,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text display$ z3 italic ,illu/ration3 ,,trophonius ,,slay+ ,,agam$es ,,at ,,! ,,treasury ,,( ,,hyrieus4 ,,"s ,,old ,,ma/]s ,,( ,,greek ,,ar*itecture ,by ,,h>ry ,,d\glas ,,curator ,,( ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,kellogg ,,t]race ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,publi%$ ,,at ,,! ,,qu>t]-,,oak ,,great ,,b>r+ton1 ,,mass41 #ahii ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,h>ry ,,d\glas4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,to ,,edw>d ,,francis ,,se>les ,,^: ,,appreciation ,,( ,,! ,,h>monies ,,( ,,art1 ,,& ,,^: ,,high ,,ideals ,,( ,,ar*itecture ,,h ,,f\nd ,,expression ,,9 ,,_m ,,endur+ ,,=ms1 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,preface ,! temptation to w&]1 ) all ! recklessness ( an amateur1 into ! traditions ( ! be/ ar*itecture1 :i* necess>ily c\ld be f\nd only 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,hell5ic art1 awak5$ 9 ! au?or a desire to asc]ta9 :o 7 ! individual arti/s prim>ily responsible = ^? ar*itectural /&>ds1 :i* h be5 accept$ )\t rival s9ce _! creation4 ,! se>* l$ to "s surprise :5 x 0 f\nd h[ little 0 kn[n or record$ ( !m1 & h[ great appe>$ to be ! indiff]5ce 9 :i* !y 7 held by ne>ly all ! writ]s ^u anci5t art1 z well z by _! contempor>y hi/orians & biograph]s4 ,! au?or !re=e has gone into ! field ( hi/ory1 tradition & fable1 ) a basket on 8 arm1 z x 71 to cull "s ( ! r>e & obscure fl[]s ( ?is arti/ic family1 dropp+ into ! basket also su* facts directly or indirectly associat$ ) ! ar*itects ( anci5t ,greece1 or _! art1 z int]e/$ him p]sonally4 ,! basket is "h set d[n1 conta9+1 if no?+ m1 at lea/ a brief allusion to no less ?an eighty-two ar*itects ( antiquity4 ,! fact is p]fectly appreciat$ t _m f9e specim5s may h be5 ov]look$2 t scant ju/ice has be5 done ^? ga!r$1 & t ! basket is f> too small to conta9 all t s ri* a field c\ld (f]4 ,?is book1 !re=e1 aims at no?+ m ?an a sup]ficial glance at ! subject1 & ! au?or w be cont5t if he has accompli%$ any?+ t[>d br++ ^? great g5iuses ( a noble art into a little mod]n light1 :o h be5 left v mu* to !mselves 9 "o ( ! gloomie/ *amb]s ( a deep obscurity4 ,,cont5ts ,,page #a4 ,,popul> ,,appreciation ,,( ,,ar*itects1 #a #b4 ,,my?ical ,,& ,,ar*aic ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s1 #bd #c4 ,,orig9ators ,,( ,,! 8,,?ree ,,ord]s10 #di #d4 ,,e>ly ,,grecian ,,ar*itects1 #fc #e4 ,,ar*itectural ,,epo* ,,( ,,p]icles1 #ij #f4 ,,ar*itects ,,( ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,p]icles1 #ajc #g4 ,,lat] ,,greek ,,ar*itects1 #acf #h4 ,,alex&rian ,,era1 ,,& ,,roman ,,spoliation1 #adh #i4 ,,alex&rian ,,ar*itects1 #afd ,,index ,,( ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,ar*itectural ,,sculptors1 #ahe ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,popul> ,,appreciation ,,( ,,ar*itects4 ,( all ! f9e arts none m completely answ]s = its raison d'tre ?an ar*itecture4 ,9 ?is art alone d we f9d ! h>moni\s m+l+ ( /hetical fancy ) utilit>ian purpose4 ,x is ?is feature ( usefulness t completes its well-r\nd$ p]fection1 r ?an detracts f x1 & dignifies its mission ( exi/5ce4 ,ar*itecture1 9 its capacity to draw to its enri*m5t ! o!r arts1 may be comp>$ to ! poli%$ orator1 ^: purpose is to sway ! judgm5t ( 8 audi5ce by =5sic ef=t1 embelli%+ 8 language ) ! fl[]s ( rhetoric1 adapt+ 8 ge/ures to graceful emphasis1 & controll+ 8 voice to suit ! light & %ade ( 8 ?\ght4 ,s sculpture has be5 /imulat$ by ar*itecture & has contribut$ to its ornam5tation2 pa9t+ has be5 invok$ to ! highe/ accompli%m5ts1 & music has awak5$ )9 its walls voice & h>mony4 8,! progress ( o!r arts dep5ds on t ( ar*itecture10 ,sir ,william ,*amb]s v truly says4 8,:5 build+ is enc\rag$1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 g>d5+ & all o!r decorative arts fl\ri% ( c\rse1 & ^! h an influ5ce on manufactures1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ me*anic productions2 = design is ( univ]sal advantage1 & /amps a value on ! mo/ trifl+ p]=mance40 ,x is p]haps n a little odd t despite its pre-em95t importance1 & ! high rank :i* x has ev] assum$1 f t e>ly "t :5 ! fir/ rays ( dawn+ civilization began to w>m ! lat5t g]ms ( culture & ref9em5t 9 human nature1 to ! pres5t day1 x is ! only art t has n1 ) v r>e & isolat$ exceptions1 /amp$ r5[n ^u ^? :o h practis$ x z a pr(ession1 & lift$ ! arti/ into ! la/+ remembrance & gratitude ( ! admir]s ( 8 works4 ,h[ greatly ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! musician1 are id5tifi$ ) _! arts1 & ! products ( _! bru%1 *isel or p56 h[ great has be5 _! praise1 h[ la/+ & un/9t$ ! e/eem 9 :i* !y h be5 held6 b h[ res]v$ has be5 ! applause t has enc\rag$ ! ar*itect :o has giv5 to ! _w ! gr& & noble results ( 8 skill & g5ius1 & h[ soon he himself has be5 =gott56 ,x happ5s only too (t5 t x is ! "n ( ! di/+ui%$ pa9t] t /amps ! value ( 8 canvas r ?an ! m]its ( ! picture itself4 ,! title ( a beautiful piece ( sculptur$ m>ble is n ask$ ) great] eag]ness ?an t ( ! arti/ :o creat$ x4 ,ba* & ,bee?ov5 & ,moz>t are play$ & sung to ! popul> audi5ces r ?an _! fugues1 _! sonatas & _! symphonies4 ,b :at is kn[n ( ! arti/s :o h re>$ ! greate/ monum5ts ( endur+ ar*itecture8 ,_! p]sonality1 & ev5 _! names1 appe> to h fad$ f popul> recollection4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! fact f ! e>lie/ days ( ! art 9 ,greece & ,rome to ! pres5t "t4 ,! exceptions are s r>e1 ?r\gh\t all ! int]v5+ ages1 & ! wav+ prom95ce ( ! art1 t !y might almo/ be numb]$ ^u ! f+]s ( a s+le h&4 ,! read]1 if he is n a pr(essional ar*itect1 or an amateur :o has read deeply 9 8 favorite subject1 c arrive at ! tru? ( ?is seem+ly exagg]at$ /atem5t1 if he w lay aside ?is book = a mom5t & try to recall ! names ( ! design]s ( "s ( ! m conspicu\s monum5ts ( ar*itecture he has visit$ at home or abroad4 8,i w erect su* a build+1 b ,i w hang x up 9 ! air10 exclaim$ ,mi*ael ,angelo :5 he saw ! dome ( ! ,pan!on at ,rome4 ,! read] may rememb] ?is boa/ ( ! great ,r5aissance g5ius1 ! fulfilm5t ( x 9 ! colossal dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & be satisfi$ t 8 memory has captur$ "o ar*itect ( celebrity4 ,if ! beautiful ,flor5t9e campanile ( ,giotto looms up 9 8 recollection he w ?9k at once also ( t e>ly arti/1 b p]haps n m s 9 connection ) t ornate t[] ?an 9 association ) ! ,pre-,raphaelites4 ,( c\rse1 he w n ov]look ,inigo ,jones1 ^: v "n is /amp$ ^u ! memory by reason ( its peculi>ity1 or ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ! creator ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & ! ,briti% idol4 ,if he is an admir] ( ! picturesque ar*itecture ( ,v5etian *ur*es & palaces1 ! ,italian ,palladio may n escape him2 & if ( ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 ! ,l\vre faade w possibly sugge/ ,p]rault1 & ! ,p>isian ro(s ,mans>d4 ,if he is a native ( our 8,mod]n ,a!ns10 ( c\rse1 ! p]il 9 :i* ! classic front ( ! ,/ate ,h\se re/$ = a "t1 at ! h&s ( a f9 de sicle legislature1 w n p]mit him to =get ,bulf9*1 & ,tr9ity ,*ur* w br+ to memory ! only ,ri*>dson4 ,b aside f a few names su* z h be5 m5tion$1 ) possibly a spr9kl+ ( o!rs fix$ 9 ! memory1 by incid5t or association1 ! av]age read]1 h[ev] well acqua9t$ he may be ) ! num]\s lum9>ies ( ! o!r arts1 w be unable to say :o 0 responsible = ! beauty & nobility ( _m build+s t h individualiz$ ! cities & t[ns ( _! location to ! art-lov+ _w4 ,:o1 = example1 c tell ( ! au?ors ( ! ca!drals at ,milan & ,si5a1 ,cologne & ,/rassburg1 ,rheims & ,ami5s1 ,wells & ,lit*field2 ! ,giralda at ,seville2 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,invalides at ,p>is2 ! ,/rozzi ,palace at ,flor5ce2 ! ,h5ry ,,vii4 *apel at ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 ! mu* & ju/ly admir$ s\? faade ( ! old ,city ,hall 9 ,new ,york2 ,grace ,*ur* 9 t city2 ! ,capitol build+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 or t model ( colonial ar*itecture 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,executive ,mansion8 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! purpose to "h speculate too ext5sively ^u ! app>5t lack ( ju/ice on ! "p ( ! g5]al public :i* has be5 done ! ar*itects ( all climes & times1 b to ga!r toge!r a few facts conc]n+ ! ,old ,ma/]s ( e>ly ,grecian ar*itecture t are n popul>ly kn[n1 & recall "s ( ! lead+ lights ( t art s inimitably practis$ by ! ,hell5ic p dur+ _! progress f ar*aic d>kness to ! z5i? ( _! /hetic culture4 ,x is b repeat+ a well-worn tru? to say t ! influ5ce ( ! e>ly ,grecian ar*itects ^u ! foll[]s ( _! art 9 all c\ntries ( recogniz$ civiliz$ enlight5m5t1 ?r\gh\t ! ages t h succe$$ !m1 has be5 an almo/ dom9ant "o4 ,rob]t ,adam1 ! ar*itectural au?ority 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii41 says1 9 ! introduction to 8 "w on ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ! ,emp]or ,diocletian3 8,! build+s ( ! anci5ts are 9 ar*itecture :at ! works ( nature are ) respect to ! o!r arts3 !y s]ve z models :i* we %\ld imitate & z /&>ds by :i* we ought to judge2 = ?is reason !y :o aim at em95ce1 ei!r 9 ! k or practice ( ar*itecture1 f9d x necess>y to view ) _! own eyes ! works ( ! anci5ts :i* rema91 t !y may cat* f !m ^? ideas ( gr&eur & beauty :i* no?+1 p]haps1 b su* an obs]vation c sugge/40 ,x is equally true t no c\ntry t has exp]i5c$ an evolution 9 intellig5ce & culture1 dur+ ! tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s t h fl$ s9ce ! "t ( ,p]icles1 has succe$$ 9 introduc+ any new s*ool ( ar*itecture1 t has n be5 compell$ to draw ^u anci5t ,greece = _m ( ! mo/ important & ess5tial features ( ! art x c\ld only modify1 b nev] :olly re-create4 ,! ,go?ic1 or po9t$-ar* /yle1 t sprung into su* beautiful be+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & reign$ a que5 )9 ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries ( ,europe = sev]al c5turies !reaft]1 came m ne>ly answ]+ = an orig9al s*eme ( ar*itecture ?an p]haps any o!r ( equal importance1 & yet _h x be5 depriv$ ( ! ,grecian props t help$ to su/a9 x1 x mu/ h fall5 to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,go?ic ! ef=t 0 made to incl9e ! inh]it$ pr9ciples ( ar*itecture m closely t[>d ! spiritual progress ( ! p1 b :5 at la/ x _h run its c\rse1 & 0 de?ron$1 ow+ to a realization ( ! fact t ev5 a clos] allegiance to classic models c\ld be made to answ] /ill bett] spiritual requirem5ts1 h[ completely did ! arti/ic temp]am5t ( ! p rev]t to ,greece & ,rome1 z ! light ( _! return+ inspiration & tru? appe>$ ) ! dawn ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,r5aissance ar*itecture & ,r5aissance art swept ,europe l a wave1 & ! p turn$ ) reaction>y en?usiasm to ! anci5t /&>ds ( art1 z !y did to ! /udy ( classic au?ors1 & to ! writ+ ( ev5 ,greek & ,lat9 v]ses4 ,! debt ( gratitude1 !re=e1 :i* po/]ity has ow$ ! orig9ators 9 anci5t ,greece ( ! ?ree noble ord]s ( ar*itecture--namely1 ! ,doric1 ,ionic & ,cor9?ian--c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$1 = x is to ^? ?ree ord]s or /yles t all subsequ5t ar*itects h turn$ = ! fundam5tal tru?s ( _! art4 ,!y may n h foll[$ ea* or all ) conv5tional /rictness2 b !y h n succe$$ 9 escap+ f borr[+ _m ( ! features !re ev]la/+ly fix$ by ! un]r+ g5iuses ( classic times4 8,fam\s ,greece6 ,t s\rce ( art1 & cultivat$ ?\ght1 ,:i* !y to ,rome1 & ,romans hi!r br\ght40 ,! uses to :i* ! ,greek & ,roman ar*itectural =ms1 pr9ciples & ornam5ts h be5 put s9ce ! bir? ( ! ,r5aissance h broad5$ l>gely1 & w\ld seem to preclude any possibility ( _! ev] aga9 fall+ into ev5 p>tial desuetude4 ,x is n only 9 ! m pret5ti\s build+s1 monum5ts & ornam5tal /ructures t ab\nd s pl5tifully 9 ! popul\s & weal?y cities t classic models & features are s lib]ally employ$1 b ev5 ! unpret5ti\s & simple rural homes _c escape _! use4 ,:at is m common ?an ! ,doric mutule or ,cor9?ian modillion1 s frequ5tly se5 9 ! cornices ( mod]n h\ses1 or ! ,ionic d5tils t %[ _! tee? bel[ a piazza ro( or ov] ! door cas+ ( a colonial dwell+8 ,! v>i\s comb9ations ( ! fret1 ! egg & d>t1 ! bead & fillet1 ! honeysuckle1 ! acan?us & _m o!r ,grecian motifs ( ornam5tation1 are met ) con/antly1 n only 9 build+s ( a public or private nature1 b 9 furniture & fresco1 9 int]ior decoration1 & 9 enhanc+ ! attractiv5ess ( almo/ any article ( use or ornam5t4 ,ev5 ! simple ogee m\ld+1 :i* is employ$1 if n[h]e else1 ab\t ! door panels ( ! humble/ abode1 is classic 9 its orig91 & _h its ar*etype 9 ! entablatures ( ^? /ately & beautiful temples d$icat$ to ! pagan gods ( anci5t ,greece4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t all ! individual features employ$ 9 ! ,greek ord]s f\nd _! bir? 9 ! bra9s ( ,hell5ic ar*itects4 ,sir ,j]emy ,b5?am says3 8,f ,egypt arts _! progress made to ,greece1 ,wrapt 9 ! fable ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece40 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 ?\gh poetical1 is mu* too sweep+ to be lit]ally correct z to ar*itecture4 ,! ,greeks borr[$ a little--a v little--n only f ! ,egyptians1 b f ! ,assyrians1 ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,p]sians1 & o!r we/]n ,asiatic races z well2 b s alt]$ :at !y _h borr[$1 s ref9$ x & entw9$ x ) orig9al conceptions ( _! own1 t ! captive features c\ld h return$ aga9 to _! native l&s )\t fe> ( detection4 ,inde$ z to ! orig9 ( "s ( ! ar*itectural features :i* ! ,greeks are suppos$ to h tak5 f ! c\ntries ( a m unref9$ p to ! s\? & ea/ ( !m1 & especially z to ! volute1 s conspicu\s 9 ! ,ionic capital1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 a ,p]sian conception1 !re is mu* dispute4 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,rog] ,smi?1 ( ,london1 v truly obs]ves3 8,we _c put a f+] ^u any feature ( ,egyptian1 ,assyrian or ,p]sian ar*itecture ! influ5ce ( :i* has surviv$ to ! pres5t day1 except su* z 7 adopt$ by ! ,greeks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no feature1 no ornam5t1 nor ev5 any pr9ciple ( design :i* ! ,greek ar*itects employ$ t c be said to h n[ become obsolete40 ,9 discuss+ ! ?ree prim>y ord]s ( :i* m5tion has be5 made1 & to :i* he adds ! ,tuscan & ,composite1 bo? ( ,italian or ,roman orig91 & closely dep5d5t ^u ! orig9al ?ree1 ,sir ,william ,*amb]s rem>ks3 8,! +5uity ( man has hi!rto n be5 able to produce a six? ord]1 ?\gh l>ge premiums h be5 (f]$1 & num]\s attempts be5 made by m5 ( fir/-rate tal5ts1 to accompli% x4 ,su* is ! fett]$ human imag9ation1 su* ! scanty /ore ( its ideas1 t ,doric1 ,ionic & ,cor9?ian h ev] float$ upp]mo/1 & all t has be5 produc$ am\nts to no?+ m ?an diff]5t arrangem5ts & comb9ations ( _! p>ts1 ) "s trifl+ deviations sc>cely des]v+ notice2 ! :ole t5d+ g5]ally m to dim9i% ?an to increase ! beauty ( ! anci5t ord]s4444 ,! suppression ( p>ts ( ! anci5t ord]s1 ) a view to produce novelty1 has ( late ye>s be5 practis$ among u ) full z little success2 & al?\gh x is n wi%$ to re/ra9 sallies ( imag9ation1 nor to disc\rage g5ius f attempt+ to inv5t1 yet x is appreh5d$ t attempts to alt] ! prim>y =ms inv5t$ by ! anci5ts1 & e/abli%$ by ! concurr+ approbation ( _m ages1 mu/ ev] be att5d$ ) dang]\s consequ5ces1 mu/ always be difficult1 & seldom1 if ev]1 successful40 ,?us is se5 ! m>vell\s discretion & judgm5t ex]cis$ by ! ,grecian ar*itects 9 select+ f contempor>y art t alone :i* 0 be/ to p]petuate1 & ?us is well express$ 9 ! /atem5t ( indisputable fact1 a tribute to _! orig9ality & creative g5ius4 ,& :o 7 ^! ,old ,ma/]s ( classic ar*itecture--old] 9 po9t ( s]vice to _! art by ?\s&s ( ye>s ?an ,giotto & ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,inigo ,jones & ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 & _m o!rs :o might be m5tion$1 & :o 9 campanile & ca!dral1 9 public build+ & private palace1 9 monum5t & mausoleum1 h prov$ !mselves ju/ly entitl$ to ! laurels ) :i* !y h be5 cr[n$1 b :o nev]!less are b disciples ( ,hell5ic & ,roman ma/]s8 ,:]e d we f9d ! biographies ( ! orig9al ,old ,ma/]s ( ar*itecture record$8 ,:]e c we turn to read ( _! lives1 ( _! de$s & a*ievem5ts1 ( _! aspirations & ambitions1 ( _! %ortcom+s & _! foibles8 ,:]e are writt5 d[n ^? anecdotes & incid5ts ( p]sonal int]e/1 s ent]ta9+ 9 association ) _! works or _! art8 ,:at1 9 fact1 7 _! names8 ,!re is comp>atively little record$ ( ! lives ( ! ,greek & ,roman ar*itects ) :i* to answ] ^! que/ions2 /range z x may appe>1 ev5 _! names are unfamili>1 & 9 _m important in/ances are =gott5 altoge!r4 ,among t l>ge galaxy ( brilliant m5 :i* ,greece 9 h] prime produc$1 :o figur$ prom95tly 9 almo/ e walk ( life1 :o 7 great 9 w> & 9 peace1 9 philosophy & poetry1 9 satire & hi/ory1 9 oratory & valor1 & z great1 if n great] ?an 9 all1 9 /atu>y & sculpture--a galaxy cl++ to ! memory 9 all ages ( human progress1 because nev] excell$1 ! "n ( a ,grecian ar*itect is a /range s\nd1 & does n r+ 9 tune1 if x is ev] he>d at all1 ) ! names enroll$ ^u ! li/ ( ,greek immortals4 ,! sculptors & /atu>ies ( anci5t ,greece are especially well rememb]$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 & ,myron & ,phidias & ,praxiteles & ,polycletus call = no introduction to ! ord9>ily in=m$ lov] ( art2 n s ! design] ( ! ,p>!non or ! ,temple ( ,!seus1 or ! ,ere*!um1 or ! ,*oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates4 ,x is /range t ! arti/ :o modell$ or *isell$ a bull or a c[ or a ,faun or a nude ,v5us1 or any pagan god or goddess1 h[ev] mu* we may praise ! excell5ce ( 8 skill1 %\ld be rememb]$ by po/]ity1 :ile ! arti/1 8 contempor>y1 :o design$ ! mo/ beautiful & graceful build+s ( all "t1 :i* 9 _! glory 7 ! pride ( _! p1 & :i* 9 _! decay & ru9 are /ill ! load/ones t attract pilgrims f ! mo/ di/ant l&s1 is =gott51 &1 x w\ld appe>1 d5i$ almo/ ! humble/ m5tion4 ,c x n be said ( ! ,grecian ar*itects1 z well z ! ,grecian sculptors1 t "u ! magic ( _! t\* 8,/ones leap'd to =m1 & rocks began to live08 ,7 n ! temples !y re>$ 9 all ! pride ( surpass+ beauty1 :i* tempt$ ! sculptor's c>ess on frieze & p$im5t1 & :i* gave %elt] to ^? works ( ! /atu>y's art :i* ,%akespe>e recalls s vividly :5 he draws ! simile3 8,!y spake n a ^w4 ,b1 l dumb /atues1 or unbrea?+ /ones1 ,/>$ at ea* o!r1 & look'd deadly pale10 z mu* entitl$ to give immortality to _! creators z ! works1 h[ev] competitive1 ( o!r bran*es ( art to _! au?ors8 ,& /ill s incid5tally & indiff]5tly h ! hi/orians & biograph]s ( _! "t allud$ to ! ,grecian ar*itects1 t little or no?+ is to be f\nd to qu5* t desire to "k ( !m p]sonally1 :i* an int]e/ 9 _! gr& a*ievem5ts may well awak54 ,did we n "k x to be o!rwise1 we might ?9k t !y1 too1 7 l ! poor ar*itect ( :om ,goe! speaks3 8,he is employ$ 9 lavi%+ all ! luxury ( 8 fancy ^u halls f :i* he is to be ev] exclud$1 & display 8 +5uity 9 be/[+ ! utmo/ conv5i5ce ^u ap>tm5ts he mu/ n enjoy40 ,b x does n appe> t any social discrim9ation 0 ex]cis$ aga9/ ! ,greek ar*itects to ca/ a %ad[ ^u _! pres5t or future fame4 ,x is popul>ly believ$ t ! great build+s ( ! anci5t _w 7 v long 9 ! process ( con/ruction--t !y1 9 fact1 took _m decades & sometimes ev5 hundr$s ( ye>s to complete4 ,if ?is 7 true x might 9 a measure expla9 ! obscurity 9 :i* _! ar*itects h be5 left1 inasmu* z ! orig9al design] ( ! build+ might h be5 =gott5 ere ! la/ ( 8 successors _h f9i%$ ! "w he _h und]tak54 ,b ?is is n altoge!r ! fact4 ,ev5 ! pyramid ( ,*eops--t colossal m>vel ( ! creative g5ius ( man--we are in=m$ by "s au?orities took b ?irty ye>s to con/ruct1 t5 ( :i* 7 giv5 to ! build+ ( a road lead+ to ! site ( ! pyramid1 = ! great] facility 9 h&l+ ! huge blocks ( /one to be us$4 ,nei!r 7 ! temples & public edifices ( ,greece & ,rome1 z a rule1 long 9 build+1 be+ g5]ally und]tak5 & f9i%$ dur+ ! influ5tial p]iod ( a public man's c>e]1 or ! reign ( a s+le emp]or4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 exceptions to ?is rule1 z1 = example1 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 t erect$ to ,diana at ,ephesus1 & t d$icat$ to ,jupit] at ,a!ns2 b 9 ne>ly all su* in/ances x w be f\nd t ! temples 7 de/roy$ & rebuilt dur+ ! long int]val :i* is suppos$ to h pass$ f ! "t :5 _! f\ndations 7 fir/ laid1 to t :i* f\nd !m aga9 9 all respects complet$ /ructures2 or1 if n de/roy$ & ! "w und]tak5 anew1 ! delay 0 caus$ by "s political influ5ce :i* contribut$ to *eck ! cont9u\s prosecution ( ! "w1 imply+ no procra/9ation on ! "p ( ! orig9al build]s4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ ( su* cases ! names ( ! v>i\s ar*itects :o 7 f "t to "t associat$ ) ! "w are at lea/ kn[n1 if _! biographies are n m fully record$4 ,x may be /at$ broadly t bo? ! ,greeks & ! ,romans 7 rapid build]s :5 ! size ( _! edifices is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! "t ( ,p]icles1 if we are to believe ! te/imony ( ,plut>*3 8,e ar*itect /riv$ to surpass ! magnific5ce ( design ) ! elegance ( execution1 yet /ill ! mo/ wond]ful circum/ance 0 ! exp$ition ) :i* !y ! build+s 7 complet$4 ,_m edifices1 ea* ( :i* seem$ to require ! labor ( successive ages1 7 f9i%$ dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( "o prosp]\s man40 ,& ! great biograph] also adds3 8444 ,h5ce we h ! m reason to wond] t ! /ructures rais$ by ,p]icles %\ld be built 9 s %ort a "t1 & yet built = ages1 = ea* ( !m z soon z f9i%$ _h ! v5]able air ( antiquity2 s n[ !y are old !y h ! fre%ness ( a mod]n build+4 ,a bloom is diffus$ ov] !m :i* pres]ves _! aspect unt>ni%$ by "t1 z if !y 7 animat$ by a _s ( p]petual y\? & unfad+ elegance40 ,ano!r mi/ak5 idea is t ! sculptors ( anci5t times 7 also ar*itects4 ,"s in/ances occur :]e1 l ! ,italian1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 a prom95t sculptor ( ,greece or ,rome1 made ar*itecture "o ( 8 accompli%m5ts1 b !y 7 n z num]\s z !y are suppos$ to h be51 & ! rule seems to be ! rev]se3 t ! sculptors ( antiquity _h no te*nical k ( ar*itecture1 & t ! arts 7 q z di/9ctly practis$ z pr(essions 9 e>ly times z !y are to-day4 ,!re rema9s to be pres5t$ only "o o!r reason = ! indiff]5ce %[n ! e>ly ar*itects by _! contempor>y writ]s & public1 :i* is s well express$ by an ,engli% hi/orian 9 8 discussion ( ! ,coliseum at ,rome1 t x may well be quot$ z a type ( ! excuse (f]$ by apologi/s ( ! same class3 8,! "n ( ! ar*itect to :om ! great "w ( ! ,coliseum 0 entru/$ has n come d[n to u4#a ,! anci5ts seem !mselves to h reg>d$ ?is "n z a matt] ( little int]e/2 nor 9 fact d !y g5]ally c>e to specify ! au?or%ip ( _! mo/ illu/ri\s build+s4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! =ms ( anci5t art 9 ?is dep>tm5t 7 almo/ :olly conv5tional1 & ! limits ( design )9 :i* !y 7 execut$ gave little room = ! display ( orig9al ta/e & special "*4444 ,x is only 9 p]iods ( eclecticism & ,r5aissance1 :5 ! ta/e ( ! ar*itect has wid] scope & may lead ! eye in/ead ( foll[+ x1 t int]e/ atta*es to 8 p]sonal m]it4 ,?us x is t ! ,coliseum1 ! mo/ conspicu\s type ( ,roman civilization1 ! monum5t :i* divides ! admiration ( /rang]s 9 mod]n ,rome ) ,/4 ,pet]'s itself1 is nameless & p>5tless1 :ile e /age 9 ! con/ruction ( ! great ,*ri/ian temple1 ! creation ( a mod]n revival1 is appropriat$ ) jeal\s c>e to its special claimants40 ,9 o!r words1 ! pupil is a fitt] arti/ to awak5 ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ^? :o admire 8 works ?an 8 ma/]2 & ! reviv$ imitation ( m consequ5ce to ! public ?an ! orig9al model4 ,if ?is 7 true1 :y %\ld ! ,coliseum1 8! mo/ conspicu\s type ( ,roman civilization10 ^u :i* ! pilgrims ( ! ,nor?1 z we are in=m$ by ,gibbon1 bas$ ! longevity ( ,rome itself1 :5 9 _! rude en?usiasm !y gave expression to ! prov]b1 8,z long z ! ,coliseum /&s1 ,rome %all /&2 :5 ! ,coliseum falls1 ,rome w fall2 :5 ,rome falls1 ! _w w fall10 divide ! admiration ( ! /rang] ) ,/4 ,pet]'s8 ,%\ld x n1 r1 be subord9ate to ! ,*ri/ian ca!dral ( ,bramante1 ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo8 ,is !re n a t\* ( ! r$uctio ad absurdum 9 ?is argum5t8 ,su* reason+ does n seem to be q obvi\s ^u o!r gr\nds z well4 ,if x is ! fact t ! anci5ts reg>d$ ! names ( _! ar*itects z ( little int]e/1 & _! build+s z :olly conv5tional1 :y does ,vitruvius speak ( f\r ( ! pr9cipal temples ( ,greece z 8hav+ rais$ _! ar*itects to ! summit ( r5[n08 ,:y is x t ,rhcus & ,!odorus1 ,ict9us1 ,mnesicles1 ,d9ocrates1 ,detrianus1 ,apollodorus & _m o!r ar*itects--to :om m p>ticul> m5tion w be made lat]--are rememb]$ 9 anci5t hi/ory ) m or less circum/antiality1 n only 9 association ) _! works--all conv5tional1 if we are to accept ?is writ]'s judgm5t--b also on acc\nt ( _! individual m]it1 :ile ! ar*itects ( ! build+s :i* dep>t$ mo/ f t same conv5tionality1 bo? 9 plan & detail1 z1 = example1 ! ,ere*!um1 ! orig9al ,odeon ( ,p]icles & ev5 ! ,coliseum itself1 :]e3 8,firm ,doric pill>s =m$ ! solid base1 ,! fair ,cor9?ian cr[n ! high] space1 ,& all bel[ is /r5g?1 & all above is grace10 are lo/ 9 ! ocean ( oblivion8 ,d n our mod]n au?ors ov]look ! fact t ! ar*itects ( _! own age %>e1 z a rule1 9 ! same popul> indiff]5ce1 & t ! p]iod ( revival is no exception to ! p]iod ( inception2 t ! "o has inh]it$ f ! o!r n only ! =ms & pr9ciples ( its art1 b ! same neglect ( its arti/s8 ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 ! fact mu/ rema9 & be accept$ ) pati5ce or impati5ce1 z we please1 t !re is little pres]v$ = u by ! anci5t writ]s 9 respect to _! ar*itects4 ,two r conspicu\s exceptions1 h[ev]1 occur to ?is g5]al rule 9 respect to ,pausanias1 ! ,lydian1 & ,vitruvius ,pollio1 ! ,roman4 ,pausanias liv$ t[>d ! close ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,he 0 a great travell] & a close obs]v]1 8 obs]vations hav+ be5 conf9$ pr9cipally to works ( art1 su* z public build+s1 temples & /atues1 :i* he m5tions 9 direct & simple language4 ,he visit$ mo/ ( ! /ates ( ,greece at a "t :5 t c\ntry 0 /ill ri* 9 h] treasures ( art1 & :at he has to say ( :at he saw !re w\ld t5d to indicate t :ile he 0 by no means a critic or a connoisseur1 he 0 /ill a fai?ful & m9ute record] ( :at appeal$ to 8 ta/e or excit$ 8 curiosity4 ,vitruvius1 h[ev]1 0 n only a writ] on ar*itecture1 b a pr(essional ar*itect z well1 :o resid$ 9 ,rome ab\t a c5tury e>li] ?an ,pausanias1 or 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,he is practically ! only writ] ( 8 "t :o has giv5 u te*nical in=mation conc]n+ ! anci5t build+s4 ,vitruvius wrote 8 treatises ^u ar*itecture at a v advanc$ age1 &1 x w\ld appe>1 mu* 9 def5ce ( ! pure ,greek models :i* 7 ev5 9 t "t be+ corrupt$4 ,! frankness ) :i* he hopes = fame by reason ( 8 book1 & exposes 8 pov]ty z well z ! unpr(essional practices ( 8 bro!r ar*itects1 is n ! lea/ attractive feature ( 8 disc\rse3 8,b ,i1 ,cs>10 he exclaims1 8h n s\ght to amass weal? by ! practice ( my art1 hav+ be5 cont5t$ ) a small =tune & reputation1 ?an desir\s ( abundance accompani$ by a want ( reputation4 ,x is true ,i h acquir$ b little1 yet ,i /ill hope1 by ?is publication1 to become kn[n to po/]ity4 ,nei!r is x wond]ful t ,i am kn[n to b few4 ,o!r ar*itects canvass & g ab\t solicit+ employm5t1 b my preceptors in/ill$ into me a s5se ( ! propriety ( be+ reque/$ & n ( reque/+ to be entru/$1 inasmu* ! +5u\s man w blu% & feel %ame 9 ask+ a fav\r2 = ! giv]s ( a fav\r1 & n ! receiv]s1 are c\rt$4 ,:at mu/ he suspect :o is solicit$ by ano!r to be entru/$ ) ! exp5diture ( 8 money1 b t x is done = ! sake ( ga9 & emolum5t8 ,h5ce1 ! anci5ts entru/$ _! works to ^? ar*itects only :o 7 ( good family1 & well br\ght up1 ?9k+ x bett] to tru/ ! mode/ ?an ! bold & arrogant man4 ,^! arti/s only in/ruct$ _! own *ildr5 or relations1 hav+ reg>d to _! integrity1 s t prop]ty might be safely committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,i see ?is noble sci5ce 9 ! h&s ( ! unle>n$ & unskilful ( m51 n only ignorant ( ar*itecture1 b ( ev]y?+ relative to build+s1 ,i _c blame proprietors :o1 rely+ on _! own intellig5ce1 are _! own ar*itects2 s9ce1 if ! bus9ess is to be conduct$ by ! unskilful1 !re is at lea/ m satisfaction 9 lay+ out money at "o's own pleasure r ?an at t ( ano!r p]son40 ,vitruvius also epitomiz$ 9 8 books on ar*itecture mu* t _h be5 writt5 prior to 8 "t by 8 pr(essional bre?r5 ( ,greece & ,rome1 & s pres]v$ some?+ ( :at o!rwise might h be5 entirely lo/4 ,allusion has be5 made to ^! two writ]s ) "s p>ticul>ity1 = ! reason t !y w be m quot$ ?an any o!rs 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume1 b x mu/ n be inf]r$ t !y are alone responsible = all ! k :i* has come d[n to u respect+ ! ,greek & ,roman ar*itects1 little & unsatisfactory z x is4 ,al?\gh x has be5 %[n t ! hi/orians & biograph]s ( anci5t ,greece made no attempt to treat ar*itects ) especial favor1 x w\ld n be j1 h[ev]1 to close ?is *apt] )\t quot+ f ,hom] to prove t lie1 at lea/1 c\ld rank !m z among ^? :o1 by s]v+ ! p 9 ! highe/ s5se1 7 entitl$ to unusual hospitality3 8444 ,:at man goes ev] =? ,to bid a /rang] to 8 h\se1 unless ,! /rang] be ( ^? ^: (fice is ,to s]ve ! p1 be he se]1 or lee*1 ,or ar*itect1 or poet heav5-inspir$1 ,^: song is gladly he>d84440 ,,footnotes3 #a ,!re is an old ecclesia/ical tradition1 :i* is mu* d\bt$1 t ! ar*itect ( ! ,coliseum 0 a ,*ri/ian by ! "n ( ,gaud5tius1 :o suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 its ar5a1 & t ! s]vices ( ?\s&s ( ,jews contribut$ to its erection4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,my?ical ,,& ,,ar*aic ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s4 ,hi/ory does n probe s deeply into ! e>lie/ annals ( ! races t inhabit$ ! ,peloponnesian p59sula1 t x does n %[ !m to h be5 pre-em95t z build]s2 nor does x foll[ ! anci5t ,greek p ?r\gh\t ! long ages t spann$ _! evolution & decad5ce1 t x does n f9d !m 9 all ! /ages ?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 leav+ at lea/ "s ( _! walls1 temples or monum5ts to resi/ ! ravages ( all "t1 & ! decay+ influ5ces ( ! elem5ts4 ,!y built1 !re=e1 n only well1 b p]haps bett] ?an !y knew1 & h prov$ t if ! creations ( _! intellects 7 immortal1 z we "k1 ! works ( _! h&s 7 n altoge!r p]i%able4 ,! ,pelasgic tribes1 :o 7 ! fir/ ( :i* !re is any record to h inhabit$ ,greece1 7 great wall-build]s1 & pa/-ma/]s ( def5sive ar*itecture 9 ^? e>ly ages4 ,al?\gh we may n h ! names ( ! individual ar*itects among !m1 we h _! racial works /ill be=e u to evid5ce ! fact t :oev] ! ar*itects 71 !y knew _! bus9ess em95tly well4 ,! ,acropolis at ,a!ns possesses ! f9e/ example t rema9s ( ,pelasgic mural "w1 9 ! =tifi$ reta9+ wall :i* surr\nds x1 & :i* is sometimes call$ aft] ! race t built x1 ! ,pelasgicum4 ,x is claim$ also by "s au?orities t ! ,pelasgi 7 ! orig9al ar*itects & build]s ( ! 8,long ,walls0 t connect$ ,a!ns ) h] seaport gates1 & ( su* p>ts ( ! p]ibolus z 7 n ! au!ntic "w ( ! build]s "u ,!mi/ocles & ,cimon1 & subsequ5t ar*itects to be h]eaft] m5tion$4 ,! ,cyclopes1 :o belong$ to ,pelasgic times1 7 likewise rem>kable wall-build]s1 l5d+ _! "n to a k9d ( mural "w 9 a mann] orig9al ) !m1 & hav+ ! attributes ( great solidity & endurance4 ,! ru9s ( h\ses & o!r /ructures erect$ by !m h be5 f\nd also at ,tiryus & ,myc51 on ! pla9 ( ,argos4 ,speak+ ( ! circuit wall at ,tiryus1 ,pausanias describes x z be+ 8compos$ ( unwr\ght /ones1 ea* ( :i* is s l>ge t a team ( mules _c ev5 %ake ! smalle/ "o20 & ( ,myc51 ! m important city1 a %ort di/ance f ,tiryus1 :]e ! circul> treasury ( ,atreus & o!r evid5ces ( ,cyclopean ar*itecture h be5 excavat$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann1 ,euripides asks ! "q3 8,d y call ! city ( ,p]seus ! h&iwork ( ! ,cyclopes80 ,mod]n ar*ologi/s are incl9$ to ! op9ion t ! ,cyclopean build]s 7 n1 z orig9ally suppos$1 ! "o-ey$ giants :om ,ulysses enc\nt]$ 9 8 voyages1 z relat$ 9 ! ,hom]ic leg5ds1 b an entirely di/9ct ,?racian tribe1 :i* d]iv$ its "n f k+ ,cyclops4 ,aft] be+ expell$ f ,?race1 :]e 7 _! e>ly homes1 !y migrat$ to ,crete & ,lycia2 !nce foll[+ ! =tunes ( ,prtus1 & giv+ him protection ) ! gigantic walls :i* !y con/ruct$ z aga9/ ,acrisius1 8 tw9 bro!r1 :o 0 v qu>relsome1 z tw9 bro!rs n (t5 are4 ,^! ,cyclopean walls1 :i* are /ill to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ,greece1 z already /at$1 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 7 made ( huge1 uncut polygon\s /ones1 sometimes tw5ty or ?irty feet wide1 pil$ ^u ea* o!r )\t cem5t1 frequ5tly irregul>ly1 ) small] /ones fill+ up ! int]/ices1 b occasionally 9 regul> horizontal r[s4 ,!re 71 9 fact1 n only sev]al k9ds ( ^! walls1 b sev]al eras 9 :i* !y 7 built z well4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! int5tion "h to discuss ! nature & ext5t ( ! ,pelasgic & ,cyclopean con/ructions1 x be+ suffici5t to recall ! fact t s f> z ! ,pelasgians g5]ally are conc]n$1 !y 7 n only ! prog5itors ( mo/ ( ! e>ly ar*itectural monum5ts ( ea/]n ,europe1 b 7 skill$ 9 ! arts & le>n$ 9 ! fables ( ! gods z well1 bequea?+ bo? religi\s rites & _m arts to _! *ildr51 ! ,greeks4 ,x rema9s only to add1 also1 t s closely 7 !y id5tifi$ ) ! art ( build+ t x is believ$ _! v "n is d]iv$ f _! lead+ pursuit1 = x is ?\ght t ! t]m ,pelasgi may be int]pret$ to mean 8/one-build]s0 or 8/one-work]s40 ,9 ?is allusion to ! ,pelasgians z build]s1 x 0 /at$ at ! outset t ! names ( ! individual ar*itects among !m are n kn[n2 ?is 0 p]haps unfair to acus1 if he c be rank$ z an ar*itect1 & :o is class$ z a ,pelasgian1 al?\gh ( div9e p>5tage4 acus 0 a son ( ,jupit] by g9a1 daught] ( ! riv] god1 ,asopus1 &1 l ! ,cyclopeans1 he 0 p>ticul>ly exp]t 9 ! matt] ( walls4 ,he 0 z well a v j & pi\s individual or my?1 :o 0 frequ5tly call$ ^u to hold ! scales ( ju/ice1 n only z betwe5 mortals1 b also immortals4 ,he 0 born on ! ,isl& ( g9a1 ! tempor>y resid5ce ( 8 "m1 aft] :om x 0 nam$4 ,at ! "t ( 8 bir? ! isl& 0 un9habit$4 ,?is v unpleasant condition ( isolation = ! "m & son 0 quickly rem$i$ by ,jupit]1 :o *ang$ ! ants t ab\nd$ !re into m51 plac+ acus ov] !m z k+4 acus always kept on ! v be/ ( t]ms ) ! gods1 propitiat+ !m 9 _m ways1 & at la/ becom+ a great favorite ) !m4 ,inde$1 s /rong 0 8 influ5ce 9 cele/ial circles t at "o "t :5 ,greece 0 afflict$ ) a dr\ght1 9 consequ5ce ( a murd] t _h be5 committ$1 ! ,delphic oracle decl>$ t ! only p]son :o c\ld help ! situation at all 0 acus4 ,he 0 accord+ly appeal$ to & p]suad$ to petition ! gods = relief4 ,! result 0 t 8 petition 0 favorably answ]$4 acus !reupon erect$ a temple to ,zeus ,panhell5ius on ,m\nt ,panhell5ion to %[ 8 gratitude1 & possibly to keep himself 9 t position :]e he might trespass ^u ! good-nature ( 8 heav5ly fri5ds aga9 at "s future "t1 %\ld !re be necessity4 acus surr\nd$ 8 isl& ) high walls to protect 8 p aga9/ pirates4 ,x is probable t ^! walls attract$ ! admiration ( ,apollo & ,neptune1 & prompt$ !m to reta9 ! pr(essional s]vices ( _! build] to assi/ !m 9 erect+ ! walls ( ,troy4 ,b "h x 0 t acus fail$1 = z "o diamond c only be accurately judg$ :5 plac$ 9 comp>ison ) ano!r diamond1 s acus1 h[ev] successful he may h be5 z a wall-build] by himself1 0 outclass$ :5 he came into competition ) ! occult k ( ,apollo & ,neptune4 ,! /ory is t :5 ! ,trojan walls 7 complet$1 ?ree dragons appe>$ & ru%$ ^u !m to te/ _! /r5g?4 ,! two dragons :i* attack$ ^? p>ts ( ! walls built by ! cele/ial associates ( acus _h _! heads brok5 = _! pa9s1 b ! "o :i* flew at ! mortal's %>e ( ! "w made a hole 9 ! wall :i* let x into ! city4 ,apollo at once prophesi$ t ,troy w\ld ev5tually fall ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! acids1 :i* prophecy1 ( c\rse1 prov$ true4 ,:e!r ?is failure _h any?+ to d ) ! future ( acus or n1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 b ! fact is t aft] 8 dea? he became "o ( ! ?ree judges 9 ,hades1 ) special jurisdiction ov] ! ,europeans1 :i* necess>ily insur$ 8 be+ ov]work$ until ! end ( "t4 ,) a p possess$ ( s l>ge & v>i$ an assortm5t ( deities1 suit$ to e possible human ne$ & %ade ( mortal endeavor1 x w\ld be /range inde$ if !re 0 n "s my?ical or leg5d>y "* among ! ,greek gods to preside ov] ar*itecture1 if n z a di/9ct art1 at all ev5ts 9 association ) "s ( its k9dr$ bran*es4 ,t ! ,greeks did n ignore su* a necessity is f\nd to h be5 ! case1 & ! great ,ddalus rises mo/ admirably to ! occasion 9 p]sonify+ ! e>ly infancy ( ar*itecture z well z sculpture & wood-c>v+4 ,ddalus1 l mo/ ( 8 spiritual relations & associates1 l$ a life ( mu* romance & adv5ture1 n unmix$ ) h>d%ip & trial4 ,he 0 ei!r a native ,a!nian or ,cretan1 a po9t ^u :i* !re is "s dispute1 z well z ^u ano!r involv+ 8 p>5tage4 ,x is p]haps suffici5t to "k t ,ddalus fl\ri%$ 9 ! age ( ,m9os & ,!seus1 & 0 introduc$ m or less into ! leg5ds p]ta9+ to ^? two e>ly *>act]s4 ,x is ^u ,ddalus t responsibility mu/ re/ = ! fir/ introduction ( jeal\sy into ! p]sonality ( arti/s1 a vice1 by ! way1 :i* !y h nev] be5 q able to %ake (f f 8 "t to ! pres5t4 ,ddalus 0 r sorely afflict$ ) ?is un=tunate trait1 & to its e>ly exhibition is due mu* ( 8 subsequ5t mis=tune4 ,x 0 9 connection ) 8 devotion to sculpture t 8 jeal\sy fir/ involv$ him 9 tr\ble4 ,he became v exp]t z a c>v] g5]ally1 & und]took to in/ruct 8 nephew ,p]dix 9 ! art4 ,9 due "t & "u ! c>eful tutorage ( 8 uncle1 ,p]dix also became pr(ici5t1 & 9 a mom5t ( inspiration is said to h inv5t$ t v useful tool ( ! me*anic1 ! saw4 ,?is x 0 t excit$ ,ddalus1 :o1 9 a fit ( jeal\s rage1 ?rew 8 nephew ov] ! ,pelasgic walls ( ! ,acropolis1 kill+ him in/antly z he suppos$4 ,ddalus 01 ( c\rse1 condemn$ to dea? = ?is unseemly & cruel manife/ation ( envy1 b manag$ to escape & fly to ,crete4 ,!re 8 pr(essional reputation _h prec$$ him1 & he obta9$ ! fri5d%ip ( k+ ,m9os4 ,9 ,crete he develop$ 8 lat5t ar*itectural skill1 & built a v elaborate & intricate dwell+ = ! hide\s mon/] ,m9otaur1 s9ce kn[n z ! celebrat$ labyr9? at ,cnossus4 ,! /ory ( h[ ,!seus1 ) ! connivance ( ,ariadne1 ! *>m+ daught] ( ,m9os1 slew ?is mon/]1 is "o ( ! mo/ ?rill+ ( ! my?ological leg5ds1 & is q famili>4 ,j h[ ,ddalus incurr$ ! displeasure ( ,m9os does n seem to be v cle>ly /at$ by ! e>ly au?orities4 ,x appe>s t he 0 9 "s way entangl$ ) ! creation ( a wood5 c[1 also ) ,pasipha1 ! wife ( ,m9os1 & ev5 ) ! bir? ( ! horrible ,m9otaur4 ,possibly x may h be5 ,m9os :o ?is "t became jeal\s4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! fri5d%ip :i* _h exi/$ betwe5 ,ddalus & ! k+ f9ally became /ra9$1 & ! =m] 0 compell$ to fly ! c\ntry1 :i* he did 9 a v lit]al way1 z k+ ,m9os _h seiz$ all ! %ips on ! coa/ ( ! isl&1 cutt+ (f1 9 consequ5ce1 ! only means ( escape4 ,! ar*itect1 h[ev]1 possess$ mu* +5uity & inv5tive g5ius ( 8 own1 ev5 to a m m>k$ degree ?an t manife/$ by ! nephew he _h dropp$ ov] ! ,a!nian precipice1 & ) ! aid ( "s fea!rs1 a little wax1 & ,pasipha1 :o secretly contribut$ h] assi/ance1 he manufactur$ a pair ( w+s = himself1 & ano!r pair = 8 son1 ,ic>us1 :o 0 ) him at ! "t4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! fir/ fly+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$ by an ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,d,,dalus ,,& ,,ic>us4 ,:5 ! fa!r & son />t$ = ,sicily1 ov] ! gean sea1 l a pair ( huge birds1 ,ddalus flew cons]vatively & cauti\sly1 be+ c>eful n to rise too ne> ! sun1 :]e x 0 suppos$ by ! anci5ts to be v hot2 b ,ic>us1 ) ! _s ( y\? & ! enjoym5t ( ! exhil>ation consequ5t ^u ! novelty ( 8 me?od ( locomotion1 gave a deaf e> to ! prote/s ( 8 fa!r1 &1 9 emulation ( ,apollo1 so>$ s high t ! sun melt$ ! wax 9 8 w+s4 ,8 fea!rs flew (f1 & d[n he dropp$ into ! waves bel[4 ,he 0 dr[n$1 & t "p ( ! gean sea into :i* he fell 0 aft]w>d call$ ! ,ic>ian sea1 9 commemoration ( ?is un=tunate accid5t1 :i* ,d>w9 has s well describ$ 9 v]se3 8444 ,) melt+ wax & loos5$ /r+s1 ,sunk hapless ,ic>us on unfai?ful w+s2 ,headlong he ru%$ ?r\gh ! affright$ air1 ,) limbs di/ort$ & di%evell$ hair2 ,8 scatt]$ plumage danc$ ^u ! wave1 ,& sorr[+ ,n]eids deck$ 8 wat]y grave4 ,o'er 8 pale corse _! pe>ly sea-fl[]s %$1 ,& /rew$ ) crimson moss 8 m>ble b$2 ,/ruck 9 _! coral t[]s ! pass+ bell1 ,& wide 9 ocean toll$ 8 e*o+ knell40 ,ddalus1 :o c\ld n /op to rescue 8 son1 cont9u$ /eadily on 8 c\rse1 &1 attempt+ no exp]im5ts ) 8 frail w+s1 f9ally l&$ safely 9 ,sicily1 :]e he e/abli%$ himself aga91 pr(essionally1 "u ! royal patronage ( ,cocalus1 k+ ( ! ,sicani4 ,"h he did mo/ excell5t "w1 until k+ ,m9os1 8 old enemy1 f\nd him out1 & began to make x unpleasant = him aga94 ,m9os1 he>+ t ,ddalus 0 9 ,sicily1 sail$ ) a great fleet to t isl&1 b =tunately = ! ar*itect1 8 enemy 0 murd]$ z soon z he arriv$ !re by ,cocalus or 8 daught]4 ,9 ! mean "t ,ddalus1 anticipat+ ! tr\ble t 0 9 /ore = him1 aga9 made an escape1 ?is "t to ,s>d9ia1 :]e he t>ri$ a :ile1 b f9ally visit$ o!r c\ntries1 notably ,egypt4 ,^! are ! sub/antial facts ( ,ddalus's c>e]1 z conta9$ 9 ! e>li] leg5ds1 b lat] ,greek writ]s tell a mu* m fanciful & improbable /ory ( 8 life1 :i* !re is no urg5t necessity to believe1 z ! "o m5tion$ is q fanciful en\gh & probably m au!ntic4 ,!y say1 among o!r ?+s1 t ,ddalus 0 an a/rolog]1 & t he taught 8 son t sci5ce1 :o1 so>+ above pla9 tru?s1 lo/ 8 wits & 0 dr[n$ 9 an abyss ( difficulties4 ,ddalus may h be5 an a/rolog] & may h be5 o!r ?+s z well1 b t he 0 an ar*itect _c be d\bt$ f ! fact t s _m build+s are ascrib$ to him4 ,among 8 works may be m5tion$ ! ,colymbe?ra1 or res]voir 9 ,sicily1 f :i* ! riv] ,alabon fl[$ into ! sea2 ano!r an impregnable city ne> ,agrig5tum1 9 :i* 0 ! royal palace ( ,cocalus2 /ill ano!r a cave 9 ! t]ritory ( ,sel9us1 9 :i* ! vapor aris+ f a subt]ranean fire 0 receiv$ 9 su* a way z to answ] = a vapor ba?4 ,he enl>g$ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,eryx = a f\ndation = ! temple ( ,v5us1 & he is said to h be5 ! au?or ( ! temples ( ,apollo at ,capua & ,cum1 & ! temple ( ,artemis ,britom>tis 9 ,crete4 ,9 ,egypt he 0 ! ar*itect ( a v beautiful propylum1 or ve/ibule to ! temple ( ,heph/us at ,memphis1 = :i* he 0 rew>d$ by be+ p]mitt$ to erect 9 x a /atue ( himself1 ! "w ( 8 own h&s4 ,z a sculptor he also execut$ _m works ( art--b ! ar*itectural side ( 8 c>e] c only be consid]$ "h4 ,x w n be out ( place1 h[ev]1 to m5tion "s ( ! inv5tions ascrib$ to him to assi/ ! me*anic4 ,x is claim$ = him t he 0 an exp]t c>p5t]1 hav+ be5 taught t trade by ,m9]va1 & t he orig9at$ ! axe1 ! plumb-l9e1 ! aug] & glue4 ,ddalus1 9 fact1 seems to h p]sonifi$ ! e>lie/ ,grecian art1 & 8 "n1 :i*1 :5 translat$1 signifies 8+5i\s10 or 8inv5tive10 /&s = t p]iod 9 ,greece :5 =m & %ape & expression 7 giv5 inanimate sub/ances by ! use ( tools & me*anical appliances4 ,:5 ,ddalus ?rew 8 nephew ov] ! high walls ( ! ,acropolis1 & naturally ?\ght t he _h kill$ him--an op9ion 9 :i* x is app>5t ! p ( ,a!ns %>$--he 0 v mu* mi/ak51 = ,m9]va1 ! patron goddess ( ! city1 realiz+ :at a great mi/ake x w\ld be to all[ s bright & promis+ a "y man to g to an e>ly dea?1 ex]cis$ h] magic1 & sav$ him by *ang+ ! fall+ artisan into a bird1 :i* 0 giv5 8 "n1 8,p]dix10 or1 z translat$1 ,p>tridge4 ,to ,p]dix1 :o 0 especially skilful z a work] 9 wood1 is attribut$1 9 addition to ! inv5tion ( ! saw1 sugge/$ to him by ! backbone ( a fi% or ! tee? ( a s]p5t1 x w\ld be difficult to say :i*1 ! *isel1 ! compasses & ! pott]'s :eel4 ,:e!r he inv5t$ any ( ^! ?+s aft] he became a p>tridge or n is ano!r my?ical unc]ta9ty1 b probably n1 z 8 *ang$ condition & fea!rs w\ld h made x v awkw>d = him to h done s1 al?\gh mo/ any?+ 0 possible 9 ^? days4 ,p]dix is also call$ ,talos by "s writ]s1 & ,pausanias m5tions him by /ill ano!r "n1 ,calos1 & /ates t aft] 8 dea? he 0 buri$ some:]e on ! road lead+ f ! !atre 9 ,a!ns to ! ,acropolis4 ,x might be int]e/+1 b c]ta9ly a task beyond ! scope ( ?is book1 to m5tion all ! my?ical p]sonages ( ! ar*aic or e>ly p]iod ( ,grecian art1 :o 7 9 a way m or less remote1 responsible = special features ( arti/ic treatm5t t grac$ ! build+s ( t "t1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,dibutades1 :o 0 ! fir/ to make masks on ! edges ( gutt] tiles4 ,dibutades 0 a sculptor1 & ! idea :i* he orig9at$ is said to h be5 sugge/$ to him by see+ 8 daught] trace ! l9es ( h] lov]'s pr(ile ar\nd ! %ad[ :i* x ca/ ^u a wall4 ,he fill$ 9 ! l9es ) clay1 &1 m\ld+ x to ! face1 gave to ! _w ! art ( modell+4 ,among ! arti/s belong+ to ! ,ddali51 or leg5d>y p]iod ( ,greece1 :o may be class$ m di/9ctively z ar*itects1 h[ev]1 7 ,polycritus1 :o _h to d ) ! build+ ( ! t[n ( ,tanagra by ,poem&]1 & ,pt]as1 :o 0 suppos$ to h be5 ! ar*itect ( ! second temple to ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,! leg5d is t ! fir/ temple 0 made ( bran*es ( ! wild laurel f ,tempe1 & t ,pt]as con/ruct$ ! second ( wax & bees' w+s--r an unsub/antial build+ mat]ial1 x might be inf]r$4 ,eu*eir1 a pa9t]1 & ,*]siphron & ,smilis1 ar*itects & /atu>ies1 are also ( ?is traditional p]iod1 & 7 repres5tative ( skill 9 _! arts4 ,all ^! names1 h[ev]1 al?\gh suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally purely my?ological1 7 probably lat] assum$ by or giv5 to mortals :o 7 specially exp]t 9 ! p>ticul> bran* ( art :i* ! "n tak5 sugge/$4 ,^! individuals1 to complicate matt]s1 no d\bt1 became entangl$ ) ! e>ly my?ological /ories1 & f9ally lo/ _! id5tity completely1 or to su* an ext5t z to make x q impossible to sep>ate ! fact f ! fiction 9 _! respective cases4 ,an illu/ration ( su* a confusion is to be f\nd 9 respect to ! ar*itects1 ,rhcus & ,!odorus1 :o _h to d ) ! build+ ( ! temple ( ,h]a at ,samos1 = ! wor%ip ( :i* goddess ,samos 0 celebrat$1 & :o1 9 association ) ,smilis1 7 ! ar*itects ( ! labyr9? at ,lemnos4 ,! writ]s :o h m5tion$ ^! arti/s are q num]\s1 & h s diff]$ 9 respect to _! dates1 & conf\nd$ ! acc\nts ( _! c>e]s & a*ievem5ts1 t x is difficult to sift any?+ l a satisfactory /ory f ! confusion creat$4 ,! mo/ probable d$uction t has be5 made1 h[ev]1 is t ,rhcus fl\ri%$ ab\t #fdj ,b4,c41 & 0 a son ( ,phileas ( ,samos2 t ,!odorus1 ! ar*itect1 0 8 son1 & t ano!r ,!odorus1 a /atu>y1 sometimes mi/ak5 = ! ar*itect1 0 a nephew ( ! ar*itect ,!odorus1 ! son ( ,telecles1 also a gift$ sculptor1 & a gr&son ( ,rhcus4 ,! temple ( ,h]a1 allud$ to z ! "w ( ! fa!r & son1 0 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-f\r feet long by "o hundr$ & sixty feet wide1 &1 accord+ to ! 8,antiquities ( ,ionia10 a deca/yle1 dipt]al /ructure1 or possess$ ( a d\ble r[ ( columns compos$ ( t5 columns 9 ea* r[4 ,pausanias ?9ks t ! temple 0 ( v great antiquity1 a fact app>5t to him f ! /atue ( ,h]a :i* x conta9$1 :i* 0 made by ,smilis1 ( wood1 z 7 ! e>ly /atues ( ,greece4 ,! ,lemnian labyr9?1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 conta9$ fifty columns & innum]able /atues1 & _h v rem>kable massive gates1 s delicately pois$ t a *ild might op5 or %ut !m4 ,mod]n travell]s h _h difficulty 9 f9d+ any trace ( ?is labyr9?1 al?\gh !re is little d\bt t x once exi/$4 ,x is n to be class$ ) ! m vision>y labyr9? 9 :i* ! ,m9otaur 0 cag$4 ,x is claim$ = bo? ,rhcus & ,!odorus t !y 7 ! fir/ to inv5t ! art ( ca/+ /atues 9 bronze or iron1 b z ?is art 0 kn[n be=e _! "t by ! ,phnicians1 x is likely t !y 7 responsible = no?+ m ?an hav+ introduc$ x into ,greece4 ,?is is probably true also ( o!r e>ly my?ical *>act]s ( ,greece1 to :om is attribut$ c]ta9 inv5tions 9 ! arts :i* h be5 f\nd s9ce to h exi/$ mu* e>li] ?an _! "t 9 ,egypt or else:]e4 ,!odorus is also cr$it$ ) hav+ be5 ! ar*itect ( ! old ,scias at ,sp>ta1 & ( hav+ advis$ ! use ( *>coal b5ea? ! f\ndation ( ! temple d$icat$ to ,artemis1 at ,ephesus1 z a rem$y aga9/ ! dampness ( ! site4 ,!odorus 0 a great admir] ( 8 fa!r & ( ! temple to ,h]a1 :i* !y built toge!r4 ,he atte/$ 8 appreciation ( ! latt] by writ+ a book descriptive ( x4 ,z = ,smilis1 :o belongs to ! my?ical p]iod1 & ^: "n :5 translat$ /&s = 8a knife = c>v+ wood10 or 8a sculptor's *isel10 he is also accr$it$ ) hav+ be5 ! fir/ to devise ! art ( modell+ 9 clay4 ,he is to be class$ m z a sculptor ?an an ar*itect1 b ( an inf]ior /&+ to ,ddalus4 ,9 fact1 8 only connection ) ar*itecture1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 seems to h be5 8 association ) ,rhcus & ,!odorus 9 ! build+ ( ! labyr9? at ,lemnos4 ,x is possible t ev5 "h he 0 employ$ m 9 ! l9e ( a sculptor ?an 9 l5d+ any pr(essional assi/ance z an ar*itect4 ,pausanias m5tions a pupil ( ,!odorus ( ,samos1 :o1 x w\ld appe>1 a*iev$ consid]able di/9ction bo? z an ar*itect & sculptor1 b m especially 9 ! latt] capacity4 ,8 "n is giv5 z ,gitiadas1 & 8 bir?place z ,lac$mon1 :]e he fl\ri%$ ab\t #gbd ,b4,c41 z /at$ by "s au?orities1 b mu* lat] accord+ to o!rs4 ,! ar*itectural "w = :i* he receives cr$it 0 ! temple ( ,a!na ,polion*os at ,sp>ta1 :i*1 x is said1 0 con/ruct$ entirely ( bronze4 ,x also conta9$ a bronze /atue ( ! goddess ( ,gitiadas's own workman%ip1 & _m bas-reliefs repres5t+ ! labors ( ,h]cules1 ! exploits ( ! ,tynd>ids1 ,heph/us releas+ 8 "m f h] *a9s1 ! ,nymphs arm+ ,p]seus = ! exp$ition aga9/ ,m$usa1 & o!r my?ological subjects1 all execut$ 9 ! same metal4 ,?is ext5sive use ( bronze sugge/$ ! "n 8,braz5 ,h\se10 :i* 0 giv5 ! temple4 ,x w\ld seem t ,gitiadas 0 possess$ ( o!r accompli%m5ts1 & s]v$ ,m9]va ) equal di/9ction z a poet1 writ+ 8 poems all 9 ! ,doric dialect4 ,a /ill /rang] compte ( fact & fable1 ( hypo!sis & conjecture1 ( cele/ial & t]re/rial biography1 is to be f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ! bro!rs ,agam$es & ,trophonius1 :o 7 ! ar*itects ( ! great temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 & ( ! treasury ( ,hyrieus1 k+ ( ,hyria 9 ,botia4 ,! temple to ! beautiful & accompli%$ son ( ,jupit] & ,latona1 ! god ( music & prophecy1 z well z o!r ?+s ( equal or less consequ5ce1 0 ! f\r? to be erect$ ^u ! same site on ,m\nt ,p>nassus1 9 ! anci5t city ( ,delphi1 kn[n to ! old] poets z ,py?o1 a "n d]iv$ f ! s]p5t ,py?on :i* ,apollo slew4 ,9 ?is temple1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ( ! f\r to be built ) /one1 ! o!rs hav+ be5 con/ruct$ out ( ! bran*es ( ! bay tree & o!r equally p]i%able mat]ials1 dwelt ! mu* respect$ & frequ5tly consult$ ,delphic ,oracle4 ,! spot 9 ! temple f :i* ! prophetic vapor issu$ to inspire ! prie/ess ) second sight 0 said to be ! c5tral po9t ( ! e>?1 & t :]e ! two eagles despat*$ by ,jupit] to asc]ta9 t po9t met & fell4 ,py?ia1 ! prie/ess ( ,apollo1 :o gave m\? to ! oracles1 sat on a sacr$ tripod plac$ ov] ! op5+ f :i* ! vapor issu$1 & gave =? h] words ( wisdom 9 prose or poetry z ! occasion dem&$4 ,if 9 prose1 h] progno/ications w\ld be imm$iately v]ifi$1 & if 9 v]se "s "t mu/ elapse be=e !y c\ld be fulfill$4 ,py?ia 0 n always on duty1 b c\ld be consult$ only on c]ta9 days dur+ ! mon? ( ,busius 9 ! spr+4 ,!re is no d\bt b t %e made "s v rem>kable prophecies1 b1 alas6 x is also record$ t1 l "s ( ! political oracles ( ^! deg5]ate times1 h] prophetic vision 0 n infrequ5tly influ5c$ by 8a previ\s int]view40 ,a notable case ( ?is k9d 0 t 9 :i* ! ,alemonid 7 entangl$2 :o = political reasons & effect rebuilt ! same temple aft] x 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! ye> #edh ,b4,c41 z we %all see lat]4 ,b we h drift$ f ! subject4 ,x is claim$ by "s t ,agam$es 0 ! son ( ,/ymphalus1 :o 0 murd]$ & _h 8 body cut up 9 pieces1 & a gr&son ( ! old ance/or ( ! ,arcadian ,arcas1 :o 9 turn 0 a son ( ,zeus4 ,o!rs say t ! fa!r ( ,agam$es 0 ,apollo1 & 8 "m 0 ,epica/e1 & /ill o!rs are ( ! op9ion t 8 p>5ts 7 none o!r ?an ,zeus himself & ,ioca/e1 ano!r "n = ,epica/e1 & t ,trophonius 0 8 son4 ,all ?is g5ealogy is1 h[ev]1 di/urb$ if we accept ! m probable "o1 t he 0 a son ( ,erg9us1 k+ ( ,or*om5us1 & t he 0 a bro!r ( ,trophonius4 ,by ! way1 ,trophonius is also said to h be5 a son ( ,apollo4 ,:5 ^! two "y m5 atta9$ to manhood !y became v exp]t 9 ! art ( build+ temples to ! gods & palaces = k+s4 ,?us hav+ e/abli%$ enviable reputations 9 _! pr(ession1 !y 7 reta9$ to plan & sup]vise ! works m5tion$4 ,x is 9 respect to ^! ar*itects t ! fir/ au!ntic acc\nt ( a misund]/&+ z to pr(essional comp5sation is relat$4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t because "s ( ! e>ly ar*itects 7 relat$ to ! nobility ( ,m\nt ,olympus1 !y 7 any ! less m]c5>y ?an are ar*itects 9 our own "t1 or 7 any m incl9$ to "w = no?+ ?an are _! pr(essional desc5dants ( to-day4 ,plut>* tells u t ,agam$es & ,trophonius1 aft] work+ h>d ^u ! ,delphic temple1 & n receiv+ any pay1 began to lose fai? 9 ! mortals :o 7 back+ ! und]tak+4 ,z !y grew m & m dubi\s ab\t _! comp5sation1 & possibly hav+ notes or bills to meet1 !y f9ally decid$ to appeal directly to ,apollo1 9 ^: glorification ! %r9e _h be5 built4 ,apollo1 :o 0 consult$ ?r\gh ! ,delphic ,oracle1 in=m$ !m t he mu/ h "t to ?9k ! matt] ov]4 ,9 o!r words1 he c\ld n be hurri$ 9 8 decision1 b w\ld give !m an answ] at ! end ( sev5 days4 ,x is n unlikely t ! ,oracle saw an occasion "h :]e x might be a matt] ( f9ancial prud5ce to consult ) ! o!r side be=e r5d]+ a decision4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! two ar*itects 7 told t ,apollo wi%$ t !y %\ld sp5d ! int]v5+ "t 9 8fe/ive indulg5ce40 ,?9k+ f ?is1 q naturally1 t !y 7 9 ! good graces ( ! god1 & suspect+ no ungodly duplicity1 ,agam$es & ,trophonius set ab\t to enjoy !mselves accord+ to ! mo/ lib]al int]pretation ( _! in/ructions4 ,! result 0 t at ! end ( ! sev5? day !y 7 f\nd dead 9 _! b$s1 :e!r f too mu* fe/ivity on _! "p or too mu* duplicity on ! "p ( ! ,oracle1 no "o kn[s1 b ! inf]5ce is conclusive t z !y 7 dead x 0 n necess>y to give !m ! pr(essional comp5sation !y _h be5 s anxi\sly dem&+4 ,cic]o tells ! /ory a little diff]5tly1 & elim9ates ! "q ( comp5sation f x4 ,he says t !y consult$ ,apollo to "k :at 9 8 op9ion 0 8be/ = man08 ,?is be+ a mu* easi] "q to h&le1 ,apollo took b ?ree days to answ] x1 b ! consequ5ces ( ! consultation to poor ,agam$es & ,trophonius 7 q z disa/r\s4 ,x may be t1 tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 x is be/ = man to be dead1 b mo/ ar*itects don't ?9k s1 & _h ,agam$es & ,trophonius anticipat$ su* an answ]1 x is probable t !y w\ld h ask$ no que/ions4 ,pausanias relates an altoge!r diff]5t leg5d & connects x ) ! treasury ( ,hyrieus1 :i* ,agam$es & ,trophonius built1 in/ead ( ) ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,! /ory by ,pausanias w\ld t5d to %[ t ^! ar*itects 7 ev5 m m]c5>y ?an ,plut>* has giv5 u to und]/& !y 74 ,x seems t 9 con/ruct+ ! treasury !y contriv$ to h a /one s plac$ t x c\ld be tak5 away f ! outside ( ! build+ at any "t1 & ?us (f] an entrance to ! vaults4 ,no "o ( c\rse _h any k ( ?is secret entrance b !mselves4 ,9 consequ5ce1 aft] ! build+ 0 f9i%$1 & x 0 us$ = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 ^! two covet\s bro!rs c>ri$ away f "t to "t goodly portions ( ! treasure z x 0 deposit$4 ,! k+ soon he>d t !re 0 a leak 9 8 treasury1 & t he 0 los+ money rapidly4 ,he 0 naturally annoy$ & mu* p]plex$ :5 he f\nd t ! locks & seals ( 8 treasure h\se rema9$ intact & un9jur$4 ,he !reupon set a trap to cat* ! ?ief4 ,j :at k9d ( a trap x 0 is n expla9$1 b aft] "s little "t ,agam$es 0 caught1 & ,trophonius1 f9d+ 8 bro!r ensn>$1 cut (f 8 head1 to save 8 own1 d\btless1 & prev5t ! discov]y ( 8 association 9 ! robb]y4 ,?is v unfrat]nal act ( ,trophonius 0 n all[$ to g unpuni%$1 h[ev]1 & ,apollo1 or "s o!r god1 caus$ him to be swall[$ up 9 ! grove ( ,lebadea4 ,pausanias fur!r /ates t ,erg9us1 ! fa!r ( ,agam$es1 0 kn[n z ! 8,protector ( ,labor10 t ,trophonius 0 call$ ! 8,n\ri%]10 & t ,agam$es _h ! reputation ( be+ ! 8,v ,prud5t ,"o40 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ,agam$es's prud5ce1 su* z x 04 ,trophonius1 x appe>s1 _h a /ill fur!r c>e] aft] 8 dea?1 z an oracle1 conduct+ 8 bus9ess f ! spot :]e he 0 swall[$ up 9 ,lebadea4 ,he 0 especially prophetic 9 matt]s relat+ to futurity4 ,^? desir+ to consult him 7 conduct$ to a cav]n1 & furni%$ ) a ladd]1 by means ( :i* !y c\ld desc5d into x4 ,!y 7 !n giv5 ! in=mation = :i* !y 7 9 que/1 ei!r by means ( _! eyes1 or _! e>s1 or su* ( _! s5ses z ! occasion seem$ be/ to sugge/4 ,"s say t "o ( ^! visitors1 aft] hav+ gone into ! cave1 & be+ treat$ 9 ?is way by ! oracle1 return$ nev] to smile aga92 b ,pausanias contradicts ! /ory4 ,!re is ano!r belief 9 reg>d to ^! ar*itects :i* mu/ be simply allud$ to4 ,x is t ,agam$es & ,trophonius 7 deities ( ! ,pelasgian times2 t ,trophonius 0 a giv] ( food f ! bosom ( ! e>?1 & = t reason 0 wor%ipp$ 9 a cav]n1 & t ,agam$es 0 n ! wret*$ ?ief ( ,pausanias1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a v g5]\s "*1 :o gave lib]ally f und]gr\nd gran>ies4 ,a p>allel to ! /ory ( ! robb]y ( ! treasury ( ,hyrieus by ,agam$es & ,trophonius is told by ,h]odotus 9 respect to ! two sons ( ! build] ( ! treasury ( ! ,egyptian k+ ,rhamps9itus4 ,^! two "y m51 x seems1 7 also caught1 :ile pilf]+1 9 a trap1 describ$ ) great circum/antiality by ! 8,fa!r ( ,hi/ory40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,orig9ators ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,ord]s4 ,:o 7 ! orig9ators ( ! ?ree great & prim>y ord]s ( ,grecian ar*itecture is /ill a "q :i* ! discussion ( ! leg5d>y & my?ical ar*itects1 :i* has be5 briefly ent]$ into1 has n answ]$4 ,x may be assum$ inf]5tially t z ! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek temples :i* h be5 ref]r$ to z ! works ( ! prog5y ( ! gods 7 9 ! ,doric /yle1 ! pagan deities ( ,greece may claim "s %>e ( cr$it = hav+ introduc$ t noble design to ! _w4 ,! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian /yles1 h[ev]1 are /ill to be acc\nt$ =1 & z !re is good gr\nd to assume t !y made _! adv5t into ar*itectural art at mu* lat] dates no cele/ial orig9 c be claim$ = !m4 ,vitruvius1 9 relat+ 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( all ?ree ord]s1 alludes m directly to ! bir? ( ! ,doric1 & tells a /ory s picturesque & ent]ta9+ ( ! o!r two t al?\gh recogniz+ h[ well x may be kn[n to ! pr(essional ar*itect1 x is difficult to resi/ ! temptation to give x "h entire3 8,dorus1 ! son ( ,hell51 & ! nymph ,orseis1 reign$ ov] ! :ole ( ,a*aia & ,peloponnesus1 & built at ,argos1 an anci5t city1 on a spot sacr$ to ,juno1 a temple :i* happ5$ to be ( ?is ord]4 ,aft] ?is _m temples simil> to x sprung up 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ,a*aia1 ?\gh ! proportions :i* %\ld be pres]v$ 9 x 7 n z yet settl$4 8,b aft]w>d :5 ! ,a!nians1 by ! advice ( ! ,delphic ,oracle 9 a g5]al assembly ( ! diff]5t /ates ( ,greece1 s5t ov] into ,asia ?irte5 colonies at once1 & appo9t$ a gov]nor or lead] to ea*1 res]v+ ! *ief comm& = ,ion1 ! son ( ,xu?us & ,creusa1 :om ! ,delphic ,apollo _h ackn[l$g$ z son1 t p]son l$ !m ov] into ,asia1 & occupi$ ! bord]s ( ,c>ia1 & !re built ! great cities ( ,ephesus1 ,miletus1 ,myus 7:i* 0 long s9ce de/roy$ by inundation1 & its sacr$ rites & suffrages transf]r$ by ! ,ionians to ! inhabitants ( ,miletus71 ,pri5e1 ,samos1 ,teos1 ,colophon1 ,*ios1 ,ery?r1 ,phoca1 ,clazom51 ,leb$os & ,melite4 ,! la/1 z a puni%m5t = ! arrogance ( its citiz5s1 0 deta*$ f ! o!r /ates 9 a w> levi$ pursuant to ! directions ( a g5]al c\ncil2 & 9 its place1 z a m>k ( favor t[>d ,k+ ,attalus & ,ars9o1 ! city ( ,smyrna 0 admitt$ into ! numb] ( ,ionian /ates1 :i* receiv$ ! appellation ( ,ionian f _! lead] ,ion1 aft] ! ,c>ians & ,leleg _h be5 driv5 out4 8,9 ?is c\ntry1 allott+ diff]5t spots = sacr$ purposes1 !y began to erect temples1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,apollo ,panionios1 & resembl$ t :i* !y _h se5 9 ,a*aia1 & !y gave x ! "n ( ,doric1 because !y _h fir/ se5 t species 9 ! cities ( ,doria4 ,z !y wi%$ to erect ?is temple ) columns1 & _h n a k ( ! prop] proportions ( !m1 nor knew ! way 9 :i* !y ought to be con/ruct$1 s z at ! same "t to be bo? fit to c>ry ! sup]9cumb5t weight & to produce a beautiful effect1 !y measur$ a man's foot1 &1 f9d+ its l5g? ! six? "p ( 8 height1 !y gave ! column a simil> proportion--t is1 !y made its height1 includ+ ! capital1 six times ! ?ickness ( ! %aft1 measur$ at ! base4 ,?us ! ,doric ord] obta9$ its proportion1 its /r5g?1 & its beauty f ! human figure4 8,"u simil> notions !y aft]w>d built ! temple ( ,diana1 b 9 t1 seek+ a new proportion1 !y us$ ! female figure z ! /&>d2 & = ! purpose ( produc+ a m l(ty effect !y fir/ made x eight times its ?ickness 9 height4 ,"u x !y plac$ a base1 aft] ! mann] ( a %oe to ! foot2 !y also add$ volutes to its capital1 l graceful1 curl+ hair1 on ea* side1 & ! front !y ornam5t$ ) cymatia & fe/oons 9 ! place ( hair4 ,on ! %afts !y sunk *annels1 :i* be> a resemblance to ! folds ( a matronal g>m5t4 ,?us two ord]s 7 inv5t$1 "o ( a mascul9e "*1 )\t ornam5t1 ! o!r be>+ a "* :i* resembl$ ! delicacy1 ornam5t & proportion ( a female4 8,! successors ( ^! p1 improv+ 9 ta/e1 & pref]r+ a m sl5d] proportion1 assign$ sev5 diamet]s to ! height ( ! ,doric column & eight & a half to ! ,ionic4 ,t species1 ( :i* ! ,ionians 7 ! inv5tors1 has receiv$ ! appellation ( ,ionic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,cor9?ian ,,capital4 8,! ?ird species1 :i* is call$ ,cor9?ian1 resembles 9 its "* ! graceful & elegant appe>ance ( a virg91 9 :om1 f h] t5d] age1 ! limbs are ( a m delicate =m1 & ^: ornam5ts %\ld be unobtrusive4 ,! inv5tion ( ! capital ( ?is ord] is said to be f\nd$ on ! foll[+ occurr5ce3 ,a ,cor9?ian virg91 ( a m>riageable age1 fell a victim to a viol5t disord]4 ,aft] h] int]m5t h] nurse1 collect+ 9 a basket ^? articles to :i* %e _h %[n a p>tiality :5 alive1 c>ri$ !m to h] tomb1 & plac$ a tile on ! basket = ! long] pres]vation ( its cont5ts4 ,! basket 0 accid5tally plac$ on ! root ( an acan?us plant1 :i*1 press$ by ! weight1 %ot =?1 t[>d spr+1 its /ems & l>ge foliage1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[? rea*$ ! angles ( ! tile1 & ?us =m$ volutes at ! extremities4 ,callima*us1 :o = 8 great +5uity & ta/e 0 call$ by ! ,a!nians ,catete*nos1 happ5+ at ?is "t to pass by ! tomb1 obs]v$ ! basket & ! delicacy ( ! foliage :i* surr\nd$ x4 ,pleas$ ) ! =m & novelty ( ! comb9ation1 he con/ruct$ f ! h9t ?us af=d$ columns ( ?is species 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,cor9?40 ,! comm5ts ( ,sir ,h5ry ,wotton 9 8 8,elem5ts ( ,ar*itecture10 writt5 9 ,engl& dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ^u ?is leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! s\rce ( ! ?ree ord]s giv5 by ,vitruvius1 are suffici5tly attractive & qua9t 9 language & spell+ to w>rant _! be+ quot$ also3 8,! ,dorique ord] is ! grave/ t ha? be5 receiv$ into civil use1 pres]v+ 9 comp>ison ( ^? t foll[ a m mascul9e aspect & little trimm] ?an ! ,tuscan t w5t be=e1 save a sob] g>ni%m5t n[ & !n ( lions' heads 9 ! cornice & ( triglyph & metopes always 9 ! frize4444 ,to disc]n him w be a piece r ( good h]aldry ?an ( ar*itecture1 = he is kn[ne by 8 place :5 he is 9 company & by ! peculi> ornam5t ( 8 frize1 be=e m5tion$1 :5 he is alone4444 ,! ,ionique ord] do? repres5t a k9d ( fem99e sl5d]ness2 yet1 sai? ,vitruvius1 n l a h\sewife1 b 9 a dec5t dress+ ha? mu* ( ! matrone4444 ,be/ kn[n by 8 trimm+s = ! bodie ( ?is columne is p]petually *anel$1 l a ?ick-pleight$ g[ne4 ,! capitall1 dress$ on ea* side1 n mu* unlike wom5's wires1 9 a spiral wrea?+1 :i* !y call ! ,ionian voluta4444 ,! ,cor9?ian is a columne lascivi\sly deck$ l a c\rtezan1 & !re=e 9 mu* p>ticipat+ 7z all inv5tions d7 ( ! place :]e !y 7 fir/ born1 ,cor9? hav+ be5e1 )\t controv]sie1 "o ( ! wantone/ t[ns 9 ! _w40 ,z = ! ,composite ord]1 :i*1 z has be5 already /at$1 is b a mixture ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian1 x w\ld seem t ,sir ,h5ry has v little pati5ce4 ,he says ) a contempt :i* he makes little ef=t to conceal3 8,! la/ is ! comp\nd$ ord]1 8 "n be+ a briefe ( 8 nature3 = 8 pill> is no?+ 9 effect b a m$lie1 or an amasse ( all ! prec$+ ornam5ts1 mak+ a new k9de ( /eal?1 & ?\gh ! mo/ ri*ly trick$1 yet ! poore/ 9 ?is1 t he is a borr[] ( 8 beautie40 ,!re are ^? :o 9 rel5tless se>* = tru? at ! exp5se ( s5tim5t & poetry w\ld spoil ! pretty /ory :i* ,vitruvius tells ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,cor9?ian capital by claim+ = ,egypt ! di/9ction ( be+ ! "m-c\ntry ( ! ord]1 & ascrib+ to t =m ( ! ,egyptian capital t bells out t[>d ! abacus1 & :i* is surr\nd$ by op5 lotus leaves1 z ! ar*etype ( ! la/ ( ! ?ree ,grecian ord]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 m probability to ! /ory ( ,callima*us ?an !re is simil>ity betwe5 ! ,egyptian & ,cor9?ian capitals1 9 our op9ion4 ,if we accept ,callima*us z ! orig9ator ( ! ,cor9?ian1 al?\gh !re does n appe> any "n ( an ar*itect to receive ! individual cr$it = ! inv5tion ( ! ,doric ord]1 we may z well accept ! d$uction :i* ,vitruvius draws 9 respect to ,h]mog5es1 an ,ionian ar*itect1 :o is said to h fl\ri%$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c41 & cr$it him at ! same "t ) be+ ! fir/ to introduce ! fem99e proportions & attributes into 8 art1 & ) hav+ p]fect$1 if he did n orig9ate1 ! que5ly ,ionic ord]4 8,:5 ,h]mog5es 0 employ$ to erect ! temple ( ,bac*us at ,teos10 says ,vitruvius1 8! m>ble 0 prep>$ = "o 9 ! ,doric /yle2 b ! ar*itect *ang$ 8 m9d1 f ! idea t o!r proportions1 aft]w>d call$ ,ionic1 7 m suitable = ! purpose1 almo/ induc+ ! inf]5ce t ,h]mog5es 0 ! inv5tor ( ^? delicate proportions2 he appe>s unque/ionably to h display$ great skill & +5uity 9 all 8 designs1 & to h ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t sacr$ build+s %\ld n be con/ruct$ ) ,doric proportions1 z !y oblig$ ! adoption ( false & incongru\s arrangem5ts40 ,ano!r fact :i* ,vitruvius does n t\* ^u might t5d to po9t to ,h]mog5es z ! orig9ator ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,he 0 a native ( ,alab&a 9 ,c>ia1 & if x is true1 z "s au?orities believe1 ! volute 0 an ornam5t 9 e>ly use 9 ,asia ,m9or1 he 0 d\btless famili> ) x2 &1 appreciat+ its graceful possibilities1 introduc$ x into ! matronly ,ionic4 ,h]mog5es is conc$$ to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ar*itects ( antiquity4 ,9 addition to ! temple ( ,bac*us :i* he design$ = ,teos1 "o ( ! ea/]n ,ionian cities1 & ! bir?place ( ,anacreon1 z well z o!r not$ anci5t *>act]s1 he erect$ 9 ! city ( ,magnesia1 9 ,lydia1 a temple to ,diana 9 ! ,doric ord]4 ,ab\t ea* ( ^! temples he wrote a book1 bo? ( :i* 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,9 "o he describ$ ! temple to ,diana z a pseudodipt]al1 or false dipt]al temple1 a =m :i* he inv5t$4 ,x is call$ false or imp]fect because ( ! economy ( ! inside r[ ( columns on ea* ( ! long sides ( ! cell1 ! outside r[ be+ all[$ to rema94 ,! effect f a di/ance 0 ! same z a d\ble r[1 :ile consid]able exp5se 0 sav$4 ,! temple to ,bac*us he describ$ z a monopt]us1 or a r\nd temple1 hav+ nei!r walls nor cell1 b m]ely a ro( su/a9$ by columns4 ,h]mog5es's great ambition appe>s to h be5 a desire to fo/] & enc\rage ! use ( ! ,ionic ord] 9 pref]5ce to ! ,doric = temple con/ruction4 ,9 ?is op9ion he 0 lat] su/a9$ by ,t>*esius1 ano!r writ] on ar*itecture1 :o may be dat$ z sometime lat] ?an #dgj ,b4,c41 & by ,py!us1 :om we %all meet aga9 z "o ( ! ar*itects ( ! tomb ( ,mausolus4 ,al?\gh ,vitruvius m5tions ! orig9 ( ! ,cor9?ian ord] 9 close connection ) t ( ! ,doric & ,ionic1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,callima*us1 :om he cr$its ) ! ,cor9?ian1 0 a mu* lat] arti/ ?an ,h]mog5es4 ,! use ( ! ,cor9?ian column by ! ar*itect ,scopas 9 ! temple ( ,a!ne at ,tegea 9 #cif ,b4,c41 has l$ to ! inf]5ce t ,callima*us mu/ h liv$ prior to t date1 & ! fact t he gave to t /yle ( ar*itecture ! appellation ( ,cor9?ian1 t he 0 a native ( ,cor9?4 ,lbke1 9 8 8,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art10 h[ev]1 does n give to ,callima*us ! full & undisput$ cr$it = orig9at+ ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 claim+ t ! ord] exi/$ be=e 8 "t1 al?\gh he does n m5tion :5 or :]e4 ,lbke w\ld int]pret ! /ory ( ,callima*us & ! basket z mean+ t x 0 he :o gave to ! capital its f9al p]fection4 ,x is some:at /range also t al?\gh ,callima*us is conc$$ to h be5 ! fir/ to develop ?is ord]1 if he did n absolutely inv5t x1 !re is no m5tion ( any build+ hav+ be5 design$ by him 9 ! ,cor9?ian /yle4 ,!re seems to be little dispute ov] ! fact t ,callima*us 0 nei!r z a sculptor nor an ar*itect to be plac$ 9 ! van ( ! di/+ui%$ arti/s ( e>ly ,greece4 ,z a sculptor1 9 :i* capacity he is be/ kn[n by 8 works1 8 /yle 0 /ilt$ & artificial1 r5d]$ s by ! arti/'s disposition to be f9icky & fa/idi\s 9 8 execution4 ,inde$1 he is said to h be5 unwe>i$ 9 poli%+ & p]fect+1 & to h sacrific$ ! gr& & sublime 9 ! ex]cise ( too great ref9em5t & purity4 ,callima*us 0 nev] satisfi$ ) himself1 & possibly on t acc\nt o!rs 7 n satisfi$ ) him1 z a c]ta9 degree ( self-e/eem is necess>y to invite public approval4 ,! ,greeks gave him a "n1 bas$ ^u 8 peculi>ities1 :i* ,pl9y has translat$ z 8,calumniator ,sui40 ,8 faculty = inv5tion 0 evid5c$ 9 o!r respects also1 z he is cr$it$ ) hav+ orig9at$ ! art ( bor+ m>ble1 & ,pausanius describes a gold5 lamp :i* he inv5t$1 & :i* he d$icat$ to ,a!ne1 :i* :5 fill$ ) oil burn$ exactly a ye> )\t go+ out4 ,x may be said broadly ( ! ,grecian p 9 _! employm5t ( ! ?ree gr& ord]s ( ar*itecture t ! fir/ two--namely1 ! ,doric & ,ionic--m closely h>moniz$ ) ! dignity & nobility ( _! national "*4 ,9 fact1 ,greece arriv$ at ! p9nacle ( h] civilization & br\ght h] philosophy ( human exi/5ce n only 9 !ory1 b 9 practice1 to its highe/ ideals be=e ! ,cor9?ian ord] ( ar*itecture appe>$ to claim a %>e 9 h] arti/ic reputation4 ,! /ately solidity ( ! ,doric & ! graceful purity ( ! ,ionic l5t ! p]fection ( ar*itectural framework to ! m5tal /r5g? & l(t9ess ( ideal ( ! ,hell5ic p4 ,!y seem$ to accord ) ! philosophy t 0 orig9ally prea*$ f "u ! %ad[ ( _! p$im5ts & entablatures4 ,we c almo/ see ! d\bt+ & my/ifi$ ,!on /epp+ f ! ,doric portico :]e ,z5o held =?1 to comp>e t philosoph]'s /oical dogmas ) ! doctr9es ( ,prud5ce prea*$ 9 ! ,ionic-encompass$ g>d5 ( ,epicurus1 by a philosoph] ev] de/9$ to be miscon/ru$ & wrongfully int]pret$4 8,all le>n+ is useful10 taught ,epicurus2 8all ! sci5ces are curi\s2 all ! arts are beautiful2 b m useful1 m curi\s & m beautiful is ! p]fect k & p]fect gov]nm5t ( ourselves4 ,?\gh a man %\ld read ! heav5s1 unravel _! laws & _! revolutions2 ?\gh he %\ld dive into ! my/]ies ( matt]1 & exp\nd ! ph5om5a ( ! e>? & air2 ?\gh he %\ld be conv]sant ) all ! writ+s & say+s & actions ( ! dead2 ?\gh he %\ld hold ! p5cil ( ,p>rhasius1 ! *isel ( ,polycletus or ! lyre ( ,p9d>2 ?\gh he %\ld be "o or all ( ^! ?+s1 yet n "k ! secret spr+s ( 8 own m9d1 ! f\ndation ( 8 op9ions1 ! motives ( 8 actions2 if he hold n ! re9 ov] 8 passions2 if he h n cle>$ ! mi/ ( all prejudice f 8 und]/&+2 if he h n rubb$ (f all intol]ance f 8 judgm5ts2 if he "k n to weigh 8 own actions & ! actions ( o!rs 9 ! balance ( ju/ice1 t man ha? n k1 nor1 ?\gh he be a man ( sci5ce1 a man ( le>n+ or an arti/1 he is n a sage4 ,he mu/ sit d[n pati5t at ! feet ( ,philosophy4 ,) all 8 le>n+ he ha? yet to le>n1 & p]haps a h>d] task1 he ha? to unle>n40 ,! ,cor9?ian ord]1 on ! o!r h&1 not)/&+ all its *>m1 beauty & v>iety1 seem$ to lack t /eadfa/ness ( "* :i* b\nd s firmly ! o!r two ord]s to ! he>ts ( ! ,grecian p1 & 0 nev] admitt$ into _! fulle/ tru/ & confid5ce4 ,inde$1 x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! ,cor9?ian model grew 9 favor z ! ar*itectural art ( ,greece decl9$2 & only :5 ,greece1 los+ h] autonomy1 began to lose h] ambition & intellectual greatness & indep5d5ce4 ,x rea*$ its fulle/ vogue ) ! lat] or ,greco-,roman ar*itects1 :o sacrific$ mu* ( purity 9 art = lavi% & sightly display4 ,) ! ,greeks ! ,cor9?ian 0 sp>+ly employ$1 & g5]ally call$ ^u = _! small] & less important build+s2 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! ,romans1 enri*$ by additional features & ornam5tation ( _! own1 x became ! favorite ord]1 n alone = portico & temple1 b = public & private build+s ( e nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree columns ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,grecian ,,ar*itects4 ,9 ! ye> #edh ,b4,c4 ! great temple to ,apollo at ,delphi1 ! "w ( ! leg5d>y ar*itects ,agam$es & ,trophonius1 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,( ! f\r temples to ! same deity t _h be5 re>$ ^u ! same site1 ?is 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* m>ble 0 employ$ z a build+ mat]ial4 ,naturally ! "q w pres5t itself1 h[ c\ld a temple built ( m>ble be de/roy$ by fire8 ,! answ] is1 t :ile ! ma9 walls ( ! cell & ! columns1 entablatures1 p$im5ts & o!r expos$ p>ts ( ! e>ly ,greek temples 7 built ( m>ble1 /one or sun-dri$ bricks1 ! ro(s 7 g5]ally ( wood1 & 7 heavily timb]$1 sometimes call+ = great /r5g? to support m>ble tiles4 ,mu* ( ! int]ior build+ mat]ial 0 also ( wood1 z well z ! /atu>y ) :i* ! e>li] temples 7 lavi%$ & enri*$4 ,?us if fire 0 />t$ )9 ! build+1 ei!r by accid5t or1 z n infrequ5tly happ5$1 by ! h& ( an inc5di>y1 !re 0 suffici5t combu/ible mat]ial = x to fe$ ^u & to heat ! entire /ructure1 r$uc+ ! o!rwise endur+ m>ble to crumbl+ lime4 ,! temple ( ,apollo hav+ be5 ?us de/roy$1 ! mu* rev]$ & highly respect$ ,oracle 0 left )\t %elt] & a place ( bus9ess4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s ( c\rse c\ld n long be all[$ to cont9ue1 & ! ,amphictyons1 a legislative body1 hav+ "u its special c>e ! ,delphic temple1 at once came to ! front & ord]$ a new temple built at a co/ ( ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,"o-f\r? ( ?is sum 0 to be paid by ! ,delphians & ! rema9+ ?ree-f\r?s 7 to be contribut$ by ! o!r cities ( ,greece & ^? nations :i* 7 9 ! habit ( consult+ ! ,oracle--a v prop] di/ribution ( ! exp5se1 consid]+ h[ ext5sive & widespread 0 ! r5[n & appreciation ( ! prie/ess4 ,amasis1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 volunte]$ a ?\s& tal5ts ( alum9a1 ?us %[+ :at 8 feel+s 7 9 ! matt]1 & ! ,alcmonid1 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ ari/ocratic families ( ,a!ns1 und]took ! contract1 x is h9t$1 ma9ly = political reasons4 ,?is may be true1 z !y 7 mu* involv$ 9 local politics1 especially ) ! bani%m5t ( ,pisi/ratus1 ! tyrant1 & !y may h se5 an opportunity 9 ! rebuild+ ( ?is temple to make !mselves v popul>4 ,!y c]ta9ly w5t ab\t x 9 ! "r way to a*ieve su* a result1 & did actually ga9 mu* influ5ce by _! g5]osity & ! broadm9d$ mann] 9 :i* !y disreg>d$ ! /rict t]ms ( ! contract to d h&som] & bett] "w ?an x call$ =4 ,"o p>ticul> illu/ration ( _! lib]ality has attract$ ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian3 x 0 ! build+ ( ! temple 9 ,p>ian m>ble1 in/ead ( ,por9e /one4 ,:ile ! ,alcmonid 7 prosecut+ ! "w 9 ?is g5]\s _s1 !y did n neglect _! fall5 enemies1 ! ,pisi/ratid1 & ?rew out occasional innu5does to ! effect t ! ,pisi/ratid c\ld tell m ab\t ! orig9 ( ! fire t de/roy$ ! late temple ?an !y evid5tly c>$ to1 !reby intimat+ a crime z aga9/ _! rivals t x might h be5 difficult to h prov$4 ,!y ev5 won ! ,oracle to _! side by simil> simple & +5u\s me?ods1 ) ! result t ev] aft]w>d ! ,oracle did n hesitate to speak a k9d ^w = ! ,alcmonid & favor _! native city1 ,a!ns4 ,! ar*itect ( ?is new temple 0 ,sp9?>us1 a ,cor9?ian4 ,z no?+ fur!r seems to be kn[n ( him1 we h be5 some:at p>ticul> to m5tion ! importance ( ?is "w1 to %[ t ,sp9?>us 0 an arti/ :o /ood v high 9 8 pr(ession at ! "t4 ,b z ! temple 0 "o ( ! longe/ 9 process ( con/ruction1 tak+ ab\t sev5ty-two ye>s to complete1 x is n likely t ,sp9?>us liv$ to enjoy ! full fruition ( 8 "w4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to add t no /ructure ( its k9d ?r\gh\t all ,greece 0 made ! depository ( ri*] or m ext5sive treasure ?an ?is temple to ,apollo at ,delphi1 a fact n to be m>vell$ at if we d n lose sight ( ! ,oracle4 ,we h already se5 h[ x excit$ ! cupidity ( ! bro!rs ,agam$es & ,trophonius4 ,:at !y appropriat$ to !mselves f ! ri* vaults ( its pr$ecessor 01 h[ev]1 comp>atively insignificant to ! :olesale robb]ies t w5t on f "t to "t ( ! fif? temple design$ by ,sp9?>us4 ,h]odotus says t ! weal? ( ,delphi 0 bett] kn[n to ! ,p]sian ,x]xes ?an 7 ! cont5ts ( 8 own palace1 & t aft] =c+ ! pass ( ,!rmopyl he deta*$ a portion ( 8 army to capture ,delphi4 ,x fail$ to d s1 only ?r\gh ! int]position ( ! ,oracle or "s o!r deity4 ,_m ye>s aft]w>d ! ,phocians plund]$ ! temple ( :at might be repres5t$ by #aj1fjj1jjj ( our money4 ,/ill lat] ! ,gauls also made a ri* haul1 :i* ! ,romans aft]w>d f\nd 9 _! city ( ,tolosa unexp5d$1 probably because !re 0 s mu* ( x2 & ,n]o is said to h tak5 f x five hundr$ bronze /atues at "o "t4 ,b ^! robb]ies fade into insignificance :5 ! insult heap$ ^u ! ,delphians & _! ,oracle by ,con/ant9e ! ,great is recall$4 ,?is ,roman v&al n only remov$ ! sacr$ ,tripod & ,braz5 ,column :i* support$ x1 b deg5]at$ _! use to ! adornm5t ( ! hippodrome ( ! new city he built on ! ,bosphorus4 ,! ,braz5 ,column may /ill be se5 9 ,con/ant9ople1 b ! sacr$ ,tripod has disappe>$ =ev]4 ,!re is a little /ory connect$ ) a fir/ disappe>ance ( ! ,tripod t may be wor? ! tell+4 ,x 0 lo/ at sea1 b aft]w>d recov]$ by "s fi%]m54 ,:5 ,py?ia 0 ask$ to decide to :om x %\ld be giv51 h] answ] 0 t x %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! wise/ man 9 ,greece4 ,accord+ly x 0 s5t to ,?ales ( ,miletos4 ,he1 h[ev]1 0 too mode/ to reta9 x1 & pass$ x ov] to ,bias z a wis] man2 ,bias 0 also emb>rass$ by ! selection1 & pres5t$ x to ano!r ( ! ,grecian sages2 he to /ill ano!r1 & s on1 until x _h made ! circuit ( pretty mu* e p]son 9 ,greece ) any claim at all to sup]ior wisdom4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 x came back once m to ,?ales1 :o successfully end$ its it9]>y by d$icat+ x to ! ,delphic ,apollo4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! great temples to be erect$ 9 ! ,ionic ord] 0 t begun 9 ! ,ionian city ( ,ephesus 9 ,asiatic ,greece by ,ctesiphon1 a ,cretan ar*itect born 9 ,cnossus1 & 8 son1 ,metag5es4 ,?is temple 0 erect$ to ! glory ( ! _m-brea/$ & mummy-l appe>+ ,artemis1 a goddess peculi> to ! ,ephesians1 :om ! ,greek coloni/s !re d\btless inh]it$ f ! ,asiatic races t prec$$ !m 9 _! ,ionian settlem5t4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! graceful1 virg9-l *>act]i/ics ( ,apollo's si/]1 ! ,arcadian ,artemis1 9 ?is ,ephesian goddess1 b ! ,ionian ,greeks 7 q p>tial to h]1 att5d$ h] ) eunu* prie/s1 & built 9 h] honor ?is temple1 s gr& & magnific5t t x 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,be=e allud+ to "s ( ! int]e/+ facts t h be5 pres]v$ conc]n+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is great temple x may n be out ( place to t\* ^u a cu/om :i* prevail$ 9 ,ephesus 9 respect to ! employm5t ( ar*itects1 :i* ,vitruvius relates4 ,he says3 8,9 ! magnific5t & spaci\s ,grecian city ( ,ephesus an anci5t law 0 made by ! ance/ors ( ! inhabitants1 h>d 9 its nature1 b nev]!less equitable4 ,:5 an ar*itect 0 entru/$ ) ! execution ( a public "w1 an e/imate !re( be+ lodg$ 9 ! h&s ( a magi/rate1 8 prop]ty 0 held z security until ! "w 0 f9i%$4 ,if1 :5 f9i%$1 ! exp5se did n exce$ ! e/imate1 he 0 complim5t$ ) decrees & honors4 ,s :5 ! excess did n am\nt to m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! orig9al e/imate1 x 0 defray$ by ! public1 & no puni%m5t 0 inflict$4 ,b :5 m ?an "o-f\r? ! e/imate 0 exce$$1 he 0 requir$ to pay ! excess out ( 8 own pocket40 ,! hone/ ,vitruvius almo/ sighs z he adds3 8,w\ld to ,god t su* a law exi/$ among ! ,roman p1 n only 9 respect to _! public1 b also ( _! private build+s1 = !n ! unskilful c\ld n commit _! depr$ations ) impunity1 & ^? :o 7 mo/ skilful 9 ! intricacies ( ! art w\ld foll[ ! pr(ession6 ,proprietors w\ld n be l$ into an extravagant exp5diture1 s z to cause ru92 ar*itects !mselves1 f ! dread ( puni%m5t1 w\ld be m c>eful 9 _! calculations1 & ! proprietor w\ld complete 8 build+ = t sum or a little m1 :i* he c\ld af=d to exp5d4 ,^? :o c conv5i5tly exp5d a giv5 sum on any "w ) ! pleas+ expectation ( see+ x complet$ w\ld *e]fully add "o-f\r? m2 b :5 !y f9d !mselves burd5$ ) ! addition ( half or ev5 m ?an half ( ! exp5se orig9ally contemplat$1 los+ _! spirits & sacrific+ :at has already be5 laid out1 !y incl9e to desi/ f its completion40 ,!re are1 p]haps1 "s p ev5 at ! pres5t "t :o c be f\nd to e*o ^! s5tim5ts ( ,vitruvius1 & exclaim3 ,w\ld to ,god t su* a law exi/$ among ! ,am]ican p1 especially 9 ,new ,york & ,*icago6 ,!odorus ( ,samos1 x w be rememb]$1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! temple to ,artemis ( ,ephesus 9 ! ye> #fjj ,b4,c4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ! temple by e>?quakes1 a m>%y site 0 *os51 & ,!odorus insur$ a firm f\ndation1 by us+ *>coal1 :i* 0 ramm$ d[n solidly1 & !n cov]$ ) fleeces ( wool4 ,ctesiphon & 8 son did n1 h[ev]1 beg9 ! sup]/ructure until ab\t =ty ye>s lat]4 ,! dim5sions ( ! build+ 7 v ext5sive1 & al?\gh ! ar*itecture 0 full ( gr&eur1 grace & beauty 7 n sacrific$4 ,! l5g? 0 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet2 ! wid? two hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 ,p>ian m>ble columns1 ea* sixty feet 9 height1 surr\nd$ ! cell 9 d\ble r[s1 sixte5 appe>+ 9 ! front & re> faades1 & =ty ea* on ! sides4 ,h]odotus /ates t mo/ ( ^! columns 7 pres5t$ by ! ri* ,crsus1 & "s by o!r k+s4 ,! cell1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 0 devoid ( a ro(1 b ,mr4 ,wood1 9 8 8,discov]ies at ,ephesus10 indicates o!rwise4 ,! :ole edifice1 bo? ext]iorly & int]iorly1 pres5t$ great ri*ness & elaboration ( c>v+4 ,! %afts ( ! columns 9 front ( ! build+ 7 c>v$ 9 relief1 9 ?ree broad b&s1 to ne>ly half _! height1 & ^? 9 ! re>1 9 "o b&1 to ab\t "o-qu>t] ( _! height4 ,! frieze & p$im5ts 7 also work$ out by ! *isel ( ! sculptor 9 designs ( great & impos+ beauty4 ,_m ( ! /ones us$ 9 ! build+ 7 v massive4 ,an idea ( h[ huge "s ( ^! blocks 7 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! ar*itrave alone conta9$ pieces ( m>ble ?irty feet long1 & t ,ctesiphon & ,metag5es 7 =c$ to inv5t special ma*9]y & contrivances to convey ! /ones = ! columns to ! build+ f ! qu>ry eight miles di/ant4 ,vitruvius expla9s ^! contrivances z foll[s3 8,he ,ctesiphon made a frame ( f\r pieces ( timb]1 two ( :i* 7 equal 9 l5g? to ! %afts ( ! columns1 & 7 held toge!r by ! two transv]se pieces4 ,9 ea* end ( ! %aft he ins]t$ iron pivots1 ^: ends 7 dovetail$ !re9to1 & run ) lead4 ,! pivots work$ 9 gudgeons fa/5$ to ! timb] frame1 :]eto 7 atta*$ oak5 %afts4 ,! pivots hav+ a free revolution 9 ! gudgeons1 :5 ! ox5 7 atta*$ & drew ! frame1 ! %afts roll$ r\nd1 & might h be5 convey$ to any di/ance4 ,! %afts hav+ be5 ?us transport$1 ! entablatures 7 to be remov$1 :5 ,metag5es1 ! son ( ,ctesiphon1 appli$ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! %afts _h be5 convey$ to ! removal ( ^? also4 ,he con/ruct$ :eels ab\t twelve feet 9 diamet]1 & fix$ ! ends ( ! blocks ( /one :]e( ! entablature 0 compos$ into !m2 pivots & gudgeons 7 !n prep>$ to receive !m 9 ! mann] j describ$1 s t :5 ! ox5 drew ! ma*9e ! pivots1 turn+ 9 ! gudgeons1 caus$ ! :eels to revolve1 & ?us ! blocks1 be+ enclos$ l axles 9 ! :eels1 7 br\ght to ! "w )\t delay4 ,an example ( ?is species ( ma*9e may be se5 9 ! roll+ /one us$ = smoo?+ ! walks 9 pal/r4 ,b ! me?od w\ld n h be5 practicable = any consid]able di/ance4 ,f ! qu>ries to ! temple is a l5g? ( n m ?an eight ?\s& feet1 & ! int]val is a pla9 )\t any declivity4 ,)9 our own "t1 :5 ! base ( ! colossal /atue ( ,apollo 9 ! temple ( t god 0 decay$ ?r\gh age1 to prev5t ! fall & de/ruction ( x1 a contract = a base f ! same qu>ry 0 made ) ,ponius4 ,x 0 twelve feet long1 eight feet wide1 & six feet high4 ,ponius1 driv5 to an exp$i5t1 did n use ! same z ,metag5es did1 b con/ruct$ a ma*9e = ! purpose by a diff]5t application ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,he made two :eels ab\t fifte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & fitt$ ! ends ( ! /one into ^! :eels4 ,to connect ! two :eels he fram$ into !m1 r\nd _! circumf]5ce1 small pieces ( two in*es squ>e1 n m ?an "o foot ap>t1 ea* ext5d+ f "o :eel to ! o!r1 & ?us enclos+ ! /one4 ,r\nd ^! b>s a rope 0 coil$1 to :i* ! traces ( ! ox5 7 made fa/1 & z x 0 drawn out ! /one roll$ by means ( ! :eels2 b ! ma*9e1 by its con/ant sw]v+ f a direct1 /raight=w>d pa?1 /ood 9 ne$ ( con/ant rectification1 s t ,ponius 0 at la/ )\t money = ! completion ( 8 contract40 ,! un9itiat$ :o h speculat$ z to h[ ! anci5ts succe$$ 9 mov+ & transport+ consid]able di/ances su* huge blocks ( /one1 )\t ! assi/ance ( our mod]n ma*9]y & contrivances1 are giv5 9 ?is quotation f ,vitruvius "s h9t z to ! +5uity & inv5tive ability ( ! e>ly ar*itects & build]s4 ,! temple1 h[ev]1 0 sl[ 9 build+1 & ,ctesiphon & ,metag5es1 aft] writ+ a book on _! great ar*itectural "w1 pass$ away 9 due c\rse ( "t4 ,_! places 7 fill$ by o!r ar*itects1 ( :om !re is no record1 b ,demetrius1 a prie/ ( ,diana1 toge!r ) ,daphnis & ,peonius1 ,ephesian ar*itects1 f9ally complet$ ! "w "s two hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s aft] x 0 begun by ,ctesiphon & 8 son4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t long int]val1 ,scopas1 an ar*itectural sculptor ( ,p>os1 ( :om !re w be m to relate z we g on1 contribut$ "o column1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z s beautiful t x 0 accept$ z a model = ^? t foll[$4 ,toge!r ) its ar*itectural glories1 ! int]ior 0 made a depository = _m ( ! f9e/ works ( ! great arti/s ( antiquity1 & ,scopas is said to h introduc$ ,c>yatides "h4 ,?is is d\bt$1 b he c]ta9ly furni%$ a v gr& /atue ( ,hecate2 & ,praxiteles1 ) 8 almo/ equally gift$ son1 adorn$ ! %r9e4 ,tradition relates t ^u ! v night t ! great ,alex&] 0 born1 ! ,ephesian temple 0 de/roy$ by fire1 ?r\gh ! rapaci\s gre$ = notoriety ( "o ,h]o/ratus4 ,?is antique fire-bug1 :5 put to ! torture = 8 crime1 confess$ t 8 only object 0 to ga9 immortality = 8 "n1 an ambition :i* he succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ?r\gh ! /upidity ( ! /ates-g5]al ( ,asiatic ,greece4 ,!y decre$ t ! "n ( ,h]o/ratus %\ld nev] be m5tion$1 & ( c\rse x always 01 z all ! contempor>y hi/orians felt impell$ to record ! fact t a man by ! "n ( ,h]o/ratus 0 n to be m5tion$1 & to give ! reasons !re=1 & mu* m ab\t ,h]o/ratus :i*1 _h !re be5 no decree1 might h be5 left unsaid4 ,! result 0 & has be5 t a crank ( antiquity has liv$ by "n = tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s1 & is q likely to live = z _m m4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great rea*$ maturity1 d\btless feel+ ! depression consequ5t ^u hav+ 8 adv5t into ! _w :i* he 0 de/9$ to dom9ate1 associat$ ) ! de/ruction ( s magnific5t a temple to ! ,asiatic ,diana1 (f]$1 x is said1 to pay ! co/ ( its re/oration1 provid$--!re is frequ5tly a proviso c\pl$ ) ^! lib]al (f]s--provid$ 8 "n %\ld be inscrib$ on ! new edifice4 ,:ile ! ,ephesians 7 made glad by ! (f]1 !y did n readily fall 9 ) ! proviso4 ,! clev]ness ( _! diplomatic reply1 h[ev]1 appeal$ to ! susceptible side ( ,alex&]'s human nature1 & effect$ a compromise4 ,!y told ! ,mac$onian t 8x 0 n "r = a god to make (f]+s to gods40 ,! ar*itect = ! new temple 0 ! great favorite ( ,alex&] & 8 fell[-c\ntryman1 ,d9ocrates1 :o x is said rebuilt ! edifice on ev5 a m extravagant scale ?an 0 ! fir/4 ,mu* ( ! m>ble & sculptur+ ( ! old temple ent]$ into ! new1 & ! pa9t]s1 /atu>ies & sculptors ( ! "t aga9 lavi%$ ^u x _! be/ art4 ,! walls 7 embelli%$ f "t to "t by ,p>rhasius & ,apelles2 & ,tim>ete1 ! fir/ female arti/ ( note ( :om !re is any record1 contribut$ a picture ( ! honor$ ,artemis4 ,x is relat$ t ! fold+ doors or gates ( ?is new temple 7 made ( cypress t _h be5 all[$ to season = f\r g5]ations1 & t :5 ! pieces ( cypress wood 7 glu$ toge!r ! glue 0 all[$ to rema9 = f\r ye>s to h>d54 ,mutianus1 a ,roman ar*itect1 /ates t :5 he f\nd !m1 :i* 0 f\r hundr$ ye>s aft]w>d1 !y 7 z fre% & beautiful z :5 new4 ,"s rema9s ( ! spl5dor ( ?is pagan temple are /ill do+ ar*itectural duty4 ,! great dome ( ! beautiful ,byzant9e *ur* ( ,santa ,sophia 9 ,con/ant9ople1 n[ a ,turki% mosque1 is support$ by columns ( gre5 jasp]1 br\ght f ! ,ephesian temple by ! ,roman ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 & two ( ! pill>s 9 ! ca!dral at ,pisa are also f ! same s\rce4 ,!re is "s confusion z to ! works ( art & decorations associat$ respectively ) ! two temples j describ$ :i* x w\ld be va9 to attempt to cle> up1 believ+ t x matt]s b little1 inasmu* z x is n likely t ,h]o/ratus c\ld h de/roy$ completely ! fir/ temple1 & t ! s]vices ( ,d9ocrates 7 engag$ m 9 ! l9e ( mak+ good ! damage done ?an 9 erect+ an entirely new edifice4 ,! upp] colonnades ( ,cor9?ian columns1 h[ev]1 :i* ,mr4 ,wood %[s z appe>+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! temple1 are cle>ly ! "w ( ,d9ocrates4 ,demetrius1 ! prie/ ( ,diana1 & 8 associates1 ,peonius & ,daphnis1 ! ?ree ar*itects :o complet$ ! fir/ ,artemesian temple1 hav+ fl\ri%$ ov] two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( t /ructure 0 laid1 are n1 ( c\rse1 to be class$ among ! e>li] ( ! ,grecian ar*itects1 &1 prop]ly1 %\ld n be treat$ "u ?is head+2 b z !y are all gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! erection ( ano!r great ,asiatic-,greek temple1 & are n fur!r met )1 x may be j z well to add :at !re is 9 respect to !m at ?is "t4 ,! temple ref]r$ to 0 t d$icat$ to ,apollo 9 ! ,ionian city ( ,miletus1 n f> di/ant f ! sc5e ( ! jo9t labors ( ^! ar*itects at ,ephesus4 ,its ord] 0 also ,ionic1 & al?\gh n z l>ge z t to ,artemis1 x c\ld h be5 v little1 if any1 inf]ior to x 9 column> effect & g5]al impressive beauty1 if n gr&eur4 ,x 0 ?ree hundr$ & two feet 9 l5g? by "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet 9 wid?1 &1 l ! temple at ,ephesus1 0 surr\nd$ by d\ble r[s ( columns1 ea* column1 h[ev]1 be+ sixty-?ree feet 9 height4 ,inde$1 ,/rabo1 ! celebrat$ ,roman travell] & geograph]1 :o visit$ ! ru9s ( ! temple dur+ ! fir/ c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 te/ifies t 8x is ! greate/ ( all temples10 & adds t x rema9$ )\t a ro( 89 consequ5ce ( its bigness02 b ?is allusion to its ro(less condition is probably due to ! fact t ! build+ 0 nev] :olly complet$4 ,pausanias also gives x high praise1 & speaks ( x z "o ( ! wond]s ( ,ionia1 & ,vitruvius numb]s x 8z "o ( ! f\r temples :i* _h rais$ _! ar*itects to ! summit ( r5[n0#b--;a r5[n1 x w\ld seem1 t has be5 v mu* begrudg$ !m1 z ! lit]ature ( _! "t furni%es practically no data 9 reg>d to !m p]sonally1 & :at e/imate c be =m$ ( !m is :olly bas$ ^u ! importance ( _! works4 ,peonius1 we are told1 0 an ,ephesian1 b z to ev5 ! nativity ( ! o!r two ar*itects we are 9 ! d>k1 al?\gh ,daphnis is suppos$ to h be5 a ,miletian4 ,!re is also "s little unc]ta9ty z to ! exact date :5 !y ex]cis$ _! pr(ession1 b x is probably safe to say t x 0 sometime )9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,two columns ( ! great temple to ,apollo h /ood pr\dly aga9/ ! attacks ( "t1 & al?\gh sc>r$ by _! long battles1 are yet evid5c+ ! glories ( a /ructure ( :i* !y 7 once b an insignificant "p4 ,9 ! ye> #eee ,b4,c4 !re liv$ f\r ar*itects1 to ^: skill 0 entru/$ ! build+ ( a temple t %\ld be 9 all respects wor?y to /& = ! respect due ! dignity1 p[] & extreme longevity ( ! great ,olympian ,zeus--! k+-god ( ! ,greeks4 ,! f\ndation = ?is %r9e 0 laid 9 ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus1 a tyrant ( ,a!ns1 :o contribut$ sev]al ar*itectural works to t city1 b ^: sev]al bani%m5ts greatly int]rupt$ _! build+4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! great temple to ,zeus4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 suffici5tly advanc$ = ,pisi/ratus to d$icate x be=e he fell f p[]4 ,x has be5 /at$ t x 0 due to ! g5u9e dislike :i* ! ,a!nians felt = ,pisi/ratus & 8 sons1 :o succe$$ him1 t f\r hundr$ ye>s 7 all[$ to fl[ by be=e ! temple 0 f9i%$4 ,?is is h>dly j to a rul] ( great loyalty to 8 native city1 & ( unque/ion$ integrity 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 public duties4 ,x is m probable t ! delay 0 due to ! animosity ( ! rival ,a!nian family ( ,alcmonid1 :o1 piqu$ by jeal\sy1 fann$ a flame ( opposition to ! works ( ,pisi/ratus t cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,anti/ates1 ,antima*ides1 ,calles*ros & ,por9us 7 ! f\r ar*itects engag$ by ,pisi/ratus1 :o1 l _! pr(essional bro!rs employ$ on ! temples ( ,diana1 ,apollo & ,c]es1 71 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 entitl$ to immortality = ! gr&eur ( _! works1 b ab\t :om !re is no o!r in=mation to be giv54 ,?is temple to ,jupit] 0 n built ^u ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 l t to ! patron goddess ( ! city1 ,m9]va1 b ^u a rais$ p]ibolos )9 ! city bel[1 & on ! site ( an e>li] temple to ! same god1 erect$ 9 ! "t ( ,deucalion1 b :i* _h p]i%$ f ! ravages ( ages4 ,x 0 l mo/ ( ! e>ly ,doric temples1 ( p]ipt]al con/ruction1 or surr\nd$ by columns on all f\r sides4 ,ari/otle1 :o saw x be=e x 0 f9i%$1 0 s mu* impress$ by its size t he comp>$ x to ! ,pyramids2 & "o ( 8 s*ol>s rem>k$ t 8?\gh unf9i%$1 x call$ =? a/oni%m5t1 & :5 f9i%$ w\ld be unexcell$40 ,p]seus1 k+ ( ,mac$onia1 & ,antio*us ,epiphanes ( ,syria 7#agf-afd ,b4,c47 f9ally f9i%$ ! cell & plac$ ! ,cor9?ian columns ( ! portico1 employ+ = ! purpose a ,roman ar*itect ( great skill by ! "n ( ,cossutius4 ,x 0 !n1 probably1 t ,livy made ! rem>k 8t among s _m temples ?is is ! only "o wor?y ( a god40 ,sylla1 h[ev]1 :5 he laid siege to ,a!ns1 "s =ty ye>s lat]1 robb$ ! temple mo/ unm]cifully1 c>ry+ away ) him _m ( ! columns to ,rome4 ,b 8 "w ( de/ruction 0 m ?an comp5sat$ = by 8 successor1 ,hadrian1 two hundr$ ye>s /ill lat]1 "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! celebrat$ ,roman ar*itect1 ,luigi ,cannia4 ,hadrian1 9 8 love ( great ar*itectural effects1 0 inspir$ to beautify ! p]ibolos ) a p]i/yle "o hundr$ rods 9 l5g?1 & 8 ar*itect contribut$ a new section to ! temple itself1 & add$ ?ree gr& ve/ibules4 ,! sacr$ enclosure1 aft] ,hadrian _h f9i%$ x1 :i* _h a circumf]5ce ( ab\t tw5ty-?ree hundr$ feet1 0 ornam5t$ by /atues1 contribut$ 9 great numb]s by diff]5t cities4 ,! l5g? ( ! temple at ?is "t1 accord+ to ,/u>t1 01 ^u ! upp] /ep1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r feet1 & its bread? "o hundr$ & sev5ty-"o feet4 ,! columns1 :i* surr\nd$ ! cell1 n[ all ,cor9?ian1 numb]$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r1 all ( ,p5telican m>ble1 ( :i* !re are sixte5 /ill /&+4 ,9 ! pronaos1 or inn] portico1 ,hadrian caus$ to be plac$ f\r /atues ( himself1 two 9 ,?racian & two 9 ,egyptian m>ble1 :i* 71 p]haps1 ?ree m ?an a mod]ately mode/ man might h felt necess>y4 ,ano!r gorge\s temple to ! great ,jupit] 0 begun ab\t five ye>s lat] ?an t at ,a!ns by ! ar*itect ,libon1 an ,eleian1 9 ,olympia1 :i* ,lysias speaks ( z 8! faire/ spot 9 ,greece40 ,9 ,olympia ! spiritual & physical natures ( ! ,grecian p may be said to h comb9$ 9 ! p]fection ( developm5t4 ,"h ! glories ( ! body1 ! capabilities ( ! f9e/ muscul> /r5g? & a?letic action1 7 exhibit$ 9 gymnasium & /adion1 & "h ! religi\s _s ( ! p arose to ! fulle/ int5sity1 & z ?\gh d\bly inspir$ by ! action & /r5g? ( ! p]fect body1 f\nd expression 9 temple & sanctu>y4 ,s great 0 ! rew>d1 s en?usia/ic ! reception accord$ ! *ampions 9 ! a?letic games ( ,olympia1 t !y call =? a prote/ f ! s5sitive ,vitruvius1 :o seems to feel t ! honors conf]r$ ^u !m %\ld h be5 res]v$ = ! lit]>y lights ( ! "t4 8,! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks10 he compla9s1 8held ! celebrat$ wre/l]s :o 7 victors 9 ! ,olympic1 ,py?ian1 ,i/hmian & ,nemean games 9 su* e/eem t1 decorat$ ) ! palm & cr[n1 !y 7 n only publicly ?ank$1 b 7 also1 9 _! triumphant return to _! respective homes1 borne to _! cities & c\ntries 9 f\r-horse *>iots1 & 7 all[$ p5sions = life f ! public rev5ue4 ,:5 ,i consid] ^! circum/ances1 ,i _c help ?9k+ x /range t simil> honors1 or ev5 great]1 are n decre$ to ^? au?ors :o are ( la/+ s]vice to mank9d4 ,su* c]ta9ly ought to be ! case2 = ! wre/l]1 by tra9+1 m]ely h>d5s 8 own body = ! conflict2 a writ]1 h[ev]1 n only cultivates 8 own m9d1 b af=ds e "o else ! same opportunity1 by lay+ d[n precepts = acquir+ k & excit+ ! tal5ts ( 8 read]40 ,s attractive 0 ?is spot on ! banks ( ! ,alpheus 9 ,ellis1 9 natural *>m1 z well z 9 ! purposes = :i* x 0 visit$1 t x is "h1 z n[h]e else 9 ,greece1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 ! ,grecian ar*itects lavi%$ _! be/ skill & be/ illu/rat$ _! appreciation ( ! fact1 t ! effect ( f9e build+s is greatly augm5t$ by gr\p+ !m gracefully toge!r 9 "o place1 produc+1 z x 71 an ar*itectural picture4 8,_m objects10 says ,pausanias1 8may a man see 9 ,greece1 & _m ?+s may he he> t are wor?y ( admiration1 b above !m all ! do+s at ,eleusis & ! sights at ,olympia h some:at 9 !m ( a s\l div9e40 ,! wor%ip ( ,zeus 0 an old wor%ip 9 ,olympia1 s t :5 ,libon 0 entru/$ ) au?ority to erect a new temple to t deity1 out ( ! spoils tak5 9 subjugat+ ! ,pisans & o!r neighbor+ cities :i* _h revolt$ f ! ,eleans1 he gave free reign to 8 art1 & produc$ a ,doric temple :i* rivall$ t 9 ,a!ns1 ?\gh n z l>ge4 ,pausanias in=ms u t ! ,olympian temple 0 two hundr$ & ?irty feet long1 n9ety-five feet wide & sixty-eight feet high2 t x 0 surr\nd$ by m>ble columns & cov]$ ) m>ble cut 9 ! =m ( tiles4 ,! front & re> p$im5ts 7 adorn$ ) sculpture1 z well z ! metopes ( ! frieze4 ,! int]ior 0 ( two ord]s ( columns support+ l(ty gall]ies1 ?r\gh :i* !re 0 a passage to ! ?rone ( ,jove 8glitt]+ ) gold & gems40 ,x 0 ?is temple ( ,libon's t became1 soon aft] its completion1 ! casket :i* held ! *ef d'uvre ( ,phidias1 ! colossal /atue ( ,jupit] c>v$ 9 ivory & gold1 ( :i* ,qu9tilian obs]ves t x add$ a new religi\s feel+ to ,greece4 ,! /ory is well kn[n h[ ,phidias1 be+ ask$ by 8 nephew ,pannus1 a pa9t]1 :o assi/$ him 9 ! decoration ( ! temple1 h[ he c\ld h conceiv$ t air ( div9ity :i* he _h express$ 9 ! face ( ?is noble /atue1 repli$ t he _h copi$ x f ,hom]'s description ( ! god4 ,jupit] 0 pres5t$ nak$ to 8 wai/1 b drap$ f 8 girdle d[n4 ,! significance ( ?is 0 t ! great ,jove1 kn[+ himself to be ( heav5ly orig91 ?\ght x be/ to conceal himself 9 "p only f man4 ,he 0 also giv5 a be>d = ! reason t ! ,greeks1 cl++ to ! ,ori5tal notion1 believ$ t be>ds c>ri$ ) !m an air ( maje/y2 an idea1 by ! way1 :i* 0 n %>$ 9 by ! ,romans1 :o spoke ) d]ision ( _! be>d$ =efa!rs1 & p]mitt$ ! we>+ ( be>ds only to ^? :o 7 9 disgrace1 & to poor philosoph]s1 :o probably1 l our poor mod]n poets1 f\nd a visit to ! b>b]'s an unnecess>y & exp5sive luxury4 ,rome dur+ ^! e>ly times1 & be=e %e _h awak5$ to ! cultivation ( ! arts at home1 0 prone to borr[ f ,greece ! tal5t ( :i* %e 0 9 ne$4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t we f9d ! fir/ record ( su* a call made by ,rome ^u h] ea/]n neighbor = ar*itects4 ,! dem& 0 answ]$ by ! two ar*itectural sculptors ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 :o 7 import$ by ! ,dictator ,po/humius to erect two temples 9 ,rome1 "o to ,ca/or & ,pollux or1 z "s au?orities ass]t1 to ,lib] & ,lib]a 7,bac*us & ,pros]p9e71 :i* /ood ne> ! ,=um & ,temple ( ,ve/a1 & ! o!r to ,c]es1 on ! slope ( ! ,av5t9e hill1 ne> ! ,circus4 ,^! temples 7 v[$ by ,po/humius1 9 8 battle ) ! ,lat9s1 #dif ,b4,c41 & 7 d$icat$ by ,viscell9us "s ye>s lat]4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt]1 9 :i* ! attempt is made to ga!r toge!r "s ( ! e>li] ar*itects ( ,greece1 x may be z well to include )9 x a numb] ( su* arti/s :o ?\gh n ris+ to ! highe/ fame1 or :o 7 n connect$ ) ! mo/ elegant build+s ( _! "t1 nev]!less _h ! good =tune to h _! names pres]v$ 9 hi/ory4 ,pl9y tells a r amus+ & int]e/+ acc\nt ( su* an ar*itect by ! "n ( ,bupalus1 :o probably fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #ebd ,b4,c4 ,he is said to h come f a v old family ( arti/s :o ex]cis$ ! art ( ! /atu>y f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,olympiads2 b z ,pl9y simply speaks ( him z an ar*itect & arti/1 b does n m5tion any build+ attribut$ to 8 skill1 he becomes a subject = notice only 9 connection ) ! ,iambic poet ,hipponax1 :om he us$ 8 art to torm5t4 ,pl9y relates t ,bupalus & 8 bro!r ,a!nis amus$ !mselves by mak+ c>icatures ( ! satirical poet4 ,hipponax 0 und]siz$1 ?9 & ugly1 & probably1 l ! mod]n poet ,pope1 suff]$ 8 physical defects to give him a cynical view ( life4 ,! c>icatures ( ! playful ,bupalus & ,a!nis naturally affect$ unpleasantly 8 am\r propre1 & he employ$ ! weapon at 8 comm&1 8 ironical p51 to /rike back at 8 torm5tors1 ) ! result t he gave !m a good p5 la%+ 9 a satirical poem1 9 :i* he also *a/is$ 8 ,ionian bre?r5 = :at he consid]$ _! effem9ate luxury4 ,9 ! same poem1 also1 he did n sp>e 8 own p>5ts1 & x is said t he ev5 _h ! tem]ity to ridicule ! gods4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 always "s "o to />t ! /ory t a woman is at ! s\rce ( all ! infirmities t any p>ticul>ly conspicu\s man suff]s f1 & !re are ^? :o claim t ,bupalus did n orig9ate ! tr\ble1 b t x />t$ ?r\gh ! fact t ! ar*itect _h a v beautiful daught] ( :om ,hipponax 0 greatly enamor$4 ,l ! e>li] ,iambic poet ,ar*ilo*us1 :o got into a simil> scrape1 ! girl's fa!r refus$ to p]mit 8 daught] to m>ry a poor little )]$ poet1 ) ! result t ! poet's life 0 ev] aft] embitt]$4 ,h[ v bitt] ,hipponax became1 especially aga9/ ! ladies1 is illu/rat$ by a rem>k :i* is attribut$ to him3 8,!re are10 he said1 8only two happy days 9 ! life ( a m>ri$ man--t 9 :i* he receives 8 wife1 & t 9 :i* he c>ries out h] corpse40 ,aft] 8 dea? ,leonidas ( ,t>5tum1 9 an elegant epigram1 w>n$ travell]s n to pass too ne> 8 tomb1 le/ !y r\se ! sleep+ wasp4 ,! grave ( ,hipponax1 by ! way1 in/ead ( be+ cov]$ ) ivy & roses1 l t ( a mild poet1 0 plant$ ) ?orns & ?i/les4 ,pausanias m5tions sev]al ( ^! m obscure ar*itects4 ,agnaptus 0 "o1 :o built a por* 9 ! ,altis1 or wall at ,olympia1 call$ aft]w>d by ! ,eleans ! 8por* ( ,agnaptus10 & ,antiphilus1 ,po?u & ,megacles 7 ?ree o!r waifs on our sea ( oblivion4 ,!y 7 responsible = ! ,treasury ( ! ,c>?ag9ians also at ,olympia4 ,pyrrhus1 ) 8 two sons1 ,lacrates & ,h]mon1 built ! ,olympian ,treasury ( ! ,epidamnians4 ,!re 7 t5 ( ^! ,treasuries1 by ! way1 rais$ by diff]5t /ates1 :i* 7 n only ar*itecturally v beautiful1 b :i* conta9$ /atues & o!r (f]+s ( great value4 ,/rabo m5tions an ar*itect & sculptor by ! "n ( ,h]mocreon1 :o design$ a gigantic & beautiful alt> at ,p>ium on ! ,propontis 9 ,asia ,m9or2 & ,eurycles1 a ,sp>tan ar*itect1 :o built ! ba?s at ,cor9?1 & 8adorn$ !m ) beautiful m>bles10 mu/ n be ov]look$1 al?\gh he may h be5 ( a mu* lat] date4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,! o!r ?ree temples :i* ,vitruvius prais$ ?us highly 7 ^? to ,diana at ,ephesus1 ,jupit] ,olympus at ,a!ns1 & ,c]es at ,eleusis4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,epo* ,,( ,,p]icles4 ,! age ( ,p]icles 0 s di/9ctively an era 9 ! advancem5t ( ! arts1 especially ar*itecture1 n alone 9 ! city :]e ,a!ne %$ h] div9e intellig5ce & tutel>y influ5ce ) g5]\s favor1 b ?r\gh\t all ! ,hell5ic /ates1 & has left s _m models & crit]ions = ! ar*itects ( all "t to foll[1 t a few words 9 ref]5ce to ,p]icles himself & ! sculptor ,phidias1 into ^: h&s he entru/$ ! direction ( 8 public build+s & ! adornm5t ( ,a!ns1 may be admissible1 be=e we consid] ! ar*itectural g5iuses :o sprung =w>d to meet ! great requirem5ts ( ! "t4 ,p]icles 0 a desc5dant ( t noble & ref9$1 if sometimes un=tunate1 h\se ( ,alcmonid1 :i* did s mu* = ! ,delphic temple ( ,apollo1 & a son ( ,xan?ippus1 ! victor ( ,mycale1 & ,ag>i/e1 niece ( ,clei/h5es1 f\nd] ( ! lat] ,a!nian con/itution4 ,! date ( 8 bir? is n kn[n1 b t he e>ly ev9c$ a lean+ t[>d ! f9e arts & philosophy is record$4 ,"u ,py?ocleides he /udi$ music1 "u ,damon political sci5ce1 "u ,z5o philosophy2 b x rema9$ = ! erudite ,anaxagoras to give ! f9al burni% to 8 "* & ?\ght4 ,he 0 !re=e1 bo? by bir? & disposition1 z well z cultivation1 possess$ ( a m9d s+ul>ly compreh5sive 9 its grasp ( ! advantages :i* ! arts ( peace c\ld contribute to ! progress ( 8 p1 & naturally turn$ 8 att5tion to _! exploitation & developm5t1 :5 he became dom9ant 9 ! ye> #ddd ,b4,c4 ,8 rule ( peace la/$ b ?irte5 ye>s1 or until ! break+ out ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 b 0 cr[d$ ) num]\s arti/ic & ar*itectural triumphs4 ,t he may h gone a /ep too f> 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( pleasure & ! peaceful virtues among a p ( w>like antec$5ts & a future be=e !m ( =eorda9$ def5ce & conque/1 if n f9al defeat1 may be a subject = speculation2 b t he gave an impetus to lit]ature & art1 & by ! f]v5t w>m? ( 8 patronage fo/]$ ! gr[? ( g5ius 9 a way t _h n be5 equall$ be=e 8 "t1 & :i* has nev] be5 excell$ s9ce1 is ! pr9cipal reason1 d\btless1 = 8 immortality4 ,8 head 0 abnormally long1 a defect :i* ! arti/s ( 8 "t inv>iably correct$ ) a helmet :5 pa9t+ or sculptur+ 8 portrait1 & ! contemporane\s comic poets & satiri/s z cont9ually ridicul$ 9 v]se & je/4 ,speak+ ( 8 eloqu5ce & p[]s ( p]suasion1 ,?ucydides relates a pleasant /ory 9 respect to 8 dext]ity 9 ?is reg>d4 ,:5 ,ar*idamus1 k+ ( ! ,lac$monians1 ask$ ,?ucydides :e!r he or ,p]icles 0 ! bett] wre/l]1 he repli$3 8,:5 ,i h ?r[n him & giv5 him a fair fall1 he1 by p]si/+ t he _h no fall1 gets ! bett] ( me1 & makes ! by/&]s1 9 spite ( _! own eyes1 believe him40 ,b 9 o!r respects 8 physique 0 well proportion$ & 8 be>+ noble & comm&+4 ,8 mann] 0 dignifi$ & res]v$1 8 eloqu5ce /rong1 fe>less & conv9c+1 & 8 g5]al appe>ance su* z to inspire ! p to complim5t him ) ! "n 8,olympian ,zeus10 a "* 9 :i* 8 portrait 0 also pa9t$ by 8 favorite1 ,phidias4 ,an ,engli% writ] well says t ! age ( ,p]icles 0 8! milky way ( great m510 = x 0 c]ta9ly cl\d$ to :it5ess ) intellectual />s4 ,! names associat$ ) ?is era are n only among ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 all ,grecian hi/ory1 b among ! mo/ r5[n$ t h sprung =w>d 9 ! hi/ory ( all ! _w4 ,poets1 philosoph]s1 dramati/s1 musicians1 sculptors1 pa9t]s1 ar*itects1 n only arose 9 great numb]s "u 8 fo/]+ enc\ragem5t1 b to ! highe/ em95ce 9 _! respective avocations4 ,9 fact1 x seems z ?\gh ! human plant t _h long be5 gr[+1 /r5g!n+ & broad5+ ^u ,hell5ic soil _h sudd5ly sprung into ! fulle/ fl[] & envelop$ itself 9 intellectual beauty4 ,! ,a!ns :i* we s frequ5tly see pictur$ 9 all h] re/or$ ar*itectural grace & gr&eur1 ! ,a!ns :i* f h] ,acropolis ( *isell$ :ite s pr\dly surveys ! gean sea & surr\nd+ pla9s1 is ! ,a!ns ( ,p]icles1 noble/ ( all cities 9 ! pursuits ( virtue1 ( beauty & cont5tm5t1 & 9 ! pure realization ( t happ9ess :i* ! practice ( ! arts alone c af=d4 ,! budd+ ( ,a!nian ar*itectural magnific5ce may be said to h begun "u ,!mi/ocles & ,cimon1 ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ,p]icles1 b n to h rip5$ & fl[]$ 9 its p]fection until 8 adv5t into p[]4 ,!n x 0 t ! task ( build+ a city 9 e way wor?y ( ! p :o _h prov$ _! pr[ess be=e ! ,p]sian ho/s 9 w>1 & :o 9 peace c\ld delight 9 ! musical poems ( ,hom]1 0 pu%$ to a spe$y realization ) en?usiasm4 ,no?+ 9 all ! biography ( ,p]icles has contribut$ s greatly to ! p]petuity ( 8 fame z ?is att5tion :i* he gave to ! developm5t ( ! ar*itectural magnific5ce ( ,a!ns4 8,t :i* gave mo/ pleasure & ornam5t to ! city ( ,a!ns10 says ,plut>*1 8& ! greate/ admiration & ev5 a/oni%m5t to all /rang]s1 & t :i* n[ is ,greece's only evid5ce t ! p[] %e boa/s ( & h] anci5t weal? are no romance or idle /ory1 0 8 con/ruction ( ! public & sacr$ build+s4 ,! mat]ials 7 /one1 brass1 ivory1 gold1 ebony & cypress-wood2 ! artisans t wr\ght & fa%ion$ !m 7 smi?s & c>p5t]s1 m\ld]s1 f\nd]s & brazi]s1 /one-cutt]s1 dy]s1 goldsmi?s1 ivory-work]s1 pa9t]s1 embroid]]s1 turn]s2 ^? aga9 t convey$ !m to ! t[n = use1 m]*ants & m>9]s & %ip-ma/]s by sea2 & by l&1 c>twrights1 cattle bre$]s1 wagon]s1 rope-mak]s1 flax-work]s1 %oemak]s & lea!r-dress]s1 road-mak]s1 m9]s4 ,& e trade 9 ! same nature1 z a capta9 9 an army has 8 p>ticul> company ( soldi]s "u him1 _h its own hir$ company ( j\rneym5 & labor]s belong+ to x b&$ toge!r z 9 array1 to be1 z x 71 ! in/rum5t & body = ! p]=mance ( ! s]vice4 ,?us1 to say all 9 a ^w1 ! occasions & s]vices ( ^! public works di/ribut$ pl5ty ?r\gh e age & condition40 8,ar*itecture10 says ,rob]t ,adam1 89 a p>ticul> mann] dep5ds ^u ! patronage ( ! great1 z !y alone are able to execute :at ! ar*itect plans40 ,?is be+ s1 ! ar*itects ( 8 "t _h 9 ,p]icles a patron 9 e way wor?y _! be/ ef=ts4 ,inde$1 s ambiti\s 0 he to grace ! city ( 8 nativity ) all ! beauties ( ar*itecture t 8 enemies f\nd "h a pretext = c5sure1 & compla9$ t he sp5t too mu* ( ! public treasure = su* a purpose4 ,he met ! criticism1 h[ev]1 ) ! argum5t t ^? :o pursu$ ! arts ( w> %\ld n be ! only ones to receive support at ! exp5se ( ! /ate1 b t ^? :o possess$ ! skill & indu/ry ( true arti/s & artisans 7 q z mu* entitl$ to public enc\ragem5t & support z ! soldi]4 ,?is answ] = a "t appeas$ ! clamor ( ! opposition1 :i* _h be5 set up aga9/ :at !y w\ld lead ! p to believe 0 extravagance & wa/efulness on ! "p ( ,p]icles4 ,b x soon broke out aga94 ,:5 f9ally x became no long] be>able1 ,p]icles address$ 8 accus]s & said3 8,if y ?9k t ,i h exp5d$ too mu* let ! money be *>g$ to my acc\nt1 n y\rs1 only let ! new edifices be inscrib$ ) my "n & n t ( ! p ( ,a!ns40 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! ,a!nians t _! pride 0 t\*$ by ! words ( _! rul] & _! cupidity re/ra9$4 ,!y at once repli$ t ,p]icles might sp5d z mu* ( _! money z he pleas$1 & !y ev5 w5t fur!r1 & insi/$ t he %\ld n sp>e ! public treasury 9 ! lea/4 ,l all great m51 ,p]icles 0 assail$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,:5 8 enemies did n accompli% _! purpose 9 br++ him to public disgrace by "o me?od ( assault1 !y tri$ ano!r4 ,we h se5 h[ !y fail$ 9 "o in/ance2 ano!r 0 simil> 9 accus+ him1 9 complicity ) ,phidias1 ( appropriat+ to 8 own use ! public treasure1 donat$ to pay = ! gold5 plates on ! *ryselephant9e /atues ( ! latt]'s creation4 ,b ?is *>ge also n prov+ successful1 !y attack$ 8 religi\s "*1 /range z x may appe>1 :5 x is rememb]$ h[ deeply he 0 int]e/$ 9 erect+ temples ( pagan wor%ip4 ,b he surviv$ ! sl&]s ( 8 "t & cont9u$ 8 aims & purposes 9 life1 cont5t1 d\btless1 t po/]ity %\ld judge him aright1 z did ! majority ( ! p ( 8 own "t4 ,8 la/ words are p]haps ! be/ epitome ( 8 life's "w3 8,no ,a!nian ev] put on black ?r\gh me40 ,teleclides has put into v]se ! great surr5d] :i* ! ,a!nian p appe>$ f9ally to make to ,p]icles ( _! rights 9 peace & w>3 8,! tribute ( ! cities1 &1 ) !m1 ! cities too1 ,to d ) !m z he pleases1 & undo2 ,to build up1 if he likes1 /one walls ar\nd a t[n2 ,&1 aga91 if s he likes1 to pull !m d[n2 ,_! treaties & alliances1 p[]1 empire1 peace & w>1 ,_! weal? & _! success =ev]more40 ,z already /at$1 9 no bran* ( ! arts did ! age ( ,p]icles make a deep] & m la/+ impression ?an 9 t ( ar*itecture4 ,al?\gh ! ,doric ord] 0 employ$ _m hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t1 & ! ,ionic sc>cely less _m1 yet ! f9e/ types ( ea* & ! examples ( ^! ord]s :i* /& = _! mo/ p]fect & arti/ic developm5t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 ! ,p>!non s]v+ z ! crit]ion ( "o & ! ,ere*!um z ! model ( ! o!r4 ,t ^! ord]s %\ld h be5 br\ght to su* p]fection & end[$ ) _! cr[n+ dignity & grace1 mu/ alone prove )\t fur!r argum5t1 if ne$ be1 t ! ar*itectural tal5t & arti/ic s5se ( ! age 0 incomp>able4 ,! "p :i* ! great sculptor ,phidias play$ 9 ! art drama ( 8 "t has be5 already allud$ to1 b n suffici5tly1 p]haps1 to exclude a fur!r ref]5ce to him4 ,! comp>ison has (t5 be5 made betwe5 ,phidias & ! tal5t$ revivali/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & a casual consid]ation ( ! two em95t arti/s w\ld indicate t x 0 a prop] "o4 ,!y 7 bo? sculptors1 bo? pa9t]s1 bo? engrav]s 7,phidias ( gems71 b !y 7 n bo? ar*itects1 z is errone\sly assum$4 ,z to ! respective degrees ( tal5t :i* ea* manife/$ t[>d ! bran*es ( art :i* he pr(ess$1 !y also diff]$ widely4 ,9 sculpture ! s*ool ( ,mi*ael ,angelo w n outlive t ( ,phidias1 b 9 pa9t+1 especially 9 its application to mural decoration1 ! ,greek mu/ b[ to ! ,italian4 ,9 ar*itecture also ,phidias possess$ none ( ! te*nical k & skill :i* 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo enabl$ him to susp5d ! great dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 8z if 9 ! air10 & :i* 0 s important a factor 9 8 long arti/ic c>e]1 manife/$ 9 o!r ways z well1 & ga9+ = him p]petual applause4 ,h[ev]1 ! two arti/s may be well comp>$1 inasmu* t !y bo? creat$ epo*s ( _! own2 & bo? excell$ 9 exhibit+ a noble und]/&+ z to ! high & exalt$ possibilities ( art t has nev] be5 equall$4 ,phidias's compreh5sive grasp ( broad arti/ic effects _h z mu* to d1 probably1 ) ga9+ = him ! favor ( ,p]icles z 8 te*nical skill4 ,qu9tilian calls him ! 8,sculptor ( ! gods40 ,he realiz$ ! greatness ( l>ge ?+s & c\ld calculate _! p[] 9 influ5c+ ! imag9ation & und]/&+4 ,he 0 once invit$1 toge!r ) 8 contempor>y arti/1 ,alcam5es1 to design a /atue ( ,m9]va1 de/9$ to be plac$ ^u a high column4 ,:5 bo? /atues 7 f9i%$ & exhibit$1 t made by ,alcam5es 0 at once pref]r$ on acc\nt ( its elegance ( f9i%1 :ile t by ,phidias 0 reject$ z be+ r\gh & crude4 ,phidias1 h[ev]1 insi/$ t ea* %\ld be %[n f ! high p9nacle ^u :i* x might ultimately be plac$4 ,:5 ?is 0 done all ! elegant graces ( ! /atue ( ,alcam5es 7 lo/ to sight1 z well also ! app>5t r\ghness ( t by ,phidias1 :i* n[ took on ! p]fect proportions he _h =ese54 ,?is /ory w s]ve to illu/rate ! bread? ( 8 arti/ic disc]nm5t4 ,( all ! arti/s ( 8 "t1 ,phidias 0 by f> ! be/ gift$ to h plac$ 9 8 h&s1 by ,p]icles1 ! sup]vision ( ! public build+s ( ,a!ns1 & to h entru/$ to 8 discretion & judgm5t ! plann+1 pos+ & arrang+ ( ! gr& ar*itectural mise en scne1 :i* 8 patron _h det]m9$ %\ld be set !re4 ,if ,phidias did n draw ! actual plans ( a build+ or o!r /ructure1 8 judgm5t c\ld indicate its ord]1 its location & su* o!r *>act]i/ics x %\ld possess to h>monize ) ! features ) :i* x 0 to be associat$4 ,he c\ld gr\p ! maje/ic masonry ( 8 "t 9 gr& display1 c\ld beautify x ) 8 own *isel1 & c\ld =m & m\ld ! complete ar*itectural picture4 ,if he 0 n ! ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non1 he at lea/ enhanc$ its effect ) ! magnific5ce ( 8 sculptur+s & designs 9 ! metopes ( ! frieze & ! tympanums ( ! p$im5ts1 "s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 among ! 8,elg9 m>bles0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( :i* ,canova rem>k$ !y w\ld alone comp5sate = a visit to ,engl&4 ,x is n improbable1 also1 t he may h sugge/$ ! ,c>yatides ( ! ,ere*!um1 & prov$ to ! ,egyptians1 f :om ! ar*itectural idea 0 borr[$1 h[ f> m beautifully & gracefully su* figures c\ld be c>v$ 9 ,a!ns ?an on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! value ( /atu>y1 :i* 0 ! special prov9ce ( ,phidias1 9 enhanc+ ! ensemble ( ,grecian ar*itectural gr\p+1 & p>ticul>ly valuable 0 ! colossal figure ( ,m9]va ,proma*us 9 contribut+ to ! gr&iose effect ( ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,?is noble "w ( ,phidias 0 sev5ty feet high & made entirely ( bronze1 said to h be5 tak5 f ! ,m$es1 :o disemb>k$ at ,m>a?on4 ,! colossal goddess /ood expos$1 & 9 a position :]e1 9 look+ f> away ov] ! gean sea1 %e might be an inspiration to ! return+ ,a!nian m>9]1 & :]e1 9 glanc+ f h] l(ty em95ce1 8%e seem$1 by h] attitude & h] acc\trem5ts1 to promise protection to ! city b5ea? h]1 & to bid defiance to h] enemies40 ,ano!r ar*itectural /atue1 if x may be call$ su*1 0 t ( ! same goddess1 9 gold & ivory1 :i* dom9at$ ! int]ior ( ! ,p>!non4 ,?is "w ( ,phidias1 second only 9 beauty & size to ! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,jupit] at ,olympia1 is said to h co/ #dfe1jjj4 ,! figure ( ,m9]va 0 =ty feet 9 height1 & 0 pres5t$ /&+ 9 a tunic :i* rea*$ to h] feet4 ,a casque cov]$ h] head1 h] "r h& held a spe>1 & h] left a figure ( ,victory4 ,! exquisite workman%ip ( ! c>v+ on ! buckl] re/+ at ! feet ( ! deity came ne> involv+ ,p]icles & ,phidias 9 ano!r web ( tr\ble1 = x 0 ass]t$ t ! sculptor _h introduc$ 8 own portrait & t ( 8 patron among ! combatants ( a battle betwe5 ! ,a!nians & ,amazons1 !re portray$4 ,! capti\s objection 0 set up t su* a lib]ty 0 insult+ to ,a!ne4 ,phidias1 z relat$ by "s writ]s1 0 ca/ into prison = ?is act ( impiety1 & di$ !re4 ,o!rs claim1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 n s1 b t ,phidias1 be=e s5t5ce c\ld be pass$1 fl$ to ,elis1 :]e he at once ent]$ ^u ! "w ( modell+ ! great /atue ( ! ,olympian ,jupit]4 ,9 respect to bo? /atues1 he 0 implicat$ ) ,p]icles1 z accus$ by 8 enemies1 ) pilf]+ ! gold donat$ = _! con/ruction4 ,^! v>i\s accusations h l$ to consid]able confusion 9 respect to mu* ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory & f9al end1 & al?\gh x 0 prov$ by remov+ ! gold plates & weigh+ !m1 t he 0 n guilty ( ! alleg$ crime1 x is v probable t 8 dea? 0 z mu* due to disappo9t$ hopes & mortification consequ5t ^u ! false *>ge z x 0 to any public execution] ( ! "t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ar*itects ,,( ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,p]icles4 ,x is n ! int5tion1 9 recall+ "s ( ! m conspicu\s ar*itects :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 to conf9e !m to ^? only :o 7 directly 9 8 employ1 b to gr\p toge!r all :o became prom95t factors 9 ! ar*itectural developm5t ( t age1 bo? = "s ye>s be=e & aft] ,p]icles's reign ( p[]4 ,to h c>ri$ =w>d ! _m important works :i* ! great lead] in/itut$1 & :i* 7 advanc$ ) a precision & rapidity rem>kable = t or any o!r "t1 consid]+ _! size & importance1 ! skill & s]vices ( _m ar*itects 7 br\ght naturally into requisition4 ,z a result we h ! record ( an unusually l>ge numb] ( su* arti/s1 & 9 respect to a few "s little specific data relat+ to _! lives4 ,! ar*itects1 h[ev]1 ( _m ( ! mo/ important works are unkn[n4 ,if we approa* ,a!ns1 l ! ,attic m>9] ( old1 ?r\gh ! ,piru1 "o ( its sea gates1 we are attract$ at once to ! beautiful ar*itectural display :i* ?is seaport t[n1 "s five or six miles di/ant f ! ,grecian metropolis1 pres5ts4 ,! entrance to ! h>bor 0 ornam5t$ ) two lions1 & ! h>bor-bas9 0 fr+$ ) magnific5t colonnades & porticos1 :i* disguis$ ! w>eh\ses & baza>s4 ,)9 ! t[n 7 num]\s temples1 two !atres & o!r build+s ( arti/ic effect & m]it4 ,! road to ,a!ns lay betwe5 massive =tifi$ walls hav+ a wid? ( fifte5 feet at ! top1 & built to a height ( sixty feet4 ,!y 7 kn[n z ! 8,long ,walls10 & !y enclos$ a space ab\t ! ,piru1 said by ,?ucydides to h be5 n less ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r /adia 9 circumf]5ce1 or ab\t fifte5 miles4 ,x is only j to /ate t ! walls :i* l$ f ,a!ns to ,piru1 z well z ^? :i* connect$ x ) ! o!r sea gates ( ,muny*ia & ,phal]us1 7 orig9ally plann$ & p>tly execut$ "u ,!mi/ocles & ,cimon4 ,!mi/ocles int5d$ to con/ruct ^! walls to a height ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet2 b ,p]icles deem$ ?is entirely unnecess>y1 & cut ! height 9 two1 z we h se54 ,he also add$ a ?ird wall betwe5 t runn+ to ! nor? ( ! ,piran =tifications & t rea*+ to ! ,phal]um4 ,socrates speaks ( hav+ he>d ,p]icles m5tion ?is wall to ! p4 ,! ar*itects = mu* ( ?is massive mural "w 7 ,hippodamus & ,callicrates1 & because ,p]icles did n hurry !m to ! same ext5t t he hurri$ o!rs engag$ 9 p]haps less important1 if m decorative1 und]tak+s1 ,crat9us1 ! satiri/1 ridicul$ ! sl[ness ( ! "w1 :ile aim+ a sly %aft ( irony at ,p]icles's oratorical gifts3 8,/ones ^u /ones ! orator has pil'd ,) swell+ words1 b words w build no walls40 ,hippodamus 0 "o ( ! g5iuses ( 8 day1 & has be5 call$ ! 8,wr5 ( 8 age40 ,p]haps x w\ld be m fitt+ to speak ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 z ! ,hippodamus ( 8 "t1 inasmu* z ! ar*itectural a*ievem5ts ( ! ,greek 7 on a mu* m magnific5t scale ?an ^? ( ! ,engli%man4 ,among "s ( ! conspicu\s works cr$it$ to him 0 ! gr& ,a!nian ,agora1 or ,=um1 :i* 0 made up ( a ri* assemblage ( colonnades1 temples1 alt>s & /atues1 all tak+ 8 "n z ! ,hippodama4 ,b :e!r he is to be cr$it$ ) be+ m especially a civil eng9e] ?an an ar*itect may be inf]r$ f 8 "w at ! ,piru & 9 lay+ out entire cities4 ,he 0 call$ ! 8,exc5tric ,ar*itect0 d\btless because he m+l$ ) ! practice ( 8 pr(ession a desire to be consid]$ z ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 all ! physical sci5ces1 a p]sonal affectation :i* caus$ him to be rank$ among ! sophi/s4 ,x is claim$ t x 0 aga9/ ,hippodamus t ,ari/ophanes aim$ mu* ( 8 wit4 ,hippodamus 0 ! son ( ,euryphon ( ,miletus1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,greek physicians & among ! fir/ to h k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ve9s & art]ies1 & ! uses ( ea*4 ,z to 8 e>ly education & advantages we are n in=m$1 he be+ ref]r$ to by e>ly writ]s only 9 a pr(essional way4 ,besides 8 employm5t ^u ! 8,long ,walls10 ! ,agora & o!r edifices1 ,p]icles engag$ 8 tal5ts1 z we h intimat$1 9 lay+ out ! port ( ,piru1 :i* he did1 ) broad /reets & av5ues int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles across ! city4 ,?is plan ( /reet con/ruction he also introduc$ 9 o!r cities ( ,greece & h] colonies ) :i* he _h to d1 especially at ,?ur on ! site ( ! anci5t ,syb>is1 :i* he visit$ ) ! ,a!nian coloni/s1 & lat] at ,rhodes4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ city1 :i* 9 ! age ( ,p]icles 0 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 regul> & prosp]\s ( ! times1 0 almo/ :olly ! "w ( ,hippodamus4 ,callicrates1 :o assi/$ ,hippodamus ) ! 8,long ,walls10 0 also an associate ( ,ict9us1 p]haps ! greate/ ar*itect ( 8 "t1 9 ! build+ ( ! ,p>!non on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,! ar*itect ,callicrates %\ld n be mi/ak5 = ! ,lac$monian sculptor ( ! same "n :o a*iev$ great celebrity = 8 skill 9 c>v+ ! mo/ m9ute objects1 & ( :om x is relat$ t he made ants & o!r insects 9 ivory :i* 7 s v small t _! limbs c\ld n be di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye4 ,?is seems all ! m rem>kable :5 x is rememb]$ t ! anci5ts _h no magnify+ glasses4 ,a walk ( five or six miles "u ! %ad[s ( ! tall walls ( ,hippodamus & ,callicrates to view ! great] ar*itectural glories ( ! city ( ,a!ns 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles w d\btless repay u4 ,:ile ?is que5 city ( ! anci5t _w is enrob$ 9 _m triumphs ( ! build]'s art1 we w probably pass !m all by = ! "t be+ to exam9e m c>efully ! gems t /& =? f ! ,acropolis1 glitt]+ "u ! blue ,grecian sky l :ite jewels 9 ! pr\d city's coronet4 ,?is magnific5t citadel1 protect$ by ,pelasgian walls & d$icat$ to ! pagan deity ,m9]va1 c\ld be ent]$ b ^u "o side1 ! we/]n1 :]e ! massive gate or ve/ibule ( ! ,propyla occupi$ ! c5tre4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is great gate /ill give evid5ce to ! mod]n travell] ( its =m] /ately spl5dor4 8,"h10 says ,bi%op ,wordswor?1 8above all places at ,a!ns1 ! m9d ( ! travell] enjoys an exquisite pleasure4 ,x seems z if ?is portal _h be5 sp>$ 9 ord] t our imag9ation might s5d ?r\gh x1 z ?r\gh a triumphal ar*1 all ! glories ( ,a!nian antiquity 9 visible p>ade4 ,x 0 ?is p>ticul> po9t 9 ! localities ( ,a!ns :i* 0 mo/ admir$ by ! ,a!nians !mselves2 nor is ?is surpris+2 let u conceive su* a re/itution ( ?is fabric z its surviv+ fragm5ts w sugge/--let u imag9e x re/or$ to its pri/9e beauty--let x rise once m 9 ! full dignity ( its y\?ful nature--let all its ar*itectural decorations be fre% & p]fect--let _! m\ld+s be aga9 brilliant ) _! gl[+ t9ts ( r$ & blue--let ! c(f]s ( its s(fits be aga9 spangl$ ) />s1 & ! m>ble ant be fr+$ ov] z !y 7 once ) delicate embroid]y ( ivy-leaf 444 & !n let ! bronze valves ( ^! five gates ( ! ,propyla be sudd5ly flung op5 & all ! spl5dors ( ! int]ior ( ! ,acropolis bur/ ^u ! view40 ,if ?is imag9ative re/oration ( ! sublimities ( ! ,propyla is n suffici5t to excite "s int]e/ 9 ! build+ & ! slave-born ar*itect :o 0 its creator1 let ! gl[+ words ( ,symonds be add$1 :i* ref] n only to ! gr& ve/ibule itself1 b to ! ,pana!naic processions :i* 7 wont to pass its gates4 8,mus+ ?us ^u ! /aircase ( ! ,propyla we may say ) tru? t all our mod]n art is b z *ild's play to t ( ! ,greeks4 ,v s\l-subdu+ is ! gloom ( a ca!dral l ! ,milanese ,duomo :5 ! inc5se rises 9 blue cl\ds a?w>t ! b&s ( sunlight fall+ f ! dome1 & ! cry+ ( *oirs upborne on ! w+s ( organ music fills ! :ole va/ space ) a my/]y ( melody4 ,yet su* c]emonial pomps z ?is are b z dreams & %apes ( visions :5 comp>$ ) ! cle>ly def9$ spl5dors ( a ,greek procession ?r\gh m>ble p]i/yles 9 op5 air b5ea? ! sun & sky4 ,t spectacle comb9$ ! h>monies ( p]fect human =ms 9 movem5t ) ! div9e %apes ( /atues1 ! radiance ( c>efully select$ ve/m5ts ) hues inwr\ght ^u pure m>ble4 ,! rhy?ms & melodies ( ! ,doric mood 7 sympa!tic to ! proportions ( ! ,doric colonnades4 ,! grove ( pill>s ?r\gh :i* ! pageant pass$ grew f ! liv+ rocks into %apes ( beauty1 fulfill+ by ! inbrea!d _s ( man nature's bl9d ye>n+ aft] absolute completion4 ,! sun itself1 n ?w>t$ by artificial gloom or trick$ ) ali5 colors ( /a9$ glass1 0 made to m9i/] 9 all 8 /r5g? to a pomp ! pride ( :i* 0 a display ( =m 9 manifold magnific5ce4 ,! ritual ( ! ,greeks 0 ! ritual ( a race at "o ) nature1 glory+ 9 its affiliation to ! mighty "m ( all life1 & /riv+ to add by human art ! cop+ /one & f9al t\* to h] a*ievem5t40 ,! ,propyla /ret*$ 9 all ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty feet across ! we/]n side ( ! citadel1 & 0 entirely built ( ,p5telic m>ble4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 a portico sixty feet broad ( six flut$ ,doric columns1 ea* column ?irty feet 9 height1 & all support+ a noble p$im5t4 ,f ?is portico project$ on ei!r side a w+1 ent]$ ?r\gh ?ree ,ionic columns4 ,six ,ionic columns assi/$ 9 support+ ! ro( ( ! ve/ibule4 ,! m>ble beams ( ?is ro( 7 f sev5te5 to tw5ty-two feet 9 l5g? & correspond+ly solid4 ,! ceil+ 0 ri*ly c>v$ & ornam5t$4 ,imm$iately 9 ! re> ( ! ,ionic columns & at ! end fac+ ! ,acropolis /ood ! t]m9al wall1 ) its five bronze gates1 ! c5tre "o1 :i* 0 ! l>ge/1 be+ suffici5tly broad to all[ ! passage ( a *>iot or o!r su* vehicle4 ,beyond ?is wall & its gates 0 ! po/icum1 add+ eighte5 feet to ! dep? ( =ty-?ree feet :i* ! build+ o!rwise possess$4 ,! temple ( ! 8,w+less ,victory10 & ! 8,pa9t$ ,*amb]10 conta9+ ! f9e/ works ( ! pa9t] ,polygnotus1 z !y h be5 nam$1 =m$ ! w+s1 :i* pres5t$ unbrok5 walls to ! front1 reliev$ only by ! f\r ,ionic columns t support$ ! graceful entablature & p$im5t ( ! temple ( ,nik ,apt]os on ! "r4 ,z ! build+ 0 begun 9 ! ye> #dcg ,b4,c41 & 0 entirely complet$ )9 a p]iod ( five ye>s1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ impos+ /ructures ( its day1 ,pausanias is l$ to reflect t1 89 felicity ( execution & 9 boldness & orig9ality ( design1 x rivall$ ! ,p>!non40 ,lbke's comm5t on ! /ructure is3 8,?us 9 ?is build+ ! idea ( =tress-l def5ce1 z well z fe/ive welcome1 0 equally express$4 ,especially admirable1 h[ev]1 0 ! ri* ceil+ ( ! great ?ree-nav$ c\rt1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! bold span ( its beams & ! magnific5t decoration ( ! spaces betwe5 !m 7! c(f]s71 :i* 7 brilliant ) gold & colors4#c ,! ,ionic =m ( ! columns 9 ! int]ior also correspond$ ) ?is fe/ive1 *e]ful "*2 :ile ! two r[s ( columns on ! outside1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! ext]ior ( ! build+1 exhibit$ ! s]i\sness & dignity ( ! ,doric /yle40 ,?us has mu* be5 quot$ 9 description & eulogy ( ?is noble piece ( ar*itecture2 w\ld t z mu* might be quot$ 9 respect to ! tal5ts & c>e] ( its gift$ design]1 b ( him !re is only ! %ad[ ( comm5t1 f :i* x is possible to weave b ! fa9te/ fabric ( c]ta9ty conc]n+ 8 life4 ,8 "n 0 ,mnesicles1 & we are told t he 0 a slave born 9 ! h\sehold ( ,p]icles4 ,t he %\ld h be5 *os5 to create s important an ar*itectural "w speaks = ! privilege :i* ! humble/ born might hope to atta9 9 ris+ to positions ( tru/ & prom95ce 9 ! days ( t great lead]4 ,mnesicles e>ly manife/$ an aptitude = ar*itecture1 & 0 p]mitt$ by 8 illu/ri\s patron & own] to ex]cise 8 tal5t 9 ! erection ( build+s ( inf]ior consequ5ce be=e be+ entru/$ ) m ambiti\s works4 ,! ,propyla 0 n ! only "w ( magnitude ^u :i* he 0 engag$1 nor 0 x ! mo/ beautiful1 9 ! judgm5t ( "s critics1 al?\gh ! mo/ important1 = he 0 ! ar*itect z well ( ! graceful ,doric temple ( ,!seus1 :i* has always be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! f9e/ ar*itectural conceptions ! anci5t city ( ,a!ns possess$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,mnesicles ,,f ,,! ,,propyl,a4 ,an incid5t 9 8 life :i* awak5$ ! affectionate int]e/ ( ,p]icles & ! solicitude ( ! goddess ,a!ne1 :om he 0 s]v+ s well1 is told by ,plut>* & o!r e>ly biograph]s4 ,x is 9 effect t :ile inspect+ ! almo/ complet$ "w ( ! ,propyla he fell f ! summit ( ! p$im5t & 0 mo/ sev]ely injur$4 ,he 0 tak5 at once to ! h\se ( ,p]icles1 :]e he receiv$ ! p]sonal att5tion ( ! great rul]4 ,x 0 :ile he lay at dea?'s door t x is said ,m9]va appe>$ to ,p]icles 9 a dream1 & told him to adm9i/] to ,mnesicles a m$ic9e di/ill$ f ! wall-plant pellitory4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! life ( ! ar*itect 0 sp>$4 ,! only o!r fact associat$ ) ! life ( ,mnesicles :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u is "o m5tion$ by ,pl9y to ! effect t ! sculptor ,/ipax ( ,cyprus made a /atue ( ! ar*itect :i* became v celebrat$ 9 its "t1 & :i* 0 call$ ,splan*noptes4 ,x 0 giv5 ?is "n because x repres5t$ a p]son roa/+ ! entrails ( ! victim at a sacrifice1 at ! same "t bl[+ ! fire ) 8 brea?4 ,!re is no?+ sugge/ive ( ! ar*itect 9 "q or 8 pr(ession1 b x is suppos$ to h be5 a /atue ( ,mnesicles1 f ! fact t ,pl9y speaks ( ! subject z hav+ be5 a slave ( ,p]icles1 :o 0 cur$ ( ! w\nds receiv$ 9 a fall f ! ,propyla by an h]b :i* ,m9]va _h sugge/$ %\ld be giv5 z a m$ic9e4 ,x is un=tunate t ! /atue has n surviv$ to give u "s idea ( ! features ( at lea/ "o ( ! great ar*itects ( antiquity4 ,"s rec5t discov]ies on ! ,acropolis h1 h[ev]1 br\ght =? fragm5ts :i* are suppos$ to h be5 p>ts ( ! base4 ,if !re is any "o ( ! ,greek ar*itects ( ! "t ( ,p]icles :o c be said to h secur$ = himself a degree ( popul> notoriety ?r\gh\t subsequ5t ages x is ! accompli%$ ,ict9us1 ! *ief ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non & ! design] ( at lea/ two o!r conspicu\sly beautiful build+s ( :i* we "k--namely1 ! temple ( ,apollo ,epicurus1 ne> ,phigalia 9 ,arcadia1 & ! temple ( ,c]es & ,pros]p9e at ,eleusis4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 due1 h[ev]1 to 8 connection ) ! ,p>!non t 8 fame has s long endur$4 ,z already /at$1 ,callicrates assi/$ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,p>!non1 & ,phidias contribut$ ! designs = ! relief c>v+s 9 ! p$im5ts & metopes1 execut+ mu* ( ! "w ) 8 own h&s4 ,al?\gh ,vitruvius says t 8bo? ,ict9us & ,callicrates ex]t$ all _! p[]s to make ?is temple wor?y ( ! goddess :o presid$ ov] ! arts10 x is n likely t ,callicrates's %>e 9 ! "w 0 equal to t ( ,ict9us1 b 0 conf9$ m to ! heavy masonry1 & 9 (f]+ to ,ict9us su* advice z he might seek 9 giv+ to ! build+ ! greate/ sub/antiality & p]man5cy4 ,! ,p>!non1 :i*1 among ! sev]al ma/]pieces ( ! ,acropolis1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ! greate/1 /ood ^u a rocky elevation 9 ! citadel1 :i* s f> elevat$ ! /ructure z to br+ ! pavem5t ( ! p]i/yle ^u a level ) ! capitals ( ! columns ( ! ea/]n portico ( ! ,propyla4 ,?is 0 ! same site :i* _h be5 occupi$ =m]ly by an e>li] temple to ,m9]va1 kn[n among ! ,a!nians z ! ,hecatomp$on on acc\nt ( its proportions4 ,! ,p>!non ( ,ict9us is said to h co/ "o ?\s& tal5ts1 or :at w\ld be equal to ab\t #a1ajj1jjj ( our money4 ,x 0 begun ! ye> #dbb ,b4,c41 & complet$ at ! expiration ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,x con=m$ to ! usual %ape ( ! ,greek temples1 be+ rectangul> & p]ipt]al4 ,! l5g? f ea/ to we/ 0 two hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 feet & sev5 in*es1 ! wid? a little ov] "o hundr$ & "o feet4 ,! ,doric ord] 0 employ$ = ! ext]ior1 ! columns :i* surr\nd$ ! cell on all sides be+ ?irty-f\r feet 9 height1 ) a diamet] ( six feet at ! base4 ,!re 7 =ty-six ( ^! columns1 spr++ directly f ! /ylobate or /eps1 all flut$ ) tw5ty *annels1 & ea* c>ry+ its %>e ( a v beautiful entablature4 ,! gables or p$im5ts at ea* end ( ! temple 7 ( flat pit*4 ,! total height ( ! build+ f ! /eps to ! top ( ! gables 0 sixty-f\r feet4 ,:ite m>ble f ,m\nt ,p5telicum1 8wr\ght10 z ,mr4 ,k9naird expresses x1 8) ! exquisite f9i% ( a cameo10 0 ! mat]ial employ$ = ! entire /ructure1 ) ! exception ( ! support+ timb]s ( ! ro(1 :i* 7 wood cov]$ ) m>ble tiles4 ,! int]ior1 to quote ,mr4 ,k9naird aga91 8en%r9$ ! *ryselephant9e colossus ) all its gorge\s adjuncts1 & compris$ sculptural decoration alone = "o edifice exce$+ 9 quantity t ( all rec5t national monum5ts2 consi/+ ( a range ( elev5 hundr$ feet ( sculpture & conta9+1 on calculation1 upw>d ( six hundr$ figures1 a portion ( :i* 7 colossal1 enri*$ by pa9t+ & probably gold5 ornam5ts4 ,"h has be5 really v]ifi$ ! pr$iction ( ,p]icles t1 :5 ! edifices ( rival /ates w\ld be m\ld]+ 9 oblivion1 ! spl5dor ( 8 city w\ld be /ill p>am\nt & triumphant40 ,9 respect to ! ri*ness ( its int]ior treasures1 v mu* ! same idea is express$ by ,bi%op ,wordswor?1 :o says1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 description ( ! build+3 8,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be a v errone\s idea to reg>d ?is temple :i* we are describ+ m]ely z ! be/ s*ool ( ar*itecture 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 also ! noble/ s*ool ( sculpture & ! ri*e/ gall]y ( pa9t+40 ,! clev]ness ( ! ar*itects 9 insur+ to ! ,p>!non1 aft] its completion1 ! appe>ance ( absolute h>mony ( proportion 9 all its outw>d l9es1 is "o ( _! be/ claims to t celebrity :i* !y h ju/ly e>n$4 ,z x goes s f> t[>d illu/rat+ _! great pr(essional skill1 ! read] may be int]e/$ 9 read+ ! language us$ by ,pr(essor ,rog] ,smi? ( ,london 9 expla9+ ! measures adopt$ by ,ict9us & possibly ,callicrates also1 to correct ! optical defects :i* ! ,p>!non might o!rwise h possess$ :5 complet$4 8,! delicacy & subtlety ( ^! optical illusions are extreme1 b !re c be no mann] ( d\bt t !y exi/$4 ,! be/ kn[n correction is ! dim9ution 9 diamet] or tap]1 & ! entasis or convex curve ( ! tap]$ outl9e ( ! %aft ( ! column4 ,)\t ! tap]1 :i* is p]ceptible en\gh 9 ! ord] ( ?is build+1 & mu* m m>k$ 9 ! ord] ( e>li] build+s1 ! columns w\ld look top-heavy2 b ! entasis is an additional optical correction to prev5t _! outl9e f appe>+ holl[$1 :i* x w\ld h done _h !re be5 no curve4 ,! columns ( ! ,p>!non h %afts t are ov] ?irty-f\r feet high1 & dim9i% f a diamet] ( #f4ae feet at ! bottom to #d4ha feet at ! top4 ,! outl9e betwe5 ^! po9ts is convex1 b s slightly s t ! curve dep>ts at ! po9t ( greate/ curvature n m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! top & bottom4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 j suffici5t to correct ! t5d5cy to look holl[ 9 ! middle4 8,a second correction is int5d$ to ov]come ! app>5t t5d5cy ( a build+ to spread outw>d t[>d ! top4 ,?is is met by incl9+ ! columns slightly inw>d4 ,s slight1 h[ev]1 is ! incl9ation1 t 7 ! axes ( two columns on opposite sides ( ! ,p>!non cont9u$ upw>d till !y met1 ! meet+ po9t w\ld be #aieb y>ds1 or1 9 o!r words1 m ?an "o mile f ! gr\nd4 8,ano!r optical correction is appli$ to ! horizontal l9es4 ,9 ord] to ov]come a t5d5cy :i* exi/s 9 all long l9es to seem z ?\gh !y drop 9 ! middle1 ! l9es ( ! ar*itrave ( ! top /ep & ( o!r horizontal features ( ! build+ are all slightly curv$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! outl9e ( ! top /ep ( ! ,p>!non & a /raight l9e jo9+ its two ends is at ! greate/ only j two in*es40 ,/ill ano!r correction :i* ,pr(essor ,smi? alludes to1 9 respect to ! v]tical proportions ( ! build+1 he does n discuss m ?an to say3 8,! small additions1 am\nt+ 9 ! entire l5g? ( ! ord] to less ?an five in*es1 7 made to ! heights ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ord]1 ) a view to secure t f "o def9ite po9t ( view ! effect ( =e%ort5+ %\ld be exactly comp5sat$1 & s ! build+ %\ld appe> to ! spectator to be p]fectly proportion$40 ,! ,p>!non 0 n1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 a temple = ! wor%ip ( ,m9]va4 ,! sanctu>y = t p>ticul> purpose 0 9 ! ,ere*!um1 a triple temple1 locat$ ^u ! ,acropolis n v f> di/ant f ! ,p>!non1 & hav+ w+s d$icat$ respectively to ,m9]va ,polias1 to ,ere*!us or ,neptune1 :]e9 0 a well ( salt wat]1 & to ! ,nymph ,p&rosus1 daught] ( ,cecrops4 ,! ,p>!non1 h[ev]1 s]v$ z a national treasury & repository = ! valuable (f]+s to ! goddess1 z well z 8a c5tral po9t = ! ,pana!naic fe/ival10 :]e prizes might be di/ribut$ to ! victori\s competitors4 ,inde$1 ! decorations ( ,phidias w\ld t5d to corroborate ?is inf]5ce1 z ! sculptur$ l[ relief ( ! frieze repres5t$ ! ,pana!naic procession4 ,! ri* relief c>v+s 9 ! tympanums ( ! front & re> p$im5ts ( ! build+1 also by ,phidias1 ! designs ( :i* may be f\nd describ$ 9 almo/ any "w on ,grecian art1 h be5 reproduc$ 9 "s ( ! vignettes ( ?is book4 ,9 allud+ to ! ,ere*!um1 :i*1 l ! ,p>!non & ! ,propyla1 /ill pres5ts %apely & beautiful ru9s to grace ! ,acropolis1 attract ! t\ri/ & l5d to ! lov] ( art ! be/ crit]ion ( ! ideal age ( ,grecian ar*itecture1 we mu/ m\rn ! fact t ! ar*itect :o design$ ?is magnific5t example ( ! ,ionic ord] is n kn[n1 & x is n likely t he ev] w be4 ,! build+ 0 n f9i%$ at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,p]icles4 ,because ( an inscription f\nd 9 ! ,acropolis1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 conta9+ ! p>ticul>s ( a m9ute pr(essional survey ( ! unf9i%$ p>ts1 made by an ,a!nian ar*itect nam$ ,philocles1 9 ! ye> #ccf ,b4,c41 ?is ar*itect has be5 giv5 by "s ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! au?or ( ! entire /ructure2 b t he c\ld n h be5 is cle>ly prov5 by ! kn[n fact t mu* ( ! temple 0 con/ruct$1 z we h /at$1 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 or ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,no?+ fur!r1 by ! way1 is kn[n ( ,philocles ?an is "h giv54 ,ab\t two ?\s& ye>s _h pass$ )\t t great levell] ,"t or ! corrod+ influ5ces ( ! elem5ts m>r+ to any v s]i\s ext5t ! beauty & complet5ess ( ! ,p>!non1 dur+ :i* p]iod x _h suff]$ two *anges mo/ antagoni/ic to its orig9al purpose1 hav+ be5 trans=m$ at "o "t into a ,*ri/ian *ur* & at ano!r into a ,turki% mosque4 ,9 respect to ! fir/ trans=mation1 x is well to note t ! significance ( its "n 0 n :olly lo/ 9 ! *ange4 ,p>!non means ,virg91 & ! ,*ri/ians call$ ! *ur* into :i* !y turn$ x ! ,*ur* ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,x 0 se5 entire by ,spon & ,:eel] 9 #afgf4 ,b :5 ! ,v5etians1 9 _! w> ) ! ,turks1 elev5 ye>s lat]1 besieg$ ! citadel1 !y ?rew a bomb ^u ! ro( ( ! noble /ructure1 :i*1 pass+ ?r\gh x1 ignit$ ! p[d] :i* _h be5 /or$ 9 ! build+ by ! ,turks4 ,! result 0 an explosion :i* divid$ & r$uc$ ! temple to its pres5t condition1 save = fur!r depr$ations :i* seem h>dly cr$itable4 ,! iconocla/ic ,turks f\nd ?is pride ( ,p]icles mo/ useful z a qu>ry ^u :i* to draw = mu* ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 _! own build+s1 & x is to be regrett$ also t ,"l ,elg9 %\ld h f\nd x necess>y to enri* a di/ant museum 9 ,london ) _m ( its mo/ beautiful c>v+s1 add+ fur!r desecration to 8:at ,go? & ,turk & ,"t _h sp>$40 ,vitruvius in=ms u t ,ict9us1 9 collaboration ) ano!r ar*itect1 n o!rwise m5tion$1 wrote a book ^u ! ,p>!non1 8 greate/ ma/]piece4 ,aft] se>*+ ! _w ov] = h] de>1 lo/ daught]1 ! beautiful ,pros]p9e1 :o _h be5 spirit$ away to ! realm ( ,pluto1 ,c]es f9ally gave up ! que/ & m\rnfully settl$ d[n at ,eleusis1 a city 9 f]tile ,botia1 ab\t f\rte5 miles f ,a!ns4 ,"h 0 erect$ 9 h] honor & 9 memory ( ,pros]p9e an ,ionic temple by ! p = :om %e became sponsor4 ,! ,p]sians1 dur+ _! invasion ( ,attica1 burn$ ! temple1 b ,p]icles caus$ x to be rebuilt1 & select$ ,ict9us z ! ar*itect4 ,he erect$ a h&som] /ructure 9 ! ,doric /yle1 :i*1 x is said1 0 )\t expos$ columns4 ,:e!r ,ict9us liv$ long en\gh to complete ! temple to ,c]es & ,pros]p9e or n1 or 0 call$ away = o!r purposes1 is n kn[n1 b x appe>s t o!r ar*itects 7 associat$ ) its design & erection1 bo? be=e z well z aft] 8 connection ) x4 ,corbus is m5tion$ also z an ar*itect1 9 ! employ ( ,p]icles1 :o began ! "w on ! my/ic cell1 b t 8 sudd5 dea? result$ 9 ! sub/itution ( ,ict9us4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ,ict9us _h previ\sly furni%$ ! design ( ! build+ & t ,corbus _h be5 m]ely act+ "u 8 sup]vision4 ,foll[+ ,ict9us 0 ano!r ,a!nian ar*itect appo9t$ by ,p]icles1 & ! design] ( ! demos ( ,*ol>gos4 ,he is said to h built ! p$im5t ( ! temple ) ! timpanum op51 accord+ to an anci5t fa%ion1 9 ord] to light ! cell1 :i*1 if ,/rabo is to be believ$1 0 capable ( accommodat+ ?irty ?\s& p]sons4 ,9 ! "t ( ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 ! imm$iate successor ( ,alex&]1 ,philo1 or ,philon1 z 8 "n is sometimes writt51 a v em95t ar*itect1 also ( ,a!ns1 0 engag$ to add a portico ( twelve ,doric columns to ?is temple ( ,c]es4 ,t ,metag5es ( ,xypete1 & son ( ,ctesiphon1 :o has already be5 discuss$ 9 our allusion to ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 %\ld be m5tion$ z ! ar*itect :o complet$ ! entablature & an upp] r[ ( columns to ?is ,eleusian temple1 is probably a mi/ake4 ,! "t ( ,metag5es 01 z we h se51 mu* e>li] 7ab\t #efj ,b4,c471 & :ile he might h be5 engag$ ^u ! fir/ temple to ,c]es at ,eleusis1 x is q impossible = him to h be5 employ$ by ,p]icles 9 ! build+ ( t ) :i* ,ict9us _h to d4 ,:5 ,al>ic1 ! ,g]man1 made 8 angry invasion into ,greece 9 #cif ,b4,c41 because refus$ comm& ( ! armies ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 he de/roy$ v _m works ( ,greek art1 & ?is temple among !m 0 "o ( ! un=tunates t assi/$ to satiate 8 wra?4 ,! ?ird important "w ) :i* ,ict9us is report$ to h be5 connect$ 0 ! ,doric temple to ,apollo 9 ! village ( ,bass1 ne> ,cotylion1 9 ,arcadia1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! temple to ,apollo ,epicurus 7! ,pres]v]74 ,pausanias speaks ( ?is z be+ next to t at ,tagea1 ! f9e/ temple 9 ! ,peloponnesus 8f ! beauty ( its /one & ! symmetry ( its proportions40 ,?is temple is /ill a beautiful ru91 ?irty-f\r ( ! orig9al ?irty-eight columns ( ! p]i/yle /&+4 ,! /ructure1 :i* 9 ! int]ior possess$ two r[s ( columns 9 ! ,ionic ord]1 0 orig9ally admirably plann$ = sculptural decoration & /atu>y & held _m f9e specim5s ( ! h&iwork ( ,phidias & 8 s*ool4 ,"s ( ! c>v+s ( ! frieze & o!r p>ts ( ! build+1 :i* are to be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are spok5 ( by ,lbke z ! bolde/ & mo/ animat$ compositions among all t is pres]v$ to u ( ! productions ( ,greek art4 ,on ! s\!a/ slope ( ! ,acropolis ,p]icles caus$ to be erect$ a build+ :i* dep>t$ broadly f ! prevail+ rectangul> con/ruction ( ! "t4 ,9 0 oval on plan1 ,doric 9 ord]1 & its portico 0 enclos$ by ?irty-two columns4 ,! mo/ orig9al feature ( ! build+1 h[ev]1 0 ! ro(1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! %ape ( a cone & 0 support$ by raft]s =m$ ( ! ma/s ( ! %ips captur$ 9 ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,f j above ! cornice ( ! drum !re project$ ar\nd ! entire ro( a r[ ( w9d[s :i* may possibly be cr$it$ ) be+ ! ar*etypes ( our mod]n dorm] w9d[s4 ,?is build+ 0 call$ ! ,odeum1 or1 z x is n[ t]m$1 ! ,odeon1 & 0 devot$ to music4 ,crat9us1 ! comic poet1 :o _h levell$ 8 satire at ,p]icles :5 build+ ! 8,long ,walls10 f\nd 9 ! ro( ( ! ,odeon1 ! idea = ! cone %ape ( :i*1 by ! way1 x is claim$ ! ar*itects borr[$ f ! pavilion ( ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 ano!r m>k = 8 %afts ( ridicule4 ,he s+s3 8,z ,jove1 an onion on 8 head he we>s2 ,z ,p]icles1 a :ole or*e/ra be>s2 ,afraid ( broils & bani%m5ts no m1 ,he tunes ! %ell he trembl$ at be=e40 ,! allusion to an onion by ,crat9us is expla9$ :5 x is rememb]$ t on acc\nt ( ! peculi>1 long %ape ( 8 head ! poets ( ,a!ns call$ ,p]icles ,s*9ocephalos1 or squill-head1 f s*9os1 a squill1 or sea-onion4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ,crat9us's satire is giv5 ?us3 8,s1 we see "h1 ,jupit] ,long-pate ,p]icles appe>1 ,s9ce o/racism "t he's laid aside 8 head1 ,& we>s ! new ,odeum 9 its /ead40 ,music receiv$ a consid]able %>e ( att5tion 9 ! education ( ! ,greeks1 & su* 0 ! influ5ce :i* x is said to h possess$ ov] ! physical z well z ! m5tal nature ( ! p1 t x 0 cr$it$ ) be+ an antidote = _m ( ! infirmities ( ! body z well z ! m9d4 ,! ,odeon 0 !re=e an in/itution ( consid]able importance 9 ,a!ns4 ,"h ,p]icles conduct$ 9 p]son ! musical conte/s betwe5 ! ,*oruses :i* ! weal?y citiz5s ( ,a!ns in/itut$1 & aw>d$ to ! w9n]s ! tripod-trophies1 :i* z m>ks ( special honor !y 7 p]mitt$ to place ^u _! monum5ts4 ,a /reet 9 ,a!ns 0 devot$ almo/ entirely to ^! *oragic monum5ts1 _m ( :i* 7 ar*itecturally mo/ beautiful4 ,! ar*itect ( ! ,odeon ( ,p]icles is n kn[n1 b aft] its de/ruction by ,ari/ion 9 ! ,mi?ridatic w>1 x 0 rebuilt by ,ariob>zanes ,,ii1 ,philopator1 k+ ( ,cappadocia1 9 ! orig9al =m1 :o employ$ = ! purpose ! bro!r ,roman ar*itects1 ,caius & ,m>ius ,/allius1 toge!r ) a ?ird ar*itect by ! "n ( ,m5alippus1 :o record$ _! connection ) ! build+ ^u ! base ( a /atue :i* !y erect$ 9 honor ( _! patron ,ariob>zanes4 ,x is said t on c]ta9 days ?is lat] ,odeon 0 us$ z a gra9 m>ket4 ,if 9 ! ,p>!non on ! ,acropolis ! acme ( ,doric magnific5ce 0 rea*$ by ,ict9us & ,callicrates1 !re 0 ano!r temple locat$ bel[ ! ,acropolis1 :i* by _m is rank$ z ! pe] ( ! ,p>!non1 9 its p]fection ( ,doric symmetry & grace4 ,?is 0 ! build+ to :i* allusion has already be5 made z ano!r example ( ! g5ius & skill ( ,mnesicles1 ! slave-ar*itect ( ! ,propyla4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ! f\nd] ( ,a!ns1 ! adv5tur\s ,!seus1 & /ood n only z a temple 9 8 honor1 b z a mausoleum = 8 a%es4 ,wordswor?1 ^: words ( praise = ! ,propyla h be5 quot$1 is also en?usia/ic 9 8 admiration ( ?is second example ( ! skill ( ! tal5t$ ,mnesicles3 8,su* is ! integrity ( its /ructure & ! di/9ctness ( its details t x requires no description beyond t :i* a few glances might supply4 ,its beauty defies all2 its solid yet graceful =m is1 inde$1 admirable2 & ! lovel9ess ( its color+ is su* t f ! ri*1 mell[ hue :i* ! m>ble has n[ assum$ x looks z if x _h be5 qu>ri$ n f ! b$ ( a rocky m\nta91 b f ! gold5 light ( an ,a!nian sunset40 ,al?\gh ! temple ( ,!seus 0 "o ( ! m mode/ ,a!nian temples 9 po9t ( size1 x has always rank$ z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ! ,attic-,doric ord]1 & /&s to-day z "o ( ! lea/ dilapidat$ among all t h exi/$ ( ! beautiful edifices ( anci5t ,greece4 ,inde$1 z x 0 suppos$ to h be5 begun be=e ! ,p>!non1 or 9 ! "t ( ,cimon1 x is claim$ by "s writ]s t ,ict9us took x = 8 model1 al?\gh ! ,p>!non 0 ab\t twice z l>ge4 ,! ,!seum 0 surr\nd$ by columns1 six at ! front & re> & ?irte5 on ei!r flank4 ,x 0 =ty-five feet wide by "o hundr$ & f\r feet long4 ,! build+ mat]ial 0 ,p5telican m>ble1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies has tak5 on ! s(t yell[i% t+e :i* ,bi%op ,wordswor? ref]s to4 ,ornam5tal sculptur+ 0 m sp>+ly employ$ ?an ^u ! ,p>!non or "s ( ! o!r /ructures ( ! "t1 b su* z 0 us$ 0 s judici\sly h&l$ z to give ! v noble/ results4 ,! sculptur+ 9 ! metopes ( ! frieze & on ! pronaos 0 ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,x 0 built aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 &1 x w\ld seem1 aft] an awak5+ on ! "p ( ! ,a!nians to t high s5se ( obligation t[>d _! e>ly h]o1 ,!seus1 :i* _h slumb]$ = c5turies4 ,x 0 due to ! ,delphic ,oracle t 8 rema9s 7 br\ght back to ,a!ns f _! long bani%m5t 9 ! isl& ( ,scyros1 & giv5 honorable burial1 ! son ( ,miltiades be+ select$ to execute ! ,oracle's decree4 ,! occasion 0 made "o ( fe/ivity & rejoic+1 & ! entombm5t 9 ! beautiful new temple "o ( sacrifice & solemnity4 ,9 clos+ ?is brief ref]5ce to ! ,!seum1 ! graceful l9es f ,hayg>?'s ,greece1 :i* s beautifully applaud x1 may well be quot$3 8,"h let u pause1 e'en at ! ve/ibule ,( ,!seus's fane--) :at /]n maje/y ,x re>s its pond'r\s & et]nal /r5g?1 ,/ill p]fect1 /ill un*ang'd1 z on ! day ,:5 ! assembl$ ?rong ( multitudes ,) %\ts proclaim'd ?' accompli%'d "w & fell ,pro/rate ^u _! faces to adore ,its m>ble spl5dor4 ,h[ ! gold5 gleam ,( noonday floats ^u its graceful =ms1 ,t++ ea* groov$ %aft1 & /ori$ frieze ,& ,doric triglyph6 ,h[ ! rays amid/ ,! op'n+ columns glanc'd f po9t to po9t ,/ream d[n ! gloom ( ! long portico2 ,:]e1 l9k'd 9 mov+ mazes y\?s & maids ,lead ! light dance1 z er/ 9 joy\s h\r ,( fe/ival6 ,h[ ! broad p$im5t1 ,embr[n'd ) %ad[ fr[ns above & spreads ,solemnity & rev]5tial awe6 ,pr\d monum5t ( old magnific5ce6 ,/ill ?\ survive/1 nor has envi\s "t ,impair'd ?y beauty1 save t x has spread ,a deep] t9t1 & dimm'd ! poli%$ gl>e ,( ?y refulg5t :it5ess4 ,let m9e eyes ,fea/ on ?y =m1 & f9d at e glance ,!mes = imag9ation1 & = ?\ght2 ,empires h fall51 yet art ?\ un*ang'd2 ,& de/9y1 ^: tide engulphs pr\d man ,has roll'd 8 h>mless bill[s at ?y base40 ,9 ! brilliant galaxy ( great ar*itects & sculptors ( ?is age1 none %9es m des]v$ly conspicu\s by reason ( true m]it & noble purpose ?an ,polycletus ( ,argos1 :o is rememb]$ m z a /atu>y ?an by reason ( 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ar*itecture4 ,he ex]cis$ 8 art betwe5 ! ye>s #deb & #dab ,b4,c41 &1 l 8 di/+ui%$ contempor>ies1 ,myron & ,phidias1 0 a pupil ( ! ,argive sculptor1 ,agelades4 ,8 celebrity has be5 comp>$ to t ( 8 mo/ fam\s bro!r pupil1 ,phidias1 = ! reason t :ile ,phidias gave ! ideal /&>d 9 ! portrayal ( deities1 ,polycletus creat$ = all ages ! p]fect canon ( ! human =m 9 art4 ,?is he express$ 9 ! figure ( a y\? hold+ 9 8 h& a spe>1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,doryphorus4 ,9 ?is figure ! sculptor laid d[n ! rules ( univ]sal application ) reg>d to ! proportions ( ! human body 9 its mean /&>d ( height1 bread? ( *e/1 l5g? ( limbs & s on4 ,socrates1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 w5t s f> z to place ,polycletus on a level z a /atu>y1 ) ,hom]1 ,sophocles & ,xeuxis 9 _! respective arts4 ,a simil> anecdote to t told ( ,phidias1 :5 he li/5$ to ! criticisms ( ! public ^u 8 colossal /atue ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 is also relat$ ( ,polycletus4 ,he is said to h made two /atues1 "o ( :i* he p]fect$ accord+ to 8 own ideals1 & ! o!r he exhibit$ to ! public & alt]$ accord+ to ! sugge/ions volunte]$4 ,9 due "t he exhibit$ bo? publicly side by side4 ,! "o he _h himself made 0 univ]sally admir$1 :ile t :i* he _h *ang$ to suit ! popul> fancy 0 condemn$4 8,y y\rself10 he exclaim$1 8made ! /atue y abuse1 ,i1 ! "o y admire40 ,"o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ works 0 ! *ryselephant9e /atue ( ,h]a1 execut$ 9 8 old age to rival ! ,a!ne & ,zeus by ,phidias4 ,/rabo consid]$ t ?is /atue equall$ 9 beauty ^? ( ,phidias1 ?\gh x 0 surpass$ by !m 9 co/l9ess & size4 ,9 ! respect t ,polycletus foll[$ ! ,hom]ic description ( ,h]a1 & pres5t$ ! goddess clo!d f h] wai/ d[n1 he may be said to h foll[$ ! prec$5t ( ,phidias2 9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 he drew ^u 8 own fancy4 ,juno 0 seat$ ^u a gold5 ?rone2 h] head 0 cr[n$ ) a g>l& on :i* 7 work$ ! ,graces & ! ,h\rs2 9 "o h& %e held ! symbolical pomegranate & 9 ! o!r a sceptre surm\nt$ by a cuckoo1 a bird sacr$ to ,h]a on acc\nt ( hav+ h]self be5 *ang$ into t =m by ,zeus4 ,z an ar*itect ,polycletus w be f\nd z ! design] ( ! !atre at ,epidaurus1 :]e 0 also locat$ ! beautiful temple d$icat$ to sculapius1 & :i* ,pausanias pron\nc$ to be sup]ior 9 symmetry & elegance to e o!r 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,x 0 capable ( accommodat+ twelve ?\s& spectators1 & its ru9s1 z well z ^? ( ! :ite m>ble circul> ,?olus1 by ! same arti/1 are /ill to be se5 9 an unusual condition ( pres]vation4 ,among ! o!r ar*itects :o h be5 v>i\sly m5tion$ z hav+ pursu$ _! pr(ession t[>d ! close ( ?is c5tury1 b :o c h>dly take equal rank ) ^? already allud$ to1 may be m5tion$ ,eupol9us1 an ,argive arti/1 :o rebuilt ! great ,h]um at ,myc5 aft] its de/ruction by fire 9 ! ye> #dbc ,b4,c41 ! entablature ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) sculptures repres5t+ ! w>s ( ! gods & giants & ! ,trojan w>s2 ,cletas1 :o 0 "o ( ! assi/ant ar*itects "u ,phidias1 & ^: *ief claim to di/9ction is bas$ ^u 8 con/ruction ( ! />t+ place 9 ! ,olympian ,/adium1 & ,democopus ,myrilla1 :o built ! !atre at ,syracuse4 ,vitruvius also speaks ( an ar*itect & au?or ( ab\t ?is "t--namely1 ,sil5us--:o wrote on ! ,doric ord]4 ,x is difficult to close ?is *apt]1 9 :i* b v sup]ficial ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ar*itectural lights ( ! gold5 age ( art 9 ,greece1 )\t glanc+ back at ! magnific5t city ( ,a!ns1 ! gr& product ( mu* ( _! creative skill1 ) feel+s ( regret t ) all h] num]\s & noble monum5ts1 d$icat$ to gods & m51 !re is n "o t be>s ! impr9t ( its creator4 ,we see 9 ?is glance =e/-l colonnades ( glitt]+ :ite columns2 we see ! ,h\se ( ! ,five ,hundr$ ,s5ators1 ! ,?olus1 ! ,hall ( ,h]m1 ! ,agora1 ! ,pnyx1 8:]e ! ,a!nian orator spoke f a block ( b>e /one20 ! ,/oic ,hall1 9 :i* philosophy 0 taught2 ! ,prytaneum1 :]e ! lov$ laws ( ,solon 7 pres]v$2 ! ,lyceum1 ) its hundr$ columns f ,lydia2 ! ,!atre ( ,bac*us & ! ,mausoleum ( ,tolus4 ,we see temples innum]able1 ! gr&e/ ( all ^? to ,jupit] & ,!seus2 b o!rs ( fasc9at+ m]it1 ^? ( ,c]es & ( ,cybele & ( ,m>s1 & ( ,vulcan1 ( ,v5us1 ( acus1 ( ! ,dioscuri1 ( ,h]cules1 ( ,diana ,agrot]a1 ( ,bac*us ,lunnu1 ( sculapius1 ( ,eum5ides1 & t to ,glory1 erect$ ) ! booty f ! glori\s field ( ,m>a?on1 :]e9 /ood ! ,v5us ( ,phidias2 & we see ! ,acropolis t[]+ above all1 l5d+ o!r magnific5t ar*itectural triumphs to ! ensemble2 & al?\gh we see slabs among !m 8inscrib$ ) ! records ( ,a!nian hi/ory1 ) civil contracts & articles ( peace1 ) memorials ( honors aw>d$ to patriotic citiz5s or munific5t /rang]s10 we f9d no monum5t1 :e!r 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles or lat]1 inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,ict9us1 or ,hippodamus1 or ,callicrates1 or ! poor slave1 ,mnesicles1 :o 0 sav$ by ,m9]va to be =gott5 by man4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,footnotes3 #c ,! decoration ref]r$ to 0 ! "w ( ! di/+ui%$ pa9t] ,protog5es4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,lat] ,,greek ,,ar*itects4 ,! fir/ ar*itect z well z arti/ ( decid$ m]it :o arose to hi/oric di/9ction at ! beg9n+ ( ! lat] ,attic s*ool1 or t :i* foll[$ imm$iately ^u ! s*ool ( ,phidias1 & "o ( ! fir/ to treat ! ,cor9?ian idea1 !n fl[]+ into favor ) orig9ality & arti/ic skill1 0 ! des]v+ & accompli%$ ,scopas4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ?is arti/ 9 connection ) ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 = :i*1 x is said1 he furni%$ ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! num]\s columns ) :i* t temple 0 enri*$4 ,?is /atem5t is made )\t prejudice to ! great ,praxiteles1 :o 0 contemporane\s ) ,scopas1 & :o excell$ him z a /atu>y1 if he did n compete ) him z an ar*itect4 ,a mi/ake ( ,pl9y1 :i* assign$ ,scopas to an e>li] age1 has f9ally be5 correct$1 & x has be5 settl$ t ! p]iod :5 he ex]cis$ 8 art 0 betwe5 ! ye>s #cie & #cej ,b4,c4 ,scopas 0 a native ( ,p>os1 a subject isl& ( ,a!ns1 & sprung f a family :i* = sev]al g5]ations be=e 8 adv5t into ! _w _h practis$ ! pla/ic arts4 ,8 desc5dants also walk$ 9 ! same arti/ic pa?s ( life = _m g5]ations4 ,l ,polycletus1 ) :om he is mo/ favorably comp>$1 ! ar*itectural side ( 8 c>e] 0 greatly eclips$ by t :i* display$ 8 g5ius z a sculptor4 ,8 /atues 7 num]\s1 & =tunately _m ( !m /ill exi/ scatt]$ 9 v>i\s ,european museums & gall]ies4 ,among su* ( 8 works consid]$ ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! well-kn[n s]ies ( figures repres5t+ ! de/ruction ( ! sons & daught]s ( ,niobe4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ^! /atues /ood 9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,socianus at ,rome1 & x 0 !n a "q :e!r !y 7 ! works ( ,scopas or ,praxiteles4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! =m]'s f9e/ ef=ts h be5 attribut$ to ! latt] arti/4 ,( ?is gr\p ,s*legel says3 8,9 ! gr\p ( ,niobe !re is ! mo/ p]fect expression ( t]ror & pity4 ,! upturn$ looks ( ! "m1 & m\? half op5 9 supplication1 seem to accuse ! invisible wra? ( ,heav54 ,! daught] cl++ 9 ! agonies ( dea? to ! bosom ( h] "m1 9 h] infantile innoc5ce c h no o!r fe> ?an = h]self2 ! innate impulse ( self-pres]vation 0 nev] repres5t$ 9 a mann] m t5d] or affect+4 ,c !re on ! o!r h& be exhibit$ to ! s5ses a m beautiful image ( self-devot+1 h]oic magnanimity ?an ,niobe1 z %e b5ds h] body =w>d t1 if possible1 %e may alone receiv$ ! de/ructive bolt8 ,pride & repugnance are melt$ d[n 9 ! mo/ ard5t mat]nal love4 ,! m ?an e>?ly dignity ( ! features is ! less disfigur$ by pa91 z f ! quick repetition ( ! %ocks %e appe>s1 z 9 ! fable1 to h become ins5sible & motionless4 ,be=e ?is figure1 twice trans=m$ into /one1 & yet s inimitably animat$--be=e ?is l9e ( dem>cation ( all human suff]+ ! mo/ call\s behold] is dissolv$ 9 te>s40 ,ano!r highly e/eem$ "w ( ,scopas1 :i* ,pl9y says /ood 9 ! %r9e ( ,cneius ,domitius 9 ! ,flam9ian circus 9 ,rome1 repres5t$ ,a*illes conduct$ to ! isl& ( ,leuce by ! div9ities ( ! sea4 ,x consi/$ ( figures ( ,neptune1 ,!tis & ,a*illes surr\nd$ by ,n]eids sitt+ on dolph9s & o!r l>ge fi%1 & att5d$ by ,tritons & sea mon/]s4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,pl9y1 ^! figures alone w\ld h be5 suffici5t to h immortaliz$ ! arti/1 ev5 if !y _h co/ ! labor ( 8 entire life4 ,8 /atues ( ,v5us1 are1 aft] all1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( 8 works 9 sculpture4 ,"o ( ^! /atues1 if n ! orig9al1 is suppos$ to h be5 ! prototype ( "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ & beautiful portrayals ( t *>m+ deity 9 ! _w to-day4 ,ano!r to :i* ,pl9y gives p>ticul> prom95ce 0 t 9 :i* ! goddess is pres5t$ nude & :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,brutus ,callaicus 9 ,rome4 ,?is /atue1 he adds1 8w\ld h conf]r$ r5[n ^u any o!r city1 b at ,rome ! imm5se numb] ( works ( art & ! bu/le ( daily life 9 a great city di/ract$ ! att5tion ( m540 ,x is probably ?is "w ( art1 :i* is ?\ght by "s to h be5 sup]ior to t by ,praxiteles1 :i*1 ) "s modifications1 is cr$it$ ) be+ ! model aft] :i* ,cleom5es fa%ion$ ! celebrat$ ,v5us de ,m$icis4 ,pausanias & ,pl9y m5tion also o!r portrayals ( ,v5us by ,scopas1 b x is left to ,waag5 & "s o!r critics to ascribe ! celebrat$ /atue ( ,aphrodite1 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is1 & kn[n z ! ,v5us de ,milo1 to ?is great sculptor & ar*itect4 ,x is =eign to ! purpose1 h[ev]1 to devote too mu* space to ?is side ( ! art life ( ,scopas1 b 9 treat+ ( 8 connection ) ! magnific5t mausoleum :i* ,artemesia erect$ at ,halic>nassus1 to h] husb&1 ,mausolus1 k+ ( ,c>ia1 x w be argu$ d\btless t ! "w ( ?is arti/ on t fam\s mortu>y monum5t1 :i* rank$ z "o ( ! sev5 w9d]s ( ! _w1 0 m 9 ! l9e ( a decorative sculptor ?an ( an ar*itect4 ,9 ?is und]tak+ ,scopas 0 associat$ ) ?ree o!r ar*itectural sculptors--namely1 ,bryaxis1 ,timo!us & ,leoc>us--all ( :om 7 ,a!nians4 ,ea* took z 8 special "w ! decoration ( "o side ( ! build+1 ,scopas *oos+ ! ea/ or pr9cipal faade4 ,! nor? & s\? sides _h a wid? ( ab\t sixty-?ree feet2 ! ea/ & we/ 7 n q s wide4 ,be=e outl9+ fur!r ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ! build+1 x is only fair to say t ! pr(essional ar*itects to :om is due ! cr$it = ! plan ( ! /ructure 7 ,phileus1 an ,ionian ^: "n ,vitruvius spells 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & ,satyrus1 ^: native city is n giv51 b :o1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 wrote a description ( ! mausoleum4 ,phileus 0 also an au?or on ar*itecture1 hav+ writt5 a volume on ! ,ionic temple ( ,a!ne ,polias at ,pri5e1 ( :i* he 0 ! design]1 & :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ build+s 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & a treatise on ! mausoleum1 :i* 0 also locat$ 9 t "p ( ! globe4 ,z = ,satyrus1 :atev] may h be5 ! o!r public build+s ( :i* he 0 ! ar*itect1 !re is no record4 ,! mausoleum _h a total height ( "o hundr$ & =ty feet1 & 9 g5]al appe>ance comb9$ ori5talism 9 tomb-/ructure ) ! p]fections ( ,grecian ar*itectural grace & elegance4 ,! tomb 0 conta9$ )9 a rectangul> sub/ructure4 ,above 0 an ,ionic p]i/yle temple ) n9e columns on ea* side & elev5 at ! ends4 ,! frieze 0 elaborately c>v$ & decorat$1 & ! ro(1 :i* 0 pyramidal 9 =m1 gave ! ori5tal ca/ to ! entire build+4 ,at ! apex ( ! ro( 0 a colossal m>ble quadriga1 9 :i* a /atue ( ! deceas$ k+ ,mausolus appe>$4 ,x is said t 9 ! sculptures & c>v+s ( ! diff]5t sides ! respective arti/s /rove to rival ea* o!r1 & t al?\gh que5 ,artemesia di$ be=e ! tomb 0 f9i%$ ! f\r arti/s 7 s int]e/$ & absorb$ 9 _! "w t !y det]m9$ to complete x at _! own risk4 ,up to ! twelf? c5tury aft] ! ,*ri/ian era ?is gr& tomb /ood 9 a fairly good /ate ( pres]vation1 b soon aft] fell to pieces1 & 0 us$ f t "t z a qu>ry by ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 f :i* !y took /one = ! ca/les !y built on ! site ( ! old ,greek ,acropolis4 ,lat] /ill mu* ( ! m>ble 0 tak5 to repair _! =tifications1 & x is ev5 said to make lime1 %[+ to :at ignom9i\s uses ! v greate/ ( ar*itectural glories may f9ally come4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ! c>v+s h be5 r$eem$ f ! =tification walls & une>!d f o!r places 9 ,budrun1 ! mod]n ,halic>nassus1 to f9d a f9al re/+ place1 let x be hop$1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,^! rescu$ pieces ( m>ble1 ( :i* !re are p]haps suffici5t to recon/ruct a qu>t] ( ! :ole frieze1 ?\gh !y are n cont9u\s1 are pron\nc$ by compet5t judges to be specim5s ( ! "w ( ! diff]5t arti/s1 b !re is no means ( det]m9+ :i* ( !m1 if any1 came f ! *isel ( ,scopas4 ,! temple ( ,a!ne ,alea at ,tegea 9 ,arcadia1 (t5 a sanctu>y = fugitives f ,sp>ta1 0 an ar*itectural creation ( ,scopas1 :i* x w\ld appe> belong$ to him exclusively4 ,( all ! temples 9 ! ,peloponnesus ?is is said by ,pausanias to h be5 ! l>ge/ z well z ! mo/ magnific5t4 ,t obs]vant travell]1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 c>ri$ away some:at by 8 en?usiasm ov] its ar*itectural attractions 9 ascrib+ to x su* great size1 z its dim5sions 7 n m ?an "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r by sev5ty feet1 be+ v mu* small] ?an o!r ,grecian temples4 ,! temple :i* ,scopas built 0 n ! fir/ to ! goddess to occupy ! same site1 b foll[$ a v mu* m anci5t "o1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! ye> #cid ,b4,c4 ,! t5d5cy to introduce ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 :i* foll[$ aft] ! ,peloponnesian w>s1 & :i* cont9u$ to gr[ z ,greece became m & m int]mix$ ) ,roman ideas1 is "h e>ly display$4 ,! column> arrangem5t ( ! temple 0 unusual2 = ! outside ! ,ionic /yle 0 us$1 !re be+ six columns at ea* end & f\rte5 on ! sides2 b on ! inside ! ,doric ord] 0 employ$ surm\nt$ by ! ,cor9?ian4 ,bo? p$im5ts ( ! build+ 7 sculptur$ by ,scopas or f 8 designs "u 8 imm$iate sup]vision4 ,! p$im5t ov] ! front portico portray$ ! *ase ( ! ,calydonian bo>1 & t 9 ! re> ! battle ( ,telephus ) ,a*illes2 bo? be+1 accord+ to ,pausanias1 v animat$ compositions4 ,! /atue ( ! goddess ,a!ne ,alea1 conta9$ 9 ! cell1 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,emp]or ,augu/us & plac$ at ! entrance ( 8 new =um 9 ,rome4 ,"s fragm5ts ( ! p$im5tal sculptures h be5 discov]$ & plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,to ,scopas1 9 co-op]ation ) ,praxiteles1 is also attribut$ ! graceful & beautiful ,*oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 at "o "t call$ 8! lant]n ( ,demo/h5es10 f ! mi/ak5 supposition t ! great orator us$ x z a /udy--a v /range use :5 x is rememb]$ t ! little /ructure possess$ nei!r doors nor w9d[s4 ,9 its day ?is monum5t 0 ! pride ( ! /reet ( ,tripods1 & x /ill /&s "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ evid5ces ( ! ta/e & skill ( its design]s4 ,9 ?is monum5t ! ,cor9?ian /yle ( decoration is display$ 9 its p]fection ( grace1 bett]1 p]haps1 ?an 9 any o!r /ructure ( t e>ly "t :i* is kn[n to u4 ,/u>t describes x z foll[s3 8,! colonnade 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 six equal panels ( :ite ,p5telic m>ble1 plac$ contigu\s to ea* o!r on a circul> plan1 =m$ a cont9u$ cyl9drical wall1 :i* ( c\rse 0 divid$ f top to bottom into six equal p>ts by ! junctures ( ! panels4 ,^! columns project$ some:at m ?an half _! diamet]s f ! surface ( ! cyl9drical wall1 & ! wall entirely clos$ up ! int]colum9ation4 ,ov] ?is 0 plac$ ! entablature & ! cupola1 9 nei!r ( :i* any ap]ture 0 made1 s t !re 0 no admission to ! inside ( ?is monum5t1 & x 0 q d>k40 ,! 8fl[]10 or cr[n+ ornam5t ( ! monum5t1 0 a p>ticul>ly graceful & beautiful arrangem5t ( acan?us leaves & volutes1 & ! ro( 0 work$ out ) great delicacy & orig9ality 9 ! =m ( a ?at* ( laurel leaves & ,vitruvian scrolls4 ,if !re 0 any apportionm5t ( ! "w on ?is monum5t betwe5 ,scopas & ,praxiteles1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :at x 04 ,( ! o!r ar*itectural sculptors associat$ ) ,scopas 9 ! adornm5t ( ! tomb ( ,mausolus none is m5tion$ z hav+ _h any o!r connection ) ar*itecture 9 a simil> way1 b all 7 /atu>ies ( di/9ction & high m]it1 :o execut$ works 9 m>ble or bronze1 or bo?1 t gave !m prom95ce 9 _! art4 ,among o!r works by ,bryaxis 7 five colossal /atues 9 ! isl& ( ,rhodes1 ( :i* ! celebrat$ 8colossus ( ,rhodes10 h[ev]1 0 n "o1 & also a /atue ( ,apollo1 :i* 0 de/9$ = ! temple ( ,daphnis ne> ,antio*us4 ,! /ory is relat$ t ,julian ! ,apo/ate wi%$ to r5d] to ?is figure peculi> wor%ip & homage1 b 0 prev5t$ f s do+ by a miracul\s de/ruction ( ! temple & /atue by fire4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ass]ts t ,bryaxis 0 ! arti/ ( _m works ascrib$ to ,phidias4 ,z to ! %>e :i* ,timo!us took 9 ! decoration ( ! mausoleum !re is dispute among ! ,greek au?orities1 "s ascrib+ 8 "w to ,praxiteles2 b !re does n seem to be any j f\ndation = ! supposition t ! sculptur+ on ! s\? side ( ! tomb 0 by any o!r h& ?an t ( ,timo!us4 ,z "o ( ! great /atu>ies ( ! lat] ,attic s*ool he 0 also among ! mo/ prom95t1 8 figure ( ,artemis be+ deem$ wor?y to be plac$ by ! side ( ! ,apollo ( ,scopas1 & ! ,latona ( ,praxiteles 9 ! temple :i* ,augu/us erect$ to ,apollo on ! ,palat9e4 ,o!r /atues ( conspicu\s m]it are also ascrib$ to him by ,pausanias & ,pl9y4 ,leo*>es1 ! la/ ( ! qu>tette1 0 also inf]ior only to ,scopas & ,praxiteles 9 8 s*ool ( art4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly skilful ) portrait-/atues1 ! mo/ successful ( :i* 7 ^? ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ,alex&] 8 son1 ,amyntas1 ,olympias & ,eurydice1 all ( :i* 7 made ( ivory & gold1 & 7 plac$ 9 ! ,phillippeion1 a circul> build+ 9 ! ,altis at ,olympia1 erect$ by ,philip 9 celebration ( 8 victory at ,*roneia4 ,b ! *ef d'uvre ( ,leo*>es 0 a bronze /atue ( ! rape ( ,ganym$e4 ,pl9y says ( ?is "w t ! eagle seem$ to be s5sible ( :at he 0 c>ry+ & to :om he 0 be>+ ! treasure1 tak+ c>e n to hurt ! boy ?r\gh 8 dress ) 8 talons4 ,! orig9al /atue 0 frequ5tly copi$ bo? 9 m>ble & on gems1 sev]al ( :i* copies are /ill extant3 "o 9 ! ,museo ,pio-,clem5t9o1 ano!r 9 ! libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,v5ice1 & /ill ano!r figures 9 ,/u>t's ,a!ns1 z an alto-relievo f\nd among ! ru9s ( ,!ssalonica4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,alex&rian ,,era ,,& ,,roman ,,spoliation4 ,t epo* 9 ! art life ( ! ,hell5ic p associat$ ) ! influ5ces aris+ out ( ! c>e] & conque/s ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :i* we h n[ rea*$1 0 "o sc>cely inf]ior 9 int]e/ to t ( ! "t ( ,p]icles4 ,ov]fl[+ z 0 ! great ,mac$onian lead]'s love ( art & great z 0 8 ambition to leave beh9d him la/+ monum5ts t %\ld fitt+ly /& = ! arti/ic culture ( 8 "t1 /ill1 = reasons aris+ p>tly out ( 8 own c>e] & p>tly f ! ev]-*ang+ impulses ( human feel+ & ta/e1 ! art culture ( 8 "t mu/ b[ to ! sup]iority ( t ( ! "t ( ,p]icles1 if1 9 respect to ^? o!r features ( 8 lead]%ip & accompli%m5t1 to :i* hi/ory gives a sup]ior rank1 8 g5ius is eclips$ by none 9 ! *ronicles ( civilization4 ,alex&]'s %ort life1 s active 9 conque/ & w>1 & s mu* ( x pass$ away f ,european associations or ev5 ! influ5ces ( colonial ,greece1 necess>ily gave him little "t = indulg5ce 9 ! arts at home1 :ile x p]mitt$ him to manife/ x to "s consid]able ext5t 9 f\nd+ cities & re>+ temples 9 =eign l&s4 ,to ?is self-impos$ bani%m5t1 accompani$1 z x 01 by l>ge armies br\ght f ,greece & h] colonies1 & ! int]mix+ ( h] p ) =eign]s ( new ta/es & habits ( m9d1 may be attribut$ t *ange ( art feel+ at home :i* began to ass]t itself ab\t ?is "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 its effect 0 b5eficial to ! conqu]$ c\ntries 9 introduc+ a m elevat$ art /&>d ?an _h exi/$ )9 !m be=e4 ,p]sonally1 ,alex&] manife/$ a ke5 appreciation ( ! arts2 :e!r f\nd$ ^u ! same s9c]ity z t :i* appe>$ m natural to ! "* ( ,p]icles is a "q2 b we f9d t ,praxiteles1 ,lysippus & ,apelles1 ! great arti/s ( 8 "t1 7 no less publicly honor$ or m highly flatt]$ ?an 7 ,phidias or ,polycletus 9 ! days ( ,p]icles4 ,x is relat$ z an evid5ce ( ,alex&]'s en?usiasm = art1 t he comp5sat$ ,apelles = 8 celebrat$ portrait ( him by ord]+ t ! arti/'s rew>d %\ld be measur$ out 9 gold in/ead ( be+ c\nt$1 an ord] :i* p]haps q z mu* illu/rat$ ! !atrical impulses ( :i* he c\ld be guilty z ! calm expression ( a g5u9e appreciation4 ,ev5 _h ,alex&] be5 sp>$1 & _h return$ to ,greece to cont9ue a long life ( usefulness to 8 p1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 cut (f 9 8 prime at ,babylon1 al?\gh he might h done mu* m = art ?an he did1 /ill he c\ld n h accompli%$ = x :at _h be5 atta9$ by ,p]icles4 ,?is may be argu$ f 8 bir?1 s*ool+ & ! /rong] tr5d ( 8 m9d1 :i* l$ 9 v diff]5t directions4 ,! ,mac$onian _h n c]ta9ly ! traditions ( art culture 9 8 ve9s1 z 0 ! case ) ! m poli%$ ,a!nian1 & be+ fond] ( ! dazzlem5t ( pomp & %[1 natural to a lead] :o f infancy _h be5 almo/ cont9u\sly associat$ ) ! acc\trem5ts & regalia ( armies1 x is n likely t :atev] he might h accompli%$ = art m ?an t :i* he actually did1 w\ld h manife/$ t purity ( ideal1 z well z ref9em5t ( execution :i* s m>k$ & dignifi$ ! "w ( ,p]icles4 ,z !re is always "s "t :i* mu/ elapse be=e ! tide1 hav+ rea*$ its flood1 turns once m to sl[ly ebb1 s 0 !re a "t to be express$ 9 a few ye>s :5 ! pla/ic arts ( ,greece1 rea*+ _! highe/ developm5t 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 rema9$ /ation>y1 be=e ebb+ away to s-call$ ,roman deg5]acy1 & ! mix$ influ5ce ( v>i\s comp>atively uncultur$ nationalities4 ,! ,alex&rian epo* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ?is turn+-po9t4 ,! decad5ce took almo/ z _m successive g5]ations to ! "t :5 ,cor9? 0 sack$ by ! ,romans 9 #adf ,b4,c41 & ! ,italian soldi]s ca/ _! dice ^u ! pictures ( ,ari/ides1 z x _h tak5 to advance 9 ! e>li] ages ( ,greece1 to ! "t :5 ! *ryselephant9e /atues ( ,zeus & ,a!ne1 by ,phidias1 7 ! recogniz$ p]fect /&>ds ( godlike maje/y & beauty1 & ! ,doryphorus ( ,polycletus 0 accept$ z ! crit]ion ( human grace & proportion4 ,( c\rse ! /&>d by :i* ! p]fection ( ar*itectural dignity & purity c be measur$ is l>gely "o ( individual ta/e & pref]m5t1 z is sometimes evid5c$ by ! conflict+ judgm5ts ( ! be/ critical au?orities1 b if we accept ! conclusions ( c5turies ( ! highe/ criticism1 we mu/ be prep>$ to conc$e t ! arts to :i* we ref] rea*$ _! z5i? z /at$4 ,h[ev]1 ! expression1 ,roman deg5]acy1 is mu* too sev]e a "o1 if tak5 9 o!r ?an a comp>ative s5se2 =1 :atev] ,grecian ar*itecture may h lo/ 9 ideal /heticism by reason ( ,roman int]f]5ce1 x mu/ be grant$ ! ,romans t _! own evolution 9 ! appreciation ( ! arts & ! accompli%m5ts ( ar*itecture result$ 9 a magnific5ce :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) our own "t1 gives !m rank second only to ! ,greeks1 f :om !y borr[$ s mu*1 & :om !y did n scruple to rob ( ne>ly all _! portable art treasures4 8,among ! innum]able monum5ts ( ar*itecture con/ruct$ by ! ,romans10 says ,gibbon1 8h[ _m h escap$ ! notice ( hi/ory1 h[ few h resi/$ ! ravages ( "t & b>b>ism6 ,& yet ev5 ! maje/ic ru9s t are /ill scatt]$ ov] ,italy & ! prov9ces w\ld be suffici5t to prove t ^? c\ntries 7 once ! seat ( a polite & p[]ful empire4 ,_! greatness alone or _! beauty might des]ve our att5tion2 b !y 7 r5d]$ m int]e/+ by two important circum/ances1 :i* connect ! agreeable hi/ory ( ! arts ) ! m useful hi/ory ( human mann]s4 ,_m ( ^! works 7 erect$ at private exp5se1 & almo/ all 7 int5d$ = public b5efit40 ,b ! burni%+ ( ! ,romans to ! high poli% :i* !y f9ally atta9$ 9 ! arts 0 a sl[ process1 & "o :i* met ) _m int]ruptions1 accord+ z _! rul]s 7 individually affect$ by a love ( ! arti/ic--a fact :i* 9 itself w\ld %[ t art 0 n an inh]5t quality 9 ! ,roman nature to ! l degree t x 0 9 t ( ! ,greek4 ,to admire ! ,grecian /hetic culture 0 at fir/ consid]$ an evid5ce ( effem9acy1 & ev5 ,cato exclaim$ aga9/ ! arts n sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! tak+ ( ,syracuse4 ,! ,consul ,mummius1 9 #adf ,b4,c41 "s hundr$ ye>s lat]1 aft] ! battle :i* result$ 9 ! capture ( ,cor9?1 prov$ v conclusively t he _h v little appreciation ( ! m]it ( ! treasures he f\nd !re1 = he n only de/roy$ a great _m1 b %ipp$ to ,rome _m m1 = ! simple reason t1 recogniz+ h[ mu* !y 7 priz$ by ! ,cor9?ians1 he wisely saw t !y might be useful 9 ,rome4 ,?is sack+ ( ,grecian cities 0 q popul>1 & ! ,roman g5]als1 9 _! conque/s1 seem$ to /rive :i* %\ld br+ away to ,rome ! greate/ numb] ( /atues & pictures4 ,! eld] ,scipio despoil$ ,spa9 & ,africa1 ,flamius ,sylla & ,mummius export$ %iploads ( ! art ( ,greece1 milius despoil$ ,mac$onia1 & ,scipio ! y\ng]1 :5 he de/roy$ ,c>?age1 transf]r$ to ,rome ! *ief ornam5ts ( t city4 ,9 fact1 ! ,roman g5]als 7 rem>kable z art pilf]]s1 us+ ! spoils n alone to adorn _! public build+s & in/itutions1 b 9 "s in/ances _! private h\ses & palaces z well4 ,x is relat$ ( ,scaurus t he embelli%$ 8 tempor>y !atre1 erect$ = a few days' use1 ) no less ?an ?ree ?\s& /atues4 ,he also return$ to ,rome ) all ! pictures ( ,sicyon1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t s*ools ( pa9t+ 9 ,greece1 on a pret5ce t !y w\ld comp5sate = a debt due ! ,roman p4 ,f ?is habit ( draw+ on =eign]s x f9ally came to pass t private citiz5s took ! fev] & ent]$ ^u ! luxury4 ,none 0 e>li] 9 ! field ?an ! ,luculli1 p>ticul>ly ,lucius ,lucullus4 ,julius ,cs> 0 p]sonally a great collector1 8 hobby be+ gems1 :ile 8 successor1 ,augu/us1 display$ an acute int]e/ 9 ,cor9?ian vases4 ,augu/us did mu* = ! ar*itectural adornm5t ( ,rome1 & 8 mu*-quot$ rem>k to ! effect t he f\nd ,rome a city ( bricks & left x "o ( m>ble1 01 to a great degree1 true4 ,9 fact1 ,augu/us manife/$ an /hetic nature 9 _m respects4 ,sp5ce says1 speak+ ( ! arts1 t 8! flavor ( ,augu/us1 l a g5tle dew1 made !m bud =? & blossom2 & ! s\r reign ( ,tib]ius1 l a sudd5 fro/1 *eck$ _! gr[?1 & kill$ all _! beauties40 ,m5 ( g5ius 7 flatt]$1 c\rt$ & enri*$ "u ,augu/us1 z !y 7 "s f\r hundr$ ye>s' e>li] 9 ,a!ns "u ,p]icles1 ) ! result t ,v]gil1 ,horace1 ,ovid & o!r poets ( ! greate/ m]it sprung =w>d4 ,rome became 9 ?is age ! seat ( univ]sal gov]nm5t also1 its weal? 0 enorm\s1 its ar*itectural decorations num]\s & spl5did1 & ev5 its common /reets 7 deck$ ) "s ( ! f9e/ /atues 9 ! _w4 ,o!r great ar*itectural epo*s ( ,rome 7 ^? ( ! "t ( ,trojan & ,hadrian4 ,b z evid5ce ( ! int]mitt5t "* ( h] art developm5t1 v little 0 realiz$1 z v little c\ld be expect$ "u ! reigns ( su* mon/]s z ,tib]ius1 ,caligula & ,n]o4 ,to ,n]o1 h[ev]1 we mu/ accord "s little cr$it 9 hav+ built a v rem>kable ar*itectural composition1 al?\gh und]tak5 = no public b5efit1 b to satisfy 8 own pr(ligate vanity4 ,8 8,gold5 ,palace10 built "u ! direction ( ! ar*itects ,cel] & ,sev]us1 ! mo/ em95t ( _! "t1 0 rank$ z ! mo/ 8/up5d\s0 /ructure ( its k9d 9 all ,italy4 ,! palace 0 built aft] ! conflagration dur+ :i* ,n]o is suppos$ to h amus$ himself ) a viol94 ,tacitus tells u t x 0 ornam5t$ 9 e "p ) 8pe>ls1 gems & ! mo/ preci\s mat]ials10 especially gold1 :i* 0 us$ 9 reckless pr(usion4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a c\rt adorn$ ) a portico ( ?ree r[s ( l(ty columns1 ea* r[ a mile long1 /ood a colossal /atue ( t colossal s5suali/ & wick$ mon>*1 :i* 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height4 ,vespasian tore d[n ! :ole ( ?is piece ( ar*itectural vanity1 re/or$ ! l& :i* x _h occupi$ & by :i* x 0 surr\nd$ to ! p f :om x _h be5 /ol51 & erect$ 9 its place ! great public ,coliseum & ! magnific5t ,temple ( ,peace4 ,9 allud+ to ! public palaces ( amusem5t1 ,curio1 a ,roman ,prtor1 "s few ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 is said to h built two wood5 !atres close toge!r1 :i* turn$ on pivots4 ,dur+ ! day !y 7 turn$ away f ea* o!r1 & diff]5t plays 7 p]=m$ 9 ea*2 !n1 ) all ! spectators1 !y 7 turn$ toge!r1 =m+ an amphi!atre 9 :i* combats took place4 ,! zeal ( ! ,roman ar*itects to w9 popul> favor by some?+ novel & /rik+ 0 (t5 v great4 ,9 ,pompey's !atre wat] 0 made to run d[n ! aisles1 betwe5 ! seats1 9 ord] to refre% spectators 9 ! heat ( summ]4 ,b t ! ,roman ar*itects 7 n always z c>eful 9 ! inspection ( ! build+s "u _! sup]vision z !y %\ld h be51 &1 l "s ( our mod]n ar*itects1 p]mitt$ _! works to be us$ :5 9 an unsafe condition1 is %[n f ! un=tunate cata/rophe :i* result$ 9 ! unexpect$ tumbl+ to pieces ( ! !atre ( ,fid5 ne> ,rome4 ,?is accid5t happ5$ 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 & ! "n ( ! ar*itect :o suff]$ bani%m5t = 8 neglect 0 ,attilius4 ,! !atre 0 built ( wood1 & out ( fifty ?\s& p :o 7 injur$ 9 ! collapse tw5ty ?\s& are said to h di$4 ,( all ! ,roman emp]ors none is m int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( ,grecian ar*itecture ?an ,hadrian1 :o 0 a great admir] ( ,greece1 seek+ to introduce ! ,hell5ic in/itutions & modes ( wor%ip 9 ,rome1 z well z ! art1 poetry & le>n+ ( ,greece4 ,he also und]took to re/ore ,a!ns1 :i* _h suff]$ greatly dur+ ! f\r or five hundr$ ye>s :i* _h elaps$ betwe5 8 "t & t ( ,p]icles1 to some?+ ( h] =m] ar*itectural gr&eur4 ,pope's c\plet might h be5 ,hadrian's inspiration3 8,y1 too1 proce$6 make fall+ arts y\r c>e1 ,erect new wond]s & ! old repair40 ,inde$1 he caus$ to be inscrib$ ^u ! ,ar* ( ,honor1 :i* he erect$ 9 ,a!ns1 aft] ! re/oration1 two inscriptions :i*1 if n 9 ! be/ ( ta/e1 7 9 h>mony ) _! au?or's self-love1 ( :i* he possess$ no inconsid]able %>e4 ,^u t side ( ! ar* :i* fac$ ! anci5t city he wrote3 8,?is is ,a!ns1 ! old city ( ,!seus10 & on t :i* front$ ^u ! new city ( 8 re/oration & adornm5t 0 inscrib$3 8,?is is ! city ( ,hadrian1 & n ( ,!seus40 ,9 o!r words1 ! visitor 0 expect$ to make 8 own comp>ison & p]haps draw ! conclusion intimat$ t ,!seus 0 n1 aft] all1 to be comp>$ ) ! ,roman ,hadrian4 ,hadrian's p>ticul> p5*ant 0 ar*itecture1 & 8 pr$om9ant vices 7 vanity & jeal\sy1 bo? ( :i* 7 manife/$ 9 8 practice ( t art4 ,! magnific5t villa :i* he erect$ at ,tib]1 :]e he sp5t 8 decl9+ ye>s1 & ! ru9s ( :i* ev5 n[ cov] a space equal to a l>ge t[n1 w\ld indicate ?is1 z well z ! gr&iose mausoleum :i* t[]$ high above ! banks ( ! ,tib] at ,rome1 & :i* is n[ deplet$ ( mu* ( its /atu>y & ornam5tation1 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ,sa9t ,angelo4 ,! treatm5t :i* he accord$ ,trajan's great ar*itect1 ! accompli%$ ,apollodorus1 is /ill ano!r evid5ce ( 8 vanity4 ,hadrian1 l ,l\is ,i4 ( ,bav>ia1 f\nd delight 9 practis+ p]sonally ! pr(ession ( ar*itecture1 & drew plans ( build+s1 :i* ! p ?\ght 0 unbecom+ a pr9ce4 ,possibly ?is objection 0 rais$ to disc\rage _! rul] r ?an ! m tru?ful "o t 8 plans 7 n up to ! high /&>d ( 8 "t4 ,h[ev] t may be1 he insi/$ ^u _! be+ execut$1 & x is said 0 r pleas$ if ! ar*itects f\nd fault ) !m4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case ) ,apollodorus1 :e!r because ( :at he _h accompli%$ = 8 pr$ecessor ,trajan1 or because ( pr(essional jeal\sy4 ,apollodorus 0 ! ar*itect ( ! ,trajan column1 compos$ ( only tw5ty-f\r /ones1 al?\gh "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ,roman feet 9 height1 & ! squ>e :i* surr\nd$ x1 consid]$ ! mo/ beautiful assemblage ( build+s !n kn[n4 ,! relief c>v+s :i* 7 w\nd spirally ar\nd ! ,trajan column l a ribbon1 repres5t$ ! incid5ts ( ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,d>ians4 ,! column support$ a /atue ( ,trajan1 :i* ,pope ,sextus ,v4 sub/itut$ = "o ( ,sa9t ,pet]4 ,a great] absurdity c h>dly be conceiv$ ?an t ( plac+ a peaceful apo/le ov] ! w>like repres5tations ( ! ,dacian w>4 ,apollodorus 0 also ! ar*itect & eng9e] ( ! great bridge :i* /ret*$ across ! ,danube 9 l[] ,hung>y1 :i* 0 =m$ ( twelve pi]s & tw5ty-two ar*es1 said to h be5 ! gr&e/ use ( ! ar* 9 su* works4 ,ea* ar* 0 sixty feet wide & "o hundr$ & fifty feet high4 ,! total height ( ! bridge 0 ?ree hundr$ feet & its l5g? a mile & a half4 ,hadrian de/roy$ ?is magnific5t "w1 "s say ?r\gh fe> ( its use by b>b>ians1 o!rs ?r\gh jeal\sy4 ,p]haps ! circum/ances att5d+ ! dea? ( ,apollodorus w\ld po9t to ! second reason z ! true "o4 ,hadrian _h made ! draw+s ( ! d\ble temple ( ,v5us at ,rome1 :i* he submitt$ to ,apollodorus1 d\btless = 8 comm5dation r ?an 8 criticism4 ,! ar*itect saw at a glance t ! sitt+ figures ( ! two goddesses1 ,roma & ,v5us1 :i* ! ,emp]or _h introduc$ 9 ! little temple1 7 out ( proportion1 & s l>ge t if !y /ood up !y w\ld bump _! heads aga9/ ! ro(1 if !y did n take x (f entirely4 ,he call$ ! ,emp]or's att5tion to ?is fact ) ! result t ,hadrian became v angry1 or pret5d$ to be s1 & ,apollodorus lo/ 8 head = 8 frankness4 ,! favorite ar*itect ( ,hadrian 0 ,detrianus1 to :om he entru/$ _m ( 8 mo/ important und]tak+s4 ,we f9d t he re/or$ ! ,pan!on ( ,agrippa1 ! ,basilica ( ,neptune1 ! ,=um ( ,augu/us & ! ,ba?s ( ,agripp9a4 ,z orig9al works he design$ ! ,mausoleum ( ,hadrian1 to :i* we h already allud$2 ! bridge ( lius1 ornam5t$ ) its cov]+ ( brass1 & support$ by its =ty-two columns1 t]m9at+ at ! top ) z _m /atues1 & ! villa at ,tivoli4 ,he also erect$ _m /ructures = 8 royal patron 9 ,gaul1 among :i* 0 ! ,basilica ,plot9a1 ! mo/ sup]b build+ 9 t c\ntry1 & aga9 o!r build+s 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,roman wall f ,ed5 9 ,cumb]l& to ,tyne 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 a di/ance ( eighty miles1 :i* 0 built z a def5ce aga9/ ! ,cal$onians1 is attribut$ to ,detrianus4 ,9 ,greece he embelli%$ ! fam\s temple ( ,jupit] ,olympus1 & 9 ,pale/9e he rebuilt ,j]usalem1 erect$ a !atre & v>i\s pagan temples out ( ! /one f ! ,jewi% temples1 & complet$ 8 sacrilege !re by plac+ a /atue ( ,jupit] on ! spot :]e ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 & "o ( ,v5us on ,m\nt ,calv>y4 ,a feat1 h[ev]1 :i* has p]petuat$ 8 fame q z mu* z any o!r ( 8 pr(essional a*ievem5ts 0 ! remov+ ( ! colossal bronze /atue ( ,n]o1 :i* /ood 9 ! c\rt ( ! 8,gold5 ,palace40 ,?is difficult task he is said to h accompli%$ )\t *ang+ ! erect po/ure ( ! huge figure1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight feet high1 by ! assi/ance ( tw5ty-f\r elephants4 ,9 return+ once m to ! ,greek ar*itects :o h be5 left1 :ile a r g>rul\s ramble has be5 made into ! ar*itectural p]sonality ( ,rome1 x may be well n to attempt to d s at once1 b to pause = a mom5t1 s9ce we are s f> f ! *ronology ( our subject1 :ile ! read] makes ! acqua9tance ( two ,hell5ic arti/s :o1 9 ! "t ( ,qu9tius ,metellus1 #adg ,b4,c41 f\nd pr(essional employm5t 9 ,roman t]ritory4 ,metellus 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,romans to favor magnific5t ar*itecture 9 8 home capitol1 & ) ! booty ga!r$ 9 8 ,mac$onian campaigns he erect$ two temples 9 ,rome1 said to h be5 ! fir/ temples built ( m>ble 9 t city1 "o ( :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,jupit] ,/ator1 & ! o!r to ! :ite-arm$ ,juno4 ,! int]iors 7 pr(usely ornam5t$ ) ! works ( ! great ,grecian ma/]s1 ,praxiteles1 ,polycletus & ,dionysius figur+ l>gely4 ,! names ( ! ar*itects :i* ,metellus br\ght or import$ f ,greece = ?is "w 7 ,saurus & ,batra*us1 :o may possibly h be5 ,ionians1 inasmu* z !y employ$ ! ,ionic ord]4 ,^! temples 7 re/or$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian /yle1 "u ,augu/us1 two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 by ,h]modorus ( ,salamis1 :o 0 also ! ar*itect ( ! temple ( ,m>s 9 ! ,flam9ian ,circus4 ,x is told ( ,saurus & ,batra*us t !y 7 s mu* pleas$ ) _! "w t !y ask$ = no rew>d o!r ?an ! privilege ( hav+ _! names inscrib$ on ! temples4 ,b z ?is honor 0 d5i$ !m1 !y resort$ to exp$i5t to effect ! same end4 ,z ! "n ,saurus /ood = liz>d & ,batra*us = frog1 !y c>v$ liz>ds & frogs on ! temples1 & 7 comp>atively satisfi$4 ,a r absurd mi/ake occurr$ 9 respect to ^! two temples aft] !y 7 complet$4 ,x seems t no?+ rema9$ to be done b to add ! /atues ( ,jupit] & ,juno to ea* respectively2 b by "s /range ov]sight ! figure ( ,jupit] 0 erect$ 9 ! h\se ( ,juno1 & t ( ,juno be=e ! %r9e ( ,jupit]4 ,h[ev]1 z ! two deities 7 r closely connect$ by m>riage1 ! mi/ake 0 conv5i5tly attribut$ to a :im ( ! gods & 0 n rem$i$4 ,illu/ration3 ,decoration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,alex&rian ,,ar*itects4 ,! bolde/1 mo/ +5i\s & orig9al ar*itect :o f\nd favor 9 ! sight ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 und\bt$ly ,d9ocrates1 :o1 l 8 augu/ patron1 0 also a ,mac$onian1 & to :om an allusion has already be5 made 9 connection ) ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d9ocrates ,,be=e ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great4 ,8 v introduction into ! notice & att5tion ( 8 di/+ui%$ fell[-c\ntryman w\ld t5d to prove t ,d9ocrates 0 a p]son ( exp$i5cy1 if no?+ else4 ,let ,vitruvius tell ! /ory3 8,d9ocrates1 ! ar*itect1 rely+ on ! p[]s ( 8 skill & +5uity1 :ile ,alex&] 0 9 ! mid/ ( 8 conque/s1 set out f ,mac$onia to ! army1 desir\s ( ga9+ ! comm5dation ( 8 sov]eign4 ,t 8 introduction to ! royal pres5ce might be facilitat$1 he obta9$ lett]s f 8 c\ntrym5 & relations to m5 ( ! fir/ rank & nobility ab\t ! k+'s p]son1 by :om1 be+ k9dly receiv$1 he bes\ght !m to take ! e>lie/ opportunity ( accompli%+ 8 wi%4 ,!y promis$ fairly1 b 7 sl[ 9 p]=m+1 wait+1 z !y alleg$1 = a prop] occasion4 ,?9k+1 h[ev]1 t !y def]r$ ?is )\t j gr\nds1 he took 8 own c\rse = ! object he _h 9 view4 ,he 01 ,i %\ld /ate1 a man ( tall /ature1 pleas+ c\nt5ance & altoge!r ( dignifi$ appe>ance4 ,tru/+ to ! gifts ) :i* nature _h end[$ him1 he put (f 8 ord9>y clo?+1 &1 hav+ anno9t$ himself ) oil1 cr[n$ 8 head ) a wrea? ( popl>1 slung a lion's sk9 across 8 left %\ld]1 &1 c>ry+ a l>ge club 9 8 "r h&1 he salli$ =? to ! royal tribunal1 at a p]iod :5 ! k+ 0 disp5s+ ju/ice4 8,! novelty ( 8 appe>ance excit$ ! att5tion ( ! p1 & ,alex&]1 soon discov]+ ) a/oni%m5t ! object ( _! curiosity1 ord]$ ! cr[d to make way = him1 & dem&$ to "k :o he 04 #8,a ,mac$onian ar*itect1' repli$ ,d9ocrates1 #8:o sugge/s s*emes & designs wor?y y\r royal r5[n4 ,i propose to =m ,m\nt ,a?os into ! /atue ( a man hold+ a spaci\s city 9 8 left h& & 9 8 "r a huge vase1 into :i* %all be collect$ all ! /reams ( ! m\nta91 :i* %all !nce be p\r$ into ! sea4' 8,alex&]1 delight$ at ! proposition1 made imm$iate inquiry if ! soil ( ! neighborhood 7 ( a quality capable ( yield+ suffici5t produce = su* a /ate4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he f\nd t all its supplies mu/ be furni%$ by sea1 he ?us address$ ,d9ocrates3 #8,i admire ! gr& outl9e ( y\r s*eme1 & am well pleas$ ) x2 b ,i am ( op9ion he w\ld be mu* to blame :o plant$ a colony on su* a spot4 ,= z an infant is n\ri%$ by ! milk ( its "m1 dep5d+ !reon = its progress to maturity1 s a city dep5ds on ! f]tility ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ x = its ri*es1 its /r5g? 9 population1 & n less = its def5ce aga9/ an enemy4 ,?\gh y\r plan might be c>ri$ into execution1 yet ,i ?9k x impolitic4 ,i nev]!less reque/ y\r att5dance ^u me1 t ,i may o!rwise avail myself ( y\r +5uity4' ,f t "t ,d9ocrates 0 9 con/ant att5dance on ! k+1 & foll[$ him into ,egypt40 ,vitruvius does n expla9 :y x 0 t ,d9ocrates s+l$ out ! curi\s co/ume1 or r lack ( co/ume1 :i* he did to attract ! att5tion ( ,alex&]4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! g>b ( an a?lete4 ,among ! e>ly ,greeks a pr(essional a?lete 0 reg>d$ z a p]son ( social di/9ction1 & if a p>ticul>ly successful "o1 a p]sonage to :om a /atue might be erect$1 or ^u :om o!r honors might be conf]r$4 ,9 fact1 ! uni=m ( an a?lete 01 z a rule1 a passport to ! be/ society4 ,d9ocrates und\bt$ly knew ?is1 & z he 0 seek+ an entr into ! v highe/ c\rt circles1 he took n an extraord9>y me?od ( ga9+ x4 ,m\nt ,a?os1 :i* ! ar*itect propos$ to take z a basis = :at 0 really to be a gigantic /atue ( ,alex&] himself1 0 a pyramidal m\nta91 at ! extreme end ( ! ,acte p59sula1 hav+ an altitude ( #fghj feet1 & cr[n$ ) a cap ( :ite m>ble1 :i* ,d9ocrates und\bt$ly _h 9 m9d to utilize = a helmet4 ,! c\ntry surr\nd+ ! m\nta9 0 rem>kable = its rural beauty1 its woods & rav9es1 & its p = _! longevity4 ,no wond] t ,alex&] did n wi% to di/urb ?is peaceful neighborhood4 ,alex&] ,pope1 :o has giv5 u an admirable rhym$ translation ( ! songs ( ,hom]1 seems to h be5 greatly impress$ ) ! practicability ( ?is rem>kable idea ( ,d9ocrates4 ,sp5ce1 ! au?or ( 8,polymetis10 0 once discuss+ ! incid5t :i* ,vitruvius relates ) ,pope1 rem>k+ t he c\ld n see h[ ! ,mac$onian ar*itect c\ld ev] h c>ri$ 8 proposal into execution1 :5 ,pope at once repli$3 8,= my "p1 ,i h long s9ce _h an idea h[ ! ?+ might be done2 & if anybody w\ld make me a pres5t ( a ,wel% m\nta9 & pay ! workm51 ,i w\ld und]take to see x execut$4 ,i h q =m$ x sometimes 9 my imag9ation3 ! figure mu/ be 9 a recl9+ po/ure1 because ( ! holl[+ t w\ld be necess>y1 & = ! city's be+ 9 "o h&4 ,x %\ld be a rude1 unequal hill1 & might be help$ ) groves ( trees = ! eyebr[s1 & a wood = ! hair4 ,! natural gre5 turf %\ld be left :]ev] x w\ld be necess>y to repres5t ! gr\nd he recl9es on4 ,x %\ld be contriv$ s t ! true po9t ( view %\ld be at a consid]able di/ance4 ,:5 y are ne> x1 x %\ld /ill h ! appe>ance ( a r\gh m\nta91 b at a prop] di/ance su* a ris+ %\ld be ! leg1 & su* ano!r an arm4 ,x w\ld be be/ if !re 7 a riv]1 or r a lake1 at ! bottom ( x1 = ! rivulet t came ?r\gh 8 o!r h& to tumble d[n ! hill & dis*>ge itself into ! sea40 ,mrs4 ,baillie1 9 h] 8,t\r on ! ,cont95t10 has also a comm5t to make on ?is proposition ( ,d9ocrates & recalls ! fact t a some:at simil> idea 0 advanc$ to ,napoleon ,i4 8,x is some:at s+ul>10 %e says1 8t ,mr4 ,pope %\ld h ?\ght ?is mad project practicable1 b x appe>s t !re are /ill p]sons :o dream ( su* extravagant & fruitless und]tak+s4 ,"s mod]n ,d9ocrates _h sugge/$ to ,bonap>te to h cut f ! m\nta9 ( ! ,simplon an imm5se colossal figure1 z a sort ( ,g5ius ( ! ,alps4 ,?is 0 to h be5 ( su* enorm\s size t all ! pass5g]s %\ld h pass$ betwe5 its legs & arms 9 a zigzag direction40 ,ano!r +5i\s conception is attribut$ to ,d9ocrates 9 respect to ! temple ( ,diana1 :i* he erect$ 9 ! city ( ,alex&ria = ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 9 memory ( ! si/]-wife ( t pot5tate1 ,ars9o4 ,?is relation%ip1 by ! way1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ ev] =m$1 al?\gh x became q common lat] 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,ars9o 0 mu* belov$ by h] husb&1 :o n only call$ an entire di/rict 9 ,egypt1 ,ars9oites1 aft] h]1 b also gave h] "n to sev]al cities )9 8 realm4 ,h] features are /ill pres]v$ to u ^u co9s /ruck 9 h] honor1 & :i* repres5t h] cr[n$ ) a diadem4 ,:5 ,d9ocrates receiv$ ! commission to erect a temple to s highly e/eem$ & devot$ly rememb]$ a que51 he app>5tly set 8 +5uity to "w to give bir? to a novelty t %\ld n only please ! k+1 b a/oni% 8 subjects4 ,x f9ally matur$ 9 a proposition to ro( ! propos$ temple ) load/ones1 9 ord] t !y might attract into ! air an iron /atue ( ,ars9o4 ,z ! figure ( ! que5 w\ld ?us appe> susp5d$ 9 ! air )\t any app>5t mundane reason1 ! inf]5ce c\ld be drawn t x 0 by ! div9e w4 ,"s au?orities say t ! entire inn] walls ( ! temple 7 to h be5 l9$ ) load/ones1 s t ! /atue might appe> susp5d$ 9 ! v c5tre ( ! cell1 t\*+ no?+4 ,=tunately1 bo? ,d9ocrates & ,ptolemy di$ be=e ! project c\ld be execut$1 o!rwise !y might h be5 witnesses to ! mis]able failure su* a *im]ical fancy mu/ h prov$ if attempt$1 z any mod]n electrician w atte/4 ,:5 at ,ectabana ) ,alex&]1 ,d9ocrates _h /ill ano!r opportunity to display 8 res\rceless orig9ality1 9 direct+ ! obsequies ( ,heph/ion1 :i* 7 ( a mo/ extraord9>ily elaborate nature1 co/+1 x is record$1 #ab1jjj tal5ts1 or :at w\ld be equival5t to ov] #a1cjj1jjj4 ,heph/ion 0 a ,mac$onian & a close & w>m fri5d ( ,alex&]1 accompany+ ! "y k+ 9 a milit>y capacity ?r\gh\t mo/ ( 8 e>ly =eign campaigns4 ,s atta*$ 0 ,alex&] to 8 fri5d t he n only %[$ him _m m>ks ( 8 p]sonal e/eem1 b be/[$ ^u him 9 m>riage ,drypetis1 ! si/] ( 8 own bride1 ,/atira4 ,at ,ectabana ,heph/ion 0 attack$ by a fev] :i* _h a fatal t]m9ation aft] an illness ( sev5 days4 ,alex&]'s grief ov] ! loss ( 8 bro!r-9-law 0 viol5t & extreme1 & is said to h f\nd v5t 9 ! mo/ extravagant demon/rations4 ,he ord]$ g5]al m\rn+ ?r\gh\t ! entire empire1 & ,d9ocrates to build a fun]al pile & monum5t to him 9 ,babylon1 :]e ! body _h be5 convey$ f ,ectabana1 at a co/ ( #a1jjj1jjj4 ,b ! ri*e/ occasion af=d$ ,d9ocrates to display to ! fulle/ 8 great tal5ts & g5ius 0 ! lay+ out ( ! city :i* ,alex&] det]m9$ to f\nd 9 ,egypt1 & :i*1 be>+ ! conqu]or's "n1 0 de/9$ to become ! c5tre ( ! comm]cial activity ( ! new empire4 ,?is great city1 :i* rapidly grew to be "o ( ! mo/ popul\s ( anci5t times1 & :i* has ma9ta9$1 if n its orig9al %>e ( indu/rial supremacy1 at lea/ an important exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! ages t h elaps$ f its nativity to ! pres5t "t1 we _c resi/ ?9k+ 0 probably z mu* ! inspiration ( ,alex&]'s favorite ar*itect1 realiz+ its pr(essional possibilities1 z x 0 t ( ,alex&] himself4 ,pl9y in=ms u t ,d9ocrates di$ be=e he c\ld give ! city ! full proportions :i* he _h plann$1 b n c]ta9ly until its pr9cipal features 7 execut$4 ,/rabo1 ! 8squ9t-ey$0 geograph]1 gives a m circum/antial acc\nt ( ! plann+ ( ! new city by ,d9ocrates & 8 p[]ful & ambiti\s patron4 ,x mu/ h be5 inde$ an int]e/+ sight to see ! two ,mac$onians ^u ! plane :i* 0 select$ = ! site ( ! city1 lay+ out ! /reets & av5ues1 m>k+ ! run ( ! walls t 7 to surr\nd x1 locat+ ! diff]5t sites :]e 7 to /& ! public build+s1 p>ks1 palaces & temples1 & p]haps disput+ & argu+ ov] ! que/ions t arose1 z two su* dom9ant intellects might v naturally be suppos$ to d4 ,! basis ( ! plan 7 two ma9 /reets cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles1 ea* "o hundr$ feet wide & l9$ ) colonnades4 ,! o!r /reets 7 to run p>allel to ^!4 ,ne> ! c5tre ( ! propos$ city 0 to be clu/]$ ! public build+s1 ! ,museum & ! ,s]na1 :i* subsequ5tly conta9$ an alaba/] c(f9 9 :i* re/$ ! rema9s ( ,alex&]4 ,alaba/]1 :i* ! ,greeks obta9$ f ,!bes1 0 mu* us$ = mortu>y purposes1 z well z = columns & /atues4 ,plut>* also describes ! plann+ ( ! city z foll[s3 8,z *alk-du/ 0 lack+1 !y laid out _! l9es on ! black1 loamy soil ) fl\r1 fir/ sw++ a circle to enclose a wide space1 & !n draw+ l9es z *ords ( ! arc to complete ) h>moni\s proportions1 some?+ l ! oblong =m ( a soldi]'s cape4 ,:ile ! k+ 0 congratulat+ himself on ?is plan1 on a sudd5 a c\ntless numb] ( birds ( v>i\s sorts flew ov] f ! l& & ! lake 9 cl\ds1 &1 settl+ ^u ! spot1 dev\r$ 9 a %ort "t all ! fl\r1 s t ,alex&] 0 mu* di/urb$ 9 m9d at ! om5 involv$1 till ! augurs re/or$ 8 confid5ce aga91 tell+ him ! city he 0 plann+ 0 de/9$ to be ri* 9 res\rces & a fe$] ( ! nations ( m510 a prophecy :i* prov$ its tru? 9 ! fulfilm5t4 ,d9ocrates 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! only ar*itect employ$ 9 lay+ out s l>ge a city1 z might naturally be suppos$1 al?\gh he 01 ( c\rse1 ! gov]n+ "o4 ,h[ _m m !re 7 x w\ld be difficult to say1 b !re is record at lea/ ( two o!rs1 bo? probably employ$ by ! rapaci\s & unscrupul\s ,cleom5es1 :om ,alex&] left 9 ,egypt z hyp>* "u ,ptolemy ,philadelphus4 ,olyn?ius is ! "n giv5 ( "o ( ^! ar*itects & ,p>m5ion ( ! o!r4 ,! latt] 0 entru/$ m p>ticul>ly ) ! sup]9t5d5cy ( ! works ( sculpture1 especially 9 ! temple ( ,s]apis1 :i*1 by ! way1 came to be call$ by 8 "n1 ,ph>m5ionis4 ,bryaxis is also cr$it$ ) /atu>y "w !re4 ,^u ! isl& ( ,ph>os1 :i* 0 jo9$ to ! city ( ,alex&] by a wide mole1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile long1 9 :i* 7 two bridges ov] *annels communicat+ betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n h>bors1 0 built by ,ptolemy ,sot] & 8 son 9 ! ye> #bhb ,b4,c41 a mo/ fam\s ligh?\se & a v glori\s ance/or ( su* gu>dians ( ! coa/ z exi/ to-day4 ,?is ligh?\se 0 plann$ by ,so/ratus1 ano!r rem>kable "* 9 ! ar*itectural roll ( honor ( ^? e>ly times4 ,he 0 a native ( ,cnidus1 a t[n 9 ,c>ia 9 ,asia ,m9or1 to ! s\? ( ,ionia & ,lydia1 celebrat$ also z ! bir?place ( sev]al o!r m5 :o rose to di/9ction 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,greek colonies z ma!maticians & a/ronom]s4 ,cnidus 0 almo/ equally rem>kable 9 its possession ( two fam\s works ( ! /atu>y's art3 "o ! figure ( a lion c>v$ f a s+le block ( ,p5telic m>ble1 t5 feet long by six feet wide1 :i* 0 execut$ to commemorate ! great victory ( ,c>ia2 ! o!r a /atue ( ,v5us by ,praxiteles1 :i* occupi$ "o ( ! ?ree temples to ! goddess 9 t city4 ,x is said t ,nicom$es ( ,bi?ynia 0 s fasc9at$ by ! r>e beauty ( ?is figure t he (f]$ to liquidate ! debt ( ,cnidus1 :i* 0 by no means a small "o1 if ! citiz5s w\ld c$e ! /atue to him4 ,!y refus$1 h[ev]1 to "p ) x at any price1 e/eem+ x "o ( ! glories ( _! city4 ,cnidus conta9$ _m beautiful ar*itectural monum5ts1 ! ru9s ( :i* are /ill prom95t4 ,so/ratus1 ! ar*itect1 0 ! son ( ,dexiphanes1 & mu/ n be mi/ak5 = any "o ( sev]al o!r arti/s ( ! same "n :o are conspicu\sly m5tion$ by ! e>ly writ]s4 ,8 fir/ fame 0 acquir$ ?r\gh 8 connection ) ! celebrat$ s-call$ hang+ g>d5s :i* he built 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,!y consi/$ ( a s]ies ( porticos or colonnades support+ t]races1 surr\nd+ an enclosure1 possibly ! ,agora ( ! city1 & s]v$ z a prom5ade = ! inhabitants4 ,pl9y says t ,so/ratus 0 ! fir/ to erect any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,?is /atem5t may be excus$1 ei!r because ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,so/ratus diff]$ widely f ! well-kn[n ones ( ,babylon1 :i* ant$at$ !m by sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 or because ,pl9y =got = a mom5t ^? ( ,semiramis4 ,/rabo1 :o 0 probably "r 9 8 judgm5t1 ?9ks t ! greate/ ( ,so/ratus's works 0 ! t[]+ ligh?\se at ,ph>os1 :i* he built at a co/ ( ab\t #ijj1jjj1 al?\gh f its size x w\ld seem t x %\ld h co/ m4 ,?is colossal t[] at once took its place among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x pi]c$ ! sky at a height ( f\r hundr$ & fifty feet1 or ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet above ! t[]s ( ! ,brooklyn ,bridge & fifty feet above ! tor* ) :i* ! ,goddess ( ,lib]ty illum9ates ! h>bor ( ,new ,york4 ,b its height alone 0 n m m>vell\s ?an its o!r proportions1 :i* 7 ^u a mo/ extravagant scale4 ,! gr\nd /ory 0 hexagonal1 ! sides alt]nately convex & concave1 & ea* 0 "o-eigh? ( a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! second & ?ird /ories 7 ea* ( ! same =m1 al?\gh decreas+ 9 size2 ! f\r? 0 squ>e1 flank$ by f\r r\nd t[]s1 & ! fif? or top /ory 0 circul>4 ,a gr& /aircase l$ ?r\gh ea* /ory to ! ro( ( ! build+1 :]e e night massive fires 7 light$1 reveal+ ! sea = a hundr$ miles4 ,:5 we consid] t ?is colossal build+ 0 made entirely ( wr\ght /one--:5 we reflect ^u ! am\nt ( labor involv$ 9 its con/ruction1 its pond]\s size & dizzy altitude--we _c b m>vel at ! extraord9>y bread? ( conception manife/$ by its ar*itect & build]s & ! t5acity ) :i* !y mu/ h held to ! completion ( _! huge und]tak+4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t :5 ,so/ratus /ood (f & contemplat$ ?is mighty product ( 8 imag9ation & g5ius1 aft] its completion1 he %\ld h be5 actuat$ ) ! desire to h 8 "n associat$ ) x = all "t1 & indelibly engrav$ some:]e ^u its imp]i%able /one4 ,! /ory is t ,so/ratus engrav$ an inscription ^u "o ( ! /ones :i* he aft]w>d cov]$ ) cem5t1 & on ! cem5t he inscrib$ ! "n ( ,ptolemy1 kn[+ t 9 "t ! cem5t w\ld decay & leave expos$ ! hidd5 writ+ ^u ! /one b5ea?4 ,/rabo says t ! conceal$ inscription read3 8,,so/ratus1 ,,! ,,fri5d ,,( ,,k+s1 ,,made ,,me20 b ,luci5 gives x diff]5tly1 ?us3 8,,so/ratus ,,( ,,cnidus1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,dexiphanes t he might n be mi/ak5 = any o!r ,so/ratus1 d\btless1 ,,to ,,! ,,gods ,,! ,,saviors ,,= ,,! ,,safety ,,( ,,m>9]s40 ,pl9y does n %>e ! op9ion t ! inscription 0 a conceal$ "o1 b speaks ( ! incid5t z a special in/ance ( ! magnanimity ( ,ptolemy1 t he %\ld n only h all[$ ! "n ( ! ar*itect to be inscrib$ ^u ! build+1 b t he %\ld h also left its nature & language to ! discretion ( ,so/ratus4 ,! words 8,gods ! ,saviors10 he believes1 ref]r$ to ! reign+ k+ & que51 ) _! successors1 :o 7 ambiti\s ( ! title 8,sot]os0 or ,savior4 ,x w\ld be unfair1 p]haps1 to ! great ,grecian ar*itects ( ! "t ( ,alex&] if ,&ronicus ,cyrrhe/es 7 to be class$ among !m1 & ,cyrrhe/es also1 hav+ be5 a sci5tific "* ) a lean+ t[>d a/ronomy1 might ) "s ju/ice feel aggriev$ 7 he to "k t he 0 to be consid]$ 9 a category ( pr(essional m5 to :i* 8 call+ 0 9 no degree relat$4 ,/ill ! little build+ :i* he design$ & erect$ 9 ,a!ns is su* an int]e/+ "o1 & has always held s prom95t a place among ! ar*itectural treasures ( ! ,attic city1 t x might be reg>d$ z an int5tional ov]sight to leave him out 9 a book ( ?is k9d4 ,"s au?orities place ?is build+ z belong+ to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 o!rs believe t x 0 erect$ at a lat] p]iod1 & "o writ] gives ,&ronicus an exi/5ce z late z #ajj ,b4,c4 ,?is build+1 :i* ,delambre speaks ( z 8! mo/ curi\s exi/+ monum5t ( ! practical gnomonics ( antiquity10 has sometimes be5 call$ ! 8,t[] ( olus40 ,let u see :at ,vitruvius has to say reg>d+ ! w9ds & ! build+3 8,"s h *os5 to reckon only f\r w9ds3 ! ,ea/1 bl[+ f ! equ9octial sunrise2 ! ,s\?1 f ! noonday sun2 ! ,we/1 f ! equ9octial sun-sett+2 & ! ,nor?1 f ! ,pol> ,/>s4 ,b ^? :o are m exact h reckon$ eight w9ds1 p>ticul>ly ,&ronicus ,cyrrhe/es1 :o on ?is sy/em erect$ an octagon m>ble t[] at ,a!ns1 & on e side ( ! octagon he has wr\ght a figure 9 relievo1 repres5t+ ! w9d :i* blew aga9/ t side2 ! top ( ?is t[] he f9i%$ ) a conical m>ble1 on :i* he plac$ a braz5 ,triton1 hold+ a w& 9 8 h&2 ?is ,triton is s contriv$ t he turns ) ! w9d1 & always /ops :5 he directly faces x1 po9t+ 8 w& ov] ! figure ( ! w9d at t "t bl[+40 ,x is 9 connection ) 8 allusion to ! t[] ( ,cyrrhe/es1 & 8 description ( h[ to con/ruct a sun-dial1 t ,vitruvius gives "s valuable h9ts z to ! way ! anci5ts laid out a city s t its /reets 7 protect$ f ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,he says3 8,let a m>ble slab be fix$ level 9 ! c5tre ( ! space enclos$ by ! walls1 or let ! gr\nd be smoo!d or levell$1 s t ! slab may n be necess>y4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is plane1 = ! purpose ( m>k+ ! %ad[ correctly1 a braz5 gnomon mu/ be erect$4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by ! gnomon is to be m>k$ ab\t ! fif? ante-m]idional h\r1 & ! extreme po9t ( ! %ad[ accurately det]m9$4 ,f ! c5tral po9t ( ! space :]eon ! gnomon /&s1 z a c5tre1 ) a di/ance equal to ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ j obs]v$1 describe a circle4 ,aft] ! sun has pass$ ! m]idian wat* ! %ad[ :i* ! gnomon cont9ues to ca/ till ! mom5t :5 its extremity aga9 t\*es ! circle :i* has be5 describ$4 ,f ! two po9ts ?us obta9$ 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle describe two arcs int]sect+ ea* o!r1 & ?r\gh _! int]section & ! c5tre ( ! circle fir/ describ$ draw a l9e to its extremity3 ?is l9e w indicate ! nor? & s\? po9ts4 ,"o-sixte5? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :ole circle is to be set out to ! "r & left ( ! nor? & s\? po9ts1 & draw+ l9es f ! po9ts ?us obta9$ to ! c5tre ( ! circle1 we h "o-eigh? "p ( ! circumf]5ce = ! region ( ! nor?1 & ano!r eigh? "p = ! region ( ! s\?4 ,divide ! rema9d]s ( ! circumf]5ce on ea* side into ?ree equal p>ts1 & ! divisions or regions ( ! eight w9ds w be obta9$2 !n let ! directions ( ! /reets & lanes be det]m9$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! l9es :i* sep>ate ! diff]5t regions ( ! w9ds4 ,?us w _! =ce be brok5 & turn$ away f ! h\ses & public ways2 = if ! directions ( ! /reets be p>allel to ^? ( ! w9ds1 ! latt] w ru% ?r\gh !m ) great] viol5ce1 s9ce f occupy+ ! :ole space ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry !y w be =c$ up ?r\gh a n>r[ pass4 ,/reets or public ways ought !re=e to be s set out t :5 ! w9ds bl[ h>d _! viol5ce may be brok5 aga9/ ! angles ( ! diff]5t divisions ( ! city1 & ?us dissipat$40 ,?is t[] /ill /&s a fairly well-pres]v$ ru91 & reta9s _m ( its orig9al ar*itectural features & decorations4 ,!re are two entrances ?r\gh di/yle porticos1 ! capitals ( ! columns pres5t+ an orig9al treatm5t ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,"o ( ^! entrances is on ! nor!a/ side & ! o!r on ! s\?we/4 ,on ! s\? side is a circul> apsidical projection4 ,?is 0 probably orig9ally us$ = a res]voir to hold ! wat] br\ght f ! spr+ ,clepsydra1 on ! nor?we/ ( ! ,acropolis1 :i* 0 employ$ z ! p[] to run a clepsydra1 or wat]-clock1 tak+ its "n1 z may be inf]r$1 f ! spr+4 ,! rema9s ( ?is clock are /ill visible4 ,! ext]ior ( ! build+ 0 also arrang$ z a sun-clock1 hav+ l9es engrav$ ^u ! diff]5t sides1 ) gnomons above !m1 =m+ a s]ies ( sun-dials :i* indicat$ ! "t by %ad[s4 ,?us 7 ! p ( ,a!ns kept publicly po/$ z to ! "t ( day--by ! sun :5 x %one1 or by ! wat]-clock :5 x 0 obscur$ by cl\ds4 ,! "* ( ! ar*itecture1 ! proportions ( ! build+1 z well z its secul> uses1 7 all q out ( h>mony ) ,grecian art & me?ods1 & are ess5tially ,roman4 ,z a simil> /ructure exi/$ at "o "t 9 ,rome1 suppos$ to h be5 built by ! same sci5ti/1 ! ?\ght is naturally sugge/$ t ,cyrrhe/es may h be5 a ,roman4 ,9 clos+ ?is ref]5ce to ! prom95t ar*itects ( ! dis9tegrat+ p]iod ( ,grecian hi/ory1 x w\ld seem t x only rema9s to recall ,philo1 or ,philon1 z "s ( ! writ]s h pref]r$ to call him1 once m1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #cah ,b4,c4 ,z !re 7 sev]al arti/s ( 8 "n :o became conspicu\s at ab\t ! same "t1 our ,philo w be di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs 9 be+ a native ,a!nian4 ,! read] w probably rememb] t he has be5 already m5tion$ z ! ar*itect employ$ by ,demetrius ,phal]us1 to build a portico ( twelve ,doric columns to ! great temple ( ,c]es & ,pros]p9e at ,eleusis1 orig9ally erect$ by ,ict9us2 b 8 mo/ ambiti\s "w 0 probably ! armory1 s call$1 :i* he design$ = ,lycurgus 9 ! ,piru1 & :i* x is said 0 l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! arms = "o ?\s& %ips4 ,he 0 also engag$ 9 enl>g+ ! port ( ,piru1 & 0 ! ar*itect ( ! :ite m>ble !atre at ,a!ns1 :i* 0 f9i%$ by ,ariob>zanes1 & _m ye>s aft]w>d rebuilt by ,hadrian4 ,vitruvius says t he also design$ a numb] ( ,greek temples4 ,philo mu/ h be5 a man ( consid]able v]satility1 = x is relat$ t 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 "w at ,piru 8he express$ himself ) su* precision1 purity & eloqu5ce t ! ,a!nian p--excell5t judges ( ^? matt]s--pron\nc$ him equally a flu5t orator & an admirable ar*itect40 ,he wrote also sev]al works on ! ar*itecture ( temples & "o on ! naval bas9 :i* he con/ruct$ 9 ! ,a!nian port4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index ,,( ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,ar*itectural ,,sculptors4 acus1 #bg ,agam$es1 #db1 #fc ,agnaptus1 #hi ,antima*ides1 #hj ,antiphilus1 #hi ,anti/ates1 #hj ,apollodorus1 #ai1 #aeh ,a!nis1 #hg ,batra*us1 #afb ,bryaxis1 #adj1 #ade1 #agd ,bupalus1 #hg ,calles*ros1 #hj ,callicrates1 #aje1 #aad ,callima*us1 #ec1 #eh ,calos 7see ,p]dix74 ,cannia1 ,luigi1 #hb ,cel]1 #aee ,*]siphron1 #ch ,cletas1 #acc ,corbus1 #abc ,cossutius1 #ha ,ctesiphon1 #fh ,cyrrhe/es1 ,&ronicus1 #agh ,ddalus1 #cj ,damophilus1 #hf ,daphnis1 #gd1 #gg ,demetrius1 #gd1 #gg ,detrianus1 #ai1 #afj ,dibutades1 #cg ,d9ocrates1 #ai1 #gf1 #afd ,eupol9us1 #acc ,eurycles1 #hi ,gaud5tius 7,note71 #ag ,gitiadas1 #da ,gorgasus1 #hf ,h]mocreon1 #hi ,h]modorus1 #afc ,h]mog5es1 #ee ,h]mon1 #hi ,hippodamus1 #aje ,ic>us1 #cb ,ict9us1 #ai1 #ajg1 #aad1 #abc ,lacrates1 #hi ,leo*>es1 #adj1 #adf ,libon1 #hb1 #hd ,megacles1 #hi ,m5alippus1 #abg ,metag5es1 #fh1 #abd ,mnesicles1 #ai1 #aab1 #abh ,mutianus1 #gf ,myrilla1 ,democopus1 #acc ,olyn?ius1 #agc ,p>m5ion1 #agc ,peonius1 #gd1 #gg ,p]dix1 #ca1 #cf ,phileus1 #adj ,phidias1 #ac1 #he1 #ij1 #ih1 #aae1 #aca ,philo1 #abc1 #ahb ,philocles1 #aba ,polycletus1 #ac1 #aca ,polycritus1 #cg ,por9us1 #hj ,po?u1 #hi ,praxiteles1 #ac1 #gd1 #acf1 #add ,pt]as1 #cg ,pyrrhus1 #hi ,py!us1 #eg ,rhcus1 #ai1 #ch ,satyrus1 #adj ,saurus1 #afb ,scopas1 #eh1 #gd1 #acf ,sev]us1 #aee ,sil5us1 #acc ,smilis1 #ch ,so/ratus1 #agd ,sp9?>us1 #fe ,/allius1 ,caius1 #abg ,/allius1 ,m>ius1 #abg ,talos 7see ,p]dix74 ,t>*esius1 #eg ,!odorus1 #ai1 #ch1 #gj ,timo!us1 #adj1 #adf ,trophonius1 #db1 #fc ,vitruvius1 #bj1 #di1 #fh1 #ga1 #gi1 #hc1 #afd1 #agj ,transcrib]'s ,notes pg #be ,*ang$3 ,! ,cyclopses1 :o belong$ to ,pelasgic times to3 ,! ,cyclopes1 :o belong$ to ,pelasgic times pg #ia ,*ang$3 break+ out ( ! ,poloponnesian w> to3 break+ out ( ! ,peloponnesian w> pg #aje ,*ang$3 ,hippodamus 0 "o ( ! g5uises ( 8 day to3 ,hippodamus 0 "o ( ! g5iuses ( 8 day pg #aac ,*ang$3 & :i* yas call$ ,splan*noptes to3 & :i* 0 call$ ,splan*noptes pg #afa ,*ang$3 8 pr(essional ac*ievem5ts 0 ! remov+ to3 8 pr(essional a*ievem5ts 0 ! remov+ pg #agb ,*ang$3 :i* ! ,greks obta9$ f ,!bes to3 :i* ! ,greeks obta9$ f ,!bes