,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,additional notes w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ?is ebook4 ,,f\nta9s ,,( ,,papal ,,rome ,,f\nta9s ,,( ,,papal ,,rome ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,*>les ,,mac ,,veagh ,,illu/rations ,,drawn ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,wood ,,by ,,rudolph ,,ruzicka ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiae ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,illu/ration ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,a ,,fa!r ,,& ,,daught] ,,cont5ts ,,/4 ,,pet]',s #a ,,scossa ,,cavalli #ai ,,piazza ,,pia #cc ,,campidoglio #da ,,f>nese #fa ,,villa ,,giulia #ha ,,colonna #aje ,,quattro ,,fontane #aag ,,t>t>ughe #acc ,,fontana ,,del ,,mos #adc ,,! ,,lat]an #aec ,,tr9it ,,de' ,,monti #afg ,,villa ,,borghese1 ,,n[ ,,villa ,,umb]to ,,primo #agi ,,la ,,b>caccia #aie ,,triton #bje ,,navona #bac ,,trevi #bbg ,,piazza ,,del ,,popolo #bci ,,p9cian #beg ,,fontana ,,paola #bfg ,,monte ,,cavallo #bhe ,,app5dix #cjc ,,*ronological ,,index ,,( ,,aqu$ucts ,,m5tion$1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n #cjg ,,*ronological ,,index ,,( ,,popes ,,m5tion$ #cjh ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,( ,,ar*itects1 ,,sculptors1 ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,engrav]s ,,m5tion$ #caj ,,li/ ,,( ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations ,view ( ,f\nta9s & ,obelisk ( ,/4 ,pet]'s f b5ea? ,b]n9i's ,colonnade #i ,upp] ,bas9 ( ! ,f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,scossa ,cavalli #be ,view ( ! ,piazza del ,campidoglio f ! ,left ,side ( ! ,cordonata #dg ,"o ( ! ,f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza ,f>nese #ga ,f\nta9 ( ! ,virg9s #ia ,f\nta9 ( ! ,t>t>ughe #acg ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,sea-,horses #ahc ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,amor9i #aia ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,triton #bji ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,f\r ,riv]s #bag ,figure ( 8,neptune0 9 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,trevi #bcc ,piazza del ,popolo f ! ,we/ #bdg ,mo/ra ( ! 8,fontanone0 #bgi ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,monte ,cavallo #bia ,,errata ,page #agj1 l9e #ah1 = ,london read ,we/m9/]4 ,page #bba1 l9e #be1 = ,leo ,x read ,innoc5t ,x4 ,page #bcb1 l9e #bb1 = ,tre-vii read ,trevie4 ,illu/ration ,,introduction ,rome has be5 call$ ! mo/ religi\s city 9 ! _w because ( ! numb] ( h] *ur*es4 ,) equal propriety1 & p]haps ) great] ju/ice1 %e might be call$ ! cleane/ city 9 ! _w because ( ! numb] ( h] f\nta9s4 ,pagan emp]ors & ,*ri/ian popes alike h f\nd bo? pr(it & pleasure 9 add+ ano!r f\nta9 or 9 mak+ or repair+ "o m aqu$uct to give a /ill great] supply ( wat] to ! ,roman populace4 ,no o!r p1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,spani% ,moors1 h s appreciat$ ! value & ! beauty ( abundant wat]4 ,!re are few squ>es1 ev5 9 ! ,rome ( to-day1 :]e1 at lea/ 9 ! sil5ce ( ! night1 ! s\nd ( spla%+ wat] may n be he>d4 ,! t9y f\nta91 (t5 f]n-fr+$1 ) its ceaseless1 sl5d] /ream ( wat]1 is ! "o priceless possession 9 hundr$s ( old c\rty>ds1 :]e x fills a damp & lonely sil5ce ) *>m1 or r$eems by its inde/ructible quality ( beauty ! meanness ( ! squalid life ab\t x4 ,x is impossible to ?9k ( ,rome )\t h] f\nta9s4 ,yet1 aft] a few weeks1 ! eye is h>dly aw>e ( _! pres5ce4 ,x is z if by _! v beauty & omnipres5ce !y _h acquir$ ! div9e attributes ( sunlight2 & x requires ! sil5ce1 z ) ! sunlight x requires ! cl\d1 to r\se our consci\sness to _! exi/5ce4 ,!y take _! place among ! elem5tal causes ( happ9ess1 s9ce ! pa9 we feel at _! loss is ! only adequate measure ( ! pleasure !y give u4 ,x is difficult = ! man ( to-day to picture to himself ! abundance & spl5dor ( ! f\nta9s 9 imp]ial ,rome4 ,"s idea ( _! "* may be obta9$ f ! description ga!r$ f v>i\s s\rces ( ,n]o's f\nta9 on ! ,clian4 ,! m+l$ wat]s ( ! ,claudian & ! ,anio ,novus aqu$ucts 7 br\ght ?i!r ov] ! ,n]onian ar*es4 ,a wall fifty feet 9 height1 fac$ ) r>e m>bles & decorat$ by hemicycles & /atues1 =m$ ! backgr\nd ( ! fir/ cascade4 ,at ! foot ( ?is wall a huge bas9 receiv$ ! /ream1 :i* !n fell into ano!r bas9 t5 feet bel[ ! fir/1 & !nce fl[$ into ! great artificial lake1 describ$ by ,suetonius z l unto a sea1 :i* fill$ all t space n[ occupi$ by ! ,coliseum4 ,( great magnific5ce also 0 ! f\nta9 ( ,sev]us ,alex&] on ! ,esquil9e :i* s]v$ to introduce ! ,acqua ,alex&r9a1 ! elev5? & la/ wat]-supply ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,a co9 ( ! p]iod gives a repres5tation ( ?is f\nta91 & 9 x c be trac$ a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ,fontana ,paola :i* /&s at ! pres5t day on ! ,janiculum1 & :i* 9 its size & quantity ( wat] reproduces fa9tly ! f\nta9s ( ! pa/4 ,t f9e phrase1 8la no/algie de la civilisation10 n[h]e f9ds a m p]fect illu/ration ?an 9 ! attitude ( ! ,we/]n _w t[>d ,rome4 ,"s hom+ in/9ct ( ! human he>t has = c5turies c>ri$ ?i!r m5 ( e nation & ( e sort ( belief or unbelief2 & ! conviction t x w br+ !m ?i!r 9 ! future z 9 ! pa/ is impli$ 9 t o!r "n by :i* we "k h]4 ,%e is ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,e "o c feel b no "o c expla9 ! *>m :i* %e has ov] ! spirits ( m54 ,"h ! psy*ic =ces ( ! _w's great pa/ are /or$ 9 imp]i%able memories4 ,"h ea* individual f9ds spiritual influ5ces :i* seem to h be5 wait+ ?r\gh ! ages = 8 own peculi> appropriation4 ,k+ ,!odoric1 9 ! six? c5tury1 spoke n only = himself b = all succe$+ g5]ations ( ,nor?m5 :5 he said t ,rome 0 indiff]5t to none because =eign to none4 ,x seems z if ! feel+ = ,rome 7 an in/9ct cong5ital ) our appetites & our passions4 ,x requires no ju/ification & x admits ( no sub/itute4 ,x is dateless & univ]sal4 ,! ,go?ic k+ ( ! pa/ f9ds a spiritual bro!r 9 ! s*oolboy ( to-day :o caught 8 "m's arm on ! ,t]race at ,frascati to say1 ) an uncontrollable tremor 9 8 voice3 8,see !re2 t little spot ov] !re6 ,t is ,rome1 & %e 0 once ! :ole _w60 ,k+ & s*oolboy might h met famili>ly 9 "s sunny portico ( ! classic city4 ,bo? 7 memb]s ( ! great freemasonry ( ! lov]s ( ,rome1 :i* /ret*es its network f> & wide ov] our civilization4 ,9 ?is company !re are n a few :o f9d !mselves 9 ,rome1 yet n able to see ,rome--to see x1 t is1 z ! hi/orians1 arti/s1 ar*ologi/s1 & _! own m9ds call ^u !m to see x4 ,_! "r to tread ! ,roman /reets dep5ds ^u _! ob$i5ce to "s law compell+ an exi/5ce liv$ entirely 9 ! op5 air & 9 ! broad sun%9e4 ,to su* ! gates ( ,p>adise seem clos$4 ,to be =bidd5 ! gall]ies & *ur*es & catacombs & ! hidd5 recesses ( ! old ru9s appe>s an intol]able fate4 ,yet ev5 to ^!1 :o h made ! great acceptance & are liv+ ^u ! half-loaf ( life--ev5 to ^!1 ,rome is k9d4 ,little by little1 9 easy p]iods1 !y c get back into ! days ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 ( ! ,napoleonic ,era1 & ( ! great ,risorgim5to4 ,?is c be done "u ! conditions ( op5 air & sun%9e2 = x is 9 su* surr\nd+s t we f9d ! f\nta9s1 & ! f\nta9s ( ,rome are 9 !mselves title-pages to ,roman hi/ory4 ,,/4 ,,pet]',s ,illu/ration ,,/4 ,,pet]',s 8,f\nta9s are among ! mo/ successful monum5ts ( ! late ,r5aissance10 & ^? :i* /& on ei!r side ( ! great ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s %[ t ,symonds's /atem5t %\ld be enl>g$ s z to include ! c5tury :i* foll[$ t p]iod4 ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn1 ! accompli%$ ,engli% travell] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 saw ! f\nta9 ( ,paul ,v soon aft] its completion & describes x 9 8 di>y z ! 8goodlie/ ,i ev] saw04 ,s9ce 8 day ! tw9 f\nta9s bo? ( ,trafalg> ,squ>e & ( ! ,place de la ,concorde h be5 erect$1 b ,evelyn c\ld /ill give ! sup]lative praise to ! great ,roman model4 ,al?\gh ! two f\nta9s 9 ! ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s are exactly alike !y are n ( precisely ! same date4 ,! conception ( ! design belongs to ,c>lo ,mad]no1 :o execut$ ! f\nta9 on ! "r ( ! approa* to ! basilica = ,pope ,paul ,v 7,borghese1 #afje-afba71 :ile ! f\nta9 to ! left 0 copi$ f ?is = ,pope ,clem5t ,x 7,alti]i1 #afgj-afgf71 "s sixty ye>s lat]4 ,clem5t's c\rti]s _h obs]v$ t :5ev] ,8 ,hol9ess walk$ 9 ! direction ( ,paul ,v's great f\nta9 8 eyes cont9ually turn$ t[>d x4 ,at l5g? ,clem5t ord]$ 8 ar*itect1 ,c>lo ,fontana1 nephew ( ,c>lo ,mad]no1 to make an exact copy ( ,mad]no's "w & to erect x on ! s\? side ( ! obelisk4 ,! d\ble f\nta9 n only enhances ! magnific5ce ( ! entire sc5e1 b s *anges x by introduc+ ! additional elem5t ( balance t ,clem5t ,x's ord] = ! second f\nta9 0 9 reality an ord] = a new composition4 ,! coat ( arms cut ^u ! octagonal support ( ! upp] bas9s & half hidd5 & oblit]at$ by ! fall+ wat] is1 on ! "r-h& f\nta91 t ( ! ,borghese family 7! cr[n$ eagle above ! dragon72 & on ! left-h& f\nta91 t ( ! ,alti]i family1 an inv]t$ pyramid ( six />s4 ,! latt] f\nta9 looks z if x 7 ! old]1 =1 z x is situat$ 9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! wide piazza1 x is expos$ to ! full sweep ( ! ,tramontana1 or nor? w9d1 :i* has frett$ & worn 9 no small degree ! surface ( ! trav]t9e4 ,x may h be5 ! m %elt]$ position ( ! nor!a/ corn] :i* det]m9$ ! location ( ,paul ,v's f\nta91 ! e>li] ( ! two4 ,9 ! spr+ ! ,alti]i f\nta9 is ! m beautiful because at t "t t portion ( ! ,colonnade :i* =ms its backgr\nd reveals vi/as ( foliage1 :ile ! moss web wov5 ab\t ! cr[n ( ! %aft is ( a m brilliant gre5 & ! l[] bas9 is full ( ! same aquatic gr[? sway+ ) ! motion ( ! wat]4 ,! ,acqua ,paola1 :i* fe$s ^! f\nta9s1 comes1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 f ! summit ( ! ,janiculum1 & !re=e _! c5tral jets are flung upw>d to a height ( sixty-f\r feet1 f> above ! balu/rade cr[n+ ,b]n9i's l(ty colonnades1 :i* =m ! backgr\nd ( ! piazza4 ,?is height exce$s by f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-f\r feet ! height ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* f\nta9s2 & :]eas 9 ! f\nta9s ( ,london & ,p>is ! supply & =ce ( ! wat] v>ies ) ! season ( ! ye> & ! "t ( day 7! ,trafalg> ,squ>e f\nta9s 9 summ] play ?irte5 h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r & 9 w9t] only sev571 ! abundance & p[] ( ! wat] 9 ^! great ,roman f\nta9s is unfail+ & un*ang+4 ,at midnight1 at high noon1 9 summ]1 9 w9t]1 !y are always fl[+1 & ! spla% & wa% ( ! wat] makes !m ak9 to ! cascades ( ,nature4 ,?is p]petual fl[ has be5 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman f\nta9s s9ce ! days ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,front9us1 writ+ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 says t all ! great f\nta9s 7 con/ruct$ ) two receiv+-tanks1 ea* f a sep>ate aqu$uct1 s t no accid5t or em]g5cy %\ld dim9i% or /op ! supply ( wat]4 ,! lat] popes 7 also c>eful to pres]ve ?is un9t]rupt$ fl[1 & s9ce ! close ( ! ,c9que ,c5to _! f\nta9s h play$ unceas+ly4 ,! l[e/ bas9s ( bo? f\nta9s 7tw5ty-six feet 9 diamet]7 are ( trav]t9e ) a rim ( ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,! middle bas9s 7fifte5 feet 9 diamet]7 are ( granite4 ,t 9 ! "r-h& f\nta9 is ( r$ ,ori5tal granite1 & t 9 ! left-h& f\nta9 ( gray granite4 ,! inv]t$ bas9s at ! summit1 on :i* ! wat] falls1 are ( trav]t9e1 z are also ! massive %afts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,mad]no adorn$ ) a slight m\ld+ ( ,c>r>a m>ble j above ! wat]-l9e 9 ! l[e/ bas9s4 ,! entire /ructures h be5 s trans=m$ 9 color by ?ree hundr$ ye>s' deposit ( ! ,acqua ,paola t !y h ! appe>ance ( bronze4 ,! wat] 9 ea* f\nta9 rises 9 a cr[d$ mass ( sep>ate jets f ! summit ( ! c5tral & s+le %aft1 & falls at fir/ on an inv]t$ bas9 cov]$ by deep c>v+1 ! ri*ness ( :i* ga9s 9 beauty f ! gre5 web wov5 ab\t its curves & angles by ! fall ( ! wat]4 ,?is upp] c>v+ seems to be a "p ( ! fanta/ic action ( ! w9d-toss$ spray4 ,! l[] bas9s :i* receive ! wat] are sev]ely pla91 ! design foll[+ ,nature's s*eme ( developm5t1 f a frett$ & turbul5t s\rce to ! broad surfaces ( ! full /ream4 ,b ! ar*itectural values ( ^! f\nta9s are incalculably affect$ by ! wond]ful play ( ! wat]4 ,x leaps upw>d z if to meet ! sun2 x falls back 9 tumult & foam2 x dr5*es all ab\t ) its f>-flung spray & wa/eful ov]fl[4 ,x is ! v triumph ( vitality & joy4 ,! f\nta9s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s might be said to be> t[>d ! va/ piazza ( :i* !y are a "p ! same relation z t ( ! eye to ! human c\nt5ance3 )\t !m ! noble spaces w\ld seem cold & inanimate4 ,?is gleam+1 toss+ wat] endlessly at play ) ! w9d & ! sun1 in/9ct ) a p[] & a beauty n ( man's mak+--?is x is :i* gives to ! _w-fam\s sc5e ! t\* ( life4 ,pope ,paul ,v has n only ! honor ( hav+ erect$ ! fir/ ( ^! two mod]n f\nta9s1 b he has also t ( hav+ himself discov]$ ! orig9al manuscript ( a poem 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! fir/ f\nta9 connect$ ) ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,?is poem dates f ! f\r? c5tury & 0 writt5 by ,pope ,damasus 7#cff-chd74 ,?is pontiff 01 l ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 a ,spani>d2 &1 l ,hadrian1 he 0 n only a rul] ( m51 b gift$ ) _m & v>i$ tal5ts4 ,he 0 an ar*ologi/1 a civil eng9e]1 !ologian1 & poet4 ,he presid$ ov] t ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil by :i* ! second great h]esy ?reat5+ ! *ur* 0 condemn$1 z ! fir/ _h be5 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 aft] ye>s ( fri5d%ip1 became secret>y to ! !n c>e-worn & ail+ pontiff1 among ^: _m labors _h be5 ! re/oration ( ! ,catacomb ( ,/4 ,calixtus1 & o!r tombs ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians & m>tyrs1 "s ( :i* he m>k$ ) metrical inscriptions ( 8 own composition4 ,x mu/ h be5 :ile engag$ ^u ?is pi\s "w ( recon/ruction 9 ! ,vatican ,hill t he came ^u ^? spr+s t1 = lack ( a prop] *annel1 _h damag$ ! tombs ^u ! hillside & 7 ?reat5+ to und]m9e 8 great basilica 7! fir/ ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]7 )9 less ?an fifty ye>s ( its erection by ,con/ant9e4 ,he dra9$ ! gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 build+ a small aqu$uct1 8neatly 9 ! old ,roman /yle ( masonry10 to lead ^! un%eph]d$ wat]s to def9ite localities :]e !y c\ld be a b5efit & n a dang] to _! surr\nd+s4 ,! wat] ?us collect$ is call$ ! ,acqua ,damasiana1 & to ?is day ! private ap>tm5ts ( ! ,pope are suppli$ f ?is s\rce4 ,! fe$+ spr+s ( ?is wat] are locat$ at ,sant' ,antonio1 to ! we/ ( ! *ur*1 & ! aqu$uct ( ,pope ,damasus lies at a dep? ( n9ety-eight feet4 ,pope ,damasus himself describes ?is 9 ! poem :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #afjg1 m ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s lat]1 by ,pope ,paul ,v4 ,pope ,damasus says3 8,! ,hill0 7,vatican ,hill7 80 abundant 9 spr+s1 & ! wat] f\nd its way to ! v graves ( ! sa9ts4 ,pope ,damasus det]m9$ to *eck ! evil4 ,he caus$ a l>ge portion ( ! ,vatican ,hill to be cut away1 & by excavat+ *annels & bor+ cuniculi he dra9$ ! spr+s s z to make ! basilica dry & also to provide x ) a /eady f\nta9 ( excell5t wat]40 ,( ?is /eady f\nta9 !re is no description1 & !re=e ! f\nta9 ( ,pope ,symma*us 7#dih-ead7 becomes ! fir/ f\nta9 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( f\nta9s & obelisk ( ,/4 ,pet]'s f b5ea? ,b]n9i's ,colonnade4 ,pope ,symma*us 0 a ,corsican4 ,he evid5tly _h a passion = build+ e k9d ( /ructure connect$ ) wat] z a cleans] & z a beautifi] ( man's civic life4 ,8 f\nta91 built at a "t :5 civilization & art 9 ,rome 7 at a l[ ebb1 0 a qua9t & exquisite /ructure1 compos$ ( a squ>e tab]nacle support$ by eight columns ( r$ porphyry ) a dome ( gilt bronze4 ,peacocks1 dolph9s1 & fl[]s1 also ( gilt bronze1 7 plac$ on ! f\r ar*itraves1 f :i* jets ( wat] fl[$ into ! bas9 bel[4 ,! bord] ( ! bas9 0 made ( anci5t m>ble bas-reliefs1 repres5t+ panoplies1 griff9s1 & o!r graceful devices4 ,on ! top ( ! /ructure 7 semicircul> bronze ornam5ts work$ 8 j\r10 t is1 9 op5 relief1 )\t backgr\nd1 & cr[n$ by ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! tab]nacle & "u ! dome /ood a bronze p9e-cone4 ,?is f\nta9 /ood1 n 9 ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b 9 ! atrium1 or ! squ>e portico1 :i* /ood 9 front & on ! "r h& ( ! old basilica4 ,! hi/ory ( ! con/ruction & de/ruction ( ?is beautiful f\nta9 ( ! d>k ages is an excell5t example ( ! arti/ic & ar*itectural me?ods ( ^? times4 ,arts & crafts _h already sunk to s l[ a dep? t !re 7 no long] any m5 9 ,rome capable ( ca/+ or c>v+ /atues l ^? ( =m] days1 & m>ble _h ceas$ to be import$ into ! city4 ,consequ5tly all monum5ts or o!r arti/ic /ructures 7 made up ( figures 9 m>ble or bronze1 panels1 columns1 friezes1 & simil> decorations1 /ol5 f ! productions ( ! great days ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e1 erect$ 9 #cae1 is compos$ to su* an ext5t ( columns & sculpture f a ,triumphal ,ar* ( ,trajan t x 0 surnam$ 8sop's ,cr[02 & ! ,column ( ,phocas 7#fjh71 ! la/ triumphal monum5t to be erect$ 9 imp]ial ,rome1 consi/s ( a %aft & capital surm\nt$ by a bronze figure1 all tak5 f e>li] z well z diff]5t /ructures4 ,pope ,symma*us 0 only foll[+ ! e/abli%$ me?ods :51 to ornam5t 8 porphyry columns 7!mselves probably "p ( "s classic temple71 he took f\r ( ! gold5 peacocks :i* _h be5 orig9ally ca/ = a decoration to ! rail+ ( ! walk surr\nd+ ! ,tomb ( ,hadrian1 &1 fur!rmore1 plac$ z ! c5trepiece a great p9e-cone tak5 f ! ,ba?s ( ,agrippa4 ,^! p9e-cones 7 a cu/om>y feature ( ! classic f\nta91 z ! scales ( ! cone pres5t natural & graceful outlets = ! fall+ wat]4 ,symma*us's f\nta9 0 "o ( ! beauties ( ,rome 9 ! days :5 ! great ,go?ic ,k+ ,!odoric rul$ & lov$ ! city4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] x captivat$ ! fancy ( ,*>lemagne1 cr[n$ ,emp]or 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #hjj2 & ! f\nta9 aft]w>d erect$ be=e 8 great ca!dral at ,aix is ornam5t$ ) a huge p9e-cone l ! "o :i* he & 8 ,franks _h se5 9 ! exquisite f\nta9 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,?ree o!r f\nta9s 7 plac$ be=e ! *ur* z ! ye>s w5t by4 ,!y are describ$ by ,pope ,cele/9us ,,ii 7#aadc-aadd71 :ile he 0 ,canon ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & are set d[n 9 8 8,ordo ,romanus10 or ,it9]>y1 or ,guide4 ,!y 7 situat$1 n 9 ! atrium1 :]e /ood ! f\nta9 ( ,symma*us1 b bel[1 9 t small squ>e or cortile at ! foot ( ! /eps ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,"o f\nta9 0 ( porphyry & two ( :ite m>ble4 ,!y w\ld seem to h disappe>$ q e>ly4 ,! f\nta9 ( ,symma*us 0 describ$ 9 #aaij by ,c5sius ,cam]>ius1 aft]w>d ,pope ,honorius ,,iii1 & x /ood ?r\gh m ?an elev5 c5turies ( ! confus$ & turbul5t hi/ory ( ! city4 ,x surviv$ ! siege & capture ( ,rome by ,vitiges 9 #ecg4 ,x came unsca!d ?r\gh ! sack ( ! city by ! ,s>ac5s 9 #hhf1 & t ( ! ,normans 9 #ajhd2 & /rang] /ill1 x 0 n wreck$ by ! t]rible ,lanzkne*ts ( ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon 9 #aebg4 ,only :5 ! ages ( viol5ce & pillage 7 pass$1 did ?is hi/oric f\nta9 ( ! e>ly *ur* succumb to a fate simil> to t ( ! ,pagan monum5ts1 out ( :i* x _h itself be5 =m$4 ,:5 9 #afjg ! "w on ! new ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :i* 0 begun 9 #aejf at ! re> ( ! old sanctu>y & br\ght =w>d ?r\gh ! c5tury1 _h rea*$ ! atrium1 ?is 8gem ( ! art ( ! d>k ages0 0 delib]ately demoli%$ by ,pope ,paul ,v1 :o melt$ ! gild$ bronze to make ! figure ( ! ,virg9 n[ surm\nt+ ! ,column ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,p]haps ! metal ?us obta9$ 0 m ?an he ne$$2 possibly "s arti/ic or antiqu>ian compunction visit$ ! pontiff--= two ( ! peacocks & ! great bronze cone 7 sp>$4 ,!y f\nd _! way to ! ,vatican ,g>d5s1 & n[ !y /& 9 ! ,gi>d9o della ,pigna wait+ = ! next turn ( ,=tune's :eel4 ,yet ano!r f\nta9 0 once associat$ ) ! basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ! old squ>e :ile ! f\nta9 ( ,symma*us /ill /ood 9 ! atrium to ! "r ( ! ma9 entrance to ! *ur*4 ,ab\t ! ye> #adib1 ,innoc5t ,,viii 7,giovanni ,batti/a ,cibo7 ga!r$ ! wat]s f spr+s on ! ,vatican ,hill & f ! practically ru9$ ,aqu$uct ( ,trajan into ?is f\nta91 :i* 0 f9i%$ by 8 successor1 ,alex&] ,,vi 7,borgia74 ,! design 0 greatly admir$ 9 its day4 ,x consi/$ ( gold5 bulls1 f ^: m\?s ! wat] fell into a granite bas91 & ! bull 0 ! emblem ( ! ,borgia family4 ,dur+ ! cr[d$ ye>s ( ! fam\s ,c9que ,c5to1 or until ! pontificate ( ,gregory ,,xiii1 ?is f\nta9 ( ,innoc5t ,,viii1 & ! old f\nta9 ( ,trevi 7re/or$ by ,sixtus ,,iv7 suppli$ ,rome ) :at ! pres5t day w\ld call its pure dr9k+ wat]4 ,!y conta9$ ! only wat] br\ght into ! city f di/ant spr+s1 = m$ival ,rome _h lo/ all b two ( h] great aqu$ucts1 & ^! 7 con/antly fall+ into disuse2 & all ! pontiffs1 pa9t]s1 poets1 & ar*itects1 z well z ! populace ( t dramatic p]iod drank ! d\btful wat] ( wells & ( ! ,tib]4 ,?is f\nta9 ( ,innoc5t ,,viii 0 de/roy$ :5 ! mod]n ,piazza ( ,/4 ,pet]'s replac$ ! v mu* small] "o ( e>li] days4 ,probably ! gold5 bulls 7 melt$ d[n into o!r %apes1 & ! great r$ granite bas9 0 us$ by ,c>lo ,mad]no = ! upp] bas9 ( ! magnific5t new f\nta9 :i* he design$ & execut$ at t p]iod = ,paul ,v1 & :i* is ! nor!rn "o ( ! two f\nta9s ( ! pres5t day 9 ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! f\nta9s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s is an obelisk1 ! surpass+ int]e/ ( ^: hi/ory adds n a little to ! importance ( ! f\nta9s !mselves1 & inde$ ( ! entire squ>e4 ,x is1 accord+ to ,lanciani1 und\bt$ly ! obelisk at ! foot ( :i* ,/4 ,pet] 0 crucifi$4 ,=m]ly ! place ( 8 m>tyrdom 0 locat$ on ! ,janiculum ,hill1 on ! spot :]e ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio 0 built by ,f]d9& ( ,aragon & ,isabella ( ,ca/ile to commemorate ! ev5t4 ,lately ?is location ( ! site ( ,/4 ,pet]'s crucifixion has be5 discr$it$1 b x is easy to see h[ t mi/ake occurr$4 ,caligula _h br\ght ! obelisk f ,heliopolis "s "t dur+ ! f\r %ort ye>s ( 8 reign & plac$ x 9 ! circus he began to build 9 ^? g>d5s ( 8 "m1 ! noble ,agripp9a ! eld]1 :i* lay along ! nor!rn side ( ! pla9 betwe5 ! ,janiculum & ,mons ,vaticanus4 ,!re x /ood on ! c5tre ( ! sp9a1 ! long1 /raight l9e /ret*+ d[n ! middle ( ! ar5a f ! two opposite goals at ei!r end4 ,caligula 0 assass9at$ be=e he c\ld f9i% ! circus & x 0 complet$ "s ?irte5 ye>s lat] by ,n]o1 "u :om x became ! sc5e ( ^? atrocities aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians :i* h r5d]$ 8 reign infam\s4 ,/4 ,pet] 0 crucifi$ "o ye> be=e ! dea? ( ,n]o4 ,8 cross 0 rais$ on ! sp9a ( ! circus at an exact di/ance betwe5 ! two goals--metas--built at ei!r end ( ! amphi!atre1 & !re=e1 at ! foot ( ! obelisk :i* /ood on t spot4 ,*ri/ian tradition h&$ d[n ! description ( ! place 8betwe5 ! two goals0 7int] duas metas74 ,n[ meta 0 a "n aft]w>d giv5 to tombs ( pyramidal %ape1 two ( :i* exi/$ 9 m$ival ,rome--"o1 t ( ,caius ,ce/ius1 /ill /&+ next to ! pres5t ,prote/ant ,cemet]y1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,borgo ,vec*io1 de/roy$ lat] by ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,a /raight l9e drawn f "o ( ^! tombs to ! o!r has its c5tre 9 a po9t on ! ,janiculum1 & !re=e ?is spot 0 ?\ght to be ! exact location ( ,/4 ,pet]'s m>tyrdom4 ,ev5 to-day visitors to ! exquisite ,tempietto ( ,bramante1 erect$ 9 ! cloi/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio1 are %[n bel[ its pavem5t ! v /one 9 :i* ! cross ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 fix$4 ,! leg5d ( ?is location = ! crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] grew up dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 a p]iod 9 :i* all k ( ! au!ntic site 0 entirely lo/4 ,mod]n ar*ology has rec5tly succe$$ 9 locat+ ?is position & its topography c n[ be easily und]/ood4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 aft] 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 det]m9$ to build a basilica 9 honor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 he plann$ to erect ! edifice s t its c5tre %\ld rise directly ov] ! tomb ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :o1 accord+ to hi/orical docum5ts1 0 buri$ n f> f ! sc5e ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,to d ?is1 he f\nd himself oblig$ to build s ne> ! ,circus ( ,caligula & ,n]o t ! s\!rn wall ( 8 edifice correspond$ exactly to ! nor!rn wall ( ! ,circus4 ,he !re=e us$ ?is wall ( ! ,circus z ! s\!rn f\ndation wall ( 8 *ur*4 ,?is naturally br\ght ! s\!rn side ( ! old ,/4 ,pet]'s )9 a v %ort di/ance ( ! sp9a ( ! ,circus1 on :i* /ood ! obelisk1 ) a *apel be=e x call$ ! ,*apel ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! ,*apel disappe>$ sev5 or eight c5turies ago1 b n be=e its true significance _h be5 q =gott51 & m5 suppos$ ! "n to ref] n to ! crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] b to ! ,crucifixion ( ,our ,"l4 ,an old engrav+ by ,bonanni1 ant$at+ ! reign ( ,sixtus ,v1 %[s ! old ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] on its s\!rn side1 ) ! obelisk1 /ill tipp$ by its ,pagan ball1 /&+ 9 close proximity4 ,:5 ! plan = ! new ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 accept$ x 0 se5 t ! s\!rn side ( ! great edifice w\ld ext5d s f> beyond ! limits ( ! orig9al *ur* t x mu/ entirely cov] ! spot on :i* ! obelisk 0 /&+2 & z ! connection ( ! obelisk ) ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] _h long s9ce be5 =gott51 ,pope ,sixtus ,v conceiv$ ! idea ( mov+ ! obelisk to a m conspicu\s & important position4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! obelisk n[ =ms ! c5tral feature 9 ! piazza be=e ! ,ca!dral ( ,*ri/5dom2 :ile ! place ( ,/4 ,pet]'s crucifixion1 t site ( transc5d5t int]e/ to all ,*ri/ians1 rema9s unid5tifi$1 buri$ b5ea? ! masses ( masonry compos+ ! ,bapti/]y on ! s\!rn side ( ! va/ /ructure :i* be>s ,/4 ,pet]'s "n4 ,,scossa ,,cavalli ,illu/ration ,,scossa ,,cavalli ,?is "w ( ,c>lo ,mad]no belongs to t gr\p ( f\nta9s :i* owe _! orig9 to ! introduction into ,rome ( ! ,acqua ,paola4 ,! l[] bas9 /&s ab\t ?ree feet above ! level ( ! pavem5t4 ,x is oblong 9 %ape1 ! oval brok5 at bo? ends by graceful v>iations 9 ! curve4 ,! second>y bas9 is mu* small]1 r\nd & q %all[4 ,f its c5tre rises a ri*ly c>v$ cup mu* resembl+ a ,cor9?ian capital1 ?is cup be+ ! apex ( ! c5tral %aft1 ^u :i* re/s ! second bas91 & ! ma9 /ream ( wat] sp\ts upw>d f its leaflike convolutions4 ,! proportions ( ! f\nta9 are excell5t4 ,x is nei!r too l[ nor too high1 & ! l[] bas9 is l>ge en\gh to cat* & reta9 ! wat] :i* p\rs ov] ! rim ( ! upp] bas91 s t x does n wa% ov] z does ! wat] 9 ,mad]no's mu* m magnific5t f\nta9 9 ! ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! c5tral %aft ( ! ,scossa ,cavalli f\nta9 has a ,doric massiv5ess :i* gives a backgr\nd ( /r5g? to ! :ole design & makes all ! m delicate ! play ( ! f\r sl5d] jets ( wat]1 ab\t five feet 9 height1 :i*1 ris+ at equal int]vals f ! l[] bas91 =m an ar* ar\nd ! upp] bas9 into ^: %all[ wat] !y fl+ _! spray4 ,! cr[n$ eagle & griff9 ( ! ,borghese are /ill to be disc]n$ on ! half-oblit]at$ c>v+ ( ! c5tral %aft4 ,! k9d ( trav]t9e out ( :i* ?is f\nta9 is made is s susceptible to erosion1 & has become s black5$ by ! deposit ( ! wat]1 t ! :ole /ructure appe>s f> old] ?an x is4 ,9 reality x has /ood "h little m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 z ! ,acqua ,paola 0 n br\ght to ,rome until ! "t ( ,pope ,paul ,v4 ,?is spl5dor-lov+ pontiff det]m9$1 on 8 accession 9 #afje1 to emulate &1 if possible1 surpass ,pope ,sixtus ,v1 ^: brilliant pontificate ant$at$ 8 own by less ?an a score ( ye>s4 ,sixtus ,v _h built ! fir/ great aqu$uct ( mod]n ,rome4 ,paul ,v det]m9$ to build ! second4 ,sixtus ,v _h *ri/5$ aft] himself ! wat] :i* he _h br\ght to ,rome1 & ,paul ,v gave 8 "n to ! /ream :i*1 p>tly by us+ ! all b ru9$ ,aqu$uct ( ,trajan1 he _h br\ght f ,bracciano & its hills4 ,dom5ico ,fontana _h built = ,sixtus ,v1 z ! *ief outlet = ! ,acqua ,felice1 ! f9e ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses on ! ,vim9al ,hill4 ,giovanni ,fontana1 bro!r ( ,dom5ico1 %\ld design = ! ,acqua ,paola on ! opposite slope ( ! ,janiculum a yet m glori\s f\nta9 :i* %\ld disp5se five times ! am\nt ( wat] giv5 out by ! f\nta9 ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,all ?is 0 done1 & f ! heights ( ! ,janiculum ! great /ream desc5d$ 9 v>i\s *annels1 & 0 widely spread ov] ! ,tra/ev]e or t portion ( ! city ly+ on ! we/]n side ( ! ,tib]4 ,"o *annel f\nd ano!r f9e outlet 9 ! f\nta9 :i* ,c>lo ,mad]no1 nephew ( ,fontana1 also built = ,paul ,v on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,f !nce ! wat] 0 conduct$ d[n ! ,via ,aless&r9a 7n[ ! ,borgo ,nuovo7 to ?is small piazza ( ! ,scossa ,cavalli :]e ,mad]no con/ruct$ = x ?is second & v prop]ly less spl5did f\nta94 ,?us x w be se5 t ! wat] z well z ! ar*itectural "p ( ?is f\nta9 belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ! int]e/ atta*+ to ! build+s surr\nd+ ! squ>e 9 :i* x /&s dates back f>!r ?an t1 dates back 9 fact to ! cr[d$ days ( ! ,high ,r5aissance1 :5 ?is prosaic little piazza 0 a c5tre ( ard5t & vivid life4 ,! long1 pla91 yet dignifi$ build+ to ! s\?1 n[ call$ ! ,ora ,p5it5zi]i1 0 built by ,c>d9al ,dom5ico della ,rov]e1 :o 0 "o ( ! nephews ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv & bro!r to ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 ! fri5d & patron ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,to ! we/1 & on ! corn] made by ! squ>e & ! /reet ( ! ,borgo ,nuovo1 /&s ! h\se built by ,bramante1 & pur*as$ by ,raphael4 ,! ateli] ( ! 8div9e pa9t]0 is ! corn] room on ! second floor4 ,aga9/ ! wall beh9d ^? gloomy w9d[s /ood 8 la/ picture1 8,! ,transfiguration10 unf9i%$2 & on a b$ plac$ at ! foot ( t picture1 ,raphael di$4 ,ano!r dea? agony is connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! squ>e1 = 9 ! g>d5s beh9d ! palace to ! nor?1 n[ call$ ,palazzo ,giraud-,torlonia1 0 held t fatal supp] :]e ! ,borgias1 fa!r & son1 fell victims to ! poison :i* !y _h prep>$ = ! c>d9al :o 0 _! ho/ & ! own] ( ! palace4 ,ev5 ! leg5ds ( classic ,rome seem some:at colorless comp>$ ) ! memories :i* haunt ?is dull little squ>e4 ,no?+ c\ld be m prosaic ?an its pres5t-day appe>ance4 ,x is truly 8empty1 swept1 & g>ni%$10 b ! devils :i* h gone out ( x h seldom _h _! equal2 its memories belong to a m spl5did & to a m %ameful pa/ ?an is ! h]itage ( any o!r city ( our mod]n _w4 ,9 #adib1 :5 ,columbus _h discov]$ ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e & ,cop]nicus 0 revolutioniz+ ! m$ival view ( ! univ]se1 ,rome 0 /ill em]g+ f ! %ad[ "u :i* %e _h la9 :ile ! popes resid$ at ,avignon4 ,9 #adga ,sixtus ,,iv began to re/ore & embelli% ! city1 & ) him ! ,holy ,see ent]$ ^u t long p]iod ( secul>ization :i* rea*$ its acme ( infamy1 ( magnific5ce1 & ( t]ritorial possessions 9 ! respective pontificates ( ! ,borgia1 ,m$ici1 & ,b>b]9i popes4 ,ea* ( ^! pontiffs left 8 m>k on "s p>ticul> qu>t] ( ! city2 & al?\gh 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! times ( ,alex&] ,,vi ef=ts 7 made to oblit]ate ! memory ( ! ,borgias1 ! ,borgo ,nuovo rema9s =ev] b\nd up ) _! hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,upp] bas9 ( ! f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,scossa ,cavalli4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! only ?or\ghf>e f ! ,bridge ( ,/4 ,angelo to ! ,squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 0 ! ,borgo ,vec*io4 ,x 0 a n>r[ & tortu\s /reet & q inadequate to ! traffic & processions & pilgrimages :i* cont9ually pass$ betwe5 its r[s ( cr[d$ old h\ses4 ,alex&] ,,vi =m$ ! new ,borgo by cutt+ a /reet ?r\gh ! or*>ds1 g>d5s1 & slums ( ?is qu>t]1 & by grant+ special privileges to ! prop]ty own]s :o1 )9 a specifi$ "t w\ld build on x h\ses n less ?an =ty feet high4 ,! ,pope 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 8 new /reet & *ri/5$ x = himself1 ! ,via ,aless&r9a4 ,he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ 9 ,rome at t "t ,bramante ( ,urb9o1 :o 0 j laun*$ on t c>e] ( popul> favor :i* 0 only to be surpass$ 9 l5g? ( days or 9 exagg]at$ e/imation by ! c>e] ( ,b]n9i a c5tury lat]4 ,a sure way to please ! ,pope 0 to employ "s great ar*itect & to erect a noble h\se ^u ! new ?or\ghf>e4 ,raphael1 :o 0 amus+ himself ) ar*itecture1 is said to h work$ ) ,bramante 9 ! con/ruction ( ! palace aft]w>d own$ by him1 next door to ! palace own$ by ! ,que5 ( ,cyprus1,a & ! great room on ! piano nobile1 ! beautiful wood5 ceil+ ( :i* _h be5 design$ by ,bramante1 0 a /ately /udio4 ,! room is n[ divid$ into two ap>tm5ts2 b x is easy 9 imag9ation to sweep away ! mod]n alt]ations & to see ?is mo/ beautiful1 graci\s1 & be/-lov$ ( all ,italian arti/s at "w "h among 8 pupils1 or receiv+ ) an exquisite sweetness & mode/y ! greate/ pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,rome 0 at ?is p]iod ! f9e/ m>ble qu>ry 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 /ill a c5tury be=e ! "t ( ,sixtus ,v & ,dom5ico ,fontana2 ! ,f>nese _h n yet built _! great palace f ! spoils ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla & o!r noble ru9s2 ! la/ sack ( ,rome 0 /ill ?irty ye>s 9 ! future2 & v little build+ ( any importance _h be5 c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! long p]iod ( ! popes' abs5ce 9 ,avignon4 ,bramante f\nd ! ri*e/ m>bles ready to 8 h&1 & he built ! faade ( ! ,palazzo ,giraud-,torlonia out ( mat]ials tak5 f ! ,basilica ,giulia & ! ,temple ( ,janus4 ,h[ev]1 already 9 ,sixtus ,,iv's "t ! rage _h begun = ! de/ruction ( old monum5ts1 & 9 ord] to build ! ,via ,aless&r9a1 ! ,pope _h demoli%$ a ,pagan tomb :i* _h once be5 a l&m>k 9 ! ,borgo4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 call$ ! ,tomb ( ,romulus1 & ,raphael has pa9t$ x 9 8 8,vision ( ,con/ant9e40 ,x 0 ( pyramidal =m1 l ! tomb call$ ! ,pyramid ( ,ce/ius1 :i* is /ill /&+ ne> ! ,prote/ant ,cemet]y on ! road to ,/4 ,paul's ,beyond ! ,walls4 ,d\btless1 its massive blocks w5t into ! con/ruction ( ! new palaces surr\nd+ ! little squ>e1 :i* n[ took ! place ( ! old tomb z ! c5tral po9t 9 t qu>t] ( ! city4 ,9 ?is squ>e ! two *ief palaces are connect$ ) two ( ! greate/ ( ! ,pope's c>d9als1 ea* ( :om _h f\nd x to 8 advantage to hold a po/ 9 =eign l&s4 ,! fi]y & =ceful ,giulio della ,rov]e1 :o gave 8 "n to ! palace built by 8 bro!r ,dom5ico & n[ kn[n z ! ,p5it5zi]i1 _h be5 ! *ief rival ( ,rodrigo ,borgia 9 ! papal election ( #adib1 &1 !reaft]1 ! op5 enemy ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,x is possible he might nev] h become t ,pope's successor _h he n put himself "u ! protection ( ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,c>d9al ,adriano ,corneto1 :o built ! palace n[ ! ,giraud-,torlonia1 /ood high 9 ! ,pope's good graces4 ,alex&] made him collector ( ! papal rev5ues 9 ,engl&1 :]e he 0 already kn[n z ! papal peacemak] betwe5 ,h5ry ,,vii & ! ill-/>r$ ,james ,,iv ( ,scotl&4 ,!re he made a valuable fri5d 9 no less a p]sonage ?an ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii himself4 ,! ,tudor ,k+ 0 n lavi% ( 8 money1 b1 = "s reason1 he gave l>ge sums to ,c>d9al ,corneto z a p]sonal gift4 ,engl& prov$ a safe & agreeable asylum = ! accompli%$ c>d9al1 & :5 he 0 f9ally recall$ he mu/ h return$ to ,rome ) "s misgiv+s4 ,he f\nd ! ,curia1 z well z ! city1 liv+ "u t spell ( t]ror :i* ! ,borgias1 fa!r & son1 _h wov5 ab\t !m4 ,/range /ories1 horrible suspicions1 & my/]i\s crimes 7 ! ord] ( ! day2 & ! c>d9al1 return+ f 8 bi%opric ( ,ba? & ,wells & ! frankness & simplicity ( ! ,engli% c\rt1 mu/ h f\nd ! *ange little to 8 lik+4 ,v probably x 0 to secure ! ,pope's fri5d%ip t he engag$ ! s]vices ( ,bramante & began to build a magnific5t palace on ! ,pope's new ?or\ghf>e4 ,b :ile ,alex&] ,,vi lov$ spl5dor1 he also covet$ money4 ,! new palace 0 sl[ 9 build+1 & be=e x 0 complet$1 ! ,pope c\ld see t all ! gold :i* ! c>d9al _h collect$ 9 ,engl& _h n gone into ! papal c(f]s4 ,9 %ort1 he compreh5d$ ! fact t 8 ,c>d9al ,adriano ,corneto 0 a v ri* man2 & 9 ! summ] ( #aejc he s5t him a message t ,8 ,hol9ess & ! ,duke ( ,val5t9o 7,ces>e ,borgia7 w\ld honor him by tak+ supp] ) him on ! night ( ,augu/ #ab4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! con/]nation ) :i* ! message 0 receiv$1 ! look ( froz5 horror on ! c>d9al's face z he already saw himself dy+ 9 sudd5 convulsions or fad+ sl[ly away ) a fatal & my/]i\s malady4 ,no "t 0 to be lo/1 & a l>ge %>e ( ! c>d9al's ,engli% gold b\ght ov] ! ,pope's majordomo to 8 side4 ,possibly "s ( ! deadly "w _h already begun be=e ! b>ga9 0 /ruck4 ,possibly ! majordomo ?\ght x be/ to appe> to h obey$ ! ,pope's ord]s1 ev5 at ! risk ( a little torture to ! c>d9al1 = al?\gh ,c>d9al ,corneto surviv$ t fatal supp]1 x 0 said t ! sk9 fell f him 9 /rips4 ,! ,pope di$ )9 t5 days1 ! mon/r\s appe>ance ( ! corpse t]rify+ all :o beheld x4 ,only ,ces>e ,borgia's almo/ sup]human vitality sav$ him f a l fate4 ,ye>s aft]1 :5 he _h be5 %ut out =ev] f ,rome1 ,ces>e told 8 fri5d & admir] ,ma*iavelli t ! results ( ?is supp] 9 ! g>d5s ( ! c>d9al's palace _h fru/rat$ all 8 plans4 ,ces>e _h fully det]m9$ t 8 fa!r's successor %\ld n humiliate & despoil him z 8 fa!r _h despoil$ & humiliat$ ! nephews ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,he _h made e arrangem5t to make himself ma/] ( ,rome z soon z 8 fa!r %\ld die4 ,he _h1 s he told ! au?or ( 8,il ,pr9cipe10 =ese5 & provid$ = e possible difficulty4 ,! "o ?+ he _h n be5 able to =esee 0 t he himself %\ld be too ill to leave 8 b$4 ,! ,borgias pass$ away f ,rome4 ,c>d9al della ,rov]e 0 made ,pope1 & m5 set ab\t to oblit]ate all memories ( t brood ^: crimes _h made ,rome a /5* 9 ! no/rils ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,gradually1 b effectively1 ! "w 0 accompli%$4 ,alex&] ,,vi's tomb 0 built )\t any monum5t4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,gild$ ,bulls1 ! emblem ( ! ,borgias1 :i* /ood be=e ,/4 ,pet]'s 0 de/roy$4 ,! ,borgia ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,vatican 7 wall$ up1 & rema9$ s = c5turies4 ,! nude figure ( ! beautiful ,giulia ,f>nese on ! tomb ( h] bro!r ,pope ,paul ,,iii 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s 0 cov]$ ) pa9t$ metal drap]ies4 ,ev5 ! ,via ,aless&r9a became ! ,borgo ,nuovo4 ,c>d9al ,adriano ,corneto liv$ ?r\gh ! pontificate ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii & into t ( ,pope ,leo ,x2 b ! fame ( 8 ri*es did at la/ "w 8 undo+4 ,leo ,x1 :o ne$$ money z mu* z ,alex&] ,,vi1 insi/$ t ! c>d9al 0 privy to a conspiracy aga9/ 8 life4 ,corneto 0 depriv$ ( 8 c>d9alate1 ev5 degrad$ f ! prie/hood1 & 0 oblig$ to make 8 escape f ,rome4 ,he di$ 9 obscurity1 leav+ 8 beautiful palace1 /ill unf9i%$1 to 8 b5efactor ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii1 :o made x ! resid5ce ( ! ,engli% ambassador4 ,a c5tury lat]1 :5 ,mad]no built ! f\nta9 ( ! ,scossa ,cavalli = ,pope ,paul ,v1 ,c>d9al ,corneto's palace _h aga9 pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 :]e x has rema9$4 ,! ,re=mation _h swept ov] ,engl&1 & !re 0 no long] an ,engli% ambassador to ! ,papal ,see4 ,,piazza ,,pia ,illu/ration ,,piazza ,,pia ,no "o c walk ! ,roman /reets )\t p]ceiv+1 & almo/ at once1 t "h "t is ( no importance4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an absolutely negligible quantity4 ,build+s & monum5ts dat+ f widely div]se p]iods /& side by side1 & x is 9 no wise incongru\s f ! ,roman /&po9t to f9d at ! head ( ! ,borgo 7! anci5t ,leon9e city7 "o ( ! v late/ f\nta9s ( papal ,rome4 ,x is a *>m+ little creation1 q consci\sly h>k+ back to ! great days ( ! papacy & rebuk+ by its sob]1 yet imag9ative sculpture ^? geometrical designs or extravagant ebullitions ( fancy--! f\nta9s ( ! pres5t rgime4 ,x /&s 9 ! ,piazza ,pia1 aga9/ t n>r[ faade :i* blunts ! po9t ( ! long angle or w$ge-%ap$ block ( build+s ly+ betwe5 ! ,borgo ,vec*io & ! ,borgo ,nuovo4 ,its ,fontanesque mo/ra is compos$ ( two beautiful :ite ,c>r>a columns ) ,cor9?ian capitals support+ a p$im5t & entablature on :i* is an inscription to ! effect t ! f\nta9 0 erect$ by ,pius ,,ix 9 ! sixte5? ye> ( 8 pontificate1 :i* w\ld make x ! ye> #ahfb4 ,! sculptural "p ( ! f\nta9 be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! "w ( ,luigi ,amici & ,bitta ,zappal1 ! arti/s :o n _m ye>s lat] execut$ ! mod]n figures 9 ! side f\nta9s ( ! ,piazza ,navona4 ,! ,piazza ,pia f\nta9 might also be ascrib$ to ,t5]ani1 a di/+ui%$ sculptor ( ,pius ,,ix's pontificate1 :o1 9 8 devotion to ! ,pope1 did n disda9 to design "s ( ! triumphal devices ) :i* ,rome welcom$ back ,pio ,nono aft] ,gaeta4 ,b ,t5]ani's bu/ is among ! 8,sil5t ,company ( ! ,p9cio10 & if ! little f\nta9 7 inde$ 8 "w1 ! fact w\ld be kn[n4 ,z x is1 ! sculptor's "n seems1 = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 to h be5 =gott5 9 ! confusion att5dant ^u ! trans=mation ( papal into ,italian ,rome4 ,! f\nta9 orig9ally held ,paola wat]1 & ! *>m+ little vase & dolph9s compos$ ( :ite ,c>r>a h become ?r\gh ! deposits ( ?is wat] s black t ! beauty ( ! f\nta9 is di/9ctly m>r$4 ,?is f\nta9 takes ! place ( an e>li] "o execut$ by ,c>lo ,mad]no & call$ ! ,mask ( ! ,borgo4 ,! design 0 a l>ge mask f :i* wat] fl[$ into a pilgrim %ell ov] :i* p]*$ ! ,borghese eagle1 :ile two lions' heads on ei!r side sp\t$ additional /reams4 ,z ?is fir/ f\nta9 0 9 trav]t9e x _h 9 all probability succumb$ to ! disa/r\s effects ( ! ,paola wat]1 :i* seems to dis9tegrate z well z to discolor "s v>ieties ( t /one4 ,!re is 9 ! ,piazza ,ma/ai ano!r f\nta9 erect$ by ,pius ,,ix4 ,& he also in/itut$ sev]al wa%+ tr\ghs 9 ! ,tra/ev]e among ! poor1 = :om he _h always a s9c]e & pr(\nd sympa?y4 ,^? :o w\ld r5d] ju/ice to ?is la/ 8,papa ,re0 %\ld drive up ! magnific5t approa* to ! ,quir9al ,palace4 ,?is mod]n driveway & masonry 7 erect$1 z c be se5 f ! tablet on ! su/a9+ wall ( ! t]race1 = ,pius ,,ix by 8 great ar*itect & eng9e] ,virg9io ,vespignani4 ,!y give ! f9i%+ t\* ( magnific5ce to ! ,piazza ( ! ,quir9al1 orig9ally laid out on its pres5t grade & 9 its f9e proportions by ,dom5ico ,fontana = ,sixtus ,v 7"s two hundr$ & eighty ye>s e>li]74 ,?is approa* to ! ,quir9al & ! great buttress walls ( ! ,coliseum might easily be en\gh to prove ,pius ,,ix's c>e = ! city2 b1 z ) ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors :o _h ! welf>e ( _! p mo/ at he>t1 8 *ief claim ^u ! memory ( ! ,romans lies 9 ! int]e/ :i* he took 9 ! city's wat] supply4 ,pius ,,ix gave 8 p]mission to an ,engli% company to introduce into ,rome ! r$iscov]$ spr+s ( ! ,m>cian wat]4 ,^! spr+s _h be5 fir/ br\ght to ,rome by ! ,m>cian aqu$uct 9 ! ye>s #add-adj ,b4 ,c4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 ! fir/ ( ! true high-level aqu$ucts1 & cov]$ its pa? ( fifty-eight miles on great ar*es :i* br\ght x to ,rome at ! ,porta ,maggiore "o hundr$ & n9ety-five feet above sea-level4 ,! two aqu$ucts :i* ant$at$ x--! ,appian & ! ,anio ,vetus--ran mo/ ( ! di/ance und]gr\nd1 ! ,anio ,vetus appe>+ above gr\nd = only elev5 hundr$ feet1 :ile ! ,appian 7! fir/ ( all ! ,roman aqu$ucts7 0 c>ri$ ov]gr\nd on l[ ar*es = ?ree hundr$ feet1 & actually ent]$ ! city fifty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! spr+s ( ! ,m>cia are n[ call$ ! ,second & ,?ird ,s]5a & are situat$ 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,anio above ,tivoli1 on ! nor? side ( ! /ream1 ne> ,ago/a4 ,! orig9al ,m>cian aqu$uct _h be5 de/roy$ by ,fontana :5 he 0 collect+ mat]ial to build ! ,acqu$otto ,felice4 ,a portion1 h[ev]1 ( ! anci5t masonry rema9s1 & al?\gh to-day ! ,m>cian wat] comes to ,rome *iefly ?r\gh mod]n iron pipes1 "s p>ts ( its passage lead ?r\gh ! old /one *annels4 ,! wat] n[ ent]s ,rome ?r\gh ! ,porta ,pia at an altitude ( two hundr$ feet2 ?us x ranks next to ! ,paola1 :i* is two hundr$ & ?ree feet above ! sea-level4 ,! ,m>cia ranks next to ! ,virgo 9 abundance1 & at pres5t supplies mo/ ( ! dwell+ h\ses 9 ,rome4 ,its hi/ory is embodi$ 9 its full "n1 ,acqua ,m>cia ,pia4 ,pius ,,ix made 8 la/ public appe>ance z sov]eign pontiff :5 ?is wat] 0 introduc$ into ,rome4 ,?is occurr$ on ,septemb] #ah1 #ahgj1 j two days be=e ! fam\s 8,v5ti ,settembre10 :5 ! ,italian troops ent]$ ,rome ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! ,porta ,pia4 ,! f\nta9 :i* 0 de/9$ to be ! la/ f\nta9 ( papal ,rome /ood 9 ! ,piazza delle ,t]me1--n :]e ! pres5t "o /&s1 b (f to "o side1 = ! city 0 /ill papal ,rome & ! great ,villa ,negroni 7=m]ly ,montalto7 ( ,pope ,sixtus ,v !n cov]$ ! site n[ occupi$ by ! pres5t railway /ation4 ,)9 ! g>d5s ( t villa _m ( ! orig9al ,acqua ,felice f\nta9s 7 /ill fl[+1 & "o latt]-day inhabitant ( ! villa tells h[1 z a *ild1 %e (t5 look$ d[n at night f h] nurs]y w9d[s ^u an old f\nta9 ab\t :i* /ood a circle ( little ,campagna foxes dr9k+ f its cypress-gu>d$ wat]s4 ,! ,pope drove to ! inauguration ( 8 ,m>cia ,pia amid a va/ conc\rse ( p :o /rew$ fl[]s & %\t$3 8,k+1 ,k+60 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 few di/+ui%$ p at ! c]emony4 ,he drank a cup ( ! wat]1 prais$ its purity & fre%ness & ?ank$ ! magi/rates = giv+ x 8 "n4 ,x 0 ! la/ public act ( 8 sov]eign pontificate1 & d]ives bo? significance & dignity f t long li/ ( popes :o1 s9ce ! "t ( ,hadrian ,i _h con/itut$ !mselves gu>dians & build]s ( ,roman aqu$ucts4 ,! f\nta9 :i* ,pius ,,ix ?us inaugurat$ has be5 swept away to make room = ! pres5t bronze affair4 ,b ! ,acqua ,m>cia ,pia n[ fl[s 9 ! ,pope's pretty f\nta9 ( ,piazza ,pia1 s t "h 9 ! ,borgo1 ! anci5t 8,por* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s10 we f9d ! la/ wat] &1 ) ! exception ( ! f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,ma/ai1 ! la/ f\nta91 ( papal ,rome4 ,,campidoglio ,illu/ration ,,campidoglio ,! ?ree f\nta9s ( ! ,campidoglio h "o fundam5tal *>act]i/ic 9 common--t ( be+ a "p ( ,rome f a p]iod ( great antiquity4 ,l ^? families :o 87 !re :5 ! ,conqu]or came10 ! sculptures :i* adorn ^! f\nta9s h be5 9 ,rome s9ce ,*ri/ian ,rome began4 ,all ! /atues h occupi$ _! pres5t positions a comp>atively %ort "t1 & h pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes be=e rea*+ ! places !y n[ hold4 ,9 fact1 ea* f\nta9 ( ! ,campidoglio is a f\nta9 ) a pa/4 ,! sculptural "p ( ea* is a survival ( "s arti/ic design or idea ant$at+ to a remote p]iod ! "t ( its conv]sion into ! f\nta9 ( to-day4 ,! g5]al view ( ! ,campidoglio comprises ! /airway call$ 8,la ,cordonata10 ! piazza at its summit cr[n$ by ! ,palace ( ! ,s5ators1 ) ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol to ! left & ! ,palace ( ! ,cons]vatori on ! "r2 & x is s impressive 9 its ar*itectural maje/y t ! f\nta9 :i* is a "p ( x all keeps its true place 9 ! great composition1 & is recogniz$ only z a note 9 ! g5]al h>mony ( proportion1 design1 & decoration4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 z x %\ld be--z ,mi*elangelo meant x to be :51 "s ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! vision ( ! ,campidoglio z x n[ /&s unfold$ itself 9 8 bra94 ,n t e detail ( ! magnific5t reality is z he plann$ x4 ,! fatality :i* foll[$ him1 spoil+ or *ang+ ne>ly all 8 great designs1 has be5 at "w "h2 & x is ! f\nta9 :i* has suff]$4 ,?is f\nta91 :i* is a "p ( ! approa* to ! ,s5ate ,h\se1 0 to h z its c5tral /atue a figure ( ,jove4 ,vas>i1 :o is q c>ri$ away ) ,ma/] ,mi*elangelo's beautiful design1 describes ! f\nta9 z if x 7 already done1--,jove 9 ! c5tre & ! two riv]-gods on ei!r side4 ,b ,mi*elangelo & ! en?usia/ic ,vas>i _h be5 dead = ye>s :5 ,sixtus ,v br\ght ! ,acqua ,felice to ! ,campidoglio & f9ally erect$ ! f\nta94 ,he plac$ 9 ! noble ni*e :]e a colossal & maje/ic ,jupit] %\ld h /ood1 ! antique /atue ( a ,m9]va done ov] to repres5t ,rome4 ,! :ite m>ble head & arms ( ?is /atue are mod]n re/orations1 b ! porphyry torso 0 f\nd at ,cori1 & its air ( und5iable antiquity is all t saves ?is curi\sly inadequate figure f utt] insignificance4 ,x is too small = ! ni*e x occupies1 & is s out ( proportion to its surr\nd+s & on s diff]5t a plane ( arti/ic treatm5t t x w\ld q spoil any creation less triumphantly dom9ant ?an is ?is :ole /aircase & faade4 ,! two riv]-gods :i* also adorn ?is f\nta9 are v old4 ,toge!r ) ,m>=io1 n[ to be f\nd 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol1 !y h ! di/9ction ( nev] hav+ be5 buri$ s9ce ! d[nfall ( ,rome4 ,once !y /ood be=e 8t mo/ magnific5t ( all ,roman temples0--,aurelian's ,temple ( ! ,sun4 ,lat] !y belong$ to ! ,m$ival ,museum ( ,/atues1 a collection kept 9 or ne> ! old papal palace ( ! ,lat]an1 :]e !y _h be5 call$ ,bac*us & ,saturn4 ,! ,nile1 :o %\ld h be5 unmi/akable because ( 8 emblem ( ! ,sph9x1 has n[ 8 prop] designation2 b ! o!r /atue has a curi\s hi/ory4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! ,riv] ,tigris1 a riv] famili> to ! ,romans s9ce ! w>s ) ,mi?radates4 ,:51 "u ,paul ,,iii1 ,mi*elangelo plac$ ^! /atues 9 _! pres5t position1 "s influ5tial p]son sugge/$ t ! ,tigris1 no long] ( any int]e/ to ! ,romans1 %\ld be *ang$ into ! ,tib]4 ,! emblem ( ! ,tigris--a tig]--0 !n alt]$ to repres5t ! ,roman ,wolf1 & ! ,tw9s 7 add$4 ,pirro ,ligorio tells ! /ory1 & goes on to say t ! f+]s ( "o ( ! ,tw9s 7 orig9ally a "p ( ! ,tig]'s fur4 ,! erection ( ! bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ! c5tre ( ! piazza 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! design ( ! ,campidoglio ( to-day1 = ,mi*elangelo's admiration ( ! /atue _h be5 %>$ by ,paul ,,iii1 & ! ,pope br\ght x hi!r 9 #aech :5 ! embelli%m5t ( ,rome1 orig9ally begun 9 honor ( ! visit 9 #aecd ( ,*>les ,v1 _h become ) bo? ,pope & citiz5s a great & p]man5t int]e/4 ,?is /atue also _h be5 a "p ( t ,m$ival ,museum 9 ! ,lat]an :i* 0 probably "o ( ! places to visit :5 ,*>lemagne came to ,rome to be cr[n$ 9 old ,/4 ,pet]'s on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #hjj4 ,! faade ( ! ,s5ate ,h\se1 :i* =ms ! backgr\nd to ! piazza & its /atues1 is built 9 great "p ( trav]t9e1 s ! /ructural "p ( ! f\nta9 is ( ! same mat]ial4 ,?is consi/s ( a huge ni*e1 sixte5 & a half feet 9 height1 sunk into ! f\ndation ( ! t]race be=e ! ma9 entrance to ! ,s5ate ,h\se4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ni*e is a pair ( ,doric pila/]s1 :i* support ! floor ( ! t]race & its beautiful balu/rade4 ,a great /airway1 d[n :i* ! balu/rade cont9ues1 connects ?is entrance ( ! ,s5ate ,h\se ) ! piazza bel[2 & ! f\ndation ( ^! /eps1 =m+ triangul> w+s to ! ni*e1 s]ves z a backgr\nd to ! riv]-gods4 ,^! figures lie "o on ei!r side ( ! semicircul> bas9s conta9+ ! wat]4 ,! simplicity ( ! design p>takes ( ! inevitable4 ,consid]+ x f any po9t ( view1 x is n only impossible to ?9k ( any?+ bett]1 x is impossible to ?9k ( any?+ else4 ,if x is n ! "w ( ,mi*elangelo1 !re mu/ h be5 two ,mi*elangelos 9 #aech6 ,illu/ration3 ,view ( ! ,piazza del ,campidoglio f ! left side ( ! ,cordonata4 ,9 ,piranesi's engrav+ ( ! ,campidoglio a f9e balu/rade l ! "o on ! /airway surr\nds ! f\nta94 ,x foll[s ! cont\r ( ! l[] bas9 & /&s at "s ?ree or f\r feet di/ant f x4 ,?is balu/rade1 :i* has disappe>$1 enhanc$ di/9ctly ! beauty ( ! f\nta91 br++ x m into h>mony ) ! entire composition4 ,! riv]-god is "o ( ! e>lie/ sculptural p]sonifications ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ^! days comp>atively little he$ is paid to ! small] wat]-ways1 s ! mod]n _s fails to see ! significance ( ^! conv5tionaliz$ figures4 ,to ! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 ! /atues p]sonifi$ t physical object ^u :i* all civiliz$ life dep5d$--a great /ream ( unfail+ wat]4 ,! riv]s ( ,greece 7 small1 :ile ! ,roman ,empire conta9$ "s ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w2 b ! ideas !y repres5t$ 7 ! same4 ,! riv]1 small or great1 made ! city4 ,! riv] gave food & dr9k to ! inhabitants1 connect$ !m ) ! outside _w1 br\ght trade1 turn$ ! mills1 def5d$ ! city f invasion1 c>ri$ away pe/il5ce1 cleans$1 purifi$1 & support$ all ! works ( m52 & !re=e ,fa!r ,tib] & 8 bro!rs 7 to be wor%ipp$ & to be honor$1 & /atues 7 to be set up to !m 9 public places1 s t m5 %\ld rememb] :at !y ow$ to _! riv]4 ,! riv] is always p]sonifi$ z a b5ign & maje/ic figure 9 ! full /r5g? ( mature manhood1 ) long & abundant hair & be>d4 ,! l[] limbs are drap$1 s t ! my/]y ( p>tial concealm5t hangs ab\t him4 ,on "o arm he be>s a horn ( pl5ty2 :ile ) ! o!r he recl9es ^u "s support1 :i* is usually ! *>act]i/ic emblem ( ! p>ticul> /ream :i* he repres5ts4 ,p[]1 abundance1 & calm /r5g? are ! qualities ( a great riv]2 & ^! qualities ! anci5ts mo/ adequately express$ 9 _! own peculi> m$ium1 :i* 0 sculpture4 ,m5 ( to-day put _! ideas into music1 or m explicitly into prose or v]se1 & !re are /ill ^? :o appreciate ! significance ( ! riv]4 ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s epi!t ( ! 8lordly ,hudson0 proves ! hold t great riv] _h ov] 8 p]ception & imag9ation2 & n any /atue ( a riv]-god c give ! conception ( a riv] :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,arnold's 8,sohrab & ,ru/um03 8,b ! maje/ic riv] float$ on1 ,out ( ! mi/ & hum ( t l[ l&1 ,into ! fro/y />light1 & !re mov$1 ,rejoic+1 ?r\gh ! hu%'d ,*orasmian wa/e1 ,"u ! solit>y moon2--he fl['d ,"r = ! pol> />1 pa/ ,orgunj1 ,brimm+1 & bright1 & l>ge2 !n s&s beg9 ,to hem 8 wat]y m>*1 & dam 8 /reams1 ,& split 8 curr5ts2 t = _m a league ,! %orn & p>cell'd ,oxus /ra9s along ,?r\gh b$s ( s& & matt$ ru%y isles-- ,oxus1 =gett+ ! bright spe$ he _h ,9 8 high m\nta9-cradle 9 ,pam]e1 ,a foil'd circuit\s w&]]--till at la/ ,! long'd-= da% ( waves is he>d1 & wide ,8 lum9\s home ( wat]s op5s1 bright ,& tranquil1 f ^: floor ! new-ba!d />s ,em]ge1 & %9e ^u ! ,aral ,sea40 ,illu/ration ,,m>=io ,! ne>e/ approa* :i* ! ,romans h left u to su* gr&eur z ?is is to be f\nd 9 _! /atue call$ ,m>=io4 ,! nor? w+ ( ! ,campidoglio gr\p is kn[n z ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol1 & x is 9 ! entrance c\rt ( ?is edifice t ,m>=io is n[ to be se54 ,if ?is mo/ maje/ic ( all riv]-gods ev] repres5t$ any p>ticul> riv]1 ! "n ( t riv] 0 =gott5 c5turies ago4 ,8 title ( ,m>=io 0 giv5 him long s9ce1 because he once p\r$ ! wat] into a f\nta9 :i* /ood 9 a small squ>e to ! left ( ! ,s5ate ,h\se1 :]e ,augu/us _h erect$ ! ,m>tis ,=um4 ,!re he seems to h rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! d>ke/ days ( ,rome's decad5ce1 surviv+ e vicissitude1 & always respect$ by ! half-b>b>\s ,romans ( t "t4 ,gregory ,,xiii 7,boncompagni1 #aegb-aehe7 is responsible = remov+ ,m>=io f ?is classic position & = sep>at+ him at t "t f ! huge granite bas9 into :i* fl[$ ! wat] f ! urn on :i* he is lean+4 ,!nce=? ! bas9 has a hi/ory ( its own1 :ile ,m>=io's odyssey 7he w&]$ = "s "t aft] leav+ 8 old home7 f9ally br\ght him to ! ,campidoglio4 ,sixtus ,v !n plac$ him on ! left side ( ! piazza1 fac+ ! s\? w+4 ,?is s\? w+1 kn[n z ! ,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori1 0 ! fir/ ( ! pres5t gr\p ( build+s to be erect$1 ,tommaso de' ,cavali]i--a ,roman g5tleman & "o ( ,mi*elangelo's few intimates--hav+ _h *>ge ( its con/ruction 9 ,mi*elangelo's lifetime4 ,! nor? w+1 or ! ,museum ( ! ,capitol1 0 n done until ! ar*itect ,ra9aldi erect$ x = ,innoc5t ,x 7,pamphili71 twelve pontificates aft] ! reign ( ,paul ,,iii4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & sixty ye>s ,m>=io rema9$ :]e ,sixtus _h plac$ him1 & !n ,clem5t ,,xii 7,cors9i7 in/all$ him 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,capitol9e ,museum1 & aga9 he 0 giv5 a f\nta9 to fe$ & protect4 ,m>=io's c>e] aft] he _h be5 p>t$ f 8 bas9 0 a curi\s "o4 ,bor$1 p]haps1 by ! lonely magnific5ce ( 8 new surr\nd+s1 he fell into evil ways4 ,he became ! p>tn] ( ,pasqu9o6 ,pasqu9o1 ! mutilat$ torso f an old ,greek gr\p ( /atu>y1 /&s at ! f>!/ corn] ( ! ,bras*i ,palace 7n[ ! ,m9i/]o dell' ,int]no74 ,he _h fir/ be5 set up !re 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ,,vi2 & f t "t he _h become ! m$ium = ! popul> & anonym\s criticisms ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 "n ( ,pasqu9o 0 tak5 f a witty tailor or b>b] :o liv$ ne> ! ,palazzo ,ors9i & ^: sallies aga9/ ^? 9 au?ority greatly delight$ ! ,roman p4 ,x became ! cu/om to affix anonym\s c\plets or epigrams to ! old torso1 :i* ?us obta9$ ! "n ( ,pasqu9o1 & ! epigrams came to be kn[n z pasqu9ades2 & f ! days ( ! ,borgias to ! "t ( ,napoleon1 & ev5 lat]1 mo/ ( ! curr5t witticisms or sca?+ reflections ^u public ev5ts or notable p]sonages 7 ascrib$ to ,pasqu9o4 ,:5 ,m>=io took up 8 abode 9 ! ,piazza ( ! ,campidoglio1 he became to ! ,romans ! p>tn] ( ,pasqu9o4 ,accord+ to a mod]n au?ority1 ,m>=io nev] orig9at$ ! sally4 ,8 function 0 to put ! "q :i* elicit$ ! witty retort1 or to reply 9 k9d to ,pasqu9o's int]rogatories4 ,) ,m>=io's inc>c]ation 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,museum ! long dialogue came to an end2 & a c5tury lat] ! pass+ ( papal ,rome br\ght ,pasqu9o's c>e] to its f9al close4 ,mod]n fre$om ( ! press leaves no place = ,pasqu9o2 & x may be said ( him t1 ,m>=io be+ gone1 8444 ( %e] regret ,he di$ soon aft]40 ,?is is n /rictly true1 =1 al?\gh ! /atues !mselves no long] h a "p 9 ! game1 x /ill goes on4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,roman newspap]s /ill publi%es que/ions & rep>tee by ,m>=io & ,pasqu9o4 ,x is only necess>y to /udy = a %ort "t ! v>i\s riv]-gods 9 ,rome1 su* z ^? ( ! ,tib] & ! ,nile1 "h at ! ,capitol1 or ,fontana's /atue 9 ! ,quattro ,fontane1 or ! mod]n "w 9 ! we/]n f\nta9 ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo1 & !n to return to ,m>=io1 to appreciate ! imm5se arti/ic sup]iority ( ! latt]4 ,m>=io is truly a riv]-god1 a p]sonification ( all or any ( ! e>?'s riv]s4 ,! anci5t & =gott5 sculptor has giv5 to ! pond]\s /one a fluid quality :i* is really wond]ful4 ,to make ! hair & be>d m]ge into ! god's brea/ & %\ld]s w\ld h be5 simple bo? 9 conception & execution1 b only a g5ius c\ld h secur$ to ! massive & sup9e figure t appe>ance ( be+ out/ret*$ 9 p[]ful yet melt+ l5g? along ! surface ( ?+s4 ,arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance f ,rome & f beyond ! ,alps always speak ( ! gran simulacro a giac]e1 an expression difficult to anglicize1 b :i* is an attempt to describe ?is s+ul> quality ( a /atic position in/9ct ) cont9u\s & onw>d fl[+ movem5t4 ,f9ally1 ! god's face is full ( g5u9e p[] & b5ignity & is ! adequate consummation ( ! sculptor's ideal4 ,x is no wond] t ,m>=io has become a type4 ,vas>i1 = in/ance1 speaks ( "y ,baccio ,b&9elli mak+ 8a ,m>=io0 out ( sn[1 z n long be=e ! y\?ful ,mi*elangelo _h made a faun f ! same p]i%able mat]ial4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s--& we d n "k = h[ mu* long]--,m>=io has be5 a "p ( ! city's life4 ,he has surviv$ ! ,norman pillage 9 #ajhd1 z well z ! great sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,z a k9dly god1 disp5s+ wat] to ri* & poor1 he has _h 8 "p 9 all ! triumphs & disa/]s1 & has %>$ ! ups & d[ns ( life n only ) ! city b ) h] *ildr54 ,roman & b>b>ian1 patrician & plebeian1 slave & citiz51 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian--all h drunk f 8 f\nta94 ,:at has he n se51 & n he>d6 ,x 0 an un]r+ in/9ct = ! fitness ( ?+s :i* made him ,pasqu9o's gossip1 & 8 pres5t honorable b unnatural seclusion f ! city's busy /reets & squ>es is commonly attribut$ n to ,pope ,clem5t ,,xii's lack ( imag9ation b1 on ! contr>y1 to 8 recognition ( ,m>=io's malici\s influ5ce ov] ! popul> m9d4 ,a tablet has be5 set up 9 ! h\se :i* is built ov] ! site :]e hi/ory f9ds him1 ,numb] #di1 ,via ,m>=io4 ,9 %ort1 ,m>=io belongs to t curi\s class ( inanimate ?+s :i* h develop$ a p]sonality2 injury to him w\ld ar\se fi]ce popul> res5tm5t2 & 7 he to be de/roy$1 ! ,romans w\ld feel t !y _h lo/ n a "w ( art b a p]sonal fri5d4 ,,! ,,lion ,! ?ird f\nta9 9 ! trio ( ! ,campidoglio is to be f\nd 9 ! upp] g>d5 ( ! ,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori--! build+ to ! "r h& 9 ! asc5t ( ! ,cordonata4 ,x c h>dly be call$ a f\nta91 s9ce x is m]ely a l>ge bas9 ( wat] surr\nd+ "s rockwork on :i* /&s an old bit ( sculpture ( a "* manife/ly inappropriate to ! s5tim5t ( a f\nta94 ,x repres5ts a lion te>+ out ! vitals ( a horse :i* x has sprung ^u & borne to ! gr\nd4 ,?is mu*-re/or$ fragm5t is ( real importance f an arti/ic /&po9t1 :ile z a ,roman antiquity x has extraord9>y int]e/4 ,! m>ble be>s di/9ct traces ( hav+ be5 subject$ to ! action ( wat]1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 f\nd m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago 9 ! b$ ( ! ,riv] ,almo4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its hi/ory previ\s to t discov]y4 ,illu/ration ,! ,almo is a little brook 9 ! ,campagna n f> f ,rome1 ris+ 9 ! hills betwe5 ! ,via ,appia & ,via ,lat9a & empty+ into ! ,tib]4 ,its mod]n "n is ,acquataccio4 ,! ,almo 0 connect$ ) ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! goddess ,cybele1 ^: sacr$ image 0 c]emonially wa%$ 9 x ea* ye> on ! #bg? ( ,m>* by ! prie/s4 ,?is religi\s c]emony1 d\btless1 pres]v$ ! *annel ( ! /ream s t x w\ld h be5 q possible to hide successfully a great piece ( /atu>y 9 its dep?s or 9 "s re$y pool along its banks4 ,riv]-b$s 7 n uncommon hid+-places = treasures dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages :i* foll[$ ! break+-up ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & x is q possible t ?is gr\p may h be5 s hidd5 by its own] ^: great villa1 situat$ ne> ! /ream1 0 ?reat5$ ) pillage or de/ruction by "s b>b>ian incursion4 ,! high value evid5tly plac$ ^u x by its orig9al possessor 0 also giv5 to x by its discov]]s4 ,x belong$ to t remote museum ( antiquities kept 9 or ne> ! ,lat]an ,palace dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & dat+ back at lea/ to ! days :5 ,*>lemagne fir/ visit$ ,rome1 9 #gha1 br++ ) him 8 little son ,pep91 ag$ f\r1 to be ano9t$ ,k+ ( ,italy by ,pope ,hadrian ,i4 ,?is museum conta9$ also ! eque/rian /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 n[ /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! piazza ( ! ,campidoglio1 toge!r ) ! two riv]-gods1 plac$ lat] on by ,mi*elangelo :]e !y n[ lie--"o on ei!r side ( ! c5tral f\nta9 ( ! ,campidoglio2 & o!r m>bles & bronzes ( great value4 ,mo/ ( ^! art treasures 7 remov$ f ! ,lat]an to ! ,capitol :5 ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv 7,ri>io1 #adga-adhd7 f\nd$ ! ,capitol9e ,museum2 b long be=e t "t ! ,lion1 z x 0 always call$ 7! orig9al portion ( ! horse be+ m]ely ! body71 _h be5 tak5 f its academic seclusion & set 9 ! mid/ ( ?+s4 ,dur+ ?ree c5turies ( ! turbul5t life ( m$ival ,rome1 x /ood to ! left h& & at ! foot ( ! long flight ( /eps :i*1 previ\s to ,mi*elangelo's "t1 l$ up f ! ,piazza ( ! ,ara ,cli to ! ,capitol4 ,all ab\t x 0 held ! public m>ket2 ! city (ficials1 f\nd guilty ( misdemeanors1 7 made to d p5ance sitt+ a/ride ! ,lion's back ) _! h&s ti$ beh9d !m & _! faces sme>$ ) honey--! ,roman v]sion ( ! pillory6 ,! f]ocity ( ! ,lion 0 ?\ght to typify ! puni%m5t ( crime1 & ! public executions 7 held be=e ?is old fragm5t4 ,"h1 on ,augu/ #ca1 #aced1 ! fam\s soldi] ( =tune1 ,fra ,monreale1 0 behead$ by ord] ( ,cola di ,ri5zi4 ,on ,octob] #h ( ! same ye>1 ,ri5zi himself 0 caught z he 0 escap+ 9 disguise f ! burn+ palace ( ! ,capitol1 & "h he /ood1 dur+ ! la/ h\r ( 8 life1 lean+ aga9/ ! ,lion1 turn+ 8 head ?is way & t 9 va9 que/ ( succor1 :ile ! mob :i* 0 s soon to te> him to pieces held back 9 a /range awe1 & a sil5ce reign$ ov] ev]y?+6 ,t 0 ! greate/ ( all ! trag$ies--?\gh !re 7 s _m ( !m--connect$ ) ! ,lion4 ,! old bit ( sculpture cont9u$ to hold its s9i/] place 9 ,roman life1 until ! pontificate ( ,paul ,,iii 7,f>nese1 #aecd-aedi74 ,at t "t ,ma/] ,mi*elangelo 7to use ,vas>i's phraseology71 work+ = ! ,pope1 remodell$ ! ,capitol & decorat$ x ) _m old /atues4 ,! gr\p ( ! horse & lion 0 !n completely1 ?\gh poorly1 re/or$1 & plac$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori--?is be+ ! fir/ ( ! ?ree build+s ( ! ,capitol to be built aft] ,mi*elangelo's designs4 ,at ! same "t ! place = ! public executions 0 transf]r$ f ! piazza ( ! ,ara ,cli to ! ,piazza di ,ponte ,sant' ,angelo4 ,! ,lion 0 plac$ 9 its pres5t position 9 #aijc1 & ,rome ( ! tw5tie? c5tury is responsible = ! extraord9>y ta/e :i* conv]t$ into a f\nta9 ?is old fragm5t1 highly int]e/+ z an antiquity b repulsive 9 itself1 & associat$ *iefly ) ! bloodie/ & lea/ attractive pages 9 ,roman annals4 ,x is impossible to leave ! ,campidoglio )\t a height5$ appreciation ( ! might ( ! con/ructive imag9ation4 ,only t faculty1 develop$ to its highe/ p[] z 9 ,mi*elangelo1 c\ld h produc$ ?is magnific5t h>mony out ( ! incongru\s mass ( classic & m$ival survivals ) :i* he _h to deal4 ,,f>nese ,illu/ration ,,f>nese 8,at ! entrance to ?is palace /& two r>e & va/ f\nta9s made ( granite /one & br\ght f ! ,ba?s ( ,titus40 ,?us wrote ,john ,evelyn 9 ,novemb]1 #afdd4 ,! description holds to ?is day1 al?\gh ! mod]n sight-se] w sub/itute ,c>acalla = ,titus4 ,! f\nta9s 7 erect$ by ! ,f>nese family to add ! f9al t\* ( di/9ction to _! new palace4 ,!y owe _! unique comb9ation ( orig9al classic features & sev5te5?-c5tury ta/e to ! g5ius & opportunities ( ,paul ,,iii & 8 gr&son1 ,c>d9al ,aless&ro ,f>nese ,,ii1 & to a /ill lat] desc5dant ,c>d9al ,odo>do ,f>nese4 ,! ,pope & ! e>li] c>d9al1 m5 ( wide culture & enorm\s weal?1 7 ! fir/ to excavate & exploit ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla4 ,! treasures !y !re f\nd might well h be5 ! loot ( "s fabul\s city1 & yet ! pe>ls & gold & rubies br\ght "s tw5ty ye>s lat] by ,francis ,drake to 8 royal mi/ress 7 ( small significance comp>$ to ! works ( art f\nd 9 ^? great ba?s--ba?s :i* _h be5 ! mo/ sumptu\s pleasure-h\se ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,x is ! glory ( ,italy t %e knew ?is at ! "t4 ,h] great *ur*m5 rev]5tly exhum$ ^? ma/]pieces ( ,greek & ,roman art & made ( !m ! ,f>nese ,collection--accord+ to a well-kn[n au?ority ! r>e/ collection ev] got toge!r by private individuals1 & =m+ to-day ! *ief int]e/ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples4 ,:5 ! ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii 7,f>nese71 began ! erection ( ! great new palace :i* 0 to be> 8 "n & fitly domicile ! pr9cely family he 0 f\nd+1 he1 & 8 desc5dants aft] him1 us$ = its decoration ! r>e m>bles & m9or arti/ic trophies f ! ba?s4 ,no d\bt1 x seem$ to !m a happy inspiration to turn ^! gigantic granite tubs into a pair ( f\nta9s2 = ^! notable f\nta9s are1 9 ! la/ analysis1 simply huge ba?tubs1 r5d]$ impos+ by _! size1 & magnific5t by ! mat]ial out ( :i* !y are made4 ,!y are sev5te5 feet long & ab\t ?ree feet deep1 & are absolutely devoid ( decoration except = ! lion's head c>v$ 9 relief1 l[ d[n 9 ! middle ( ea* side--& ?is is m]ely an ornam5tal outlet = ! wat]1 q z necess>y to ! orig9al purpose = :i* ^! tubs 7 made z are ! h&les c>v$ high up on ei!r side "u ! curv$ rim1 simulat+ metal r+s ?r\gh :i* ! bronze /aves _h be5 ins]t$ :5ev] x 0 f\nd necess>y to move ! tubs4 ,c>lo & ,girolamo ,ra9aldi1 :o1 9 #afab1 adapt$ = ,c>d9al ,odo>do ,f>nese ?is furniture ( ! pa/ to sev5te5?-c5tury decorative purposes1 c\ld ?9k ( no m orig9al design ?an t ( ! well-kn[n ,italian f\nta9 ( _! own day4 ,!y plac$ ea* ( ! tubs 9 a l>ge1 elegantly curv$ bas9 simil> to ^? 9 ! ,piazza ,navona /&+ "s two feet above ! pavem5t4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* tub !y erect$ a sumptu\s ,italian vase1 its l>ge1 swell+ /em1 ri*ly c>v$1 uphold+ an elaborate %all[ b[l1 oblong 9 %ape1 out ( :i* rises z ! f\nta9's f9al consummation a highly conv5tional fleur-de-lis1 ! emblem ( ! ,f>nese family4 ,?is is ov]wr\ght ) f9e /one trac]ies1 & s5ds upw>d f its c5tre convolution a s+le sl5d] /ream ( wat]4 ,additional jets1 ( no arti/ic value1 rise "o on ei!r side 9 ea* ( ! l[] bas9s4 ,?is mod]n "w is all 9 trav]t9e4 ,! comb9ation ( ! sev]ely classic l9es ( ! ba?s ) ! ,go?ic c>v+ & m$ival emblem ( ! fleur-de-lis is n good4 ,x is disa/r\s to ! design z a composition & makes ^! f\nta9s ar*ological curiosities r ?an arti/ic creations4 ,/ill1 ! ,f>nese f\nta9s impose by _! qualities ( size & /r5g?1 & once se5 c nev] be =gott54 ,! pleasure d]iv$ f ! sight ( a pair ( f\nta9s is n m]ely d\ble ! pleasure t is felt at ! sight ( "o4 ,! two objects1 ?\gh exactly simil>1 create by _! mutual relation an entirely new set ( /hetic emotions4 ,! feel+ = balance & composition is ar\s$1 & ?is p>ticul> pleasure is produc$ 9 no small degree by ^! two f\nta9s4 ,tw9 f\nta9s are an unusual feature4 ,!re are few ( !m 9 ! _w2 & 9 ,rome1 ^: f\nta9s are p]haps /ill unnumb]$1 !re are b five--! f\nta9s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! side f\nta9s ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo1 ! two end f\nta9s ( ! ,piazza ,navona1 ,vansantio's f\nta9s 9 ! ,villa ,borghese1 & ^! ( ! ,piazza ,f>nese4 ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn also describes 9 8 j\rnal ! cu/om ( 8 day = ! ,roman g5try to take _! air+ 9 ! ,piazza ,f>nese1 driv+ or walk+ be=e ! palace & ab\t ! f\nta9s1 ^: wat] gave to all ! ar*itectural magnific5ce t t\* ( fre%ness & *>m ess5tial to ! ,roman idea ( a pleasure-gr\nd4 ,t ,evelyn 0 tak5 to ! ,f>nese ,palace ! v fir/ day ( 8 soj\rn 9 ,rome is significant4 ,! ,roman ( #afdd evid5tly consid]$ ?is palace & its prec9cts to be ,rome's *ief attraction2 & ?is proves t 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ,paul ,v 7,borghese71 :o _h di$ "s tw5ty ye>s previ\sly 7#afba71 & ( ,urban ,,viii 7,b>b]9i71 !n j pass+ away1 ! ,f>nese pontiff1 ,paul ,,iii1 dead = a c5tury pa/1 _h succe$$ 9 giv+ & pres]v+ to 8 family an importance & magnific5ce h>dly to be emulat$ & impossible to surpass4 ,! bronze & m>ble tomb ( ,paul ,,iii is 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 to ! left ( ! tribune4 ,x conta9s ! du/ ( z worldly a p]son1 to quote ,ranke1 z ev] ,pope _h be54 ,yet if 8 actions _c be said to 8smell sweet & blossom 9 ! du/10 8 memory survives 9 ! annals ( ,rome1 fragrant ) ! love & pride ( 8 p4 ,he 0 an old1 old man :5 he di$ 9 #aedi4 ,he _h be5 fifte5 ye>s ,pope & =ty ye>s a c>d9al4 ,! date ( 8 bir? c>ries ! m9d back to ! ye>s be=e ,columbus4 ,8 education1 conduct$ by ,pomponeus ,ltus1 _h begun 9 ! full tide ( ! ,high ,r5aissance4 ,9 8 e>ly tw5ties he became a memb] ( ! h\sehold ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 at ^: table & 9 ^: g>d5s he _h met ! mo/ brilliant m5 ( 8 "t & _h he>d talk t embrac$ all t 0 !n kn[n or surmis$ ( art & le>n+4 ,= ,con/ant9ople _h fall5 to ! ,turk only a g5]ation be=e t "t1 & :at _h surviv$ ( ,greek culture1 flee+ across ! seas to ,italy1 _h f\nd its *ief %elt] & patronage 9 ! h\sehold ( ! great ,m$ici4 ,:ile 9 ,flor5ce1 "y ,f>nese mu/ h he>d ,savon>ola prea*2 b no trace ( ! great ,dom9ican's influ5ce is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t 8 long life4 ,! classic _s en?rall$ 8 intellect1 & ! spl5dor ( ! ,m$ici pr9ce captur$ 8 imag9ation4 ,9 lat] ye>s 8 c>eful ,lat9ity1 8 spl5did & lib]al mann]1 & 8 gay & witty conv]sation1 toge!r ) 8 patronage ( arti/s & 8 passion = ! antique1 prov$ h[ pr(\ndly he _h be5 influ5c$ by ! exp]i5ces ( 8 e>ly y\?4 ,plac$ ?us 9 ! v he>t ( a movem5t :i* fre$ ! individual f all limitations save ^? ( 8 own p]sonality & op5$ ! _w be=e him1 he e>ly made up 8 m9d to become ,pope & to raise 8 own family1 z ! ,m$ici _h done1 to ! rank ( pr9ces4 ,! ambition 0 p]haps common1 b ! ability ) :i* he pursu$ ^! aims = upw>d ( sixty ye>s 0 n common1 & _! complete a*ievem5t 0 little %ort ( ! m>vell\s4 ,x took him =ty ye>s to rea* ,/4 ,pet]'s *air1 & he occupi$ x only fifte52 b be=e he di$ "o ( 8 gr&sons _h m>ri$ a daught] ( ,*>les ,v1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria2 ano!r 0 betro!d to ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france2 & two m 7 c>d9als & multimillionaires4 ,lat] on1 8 desc5dants m>ri$ into ! royal h\ses ( ,portugal & ,spa91 & ! ,f>nese family pass$ out ( exi/5ce only by be+ m]g$ by m>riage into ! royal h\se ( ! ,neapolitan ,b\rbons4 ,"o gr&son1 ,c>d9al ,aless&ro ,f>nese ,,ii1 0 ! *ief art patron ( 8 "t1 & ?is 9 an age :5 !re 7 _m su* m52 & "o great-gr&son 0 t ,duke ( ,p>ma ^: fame z a great capta9 is writt5 9 :at 71 until ! second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! bloodie/ annals ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,to provide a suitable sett+ = ?is pr9cely family1 ! ,pope1 "s five ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 began ?is ,f>nese ,palace4 ,antonio da ,san ,gallo1 ! y\ng]1 ,giacomo della ,porta1 & ,mi*elangelo design$ its faades & cornice4 ,! great /ructure 0 complet$ long aft] ! ,pope's dea? by ,aless&ro ,f>nese ,,ii4 ,x 0 recogniz$ at once to be ! mo/ sumptu\s ( ! ,roman palaces4 ,x /&s ^u ! site ( ! old ,palazzo ,f]riz1 :i* 0 at "o "t ! resid5ce ( ! ,spani% ambassador1 & _h pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,augu/9e monks ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,! old ,f]riz ,palace _h be5 on ! ,tib] bank1 = x 0 n until ,julius ,,ii's "t t ! ,/rada1 or ,via ,giulia1 0 cut ?r\gh1 ?us sep>at+ ! palace f ! riv]4 ,:]e ^! f\nta9s n[ /& z ! ornam5ts ( a spaci\s piazza1 !re 0 at t "t no?+ b a collection ( hovels ext5d+ z f> z ! ,campo de' ,fiori4 ,! f>-sight$ "y c>d9al--! ,f>nese 7 ?rifty1 = all _! magnific5ce--b\ght ! old palace f ! monks1 & liv$ !re 9 ev]-increas+ spl5dor "u ! successive pontificates ( ,julius ,,ii1 ,leo ,x1 & ,adrian ,,vi4 ,f9ally1 "u ,clem5t ,,vii1 ! great sack ( ! city caus$ him to fly to ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,z 9 ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 =ty-sev5 ye>s lat]1 only ^? ,hugu5ot g5tlem5 surviv$ :o 7 kept 9 ! ,k+'s closet1 s dur+ ! horrors ( ! sack only ^? c>d9als escap$ outrage :o 7 %elt]$ ) ! ,pope 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,f>nese by ?is "t rank$ next to ! ,pope 9 importance1 & he 01 ( c\rse1 among ^!4 ,f ! ,ca/le he witness$1 ) ! t]rifi$ ,clem5t1 ! deva/ation inflict$ ^u ! latt]'s exquisite pleasure-h\se on ,monte ,m>io1 an act ( wanton v&alism committ$ by ! ,colonna to spite ! ,pope4 ,"s t5 ye>s lat] ,c>d9al ,f>nese b\ght ?is wreck$ palace1 re/or$ x1 & pres5t$ x to 8 daught]-9-law1 ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 :o re/$ !re on h] triumphal w$d+ procession into ,rome4 ,x is call$ aft] h] to ?is day ! ,villa ,madama4 ,9 #aedj1 :5 ! old ,palazzo ,f]riz 0 de/roy$ to make room = ! ,palazzo ,f>nese1 ! workm5 came z usual ^u traces ( e>li] times4 ,mod]n ar*ologi/s h discov]$ t ! mosaic pavem5t "u ! "r w+ ( ! palace 0 a "p ( ! floor+ ( ! ,b>racks ( ! 8,r$ ,squadron ( ,*>iote]s40 ,x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ! new palace 0 built ( /one f ! ,coliseum1 b its mat]ials came f num]\s & v>i$ s\rces4 ,! great trav]t9e blocks 7 qu>ri$ at ,tivoli2 & ,paul ,,iii obta9$ p]mission to demoli% & use = 8 build+ ! p>tly ru9$ battlem5t$ mona/]y ( ,/4 ,lor5zo ,outside ! ,walls4 ,aft] ?is qu>ry 0 exhau/$1 8 nephews obta9$ ! ru9s ( ,porto1 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 & :at 0 /ill m important ! rema9s ( ! greate/ temple ( imp]ial ,rome--,aurelian's ,temple ( ! ,sun1 :i*1 at t date /ill t[]$ "o hundr$ feet above ! ,colonna g>d5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza ,f>nese4 ,contempor>y arti/s sket*$ ^! v>i\s /ructures z ! masons de/roy$ !m1 s t /ud5ts ( ! pres5t day c =m "s idea ( _! classic gr&eur1 & c judge = !mselves ! value ( ! ,f>nese ,palace on ! "o h& & on ! o!r t ( ! imp]ial ba?s & temple1 & ! m$ival mona/]y1 out ( :i* x is built4 ,! great new palace made necess>y ! great new squ>e 9 front ( x2 b ye>s be=e ?is ! ,pope _h begun t reg5]ation ( ,rome = :i* he is s gratefully rememb]$4 ,! entry into ,rome ( ,*>les ,v1 on ! #e? ( ,april1 #aecd1 fir/ ar\s$ ! ,romans to ! deplorable condition ( _! city1 &1 "u ! ,pope's enlight5$ guidance1 ! prep>ations = ! imp]ial visitor took ! =m ( p]man5t & f>-rea*+ municipal improvem5ts1 :i* improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( ,paul ,,iii's pontificate4 ,! enl>g+ ( su* great ?or\ghf>es z ! ,babu9o & ,condotti date f ?is "t1 z does also ! mod]n ,corso1 ?is la/ f9ally sup]s$+ ! ,via ,giulia z ! fa%ionable resort4 ,paul ,,iii pref]r$ ! old ,palazzo di ,v5ezia at its foot to any o!r resid5ce1 & he connect$ x ) ! ,campidoglio by ! great viaduct1 lately de/roy$2 :ile = him ,mi*elangelo design$ ! ,campanile ( ! ,s5ate ,h\se4 ,a great ,roman ( ! pres5t day ass]ts t ! fifte5 ye>s ( ,paul ,,iii's pontificate comprise "o ( ! happie/ p]iods 9 ! city's life4 ,:5 ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria rode ?r\gh ! ,porta del ,popolo1 8two h\rs be=e sunset1 dress$ 9 :ite sat9 embroid]$ 9 pe>ls & gold10 x 0 n m]ely a curi\s cr[d :o met & welcom$ h]4 ,t conc\rse ( citiz5s repres5t$ ! self-respect ( ! ,romans1 ris5 f ! abasem5t ( a decade1 & eag] to prove to ! daught] ( ! _w's greate/ sov]eign _! wor?9ess to be h] subjects4 ,!y c\ld n "k t ,m>g>et felt contempt = h] y\?ful husb&1 nor t 9 ! long duel betwe5 ,paul ,,iii & ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria %e /ood n = ,rome b = ,au/ria1 say+ once :5 h] assi/ance 0 s\ght t %e _h r cut (f h] *ildr5's heads ?an ask h] fa!r to d any?+ t displeas$ him6 ,^! 7 matt]s = ! ,f>nese to deal )4 ,s f> z ,rome 0 conc]n$1 ) ! entry ( ! ,emp]or's daught]1 its place among ! cities ( ! _w became once m important & impos+4 ,*>les ,v might despise ! up/>t ,f>nese z ,francis ,i _h laugh$ at ,ces>e ,borgia1 b ! self-made ,italians ( ! ,r5aissance--*ur*m51 m]*ants1 & condotti]i1 7 =ces :i* h]$it>y mon>*y c\ld n d )\t4 ,spa9 _h ! ri*es ( ! ,new ,_w2 ,france & ,engl& 7 bre$+ ! manhood ( ,europe2 b ,italy held ! keys to ! pa/--to ! culture = :i* m5's s\ls long$4 ,! "t 0 n yet--9 #aedj--;al?\gh x 0 close at h&1 :5 ,italy's delib]ate *oice ( evil r ?an good f9ally made h]1 by weak5+ & corrupt+ h]1 a captive to ,spa94 ,"t 0 n yet2 & 9 t la/ l+]+ gl[ ( h] greatness & fre$om ! old ,pope1 ,paul ,,iii1 moves z h] inc>nate _s4 ,to a figure slight & /ately1 ?\gh ) /oop+ %\ld]s1 0 unit$ a %rewd & k9dly c\nt5ance1 ) a massive nose & fl[+ be>d1 mobile lips & pi]c+ eyes4 ,8 voice 0 modulat$1 & 8 mann] graci\s & noble4 ,?is out] man held gu>d ov] a m9d s crafty & t5aci\s1 s secretive & res\rceful1 t to ! ,v5etian ambassador--ev] ! mo/ a/ute obs]v]--he rema9$ a fasc9at+ & baffl+ enigma2 :ile = ,c>d9al ,m5doza & ! ,emp]or he 0 an antagoni/ :om1 = all _! secret ,au/rian contempt & bitt] hatr$1 !y c\ld n af=d to ignore4 ,x 0 rem>k$ t ! ,pope nev] wi%$ to he> or to speak ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he felt t ! election ( ,clem5t ,,vii _h robb$ him ( f\rte5 ye>s ( ! papacy4 ,po/]ity may well %>e 8 prejudice1 = x seems safe to assume t1 _h ,paul ,,iii be5 ,pope 9 #aebg1 ,b\rbon's soldi]s w\ld nev] h got )9 sight ( ! city walls2 !re w\ld h be51 9 fact1 no sack ( ,rome4 ,! ,pope felt ) all ! =ce ( 8 ,italian nature ! dang] to ,italy f ! side ( ,spa94 ,bett] patriot ?an prie/1 he _h made secret treaties ) ! ,prote/ants z a weapon aga9/ ! ,spani>d2 & :ile no "o realiz$ m ke5ly ?an he ! necessity ( re=ms 9 ! ,*ur*1 yet he dread$ !m le/ !y might 9 any way weak5 ! /r5g? ( ! papacy4 ,8 s+ul> ability to unite ! =tunes ( 8 family ) pr(itable political und]tak+s runs ?r\gh\t 8 long life2 b ?is nepotism1 :i* no pope ev] c>ri$ fur!r1 & = :i* he has be5 unsp>+ly c5sur$ by hi/orians1 repres5ts ! k9dlie/ /ra9 9 8 nature4 ,x 0 ! human side2 & x 0 ! direct cause ( 8 dea?4 ,9 a dispute ov] reta9+ ! ,du*y ( ,p>ma 9 8 family1 ! ,pope's gr&son1 ,octavius1 oppos$ ! old pontiff4 ,paul felt ?is +ratitude deeply1 & spoke op5ly ab\t x to ! ,v5etian ambassador4 ,! day aft] ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 #aedi1 ! old man repair$ to 8 villa on ,monte ,cavallo 8to ease 8 m9d10 & f !re he s5t = ,aless&ro ,f>nese ,,ii4 ,he came1 ?is magnific5t "y c>d9al1 h&some1 c\rtly1 ! great art patron1 ! lov] ( s*ol>s & poets1 ! f9e/ fl[] ( ! ,f>nese1 a gr&son & namesake ( :om ,paul ,,iii 0 ju/ly pr\d4 ,! c>d9al 0 ! ,pope's d>l+1 & f him ,paul felt he c\ld expect support & sympa?y4 ,! int]view1 h[ev]1 soon became /ormy4 ,high words pass$4 ,! ,pope flew into a rage & snat*$ ! biretta f ! c>d9al's head4 ,he _h discov]$ t ,aless&ro also 0 c>ry+ on a secret c\nt]plot aga9/ him1 & ! discov]y broke ! old man's he>t4 ,su* a viol5t attack ( ang] at ! age ( eighty-?ree br\ght on an illness f :i* he _h nei!r ! /r5g? nor ! wi% to recov]1 & 9 a week's "t ,paul ,,iii 0 dead4 ,ev5 aft] 8 dea? ! ,romans lov$ him--a r>e tribute to any pope--& all ,rome w5t to kiss 8 feet4 ,he _h be5 ! fir/ ,roman to occupy ,/4 ,pet]'s *air 9 ov] "o hundr$ ye>s1 & ! ,romans felt 8 virtues & 8 fail+s to be _! own4 ,fifte5 ye>s be=e1 !y _h c>ri$ him on _! %\ld]s into old ,/4 ,pet]'s = 8 coronation1 & n[ !y buri$ him !re4 ,8 tomb co/ tw5ty-f\r ?\s& ,roman cr[ns1 & is ! ma/]piece ( ,guglielmo della ,porta4 ,! two recumb5t /atues ^u x are said to be aft] a sket* by ,mi*elangelo4 ,! connection ( ,mi*elangelo's "n ) ! tomb is int]e/+1 b ( great] int]e/ is ! romantic leg5d :i* surr\nds ! /atue ( ! y\ng] woman4 ,?is figure1 once call$ ,tru? & n[ kn[n to be ,ju/ice1 is said to be ! portrait ( ,paul ,,iii's si/]1 & ?is recalls ! fact t ! =tunes ( ! pr9cely family ( ! ,f>nese re/ ^u no m honorable basis ?an ! passion ( ,alex&] ,,vi 7,borgia7 = ?is si/]1 ! beautiful ,giulia ,f>nese4 ,no "o c /udy ! /atue on ! tomb )\t und]/&+ h[ x 0 t ?is magnific5t creature seem$ to ! m5 ( h] "t ! fle%-&-blood pres5tm5t ( ^? ,pagan goddesses :om !y all1 secretly or op5ly1 wor%ipp$4 ,! sup]b body is n[ conceal$ by ,b]n9i's hide\s lead5 drap]ies1 b ! c>elessly wav+ hair & t9y e> h wit*]y ev5 9 ! m>ble1 :ile ! face possesses t solemnity ( p]fect beauty f\nd only 9 ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,greeks4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce 0 su* a price paid = ! ,r$ ,hat6 ,alex&] ,,vi made ! "y bro!r1 ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 ag$ tw5ty-five1 a c>d9al1 & ,giulia ,f>nese w5t to reign 9 ^? ,borgia ap>tm5ts1 decorat$ by all ! g5ius ( ,p9turic*io1 & at once ! pride & disgrace ( ! ,vatican4 ,! "y c>d9al 0 nicknam$ ! ,petticoat ,c>d9al2 b he seems to h felt no compunction at ! transaction4 ,) ! ,romans1 z ) ! ,p>isians1 ridicule is ! mo/ p[]ful eng9e ( de/ruction2 & ! fact t ,aless&ro ,f>nese liv$ ?is sobriquet d[n1 proves1 z no?+ else c prove1 ! hold he _h ^u ! ,roman p4 ,any acc\nt ( ,paul ,,iii w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to 8 extraord9>y belief 9 a/rology4 ,x 0 q a recogniz$ fact t he nev] ev5 consid]$ any s*eme1 public or private1 be=e consult+ ! planets4 ,if ! heav5ly bodies 7 n 9 favorable conjunction1 ! ent]prise 0 giv5 up1 or z ne>ly giv5 up z 0 possible to s ob/9ate & t5aci\s a m9d4 ,9 8 own "t ?is s+ul> *>act]i/ic 0 felt to be incongru\s & r disgraceful2 b x is easy = ! mod]n _s to und]/&1 & ev5 condone1 ! weakness4 ,surely1 x 0 n /range t su* a man1 ) su* a life1 %\ld feel t 8! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght0 = him4 ,! impression made ^u ! m9d by ! ,f>nese f\nta9s is n pleas+4 ,!y are c]ta9ly 8r>e & va/10 b z f\nta9s !y are n a success4 ,! =m ov]%ad[s ! sub/ance2 = ! s+le jet ( wat] ?r[n upw>d ov] ! /ructural "p ( ! f\nta9 is n adequate1 & is lo/ 9 ! effect produc$ ^u ! eye by ! huge tubs turn$ black by ! deposits ( ! ,acqua ,paola2 :ile ! wat] fall+ back into ^! receptacles is caught z 9 a prison1 ! ov]fl[ f ! upp] to ! l[] bas9s be+ n suffici5t to give an idea ( a copi\s /ream4 ,! mon/] granite ba?s h a sepul*ral effect4 ,!y seem m l c(f9s made to hold ! bones ( dep>t$ h]oes ?an l bas9s = receiv+ & di/ribut+ liv+ wat]4 ,dur+ m ?an two c5turies ^! f\nta9s bore witness to ! magnific5ce ( ! ,f>nese family2 b z t magnific5ce _h be5 s\ght & held = reasons z purely p]sonal & selfi% z m5 h ev] kn[n1 x _h no real value or significance = ! _w4 ,no memories ( patriotism or gho/ ( romance hangs ov] ^! f\nta9s1 or ov] ! palace :i* !y gu>d4 ,! family & ! spl5dor once 71 & n[ are n2 & all ! sun%9e :i* daily floods ! spaci\s piazza fails to reanimate ! maje/ic vacancy ( ! faade1 or to lift ! gloom f ! deject$ & sombre f\nta9s4 ,,villa ,,giulia ,illu/ration ,,villa ,,giulia ,i4 ,,fontana ,,pubblica ,,di ,,giulio ,,iii 8,9 ,xanadu did ,kubla ,khan a /ately pleasure dome decree1 99 99 99 99 99 ,s twice five miles ( f]tile gr\nd ) walls & t[]s 7 girdl$ r\nd4 ,& !re 7 g>d5s bright ) s9u\s rills1 :]e blossom$ _m an inc5se-be>+ tree1 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 a miracle ( r>e device1 ,a sunny pleasure dome ) caves ( ice44440 ,! ,villa ,giulia is ! ,italian v]sion ( 8,kubla ,khan10 n built by 8l(ty rhyme10 b con/ruct$ ( actual /one & m>ble = a pleasure-lov+ pontiff ( ! ,c9que ,c5to4 ,! desire to realize ! poet's vision is (t5 felt by absolute mon>*s4 ,v]sailles1 ,san ,s\ci1 & ! ,h]mitage %[ :at unlimit$ p[]1 weal?1 & caprice h accompli%$ 9 t direction2 b none ( ! nor!rn sov]eigns possess$ ei!r ! climate1 soil1 hi/orical1 poetic1 & pictorial sett+ or ! arti/s1 ar*itects1 & m>vell\s art treasures :i* 7 at ! comm& ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 ,:5 ?is pontiff1 ^: election dates f #aeej1 decid$ to build a pleasure-h\se ^u ! v9ey>d 9 ! ,via ,flam9ia1 :i* he _h inh]it$ f 8 uncle1 ! eld] ,c>d9al ,monte1 he b\ght up adjo9+ prop]ty f v>i\s l&[n]s1 s t 8 doma9 f9ally ext5d$ f ! ,tib] ea/w>d up ! ,valle ,giulia & adjo9+ slopes ( ,monte ,p>ioli4 ,! s\!rn b\nd>ies h n yet be5 fully det]m9$1 b ^? to ! nor? ext5d$ z f> z ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,&rea1 a beautiful little build+ erect$ by ,vignola to commemorate ,pope ,julius's 7!n ,c>d9al ,monte7 deliv]ance f ! soldi]y at ! "t ( ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,! ,via ,flam9ia 0 at t "t ! fa%ionable drive4 ,x 0 l9$ by f9e villas & palaces1 & ,amannati alludes to x z ! 8beautiful ,via ,flam9ia40 ,! approa* to x 0 f ! ,piazza del ,popolo1 !n a place ( g>d5s1 ?r\gh ! f9e ,porta del ,popolo :i*1 begun s long be=e "u ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 _h j be5 f9i%$ by ,mi*elangelo & ,vignola4 ,! f9e av5ue ext5d$ z f> z ! ,ponte ,molle1 :]e x cross$ ! ,tib]1 &1 aft] skirt+ ! we/]n slopes ( ,monte ,soracte1 began its long m>* to ! nor?4 ,a little road 7call$ ! ,via del ,arco ,oscuro7 lead+ up f ! ,tib] cross$ ! ,via ,flam9ia at "r angles & climb$ up ! ,valle ,giulia1 turn+ abruptly t[>d ! nor!rn spur ( ,monte ,p>ioli4 ,! orig9al ,monte prop]ty lay along ?is little road2 & x 0 at ! head ( ?is ?or\ghf>e1 :]e x turn$ %>ply to ! nor? & !re=e at "s di/ance f ! ,via ,flam9ia & on mu* high] gr\nd1 t ,pope ,julius decid$ to build 8 villa4 ,its creation quickly became ! absorb+ passion ( 8 life4 ,! greate/ ar*itects ( ! "t 7 employ$ ^u x & no exp5se 0 sp>$4 ,aft] ,pope ,julius's dea?1 ! entire place 0 confiscat$ by ! ,cam]a ,apo/olica = ?irty-sev5 ?\s& scudi1 ! e/imat$ am\nt ( ,pope ,julius's debts4 ,! ,monte ,pope 7,julius ,,iii belong$ to ! ,roman family ( ,monte7 w\ld leave ! ,vatican by ! passage lead+ to ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 take !re a magnific5t b>ge & be r[$ up ! great sweep ( ! ,tib] to ! l&+-place at ! foot ( ! ,arco ,oscuro4 ,"h a f9e flight ( /eps 0 con/ruct$ lead+ up to a vault$ p]gola :i* trav]s$ ! fields betwe5 ! ,tib] & ! ,via ,flam9ia4 ,! p]gola 0 a b[] ( v]dure & t]m9at$ 9 a f9e build+ & gateway bord]+ ! ,tib] side ( ! ,via ,flam9ia4 ,"h x 0 necess>y to cross ! great highway 9 ord] to beg9 ! asc5t ( ! ,arco ,oscuro1 :i* l$ directly to 8 new villa4 ,! highway 0 du/y1 & ! salita or asc5t long & /eep1 & ! ,pope decid$ to create a re/+-place at ?is po9t4 ,he _h begun digg+ = wat] v e>ly1 :ile cultivat+ 8 v9ey>d1 8)\t ev] hav+ _h ! slighte/ indication t wat] c\ld be f\nd !re40 ,ev5tually he accompli%$ 8 purpose1 = he succe$$ 9 br++ to 8 v9ey>d ! leakage wat]s ( ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct4 ,! 8leakage0 0 v mu* 9 ! nature ( a tap1 & ! proce$+ 0 high-h&$ & repreh5sible to a degree4 ,9 imp]ial days su* tamp]+ ) ! aqu$ucts 0 visit$ by puni%m5t :i* ,front9us consid]$ n too sev]e = s great a crime aga9/ ! public welf>e4 ,julius ,,iii's pontificate la/$ only five ye>s2 b 9 ! ye> foll[+ 8 dea? ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct _h already ceas$ to supply ! city1 & 8 successors1 ,pius ,,iv1 ,pius ,v1 & ,gregory ,,xiii1 7 oblig$ to beg9 & c>ry on a sy/ematic & ?or\gh re/oration & enl>gem5t ( ! aqu$uct4 ,= ,julius ,,iii ! wond]ful wat] 0 only a p]quisite belong+ to ! 8good gift ( ! papacy10 & he devot$ 8 %ort pontificate to its exploitation & adornm5t1 possibly sil5c+ 8 scruples by ! ?\ght t ! con/ruction ( a public f\nta9 on ?is highway ju/ifi$ 8 mann] ( obta9+ ! wat]4 ,at ! two opposite angles ( ! ,via ,flam9ia & ! ,arco ,oscuro1 :]e ! asc5t t[>d 8 villa began1 he erect$ two f\nta9s1 blunt+ ! acute end ( ea* angle by a mo/ra or high faade f ! base ( :i* issu$ ! wat]4 ,! f\nta9 on ! "r-h& side 0 a dr9k+-tr\gh = horses1 :ile t on ! left 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & int]e/+ f\nta9s 9 all ,rome4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,b>tolomeo ,amannati1 possibly assi/$ by ,vignola2 & v (t5 mu/ ! y\?ful ,dom5ico ,fontana h /udi$ x1 = ! fam\s 8,fontana ,f\nta90 is only a modification ( ?is truly beautiful "w ( ! dy+ ,r5aissance4 ,x is noticeable t ,amannati's f\nta9 is n a scre5 nor a gateway2 its mo/ra /&s aga9/ a solid backgr\nd ) sev]ely pla9 w+s ( ! same height flank+ x at an angle on ei!r side4 ,?is mo/ra is ( pep]9o 9 ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 ! columns support+ a f9e classic entablature & p$im5t4 ,! apex ( ! p$im5t 0 surm\nt$ by a colossal /atue ( ,neptune1 & ! corn]s ( x t]m9at$ 9 two p$e/als c>ry+1 ! "o a ,m9]va1 & ! o!r a ,rome4 ,betwe5 ^! two figures & ! ,neptune 7 two m9or p$e/als m>k+ ! ar*itectural t]m9ation ( ! great c5tral division ( ! f\nta91 & on ^! /ood two small obelisks1 a feature borr[$ by ,fontana = 8 f\nta9 ( ! ,moses4 ,! ar* ( ! c5tral division held betwe5 its ,cor9?ian pill>s ! huge squ>e slab ) ! inscription3 ,,julius ,,iii ,,pont4 ,,max4 ,,public ,,commoditati ,,anno ,,iii ,! ni*es on ei!r side ( ?is slab once conta9$ /atues1 "o ( ,happ9ess & ! o!r ( ,abundance1 a design embodi$ two hundr$ ye>s lat] 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ,trevi4 ,! bas9 = receiv+ ! wat] did n ext5d across ! full wid? ( ! mo/ra1 b 01 & is 7= ?is /ill rema9s71 a noble :ite granite conca /&+ at ! foot ( ! c5tral division "u ! inscription4 ,x orig9ally receiv$ ! wat] f a beautiful antique head ( ,apollo4 ,all ?is is describ$ 9 a lett] writt5 by ! ar*itect himself1 ,amannati1 f ,rome 9 #aeee1 & !re foll[s a description ( ! arcade beh9d ! f\nta94 ,?is consi/s ( ?ree loggias ) ,cor9?ian columns1 mak+ a semihexagonal design & c>ry+ a vault$ ro( ornam5t$ by pictures & exquisite /ucco "w4 ,?is 0 :]e 88 ,hol9ess got repose )\t incommod+ ! public10 :i*1 on ! o!r side ( ! wall1 refre%$ itself & its bea/s ( burd5 f ! public f\nta94 ,! columns 7 jo9$ toge!r by a balu/rade1 & ! ?ree-sid$ colonnade held 9 its embrace a l>ge fi%-pond ) v>i\s jets d'eau4 ,beyond ?is ar*itectural lovel9ess /ret*$ long walks bord]$ ) fruit-trees & espali]s1 & up ^! pa?s ! ,pope walk$ :51 refre%$ aft] 8 long j\rney f ! ,vatican1 & eag] to see :at 8 workm5 _h conclud$ ov] night1 he f9ally decid$ to g on to ! villa on ! hill4 ,?is beautiful f\nta9 & its loggias h suff]$ m ?an cu/om>y outrage f "t1 neglect1 & /upidity4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no vile use to :i* ! loggias h n be5 put2 & ! sup]imposition ( ! ,cas9o ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv1 :i* is n[ recogniz$ to be ! "w ( ,pi]o ,ligorio1 has entirely alt]$ ! proportions & beauty ( ! public f\nta94 ,! fate ( ,pope ,julius's creation1 f ! "t ( 8 dea? until #aijj1 is poorly outl9$ 9 ! v>i\s half-oblit]at$ escut*eons & inscriptions :i* n[ ornam5t ! f\nta9 & its sup]/ructural ,cas9o4 ,z ! villa & all ! l& ab\t x _h be5 imm$iately seque/]$ by ! ,apo/olic ,*amb] 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ,julius ,,iii's legal heirs be=e a t>dy comp5sation 0 aw>d$ !m1 ?is portion ( ! ,monte prop]ty 0 divid$ by ,pope ,pius ,,iv betwe5 a son ( ! ,duke ( ,tuscany 8:o 0 to h ! usufruct = 8 lifetime0 & 8 own two nephews1 ,c>lo & ,f$]igo ,borromeo4 ,a si/] ( ^! ,borromeo bro!rs m>ri$ a ,colonna1 & ! prop]ty 0 be/[$ ^u h] z d[ry4 ,x rema9$ 9 t family until #aijj1 :5 x 0 pur*as$ by ! pres5t own]1 ,cavali]e ,giuseppe ,bale/ra1 :o already own$ ! adjo9+ villa on ! high gr\nd1 :i* might h be5 a "p ( ! orig9al ,villa ,giulia1 s9ce x corresponds to t l& :i* ,julius ,,iii _h acquir$ f ,c>d9al ,poggio & ,c>d9al ,san ,vitelles*i4 ,! ,m$ici escut*eon may h be5 plac$ !re ei!r by ! ,duke ( ,tuscany or by ,pius ,,iv4 ,! ,pope 0 ( v humble ,milanese orig9 & _h no connection :atev] ) ! great family ^: "n he happ5$ to h2 b aft] he became ,pope1 ! ,duke ,cosimo ,i1 :o f\nd x to 8 int]e/ to h ! ,pope on 8 side1 p]mitt$ him to use ! escut*eon4 ,contr>y to ! dec5t ,roman cu/om1,b ! orig9al inscription ( ,julius ,,iii 0 remov$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by t "o ( ! ,colonna :o inh]it$ ! prop]ty aft] ! dea? ( ! la/ desc5dant ( ! e>li] bran*4 ,he plac$ 8 own1 ! pres5t1 inscription 9 place ( x1 sp>+ ! inscription to ,c>lo ,borromeo1 ei!r because ( ,borroraeo's connection ) ! ,colonna family or because ( ! great v5]ation felt by ev]yone = ! memory ( ! sa9t$ "y c>d9al4 ,x 0 also at ?is "t t ! beautiful antique head ( ,apollo 0 replac$ by ! ,colonna escut*eon & ! sculptur$ trophies4 ,! inscription on ! small tablet "u ! spr+ ( ! ar* relates t 9 #agej ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv gave to ! ,colonna family ! "r to draw 8two ounces0 ( wat] daily f ! receiv+-tank ( ! ,trevi ,f\nta9 = use 9 _! ,roman palace z a recomp5se to !m = _! gift to ! public ( ! ,trevi ,wat] 9 ?is old f\nta94,c ,^? :o visit ! ,villa ,giulia 9 ! morn+ h\rs may see ! ,campagna c>ts on _! way back f ,rome drawn up be=e ! public f\nta9 ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii1 & ! sleepy driv]s1 tir$ horses1 & responsible little dogs refre%+ !mselves ) ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\nta9 ( ! ,virg9s4 ,s f> ! picture creat$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago rema9s ! same2 fundam5tal cu/oms d n *ange 9 ,rome4 ,b on ! o!r side ( ! wall1 :]e once sat & talk$ ! joy\s ,pope & 8 company1 :at ru9 & desolation6 ,"s day ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t w sweep ! crumbl+ loggias free f du/ & rubbi% & te> away ! protect+ foliage1 n r$eem+ b unmask+ ! desecration ( ! c5turies4 ,to-day ! d>k wat] 9 ! r\gh g>d5 tanks1 ! unprun$ trees & wild fl[]s1 ! old mule /abl$ "u ! ru9$ loggias :]e hay is /or$1 ! my/]i\s gloom ( ! vault$ ro( above ! ,cor9?ian capitals & ev]y:]e black %ad[s ( imp5etrable dep? make up a sc5e ^: l c 9 all probability be f\nd only among ! engrav+s ( ,piranesi4 ,illu/ration ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nymph,,um ,,or 8,,secret ,,f\nta90 ,! ,villa ,giulia prop] is designat$ 9 ! old ,italian books z l',inv5zione nella ,vigna ,giulia1 & ! lit]al ,engli% translation ( inv5tion n inappropriately describes ?is truly m>vell\s creation4 ,amannati1 ,vas>i1 ,vignola1,d & ev5 ! ag$ ,mi*elangelo sp5t !mselves ^u ! ar*itectural devices by :i* ?is pleasure-h\se became a place ( almo/ fabul\s beauty4 ,consummate k ( p]spective 0 employ$ 9 mak+ ! build+1 :i* is n at all l>ge1 seem s1 & ! only defect 9 ! entire design is1 z might h be5 expect$1 ! ,pope's fault1 = ,julius insi/$ ^u work+ into ! loggias 9 ! re> ( ! upp] c\rt ( ! f\nta9 a gift ( columns1 beautiful 9 !mselves b too small = ! surr\nd+ proportions1 ?us mak+ t "p ( ! con/ruction appe> insignificant & inf]ior to ! re/4 ,! ,pope's *ang+ caprice we>i$ ev5 ! good-natur$ ,vas>i1 :o has left ! record t 8!re 0 no gett+ ! villa done02 & x 0 n long be=e ,vignola1 a man ( g5u9e & indep5d5t g5ius1 we>i$ utt]ly ( s]v+ su* a ma/] & w5t (f ) ! great ,c>d9al ,f>nese to build ! latt]'s villa ( ,capr>ola1 :]e he c\ld "w at peace & = an appreciative & sympa!tic patron4 ,! la/ rema9s ( ,aurelian's ,temple ( ! ,sun 7 pres5t$ by ,pr9ce ,colonna to ! ,pope & w5t into ! fabric ( ! villa1 & a great collection ( portrait bu/s ( ! ,emp]ors1 f\nd 9 ! villa ( ,hadrian1 help$ to adorn ! loggias & ni*es4 ,! villa 0 fill$ ) r>e m>bles1 tables1 /atues1 & vases1 & ! m>ble columns ( ! c5tral loggia 7 s lu/r\s t ,amannati says !y mirror$ e "o :o ent]$ !re4 ,z ! villa is con/ruct$ on ! hillside1 v>i\s levels are ! natural result1 & ?is feature has be5 us$ ) div]se & happy effects4 ,! v>i\s c\rts are all on diff]5t planes :ile1 ) ! "o exception ( ! gr& d\ble /airway 9 ! c5tral c\rt1 all ! /airs are cunn+ly conceal$ s t !re is no sugge/ion ( physical ef=t z ! eye passes f "o plane to ano!r4 ,! vault$ ro(s ( ! long semicircul> gall]ies & v>i\s rooms 7 decorat$ ) pa9t+s or ) /ucco "w ( ! mo/ exquisite p]fection4 ,traces ( ?is la/ are /ill to be se5 above ! ni*es conta9+ ! colossal riv]-gods1 ! ,tib] & ! ,arno 7,amannati 0 a ,flor5t9e74 ,! place 0 truly a ,palace ( ,art4 ,no?+ b beauty 0 p]mitt$ to ent] x4 ,/ables1 (fices1 & kit*5s 7 plac$ outside ! villa1 & ! "o h\se :i* /ood )9 ! villa gr\nds--t ( ! keep] or cu/odian--0 design$ & decorat$ ) great c>e1 s t1 accord+ to ,amannati1 ! entire inv5tion 0 ( su* beauty t x 0 9 itself 8good en\gh = any great pr9ce40 ,no?+ rema9s ( ?is spl5dor b ! b>e %ell1 & ?is has be5 s tamp]$ ) t x is only f old plans or f outl9es ( re/oration by ,let>\illy & ,/]n t a true conception c be obta9$ ( ! villa ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 ,x is necess>y to "k1 = in/ance1 t ! front c\rt1 n[ a commonplace g>d51 0 orig9ally a great pav$ cortile fill$ ) /atu>y n[ 9 ! ,vatican or scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ,italy4 ,! loggia lead+ up & out ( ?is c\rt 0 orig9ally clos$ & ent]$ by doors4 ,! %all[1 broad /airway lead+ d[n f ! "r-h& g>d5 "u ! t]races 0 put 9 = ! b5efit ( ! cavalry qu>t]$ !re dur+ a petty w> ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! horses 7 tak5 d[n to dr9k at ! ,nymphum6 ,! pres5t g>d5s 9 no wise repres5t ! beautiful =mal g>d5s :i* /ret*$ !re on ei!r side ( ! v>i\s c\rts1 & ! pres5t walls _c possibly enclose t space :i* 0 once fill$ ) orange groves & e sort ( device = fa/idi\s delight4 ,some:]e 9 ^? gr\nds1 probably on ! "r h&1 !re 0 a monticello or little hill f :i* c\ld be se5 ! ,tib]1 ! ,sev5 ,hills1 ! 8beautiful ,/rada ,flam9ia10 ! ,vatican1 & ! va/ erection ( new ,/4 ,pet]'s ov]topp+ & gradually engulf+ ! old basilica1 ! view ext5d+ ev5 to ! sea4 ,"u ! high gr\nd /ill held 9 place by a great reta9+ wall 7 grottos beautifully decorat$ by /ucco & pa9t+ & icy cold ev5 9 summ]4 ,9 ! woods1 :]e ! ,italian pa/ime ( sn>+ birds 0 c>efully provid$ =1 !re 7 accommodations = e k9d ( animal1 & ev]y:]e !re 7 f\nta9s1 m>ble seats1 & antique g>d5 /atu>y4 ,l\is ,,xiv1 = :om c>eful plans ( ! villa 7 drawn1 wisely made no attempt to copy ! en*ant$ palace ( ,italy4 ,v]sailles makes up 9 size = ! beauty ( color1 ar*itecture1 vegetation1 & art treasures "h =m$ into "o beautiful :ole by ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 ,! %ape ( ! ,villa ,giulia is significant4 ,x is a s]ies ( g>d5s1 loggias1 & c\rts1 "o enclos+ ! o!r1 ea* ri*] 9 ornam5tation1 m ravi%+ 9 beauty ?an ! la/1 until f9ally ! he>t ( ! creation is rea*$1 & ! 8secret f\nta90 ( ! ,acqua ,v]g9e is discov]$ fl[+ out ( ! %ad[ & f a hidd5 s\rce into a sunlit ,nymphum ( m>vell\s beauty & aga9 my/]i\sly disappe>+ into ! %ad[4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,virg9s1 z x came to be call$1 0 felt by its creator1 ,amannati1 to be beyond ! p[] ( description4 ,writ+ to a fri5d 9 ,padua1 soon aft] ,pope ,julius's dea?1 he describes ! entire villa 9 extraord9>y detail1 not+ ! attitude ev5 ( _m ( ! /atues2 b :51 aft] pages ( description1 he has br\ght 8 read] to ! l[e/ c\rt ( all1 8 p5 fails him & he says t unless he c pa9t a picture ( ?is c\rt & f\nta9 he w nev] be able to give 8 fri5d 8any conception ( ?is1 ! lovelie/1 ri*e/1 & mo/ m>vell\s place 9 ! entire creation40 ,amannati saw x 9 its fir/ spl5dor4 ,! c>yatides 7 p]fect1 :ite1 & gleam+1 & p]haps beautiful4 ,! ni*es r\nd ab\t 7 fill$ ) m>ble boys c>ry+ urns ^u _! %\ld]s f :i* ! wat] 0 p\r$ into ! semicircul> /ream at _! feet4 ,x is impossible to tell f ! description ( ! old pictures :at1 if any1 /atue fill$ ! c5tral ni*e beh9d ! virg9s4 ,at pres5t ! ni*e holds a great :ite m>ble swan1 n[ almo/ hidd5 by f]n1 f ^: bill ! wat] trickles into ! black pool b5ea?4 ,! pavem5t1 made ( e conceivable k9d ( m>ble1 gl[$ l a jewel4 ,! balu/rade above held graceful /atues & on ei!r side ( ! c\rt j above /ood a great plane-tree1 giv+ delici\s v]dure & %ade4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! wat] came f l>ge res]voirs hidd5 b5ea? ! upp] t]race to ! ea/ ( ! f\nta92 !n1 z n[1 x 0 c>ri$ (f ov] g5tle1 r\gh-pav$ incl9es2 !n1 z n[1 x fell /eeply into a subt]ranean cav]n--! entire con/ruction produc+ waves ( cool air & a ripple & murmur ( wat] exquisitely refre%+ to bo? eye & e>4 ,x is almo/ necess>y to =give ,pope ,julius 8 attack ^u ! aqu$uct4 ,nev] be=e or s9ce has ! ,acqua ,v]g9e receiv$ su* poetic treatm5t4 ,no?+ rema9s ( ?is beauty b ! wat] & ! masonry4 ,pope ,julius 0 h>dly buri$ be=e ! spoliation ( 8 villa began4 ,l ! ,pope's beautiful re/+-place beh9d ! public f\nta91 ! ,nymphum has endur$ ?ree c5turies ( vile usage & neglect4 ,n[h]e 9 ,rome is x m necess>y to use imag9ation ?an 9 ! ,villa ,giulia4 ,! visitor %\ld desc5d into ! l[e/ c\rt on a day ( brilliant sun%9e &1 /&+ be=e ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,virg9s1 replace = himself ! lo/ lu/re ( ! columns1 ! :it5ess ( ! balu/rades1 ! ri* color+ ( mural pa9t+s & /ucco1 & ! gleam ( antique /atu>y4 ,he %\ld see ! flick]+ %ad[s ca/ by ! great plane-trees across ! m>ble pavem5t1 & he> ! birds twitt]+ or call+ f ! avi>ies :i* 7 9 ! loggia wall above ! riv]-gods4 ,he mu/ fancy ! fitful music ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! p]fume f ! orange groves drift+ ov] ! g>d5 walls :]e sat ! monkeys & brilliant tropical birds4 ,he mu/ feel ! languid /ir or deep repose ( long1 indol5t1 luxuri\s summ] days1 & ?r\gh x all1 he mu/ be consci\s ( ! wat]4 ,only s w he be able to =m "s adequate conception ( :at ! 8secret f\nta90 mu/ h be5 9 ! days ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 ,! highe/ *>m ( ! beautiful creation lay 9 its pres5tation ( contra/ translat$ into a m$ium suitable to e s5se4 ,x 0 an age ( contra/1 %>p & con/ant4 ,no feature 9 ! cr[d$ ,italian life ( ^? two c5turies is s /rik+ z ?is4 ,fame & obloquy2 triumphant heal? & ! laz>-h\se2 honor & exile2 ! luxury ( an ,ago/9o ,*igi & ! squalor ( ! begg> at 8 doors2 compassion & fi5di% cruelty1 "y ,c>d9al ,borromeo's sanctity on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r unblu%+ lic5ti\sness2 beauty to :i* all b div9e honors 7 paid1 & hide\s de=mity2 ^! lay op5 to ! eye on e side4 ,!re seem$ to be no transition4 ,! 8secret f\nta910 ) its light & %ade1 its re/ & motion1 s\nd & sil5ce1 its art & nature1 0 ! poetic expression ( life z x 0 kn[n by ! m5 = :om x 0 creat$4 ,! records ( ^? days are nev] free f blood1 & at lea/ "o assass9ation is connect$ ) ! build+ ( ?is h\se ( mir?4 ,b>on9o1 an associate ( ,vignola & ,amannati1 leav+ ! villa ) a fri5d on a c]ta9 ev5+1 0 set ^u z he turn$ into ! ,via ,flam9ia & /abb$ to dea?4 ,! angle 9 ! walls made by ! public f\nta9 & ! fact t x 0 a natural place = loit]]s probably sugge/$ ! *oice ( ! spot4 ,! assass9's id5tity 0 ei!r nev] discov]$ or nev] reveal$ & ! crime w5t unpuni%$1 = ,cell9i 0 n ! only lucky rascal4 ,arti/s especially c>ri$ _! lives 9 _! h&s1 & g5ius 0 z op5 to viol5ce z x 0 to fame4 ,hi/orians & morali/s accord scant ju/ice & no m]cy to ,julius ,,iii4 ,he is repres5t$ by !m z sp5d+ 8 life 9 s5seless & indol5t pleasures4 ,yet he _h begun 8 pontificate ) "s %[ ( e>ne/ness4 ,he _h reop5$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 & _h attempt$ to play a "p 9 ! diplomacy ( ,europe4 ,t aft] two ye>s he we>i$ ( ^! ardu\s labors might h be5 because he _h suffici5t wit to p]ceive t1 = 8 "t at lea/1 ! ,papal ,see w\ld h to be a tool 9 ! h&s ( ,au/ria4 ,8 devotion to ! creation ( 8 villa 0 p]haps ! only outlet = ! activities ( a nature too slight to cope ) ! /]n & s9i/] c5tury on :i* 8 lot _h fall54 ,long days sp5t ) ,vignola1 ,amannati1 & ,vas>i1 & above all1 ) ! ag$ b undaunt$ ,mi*elangelo himself1 = :om ?is ,pope felt a lov+ v5]ation1 mu/ h _h a ze/ & /imulat+ quality suffici5t to make ! ,pope's life 9 ?is villa some?+ m ?an ! syb>itic enjoym5t ( m]e s5su\s beauty4 ,beyond a d\bt1 ! con/ruction ( 8 villa became an obsession ) ! ,pope4 ,he gradually ab&on$ all o!r avocations & duties4 ,x 0 at ! villa t he held 8 audi5ces1 receiv$ ambassadors1 & gave 8 supp]s1 at :i* la/ 8 wit 0 said to be ( less f9e quality ?an 7 8 v9tages4 ,he ev5 _h a m$al /ruck1 ) 8 own head on "o side & on ! o!r ! front elevation ( ! ,villa ,giulia1 ) ! inscription1 8,fons ,virg9ibus40 ,"o fatal day a pet monkey savagely attack$ ! ,pope4 ,he 0 rescu$ by a lad ( sixte5 :om he soon aft] made a c>d9al4 ,! sc&al 0 v great4 ,prelates & laym5 alike felt ?is to be go+ too f>4 ,! ,pope might lay himself op5 to c5sure b n to ridicule4 ,"h 9 ! mid/ ( ! beauty creat$ by ,pope ,julius1 m5's eyes began to turn t[>d ! slightly grim1 ascetic figure ( ,c>d9al della ,croce1 great ,roman patrician & true sa9t1 :o1 z if to give ! f9al note to ?is life ( vivid contra/1 mov$ ab\t 9 ! gay papal c\rt1 res]v$1 au/]e1 devot$ to a life ( su* sanctity t ! ,pope himself felt uncom=table 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! villa 0 /ill f> f f9i%$ :5 ,julius ,,iii's %ort pontificate came to an end4 ,! ,conclave almo/ unanim\sly *ose z 8 successor _! sa9tly bro!r1 ,c>d9al della ,croce4,e ,! _w _h ent]$ ^u a new phase4 ,nor!rn ,europe _h br\ght ! _s ( ! ,re=mation to ! gates ( ,rome1 & m5 7 a%am$ ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii1 ^: mis=tune x _h be5 to live half a c5tury too late4 ,! ,villa ,giulia pass$ into ! own]%ip ( ! popes & rema9$ !re until x 0 tak5 ov] by ! /ate 9 ! pres5t gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 ev5tually f9i%$ by ,popes ,pius ,,iv & ,pius ,v1 b ! art treasures 7 scatt]$ f> & wide4 ,dur+ _m pontificates x 0 us$ = ! /opp+ place ( ambassadors & o!r great p]sonages :o sp5t ! night !re be=e mak+ _! c]emonial entrance into ,rome4 ,p]haps ! pres5ce ( s mu* wat] & luxuri\s vegetation made ! place peculi>ly s5sitive to m\ld & decay4 ,ev5 z e>ly z #aehe x 0 n consid]$ heal?ful4 ,sixtus ,v1 ) ! re/less caprice ( ! poor sleep]1 wi%$ to sp5d a night !re1 b 0 =bidd5 to d s by 8 physician4 ,z x 0 papal prop]ty1 no private individual ev] _h ! *ance to take ov] ! beautiful old build+ & g>d5s & keep !m 9 repair2 & ^? popes ^: ta/es might h l$ !m to re/ore x built pleasure-h\ses or palaces = !mselves4 ,gregory ,,xiii began ! ,quir9al ,palace1 & n infrequ5tly = 8 villegiatura visit$ ! magnific5t villa ( ,mondragone at ,frascati :i* ,c>d9al ,altemps _h already begun to build4 ,sixtus ,v built 8 ,villa ,montalto1 ! new ,lat]an ,palace1 & f9i%$ ! ,quir9al ,palace4 ,clem5t ,,viii cont5t$ himself ) ! ,quir9al2 b 8 great c>d9al nephew1 ,pet] ,aldobr&9i1 f\nd$ ! magnific5t ,villa ,aldobr&9i at ,frascati4 ,! ,m$ici ,leo ,,xi devot$ himself to ! ,villa ,m$ici4 ,paul ,v did inde$ make a re/oration1 us+ mu* /ucco1 :i* c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! beautiful "w ( ! orig9al p]iod1 b t ,pope's int]e/ 0 really giv5 to ! great villa :i* 8 nephew1 ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese1 0 creat+ out ( ! old ,villa ,c5ci4 ,f9ally1 late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! papal *air 0 occupi$ by a man ( culture :o felt ! *>m ( ! old ,c9que ,c5to villa 9 ! ,valle ,giulia1 & tri$ to rescue x f total ru94 ,?is 0 ! ,ganganelli ,pope1 ,clem5t ,,xiv1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,clem5t9e sculpture gall]y 9 ! ,vatican4 ,clem5t ,,xiv's inve/igation ( ,pope ,julius ,,iii's villa %[$ t ! aqu$ucts 7 ru9$1 ! walls crumbl$ by wat]1 ! pavem5ts crack$ by fire1 :ile all ! wood & iron "w 0 brok5 or ru/$1 & ! exquisite pa9t+s1 /ucco1 & gild+ spoil$ by smoke & damp4,f ,! papal ar*itect1 ,raphael ,/]n1 made c>eful & elaborate draw+s f old plans1 ) a view to a g5u9e re/oration1 z ,pius ,,vi 7:o1 9 #aggd1 succe$$ ,clem5t ,,xiv7 c>ri$ on ! "w4 ,?is ,pope also felt ! fasc9ation ( ! m>vell\s1 all b ru9$ pleasure-h\se1 & decid$ to make x 8 autumn resid5ce1 b x 0 too late6 ,pope ,pius ,,vi 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y =ces 9 #agih & di$ a prison] 9 ! ,fr5* =tress ( ,val5ce4 ,f t "t =w>d1 ! villa fell m & m into decay4 ,its pitiful condition might h furni%$ mat]ial = endless s]mons on ! vanity ( life1 & ! ru9 ( its exquisite decorations fills all arti/s & lov]s ( ! beautiful ) indignant regret4 ,x has be5 a vet]9>y hospital1 a cavalry b>racks1 a /oreh\se = hay--no desecration has be5 sp>$ x4 ,at la/ ! pres5t gov]nm5t rescu$ :at 0 left ( x & conv]t$ x into a museum ( antiquities1 giv+ ! la/ ironic t\* to its fate by fill+ ! rooms built to m9i/] to ! joy & pride ( life1 ) anci5t c(f9s & relics ( ! dead4 ,,colonna ,illu/ration ,,colonna ,! f\nta9 ( ! ,piazza ,colonna might be ! 8,f\nta9 ( ,y\?10 = ! fre%ness ( its m>bles makes x seem to date f ye/]day1 :]eas x is 9 reality "o ( ! olde/ f\nta9s ( mod]n ,rome4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 & belongs to t p]iod :5 ! ,acqua ,v]g9e 7,trevi ,wat]7 0 ! only wat] ) :i* to fe$ a f\nta94 ,z ! ,acqua ,v]g9e has n suffici5t head to rise to any great height1 & z its supply is 9 cont9u\s & wide-spread use = dome/ic purposes1 ! designs = ! f\nta9s :i* x furni%es h to be l[1 & ! sculptor or ar*itect mu/ rely = 8 effect n ^u any lavi% supply ( wat] b ^u ! beauty ( 8 mat]ials & 8 own imag9ation4 ,! f\nta9s ( ,giacomo della ,porta %[ ! practical difficulties ) :i* he _h to cont5d1 & ! felicity ( 8 g5ius 9 ov]com+ ! limitation4 ,8 f\nta9 ( ! 8,t>t>ughe0 is a "w ( art1 & z su* c be admir$ )\t ! aid ( ! wat]4 ,! two side f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza ,navona1 also 8 creations1 7 q lovely be=e ,b]n9i decorat$ "o & arti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! o!r ) fanta/ic sculpture4 ,8 f\nta9 ( ! ,piazza ,colonna has be5 less tamp]$ ) &1 /&+ 9 full sunlight or d>k5$ by ! va/ %ad[ ( ! ,anton9e ,column1 x rema9s1 9 its quiet beauty1 a ma/]piece among ! ,roman f\nta9s4 ,x is a graceful1 hectagonal receptacle1 half bas91 half dr9k+-tr\gh1 compos$ ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,porta ,santa m>ble4 ,^! are jo9$ toge!r ) /raps ( ,c>r>a ornam5t$ by lions' heads4,g ,its wat]s come to x f a vase ( antique %ape /&+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,f ! %all[ b[l ( ?is c5tral vase ! wat] gu%es upw>d to fall ov] ! rim 9 a s(t1 unbrok51 silv]y /ream1 & ?r\gh ?is ve/al's veil ! ,c>r>a1 to :i* ! wat]s h giv5 a wond]ful surface1 gleams 9 unsulli$ fre%ness & beauty4 ,two t9y jets1 set midway on ei!r side betwe5 ! ends ( ! f\nta9 & ! vase 9 ! c5tre1 br+ an additional volume & add to ! animation ( ! pool4 ,! vase 9 ! c5tre is repres5t$ 9 an old engrav+ by ,falda z be+ mu* l[] ?an ! pres5t "o & c>v$ 9 cr[d$ leaflike convolutions1 l ! vase ( ! ,scossa ,cavalli f\nta94 ,by #ahbi ?is bit ( old trav]t9e sculpture _h become s mis%ap5 t ! arti/ ,/oc*i1 by ord] ( ,leo ,,xii1 replac$ x by ! pres5t ,c>r>a vase1 add+ at t "t to ei!r end ( ! tr\gh ! small gr\ps ( %ells & dolph9s4 ,^! are su* da9ty bits ( fancy1 & s frankly an aft]?\ght1 t 9 _! fir/ fre%ness at lea/ !y c\ld n h m>r$ ! beauty ( ! orig9al conception4 ,r mu/ !y h enhanc$ x1 z ! :ite doves :i* are p]*$ ^u its rim make ! *>m ( ! 8,pl9y's ,vase40 ,giacomo della ,porta is ! fir/ f\nta9 build] ( mod]n ,rome1 & ! f\nta9s :i* he did = ,gregory ,,xiii--all con/ruct$ = ,trevi ,wat]--are /ill among ! lovelie/ ! city holds4 ,! passion = f\nta9 build+ began 9 ! second half ( ! ,c9que ,c5to4 ,julius ,,iii r$iscov]$ ! imm5se /hetic value ( wat]1 ! ,nymphum 9 8 ,villa ,giulia be+1 9 fact1 ! apo!osis ( ! ,acqua ,v]g9e4 ,pius ,v's enl>g$ f\nta9 ( ,trevi 0 a recognition ( ! importance ( wat] to ! city's welf>e4 ,?is ,pope & 8 pr$ecessor1 ,pius ,,iv1 z well z 8 successor1 ,gregory ,,xiii1 all occupi$ !mselves s]i\sly ) ! re/oration1 improvem5t1 & upkeep ( ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct4 ,! return to ! wat] "q is ! "o heal?y & hopeful sign 9 ! city's life dur+ ^? ye>s :i* lay betwe5 ! dea? ( old ,paul ,,iii & ! accession ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,mi*elangelo di$ )9 ?is p]iod & 8 great _s 0 n m surely dep>t$ ?an 0 ! age ( art & le>n+ 9 :i* he _h mov$ z k+4 ,t outrage to civilization kn[n z ! 8la/ sack ( ,rome0 _h occurr$ 9 #aebg1 "u ,clem5t ,,vii1 & ,rome1 9 ! p]son ( h] pontiff & 9 t ( e citiz51 _h suff]$ insult1 spoliation1 & di%onor4 ,! devotion ( ! ,romans to ,clem5t's successor 7! ,f>nese pontiff1 ,paul ,,iii7 0 9 great "p due to _! recognition ( ! fact t 8 pontificate repres5t$ a su/a9$ & gallant attempt to re/ore to 8 p _! lo/ pre/ige--t figura s de> to ! ,roman he>t4 ,) ! dea? ( ! old patrician ! deplorable condition ( ! city once m ass]t$ itself & m5 realiz$ m ke5ly ?an ev] ! p]man5t deva/ation wr\ght by ! sack4 ,po/]ity ga9s "s fa9t idea ( its horrors f ! autobiography ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,x is indebt$ to him = ! dramatic description ( ! dea? ( ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon1 kill$ by a *ance %ot f ! ramp>ts :51 9 ! d5se fog :i* envelop$ ! beleagu]$ city1 he 0 plant+ ! scal+ ladd]s aga9/ ! walls4 ,f\r days e>li]1 & dur+ ! m>* on ,rome1 ! o!r comm&] ( ! besieg+ army1 ! vet]an ,george ,freundsb]g1 _h di$ ( a /roke ( apoplexy br\ght on by ! mut9\s conduct ( 8 troops2 s t1 )\t lead]s1 =ty ?\s& ( ! wor/ soldi]y ( ,europe 7 turn$ loose )9 ! city walls--turn$ loose to rec\p !mselves = _! long arre>s ( wages out ( ev]y?+ :i* ! ta/e1 le>n+1 & moral s5se ( civiliz$ man has always held mo/ preci\s4 ,hi/ory records t ! ,spani% 7 ! mo/ cold-blood$1 ! ,g]mans ! mo/ be/ial1 & ! ,italians ! mo/ inv5tive 9 =ms ( villa9y4 ,! week ( unspeakable atrocities1 wanton de/ruction1 & :olesale pillage came to an end2 b :5 x did1 t m>vell\s treasure-h\se ( civilization--,rome ( ! ,r5aissance--_h p]i%$1 & ! place !re( 0 to "k h] no m4 ,x 0 no wond] t1 dur+ ! decade :i* foll[$1 ,rome--:at 0 left ( h]--seem$ h>dly to brea!4 ,:51 dur+ ! pontificate ( ,paul ,,iii %e began to revive1 x 0 pla9 to all m5 t %e 0 n1 & c\ld nev] be1 ! same4 ,life came back to h] at la/1 n ?r\gh /hetic b ?r\gh e?ical *annels4 ,!nce=w>d ! popes1 :e!r !y wi%$ x or n1 7 to be s]i\s m54 ,z ! ,re=mation spread ?r\gh ,engl&1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,france & ,g]many1 ! papacy set its h\se 9 ord] & prep>$ to fight1 n = its temporal supremacy1 z 9 ! m$ival /ruggle ) ! ,emp]ors1 b = its spiritual au?ority4 ,x 0 at ?is po9t t !re came to its aid a new =ce1 a =ce ^: influ5ce has nev] yet be5 accurately measur$4 ,9 #aeci1 j be=e ! close ( ,lu!r's life1 ,ignatius ,loyola f\nd$ ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,?is 0 9 ! "t ( ,paul ,,iii4 ,f\r pontificates lat]1 "u ,pius ,,iv1 ! ,jesuits1 z ,calv9 0 ! fir/ to call !m1 furni%$ ! s5sational elem5t 9 ! second sitt+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t2 & 9 #aegb1 :5 ,ugo ,boncompagni became ,pope1 "u ! title ( ,gregory ,,xiii1 ! ord] made its appe>ance on ! _w's /age z ! recogniz$ director ( ! *ur* militant4 ,! ,jesuits 7 ! keep]s ( ?is ,pope's consci5ce1 & ! hi/ory ( 8 pontificate is ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesuit rule4 ,= !m ! ,pope erect$ ! pres5t build+ ( ! ,collegio ,romano1 f\nd$ 9 ,loyola's "t2 = !m he f\nd$ ! ,g]man & ,engli% colleges at ,rome1 &1 accord+ to ,ranke1 8probably !re 0 n a s+le ,jesuit s*ool 9 ! _w :i* _h n to boa/ 9 "o way or ano!r ( 8 b\nty40 ,! *ief ar*itects ( ! "t 7 put at _! disposal4 ,vignola design$ & built = !m ! va/ ,*ur* ( 8! ,ges02 & z he di$ :ile ! "w 0 9 progress1 8 di/+ui%$ pupil1 ,giacomo della ,porta1 turn$ f ! mak+ ( beautiful f\nta9s & complet$ ! cupola & faade4 ,! latt] also built ! high alt> 9 t *ur*1 & 9 its con/ruction %[$ once m t love ( r>e m>bles :i* is s di/9ctive a feature 9 ! ,colonna & o!r f\nta9s ( 8 creation4 ,gregory ,,xiii _h begun life z a ,bolognese lawy]4 ,he _h be5 call$ to ,rome by ,paul ,,iii ! v ye> ,loyola f\nd$ ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,he _h gone to ,spa9 z ,papal legate "u ,paul ,,iv1 _h be5 creat$ c>d9al by ,pius ,,iv1 & at ! age ( sev5ty 0 made ,pope4 ,8 life _h peculi>ly fitt$ him to appreciate ,jesuit ideals4 ,8 belief 9 educational in/itutions1 8 ke5 int]e/ 9 geography & ! remote corn]s ( ! e>?1 ! correctness ( 8 private life aft] 8 elevation1 8 previ\s worldl9ess1 & 8 secul> tra9+1 all comb9$ to make him ! ,jesuit ,pope4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* rememb]s him z ! build] ( ! ,gregorian ,*apel 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! re=m] ( ! cal5d>1 ! reorganiz] ( a great body ( ecclesia/ical law1 & ! patron ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,jesuits4 ,to ,prote/ants he rema9s ! ,pope :o sang 8,te ,deums0 = 8! ,/4 ,b>?olomew40 ,! pontificate ( ,gregory ,,xiii 0 a deplorable "o = ! ,holy ,see & = ! ,romans4 ,conditions ( liv+ sank to a v l[ level4 ,b&itti t]roriz$ ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* & c\ld n be controll$ ev5 9 ,rome4 ,! great families ^: e/ates ,gregory _h confiscat$ to pay = 8 ar*itectural & ecclesia/ical extravagances 7 9 op5 revolt1 & ! treasury 0 empty4 ,v5ice _h be5 e/rang$1 & ,engl& & ! ,ne!rl&s 7 =ev] lo/4 ,gregory ,,xiii's successor1 ,sixtus ,v1 fell heir to ?is condition ( misrule & disa/]4 ,no "o c be surpris$ at ! grim irony ( ! new pontiff 9 ord]+ masses to be said = ! s\l ( ,gregory ,,xiii6 ,look+ at ! tranquil lovel9ess ( ! ,colonna f\nta9--s :ite & %9+ 9 ! sunlight--x is difficult to picture x z a "p ( ! turbul5t life ( ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 erect$4 ,yet _m a "t its wat]s mu/ h re/or$ consci\sness1 /an*$ w\nds1 /ifl$ cries = m]cy or succor1 & wa%$ away ! /a9s ( blood4 ,x has always be5 a ,pilgrims' ,f\nta94 ,long be=e ,sixtus ,v ) 8 passion = conv]t+ ! 8high places0 ( ,paganism into ,*ri/ian monum5ts _h re/or$ ! ,anton9e column & plac$ ^u x ! /atue ( ,/4 ,paul--long be=e t "t ! asc5t ( ! column _h be5 a "p ( ! ,roman pilgrims' it9]>y4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! column _h become ! prop]ty ( ! monks ( ,san ,silve/ro1 :o leas$ x to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,z ,rome numb]$ h] pilgrims by ! ?\s&s 9 any ye>1 & by ! t5s ( ?\s&s dur+ ! ye>s ( ! ,papal ,jubilee1 a goodly pr(it 0 d]iv$ f ! fees paid by ! pilgrims to ! cu/odian ( ! column1 & ! monks c\ld !re=e always c\nt ^u mak+ an advantage\s lease4 ,gregory ,,xiii1 9 erect+ ?is f\nta91 mu/ h ?\ght prim>ily ( ! com=t & int]e/ ( ! pilgrims4 ,z ! travell] ( to-day rememb]s ! f\nta9 ( ,trevi1 s ! pilgrim ( ! sixte5? c5tury rememb]$ ! f\nta9 by ! side ( ! ,column ( ,/4 ,paul--! f\nta9 ( ! ,piazza ,colonna4 ,its beauty delight$ ! eyes ( footsore m5 f f>-(f & /ill b>b>\s c\ntries2 :ile ! cry/all9e wat]s :i* qu5*$ _! ?ir/ & wa%$ away ! /a9s ( travel w\ld h _h = ^! ,*ri/ians f ! ,nor? a symbolic significance undream$ ( by ! ,romans4 ,! vision ( ?is %9+ f\nta9 has be5 c>ri$ back to _m di/ant mona/]ies & remote firesides ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,its situation 9 ! ,piazza ,colonna1 :i* is b a wid5+ ( ! ,corso1 has kept x 9 ! ma9 curr5t ( ,roman life4 ,! p use x & *]i% x2 ,falda has engrav$ x2 &1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,pope ,leo ,,xii embelli%$ x ) its da9ty %ells & dolph9s1 z a fa!r might tw9e fl[]s 9 ! hair ( "s beautiful *ild4 ,,quattro ,,fontane ,illu/ration ,,quattro ,,fontane ,^! qua9t old f\nta9s1 n[ fa/ fad+ away1 7 erect$ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,sixtus ,v to decorate ! fam\s 8,cross+0 creat$ by himself & 8 ar*itect ,dom5ico ,fontana :5 ^! two began to make ov] ,rome ( ! ,r5aissance into mod]n ,rome4 ,! ,cross+ occurs :]e ! ,via ,v5ti ,settembre trav]ses at "r angles ! ,via ,si/9a4 ,! =m] leads f ! ,porta ,pia to ! ,piazza ( ! ,quir9al1 & ! latt] runs all ! way f ! ,tr9it de' ,monti to ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 *ang+ its "n j above ! ,cross+ to ,via ,quattro ,fontane1 & aft] pass+ ! ,via ,nazionale becom+ ,via ,ago/9o ,depretis4 ,! ,via ,v5ti ,settembre becomes1 aft] leav+ ! ,cross+ on ! ,quir9al side1 ! ,via ,quir9ale4 ,sixtus ,v laid out ! ,via ,si/9a1 & call$ x = himself ! ,via ,felice4 ,! ,via ,v5ti ,settembre 0 call$ 9 8 "t ! ,via ,pia1 z x l$ to ! ,porta ,pia1 :i* 0 erect$ by ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 ,! f\r f\nta9s are ( trav]t9e & repres5t two riv]s & two virtues4 ,!y are all by ,fontana except t "o :i* is plac$ across ! grille 9 ! wall ( ! ,b>b]9i ,g>d5s4 ,?is is ! "w ( ,pietro da ,cortona4 ,! *oice bo? ( ! riv]s & ( ! virtues is significant4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v's e>ly life %[s :at ne$ he _h ( =titude1 :ile fidelity m>ks 8 attitude t[>d 8 two 7& only7 fri5ds1 ,pope ,pius ,v & ,dom5ico ,fontana4 ,! ,tib]1 repres5t$ by a riv]-god beh9d :om ! re$s are gr[+1 0 ( c\rse to be expect$4 ,! ,anio1 also a riv]-god b ) ! emblem ( ! oak-tree1 may h be5 *os5 because ( ,sixtus ,v's int5tion to br+ its wat]s to ,rome1 n by an aqu$uct b 9 a canal1 = ! transportation ( ! trav]t9e & wood ne$$ 9 8 great ent]prises4 ,= ! ,tib] also he _h plans4 ,he wi%$ to enl>ge its b$ s t he might br+ up 8 galleys f ! sea to ,rome2 & he _h a s*eme = its sep>ation at ! ,ponte ,molle & = br++ "o arm ( x beh9d ! ,vatican1 s z to make an isl& ( t "p ( ,rome conta9+ ! papal palace1 ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,^! 7 among ! projects :i* he _h n ! "t to c>ry out1 = ,sixtus ,v's pontificate la/$ b five ye>s4 ,see+ :at he actually accompli%$ dur+ t %ort p]iod & read+ :at he /ill int5d$ to d1 x seems z if ?is ,pope 7 n a l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s successors b "o ( ^? 8explosions ( en]gy0 :i* occur f "t to "t 9 ! hi/ory ( m54 ,illu/ration ,sixtus ,v 0 n a ,roman nor ev5 by desc5t an ,italian4 ,8 orig9 0 f ! humble/ condition 9 life4 ,! family "n ( ,p]etti 7a little pe>7 might h be5 tak5 by 8 fa!r1 an ,illyrian immigrant ( ,slavonic orig91 to d5ote 8 occupation1 :i* 0 t ( a fruit g>d5]4 ,at twelve ye>s ( age ?is man's son1 ,felix ,p]etti1 became a ,franciscan novice2 & f t "t ! en?usiasm1 ideals1 & limitations ( ! great ,ord] ( ,/4 ,francis m\ld$ & inspir$ a "* =m$ by nature = lead]%ip 9 any position to :i* x might atta94 ,to an ard5t temp]am5t1 an imp]i\s w1 & a /rong intellect 0 add$ a con/ructive1 ev5 fanta/ic1 imag9ation ( a high ord]2 b 8 lack ( e>ly culture & 8 exclusively mona/ic tra9+ _h kept him 9 ignorance ( all education n imm$iately connect$ ) religion & _h br$ 9 him a ho/ility t[>d classic art almo/ am\nt+ to fanaticism4 ,su* 0 ! great ,franciscan fri>1 ,felix ,p]etti :o1 aft] fir/ becom+ ,c>d9al ,montalto1 0 elect$ ,pope 9 #aehe & took ! title ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,x may be said t1 al?\gh z head ( ! ,roman ,see 8 abilities obta9$ a f> wid] scope ?an 8 ord] c\ld h giv5 him1 yet f ! po9t ( view ( "* & ideals he rema9$ ! ,franciscan fri> all 8 life4 ,8 brief & spl5did pontificate clos$ sudd5ly amid ! la/ great political & religi\s /ruggle betwe5 ,france & ,spa94 ,to nei!r oppon5t _h ,sixtus1 :o c\ld see bo? sides ( ! conflict1 giv5 8 f9al support2 & 8 susp5sion ( judgm5t 9 a cause :]e ! =ces ( ,prote/antism 7 /ill repres5t$ 9 ! p]son ( ,h5ry ( ,nav>re gave rise to suspicions1 mo/ unju/1 ( 8 or?odoxy4 ,! ,roman p =got ! b5efits & glories ( 8 reign & rememb]$ only its sev]ity1 ! de/ruction ( _! antiquities1 ! dra9 ( 8 taxation1 & 8 temp]ate policy t[>d a ,prote/ant k+4 ,! m>vel ( 8 extraord9>y rise to p[] _h produc$ 9 ! public m9d fanta/ic !ories1 & :5 a great /orm bur/ ov] ! ,palace ( ! ,quir9al1 :]e ! ,pope lay dy+1 x 0 commonly believ$ t 8,fri> ,felix0 _h at la/ be5 call$ ^u to fulfil 8 "p ( ! compact :i* he _h made ) ! devil = p[] & place4 ,:5 ?is ,pope asc5d$ ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] he f\nd an exhau/$ treasury1 a />v+ p1 a cramp$ & cr[d$ city suff]+ f lack ( wat] & f e means ( hygi5ic liv+2 & add$ to ?is !re 0 su* a condition ( lawlessness 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* z made !m a byword ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,)9 a ye> aft] 8 election ! la/ great *iefta9 ( ! b&itti _h be5 de/roy$1 & ! =eign ambassadors j\rney$ 9 safety to take up _! abode 9 ! ,holy ,city4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s he _h deposit$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo great sums ( money1 :i* 7 to be us$1 h[ev]1 only = ! def5se ( ! city1 ! pur*ase ( lo/ papal t]ritory1 & w>s aga9/ ! ,turks1 ) :i* la/ cont+5cy 8 imag9ation 0 con/antly at play4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he _h also reconcil$ ! feud ( ! ,colonna & ,ors9i1 _h re/or$ ! disput$ privileges ( ! nobility 9 ! great cities1 & _h br\ght ,v5ice once m into h>mony ) ! papacy4 ,x 0 by comm& ( ?is ,pope1 ,sixtus ,v1 t ! g>d5s1 hills1 wolds1 & valleys ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* 7 plant$ ) mulb]ry-trees1 s t 8:]e no corn grew ! silk indu/ry might fl\ri%40 ,x 0 ,sixtus ,v :o enc\rag$ wooll5 manufacture s t--to quote 8 own words--8! poor might h some?+40 ,9 connection ) ?is1 x is int]e/+ to see t he _h fully int5d$ to turn ! ,coliseum into an imm5se wooll5 factory4 ,! /reets ( ,rome res\nd$ ) ! *e]ful d9 ( 8 ar*itects & masons2 & ?\gh ! nobility & populace _h reason en\gh to fe> ! entire de/ruction ( _! anci5t monum5ts at ! h&s ( ?is ,franciscan1 yet !y c\ld b admire ! great triumphs ( ar*itecture & eng9e]+ :i* day by day rais$ ! city to h] lo/ pre-em95ce & re/or$ ! pride ( ! ,roman p4 ,8 fir/ great public ent]prise m>k$ him at once z a born adm9i/rator4 ,?is 0 ! introduction into ,rome ( a new supply ( wat]4 ,! "w :i* ! ,pope det]m9$ %\ld be wor?y ( imp]ial ,rome 0 accompli%$ 9 spite ( e ob/acle & at a co/ ( two hundr$ & fifty-five ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o scudi4 ,by x he all b d\bl$ ! population ( 8 city & reclaim$ t great tract ( l& compris+ ! ,vim9al1 ,quir9al1 & ,esquil9e ,hills4 ,?is qu>t] _h be5 a des]t dur+ elev5 c5turies2 & yet1 9 ! days ( ! ,empire1 x 0 ! g>d5 ( ,rome4 ,piranesi's engrav+s give "s idea ( ! savage wildness ( ! un9habit$ p>ts ( ,rome2 & ! ragg$ & unc\? figures ) :i* he peoples 8 ru9s are1 no d\bt1 a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! squalor ( ! wret*$ tribe ( outlaws :o dwelt among !m4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s _h result$ f "o cause--lack ( wat]4 ,! aqu$ucts :i* suppli$ ^! hills _h be5 ! fir/ to p]i% at ! h&s ( ! b>b>ians1 & desolation _h foll[$ inevitably ^u _! de/ruction4 ,pius ,,iv _h dream$ ( re/or+ ?is great portion ( ! city2 b ,pius ,,iv1 l 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 _h lack$ ! means ( do+ ?is4 ,sixtus ,v br\ght to ! task ! requir$ money1 public tranquillity1 & imag9ation4 ,he f\nd 9 ! er/:ile mason's appr5tice f ,como1 ,dom5ico ,fontana1 ! eng9e] & ar*itect = su* und]tak+s4 ,! old ,m>cian ,aqu$uct furni%$ ! mat]ials = ! ,acqu$otto ,felice1 & ! wat] 0 br\ght all ! way f ,zag>olla 9 ! ,agra ,colonna1 ne> ,frascati1 tw5ty miles di/ant f ,rome1 to ! ,pope's v9ey>d outside ! ,porta ,maggiore1 & !nce to ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,susanna4 ,! spl5did /ream c>ri$ ov] ^! ar*es 0 ?us di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! desolation & /]ility ( ! ,vim9al1 ,esquil9e1 & ,quir9al ,hills4 ,) ?is wat] at 8 comm&1 ,sixtus ,v began lay+ out :at might be call$ to-day ,sixt9e ,rome--! ,rome :i* lies betwe5 ! t]races ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti & t portion ( ! ,aurelian wall pi]c$ by ! six gates--,porta ,p9ciana1 ,porta ,sal>ia1 ,porta ,pia1 ,porta ,san ,lor5zo1 ,porta ,maggiore1 & ,porta ,san ,giovanni4 ,x 0 an enorm\s space to cov]1 & ! frescoes 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y %[ h[ desolate & h[ wild x 04 ,! two great basilicas ( ! ,lat]an & ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 ! ,coliseum1 & ! ,septizonium 7= v good reasons n includ$ 9 ! picture71 ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian1 ! ,n]onian ar*es1 ! ,villa ,montalto ) its r[s ( fam\s cypresses1 & 9 "o panel ! ,moses f\nta9 & ! ,porta ,pia--^! con/itute ! ma9 features ( ! wild l&scape ) its hilly backgr\nd & its =egr\nd ( r\gh1 b>e e>? & %aggy vegetation4 ,! ,pope (f]$ special privileges to all :o w\ld build on ^! hills1 & he himself began ! "w by levell+ ! gr\nd ab\t ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti & build+ ! f9e flights ( /eps :i* lead up on bo? sides to ! *ur*4 ,half-way betwe5 ?is *ur* & ! basilica ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore he creat$ ! ,cross+2 & = re/ & refre%m5t1 z well z = beauty1 he plac$ "h ^! f\r f\nta9s4 ,?is half-way po9t 9 ! long asc5t f ! ,tr9it de' ,monti to ! basilica ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore 0 well kn[n to ,sixtus ,v4 ,_m a "t _h he1 z ,fri> ,felix ,p]etti1 climb$ t lonely hillside & felt = himself ! solitude & ?ir/ ( ! desolate vic9ity4 ,lat] on1 :5 he _h become ,c>d9al ,montalto1 he _h pass$ t way 9 su* /ate z a poor c>d9al c\ld comm&4 ,"h ,fontana _h fir/ built him a mode/ dwell+1 & "h he began to con/ruct ! ,villa ,montalto1 :i*1 z ,fontana labor$ ov] x1 became at l5g? s beautiful t x1 toge!r ) ! *apel he 0 also build+ 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 co/ ,montalto ! all[ance giv5 by ! ,cam]a ,apo/olica to poor c>d9als1 s9ce ! ,pope judg$ no man to be poor :o c\ld build s magnific5tly4 ,gregory ,,xiii's inf]5ce & consequ5t action may h be5 natural1 b 0 n on t acc\nt j4 ,! endur+ antipa?y betwe5 ,ugo ,boncompagni & ,felix ,p]etti dat$ f t ,spani% mission on :i* !y _h be5 s5t toge!r by ,pius ,v2 & :5 ,boncompagni _h become ,pope & _h1 !re=e1 ,c>d9al ,montalto 9 8 p[]1 x befitt$ him to make a ?or\gh inve/igation ( any matt] conc]n+ 8 old antagoni/ be=e tak+ action4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! villa1 ?\gh co/+ 9 ! end ?irty ?\s& scudi1 c\ld n h be5 s extravagant 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! *>act]s ( ,c>d9al ,montalto & ,fontana1 z well z _! acc\nts1 prove h[ c]ta9ly ! own] & ar*itect c\ld get ! be/ possible returns = _! money4 ,^! two m5 =m$ at t "t "o ( ! notable fri5d%ips ( hi/ory4 ,fontana suppli$ out ( 8 sav+s ! funds = cont9u+ ! *apel2 & ,montalto1 z ,sixtus ,v1 prov$ 8 gratitude & appreciation4 ,_! confid5ce 9 ea* o!r 0 z complete z 0 _! recognition ( ea* o!r's ability4 ,sixtus gave ,fontana ! "w ( tak+ d[n & re-erect+ ! obelisk ( ! ,vatican--& ?is1 9 spite ( ,fontana's y\? 7he 0 =ty-two ye>s old & judg$ by 8 contempor>ies to be too "y = su* responsibility7 z well z ! reputation ( ,amannati & o!r competitors4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 ! obelisk 0 f9ally l[]$ to its pres5t position amid ! pray]s ( ! va/ conc\rse ( p1 ,sixtus 0 n ev5 pres5t4 ,! ,fr5* ambassador 0 to h 8 audi5ce at t h\r1 & ! /ate ( ,europe 0 ! ,pope's *ief conc]n4 ,z ,sixtus pass$ along ! /reet to ! ,vatican1 revolv+ ! affairs ( ,philip ,,ii & ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 ( ,m>y ,/u>t & ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 & ! 8,unspeakable ,turk10 ! guns ( ,/4 ,angelo appris$ him t ! obelisk 0 9 place4 ,t _h be5 ,fontana's bus9ess & he _h tru/$ x to him4 ,nev]!less1 ! old pontiff %$ te>s ( satisfaction4 ,! ,villa ,montalto 0 ev5tually f9i%$ by ! ,pope's nephew1 ,c>d9al ,montalto ,,ii1 & lat] on x 0 kn[n z ! ,villa ,negroni4 ,engrav+s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies %[ t x conta9$ an endless v>iety ( f\nta9s2 among !m ,fontana's great fi%-pond 0 truly magnific5t4 ,all ( ^! _h be5 made possible by ! ,acqua ,felice4 ,sixtus ,v pref]r$ ! ,quir9al to any o!r resid5ce4 ,p]haps ! ,villa ,montalto may h become di/a/eful to him by reason ( ! crime :i* 0 immortaliz$ by ,web/]'s trag$y ( 8,vittoria ,accoramboni or ! ,:ite ,devil40 ,c9que ,c5to ,italy 0 ! ,italy ( ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s1 & 9 ?is trag$y1 ! blacke/ ( _! ,italian productions1 _m ( ! *ief *>act]s 7 drawn f actual life4 ,! ,c>d9al ,monticelso ( ! writt5 trag$y _h be5 ! actual ,c>d9al ,montalto1 & ,vittoria ,accoramboni & h] husb& _h be5 8 nephew & 8 nephew's wife4 ,francesco ,p]etti 0 ! c>d9al's favorite nephew1 & ! ev]-p]plex+ "q ( ! =mation ( a c>d9al's h\sehold _h be5 solv$ = ,montalto by domicil+ ,francesco & ,vittoria 9 ! ,villa ,montalto4 ,vittoria _h great beauty1 & h] ambition & audacity 7 b\ndless4 ,%e aspir$ to some?+ high] ?an ! h&some nephew ( a p>simoni\s & conspicu\sly infirm old c>d9al4 ,%e captivat$ ! head ( ! ,ors9i1 ! ,duke ( ,bracciano1 & gave him to und]/& t %e w\ld m>ry him aft] he _h made away ) 8 wife & h] husb&4 ,! ,du*ess ( ,bracciano 0 ! si/] ( ! p[]ful ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,nev]!less1 ,bracciano /rangl$ h] ) 8 own h&s :ile pret5d+ to kiss h]4 ,"y ,p]etti 0 !n call$ away f ! ,villa ,montalto "o night on ! pretext t 8 de>e/ fri5d _h ne$ ( him1 decoy$ into ! desolate spaces on ,monte ,cavallo1 & /abb$ to dea?4 ,! c>d9al1 8 uncle1 buri$ him )\t a cry ei!r = ju/ice or v5geance4 ,he wait$4 ,b ,gregory ,,xiii =bade =ev] ! union ( ,vittoria & ! duke4 ,m ! ,pope c\ld h>dly d>e d aga9/ ! greate/ ( 8 subjects4 ,vittoria & ,bracciano w5t ?r\gh a mock c]emony & retir$ to ! duke's great =tress ca/le ( ,bracciano1 n f> f ,rome1 :]e !y wait$ = ! ,pope's dea?4 ,:5 ?is occurr$1 !y return$ to ! city 9 ord] to h ! m>riage p]=m$ dur+ t int]im :i* mu/ elapse betwe5 ! dea? ( "o pope & ! election ( ano!r4 ,vittoria became ! legal ,du*ess ( ,bracciano2 b h] =m] husb&'s uncle1 ! feeble old ,c>d9al ,montalto1 0 elect$ ,pope1 & ! two great crim9als fl$ f a c]ta9 & t]rible retribution4 ,v5ice at t "t 0 ! refuge = all ! t]ror-/rick51 & ! duke's k9sman1 ,ludovico ,ors9i1 liv$ !re z a successful g5]al4 ,bracciano di$ !re sev5 mon?s lat]2 & six weeks aft]w>d ,ludovico ,ors9i murd]$ bo? ,vittoria & h] "y bro!r ,flam9io 9 ,padua1 :i!r !y _h gone to live on ! duke's great legacy4 ,vittoria's possession ( ,bracciano's =tune1 & ! outrag$ pride ( ! ,ors9i occasion$ by h] m>riage1 = %e 0 ( humble orig91 prompt$ ,ludovico's crime4 ,b all ?ree ( ^! actors 9 ! trag$y 7 gue/s ( ,v5ice1 & ,ludovico ,ors9i _h 9 v tru? reckon$ )\t 8 ho/4 ,!re 0 "o pride great] ?an t ( a ,roman noble1 & t 0 ! pride ( ,v5ice4 ,padua 0 ,v5etian t]ritory1 & ! republic suff]$ no su* acts ( lawless v5geance )9 h] jurisdiction1 no matt] by :om !y 7 committ$ nor on :at provocation4 ,! ,v5etian reprisals 7 summ>y & fe>ful4 ,ludovico ,ors9i 0 /rangl$ by ! ,b>gello ) ! r$ silk cord :i*1 z a nobleman1 he _h a "r to dem&2 & 8 accomplices di$ by torture 9 ! public squ>e4 ,x 0 an age ( crime1 flagrant & atroci\s2 b ! /ory ( ,vittoria ,accoramboni1 involv+1 z x did1 ! tempor>y ru9 ( ! ,ors9i family1 lives on :5 o!rs equally horrible h be5 happily buri$ & =gott5 9 ! ar*ives ( ! families 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,sixty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,sixtus ,v ?is region ab\t ! ,quattro ,fontane _h become bo? fa%ionable & beautiful4 ,! f\nta9s 7 !n kn[n z ! f\r f\nta9s ( ,lepidus1 & ,evelyn describ$ !m z ! 8abutm5ts ( f\r /ately ways40 ,sixtus ,v _h made x illegal = any h\se along 8 great ?or\ghf>e ( ! ,felice to be torn d[n aga9/ ! w ( ! own]1 ev5 aft] a decree ( ! ,tribunal4 ,9 an age ( unc]ta9ty creat$ by ! ,pope's own high-h&$ measures1 ?is security alone mu/ h gone a long way t[>d enc\rag+ build+4 ,9 #aehg ,sixtus himself b\ght ! beautiful ,piazza ( ,monte ,cavallo f ! heirs ( ! ,c>affa family1 & ! ,quir9al ,palace1 already begun by ,gregory ,,xiii1 0 f9i%$ by him ) great magnific5ce4 ,fontana also built 9 "o corn] ( ! ,quattro ,fontane ! ,palazzo ,mattei1 n[ ! ,palazzo ,albani4 ,! invaluable /imulant ( ! 8ma/]'s eye0 0 always to be felt ab\t ! neighborhood1 = ,sixtus ,v (t5 took 8 ,sunday walk aft] mass along ^! /reets1 exam9+1 criticis+1 & comm&+ ev]y?+4 ,he 0 8always 9 a hurry40 ,x 0 z if he felt ! "t 0 %ort4 ,no mod]n me?ods surpass ! ru% ( 8 und]tak+s2 b unlike ! mod]n build+1 t :i* he built rema9$1 & rema9s until ?is day4 ,! feeble body :i* s successfully deceiv$ ! ,conclave at 8 election & yet surviv$ = ^? five titanic ye>s ( 8 pontificate lies 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 9 ! great *apel built = him by 8 ,fontana4 ,!re1 z ,/5dhal truly says3 8,amid all ! m>ble magnific5ce1 :at "o really c>es to see is ! sculptur$ physiognomy ( ! ,pope himself40 ,"o o!r /atue ( ?is ,sixtus :i* =m]ly adorn$ ,rome w\ld n[ be ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,x 0 erect$ at ! ,capitol 9 ! ,pope's lifetime1 & 0 ! "w ( t gift$ "y ,flor5t9e arti/1 ,taddeo ,l&9i1 :o modell$ ! bronze boys 9 ! ,t>t>ughe f\nta94 ,! night ! ,pope di$ ?is /atue 0 cov]$ by bo>ds = fe> ( ! viol5ce ( ! mob1 & soon aft] x 0 remov$2 b x is probably /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & ! increas+ int]e/ 9 ,sixt9e ,rome may "s day br+ x to light4 ,9 ?is mortu>y *apel 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore !re is also ! tomb ( ,pope ,pius ,v1 erect$ by ,sixtus ,v1 & "o ( ! panels 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y depicts ! solemn removal ( ! old sa9t's body to ?is spl5did re/+-place4 ,sixtus ,v saw ?is accompli%$ 9 8 lifetime1 = 8 devotion to ! ,pope1 :o1 l himself1 _h begun life z a fri>1 & :o _h made him c>d9al & /ood 8 fri5d 9 tr\ble1 nev] wav]$ nor grew cold4 ,hi/orians h dwelt mu* ^u ,sixtus ,v's p>simony4 ,economy 0 said to be 8 favorite virtue4 ,b ! be/ ( ! ,quattro ,fontane is t :i* repres5ts ! virtue ( fidelity2 & ?is is ! only "o ( !m :i* is decorat$ ) ! emblems ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,,t>t>ughe ,illu/ration ,,t>t>ughe ,giacomo della ,porta1 ,dom5ico & ,giovanni ,fontana1 ,c>lo ,mad]no1 & ,b]n9i are ! ,roman ma/]s 9 ! g5tle art ( f\nta9-mak+4 ,giacomo della ,porta /&s fir/ *ronologically1 & he has also creat$ ! lovelie/ ( ! lovely4 ,?is is ! ,t>t>ughe f\nta9 = :i* ! ,s5ate & p ( ,rome paid ov] twelve hundr$ scudi1 evid5tly a l>ge sum at t "t = a f\nta91 z ,baglioni m5tions x p>ticul>ly4 ,giacomo della ,porta delight$ 9 r>e m>bles & = 8 f\nta9 ( ! ,t>t>ughe he c>v$ ! broad %all[ b[l ( ! classic dr9k+ cup 9 ! c5tre 9 bigio morrato fasciato1 or ve9$ gray m>ble1 :ile he made ! /em ( a mottl$ yell[ m>ble call$ ,s>avezza4 ,! cup /&s ^u a ,c>r>a base1 m\ld$ & c>v$ ) decorative %ields or escut*eons1 f ! f\r corn]s ( :i* project huge %ells ( r>e beauty & di/9ction ( =m c>v$ 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( ,african m>ble4 ,x rises f a %all[ trav]t9e bas91 gracefully %ap$ & slightly sunk bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t pavem5t4 ,s f> !re is no?+ to di/+ui% ?is f\nta9 f o!rs ( its k9d except ! ri*ness ( its m>bles & ! %ape ( ! %ells1 b its f\r bronze figures s h>moni\sly compos$ give ?is design ! dignity ( a "w ( art1 & make x ! mo/ exquisite ( ,roman f\nta9s4 ,!y are by ,taddeo ,l&9i1 ^: e>ly dea? 0 a di/9ct loss to ! _w ( art4 ,^! figures are ( boys 9 ! mo/ beautiful p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 _! s9u\s bodies lean aga9/ ! swell+ /em ( ! cup1 "o sl5d] leg ( ea* figure pu%$ backw>d s t ! foot re/s on ! toes1 pres]v+ ! balance1 :ile ! o!r leg1 lift$ high & b5t at ! knee1 presses its foot ^u ! head ( a bronze dolph94 ,! torsos lean t[>d ea* o!r 9 c\ples1 ea* support+ itself on its elb[ s t ! "r %\ld] ( ! "o & ! left %\ld] ( ! o!r come r close toge!r4 ,! h&s ( ^! support+ arms grasp ! tails ( ! dolph9s1 :ile ! o!r arms1 rais$ high above ! head1 pu% upw>d ) op5 palms & outspread f+]s f\r bronze tortoises :i* clamb] ov] ! rim ( ! cup 9 ha/e to plunge into ! wat]4 ,project+ f ! "u surface ( ! rim are c>v$ 9 m>ble heads ( *]ubs1 s plac$ t ! wat] :i* !y sp\t falls 9 a /eady /ream betwe5 ! figures ( ! boys & is receiv$ into ! l[e/ bas94 ,! composition ( ^! figures ( boys & wat]-creatures is q lovely2 & ! wat]1 ris+ 9 a c5tral jet f ! dr9k+-cup1 gu%+ f ! m\?s ( ! dolph9s & slipp+ 9 sl5d] runnels f ! cunn+ly curv$ lips ( ! huge %ells enhances1 z x %\ld1 ! joy\s naturalness ( ! entire conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,f\nta9 ( ! ,t>t>ughe4 ,! popul> appreciation ( ! beauty ( ! ,t>t>ughe is %[n by ! wide-spread impression t x 0 design$ by ,raphael4 ,x is pa9ful to give up t belief1 & 9 ! face ( facts :i* prove ! hopelessness ( su* a cont5tion ! en?usia/ic admir] c only ass]t t _h ,raphael design$ a f\nta9 ?is is ! f\nta9 he w\ld h design$4 ,!re is assur$ly "s excuse = ?is ass]tion4 ,raphael depict$ (t51 & ) peculi> t5d]ness1 ! graci\s figures ( y\?s4 ,!re is1 also1 a :imsicality 9 ?is conceit1 a c]ta9 sympa?y seems to unite ! boys ) ! wat]-creatures2 x is z if !y 7 all jo9+ 9 ! sport ( _! own free w1 & might at any mom5t break away f ea* o!r only to reunite 9 "s fre% prank 9 spla%+ wat] "u happy skies4 ,all ?is is highly rem9isc5t ( ! art ( ,raphael4 ,by virtue ( x ! ,t>t>ughe belongs n to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury b to t great p]iod ( ! ,high ,r5aissance :5 8= ,leo ,x ,raphael fill$ rooms1 gall]ies1 & *apels ) ! ideal =ms ( human beauty & ! pure expression ( exi/5ce40 ,?is f\nta9 0 erect$ 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! pontificate ( ,gregory ,,xiii & ! fir/ ye> ( ! pontificate ( ,sixtus ,v1 :i* w\ld expla9 :y its erection is attribut$ sometimes to ! reign ( "o pope & sometimes to t ( ! o!r4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,sixtus ,v c\ld h p]mitt$ ! erection ( any f\nta9 s entirely devoid ( scriptural sugge/ion1 s purely pagan 9 its expression ( joy\s & irresponsible life1 z is ! ,t>t>ughe4 ,possibly ! play ( ! boys 9 ! spla%+ wat] rem9d$ ! old man1 :o 0 9 spite ( 8 fi]ce en?usiasms s k9dly & s human1 ( ! f>-(f days ( 8 *ildhood4 ,z ,c>d9al ,montalto he _h done mu* = 8 native village1 & _m acts ( 8 pontificate prove he _h ! poor always ) him4 ,he nev] =got _! suff]+s or _! simple pleasures1 & 9 t old he>t !re l+]$ memories ( 8 fa!r's fruit g>d5 at ,=mi1 ( ! pe>-trees :i* he plac$ 9 8 coat ( arms1 & ( ! great ci/]n 9 :i* he dabbl$ ) su* happy recklessness t "o day he fell 9 & _h to be fi%$ out l any o!r ur*9 de/9$ or n = ! papal *air4 ,rome w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 be ! ri*] = a f\nta9 by ,raphael1 b x is probably =tunate = ! ,t>t>ughe t x 0 n ( ,raphael's creation4 ,x is n likely t ?is bit ( fancy 9 bronze & r>e m>bles c\ld h escap$ de/ruction at ! "t ( ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg1 only six ye>s aft] ,raphael's dea?4 ,p]haps1 also1 ?is la/ blossom f ! gold5 ,summ] ( ,italian ,art owes its p]fect pres]vation to its position 9 an obscure corn] close to :at 0 once ! ,ghetto4 ,b z a sett+ = ?is gem no situation c\ld be m inadequate4 ,a mean squ>e ( d+y1 uni=mly ugly h\ses surr\nds x1 & !re is n "o r$eem+ feature 9 all ?is dre>9ess except ! pat* ( blue sky ov]head4 ,a f\nta9 fit to be ! cr[n+ beauty ( "s pr9ce's g>d5 or to be celebrat$ 9 a canto ( 8,! ,fa]ie ,que5e0 plays on 9 ?is commonplace "p ( ,rome unhe$$1 & seem+ly unc>$ =4 ,h[ev]1 :5 9 #ahih1 "o ( ! tortoises 0 /ol5 ! indignation felt at ! !ft 0 s wide-spread & s fi]ce t ! ?ief 0 only too glad to ab&on ! preci\s tortoise 9 a place :]e x c\ld be easily discov]$4 ,trevi wat] supplies ?is f\nta9 at pres5t4 ,until q rec5tly x 0 ! ,acqua ,paola1 b its deposits _h s discolor$ ! bronze & m>bles t ! wat] 9 ! %ells 0 *ang$ back to ! ,trevi1 = :i* wat] x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$4 ,h[ev]1 ! highe/ jet 9 ! f\nta9 0 n *ang$1 z ,paola wat] c rise to a mu* high] level ?an ,trevi4 ,,fontana ,,del ,,mos ,illu/ration ,,fontana ,,del ,,mos ,?is is ! fir/ ( ! great ,fontana f\nta9s1 & if ,dom5ico ,fontana got 8 inspiration = x f ! beautiful public f\nta9 made by ,amannati = ,julius ,,iii on ! ,via ,flam9ia1 ) :i* he 0 famili> be=e ! ,cas9o 0 plac$ above x1 8 f\nta9 9 its turn became ! prototype = ! great f\nta9s erect$ 9 ! next c5tury by 8 bro!r = ,pope ,paul ,v4 ,?is ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses is a great portal consi/+ ( ?ree ar*es equal 9 size1 f ! base ( :i* ! wat] issues 9 d\ble cascades4 ,! wat] falls into ?ree l>ge bas9s gu>d$ by c\*ant lions1 & ea* lion sp\ts an additional /ream ( wat]4 ,9 ! c5tre ar*way /&s a colossal figure ( ,moses 9 ! act ( /rik+ ! rock1 & ! ni*es on ei!r side ( him are fill$ by high reliefs ( sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t relative to ! importance & significance ( wat]4 ,! relief to ! "r repres5ts ,gideon te/+ 8 soldi]s & is ! "w ( ,flam9io ,vacca1 & 9 ! left ,giovanni ,batti/a della ,porta has c>v$ ! sc5e 9 ! des]t aft] ,moses has br\ght ! wat] f ! rock4 ,f\r beautiful m>ble columns ) ,ionic capitals /& "o on ei!r side ( ^! ar*es1 & 9 ! small triangul> spaces betwe5 ! capitals & ! key/ones are ! emblems ( ,sixtus ,v--! />1 ! ?ree m\nts1 ! pe> bran* & ! lion4 ,^! ar*es & columns support a massive entablature ( :i* ! inscription1 9 ! noble ,sixt9e caligraphy1 =ms ! mo/ important feature1 & is1 9 fact1 ! mo/ impressive "p ( ! entire /ructure4 ,above ! inscription rises ! florid p$im5t1 flank$ by two obelisks 7an idea di/9ctly borr[$ f ,amannati's f\nta97 & be>+ on its apex ! ?ree m\nts ( ,sixtus ,v :i* c>ry ! huge iron cross4 ,und]nea? ?is & occupy+ ! great] "p ( ! p$im5t are ! armorial be>+s ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,! huge %ield is support$ by two angels1 a conceit borr[$1 p]haps1 f ,pius ,,iv's escut*eon ov] ! ,porta ,pia1 & repeat$ aga9 = ,paul ,v 9 8 f\nta9 on ! ,janiculum4 ,! armorial sculpture is by ,flam9io ,vacca4 ,su* is ! great ,fontana f\nta91 gr&iose r ?an magnific5t1 b /ill di/9ctly impos+ & adequately fill+ by its size & importance ! honorable position :i* x occupies among ! f\nta9s ( ,rome4 ,x is ! ma9 deliv]y tank ( ! ,acqua ,felice2 & ! ,acqua ,felice 0 ! fir/ new supply ( wat] :i* ,rome _h receiv$ s9ce ! aqu$ucts _h be5 cut (f f ! city by ,vitiges 9 #ecg4 ,! /atue ( ,moses is a colossal blund]4 ,prosp]o ,bresciano _h modell$ ! curi\s ,sixt9e lions :i* s]v$ to support ! ,vatican obelisk1 & ! ,pope gave him ! commission = ! pr9cipal figure 9 8 great f\nta94 ,contr>y to ! advice ( 8 fri5ds1 ,bresciano c>v$ ?is /atue1 :i* 0 to be 8 ma/]piece1 directly f ! trav]t9e )\t any previ\s modell+--! block ly+ horizontally on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! figure 0 rais$ x 0 f\nd to be n only out ( proportion b also out ( con=mity ) ! laws ( p]spective4 ,its unveil+ 0 greet$ by ! critical ,roman populace ) a %\t ( d]isive laught]1 s ,hom]ic 9 its volume & duration t x utt]ly condemn$ ! arti/1 :o1 z a result1 fell into a melan*olia & di$4 ,! pres5t lions1 :i* are ( bigio m>ble1 are mod]n1 dat+ f ! days ( ,gregory ,,xvi 7#ahdf74 ,?is ,pope creat$ ! ,egyptian ,museum 9 ! ,vatican & remov$ ?i!r ! orig9al lions1 :i* 7 ( ,egyptian orig9 & _h be5 appropriat$ = 8 f\nta9 by ,sixtus ,v--two f ! ,piazza ( ! ,pan!on & two f ! gate ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an4 ,! two great po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fontana f\nta9s & ! ,amannati f\nta9 on ! ,flam9ian ,way are int]e/+ & significant4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ! place ( ! inscription1 & secondly ! volume ( wat]4 ,! fir/ po9t ( diff]5ce is due to ! fact t ! ,fontana f\nta9s1 "h & on ! ,janiculum1 proclaim ! appe>ance 9 ! city ( a new supply ( wat]4 ,sixtus ,v & ,paul ,v _h ea* built a new aqu$uct & c\ld ann\nce ! fact conspicu\sly by magnific5t inscriptions2 :]eas ,julius ,,iii1 us+ a /ream ( wat] f an aqu$uct already 9 exi/5ce1 c\ld only claim ! honor ( hav+ erect$ ! f\nta9 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! public4 ,8 inscription1 !re=e1 is n borne al(t on triumphal ar*es b occupies a place 9 ! c5tral ni*e1 fill$ 9 ,sixtus ,v's f\nta9 by ! figure ( ,moses1 & 9 ,paul ,v's f\nta9 left absolutely vacant4 ,! /ream :i* ,julius ,,iii d>$ appropriate f ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct 0 only l>ge en\gh to fill a s+le bas9 plac$ be=e ! c5tral ni*e ( ,amannati's f\nta92 :]eas 9 ! ,fontana f\nta9s ! wat] fills ! entire space bel[ ! mo/ra1 z x 0 naturally ! int5tion to %[ ! magnitude & =ce ( ! new supply4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v's great f\nta9 dem&s = its effect1 l ,paul ,v's1 wide & spaci\s surr\nd+s4 ,! high mod]n build+s cr[d+ ^u x & dw>f+ x h done mu* t[>d dim9i%+ its arti/ic values4 ,"o ( ! panels 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y %[s :at ! f\nta9 0 l 9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ its erection4 ,g>d5s & v9ey>ds lay all ab\t x1 & x easily dom9at$ ! walls & gateways :i* 7 its only ar*itectural neighbors4 ,! ,porta ,pia to ! left m]ely enhanc$ its dignity1 & 9 ! f> di/ance ! hills1 aqu$ucts1 & ! op5 sky l5t !mselves = a magnific5t backgr\nd4 ,! ,acqua ,felice1 :i* 0 ! fir/ wat] ( papal ,rome1 _h be5 ! la/ wat] br\ght to ! anci5t city4 ,9 #bbf ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us built ! elev5? & la/ aqu$uct ( ! classic city4 ,its rema9s are /ill to be se5 on ! ,via ,prne/9a4 ,ov] ?is aqu$uct he br\ght ! ,acqua ,alex&r9a1 :i* 0 f practically ! same s\rces z ^? :i* n[ supply ! ,acqua ,felice4 ,! ,acqua ,alex&r9a 0 br\ght by ! ,emp]or d[n ! ,via ,labicana z f> z ! ,esquil9e1 :]e he erect$ = x a magnific5t f\nta94 ,a co9 ( 8 p]iod %[s ! design to h some:at resembl$ ! pres5t 8,fontanone0 on ! ,janiculum4 ,sixtus ,v select$ z ! site = 8 f\nta9 an op5 space on ! ,vim9al ,hill ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,susanna4 ,he fac$ x s\?we/1 at "r angles to ! ,via ,pia1 :i* t]m9at$ at "s di/ance to ! nor!a/ 9 ! ,porta ,pia4 ,! ,acqua ,felice ent]s ,rome at ! ,porta ,maggiore at ! altitude ( #ei metres & supplies #ba1fcb4h cubic metres ( wat] daily4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! wat] to ,fontana's f\nta9 x 0 necess>y to cut a wide /reet1 ! ,via ,c]uaia1 & to tunnel ?r\gh ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,al?\gh ! ,acqua ,felice s]v$ ! ,pope's purposes & lit]ally made ! des]t blossom l ! rose1 ,sixtus ,v _h no s5tim5t ab\t x4 ,:5 ! wat] actually rea*$ ! city1 8 si/] & nephew1 ?9k+ to please him1 ha/5$ to br+ him a cupful4 ,! ,pope1 :o hat$ a sc5e ( any k9d1 refus$ to dr9k x1 decl>+ t x _h no ta/e1 :i* is q true4 ,x is to ?is day ! lea/ valu$ ( ! ,roman wat]s1 & ! ov]fl[ or 8laps$ wat]0 ( ,fontana's great f\nta9 is us$ = laundry purposes4 ,! ,pope b\ght ! l& conta9+ ! fe$+-spr+s ( ! ,acqua ,felice f ,c>d9al ,colonna1 & br\ght x to ! city und]gr\nd = ?irte5 miles & = ! rema9+ sev5 ov] ar*es4 ,its *annel is kn[n z ! 8ugly aqu$uct40 ,! wor/ ( ! crimes committ$ by ,sixtus ,v & ,dom5ico ,fontana aga9/ ! antiquities ( ! city 0 ! de/ruction ( ! ,septizonium4 ,arti/s ( ! p]iod h left invaluable sket*es ( ?is la/ f9e example ( classic ar*itecture4 ,x _h be5 built by ,septimius ,sev]us aga9/ ! ,palat9e1 probably z an ar*itectural scre5 to ! mass ( confus$ build+s 9 its re>4 ,x fac$ s\? d[n ! road by :i* travell]s f ,africa ent]$ ! city4 ,x _h surviv$ ! sieges1 ! e>?quakes1 & ! fires ( m ?an ?irte5 c5turies2 yet ,sixtus ,v1 )\t a qualm1 demoli%$ x = ! sake ( ! blocks ( trav]t9e & pep]9o & its beautiful m>ble columns1 :i* he wi%$ to use 9 8 own ar*itectural ent]prises4 ,x is impossible n to wond] :at 7 ,fontana's feel+s z he sup]9t5d$ ! de/ruction ( ?is ma/]piece ( 8 own pr(ession4 ,he does little m ?an m5tion ! fact 9 8 memoirs1 & ?is may be 9 itself significant4 ,"s ( ! mat]ial w5t into ! fabric ( ! ,moses f\nta92 b ! ,romans nev] =gave ei!r ,sixtus ,v or ,fontana4 ,consid]+ ! de>? ( wat] 9 ,rome 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & ! "* ( ,sixtus ,v1 ! conception ( ! c5tral idea ( ?is f\nta9--t ( ,moses /rik+ ! rock--0 n only happy b almo/ inevitable4 ,al?\gh ! ,pope 0 an ard5t *ur*man1 x 0 easi] = him to believe 9 ! conv]sion to ,ca?olicism ( ! conqu]or ( ,ivry ?an to und]/& t ! ,roman ru9s _h any o!r ?an a comm]cial value4 ,leo ,x _h believ$ 9 art 8= art's sake40 ,he _h believ$ 9 no?+ else4 ,to ,sixtus ,v1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! ef=ts ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture 7 to be = ! glory ( ,god1 m p>ticul>ly z t glory 0 und]/ood & exp\nd$ by himself4 ,! ,neptunes & ,tritons ( lat] pontificates w\ld h seem$ to him creations ( ! devil4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 0 to him1 z x 0 to ! ,engli% ,puritan ( ! next c5tury1 ! s\rce ( arti/ic inspiration2 & = 8 great f\nta9 ! ,hebrew lawgiv]1 br++ ! wat] out ( ! rock at ! ,div9e comm&1 0 alone adequate4 ,x 0 n unnatural = him to ?9k ( himself z /&+ 9 ! place ( ,moses4 ,,sixtvs ,v ,,pont ,,max ,,pic5vs ,,aqvam ,,ex ,,agro ,,colvmnae ,,via ,,pra5e/ ,,s9i/rorsvm ,,mvlt> ,,collectione ,,v5>vm ,,dvctv ,,s9voso ,a ,,receptacvlo ,,mil ,,xx ,a ,,capite ,,xxii ,,addvxit ,,felicemq ,,de ,,nom9e ,,ante ,,pont ,,dixit ,,coepit ,,an ,i ,,absolvit ,,iii ,,mdlxxxvii ,pope ,sixtus ,v1 ( ! ,m>*es1 conduct$ ?is wat] f a junction ( sev]al /reams 9 ! neighborhood ( ,colonna1 at ! left ( ! ,prne/9e road1 by a w9d+ r\te1 tw5ty miles f its res]voir & tw5ty-two f its s\rce1 & call$ x ,felix1 aft] ! "n he himself bore be=e 8 pontificate4 ,he comm5c$ ! "w 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 pontificate1 & f9i%$ x 9 ! ?ird1 #aehg4 ,,! ,,lat]an ,illu/ration ,,! ,,lat]an ,mod]n photographs c /ill be f\nd ( ! orig9al f\nta9 ( ! ,lat]an4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,fontana & 0 plac$ 9 ?is spot aft] he _h erect$ ! obelisk = ,sixtus ,v4 ,! pres5t f\nta9 is q new & mo/ inadequately replaces ! old "o :i* _h /ood !re = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! upp] bas9 ( ,fontana's f\nta9 0 badly brok51 :ile ! l[] "o _h be5 held toge!r = "s "t by iron clamps4 ,! c>v+ 0 s worn & defac$ t ! dolph9s & eagle 7 q %apeless1 & ! figure ( ,/4 ,john writ+ 9 a scroll ^u 8 knee & look+ to ,heav5 = inspiration _h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,maggi's engrav+ ( ?is f\nta9 made 9 #afah %[s x to h be5 "o ( ! ri*e/ ev] design$ by ,fontana4 ,a curi\s feature 9 ?is old f\nta9 0 ! bl5d+ ( ! insignia ( ?ree popes4 ,! pe>s ( ,sixtus ,v 7 c>v$ 9 heavy fe/oons "u ! huge support+ scrolls ( ! mo/ra 7:i* 0 a scre5 made l[ s z to br+ ! figure ( ,/4 ,john 9 simple & high relief aga9/ "o ( ! squ>e sides ( ! p$e/al71 ! ,borghese eagle p\r$ ! wat] into ! %ell-%ap$ upp] bas92 & f9ally ! ,aldobr&9i b> ( cont9u\s ,maltese crosses 0 us$ z frieze4 ,! obelisk ( ! ,lat]an 0 set 9 its pres5t place by ,fontana only two ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,sixtus ,v1 & x is q probable ! f\nta9 0 n erect$ until "s ye>s lat]4 ,sixtus ,v ru%$ ! "w on ! ,lat]an at top spe$2 & ?is obelisk 0 no soon] 9 place ?an ,fontana 0 commission$ to transport its companion to ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,! ,lat]an obelisk 0 erect$ 9 #aehh4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aeij1 ,sixtus ,v di$4 ,f\r popes foll[$ him 9 rapid succession--,urban ,,vii1 ,gregory ,,xiv1 & ,innoc5t ,,ix1 all dy+ s soon t by ,janu>y #bj1 #aeib1 ,clem5t ,,viii 7,aldobr&9i7 _h become ,pope2 & ,fontana may h f9i%$ ?is f\nta9 dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,clem5t's pontificate1 be=e he fell "u t pontiff's displeasure4 ,! frieze on ! f\nta9 mu/ h be5 orig9ally ! ,montalto or ,p]etti frieze1 :i* =ms s beautiful a f9i% to ! ,lat]an ,palace2 b ,fontana1 :ile keep+ ! /> ( ,montalto 7"o ( ,sixtus ,v's emblems7 9 ! corn]s "u ! cornice ( ! scre51 *ang$ ! design ( ! int]v5+ space into ! ,aldobr&9i b>4 ,x 0 a small detail1 & ! *ange 0 a m]e matt] ( cu/om & policy & involv$ no disloyalty to ! great pa/ 9 ,fontana's life4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! ,aldobr&9i frieze4 ,! eagle seems at fir/ m difficult to expla94 ,f ! accession ( ,paul ,v ! eagle d5otes ! ,borghese family2 b ,paul ,v did n become ,pope until #afje1 & ,fontana left ,rome = ,naples 9 #aeif4 ,!re=e1 ! eagle ( ?is f\nta9 _c h any connection ) ! ,borghese family4 ,:y did ,fontana use x in/ead ( ! lion's head1 :i* 0 ano!r ( ,sixtus ,v's emblems & w\ld h made a bett] ar*itectural outlet = ! wat]8 ,x mu/ h be5 because ! eagle is ! emblem ( ,/4 ,john4 ,9 ,mi*elangelo's fresco ( ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ 9 ! ,sixt9e ,*apel ! eagle /&s ) b5t head & fold$ w+s close aga9/ ! figure ( ! sa9t :o1 seat$ ^u ! gr\nd1 is writ+ 9 ! scroll support$ by 8 knee4 ,fontana1 or ! sculptor :o c>v$ = him ! figure on ! top ( ! mo/ra ( ?is f\nta91 0 und\bt$ly inspir$ by ,mi*elangelo's creation4 ,! ,/4 ,john ( ! f\nta9 01 accord+ to ! old engrav+s1 a beautiful & y\?ful figure look+ to ,heav5 = inspiration & writ+ 9 ! scroll held ^u 8 knee4 ,! eagle 0 want+1 b ,fontana plac$ him j bel[ ! cornice betwe5 ! curv+ tails ( ! dolph9s1 & adapt$ him to ! purposes ( a f\nta94 ,! design 0 orig9al & extremely int]e/+1 z x %[s bo? ,sixtus ,v & ,fontana 9 a new & unusual light4 ,!y 7 dom9at$ by ! place4 ,! great new ,lat]an ,palace :i* !y _h built1 ! anci5t obelisk :i* !y _h set up1 ! f\nta9 :i* suppli$ ! invaluable ,acqua ,felice1 7 all subs]vi5t to ! v5]able basilica ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! piazza & all t x conta9$ 7 d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john1 & _h be5 s = sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,pope & ar*itect may h felt t 9 ?is f\nta9 ! insignia ( any pontiff 7 m fitt+ly kept 9 a purely subord9ate position4 ,! mo/ra ( ! old f\nta9 re/$1 z ! pres5t "o does1 on ! base ( ! obelisk2 & ! f9e ,piranesi engrav+ ( ! ,piazza ( ! ,lat]an %[s its position & proportions z well z ! admirable balance :i* x gives to ! entire sc5e4 ,?is obelisk is /ill ! highe/ 9 ! _w1 al?\gh ! l[] end 0 s badly brok5 & damag$ 7by fire7 t ,fontana _h to %ort5 x by ?ree feet4 ,x 0 also brok5 9 ?ree pieces & ,fontana's device = m5d+ x1 :i* s pleas$ ! ,pope1 c be trac$ 9 v>i\s places among ! hi]oglyphics4 ,:5 ! obelisk 0 at la/ erect$1 ,fontana c>v$ 8 "n ) 8 title ( knight 9 ,lat9 on ! base1 & ! ?ree m\nts & ! /> ( ,sixtus ,v 7 fa/5$ to ! apex4 ,above ev]y?+ 0 plac$ ! huge bronze cross1 = ,sixtus ,v consid]$ ! obelisk to be ! supreme symbol ( div9ity 9 a great ,pagan !ology2 & by plac+ ! cross on all ^? :i* he re-erect$1 ! ,pope felt t he 0 exhibit+ 9 ! mo/ picturesque & conspicu\s mann] ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is obelisk1 :i* is ( r$ granite1 0 f\nd by accid5t ly+ prone & buri$ 9 ! m>%y gr\nd ( ! ,circus ,maximus4 ,ne> by 0 ano!r1 ! "o :i* n[ /&s 9 ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,fontana employ$ five hundr$ m5 9 rais+ & remov+ ! obelisk ( ! ,lat]an4 ,( ^! m51 ?ree hundr$ 7 employ$ day & night keep+ out ! wat] :i* p\r$ 9 on all sides4 ,?is /ream is n[ ?\ght to h be5 ! brook ,crabra1 ! 8goat brook0 ( ,tusculum1 describ$ by ,front9us1 :i*1 9 ! g5]al decay ( m$ival times1 _h become "o ( ! 8lo/ wat]s0 ( ,rome4 ,! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 transport+ ! obelisk up ! r\gh sides & ?r\gh ! old /reets ( ! ,quir9al ,hill 7 num]\s4 ,! obelisk ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo 0 remov$ f ! same place & set up on its pres5t site = ! sum ( t5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o scudi2 :]eas ?is obelisk ( ! ,lat]an co/ ! papal treasury tw5ty-f\r ?\s& six hundr$ & elev5 scudi4 ,x 0 orig9ally br\ght to ,rome 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e _h transf]r$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t to 8 own new capital ( ,byzantium1 8 successor1 ,con/ant9e ,,ii1 visit$ ,rome4 ,he visit$ ,rome l any =eign pr9ce & 0 pr(\ndly impress$ by ! magnific5ce & maje/y ( 8 disc>d$ capital4 ,a n unnatural in/9ct prompt$ him to leave "s memorial ( himself among ! monum5ts & trophies ( 8 h]oic pr$ecessors2 & = ?is purpose he s5t = ! obelisk :i* ,?otmes ,,iii _h orig9ally plac$ be=e ! great temple ( ,!bes4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,rome & plac$ 9 ! ,circus ,maximus4 ,its subsequ5t hi/ory & ! causes ( ! fall ( ?is la/ ( ! imp]ial obelisks are /ill lo/ 9 ! my/]y :i* hangs ov] s mu* ( m$ival ,rome4,h ,! orig9al p$e/al _h be5 too damag$ by fire to admit ( us+ x aga92 s ,sixtus ,v gave p]mission to ,dom5ico ,fontana to make ! new p$e/al out ( ! mat]ials ( an old ar* :i* ,dom5ico 0 to de/roy = ?is purpose4 ,! p]mission 0 giv5 9 writ+1 = ,dom5ico ,fontana _h f\nd t x 0 necess>y to be arm$ ) writt5 in/ructions f ! ,pope :5ev] he began "o ( 8 deva/at+ raids ^u ! antiquities ( ! city4 ,! city gov]nm5t _h endur$ su* pillage & de/ruction at ! h&s ( ! great ,pope's great ar*itect t all ! pa/ v&alism ( private individuals seem$ slight 9 comp>ison4 ,!y prote/$ 9 va9 aga9/ mo/ ( ! de/ruction ^u :i* ,sixtus ,v _h set 8 he>t1 & nei!r pr9ces nor magi/rates c\ld save ! old pontifical resid5ce ( ! ,lat]an :i* _h /ood s9ce ! sev5? c5tury on ?is v piazza4 ,x 0 a m>vell\s rambl+ pile ( build+s--*ur*es1 mona/]ies1 %r9es1 loggias1 colonnades1 oratories1 banquet+ rooms & halls fill$ ) mosaics1 pictures1 & frescoes--&1 accord+ to a great au?ority1 ! mo/ wond]ful museum ( m$ival art t ev] exi/$4 ,?is priceless record ( ! pa/ 0 ru?lessly demoli%$ & raz$ to ! gr\nd 9 a few mon?s' "t by ord] ( ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 ,x is difficult to und]/& 8 motives = ?is p>ticul> action1 s9ce x 0 n ! hi/ory ( ,paganism b ( 8 own pr$ecessors t he 0 de/roy+4 ,! populace nev] =got1 or =gave him ?is de/ruction1 involv+ z x did ! loss ( ! ,oratory ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,an exquisite example ( e>ly ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 built 9 ! %ape ( a ,greek cross1 ?is oratory 0 held 9 peculi> v5]ation by all classes2 & ! ,roman p might n unnaturally conclude t ! wanton de/ruction ( any?+ at once s beautiful & s sacr$ z ?is oratory c\ld only be ascrib$ to ! prompt+s ( ! devil himself4 ,po/]ity c h>dly accept ,pope ,sixtus ,v's f\nta91 ev5 ) its obelisk1 z an adequate sub/itute = ! ?ree f\nta9s ( r>e m>ble 9 ! atrium ( ?is oratory :i* p]i%$ by ord] ( ! ,pope4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an 0 "u ! protection ( ! ,k+s ( ,france1 z ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore 0 "u ! protection ( ! ,k+s ( ,spa91 ,/4 ,pet]'s "u t ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & ,/4 ,paul's ,beyond ! ,walls "u ! protection ( ! ,engli% sov]eign4 ,9 ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,viii1 :5 ! papacy began to turn t[>d ,france 9 its =eign policy1 ! "w ( embelli%+ ! ,lat]an co/ ,rome--& inde$ l>ge portions ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry--untold treasures 9 co/ly m>bles & gilt bronzes4 ,! fir/ 7 saw$ into slabs = ! transept ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! ,alt> ( ! ,sacram5t owes its magnific5ce to ! _m hundr$ bronzes :i*1 toge!r ) portions ( ! bronze beams ( ! ,pan!on1 w5t to ! smelt+ furnaces4 ,9 ,sixtus ,v's "t1 h[ev]1 ! old *ur* 0 /ill comp>atively simple2 & x 0 9 ?is old ,*ur* ( ! ,lat]an1 probably dur+ 8 pontificate1 t ,/radella's pray] 78,pity1 oh1 ,savi\r607 0 sung1 :ile hir$ assass9s wait$ 9 ! outside d>kness to take ! compos]'s life4 ,z ! s]vice 0 long1 ! bravos /epp$ inside ! *ur* to enjoy ! music be=e committ+ ! murd]4 ,!re1 9 ! wav]+ light ( ! alt> c&les & "u ! subtle influ5ce ( ! inc5se1 !y became s impress$ by ! pa!tic beauty ( t m>vell\s ,aria di ,*iesa t !y felt x impossible to put out ( exi/5ce ! man :o c\ld write su* music2 & 9 ! d>kness & sil5ce t foll[$ ! close ( ! div9e melody !y !mselves w>n$ ,/radella ( ! plot aga9/ 8 life & abett$ 8 escape4 ,( late ye>s ?is leg5d has be5 discr$it$2 b 9 su* a case z ?is x is well to rememb] ! attitude tak5 by ! writ] ( 8,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy10 8,i w\ld r accept10 says ,symonds1 8sixte5?-c5tury tradition ) ,vas>i ?an reject x ) ,g]man or ,engli% speculators ( to-day4 ,i reg>d ! pres5t t5d5cy to mi/ru/ tradition1 only because x is tradition1 z 9 ! highe/ s5se uncritical40 ,ov] ! door ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y is a fresco map ( ,sixt9e ,rome4 ,x portrays n :at ,sixtus ,v actually left1 b :at he at "o "t int5d$ to leave4 ,9 ?is fresco a great ?or\ghf>e runs f ! ,piazza del ,popolo to ! ,piazza ,lat]ano1 & at ea* end ( ! magnific5t vi/a /&s an obelisk erect$ by ! ,pope4 ,su* a /reet laid out to-day w\ld lead along ! ,via ,babu9o1 ! ,piazza di ,spagna & ! ,via ,due ,macelli1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! tunnel1 come out on ! ,via ,m]ulana1 & rea* ! ,piazza ,lat]ano aft] trav]s+ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,esquil9e & ! new /reets betwe5 x & ! basilica4 ,sixtus ,v ab&on$ ! idea z ! great ?or\ghf>e w\ld h cut its way directly ?r\gh ! prec9cts ( ! ,quir9al1 & he _h det]m9$ to make t spot 8 own abode1 n only because he lov$ x b because he recogniz$ ! sov]eign quality ( ! situation ( ,monte ,cavallo 9 ! ,rome :i* he 0 recon/ruct+4 ,! ,fontana f\nta9 ( ! ,lat]an is n includ$ by ,baglioni 9 8 li/ ( ,fontana's works2 b t li/ :i* is embodi$ 9 8 acc\nt ( ,fontana's life is manife/ly incomplete4 ,! f\nta9 0 engrav$ 9 full detail z e>ly z #afah by ,maggi2 & lat] engrav+s 7 made ( x by ,cruyl1 ,millotte1 & ,falda4 ,^! designs 7 s compreh5sive t x w\ld h be5 an extremely simple matt] to entirely recon/ruct ! old f\nta91 m especially z ! mo/ra & old bas9s 7 /ill 9 place1 & !re c\ld h be5 no difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ ! proportions4 ,_h ?is be5 done1 ! pictorial effect &1 above all1 ! hi/orical int]e/ ( ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an w\ld h be5 greatly enhanc$4 ,! old f\nta9 disappe>$ 9 ! g5]al subm]sion ( papal ,rome4 ,its mod]n sub/itute is a m]e p>aphrase1 & ! eagle seems int5tionally to repres5t ! eagle ( imp]ial ,rome r ?an ! emblem ( ,/4 ,john4 ,,tr9it ,,de' ,,monti ,illu/ration ,,tr9it ,,de' ,,monti ,! f\nta9 on ! t]race 9 front ( ! ,villa ,m$ici has be5 call$ by a lov] ( ,rome 8,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,brimm+ ,b[l40 ,x is a happy surname1 = ! m>ble vase b5ea? ! =mally clipp$ ilex trees is no?+ m or less ?an a huge b[l fill$ to ov]fl[+ ) ! ,acqua ,felice4 ,! /ream gu%es upw>d 9 a sl5d] column until x rea*es ! spread+ bran*es ov]head4 ,!re x returns ^u itself 9 cl\ds ( gli/5+ spray1 fill+ ! b[l ) circles ( gleam+ wat]1 ev] wid5+ until !y brim ov] ! edge & veil ! m>ble 9 a cont9u\s ov]fl[4 ,! octagonal bas9 :i* receives ?is copi\s /ream is sunk into ! gr\nd & its %ad[$ wat]s h all ! unobtrusive beauty ( a quiet & seque/]$ pool4 ,!re is no sculpture1 no decoration4 ,) un]r+ ta/e1 ! arti/ has made 8 appeal to ! eye ?r\gh fundam5tal & univ]sal elem5ts ( beauty4 ,grace ( l9e & ( proportion1 contra/ ( solid rock & fl[+ wat]1 ! impression ( abundance & p]petuity1 symmetry1 contra/1 sugge/ion--^! are ! simple qualities out ( :i* he compos$ 8 ,f\nta9 ( ! ,brimm+ ,b[l4 ,sunlight flick]+ ?r\gh ! ilex bran*es ov]head & ! crumbl+ %ad[s ( _! d5se foliage add a poetic *>m1 :ile ! ,italian tr9ity--,art1 ,"t1 & ,nature--h giv5 to ?is mode/ f\nta9 a backgr\nd ( unsurpass$ int]e/ & dignity4 ,! view f ! t]race ( ! ,villa ,m$ici might be describ$ almo/ exactly by ,wordswor?'s sonnet on ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 & truly 8,dull w\ld he be ( s\l :o c\ld pass by ,a sight s t\*+ 9 its maje/y40 ,"h 9 ,rome 8444 t[]s1 domes1 !atres1 & temples lie10 mass$ toge!r 9 t fam\s qu>t] ( ! city kn[n 9 classic times z ! ,campus ,m>tius2 & ?r\gh ?is ar*itectural maze1 spann$ by bridges old & new1 ! ,tib] 8fl[e? at its own sweet w40 ,on its f>!r %ore ! mod]n ,palace ( ,ju/ice & a network ( ?or\ghf>es ) names relat+ to ! ,risorgim5to & to ,italy ( to-day cr[d aga9/ ! v5]able ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,beyond t lies ! d5sely pack$ ,borgo or ,leon9e city1 surr\nd$ by walls1 :ile ! heights ( ! ,janiculum to ! left & ^? ( ! ,vatican ,hill & ,monte ,m>io to ! "r give a backgr\nd ( gre5 to all ?is masonry4 ,9 ! v c5tre ( ! di/ance1 on ! gr\nd once cov]$ by ! ,circus ( ,n]o1 dom9at+ ev]y?+ & seem+ to float aga9/ ! we/]n sky1 rises ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! t]race leads on ! "o h& to ! g>d5s ( ! ,p9cio & on ! o!r to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti4 ,f #aedd to #aefj1 :5 ,annibale ,lippi 0 work+ on ! ,villa ,m$ici1 t portion ( ! ,p9cian ,hill cov]$ to-day by ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s belong$ to ! ,augu/9ian monks ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,! villa /ood on ! gr\nd betwe5 !m & ! g>d5s & conv5t ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti4 ,! t]race ) ! f\nta9 0 ! approa* to ! c>d9al's villa & to ! prec9cts ( ! conv5t4 ,! old engrav+s %[ ! f\nta9 /&+ q free f trees1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are gr[+ along ! edge ( ! hill & d[n its slope4 ,! f\nta9 is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,annibale ,lippi1 b !re seems to be no positive pro( t x is 8 "w4 ,x resembles 9 g5]al outl9e ! fontanella on ! balcony inside ! villa1 :i* is by ,lippi2 & ! fact t ! bas9 is made ( bigio m>ble might put its date z e>ly z ,lippi's "t4 ,! f\nta9s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,c9que ,c5to 7 g5]ally made ( m>ble or granite1 :]eas aft] ,fontana & 9 ,b]n9i's p]iod trav]t9e 0 us$ almo/ exclusively4 ,! villa 0 ! prop]ty ( ,c>d9al ,monte ,pulciano1 b x 0 b>ely f9i%$ :5 ,c>d9al ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici began negotiations = its pur*ase4 ,m$ici1 ^: *ildhood _h be5 pass$ 9 ! ,boboli ,g>d5s1 :i* 7 creat$ by 8 fa!r1 sp5t elev5 ye>s 9 lay+ out & beautify+ ! g>d5s ( ?is villa1 :]e he _h a small zoological collection1 & also 9 mak+ ! gall]y ( ,greek & ,roman sculpture :i* rivall$ t already belong+ to 8 old fri5d ,c>d9al ,aless&ro ,f>nese4 ,he return$ to ,flor5ce 9 #aehg1 & "s "t aft] ! villa pass$ into ! h&s ( ano!r ,m$ici1 ,c>d9al ,aless&ro1 :o became ,pope ,leo ,,xi 9 #afje4 ,?is ,c>d9al ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici also sp5t mu* "t & money 9 ! decoration ( ! villa1 & x seems probable t ! f\nta9 0 con/ruct$ dur+ 8 t5ure ( ! prop]ty1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,acqua ,felice 9 #aehg _h at la/ made x possible to h f\nta9s on ?is hillside4 ,evelyn1 describ+ ?is f\nta9 9 ! la/ days ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii's pontificate1 speaks ( ! magnific5t jet ( wat] sp\t+ fifty feet into ! air4 ,! e>lie/ engrav+s ( x date f ! middle ( ! ,sei ,c5to & %[ ! wat] spr++ f a l>ge ball ( trav]t9e :i* has long s9ce lo/ its size & %ape f ! con/ant action ( ! wat]4 ,! p$e/al & base ( ?is f\nta9 are also ( trav]t9e4 ,! pres5t ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti 0 erect$ by ,l\is ,,xviii1 ( ,france1 to replace ! orig9al build+ :i* _h be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! excesses ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y p]iod4 ,b 9 #aedd ! old ,go?ic *ur* ( ! ,valois ,k+ /ood look+ we/w>d ov] ! ,fr5* qu>t] ( ! city4 ,?is *ur* dat$ f ! ye> #adie1 :5 ,*>les ,,viii1 ( ,france1 on 8 way to reconqu] 8 ,neapolitan t]ritory1 ent]$ ,rome & paid a visit--half ?reat5+1 half c]emoni\s--to ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,he left z a memorial ( 8 /ay 9 ,rome ?is ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti4 ,! *ur* became ! nucleus ( ,fr5* influ5ce 9 ,rome4 ,! ,fr5* conv5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t grew up beside its walls1 & _m fam\s ,fr5*m5 liv$ )9 its %ad[4 ,c>d9al ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici1 :o gave 8 family "n to ?is villa1 z well z to ! ,v5us :i*1 ^u its discov]y 9 ,hadrian's ,villa1 he imm$iately b\ght & plac$ "h1 0 "o ( ! comm&+ figures ( 8 "t4 ,f\r? son ( ,cosimo1 fir/ ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 he _h be5 made a c>d9al at f\rte51 9 ! room ( 8 eld] bro!r ,c>d9al ,giovanni de' ,m$ici1 :o _h di$ at n9ete54 ,! second ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 ,f]d9&'s elde/ bro!r1 di$ 9 #aehg1 leav+ no son1 & s1 aft] tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( ecclesia/ical life1 ,c>d9al ,f]d9&1 :o _h nev] tak5 holy ord]s1 laid by ! r$ hat to become ?ird ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,he m>ri$ ,*ri/9e de ,lorra9e1 a gr&daught] ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 & !re=e a di/ant c\s9 ( 8 own1 & _h1 l 8 great-gr&fa!r ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t1 & 8 own gr&fa!r ,cosimo ,i1 eight *ildr51 8 elde/ son succe$+ to ! gr& du*y4 ,x is difficult to trace 9 ! wise & b5efic5t gr& duke ! intractable "y c>d9al :o _h be5 a h&ful = ev5 ,sixtus ,v4 ,! old pontiff _h f\nd 9 him an ob/9acy & a craft equal to 8 own1 & he mu/ h 8?ank$ ,god fa/+0 :5 ,m$ici 0 no long] a memb] ( 8 curia6 ,! ,pope 0 an old man1 & ! c>d9al _h ! physical advantage ( y\?2 nev]!less x 0 a battle royal :5 ?is true *ip ( ! ,m$icean block int]c$$ ) ! ,p]etti ,pope = ! life ( 8 old fri5d1 ,c>d9al ,aless&ro ,f>nese4 ,sixtus1 :o 0 n to be %ak5 9 8 det]m9ation1 kept track ( ! "t1 & held firmly to 8 resolution until he 0 sure t ! appo9t$ h\r = ,f>nese's dea? _h come & gone2 !n1 kn[+ t x 0 too late1 he graci\sly cons5t$ to sp>e ,f>nese's life1 to please 8 ,c>d9al de' ,m$ici4 ,b ! c>d9al knew 8 ,sixtus ,v1 & _h1 be=e 8 audi5ce1 tak5 ! precaution to set e clock 9 ! ,vatican1 outside ! ,pope's private ap>tm5ts1 back "o h\r6,i ,! fire /ill lives 9 ! a%es ( ?is ,f]d9&1 =1 9 #aijf1 a deputation f ,leghorn visit$ 8 tomb 9 ! ,m$ici mausoleum 9 ,flor5ce & laid ^u x a bronze wrea? z a te/imony ( _! undy+ gratitude & affection4 ,leghorn1 a m]e fi%+ village ( ! ,c9que ,c5to1 _h be5 rais$ to h] position ( ! second seaport 9 ,italy by ?is ex-c>d9al1 & t *iefly ?r\gh ! op]ation ( an edict ( tol]ation almo/ incr$ible at ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 promulgat$4 ,:5 ! ,spani% ,armada1 ! /ruggle 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! religi\s w>s 9 ,france kept all ,europe 9 a f]m5t1 ,leghorn rose sudd5ly & swiftly l an exhalation ( ! sea ?r\gh ! peaceful labors ( ! ,fr5*1 ,flemi%1 & ,jewi% refugees :o1 )9 h] walls & "u ! p[]ful protection ( h] ,gr& ,duke1 ! ex-c>d9al1 f\nd absolute lib]ty ( consci5ce & security ( life & prop]ty4 ,x 0 ?is ,f]d9& :o furni%$ f 8 own ri* c(f]s ! s9ews ( w> to ,h5ry ( ,nav>re2 x 0 he :o m$iat$ betwe5 ,h5ry & ! ,pope2 & x 0 8 niece1 ,m>ia de' ,m$ici1 :o became ,que5 ( ,france z wife ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 br++ ) h]1 z ,sully said1 su* a m>riage portion z _h nev] be=e be5 br\ght into ! k+dom4 ,five ye>s aft] ?is ev5t ,c>d9al ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici became ,pope2 s ! ,villa ,m$ici1 z well z ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti1 _h1 9 spite ( _! ,italian names1 _m affiliations ) f>-(f ,p>is2 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ^! associations1 p>tly = ! sake ( ! m>vell\s view1 _! t]races became ! favorite haunt ( ^? arti/s :o1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,sei ,c5to1 began to f9d _! way to ,rome4 ,9 ! cont9uity ( ! developm5t ( art !re are few ev5ts m int]e/+ ?an ! appe>ance ( ! ,fr5* art /ud5t 9 ,rome4 ,gaul _h be5 ! fir/ ( ! nor!rn nations to assimilate ,roman culture1 & ,france 0 ! fir/ to come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,j at ! "t :5 ! ,ca?olic reaction aga9/ ! lic5se ( ! ,c9que ,c5to _h begun to =ce ,italy "u ! /ultify+ influ5ce ( ,spani% dom9ation1 ,france awoke to ! full consci\sness ( h] /hetic nature & to h] ne$ ( ^? ?+s :i* ,italy alone c\ld give4 ,! army ( ,*>les ,,viii _h c>ri$ back across ! ,alps imp]i%able memories ( beauty1 & soon aft]w>d ,francis ,i _h entic$ to ,p>is "s ( ! greate/ ,italian arti/s ( ! "t4 ,ev5 ! fi]ce religi\s w>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury c\ld n /amp out ! se$ s[n by ! soldi]s' /ories & by ! works ( art left by homesick ,italian ma/]s 9 ,fonta9ebleau4 ,"o by "o ! eag] ,fr5* arti/s cross$ ! ,alps1 & !y came 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s :5 ! g5ius ( ,ri*elieu br\ght ord] & am5ity into ,fr5* life1 & :5 ,ri*elieu's contempor>y1 ,maffeo ,b>b]9i1 = _m ye>s papal legate to ,france1 _h become ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,to rea* ,rome all ( ^! voyag]s _h to endure sev]e physical h>d%ips1 & "s ( !m nev] return$ to ,france4 ,! greate/ ( !m--,le ,p\ss9 & ,claude--di$ 9 ,rome4 ,pa9t]s1 engrav]s1 sculptors1 & ar*itects came to ^! t]races to wor%ip & to "w1 & to ?is day ! gall]ies & palaces ( nor!rn ,europe *]i% ! pictures plann$ or sket*$ ab\t ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,brimm+ ,b[l4 ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 :o di$ 9 #afdd1 0 himself half ,fr5*1 n only by virtue ( 8 temp]am5t & g5ius1 b also by ! tr5d ( 8 sympa?ies & 8 =eign policy4 ,"u 8 enlight5$ patronage1 ! arti/s ( ,france f\nd a cong5ial home 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,rome1 :i* 0 =mally f\nd$ 9 #afff by ,colb]t1 ! great m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,= ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce ?is in/itution _h no p]man5t abode2 b 9 #afgc ! ,capronica ,palace 0 plac$ at its disposal1 & lat] on--9 ,l\is ,,xv's "t--x mov$ to ! ,manc9i ,palace ne> ! ,corso4 ,! slope lead+ f ! ,piazza ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti 7n[ ! ,piazza di ,spagna7 to ! t]races above _h all ?is "t be5 a natural hillside1 :]eon grew trees1 grass1 & wild fl[]s famili> to ,rome4 ,! footpa?s lead+ upw>d mu/ h be5 a r /eep climb2 b five ye>s be=e ! f\nd+ ( ! ,academy an ev5t occurr$ :i* 0 to make ! asc5t ( ! hillside n only easy b delightful4 ,9 #affa ,rome came into ! possession ( a l>ge sum ( money left to ! city by ! le>n$ ,fr5* g5tleman1 ,eti5ne de ,guffi]1 = ! express purpose ( con/ruct+ a magnific5t /one /airway :i* %\ld cov] ?is slope ( ! ,p9cian ,hill1 & unite = all "t ! ,campus ,m>tius ) ! t]races above4 ,! /airway 0 long 9 build+1 & dur+ its con/ruction ! connection betwe5 ! ,academy 9 ! ,manc9i ,palace & ! old t]races ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti may h be5 sl5d]2 b 9 #agbe ! ,scal9ata 0 op5$ ) great pomp1 & once aga9 ,fr5* arti/s c\ld sp5d long h\rs on _! belov$ t]races4 ,sev5ty-six ye>s lat] ,napoleon1 ) 8 supreme in/9ct = effect 7a possession he %>$ ) ,julius ,cs>71,j & n unm9dful ( ! ,fr5* association ) ?is qu>t] ( ! city1 remov$ ! ,fr5* ,academy f ! old ,manc9i ,palace & lodg$ x p]man5tly & mo/ impressively :]e x n[ is1 9 ! ,villa ,m$ici1 ! villa built by t family :i* _h giv5 two que5s to ,france4 ,s ! f\nta9 ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti is /ill a feature 9 ! life ( ! ,fr5* arti/s at ,rome2 & x is p]haps a p>donable fancy t1 9 ?is p>ticul> f\nta91 ! ,acqua ,felice plays 9 ,fr5*6 ,,villa ,,borghese ,,n[ ,,villa ,,umb]to ,,primo ,illu/ration ,,villa ,,borghese ,,n[ ,,villa ,,umb]to ,,primo ,a g>d5 :]e ! c5turies ,( m5 h come & none did c>e ,save = ! gre5 grass & ! breeze ,& %elt] f ! noontide gl>e4 ,b t :i* makes ! g>d5 fair-- ,! s5se ( life's futility1 ,is dea?less beauty4 ,born ( ,dea?1 ,x blossoms "u cl\dless skies-- ,"o's v dream ( ,italy4 --,f an unpubli%$ ,,ms4 ,su* a g>d5 0 ! ,villa ,borghese2 & su* a g>d5 x /ill is1 9 spite ( con/ant desecration4 ,?is is ! home ( ! mo/ poetic ( ,b]n9i's f\nta9s4 ,x /&s on ! summit ( a ris+ av5ue1 yet x does n t]m9ate a vi/a1 x makes itself a "p ( "o1 = ! av5ue cont9ues aft] ! f\nta9 has be5 rea*$4 ,x /&s 9 full b temp]$ sunlight1 girt ab\t by a circle ( box h$ges & ilex trees1 ) "h & !re a tall /one p9e4 ,! l[] bas9 lies 9 ! turf1 l a natural pool1 & ! wat] fills x to ! brim4 ,x reflects ! trees & cl\ds 9 its quiet dep?s1 or z ! little breeze ruffles ! surface1 x gives back ! sun%9e l a brok5 mirror4 ,s+le %afts ( wat]1 sp\t+ upw>d f betwe5 ! =efeet ( ! sea-horses1 fall back into ! same bas9 f :i* !y rose1 curv+ l ! ar*es ( a p]gola2 yet s /eady is _! fl[ t ! tranquillity ( ! pool is h>dly tr\bl$4 ,f\r foam-fleck$ circles1 only1 %[ :]e ! fall+ wat] m+les ) ! wat] at re/4 ,great] peacefulness c\ld n well be giv5 to any artificial bit ( wat]4 ,!n f ! c5tre ( ?is dream+ pool !re rises a f\nta9 s ri* 9 c>v+1 s beautiful 9 design t x seems r a great & spl5did effloresc5ce ?an ! "w ( m5's h&s4 ,f its leaf-fr+$ l[] bas9 !re rises a second & mu* small] "o1 n l ano!r bas9 b l a corolla )9 a corolla1 & ! fl[]-l composition t]m9ates 9 a beautifully wr\ght cup resembl+ ! blossom ( ! campanula4 ,! wat] gu%es upw>d f ?is cup1 b n to any height4 ,x falls back at once ov] ! scallop$ edges ( ! m>ble1 & slipp+ 9 & ov] ! c>v$ foliage ( ! l[] bas9s f9ally rea*es1 9 a g5tle1 p5sive mann]1 ! quiet pool b5ea?4 ,sea-horses ) toss$ manes & backw>d curv+ w+s plunge outw>d f ! %elt] ( ! l[] bas94 ,_! tails tw9e ab\t its /em1 & ! bas9 is close above _! heads1 b x does n re/ ^u !m2 !y are free4 ,x is evid5t t 9 "o m spr+ !y w be out & away4 ,yet !y d n take x1 & !y nev] w4 ,= once ,b]n9i's g5ius ma/]s 8 fancy4 ,8 f\nta9 is n a fanciful conceit b a ri* & peaceful arti/ic creation4 ,an en*ant]'s w& has *eck$ ! horses 9 mid-c>e]1 & "h !y rema91 motionless1 = all _! movem5t1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! leafy bas91 "p ( a beautiful :ole t mu/ nev] be brok54 ,?is is "o ( ^? r>e compositions 9 :i* ! arti/ has mo/ happily a*iev$ ! second ess5tial 9 a f\nta91 t x %\ld be a ?+ ( beauty1 a s\rce ( delight to ! eye & e>4 ,x is admirably suit$ to its surr\nd+s1 = ri* c>v+ & imag9ative sculpture held 9 subs]vi5ce to ! natural *>m ( quiet wat]1 con=m exquisitely ) a g>d5 :]e /ately =mality enhances ! lovel9ess ( wild & simple beauty4 ,! f\nta9 is ( trav]t9e1 ! natural mell[ tone ( :i* has be5 r5d]$ ev5 m lovely by c5turies ( s(t ,italian wea!r4 ,x does n /& out conspicu\sly 9 ! vi/a2 x deta*es itself f ! surr\nd+ trees g5tly1 z if x _h gr[n !re among !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,sea-,horses4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is f\nta9 ! gr\nd falls away %>ply into groves ( ilex1 trav]s$ by natural footpa?s4 ,9 ! gloom ( ^! wood$ spaces !re are two o!r f\nta9s4 ,great bas9s cat*+ ! wat] f ti]s ( small] ones 9 ! c5tre & ea* surr\nd$ by a brok5 circle ( curv$ /one b5*es4 ,!y are ! "w ( ,antonio ,vansantio2 &1 accord+ to draw+s by ,let>\illy1 ! back ( ea* semicircul> b5* 0 orig9ally decorat$ at regul> int]vals ) /atues4 ,beh9d ^! /ood a =mally clipp$ box h$ge ris+ "s ?ree feet above ! b5*es1 :ile ! l>g] trees gr[+ beh9d ! h$ge made by _! bran*es a gre5 canopy to ?is truly *>m+ bit ( g>d5 ar*itecture4 ,vansantio's bas9s & b5*es are n[ 9 a half-ru9$ condition1 b !y are /ill extremely lovely & sugge/ pictures ( eighte5?-c5tury g>d5-p>ties1 :]e gr\ps ( ,watteau's figures idle away ! h\rs4 ,! f\nta9s are h>dly visible1 ev5 at close range4 ,!y betray !mselves by ! s\nd ( _! fall+ wat]1 :i* gives to ! sc5e1 l ! song ( ! h]mit-?ru%1 a poignant s5se ( remot5ess & solitude4 ,! deep %ad[s & half-hidd5 wat]s ( ,vansantio's f\nta9s =m a well-conceiv$ contra/ to ,b]n9i's sunlit bas9s on ! slope above4 ,!re are _m o!r f\nta9s 9 ?is villa4 ,a l>ge r\nd pool decorat$ ) a c5tral figure ( a nymph1 & set ab\t ) huge cactus-fill$ vases ( a %ape peculi> to ! ,villa ,borghese1 /&s beh9d ! ,cas9o1 :ile at ! o!r end ( ! g>d5s ! s-call$ ,f\nta9 ( ,esculapius fills a %ady place ) ! s\nd & beauty ( abundant wat]4 ,?is is a beautiful f\nta91 n because ( any special *>m or orig9ality ( design 9 ! f\nta9 itself1 b because ( its spl5did jet ( wat] & ! composition ( x & its surr\nd+s4 ,! ar* conta9+ ! /atue ( ,esculapius /&s on a slight em95ce surr\nd$ ) tall trees & %ad[y foliage4 ,b5ea? & be=e x1 ! gr\nd slopes 9 masses ( brok5 rock & b[ld]s1 & ! f\nta91 a s+le r\nd & %all[ vase ( f9i%$ trav]t9e1 /&s 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,! jet ( wat] almo/ tops ! ,ar* above ! /atue1 & x falls 9 great abundance ^u ! rocks at its base4 ,!re is also ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,amor9i--s da9tily lovely t ! fact t x is incomplete is h>dly notic$4 ,! little ,loves /ill firmly grasp _! frogs & dolph9s1 b ! vase !y once c>ri$ on _! heads is gone4 ,! moss-gr[n /one-"w ( ! bas91 & ! light & %ade ( ! great ilex trees ab\t x give ?is little f\nta9 a peculi> *>m4 ,x seems to belong q consci\sly to o!r days ?an ours4 ,!re are f\nta9s ev]y:]e 9 ! g>d5s4 ,!y are z common z ! trees & ! m>bles & ! violets4 ,! wat] seems to play at w among ! lights & %ad[s1 = dur+ ?ree c5turies ?is has be5 a ,roman pleasure-gr\nd2 & to ! ,roman no pleasure-gr\nd is wor?y ! "n )\t ! s\nd & sight ( wat]4 ,illu/ration ,! ,villa ,borghese 0 creat$ by ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s t 8 uncle held ! keys ( ,/4 ,pet]1 "u ! title ( ,paul ,v4 ,! ,pope assi/$ him 9 e way1 = ,paul ,v's *ief pleasure consi/$ 9 advanc+ & aggr&iz+ 8 family4 ,m>c ,antonio ,borghese1 a second nephew ( 81 became ! f\nd] ( ! family 9 ,rome1 & ,c>d9al ,scipione _h z comm&+ an influ5ce ov] ! ,pope z _h ev] be5 kn[n4 ,paul ,v f\nd 8 model 9 ,paul ,,iii1 & s well did he emulate ! f\nd] ( ! ,f>nese =tunes t by ! close ( 8 pontificate ! ,borghese _h become ! weal?ie/ & mo/ p[]ful family t _h ev] aris5 9 ,rome4 ,c>d9al ,scipione's annual income alone 0 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& scudi--ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& doll>s--& ,paul ,v de/roy$ ! ru9s ( ! ,ba?s ( ,con/ant9e s z to build = him :at is n[ call$ ! ,rospigliosi ,palace4 ,_! habits1 *>ities1 possessions 7 all b regal4 ,! c>d9al endeavor$ to less5 ! envy :i* su* opul5ce naturally ar\s$ by a complaisant & c\rtly behavior1 z well z by b5evol5ce2 & he e>n$ = himself ! sobriquet ( 8! delight ( ,rome40 ,?is villa he laid out = ! b5efit ( ! p1 & x has really exi/$ = !m = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,paul ,v's pontificate came to an end 9 #afba1 & 9 #afde ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn writes 9 8 8,di>y0 a long acc\nt ( ! ,villa ,borghese4 ,! groves & av5ues _h by t "t a g5]ation's gr[?1 b ! ,cas9o & little temples & ! multif>i\s delights :i* enri*$ !m 7 /ill 9 pri/9e fre%ness4 ,! ta/e ( ! pres5t day may pref] ! g>d5s z !y n[ are to ^? ( #afde2 !y h m ( natural beauty & few] artificial devices1 & ! simple f\nta9s are m effective ?an ! sp\ts ( wat] made to resemble ! %apes ( vessels & fruits & ! conceit ( artificial ra94 ,mu* ( ! ar*itecture & /atu>y ,evelyn describes has vani%$1 b en\gh rema9s = ! pres5t travell] to recognize ! picture & to feel t he is walk+ 9 groves & mead[s trodd5 by _m feet ?r\gh _m ye>s4 ,s9ce ,evelyn's "t eight g5]ations h also f\nd ^! pleasure-gr\nds delightful4 ,z full ( memories z ( fragrance1 ^! g>d5s convey a s5se ( human life once liv$ among !m & n[ =ev] gone1 :i* is z poignant z ! smell ( ! boxwood h$ges 9 ! hot sun%9e4 ,! ,villa ,borghese has pre-em95tly ?is subtle quality1 & !re=e x has become ! lovelie/ z well z ! be/ belov$ ( all ,roman villas2 & x is precisely because x is a ,roman g>d5 t its memories are s compell+4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o h walk$ 9 ^! long av5ues & l+]$ ab\t ^! f\nta9s h be5 ! ari/ocracy ( mank9d4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many come "h to ga!r memories ( _! great m54 ,/atues to ,goe! & ,victor ,hugo are n ne$$4 ,hugo & ,goe! & _m m ( ^! noble gho/s come back1 toge!r ) a long l9e ( spl5did popes & brilliant c>d9als1 to haunt ! sun-w>m$ yet %ad[y places1 nev] jo/l+ or di/urb+ ! liv+ b felt by ! liv+ 9 "s /range & undef9able way4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,amor9i4 ,^! groves & f\nta9s h be5 ! sett+ = _m sc5es 9 ,life's dramas4 ,!re has be5 a ,napoleonic int]lude ) danc+1 masqu]ad+1 & some:at boi/]\s m]rymak+2 & "h1 amid ! lovel9ess ( an ali5 civilization1 began ! la/ act 9 ! trag$y ( ! ,/u>t ,k+s4 ,! son ( ! exil$ ,james ,,ii ( ,engl& liv$ & di$ 9 ,rome1 & 8 *ildr5--,pr9ce ,*>lie & ! little ,duke ( ,york--play$ b5ea? ^! trees1 z scores ( o!r bro!rs ( less fateful hi/ory h play$ be=e & s9ce4,k ,"h !y came e morn+ ) _! f[l+-pieces4 ,high-spirit$ ,engli% lads1 !y made ( ! ,italian groves a ,%]wood ,=e/ ( _! own4 ,x 0 a f> cry at t "t to ,cullod51 & a long way to ! ca!dral ( ,frascati1 :]e ! y\ng] bro!r 0 to read ! fun]al s]vice ov] ! eld]4 ,"t means s little 9 ,rome t "h 9 ! villa :]e ! ,/u>t ,pr9ces play$1 ! 8adv5ture ( ! '#de0 seems to h happ5$ only ye/]day4 ,! villa is at its lovelie/ 9 ,may & ,octob]4 ,on e ,?ursday & ,sunday ( ?is latt] mon? x us$ to be ! cu/om = ! ,pr9ce ,borghese to receive all ,rome )9 8 gates4 ,=ty to fifty ?\s& p w\ld sometimes come to ^! g>d5-p>ties1 all classes m+l+ yet pres]v+ _! id5tity ) ! admirable dignity & self-respect ( ! ,romans4 ,! "y ,pr9cess ,gw5dol9 ,borghese 0 se5 = ! la/ "t at "o ( ^! great ftes4 ,h] sa9tly "y _s adds a brea? z ( inc5se to ! ,borghese g>d5s1 & x is m easy to ?9k ( h] pres5ce "h ?an among ! pond]\s m>bles ( ! ,borghese ,*apel 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore :]e %e lies buri$4 ,yet ano!r ,pr9cess ,borghese has left h] memory )9 ^! gates4 ,canova has portray$ h] z ,v5us ,victrix1 & %e takes h] place among ! antique m>bles by ! "r ( flawless beauty4 ,! fle%-&-blood orig9al ( ,canova's ma/]piece1 ,paul9e ,bonap>te1 ,pr9cess ,borghese1 c>$ b little = h] beautiful villa4 ,! ilex groves 7 gloomy & ! f\nta9s 7 insignificant comp>$ ) ^? ( ,v]sailles4 ,%e we>i$ ( palace1 pr9ce1 & villa1 & sp5t z mu* "t z possible ) h] own k94 ,x is record$ t ! pr9ce1 h] husb&1 0 f> m jeal\s ( ,canova's /atue ( 8 wife ?an ( 8 wife's p]son4 ,! ,pr9cess ,paul9e ,borghese pass$ away l a summ] cl\d1 b ! ,v5us ,borghese rema9s4 ,! p]sonality ( ,c>d9al ,scipione ,borghese is pres]v$ 9 ! two magnific5t bu/s /ill /&+ 9 ! picture-gall]y ( ! ,cas9o4 ,x is difficult to believe t su* vitality z ,b]n9i has "h portray$ c\ld ev] h q fad$ f ! e>?1 & surely 8 gho/ mu/ at times return to ^! g>d5s ( 8 creation4 ,,la ,,b>caccia ,illu/ration ,,la ,,b>caccia ,at ! foot ( ! great /one /airway1 kn[n 9 ,italian z ,la ,scal9ata & 9 ,engli% z ! ,spani% ,/eps1 :i* leads d[n f ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti to ! ,piazza di ,spagna lies ! s+ul> f\nta9 call$ ,la ,b>caccia4 ,! design ( ?is f\nta9 is t ( a qua9tly conv5tionaliz$ boat1 fa/ s9k+ "u ! wat] :i* is p\r+ into x4 ,to ?is effect x owes its "n2 = 8b>ca10 be+ ! ,italian = boat1 & 8accia0 a t]m9ation ( opprobrium1 ,b>caccia means a wor?less boat4 ,! boat is suppos$ to commemorate an ev5t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! great flood ( #aeih4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day ( t ye> ! ,tib] rose to its highe/ record$ level4 ,all ?is "p ( ! city 0 subm]g$ to a dep? ( f sev5te5 to tw5ty-five feet2 & "h 9 ! ,piazza di ,spagna a boat drift$ a%ore1 gr\nd+ on t slope ( ! ,p9cian ,hill1 :i* is n[ cov]$ by ! ,spani% ,/eps4 ,= a long "t ! design ( ?is f\nta9 0 suppos$ to commemorate ?is ev5t1 & x is q possible t ?is may h be5 ! case4 ,/ill !re are o!r f\nta9s ( ?is design1 ! "w ( ,c>lo ,mad]no1 & z "o is 9 ! ,villa d',e/e at ,tivoli & ! o!r 9 ! ,villa ,aldobr&9i1 x is also q possible t ,c>lo ,mad]no & ! creator ( ! ,b>caccia may h _h yet ano!r idea :5 !y con/ruct$ _! /one boats ) a f\nta9 amid%ips & ly+ 9 bas9s n mu* l>g] ?an ! boats !mselves4 ,= ! ,romans ( ?is "t knew mu* & surmis$ /ill m ab\t ! my/]i\s boats ly+ at ! bottom ( ,lake ,nemi1 9 ! ,alban ,hills1 n m ?an sev5te5 miles di/ant f ,rome4 ,^! boats _h be5 discov]$ fir/ dur+ ! pontificate ( ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv1 & _h be5 r$iscov]$ 9 ,paul ,,iii's "t1 9 #aece1 or ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,c>lo ,mad]no employ$ ?is design = a f\nta94 ,at ea* date an attempt _h be5 made to raise ! boats1 b ^! ef=ts z well z all subsequ5t attempts prov$ unsuccessful4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aece measurem5ts _h be5 comput$ & _m objects belong+ to ! vessels _h be5 br\ght to ! surface to excite ! wond] & admiration ( ! ,roman _w4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! boats :5 once rais$ & float$ w\ld all b fill ! t9y lake4 ,! decks _h be5 made ( concrete & m>ble1 & amid%ips !re _h be5 f\nta9s ^: fall+ wat]s m+l$ ) ^? ( ! lake4 ,! my/]y surr\nd+ ! purpose & con/ruction ( ^? huge vessels is yet unsolv$1 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x /ill /irr$ m5's imag9ations ) all ! =ce ( fre% discov]y4 ,bo? ,mad]no & ,pietro ,b]n9i c\ld n h be5 ignorant ( x1 & !y mu/ h se5 ! exquisite bronzes & lead pipes be>+ ! /amp ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius :i* _h be5 deta*$ & br\ght up f ! sunk5 vessels4 ,! ,b>caccia f\nta9 is ! la/ "w ( ,pietro ,b]n9i1 ! fa!r ( ,lor5zo4 ,he _h be5 employ$ to br+ a bran* ( ! ,trevi ,wat] f its res]voir at ! head ( ! ,vicolo del ,bott9o z f> z ! foot ( ! ,p9cian ,hill 9 front ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti1 & ! f\nta9 done by ord] ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii 7#afbc-afdd7 0 ! adequate consummation ( t "w4 ,f :atev] cause he d]iv$ 8 inspiration1 8 design ( ! ,b>caccia f\nta9 is s admirably suit$ to its position t x expla9s & almo/ excuses ! popul> idea t ! f\nta9 0 made l[ 9 ord] n to obscure ! view ( ! ,spani% ,/eps4 ,a ref]5ce to dates at once %[s ! absurdity ( ?is la/ sugge/ion4 ,9 ! ,keats ,memorial ,h\se h>d by !re c be se5 an engrav+ by ,falda 7born 9 #afdj7 %[+ ,pietro ,b]n9i's complet$ f\nta9 aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! tree-plant$ slope ( ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,! f\nta9 0 f9i%$ be=e ! dea? ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 :i* occurr$ 9 #afdd1 & ! /eps 7 n begun until #agba1 n9e pontificates aft] t ( ,urban ,,viii4 ,on ! pr[ & /]n ( ! boat is c>v$ ! coat ( arras ( ! ,b>b]9i family1 = ,urban ,,viii 0 ! ,b>b]9i ,pope & ! f\nd] ( t family 9 ,rome4 ,?is pontiff1 ^: "* 0 a =midable comp\nd ( prie/1 /atesman1 w>rior1 & man ( lett]s1 delight$ 9 ! design ( ! f\nta94 ,pietro ,b]n9i _h plac$ cannon at ei!r end1 ?us mak+ 8 boat into a w>-vessel1 :]eupon ,urban ,,viii compos$ a ,lat9 di/i* 9 its praise3 8,bellica pontificum non fundit ma*9a flammas1 ,s$ dulcem1 belli qua p]it ignis1 aquam40 8,! w>-%ip ( ! prie/1 in/ead ( flames1 ,p\rs wat]1 & ! fire ( battle tames40 ,at bo? ends ( ! l>ge bas9 9 :i* ! boat /&s are long1 flat pieces ( trav]t9e4 ,^! are ! /epp+-/ones on :i* any "o us+ ! f\nta9 /&s :ile dipp+ up ! wat]4 ,! ,m>cia ,pia n[ supplies ! h\ses 9 ?is "p ( ! city1 b ! ,romans /ill pref] to dr9k ,trevi1 & ! /epp+-/ones are z mu* 9 use z !y 7 9 ! days :5 ,falda & o!r arti/s ( t p]iod engrav$ ?is f\nta91 plac+ 9 ! l[] bas9 figures ( m5 or wom5 9 ! act ( dipp+ up ! wat]4 ,?is qu>t] ( ,rome1 once a "p ( ! ,campus ,m>tius ( classical days1 has be5 = a long "t giv5 ov] to ! int]e/s ( ! ,am]ican & ,engli% colonies2 b = m ?an ?ree c5turies its =eign associations 7 *iefly ,fr5*4 ,urban ,,viii 0 9 _m ways a ,fr5* ,pope1 al?\gh he came ( a ,flor5t9e family4 ,z papal nuncio he _h sp5t _m ye>s & made _m p[]ful fri5ds at ! c\rts ( ,h5ry ,,iv & ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,9 ! conclave :i* elect$ him ,pope1 ,france op5ly & ard5tly support$ 8 claims4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,france he _h kn[n ,arm& du ,plessis1 :o 0 to become ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu4 ,! two great *ur*m5 w5t up ! ladd] ( pref]m5t side by side4 ,!y became1 z pope & c>d9al m9i/]1 respectively1 lifelong allies 9 _! tireless & successful ef=ts to humble ! dual p[] ( ,au/ria & ,spa91 :ile promot+ on ! "o h& ! pre/ige ( ,france & on ! o!r ! /ability ( ! ,papal ,see4 ,at ! accession ( ,urban ,,viii1 ,spa9 & ,au/ria held ! passes ( ! ,alps1 ?us dom9at+ ,europe & ?reat5+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,at ! close ( 8 pontificate1 ,france 0 rapidly becom+ ! fir/ ,cont95tal p[]1 & ! ,papal ,/ates _h rea*$ _! utmo/ limit ( t]ritorial expansion4 ,) 8 dea? ! ,fr5* influ5ce 9 papal politics rapidly decl9$1 b its arti/ic asc5d5cy /ill l+]$ on4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat] a c]ta9 ,fr5* g5tleman1 atta*$ to ! ,fr5* embassy at ,rome1 & nam$ ,eti5ne de ,guffi]1 left 9 8 w a sum ( money = ! con/ruction ( a great /one /airway :i* %\ld connect ! ,piazza ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* lay ! ,b>caccia f\nta91 ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti1 /&+ f> above1 on ! slope ( ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,?is g5tleman1 ( :om little is kn[n1 mu/ h be5 ! fri5d ( m ?an "o ( ! great ,fr5* arti/s :o 7 liv+ 9 ,rome contemporane\sly ) himself4 ,possibly ! spl5did project ( ! ,scal9ata 0 ! result ( long h\rs ( comrade%ip1 :5 he1 ) 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 wat*$ ! sunset f ! t]race :i* ,sixtus ,v _h plac$ be=e ! ,*ur* on ! ,hill1 or scrambl$ d[n ! tree-plant$ slope be=e x 9 ord] to rea* ! f\nta9 at its base4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,rome owes ?is mo/ di/9ctive ar*itectural feature ( papal times to ! imag9ation & g5]osity ( a ,fr5*man4 ,! two ,lat9 inscriptions ^u ! /eps are wor?y ( att5tion4,l ,! build+ ( ! /eps1 begun by ,aless&ro ,spec*i & complet$ by ,francesco de ,sanctis1 0 n und]tak51 z appe>s f ! inscription1 till sixty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,de ,guffi] & six pontificates lat] ?an t ( ,alex&] ,,vii 7,*igi71 9 :i* ,de ,guffi] di$4 ,by t "t ! ,spani% influ5ce _h reass]t$ itself to a m>k$ degree1 & z ! ,spani% embassy _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 a palace on ! we/]n side ( ! squ>e1 ! old "n ( ! ,piazza della ,tr9it de' ,monti gradually gave way to ! pres5t "n1 ,piazza di ,spagna4 ,& s f9ally ! great /one /airway1 ! gift ( a ,fr5*man 9 ! heyday ( ,fr5* influ5ce at ,rome1 came to be kn[n z ! ,spani% ,/eps4 ,yet1 aft] all1 ! p>am\nt association ) ! f\nta9 ( ! ,b>caccia is nei!r ,fr5* nor ,spani%1 b belongs pre-em95tly to ! ,engli%-speak+ race4 ,?is fanta/ic f\nta91 ) its commonplace backgr\nd & its limit$ view ( ! ,scal9ata1 =ms ! only outlook f ! w9d[s ( ! h\se 9 :i* ! poet ,keats sp5t ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( 8 life2 s t f ! position ( ?is h\se ! f\nta9 ( ! ,b>caccia is connect$ = all "t ) ! fate ( ! 8"y ,engli% poet0 :o lies buri$ n[ ^! _m ye>s 9 ! ,prote/ant cemet]y outside ! walls4 ,f ! w9d[s ( 8 n>r[ dea?-*amb] he wat*$ ! pla%+ wat]s 9 ! f\nta9 bel[ him1 :ile above 8 head ! bells 9 ! *ur*1 :i* he c\ld n see1 remorselessly rang out ! qu>t]-h\rs or toll$ = "s fell[ creature ! 8agonia10 or 8pass+ bell40 ,dur+ 8 h\rs ( li/lessness or fits ( sombre rage1 ?is pass+ ( "t & ( life 0 always 9 8 e>s1 z ! futile play ( ! wat] 0 always be=e 8 eyes4 ,x is n difficult to connect ! bells & ! f\nta9 ) ! bitt] epitaph writt51 by 8 own wi%1 above 8 grave3 8,"h lies "o ^: "n 0 writ 9 wat]40 ,,triton ,illu/ration ,,triton 8,h sight ( ,proteus ris+ f ! sea1 ,& he> old ,triton bl[ 8 wrea?d horn40 ,! exquisite l9es rise involunt>ily to ! lips z "o comes sudd5ly ^u ,b]n9i's old f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,tritone1 :i*1 /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! busie/ & mo/ prosaic ?or\ghf>es ( mod]n ,rome1 /ill keeps its own quality ( beauty & seems to weave ab\t itself ! en*antm5t ( ! _w ( fable4 ,roman art has creat$ _m ,tritons1 notably ! joy\s gr\p surr\nd+ ,galatea 9 ! ,f>nes9a ,palace1 b !re is ab\t ?is wat]-worn old figure su* di/9ction & su* emphasis ( life t he becomes ! prototype ( all 8 race4 ,he is ,il ,tritone4 ,triton bl[s 8 con*-%ell ) all 8 might z he kneels across ! h+e ( a wide-op5 scallop-%ell1 :i* is support$ on ! upturn$ tails ( ?ree dolph9s mass$ toge!r 9 ! middle ( a l>ge1 l[-ly+ bas94 ,! dolph9s' tails are twi/$ & fold$ ab\t l>ge papal keys--a ,b]n9i conceit :i*1 sugge/+ ,/4 ,pet] bo? z fi%]man & pontiff1 mu/ h delight$ ! ,pope4 ,! composition ( dolph9s1 keys1 & %ell is extraord9>ily ri* & h>moni\s4 ,triton1 kneel+ ^u ?is noble support is1 f ! wai/ upw>d1 a sev]ely simple figure1 almo/ unc\? & some:at out ( keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! design4 ,?is effect is entirely accid5tal4 ,x has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! ceaseless fl[ ( ! wat]1 :i* = two & a half c5turies has be5 ?r[n upw>d 9 a sl5d] jet ( great height1 return+ ^u itself ) su* precision t ,triton's face & %\ld]s h be5 worn & blurr$ into %apeless surfaces ( trav]t9e4 ,triton has suff]$ f a sculptor's po9t ( view1 b z a "w ( imag9ative art x is1 p]haps1 all ! bett] = ,nature's modell+4 ,! %apeless head & %\ld]s h 9 !m some?+ ( ! =mlessness & blurr$ masses ( ! elem5ts1 & ! wat]-creature becomes m real to ! imag9ation 9 proportion z he sugge/s--b does n entirely resemble--a man4 ,! entire design is on a colossal scale & has a dignity & h>mony r>ely to be f\nd 9 ,b]n9i's creations4 ,?is is because ! c5tral idea is ! only idea1 & no subsidi>y & fanta/ic inv5tions are pres5t$ to bewild] ! eye & bra94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,triton4 ,?is f\nta9 0 done by ,lor5zo ,b]n9i = ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,x /&s ne> ! ,b>b]9i ,*ur* ( ! ,capu*9s1 & 0 int5d$ to adorn ! approa* to ! ,palazzo ,b>b]9i4 ,?is ?ird ( ! trio ( ! great palaces ( ! nepotiz+ ,popes--,f>nese1 ,borghese1 & ,b>b]9i--0 built by ,urban ,,viii 9 ord] to inve/ 8 h\se ) an importance equal to t enjoy$ by ! families ( ,paul ,,iii & ,paul ,v4 ,z ! f\nta9 0 an adjunct ( ! palace1 x _h to be> ^u x 9 "s way ! emblem ( ! ,b>b]9i--! colossal bee--& ?is expla9s :y ,b]n9i unit$ ! curv+ bodies ( 8 dolph9s by escut*eons c>ry+ ?ree bees & ! papal arms4 ,ano!r f\nta91 contemporane\s ) ! ,triton1 once /ood 9 ?is same piazza1 at ! corn] ( ! ,via ,si/9a2 & ?is f\nta91 also made = ,urban ,,viii by ,b]n9i1 0 9 itself ! emblem ( ! ,b>b]9i1 = x repres5t$ m]ely a great %ell into :i* ! bees sp\t$ wat]4 ,9 "s way ?is second f\nta9 has disappe>$1 b ! piazza /ill rema9s ! ,b>b]9i qu>t] ( ! city2 & ! ,triton1 z well z ! magnific5t palace1 recalls ! days :5 ! p[] & rapacity ( t family br\ght ^u x ! un=gettable pasqu9ade3 8,:at ! ,b>b>ians sp>$1 ,! ,b>b]9i took40 ,,navona ,illu/ration ,,navona ,be=e ! g5ius ( ,valadi] m\ld$ ! isolat$ build+s & wa/e spaces ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo into a noble symmetry1 ! ,navona 0 consid]$ ! f9e/ & mo/ important piazza 9 ,rome4 ,9 l5g? & bread? x is a reproduction ( ! /adium ( ,domitian1 = ! h\ses1 *ur*es1 & palaces :i* l9e ! ,piazza ,navona are bas$ squ>ely ^u ! seats & corridors ( t old ,roman playgr\nd4 ,?is "p ( ! city1 n f> f ! ,pan!on or old ,ba?s ( ,agrippa1 is l[1 & x has always be5 easy to flood x ) wat]4 ,! anci5t ,romans 7 s ke5 = %[s ( e k9d t :5 ! great ,flavian amphi!atre 7! ,coliseum7 0 clos$ = repairs1 ,domitian f\nd x necess>y to provide a second place ( amusem5t :]e ! gladiatorial combats & ! nauma*i or sea fights c\ld g on )\t int]ruption4 ,x 0 a rule /rictly en=c$ "u ! empire t no "o c\ld op5 new ba?s 9 ! city )\t provid+ a fre% supply ( wat]4 ,some?+ m ?an a c5tury aft] ,domitian1 ,alex&] ,sev]us--hav+ br\ght ! ,acqua ,aless&r9a to ,rome--0 able to repair ,domitian's old /adium & to use x once m = ! nauma*i4 ,9 mod]n times !re does n appe> to h be5 any f\nta9 "h until ! pontificate ( ,gregory ,,xiii1 & at t "t ! passion = f\nta9-build+ 9 mod]n ,rome really began4 ,pius ,,iv1 ! ,pope la/ b "o prec$+ ,gregory ,,xiii1 _h repair$ ! old aqu$uct ( ! ,acqua ,virgo1 orig9ally br\ght to ! city by ,m>cus ,agrippa1 ! son-9-law ( ,augu/us1 s t t wat]1 :i* = a long "t _h be5 runn+ only int]mitt5tly 9 ! f\nta9 ( ,trevi1 c\ld n[ be obta9$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,x is impossible to ?r[ ,virgo ,wat] to any great height1 & ! f\nta9s ( ! ,piazza ,navona h _h to be con/ruct$ ) ref]5ce to ?is limitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,f\r ,riv]s4 ,! two end f\nta9s1 design$ = ,gregory ,,xiii by ,giacomo della ,porta1 are simply great bas9s ( ,porta ,santa m>ble /&+ 9 /ill l>g] ,c>r>a bas9s ( exactly ! same %ape & sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,! beauty ( ^! f\nta9s consi/s 9 _! elegant %ape1 ! f95ess ( ! m>ble1 & 9 _! air ( simple di/9ction4 ,! great bas9s hold ! limpid ,trevi ,wat] z a ,v5etian goblet holds w9e3 ! receptacle & t :i* x conta9s enhance ea* o!r's beauty1 & any fur!r decoration seems sup]flu\s & un=tunate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! ta/e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 at :i* "t !re 7 add$ ! v>i\s figures n[ cr[d+ ! upp] bas9 ( ! s\? f\nta94 ,on "o side ( ! piazza /&s ! f9e palace built = ,innoc5t ,x 7,pamphili1 #afdd-afee7 by ,ra9aldi4 ,x 0 occupi$ dur+ ! ,pope's lifetime by 8 si/]-9-law1 ,donna ,olympia ,maidal*9i1 :o1 = t p]iod1 became ! mo/ important p]son ( ! papal c\rt4 ,%e fill$ ! palace ) art treasures &1 9 ord] to make its ext]ior /ill m impos+1 ,b]n9i 0 commission$ to decorate della ,porta's f\nta91 :i* /ood directly 9 front ( ! palace4 ,! c5tral figure1 call$ ! ,moor1 0 modell$ by ,b]n9i himself1 & x 0 sculptur$ = him by ,gianantonio ,m>i4 ,x is 9 trav]t9e4 ,! ,c>r>a masques & m>9e creatures are by v>i\s pupils ( ,b]n9i4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! orig9als ( ^! side gr\ps1 :i* _h become badly disfigur$1 7 remov$ & replac$ by ^? ( ! pres5t day1 :i* 7 sculptur$ by ,amici aft] ! old models4 ,?is f\nta9 s9ce ,b]n9i's "t has be5 call$ ! f\nta9 ( ! ,moor4 ,! f\nta9 at ! o!r end w5t f ! e>lie/ times by ! "n ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,scald9o1 probably because ( ! %ape ( ! small vase 9 ! c5tre :i* resembl$ a classic scald9o or brazi]4 ,x c be se5 9 an engrav+ by ,piranesi1 = ! f\nta9 0 left undi/urb$ until ! close ( ! la/ c5tury :5 ! ,scald9o 0 remov$ & replac$ by ! figure ( ,neptune4 ,?is figure 0 c>v$ by ,bitta ,zappal f a model ( ,b]n9i's f\nd 9 ! ,villa ,montalto4 ,! figures ar\nd ! edge are ,zappal's own1 & !y z well z ! ,neptune are ( ,c>r>a4 ,all ?is w$d+-cake decoration has spoil$ ! orig9al effect ( della ,porta's "w1 & ! be/ t c n[ be said = ! side f\nta9s is t !y are 9 h>mony ) ! f\nta9 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ju/ice1 h[ev]1 to ! g5ius ( della ,porta & to ! ta/e ( an e>li] day1 an attempt %\ld be made to ?9k ( ^! f\nta9s )\t _! m mod]n excresc5ces4 ,x is a pity t ! ,roman municipality has f\nd x necess>y to surr\nd !m ) a high iron f5ce4 ,if ^! f\nta9s c\ld be left free l ! side f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza del ,popolo _! *>m c\ld be & w\ld be mu* bett] appreciat$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! piazza1 imm$iately opposite ! *ur*1 ,b]n9i erect$ = ,innoc5t ,x ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,f\r ,riv]s4 ,! obelisk ( r$ ,ori5tal granite :i* surm\nts x 0 br\ght f ! ,circus ( ,max5tius1 & tipp$ ) ! bronze dove & olive-bran*1 ! emblem ( ! ,pamphili family1 to :i* ,innoc5t ,x belong$4 ,b]n9i plac$ ! obelisk on f\r fly+ buttresses ( :ite granite1 cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! obelisk re/s ^u ! ar* ?us =m$1 & ! space b5ea? x is left z a grotto ) f\r op5+s4 ,?is gives ! obelisk ! appe>ance ( re/+ ^u no?+1 an effect :i* 0 greatly admir$ by ! arti/'s contempor>ies4 ,! bases ( ^! fly+ buttresses are broad5$ & flatt5$ s z to receive ! recumb5t figures ( f\r riv]-gods c>v$ 9 ,c>r>a4 ,!y repres5t respectively ! ,ganges1 ! ,nile1 ! ,danube1 & ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! obelisk & its base /& 9 ! c5tre ( a bas9 "s sev5ty-eight feet 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* is sunk into ! pavem5t1 & :i* receives ! wat] fl[+ f ! f\r rocky projections :]e ! riv]-gods lie4 ,b5ea? ! grotto additional jets ( wat] sp\t upw>d1 :ile a riv]-horse da%es furi\sly ?r\gh "o ar*way z if 9 t]ror ( a lion :i* is com+ out ( ano!r to dr9k ( ! wat] "u ! %ade ( a palm-tree cut 9 high relief aga9/ ! rocks4 ,on top ( "o ( ! rocks crawls a s]p5t1 & a mass ( cactus gr[s upw>d f beh9d "o ( ! riv]s4 ,9 ! l[] bas9 two mon/r\s trav]t9e fi% are disport+ !mselves 9 *>act]i/ic ,b]n9i contortions4 ,escut*eons be>+ ! arms ( ,innoc5t ,x 7?ree fleur-de-lis & a dove ) an olive-bran*7 ( c\rse are n want+4 ,all ?is sculpture is 9 trav]t9e4 ,?is f\nta9 has be5 call$ ,b]n9i's ma/]piece1 & x des]ves t title z an example ( ! utmo/ l5g? to :i* ! ,b]n9i idea ( arti/ic inv5tion c be c>ri$4 ,f an /hetic /&po9t x %[s bo? 9 execution & design ! faults & excesses into :i* he 0 l$ by 8 popul>ity1 & ! b\ndless f]tility ( 8 g5ius4 ,! extravagances & absurdities ( ?is f\nta9 & its debas$ execution ar\se curiosity bo? z to ! arti/ & to ! ta/e & "* ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury ,romans = :om x 0 erect$ & by :om x 0 s greatly admir$4 ,b]n9i came 9 ) ! sev5te5? c5tury & liv$ ?r\gh eighty ye>s ( x4 ,! pomp\s epitaph "u 8 bu/1 :i* is let into ! wall 9 ! ,palazzo ,m]c$e1 speaks no m ?an ! tru?4 ,pr9ces & popes did b5d be=e him1 f ,paul ,v1 :o recogniz$ 8 precoci\s g5ius1 to ,l\is ,,xiv1 :o entic$ him to ,p>is4 ,*>les ,i s5t 8 ,van ,dyck portraits to ,rome1 t ,b]n9i might use !m z guides 9 mak+ 8 portrait bu/ ( ! ,/u>t ,k+1 & ,urban ,,viii ?ank$ a graci\s ,provid5ce t ,b]n9i liv$ dur+ 8 pontificate4 ,8 j\rney to ,p>is 0 a triumphal progress4 ,! few cl\ds :i* m>r$ 8 long & prosp]\s day 7 due n to any wan+ ( popul> appreciation b to ! inevitable jeal\sy ( less =tunate m54 ,yet 8 be/ "w 0 done 9 8 y\? "u ! enlight5$ patronage ( ,paul ,v & ,urban ,,viii4 ,by ! "t ,innoc5t ,x 7a m$iocre man7 c\ld comm& 8 s]vices 8 faults _h obscur$ 8 g5ius1 & ! great days ( ,rome 7 def9itely ov]4 ,) ! dea? ( ,urban ,,viii1 ! ,pope imm$iately prec$+ ,innoc5t ,x1 ! la/ trace ( vigor\s arti/ic life _h disappe>$2 = z ! ,fr5* influ5ce 9 ! papal c\rt decl9$ & ! ,hapsburg ideas rega9$ & held ! asc5dancy spontane\s & free expression ( ?\ght & feel+ 7 rigor\sly repress$4 ,m5 7 made to live on ! surface ( ?+s1 & 9 proportion z !y became =mal & sup]ficial 9 !mselves !y dem&$ excitem5t & extravagance 9 _! art4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( ,b]n9i's imm5se success4 ,he 0 exactly fitt$ to 8 "t4 ,m5 want$ 8,s\nd & fury1 signify+ no?+10 & he gave x to !m 9 full measure4 ,9 ?is f\nta9 he /rove to produce ! effect ( a wild conc\rse ( wat]s4 ,he wi%$ to reproduce 9 /one ! tumult ( ! falls ( ,tivoli4 ,confusion1 rapidity ( movem5t1 & noise are ! qualities :i* he attempt$ to embody 9 8 sculpture4 ,t ! effect %\ld be ba?os & n gr&eur 0 inevitable4 ,! ideas :i* ,b]n9i /rove to express _c be portray$4 ,music is ! only arti/ic m$ium by :i* !y c be r5d]$1 & 9 look+ at ! ,b]n9i sculpture z well z ar*itecture x is impossible n to wi% t ?is arti/ ( su* und5iable g5ius & imm5se facility _h be5 a musician4 ,z ! compos] & int]pret] ( great brio music ,b]n9i might h giv5 no less pleasure to ! m5 ( 8 "t & h secur$ f po/]ity a k9dli] appreciation4,m ,b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury secul> music z an art 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 & x 0 inevitable t ,b]n9i %\ld express himself 9 sculpture1 or 9 ! 8froz5 music0 ( ar*itecture4 ,z ! ,borgo holds its memories ( ! ,borgias1 & ! ,via ,si/9a & its vic9ity recall ! p[] ( ,sixtus ,v1 & ! ,piazza di ,spagna ! v]satility ( ,urban ,,viii1 s ! ,piazza ,navona br+s back ! times ( ,innoc5t ,x4 ,! greate/ gift :i* ! ,pamphili family has left to ,rome is ! ,villa ,pamphili1 :i* 0 built by ! ,pope's nephew1 b "h 9 ! ,piazza ,navona /& ! ,pamphili ,palace1 ! ,collegio ,innoc5tium & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,agnes1 ^: new faade dates f 8 pontificate4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 lifetime t ! fe/as ( ! 8,lago ( ! ,piazza ,navona0 7 inaugurat$4 ,e ,sunday 9 ,july & ,augu/ ! outlets ( ! great c5tral f\nta9 7 /opp$ & ! wat] 0 p]mitt$ to flood ! entire piazza1 :i* 0 at t "t mu* l[] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,!n ! c>riages ( ! nobility & g5try drove ar\nd ! piazza1 ! wat] rea*+ up z f> z ! middle ( ! small] :eels4 ,! own]s ( ! h\ses & palaces invit$ fri5ds to witness ! spectacle f _! w9d[s1 refre%m5ts 7 s]v$1 & b&s ( music play$ on /&s erect$ at v>i\s p>ts ( ! piazza4 ,! fact t only p own+ c>riages c\ld drive 9 ! procession & t only ! inhabitants ( ! h\ses & palaces c\ld invite _! gue/s1 limit$ ! numb] & regulat$ ! quality ( ! p>ticipants 9 ^! curi\s pageants4 ,9 ! e>li] days mu* lic5se 0 p]mitt$1 & ! ent]ta9m5ts la/$ ?r\gh ! night1 b 9 ,clem5t ,,xiii's "t1 or ab\t #agfj1 ! numb] ( h\rs 0 curtail$4 ,) ! r++ ( ! ,ave ,m>ia ! piazza 0 dra9$ & ! wat]s once m conf9$ to ! bas9 ( ,b]n9i's ,f\nta9 ( ! ,f\r ,riv]s4 ,^! h>mless midsumm] c>nivals :i* came to an end dur+ ! pontificate ( ,pope ,pius ,,ix 7 z mu* reli%$ by ! ,romans z 7 ! nauma*i held f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s e>li] 9 ! same place4 ,,trevi ,illu/ration ,,trevi ,"o hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s aft] ,agrippa br\ght ! ,acqua ,virgo into ,rome ! ,emp]or ,n]va appo9t$ z commission] ( ! wat]-works ( ! city a man ( extraord9>y integrity & en]gy :o 0 possess$ ( _m accompli%m5ts & _h _h a long tra9+ 9 ! practical exp]i5ce ( gov]nm5t & w>4 ,=tunately = po/]ity1 he 0 able to write z well z gov]n1 & 9 8 book1 8,! ,wat] ,supply ( ! ,city ( ,rome10 a copy ( :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o = m ?an ?irte5 c5turies1 !re is an acc\nt1 true beyond ! %ad[ ( d\bt1 ( ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! ,trevi ,wat]4 ,front9us says t ! wat] 0 %[n to "s ,roman soldi]s by a "y maid5 :o guid$ !m to ! spr+s ne> h] fa!r's home1 t a small temple 0 erect$ ne> ! spr+s conta9+ a picture ( ! incid5t1 & t ! "n ( ,virgo1 or maid51 :i* /ill endures1 commemorates ! ev5t4 ,agrippa at once br\ght ! wat] to ,rome & its delightful purity z well z its abundance mu/ h giv5 x imm$iate popul>ity4 ,suetonius relates t ab\t ?is "t ! ,romans compla9$ to ,augu/us ( ! exp5se & sc>city ( w9e1 :]eupon ! ,emp]or s5t ^w to !m t 8 son-9-law1 ,agrippa1 _h suffici5tly provid$ = _! ?ir/ by ! ample supply ( wat] :i* he _h br\ght to ,rome4 ,! spr+s ( ! ,virgo rise 9 ! valley ( ! ,anio & are n m ?an eighty feet above sea-level4 ,!y are on l& :i* once belong$ to ,lucullus4 ,! vet]an adv]s>y ( ,mi?radates1 :o _h suff]$ all ! privations ( f>-ea/]n w>f>e1 knew f p]sonal exp]i5ce ! imm5se value ( pure & abundant wat]4 ,x is n improbable t he 0 aw>e ( 8 priceless possession & t he kept x = 8 own private use dur+ ^? ye>s ( 8 peaceful old age pass$ 9 8 g>d5s on ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,:51 a g5]ation aft] ,lucullus's dea?1 ,agrippa con/ruct$ ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct he br\ght x und]gr\nd ?r\gh ! old g>d5s ( ,lucullus to a res]voir b5ea? ! hill1 & f !re ! wat] 0 c>ri$ to ! ,campus ,m>tius1 & !nce di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! city1 ^: g>d5s & f\nta9s x /ill supplies4 ,cassiodorus1 prime m9i/] to t ,go?ic ,k+1 ,!odoric1 :o1 f #dic to #ebf1 gov]n$ ! ,romans ) su* extraord9>y sympa?y & intellig5ce1 felt = ! ,virgo ,wat] ! admiration & love ( a v]itable ,roman4 ,! true orig9 ( ! "n _h already be5 =gott51 & ,cassiodorus supposes t 8,virgo's /ream is s pure t ! "n1 accord+ to common op9ion1 is d]iv$ f ! fact t ^? wat]s are nev] sulli$1 s9ce1 :ile all ! o!rs give evid5ce ( ! viol5ce ( ra9-/orms by ! turgidity ( _! wat]s1 ,virgo alone ev] ma9ta9s h] purity40 ,x 0 q a natural supposition1 = ! ,virgo ,wat] has nev] _h a filt]+ or settl+ res]voir4 ,^? :o h ! good =tune to dr9k x receive x f its ,roman f\nta9s exactly z x comes f its spr+s on ! ,via ,collat9a4 ,?is aqu$uct 0 cut (f f ! city 9 #ecg by ! ,go?s & ,burgundians1 &1 ?\gh 9 ! same ye> ,belis>ius re/or$ ! aqu$ucts ( ,claudius & ,trajan1 ! ,virgo seems to h rema9$ entirely unus$ = ! next two hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! popes 7 n suffici5tly p[]ful to und]take any great public works1 b :5 ,*>lemagne visit$ ,rome 9 #ggh he gave ! ne$$ support to ! head ( ! *ur*1 & !reaft] ! popes began ! re/oration & ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,roman aqu$ucts4 ,! ,virgo 0 re/or$ 9 #addg by ,ni*olas ,v1 9 ^: pontificate ,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by ! ,turks & ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses began 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 a great ,pope & repair$ ! aqu$uct s ?or\ghly t x rema9$ 9 use = ?irty ye>s4 ,!re mu/ always h be5 a ma9 f\nta9 = ! ,virgo ,wat]1 b ! records ( ! mod]n 8,f\nta9 ( ,trevi0 beg9s ) ! f\nta9 :i* ,vas>i says 0 rebuilt by ,ni*olas ,v's ar*itect1 ,leon ,bati/a ,alb]ti4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ! aqu$uct 0 aga9 re/or$ & ! f\nta9 enl>g$ by 8,! ,great ,build]10 ,sixtus ,,iv4 ,!n occurs a p]iod ( v>i\s vicissitudes1 & f9ally1 9 #aegj1 ,pius ,v re/or$ ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct effectively & rebuilt ,sixtus ,,iv's f\nta91 mak+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! 8old ,trevi f\nta940 ,?is f\nta9 /ood n :]e ! pres5t "o /&s1 b to ! we/ ( x1 9 ! little ,piazza ,santa ,crocif]e4 ,! old engrav+s %[ x to h be5 a huge semicircul> pool into :i* ! wat] p\r$ f ?ree great ap]tures made 9 massive /one pi]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure ( 8,neptune0 9 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,trevi4 ,! "n ( ,trevi is suppos$ by "s writ]s to be d]iv$ f ^! ?ree /reams ( wat]--?ree ways1 ,trevie2 b !re is m reason to believe t ! f\nta9 took its "n f ! m$ival "n ( t qu>t] ( ! city--,regione ,trevi1 f trevium1 because ( ?ree roads :i* conv]ge ne> ! pres5t ,piazza ( ,trevi4 ,sixtus ,,iv _h con/ruct$ ne> ! f\nta9 a l>ge public wa%+-tr\gh1 & ! :ole composition 0 extremely simple & practical4 ,! ,rome ( ,sixtus ,v & ,paul ,v became too sumptu\s = ! old f\nta91 & z e>ly z #afbe plans 7 made = its recon/ruction4 ,! ,b>b]9i ,pope1 ,urban ,,viii1 _h 8 own ideas ( magnific5ce2 he propos$ to *ange ! f\nta9 f its old site to its pres5t position aga9/ ! s\!rn faade ( ! great ,poli ,palace2 & ,b]n9i made = him "s beautiful sket*es = ! new ma/]piece4 ,urban ,,viii /ripp$ ! portico ( ! ,pan!on ( its bronze & also c>ri$ (f a "p ( ! base ( ! tomb ( ,cecilia ,metella1 propos+ to con/ruct 8 f\nta9 out ( ^! mat]ials4 ,! ,roman p1 ^: love = _! own antiquities 0 con/antly gr[+1 %[$ su* indignation :5 ! ,pope's project became kn[n t ,urban 0 actually oblig$ to ab&on 8 s*eme1 & x 0 n until elev5 pontificates aft] 8 "t t ! "w on ! new f\nta9 0 really begun4 ,!n x 0 intru/$ to ! ar*itect ,niccolo ,salvi by ,clem5t ,,xii 7,cors9i1 #agcj-agdj71 & aft] ! dea? ( ?is pontiff & 8 successor1 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 & elev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,salvi himself1 ! f\nta9 0 at la/ f9i%$4 ,?is 0 9 #agfb1 "u ,clem5t ,,xiii 7,rezzonico1 #ageh-agfi74 ,niccolo ,salvi _h succumb$ prematurely to ! h>d%ips ( 8 task4 ,! con/ruction ( ! f\nta9 necessitat$ sp5d+ mu* "t 9 ! subt]ranean *amb]s ( ! ,virgo ,aqu$uct1 & ?is _h prov$ fatal to ,salvi's heal?4 ,! tomb ( ,cecilia ,metella 0 nev] aga9 attack$1 & !re is no bronze 9 ! pres5t f\nta92 9 o!r respects ! great s*eme ( ,urban ,,viii 0 reviv$4 ,! f\nta9 0 plac$ aga9/ ! ,poli ,palace1 & ,salvi us$ = ! sculptural "p ( ! f\nta9 ,b]n9i's beautiful designs4 ,s sev]e a critic z ,francesco ,milizia decl>es t ?is f\nta9 is ju/ly consid]$ to be ! be/ "w produc$ 9 ,rome dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has elicit$ extravagant praise f o!r au?orities1 & 9 lat] times "s adv]se criticism4 ,x has be5 wov5 into _m ( ! romances connect$ ) ,rome1 & until q rec5tly !re 7 few ,am]ican & ,engli% visitors to ! ,et]nal ,city :o left h] )\t pay+ a moonlight visit to ,trevi1 !re to toss a co9 into ! wat] :ile !y drank to _! c]ta9 return4 ,romans ( ! eighte5? c5tury (t5 saw ,alfi]i1 ! tragic dramati/1 cr\*$ beside ! f\nta91 lo/ 9 a day-dream evok$ by ! tumult & beauty ( ! wat]2 & x is record$ t ! day aft] ,mi*elangelo's dea? !re 0 f\nd 9 8 h\se no w9e :atev]1 b five j>s ( wat]1 presumably ! ,trevi1 z x 0 ! only pure dr9kable wat] 9 ,rome4 ,! ,trevi f\nta9 has become a feature 9 ! city's life4 ,x is ! *ief f\nta9 ( ! "o wat] :i* mod]n ,rome inh]its directly f h] great pa/4 ,! f\nta9 consi/s ( a va/ semicircul> bas91 sunk s f> bel[ ! level ( ! pavem5t t x is necess>y to desc5d a flight ( /eps 9 ord] to /& beside x4 ,?is device1 :i* 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! l[ head ( ! wat]1 is excell5t f an /hetic view-po9t1 z ! spectator1 be+ on a diff]5t grade f ! piazza & its surr\nd+s1 feels t he is 9 ano!r _w & is able to =get ! city & give 8 entire att5tion to ! sc5e be=e him4 ,look+ up1 he sees a great l$ge ( brok5 rock1 ov] :i* ! wat] p\rs 9 _m /reams & wat]falls1 disappe>+ & reappe>+ among ! rocks l a v]itable m\nta9 torr5t4 ,! ma9 /ream desc5ds 9 a s]ies ( ?ree q lovely cascades1 _! semicircul>-%ap$ bas9s be+ prototypes ( ! great l[] bas91 into :i* all ev5tually fl[4 ,_! edges are smoo?1 z if !y _h be5 wat]-worn1 & ! =ce ( ! wat] fe$+ !m is s great t x boils & ro>s among masses ( brok5 rock z x does 9 a natural wat]fall4 ,above all ?is f9ely simulat$ wildness rises ! ornate gr\p ( ,neptune rid+ 9 a *>iot made ( an enorm\s sea-%ell & drawn by two sea-horses4 ,! horses are plac$ well to ea* side ( ! c5tral cascades1 & ! gr\p is t]m9at$ by ,tritons :o are re/ra9+ ! onw>d da% ( ! horses & are bl[+ con*es4 ,! backgr\nd or frame-"w to ?is sc5e ( commotion & tumult is ! highly f9i%$ conv5tional faade ( a ,roman palace2 ,neptune issues =? n f a rocky cav]n b f a ,r5aissance tribune con/ruct$ ) f\r ,ionic pill>s & a ri*ly c>v$ ro(1 on ! frieze ( :i* runs ! foll[+ inscription3 ,,clem5s ,,xii ,,pont ,,max ,,aqvam ,,v]g9em ,,copia ,,et ,,salvbritate ,,comm5datam ,,cvltv ,,magnifico ,,ornavit ,,anno ,,dom9o ,,mdccxxxv ,,pontif3 ,,vi ,pope ,clem5t ,,xii deck$ out ) magnific5t ornam5t ! aqu$uct ( ! ,maid51 :i* is recomm5d$ = its pl5te\s fl[ & = ! heal?ful qualities ( its wat]4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l #agce1 & ( ,clem5t's pontificate ! six?4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is tribune ! palace wall breaks into ni*es conta9+ /atues1 "o ( ,abundance1 ! o!r ( ,heal?2 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by tall columns are panels depict+ 9 high relief ! discov]y ( ! wat] & ! con/ruction ( ! aqu$uct4 ,beyond ^! sculptures ! w9d[s & balconies ( ! palace frankly make _! appe>ance4 ,no?+ c\ld be m incongru\s & artificial4 ,! design is "o :i* dem&s a backgr\nd z an integral "p ( ! composition1 b ?is backgr\nd has absolutely no connection ) ! f\nta91 except ! purely physical connection ( juxtaposition4 ,neptune %\ld be appe>+ f "s sea cave1 worn 9 /raight1 /eep cliffs l ! cliffs at ,sorr5to4 ,! ar*itect :o c\ld s skilfully mass ^! rocky l$ges & dispose ^! /reams & cascades c\ld h design$ q z well /one palisades & grottos2 b ! f\nta9 belongs to an age :i* play$ 8,macbe?0 9 p]iwig & ruffles1 & x rema9s a magnific5t example ( ! ta/e ( t p]iod4 ,,piazza ,,del ,,popolo ,illu/ration ,,piazza ,,del ,,popolo ,! f\nta9s 9 ! ,piazza del ,popolo %\ld n be consid]$ z individual creations2 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z p>ts ( an ar*itectural composition :i* includes ! piazza z a :ole--its %ape1 dim5sions1 & location1 & ! build+s :i* surr\nd x4 ,?is composition is ! "w ( ! di/+ui%$ ,roman ar*itect ,giuseppe ,valadi]1 ^: life lay )9 ! la/ ?irty-eight ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/ ?ree decades ( ! n9ete5?4 ,8 bu/ /&s 9 ! place ( honor on ! ,p9cian2 t is1 x /&s at ! end ( & fac+ ! long1 broad drive call$ ! ,passeggiata1 :i* beg9s on ! t]race be=e ! ,villa ,m$ici & runs nor?w>d along ! we/]n cre/ ( ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,valadi] _h be5 papal ar*itect "u ,pius ,,vi & ,pius ,,vii1 & he _h laid out = ,napoleon ! public g>d5s ( ! ,p9cian4 ,up to t "t mo/ ( t l& _h belong$ to ! ,augu/9ian monks ^: conv5t /&s bel[ ! hill1 close to ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo4 ,x has be5 _! v9ey>d1 & ! /ory goes t x 0 :ile he 0 walk+ 9 ?is v9ey>d t ,valadi] got 8 fir/ conception ( :at he might make out ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,illu/ration ,/&+ on ! br[ ( ! hill1 f :i* is obta9$ ! incomp>able view ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at sunset1 ,valadi] look$ d[n ^u ! ,piazza del ,popolo z ,piranesi _h engrav$ x 9 8 "t 7#agbj-aggh74 ,a some:at %apeless area ( flat gr\nd /ret*+ 9 an indet]m9ate way we/w>d f ! base ( ! ,p9cian ,hill1 x seem$ to be only ! deb\*m5t ( ! ?ree great ?or\ghf>es runn+ into x f ! he>t ( ! city4 ,! tw9 *ur*es /&+ "o on ei!r side ( ! ,corso1 ! c5tre ?or\ghf>e1 7 ! *ief ar*itectural features on ! s\? side1 :ile on ! nor? side ran ! city wall & ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ! ,p4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is area /ood ! obelisk z x /&s to-day1 plac$ !re by ,sixtus ,v 9 #aehi1 & ) a s+le f\nta9 at its foot--a huge bas9 c>v$ by ,dom5ico ,fontana out ( "o solid block ( m>ble tak5 f ! ru9s ( ,aurelian's ,temple ( ! ,sun4 ,! wat] supply+ ?is f\nta9 0 ! ,acqua ,trevi1 ! same :i* fills ! f\nta9s ( ! pres5t day4 ,su* 0 ! ,piazza del ,popolo z ,valadi]'s eyes beheld x1 b at t po9t :]e ! ,aurelian wall is pi]c$ by ! ,porta del ,popolo 7! old ,flam9ian ,gate7 he saw some?+ else3 ,he saw ! end ( ! ,flam9ian ,way--! great highroad lead+ directly f ! nor?4 ,& at t po9t ! actual fad$ away1 & to ,valadi] !re came a vision4 ,he saw ! ,piazza del ,popolo z ! magnific5t & adequate ante*amb] to ,rome4 ,he saw x approa*$ by ?is great highroad :i*1 fir/ skirt+ ! %ore ( ! ,adriatic1 !n trav]s+ ! bread? ( ,italy & ! wat]%$ ( ! ,app59es1 desc5ds !nce to ! we/]n slopes ( ,m\nt ,soracte &1 cross+ ! ,ponte ,molle1 comes all ! way to ,rome f f>-(f ,arim9um1 or ,rim9i1 ! ,roman =tress & fronti] t[n on ! ,adriatic--two hundr$ & tw5ty miles di/ant--& ! key to ,cisalp9e ,gaul4 ,d[n ?is road1 :i* is b a cont9uation ( ! /ill great] ,via ,emilia1 h come all ! nor!rn fri5ds & all ! nor!rn foes ( ,rome4 ,o!r eyes ?an ,valadi]'s c see t procession4 ,b>b>ian invad]s & imp]ial armies h cov]$ all ! c\ntryside l sw>ms ( locu/s--! progress ( mo/ ( !m m>k$ by burn+ f>ms & plund]$ villages4 ,9 quiet] times !re h come pilgrim ho/s & companies ( m]*ants2 & travell+ s*ol>s1 & arti/s 8) he>ts on fire0 = ,rome2 also ambassadors & =eign prelates1 exiles & p5it5ts1 great bridal processions l ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria's 9 #aecg1 fun]al pageants1 b&it troops1 fugitives ( e type1 b>e-legg$ fri>s 7among !m a ,lu!r71 soldi]s ( =tune1 & ,engli% noblem5 9 travell+ c>riages ) po/ilions2 e sort & condition ( man :om ! nor? has s5t =? to ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,d[n ?is ,flam9ian ,road !y came1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,flam9ian ,gate1 & receiv$ _! fir/ impression ( ,rome "h 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius--! mod]n ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,valadi] liv$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,fir/ ,empire1 :5 ! %ock ( *ange & ( contra/ quick5$ ev5 ! mo/ =mal imag9ation4 ,he came d[n f 8 8m\nt ( vision0 & design$ ! noble & f9ely proportion$ piazza ( ! pres5t day4 ,he =m$ ! va/ & slov5ly-%ap$ piece ( gr\nd into a /ately ellipse1 ^: broadly curv+ ends1 made ( ,roman brick & trav]t9e1 ornam5t$ by sph9xes & allegorical figures1 become ! reta9+ walls ( ! t]rac$ g>d5s at _! re>1 s t ^! long reta9+ walls seem cop$ by a l9e ( gli/5+ gre5 foliage4 ,on ! side ( ! ,p9cian ,hill ! grass & trees ( ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s rise 9 f\r ti]s ( t]races1 high aga9/ ! sky4 ,beh9d ! reta9+ wall1 opposite ! ,p9cian1 ! tall cypresses scre5 ! new city :i* /ret*es (f t[>d ! ,tib]4 ,a beautiful small semicircul> bas91 ) a %ell-l upp] bas91 /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^! curv+ ends4 ,!y might be call$ decorative key/ones to recumb5t ar*es4 ,! wat] gu%es ?r\gh ! reta9+ walls :i* =m _! backgr\nd & falls betwe5 ! convolutions ( ! %ell 9 a fr+e ( /eady1 sl5d] /reams4 ,x has be5 truly said t ! eighte5? c5tury did n die ) ! close ( ! ye> #agii4 ,x l+]$ on ?r\gh ! fir/1 & m ?an ! fir/1 decade ( ! c5tury :i* foll[$4 ,valadi] rema9$ an eighte5?-c5tury ar*itect to ! end ( 8 life4 ,?is is mo/ app>5t 9 ! ,piazza del ,popolo1 8 "w ( wide/ scope & free/ fancy & ! product ( 8 mo/ mature tal5t4 ,elegance1 proportion1 & =mality are ! qualities on :i* ,valadi] relies4 ,8 composition is simple1 poli%$1 & =mal1 & ! note ( affectation +ra9$ 9 ! art ( t p]iod is giv5 9 ! ,egyptian "* ( "s ( ! ornam5ts & accessories4 ,?is "* 0 und\bt$ly sugge/$ by ! obelisk1 b x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t _m ar*ological rema9s ( ,egyptian orig9 h be5 discov]$ 9 ?is "p ( ,rome4 ,! allegorical gr\ps plac$ beh9d ! f\nta9s repres5t on ! side ( ! ,p9cian ! god ,m>s 9 full armor1 support$ by ! riv]-gods ,anio & ,tib]1 ea* ) 8 respective emblem1 "o ( ! emblems belong+ to ! ,tib] be+ ! figure ( ,m]cury1 ! god ( trade4 ,on ! side t[>d ! riv] ! gr\p repres5ts ,neptune betwe5 two ,tritons4 ,^! gr\ps are by ,valadi]1 & _! mass ( elaborate detail proves an admirable foil to ! f\nta9s b5ea?1 :i* 9 _! great simplicity are among ! v lovelie/ 9 ,rome4 ,small :ite m>ble sph9xes1 said to be made out ( blocks ( ,greek m>ble1 f\nd "u ! sea at ! "t t ! bronze vase ( ,mi?radates 9 ! ,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori 0 discov]$1 m>k ! desc5d+ grades along ! curv+ wall1 &1 z might be expect$1 /atues ( ! f\r seasons adorn its f\r t]m9al pi]s4 ,^! conv5tional figures are ! "w ( v>i\s & n[ little kn[n arti/s ( ,valadi]'s "t or lat]4 ,! effect ( ,valadi]'s creation has be5 some:at m>r$ by ! huge monum5t to ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel ,i ( ,italy4 ,?is pond]\s & ta/eless masonry rises 9 a s]ies ( ?ree ti]s1 plac$ "o above ! o!r1 aga9/ ! ,p9cian ,hill1 & makes a h>d & artificial backgr\nd to ! f\nta9s 9 ! squ>e4 ,besides be+ f> less attractive ?an ! gre5 turf & liv+ foliage1 ?is monum5t is q out ( proportion to all its surr\nd+s4 ,x occupies ! place :]e ,valadi] _h int5d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to con/ruct a va/ f\nta91 :i* 0 to rise 9 v>i\s jets on ! summit ( ! hill n[ bord]$ by ! esplanade & balu/rade1 & desc5d 9 cascades f t]race to t]race until x ga9$ ! level ( ! piazza4 ,! s*eme 0 ab&on$ = lack ( wat]4 ,only ! aqu$ucts ( imp]ial ,rome c\ld h furni%$ ! am\nt requir$ = su* a f\nta94 ,! design 0 mo/ impos+1 b x is possible t ,valadi] himself may h rel9qui%$ x will+ly4 ,he 0 ke5ly alive to ! beauty ( proportion1 & ! monum5t to 8,il ,re ,galantuomo0 %[s h[ incongru\s a ,niag>a w\ld h be5 amid su* circumscrib$ & highly f9i%$ surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,piazza del ,popolo f ! ,we/4 ,:5 ! "t came to c>ry out ,valadi]'s design = ! f\nta9s ab\t ! obelisk1 ,dom5ico ,fontana's massive old bas9 0 remov$ f its position on ! s\? side ( t monum5t & plac$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio1 n[ ! public g>d5s on ! ,janiculum4 ,!n ! l[ /one t]race ) its five /eps 0 built ar\nd ! base ( ! obelisk1 & ! f\r corn]s ( ?is t]race 7 m>k$ by m9iature pyramids ( sev5 /eps1 ! top ( ea* pyramid support+ an ,egyptian lioness c\*ant c>v$ ( ,c>r>a4 ,! wat] gu%es 9 a copi\s fan-%ap$ /ream f ! m\?s ( ^! bea/s & falls into f\r massive trav]t9e bas9s1 ea* bas9 set s close aga9/ ! base ( its pyramid t ! l[] /eps ( ! pyramid project well ov] a portion ( ! bas9's rim4 ,! task ( provid+ a mod]n ar*itectural sett+ to an ,egyptian obelisk is probably an impossible "o4 ,x mu/ be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t ,valadi]1 :ile n a*iev+ ! impossible1 did succe$ 9 produc+ a design :i* enhances ! dignity & importance ( ! obelisk1 consid]$ z ! c5tral ar*itectural feature 9 a ,roman squ>e4 ,m ?an ?is c\ld n be expect$1 & z mu* z ?is has n be5 a*iev$ by any o!r ar*itect4 ,! obelisk on ,monte ,cavallo is 9 no way affect$ by ! objects gr\p$ ab\t x4 ,x is z utt]ly deta*$ f ! ,roman f\nta9 & ! ,greek /atues at its base z ?\gh x /ood by itself at ,alex&ria4 ,b]n9i's extravaganzas1 9 :i* ! ,egyptian symbol ( ! my/]y ( life becomes ! mean+less c5trepiece = a banal f\nta91 h long ceas$ to give pleasure4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! obelisk 0 altoge!r pleas+ to ! anci5t ,romans4 ,!y c\ld n fail to admire its au/]e dignity & /r5g?1 & !y reg>d$ x z ! insignia ( supreme p[]1 human or div9e4 ,roman ,emp]ors f ,augu/us onw>d con/antly import$ !m to ,rome to celebrate a victory1 to adorn a circus1 or to place 9 pairs1 "o on ei!r side ( ! entrance to a tomb4 ,b :5 ! ,romans re-erect$ an obelisk1 :e!r 9 ,rome1 9 ,egypt1 or 9 ,con/ant9ople1 !y frequ5tly1 if n always1 rais$ ! monoli? a p]ceptible di/ance above ! pl9? ( ! base4 ,on ! f\r corn]s ( ?is pl9? !y plac$ a bronze crab--"o ( ! emblems ( ,apollo--or1 z 9 ,con/ant9ople1 a squ>e ( metal1 & ! obelisk itself re/$ ^u ^!1 daylight be+ di/9ctly visible betwe5 ! obelisk & its base4 ,! crabs 7 fix$ into ! pl9? ( ! base by huge bronze d[els1 & o!r d[els ran up into ! f\r corn]s ( ! obelisk1 hold+ x 9 place4 ,! obelisk 9 ,new ,york1 its mate 9 ,london1 ! l>g] ,con/ant9ople obelisk1 & ! ,vatican obelisk 7 all re-erect$ by ! ,romans 9 t way4 ,op9ions diff] z to ! reason = ?is dep>ture f ! orig9al ,egyptian me?od1 b ! decorative effect ( ?is bold b simple device is at once app>5t4 ,x is obvi\s t an obelisk m\nt$ 9 ?is way l5ds itself m easily to ali5 ar*itectural surr\nd+s4 ,?is obelisk ( ! ,piazza del ,popolo 0 br\ght to ,rome by "y ,octavius1 aft]w>d ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 to honor 8 victory ov] ,m>k ,antony at ! battle ( ,actium1 ,b4 ,c4 #ca4 ,octavius believ$ t he ow$ 8 triumph to ,apollo2 & ?is obelisk erect$ by an ,egyptian mon>* ( ! ,x,i,xth dyna/y be=e ! great temple 9 ,heliopolis1 ! city ( ! sun1 seem$ an altoge!r appropriate trophy4 ,octavius erect$ x 9 ! ,circus ,maximus1 :]e x /ood ?r\gh\t ! greate/ days ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,b ! fate ( ! ,roman obelisks _h ov]tak5 x at "s "t1 = :5 ,dom5ico ,fontana sugge/$ to ,sixtus ,v to remove x to its pres5t position x 0 ly+ brok5 9 ?ree pieces "u masses ( rubbi% on ! site ( ! old ,circus4 ,!re is no inscription ^u ! f\r f\nta9s ( ! lionesses4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ solely z adjuncts ar*itecturally suitable to ! obelisk1 ! int]e/ ( :i* mu/ transc5d all m9or annals4 ,9 develop+ 8 design = ! ,piazza del ,popolo4 ,valadi] _h to consid] & amalgamate ! ar*itectural features ( _m previ\s g5]ations2 = "h 9 ! ,piazza del ,popolo are gr\p$ ! works ( a great numb] ( ,roman ar*itects--m5 ( ! v fir/ di/9ction 9 _! own "t & :o h left ! impr9t ( _! indu/ry or g5ius ^u a l>ge "p ( mod]n ,rome4 ,baccio ,p9telli1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,vignola1 ,c>lo ,fontana1 ,ra9aldi1 & ,b]n9i 7 at "w "h 9 ! c5turies prec$+ ,valadi]1 b to ?is la/ 0 giv5 an opportunity ( comb9+ ! pa/ ) ! works ( 8 own creation1 su* z _h n fall5 to ! lot ( any o!r ,roman ar*itect s9ce ! days :5 ,mi*elangelo remodell$ ! ,capitol4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 all t "p ( ,rome :i* lies betwe5 ! ,flam9ian ,gate & ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,luc9a on ! ,corso 0 almo/ devoid ( human habitation & giv5 ov] entirely to or*>ds & g>d5s4 ,?is condition /ill prevail$ :5 ,sixtus ,,iv 7#adga-adhd7 demoli%$ ! old ,flam9ian ,gate1 ?r\gh :i*1 "s five hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ! ,s>ac5s _h captur$ ,rome4 ,he did ?is 9 ord] to build ! mod]n ,porta del ,popolo4 ,x 0 by way ( ?is ,porta del ,popolo t ,*>les ,,viii ( ,france ent]$ ! city on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #adie1 ) ! mo/ impos+ & brilliant =ce ( arms :i* mod]n ,rome _h ev] beheld4 ,at ?ree o'clock on ! w9t]'s aft]noon1 ! great gates op5$ to receive !m1 & x 0 n9e at night be=e !y c\ld close4 ,= six h\rs ! great procession m>*$ d[n ! ,corso1 & :5 d>kness fell tor*es & flambeaus 7 light$ & held al(t by ! m>*+ troops4 ,! advance-gu>d ( ,swiss & ,g]mans 0 foll[$ by five ?\s& ,gascons1 small ( /ature & v agile1 l ! b]sagli]i ( ! pres5t day4 ,!n came ! cavalry1 tw5ty-five hundr$ cuirassi]s f ! ,fr5* nobility1 all array$ 9 silk mantles & gold5 coll>s1 & ea* knight foll[$ by 8 squire & grooms lead+ ?ree additional horses4 ,!n m cavalry1 & f9ally f\r hundr$ ar*]s1 ( :om "o hundr$ 7 ,scot*4 ,^! la/ =m$ ! body-gu>d ( ! ,k+1 :o rode surr\nd$ by two hundr$ ( ! greate/ ( 8 nobles2 & among ^! came ,c>d9al ,giuliano della ,rov]e1 aft]w>d ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 at t "t papal legate to ,france & ! mo/ implacable enemy ( ! ,pope ^: t]ritory !y 7 invad+4 8,! ,k+10 wrote ,brantme1 80 9 full armor2 lance on ?igh z ?\gh prick+ t[>d a foe4 ,rid+ ?us 9 full & furi\s ord] ( battle1 trumpet s\nd+1 drums a-beat+10 ! rattle & rumble ( ! artill]y br++ up ! re>1 ,*>les made 8 way to ! ,palazzo di ,v5ezia1 :5ce he issu$ 8 edicts & gave 8 ord]s1 :ile 8 army1 ) all its network ( s5tries & pickets1 occupi$ ! city z ?\gh x 7 ,p>is4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi fl$ to ! ,vatican &1 lat]1 to ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,v little came--or1 = ! "t1 v little seem$ to come--( all ?is glitt] & commotion4 8,*>les ,,viii & 8 lu/y company ( "y m51 among !m ! y\?ful ,bay>d1 all ( good family10 says ! old *ronicl]1 8b little "u control10 7 mak+ a holiday w>4 ,!y c\ld n h compreh5d$ ! great =ces t 7 at "w b5ea? ! noisy agitation ( _! ent]prise4 ,yet ,k+ & nobles fell at once "u ! spell ( ,italy4 ,*>les ,,viii1 br$ 9 ! =tress ca/les ( ,l\is ,,xi1 wrote home to 8 si/]1 ,anne de ,beaujeu1 describ+ ! lovel9ess ( 8 ,neapolitan g>d5s & ! g5ius ( ! ,italian pa9t]s :o 7 to d wond]ful ceil+s = him :5 he _h c>ri$ !m back to ,france4 ,be=e he quitt$ ,rome1 ! army got "o day ( pillage & ! ,k+ f\nd$ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,tr9it de' ,monti4 ,!n aft] six mon?s m ( picturesque soldi]+ ,*>les w5t back to ,france1 plann+ 8 return already 9 8 he>t1 & tak+ ) him ov] ! ,alp9e passes an army :i* spread ! leg5d ( ,italy f> & wide ?r\gh ! nor!rn c\ntries4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 b two ways = a man to see ! _w4 ,ei!r he w5t on pilgrimage to "s f>-di/ant %r9e or he _h to jo9 an army ( invasion6 ,*>les ,,viii did n return1 b he _h %[n 8 subjects ! way to ,rome1 hav+ be5 ! fir/ ,fr5* ,k+ to cross ! ,alps s9ce ,*>lemagne4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,porta del ,popolo 0 f9i%$ & long aft] ! or*>ds & g>d5s ( ?is di/rict _h be5 conv]t$ into ! spaci\s ,piazza del ,popolo1 ,rome & ,france felt ! influ5ce = evil & = good set 9 motion by ?is unju/ifiable & light-he>t$ incursion ( 7z ! old ,hugu5ot hi/orian calls him7 a 8madly adv5tur\s "y ,k+40 ,mod]n me?ods ( travel h depriv$ m5 ( "o ( life's greate/ s5sations4 ,lov]s ( ,rome "k ?is4 ,"o ( !m1 a s*oolboy1 spoke = all :5 he came out ( ! railway /ation1 exclaim+ 9 bitt] disappo9tm5t3 8,s ?is is anci5t ,rome6 ,x might z well be mod]n ,*icago60 ,! ,piazza del ,popolo is no long] ! entrance hall to ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,x mu/ be s\ght =1 ) guide-book or map2 b :5 x is f\nd !re is no bett] way to revive ! gho/ ( t ?rill :i* came spontane\sly to ^? :o ent]$ ,rome by ! ,porta del ,popolo ?an to seat oneself ^u ! edge ( "o ( ,valadi]'s f\nta9s1 pref]ably ! we/]n "o1 & !n--to try to ?9k6 ,,p9cian ,illu/ration ,,p9cian ,until q rec5tly ! ,acqua ,felice f$ all ! f\nta9s on ! ,p9cian ,hill1 & ! altitude ( its s\rce is s ne>ly ! same z ! top ( ! hill1 :]e ! public g>d5s are situat$1 t ! only k9d ( f\nta9 possible !re 0 a %eet ( wat]2 s ! sculptor ( ! *ief f\nta9 9 ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s1 ,c\nt ,brazza1 ! eld]1 made a virtue out ( necessity & creat$ a f\nta9 9 :i* any k9d ( jet d'eau w\ld be di/9ctly out ( place4 ,brazza's :ite m>ble gr\p ( ! infant ,moses & 8 "m /&s1 set ab\t ) tall aquatic plants1 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge :ite m>ble bas91 :i* is fill$ ) placid yet ev]-*ang+ wat]1 & x is s happily suit$1 bo? 9 subject & treatm5t1 to its purpose t ! abs5ce ( action 9 ! wat] is nev] felt4 ,on ! contr>y1 pla%+ wat] w\ld be a false note 9 ! quiet & leg5d>y h>mony ( ?is composition1 & ! high] jet produc$ by ! rec5t *ange ( wat] is no improvem5t4 ,! biblical /ory is portray$ ) great naturalness & dignity4 ,! "m ( ,moses has plac$ ! basket conta9+ h] sleep+ infant among ! ru%es1 :i* are repres5t$ by ! liv+ plants4 ,z %e rises to move away1 %e pauses1 on "o knee1 to implore div9e protection = ! *ild :om %e mu/ ab&on to 8 fate4 ,! h]oic size ( ! figure enhances ! /r5g? & dignity ( ! arti/'s conception4 ,! design is little 9 sympa?y ) ! gay & cr[d$ life ( ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s1 dur+ ! aft]noon1 b all ?r\gh ! morn+ h\rs ?is f\nta9 becomes ! c5tre ( "o ( ! _w's mo/ t5d] sett+s = ! com$y ( *ildhood & e>ly y\?4 ,! civilization :i* man has made & kept c %[ no?+ fair] ?an ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s at t "t4 ,! s(t ,roman sun%9e !n filt]s ?r\gh ! ilex bran*es only ^u gr\ps ( little *ildr5 & _! nurses1 solit>y old m5 :o h become z little *ildr51 & b&s ( sem9>i/s or !ological /ud5ts we>+ black or sc>let g[ns & speak+ div]s tongues4 ,! little company occupy ! b5*es1 or walk demurely 9 small gr\ps b5ea? ! trees1 or play ! endless plays ( babyhood1 9 & out ( ! w>m %ad[s2 all ( !m liv+ 9 a dreaml& z old z life itself1 & f9d+ 9 ?is quiet g>d5 ( ! ,et]nal ,city a backgr\nd full ( sympa?y & significance4 ,up & d[n ! %ad$ alleys1 l9k+ ! pres5t to ! great pa/1 /ret* ! long r[s ( portrait bu/s plac$ !re by ord] ( ,mazz9i dur+ ! %ort-liv$ ,mazz9ian ,republic ( #ahdi4 ,?is is :at has be5 call$ 8,! ,sil5t ,company ( ! ,p9cio40 ,no happi] fate c befall an imag9ative *ild f nor!rn l&s ?an to w&] at w ?r\gh ?is ,roman playgr\nd4 ,all unconsci\sly ! classic beauty is wov5 into 8 spiritual fibre1 & ) t /range s5sation ( com+ into 8 own--peculi> to su* *ildr5--he f9ds1 9 ^! seem+ly endless r[s ( :ite m>ble heads1 faces :i* /imulate 8 fancy or fit ! names ( h]oes already kn[n to him4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! g>d5 /&s an obelisk ! hi/ory ( :i* br+s back ! memory ( a beautiful pagan y\? :o liv$ m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ( ano!r /ory ( ,old ,nile1 m pitiful1 if less important1 ?an ! /ory ( ,moses4 ,?is is ! obelisk :i* ! ,emp]or ,hadrian & 8 ,empress ,sab9a rais$ to ! memory ( _! belov$ ,ant9\s--! mo/ beautiful y\? ! _w has record (--:o dr[n$ himself 9 ! ,egyptian riv]1 "u ! impression t 8 volunt>y dea? w\ld av]t calamity f 8 b5efactor ! ,emp]or4 ,aft] all ^! eighte5 hundr$ ye>s x is /ill possible to feel ! passion ( ,hadrian's grief4 ,8 biograph] calls x 8fem99e06 ,b ! gift$ ,emp]or1 lov] ( all ?+s beautiful 9 art & nature1 & a /ud5t ( m5 & "*1 und]/ood ! value ( 8 treasure & knew full well ! irrep>abl5ess ( 8 loss4 ,he br\ght back to ,rome all t 0 left ( t beauty--an urnful ( a%es--& plac$ x 9 ! ,emp]or's own tomb1 n[ call$ ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo2 & on ! sp9a ( ! circus by ! tomb1 ,hadrian & ,sab9a erect$ ?is obelisk ^: hi]oglyphics1 only q rec5tly deciph]$1 relate ! deification ( _! favorite & give ! in=mation conc]n+ 8 place ( burial4 ,! obelisk mu/ h be5 remov$ by a lat] ,emp]or1 probably ,heliogabalus1 = x 0 f\nd 9 #aegj1 ne> ,santa ,croce 9 ,g]usalemme1 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,v>ian family1 to :i* family t ,emp]or belong$4 ,b]n9i1 9 ! c5tury foll[+ its discov]y1 mov$ x to ! ,b>b]9i ,palace1 :i* he 0 erect+ & beautify+ = ! ,b>b]9i ,pope1 ,urban ,,viii4 ,lat] on1 a ,pr9cess ,b>b]9i pres5t$ x to ,pope ,pius ,,vi1 :o set x up 9 ! ,gi>d9o della ,pigna 9 ! ,vatican1 t tempor>y re/+-place = s _m treasures1 & f9ally1 9 #ahbb1 ,pius ,,vii & ,valadi] erect$ x :]e x n[ /&s 9 full view ( ,hadrian's ,tomb1 !y be+ q unconsci\s1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 any connection betwe5 x & t great mausoleum4 ,n f> f ! f\nta9 ( ,moses /& two umbrella-p9es1 _! great boles %oot+ high up ?r\gh all ! foliage ab\t4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago !y m>k$ ! exit into a side lane f ! v9ey>d :]e !y _h be5 plant$1 = until t "t ^! ,g>d5s ( ! ,p9cio _h be5 = c5turies ! v9ey>d belong+ to ! ,augu/9ian monks ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo1 ! same ord] f :i*1 ab\t #adid1 "y ,c>d9al ,f>nese b\ght ! prop]ty by ! ,tib]1 on :i* he built ! ,f>nese ,palace4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo _h be5 built by ! ,roman p 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & f t "t on x & ! ,augu/9ian conv5t beside x became ! fir/ hospice & sanctu>y to ! pilgrims f beyond ! ,alps4 ,?is 0 because ! *ur* & conv5t /& close to ! ,porta del ,popolo1 ! gateway to ! ,flam9ian ,road1 :i* is ! great highway lead+ to ! nor?4 ,) ^! ,augu/9ian monks /ay$ "y ,m>t9 ,lu!r :5 bus9ess connect$ ) t ord] _h br\ght him to ,rome4 ,! ,g]man sem9>i/ :o ?reads 8 way to-day among ! ,p9cian alleys mu/ (t5 cross ^? vani%$ pa?s 9 ! v9ey>d once trodd5 by ! s&all$ feet ( 8 great fell[ c\ntryman1 s9ce ,lu!r's nor!rn feel+ = nature w\ld surely h c>ri$ him at dawn or sunset to ! conv5t's v9ey>d4 ,!re ! voices ( ! birds & ! well-tra9$ v9es c\ld soo! a _s daz$ & disquiet$ by ! spl5dors & vices ( ,rome4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,g]man ,re=mation may well h _h its e>lie/ beg9n+s 9 ! ?\ghts :i* ?rong$ ! m9d ( t "y monk1 z he lean$ ^u ! v9ey>d wall & gaz$ ) eyes t saw & saw n at ! papal city1 :]e old ,/4 ,pet]'s--! *ur* 9 :i* ,*>lemagne _h be5 cr[n$--0 be+ made ov] by ,bramante into its pres5t =m2 & beside x ! huge pile ( ! ,vatican h\s$ ! fight+ ,pope1 ,julius ,,ii1 & a hi]>*y ( utt] worldl9ess4 ,! monks reta9$ possession ( _! ,p9cian v9ey>d dur+ ! ?ree foll[+ c5turies1 or until #ahji1 at :i* "t ,napoleon annex$ ! ,papal ,/ates to 8 ,empire1 bani%$ ! recalcitrant ,pope1 ,pius ,,vii1 & set ab\t mak+ ,rome ov] to suit himself4 ,he f\nd ! ar*itect :o _h work$ = ,pius ,,vi & ,pius ,,vii equally ready to s]ve him1 & x 0 to ?is ar*itect1 ,giuseppe ,valadi]1 t ,napoleon intru/$ ! conv]sion ( ! old conv5t v9ey>d into ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! "w 0 n begun until #ahab1 & be=e x 0 f9i%$ ,pius ,,vii 0 back 9 ,rome1 & ,napoleon 0 eat+ out 8 he>t 9 ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,9 t long dy+1 :5 ?is la/ ( ! _w's great conqu]ors _h "t to rememb] ev5 all t he himself _h done1 ,napoleon mu/ h (t5 ?\ght ( ,rome4 ,! old "m :o _h always believ$ 9 him1 yet nev] look$ up to him1 /ill liv$ !re 9 h] sombre palace "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,au/rian ,legation & ! ,au/rian hate4 ,8 favorite si/]1 ,paul9e1 0 a pr9cess ( "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,roman families2 & ! little son1 :o 0 to gr[ up z ! ,au/rian ,duke ( ,rei*/adt1 0 /ill1 to 8 fa!r1 ! ,k+ ( ,rome4 ,did he ev] ?9k ( ! in/ructions he _h giv5 to ,valadi] ab\t a public g>d5 = ! ,romans8 ,!re 0 "t to ?9k ( ev]y?+ z ! seasons came & w5t & ! remote seas wa%$ ! crags b5ea? 8 feet1 :ile 8 ,engli% jail]s wat*$ him f a di/ance ) h>d1 uncompreh5d+ eyes4 ,x is some?+ ( a %ock to f9d ,napoleon's bu/ 9 t company ( great ,italians :i* ,mazz9i plac$ "h4 ,9 ^! ,p9cian ,g>d5s1 z else:]e 9 ! _w1 he surely belongs 9 a ni*e by himself6 ,h[ev]1 ! ,roman episode 0 ( small importance 9 8 life1 & he w\ld n h grudg$ ! honorable position to ,valadi]1 ^: bu/ /&s alone fac+ ! pr9cipal prom5ade ( ! ,p9cian4 ,t ar*itect liv$ to welcome back ! exil$ ,pius ,,vii & to f9i% = him ! g>d5s begun by ord] ( ,napoleon4 ,"o explanation ( ,rome's *>m may be f\nd 9 h] p[] ( sugge/ion4 ,al?\gh ! ?+s to be se5 9 ! ,et]nal ,city are ( transc5d5t int]e/1 ! ?+s :i* are only appreh5d$ h a /ill /rong] hold ^u ! imag9ation4 ,! actual lovel9ess ( ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s is =gott5 z ! ar*ologi/s build up f buri$ m>bles & scatt]$ inscriptions ! life liv$ "h 9 c5turies gone by4 ,:]e n[ is ,valadi]'s cas9o !re /ood 9 ! second c5tury ( our era a great ,roman dwell+1 ! home ( a patrician family1 ,*ri/ian 9 fai?1 its memb]s hold+ f g5]ation to g5]ation high (fices ( /ate & call$ by hi/orians 8! noble/ ( ! noble40 ,! gr\nds ab\t ?is h\se ( ! ,acilii includ$ n only ! pres5t public g>d5s b also ! prec9cts ( ! ,villa ,m$ici1 ! g>d5 & conv5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 & a "p ( ! ,villa ,borghese4 ,x w\ld be impossible to f9d n[adays 9 any l& ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ?is ,roman dwell+4 ,its com=t1 spl5dor & univ]sal p]fection ( detail c\ld n be surpass$1 p]haps n equall$4 ,its artificially heat$ ba?rooms1 ! cool1 d>k recesses ( ! w9e-cell>s1 ! c\rts & (fices & /ate ap>tm5ts1 ! devices = g>d5 & f\ndation build+1 ev]y?+ :i* made up ?is p]fect specim5 ( ! highe/ dome/ic civilization ! _w has kn[n1 has be5 discov]$ on ! ,p9cian ,hill4 ,! great buttresses :i* ?is private family built to su/a9 ! nor?we/]n b\nd>ies ( _! t]rac$ g>d5 /ill support ! public g>d5s ( to-day1 & 7 incorporat$ by ! ,emp]or ,aurelian into ! great wall ) :i* he surr\nd$ ! city4 ,surely no /ories ( ! ,p9cian c ev] give s good an idea ( ! p[]1 solidity1 & gr&eur ( ,rome z d ^! ar*ological discov]ies1 :i* %[ 9 fulle/ detail ! dome/ic life ( ! ,roman patrician "u ! ,anton9es4 ,( all ?is ! nor?we/]n buttresses ( ! ,p9cian ,hill & ! immortality ( ,nature alone rema94 ,napoleon 0 only foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ano!r ,emp]or1 :5 he creat$ ^! g>d5s2 = ! ,emp]or ,aurelian made ! gr\nds--:i* _h be5 ! e/ate ( ! ,acilii--into a public p>k4 ,s :e!r own$ by private individuals or by ,emp]or1 *ur*1 or municipality1 ! ,p9cian has always be5 kn[n z ! ,hill ( ,g>d5s2 & ! wat] :i* n[ fe$s its public f\nta9s is once m ! ,acqua ,m>cia--! same wat] :i* suppli$ ! f\nta9s1 ba?s1 & fi%-ponds ( ! great ,anton9e villa4 ,,fontana ,,paola ,illu/ration ,,fontana ,,paola ,?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory ! ,janiculum has suff]$ _m alt]nations ( peace idyllic & ( sangu9>y /rife1 = x is a natural g>d51 & x is also ! key to ,rome4 ,:oev] c hold ! t]races ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio & ! heights to ! nor? & s\? has ! city at 8 m]cy4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,villa ,pamphili-,doria & ! ,villa ,g>ibaldi cr[n its summit1 & /ret* d[nw>d t[>d ! we/1 & its s\!a/]n slope1 lead+ t[>d ! ,tib]1 once conta9$ ! g>d5s ( ,julius ,cs>--^? g>d5s :]e he receiv$ ,cleopatra & :i* he left by 8 w to ! ,roman p4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ *apt]s 9 ,roman hi/ory tells h[ ,l>s ,pors5a came ov] ! ,janiculum to re9/ate ! ,t>qu9s1 & "o ( ! late/ rec\nts ! /ruggle c>ri$ on across its heights & t]races 9 ,g>ibaldi's def5se ( ! ,mazz9ian ,roman ,republic4 ,l ! g>d5s ( ,is*ia & ! v9ey>ds on ,vesuvius1 :i* are =ev] ?reat5$ by e>?quake or eruption1 ! ,janiculum villas w h1 s long z w> la/s1 a prec>i\s exi/5ce2 b ) villas1 g>d5s1 & v9ey>ds1 s great is ! f]tility ( ! soil & s en*ant+ ! prospect1 :ile ! _w endures m5 w take ! risk4 ,! wat] = ?is "p ( ! city 0 br\ght to ,rome by ! ,emp]ors ,augu/us & ,trajan4 ,trajan built ! aqu$uct be>+ 8 "n2 & ?is aqu$uct1 l t ( ! ,virgo1 has1 9 spite ( _m vicissitudes cont9u$ to supply ,rome ) a v>y+ quantity ( wat] f t "t until ! pres5t day4 ,! ,emp]or br\ght ! wat] ?irty-five miles f ,lake ,bracciano to ! ,janiculum4 ,x 0 almo/ ! la/ wat] br\ght to ,rome & ent]$ ! city at ! level ( two hundr$ & ?ree feet above ! sea4 ,! fir/ wat] 7! ,appian7 _h ent]$ ,rome fifty feet "u gr\nd4 ,trajan us$ ! wat] f ! spr+s ab\t ,lake ,bracciano1 n f ! lake itself1 because ! spr+-wat] 0 mu* pur] & ! anci5t ,romans 7 fa/idi\s 9 ! wat] !y us$4 ,alsiet9a wat]1 = in/ance1 br\ght to ,rome by ,augu/us1 0 consid]$ fit only = ba?s & ! nauma*i2 & ,front9us says t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! wat] 0 int5d$ = t purpose only & = ! irrigation ( ! g>d5s across ! ,tib]4 ,*ri/ian ,rome 0 f> f be+ s p>ticul>1 & its inhabitants drank ,tib] wat] z late z ,mi*elangelo's "t4 ,dur+ ! 8,gold5 days ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,rome0 ,virgo wat]1 :i* 0 to be _h int]mitt5tly f ! ,trevi f\nta91 & a remnant ( ?is ,acqua ,traiana /ill fl[+ 9 ! f\nta9 ( ,innoc5t ,,viii 7 ! only pure wat]s4 ,meantime _m ,romans ( t p]iod pref]r$ ! ,tib] wat]2 & ,petr>* com+ to ,rome gave special in/ructions to a fri5d to h a quantity ( ,tib] wat] :i* _h /ood = a day or two1 to settle1 ready = 8 use4 ,paul ,,iii took ) him1 on 8 j\rney to ,nice to meet ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v & ,k+ ,francis ,i ( ,france1 a supply ( ,tib] wat]1 s t he might n miss 8 cu/om>y bev]age6 ,:51 !re=e1 ,pope ,paul ,v be?\ght him ( recon/ruct+ ! ,trajan ,aqu$uct he _h no?+ to h9d] him f collect+ ! wat] f e available s\rce4 ,he us$ ,trajan wat] f ! spr+s1 wat] f ,lake ,bracciano1 & wat] f ,lake ,alsiet9a z well4 ,by ?is means ! unit$ wat] n[ call$ ! ,acqua ,paola1 al?\gh n s pure z ! =m] ,acqua ,traiana1 is yet good en\gh1 & x =ms a supply ( magnific5t quantity & =ce4 ,paul ,v's int5tion 0 to surpass ! ,acqua ,felice1 br\ght to ,rome "s tw5ty ye>s previ\sly by ,sixtus ,v4 ,no "o c\ld =get ,sixtus ,v & ! ,acqua ,felice4 ,0 n ! wat] always be=e m5's eyes z x gu%$ out ( ! great f\nta9 ( ,moses on ! side ( ! ,vim9al ,hill2 & did n e ,roman "k t ,cavali]e ,dom5ico ,fontana _h br\ght x !re by ord] ( ,sixtus ,v8 ,! ,borghese pontiff det]m9$ to erect ano!r f\nta91 across ! ,tib]1 on ! ,janiculum1 :i* 0 a /ill m comm&+ position1 & to build ano!r aqu$uct = ,rome1 s t !re %\ld be an ,acqua ,paola z well z an ,acqua ,felice1 & m5 %\ld rememb] ,paul ,v ev5 z !y rememb]$ ,sixtus ,v4 ,dom5ico ,fontana _h j di$ 9 ,naples1 ri* & honor$ by ! ,neapolitans1 b !re 7 o!rs at h& ( t r5[n$ family ( ar*itects4 ,fontana's eld] bro!r ,giovanni 0 /ill alive1 & _h great skill 9 hydraulics2 & ,c>lo ,mad]no1 8 nephew1 0 also to be _h4 ,s 9 #afaa ,paul ,v employ$ ^! two to build 8 great f\nta9 on ! ,janiculum4 ,?is f\nta9 is made ( trav]t9e1 adorn$ ) six ,ionic columns ( r$ granite tak5 f ! ,temple ( ,m9]va 9 ! ,=um ,transitorium4 ,o!r portions ( ! same beautiful ru9 7 saw$ into slabs & us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! f\nta94 ,! design is t ( a *ur* faade 9 ! /yle ( ! florid & debas$ ,r5aissance4 ,x consi/s ( five ar*es1 ?ree colossal ones 9 ! middle1 directly "u ! great inscription :i* !y support1 & on ea* side small] ar*es4 ,! ?ree c5tre cascades fall into a huge semicircul> bas91 :i* is sunk into ! gr\nd1 :ile ! ar*es on ! side h small individual bas9s 9 :i* to receive ! wat]4 ,! inscription1 :i* is a magnific5t example ( ,r5aissance caligraphy1 gives ! hi/ory ( ! ,paola ,aqu$uct & ! pontifical dates4 ,a small] inscription describes ! f9al completion ( ! f\nta9 "u ,alex&] ,,viii4 ,,pavlvs ,,qv9tvs ,,pontifex ,,maximvs ,,aqvam ,,9 ,,agro ,,braccian5si ,,salvb]rimis ,e ,,fontibvs ,,collectam ,,vet]ibvs ,,aqvae ,,alsiet9ae ,,dvctibvs ,,re/itvtis ,,novisqve ,,additis ,,xxxv ,,ab ,,milli>io ,,dvxit ,,anno ,,dom9i ,,mdcxii ,,pontificatvs ,,svi ,,septimo ,,alex&] ,,viii ,,ot?obonvs ,,v5etvs ,p ,m ,,pavli ,v ,p ,,provid5tissimi ,,pont ,,b5eficivm ,,tvtatvs ,,repvrgato ,,specv ,,novisqve ,,fontibvs ,,indvctis ,,rivos ,,svis ,,qvemqve ,,labris ,,olim ,,angv/e ,,cont5tos ,,vnico ,,eodemqve ,,p]ampio ,,lacv ,,excitato ,,recepit ,,aream ,,adv]svs ,,labem ,,montis ,,svb/rvxit ,,et ,,lapideo ,,m>g9e ,,t]m9avit ,,ornavitqve ,,anno ,,salvtis ,,mdclxxxx ,,pontificatvs ,,svi ,,secvnd444 ,?is wat]1 drawn f ! pure/ ( spr+s1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,bracciano1 0 conduct$ by ,pope ,paul ! fif?1 ?irty-five miles f its s\rce1 ov] anci5t *annels ( ! ,alsiet9e aqu$uct1 :i* he re/or$1 & new ones1 :i* he add$4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l #afab1 & ( ,paul's ,pontificate ! sev5?4 ,pope ,alex&] ! eigh?1 ,ottoboni1 ( ,v5ice1 9 protection ( ! b5efic5t "w ( t mo/ f>-sight$ pontiff1 ,paul ! fif?1 reclean$ ! *annel1 admitt$ wat] f new s\rces1 & con/ruct$ a s+le capaci\s res]voir = ! common reception ( ! sev]al /reams :i* _h =m]ly be5 /rictly conf9$ ea* to its own *annel4 ,to prev5t ! we>+ away ( ! hill1 he pav$ ! surr\nd+ area1 surr\nd+ & beautify+ x ) a m>ble cop+4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,salvation #afij1 & ( ,alex&]'s pontificate ! second4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,borghese griff9s & eagles compose ! decoration ( ! mo/ra1 & ! :ole /ructure is surm\nt$ by ! papal insignia & ! arms ( ,paul ,v1 ! escut*eon be+ gu>d$ by two angels4 ,9 ,maggi's book on ! f\nta9s ( ,rome1 pr9t$ 9 #afah1 !re is an engrav+ ( ?is f\nta94 ,x is repres5t$ z hav+ f\r griff9s & two eagles sp\t+ wat] into ! bas9s z d ! lions 9 ,sixtus ,v's ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses4 ,?is device is n %[n 9 ,falda's engrav+ a g5]ation lat]1 nor does ,piranesi %[ x4 ,x is probable t ?is feature exi/$ only on pap] 9 ! orig9al design = ! f\nta94 ,"u ! two side ni*es ( ! actual f\nta9 ! wat] sp\ts f lions' m\?s4 ,f ! ?ree c5tre ni*es x simply p\rs 9 ?ree cascades1 equal 9 size1 & ( really magnific5t =ce & volume4 ,! effect ( ?is wat] 9 full sun%9e is dazzl+ 9 ! extreme1 & bo? 9 sight & s\nd ! f\nta9 mu/ h be5 z conspicu\s z ,paul ,v c\ld h wi%$ x to be4 ,paul ,v nev] saw x complet$1 = he di$ 9 #afba1 t5 ye>s aft] ! f\nta9 0 begun4 ,x 0 f9i%$ by ,alex&] ,,viii 9 #afij1 eight pontificates lat]4 ,x 01 !re=e1 sev5ty-eight ye>s 9 build+1 :]eas ,dom5ico ,fontana built & unveil$ ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses = ,sixtus ,v )9 t ,pope's own pontificate1 :i* la/$ only five ye>s6 ,! ,fontana ,paola is--to translate sight into s\nd--an e*o ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses4 ,x has ! *>act]i/ics ( an e*o--x is magnifi$ & mean+less4 ,giovanni ,fontana & ,mad]no c\ld n free !mselves f ! ta/e & traditions ( ! great] & m =ceful ,dom5ico4 ,!y did n m> ! effect ( _! great f\nta9 by an absurd colossus1 l ! ,moses1 b !y made a mi/ake ( ano!r k9d2 !y left ! c5tral ni*e above ! cascade absolutely empty1 yet fail$ to secure an adequate backgr\nd = ! eye to re/ ^u1 s t ! /ructure1 = all its size & magnific5ce1 gives a disagreeable s5se ( vacancy & incomplet5ess4 ,h[ev]1 z "o /udies ! ,fontanone1 z ?is f\nta9 is commonly call$1 x becomes app>5t t its mo/ra mu/ be reg>d$ n z a faade1 nor z a scre51 b z a great wat]-gate4 ,x is a triumphal ar* ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ( ! ,paul9e ,aqu$uct makes its =mal entry on ! ,janiculum 9 ! sight ( all ,rome4 ,x is also built to hold be=e ! eyes ( all ,rome ! inscription :i* sets =? ! hi/ory ( ,pope ,paul ,v & ! con/ruction ( ! aqu$uct4 ,! inscription is c]ta9ly ! mo/ successful "p ( ! mo/ra4 ,x is adequately support$1 its dim5sions are noble1 & ! lett]+ is rem>kably beautiful4 ,! entrance ( ! wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 is n suffici5tly impos+4 ,! ?ree /reams are n great en\gh 9 !mselves to ju/ify _! "r to s pret5ti\s a sett+1 & !y require a backgr\nd :i* w\ld augm5t _! importance4 ,?r\gh ! huge ar*es1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly nev] int5d$ to hold /atu>y1 ! eye %\ld see ! approa* ( ! wat] ei!r 9 a s]ies ( cascades or 9 "o broad flood l ! s]ri$ ranks ( a great army4 ,b to produce ?is effect x w\ld be necess>y = ! *annel ( ! aqu$uct to approa* ! f\nta9 directly f ! re> & to h ! ca/ellum or receiv+ tank imm$iately beh9d ! mo/ra4 ,x is noticeable t nei!r 9 ?is f\nta9 nor 9 ! o!r two great f\nta9s ( ,rome--! ,moses & ! ,trevi--is ?is done4 ,9 all ?ree ! ca/ellum is at ! side ( ! mo/ra1 & ! wat] falls into ! bas9s at a "r angle to ! direction 9 :i* x ent]s ! f\nta9 f ! ca/ellum4 ,?is position ( ! ca/ellum 0 obligatory 9 ! case ( ,trevi1 z t f\nta9 backs aga9/ ! ,poli ,palace1 b :5 ! ,moses & ,paola f\nta9s 7 con/ruct$ !y /ood free f all o!r build+s on op5 hillsides1 & ! ca/ellum 9 ei!r in/ance c\ld be locat$ at w4 ,9 ! ,paola f\nta9 ! ca/ellum lies to ! left ( ! mo/ra1 z x faces ! city1 & ! aqu$uct comes und]gr\nd d[n ! hill =m+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! g>d5s n[ belong+ to ! ,villa ,*i>aviglio1 :i* is a "p ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 & a small villa own$ by ! ,torlonia family1 s t ! /ream approa*es ! f\nta9 obliquely4 ,! gr\nd directly back ( ! ,paola f\nta9 is occupi$ by a mod]n villa ) a small g>d51 & ! entrance to ! h\se z well z ! trees 9 ! g>d5 are cle>ly se5 ?r\gh ! ar*es ( ! mo/ra1 :i* ?us has m or less ! appe>ance f ! front ( a huge scre5 be=e a %r9e ( no signification1 :ile ! view ( x 9 pr(ile is too ?94 ,! entire f\nta9 seems to require a solid backgr\nd su* z ,giovanni ,fontana gave to 8 truly noble & beautiful f\nta9 ( ! ,ponte ,si/o4 ,!re ! imm5se ni*e is plac$ aga9/ a massive wall1 & ! gloom ( ! vault$ space is light$ by a gleam+ cascade :i* issues n at ! base ( ! ni*e b high up 9 ! v spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,?is cascade falls into a project+ vase1 also ne> ! ro(1 & !nce desc5ds 9 heavy spray to ! black pool b5ea?4 ,on ei!r side ?is pool jets ( wat] sp\t+ f ! ,borghese griff9s cross l fla%+ rapi]s--a natural en\gh fancy to an arti/ liv+ 9 an age :5 ! ?ru/ & p>ry ( ! rapi] 7 kn[n to all m54 ,?is mo/ arti/ic ( all ! ,fontana f\nta9s 0 also erect$ = ,paul ,v4 ,x us$ to /& on ! o!r side ( ! ,tib]1 opposite ! ,/rada ,giulia1 b 9 rec5t ye>s1 :5 ! ,tib] embankm5t 0 con/ruct$1 ! f\nta9 0 tak5 d[n & set up 9 its pres5t position at ! head ( ! ,ponte ,si/o4 ,if ! wat]s ( ! ,fontanone _h receiv$ "s su* treatm5t z ?is1 ,paul ,v's greate/ f\nta9 might h inde$ rivall$ ^? ( anci5t ,rome4 ,paul ,v 7,borghese71 surnam$ by ! fri5ds ( ! ,aldobr&9i 8! ,gr& ,+rate10 succe$$ to ! papacy 9 #afje4 ,8 imm$iate pr$ecessor _h be5 ! ,m$ici pontiff1 ,leo ,,xi1 b ,leo di$ tw5ty-six days aft] 8 election1 s t ,paul ,v's real =]unn] 0 ,clem5t ,,viii 7,aldobr&9i74 ,illu/ration3 ,mo/ra ( ! 8,fontanone40 ,! ,borghese family came orig9ally f ,si5a4 ,:5 ! ,spani>d took t h]oic & beautiful city1 ,philip ,,ii h&$ h] ov] to ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 & _m ,si5ese families emigrat$1 r ?an submit to ! rule ( ! ,m$ici4 ,camillo ,borghese1 ! fa!r ( ,paul ,v1 emigrat$ to ,rome1 :]e 8 son ,camillo1 ! future pontiff1 0 born4 ,?is 0 9 #aeeb1 ,julius ,,iii be+ !n ,pope4 ,camillo's c>e] began 9 ! law1 z has be5 ! case ) s _m ( ^? :o h ris5 to ! ,see ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,p]ugia & ,padua2 0 s5t on a mission to ,spa91 &1 prov+ successful !re1 0 giv5 ! ,r$ ,hat 9 #aeif by ,clem5t ,,viii1 he be+ at t "t =ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,liv+ z c>d9al1 quietly & unobtrusively among 8 books & docum5ts1 he _h seem$ to ,pet] ,aldobr&9i1 :o 0 ! all-p[]ful nephew ( ,clem5t ,,viii1 ! v man to c>ry on ,clem5t's /eady policy ( re/or+ ! ,fr5* influ5ce at ,rome & ( keep+ 8 own family 9 p[]4 ,! ,aldobr&9i _h left ,flor5ce f hatr$ ( ! ,m$ici1 z ! ,borghese _h left ,si5a1 & ,pet] felt t 9 ! case ( ,camillo ,borghese he c\ld rely ^u feel+s simil> to 8 own to back up ! coalition ( himself & ,france aga9/ ,spa94 ,) ! premature dea? ( ,leo ,,xi all ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! conclave _h _h to be put 9 motion once aga91 & 9 ?is second conclave ! nephew ( ,clem5t ,,viii 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! =ces at "w4 ,he ?rew 8 influ5ce = ,c>d9al ,borghese1 & ,paul ,v und\bt$ly ow$ 8 election to t fact4 ,pet] ,aldobr&9i _h be5 a v great papal nephew1 inde$1 & he expect$ f ! ,borghese pontiff a prop] recognition ( 8 s]vices4 ,ev5 ) ! ke5e/ s5se ( humor 9 ! _w1 ,c>d9al ,aldobr&9i w\ld h f\nd x h>d n to feel res5tm5t :5 he le>n$ t ,c>d9al ,borghese1 n[ ,paul ,v1 consid]$ 8 uns\ght-= election to ! papal *air entirely due to ! direct int]v5tion ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & t 9 consequ5ce he ow$ no?+ :atev] to e>?ly aid4 ,x 0 because ,paul ,v c>ri$ ?is idea s f> on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r p\r$ su* lavi% favors ^u 8 own k91 t he won = himself ! "n ( 8! ,gr& ,+rate40 ,look+ ^u himself z div9ely appo9t$ 9 a m>k$ & special degree1 ! quiet1 unassum+ c>d9al became ! op9ionat$ & inflexible pontiff4 ,he adm9i/]$ ! papal p[]1 temporal & spiritual1 ) ! arrogance ( a despot1 ! intol]ance ( an inquisitor1 & ! =mality ( ! juri/4 ,dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s ( 8 pontificate he succe$$ 9 r\s+ bitt] ho/ility on all sides4 ,! ag$ ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :o _h liv$ ?r\gh n9e pontificates & _h kn[n bo? ,sixtus ,v & ,clem5t ,,viii1 compla9$ t ?is ,pope judg$ ( ! _w z he w\ld ( "o ( ! t[ns belong+ to ! papal t]ritory :]e ev]y?+ 0 done accord+ to ! lett] ( ! law1 & w5t on to say t 9 ?is respect !re w\ld soon h to be a *ange4 ,! ye> be=e 8 election ! gunp[d] plot _h fann$ ,engl& into a :ite heat ( patriotism1 & a new oa? ( allegiance 0 requir$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,paul ,v 0 ! ,pope :o =bade ! ,engli% ,ca?olics to take x4 ,he also 0 ! ,pope :o s mi%&l$ ! ,gallican ,*ur* t he =c$ ! ,/ates ,g5]al ( #afad to decl>e t ! ,k+ ( ,france held 8 p[] f ,god alone2 &1 f9ally1 x 0 ,paul ,v :o sp5t ! fir/ two ye>s ( 8 pontificate 9 su* a qu>rel ) ,v5ice z ?reat5$ to involve all ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,republic s unfl9*+ly endur$ excommunication & int]dict t ! ,pope ev5 ?\ght ( subdu+ h] by arms4 ,he 0 br\ght to 8 s5ses only by ! fe> t ,v5ice 9 h] extremity might call ,prote/ant p[]s to h] aid & ?us br+ confusion & disa/] n only ^u ,italy b ^u all ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,9 ?is grave crisis ,france took x ^u h]self to m$iate1 & ! dispute 0 f9ally settl$1 b ) little honor to ! papacy4 ,x 0 a ,v5etian ambassador :o has record$ ( ,clem5t ,,viii t :5 he f\nd he c\ld n re=m ,flor5ce )\t great tr\ble he re=m$ 8 own m9d4 ,b ,paul ,v did n1 l ! wise ,clem5t ,,viii1 8look to 8 pr$ecessors0 :5 9 difficulties4 ,paul ,v _h c]ta9ly no cause to love ! ,v5etians1 & x is "o ( ! qua9t tricks ( hi/ory t 8 magnific5t f\nta9 on ! ,janiculum 0 at la/ f9i%$ by a ,v5etian ,pope4 ,al?\gh ! ,fontanone 0 built 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 its mo/ int]e/+ associations are connect$ ) mod]n ,rome4 ,x is pre-em95tly ! f\nta9 ( ! ,risorgim5to1 = ! la/ /& 9 ,g>ibaldi's ?ree mon?s' def5se ( ! ,roman ,republic 0 made ^u ! t]races surr\nd+ ?is wat]1 & x 0 j above "h t ! wor/ fight+ occurr$4 ,! second /age ( ! siege consi/$ ( ! n9e days' def5se ( ! ,aurelian wall1 beh9d :i* ,g>ibaldi 0 intr5*$4 ,?is bit ( wall runs nor?we/ & s\!a/ on ! ea/]n slope ( ! hill1 & )9 ! walls ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,at its nor!rn end x is at ab\t an equal di/ance f ! ,fontanone & ! ,porta ,san ,pancrazio4 ,:5 ?is def5se broke d[n1 ! ,fr5* troops ent]$ ! city ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! ,urban walls to ! s\?we/ ( ! f\nta94 ,! n>r[ lane lead+ f ?is po9t to ,porta ,san ,pancrazio 0 soon *ok$ ) ! dead & dy+4 ,! ,italians & ,fr5* f\ght h& to h& 9 ! d>kness1 along ! road 9 front ( ! ,villa ,aurelia1 t road :i* is to-day s quiet & s clean6 ,dur+ ! previ\s eight days bur/+ %ells f ! ,fr5* batt]ies erect$ on ! walls & ne> ! ,villa ,cors9i & ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,pancrazio _h wr\ght f>-rea*+ havoc4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio 0 us$ by ,g>ibaldi z a hospital1 b its ro( _h collaps$1 & on ! slopes above x all ! great villas 7 9 ru9s4 ,to ! nor?we/ ( ! f\nta91 j above ! ,porta ,san ,pancrazio1 ! ,villa ,savorelli 7n[ ! ,villa ,aurelia & ! pres5t home ( ! ,am]ican ,academy7 /ood up aga9/ ! sky1 a m]e %ell ( black5$ walls4 ,outside ! porta1 ! ,vascello lay 9 masses ( crumbl$ masonry1 al?\gh ,m$ici /ill held x = ,g>ibaldi4 ,f>!r up ! hill1 ov] ! spot n[ occupi$ by ! triumphal ar*1 t[]$ ! rema9s ( ! magnific5t ,villa ,cors9i2 be=e x ! body ( ,mas9a1 /ill ly+ :]e ! "y lanc] _h fall5 aft] 8 la/ wild *>ge up ! villa /eps4 ,amid ! g5]al deva/ation ! ,fontanone /ood unsca!d4 ,its spl5did /ream ( wat] fl[$ unpollut$1 & x fulfill$ ! noble/ functions ( a f\nta9 dur+ ! heat & c>nage ( t ,roman ,june4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! /ory ( ! h]oic 8,def5se0 a visit to ,paul ,v's great f\nta9 on ! ,janiculum is n a bit ( sight-see+--x has become a pilgrimage4 ,,monte ,,cavallo ,illu/ration ,,monte ,,cavallo ,! f\nta9 ( ! ,monte ,cavallo is ov]%ad[$ bo? lit]ally & figuratively by ! size & importance ( ! objects :i* surr\nd x4 ,)\t x ! obelisk1 :i* =ms its backgr\nd1 & ! great gr\ps ( ! ,dioscuri1 :i* flank x on ei!r side1 w\ld be suffici5tly impos+ & significant1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r1 to =m ! c5tral decoration ( ! ,piazza ( ,monte ,cavallo1 or ( any piazza 9 any city2 b ! f\nta9 is n entirely sup]flu\s4 ,its magnific5t jet ( wat]1 ?r[n upw>d betwe5 ! heads ( ! re>+ horses & swept hi!r & ?i!r at ! w ( ! w9d1 b9ds toge!r ! o!rwise disjo9t$ & inh>moni\s gr\p4 ,?is f\nta9 is n ! fir/ "o to be erect$ on ,monte ,cavallo1 b ! fir/ f\nta9 0 z subs]vi5t z ! pres5t "o to ! colossal gr\ps :i* h giv5 ! "n 8,cavallo0 to ?is entire di/rict4 ,! ,dioscuri 7 once a "p ( a k9d ( op5-air museum :i*1 dur+ ! e>lie/ days ( ! papacy1 exi/$ on ! slope ( ! ,quir9al ,hill4 ,gregory ,,xiii _h !m remov$ to ! ,capitol1 b :5 ,sixtus ,v _h pur*as$ f ! heirs ( ,c>d9al ,c>affa ! site & ! p>tly erect$ build+s ( ! ,quir9al1 he br\ght !m back aga9 & subject$ !m to a ?or\gh re/oration1 us+ = ?is purpose ! mat]ial f ! base ( "o ( !m4 ,!re has exi/$ a villa on ?is spot ant$at+ ,pope ,sixtus ,v's "t by _m ye>s4 ,x _h be5 call$ ! ,villa d',e/e1 b x %\ld n be confus$ ) ! ,villa d',e/e1 at ,tivoli1 al?\gh x 0 built by ! same ,c>d9al ,ippolito ( t family4 ,sixtus ,v 0 extremely fond ( ?is portion ( ! city & ) ,fontana's assi/ance he creat$ ! magnific5t palace & surr\nd+s :i* ev] s9ce 8 day h be5 associat$ ) sov]eign p[] 9 ,rome4 ,fontana enl>g$ ! piazza be=e ! palace 9 ord] to make x 8commodi\s = consi/ories10 & he also l[]$ ! grade 9 ord] to br+ hi!r ! ,acqua ,felice4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m discussions betwe5 ,pope ,sixtus ,v & 8 ar*itect ) reg>d to ! f\nta9 on ! ,quir9al4 ,ev]y?+ t ,sixtus ,v did he did ?or\ghly & magnific5tly1 & x 0 q natural t he %\ld desire a spl5did f\nta9 be=e 8 own palace1 consid]+ t x 0 he himself :o _h made x possible1 by ! introduction ( ! ,acqua ,felice1 to h a f\nta9 9 t place at all4 ,a r>e old engrav+ %[s t ! f\nta91 z at fir/ plann$1 resembl$ ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,moses4 ,9 x ! ,dioscuri occupy ! ni*es z does ! ,moses 9 ! f\nta9 on ! ,vim9al4 ,?is plan 0 happily ab&on$4 ,! great classic figures 7 erect$ z !y /& to-day 9 front ( ! palace1 & ,fontana plac$ betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 9 ! same position z ! f\nta9 ( ! pres5t day1 ! conv5tional l>ge bas9 & c5tral vase :i* is to be se5 9 ! old engrav+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly nei!r a v orig9al nor a v int]e/+ design & x mu/ h reli$ = its effect entirely ^u ! copi\s supply ( wat] :i* 0 describ$ by ,evelyn 9 #afdd z 8two great riv]s40 ,x is difficult to say :5 ?is old f\nta9 ( ,fontana's disappe>$4 ,x 0 probably remov$ ei!r at ! "t :5 ,ant9ori erect$ ! obelisk = ,pius ,,vi or 9 ! foll[+ pontificate :5 ! same ar*itect sugge/$ to ,pius ,,vii ! idea ( replac+ x by ! pres5t granite bas94 ,?is bas9 _h /ood s9ce #aeid 9 ! ,campo ,vacc9o1 ! m$ival "n = ! ru9s ( ! ,roman ,=um4 ,x _h be5 plac$ !re dur+ ! pontificate ( ,clem5t ,,viii 7,aldobr&9i7 by ! city magi/rates on a piece ( gr\nd giv5 to !m by ,c>d9al ,f>nese1 ne> ! ?ree columns ( ,ca/or & ,pollux & ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,lib]atrice4 ,!y _h provid$ a high trav]t9e base = x1 & x 0 f$ f ?ree jets ( ! ,acqua ,felice1 :i*1 "s eight or n9e ye>s previ\sly1 _h be5 br\ght to ,rome by ,sixtus ,v4 ,! bas9 0 us$ z a wat]+-tr\gh = cattle1 & by ! "t ,pius ,,vii rescu$ x ! trav]t9e base _h entirely disappe>$ "u ! gradually ris+ level ( ! ,campo ,vacc9o--t /range composite mass ( rubbi%1 e>?1 & ru9s :i*1 up to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 cov]$ ! old ,=um floor to a dep? ( m ?an tw5ty feet4 ,! bas9 measures tw5ty-?ree metres 9 circumf]5ce1 & :5 x 0 ?us sunk 9 ! gr\nd x became a pleasant pool ?r\gh :i* ! c>t]s walk$ _! horses to refre% !m on a w>m & du/y day4 ,! removal ( ?is bas9 0 actually accompli%$ 9 #ahah1 :5 ! ar*itect ,raphael ,/]n 7:o built = ,pius ,,vii ! ,brac*io ,nuovo7 design$ ! pres5t f\nta9 ( ,monte ,cavallo4 ,he sank ! bas9 9 ! pavem5t betwe5 ! horse-tam]s & erect$ 9 ! middle ( x a second bas9 :i* re/s ^u a trav]t9e base4 ,! wat] ( ! f\nta9 rises 9 a copi\s jet f ! c5tre ( ! second bas9 to a height some:at bel[ ! heads ( ! horses &1 return+ on itself1 falls 9 a g5]\s ov]fl[ into ! l[] bas94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,monte ,cavallo4 ,to "s1 ! *ief int]e/ ( ?is composite gr\p ( obelisk1 /atu>y1 & f\nta9 c5tres 9 ?is l[] bas91 = x is none o!r ?an ! granite tazza into :i* ,m>=io once p\r$ ! wat] f 8 urn1 f>1 f> back 9 ! days ( ,*>lemagne1 & no "o kn[s = h[ _m ye>s be=e t4 ,! obelisk :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ?is gr\p ( antiquities n[ clu/]$ toge!r 9 ! ,monte ,cavallo is "o ( a pair :i* flank$ ! entrance to ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us4 ,its mate 0 erect$ by ,sixtus ,v & ,dom5ico ,fontana ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,pius ,,vi & ,pius ,,vii 7 ! two ,popes ^: pontificates co9cide ) ! era ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,napoleonic conque/s4 ,_! unhappy /ories are b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,quir9al ,palace1 :i* fronts ^u ! ,monte ,cavallo2 & !y =m a pitiful contra/ to ! life ( t ma/]ful old ,pontiff ,sixtus ,v1 9 ^: reign ! hi/ory ( ! palace & ! mod]n piazza beg9s4 ,sixtus1 hav+ de/roy$1 = no reason n[ kn[n1 ! old m$ival papal palace ( ! ,lat]an1 decid$ to rebuild x to suit himself1 b f\nd1 z ! new build+ progress$1 t x 0 too cold & uncom=table = a resid5ce4 ,s ! ,lat]an1 :i* _h be5 ! papal palace s9ce ! sev5? c5tury1 hold+ its own aga9/ ! magnific5ce & enorm\s size ( ! ,vatican1 0 gradually ab&on$ z a resid5ce1 & ,sixtus e/abli%$ himself 9 ! ,quir9al4 ,sixtus ,v1 = all 8 dete/ation ( classic /atu>y1 mu/ h %>$ ) 8 p ! pr(\nd respect & admiration always ar\s$ by ! ,dioscuri4 ,^! colossal gr\ps 7 among ! few r>e works ( antiquity :i* 7 *]i%$ by ! semi-b>b>\s ,romans ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! web ( fable spun ab\t !m dur+ ^? d>k ye>s proves ! hold !y _h ov] ! sup]/iti\s imag9ation ( ! times4 8,no?+ is beyond "q0 ab\t !m1 says ,lanciani1 except t !y once adorn$ ! temple :i* ! ,emp]or ,aurelian built to ! sun on 8 return f ! conque/ ( ,palmyra 9 #bgb4 ,?is mo/ magnific5t ( all ,roman temples1 to quote ! same great mod]n au?ority1 became a qu>ry = build+ mat]ials1 ev5 z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian is said to h tak5 "s porphyry columns f x to adorn ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia 9 8 new capital ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,dioscuri mu/ h be5 discov]$ lat] 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! relative positions ( ! horses & _! tam]s 7 asc]ta9$ f antique co9s4 ,mod]n au?orities are ( ! op9ion t !y are ,roman copies ( ,greek orig9als1 & !y are c\nt$ among ! great inh]itances f imp]ial ,rome4 ,x is curi\s to trace ! work+ ( ! m$ival intellig5ce1 grop+ its way ?r\gh my/icism & allegory to f9d "s explanation = ! und5iable impression made by ^! h]oic figures ^u ! m9ds ( all :o behold !m4 ,! attempt to read into !m "s ab/ruse e?ical mean+ 0 ab&on$ long ago1 & ! _w ( to-day accepts ! ,dioscuri frankly = :at !y are1 admir+1 ) a wond] n unmix$ ) despair1 ! unreclaimable art ( anci5t ,greece4 8,ye too m>vell\s ,twa91 t erect on ! ,monte ,cavallo ,/& by y\r re>+ /e$s 9 ! grace ( y\r motionless movem5t1 ,/& ) up/ret*$ arms & tranquil1 reg>dant faces1 ,/& z in/9ct ) life1 9 ! might ( immutable manhood-- ,oh1 ye mighty & /range--ye anci5t div9e ones ( ,hellas60 ,:atev] may h be5 ! lot ( ! ,dioscuri 9 ! unacc\nt$-= days ( ! pa/1 s9ce ,sixtus ,v plac$ !m "h !y h be5 9 ! v ?ick ( ,roman political life4 ,ar\nd & ab\t !m h surg$ "s ( ! wor/ mobs ( mod]n ,roman hi/ory2 & "u _! 8tranquil1 reg>dant faces0 cr[ds ( peaceful1 expectant citiz5s h ga!r$ f "t to "t dur+ ! la/ two c5turies ( papal gov]nm5t4 ,"h !y h wait$ dur+ papal elections to wat* = ! smoke f ! *imney ( ! ,quir9al :i* %\ld indicate to ! outside _w t no *oice _h yet be5 made by ! ,conclave1 s9ce ! c>d9als 7 burn+ ! ballots4 ,"h !y h receiv$ ! bless+ ( ! newly elect$ ,pope1 :i* 0 giv5 f ! balcony ( ! w9d[ ov] ! entrance4 ,sixtus ,v di$ 9 ! ,quir9al ,palace4 ,8 pontificate _h la/$ b five ye>s1 & x rema9s to ?is day "o ( ! mo/ memorable p]iods 9 ! developm5t & p[] ( ,rome4 ,nev] _h ,pope done m = 8 p2 yet1 :5 he came to die1 ! ,romans _h already =gott5 ! b5efits ( 8 pontificate & rememb]$ only ! sev]ities4 ,!y recall$ ! fact t ?is ,sixtus :o 0 dy+ z ! head ( ,*ri/5dom _h be5 born a poor g>d5]'s son4 ,su* dramatic contra/s ex]cise great sway ov] ! ,roman m9d--sup]/ition & fancy play$ ) ! /ory1 & /range rumors drift$ ab\t conc]n+ an unholy b>ga9 :i* ,sixtus 0 said to h made = p[]4 ,"h1 be=e ! palace :i* he _h built1 ! sil5t cr[ds ga!r$ to await 8 end2 & :51 z ! old pontiff drew 8 la/ brea?1 t t]rific ?und]/orm broke ov] ! ,quir9al1 m5 %udd]$ & fl$1 say+ & believ+ t ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness _h come 9 p]son = ! s\l ( ! monk :om he _h made ,pope4 ,k9dly old ,sixtus6 ,x 0 well t he c\ld n "k h[ ! poor :om he _h always rememb]$ w\ld rememb] him6 ,across ! ,monte ,cavallo1 to pause be=e ! balcony ( ! ,quir9al1 came 9 #ahdj t extraord9>y fun]al cortge :i* c>ri$ ! body ( ,lady ,gw5dol9 ,talbot1 ,pr9cess ,borghese1 to be laid 9 ! ,borghese *apel 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,at sev5 9 ! ev5+ ( ,octob] #cj1 by tor*light1 amid a sil5ce s pr(\nd t ! l[ pray]s ( ! prie/s 7 di/9ctly audible1 ! procession mov$ sl[ly along ! ?ree-qu>t]s ( a league f ! ,borghese ,palace to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,soldi]s ) rev]s$ arms1 m\nt$ dragoons1 m\rn+ c>riages1 religi\s societies1 prie/s1 prelates1 & all ! ,roman poor1 compris$ ! tra94 ,! fun]al c> 0 drawn1 n by horses b by =ty ,romans dress$ 9 deep m\rn+4 ,fl[]s 7 ?r[n ^u ! bi] f ! palaces along ! ,corso1 & :5 ! procession rea*$ ,monte ,cavallo & paus$ be=e ! ,quir9al1 f ! balcony ov] ! entrance ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi gave 8 f9al bless+ to ! beautiful "y pr9cess1 dead at tw5ty-two1 & sa9t if ev] !re has be5 "o4 ,all ! poor ( ,rome felt t !y _h lo/ a fri5d & b5efactress1 ! l ( :om w\ld n come aga94 ,lat]1 :5 ,pr9ce ,borghese wi%$ to "k ! names ( ^? :o _h drawn ! fun]al c>1 he 0 only told t !y 7 ,romans6 ,up ! slopes ( ,monte ,cavallo 9 ,febru>y1 #agih1 came ) _! tricolor$ cockades ! soldi]s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution>y ,army4 ,!y ent]$ ! ,quir9al & call$ ^u ,pope ,pius ,,vi to r5\nce ! temporal p[]4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury pontiff calmly refus$ to comply ) ?is prepo/]\s dem&4 ,t refusal lo/ him ! ti>a & br\ght ab\t 8 dea? eighte5 mon?s lat] 9 a ,fr5* =tress4 ,rome 0 metamorphos$ into a republic1 b ?is obscuration ( ! papal p[] 0 only tempor>y4 ,:5 ,pius ,,vi di$1 at ,val5ce1 9 ,augu/1 #agii1 ! c>d9als held _! ,conclave at ,v5ice1 & on ,m>* #ad1 #ahjd1 elect$ ,pius ,,vii 7,*i>amonti1 #ahjd-ahbc71 :o return$ to ,rome ! foll[+ ,july4 ,?is 0 ! ,pope :o1 aft] _m misgiv+s1 cons5t$ to cr[n ,napoleon4 ,five ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,emp]or proce$$ to annex ! ,papal ,/ates to 8 empire1 ?is 0 ! ,pope :o excommunicat$ him4 ,few ( ,/4 ,pet]'s successors h be5 call$ ^u to suff] & to d>e m ?an ! good & g5tle ,pius ,,vii4 ,8 ,italian nature compreh5d$ to an unusual degree ! /range "* ( ,napoleon1 endur+ ) p]fect composure ! ,emp]or's outbur/s ( hi/rionic rage1 & d>+ to br+ him back to bus9ess by ! s+le ^w1 8com$ian40 ,he brav$ no less calmly ,napoleon's g5u9e ang] at ! bull ( excommunication1 & refus$ to cancel x4 ,consequ5tly1 on ! night ( ,july #e1 #ahji1 ! ,emp]or's soldi]s broke into ! ,quir9al & took ! ,pope prison]4 ,= a mom5t1 /&+ "u ! />s :i* look$ d[n ^u ,monte ,cavallo1 ,pius ,,vii bless$ 8 sleep+ city1 & !n 0 hurri$ away f ,rome to t w&]+ exile1 depict$ 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 :i* 0 only br\ght to an end by ,napoleon's fall4 ,!n ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* 7 re/or$ to ! papacy1 & ! ,quir9al ,palace once m receiv$ ! ag$ pontiff4 ,9 ! quiet sunset ( 8 days1 :i* outla/$ by two ye>s ! life ( ! great conqu]or1 ! ,pope _h "t to erect ! f\nta9 ( ,monte ,cavallo1 & to beg9 or cont9ue ! ar*itectural & ar*ological projects connect$ ) 8 "n4 ,9 t brief halcyon p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ,pius ,,ix's election to ! ,holy ,see1 9 #ahdf1 ! ,quir9al ,palace & ! ,monte ,cavallo 7 9 a /ate ( unwont$ & con/ant activity4 ,pius play$ ) all 8 he>t ! rle ( ! lib]al ,pope1 bo? he & ! ,romans mi/ak+ 8 amiable disposition = lib]al political convictions4 ,day aft] day ! ,romans ?rong$ ! space be=e ! palace1 wait+ = _! idol1 :o 0 sure to appe> "s "t on ! balcony ov] ! entrance4 ,/&+ !re 9 8 :ite robe1 8 d>k eyes gl[+ ) sympa!tic emotion1 he w\ld bless ! p ) uplift$ h& & 9 ! mo/ mov+ & beautiful ( voices4 ,if ! h\r 0 late1 he might add ! injunction to g home to b$6 ,! attitude ( ! ,pope & p at ?is "t is epitomiz$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ragg$ little boy :o "o day f\nd himself 9 ! ,quir9al ,g>d5s face to face ) ! ,holy ,fa!r4 ,daz$ & enraptur$1 he p\r$ =? ! pitiful tale ( 8 h>d%ips to ! h&some & compassionate c\nt5ance b5d+ ov] him1 & ! wond]ful voice com=t$ him ) promises ( r$ress--promises :i* bo? pontiff & *ild believ$ 9 passionately4 ,!re is ab\t ?is p]iod ( ,pius ,,ix's life1 ) its visits to ! prisons1 its *>ities & public appe>ances1 a /range atmosph]e ( unreality4 ,a factiti\s glam\r bl9d$ ! popul> m9d1 & ! ,pope liv$ ^u pi\s & ideal illusions--z ,m>ie ,anto9ette _h play$ at simplicity & a return to ,nature on ! eve ( ! ,revolution4 ,:5 ! gold5 *>m 0 brok5 by ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution 9 ,pal]mo & ! murd] ( ,pellegr9o ,rossi 9 ,rome1 ! fright5$ pontiff1 turn+ f an angry p1 :om 9 ! nature ( ?+s he c\ld n possibly satisfy1 appeal$ to ! mo/ reaction>y ( all ! ,italian p[]s1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 or 8,bomba40 ,!n ! ,quir9al witness$ ! la/ act :i* ! papacy 0 to play )9 its prec9cts4 ,! ,pope & "o att5dant escap$ f ! palace by a small side door 9 ! g>d5 wall & fl$ across ! fronti] to ,gaeta1 on ,neapolitan t]ritory4 ,he c>ri$ ) him ! pyx :i* ,pius ,,vii _h c>ri$ :5 he also _h quitt$ ! ,quir9al 9 ha/e ?irty-n9e ye>s be=e2 b1 unlike ,pius ,,vii1 ,pius ,,ix nev] return$ ?i!r4 ,:5 he came back to ,rome ! ,vatican receiv$ him4 ,! ,quir9al1 ! ?ird "o ( ! papal palaces1 has become a symbol ( ! actual sov]eignty ( ,rome1 &1 9 #ahga1 x pass$ ) ! temporal p[] f ,pope ,pius ,,ix to ,victor ,emmanuel ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,! c>d9als' coa*es no long] drive ab\t ! f\nta9 ( ,pius ,,vii4 ,! consi/ories are held 9 ! ,vatican2 & on ! ,monte ,cavallo ! ,b]sagli]i h sup]s$$ ! papal ,z\aves4 ,ov] ! ,quir9al ! pontifical yell[ & :ite has giv5 way to ! gre5 & :ite & r$ ( ,unit$ ,italy4 8,old ?+s are pass$ away4 ,behold1 all ?+s h become new0--once aga9 9 ! city ( et]nal *ange4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix ,,inscriptions ,,9 ,,piazza ,,di ,,spagna ,,on ,,! ,,spani% ,,/eps ,i ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,,magnificam ,,hanc ,,spectator ,,qvam ,,mir>is ,,scalam ,,vt ,,commodam ,,ac ,,ornam5tvm ,,non ,,exigvvm ,,regio ,,co5obio ,,ipsiq4 ,,vrbi ,,allatvram ,,animo ,,concepit ,,legataq4 ,,svpremis ,,9 ,,tabvlis ,,pecvnia ,,vnde ,,svmptvs ,,svpp$it>5tvr ,,con/rvi ,,m&avit ,,nobilis ,,gallvs ,,/ephanvs ,,gveffi] ,,qvi ,,regio ,,9 ,,m9i/]io ,,div ,,plvres ,,apvd ,,pontifices ,,aliosqve ,,svblimes ,,pr9cipes ,,egregie ,,v]satvs ,,romae ,,viv]e ,,desiit ,,xxx4 ,,ivnii ,,mdclxi4 ,,opvs ,,avtem ,,v>io ,,r]vm ,,int]v5tv ,,primvm ,,svb ,,clem5te ,,xi ,,cvm ,,mvlti ,,propon]5tvr ,,modvli ,,et ,,=mae ,,9 ,,delib]atione ,,positvm ,,de9de ,,svb ,,innoc5tio ,,xiii4 ,,/abilitvm ,,et ,r4 ,p4 ,,b]tr&i ,,mons9at ,,tolosatis ,,ord4 ,,m9imorvm ,s4 ,,francisci ,,de ,,pavla ,,correctoris ,,g5lis ,,fidei ,,cvraeq4 ,,commissvm ,,ac ,,in*oatvm ,,t&em ,,b5$icto ,,xiii ,,felicit] ,,s$5te ,,confectvm ,,absolvtvmqve ,,e/ ,,anno ,,jvbilei ,,mdccxxv ,,ii ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,,s$5te ,,b5$icto ,,xiii ,,pont4 ,,max4 ,,ludovico ,,xv ,,9 ,,galliis ,,regnante ,,eivsq4 ,,apvd ,,sanctam ,,s$em ,,negotiis ,,pr,,posito ,,mel*iore ,s4 ,r4 ,,ecclesi ,,c>d9ali ,,de ,,polignac ,,ar*iepiscopo ,,avscitano ,,ad ,,sacr ,,dis ,,alm,,qve ,,vrbis ,,ornam5tvm ,,ac ,,civivm ,,commodvm ,,m>morea ,,scala ,,digno ,,tantis ,,avspiciis ,,op]e ,,absolvta ,,anno ,,dom9i ,,mdccxxv ,,translation ,,( ,,above ,i ,o spectator1 ?is magnific5t /airway :i* y gaze at 9 wond]1 t x might af=d conv5i5ce & no small ornam5t to ! city1 ! noble ,fr5*man ,eti5ne ,guffi] conceiv$ 9 8 m9d1 &1 money hav+ be5 left 9 8 w :5ce to defray exp5ses1 ord]$ x to be built4 ,he conduct$ himself ) di/9ction 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ at ! c\rts ( sev]al pontiffs & o!r sublime pr9ces1 & di$ 9 ,rome ! ?irtie? ( ,june1 #affa4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 0 int]rupt$ by a v>iety ( ?+s1 & fir/ 9 ! reign ( ,clem5t ,,xi !re 7 plac$ be=e a c\ncil _m plans & designs4 ,x 0 decid$ ^u "u ,clem5t ,,xi1 &1 be+ intru/$ to ! fai?ful c>e ( ! ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,b]tr& ,mons9at ( ,t\l\se1 corrector g5]alis ( ! less] ord] ( ,/4 ,francis de ,paul1 0 begun1 & f9ally1 ,b5$ict ,,xiii bless$ly seat$ ^u ! papal *air1 0 br\ght to an end 9 ! ye> ( jubilee1 #agbe4 ,,ii ,b5$ict ,,xiii sitt+ 9 ! papal *air z ,pontifex ,maximus2 ,l\is ,,xv reign+ 9 ,france2 ,mel*ior de ,polignac1 ,c>d9al ( ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur*1 & ,ar*bi%op ( ,aquita9e1 be+ 8 m9i/] at ! sacr$ see2 ^! m>ble /eps1 9 a mann] wor?y ( su* auspices1 = ! ornam5tation ( ! sacr$ temple 7! *ur* above7 & ! belov$ city1 & = ! conv5i5ce ( ! citiz5s1 7 complet$ 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l1 #agbe4 ,,footnotes ,a ,! ,que5's palace 0 9 ! re> ( ,raphael's h\se & fac$ ! ,borgo ,vec*io4 ,opposite to x 0 ! palace ( ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,b ,sixtus ,v 0 sev]ely criticis$ = sub/itut+ 8 own arms = ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,gregory ,,xiii1 9 ! ,quir9al ,palace1 & aft] ,sixtus's dea? ! ,boncompagni arms 7 re/or$ to _! orig9al place4 ,c 8,ounce0 0 a m$ival measurem5t ( runn+ wat]1 ( :i* !re 7 once z _m v>ieties 9 ,italy z !re 7 prov9ces4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill 9 use4 ,! ,roman oncia d'acqua1 or ounce ( wat]1 0 practically equival5t to f\r times ! quantity ( wat] kn[n z ! ,cali=nia 8m9]'s in*40 ,?is 8m9]'s in*0 am\nts to some?+ l sixte5 ?\s& gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !re=e ! grant ( two ,roman 8ounces0 gave ! ,colonna ! "r to draw f ! ,f\nta9 ( ,trevi eight times t am\nt1 or "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ?\s& gallons e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,d ,"o ( ,vignola's e>ly plans = ! ,villa ,giulia has lately come to light4 ,x %[s ! ma9 /ructure mu* z x is1 b ) a l>ge w+ to left & "r1 & a long g>d5 runn+ d[n ei!r side ( ! c5tral c\rt beh9d ea* w+4 ,!re are also o!r diff]5tiations1 & x is evid5t ! plan mu/ h entail$ a l>g] & m exp5sive build+ ?an t :i* 0 f9ally erect$4 ,! plan measures f\r by five feet & is beautifully prep>$4 ,x is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,grant ,:ite1 ( ,new ,york4 ,e ,?is c>d9al became ,pope ,m>cellus1 = :om ,pale/r9a is said to h writt5 ! ,mass ( ,pope ,m>cellus4 ,f ,a curi\s /ory relat$ by ,wraxall 78,memoirs10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahc7 %[s t ! ,villa ,giulia 9 its eighte5? c5tury p]iod ( isolation & decay prov$ a conv5i5t %elt] = secret crimes committ$ by p]sons ( exalt$ rank4 ,g ,! ornam5tal detail ( ! 8,sixt9e lion0 looks z if ?is f\nta91 l ! ,t>t>ughe1 _h be5 f9i%$ 9 ! pontificate foll[+ ,gregory ,,xiii's--t is1 9 ! pontificate ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,h ,! fate ( ! ,roman obelisks pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ baffl+ & fasc9at+ problems ( ar*ology4 ,z no satisfactory explanation ( _! ov]?r[ & mutilation has ev] be5 giv51 possibly ! !ory t !y 7 de/roy$ by ! ,romans ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 9 se>* ( bronze1 is z good a work+ hypo!sis z any o!r4 ,! idea t !y 7 wreck$ by b>b>ians1 & ! assumption t !y 7 ?r[n d[n by e>?quakes are equally unt5able4 ,mu* curi\s evid5ce goes to %[ t "s ( ! pr9cipal obelisks 7 /&+ 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies4 ,"o /ood erect on its p$e/al 9 ,*>lemagne's "t1 :ile ! fall ( ano!r c be plac$ z late z ! t5? or elev5? c5tury4 ,?ree ( ! pr9cipal obelisks %[ holes drill$ 9 ! %aft = ! ins]tion ( lev]s or cr[b>s1 & h unmi/akable m>ks ( fire ab\t ! p$e/al4 ,n[1 ! ,romans g5]ally re-erect$ ! obelisk1 n directly ^u its p$e/al1 b ^u bronze crabs 7z 9 ! obelisk ( ! ,vatican7 or ^u brass 8dice0 7z 9 ! l>g] ( ! two obelisks 9 ,con/ant9ople74 ,! ,egyptians %ea!d ! pyramidion ( ! obelisk ) 8bright metal0 to reflect ! rays ( ! sun1 & ! ,romans cr[n$ ! apex1 sometimes if n always1 ) metal ornam5ts1 l ! ball ^u ! ,vatican obelisk1 :i*1 until x 0 remov$ by ,sixtus ,v1 0 suppos$ to conta9 ! a%es ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,! obelisk n[ 9 ,c5tral ,p>k _h be5 re-erect$ by ! ,romans at ,alex&ria1 9 ?is fa%ion1 & "o ( ! bronze crabs 0 br\ght to ,new ,york ) ! obelisk1 & is n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 ,^! bronze supports 7 firmly atta*$ to ! obelisk by heavy bronze d[els1 "o d[el runn+ upw>d into ea* corn] ( ! %aft1 ! o!r go+ d[n into ea* corn] ( ! p$e/al4 ,betwe5 ! %aft & ! p$e/al !re 0 !re=e a space1 p]haps "s f\r in*es 9 height1 ?r\gh :i* light 0 visible4 ,?is 0 se5 9 ! ,vatican obelisk1 :i* 0 /ill 9 situ :5 ,fontana drew 8 plans = *ang+ its location1 & 9 ! ,c5tral ,p>k obelisk1 z describ$ by an eye-witness ( its removal4 ,?ree hi/orians ( ,rome's de/ruction--,fea1 ,dy]1 & ,gibbon--describe ! almo/ incr$ible +5uity1 labor1 & pati5ce ex]t$ by ! ,romans ( ! ,d>k ,ages 9 _! se>* = bronze & o!r metals4 ,:]ev] bronze c\ld be obta9$1 x 0 /ol51 /ripp$1 or melt$1 on acc\nt ( its value & ! ease ) :i* x c\ld be transport$4 ,dur+ ! same hi/oric p]iod1 all pagan monum5ts 7 depriv$ ( :atev] protection !y _h _h z objects ( religi\s v5]ation4 ,! obelisks /&+ 9 spaci\s & lonely surr\nd+s w\ld h prov$ an easy prey to b&s ( cl&e/9e or op5 m>aud]s4 ,! ,roman me?od ( bla/+ consi/$ 9 build+ a fire aga9/ ! rock & p\r+ v9eg>1 or ev5 wat]1 ^u ! r$-hot /one :i* !n dis9tegrat$4 ,x w\ld h be5 an easy matt] to k9dle great fires at e corn] ( ! p$e/al :i*1 by ! "t ?is k9d ( de/ruction became popul>1 _h already lo/ mu* ( _! orig9al height ?r\gh ! gradual rise ( ! gr\nd level4 ,?is me?od ( bla/+ by fire w\ld acc\nt = ! all b univ]sal gnaw+ away1 or r\gh r\nd+ (f ( ! l[] corn]s ( ! %aft1 9 :i* ! bronze d[els 7 s firmly emb$d$4 ,aft] ! dis9tegration ( ! granite ! p>tially melt$ bronze c\ld be extract$ f bo? %aft & p$e/al1 b n be=e ! %aft _h be5 ?r[n ov]1 & ?is 0 evid5tly help$ along by ! use ( lev]s4 ,:5 ! %aft 0 prone1 x became possible to remove any bronze :i* _h be5 atta*$ to its summit4 ,) p]haps only "o exception1 ! fall5 %afts 7 always f\nd brok5 9 ?ree pieces1 b !re seems to be no record ( any bronze f\nd 9 ,rome1 ne> ! orig9al sites ( ! obelisks4 ,:at bronze !re is 0 on ! "o ,roman obelisk t _h n be5 ?r[n d[n 7! ,vatican obelisk74 ,! orig9al site ( ?is obelisk1 9 ! c5tre ( ! old circus ( ,caligula & ,n]o1 0 close to ! old ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 & x 0 fur!rmore protect$1 accord+ to ,lanciani1 by ! *apel at its base1 call$ ! ,*apel ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,:51 9 #aehf1 ,fontana remov$ ?is obelisk to its pres5t position 9 ! c5tre ( ! mod]n ,piazza ( mod]n ,/4 ,pet]'s1 he re-erect$ x ^u its orig9al classic ,roman crabs1 hid+ !m by ! purely decorative ,sixt9e lions ( ,prosp]o ,bresciano1 z !y _h be5 hidd5 9 e>li] times by ! bronze lions m5tion$ by ,plut>*1 & gone s9ce ! sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg4 ,! obelisk 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ref]r$ to above1 is /ill /&+ on its f\r brass 8dice40 ,i ,?is /ory is told 9 ano!r =m4 ,9 x ,c>d9al ,f>nese employs ! same ruse to save ! life ( ! "y ,duke ( ,p>ma4 ,j ,suetonius1 ,bk4 ,i4 8,& he 7,cs>7 m\nt$ ! ,capitol by tor*light ) =ty elephants be>+ lamps on 8 "r & on 8 left40 ,k ,! 8,memoirs ( ,madame d',arblay0 relate a t\*+ incid5t 9 ! life ( ?is exil$ ,/u>t4 ,daddy ,crump1 ,fanny ,burney's old gossip1 :ile soj\rn+ 9 ,rome att5d$ a c>nival ball at a c]ta9 palace1 :]e he saw _m notables1 among !m ,k+ ,james ,,iii1 z he 0 always call$ 9 ,rome1 & 8 two "y sons--,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d & ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,york4 ,!re 7 numb]s ( ,engli% among ! gue/s1 &1 *>act]i/ically1 !y did n m+le ) ! o!r nationalities1 b gr\p$ !mselves toge!r 9 a solid mass at "o end ( ! ballroom4 ,sudd5ly1 :ile all 7 wat*+ ! danc]s1 ,k+ ,james1 tak+ advantage ( 8 mask & (ficial incognito1 cross$ ! room & plac$ himself 9 ! front rank ( 8 fell[ c\ntrym54 ,! mom5t 0 psy*ic1 b ! 8loyal subjects ( ! ,h\se ( ,hanov]0 8took n ! slighte/ notice ( him0 :ile he /ood z 8 =ebe>s _h /ood--an ,engli% k+ among 8 own p4 ,daddy ,crump relates ) smug satisfaction t ! 8,engli% nev] mov$ an eyelid0 dur+ ^? few m9utes :5 _! h]$it>y sov]eign assuag$ ! passionate homesickness ( 8 exile he>t ) a brief & tragic make-believe4 ,l ,see ,app5dix4 ,m ,comp>e ! s5sations produc$ by ?is f\nta9 & ^? giv5 by ! 8,rhapsodie ,hongroise40 ,,*ronological ,,index ,,( ,,aqu$ucts ,,m5tion$1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,anci5t ,,date ,,( ,,aqu$uct ,,con/ruction ,,page ,appia #cab ,b4 ,c4 #ch1 #bgj4 ,anio ,vetus #bgb-bfi ,b4 ,c4 #ch4 ,m>cia #add-adj ,b4 ,c4 #ch1 #abe1 #bff4 ,alsiet9a 7,"u ! #bgj1 #bgc4 ,emp]or ,augu/us7 ,virgo #ai ,b4 ,c4 #ch1 #hf1 #aji1 #adh1 #baf1 #bbi-bcb1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,claudia #ch-eb ,a4 ,d4 x1 #bca4 ,anio ,novus #ch-eb ,a4 ,d4 x4 ,traiana #aji ,a4 ,d4 #ad1 #bb1 #bca1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,alex&r9a #bbf ,a4 ,d4 #adi1 #baf4 ,,mod]n ,acqua ,damasiana 7,"u ,pope ,damasus7 #h4 ,acqua ,v]g9e di ,trevi #aegj ,a4 ,d4 #ad1 #ch1 #ij1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aji1 #abh1 #ada1 #aii1 #bjj1 #baf1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdb1 #bgf4 ,acqua ,felice #aehg ,a4 ,d4 #bb1 #ch1 #ci1 #dd1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #adg1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aeh1 #afi1 #agb1 #agh1 #bei1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,acqua ,paola #afaa ,a4 ,d4 #e1 #f1 #ba1 #bb1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #gh1 #ada1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgf4 ,acqua ,m>cia ,pia #ahgj ,a4 ,d4 #ch-dj1 #bjj1 #bff4 ,,*ronological ,,index ,,( ,,popes ,,m5tion$ ,,pope ,,date ,,page ,damasus #cff-chd #g1 #h4 ,symma*us #dih-ead #aa-ad4 ,hadrian ,i #ggb-gie #ci1 #eg4 ,cele/9e ,,ii #aadc-aadd #ac4 ,honorius ,,iii #abaf-abbg #ac4 ,eug5ius ,,iv #adca-addg #aih4 ,ni*olas ,v #addg-adee #bca1 #bcb4 ,sixtus ,,iv #adga-adhd #ad1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #ca1 #eg1 #hd1 #bcb1 #beb4 ,innoc5t ,,viii #adhd-adib #ad1 #ae1 #bga4 ,alex&] ,,vi #adib-aejc #ad1 #af1 #bd1 #bg1 #bi-cb1 #ec1 #gg1 #agc1 #bec4 ,julius ,,ii #aejc-aeac #bc1 #bi1 #cb1 #fi1 #bec1 #bfc4 ,leo ,x #aeac-aebb #bd1 #cb1 #fi1 #aci1 #aea4 ,adrian ,,vi #aebb-aebc #fi4 ,clem5t ,,vii #aebc-aecd #fi1 #gj1 #ge1 #aaj4 ,paul ,,iii #aecd-aeej #cb1 #de1 #df1 #eb1 #eh1 #fc-gi1 #aji-aab1 #ahh1 #aih1 #baa1 #bga4 ,julius ,,iii #aeej-aeee #hc-ajd1 #aji1 #ade1 #adh1 #bgh4 ,m>cellus ,,ii #aeee #ajb4 ,paul ,,iv #aeee-aeei #aab4 ,pius ,,iv #aeei-aeff #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abj1 #abd1 #adf1 #baf4 ,pius ,v #aeff-aegb #hf1 #ajb1 #aji1 #abj1 #abf1 #acb1 #bcb4 ,gregory ,,xiii #aegb-aehe #ad1 #eb1 #hf1 #hi1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab-aad1 #abf1 #abi1 #aca1 #aci1 #baf1 #bhh4 ,sixtus ,v #aehe-aeij #ag1 #bb1 #bc1 #bh1 #cg1 #ci1 #dd1 #eb1 #hi1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aac1 #aai-acb1 #aci1 #adf-aeb1 #aee-afe1 #agd1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bdb1 #bea1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bha1 #bhh-bif4 ,urban ,,vii #aeij #aef4 ,gregory ,,xiv #aeij-aeia #aef4 ,innoc5t ,,ix #aeia-aeib #aef4 ,clem5t ,,viii #aeib-afje #ajc1 #aef1 #afc1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bij4 ,leo ,,xi #afje #ajc1 #agb1 #bgh1 #bha4 ,paul ,v #afje-afba #c-ah1 #bb-cb1 #ff1 #ajc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #aeg1 #ahg-ahi1 #baa1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #bgj-bhd4 ,urban ,,viii #afbc-afdd #bd1 #ff1 #agb1 #agf1 #aii-bja1 #baa1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bce1 #bfb1 #bhc4 ,innoc5t ,x #afdd-afee #eb1 #bai-bbb1 #bbd4 ,alex&] ,,vii #afee-affg #bjb4 ,clem5t ,x #afgj-afgf #d4 ,alex&] ,,viii #afhi-afia #bgc-bge4 ,clem5t ,,xii #agcj-agdj #eb1 #ee1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,b5$ict ,,xiv #agdj-ageh #ij1 #bce4 ,clem5t ,,xiii #ageh-agfi #bbe1 #bce4 ,clem5t ,,xiv #agfi-agge #ajc1 #ajd4 ,pius ,,vi #agge-ahjj #ajc1 #ajd1 #bda1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bhi1 #bic1 #big1 #bih4 ,pius ,,vii #ahjj-ahbc #bda1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bic1 #bih-cjj4 ,leo ,,xii #ahbc-ahbi #aji1 #aae4 ,gregory ,,xvi #ahca-ahdf #adg1 #big4 ,pius ,,ix #ahdf-ahgh #ce-dj1 #bbe1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,( ,,ar*itects1 ,,sculptors1 ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,engrav]s ,,m5tion$ ,,"n ,,date ,,page ,alb]ti1 ,leon ,batti/a #adjd-adgb #bcb4 ,amannati1 ,b>tolommeo #aeaa-aehf #hd1 #hg1 #hh1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abg1 #ade-adh4 ,amici1 ,luigi #ahac-ahig #cf1 #bai4 ,ant9ori fl4 ca4 #ahjj #bhi4 ,b&9elli1 ,baccio #adhg-aeei #ed4 ,b>on9o fl4 ca4 #aeej #ajj4 ,b>ozzi1 ,giacomo1 da ,vignola #aejg-aegc #hd1 #hg1 #id1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aab1 #beb4 ,b]ett9a1 ,pietro da ,cortona #aeif-affi #abj4 ,b]n9i1 ,giovanni ,lor5zo #aeih-afhj #e1 #bg1 #gg1 #ajh1 #ace1 #aga1 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bai-bbe1 #bce1 #bej1 #beb4 ,b]n9i1 ,pietro #aefb-afbi #aii1 #bjj4 ,betti1 ,b]n>d9o di ,p9turic*io #aded-aeac #gg4 ,bitta1 della ,zappal #ahjg- #cf1 #bbj4 ,bonanni fl4 ca4 #aegj #ag4 ,brazza1 ,c\nt 7! eld]7 fl4 ca4 #ahcj #bei4 ,bresciano1 ,prosp]o fl4 ca4 #aehe #adg1 #afb4 ,buon>roti1 ,mi*elangelo #adgd-aefd #bc1 #dd-df1 #di1 #eb1 #ed1 #eg-ei1 #fi1 #gc1 #gg1 #hd1 #id1 #aja1 #aji1 #aeg1 #bcf1 #beb1 #bga4 ,canova1 ,antonio #ageg-ahbb #aid4 ,cavali]i1 ,tommaso de fl4 ca4 #aejj #eb4 ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto #aejj-aegj #ajj1 #aaj4 ,cruyl #afdj 787 #afe4 ,falda1 ,giovanni ,batti/a #afdh-afia #ajh1 #aad1 #afe1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bgd4 ,fontana1 ,c>lo #afcd-agad #d1 #beb4 ,fontana1 ,dom5ico #aedc-afjg #bb1 #bc1 #bh1 #cg1 #ch1 #ed1 #hg1 #aai1 #abj1 #abe-abh1 #aca1 #ace1 #ade-aej1 #aee-afe1 #aga1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bic4 ,fontana1 ,giovanni #aedj-afda #bb1 #ace1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bgg4 ,gele1 ,claude ,lorra9e #afjj-afhb #agf4 ,l&9i1 ,taddeo -#aeid #aca1 #acf4 ,lazz>i ,donato1 ,bramante da ,urb9o #addd-aead #af1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj1 #bfc4 ,let>\illy #agie-ahfe #if1 #ahf4 ,ligorio1 ,pirro #adic-aegc #de1 #hh4 ,lippi1 ,annibale fl4 ca4 #aeej #aga4 ,mad]no1 ,c>lo #aeef-afbi #d1 #f1 #ae1 #ba1 #bc1 #cb1 #cg1 #ace1 #aih1 #aii1 #beb1 #bgb1 #bge4 ,maggi #aeff-afbj787 #aee1 #afe1 #bgd4 ,millotti #afe4 ,m>i1 ,gianantonio fl4 ca4 #afdh #bai4 ,picconi1 ,antonio da ,sangallo #adhb-aedf #fi4 ,p9telli1 ,baccio #adbj-adhj #beb4 ,piranesi1 ,giovanni ,batti/a #agjg-aggh #di1 #ic1 #abd1 #adf1 #aeh1 #bbj1 #bdb1 #bgd4 ,porta1 ,giacomo della #aeda-afjd #fi1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aab1 #ach1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,porta1 ,giovanni ,batti/a della #aeci-aeid #adf4 ,porta1 ,guglielmo della -#aegg #gg1 #ace4 ,p\ss91 ,ni*olas #aegd-affe #agf4 ,ra9aldi1 ,c>lo #afaa-afia #eb1 #fe1 #bai1 #beb4 ,ra9aldi1 ,girolamo #aegj-afee #eb1 #fe4 ,salvi1 ,niccolo #afii-agea #bce4 ,sanctis1 ,francesco de fl4 ca4 #agbe #bjb4 ,sanzio1 ,raphael da ,urb9o #adhc-aebj #bc1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #aci1 #adj4 ,spec*i1 ,aless&ro #affe-agjf #bjb4 ,/]n1 ,raphael #agij-ahba #if1 #ajc1 #bij4 ,/oc*i fl4 ca4 #ahbe #aji4 ,t5]ani1 ,pietro #aghi-ahfi #cf4 ,vacca1 ,flam9io #aecj-aeif #adf4 ,valadi]1 ,giuseppe #agfb-ahci #bae1 #bda-bee1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,vansantio1 ,antonio -#agaj787 #ff1 #ahf4 ,vas>i1 ,giorgio #adic-aegc #dd1 #ed1 #eh1 #id1 #aja1 #afd1 #bcb4 ,vespignani1 ,virg9io #ahjh-ahhb #cg4 ,watteau1 ,anto9e #afhd-agba #ahf4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,9 v]sions ( ?is e,book t support hyp]l9ks1 ! page ref]5ces 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations lead to ! correspond+ illu/rations4 ,footnotes1 orig9ally at ! bottoms ( ! pages t ref]5c$ !m1 h be5 collect$1 sequ5tially r5umb]$1 & plac$ ne> ! end ( ! book1 j be=e ! index4 ,! indices 7 n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces4 ,! ,errata li/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book h be5 correct$ 9 ?is e,book4