,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,,! ,,puzzle ,,( ,,life4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,! ,mammo?4 ,,! ,,puzzle ,,( ,,life2 ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,has ,,be5 ,,put ,,toge!r4 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,) ,,its ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,life1 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times1 ,,includ+ ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,man1 8 ,,weapons1 ,,tools & ,,works4 ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,nicols1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,) ,,illu/rations by ,,fr$]ick ,,waddy4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahgg4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,to ,,my ,,"y ,,fri5ds ,,beatrix1 ,,guy1 ,,sylvia1 ,,may1 ,,& ,,g]ald4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,george ,,du ,,mauri]4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! fav\rable reception accord$ to ! fir/ edition has induc$ me to give ! pres5t a m def9ite educational "*4 ,foot-notes are app5d$1 ref]r+ to ! position 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( all ! pr9cipal antiquities1 fossils1 & implem5ts m5tion$ 9 ! text2 s t ! specim5s c easily be f\nd by any "y /ud5t :o wi%es1 ) ! book 9 8 h&1 to make himself famili> ) ^! records ( pa/ "t4 ,?is w probably facilitate ! se>* = & recognition ( specim5s by ! read]4 ,! additions to ! text consi/ *iefly ( a m ext5d$ acc\nt ( ! deposition ( *alk & o!r deep-sea =mations1 f\nd$ on ! results ( ! 8,*all5g]0 & 8,tusc>ora0 exp$itions1 & a sket* ( ! e>?works ( ! ,ohio m\nd-build]s & ! /one monum5ts ( ,ea/] ,isl&4 ,examples ( pre-hi/oric art & lake-dwell+s h be5 add$ to ! illu/rations4 ,a4 ,n4 ,,hamp/ead3 ,m>* #ahgg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,hav+ f\nd t *ildr5 c\ld be int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( life ^u ! ,e>?1 & t x appeal$ =cibly to _! und]/&+1 ,i consid]$ t a little book ^u ! subject might give !m ! ta/e = m ext5d$ /udy 9 aft] ye>s4 ,! difficulty ( treat+ !1 to !m1 novel conclusions ( geology1 (t5 f\nd$ on ab/ract reason+1 9 language simple 9 =m yet /at+ cle>ly ! great pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is reason+ re/s1 w probably be app>5t on e page4 ,bread?1 r ?an m9ut5ess1 has be5 aim$ at1 9 ! belief t a g5]al view1 n ov]cr[d$ ) details1 is likely to be ! mo/ impressive4 ,?us1 9 ! geological "p ! lead+ features ( ! succession ( /rata h be5 pres]v$1 b no details ( sy/ematic classification ent]$ into4 ,simil>ly1 ,primeval ,man is consid]$ ma9ly ) ref]5ce to gradual progress f a rude to a m civiliz$ condition4 ,to h be5 m explicit1 :]e !re is /ill mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion1 w\ld h obscur$ ! ma9 facts ( ! evid5ce = man's great antiquity4 ,! illu/rations are typical examples ( ! ?ree arbitr>y b conv5i5t divisions ( ! hi/ory ( life--! vegetable1 ! animal1 & ! human--su* z w be mo/ readily met ) 9 museums4 ,slight z ?is sket* is1 ! lik+ = x %[n by "s intellig5t *ildr51 :o saw x 9 manuscript1 enc\rag$ me to believe t !re are _m o!rs to :om x might prove int]e/+4 ,"s acqua9tance ) ! lead+ facts 9 sci5ce is daily becom+ m necess>y to ^? :o aspire to lib]al culture1 & in/ruction 9 !m is a recognis$ feature 9 ! curriculum ( "s public & lead+ private s*ools4 ,?us1 x is hop$ t ! pres5t volume may to "s ext5t s]ve z a text-book )\t ! sev]ity ( su* a =m4 ,! be/ ,engli% & =eign au?orities h be5 consult$1 & o!r tru/wor?y s\rces--z pap]s read be=e sci5tific societies--drawn ^u1 br++ ! in=mation d[n to ! late/ "t4 ,?\gh ^! pages are design$ = "y p]sons1 o!r read]s1 p]haps1 :o are n famili> ) ! subject1 may f9d "s int]e/ 9 !m if !y are n det]r$ by ! necess>ily simple /yle4 ,my ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,woodw>d1 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,engl& & ,wales1 = "s valuable sugge/ions made dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,a4 ,n4 ,,hamp/ead3 ,novemb] #ahgf4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,framework ,,( ,,! ,,puzzle #a ,,! ,,geological ,,"p #ag ,,! ,,vegetable ,,"p #ef ,,! ,,animal ,,"p #gg ,,! ,,human ,,"p #abj ,,conclusion #afh ,,index #aga ,,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,mammo? ,frontispiece ,i4 ,,upheaval3 ,,subsid5ce3 ,,d5udation #ea ,,ii4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,plants ,,( ,,! ,,coal ,,=e/s #fe ,,iii4 ,,trilobite #gi ,,iv4 ,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,labyr9?odon3 ,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,birds1 7#b7 ,,) ,,m>ks ,,( ,,ra9-,,drops #hc ,v4 ,,fi%-,,reptiles #hg ,,vi4 ,,bird-,,reptiles #ic ,,vii4 ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,*alk #ig ,,viii4 ,,gigantic ,,iri% ,,/ag 7,,c]vus ,,megac]os7 #ajh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mega!rium #aab ,x4 #a4 ,,fl9t ,,arr[-,,head2 #b4 ,,/one ,,axe ,,9 ,,h&le2 #c4 ,,fl9t ,,knife2 #d4 ,,bone ,,h>poon2 #e4 ,,bone ,,ne$les2 #f4 ,,sceptre ,,made ,,( ,,horn2 #g4 ,,m>r[ ,,spoon #abi ,,xi4 ,,examples ,,( ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,draw+s #ace ,,xii4 ,,lake-,,dwell+s #adh ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,guadal\pe ,,human ,,fossil #aei ,,! ,,puzzle ,,( ,,life4 ,,! ,,framework ,,( ,,! ,,puzzle4 ,y mu/ (t5 h look$ ) wond]+ eyes at ?is ,_w ( ours1 & ask$ y\rselves que/ions ab\t x4 ,h[ did x come "h8 ,:at is x made (8 ,h[ old is x8 ,all ( !m que/ions n to be answ]$ )\t a great deal ( ?\ght & /udy1 & ev5 !n n s p]fectly z we %\ld l4 ,x is easy to say 8,x is "h10 & 8,x is made ( e>?10 & 8,x surely mu/ be old10 b t w n satisfy u4 ,we want to "k some?+ m c]ta9 ?an ?is1 if possible4 ,we c see t a clock goes ) :eels1 b we are n v intellig5t p if we d n want to f9d out :at makes ! clock g4 ,"o way ( f9d+ out is to pull ?+s to pieces1 b we _c exactly d ?is ) ! ,_w4 ,we mu/ ?9k ab\t x1 & put toge!r all ! k we c ga9 f ! outside & inside1 & f ! o!r ,worlds ar\nd u1 :i* we c see1 & :5 we h done ?is we may get some?+ l answ]s to our que/ions4 ,h[ did x come "h8 ,b ?is is n q ! "r way ( ask+ ! "q1 because ! ,_w is nev] = two mom5ts toge!r 9 ! same place4 ,x is travell+ 9 a great circle r\nd ! ,sun at ! rate ( m ?an sixty ?\s& miles an h\r1 & has be5 ev] s9ce x 0 =m$4 ,t is a wond]ful arrangem5t by :i* all ,worlds travel r\nd "s o!r ,_w l>g] ?an !mselves1 9 great] or less circles1 & we d n "k :y x is1 ?\gh we are c]ta9 t x is s4 ,! ,moon travels r\nd u once 9 ab\t e mon?1 & we & ! ,moon toge!r r\nd ! ,sun once 9 e ye>4 ,!n aga91 o!r planets1 ) _! moons1 su* z ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 travel r\nd ! ,sun 9 mu* l>g] circles ?an our ,_w1 & take _m ye>s to d ! j\rney1 :ile ,v5us1 :i* is ne>] ! ,sun ?an we are1 travels 9 a mu* small] circle1 & takes less "t4 ,we d n p]ceive t we are mov+ s fa/ because ev]y?+ we see is mov+ equally fa/ ) u2 b !re is no d\bt t we are sp9n+ along at sixty ?\s& miles an h\r4 ,if we ask an a/ronom] h[ our ,_w came into exi/5ce1 he w tell u t x is probably a mass sep>at$ f ! ,sun1 t x 0 once r$-hot1 & t x sl[ly cool$ d[n until animals & plants c\ld live ^u x4 ,he w tell u besides1 t he c see m\nta9s & valleys 9 our ,moon1 & l& & sea1 sn[ & cl\ds1 on ! planet ,m>s1 ) 8 great telescopes4 ,:5 he ?9ks ab\t ! planets & our own ,_w1 !n he believes !m to be pieces ( "s mu* l>g] ,_w--p]haps ! ,sun--:i* n[ travel r\nd ! ,sun & receive _! light & heat f x4 ,! ,_w is made ( :at we call 8e>?10 & x is ( ?is ,i mean to tell y n[--h[ x 0 =m$1 :at *anges h tak5 place 9 x1 :at plants & animals h liv$ ^u x1 & :at reasons !re are = ?9k+ t x is an exce$+ly old place1 ) a long & int]e/+ /ory to tell4 ,little 0 kn[n ?irty or =ty ye>s ago by ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ab\t ! age ( our ,_w1 & x 0 ?\ght t ! human race _h n liv$ "h v long4 ,x 0 inde$ kn[n t _m l>ge animals1 ^: huge bones h be5 f\nd1 mu/ h liv$ be=e man came to inhabit ! ,e>?1 & t ev5 f> small] creatures--su* z fi%es1 & crabs1 & insects1 & %ell-fi%--mo/ probably liv$ = _m g5]ations1 & di$ & left _! bones & %ells 9 ! soil long be=e ! fir/ man or ! fir/ tribes ( m5 came to %>e ! ,_w ) !m4 ,i hope to be able to tell y some?+ ( ! /range & beautiful hi/ory ( all ^! animals1 & ( man himself1 & to %[ y :at reasons !re are n[ = ?9k+ t ! human race has inhabit$ ?is ,e>? = a v long "t inde$1 & h[ all ?is k has be5 ga9$ & put toge!r piece by piece4 ,x is some?+ l ! diff]5t p>ts ( a puzzle-map1 :i* might be scatt]$ all ov] ! h\se1 & f\nd at "o "t or ano!r 9 diff]5t places1 & at la/ made up altoge!r4 ,"s p>ts ( ! puzzle h n be5 f\nd yet c]ta9ly2 b s _m h be5 collect$1 & !y fit into "o ano!r s well1 t we c beg9 to see its real %ape & size4 ,x w p]haps be a v long "t be=e "s ( ! miss+ pieces are f\nd2 b 9 ! meantime we c g on )\t !m1 & put ! framework toge!r1 & no d\bt 9 "t we %all see :at our puzzle1 ! hi/ory ( life on ! ,e>?1 0 l4 ,be=e tell+ y :at its p>ts are1 ,i ought to say :]e _m ( !m h be5 f\nd1 & h[ !y are /ill be+ look$ =4 ,!y are f\nd ^u ! gr\nd1 "u x1 9 caves1 9 riv]s1 & 9 ! sea4 ,s9ce railways h be5 9 use a great _m tunnels h be5 made1 z well z v deep cutt+s ?r\gh hills1 & "s ( ^! are sev]al miles long4 ,9 ?is way we h come to "k some?+ ( ! ,e>? bel[ ! surface4 ,"s ( ^! tunnels are bor$ "r ?r\gh high hills & ev5 m\nta9s1 & ! cutt+s are deep en\gh to hide high h\ses if !y 7 put into !m4 ,:ile digg+ ^! ! workm5 h f\nd _m ( ! p>ts ( our puzzle1 :i* are ! bones ( animals1 & fi%es1 & %ells1 & ev5 small] ?+s--su* z insects4 ,^! c\ld n possibly h be5 put !re by anyone1 because !y 7 _m1 _m y>ds bel[ ! surface1 &1 until !y 7 dug up1 nobody imag9$ t !y c\ld be !re4 ,_m o!r ?+s besides h be5 dug out ( ^! places1 b ne>] ! surface1 su* z weapons & tools made ( fl9t1 & /one1 & bone1 & metal1 & pieces ( r\gh crock]y1 & v>i\s ornam5ts1 all ( :i* mu/ at "s "t or o!r h be5 made & us$ by p v l ourselves4 ,9 digg+ canals1 too1 ! same k9ds ( ?+s h be5 f\nd1 & "s caves are almo/ fill$ up ) !m4 ,we h o!r means1 too1 ( kn[+ :at is "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd we walk ^u4 ,_m ( ! coal-m9es are s deep t ! ,t[] ( ,london1 or ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 or ,york ,m9/]1 or ev5 ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt c\ld be buri$ 9 !m6 ,9 digg+ ^! ! workm5 h _h to g ?r\gh a great quantity ( e>?1 sometimes *alk1 s&1 or gravel1 or clay or lime/one1 lay] ^u lay]1 plac$1 l a pile ( books ( diff]5t k9ds & diff]5t ?icknesses1 "o ^u ! o!r1 until !y h come to ! coal4 ,9 ^! diff]5t lay]s ( e>? p>ts ( ! puzzle h be5 f\nd1 & we %all see by-&-by :at p>ts h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal itself4 ,!n aga91 :5 deep m9es are made to get ! metals1 iron & gold & silv]1 ^! lay]s ( e>? h to be dug ?r\gh2 & :5 ! beautiful k9ds ( /one1 l m>ble & lime/one1 are want$1 !y mu/ be dug out ( ! sides ( ! hills1 & 9 do+ ?is /ill m pieces ( ! puzzle come to h&4 ,b !re are o!r places :]e ,nature h]self seems to h %[n u "s ( !m )\t ! tr\ble ( se>*+ = !m4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,_w1 by ! sea1 & on ! banks ( riv]s1 !re are cliffs hundr$s ( feet high1 l ! *alk cliffs at ,dov] & ,ramsgate1 & ! s&y cliffs at ,folke/one & on ! s\? coa/ ( ,devon%ire4 ,^! cliffs h be5 cut into by ! sea v gradually1 & a k9d ( wall has be5 left1 & f ! sides ( ! cliffs great numb]s ( ! pieces ( ! puzzle1 bones1 %ells1 c41 h be5 collect$ & tak5 away to museums4 ,b ! little we c d ) our m9es & railway tunnels is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! "w ( ,nature4 ,9 "s ( ! great m\nta9 *a9s--! ,&es1 ! ,himalayas1 & ! ,alps1 = in/ance--p>ts ( ! sides ( m\nta9s h fall5 d[n1 & r5ts _m miles long h be5 left1 %[+ :at _h be5 buri$ !re 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( soil2 & :]e riv]s h cut deep1 n>r[ *annels ?r\gh ! e>?1 l ! ,caons ( ,colorado1 ^! natural m9]s h turn$ out m ( ! p>ts ( 8! puzzle ( life0 ?an we c ) all our lab\r4 ,x w n be easy at fir/ to und]/& all ! wond]s ,i h to %[ y1 b1 :5 we get fur!r on1 y w see !m "o by "o1 & !re w be v little difficulty4 ,y "k n[ :]e ^! ?+s are to be f\nd3 pr9cipally 9 ! gr\nd y walk ^u1 )\t kn[+ all !re is b5ea? y4 ,! creatures "h are mu* m wond]ful ?an any ( ! mon/]s ( fairy tale or fable1 because ! works ( ,god are great] ?an ! imag9ation ( m5 :o h inv5t$ ! /ories ( fly+ dragons & griff9s1 & trees :i* grew up into ! skies2 b ,i _c help ?9k+ t ?is imag9ation %[s :at m5 ?\ght might once h be51 & we %all see t 8tru? is /rang] ?an fiction40 ,creatures really did live on ?is ,e>? ( su* /range %apes & great size t ! imag9ations ( ^? :o wrote ! fairy tales did n exagg]ate mu*2 &1 ?\gh we "k t no fly+ s]p5ts or imm5se birds l ! ,roc are liv+ n[1 & t !re is no bean/alk :i* gr[s up into ! sky :ile we are asleep1 we %all see t !re 7 liz>ds z l>ge z :ales1 & birds tall] ?an elephants1 & great slo?s /rong] ?an ! rh9oc]os or hippopotamus1 & f]ns z high z oak trees1 & mosses z l>ge z gooseb]ry bu%es2 & t p]haps ^! animals & plants grew mu* fa/] ?an !y d n[1 & t _! dead bodies =m a v l>ge "p ( ! e>? ( our ,_w4 ,?is is n imag9ation1 & :5 y g to a museum y c see all ^! wond]s = y\rselves1 j z !y 7 tak5 out ( ! e>?2 b ( c\rse ! bones only ( ! animals are !re4 ,! fle% has long s9ce gone away1 & "s ( ! /alks & fronds 7leaves7 only ( ! f]ns rema9 to %[ u h[ l>ge !y mu/ h be5 :5 !y 7 alive & gr[+4 ,x w be necess>y to use a few sci5tific names1 mo/ ( :i* are borr[$ f ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 b ,i w expla9 ! mean+ ( !m all1 s t !y w be easily rememb]$4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 ! pieces ( ! puzzle are call$ fossils1 & ! "n comes f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ 8dug out20 because !y h be5 dug out ( ! gr\nd ei!r by man 9 mak+ railways & m9es1 or by ,nature 9 ! _m ways 9 :i* %e works by cutt+ d[n cliffs & scoop+ out valleys4 ,^! fossils are bones ( animals & fi%es1 ! sk9s1 %ells1 & w+s ( insects1 & ! /alks & leaves ( plants1 "s ( :i* h la9 s v long 9 ! gr\nd t !y h become z h>d & heavy z /one4 ,b ! %ape ( !m always rema9s1 & ! mom5t y look at !m y see t !y once belong$ to liv+ creatures4 ,i %all give y pictures ( "s ( ^! fossils2 & no d\bt y w be able to f9d "s l !m 9 ! *alk & s&s ( ! seaside--beautiful %ells & bones ( fi%es4 ,y may pick ^! out ( ! cliffs1 & !n g to ! pools ( salt wat] left among ! rocks by ! ebb+ tide1 & comp>e y\r fossils ) ! liv+ %ell-fi%1 & see h[ ne>ly ^? inhabitants ( ! anci5t oceans resemble ! creatures we f9d n[1 sport+ 9 ! wat]1 j z ^! fossils did :5 ! s& & *alk cliffs 7 "u ! sea4 ,( c\rse all ! bright col\rs are gone f ! fossils1 = ! col\r ( animals fades away soon aft] !y die1 & ! fle% does n la/ long2 b ! h>d p>ts--! bones & %ells--are n easily de/roy$1 because !y are made ( ! same mat]ial z rocks4 ,& :5 we look at ! fossil plants we see ! same ?+4 ,! col\rs ( ! gre5 /ems & leaves h q fad$1 b ! delicate %apes ( ! leaves & bran*es1 & ! gra9 ( ! wood1 c /ill be se51 & y w h no d\bt t !y once liv$ & bore fl[]s & fruit1 & di$1 z plants are liv+ & dy+ e day4 ,y h got s f> n[ t y "k :at fossils are1 & :]e !y may be f\nd4 ,y "k t !y are ! small & l>ge pieces ( ! 8puzzle ( life0--( all sorts ( diff]5t %apes & sizes--& y "k t !y are scatt]$ ab\t ! ,e>?1 deep d[n 9 coal-m9es1 on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 at ! bottoms ( riv]s1 9 deep caves1 & "u ! sea4 ,! pati5ce & indu/ry ( clev] m5 h be5 well sp5t 9 ga!r+ toge!r all !y c f9d1 & arrang+ !m 9 museums = our in/ruction1 & mak+ a hi/ory ( !m :i* is m wond]ful ?an ! ,arabian ,nights1 & m beautiful because x is all true4 ,&1 ?\gh y may ?9k x /range t ,i promise to %[ y creatures m m>vell\s ?an ^? ( ! fairy tales1 ,i %all keep t promise fai?fully4 ,we %all f9d no ,g5ii ) wond]ful lamps & magic r+s1 because !y nev] really liv$1 ?\gh x gave u mu* pleasure & amusem5t to read ab\t !m2 b we %all see :at ,god1 ! greate/ ,g5ius ( all1 has done by means ( ,8 magicians--! laws ( ,nature4 ,^! magicians h built up high m\nta9s & dug out valleys1 & s5t mighty riv]s sweep+ d[n to ! sea1 & ev5 fill$ up oceans ) s& & *alk1 & buri$ anci5t =e/s deep d[n "u sea & l&4 ,!y work$ ) fire1 & air1 & wat]2 n quickly1 b ) su* /r5g? t no?+ c\ld resi/ !m1 & !y gradually m\ld$ ! ,e>? into ! beautiful ?+ x is1 s t ,9 contemplation ( creat$ ?+s1 ,by /eps we may asc5d to ,god4--,milton4 ,b1 lovely z ! ,e>? is1 we %\ld n p]haps h ?\ght s mu* ( x if !re _h be5 no?+ to discov]4 ,we see t x has be5 prep>$ = u an imm5sely long "t ago2 & :5 we "k a little1 we want to se>* fur!r & f9d out :at ! :ole plan ( ,creation is1 s f> z we c4 ,y w be surpris$ :5 y "k h[ _m signs ( pa/ life !re are ar\nd y--_m m ?an y c see ) ! eye4 ,! ,e>? is "o great bury+-place ( creatures :i* h pass$ away4 ,y are walk+ ov] _! dead & fossil bodies at almo/ e /ep4 ,!y are built into ! walls ( our h\ses1 & !re are millions ( !m 9 "s ( ! commone/ /ones ( ! pavem5t4 ,^? r\nd1 smoo? pebbles1 call$ fl9t /ones1 :i* we pick out ( ! gravel walks1 7 once p>tly su* s(t t5d] ?+s z sponges2 b "t has h>d5$ !m1 & !y h be5 roll$ toge!r 9 seas & riv]s by ! always mov+ wat] until !y h become q diff]5t to look at f ! r\gh blue fl9ts !y 7 :5 !y 7 wa%$ out ( ! *alk b$s4 ,:5 y are walk+ along ! s&s ( "s seacoa/s1 y are tread+ on little specks ( ^! small fl9ts :i* h be5 gr\nd d[n f9e 9 t great mill1 ! ocean4 ,! sponges1 !n1 did "s "p 9 ! build+ up ( ! ,e>?4 ,! v *alk y draw ) is compos$ ( ! %ells ( sea-animals4 ,y\r slates & slate p5cils 7 once a f9e mud at ! bottom ( ! sea1 s9ce become s h>d t x is us$ = cov]+ ! ro(s ( our h\ses1 & 9 ?is mud liv$ myriads ( small %ell-fi% :i* h sometimes left _! frail h\ses 9 ! slate b$s to tell u h[ !y 7 made4 ,t slate is ! h>d5$ mud ( an old sea bottom1 !re is no d\bt at all4 ,!re are _m o!r ?+s 9 common use :i* %[ u ! life t 04 ,p]haps y did n "k t coals are compress$ plants1 & t we are n[ burn+ ! vegetation ( ! pa/ "t6 ,b ^! w be describ$ 9 _! "r places by-&-by1 & y w see h[ c]ta9 x is t "s ( ! commone/ ?+s we use 7 liv+ creatures & graceful plants4 ,"h is 8! framework0 ( ! puzzle1 & ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t we %all h pleasure 9 putt+ x toge!r ) all ! que]ly-%ap$ pieces we %all f9d 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,we h fossil plants to %[ u :at grew ^u ! ,e>?1 fossil bones to tell u :at animals liv$ "h1 & ?\s&s ( diff]5t k9ds ( fossil %ells & fi%es to %[ u t ! seas 9 ! long pa/ "t 7 cr[d$ ) life2 & besides1 ?\gh !re are no writt5 hi/ories ( ! m5 :om we %all read ab\t1 !y1 too1 h left _m ?+s :i* !y us$ 9 ! caves :]e !y liv$ & 9 _! graves1 to make u feel c]ta9 t !y 7 "s ( ! olde/ p t ev] liv$4 ,) all ^! ?+s to help u1 x w be /range if we _c make out a great deal ( ! hi/ory ( life ^u our ,e>?4 ,,! ,,geological ,,"p4 ,y w h le>n$ f o!r books some?+ ab\t ! size & %ape ( our ,_w3 = in/ance1 t x is a great r\nd body1 or r m l an orange1 a little flatt] "o way ?an ! o!r1 & ab\t #h1jjj miles ?r\gh1 f "o side to ! o!r1 & t x turns r\nd once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 b ,i h only to tell y n[ :at x is made (4 ,! mat]ial is call$ rock1 e>?1 or soil2 & !re are _m k9ds ( x1 su* z granite1 gravel1 clay1 s&1 *alk1 mud1 & s on2 & we %all see t _m ( ^! diff]5t soils conta9 diff]5t fossils4 ,x is suppos$ t a v long "t pass$ :ile ^! 7 be+ laid "o ^u ano!r1 & be=e _m plants or animals liv$ "h1 & !re are good reasons = ?9k+ t und]nea? ^! soils ! ,e>? is v hot1 p]haps 9 a melt+ /ate1 because we "k t volcanoes l ,vesuvius & tna ?r[ out flame & smoke & lava1 :i* is melt$ e>? & rock2 & t ?is lava has run d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta9s = miles1 9 a great /ream ( liquid mat]ial1 & cov]$ up & de/roy$ :ole villages & t[ns4 ,y h he>d ( e>?quakes1 :5 ! gr\nd %akes & cracks1 & h\ses are ?r[n d[n1 z !y h (t5 be5 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is conv9ces u t ! inside ( ! e>? mu/ be v diff]5t f ! outside4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago ,m\nt ,vesuvius 0 boil+ up1 & ! p ( ,naples fe>$ t x w\ld ?r[ out "s ( ! t]rible lava & r$-hot c9d]s1 & burn up _! v9ey>ds & p]haps injure _! city2 & dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s _m p h be5 kill$ by e>?quakes 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,^! ?+s seldom happ5 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 & :5 !y d !y are only slightly felt1 & p are n kill$1 nei!r are h\ses ?r[n d[n4 ,/ill1 ?is %[s t !re mu/ be "s great =ce und]nea? u1 & v mu* heat4 ,we see no?+ ( ?is :5 we look ^u ! gre5 fields1 & we %\ld sc>cely ?9k x possible if !re 7 n hi/ories ab\t ^! eruptions1 z !y are call$4 ,b :5 ,i tell y t ,i h felt ! ,e>? tremble1 & se5 fire ru%+ out f ! top ( a high m\nta9 ^: sides 7 cov]$ ) sn[1 y w und]/& h[ real x is--?\gh x may seem s /range4 ,p at "o "t lik$ to fancy t p[]ful spirits liv$ 9 volcanoes & made !m _! work%ops3 b we "k bett] n[4 ,well1 ! int]ior ( ! ,e>? is evid5tly v diff]5t f ! "p we live ^u2 & x is ! outside we h to ?9k ab\t n[1 :i* w\ld be dreadfully cold if ! sun did n %9e ^u x1 ?\gh ! inside is s hot4 ,i h call$ ?is 8! ,geological ,"p10 & ! "n ,geological comes f two ,greek words mean+ 8a talk ab\t ! e>?20 b n[ y "k x 9 its ,engli% dress x w be easy to recollect x4 ,geology is !n ! /udy ( ! _m k9ds ( rocks & fossils :i* makeup our ,_w1 b we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,y may h notic$1 if y h made _m j\rneys to diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& or ,wales1 t ! rocks or soils are v diff]5t 9 v>i\s places4 ,sometimes we f9d num]\s *alk-pits1 z 9 p>ts ( ,k5t1 or ,sussex2 if we g into ,devon%ire we may notice ! v r$ col\r ( ! soil & ( ! cliffs1 especially ne> ,sidm\?1 ,dawli%1 & ,teignm\?2 9 ,nor? ,wales we f9d great qu>ries & hills ( slate2 :ile ar\nd ,london we see a great deal ( clay us$ = mak+ bricks1 & call$ ! ,london clay1 z well z _m pits 9 gravel s useful = mak+ pa?s & m5d+ roads1 & 9 ,k5t & ,sussex *alk cliffs & hills are common4 ,n[ aft] /udy+ ^! v>i\s rocks all ov] our c\ntry1 we f9d t !re is a c]ta9 regul> ord] 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 "s h be5 made a long "t be=e o!rs1 & :ile mo/ k9ds conta9 "s fossils1 ^? f\nd 9 ! olde/ rocks are mu* less l ! liv+ plants & animals ?an ! fossils we f9d 9 ! new] rocks4 ,b y w want to "k h[ x is t we c tell t "o rock is old] ?an ano!r1 :5 bo? appe> at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld take a long "t to make sure ( ?is = ourselves1 b x w be en\gh to say t ! v>i\s cliffs1 qu>ries1 & railway-cutt+s (t5 %[ "o k9d ( rock re/+ ^u ano!r1 & ^! always occur 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,?us we nev] f9d ! ,*alk re/+ on ! ,london ,clay1 b we con/antly f9d ! ,london ,clay re/+ on ! ,*alk4 ,& ?is is prov$ 9 ano!r way1 by deep well-bor+s4 ,und]nea? ,london _m wells h be5 c>ri$ d[n "r ?r\gh ! ,london ,clay1 & if only cont9u$ deep en\gh !y always rea* ! ,*alk4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ord] ( ! o!r rocks has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 by exam9+ all ! pits & qu>ries1 & cliffs & cutt+s1 ) ! help ( :at k c be obta9$ f deep m9es & wells4 ,y w n[ beg9 to wond] :y ! old] rocks %\ld appe> at ! surface4 ,i h told y ab\t e>?quakes1 & y w f9d t _m dreadful e>?quakes mu/ 9 =m] times h ravag$ our c\ntry4 ,! reason :y ! old rocks come to ! surface is because !y h be5 lift$ up sometimes viol5tly1 b m (t5 v sl[ly4 ,& ! new] rocks :i* =m]ly re/$ on !m h v (t5 be5 q wa%$ away1 ei!r by ! sea or by riv]s & little /reams :i* =m]ly act$ ^u !m4 ,suppose !n we take six books1 "s ?ick & "s ?91 & pile !m up toge!r on ! table1 ! l[e/ be+ a good ?ick "o4 ,! l[e/ we w call granite1 ! next slate1 ! ?ird s&/one1 ! f\r? coal1 ! fif? *alk1 & ! six? ! ,london clay4 ,^! w repres5t "s ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( e>?s1 & y c fancy _m m ) o!r names com+ betwe5 !m2 b ! ,london clay c nev] be bel[ ! granite nor ! *alk bel[ ! coal1 = ! great coal b$s 7 =m$ long be=e ! *alk & clay4 ,!y g5]ally come 9 mu* ! same ord] z we h nam$ !m1 h>d rocks l granite at ! bottom1 & s(t] e>?s1 l s&/one1 *alk & clay1 a long way above !m4 ,b we d n always f9d all ^! e>?s 9 "o place ev5 if we dig ev] s deeply1 ?\gh ! granite w\ld always be f\nd at ! bottom if we w5t deep en\gh4 ,sometimes ! granite & o!r old rocks h be5 pu%$ ?r\gh ! upp] lay]s by "s great =ce1 & h brok5 !m & ris5 above !m 9 magnific5t m\nta9 *a9s1 l ^? ( ! ,&es 9 ,s\?1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,wickl[ ,m\nta9s 9 ,irel&1 ! ,grampians 9 ,scotl&1 & ! ,corni% m\nta9s 9 ,engl&4 ,we c easily suppose t ! l[e/ ( our books 7! granite book7 has be5 pu%$ upw>ds by "s great =ce f bel[1 & p>ts ( x brok5 ?r\gh ! o!rs1 & rais$ high above !m2 & ?is is :at has actually be5 done ) real rocks4 ,& z ?is k9d ( upheaval has tak5 place at diff]5t p]iods ( ! e>?s hi/ory1 we f9d t granites h come to ! surface at diff]5t times4 ,:5 ! lay]s are ?us brok5 ?r\gh !y are (t5 tilt$ up on end & tumbl$ ab\t 9 confusion4 ,b :]e !re has be5 no di/urbance l ?is1 !y g5]ally re/ ev5ly ^u "o ano!r 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,granite1 & rocks ( ! same k9d1 are n 9 ! lea/ l *alk1 or clay1 or ev5 s&/one1 & :5 once y h se5 any ( ^! y w n be likely to mi/ake x = ! o!rs4 ,granite is excessively h>d1 & has a beautiful appe>ance :5 poli%$1 ) a numb] ( brilliant :ite & "s d>k specks 9 x4 ,x is us$ = pav+ ! /reets ( t[ns1 = :i* purpose x is cut into oblong blocks1 & = ! pill>s ( f9e build+s4 ,sometimes x is d>k br[n1 sometimes r$di%1 b g5]ally a blui% grey4 ,?is rock is compos$ ( a great quantity ( cry/als1 & = ?is reason x is ?\ght x mu/ h be5 melt$ at "o "t by int5se heat 9 ! e>?1 & aft]w>ds sl[ly cool$4 ,*alk is v diff]5t1 & s&/one1 ?\gh x is also h>d1 n 9 ! lea/ l granite4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,rocks ,,7 ,,=m$4 ,:at ,i h j said is ab\t all t we "k ( ! =mation ( ! olde/ & h>de/ granite rocks3 b !re is some?+ go+ on n[ :i* confirms ! belief t ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made 7 melt$ toge!r by a great] heat ?an we c make 9 our furnaces = melt+ iron2 = ,i %\ld tell y t x is easi] to melt iron & copp] ?an granite rocks4 ,volcanoes (t5 ?r[ out melt$ e>?s :i* :5 cool$ appe> to be made ( mu* ! same mat]ials z ^! granites4 ,,s&/one4 ,b we "k m ( ! mann] ( ! =mation ( s&/one4 ,?is rock is compos$ ( r\nd$ gra9s ( s& j l t we f9d ^u ! sea %ore4 ,if y take a h&ful ( ?is s& & squeeze x tightly1 x w keep toge!r a little :ile4 ,n[ suppose a quantity ( ?is s& 0 press$ by a v great weight--! weight ( a l>ge hill = in/ance--aft] _m ye>s ! gra9s w\ld /ick firmly toge!r1 & become a sort ( /one4 ,x is 9 ?is way ! s&/ones mu/ h be5 =m$1 & p]haps heat help$ ! "w1 ?\gh n s great a heat z melt$ ! granite4 ,! s&1 aft] x _h be5 wa%$ ^u ! sea %ore1 became gradually cov]$ ) o!r e>?s hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 & ! imm5se weight above x press$ x into /one3 b y may imag9e h[ v long a "t x took to d ?is4 ,s&/ones are us$ = build+1 b !y d n la/ v long2 ! fro/ makes little cracks 9 !m & !y soon crumble away to ! gra9s ( s& ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,sev]al fossils are f\nd 9 "s ( ^! s&/ones1 :i* h be5 =m$ at _m diff]5t p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,,*alk4 ,y h se5 ^? high cliffs ( *alk along ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&1 p]haps1 & y h wond]$ :at t beautiful :ite e>? 01 & h[ x came !re4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! s\? & s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& are to a great ext5t compos$ ( x4 ,! mat]ial is call$ by *emi/s c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is almo/ entirely made up ( m9ute %ells call$ =am9if]a1 f two ,lat9 words :i* mean t !re are _m op5+s or *amb]s 9 _! %ells1 & !re are _m beautiful fossils call$ ammonites imb$d$ 9 ! *alk4 ,^! are %ell-fi%1 two or ?ree in*es1 & sometimes a foot across1 & _! %ape is v l t ( ! "y leaves ( ! common f]n be=e x has op5$ 9 ! spr+4 ,millions ( ^! t9y =am9if]a are liv+ n[ 9 p>ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans1 & :5 !y die _! %ells s9k to ! bottom & =m a greyi% mud1 some?+ l *alk4 ,:5 ,h4,m4,s4 8,*all5g]0 0 s5t out 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 to f9d out :at 0 at ! bottom ( ! deepe/ seas ( ! ,_w1 great int]e/ 0 felt 9 ! exp$ition1 because we 7 sure t we %\ld le>n some?+ ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( ! rocks 7 =m$4 ,we knew t ! :ole ( ! b$s ( ! pres5t seas mu/ be receiv+ ! wa%+s ( ! riv]s & ! bodies ( _m fi%es & animals1 & t ! rocks ( ! future mu/ be =m+ d[n !re by ^! accumulations4 ,long l9es 7 let d[n f ! %ip ) a dr$ge at ! end1 & ?us p>ts ( ! bottom ( ! sea 7 br\ght up & c>efully exam9$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! wa%+s1 /ones1 clay1 & mud ( ! l& 7 c>ri$ hundr$s ( miles out to sea1 & laid ^u ! bottom4 ,b 9 ! deep] p>ts1 :]e ! ,alps w\ld be almo/ cov]$--!re 0 a f9e grey mud compos$ almo/ entirely ( ! %ells ( ! little =am9if]a1 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is ! *alk ( future times1 or p]haps lime/one ( a h>d] k9d4 ,deep]1 too1 ?an :]e ?is grey mud is f\nd1 !re is a r$di% mud1 exce$+ly f9e & s(t4 ,we _c exactly say yet :e!r ?is is =m$ f ! rema9s ( %ell-fi%2 b x is1 at all ev5ts1 v l ! clay ( ! l&1 & 9 "s future "t w mo/ likely become l t /iff mud we "k s well4 ,s t ev5 ! mat]ials = bricks are be+ made n[1 & p]haps :5 all ^? hundr$s ( isl&s scatt]$ ab\t ! ,pacific ,ocean are jo9$ into "o great ,cont95t1 ?is r$ mud w be rais$ & made use ( = build+ ! h\ses ( new peoples & nations4 ,:5 we see ?is go+ on n[1 ( c\rse x is v easy to conclude t ! *alk1 a great deal ( :i* is above ! sea n[1 mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 ! same way at ! bottom ( an anci5t ocean1 & aft]w>ds rais$ by ! same k9d ( upw>d =ce :i* made ! granite break ?r\gh o!r e>?s4 ,if we did n "k t ! same cause 0 at "w n[1 & t ! same k9ds ( %ell-fi% 7 liv+ & lay+ d[n new b$s ( *alk "u ! sea1 we %\ld n "k h[ to acc\nt = ! quantities ( *alk 9 ! _w4 ,= innum]able ages ^! little creatures h ?us be5 pav+ ! floor ( ! ocean ) _! dead bodies1 & y may suppose t c\ntless millions ( !m mu/ h liv$ & di$6 ,9 "s ( ! *alks ! %ells ( ! =am9if]a c be q di/9ctly se5 ) a microscope1 & :5 ^! are comp>$ ) ! %ells ( liv+ ones1 !y are se5 to be almo/ exactly alike4 ,next "t y pass ?r\gh "o ( ! railway cutt+s ?r\gh ! *alk 9 go+ to ,brighton1 or ,ramsgate1 or ,dov]1 rememb] t ^? high cliffs 7 built up by ^! ,liliputian giants "u ! sea1 & y may ?9k ( ! *alk z 8=am9if]a e>?04 ,,coal4 ,y see ?is black %9+ sub/ance almo/ e day1 & y "k x is dug up f v deep pits :]e ! poor m9]s are (t5 kill$ by explosions ( gas escap+ f x4 ,b x is z well to "k :at x is & h[ x comes to be s useful to u4 ,9 ! language ( *emi/ry x is call$ 8c>bon01 & a great writ] has giv5 x ! poetical "n ( 8compress$ sunlight04 ,b y w ask h[ sunlight c\ld possibly get into a deep m9e1 & h[ x c\ld be compress$ !re4 ,y w see t ! explanation is really q simple by-&-by4 ,?is coal 0 once above gr\nd1 & 0 a spl5did =e/ ( wav+ palm-trees1 & f]ns1 & gigantic mosses1 z y w see by ! pictures ( ! fossils ( !m4 ,_m ( ! animals & plants ( pa/ times 7 giants comp>$ to ^? liv+ n[1 ( ! same species or k9d1 & _m ( ! plants ( ! pres5t "t are dw>fs to ^? ( ! same k9d :i* =m$ ! coal b$s4 ,_m g5]ations ( trees mu/ h gr[n & di$1 & o!rs mu/ h sprung up1 & s on1 until b$s ( !m1 "s t51 o!rs tw5ty1 or ev5 ?irty feet ?ick1 7 =m$4 ,"h1 buri$ 9 ! coal1 are ! /ems1 leaves1 b>k1 roots1 fruit1 & se$s ( ^! trees1 & we c h no d\bt t almo/ ! :ole ( ! coal is compos$ ( !m4 ,y mu/ n expect to f9d ! %apes ( ^! 9 e piece ( coal y may happ5 to look at1 because mo/ ( x has be5 greatly *ang$ by ! great weight & pressure ^u x1 & ! l5g? ( "t3 b x is c]ta9ly all ! same sub/ance--wood turn$ into coal4 ,! fossil plants ( ! coal are ( c\rse entirely black1 b !re is no mi/ake ab\t _! hav+ once be5 liv+ plants4 ,y w ask p]haps h[ ! coal came to be buri$ s deep4 ,x is n s always1 be+ sometimes at ! surface4 ,b j z ! granite has be5 pu%$ up ?r\gh ! o!r rocks1 s has ! coal 9 "s places be5 uplift$ & 9 o!rs has sunk d[n4 ,x 0 (t5 cov]$ up by o!r e>?s to a great dep?1 aft] ! trees :i* compos$ x _h di$2 b :]e x is n[ at ! surface ^! new] e>?s h be5 aft]w>ds worn away4 ,:5 ! sun %one ^u ^! coal trees !y took its w>m? & light into _! /ems & leaves1 = !y c\ld n live )\t1 & ?is made !m gr[ s fa/ & become s l>ge t x is n untrue to call coal 8compress$ sunlight40 ,*>coal is 9 "s respects s l coal t x w\ld seem to y at once t !y 7 probably ! same mat]ial4 ,*>coal is simply burnt wood1 & :5 ! coal =e/s _h di$ d[n1 & :5 ^! b$s sank d[n b5ea? o!r lay]s ! pressure & heat toge!r turn$ ! wood & leaves into a h>d mass l *>coal 9 col\r1 b heavi] & m solid1 & j en\gh ( ! /ems & leaves h be5 left to enable u to "k ) c]ta9ty t coal 0 once wood4 ,we light our fires n[ & drive our /eam-eng9es ) ! heat ( ! sun :i* %one ^u ! coal =e/s1 & has be5 /or$ up = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! ,e>?1 to be br\ght out once m to give u light & w>m?4 ,,clay ,,& ,,mud4 ,:ile ! anci5t =e/s 7 gr[+ up to =m ! coal b$s1 & ! =am9if]a 7 sl[ly build+ up ! *alk1 z ,i h expla9$1 ! ,e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat] 9 "s places :i* are n[ dry l&1 & ! sea n[ fl[s ov] p>ts ( ! ,_w :i* 7 once ! habitations ( plants & animals4 ,^! great *anges h left _! m>ks ^u _m a m\nta9 side1 & _m an old riv] or sea b$ has become fill$ up4 ,a map ( ,europe dur+ ! *alk p]iod w\ld %[ t ! places :]e ,p>is1 ,london1 ,cop5hag51 & ,b]l9 n[ are 7 !n "u ! ocean2 b s9ce !n ^! places h be5 lift$ up1 & mud1 clay1 & gravel swept ov] ! *alk 9 _m places by ! action ( new riv]s & seas4 ,wat]1 y p]ceive1 has _h a great deal to d ) ^! *anges1 & inde$ x is "o ( ,nature's mo/ p[]ful tools1 = x c wa% d[n rocks & cliffs & cut its way 9 riv]s = ?\s&s ( miles ov] ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,x c>ries d[n mud1 & clay1 & gravel1 & ?is soil1 :i* has be5 nam$ alluvium1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all to u1 because x conta9s ! bones ( ! imm5se animals we %all talk ab\t pres5tly1 z well z ^? ( ! olde/ races ( m5 ) _! weapons & ornam5ts4 ,! mud age1 & we are 9 ! mud & gravel age n[1 belongs to :at is call$ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & we %all see t ?is age has la/$ a v long "t already1 s long t ?\gh x is /ill go+ on1 ! mo/ extraord9>y animals h liv$ & di$1 & n "o ( !m is n[ left alive4 ,/ill ! same wa%+ & cutt+ ( wat] is go+ on :i* buri$ _! bones 9 swamps1 & bogs1 & riv] caves1 & may p]haps c>ry away "s ( ! bones ( u :o are liv+ n[1 to be f\nd ages aft]w>ds by future g5]ations :o w read our hi/ory 9 ^! sil5t witnesses1 z we read ! hi/ory ( ! tree f]ns & =am9if]a 9 ! coal & ! *alk4 ,! pres5t age ( ! ,_w's hi/ory is ! ,mud age1 or1 z we %all call x 9 future1 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & ,i ?9k y w agree ) me :5 ,i come to describe x1 t x conta9s ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! pieces ( 8! puzzle ( life40 ,! e>? ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod is v diff]5t f a great _m ( ! old] e>?s4 ,clay1 mud1 & gravel are ! wa%+s only ( ! old] rocks1 ! f9e p>ticles :i* h be5 worn (f f !m by fro/ & wat] & c>ri$ d[n by riv]s & left 9 l>ge b$s1 & sometimes !y h a good deal ( decay$ wood & we$s mix$ ) !m4 ,"h are f\nd ! bones ( ! great animals :i* 7 s mu* l>g] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! same k9d liv+ n[1 or any t liv$ be=e !m4 ,,upheaval ,,& ,,depression4 ,^! two words are s (t5 us$ 9 books on geology t we %all n be able to get on )\t kn[+ _! mean+4 ,we h se5 t ! rocks h be5 =m$ 9 a c]ta9 way--"s by heat1 "s by wat]1 & "s by dead =e/s--& t !y lie ov] "o ano!r 9 pretty regul> ord]4 ,b ?is ord] has sometimes be5 di/urb$ & ! lay]s h be5 tumbl$ ab\t among "o ano!r v mu*4 ,9 "s places ! old] rocks1 su* z granite1 slate1 & s&/one1 h be5 pu%$ up ?r\gh ^? above1 & 9 o!rs ! coal has sunk d[n & be5 cov]$ ) ?ick lay]s ( *alk1 s&1 & mud4 ,:5 ! =ce bel[ pu%es a lay] up ?r\gh ! o!rs x is call$ upheaval1 & :5 a lay] s9ks d[n x is call$ depression1 or subsid5ce4 ,bo? ^! actions are go+ on n[ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?4 ,a great "p ( ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k1 ( ,spitzb]g51 ,sib]ia1 & ! nor? ( ,am]ica1 is be+ sl[ly rais$ high] above ! sea1 z we "k by ! height _! old sea bea*es n[ are above ! wat]2 :ile "p ( ! %ore ( ,am]ica opposite to ,europe & also ! s\? ( ,gre5l& is sl[ly s9k+ d[n1 z we "k by ! rema9s ( l& animals & trees :i* are n[ cov]$ by ! tide2 & at _m places on ! coa/ ( ,india ?is subsid5ce is also go+ on4 ,ne>] home1 too1 !re is an example ( x 9 ! isl& ( ,gu]nsey4 ,all r\nd ! coa/ ( ?is isl&1 l t ( ,j]sey1 are f\nd tree trunks & o!r rema9s ( old =e/ l& b5ea? ! wat]4 ,old hi/ories ref] to ?is z dry l&2 & if a map ( x made 9 #adjf is correct1 ?is l& mu/ h sunk ab\t #aej feet s9ce t "t4 ,?us we c see1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 ! v same *anges :i* h work$ ^u our ,e>? = innum]able ages4 ,x is n[ easy to und]/& h[ ! =e/s :i* mu/ h gr[n above 9 ! air h1 aft] a long "t1 sunk d[n to a great dep?1 & be5 turn$ into coal1 & cov]$ ) ! s$im5t1 s&1 gravel1 & *alk f ! seas :i* aft]w>ds fl[$ ov] ! places :]e !y grew4 ,sometimes ! rocks by ! sea %ore are cut into t]races or /eps by ! con/ant we> ( ! wat]1 & :5 we see ^! wat] m>ks f> above ! pres5t level ( ! sea we "k t ! l& mu/ h be5 lift$ up gradually above ! sea4 ,!re are _m su* t]races 9 ,norway4 ,to prove :e!r ?is is s m>ks h be5 cut ^u rocks at a measur$ height above ! sea1 & aft] "s ye>s ^! m>ks h be5 notic$ to h be5 rais$ mu* above ! wat] by ! 8upheaval0 ( ! e>? at t place4 ,g5]ally ?is *ange ( level has tak5 place gradually1 & ! greate/ "w 9 mov+ ! lay]s ( e>? & displac+ !m has be5 v sl[4 ,b 9 "s places viol5t & sudd5 %ocks h happ5$1 te>+ up ! rocks & pil+ !m up 9 heaps2 & n[ & !n isl&s h sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ! sea & vani%$ out ( sight completely 9 a %ort "t4 ,isl&s h ?us come up 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea )9 ! memory ( man4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca ! isl& ( ,julia sudd5ly appe>$ ne> ! coa/ ( ,sicily1 & s9ce ! ye> #ahf ,b4,c4 no less ?an ?ree isl&s h />t$ up 9 ! bay ( ! isl& ( ,santor94 ,9 ?is c5tury isl&s h appe>$ among ! ,azores1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,philipp9es1 ! ,moluccas1 & on ! coa/ ( ,kamts*atka & o!r places4 ,"s ( ^! h appe>$ sudd5ly1 o!rs sl[ly1 & !y no d\bt h be5 rais$ by a great =ce f bel[4 ,y w see n[ h[ easy x is to acc\nt = ! *anges ( ! places ( ! lay]s ( rock4 ,! same ?+ is go+ on n[ :i* has be5 go+ on ?r\gh\t all "t1 only p]haps ) m en]gy =m]ly ?an n[1 mak+ m\nta9s1 isl&s1 & cont95ts1 rais+ up a l>ge tract ( l& 9 "o place & s9k+ an isl& or a sea %ore 9 ano!r4 ,^! *anges h be5 ( great use to u too4 ,suppose all ,engl& _h be5 cov]$ ) coal or slate1 we %\ld n h be5 able to gr[ any?+6 ,z x is we h s& & gravel 9 "o c\nty1 *alk 9 ano!r1 slate or granite 9 ano!r1 & coal d[n bel[ 9 sev]al1 & we c gr[ a great v>iety ( plants on all ^! diff]5t soils4 ,we h to ?ank 8upheaval0 & 8depression0 = ?is4 ,! =ce :i* is always work+ bel[ u has turn$ up ! diff]5t soils l a gigantic pl\gh1 & br\ght "s to ! top & cov]$ o!rs1 s t in/ead ( hav+ to dig d[n deep] ?an ev] we h yet1 we h only to g f "o c\nty to ano!r to f9d ! diff]5t rocks4 ,we "k t we c\ld n get at ! coal 9 ,sussex )\t go+ d[n an unkn[n dep? ?r\gh ! *alk & o!r e>?s1 b we dig = x 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 :]e we "k its dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,i w try n[ to give y "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! rocks come 9 _! ord]1 or ! succession ( =mations z geologi/s call x4 ,if we />t$ to walk f ,wales to ,london ! rocks we %\ld pass ov] w\ld be--slate & flag/ones 9 ,wales1 & go+ on t[>ds ,london1 lime/one1 old r$ s&/one1 m lime/ones1 coal b$s1 new r$ s&/one1 oolite1 gre5s&1 *alk1 & la/ ,london clay4 ,we might n always f9d ea* ( ^! ne> ! surface1 b !y w\ld be f\nd to be ! pr9cipal rocks on a l9e betwe5 ,wales & ,london1 ! olde/ be+ 9 ,wales & ! newe/ or mo/ rec5t z we get ne>] ,london4 ,t ^w 8oolite0 :i* ,i us$ comes f two ,greek words mean+ 8roe0 & 8/one10 because ! rock is compos$ ( little r\nd$ gra9s ( a *alky sub/ance %ap$ l ! h>d roe ( a fi%1 or l sago be=e x is cook$4 ,if y look at ! foll[+ table y w see h[ ! pr9cipal rocks are plac$ "o ^u ! o!r1 beg9n+ at ! l[e/ or olde/ at ! bottom & go+ up to ! newe/ at ! top ( ! table1 & on ! "r h& side ,i h writt5 ! names ( ! pr9cipal fossils :i* ea* k9d ( e>? conta9s4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,succession ,,( ,,=mations4 ,,t]ti>y1 or ,upp] ,rocks ,peat bogs & caves ,fossil ,man1 ) /one implem5ts1 ,riv]-mud & bricke>?1 c41 mammo?1 gravels1 & hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 b\ld] clay 7alluvium7 ,iri% /ag1 cave lion1 c4 ,crag ( ,ea/]n ,c\nties ,num]\s %ell-fi%1 ma/odon ,london clay1 c4 ,turtles1 crocodiles1 %ell-fi% ,,second>y1 or ,middle ,rocks ,cretace\s ,*alk 7) & )\t ,=am9if]a1 c41 sponges1 fl9ts7 corals1 sea-ur*9s1 %ell-fi% ,gre5s& & gault 7,belemnites1 ,ammonites1 ,weald5 clay1 c4 c471 fi%es ,oolites ,portl& /one ,kimm]idge clay ,coral rag ,imm5se reptiles1 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 ,ox=d clay ,plesiosaurus1 ,cornbra% & =e/ ,megalosaurus1 ,pt]odactyl1 m>ble c4 ,great oolite ,full]s' e>? ,animals alli$ to ! opossum ,l[] oolite & kang>oo ,lias clay & lime/one ,cycads & o!r plants ,new r$ m>l & s&/one ,,prim>y1 or ,l[] ,rocks ,coal ,f]ns1 club-mosses1 a few ,mill/one grit firs1 calamites1 c41 9 ,m\nta9 lime/one great abundance ,old r$ s&/one ,num]\s corals1 %ell-fi%1 ,silurian lime/ones & trilobites1 fi%es1 c4 slates ,cambrian slates ,! ,laur5tian rocks conta9 ,laur5tian rocks ! olde/ kn[n fossil1 ! ,eozon 7or 8life-dawn animal07 ,,igne\s1 or ,volcanic ,rocks ,gre5/one1 basalt ,( v>i\s ages 7no fossils7 ,porphyry ,granite1 c4 ,if y read ?is table upw>ds f ! bottom y w notice t life began 9 a v small way ) ,eozon 7! 8life-dawn animal071 t fi%es appe>$ aft]w>ds1 t ! wond]ful =e/s ( ! coal p]iod !n grew & 7 cov]$ up by o!r rocks & press$ into solid coal1 t numb]s ( great crocodile-l animals liv$ all ?r\gh ! oolite "t1 h[ ! deep wide b$s ( *alk 7 laid d[n by humble =am9if]a1 & :5 we get to ! rec5t newe/ b$s ( gravel1 mud1 s&1 clay1 c41 ! sweep+s by wat] ( ! old] rocks gr\nd d[n by ages ( we> & te>1 we h ! mammo?1 ma/odon1 mega!rium1 & o!r great vegetable eat]s1 & la/ly ,man himself ) 8 simple weapons ( /one1 bone1 & horn--our e>ly =efa!rs4 ,y mu/ always keep 9 m9d t ! greate/ ( ^! *anges h tak5 place v sl[ly4 ,m\nta9s h be5 rais$1 & :ole cont95ts h be5 sunk by movem5ts s sl[ t if ! h&s ( a clock w5t only once r\nd ! dial 9 a ye> ! h& w\ld g fa/] ?an ^! m\nta9s h ris5 or ! cont95ts sunk4 ,almo/ always :5ev] !re has be5 sudd5 & viol5t action x has be5 ne> volcanoes or dur+ e>?quakes2 b ^! ?+s1 t]rible z !y are to ! p liv+ ne>1 di/urb only a v small "p ( ! surface1 & su* viol5ce nei!r buri$ ! coal b$s nor rais$ ! slate hills ( ,wales4 ,_m ( ! small effects ( ! int]nal =ce ( ! e>? h be5 sudd5 & viol5t1 b ! greate/ & gr&e/ h be5 sl[] ?an any?+ we c imag9e4 ,if ?is _h n be5 s1 we %\ld n f9d fossil %ells j z !y sank quietly to ! bottom ( anci5t seas1 q undi/urb$4 ,we %\ld n f9d delicate f]ns & insects ) all _! breakable p>ts p]fectly pres]v$1 & z lightly laid z if y _h put !m away c>efully 9 a cab9et ^u cotton wool4 ,yet _m ( ^! h sunk d[n hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! op5 air :]e !y mu/ h liv$4 ,we f9d ! ripple m>ks ( ! waves on old s&/ones1 & ev5 ! pr9ts ( ! feet ( birds & animals z !y walk$ ^u t rock :5 x 0 s(t s&1 & ! little pits made by ra9-drops on ! moi/ e>?4 ,all ?is speaks ( /illness1 & g5tle movem5t1 no viol5ce4 ,s sl[ly & s(tly h ^! rocks settl$ d[n1 t we c read 9 !m ! hi/ory ( ! life t 04 ,b if !re _h be5 any sudd5 & r\gh movem5t all ^! fossils might h be5 brok5 up & we %\ld h _h no?+ b fragm5ts1 & ! 8puzzle ( life0 c\ld nev] h be5 put toge!r4 ,nature's =ces are imm5se1 b !y "w sl[ly1 irresi/ibly1 & maje/ically4 ,,! ,,ice ,,age4 ,we h se5 n[ :at ! pr9cipal rocks are made ( & ! way 9 :i* _! places h be5 *ang$ by upheaval & depression4 ,wat]1 z we "k1 has be5 at "w & has done great ?+s 9 all ages ( ! ,_w's hi/ory4 ,i h call$ x 8"o ( ,nature's mo/ p[]ful tools10 & :5 we look at ! quantity ( *alk alone t !re is 9 ! _w1 & rememb] t ?is 0 all laid d[n 9 wat]1 & p]haps a great "p ( its lime c>ri$ d[n by riv]s to ! seas :]e x settl$ to ! bottom1 aft] ! corals & small %ell-fi% _h work$ x into _! bodies1 we are "r 9 ?9k+ wat] a great ,magician inde$4 ,:y1 ev5 s small a riv] z ! ,?ames c>ries d[n to ! sea e ye> z mu* dissolv$ e>? z w\ld make a good l>ge hill2 & :at mu/ su* riv]s z ! ,nile1 ! ,amazon1 ! ,mississippi1 & ! great ,*9ese riv]s d6 ,!re mu/ h be5 gigantic riv]s1 too1 9 ! old times1 or else x w\ld h be5 impossible t ! deep s&/one & slate b$s c\ld h be5 =m$2 = ^! are all laid d[n by ! wa%+ away ( e>? 9 wat]4 ,ice1 :i* is only solid wat]1 has also be5 a p[]ful tool 9 %ap+ ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 b x has n be5 always at "w z wat] has4 ,ice n[ cov]s only a comp>atively small "p ( ! globe ne> ! nor? & s\? poles1 & m\nta9s l ^? 9 ,switz]l&2 b by wat*+ :at ice is do+ n[ 9 ^! places we are able to be c]ta9 t !re has be5 a "t :5 x cov]$ ,scotl&1 ,cumb]l&1 ,wales1 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & ne>ly all ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 wat*+ ! great 8riv]s ( ice10 call$ glaci]s1 9 ! ,alps1 = in/ance1 we see t !y slip d[n f ! m\nta9s sl[ly1 creep+ on ye> by ye>1 & br++ ) !m pieces ( rock & /ones4 ,we see also :]e !y h melt$ t !y h be5 gr9d+ ! rocks b5ea? !m ) _! great weight1 & h cut grooves into1 & scrap$ & poli%$ ! h>de/ granite4 ,! /ones und]nea? ! glaci]s h be5 press$ s heavily ^u ! rocks t !y h left deep m>ks1 & we f9d ! same k9ds ( m>ks & heaps ( /ones 9 _m m\nta9s :]e !re are no glaci]s n[4 ,!re are o!r ?+s too :i* conv9ce u t a great ice %eet spread ov] almo/ ! :ole ( ,great ,brita94 ,:5 ! huge iceb]gs break away f ! froz5 %ores ( ,gre5l& & ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y (t5 h froz5 into _! ice l>ge blocks ( rock1 s&1 gravel1 c41 & :5 !y drift into ! w>m] seas ( ! s\? !y melt1 & ( c\rse ^! blocks or 8b\ld]s10 z !y are call$1 s9k to ! bottom4 ,j ! same k9d ( b\ld]s are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e iceb]gs nev] come n[1 & z !y are ( a diff]5t rock f t on :i* !y lie1 !y mu/ h be5 br\ght !re someh[4 ,we naturally suppose !n t !y 7 br\ght by iceb]gs4 ,sometimes b\ld]s ( granite h be5 f\nd ?us among clay1 _m miles f :]e !re are any granite rocks on ! surface1 & !re c be no d\bt t !y 7 orig9ally froz5 into an iceb]g1 :i* float$ away ) !m & :5 x melt$ left !m s f> f _! native place4 ,9 _m ( ! midl& & ea/]n c\nties once float$ ^! iceb]gs1 dropp+ ! /ones & b\ld]s :i* !y br\ght away f ! ,wel%1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,scotti% m\nta9s4 ,! climate ( ! e>? mu/ h be5 fe>fully cold :5 our c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) ice1 j z ,gre5l& is n[4 ,geologi/s suppose t !re mu/ h be5 m ?an "o age ( ice1 & t betwe5 ^! ages ! climate ( ! _w 0 pretty mu* ! same z at pres5t1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 t !re 7 p]iods :5 ,engl& 0 mu* w>m]1 because _m ( ! fossil plants c\ld n h gr[n 9 a cold climate4 ,y w want to "k :e!r !re 7 any l& animals liv+ dur+ ! ice p]iods4 ,x is impossible to be q c]ta91 b x is mo/ likely t ! mammo? 0 liv+ bo? be=e & dur+ ! la/ ice age1 because its bones h be5 f\nd among ! e>?s br\ght d[n by ! glaci]s4 ,i h said all y w be likely to rememb] at pres5t ab\t ! nature ( ! diff]5t rocks1 b x w help y to und]/& bett] h[ !y h be5 laid "o ^u ! o!r1 & h[ !y h be5 mov$ & brok5 by upheaval & subsid5ce1 if y look at ! draw+s on page #ea4 ,,d5udation4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ t "s ( ! h>d] & old] rocks1 l granite & slate1 h pu%$ !mselves ?r\gh ^? e>?s ly+ above !m1 & !n ! sea or a great riv] has wa%$ away all ! e>?s f "o side ( ! rock4 ,! ra91 too1 fall+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 has swept !m d[n into ! valleys & mix$ !m toge!r4 ,?is is call$ d5udation1 or 8lay+ b>e0 ! h>d] rocks by wa%+ ! s(t] ones away f !m4 ,^? b$s ( pebbles on ! sea %ore also h be5 batt]+ aga9/ ! rocks = ages & v gradually we>+ !m away1 z y c see if y wat* ! /ones be+ driv5 into & suck$ out ( holes & cracks by e wave4 ,?us1 bo? ! loose /ones & ! solid rocks get poli%$ & gr\nd away1 & ,nature is always de/roy+ & mak+ aga9 by turns4 ,if ?is de/ruction w5t on cont9ually )\t any rais+ ( ! l& to make up = x1 ! surface ( ! :ole ,e>? w\ld 9 "t become level2 b old sea b$s are always be+ sl[ly rais$ above ! wat] & prep>$ = ! gr[? ( plants & ! habitation ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,upheaval4 ,illu/ration3 ,subsid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,d5udation4 ,if y wat* ! little rills ( wat] on any ra9y day1 trickl+ d[n a hill1 or ! spr+s :i* bubble up at ! foot ( cliffs on ! sea %ore1 y w see an example ( d5udation 9 a small way4 ,! e>? is wa%$ (f ! surface "h & !re1 & c>ri$ d[n & laid up 9 banks 9 "s places1 & ! h>d] gr\nd und]nea? is laid b>e4 ,little b$s ( /ones are collect$ 9 "o place1 & /icks & /raws & su* light ?+s 9 ano!r1 & ?is is j :at has be5 done on a l>ge scale 9 m\nta9 regions1 all ov] ! _w = _m c5turies4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ sket* on page #ea y w see h[ ! granite has be5 lift$ up ) ! lay]s ( o!r e>? along its sides1 & aft]w>ds ev5 lay]s h be5 deposit$ above2 9 ! second !re has be5 a great crack 9 ! l&1 & a great mass ( rock has subsid$1 & ! holl[ has become fill$ up 9 "t ) clay1 & m\ld1 & ri* soil1 s t "s "o has built a h\se & made a g>d5 on x2 9 ! ?ird ! riv] has cut a gorge 9 rocks :i* 7 once cont9u\s f cliff to cliff1 we>+ away ! s(t] e>?s m easily ?an ! h>d]4 ,if ! ,e>? 0 cut into 9 diff]5t places we %\ld f9d ! rocks arrang$ 9 a v simil> way to t 9 ! ?ree sket*es4 ,,boil+ ,,spr+s1 ,,etc4 ,9 sev]al diff]5t c\ntries !re are v /range sights1 b sc>cely any?+ is m a/oni%+ ?an ! f\nta9s ( boil+ wat] :i* %oot up out ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re are a good _m ( !m n f> f u1 9 ,icel&1 & _m hundr$s 9 ,wyom+ 9 ,am]ica1 & !y are call$ 8geys]s40 ,/eam & boil+ wat]1 & sometimes mud1 are ?r[n up by ^! natural f\nta9s to a height ( #bjj feet--z high z ! top ( ! spire ( a *ur*4 ,! wat] mu/ come f a great dep? 9 ! gr\nd--p]haps _m ?\s& feet d[n--:]e ! heat is int5se4 ,?is wat] spr++ up ) cl\ds ( sn[-:ite /eam1 & fall+ all r\nd 9 %[]s1 has a mo/ beautiful appe>ance4 ,^! geys]s n[ & !n ?r[ out v little wat]1 j bubbl+ up above ! gr\nd1 & !n travell]s boil eggs & *ick5s & su* ?+s 9 !m1 & h a pic-nic ne> !m4 ,x is impossible to say h[ long !y h la/$1 b we "k f hi/ory t "s h be5 sp\t+ out wat] = at lea/ #b1jjj ye>s1 & h[ mu* long] no "o c tell4 ,!y may h some?+ to d ) volcanoes1 because wat] may h f\nd its way to ! heat$ int]ior ( ! e>?1 & be+ conv]t$ into /eam1 exp&s & causes an eruption4 ,n[ t we h "s idea ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,e>?1 we mu/ g on to ! life ( ! wond]ful plants & creatures :i* h peopl$ x4 ,,! ,,vegetable ,,"p4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,life4 ,! fir/ beams ( ! ris+ sun1 & ! fir/ grey light ( ! morn+1 tell u ( ! com+ day2 b we _c ev5 ?9k ( ! dawn ( t f>-(f day 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 :5 no voice ( man or bea/ 0 he>d1 & no trees or grass cov]$ x1 )\t solemn wond] at ! imm5se di/ance t day is f u4 ,a ?\s& ages are 9 ! sight ( ! ,creator b z ye/]day1 & ! p]iod ( man's exi/5ce is only a mom5t comp>$ to t ( ! l[ly creatures :i* built up ?is ,_w = him4 ,9 ! fir/ seas & on ! l& no?+ 0 he>d b ! ru%+ ( wat]s & ! ro>+ ( ! fires ( volcanoes4 ,x is impossible to be q c]ta9 :e!r ! fir/ liv+ ?+s 7 animals or plants2 b ,i ?9k x mo/ likely t v simple plants grew fir/1 & t v simple animals came aft] or ) !m4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^!1 or p]haps ! v fir/1 7 "s small animals call$ ,eozon1 :i* means ! 8life-dawn animal10 & ) !m grew "s simple plants4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] 9 ,canada !re is a great b$ ( rock call$ ! ,laur5tian rocks1 made almo/ entirely ( ! t9y rema9s ( ! 8life-dawn animal10 :i*1 :5 we look at !m ?r\gh a microscope1 are f\nd to possess ne>ly ! same /ructure z "s l[ly organiz$ %ells liv+ 9 ! seas n[4 ,^! rocks are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w besides--9 ,ea/]n ,am]ica1 ,bav>ia1 ,scotl&1 & ,norway2 & 9 "s places _! ?ickness has be5 e/imat$ at ?irty ?\s& feet1 or ne>ly six miles1 or "o hundr$ times z ?ick z ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral is high6 ,^! little creatures y see 7 at "w ov] a great "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 & y may fancy h[ _m ?\s&s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s x took !m to build up ^! rocks4 ,! 8life-dawn animal0 is f> old] ?an ! *alk-build+ =am9if]a1 & s f> z we "k x liv$ alone 9 its seas4 ,!re 7 none ( ! beautiful twi/$ ammonite %ell-fi%1 nor ! %>k-l fi%es ( ! *alk seas4 ,! eozon 0 ! only k9d ( liv+ creature1 ! 8"l ( creation0 = ! "t2 & ?\gh /orms rag$ 9 ! seas x inhabit$1 ! wat] 0 s deep t x liv$ on undi/urb$4 ,:5 y are able to use a microscope y w be able to see ! traces left by ^! t9y animals 9 :at is n[ h>d /one4#a ,life began 9 a v small way3 !re 7 none ( ! great l& animals we h n[2 b ^! seem+ly insignificant build]s 7 at "w s long t !y made ! imm5se rocks ,i h told y (4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,ab\t ?is "t "s v simple plants grew on ! l&1 & 7 c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]s & =m$ deep b$s4 ,aft] a long "t ^! became cov]$ up ) diff]5t e>?s & 7 turn$ into ! sub/ance call$ 8black-lead10 :i* y use 9 draw+ p5cils4 ,b ?is is n really lead2 x is almo/ pure c>bon--9 fact1 ! olde/ k9d ( coal--s old t x w n n[ burn l coal1 & is entirely made up ( fossil plants cru%$ out ( %ape1 s t we _c n[ trace _! =ms1 z we c ! plants ( ! coal4 ,:5 !n y next take up a draw+ p5cil x w be easy to rememb] t ! black sub/ance :i* m>ks ! pap] 0 once a liv+ plant1 n[ *ang$ by heat & pressure into almo/ pure c>bon4 ,z ! "n eozon has be5 giv5 to ! 8life-dawn animal10 ,i w give ?is black-lead ! "n ( ,eod5dron1 or ! 8dawn-plant40#b ,two v simple =ms ( life !n occupi$ ! e>? & sea at ! e>lie/ "t :5 any?+ at all 0 liv+1 & /rangely en\gh we use ! dead bodies ( bo? ( !m4 ,we build h\ses ( ! rocks ! eozon laid d[n at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! beautiful art ( draw+ is c>ri$ on ) ! c>bon f ! fir/ plant life ( ! _w--! eod5dron4 ,i mu/ take y away pres5tly to ! coal1 & s&/one1 & *alk1 & %[ y h[ plants & animals gradually increas$ 9 numb] & size1 & fi%es began to inhabit ! seas1 & all liv+ ?+s 7 sl[ly go+ on to great] p]fection2 = z "t w5t on !re 0 a /eady progress f creatures l ! eozon1 :i* _h sc>cely any p[] ( mov+ ab\t1 to ! active1 qu>relsome & gre$y ?+s l crabs & lob/]s :i* came aft] !m1 & ! gigantic f]ns ( ! coal b$s4 ,! peaceful 8life-dawn animals0 drew _! food f ! vegetable sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s1 ?\gh !y p]haps also liv$ on animals /ill small] ?an !mselves2 b1 by-&-by1 creatures1 :i* mu/ h be5 mon/]s to !m1 sw>m$ 9 ! seas & dev\r$ _! small] companions :olesale2 & 9 "t ! ,e>? became v mu* ! same z x is n[1 a place :]e ! /ruggle = life is always go+ on4 ,x is c]ta9 t animals h f$ ^u "o ano!r f ! v beg9n+2 b ?is is no d\bt a wise law ( ! ,creator to prev5t !m f increas+ too fa/1 z !y w\ld d if all t 7 born liv$1 & none 7 de/roy$4 ,we "k mu* less ab\t ! vegetation--! plants & grasses--( ! e>ly ages ( ! _w ?an ( ! animals2 because plants rot away fa/] ?an bones & %ells1 &1 besides1 are less likely to be f\nd 9 places :]e !y w\ld be pres]v$4 ,a dead tree might be eat5 up entirely by insects1 z ! :ite ants eat up fall5 trees 9 a %ort "t 9 tropical c\ntries1 & :at is left ( !m crumbles away to f9e p[d] & mixes ) ! soil4 ,imm5se trees are ?us dev\r$ n[ by millions ( t9y insects no long] ?an y\r ?umb nail1 9 ,india & ,au/ralia4 ,no su* ?+ z a :ole & p]fect fossil tree ) e twig & leaf has be5 f\nd2 b !n ! coal b$s are really great =e/s :i* h be5 buri$ = s long a "t t !y h q alt]$ 9 appe>ance4 ,/ill1 among ^! coal b$s we (t5 f9d ! b>k1 fruit1 /ems1 & bran*es ( trees v mu* l firs1 & f]ns1 & huge club-mosses1 :i* h ! same %ape !y _h :5 liv+1 ?\gh !y are q black1 & burn exactly l coal4 ,b !re 7 plants long be=e ! coal =e/s liv$1 & _m fossil sea we$s are f\nd 9 ! old s&/ones & lime/ones 9 ,wales & o!r places4#c ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ^: position y c see bel[ ! coal 9 ! table ( succession ( =mations1 page #db1 does n give u _m fossil plants1 ?\gh fi%es & %ells are common4 ,?is rock is f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,devon%ire1 & ,irel&1 z well z o!r places1 & is (t5 m ?an #b1jjj feet ?ick4 ,x 0 n all =m$ 9 salt wat] we "k1 because _m ( ! fossil fi%es & %ells x conta9s are fre% wat] k9ds4 ,x mu/ all h be5 made ( ! pieces ( /ill old] rocks worn away by riv]s & settl$ l a s$im5t 9 imm5se lakes1 "s ( :i* 7 fre% wat]4 ,!n1 aft] ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 came a "t :5 ! lime/ones bel[ ! coal 7 laid d[n at ! bottom ( a va/ sea1 & "h ! rema9s ( l& plants are ( c\rse few4 ,!n x seems !re mu/ h be5 a v long "t :5 !re 7 l>ge cont95ts all ov] ! _w rais$ above ! seas1 b n v mu*1 & on ^! ! =e/s grew :i* aft]w>ds became coal fields4 ,until ?is "t ! plants _h be5 mo/ly wat] we$s1 re$s1 ru%es1 & sea we$s1 & x 0 n until ,engl& & ,irel& became "o cont95t1 z !y 7 once & cov]$ ) woods1 t ! great p]iod ( vegetation began4 ,! gr[? ( plants 0 !n mo/ wond]ful2 b al?\gh coal is f\nd 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 x 0 n all =m$ at "o "t1 & ?\gh x is pl5tiful 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,russia1 ,hung>y1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,*9a1 & ,borneo1 x is old] 9 "s c\ntries ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t ?is useful mat]ial 0 made 9 ,nature's work%op 9 s _m diff]5t c\ntries1 or x w\ld h to be c>ri$ f "o to ano!r4 ,! coal =e/s 7 n ! same trees z we h n[--oaks1 elms1 a%es1 limes1 & s on4 ,mo/ ( !m _h r holl[ trunks & spl5did wav+ tops l f]ns & re$s1 ?\gh !re 7 "s l our fir-trees4 ,if y lie d[n 9 ! long grass be=e x is m[n1 & look ?r\gh ! /alks & fancy y\rself an in* high only1 y w h "s idea h[ ! coal =e/ w\ld h look$ if y _h liv$ !n4 ,b !re 7 no human be+s on ! ,e>? !n1 & ,i d n ?9k !re 7 any l>ge animals1 at lea/ none h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal itself1 except 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e a few bones ( ! mammo? 7an anci5t elephant7 & ( ! rh9oc]os h be5 discov]$ 9 ! mu* new] b$s ( coal1 & also ^? ( a l>ge reptile l a crocodile 9 ! coal b$s ( ,ohio 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,fossil ,tree ,f]n4 ,calamites4 ,lepidod5dron4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,plants ( ! ,coal ,=e/s4 ,9 su* imm5se =e/s insects mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 pl5tiful1 & "s ( ! fossil bodies ( beetles1 dragon-flies1 & spid]s1 h be5 pres]v$1 & a few tree liz>ds4#d ,( c\rse ! edges ( ! coal =e/s 7 wa%$ "h & !re by ! salt sea1 & !re mu/ h be5 "s fre% wat] riv]s & ponds1 = we f9d bo? fre% & salt wat] %ells 9 ^! b$s4 ,x 0 almo/ d>k 9 ^! =e/s1 s ?ickly did ! plants gr[ toge!r4 ,!re 7 enorm\s club-mosses close toge!r & z high z mo/ h\ses1 ) _! leaves int]lac$ mak+ a complete network to %ut out ! sun4 ,b ! sun :i* %one on ! =e/s 0 w>m1 & ! air :i* w5t ?r\gh !m 0 s(t1 or !y w\ld n h gr[n s wond]fully4 ,inde$1 !re c be no d\bt t ! climate ( nor!rn regions 0 once mu* w>m] ?an x is n[4 ,a ?ick b$ ( coal 0 discov]$ by ! ,arctic ,exp$ition 9 #ahge-f actually )9 five hundr$ miles ( ! ,nor? ,pole1 :]e ! ice on ! sea is n[ ?irty or =ty feet ?ick6#e ,! =e/ :i* =m$ ?is coal c\ld only h gr[n 9 a temp]ate climate1 & !re are no =e/s !re n[2 x is s int5sely cold !y c\ld n live4 ,!re mu/ !n h be5 a great *ange 9 ! climate ( ! ,arctic regions s9ce t coal 0 liv+ vegetation4 ,! few plants & mosses :i* c live !re n[ are ( a v diff]5t & m h>dy k9d ?an ^? ( ! coal =e/s4 ,if y look at ! engrav+ fac+ page #fd1 y w see a draw+ ( "o ( ! tree f]ns ) its delicate fronds :i* grew s abundantly 9 ! coal =e/s1 & !re are _m o!r plants1 "s l ! common 8m>e's tails10 or calamites1 gr[+ 9 %all[ ponds & dit*es n[--only ! 8m>e's tails0 or calamites ( ! coal =e/s 7 z high z popl>s4#f ,y c imag9e :at a spl5did sight ^! =e/s ( f]ns1 club-mosses1 & 8m>e's tails10 mu/ h be51 & :at a multitude ( beautiful insects & butt]flies mu/ h flitt$ ab\t 9 !m2 b _! frail bodies h almo/ all p]i%$1 s t we "k v little ( ! animat$ creatures ( ! "t4 ,besides sev]al sorts ( coal bo? s(t & h>d !re is a sub/ance call$ 8lignite10 :i* is sc>cely wood & sc>cely coal1 ( a br[n col\r4 ,9 fact1 lignite is wood almo/ turn$ to coal1 & x has help$ u to le>n t coal 0 once liv+ wood2 b x is n ne>ly s old z ! coal4 ,!n aga9 !re is ! beautiful sub/ance call$ 8jet0 us$ = mak+ bracelets4 ,?is is a k9d ( fossil gum or pit* dropp$ f ! trees :ile !y 7 gr[+1 &1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 col\r1 x is mu* ! same 9 k9d z amb]4 ,amb] is (t5 f\nd ) flies1 spid]s1 & small leaves imb$d$ 9 x4 ,:5 ?is fossil res9 or gum 0 fl[+ out ( ! anci5t p9e-trees1 & 0 q /icky1 flies settl$ ^u x & became entangl$ 9 x1 & z m ( ! gum fl[$ out !y became q cov]$4 ,!n ! gum dropp$ f ! tree & h>d5$1 & x is n[ f\nd 9 lumps on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea1 & 9 b$s ( s& & clay ) fossil wood4 ,x is ( a beautiful bright yell[ col\r1 & beads = necklaces & o!r ornam5ts are made out ( x4 ,if we arrange ! ?+s we h be5 talk+ ab\t 9 ord]1 ! olde/ fir/1 !y w\ld come ?us3 plumbago or black-lead--or1 z ,i h call$ x1 eod5dron1 8! life-dawn plant0--fir/1 !n h>d coal1 !n s(t coal1 !n lignite & jet1 !n bog oak & peat4 ,b ,i mu/ tell y some?+ ab\t bog oak & peat4 ,9 _m ( ! swamps & bogs ( ! ,_w ! trunks ( dead trees are f\nd1 :i* h become q black & almo/ l lignite1 because !y h be5 buri$ s long4 ,?us1 9 ! bogs ( ,irel& oak trees are (t5 f\nd1 & !y 7 mo/ likely liv+ :5 ! re9de] inhabit$ ,irel&4 ,?is old bogwood is made into beads = necklaces & o!r ornam5ts4 ,peat is a p>tly decay$ vegetable sub/ance1 ) beautiful little plants gr[+ on its surface1 & is really coal 9 its infancy4 ,x is f\nd all ov] ! _w m or less 9 wet places1 & consi/s ( ! roots & /ems ( mosses & re$s1 "s ( :i* are l ! gigantic plants ( ! coal p]iod1 b v small 9 comp>ison4 ,i h no d\bt t 9 "t "s ( ^! peat bogs may be turn$ into coal if !y s9k d[n & become cov]$ ) o!r e>?s1 b at pres5t !y are all on ! surface & s s(t t !y are dang]\s to walk ^u because "o may s9k 9 & be smo!r$4 ,?is1 z f> z we c trace x1 is a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( vegetable life on our ,e>?4 ,we w g back to ! coal = a mom5t & see :at ! animal life ( t "t 04 ,! seas ( ! "t ( ! coal =e/s 7 sometimes %all[1 sometimes deep1 & 9 ! lime/one rocks ( ! oceans :i* sep>at$ ! great cont95ts ( t "t !re is a record ( ! inhabitants ( ! seas4 ,! l& plants 7 ( m ?an #a1jjj diff]5t k9ds1 & !re 7 m ?an #bjj k9ds ( fi%es 9 ! wat]s1 & corals1 %ells1 & small crab-l animals innum]able4 ,! fi%es 7 fell[s ) t]rible tee?1 & _! bodies 7 cov]$ ) /rong h>d scales4 ,"o ( ^! fi% 0 ?irty feet long1 & !re 7 o!rs ( consid]able size4 ,x is curi\s t ! fi%es ( ?is "t rem9d "o ( reptiles 7liz>ds & crocodiles71 j z ! birds ( a future "t seem to h some?+ ( ! reptile ab\t !m1 z y w see by-&-by4 ,i d>e say y h rem>k$ :ile read+ t all ! plants & animals ( ! e>ly ages ( ! _w seem to be made on a simple plan1 & z ! ,e>? gr[s old] !y become m p]fect1 & ?is is j :at ,i want y to take notice ( all ?r\gh4 ,! plants ( ! coal p]iod1 y h se51 7 no?+ l s p]fect 9 con/ruction1 beautiful z !y 71 z ! =e/ trees ( ! pres5t "t1 nei!r 7 ! animals s p]fect z ^? liv+ n[4 ,!re has be5 progress1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh\t ! vegetable & animal creation2 &1 ?\gh _m ( ! l[] =ms ( ! e>ly ages exi/ n[1 !re are o!rs f> sup]ior to !m :i* did n exi/ !n3 b all ?is w come 9 8,! ,animal ,"p40 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! ,e>?'s age came ! wond]ful p]iod ( vegetation :i* gave u our coal1 & aft] t !re 0 a great & busy "t1 :5 huge reptiles & reptile-l birds1 & !n true birds1 made _! appe>ance4 ,b t belongs to ! next "p ( ! 8puzzle ( life40 ,if we look ) a/oni%m5t at ! coal =e/s1 we may also well ?9k ( !m ) ?ankfulness4 ,"h is ! sun%9e ( pa/ ages /or$ up = our use1 & we br+ x out aga9 to w>m ourselves1 cook our food1 make all our iron ?+s1 & drive our /eam-eng9es6 ,c any romance be f9] ?an ?is1 t we are c>ri$ across to ,am]ica & ,india & ,au/ralia 9 /eam-boats driv5 by ! 8fossil sunlight0 ( ages & ages pa/1 & :irl$ along at sixty miles an h\r ov] iron rails by ! same /or$-up /r5g?8 ,if y d\bt ?is1 ?9k ( liv+ trees4 ,d !y n live by ! air & sunlight8 ,w !y gr[ )\t ^!8 ,!y spread _! bran*es & leaves to ga!r ! w>m? & light f ! air1 & :5 !y are cut d[n & dri$1 & y put a mat* to ! wood1 all ! old w>m? & light come out aga92 & we "k t ! coal is only fossil wood4 ,our ,creator wa/es no?+4 ,ev5 :5 !re 7 no p liv+ to rejoice 9 ! sun1 ,he ?\ght ( ^? p :o %\ld come 9 "t1 & n "o ( ! fi]y rays ( ! fi]ce sun 0 lo/4 ,^! mighty =e/s 7 s5t to ga!r x1 & :5 !y _h di$ d[n !y sank bel[ ! surface & 7 cov]$ f ! air1 t none ( _! light or heat %\ld escape4 ,9 su* =e/s x is /range t !re 7 no birds1 especially z !re 7 sw>ms ( insects1 & no d\bt abundance ( worms4 ,b no bone ( bird or any trace ( fea!r$ song/] ( ^! lovely groves has yet be5 f\nd4 ,little liz>ds *as$ flies & beetles up & d[n ! /ems ( ! club-mosses & f]ns1 & l>g] reptiles lurk$ 9 ! long damp grass "u ! %ade4 ,! pools & ponds 7 fill$ ) curi\s fi%es1 & reefs ( beautiful :ite coral fr+$ all ! %ores ( ! seas4 ,b ! ,e>? 0 n fit = ! habitation ( man4 ,! fruits ( ! trees 7 n su* z he c\ld h eat51 & _! wood 0 n h>d en\gh to build h\ses (4 ,/ill x 0 be+ got ready = him1 & n a leaf wav$ uselessly 9 ! bright1 w>m air1 & n a tree fell to ! gr\nd1 b x 0 to be turn$ into coal1 & to come =? aga9 "o day a h>d black lump1 )\t any ( its =m] beauty1 b to give back ! light & heat x _h ga!r$ f ! sun ages & ages ago4 ,_m p]iods 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory h pass$ s9ce ! coal p]iod1 & 9 e "o ( ^! ! trees h be5 increas+ 9 p]fection1 ?\gh !re h nev] s9ce be5 su* great numb]s ( a few k9ds gr[+4 ,:5 we come to ! m lately =m$ b$s ( e>? we beg9 to f9d ! cypress1 will[1 a%1 oak1 elm1 & o!r =e/ trees :i* are liv+ n[4 ,! trunks ( ^! trees1 black5$ by age1 lie buri$ 9 peat bogs & swamps all ov] ,europe4 ,! mighty ,mississippi riv] br+s d[n imm5se quantities ( dead trees1 & z ^! s9k to ! bottom ne> its m\? !y are =m+ future coal b$s4 ,along ! coa/ ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 too1 & /ret*+ f> away "u ! ,g]man ,ocean1 is an old ,engli% =e/4 ,9 "s places ! trunks ( ! buri$ trees may be se5 /&+ upright j :]e !y grew4 ,! nets ( ! fi%]m5 are cont9ually br++ up pieces ( wood1 roots1 & se$s2 & :5 ! sea wa%es away ! s(t cliffs "h ! bones1 tee?1 & tusks ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 & o!r l>ge animals :i* inhabit$ ?is =e/1 may be se5 9 great numb]s4 ,d[n bel[ ! waves ( ocean h ^! woods sunk ) all _! once liv+ creatures1 & ?\gh y may suppose t x mu/ h be5 v long ago t !y grew1 !y are ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* n[ make ! hills & valleys ( ,engl& beautiful4 ,sometimes a =e/ mu/ s9k v fa/1 = travell]s h told u h[ !y h sail$ on riv]s & lakes ov] ! tops ( sunk5 trees1 &1 look+ d[n into ! cle> wat]1 h se5 ! bran*es wav+ bel[--tall trees /&+ upright at ! bottom1 & ! boats sail+ ov] _! tops6 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to ! liv+ creatures :i* peopl$ ! ,e>?1 & _! /ory c be told ) m c]ta9ty ?an t ( ! p]i%able plants :i* clo!d ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 &1 :ile !y r5d]$ x beautiful1 also s]v$ z food & %elt] = innum]able animals1 & h become s useful to u z coal1 lignite1 black-lead1 & o!r productions ( anci5t =e/s4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,specim5 9 ,table-case #ae1 ,room ,v41 ,nor? ,gall]y ,briti% ,museum4 #b ,! "n ,eophyton has also be5 sugge/$ = ! e>lie/ vegetable =ms4 #c ,divisions ,a & ,b ( ,case #a1 ,room ,i41 ,nor? ,gall]y1 conta9 "s ( ! olde/ kn[n fossil plants4 #d ,fossil insects 9 ,table-case ,no4 #ad1 ,room ,v4 #e ,9 #ha #dd ,n4 latitude4 #f ,specim5s ( plants f ! coal 9 ,cases ,no4 #b1 #c1 #d1 9 ,room ,i4 ,,! ,,animal ,,"p4 ,we mu/ n[ g back & collect ! small] pieces ( 8! puzzle0 :i* make up ! animal "p4 ,! great p]iods ( vegetation end$ 9 our c\ntry ) ! coal =e/s1 & !re has be5 no su* wond]ful gr[? ( plants s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 ly+ above ! coal1 0 =m$2 ?\gh no d\bt trees & plants h s9ce fl\ri%$1 z !y d n[ on ! ,e>?1 b n 9 su* quantities z dur+ ! coal p]iod4 ,we rememb] t ! eozon1 8! life-dawn animal10 is ! olde/ animal we "k (1 & t x liv$ s long ago z :5 ! ,laur5tian rocks 7 laid d[n at ! bottom ( ! seas ( t "t2 !n 9 lat] rocks we f9d ! burr[s ( sea worms 9 ! /one1 & lat] /ill simple %ells ) two valves l ! common mussel1 & o!r animals ( a simple k9d1 l ! corals1 sponges1 & />-fi%es :i* exi/ n[4 ,!re mu/ h be5 millions ( ^! creatures 9 ! old] lime/one seas1 = ! rocks are almo/ entirely compos$ ( _! fossil %ells & bodies4 ,by-&-by a r sup]ior animal inhabit$ ! seas ( ,wales1 call$ a trilobite1 ( :i* y w see a picture on ! opposite page4 ,?is curi\s animal 0 ( ! same family z ! %rimps & prawns1 b mu* l>g]1 & he mu/ h be5 a giant among ! o!rs4 ,none ( ^! animals _h any bones1 y mu/ und]/&2 b !y _h a h>d %elly cov]+ to support _! s(t bodies inside1 & no d\bt ! trilobites 7 able to swim ab\t v fa/4#g ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,trilobite4 ,:at ,i want y to take notice ( n[ is ! progress t has be5 go+ on f ! almo/ motionless eozon to ! %ell-fi% & />-fi%1 :i* c\ld crawl along ! bottom ( ! sea & ov] ! rocks1 to ?is active1 quick-mov+ trilobite1 ) 8 great paddles4 ,!n ! next /ep is a v great "o1 :5 we come to animals ) bones4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are fi%es4 ,all ! o!r bones are jo9$ to ! backbone1 !re=e all animals ) bones are call$ v]tebrata1 :i* is a ,lat9 ^w mean+ hav+ a backbone ) jo9ts4 ,n[ animals ) bones are pla9ly sup]ior to ^? ) only %ells1 & :5 we f9d fi%es among ! rocks ( ,wales & ,devon%ire we "k t we are beg9n+ to pick up "s important pieces ( ! 8puzzle ( life40 ,^! fi%es 7 mo/ ( !m relat$ to ! /urgeon1 & _! bones & tee? are f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one rocks1 j bel[ ! coal4#h ,x is n until we get above ! coal into ! oolite or egg-/one rocks t /ill l>g] & altoge!r sup]ior animals1 bo? ( sea & l&1 began to increase1 & ?is is call$ ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! reptile age because !re 7 su* numb]s ( animals l crocodiles1 liz>ds1 & tortoises 7:i* are all reptiles71 & "s ( !m 7 ( imm5se size4 ,= in/ance1 !re 0 a huge creature some?+ l a frog1 b z l>ge z a ,%etl& pony1 call$ ! ,labyr9?odon1 ) a great _m curi\s tee?1 & ?is animal has left footpr9ts 9 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one :i* h be5 dri$ & buri$1 we c't tell h[ long1 & !re are ! cracks made by ! sun dry+ ! place he walk$ ov] :5 t 0 s(t e>?4 ,!re is a draw+ ( "s ( ^! foot/eps 9 ! picture on ! next page1 & !re are also ! footpr9ts ( a l>ge bird1 & y c see :]e he walk$ ov] ! s(t e>? & made a long l9e ( footm>ks2 & if y look at ! footpr9ts ( birds on ! sn[ or mud n[ y w notice m>ks j l ^!4 ,!n !re is ano!r picture ( a s+le footpr9t ( a l>ge bird1 & all ^? r\nd dots are :]e ra9-drops fell & left _! m>ks 9 ! s(t e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 7#a7 ,footpr9ts ( ,labyr9?odon4 7#c7 ,footpr9ts ( ,birds1 7#b7 ) m>ks ( ,ra9-drops4 ,i d>e say y w wond] h[ x is t ^! footpr9ts h n disappe>$4 ,well1 :5 ! animals & birds t made !m _h gone ! m>ks became fill$ ) dry s&1 no d\bt bl[n 9 by ! w9d1 & !n ! mud dri$ h>d1 & at la/ x became cov]$ ) o!r e>?s & sank sl[ly d[n1 j z ! coal =e/s _h done be=e1 & rema9$ !re until we dug x up ) ^! tracks ( ! birds & animals t liv$ !n4 ,"s ( ^! birds mu/ h be5 l>g] ?an any liv+ n[1 because _! footm>ks are s long4 ,none ( _! bones h be5 f\nd yet1 ,i believe1 b pl5ty ( ! tee? & "s bones ( ! labyr9?odon h4 ,! real footm>ks1 ( c\rse1 are v l>ge1 ?\gh !y are small 9 ! picture4#i ,9 ! great b$s ( ,lias !re are _m o!r /range animals1 & among !m are two great fi%-liz>ds call$ ! ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus4 ,bo? ( ^! liv$ 9 ! wat] & p]haps came on l& sometimes1 & x is c]ta9 t !y mu/ h be5 v f]oci\s creatures1 f _! great size & %>p tee?4 ,! plesiosaurus w\ld be able to raise 8 long neck above ! wat] & snap at "s ( ^? curi\s birds r l bats :i* liv$ at ! "t1 & ( :i* ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly4 ,"s ( ^! fi%-liz>ds 7 z l>ge z :ales1 & _! bodies h be5 s beautifully pres]v$ 9 ! lime/one rocks t we c actually sometimes f9d 9 _! /oma*s ! food !y liv$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,i*?yosaurus4 ,plesiosaurus4 ,,fi%-,,reptiles4 ,n[ we h got to a high] ord] ( creation /ill1 ^! fi%-liz>ds1 & !y rem9d "o ( ! next /ep 9 progress--birds4 ,y "k t all birds lay eggs1 s d almo/ all reptiles1 su* z crocodiles1 liz>ds1 & mo/ snakes1 s t !y are alike 9 ?is4 ,!n ! plesiosaurus ) 8 long neck rem9ds u ( su* birds z ! h]on & ! swan1 b he is altoge!r m l a reptile ?an ei!r a fi% or a bird4 ,!re 7 also huge l& reptiles1 :i* liv$ 9 ! =e/s ( ! "t1 & mu/ h be5 a t]ror to ! small] animals4 ,f ! bones ( "o ( ^! :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! oolite clays ne> ,weym\? 9 ,dorset%ire 7! ,cetiosaurus71 we see t x mu/ h be5 ne>ly z l>ge z an elephant1 & !re are o!rs call$ ! ,megalosaurus1 ,d9osaurus1 c4 ,all ^! names end ) saurus1 a "n tak5 f ! ,greek ^w mean+ liz>d2 & y w see n[ :y ! oolite1 or 8,jurassic0#aj age1 z x is sometimes call$1 is well nam$ ! 8reptile age10 = ^! creatures sw>m$ on ! l& & 9 ! sea4 ,specim5s ( ^! y c see = y\rselves 9 ! cases on ! walls ( ! ?ird room 9 ! ,nor? ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e all ! fossils are collect$4 ,b /ill m extraord9>y animals ?an any ( ^! liv$ at ! "t1 & we c sc>cely tell :e!r !y 7 birds or reptiles1 z !y 7 some?+ l bo?1 b ,i suppose we mu/ call !m fly+ reptiles1 & !y are ! ne>e/ approa* to birds t _h yet exi/$4 ,^! creatures are call$ ,pt]odactyles1 f two ,greek words :i* mean 8w+-f+]$40 ,suppose ! little f+]s ( bo? y\r h&s 7 a y>d long] ?an ! o!rs1 & suppose a ?ick lea!ry sk9 0 /ret*$ f ! tips ( y\r long little f+]s to ea* ( y\r feet1 y w\ld h w+s some?+ l a pt]odactyl & also some?+ l ! w+s ( a bat4 ,b ! pt]odactyl _h a long neck & a long beak-l m\?1 full ( long %>p po9t$ tee?4 ,x c\ld n walk mu* ,i ?9k1 b x c\ld hang itself up by its h9d limbs to a tree or rock1 head d[nw>ds l a bat1 & mu/ h be5 able to fly v /rongly1 ) its huge lea!ry w+s1 b x _h no fea!rs4 ,!re 7 sw>ms ( ^! curi\s half liz>d half bird-l animals on ! l&1 & !y 7 ( all sizes1 "s no bigg] ?an a cr[1 & "s z l>ge z ! albatross1 measur+ twelve feet across _! out/ret*$ w+s4 ,_! skeletons are "s ( ! commone/ fossils 9 ! oolite rocks1 all ?r\gh ! great reptile age4#aa ,n[ y see we h come to a reptile t c fly1 b1 except+ = its w+s & "s ( its bones1 m l a crocodile ?an a bird4 ,a little fur!r on we f9d ano!r curi\s animal 9 ! oolite rocks1 :i* is mu* m l a true bird ?an ! pt]odactyl1 because x _h fea!r$ w+s4 ,x is call$ ! ,ar*opt]yx1 :i* means 8anci5t w+10 & ,i h giv5 a picture ( x on ! same page z ! pt]odactyl1 s t y may comp>e !m toge!r4 ,! blade-bone & 8m]ry-?\ght0 ( ?is creature 7 exactly l ^? ( a bird1 & s 7 ! feet & legs1 :i* w\ld enable x to walk easily1 or p]* on ! bran* ( a tree1 b ! tail 0 long & _m-jo9t$ l t ( a liz>d1 ) a fan ( fea!rs gr[+ on ea* side ( x1 & %ort fea!r$ w+s4 ,!n x mo/ likely _h tee? l a liz>d1 & !re 7 %ort claws at ! b5d ( ! w+s4 ,?is bird-reptile 0 ab\t ! size ( a cr[1 & 0 ! fir/ we "k ( ) fea!rs1 & ! lime/one rock has pres]v$ x mo/ beautifully ?r\gh all ! long ages :i* h pass$ s9ce x flitt$ ov] ! l& ( ! oolite p]iod4#ab ,lat] /ill ?an ^!1 !re liv$ 9 ,am]ica1 ab\t ! "t ! *alk 0 =m$ 9 ,engl&1 two /range birds call$ ,hesp]ornis & ,i*?yornis1 bo? ( :i* _h tee? 9 ! jaws4 ,! =m] 0 an imm5se fell[ l ! p5gu91 ) %ort w+s1 & ! latt] 0 ab\t ! size ( a pigeon ) l>ge fea!r$ w+s4 ,!y are f9d+ m ( ^! curi\s creatures e n[ & !n 9 ,am]ica4 ,"s are )\t tee?1 & h a horny bill l t ( a real bird1 & 9 o!r ways m ne>ly resemble liv+ birds2 /ill !y h n lo/ ! appe>ance ( reptiles 9 _! pr9cipal bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,pt]odactyl 7,w+-f+]74 ,ar*opt]yx 7,anci5t-w+74 ,i h be5 p>ticul> 9 describ+ "s ( ^! fi%-liz>ds & bird-reptiles2 because !y1 or _! ne> relations1 7 ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( l& & sea f ! end ( ! coal p]iod to ! end ( ! *alk1 ?\gh !re 7 ( c\rse sw>ms ( fi%es & %ell-fi%2 b ,i ought to tell y t ev5 s e>ly z ?is !re 0 at lea/ "o animal kn[n :i* suckl$ its "y ones1 & ?is 0 a small insect-eat+ creature n l>g] ?an a rat1 ( ! same family 7call$ ,m>supial7 z ! kang>oo ( ,au/ralia1 :i* c>ries its "y ones 9 a pocket or p\* 9 its sk94 ,all ?is "t we h be5 hunt+ = p>ts ( 8! puzzle0 9 ^? anci5t oolite rocks betwe5 ! coal & ! *alk1 & ^? we h f\nd are v important4 ,we h se5 ! sl[ progress f simple sea %ells to simple fi%es1 & !n onw>ds to fi%-liz>ds & bird-reptiles ) "o little m>supial animal1 ( a f> high] k9d1 9 betwe51 z if to tell u be=eh& :at m complete & p]fect animals we might expect by-&-by4 ,aft] ! fi%es we h f\nd fi%-liz>ds1 !n bird-reptiles ) w+s1 b no fea!rs1 & lat] /ill a bird-reptile ) w+ & tail fea!rs4 ,h[ diff]5t ! life ( ! ,e>? 0 at ! end ( ! 8reptile age0 ( ! oolite rocks1 to ! f> back ,laur5tian "t :5 "o little creature1 our old fri5d eozon1 alone held possession ( ! seas6 ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,p]iod4 ,n[ let u look into ! rocks next above1 & see :at is to be f\nd !re4 ,we h arriv$ 9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 or "t :5 ! *alk 0 =m$4#ac ,y rememb] ,i told y y might call ?is 8=am9if]a e>?0 because s mu* ( x 0 made up ( ! %ells ( ^! t9y animals1 ?\s&s ( :i* c\ld be put into a ?imble4 ,:5ev] y make a m>k ) a piece ( draw+ *alk y rub (f a numb] ( !m1 & y w see :at pretty little creatures !y 7 if y look at ! draw+s ( "s ( !m on ! next page z !y are se5 "u ! microscope1 magnifi$ ?\s&s ( times _! natural size2 b !re are o!rs ( diff]5t %apes4 ,on ! same page too !re is a h&some %ell1 call$ an ammonite1 & ( its real size1 common 9 *alk rocks4 ,! seas ( ! "t mu/ h be5 v deep z ,i h expla9$ be=e1 & ! *alk conta9s numb]s ( bones ( fi%es ev]y:]e1 & _m ( ! rema9s ( ! reptile-l creatures ( ! "t be=e4 ,corals1 sea-ur*9s1 crabs1 c41 ab\nd$1 & z y c sc>cely ev] see *alk )\t imm5se fl9t /ones 9 x1 y may suppose :at millions ( sponges liv$ on ! rocks1 = ^! fl9ts are p>tly made up ( _! fossil bodies4#ad ,ano!r ,cretace\s p]iod is beg9n+ n[ at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 :]e x is deep en\gh to cov] ! ,alps1 = ^! little =am9if]a are liv+ on ! surface 9 c\ntless millions1 & day by day _! fossil %ells are settl+ d[n to ! bottom & =m+ a s(t grey mud1 full ( ! c>bonate ( lime l *alk4 ,! climate ( ! ,cretace\s age 0 mild & pleasant1 z we "k f ! k9d ( animals 9 ! seas4 ,sl[ly ! wat] began to get %all[] & %all[] by ! upheaval ( ! b$1 & at la/ ! bottom ( ?is mighty *alk ocean came up to ! light & sun1 to be cov]$ 9 "s places ) ! drift & worn p>ticles ( old] rocks swept ov] x by riv]s1 & to receive new plants & new animals1 & 9 "s places to rema9 almo/ b>e1 z x is on ! d[ns ( ,brighton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii4 ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,*alk4 #a ,ammonite4 #b #c #d ,=am9if]a 7,*alk-build]s74 ,n[ we take "o m /ep upw>ds into almo/ a new _w--! _w on :i* mighty animals liv$1 & :i* man came to %>e ) !m4 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,p]iod4 ,! reign ( ! reptiles is n[ pass$4 ,! i*?yosaurus & pt]odactyl no long] inhabit$ ! seas & cont95ts4 ,great *anges _h tak5 place 9 ! %ape ( ! l&4 ,a riv] l>g] ?an ! ,rh9e swept maje/ically ?r\gh ,engl& f ! bord]s ( ,wales "r out into ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & its banks 7 cov]$ ) =e/s & m>%es1 :]e ! new animals :i* _h come to take possession ( ! e>? liv$ & mov$ & _h _! be+4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! ,pyr5ees 7 rais$ above ! sea1 & p>ts ( ,surrey & ,sussex appe>$ too4 ,x 0 mo/ likely 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod t ! /one 0 =m$ ( :i* almo/ all ,p>is is built4 ,fancy a great city built ( ! %ells ( dead animals6 ,"o c sc>cely believe x3 b ! microscope lets u into ?is secret ( ,nature4 ,if we take a piece ( ?is /one & exam9e x 9 a p[]ful microscope we see t x is made almo/ entirely ( t9y %ells1 s small t myriads ( !m c\ld be pack$ 9 a nut-%ell4 ,h[ long mu/ !y h be5 work+ to make all ! /one b$s ( :i* ,p>is is built8 ,we _c measure ! "t1 we c only "k x mu/ h be5 enorm\s6 ,all k9ds ( animals bo? ( sea & l& increas$ 9 numb]s & p]fection4 ,! ammonites 7 dead1 b _! ev5 m beautiful relation1 ! nautilus1 0 liv+ z x is n[4 ,! trilobite 0 gone1 b 8 next relation1 ! lob/] & crab1 appe>$4 ,fi%es ab\nd$4 ,:ales :i* suckle _! "y ones appe>$1 & ! numb]s ( v]tebrata1 or animals ) backbones1 7 m num]\s ?an !y _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,j z animals ) bones are m p]fect ?an ^? ) only sk9s or %ells1 s animals :i* suckle _! "y ones are m p]fect ?an ^? :i* only lay eggs4 ,?us ! :ale is a m p]fect animal ?an ! %>k1 ?\gh bo? inhabit ! wat]2 & elephants & ev5 rats & mice m p]fect /ill2 & because !re 7 s _m ( ^! 8suckl]s10 or mammalia z !y are call$1 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 we "k t all liv+ creatures 7 becom+ m p]fect4 ,x w int]e/ y too to le>n t monkeys began to appe> n[1 & t !y 7 common 9 ,france1 :ile at ! pres5t "t ! only "p ( ,europe :]e !y are to be f\nd is on ! rock ( ,gibralt>4 ,b ,i want p>ticul>ly to tell y ( ! giant animals--! ,mammo?1 ,ma/odon1 ,mega!rium1 ,d9o!rium1 & o!rs1 & fir/ let u see :at ! mammo? 0 l4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 p accid5tally f\nd ! bones ( ^! animals1 !y actually ?\ght !y _h belong$ to giant m51 & we c sc>cely wond] at t3 b we "k bett]4 ,if only "o small bone is %[n to ,pr(essor ,ow5 or ,pr(essor ,huxley1 he c tell at once :e!r x belong$ to a man or an animal1 a fi% or a bird1 & v (t5 ! p>ticul> animal too4 ,well1 ! bones ( ! mammo? 7 f\nd 9 ! nor? ( ,russia on ! banks ( ! riv] ,l5a 9 #ahjj3 b ! ,russians knew ( !m be=e t1 & ! "n !y gave ! animal means 8e>?10 because !y suppos$ x burr[$ 9 ! e>? l a mole4 ,?is "o is n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & its br[ni% coat & long black hairs1 & ev5 ! ho(s & "s ( ! fle%1 c be di/9ctly se54 ,! draw+ 9 ! frontispiece is tak5 f x4 ,x 0 /range t any p c\ld h suppos$ t ?is huge creature1 l>g] ?an an elephant & ) great curv$ tusks t5 feet long & weigh+ #afj lbs41 c\ld h got und]gr\nd ( its own accord3 b t 0 ! only way 9 :i* !y c\ld acc\nt = f9d+ x buri$ 9 ! e>? on ! banks ( ! riv]s4 ,look at ! picture 9 ! frontispiece2 :at a spl5did animal he 01 ?is old elephant2 l>g] & /rong] ?an any liv+ elephants6 ,imm5se quantities ( _! bones are f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 & ! tusks & tee? are br\ght 9 %ip-loads to ,engl&1 :]e !y are sold = _! ivory4 ,_! skeletons h be5 f\nd 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe1 9 _m p>ts ( ,asia1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ^! animals mu/ h be5 common at "o "t ne> ,london1 = _! bones h be5 dug up 9 ! brick e>? at ,il=d 9 ,essex & o!r places ne> ! ,?ames4 ,!re is a skull ) tusks set up ) iron supports 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ae ,!re 0 besides ano!r animal v mu* l ?is call$ ! ,ma/odon2 b x _h tusks 9 ! l[] jaws z well z ! upp]1 f\r 9 all1 & ! l[] tusks dropp$ out :5 ! animal grew old4 ,! :ole skeleton ( "o ( ^! is also put up 9 ! ,museum1 :i* y ought to g & see4#af ,ma/odons' bones h be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl& & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica & ,india1 s t !y 7 spread pretty well all ov] ! _w4 ,!y _h v curi\s po9t$ tee? r l a lot ( fir cones pil$ toge!r1 n flat gr9d]s l ^? ( ! mammo? & all liv+ elephants1 & p]haps !y f$ ^u fruits & nuts1 & b\ghs1 z ,i d n ?9k !y c\ld h manag$ well to *ew grass & leaves ) su* po9t$ tee?4 ,! tee? 9 _! old dead jaws are /ill beautifully :ite & look l *9a4 ,bo? ! mammo? & ! ma/odon _h long trunks ( c\rse1 & !y mu/ h be5 gr& look+ creatures m>*+ ab\t 9 ! ,engli% =e/s4 ,we %\ld be v mu* />tl$ if we 7 to meet "o ( !m n[ 9 an ,engli% wood3 b !re is no *ance ( t1 !y h all pass$ away1 & ! only relations !y h liv+ are ! elephants ( ,africa & ,asia4 ,dur+ ?is ,t]ti>y p]iod1 or at lea/ ! e>ly "p ( x1 besides ! mammo? & ma/odon1 ! hippopotamus & rh9oc]os 7 pl5tiful ab\t ! ,?ames4 ,^? same ,il=d m>%es 9 ,essex h be5 a complete /oreh\se ( ! rema9s ( ^! animals4 ,! bones ( a hundr$ diff]5t mammo?s & eighty rh9oc]oses h be5 dug up lately f ! damp1 black soil1 z well z _m belong+ to ! hippopotamus1 & we c h no d\bt t all ! swamps along ! nor? side ( ! riv] 7 inhabit$ by l>ge h]ds ( ^! huge bea/s1 or s _m ( _! skeletons c\ld n h be5 collect$ 9 "o place4 ,x is v likely !y 7 ov]tak5 9 a flood ( ! riv] & dr[n$1 & _! bodies sank d[n 9 ! mud ( ! riv] bank3 b anyh[1 !re !y are to tell u t !y liv$ & di$ almo/ )9 sight ( ! ,t[] ( ,london1 if x _h be5 built !n1 z ( c\rse x 0 n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4 ,gigantic ,iri% ,/ag 7,c]vus ,megac]os74 ,long long ago too1 be=e !re 0 a s+le brick :]e ,london /&s1 & :5 ! few human be+s :o 7 liv+ 7 oblig$ to hide !mselves 9 caves1 great lions might h be5 he>d ro>+ at night 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,?ames ,valley4 ,! bones ( ?is lion h be5 f\nd 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 & a t]rible fell[ he mu/ h be51 = "s ( 8 can9e tee? 7! long %>p tee? 9 cats & dogs7 7 m ?an six in*es long4 ,inde$ !y 7 l small swords1 & ?is is :y he has be5 call$ ! 8sabre-too!d0 lion4 ,!re 7 also be>s1 l ! great grisly be> ( ,am]ica1 & leop>ds1 hy5as1 & wolves1 & besides two k9ds ( ox f> l>g] ?an ^? we h n[4 ,b "o ( ! h&some/ animals 0 ! great ,iri% /ag4 ,:5 /&+ upright ! top ( 8 horns w\ld be z high z two tall m54 ,he 0 inde$ a f9e fell[ ) 8 imm5se spread+ antl]s4 ,! de] 9 our p>ks w\ld look dw>fs beside him4 ,he inhabit$ bo? ,engl& & ,irel&3 b1 be+ f\nd m (t5 9 ,irel&1 he has got ! "n ( ! ,iri% /ag4 ,z _m z ?irty ( ! skeletons ( ^! /ags h be5 f\nd toge!r "u a bog 9 ,irel&1 & 9 "s ( ! bones ! m>r[ is /ill pres]v$1 & !y burn well4 ,f5ces h be5 made ( ^! bones 9 ,irel&1 & :5 ! p ( a small village 9 ! c\nty ( ,antrim he>d ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo !y made a great bonfire ( ! bones & horns ( ! ,iri% /ag to rejoice ov] ! victory4 ,i d>e say ^! /ags 7 hunt$ by wolves1 & p]haps driv5 on to ! ice ( anci5t lakes1 :]e !y broke ?r\gh & got dr[n$1 = s _m ( _! skeletons are f\nd toge!r4 ,i c\ld n pass ?is magnific5t /ag by )\t giv+ y a picture ( him4#ag ,he 0 a mu* nobl] look+ animal ?an ! re9de]1 :i* liv$ along ) him at ! "t 9 ,engl&1 & f 8 appe>ance ,i %\ld say he 0 a swift runn] & great fight]4 ,"s antl]s h be5 f\nd lock$ toge!r1 j z ^! /ags di$ 9 mortal combat1 & ,i nev] see ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]'s beautiful picture ( two r$-de] /ags fight+ )\t ?9k+ :at a gr& sight x w\ld h be5 to see two ( ^! great ,iri% /ags ru%+ at ea* o!r ) _! p[]ful horns4 ,n "o ( ^? animals is liv+ n[1 & none ( !m is m5tion$ 9 any hi/ory or tradition :atev]1 & ?\gh !re is no d\bt t m5 liv+ 9 ,europe saw ! mammo? alive 7z y w f9d 9 ! next *apt]71 !y knew ( no k9d ( writ+ 9 :i* to tell u ( !m2 ^! fossils are ! only records left1 b !y speak pla9ly en\gh ( ! "t :5 ,engl& & ! :ole ( ,europe 7 inhabit$ by ^! races ( huge animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4 ,! ,mega!rium4 ,n[ ,i mu/ c>ry y away to ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e !re are m wond]s4 ,if ,i 7 to tell y ( all ! s+ul> mon/]s p h f\nd 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s !re x w\ld make a book ( itself4 ,y "k :at l>ge riv]s !re are 9 t c\ntry1 & h[ !y run = ?\s&s ( miles ?r\gh almo/ flat pla9s call$ 8,pampas40 ,well1 ^! riv]s h (t5 *ang$ _! b$s by cutt+ new *annels 9 ! s(t soil4 ,! old dry b$s ( ! riv]s are ! bury+-places ( "s mo/ curi\s animals1 b ,i h n room to tell y ab\t m ?an "o ( !m at pres5t4 ,he is call$ ! ,mega!rium1 :i* means 8great bea/40 ,8 size & /r5g? 7 enorm\s4 ,! l>ge/ hippopotamus looks small by 8 side4 ,8 leg bones are bigg] ?an y\r body4 ,he 0 m l ! slo? ?an any o!r liv+ animal1 b he c\ld n climb4 ,he /ood on ^? huge1 broad h9d feet1 ) 8 /rong tail z a sort ( ?ird leg1 & tore d[n ! bran*es ( ! trees to fe$ on1 or ev5 root$ !m up to get at ! leaves4 ,/&+ by 8 skeleton 9 ! ,briti% ,museum#ah "o feels q a %rimp1 & he looks /rong en\gh to walk away com=tably ) an elephant on 8 back4 ,ano!r imm5se animal inhabit$ ,s\? ,am]ica at ! "t1 :i* geologi/s h call$ ,d9o!rium1 or 8dreadful bea/40#ai ,he 0 a relation ( ! ma/odon1 b 8 tusks 7 v curi\s4 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 ! upp] jaw & turn$ upw>ds !y /uck out f ! l[] jaw & curv$ d[nw>ds1 giv+ him a v odd appe>ance4 ,he mo/ probably _h a trunk l ! mammo? or ma/odon1 b p]haps n s long4 ,all ^! ( c\rse 7 vegetable fe$]s4 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod is s rem>kable = ! numb]s ( animals m or less relat$ to elephants & spread all ov] ! _w1 t we might almo/ call x ! 8elephant age10 z ! oolite has be5 nam$ ! 8reptile age40 ,^! elephant9e animals ab\nd$ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ?\gh none ( ?is k9d h yet be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia & ,africa1 ,i _c help ?9k+ !y w be discov]$ 9 ,africa at all ev5ts1 = !re is no d\bt t ,africa & ,europe 7 once jo9$4 ,au/ralia y "k possesses t animal s unlike all o!rs t :5 we fir/ see x we are q a/oni%$--! kang>oo4 ,! bones ( a huge fossil kang>oo h be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia :i* mu/ h /ood f\rte5 or fifte5 feet high ,i %\ld ?9k :5 on its h9d legs1 or m ?an twice z l>ge z any liv+ n[4#bj ,!n !re 7 giant birds 9 ,new ,zeal& 7some?+ l ! o/ri*7 call$ d9ornis or 8dreadful bird40 ,^! fell[s _h no w+s1 & !y mu/ h be5 v mu* tall] ?an ! o/ri* or emu4 ,to look at _! leg bones y w\ld ?9k !y 7 ! bones ( ox5 in/ead ( birds1 !y are s imm5sely ?ick & /rong4 ,i d n ?9k any ( ^! are liv+ n[1 because !y h be5 s\ght = c>efully1 & none ( ! natives ev5 c say t !y h se5 "o4 ,b _! skeletons are common 9 ! surface e>?1 & _! bones1 crack$ to get ! m>r[ out ( !m1 are (t5 dug out ( ! heaps ( refuse collect$ ab\t anci5t cook+ places4 ,s t !y 7 us$ = food1 & p]haps !y h n be5 ext9ct--t is to say1 di$ out--m ?an a few hundr$ ye>s2 & ?is is m likely because fea!rs are sometimes atta*$ to ! rema9s1 & undecay$ s9ews on ! feet4 ,a human skeleton has be5 f\nd 9 a grave 9 ,new ,zeal&1 too1 ) ! egg ( "o betwe5 its arms1 & little piles ( pebbles are (t5 se5 among _! bones1 :]e ! /oma* w\ld be1 :i* ! bird swall[$ to dige/ its food1 j z _m birds d n[4 ,! natives call$ x ! ,moa1 & !y h "s traditions ab\t x1 &1 all ?+s consid]$1 x is probably "o ( ! mo/ rec5t fossil animals1 & t is ! reason :y ,i h left x to ! la/4#ba ,n[ ,i d>e say y w wi% to "k :5 ! animals liv+ n[ took ! place ( ^? ,i h describ$1 & :i* h all pass$ away4 ,?is _c be told ) c]ta9ty1 b y w see 9 ! 8,human ,"p0 t ,m5 7 liv+ :5 ! mammo?1 ma/odon1 & "s o!r ext9ct animals1 inhabit$ ! ,e>?1 & t ! re9de]1 ox1 be>1 wolf1 hy5a1 c41 h surviv$ to ! pres5t day4 ,?r\gh\t ^! imm5se p]iods ( "t !re are gaps :i* we _c yet fill up4 ,no "o c yet say1 = in/ance1 :5 ! la/ ( ! mammo?s disappe>$1 & ! fir/ ( _! ne> relations1 ! ,indian & ,african elephants1 took _! place4 ,^! are ! miss+ p>ts ( 8! puzzle ( life0 :i* y may p]haps "o ( ^! days f9d :5 y come to /udy ! subject1 & :5 y h le>n$ all t is kn[n at pres5t4 ,b y may be sure ( ?is1 t ?r\gh\t all "t !re has be5 progress1 ! l[] =ms ( animal life h be5 foll[$ by m p]fect =ms z ! ,e>? grew old]4 ,x is true ! l[] =ms ( life h n all di$ out4 ,^! imp]fect animals h run ?r\gh all ! ages--! *alk build] ( ! ,cretace\s age lives 9 ! ocean n[--& !re are _m o!r simple animals :i* liv$ 9 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one times1 & are n ext9ct yet1 b :]ev] a sup]ior k9d ( animal has pass$ away ano!r m p]fect has tak5 its place4 ,?is w be se5 at once if we comp>e ! 8,reptile ,age0 ) ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! great i*?yosaurus1 plesiosaurus1 & pt]odactyl are gone1 b n[ we h ! m p]fect crocodiles & birds4 ,! mammo? is gone1 b we h ! elephant4 ,!re are no giant mosses or t[]+ tree f]ns1 b our =e/ trees are m p]fect & m v>i$4 ,! plants :i* =m$ ! coal =e/s & once clo!d ! ,e>? ) beauty h dw9dl$ away to ! l[ly =ms :i* we mu/ /oop to exam9e 9 swamps1 & ^! humble plants are all ! surviv+ relatives ( _! once noble family4 ,! lordly oaks & elms1 /rong]1 & ev5 m lovely 9 ! sweet drap]y ( _! foliage1 & mu* bett] fitt$ = our use1 h succe$$ all ^? s(t-/emm$ plants :i* grew s fa/ & 7 ! be/ possible k9d = =m+ coal4 ,:5 y are able to /udy :at is call$ comp>ative anatomy y w see h[ wond]ful ! plan ( creation is1 & h[ beautifully x has be5 work$ out by its great ,design]4 ,y w see 9 ! bones ( ! reptiles ( ! oolite rocks a prophecy z x 7 ( ! birds & animals :i* 7 to come4 ,:at c\ld be m prophetic ( animals ) ! p[] ( p]fect flight ?an ! lea!r-w+$ pt]odactyl1 half liz>d & half bird8 ,9 "s ( ^! animals y w see bones only half =m$1 & useless to t creature1 :i* 7 br\ght to p]fection 9 lat] times1 & became ! mo/ important "p ( ! body4 ,x is v difficult = me to make all ?is pla9 to y1 b if y are really int]e/$ 9 x y w g to a museum :]e ! fossils are collect$1 & !n ,i am v mu* mi/ak5 if y d n f9d a new & /range _w op5$ to y4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,num]\s specim5s 9 ,case ,no4 #g1 ,room ,v4 #h ,specim5s ( fossil fi%es f v>i\s rocks 9 ,wall-case ,no4 #a1 ,room ,,ii4 #i ,see examples 9 ! l>ge ,wall-cases 9 ,rooms ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii41 ,nor? ,gall]y4 #aj ,s call$ because ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ! ,jura ,alps 0 rais$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 #aa ,sev]al specim5s 9 ,room ,,iii41 & 9 ,table-case ,no4 #af1 ,room ,,iv4 #ab ,wall-case ,no4 #aa 9 ,room ,,iii41 sev]al specim5s1 imp]fect4 #ac ,f ! ,lat9 ^w 8creta10 mean+ *alk4 #ad ,ammonites 9 ! ,table-cases 9 ,rooms ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,= enl>g$ models ( =am9if]a1 see ,case ,no4 #ae 9 ,room ,v4 #ae ,room ,,vi41 ,nor? ,gall]y4 #af ,9 ! same room4 #ag ,complete specim5s ( male & female 9 ! middle ( ,room ,v4 #ah ,room ,,vi4 #ai ,head & tusks 9 ,wall-case ,no4 #b1 ,room ,,vi4 #bj ,skull 9 ,wall-case ,no4 #a1 ,room ,,vi4 #ba ,sev]al specim5s 9 ,wall-case ,no4 #aa1 ,room ,,iii4 ,,! ,,human ,,"p4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human race is ( c\rse ev5 m int]e/+ ?an t ( ! plants & animals :i* liv$ s long be=e man & prep>$ ! way = him1 because man is ! 8cr[n ( creation40 ,:5 fir/ plac$ on ?is ,e>? he mu/ h be5 b little sup]ior to ! animals 9 8 outw>d life1 ?\gh he _h v diff]5t p[]s )9 him4 ,he c\ld ga!r ! fruits ( ! ,e>? l !m1 & p]haps us$ "s ( ! small] creatures z food1 b he c\ld d little m4 ,he sc>cely knew t he possess$ ! faculties :i* w\ld 9 "t make him "l ( ! ,e>? & ! creatures inhabit+ x4 ,by sl[ & pa9ful exp]i5ce he 0 to ga!r ^? /ores ( k t 7 to enable him to ov]come difficulties1 to provide him ) %elt] f ! wea!r & protection f dang]\s animals1 give increas+ com=t & p[]1 & set him s f> above all o!r creat$ ?+s4 ,he f\nd plants & animals = 8 use1 & ! dwell+s 9 caves & holes ready made by ,nature4 ,he c\ld nei!r build h\ses nor make weapons4 ,! fir/ weapon he ev] us$ probably 0 a /one1 :i* he c\ld ?r[ at small animals4 ,!n he w\ld f9d out t long1 %>p-po9t$ /icks c\ld be ?r[n l spe>s1 & he also f\nd t a long pliant piece ( wood :5 b5t w\ld fly back1 & 9 ?is he w\ld see a means ( ?r[+ small] po9t$ /icks l arr[s1 & ,i d>e say ! discov]y ( ! way ( mak+ a b[ ) a /r+ ( twi/$ animal sk9 0 a great inv5tion1 & x c]ta9ly w\ld be a v valuable "o4 ,_m g5]ations mu/ h pass$ away be=e he got ev5 z f> z ?is4 ,x is v easy = u1 :o see b[s & arr[s f our *ildhood1 to und]/& _! use at once3 b ! fir/ human inhabitants ( ! _w _h to f9d !m out = !mselves4 ,!y began ) no k at all4 ,! bea/s ( ! field & ! fruits ( ! ,e>? 7 giv5 !m1 b !y c\ld ,,make no?+4 ,!y _h n ev5 ! natural cov]+ ( hair1 or wool1 or fea!rs1 :i* animals & birds h1 & !y mu/ fir/ h clo!d !mselves ) sk9s ( ^!4 ,! wants ( _! daily life 7 s great t !y _h no "t to ?9k ( any?+ else1 b :5 x became easi] to satisfy ^! bodily wants _! m9ds turn$ to o!r ?+s4 ,!y mu/ h se5 t :5 ! se$s & fruits ( plants fall ^u ! gr\nd !y gr[ & produce ! same k9d ( plant1 b !y did n at fir/ ?9k ( ga!r+ a great numb] ( ^! se$s & s[+ !m 9 "o place & mak+ a g>d54 ,!y c\ld w&] ab\t & ga!r all !y ne$$ z !y became ripe1 = !re 7 few p !n4 ,_! life 0 l t ( ! lilies ( ! field1 !y 8toil$ n nei!r did !y sp910 z ,*ri/ says ( ! fl[]s1 b :5 !y began to increase 9 numb] some?+ m 0 want$4 ,p began to feel some?+ )9 !m :i* we call 8intellect10 & ?is mu/ be satisfi$4 ,x 0 n en\gh to live z if !y 7 no nobl] ?an ! animals4 ,some?+ /irr$ 9 _! m9ds :i* told !m !y mu/ n /& /ill4 ,! ,creator has made bo? u & ! wood & /one & metals1 & has giv5 to u ! p[] to make o!r ?+s out ( !m4 ,?us we are ne>] to ,him 9 p[] ?an any ( ! animals :o _c *ange ! r\gh mat]ials into o!r =ms4 ,we admire ! simple & really beautiful ne/ ( ! bird1 b we feel t our p[] is great] :5 we consid] our spl5did build+s & /eam-eng9es1 our %ips1 & our _m conque/s ov] difficulties4 ,b if we did n use ^! great] p[]s ( m9d & h& well1 we %\ld f9d !m gr[ weak] & weak] until we might almo/ lose !m4 ,y may easily suppose t !re 0 a "t :5 m5 c\ld n write1 & !re 7 no books ( any k9d1 nor any o!r means ( ex*ang+ ?\ghts except ?r\gh spok5 language4 ,! e>lie/ hi/ories ab\t ! human race always speak ( m5 :o liv$ be=e ^? hi/ories 7 writt54 ,we h no?+ ab\t ! e>lie/ m5 writt5 by !mselves4 ,x is always someone else :o writes ( !m1 ref]r+ to _! de$s1 & to ev5ts :i* happ5$ long be=e4 ,! art ( writ+ has gr[n up gradually & v sl[ly1 = :5 ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>? became num]\s !y felt ! ne$ ( "s way ( express+ !mselves to ^? at a di/ance f !m1 & = mak+ a record ( ?+s t happ5$ & might be =gott54 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ means ( writ+ 7 by pictures1 l ! picture writ+s ( ,mexico#bb f\nd by ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 & some?+ ( ! same k9d is ev5 n[ us$ by ! ,*9ese & ,japanese4 ,_! writ+ is made up p>tly ( pictures & p>tly ( que] signs :i* /& = ! names ( ?+s1 z y "k if y h ev] se5 "o ( _! books4 ,"o ( ! olde/ =ms ( writ+ kn[n is ! hi]oglyphic1 :i* is said to h be5 fir/ us$ by ! ,egyptians ab\t #b1ajj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & ano!r is ! arr[-%ap$ writ+ ( ! ,assyrians4 ,^! 7 cut on /one & metal tablets1 & mo/ ( !m are ! hi/ories ( _! k+s4 ,b !re are "s writ+s on /one 9 ,india :i* are ?\ght to be old] /ill4 ,! ,egyptians made great progress 9 writ+ aft]w>ds :5 papyrus 0 inv5t$4#bc ,?is is a k9d ( pap] made f a re$ :i* gr[s abundantly 9 ! riv] ,nile1 & _m ( ^! papyrus writ+s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 z well z ! writ+s on /one ( ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians1 & le>n$ m5 h spell$ out a great deal ( ! hi/ory ( ^! nations f !m1 ?\gh ! language is q diff]5t f any spok5 or writt5 n[4 ,picture writ+ 0 mo/ likely "o ( ! e>lie/ inv5tions 9 ?is way3 b x 0 s tr\blesome t signs 7 us$ to express ! same ?+s z ! picture4 ,= in/ance1 suppose a hi/ory ( a k+ 0 to be writt54 ,! ^w 8k+0 w\ld be %[n by some?+ he always wore1 su* z 8 cr[n1 & ?is sign w\ld become m simple until at la/ x might n be any?+ l a cr[n2 b x w\ld be rememb]$ t ! sign /ood = a k+ all ! same4 ,! fir/ lett] ( ! ,hebrew alphabet1 aleph1 means an ox1 & ! lett] is some?+ l ! %ape ( ! head ( t animal ) its horns2 & ano!r lett]1 call$ %91 :i* 9 ,hebrew means a too?1 is actually v l a too? ) ?ree po9ts4 ,9 _m languages ^! signs h become s alt]$ t !y d n n[ resemble ! ?+s !y at fir/ /ood =2 b ! fir/ /eps 9 ! inv5tion ( writt5 language 7 c]ta9ly made by signs repres5t+ ! ?+ ( :i* ! p]son wi%$ to give an idea4 ,b y w le>n all ab\t ^! anci5t writ+s f o!r books4 ,! m5 ^: lives ,i am go+ to describe liv$ long be=e any ( ^! writ+s 7 inv5t$4 ,!y spoke a language ( c\rse1 ?\gh !re is no?+ left to %[ t !y knew ( any k9d ( writ+1 & !y are call$ ,pre-hi/oric m5 because !y liv$ be=e !re 7 any hi/ories ei!r writt5 by !mselves or ab\t !m4 ,b !y c\ld draw a little1 z we "k f ! pictures ( animals1 birds1 & fi%es scrat*$ ^u pieces ( slate1 & bone1 & /one f\nd 9 _! graves4 ,p]haps ^! pictures 7 memorials ( _! great or wise m51 or %[$ t !y 7 clev] hunt]s1 or fi%]m54 ,!y knew ! use ( fire4 ,half burnt bones & wood & a%es are pl5tiful 9 ! caves :]e !y liv$4 ,!y _h none ( ! means we possess = k9dl+ fire1 & !re are only two ways by :i* !y c\ld h got x4 ,!y might h rubb$ two pieces ( v dry wood toge!r until ! heat light$ !m1 z _m savages d at ! pres5t "t2 or !y might h /ruck sp>ks f fl9t ^u rott5 wood & bl[n ! sp>k into a flame4 ,we may be sure t :5 once a fire 0 light$ !y w\ld take c>e x did n g out1 & if !y want$ to travel !y w\ld c>ry ) !m a piece ( sm\ld]+ wood to light ! fire aga94 ,i d n suppose t ^! pre-hi/oric m5 7 any m civiliz$ ?an ! savages ( ,au/ralia & o!r c\ntries1 & ,i h (t5 ?\ght :5 look+ at ^! savages t !y live 9 almo/ exactly ! same way z ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,europe did4 ,!y h ! same %ap$ weapons & tools made ( /one1 & ^! are fix$ to ! h&les 9 ! same way4 ,!y h ! same k9ds ( ne$les & fi%-hooks made ( bone1 & !y sew sk9s toge!r ) ?reads made f ! s9ews ( animals4 ,?us we see m5 liv+ n[ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w :o are q z unciviliz$ z ! old inhabitants ( ,europe1 :o liv$ p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians4 ,^! v anci5t m5 knew no?+ ab\t metals4 ,all _! tools 7 made ( fl9t1 or bone1 or /one1 & !y 7 ( ! r\gh %ape y see 9 ! pictures on ! next page1 & x is = ?is reason t ?is has be5 call$ ! ,/one ,age4 ,^! 7 *ipp$ out ) great tr\ble & lab\r1 & mo/ ( !m 7 n ev5 poli%$4 ,) ^! !y _h to kill animals = food1 to cut d[n trees1 & fight aga9/ _! enemies4 ,! skeleton ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 ! /ate ( ,miss\ri 9 ,am]ica ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago ) numb]s ( ^! fl9t arr[-heads und]nea? & ne> x4 ,p]haps x _h be5 %ot at ) arr[s1 & :5 x di$ ! fl9t po9ts fell out ( its decay+ fle%4 ,b x is n likely t ^! pre-hi/oric m5 c\ld h kill$ _m su* l>ge animals1 unless !y caught !m 9 pits cov]$ ov] ) bran*es ( trees & e>?1 into :i* !y might fall1 z elephants are sometimes caught 9 ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,x4 #a4 ,fl9t ,arr[-head4 #b4 ,/one ,axe 9 h&le4 #c4 ,fl9t ,knife4 #d4 ,bone ,h>poon4 #e4 ,bone ,ne$les4 #f4 ,sceptre made ( ,horn4 #g4 ,m>r[ ,spoon4 ,no?+ %[s u s well ! imm5se "t :i* mu/ h pass$ s9ce ! m5 ( ! /one age liv$ z t ^! fl9t weapons & tools are f\nd ne>ly all ov] ! _w1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 includ+ our own c\ntry1 9 ,spa91 ,france1 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,pale/9e1 ,africa1 ,japan1 ,am]ica1 c42 & yet none ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries h any hi/ory or tradition ( ! "t :5 !y 7 us$4 ,metals are n[ us$ in/ead1 & !re is no record ( ! "t :5 fl9t only 0 kn[n4 ,we are q c]ta9 h[ev] t ! /one age m5 liv$ at ! same p]iod z ! great animals ( ! ,t]ti>y age1 ! mammo?1 ! ma/odon1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! ,iri% /ag1 ! cave be>1 & o!rs y h read ( 9 =m] *apt]s1 because fl9t & /one weapons are f\nd 9 ! same b$s ( e>? ) ^! animals4#bd ,suppose "o ( ! pres5t ,indian or ,african elephants ) 8 rid] 7 to fall into a riv] & !y 7 to s9k to ! bottom & be cov]$ ) mud1 & suppose 8 rid] _h 9 8 pocket "s ( our sov]eigns4 ,if t elephant %\ld be accid5tally dug up ?\s&s ( ye>s to come1 :5 mo/ likely all elephants w h di$ (f ! e>?1 p w\ld "k = c]ta91 f ! date & figure ( ! ,que5 on ! money1 t elephants 7 us$ by ! ,engli% 9 ?is reign1 ev5 if all our books & monum5ts _h p]i%$1 & a new p inhabit$ ! ,e>?4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d has happ5$ to prove to u t ! /one-age m5 saw ! mammo? alive4 ,9 "o ( _! graves !re is a slice ( a mammo?'s great back too? ) a beautiful picture ( ! animal1 ) 8 bri/ly hair1 scrat*$ on ! ivory1 & !re are also _m ( ! fl9t & /one weapons :i* %[ t ! skeleton 9 ! grave 0 t ( a primeval man4 ,?is little picture tells its tale m fai?fully ?an any hi/ory4 ,x is all ! m c]ta9 to tell x truly because x 0 nev] meant to tell "o4 ,:5 t man 0 buri$ ) ?is sign t he 0 a mighty hunt] ( ! mammo?1 or an arti/1 no "o c\ld imag9e t he w\ld ev] be dug up to %[ u1 :o come s long aft]w>ds1 t he saw ! mammo? roam+ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ! f> away pa/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is a v good draw+ ( ! mammo? ) its long turn$-up tusks1 l ^? 9 ! picture at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,9 ano!r place a picture ( a fight betwe5 "s re9de] scrat*$ ^u a piece ( slate has be5 f\nd4 ,?is 0 9 a cave 9 ,france1 & x1 z well z ! numb]s ( bones ( ^! animals 9 ! caves1 %[s t ! re9de]1 :i* n[ only inhabits ! ,arctic regions1 mu/ h be5 common !n 9 ,france4 ,y w see draw+s ( bo? ^! on page #ace4 ,^! primeval p built no h\ses4 ,!y liv$ 9 natural caves1 & scatt]$ ! rema9s ( _! food ab\t ! floor1 s t we "k :at !y ate4 ,among ! animals !y us$ = food 7 ! horse1 ! re9de]1 ! ox1 ! cave-lion & be>1 ! wolf1 ! hy5a1 ! goat1 ! h>e & sev]al o!rs1 besides salmon & o!r fi%4 ,!y 7 v fond ( ! m>r[ ( ! bones1 :i* !y crack$ ) /one hamm]s1 & _h little spoons made ( bone ) :i* to pick x out4 ,!y _h places = mak+ fl9t weapons too4 ,at ,cissbury ,camp1 ne> ,wor?+1 !re is "o ( _! old work%ops4 ,!re are gall]ies dug into ! *alk :]e !y got ! fl9ts1 & !re are ?\s&s ( *ips ( fl9t ly+ ab\t1 ) half f9i%$ arr[-heads1 & "s ( ! tools !y dug )4 ,!y _h no spades or pickaxes2 b !y us$ ! broad1 flat1 %\ld]-blade bone ( ! ox z a spade1 & ! %>p br[ antl] ( a de]'s horn = a pickaxe1 to get ^! fl9ts out )4 ,x mu/ h be5 v h>d "w = !m1 because bone spades & horn pickaxes w\ld soon we> out1 & w\ld n be ne>ly s useful z ours made ( iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4 ,picture ( ,mammo? ,scrat*$ on ,ivory4 ,fight betwe5 ,re9de] ,scrat*$ on ,slate4 ,x is difficult to be c]ta9 h[ ^! /one-age p cook$ _! food4 ,( c\rse !y c\ld h roa/$ x1 & ! half-burnt bones 9 "s caves %[ t !y did s2 b 9 "s caves 9 ,france !re is n a s+le burnt bone to be f\nd4 ,9 ^! ,fr5* cave dwell+s1 too1 !re are no pieces ( e>!nw>e1 z !re are 9 "s o!rs2 s t ! p c\ld n h boil$ x1 unless !y _h wood5 pots & dropp$ r$-hot /ones into ! wat] 9 !m until ! meat got boil$1 z "s savages d n[4 ,or !y might h cook$ x "u ! hot a%es4 ,! p :o us$ e>!nw>e mu/ h made m progress4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ !y made ?is useful discov]y4 ,suppose !y _h light$ a fire ^u a damp clay soil1 ! e>? w\ld get bak$ h>d & crack (f 9 pieces1 & !y w\ld see t ?is soil c\ld be work$ 9 ! h&s :ile s(t into ! %ape ( pans & di%es1 :i* c\ld be dri$ q h>d 9 ! sun or bak$ 9 hot a%es1 j z boys make clay m>bles n[4 ,!y c\ld live mu* m com=tably ev5 ) ^! r\gh e>!nw>e ?+s1 & cook _! food m conv5i5tly2 b !y /ill us$ ! /one & fl9t tools & weapons1 & iron 0 /ill unkn[n to !m4 ,! p ( :om ,i h be5 speak+ are pr9cipally ! m5 ( ! ,fir/ ,/one ,age1 :5 ! art ( poli%+ tools & weapons _h n be5 f\nd out4 ,!y simply *ipp$ ^! ?+s out ( ! fl9ts & left !m v r\gh2 b ! m5 ( ! next1 or ,second ,/one ,age1 made great improvem5ts4 ,!y gr\nd _! fl9t knives & axes ) o!r /ones1 & rubb$ !m d[n to %>p edges & po9ts1 s t !y mu/ h be5 mu* m useful = kill+ & cutt+ up ! animals !y hunt$4 ,all _! bone & horn tools are mu* bett] made1 & sometimes ornam5t$ prettily ) m>ks cut ^u !m4 ,! ,second ,/one ,age m5 evid5tly wore clo?+1 mo/ probably made ( ! sk9s ( animals--= ! long /rips ( bone ) a hole at "o end :i* y see 9 ! picture c\ld n h be5 us$ = any o!r purpose1 except to draw ?reads ?r\gh some?+4 ,! ?reads 7 v likely ei!r ! s9ews ( animals pull$ out ( ! fle%1 or ?9 /rips ( _! sk9s1 or p]haps ! inn] b>k ( a tree twi/$ into a k9d ( /r+4 ,9 ! cold] p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica ^! anci5t p w\ld ne$ "s protection f ! wea!r4 ,h[ !n did ! p ( ! ,fir/ ,/one ,age manage1 if !y _h no bone ne$les1 z ,i ?9k !y _h n1 ) :i* to make clo?+8 ,!y mu/ h wrapp$ !mselves 9 ! sk9s j z !y came f ! backs ( ! animals4 ,x is n easy to be always sure1 :5 we f9d a cave & all ^! relics ( pre-hi/oric man1 :e!r ! inhabitants belong$ to ! ,fir/ or ! ,second ,/one ,age4 ,sometimes !re are signs ( poli%+ & gr9d+ on ! tools1 & !n we may suppose t m5 7 gradually gett+ m skilful1 until !y f9i%$ (f all _! weapons beautifully4 ,b !re is su* a v great diff]5ce 9 ! p]fection ( ^! useful articles f\nd 9 "s places & ^? f\nd 9 o!rs t we h no d\bt m5 made sl[ progress1 f ! r\gh or ,fir/ ,/one ,age1 to ! poli%$ or ,second ,/one ,age4 ,9 nei!r ! fir/ nor second /one p]iod _h m5 yet le>n$ to build any k9d ( habitations4 ,!y liv$ 9 caves simply1 l wild animals4 ,on ! banks ( ! riv] ,vezre 9 ,france1 :i* has cut its way deeply ?r\gh ! rock1 !re are "s celebrat$ caves once inhabit$ by pre-hi/oric m51 & "s ( !m are v l>ge4 ,!y 7 mo/ likely holl[$ out 9 ! cliff by wat]1 & _m g5]ations ( m5 liv$ "h4 ,9 "o ( !m f\r human skeletons 7 f\nd1 ) pl5ty ( /one & fl9t tools1 besides ! bones ( ! mammo? & lion1 re9de] & o!r animals4 ,! mammo? !n z well z ! re9de] liv$ at t "t 9 ! valley ( ! ,vezre4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! caves 7 inhabit$ at sep>ate times by p :o us$ only ! r\ghe/ & simple/ /one tools1 & by o!rs :o _h made "s progress & c\ld poli% _! tools & make !m ( bone & c\ld scrat* pictures ( animals ^u slips ( bone & slate4 ,x is curi\s t all ^! draw+s are side-view draw+s1 & !y are only outl9es1 j l ! draw+s ( *ildr5 n[1 & ! ,esquimaux ( ! ,arctic regions2 because ^! p1 al?\gh !y 7 gr[n up1 _h n discov]$ ! art ( draw+ 9 p]spective & %ad+ ! figures4 ,/ill ! pictures are wond]fully true to nature1 & mu/ h be5 copi$ f liv+ animals4 ,!re is no e>!nw>e 9 any ( ^! caves1 s t ! useful art ( mak+ pott]y _h n be5 discov]$1 nei!r is !re any 9 ! caves 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e ! bones ( ! mammo?1 lion1 & rh9oc]os are also f\nd1 & ! tools & weapons are mu* ! same z ^? 9 ! ,fr5* cav]ns4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ! cave-dwell]s ( ,france & ,switz]l& liv$ at ! same "t exactly1 b !y 7 9 ab\t ! same condition ( civilization1 & !y mu/ bo? h be5 q famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! mammo? & lion1 & o!r animals1 :i* are n m5tion$ 9 any hi/ory1 h[ev] old x may be1 z inhabitants ( ^! c\ntries4 ,a discov]y has lately be5 made 9 ,france ( a l>ge cav]n ne> ,bel=t1 9 ! lime/one rock1 :i* has be5 cov]$ up = ages4 ,! qu>rym5 :ile cutt+ out ! /one came ^u a small op5+ lead+ into a v l>ge cave1 9 :i* !re 0 a great quantity ( human skeletons & bones & "s beautifully ornam5t$ vases1 poli%$ /one bracelets1 & a mat ( plait$ ru%es4 ,to ^! p1 !n1 ! arts ( pott]y & weav+ 7 kn[n1 & ?is 0 probably "o ( _! bury+-places4 ,!y 7 evid5tly mu* m civiliz$ ?an ! anci5t p ( ! valley ( ! ,vezre2 b ?is cave mu/ also be ( a great age1 & its inhabitants h left no record ( _! hi/ory 9 any k9d ( writ+4 ,q lately1 too1 we h le>n$ some?+ ( ! e>ly races ( man 9 ,colorado4 ,_m ( ! caves 9 t c\ntry h be5 alt]$ & made m l regul> h\ses1 & "s appe> ev5 to h be5 cut out ( ! rock entirely by human h&s2 & 9 ! pla9s !re are ru9s ( l>ge cities4 ,?\gh /ill 9 ! /one age1 = all ! weapons yet f\nd among ^! ru9s are ( /one1 ! ,colorado p 7 m civiliz$ ?an ! /one-age p ( ! ,vezre cav]ns1 because !y _h begun to build & knew h[ to make pott]y4 ,x is /range1 too1 t ! pres5t natives ( ,colorado are n s civiliz$ z ! e>ly p1 & if !y h desc5d$ f !m !y h n improv$1 b r ! contr>y4 ,!re are o!r cav]ns 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w conta9+ ^! curi\s relics ( races long s9ce pass$ away1 b "s ( ! pr9cipal h be5 m5tion$1 en\gh p]haps to int]e/ y & %[ y t m5 7 liv+ 9 ,europe toge!r ) ! l>ge animals ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & t !y _h made v little progress 9 ! arts & manufactures1 & _h n ev5 begun to build ! r\ghe/ h\ses4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ev5 n[ !re are savages ne>ly z unciviliz$ z ! cave-dwell]s ( ,europe 7 !n4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,cook visit$ ,new ,zeal&1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! natives !re _h no?+ b /one & bone tools1 v l ^? f\nd 9 ! ,european cav]ns1 & ! inhabitants ( "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean /ill use /one axes & hamm]s & bone ne$les4#be ,capta9 ,moresby1 too1 :o made a voyage to ! s\?-ea/ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea a few ye>s ago1 tells u t ! natives h beautiful /one axes1 b !y 7 s ignorant ( ! use ( iron t !y refus$ to give him "o ( _! /one axes = a new iron hat*et :i* he (f]$ !m4 ,no d\bt ! /one weapon co/ a great deal ( lab\r & pati5ce to make1 & p]haps ! iron "o 0 made by ma*9]y 9 a few m9utes1 & 0 really m useful1 b ! native _h prov$ 8 own axe & knew no?+ ( ! iron "o1 s t x is no wond] t he refus$ x4 ,b :at a hi/ory ^! two axes tell--! /one & ! iron6 ,! /one %[s u man 9 8 *ildhood1 & ! iron man 9 8 manhood1 & :at an imm5sely long "t !re is betwe5 ! two4 ,h[ mu* ?\ght1 & trial & failure1 & pati5ce & indu/ry1 7 sp5t by mank9d be=e ! /one axe grew into ! iron6 ,9 ,europe man has long s9ce gr[n out ( 8 *ildhood1 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w he is no m civiliz$ ?an ! m5 :o saw ! mammo? cra%+ ?r\gh ! =e/s ( ,engl& & ,france1 & he>d ! lion ro> at night on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & wat*$ ! hippopotamus swimm+ across ! riv] at ,we/m9/]4 ,x is mo/ likely1 !n1 t ,europe & p>ts ( ,asia & ,am]ica 7 inhabit$ long be=e ^? places :]e m5 are ev5 n[ 9 ! /one age--su* z ! isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,au/ralia1 c4 ,:at a life ! pre-hi/oric m5 ( ,europe mu/ h liv$6 ,"h !y 7 surr\nd$ by huge dang]\s animals1 & _h no means ( protect+ !mselves aga9/ !m b ) ^! r\gh /one weapons4 ,:]e ,london n[ /&s ) its miles ( /reets & busy life !re 0 a mighty =e/1 & ! mammo? & rh9oc]os tramp$ ?r\gh x by day1 & ! lion & hy5a hunt$ ! de] at night4 ,:5 ! pre-hi/oric m5 came d[n to ! banks ( ! ,?ames 9 ! day-"t to spe> salmon1 !y saw ! hippopotamus plung+ ab\t 9 ! wat] among ! ru%es1 sweep+ ! long grass into _! wide m\?s1 & swimm+ f side to side ) _! "y ones p]*$ ^u _! necks4 ,x mu/ h be5 a gr& sight1 b a fe>ful "o too1 & x is no wond] t m5 ?\ght ! caves ! only safe places to live 94 ,sometimes 9 ,india ! elephants come into ! villages at night & ?r[ d[n wood5 h\ses & kill p1 & !y are v mu* fe>$1 s t we c suppose h[ mu* m t]rible ! mammo? might h be5 to ! unciviliz$ cave-dwell]s4 ,if !y %ot at him ) ! fl9t-po9t$ arr[s !y c\ld sc>cely hurt him1 & x is m likely t !y got out ( 8 way z quickly z possible :5ev] !y met him1 & took good c>e nev] to int]f]e ) ! lion & rh9oc]os4 ,,! ,,lake-,,dwell]s4 ,among ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,europe1 !re 7 "s :o did n live 9 caves2 b ,i ?9k !y mu/ h liv$ a long "t aft] ! cave-dwell]s1 :5 !y built _! h\ses out 9 ! middle ( ! lakes4 ,^! h\ses 7 built 9 a v curi\s way1 & ! rema9s ( !m h be5 discov]$ 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 ,switz]l& & o!r c\ntries4 ,! p c>ri$ quantities ( /ones1 & e>?1 & /icks out into ! lake & let !m s9k to ! bottom4 ,!n :5 !y _h pil$ up en\gh to make an isl&1 !y laid wood across & set up _! huts1 & liv$ !re surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,^! 7 v poor h\ses ( c\rse2 b :5 m5 _h begun to build = !mselves1 !y w\ld f9d h[ mu* m com=table !y 7 ?an 9 damp & d>k caves4 ,!y mu/ h _h "s k9d ( boats or canoes1 or !y c\ld n h pass$ betwe5 _! lake-dwell+s & ! l& unless !y swam to !m2 b ,i d n ?9k t any ( ^! boats h be5 f\nd4 ,p]haps !y 7 made ( ! dri$ sk9s ( animals /ret*$ ov] wood5 frames1 z ,i h se5 savages make boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4 ,lake-,dwell+s4 ,!re 0 ano!r way ( build+ ^! lake-dwell+s1 & a bett] way too4 ,long poles 7 driv5 into ! e>? at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & :5 ! build]s _h got en\gh ( ^! toge!r !y laid o!r poles across !m1 & built _! huts on ?is floor above ! wat]4 ,p are liv+ n[ 9 mu* ! same way ne> ! ,or9oco riv] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 & 9 ,c5tral ,africa4#bf ,! l& all r\nd is cov]$ ) wat] f ! ov]fl[+ ( ! riv]s1 :i* are v l>ge1 & ! huts are built up on ^! poles out ( ! way ( x4 ,! lake-dwell]s ( ,europe w\ld ?us be saf] 9 _! h\ses f dang]\s animals ?an if !y 7 on l&4 ,!y 7 m civiliz$ ?an ! cave-dwell]s1 b /ill a great _m ( _! tools & weapons 7 ( /one & bone2 yet we "k t !y _h made wond]ful progress1 because !y _h le>n$ to make pott]y1 & ev5 to weave clo?s out ( hemp or flax4 ,!y _h mo/ likely begun to plant & cultivate ! l&1 too1 = corn is f\nd ab\t ^! dwell+s1 & ! bones ( dome/ic animals are v num]\s4 ,!y _h left ! cave-dwell]s a long way beh9d 9 _m ?+s1 9 we>+ artificial clo?+1 9 cultivat+ ! l&1 & 9 keep+ dome/ic animals2 b _! implem5ts--t is1 _! weapons & tools--7 n mu* improv$1 & 7 v mu* l ^? ( ! cave-dwell]s1 ?\gh bett] f9i%$ & m poli%$ ?an "s ( !irs4 ,b n all ! articles us$ by ! lake p 7 ( /one & bone4 ,"s ( ^? :o liv$ 9 ! ,swiss lakes _h ornam5ts1 su* z bracelets & hair-p9s1 made ( ! metal call$ bronze1 & no d\bt !y made spe>-heads ( ! metal1 because !y w\ld look to usefulness be=e ornam5t4 ,n[ y see h[ ^! p seem to h liv$3 fir/ ! old /one age m51 !n ^? ( ! new] or poli%$ /one age1 & la/ly ! lake-dwell]s4 ,! p ( bo? ! fir/ & second /one ages c]ta9ly saw ! mammo?1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 lion1 & re9de] alive 9 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,engl&2 b :5 ! lake-dwell+s 7 built1 all ^! animals1 except p]haps ! re9de]1 _h di$1 & mo/ ( ! animals 7 ! same z !y are n[4 ,none ( ^! p h left u any k9d ( hi/ory :atev]1 except t :i* _! simple works tell u1 _! fl9t & bone weapons1 & _! dwell+s4 ,!y h set up no gigantic monum5ts l ! ,egyptians or ! ,druids4 ,!y ?\ght ( no m5 to come aft] !m :o w\ld take an int]e/ 9 _! ways2 b x is =tunate t :at !y did make 0 ( su* la/+ mat]ials z /one & fl9t1 or we %\ld h kn[n next to no?+ ab\t _! lives4 ,x is impossible to say h[ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s may h pass$ be=e ! r\gh /one weapons 7 replac$ by ! poli%$ /one1 or ! cave 0 ex*ang$ = an artificial h\se 9 a lake2 b y mu/ feel 9 y\r m9ds t ! "t 0 imm5se1 & ! m we /udy ! ways & works ( pre-hi/oric man1 ! m c]ta9 we become t x is long] ?an ! :ole "t t has pass$ s9ce m5 fir/ began to use any k9d ( writ+4 ,,kit*5-,,midd5s4 ,i d>e say y h se5 untidy p 9 c\ntry places1 & ev5 9 t[ns1 ?r[ oy/]-%ells & brok5 di%es & dirt outside _! doors until q a heap is =m$4 ,?is is call$ a 8midd510 & ! habit ( do+ ?is is a v old "o4 ,we le>n j a little m ( ! hi/ory ( man f great midd5s made by anci5t p 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,!y 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,d5m>k1 & s9ce !n !y h be5 f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 ,brazil1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,!y are sometimes v l>ge1 & mu/ h be5 us$ by ! :ole village z places to ?r[ ! refuse ( _! cook]y 94 ,:5 ^! heaps h be5 dug into all sorts ( ?+s h be5 f\nd 9 !m--! %ells ( oy/]s & mussels1 bones ( fi%es1 birds1 & animals1 pieces ( brok5 e>!nw>e1 little ornam5ts1 /one axes1 arr[-heads1 wood a%es1 burnt bones1 & o!r odds & ends4 ,9 ,brazil _m ( ^! kit*5-midd5s are on ! sea %ore1 & x seems z if ! p :o made !m came !re to live on ! %ell-fi%1 = ! %ells are ! same z ^? liv+ 9 ! sea close by n[4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! midd5s conta9 _m ( ! bones ( ! ,moa1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 8,! ,animal ,"p10 & has n[ p]i%$1 & ^! are crack$ 9 su* a mann] t ! p evid5tly want$ to get at ! m>r[ 9 !m1 & x %[s too t ?is gigantic bird 0 common 9 ,new ,zeal& !n4 ,! midd5 mak]s seem$ to h liv$ 9 ! op5 air1 & :]ev] food 0 mo/ pl5tiful4 ,p]haps !y built huts ( ! b>k & small bran*es ( trees l ! ,au/ralian savages1 b su* h\ses w\ld n la/4 ,we only "k ( ! life ( ! midd5 mak]s f ^! heaps4 ,_! weapons are ( ! same k9d & patt]n z ^? ( ! ,second ,/one ,age1 b !y _h le>n$ to make r\gh e>!nw>e di%es & bas9s1 & "s pieces ( a wov5 mat]ial h be5 f\nd1 & pieces ( wood & bone work$ ) a little skill4 ,:e!r !y liv$ aft] or be=e ! lake-dwell]s ,i _c say1 b ,i %\ld ?9k ab\t ! same "t4 ,^! pre-hi/oric p1 nev]!less1 7 n always ?9k+ ( mak+ ?+s :i* 7 useful4 ,!y ?\ght too ( mak+ ornam5ts1 _m ( :i* are f\nd 9 _! dwell+s & graves4 ,l ourselves1 !y _h an idea t little tr9kets improv$ _! appe>ance4 ,9 "o grave a skeleton 0 f\nd ) a small pile ( %ells "u its neck1 :i* no d\bt _h be5 /rung toge!r z a necklace1 & :5 ! /r+ rott$ ! %ells p>t$ & fell 9 a heap "u ! head1 to be a memorial ( t anci5t man or woman's possession ( ! same feel+s z our own4 ,v>i\s little articles1 too1 f\nd ab\t ! lake-dwell+s %[ t p lik$ to decorate !mselves4 ,we %all nev] "k :at language !y spoke1 b !y mu/ h be5 able to tell _! ?\ghts to "o ano!r4 ,x 0 mo/ likely a simple language ) few words z names = ?+s & a simple gramm>1 l ! language ( savages1 because !y _h n s _m ?+s to talk ab\t z we h4 ,! names ( animals w\ld p]haps be imitat$ f _! cries & ! noises !y made4 ,^! cries w\ld be among ! mo/ famili> s\nds to !m1 & :5 !y wi%$ to speak ( "s animal ! simple/ way w\ld be to imitate ! noise x g5]ally makes4 ,if we ?9k ( our own language1 we %all see h[ v likely ?is 04 ,we h _m su* words4 ,we tea* our *ildr5 ! names ( animals by ! s\nds !y make4 ,! dog we call 8b[-w[10 ! c[ 8moo-moo10 ! duck 8quack-quack10 & _m o!r names ( ! same k9d :i* y w ?9k ( y\rselves4 ,at ! pres5t "t ev5 ! "n by :i* ! ,egyptians call ! donkey has almo/ exactly ! same s\nd z our 8hee-haw40 ,?is trick ( d\bl+ or repeat+ ! s\nd1 too1 is v common among savages1 :o are z f> beh9d u z ! pre-hi/oric m5 74 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia give ^! d\ble names to a great _m animals & ?+s1 & sometimes d ! same ) ,engli% words4 ,!y call fi% 8n+y-n+y10 & a c]ta9 tree ! 8bunya-bunya10 & _! language is full ( su* words4 ,b x is n only ! names ( ?+s :i* h be5 made 9 ?is way4 ,v]bs z well z n\ns h gr[n up ?us4 ,:5 we :isp] to "o ano!r1 t ^w imitates ! l[ s\nd we make4 ,i %all leave y to trace ! natural orig9 ( ! foll[+ words1 & ?9k h[ mu* ( man's spok5 language is tak5 f common s\nds4 ,?us we h ro>1 %riek1 :i/le1 hiss1 sigh1 s+1 r+1 ?ump1 bump1 cla%1 clang1 bang1 twang1 clap1 smack1 slap1 sma%1 swi%1 swirl1 gong1 ?ong1 boom1 bell[1 batt]1 *att]1 clatt]1 snap1 snip1 :ip1 gurgle1 %iv]1 quiv]1 rumble1 roll1 rattle1 prattle1 & a hundr$ m4 ,words ?us d]iv$ f famili> s\nds ab\nd 9 all languages1 & !y1 no d\bt1 are ! easy /eps by :i* m5 climb$ to a m complicat$ spee*4 ,! e>lie/ m5 mu/ h be5 oblig$ to pay great att5tion to animals & birds1 :i* h voices ( _! own2 = to hunt & cat* !m 0 ! pr9cipal occupation ( _! lives2 !re=e1 :5 speak+ ( !m to "o ano!r1 !y w\ld naturally call !m by names resembl+ ! s\nds !y made4 ,our v]bs 8to squeak0 & 8to squeal0 are c]ta9ly tak5 f ! cries ( animals :5 9 pa92 b ,i h said en\gh to %[ y h[ language grew up among pre-hi/oric p4 ,we d n "k = c]ta9 t !y _h any musical in/rum5ts1 b !y w\ld he> ! sigh+ ( ! w9d among ! trees1 & x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd out t bl[+ d[n a holl[ /ick or re$1 op5 at "o end & clos$ at ! o!r1 w\ld make a :i/le2 b if !y us$ any ( ^! ?+s !y w\ld n la/ l ! /one tools1 & h decay$ away2 & we d "k t !y _h begun to draw ^u su* imp]i%able mat]ials z bone & slate4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ specim5 ( a human fossil 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* y ought to g & see1 if y c2 b 9 case y are n able !re is a draw+ ( x on page #aei4bg ,?is specim5 0 br\ght to ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #ahad4 ,o!rs l x h s9ce be5 f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! h>d breccia lime/one rock at ! same place on ! %ore ( ! isl& ( ,guadal\pe4 ,! skeleton mo/ likely 0 t ( a woman1 f ! %ape ( "s ( ! bones1 & mo/ probably 0 ( ! race ( ,c>ibs1 ( :om !re are none liv+ n[4 ,p]haps ?is 0 orig9ally a bury+ place ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! isl&1 & :5 ! sea wa%$ ! small brok5 pieces ( %ells & corals ov] x 7all ( :i* conta9 lime7 !y h>d5$ into breccia rock1 & ! skeleton became completely imb$d$ 9 x4 ,?is mu/ h tak5 a v long "t1 at all ev5ts2 b ,i d n ?9k ! ,guadal\pe fossils are z old z ! p :o liv$ 9 ! caves 9 ,france4 ,"s little ornam5ts & articles ( human workman%ip are f\nd ) ^! skeletons1 :i* %[ t ! p to :om !y belong$ 7 /ill 9 ! ,/one ,age4 ,!re is v little to judge f :5 we wi% to get "s idea ( ! "t ^! fossils h be5 9 ?is breccia3 b at ?is p>ticul> place ! rock is =m$ pretty quickly1 z we c see2 & x is q likely t ^! skeletons 7 buri$ !re long aft] ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus di$ out ( ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 !y are ! mo/ complete specim5s we h ( any fossil human be+s4 ,9 look+ at ! draw+ y w see ! leg bones & hips1 "p ( ! backbone1 ! ribs ( "o side1 & an arm bone2 b y see no skull1 because ! bones ( ! skull are v ?91 & h become cru%$ d[n into ! lime/one4 ,9 "o ( ^! fossils1 :i* !y h 9 ,p>is1 tak5 f ne> ! same place1 ! bones are mu* m di/9ct1 & "p ( ! l[] jaw ) "s tee? 9 x c be se54 ,^! fossil m5 no d\bt liv$ be=e ! p]iod ( writt5 human hi/ory began2 b !y are n consid]$ to be at all ! olde/ ( pre-hi/oric m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii4 ,! ,guadal\pe ,human ,fossil4 ,two p]iods 9 ! life ( mank9d foll[$ all ^! long-lo/ & =gott5 p1 & !y are call$ ! ,bronze ,age & ! ,iron ,age2 b n[ hi/ory comes 91 & !re are pl5ty ( old records & books to tell y ab\t ^!4 ,bronze is a mix$ metal ( copp] & t91 & x 0 us$ by ! olde/ nations :o h left any hi/ories--! ,egyptians1 ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 & ,romans4 ,x 0 bett] ?an /one because x c\ld be made %>p] & w\ld n *ip1 & swords & arm\r1 vases1 axes1 hamm]s1 ne$les1 c41 7 made ( x4#bh ,! ,/one ,age is beyond all hi/ory1 ! ,bronze beg9s ) x1 & ! ,iron ,age began at "s di/ant "t be=e ! dawn ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,?us we are told1 9 ,g5esis iv4 #bb1 t ,tubal ,ca9 taught p to make x4 ,x 0 us$ also by ! ,egyptians = p]haps #b1jjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 b ! real ,iron ,age is t 9 :i* we are liv+ n[4 ,we c1 inde$1 make all metals mu* bett] ?an any ( ! old] nations4 ,b !re is a wide gap betwe5 ! "t :5 p left (f us+ /one & discov]$ bronze & iron2 & if "o ( ! ,druids c\ld come to life he might help u to fill x up1 because ^? old ,briti% prie/s _h _m secrets1 :i* !y told to "o ano!r f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,if ! ,spani% conqu]ors _h n de/roy$ ! civilization ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 we might "k some?+ ( ! discov]y ( ! metals !re1 & ! p ( ,india & ,*9a mu/ h us$ !m long ago2 b ! fir/ use ( metal 9 any c\ntry :]e x 0 f\nd out w\ld mo/ likely be be=e ! p _h begun to put _! language into any k9d ( writ+1 s t ! "t w\ld be =gott5 among ! _m scraps ( lo/ k :i* we h tri$ to collect f ! rema9s ( ! indu/ry ( pre-hi/oric man4 ,we h se5 h[ mu* ^! anci5t p diff]$ f u 9 _! civilization1 & h[ f> !y 7 beh9d u 9 ev]y?+2 b we mu/ n suppose t !y 7 v diff]5t 9 bodily size & %ape4 ,"s ( _! skulls might h belong$ to a philosoph]1 or !y might h conta9$ ! ?\ghtless bra9s ( a savage4 ,! skulls f ! ,cromagnon & ,engis caves are q equal 9 size & %ape to ^? ( sev]al unciviliz$1 & ev5 ( "s civiliz$ races ( ! pres5t "t1 & !re are p 9 all l>ge cities ^: heads are n bett] =m$4 ,?\gh ! outw>d signs ( _! civilization !n 7 s diff]5t f ours1 x is n c]ta9 t _! m5tal capacity 0 mu* less4 ,a race possess+ consid]able civilization may1 we "k1 pass away1 z ! ,assyrians & ! ,pyramid build]s h4 ,9 "o ( ! ,pacific isl&s--,ea/] ,isl&--a ?\s& miles f ! ne>e/ l&1 !re are hundr$s ( c>v$ images ( /one1 fifty or sixty feet high1 & weigh+ p]haps a hundr$ tons ea*4 ,! p :o made ^! mu/ h be5 v num]\s & mu/ h _h consid]able skill4 ,yet !y h pass$ away4 ,! arts ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon h only lately become kn[n1 s t1 y see1 ! works ( a race may easily become hidd5 f u :o foll[4 ,q lately1 too1 ! works ( a p>tly civiliz$ p h be5 discov]$ 9 ,ohio 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are !re hundr$s ( m\nds & e>? embankm5ts =m+ =tifi$ camps4 ,"s ( !m are sev]al miles r\nd1 & !y c\ld only h be5 made by a v num]\s & intellig5t p :o knew some?+ ab\t geometry2 = ! circles1 squ>es1 & angles ( ^! e>?works are q z correct z we c\ld make !m4 ,among ! multitude ( ?+s f\nd "h are copp] tools made by hamm]+1 ornam5tal pott]y1 silv] beads1 plates ( mica ) scrolls & designs engrav$ on !m1 & c>efully c>v$ pieces ( /one4 ,^! c>v+s are mo/ curi\s & excell5tly f9i%$4 ,!y repres5t human heads & _m animals1 su* z ! be>1 ott]1 wolf1 beav]1 raccoon1 frog1 rattlesnake1 h]on1 cr[1 c4 ,a p1 !n1 :o c\ld d ^! ?+s & took pleasure 9 do+ !m mu/ h possess$ great intellig5ce & a k ( ?+s f> beyond a simple /ate4 ,!y ev5 _h religi\s ideas1 su* z !y 71 = !y _h places = sacrifice4 ,all _! works are n[ ov]gr[n by =e/s1 b x is impossible to mi/ake !m2 yet ! native ,indians ( ,ohio liv+ n[ h no idea t su* a p liv$ 9 _! c\ntry be=e !m1 & no tradition at all ab\t a p ^: civilization 0 s f> sup]ior to _! own4 ,we may come ne>] to our own times1 & look at ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians4 ,until q rec5tly no?+ 0 kn[n ab\t ! ,assyrians except :at c\ld be le>n$ f ! few ref]5ces made to !m 9 ,scripture & "s anci5t writ]s2 b ,mr4 ,lay>d dug up _! cities1 & f\nd t !y possess$ ! arts ( build+1 sculpture1 work+ 9 metals1 & a writt5 language4 ,all ?is 0 buri$ "u ! s& ( a des]t6 ,!n !re is ! great ,pyramid ( ,egypt1 built 9 a way t we c\ld n surpass1 & ) mu* k ( geometry & o!r sci5ces4#bi ,! m5 :o design$ & con/ruct$ ^! works c\ld n h liv$ among a half-b>b>\s p2 & z ^! are ! highe/ works ( ! p1 h[ mu* !re mu/ h be5 t w5t be=e1 ( :i* !re is no trace n[1 :5 ,assyria & ,egypt 7 9 _! age ( /one axes & fl9t arr[-heads4 ,i d n ?9k t ! ,/one-,age m5 ( ,europe 7 ne>ly s civiliz$4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y h n left any su* imp]i%able monum5ts z ! gigantic images ( ,ea/] ,isl&1 ! e>?works ( ! ,ohio p1 or ! sculptures1 writ+s1 & build+s ( ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians2 b !y might h be5 m civiliz$ ?an !y seem to h be5 f _! simple weapons & tools4 ,!y might h made _m ?+s :i* 7 p]i%able1 & h be5 de/roy$ by "t--?+s :i* w\ld h giv5 u a high] belief 9 _! intellig5ce & civilization4 ,! pa/ hi/ory ( ! human race may be comp>$ to ! rise & fall ( ! tide4 ,wave aft] wave has ris5 high] & high] on ! ev]la/+ %ore ( ,"t1 & :5 ! tide 0 at its highe/ x has fall5 aga9 sl[ly1 to rise aga9 & aga9 9 ! same way ?r\gh _m ages4 ,we "k t man may rise sl[ly f a simple condition to mu* civilization & p[]1 & may aga9 s9k back almo/ to b>b>ism1 z has be5 ! case ) ! p ( :om we h be5 speak+1 & !n aga9 a new civilization may gr[ up4 ,x is possible t all n[ savage nations are ! s9k+ desc5dants ( "s1 9 comp>ison1 once civiliz$ p4 ,mod]n nations are tak+ up ! gr\nd ( savages all ov] ! _w1 & soon !re w be no trace ( ^! simple p4 ,?us x may h be5 ) mank9d ?r\gh\t all ! "t dur+ :i* !y h occupi$ ! e>?1 & s x may be p]haps aga94 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,a f9e ,mexican ,,ms4 on diap]$ clo?1 ) figures & my/ical signs1 has lately be5 add$ to ! ,,ms4 dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bc ,"s f9e examples ( papyrus writ+s on ! ,nor?-we/ ,/aircase1 ,upp] ,floor4 #bd ,briti% ,antiquities ,room1 upp] floor1 ,middle & ,upp] ,%elf-cases1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #e-ab1 fl9t & /one implem5ts4 ,table-case ,b1 horn implem5ts f ,fr5* caves & ,swiss lake-dwell+s4 #be ,examples ( /one implem5ts ( ,new ,zeal&]s 9 ,e?nographical ,room1 ,cases ,no4 #de-dh1 upp] floor4 #bf ,9 ,lake ,mohrya4 ,across ,africa1 by ,v4 ,l4 ,cam]on4 #bg ,at ! end ( ,room ,,vi41 opposite ! door1 ,nor? ,gall]y4 #bh ,see examples 9 ! ,bronze ,room1 upp] floor1 ,briti% ,museum4 #bi ,built ( nummulitic lime/one1 compos$ ( %ells ( =am9if]a4 ,see ,case #ae1 ,room ,v41 ,nor? ,gall]y4 ,,conclusion4 ,i h n[ put 8,! ,puzzle ( ,life0 toge!r z well z ,i c1 & !re is n mu* m to say4 ,y mu/ d ! re/ = y\rselves by go+ to ! ,museums1 :]e all ! pieces are collect$1 & see+ !m ) y\r own eyes4 ,:5 y /& be=e ^! sil5t witnesses to ! great age ( our ,e>?1 & all t is on x1 y w feel h[ wond]ful ! /ory !y tell is4 ,!y h no words to speak to y1 b !re is a p[] 9 y\r own m9ds :i* int]prets _! hi/ory ?r\gh y\r own ?\ghts4 ,!y are only lumps ( rock & lifeless bones1 b !y seem to say to y1 8,we are liv+ aga9 n[1 because we are tea*+ y a lesson :i* ! great ,build] ( ?is ,univ]se wi%es y to le>n f u4 ,!re is n a /one or fossil among u b x has its tale to tell--a tale ( "t & tide1 & long pa/ ages1 & innum]able *anges1 & a life t 01 & progress f a l[] to a high] exi/5ce4 ,we h obey$ ! same et]nal laws ( "o ,creator f ! beg9n+1 z all ?+s w to ! end ( "t4 ,we h op5$ ! great ,book ( ,nature f ! fir/ page ( ! #8life-dawn animal' to ! la/1 on :i* ! h& ( ! ,almighty has writt5 ! "n ( ,man--8 mo/ p]fect "w4 ,we1 y1 & all ?+s :i* h liv$ & w live1 h bodies made ( p>ticles :i* w be return$ to ! ,e>?1 no s+le atom ( :i* has be5 de/roy$ s9ce ! fir/1 b has be5 fa%ion$ ov] & ov] aga9 into innum]able =ms ( tree & fl[]1 ( gossam]-w+$ insect & t[]+ mammo?1 ?r\gh\t ! long ages 9 :i* our ,globe has kn[n day & night1 cold & heat1 summ] & w9t]40 ,!re is no?+ sad1 if we look at x rightly1 9 ?is con/ant succession ( life & dea?4 ,x is ,a m\ld+ ,( =ms1 & a wondr\s bir?1 ,& a gr[+ & fair unfold+ ,( life f life1 & life f dea?4 ,= dea?1 a "m b5ign1 ,trans=me? b de/roye? n1 ,& ! new ?+ fair ( ! old is wr\ght4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,arm/rong4 ,is x n wor? :ile !n to li/5 to ^! /ories ( ! ,e>?--to spell !m out = ourselves8 ,!y are writt5 ev]y:]e1--9 ! m\nta9s & valleys1 ! riv]s & seas1 on ! h>d faces ( granite cliffs1 on ! r\nd$ pebbles ( ! sea bea*1 & ev5 9 ! f9e/ du/ ( ! roads4 ,we h n to g f> to he> !m3 e foot-/ep on ! gr\nd cov]s a *apt] great or small 9 ! univ]sal hi/ory1 & ! /one walls ( our h\ses c\ld speak ) t5 ?\s& tongues ( all !y witness$ 9 _! long life on ! floor ( an anci5t ocean4 ,we c sc>cely h a m pleasant occupation & great] int]e/ ?an 9 se>*+ = & putt+ toge!r ! pieces ( ?is wond]ful & beautiful puzzle1 & 9 do+ our utmo/ to 8,summon f ! %ad[y ,pa/ ! =ms t once h be540 ,,index4 ,age ( bronze1 #afa2 ( iron1 #afa2 ( reptiles1 #ha ,aleph1 #abe ,amb]1 #fi ,ammonites1 #ij1 #ig ,animal ,"p1 !1 #gg2 animals ( coal p]iod1 #ga ,ants1 :ite1 #fa ,arctic climate1 #fg2 exp$ition1 #fg ,ar*opt]yx1 #ia1 #ic ,au/ralian savages1 #abg ,babylon & ,n9eveh1 #afd1 #afe ,be>1 grisly1 #ajf ,beg9n+ ( life1 #eh ,bird =ms1 e>lie/1 #hi2 reptiles1 #he ,blacklead1 #eh ,b\ld]s c>ri$ by ice1 #dh ,bogwood1 #gj ,boil+ spr+s1 #ed ,bronze1 age (1 #afa1 #afb2 implem5ts 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #afb ,brighton ,d[ns1 #ii ,burn+ m\nta9s1 #ai ,calamites1 #db1 #fh ,caons ( ,colorado1 #h ,caves ( ,engis & ,cromagnon1 #afc2 ne> ,bel=t & ( ,switz]l&1 #ada2 ( ! ,vezre1 #aci ,cetiosaurus1 #hf ,*alk1 nature (1 #bf2 pits1 #bj2 ammonites & =am9if]a 91 #bg2 p]iod1 #ie2 "u ! ocean1 #bi1 #ii 8,*all5g]0 exp$ition1 #bg ,*anges h be5 gradual1 #dc ,cissbury camp1 #acd ,clay1 ,london1 #ba1 #bb2 & mud1 #cc ,climate1 ,arctic1 & ( coal =mations1 #fg ,club-mosses1 #fa ,clo?+1 #ach ,coal b$s1 #ca2 9 ,arctic regions1 #fg2 plants ( !1 #fc2 is fossil wood1 #gc2 is sunlight compress$1 #cj ,colorado1 ! p 91 #adb ,compress$ plants1 #ae ,conclusion1 #afh ,cook]y1 #acg ,corals1 #gh ,creation1 ! plan (1 #aag ,cretace\s p]iod1 #if ,cromagnon & ,engis1 caves (1 #afc ,dawn ( life1 #ef2 plant1 #ei ,d5udation1 #di1 #ej ,d9ornis1 specim5s (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #aaf ,d9osaurus1 #hi ,d9o!rium1 #aad ,draw+s1 pre-hi/oric1 #ace ,dwell+s & food ( m51 #acg ,e>ly hi/ories1 #abc2 plant life1 #ei ,e>?1 e>ly hi/ory (1 #a1 #b1 #c2 int]ior (1 #ah2 int5se heat (1 #bd2 climate (1 #dh2 n yet fit = man1 #ge2 #8=am9if]a e>?'1 #cj ,e>?quakes1 #ah1 #ai ,e>?works ( ,ohio1 #afe ,ea/] isl& monum5ts1 #afd ,egypt1 monum5ts (1 #aff ,eod5dron1 #ei ,eophyton1 #ei ,eozon1 #eg1 #gg ,fir/ weapons1 #aba ,fi%-liz>ds1 #he ,fi%es1 fossil1 #ga ,fl9t1 orig9 (1 #ad2 9 *alk1 #if2 weapons1 :]e f\nd1 #aca2 tool manufactory1 #acd ,=am9if]a1 #bj2 #8=am9if]a e>?'1 #cj2 draw+s (1 #ig2 specim5s (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ii ,=e/s "u ! sea1 #ge1 #gf ,fossil1 d]ivation (1 #aj2 plants1 #fa2 sunlight1 #gc2 footpr9ts1 #hc2 human1 #aeg1 #aei ,food & dwell+s1 #acg ,footpr9ts1 fossil1 #hc ,fly+ reptiles1 #hi ,geological "p1 #ag ,geology1 d]ivation (1 #ai ,geys]s1 #ed ,gigantic animals1 #aja2 birds1 #aae ,glaci]s & iceb]gs1 #dg ,granite1 rais$1 #bc2 appe>ance (1 #bd ,gravel1 c41 #ce ,great ,iri% ,/ag1 draw+1 c41 (1 #ajh ,guadal\pe human fossil1 #aeg ,heat ( ! ,e>?1 #c1 #ah ,hebrew lett]s1 #abe ,hesp]ornis1 #ib ,hippopotamus 9 ,engl&1 #aje ,hi/ories1 e>ly1 #abc ,human "p1 !1 #abj2 fossils1 #aeg ,ice age1 #de2 m ?an "o1 #dh ,iceb]gs & glaci]s1 #dg ,i*?yornis1 #ib ,i*?yosaurus1 #he ,implem5ts1 fl9t & /one1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #aca2 bronze1 #afb ,india1 elephants 91 #ade ,insects 9 coal =e/s1 #fd ,iri% /ag1 #ajg ,isl&s appe> & disappe>1 #ci ,jet1 #fi ,jurassic age1 #hi ,kang>oo1 fossil1 #aae ,kit*5-midd5s1 #aeb ,labyr9?odon1 #b ,lake-dwell]s1 #adf2 dwell+s 9 ,europe1 ,africa1 ,asia1 & ,new ,gu9ea1 #adi ,language1 orig9 (2 & ( pre-hi/oric man1 #aee ,laur5tian rocks1 #eg ,l5a riv]1 mammo? f\nd1 #ajb ,life1 ! dawn (1 #ef2 #8life-dawn animal'1 #eg ,lignite1 #fi ,lion1 ,engli% sabre-too!d1 #ajf ,mammalia1 #ajb ,mammo?1 #di1 #ajb-c2 bones (1 9 ,sib]ia1 ,asia1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 c42 draw+ (1 on ivory1 #ace2 9 ,essex1 #ajd2 skull (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ajd ,man & 8 works1 #aba2 8 e>lie/ inv5tions1 #abb2 mammo?1 ma/odon1 re9de]1 c41 contempor>y )1 #aaf2 pre-hi/oric1 #abg1 #aca2 dwell+s & food (1 #acg ,m>supial animal1 #ie ,ma/odon1 #ajb2 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 ,india1 c41 #ajd2 9 ,miss\ri1 #abh2 skeleton (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #ajd ,megalosaurus1 #hi ,mega!rium1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #aaj2 draw+ (1 #aab2 acc\nt (1 #aac2 skeleton (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #aac ,mexican writ+s1 #abd ,midd5s1 kit*51 #aeb-d2 mak]s1 life (1 #aec ,moa1 #aae-af ,monkeys1 fossil1 #ajb2 at ,gibralt>1 #ajb ,monum5ts ( ,ea/] ,isl&1 #afd2 ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 #aff ,m\nta9s1 burn+1 & cov]$ ) sn[1 #ai ,moresby1 ,capta91 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #adc ,new ,gu9ea1 /one age (1 #adc ,new ,zeal& d9ornis1 #aae2 moa1 #aaf2 /one age (1 #adc ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 ru9s1 c41 (1 #afd1 #afe ,norway1 rais$ t]races (1 #ch ,ohio1 e>?works (1 #afe ,oolite1 #da1 #hf ,orig9 ( language1 #aee ,papyrus writ+s1 #abe ,p>is1 built ( %ells1 #ajj ,p>ts1 !1 are call$ fossils1 #aa ,pa/ life1 ! signs (1 #ac ,peat1 #gj ,plan ( creation1 #aag ,plants ( coal =e/s1 #fc ,plesiosaurus1 #he ,pott]y1 #ada1 #adb ,pre-hi/oric art1 #acc2 draw+s1 #ace2 man1 #abg1 #aca2 weapons & tools1 #abi ,pt]odactyl1 d]ivation (1 #hi2 description (1 #ij ,puzzle1 ! framework (1 #a-af2 p>ts (1 :]e f\nd1 #e ,pyr5ees1 :5 rais$1 #ajj ,ra9-drops1 m>ks (1 #hd ,re9de]1 draw+ (1 on slate1 #ace ,reptiles1 ! age (1 #ha ,rh9oc]os 9 ,engl&1 #aje ,rocks1 rais+ ( !2 h[ plac$1 #ba1 #be2 c>ri$ by ice1 #dh ,s&/one1 =mation (1 #be1 #bf2 ,old ,r$1 #fb1 #ha2 ,new ,r$1 #gg ,slate h>d5$ mud1 #ae ,sponges1 #ae1 #gh ,/>-fi%1 #gh ,/one age1 #abh2 fir/ /one age1 #acg2 second1 #ach2 ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,zeal&1 #adc1 #ade ,subsid5ce1 #cg ,succession ( =mations1 #da1 #db ,suckl]s1 #ajb ,sunlight1 fossil1 #gc ,t]ti>y p]iod1 #cd1 #ajj ,"t1 ! "w (1 #afg ,tools1 poli%$ & r\gh1 #aci ,trilobite1 #gh ,upheaval & depression1 #cf1 #ch ,vegetable "p1 !1 #ef ,v]tebrata1 #aja ,volcanoes & e>?quakes1 #ai ,wat]1 a p[]ful tool ( ,nature1 #cd1 #de2 ?r[n out ( ! e>?1 #ed ,weapons1 e>ly1 #aba2 & tools1 :]e f\nd1 #aca ,:ales1 #aja ,_w1 e>ly hi/ory ( !1 #c1 #d2 size & %ape1 #ag2 mat]ials (1 #ag2 heat (1 #ah ,"w1 !1 ( "t1 #afg ,writ+1 orig9 (1 #abc2 ,mexican1 ,egyptian1 & ,assyrian1 #abd1 #abe2 on papyrus1 #abe2 by signs1 #abe ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 #8,! pres5t little "w1 :i* is specially address$ to *ildr51 is writt5 9 s pleasant & easy a /yle1 & its descriptions ( life on ! e>? are on ! :ole s simple & accurate1 t we c he>tily recomm5d x to ! att5tion ( ^? :o seek su* a guide4 ,! illu/rations are good1 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! book su* t x may comp>e mo/ fav\rably ) o!r prim]s ( geology4' ,,geological ,,magaz9e4 #8,writt5 9 cle> & simple /yle1 especially attractive to *ildr54 ,x includes an acc\nt ( pre-hi/oric man1 & %[s 9 _m o!r ways t ! writ] is famili> ) "s ( ! late/ phases ( geological ?\ght4' ,,academy4 #8,! av[$ object ( ?is *>m+ little book is to place ! results ( ^! rese>*es )9 ! grasp ( *ildr51 by pres5t+ !m 9 language at once cle>1 simple1 & w9n+4444 ,9 ?is h>d task ,mr4 ,,nicols has succe$$ admirably1 )\t resort+ to t base subt]fuge--! attempt to clo! in/ruction 9 ! guise ( fiction4444 ,?is is true education1 = x tea*es *ildr5 fir/ to obs]ve & !n to reason4444 ,?\gh ! /yle ( ?is delightful book is simple & *ildlike1 x is z f> z possible remov$ f be+ *ildi%4' ,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4 #8,! language is pla91 ! descriptions are lucid1 ! illu/rations apt1 & ! broad facts ( ! sci5ce are v correctly /at$4 ,! "w1 too1 is free f all attempts at f9e writ+4444 ,we wi% ! book success z at any rate an attempt to lay be=e ! "y fact in/ead ( fiction4' ,,qu>t]ly ,,j\rnal ( ,,sci5ce4 #8,! book is a successful attempt to expla9 ! simple/ facts ( geology1 & ( ! succession ( life on ! e>?4' ,,we/m9/] ,,review4 #8,! idea is a happy "o1 & w recomm5d itself to *ildr52 & we are b\nd to say t ,mr4 ,,nicols has c>ri$ out 8 idea rem>kably well1 & produc$ a "w :i* w d mu* to spread s\nd notions ^u ! gradual developm5t ( our e>? & its inhabitants to ! condition 9 :i* we n[ see !m4444 ,we c safely recomm5d ,mr4 ,,nicols' little book z "o t w h a mo/ b5eficial effect 9 op5+ ! m9ds ( its "y read]s4' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,review4 #8,?is is a good little book1 clev]ly writt5 by an able geologi/1 & well adapt$ = *ildr54 ,we c recomm5d ! volume z a pres5t to any intellig5t boy or girl4' ,,lancet4 #8,?is book appe>s to be1 9 /yle1 language1 & scope1 em95tly adapt$ = its purpose1 :i* is to awak5 among ! little folks an int]e/ 89 ! hi/ory ( life ^u ! e>?10 & 8give !m ! ta/e = m ext5d$ /udy 9 aft] ye>s40' ,,illu/rat$ ,,london ,,news4 #88,?\gh ^! pages are design$ = "y p]sons10 says ! ,au?or1 8o!r read]s1 p]haps1 :o are n famili> ) ! subject1 may f9d "s int]e/ 9 !m1 if !y are n det]r$ by ! necess>ily simple /yle10--:i*1 we v5ture to say1 !y mo/ assur$ly w n be4444 ,to _m gr[n p]sons1 !re=e1 z well z _! desc5dants1 w ?is book be a great boon1 :i*1 if !y are at all lib]al-m9d$1 !y w advocate z well z appreciate4444 ,l ! ,sci5ce ,prim]s ( ,pr(essors ,huxley1 ,roscoe1 ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 c41 if duly read & weigh$1 x w t5d to unravel & sweep away a deal ( baneful sup]/ition4' ,,l& & ,,wat]4 #8,t ,mr4 ,,nicols has succe$$ 9 ! object he propos$ to himself may be safely affirm$4 ,he has done 8 "w briefly & lucidly1 & has produc$ a book capable ( arre/+ ! att5tion1 n only ( *ildr51 b ( ^? f :om !y receive _! e>li] lessons4' ,! ,,c\ntry4 #8,a p]fect 8,op5 ,sesame0 = "y sci5tific /ud5ts1 & s clev]ly compos$ z to make /ud5ts ( ^? :o are n sci5tific3 n m]ely ! "y1 b old] p too4 ,mr4 ,,nicols ?or\ghly und]/&s 8 "w4' ,,notes & ,,qu]ies4 #8,easily & attractively writt5 = "y p4444 ,! treatm5t ( s wide a subject1 & ! cond5s+ x into a volume ( #aej pages is no light task4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 congratulate ,mr4 ,,nicols ^u hav+ accompli%$ x 9 s judici\s1 p]haps1 bett] /ill1 s sugge/ive a mann]2 & we h no d\bt t 8 little book w become a well-worn fav\rite 9 ! h&s ( all ?\ghtful & intellig5t *ildr5 :o may be s =tunate z to possess x4' ,,eng9e]4 #8,! mann] 9 :i* ! pieces ( ! puzzle--fossils--are f\nd1 put toge!r1 & int]pret$1 is relat$ 9 language readily und]/ood by *ildr52 ! description ( ! vegetable1 animal1 & human p>ts be+ peculi>ly int]e/+4 ,! illu/rations are ! be/ ( ! k9d ) :i* we are acqua9t$4444 ,we /rongly recomm5d x4' ,,s*oolma/]4 #8,x is ! puzzle z to ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>? unravell$ 9 a mann] to int]e/ & enlight5 ! m9ds1 & to develop ! obs]v+ & reflect+ faculties ( *ildr54444 ,! results ( co/ly & labori\s inve/igations 9 _m diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce are conc5trat$ 9 ^! free & easy lessons or colloquial lectures to "y *ildr54444 ,calculat$ to ar\se an int]e/ 9 all b ! dulle/ & mo/ indiff]5t juv5ile m9ds4444 ,w be f\nd invaluable to tea*]s & a great help 9 ! rational cultivation ( ! intellig5ce ( ! ris+ g5]ation4' ,,s*ool ,,bo>d ,,*ronicle4 #8,! /atem5t ( ^! facts1 ?\gh made ) all ! sobriety due to a sci5tific disc\rse1 has all ! int]e/ ( a /ory = ! "y2 & ! n>rative1 if we mi/ake n1 w int]e/ o!r read]s ?an ^? = :om x is prim>ily writt54 ,a ^w ( comm5dation mu/ be giv5 to ! illu/rations1 :i* are exce$+ly well drawn4' ,,educational ,,times4 #8,to place ! 8simple tru?s ( sci5ce0 9 rivalry ) fairy tales & m]ry picture-books is n s hopeless z at fir/ sight may seem2 & c]ta9ly ! simple1 attractive /yle 9 :i* ! m>vels ( ! physical _w are "h set out mu/ n only int]e/1 b *>m e bright *ild ( eag] intellect4 ,simplicity is obs]v$ to ! utmo/1 b x is ! simplicity ( tru?1 s t ! *ild is n int]e/$ at ! exp5se ( hav+ aft]w>ds to unle>n :at he has read or li/5$ to4' ,,liv]pool ,,weekly ,,albion4 #8,mr4 ,,ar?ur ,,nicols has attempt$ a task :i* at fir/ sight seems extremely difficult1 b :i* he has successfully a*iev$4444 ,*ildr5 c sc>cely help und]/&+ & be+ int]e/$ 9 ! wond]ful /ory ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ( pa/ organic life ^u x1 :i* he unfolds4 ,!re is no?+ *ildi% ab\t 8 /yle1 yet he writes ) p]fect simplicity4444 ,a bett] book to put into ! h&s ( ?\ghtful *ildr51 or = use z a text-book by p]sons engag$ 9 ! private tuition ( ! "y1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d4' ,! ,,scotsman4 #8,facts are /rang] ?an any fancies :i* emanate f ! writ]s ( ev5 fairy tales1 & :5 !y c be br\ght home to y\?ful /ud5ts by ocul> demon/rations ! facts are inv>iably pref]r$ to ! fancies4444 ,! illu/rations :i* adorn ! book are well drawn1 & suffici5tly num]\s = ! purpose4444 ,! ,au?or is a g5ial & reliable guide to a solution ( ! puzzle ( life4' ,,engli% ,,me*anic4 ,london1 ,,longmans ,,co4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #bi ,*ang$3 ,= innum]able age/ hese little creatures to3 ,= innum]able ages ^! little creatures pg #ia ,*ang$3 ,footnote #a3 ,wall-case ,no4 #aa 9 ,room ,,iii41 sev]al specim5s1 mp]fect to3 ,footnote #a3 ,wall-case ,no4 #aa 9 ,room ,,iii41 sev]al specim5s1 imp]fect pg #aca ,*ang$3 liv$ z t ^! fl9 weapons & tools to3 liv$ z t ^! fl9t weapons & tools