,,address    ,,deliv]$ ,,be=e    ,,!    
,,briti% ,,association    ,,assembl$    
,,at    ,,belfa/        ,,) ,,additions 
,,by    ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,f4,r4,s4     
,,presid5t          ,,fif? ,,?\s&       
,,london    ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,&     
,,co4    #ahgd            ',!re is "o   
,god supreme ov] all gods1 div9] ?an    
mortals1    ,^: =m is n l unto man's1 & 
z unlike 8 nature2    ,b va9 mortals    
imag9e t gods l !mselves are begott51   
,) human s5sations & voice & corporeal  
memb]s2    ,s1 if ox5 or lions _h h&s & 
c\ld "w 9 man's fa%ion1    ,& trace out 
) *isel or bru% _! conception (         
,godhead1    ,!n w\ld horses depict gods
 l horses1 & ox5 l ox51    ,ea* k9d !   
div9e ) its own =m & nature end[+4'     
,,x5ophanes ( ,colophon 7six c5turies   
,b4,c471 ',sup]natural ,religion1'      
,vol4 ,i4 p4 #gf4      ',x 7 bett] to h 
no op9ion ( ,god at all1 ?an su* an     
op9ion z is unwor?y ( ,him2 = ! "o is   
unbelief1 ! o!r is  contumely4' ,,bacon4
          ,,preface4    ,at ! reque/ (  

my ,publi%]s1 /r5g!n$ by ! express$     
desire  ( _m ,correspond5ts1 ,i repr9t1 
) a few slight alt]ations1  ?is         
,address4    ,x 0 writt5 "u "s          
disadvantages ?is ye> 9 ! ,alps1 &  s5t 
by in/alm5ts to ! pr9t]4  ,:5 read      
subsequ5tly x prov$  too long = its     
purpose1 & sev]al ( its passages 7      
accord+ly /ruck out4  ,"s ( !m are "h   
re/or$4    ,x has provok$ an unexpect$  
am\nt ( criticism4  ,?is1 9 due  "t1 w  
subside2 & ,i confid5tly look =w>d to a 
calm] future  = a v]dict1 f\nd$ n on    
imag9>y s9s1 b on ! real facts  ( !     
case4    ,( ! numb]less /rictures &     
accusations1 "s ( !m exce$+  fi]ce1 (   
:i* ,i h be51 & cont9ue to be1 ! object1
 ,i  refra9 f speak+ at any l5g?4  ,to  
"o or two ( !m1 h[ev]1  out ( respect = 
_! s\rces1 ,i w\ld ask p]mission briefly
 to  ref]4    ,an ev5+ pap] ( ! fir/    
rank1 aft] ! ascription ( v>i\s  m or   
less que/ionable aims & motives1 proce$s
 to !  imputation1 t ,i p]mitt$ ! *e]s (
 my audi5ce to '/imulate'  me to !      

utt]ance ( words :i* no "r-m9d$ man1 )\t
 a  s5se ( ! grave/ responsibility1 c\ld
 employ4  ,i tru/ !  au?or ( ?is *>ge w 
all[ me 9 all c\rtesy to assure him  t !
 words ascrib$ by him to ! spur ( !     
mom5t 7 writt5  9 ,switz]l&2 t !y /ood 9
 ! pr9t$ copy ( ! ,address  f :i* ,i    
read2 t !y evok$ no '*e]s1' b a sil5ce  
f>  m impressive ?an *e]s2 & t1 f9ally1 
z reg>ds bo?  approbation & ! rev]se1 my
 c\rse _h be5 ?\ght ov] &  decid$ long  
be=e ,i v5tur$ to address a ,belfa/     
audi5ce4    ,a writ] 9 a mo/ able       
!ological j\rnal repres5ts me z 'patt+  
religion on ! back4'  ,! ?\ght ( do+ s  
is c]ta9ly 81 n  m9e4  ,! facts (       
religi\s feel+ are to me z c]ta9 z !    
facts ( physics4  ,b ! _w1 ,i hold1 w h 
to di/+ui%  betwe5 ! feel+ & its =ms1 & 
to v>y ! latt] 9  accordance ) !        
intellectual condition ( ! age4    ,i am
 unwill+ to dwell ^u /atem5ts ascrib$ to
 em95t m51  :i* may be imp]fectly       
report$ 9 ! newspap]s1 & ,i !re=e  pass 
ov] a rec5t s]mon attribut$ to ! ,bi%op 

( ,man*e/] )  ! rem>k1 t "o engag$ s mu*
 z he is 9 busy &1 ,i d\bt  n on ! :ole1
 b5efic5t outw>d life1 is n likely to be
 among  ! e>lie/ to disc]n ! m inw>d &  
spiritual signs ( !  times1 or to prep>e
 = ! condition :i* !y =e%ad[4    ,9 a   
rec5t spee* at ,dewsbury1 ! ,dean (     
,man*e/] is report$ to  h express$      
himself ?us3--',! ,pr(essor 7myself7    
end$ a mo/  rem>kable & eloqu5t spee* by
 t]m+ himself a mat]ial  ,a!i/4'  ,my   
att5tion 0 drawn to ,dean ,c[ie's       
/atem5t by a  correspond5t1 :o describ$ 
x z /&+ 'conspicu\s among !  /range     
calumnies' ) :i* my words h be5 assail$4
  ,=  myself ,i use no language :i* c\ld
 imply t ,i am hurt by su*  attacks4    
,!y h lo/ _! p[] to w\nd or injure4  ,s 
likewise  z reg>ds a resolution rec5tly 
pass$ by ! ,presbyt]y ( ,belfa/1  9 :i* 
,pr(essor ,huxley & myself are spok5 ( z
 'ignor+ !  exi/5ce ( ,god1 & advocat+  
pure & simple mat]ialism2' _h  !        
possessive pron\n 'our' prec$$ ',god1' &
 _h ! words ':at  we consid]' prec$$    

'pure1' ?is /atem5t w\ld h be5          
objectively true2 b to make x s ?is     
qualification is requir$4    ,c>d9al    
,cull51 ,i am told1 is also actively    
engag$ 9 erect+  spiritual b>ri]s aga9/ 
! intrusion ( ',infidelity' into        
,irel&4  ,8 ,em95ce1 ,i believe1 has    
reason to suspect t !  ,ca?olic y\?     
ar\nd him are n pro( to ! s$uctions (   
sci5ce4  ,/rong z he is1 ,i believe him 
to be impot5t "h4  ,! y\? (  ,irel& w   
imbibe sci5ce1 h[ev] sl[ly2 !y w be     
leav5$ by  x1 h[ev] gradually4  ,& to   
its inw>d modify+ p[] among  ,ca?olics  
!mselves1 r ?an to any ,prote/ant       
propag&ism1 or  o!r ext]nal influ5ce1 ,i
 look = ! abatem5t ( v>i\s              
incongruities2 among !m1 ( ^? m$ival    
proce$+s :i*1 to  ! sc&al & amazem5t (  
our n9ete5? c5tury intellig5ce1  h be5  
reviv$ among u dur+ ! la/ two ye>s4     
,9 connexion ) ! *>ge ( ,a!ism1 ,i w\ld 
make "o rem>k4  ,*ri/ian m5 are prov$ by
 _! writ+s to h _! h\rs (  weakness & ( 
d\bt1 z well z _! h\rs ( /r5g? & (      

conviction2 & m5 l myself %>e1 9 _! own 
way1 ^!  v>iations ( mood & t5se4  ,7 ! 
religi\s views ( _m ( my  assailants !  
only alt]native ones1 ,i d n "k h[ /rong
 !  claims ( ! doctr9e ( ',mat]ial      
,a!ism' ^u my allegiance might  be4     
,probably !y w\ld be v /rong4  ,b1 z x  
is1 ,i h  notic$ dur+ ye>s (            
self-obs]vation t x is n 9 h\rs (       
cle>ness & vig\r t ?is doctr9e comm5ds  
itself to my m9d2  t 9 ! pres5ce (      
/rong] & heal?i] ?\ght x ev]  dissolves 
& disappe>s1 z (f]+ no solution ( !     
my/]y 9  :i* we dwell1 & ( :i* we =m a  
"p4    ,to co>s] attacks & d5unciations 
,i pay no att5tion2 nor h ,i  any real  
reason to compla9 ( revil+s address$ to 
me1 :i*  pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians1 z c\ld      
readily be prov$1 d n scruple to  use   
t[>ds ea* o!r4  ,! m agreeable task     
rema9s to me (  ?ank+ ^? :o h tri$1     
h[ev] hopelessly1 to keep accusation  )9
 ! b\nds ( ju/ice1 & :o1 privately1 & at
 "s risk 9  public1 h hon\r$ me ) !     
expression ( _! sympa?y &  approval4    

,,john ,,tyndall4      ,a!num ,club4    
,septemb] #af1 #ahgd4                   
,,address1    ,,etc4      ,an impulse   
inh]5t 9 primeval man turn$ 8 ?\ghts &  
que/ion+s betimes t[>ds ! s\rces (      
natural ph5om5a4  ,!  same impulse1     
inh]it$ & int5sifi$1 is ! spur (        
sci5tific  action to-day4  ,det]m9$ by  
x1 by a process ( ab/raction f  exp]i5ce
 we =m physical !ories :i* lie beyond ! 
pale (  exp]i5ce1 b :i* satisfy ! desire
 ( ! m9d to see e  natural occurr5ce    
re/+ ^u a cause4  ,9 =m+ _! notions (  !
 orig9 ( ?+s1 our e>lie/ hi/oric 7&     
d\btless1 we might  add1 our prehi/oric7
 ance/ors pursu$1 z f> z _! intellig5ce 
p]mitt$1 ! same c\rse4  ,!y also fell   
back ^u exp]i5ce1 b  ) ?is diff]5ce--t !
 p>ticul> exp]i5ces :i* furni%$  ! weft 
& wo( ( _! !ories 7 drawn1 n f ! /udy ( 
nature1 b f :at lay mu* clos] to !m1 !  
obs]vation (  m54  ,_! !ories accord+ly 
took an an?ropomorphic =m4  ,to         
sup]s5sual be+s1 :i*1 'h[ev] pot5t &    
invisible1 7  no?+ b a species ( human  

creatures1 p]haps rais$ f among  mank9d1
 & reta9+ all human passions &          
appetites1'#a 7  h&$ ov] ! rule &       
gov]nance ( natural ph5om5a4    ,te/$ by
 obs]vation & reflection1 ^! e>ly       
notions fail$ 9  ! long run to satisfy !
 m p5etrat+ intellects ( our race4  ,f> 
9 ! dep?s ( hi/ory we f9d m5 (          
exceptional p[]  diff]5tiat+ !mselves f 
! cr[d1 reject+ ^!  an?ropomorphic      
notions1 & seek+ to connect natural     
ph5om5a  ) _! physical pr9ciples4  ,b   
long prior to ^! pur]  ef=ts ( ! und]/&+
 ! m]*ant _h be5 abroad1 &  r5d]$ !     
philosoph] possible2 comm]ce _h be5     
develop$1  weal? amass$1 leisure =      
travel & speculation secur$1 :ile  races
 educat$ "u diff]5t conditions1 & !re=e 
diff]5tly  in=m$ & end[$1 _h be5        
/imulat$ & %>p5$ by mutual  contact4  ,9
 ^? regions :]e ! comm]cial ari/ocracy (
  anci5t ,greece m+l$ ) its ea/]n       
neighb\rs ! sci5ces 7  born1 be+ nurtur$
 & develop$ by free-?9k+ & c\rage\s  m54
  ,! /ate ( ?+s to be displac$ may be   

ga!r$ f a  passage ( ,euripides quot$ by
 ,hume4  ',!re is no?+ 9 ! _w2  no      
glory1 no prosp]ity4  ,! gods toss all  
into confusion2 mix  ev]y?+ ) its       
rev]se1 t all ( u1 f our ignorance &    
unc]ta9ty1 may pay !m ! m wor%ip &      
rev]5ce4'  ,n[1 z  sci5ce dem&s !       
radical extirpation ( caprice & !       
absolute  reliance ^u law 9 nature1 !re 
grew ) ! gr[? ( sci5tific  notions a    
desire & det]m9ation to sweep f ! field 
( !ory  ?is mob ( gods & demons1 & to   
place natural ph5om5a on a  basis m     
congru5t ) !mselves4    ,! problem :i*  
_h be5 previ\sly approa*$ f above 0 n[  
attack$ f bel[2 !oretic ef=t pass$ f !  
sup]- to !  sub-s5sible4  ,x 0 felt t to
 con/ruct ! univ]se 9 idea x  0 necess>y
 to h "s notion ( its con/itu5t p>ts--( 
:at  ,lucretius subsequ5tly call$ !     
',fir/ ,beg9n+s4'  ,ab/ract+  aga9 f    
exp]i5ce1 ! lead]s ( sci5tific          
speculation rea*$  at l5g? ! pregnant   
doctr9e ( atoms & molecules1 ! late/    
developm5ts ( :i* 7 set =? ) su* p[] &  

cle>ness at  ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,briti%    
,association4  ,?\ght1 no d\bt1 _h  long
 hov]$ ab\t ?is doctr9e be=e x atta9$ ! 
precision &  complet5ess :i* x assum$ 9 
! m9d ( ,democritus1#b a  philosoph] :o 
may well = a mom5t arre/ our att5tion4  
',few  great m51' says ,lange1 a        
non-mat]iali/1 9 8 excell5t ',hi/ory  ( 
,mat]ialism1' to ! _s & to ! lett] ( :i*
 ,i am  equally indebt$1 'h be5 s       
despitefully us$ by hi/ory z            
,democritus4  ,9 ! di/ort$ images s5t   
d[n to u ?r\gh  unsci5tific traditions  
!re rema9s ( him almo/ no?+ b !  "n ( ! 
laugh+ philosoph]1 :ile figures (       
immeasurably  small] significance spread
 !mselves out at full l5g? be=e u4'     
,lange speaks ( ,bacon's high           
appreciation ( ,democritus--= ample     
illu/rations ( :i* ,i am indebt$ to my  
excell5t fri5d ,mr4  ,sp$d+1 ! le>n$    
editor & biograph] ( ,bacon4  ,x is     
evid5t1  inde$1 t ,bacon consid]$       
,democritus to be a man ( weighti]      
metal ?an ei!r ,plato or ,ari/otle1 ?\gh

 _! philosophy '0  nois$ & celebrat$ 9 !
 s*ools1 amid ! d9 & pomp (  pr(essors4'
  ,x 0 n !y1 b ,g5s]ic & ,attila & !    
b>b>ians1 :o de/roy$ ! atomic           
philosophy4  ',= at a "t :5  all human  
le>n+ _h suff]$ %ipwreck ^! planks (    
,ari/otelian & ,platonic philosophy1 z  
be+ ( a light] & m  inflat$ sub/ance1 7 
pres]v$ & came d[n to u1 :ile ?+s  m    
solid sank & almo/ pass$ into oblivion4'
    ,! son ( a weal?y fa!r1 ,democritus 
devot$ ! :ole ( 8  inh]it$ =tune to !   
culture ( 8 m9d4  ,he travell$  ev]y:]e2
 visit$ ,a!ns :5 ,socrates & ,plato 7   
!re1 b  quitt$ ! city )\t mak+ himself  
kn[n4  ,inde$1 ! dialectic  /rife 9 :i* 
,socrates s mu* delight$ _h no *>ms =   
,democritus1 :o held t '! man :o readily
 contradicts & uses  _m words is unfit  
to le>n any?+ truly "r4'  ,he is said to
  h discov]$ & educat$ ,protagoras !    
sophi/1 be+ /ruck z  mu* by ! mann] 9   
:i* he1 be+ a hew] ( wood1 ti$ up 8     
faggots z by ! sagacity ( 8 conv]sation4
  ,democritus return$  poor f 8 travels1

 0 support$ by 8 bro!r1 & at l5g?  wrote
 8 great "w entitl$ ',diakosmos1' :i* he
 read publicly  be=e ! p ( 8 native t[n4
  ,he 0 hon\r$ by 8  c\ntrym5 9 v>i\s   
ways1 & di$ s]5ely at a great age4    ,!
 pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,democritus     
reveal 8 uncompromis+  antagonism to ^? 
:o d$uc$ ! ph5om5a ( nature f !         
caprices ( ! gods4  ,!y are briefly     
^!3--#a4 ,f no?+ comes  no?+4  ,no?+ t  
exi/s c be de/roy$4  ,all *anges are due
  to ! comb9ation & sep>ation (         
molecules4  #b4 ,no?+ happ5s  by *ance4 
,e occurr5ce has its cause f :i* x      
foll[s by  necessity4  #c4 ,! only exi/+
 ?+s are ! atoms & empty  space2 all    
else is m]e op9ion4  #d4 ,! atoms are   
inf9ite 9 numb]  & inf9itely v>i\s 9 =m2
 !y /rike toge!r1 & ! lat]al  motions & 
:irl+s :i* ?us arise are ! beg9n+s (    
worlds4  #e4 ,! v>ieties ( all ?+s dep5d
 ^u ! v>ieties ( _!  atoms1 9 numb]1    
size1 & aggregation4  #f4 ,! s\l consi/s
 (  f9e1 smoo?1 r\nd atoms1 l ^? ( fire4
  ,^! are ! mo/  mobile ( all4  ,!y     

int]p5etrate ! :ole body1 & 9 _!        
motions ! ph5om5a ( life arise4  ,! fir/
 five propositions are  a fair g5]al    
/atem5t ( ! atomic philosophy1 z n[     
held4  ,z  reg>ds ! six?1 ,democritus   
made 8 f9e smoo? atoms d duty =  ! n]v\s
 sy/em1 ^: functions 7 !n unkn[n4  ,!   
atoms (  ,democritus are individually   
)\t s5sation2 !y comb9e 9  ob$i5ce to   
me*anical laws2 & n only organic =ms1 b 
!  ph5om5a ( s5sation & ?\ght are !     
result ( _!  comb9ation4    ,t great    
enigma1 '! exquisite adaptation ( "o "p 
( an  organism to ano!r "p1 & to !      
conditions ( life1' m  especially !     
con/ruction ( ! human body1 ,democritus 
made no  attempt to solve4  ,emp$ocles1 
a man ( m fi]y & poetic nature1         
introduc$ ! notion ( love & hate among !
 atoms to acc\nt =  _! comb9ation &     
sep>ation4  ,notic+ ?is gap 9 ! doctr9e 
( ,democritus1 he /ruck 9 ) ! p5etrat+  
?\ght1 l9k$1  h[ev]1 ) "s wild          
speculation1 t x lay 9 ! v nature  ( ^? 
comb9ations :i* 7 suit$ to _! ends 79   

o!r  words1 9 h>mony ) _! environm5t7 to
 ma9ta9 !mselves1  :ile unfit           
comb9ations1 hav+ no prop] habitat1 mu/ 
rapidly  disappe>4  ,?us m ?an #b1jjj   
ye>s ago ! doctr9e ( !  'survival ( !   
fitte/1' :i* 9 our day1 n on ! basis (  
vague conjecture1 b ( positive k1 has   
be5 rais$ to su*  extraord9>y           
significance1 _h receiv$ at all ev5ts   
p>tial  enunciation4#c    ,epicurus1#d  
said to be ! son ( a poor s*oolma/] at  
,samos1 is  ! next dom9ant figure 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! atomic philosophy4  ,he      
ma/]$ ! writ+s ( ,democritus1 he>d      
lectures 9 ,a!ns1 w5t  back to ,s>nos1 &
 subsequ5tly w&]$ ?r\gh v>i\s c\ntries4 
,he f9ally return$ to ,a!ns1 :]e he     
b\ght a g>d51 &  surr\nd$ himself by    
pupils1 9 ! mid/ ( :om he liv$ a pure  &
 s]5e life1 & di$ a peaceful dea?4      
,democritus look$ to !  s\l z ! ennobl+ 
"p ( man2 ev5 beauty )\t und]/&+  p>took
 ( animalism4  ,epicurus also rat$ ! _s 
above ! body2  ! pleasure ( ! body 0 t (
 ! mom5t1 :ile ! _s  c\ld draw ^u !     

future & ! pa/4  ,8 philosophy 0 almo/  
id5tical ) t ( ,democritus2 b he nev]   
quot$ ei!r fri5d  or foe4  ,"o ma9      
object ( ,epicurus 0 to free ! _w f     
sup]/ition & ! fe> ( dea?4  ,dea? he    
treat$ )  indiff]5ce4  ,x m]ely robs u (
 s5sation4  ,z long z we are1  dea? is  
n2 & :5 dea? is1 we are n4  ,life has no
 m evil  = him :o has made up 8 m9d t x 
is no evil n to live4  ,he  ador$ !     
gods1 b n 9 ! ord9>y fa%ion4  ,! idea ( 
div9e  p[]1 prop]ly purifi$1 he ?\ght an
 elevat+ "o4  ,/ill he  taught1 ',n he  
is godless :o rejects ! gods ( ! cr[d1 b
  r he :o accepts !m4'  ,! gods 7 to him
 et]nal &  immortal be+s1 ^: bless$ness 
exclud$ e ?\ght ( c>e or  occupation (  
any k9d4  ,nature pursues h] c\rse 9    
accordance )  ev]la/+ laws1 ! gods nev] 
int]f]+4  ,!y haunt      ',! lucid      
int]space ( _w & _w    ,:]e nev] creeps 
a cl\d or moves a w9d1    ,nor ev] falls
 ! lea/ :ite /> ( sn[1    ,nor ev] l[e/ 
roll ( ?und] moans1    ,nor s\nd ( human
 sorr[ m\nts to m>    ,_! sacr$ ev]la/+ 

calm4'#e      ,lange consid]s ! relation
 ( ,epicurus to ! gods subjective2 !    
indication probably ( an e?ical         
requirem5t ( 8 own nature4  ,we  _c read
 hi/ory ) op5 eyes1 or /udy human nature
 to its  dep?s1 & fail to disc]n su* a  
requirem5t4  ,man nev] has be51  & he   
nev] w be1 satisfi$ ) ! op]ations &     
products (  ! ,und]/&+ alone2 h5ce      
physical sci5ce _c cov] all !  dem&s ( 8
 nature4  ,b ! hi/ory ( ! ef=ts made to 
satisfy ^! dem&s might be broadly       
describ$ z a hi/ory (  errors--! error1 
9 great "p1 consi/+ 9 ascrib+ fixity to 
t :i* is flu5t1 :i* v>ies z we v>y1 be+ 
gross :5 we  are gross1 & becom+1 z our 
capacities wid51 m ab/ract &  sublime4  
,on "o great po9t ! m9d ( ,epicurus 0 at
 peace4  ,he  nei!r s\ght nor expect$1  
"h or h]eaft]1 any p]sonal pr(it  f 8   
relation to ! gods4  ,& x is assur$ly a 
fact t  l(t9ess & s]5ity ( ?\ght may be 
promot$ by conceptions  :i* involve no  
idea ( pr(it ( ?is k9d4  ',did ,i n     
believe1'  said a great man to me once1 

't an ,intellig5ce is at ! he>t (  ?+s1 
my life on e>? w\ld be intol]able4'  ,! 
utt]] ( ^!  words is n1 9 my op9ion1    
r5d]$ less noble b m noble by  ! fact t 
x 0 ! ne$ ( e?ical h>mony "h1 & n !     
?\ght ( p]sonal pr(it h]eaft]1 t prompt$
 8 obs]vation4    ,!re are p]sons1 n    
belong+ to ! highe/ intellectual zone1  
nor yet to ! l[e/1 to :om p]fect        
cle>ness ( exposition  sugge/s want (   
dep?4  ,!y f9d com=t & edification 9 an 
ab/ract & le>n$ phraseology4  ,to "s su*
 p ,epicurus1 :o  sp>$ no pa9s to rid 8 
/yle ( e trace ( haze &  turbidity1     
appe>$1 on ?is v acc\nt1 sup]ficial4    
,he _h1  h[ev]1 a disciple :o ?\ght x no
 unwor?y occupation to sp5d  8 days &   
nights 9 ! ef=t to rea* ! cle>ness ( 8  
ma/]1 & to :om ! ,greek philosoph] is   
ma9ly indebt$ = !  ext5sion &           
p]petuation ( 8 fame4  ,a c5tury & a    
half aft]  ! dea? ( ,epicurus1          
,lucretius#f wrote 8 great poem1 ',on ! 
,nature ( ,?+s1' 9 :i* he1 a ,roman1    
develop$ ) extraord9>y  ard\r !         

philosophy ( 8 ,greek pr$ecessor4  ,he  
wi%es to w9  ov] 8 fri5d ,memnius to !  
s*ool ( ,epicurus2 & al?\gh he  has no  
rew>ds 9 a future life to (f]1 al?\gh 8 
object appe>s  to be a purely negative  
"o1 he addresses 8 fri5d ) ! heat (  an 
apo/le4  ,8 object1 l t ( 8 great       
=]unn]1 is !  de/ruction ( sup]/ition2 &
 consid]+ t m5 trembl$ be=e  e natural  
ev5t z a direct monition f ! gods1 & t  
ev]-la/+ torture 0 also 9 prospect1 !   
fre$om aim$ at by  ,lucretius might     
p]haps be deem$ a positive good4  ',?is 
t]ror1' he  says1 '& d>kness ( m9d mu/  
be dispell$1 n by ! rays ( !  sun &     
glitt]+ %afts ( day1 b by ! aspect & !  
law (  nature4'  ,he refutes ! notion t 
any?+ c come out (  no?+1 or t t :i* is 
once begott5 c be recall$ to  no?+4  ,! 
fir/ beg9n+s1 ! atoms1 are              
inde/ructible1 &  into !m all ?+s c be  
resolv$ at la/4  ,bodies are p>tly      
atoms1 & p>tly comb9ations ( atoms2 b ! 
atoms no?+ c  qu5*4  ,!y are /rong 9    
solid s+l5ess1 & by _! d5s]  comb9ation 

all ?+s c be closely pack$ & exhibit    
endur+  /r5g?4  ,he d5ies t matt] is    
inf9itely divisible4  ,we come at  l5g? 
to ! atoms1 )\t :i*1 z an imp]i%able    
sub/ratum1  all ord] 9 ! g5]ation &     
developm5t ( ?+s w\ld be  de/roy$4    ,!
 me*anical %ock ( ! atoms be+ 9 8 view !
  all-suffici5t cause ( ?+s1 he combats 
! notion t !  con/itution ( nature has  
be5 9 any way det]m9$ by intellig5t     
design4  ,! int]-action ( ! atoms       
?r\gh\t inf9ite "t  r5d]$ all mann] (   
comb9ations possible4  ,( ^! ! fit ones 
p]si/$1 :ile ! unfit ones disappe>$4  ,n
 aft] sage  delib]ation did ! atoms     
/ation !mselves 9 _! "r places1  nor did
 !y b>ga9 :at motions !y %\ld assume4   
,f all  et]nity !y h be5 driv5 toge!r1 &
 aft] try+ motions &  unions ( e k9d1 !y
 fell at l5g? into ! arrangem5ts out  ( 
:i* ?is sy/em ( ?+s has be5 =m$4  ',if y
 w  appreh5d & keep 9 m9d ^! ?+s1       
nature1 free at once1 &  rid ( h]       
haughty lords1 is se5 to d all ?+s      
spontane\sly (  h]self1 )\t ! m$dl+ ( ! 

gods4'#g    ,to meet ! objection t 8    
atoms _c be se51 ,lucretius  describes a
 viol5t /orm1 & %[s t ! invisible       
p>ticles (  air act 9 ! same way z !    
visible p>ticles ( wat]4  ,we  p]ceive1 
moreov]1 ! diff]5t smells ( ?+s1 yet    
nev] see  !m com+ to our no/rils4       
,aga91 clo!s hung up on a %ore :i*      
waves break ^u become moi/1 & !n get dry
 if spread out 9 !  sun1 ?\gh no eye c  
see ei!r ! approa* or ! escape ( !  wat]
 p>ticles4  ,a r+1 worn long on ! f+]1  
becomes ?9n]2 a  wat]-drop holl[s out a 
/one2 ! pl\gh%>e is rubb$ away 9 !      
field2 ! /reet pavem5t is worn by !     
feet2 b ! p>ticles  t disappe> at any   
mom5t we _c see4  ,nature acts ?r\gh    
invisible p>ticles4  ,t ,lucretius _h a 
/rong sci5tific  imag9ation ! =ego+     
ref]5ces prove4  ,a f9e illu/ration (  8
 p[] 9 ?is respect is 8 explanation ( ! 
app>5t re/ (  bodies ^: atoms are 9     
motion4  ,he employs ! image ( a flock (
  %eep ) skipp+ lambs1 :i*1 se5 f a     
di/ance1 pres5ts  simply a :ite pat* ^u 

! gre5 hill1 ! jump+ ( !  individual    
lambs be+ q invisible4    ,8 vaguely-gr&
 conception ( ! atoms fall+ et]nally    
?r\gh  space sugge/$ ! nebul> hypo!sis  
to ,kant1 its fir/ prop\nd]4  ,f> beyond
 ! limits ( our visible _w are to be    
f\nd atoms  innum]able1 :i* h nev] be5  
unit$ to =m bodies1 or :i*1  if once    
unit$1 h be5 aga9 disp]s$1 fall+ sil5tly
 ?r\gh  immeasurable int]vals ( "t &    
space4  ,z ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t  ! ,all !    
same conditions are repeat$1 s mu/ !    
ph5om5a be  repeat$ also4  ,above u1    
bel[ u1 beside u1 !re=e1 are worlds  )\t
 end2 & ?is1 :5 consid]$1 mu/ dissipate 
e ?\ght  ( a deflection ( ! univ]se by !
 gods4  ,! worlds come & g1  attract+   
new atoms out ( limitless space1 or     
disp]s+ _! own  p>ticles4  ,! reput$    
dea? ( ,lucretius1 :i* =ms ! basis (    
,mr4 ,t5nyson's noble poem1 is 9 /rict  
accordance ) 8  philosophy1 :i* 0 sev]e 
& pure4      ,dur+ ! c5turies ly+ betwe5
 ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree  philosoph]s & ! la/1 
! human intellect 0 active 9 o!r  fields

 ?an !irs4  ,! sophi/s _h run ?r\gh _!  
c>e]4  ,at  ,a!ns _h appe>$ ,socrates1  
,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 :o ru9$ !  sophi/s1
 & ^: yoke rema9s to "s ext5t unbrok5 to
 !  pres5t h\r4  ,)9 ?is p]iod also !   
,s*ool ( ,alex&ria 0  f\nd$1 ,euclid    
wrote 8 ',elem5ts1' & made "s advance 9 
optics4  ,ar*im$es _h prop\nd$ ! !ory ( 
! lev] & !  pr9ciples ( hydro/atics4    
,py?agoras _h made 8 exp]im5ts on  !    
h>monic int]vals1 :ile a/ronomy 0       
imm5sely enri*$ by !  discov]ies (      
,hipp>*us1 :o 0 foll[$ by ! hi/orically 
m  celebrat$ ,ptolemy4  ,anatomy _h be5 
made ! basis ( ,sci5tific  m$ic9e2 & x  
is said by ,drap]#h t vivisection !n    
began4  ,9 fact1 ! sci5ce ( anci5t      
,greece _h already cle>$ ! _w  ( !      
fanta/ic images ( div9ities op]at+      
caprici\sly ?r\gh  natural ph5om5a4  ,x 
_h %ak5 itself free f t fruitless       
scrut9y 'by ! int]nal light ( ! m9d     
alone1' :i* _h va9ly  s\ght to transc5d 
exp]i5ce & rea* a k ( ultimate  causes4 
,in/ead ( accid5tal obs]vation1 x _h    

introduc$  obs]vation ) a purpose2      
in/rum5ts 7 employ$ to aid !  s5ses2 &  
sci5tific me?od 0 r5d]$ 9 a great       
measure  complete by ! union (          
,induction & ,exp]im5t4    ,:at1 !n1    
/opp$ its victori\s advance8  ,:y 0 !   
sci5tific  intellect compell$1 l an     
exhau/$ soil1 to lie fall[ = ne>ly  two 
mill5niums be=e x c\ld rega!r ! elem5ts 
necess>y to  its f]tility & /r5g?8      
,bacon has already let u "k "o cause2   
,:ewell ascribes ?is /ation>y p]iod to  
f\r causes--obscurity (  ?\ght1         
s]vility1 intol]ance ( disposition1     
en?usiasm (  temp]--& he gives /rik+    
examples ( ea*4#i  ,b ^!  *>act]i/ics   
mu/ h _h _! antec$5ts 9 ! circum/ances  
( ! "t4  ,rome & ! o!r cities ( !       
,empire _h fall5 into  moral            
putrefaction4  ,*ri/ianity _h appe>$1   
(f]+ ! gospel  to ! poor1 &1 by         
mod]ation if n asceticism ( life1       
practically prote/+ aga9/ ! pr(ligacy ( 
! age4  ,!  suff]+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 
& ! extraord9>y exaltation  ( m9d :i*   

enabl$ !m to triumph ov] ! diabolical   
tortures to  :i* !y 7 subject$1#aj mu/ h
 left traces n easily  effac$4  ,!y     
scorn$ ! e>?1 9 view ( t 'build+ ( ,god1
  t h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal 9 !       
heav5s4'  ,!  ,scriptures :i* m9i/]$ to 
_! spiritual ne$s 7 also !  measure ( _!
 ,sci5ce4  ,:51 = example1 ! celebrat$  
"q  ( antipodes came to be discuss$1 !  
,bible 0 ) _m !  ultimate c\rt ( appeal4
  ,augu/91 :o fl\ri%$ ,a4,d4 #djj1 w\ld 
n d5y ! rotundity ( ! e>?2 b he w\ld d5y
 ! possible  exi/5ce ( inhabitants at ! 
o!r side1 'because no su* race is       
record$ 9 ,scripture among ! desc5dants 
( ,adam4' ,ar*bi%op  ,boniface 0 %ock$  
at ! assumption ( a '_w ( human be+s    
out ( ! rea* ( ! means ( salvation4'    
,?us re9$ 91 ,sci5ce  0 n likely to make
 mu* progress4  ,lat] on ! political &  
!ological /rife betwe5 ! ,*ur* & civil  
gov]nm5ts1 s  p[]fully depict$ by       
,drap]1 mu/ h done mu* to /ifle         
inve/igation4    ,:ewell makes _m wise &
 brave rem>ks reg>d+ ! _s ( !  ,middle  

,ages4  ,x 0 a m5ial _s4  ,! seek]s aft]
 natural  k _h =sak5 t f\nta9 ( liv+    
wat]s1 ! direct  appeal to nature by    
obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & _h giv5        
!mselves up to ! remanipulation ( !     
notions ( _!  pr$ecessors4  ,x 0 a "t :5
 ?\ght _h become abject1 & :5  !        
acceptance ( m]e au?ority l$1 z x always
 does 9 sci5ce1  to intellectual dea?4  
,natural ev5ts1 in/ead ( be+ trac$ to   
physical1 7 ref]r$ to moral causes2 :ile
 an ex]cise ( !  phantasy1 almo/ z      
degrad+ z ! spiritualism ( ! pres5t day1
  took ! place ( sci5tific speculation4 
,!n came ! my/icism (  ! ,middle ,ages1 
,magic1 ,al*emy1 ! ,neo-platonic        
philosophy1 )  its vision>y ?\gh sublime
 ab/ractions1 :i* caus$ m5 to look  )   
%ame ^u _! own bodies z h9drances to !  
absorption (  ! creature 9 ! bless$ness 
( ! ,creator4  ,f9ally came !  ,s*ola/ic
 philosophy1 a fusion1 accord+ to       
,lange1 ( !  lea/-mature notions (      
,ari/otle ) ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,we/4     
,intellectual immobility 0 ! result4  ,z

 a travell] )\t a  compass 9 a fog may  
w&] long1 imag9+ he is mak+ way1 &  f9d 
himself aft] h\rs ( toil at 8 />t+-po9t1
 s !  s*oolm51 hav+ 'ti$ & unti$ ! same 
knots & =m$ &  dissipat$ ! same cl\ds1' 
f\nd !mselves at ! end ( c5turies  9 _! 
old position4    ,) reg>d to ! influ5ce 
wield$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,middle ,ages1  
& :i*1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 he /ill    
wields1 ,i w\ld ask  p]mission to make  
"o rem>k4  ,:5 ! human m9d has a*iev$   
greatness & giv5 evid5ce ( extraord9>y  
p[] 9 any doma91  !re is a t5d5cy to    
cr$it x ) simil> p[] 9 all o!r  doma9s4 
,?us !ologians h f\nd com=t & assurance 
9 !  ?\ght t ,newton dealt ) ! "q (     
revelation1 =getful  ( ! fact t ! v     
devotion ( 8 p[]s1 ?r\gh all !  be/ ye>s
 ( 8 life1 to a totally diff]5t class ( 
ideas1 n to  speak ( any natural        
disqualification1 t5d$ to r5d] him less 
in/ead ( m compet5t to deal ) !ological 
& hi/oric  que/ions4  ,goe!1 />t+ f 8   
e/abli%$ greatness z a  poet1 & inde$ f 
8 positive discov]ies 9 ,natural        

,hi/ory1  produc$ a pr(\nd impression   
among ! pa9t]s ( ,g]many :5 he  publi%$ 
8 ',f>b5lehre1' 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to   
ov]?r[  ,newton's !ory ( col\rs4  ,?is  
!ory he deem$ s obvi\sly  absurd t he   
consid]$ its au?or a *>latan1 & attack$ 
him  ) a correspond+ vehem5ce (         
language4  ,9 ! doma9 ( ,natural        
,hi/ory ,goe! _h made really consid]able
 discov]ies2 & we h  high au?ority =    
assum+ t1 _h he devot$ himself :olly to 
t side ( sci5ce1 he might h rea*$ 9 x an
 em95ce  comp>able ) t :i* he atta9$ z a
 poet4  ,9 %>pness (  obs]vation1 9 !   
detection ( analogies1 h[ev] app>5tly   
remote1 9 ! classification &            
organization ( facts accord+ to  !      
analogies disc]n$1 ,goe! possess$       
extraord9>y p[]s4  ,^! elem5ts (        
sci5tific inquiry fall 9 ) ! discipl9e (
  ! poet4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a m9d ?us   
ri*ly end[$ 9 !  direction ( natural    
hi/ory may be almo/ %orn ( end[m5t z    
reg>ds ! m /rictly call$ physical &     
me*anical sci5ces4  ,goe! 0 9 ?is       

condition4  ,he c\ld n =mulate di/9ct   
me*anical conceptions2 he c\ld n see !  
=ce ( me*anical  reason+2 & 9 regions   
:]e su* reason+ reigns supreme he       
became a m]e ignis fatuus to ^? :o      
foll[$ him4    ,i h sometimes p]mitt$   
myself to comp>e ,ari/otle ) ,goe!1  to 
cr$it ! ,/agirite ) an almo/ sup]human  
p[] ( amass+  & sy/ematiz+ facts1 b to  
consid] him fatally defective on  t side
 ( ! m9d 9 respect to :i* incomplet5ess 
has be5  j ascrib$ to ,goe!4  ,:ewell   
ref]s ! errors ( ,ari/otle1 n  to a     
neglect ( facts1 b to 'a neglect ( !    
idea appropriate to  ! facts2 ! idea (  
,me*anical cause1 :i* is ,=ce1 & !      
sub/itution ( vague or inapplicable     
notions1 involv+ only  relations ( space
 or emotions ( wond]4'  ,?is is d\btless
 true2  b ! ^w 'neglect' implies m]e    
intellectual misdirection1  :]eas 9     
,ari/otle1 z 9 ,goe!1 x 0 n1 ,i believe1
  misdirection1 b %e] natural incapacity
 :i* lay at ! root (  8 mi/akes4  ,z a  
physici/1 ,ari/otle display$ :at we %\ld

  consid] "s ( ! wor/ attributes ( a    
mod]n physical                          
inve/igator--indi/9ctness ( ideas1      
confusion ( m9d1 & a  confid5t use (    
language1 :i* l$ to ! delusive notion t 
he  _h really ma/]$ 8 subject1 :ile he  
_h z yet fail$ to grasp  ev5 ! elem5ts (
 x4  ,he put words 9 ! place ( ?+s1     
subject 9 ! place ( object4  ,he prea*$ 
,induction )\t  practis+ x1 inv]t+ !    
true ord] ( inquiry by pass+ f  ! g5]al 
to ! p>ticul>1 in/ead ( f ! p>ticul> to 
!  g5]al4  ,he made ( ! univ]se a clos$ 
sph]e1 9 ! c5tre (  :i* he fix$ ! e>?1  
prov+ f g5]al pr9ciples1 to 8 own       
satisfaction & to t ( ! _w = ne> #b1jjj 
ye>s1 t no  o!r univ]se 0 possible4  ,8 
notions ( motion 7 entirely  unphysical4
  ,x 0 natural or unnatural1 bett] or   
worse1 calm or  viol5t--no real         
me*anical conception reg>d+ x ly+ at !  
bottom ( 8 m9d4  ,he affirm$ t a vacuum 
c\ld n exi/1 &  prov$ t if x did exi/   
motion 9 x w\ld be impossible4  ,he     
det]m9$  priori h[ _m species ( animals 

mu/ exi/1 &  %[s on g5]al pr9ciples :y  
animals mu/ h su* & su*  p>ts4  ,:5 an  
em95t contempor>y philosoph]1 :o is f>  
remov$  f errors ( ?is k9d1 rememb]s ^! 
abuses ( !  priori  me?od1 he w be able 
to make all[ance = ! jeal\sy (          
physici/s z to ! acceptance ( s-call$   
priori tru?s4  ,ari/otle's errors (     
detail1 z %[n by ,euck5 & ,lange1 7     
grave & num]\s4  ,he affirm$ t only 9   
man we _h ! beat+  ( ! he>t1 t ! left   
side ( ! body 0 cold] ?an !  "r1 t m5 h 
m tee? ?an wom51 & t !re is an  empty   
space at ! back ( e man's head4    ,!re 
is "o ess5tial quality 9 physical       
conceptions :i* 0  entirely want+ 9 ^? (
 ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s4  ,i wi% x  c\ld 
be express$ by a ^w unta9t$ by its      
associations2 x  signifies a capability 
( be+ plac$ z a coh]5t picture be=e  !  
m9d4  ,! ,g]mans express ! act ( pictur+
 by ! ^w  vor/ell51 & ! picture !y call 
a ,vor/ellung4  ,we h no  ^w 9 ,engli%  
:i* comes ne>] to our requirem5ts ?an   
,imag9ation1 &1 tak5 ) its prop]        

limitations1 ! ^w  answ]s v well2 b1 z j
 intimat$1 x is ta9t$ by its            
associations1 & !re=e objectionable to  
"s m9ds4  ,comp>e1  ) ref]5ce to ?is    
capacity ( m5tal pres5tation1 ! case (  
! ,ari/otelian :o ref]s ! asc5t ( wat] 9
 a pump to ,nature's  abhorr5ce ( a     
vacuum1 ) t ( ,pascal :5 he propos$ to  
solve  ! "q ( atmosph]ic pressure by !  
asc5t ( ! ,puy de  ,dome4  ,9 ! "o case 
! t]ms ( ! explanation refuse to fall   
into place z a physical image2 9 ! o!r !
 image is di/9ct1  ! fall & rise ( !    
b>omet] be+ cle>ly figur$ z !  balanc+ (
 two v>y+ & oppos+ pressures4    ,dur+ !
 dr\ght ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,*ri/5dom1 !
 ,arabian  intellect1 z =cibly %[n by   
,drap]1 0 active4  ,) !  intrusion ( !  
,moors into ,spa91 he says1 ord]1 le>n+1
 &  ref9em5t took ! place ( _!          
opposites4  ,:5 smitt5 )  disease1 !    
,*ri/ian peasant resort$ to a %r9e1 !   
,moori% "o  to an in/ruct$ physician4   
,! ,arabs enc\rag$ translations f  !    
,greek philosoph]s1 b n f ! ,greek      

poets4  ,!y turn$ 9  disgu/ 'f !        
lewdness ( our classical my?ology1 &    
d5\nc$  z an unp>donable blasphemy all  
connexion betwe5 ! impure  ,olympian    
,jove & ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4'  ,drap]     
traces /ill fur!r  ?an ,:ewell ! ,arab  
elem5ts 9 our sci5tific t]ms1 & po9ts   
out t ! "u g>m5t ( ladies reta9s to ?is 
h\r its ,arab  "n4  ,he gives examples (
 :at ,arabian m5 ( sci5ce accompli%$1   
dwell+ p>ticul>ly on ,alhaz51 :o 0 !    
fir/ to correct !  ,platonic notion t   
rays ( light are emitt$ by ! eye4  ,he  
discov]$ atmosph]ic refraction1 & po9ts 
out t we see ! sun  & ! moon aft] !y h  
set4  ,he expla9s ! enl>gem5t ( !  sun &
 moon1 & ! %ort5+ ( ! v]tical diamet]s (
 bo?  ^! bodies1 :5 ne> ! horizon4  ,he 
is aw>e t ! atmosph]e  decreases 9      
d5sity ) increase ( elevation1 &        
actually fixes  its height at #eh miles4
  ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,balance ,wisdom1 he   
sets  =? ! connexion betwe5 ! weight ( !
 atmosph]e & its  increas+ d5sity4  ,he 
%[s t a body w weigh diff]5tly 9 a  r>e 

& d5se atmosph]e3 he consid]s ! =ce )   
:i* plung$  bodies rise ?r\gh heavi]    
m$ia4  ,he und]/&s ! doctr9e (  ! c5tre 
( gravity1 & applies x to ! inve/igation
 (  balances & /eely>ds4  ,he recognises
 gravity z a =ce1 ?\gh he  falls into ! 
error ( mak+ x dim9i% simply z ! di/ance
  increas$1 & ( mak+ x purely t]re/rial4
  ,he kn[s !  relation betwe5 !         
velocities1 spaces1 & times ( fall+     
bodies1  & has di/9ct ideas ( capill>y  
attraction4  ,he improv$ !  hydromet]4  
,! det]m9ation ( ! d5sities ( bodies z  
giv5 by  ,alhaz5 approa* v closely to   
our own4  ',i jo91' says ,drap]1 9  !   
pi\s pray] ( ,alhaz51 't 9 ! day (      
judgm5t !  ,all-,m]ciful w take pity on 
! s\l ( ,abur-,raihn1 because he  0 !   
fir/ ( ! race ( m5 to con/ruct a table (
 specific  gravities4'  ,if all ?is be  
hi/oric tru? 7& ,i h entire  confid5ce 9
 ,dr4 ,drap]71 well may he 'deplore !   
sy/ematic mann]  9 :i* ! lit]ature (    
,europe has contriv$ to put out ( sight 
our sci5tific obligations to !          

,mahomm$ans4'#aa    ,! /ra9 ^u ! m9d    
dur+ ! /ation>y p]iod t[>ds             
ultra-t]re/rial ?+s1 to ! neglect (     
problems close at h&1  0 sure to provoke
 reaction4  ,b ! reaction 0 gradual2 = !
  gr\nd 0 dang]\s1 a p[] be+ at h&      
compet5t to cru% !  critic :o w5t too   
f>4  ,to elude ?is p[] & /ill all[      
opportunity = ! expression ( op9ion1 !  
doctr9e ( 'tw(old  tru?' 0 inv5t$1      
accord+ to :i* an op9ion might be held2 
'!ologically' & ! opposite op9ion       
'philosophically4'#ab  ,?us  9 ! ?irte5?
 c5tury ! creation ( ! _w 9 six days1 & 
! un*angeabl5ess ( ! individual s\l :i* 
_h be5 s  di/9ctly affirm$ by ,/4 ,?omas
 ,aqu9as1 7 bo? d5i$  philosophically1 b
 admitt$ to be true z articles ( !      
,ca?olic  fai?4  ,:5 ,protagoras utt]$ !
 maxim :i* br\ght ^u him s  mu*         
vitup]ation1 t' opposite ass]tions are  
equally true1' he  simply meant t human 
be+s diff]$ s mu* f ea* o!r t  :at 0    
subjectively true to ! "o might be      
subjectively untrue to  ! o!r4  ,! great

 ,sophi/ nev] meant to play fa/ & loose 
)  ! tru? by say+ t "o ( two opposite   
ass]tions1 made by !  same individual1  
c\ld possibly escape be+ a lie4  ,x 0 n 
'sophi/ry1' b ! dread ( !ologic v5geance
 t g5]at$ ?is  d\ble deal+ ) conviction2
 & x is a/oni%+ to notice :at  l5g?s 7  
possible to m5 :o 7 adroit 9 ! use (    
artifices  ( ?is k9d4    ,t[>ds ! close 
( ! /ation>y p]iod a ^w-we>9ess1 if ,i  
may  s express x1 took m & m possession 
( m5's m9ds4  ,*ri/5dom _h become sick (
 ! ,s*ool philosophy & its v]bal  wa/es1
 :i* l$ to no issue1 b left ! intellect 
9 ev]la/+  haze4  ,"h & !re 0 he>d !    
voice ( "o impati5tly cry+  9 !         
wild]ness1 ',n unto ,ari/otle1 n unto   
subtle hypo!sis1  n unto *ur*1 ,bible1  
or bl9d tradition1 mu/ we turn = a  k ( 
! univ]se1 b to ! direct inve/igation ( 
,nature  by obs]vation & exp]im5t4'  ,9 
#aedc ! epo*-mak+ "w (  ,cop]nicus on ! 
pa?s ( ! heav5ly bodies appe>$4  ,!     
total  cra% ( ,ari/otle's clos$ univ]se 
) ! e>? at its c5tre  foll[$ z a        

consequ5ce1 & '! e>? moves6' became a   
k9d (  wat*word among intellectual      
freem54  ,cop]nicus 0 ,canon ( !  ,*ur* 
( ,frau5burg1 9 ! diocese ( ,ermel&4  ,=
  ?ree-&-?irty ye>s he _h )drawn himself
 f ! _w &  devot$ himself to !          
consolidation ( 8 great s*eme ( ! sol>  
sy/em4  ,he made its blocks et]nal2 &   
ev5 to ^? :o fe>$ x  & desir$ its ov]?r[
 x 0 s obvi\sly /rong t !y  refra9$ = a 
"t f m$dl+ ) x4  ,9 ! la/ ye> ( !  life 
( ,cop]nicus 8 book appe>$3 x is said t 
! old man  receiv$ a copy ( x a few days
 be=e 8 dea?1 & !n dep>t$  9 peace4     
,! ,italian philosoph] ,giordano ,bruno 
0 "o ( ! e>lie/  conv]ts to ! new       
a/ronomy4  ,tak+ ,lucretius z 8 exempl>1
 he  reviv$ ! notion ( ! inf9ity (      
worlds2 &1 comb9+ ) x  ! doctr9e (      
,cop]nicus1 rea*$ ! sublime g5]alization
 t  ! fix$ />s are suns1 scatt]$        
numb]less ?r\gh space &  accompani$ by  
satellites1 :i* be> ! same relation to  
!m1 t  our e>? does to our sun1 or our  
moon to our e>?4  ,?is 0 an  expansion (

 transc5d5t import2 b ,bruno came clos] 
?an ?is to  our pres5t l9e ( ?\ght4     
,/ruck ) ! problem ( !  g5]ation &      
ma9t5ance ( organisms1 & duly pond]+ x1 
he  came to ! conclusion t ,nature 9 h] 
productions does n  imitate ! te*nic (  
man4  ,h] process is "o ( unravell+ &   
unfold+4  ,! inf9ity ( =ms "u :i* matt] 
appe>s 7 n  impos$ ^u x by an ext]nal   
artific]2 by its own intr9sic =ce  &    
virtue x br+s ^! =ms =?4  ,matt] is n ! 
m]e  nak$1 empty capacity :i*           
philosoph]s h pictur$ h] to be1 b  !    
univ]sal "m :o br+s =? all ?+s z ! fruit
 ( h]  own womb4    ,?is outspok5 man 0 
orig9ally a ,dom9ican monk4  ,he 0      
accus$  ( h]esy & _h to fly1 seek+      
refuge 9 ,g5eva1 ,p>is1 ,engl&1  &      
,g]many4  ,9 #aeib he fell into ! h&s ( 
! ,inquisition at  ,v5ice4  ,he 0       
imprison$ = _m ye>s1 tri$1 degrad$1     
excommunicat$1 & h&$ ov] to ! civil p[]1
 ) ! reque/  t he %\ld be treat$ g5tly &
 ')\t ! %$d+ ( blood4'  ,?is meant t he 
0 to be burnt2 & burnt accord+ly he 01  

on  ! #af? ( ,febru>y1 #afjj4  ,to      
escape a simil> fate ,galileo1          
?irty-?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 abjur$1 ^u 8  
knees1 & ) 8  h& ^u ! holy gospels1 !   
helioc5tric doctr9e :i* he knew  to be  
true4  ,aft] ,galileo came ,kepl]1 :o f 
8 ,g]man home  defi$ ! p[] beyond !     
,alps4  ,he trac$ out f pre-exi/+       
obs]vations ! laws ( planet>y motion4   
,mat]ials 7 ?us  prep>$ = ,newton1 :o   
b\nd ^? empirical laws toge!r by !      
pr9ciple ( gravitation4    ,9 ! sev5te5?
 c5tury ,bacon & ,desc>tes1 ! re/or]s ( 
philosophy1 appe>$ 9 succession4        
,diff]5tly educat$ &  end[$1 _!         
philosophic t5d5cies 7 diff]5t4  ,bacon 
held  fa/ to ,induction1 believ+ firmly 
9 ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal  _w1 & mak+    
collect$ exp]i5ces ! basis ( all k4  ,! 
ma!matical /udies ( ,desc>tes gave him a
 bias t[>ds  ,d$uction2 & 8 fundam5tal  
pr9ciple 0 mu* ! same z t (             
,protagoras1 :o made ! individual man ! 
measure ( all ?+s4  ',i ?9k1 !re=e ,i   
am1' said ,desc>tes4  ,only 8 own       

id5tity 0  sure to him2 & ! developm5t (
 ?is sy/em w\ld h l$ to an  idealism 9  
:i* ! out] _w w\ld be resolv$ into a m]e
  ph5om5on ( consci\sness4  ,gass5di1 "o
 ( ,desc>tes's  contempor>ies1 ( :om we 
%all he> m pres5tly1 quickly po9t$  out 
t ! fact ( p]sonal exi/5ce w\ld be prov$
 z well by  ref]5ce to any o!r act z to 
! act ( ?9k+4  ,i eat1  !re=e ,i am2 or 
,i love1 !re=e ,i am1 w\ld be q z       
conclusive4  ,li*t5b]g %[$ t ! v ?+ to  
be prov$ 0  inevitably po/ulat$ 9 ! fir/
 two words1 ',i ?9k2' & t no  inf]5ce f 
! po/ulate c\ld by any possibility be   
/rong]  ?an ! po/ulate itself4    ,b    
,desc>tes deviat$ /rangely f ! idealism 
impli$ 9 8  fundam5tal pr9ciple4  ,he 0 
! fir/ to r$uce1 9 a mann]  em95tly     
capable ( be>+ ! te/ ( m5tal            
pres5tation1 vital  ph5om5a to purely   
me*anical pr9ciples4  ,?r\gh fe> or     
love1  ,desc>tes 0 a good *ur*man2 he   
accord+ly rejects ! notion (  an atom1  
because x 0 absurd to suppose t ,god1 if
 he s pleas$1  c\ld n divide an atom2 he

 puts 9 ! place ( ! atoms small  r\nd   
p>ticles & light spl9t]s1 out ( :i* he  
builds !  organism4  ,he sket*es )      
m>vell\s physical insight a ma*9e1  )   
wat] = its motive p[]1 :i* %all         
illu/rate vital  actions4  ,he has made 
cle> to 8 m9d t su* a ma*9e w\ld be     
compet5t to c>ry on ! processes (       
dige/ion1 nutrition1 gr[?1  respiration1
 & ! beat+ ( ! he>t4  ,x w\ld be        
compet5t to  accept impressions f !     
ext]nal s5se1 to /ore !m up 9           
imag9ation & memory1 to g ?r\gh !       
int]nal movem5ts ( !  appetites &       
passions1 ! ext]nal movem5t ( limbs4    
,he d$uces  ^! functions ( 8 ma*9e f !  
m]e arrangem5t ( its  organs1 z !       
movem5t ( a clock or o!r automaton is   
d$uc$ f  its weights & :eels4  ',z f> z 
^! functions are conc]n$1'  he says1 'x 
is n necess>y to conceive any o!r       
vegetative or  s5sitive s\l1 nor any o!r
 pr9ciple ( motion or ( life1 ?an  !    
blood & ! spirits agitat$ by ! fire :i* 
burns  cont9ually 9 ! he>t1 & :i* is 9  

no wise diff]5t f !  fires :i* exi/ 9   
inanimate bodies4'  ,_h ,desc>tes be5   
acqua9t$ ) ! /eam-eng9e1 he w\ld h tak5 
x1 in/ead (  a fall ( wat]1 z 8 motive  
p[]1 & %[n ! p]fect analogy  :i* exi/s  
betwe5 ! oxidation ( ! food 9 ! body & t
  ( ! coal 9 ! furnace4  ,he w\ld       
assur$ly h anticipat$  ,may] 9 call+ !  
blood :i* ! he>t diffuses '! oil ( !    
lamp ( life2' d$uc+ all animal motions f
 ! combu/ion (  ?is oil1 z ! motions ( a
 /eam-eng9e are d$uc$ f !  combu/ion (  
its coal4  ,z ! matt] /&s1 h[ev]1 &     
consid]+ ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 !       
boldness1 cle>ness1  & precision ) :i*  
he grasp$ ! problem ( vital dynamics    
con/itute a m>vell\s illu/ration (      
intellectual p[]4#ac    ,dur+ ! ,middle 
,ages ! doctr9e ( atoms _h to all       
appe>ance  vani%$ f discussion4  ,9 all 
probability x held its gr\nd  among     
sob]-m9d$ & ?\ghtful m51 ?\gh nei!r !   
*ur* nor  ! _w 0 prep>$ to he> ( x )    
tol]ance4  ,once1 9 !  ye> #acdh1 x     
receiv$ di/9ct expression4  ,b          

retractation by  compulsion imm$iately  
foll[$1 &1 ?us disc\rag$1 x slumb]$     
till ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 reviv$ by
 a contempor>y  & fri5d ( ,hobbes &     
,malmesbury1 ! or?odox ,ca?olic provo/ (
  ,digne1 ,gass5di4  ,b be=e /at+ 8     
relation to ! ,epicurean  doctr9e1 x w  
be well to say a few words on ! effect1 
z  reg>ds sci5ce1 ( ! g5]al introduction
 ( mono!ism among  ,european nations4   
',7 m51' says ,hume1 'l$ into !         
appreh5sion ( invisible  intellig5t p[] 
by 'contemplation ( ! works ( ,nature1  
!y  c\ld nev] possibly ent]ta9 any      
conception b ( "o s+le  be+1 :o be/[$   
exi/5ce & ord] on ?is va/ ma*9e1 &      
adju/$ all its p>ts to "o regul> sy/em4'
  ,ref]r+ to !  condition ( ! hea!n1 :o 
sees a god beh9d e natural ev5t1  ?us   
peopl+ ! _w ) ?\s&s ( be+s ^: caprices  
are  incalculable1 ,lange %[s !         
impossibility ( any compromise betwe5   
su* notions & ^? ( sci5ce1 :i* proce$s  
on ! assumption  ( nev]-*ang+ law &     
causality4  ',b1' he cont9ues1 )        

*>act]i/ic p5etration1 ':5 ! great ?\ght
 ( "o ,god1  act+ z a unit ^u ! univ]se1
 has be5 seiz$1 ! connexion (  ?+s 9    
accordance ) ! law ( cause & effect is n
 only  ?9kable1 b x is a necess>y       
consequ5ce ( ! assumption4  ,=  :5 ,i   
see t5 ?\s& :eels 9 motion1 & "k1 or    
believe1 t  !y are all driv5 by "o1 !n  
,i "k t ,i h be=e me a  me*anism !      
action ( e "p ( :i* is det]m9$ by ! plan
  ( ! :ole4  ,s mu* be+ assum$1 x foll[s
 t ,i may  inve/igate ! /ructure ( t    
ma*9e1 & ! v>i\s motions (  its p>ts4   
,= ! "t be+1 !re=e1 ?is conception r5d]s
  sci5tific action free4'  ,9 o!r words1
 7 a caprici\s ,god at  ! circumf]5ce ( 
e :eel & at ! end ( e lev]1 !  action ( 
! ma*9e w\ld be incalculable by ! me?ods
 (  sci5ce4  ,b ! action ( all its p>ts 
be+ rigidly det]m9$ by  _! connexions & 
relations1 & ^! be+ br\ght into play by 
a s+le self-act+ driv+ :eel1 !n1 ?\gh   
?is la/ prime  mov] may elude me1 ,i am 
/ill able to compreh5d ! ma*9]y :i*  x  
sets 9 motion4  ,we h "h a conception ( 

! relation (  ,nature to its ,au?or :i* 
seems p]fectly acceptable to "s m9ds1  b
 p]fectly intol]able to o!rs4  ,newton &
 ,boyle liv$ &  work$ happily "u !      
influ5ce ( ?is conception2 ,goe!        
reject$ x ) vehem5ce1 & ! same          
repugnance to accept+ x  is manife/ 9   
,c>lyle4#ad    ,! analytic & syn!tic    
t5d5cies ( ! human m9d exhibit  !mselves
 ?r\gh\t hi/ory1 great writ]s rang+     
!mselves  sometimes on ! "o side1       
sometimes on ! o!r4  ,m5 ( w>m  feel+s &
 m9ds op5 to ! elevat+ impressions      
produc$ by  ,nature z a :ole1 ^:        
satisfaction1 !re=e1 is r e?ical  ?an   
logical1 lean to ! syn!tic side2 :ile ! 
analytic  h>monizes be/ ) ! m precise & 
m me*anical bias :i*  seeks !           
satisfaction ( ! und]/&+4  ,"s =m (     
pan!ism  0 usually adopt$ by ! "o1 :ile 
a deta*$ ,creator1 work+  m or less aft]
 ! mann] ( m51 0 (t5 assum$ by ! o!r4   
,gass5di is h>dly to be rank$ ) ei!r4   
,hav+ =mally  ackn[l$g$ ,god z ! great  
fir/ cause1 he imm$iately dropp$ !      

idea1 appli$ ! kn[n laws ( me*anics to !
 atoms1 d$uc+  !nce all vital ph5om5a4  
,he def5d$ ,epicurus1 & dwelt ^u 8      
purity1 bo? ( doctr9e & ( life4  ,true  
he 0 a hea!n1 b s  0 ,ari/otle4  ,he    
assail$ sup]/ition & religion1 &        
rightly1  because he did n "k ! true    
religion4  ,he ?\ght t ! gods  nei!r    
rew>d$ nor puni%$1 & ador$ !m purely 9  
consequ5ce  ( _! complet5ess2 "h we see1
 says ,gass5di1 ! rev]5ce (  ! *ild     
in/ead ( ! fe> ( ! slave4  ,! errors (  
,epicurus  %all be correct$1 ! body ( 8 
tru? reta9$2 & !n ,gass5di  proce$s1 z  
any hea!n might d1 to build up ! _w1 &  
all  t !re9 is1 ( atoms & molecules4    
,god1 :o creat$ e>? &  wat]1 plants &   
animals1 produc$ 9 ! fir/ place a       
def9ite  numb] ( atoms1 :i* con/itut$ ! 
se$ ( all ?+s4  ,!n  began t s]ies (    
comb9ations & decompositions :i* goes on
 at  pres5t1 & :i* w cont9ue 9 future4  
,! pr9ciple ( e  *ange resides 9 matt]4 
,9 artificial productions ! mov+        
pr9ciple is diff]5t f ! mat]ial work$   

^u2 b 9 ,nature  ! ag5t works )91 be+ ! 
mo/ active & mobile "p ( !  mat]ial     
itself4  ,?us1 ?is bold ecclesia/ic1 )\t
 incurr+ !  c5sure ( ! *ur* or ! _w1    
contrives to out/rip ,mr4 ,d>w94  ,!    
same ca/ ( m9d :i* caus$ him to deta* ! 
,creator f 8  univ]se l$ him also to    
deta* ! s\l f ! body1 ?\gh to !  body he
 ascribes an influ5ce s l>ge z to r5d] !
 s\l almo/  unnecess>y4  ,! ab]rations (
 reason 7 9 8 view an affair (  !       
mat]ial bra94  ,m5tal disease is bra9   
disease2 b !n !  immortal reason sits   
ap>t1 & _c be t\*$ by ! disease4  ,!    
errors ( madness are errors ( !         
in/rum5t1 n ( !  p]=m]4    ,x may be m  
?an a m]e result ( education1 connect+  
itself  probably ) ! deep] m5tal        
/ructure ( ! two m51 t !  idea (        
,gass5di above enunciat$ is sub/antially
 ! same z t  express$ by ,pr(essor ,cl]k
 ,maxwell at ! close ( ! v able  lecture
 deliv]$ by him at ,brad=d la/ ye>4     
,accord+ to bo?  philosoph]s1 ! atoms1  
if ,i und]/& aright1 are ! prep>$       

mat]ials :i*1 =m$ by ! skill ( ! highe/1
 produce by _!  subsequ5t int]-action   
all ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w4  ,!re     
seems to be ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 
,gass5di &  ,maxwell4  ,! "o po/ulates1 
! o!r inf]s 8 fir/ cause4  ,9 8         
'manufactur$ articles1' z he calls !    
atoms1 ,pr(essor  ,maxwell f9ds ! basis 
( an induction :i* enables him to scale 
philosophic heights consid]$            
inaccessible by ,kant1 & to take !      
logical /ep f ! atoms to _! ,mak]4      
,accept+ "h ! lead]%ip ( ,kant1 ,i d\bt 
! legitimacy (  ,maxwell's logic2 b x is
 impossible n to feel ! e?ic gl[ )  :i* 
8 lecture concludes4  ,!re is1 moreov]1 
a v noble /ra9  ( eloqu5ce 9 8          
description ( ! /eadfa/ness ( !         
atoms3--',natural causes1 z we "k1 are  
at "w1 :i* t5d to  modify1 if !y d n at 
l5g? de/roy1 all ! arrangem5ts &        
dim5sions ( ! e>? & ! :ole sol> sy/em4  
,b ?\gh 9  ! c\rse ( ages cata/rophes h 
occurr$ & may yet occur 9  ! heav5s1    
?\gh anci5t sy/ems may be dissolv$ & new

 sy/ems  evolv$ out ( _! ru9s1 !        
molecules out ( :i* ^! sy/ems  are      
built--! f\ndation /ones ( ! mat]ial    
univ]se--rema9  unbrok5 & unworn4'    ,!
 atomic doctr9e1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 0      
ent]ta9$ by ,bacon1  ,desc>tes1 ,hobbes1
 ,locke1 ,newton1 ,boyle1 & _!          
successors1 until  ! *emical law (      
multiple proportions enabl$ ,dalton to  
conf]  ^u x an entirely new             
significance4  ,9 our day !re are       
secessions f ! !ory1 b x /ill /&s firm4 
,los*midt1  ,/oney1 & ,sir ,william     
,?omson h s\ght to det]m9e ! sizes (  ! 
atoms1 or r to fix ! limits betwe5 :i*  
_! sizes lie2  :ile only la/ ye> !      
disc\rses ( ,williamson & ,maxwell      
illu/rate ! pres5t hold ( ! doctr9e ^u !
 =emo/  sci5tific m9ds4  ,9 fact1 x may 
be d\bt$ :e!r1 want+ ?is  fundam5tal    
conception1 a !ory ( ! mat]ial univ]se  
is capable  ( sci5tific /atem5t4        
,n9ety ye>s subsequ5t to ,gass5di !     
doctr9e ( bodily  in/rum5ts1 z x may be 
call$1 assum$ imm5se importance 9 !  h&s

 ( ,bi%op ,butl]1 :o1 9 8 fam\s         
',analogy ( ,religion1'  develop$1 f 8  
own po9t ( view1 & ) consummate         
sagacity1  a simil> idea4  ,! ,bi%op    
/ill influ5ces sup]ior m9ds2 & x  w     
repay u to dwell = a mom5t on 8 views4  
,he draws !  %>pe/ di/9ction betwe5 our 
real selves & our bodily  in/rum5ts4    
,he does n1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 use ! ^w 
s\l1  possibly because ! t]m 0 s        
hackney$ 9 8 day z x _h be5  = _m       
g5]ations previ\sly4  ,b he speaks (    
'liv+ p[]s1'  'p]ceiv+' or 'p]cipi5t    
p[]s1' 'mov+ ag5ts1' 'ourselves1' 9  !  
same s5se z we %\ld employ ! t]m s\l4   
,he dwells ^u !  fact t limbs may be    
remov$1 & mortal diseases assail ! body1
  ! m9d1 almo/ up to ! mom5t ( dea?1    
rema9+ cle>4  ,he  ref]s to sleep & to  
swoon1 :]e ! 'liv+ p[]s' are susp5d$  b 
n de/roy$4  ,he consid]s x q z easy to  
conceive (  exi/5ce out ( our bodies z 9
 !m3 t we may animate a  succession (   
bodies1 ! dissolution ( all ( !m hav+ no
 m  t5d5cy to dissolve our real selves1 

or 'deprive u ( liv+  faculties--!      
faculties ( p]ception & action--?an !   
dissolution ( any =eign matt] :i* we are
 capable ( receiv+  impressions f1 or   
mak+ use ( = ! common occasions ( life4'
  ,?is is ! key ( ! ,bi%op's position2  
'our organiz$ bodies are  no m a "p (   
ourselves ?an any o!r matt] ar\nd u4'   
,9  pro( ( ?is he calls att5tion to !   
use ( glasses1 :i*  'prep>e objects' = !
 'p]cipi5t p[]' exactly z ! eye does4   
,! eye itself is no m p]cipi5t ?an !    
glass2 is q z mu*  ! in/rum5t ( ! true  
self1 & also z =eign to ! true  self1 z 
! glass is4  ',& if we see ) our eyes   
only 9 ! same  mann] z we d ) glasses1 !
 l may ju/ly be conclud$ f  analogy (   
all our s5ses4'    ,lucretius1 z y are  
aw>e1 rea*$ a precisely opposite        
conclusion2  & x c]ta9ly w\ld be        
int]e/+1 if n pr(itable1 to u all1  to  
he> :at he w\ld or c\ld urge 9          
opposition to ! reason+ (  ! ,bi%op4  ,z
 a brief discussion ( ! po9t w enable u 
to see  ! be>+s ( an important "q1 ,i w 

"h p]mit a disciple  ( ,lucretius to try
 ! /r5g? ( ! ,bi%op's position1 & !n    
all[ ! ,bi%op to retaliate1 ) ! view (  
roll+ back1 if he  c1 ! difficulty ^u   
,lucretius4    ,! argum5t might proce$ 9
 ?is fa%ion3--    ',subject$ to ! te/ ( 
m5tal pres5tation 7,vor/ellung71 y\r    
views1 mo/ hon\r$ prelate1 w\ld pres5t  
to _m m9ds a great1 if  n an insup]able 
difficulty4  ,y speak ( liv+ p[]s1      
p]cipi5t or p]ceiv+ p[]s1 & ourselves2 b
 c y =m  a m5tal picture ( any "o ( ^!  
ap>t f ! organism ?r\gh  :i* x is       
suppos$ to act8  ,te/ y\rself hone/ly1 &
 see :e!r  y possess any faculty t w\ld 
enable y to =m su* a  conception4  ,!   
true self has a local habitation 9 ea* (
 u2 ?us  localiz$1 mu/ x n possess a =m8
  ,if s1 :at =m8  ,h y  ev] = a mom5t   
realiz$ x8  ,:5 a leg is amputat$ ! body
 is  divid$ into two p>ts2 is ! true    
self 9 bo? ( !m or 9 "o8  ,?omas ,aqu9as
 might say 9 bo?2 b n y1 = y appeal to !
  consci\sness associat$ ) "o ( ! two   
p>ts to prove t !  o!r is =eign matt]4  

,is consci\sness1 !n1 a necess>y elem5t 
( ! true self8  ,if s1 :at d y say to ! 
case ( ! :ole  body be+ depriv$ (       
consci\sness8  ,if n1 !n on :at gr\nds  
d y d5y any portion ( ! true self to !  
sev]$ limb8  ,x  seems v s+ul> t1 f !   
beg9n+ to ! end ( y\r  admirable book 7&
 no "o admires its sob] /r5g? m ?an ,i  
d71 y nev] once m5tion ! bra9 or n]v\s  
sy/em4  ,y beg9  at "o end ( ! body1 &  
%[ t its p>ts may be remov$  )\t        
prejudice to ! p]ceiv+ p[]4  ,:at if y  
beg9 at !  o!r end1 & remove1 in/ead ( !
 leg1 ! bra98  ,! body1 z  be=e1 is     
divid$ into two p>ts2 b bo? are n[ 9 !  
same  pr$icam5t1 & nei!r c be appeal$ to
 to prove t ! o!r  is =eign matt]4  ,or1
 in/ead ( go+ s f> z to remove !  bra9  
itself1 let a c]ta9 portion ( its bony  
cov]+ be remov$1  & let a rhy?mic s]ies 
( pressures & relaxations ( pressure be 
appli$ to ! s(t sub/ance4  ,at e        
pressure ! faculties (  p]ception & (   
action vani%2 at e relaxation ( pressure
  !y are re/or$4  ,:]e1 dur+ ! int]vals 

( pressure1 is !  p]ceiv+ p[]8  ,i once 
_h ! dis*>ge ( a l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y     
pass$ unexpect$ly ?r\gh me3 ,i felt     
no?+1 b 0 simply  blott$ out ( consci\s 
exi/5ce = a s5sible int]val4  ,:]e  0 my
 true self dur+ t int]val8  ,m5 :o h    
recov]$ f  lightn+-/roke h be5 mu* long]
 9 ! same /ate2 & inde$  9 cases (      
ord9>y concussion ( ! bra91 days may    
elapse dur+  :i* no exp]i5ce is regi/]$ 
9 consci\sness4  ,:]e is ! man  himself 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ins5sibility8  ,y may say
 t ,i beg  ! "q :5 ,i assume ! man to h 
be5 unconsci\s1 t he  0 really consci\s 
all ! "t1 & has simply =gott5 :at _h    
occurr$ to him4  ,9 reply to ?is1 ,i c  
only say t no "o ne$  %r9k f ! wor/     
tortures t sup]/ition ev] inv5t$ if     
only s felt & s rememb]$4  ,i d n ?9k   
y\r !ory (  in/rum5ts goes at all to !  
bottom ( ! matt]4  ,a  telegraph-op]ator
 has 8 in/rum5ts1 by means ( :i* he     
conv]ses ) ! _w2 our bodies possess a   
n]v\s sy/em1 :i*  plays a simil> "p     
betwe5 ! p]ceiv+ p[] & ext]nal  ?+s4    

,cut ! wires ( ! op]ator1 break 8       
batt]y1  demagnetize 8 ne$le3 by ?is    
means y c]ta9ly sev] 8  connexion ) !   
_w2 b inasmu* z ^! are real in/rum5ts1  
_! de/ruction does n t\* ! man :o uses  
!m4  ,! op]ator  survives1 & he kn[s t  
he survives4  ,:at is x1 ,i w\ld ask1  9
 ! human sy/em t answ]s to ?is consci\s 
survival ( !  op]ator :5 ! batt]y ( !   
bra9 is s di/urb$ z to produce          
ins5sibility1 or :5 x is de/roy$        
altoge!r8    ',ano!r consid]ation1 :i* y
 may consid] slight1 presses ^u  me ) "s
 =ce4  ,! bra9 may *ange f heal? to     
disease1 &  ?r\gh su* a *ange ! mo/     
exempl>y man may be conv]t$ into a      
debau*ee or a murd]]4  ,my v noble &    
approv$ good ma/] _h1  z y "k1 ?reat5+s 
( lewdness introduc$ into 8 bra9 by  8  
jeal\s wife's philt]2 & soon] ?an p]mit 
himself to run  ev5 ! risk ( yield+ to  
^! base prompt+s he slew himself4  ,h[  
c\ld ! h& ( ,lucretius h be5 ?us turn$  
aga9/ himself  if ! real ,lucretius     
rema9$ z be=e8  ,c ! bra9 or c x  n act 

9 ?is di/emp]$ way )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! 
immortal reason8  ,if x c1 !n x is a    
prime mov] :i* requires  only heal?y    
regulation to r5d] x reasonably         
self-act+1 &  !re is no app>5t ne$ ( y\r
 immortal reason at all4  ,if x  _c1 !n 
! immortal reason1 by its mis*iev\s     
activity 9  op]at+ ^u a brok5 in/rum5t1 
mu/ h ! cr$it (  committ+ e imag9able   
extravagance & crime4  ,i ?9k1 if y  w  
all[ me to say s1 t ! grave/ consequ5ces
 are likely to  fl[ f y\r e/imate ( !   
body4  ,to reg>d ! bra9 z y  w\ld a /aff
 or an eyeglass--to %ut y\r eyes to all 
its my/]y1  to ! p]fect correlation (   
its condition & our consci\sness1 to  ! 
fact t a slight excess or defect ( blood
 9 x produces !  v swoon to :i* y ref]1 
& t 9 relation to x our meat  & dr9k &  
air & ex]cise h a p]fectly transc5d5tal 
value  & significance--to =get all ?is  
does1 ,i ?9k1 op5 a way to  innum]able  
errors 9 our habits ( life1 & may       
possibly 9 "s  cases initiate & fo/] t v
 disease1 & consequ5t m5tal  ru91 :i* a 

wis] appreciation ( ?is my/]i\s organ   
w\ld h  avoid$4'    ,i c imag9e ! ,bi%op
 ?\ghtful aft] he>+ ?is argum5t4  ,he  0
 n ! man to all[ ang] to m+le ) !       
consid]ation ( a  po9t ( ?is k9d4  ,aft]
 due reflection1 & hav+ /r5g!n$  himself
 by t hone/ contemplation ( ! facts :i* 
0 habitual  ) him1 & :i* includes !     
desire to give ev5 adv]se facts  _! due 
weight1 ,i c suppose ! ,bi%op to proce$ 
?us3--',y  w rememb] t 9 ! ,analogy (   
,religion1 ( :i* y h s  k9dly spok51 ,i 
did n pr(ess to prove any?+ absolutely1 
&  t ,i ov] & ov] aga9 ackn[l$g$ &      
insi/$ on ! smallness  ( our k1 or r !  
dep? ( our ignorance1 z reg>ds  ! :ole  
sy/em ( ! univ]se4  ,my object 0 to %[  
my dei/ical  fri5ds1 :o set =? s        
eloqu5tly ! beauty & b5efic5ce (        
,nature & ! ,rul] !re(1 :ile !y _h no?+ 
b scorn =  ! s-call$ absurdities ( !    
,*ri/ian s*eme1 t !y 7 9  no bett]      
condition ?an we 71 & t1 = e difficulty 
f\nd ^u our side1 q z great a difficulty
 0 to be f\nd ^u  !irs4  ,i w n[1 ) y\r 

p]mission1 adopt a simil> l9e (         
argum5t4  ,y are a ,lucretian1 & f !    
comb9ation &  sep>ation ( ins5sate atoms
 d$uce all t]re/rial ?+s1  includ+      
organic =ms & _! ph5om5a4  ,let me tell 
y1 9 !  fir/ in/ance1 h[ f> ,i am prep>$
 to g ) y4  ,i admit t  y c build       
cry/all9e =ms out ( ?is play ( molecul> 
=ce2  t ! diamond1 ame?y/1 & sn[-/> are 
truly wond]ful  /ructures :i* are ?us   
produc$4  ,i w g fur!r &  ackn[l$ge t   
ev5 a tree or fl[] might 9 ?is way be   
organiz$4  ,nay1 if y c %[ me an animal 
)\t s5sation1 ,i  w conc$e to y t x also
 might be put toge!r by !  suitable play
 ( molecul> =ce4    ',?us f> our way is 
cle>2 b n[ comes my difficulty4  ,y\r   
atoms  are individually )\t s5sation1   
mu* m are !y )\t  intellig5ce4  ,may ,i 
ask y1 !n1 to try y\r h& ^u ?is         
problem8  ,take y\r dead hydrog5 atoms1 
y\r dead oxyg5 atoms1 y\r  dead c>bon   
atoms1 y\r dead nitrog5 atoms1 y\r dead 
phosphorus  atoms1 & all ! o!r atoms1   
dead z gra9s ( %ot1 ( :i* !  bra9 is    

=m$4  ,imag9e !m sep>ate & s5sationless1
 obs]ve  !m runn+ toge!r & =m+ all      
imag9able comb9ations4  ,?is1  z a      
purely me*anical process1 is seeable by 
! m9d4  ,b c y  see1 or dream1 or 9 any 
way imag9e1 h[ out ( t me*anical act1  &
 f ^! individually dead atoms1 s5sation1
 ?\ght1 &  emotion are to arise8  ,are y
 likely to extract ,hom] out ( !  rattl+
 ( dice1 or ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus out 
( ! cla% (  billi>d-balls8  ,i am n all 
b]eft ( ?is ,vor/ellungs-,kraft (  :i* y
 speak1 nor am ,i1 l s _m ( my bre?r51 a
 m]e vacuum  z reg>ds sci5tific k4  ,i c
 foll[ a p>ticle ( musk  until x rea*es 
! olfactory n]ve2 ,i c foll[ ! waves (  
s\nd  until _! tremors rea* ! wat] ( !  
labyr9? & set !  otoli?s & ,corti's     
fibres 9 motion2 ,i c also visualize !  
waves  ( e!r z !y cross ! eye & hit !   
ret9a4  ,nay m1 ,i am  able to pursue to
 ! c5tral organ ! motion ?us imp>t$ at !
  p]iph]y1 & to see 9 idea ! v molecules
 ( ! bra9 ?r[n  into tremors4  ,my      
insight is n baffl$ by ^! physical      

processes4  ,:at baffles & bewild]s me1 
is ! notion t f ^? physical  tremors ?+s
 s utt]ly incongru\s ) !m z s5sation1   
?\ght1 & emotion c be d]iv$4  ,y may    
say1 or ?9k1 t  ?is issue ( consci\sness
 f ! cla% ( atoms is n m  incongru\s ?an
 ! fla% ( light f ! union ( oxyg5 &     
hydrog54  ,b ,i beg to say t x is4  ,=  
su* incongruity z !  fla% possesses is t
 :i* ,i n[ =ce ^u y\r att5tion4  ,!     
fla% is an affair ( consci\sness1 !     
objective c\nt]p>t (  :i* is a          
vibration4  ,x is a fla% only by y\r    
int]pretation4  ,y are ! cause ( !      
app>5t incongruity1 & y are ! ?+  t     
puzzles me4  ,i ne$ n rem9d y t ! great 
,leibnitz felt  ! difficulty :i* ,i     
feel1 & t to get rid ( ?is mon/r\s      
d$uction ( life f dea? he displac$ y\r  
atoms by 8 monads1  :i* 7 m or less     
p]fect mirrors ( ! univ]se1 & out (  !  
summation & integration ( :i* he suppos$
 all ! ph5om5a  ( life--s5ti5t1         
intellectual1 & emotional--to arise4    
',y\r difficulty1 !n1 z ,i see y are    

ready to admit1 is q z  great z m9e4  ,y
 _c satisfy ! human und]/&+ 9 its  dem& 
= logical cont9uity betwe5 molecul>     
processes & !  ph5om5a ( consci\sness4  
,?is is a rock on :i* mat]ialism mu/    
inevitably split :5ev] x pret5ds to be a
 complete philosophy (  life4  ,:at is !
 moral1 my ,lucretian8  ,y & ,i are n   
likely to  indulge 9 ill-temp] 9 !      
discussion ( ^! great topics1 :]e  we   
see s mu* room = hone/ diff]5ces (      
op9ion4  ,b !re are  p ( less wit or m  
bigotry 7,i say x ) humility7 on bo?    
sides1 :o are ev] ready to m+le ang] &  
vitup]ation ) su*  discussions4  ,!re   
are1 = example1 writ]s ( note & influ5ce
  at ! pres5t day :o are n a%am$ to     
assume ! deep p]sonal  s9 ( a great     
logician to be ! cause ( 8 unbelief 9 a 
!ologic dogma4  ,& !re are o!rs :o hold 
t we1 :o *]i%  our noble ,bible1 wr\ght 
z x has be5 into ! con/itution ( our    
=efa!rs1 & by inh]itance into u1 mu/    
necess>ily be  hypocritical & ins9c]e4  
,let u disav[ & disc\nt5ance su*  p1    

*]i%+ ! unsw]v+ fai? t :at is good &    
true 9  bo? our argum5ts w be pres]v$ = 
! b5efit ( humanity1  :ile all t is bad 
or false w disappe>4'    ,i hold !      
,bi%op's reason+ to be unansw]able1 & 8 
lib]ality  to be wor?y ( imitation4     
,x is wor? rem>k+ t 9 "o respect !      
,bi%op 0 a product (  8 age4  ,long     
previ\s to 8 day ! nature ( ! s\l _h be5
 s  fav\rite & g5]al a topic (          
discussion1 t1 :5 ! /ud5ts  ( !         
,univ]sity ( ,p>is wi%$ to "k ! lean+s (
 a new  ,pr(essor1 !y at once reque/$   
him to lecture ^u ! s\l4  ,ab\t ! "t (  
,bi%op ,butl] ! "q 0 n only agitat$  b  
ext5d$4  ,x 0 se5 by ! cle>-witt$ m5 :o 
ent]$ ?is  ar5a t _m ( _! be/ argum5ts  
appli$ equally to brutes &  m54  ,!     
,bi%op's argum5ts 7 ( ?is "*4  ,he saw  
x1  admitt$ x1 accept$ ! consequ5ces1 & 
boldly embrac$ ! :ole  animal _w 9 8    
s*eme ( immortality4    ,bi%op ,butl]   
accept$ ) unwav]+ tru/ ! *ronology ( !  
,old ,te/am5t1 describ+ x z 'confirm$ by
 ! natural & civil  hi/ory ( ! _w1      

collect$ f common hi/orians1 f !  /ate (
 ! e>?1 & f ! late inv5tions ( arts &   
sci5ces4'  ,^! words m>k progress2 & !y 
mu/ seem some:at  ho>y to ! ,bi%op's    
successors ( to-day4#ae  ,x is h>dly    
necess>y to in=m y t s9ce 8 "t ! doma9 (
 !  naturali/ has be5 imm5sely ext5d$--!
 :ole sci5ce ( geology1  ) its a/\nd+   
revelations reg>d+ ! life ( ! anci5t    
e>?1 hav+ be5 creat$4  ,! rigidity ( old
 conceptions has be5  relax$1 ! public  
m9d be+ r5d]$ gradually tol]ant ( !     
idea t n = six ?\s&1 nor = sixty ?\s&1  
nor = six  ?\s& ?\s& ?\s&1 b = ons      
embrac+ untold millions (  ye>s1 ?is e>?
 has be5 ! !atre ( life & dea?4  ,!     
riddle  ( ! rocks has be5 read by !     
geologi/ & palontologi/1 f  subcambrian 
dep?s to ! deposits ?ick5+ ov] !        
sea-bottoms (  to-day4  ,& ^u ! leaves (
 t /one book are1 z y "k1  /amp$ !      
*>act]s1 pla9] & sur] ?an ^? =m$ by !   
ink ( hi/ory1 :i* c>ry ! m9d back into  
abysses ( pa/ "t  comp>$ ) :i* ! p]iods 
:i* satisfi$ ,bi%op ,butl] cease  to h a

 visual angle4  ,! lode ( discov]y once 
/ruck1 ^?  petrifi$ =ms 9 :i* life 0 at 
"o "t active increas$ to  multitudes &  
dem&$ classification4  ,!y 7 gr\p$ 9    
g5]a1  species1 & v>ieties1 accord+ to !
 degree ( simil>ity  subsi/+ betwe5 !m4 
,?us confusion 0 avoid$1 ea* object  be+
 f\nd 9 ! pigeon-hole appropriat$ to x &
 to its fell[s  ( simil> morphological  
or physiological "*4  ,! g5]al  fact    
soon became evid5t t none b ! simple/   
=ms ( life lie  l[e/ d[n1 t z we climb  
high] among ! sup]-impos$ /rata  m      
p]fect =ms appe>4  ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 f =m
 to =m  0 n cont9u\s1 b by /eps--"s     
small1 "s great4  ',a  section1' says   
,mr4 ,huxley1 'a hundr$ feet ?ick w     
exhibit at  diff]5t heights a doz5      
species ( ,ammonite1 none ( :i* passes  
beyond its p>ticul> zone ( lime/one1 or 
clay1 into ! zone bel[  x1 or into t    
above x4' ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* facts x 0 n
  possible to avoid ! "q3--,h ^! =ms1   
%[+1 ?\gh 9  brok5 /ages & ) _m         
irregul>ities1 ?is unmi/akable g5]al    

advance1 be5 subject$ to no cont9u\s law
 ( gr[? or v>iation8  ,_h our education 
be5 purely sci5tific1 or _h x be5       
suffici5tly  deta*$ f influ5ces :i*1    
h[ev] ennobl+ 9 ano!r doma91  h always  
prov$ h9drances & delusions :5 introduc$
 z  factors into ! doma9 ( physics1 !   
sci5tific m9d nev] c\ld  h sw]v$ f !    
se>* = a law ( gr[?1 or all[$ itself  to
 accept ! an?ropomorphism :i* reg>d$ ea*
 successive /ratum  z a k9d ( me*anic's 
b5* = ! manufacture ( new species out  (
 all relation to ! old4    ,biass$1     
h[ev]1 by _! previ\s education1 ! great 
majority (  naturali/s invok$ a special 
creative act to acc\nt = !  appe>ance ( 
ea* new gr\p ( organisms4  ,d\btless !re
 7  numb]s :o 7 cle>-head$ en\gh to see 
t ?is 0 no  explanation at all1 t 9 po9t
 ( fact x 0 an attempt1 by !            
introduction ( a great] difficulty1 to  
acc\nt = a less4  ,b  hav+ no?+ to (f] 9
 ! way ( explanation1 !y = ! mo/  "p    
held _! peace4  ,/ill ! ?\ghts (        
reflect+ m5  naturally & necess>ily     

simm]$ r\nd ! "q4  ,de ,maillet1 a      
contempor>y ( ,newton1 has be5 br\ght   
into notice by ,pr(essor  ,huxley z "o  
:o '_h a notion ( ! modifiability ( liv+
  =ms4'  ,9 my frequ5t conv]sations )   
him1 ! late ,sir ,b5jam9  ,brodie1 a man
 ( highly philosophic m9d1 (t5 drew my  
att5tion to  ! fact t1 z e>ly z #agid1  
,*>les ,d>w9's gr&fa!r 0 !  pione] (    
,*>les ,d>w94#af  ,9 #ahja1 & 9         
subsequ5t ye>s1 !  celebrat$ ,lam>ck1 :o
 produc$ s pr(\nd an impression on !    
public m9d ?r\gh ! vigor\s exposition ( 
8 views by !  au?or ( ! ',ve/iges (     
,creation1' endeav\r$ to %[ !           
developm5t ( species out ( *anges (     
habit & ext]nal  condition4  ,9 #ahac   
,dr4 ,wells1 ! f\nd] ( our pres5t !ory (
  ,dew1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society a   
pap] 9 :i*1 to use ! words  ( ,mr4      
,d>w91 'he di/9ctly recognises !        
pr9ciple ( natural  selection2 & ?is is 
! fir/ recognition t has be5  indicat$4'
  ,! ?or\ghness & skill ) :i* ,wells    
pursu$ 8  "w1 & ! obvi\s indep5d5ce ( 8 

"*1 r5d]$ him  long ago a fav\rite ) me2
 & x gave me ! livelie/ pleasure  to    
alight ^u ?is additional te/imony to 8  
p5etration4  ,pr(essor ,grant1 ,mr4     
,patrick ,mat!w1 ,von ,bu*1 ! au?or ( ! 
',ve/iges1' ,d',halloy1 & o!rs1#ag by ! 
enunciation ( op9ions  m or less cle> & 
correct1 %[$ t ! "q _h be5  f]m5t+ long 
prior to ! ye> #aheh1 :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 &   
,mr4  ,wallace simultane\sly b          
indep5d5tly plac$ _! closely  concurr5t 
views ^u ! subject be=e ! ,l9nean       
,society4    ,^! pap]s 7 foll[$ 9 #ahei 
by ! publication ( ! fir/  edition ( ',!
 ,orig9 ( ,species4'  ,all great ?+s    
come sl[ly to  ! bir?4  ,cop]nicus1 z ,i
 in=m$ y1 pond]$ 8 great "w  =          
?irty-?ree ye>s4  ,newton = ne>ly tw5ty 
ye>s kept ! idea  ( ,gravitation be=e 8 
m9d2 = tw5ty ye>s also he dwelt ^u  8   
discov]y ( ,fluxions1 & d\btless w\ld h 
cont9u$ to make  x ! object ( 8 private 
?\ght _h he n f\nd t ,leibnitz  0 ^u 8  
track4  ,d>w9 = two & tw5ty ye>s pond]$ 
!  problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 &       

d\btless he w\ld h  cont9u$ to d s _h he
 n f\nd ,wallace ^u 8 track4#ah  ,a     
conc5trat$ b full & p[]ful epitome ( 8  
lab\rs 0 !  consequ5ce4  ,! book 0 by no
 means an easy "o2 & probably n  "o 9 e 
score ( ^? :o !n attack$ x _h read its  
pages  ?r\gh1 or 7 compet5t to grasp _! 
significance if !y _h4  ,i d n say ?is  
m]ely to discr$it !m2 = !re 7 9 ^?  days
 "s really em95t sci5tific m51 entirely 
rais$ above !  heat ( popul> prejudice1 
will+ to accept any conclusion t  sci5ce
 _h to (f]1 provid$ x 0 duly back$ by   
fact &  argum5t1 & :o entirely mi/ook   
,mr4 ,d>w9's views4  ,9 fact1 !  "w ne$$
 an exp\nd]2 & x f\nd "o 9 ,mr4 ,huxley4
  ,i "k  no?+ m admirable 9 ! way (     
sci5tific exposition ?an ^?  e>ly       
articles ( 8 on ! orig9 ( species4  ,he 
swept ! curve  ( discussion ?r\gh !     
really significant po9ts ( ! subject1   
enri*$ 8 exposition ) pr(\nd orig9al    
rem>ks &  reflections1 (t5 summ+ up 9 a 
s+le pi?y s5t5ce an argum5t  :i* a less 
compact m9d w\ld h spread ov] pages4  ,b

 !re is  "o impression made by ! book   
itself :i* no exposition ( x1  h[ev]    
lum9\s1 c convey2 & t is ! impression ( 
! va/  am\nt ( lab\r1 bo? ( obs]vation &
 ( ?\ght1 impli$ 9 its  production4     
,let u glance at its pr9ciples4    ,x is
 conc$$ on all h&s t :at are call$      
v>ieties are  cont9ually produc$4  ,!   
rule is probably )\t exception4  ,no    
*ick & no *ild is 9 all respects &      
p>ticul>s ! c\nt]p>t  ( its bro!r &     
si/]2 & 9 su* diff]5ces we h 'v>iety'   
incipi5t4  ,no naturali/ c\ld tell h[ f>
 ?is v>iation c\ld be  c>ri$2 b ! great 
mass ( !m held t nev] by any am\nt (    
int]nal or ext]nal *ange1 nor by !      
mixture ( bo?1 c\ld !  (fspr+ ( ! same  
prog5itor s f> deviate f ea* o!r z to   
con/itute diff]5t species4  ,! function 
( ! exp]im5tal  philosoph] is to comb9e 
! conditions ( nature & to produce h]   
results2 & ?is 0 ! me?od ( ,d>w94#ai    
,he made himself  acqua9t$ ) :at c\ld1  
)\t any mann] ( d\bt1 be done 9  ! way (
 produc+ v>iation4  ,he associat$       

himself )  pigeon-fanci]s--b\ght1 begg$1
 kept1 & obs]v$ e bre$ t  he c\ld obta94
  ,?\gh d]iv$ f a common /ock1 !        
div]sities  ( ^! pigeons 7 su* t 'a     
score ( !m might be *os5  :i*1 if %[n to
 an orni?ologi/1 & he 7 told t !y 7     
wild birds1 w\ld c]ta9ly be rank$ by him
 z well-def9$  species4'  ,! simple     
pr9ciple :i* guides ! pigeon-fanci]1 z  
x does ! cattle-bre$]1 is ! selection ( 
"s v>iety t  /rikes 8 fancy1 & !        
propagation ( ?is v>iety by  inh]itance4
  ,) 8 eye /ill direct$ to ! p>ticul>   
appe>ance :i* he wi%es to exagg]ate1 he 
selects x z x  reappe>s 9 successive    
broods1 & ?us adds increm5t to increm5t 
until an a/oni%+ am\nt ( div]g5ce f !   
p>5t type is  effect$4  ,! bre$] 9 ?is  
case does n produce ! elem5ts (  !      
v>iation4  ,he simply obs]ves !m1 & by  
selection adds !m  toge!r until !       
requir$ result has be5 obta9$4  ',no    
man1' says  ,mr4 ,d>w91 'w\ld ev] try to
 make a fantail till he saw a pigeon  ) 
a tail develop$ 9 "s slight degree 9 an 

unusual mann]1 or  a p\t] until he saw a
 pigeon ) a crop ( unusual size4'  ,?us 
nature gives ! h9t1 man acts ^u x1 & by 
! law (  inh]itance exagg]ates !        
deviation4    ,hav+ ?us satisfi$ himself
 by indubitable facts t !  organization 
( an animal or ( a plant 7= precisely ! 
same  treatm5t applies to plants7 is to 
"s ext5t pla/ic1 he passes  f v>iation  
"u dome/ication to v>iation "u nature4  
,hi!rto we h dealt ) ! add+ toge!r (    
small *anges by  ! consci\s selection ( 
man4  ,c ,nature ?us select8  ,mr4      
,d>w9's answ] is1 ',assur$ly %e c4'  ,! 
numb] ( liv+ ?+s  produc$ is f> 9 excess
 ( ! numb] t c be support$2 h5ce  at "s 
p]iod or o!r ( _! lives !re mu/ be a    
/ruggle =  exi/5ce2 & :at is !          
infallible result8  ,if "o organism 7 a 
p]fect copy ( ! o!r 9 reg>d to /r5g?1   
skill1 & agility1  ext]nal conditions   
w\ld decide4  ,b ?is is n ! case4  ,"h  
we  h ! fact ( v>iety (f]+ itself to    
nature1 z 9 ! =m]  in/ance x (f]$ itself
 to man2 & ^? v>ieties :i* are  lea/    

compet5t to cope ) surr\nd+ conditions w
 infallibly  give way to ^? t are mo/   
compet5t4  ,to use a famili>  prov]b1 ! 
weake/ comes to ! wall4  ,b ! triumphant
 fraction  aga9 bre$s to ov]production1 
transmitt+ ! qualities :i*  secur$ its  
ma9t5ance1 b transmitt+ !m 9 diff]5t    
degrees4  ,! /ruggle = food aga9        
sup]v5es1 & ^? to :om !  fav\rable      
quality has be5 transmitt$ 9 excess w   
assur$ly  triumph4  ,x is easy to see t 
we h "h ! addition (  increm5ts         
fav\rable to ! individual /ill m        
rigor\sly c>ri$  out ?an 9 ! case (     
dome/ication2 = n only are unfav\rable  
specim5s n select$ by nature1 b !y are  
de/roy$4  ,?is is  :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls 
',natural ,selection1' :i* 'acts by !   
pres]vation & accumulation ( small      
inh]it$ modifications1 ea*  pr(itable to
 ! pres]v$ be+4'  ,) ?is idea he        
int]p5etrates & leav5s ! va/ /ore (     
facts t he &  o!rs h collect$4  ,we _c1 
)\t %utt+ our eyes ?r\gh  fe> or        
prejudice1 fail to see t ,d>w9 is "h    

deal+1 n )  imag9>y1 b ) true causes2   
nor c we fail to disc]n :at va/         
modifications may be produc$ by natural 
selection 9 p]iods  suffici5tly long4   
,ea* individual increm5t may resemble   
:at  ma!maticians call a 'diff]5tial' 7a
 quantity indef9itely small72  b def9ite
 & great *anges may obvi\sly be produc$ 
by !  integration ( ^! inf9itesimal     
quantities ?r\gh practically  inf9ite   
"t4    ,if ,d>w91 l ,bruno1 rejects !   
notion ( creative p[] act+  aft] human  
fa%ion1 x c]ta9ly is n because he is    
unacqua9t$  ) ! numb]less exquisite     
adaptations on :i* ?is notion ( a       
sup]natural artific] has be5 f\nd$4  ,8 
book is a repository (  ! mo/ />tl+     
facts ( ?is description4  ,take !       
m>vell\s  obs]vation :i* he cites f ,dr4
 ,crg]1 :]e a bucket ) an  ap]ture1 s]v+
 z a sp\t1 is =m$ 9 an or*id4  ,bees    
visit !  fl[]3 9 eag] se>* ( mat]ial =  
_! combs !y pu% ea*  o!r into ! bucket1 
! dr5*$ ones escap+ f _!  involunt>y ba?
 by ! sp\t4  ,"h !y rub _! backs aga9/ !

  viscid /igma ( ! fl[] & obta9 glue2 !n
 aga9/ !  poll5-masses1 :i* are ?us /uck
 to ! back ( ! bee &  c>ri$ away4  ',:5 
! bee1 s provid$1 flies to ano!r fl[]1  
or to ! same fl[] a second "t1 & is pu%$
 by its comrades  into ! bucket1 & !n   
crawls out by ! passage1 ! poll5-mass   
^u its back necess>ily comes fir/ into  
contact ) ! viscid  /igma1' :i* takes up
 ! poll52 & ?is is h[ t or*id is        
f]tiliz$4  ,or take ?is o!r case ( !    
,catasetum4  ',bees visit  ^! fl[]s 9   
ord] to gnaw ! labellum2 9 do+ ?is !y   
inevitably t\* a long1 tap]+1 s5sitive  
projection4  ,?is1 :5  t\*$1 transmits a
 s5sation or vibration to a c]ta9       
membrane1  :i* is in/antly ruptur$1     
sett+ free a spr+1 by :i* !  poll5-mass 
is %ot =? l an arr[ 9 ! "r direction1 & 
adh]es by its viscid extremity to ! back
 ( ! bee4'  ,9 ?is way  ! f]tilis+ poll5
 is spread abroad4    ,x is ! m9d ?us   
/or$ ) ! *oice/ mat]ials ( !  teleologi/
 t rejects teleology1 seek+ to ref] ^!  
wond]s to  natural cases4  ,!y          

illu/rate1 accord+ to him1 ! me?od (    
nature1 n ! 'te*nic' ( a man-l          
,artific]4  ,! beauty (  fl[]s is due to
 natural selection4  ,^? t di/+ui%      
!mselves by vividly contra/+ col\rs f ! 
surr\nd+ gre5  leaves are mo/ readily   
se51 mo/ frequ5tly visit$ by insects1   
mo/ (t5 f]tiliz$1 & h5ce mo/ fav\r$ by  
natural selection4  ,col\r$ b]ries also 
readily attract ! att5tion ( birds &    
bea/s1 :i* fe$ ^u !m1 spread _! manur$  
se$s abroad1 ?us  giv+ trees & %rubs    
possess+ su* b]ries a great] *ance 9  ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce4    ,) pr(\nd analytic
 & syn!tic skill1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 inve/igates
  ! cell-mak+ in/9ct ( ! hive-bee4  ,8  
me?od ( deal+ )  x is repres5tative4    
,he falls back f ! m p]fectly to !  less
 p]fectly develop$ in/9ct--f ! hive-bee 
to ! humble  bee1 :i* uses its own      
cocoon z a comb1 & to classes ( bees (  
int]m$iate skill1 endeav\r+ to %[ h[ !  
passage might be  gradually made f !    
l[e/ to ! highe/4  ,! sav+ ( wax is  !  
mo/ important po9t 9 ! economy ( bees4  

,twelve to fifte5  p\nds ( dry sug> are 
said to be ne$$ = ! secretion ( a  s+le 
p\nd ( wax4  ,! quantities ( nect>      
necess>y = ! wax  mu/ !re=e be va/2 & e 
improvem5t ( con/ructive  in/9ct :i*    
results 9 ! sav+ ( wax is a direct pr(it
 to !  insect's life4  ,! "t t w\ld     
o!rwise be devot$ to !  mak+ ( wax is n[
 devot$ to ! ga!r+ & /or+ ( honey  =    
w9t] food4  ,he passes f ! humble bee ) 
its rude cells1  ?r\gh ! ,melipona ) its
 m arti/ic cells1 to ! hive-bee  ) its  
a/oni%+ ar*itecture4  ,! bees place     
!mselves at  equal di/ances ap>t ^u !   
wax1 sweep & excavate equal sph]es  r\nd
 ! select$ po9ts4  ,! sph]es int]sect1 &
 ! planes (  int]section are built up ) 
?9 lam94  ,hexagonal cells are ?us  =m$4
  ,?is mode ( treat+ su* que/ions is1 z 
,i h said1  repres5tative4  ,he         
habitually retires f ! m p]fect &       
complex to ! less p]fect & simple1 &    
c>ries y ) him  ?r\gh /ages ( p]fect+1  
adds increm5t to increm5t (             
inf9itesimal *ange1 & 9 ?is way         

gradually breaks d[n y\r  reluctance to 
admit t ! exquisite climax ( ! :ole c\ld
 be a  result ( natural selection4      
,mr4 ,d>w9 %irks no difficulty2 &1      
saturat$ z ! subject 0  ) 8 own ?\ght1  
he mu/ h kn[n bett] ?an 8 critics !     
weakness z well z ! /r5g? ( 8 !ory4     
,?is ( c\rse w\ld  be ( little avail 7 8
 object a tempor>y dialectic victory    
in/ead ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a tru? :i* he   
means to be  ev]-la/+4  ,b he takes no  
pa9s to disguise ! weakness he has      
disc]n$2 nay1 he takes e pa9s to br+ x  
into ! /ronge/  light4  ,8 va/ res\rces 
enable him to cope ) objections />t$  by
 himself & o!rs1 s z to leave ! f9al    
impression ^u !  read]'s m9d t1 if !y be
 n completely answ]$1 !y  c]ta9ly are n 
fatal4  ,_! negative =ce be+ ?us        
de/roy$1  y are free to be influ5c$ by !
 va/ positive mass ( evid5ce  he is able
 to br+ be=e y4  ,?is l>g5ess ( k &     
read9ess ( res\rce r5d] ,mr4 ,d>w9 ! mo/
 t]rible (  antagoni/s4  ,accompli%$    
naturali/s h levell$ heavy &  su/a9$    

criticisms aga9/ him--n always ) ! view 
( fairly  weigh+ 8 !ory1 b ) ! express  
int5tion ( expos+ its  weak po9ts only4 
,?is does n irritate him4  ,he treats e 
objection ) a sob]ness & ?or\ghness :i* 
ev5 ,bi%op ,butl]  might be pr\d to     
imitate1 surr\nd+ ea* fact ) its        
appropriate  detail1 plac+ x 9 its prop]
 relations1 & usually giv+ x a          
significance :i*1 z long z x 0 kept     
isolat$1 fail$ to  appe>4  ,?is is done 
)\t a trace ( ill-temp]4  ,he moves ov] 
! subject ) ! passionless /r5g? ( a     
glaci]2 & !  gr9d+ ( ! rocks is n always
 )\t a c\nt]p>t 9 !  logical            
pulv]ization ( ! objector4    ,b ?\gh 9 
h&l+ ?is mighty !me all passion has be5 
/ill$1 !re is an emotion ( ! intellect  
incid5t to !  disc]nm5t ( new tru? :i*  
(t5 col\rs & w>ms ! pages (  ,mr4 ,d>w94
  ,8 success has be5 great2 & ?is       
implies n only  ! solidity ( 8 "w1 b !  
prep>$ness ( ! public m9d =  su* a      
revelation4  ,on ?is head a rem>k (     
,agassiz impress$ me  m ?an any?+ else4 

,sprung f a race ( !ologians1 ?is       
celebrat$ man combat$ to ! la/ ! !ory ( 
natural selection4  ,"o ( ! _m times ,i 
_h ! pleasure ( meet+ him 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates 0 at ,mr4 ,w9?rop's beautiful    
resid5ce at ,brookl9e1 ne>  ,bo/on4     
,ris+ f lun*eon1 we all halt$ z if by a 
common  impulse 9 front ( a w9d[1 &     
cont9u$ !re a discussion :i*  _h be5    
/>t$ at table4  ,! maple 0 9 its autumn 
glory2 &  ! exquisite beauty ( ! sc5e   
outside seem$1 9 my case1 to            
int]p5etrate )\t di/urbance !           
intellectual action4  ,e>ne/ly1 almo/   
sadly1 ,agassiz turn$1 & said to !      
g5tlem5  /&+ r\nd1 ',i confess t ,i 0 n 
prep>$ to see ?is !ory  receiv$ z x has 
be5 by ! be/ intellects ( our "t4  ,its 
success is great] ?an ,i c\ld h ?\ght   
possible4'    ,9 our day gr&            
g5]alizations h be5 rea*$4  ,! !ory (  !
 orig9 ( species is b "o ( !m4  ,ano!r1 
( /ill wid]  grasp & m radical          
significance1 is ! doctr9e ( !          
,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 ! ultimate       

philosophical issues ( :i*  are z yet b 
dimly se5--t doctr9e :i* 'b9ds nature   
fa/ 9  fate' to an ext5t n hi!rto       
recogniz$1 exact+ f e  antec$5t its     
equival5t consequ5t1 f e consequ5t its  
equival5t antec$5t1 & br++ vital z well 
z physical  ph5om5a "u ! dom9ion ( t law
 ( causal connexion :i*1  s f> z ! human
 und]/&+ has yet pi]c$1 ass]ts itself   
ev]y:]e 9 nature4  ,long 9 advance ( all
 def9ite exp]im5t  ^u ! subject1 !      
con/ancy & inde/ructibility ( matt] _h  
be5 affirm$2 & all subsequ5t exp]i5ce   
ju/ifi$ !  affirmation4  ,lat] rese>*es 
ext5d$ ! attribute (  inde/ructibility  
to =ce4  ,?is idea1 appli$ 9 ! fir/     
in/ance  to inorganic1 rapidly embrac$  
organic nature4  ,! vegetable _w1  ?\gh 
draw+ almo/ all its nutrim5t f invisible
 s\rces1 0  prov$ incompet5t to g5]ate  
anew ei!r matt] or =ce4  ,its  matt] is 
= ! mo/ "p transmut$ gas2 its =ce       
trans=m$  sol> =ce4  ,! animal _w 0     
prov$ to be equally uncreative1  all its
 motive en]gies be+ ref]r$ to !         

combu/ion ( its food4  ,! activity ( ea*
 animal z a :ole 0 prov$ to be !        
transf]r$ activity ( its molecules4  ,! 
muscles 7 %[n to be  /ores ( me*anical  
=ce1 pot5tial until unlock$ by ! n]ves1 
& !n result+ 9 muscul> contractions4  ,!
 spe$ at :i*  messages fly to & fro     
along ! n]ves 0 det]m9$1 & f\nd to  be1 
n z _h be5 previ\sly suppos$1 equal to t
 ( light or  electricity1 b less ?an !  
spe$ ( a fly+ eagle4    ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! 
physici/3 !n came ! conque/s ( !        
comp>ative anatomi/ & physiologi/1      
reveal+ ! /ructure (  e animal1 & !     
function ( e organ 9 ! :ole biological  
s]ies1 f ! l[e/ zoophyte up to man4  ,! 
n]v\s sy/em _h  be5 made ! object (     
pr(\nd & cont9u$ /udy1 ! wond]ful  &1 at
 bottom1 entirely my/]i\s1 controll+ p[]
 :i* x  ex]cises ov] ! :ole organism1   
physical & m5tal1 be+  recogniz$ m & m4 
,?\ght c\ld n be kept back f a  subject 
s pr(\ndly sugge/ive4  ,besides !       
physical life dealt  ) by ,mr4 ,d>w91   
!re is a psy*ical life pres5t+ simil>   

gradations1 & ask+ equally = a solution4
  ,h[ are ! diff]5t  grades & ord] (    
,m9d to be acc\nt$ =8  ,:at is !        
pr9ciple  ( gr[? ( t my/]i\s p[] :i* on 
our planet culm9ates 9  ,reason8  ,^!   
are que/ions :i*1 ?\gh n ?ru/+ !mselves 
s =cibly ^u ! att5tion ( ! g5]al public1
 _h n only  occupi$ _m reflect+ m9ds1 b 
_h be5 =mally broa*$ by "o  ( !m be=e ! 
',orig9 ( ,species' appe>$4    ,) ! mass
 ( mat]ials furni%$ by ! physici/ &     
physiologi/ 9 8 h&s1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1
 tw5ty ye>s ago1  s\ght to graft ^u ?is 
basis a sy/em ( psy*ology2 & two ye>s   
ago a second & greatly amplifi$ edition 
( 8 "w appe>$4  ,^? :o h occupi$        
!mselves ) ! beautiful exp]im5ts (      
,plateau w rememb] t :5 two sph]ules (  
olive-oil1 susp5d$  9 a mixture (       
alcohol & wat] ( ! same d5sity z ! oil1 
are  br\ght toge!r1 !y d n imm$iately   
unite4  ,some?+ l a  pellicle appe>s to 
be =m$ ar\nd ! drops1 ! rupture ( :i*   
is imm$iately foll[$ by ! coalesc5ce ( !
 globules into "o4  ,!re are organisms  

^: vital actions are almo/ z purely     
physical  z t ( ^! drops ( oil4  ,!y    
come into contact & fuse  !mselves ?us  
toge!r4  ,f su* organisms to o!rs a %ade
  high]1 & f ^! to o!rs a %ade high]    
/ill1 & on ?r\gh  an ev]-asc5d+ s]ies1  
,mr4 ,sp5c] conducts 8 argum5t4  ,!re   
are two obvi\s factors to be "h tak5    
into acc\nt--! creature  & ! m$ium 9 :i*
 x lives1 or1 z x is (t5 express$1 !    
organism & its environm5t4  ,mr4        
,sp5c]'s fundam5tal pr9ciple is  t      
betwe5 ^! two factors !re is incessant  
int]action4  ,!  organism is play$ ^u by
 ! environm5t1 & is modifi$ to meet  !  
requirem5ts ( ! environm5t4  ,life he   
def9es to be 'a  cont9u\s adju/m5t (    
int]nal relations to ext]nal relations4'
    ,9 ! l[e/ organisms we h a k9d (    
tactual s5se diffus$ ov]  ! entire body2
 !n1 ?r\gh impressions f )\t & _!       
correspond+ adju/m5ts1 special portions 
( ! surface become  m responsive to     
/imuli ?an o!rs4  ,! s5ses are nasc5t1 !
  basis ( all ( !m be+ t simple tactual 

s5se :i* ! sage  ,democritus recognis$  
#b1cjj ye>s ago z _! common prog5itor4  
,! action ( light1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1    
appe>s to be a m]e  di/urbance ( !      
*emical processes 9 ! animal organism1  
simil>  to t :i* occurs 9 ! leaves (    
plants4  ,by degrees ! action  becomes  
localiz$ 9 a few pigm5t-cells1 m        
s5sitive to light  ?an ! surr\nd+       
tissue4  ,! eye is "h incipi5t4  ,at    
fir/ x  is m]ely capable ( reveal+      
diff]5ces ( light & %ade  produc$ by    
bodies close at h&4  ,foll[$ z !        
int]ception (  ! light is 9 almo/ all   
cases by ! contact ( ! closely  adjac5t 
opaque body1 sight 9 ?is condition      
becomes a k9d (  'anticipatory t\*4'  ,!
 adju/m5t cont9ues2 a slight bulg+ out  
( ! epid]mis ov] ! pigm5t-granules      
sup]v5es4  ,a l5s is  incipi5t1 &1 ?r\gh
 ! op]ation ( inf9ite adju/m5ts1 at     
l5g? rea*es ! p]fection t x displays 9 !
 hawk & eagle4  ,s ( ! o!r s5ses2 !y are
 special diff]5tiations ( a tissue  :i* 
0 orig9ally vaguely s5sitive all ov]4   

,) ! developm5t ( ! s5ses ! adju/m5ts   
betwe5 !  organism & its environm5t     
gradually ext5d 9 space1 a              
multiplication ( exp]i5ces & a          
correspond+ modification (  conduct be+ 
! result4  ,! adju/m5ts also ext5d 9 "t1
  cov]+ cont9ually great] int]vals4     
,along ) ?is ext5sion 9  space & "t !   
adju/m5ts also increase 9 specialty &   
complexity1 pass+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades (
 brute life1 &  prolong+ !mselves into !
 doma9 ( reason4  ,v /rik+ are  ,mr4    
,sp5c]'s rem>ks reg>d+ ! influ5ce ( !   
s5se ( t\*  ^u ! developm5t (           
intellig5ce4  ,?is is1 s to say1 !      
"m-tongue ( all ! s5ses1 into :i* !y mu/
 be translat$  to be ( s]vice to !      
organism4  ,h5ce its importance4  ,!    
p>rot  is ! mo/ intellig5t ( birds1 &   
its tactual p[] is also  greate/4  ,f   
?is s5se x gets k unatta9able by birds  
:i* _c employ _! feet z h&s4  ,!        
elephant is ! mo/  sagaci\s (           
quadrup$s--its tactual range & skill1 & 
!  consequ5t multiplication ( exp]i5ces1

 :i* x owes to its  wond]fully adaptable
 trunk1 be+ ! basis ( its sagacity4     
,fel9e  animals1 = a simil> cause1 are m
 sagaci\s ?an ho($  animals--atonem5t   
be+ to "s ext5t made1 9 ! case ( !      
horse1 by ! possession ( s5sitive       
preh5sile lips4  ,9 !  ,primates !      
evolution ( intellect & ! evolution (   
tactual  app5dages g h& 9 h&4  ,9 ! mo/ 
intellig5t an?ropoid apes  we f9d !     
tactual range & delicacy greatly        
augm5t$1 new av5ues  ( k be+ ?us op5 to 
! animal4  ,man cr[ns ! edifice  "h1 n  
only 9 virtue ( 8 own manipulatory p[]1 
b ?r\gh  ! enorm\s ext5sion ( 8 range ( 
exp]i5ce1 by ! inv5tion  ( in/rum5ts (  
precision1 :i* s]ve z supplem5tal s5ses 
&  supplem5tal limbs4  ,! reciprocal    
action ( ^! is f9ely  describ$ &        
illu/rat$4  ,t *a/5$ intellectual       
emotion to  :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 connexion 
) ,mr4 ,d>w9 is n abs5t 9  ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 
,8 illu/rations possess at times exce$+ 
vividness  & =ce2 & f 8 /yle on su*     
occasions x is to be inf]r$  t ! ganglia

 ( ?is ,apo/le ( ! ,und]/&+ are         
sometimes  ! seat ( a nasc5t poetic     
?rill4    ,x is a fact ( supreme        
importance t actions ! p]=mance (  :i*  
at fir/ requires ev5 pa9ful ef=t &      
delib]ation may by  habit be r5d]$      
automatic4  ,witness ! sl[ le>n+ ( its  
lett]s by a *ild1 & ! subsequ5t facility
 ( read+ 9 a man1  :5 ea* gr\p ( lett]s 
:i* =ms a ^w is in/antly1 &  )\t ef=t1  
fus$ to a s+le p]ception4  ,in/ance !   
billi>d-play]1 ^: muscles ( h& & eye1 :5
 he rea*es !  p]fection ( 8 art1 are    
unconsci\sly cord9at$4  ,in/ance !      
musician1 :o1 by practice1 is enabl$ to 
fuse a multitude (  arrangem5ts1        
auditory1 tactual1 & muscul>1 into a    
process (  automatic manipulation4      
,comb9+ su* facts ) ! doctr9e (  h]$it>y
 transmission1 we rea* a !ory ( ,in/9ct4
  ,a *ick1  aft] com+ out ( ! egg1      
balances itself correctly1 runs ab\t1   
picks up food1 ?us %[+ t x possesses a  
p[] ( direct+  its movem5ts to def9ite  
ends4  ,h[ did ! *ick le>n ?is v        

complex cord9ation ( eye1 muscles1 &    
beak8  ,x has n be5  individually       
taught2 its p]sonal exp]i5ce is nil2 b x
 has !  b5efit ( ance/ral exp]i5ce4  ,9 
its inh]it$ organization are  regi/]$   
all ! p[]s :i* x displays at bir?4  ,s  
also z  reg>ds ! in/9ct ( ! hive-bee1   
already ref]r$ to4  ,!  di/ance at :i* !
 insects /& ap>t :5 !y sweep _!         
hemisph]es & build _! cells is          
'organically rememb]$4'    ,man also    
c>ries ) him ! physical texture ( 8     
ance/ry1 z  well z ! inh]it$ intellect  
b\nd up ) x4  ,! defects (  intellig5ce 
dur+ infancy & y\? are probably less due
 to a lack  ( individual exp]i5ce ?an to
 ! fact t 9 e>ly life !  c]ebral        
organization is /ill incomplete4  ,!    
p]iod necess>y =  completion v>ies ) !  
race & ) ! individual4  ,z a r\nd  %ot  
out/rips a rifl$ "o on quitt+ ! muzzle (
 ! gun1 s !  l[] race 9 *ildhood may    
out/rip ! high]4  ,b ! high]  ev5tually 
ov]takes ! l[]1 & surpasses x 9 range4  
,z  reg>ds individuals1 we d n always   

f9d ! precocity ( y\?  prolong$ to m5tal
 p[] 9 maturity2 :ile ! dulness (       
boyhood  is sometimes /rik+ly contra/$ )
 ! intellectual en]gy (  aft] ye>s4     
,newton1 :5 a boy1 0 weakly1 & he %[$ no
  p>ticul> aptitude at s*ool2 b 9 8     
eighte5? ye> he w5t to  ,cambridge1 &   
soon aft]w>ds a/oni%$ 8 tea*]s by 8 p[] 
( deal+ ) geometrical problems4  ,dur+ 8
 quiet y\? 8  bra9 0 sl[ly prep>+ itself
 to be ! organ ( ^? en]gies  :i* he     
subsequ5tly display$4    ,by myriad bl[s
 7to use a ,lucretian phrase7 ! image & 
sup]scription ( ! ext]nal _w are /amp$ z
 /ates (  consci\sness ^u ! organism1 ! 
dep? ( ! impression  dep5d+ ^u ! numb] (
 ! bl[s4  ,:5 two or m ph5om5a  occur 9 
! environm5t inv>iably toge!r1 !y are   
/amp$ to !  same dep? or to ! same      
relief1 & indissolubly connect$4  ,&  "h
 we come to ! ?re%old ( a great "q4     
,see+ t he  c\ld 9 no way rid himself ( 
! consci\sness ( ,space & ,"t1  ,kant   
assum$ !m to be necess>y '=ms (         
intuition1' ! m\lds  & %apes into :i*   

our intuitions are ?r[n1 belong+ to     
ourselves solely & )\t objective        
exi/5ce4  ,) unexpect$  p[] & success   
,mr4 ,sp5c] br+s ! h]$it>y exp]i5ce     
!ory1 z he holds x1 to be> ^u ?is "q4   
',if !re exi/  c]ta9 ext]nal relations  
:i* are exp]i5c$ by all organisms at    
all in/ants ( _! wak+ lives--relations  
:i* are absolutely  con/ant &           
univ]sal--!re w be e/abli%$ answ]+      
int]nal  relations t are absolutely     
con/ant & univ]sal4  ,su* relations  we 
h 9 ^? ( ,space & ,"t4  ,z ! sub/ratum (
 all o!r  relations ( ! ,non-,ego1 !y   
mu/ be respond$ to by conceptions  t are
 ! sub/rata ( all o!r relations 9 !     
,ego4  ,be+ !  con/ant & inf9itely      
repeat$ elem5ts ( ?\ght1 !y mu/  become 
! automatic elem5ts ( ?\ght--! elem5ts (
 ?\ght  :i* x is impossible to get rid  
(--! =ms ( intuition4    ,?r\gh\t ?is   
application & ext5sion ( ! ',law (      
,insep>able  ,association1' ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
/&s ^u 8 own gr\nd1 invok+1  in/ead ( ! 
exp]i5ces ( ! individual1 ! regi/]$     

exp]i5ces ( ! race4  ,8 ov]?r[ ( !      
re/riction (  exp]i5ce to ! individual  
is1 ,i ?9k1 complete4  ,t re/riction    
ignores ! p[] ( organiz+ exp]i5ce       
furni%$ at ! outset to  ea* individual2 
x ignores ! diff]5t degrees ( ?is p[]   
possess$ by diff]5t races & by diff]5t  
individuals ( ! same  race4  ,7 !re n 9 
! human bra9 a pot5cy antec$5t to all   
exp]i5ce1 a dog or cat ought to be z    
capable ( education z a  man4  ,^!      
pr$et]m9$ int]nal relations are         
indep5d5t ( !  exp]i5ces ( ! individual4
  ,! human bra9 is ! 'organis$  regi/] (
 inf9itely num]\s exp]i5ces receiv$ dur+
 !  evolution ( life1 or r dur+ !       
evolution ( t s]ies (  organisms ?r\gh  
:i* ! human organism has be5 rea*$4  ,! 
effects ( ! mo/ uni=m & frequ5t ( ^!    
exp]i5ces h  be5 successively bequea!d1 
pr9cipal & int]e/1 & h sl[ly  m\nt$ to t
 high intellig5ce :i* lies lat5t 9 !    
bra9 (  ! infant4  ,?us x happ5s t !    
,european inh]its f tw5ty  to ?irty     
cubic in*es m ( bra9 ?an ! ,papuan4     

,?us x  happ5s t faculties1 z ( music1  
:i* sc>cely exi/ 9 "s  inf]ior races1   
become cong5ital 9 sup]ior ones4  ,?us x
 happ5s  t out ( savages unable to c\nt 
up to ! numb] ( _!  f+]s1 & speak+ a    
language conta9+ only n\ns & v]bs1      
arise at l5g? our ,newtons &            
,%akespe>es4'      ,at ! outset ( ?is   
,address x 0 /at$ t physical !ories  :i*
 lie beyond exp]i5ce are d]iv$ by a     
process ( ab/raction  f exp]i5ce4  ,x is
 in/ructive to note f ?is po9t ( view  !
 successive introduction ( new          
conceptions4  ,! idea ( !  attraction ( 
gravitation 0 prec$$ by ! obs]vation ( !
  attraction ( iron by a magnet1 & (    
light bodies by rubb$ amb]4  ,! pol>ity 
( magnetism & electricity appeal$ to !  
s5ses2 &  ?us became ! sub/ratum ( !    
conception t atoms & molecules  are     
end[$ ) def9ite1 attractive1 & repell5t 
poles1 by !  play ( :i* def9ite =ms (   
cry/all9e ar*itecture are  produc$4     
,?us molecul> =ce becomes /ructural4  ,x
 requir$ no  great boldness ( ?\ght to  

ext5d its play into organic nature1 &   
to recognize 9 molecul> =ce ! ag5cy by  
:i* bo? plants &  animals are built up4 
,9 ?is way out ( exp]i5ce arise         
conceptions :i* are :olly               
ultra-exp]i5tial4  ,none ( !  atomi/s ( 
antiquity _h any notion ( ?is play (    
molecul> pol>  =ce1 b !y _h exp]i5ce (  
gravity z manife/$ by fall+  bodies4    
,ab/ract+ f ?is1 !y p]mitt$ _! atoms to 
fall  et]nally ?r\gh empty space4       
,democritus assum$ t ! l>g]  atoms mov$ 
m rapidly ?an ! small] ones1 :i* !y     
!re=e  c\ld ov]take1 & ) :i* !y c\ld    
comb9e4  ,epicurus1 hold+  t empty space
 c\ld (f] no resi/ance to motion1       
ascrib$ to all  ! atoms ! same velocity2
 b he seems to h ov]look$ !  consequ5ce 
t "u su* circum/ances ! atoms c\ld nev] 
comb9e4  ,lucretius cut ! knot by quitt+
 ! doma9 ( physics  altoge!r1 & caus+ ! 
atoms to move toge!r by a k9d (         
volition4    ,0 ! in/9ct utt]ly at fault
 :i* caus$ ,lucretius ?us to  sw]ve f 8 
own pr9ciples8  ,dim9i%+ gradually !    

numb] (  prog5itors1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 comes at
 l5g? to "o 'primordial =m2' b  he does 
n say1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 h[ he supposes
 ?is =m to  h be5 introduc$4  ,he quotes
 ) satisfaction ! words ( a  celebrat$  
au?or & div9e :o _h 'gradually le>nt to 
see t x  is j z noble a conception ( !  
,deity to believe ,he creat$ a  few     
orig9al =ms1 capable ( self-developm5t  
into o!r &  ne$ful =ms1 z to believe t  
,he requir$ a fre% act ( creation  to   
supply ! voids caus$ by ! action ( ,8   
laws4'  ,:at ,mr4  ,d>w9 ?9ks ( ?is view
 ( ! introduction ( life ,i d n "k4  ,b 
! an?ropomorphism1 :i* x seem$ 8 object 
to set aside1 is  z firmly associat$ ) !
 creation ( a few =ms z ) !  creation ( 
a multitude4  ,we ne$ cle>ness &        
?or\ghness "h4  ,two c\rses & two only1 
are possible4  ,ei!r let u op5 our doors
  freely to ! conception ( creative     
acts1 or1 ab&on+ !m1 let  u radically   
*ange our notions ( ,matt]4  ,if we look
 at matt] z  pictur$ by ,democritus1 & z
 def9$ = g5]ations 9 our  sci5tific     

text-books1 ! notion ( any =m ( life    
:atev] com+  out ( x is utt]ly          
unimag9able4  ,! argum5t plac$ 9 ! m\?  
( ,bi%op ,butl] suffices1 9 my op9ion1  
to cru% all su*  mat]ialism z ?is4  ,b  
^? :o fram$ ^! def9itions (  matt] 7 n  
biologi/s b ma!maticians1 ^: lab\rs     
ref]r$  only to su* accid5ts & prop]ties
 ( matt] z c\ld be express$  9 _! =mul4 
,! v int5tness ) :i* !y pursu$          
me*anical sci5ce turn$ _! ?\ghts aside f
 ! sci5ce (  life4  ,may n _! imp]fect  
def9itions be ! real cause ( our  pres5t
 dread8  ,let u rev]5tly1 b hone/ly1    
look ! "q 9  ! face4  ,divorc$ f matt]1 
:]e is life to be f\nd8  ,:atev]  our   
fai? may say1 our k %[s !m to be        
indissolubly  jo9$4  ,e meal we eat1 & e
 cup we dr9k1 illu/rates !  my/]i\s     
control ( ,m9d by ,matt]4    ,trace !   
l9e ( life backw>ds1 & see x approa*+ m 
&  m to :at we call ! purely physical   
condition4  ,we come at  l5g? to ^?     
organisms :i* ,i h comp>$ to drops ( oil
  susp5d$ 9 a mixture ( alcohol & wat]4 

,we rea* !  protog5es ( ,haeckel1 9 :i* 
we h 'a type di/+ui%able  f a fragm5t ( 
album5 only by its f9ely granul> "*4'   
,c we pause "h8  ,we break a magnet &   
f9d two poles 9 ea* (  its fragm5ts4    
,we cont9ue ! process ( break+1 b1 h[ev]
  small ! p>ts1 ea* c>ries ) x1 ?\gh    
enfeebl$1 ! pol>ity  ( ! :ole4  ,& :5 we
 c break no long]1 we prolong !         
intellectual vision to ! pol> molecules4
  ,are we n urg$ to d  some?+ simil> 9 !
 case ( life8  ,is !re n a temptation   
to close to "s ext5t ) ,lucretius1 :5 he
 affirms t 'nature  is se5 to d all ?+s 
spontane\sly ( h]self )\t !  m$dl+ ( !  
gods8' or ) ,bruno1 :5 he decl>es t     
,matt] is  n 't m]e empty capacity :i*  
philosoph]s h pictur$ h] to  be1 b !    
univ]sal "m :o br+s =? all ?+s z ! fruit
  ( h] own womb8'  ,believ+ z ,i d 9 !  
cont9uity ( ,nature1 ,i  _c /op abruptly
 :]e our microscopes cease to be ( use4 
,"h  ! vision ( ! m9d au?oritatively    
supplem5ts ! vision ( !  eye4  ,by an   
intellectual necessity ,i cross ! b\nd>y

 ( !  exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & disc]n 9 t  
,matt] :i* we1 9 our  ignorance ( its   
lat5t p[]s1 & not)/&+ our pr(ess$       
rev]5ce = its ,creator1 h hi!rto cov]$ )
 opprobrium1 !  promise & pot5cy ( all  
t]re/ial ,life4    ,if y ask me :e!r !re
 exi/s ! lea/ evid5ce to prove t  any =m
 ( life c be develop$ out ( matt]1 )\t  
demon/rable  antec$5t life1 my reply is 
t evid5ce consid]$ p]fectly  conclusive 
by _m has be5 adduc$2 & t 7 "s ( u :o  h
 pond]$ ?is "q to foll[ a v common      
example1 &  accept te/imony because x   
falls 9 ) our belief1 we also %\ld      
eag]ly close ) ! evid5ce ref]r$ to4  ,b 
!re is 9 !  true man ( sci5ce a wi%     
/rong] ?an ! wi% to h 8 beliefs  upheld2
 namely1 ! wi% to h !m true4  ,& ?is    
/rong] wi%  causes him to reject ! mo/  
plausible support if he has reason to   
suspect t x is vitiat$ by error4  ,^? to
 :om ,i ref] z  hav+ /udi$ ?is "q1      
believ+ ! evid5ce (f]$ 9  fav\r (       
'spontane\s g5]ation' to be ?us vitiat$1
 _c accept  x4  ,!y "k full well t !    

*emi/ n[ prep>es f inorganic  matt] a   
va/ array ( sub/ances :i* 7 "s "t ago   
reg>d$  z ! sole products ( vitality4   
,!y are intimately acqua9t$  ) !        
/ructural p[] ( matt] z evid5c$ 9 !     
ph5om5a (  cry/allization4  ,!y c ju/ify
 sci5tifically _! belief 9  its pot5cy1 
"u ! prop] conditions1 to produce       
organisms4  ,b  9 reply to y\r "q !y w  
frankly admit _! inability to  po9t to  
any satisfactory exp]im5tal pro( t life 
c be  develop$ save f demon/rable       
antec$5t life4  ,z already  indicat$1 !y
 draw ! l9e f ! highe/ organisms ?r\gh  
l[] ones d[n to ! l[e/1 & x is !        
prolongation ( ?is  l9e by ! intellect  
beyond ! range ( ! s5ses t leads !m  to 
! conclusion :i* ,bruno s boldly        
enunciat$4#bj    ,! 'mat]ialism' "h     
pr(ess$ may be va/ly diff]5t f :at  y   
suppose1 & ,i !re=e crave y\r graci\s   
pati5ce to ! end4  ',! "q ( an ext]nal  
_w1' says ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 'is !     
great battlegr\nd ( metaphysics4'#ba    
,mr4 ,mill himself r$uces  ext]nal      

ph5om5a to 'possibilities ( s5sation4'  
,kant1 z we h  se51 made "t & space     
'=ms' ( our own intuitions4  ,fi*te1    
hav+ fir/ by ! inexorable logic ( 8     
und]/&+ prov$  himself to be a m]e l9k 9
 t *a9 ( et]nal causation :i*  holds s  
rigidly 9 ,nature1 viol5tly broke ! *a9 
by mak+  ,nature1 & all t x inh]its1 an 
app>ition ( 8 own m9d4#bb  ,& x is by no
 means easy to combat su* notions4  ,=  
:5 ,i say ,i  see y1 & t ,i h n ! lea/  
d\bt ab\t x1 ! reply is1  t :at ,i am   
really consci\s ( is an affection ( my  
own ret9a4  ,& if ,i urge t ,i c *eck my
 sight ( y by t\*+ y1 !  retort w\ld be 
t ,i am equally transgress+ ! limits (  
fact2  = :at ,i am really consci\s ( is1
 n t y are !re1 b  t ! n]ves ( my h& h  
und]gone a *ange4  ,all we he>1 &  see1 
& t\*1 & ta/e1 & smell1 are1 x w\ld be  
urg$1 m]e  v>iations ( our own          
condition1 beyond :i*1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( 
a hair's bread?1 we _c g4  ,t any?+     
answ]+ to our  impressions exi/s outside
 ( ourselves is n a fact1 b an  inf]5ce1

 to :i* all validity w\ld be d5i$ by an 
ideali/  l ,b]keley1 or by a sceptic l  
,hume4  ,mr4 ,sp5c] takes ano!r  l9e4   
,) him1 z ) ! un$ucat$ man1 !re is no   
d\bt or  "q z to ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal 
_w4  ,b he diff]s  f ! un$ucat$1 :o ?9k 
t ! _w really is :at  consci\sness      
repres5ts x to be4  ,our /ates (        
consci\sness are  m]e symbols ( an      
outside entity :i* produces !m &        
det]m9es ! ord] ( _! succession1 b !    
real nature (  :i* we c nev] "k4#bc  ,9 
fact1 ! :ole process ( evolution  is !  
manife/ation ( a ,p[] absolutely        
inscrutable to !  intellect ( man4  ,z  
little 9 our day z 9 ! days ( ,job c man
  by se>*+ f9d ?is ,p[] out4  ,consid]$ 
fundam5tally1 !n1 x  is by ! op]ation ( 
an insoluble my/]y t life on e>? is     
evolv$1 species diff]5tiat$1 & m9d      
unfold$ f _!  prepot5t elem5ts 9 !      
immeasurable pa/4  ,!re is1 y w  obs]ve1
 no v rank mat]ialism "h4    ,! /r5g? ( 
! doctr9e ( evolution consi/s1 n 9 an   
exp]im5tal demon/ration 7= ! subject is 

h>dly accessible to  ?is mode ( pro(71 b
 9 its g5]al h>mony ) sci5tific  ?\ght4 
,f contra/1 moreov]1 x d]ives enorm\s   
relative  /r5g?4  ,on ! "o side we h a  
!ory 7if x c\ld ) any  propriety be s   
call$7 d]iv$1 z 7 ! !ories ref]r$ to at 
! beg9n+ ( ?is ,address1 n f ! /udy (   
,nature1 b f  ! obs]vation ( m5--a !ory 
:i* conv]ts ! ,p[] ^:  g>m5t is se5 9 ! 
visible univ]se into an ,artific]1      
fa%ion$  aft] ! human model1 & act+ by  
brok5 ef=ts1 z man is se5  to act4  ,on 
! o!r side1 we h ! conception t all we  
see  ar\nd u1 & all we feel )9 u--!     
ph5om5a ( physical  nature z well z ^? (
 ! human m9d--h _! unse>*able  roots 9 a
 cosmical life1 if ,i d>e apply ! t]m1  
an inf9itesimal  span ( :i* is (f]$ to !
 inve/igation ( man4  ,& ev5 ?is  span  
is only kn[able 9 "p4  ,we c trace !    
developm5t ( a  n]v\s sy/em1 & correlate
 ) x ! p>allel ph5om5a (  s5sation &    
?\ght4  ,we see ) und\bt+ c]ta9ty t !y g
  h& 9 h&4  ,b we try to so> 9 a vacuum 
! mom5t we seek to  compreh5d !         

connexion betwe5 !m4  ,an ,ar*im$ean    
fulcrum is  "h requir$ :i* ! human m9d  
_c comm&2 & ! ef=t to  solve ! problem1 
to borr[ a comp>ison f an illu/ri\s     
fri5d  ( m9e1 is l ! ef=t ( a man try+  
to lift himself by 8  own wai/b&4  ,all 
t has be5 "h said is to be tak5 9       
connexion ) ?is fundam5tal tru?4  ,:5   
'nasc5t s5ses' are  spok5 (1 :5 '!      
diff]5tiation ( a tissue at fir/ vaguely
  s5sitive all ov]' is spok5 (1 & :5 ^! 
processes are  associat$ ) '!           
modification ( an organism by its       
environm5t1'  ! same p>allelism1 )\t    
contact1 or ev5 approa* to contact1  is 
impli$4  ,man ! object is sep>at$ by an 
impassable gulf f  man ! subject4  ,!re 
is no motor en]gy 9 intellect to c>ry x 
)\t logical rupture f ! "o to ! o!r4    
,fur!r1 ! doctr9e ( evolution d]ives man
 9 8 totality f  ! int]-action (        
organism & environm5t ?r\gh c\ntless    
ages  pa/4  ,! ,human ,und]/&+1 =       
example--t faculty :i* ,mr4  ,sp5c] has 
turn$ s skilfully r\nd ^u its own       

antec$5ts--is  itself a result ( ! play 
betwe5 organism & environm5t ?r\gh      
cosmic ranges ( "t4  ,nev] surely did   
prescription plead s  irresi/ible a     
claim4  ,b !n x comes to pass t1 ov] &  
above  8 und]/&+1 !re are _m o!r ?+s    
app]ta9+ to man  ^: p]spective rights   
are q z /rong z ^? ( !  und]/&+ itself4 
,x is a result1 = example1 ( ! play (   
organism & environm5t t sug> is sweet & 
t aloes are  bitt]1 t ! smell ( h5bane  
diff]s f ! p]fume ( a rose4  ,su* facts 
( consci\sness 7= :i*1 by ! way1 no     
adequate  reason has yet be5 r5d]$7 are 
q z old z ! und]/&+2  & _m o!r ?+s c    
boa/ an equally anci5t orig94  ,mr4     
,sp5c] at "o place ref]s to t mo/ p[]ful
 ( passions--!  amatory passion--z "o   
:i*1 :5 x fir/ occurs1 is antec$5t to   
all relative exp]i5ce :atev]2 & we may  
pass its claim z be+  at lea/ z anci5t &
 valid z t ( ! und]/&+4  ,!n  !re are   
su* ?+s wov5 into ! texture ( man z !   
feel+ (  ,awe1 ,rev]5ce1 ,wond]--& n    
alone ! sexual love j ref]r$  to1 b !   

love ( ! beautiful1 physical1 & moral1 9
 ,nature1  ,poetry1 & ,art4  ,!re is    
also t deep-set feel+ :i*1 s9ce  !      
e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory1 & probably = ages 
prior to all  hi/ory1 incorporat$ itself
 9 ! ,religions ( ! _w4  ,y :o  h escap$
 f ^! religions into ! high-&-dry light 
( !  intellect may d]ide !m2 b 9 s do+ y
 d]ide accid5ts (  =m m]ely1 & fail to  
t\* ! immovable basis ( ! religi\s      
s5tim5t 9 ! nature ( man4  ,to yield ?is
 s5tim5t reasonable  satisfaction is !  
problem ( problems at ! pres5t h\r4  ,& 
grotesque 9 relation to sci5tific       
culture z _m ( ! religions  ( ! _w h be5
 & are--dang]\s1 nay de/ructive1 to !   
de>e/ privileges ( free-m5 z "s ( !m    
und\bt$ly h be51  & w\ld1 if !y c\ld1 be
 aga9--x w be wise to recognize !m  z ! 
=ms ( a =ce1 mis*iev\s1 if p]mitt$ to   
intrude on !  region ( k1 ov] :i* x     
holds no comm&1 b capable (  be+ guid$  
to noble issues 9 ! region ( emotion1   
:i* is its  prop] & elevat$ sph]e4      
,all religi\s !ories1 s*emes & sy/ems1  

:i* embrace notions (  cosmogony1 or :i*
 o!rwise rea* into ! doma9 ( sci5ce1    
mu/1  9 s f> z !y d ?is1 submit to !    
control ( sci5ce1 &  rel9qui% all ?\ght 
( controll+ x4  ,act+ o!rwise prov$     
disa/r\s 9 ! pa/1 & x is simply fatu\s  
to-day4  ,e  sy/em :i* w\ld escape !    
fate ( an organism too rigid to adju/   
itself to its environm5t mu/ be pla/ic  
to ! ext5t t !  gr[? ( k dem&s4  ,:5 ?is
 tru? has be5 ?or\ghly  tak5 91 rigidity
 w be relax$1 exclusiv5ess dim9i%$1 ?+s 
n[ deem$ ess5tial w be dropp$1 & elem5ts
 n[ reject$ w  be assimilat$4  ,! lift+ 
( ! life is ! ess5tial po9t2 &  z long z
 dogmatism1 fanaticism1 & intol]ance are
 kept out1  v>i\s modes ( lev]age may be
 employ$ to raise life to a high]       
level4  ,sci5ce itself n unfrequ5tly    
d]ives motive p[] f an  ultra-sci5tific 
s\rce4  ,:ewell speaks ( en?usiasm (    
temp] z a  h9drance to sci5ce2 b he     
means ! en?usiasm ( weak heads4  ,!re is
 a /rong & resolute en?usiasm 9 :i*     
sci5ce f9ds an  ally2 & x is to ! l[]+ (

 ?is fire1 r ?an to !  dim9ution (      
intellectual insight1 t ! less5+        
productiv5ess  ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 _! mature
 ye>s is to be ascrib$4  ,mr4  ,buckle  
s\ght to deta* intellectual a*ievem5t f 
moral =ce4  ,he gravely err$2 = )\t     
moral =ce to :ip x into action1 !       
a*ievem5ts ( ! intellect w\ld be poor   
inde$4    ,x has be5 said t sci5ce      
divorces itself f lit]ature2 b  !       
/atem5t1 l s _m o!rs1 arises f lack ( k4
  ,a  glance at ! less te*nical writ+s (
 its lead]s--( its  ,helmholtz1 its     
,huxley1 & its ,du ,bois-,reymond--w\ld 
%[ :at  bread? ( lit]>y culture !y      
comm&4  ,:]e among mod]n writ]s  c y f9d
 _! sup]iors 9 cle>ness & vig\r ( lit]>y
  /yle8  ,sci5ce desires n isolation1 b 
freely comb9es ) e  ef=t t[>ds ! bett]+ 
( man's e/ate4  ,s+le-h&$1 &  support$ n
 by outw>d sympa?y1 b by inw>d =ce1 x   
has built  at lea/ "o great w+ ( !      
_m-mansion$ home :i* man 9 8  totality  
dem&s4  ,& if r\gh walls & protrud+     
raft]-ends  indicate t on "o side !     

edifice is /ill incomplete1 x is only   
by wise comb9ation ( ! p>ts requir$ ) ^?
 already  irrevocably built t we c hope 
= complet5ess4  ,!re is no  necess>y    
incongruity betwe5 :at has be5          
accompli%$ & :at  rema9s to be done4  ,!
 moral gl[ ( ,socrates1 :i* we all feel 
by  ignition1 has 9 x no?+ incompatible 
) ! physics (  ,anaxagoras :i* he s mu* 
scorn$1 b :i* he w\ld h>dly scorn       
to-day4    ,& "h ,i am rem9d$ ( "o      
among/ u1 ho>y1 b /ill /rong1  ^:       
prophet-voice "s ?irty ye>s ago1 f> m   
?an any o!r (  ?is age1 unlock$ :atev] (
 life & nobl5ess lay lat5t 9 its  mo/   
gift$ m9ds--"o fit to /& beside         
,socrates or ! ,maccabean  ,eleaz>1 & to
 d>e & suff] all t !y suff]$ &          
d>$--fit1 z he once said ( ,fi*te1 'to h
 be5 ! tea*] (  ! ,/oa1 & to h disc\rs$ 
( ,beauty & ,virtue 9 ! groves  (       
,academe4'  ,) a capacity to grasp      
physical pr9ciples :i* 8  fri5d ,goe!   
did n possess1 & :i* ev5 total lack (   
ex]cise  has n be5 able to r$uce to     

atrophy1 x is ! _w's loss t  he1 9 !    
vig\r ( 8 ye>s1 did n op5 8 m9d &       
sympa?ies  to sci5ce1 & make its        
conclusions a portion ( 8 message to    
mank9d4  ,m>vell\sly end[$ z he         
0--equally equipp$ on !  side ( ! ,he>t 
& ( ! ,und]/&+--he might h done mu*     
t[>ds tea*+ u h[ to reconcile ! claims (
 bo?1 & to  enable !m 9 com+ times to   
dwell toge!r 9 unity ( _s &  9 ! bond ( 
peace4    ,& n[ ! end is come4  ,) m "t1
 or great] /r5g? &  k1 :at has be5 "h   
said might h be5 bett] said1 :ile  wor?y
 matt]s "h omitt$ might h receiv$ fit   
expression4  ,b  !re w\ld h be5 no      
mat]ial deviation f ! views set =?4  ,z 
reg>ds myself1 !y are n ! gr[? ( a day2 
& z reg>ds  y1 ,i ?\ght y ought to "k ! 
environm5t :i*1 ) or  )\t y\r cons5t1 is
 rapidly surr\nd+ y1 & 9 relation to    
:i* "s adju/m5t on y\r "p may be        
necess>y4  ,a h9t (  ,hamlet's1 h[ev]1  
tea*es u all h[ ! tr\bles ( common life 
may  be end$2 & x is p]fectly possible =
 y & me to pur*ase  intellectual peace  

at ! price ( intellectual dea?4  ,! _w  
is  n )\t refuges ( ?is description2 nor
 is x want+ 9 p]sons  :o seek _! %elt] &
 try to p]suade o!rs to d ! same4  ,!   
un/able & ! weak w yield to ?is         
p]suasion1 & !y to  :om repose is sweet]
 ?an ! tru?4  ,b ,i w\ld exhort y to    
refuse ! (f]$ %elt] & to scorn ! base   
repose--to accept1  if ! *oice be =c$ ^u
 y1 commotion be=e /agnation1 !  leap ( 
! torr5t be=e ! /illness ( ! swamp4     
,9 ! c\rse ( ?is ,address ,i h t\*$ on  
debatable que/ions  & l$ y ov] :at w be 
deem$ dang]\s gr\nd--& ?is  p>tly ) !   
view ( tell+ y t z reg>ds ^! que/ions   
sci5ce claims unre/rict$ "r ( se>*4  ,x 
is n to ! po9t  to say t ! views (      
,lucretius & ,bruno1 ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1  
may be wrong4  ,"h ,i %\ld agree ) y1   
deem+ x inde$  c]ta9 t ^! views w und]go
 modification4  ,b ! po9t  is1 t1 :e!r  
"r or wrong1 we ask ! fre$om to discuss 
!m4  ,= sci5ce1 h[ev]1 no exclusive     
claim is "h made2 y are n  urg$ to erect
 x into an idol4  ,! inexorable advance 

( man's  und]/&+ 9 ! pa? ( k1 & ^?      
unqu5*able claims  ( 8 moral & emotional
 nature :i* ! und]/&+ c nev]  satisfy1  
are "h equally set =?4  ,! _w embraces n
 only a  ,newton1 b a ,%akespe>e--n only
 a ,boyle1 b a ,raphael--n only  a      
,kant1 b a ,bee?ov5--n only a ,d>w91 b a
 ,c>lyle4  ,n 9  ea* ( ^!1 b 9 all1 is  
human nature :ole4  ,!y are n  oppos$1 b
 supplem5t>y--n mutually exclusive1 b   
reconcilable4  ,& if1 unsatisfi$ ) !m   
all1 ! human m9d1 ) ! ye>n+  ( a pilgrim
 = 8 di/ant home1 w turn to ! ,my/]y f  
:i* x has em]g$1 seek+ s to fa%ion x z  
to give unity to  ?\ght & fai?2 s long z
 ?is is done1 n only )\t  intol]ance or 
bigotry ( any k9d1 b ) ! enlight5$      
recognition t ultimate fixity (         
conception is "h unatta9able1  & t ea*  
succe$+ age mu/ be held free to fa%ion !
 ,my/]y  9 accordance ) its own         
ne$s--!n1 ca/+ aside all !  re/rictions 
( ,mat]ialism1 ,i w\ld affirm ?is to be 
a field =  ! noble/ ex]cise ( :at1 9    
contra/ ) ! kn[+  faculties1 may be     

call$ ! creative faculties ( man4       
',fill ?y he>t ) x1' said ,goe!1 '& !n  
"n x z ?\  wilt4'  ,goe! himself did ?is
 9 untranslateable language4#bd         
,wordswor? did x 9 words kn[n to all    
,engli%m51 & :i* may be  reg>d$ z a     
=eca/ & religi\s vitalization ( ! late/ 
&  deepe/ sci5tific tru?1--             
',= ,i h le>n$    ,to look on nature2 n 
z 9 ! h\r    ,( ?\ghtless y\?2 b he>+   
(t5times    ,! /ill1 sad music (        
humanity1    ,nor h>% nor grat+1 ?\gh ( 
ample p[]    ,to *a/5 & subdue4  ,& ,i h
 felt    ,a pres5ce t di/urbs me ) ! joy
    ,( elevat$ ?\ghts2 a s5se sublime   
,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1    ,^:  
dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1    ,& ! 
r\nd ocean1 & ! liv+ air1    ,& ! blue  
sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man3    ,a motion & a  
_s1 t impels    ,all ?9k+ ?+s1 all      
objects ( all ?\ght1    ,& rolls ?r\gh  
all ?+s4'#be          #a ,hume1 ,natural
 ,hi/ory ( ,religion4    #b ,born #dfj  
,b4,c4    #c ,lange1 #bnd edit41 p4 #bc4
    #d ,born #cdb ,b4,c4    #e          

,t5nyson's ,lucretius4    #f ,born #ii  
,b4,c4    #g ,monro's translation4  ,9 8
 criticism ( ?is "w1  ,contempor>y      
,review1 #ahfg1 ,dr4 ,hayman does n     
appe> to be aw>e  ( ! really s\nd &     
subtile obs]vations on :i* ! reason+  ( 
,lucretius1 ?\gh errone\s1 sometimes    
re/s4    #h ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual   
,developm5t ( ,europe1 p4 #bie4    #i   
,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4
    #aj ,depict$ ) t]rible vividness 9  
,r5an's ,anti*ri/4    #aa ,intellectual 
,developm5t ( ,europe1 p4 #cei4    #ab  
,lange1 #bnd edit4 pp4 #aha1 #ahb4      
#ac ,see ,huxley's admirable ,essay on  
,desc>tes4  ,lay ,s]mons1 pp4  #hfd1    
#cfe4    #ad ,boyle's model ( ! univ]se 
0 ! ,/rasburg clock ) an  outside       
,artific]4  ,goe!1 on ! o!r h&1 sang    
',ihm ziemt's die ,welt im ,inn]n zu    
beweg51    ,natur 9 si*1 si* 9 ,natur zu
 heg54'    ,see also ,c>lyle1 ,pa/ &    
,pres5t1 ,*ap4 ,v4    #ae ,only to "s2 =
 !re are dignit>ies :o ev5 n[ speak (  !
 e>?'s rocky cru/ z s mu* build+ mat]ial

 prep>$ = man  at ! ,creation4  ,surely 
x is "t t ?is loose language %\ld       
cease4    #af ,zoonomia1 vol4 i4 pp4    
#ejj-eaj4    #ag ,9 #ahee ,mr4 ,h]b]t   
,sp5c] 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #bnd   
edit4  vol4 i4 p4 #dfe7 express$ '!     
belief t life "u all its =ms  has aris5 
by an unbrok5 evolution1 & ?r\gh !      
in/rum5tality  ( :at are call$ natural  
causes4'    #ah ,! behavi\r ( ,mr4      
,wallace 9 relation to ?is subject has  
be5 dignifi$ 9 ! highe/ desgree4    #ai 
,! fir/ /ep only t[>ds exp]im5tal       
demon/ration has be5  tak54  ,exp]im5ts 
n[ begun might1 a c\ple ( c5turies h5ce1
  furni% data ( incalculable value1 :i* 
ought to be suppli$ to !  sci5ce ( !    
future4    #bj ,bruno 0 a ',pan!i/1' n  
an ',a!i/' or a ',mat]iali/4'    #ba    
,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 p4 #aed4    #bb
 ,be/immung des ,m5s*54    #bc ,9 a     
pap]1 at once popul> & pr(\nd1 entitl$  
,rec5t  ,progress 9 ! ,!ory ( ,vision1  
conta9$ 9 ! volume (  ,lectures by      
,helmholtz1 publi%$ by ,longmans1 ?is   

symbolism ( our  /ates ( consci\sness is
 also dwelt ^u4  ,! impressions ( s5se  
are ! m]e signs ( ext]nal ?+s4  ,9 ?is  
pap] ,helmholtz  cont5ds /rongly aga9/ !
 view t ! consci\sness ( space is       
inborn2 & he evid5tly d\bts ! p[] ( !   
*ick to pick up  gra9s ( corn )\t       
prelim9>y lessons4  ,on ?is po9t1 he    
says1  fur!r exp]im5ts are ne$$4  ,su*  
exp]im5ts h be5 s9ce  made by ,mr4      
,spald+1 aid$1 ,i believe1 9 "s ( 8     
obs]vations  by ! accompli%$ & deeply   
lam5t$ ,lady ,amb]ly2 & !y seem  to     
prove conclusively t ! *ick does n ne$ a
 s+le mom5t's  tuition to enable x to   
/&1 run1 gov]n ! muscles ( its eyes1  & 
to peck4  ,helmholtz1 h[ev]1 is cont5d+ 
aga9/ ! notion (  pre-e/abli%$ h>mony2 &
 ,i am n aw>e ( 8 views z to !          
organisation ( exp]i5ces ( race or bre$4
    #bd ,promium to ',gott und ,welt4'  
#be ,t9t]n ,abbey4          ,,london3   
,,pr9t$ ,,by    ,,spottiswoode ,,&      
,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e    ,,&     
,,p>liam5t ,,/reet