abli%$ fact1 c]ta9 ov]-patriotic propag&i/s became mu* excit$ & ?\ght !y _h discov]$ a pro-,briti% conspiracy to deliv] ?is republic aga9 into ! clut*es ( ! ,briti% mon>*y4 ,subject matt] :i* is ev5 remotely associat$ ) popul> dogmas ( religion1 morals1 patriotism1 is likely to be modifi$ s z to appe> to be 9 h>mony ) su* dogmas :5 pres5t$ to /ud5ts4 ,ea* religi\s sect has its own v]sion ( ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,radicals :o wi% to hold ! environm5t--h5ce ! pres5t social sy/em--responsible = human failure1 are always incl9$ to accept uncritically ! biological doctr9e ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,patriotism makes x almo/ impossible = /ud5ts any:]e to ga9 a correct k ( ! hi/ory ( _! own c\ntry4 ,! moral int]e/ inevitably influ5ces ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,we h already discuss$ ! tea*+ ( ! classics4 ,_! educational value consi/s *iefly 9 op5+ w9d[s ^u a way ( life v diff]5t f our own4 ,x broad5s our sympa?y ) all t is human to ga9 an und]/&+ ( m5 :o 7 inspir$ by ideals (t5 ! contr>y ( ^? held sacr$ 9 our own p>i%4 ,yet x is j ?is educational value :i* is commonly lo/ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! classics1 especially 9 ,puritanical communities4 ,! lea/ significant books ( antiquity1 writ+s l ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies & ,cic]o's political orations1 are (t5 select$ z requir$ /udies4 ,x is n an accid5t t ! works mo/ commonly /udi$ are ^? lea/ %ock+ to conv5tionally m9d$ p1 n ^? :i* give ! /ud5t ! be/ acc\nt ( anci5t civilization4 ,likewise 9 ! tea*+ ( mod]n lit]ature1 !re is s mu* expurgation1 c5sor%ip1 evasion1 t mo/ /ud5ts get ! impression t lit]ature is produc$ by ,sunday ,s*ool tea*]s = ! edification ( v nice p4 ,if1 z _m believe1 x is be/ to protect y\ng] /ud5ts 9 ?is mann]1 ,i ?9k !y %\ld at lea/ be l$ to und]/& :at is happ5+4 ,o!rwise !y are likely to leave s*ool conv9c$ t _! own "o-sid$ & some:at infantile view ( life & lett]s is ! correct & only possible view & s influ5ce ! public au?orities to enact legislation e/abli%+ c5sor%ips ov] lit]ature & art1 design$ to impose _! own limitations ^u ev]yone4 ,f9ally :5 opportunity is favorable or occasion requires x1 mo/ propag&i/s w resort to co]cion4 ,hi/ory has reveal$ ?is fact aga9 & aga94 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! m>tyrs ( today are ! p]secutors ( tomorr[4 ,) ! possibility ( ! seizure ( p[] 9 sight1 me?ods ( moral suasion become irksome2 !y are too sl[4 ,m5 mu/ be =c$ to d :at is good = !m4 ,propag&a is design$ to ga!r a cr[d to ! support ( an idea4 ,i h %[n else:]e t :5 ! cr[d m9d appe>s any gr\p w practice co]cion if x c4 ,h>dly a g5]ation pass$ aft] ! ,edict ( ,milan1 sett+ ,*ri/ians free f p]secution1 be=e ! ,*ri/ians !mselves practic$ p]secution4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution set up a guillot9e 9 ! "n ( lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity4 ,new ,engl& pilgrims ( religi\s lib]ty p]secut$ ,quak]s & o!r 8h]etics40 ,radicals proclaim _! fai? 9 indu/rial democracy1 free spee*1 ! bro!rhood ( man1 & ! ,bol%eviks ga9 p[] by a c\p d'etat1 & hold x by means ( a policy ( t]ror4 ,santayana says t ! _m propag&as :i* today float 9 ! blue sky ( lib]alism are only wait+ to %[ _! true colors & resort to op5 attack & t :oev] is victori\s w make an end ( lib]alism4 ,:5 physical =ce is n 9 actual use1 x hides j ar\nd ! corn]4 ,9 mu* moral suasion !re is a note ( intol]ance & ( invasion4 ,! man :o kn[s he is "r puts y always on ! def5sive4 ,ev5 comm]cial adv]tis+ frequ5tly reveals ?is _s4 ,p]haps adv]tis]s got ! idea f ! po/]s us$ by ! gov]nm5t dur+ ! w>4 ,we all rememb] ! comm&+ figure ( ,uncle ,sam1 f+] po9t$ at our faces & b5ea? ! figure ! words1 8,y buy ,lib]ty ,bonds40 ,_m adv]tisem5ts n[ seek to comm& 9 su* a mann]4 ,we are ord]$ to buy ?is & t--n ask$ if we want x4 ,or our privacy is o!rwise invad$4 ,i rec5tly saw on a subway plat=m an adv]tisem5t ( soap :i* conta9$ ^! words1 8,are y clean or only ne>ly clean80 ,:5 a cr[d ( _w re=m]s becomes a crusade1 m5 d n conf9e !mselves to ask+ imp]t95t que/ions4 ,!y are n ev5 det]r$ by con/itutional gu>anties ( p]sonal rights4 ,! /orm rages until x bl[s itself out & leaves beh9d only ! debris ( :at be=e _h be5 good feel+ among m54 ,:5 a crusade is on--& !re are usually sev]al go+ at ! same "t 9 a democracy l ours--educational in/itutions are press$ into its s]vice1 & are =c$ to take sides1 or at be/ ma9ta9 a prec>i\s middle ( ! road policy4 ,?is is n ! task ( ^? int]e/$ 9 education4 ,!y are n 89 ! middle ( ! road40 ,!y are n on ! trampl$ highway at all4 ,_! task1 :ile o!rs are wrangl+ ov] unreal issues t today take _! toll ( life & tomorr[ are =gott51 is to keep ! lights ( civilization burn+1 to humanize _! own behavior ) reasonabl5ess & good ta/e4 ,z ,em]son said1 hi/ory has be5 mean3 all nations h be5 mobs4 ,! populace runs aft] ?is pass+ cause & t popul> h]o4 ,to ! populace y\r rejection ( popul> /&>ds is a rejection ( all /&>ds4 ,b !re is a "t 9 ea* man's education :5 he arrives at ! conviction t envy is ignorance1 t imitation is suicide1 t he mu/ take himself = bett] or = worse4 ,all m5 pre5 !mselves on ! improvem5t ( society & no man improves4 ,society nev] advances1 x rec$es z fa/ on "o side z x ga9s on ! o!r4 ,society is a wave2 ! wave moves =w>d1 b ! wat] ( :i* x is compos$ does n4 ,:oso w\ld be a man mu/ be a non-con=mi/4 ,su* a sugge/ion z ?is at once meets s]i\s objection4 ,x is contr>y to ! habits ( ?is busybody age4 ,_m w ask1 h[ c we h done ) propag&a8 ,we live 9 ! age ( publicity & organization1 ( causes & ne$$ re=ms4 ,great movem5ts *all5ge our complac5cy & invite our support4 ,:at1 )\t ^! int]e/s1 c\ld we live =8 ,h[ c\ld we accompli% any?+ = ! common good8 ,is n ! educat$ p]son z y depict him alo( & ineffective1 a mona/ic sort ( p]son :o disda9s ! common ways & devotes 8 days to idle contemplation8 ,& h y n y\rself said aga9 & aga9 t intellect does n exi/ z a seque/]$1 inactive ?+ or end 9 itself1 b t ?9k+ is a "p ( do+8 ,h[ !n c intellect be tra9$ 9 indiff]5ce to ! affairs ( m58 ,b ,i h n argu$ t "o seclude himself4 ,is !re no?+ to occupy ! mod]n man except to /uff himself ) half-tru?s & regulate society8 ,does exi/5ce lose its value at ! m]e sugge/ion t man m9d 8 own bus9ess8 ,:at ,i h said is t a p]son _c educate himself by fill+ 8 head ) propag&a4 ,i d ?9k p ( our age are too mu* devot$ to causes & n en\gh to _! own education4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld say t p's devotion to causes is too n>r[1 too impati5t1 too uncritical4 ,d\btless we %\ld s]ve our cause bett] if we /opp$ to look be=e we leap4 ,i am n sure t ignorance1 h[ev] devot$ & active1 ev] accompli%es mu* good = mank9d4 ,i might ask 9 turn1 d our propag&as (t5 get ! results expect$8 ,look at pacifi/ propag&a1 or ! slogan ab\t ! w> to end w>1 look at sociali/ propag&a today aft] a half c5tury & m ( x1 consid] prohibition4 ,! intellectuals ( our g5]ation h exhau/$ !mselves runn+ aft] ?is & t new sociological magic4 ,& !re is a g5]al feel+ ( fru/ration & futility4 ,:]e progress has be5 made 9 our times1 x has be5 9 matt]s t d n l5d !mselves easily to propag&a2 success _h be5 a*iev$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,intellect has fail$ :5 play+ at lead]%ip ( social movem5ts4 ,! ends s\ght by propag&a may be & (t5 are good4 ,b education is also an end4 ,we are n requir$ to occupy ourselves ) any cause to ! ext5t t we fail to educate ourselves4 ,! fir/ social obligation ( any man is 8 own education4 ,i am a m]e muddl] & a nuisance if ,i act on ! pr9ciple t ,i h any obligations to society t g beyond my k ( means & ends & ( good & evil4 ,social s]vice %\ld be a by-product ( education4 ,i d n imag9e t ,socrates or ,erasmus s\ght education 9 ord] t !y c\ld be m useful to society4 ,social obligation or no social obligation1 y & ,i h ! "r to su* education z we h ! native intellig5ce to acquire4 ,we h t "r because we are ! k9d ( animals we are4 ,no cause is m important ?an ?is4 ,let u s]ve :]e & :5 we c1 b let u n surr5d] our m5tal integrity = any man's sake4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,lib]al ,,education ,,vs4 ,,book ,,le>n+ ,is education some?+ "o c 8get0 9 an in/itution8 ,we are seek+ to discov] :at an educat$ p]son is l1--z ,plato w\ld say1 to 8f9d0 ! educat$ man4 ,:e!r ! le>n+ process takes place 9 an in/itution or out ( x is f ?is po9t ( view a matt] ( small int]e/4 ,i %\ld l to picture ! lib]ally educat$ individual z a mell[ amateur1 compet5t & well-in=m$1 b ) all natural & human1 :olly at ease ) 8 k & ma/] ( 8 te*nique2 "o ^: ?9k+ is play & ^: m9d does n squeak z x runs along4 ,b !re frequ5tly appe>s 9 educational circles a pr(essionalism t is r =midable & t]rify+4 ,i d n mean ! specializ$ k requisite = ! s-call$ le>n$ pr(essions4 ,"o may be highly tra9$ pr(essionally1 & l ,william ,james & ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,holmes1 reta9 ! _s ( ! amateur always4 ,by pr(essionalism ,i mean a c]ta9 artificiality ( mann]1 booki%ness1 ov]-/rictness 9 reg>d to petty rules1 a disposition to id5tify education ) ! display ( j t k :i* ! educat$ are conv5tionally suppos$ to possess4 ,_m p ?9k ( education z some?+ 8high-br[10 a fa/idi\sness :i* belongs to ! lite4 ,!re are ^? :o give ! impression t education is a ?+ ( books & s*ools & =malities2 & t !re is a recogniz$ frat]nity ( ! f9i%$ products ( ! sy/em4 ,z pro( t "o belongs to ?is frat]nity !re are degrees & cr$its :i* %[ t ! c&idate has pass$ c]ta9 exam9ations & has done a requir$ am\nt ( read+4 ,we h se5 t p may seek education because !y hope x w give !m a c]ta9 pre/ige4 ,i once he>d a man say1 8,i'd give t5 ?\s& doll>s if ,i only knew ,greek40 ,i wond]$ :y ,greek _h su* value 9 8 eyes4 ,i le>n$ t he _h be5 9 ! company ( two eld]ly m51 "o a cl]gyman & ! o!r a physician4 ,he 0 humiliat$ because ( 8 ignorance :5 ! two fell to discuss+ "s ,greek text rem9isc5t ( college days4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him t he c\ld secure a few text books & acquire ?is covet$ k 9 8 sp>e "t :5ev] he *ose to d s4 ,p p]si/ 9 ?9k+ t education comes to a man by virtue ( 8 att5dance at "s place :]e x may be 8got40 ,we frequ5tly he> someone say1 8,i _h s _m ye>s ( ,lat910 or 8,i took ma!matics10 or 8,i did n get mu* hi/ory40 ,=mal education1 :i* is book k acquir$ 9 a s*ool1--?is possession :i* m5 measure & grade & /&>dize1--may or may n be an aid to g5]al culture4 ,! ?+ ,i mean by lib]al education is too elusive = ! man ) ! y>d /ick4 ,) ! mod]n !ories ( le>n+ !re has come "s diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! educational value ( books4 ,traditional education consi/$ almo/ :olly ( book k4 ,k ( ! books writt5 ab\t a subject 0 rat$ z famili>ity ) ! subject itself4 ,!re is a rec5t t5d5cy1 bo? )9 & )\t in/itutions ( le>n+1 to skim ov] z _m z possible ( ! late/ books4 ,?is leaves little or no "t = ! great books1 k ( :i* is ess5tial to a lib]al education4 ,9 ! libr>y ( a v up-to-date writ] on sociological & economic subjects1 ,i did n f9d a s+le book1 except a few s*ool texts1 writt5 be=e n9ete5 hundr$4 ,mod]n writ]s all seem to desire to express ! movem5ts ( ! day4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ "o's judgm5t ( ! pres5t c be v s\nd1 if "o has no backgr\nd ( ! cultural traditions ( ! race4 ,ideas ( life ga9$ f an exclusive /udy ( ! pres5t are necess>ily second-rate4 ,pr(essor ,john ,ersk9e says1 8,to live only 9 ! mom5t1 to imag9e only "o's own place 0 once ?\ght to be ! fate ( ! /upid4 ,we h made x ! ideal ( education4444 ,no college is lib]al :i* tra9s its /ud5ts to id5tify ! excell5t or ! important exclusively ) ! contempor>y40 ,he says t education %\ld prejudice u 9 favor ( au?ors :o are wise1 & t !re h n be5 _m great m5 nor _m great ideas4 ,"o may acquire a lib]al education f ! read+ ( relatively few books4 8,! ,/ud5t 444 ought to "k ,hobbes2 he ought to "k ,pascal1 & ,plato & ,bacon & ,hom]1 & ,sp9oza & ,galileo1 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci40 ,& ,i w\ld add t anyone pursu+ 8 education ought to "k ,erasmus & ,montaigne1 ,butl]'s 8,hudibras10 & some?+ ( ,hume1 ,voltaire1 ,anatole ,france1 & ! be/ ( ! classic poets4 ,?is is n a great deal ( read+4 ,x c moreov] be done 9 a leisurely mann]1 & ?is is important4 ,our mod]n habit ( clutt]+ up ! m9d ) all sorts ( second-rate1 up-to-date pr9t$ matt] acc\nts 9 "p = ! jump9ess & hectic quality ( ! mod]n _s4 ,no "o seems to take "t = quiet reflection any m4 ,ev]yone is too busy keep+ up-to-date1 ga9+ a sup]ficial k ( ! late/ ?+1 & be=e we c pause to sep>ate ! true f ! false 9 x1 x is already out ( date & some?+ /ill m 8mod]n0 is ! fa%ion4 ,!re is a t5d5cy among v mod]n educators to r$uce book le>n+ to a m9imum4 ,x is said t book k is only he>-say1 second-h& in=mation4 ,! /ud5t does n make a fact 8 own s long z he mu/ take someone's ^w = x4 ,:at books tell y prev5ts y\r f9d+ out = y\rself4 ,y "k an emotion only :5 y feel x1 a fact :5 y deal ) x1 a tru? :5 y discov] x4 8,we le>n by do+40 ,a lead+ progressive educator says1 8,! s*ool ( tomorr[ is go+ to get away f m]e recit+ :at has be5 got f books4 ,t is1 we are go+ to give up ! notion t ! s*ool is ! place :]e we assign c]ta9 set tasks & ! *ild goes (f & prep>es ^? ?+s & !n comes back to conv9ce u t he has done :at 0 requir$4444 ,9 ! s*ool ( ! future1 ! *ild is go+ to live1 really live4 ,?is means :at he le>ns he le>ns because he ne$s x !n & !re40 ,?is r extreme =m ( prote/ aga9/ =mal book le>n+ is really an attempt to correct ! opposite extreme4 ,we all "k p]sons1 conv5tionally educat$1 :o sub/itute read+ = liv+1 & ! book = reality4 ,!re are ^? :o nev] talk ab\t ev5ts or ideas1 b always quote :at "s book says ab\t !m1 z if !y believ$ t "w1 love1 joy1 pa91 became fit subjects ( contemplation only 9 pr9t4 ,! _w ( actions & ?+s gives way to a _w ( words only4 ,human exi/5ce becomes a sort ( gr[n-up *ildr5's game ( au?ors4 ,education becomes an evasion ( ! *all5ge ( real situations4 ,emotion & fancy are exhau/$ 9 do+ no?+4 ,x becomes pref]able to read ab\t ?+s ?an to exp]i5ce !m4 ,! individual ?9ks he has acquir$ wisdom2 he m]ely has a ta/e = read+ & a good memory4 ,9 ^! days :5 educators are frantically /riv+ to f9d "s new me?od ( tea*+ :i* w save democracy f m$iocrity1 x is ! habit to blame ! old] education = any & all intellectual futility4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t futile p]sons w\ld be ineffective no matt] :at ! me?od ( in/ruction4 ,! /atem5t quot$ above to ! effect t 9 ! s*ools ( ! future ! *ildr5 are go+ to live & are to /op recit+ requir$ lessons & le>n :at !y ne$ 8"h & n[10 is a little l ! platitude t "o c le>n m out ( life ?an out ( books1 a say+ :i* always flatt]s ! illit]ate4 ,x seems to be ?or\ghly mod]n to believe t ! be/ way to get an education is to /op /udy+ & j live1--:atev] t is4 ,i am ( ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t anyone :o c le>n f life c also le>n f books )\t spoil+ 8 m9d4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 le>n+ f books & m]ely le>n+ to repeat passages f !m1 & ,i _h ?\ght t 9 really le>n+ f books "o 0 le>n+ f life4 ,:e!r "o c get m in=mation f books ?an f ?+s dep5ds some:at on ! books1 also :at x is "o wi%es to le>n1 z well z "o's capacity to le>n4 ,manipulation ( objects--do+--has no m educational value ?an repeat+ words4 ,ei!r may become a m]e r\t9e ex]cise4 ,education is ! organization ( k into human excell5ce4 ,x is n ! m]e possession ( k1 b ! ability to reflect ^u x & gr[ 9 wisdom4 ,x w\ld seem t z few p acquire wisdom f practical exp]i5ce z f books4 ,! high-s*ool educat$ multitude1 :i* pref]s ! radio to read+1 f9ds ! tales ( classic lit]ature t$i\s except :5 pres5t$ 9 ! 8movies10 reads hi/ory only 9 outl9e1 & natural sci5ce only :5 popul>iz$ 9 a s]ies ( ,,abc books1 is probably correct 9 its feel+ t books _c tea* x mu*2 & :at x is le>n+ f life is manife/ 9 ! sort ( life x lives4 ,! habit ( read+ good books1 ability to "k ! good ones f ! inf]ior1 capacity to enjoy books = ! beauty & wisdom t may be f\nd 9 !m1 are ess5tial p>ts ( a lib]al education4 ,a s*ool t implants good habits ( discrim9at+ read+ 9 its /ud5ts is a good s*ool4 ,"o t fails to d ?is is a bad s*ool4 ,! mod]n educational sy/em has taught ! public to read1--& ! public reads mo/ly tra%4 ,t education 9 a s-call$ democracy may be (ficial & pr(essionaliz$ & at ! same "t sup]ficial & illib]al is manife/4 ,?omas ,davidson1 a pione] tea*] ( adults 9 ?is c\ntry1 express$ great hope 9 ! promise ( public education 9 ,am]ica4 ,b !re is "o fact ab\t su* intellectual life z !re is 9 ?is c\ntry :i* seems to h escap$ ,davidson's att5tion1 ,i suppose because 8 own case 0 an exception4 ,x is a fact :i* ,i believe may be "o ( ! causes ( ! small influ5ce :i* le>n+ ex]ts 9 ! daily life & ?\ght & pref]5ces ( our p4 ,?\s&s ( p say t _! education is ( no use to !m 9 lat] ye>s4 ,x is an int]e/ :i* !y d n keep up b leave beh9d at ! s*ool-h\se door4 ,!y ?9k t education belongs prop]ly 9 ! s*ool1 & except = "s practical advantage mo/ p seldom ?9k ( mak+ any cultural a*ievem5t ( _! own outside ! s*ool4 ,mo/ advance 9 s*ol>%ip 9 ?is c\ntry is ! "w ( pr(essionals1 memb]s ( univ]sity faculties4 ,outside ! in/itutions ( le>n+1 !re is v little indep5d5t creative ?\ght4 ,exception mu/ be made ( our lit]>y m51 b ^! too are pr(essionals4 ,!re are almo/ no m5 ( leisure :o c>ry on ! progress ( civilization z educat$ amateurs4 ,9 ?is respect we are mu* l ,g]many be=e ! w>1 :]e advance 9 s*ol>%ip 0 almo/ conf9$ to ! univ]sities & ! attempt 0 made to create k by ! ma*9]y ( organiz$ rese>*4 ,an example ( ! situation 9 our c\ntry is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t almo/ e memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association is a ,ph4,d4 & a tea*] ( philosophy 9 a degree-grant+ in/itution4 ,x might almo/ be said t philosophy1 beyond ! m]e/ introduction to ! subject1 is /udi$ 9 ord] t /ud5ts may become tea*]s ( /ill o!r tea*]s4 ,i suspect t a simil> situation exi/s 9 o!r le>n$ societies4 ,?is conf9em5t ( s*ol>%ip to ! pr(essional /ud5t leaves ! public )\t guidance & at ! m]cy ( quacks4 ,x causes a break betwe5 education & o!r int]e/s :i* ! public s*ool /rives 9 va9 to bridge ov]1 because 9 su* a situation ! s*ool itself becomes (ficial & seque/]$4 ,?us education is con/antly be+ done up 9 little packages & s5t out f ! places :]e x is gr[n1 l ! g>d5 se$s :i* ,congressm5 us$ to s5d to _! con/itu5ts & :i* nobody plant$4 ,education does n take root because nobody plants x4 ,p ?9k t culture is ! special function ( ! pr(essional g>d5]s1 & !re are ev5 educators :o w\ld be a/oni%$ & jeal\s if !y saw any?+ b elem5t>y s*ol>%ip gr[+ at l>ge outside _! walls4 ,9 ?is respect1 x seems to me1 ,great ,brita9 has _h ! advantage4 ,_m ( h] greate/ contributions to sci5ce & philosophy came f outside ! regul> univ]sity faculties4 ,su* m5 z ,hobbes1 ,milton1 ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,hume1 ,sp5c]1 ,mill & ,d>w9 may h receiv$ conv5tional tra9+1 b !y w5t out & did some?+ ) x aft]w>ds4 ,!y help$ create an ideal ( ! educat$ man :i* we h yet to ga94 ,h5ce ,great ,brita9 has _h _m amateur s*ol>s :o 7 also m5 ( affairs1 m5 l ,mr4 ,balf\r & ! ,haldanes1 ^: influ5ce has help$ keep education f be+ ov]-pr(essionaliz$4 ,"s ( ! highe/ educational atta9m5ts 9 hi/ory h be5 rea*$ )\t ! sett+ up ( any in/itution at all1 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,protagoras1 ,socrates1 & ,abel>d simply ga!r$ gr\ps ( fell[ /ud5ts ab\t !m :o liv$ = ye>s 9 _! company1 fir/ z disciples !n z assi/ants4 ,su* education to be sure 0 = ! select$ few1 b aft] a man _h sp5t "s "t ) 8 tea*]1 he acquir$ a philosophy :i* *ang$ 8 way ( life4 ,! mod]n attempt to educate ev]yone really educates h>dly anyone4 ,! public s*ool imp>ts a c]ta9 elem5t>y in/ruction--9 eight or t5 ye>s ab\t z mu* z a normally intellig5t y\? c\ld ma/] 9 two ye>s if he set 8 m9d to x4 ,9 matt]s ( ta/e & /&>ds ( value1 public s*ool education makes little diff]5ce2 or 9 develop+ ?ir/ = k1 tol]ance1 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t4 ,! task ( giv+ in/ruction to ! y\? ( an entire community is s great t ?or\ghness is almo/ impossible4 ,! task falls to ! /ate1 & ! /ate is a ve/$ int]e/ & ! protector ( o!r ve/$ int]e/s1 int]e/s :i* are n always consi/5t ) ! desire = k4 ,!re are factions 9 ! community :i* ! public au?orities mu/ conciliate4 ,we h se5 :at c happ5 to ! tea*+ ( biology & hi/ory :5 su* factions become organiz$ to control ! public education ( a /ate4 ,public s]vants are n[h]e eag] to h education s free to pursue its prop] function t !re is develop$ an al]t & critically m9d$ public to :om !y mu/ ju/ify c]ta9 ( _! practices4 ,:at ! /ate desires ( education is soldi]s1 reliable vot]s1 law-abid+ citiz5s1 cont5t$ work+ m51 prosp]\s trad]s4 ,h5ce a _s ( docility & cr$ulity1 (t5 ( timidity1 prevails 9 ! s*ool4 ,:]e !re are l>ge numb]s 9 att5dance1 ! individual /ud5t receives little p]sonal att5tion4 ,! education ( backw>d /ud5ts is sometimes giv5 m consid]ation ?an t ( ! normally intellig5t4 ,! *ief aim is to get ! /ud5t ?r\gh & pass him along to ! next grade1 & ! pace at :i* ! in/ructor moves is set by ! m$iocre4 ,:e!r ?is /ate ( affairs w be rem$i$ by ! use ( intellig5ce te/s rema9s to be se54 ,at pres5t m5tal measurem5t is a sort ( fad4 ,! sy/em requires t all %all le>n ! same lesson 9 ! same mann] at ! same "t4 ,/&>dization develops a k9d ( mass m9d1 :i* 9 mature ye>s r5d]s m5 v susceptible to cr[d appeal4 ,le>n+ impos$ ^u ! /ud5t by ! sy/em is put on ! outside l a m5tal uni=m4 ,habits become /]eotyp$ 9 ! elem5t>y1 non-reflective aspects ( behavior & k4 ,!re is little 9 ?is to guide ! /ud5t to ! spiritual values ( a lib]al education4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o pass ?r\gh ! sy/em nev] "k t su* values exi/4 ,! public s*ool sy/em is a great bureaucracy ) autocracy at ! top & def]5ce to au?ority all ! way d[n ?r\gh ! hi]>*y ( sup]9t5d5ts1 pr9cipals1 & in/ructors1 to ! /ud5ts4 ,! adm9i/rator holds dom9ion ov] ! tea*]4 ,little is left to p]sonal initiative4 ,any sy/em :i* requires little responsibility ( its employees b mu* def]5ce to petty au?ority 9 "t comes to be fill$ ) p]sons to :om su* s]vitude is n irksome4 ,s]i\s s*ol>%ip is r>e4 ,! tea*] is n enc\rag$ to indep5d5ce ( judgm5t conc]n+ ! subject :i* = ye>s x is 8 "w to tea*4 ,tea*+ becomes a trade & is practis$ ) z little intellectual int]e/ z mo/ trades4 ,o!r ?an idealiz+ ! exi/+ situation toge!r ) :atev] p]sons or int]e/s control ! s*ool sy/em1 little att5tion is giv5 to ! social sett+ into :i* ! s*ool s5ds its /ud5ts :5 !y leave4 ,dr4 ,kall5 says1 8,free public education & private in/ruction pur*asable at a price are bo? b ! community's device to meet pres5t ne$s by transmitt+ ! pa/ un*ang$4 ,!y provide a gramm> ( ass5t1 n a logic ( inquiry4 ,! m5tal po/ure !y habituate ! y\? 9 is n ! po/ure ( reflection4 ,! m5tal po/ure !y habituate ! y\? 9 is ! po/ure ( con=mity4 ,!y require belief1 n inve/igation4 ,!y impose rev]5ce = ! pa/ & idealization ( ! pres5t4 ,!y envision ! future z a p]petuation ( ! pa/1 n z a new creation ( x4 ,!y are ,ma9 ,/reet's mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( self-reproduction )\t v>iation4444 ,!y enable gov]nm5t bo? visible & invisible to cont9ue by cons5t1 = !y =e/all & inhibit 9 ! citiz5s ( ! l& ! te*nique ( d\bt & diss5t :i* is ! necess>y condition ( good gov]nm5t & ! true inw>dness ( t et]nal vigilance s notori\sly ! price ( lib]ty40 ,"h & !re1 9 spite ( ! sy/em1 someone gets 8 feet on ! pa? :i* leads to lib]al education4 ,b 9 g5]al x _c be said t ! public s*ool has realiz$ ! dreams ( ^? :o 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury hop$ t free univ]sal education w\ld place democratic in/itutions on ! solid f\ndations ( enlight5$ public op9ion & g5]al respect = tru?4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! curse ( ignorance w\ld be remov$2 t humbug & insol5ce w\ld be driv5 f ! control ( affairs2 t labor w\ld be ennobl$ by und]/&+1 & fre$om secur$ by ! atta9m5t ( self-ma/]y4 ,all 7 n[ to h access to s*ol>%ip2 ! preci\s wisdom ( ! great m9ds ( all times1 no long] ! possession ( ! favor$ few1 %\ld be made to live 9 ! daily exp]i5ce ( ! nations4 ,we are n s utopian 9 our hopes = ! future ( society z 7 ! ,humanit>ian ideali/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,p]haps p h expect$ too mu* ( public education & h requir$ too little4 ,we ne$ n be a/oni%$ t ! education ( ! public is committ$ to a sy/em :i* becomes an end 9 itself2 t is human4 ,nor ne$ we be a/oni%$ t public education is adm9i/]$ & c>ri$ on by p]sons mo/ ( :om d n "k :at education is2 t is ! democratic way ( deal+ ) public affairs4 ,if y are to get y\r education1 :oev] y are y mu/ n be cont5t to let x be a public affair4 ,y mu/ make x y\r private affair4 ,sev]e criticism ( bo? ! public s*ool & ! univ]sity is common4 ,!re is mu* talk ab\t capitali/ic influ5ce1 & ! d5ial ( academic fre$om by prom95t bus9ess m5 :o contribute to end[m5ts & con/itute bo>ds ( tru/ees4 ,9 s f> z ?is criticism comes f pr(essional radical propag&i/s x ne$ n be tak5 v s]i\sly4 ,su* p]sons m]ely want _! own propag&a includ$ 9 ! curriculum4 ,univ]sity presid5ts no d\bt (t5 play politics & d o!r ?+s common to pr(essional money-rais]s4 ,faculties are (t5 little m ?an p$antic trade unions1 & if we are to judge ! colleges ( ! c\ntry by ! numb] ( fir/-rate s*ol>s :o graduate f !m or by ! ext5t ( _! influ5ces z a :ole on ! cultural /&>ds ( ! c\ntry1 we may well "q :e!r high] education 9 ,am]ica succe$s any bett] ?an ! public s*ool4 ,b ,i wond] :y s mu* criticism is direct$ at tru/ees & faculties & s little at ! /ud5ts4 ,! habit ( con/antly d5\nc+ someone because we are n bett] educat$ is r ludicr\s4 ,if our p really desire education !y c h x4 ,if ,i am dissatisfi$ ) my ignorance1 ,i may seek k at any "t1 & no "o else1 9 or out ( college1 c ev] ga9 wisdom = me4 ,anyone :o has kept up 8 int]e/ 9 8 education aft] graduation kn[s t :at is le>n$ 9 s*ool & college is at be/ a small "p ( x--m]ely ! beg9n+ ( an education4 ,anyone :o does n cont9ue 8 /udies ?r\gh ! ye>s ( a busy life & ?9ks t ! brief introduction to ! tools ( s*ol>%ip :i* he receiv$ 9 8 adolesc5ce is education1 %\ld apologize to 8 college1 n criticize x4 ,grant$ t !re is mu* bad tea*+1 !re is m bad /udy+1--or ,i %\ld say1 h>dly any /udy+ at all4 ,pr(essor ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son us$ to say1 8,a college is a place :]e !re is mu* tea*+ & no le>n+40 ,is x n possible t a l>ge portion ( ! population _c be educat$8 ,su* p]sons are n all necess>ily dull1 !y may be naturally un9t]e/$ 9 education1 & x is likely t _m ent] in/itutions ( le>n+ ) ! mi/ak5 notion t x is education !y desire1 :5 :at !y really want is success1 a good "t1 & a little tra9+ 9 :at !y ?9k are ! mann]s & ways ( spee* ( polite society4 ,! f9i%+ s*ool once suppli$ ?is ne$2 n[ ! colleges h to d x4 ,! motives :i* lead p to seek college education divide ! /ud5ts into ?ree types4 ,fir/ !re are ! few :o love le>n+4 ,! _s :i* once caus$ gr\ps ( "y m5 to foll[ ,abel>d or ,erasmus /ill br+s an occasional y\? to college4 ,su* /ud5ts may ne$ guidance1 advice & ! fell[%ip ( mature s*ol>s4 ,x is n necess>y to =ce !m to /udy1 or (f] !m 8snap c\rses10 or cram !m = exam9ation4 ,mu* ( ! proc$ure & regulation--! regim5tation common 9 in/itutions ( le>n+--is unnecess>y & sometimes h>mful to !m4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld become educat$ p]sons ev5 if !y nev] saw a college class-room4 ,a second type ( /ud5t att5ds college & univ]sity 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! motive is prep>ation = a pr(essional c>e]4 ,_m ( ! be/ /ud5ts belong to ?is type4 ,:e!r 9 addition to _! pr(essional tra9+ !y ev] ga9 a lib]al education--we h se5 t ! two are n necess>ily ! same--w dep5d l>gely ^u :at !y d aft] !y get _! degrees4 ,if !y !n h an int]e/ 9 educat+ !mselves1 _! te*nical tra9+ ought to be an advantage1 = mo/ ( !m h le>n$ h[ to /udy4 ,b s mu* purely te*nical k mu/ be drill$ into a man's head t ! /ud5t :o is prep>+ = a degree 9 eng9e]+1 law1 m$ic9e or sci5tific rese>* has v little "t = any?+ else4 ,_m ( ! mo/ successful physicians1 eng9e]s & sci5ti/s ne$ adult education q z mu* z d ord9>y work+ m54 ,! ?ird type1 ! majority ( und]graduate /ud5ts1 are = ! mo/ "p pleasant "y m5 & wom5 ( ! upp] middle class4 ,_! p>5ts are 8putt+ !m ?r\gh college0 because x is ! expect$ ?+ to d4 ,a man wi%es to give 8 *ildr5 e advantage4 ,:ile a ba*elor's degree is n exactly a social necessity1 !re are _m :o w\ld h some?+ l an inf]iority complex )\t x4 ,i knew "o family 9 ,new ,york ,city :o almo/ w5t into m\rn+ :5 ! only son fail$ 9 8 ,h>v>d entrance exam9ations4 ,/ud5ts ( ?is type enjoy f\r happy ye>s1 l>gely at public exp5se1 ) o!r "y p ( _! own age 9 an environm5t design$ to keep !m out ( mis*ief4 ,i h no d\bt ?is gr[n-up k9d]g>t5 life is good = !m2 mo/ ( !m seem to appreciate x4 ,9 lat] ye>s !y rema9 en?usia/ically loyal to ,alma ,mat]1 com+ back to football games & class reunions & contribut+ to ! support ( ! college4 ,z alumni _! influ5ce is n always on ! side ( progress 9 education1 b p]haps !y make up = ?is failure 9 o!r ways4 ,i am prep>$1 moreov]1 to say t ! exi/5ce ( hundr$s ( c5t]s fill$ ) su* c>e-free "y p may be a good ?+ = ! c\ntry4 ,!y keep alive a tradition ( good *e] & ( man's "r to happ9ess 9 a c\ntry t is o!rwise sordidly comm]cial4 ,a leisure class is a social necessity = x s]ves z an example to o!r p %[+ !m h[ to enjoy _! idle h\rs4 ,! ,engli% ari/ocracy ) its horse races & o!r out-door sports has done mu* to make life int]e/+ to all classes 9 t o!rwise factory-ridd5 c\ntry1 & its example has be5 foll[$ by p 9 o!r l&s4 ,n[ ab\t ! only leisure class we h 9 ,am]ica is ! und]graduate /ud5t body4 ,a privileg$ class is always popul> ) ! re/ ( ! population 9 a normally con/itut$ /ate4 ,& s ! :ole c\ntry enjoys vic>i\sly ! amusem5ts ( its und]graduate boys & girls4 ,! college y\? ) 8 automobile1 8 pipe1 & 8 big fur coat is a favorite h]o 9 ! motion pictures4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t ! p]iod ( loaf+ is limit$ to f\r ye>s is a bless+1 = by tak+ turns a great] numb] may enjoy ! privilege ?an ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry c\ld possibly support 9 p]man5t idl5ess4 ,b :ile all ?is may be good = ! c\ntry1 x is n v good = ! colleges4 ,x is bad = ! morale ( any in/itution to sail "u false colors1 & colleges are popul>ly suppos$ to be educational in/itutions4 ,! college faculties !mselves mu/ to "s ext5t %>e ?is popul> delusion1 or else !y w\ld n p]mit ! public to g on believ+ x4 ,! attempt to live up to ?is errone\s idea puts ev]ybody "u a /ra91 /ud5ts & faculty alike1 & is ! "o unpleasant ?+ ab\t college life4 ,in/ructors are =ev] annoy+ ! /ud5ts1 try+ to get "s "w out ( !m4 ,att5dance on classes is requir$1 & a s]ies ( exam9ations is arrang$ :i* nobody enjoys & :i* d no good anyway4 ,!y only make x necess>y to s5d an occasional /ud5t home1 & !n !re are te>s1 o!r /ud5ts are fright5$ & sometimes lose sleep cramm+ = ! next exam9ation1 & ! in/ructor loses popul>ity1 especially if 8 c\rse is an elective "o4 ,x is among ?is type ( und]graduates t 8campus op9ion0 has its orig94 ,campus op9ion is di/9ctly ho/ile to le>n+1 & x holds sway ov] /ud5ts ) ! same t5acity z o!r cr[d ideas among ! un$ucat$ elem5ts ( ! population4 ,! /ud5t :o takes 8 education s]i\sly loses ca/e & is reg>d$ z a joke4 ,few "y p are suffici5tly non-greg>i\s to /& out aga9/ ! scornful laught] ( _! fell[s4 ,:at ! av]age /ud5t gets f college1 !n1 is an opportunity to complete 8 adolesc5ce 9 an int]e/+ & heal?y environm5t1 ! exp]i5ce ( be+ away f home & on 8 own1 & frat]nity & club life--pleasant 9 itself--9 :i* fri5d%ips are =m$ t la/ ?r\gh life & are (t5 useful bus9ess connections 9 aft] ye>s4 ,!re is also a?letics1 ?r\gh :i* ! /ud5t may develop 8 muscles1 ga9 ! desirable moral quality ( good sportsman%ip1 & satisfy any ambition he may h to become a college h]o4 ,"o always becomes fam\s 9 college outside ! class-room1 nev] 9 x4 ,incid5tally1 if a /ud5t is naturally clev] at pick+ up bits ( in=mation ) a m9imum ( read+1 he ga9s a b[+ acqua9tance ) ab\t z mu* k z %\ld be ! possession ( "o ) a fair second>y education4 ,f9ally1 he =ms c]ta9 habits & acquires c]ta9 mann]s & ta/es :i* m\ld him to ! type ( ! av]age college graduate1 & goes out 9 ! _w to take 8 place 9 ! social & bus9ess circles ( 8 home t[n1 :]e1 if he %\ld ev] m5tion ,ari/otle1 p w\ld ?9k he 0 crazy4 ,! college graduate c play a good game ( t5nis1 we> 8 clo!s well1 talk ab\t ! late/ novel1 walk across a room ) grace & dignity1 & %>e ! club op9ions ( 8 set1 & !re is no?+ (f5sive 9 8 table mann]s4 ,i d n mean to und]rate ^! accompli%m5ts4 ,! p]son :o does n h !m1 h[ev] great 8 a*ievem5t 9 s*ol>%ip1 is a boor1 too lack+ 9 s5sitiv5ess to assimilate ! k he has /or$ 9 8 head4 ,b ^! are accompli%m5ts t %\ld be le>n$ at home1 z a matt] ( c\rse2 colleges ought n to be necess>y = tra9+ ( ?is sort4 ,:]e9 ! education ( ! av]age college graduate fails ( its true ends is se5 9 :at might be call$ ! deep] ?+s ( ! _s4 ,no pr(\nd intellectual passion has be5 awak5$1 no habit ( indep5d5t judgm5t =m$4 ,! college man %>es ! usual popul> prejudices ( 8 community4 ,he runs ) ! cr[d aft] ! h]o ( ! h\r1 & %[s ! same lack ( discrim9ation z d ! un$ucat$4 ,he votes ! same p>ty ticket1 is intol]ant along ) 8 neighbors1 & puts ! same value on mat]ial success z d ! illit]ate4 ,8 education has made v little diff]5ce 9 8 religi\s beliefs1 8 social philosophy1 8 e?ical values1 or 8 g5]al outlook on ! _w4 ,l all op9ionat$ & half-educat$ p1 he jumps to ha/y conclusions1 believes :at o!rs believe1 does ?+s because o!rs d !m1 wor%ips ! pa/1 idealizes ! pres5t4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 let me quote a passage f ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,! au?or meant x to be a description ( ! sci5ti/4 ,x /&s z a sugge/ion ( :at a lib]ally educat$ m9d %\ld be4 8,to "q all ?+s2--nev] to turn away f any difficulty2 to accept no doctr9e ei!r f ourselves or f o!r p )\t a rigid scrut9y by negative criticism2 lett+ no fallacy1 or incoh]5ce1 or confusion ( ?\ght1 /ep by unp]ceiv$2 above all1 to insi/ ^u hav+ ! mean+ ( a ^w cle>ly und]/ood be=e us+ x1 & ! mean+ ( a proposition be=e ass5t+ to x2--^! are ! lessons we le>n #8f work]s 9 ,sci5ce4' ,) all ?is vigor\s managem5t ( ! negative elem5t1 !y inspire no scepticism ab\t ! reality ( tru? or indiff]5ce to its pursuit4 ,! noble/ en?usiasm1 bo? = ! se>* aft] tru? & = apply+ x to its highe/ uses1 p]vades ^? writ]s40 ,:5 all is said1 ! ignorance & folly ( m5 are ?+s t in/itutions _c cure4 ,ea* mu/ discov] ! pa? ( wisdom = himself4 ,"o does n 8get0 an education any:]e4 ,"o becomes an educat$ p]son by virtue ( pati5t /udy1 quiet m$itation1 intellectual c\rage1 & a life devot$ to ! discov]y & s]vice ( tru?4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,d\bt ,! sev5? book ( ,plato's ,republic beg9s ) ! ,p>able ( ! ,cave4 ,to %[ 8h[ f> our nature is enlight5$ or un5light5$0 ! philosoph] draws a picture ( human be+s liv+ 9 an und]gr\nd d51 all ( !m f *ildhood *a9$ ) _! backs to ! light s t all !y c see is mov+ %ad[s ca/ ^u ! opposite wall4 ,?is _w ( %ad[s is ! sy/em ( popul> beliefs4 ,to ^! p 8! tru? w\ld be lit]ally no?+ b ! %ad[ ( images40 ,plato tells u to imag9e :at w\ld happ5 if ! prison]s 7 releas$ & disabus$ ( _! error4 ,if any "o ( !m is sudd5ly compell$ to turn & face ! light1 ! gl>e bl9ds him & he suff]s a %>p pa94 ,if he is reluctantly dragg$ up into ! outside _w ( sunlight he is at fir/ dazzl$4 ,aft] he is accu/om$ to ! new vision1 all reality w appe> diff]5t4 ,he w see ! diff]5ce betwe5 %ad[ & sub/ance4 ,he w "k t popul> belief is error4 ,if n[ he %\ld return1 :at a diff]5ce !re w\ld be betwe5 8 new wisdom & t :i* 9 ! d5 pass$ = wisdom6 8,& if !y 7 9 ! habit ( conf]r+ honors among !mselves on ^? :o 7 quicke/ to obs]ve ! pass+ %ad[s1 & to rem>k :i* ( !m w5t be=e & :i* foll[$ aft]1 & :i* 7 toge!r1 & :o 7 !re=e be/ able to draw conclusions z to ! future1 d y ?9k he w\ld c>e = su* honors & glories8--,& if !re 7 a conte/ & he _h to compete 9 measur+ ! %ad[s ) ! prison]s :o _h nev] mov$ out ( ! d5 & :ile 8 eyes 7 yet weak10 we are told t he w\ld fumble & be ridicul\s1 & m5 w\ld say1 8,up he w5t & d[n he came )\t 8 eyes10 & !y w\ld pass a law t no "o %\ld ev5 ?9k ( asc5d+ any m or try to release ano!r & lead him up4 ,i w n discuss ! metaphysical implications ( ?is p>able ab\t :i* !re is dispute4 ,plato says we %all n misappreh5d him if we int]pret ?is upw>d j\rney z education4 ,:oev] w\ld face ! light mu/ turn 8 back on ! cr[d & its %ad[s4 ,he mu/ climb into ano!r _w ( values4 ,! educat$ man ?9ks diff]5tly4 ,8 beliefs are diff]5t f ^? ( ! h]d4 ,he is be+ set free f its delusions1 ev5 f :at x holds to be important4 ,?is is n because he wi%es to be alo( or sup]ior1 b because he is ga9+ a diff]5t conception ( :at believ+ itself is4 ,he has a new approa* to ?+s 9 g5]al1 new habits ( judg+4 ,he is beg9n+ to =m 8 own judgm5ts1 & to judge is to weigh1 to consid]1 to "q1 to seek evid5ce1 to d\bt4 ,common m5 *]i% _! nave fai?s & ask no que/ions4 ,!y imag9e t education is simply great] in=mation ( ! same sort :i* !y also possess 9 "s measure1 & t x is ! "p ( wisdom to e/abli% ! reality ( _! %ad[s4 ,!y res5t a wisdom :i* is diff]5t f _! own & unsettles belief4 ,he :o acquires in=mation )\t ! w to d\bt is a common man & 8 k9d und]/& him4 ,h5ce m5 t5d to display _! in=mation & conceal _! education4 ,h[ev] mu* a man may "k1 s long z he does n become re-ori5t$1 ! cr[d does n suspect him1 b admires 8 le>n+4 ,he is l a =m] ,mayor ( ,new ,york 9 8 high hat at ! head ( ! ,policeman's ,p>ade4 ,! multitude us$ to /& ) _! m\?s op5 gaz+ at him4 ,ea* 9 imag9ation saw 9 ! exalt$ figure himself ris5 to a place ( honor & success4 ,s x is ) ! 8bra9y man40 ,! 8light5+ calculator0 or ! man :o c recite f memory ! population /ati/ics ( ! cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a museum wond]4 ,b :5 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 a ,new ,york !at] t only twelve m5 c\ld und]/& ,e9/e9's !ory ( relativity1 ,i am told t ! cr[d hiss$4 ,in=mation is a k9d ( skill4 ,ev]yone c possess ?is skill to ! ext5t he *ooses1 & p d n res5t an exhibition ( unusual skill ( su* a nature4 ,9 ,am]ica mo/ m5 & boys h "s measure ( skill at ! game ( baseball1 s ?is game is ! popul> national =m ( sport4 ,! skillful pr(essional ball-play] is simply "o ( ! common boyhood ideals realiz$4 ,he diff]s f ! spectators ( ! game 9 degree1 b n 9 k9d4 ,he plays ! same game !y all play$1 & is ! same sort ( p]son !y all 7 z boys--only m s4 ,s ) mo/ k9ds ( in=mation1 ! am\nt "o may acquire makes only a quantitative diff]5ce1 n a diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,b z a man becomes educat$ he discov]s t he is play+ a new game2 he is becom+ a diff]5t k9d ( p]son1 ) diff]5t likes & dislikes1 diff]5t int]e/s1 diff]5t ideals & fai?s1 & su* beliefs z he has he holds diff]5tly4 ,:at ! multitude mo/ fe>s 9 education is ! dang] t ! cr[d fai? w be lo/ 9 ! process4 ,?is fe> is (t5 ju/ifi$4 ,old beliefs w be lo/ & !y %\ld be4 ,! fe> appe>s 9 consci\sness z solicitude = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! p]son be+ educat$4 ,x is really anxiety ov] ! m5ace ( education to h]d liv+ & ?9k+4 ,x is ! function ( education to lure ! individual out ( ! pack & give him opportunity to "k 8 own m9d1 a ?+ he c nev] d s long z he runs & b>ks & bites along ) all ! re/4 ,to return to ,plato's figure1 e p]son :o climbs out ( ! cave n only loses 8 own fai? 9 ! reality ( %ad[s b weak5s ! fai? ( ^? :o rema9 beh9d4 ,cave m5 make /r5u\s ef=ts to resi/ education4 ,_! common practice is to ma9ta9 _! own sy/ems ( pseudo education 9 :i* no "o is p]mitt$ to turn 8 eyes away f ! wall4 ,aga91 education has be5 lik5$ to leav54 ,:5 x is hone/ x is v mu* l yea/4 ,be=e ! culture is introduc$ ! solution ( ideas is 9 equilibrium4 ,! m9d has simply accept$ :at 0 p\r$ into x by p>5ts1 tea*]s1 prie/s1 & politicians4 ,9 ! solution !re is reflect$ a compact1 8/ill10 neatly ord]$ little sy/em ( k4 8,god's 9 8 heav51 all's "r ) ! _w40 ,duty is cle>1 all is conv5tionally arrang$1 tru? is et]nal & logic c prove x4 ,human rights are decre$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! republic4 ,! c\rse ( de/9y is disclos$ to reason & fai? & ! promise seal$ 9 div9e revelation4 ,at ?is /age1 mo/ m9ds are c>efully seal$ up or a prophylactic is /irr$ 91 = if ^? sug>y solutions are expos$ to a live spiritual culture !y beg9 to 8"w40 ,!n !y are spoil$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,) ! f]m5tation !re is sometimes foam & gas2 b a *emical *ange is tak+ place1 brew+ a m9d ) a 8kick0 9 x4 ,x is int]e/+ t bread & w9e & education are all made by a simil> process2 h5ce an educational ,vol/eadism has (t5 be5 en=c$ s t _m ( ! be/ m9ds h _h to be 8home brew$40 ,pr(essor ,dewey some:]e speaks ( education z free+ ! m9d ( 8bunk40 ,x is a l>ge task4 ,no "o :olly succe$s4 ,i nev] saw a completely 8debunk$0 individual4 ,/rive z we may to eradicate x1 !re is always 9 our ?9k+ an am\nt ( error1 ( wi%-fancy accept$ z objective fact1 ( exagg]ation1 special plead+1 self-ju/ification4 ,_m ( our beliefs are n f\nd$ 9 reason at all1 b are dem&$ by "s unconsci\s & repress$ impulse 9 our nature4 ,m5 make a virtue ( _! fai? :5 9 fact !y are victims ( x2 !y c no m help believ+ c]ta9 ?+s ?an a neurotic c /op a compulsive habit4 ,x is said t x is easy to d\bt & t to believe is an accompli%m5t4 ,x is n s4 ,x is easi] to believe ?an to d\bt4 ,! ?+s we mu/ tra9 ourselves to d\bt are z a rule j ! ?+s we wi% to believe4 ,x is *ildr5 & savages & ! illit]ate :o h ! mo/ implicit fai?4 ,x is said t unbelief is s94 ,?is is n s2 x is nobl] to d\bt ?an to believe1 = to d\bt is (t5 to take sides ) fact aga9/ oneself4 ,nietzs*e said t ?is trait is *>act]i/ic ( 8high] m540 ,x 0 ,huxley1 z ,i rememb] x1 :o consid]$ t man c\ld 9 no?+ fall s l[ z :5 he delib]ately took refuge 9 ! absurd4 ,ev5 ) a rationali/ l ,huxley d\bt is n m]ely a function ( ! intellect4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x is a moral necessity4 ,! pursuit ( k is n ! same1 h[ev]1 z scrupul\s avoidance ( error4 ,he :o /rives to d 8 own ?9k+ mu/ accept responsibility = himself4 ,he mu/ expect t he w make mi/akes4 ,he may end 9 total failure4 ,he mu/ take 8 *ances & be will+ to pay ! co/ ( 8 adv5ture4 ,i "k pr(essional s*ol>s :o are s afraid !y may write or say some?+ :i* _! colleagues w %[ to be wrong t !y nev] express an op9ion ( _! own or commit !mselves to any d[nright /atem5t4 ,su* equivocation & qualify+--play+ safe--is n :at ,i mean by d\bt4 ,i d n mean m]ely t "o %\ld be always on gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( error1 b t "o %\ld le>n to hold all "o's beliefs ) a half-amus$ light-he>t$ness4 ,mo/ m9ds are load$ d[n ) ! s]i\sness ( _! convictions4 ,solemnity 9 ! pres5ce ( our et]nal v]ities is awkw>dness1 & makes u always a little ridicul\s1 giv+ u ! appe>ance ( "o ab\t to %ake h&s ) ! ,presid5t4 ,:y n enjoy ! humor ( ! situation8 ,our great tru?s may all ! :ile be 8spo(+0 u4 ,x w d no h>m to give !m a sly w9k n[ & !n4 ,cr[d m5 h no s5se ( humor4 ,x is v difficult to educate solemn & op9ionat$ p4 ,l ,om>1 !y always come out by t same door :]e9 !y w5t4 ,i h kn[n /ud5ts to complete a c\rse ( /udy hav+ le>n$ no?+1 because ( _! dis9cl9ation to consid] any fact :i* might cause !m to surr5d] "s belief ab\t religion or economic !ory ) :i* !y ent]$4 ,:oev] leaves an in/itution ( le>n+ ) ! same g5]al outlook on life t he _h :5 he fir/ came might bett] h employ$ 8 "t o!rwise4 ,he is n a /ud5t2 he is a *ur*-memb]4 ,a well-kn[n re=m] says 9 8 autobiography t 8 education1 to ! pres5t "t1 has be5 a long process ( 8un-le>n+40 ,! progressive disillusionm5t began 9 college :5 he 0 =c$ to ab&on ! religi\s dogmas ( 8 *ildhood4 ,x cont9u$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( h>d exp]i5ces & misdirect$ ef=ts to improve ! _w f ea* ( :i* he reap$ a h>ve/ ( d\bt1 leav+ beh9d ! exposure ( "o economic or sociological fallacy aft] ano!r1 until 9 ! end he _h left only 8 fai? 9 ,woodr[ ,wilson & 9 ! prolet>iat4 ,!n he lo/ ,wilson4 ,p]haps "o :o /ill has ! prolet>iat is n utt]ly disillusion$4 ,if ! education cont9ues t too may g ! way ( e>li] beliefs4 ,x is "o ?+ to despair ( a society only "o section ( :i* c /& ! te/ ( our idealism4 ,x is q ano!r matt] if "o is l$ to re-exam9e "o's idealism4 ,x is ?is latt] k9d ( d\bt :i* has ! great] importance4 ,! significant ?+ is n ! p>ticul> belief :i* a man gives up or reta9s b ! mann] 9 :i* he believes :at he does believe4 ,*ange ! latt] & y *ange a basic habit patt]n2 y *ange ! man4 ,n all scepticism has educational value4 ,!re is a k9d ( d\bt+ :i* is m]ely ! negative response ( ! untea*able1 ! suspici\sness ( ! wilfully ignorant1 ! refusal ( ! incuri\s to exam9e di/urb+ & *all5g+ evid5ce4 ,!re are1 z an eighte5? c5tury philosoph] said1 m9ds t are m\ld$ to ! =m ( "o idea4 ,_m p1 aft] !y h accept$ "o idea1 tame x & keep x z a sort ( wat*dog to fright5 all o!r ideas away4 ,?is refusal to be conv9c$ may appe> to be scepticism2 x is only /ubbornness4 ,! late ,mr4 ,bryan & 8 foll[]s 7 v sceptical ( evolution4 ,b ?is ho/ile attitude is v diff]5t f ! scepticism ( ^? sci5ti/s :o hold t ! !ory is a m]e work+ hypo!sis :i* is yet to be confirm$4 ,! scepticism ( ignorance is motivat$ by ! desire to save an old fai?4 ,savages h be5 kn[n to exhibit ?is incr$ulity t[>d c]ta9 aspects ( our m advanc$ k4 ,if y 7 to tell ! natives ( ,borneo t !re is no dragon 9 ! sky :i* eats up ! moon dur+ an eclipse1 t !re are no spirits & no magic1 ,i imag9e !y w\ld laugh 9 y\r face & ?9k y a fool4 ,_m a discov]y & inv5tion has be5 greet$ by a gr9n+ & incr$ul\s public ev5 9 civiliz$ society4 ,! scepticism :i* has value is t :i* leads "o on to fur!r /udy & inve/igation4 ,& x is *>act]iz$ by intellectual mode/y4 ,philosophic d\bt is n ! pitiable condition ( ! s\l t timid spirits imag9e4 ,x is n pessimism or cynicism1 b a heal?y & *e]ful habit4 ,x gives peace ( m9d4 ,m5 :o /op pret5d+ c sleep o' nights4 ,!re is a c]ta9 scepticism :i* is 9 no s5se ! _s t d5ies4 ,x is a frank recognition ( ?+s z !y come4 ,x is almo/ a te/ ( a man's hone/y1 among ^? :o h /opp$ to ?9k ab\t ! nature & limitations ( our k4 ,c]ta9ly cultivat$ p d n exhibit ! same degree ( cock-sur5ess z d ! ignorant4 ,p ?9k ! old say+ ab\t 8d\bt+ ! intellig5ce t d\bts0 is funny4 ,popul> audi5ces w always laugh at x4 ,b :y n8 ,x is a platitude t ! m a man le>ns ! m he realizes h[ little he kn[s4 ,exi/5ce is fill$ ) inscrutable my/]y4 ,to none ( ! pr(\nd que/ions t we ask ( x is !re any f9al answ]4 ,we mu/ be satisfi$ ultimately ) surmise1 ) symbol & poetic fancy4 ,speculations ab\t ! s\l1 ,god1 ! ultimate nature ( reality & ! c\rse ( de/9y1 & z to :e!r exi/5ce has any mean+ or purpose beyond our own1 or :e!r our life itself is wor?:ile--all ^! speculations & _m o!rs ( simil> nature lead to no conclusions 9 fact1 & we return always to ! po9t f :i* we />t$4 ,! v t]ms 9 :i* we put su* que/ions are (t5 mean+less :5 closely exam9$ by ! intellect1 & ! answ] to !m is det]m9$ by our own moods4 ,!re is a g5]al belief t sci5ce c answ] ! riddle4 ,b sci5ce is only "o possible view ( ?+s1 ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( creatures l ourselves4 ,x _c deal ) que/ions ( value4 ,x c tell u h[ ?+s op]ate1 _! relative mass & positions 9 space & "t1 b x _c tell u :at !y are 9 !mselves1 nor :y !y exi/ nor any?+ ab\t _! goodness or beauty4 ,! m exact sci5tific k becomes1 ! m closely x approa*es ma!matics4 ,pure ma!matics deals only ) ab/ractions & logical relations & c dismiss ! :ole _w ( objects4 ,sci5ce presupposes ! data ( exp]i5ce & ! validity ( its own logical pr9ciples4 ,x sub/itutes its me*aniz$ ord] ( ?+s = ?+s z we exp]i5ce !m4 ,human reason+ is p>tial 9 all its processes4 ,we ?9k successfully ab\t ?+s :5 we ignore all ! aspects or qualities ( !m except ^? :i* are relevant to ! purpose at h&4 ,! ,h,o-ness ( wat] is no m ! ultimate nature ( wat] ?an is its wetness1 or its ?ir/ qu5*+ quality4 ,t x is ,h,o is only "o ( ! ?+s t may be said ab\t wat]4 ,n[ if we add toge!r bits ( "o-sid$ & p>tial sci5tific k1 we d n !reby ga9 a sum total :i* is ! equival5t ( reality z a :ole4 ,we h a useful in/rum5t = deal+ ) our environm5t1 because 9 ?\ght we h greatly simplifi$ x by ignor+ 9 ea* in/ance all t is irrelevant4 ,b :at we n[ h is a univ]se ( disc\rse1 a human con/ruction :i* is :at x is because we are always m int]e/$ 9 "s aspects ( ?+s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,all our ideas are views--!y h be5 lik5$ to snap%ots4 ,! _w ( :i* we are "p is 9 flux4 ,x comes to u z process1 & our intellect does n grasp ! movem5t any m ?an we c re/ore ! movem5t ( a man runn+ by add+ toge!r a s]ies ( photographs4 ,! movem5t always takes place betwe5 ! pictures4 ,intellect is an in/rum5t1 n a mirror4 ,our _w is n r$ucible to a =m ( ?\ght1 & :5 m5 speak ( tru?1 reality1 cause1 sub/ance1 !y are really only say+ :at !y mean by c]ta9 words4 ,! _w1 z ,james said1 has its mean+s = u because we are int]e/$ spectators1 & s f> z we c see none ( ^! mean+s are f9al4 ,:itehead & o!rs h %[n t "s ( ! basic concepts ( physical sci5ce :i* h held sway s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury are n[ subject to revision4 ,santayana says t k is fai?--animal fai?4 ,x w\ld be /range if x 7 o!rwise1 if hairy little creatures su* we are1 ^: ance/ors liv$ 9 trees & made que] guttural noises1 %\ld s organize human disc\rse z to be able to say ! la/ ^w ab\t reality z a :ole4 ,x is well t we %\ld m>vel at our a*ievem5ts ( k1 = !y are man's noble/ "w2 b let u rememb] t human reason1 itself a phase & "p ( ! process ( nature1 c only view ! :ole process f its own p>tial /&po9t1 & t is en\gh unless we aspire to infallibility4 ,man is a disputati\s animal :o loves to speak l ,sir ,oracle4 ,un$ucat$ p1 a%am$ ( _! ignorance1 commit !mselves ha/ily & cl+ to _! commitm5ts1 = to *ange "o's m9d is an admission t "o 0 mi/ak54 ,we wi% to be v9dicat$ z hav+ all along be5 9 ! "r4 ,h5ce x is m natural to cont5d = a pr9ciple ?an to te/ a hypo!sis4 ,! ego becomes id5tifi$ ) c]ta9 convictions4 ,we feel ourselves p]sonally injur$ if our convictions are subject$ to criticism4 ,we are n ord9>ily grateful to ! p]son :o po9ts out our errors & sets u "r4 ,b if our education is to proce$1 we mu/ get ov] our delusion ( infallibility4 ,?is fiction ( infallibility is v common1 & ^? :o h n le>n$ to d\bt ?is fiction1 :o are sure t !y h ! tru? & are on ! side ( ! "r are z a rule ! m ignorant & prov9cial elem5ts ( ! population4 ,x is no accid5t t ,fundam5talism1 prohibition1 & o!r =ms ( moral regulation exi/ 9 inv]se ratio to urbanity & h _! /rongholds 9 rural communities4 ,p to :om x nev] occurs to ask h[ !y "k s cle>ly !y are "r :5 bett] in=m$ p h d\bts on ! subject1 are ! ones :o naturally /rive to co]ce _! neighbors4 ,to _m m9ds !re are no social or moral problems4 ,! answ] is always kn[n by ! crusad]4 ,x is v simple4 ,to him !re c be no two op9ions4 ,! /&>ds :i* prevail 9 8 own p>i%1 ! self-expression ( 8 own type1 are ! w ( ,god4 ,pr9ciples ( "r & wrong are kn[n imm$iately )\t reflection or reg>d to ! situations :]e !y are to be appli$2 !y are reveal$ to consci5ce4 8,"r is "r & wrong is wrong ev]y:]e & =ev] ! same60 ,m5 :o hold su* a view le>n little f exp]i5ce1 & ?is is :y cr[ds nev] *ange _! m9ds4 ,!y h fir/ to be dis9tegrat$ & a new cr[d =m$ ab\t new /&>ds1 because ea* cr[d repres5ts its w z a div9e comm&1 a matt] ( et]nal pr9ciple4 ,to le>n any?+ f exp]i5ce x is necess>y to take into acc\nt ! results ( our behavior4 ,b :5 y d a ?+ m]ely because x is dem&$ by a univ]sal pr9ciple :i* mu/ be v9dicat$ at all co/s1 or because x is a div9e comm& to be c>ri$ out ) unque/ion+ ob$i5ce1 y ne$ n consid] ! results4 ,h5ce y _c be %[n t y 7 mi/ak54 ,9 ?is s5se m5's gods & _! a priori ideas h ! function ( pres]v+ _! fiction ( infallibility4 ,!re always appe>s :at ,pr(essor ,ov]/reet calls ! proclamation ( 8! ,"o ,"r ,way40 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion are held to be n m]e diff]5ces ( po9t ( view1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,"r & ,wrong1 ,good & ,evil4 ,^? :o ?9k diff]5tly are ! wick$1 ! ungodly1 ! enemy4 ,!y mu/ be conv9c$ by be+ vanqui%$1 sil5c$4 ,e knee mu/ b[ & e tongue confess4 ,!re is no long] a meet+ ( m9ds 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,! triumph ( ! ,"r is 9 ! belief ( ! av]age man a knock\t4 ,!re mu/ be no compromise2 any attitude o!r ?an int5se p>tisan%ip is disloyalty4 ,"o 9 a discussion mu/ l9e up = or aga9/ a proposition1 take sides1 h a ready answ] = any?+ t ! o!r side says1 & be sure t no?+ w cause "o to modify "o's views4 ,is any "o ev] conv9c$ by public debate8 ,or does "o em]ge f a *ur* qu>rel1 a political campaign1 a session ( ! legislature1 a conv5tion ( a trade union ) a broad] outlook or bett] und]/&+8 ,! egotism ( ! ignorant keeps !m 9 ignorance4 ,!re is an amus+ notion t ! masses are kept 9 ignorance by clev] conspirators aga9/ fre$om & progress4 ,! av]age man's reason+ consi/s *iefly ( ! repetition ( cant phrases 9 support ( preconceiv$ ideas4 ,he wi%es to he> only :at he c applaud1 & he applauds :at saves 8 face & puts 8 enemies to %ame4 ,!ological disputation has always be5 c>ri$ on 9 ?is _s1 & s h mo/ popul> discussions ( morals1 politics & economic problems4 ,pr(essor ,ov]/reet says t ?is 8,"o ,"r ,way0 attitude is ess5tially adolesc5t4 ,?is does n mean t x is ess5tially y\?ful4 ,adolesc5ce is ! p]iod :5 !re is normally an exagg]at$ emotional int]e/ 9 ! ego4 ,a delay$ adolesc5t type ( m5tality is common4 ,psy*ologi/s speak ( x z n>cissism1--a fixation ( int]e/ ^u ! idea ( self4 ,among psy*opa?ic individuals & also among cr[ds ?is n>cissism is v dom9ant & leads to exagg]at$ notions ( self-importance & to o!r fix$ ideas4 ,inability to ent]ta9 any d\bt ( self becomes inability to "q any idea :i* "o w\ld l to believe true4 ,h5ce ! delusion ( infallibility4 ,i ?9k t va/ numb]s ( o!rwise normal p are made susceptible to cr[d ?9k+ because !y simply d n "k t !re are ways ( life & ?\ght diff]5t f _! own :i* good p may & d hone/ly hold4 ,cr[d appeal at once entr5*es prejudice & flatt]s ! ego1 comp5sat+ x p]haps = any half-consci\s feel+ ( inf]iority x may h because = in/ance a man ov]-rates s*ool education & 8did n get x40 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ?is delusion ( infallibility may (t5 lead m5 to believe & ass]t ! mo/ incr$ible fabrications4 ,i quote f a rec5t ,new ,york newspap] an exagg]at$ example :i* w illu/rate :at ,i mean4 8,! ,league ( ,nations has be5 ask$ to d a lot ( /range ?+s by p all ov] ! _w1 b x rema9$ = a ,new ,york bus9ess man to reque/ action on ! mo/ unusual topic ( all4 ,ann\ncem5t is made by ! league secret>iat t x has receiv$ a lett] f ! ,new ,york] decl>+ 8 op9ion t #8bra9 enslavem5t1' o!rwise kn[n z _s writ+ or receiv+ messages f ! dead1 is ! cause ( _m evils4 ,he said he want$ ! league to /op ?is sy/em all ov] ! _w1 mak+ ! specific *>ge t ! ,am]ican c\rts ( #8s-call$ ju/ice' are controll$ by ! _s movem5t40 ,note ! la/ s5t5ce2 ! 8specific *>ge0 is v typical4 ,!re is n ! lea/ notion t s sweep+ an indictm5t %\ld be support$ by evid5ce4 ,x mu/ be s1 = h[ c ! alleg$ tol]ant attitude ( ! c\rts be expla9$ o!rwise8 ,an explanatory idea is ass]t$ z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,"h we h a m9d incapable ( ent]ta9+ d\bt4 ,z usual 9 unheal?y reason+1 ! ?9k+ 9 ?is case is a syllogism4 ,spiritualism is a =m ( bra9 enslavem5t :i* is ! cause ( wide-spread evil4 ,all :o d n suffici5tly oppose x are controll$ by x4 ,! c\rts d n suffici5tly resi/ x4 ,!re=e ! c\rts are controll$ by ! _s movem5t4 ,if ! premises are true ! conclusion ( c\rse foll[s logically4 ,! tr\ble ) diseas$ ?9k+ is n its logic1 b its inability to exam9e its premises 9 ! light ( fact4 ,a heal?y m9d w\ld d\bt ^! premises be=e rea*+ su* a ridicul\s conclusion4 ,d\bt makes = sanity4 ,i d n wi% ! =ce ( ?is example to be lo/4 ,mo/ p w see x s long z we are talk+ ab\t spirits1 = !re is mu* :olesome d\bt ab\t ! do+s ( spirits4 ,b let u sub/itute = spirits some?+ else conc]n+ :i* surmise commonly passes z e/abli%$ fact1 & we h some?+ v famili>4 8,! ,am]ican c\rts are controll$ by ,wall ,/reet10 or by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or by ,briti% propag&i/s1 or ! attempt is be+ made by labor unions or by ,communi/s4 ,s x is ) popul> ?9k+ on mo/ subjects4 ,acqua9tance ) facts does n seem to be necess>y = ! =mation ( op9ion4 ,i c easily ass]t alleg$ facts on my own au?ority2 x hurts my pride :5 ,i am ask$ = evid5ce4 ,i once he>d a fundam5tali/ prea*] say t ev]yone :o d\bt$ ! infallibility ( ! ,bible m]ely s\ght an excuse = liv+ a life ( s94 ,su* /atem5ts mu/ be true2 !y are s logical1 moreov] !y ju/ify a man 9 8 fix$ beliefs & put d\bt]s always 9 ! wrong4 ,_m p ev5 9 _! read+ d little m ?an seek confirmation = notions f\nd$ on su* ?9k+4 ,! c5sor%ip ( books is h>dly necess>y to keep p's m9ds 9 ! beat5 pa?4 ,_m p _c read a book ) :i* !y d n agree4 ,we disguise our infallibility "u ! infallibility ( our favorite au?or4 ,he becomes an au?ority4 ,we read our own mean+s into 8 text :5 necess>y4 ,we pick out ! passages :i* support u & quote !m on all occasions4 ,= in/ance1 a m9d saturat$ ) ! tea*+s ( ,k>l ,m>x w take 9 no?+ else & w view e o!r au?or f ! /&po9t ( 8 agreem5t ) ,m>x4 ,x is always s ) ! sect>ian m9d1 :e!r 9 religion or 9 politics4 ,! sort ( logic :i* we h j be5 consid]+ leads m5 to assume extreme positions ( all sorts4 ,op9ionat$ & undiscipl9$ m9ds always t5d to c>ry an idea to extremes1 to jump to a conclusion1 to let en?usiasm c>ry belief beyond ! limits ( good judgm5t4 ,?is all or none attitude is suppos$ to be zeal 9 ! s]vice ( pr9ciple4 ,x is m]ely intemp]ance4 ,education /rives = ! virtue ( temp]ance1 & temp]ance--:i* among ! un$ucat$ becomes m]ely ab/95ce f ! use ( alcoholic bev]ages--is ! avoidance ( ra% ass]tion1 & ( ill-consid]$ & ha/y inf]5ce4 ,! temp]ate man /ops to ?9k4 ,c>eful ?\ght seldom leads "o wild4 ,an educat$ m9d is n s likely to 8g (f half-cock$40 ,x has few] en?usiasms & s accumulates a res]ve2 a s5se ( ! ridicul\s helps x keep its balance4 ,mo/ m5 feel uncom=table :5 !y mu/ hold _! m9ds op5 & judgm5t 9 abeyance4 ,judgm5t susp5d$ gives a feel+ ( un/able equilibrium1 ( t5sion2 x is irksome l resi/ance to temptation4 ,9 addition to ?is discom=t 9 be+ unsettl$1 !re is a di/urb+ feel+ ( insecurity 9 ! ?\ght t we live 9 a _w 9 :i* c]titude is r>e & difficult4 ,9 _m situations x is necess>y to act be=e all ! evid5ce is at h&4 ,we mu/ act on fai? & take our *ances4 ,all m5 *]i% _! fai?s1 b few h ! c\rage to act on fai?4 ,we naturally wi% to feel ourselves m secure ?an we really are 9 a _w :]e mu* is left to *ance4 ,a =mula g5]ally believ$ gives su* a delusion ( security4 ,! great] ! numb] ( ^? :o believe1 ! m conv9c$ is ! av]age man ( ! tru? ( ! =mula & ! m safe he feels4 ,i ?9k ?is wi% to feel at home 9 ! univ]se has inspir$ mu* ( religion4 ,x is also "o ( ! reasons :y1 z old] religions wane1 ea* man mu/ h 8 8cause10 8 social gospel1 8 movem5t4 ,^! ?+s af=d a s5se ( comrade%ip 9 :i* !re is safety4 ,!y give "o 8some?+ to tie to10 some?+ endur+ to believe 94 ,& z ea* cause or movem5t claims ! future & looks =w>d to sure v9dication & triumph1 ! future becomes pr$ictable & cong5ial4 ,?is se>* = an ideal security has _h its influ5ce on philosophy4 ,_m philosoph]s1 f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks till n[1 h s\ght to con/ruct sy/ems ( ideas1 v]bal =ms 9 :i* 9 contemplation !y c\ld f9d refuge f ! univ]sal *ange 9 :i* all ?+s come & pass away4 ,inasmu* z x is possible to ?9k ( an object or class & to mean ! same ev5 :5 ! objects !mselves are no long] pres5t1 a sy/em ( ab/ract & unusual univ]sal ideas is set up & ?\ght ( z exi/+ 9 itself1 outside ! process ( "t & *ange4 ,! sy/em ( ?\ght s conceiv$ is held to be m endur+ ?an ! _w ( *ang+ objects4 ,! ideal _w is !n ! real _w4 ,9 x alone is k ( ! ,tru? :i* abides =ev]4 ,su* sy/ems appe> to me to be elaborate attempts to su/a9 a fictiti\s security by tak+ refuge f reality 9 a logical arrangem5t ( man's own empty =ms ( ?\ght4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( education x %\ld be said t su* philosophies require mu* le>n+ be=e "o c und]/& !m1 b !y t5d to dogmatism & ! clos$ m9d4 ,a mod]n me?od ( support+ ! fiction ( security--less au/]e & sophi/icat$ ?an "s ( ^? ( (ficial philosophy--prevails among ^? :o speak ! language ( sci5ce4 ,x is kn[n z me*anism4 ,z sci5tific me?od1 me*anism is indisp5sable4 ,x is f\nd by exact measurem5t & c>eful scrut9y t giv5 two id5tical mat]ial situations1 ! same result w foll[4 ,!re is a c]ta9 ord]l9ess ab\t ! processes ( nature1 :i* if we ignore all else b ! movem5t & masses & temporal & spatial relation%ips ( p>ticles ( matt]1 l5ds itself to /atem5t 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,9 ?is mann] ev5ts are pr$ictable ) great accuracy4 ,& n[ because x becomes possible = human reason to int]pret facts ( nature :5 !y are ?\ght ( only ) respect to mass1 movem5t1 position1 x is held t nature itself is really no?+ b mass1 motion1 position1 etc4 ,! laws & me?ods ( int]pretation are ?\ght to con/itute ! nature ( t :i* is int]pret$4 ,a me?od delib]ately adopt$ 9 ord] to give a ma!matically rational acc\nt ( c]ta9 select$ aspects ( nature is n[ tak5 = a correct picture ( ultimate reality4 ,! reason :i* measures masses & di/ances believes x has discov]$ itself z ! true nature ( ! ?+ measur$4 ,! univ]se is held to be at once l a ma*9e1 & at ! same "t ess5tially rational4 ,security is aga9 gr\nd$ 9 =ms ( ?\ght4 ,x is said t all futures are pr$ictable by ! new logic ( sci5ce if we only knew en\gh ab\t complex ph5om5a to be able to /rip !m d[n to t :i* c be express$ 9 ma!matical t]ms4 ,( c\rse no "o pr(esses to be able to calculate ! curve ( ! :ole1 or to h work$ out a quantitative /atem5t ( _m ( ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,b x is a sci5tific fai? t x might conceivably be done4 ,?is seems to me to be m]ely say+ t we c\ld r$uce ! univ]se to reason if we only c\ld d x1 :i* is tautology4 ,i am n sure t a univ]se s r$uc$ w\ld be any?+ m ?an a b>e sy/em ( ?\ght ab\t only "o aspect ( ! univ]se4 ,b scepticism "h is z di/a/eful to _m sci5ti/s z ! sci5ti/s' own scepticism is di/a/eful to !ologians4 ,i am n ass]t+ dogmatically t we _c "k tru? or ! nature ( reality4 ,i am n sugge/+ t we _c be educat$ )\t end+ 9 univ]sal scepticism or agno/ic negation4 ,x seems to me t we h1 or c h1 su* k z w make our intellects fairly adequate in/rum5ts 9 ! p]=mance ( _! prop] functions4 ,b ,i d n see :at su* function+ has to d ) ascrib+ f9ality to our beliefs or try+ to legislate = all possible worlds4 ,i am n sugge/+ an attitude ( despair 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 b am try+ to /ate ! v reason = any le>n+ at all1 = :at is ! use ( x if we "k x all be=e we />t8 ,education may n end 9 d\bt1 b x ends :5 a man /ops d\bt+4 ,b :y speak ( ! end ( a process t %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh life8 ,z ,i see x1 ! process is m (t5 discont9u$ at ! po9t ( "s fictiti\s c]ta9ty ?an 9 any mom5t ( d\bt4 ,d\bt1 ! will+ness to admit t conjecture is subject to revision1 is a spur to le>n+4 ,! recognition t our tru?s are n copies ( et]nal realities b are human creations design$ to meet human ne$s1 puts "o 9 a tea*able frame ( m9d4 ,& ! discov]y t ?9k+ may be creative makes intellectual activity int]e/+4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 by indoctr9ators ab\t ! wret*$ness ( ! dogmatic sceptic4 ,i wond] h[ ^! writ]s1 !mselves s innoc5t ( d\bt1 "k s mu* ab\t him4 ,i h nev] f\nd su* a man4 ,i d n believe he ev] exi/$4 ,!re are writ]s :o "q ?+s t mo/ m5 d n ev5 "k exi/1 comp>$ ) :om pr(essional 8free?9k]s0 are (t5 nave4 ,b su* writ]s are (t5 g5tle & *e]ful spirits ^: m9ds are n at all p>alyz$ by d\bt1 b are active1 subtle1 /imulat+4 ,humanity dur+ ! c\rse ( civilization has fix$ c]ta9 habits1 made c]ta9 discov]ies1 con/ruct$ c]ta9 sy/ems ( ord]$ k by emphasiz+ ! relevant & significant4 ,!re is little likelihood t ! :ole /ructure w come tumbl+ ab\t our heads because somebody exam9es into its nature4 ,9 fact ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( civilization w\ld appe> to be a m9d capable ( und]/&+ our human ways ( ?9k+ = :at !y are4 ,b if our le>n+ %\ld cause u to ab&on all our consol+ beliefs & ideals & pet !ories2 if x %\ld reveal human folly 9 our e great cause1 & futility 9 our e s*eme ( social recon/ruction1 ev5 !n we _c = su* reasons %irk ! task ( educat+ ourselves4 ,!re w\ld rema9 = ea* ( u ! ideal ( :at an educat$ m9d might become2 no k c\ld take f u ! ideals ( c\rage1 ( pres]v+ our integrity1 ( /&+ undaunt$ be=e ! *all5ge to our _s4 ,aga9 a "q arises simil> to t we discuss$ at ! close ( ! *apt] on propag&a4 ,does n education1 !n1 cause d\bt & indiff]5ce s t ! educat$ rema9 alo( & fail to take _! %>e ( social responsibility or p>ticipate 9 ! activities ( _! times8 ,is x n ! mass ( 8common p0 !re=e1 & n ! s*ol>s1 :i* accompli%es ! ov]?r[ ( tyrannies & a*ieves progress8 ,9 a day :5 ev]ybody is a pr(essional or amateur re=m] & p are l$ to believe t !y c make _! lives c\nt only z !y p>ticipate 9 "s mass movem5t1 x is natural t ?is "q %\ld pres5t itself z we consid] :at education means4 ,hi/ory %\ld aid u to an answ] "h4 ,! au?or ( 8,our ,times10 ,m>k ,sullivan1 aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( ! p>tisan /rife & popul> movem5ts ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sugge/s t p]haps all ?is exp5diture ( en]gy & int5sity ( en?usiasm 0 b "p ( ! pass+ %[ & came to no?+1 :ile ! s-call$ lead]s :o seem$ to be creat+ hi/ory 7 b ! puppets ( deep] & sil5t =ces4 ,he sugge/s t ! endur+ *anges are ^? ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,i believe we h "h "o ( ! important lessons ( hi/ory4 ,progress 9 civilization has be5 ! "w almo/ :olly ( sci5ti/s1 philosoph]s1 arti/s1 eng9e]s1 & unique individuals4 ,! re/ has be5 fro? & foam1 a /ruggle to lib]ate mank9d f ! clut*es ( its mo/ rec5t lib]ators1 cr[d dev\r+ cr[d1 mass movem5ts m>*+ to ,utopia d[n bl9d alleys4 ,un=tunately !re is "s tru? 9 ! /atem5t t ! intellig5ce ( ! race has little influ5ce ^u mass movem5ts4 ,?is is n because s*ol>%ip is alo(1 h[ev]1 s mu* z because ! multitude 9 its en?usiasms does n he$ ! c\nsels ( wisdom4 ,:5 ,i become a zealot = a movem5t ,i lose my critical faculties4 ,9 exalt+ my cause ,i w\ld p]suade myself t my exi/5ce is ( m importance to ! _w ?an x really is4 ,no "o s devot$ & e>ne/ c\ld possibly be 9 ! wrong1 & 9 ! righte\sness ( my cause1 ,i h infallibility4 ,:at ne$ h ,i ( ! wisdom t comes by tak+ ?\ght :5 ,i h ! tru? by intuition & int5sity ( feel+8 ,if x is true t m5 c only be made to act "u ! la% ( bl9d fai? & en?usiasm1 !n ! e/ate ( man is a sorry "o inde$4 ,= mo/ ( ! ?+s done w end 9 tragic failure4 ,x is only ! conceit ( ignorance to believe t ! _w c be /raight5$ once = all by p :o d n "k :at !y are do+4 ,moreov]1 to say t ignorance is necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( good is to say1 t ignorance is desirable & bett] = man ?an k4 ,!re h be5 ^? :o held su* a view4 ,obscuranti/s always hold x4 ,x is ! philosophy ( pessimism1 & x is int]e/+ to note t x is ! believ] & ! devotee1 ! man ( action & n ! g5tle d\bt] :o f9ally ends 9 pessimism4 ,= want ( intellig5ce ! devotees ( causes h be5 ! mis*ief mak]s 9 all times4 ,we _c always "k :o does ! mo/ good 9 ! _w1 b ! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m & x is sometimes possible to e/imate ! am\nt ( h>m done4 ,:o has done ! mo/ h>m 9 human hi/ory1 ! sceptics or ! believ]s1 ! devotees ( causes or ! devotees ( culture & urbanity8 ,/4 ,b]n>d ) 8 crusade1 or ,abel>d ) 8 d\bts8 ,! m5 :o conduct$ ! ,inquisition1 or ! m5 :o d\bt$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity8 ,calv9 & ! obscuranti/s on bo? sides ( ! ,re=mation1 or ,erasmus & ! ,humani/s8 ,cromwell & 8 ,puritans or ,voltaire & ! ,dei/s8 ,robespi]re or ,goe!8 ,! devotees to causes h kept human life 9 turmoil4 ,if ! immorality !y w\ld cure has sla9 its ?\s&s1 _! 8morality0 has sla9 its t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,9 mo/ cases ! /rife has be5 useless & = causes t might h be5 won 9 o!r ways1 really won4 ,! devotee ( a cause requires little provocation to practice p]secution1 & only ! opportunity to play ! tyrant4 ,d\bt n only has educational value3 x pres]ves social sanity4 ,i w\ld sugge/ z "p ( ev]yone's education ! read+ ( su* au?ors z ,lucian1 ,epicurus1 ,abel>d1 ,hobbes1 ,montaigne1 ,rabelais1 ,erasmus1 ,less+1 ,voltaire1 ,hume & ,anatole ,france4 ,!re is no blood on ^! m5's h&s4 ,!y h quietly smil$ 9 ! face ( bigotry & sup]/ition4 ,9 _! words !re is laught] & !re is light4 ,p]haps no "o ( !m ev] int5d$ to be a lib]ator ( mank9d4 ,!y m]ely ?\ght & spoke z free spirits1 & _! v pres5ce puts %am & cant & unction & co]cion & mi/ak5 zeal to %ame4 ,!y h done m = fre$om & tru? ?an all ! armies ( crusad+ devotees4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,a ,,man ,,is ,,kn[n ,,by ,,! ,,dilemmas ,,he ,,keeps ,william ,james said t :]ev] !re is selection among alt]natives !re is m5tal life4 ,man is a *oos+ animal1 & 8 *oices det]m9e bo? ! ends s\ght & ! means to be employ$4 ,we w n discuss ! "q :e!r our *oices are spontane\s or are det]m9$ :olly or 9 "p by environm5tal & h]$it>y factors4 ,:atev] det]m9es !m1 our habits ( *oos+1--! g5]al "* ( ! ?+s we pref]1--reveal ! k9d ( p we are4 ,& z le>n+ is n m]ely ! acquir+ ( m & m in=mation b is accompani$ by a gradual trans=mation ( habit sy/ems1 its progress is manife/ n m]ely by :at a man kn[s at any /age 9 8 education1 b also by ! k9d ( issue t is real to him1 ! que/ions :i* he p]mits life to put to him1 ! sort ( temptations he has to /ruggle to avoid1 ! k9d ( goods t are vital to him4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy my p>5ts us$ to tell me1 8,a man is kn[n by ! company he keeps40 ,! say+1 :ile design$ to protect y\? f ! dang]\s influ5ce ( evil companion%ip1 is n :olly true4 ,_m p]sons1 f ambition or o!r motives1 seek ! society ( p]sons unlike !mselves4 ,^? :o are m greg>i\s ?an selective may ex]cise little *oice among _! associates4 ,b ord9>ily p l to be ) _! own k9d4 ,crim9als keep company ) o!r crim9als1 golf]s ) o!r golf]s1 /amp collectors ) o!rs :o h ! same int]e/4 ,we wi% our fri5ds to be int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s t int]e/ u4 ,gr\ps long associat$ t5d to become homog5e\s4 ,:5 m>k$ diff]5ces ( ta/e & op9ion develop1 companions drift ap>t4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t ! company "o keeps is det]m9$ 9 "p by ! dilemmas he keeps4 ,we d n normally keep ! same set ( dilemmas ?r\gh life4 ,ea* /age ( developm5t pres5ts new *all5ges1 problems1 alt]natives2 z we mature our habits ( judgm5t *ange4 ,we see ?+s 9 a diff]5t light4 ,:at 0 once a matt] ( vital conc]n becomes a dead issue4 ,our int]e/ is caught & our *oice det]m9$ by aspects ( situations to :i* we did n react at all at an e>li] /age4 ,we d n solve all ! problems ( any /age1 b we outgr[ !m1--get ov] !m4 ,psy*opa?ology today has mu* to say ab\t ! nature & sequ5ce ( ! dilemmas :i* at any p]iod haunt ! m9d ( an individual4 ,! matt] is s important t ,i wond] m has n be5 made ( x by ^? int]e/$ 9 education4 ,! public1 x seems1 w\ld h ! educator fill ! /ud5t's head ) useful in=mation b expects ! /ud5t to keep ! same beliefs & g5]al outlook on life t he _h be=e4 ,we speak ( ris+ to a high] m5tal plane2 ?is is little else ?an le>n+ to wre/le ) m & m significant problems4 ,a little girl 9 h] ?ird summ] says1 8,i'm a nice girl2 ,i don't bite si/] n[40 ,to bite or n to bite1 to keep "o's self clean1 to refra9 f cry+1 are normally ! dilemmas ( e>ly *ildhood4 ,if !y are n dead issues to a p]son tw5ty ye>s old1 !y may be reg>d$ z psy*opa?ic symptoms4 ,:5 a mature individual is f\nd wre/l+ ) impulses :i* %\ld h be5 r$uc$ to habit & dismiss$ f consci\sness 9 e>li] ye>s1 we h a ph5om5on :i* psy*ologi/s call 8regression10 or 8fixation0 ( emotional int]e/ 9 m5tal habits t are normally outgr[n4 ,t[>d ! tasks & situations ( adult life1 ! individual /rives to ma9ta9 an infantile attitude & h5ce fails to adju/ himself4 ,sometimes ! regression %[s a preoccupation ) infantile wi%es1 & sometimes ) ^? ( e>ly adolesc5ce2 9 any case !re is /ruggle to ma9ta9 ! inhibitions or ! def5ses :i* veil ! inadequately repress$ impulses4 ,! mann] 9 :i* lessons le>n$ f exp]i5ce normally trans=m an impulse f its expression 9 v simple & crude dilemmas to its lat] & m subtle manife/ations may be se5 9 ! =ms ) :i* p exhibit & disguise _! egoism dur+ successive /ages ( developm5t4 ,:5 a v "y *ild is beg9n+ to discov] himself & 8 little _w1 he f9ds 8 own body & its functions trem5d\sly int]e/+4 ,soon he discov]s t c]ta9 ( 8 p]=mances comm& att5tion4 ,he le>ns to make use ( su* p]=mances 9 ord] to get :at he wants4 ,he w ex]cise 8 p[] ov] p>5t or nurse by ?r[+ 8 toys on ! floor aga9 & aga9 & h[l+ until "s "o picks !m up4 ,long be=e he condesc5ds to talk1 he notices :5 p admire him & say complim5t>y ?+s ab\t him4 ,a v "y *ild w d little /unts by way ( %[+ (f1 & w exhibit irritation if ignor$ or left alone4 ,he cries out at any re/ra9t ^u 8 movem5ts or resi/ance to 8 wi%es4 ,! egoism ( ev]yone reta9s some?+ ( ! infantile quality4 ,b family discipl9e1 social exp]i5ce1 & ! awak5+ ( p[]s ( obs]vation & ?\ght result 9 new =ms ( expression4 ,?is ego int]e/ becomes associat$ ) an ideal ( self & its importance :i* ! individual gu>ds z 8 honor1 8 reputation4 ,e man is int5t ^u keep+ up 8 feel+ ( self-importance2 ea* feels t "o s important des]ves special consid]ation4 ,egoism 9 normal p becomes to "s ext5t lib]at$ f its infantile int]e/s & is sublimat$1 t is1 atta*$ to ends t are socially p]missible4 ,! orig9al impulse rema9s1 b x wre/les ) new problems4 ,! wi% to be admir$ is a factor 9 all ambition1 also 9 romantic love4 ,a love affair is ev5 m a mutual admiration society ?an a ph5om5on ( sex int]e/4 ,! impulse to comm& :i* 9 ! nurs]y l$ ! *ild to ?r[ toys on ! floor = o!rs to pick up1 lat] becomes a desire = lead]%ip1 a /ruggle = political p[]1 a passion = manipulat+ or re=m+ o!rs4 ,we also f9d ! infantile egoism transf]r$ to religion1 :]e x plays an important "p 9 adult life4 ,_m ( ! v images & emotional attitudes ( infancy may ?us be kept alive4 ,! believ] may /ill feel t he is lov$ z ! infant is lov$ by ! p>5t1--lov$ n[ by ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,he may aga9 feel t he c h :at he desires by ask+ ! fa!r 9 pray]4 ,self-importance survives z belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l & z assurance ( salvation4 ,?us ) developm5t & exp]i5ce1 ! same ego int]e/ becomes trans=m$ 9 ! tasks x progressively sets itself1 & 9 wid5+ ! range ( ! ends = :i* x /rives4 ,ea* /age ( developm5t pres5ts its peculi> problems1 its peculi> goods & evils1 its possible alt]native attitudes t[>d ! values ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e x ought to be q z possible to det]m9e a p]son's m5tal age by not+ ! k9d ( ?+s :i* satisfy 8 ego int]e/1 z by any o!r device ( m5tal measurem5t4 ,9 common practice ?is is ! way 9 :i* we judge p4 ,a man /&s reveal$ bo? by ! ?+s he /rives to ga9 & by ^? he seeks to avoid4 ,! ?+ t mo/ easily %ocks him is usually t :i* he himself is /ruggl+ to ov]come4 ,x repres5ts some?+ to :i* 9 8 secret he>t he c say nei!r yes nor no4 ,8 dilemma tr\bles him4 ,he seeks to avoid ! inn] gnaw+ by c>ry+ ! fight into ! op54 ,he turns 8 p]sonal conflict into ! appe>ance ( a public issue1 & y !n h ! moral re=m]4 ,p :o repeat sc&al1 dem& laws = ! c5sor%ip ( books & plays1 & se>* ?r\gh lit]ature int5t ^u delet+ passages !y ?9k are obsc5e1 are too mu* preoccupi$ ) vice & obsc5ity4 ,!y are l ^? compulsion neurotics :o sp5d _! "t writ+ alibis to prove _! innoc5ce ( ! crime !y are con/antly tempt$ to commit4 ,! ?+ a man mu/ make an ef=t to conceal always betrays him4 ,we all "k ! type ( p]son :o /rives 9 all ?+s to appe> ref9$1 :o makes pa9ful ef=ts = correct spee* & prop] mann]s4 ,!re are ^? :o are s]i\sly conc]n$ ab\t be+ 9 :at !y call society1 & ^? :o read books ( etiquette & are di/urb$ by su* important que/ions z :e!r :5 escort+ a lady y %\ld take h] arm or let h] take y\rs4 ,& !re is ! man :o signs 8 "n ) ornate fl\ri% & tries to impress wait]s & hotel s]vants ) 8 importance1 & !re are ! p :o are mu* ex]cis$ ov] ! =giv5ess ( _! s9s4 ,all 9 "o way or ano!r place !mselves on _! own level4 ,! correlation betwe5 p's mat]ial desires & _! g5]al intellectual int]e/s is s univ]sal t x is us$ z a guide 9 plac+ adv]tisem5ts4 ,!re are 8class0 pap]s1 ea* design$ to appeal to read]s :o occupy a c]ta9 cultural /ratum4 ,! adv]tis+ appeals :i* su* pap]s c>ry v>y ) ! read+ matt]4 ,! old]1 m lit]>y magaz9es pres5t a %>p contra/ bo? 9 read+ matt] & 9 adv]tis+ to ! new] fiction magaz9es4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p ! essay pr$om9ates1 ) poetry & lit]>y criticism1 & only an occasional "w ( fiction4 ,9 ! second gr\p !re is h>dly any?+ b fiction1 ) possibly a brief hortatory editorial4 ,bo? types are evid5tly publi%$ to int]e/ read]s ( av]age weal?4 ,! numb] ( adv]tisem5ts ( automobiles1 real e/ate1 & securities & o!r inve/m5ts is 9 ab\t ! same proportion 9 bo?4 ,b ! =m] gr\p1 :i* is obvi\sly design$ to appeal to m ?\ghtful & intellig5t read]s1 conta9s a l>g] numb] ( pages giv5 ov] to adv]tisem5ts ( books1 s*ools1 colleges1 places ( travel1 works ( art4 ,we ne$ n discuss ! *eap] fiction magaz9es4 ,!y are obvi\sly prep>$ = a /ill diff]5t read+ public4 ,! public to :i* ! bett] ones appeal is indicat$ by ! dom9ant "* ( ! adv]tis+1 :i* consi/s l>gely ( aids to beauty & correspond5ce c\rses 9 self-improvem5t4 ,! /ories 9 su* p]iodicals are z typical z ! adv]tisem5ts4 ,?us x is t 9 _! daily pref]5ces1 z truly z 9 ! great] issues ( _! lives1 p select !mselves & are segregat$ into classes1 or spiritual types--types :i* may live 9 daily contact ) "o ano!r1 yet worlds ap>t4 ,democracy /rives to ignore ! cultural diff]5ces among p4 ,education int5sifies !m4 ,! attempt to place ev]yone on ! same m$iocre plane1 ev5 ?\gh x be a level consid]ably above ! l[e/1 is n education2 x is a k9d ( social "w4 ,education means f9d+ "o's own level4 ,l all progress x is qualitative & diff]5tiat+4 ,j z organic evolution is a process :i* c be measur$ only 9 ! ext5t ( ! diff]5ces x has made betwe5 high] & m complex organisms & l[] ones1 s ) education4 ,x br+s out di/9ctions ( human wor?1 places p on ! r\nds ( a ladd]1 ! gradations ( :i* are disc]nible 9 ! k9d ( int]e/s !y h1 9 ! quality ( _! *oices1 ! p]plexities !y wre/le ) & ov]come1 ! tasks & issues !y set !mselves4 ,! g5]al advance ( civilization is 9 "s respects l t ( ! individual4 ,we may le>n mu* ab\t ! g5]al cultural atta9m5t ( any age by not+ ! issues t divid$ p at t "t & ! problems t tr\bl$ !m4 ,!re are all sorts ( 8cultural lags0 9 ! c\rse ( progress1 b x helps u to e/imate ! g5]al intellectual level ,europe _h atta9$ at ! close ( ! middle ages to le>n t :ole communities c\ld be t]ribly di/urb$ ov] ! "q1 8,:at is ! evil om5 ( a comet :i* sudd5ly appe>s 9 ! z5i?80--s di/urb$ inde$ t on "o occasion x is said popul> pressure =c$ ! ,pope to g out & pron\nce an (ficial curse ^u a comet & comm& x to leave ! sky1 :i* x did mu* to ev]ybody's peace ( m9d4 ,aga91 we c =m some?+ ( an op9ion ( ! m5tality ( an age 9 :i* !re is g5]al int]e/ 9 su* a "q z 8,%all a p]son accus$ ( wit*craft be put to torture to compel him to te/ify aga9/ himself80 or1 8,h[ f> may "o walk on ! ,sabba? day )\t committ+ s980 or 8,does ! doctr9e ( ! rights ( man apply to negro slaves80 or 8,:o among/ u has committ$ ! unp>donable s910 or 8,w a *ild t dies )\t baptism g to ,hell10 or1 by way ( illu/rat+ some?+ ( ! _s ( contempor>y ,am]ica1 8,:o's y\r bootlegg]80 ,i h said t _m ( our dilemmas are n resolv$1 b are outgr[n4 ,?is leads u to a fur!r obs]vation ( _! educational significance4 ,_m ( ! issues :i* /ir a community are insoluble because !y re/ ^u presuppositions :i* are uns\nd & s long z ! assumption rema9s un*all5g$ ! issue w haunt m5's m9ds4 ,:5 "o goes back ( ! issue & sees ! premises to be false1 ! :ole wrangle becomes mean+less4 ,! "q ab\t tortur+ p accus$ ( wit*craft presupposes ! sup]/ition t x is possible = an individual to ent] into a contract ) ! devil4 ,get rid ( belief 9 devils & wit* trials !mselves cease4 ,s ! nightm>e ab\t ! 8damnation ( babes0 ceases to be a live issue = a m9d t has become suffici5tly civiliz$ to h pass$ beyond ! primitive man's t]ror ( ,hell4 ,& s ,i ?9k x is ) mo/ popul> beliefs & public issues & p>tisan conflicts1 z well z ) _m ( our private dilemmas4 ,z /at$ !y presuppose a disguis$ error1 or are ! fruit ( factors t rema9 unconsci\s4 ,s long z we accept ! fatal assumption ! issue is real to u4 ,we are caught & held 9 ! dilemma & our educational progress /ops4 ,progress 9 ?9k+1 )\t :i* le>n+ is m]e repeat+1 comes by exam9+ f\ndations4 ,! educat$ m9d diff]s f ! un$ucat$ 9 ! insight :i* enables x to file a demurr]1 dismiss ! case1 or re/ate x 9 t]ms t lead some:]e4 ,x is 9 gett+ u ov] our dilemmas t education frees our m9ds4 ,x is (t5 said t ! aim ( education is to equip ! /ud5t ) a set ( pr9ciples & beliefs :i* w s]ve him ?r\gh life4 ,yes1 b pr9ciples are lead+ ideas4 ,_! function is to lead u to correct conclusion & "r action4 ,!y are in/rum5ts1 n ends 9 !mselves1 & !y mu/ occasionally be re-te/$4 ,!y are n f9al /atem5ts ( ! issues ( liv+4 ,mu* misund]/&+ & m5tal suff]+--mo/ ( our false dilemmas--gr[ out ( popul> confusion ab\t pr9ciples4 ,m5 feel t if !y *ange _! beliefs or arrive at unexpect$ conclusions or resolve _! dilemmas away !y are los+ or compromis+ _! pr9ciples4 ,!re is no sacrifice ( pr9ciple 9 re-/at+ an issue z a result ( bett] k & insight4 ,!re is no def5se ( pr9ciple 9 a controv]sial _s :i* c>es m = p>tisan victory ?an = tru?fulness4 ,! level on :i* a controv]sy is wag$ is (t5 a matt] ( great] importance ?an ! victory ( ei!r side4 ,if ! victory ( ei!r means ! triumph ( ! same irrational type ( man1 x makes little diff]5ce :o w9s4 ,9 mo/ p>tisan & sect>ian /ruggles ! pr9ciple at /ake--if any--is lo/ sight ( 9 a mass ( confusion4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t bo? sides cont5d = ! same 8ideal0 & base _! cont5tions ^u ! same mi/ak5 premises4 ,9 mo/ cases m5's pr9ciples are little m ?an phrases :i* ju/ify 9 _! own m9ds _! cont5ti\sness & w to p[]4 ,an exam9ation ( its presuppositions may trans=m an issue into a v diff]5t sort ( problem4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! controv]sy n[ rag+ 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,_m educat$ p]sons say !re is no conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,9 _! own ?\ght !re may be none1 because !y d n mean by ei!r ( ^! t]ms :at ! man on ! /reet means by !m4 ,to him religion is a sy/em ( dogma bas$ ^u div9e revelation4 ,he _c conceive ( religion )\t belief 9 ! /ories relat$ 9 ! ,bible or belief 9 ! tea*+s ( 8 *ur*4 ,by belief he means ! firm conviction t alleg$ hi/orical ev5ts & miracles happ5$ j z relat$4 ,he conceives ( sci5ce also z a body ( doctr9e accord+ to :i* ! specific tea*+s ( religion are held to be untrue4 ,/at$ 9 ^! t]ms conflict is inevitable1 a p]son :o has sci5tific k _c be religi\s1 & ! issue mu/ be f\ght to ! end4 ,= ! ?9k+ m9d ! problem becomes a q diff]5t "o4 ,sci5ce is a me?od1 n prim>ily a sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,x is a way ( discov]+ tru? :i* mu/ be foll[$ :]ev] x leads1 & x pres5ts u ) ! problem ( h[ we are to value & int]pret its discov]ies4 ,! problem pres5ts itself diff]5tly f an asc5d+ s]ies ( po9ts ( view4 ,a /ud5t :o has gr[n up "u traditional religi\s influ5ces & has probably giv5 ! matt] little ?\ght1 beg9s ! /udy ( natural sci5ce1 biology or geology1 let u say1 & le>ns some?+ ( ! evid5ce = ! !ory ( evolution4 ,he beg9s to speculate ^u its implications4 ,he may1 z _m d1 /rive 9 "s mann] to reconcile evolution ) ! acc\nt ( creation set =? 9 ! ,bible4 ,aft] fur!r ?\ght & /udy ?is simple device = reconcil+ sci5ce & religion may n satisfy him4 ,he sees t some?+ m ?an ! re9t]pretation ( a text is necess>y4 ,he f9ds himself /riv+ to reconcile two entirely diff]5t _w-views4 ,z a rational explanation ( ! _w & its orig91 religion is :olly incompatible ) sci5ce4 ,! /ud5t1 consid]+ t ?is is ! function ( religion1 & f9d+ t z a me?od ( giv+ an acc\nt ( natural processes religion fails1 may disc>d x1 & become an apo/le ( sci5ce1 & an oppon5t ( religion1 save z a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,p]sons :o hold ?is rationali/ic view ( religion commonly try 9 turn to make a gospel ( sci5ce4 ,religion is d>kness2 sci5ce is light4 ,religion enslaves2 sci5ce lib]ates4 ,religion holds progress 9 *eck2 sci5ce is ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 & ! triumph ( ,reason is ! promise ( ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,?is view 0 widely preval5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is ! /age at :i* ! av]age p]son ) "s k ( sci5ce breaks (f & consid]s ! problem settl$4 ,x is an hone/ly tak5 position1 :i* (t5 requires no small c\rage4 ,i hope no "o w ?9k me an apologi/ = religion if ,i sugge/ t ?is is a r innoc5t & unsophi/icat$ attempt to solve ! problem4 ,x assumes t x is ! prop] function ( religion to expla9 nature & improve ! life ( humanity4 ,:at a simple & /raight=w>d affair ! human _s appe>s to be f ?is po9t ( view4 ,no subtle twi/+s & turn+s1 no hidd5 pitfalls1 no twilight regions1 no d>k secrets4 ,suppose n[ "o 7 to cease expect+ religion to d ! explanatory task ( sci5ce1 & 7 also to cease try+ to make a new religion ( sci5ce1 is x n likely t ! conflict1 or contra/1 betwe5 ! two might appe> 9 alt]$ p]spective8 ,x is possible to reg>d bo? sci5tific & religi\s concepts z symbols--figures ( spee*1 ea* expressive ( its exclusive values4 ,9 ano!r /udy1 ,i lik5$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & religion to t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two recogniz$ symbols ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica--! map & ! flag4 ,! =m] is ! sci5tific symbol2 x has to d ) position1 movem5t1 measurem5t ( di/ance4 ,maps exi/ = ! intellectual & practical int]e/4 ,! flag /&s = ! emotional int]e/2 x has to d ) c]ta9 hi/orical associations1 b is itself no gu>antee ( ! accuracy ( any hi/orical tradition4 ,x is poetry4 ,once we grant t religion is poetry1 a new set ( problems em]ges4 ,is ! poetry good or bad8 ,:at valuations ( ! possibilities--or impossibilities--( exp]i5ce are "h express$ 9 ^! symbols8 ,:i* ( my ideas ab\t ! _w are maps & :i* are flags8 ,mu* ( ! popul> conflict ( religion & sci5ce arises out ( g5]al confusion on ?is po9t4 ,a sup]-patriot might conceivably be su* a wor%ipp] ( ! flag t he w\ld res5t ! disclosure ( c]ta9 geographical or hi/orical facts :i* w\ld lead to revaluation ( "s ( 8 emotional attitudes4 ,d\btless _m ,am]icans h an exagg]at$ & emotionally det]m9$ idea ( ! hi/ory if n ( ! geography ( _! c\ntry1 yet x is un?9kable t !y %\ld confuse ! flag ) ! map4 ,b exi/5ce z a :ole is n s easily survey$1 & su* maps z we h ( x (t5 ext5d beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! av]age man4 ,9 all l[] approa*es to ! problem ( religion1 ! flags :i* symbolize c]ta9 emotional appreciations ( ! univ]se are confus$ ) maps ( x4 ,9 8 religion ! av]age man is /ill an idolator1 psy*ologically simili> to ! poor hea!n :o _c di/+ui% betwe5 8 god & 8 wood5 image4 ,on ! popul> level1 ! conflict ( religion & sci5ce is an elaborately rationaliz$ /ruggle = supremacy by a type ( m9d :i* has n yet grasp$ ! true inw>dness ( its emotional attitudes4 ,:ile ! consid]ation ( ! problem rema9s on ?is level1 no?+ is ga9$ = education4 ,!re is m5tal grasp ( ! situation :5 ! problem is re-/at$ 9 t]ms ( ! inw>dness ( religion & ! objectivity ( sci5ce4 ,& x !n becomes possible to =m hypo!ses :i* inspire fur!r pursuit ( k4 ,new k leads to ! bett] organization ( k previ\sly acquir$4 ,we h ano!r famili> example ( ! educational value ( displac+ l[] dilemmas by high] ones by exam9ation ( ! presuppositions4 ,= a g5]ation & m _m m9ds h be5 preoccupi$ ) "s aspect or o!r ( ! controv]sy betwe5 cons]vatism & radicalism4 ,!re h be5 s _m v>ieties ( op9ion on bo? sides t x is impossible to make a cle>-cut /atem5t ( ! issue or to f9d any p>ticul> gr\p or !ory :i* is repres5tative ( ei!r side4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! majority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ! foll[]s ( ,mr4 ,la ,follette 7 dang]\s radicals4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! communi/s ^! same ,la ,follette m5 7 cons]vatives1 c\nt]-revolution>ies4 ,9 g5]al ! conflict has be5 betwe5 ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 pres]v+ ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s intact toge!r ) its traditions1 e/abli%$ in/itutions1 privileges & inequalities1 & ^? :o favor "s basic *anges :i* !y believe w rem$y ! situation4 ,we w n discuss ! m]its ( ei!r side to ?is conflict4 ,9 "s =m or o!r x comes up repeat$ly4 ,x is a real issue1 b ! discussion ( x may proce$ on v>i\s levels ( ?\ght1 & ?is fact has some?+ to d ) education4 ,intellectuals believe t _! radicalism is ! result ( enlight5m5t1 :ile _! oppon5ts believe t on ! :ole education makes = cons]vatism & t radicals are ignorant =eign]s :o h be5 misl$ by pr(essional tr\ble mak]s4 ,! pres5t controv]sy is n conducive to education 9 any ( its =ms1 or on ei!r side4 ,x t5ds to div]t education f its true aims into p>tisan s]vice1 & to produce 9 bo? p>ties a fix$ & untea*able type ( m9d4 ,z ! case is ord9>ily pres5t$1 a /upid & panicky cons]vatism is fac$ by a sup]ficial & equally intemp]ate radicalism4 ,! problem _c be discuss$ intellig5tly1 nor c ! consid]ation ( x lead to increase ( k1 until its presuppositions are critically exam9$1 & ! :ole matt] is re-/at$ 9 m intelligible t]ms4 ,x is ^! presuppositions to :i* ,i wi% to call att5tion1 = )\t !m ! controv]sy c\ld n h aris5 9 its pres5t =ms4 ,al?\gh !re is a great v>iety ( ^! =ms1 ! same presuppositions are common to all & are usually accept$ )\t "q by bo? sides4 ,! disposition to g back & "q ! presuppositions is evid5ce t education is go+ on4 ,we h "s su* evid5ce 9 rec5t ye>s = _m h modifi$ _! positions 9 reg>d to v>i\s aspects ( ! social problem4 ,m att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! *anges ( view among radicals ?an to ^? :i* h tak5 place among cons]vatives4 ,s9ce ev5ts ( rec5t ye>s h greatly enc\rag$ self-expression on ! "p ( mis9=m$ noisy extremi/s :o appo9t !mselves spokesm5 ( ! latt] gr\p1 we sometimes get ! impression t cons]vatives le>n no?+4 ,b ,i incl9e to ! op9ion t !re has be5 p]haps an equal proportion ( le>n+ by ! m ?\ghtful m9ority on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy4 ,among radicals modification ( views has occurr$ suffici5tly to ar\se g5]al int]e/ 9 ! que/ions 8,:at has become ( ! pre-w> lib]als80 8,:at has happ5$ to radicalism80 ,a =m] memb] ( ! radical gr\p "s ye>s ago wrote a book entitl$ 8,tir$ ,radicals10 9 :i* he adopt$ ! usual view t ! *ange ( outlook among radicals 0 ! result ( ! loss ( en]gy & en?usiasm :i* comes ) middle age4 ,b if radicalism 7 m]ely a =m ( y\?ful en?usiasm1 ,i believe ! movem5t w\ld be m wide-spread ?an x has ev] be5 9 ,am]ica4 ,! sugge/ion is wor? consid]+ t 9 "s cases ! *ange ( views might indicate t ! individual has le>n$ some?+4 ,by le>n+ ,i mean ! bett] grasp ( ! subject :i* comes :5 "o exam9es ! presuppositions ( bo? sides4 ,conv]sely1 ^? :o h n exam9$ _! presuppositions dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h le>n$ no?+4 ,!y cont9ue talk+1 b !y are address+ a g5]ation t is pa/ & gone4 ,ana*ronisms ( ?is sort are common occurr5ces among cons]vatives4 ,!y occur ) equal frequ5cy among radicals4 ,& :5 a man ^: education has /opp$ leaves ! radical movem5t & jo9s ! opposition1 he frequ5tly %[s himself to be n an ag+ prophet :o has lo/ 8 en?usiasms1 b ! same int5sely op9ionat$ & militant p]son he 0 be=e4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i sugge/ t a *ange ( attitude t[>d ! social "q may be indicative ( le>n+1 ,i d n mean to imply t x is ! function ( education to turn radicals into cons]vatives4 ,r its function is to give ! m5 on ea* side a diff]5t m5tal outlook4 ,back ( ! controv]sy z x has exi/$ 9 our times !re is a c]ta9 presuppos$ philosophy :i* is pass+ away z education increases1 & its pass+ modifies ! ?9k+ ( p]sons on bo? sides4 ,humanism 9 education is supplant+ ! old] ,humanit>ianism4 ,int]e/ 9 cultural values is supplant+ ! e>li] naturalism4 ,r\sseau & ,b5?am & ,comte & ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss & ,william ,morris are mak+ way = ! com+ social psy*ologi/s4 ,social philosophy becomes analytical4 ,! sweep+ g5]alizations ( ,m>x & ! day dreams ( ,bellamy beg9 to h int]e/ *iefly = ! hi/orical /ud5t4 ,democratic dogma1 little que/ion$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is n[ subject$ to criticism4 ,a diff]5t intellectual _s is abroad :i* necess>ily modifies ! g5]al outlook ( ^? :o %>e 9 x4 ,let u note m specifically "s ( ! presuppositions beh9d ! ,radical-,cons]vative dilemma4 ,!re is ! ,humanit>ian doctr9e t man is naturally good & daily gr[+ bett]4 ,all t is ne$$ = 8 p]fection is fre$om or opportunity4 ,?is assumption is common to bo? p>ties1 "o hold+ t su* opportunity is "u ! pres5t sy/em grant$ to all :o wi% to take advantage ( x1 ! o!r t "u ! pres5t sy/em opportunity is grant$ only to ! privileg$ few & d5i$ to ! toil+ masses1 :o are kept d[n 9 wage slav]y4 ,all ! evils ( human life are attribut$ to ! pres5t sy/em4 ,remove ! evil sy/em & ev]ybody w be good & happy4 ,!re is mu* talk ab\t 8! emancipation ( labor40 ,bo? sides assume t social ju/ice is possible1 ea* ma9ta9+ t its own triumph is ! triumph ( ju/ice4 ,& bo? sides are dispos$ to e/imate ! values ( civilization & ! mean+ ( p]sonal success 9 t]ms ( mat]ial possession4 ,! good life is ! life ( ! man ) pl5ty ( money4 ,we he> mu* ( ! mat]ialism & ! dom9ance ( bus9ess int]e/s today4 ,ev]yone is urg$ to get ahead4 ,a man measures 8 wor? by ! am\nt ( 8 income4 ,cons]vatives c see no gr\nd = dissatisfaction ) a sy/em :i* makes = unusual prosp]ity4 ,radicals d5y t prosp]ity is univ]sal1 say t ! ri* are gett+ ri*] & ! poor are gett+ poor]1 int]pret all hi/ory 9 t]ms ( ! /ruggle = weal?1 & spread be=e ! masses ! promise ( abundance ) a m9imum ( toil4 ,on bo? sides we f9d t easy optimism :i* is said to be *>act]i/ic ( half-educat$ m9ds4 ,x is assum$ t ! evils ( ! _w are only sup]ficial1 t !y are cont+5t ^u purely environm5tal factors1 & c be remov$ by legislation or by mass action4 ,progress is assur$4 ,no "o d\bts t a prosp]\s & happy life is possible to all if only weal? 7 prop]ly di/ribut$4 ,z ! control ( affairs passes m & m completely into plebeian h&s & z ! ta/es & dilemmas ( m$iocrity come to set /&>ds ( value1 ! _w is suppos$ to be gett+ bett]4 ,?is que/ionable assumption leads to di/ortion ( fact by bo? p>ties1 & mu/ cont9ue to d s z long z ! controv]sy is kept on ?is level4 ,i wond] :at w\ld happ5 if in/ead ( m]ely draw+ ha/y inf]5ces f ^! nave assumptions1 x %\ld become ! practice to exam9e !m4 ,p]haps ! issue might be re-/at$ 9 m significant t]ms4 ,b :at conc]ns u at pres5t is n ! social problem z su*1 b ! fact t ! attempt to cle> up ! intellectual muddle ab\t x means t education is go+ on4 ,a glance at ! nature ( ! presuppositions we h be5 discuss+ w help u to und]/& :y x is t !y are s seldom exam9$4 ,!y flatt]4 ,ap>t f _! radical or cons]vative implications1 su* ideas are cong5ial to ! av]age man4 ,!y pat him on ! back4 ,x is no small satisfaction to believe t ! environm5t is responsible = all human ills1 t evil may easily be remov$ by mass action2 t giv5 mat]ial abundance1 ! good life foll[s automatically2 t di/9ctions among m5 are r$ucible to economic factors2 t ! supremacy ( our own type is ! goal ( progress4 ,i believe t ! level at :i* "o's education /ops1 ! p>ticul> set ( dilemmas 9 :i* "o's m9d becomes fix$ is usually det]m9$ by "s self-satisfy+ assumption4 ,if my ego c rema9 elat$ ov] ! possession ( an automobile1 or ! "r to vote1 or ! belief t ,i & my k9d are or ought to be socially sup]ior1 or because ,i c play ! saxophone1 or am able to resi/ ! temptation to pick pockets1 ! problems :i* h live int]e/ = me w be ! problems :i* lie on ^! levels4 ,i rec5tly talk$ ) a man :o 0 q pleas$ ) himself because = "s ye>s he _h n be5 9 jail4 ,he frequ5tly comp>$ ! advantages & disadvantages ( life 8on ! inside0 & 8on ! outside40 ,to 8 m9d all days & all p 7 ?\ght ( z 8inside0 or 8outside10 a po9t ( view :i* ,i imag9e few p l+] ov] or f9d p]sonally gratify+4 ,b ! virtues m5 pride !mselves on are z a rule ^? :i* comp5sate !m = ! p>ticul> vices to :i* !y are tempt$4 ,! h\se ,i live 9 _h = a numb] ( ye>s be5 r5t$ to an eld]ly ,scot* woman :o kept x z a 8room+ h\se40 ,:5 %e mov$ out %e said to me1 8,i he> y are go+ to d ?is h\se ov] & make x y\r own home4 ,"s day y may be sitt+ "h & ?9k+1 #8,:at use to g on 9 ?is h\se ( m9e8' ,x'll be a satisfaction to y to "k t y are 9 a respectable place4 ,nev] once 9 all ! ye>s t ,i r5t$ out furni%$ rooms did ! patrol wagon h to back up to ?is door at midnight40 ,! ?+s :i* p f9d consol+ bo? reveal & det]m9e ! plane on :i* _! ?9k+ takes place4 ,i h he>d a "y man say ) a note ( defiance1 8,yes1 sir1 ,i'm a s+le-tax] & ,i'm pr\d ( x40 ,s involv$ is ! ego 9 our dilemmas t we (t5 require ! assi/ance ( a speciali/ 9 gett+ ov] !m4 ,psy*oanaly/s ^: task is *iefly t ( help+ p face c]ta9 facts ab\t !mselves1 speak ( _! "w z re-education4 ,9 a s5se all education is re-education1 ! unty+ ( ! knots 9 :i* our self e/eem 9 its def5se has entangl$ itself4 ,p]haps no?+ is s effective a b> to education z intellectual immode/y4 ,a man's education /ops at ! po9t :]e he becomes incapable ( self-criticism4 ,& because egotism is always a bit ridicul\s1 ! conceit$ m9d protects itself f criticism by mak+ its int]e/s sublime4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! sublime1 laught] is taboo4 ,! subject conc]n+ :i* man has lo/ 8 s5se ( humor is j ! subject conc]n+ :i* criticism leads to self-criticism4 ,!re are p]sons :o _c take a joke ab\t 8,! ,gr& ,old ,p>ty10 or ! ,gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 or ! tea*+s ( ,k>l ,m>x4 ,rec5tly a gr\p ( *ur* m5 publicly d5\nc$ ! ,new ,york newspap]s because ( _! humor\s rem>ks ab\t prohibition4 ,once :5 ,i 0 ask$ = a def9ition ( a radical ,i s]i\sly (f5d$ a prom95t sociali/ ) ! innoc5t rem>k t a radical is a man :o loves ,labor & hates "w4 ,lack ( humor is always evid5ce ( untea*abl5ess4 ,ignorance is pomp\s4 ,! holy tone ) :i* p proclaim _! convictions is unciviliz$4 ,:5 ! ,am]ican p are bett] educat$1 !re w be less solemn pantomime 9 ! l&4 ,we c\ld n ) /raight faces indulge ourselves 9 ! hy/]ical re=ms1 ! bitt] p>tisan%ips1 religi\s fanaticism & race prejudice :i* at pres5t %[ h[ s]i\sly we take ourselves4 ,education %\ld help p make an art ( liv+1 & ! art ( liv+1 l all arts1 is play4 ,le>n to play ) y\r ideals1 ev5 ) y\r sublimities1 & y w break ! hold ^u y ( _m a crude & hamp]+ dilemma4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,free ,,_s ,fre$om is n z preci\s to ! memb]s ( ?is po/w> g5]ation z x 0 to "s ( _! ance/ors4 ,! nation :i* once foll[$ ! lead]%ip ( ,mazz9i & ,g>ibaldi n[ suff]s a dictator%ip ) app>5tly little prote/4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! /ronghold ( lib]alism1 a cons]vative gov]nm5t places a c5sor%ip ^u ! words ( ! man :o is probably t c\ntry's be/-kn[n writ]4 ,socialism has its beg9n+s 9 t passion = fre$om & humanity :i* inspir$ ! y\? ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury & ends at ,mosc[ ) a con/itution f :i* ev5 a ,bill ( ,rights is omitt$4 ,9 ,am]ica we n[ see t democracy does n gu>antee lib]ty4 ,! gov]nm5t %[s decreas+ respect = ! immunities ( ! individual4 ,cr[d movem5ts spread intol]ance & are ev] dem&+ m /rict regulation 9 matt]s ( p]sonal conduct & private judgm5t4 ,"o frequ5tly he>s ! rem>k1 8,! talk ab\t p]sonal lib]ty is disgu/+ nons5se40 ,!re are v>i\s reasons = ?is *ange ( _s4 ,! individual r will+ly p]mits himself to be trans=m$ f a private p]son to a num]ical unit 9 8 gr\p or mass because z "p ( a public he ga9s p[] ?r\gh ! =ce ( numb]s4 ,individualism 9 a society 9 :i* e "o is *iefly int]e/$ 9 indu/rial competition t5ds to become little m ?an ! /ock argum5t ( ^? :o wi% to def5d economic privilege4 ,o!r privileges are lo/ sight ( 9 a /&>diz$ _w4 ,moreov]1 z p beg9 to see t fre$om is n some?+ ) :i* all m5 are equally end[$ by _! creator1 b is a*iev$ 9 v>y+ degree1 !re is a t5d5cy to m9imize its importance4 ,we are naturally some:at suspici\s ( ! fre$om ( o!rs4 ,^? :o !mselves h little capacity = x w\ld impose _! own limitations ^u all o!rs4 ,f *ildhood onw>d we wi% to be able to d :at we see o!rs do+4 ,:5 ?is is impossible1 !re is a t5d5cy to re/ra9 !m f do+ :at we _c d4 ,ma/]ful spirits grant !mselves privileges :i* may appe> wick$ to ! cr[d4 ,! free m9d all[s too mu*4 ,:5 on ! o!r h& a p]son :o has n atta9$ "s degree ( ma/]y decl>es 8 indep5d5ce1 we d n speak ( him z free1 we say t he 8takes lib]ties40 ,?us :]e ! ideals ( ! educat$ m9d prevail !re is a g5]al ga9 9 fre$om ?r\gh increase 9 ma/]y4 ,:]e ! ideals ( ! ignorant & wrongly educat$ pr$om9ate1 !re is a decl9e 9 fre$om & an increase 9 ! disposition to take lib]ties4 ,x is ! cu/om today to rule out ( ! consid]ation ( values any ref]5ce to ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 & to try to gr\nd all values1 fre$om includ$1 on a /rictly economic & legal f\ndation1 z if !y 7 produc$ by & exi/$ only = a bra9less & imp]sonal equilibrium ( social =ces4 ,we are beg9n+ to see t = a p :i* loses sight ( ! inw>dness ( ! s\rces ( fre$om1 con/itutional gu>antees d n long gu>antee1 & ea* p[]-seek+ gr\p beg9s to take lib]ties ) ! organiz$ life ( ! community4 ,! s-call$ lib]alism ( ^? mod]n writ]s :o make apology = ?is sort ( ?+ has 9 x little ( ! _s ( lib]al education4 ,x is r ! plebeianization ( s*ol>%ip4 ,i z a lib]al am n oblig$ to ?r[ my hat 9 ! air ov] ea* degradation ( value t m>ks ! triumphant progress ( democracy4 ,x is ! ideal ( ! educat$ man1 n ! dem&s ( ! cr[d :i* is ! be/ gu>antee ( fre$om4 ,i believe we are *iefly indebt$ to ?is ideal = su* fre$om z we enjoy4 ,education :5 x is g5u9e mu/ = its own sake move 9 an atmosph]e ( intellectual fre$om4 ,x mu/ w&] :]e tru? leads ! way4 ,x mu/ atta9 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t & a c]ta9 dec5t privacy = contemplation4 ,x is 9 itself fre$om f s]vitude & f r\t9e4 ,x broad5s "o's int]e/s & h5ce "o's sympa!tic und]/&+ ( o!rs4 ,no?+ human is ali5 to x4 ,! educat$ m9d1 hav+ bus9ess ( its own1 m9ds its own bus9ess4 ,h5ce x gr[s 9 tol]ance4 ,fre$om is always fre$om = some?+1--fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ?\ght1 fre$om f m$dlesome int]f]5ce1 fre$om f ! cru%+ weight ( au?ority & tradition1 fre$om 9 matt]s ( religi\s belief4 ,e su* fre$om is l>gely ! result ( ! influ5ce ( education1 & ea* exi/s 9 any community 9 inv]se ratio to its ignorance & prov9cialism4 ,! classical tradition has its orig91 z we saw1 9 ! ef=ts ( ,greek philosoph]s to tea* free m5 ! ess5tials ( ! good life4 ,x has by no means rema9$ true to its ideal1 b ea* r$iscov]y ( its mean+ has _h a lib]aliz+ effect4 ,! mod]n s5se ( ! wor? ( ! individual--:i* is only rec5tly on ! decl9e--& ! humani/ philosophy ( education alike %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 /ilt$ & =mal z x 01 c\ld ) "s ju/ification call itself ! age ( ! ,enlight5m5t4 ,x 0 ! age ( ,voltaire1 ! age ( great educational advance4 ,x 0 also ! age f :i* we d]ive mo/ ( our pron\ncem5ts ab\t lib]ty & ! rights ( man4 ,i w\ld almo/ g s f> z to say t :5 education is n lib]aliz+1 x is n really education b is a highly sy/ematiz$ species ( propag&a4 ,?is lib]aliz+ quality is s ess5tial to education1 & is s cle>ly a way ( ! spiritual life1 t its pres5ce det]m9es ! g5u95ess ( any movem5t or philosophy t may be> ! "n ,lib]alism4 ,! t]m 8free _s0 has be5 s frequ5tly abus$1 t ,i hesitate to use x4 ,x sugge/s ,r\sseau's ,emile1 educat$ to obey only ! b5ign laws ( nature & 8 own impulses4 8,he foll[s no =mula1 yields nei!r to au?ority nor to example1 & nei!r acts nor speaks save z x seems be/ to him40 ,"o ?9ks ( su* phrases z ,max ,/irn]'s 8,ego & ,8 ,own10 or ,:itman's 8,spontane\s ,me10 or 8,! ,beautiful ,s\l0 ( n9ete5? c5tury ,romanticism4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! "y woman f ,nebraska :o came to live 9 ,gre5wi* ,village1 ,new ,york ,city1 & said h] s\l felt z if x _h tak5 (f its %oes & /ock+s4 ,! cult ( spiritual fre$om _h q a vogue 9 ,new ,york a few ye>s ago4 ,i believe x orig9at$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,qu>t] ( ,p>is4 ,! devotee ( x display$ 8 free _s by we>+ a fl[+ tie & corduroy tr\s]s1 by 8 obvi\s disda9 ( b>b]%ops & laundries1 by 8 talk :i* 0 mo/ly ab\t sex1 socialism & ! new art1 & by 8 g5]al air ( lassitude & disillusionm5t4 ,i believe t ?is pose1 toge!r ) mu* ( ! s5tim5tal lib]alism :i* passes = 8emancipation0 among intellectuals1 may be trac$ back to ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,ne>ly all ! basic ideas ( contempor>y lib]alism z well z ^? ( ! 8new] education0 frequ5tly associat$ ) ! lib]al movem5t1 may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau4 ,x is amus+ to he> lib]als proclaim ^! old ideas z if !y 7 ! mo/ advanc$ !ories ( life & education4 ,& y h b to comp>e ,r\sseau ) ,erasmus or ,voltaire or ,huxley to see h[ f> away he is f ! _s ( lib]al education4 ,! latt] is t5d]-he>t$ & h>d-head$4 ,r\sseau is s(t-head$ & h>d-he>t$4 ,an emotional egoism fe$s on dreams ( social revolt & ( an idyllic return to nature4 ,r\sseau hates civilization1 ) its duties & responsibilities4 ,he becomes romantic & s5tim5tal ab\t ,nature4 ,8 ideal ( ! free man is ,rob9son ,crusoe4 8,we are born s5sible40 8,! natural man is complete 9 himself2 he is ! num]ical unit1 ! absolute :ole1 :o is relat$ only to himself or to 8 fell[-man4 ,civiliz$ man is b a fractional unit40 8,civiliz$ man is born1 lives & dies 9 a /ate ( slav]y4 ,at 8 bir? he is /it*$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s2 at 8 dea? he is nail$ 9 a c(f91 & z long z he pres]ves ! human =m he is fett]$ by our in/itutions40 ,h5ce if y w\ld educate1 8,obs]ve nature & foll[ ! r\te :i* %e traces = y40 8,all wick$ness comes f weakness4 ,a *ild is bad only because he is weak2 make him /rong & he w be good40 8,keep ! *ild dep5d5t on ?+s alone1 & y w h foll[$ ! ord] ( nature 9 8 education40 8,d n let him "k :at ob$i5ce is :5 he acts1 nor :at control is :5 o!rs act = him4 ,equally 9 8 actions & 9 y\rs let him feel 8 lib]ty40 8,o m51 be humane2 x is y\r =emo/ duty4444 ,:y w\ld y take f ^? little innoc5ts ! enjoym5t ( a "t s %ort & ( a good s preci\s :i* !y _c abuse8 ,:y w\ld y fill ) bitt]ness & sorr[ ^? e>ly ye>s s rapidly pass+1 :i* w no m return to !m ?an to y8 ,fa!rs1 d y "k ! mom5t :5 dea? awaits y\r *ildr58 ,d n prep>e = y\rselves regrets by tak+ f !m ! few mom5ts :i* nature has giv5 !m40 8,! only habit :i* a *ild %\ld be all[$ to =m is to contract no habit :atsoev]40 8,x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! le>n$ societies ( ,europe are b s _m public s*ools ( falsehood2 & v surely !re are m errors 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ?an 9 ! :ole tribe ( ,hurons40 8,happy ! p among :om "o c be good )\t ef=t & j )\t virtue40 ,i tru/ t ^! passages select$ almo/ at r&om f ,r\sseau's treatise on education1 8,emile10 d n give a :olly unfair impression ( ?is au?or's philosophy ( life4 ,man 9 ! /ate ( nature is wise & good4 ,civilization has corrupt$ him by enslav+ him4 ,if he does evil x is n because he is bad1 b because he is weak4 ,we %\ld n hang ! crim9al b blame ! society :i* made him :at he is4 ,! prop] function ( education is to enable ! individual--! little innoc5t--to gr[ up naturally )\t discipl9e1 )\t =m+ any habits1 nev] sacrific+ pres5t enjoym5t to future k1 inspir$ always by ! ideal ( t happy /ate 9 :i* "o may be good )\t ef=t4 ,! ideal education !re=e is ! life ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican aborig9e or :at ,r\sseau imag9$ su* a life to be4 ,fre$om "h is ! return to nature4 ,f ! times ( ,hobbes & ( ,montaigne onw>d !re seems to h be5 a gr[+ int]e/ 9 8,man 9 ! /ate ( nature40 ,b :]eas ) mo/ writ]s ?is int]e/ 0 l>gely a matt] ( !ory & speculation1 ) ,r\sseau man 9 ! /ate ( nature becomes an ideal1 a norm4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 ?is dream ( ! return to nature1 !re is symboliz$ an infantile wi% to escape f ! tasks & responsibilities & re/ra9ts ( adult life4 ,psy*ologi/s speak ( su* an 8infantile return0 z regression4 ,?is regressive ideal ( fre$om is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! lib]aliz+ influ5ce ( education z ,i und]/& x4 ,i h *>act]iz$ education z a victory won ov] "o's wi%-fancies & *ildi% egoism1 z ! lift+ ( ! problems ( life to high] & m significant dilemmas1 z ! atta9m5t ( ma/]y4 ,a humani/ic lib]alism seeks fre$om z broadm9d$ness2 x /rives = a highly civiliz$1 urbane & sophi/icat$ /ate ( m9d 9 :i* insight is deep5$ & int]e/ is wid5$4 ,r\sseauian lib]alism seeks fre$om 9 relaxation ( ef=t1 9 d5ial ( ! claims ( civilization1 9 ! idealization ( nature & ( primitive man4 ,_m p]sons :o today /yle !mselves lib]als are ( ! ,r\sseauian type4 ,!re are ^? :o pr\dly call !mselves rebels4 ,a c]ta9 naturalism is c>ri$ to ! po9t ( ho/ility to =m z su* & to ord]l9ess ( any sort4 ,!re is frequ5tly a disda9 ( 8respectability10 & a t5d5cy to play ! intellectual vagabond4 ,i ?9k ?is is "o reason :y c]ta9 lib]als are mu* tak5 ) mod]n imitations ( ! primitive 9 art4 ,! elem5t ( regression :i* *>act]izes ! pa9t+s & sculpture ( c]ta9 8rebels0 is pat5t to ! psy*ologi/4 ,_m ( ^! works ( art closely resemble ! typical draw+s ( dem5tia praecox pati5ts4 ,9 dem5tia1 regression1 or infantile return1 is complete & f9al4 ,! pati5t is free f a di/urb+ _w1 hav+ return$ to precisely ! 8s5sibility10 z ,r\sseau t]ms x1 ) :i* he 0 born4 ,utopian s*emes ( social recon/ruction1 & ! notion t m]ely *ang+ ! pres5t sy/em w\ld put an end once = all to human mis]y1 are 9 _m cases disguis$ =ms ( ! wi% to return to *ildhood & ?us escape ! vicissitudes ( adult life 9 civiliz$ society4 ,! burd5 ( our indu/rial civilization is s great t x is no wond] _m %\ld take ?is pa? ( escape4 ,h[ev]1 ! utopian fantasy is by no means conf9$ to ^? :o h ! h>de/ /ruggle4 ,& !re c be no objection to x :5 x inspires well-consid]$ ef=ts = social improvem5t4 ,!re is a type ( 8lib]al0 h[ev]1 :o reg>ds ! attempt to solve any concrete problem ( civilization z a compromise ( 8 idealism4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! philosophy ( ,r\sseau has influ5c$ contempor>y lib]alism ) some:at p>adoxical results4 ,! basis ( t happy /ate 9 :i* "o may be j )\t virtue is elaborat$ 9 8,! ,social ,contract40 ,r\sseau 0 n ! fir/ to hold ! contract !ory ( organiz$ society4 ,bo? ,hobbes & ,locke made use ( ?is idea4 ,b ) ,r\sseau x becomes a doctr9e ) di/9ctly illib]al implications4 ,! argum5t is some:at z foll[s3 ,man f9ds x impossible to cont9ue 9 ! blissful /ate ( nature4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve _! fre$om1 m5 volunt>ily ent] into a mutual agreem5t1 accord+ to :i* ea* gives ov] 8 individual sov]eignty & receives back an equal portion ( ! common w1 leav+ him z free z he 0 be=e4 ,?us !re comes into be+ a collective sov]eign p[]4 ,all o!rs are ( c\rse usurpations & are de/ructive ( fre$om4 ,?is new sov]eign c d no wrong1 !re is no ne$ to protect ! individual aga9/ x because x is made up precisely ( ! wills ( all individuals1 & ! p w n d injury to !mselves s9ce ea* seeks happ9ess4 ,su* sov]eignty1 :i* is really ! absolute dom9ion ( ! mass ov] its memb]s1 c nei!r be delegat$ nor divid$1 & its ex]cise is lib]ty4 ,b is x8 ,?is tree is kn[n by ! fruit x be>s4 ,notice t = purposes ( ?is !ory1 all aspects ( ! individual w are n[ d5i$ except ^? :i* may be pool$ into a sort ( gr\p w & drawn out aga9 9 equal & id5tical portions = all m54 ,t is1 society is trans=m$ f a plurality ( individuals to ! unity ( a mass4 ,man act+ z a mass unit takes prec$5ce 9 all ?+s ov] man act+ z a private p]son4 ,privacy is gone4 ,lib]ty is n p]sonal indep5d5ce1 b ! fre$om ( ! gr\p to d :at x wills un*eck$4 ,mass action c d no wrong4 ,accord+ to ! logic ( ?is view no prop] b\nds may be set to ! rule ( 8! p10 except su* z ! sov]eign w itself *ooses to set4 ,accord+ly1 lib]ty becomes ! rule ( all ov] ea* 9 any matt] :atsoev] conc]n+ :i* neighbors *oose to re/ra9 or m$dle ) "o ano!r4 ,?is means t myself z p]son mu/ 9 all ?+s take ord]s f t att5uat$ public-meet+ self ( me & ( o!r m5 :i* we h ea* receiv$ 9 equal portion f ! mass w4 ,ev]y?+ unique 9 me is :ittl$ away f ?is mass-self & ,i c\nt only by virtue ( my memb]%ip z a num]ical unit ( ! gr\p4 ,& n[ s9ce any *eck or h9drance to ! sov]eignty ( ! mass is se5 z an unju/ifiable re/riction ^u its lib]ty1 !re is a t5d5cy to ext5d ! tyranny ( ! mass to e possible human conc]n4 ,! dem& = lib]ty is no long] ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( private judgm5t = ^? capable ( ex]cis+ x2 x is 8,let ! p rule40 ,no wond] m5 come to di/+ui% betwe5 p]sonal lib]ty & ! rights ( ,! ,p4 ,! idolatry ( ! mass turns fre$om inside out4 ,s mu* = !ory4 ,9 common practice ea* majority t5ds to reg>d itself z ! sov]eign w & play ! tyrant1 all 9 ! "n ( lib]ty4 ,ea* militant m9ority & /ruggle gr\p 9 society seeks by hook or crook to capture ! ma*9]y ( law & =ce its w ^u ! public1 & 9 ! ef=t to make its own gr\p w ! sov]eign w1 ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p p]suade !mselves t 9 ?us resi/+ re/ra9t ^u _! p>ticul> mass movem5t !y are fight+ = lib]ty4 ,a _s ( facti\sness spreads ?r\gh ! community1 re/riction & regulation increase & multiply1 all 9 ! ex]cise ( cr[d-lib]ty4 ,if y\r cr[d is n[ 9 possession ( social p[]1 y are call$ a cons]vative4 ,if x is /ill /ruggl+ to make its w supreme1 y may call y\rself a lib]al4 ,x is an ironical turn ( hi/ory t br+s x ab\t t _m re/rictions ^u ! fre$om ( ! individual are advocat$ 9 ! "n ( lib]alism4 ,lib]alism %ades (f into a =m ( radicalism :i* w\ld set up a dictator%ip to accompli% its ends4 ,_m p use ! t]ms int]*angeably4 ,radicals 9 rec5t ye>s1 z ! illib]al aims ( ! movem5t unmask !mselves1 t5d to repudiate ! "n lib]al1 & to d5\nce ! lib]al z "o :o hav+ />t$ out along a c]ta9 road1 hesitates or turns back at ! la/ m9ute4 ,su* lib]alism f9ds itself 9 ! difficult position ( hav+ propos$ measures :i* x hesitat$ to c>ry out4 ,x is emb>rass$ by its own radical (fspr+4 ,su* lib]alism has little 9 common ) t :i* is ! aim ( lib]al education4 ,z x appe>s 9 contempor>y ,am]ica1 x is a sort ( abortive mass movem5t caus$ by ! m+l+ ( two social philosophies :i* = want ( bett] t]ms ,i w call ! ,lockean & ! ,r\sseauian traditions4 ,john ,locke wrote 8 essay on ,gov]nm5t at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is book toge!r ) 8 8,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+10 did mu* to %ape ! ?9k+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & made a /rong impression ^u ,samuel ,adams1 ,?omas ,pa9e1 ,jeff]son & o!r lead]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,! 8self-evid5t tru?s0 set =? 9 our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce cle>ly reveal ?is influ5ce4 ,i d n wi% to imply t ,locke 0 ! au?or ( ,am]ican lib]alism4 ,he m]ely has 8 place 9 a tradition :i* goes back to ,magna ,*>ta & is ess5tially ,briti%4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 ! colonies & ! m9i/]s ( ,k+ ,george 0 a phase ( ! great] /ruggle betwe5 ,p>liam5t & ! cr[n4 ,= c5turies ! ,engli%man has /ood up = 8 individual rights1 has /ubbornly resi/$ any attempt ( ! sov]eign to invade 8 privacy or to seize 8 prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t4 ,! ,engli%man is naturally jeal\s ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,he looks ^u x ) suspicion & seeks to limit its ex]cise ( p[]4 ,he gives x no peace until x gu>antees him security f int]f]5ce ) 8 p]sonal fre$om4 ,jeff]son's rem>k t t gov]nm5t is be/ :i* gov]ns lea/ is typical ( ! _s ( ,briti% lib]alism4 ,x 0 ?is _s :i* inspir$ ! revolt ( ! ,puritans aga9/ bo? ! ,k+ & ! ,*ur*4 ,! same s5tim5t is express$ 9 ! petition ( ,rights :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ?rone ab\t ! "t t ,locke wrote ! essay on gov]nm5t4 ,& x 0 9 ?is same _s t ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republic fram$ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y r grudg+ly grant$ ! gov]nm5t c]ta9 specific p[]s1 & s\ght by means ( v>i\s *ecks & balances to limit ! ex]cise ( !m4 ,ev5 !n ! public 0 s alive to ! dang]s ( ! new sov]eignty t x refus$ to adopt ! con/itution until x 0 am5d$ by ! addition ( ! ,bill ( ,rights4 ,!re 7 add$ to ?is ass]tion ( ! inali5able rights ( ! individual 9 opposition to ! sov]eign p[] ! deep] s5se ( ! importance ( ! individual ga9$ 9 ! ,re=mation1 & ! insi/5ce ^u ! "r & duty ( ex]cis+ private judgm5t :i* came ) ! rationalism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! eighte5? c5tury1 ) its 8appeal to reason0 9 opposition to ! au?ority ( prie/ & ,bible1 0 9 fact an intellectual decl>ation ( indep5d5ce :i* became = educat$ m9ds an ess5tial "p ( ! lib]al tradition4 ,lib]alism owes mu* to ! ,dei/s & m5 l ,hume4 ,x is n a m]e co9cid5ce t a l>ge numb] ( ! lead]s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution 7 8free?9k]s40 ,?us lib]alism became some?+ m ?an a political movem5t4 ,x became a philosophy ( p]sonal lib]ty1 ( indep5d5ce ( au?ority1 ( tol]ance4 ,! rights :i* ! lib]al claim$ = himself he 0--at lea/ 9 !ory--will+ to grant to o!rs4 ,he took ! side ( ! 8"u dog40 ,! tradition is be/ repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by su* m5 z ,prie/ley1 ,m>t9eau1 ,k+sley1 ,cobd51 ,bright1 ,morley1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,huxley1 & 9 ,am]ica by ,pa9e1 ,jeff]son1 ,*ann+1 ,em]son1 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,l9coln1 & ,+]soll4 ,! decl9e ( lib]alism to ! level ( ,bryanism1 ! betrayal by 8,"o ,hundr$ ,p]c5t ,am]icanism0 ( ! _s 9 :i* ! ,republic 0 f\nd$1 ! spread ( bigotry among ! masses1 ! prevail+ p>tisan _s & ! illib]alism ( pr(ess$ 8lib]als10 ! *ang+ ( our con/itution f a gu>antee ( p]sonal lib]ty to ! au?orization ( ,f$]al int]f]5ce ) ! daily habits & cu/oms ( ! individual--^! are n matt]s = :i* we may hold rec5t immigrants responsible4 ,!y are1 ,i regret to say1 symptomatic ( t5d5cies :i* are mo/ commonly manife/ among ,am]icans ( ,briti% desc5t4 ,!y %[ h[ f> ! _s ( a nation may drift 9 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s :5 x r5\nces its intellectual lead]%ip4 ,lib]alism z a political movem5t 0 e>ly divorc$ f lib]alism z an intellectual movem5t4 ,! =m] became ,&rew ,jacksonism1 8%irt-sleeve democracy10 free-soil-ism1 abolitionism1 populism1 ! ,s+le ,tax movem5t1 opposition to big bus9ess1 ,progressiveism4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! settlem5t ( ,new ,engl& ! pione] & fronti]sman1 ! 8debtor class10 ! t[n labor] & ! f>m]1 h _h to c>ry on a /ruggle aga9/ ! 8money p[]s0 ( ! l>ge indu/rial c5t]s4 ,! conflict ( 8! poor aga9/ ! ri*0--g5]ally *>act]iz$ by a dem& = gov]nm5tal regulation ( indu/ry & *eap money--rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ! 8,free ,silv]0 issue ( #ahif4 ,( ?is 8battle = humanity10 ! au?or ( 8,our ,times0 quotes ,william ,all5 ,:ite4 8,x 0 a fanaticism l ! ,crusades4 ,inde$1 ! delusion t 0 work+ on ! p took ! =m ( religi\s fr5zy4 ,sacr$ hymns 7 torn f _! pi\s tunes to give place to words :i* deifi$ ! cause & made gold--& all its symbols1 capital1 weal?1 plutocracy--diabolical4 ,at night1 f t5 ?\s& little :ite s*oolh\se w9d[s1 lights tw9kl$ back va9 hope to ! />s4 ,= ! ?\s&s :o assembl$ "u ! s*oolh\se lamps believ$ t :5 _! legislature met & _! gov]nor 0 elect$1 ! mill5nium w\ld come by proclamation4 ,!y sang _! b>b>ic songs 9 unrhy?mic j>gon1 ) some?+ ( ! same mad fai? t inspir$ ! m>tyrs go+ to ! /ake4 ,f> into ! night ! voices rose--wom5's voices1 *ildr5's voices1 ! voices ( old m51 ( y\?s & ( maid5s1 rose on ! ebb+ prairie breezes1 z ! crusad]s ( ! revolution rode home1 prais+ ! p's w z ?\gh x 7 ,god's w1 & curs+ weal? = its iniquity4 ,x 0 a season ( %ibbole?s & feti*es & slogans4 ,reason slept2 & ! passions--jeal\sy1 covet\sness1 hatr$--ran amuck2 & :oev] w\ld *eck !m 0 crucifi$ 9 public contumely40 ,! dem& = gov]nm5tal regulation has be5 on ! increase s9ce #ahif & has almo/ work$ a revolution 9 our =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,i w n discuss ! degree to :i* su* an ext5sion ( ! p[]s ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t is desirable4 ,i am aw>e ( ! fact t ! motive is l>gely t ( protect+ ! economic indep5d5ce ( ! av]age individual4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to make is t ! me?ods advocat$ reveal ! *ange t has come ov] lib]alism4 ,not)/&+ ,jeff]son's /atem5t ab\t ! gov]nm5t :i* gov]n$ lea/1 ! ext5sions ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t h n ev] be5 limit$ to matt]s indu/rial1 & we f9d m5 call+ !mselves lib]als accept+ all sorts ( re/rictions ^u _! lib]ty )\t compla9t4 ,lib]alism has tak5 on a p>tisan _s ) all ! intol]ance1 hy/]ia1 & co]civ5ess t usually *>act]izes cr[d movem5ts4 ,! same elem5ts t vot$ 8lib]al0 ) ,mr4 ,bryan ?irty ye>s ago1 lat] support$ ,bryan ! fundam5tali/1 & today are /aun* prohibitioni/s4 ,i _c help feel+ t some?+ ( ! fundam5tali/ 0 lurk+ "u ! sk9 ( ! ,am]ican lib]al all along4 ,! tradition ( p]sonal indep5d5ce d]iv$ f our ,briti% ance/ors _h ab\t rea*$ ?is /age ( decl9e1 :5 ef=ts 7 made to supplant x ) a v diff]5t type ( lib]alism f cont95tal ,europe4 ,! 8old lib]alism0 0 9 !ory individuali/ic2 ! 8new lib]alism0 0 sociali/ic4 ,x br\ght ) x su* ideas z 8! class /ruggle10 8mass action10 ! 8coop]ative commonweal?40 ,fre$om 0 to be ga9$ = all 9 ! =m ( ! 8emancipation0 ( ! work+ class4 ,y\?ful intellectuals idealiz$ ! prolet>iat1 organiz$ sociali/ locals1 talk$ ab\t ! 8mat]iali/ int]pretation ( hi/ory10 d5\nc$ 8! capitali/s10 address$ "o ano!r z 8comrade10 clos$ _! lett]s to "o ano!r ) ! words1 8,y\rs = ! ,revolution10 & a few took ! tr\ble to /udy ! writ+s ( ,k>l ,m>x4 ,! old lib]alism 0 se5 z m]e 8b\rgeois idealogy10 m5tal slav]y1 a sy/em ( ideas fabricat$ by ! ma/] class 9 ord] to keep ! work+ class 9 p]petual wage slav]y4 ,! new lib]al felt himself intellectually emancipat$4 ,if he 0 v1 v lib]al1 he /yl$ himself a radical4 ,! movem5t rea*$ its maximum /r5g? ab\t ! ye> #aiaj1 & !n began to decl9e4 ,x appeal$ to "s :o _h be5 lib]als ( ! old] ,am]ican type1 b ! response ( labor 0 negligible4 ,radicalism pr(ess$ to be a spontane\s revolt ( oppress$ work+ p4 ,9 fact x 0 a cult1 ) its dogmas ab\t labor1 :i* exi/$ *iefly among middle-class intellectuals4 ,its lead]s--& x consi/$ mo/ly ( lead]s ) v little rank & file--7 seldom work+ m54 ,al?\gh its economic cre$ is ! product ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ?is movem5t w\ld %[ x to be 9 direct l9e ( desc5t f ,r\sseau4 ,_m ( ! basic ideas are di/9ctly ,r\sseauian4 ,civilization1 :i* ,r\sseau hat$1 is n[ ! wick$ capitali/ sy/em4 ,!re is ! same emphasis on ! collective w1 on mass action1 on ! idea ( revolution1 ! same belief t ,! ,p is ! only rightful sov]eign1 t society exi/s by virtue ( a sort ( cov5ant among m5 :i* c be alt]$ at w1 & t univ]sal happ9ess may be atta9$ by *ang+ ! sy/em :i* is responsible = all mis]y & misbehavior4 ,radicalism1 c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 is ,communism1 9 :i* !re is no pret5se ( lib]alism1 no place = fre$om4 ,x has greate/ appeal = a type ( m9d :i* is by nature doctr9aire & inela/ic1 & its propag&a t5ds to fix$ op9ion & to illib]alism4 ,a g5]ation ago ,nietzs*e said ( x1 8,9 e c\ntry ( ,europe1 & ! same 9 ,am]ica1 !re is at pres5t some?+ :i* makes an abuse ( ?is "n3 a v n>r[1 prepossess$1 en*a9$ class ( spirits1 :o desire almo/ ! opposite ( :at our int5tions & in/9cts prompt4444 ,briefly & regrettably1 !y belong to ! levell]s1 ^! wrongly nam$ free spirits--z glib-tongu$ & scribe-f+]$ slaves ( ! democratic ta/e & its mod]n ideas3 all ( !m m5 )\t solitude1 )\t p]sonal solitude1 blunt hone/ fell[s to :om nei!r c\rage nor honorable conduct ought to be d5i$2 only1 !y are n free1 & are ludicr\sly sup]ficial1 especially 9 _! innate p>tiality = see+ ! cause ( almo/ all human mis]y & failure 9 ! old =ms 9 :i* society has hi!rto exi/$--a notion :i* happily inv]ts ! tru? entirely6 ,:at !y w\ld fa9 atta9 ) all _! /r5g?1 is ! univ]sal1 gre5-mead[ happ9ess ( ! h]d1 toge!r ) security1 safety1 com=t1 & alleviation ( life = ev]yone40 ,! ^w lib]al is commonly associat$ ) t ext5sion ( democracy :i* ! cr[d ?9ks is progress4 ,if y favor ?is progress1 y are said to be a lib]al4 ,if y d\bt t x is progress y are ?\ght to oppose progress z su* & s are a cons]vative4 ,if ! progress ( democracy 7 accompani$ by a correspond+ advance ( culture & ga9 9 wisdom & broadm9d$ness1 ?is use ( ! t]m lib]al w\ld be appropriate4 ,m5 become free only z !y a*ieve self-gov]nm5t4 ,i take x t a man gov]ns himself to ! degree t he acts ^u 8 own judgm5t4 ,fre$om ?us presupposes fir/ t p are capable ( judg+ ?+s = !mselves1 & second1 t !y are p]mitt$ to d s4 ,if ! progress ( democracy result$ 9 few] laws & wis] laws1 we %\ld 9 "t h self-gov]nm5t4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case3 ! ext5sion ( democracy br+s ab\t an ext5sion ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t & ! multiplication ( fooli% laws4 ,x does n foll[ t p's judgm5t is improv$ because !y c vote ab\t m & m ?+s4 ,nor is !re any assurance t !y w n beg9 vot+ ab\t ?+s t are none ( _! bus9ess & ?us de/roy ! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* is ! ex]cise ( fre$om4 ,y d n decide ?+s = y\rself :5 ev]y?+ is submitt$ to a ref]5dum or regulat$ by ! legislature4 ,if ! p or _! repres5tatives %\ld vote to e/abli% a c5sor%ip ( books1 or to prohibit smok+ tobacco1 or to compel *ur* att5dance on ,sunday1 t w\ld be democracy2 b x w\ld n be a ga9 = fre$om4 ,self-gov]nm5t is impossible :5 e private matt] is turn$ into a public "q4 ,m5 ) ?ird-rate m9ds--& !re are en\gh ( !m once !y get toge!r to con/itute a solid majority--%r9k f ! responsibility ( ex]cis+ private judgm5t1 b are prep>$ & eag] to decide any matt] :atsoev] once x becomes a public issue4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 dis9cl9$ to all[ a l>ge measure ( p]sonal fre$om to "o ano!r or to any "o4 ,self-gov]nm5t 9 a democracy !re=e means n private judgm5t b national indep5d5ce1 univ]sal fran*ise1 & no con/itutional re/ra9ts ^u ! w ( ! majority4 ,9 common practice1 8lib]ty0 is ! legally recogniz$ "r ( ! cr[d to tell ! individual :at he may n d 9 matt]s :i* conc]n only himself4 ,any man has lib]ty :5 he has a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! l&4 ,he has fre$om :5 he gov]ns himself4 ,8 fre$om may be prev5t$ ei!r by lack ( judgm5t or by outside int]f]5ce4 ,! effect ( education 9 ! community is to improve judgm5t & less5 outside int]f]5ce ) ! ex]cise ( x4 ,prop]ly def9$1 a lib]al is a p]son :o /rives = precisely ^! results4 ,lib]alism1 9 ?is s5se1 & education are ! same4 ,i said t a man is free :5 he acts accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 ,?is does n mean t ! free man is able to *oose any?+ he wi%es4 ,necessity con/ra9s him j z x does ! unfree4 ,x means1 h[ev]1 t 8 ass5t or diss5t 9 any matt] foll[s f 8 p]sonal insight into ! implications ( ! situation4 ,he does ! requir$ ?+ ev5 :5 he does n l x1 because he has ! intellig5ce to see t x is requir$ "u ! circum/ances4 ,he is n compell$ to take "s o!r p]son's ^w z to :at is requir$4 ,he is free n only because he is indep5d5t ( ! w ( ano!r 9 rea*+ 8 decision1 b prim>ily because he kn[s :at he is do+ & :y he does x4 ,!re is a v old1 extra-canonical leg5d accord+ to :i* ! ,"l ,jesus1 pass+ by1 saw a man digg+ 9 ! field on ! ,sabba? day1 & he said to ! man1 8,if ?\ kn[e/ :at ?\ doe/1 blessd art ?\2 if ?\ kn[e/ n1 cursd art ?\40 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,appreciation ,,( ,,human ,,wor? ,i h a numb] ( neighbors ^: sons & daught]s are at pres5t suff]+ ! agony ( prep>ation = college4 ,:at a nightm>e x is possible to make ( education6 ,?ree or f\r ye>s ( att5dance at exp5sive private s*ools :]e ! sole aim seems to be to get ! /ud5t ?r\gh 8 college entrance exam9ations ) a pass+ grade4 ,/ud5ts t]rifi$1 p>5ts anxi\sly await+ reports ( "w done or n done1 tea*]s tir$ out1 "o /ud5t fails 9 8 ,lat91 ano!r 9 algebra1 a ?ird is s5t home because ( loss ( int]e/ 9 /udy1 & !re are te>s1 family conf]5ces1 special tutors1 reviews & memory drills 9 vacation "t1 until f9ally ! /ud5t 8gets ?r\gh0 & drops ! subject1 8 int]e/ 9 x dead4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o believe t education may be a*iev$ )\t ef=t4 ,b /udy is n "w only1 x is also a =m a enjoym5t4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* x is a delight to "k1 n because su* k is useful or is requir$ = a pass+ grade1 b because x is an aid to ! appreciation ( value4 ,x is fun4 ,!re are p :o att5d conc]ts f a s5se ( duty1 /riv+ !reby to improve _! s\ls1 b x is possible to li/5 to music ) no o!r motive ?an ! wi% to enjoy x4 ,x is ! p]son :o enjoys music :o 9 ! end becomes ! discrim9at+ li/5]4 ,! same is true ( ! read+ ( books4 ,william ,james once said ! classics are necess>y to education because k ( !m makes u 8connoisseurs ( human excell5ce40 ,lit]ature has a *>m :i* is (t5 lo/ :5 x is made 8requir$ read+40 ,an intellig5t boy ( sev5te5 :o 0 hav+ difficulty ) 8 s*ool "w rec5tly said to me1 8,i ?9k x is because ,i really am n int]e/$1 & ! ?+s ,i wi% to "k !y d n tea* 9 our s*ool because ! colleges w n give cr$it = !m40 ,:5 ,i ask$ him :at /udy w\ld int]e/ him1 he repli$ t he ?\ght he w\ld l to try philosophy & reque/$ me to sugge/ a good book = a beg9n]1 decl>+ t he int5d$ to take up ?is /udy 9 addition to 8 s*ool "w4 ,i h no d\bt t _h he made ?is reque/ ( "o ( 8 in/ructors he w\ld h be5 told t he _h bett] sp5d 8 "t prep>+ 8 lessons4 ,b ,i took a *ance t 8 int]e/ might be g5u9e1 & told him t ,i ?\ght he w\ld f9d ,plato's 8,republic0 a good introduction to ,philosophy1 & sugge/$ t he read ! fir/ f\r books4 ,dur+ ! previ\s seme/] he _h be5 p]mitt$ to drop "o ( 8 c\rses because read+ 0 8too great a /ra9 ^u 8 eyes40 ,:5 ,i next saw ! boy ,i inquir$ h[ he _h got on ) ! 8,republic40 ,he said1 8,:y1 ,i f\nd x s excit+ t ,i did n /op at ! end ( ! fir/ f\r books1 b read all t540 ,:5 ,i ask$ him :at he f\nd int]e/+ 9 ! dialogues1 he said1 8,i d n und]/& _m ( ! conclusions !y rea*$1 b ,i enjoy$ li/5+ 9 on ^? conv]sations4 ,!y are s logical1 & ,i lik$ ! way ,socrates leads ! o!rs along1 spr+s surprises on !m1 & makes !m see :at !y mean by :at !y say4 ,i beg9 to see :at ! diff]5ce is betwe5 ?9k+ & j talk+--& _m passages 7 beautiful also40 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 8 life1 he _h realiz$ t ! pursuit ( k c\ld be an int]e/+ adv5ture4 ,moreov]1 8 p>5ts told me t he _h %[n improvem5t 9 8 regul> /udies4 ,:5 ! anci5ts said t k is k ( ! good1 !y meant 9 "p t ) ! increase ( k comes bett] discrim9ation4 ,if education is = any?+ x is t we le>n to *oose ! good4 ,by ! 8good0 ,i d n mean good 9 g5]al1 or good z an ab/raction ( philosophical disc\rse1 nor ! conv5tionally good4 ,i mean any excell5ce :atsoev]4 ,9 ord] to see & appreciate excell5ce1 y mu/ y\rself h /ruggl$ = x4 ,he :o has nev] /riv5 to surpass himself1 surr\nds himself ) ! %oddy1 ! second-rate1 ! *eap4 ,9 matt]s ( ta/e1 ( s5tim5t1 ( good workman%ip1 he _c di/+ui% betwe5 t :i* is g5u9e & t :i* is imitation4 ,9 matt]s ( ta/e !re is mu* t is purely arbitr>y & conv5tional1 s t :at is good ta/e 9 "o age may be bad ta/e 9 ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a psy*ological s\ndness 9 our use ( ! ^w ta/e to designate c]ta9 judgm5ts ( wor?4 ,x implies "s degree ( self-re/ra9t1 a s5sitiv5ess to subtle /imuli :i* comes ) ! habit ( giv+ att5tion to m9ute diff]5ces ( quality4 ,9 contra/1 animals :i* gulp d[n _! food ha/ily & 9 great quantities d n pause to ta/e x4 ,simil>ly1 ! m9d :i* has n discipl9$ itself 8swall[s ?+s :ole10 z we say4 ,x is n di/urb$ by ! incongru\s or ! hide\s4 ,x is s5sitive only to co>s] /imuli3 x pref]s ! hackney$1 ! rauc\s1 ! l\d & fla%y4 ,i once knew a *ur* 9 a small t[n :i* wor%ipp$ 9 a pla9 rectangul> old build+ ) colonial w9d[s4 ,:5 a rival d5om9ation erect$ a mon/r\s build+ ) a huge circul> /a9$-glass w9d[ fac+ ! /reet1 ! gr\p :i* wor%ipp$ 9 ! old /ructure became dissatisfi$4 ,aft] mu* difficulty 9 secur+ ! money1 a committee 0 s5t to a ne>-by city & pur*as$ a quantity ( gaudily-color$ transluc5t pap] simil> to t "o us$ occasionally to see on ! front door ( a saloon4 ,?is pap] ! congregation pr\dly pa/$ on its colonial w9d[ panes4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! av]age *ur* 9 ?is c\ntry & ! hymns ! p s+ are mu* bett] indications ( ! level ( _! spiritual life ?an are ! cre$s !y pr(ess4 ,! g5]al cultural level ( ! population is reveal$ by ! /yle ( h\ses m5 build1 ! k9d ( furniture ) :i* !y surr\nd !mselves1 ! type ( motion picture :i* becomes popul>1 ! magaz9es on ! news /&s1 ! "* ( ! j\rnals :i* h ! l>ge/ circulation1 ! 8song hits0 ( ! day1 ! programs :i* are broadca/ = ! radio4 ,^! ?+s all h spiritual significance1 !y indicate a prevail+ type ( reaction t[>d all ! values ( exp]i5ce4 ,! public is curi\sly indiff]5t to ! lack ( g5u95ess ( s5tim5t2 8hocum0 & ba?os2 delib]ate & obvi\s c\nt]feits ( emotional reactions *>act]ize practically e appeal to ! g5]al public4 ,?9k ( ! popul>ity ( a play l 8,abie's ,iri% ,rose10 or ( t1 a g5]ation ago1 ( a song l 8,aft] ! ,ball10 or ( a book l 8,! ,man ,nobody ,kn[s40 ,?9k ( ! typical ,*autauqua lecture or political address4 ,?9k ( ! notori\s ins9c]ity ( ! motion pictures4 ,p ask1 8,:at is ! matt] ) ! movies80 ,! answ] is1 ! audi5ce4 ,half-educat$ p d n seem to be s5sitive to ! diff]5ce ei!r betwe5 good & bad workman%ip or betwe5 arti/ic s9c]ity & ins9c]ity4 ,/&>ds ( value1 9 all ! old] =ms ( art1 h be5 set by ! kn[+ ones4 ,! arti/ 0 oblig$ to submit 8 creation to ! criticism ( p]sons :o _h "s backgr\nd ( tradition & g5]al k4 ,) ! quantity production me?ods ( ! motion pictures1 x becomes possible = ! fir/ "t to make ! man on ! /reet ! critic1 on ^: judgm5t dep5ds survival1 & z ! ,new ,te/am5t says1 8,by :at judgm5t ye judge1 ye %all be judg$40 ,9 select+ our pref]5ces we pass judgm5t on ourselves4 ,! multitude dupes itself ) its desire to get some?+ = no?+2 h5ce its love ( ! miracul\s4 ,all appeals to x are ?us ov]-capitaliz$1 & made to appe> gr& & glori\s4 ,%irk+ ! ef=t necess>y = real a*ievem5t leads to ! pref]5ce ( quack]y4 ,!re is a /ory t a physician :o _h yield$ to ! temptation to make easy money by adv]tis+ himself z ! discov]] ( a magic rem$y = disease1 receiv$ a call f a =m] fri5d & colleague :o disapprov$ ( ! practice4 ,:5 ! visitor s\ght to p]suade him t su* me?ods w\ld n pay1 ! o!r /epp$ to ! w9d[ & said1 8,come n[1 look ) me at ! faces ( ! p pass+ along ! /reet2 h[ _m ( !m d y ?9k w\ld become y\r pati5ts & h[ _m m9e80 ,i am told by a pr(essor ( biology :o gives a pre-m$ical c\rse 9 a ,we/]n univ]sity t less ?an a ?ird ( ! cases ( sickness 9 ! c\ntry are treat$ by reputable memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,i h be5 some:at int]e/$ 9 ! popul>ization ( psy*ology4 ,on ! occasion ( a visit to a great public libr>y1 ,i 0 assur$ by ! libr>ian t !re 0 a trem5d\s popul> dem& = books :i* deal ) ! subject ( psy*ology4 ,i 0 %[n a section 9 :i* ^! books 7 kept s t !y w\ld be easily accessible4 ,! great] numb] 7 writt5 by p]sons :o _h no k ( ! subject4 ,!y 7 utt]ly mislead+4 ,psy*ology 0 commonly pres5t$ z a wond]ful1 easily practic$ device = p]=m+ miracles1 a sy/em ( secret =mulae = cur+ disease1 = gett+ into h>mony ) ! div9e s\rce ( all be+1 = manipulat+ ! 8subconsci\s0 9 ways t assur$ peace1 prosp]ity1 self-ma/]y1 & p[] ov] o!rs4 ,i ?9k x is a cons]vative /atem5t to say t n9e-t5?s ( ! /uff t be>s ! "n 8,psy*ology0 9 popul> magaz9es devot$ to ! subject1 9 widely adv]tis$ books1 9 lectures & correspond5ce c\rses 9 self-improvem5t1 is pure *>latanism & sleight-(-h& arrang$ = ^? :o wi% to indulge !mselves 9 sy/ematic self-deception4 ,x is n m]e lack ( in=mation :i* causes p to pref] ! *eap4 ,) respect to ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 p h v>i\s /&>ds ( liv+4 ,a tea*] ( economics says t by a p]son's /&>d ( liv+ we mean to designate ^? ?+s :i* he insi/s ^u hav+ ev5 if x is necess>y to give up m>riage & p>5?ood to possess !m4 ,h[ev] mu* p may desire & /rive = com=t & abundance1 f ! /&po9t ( economics1 ^? :o m>ry & beget *ildr5 9 pov]ty h a l[ /&>d ( liv+4 ,h5ce ! /&>d is n directly a function ( ! am\nt ( p] capita weal?1 b is psy*ologically det]m9$4 ,& ! /&>d (t5 applies to o!r ?+s besides mat]ial possession4 ,p]sons :o h a high /&>d are (t5 poor4 ,!y might easily turn _! ef=ts to ! acquir+ ( weal?1 b !y w deprive !mselves & po/pone m>riage = ! sake ( "s cultural int]e/1 education1 a s*ol>ly or lit]>y c>e]4 ,!y w g )\t a motor c> 9 ord] to h money to buy books4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to make a comp>ative /udy ( ! families ( college pr(essors & c]ta9 gr\ps ( artisans1 :o h ab\t ! same income z t ( ! av]age pr(essor1 9 ord] to see :i* type _h ! great] numb] ( *ildr51 & :i* s5t ! great] numb] ( _! "y p to college1 also :i* possess$ ! great] numb] ( automobiles or radios4 ,?us ! /&>d ( liv+ applies n to :at "o wi%es to possess1 b to :at "o is will+ to pay = a c]ta9 k9d ( liv+4 ,x has to d ) quality1 n m]e quantity4 ,?is pr9ciple applies to intellectual /&>ds ( value4 ,p are cont5t ) ! second-rate because x is easi]4 ,) le>n+ !re comes a new rev]5ce4 ,p]haps ,i might speak ( x z ! educat$ man's fai?4 ,respect = ! excell5t is possible only to a m9d :i* has le>n$ to recognize di/9ctions ( wor?4 ,an undiscrim9at+ multitude cl+s to its idols or sub/itutes new idolatries = old precisely because x is bl9d to ^? diff]5ces ( value :i* con/itute ! mean+ ( exi/5ce = mank9d4 ,p seek some?+ 8giv50 to believe 91 "s univ]sal =mula ( salvation1 because !y are unable to di/+ui% ! relative wor? ( concrete exp]i5ces actual or possible4 ,^? :o %r9k f ! responsibility ( _! own yes or no take refuge 9 an imag9>y cosmic yes & no4 ,b gr\nd y\r fai? 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! bett] & ! worse1 & y h a fai? :i* gr[s /rong] ) ! increase ( k4 ,all o!r 8fai?s0 gr[ weak] because !y are sub/itutes & evasions1 futile attempts to possess value )\t ! ex]cise ( discrim9ation4 ,if exi/5ce z a :ole has a purpose or a univ]sal mean+1 ,i d n see h[ our m9ds c\ld "k x1 or :at use x c\ld ev] be to ! m9d t grasp$ x4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t our ?\ghts & beliefs are human ways1 t our ?9k+ is p>tial4 ,z ,james said1 all mean+s dep5d ^u ! fact t we are 8int]e/$ spectators0 & pref] "s ?+s to o!rs4 ,aside f our human int]e/s & pref]5ces1 ev]y?+ be+ s f> z we c see equally inevitable1 has ! same degree ( exi/5ce1 or "r to be1 & all is equally important4 ,no?+ !n has any special importance4 ,& if no?+ is important1 no?+ has any mean+4 ,x might be said t ea* ?+ has mean+ = ! :ole4 ,b s9ce ! :ole lies beyond our k51 su* a /atem5t does n help u mu*4 ,! _w ( mean+s & ( tru?s !re=e does n h an indep5d5t exi/5ce b is relat$ to our pref]5ces & is a human creation4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 at pres5t conc]n$ ) ! problem ( ! mean+ ( tru?4 ,tru? is itself a value4 ,i am try+ to /ate a simple cre$ by :i* a man may be/ ord] 8 life & discov] t :i* an intellig5t m9d may rev]5ce4 ,x is1 8,i believe 9 ! di/9ction ( wor?40 ,! loss ( belief 9 di/9ction turns bo? society & ! _w ( values upside d[n4 ,x is symptomatic ( ! dom9ance ( m$iocrity4 ,) ! degradation ( p[] !re is a correspond+ degradation ( value4 ,! p[] :i* rules ! mod]n _w is ! p[] ( numb]s4 ,_m w say x is ! p[] ( money4 ,?is too is a num]ical =ce1 hav+ no?+ to d ) quality or ! discrim9ation ( value3 ! possession ( money does n z su* lift ! possessor out ( ! mass4 ,!re is mu* talk ab\t ! conflict ( ! masses ) ! capitali/s1 b s9ce on bo? sides ! /ruggle is "o = economic advantage r ?an = spiritual value1 x may be reg>d$ m]ely z ! conflict betwe5 successful & unsuccessful mass units ov] a common int]e/4 ,money p[] & ! p[] ( numb]s are n really a confrontation ( contra/+ valuations ( ! possibilities ( exp]i5ce4 ,on bo? sides ! conflict is wag$ on ab\t ! same level & = id5tical ends4 ,capitalism is n really ! foe ( democracy1 x is democracy's fir/-born *ild4 ,! self-made successful bus9ess man is ! 8success0 9 democratic society1 its ideal4 ,he is :at ! mass z a :ole /rives to become4 ,"s p ?9k ?is is individualism4 ,infrequ5tly x is1 usually x is n4 ,doll>s /ill are numb]$1 & money p[] is ! p[] ( numb]s4 ,its p[] is ! same z conc5trat$ mass p[]1 s9ce x is ( ?is same ord]4 ,we speak ( 8amass+0 money4 ,! mass idea & ! ideals ( ! mass prevail all r\nd4 ,capitalism holds sway by virtue ( its mass appeal1 & by virtue ( ! fact t ! capitali/ is ! realization ( ! av]age man's ambition4 ,! mass because x is p[]ful & c grant or )old favors1 lords x ov] ! realm ( values4 ,emphasis is laid ^u t :i* produces an id5tical type ( reaction 9 a maximum numb] ( p4 ,! commonplace is rat$ high because x is ! av]age4 ,! r>e1 ! unique1 ! excell5t1 _c be syndicat$ & drops out ( consid]ation4 ,! /&>ds :i* prevail are ^? ( undiff]5tiat$ m54 ,mass appeal ass]ts ! equal importance ( all individuals1 z if a man's wor? consi/$ 9 8 m]e 8numb]-on5ess40 ,?is is ! democratic dogma ( equality4 ,critics ( ! dogma frequ5tly say t x repres5ts ! fooli% attempt to decl>e all m5 equal 9 all respects4 ,i d\bt ?is4 ,x seems to me t ?is dogma is p]fectly correct s f> z x goes4 ,x decl>es all m5 to be equal be=e ! law4 ,& law is no respect] ( p]sons1 h5ce all m5 are equal be=e t :i* does n respect _! p]sonalities4 ,:i* is to say t all m5 are equal 9 "o respect--t ea* is a num]ical unit :5 he is consid]$ z a memb] ( ! mass4 ,x is n d5i$ t m5 may be unequal 9 o!r respects4 ,! po9t is t ^! 8o!r respects0 d n get a he>+4 ,b ! only recognition ( ! individual t am\nts to any?+ is t :i* recognizes ! diff]5ces ( "o f ano!r4 ,:5 we emphasize excell5ce1 good workman%ip1 s9c]ity1 ability1 virtue1 wisdom1 we h 9 m9d matt]s conc]n+ :i* ! diff]5ces among m5 are ! diff]5ces betwe5 sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,h5ce discrim9ation ( value is recognition ( di/9ctions ( wor? among m54 ,lose sight ( di/9ctions ( wor?--( ! v desirability ( di/9ction z a social good--& all values decl9e to ! level ( m$iocrity4 ,9 ! supremacy ( man z mass ! m$iocre man1 he :o 9 all ?+s corresponds to type1 & is mo/ r$ucible to av]age1 is ,k+4 ,= him books & j\rnals are publi%$2 cl]gym5 & editors speak = him & say :at !y ?9k he believes2 laws are made 9 8 int]e/4 ,programs = ! radio & motion pictures are made to please him4 ,8 dilemmas are held up z ! dilemmas ( e "o4 ,8 goods become ! /&>ds to :i* all are expect$ to con=m4 ,he has pur*as+ p[] & he has votes4 ,he c make & unmake h]oes4 ,he det]m9es ! direction ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 8 day & g5]ation4 ,society moves 9 ! direction ( ! type ( man ab\t :om !re is mo/ g5]al conc]n1 ! man ^: pref]5ces set ! pace4 ,! goal set by 8mod]n ideas0 w\ld seem to be n ! atta9m5t ( a high] level ( values1 n great] p]sonal wor? among m51 b ! m complete supremacy ( man z mass4 ,recognition ( p]sonal wor? is disc\rag$1 = x necessitates ! admission t "s p]sons are by nature1 or z a result ( ef=t1 sup]ior to o!rs4 ,su* an admission is contr>y to ! idealization ( ! mass1 :i* is ! wor%ip ( ! p[] ( numb]s4 ,p]sonal di/9ction is fr[n$ ^u & disc\nt$4 ,diff]5ces ( sup]iority or inf]iority are1 if grudg+ly admitt$1 said to be ! result n ( diff]5ce 9 native end[m5t or ( individual a*ievem5t1 b m]e products ( environm5t4 ,h5ce human excell5ce is an accid5t4 ,!re is a wide-spread t5d5cy to m9imize & d5y ! significance ( p]sonality4 ,an advanc$ s*ool ( psy*ology holds t belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( p]sonality is a sup]/ition4 ,p]sonality is simply ! way ! n]v\s organization works & is simil> to ! runn+ ( a gas eng9e4 ,any h]$it>y diff]5ces ( capacity or ( tea*abl5ess are negligible4 ,all individual traits are r$ucible to condition$ reflexes :i* are :at !y are because ( ! co9cid5ce ( c]ta9 /imuli4 ,i am :at ,i am because somebody co-op]at+ ) ! environm5t condition$ me 9 ?is way4 ,i h absolutely no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,consci\sness1 int]e/1 att5tion1 w1 h no place 9 ?is psy*ology4 ,! same may be said ( all attempts to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( life 9 me*ani/ic t]ms4 ,hi/oric movem5ts are expla9$ z if individuals _h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,social *ange is said to be ! product ( imp]sonal economic =ces1 & progress ! result ( mass action4 ,?us ! ,great ,man at be/ only repres5ts ! mass t5d5cies ( 8 times4 ,ev5 = discov]ies 9 sci5ce & creative a*ievem5t 9 ! arts1 ! mass is giv5 cr$it al?\gh x may h resi/$ ^! ?+s :5 !y 7 new4 ,i believe t su* attempts to dep]sonalize humanity are consci\sly or unconsci\sly motivat$ by ! wi% to avoid ! recognition ( ! possibility ( sup]iority 9 an age :5 ! values ( civilization are l>gely committ$ to ! t5d] cu/ody ( man act+ z mass 9 ! /ruggle = p[]4 ,:e!r di/9ctions ( wor? are recogniz$ or n1 d5y t !y may exi/1 d5y t m5 may h great] or less wor? 9 !mselves1 & human a*ievem5t becomes m]ely ! atta9m5t ( bodily com=t1 or social p[]1 or satisfaction ( egoi/ic desires4 ,!re are _m :o w\ld hold t su* is ! case4 ,b our exi/5ce is n measur$ by :at we c get or :at we c d1 b by :at ) our gett+ & do+ we may become4 ,mank9d diff]s f o!r animals n m]ely 9 gett+ & do+1 man is himself diff]5t1 & is m ?an !y4 ,x is 9 ?is t 8 evolution is se54 ,! same is true ( ! individuals 9 ! mass2 "s are m 9 !mselves ?an o!rs4 ,s obvi\s a tru? w\ld nev] require /atem5t except 9 a /&>diz$1 cr[d-manipulat+ age 9 :i* !re is mu* t enc\rages ! inf]ior to ab\nd4 ,i am n sugge/+ t we devise "s plan = pick+ out all ! sup]ior individuals = pref]m5t & honor1 or t we we$ out ! inf]ior ones by "s process ( elim9ation1 or t ! educat$ man %\ld or c\ld pose z a sup]ior p]son4 ,he :o mu/ make an ef=t to exhibit any excell5ce has atta9$ little ( x4 ,if ! _w is spiritually "r side up1 p w be select$ by ! /&>ds ( value t prevail4 ,:5 y buy a newspap]1 vote a p>ty ticket1 g to a !atre1 li/5 to a lecture1 read a book1 express a moral s5tim5t or %[ any pref]5ce :atev]1 y are do+ m ?an j t ?+4 ,our daily *oices det]m9e :at we ourselves become1 & !y d some?+ else also2 ! total ( !m has survival value = "s p>ticul> type ( man4 ,we are ?us daily decid+ ^: dilemmas %all det]m9e ! quality ( liv+1 & :at k9d ( human life is to be liv$ on ?is planet1 & :o %all ?rive & :o %all p]i%4 ,human progress is n some?+ we a*ieve directly by jo9+ a movem5t & =c+ our convictions ^u o!rs4 ,x is some?+ we help det]m9e e day 9 ! *oices we make4 ,! elem5ts ( x come l ! v>iations :i* appe> 9 ! /ructure ( plants & animals4 ,& z ,d>w9 said x is ! function ( ! environm5t1 9 caus+ modifications ( species1 to select c]ta9 v>iants = survival & to elim9ate o!rs2 s also 9 ! progress ( civilization d our daily pref]5ces op]ate4 ,natural selection & primitive cu/om op]ate bl9dly & automatically & )\t reason4 ,x is because education improves judgm5t & ! appreciation ( value t ,?omas ,davidson spoke ( x z 8consci\s evolution40 ,! education ( a p at any "t is its answ] to ! riddle ( life4 ,?is answ] is m ?an giv+ an acc\nt ( ! processes ( nature2 x is ! op5+ & clos+ ( doors ^u ! possibilities ( exp]i5ce--& ^u v>i\s human types4 ,?us education is selective4 ,x is ! sift+ out ( ! relative wor? ( m54 ,x f9ds ! significance ( liv+ to be ! /ruggle = excell5ce4 ,its goal is a high] type ( liv+ man & woman4 ,its great task !re=e1 9 ! mod]n _w1 is ! reass]tion ( ! inequalities :i* mass appeal ignores1 ! r$iscov]y = ! mod]n _s ( ! di/9ction betwe5 sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,x is impossible to lift any m9d f a l[] to a high] plane :5 t :i* di/+ui%es "o plane f ano!r is oblit]at$ by plac+ all on a level4 ,appreciation ( di/9ctions ( wor? is an ess5tial ( a lib]al education1 z x is ( ! :ole spiritual life ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,education ,,& ,,"w ,9 ! clos+ s5t5ce ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 ,i us$ ! words 8spiritual life40 ,p]haps x is unnecess>y to say t ,i did n h 9 m9d any?+ vaguely metaphysical1 sup]natural or my/ical4 ,i meant ! phrase to designate a hi]>*y ( values :i* is possible to an organism capable ( ex]cis+ *oice among its exp]i5ces4 ,x is 9 ! s5se t x deals ) qualities & _! relative importance t education may be said to be spiritual1 spiritual 9 a purely naturali/ic s5se4 ,x is ! ord]+ ( int]e/s & habit patt]ns s t behavior is *>act]iz$ by a tone & a significance t x w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,!re are ^? :o write & speak ( education z if ! m9d & its ideas exi/$ 9 a _w ap>t f ! _w ( ?+s4 ,x is possible = a man to pursue 8 /udies 9 complete isolation f ! _w ab\t him4 ,b z m5tal life is possible only 9 response to "s environm5t1 su* pursuit ( le>n+ m]ely sub/itutes an artificial & seque/]$ environm5t = ! actual "o4 ,if ! mean+s & values disclos$ 9 ?is artificial environm5t rema9 p]man5tly diff]5t f ^? :i* might be realiz$ 9 ! _w ( our daily tasks & relation%ips1 su* education is m]ely an elaborate escape f reality4 ,! educat$ m9d responds to our common _w4 ,x diff]s f ! un$ucat$ m9d n 9 t x responds to a diff]5t set ( situations1 b 9 t x responds ) a diff]5t sy/em ( values4 ,education is n s mu* a special int]e/ sep>at$ f o!r int]e/s z x is a me?od ( trans=m+ all our int]e/s4 ,x ought to h some?+ ( importance to d ) "w1 s9ce mo/ p are engag$ 9 "s =m ( "w mo/ ( _! "t4 ,& :5 9 an indu/rial age l ! pres5t1 ! :ole life ( society revolves ab\t ! sy/em ( production ( weal?1 x is impossible to prec$e ) education & ignore ! *all5ge to x ( our indu/rialism4 ,x may n be ! task ( education to provide a solution ( ! labor problem4 ,b education c]ta9ly fails ( its function :5 m5 are unable to reta9 its values :ile /ruggl+ ) su* problems4 ,p r>ely behave l educat$ human be+s :5 !y are confront$ by an economic issue4 ,lib]ality ( outlook1 tol]ance1 temp]ance ( judgm5t1 self-control1 ability to see :5 "o is mak+ oneself ridicul\s1 respect = ! tru?1 are n (t5 f\nd on ei!r side ( an indu/rial conflict4 ,fanta/ic notions ( ! relation ( education to "w ab\nd because !re is mu* confusion ab\t ! mean+ & value ( "w = human p]sonality4 ,labor is at ! same "t idealiz$ & despis$4 ,rusk91 ,c>lyle1 & _m humanit>ians h held labor to be mo/ praisewor?y4 ,"w is a bless+1 9 x are peace ( m9d & self-respect4 ,"w is noble1 & x ennobles him :o does x4 ,a contempor>y writ] on ! subject ( education w>ns u t ! h& may n be 8di%onor$ ) impunity40 ,by di%onor$ he means t h& "w may be consid]$ inf]ior to bra9 "w to ! ext5t t !re is great disp>ity betwe5 ! rew>ds4 ,di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 "w ( h& & "w ( bra94 ,! =m] is real "w4 ,once 9 a p>ade ( work+ m5 9 ,pittsburgh1 ,i saw on a bann] c>ri$ at ! head ( a column ( metal work]s1 ^! words 9 v l>ge capitals1 ,we ,"w4 ,! implication 0 t "s o!rs1 slightly to _! discr$it1 did n really "w4 ,f ! idealization ( "w to ! idealization ( ! work] is a logical /ep4 ,! work+ class1 a class :i* 9 e>li] c5turies 0 look$ ^u z ! despis$ 8prolet>iat10 atta9$ a new /atus 9 n9ete5? c5tury ?\ght4 ,m5 began to look to labor z ! "o class capable ( right+ ! age-long wrongs ( humanity1 & to believe ! control ( society by organiz$ labor to be ! only means to ! e/abli%m5t ( peace & ju/ice4 ,mo/ ( ! writ]s :o prais$ labor 7 !mselves memb]s ( ! s-call$ leisure class4 ,a few l ,tol/oi va9ly tri$ to support !mselves by manual toil4 ,_m :o wrote conv9c+ly ( ! bless+s ( labor did n p]sonally avail !mselves ( its ennobl+ advantages4 ,9 ! e>li] humanit>ian s5tim5t ( ! nobility ( labor1 ! work] 0 envisag$ z a free & indep5d5t p]son 9 ^: :olesome activity !re 0 heal?fulness4 ,good workman%ip comm&$ g5]al respect & reveal$ ! dignity ( labor4 ,!re 7 simplicity & gr&eur 9 ! primitive act ( a man eat+ 8 bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,he :o liv$ close to e>? ga9$ some?+ ( ! sil5t1 calm maje/y ( nature4 ,able to cope ) natural =ces & giv+ mank9d z good z he receiv$1 he ne$ ask favor ( no man4 ,r\sseau says1 8,outside ( society1 an isolat$ man1 ow+ no?+ to any "o1 has a "r to live z he pleases2 b 9 society1 :]e he necess>ily lives at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 he owes !m 9 labor ! price ( 8 support2 to ?is !re is no exception4 ,to "w1 !n1 is a duty indisp5sable to social man4 ,ri* or poor1 p[]ful or weak1 e idle citiz5 is a knave4 8,n[ ( all ! occupations :i* c furni% subsi/5ce to man1 t :i* approa*es ne>e/ to ! /ate ( ,nature is manual labor2 ( all ! conditions ! mo/ indep5d5t ( =tune & ( m51 is t ( ! artisan4 ,! artisan dep5ds only on 8 labor4 ,he is free--z free z ! husb&man is a slave2 = ! latt] is dep5d5t on 8 field1 ^: h>ve/ is at ! discretion ( o!rs4 ,! enemy1 ! pr9ce1 a p[]ful neighbor1 may take away f him ?is field2 on acc\nt ( x he may be h>ass$ 9 a ?\s& ways2 b :]ev] !re is a purpose to h>ass ! artisan1 8 baggage is soon ready2 he folds 8 arms & walks (f4 ,/ill1 agriculture is ! fir/ employm5t ( man2 x is ! mo/ honorable1 ! mo/ useful1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ noble t he c practice4 ,i d n tell ,emile to le>n agriculture1 = he kn[s x4 ,all ru/ic employm5ts are famili> to him2 x is ) !m t he began1 & to !m he w ev] be return+4 ,i say to him1 !n1 ,cultivate ! h]itage ( y\r fa!rs4 ,b if y lose ?is h]itage1 or if y h none1 :at are y to d8 ,le>n a trade4444 ,i wi% to give him a rank :i* he _c lose1 a rank :i* w honor him z long z he lives4 ,i wi% to raise him to ! /ate ( manhood2 & :atev] y may say ( x1 he w h few] equals by ?is title ?an by all ^? :i* he w d]ive f y4444 ,x is important to le>n a trade1 less = ! sake ( kn[+ ! trade ?an = ov]com+ ! prejudices :i* despise x4 ,y say y w nev] be compell$ to "w = a liv+4 ,ah1 s mu* ! worse--s mu* ! worse = y6 ,b nev] m9d2 d n "w f necessity1 b "w = glory4444 8,y ent] ! fir/ %op ^: trade y h le>n$3 #8,=eman1 ,i am 9 ne$ ( employm5t4' #8,fell[-workman1 /& !re & g to "w4' ,be=e noon comes y h e>n$ y\r d9n]1 & if y are dilig5t & frugal1 be=e ! week has pass$ y w h ! :]e)al to live = ano!r week2 y w h liv$ a free1 heal?y1 true1 indu/ri\s & j man4 ,x is n to lose "o's "t to ga9 x 9 ?is way40 ,"h z always ,r\sseau is romantic4 ,?is is all v beautiful--until y try x4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t mo/ m5 :o ent]ta9 ?is view h nev] work$ = a liv+4 ,! happy few among/ ! toil]s ( e>? may "h & !re h enjoy$ ?is indep5d5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! exp]i5ce ( ! rank & file 9 our pres5t indu/rial sy/em4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! sy/em1 & ! consequ5t organization ( labor1 ! idealization ( "w is supplant$ by ! idealization ( ! labor movem5t & its aims4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,m>x1 labor z "w is repres5t$ m]ely z s mu* homog5e\s ef=t-fill$ "t :i* is measur$ & reckon$ 9 /rictly num]ical t]ms1 z if its qualitative or p]sonal elem5ts c\ld be ignor$ or 7 non-exi/5t4 ,skill & arti/ic g5ius are repres5t$ z ! m]e telescop+ or contraction ( a numb] ( labor-"t units into a giv5 p]iod--a spe$+ up1 z x 71 n some?+ inh]5tly sup]ior 9 k9d4 ,?is po9t ( view might satisfy "o :o 0 conc]n$ only ) ! numb] ( h\rs ( employm5t & indiff]5t to :at he did or h[ he did x4 ,b x takes little acc\nt ( t pride 9 a*ievem5t )\t :i* ^? :o ass]t ! dignity ( labor are mak+ a virtue ( necessity4 ,m>xians ass]t ) mu* tru? t pride 9 a*ievem5t is cru%$ by ! me?ods ( ma*9e production & by ! exploitation ( labor "u a sy/em ( 8wage slav]y40 ,b ?is is to ab&on ! old] idealization ( "w & ( workman%ip4 ,labor is n[ view$ reali/ically z an irksome s]vitude4 ,m>xians argue t labor creates all weal? & is !re=e ju/ly entitl$ to x all4 ,x is beside our po9t to ent] into a discussion ( ?is proposition4 ,i am m]ely seek+ to %[ t 9 ?is philosophy1 emphasis is %ift$ f ! idealization ( "w to ! idealization ( ! labor movem5t itself4 ,a ,m>xian c\ld agree ) ,ari/otle t me*anical toil is debas+1 only he w\ld add 8"u ! pres5t sy/em40 ,emancipate labor1 give x its rights1 rew>d x ju/ly & =ce all to d _! %>e ( x1 & !n "w w be ennobl+4 ,:i* is to say1 "w w be ennobl+ only 9 an ideal society4 ,?is position is an attempt to re/ore ) "o h& :at is tak5 away ) ! o!r4 ,"w is robb$ ( its dignity :5 excell5ce 9 x is n ?\ght wor?y ( consid]ation1 :5 sup]iority ( workman%ip is repres5t$ m]ely z a great] quantity ( ab/ract labor-"t4 ,advocates ( ! cause ( labor d n say mu* ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 sup]ior & inf]ior workman%ip4 ,& "h we h an example ( ! mass-psy*ology ( :i* ,i spoke e>li]4 ,9 ! degree t y consid] m5 z mass1 y ignore individual wor?4 ,!re has be5 a slight t5d5cy to reg>d labor z an in/9ct4 ,! impulse to "w is ( c\rse a univ]sal human trait4 ,"w is normal1 natural1 "r1 & ^? :o h no desire = x are go+ contr>y to ! dem&s ( human nature4 ,"s su* position z ?is is tak5 by ,mr4 ,vebl9 9 8 delightful satire1 8,! ,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip40 ,! au?or ( ?is book holds ) ,mc,dougall t man has an in/9ct to "w1 b t un=tunately ! in/9ct has be5 corrupt$4 ,?is corruption began 9 primitive times ) eld]s1 m$ic9e m5 & w>riors4 ,& ?r\gh\t hi/oric "t1 ) ea* succe$+ privileg$ class1 human nature has become /eadily m p]v]t$ & abject1 until ?is in/9ct rea*es its f9al /age ( corruption 9 ! pres5t capitali/ sy/em4 ,?us a la/ c\nt is add$ to ! indictm5t ( capitalism4 ,x has corrupt$ labor's in/9ct ( workman%ip4 ,i h nev] kn[n :e!r ,mr4 ,vebl9 meant 8 humor to be tak5 s]i\sly1 or int5d$ 8 book to be a subtle ?ru/ at ! !ologians4 ,8 argum5t may be reg>d$ z a clev] p>ody ( ! doctr9e ( ! fall ( man 9 ,adam's s91 ) ! consequ5t curse ^u all ! desc5dants ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,9 any case1 8 cont5tion adds some:at to ! confusion z to ! true significance ( labor4 ,i h n f\nd evid5ce to prove t man has an in/9ct ( workman%ip4 ,h5ce ! relation ( education to "w is n t ( ! rational control ( in/9ct1 = if ! k ( simple labor processes 7 innate1 m5 w\ld n ev5 ne$ 8practical0 education 9 !m4 ,n all m5 h held a high op9ion ( labor4 ,nietzs*e says "w is a disgrace4 ,!re are d\btless _m p :o secretly agree ) him4 ,i h kn[n work+ m5 :o suff]$ f an 8inf]iority complex40 ,x is possible t ! prote/ ( labor is n :olly aga9/ inju/ice1 b is 9 "p a prote/ aga9/ ! feel+ ( inf]iority4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d "y p :o are a%am$ to "w4 ,x is n only among ! ri* & privileg$ t we f9d ^? :o look d[n on labor4 ,! same attitude exi/s 9 all classes1 = mu* ! same reason t ! majority ( p despise ! poor & emulate ! ri*4 ,"w has 9 ! pa/ be5 ! lot ( ! slave4 ,mo/ m5 are at pres5t driv5 to labor by necessity1 & _m ent]ta9 ! hope ( escap+ f ! necessity z soon z possible4 ,we h ev5 ,biblical au?ority = ?is attitude4 ,! puni%m5t ( ,adam = 8 act ( disob$i5ce is a life ( labor4 ,h5ce=? he mu/ e>n 8 liv+1 till+ ! gr\nd & eat+ 8 bread 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[--9 o!r words1 labor is a curse4 ,& s x is reg>d$ by ! law ( ! l&4 ,:5 a man is convict$ ( a crime ! c\rt s5t5ces him to prison & to 8h>d labor0--until su* "t z he is p>don$ & may return to 8 c>e] ( crime & life ( leisure4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! place assign$ to "w by ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian religions :i*1 hav+ _! orig9 9 ! folkways & ! daydreams ( ! masses1 are v sympa!tic to ! poor toil]s ( e>?4 ,yet we are told t to keep ! ,sabba? holy1 ! day mu/ n be defil$ ) labor4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! bless$ness ( labor 9 ! ,beatitudes2 ! comm& to consid] ! birds ( ! air & ! lilies ( ! field :i* toil n nei!r d !y sp9 & yet are clo!d & f$1 reveals a _s v remote f t ( indu/ry4 ,heav5 is ?\ght ( z a place ( et]nal re/4 ,a simil> popul> valuation ( labor is reveal$ 9 ! my?s ( antiquity4 ,! gods d n "w4 ,vulcan1 ! exception to ?is rule1 is always made to appe> ridicul\s among ! gods2 !y are said to laugh at 8 awkw>dness4 ,! 8labors0 ( ,h]cules are n really toil b exhibitions ( miracul\s /r5g?4 ,= ! mo/ "p 9 ! leg5ds :i* h express$ ! wi%-fancies ( mank9d1 ! h]o does ev]y?+ b "w2 he fights1 makes love1 kills dragons1 goes on /range voyages1 w9s a k+dom1 9 fact1 8 adv5tures may be int]pret$ z symbolic expressions ( ! wi% ( mank9d to escape ! common burd5 ( toil4 ,i ?9k1 moreov]1 m5 belittle _! "w :5 !y accept ! broad di/9ction betwe5 ! 8bra90 work] & ! 8h&0 work]4 ,psy*ologi/s say t ?9k+ is z truly bodily activity z is any o!r =m ( labor1 & !re is v little s-call$ "w t does n require ?\ght4 ,!re is e conceivable gradation f t labor :i* is almo/ :olly r\t9e1 to t :i* consi/s ( no?+ b solv+ problems4 ,no "o kn[s ! po9t :]e labor ceases to be bra9 "w & becomes manual4 ,! _w's "w requires ( m5 _m k9ds ( activity1 "s ( great importance1 "s ( little4 ,!re is no use ei!r ( idealiz+ x or 9 despis+ x4 ,m5 d _! "w because !y h to & are nei!r noble nor ignoble because ( x4 ,! problem is h[ c ,i 9 my situation make my position a place :]e a man has really liv$ & toil$ & ?\ght & realiz$ values ?r\gh 8 ef=t1 & has n p]mitt$ himself to become an automaton or a fool4 ,! labor problem h[ev] t5ds to become "o prim>ily n ( ! significance ( "w at all1 b ( improv+ ! mat]ial conditions ( ^? :o toil4 ,?is latt] problem is :olly ju/ifiable4 ,b because ( ! prevail+ m5tal confusion ab\t labor itself1 x is g5]ally assum$ t if a man works he %\ld receive a diff]5t sort ( 8education0 f t ( o!r educat$ p1 & t 8 tra9+ %\ld be ! means to ends t h little to d ) int]e/ 9 education z su*4 ,!re are ^? :o always view ! education ( work]s /rictly f ! /&po9t ( its value = social security4 ,j z a well-kn[n /ati/ician n long ago advis$ ! ,am]ican inve/or to support ! ,*ur*1 :e!r or n he agre$ ) its doctr9es1 because ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* ^u ! masses1 he said1 0 on ! side ( inve/$ capital1 s !re are ^? :o believe t giv+ educational opportunity to work+ m5 is a sort ( premium paid ^u a g5]al policy ( social insurance4 ,! fe> ( ! m5ace ( labor (t5 inspires ef=ts = ! education ( work]s 9 ! hope t ) bett] k labor w become safe & sane4 ,!re is a wide-spread belief t education l religion is a cons]vative influ5ce4 ,if work+ m5 7 only bett] in=m$ !y w\ld h a m sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! int5tions ( _! employ]s2 !y w\ld %[ "s appreciation ( _! economic opportunities "u our free in/itutions2 !y w\ld "k bett] ?an to g on /rike1 or li/5 to _! union lead]s1 or dally ) sociali/ic ideas4 ,p]haps s1 b ,i h yet to see an educational ef=t :i* 0 consci\sly direct$ to ^! ends t 0 ei!r s9c]e or intellectually respectable4 ,f a :olly diff]5t po9t ( view1 ! relation ( education to "w w\ld seem to pres5t no problem at all4 ,"w itself is said to be ! only g5u9e me?od ( education4 ,a popul> writ] :o holds advanc$ ideas on ?is subject1 says t ! f\r ye>s at college are wa/$1 t 8z e>ly z fifte5 or sixte5 a y\? %\ld be br\ght into contact ) realities & kept 9 contact ) realities f t age on4 ,t does n mean t he w make an end ( le>n+ !n1 b only t he w h5ce=? g on le>n+--& cont9ue le>n+ = ! re/ ( 8 life--9 relation n to ! #8subjects' ( a curriculum1 b to ! realities he is attack+40 ,9 ?is passage "o detects ! odor ( ,r\sseau4 ,we discuss$ ?is !ory :5 we 7 consid]+ lib]al education z animal tra9+4 ,at be/ x is b half true4 ,if le>n+ necess>ily came f contact ) realities1 e "o w\ld be educat$4 ,b !re is no assurance t p w see ! significance ( ! realities !y 8attack40 ,! importance ( exp]im5tal /udy is n a new discov]y4 ,sci5ce has long employ$ ! laboratory me?od4 ,& ev5 laboratory "w1 "w done 9 an environm5t :i* is c>efully arrang$ to /imulate discov]y1 does n always develop habits ( indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,! notion t exp]i5ce is necess>ily ! be/ tea*] is popul>4 ,! newspap]s enc\rage x4 ,if a man makes a success 9 bus9ess1 int]view]s seek 8 op9ion on e conceivable subject4 ,9 work]'s classes !re is occasionally a /ud5t :o has no d\bt t 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! %op is a bett] education ?an t :i* p get f books4 ,su* /ud5ts d n z a rule ga9 mu* f /udy1 = no matt] :at subject is "u discussion1 !y always "k m ab\t x ?an ! in/ructor4 ,exp]i5ce z su* tea*es j :at is exp]i5c$ & no?+ m4 ,few m9ds are able to reflect judici\sly ^u exp]i5ce or to draw correct conclusions f x4 ,labor is some?+ t c be kn[n only by "o :o has exp]i5c$ x1 & ?is exp]i5ce is important = anyone :o desires a broad k ( human life4 ,b x is ) "w z x is ) travel3 ea* is an aid to education only z x quick5s insight4 ,! man on ! ,b[]y :o boa/s t he has travel$ ov] ,am]ica f coa/ to coa/ may really nev] h left ! ,b[]y2 9 ea* place he has visit$1 he f9ds himself 9 ! same sort ( lodg+ h\se1 9 ! same environm5t1 among ! same sort ( companions1 all ) ! same int]e/s4 ,s ) _m k9ds ( "w4 ,mu* ( x is m]e r\t9e4 ,he :o f day to day does ! same ?+1 until he is able to p]=m ! movem5ts ) a m9imum ( ef=t & att5tion1 is c]ta9ly acquir+ a habit1 b we h se5 t n all habit =mation is education4 ,^? :o "w ) c]ta9 k9ds ( ma*9]y frequ5tly compla9 ( ! monotony ( _! "w4 ,i ?9k t "o ( ! s]i\s objections to su* "w is t x has s little educational value4 ,p]haps ?is objection may be (fset by ! fact t ma*9e production makes possible a %ort5+ ( ! work+ day & h5ce gives ! work] m leisure "t4 ,"s ?9k t adult education is important because x gives p some?+ to d 9 _! unemploy$ h\rs4 ,b p d n always improve _! m9ds dur+ ! "t :5 !y are free f labor1 & _m ^: "w is r\t9e1 possess by nature or develop r\t9e habits ( m9d :i* int]f]e ) _! education4 ,!y become victims ( fix$ ideas1 ( slogans & cat*words4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to a real integration ( education & "w is vocational tra9+4 ,?is is ! 8education0 :i* mo/ p seek4 ,univ]sities (f] an increas+ numb] ( c\rses 9 practical subjects su* z eng9e]+1 m9+1 bus9ess me?ods4 ,v>i\s trades are taught 9 public s*ools4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( c\rses (f]$ to adult /ud5ts are sold ) ! promise t !y w increase ! pur*as]'s effici5cy & 8put m pay 9 8 envelope40 ,i h already discuss$ ?is useful k4 ,bo? ! individual & society pr(it by x4 ,& 9 addition to its practical advantages1 !re is a s9c]ity & lack ( pret5se ab\t su* education :i* di/+ui% x f mu* ( ! traditional education4 ,x mu/ be ?or\gh or x _c meet ! te/ ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,if m5 le>n$ me*anics ) no m ?or\ghness ?an t :i* *>act]izes ! /udy ( ! classics1 ! c\ntry w\ld g into bankruptcy4 ,b z ,i h tri$ to %[1 ?is tra9+ = practical effici5cy is too n>r[4 ,x does n necess>ily wid5 ! /ud5t's int]e/s or deep5 8 insight or improve 8 judgm5t conc]n+ matt]s t lie outside ! range ( 8 te*nical in=mation4 ,advocates ( ?is type ( education (t5 become p>tisan & decl>e t x alone is education4 ,x is d\btless too soon to speculate ^u ! effects ( our new policy ( r$uc+ immigration to ! po9t :]e x is almo/ negligible4 ,:e!r ! effect is to int5sify competition among work+ p1 or to less5 x because ( a labor %ortage1 9 ei!r case ! result is obvi\s4 ,somebody mu/ d ! actual "w ( ! c\ntry4 ,we %all soon h a work+ class 9 ,am]ica t is m ?an "o g5]ation old4 ,t is1 we are n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 our hi/ory t5d+ t[>d a relatively fix$ & p]man5t work+ class4 ,! v>i\s national /ra9s 9 x w be held toge!r long en\gh to become acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r1 long en\gh to f9d m 9 common ?an a common opposition to capital1 long en\gh to develop a work+ class tradition :i* is ,am]ican4 ,work]s w n only /rive individually to become middle class2 !y w be oblig$ to improve _! condition z a class4 ,to ! economic /ruggle !re w be add$ ef=ts = culture4 ,_m work]s are already beg9n+ to seek education z an aid to a m satisfactory & less sordid exi/5ce :ile work+ at _! tasks4 ,soon] or lat] education mu/ cease to be ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a privileg$ class1 or a device :i* aids a man to ! goal ( 8 ambition2 x mu/ become a univ]sal practice ( le>n+ h[ to live l a civiliz$ be+ 9 any occupation4 ,i h said t p's ideas ( ! relation ( education to "w are = ! mo/ "p confus$ & fanta/ic1 & t among ! causes ( ?is confusion 0 a misconception ( ! mean+ ( labor4 ,we saw t ! old] romantic idealization ( labor gives way to ! idealization ( ,labor n z "w b z an organiz$ movem5t4 ,!re are 8fri5ds ( ,labor0 :o ?9k ( work]s' education z class education4 ,& by class education !y d n mean ! ext5sion ( ! opportunity = lib]al education to p :o toil = _! daily bread4 ,!y are n int]e/$ 9 lib]al education1 any m ?an !y are int]e/$ 9 "w4 ,!y wi% work+ m5 to be giv5 su* in/ruction z w be useful 9 ! 8class /ruggle40 ,labor is to h its own k9d ( education4 ,x is said t educators are b ! reta9]s1 ! 8high-br[0 policem5 ( ! ve/$ int]e/s & mu/ always tea* :at ! ma/]s require4 ,! educators' task is to tra9 ! masses to be m productive & will+ s]vants ( ! ma/]s1 to tra9 ! sons ( ! own]s 9 ! idealogy s t !y may "w x to advantage1 to m\ld !m to ! type ( ! mo/ successful & provide !m ) ! insignia & passwords ( culture :i* w %[ t !y belong to ! frat]nity ( ! privileg$4 ,traditional education1 be+ no?+ b a weapon ( ! rul+ class1 is n = ! work]s4 ,! work]s are n[ pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( discipl9e :i* is prep>+ !m to be ! future ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,z ! old education 0 = ! old ma/] class1 ! new mu/ likewise be ! ideology ( ! future ma/] class1 ! organiz$ prolet>iat4 ,! work]s mu/ educate !mselves1 = any education t capitali/s provide = !m w be ! capitali/ education :i* enslaves ! work]4 ,! new education 9 prolet>ian ideals mu/ be :olly diff]5t f ! pa/4 ,its aim is n to provide useless & ornam5tal k1 or escapes & consolations1 b to equip labor to emancipate itself f ! rule ( capital & to conqu] & control indu/rial society4 ,?us labor education is sometimes little m ?an old fa%ion$ radical propag&a4 ,:]e ?is is n ! case1 work]s may /ill be urg$ to ! pursuit ( k by militant appeal4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f a bullet9 issu$ by a /ate director ( labor education 9 ! ,we/3 8,he 7! work]7 lives 9 a society committ$ to ! practice ( buy+ 8 labor *eap & sell+ its product de>1 to ! !ory t prop]ty is sacr$ & life ( little value4 ,9 support ( ?is position t[>d labor1 ! press1 ! pulpit1 & too (t5 ! s*ool l5d _! aid4444 8,all ?is passion = ju/ice w accompli% no?+1 believe me1 unless y get k4 ,y may be /rong & clamor\s1 y may w9 a victory1 y may effect a revolution1 b y w be trodd5 d[n aga9 "u ! feet ( k unless y get x = y\rselves4 ,ev5 if y %\ld w9 t victory1 y w be trodd5 d[n aga9 "u ! feet ( k if y leave k 9 ! h&s ( privilege1 because k w always w9 ov] ignorance40 ,if z an individual a man is int]e/$ 9 8 education only 9 s f> z x may be to 8 economic advantage1 we reg>d him z a r /upid mat]iali/4 ,x is no less /upidly mat]iali/ic to urge a class to seek k m]ely = ! sake ( a common economic advantage4 ,z a rule1 ignorant m5 place a /rictly mat]ial valuation ^u education4 ,if education is no?+ b ! tra9+ ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( animals 9 ! be/ me?ods = tak+ mat]ial advantage ( "o ano!r1 x makes little diff]5ce :i* gr\p w9s 9 ! class /ruggle4 ,?is !ory means t ! belief t education c make a diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( liv+ is a delusion1 & t ! only significant diff]5ces 9 human life are ! results ( economic =ces4 ,h we1 9 ! notion ( a special type ( education = ! work+ class1 a correct view ( ! relation betwe5 education & "w8 ,let u admit = ! sake ( argum5t1 t traditional education is class education1 elaborat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! dom9ant elem5ts 9 society4 ,ev5 !n x might h a function o!r ?an t ( an aid to sy/ematic exploitation4 ,x might s]ve z a guide to ! use ( leisure "t4 ,x might aid m5 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ends :i* 7 wor?y ( ef=t & ^? :i* 7 n4 ,x might be necess>y = ! developm5t ( p]sonality1 & to enable p to discov] t :i* w\ld give "s intelligible mean+ to _! exi/5ce4 ,hi!rto ! privilege ( ! =tunate few1 x might conceivably be a good :i* may n[ be ! possession ( ! _m4 ,i _c see t ! int]e/s ,i h j m5tion$ are necess>ily ^? ( any p>ticul> class4 ,& x w\ld seem t ins(> z traditional education has fail$1 ! failure has be5 ! result ( subord9at+ ^! v univ]sal human int]e/s to ! special economic advantages ( a p>ticul> class4 ,along ) ! class _s1 irrelevant factors ent] into education4 ,education becomes illib]al & propag&i/1 a drill 9 h]d op9ion4 ,prejudice is n remov$2 x is int5sifi$4 ,a _s ( intol]ance is br$ conc]n+ any?+ :i* might effect class int]e/4 ,& n[ x is argu$ t s9ce lib]al education has be5 spoil$ by "o class 9 mak+ x ! s]vant ( its class int]e/s1 ! work+ class is ju/ifi$ 9 aga9 spoil+ x = its own special int]e/s4 ,if m5 pref] a sub/itute to ! real ?+1 x is _! own affair4 ,b a p]son is ei!r be+ educat$ or he is n1 & :e!r he is or n is a matt] q indep5d5t ( 8 p>ticul> occupation4 ,( c\rse a man's education w make a diff]5ce 9 ! _s 9 :i* he works & 9 ! quality ( 8 workman%ip1 = x *anges ! man4 ,if traditional education is unfit = ! work+ man1 x is n fit = anyone4 ,i c see no reason :y economic diff]5ces %\ld be made ! basis ( cultural diff]5ces4 ,! k t has value %\ld be accessible to all reg>dless ( _! economic int]e/s1 or ! pr(ession !y practice4 ,if a bad education %\ld n be giv5 to a work]1 x is n because he is a work+ man b because he is a man4 ,any?+ t x is good = "o class to "k is good = ano!r4 ,a bank] may appreciate ,%akespe>e's sonnets1 s may a tailor2 b !re is n "o ,%akespe>e = ! fir/ & ano!r ,%akespe>e = ! second4 ,if biology is wor? kn[+1 its value is n *ang$ because a ma*9i/ /udies x4 ,if a philosophy is true1 x is true = ! man :o c und]/& x1 :e!r he be a railroad presid5t or a coal m9]4 ,!re is no prolet>ian ari?metic or capitali/ algebra or ,m>xian a/ronomy4 ,to be sure1 a work]'s education %\ld take acc\nt ( ! economic situations 9 8 environm5t4 ,s %\ld ! education ( all m54 ,x is sometimes said t )9 ! ranks ( labor !re is a new civilization 9 ! mak+4 ,work+ m5 are said to h ideals & /&>ds1 an e?ic & culture ( _! own :i* are n[ manife/ z work+ class 8idealogy40 ,i h n notic$ x4 ,f ! "t ,i 0 a small boy1 ,i h _h some:at unusual opportunities to "k ! labor movem5t1 & dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h s\ght to make a psy*ological /udy ( x4 ,! 8labor po9t ( view0 is commonly t :i* propag&i/s wi% ! work] to h4 ,9 ,am]ica ! 8revolution>y class-consci\s prolet>iat0 exi/s only on pap]4 ,if we consid] ! ideals1 habits & ambitions ( work+ p1 x is difficult to conclude t !y =m a culture gr\p ap>t4 ,! work+ man votes = ,al ,smi? & ,calv9 ,coolidge1 dresses l ! groc] & ! bank cl]k1 drives a motor c> if he c af=d x1 reads ! popul> j\rnals1 has ab\t ! same ideas ( patriotism1 morals1 gov]nm5t1 & success 9 life z 8 employ]1 & t5ds 9 e way to become m & m 8middle class40 ,suppose ! *ange contemplat$ by _m radicals %\ld occur & t !re %\ld be a 8social revolution40 ,:at ( ! education ( work]s !n8 ,! work] w\ld /ill sp5d 8 days at ! ma*9e or b5*4 ,is x n conceivable t m5 might !n 9 _! pursuit ( k h "s int]e/s o!r ?an ! economic8 ,"u no sy/em %\ld p p]mit _! entire p]sonalities to be drawn into & us$ up by indu/ry4 ,indu/ry is a means1 n an end4 ,x is 9 its prop] place :5 x makes possible ! a*ievem5t ( culture4 ,z a man becomes educat$1 he %\ld le>n s f> z circum/ances p]mit1 to put 8 "w 9 its prop] place4 ,! relation ( education to "w is no diff]5t f its relation to all ! int]e/s & activities & dem&s :i* life makes ( u4 ,a community may be said to h a culture only :5 all m5--ea* 9 8 own way1--coop]ate 9 ! realization ( c]ta9 values1 :i* give to all _! actions & /riv+s a p]spective1 an ord]1 a mean+4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,europe 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury may be said to h _h a culture4 ,9 discuss+ ! cultural values ( any p]iod ( hi/ory1 !re is dang] ( ov]-simplification4 ,! picture :i* ,i h ( t c5tury may n be hi/orically correct1 b x w s]ve to illu/rate my po9t4 ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages possess$ a set ( values :i* ent]$ into ev]y?+ t p did or ?\ght & gave x mean+4 ,! secul> did n really exi/ = ! m5 ( t age4 ,all "w 0 religi\s "w4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 c]emony1 ! %r9e1 sacr$ness4 ,! fields 7 bless$ be=e pl[+2 h>ve/ 0 a gay religi\s fe/ival4 ,e labor process & e /ation 9 society 0 br\ght to ! s]vice ( ! common ideal1 & f x ga9$ add$ significance4 ,= x ! peasant till$ ! gr\nd1 its !mes 7 ! inspiration ( ! sculptor1 ! pa9t]1 ! musician1 ! build]4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ?is valuation ( ! exp]i5ces ( life ! ,k+ rul$1 ! soldi] f\ght1 ! monk said 8 pray]s1 ! philosoph] m$itat$4 ,! cultural ideal ( an age is reveal$ 9 ! type ( man = :om ! p h greate/ rev]5ce4 ,su* a man is ! mean+ ( liv+ = ! m5 ( t age4 ,inquire ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 :om is its ideal realiz$1 & ! answ] is cle>4 ,x is realiz$ 9 ! sa9ts4 ,i d n mean to sugge/ t ev]ybody 9 ^? days 0 sa9tly4 ,b !re 0 common agreem5t t human life exi/$ = ! a*ievem5t ( sa9?ood4 ,p a*iev$ x 9 v>y+ degrees & by me?ods :i* appe> /range to u ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,b all m5 hop$ to a*ieve x 9 ! next _w if n 9 ?is4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! sa9ts 9 ,heav5 0 a /oreh\se ( m]it ^u :i* all c\ld draw4 ,& "o liv+ sa9t 0 held to be en\gh to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( an entire age4 ,i tru/ x is n necess>y = me to add t ! sa9t is n my ideal ( ! mean+ ( life4 ,ideals ( asceticism & o!r-worldl9ess h no int]e/ = me4 ,b ,i wond] :at w\ld happ5 if p %\ld 8g 90 = education ) ! unanimity ( agreem5t z to its value t !y once %[$ ) reg>d to religion4 ,i hesitate to make ! sugge/ion le/ ,i appe> to sugge/ some?+ solemn1 sanctimoni\s1 pi\s & (ficial4 ,we h en\gh ( t sort ( ?+ n[ among pr(essional educators4 ,if in/ead ( ! atta9m5t ( sa9?ood ! atta9m5t ( wisdom c\ld be made ! commonly accept$ goal & mean+ ( ! activities ( mod]n m51 we %\ld aga9 h a culture 9 :i* indu/ry w\ld take its prop] place4 ,we h = x n[ no o!r goal ?an ! mak+ ( money1 & h5ce indu/ry runs amuck :ile ! _s ( comm]cialism cru%es out all our values4 ,we keep ! :eels go+ r\nd1 b ! quality ( liv+ & ! mean+ ( our "w decl9e4 ,coop]ation 9 ! s]vice ( ! ideal gives way to a competitive /ruggle = mat]ial possession & p[] & our lives are us$ up 9 mak+ a liv+4 ,only ! peoples t h a*iev$ a culture h a goal = :i* to labor4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,education ,,& ,,morals ,! s\rce ( mu* ( our int]e/ 9 public education is conc]n = our neighbors' morals4 ,?is is d\btless :y 9 ,am]ica we commonly ?9k ( adult education z some?+ :i* %\ld exi/ = o!r p r ?an = ourselves4 ,we are a nation ( moral re=m]s4 ,education is (t5 propos$ z an alt]native to moral legislation4 ,!re is an increas+ dem& = m effective moral education 9 ! public s*ools4 ,:5 ! educator becomes an 8uplift]0 ! moral int]e/ is always a little =c$ & education suff]s4 ,moral en?usiasm1 :5 x is en?usiasm = ! good ( o!rs1 t5ds to make ( education a species ( organiz$ *>ity4 ,seek education = y\rself & x is ! se>* = ! good life4 ,f anci5t times m5 h s\ght k t !y might become bett] judges ( good & evil4 ,to "o :o is seek+ to "k :at is good1 all popul> moral conv5tions1 taboos1 & alleg$ div9e comm&m5ts become prop] subjects ( /udy1 criticism & possible revaluation4 ,moral education is n m]e drill 9 ! ways ( ! h]d4 ,! good man's fir/ duty1 z ,pr(essor ,ersk9e says1 is to be intellig5t4 ,good int5tions alone d n enable a man to judge wisely or behave well4 ,! prevail+ idea t "o c be at ! same "t good & /upid has /rongly influ5c$ our education4 ,moral education becomes moraliz+4 ,! phrase 8e?ical culture0 is ei!r tautological or x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,if we 7 ea* m g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 our education !re w\ld be mu* less talk ab\t morality & less occasion = su* talk4 ,! morali/ is z a rule ! p]son ) a l[] middle-class m9d1 :o insi/s ^u call+ g5]al att5tion to 8 own dilemmas4 ,m$iocrity makes p>ade ( virtue a claim to sup]iority1 pres5t+ a picture ( itself z ! lik5ess ( ! good man4 ,goodness is def9$ 9 negative t]ms4 ,! good man is he :o obs]ves ! 8?\ %alt n10 n he :o c d ! r>e & difficult ?+4 ,x is 9 ! localities :]e !re is lea/ arti/ic appreciation or intellectual curiosity or cosmopolitan _s1 ! places :]e p h no?+ ) :i* to occupy _! m9ds1 t we f9d ! /rongholds ( 8morality40 ,:]e education prevails1 p le>n to behave !mselves z a matt] ( wisdom & good ta/e4 ,^? :o are suffici5tly practic$ 9 ! art ( liv+ to be able to obs]ve ! common dec5cies )\t always 8wat*+ _! /ep10 may sometimes look up f ! gr\nd & take a broad] view4 ,mu* ( ! e?ical in/ruction :i* is giv5 9 s*ool is bo? bad education & bad morals4 ,^? colleges 9 :i* !re is mo/ talk ab\t 8education = "*0 are z a rule ^? :i* mo/ pat5tly fail z educational in/itutions4 ,! in/ructor t5ds to 8prote/ too mu*40 ,! attitude ( au?ority disc\rages ! _s ( se>* & criticism4 ,popul> prejudice is intr5*$4 ,non-ess5tials are ov]-emphasiz$4 ,cr[d-m9d$ness1 r ?an indep5d5ce ( judgm5t1 prevails4 ,e cr[d p]suades itself t x is v9dicat+ ! "r & ju/ifies its behavior ) f9e moral s5tim5ts4 ,! /ud5t 9 s*ool is made susceptible to cat*words & is prep>$ to become ! typical cr[d man ( ! future4 ,to ?is end he is giv5 8ideals10 t is1 he is taught to wor%ip c]ta9 words su* z 8ju/ice10 8purity10 8bro!rly love40 ,in/ead ( le>n+ to enquire :at su* words mean :5 appli$ to concrete situations1 he is l$ to believe t he possesses ! realities = :i* !y /& :5 he has an attitude ( adoration = ! words4 ,h5ce=?1 he c1 )\t us+ 8 bra9s1 be always "r ev5 9 matt]s :]e he kn[s no?+1 by ! trick ( see+ 9 ea* practical problem a moral issue4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! majority is always "r 9 a democracy4 ,if y "q its wisdom1 y are put 9 ! position ( "o :o attacks its moral ideals4 ,f ! fir/ day 9 s*ool on1 ! *ild is drill$ 9 cant & 9 def]5ce to prevail+ public op9ion4 ,he is br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( sex morality by a /upid & %ame-fac$ policy ( expurgation & c5sor%ip1 ! assumption be+ t app>5t ignorance is 8purity40 ,a /ud5t 9 a woman's college prep>+ to become a tea*] ( ,engli% lit]ature1 elect$ a c\rse 9 ! eighte5? c5tury novel1 & aft] li/5+ to ! lectures1 %e felt x h] duty to look ov] "s ( ! books4 ,unable to f9d ! works ( ,field+ 9 ! libr>y1 %e inquir$ ( ! in/ructor :]e %e c\ld secure a copy ( 8,tom ,jones40 ,! in/ructor repli$1 8,heav5s1 *ild1 y are n go+ to read x60 ,?is is p]haps an extreme case1 b x illu/rates mu* ( ! influ5ce ( morals ^u ! education ( ! "y4 ,is ! /ud5t to acquire ! virtue ( patriotism8 ,!n he is n to be %[n ! full =ce ( ! example ( ^? :o h resi/$ tyranny1 b mu/ h 8 head fill$ ) a glorifi$ v]sion ( 8 c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,is he to le>n respect = law8 ,he is n equipp$ ) pr9ciples :i* enable him to discrim9ate betwe5 wise & fooli% legislation4 ,8 tea*]s & prea*]s tell him t law is div9e & mu/ be obey$ because x is ! law4 ,aft] ?ree g5]ations & m ( su* education1 we h a population 9 :i* moral indep5d5ce is decid$ly on ! wane4 ,! /atute book1 n private judgm5t1 becomes ! guide to conduct1 & ! ,f$]al c\rts ! safegu>d to morals4 ,op5 prote/ aga9/ (ficial invasion ( individual rights gives way to furtiv5ess & evasion4 ,moral tra9+ :i* does n enc\rage critical exam9ation ( popul> ideas ( :at is "r & good1 does n t5d to make m5 bett]1 b only ( "o m9d4 ,popul> suspicion ( intellig5ce & ! belief t "o may be good & d "r )\t x1 is c>ri$ ov] into ! field ( education4 ,moral education becomes a special k9d ( education4 ,x is ?\ght t !re is a 8moral k0 :i* is diff]5t f o!r k4 ,! attempt is made to tra9 "* z if "* did n include intellig5ce4 ,education1 !n1 int5t ^u "*1 di/ru/s intellig5ce4 ,! moral int]e/ results 9 r\t9e drill 9 curr5t precepts & values1 n 9 ! awak5+ ( moral responsibility4 ,pr(essor ,dewey says1 8,morals are (t5 ?\ght to be an affair ) :i* ord9>y k has no?+ to d4 ,moral k is ?\ght to be a ?+ ap>t1 & consci5ce is ?\ght ( z some?+ radically diff]5t f consci\sness4 ,?is sep>ation1 if valid1 is ( special significance = education4 ,moral education 9 s*ool is practically hopeless :5 we set up ! developm5t ( "* z a supreme end1 & at ! same "t treat ! acquir+ ( k & ! developm5t ( und]/&+1 :i* ( necessity occupy ! *ief "p ( s*ool "t1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) "*4 ,on su* a basis1 moral education is inevitably r$uc$ to "s k9d ( cate*etical in/ruction1 or lessons ab\t morals4 ,lessons #8ab\t morals' signify z a matt] ( c\rse lessons 9 :at o!r p ?9k ab\t virtues & duties4 ,x am\nts to some?+ only 9 ! degree 9 :i* pupils happ5 to be already animat$ by a sympa!tic & dignifi$ reg>d = ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,)\t su* a reg>d1 x has no m influ5ce on "* ?an in=mation ab\t ! m\nta9s ( ,asia3 ) a s]vile reg>d1 x increases dep5d5ce ^u o!rs1 & ?r[s ^u ^? 9 au?ority ! responsibility = conduct4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 direct in/ruction 9 morals has be5 effective only 9 social gr\ps :]e x 0 a "p ( ! au?oritative control ( ! _m by ! few4 ,n ! tea*+ z su* b ! ren=cem5t ( x by ! :ole rgime ( :i* x 0 an incid5t made x effective4 ,to attempt to get simil> results f lessons ab\t morals 9 a democratic society is to rely ^u s5tim5tal magic40 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to isolate moral education z a special discipl9e & h ei!r a lib]al education or a s\nd s5se ( moral values4 ,9 in/itutions ( high] le>n+1 8,moral ,philosophy0 or ! 8,sci5ce ( ,e?ics0 is sometimes ?\ght to be tra9+ 9 morals4 ,x is s only to ! ext5t t su* /udy is itself good education4 ,i f9d t _m /ud5ts h ! same exp]i5ce t ,i _h ) my college c\rse 9 ,e?ics4 ,i took up ! /udy believ+ t at la/ ,i %\ld le>n :at is "r & h[ to d x4 ,i soon discov]$ t ,i _h ent]$ ^u ! drie/ & lea/ practical c\rse ( /udy (f]$ 9 ! college4 ,ins(> z ,i c\ld see !re 0 no?+ 9 ,e?ics t ,i c\ld turn to = advice ab\t any ( ! problems ( my own conduct4 ,i und]/& t 9 "s in/itutions ! /ud5ts' dem& = advice has result$ 9 c\rses ( e?ics :i* consi/ ( case /udies4 ,no d\bt ! op9ions ( ! /ud5ts & ! in/ructor conc]n+ c]ta9 hypo!tical dilemmas ( conduct are v int]e/+4 ,b z ,plato w\ld say1 su* /udy is made up ( 8op9ion10 n 8k40 ,x is d\btful if su* disc\rse ev] results 9 modify+ behavior4 8,pure0 e?ics consi/s ( a priori argum5ts ab\t ! tea*+s ( philosophy conc]n+ su* ab/ract concepts z ! moral judgm5t1 ! nature ( ! ,good1 ! idea ( ,duty 9 g5]al1 n ( my p>ticul> duties4 ,su* /udy may be good tra9+ 9 logic1 b x has no m to d ) conduct ?an has =mal logic1 & n z mu* z ma!matics1 = "o may apply ! pr9ciples ( ma!matics to concrete problems4 ,p]haps ! greate/ ga9 = ! /ud5t f su* /udy is ! discov]y t philosoph]s d n agree ^u any "o sy/em ( morals1 & t 9 /rict logic we d n "k :at we mean by our moral g5]alizations4 ,! m univ]sal an e?ical concept is1 ! m x exi/s :olly )9 & = reason1 ! less is x a d$uction f exp]i5ce & ! less use is x z a guide to behavior4 ,e?ics1 z moral philosophy1 is n a descriptive /udy ( ! cu/oms & practices ( p1 or ( :at ?+s m5 9 div]se times & places h held to be good or evil1 "r or wrong2 ?is is an?ropology4 ,x is n ! /udy ( ! m5tal processes ( judg+ or ( =m+ habits or ( t quality ( actual exp]i5ce :i* m5 call good2 ?is is psy*ology4 ,e?ics1 moreov]1 is n a sci5tific /udy ( ! means ( accompli%+ any good :atsoev]2 = ?is at once leads out ( pure e?ics into economics1 me*anics1 m$ic9e1 etc4 ,pure e?ics is pure logic appli$ to ultimate concepts ab\t morality 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! 8=mulation ( ! ,good z x w\ld hold = all possible worlds10 a k9d ( speculation or contemplation4 ,its good does n exi/ 9 exp]i5ce any:]e2 x is metaphysical & exi/s only = philosophiz+4 ,h5ce e?ic1 /rictly speak+1 is conc]n$ ) ends n ) means1 & ! ends are n exp]i5c$1 !y are only ?\ght ab\t4 ,z an example ( su* an approa* to morals1 !re is ,kant's ,categorical ,imp]ative1 f ! consid]ation ( :i* ev]y?+ concrete1 empirical1 p]sonal is remov$4 ,i quote "s typical passages f ! discussion ( ! tea*+ ( e?ics 9 a contempor>y ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 8,! task ( moral philosophy is1 by analysis ( ! moral judgm5ts m5 actually make1 to arrive at cle> notions ab\t obligation1 rights1 good1 puni%m5t & ! l4 ,& ! po9t ( honor1 ! *a/ity ( ! philosoph]'s m9d1 %\ld be nev] to suff] 8 g5u9e moral judgm5ts to be w>p$ 9 def]5ce to 8 !ory4 ,= t is to poison ! wells ( tru?4 ,all t is valuable 9 e?ics is =mal4444 8,f9ally1 x may be ask$1 has !n moral philosophy no practical value8 ,i ?9k its prime value is purely speculative1--! supreme int]e/ ( ! topic = ?\ghtful m9ds & its importance = metaphysics4 ,b1 l ev]y?+ else1 x has its effects4 ,i ?9k x is1 :5 /udi$ 9 its purity1 an unrivall$ m5tal tra9+4 ,i believe t ! m 7ap>t f casui/ry7 we reflect on ! nature ( ! moral law ! m we are likely to rev]5ce x4 ,& la/ly ,i ?9k t ne>ly e human be+ does & mu/ to "s ext5t philosophize4 ,we are all apt to =m crude pr9ciples1 z t morality consi/s 9 keep+ ! law1 or obey+ ! t5 comm&m5ts1 or realiz+ our selves1 or seek+ ! common good4 ,& !n we are apt p5dantically & priggi%ly to di/ort our g5u9e moral judgm5ts 9 accordance ) ^! inadequate g5]alizations4 ,moral philosophy criticizes su* =mulas & %[s t !y are ei!r untrue or circul>4 ,ei!r self-realization means realiz+ ! "r "p ( ! self or x is n always "r4 ,promot+ ! 8common good0 ei!r means br++ ab\t ^? satisfactions :i* moral reason judges ought to be br\ght ab\t 7e4 g41 ^? :i* are j or ( a high] value7 or x is n always "r4 ,& s a tru] moral philosophy releases u f ! false dogmatisms :i* may1 ?\gh usually !y d n1 corrupt our practise4444 8,on ! o!r h&1 memb]s ( my class actually approa*$ me1 z if ,i 7 a fa!r-confessor1 = ! solution ( special problems 9 conduct60 ,9 ! foll[+ quotation f ! same ,j\rnal1 a diff]5t view is express$4 ,! au?or believes t e?ics is sometimes conc]n$ ) ! practical problems ( conduct1 b admits t ?is inclusion ( practical int]e/s results 9 "s ambiguity & confusion4 8,conc$+ t !re is a sci5ce ( e?ics t does n tea* u ei!r to be good or t we ought to be good any m ?an logic tea*es u h[ to ?9k or t we ought to ?9k1 or e/hetics tea*es u h[ to appreciate beauty & t we ought to love x1 !re yet rema9s ! "q1 is !re a legitimate place 9 philosophical education = a sci5ce ( e?ics :i* frankly does n disclaim a 8practical0 int]e/8 ,is !re a sci5ce ( e?ics t is 8practical0 9 some?+ m ?an ! ,protagorean s5se ( supply+ in/ruction 9 8h[ to manage our homes 9 ! be/ way1 & to be able to speak & act ! be/ 9 public life80 7,su* in/ruction might well enc\rage sophi/ry & ! casui/ry ( :i* ,pr(essor ,c>ritt speaks47 ,is !re1 9 o!r words1 a sci5ce ( e?ics :i* is 8practical10 n 9 ! s5se ( tell+ ! pupil :at moral decisions to make1 b 9 cultivat+ ! :i* w\ld r5d] possible well-consid]$ *oices8 ,if !re is n a place = su* a sci5ce1 x seems h>dly =?right or consi/5t to p]petuate ! ambiguity4 ,if !re is a legitimate place = x1 x is ! duty ( moral philosoph]s to t]m9ate ! pres5t ambiguity by expla9+ x4 ,we c sc>cely af=d to laugh at or d5y x40 ,! relation ( morals to education is to be f\nd nei!r 9 special discipl9e & habit =mation 9 ! ef=t = "* ap>t f intellig5ce1 nor 9 drill 9 ! logic ( an a priori sci5ce4 ,:5 moral tra9+ is made a special int]e/ set (f f o!r aims ( education1 x defeats itself4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a moral good sep>ate f o!r goods4 ,a moral good is simply ! be/ *oice among ! conflict+ goods ( exp]i5ce1 actual or possible4 ,z ,james said1 ! good is t :i* satisfies a desire4 ,a priori1 e desire %\ld be satisfi$1 s9ce consid]$ 9 itself x is a dem& = a satisfaction4 ,b s9ce desires are 9 conflict1 *oice is necess>y4 ,! good de$ is ! "r ?+ to d1 or ! "r way ( do+ x4 ,all education if x is really education is moral education4 ,x is because p d n grasp ?is fact t futile ef=ts at special moral tra9+ are made 9 :i* ! connections ) education are artificial & extrane\s4 ,?us ! pursuit ( k is %orn ( its significance = conduct1 & morals is divorc$ f intellig5ce4 ,z ,pr(essor ,dewey says1 8,a n>r[ & morali/ic view ( morals is responsible = ! failure to recognize t all ! aims & values :i* are desirable 9 education are !mselves moral4 ,discipl9e1 natural developm5t1 culture1 social effici5cy1 are moral traits--m>ks ( a p]son :o is a wor?y memb] ( t society :i* x is ! bus9ess ( education to fur!r4 ,!re is an old say+ to ! effect t x is n en\gh = a man to be good2 he mu/ be good = some?+4 ,! some?+ = :i* a man mu/ be good is capacity to live z a social memb] s t :at he gets f liv+ ) o!rs balances ) :at he contributes4 ,:at he gets & gives z a human be+1 a be+ ) desires1 emotions1 & ideas1 is n ext]nal possessions1 b a wid5+ & deep5+ ( consci\s life--a m int5se1 discipl9$1 & exp&+ realization ( mean+s4 ,:at he mat]ially receives & gives is at mo/ opportunities & means = ! evolution ( consci\s life4 ,o!rwise1 x is nei!r giv+ nor tak+1 b a %ift+ ab\t ( ! position ( ?+s 9 space1 l ! /irr+ ( wat] & s& ) a /ick4 ,discipl9e1 culture1 social effici5cy1 p]sonal ref9em5t1 improvem5t ( "* are b phases ( ! gr[? ( capacity nobly to %>e 9 su* a balanc$ exp]i5ce4 ,& education is n a m]e means to su* a life4 ,education is su* a life4 ,to ma9ta9 capacity = su* education is ! ess5ce ( morals40 ,moral behavior is n only social4 ,x is also intellig5t behavior4 ,an act has moral significance :5 ! p]=mance %[s insight into ! situation4 ,an action done "u compulsion or )\t und]/&+ has no moral value4 ,a ma*9e may behave v correctly b x is n a moral be+4 ,an act has moral mean+ to j ! ext5t t its au?or grasps ! implications ( ! situation 9 :i* he mu/ act & is guid$ by consid]ation ( ! results4 ,an act is judg$1 n z morali/s w\ld h x1 m]ely by ! int5tion1 b by its results4 ,x is ! aim ( education to develop ! insight & =esight & bread? ( vision :i* make x possible = an individual to take responsibility = ! results ( 8 behavior4 ,! great] ! intellig5ce1 ! m ne>ly does ! consid]ation ( an act approa* ! e/imate ( ! total result4 ,?us ! aims ( education & morals are ! same2--! good life 9 s f> z x may be atta9$ by intellig5t *oice & behavior4 ,m5 h long s\ght to reconcile ! true & ! good4 ,b :at !y h s\ght to reconcile 7 z a rule m]e ideas ab\t ! true & ! good4 ,x is n z logical ab/ractions t ! true & ! good are "o1 b 9 ! recognition t ! really wise act is ! good de$4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t wisdom is virtue--9 ! s5se t virtue is wisdom4 ,b ! objection w be made t educat$ m5 are sometimes clev] rascals :o are only ! m evil = all _! k4 ,i d n ?9k ,i beg ! "q :5 ,i say t su* m5 are n wise b m]ely clev]4 ,nor d ,i mean t good conduct is m]ely a matt] ( reason+ & calculat+4 ,no "o d5ies t desire & in/9ct & purpose are involv$4 ,b if ,i am n mi/ak5 x is g5]ally recogniz$ t education & morals alike h some?+ to d ) tra9+ & controll+ ^! aspects ( human nature4 ,intellig5ce is n m]e intellect4 ,x is ! :ole man wisely direct+ himself ) respect to 8 environm5t & its alt]natives4 ,f "o age or locality to ano!r fa%ions 9 behavior patt]ns *ange4 ,^! fa%ions seem to be important at ! "t !y hold sway4 ,p confuse !m ) morals4 ,ef=ts are sometimes made by re=m]s to introduce innovations simil> to ^? :i* design]s ( clo?+ ea* season create 9 hab]da%]y4 ,a lib]al j\rnal 9 ,new ,york rec5tly publi%$ a s]ies ( articles deal+ ) 8,! ,new ,morality40 ,b morality is nei!r new nor old4 ,rules ( conduct :i* c be made m]e matt]s ( /yle are applicable *iefly to actions ! results ( :i* are unimportant4 ,su* rules h really v little moral value4 ,!y con/itute1 h[ev]1 ! cu/oms or folkways :i* prevail at a giv5 "t4 ,con=mity 9 su* matt]s is requir$ by ! h]d4 ,(t5 ?is requirem5t is ! only reason = obs]v+ c]ta9 rules2 ! opposite c\rse w\ld be j z good4 ,x is ) respect to su* matt]s t education has ! effect ( lib]at+ ! individual & improv+ morals4 ,x breaks ! hold ( ! taboo1 makes x possible to discrim9ate betwe5 ! important & ! unimportant & leads to ! =mation ( pr9ciples bas$ ^u consid]ation ( ! results ( behavior4 ,! diff]5ces 9 conduct t c\nt are ^? betwe5 /upid de$s & well-consid]$ de$s4 ,intellig5ce takes into acc\nt ! fact t no action ( man c be isolat$ & judg$ ap>t f its place 9 ! social environm5t1 & its effects bo? = ! au?or & = 8 human relation%ips4 ,long ago ,ari/otle %[$ t ea* ( our virtues unless intellig5tly ex]cis$ t5ds to extreme & to become a vice4 ,a virtue is :at x does1 n :at x feels l to its possessor4 ,mu* is said today ab\t ! necessity ( loyalty4 ,!re c be no social /ability )\t x2 b !re is probably no m s]i\s social m5ace ?an un9tellig5t loyalty4 ,m5 p]si/ 9 ascrib+ to _! moral pr9ciples a sanctity1 a sublimity1 :i* makes !m appe> to h an indep5d5t & et]nal exi/5ce & to be ends 9 !mselves4 ,i believe ?is to be a sup]/ition4 ,9 :at respect is a moral pr9ciple m to be rev]5c$ ?an a pr9ciple ( me*anics8 ,to wor%ip ,duty 9 g5]al is simply to make a god out ( a human g5]alization4 ,! 8rightness0 ab\t :i* m5 gr[ eloqu5t exi/s simply z ! implications ( ! concrete situation 9 :i* an act is p]=m$4 ,z ! ability to grasp su* implications improves1 pr9ciples ( conduct are employ$ :i* are relevant to ! situation4 ,i spoke ( insight into ! situation t[>d :i* action is tak5 z be+ alike ess5tial to education & to ! moral judgm5t4 ,he ^: conduct is regulat$ by 8 own insight & by pr9ciples :i* are relevant to ! situation at h& is a morally responsible be+1 & to ! degree t a man assumes responsibility = 8 conduct1 he reveals ! quality ( 8 education4 ,^? :o seek to avoid responsibility sub/itute = _! own insight rules ( behavior :i* h z _! basis some?+ t lies outside ! dem&s ( ! situation :]e ! behavior takes place4 ,judge y\r conduct by ?is o!r1 outside some?+ & ignore ! lessons writt5 9 ! results ( y\r de$1 & y cease to le>n any?+ f y\r behavior2 y\r education 9 ?is direction has come to a /op4 ,education frequ5tly comes to su* a halt :5 moral tea*+ is c>ri$ on z "p ( religi\s in/ruction4 ,!re is a common belief t religion is ! real basis ( morals4 ,i ?9k ?is belief has its s\rce 9 ! fact t religi\s in/itutions 9 ! pa/1 be+ by nature cons]vative1 h s\ght to p]petuate ! folkways4 ,! *ur* is a =m ( social organization & has its own int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ among its memb]s c]ta9 /&>ds ( behavior4 ,(t5 x has be5 ! only exi/+ ag5cy = ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,mo/ religi\s sy/ems c>ry ) !m c]ta9 comm&m5ts & precepts ! keep+ ( :i* !y secure by means ( promises ( future rew>d or ?reats ( puni%m5t4 ,s9ce bo? ! precepts & ! religi\s beliefs & c]emonies h evolv$ toge!r out ( primitive man's ideas ( div9e au?or%ip & au?ority1 m5 d n see t ! basis ( morals lies 9 social necessity--! ne$ = mutual adju/m5t among m54 ,! *ur*'s premption ( ! field ( morals is all[$ to /& long aft] its squatt] rights 9 o!r fields--art indu/ry1 sci5ce1 etc4--h be5 *all5g$4 ,we =get t religion 0 once ?\ght to be ! basis ( all ! int]e/s ( civilization1 s t naturally ! moral int]e/ came "u its sway4 ,x is obvi\s t e society1 :atev] be its religion1 mu/ develop its moral codes z m5 le>n to live toge!r4 ,9 ! community ev]yone is "p ( ! environm5t ( ev]yone else1 & ea* mu/ adju/ himself to su* a human environm5t4 ,adju/m5t is impossible if !re is no ord] 9 ! environm5t4 ,h5ce f ! beg9n+ c]ta9 habits & cu/oms h exi/$ :i* make x possible = m5 to pr$ict to "s ext5t :at _! neighbors w d4 ,^! habits & cu/oms are ! primitive morals :i* x is ! task ( wisdom to inquire into & revalue & gradually improve or disc>d1 & sub/itute intellig5tly consid]$ means & ends4 ,:5 moral precepts are pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( div9e comm&m5ts1 morality is m]ely ob$i5ce2 x consi/s 9 keep+ ! comm&m5ts1 n 9 act+ accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! situation4 ,! problems ( ! control ( behavior are solv$ 9 advance1 & ! solutions le>n$ by repetition & memory drill4 ,if ,i act 9 /rict ob$i5ce to a div9e comm&1 ! results ( my de$ are n my affair4 ,! responsibility = ! result is ^u ! deity4 ,i c ignore1 9 fact1 %\ld ignore1 ! lessons ( exp]i5ce & ( conduct4 ,! comm&m5t does n require ( me any insight into ! situations 9 :i* ,i act4 ,i h no moral responsibility4 ,p ^: conduct is guid$ by su* morality h committ$ _m outrage\s de$s & h ) good consci5ce clos$ _! eyes to ! t]rible consequ5ces ( _! behavior4 ,f ! /&po9t ( _! education1 !y are *ildr52 !y h nev] yet atta9$ ! age ( moral responsibility4 ,x is 9 matt]s ( moral education t ! infantile attitude ( m9d :i* religion pres]ves 9 ! adult life ( ! race becomes a s]i\s ob/acle to a lib]al education4 ,aga9 !re is a t5d5cy to disreg>d ! consequ5ces ( my acts if ,i seek1 z _m mod]ns d1 to make a religion ( morality itself4 ,x is (t5 said1 religion is a life1 ! religi\s man is ! good man4 8,my religion is ! ,gold5 ,rule10 or "s o!r rule4 ,x all dep5ds on :at y mean4 ,if y mean t 9 a vague sort ( way y try to be good & t a c]ta9 moral e>ne/ness is religion en\gh = y1 v well1 b y h n said mu*4 ,?omas ,pa9e said1 8,to d good is my religion40 ,b ,i am n sure he add$ mu* to 8 good w by /yl+ x a religion4 ,he might z well h said1 8,i desire v mu* to d good40 ,s d all "r-m9d$ p1 ! difficulty comes :5 we try to f9d out :at specifically we mean by do+ good4 ,aga9 x is said !re is 8salvation by "*10 b "o does n possess a "*4 ,"o ei!r is or is n a "*4 ,"o does n become a "* z a result ( r\t9e moraliz+ or ( m]e con=mity to conv5tional /&>ds4 ,presid5t ,wilson is quot$ z say+1 8,!re is no m priggi% bus9ess 9 ! _w ?an ! developm5t ( "o's "*40 ,run away f ! man :o w\ld be good to y 9 ord] to develop 8 "*4 ,d ! ?+ t 9 y\r be/ judgm5t is ! ?+ to d "u ! exi/+ circum/ances1 d x z well z y c1 wat* :at happ5s & le>n y\r lesson f x1 & if y are a "* y w n g f> wrong4 ,9 all behavior1 he :o takes responsibility takes *ances4 ,!re are ^? :o dem& moral c]ta9ty4 ,!y imag9e an absolute good1 a univ]sal pr9ciple ( "r & duty1 to be ! elem5tal law ( ! univ]se4 ,duty is sublime1 ! ,moral ,law is ,god4 ,p p]suade !mselves t _! adoration ( ?is imp]sonal god develops 9 !m ! 8moral w10 :5 9 fact its function is to provide !m ) a fictiti\s s5se ( security4 ,i ?9k ! e?ical philosophy ( ,kant is motivat$ by ?is wi% = security1 r ?an by an int]e/ 9 morals z su*4 ,he seeks a good :i* is to be possess$ m]ely by ?9k+ x1 a maxim :i* is univ]sally valid4 ,b if ,i h su* a maxim1 assum+ t x c be made applicable to any concrete problem ( conduct1 !n all ,i ne$ consid] is :e!r ,i h act$ accord+ to ! rule4 ,"h aga9 ,i ne$ n be conc]n$ ab\t ! results ( my behavior4 ,x is n ! consequ5ces ( my act t %[ x to be "r or wrong4 ,my de$ is "r if x is ! act ( ! moral w4 ,ano!r me?od ( escap+ moral responsibility is to run ) ! cr[d4 ,! cr[d nev] consid]s consequ5ces2 x is b5t ^u v9dicat+ its pr9ciples at any co/4 ,x is anonym\s2 9 x ! individual may n be held to acc\nt4 ,! cr[d is n ! same z ! multitude2 x is a di/9ct ph5om5a ( social psy*ology4 ,we all h 9 our natures c]ta9 anti-social impulses4 ,! cr[d is a sort ( pseudo-social environm5t 9 :i* ^! impulses are n inhibit$ b are indulg$ ) mutual moral approval4 ,all cr[ds pr(ess to be devot$ to "s moral ideal4 ,_! moral idealism is m]e self-ju/ification & pretext = lett+ oneself g4 ,x is a weapon useful 9 p>tisan /rife2 x puts ! opposition 9 ! wrong & ju/ifies ho/ility4 ,h5ce public que/ions t5d to become moral issues1 & ! attempt to und]/& ! situation gives way to righte\s indignation t[>d anyone :o )olds approval ( ! cr[d's aims & me?ods4 ,& ! cr[d /rives to hold its memb]s 9 l9e4 ,con=mity to its ways & /&>ds is requir$ ( all1 & becomes an end 9 itself4 ,"o does ?+s because o!rs d !m4 ,! cr[d man is %ock$ by ! unconv5tional because x is unusual4 ,8 ideas ( "r & wrong1 :i* he ?9ks he has by a priori intuition or moral s5se1 are m]ely ^? :i* prevail 9 8 set or p>i%4 ,! av]age man's consci5ce1 :i* seems to him to be an infallible moral guide & :i* he holds to be sacr$ & p]sonal1 is little m ?an a reflection ( h]d op9ion4 ,& z m5 become m>%all$ 9 ! mass movem5ts ( pres5t-day society1 !y t5d m & m to submit ! control ( conduct to ! 8public consci5ce0 & to leave less & less to private judgm5t4 ,!re is no judgm5t b private judgm5t4 ,! public consci5ce is a creature ( emotional in/ability4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by p]iodic obsessions simil> to ^? ( mania4 ,x w rema9 utt]ly indiff]5t to gl>+ evil & e appeal to x is unhe$$2 !n all ( a sudd5 p]haps ov] a trifle1 or an unconfirm$ rumor1 x is /irr$ to ! highe/ pit* ( excitem5t4 ,x has a 8cause0 & = a "t is occupi$ ) no?+ else4 ,all realities are ?r[n out ( p]spective4 ,! cause is v9dicat$ reg>dless ( consequ5ces2 x is c>ri$ triumphant at ! head ( a procession ( human wreckage1 bitt]ness & folly4 ,z soon z ! mis*ief is complete1 ! cause is ab&on$4 ,m5 beg9 to 8come to10 & public consci5ce sleeps until ! next episodic attack4 ,x is precisely 9 reg>d to matt]s :i* mo/ deeply /ir ! public consci5ce t ! educat$ man w be on 8 gu>d4 ,he w n be easily bulli$ into surr5d]+ 8 private judgm5t to public op9ion4 ,he w n p]mit ! big words ( h]d morality to sc>e him away f ! consid]ation ( cold facts4 ,be=e a man c ?9k = himself1 he mu/ h le>n$ to ?9k at all4 ,!re is only "o s\nd me?od ( moral education4 ,x is 9 tea*+ p to ?9k4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,classical ,,tradition--,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle ,! classical tradition 9 education is "o ( ! ironies ( hi/ory4 ,t p$ants %\ld h succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is tradition into a m]e conv5tion is almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ! poetry1 drama & philosophy :i* we h inh]it$ f anci5t ,a!ns !re is a _s ( y\?1 ( fre$om1 ( inquiry1 ( adv5ture4 ,9 ! e/imation ( ,egypt or ( ,india1 ! culture ( ,greece 0 p>v5u4 ,! /rik+ ?+ ab\t ! ,greek _s is its humanism1 its lack ( prie/ly tradition1 its indep5d5ce ( religi\s au?ority4 ,! m5 ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ianity 7 creators1 n imitators4 ,!y 7 foll[+ _m l9es ( inquiry = ! fir/ "t1 unhamp]$ by ! pre/ige ( or?odoxy4 ,a noisy populace c\ld condemn ! philosoph] b c\ld n secure 8 def]5ce to its beliefs4 ,no idea1 no in/itution 0 s v5]able or sacr$ z to escape critical exam9ation4 ,! practice ( exam9+ all ?+s 0 ! me?od ( education2 its aim 0 ! life ( ,reason4 ,!re 0 no (ficial in/ruction1 no e/abli%$ tru?1 no traditionally recogniz$ k4 ,/ud5t & tea*] toge!r pursu$ wisdom n z scribes & cu/odians ( anci5t & hall[$ doctr9e1 b r 9 ! _s ( ^? :o ent] ^u a voyage ( new discov]y4 ,su* is ! _s ( ! classical tradition & no education is lib]al :i* loses t _s4 ,if we wi% to "k ! mean+ ( a lib]al education1 we %\ld turn to ^? 9 ^: lives & ?\ghts x 0 a liv+ reality4 ,i d n believe t ! /ud5t :o grasps ! significance ( ,plato's ,apology1 or ! ,phd1 or ! ,republic1 c ev] aft] be q ! same4 ,i once ov]he>d a gr\p ( sophomores discuss+ ! relative greatness ( v>i\s hi/orical *>act]s4 ,ea* _h 8 favorite h]o1 a conqu]or1 a /atesman1 an orator4 ,"o ( ! boys1 :o ,i aft]w>ds le>n$ _h discov]$ ,plato's dialogues = himself1 said1 8,y fell[s are j repeat+ :at y h he>d p say or h read 9 y\r hi/ory books4 ,y'll nev] "k :at a great man is till y "k ,socrates4 ,i ?9k he 0 ! greate/ man :o ev] liv$40 ,i saw 9 8 face a look ( quiet e>ne/ness :i* ,i h nev] =gott54 ,some?+ 0 happ5+ 9 t boy's ?9k+4 ,he 0 liv+ ?r\gh an educational exp]i5ce4 ,to ! "q :at is an educat$ p]son l1 "o answ] is1 he is l ,socrates1 or l ,plato4 ,:itman said1 8,i & my k9d d n conv9ce by argum5t2 we conv9ce by our pres5ce40 ,9 ! ,dialogues !re is a pres5ce4 ,"h ! p]sonality ( a great g5ius /&s reveal$4 ,y really come to "k ,socrates4 ,9 8 company y _c fail to delight 9 8 humor1 8 brilliant fla%es ( insight1 ! subtlety & t5acity & wide sweep ( 8 ?\ght1 8 d>+1 8 unfail+ reasonabl5ess1 8 c&or & fre$om ( _s4 ,:e!r ?is p]sonality is ! ,socrates ( hi/ory or a creation ( ,plato's g5ius or a mixture ( bo? is a matt] t ne$ n conc]n u at pres5t4 ,our aim is to 8f9d0 ! educat$ man4 ,"h by common agreem5t is ! supreme type4 ,outside ! ,dialogues & a few su* s\rces ( in=mation z ! writ+ ( ,x5ophon1 we "k little t is au!ntic ab\t ,socrates4 ,be=e ,socrates !re _h be5 mu* speculation ab\t natural ph5om5a & ! laws :i* gov]n ! univ]se4 ,philosoph]s _h begun to seek naturali/ic r ?an my?ological explanations ( ! _w ( objects4 ,?is sci5tific int]e/ 0 g5u9e1 b ! ,greeks lack$ a logic ( sci5tific me?od4 ,be=e man may ?9k correctly1 und]/& 8 _w or live wisely he mu/ develop habits ( exact ?9k+2 he mu/ "k :at he means by :at he says4 ,he mu/ exam9e 8 own s5tim5ts & beliefs1 & presuppositions4 ,z an educator ,socrates 0 positively revolution>y1 subv]sive1 disconc]t+4 ,he /&s out 9 %>p contra/ to ! o!r great tea*]s ( antiquity1 & to mo/ ( ^? :o h liv$ aft] him4 ,he gives mank9d an entirely diff]5t idea ( :at education is4 ,he pursues k2 ! o!rs proclaim x4 ,unlike ! philosoph]s ( ,india & ,egypt or ! prophets ( ,judea1 ,socrates has no gospel1 no cre$1 no made-9-advance message1 no 8?us sai? ! ,"l10 no sy/em ( 8tru?40 ,o!rs indoctr9ate2 ,socrates proclaims 8 ignorance4 ,he is n a sceptic1 = he believes t k is n only possible1 b t m5 possess x1 ?\gh !y seldom make use ( t :i* !y possess4 ,al?\gh n a sceptic1 ,socrates is decid$ly an agno/ic4 ,he %[s popul> ideas to be ignorance1 m]e op9ion4 ,liv+ at a "t :5 ev5 ! intellig5t few _h h>dly begun to "q traditional illusions1 he did n seek to lure 8 /ud5ts back to acquiesc5ce to au?ority1 b to develop a te*nique = te/+ all ?+s4 ,to use a mod]n colloquialism1 ,socrates simply /rove to 8debunk0 ! m9ds ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,he tri$ to aid ,a!nian y\?s to und]/& !mselves1 to ?9k _! way to "s degree ( fre$om & ma/]y1 to gr\nd _! ideas ( virtue1 ju/ice1 gov]nm5t1 9 well-consid]$ reason1 to ga9 temp]ance ( judgm5t1 to re-exam9e :at !y ?\ght !y knew & see if x 7 k or only op9ion4 ,& 8 0 no m]e idle curiosity1 b a s]i\s & c\rage\s fac+ ( ! elem5tal problems ( human liv+4 ,he set ! prec$5t = all subsequ5t lib]al education4 ,! h]d loves no?+ s little z ! ,socratic deal+ ) its op9ions4 ,su* que/ion+ is a *all5ge to popul> fai?s2 x dem&s t m5 reori5t _! m9ds to ! values ( exp]i5ce4 ,x ar\ses 9 ! op9ionat$ ! unwelcome suspicion t possibly !y may be deceiv+ !mselves4 ,x c>ries ) x ! sugge/ion t ^? :o uncritically accept dogma & cu/om are possibly intellectually less al]t ?an ! critically m9d$ few4 ,x gives ! h9t t con=mity & moral e>ne/ness are n en\gh = ! good life & t ^? :o lay claim to ideas !y h n ?\ght out are a little ridicul\s4 ,e man :o rises out ( cr[d-m9d$ness into indep5d5t ?9k+ weak5s to t ext5t ! fai? ( ! cr[d 9 itself1 & puts x on ! def5sive4 ,ari/ophanes ga9$ popul>ity 9 ,a!nian democracy by hold+ up ! figure ( ,socrates to ridicule4 ,& :5 ,socrates' *all5ge c\ld no long] be met ) laught]1 ! ,fundam5tali/s ( 8 day condemn$ ! old philosoph] to dea? on ! *>ge t he 0 corrupt+ ! y\?4 ,z ,woodr[ ,wilson once said1 8,! human race has inexhau/ible res\rces = resi/+ ! introduction ( k40 ,h[ ! influ5ce ( ,socrates survives 9 ! "w ( 8 pupil ,plato e s*ool boy kn[s4 ,x is also a matt] ( common k t 9 ! beautiful dialogues :i* ,plato wrote _m ye>s aft] 8 ma/]'s dea?1 ! figure ( ,socrates becomes little m at times ?an a vehicle ( ! au?or's own ?\ght4 ,b n e "o ?9ks ( ! dialogues z prim>ily a record ( a great "w ( adult education4 ,! ,socratic me?od ( education is reta9$ by ,plato1 b he modifies ! objectives4 ,plato has some?+ to 8tea*40 ,k is /ill f\nd by ! me?od ( cl>ify+ m5's ?9k+4 ,b if m5 are to live ! life ( reason1 _! k mu/ give !m a def9ite outlook on life4 ,plato seeks some?+ to tie to4 ,he is occupi$ ) ! se>* = reality1 8pure be+40 ,8 int]e/ 9 ma!matics leads him to attempt to con/rue ! _w accord+ to pr9ciples ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! _w ( ideas is se5 to be ! ultimate reality1 ! _w ( objects is b a manife/ation1--z ,james put x1 b a 8/]eotyp$ copy ( ! deluxe edition0 :i* exi/s 9 ! et]nal4 ,h5ce k is n only cle> ?9k+2 to "k is to possess reality4 ,! real _w consi/s ( =m1 ( idea1 ( univ]sal & ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,education becomes philosophic contemplation ( ! ideas ( ! good1 ! true1 ! beautiful4 ,a ,francis ,bacon or an ,isaac ,newton 9 ,plato's situation w\ld d\btless h develop$ a logic ( sci5ce4 ,plato elaborates a metaphysic4 ,b x w\ld be an error to suppose t ,plato is occupi$ m]ely ) m$itation ^u ! transc5d5tal4 ,all k is "o4 ,! tru?1 ( :i* ! m9d be>s witness to itself1 mu/ ultimately prevail 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,! idea ( ! good mu/ take ! place ( ! old my?ology4 ,wisdom is virtue4 ,! p are enemies ( ! tru? & hate philosophy l>gely because !y h nev] kn[n 8a human be+ :o 9 ^w & "w is p]fectly m\ld$ z f> z he c be into ! lik5ess ( virtue--su* a man rul+ a city :i* be>s ! same image40 ,( exi/+ /ates1 8n "o ( !m is wor?y ( ! philosophic nature40 8,b no "o is satisfi$ ) ! appe>ance ( good1--! reality is :at !y seek2 9 ! case ( good1 appe>ance is despis$ by ev]yone40 8,( ?is !n1 :i* e s\l ( man pursues & makes ! end ( all 8 actions1 hav+ a pres5tim5t t !re is su* an end & yet hesitat+ because nei!r kn[+ ! nature nor hav+ ! same assurance ( ?is z ( o!r ?+s1 & !re=e los+ :atev] good !re is 9 o!r ?+s--( a pr9ciple su* & s great z ?is ought ! be/ m5 9 our ,/ate1 to :om ev]y?+ is entru/$1 to be 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance80 ,?us ,plato's greate/ dialogue1 8,! ,republic10 int]weaves ! speculative ) ! practical2 x is at once a treatise on reality & appe>ance1 an inquiry into ! nature ( ! good1 an elaboration ( ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( ju/ice into ! con/itution ( an ideal ari/ocratic republic1 & a philosophy ( education4 ,j[ett1 9 8 introduction to ! ?ird edition to ! ,engli% translation ( ?is dialogue1 says1 8,! ,republic ( ,plato is also ! fir/ treatise ^u education1 ( :i* ! writ+s ( ,milton & ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,paul1 & ,goe! are ! legitimate desc5dants4 ,l ,dante or ,bunyan1 he has a revelation ( ano!r life2 l ,bacon1 he is pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! unity ( k2 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* he ex]cis$ a real influ5ce on !ology1 & at ! ,revival ( ,lit]ature on politics4 ,ev5 ! fragm5ts ( 8 words :5 #8repeat$ at secondh&' 7,symp4 #bae ,d7 h 9 all ages ravi%$ ! he>ts ( m51 :o h se5 reflect$ 9 !m _! own high] nature4 ,he is ! fa!r ( idealism 9 philosophy1 9 politics1 9 lit]ature4 ,& _m ( ! late/ conceptions ( mod]n ?9k]s & /atesm51 su* z ! unity ( k1 ! reign ( law1 & ! equality ( ! sexes1 h be5 anticipat$ 9 a dream by him40 8,! ,republic0 beg9s ) a discussion ( ju/ice4 ,x is agre$ t ju/ice is virtue & wisdom1 & inju/ice is vice & ignorance4 ,ju/ice is ! virtue bo? ( an individual & ( a /ate4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! nature ( ?is virtue1 ! au?or proce$s to 8create 9 idea a ,/ate40 ,! /ate mu/ be protect$ f evil1 x mu/ h gu>dians4 ,! gu>dians ne$ to h bo? natural gifts & ! qualities ( a philosoph]4 ,! good wat*dog mu/ be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! face ( ! fri5d & t ( ! foe4 8,& mu/ n an animal be a lov] ( le>n+ :o di/+ui%es :at he likes & dislikes by ! te/ ( k & ignorance80 8,:5 we h f\nd ! desir$ natures1 & n[ t we h f\nd !m1 h[ are !y to be educat$8 ,is n ?is an inquiry :i* may be expect$ to ?r[ light on ! great] inquiry :i* is our f9al end--,h[ d ju/ice & inju/ice gr[ up 9 ,/ates80 ,ju/ice1 he says1 is ea* man do+ 8 own bus9ess & n be+ a busybody4 ,"o %\ld practice ! ?+ to :i* 8 nature is be/ adapt$4 ,ju/ice is h>mony1 & h>mony 9 ! ,/ate is l h>mony 9 ! nature ( ! individual4 ,intellig5ce mu/ direct & control ! emotions1 & ! movem5ts ( ! body4 ,h5ce 9 ! j ,/ate1 m5 are to be divid$ into classes accord+ to _! degree ( native sup]iority4 ,?is is n an easy task1 = m5 w n easily be p]suad$ to accept su* di/9ctions ( wor? among !mselves4 8,h[ !n may we devise "o ( ^? ne$ful falsehoods 444 j "o royal lie :i* may deceive ! rul]s if t be possible1 & at any rate ! re/ ( ! city80 8,well !n1 ,i w speak1 al?\gh ,i really "k n h[ to look y 9 ! face1 or 9 :at words to utt] ! audaci\s fiction1 :i* ,i propose to communicate gradually1 fir/ to ! rul]s1 !n to ! soldi]s1 & la/ly to ! p4 ,!y are to be told t _! y\? 0 a dream1 & ! education & tra9+ :i* !y receiv$ f u1 an appe>ance only2 9 reality dur+ all t "t !y 7 be+ =m$ & f$ 9 ! womb ( ! e>?1 :]e !y !mselves & _! arms & appurt5ances 7 manufactur$2 :5 !y 7 complet$1 ! e>?1 _! "m1 s5t !m up2 & s1 _! c\ntry be+ _! "m & also _! nurse1 !y are b\nd to advise = h] good1 & to def5d h] aga9/ attacks1 & h] citiz5s !y are to reg>d z *ildr5 ( ! e>? & _! own bro!rs4444 8#8,citiz5s1' we %all say to !m 9 our tale1 #8y are bro!rs1 yet ,god has fram$ y diff]5tly4 ,"s ( y h ! p[] ( comm&1 & 9 ! composition ( ^! he has m+l$ gold1 :]e=e also !y h ! greate/ hon\r2 o!rs he has made ( silv]1 to be auxili>ies2 o!rs aga9 :o are to be husb&m5 & craftsm5 he has compos$ ( brass & iron2 & ! species w g5]ally be pres]v$ 9 ! *ildr54 ,b z all are ( ! same orig9al /ock1 a gold5 p>5t w sometimes h a silv] son1 or a silv] p>5t a gold5 son4 ,& ,god proclaims z a fir/ pr9ciple to ! rul]s1 & above all else1 t !re is no?+ :i* !y %\ld s anxi\sly gu>d1 or ( :i* !y are to be su* good gu>dians1 z ( ! purity ( ! race4 ,!y %\ld obs]ve :at elem5ts m+le 9 _! (fspr+2 = if ! son ( a gold5 or silv] p>5t has an admixture ( brass & iron1 !n nature ord]s a transposition ( ranks1 & ! eye ( ! rul] mu/ n be pitiful t[>ds ! *ild because he has to desc5d 9 ! scale & become a husb&man or artisan1 j z !re may be sons ( artisans :o hav+ an admixture ( gold or silv] 9 !m are rais$ to hon\r1 & become gu>dians or auxili>ies4 ,= an oracle says t :5 a man ( brass or iron gu>ds ! ,/ate1 x w be de/roy$4'0 ,plato's ideal /ate is ?us an ari/ocracy ( intellig5ce & ( virtue4 ,!re mu/ be selection ( ^? :o are to rule4 ,a s]ies ( te/s is propos$4 ,^? select$ mu/ h %[n greate/ eag]ness to d :at is good = _! c\ntry4 ,! y\? are to be subject$ to v>i\s trials1 toils1 pa9s1 conflicts1 to det]m9e :e!r !y c be =c$ to *ange _! op9ions by suff]+ pa91 or by ! influ5ce ( en*antm5ts1 or ! lure ( pleasure1 or z a result ( fe>4 ,only ^? :o come out ( ! trials victori\s are to be made rul]s4 ,_! education is to be a rigid discipl9e1 & x is to cont9ue z long z !y live4 ,along ) ! te/s :i* !y mu/ endure1 ! "y are to gr[ up 9 a heal?y environm5t1 & 9 an atmosph]e ( simplicity4 ,fir/ a c5sor%ip is e/abli%$ to gu>d !m aga9/ evil influ5ces4 ,only au?oriz$ tales are to be told !m4 ,errone\s repres5tation ( ! gods is =bidd54 ,z ! "y _c judge :at is allegorical & :at is lit]al1 ! /ate is to det]m9e ! g5]al =ms 9 :i* ! poets may ca/ _! tales4 ,mo!rs may n fright5 *ildr5 ) my?s4 ,! ,gods mu/ nev] be repres5t$ z ! au?ors ( evil4 ,nor may "o be all[$ to say t wick$ m5 are (t5 happy & ! good mis]able4 ,else:]e ,plato says t no "o %all be p]mitt$ to travel abroad until he rea*es ! age ( =ty4 ,:5 he comes home he mu/ tell ! y\? t ! in/itutions ( o!r /ates are inf]ior to _! own4 ,if any man blasphemes1 he is to be put 9 ! re=matory = five ye>s4 ,if 9 ! end he rema9s unrep5tant he is to be put to dea?4 ,plato requires t ! "y receive tra9+ 9 gymna/ics & music be=e ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( music !y may n be all[$ to he>4 ,flute play]s are n to be admitt$ to ,plato's /ate4 ,^? :o are clev] at pantomime are to be exil$4 ,! !at] is fr[n$ ^u1 = ! gu>dians mu/ n be tra9$ to be imitators4 ,c]ta9ly !y may n le>n to imitate any k9d ( illib]alism or bas5ess4 ,9 _! act+ !y may n imitate slaves1 nor bad m51 nor madm51 nor ! neigh+ ( horses1 ! bell[+ ( bulls1 nor ! roll ( ?und]2 nor may !y repres5t smi?s1 boatswa9s1 or o!r artific]s4 ,& !y may n play ! "p ( a woman old or "y qu>rel+ ) h] husb&1 or 9 conceit ( h] happ9ess or :5 %e is 9 affliction or sorr[ or weep+--8& c]ta9ly n "o :o is 9 sickness1 love1 or labor40 ,!re mu/ be temp]ance & ord] & n too mu* laught]4 ,!re mu/ be no s5suality & co>s5ess4 ,!re w be no ne$ ( lawy]s & physicians4 8,!re c be no m disgraceful /ate ( education ?an ?is2 t n only artisans & ! mean] sort ( p ne$ ! skill ( fir/-rate physicians & judges1 b also ^? :o pr(ess to h _h a lib]al education40 ,?us w\ld ,plato direct ! e>ly education ( ! gu>dians ( ! /ate4 ,he has mu* m to say ab\t protect+ !m f :at he reg>ds z dang]\s influ5ces ?an ab\t ! subject matt] 9 :i* !y are to be tra9$4 ,8 gu>dians are to become noble m52 !y are n to be imitators or tra9$ animals or exploit]s or trad]s4 ,x is (t5 said by ^? :o believe 9 ! mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory t education is an in/rum5t = exploitation by ! rul+ class4 ,9 ,plato's /ate education is a m>k ( privilege1 b 8 ideal nobleman is a communi/4 ,he mu/ n t\* silv] or gold2 he mu/ live l a ,sp>tan4 ,he may call no?+ 8 own1 nei!r h\se nor wife nor *ild4 ,! rul]s are to be philosoph]s1 & philosoph]s1 k+s4 ,h5ce ! education ( lat] life is ! pursuit ( philosophy4 ,x is k ( ! idea ( ! good4 ,true k is drawn f )91 x is ! turn+ ( ! eyes t[>d ! light %$ by ! _w ( ! ,idea1 ! spiritual _w4 ,x is ! awak5+ ( memories ( ideas se5 by ! s\l ( an e>li] exi/5ce4 ,our _w ( concrete objects & ( s5se exp]i5ce _c give ?is k4 ,education deals almo/ :olly ) ab/ractions & ) univ]sals1 & its me?od is dialectic4 ,i ?9k t mu* ( ! illib]alism ( ,plato gr[s out ( 8 !ory ( k4 ,to him z to ,socrates1 k is ( univ]sals4 ,m]e aw>5ess ( concrete objects we w agree is n k4 ,if we only knew unrelat$ ?+s--j "o ?+ & !n ano!r1 z we h !m 9 s5se exp]i5ce1 we c\ld h k ( !m b n ab\t !m4 ,x is ! k ab\t ?+s t gives ! _w its mean+s4 ,mu* ( ! significance ( ?+s dep5ds ^u h[ we conceive _! relations4 ,e concept is an ab/raction2 x signifies n "s concrete fact1 b a class or a common quality :i* inh]es 9 a numb] ( objects4 ,s ! ,greeks s\ght to f9d concepts :i* w\ld n be self-contradictory & w\ld hold = all ( ! class to :i* !y 7 appli$1 & = no?+ else4 ,! ,greeks did n seek accurate in=mation conc]n+ facts4 ,!y believ$ !y _h exact k :5 !y _h discov]$ j :at !y meant by any concept4 ,!y _h almo/ no exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,!y _h begun to be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature b _! int]e/ 0 l>gely speculative z yet4 ,if !y _h possess$ ! mod]n sci5tific laboratory _! k c\ld /ill h be5 ab/ract b x w\ld h rema9$ k ab\t nature4 ,k w\ld h increas$ z m5 c>efully obs]v$ objects1 classifi$ !m1 /udi$ _! relations & made note ( ! *anges :i* take place "u fix$ conditions4 ,by ! me?od ( =m+ hypo!ses & !n try+ to v]ify !m by fact1 k c\ld h be5 at once bo? ( ! univ]sal & ( ! concrete4 ,x w\ld h be5 recogniz$ all along t univ]sals are m]ely descriptive t]ms signify+ common prop]ties & t !y d n /& = realities :i* are indep5d5t ( or outside ! sev]al individual objects 9 :i* ^! prop]ties are f\nd4 ,) ,socrates1 ,i believe1 k is ab\t univ]sals1 b he is prim>ily conc]n$ ) atta9+ cle> & workable ab/ractions1 t is1 he is int]e/$ *iefly 9 %>p5+ ! in/rum5ts ( ?9k+4 ,) ,plato ! int]e/ 9 ideas is v diff]5t4 ,he is a ma!matician4 ,he is fasc9at$ ) ideas ( numb] & ( geometrical =m4 ,ma!matics to _m m9ds seems to consi/ ( a _w ( pure reason :i* is m p]man5t ?an ! _w ( ?+s4 ,philosoph]s be=e ,plato _h wre/l$ ) ! problem ( *ange4 ,exi/5ce 0 se5 to be a /ream 9 :i* ev]y?+ is c>ri$ along t[>d its inevitable de/ruction4 ,e object at any mom5t is b ! cross-section ( ! process ( its becom+ some?+ diff]5t4 ,our bodies gr[ & p]i%1 s also does all pass away4 ,! riv]s run to ! sea1 ! plants die1 ! temples ( ! gods crumble4 ,ev5 ! m\nta9s are b waves on ! surface ( a sea ( "t into :i* all ?+s s9k & are lo/ =ev]4 ,h[ c ! tempor>y objects :i* :irl pa/ 9 ! c\rse ( _! trans=mation be said really to exi/8 ,exi/5ce surely mu/ be endurance4 ,i ?9k t ,plato1 l _m ?9k]s s9ce1 saw ! t]rify+ significance ( ! fl[ ( ?+s & s\ght security & 8reality0 9 some?+ p]man5t outside ! process ( *ange4 ,:at 0 m natural ?an t he %\ld turn to ! realm ( ab/ract ?\ght8 ,! objects we p]ceive *ange1 b a concept always means ! same4 ,! _w may pass away1 ?+s may ea* turn into o!r ?+s1 z wat] into vapor & fire to smoke & ! body to du/1 b two & two are /ill f\r1 & ! sum ( ! angles ( a triangle rema9s con/ant4 ,h5ce above & beh9d ! _w ( objects !re is a _w ( ideas into :i* ! tee? ( "t _c gnaw4 ,y h only to believe t ideas h an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! m9ds :i* ?9k !m & all is trans=m$4 ,in/antly y /ep out ( ,"t into ,et]nity2 =m )\t cont5t2 numb] )\t ?+s to be c\nt$2 common prop]ties ( objects /ripp$ ( ! objects 9 :i* su* prop]ties inh]e2 ! =ms ( logical disc\rse1 m9us ! ?+s talk$ ab\t & ! talk]s z well2 goodness1 )\t any?+ 9 p>ticul> to be good2 beauty 9 g5]al1 indep5d5t ( any concrete beautiful ?+1 tru? univ]sal & absolute & outside exp]i5ce4 ,all ?is is n[ ! real _w1 & ! _w ( tr\blesome1 fleet+ objects becomes a %ad[ & a delusion4 ,k is k ( ! 8real40 ,9 o!r words1 k is ab\t itself4 ,! m ab/ract & univ]sal an idea is ! m reality x has4 ,! m9d p]suades itself t x possesses ,be+1 ,motion1 ! ,good & ! ,beautiful m]ely by ! magic ( ?9k+ ab\t !m 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,! univ]se is trans=m$ into an ord]$ sy/em ( po/ulates & v]bal ex]cises4 ,education n[ is some?+ m ?an ! cl>ification ( concepts2 x is initiation into ! sup]world ( et]nal v]ities4 ,x is n my purpose to attempt a discussion ( ,platonic ,idealism4 ,x has fasc9at$ _m ( ! mo/ subtle m9ds ( ! race d[n to our own times4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( mu* ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,its re-affirmation at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance has br\ght ) x ! re/atem5t ( _m problems :i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "o's education4 ,my po9t is t ,plato ) all 8 g5ius contribut$ to ! tradition ( lib]al education a sy/em ( values v diff]5t f ! humanism & agno/icism ( ,socrates4 ,8 influ5ce has (t5 t5d$ to make ! aim ( education m]e intellectuality1 r ?an intellig5t grappl+ ) ! problems ( liv+1 & to trans=m ! se>* = ! good life into a flight f ! realities ( exp]i5ce4 ,g "o /ep fur!r & y l& 9 ascetic my/icism4 ,! ,s\l1 ! ,kn[]1 is no m at home 9 ! _w ( objects ?an is ! philosoph] 9 ! m>ket place4 ,x belongs to ! spiritual _w1 ! high] realms ( ,be+1 9 :i* ideas are =ev] pure & free ( di/ortion by matt]4 ,9 ! ,phd1 ,plato says t if we are to h pure k1 ! s\l mu/ be quit ( ! body :i* ev] ?w>ts x4 ,body & s\l belong to diff]5t worlds4 ,plato ?us prep>es ! way = ,/4 ,paul & 8 doctr9e t ! _s lu/e? aga9/ ! fle% & ! fle% aga9/ ! _s1 & t to be pres5t 9 ! body is to be abs5t f ! ,"l4 ,if matt] is corruption & mank9d is dur+ life *a9$ to ! mat]ial body1 human nature ceases to be tru/wor?y4 ,plato's di/ru/ ( human nature be>s fruit "s c5turies lat] 9 ! /atem5t t ! natural man is s9 & dea?1 & 9 ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation4 ,& unreg5]ate man is prone to error4 ,k ( ! tru? comes by div9e revelation & is to be su/a9$ by infallible au?ority4 ,diss5t is h]esy2 ass5t may be requir$ 9 ! int]e/ ( salvation4 ,we h n yet rea*$ ! position ( ,t]tullian1 8,i believe t :i* is absurd10 b ,platonism is head$ 9 t direction4 ,k :i* fe$s on itself 9 ! end eats itself up4 ,b !re is 9 ,plato some?+ ( f> great] educational importance ?an any metaphysic or !ory ( k4 ,:5 ,james said t 9 ! /udy ( ! classics "o le>ns to recognize human excell5ce1 ,i wond] if he _h ,plato 9 m9d4 ,i h no d\bt t ,nietzs*e 0 ?9k+ ( him :5 he turn$ to philosophy = an answ] to 8 "q1 8:at is noble80 ,"o :o delib]ately /rives to imitate ! mann]s & acquire ! virtues ( noble spirits1 is a prig & a cl[n4 ,b unless education ennobles ! m9d1 "o becomes only a well-in=m$ cad4 ,nietzs*e's catalogue ( noble traits is a little absurd4 ,we le>n :at is noble only :5 we see x4 ,& ef=ts at education 8= "*0 are little m ?an *eap conv5tional sub/itutes = su* excell5ce4 ,b !re is a l(t9ess & sweep 9 ,plato's ?\ght :i* are m ?an g5ius2 a graci\sness :i* is m ?an skill2 a s9c]ity :i* is m ?an moral e>ne/ness4 ,he has wre/l$ ) ! mo/ se>*+ problems t exi/5ce pres5ts to ! m9d ( man1 problems :i* ea* mu/ face & to :i* he mu/ give 8 answ] if ev] he is to become a ma/] _s4 ,w\ld y "k :at nobility ( m9d is8 ,/udy ,plato4 ,! tradition ( lib]al education is a gold5 ?read wov5 into ! fabric ( civilization4 ,view$ 9 ! p]spective ( hi/ory1 ! ?read is (t5 brok54 ,x is work$ into v>i\s patt]ns accord+ to ! div]g5t int]e/s ( successive ages1 ea* patt]n expressive ( ! values & mean+s :i* m5 once held important4 ,! patt]ns1 :e!r lovely or grotesque1 :e!r !y are wov5 9 or are m]ely appliqu1 are ! creations ( ! "t4 ,! ?read belongs to all times1 & :e!r = ?is tradition we are m indebt$ to ,plato ?an to ,ari/otle is a "q we leave to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,we are seek+ to "k :at ! tradition is4 ,i rec5tly he>d a tea*] ( philosophy say1 8,ari/otle is dead40 ,8 influ5ce has di$ _m times s9ce ! e>ly dea? ( 8 pupil1 ! ,mac$onian conqu]or1 left ! philosoph] to ! t5d] m]cies ( a suspici\s ,a!ns4 ,x w\ld seem t ! int]e/ 9 ,ari/otle dies1 only to reappe> subsequ5tly 9 new configurations4 ,he has some?+ t we always come back to :5 sanity returns aft] an epo* ( exagg]ation & ov]-emphasis4 ,if ,socrates is critical intellig5ce1 & ,plato nobility ( _s1 ,ari/otle is sanity4 ,all ?ree are ess5tials ( lib]al education4 ,"o c h>dly ov]-rate ! ext5t ( ,ari/otle's influ5ce ^u ! education ( we/]n ,europe4 ,= _m c5turies m5 spoke ( him z 8,! ,philosoph]10 drill$ _! m9ds 9 8 logic1 add$ little to 8 metaphysics1 8 natural philosophy1 8 pr9ciples ( e?ics & politics4 ,?ree p]iods ( intellectual awak5+ may be attribut$ l>gely to ! revival ( int]e/ 9 8 writ+s--t ( ,rome at ! "t ( ,cic]o1 ^: education & philosophy 0 ess5tially ,ari/otelian2 t ( ! brilliant ,arabic culture :i* prec$$ ! ,crusades2 & t ( ! s*ola/ic education ( we/]n ,europe1 at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! la/1 ,ari/otle's tea*+ 0 v mu* di/ort$ z a result ( !ological int]e/ & ( ignorance ( ! ,greek language2 & 8 hold ^u education _h ) mu* difficulty to be brok5 be=e m5 c\ld turn _! att5tion to ! /udy ( nature or develop a logic ( sci5ce4 ,ari/otle c\ld n h anticipat$ t 8 au?ority w\ld "o day become an ob/acle to ! /udy ( nature4 ,he himself 0 ! great naturali/ ( 8 age4 ,8 ext5sive "w ( rese>* & classification ( natural ph5om5a rema9$ unequall$ until mod]n times4 ,_h ! ,greeks n despis$ me*anics1 ,ari/otle might h possess$ ! necess>y in/rum5ts = sci5tific exp]im5t1 & our k ( nature might h be5 c5turies ahead ( :]e x is today4 ,unlike ,plato1 8 =m] ma/]1 ,ari/otle did n displace ! _w ( objects by a _w ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,he seems to h held t univ]sals are real1 b only z an acc\nt ( ! ord] :i* prevails 9 ! _w4 ,8 logic is prim>ily in/rum5tal4 ,8 :ole philosophy is an attempt at well-ord]$ common s5se4 ,! 8,politics0 & 8,e?ics0 conta9 ,ari/otle's philosophy ( education4 ,x is ! task ( ! legislator to consid] h[ 8 citiz5s may be good m54 ,?is is also ! task ( ! educator4 ,goodness is n repres5t$ z ob$i5ce to div9e comm&s4 ,nei!r is its aim t ( secur+ rew>d 9 a future life4 ,! aim ( goodness is ! good life1 & ! good life is ! happy life1 ! life t is liv$ well4 ,su* a life requires c]ta9 mat]ial goods1 also fri5d%ips1 heal?1 good looks1 leisure & aret4 ,!re is no ^w 9 ,engli% :i* is ! exact equival5t ( aret4 ,x is (t5 translat$ virtue1 or excell5ce4 ,b ,ari/otle has 9 m9d a def9ite quality ( excell5ce1 :i* includes di/9ction1 good bre$+1 self-comm&1 wisdom1 balance & poise1 & equanimity 9 all ?+s4 ,aret is ! art ( liv+4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ,ari/otle's ?\ght ?an t education %\ld become a sep>ate int]e/ or pursuit ( a k t has no?+ to d ) ! k9d ( life a man leads4 ,to 8 m9d ! c5tral "q = education is1 :at sort ( man is x mo/ desirable t "o %\ld become4 ,mod]ns may ju/ly criticise him because he omits any ref]5ce to "w1 o!r ?an to say t x is debas+4 ,8 philosophy ( education is t ( a leisure class4 ,& s9ce "w makes up ! great] portion ( mo/ m5's exp]i5ce 9 life1 x may be said t ,ari/otle w\ld tra9 m5 to possess ! subjective qualities ( virtue only1 & )\t ref]5ce to _! tasks & duties4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 8 !ory ( education has (t5 be5 s employ$4 ,i h already discuss$ at "s l5g? ! relation ( education to "w4 ,:ile ,ari/otle1 l o!rs ( 8 "t1 looks d[n ^u labor1 x does n foll[ t a man is necess>ily %ut (f f ! good life z ,ari/otle depicts x m]ely because he e>ns 8 own bread4 ,let u say t ,ari/otle is 9 error :5 he says t "w is debas+4 ,we may /ill hold t if 8 8good life0 is good at all1 x is good = ! man :o works = 8 liv+4 ,my po9t is t ?is philosophy ( education is n unrelat$ to ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 b t x po9ts out ^? habits :i* be/ enable "o to turn su* affairs to value & to happy use4 ,ari/otle has set =? 8 idea ( ! good man 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,! good is n ,plato's absolute or ideal good--good 9 g5]al2 x is happ9ess4 ,x is to be atta9$ n m]ely by philosophical speculation1 b by 8an en]gy ( ! s\l accord+ to reason10 by well-consid]$ habits ( *oos+4 ,happ9ess is ! aim ( all k & ( e act4 ,b ! educat$ d n agree ) ! vulg> z to :at x is4 ,! latt] believe x to be ! accid5t ( good =tune4 ,! =m] hold t x is ! result ( virtue4 ,virtues are praisewor?y habits4 8,virtue0 !re=e is a habit accompani$ ) delib]ate pref]5ce1 9 ! relative mean def9$ by reason1 & z ! prud5t man w\ld def9e x1 8,x is ! mean /ate betwe5 two vices1 "o 9 excess1 ! o!r 9 defect4 ,temp]ance & c\rage are de/roy$ bo? by ! excess & ! defect1 b are pres]v$ by ! mean4 ,virtues are nei!r passions nor capacities40 ,!y are n m]e moral en?usiasms nor any subjective /ate ( m9d4 ,wisdom & delib]ation are requir$ = virtue4 ,! good man is ! educat$ man4 ,education is n m]ely ! tea*+ ( morals1 or ! lay+ d[n rules = behavior4 ,! virtu\s habits are n acquir$ by rote nor ex]cis$ automatically4 ,! habit ( virtue is t ( appropriate response to ! situation1 ! response :i* is "r because 8no?+ may be0 tak5 away f x nor add$ to x )\t caus+ x to t5d t[>d vici\s excess or defect4 ,!re mu/ be discrim9ation or "o w g to extreme4 ,c\rage is n m]e brav]y2 x is t well-consid]$ 8mean /ate0 betwe5 fe> & ov]-confid5ce4 ,ari/otle quotes ,socrates to ! effect t c\rage is a 8k9d ( sci5ce40 ,! temp]ate man does n feel desire 8except 9 mod]ation1 nor m ?an he ought1 nor 9 any case improp]ly40 ,he does n desire ?+s :i* are di%onorable or beyond 8 means4 ,he is 9 ! mean 9 all ?+s1 8 desires are 8accord+ to ! sugge/ions ( "r reason40 ,lib]ality is ! mean betwe5 prodigality & /+9ess4 ,x is n virtu\s to give unless "o gives wisely4 8,! lib]al man !re=e w give = ! sake ( ! honorable1 & he w give prop]ly = he w give to prop] objects1 9 prop] quantities1 at prop] times1 & 8 giv+ w h all ! o!r qualities ( "r giv+1 & he w d ?is pleasantly & )\t pa92 = t :i* is done accord+ to virtue is pleasant40444 8,b if x %\ld happ5 to a lib]al man to sp5d 9 a mann] inconsi/5t ) propriety & :at is honorable1 he w feel pa91 b only mod]ately & z he ought1 = x is *>act]i/ic ( virtue to feel pleasure & pa9 at prop] objects1 & 9 a prop] mann]40 ,magnanimity is a virtue if accompani$ by intellig5ce4 ,! magnanim\s are conc]n$ ) honor4 ,he :o be+ really wor?y1 e/imates 8 own wor? highly1 is magnanim\s4 ,he ^: wor? is l[ & :o e/imates x l[ly is n magnanim\s1 b mode/4 ,he :o e/imates 8 wor? lightly :5 he is really unwor?y is va94 ,he :o e/imates x less highly ?an x des]ves is 8little-m9d$40 ,9 good or bad =tune1 ! magnanim\s w behave ) mod]ation1 he w n be too mu* delight$ ) success nor too mu* griev$ at failure4 ,he mu/ take m c>e = tru? ?an = ! good op9ion ( m54 ,he w n be s]vile1 = all flatt]]s are m]c5>y & l[-m9d$4 ,he w n be giv5 to ! habit ( too mu* admir+ ! great1 nor w he be fond ( talk+ ab\t himself or ab\t o!r p2 he w n recollect injuries1 nor be ov]-anxi\s1 nor dispos$ to praise or blame4 8,! /ep ( ! magnanim\s man is sl[1 8 voice deep & 8 language /eady3 = he :o only feels anxiety ab\t a few ?+s is n apt to be 9 a hurry3 & he :o ?9ks highly ( no?+ is n vehem5t & %rillness & quickness ( speak+ arise f ^! ?+s4444 ,b va9 m5 are fooli% & ignorant ( !mselves 444 little-m9d$ness is m oppos$ to magnanimity ?an vanity1 = x is (t5] f\nd & is worse40 ,h5ce a j appreciation ( "o's wor?--k ( self1 z ,socrates w\ld h said--is ess5tial to ,ari/otle's ideal man4 ,fur!rmore1 meekness is a virtue only :5 x is a sign ( intellig5ce4 8,he :o feels ang] on prop] occasions1 at prop] p]sons1 & besides 9 a prop] mann]1 at prop] times1 & = a prop] l5g? ( "t is an object ( praise40 ,! meek man is n c>ri$ away by passion4 ,he :o is excessively s5sitive to ang] is irascible4 ,he :o is uns5sitive is a fool4 ,ev5 ! virtue ( tru?fulness mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 mod]ation & ) good judgm5t4 ,! excess ( x is arrogance1 ! defect is cunn+ or false mode/y4 ,wit is also a virtue2 ! excess1 ,ari/otle says1 is buffoon]y or s>casm1 ! defect is cl[ni%ness4 ,ju/ice is discuss$ 9 a mann] q diff]5t f t ( ,plato4 ,! problem ( univ]sal ju/ice is dismiss$1 & ju/ice is consid]$ 9 relation to v>i\s transactions betwe5 man & man4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( def9+ 8"r reason40 ,ari/otle turns to a discussion ( ,prud5ce1 ,intellig5ce1 ,delib]ation1 ,wisdom4 ,he says1 8,x is n suffici5t to "k ! !ory ( virtue10--! end is 9 8practical matt]s40 ,ari/otle holds ! relation ( morals to education is mu* ! same z t :i* we f\nd x to be 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,m]e precept & example are n en\gh2 !re mu/ be g5]al culture1 & education %\ld ext5d ?r\gh\t a lifetime4 8,b reason+ & tea*+1 x is to be fe>$1 w n avail 9 e case1 b ! m9d ( ! he>] mu/ be previ\sly cultivat$ by habits to feel pleasure & av]sion prop]ly j z ! soil mu/ be :i* n\ri%es ! se$4 ,= he :o lives 9 ob$i5ce to passion w\ld n li/5 to reason+ :i* turns him away f x3 nay m1 he w\ld n und]/& x4 ,& h[ is x possible to *ange ! convictions ( su* a man z ?is8 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s t passion does n submit to reason+1 b to =ce4444 8,p]haps x is n suffici5t t we %\ld meet ) good education :5 "y3 b s9ce :5 we arrive at manhood we ought also /udy & practice :at we h le>nt we %\ld require laws also = ?is purpose40 ,ari/otle discusses ! desirability ( public education4 ,he ?9ks t fir/ m5 mu/ become fitt$ = ! duties ( ! legislator4 ,& s9ce1 he says1 all previ\s writ]s h discuss$ ! subject ( politics )\t sci5tific exam9ation ( ! subject1 he proposes to und]take su* an exam9ation = himself4 ,let u note t nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle :5 consid]+ ! good life1 ?9ks t ! individual may atta9 x 9 isolation4 ,x is n m]ely a quality ( ! s\l1 b has to d ) all ( "o's human relation%ips4 ,ari/otle says t x is v difficult = ! "y to receive a good education "u a bad gov]nm5t4 ,he w\ld seem to make ! /ate & ! laws a means to education4 ,& x is ! aim ( bo? ! /ate & education to enable ! citiz5 to live happily4 ,education is tra9+ 9 wisdom & virtue1 & ! ex]cise ( ^! is fre$om4 ,^? :o are incapable ( education are slaves by nature2 ^? :o obey only passion & ab/a9 f vici\s ?+s n because !y are disgraceful b = fe> ( puni%m5t1 _c be reason$ )2 !y mu/ be re/ra9$ by =ce4 ,education is lib]al 9 t x enables a man to gov]n himself4 ,9 comp>ison ) ,plato1 ,ari/otle appe>s prosaic1 worldly1 & lack+ 9 *>m & humor4 ,mu* t he says appe>s to u platitud9\s1 = ! same reason t ! woman f\nd ,%akespe>e's dramas full ( famili> quotations4 ,we =get h[ subv]sive ( conv5tion & dogma x is to f\nd ! good life 9 ! life ( reason4 ,ari/otle has pass$ by my?ology & tradition & ! sanctions ( religion & has a*iev$ a purely secul> guide to conduct4 ,he has made fre$om & happ9ess ! goal ( virtue & education1 & has done ?is )\t desc5d+ to utilit>ianism4 ,he has made "r reason ! /&>d ( life & has at ! same "t giv5 to ! /&>d an /hetic valuation4 ,he has l9k$ education ) conduct1 & sugge/$ a moral tra9+ :i* gives human nature cr$it = "s degree ( intellig5ce4 ,ari/otle is no long] 8! ,philosoph]40 ,education 9 ! mod]n _w is necess>ily set to tasks v diff]5t f ^? ( anci5t ,greece4 ,b ! good life is /ill ! goal1 & ,ari/otle's good man has rema9$ "o ( ! ideals ( lib]al education4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,humanism3 ,,erasmus ,,& ,,montaigne ,ea* man's education is a unique a*ievem5t4 ,!re are z _m k9ds ( education z !re are k9ds ( m54 ,9 e educat$ m9d !re is a mixture ( temp]am5t & le>n+1 a selection & emphasis1 an elusive quality l t :i* haunts a "w ( art4 ,we may recognize ?is elusive some?+ b we _c def9e x or describe x4 ,su* words z wisdom1 virtue1 indep5d5ce ( judgm5t1 fre$om1 _c give u ! mean+ ( education4 ,we mu/ "k ! educat$ man4 ,if y read & und]/& ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam1 y w see :at education is bett] ?an if y read all ! books writt5 ab\t !ories ( education4 ,a lib]ally educat$ p]son is l ,erasmus4 ,i d n mean t ,erasmus is ! only type ( educat$ m9d1 or t ! educat$ man is l him 9 all respects4 ,c]ta9ly ,i w\ld n sugge/ t "o liv+ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury %\ld /rive to imitate a s*ol> :o liv$ 9 ! fifte5?4 ,*ange ( environm5t calls = a diff]5t response4 ,b !re are c]ta9 con/ant factors4 ,new modes ( response may be necess>y 9 ord] to recreate ! values :i* m5 ( o!r times discov]$1 values ! loss ( :i* 9 our times w\ld *eap5 our :ole exi/5ce4 ,if ?is 7 n s !re w\ld be no po9t 9 try+ to le>n any?+ f m5 ( o!r times4 ,!re are ^? :o h su* fai? 9 ! infallibility ( contempor>y op9ion t !y are conv9c$ ! pa/ has no?+ to tea* u4 ,! ways ( ! pres5t are 8progress10 & progress is its own crit]ion ( ! good & ne$s no o!r guide ?an ! int]e/s ( ! h\r4 ,su* p]sons are usually to be f\nd *e]+ = 8! late/ ?+40 ,z a rule !y are p )\t backgr\nd or res]ve4 ,we live 9 ! pres5t1 to be sure4 ,b if we are really to live 9 x & are n cont5t m]ely to act a "p 9 ! pass+ %[1 we mu/ consid] ! values :i* are at issue 9 ! responses we make4 ,to t end !re is enlight5m5t 9 kn[+ ! values = :i* o!r m5 ( o!r times /ruggl$4 ,! k9d ( liv+ we are to a*ieve ) our environm5t is n det]m9$ by ! environm5t itself1 b by ! k9d ( m5 & wom5 we are--by :at we br+ to our environm5t f ! wide/ possible k ( :at is wor? do+4 ,m5 l ,erasmus & ,montaigne liv$ bett] lives ?an mo/ ( _! contempor>ies because ( ! wisdom ( ! ages t 0 9 !m4 ,x may be said t o!r m5 9 _! times also %>$ ?is anci5t k1 = 0 n ,! ,revival ( ,le>n+ at its height8 ,_m did & 7 bett] m5 = x4 ,_m 7 fasc9at$ by ! ,r5aissance :o m]ely %>$ its ext]nalities b did n !reby become wis] m52 !y rema9$ creatures ( _! own times4 ,x became 8! late/ ?+0 to ape ! anci5ts )\t und]/&+ !m4 ,among obscuranti/s1 & fanatics & corruptioni/s1 ,erasmus & ,montaigne liv$ l educat$ m54 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x 0 said1 8,:atev] is arti/ic1 f9i%$1 le>n$ & wise is call$ ,erasmian40 ,x is difficult to speak ( ,erasmus except 9 t]ms ( ! sup]lative4 ,! mo/ broadly educat$ man ( 8 times1 he 0 n only ! repres5tative s*ol> ( 8 g5]ation2 he rema9s an example to u all ( ! truly civiliz$ man4 ,8 poli%$ wit1 8 humanity1 8 g5tle irony1 8 unfail+ reasonabl5ess1 8 ability to see ?r\gh cant & sup]/ition1 8 philosophic calm 9 ! mid/ ( int5se p>tisan /rife1 8 good ta/e & s5se ( proportion3 ^! qualities ( m9d belong to no "o age1 !y are ! con/ants ( :i* ,i spoke a mom5t ago2 !y are ! ess5tials ( a civiliz$ attitude t[>d life 9 any age4 ,)\t !m man is a b>b>ian4 ,! ,great ,humani/ saw z no "o else did ! spiritual significance ( ! revival ( le>n+1 & he came to repres5t all t 0 be/ 9 x4 ,s*ol>%ip to him 0 m ?an erudition & p$antry & lit]>y /yle4 ,he f\nd 9 classic lit]ature a w9d[ op5+ ^u a new vision ( ! mean+ & possibilities ( liv+4 ,he became ! *ampion ( a new way ( life & ?\ght4 ,pa/ & pres5t met & m+l$ 9 8 ?\ght & became a new life ( reason4 8,he quietly /epp$ out ( m$ievalism10 ! fir/ mod]n man1 ! =]unn] ( ,desc>tes & ,voltaire4 ,9 a "t :5 all human int]e/s 7 subm]g$ 9 religion1 ,erasmus s\ght to humanize ! ,*ur*1 & leave x an int]national fell[%ip ( culture1 free ( dogma & sup]/ition4 ,he turns f k ( div9e ?+s to human lett]s z ! guide to liv+1 & f bl9d fai? to reason4 ,! ,gospel becomes = him ! 8philosophy ( ,*ri/40 ,) equal imp>tiality he c\ld translate ! mock+ dialogues ( ,lucian & provide ! com+ ,re=mation ) its fir/ /&>d ,greek text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 boldness 9 omitt+ passages f ?is latt] "w1 :i* he f\nd n to be au!ntic1 & 8 occasional unconv5tional comm5t>y on ! text br\ght him "u ! suspicion ( be+ at he>t a sceptic & a h]etic4 ,) bigotry & p]secution almo/ univ]sal all ar\nd him1 ,erasmus taught tol]ance1 mod]ation1 respect = tru?4 ,9 a spl5did biographical /udy1 ,pr(essor ,pres]v$ ,smi? says t ,erasmus's 8,colloquies0 did m = ! spread ( lib]al ideas ?an any book ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r hi/orian says1 8,almo/ all ! lib]at+ ideas on :i* ! int]national culture ( ! pres5t re/s1 are pres5t 9 g]m 9 8 ?\ght40 ,! cont95t ( ,europe 9 ! ye> fifte5 hundr$ 0 culturally f> inf]ior to ,asia4 ,comp>$ to ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome1 all ,*ri/5dom 0 b>b>ian4 ,! wave ( int]e/ 9 education :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury _h caus$ ! univ]sities to become cr[d$1 :ile x _h n pass$1 _h subsid$ into a dull s*ola/ic dialectic4 ,education _h little effect ^u ! life ( ! masses or _! rul]s4 ,9 ,italy art & lett]s 7 break+ away f religi\s tradition1 b ! new _s :i* prevail$ at ,flor5ce1 ,padua1 & ,rome _h little sway nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,m$ival ,*ri/ianity _h rea*$ its culm9ation & 0 9 a p]iod ( moral & intellectual decl9e4 ,?\ghtful m5 ev]y:]e 7 dissatisfi$4 ,! "t 0 soon to come :5 ?is dissatisfaction c\ld no long] be held 9 re/ra9t1 :5 ?r\gh\t a c5tury ( blood%$1 civil w>1 & viol5ce & hatr$ su* z ,europe _h nev] kn[n1 ! ,*ur* w\ld be torn asund] & an>*y & t]ror reign until mod]n nationalism & indu/rialism c\ld pa9fully em]ge f ! sm\ld]+ ru9s4 ,x is said t :5 ,leo ,x asc5d$ ! ,papal ?rone1 !re 0 plac$ above 8 head 9 ,lat9 ! inscription1 8,nunc tempora ,pallas habet10--,n[ ,a!ne reigns4 ,n _m ye>s 7 to pass be=e ! sacr$ walls1 :i* _h "u ! ,pontificate ( 8 pr$ecessor be5 decorat$ by ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael1 7 to e*o ! s\nd ( *ur* bells r++ out ! tid+s ( ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,day4 ,soon all ov] ,europe ! floodgates w\ld be op5 & ,*ri/5dom w\ld be inundat$ by torr5ts ( fury4 ,soon 9 def5se ( ! sacr$ ,gospel1 ,*ri/ians w\ld te> at ,*ri/ians' ?roats4 ,) in/rum5ts ( iron1 tongues w\ld be wr5*$ f ! m\?s ( m5 & wom51 eyes g\g$ f _! sockets1 limbs brok5 on ! rack4 ,! b$ ( torture & ! heap ( burn+ faggots w\ld become commonplace spectacles = ! public to gaze ^u4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s & m ,europe 0 to be ablaze ) w> on e h&1 until x %\ld s9k exhau/$ by ! mutual de/ruction ( ,*ri/ian armies into almo/ unimag9able mis]y & pov]ty4 ,& ?is /ruggle :i* 0 de/9$ to bre$ hatr$s & sect>ian divisions la/+ ev5 till today1 might h be5 avoid$1 probably c\ld h be5 av]t$1 c\ld ! _s ( ,erasmus h prevail$4 ,prote/ants hold ! ,ca?olics responsible = ! horrors ( ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ca?olics hold ! ,prote/ants responsible4 ,bo? 7 equally guilty1 = !y 7 equally ignorant & b>b>\s & delud$ ) sup]/ition4 ,?is is ! k9d ( ?+ t happ5s & always w happ5 :5 ignorance breaks loose 9 ! _w4 ,!n 9 ! g5]al madness ev5 le>n$ m5 l ,melan*?on & colampadius & ! ,m$icis lose _! poise & become p>tisans4 ,erasmus dur+ ! mo/ try+ "t kept 8 sanity4 ,& bo? sides d5\nc$ him bitt]ly4 ,he 0 accus$ ( tak+ a c[>dly middle ( ! road position4 ,:at nei!r gr\p ( militant p>tisans c\ld see 0 t ,erasmus1 f> f be+ 9 ! middle ( ! road1 0 n on _! wret*$ highway at all4 ,he rema9$ true to ! issue = :i* he _h /ruggl$ f ! fir/4 ,erasmus saw t :at 0 wrong ) ,europe1 inde$ :at really gave rise to ! abuses ( m$ival society1 0 b>b>ism sanction$ by religi\s sup]/ition4 ,he knew t vice & folly & brutality & hypocrisy 7 n to be remov$ by religi\s w>f>e1 b r deep5$4 ,he saw ! same _s ( doctr9aire s*ola/icism1 ! same intol]ance & cruelty & pi\s ignorance on bo? sides ( ! com+ controv]sy4 ,he knew t conditions c\ld be improv$ only :5 ! lead+ m9ds ( contempor>y ,europe c\ld acquire ! dec5cies :i* *>act]ize ! lib]ally educat$ ( all times4 ,:e!r hi/ory has v9dicat$ ,erasmus 9 ?is conviction ( 8 is a matt] conc]n+ :i* op9ions diff]4 ,i ?9k x has4 ,su* lib]ty & cultural progress z ! mod]n _w enjoys x w\ld seem to h d]iv$ f ! ,erasmian tradition1 n t ( ,lu!r1 ,calv9 or ,wesley4 ,prote/antism )\t ! humanism ( ,erasmus is ,fundam5talism4 ,& conv]sely1 ,p>is & ,vi5na & ,muni* are nom9ally ,ca?olic1 b !y h kn[n ! influ5ce ( ,erasmus & ,voltaire to a degree t _m ,prote/ant communities h n kn[n su* influ5ce1 & s f> z ! advance ( civilization is conc]n$1 ,i ?9k t life 9 su* localities w comp>e r favorably ) t ( c]ta9 /rictly ,prote/ant communities4 ,i believe t ^? movem5ts ( ! pres5t day :i* h greate/ spiritual significance & value--mod]nism 9 religion1 lib]alism 9 education1 ! dawn+ recognition ( ! necessity ( intellig5ce & ( individual responsibility 9 matt]s ( belief & conduct1 ef=ts = ! humanization ( indu/ry & ! /ate--are b ! belat$ resumption ( ! humaniz+ "w begun 9 nor!rn ,europe by ,erasmus & o!rs & brok5 (f by ! ,re=mation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,re=mation is n ! cont9uation ( ! ,r5aissance1 b w\ld appe> to h be5 some?+ ( a b\rgeois reaction aga9/ x4 ,long be=e ! /orm broke1 ,erasmus 0 c>ry+ on a brave "w aga9/ ignorance & obscurantism4 ,9 our times1 we h se5 some?+ ( ! conflict ( sci5ce ) !ology4 ,?is issue is tame 9 comp>ison ) ! conflict ( !ology ) ,humanism :i* occupi$ s*ol>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is difficult = u n[ to imag9e t !re c\ld be bitt] opposition to ! tea*+ ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek lit]atures4 ,! issue is blurr$ = u4 ,!ologians are less acrimoni\s ?an !y once 71 & ,s*ola/icism has long be5 on ! decl9e4 ,! classics moreov]1 are taught 9 su* a mann] t few /ud5ts see ! deep spiritual *asm :i* sep>ates ! ,*ri/ian approa* to life f t ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek poets & philosoph]s4 ,x 0 pretty well recogniz$ on bo? sides ( ! dispute t ! anci5ts 7 pagans1 rank hea!n4 ,^? :o oppos$ ^! un*ri/ian writ]s did s = mu* ! same reason t e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 ! second c5tury _h assail$ 8! pres5t evil _w0 & all its works4 ,9 ,italy ! ,r5aissance t5d$ = a "t to take on a def9itely pagan aspect4 ,imitation ( ! anci5ts became a r ridicul\s ge/ure1 & ! fad 0 (t5 c>ri$ to extremes :i* 7 little less ?an *ildi%4 ,c>d9als assum$ ! spee* & mann]s ( anci5t ,roman s5ators4 ,s]mons 7 prea*$ 9 sonor\s ,cic]onian /yle4 ,9 c]ta9 qu>t]s ,*ri/ 0 id5tifi$ ) ,apollo1 & ,god ! ,fa!r ) ,jupit]4 ,nuns 7 spok5 ( z 8ve/al virg9s10 & pa9t]s & sculptors creat$ figures ( ,m>s & ,v5us & m+l$ ^! & o!r hea!n idols ) ! images ( ! sa9ts4 ,! app>5t sympa?y ( high ecclesia/ical p]sonages ) su* go+s on 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! ho/ility to ! ,papacy :i* lat] swept ov] nor!rn ,europe4 ,! sanity ( ,erasmus sav$ him & help$ save ! revival ( le>n+ f su* sup]ficiality4 ,he f\nd 9 ,humanism a balanc$ & s]i\s wisdom :i* he /rove to comb9e ) ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( life4 ,! syn!sis he a*iev$ 0 n a new sy/em ( !ology2 x 0 ! gradual m]g+ ( an old] outlook ^u life into a new outlook1 a trans=mation ( intellectual int]e/s4 ,pr(essor ,smi? quotes a passage :i* indicates some?+ ( ,erasmus's position reg>d+ ! classics4 ,t ?is lit]ature 0 pagan he well knew1 b its paganism did n to 8 m9d exclude x f ! spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,he says ( an essay ( ,cic]o's1 8,a hea!n wrote ?is to hea!n & yet 8 moral pr9ciples h ju/ice1 s9c]ity1 tru?1 fidelity to nature2 no?+ false or c>eless is 9 !m40 8,:5 ,i read c]ta9 passages ( ^! great m51 444 ,i c h>dly refra9 f say+1 #8,/4 ,socrates1 pray = me4'0 ,erasmus f\nd himself ! lead] ( ,humanism z an educational movem5t4 ,he /at$ ! issue 9 precisely ! t]ms t gave s9c]e & intellig5t m5 a new vision ( ! spiritual life4 ,& he did x ) su* a weal? ( le>n+1 su* reasonabl5ess1 su* unansw]able irony & wit t 8 "n became ! symbol ( ! new s*ol>%ip4 ,8 books _h a l>g] circulation ?an ^? ( any o!r writ] ( 8 g5]ation4 ,& z = _m ye>s he travell$ ab\t ,europe1 mov+ f "o c5t] ( le>n+ to ano!r1 8 com+ 0 hail$ ) triumph4 ,s*ol>s ev]y:]e att5d$ him1 sat at 8 feet1 took up ! cause he *ampion$4 ,! ,humani/s 7 w9n+ victory aft] victory & c\ld look =w>d to ! triumph ( _! movem5t 9 ! education ( we/]n ,europe4 ,h[ rapidly ! spread & advance ( culture might h proce$$ or :at directions x might h tak5 if m5's ?\ghts _h n be5 turn$ aga9 to !ological controv]sy & to bitt] w>f>e1 no "o c say4 ,p]haps ! masses 7 n prep>$ to accept or tol]ate s sudd5 a *ange z t = :i* ,erasmus /rove1 = ,humanism 0 a mu* m radical dep>ture f ! m5tal habits & /&>ds ( value ( ! ,middle ,ages ?an 0 ,prote/antism4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,r5aissance did n accept ! ,re=mation because !y reg>d$ x z a backw>d /ep4 ,p]haps !y _h !mselves gone too f> ahead4 ,p]haps ! repres5tation ( ! good man z ! intellig5t man1 an anci5t ,greek idea :i* ! ,humani/s reviv$1 w always be (f5sive to ! masses4 ,erasmus seem$--he /ill seems to _m--to h lack$ moral e>ne/ness4 ,he g5]at$ light & :at mank9d wants is heat4 ,at any rate1 ! masses 9 ! nations :]e ! new s*ol>%ip 0 be+ c>ri$1 %[$ t !y did n want ! pagan wisdom4 ,in/ead !y sudd5ly became possess$ ) a long+ = ! primitive fai? ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 or :at !y ?\ght 0 t fai?4 ,!y foll[$ ! lead] :o gave !m n insight1 b a moral issue4 ,bo? ,lu!r & ,erasmus _h visit$ ,rome4 ,ea* 0 impress$ by ! 8sight ( antique monum5ts40 ,ea* saw evid5ce ( ! corruption & v5iality :i* along ) luxury surr\nd$ ! gay ,papal c\rt4 ,lu!r lat] spoke ( ,rome z ! 8s9k ( e abom9ation10 a conviction :i* d\btless _h mu* to d ) det]m9+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* l$ to 8 break ) ,papal au?ority4 ,( ! effect ( all ?is on ! m9d ( ,erasmus1 we h ! record 9 a book1 "o ( ! great classics ( lit]ature1 8,9 ,praise ( ,folly40 ,9 ! lett] ( d$ication to 8 fri5d ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ,erasmus says t 9 8 late travels f ,italy1 t he might n trifle away 8 "t 9 ! rehe>sal ( old wives' fables1 he began reflect+ ^u 8 pa/ /udies1 & ?\ght x good to div]t himself by draw+ up a 8panegyrick ^u ,folly40 ,he sugge/s t ?is trifl+ may be a :et to m s]i\s ?\ght & t 8comical matt]s may be s treat$ (1 z t a read] ( ord9>y s5se may possibly !nce reap m advantage ?an f "s m big & /ately argum5t40 ,he h9ts t he does n wi% to be s c>p+ t he w fail to in/ruct1 & says t he :o po9ts indiff]5tly at all1 c h>dly be accus$ ( be+ angry ) any "o man or "o vice4 ,& he wond]s at ! 8t5d] humor0 ( an age 9 :i* "s are s 8prepo/]\sly dev\t t !y w\ld soon] w9k at ! greate/ affront aga9/ our ,savi\r1 ?an be cont5t t a pr9ce or a pope %\ld be nettl$ ) ! lea/ joke or gird1 especially 9 :at relates to _! ord9>y cu/oms40 ,"h we h ! *>act]i/ic reactions ( two contra/+ types ( m5 :o probably c nev] und]/& ea* o!r4 ,to ,lu!r ! vices ( ,rome are s92 to ,erasmus !y are folly4 ,! "o is fill$ ) moral indignation at ! iniquity ( ! _w1 & ru%es into ! fray to /amp x out1 puts x on ! def5sive1 attacks x 9 its /ronghold4 ,! o!r makes iniquity ridicul\s1 r5d]s x def5seless by laugh+ away its pretexts at ju/ification1 %[+ x to itself z folly & rem9d+ all m5 t _! fooli%ness may be remov$ only by wisdom4 ,no d\bt )\t m moral indignation 9 ! _w ?an ,erasmus seems to h %[n !re w\ld be too easy tol]ance ( abuse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t 8 insight & scepticism & irony1 indignation turns to malice1 m5 lose _! p]spective1 & _! p[] ( self-criticism2 !y become s int5t ^u ! /ruggle = righte\sness t !y =get :at !y are /ruggl+ =1 & :5 ! great cause f9ally triumphs1 x c>ries to victory ! same old iniquities 9 new dress4 ,x is evid5t f a read+ ( 8,9 ,praise ( ,folly0 t ,erasmus' ?\ght made deep] inroads into ! v _s ( ,m$ival ?\ght & religion ?an did ,lu!r's moral indignation4 ,x und]m9$ _m ?+s t ! ,re=m] left /&+4 8,9 ,praise ( ,folly0 0 writt5 eight ye>s be=e ,lu!r's break ) ! ,pope1 & x reveals a m9d emancipat$ f mu* m ?an ! ,papacy4 ,! man :o c\ld write ?is satire mu/ h reg>d$ ! ,re=mation z a qu>rel :i* dealt ) only ! surface ( ! problem4 ,i d n wond] t lat] bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants consid]$ him a sceptic4 ,x is my belief t he 0 too sceptical to become greatly excit$ ab\t ! ,re=mation4 ,he is impress$ ) ! :ole /upid com$y ( ! life ab\t him4 ,k ( ?is book %\ld be "p ( e man's education4 ,x has mu* m ?an a hi/orical int]e/ = ! mod]n /ud5t4 ,9 =m x is an oration :i* ,folly deliv]s 9 praise ( h]self4 ,%e makes a good case2 p]haps too good a case4 ,folly says t h[ev] slightly %e is e/eem$ 9 ! common vogue ( ! _w--be+ (t5 decri$ ev5 by ^? :o are !mselves ! greate/ fools--yet %e is ! deity :o really rules ! _w & is ! s\rce ( mo/ m5's happ9ess4 8,at fir/ sight ( me y all unmask & appe> 9 m lively colors40 ,)\t ,folly society w\ld g to pieces4 ,inde$ no "o w\ld ev] be born1 = w\ld wom5 ev] h *ildr5 or m>ry except = ,folly8 ,& except = ,folly m>riages w\ld be few & divorces _m4 ,h[ c\ld ! gov]nm5t exi/ )\t ,folly8 ,h n wise legislators 9 all times recogniz$ ! necessity ( fool+ ! p8 ,aft] %[+ h[ ,folly reigns 9 ! arts & ! pr(essions1 & h[ ea* nation has its pet folly & self-conceit1 ! speak] sums up1 8,i am s communicative & b\ntiful z to let no p>ticul> p]son pass )\t "s tok5 ( my favor1 :]eas o!r deities be/[ gifts sp>+ly & to _! elects only40 ,let u note ?is ref]5ce to ,folly z 8deity40 ,does ,erasmus mean to imply t ,folly is ! deity t mank9d really wor%ips & has be5 wor%ipp+ all ! :ile8 ,he makes ,folly say1 8,well1 b !re are none 7say y7 build any alt>s1 or d$icate any temple to ,folly4 ,i admire 7z ,i h be=e intimat$7 t ! _w %\ld be s wret*$ly ungrateful4 ,b ,i am s good natur$ z to pass by & p>don ?is seem+ affront1 ?\gh inde$ ! *>ge !re(1 z unnecess>y1 may well be sav$2 = to :at purpose %\ld ,i dem& ! sacrifice ( frank9c5se1 cakes1 goats1 & sw9e1 s9ce all p]sons ev]y:]e pay me t m acceptable s]vice1 :i* all div9es agree to be m effectual & m]itori\s1 namely1 an imitation ( my communicable attributes8444 ,f>!r1 :y %\ld ,i desire a temple1 s9ce ! :ole _w is b "o ample cont9u$ *oir1 entirely d$icat$ to my use & s]vice8 ,nor d ,i want wor%ipp]s at any place :]e ! e>? wants n inhabitants4 ,& z to ! mann] ( my wor%ip1 ,i am n yet s irrecov]ably fooli%1 z to be pray$ to by proxy1 & to h my hon\r int]m$iately be/[$ ^u images & pictures1 :i* q subv]t ! true end ( religion44440 ,b ,folly has n "t to rec\nt all ! fooli%ness ( ! ignorant1 nei!r is x necess>y4 ,%e conf9es h]self to ! follies ( ^? :o make pret5se ( wisdom4 ,( ^! ! !ologians d\btless 8lea/ l to be rem9d$ ( _! dep5d5ce ^u ,folly10 b 9 evid5ce ( ?is fact1 8,!y w cut asund] ! t\ghe/ argum5t ) z mu* ease z ,alex&] did ! ,gordian knot2 !y w ?und] out s _m rattl+ t]ms z %all fright an adv]s>y into conviction4 ,!y are exquisitely dext]\s 9 unfold+ ! mo/ intricate my/]ies2 !y w tell y to a tittle all ! successive proce$+s ( omnipot5ce 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se2 !y w expla9 ! precise mann] ( orig9al s9 be+ d]iv$ f our fir/ p>5ts2 !y w satisfy y 9 :at mann]1 by :at degrees1 & 9 h[ long a "t our ,savi\r 0 conceiv$ 9 ! ,virg9's womb1 & demon/rate 9 ! consecrat$ waf] h[ accid5ts may subsi/ )\t a subject4 ,nay1 ^! are acc\nt$ trivial1 easy que/ions2 !y h yet f> great] difficulties beh9d1 :i* no?)/&+ !y solve ) z mu* exp$ition z ! =m]2 444 :e!r ,*ri/1 z a son1 be>s a d\ble specifically di/9ct relation to ,god ! ,fa!r1 & 8 virg9 "m8 :e!r ?is proposition is possible to be true1 ! fir/ p]son ( ! ,tr9ity hat$ ! second8 :e!r ,god1 :o took our nature ^u him 9 ! =m ( a man1 c\ld z well h become a woman1 a devil1 a bea/1 an h]b1 or a /one8 & 7 x s possible t ! ,godhead _h appe>$ 9 any %ape ( an inanimate sub/ance1 h[ he %\ld !n h prea*$ 8 gospel8 or h[ h be5 nail$ to ! cross8 :e!r if ,/4 ,pet] _h celebrat$ ! eu*>i/ at ! same "t our ,savi\r 0 hang+ on ! cross1 ! consecrat$ bread w\ld h be5 transsub/antiat$ into ! same body t rema9$ on ! tree80 8,fur!r1 does any "o appe> a c&idate = any ecclesia/ical dignity1 :y an ass or a pl\gh jobb] %all soon] ga9 x ?an a wise man40444 8,all _! prea*+ is m]e /age-play+1 & _! deliv]y ! v transports ( ridicule & droll]y4 ,good ,"l6 h[ mimical are ^! ge/ures8 ,:at heights & falls 9 _! voice8 ,:at ton+1 :at bawl+1 :at s++1 :at squeak+1 :at grimaces1 mak+ ( m\?s1 & apes' faces1 & di/ort+ ( _! c\nt5ance2 & ?is art ( oratory z a *oice my/]y1 !y convey d[n by tradition to "o ano!r4 ,! mann] ( x ,i may adv5ture ?us f>!r to enl>ge ^u4 ,fir/1 9 a k9d ( mock]y !y implore ! div9e assi/ance1 :i* !y borr[$ f ! solemn cu/om ( ! poets4444 8,n[ z to ! popes ( ,rome1 :o pret5d !mselves ,*ri/'s vic>s1 if !y w\ld b imitate 8 exempl>y life1 9 ! be+ employ$ 9 an un9t]mitt$ c\rse ( prea*+2 9 ! be+ att5d$ ) pov]ty1 nak$ness1 hung]1 & a contempt ( ?is _w2 if !y did b consid] ! import ( ! ^w pope1 :i* signifies a fa!r2 or if !y did b practice _! surname ( mo/ holy1 :at ord] or degrees ( m5 w\ld be 9 a worse condition8 ,!re w\ld be !n no su* vigor\s mak+ ( p>ties1 & buy+ ( votes1 9 ! conclave ^u a vacancy ( t see3 & ^? :o by brib]y1 or o!r indirect c\rses1 %\ld get !mselves elect$1 w\ld nev] secure _! sitt+ firm 9 ! *air by pi/ol1 poison1 =ce ( viol5ce4 ,h[ mu* ( _! pleasure w\ld be abat$ if !y 7 b end[$ ) "o dram ( wisdom8 ,wisdom1 did ,i say8 ,nay1 ) "o gra9 ( t salt :i* our ,savi\r bid !m n lose ! sav\r (4 ,all _! ri*es1 all _! hon\r1 _! jurisdictions1 _! ,pet]'s patrimony1 _! (fices1 _! disp5sations1 _! lic5ces1 _! indulg5ces1 _! long tra9 & att5dants1 7see 9 h[ %ort a compass ,i h abbreviat$ all _! m>ket+ ( religion27 9 a ^w1 all _! p]quisities w\ld be =feit$ & lo/40444 ,f9ally1 aft] quot+ _m passages 9 praise ( ,folly & ( fooli% actions & fooli% p]sons :i* occur 9 8 preci\s classic lit]ature1 ,erasmus does a surpris+ ?+4 ,at ! "t ?is book 0 writt5 ^? :o lat] 7 to become ! ,re=m]s 7 already dispos$ to appeal to ! ,bible z an infallible au?ority equal to1 if n above1 t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,t ,erasmus plac$ ! ,holy ,scriptures 9 ! same category z o!r anci5t lit]ature is indicat$ by 8 free & easy treatm5t ( x4 ,he humor\sly quotes _m passages to prove t ! ,bible actually enjo9s m5 to practice folly & es*ew wisdom4 ,7 n our fir/ p>5ts expell$ f ,ed5 9 puni%m5t = ! s9 ( eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k8 ,he does n ev5 sp>e ! ,new ,te/am5t4 8,n[ !re=e ,i return to ,/4 ,paul1 :o uses ^! expressions #8,ye suff] fools gladly1' apply+ x to himself2 & aga91 #8,z a fool receive me1' & #8,t :i* ,i speak1 ,i speak n aft] ! ,"l1 b z x 7 fooli%ly'2 & 9 ano!r place1 #8,we are fools = ,*ri/'s sake4' ,see h[ ^! comm5dations ( ,folly are equal to ! au?or ( !m1 bo? great & sacr$4 ,! same holy p]son does yet enjo9 & comm& ! be+ a fool1 z a virtue ( all o!rs mo/ requisite & necess>y3 =1 says he1 #8,if any man seem to be wise 9 ?is _w1 let him become a fool1 t he may be wise4'444 8,nor may ?is seem /range 9 comp>ison to :at is yet f>!r deliv]$ by ,/4 ,paul1 :o adv5tures to attribute some?+ ( ,folly ev5 to ! all-wise ,god himself1 #8,! fooli%ness ( ,god 7says he7 is wis] ?an m5' 444 :]e9 is to be und]/ood t o!r passage ( ,/4 ,paul1 #8,! prea*+ ( ! cross to !m t p]i%1 is fooli%ness4' ,b :y d ,i put myself to ! tr\ble ( cit+ s _m pro(s1 s9ce ?is "o may suffice = all1 namely1 t 9 ^? my/ical psalms :]e9 ,david repres5ts ! type ( ,*ri/1 x is !re ackn[l$g$ by our ,savi\r1 9 way ( confession1 t ev5 he himself 0 guilty ( ,folly2 #8?\ 7says he7 ,o ,god kn[e/ my fooli%ness8' ,nor is x )\t "s reason t fools = _! pla9ness & s9c]ity ( he>t h always be5 mo/ acceptable to ,god ,almighty4444 ,s our ,savi\r 9 l mann] dislikes & condemns ! wise & crafty1 z ,/4 ,paul does expressly decl>e 9 ^! words1 #8,god ha? *os5 ! fooli% ?+s ( ! _w'2 & aga91 #8x pleas$ ,god by fooli%ness to save ! _w'2 imply+ t by wisdom x c\ld nev] h be5 sav$4 ,nay1 ,god himself te/ifies z mu* :5 he speaks by ! m\? ( 8 prophet1 #8,i w de/roy ! wisdom ( ! wise1 & br+ to n\ght ! und]/&+ ( ! le>n$4' ,aga91 our ,savi\r does solemnly return 8 ,fa!r ?anks = t he _h #8hidd5 ! my/]ies ( salvation f ! wise1 & reveal$ !m to babes1' i4 e4 to fools40 ,! book ends ) ^! words1 8,i hate a pot-companion ) a good memory3 s inde$ ,i hate a he>] t w c>ry any?+ away ) him4 ,:]e=e 9 %ort1 f>ewell3 be jolly1 live long1 dr9k deep1 ye mo/ illu/ri\s vot>ies ( ,folly40 ,x is said t ,lu!r 0 repell$ by ?is book4 ,i d n wond]4 ,erasmus w\ld seem to be z f> remov$ f ! _s ( ,prote/antism z f t ( m$ival ,ca?olicism4 ,has ,erasmus1 p]haps )\t :olly realiz+ ! fact himself1 /epp$ q outside ! traditional ,*ri/ian sy/em ( beliefs & values into a _w-view :i* is p>tly t ( ! anci5t philosophies & p>tly t ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,rationali/8 ,i d n "k4 ,he is c]ta9ly a lib]al 9 matt]s ( religion1 b unlike our contempor>y lib]als1 he %[s little int]e/ 9 natural sci5ce4 ,he 0 sev]ely criticis$ = refus+ to p>ticipate 9 ! ,re=mation on ! side ( ! ,re=m]s4 ,! foll[+ bits ( correspond5ce :i* ,i quote f ,pr(essor ,smi?'s biography indicate ! e/eem 9 :i* he & ,lu!r f9ally held ea* o!r4 ,lu!r wrote ab\t ! ye> #aebd3 8,s9ce we see t ! ,"l has n giv5 y c\rage & s5se to assail ^? mon/]s op5ly & confid5tly ) u1 we are n ! m5 to expect :at is beyond y\r p[] & measure4444 ,we only fe> t y may be induc$ by our enemies to fall ^u our doctr9e ) "s publication1 9 :i* case we %\ld be oblig$ to resi/ y to y\r face4444 ,hi!rto ,i h controll$ my p5 z (t5 z y prick me1 & h writt5 9 lett]s to fri5ds1 :i* y h se51 t ,i w\ld control x until y publi% some?+ op5ly4 ,= al?\gh y w n side ) u1 & al?\gh y injure & make skeptical _m pi\s m5 by y\r impiety & hypocrisy1 yet ,i _c & d n accuse y ( willful ob/9ancy4444 ,we h f\ght long en\gh2 we mu/ take c>e n to eat ea* o!r up4 ,?is w\ld be a t]rible cata/rophe1 z nei!r ( u wi%es to h>m religion1 & )\t judg+ ea* o!r bo? may d good40 ,erasmus wrote to 8 fri5d1 ,ev]>d1 8,) :at odium ,lu!r burd5s ! cause ( le>n+ & t ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,z f> z he c he involves all m5 9 8 bus9ess4 ,ev]yone confess$ t ! ,*ur* suff]$ "u ! tyranny ( c]ta9 m51 & _m 7 tak+ c\nsel to rem$y ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,n[ ?is man has aris5 to treat ! matt] 9 su* a way t he fa/5s ! yoke on u m firmly1 & t no "o d>es to def5d ev5 :at he has said well4 ,six mon?s ago ,i w>n$ him to bew>e ( hatr$4 #8,! ,babylonian ,captivity' 7a bitt] treatise :i* ,lu!r wrote7 has ali5at$ _m f him1 & he daily puts =? m atroci\s ?+s40 ,& aga9 to ,lu!r1 9 reply to a v unk9d lett]1 8,y\r lett] 0 deliv]$ to me late & _h x come on "t x w\ld n h mov$ me4444 ,! :ole _w kn[s y\r nature1 accord+ to :i* y h guid$ y\r p5 aga9/ no "o m bitt]ly &1 :at is m dete/able1 m malici\sly ?an aga9/ me4444 ,! same admirable f]ocity :i* y =m]ly us$ aga9/ ,co*laeus & aga9/ ,fi%]1 :o provok$ y to x by revil+1 y n[ use aga9/ my book 9 spite ( its c\rtesy4 ,h[ d y\r scurril\s *>ges t ,i am an a!i/1 an ,epicurean1 & a skeptic help ! argum5t8444 ,x t]ribly pa9s me1 z x mu/ all good m51 t y\r arrogant1 insol5t1 rebelli\s nature has set ! _w 9 arms4444 ,y treat ! ,evangelic cause s z to conf\nd toge!r all ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane z if x 7 y\r *ief aim to prev5t ! tempe/ f ev] becom+ calm1 :ile x is my greate/ desire t x %\ld die d[n4444 ,i %\ld wi% y a bett] disposition 7 y n s m>vel\sly satisfi$ ) ! "o y h4 ,wi% me any curse y w except y\r temp]1 unless ! ,"l *ange x = y40 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! foll[+ 8damn+0 admission3 8,w\ld t "s #8deus ex ma*9a' might make a happy end+ = ?is drama s inauspici\sly begun by ,lu!r6 ,he himself gives 8 enemies ! d>t by :i* !y transfix him1 & acts z if he did n wi% to be sav$1 ?\gh frequ5tly w>n$ by me & by 8 fri5ds to tone d[n ! %>pness ( 8 /yle4444 ,i _c suffici5tly wond] at ! _s 9 :i* he has writt54 ,c]ta9ly he has load$ ! cultivators ( lit]ature ) heavy odium4 ,_m ( 8 tea*+s & admonitions 7 spl5did1 b w\ld t he _h n vitiat$ ^! good ?+s by mix+ intol]able evils6 ,if he _h writt5 all ?+s pi\sly1 yet ,i %\ld n h c\rage to risk my life = ! tru?4 ,all m5 h n /r5g? = m>tyrdom4 ,i fe> lea/1 if any tumult %\ld arise1 ,i %\ld imitate ,pet] 79 d5y+ ! ,"l740 ,x is d\btful if ,erasmus meant ?is confession ( weakness to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,c[>ds are n (t5 s hone/ ) !mselves1 nor d !y make su* c&id revelations ( _! fe>s1 b r affect a %[ ( brav]y s long z x is possible to disguise _! weakness ( "*4 ,_h ,erasmus be5 less /rong1 he w\ld h yield$ to pressure1 jo9$ ! re=m]s & s\ght refuge among !m4 ,in/ead1 he /ood aga9/ ! cr[d1 kn[+ well t al?\gh he might decl9e to jo9 ! ranks ( ,lu!r1 !re 0 no refuge = him among/ ! *ur*m5 :om he _h be5 attack+ = _m ye>s4 ,he did n betray 8 own cause1 ! ,r5aissance1 b rema9$ true to x 9 opposition to bigotry & ignorance on bo? sides ( ! controv]sy4 ,9 support ( ! revival ( le>n+ he 0 c\rage\s en\gh4 ,surr\nd$ z he 0 by madness1 he conceiv$ x to be ! task ( ! wise man to keep 8 balance & "w = peace & sanity4 ,i believe ?is to be ! fir/ social task ( ! educat$4 ,c\ld a ,socrates1 or a ,s5eca1 or ,cic]o h return$ to life 9 ! ye> #aebe1 x is difficult to imag9e t he w\ld h pursu$ a c\rse v diff]5t f t ,erasmus pursu$4 ,a man's intellectual integrity does n require t he take sides :5 he believes t nei!r side has ! tru?4 ,i believe ,erasmus took ! long] view1 = today we f9d ,humanism gradually supplant+ or?odoxy among educat$ ,prote/ants1 & ,i h no d\bt t some?+ simil> is tak+ place 9 ,ca?olic c5t]s ( culture4 ,! lib]al ,ca?olic & ! lib]al ,prote/ant are m ne>ly ( "o m9d ?an is ei!r ( !m ) ! ,fundam5tali/ 9 8 own sect4 ,& !y are ea* ne>] to ,erasmus4 ,erasmus did n suff] m>tyrdom1 nei!r did he make m>tyrs ( ^? :o oppos$ him4 ,p]secution & m>tyrdom are ! fir/ ?+s t ! un$ucat$ ?9k ( 9 any social crisis4 ,! masses are prep>$ to make any conflict ! occasion ( bo?1 & ) only ! vague/ idea ( :at ! kill+ is all ab\t4 ,if !re 7 m m5 l ,erasmus !re w\ld be less occasion = su* practices4 ,8 is ! cause :i* w nev] triumph by =ce4 ,humanism1 :i* 9 ! ,italian ,r5aissance 0 some?+ ( a p>v5u ef=t at culture1 comes to its maturity ) ,montaigne4 ,x is an educational exp]i5ce liv$ ?r\gh1 a wisdom gr[n into1 z ,montaigne says1 ) ev]y?+ 9 its season4 ,montaigne's m9d is /or$ ) ! fruits ( ! wisdom ( all hi/oric times4 ,he quotes ! anci5ts z only ,erasmus c\ld1 yet he is nev] an imitator or copi]4 ,8 is "o ( ! mo/ orig9al m9ds 9 lit]ature1 & 8 orig9ality increases z he gr[s old] & has "t to ?9k4 ,x is v diff]5t f ! rebelli\sness ( c]ta9 contempor>y radicals1 ^: lib]alism might be *>act]iz$ z ret>d$ adolesc5ce4 ,a contempor>y critic says ( him1 8,montaigne 444 0 "o ( ! mo/ civiliz$ m5 ( :om we h any record3 8 intellectual curiosity 0 mat*$ by 8 magnanimity4 ,he hat$ cruelty1 prejudice1 viol5ce & /upidity3 8 love ( life 0 s great t x illum9$ e object 9 ! _w ( s5se & 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,8 /yle 0 s orig9al t 8 rem>ks on little ?+s h outliv$ ?\s&s ( works deal+ sob]ly ) port5t\s ideas4 ,he c\ld write on trivial !mes )\t becom+ trivial40 ,l ,erasmus1 he has a delici\s s5se ( humor 9 :i* !re is no bitt]ness4 ,he is s accu/om$ to ideas t he c play ) !m4 ,he c smile at 8 own weaknesses1 & discuss e "q ) op5 m9d & ) t 8k9dly irony :i* is p]haps ! ripe/ ( all moods 9 :i* poor humanity c look at itself40 ,b ,erasmus 0 ! pr(essional s*ol>1 & we ?9k ( him always mov+ 9 circles :]e le>n+ is ( special int]e/4 ,"o does n ?9k ( educational in/itutions :5 "o reads ,montaigne's essays1 b ( ! educat$ man himself4 ,he is ! le>n$ layman1 ! amateur ^: le>n+ is assimilat$ ) all ! int]e/s ( ! daily r\t9e ( liv+4 ,he is n 8tak5 90 by 8 culture s z to make x an end 9 itself4 ,he says1 8,i labor n to be belov$ m & e/eem$ bett] be+ dead ?an alive4444 ,if ,i 7 "o ( ^? to :om ! _w may be indebt$ = praise1 ,i w\ld quit x = "o moytie1 on condition x w\ld pay me be=e h&4444 ,i make no acc\nt ( goods :i* ,i c\ld n employ to ! use ( my life4 ,su* z ,i am1 s ,i w\ld n be else:]e ?an on pap]4 ,m9e art & indu/ry h be5 employ$ to make myself ( "s wor?2 my /udy & endeavor to doe1 & n to write4 ,i h appli$ all my skill & devoire to frame my life4 ,lo--he]e m9e occupation & my "w4 ,i am a less mak] ( books ?an ( any?+ else4444 ,:osoev] ha? any wor? 9 him1 let him %ew x 9 8 behavi\r1 mann]s & ord9>y disc\rses2 be x to treat ( love or ( qu>rels2 ( sport & play or b$-matt]s1 at bo>d or else:]e2 or be x 9 ! conduct ( 8 own affairs or private h\sehold matt]s4444 ,dem& a ,sp>tan :e!r he w\ld r be a cunn+ ,rhe?orician1 !n an excell5t s\ldi]2 nay1 7 ,i ask$1 ,i wuld say a good ,cooke1 _h ,i n "s "o to s]ve me4 ,good ,"l--h[ ,i w\ld hate su* a comm5dation1 to be a suffici5t man 9 writ+ & a fooli%1 %all[-head$ bra9e or coxcombe 9 all ?+s else40 ,he ridicules ^? :o /rive to make a %[ ( le>n+ & 8all$ge ,plato & ,sa9t ,?omas = ?+s :i* ! fir/ man !y meete w\ld decide z well4444 ,su* le>n+ z c\ld n ent] into _! middle ha? /aid on _! tongues40 8,be+ "y ,i /udi$ = o/5tation2 !n a little to enoble myselfe & become wis]2 n[ = delight & recreation1 nev] = ga9e4 ,a va9e conceit & lavi% hum\r ,i _h aft] ?is k9de ( /uffe2 n only to provide = my ne$1 b "s :at fur!r to adorne & embelli% my selfe )all2 ,i h s9ce p>tlie left x40 ,he loves ,lett]s b does n wor%ip !m4 ,he rema9s a little surpris$ & amus$ at 8 own bits ( wisdom & does n q "k h[ he came into ! company ( ! philosoph]s4 8,no?+ may be spok5 s absurdly b t x is spok5 by "s ( ! philosoph]s4 ,& !re=e d ,i suff] my humors or caprices m freely to pass 9 publike4 ,= z mu* z ?\gh !y are borne )1 & ( me1 & )\t any patt]ne2 well ,i wot1 !y w be f\nd to h relation to "s anci5t hum\r1 & "s %all be f\nd1 t w bo? "k & tell :5ce1 & ( :om ,i h borr[$ !m4 ,my cu/omes are naturall2 :5 ,i contriv$ !m1 ,i call$ n = ! help ( any discipl9e3 ,& weake & fa9t z !y 71 :5 ,i h _h a desire to expresse !m1 & to make !m appe>e to ! _w a little m comely & dec5t1 ,i h some:at endev\r$ to aide !m ) disc\rse1 & assi/ !m ) examples4 ,i h wondr$ at my selfe1 t by m]e *ance ,i h met ) !m1 agree+ & sutable to s _m anci5t examples & ,philosophicall disc\rses4 ,:at regim5t my life 0 (1 ,i nev] knew nor le>n$ b aft] x 0 mu* worne & sp5t4 ,a new figure3 ,an unprem$itat$ ,philosoph] & a casuall40 ,x is ?is uno/5tati\s1 unprem$itat$1 casual & *atty quality ( ,montaigne's writ+ t reveals ! g5u95ess ( 8 education4 ,a pres5t-day critic w\ld lead u to believe t he kept a note book & pati5tly copi$ out ( 8 classics ! passages :i* he might use z illu/rations4 ,9 a *>act]i/ic bit ( humor at 8 own exp5se1 ,montaigne seems to ju/ify ?is idea t he 0 a m]e compil] ( o!r m5's ?\ghts4 8,we labor & toyle & plod to fill ! memorie & leave bo? und]/&+ & consci5ce empty4 ,ev5 z birds flutt] & skip f field to field to peck up corn or any gra9 & )\t ta/+ ! same c>rie x 9 _! bills !re) to fe$ _! little ones3 s doe our p$ants glean & pick le>n+ f books & nev] lodge x fur!r ?an _! lips only to disgorge & ca/ x to ! w9d4 ,x is /range h[ fil?y sotti%ness takes hold ( m9e example4 ,is n t :i* ,i d 9 ! greate/ "p ( ?is composition all "o & self same ?+8 ,i am =ev] "h & !re pick+ & cull+ f ?is & t book ! s5t5ces t please me1 n to keepe !m 7= ,i h no /ore h\se to res]ve !m 97 b to transport !m into ?is3 :]e to say tru?1 !y are no m m9e ?an 9 _! fir/ place40 ,b x is obvi\s t ^! essays 7 n ! product ( a m9d :i* work$ 9 su* a sophomoric mann] z ?is4 ,montaigne's m9d is saturat$ ) 8anci5t humor40 ,!re is no pret5se or consci\s ef=t to appe> erudite4 ,:ile _m o!r ,r5aissance s*ol>s 7 writ+ 9 ,lat9 & affect+ a ,cic]onian /yle1 ,montaigne wrote 9 ,fr5*4 ,he is1 ,i believe1 ! creator ( ! essay z a =m ( lit]>y expression1 a /yle :i* is m free & in=mal ?an ! conv5tional =ms ( 8 day4 ,a man :o sp5t 8 days 9 seclusion 9 8 libr>y 9 ! t[] ( 8 ca/le1 he writes n ( books b ( e conceivable human int]e/ & commonplace reality4 ,8 wisdom turns to su* consid]ations z1 8,by div]se means m5 come to a l end40 8,h[ ! s\l dis*>ge? h] passions ^u false objects40 8,:e!r ! capta9e ( a place besieg$ ought to sally =? to p>ley40 ,he writes ( 8,idl5ess10 ( 8,li>s10 or 8,virtue10 ( 8,drunk5ness10 ( 8,ex]cise or ,practice10 ( 8,pr(it & ,hone/y10 ( 8,rep5t+10 ( 8,coa*es10 ( 8,! ,v]ses ( ,virgil10 ( 8,vanity10 ( 8,! affection ( fa!rs to _! ,*ildr510 ( 8,s5eca0 & 8,plut>*0 & 8,julius ,caes>40 ,always 8 int]e/ is 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,%rewd p]sonal obs]vations are m+l$ ) /ories f antiquity & qua9t philosophic maxims 9 a m9d :i* is at once mature & inquisitive1 loquaci\s & sceptical1 c&idly self-reveal+1 )\t pret5tion1 equally at home among books & ?+s4 ,let ^? :o object to ! tea*+ ( ! classics on ! gr\nd t !y t5d to a 8sep>ation ( education f life0 g back & re-read ,montaigne4 ,al?\gh ! two 7 by temp]am5t v diff]5t1 ,montaigne w\ld h pleas$ ,erasmus4 ,8 education & philosophy ( life 7 v mu* ! type t ,erasmus /rove to enc\rage4 ,:5 ,montaigne 0 born1 9 #aecc1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance _h already made itself felt 9 ,france4 ,he 0 ?ree ye>s old :5 ,erasmus di$4 ,b 8 casual m5tion ( 8,! ,adages0 & 8,colloquies0 ( ,erasmus w\ld indicate t sometime 9 8 y\? ^! books =m$ "p ( 8 education4 ,8 k ( ,greek & ,lat9 began at a v e>ly p]iod 9 8 life4 ,x is said t :5 he 0 a m]e infant 8 fa!r plac$ him 9 ! home ( a neighbor+ s*ol> s t he w\ld gr[ up ) ! same famili>ity ) ^! languages z ) 8 "m tongue4 ,he ent]$ :at 0 call$ a 8college0 at ! age ( six4 ,x 01 ,i suppose1 a prep>atory s*ool4 ,x mu/ h come "u ! influ5ce ( ! revival ( le>n+ = x _h on its faculty "s ( ! able/ s*ol>s 9 ,france at t "t4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he ent]$ a univ]sity to /udy ,law1 took 8 degree at tw5ty1 & at tw5ty-"o 0 appo9t$ c\ncilor = ! ,p>liam5t ( ,bordeaux4 ,he seems to h _h "s milit>y exp]i5ce also1 & to h sp5t "s gay ye>s at c\rt4 ,:5 he 0 ?irty-n9e ye>s old he inh]it$ ! e/ate & ca/le ( ,montaigne ne> ,bordeaux4 ,he m>ri$1 & except = ! few ye>s1 :5 aga9/ 8 incl9ation he s]v$ z ,mayor ( ,bordeaux1 he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 private life1 look+ aft] 8 e/ate & enjoy+ h\rs ( unbrok5 m$itation 9 8 t[] libr>y1 read+ 8 ,horace & ,plut>* & ! anci5t poets & philosoph]s g5]ally4 ,he says he 0 n a great read]1 b t he lik$ to h 8 books ab\t him4 ,he especially enjoy$ ! privacy ( 8 libr>y1 f :i*1 he gives u to und]/&1 8 wife & ! re/ ( ! h\sehold 7 exclud$4 ,montaigne began writ+ brief essays :5 he 0 =ty-five ye>s old1 n at fir/ = publication b r s t he might pres5t a true picture ( himself to 8 family & fri5ds4 ,! writ+ evid5tly amus$ him = z ! ye>s pass$ ! essays grew long] & _! cont5t m s]i\s4 ,if we are to see ! full significance ( ! essays z ! revelation ( an a*ievem5t 9 education--& t is our pres5t int]e/ 9 !m--we mu/ rememb] :at 0 happ5+ 9 ! _w at ! "t !y 7 writt54 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,re=mation 0 9 full sw+4 ,montaigne's lifetime co9cides ) :at 0 d\btless ! mo/ bitt] & acrimoni\s p]iod ( t religi\s conflict4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 p]secution1 riot1 intrigue1 retaliation2 m5 seem$ to h lo/ utt]ly ! lib]al _s ( ! ,r5aissance & to h =gott5 t !re 0 su* a virtue z tol]ance4 ,montaigne 0 an exception4 ,x is said t dur+ ! ye>s ( blood%$ 9 ,france1 8 ca/le 0 nev] =tifi$1 nor clos$1 & t bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants 7 welcome !re4 ,! battle does n di/urb ,montaigne's equanimity1 nor w>p 8 judgm5t2 x rema9s to him a little m ?an a fight 9 ! /reet4 ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to ?is indiff]5ce to ! great mass movem5t ( ! times1 = !re are ^? :o cont5d t philosophy1 art & lett]s are b ! by-products ( su* movem5ts4 ,at a "t :5 ne>ly e "o is eat5 up ) p>tisan zeal1 ,montaigne h>dly m5tions ! ,re=mation4 ,he says1 8,i p]swade y1 9 y\r op9ions & disc\rses1 z mu* z 9 y\r cu/om1 & 9 e o!r ?+1 to use mod]ation & temp]ance1 & avoid all newfangl$ inv5tions & /rang5esses4 ,all extravagant wais displease me40 ,:ile o!rs are resort+ to torture & massacre = ! sake ( a fai? :i* !y d n "q1 ,montaigne quietly retires & has "t to see :5 he is mak+ himself ridicul\s4 8,x is n long s9ce ,i retir$ my selfe unto m9e owne h\se1 ) full purpose1 z mu* z lay 9 me1 n to tr\ble myselfe ) any bus9esse1 b solit>ily & quietly to we>e out ! rema9d] ( my wellnigh sp5t life3 :5 me ?\ght ,i c\ld doe my _s no great] favor ?an to give him ! full scope ( idl5esse1 & ent]ta9e him z be/ he pleas$1 & )all to settle himselfe z be/ he lik$3 :i* ,i hop$ he might1 n[ be+ by "t become m settl$ & ripe1 accompli% v easily3 b ,i f9de #8444 ev]more idl5esse ,do? wav]+ m9des addresse4' ,t contr>iwise1 play+ ! skitti% & loose brok5 jade1 he takes a hundr$ times m c>i]e & lib]tie unto himselfe ?an he did = o!rs3 & begets 9 me s _m extravagant *im]aes & fanta/ical mon/]s1 s ord]less1 & )\t any reason1 "o huddl$ ^u ! o!r1 t at leisure to view ! fooli%nesse & mon/r\s /rang5ess ( !m1 ,i h begun to keep a regi/] ( !m1 hop+1 if ,i live1 "o day to make him a%am$ & blu% at himselfe40 ,t[>d ! multitude & its judgm5ts ( value he is indiff]5t1 8,our s\le mu/ play h] "p1 b inw>dly1 )9 our selves1 :]e no eyes %9e b ours3 444 n = any advantage b = ! gracefulness ( hone/ie itselfe4 ,?is b5efit is mu* great]1 & m wor?ie to be wi%$ & hop$1 !n honor & glory1 :i* is naught b a favorable judgm5t t is made ( u4444 ,is x reason to make ! life ( a wise man dep5d on ! judgm5t ( fooles8 ,no?+ is s incompreh5sible to be j wai$ z ! m9des ( ! multitude4444 8444 ,9 ?is brea?ie confusion ( brutes & fro?y *aos ( reports & ( vulg> op9ions :i* /ill pu% u on1 no good c be e/abli%$4 ,let u n propose s fleet+ & s wav]+ an end unto ourselves4 ,let u con/antly foll[ reason3 ,& let ! vulg> approbation foll[ u t way1 if x please4 ,( ! _m ?\s&s ( wor?ie1 valiant m5 :i* fifte5 hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! day ( ,juv5al h di$ 9 ,france ) _! weapons 9 _! h&s1 n "o 9 a hundr$ h come to our k4444 ,x %all be mu*1 if a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ! civil w>res :i* lately we h _h 9 ,france be b rememb]$ 9 grosse40 ,yes1 ! multitude may foll[ if x pleases2 ,montaigne w n urge x4 ,he may rem9d x t 9 a few ye>s its cause may be =gott54 ,b h[ free he is f ! righte\s indignation & v9dictiv5ess & facti\sness :i* ev]y:]e /orm ab\t him4 ,he has t urbanity ( :i* ,i spoke1 & ! s]5ity ( "o :o has le>n$ to laugh at 8 own prejudices4 8,surely1 man is a wond]ful1 va9e1 div]s & wav]+ subject3 x is v h>d to gr\nd any directly con/ant & uni=me judgm5t ^u him40 ,8 wisdom leads him to see n only ! folly ( mank9d1 b also 8 own folly & weakness1 :i* he does n /rive to conceal1 b relates ) amus+ c&or4 8,i h1 a k9d ( rav+1 fanciful behavior t retire? well into myselfe3 & on ! o!r side a grosse & *ildi% ignorance ( _m ord9>y ?+s3 by means ( :i* two qualities ,i h 9 my daies committ$ five or six z sotti% trickes z any "o :atsoev]3 :i* to my d]ogration may be report$4444 8,= my "p1 ,i may 9 g5]all wi% to be o!r ?an ,i am3 ,i may cond5me & mislike my univ]sall =me3 ,i may besee* ,god to grant me an undefil$ re=mation & excuse my natural weaknesse3 b me seeme? ,i ought to te>me ?is rep5tance1 no m ?an ! displeasure ( be+ nei!r an ,angell nor ,cato4444 8,:5 ,i consult ) my age ( my y\!'s proce$+s1 ,i f9de t commonly 7accord+ to my op9ion7 ,i manag$ !m 9 ord]4 ,?is is all my resi/ance is able to p]=m4 ,i flatt] n myselfe3 9 l circum/ances ,i %\ld be ev] ! same4 ,x is n a spot1 b a :ole dye t /aynes mee4 ,i ackn[l$ge no rep5t5ce 7t7 is sup]ficiall1 meane1 & c]emoni\s4 8,crosses & afflictions 7works ( p5ance7 make me doe no?+ b curse !m4 ,!y are = p t _c be arr\s$ b by ! :ip4444 ,! happy life 79 my op9ion1 n z said ,anti/h5es1 ! happy dea?17 is x t makes man's happ9esse 9 ?is _w4 8,i h n prepo/]\sly busi$ myselfe to tie ! taile ( a ,philosoph] unto ! head & bodie ( a v>let3 nor t ?is paultrie end1 %\ld disav[ & belie ! faire/ s\nde/ & longe/ "p ( my life4 ,i w pres5t myselfe & make a g5]all mu/] ( my :ole1 ev]y:]e uni=mally4 ,7 ,i to live aga9e1 x %\ld be z ,i h already liv$4 ,i nei!r deplore ! pa/1 nor dread :at is to come40 ,! man :o c speak s ( himself is n likely to hold up any univ]sal /&>d ( fai? or practice4 ,he is n ! man ) ! message = humanity1 z 7 ! ,re=m]s & _! enemies 9 ! *ur*4 ,he is n a p>tisan because he has gone beyond su* dilemmas4 ,8 k ( _m books & ( _m & div]se explantations ( ! riddle ( life & _m k9ds ( goods & evils has made him see t !re is no 8"o "r way40 ,reason has (t5 be5 oppos$ to fai?4 ,montaigne sees t reason too is fai?1 & fai? all too human4 ,!re c be no f9ality4 ,i suspect t 8 tol]ance & alo(ness dur+ ! ,re=mation 9 ,france 7 ! result ( a po9t ( view some:at simil> to t ( ,less+'s 8,na?an ! ,wise10 & 8 /ory ( ! ?ree r+s4 ,no "o possess$ ! orig9al1 :i* 0 suppos$ to entitle ! own] to ! ance/ral bless+ & inh]itance4 ,all1 l all religions1 7 c\nt]feits ( ! lo/ article4 ,montaigne gives 8 ideas ( religion & philosophy 9 ! longe/ ( 8 essays1 8,an ,apologie ( ,raymond ,sebond40 ,he says t 8 fa!r once reque/$ him to translate a book on natural ,!ology by an unkn[n ,spani% writ] ( ?is "n4 ,8 rem>ks reveal ! ext5t to :i* 8 m9d is fre$ f bo? rationalism & religi\s dogmatism4 8,we %\ld accompany our fai? ) all ! reason we possess3 yet always ) ?is proviso1 t we ?9k x does n dep5d on u1 & t all our /r5g? & argum5ts c nev] atta9 to s sup]naturall & div9e a k40 ,8 rem>kable deta*m5t is se5 9 ! foll[+4 ,he says t ! be/ te/ ( ,v]ity is ! practice ( virtue4 8,& !re=e 0 our good ,sa9t ,lewis 9 ! "r1 :5 t ,t>tan ,k+ :o 0 to become a ,*ri/ian int5d$ to come to ,lions to kisse ! ,pope's feet1 & !re to view ! sanctitie he hop$ to f9d 9 our lives & mann]s1 in/antly to div]t him f x fe>+ le/ our dissolute mann]s & lic5ti\s k9d ( life might sc&alize him & s alt] 8 op9ion =econceiv$ ( s sacr$ a religion4 ,h[ be x ! contr>y happ5$ to ano!r :o = ! same effect be+ come to ,rome1 & !re view+ ! dissolut5ess ( ! prelates & p ( ^? days1 0 s mu* m confirm$ 9 our religion1 consid]+ ) himselfe :at =ce & div9ity x mu/ ( consequ5ce h s9ce x 0 able1 amid/ s _m corruptions & s vici\sly polut$ h&s to ma9ta9 h] dignitie & spl5dor4444 8,our zeale worke? wond]s :5 ev] x seconde? our incl9ation t[>d hatr$1 cruelitie1 ambition1 av>ice1 detraction or rebellion4444 ,among o!r discommodities ( our nature ?is is "o1 !re is d>kness 9 our m9ds1 & 9 u n only necessity ( err+ b love ( errors4444 ,presumption is our naturall & orig9all infirmitie4 ,( all creatures1 man is ! mo/ mis]able & fraile1 & !re)all ! pr\de/ & disda9fulle/ 444 he ascribe? div9e conditions unto himselfe t he selecte? & sep>ate? himselfe f out ! ranke ( o!r creatures4444 ,by :at comp>ison f !m to u do? he conclude ! bruti%ness he ascribe? unto !m8 ,:5 ,i am play+ ) my cat :o kn[s :e!r %e h m sport 9 dally+ ) me ?an ,i 9 gam+ ) h]8 ,we ent]ta9 "o ano!r ) mutuall api% tricks40 8,we und]/& !m 7! bea/s7 no m ?an !y u4 ,by ! same reason may !y z well e/eem u ,bea/s1 z we !m4 ,x is no great m>vell if we und]/& !m n3 no m doe we und]/& ! ,corni%1 ! ,wel*1 or ,iri%40 ,he is p]suad$ he says1 t if anyone :o has pursu$ k w 8speak 9 consci5ce1 he w confess t all ! b5efit he ha? gott5 by s t$i\s a pursuit1 ha? be5 t he ha? le>n$ to "k 8 own weaknesse40 8,my pr(ession is n to "k ! tru? nor to atta9e x4 ,i r op5 ?an discov] ?+s4 ,! wise/ t ev] 01 be+ dem&$ :at he knew1 answ]$ t he knew no?+40 ,he speaks ) approval ( ! d\bt]s1 ! ,phyrronians :o 8b desire to be contradict$1 !reby to eng5d] d\bt & susp5se ( judgm5t :i* is _! end & drift40 ,?us ^! m5 h atta9$ ! condition ( a quiet & cont5t$ life1 exempt$ f ! agitations :i* beset ourselves because we imag9e we h a c]ta9ty & a k t we d n possess4 ,aft] all 8t ignorance :i* kn[e? & condemne? itselfe10 is n absolute ignorance4 ,montaigne seems to hold t x is ! be/ we may atta9 & t 9 kn[+ & condemn+ our ignorance we may avoid mu* ( ! mis]y & mis*ief we inflict ^u ourselves & "o ano!r4 ,! fe>s & rev5ge & jeal\sies & p>tisan /rife & rebellion & envy & immod]ate desires :i* ev]y:]e he f9ds ab\t him all proce$1 he ?9ks1 f presumptu\s ignorance :i* does n "k itself to be ignorance4 ,9 ! mid/ ( !ological disputation he smil+ly rem9ds 8 neighbors t z1 8,x5ophanes said pleasantly t if bea/es frame any gods unto !mselves 7z likely x is !y doe7 !y surely frame !m l unto !mselves & glorifie !mselves z we d4 ,= :at may n a ,goose say ?is8 ,all p>ts ( ! _w behold me1 ! e>? s]ve? me to tread ^u1 ! sunne to give me light1 ! />res to inspire me ) influ5ce3 ?is commodity ,i h ( ! w9ds1 & ?is b5efit ( ! wat]s3 !re is no?+ t ?is _w's vault do? s favorably looke ^u z me selfe3 ,i am ! favorite ( nature4 ,is x n man t c>e? = me1 t keepe? me1 & s]ve? me8 ,= me x is he s[e? & reape? & gr9de?4 ,if he eat me1 s do? man fe$e on 8 fell[1 & s doe ,i on ! wormes t consume & eat him40 8,i comm5d ! ,milesian w5* :o see+ ,?ales ! ,philosop] cont9ually amus+ hemselfe 9 ! contemplation ( heav5's wide b\nd+ vault & ev] hold+ 8 eyes al(t1 laid some?+ 9 8 way to make him /umble1 !reby to w>ne & put him 9 m9de t he %\ld n amuse 8 ?\ghts ab\t matt]s above ! cl\ds be=e he _h provid$ = & well consid]$ ^? at 8 feet4 ,v]ily %e advis$ him well1 & x bett] became him r to looke to himselfe ?an to gaze on heav540 8,! wise/ judg+ ( heav5 is n to judge ( x at all40 ,8 own mode/ answ] to ! riddle ( exi/5ce 9 contra/ to ^? :o w\ld 8turne & w9de ,god ,almighty accord+ to _! own measure10 is 8,que scay-je80--,:at d ,i "k8 ,montaigne is n a h>d & s\lless sceptic4 ,he is a well pois$1 mode/ ?9k] & an hone/ man4 ,he is n a d5i]1 b "o ^: m9d is free f cant1 humbug1 pret5ti\sness4 ,hi/orically he is "o ( ! l9ks betwe5 ! be/ 9 mod]n education & ! que/ion+ ,socrates :om he knew & lov$4 ,i tru/ t 9 pres5t+ ! ,humani/ tradition 9 ?is concrete mann]1 ,i h be5 able to sugge/ some?+ ( its _s4 ,x has a necess>y place 9 lib]al education because x helps lib]ate ! m9d f ! clut*es ( op9ionat$ ignorance1 f ! follies :i* prevail z tru? 9 our own age1 & f conceit & vanity to :i* our human nature is ev] prone4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sup]/ition--,,huxley ,:5 ! anci5t ,humani/1 ,protagoras1 said1 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 he probably did n mean t all ?+s may be measur$ by man1 = 9 8 foll[+ s5t5ce he is sceptical ( our k ( _m ?+s4 ,he meant r t all our measurem5ts are human4 ,?is indep5d5ce ( sup]naturalism 0 n always *>act]i/ic ( educat$ m9ds ( antiquity1 b x is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! educational tradition :i* we h d]iv$ f ,greece & ,rome4 ,?us ,ari/otle w\ld e/abli% e?ics 9 ! life ( reason4 ,?is same naturali/ic bias also inspires ^? e>ly attempts at sci5ce :i* 7 brok5 (f "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 accompani$ by a re-awak5$ int]e/ 9 nature1 & 9 human nature z "p ( nature z a :ole4 ,! tr5d t[>d naturalism is se5 9 art1 9 ! resumption ( sci5tific rese>* & exp]im5tation1 & 9 ! ef=t to supplant s*ola/ic !ology by ! /udy ( human lett]s4 ,to ,da ,v9ci1 = in/ance1 sci5ce1 art1 & lett]s 7 b ! v>i$ aspects ( ! same cultural awak5+4 ,b = ! great] numb] ( ^? :o felt ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 sci5ce & lett]s became q sep>ate int]e/s4 ,! new le>n+ ( ! ,humani/s 0 almo/ exclusively a lit]>y s*ol>%ip4 ,erasmus & 8 foll[]s _h v little int]e/ 9 natural sci5ce4 ,!y f\nd 9 classic lit]ature a body ( mature wisdom ready to h&4 ,sci5ce on ! contr>y1 0 oblig$ to beg9 de novo1 & sl[ly con/ruct its in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 build+1 gradually a new sy/em ( k4 ,! brunt ( ! conflict ) s*ola/ic education fell ^u ! humani/s4 ,! real r5aissance ( sci5ce did n take place until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,mean:ile ! ,re=mation _h caus$ a revival ( religi\s int]e/1 & 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries l ,engl&1 & lat] ,am]ica1 ! influ5ce ( religion ^u high] le>n+ rema9$ p[]ful4 ,x p]mitt$ ! classical tradition to survive 9 lett] r ?an 9 _s4 ,! naturali/ic implications ( ! classics 7 ignor$2 comm5tators :5ev] possible read into ! texts ! conv5tional beliefs & s5tim5ts ( ,prote/antism4 ,humanism became 8traditional education10 a new s*ola/icism1 =mal & innocu\s1 a m>k ( intellectual respectability1 a 8ref9+0 influ5ce1 an embroid]y ( famili> quotation 9 ! spee* ( p>sons & c\ntry squires4 ,successive g5]ations ( gr[n-up s*oolboys 9 ,go?ic halls1 labori\sly translat$1 ov] & ov] aga91 hackney$ passages f a lit]ature t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury _h be5 c>ri$ ab\t l ! fire ( ,prome!us1 k9dl+ defiance to ,heav5 all ov] ,europe4 ,(t5 m5 c\ld ?9k ( no bett] reason = ! /udy ( ! anci5t classics ?an t 9 ! t$ium & monotony ( language drill !re 0 a 8discipl9e0 :i* 0 good = ! s\l4 ,! /ud5t's att5tion 0 c5t]$ ^u ! niceties ( con/ruction & ^u ! task ( memoriz+ rules ( gramm> & a vocabul>y1 all /uff$ into 8 head 9 ! mo/ artificial mann] conceivable4 ,he 0 n likely to be puzzl$ ov] ! discov]y t !re might be some?+ spiritually irreconcilable betwe5 ,lucretius & ! ,?irty ,n9e ,articles1 or betwe5 ! dialectic ( ,socrates & ! ,we/m9/] confession ( fai?4 ,!re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is d5atur$ ,humanism & t ( ,erasmus or ,montaigne4 ,t ?is traditional education made = poli% & good bre$+ _c be d5i$4 ,nei!r1 ,i ?9k1 c x be d5i$ t !re 0 some?+ /]ile & illib]al 9 ,prote/ant-classical education4 ,x is significant t bo? ! ,enlight5m5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! progress ( sci5ce 9 ! sev5te5? & n9ete5? c5turies took place *iefly outside ! e/abli%$ univ]sities & sometimes 9 spite ( _! opposition4 ,i d n see h[ ! situation c\ld well h be5 o!rwise4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! old] ,humani/s !mselves dealt ! naturalism ( ! anci5ts & su* ( x z 0 aga9 com+ to life a sev]e bl[ :5 !y *ampion$ lett]s & rema9$ indiff]5t to sci5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,re=mation q side-track$ ! revival ( le>n+1 sup]s$$ x1 & took ov] into its own s]vice only s mu* ( x z x f\nd cong5ial to its religi\s int]e/s4 ,x 0 a mass movem5t1 an attempt at a re/atem5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 t]ms ( ! philosophy ( ! common man1 a philosophy to :i* ! que/ion+1 enlight5$ common s5se & worldly wisdom ( a ,montaigne1 a ,voltaire or a ,hume is nev] v cong5ial4 ,santayana says1 8,! philosophy ( ! common man is an old wife t gives him no pleasure1 yet he _c d )\t h]1 & res5ts any asp]sions t /rang]s may ca/ on h] "*4 8,( ?is homely philosophy ! t5d] cuticle is religi\s belief2 really ! lea/ vital & mo/ arbitr>y "p ( human op9ion1 ! out] r+1 z x 71 ( ! =tifications ( prejudice1 b = t v reason ! mo/ jeal\sly def5d$2 s9ce x is on be+ attack$ !re1 at ! lea/ def5sible po9t1 t rage & al>m at be+ attack$ at all are fir/ ar\s$ 9 ! citadel4 ,p are n naturally sceptics1 wond]+ if a s+le "o ( _! intellectual habits c be reasonably pres]v$2 !y are dogmati/s angrily confid5t ( ma9ta9+ !m all4 ,integral m9ds1 pupils ( a s+le coh]5t tradition1 reg>d _! religion1 :atev] x may be1 z c]ta91 z sublime1 & z ! only rational basis ( morality & policy4 ,yet 9 fact religi\s belief is t]ribly prec>i\s1 p>tly because x is arbitr>y1 s t 9 ! next tribe or 9 ! next c5tury x w we> q a diff]5t =m2 & p>tly because1 :5 g5u9e1 x is spontane\s & cont9ually remodell$1 l poetry1 9 ! he>t t gives x bir?4 ,a man ( ! _w soon le>ns to discr$it e/abli%$ religions on acc\nt ( _! v>iety & absurdity1 al?\gh he may good-natur$ly cont9ue to con=m to 8 own2 & a my/ic be=e long beg9s f]v5tly to condemn curr5t dogmas1 on acc\nt ( 8 own diff]5t inspiration4 ,)\t philosophical criticism1 !re=e1 m]e exp]i5ce & good s5se sugge/ t all positive religions are false1 or at lea/ 7:i* is en\gh = my pres5t purpose7 t !y are all fanta/ic & insecure40 ,speak+ ( ! ,re=mation & its relation to sci5ce1 ,:itehead says1 8,we _c look ^u x z introduc+ a new pr9ciple into human life40 ,p]haps he is incl9$ to ov]-emphasize ! ass]tions ( ! ,re=m]s t !y 7 only re/or+ :at _h be5 =gott54 ,b he says1 8,x is q o!rwise ) ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 e way x contra/s ) ! contempor>y religi\s movem5t4 ,! ,re=mation 0 a popul> upris+ & = a c5tury & a half dr5*$ ,europe 9 blood4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! sci5tific movem5t 7 conf9$ to a m9ority among ! intellectual lite40 ,x is d\btless because ! ,humani/s rema9$ relatively indiff]5t to sci5ce1 t its e>ly /ruggles ) !ology 7 comp>atively mild4 ,x 0 p]mitt$ to make rem>kable progress 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury )\t rais+ an issue too great = its /r5g?4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! conflict ( natural sci5ce ) !ology became acute1 sci5ce 0 at ! same "t engag$ 9 a /ruggle = recognition by ! (ficial educational sy/em 9 :i* ! classical tradition held sway4 ,! out/&+ public *ampion ( sci5ce 9 ?is conflict 0 ,?omas ,h4 ,huxley4 ,he c\ld say ( univ]sity education 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #ahfh1 t ! colleges no long] promot$ rese>* 9 sci5ce1 & 7 h>dly m ?an 8bo>d+ s*ools = bigg] boys40 ,once !y _h be5 homes = ! life /udy ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & important bran*es ( k4 8,i believe !re c be no d\bt t ! =eign] :o %\ld wi% to become acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific1 or ! lit]>y1 activity ( mod]n ,engl&1 w\ld simply lose 8 "t & 8 pa9s if he visit$ our univ]sities ) t object4 8,! c\ntrym5 ( ,grote & ( ,mill1 ( ,f>aday1 ( ,rob]t ,br[n1 ( ,lyell1 & ,d>w91 to g no fur!r back ?an ! contempor>ies ( m5 ( middle age1 c af=d to smile at su* a sugge/ion4 ,engl& c %[ n[1 & %e has be5 able to %[ 9 e g5]ation s9ce civilization spread ov] ! ,we/1 individual m5 :o hold _! own aga9/ ! _w1 & keep alive ! old tradition ( h] intellectual em95ce4 8,b 9 ! majority ( cases1 ^! m5 are :at !y are 9 virtue ( _! native intellectual =ce1 & ( a /r5g? ( "* :i* w n recognise imp$im5ts4 ,!y are n tra9$ 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,temple ( ,sci5ce1 b /orm ! walls ( t edifice 9 all sorts ( irregul> ways1 & ) mu* loss ( "t & p[]1 9 ord] to obta9 _! legitimate positions4 8,our univ]sities n only d n enc\rage su* m52 d n (f] !m positions1 9 :i* x %\ld be _! highe/ duty to d1 ?or\ghly1 t :i* !y are mo/ capable ( do+2 b1 z f> z possible1 univ]sity tra9+ %uts out ( ! m9ds ( ^? among !m1 :o are subject$ to x1 ! prospect t !re is any?+ 9 ! _w = :i* !y are specially fitt$4--,imag9e ! success ( ! attempt to /ill ! intellectual hung] ( any ( ! m5 ,i h m5tion$1 by putt+ be=e him1 z ! object ( exi/5ce1 ! successful mimicry ( ! measure ( a ,greek song1 or ! roll ( ,cic]onian prose60 ,twelve ye>s lat] ,huxley 0 /ill wag+ 8 conte/ = ! admission ( sci5ce to ! curricula ( s*ool & college aga9/ an opposition ! ob/9acy ( :i* is a little difficult = u today to und]/&4 8,= ,i hold v /rongly by two convictions--,! fir/ is1 t nei!r ! discipl9e nor ! subject-matt] ( classical education is ( su* direct value to ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce z to ju/ify ! exp5diture ( valuable "t ^u ei!r2 & ! second is1 t = ! purpose ( atta9+ real culture1 an exclusively sci5tific education is at lea/ z effectual z an exclusively lit]>y education4 8,i ne$ h>dly po9t out to y t ^! op9ions1 especially ! latt]1 are diametrically oppos$ to ^? ( ! great majority ( educat$ ,engli%m51 influ5c$ z !y are by s*ool & univ]sity traditions4 ,9 _! belief1 culture is obta9able only by a lib]al education2 & a lib]al education is synonym\s1 n m]ely ) education & in/ruction 9 lit]ature1 b 9 "o p>ticul> =m ( lit]ature1 namely1 t ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity4 ,!y hold t ! man :o has le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 h[ev] little1 is educat$2 :ile he :o is v]s$ 9 o!r bran*es ( k1 h[ev] deeply1 is a m or less respectable speciali/1 n admissable into ! cultur$ ca/e4 ,! /amp ( ! educat$ man1 ! ,univ]sity degree1 is n = him40 8,! repres5tatives ( ! ,humani/s1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 take _! /& ^u classical education z ! sole av5ue to culture1 z firmly z if we 7 /ill 9 ! age ( ,r5asc5ce4 ,yet1 surely1 ! pres5t intellectual relations ( ! mod]n & ! anci5t worlds are pr(\ndly diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9$ ?ree c5turies ago4 ,leav+ aside ! exi/5ce ( a great & *>act]i/ic mod]n lit]ature1 ( mod]n pa9t+1 &1 especially ( mod]n music1 !re is "o feature ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! civiliz$ _w :i* sep>ates x m widely f ! ,r5asc5ce1 ?an ! ,r5asc5ce 0 sep>at$ f ! middle ages4 8,?is di/9ctive "* ( our own times lies 9 ! va/ & con/antly increas+ "p :i* is play$ by natural k4 ,n only is our daily life %ap$ by x1 n only does ! prosp]ity ( millions ( m5 dep5d ^u x1 b our :ole !ory ( life has long be5 influ5c$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by ! g5]al conceptions ( ! univ]se1 :i* h be5 =c$ ^u u by physical sci5ce40 8,! sci5ti/1 no long] dispos$ to rema9 on ! def5sive ) ! usual apology = sci5ce1 c>ries ! battle into ! oppos+ camp & indicts ! opposition1 ) "s ju/ice ,i ?9k1 = its failure ev5 :5 judg$ by its own traditional /&>ds ( education4 8,!re is no great =ce 9 ! tu quoque argum5t1 or else ! advocates ( sci5tific education might fairly en\gh retort ^u ! mod]n ,humani/s t !y may be le>n$ speciali/s1 b t !y possess no su* s\nd f\ndation = a criticism ( life z des]ves ! "n ( culture4 ,&1 inde$1 if we 7 dispos$ to be cruel1 we might urge t ! ,humani/s h br\ght ?is reproa* ^u !mselves1 n because !y are too full ( ! _s ( ! anci5t ,greek1 b because !y lack x4 8,! p]iod ( ! ,r5asc5ce is commonly call$ t ( ! 8,revival ( ,lett]s10 z if ! influ5ces !n br\ght to be> ^u ! m9d ( ,we/]n ,europe _h be5 :olly exhau/$ 9 ! field ( lit]ature4 ,i ?9k x is v commonly =gott5 t ! revival ( sci5ce1 effect$ by ! same ag5cy1 al?\gh less conspicu\s1 0 n less mom5t\s4444 8,we _c "k all ! be/ ?\ghts & say+s ( ! ,greeks unless we "k :at !y ?\ght ab\t natural ph5om5a4 ,we _c fully appreh5d _! criticism ( life unless we und]/& ! ext5t to :i* t criticism 0 affect$ by sci5tific conceptions4 ,we falsely pret5d to be ! inh]itors ( _! culture1 unless we are p5etrat$1 z ! be/ m9ds among !m 71 ) an unhesitat+ fai? t ! free employm5t ( reason1 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?od1 is ! sole me?od ( rea*+ tru?4 8,?us ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! pret5sions ( our mod]n ,humani/s to ! possession ( ! monopoly ( culture & to ! exclusive inh]itance ( ! _s ( antiquity mu/ be abat$1 if n ab&on$40 ,huxley 0 "o ( ! few educators ( 8 "t :o ought to h se5 cle>ly t 9 ! education ( ! anci5ts !re 0 no conflict ( int]e/ betwe5 sci5ce & lett]s2 ! two 7 "o 9 ! naturali/ic m9ds ( ! ,greeks4 ,he is aw>e ( ! fact t bo? sci5ce & lett]s 7 reviv$ by ! ,r5aissance1 b x w\ld seem t he p]mits 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( sci5tific tra9+ to =ce him at times into a r "o-sid$ & p>tisan position4 8,b = ^? :o mean to make sci5ce _! s]i\s occupation2 or :o int5d to foll[ ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e2 or :o h to ent] e>ly ^u ! bus9ess ( life2 = all ^!1 9 my op9ion1 classical education is a mi/ake2 & x is = ?is reason t ,i am glad to see #8m]e lit]>y education & in/ruction' %ut out f ! curriculum ( ,sir ,josiah ,mason's ,college1 see+ t its inclusion w\ld probably lead to ! introduction ( ! ord9>y smatt]+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek44440 8,! great peculi>ity ( sci5tific tra9+1 t 9 virtue ( :i* x _c be replac$ by any o!r discipl9e :atsoev]1 is ?is br++ ( ! m9d directly into contact ) fact1 & practis+ ! intellect 9 ! complete/ =m ( induction2 t is to say1 9 draw+ conclusions f p>ticul> facts made kn[n by imm$iate obs]vation ( nature40 ,! /ruggle = recognition ( ! lib]aliz+ educational value ( sci5ce 0 c>ri$ to successful issue 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 backw>d communities1 ,fundam5talism /ill sets its face aga9/ c]ta9 ( ! anti-sup]naturali/ implications ( sci5ce1 & x is always possible t if at any "t ! populace n[ dazzl$ by ! 8wond]s0 ( sci5ce1 %\ld suspect ! full mean+ ( ! _w-view :i* sci5ce w\ld sub/itute = ! old] an?ropomorphic ideas ab\t ! univ]se1 !re may be a wide-spread popul> reaction aga9/ x 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,b at pres5t 9 educational in/itutions g5]ally1 sci5tific c\rses t5d to pr$om9ate ov] ! classical4 ,mo/ ( ! /ruggles = 8academic fre$om0 & mo/ ( ! live problems 9 education revolve ab\t ! tea*+ ( ! sci5ces4 ,a va/ly great] numb] ( m9ds are today set free f dogma & sup]/ition & *ildi% def]5ce to au?ority by me?ods ( sci5tific rese>* ?an by ! /udy ( ! classics4 ,! latt] is on ! decl9e & ,i suppose mu/ cont9ue to be s until ,humanism aga9 possesses t vitality & naturalism1 & indep5d5ce ( judgm5t :i* m5 _h :5 ! ,greeks set out to discov] ! ,good ,life4 ,dewey says t )\t initiation into ! sci5tific _s "o is n 9 possession ( ! be/ tools :i* humanity has s f> devis$ = effectively direct$ reflection4 ,9 x may be realiz$ t desire = exact k z diff]5t f m]e op9ion :i* ! anci5ts s\ght4 ,x te/s all ?+s 9 ! light ( exp]im5t & by appeal to cold objective fact4 ,x is (t5 said t sci5ce is ,reason 9 contra/ ) ,fai?4 ,c]ta9ly ! sci5ti/ _c 9 8 rese>* p]mit himself to be sway$ by religi\s belief & rema9 sci5tific4 ,he mu/ accept no conclusion on au?ority or because he wi%es to believe x4 ,b ! sci5tific m9d is n1 z a matt] ( fact1 z /rictly rationali/ic z 0 ! s*ola/ic m9d4 ,! logic ( ! latt] is a =mal v9dication ( ,! ,tru? conceiv$ 9 advance ( k ( fact4 ,! reason+ ( ! =m] proce$s by a succession ( %rewd guesses :i* are held to be m]e hypo!sis until v]ifi$ by ! facts4 ,?is necessity ( hold+ judgm5t 9 abeyance1 & ( be+ will+ to disc>d any belief or po/ulate t may n be confirm$ by objective reality1 has ! greate/ educational value4 ,9 spite ( ! ev]la/+ deceitfulness & conceit ( human nature & not)/&+ ! fact t pomp\s ignorance & fraud are (t5 palm$ (f ^u ! public z sci5tific k1 ,i %\ld say1 precisely because ( ^! ?+s1 tra9+ 9 sci5tific me?ods is ! be/ device available to ! educator = in/ill+ into ! human m9d "s measure ( respect = tru?4 ,to ?is end ,huxley w\ld introduce sci5tific exp]im5tation into ! elem5t>y s*ool & w\ld e/abli% 8sci5tific ,sunday s*ools10 8,w\ld !re really be any?+ wrong 9 us+ "p ( ,sunday = ! purpose ( in/ruct+ ^? :o h no o!r leisure1 9 a k ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & ( man's relation to ,nature8 8,i %\ld l to see a sci5tific ,sunday-s*ool 9 e p>i%1 n = ! purpose ( sup]s$+ any exi/+ means ( tea*+ ! p ! ?+s t are = _! good1 b side by side ) !m4 ,i _c b ?9k t !re is room = all ( u to "w 9 help+ to bridge ov] ! great abyss ( ignorance :i* lies at our feet4 8,& if any ( ! ecclesia/ical p]sons to :om ,i h ref]r$ object t !y f9d x d]ogatory to ! hon\r ( ! ,god :om !y wor%ip1 to awak5 ! m9ds ( ! "y to ! inf9ite wond] & maje/y ( ! works :i* !y proclaim ,81 & to tea* !m ^? laws :i* mu/ ne$s be ,8 laws1 & !re=e ( all ?+s ne$ful = man to "k--,i c only recomm5d !m to be let blood & put on l[ diet4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ v wrong go+ on 9 ! in/rum5t ( logic if x turns out su* conclusions f su* premises40 ,!re is an intellectual cleanness1 some?+ d[nright & hone/ ab\t ! sci5tific pursuit ( k1 & ?is uncompromis+ m5tal integrity *>act]izes ev]y?+ t ,huxley said & did4 ,!re is no?+ %ifty 9 a m9d tra9$ z 8 04 ,8 is l a cool nor? breeze on "o ( ^? cle> summ] days t sometimes foll[ a p]iod ( sultr9ess1 fog & ra94 ,if ?+s are a little too %>ply outl9$1 !y are at lea/ recogniz$ = :at !y are4 ,no evasive mi/9ess obscures ! l&scape4 ,to ,huxley ! f\ndation ( morality is to give up pret5d+ to believe t = :i* !re is no evid5ce4 ,he held t ! l[e/ dep?s to :i* ! human race c\ld fall--aft] kn[+ :at sci5ce n[ reveals ( nature--w\ld be to g back & deceive itself ) com=t+ fictions4 ,y w rememb] 8 correspond5ce ) ,k+sley :5 dea? _h ent]$ 8 home4 ,! grief-/rick5 ,huxley refus$ ! consolations ( a fai? 9 :i* he c\ld n :ole-he>t$ly believe4 ,l ,socrates & ,montaigne & _m educat$ m5 today1 ,huxley 0 c&idly agno/ic ) respect to matt]s :i* lie beyond ! radius ( human k4 ,huxley 0 a det]m9i/1 b x is d\btful if he 0 a mat]iali/4 ,at lea/ he held to a mat]ialism :i* 9 "o s5se might be reconcil$ ) a =m ( idealism4 ,9 ! address 9 honor ( ,joseph ,prie/ley he said1 8,)\t conta9+ mu* t w be new to ! read]s or ,hobbs1 ,sp9oza1 ,coll9s1 ,hume1 & ,h>tley1 & inde$1 :ile mak+ no pret5sions to orig9ality1 ,prie/ley's #8,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s1' & 8 #8,doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity ,illu/rat$1' are among ! mo/ p[]ful1 cle>1 & unfl9*+ expositions ( mat]ialism & necess>ianism :i* exi/ 9 ! ,engli% language1 & are /ill well wor? read+4 8,prie/ley d5i$ ! fre$om ( ! w 9 ! s5se ( its self-det]m9ation2 he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a s\l di/9ct f ! body2 & z a natural consequ5ce1 he d5i$ ! natural immortality ( man4 8,9 relation to ^! matt]s ,engli% op9ion a c5tury ago 0 v mu* :at x is n[4 8,a man may be a necess>ian )\t incurr+ grav] reproa* ?an t impli$ 9 be+ call$ a gloomy fanatic1 necess>ianism1 ?\gh v %ock+1 hav+ a note ( ,calv9i/ic or?odoxy2 b1 if a man is a mat]iali/2 or1 if good au?orities say he is & mu/ be s1 9 spite ( 8 ass]tion to ! contr>y2 or1 if he ackn[l$ge himself unable to see good reasons = believ+ 9 ! natural immortality ( man1 respectable folks look ^u him z an unsafe neighb\r ( a ca%box1 z an actual or pot5tial s5suali/1 ! m virtu\s 9 outw>d seem+1 ! m c]ta9ly load$ ) secret #8grave p]sonal s9s4' 8444 ,i mu/ confess t :at int]e/s me mo/ ab\t ,prie/ley's mat]ialism1 is ! evid5ce t he saw dimly ! se$ ( de/ruction :i* su* mat]ialism c>ries )9 its own bosom4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ = 8 #8,hi/ory ( ,discov]ies relat+ to ,vision1 ,light1 & ,col\rs1' he _h come ^u ! speculations ( ,boscovi* & ,mi*ell1 & _h be5 l$ to admit ! suffici5tly obvi\s tru? t our k ( matt] is a k ( its prop]ties2 & t ( its sub/ance--if x h a sub/ance--we "k no?+4 ,& ?is l$ to ! fur!r admission t1 s f> z we c "k1 !re may be no diff]5ce betwe5 ! sub/ance ( matt] & ! sub/ance ( _s 7#8,disquisitions1 p4 #af'74 ,a /ep f>!r w\ld h %[n ,prie/ley t 8 mat]ialism 01 ess5tially1 v little diff]5t f ! ,idealism ( 8 contempor>y1 ! ,bi%op ( ,cloyne40 ,p]haps ,william ,james may h _h ,huxley or 8 type 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8 fam\s passage ab\t le>n+ 8to /& ?is univ]se40 ,yet ,i suspect t ,huxley's univ]se 0 m simple & b5evol5t1 m navely conceiv$ ?an 0 t ( ,james4 ,huxley 0 to ! end a rationali/1 & liv$ & work$ 9 a p]iod :5 ,nature 0 ?\ght to be ess5tially reasonable4 ,man ne$ only le>n ! laws ( nature & obey !m to become wise & happy & good4 ,! aim ( education 0 to acqua9t ! /ud5t ) ! laws ( nature4 8,well1 :at ,i mean by ,education is le>n+ ! rules ( ?is mighty game4 ,9 o!r words1 education is ! in/ruction ( ! intellect 9 ! laws ( ,nature1 "u :i* "n ,i include n m]ely ?+s & _! =ces1 b m5 & _! ways2 & ! fa%ion+ ( ! affections & ( ! w into an e>ne/ & lov+ desire to move 9 h>mony ) ^? laws4 ,= me1 education means nei!r m nor less ?an ?is4444 8,suppose x 7 p]fectly c]ta9 t ! life & =tune ( e "o ( u w\ld1 "o day or o!r1 dep5d ^u 8 w9n+ or los+ a game ( *ess4 ,don't y ?9k t we %\ld all consid] x to be a prim>y duty to le>n at lea/ ! names & ! moves ( ! pieces2 to h a notion ( a gambit1 & a ke5 eye = all ! means ( giv+ & gett+ out ( *eck8 8,yet x is a v pla9 & elem5t>y tru?1 t ! life1 ! =tune1 & ! happ9ess ( e "o ( u1 &1 m or less1 ( ^? :o are connect$ ) u1 d dep5d ^u our kn[+ some?+ ( ! rules ( a game inf9itely m difficult & complicat$ ?an *ess4 ,x is a game :i* has be5 play$ = untold ages1 e man & woman ( u be+ "o ( ! two play]s 9 a game ( 8 or h] own4 ,! *ess-bo>d is ! _w1 ! pieces are ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 ! rules ( ! game are :at we call ! laws ( ,nature4 ,! play] on ! o!r side is hidd5 f u4 ,we "k t 8 play is always fair1 j & pati5t4 ,b we also "k1 to our co/1 t he nev] ov]looks a mi/ake1 or makes ! smalle/ all[ance = ignorance4 ,to ! man :o plays well1 ! highe/ /akes are paid1 ) t sort ( ov]fl[+ g5]osity ) :i* ! /rong %[s delight 9 /r5g?4 ,& "o :o plays ill is *eckmat$--)\t ha/e1 b )\t remorse4 8,my metaphor w rem9d "s ( y ( ! fam\s picture 9 :i* ,retzs* has depict$ ,satan play+ at *ess ) man = 8 s\l4 ,sub/itute = ! mock+ fri5d 9 t picture a calm1 /rong angel :o is play+ = love1 z we say1 & w\ld r lose ?an w9--& ,i %\ld accept x z an image ( human life4444 8,t man1 ,i ?9k1 has _h a lib]al education :o has be5 s tra9$ 9 y\? t 8 body is ! ready s]vant ( 8 w1 & does ) ease & pleasure all ! "w t1 z a me*anism1 x is capable (2 ^: intellect is a cle>1 cold1 logic eng9e1 ) all its p>ts ( equal /r5g?1 & 9 smoo? work+ ord]2 ready1 l a /eam eng9e1 to be turn$ to any k9d ( "w1 & sp9 ! gossam]s z well z =ge ! an*ors ( ! m9d2 ^: m9d is /or$ ) a k ( ! great & fundam5tal tru?s ( ,nature & ( ! laws ( h] op]ations2 "o :o1 no /unt$ ascetic1 is full ( life & fire1 b ^: passions are tra9$ to come to heel by a vigor\s w1 ! s]vant ( a t5d] consci5ce2 :o has le>n$ to love all beauty1 :e!r ( ,nature or ( art1 to hate all vil5ess1 & to respect o!rs z himself4 8,su* an "o & no o!r1 ,i conceive1 has _h a lib]al education2 = he is1 z completely z a man c be1 9 h>mony ) ,nature4 ,he w make ! be/ ( h]1 & %e ( him4 ,!y w get on toge!r r>ely2 %e z 8 ev] b5efic5t "m2 he z h] m\?piece1 h] consci\s self1 h] m9i/] & int]pret]40 ,b surely lib]al education is m ?an becom+ ! m\?piece ( a b5evol5t nature4 ,x seems to me t ,huxley omits "o ( ! ess5tials4 ,j z ! n9ete5? c5tury ,humani/s1 because ( _! neglect ( sci5ce1 possess$ only a di/ort$ & "o-sid$ view ( ,humani/ education1 s x w\ld seem to me t n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce 9 its opposition to traditional education1 fail$ to see t sci5ce is itself a "p ( ,humanism4 ,x is n m]ely ! discov]y ( giv5 8,laws0 :i* exi/ indep5d5tly 9 a b5evol5t & rational univ]se4 ,x is ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 relation%ips & recurr5ces & ! /atem5t ( ^! ?+s 9 g5]al t]ms t w give !m significance = human be+s4 ,:at nature is aside f ! fact t we are int]e/$ spectators does n conc]n u4 ,sci5ce gr[s out ( ! fact t we are m int]e/$ 9 "s ?+s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is a human a*ievem5t2 x is "o ( ! answ]s t mank9d gives to ! riddle ( exi/5ce4 ,x is n exi/5ce :i* gives t answ]1 x is man4 ,& education mu/ n only seek k ( ! facts ( nature1 b hav+ obta9$ su* k1 mu/ try to und]/& :at to d ab\t x4 ,n[ t we und]/& our natural environm5t1 :at k9d ( life c we be/ a*ieve ) x8 ,:at valuations h m5 put ^u de$s & ?+s8 ,:at values is x possible to a*ieve8 ,our education is n done :5 we h le>n$ ,nature's yes & no2 we h our own yes & no to give4 ,sci5ti/s quietly obs]v+ c]ta9 aspects ( reality--^? :i* l5d !mselves to kn[+ z a specializ$ und]tak+--are happy to f9d t _! ab/ract conceptions mutually imply & support "o ano!r 9 an ord]$ sy/em ( k4 ,_! own reason :i* !y are ?us able to impose ^u nature1 !y believe !y h discov]$ 9 nature itself4 ,h5ce nature appe>s to be m ord]$ ?an x really is1 & to be ess5tially reasonable & b5efic5t4 ,comp>e ,huxley's picture ( nature z a b5efic5t "m ( :om ! educat$ m9d 8makes ! be/1 & %e ( him10 he 8h] consci\s self1 h] m9i/] & int]pret]10 ) ,william ,james' /atem5t ab\t 8?is p>tially hospitable & #8/epmo!rly' _w ( ours40 ,! latt] is surely ! m pr(\nd & correct view4 ,wat] is n only ,h,o1 x may dr[n y or qu5* y\r ?ir/4 ,fire is n m]ely a process ( oxidation1 x is hot4 ,x may be y\r will+ s]vant1 or y\r rel5tless enemy4 ,! modification ( species :i* n9ete5? c5tury sci5ti/s held to be ! outcome ( natural selection is n :at natural selection means to ! organisms :i* exp]i5c$ x4 ,to !m x is a rel5tless /ruggle = a prec>i\s & fleet+ exi/5ce 9 :i* satisfactions & victories are m+l$ ) t]ror & />vation & agony4 ,& man plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( su* a _w seeks education n only t he may int]pret its happ5+s to an intellig5ce :i* is "p ( ! natural process1 b t he may select wisely among ! alt]natives :i* ,nature pres5ts to him1 lift himself above *aos & ! slime1 & a*ieve an exi/5ce t1 at lea/ :ile x la/s1 has "s significance & quality ( dec5cy & wor?4 ,x is to ?is end t sci5ce is education2 a true ,humanism is impossible )\t x4 ,su* a ,humanism is z anti-sup]naturali/ic z det]m9ism4 ,b x is naturalism ) mank9d1 h[ev]1 n m]ely pictur$ z a passive resultant ( natural =ces1 b actively select+ & creat+ value4 ,z ,huxley himself says1 its aim is to provide crit]ia = a 8criticism ( life40 8,moreov] ?is sci5tific #8criticism ( life' pres5ts itself to u ) diff]5t cr$5tials f any o!r4 ,x appeals n to au?ority1 nor to :at anybody may h ?\ght or said1 b to nature4 ,x admits t all our int]pretations ( natural fact are m or less imp]fect & symbolic1 & bids ! le>n] seek = ! tru? n among words b among ?+s4 ,x w>ns u t ! ass]tion :i* out/rips evid5ce is n only a blund] b a crime40 ,he saw a new culture 9 process ( developm5t1 "o :i* w\ld enli/ ! :ole spiritual life ( mank9d1 8,! sc5es are %ift+ ! great !atre ( ! _w4 ,! act :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation is ne>ly play$ out1 & a wid] & deep] *ange ?an t effect$ ?ree c5turies ago--a re=mation1 or r a revolution ( ?\ght1 ! extremes ( :i* are repres5t$ by ! intellectual heirs ( ,john ( ,leyd5 & ( ,ignatius ,loyola1 r ?an by ^? ( ,lu!r & ( ,leo--is wait+ to come on1 nay1 visible beh9d ! sc5es to ^? :o h good eyes4 ,m5 are beg9n+1 once m1 to awake to ! fact t matt]s ( belief & ( speculation are ( absolutely inf9ite practical importance2 & are draw+ (f f t sunny c\ntry #8:]e x is always aft]noon'--! sleepy holl[ ( broad indiff]5tism--to range !mselves "u _! natural bann]s4 ,*ange is 9 ! air4 ,x is :irl+ fea!r-heads into all sorts ( ecc5tric orbits1 & fill+ ! /eadie/ ) a s5se ( insecurity4 ,x insi/s on reop5+ all que/ions & ask+ all in/itutions1 h[ev] v5]able1 by :at "r !y exi/1 & :e!r !y are1 or are n1 9 h>mony ) ! real or suppos$ wants ( mank9d40 ,huxley's s]vices to education 7 m ?an 8 /ruggle = ! recognition ( ! educational value ( sci5ce4 ,8 own contributions to ! sci5ce ( biology & 8 able *ampion+ ( ! case :i* ,d>w9 _h made 9 favor ( ! hypo!ses ( evolution did mu* to place ! biological sci5ces 9 _! pres5t position ( prem95ce & to aid 9 plac+ bo? education & mod]n ?\ght ^u ! basis ( a philosophy ( evolution4 ,aft] receiv+ 8 degree 9 m$ic9e1 ,huxley 0 appo9t$ to ! position ( assi/ant surgeon 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,z he cruis$ ab\t on ! w>-%ip #8,rattlesnake1' he began 8 /udies ( m>9e animals4 ,d>w91 y w rememb]1 _h also sp5t long mon?s on s\!rn seas z gov]nm5t naturali/ assign$ to ! ,beagle4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t foll[$ ea* _h ris5 to a high position z a ,briti% sci5ti/1 conduct+ rese>*1 publi%+ pap]s1 mak+ new discov]ies1 all ( :i* contribut$ to make ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z ,john ,fiske said1 8! c5tury ( sci5ce40 ,dur+ ! ye>s :5 ,d>w9 0 pati5tly elaborat+ ! !ory ( 8desc5t ) modification0 :i* 0 de/9$ )9 8 own lifetime to br+ ab\t a revolution>y trans=mation 9 ! philosophy ( nature1 ,huxley did mu* to organize ! sci5ce ( ,biology z a def9ite bran* ( natural hi/ory4 ,8 great en]gy & indu/ry1 8 passion = exact k & 8 g5ius = cle> & compreh5sive /atem5t made him "o ( ! out/&+ sci5ti/s ( ,engl&4 ,z pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 & lat] 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 & z publici/ & memb] ( num]\s commissions on sci5ce & education1 he 0 9 a position to ?r[ a trem5d\s weight ( influ5ce to ! support ( 8 convictions1 %\ld he be drawn into a sci5tific controv]sy4 ,:5 9 #ahei ,d>w9 publi%$ ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ,huxley 0 "o ( ! small gr\p ( em95t sci5ti/s ^: favorable judgm5t ,d>w9 felt w\ld be necess>y if ! !ory ( natural selection 7 to comm& ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,d>w9 did n inv5t ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,?is idea _h f "t to "t sugge/$ itself to m5's m9ds :5ev] a naturali/ic acc\nt ( creation 0 attempt$4 ,! increase ( k ( comp>ative anatomy1 ( geology & ( zology1 & ! discov]y ( c]ta9 /ructural lik5esses & diff]5ces among bo? liv+ organisms & ! fossil rema9s :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! sev]al lay]s ( ! e>?'s surface1 c\ld n fail to sugge/ to _m m9ds ! ?\ght t p]haps all =ms ( life might be relat$ 9 "o compreh5sive evolution>y process4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce aga9/ ! dogma ( special creation 0 rapidly accumulat+1 no valid explanation _h be5 f\nd4 ,lam>cks' !ory t ! /ructural modifications :i* *>act]ize ! v>i\s species ( organisms 7 ! result ( ef=t & use & ( special en]giz+ & developm5t ( v>i\s organs1 0 "u discussion4 ,! !ory did n1 h[ev]1 int]e/ ,huxley1 because x impli$ t modifications :i* occurr$ z a result ( ef=t & use c\ld be inh]it$1 a belief = :i* !re 0 n suffici5t evid5ce4 ,d>w9's book put ! :ole problem 9 a new light1 & /at$ ! hypo!ses ( organic evolution z an alt]native to 8special creation0 9 t]ms :i* 7 compreh5sible to a m9d tra9$ 9 natural sci5ce4 ,h]et(ore a my/]i\s pr9ciple ( developm5t _h be5 sub/itut$ = a miracle ( creation4 ,d>w9 did n invoke any su* pr9ciple b ) good sci5tific logic s\ght 8 explanation ( ! orig9 ( species 9 ! casual connections among obs]vable facts4 ,x is n my purpose n[ to ent] ^u a discussion ( ,d>w9ism1 or its pres5t /atus 9 biology1 a g5]al und]/&+ ( :i* ,i ?9k %\ld be "p ( ! education ( a mod]n man4 ,i suspect t _m mod]ns :o 8believe 9 evolution0 m]ely *]i% a popul> fai? 9 "s my/ical law ( unusual progress1 su* z is express$ 9 ! v]se1 8,"s call x evolution & "s ,god40 ,huxley 0 uncompromis+ly oppos$ to all su* romantic !ologiz+ 9 sci5ce4 ,he 0 moreov]1 aw>e1 z ,d>w9 himself 01 ( ! difficulties ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,b he grasp$ ! significance ( :at ,d>w9 _h done & saw ! gr\nd ^u :i* he _h plac$ ! discussion ( ! problem1 & he held t 9 ! ma9 ,d>w9 0 correct4 ,gracefully & c\rage\sly he took 8 /& at ,d>w9's side4 ,9 v>i\s addresses1 essays1 books1 he drew ^u 8 ext5sive k = evid5ce 9 support ( ! !ory4 ,9 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature0 he uncompromis+ly plac$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human race )9 ! process ( ! evolution ( animal organisms4 ,he did n rema9 indiff]5t to ! /orm ( ecclesia/ical indignation & popul> abuse & ridicule ) :i* a grateful humanity greet$ ! mo/ important sci5tific discov]y ( ! c5tury4 ,he accept$ ! *all5ge1 & dur+ ! decades t foll[$ #ahfj he 0 probably ! out/&+ *ampion 9 ,engl&1 n only ( evolution1 b ( sci5ce itself4 ,9 #aibe1 ^u ! c5t5nial ( 8 bir?1 8 gr&son1 ,julian ,huxley wrote1 8,( ! g5]al tru? ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis1 its enorm\s value to biology1 & ! necess>y reori5tation :i* x w\ld give to ! g5]al curr5t ( ?\ght1 he _h no d\bts2 nor did he sp>e himself 9 ! cause4 ,x is sometimes z well1 9 ^! easi]-go+ & !ologically m tol]ant days1 :5 we are reap+ :at he & o!rs l him s[$1 & may sometimes be tempt$ to ?9k ( 8 criticism z ess5tially de/ructive1 to rememb] :at p[] ( in]tia1 :at viol5ce ( ! odium !ologicum !re 0 9 ! opposition4 #8,pr(essor ,huxley' became a sort ( bogy 9 or?odox l[] middle-class families1 almo/ z #8,boney' _h done = ! nation 9 e>li] days4 ,he 0 attack$ z irreligi\s1 immoral1 unscrupul\s1 on ! plat=m1 9 ! press1 by lett]4 ,t sort ( opposition _c be p]suad$2 x mu/ die out or be de/roy$40 ,! s*ol> confront$ by ! fury & /upidity ( ! mob1 & c\nt$ a fool = 8 pa9s :5 he /rives to induce x to li/5 to reason1 has (t5 turn$ aside 9 disgu/4 ,h5ce=? he w write & speak = ! le>n$ few4 ,let ! masses1 :o ?9k t a sci5tific demon/ration may be satisfactorily refut$ ) d]ision & sl&]1 consume !mselves 9 _! own ignorance4 ,!y h made x cle> t le>n+ is n = su* z !y4 ,9 ! ,!atetus ,plato tells u ( ! discomfiture ( ! philosoph] 9 ! m>ketplace4 ,z 8! rabble0 is 9 all times he$less or ho/ile to reason1 !re has (t5 develop$ ! idea t any belief t is popul> is !reby %[n to be untrue & vulg>4 ,cato at once became suspici\s ( himself :5 any utt]ance ( 8 met ) applause4 ,among w\ld-be educat$ m9ds ?is suspicion becomes a cult4 ,any?+ is 8ref9$0 & true to ! ext5t t x is unpopul>--& = ! reason t x is n %>$ by ! _m4 ,today ?is attitude--:i* is really intellectual snobbi%ness--ga9s plausibility f ! fact t mu* ( ! popul>ization ( sci5ce is base c>icature & misrepres5tation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! wid] ! circulation ( pseudo-sci5ce1 ! great] is ! ne$ ( g5u9e in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( sci5ce & ( g5]al culture4 ,i c see no o!r way by :i* mod]n le>n+ or mod]n civilization may be su/a9$4 ,! man on ! /reet has p[] to det]m9e :i* values %all survive 9 our common life1 & :i* %all p]i%1 to a degree t he nev] _h be=e4 ,he ex]cises ?is influ5ce ^u our culture 9 _m ways bo? direct & indirect1 & 8 sway is n likely to be dim9i%$ 9 an indu/rial society :i* increas+ly t5ds to give social p[] to ! v>i\s gr\ps :i* compose x 9 direct proportion to _! num]ical /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 x is n likely t a /rictly esot]ic intellectualism c survive at all1 mu* less atta9 t lead]%ip :i* is ! prop] function ( intellig5ce 9 human affairs 9 a _w organiz$ z ours is4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 our intellectual hold ^u reality1 ev5 = ! be/ tra9$ m9ds1 is m prec>i\s ?an we ?9k4 ,a slight g5]al %ift+ ( emotional int]e/ or ( p]spective--! spread1 let u suppose1 ( ,fundam5talism ?r\gh l[] middle class m9ds g5]ally1--a sudd5 spasm ( popul> disillusionm5t reg>d+ ! 8wond]s0 ( sci5ce or ( ho/ility t[>d sci5tific me?ods :i* are ev] upsett+ ! consolations ( fai?1--might conceivably occur at any "t1 & br+ ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( all t s*ol>s h /ruggl$ = s9ce ! ,r5aissance4 ,if z ,huxley said1 ! epo* :i* began ) ! ,re=mation is ab\t play$ out1 x is n by any means a =egone conclusion :at ! sequel is to be4 ,if sci5ce & lett]s are to jo9 =ces 9 ! a*ievem5t ( a truly ,humani/ culture1 ?is culture mu/ be root$ 9 ! life & ?\ght ( ! community4 ,x w n likely be aga9 a fifte5? c5tury ,italian mimicry ( ! age ( ,cic]o2 nei!r c x support itself l a bridge ov] an illit]ate & enslav$ populace1 aft] ! fa%ion ( anci5t ,a!nian ,humanism4 ,?is mod]n public c read1 x is v vocif]\s1 x has votes & pur*as+ p[] & x pays to flatt] x4 ,b !re is 9 ! mod]n public a small & gr[+ m9ority1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t all classes 9 ! community1 :o hone/ly desire k ( sci5ce & ! humanities4 ,pr(essional s*ol>%ip has 9 ! example ( ,huxley a spl5did prec$5t = any attempts x may c>e to make to ally itself ) ?is tea*able m9ority4 ,i once invit$ a neighbor+ biologi/ to p>ticipate ) o!r rese>* s*ol>s1 9 a c\rse ( lectures at ,coop] ,union on sci5tific me?ods4 ,he decl9$1 because he believ$ t a sci5ti/ :o lectur$ to popul> audi5ces *eap5$ 8 reputation4 ,i wond]$ if he _h =gott5 ! great s]vice to sci5ce r5d]$ by ,huxley1 :o did n ?9k x b5ea? ! dignity ( "o :o 0 p]haps ! lead+ biologi/ ( ,engl& to wage ! /ruggle = sci5tific advance 9 ! pres5ce ( a public :i* 0 mu* less tra9$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce ?an ! p :o regul>ly att5d ! lectures at ,coop] ,union4 ,huxley seem$ to believe t ! outcome ( ! /ruggle ( evolution aga9/ popul> ignorance & sup]/ition 0 insep>able f ! fate ( sci5ce itself4 ,he set himself to make k ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce univ]sal4 ,he did a "w ( adult education t has n be5 surpass$ 9 mod]n times4 ,if today !re is great] fre$om = sci5tific rese>* & tea*+1 & 9 g5]al a m lib]al & tol]ant attitude on ! "p ( (ficial & popul> religion t[>d sci5tific discov]y1 our g5]ation is 9 no small measure indebt$ to ,huxley4 ,9 reply to ! commonly express$ fe> t lib]al education may give u a type ( m9d :i* is sceptical & ineffective1 ,i (f] ,huxley4 ,! educat$ man may n p]haps take sides on ! ev] recurr5t "q :o is to pr(it at ano!r's exp5se1 nor easily give 8 devotion to ! p>ticul> ,utopian s*eme ( social reorganization :i* happ5s to be ! fa%ion ( ! re=m]s ( 8 day4 ,b if he is l ,huxley1 he w be al]t en\gh :5 he f9ds t intellectual integrity & cultural progress are at /ake4 ,l ,erasmus1 ,huxley survives 9 ! philosophy ( mod]n education z a symbol ( enlight5m5t 9 its /ruggle aga9/ obscurantism4 ,bo? insi/ ^u ! recognition ( ! value ( "o aspect ( a develop+ educational tradition :i* has its orig9 9 anci5t ,greece1 & is 9 %>p contra/ bo? ) popul> op9ion & ) m$ival s*ola/icism4 ,z ,i h indicat$1 x 0 un=tunate t ^! two educational int]e/s did n develop out ( ! ,r5aissance1 z "o1 = a well-r\nd$ ,humanism is an integration ( bo?4 ,erasmus *ampions ! cause ( 8human lett]s0 & 9 ! end classical education deg5]ates into a species ( ,prote/ant s*ola/icism4 ,huxley *ampions sci5ce1 b is unable to lib]ate sci5ce itself f a me*ani/ic philosophy :i* became associat$ ) x two c5turies e>li]4 ,! /ruggle ( sci5ce ) !ology 0 b a cont9uation ( ! _s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! /ruggle ( sci5ce aga9/ an entr5*$ classical tradition meant t ! ,r5aissance _h become divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,?is dualism is reflect$ 9 sci5ce d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is reveal$ 9 ,huxley's type ( agno/icism1 :i* is really nave 9 comp>ison ) ! sophi/icat$1 mell[ scepticism ( ,montaigne or ,hume1 or 9 our own day ) t ( ,mr4 ,santayana1 :o sees t all k is fai?4 ,x 0 n s ) ,huxley2 ab\t ! f9ality ( ! k t c be br\ght )9 ! scope ( sci5tific me?od he _h no d\bt :atev]4 ,( o!r k he is sceptical because ( want ( evid5ce4 ,?is is c\rage\s & hone/1 &1 f ! /&po9t ( ! /ruggle 9 :i* sci5ce 0 !n engag$ ) !ological rationalism1 ! issue _c be compromis$ )\t ! surr5d] ( sci5ce to sup]/ition4 ,al?\gh ,huxley is an evolutioni/ & cle>ly sees t human intellig5ce is "p ( ! behavior ( an organism :i* is itself a cross-section z x 7 ( a process ( nature1 he seems to hold t morality & tru? are absolute & et]nal pr9ciples :i* exi/ outside ! process & con/itute ! v basis ( exi/5ce4 ,reason :i* kn[s ^! et]nal pr9ciples & 9 :i* !y inh]e1 mu/ !n also exi/ outside ! process4 ,b we h se5 t reason is a function ( ! behavior ( an animal4 ,huxley is ?us a ,rationali/2 z mu* s z any ,s*ola/ic4 ,! body ( sci5tific k :i* we possess is ! revelation ( ! true nature ( ! facts :i* we exp]i5c$4 ,x is ! intellectual equival5t ( reality4 ,b is sci5tific k k ( facts tak5 9 _! :ol5ess1 or is x 9 ea* in/ance k ( "s special aspect ( ! facts--fact r$uc$ to ab/ract quality1 to numb] & po9t 9 space & to a multiple ( small] & 8m real0 units all conceiv$ 9 logical relation%ip r ?an z exp]i5c$8 ,suppose we %\ld say t sci5tific ideas d n exi/ indep5d5t ( ! m9ds t ?9k !m1 are n equival5ts ( indep5d5t tru?s :i* reason discov]s1 b are ! devices :i* an unusually intellig5t animal con/ructs out ( ! _m k9ds ( relation%ips x is able to notice among/ ! objects :i* int]e/ x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! "o mo/ consi/5t1 ,i believe1 ) a biology & a psy*ology :i* mu/ take evolution into acc\nt1 sci5tific ideas are se5 to be humanly creat$ symbols1 n c]ebral photographs ( ! ultimate nature ( ?+s4 ,:y %\ld ! ultimate nature ( a lob/] be ! fact t a morphologi/ discov]s x to be an 8articulate10 anymore ?an t ,i discov] t x turns r$ :5 put 9 boil+ wat]8 ,sci5tific ideas are in/rum5ts4 ,ab/raction & classification are 9 a s5se labor-sav+ devices1 accord+ to :i* we may hold t :at is true = "o object or ev5t is true = all ( its k9d4 ,b ! success ( our ?9k+ dep5ds ^u :i* ( ^! _m aspects & relation%ips we obs]ve & h5ce h[ we classify !m4 ,all aspects & relation%ips are equally true1 z ,james said1 if true at all4 ,correct ?9k+ is ! ?9k+ :i* seizes ^u ^? :i* are relevant to our int]e/ & purpose4 ,& ! int]e/ & purpose are human1 n inh]5t 9 ! _w ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ! ord] sci5ce f9ds 9 nature is n giv52 x is ! ord] ( human ?\ght itself4 ,?us sci5ce also is 8human lett]s40 ,! humani/1 or organic1 view ( ! _w ( sci5ce diff]5tiates ! tw5tie? c5tury philosophy ( nature f ! me*ani/ic philosophy ( e>li] sci5ce4 ,me*anism1 :i* is fai? t ! univ]se is r$ucible to ,reason is1 ,i hold1 a survival f ! old religi\s dualism1 accord+ to :i* matt] & _s 7 sep>ate entities ea* belong+ to its own _w ( ph5om5on4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,reason z an entity 9 itself c\ld be tak5 = grant$1 because ,reason belong$ to ! realm ( _s or m9d1 :i* ?\gh x exi/$ outside ! mat]ial ord] ( be+1 _h yet e/abli%$ ?is ord] 9 con=mity to ,reason4 ,huxley's agno/icism prop]ly d5ies t man c h k ( ?is _w ( _s1 yet reta9s f t realm ! pr9ciple ( reason :i* x re-discov]s 9 ! _w ( mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,h5ce ,huxley 0 m religi\s ?an he knew4 ,x is n ! agno/ic :o is ! non-religi\s man1 b ! nave reali/ :o sees e fact & situation uncolor$ by fancy or !ory or illusion4 ,= su* a m9d1 spiritual values d n exi/4 ,?is k9d ( mat]ialism is a diff]5t ?+ f philosophical mat]ialism1 :i* is v !oretical & fanciful4 ,!re are p]sons :o approa* ?is nave realism1 b ,i d\bt if anyone is :olly lack+ 9 poetry & fancy4 ,c]ta9ly ,huxley 0 n4 ,ord9>ily we see our environm5t 9 a p]spective ( wi%-fancy & traditional my? & magic4 ,to m logical m9ds ! _w ( objects is color$ by ! 8s5tim5t ( ,rationality40 ,! univ]se appe>s to !m to be gov]n$1 n by an indulg5t or h>% imag9>y ,fa!r1 b by a pr9ciple ( ,reason4 ,9 ea* case1 ! fiction ( security gives ! feel+ ( salvation4 ,9 a :olly rational univ]se salvation is explanation4 ,ev]y?+ is reasonable1 h5ce "r1 if only we c\ld expla9 x & %[ its place 9 ! :ole4 ,n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce c\ld conceive ( ! _w ord] z a me*anism & believe t x _h pass$ f fai? to k 9 its agno/icism ( ! ?+s ( ! _s1 b z ,:itehead says1 8! fai? 9 ! possibility ( sci5ce g5]at$ antec$5tly to ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5tific !ory is an unconsci\s d]ivative f m$ieval !ology40 ,! conflict 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury on behalf ( sci5ce has effect$ education 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x has n empti$ ! *ur*es1 b x has _h a m>k$ lib]aliz+ influ5ce1 caus+ v>i\s gr\ps ( believ]s to seek to modify ! public expressions ( _! fai? 9 ! light ( mod]n k4 ,x has giv5 ! av]age educat$ p]son ( today a v diff]5t conception ( 8 _w f t commonly held a c5tury ago4 ,x has to "s ext5t reviv$ ! ,socratic insi/5ce ^u cle> & accurate ?9k+ z ! fir/ requirem5t ( an educat$ m9d4 ,x has br\ght a great] degree ( objectivity & :olesom5ess ( outlook to be> ^u ! =mation ( ! m5tal habits ( /ud5ts4 ,x is by its insi/5ce ^u ! biological po9t ( view1 caus+ m>k$ *anges 9 m5's ideas ( human nature & society1 gradually turn+ _! ?\ght away f ! political dogma ( ! eighte5? c5tury to a less doctr9aire social philosophy4 ,on ! o!r side1 x may be said to be 9 "p responsible = ! ov]-specialization common 9 our educational in/itutions4 ,x has left on ! m9d ( ! public ! impression t sci5ce is a new k9d ( magic1 sometimes actually augm5t+ ! g5]al cr$ulity & gullibility4 ,almo/ any sort ( nons5se may n[ f9d space 9 ! columns ( ! ,sunday pap]s & pass curr5t ) ! ass]tion t x is 8sci5tific40 ,m9ds /uff$ ) a smatt]+ ( sci5ce may be j z op9ionat$ z m9ds /uff$ ) a smatt]+ ( !ology4 ,a result :i* c\ld p]haps n h be5 =ese5 9 #ahge--;& :i* ,i believe tw5tie? c5tury sci5ce is de/9$ to rem$y--grew out ( ! "o-sid$ness ( ! ,humanism ( ,huxley & o!rs ( 8 day :i* ,i h discuss$4 ,! sci5tific int]e/ t5d$ to h a me*aniz+ influ5ce ^u all life & culture1 to ignore & sometimes d5y all values :i* resi/$ laboratory me?ods4 ,& hav+ r$uc$ all possible ph5om5a ( life to a /atem5t ( ! movem5ts ( p>ticles ( matt] :i* 7 said to und]lie & cause all else1 ?is purposeless correlation ( matt]1 space & movem5t express$ 9 ma!matical =mulae 0 frequ5tly giv5 out z ! true picture ( ! nature ( all exi/5ce--human life includ$4 ,biologi/s & psy*ologi/s (t5 h resort$ to r amus+ ge/ures & h delib]ately ignor$ possible l9es ( inquiry 9 ord] to imitate z closely z possible ! physici/s & ! a/ronom]s4 ,j z matt] 0 ?\ght to consi/ ( comb9ations ( atoms1 s liv+ organisms consi/$ ( cells1 & complex acts ( behavior 7 se5 to consi/ ( comb9ations ( simple reflexes4 ,! cell & ! reflex1 be+ ! irr$ucible m9imum ( physiology & ( psy*ology1 7 said to be ! realities :i* con/itut$ ! nature ( ! organism & its acts4 ,all ph5om5a ( life 7 b comb9ations ( ^! elem5tal realities4 ,f9d ! smalle/ p>ticles 9 ! comb9ation1 %[ h[ by a me*anical pr9ciple !y are inevitably plac$ 9 c]ta9 temporal & spacial & o!r quantitative relation%ips1 & behold1 sci5ce has l$ y to ,reality4 ,all ?is seem$ to be v c]ta9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 x alone 0 k1 all else 0 m]e op9ion & error4 ,pr(essor ,:itehead says1 8,b ! progress ( biology & psy*ology has probably be5 *eck$ by ! uncritical assumption ( half-tru?s4 ,if sci5ce is n to deg5]ate into a m$ley ( ad hoc hypo!ses1 x mu/ become philosophical & mu/ ent] ^u a ?or\gh criticism ( its own f\ndations4444 8,!re p]si/s1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ! fix$ sci5tific cosmology :i* presupposes ! ultimate fact ( an irr$ucible brute matt]1 or mat]ial1 spread ?r\gh\t space 9 a flux ( configurations4 ,9 itself su* a mat]ial is s5seless1 valueless1 purposeless4 ,x j does :at x does d1 foll[+ a fix$ r\t9e impos$ by ext]nal relations :i* d n spr+ f ! nature ( its be+4 ,x is ?is assumption t ,i call #8sci5tific mat]ialism4'0 8,! progress ( sci5ce has n[ rea*$ a turn+ po9t4 ,! /able f\ndations ( physics h brok5 up3 also = ! fir/ "t physiology is ass]t+ itself z an effective body ( k1 z di/9ct f a scrap-heap4 ,! old f\ndations ( sci5tific ?\ght are becom+ un9telligible4 ,"t1 space1 matt]1 mat]ial1 e!r1 electricity1 me*anism1 organism1 configuration1 /ructure1 patt]n1 function1 all require re9t]pretation4 ,:at is ! s5se ( talk+ ab\t a me*anical explanation :5 y d n "k :at y mean by me*anics80 ,x is ?is disposition to f9d ! real nature ( ! facts 9 ! smalle/ homog5e\s p>ticles1 9 o!r words1 8atomism10 :i* sci5ce 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury modifies4 ,! p>ts !mselves1 consid]$ )\t reg>d to _! position 9 ! :ole ev5t1 are no?+4 ,! reality is ! organism1 ! situation z a :ole4 ,! unity ( a tree is v diff]5t f t ( a ma*9e1 & ev5 physici/s are beg9n+ to suspect t !y also deal ) ! =m] k9d ( unity4 ,! effect ( ?is *ange ( view ^u education is difficult to pr$ict4 ,i believe !re are indications ( a bett] syn!sis ( sci5ce ) g5]al culture ?an t :i* obta9$ 9 ,huxley's "t4 ,& z sci5ce modifies its me*ani/ic presuppositions1 !re w d\btless be an increase ( ! importance ( philosophy 9 education1 less pret5se at f9ality1 great] intellectual mode/y & m g5]al appreciation ( human wor? ?an is possible :5 educational philosophy is "u ! sway ( a sci5tific dogma :i* dehumanizes ! individual1 r$uces him to atoms1 & reg>ds him z a ma*9e4 ,! recognition ( ! probability t mu* ev5 ( our e/abli%$ sci5tific k is a human conv5tion1 %\ld h a lib]aliz+ effect ^u ! education ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,comp>e ! assurance ( ,huxley ) ! foll[+ passages :i* ,i quote f ! writ+s ( ,b]tr& ,russell1 ! fir/ f 8 book on 8,relativity10 & ! second f ! clos+ words ( 8,! ,,abc ( ,atoms40 8,:at we "k ab\t ! physical _w1 ,i repeat1 is mu* m ab/ract ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,betwe5 bodies !re are occurr5ces1 su* z light waves2 ( ! laws ( ^! occurr5ces1 we "k some?+--j z mu* z c be express$ 9 ma!matical =mulae--b ( _! nature we "k no?+4 ,( ! bodies !mselves1 z we saw 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we "k s little t we _c ev5 be sure t !y are any?+3 !y may be m]ely gr\ps ( ev5ts 9 o!r places1 ^? ev5ts :i* we %\ld naturally reg>d z _! effects4444 ,p]haps an illu/ration may make ! matt] cle>4 ,betwe5 a piece ( or*e/ral music z play$1 & ! same piece ( music z pr9t$ 9 ! score1 !re is a c]ta9 resemblance1 :i* may be describ$ z a resemblance 9 /ructure4 ,! resemblance is ( su* a sort t1 :5 y "k ! rules1 y c inf] ! music f ! score or ! score f ! music4 ,b suppose y _h be5 /one deaf f bir?1 b _h liv$ among musical p4 ,y c\ld und]/&1 if y _h le>n$ to speak & to d lip-read+1 t ! musical scores repres5t$ some?+ q diff]5t f !mselves 9 intr9sic quality1 ?\gh simil> 9 /ructure4 ,! value ( music w\ld be completely unimag9able to y1 b y c\ld inf] all its ma!matical *>act]i/ics1 s9ce !y are ! same z ^? ( ! score4 ,n[ our k ( nature is some?+ l ?is4 ,we c read ! scores1 & inf] j s mu* z our /one-deaf p]son c\ld h inf]r$ ab\t music4 ,b we h n ! advantages :i* he d]iv$ f association ) musical p4 ,we _c "k :e!r ! music repres5t$ by ! scores is beautiful or hide\s2 p]haps1 9 ! la/ analysis1 we _c be q sure t ! scores repres5t any?+ b !mselves40 8,! !ory ( relativity has %[n t mo/ ( traditional dynamics1 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 sci5tific laws1 really consi/$ ( conv5tions z to measurem5t1 & 0 /rictly analog\s to ! #8great law' t !re are always ?ree feet to a y>d4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ?is applies to ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,?is makes x plausible to suppose t e app>5t law ( nature :i* /rikes u z reasonable is n really a law ( nature1 b a conceal$ conv5tion1 pla/]$ on to nature by our love ( :at we1 9 our arrogance1 *oose to consid] rational4 ,edd+ton h9ts t a real law ( nature is likely to /& out by ! fact t x appe>s to u irrational1 s9ce 9 t case x is less likely t we h inv5t$ x to satisfy our intellectual ta/e4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view he incl9es to ! belief t ! quantum-pr9ciple is ! fir/ real law ( nature t has be5 discov]$ 9 physics4 8,?is raises a some:at important "q3 ,is ! _w #8rational1' i4 e41 su* z to con=m to our intellectual habits8 ,or is x #8irrational1' i4 e41 n su* z we %\ld h made x if we _h be5 9 ! position ( ! ,creator8 ,i d n propose to sugge/ an answ] to ?is "q40 ,no1 we d n "k :e!r ! _w is su* z we w\ld h made x if we _h be5 9 ! position ( ! ,creator4 ,b x is possible = u to ga9 "s intellig5t idea ( :at we c & %\ld make ( our _w s f> z lies )9 our human p[] & und]/&+4 ,?r\gh\t all hi/oric times m5 h /riv5 to atta9 t insight1 discrim9ation & =ekn[l$ge :i* w\ld enable !m to become 8legislators ( values0--to give _! exi/5ce quality & _! exp]i5ces an ord] ( pref]5ce t w\ld l5d beauty & h>mony & "s p]man5ce to ! half-*aotic /ream ( ev5ts & objects :i* swept ?r\gh _! lives4 ,?is is ! aim ( ! pursuit ( k4 ,x is to give to exi/5ce an 8ord] ( rank40 ,:at if ! ord] be a human "o8 ,g5]al cop]ation 9 its developm5t is :at we mean by culture4 ,& education is n m]e p]petuation ( ! ord] ( ! pa/4 ,! hi]>*y ( values mu/ be con/antly recreat$ if x is to survive4 ,k ( ! pa/ is ! inspiration to su* creative ef=t & k ( nature is a guide to x4 ,a g5]ation ago ,william ,james1 ^: philosophy ( sci5ce 0 ?or\ghly ,humani/ic1 sugge/$ t ! fasc9ation ( ! pursuit ( k 0 t we might ?us be 9 at ! places :]e tru? is actually 9 ! mak+1 & t we %\ld nev] "k :at sort ( _w ?is w\ld be 8till ! la/ man's vote is 9 & c\nt$40 ,:at we are to make ( ?is unf9i%$ _w dep5ds l>gely ^u ! p[] & wisdom & appreciation ( value :i* we may atta9 ?r\gh our education4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,tree ,,( ,,k ,f9ally1 ) :at appraisem5t may ! seek] = k view education itself8 ,9 ! c\rse ( our /udy we h ca/ aside num]\s idols & com=t+ fictions4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! process ( a lib]al education old dilemmas are outgr[n2 t ! habit is =m$ ( que/ion+ all ?+s2 t ! educat$ m9d becomes capable ( amus$ self-criticism1 atta9s urbanity ( _s & tol]ant scepticism ( ! cr[d & its p>tisan controv]sies1 & ) civiliz$ resignation le>ns t x may n possess f9ality 9 matt]s ( tru? & "r1 b t a man mu/ ord] 8 life accord+ to ! wise/ discrim9ation ( value ( :i* he is capable4 ,n[1 ,i believe1 ! wise man w pursue 8 education always view+ x ) a c]ta9 light-he>t$ness & deta*m5t4 ,wisdom itself w n be tak5 too s]i\sly by "o :o sees t 9 ! be/ ( x !re is an ent]ta9+ am\nt ( human folly4 ,l ,fal/aff's confession1 8,i am n mu* bett] ?an "o ( ! wick$10 ,socrates1 ! wise/1 kn[s he is n mu* bett] ?an "o ( ! fooli%4 ,p :o solemnly try to improve _! m9ds1 ) groan+s ( ! _s t _c be utt]$1 det]m9$ to rea* "s cultural 8,pike's peak or bu/10 d n (t5 become educat$2 !y become intellectual bores4 ,education is a way ( liv+1 b x is nev] a sub/itute = life4 ,rational liv+ does n mean t int]e/1 feel+1 love1 respect1 practical a*ievem5t1 d n c\nt1 or t 9 ! end education %\ld make ( life a m]e k affair4 ,"o does n pursue s*ol>%ip m]ely = ! sake ( philosophical contemplation1 or z an intellectual trick4 ,& !re is no magic ab\t education1 b pla9 common s5se4 ,i ?9k we may safely say t a life guid$ by reason & good ta/e is bett] ?an "o enslav$ to tradition1 tabu1 n>r[ utilit>ianism1 conv5tionalism & passion4 ,b surely education is n a hair %irt to be worn 9 ord] to discipl9e ! _s & a*ieve ! mod]n idea ( salvation4 ,nei!r is x some?+ to be atta9$ by practic+ be=e ! mirror4 ,x is no?+ o/5tati\s4 ,nor is x to be made a cult (4 ,x does n "w miracles1 nor c x create out ( airy no?+ness an intellig5ce t does n exi/4 ,i ?9k mu* ( ! criticism ( education t "o frequ5tly he>s ^! days gr[s out ( an exagg]at$ notion ( ! trans=mation :i* "s p expect a few ye>s ( education to "w4 ,i "k a numb] ( college graduates :o are v bitt] 9 _! criticism ( college education1 prote/+ t !y did n le>n any?+ t did !m any good4 ,p]haps !y expect$ too mu* = ! am\nt ( ef=t put =? & tri$ to d too great a bus9ess on a small intellectual capital4 ,or p]haps su* criticism is 9 "p a pose2 9 c]ta9 circles x is n[ 8! ?+40 ,an article :i* rec5tly appe>$ 9 a /ud5t's j\rnal is typical ( ?is attitude t[>d ,college education4 ,! writ] asks1 8,are ! ,am]ican colleges wor? _! keep80 ,!y h n1 he says1 giv5 to ! nation ! tra9$ lead]%ip :i* we _h ! "r to expect ( !m4 ,ent] any ,univ]sity ,club & y w f9d y\rself f> remov$ f t intellectual atmosph]e :i* %\ld be *>act]i/ic ( education 9 a great democracy4 ,few college m5 may be f\nd fight+ on ! side ( social ju/ice4 ,few h ! c\rage to deviate 9 any way f ! totums & tabus ( a plutocratic1 mat]iali/ic society4 ,few h any v diff]5t ideas f ^? ( _! *auffeurs ( :at con/itutes success 9 life4 ,m5's colleges are no diff]5t f girl's f9i%+ s*ools2 !y are n educational in/itutions1 b exi/ m]ely to imp>t in=mation ( ! ways & mann]s ( upp]-class society4 ,in/ructors are devitaliz$1 = none b a devitaliz$ p]son c\ld endure ! sy/em4 ,tru/ees h ! habit ( judg+ colleges by ! same /&>ds !y apply to bus9ess1 yet judg$ ev5 by su* /&>ds1 ! au?or ?9ks high] education is a failure4 ,if ,mr4 ,h5ry ,=d turn$ out motor c>s z bad z ! products ! colleges turn out1 he w\ld soon be bankrupt6 ,9 s f> z su* sweep+ indictm5ts are inspir$ by a feel+ ( antipa?y t[>d ! s-call$ upp] classes1 x is n necess>y = u to discuss !m4 ,b ,i ?9k t criticisms ( ?is sort also reveal a t5d5cy to expect too mu* ( education4 ,we become m *>itable :5 we pause to consid] h[ small a "p1 ev5 at be/1 intellig5ce plays 9 ! control ( human behavior4 ,we h se5 :at ,erasmus ?\ght ab\t ?is subject4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o call att5tion to ! g5]al lack ( intellig5ce1 draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! am\nt ( x 9 exi/5ce & ! am\nt 9 common use4 ,?is is a democratic view ( ! matt]4 ,x flatt]s ! av]age man if y tell him t he possesses m intellig5ce ?an he is us+4 ,a m correct view is p]haps t ( ,freud1 :o says t mo/ ( u 9 mod]n civilization are liv+ 8psy*ologically beyond our means40 ,a good example ( ?is democratic view may be f\nd 9 a discussion ( 8,intellig5ce 9 ,our ,"t10 by a v able pr(essor 9 "o ( ! ,ea/]n colleges4 8,! g5]al /ate ( intellig5ce 9 our "t is ( ! /range/4 ,x is ri*ly & spl5didly equipp$ & x is tragically unsuccessful1--unsuccessful1 t is1 9 ! conduct ( life1 bo? p]sonal & social40 ,y may te/ x1 broadly speak+1 by ! tr\bles ( ! _w4 8,"o ( ! =emo/ failures ( human intellig5ce is n to rememb] its own importance40 ,9 o!r words1 ,i suppose we hav5't en\gh intellig5ce to use our intellig5ce4 ,we live 9 8a sea ( loose & float+ ideas1 m ( !m produc$ daily1 & no cle>ly recogniz$ way ( decid+1 to ! co]cion ( all tra9$ m9ds1 :i* is "r4444 ,:5 p g wrong 9 reason+ !y usually d s 9 obvi\s ways1 by violat+ obvi\s rules40 ,intellig5ce has its /&>ds1 b does n en=ce !m2 x 8lacks confid5ce 9 itself4444 ,on mo/ important subjects op9ions diff]4 ,9 ea* case some?+ else appe>s z m important ?an intellig5ce1 some?+ else has ! "r ( way40 ,9 o!r words1 we "k bett] ?an to believe & behave z we d mo/ ( ! "t4 ,b ,i d\bt if ?is un=tunate /ate ( man is a peculi>ity ( our times4 ,i suspect t !re has long be5 m k ?an intellig5ce 9 ! _w4 ,! difficulty is t we frequ5tly d n "k h[ to use ! k we possess1 = to use k well requires wisdom1 & no "o c give u wisdom4 ,i c see no ga9 9 condemn+ ! human race = n us+ its intellig5ce4 ,i suspect t ! beliefs we ent]ta9 & ! de$s we p]=m or leave undone are ! be/ measure ( ! intellig5ce we possess4 ,let u ea* own up to a c]ta9 native /upidity & deceitfulness ( he>t :i* no am\nt ( education c :olly cure or ev5 successfully disguise4 ,! admission w to "s ext5t save u f t *ildi% pride ( intellect :i* is a common affliction ( ^? :o 8g 90 = education4 ,sometimes pride ( intellect disguises itself ) a holy tone & rev]5tial mi51 z if education 7 a v solemn affair4 ,:5 ,i 0 a s*ool boy1 !re 0 9 our t[n a woman libr>ian :o presid$ ov] our little public libr>y ) deadly s]i\sness4 ,%e fill$ ! place ) a cru%+ & awesome sil5ce1 z ) rev]5tial :isp]s %e quietly mov$ on tiptoe among ! books l "o m9i/]+ 9 ! h\se ( ! dead4 ,i h kn[n p to behave 9 ?is _s t[>d lit]ature4 ,i h se5 s*ool tea*]s & pr(essors take su* an attitude t[>d education4 ,x *>act]izes ! av]age baccalaureate address & is disc]nible 9 mu* t is said & writt5 ab\t education4 ,i "k sev]al 8prophets0 ( adult education :o succe$ 9 giv+ a simil> impression4 ,_! v s\ls creak "u ! weight ( ! _w-m5d+ 8spiritual values0 ( adult education4 ,if p w take _! education z h>d z ! ,kantians take morality1 !y are welcome to _! 8sublimities40 ,!re are m9ds :i* seem to h be5 =m$ only = ! s]vice ( ! sublime & d n "w well except :5 closet$ 9 its pres5ce4 ,b ,i w\ld r dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ! wick$ ?an be a door-keep] 9 su* a h\se ( s]i\s ?9k]s4 ,extravagant claims = education lead to pret5se1 to pa9ful ef=ts at keep+ up appe>ances1 to exposure & ultimate disillusionm5t4 ,sev]al times 9 hi/ory !re has occurr$ a wide-spread reaction aga9/ education1 foll[$ by a long p]iod ( decl9e ( int]e/ 9 x4 ,usually su* reactions h tak5 ! =m ( a revival ( religion & h foll[$ ^u a p]iod ( g5]al intellectual awak5+4 ,! ,augu/an age is foll[$ by primitive ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,r5aissance by ! ,re=mation1 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! age ( 8! ,enlight5m5t10 by ^? di/9ctly anti-intellectuali/ movem5ts1 ! ,revival1 ! ,revolution & ,romanticism4 ,may n "o ( ! causes ( su* reactions be ! fact t p h be5 l$ to expect too mu* ( ! prevail+ education8 ,m5 = a "t believe t education w disclose "s wond]ful secret :i* is ab\t to trans=m ! _w1 & :5 !y f9d t ! le>n$ doctors d n reveal ! secret because !y h none to reveal1 & t ! _w does n at once proce$ to trans=m itself1 !y turn f le>n+ to religion :]e ! secret is kept f ! wise & reveal$ unto babes4 ,no "o is m conc]n$ ?an ,i t ! int]e/ 9 education be z wide-spread & z g5u9e z possible4 ,b ,i w\ld n =ce its gr[? le/ we get all foliage & no fruit4 ,x is bett] t 9 its due season ! tree be kn[n by ! fruit x be>s4 ,j z "s believe t education is a sort ( gospel1 !re are o!rs :o cont5d t k makes = unhapp9ess4 ,"o ev5+ at an in=mal d9n] 9 ,new ,york a small gr\p ( ?\ghtful p1 all ( middle age1 7 discuss+ 9 a r desultory mann] ! education ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,sudd5ly ! conv]sation became s]i\s4 ,"o ( ! wom5 said1 8,!y are h>d1 disillusion$ "y reali/s4 ,:at else c\ld we expect8 ,x is ! result ( ! education we are giv+ !m4 ,!y "k too mu*40 ,%e cont9u$1 8,i wi%1 ?\gh ,i d n see h[ x c\ld h be5 done1 t we c\ld h reta9$ ! simple beliefs ( our p>5ts4 ,x 0 v com=t+ to believe ^? ?+s4 ,x seems to me t ev]y?+ ,i le>n robs me ( "s consol+ ideal & makes ! _w appe> cruel & t]rible40 ,to ! "q1 :at %all we put 9 ! place ( ! old fai?s :i* education leads u to d\bt1 !re is p]haps no o!r answ] ?an t we %all ex*ange an infantile m5tality = a mature "o4 ,mo/ p w agree t x is bett] to gr[ up1 b z to :e!r we are happi] )\t our *ildi% illusions1 op9ions diff]4 ,mu* ( ! t5d]ness :i* p %[ = small *ildr5 is a mixture ( pity & envy4 ,! o!r day ,i saw a bus9ess man ab\t fifty ye>s old gaze long & wi/fully at an infant play+ ) 8 toys4 ,he said z he turn$ away1 8,i wi% ,i c\ld rememb] :at x feels l to be 8 age4 ,c y imag9e :at ?is _w mu/ look l to him80 ,!re is my own small son :o is n[ j le>n+ to /& on 8 feet & speak a ^w or two4 ,h[ tru/+ & sweet he is4 ,he is n afraid ( any "o or any ?+4 ,no "o w\ld ( c\rse wi% him to live always surr\nd$ only by pretty pictures & p>5tal k9dness4 ,b x is easy to und]/& h[ "o 9 mom5ts ( we>9ess & d\bt might envy him 8 brief day ( bless$ ignorance4 ,?9k ( x1 he does n ev5 "k t p h to "w1 & t x is ! common lot ( mank9d bo? to endure & inflict suff]+4 ,he does n suspect ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z hospitals1 slaught] h\ses1 w>1 slums1 jails1 policem5 or ,congress4 ,he does n "k t he is n immortal1 or t he mu/ ev] "p ) ^? he loves4 ,he mu/ "k ^! ?+s s9ce !y exi/1 & mu/ le>n ab\t _m o!r facts equally h>d to endure4 ,& z he gr[s up ,i want him to le>n to cut 8 way ?r\gh ! fictions ) :i* m5 /rive to disguise ! significance ( _m pa9ful realities f :i* !re is no escape4 ,su* is k1 & su* is ! price we pay = x4 ,"o reason :y mank9d p]si/5tly resi/s ! introduction ( k is ! dis9cl9ation to pay ! price4 ,x is n altoge!r easy1 z ,james said1 to 8/& ?is univ]se40 ,! long+ = ! irresponsibility ( *ildhood is v common among mank9d1 & x gives rise to _m com=t+ fictions :i* yield reluctantly to k ( fact4 ,! g5]al attitude t[>d wisdom has 9 x always a t\* ( ! dread ( ! unkn[n4 ,!re is a v old leg5d t our fir/ p>5ts 7 expell$ f p>adise aft] eat+ ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( k4 ,ev5 our boa/$ practical k ( nature & ( me*anics c h>dly be said to be an unmix$ bless+4 ,we are n q s utopian 9 our en?usiasm ov] appli$ sci5ce z we 7 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,i once bur/ into eloqu5ce ) an ent]ta9+ p]oration some?+ l ! foll[+3 8,ev]y:]e z sci5ce displaces ! hall[$ survivals ( primitive magic & sup]/ition1 man em]ges f d>kness ) dignity & fre$om 9 8 be>+ & titanic p[] 9 8 h&s4 ,! great fri5d = :om humanity has wait$ is ! quiet man 9 ! laboratory among/ 8 te/ tubes & app>atus4 ,:at k+s c\ld n comm&1 nor prie/s call d[n f an unansw]+ heav51 he c comm& & br+ into be+ to enri* ! h]itage ( happ9ess = all4 ,! e>? blossoms = sci5ce4 ,:]e ! m$ic9e man 9 ! des]t once va9ly pray$ = ra91 sci5ce digs an irrigation dit* & wa/e l&s turn into fields ( gra94 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t m5 h cr+$ 9 ! %ad[ ( dea? z ! spect] ( plague walk$ 9 _! mid/ he$less ( ! pray]s ( fai?4 ,sci5ce (f]s no sacrifice to propitiate rev5geful gods3 x dra9s ! swamps3 x resorts to su* mundane devices z scre5s1 vacc9e & ! qu>ant9e1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 all hi/ory ! human race is fre$ ( its mo/ t]rify+ sc\rge4 ,sci5ce has drawn ! nations toge!r z its l9es ( me*anical communication h annihilat$ ! spacial di/ances :i* h hi!rto isolat$ man f man4 ,x has light5$ ! burd5 ( toil & has multipli$ ! productive =ce ( labor a hundr$fold4 ,x has l5g!n$ ! span ( ! av]age human life by ne>ly a decade4 8,& ) :at a weal? ( un=ese5 goods x has suppli$ u1 motor c>s1 & aroplanes1 & talk+ ma*9es1 & a c\ntless v>iety ( new *emical products4 ,:at inde$ c we n a*ieve ) its aid2 we c s5d our messages ar\nd ! _w1 dig ! ,panama ,canal1 ?r[ a dam across ! ,mississippi & turn ! :eels & light ! homes ( di/ant cities4 ,we c make ! lightn+ our h\sehold s]vant1 we c fly ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 we c weigh di/ant suns1 & by ?r[+ _! light waves ?r\gh a spectroscope1 analyze !m *emically & tell :e!r !y are compos$ ( gas or solid matt] & :e!r !y are mov+ t[>ds u or rec$+4 ,z sci5ce is giv+ u ma/]y ov] nature1 :y %\ld x n likewise give man control ov] 8 own nature8 ,! exi/5ce 9 a sci5tific age ( pov]ty & crime & inju/ice & corruption is an ana*ronism4 ,human reason has at la/ decid$ to make itself at home & put ! h\se ( life 9 ord]1 & all nature smil+ly welcomes x4 ,x is flu%$ ) success & well x may be1 = 9 x is ! promise ( ! f9al triumph ( man on ! e>?40 ,we are n s sangu9e n[4 ,we h se5 ! de/ructive uses to :i* sci5tific k may be put 9 w>f>e4 ,we are n s hopeful ab\t ! easy control ( human nature by means ( x4 ,x _c be said t !re has be5 a g5]al ga9 9 intellig5ce1 correspond+ to ! increase ( specializ$ sci5tific k4 ,! di/urb+ ?\ght has be5 express$ t ! trem5d\s p[] ( ! eng9es creat$ by appli$ sci5ce = our g5]ation is some?+ l dang]\s explosives 9 ! h&s ( "y *ildr54 ,we are l pass5g]s on a /eam%ip spe$+ ?r\gh fog ) an empty pilot h\se4 ,we move swiftly f "o place to ano!r1 b x is d\btful if we f9d m happ9ess or good :5 we rea* our de/9ation1 or if we behave m wisely ?an d m5 :o "k no?+ ( ! fruits ( sci5ce4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ,*9a1 a c\ntry 9 :i* a va/ population has ma9ta9$ ! olde/ civilization extant )\t any sci5ce at all1 say t ! cultural level ( t nation has n be5 rais$ by ! occasional importation ( we/]n me?ods ( sanitation1 milit>y sci5ce1 electric lights & *ew+ gum4 ,m$ical rese>* has sav$ ! lives ( c\ntless numb]s ( *ildr51 s t infant mortality is negligible n[ z comp>$ ) t ( ! ages t _h no sci5ce4 ,i am sure no "o w\ld wi% to give up su* a spl5did application ( mod]n k to human welf>e4 ,yet ev5 ?is has its price4 ,!re are biologi/s :o d\bt if ! am\nt ( human suff]+ has be5 s greatly r$uc$ z we at fir/ suppos$4 ,!y say t _m physically unfit p]sons are ?us pres]v$1 only to suff] 9 lat] life1 & t ! survival to maturity1 ( su* poorly equipp$ organisms & _! reproduction l[]s ! quality ( ! racial /ock ( ! nation4 ,?is is an extreme position & is p]haps a premature conclusion1 b x illu/rates my po9t t at be/ our mod]n k may n be _h )\t pay+ "s price = x4 ,!oretical k ( nature may be said to be no less co/ly ?an appli$ sci5ce4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury man c\ld )\t fe> ( contradiction proclaim ! e>? to be ! c5t] ( ! ,univ]se & 8 own welf>e & salvation ! purpose ( creation4 ,e /ep 9 ! progress ( sci5ce f ,newton to ,e9/e9 has t5d$ to rebuke ! egotism ( man--unless p]*ance he c\ld f9d comp5sation 9 ! fact t he is a creature :o has ! intellectual c\rage to saw (f ! b\gh ( su/a9+ belief t he is sitt+ on4 ,e>ly a/ronomy reveal$ to man t 8 e>?1 f> f be+ 8! ,c5t]0 0 b a p]i%able & relatively v small k9d ( moon :irl+ ab\t a sl[+ cool+ sun1 by no means ! be/ ( a galaxy ( bigg] & bright] suns all mov+ by necessity ?r\gh freez+ space 9 utt] indiff]5ce to ! inhabitants ( ?is little planet4 ,*emi/ry %[$ man t 8 gl[+ life 0 a molecul> process4 ,physics taught him t all *ange & movem5t 7 b ! r$i/ribution ( a mean+less & purposeless en]gy ! quantity ( :i* rema9$ =ev] con/ant4 ,geology rem9d$ him t he 0 b a newcom] among ! =ms ( life :i* _h liv$ & left _! rema9s 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,biology reveal$ to him 8 k9%ip ) o!r animals & 8 l[ly orig94 ,psy*ology s\ght to f9d 8 s\l1 & gave up ! se>*1 f9d+ x easi] to acc\nt = 8 behavior 9 t]ms ( animal impulse & reflex action4 ,an?ropology discov]$ = him ! orig9 ( 8 *]i%$ beliefs 9 ! cu/oms ( primitive man4 ,sociology r$uc$ 8 individual exi/5ce to t ( a /ati/ical unit 9 ! mass4 ,x n[ appe>s probable t sci5ce may ab&on 9 "t its traditional me*ani/ic conceptions ( ! cosmos & ( life1 b !re is little likelihood t su* a *ange ( outlook w re/ore man to ! place 9 nature :i* he once ?\ght he occupi$4 ,nor may we expect x to envisage = him a _w m conducive to 8 wi%es ?an t pictur$ by ! sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,inde$1 x is possible t he may h to le>n to live )\t ev5 ^? fictions ( security :i* 7 features ( ! old] rationalism ( sci5ce4 ,n[ ,i h tri$ to /ate ! situation 9 its bold h>%ness1 = ! educat$ m9d today mu/ "k all ?is & mu/ wre/le ) x4 ,! k _c ( itself lead to happ9ess1 nor d ,i ?9k t x necess>ily leads to unhapp9ess4 ,all dep5ds ^u :at we are able to make ( our exi/5ce 9 su* a _w4 ,al?\gh we possess diff]5t & m precise in/rum5ts ( k1 ,i d n ?9k ?is is ! fir/ "t t ?\ghtful m9ds h se5 ?r\gh popul> fancy & ! %[s ( ?+s4 ,i believe wise m5 ( all times h suspect$ t exi/5ce is diff]5t f :at p navely imag9e x to be4 ,& x is precisely because !y wre/l$ ) su* suspicions1 ask$1 8:at !n801 & h s\ght to give _! exi/5ce "s mean+ & wor?1 t _! words are preci\s4 ,n[ t education is g5]al1 & va/ numb]s seek x1 x is well to rem9d ourselves t no "o ( u c really f9d wisdom until he has alone /ruggl$ = value ) de/9y & nak$ fact4 ,! fe> t mo/ m5 _c d ?is1 & t !y w turn aside ) "s sub/itute = k or ) t 8little le>n+ :i* is a dang]\s ?+0 has l$ "s writ]s1 wrongly ,i ?9k1 to "q t any good may come ( univ]sal education4 ,?is esot]ic po9t ( view is dramatically /at$ by ,do/oevsky 9 8,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov10 9 ! p]son ( ! ,gr& ,inquisitor :o rebukes ! ,*ri/ on ! occasion ( 8 return to ,seville to com=t ! victims ( ! ,inquisition4 ,! ,inquisitor tells ! ,*ri/ t he has dem&$ too mu* ( mank9d4 ,:at ! masses ne$ is n fre$om ( ! _s1 b my/]y1 miracle1 & au?ority2 someone to take _! bread f _! h&s1 bless x & give x back to !m2 someone :o w p]mit !m to s91 & take ! responsibility on 8 own s\l1 someone :o w gu>d ! secret & deceive mank9d e /ep ( ! way z he leads x d[n to dea?4 ,! old ,inquisitor says to ! ,*ri/1 8,if at ! la/ day y condemn me1 ,i w defy y to y\r face1 = ,i too h eat5 bitt] roots 9 ! wild]ness40 ,nietzs*e 9 8 lectures on 8,! ,future ( our ,educational ,in/itutions0 at ,ble1 takes a simil> position4 ,nietzs*e believ$ t to ! degree t education is ext5d$ x is weak5$ & m9imiz$4 ,! masses ?9k !y c rea* at a s+le b\nd :at ! wise man has _h to w9 = himself only aft] long & det]m9$ /ruggles to live l a philosoph]4 8,& d y n fe> t solitude w wreak its v5geance ^u y8 ,j try liv+ ! life ( a h]mit ( culture4 ,"o mu/ be bless$ ) ov]fl[+ weal? 9 ord] to live = ! good ( all on "o's own res\rces6 ,extraord9>y y\ng/]s6 ,!y felt x incumb5t ^u !m to imitate :at is precisely mo/ difficult & mo/ high1--:at is possible only to ! ma/]1 :5 !y1 above all1 %\ld "k h[ difficult & dang]\s ?is is1 & h[ _m excell5t gifts may be ru9$ by attempt+ x6444 ,no "o w\ld /rive to atta9 to culture if he knew h[ incr$ibly small ! numb] ( really cultur$ p actually is1 & c ev] be40 8444 ^? blatant h]alds ( educational ne$s1 :5 exam9$ at close qu>t]s1 are sudd5ly se5 to be trans=m$ into zeal\s1 yea1 fanatical oppon5ts ( true culture1 i4 e41 all ^? :o hold fa/ to ! ari/ocratic nature ( ! m9d2 =1 at bottom1 !y reg>d z _! goal ! emancipation ( ! masses f ! ma/]y ( ! great few2 !y seek to ov]?r[ ! mo/ sacr$ hi]>*y 9 ! k+dom ( ! intellect--! s]vitude ( ! masses1 _! submissive ob$i5ce1 _! in/9ct ( loyalty to ! rule ( g5ius4444 ,! education ( ! masses _c1 !re=e1 be our aim2 b r ! education ( a few pick$ m5 = great & la/+ works4 ,we well "k t a j po/]ity judges ! collective intellectual /ate ( a "t only by ^? few great & lonely figures ( ! p]iod4444 ,:at is call$ ! #8education ( ! masses' _c be accompli%$ except ) difficulty2 & ev5 if a sy/em ( univ]sal compulsory education be appli$1 !y c only be rea*$ outw>dly4444 8,we "k1 h[ev]1 :at ! aspiration is ( ^? :o w\ld di/urb ! heal?y slumb] ( ! p1 & cont9ually call out to !m3 #8,keep y\r eyes op56 ,be s5sible6 ,be wise6' we "k ! aim ( ^? :o pr(ess to satisfy excessive educational requirem5ts by means ( an extraord9>y increase 9 ! numb] ( educational in/itutions & ! conceit$ tribe ( tea*]s orig9at$ !reby4 ,^! v p1 us+ ^! v means1 are fight+ aga9/ ! natural hi]>*y 9 ! realm ( ! intellect1 & de/roy+ ! roots ( all ^? noble & sublime pla/ic =ces :i* h _! mat]ial orig9 9 ! unconsci\sness ( ! p40 8,?is et]nal hi]>*y1 t[>ds :i* all ?+s naturally t5d1 is always ?reat5$ by t pseudo-culture :i* n[ sits on ! ?rone ( ! pres5t4 ,x endeavors ei!r to br+ ! lead]s d[n to ! level ( its own s]vitude or else to ca/ !m out altoge!r40 ,:e!r ,nietzs*e's !ories ( education 7 d]iv$ f 8 political philosophy1 or ! rev]se1 ,i d n "k4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 int]e/$ 9 discuss+ political & sociological !ories4 ,! po9t is t ,nietzs*e held t education is difficult & dang]\s1 & t only ! r>e1 /rong1 c\rage\s spirits may atta9 x4 ,! _m really d n want education at all1 he ?9ks1 b only t *eap] k :i* w give !m success & enable !m to take _! places 9 ! rank & file2 seek+ su* education ! h]d tramples culture "u foot1 l cattle 9 gr[+ corn :5 ! f5ces are d[n4 ,difficult & dang]\s z k is1 x is to ,nietzs*e ! mo/ preci\s possession ( man4 ,all 8 writ+ on ?is subject is a w>n+ cry t ! cultural values ( civilization are 9 dang] ( be+ lo/ 9 an education = democracy4 ,i ?9k he _h a real issue1 al?\gh ,i wi% he _h possess$ m self-control 9 argu+ 8 case2 he _h always some?+ ( ! intemp]ance & ov]-excit$ ge/ures ( a religi\s evangeli/ or soap-box orator4 ,a mu* m sane /atem5t ( ! true aims ( education 9 conflict ) ,phili/9ism is t ( ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,i hesitate to m5tion ,arnold because ^? :o are /ill guilty ( ! errors he expos$ w say he 0 a ,victorian1 & h[ c\ld 8 ideas ( education h any value = a progressive tw5tie? c5tury population8 ,i d\bt if _m m5 ( today1 advocates ( advanc$ !ories ( education includ$1 are z f> remov$ f ! vulg>ities & pseudo-culture ( ! ,victorian age z ,arnold 04 ,l ,nietzs*e1 he holds t ! multitude gives evid5ce t x does n really want education4 ,unlike ,nietzs*e1 he does n ?9k t k is "s grim secret :i* only a few h]oic sup]m5 may atta94 ,! fruits ( k are n m]ely ideas ab\t life & reality :i* m5 may or may n believe 91 b are to be kn[n 9 ! quality ( life & ?\ght :i* *>act]ize ! educat$ m9d4 ,arnold's phrase 8sweetness & light0 is a little sugge/ive ( a ,unit>ian s]mon1 or ( "s cult ( ! 8high] life40 ,x is obvi\s t if a man delib]ately set out to drill 8 s\l 9 ! ways ( sweetness & light he might become a v lady-l individual2 he w\ld n necess>ily become an educat$ p]son4 ,all su* delib]ate ef=ts at self-improvem5t1 if !y are n *>act]iz$ by a s5tim5tal ins9c]ity :i* is cont5t ) imitation & appe>ance1 are at lea/ a little l ! ef=t ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 to s*ool himself 9 ! moral virtues1 :o1 f9d+ ! task too great1 decid$ t he c\ld be/ ga9 pr(ici5cy by practic+ 8 desir$ virtues "o at a "t4 ,y may re/ assur$ t ,arnold _h no?+ ( ?is sort 9 m9d1 mu* z he seems at "o "t to h admir$ ! wisdom ( ,frankl94 ,he meant t c]ta9 m5tal traits are suffici5tly *>act]i/ic ( educat$ m9ds g5]ally to be ! di/+ui%+ m>ks :i* diff]5tiate !m f ! un$ucat$4 ,to be sure1 x is a ?ankless task to call att5tion to su* traits1 & no "o :o does x may expect to be v popul>1 b sometimes1 :5 ! culture ( a nation is 9 dang]1 x has to be done4 ,arnold has 9 m9d *>act]s l ,socrates1 ,erasmus1 ,montaigne--no muddle-head$1 op9ionat$ or n>r[-m9d$ m51 b m5 :o _h atta9$ cl>ity ( ?\ght & ! insight :i* pi]ces ! glam\r ( ?+s & ! follies ( m51 & yet c\ld speak & write )\t bitt]ness or rancor or malice4 8,"h culture goes beyond religion1 z religion is g5]ally conceiv$ by u4 8,if culture1 !n1 is a /udy ( p]fection1 & ( h>moni\s p]fection1 g5]al p]fection1 & p]fection :i* consi/s 9 becom+ some?+ r ?an 9 hav+ some?+1 9 an inw>d condition ( ! m9d & _s1 n 9 an outw>d set ( circum/ances1--x is cle> t culture1 in/ead ( be+ ! frivol\s & useless ?+ :i* ,mr4 ,bright1 & ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,h>rison1 & _m o!r ,lib]als are apt to call x1 has a v important function to fulfill = mank9d4 ,& ?is function is p>ticul>ly important 9 our mod]n _w1 ( :i* ! :ole civilisation is1 to a mu* great] degree ?an ! civilisation ( ,greece & ,rome1 me*anical & ext]nal1 & t5ds con/antly to become m s4 ,b above all 9 our own c\ntry has culture a weighty "p to p]=m1 because "h t me*anical "*1 :i* civilization t5ds to take ev]y:]e1 is %[n 9 ! mo/ em95t degree4 ,inde$ ne>ly all ! *>act]s ( p]fection1 z culture tea*es u to fix !m1 meet 9 ?is c\ntry ) "s p[]ful t5d5cy :i* ?w>ts !m & sets !m at defiance4444 ,s culture has a r\gh task to a*ieve 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,its prea*]s h1 & are likely to long h1 a h>d "t ( x1 & !y w mu* (t5] be reg>d$1 = a great :ile to come1 z elegant or spuri\s ,j]emiahs ?an z fri5ds & b5efactors4444 8,fai? 9 ma*9]y is1 ,i said1 our besett+ dang]2 (t5 9 ma*9]y mo/ absurdly disproportion$ to ! end :i* ?is ma*9]y1 if x is to d any good at all1 is to s]ve2 b always 9 ma*9]y1 z if x _h a value 9 & = itself4 ,:at is fre$om b ma*9]y8 :at is population b ma*9]y8 :at is coal b ma*9]y8 :at are railroads b ma*9]y8 :at is weal? b ma*9]y8 :at are1 ev51 religi\s organisations b ma*9]y8 ,n[ almo/ e voice 9 ,engl& is accu/om$ to speak ( ^! ?+s z if !y 7 preci\s ends 9 !mselves1 & !re=e _h "s ( ! *>act]s ( p]fection indisputably jo9$ to !m4444 ,b culture indefatigably tries1 n to make :at ea* raw p]son may l ! rule by :i* he fa%ions himself2 b to draw ev] ne>] to a s5se ( :at is inde$ beautiful1 graceful1 & becom+1 & to get ! raw p]son to l t4444 8,! p :o believe mo/ t our greatness & welf>e are prov$ by our be+ v ri*1 & :o mo/ give _! lives & ?\ghts to becom+ ri*1 are j ! v p :om we call ,phili/9es4 ,culture says1 #8,consid] ^! p1 !n1 _! way ( life1 _! habits1 _! mann]s1 ! v tones ( _! voices2 look at !m att5tively2 obs]ve ! lit]ature !y read1 ! ?+s :i* give !m pleasure1 ! words :i* come =? out ( _! m\?s1 ! ?\ghts :i* make ! furniture ( _! m9ds2 w\ld any am\nt ( weal? be wor? hav+ ) ! condition t "o 0 to become j l ^! p by hav+ x8'0 ,z ,nietzs*e sees t education mu/ /ruggle = its values if x is to survive 9 a democracy1 ,arnold is equally aw>e ( its conflict ) middle-class ,engli% ,puritanism4 ,he w give ! ,puritan cr$it = 8 moral e>ne/ness1 b-- 8! ,puritan's ideal ( p]fection rema9s n>r[ & inadequate1 al?\gh = :at he did well he has be5 ri*ly rew>d$4 ,not)/&+ ! mighty results ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs' voyage1 !y & _! /&>d ( p]fection are rightly judg$ :5 we figure to ourselves ,%akespe>e or ,virgil1--s\ls 9 :om sweetness & light1 & all t 9 human nature is mo/ humane1 7 em95t1--accompany+ !m on _! voyage1 & ?9k :at intol]able company ,%akespe>e & ,virgil w\ld h f\nd !m6 ,9 ! same way let u judge ! religi\s organizations :i* we see all ar\nd u4 ,d n let u d5y ! good & ! happ9ess :i* !y h accompli%$2 b d n let u fail to see cle>ly t _! idea ( human p]fection is n>r[ & inadequate1 & t ! ,dissid5ce ( ,diss5t & ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,prote/ant religion w nev] br+ humanity to its true goal40 ,( ! relation ( education to ! gr[+ p[] ( n9ete5? c5tury democracy1 ,arnold says1 8,o!r well-mean+ fri5ds ( ?is new p[] are = lead+ x1 n 9 ! old ruts ( middle-class ,phili/9ism1 b 9 ways :i* are naturally allur+ to ! feet ( democracy1 ?\gh 9 ?is c\ntry !y are novel & untri$ ways4 ,i may call !m ! ways ( ,jacob9ism4 ,viol5t indignation ) ! pa/1 ab/ract sy/ems ( r5ovation appli$ :olesale1 a new doctr9e drawn up 9 black & :ite = elaborat+ d[n to ! v smalle/ details a rational society = ! future4444 ,culture is ! et]nal oppon5t ( ! two ?+s :i* are ! signal m>ks ( ,jacob9ism1--its fi]c5ess1 & its addiction to an ab/ract sy/em4 ,culture is always assign+ to sy/em-mak]s & sy/ems a small] %>e 9 ! b5t ( human de/9y ?an _! fri5ds l40 ,! foll[+ is z truly ! problem ( education today z x 0 on ! day x 0 writt51 & ! answ] t our g5]ation gives to ! problem w det]m9e ! :ole quality ( ! fruit ( k = our lives4 8444 ,pl5ty ( p w try to give ! masses1 z !y call !m1 an intellectual food prep>$ & adapt$ 9 ! way !y ?9k prop] = ! actual condition ( ! masses4 ,! ord9>y popul> lit]ature is an example ( ?is way ( work+ on ! masses4 ,pl5ty ( p w try to indoctr9ate ! masses ) ! set ( ideas & judgm5ts con/itut+ ! cre$ ( _! own pr(ession or p>ty4 ,our religi\s & political organisations give an example ( ?is way ( work+ on ! masses4 ,i condemn nei!r way2 b culture works diff]5tly4 ,x does n try to tea* d[n to ! level ( inf]ior classes2 x does n try to w9 !m = ?is or t sect ( its own1 ) ready-made judgm5ts & wat*words4 ,x seeks to d away ) classes2 to make ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & kn[n 9 ! _w curr5t ev]y:]e2 to make all m5 live 9 an atmosph]e ( sweetness & light1 :]e !y may use ideas1 z x uses !m itself1 freely1--n\ri%$1 & n b\nd by !m4 8,! great m5 ( culture are ^? :o h _h a passion = diffus+1 = mak+ prevail1 = c>ry+ f "o end ( society to ! o!r1 ! be/ k1 ! be/ ideas ( _! "t2 :o h lab\r$ to dive/ k ( all t 0 h>%1 unc\?1 difficult1 ab/ract1 pr(essional1 exclusive2 to humanise x1 to make x effici5t outside ! clique ( ! cultivat$ & le>n$1 yet /ill rema9+ ! be/ k & ?\ght ( ! "t1 & a true s\rce1 !re=e1 ( sweetness & light4 ,su* a man 0 ,abel>d 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 9 spite ( all 8 imp]fections2 & !nce ! b\ndless emotion & en?usiasm :i* ,abel>d excit$4 ,su* 7 ,less+ & ,h]d] 9 ,g]many1 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury2 & _! s]vices to ,g]many 7 9 ?is way ine/imably preci\s4444 ,& :y8 ,because !y humaniz$ k2 because !y broad5$ ! basis ( life & intellig5ce40 ,! human race has demon/rat$ h[ x c get along )\t k2 x has n on any g5]al scale demon/rat$ h[ x c get along ) k4 ,ignorance & vulg>ity h amaz+ survival value 9 human society4 ,k has its dang]s4 ,"o may lose "o's fai? 9 ! pursuit ( x or exp5d mu* ef=t1 & nev] atta9 x2 &1 :at is worse1 nev] "k t "o has n atta9$ x4 ,or hav+ ga9$ "s bit ( k1 "o may n /ore x up z f9al tru? & abide ) x1 b hav+ se5 mu/ pass on to o!r k4 ,! pursuit ( k is an op5 road4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 :o h pursu$ k w say t su* a pursuit is a great adv5ture4 ,x is an adv5ture :i* nev] goes /ale1 nor loses its lure1 nor gr[s old1 & !re are indirect results ( su* an adv5ture :i* _c be measur$4 ,j z he :o has travel$ 9 _m l&s returns & views 8 home ) new eyes nev] really hav+ se5 x be=e1 s he :o foll[s k 9 "t sees ! ?+s ab\t him 9 new light4 ,!y h a ri*] mean+ & bett] p]spective = !y h a wid] ref]5ce4 ,:at might happ5 if a consid]able portion ( ! population %\ld1 or c\ld1 become devot$ to education 9 ! way t m5 h engag$ !mselves 9 religion1 w>1 & comm]ce1 we p]haps c nev] "k4 ,m5 h be5 conv]t$ to religion & h 8back-slid0 or h outgr[n _! fai?4 ,m5 h gaily m>*$ (f to w> & be=e ! conflict end$ h gr[n sick ( x4 ,m5 h giv5 up comm]ce1 f9d+ t x does n satisfy "s deep long+ 9 _! natures4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o beg9 _! education leave (f be=e !y le>n :at x is ab\t4 ,b ! few :o h rema9$ to ta/e ! fruit ( k z a rule become addict$ to x1 & nev] leave (f1 be+ nev] satisfi$ ) :at !y h yet atta9$4 ,if = eat+ ?is fruit !y f9d !mselves outside ! p>adise ( *ildi% innoc5ce & popul> belief1 !y d by _! be>+ give u ! impression t ! exp]i5ce is wor? its co/4 ,x is only ! half-educat$1 ^? :o w\ld foll[ wisdom & at ! same "t look back ov] _! %\ld]s ca/+ long+ glances at com=t+ ignorance1 unable to say f>ewell1 :o dwell ^u ! pa9fulness ( k4 ,i h ! suspicion t ^? :o we> a long face z if !y knew "s dreadful secret t w\ld break ! he>t ( ! _w if ! re/ ( mank9d knew x1 are m5 :o f9d 9 ! ,byronic attitude a conv5i5t way ( conv9c+ !mselves t !y are intellectual h]oes4 ,or !y are romantici/s :o enjoy ! sorr[s ( ,w]!r4 ,= ! enc\ragem5t ( ^? :o might wi% to cont9ue _! education or assi/ 9 ! education ( ano!r1 ,i h tri$ to pres5t c]ta9 hi/orical examples ( m5 :o h atta9$ wisdom4 ,!y are brave m5 & true2 !y d n make u a%am$ ( our race4 ,x is a pleasure to try to und]/& su* m9ds1 & ,i tru/ t 9 ^! times :5 e f5ce is d[n & !re are 9 ! field ( education _m /range animals & mu* %\t+ & confusion1 we may h be5 able to ga9 some?+1 f turn+ our att5tion to ,socrates & ,plato & ,ari/otle & ,erasmus & ,montaigne & ,huxley & ,nietzs*e & ,arnold1 t w help u to see ! mean+ ( education4 ,b we c nev] be sure :e!r we l its fruits until we ta/e !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xv--,,po/script ,,adult ,,education ,,9 ,,am]ica ,:5 ! ,european univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! late ,middle ,ages1 !y 7 n1 l our mod]n ,am]ican colleges1 sup]-high-s*ools4 ,x 0 n _! prim>y purpose to give to und]graduates & aspir+ pr(essional /ud5ts a maximum fund ( in=mation dur+ a brief p]iod ( resid5ce4 ,!re 7 _m ?\s&s ( su* /ud5ts1 b ! college or univ]sity 0 9 a real s5se an in/itution = adult education4 ,x 0 a place ( resid5ce = mature s*ol>s1 a c5t] :]e su* m5 c\ld pursue _! /udies & live ! life ( education1 j z 9 ! mona/]ies m5 c\ld live ! 8religi\s0 life4 ,! tea*+ :i* w5t on 9 ^! univ]sities 0 9 a s5se a second>y activity4 ,among ! _m *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 life & education s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t repres5t$ by ,goe!'s 8,fau/0 has special int]e/ = u4 ,! mod]n man attempts to live ! life ( ! _s outside ! cloi/]4 ,9 ?is respect we are1 z ,i h said1 m l ! anci5t ,a!nians :o =m$ !mselves into little gr\ps & atta*$ !mselves z disciples to _! tea*] = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,we may easily imag9e ! /ud5ts & fri5ds ( ,socrates cont9u+ ) him = ye>s _! philosophical inquiries1 :ile at ! same "t engag$ 9 ! conduct ( _! duties z citiz5s & h\sehold]s4 ,bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle1 z we h se51 ?\ght ( education 9 ?is way4 ,x 0 an int]e/ :i* z a matt] ( c\rse ext5d$ into adult life4 ,?is cont9u$ emphasis ^u ! education ( ! mature m9d is important1 = x is 9 contra/ ) mu* mod]n ?\ght on ! subject4 ,mod]n educators are *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! problems ( tea*+ *ildr54 ,b !re is a /ill m significant fact ab\t su* adult education z we may h today :i* necess>ily diff]5tiates x f bo? ! ?irte5? c5tury & ! anci5ts4 ,! av]age mature individual1 is n l ! anci5t ,greek /ud5t1 a memb] ( ! leisure class1 nor may he l ! m$ival s*ol> retreat to a cloi/]4 ,he mu/ e>n 8 liv+ & seek education dur+ 8 leisure "t4 ,to be sure1 ! =mal & pr(essional education ( our "t has /ill ! advantages ( a c]ta9 privilege & seclusion4 ,adult education mu/ necess>ily proce$ )\t ^! valuable aids to le>n+4 ,9 e>li] ages x 0 g5]ally believ$ t education c\ld n be a*iev$ )\t ^! advantages4 ,mod]n m5 insi/ t ! spiritual values ( life be realiz$ n 9 contemplative alo(ness b 9 ! life ( activity4 ,!y also dem& a satisfactory exi/5ce = z _m p z possible2 h5ce all are to h opportunity to %>e 9 ! cultural goods ( civilization4 ,education is made univ]sal &1 bel[ a c]ta9 age1 compulsory4 ,b x is obvi\s t unless education is to rema9 ! privilege ( a few pr(essionally tra9$ s*ol>s1 l>ge numb]s ( p mu/ be giv5 ! facilities = cont9u$ /udy aft] s*ool or college days are pass$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! aim ( adult education is ! cultivat$ amateur4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ?is is precisely ! aim ( all lib]al education4 ,le>n+ :i* is discont9u$ :5 "o leaves s*ool has be5 = ! mo/ "p wa/$ ef=t4 ,education is n culture unless outside college halls x is a p]man5t & wide-spread int]e/ :i* makes a diff]5ce 9 ! ta/es & habits ( ?\ght ( ! community4 ,we h se5 t ,huxley deplor$ ! fact t mu* ( ! intellectual lead]%ip ( ,victorian ,engl& 0 f\nd outside ! univ]sity faculties4 ,:ile ?is may h be5 a j criticism ( ! univ]sities1 x 0 a sign ( intellectual vigor 9 ! nation4 ,education may be said to be a*iev+ its purposes 9 a nation to ! ext5t t quiet reflection supplants sup]ficial clev]ness1 & t m9ds ) pati5ce & grace & bread? ( outlook1 ) indiff]5ce to fads & cat*words & ) respect = excell5ce1 supplant ! 8g-gett]10 ! 8movie-fan10 ! wor%ipp] ( ,mammon1 ! s5sation mong] & ! n>r[ sect>ian4 ,! ext5t to :i* our education is a reality 9 ! life ( ?is ,republic is almo/ daily br\ght to our att5tion4 ,a v small p]c5tage ( ! population sp5ds f\r ye>s at college1 dur+ :i* "t mo/ ( x reta9s v mu* ! same g5]al habit patt]ns & beliefs & outlook on life t x _h :5 x ent]$4 ,aft] graduation1 /ud5ts br+ home little cultural int]e/ or add$ civic virtue4 ,!y = ! mo/ "p vote ! regul> p>ty ticket1 support a *ur* 9 :i* !y happ5 to h be5 br\ght up1 play golf1 dance to jazz music1 talk prohibition & dr9k syn!tic g91 repeat ! %ibbole?s ( ! gr\p 9 :i* !y grew to maturity1 & make money4 ,a small m9ority ( /ud5ts att5d po/-graduate s*ools1 become rese>* s*ol>s1 & )9 ! radius ( _! special bran* ( /udy (t5 rea* high pr(ici5cy & unequall$ s*ol>%ip4 ,9 ! univ]sities ( ,new ,york ,city are ga!r$ _m ( ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s 9 ,am]ica4 ,b x mu/ be said t v little educational influ5ce passes ov] ! *asm :i* sep>ates our pr(essionaliz$ education f ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,today a mob is mov$ to te>s ( a patriotic f]vor & to murd]\s indignation at ! sight ( a woman remov+ f ! front ( h] prop]ty "s fad$ r$1 :ite & blue bunt+ :i* _h be5 hung up by a t5ant = ! occasion ( a /reet fe/ival "s days previ\s2 tomorr[ an empty-pat$ multitude tries to break into an und]tak]'s e/abli%m5t & tramples hy/]ical wom5 "u foot 9 ! ef=t to view ! body ( a deceas$ motion picture actor2 & anon half ! city runs oggl+ & op5-m\!d aft] a "y woman :o c swim across ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,)\t backgr\nd or tradition o!r ?an folkway & a p]i%+ anci5t dogma1 & ) quantity production me?ods devis$ to pamp] to its fancy1 ?is multitude t5ds to *eap5 ! quality ( ev]y?+ x comes ne>1 :ile x p>ades its mat]ial prosp]ity be=e ! _w z evid5ce ( sup]ior ,am]ican virtue4 ,education has n yet tak5 root 9 our soil4 ,x is a pott$ plant1 l ^? little ev]gre5 trees :i* may be se5 gr[+ 9 pa9t$ tubs on ! /oops ( ,new ,york h\ses4 ,su* ance/ral sy/ems = valu+ exp]i5ce & controll+ behavior z p br\ght to ?is c\ntry 7 mo/ly ca/ aside 9 ! process ( ,am]icanization2 ! swift tempo ( indu/rialism supplant$ ! sl[ process ( spiritual matur+1 & a newspap]-fa%ion$ public op9ion became ! dom9ant cultural =ce = ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,we d n "k at pres5t :e!r ! alleg$ g5]al int]e/ 9 adult education is evid5ce ( a spontane\s & gr[+ desire = k1 or is some?+ promot$1 work$ up by int]e/s :i* w\ld 8educate ! masses0 9 ord] to atta9 c]ta9 economic ends1 individual or social4 ,ne>ly ?ree million p]sons are said to be annually enroll$ = v>i\s c\rses ( /udy outside ! resid5t classes ( e/abli%$ in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,und\bt$ly a great v>iety ( motives prompts ^! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p to take up ! task ( /udy4 ,b wide-spread z ?is int]e/ is1 popul>ization ( k is n ! same z ! humanization ( k4 ,we h se5 h[ ! values ( religion may decl9e into empty c>icatures ( ! spiritual life among/ c]ta9 popul> sects4 ,^? engag$ 9 ! "w ( adult education1 (t5 fe> t ! movem5t may become /&>diz$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ! public s*ool sy/em4 ,is x possible to keep up ! /&>ds )\t resort+ to ! me*anical uni=mity we commonly call /&>dization8 ,i ?9k ?is is possible only if we are guid$ by a philosophy ( lib]al education4 ,lose sight ( su* a philosophy & adult education becomes a confusion ( tongues4 ,9 su* confusion !re is ( c\rse fre$om f uni=mity1 yet !re may be mu* /&>dization2 ea* educational cult may easily deg5]ate into a doctr9aire1 misguid$ sect4 ,if ,i am correct 9 hold+ t ! aim ( lib]al education is to produce ! cultivat$ amateur1 :o possesses 9 g5]al ! m5tal traits :i* 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is book we h se5 to *>act]ize ! lib]ally educat$ m9d1 we h 9 ! pursuit ( su* a goal ! v ?+ t w save adult education f deg5]at+1 l ,prote/antism1 into a conflict ( n>r[ or?odoxies4 ,)\t su* a goal1 any pass+ fancy or popul> prejudice1 h[ev] ungr\nd$ 9 philosophy1 may come to s]ve z a dom9ant ideal ( education4 ,adult education !n becomes ! means to e sort ( propag&a & p]sonal ambition4 ,"o educator ( adults conducts %ort-"t 8in/itutes0 = f>m]s 9 :i* dur+ a p]iod ( two or ?ree weeks in/ruction is giv5 9 su* subjects z ! f]tilization ( ! soil1 rotation ( crops1 m>ket+1 & ! elem5ts ( bookkeep+4 ,o!rs (f] in/ruction to indu/rial work]s :i* w improve _! effici5cy & deep5 _! loyalty to ! company4 ,o!rs tea* v>i\s trades & pr(essions4 ,mu* ( ! ,am]icanization propag&a :i* gave employm5t to uplift]s dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ! w> is n[ call$ adult education4 ,!re is a gr\p ( v s]i\s ideali/s :o believe t by means ( adult education !y may initiate work+ p into ! 8prolet>ian culture ( ! future10 & arm ! work+ class ) ! necess>y weapons = a social revolution4 ,o!rs w\ld conduct s*ools 9 :i* "y p may be tra9$ to become pr(essional labor lead]s4 ,to /ill o!rs ! task ( adult education is v cle> & simple3 x is no?+ else ?an ! trans=mation ( our entire civilization by ! me?od ( lead+ p back to nature & enabl+ !m to express _! emotions1 to :i* end classes 9 appreciation & self-expression are organiz$1 & /ud5ts are s5t out aft] two or ?ree mon?s ( su* tra9+ prep>$ to tea* ! emotional awak5+ to o!rs4 ,adult education ?us becomes a matt] ( slogans4 ,ea* educator is sure he has x & c give ! =mula4 ,x is t 8e man be giv5 opportunity to ?9k = himself10 or x is to give p 8a new & mod]n _w view10 or to help p 8get out ( ! ruts 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves10 or to enable "o to 8evaluate 8 exp]i5ce10 or x is 8an adv5ture 9 indep5d5ce40 ,_m ( ^! ?+s may be v desirable1 b are !y education8 ,tak5 toge!r1 !y reveal some?+ ( ! confusion :i* always results :5 m5 try to f9d _! /&>ds ( value 9 ! pass+ int]e/s ( ! h\r4 ,adult education is a democratic movem5t & h5ce t5ds to make ! desires & ideals ( ! un$ucat$ r ?an ^? ( ! educat$ its /&>ds & aims4 ,! idea sometimes prevails 9 education1 j z x has prevail$ 9 religion & 9 politics1 t if only ! masses may emancipate !mselves f ! pa/ & />t all ov] aga91 sett+ up _! own values1 !re w necess>ily be great improvem5t4 ,h5ce ,labor1 = in/ance1 is to h 8its own education10 :atev] t is4 ,to be sure1 e p]son1 be he a labor] or anyone else1 mu/ 9 ! end educate himself1 & p]haps ! masses 9 insi/+ ^u _! own values & ideals c make no worse bus9ess ( _! education ?an :5 !y are 8giv50 ! education :i* someone equally un$ucat$ & mat]iali/ic ?9ks is good = !m4 ,x is obvi\s t ! me?ods ( adult education mu/ be diff]5t f ^? 9 common use 9 tea*+ *ildr54 ,! in/ructor _c compel att5dance2 he _c require submission to 8 au?ority2 he mu/ realize t he is among p :o1 ?\gh !y h n 8 special k1 h yet ea* 8 own exp]i5ce1 & he mu/ see ! relations ( 8 k to su* exp]i5ce2 & 9 fact he mu/ make himself a /ud5t ) ! o!rs4 ,n[ because ! me?ods diff] f ^? ( =mal education1 p frequ5tly inf] t ! aim also is diff]5t4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* w\ld seem to lead to su* an inf]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 all education1 att5tion is focus$ almo/ exclusively ^u me?ods ( tea*+ r ?an ^u ! "q1 8:at is an educat$ p]son80 ,aga9 _m ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 adult education bo? z in/ructors or z /ud5ts h gr[n up 9 an environm5t ( traditional education1 !y h se5 ! futility & mean+lessness ( mu* t passes = education 9 ! s*ools & colleges1 & are (t5 mov$ to prote/ aga9/ ! sy/em & all its works4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t ! failure ( =mal education is ! result ( ! fact t educators frequ5tly d n "k :at lib]al education is4 ,b _m p :o are irritat$ ) ! s*ool sy/em seem nev] to h rais$ ! "q :e!r :at is taught 9 s*ool is lib]al education4 ,!y assume t x is :at x appe>s to be1 & h5ce1 in/ead ( seek+ ! mean+ ( lib]al education1 !y turn away & /rive to set up a ha/ily consid]$ educational aim ( _! own4 ,f9ally1 adult /ud5ts are sometimes v op9ionat$--especially :5 !y fir/ come to class4 ,(t5 !y h viol5t prejudices & are extremely 8advanc$40 ,su* m9ds are v mu* creatures ( ! popul> movem5t ( ! h\r4 ,! educator1 if he is to keep 8 hold ^u ^! p]sons1 mu/ ga9 _! favor & su/a9 _! int]e/4 ,! easie/ way to ga9 & keep a foll[+ is to make concession to popul> prejudice4 ,classes 9 adult education1 l ! read+ public1 wi% to be told :at !y w\ld l to reg>d z true4 ,"o ( ! great 8tru?s0 = :i* !y (t5 seek support is ! belief t ! increas+ or anticipat$ supremacy ( ! mass is 8progress40 ,m5 wi% adult education to be mod]n1 to reflect curr5t ?\ght & pres5t-day t5d5cies4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] ,i tri$ to %[ h[ mu* ( ! popul> ?\ght t m5 believe v advanc$ is really unrecogniz$ ,r\sseauism4 ,(t5 ! idea ( a new />t 9 education is only a survival ( ,r\sseau's revolt aga9/ civilization4 ,s9ce ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau s]ves always to rationalize any plebeian wi%-fancy :atsoev]1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld sometimes appe> to set ! goal ( adult education4 ,to ! degree t ! desire = education is g5u9e & spontane\s1 ! dem& w naturally be = :at p ?9k1 is education4 ,b 9 spite ( all ! *aos & confusion z to aims1 adult education1 :5 ! initiative comes f p :o are hungry = k1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n "k :at education is1 %[s m promise ?an :5 ! initiative comes f ! pr(essional s*ool tea*]4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !re is "s likelihood t someone w /umble ^u ! mean+ ( a lib]al education4 ,z a =m ( prote/ aga9/ ! e/abli%$ educational sy/em1 ,i ?9k adult education is a :olesome movem5t4 ,! s*ool au?orities frequ5tly %[ an int]e/ 9 ?is new ?ir/ = k :i* is met ) suspicion4 ,i d n wond]4 ,!y h n %[n !mselves s uni=mly successful 9 ! tra9+ ( y\? t !y are ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ to ext5d _! ma*9]y ov] adult ef=ts = k4 ,mu* t s*ool sup]9t5d5ts reg>d z adult education is really only elem5t>y education1 prim>y in/ruction (f]$ to adults4 ,! sure/ way to defeat le>n+ is to place x 9 *>ge ( ^? ^: own education has /opp$4 ,_! influ5ce is ev]y:]e to div]t ?is mature int]e/ 9 le>n+ to ! only ends su* pr(essional educators "k2 s]vice to ! /ate1 con=mity & r\t9e1 mat]ial advancem5t & indu/rial effici5cy1 ! uplift ( ! masses4 ,9 ! words ( a great educator ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we %\ld 8inquire :e!r x is ! masses alone :o ne$ a re=m$ & improv$ education40 ,adult education is n some?+ to be 8giv50 to ! masses1 :ile college education may be kept = ! sons ( privilege4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z 8mass education40 ,?r\gh\t ! mass ( mank9d1 college graduates includ$1 !re are scatt]$ "h & !re p]sons :o c le>n some?+ & h ! desire to cont9ue le>n+4 ,x is z important = u to consid] = :om adult educational opportunities %\ld exi/ z x is to consid] :at education is4 ,su* opportunities are = p :o are wor? educat+4 ,adult education is selective4 ,its aim is n to provide a slight increase ( in=mation & a few noble s5tim5ts = ! rank & file1 b to select out ( ! undiff]5tiat$ mass ^? :o are naturally capable ( becom+ some?+ m ?an automatons4 ,^! ne$ no cr$its or exam9ations or promise ( diplomas to spur !m to intellectual ef=t4 ,!y w\ld ga9 wisdom if !re 7 no educational in/itutions1 or classes1 or lectures4 ,b !y ne$ advice & ! fell[%ip ( o!r /udi\s m9ds1 = !y are (t5 lonely4 ,v few ev5 pr(essional /ud5ts c easily c>ry on _! /udies :5 isolat$ f _! k9d4 ,h5ce ! exi/5ce ( univ]sities4 ,! ru% & racket ( our indu/rial civilization are s great t !re is ne$ to e/abli% = ^? ^: m9ds c rise above x1 an environm5t :]e ?\ght is leisurely & :]e p may be f\nd :o h _h le>n+ long en\gh to be at home ) x4 ,! isolat$ /ud5t1 l ! p]son le>n+ to swim1 makes mu* ne$less ef=t4 ,he tries to /uff 8 head ) le>n+4 ,he ne$s "t to m$itate ^u :at he le>ns1 talk ab\t x1 assimilate x1 see its relations to 8 k & exp]i5ce z a :ole4 ,i believe ?is to be ! value ( gr\p discussion1 :]e !re is a real meet+ ( m9ds4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 z "s seem to d1 believe t a company ( un9=m$ p talk+ nons5se are necess>ily engag$ 9 a "w ( mutual education4 ,x is n z gr\ps t m5 may atta9 wisdom4 ,) all ! aid possible f o!rs1 education is necess>ily an individual a*ievem5t4 ,we ne$ adult education n because x is a pa? to "s ,utopia1 or imag9>y triumph ( ! masses1 or because x w add to ! cont5tm5t ( ! poor1 or improve _! morals & _! indu/rial effici5cy1 or raise ! tone ( politics4 ,we ne$ adult education = ! same reason t we ne$ any education at all4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( "t m5 ( a c]ta9 type h s\ght su* k ( ! riddle ( exi/5ce z w\ld make "s measure ( excell5ce possible to man4 ,! result ( all _! /riv+ is a va/ body ( k :i* is ! h]itage ( ! m5 & wom5 ( our "t4 ,to %>e 9 ! possession ( ?is k & to "w = its improvem5t & increase is to m5 & wom5 ( a c]ta9 type simply to atta9 to _! true human e/ate4 ,!y desire education because t is ! k9d ( animal !y happ5 to be4 ,su* p]sons are diff]5t f ! common lot4 ,x is n t !y may possess "s secret in=mation :i* ! o!rs may n h4 ,!y h a diff]5t goal4 ,su* dec5cy & tol]ance & good s5se & g5u9e idealism z exi/ 9 ! mid/ ( g5]al human folly are l>gely ! indirect results ( ! ef=ts ( ^! m5 & wom5 = k & wisdom4 ,society z a :ole is ! ga9] = _! education4 ,to ! end t su* m9ds may f9d !mselves1 toge!r ) ! "w & ! adv5ture :i* are _! de/9y1 ! wide/ possible ef=ts at g5]al education %\ld be made4 ,x is because ( :at p are 9 !mselves & may become1 n because ( some?+ !y may get1 t lib]al education is ! duty ( man4 ,:at ,huxley said ( ,engl& 9 #ahfh is true = ,am]ica today3 8a few voices are lift$ up 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t ! masses %\ld be educat$ because !y are m5 & wom5 ) unlimit$ capacities ( be+1 do+1 & suff]+1 & t x is z true n[1 z x ev] 01 t ! p p]i% = lack ( k40 ,,! ,,end ,ann\nc+ ,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,"o ( ! mo/ significant developm5ts 9 our life today is t z sci5tific k almo/ daily advances1 educat$ p are left m & m 9 ignorance ( its a*ievem5ts4 ,sci5ti/s = ! mo/ "p write = ea* o!r & ! g5]al read] is =c$ to resort to popul>iz]s ( sci5ce = 8 in=mation4 ,x is app>5tly =gott5 t _m ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s f ,galileo & ,cop]nicus to ,d>w9 & ,huxley wrote l>gely = ! public !y wi%$ to rea* ) _! ideas4 ,! publi%]s h ?is tradition 9 m9d 9 (f]+ ,,! ,,new ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies :i* w pres5t ! late/ sci5tific tr5ds & discov]ies f all p>ts ( ! _w 9 a s]ies ( books writt5 by lead+ sci5ti/s or ^? 9 close t\* ) _! "w4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is s]ies to help mod]n m5 & wom5 to "k m ab\t !mselves & _! _w1 & to feel t !y und]/& some?+ ( :at x is all ab\t4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd5 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,my? ,,9 ,,primitive ,,psy*ology ,,bronislaw ,,mal9[ski1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,poetry ,i4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,m4,a4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,fatalism ,,or ,,fre$om ,c4 ,,judson ,,h]rick1 ,sc4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,o!r ,volumes 9 ,prep>ation ,,ea* ,,volume #a4jj ,= descriptive catalogue1 ask y\r booksell] or write ,w ,w ,,norton ,,company #gj ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note ,m9or punctuation errors h be5 *ang$ )\t notice4 ,spell+ 0 /&>diz$ except = quotes4 ,hyph5ation 0 /&>diz$ :]e appropriate4 ,! foll[+ *anges 7 made3 ,page #cg3 8,pavl[4 ,a hungry dog0 8,pavlov4 ,a hungry dog0 ,page #ed3 8in=mation t anyone0 8in=mation ?an anyone0 ,page #gf3 89 ! e>ly n9etee?0 89 ! e>ly n9ete5?0 ,page #hh3 8,niets*e said t0 8,nietzs*e said t0 ,page #abc3 8x n ! social problem0 8is n ! social problem0 ,page #acj3 8,max ,/]n]'s 8,ego00 8,max ,/irn]'s 8,ego00 ,page #acg3 8x he/itat$ to c>ry0 8x hesitat$ to c>ry0 ,page #ada3 8organiz$ soicali/ locals0 8organiz$ sociali/ locals0 ,page #adb3 8sort ( conv5ant among0 8sort ( cov5ant among0 ,page #agf3 8its value x n0 8its value is n0 ,page #agf3 8a philosophy x true0 8a philosophy is true0 ,page #aih3 8creation ( ,plato's g5uis0 8creation ( ,plato's g5ius0 ,page #aii3 8to aquiesc5ce to au?ority0 8to acquiesc5ce to au?ority0 ,page #bbd3 8,mi*aelangelo & ,raphael0 8,mi*elangelo & ,raphael0 ,page #bbd3 8,melan*?on & colampadus0 8,melan*?on & colampadius0 ,page #bci3 8mat*$ by 8 magnam9ity0 8mat*$ by 8 magnanimity0 ,page #bec3 8fire ( ,prome?us0 8fire ( ,prome!us0 ,page #bef3 8believe !re an be0 8believe !re c be0 ,page #cjd3 8sy/em-mak]s & sytems0 8sy/em-mak]s & sy/ems0 ,page #cjd3 8de/9y !n _! fri5ds0 8de/9y ?an _! fri5ds0 ,page #cjf3 8a cov5i5t way0 8a conv5i5t way0