,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,,lie ,,met*nik(f ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,,/udies ,,9 ,,optimi/ic ,,philosophy ,,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f ,,pr(essor ,,at ,,! ,,pa/eur ,,in/itute ,,! ,,engli% ,,translation ,,edit$ ,,by ,p4 ,,*alm]s ,,mit*ell ,m4,a41 ,d4,,sc4 ,,oxon4 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,zoological ,,society ,,( ,,london ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press ,,copyright1 #aijc ,,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,elev5? ,pr9t+ ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,:5 ,pa/eur di$ a rem>kable article appe>$ 9 "o ( ! ,p>is newspap]s4 ,! writ] describ$ ! intimate r\t9e ( ! life at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 & comp>$ x ) t ( a m$ival religi\s community4 ,a little body ( m51 =sak+ ! _w & ! ?+s ( ! _w1 _h ga!r$ toge!r "u ! compulsion ( a great idea4 ,!y _h giv5 up ! rivalries & p]sonal int]e/s ( ord9>y m51 &1 %>+ _! goods & _! "w1 !y liv$ 9 au/]e devotion to sci5ce1 f9d+ no sacrifice ( heal? or money1 or ( :at m5 call pleasure1 too great = ! common object4 ,rum\rs ( w> & peace1 e*oes ( ! turmoil ( politics & religion1 pass$ unhe$$ ov] _! mona/ic seclusion2 b if !re came news ( a /range disease 9 ,*9a or ,p]u1 a sci5tific emiss>y 0 ready ) 8 microscope & 8 tubes to s]ve z a mission>y ( ! new k & ! new hope t ,pa/eur _h br\ght to suff]+ humanity4 ,! adv5tur\s exploits & ! pati5t vigils ( ?is new ,ord] h br\ght ab\t a revolution 9 our k ( disease1 & !re seems no limit to ! triumphs t w come f ! p>5t ,in/itute 9 ,p>is & f its _m daught]s 9 o!r cities4 lie ,met*nik(f1 n[ ,pr(essor at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is1 is "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! disciples :o left all else to foll[ ,pa/eur4 ,he 0 born on ! ?ird 7#af7 ,may1 #ahde1 9 a village ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,kh>k(f 7,little ,russia74 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,gymnasium & ! ,univ]sity ( ,kh>k(f1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ce4 ,f #ahfd to #ahgj he work$ at ,zoology at ,giess51 ,gtt+5 & ,muni*1 successively "u ?ree well-kn[n zoologi/s1 ,leuckh>t1 ,h5le & ,von ,siebold1 & 0 !n appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy at ,odessa4 ,he made exp$itions to ,madeira1 ,t5]iffe & ! ,kalmuck ,/eppes 9 connection ) 8 zoological rese>*es4 ,9 #ahhb1 9 consequ5ce ( adm9i/rative difficulties1 aris+ z "p ( ! tr\bles t foll[$ ! murd] ( ! ,tz>1 ,alex&] ,,ii41 he resign$ ! ,pr(essor%ip & became ,director ( ! municipal ,bact]iological ,laboratory4 ,9 #ahhh he w5t to ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 & has rema9$ !re s9ce t "t4 ,! e>li] "p ( ,met*nik(f's c>e] 0 devot$ to ,zoology1 & *iefly to inve/igation ( ! embryological hi/ory ( ! l[] inv]tebrates1 & ! sequ5ce ( 8 discov]ies %\ld af=d food = reflection to ^? ,baconian economi/s :o are unwill+ to %elt] any tree ( k t does n give imm$iate promise ( m>ketable fruit4 ,! lab\r ( _m ye>s sp5t 9 m9ute trac+ ( ! developm5t ( insects1 e*9od]ms1 worms & jellyfi%1 w\ld appe> suffici5tly unpr(itable to ^? :o give a scanty support to ,botany z ! provid] ( drugs1 :o tol]ate ,*emi/ry because x has suppli$ anil9e dyes1 & :o patronise ! physical sci5ces f a lively s5se ( ! conv5i5ce ( telephones & telegraphs4 ,& yet f ^! remote1 inhuman int]e/s1 ,met*nik(f1 )\t intellectual transition1 pass$ directly to results affect+ vitally ! human race1 & became "o ( ! high prie/s ( ,bact]iology & a gu>dian ( ! ,p&ora's box ( mod]n times4 ,f obs]vations made orig9ally on wat]-fleas1 he 0 l$ to discov] ! functions ( ! :ite corpuscles ( human blood4 ,he %[$ by :at me*anism ^! made p]petual w> aga9/ ! intrud+ microbes ( disease1 & he laid ! f\ndations ( k z to ! ag5cies t weak5 & ! modes ( /r5g!n+ ^! gu>dians ( our heal?4 ,9 a s]ies ( inve/igations into ! ph5om5a ( inflammation 9 m5 & l[] animals1 he c>ri$ 8 obs]vations into new fields1 & expla9$ ! relations ( ! :ite corpuscles to ! juices t attract & repel !m 7*emotaxis74 ,x 0 he1 = in/ance1 :o discov]$ t ^! corpuscles1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 migrate into ! hairs & absorb & remove ! pigm5t1 s produc+ ! blan*+ ( old age4 ,al?\gh popul>ly ! mo/ int]e/+ ?is 0 f> f be+ ! mo/ important ( ! *anges ( s5ile decay t he f\nd to be due to ! activity ( ! w&]+ cells ( ! body4 ,&1 z w be se5 9 ! pres5t volume1 ! actions & int]actions ( ! bact]ia h>b\r$ 9 ! body1 ! :ite corpuscles t are a natural "p ( ! body1 & ! v>i\s juices or s]ums produc$ naturally or introduc$ by accid5t or design1 are conc]n$ 9 life itself & ! decay ( life4 ,met*nik(f is an exp]t ( exp]ts 9 ! sci5ce ( life1 & has ga9$ ! "r to a he>+ by =ty ye>s ( pati5t devotion & brilliant rese>*4 ,9 ! volume t he has n[ giv5 to ! public1 he has address$ himself to ! grave/ & ! mo/ s]i\s problems ( humanity1 to life & sex & dea? & ! fe> ( dea?4 ,f ! e>lie/ days :5 man c\ld sp>e "t f ! satisfaction ( 8 imm$iate wants to reflect ^u 8 nature & de/9y1 ^! problems & ! inv5tion ( fanta/ic solutions or evasive anodynes h absorb$ 8 att5tion4 ,! folklore & philosophy1 ! religion & poetry ( all races & ( all /ages ( culture1 f savage b>b>ism to decad5t ref9em5t1 revolve r\nd ^! obsessions ( ! m9d1 &1 z ,met*nik(f mo/ pla9ly %[s1 no endur+ com=t has yet be5 f\nd4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ! exact me?ods ( sci5ce h be5 br\ght to ! /atem5t ( ! problems4 ,9 revis+ ?is translation ( ,met*nik(f's book = ! ,engli%-speak+ public ,i h _h to cont5t myself ) see+ t ! pla9 mean+ ( ! ,fr5* 0 trans=m$ to pla9 ,engli%1 & t ref]5ces to ,fr5* editions 7 *ang$1 s f> z 0 possible1 to correspond+ ref]5ces to ,engli% editions4 ,"s ( ! phrases t recur 7 difficult to express4 8,human nature0 = in/ance is n an exact equival5t ( la nature huma9e1 = ! latt] phrase has a complete significance1 & v def9itely implies n only ! m5tal qualities ( man1 b 8 bodily framework1 ) its inh]it$ & acquir$ anatomical /ructure & physiological functions4 ,! phrase 8human con/itution10 especially 9 ! common m$ical s5se1 c>ries m ( ! mean+1 & ,i h us$ x occasionally4 ,! ^w 8h>mony0 means h>mony ) ! environm5t1 & di%>mony is want ( h>mony or imp]fect adaptation to ! exi/+ environm5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! human organism1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh pr(\nd *anges at a rate prodigi\s 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution1 _m p>ts ( ! con/itution are no long] 9 ge> ) ! exi/+ environm5t1 & x is 9 su* di%>monies t ,met*nik(f f9ds ! s\rce ( ! tr\bles t h p]plex$ mank9d4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is volume1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) di%>monies 9 ! reproductive functions1 !re is mu* pla9 speak+ on matt]s t mod]n civilisation attempts to conceal4 ,i h n _h ! imp]t95ce to suppress or to alt] a l9e or a ^w ( ^! pages4 ,!y are writt5 9 high s]i\sness on fundam5tal facts ( ! con/itution ( man2 !y relate to problems & difficulties t e age 9 ! hi/ory ( man has _h to face1 & t are dealt ) 9 ! pla9e/ language 9 ! books ( all ! religions4 ,= ! fir/ "t prop] k has be5 br\ght to ! task1 & x is to be rememb]$ t ?is volume is an attempt to expla9 my/]ies ( ! fle% & ( ! _s ( :i* all exi/+ explanations h fail$ to satisfy humanity4 ,! volume is av[$ly no m ?an a prelim9>y /atem5t1 a rally+-po9t = ! "w ( future g5]ations4 ,b x awak5s a new hope = humanity n[ t ! old are fall5 dumb2 z ,met*nik(f himself says1 8,if x be true t man _c live )\t fai?1 ?is volume1 :5 ! age ( fai? seem$ gone by1 has provid$ a new fai?1 t 9 ! all-p[]fulness ( sci5ce40 ,9 e c\ntry1 ! new ,ord] ( prie/s ( sci5ce1 9 ! vigils ( ! laboratory1 is work+ = ! future ( humanity4 ,p4 ,,*alm]s ,,mit*ell4 ,,preface ,9 (f]+ ?is book to y1 read]1 ,i feel t ,i mu/ ju/ify its publication4 ,i admit freely t m c\ld be said = a f9i%$ /udy 9 :i* hypo!ses 7 replac$ by exact fact4 ,b to get toge!r assur$ results 9 a field s little explor$ is a great task1 call+ = "t & mu* lab\r4 ,i rememb]$ ! adage1 8,ars longa1 vita brevis10 & ,i decid$ to publi% :at is really a programme ( "w to be c>ri$ out z fully z circum/ances may p]mit4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i hope t su* a programme may h its value = y\ng] inve/igators1 :o wi% a po9t ( ori5tation = _! lab\rs4 ,my book is address$ to discipl9$ m9ds1 & 9 especial to biologi/s4 ,z ,i wrote x1 ,i _h n ! g5]al public 9 my m9d1 & s ,i did n hesitate to devote ne>ly ! :ole ( a *apt] to 8di%>monies 9 ! app>atus ( reproduction40 ,i see 9 t app>atus ! cle>e/ pro( ( ! ess5tial di%>mony 9 ! organisation ( man4 ,i h to ?ank ^? fri5ds :o 7 famili> ) my views & ^: advice & assi/ance h help$ me to develop !m4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i desire to ?ank my fri5ds ,dr4 ,e4 ,r\x1 :o 0 at ! pa9s to make my ,fr5* m ,fr5*2 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,golds*midt & ,dr4 ,mesnil1 :o h read & revis$ ! pro(-%eets4 ,,lie ,,met*nik(f4 ,,p>is1 ,febru>y #h1 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,,editor',s ,,introduction iii ,,au?or',s ,,preface ix ,,"p ,i ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction--,,summ>y ,,( ,,op9ions ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man #c ,importance ( ! /udy ( ! nature ( man--,! nature ( man z ! f\ndation ( morality--,greek wor%ip ( human nature--,matriopa?y ( anci5t philosoph]s--,rationalism ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies--,degradation ( human nature by religi\s doctr9es--,influ5ce ( ^! conceptions on actual life & on art--,reaction ( ! ,re=mation aga9/ ! degradation ( human nature--,mutilation ( ! human body by primitive races ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h>monies ,,& ,,di%>monies ,,among/ ,,be+s ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,man #ag ,! organis$ _w be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! e>?--,abs5ce ( a law ( univ]sal progress--,f]tilisation ( vanilla--,! "p play$ by insects 9 ! f]tilisation ( or*ids--,me*anism by :i* insects c>ry ! poll5 ( or*ids--,habits ( fossorial wasps--,h>monies 9 nature--,useless organs--,rudim5ts ( ! poll9ia ( or*ids--,di%>monies 9 nature--,unadapt$ insects--,ab]ration ( in/9cts--,p]v]sion ( sexual in/9ct--,attraction ( insects by light--,lum9\s insects--,law ( natural selection--,happ9ess & unhapp9ess 9 ! organis$ _w ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,simian ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man #dj ,relation%ip ( ! human species ) an?ropoid apes--,analogies 9 ! d5tition1 9 ! organisation ( ! limbs & ( ! bra9--,resemblance ( ! v]mi=m app5dage ( man & an?ropoids--,analogy betwe5 ! plac5ta & ftus ( man & an?ropoid apes--,blood relation%ip ( man & monkeys %[n by s]ums & precipitates--,transmutation ( species--,sudd5 transition f monkey to man--,j4 ,inaudi1 ! calculator1 z an example ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( *>act]s 9 ! human species--,rudim5t>y organs 9 man--,proportion ( progressive & retrogressive organs 9 ! organisation ( man ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,sy/em ,,( ,,man #fa ,p]fection ( ! human =m--,! cov]+ ( hair--,! d5tition 9 g5]al1 & ! wisdom tee?--,! v]mi=m app5dage--,app5dicitis & its gravity--,uselessness ( ! ccum & ( ! l>ge inte/9e--,in/ance ( a woman )\t a l>ge inte/9e--,ance/ral hi/ory ( ?is portion ( ! dige/ive tract--,injuri\s effect ( ! microbes ( ! l>ge inte/9e--,frequ5cy ( canc] ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ( ! /oma*--,limit$ usefulness ( ! /oma*--,! in/9ct ( *oice ( food--,futility ( ?is in/9ct 9 man ,,*apt] ,v ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,organisation ,,& ,,activities ,,( ,,! ,,reproductive ,,app>atus--,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,family ,,& ,,social ,,in/9cts #gh ,i ,rem>ks on ! di%>monies 9 ! human organs ( s5se & p]ception--,rudim5t>y p>ts ( ! reproductive app>atus--,orig9 & function ( ! hym5 ,,ii ,evolution & significance ( ! m5/rual fl[ 9 wom5--,precoci\s m>riage among/ primitive & uncivilis$ races--,di%>mony betwe5 age ( pub]ty & age ( nubility--,age ( m>riage--,examples ( di%>mony 9 ! developm5t ( ! reproductive function ,,iii ,di%>monies 9 ! family in/9cts--,artificial abortion--,des]tion & infanticide--,di%>monies 9 ! social in/9cts ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,self-,,pres]vation #aac ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 9 animals--,man's in/9ctive love ( life--,indiff]5ce to life dur+ *ildhood--,buddhi/ leg5d on in/9ctive self-pres]vation & ! fe> ( dea?--,fe> ( dea? treat$ 9 lit]ature--,confessions ( ,tol/oi reg>d+ ! fe> ( dea?--,o!r op9ions on ! subject--,! fe> ( dea? an in/9ctive ph5om5on--,developm5t 9 man ( a love ( life--,treatm5t ( ! ag$--,murd] ( old p--,suicide ( old m5--,abs5ce ( h>mony betwe5 ! love ( life & ! conditions ( human exi/5ce--,! "p play$ by ! fe> ( dea? 9 religions & sy/ems ( philosophy ,,"p ,,ii ,,attempts ,,to ,,dim9i% ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution 7,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical ,,sy/ems7 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,religi\s ,,attempts ,,to ,,combat ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution #acg ,animism z ! f\ndation ( primitive religions--,! ,jewi% religion 9 relation to ! doctr9e ( immortality ( ! s\l--,! religions ( ,*9a--,ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,confucianism--,! conception ( immortality 9 ,taoism--,! p]si/5ce ( ! s\l 9 ! ,buddhi/ religion--,! p>adise ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s--,ance/ors wor%ipp$ z gods--,influ5ce ( religi\s fai? on ! fe> ( dea?--,pessimism ( ! doctr9e ( ,buddha--,! mean+ ( ,nirvna--,resignation z prea*$ by ,buddha--,objections to immortality ( ! s\l--,irritability ( ! tissues & cells ( ! body--,religi\s hygi5e--,religi\s means ( controll+ ! reproductive functions & ( prev5t+ diseases--,failure ( religions 9 _! attempts to combat ! ills aris+ f ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,attempts ,,9 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,to ,,rem$y ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution #aff ,"s philosophical sy/ems are 9 intimate union ) religions--,ideas ( anci5t philosoph]s on ! immortality ( ! s\l--,! tea*+ ( ,plato--,! scepticism ( ,ari/otle--,! ,/oics--,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,m>cus ,aurelius--,mod]n philosophical sy/ems--,pessimism & its orig9--,"l ,byron--,!ories ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann--,maila5d]'s philosophy ( deliv]ance--,criticisms ( pessimism--,max ,nordau--,ideas ( mod]n ?9k]s on dea? ,,"p ,,iii ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,able ,,to ,,d ,,to ,,alleviate ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,c ,,d ,,aga9/ ,,disease #bjc ,=mation ( ! exp]im5tal me?od--,! int]v5tion ( religion 9 disease--,disease z a basis ( pessimi/ic sy/ems ( philosophy--,advance ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ! w> aga9/ disease--,! revolution 9 m$ic9e & surg]y due to ! discov]ies ( ,pa/eur--,! b5eficial results ( ,s]um ,!rapy 9 ! w> aga9/ infecti\s diseases--,failure ( sci5ce to cure tub]culosis & malignant tum\rs--,prote/s aga9/ ! advance ( sci5ce--,opposition ( ,r\sseau1 ,tol/oi & ,brunetire--,proclamation ( ! fallibility ( sci5ce--,return to religion & my/icism ,,*apt] ,x ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,/udy ,,( ,,old ,,age #bbh ,g5]al acc\nt ( old age--,!ory ( s5ile deg5]ation among/ unicellul> organisms--,conjugation among/ infusoria--,old age 9 birds & 9 an?ropoid apes--,g5]al *>act]s ( s5ile deg5]ation--,scl]osis ( ! organs--,phagocyte !ory ( s5ile deg5]ation--,de/ruction ( high] elem5ts by macrophags--,me*anism ( :it5+ ( ! hair--,s]ums act+ on cells 7cytotox9s7--,scl]osis ( ! art]ies & its causation--,h>m done by ! microbes ( ! alim5t>y canal--,inte/9al putrefaction & ! modes ( prev5t+ x--,attempts to prolong human life--,longevity 9 biblical times ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,/udy ,,( ,,dea? #bfb ,!ory ( ! immortality ( l[] organisms--,immortality ( ! sexual cells 9 high] organisms--,immortality ( ! cellul> s\l--,occurr5ce ( natural dea? 9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals--,natural dea? 9 ! ,ephem]id--,loss ( ! in/9ct ( pres]vation 9 adult ,ephem]ids--,in/9ct ( life 9 ! ag$--,in/9ct ( natural dea? 9 man--,dea? ( old m5 9 biblical times--,*anges 9 ! in/9cts ( man & l[] animals ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusions #bhe ,di%>monies 9 ! human con/itution z ! *ief s\rce ( our sorr[s--,sci5tific data z to ! orig9 & de/9y ( man--,! goal ( human exi/5ce--,difficulties 9 ! way ( sci5tific inve/igation ( ! problem1 ,:at is progress8--,difficulty ( includ+ ! :ole human rate 9 a s*eme ( progress & morality--,! in/9cts ( life & ( natural dea?--,application to real life ( ! doctr9es set =? 9 ?is book ,,illu/rations ,photograph ( lie ,met*nik(f ,frontispiece ,figs4 ,page #a4 ,catasetum saccatum #bd #b4 ,h]m9ium monor*is #bf #c4 ,c]c]is #bh #d4 ,li/]a ovata #cb #e4 ,pelopu #cd #f4 ,ccum & v]mi=m app5dage ( man #dd #g4 ,ccum & v]mi=m app5dage ( *impanzee #de #h4 ,ftus ( gibbon #df #i4 ,human ftus #dg #aj4 ,ftus ( gorilla #ej #aa4 ,human ftus #ea #ab4 ,p>amecium ab\t to divide #bcj #ac4 ,conjugation ( ,p>amecia #bca #ad4 ,section ( a r5al tubule invad$ by ,macrophags #bda #ae4 ,bra9 cells dev\r$ by ,macrophags #bda #af4 ,hair becom+ grey #bdc #ag4 ,*toga/] ab\t to divide #bfe #ah4 ,ephem]ids #bga #ai4 ,sw>ms ( ,pal+5ia virgo #bgc #bj4 ,l>va ( an ,ephem]id #bgf ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,,"p ,i ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,summ>y ,,( ,,op9ions ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man ,importance ( ! /udy ( ! nature ( man--,! nature ( man z ! f\ndation ( morality--,greek wor%ip ( human nature--,matriopa?y ( anci5t philosoph]s--,rationalism ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies--,degradation ( human nature by religi\s doctr9es--,influ5ce ( ^! conceptions on actual life & on art--,reaction ( ! ,re=mation aga9/ ! degradation ( human nature--,mutilation ( ! human body by primitive races ,not)/&+ ! real advance made by sci5ce1 expressions ( discont5tm5t ) x are famili>4 ,sci5ce1 x is said1 no d\bt has ameliorat$ ! mat]ial conditions ( human life1 b is p[]less to solve ^? moral & philosophical que/ions t int]e/ cultur$ p s deeply4 ,9 ?is region sci5ce has done no m ?an to de/roy ! f\ndations ( religion4 ,x has robb$ mank9d ( ! consolations ( religion )\t be+ able to replace !m ) any?+ m exact or m endur+4 ,x _c be disput$ t a g5]al uneas9ess di/urbs ! _w ( to-day4 ,al?\gh 8 environm5t is mo/ fav\rable to ! fulfilm5t ( _m ( 8 capacities1 man f9ds himself )\t ori5tation :5 he has to det]m9e ! c\rse ( 8 life1 or to expla9 to himself 8 true relation to su* categories ( humanity z family1 nation1 race & human race4 ,?is uneas9ess reveals itself z discont5tm5t1 & x leads to pessimism or to my/icism4 ,mo/ ( ! philosophical sy/ems ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 /eep$ 9 melan*oly1 & l$ /raight to a d5ial ( ! possibility ( happ9ess & ev5 to an advocacy ( ext9ction4 ,! frequ5cy ( suicide has increas$ greatly among all ! civilis$ peoples4 ,!re is no ne$ to tabulate pro(s ( a notori\s fact4#a ,a rem$y = ?is malady ( ! age has be5 s\ght 9 ! attempt to re/ore religi\s & my/ical fai?4 ,on all sides h sprung up ef=ts to f\nd new religions or to am5d ! old4 ,_m def5d]s ( sci5ce h gone ! l5g? ( admitt+ its incapacity to solve ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( man2 !y h held t t problem 0 insoluble = ! human m9d4 ,su* a depress+ conclusion has be5 =mulat$ 9 spite ( _m attempts to rea* a rational conception ( ! univ]se & ( man4 ,x is no new ?+ to ask if !re be no?+ b fai? to control human conduct & to lead mank9d t[>ds univ]sal happ9ess4 ,m5 ( sci5ce & philosoph]s1 9 _m ages1 h ?\ght t human nature itself c\ld provide all ! mat]ials = a rational morality4 ,9 ! anci5t _w &1 above all1 among ! ,greeks1 human nature 0 held 9 high e/eem4 ,! ,ori5tal races1 pr$ecessors ( ! ,greeks 9 civilisation1 g5]ally repres5t$ _! gods z fanta/ic or grotesque be+s1 composites ( m5 & animals4 ,! ,greeks made gods 9 _! own image1 giv+ !m all ! mo/ beautiful qualities ( ! human race4 ,su* a conception 0 a dom9ant factor 9 anci5t ,greek life & civilisation4 ,! adoration ( ,man embrac$ ! human body1 & l$ to ! despis+ ( e mode ( tamp]+ ) ! natural body4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 %av+#b ( ! face 0 reg>d$ z a humiliation1 = a smoo? *9 gave an unnatural1 womani% ca/ to ! face ( a man4 ,! adoration ( human nature by ! ,greeks appe>$ 9 ,greek pla/ic art1 & 0 ! cause ( its excell5ce4 ,! ideal ( art 0 to copy1 9 ! mo/ fai?ful way1 ! mo/ p]fect example ( ! human body1 & ,greek arti/s made measurem5ts ( ! body s accurately t mod]n sci5ce has confirm$ _! *ief results4#c ,z sculpture mo/ completely realis$ ! ,greek ideal ( ! human body1 x became almo/ a national art among ! ,greeks4 ,greek philosophy _h an equally high op9ion ( human nature1 ( ! human body1 & ( repres5tations ( ! human body4 ,j z ,greek art aim$ at ! pres5tation ( ! body ( man1 s ,greek philosophy proclaim$ ! nobility ( all human qualities1 & inculcat$ ! doctr9e ( a h>moni\s developm5t ( all sides ( human nature4#d ,su* a doctr9e 0 =mulat$ by ,plato1 & became a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,old ,academy2 ! ,new ,academy assum$ x1 & h&$ x on to ! ,sceptics4 ,accord+ to ,x5ocrates 7f\r? c5tury71 :o belong$ to ! ,old ,academy1 happ9ess consi/$ n only 9 ! possession ( human virtue1 b 9 ! accompli%m5t ( all natural acts4#e ,! pr9ciple ( a wor%ip ( human nature is 9 itself r vague1 & x is n surpris+ t disputes & contradictions arose 9 relation to its application4 ,?us ,plato exclud$ pleasure f 8 conception ( ! good1 :ile ,ari/otle1 ,plato's pupil1 held a contr>y op9ion4 ,= ! latt] pleasure 0 ! natural motive ( human action1 & its atta9m5t 0 associat$ z intimately ) ! p]fect life z beauty & heal? 7 associat$ ) ! p]fect human body4#f ,"u ! "n ,matriopa?y !re arose1 9 ! anci5t _w1 a doctr9e ! object ( :i* 0 ! /udy ( ! goal ( natural morality4 ,?is doctr9e 0 held by _m philosoph]s1 b ^! appli$ x to ! details ( actual life 9 v diff]5t fa%ions4 ,?us1 = ! ,/oics1 ! summum bonum & happ9ess1 ! mo/ l(ty aim1 c\ld n be f\nd except by con=m+ life to nature4 ,conduct 0 to be br\ght into h>mony ) ! rational ord] ( nature 9 su* a fa%ion t e consci\s & rational be+ w\ld p]=m no actions t c\ld n be d$uc$ f ! g5]al law4#g ,! same pr9ciple ( a life 9 h>mony ) nature l$ ! ,epicureans to ! conclusion t 8pleasure is a natural good1 t is to say1 a condition con=mable ) nature1 & s br++ ) x intr9sic cont5tm5t40#h ,sett+ out f ! same fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! !ories ( ! ,/oics & ,epicureans l$ 9 opposite directions4 ,! ,roman philosoph]s adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( a life /rictly natural4 ,s5eca1 = in/ance1#i enunciat$ ! maxim3 8,take nature z y\r guide1 = s reason bids y & advises y2 to live happily is to live naturally40 ,)\t foll[+ ?r\gh ! c5turies ! developm5t ( ! idea 9 detail1 ,i may cont5t myself ) say+ t resort has be5 made to x1 :]ev] !re 0 s\ght1 outside ! sanction ( religion1 a rational pr9ciple to guide human conduct4 ,x recurs ev5 among ^? conv9c$ ,*ri/ians :o rebell$ aga9/ ! asceticism & hatr$ ( human nature t became preval5t 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,greek conception ( a life 9 h>mony ) nature f\nd its mo/ complete developm5t 9 ! rationalism ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ( ! c5turies t foll[$ x4 ,hut*eson1#aj a ,scot* philosoph] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 insi/$ t "r 0 ) ! ?9k]s ( ! naturali/ic s*ool1 & t ! realisation ( _! ideal 0 to be consid]$ z ! highe/ virtue4 ,he ?us plac$ himself directly aga9/ ! ,scot* cl]gy :o ass]t$ ! greate/ contempt = human nature4 ,buckle#aa proclaim$ t x 0 a high hon\r = ,hut*eson to h be5 ! fir/ ,scot*man to raise 8 voice publicly aga9/ ! degrad+ views ( 8 "t4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :o s\ght to replace ! religi\s f\ndations ( conduct by rational pr9ciples1 aga9 _h rec\rse to human nature4 ,n long be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution !re appe>$ a treatise 9 ?ree volumes1 writt5 by ,b>on d',holba*1 & entitl$1 8,univ]sal ,morality1 or ! ,duties ( ,man bas$ on ,nature40#ab ,frankly a mat]iali/ & a!i/1 t writ] laid x d[n z an axiom t 8to be univ]sal1 ! moral law mu/ be f\nd$ on ! ess5tial nature ( man1 t is to say1 on ! prop]ties & qualities f\nd con/antly 9 ! human be+1 & t di/+ui% him f o!r animals40 ,to be well assur$1 8morality presumes a sci5ce ( human nature40#ac ,! pr9ciple ( anci5t philosophy reappe>$ 9 ! works ( rationali/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt decl>$ t 8! ultimate ideal ( man1 ! ideal prescrib$ = him by ! irrefutable & et]nal laws ( reason1 consi/$ 9 a developm5t z h>moni\s z possible ( all 8 qualities 9 _! entirety40 ,! mod]n hi/orian1 ,lecky1#ad def9es ! aim ( life z ! full developm5t ( all t exi/s 9 ! proportions det]m9$ by nature4 ,philosoph]s & hi/orians are n alone 9 ! adoption ( ,greek rationalism4 ,_m naturali/s1 & among ^! "s v di/+ui%$ au?ors1 h spok5 9 ! same s5se4 ,x is easy to see ! ,greek pr9ciple 9 su* phrases z ^? ( ,d>w9#ae :5 he wrote3 8,! t]m g5]al good may be def9$ z ! means by :i* ! greate/ possible numb] ( individuals c be re>$ 9 full vig\r & heal?1 ) all _! faculties p]fect1 "u ! conditions to :i* !y are expos$40 ,georges ,seidlitz1#af an advocate ( ! great ,engli% naturali/1 got /ill ne>] to ! conception ( ! anci5ts4 ,accord+ to him1 ! moral & rational life consi/$ 9 8! accompli%m5t ( all ! functions ( ! body1 9 due b full proportion40 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1#ag 9 analys+ ! aim ( exi/5ce1 came to ! conclusion t morality %\ld be adju/$ s z to make life z full & complete z possible4 ,z a crit]ion ( physical p]fection1 ! ,engli% philosoph] w\ld accept only ! complete devotion ( all ! organs to ! accompli%m5t ( all _! functions1 :ile 8 crit]ion ( moral p]fection 0 contribution to ! g5]al good4 ,^! views are pla9ly1 if n exactly1 expressions ( ! ,greek ideal4 ,:ile1 !n1 rational philosoph]s 9 all ! ages h s\ght ! f\ndation ( morality 9 human nature itself1 & h held human nature to be good1 or ev5 p]fect1 _m religi\s doctr9es h display$ a v diff]5t view4 ,human nature 0 reg>d$ z be+ compos$ ( two ho/ile elem5ts1 a body & a s\l4 ,! s\l alone 0 to be hon\r$1 :ile ! body 0 reg>d$ z ! vile s\rce ( evils4 ,su* a view l$ to ! flagellations & tortur+s ( ! body :i* =m s /range & s widespread a ph5om5on4 ,! ,h9du fakirs :o sw+ !mselves on hooks1 ! d]vi%es & ,mussulman ,ass\ans :o beat 9 _! skulls ) clubs1 ! ,russian ,skoptsy :o emasculate !mselves1 & _m o!r in/ances make x pla9 t natural p]fection is n tak5 z ! basis = conduct4 ,buddha#ah 9 ! cle>e/ way %[$ 8 belief t human nature 0 base4 ,com+ out f ! ap>tm5ts ( ! wom51 !re came to him a 8vivid idea ( ! impurity ( ! body1 a feel+ ( repulsion f x1 & ( blame ( x2 reg>d+ 8 own body & see+ its wret*$ness1 he began to despise x1 & to =mulate conceptions ( impurity & purity2 f ! sole ( ! feet to ! cr[n ( ! head1 to ! limit ( ! bra91 he saw t ! body 0 born 9 impurity1 came f impurity1 & always let itself be drawn to impurity40 ,^! reflections l$ him to ! conclusion3 8,:at wise man1 hav+ reg>d$ 8 own body1 w n see 9 x an enemy80 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! old _w1 ! ,greek !ory ( human nature yield$ to a v diff]5t conception4 ,! opposition betwe5 ! op9ions ( ! ,/oics on morality1 & _! admiration ( human nature1 l$ ,s5eca1 "o ( ! la/ ,roman ,/oics & a celebrat$ contempor>y ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 to break completely away f ! anci5t doctr9e4 ,conv9c$ ( ! moral weakness & imp]fection ( man1 & ( ! p]si/+ p[] ( evil1 ,s5eca decl>$ t human nature conta9$ a vici\s & ess5tially evil elem5t4 ,?is elem5t 0 seat$ 9 ! body1 :i* he reg>d$ z s ess5tially vile t x is to be despis$4 ,our body 0 no m ?an ! dwell+ ( ! s\l1 its tempor>y home1 a place 9 :i* x _c be at re/4 ,! body 0 a burd5 :i* ! s\l w\ld be rid (1 a prison-h\se f :i* x w\ld escape4 ,accord+ to ,s5eca#ai ! s\l mu/ wre/le ) ! body1 = ! body br+s to x no?+ b suff]+1 :ile ! s\l is ess5tially pure & spotless1 & z mu* above ! body z div9ity is above matt]4 ,a dualism /ill m pron\nc$ 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian view ( human nature1 & l$ to ! depreciation ( ! body z comp>$ ) ! s\l4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ( our era su* a view 0 s dom9ant t a /ruggle aga9/ ! mat]ial side ( our nature became a rule ( life4 ,! mo/ absolute asceticism spread ?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w4#bj ,a /ruggle aga9/ hung]1 ?ir/1 & desire = sleep1 rejection ( all pleasures t come f impressions ( sight1 ( he>+1 or ( ! palate1 &1 above all1 ab/5tion f sexual int]c\rse1 became1 9 ! op9ion ( believ]s1 ! true aim ( human life4 ,! conviction t human nature 0 ess5tially corrupt l$ to a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ x2 all ! pleasures 7 =bidd51 ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t ( !m be+ ?\ght vici\s4 ,:at c\ld be m 9 contra/ ) ! calm & joy\s philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 = :om !re did n exi/ ! idea ( a /ruggle aga9/ ! suppos$ corruption & imp]fection ( man8 ,! duali/ic !ory made su* dem&s on its proselytes t ^!1 absorb$ 9 ! salvation ( _! s\ls1 sank f ! physical po9t ( view to ! level ( wild bea/s4 ,h]mits resort$ to ! lairs ( animals1 ab&on$ _! clo?+ & w5t ab\t nak$ ) %aggy & disord]$ hair4 ,9 ,mesopotamia & a "p ( ,syria !re arose a sect ( eat]s ( grass2 ^! 7 p :o _h no dwell+s & :o ate nei!r bread nor vegetables1 b w&]$ on ! hills & f$ on ! h]bage4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z an indication ( corruptness ( ! s\l1 & among ! mo/ highly v5]at$ ( ! sa9ts 7 ^? :o took no c>e ( ! body4 ,a?anasius relates ) approval t :5 ,/4 ,antony1 ! fa!r ( monks1 became old he nev] wa%$ 8 feet4#ba ,su* doctr9es soon br\ght ab\t a mo/ s]i\s p]v]sion ( ! innate in/9cts ( ! human race4 ,! s5ses ( family & ( society became s weak5$ t fanatical ,*ri/ians 7 m ?an indiff]5t to _! k9sm5 & c\ntrym54 ,"o sa9t 0 v5]at$ because he 0 h>d & cruel only to 8 relatives4 ,x is told ( ! ,abbot ,siseuss t on a believ] ask+ to be receiv$ into ! conv5t1 he inquir$ if ! suppliant _h any "o ak9 to him4 8,i h only a son10 said ! ,*ri/ian4 8,well1 !n10 said ! abbot1 8take y\r son & ca/ him into ! riv]1 = ?us only may y become a monk40 ,! fa!r set ab\t to d ! bidd+ ( ! abbot1 & x 0 only at ! la/ mom5t t ! ord] 0 recall$4 ,= admission into a ,*ri/ian community x 0 necess>y to r5\nce "o's c\ntry4#bb ,su* ideas h /ruck a deep & endur+ root4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! m9i/]s ( ! ,scot* ,*ur* ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,buckle1#bc !re 0 no?+ s surpris+ z t ! e>? c\ld conta9 itself 9 ! pres5ce ( t horrid spectacle1 man1 & t x did n gape1 z 9 =m] days1 to swall[ him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 wick$ness4 ,= c]ta9ly1 9 ! creat$ univ]se1 !re c\ld be no?+ s mon/r\s & s horrible z man4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t :5 su* conceptions prevail$1 celibacy & repudiation ( ! reproductive in/9ct %\ld h be5 made obligatory on ! cl]gy4 ,! words1 report$ by ,/4 ,mat!w 7xix4 #aa1 #ab71 t 8!re be eunu*s :o h made !mselves eunu*s = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake0 7 int]pret$ by "s z imply+ a volunt>y r5unciation ( m>riage1 :ile o!rs insi/$ on ! lit]al mean+ & 9 consequ5ce mutilat$ !mselves m or less completely4 ,! brea/s ( wom5 7 remov$ to eradicate ! mat]nal in/9cts4 ,b x is only ! sect ( ,skoptsy1 by no means a small body 9 ,russia1 t applies ! gospel comm& 9 ?is /r+5t fa%ion4 ,! wi% ann\nc$ by ,/4 ,paul 7,cor9?ians vii4 #g71 8,i say !re=e to ! unm>ri$ & wid[s1 x is good = !m if !y abide ev5 z ,i2 b if !y _c conta91 let !m m>ry1 = x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn10 soon became a comm&1 & s9ce ! f\r? c5tury ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has advocat$ celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 al?\gh x 0 n en=c$ until ! elev5? c5tury 7"u ,gregory ,,vii474 ,a l[ view ( human nature has surviv$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ev5 to our own times4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii41 9 8 8,encyclical on ,freemasons10 proclaim$ x4#bd 8,human nature10 he said1 80 contam9at$ by ! ,fall1 & z x is !re=e mu* m prone to vice ?an to virtue1 9 ord] to atta9 virtue x is absolutely necess>y to re/ra9 ! wild impulses ( ! s\l1 & to control ! appetites by reason40 ,art has reflect$ ! ,*ri/ian conception ( human nature4 ,sculpture1 :i* play$ s great a "p 9 ! anci5t _w1 & :i* 0 intimately associat$ ) ,greek ideals1 began to decl9e rapidly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x la/$ long] 9 ! ,roman ,empire ( ! ,ea/1 b 9 ,italy x 0 almo/ completely =gott5 by ! eigh? c5tury4 ,pa9t+ surviv$1 b n )\t und]go+ an extraord9>y deg5]ation4 ,all ! ,italian works ( art ( ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod1 display$ ! utmo/ indiff]5ce to natural =m1 & a loss ( ! s5se ( h>mony & beauty4 ,lat] on1 ,italian art fell l[] /ill4 8,no "o dream$ any long] ( /udy+ nature or ( obs]v+ ! human body4 ,an epo* 9 :i* ! int]f]5ce ( sup]natural =ces 0 g5]ally accept$1 & 9 :i* ! conception ( ! univ]se 0 f\nd$ on a contra/ betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural1 c\ld n admit 9 its art ! rule ( natural law or a natural ord] ( ev5ts40#be ,! intimate connection betwe5 ! depreciation ( human nature due to ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ! inf]iority ( ! art ( ! middle ages _c be d5i$4 ,ta9e#bf writes ( ! p]iod z foll[s3 8,if "o consid]s ! /a9$-glass w9d[s or ! images 9 ! ca!drals1 or ! rude pa9t+s1 x appe>s z if ! human race _h become deg5]ate & its blood _h be5 impov]i%$2 pale sa9ts1 di/ort$ m>tyrs1 virg9s ) flat *e/s1 feet too long & bony h&s1 h]mits )]$ & unsub/antial1 ,*ri/s t look l cru%$ & ble$+ e>?worms1 processions ( figures t are wan1 & /iff5$1 & sad1 ^u :om are /amp$ all ! de=mities ( mis]y & all ! %r9k+ timidity ( ! oppress$40 ,! art ( ! middle ages fell l[] & l[] until ! ,r5aissance1 ) its return to ! ,greek ideal1 br\ght new vig\r4 ,! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance 7 9 addition sci5tific m5 :o _h /udi$ ma!matics & :o employ$ ! te*nique ( m5suration2 su* 7 ,alb]ti1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 & o!rs4 ,! return to ! ,greek ideals & to nature br\ght ) x ! ta/e = beauty4 ,:5 ! anci5t _s 0 born aga91 its influ5ce rea*$ sci5ce & ev5 religion1 & ! ,re=mation 0 a def5ce ( human nature4 ,! ,lu!ran doctr9es resum$ ! pr9ciple ( a 8developm5t z complete z possible1 ( all ! natural p[]s0 ( man1 & saw 9 t ideal a guide = humanity4 ,compulsory celibacy 0 aboli%$1 & free play 0 giv5 to all ! t5d5cies 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( nature4#bg ,besides ^? ^: religion l$ !m to despise ! human body1 !re h be5 _m savage races & tribes :o h practis$ mutilations ( ! body4 ,x w\ld be a long li/ 7 ,i to set out all ! modes 9 :i* ! human body has be5 disfigur$4 ,treatises on ,e?nography & ! volumes ( travell]s conta9 a multitude ( details ( ?is sort4 ,! hair1 ! tee? & ! lips h be5 subject$ to treatm5t ) ! object ( mak+ !m z unlike ! natural condition z is possible4 ,_m ( ! l[] races discol\r _! tee?1 or remove "s ( !m1 or file !m to po9ts4 ,o!rs ins]t 9 ! lips pieces ( wood1 ( /one1 or ( bone4 ,a :ole *apt] might be occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( ! disfigur+ devices ( tattoo]s4 ,! skull1 ! brea/s1 & ! feet1 h all be5 subject$ to de=m+ treatm5t4 ,al?\gh !re is n en\gh evid5ce to set d[n ^! practices to ! exi/5ce ( def9ite & self-consci\s religi\s or philosophic doctr9e1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! p among :om !y occur are f> f rev]+ human nature 9 ! fa%ion ( ! ,greeks1 b r attempt to di/ort x 9 accordance ) _! own ta/e4 ,discont5t ) ! natural conditions ( exi/5ce is1 z we h se51 s widespread t !re is good reason = an inquiry z to ! exi/5ce ( "s g5]al pr9ciple und]ly+ ?is div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ human nature4 ,i h already %[n t ?is "q ( human nature has = long int]e/$ mank9d1 & has %>$ l>gely 9 ! =mation ( ideas ( ! good & ! beautiful4 ,x is n too soon to submit ! problem to rational inve/igation1 us+ ^? rigid me?ods ( sci5ce :i* h be5 le>n$ 9 our epo*4 ,i %all try to give an exposition ( human nature 9 its /r5g? & 9 its weakness4 ,b be=e pass+ to man1 ,i %all survey ! l[] =ms ( life1 hop+ to fix "s l&m>ks t w be useful 9 ! /udy ( ! l>g] problem4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h>monies ,,& ,,di%>monies ,,among/ ,,be+s ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,man ,! organis$ _w be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! e>?--,abs5ce ( a law ( univ]sal progress--,f]tilisation ( vanilla--,! "p play$ by insects 9 ! f]tilisation ( or*ids--,me*anism by :i* insects c>ry ! poll5 ( or*ids--,habits ( fossorial wasps--,h>monies 9 nature--,useless organs--,rudim5ts ( ! poll9ia ( or*ids--,di%>monies 9 nature--,unadapt$ insects--,ab]ration ( in/9cts--,p]v]sion ( sexual in/9ct--,attraction ( insects by light--,lum9\s insects--,law ( natural selection--,happ9ess & unhapp9ess 9 ! organis$ _w ,long be=e man appe>$ on ! e>? animals & plants 7 di/ribut$ ov] x4 ,"s ( ^! 7 end[$ ) b vague s5ses1 :ile o!rs _h well-develop$ in/9cts1 & "s ev5 a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce :i* !y appli$ = _! self-pres]vation & = ! propagation ( _! own k9d4 ,_m species1 well adapt$ = ! resi/ance ( ext]nal influ5ces1 h surviv$ f v e>ly times to ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod birds & mammals did n yet exi/1 & ! ?ick =e/s1 ) und]gr[?s ( gigantic f]ns1 7 inhabit$ by l>ge numb]s ( articulat$ animals1 among/ :i* 7 scorpions & insects4 ,! scorpions ( t "t resemble 9 e way ^? t actually live at ! pres5t day 9 tropical c\ntries2 & among/ ! insects ( t e>ly epo* 7 "s v l ! cockroa*es ( to-day4 ,c]ta9 tree-l f]ns ( ! pres5t "t are also v simil> to ^? ( ! coal p]iod4 ,among/ ! animals ! bodies ( :i* are protect$ by a %ell1 su* z =am9if]a & mollusca1 c]ta9 species h surviv$ ev5 f an e>li] "t ?an ! coal p]iod4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is extraord9>y survival1 !re are in/ances ( ! complete disappe>ance ( numb]s ( species ( animals & plants4 ,9 e>ly times1 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 ! virg9 =e/s ( ,europe 7 inhabit$ by a l>ge numb] ( monkeys1 ( :i* fossil rema9s are n[ f\nd1 especially 9 ,greece4 ,^! =m]ly exi/$ ev5 9 ,europe1 & "s an?ropoid apes 7,dryopi!cus7 h left traces 9 ! t]ti>y deposits ( ,france4#bh ,^! animals1 not)/&+ t _! organisation 0 sup]ior to t ( scorpions & cockroa*es1 h n be5 able to adapt !mselves to ! alt]$ conditions ( mod]n ,europe4 ,a simil> fate has come ^u "s ( ! high] mammals1 su* z ! mammo? & ! ma/odon4 ,^! facts d n be> te/imony to ! preval5t idea t !re exi/s 9 nature a law ( univ]sal progress t5d+ to ! production ( organisms m & m p]fect f ! po9t ( view ( complexity ( /ructure4 ,x is inconte/able t =ms high] 9 ! scale ( life h develop$ only aft] ! appe>ance ( l[] =ms4 ,b x does n foll[ t developm5t always takes a progressive m>*4 ,man is "o ( ! lat] species t h appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 b !re are o!rs ( /ill m rec5t date4 ,x is v probable t c]ta9 species ( lice h appe>$ subsequ5t to man1 p>ticul>ly ! clo!s-l\se 7,p$iculus ve/im5ti74 ,among/ ! true p>asites :i* live only 9 ! human body are "s t h acquir$ _! specific *>act]s aft] ! appe>ance ( man4 ,su* are c]ta9 tape-worms & microbes1 su* z a species ( gonococcus4 ,x is !re=e among/ p>asites & n to man t we mu/ look = ! late/ products ( creation4 ,9 nature1 !n1 !re is no bl9d t5d5cy t[>ds progress4 ,organisms almo/ innum]able are born e day ) v>iable *>act]s4 ,^? among/ !m :i* are adapt$ to exi/+ circum/ances survive & produce (fspr+ l !mselves1 b _m d n rea* maturity1 &1 liv+ only = a %ort "t1 die )\t leav+ issue4 ,to give ! read] a bett] idea ( adaptations & ( _! importance to liv+ creatures1 x w1 p]haps1 be z well to devote "s space to an acc\nt ( examples ( !m4 ,among/ organisms t attract our att5tion by _! pleas+ aspect1 !re are n _m t c rival fl[]+ plants4 ,e "o admires ! great beauty ( ! blossom ( or*ids4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! fl[]s h n be5 develop$ to satisfy ! /hetic ta/es ( man1 = ! simple reason t or*ids exi/$ = a long "t be=e man's appe>ance4 ,among or*ids !re is "o :i*1 = m ?an half a c5tury1 has be5 cultivat$ by man 9 _m tropical c\ntries4 ,?is is ! ,vanilla1 ! fruit ( :i* produces "o ( ! sweete/ ( spices4 ,9 =m] days ! pods ( only ! wild vanilla1 :i* is an und]gr[? ( ! =e/s ( ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 7 ga!r$4 ,b ! employm5t ( vanilla to flav\r *ocolate has r5d]$ its artificial culture lucrative2 consequ5tly ! plant has be5 transport$ to sev]al w>m c\ntries :]e x c\ld be acclimatis$4 ,x has fl\ri%$ & borne num]\s blossoms1 b x has nev] produc$ fruit f :i* alone ! aroma is obta9$4 ,z ! "q ( ! /]ility ( ! vanilla 0 ( great practical int]e/ to ! cultivator1 ! matt] 0 inve/igat$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! fl[] rema9$ /]ile because ! female & male p>ts c\ld n come 9 contact4 ,! pi/ils & /am5s ( ! fl[] are well develop$1 b betwe5 ^! sexual organs is a membrane :i* prev5ts f]tilisation4 ,aft] ?is discov]y 0 made1 ! idea occurr$ t ! poll5 ( ! vanilla fl[] might be transf]r$ artificially to ! /igma ( ! pi/il s z to br+ ab\t 8artificial0 f]tilisation4 ,a "y black slave1 ,edmond ,albius1 a native ( ,runion1 discov]$ 9 #ahda a practical me?od by :i* ! male & female elem5ts ( ! vanilla c\ld be put 9 contact2 & f ?is discov]y !re came a great ext5sion ( ! cultivation ( ! or*id 9 _m c\ntries4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod a small bamboo po9t or ! too? ( a comb is introduc$ into ! vanilla fl[]1 & 9 ?is way1 9 a %ort "t1 a quantity ( fl[]s may be f]tilis$ & s made capable ( be>+ mature pods4#bi ,9 ! orig9al home ( ! vanilla ! int]v5tion ( man is unnecess>y4 ,9 ,guiana & ,mexico f]tilisation ( ! fl[] is ! "w ( small bees 7( ! g5us ,melipona74 ,!y frequ5t ! vanilla fl[]s to extract nect>1 ! mat]ial ( _! honey4 ,small humm+-birds also hov] ov] ! vanilla blossoms1 & by introduc+ _! bills into ! sexual organs ( ! fl[]s br+ ab\t contact ( ! male & female elem5ts4 ,/]ility ( ! vanilla 9 ! c\ntries to :i* x has be5 introduc$1 be=e ! employm5t ( artificial fecundation1 is easily expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ^! c\ntries !re are no insects nor humm+-birds capable ( transport+ ! poll54 ,b x is n only ! vanilla t requires ! co-op]ation ( liv+ be+s to produce its fruits4 ,x is ! case ) _m o!r or*ids4 ,9 ! fl[]s ( ^! ! poll5 is mass$ toge!r & _c be transport$ by ! air4 ,x ne$s ! aid ( insects1 z _h already be5 po9t$ out by ,spr5gell 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & above all by ,d>w91 ^: spl5did inve/igations are ! basis ( ! foll[+ passages4#cj ,insects1 belong+ to diff]5t gr\ps1 su* z bees1 wasps1 flies1 c]ta9 beetles1 & _m butt]flies & mo?s1 visit or*ids to sip ! nect> produc$ by ! plants & /or$ 9 def9ite p>ts ( ! fl[]s4 ,9 ord] t _! proboscis may rea* ! /ores ( sweet juice1 ! insects inevitably t\* fir/ ! upp] p>ts ( ! fl[]s1 :]e ! an!rs are pres5t4 ,! poll5 gra9s are clu/]$ 9 masses1 kn[n z poll9ia1 & ^! adh]e to ! body ( ! visit+ insect by means ( an adhesive fluid :i* is secret$ by an organ ( ! fl[] kn[n z ! ro/ellum4 ,9 ?is way ! poll9ia adh]e firmly1 x may be to ! proboscis ( butt]flies1 or to ! head or any o!r "p ( ! body ( insects4 ,!y c leave ! fl[] & fly away )\t los+ ! adh]+ poll9ia1 & 9 ?is mann] !y s]ve z ! ag5ts = sexual contact & = f]tilisation ( ! or*ids4 ,mnire relates t a p]son :o kept bees ne> ! g>d5 ( ! ,facult de ,t\l\se compla9$ t !y return$ f ! g>d5 ) _! heads cov]$ ) t9y yell[ bodies :i* he 0 unable to clean (f f !m4 ,x 0 easy to recognise 9 ^! bodies ! poll9ia ( or*ids v firmly atta*$ to ! bees' heads4#ca ,:5 an insect1 be>+ ^! poll9ia1 introduces itself into ano!r fl[] ( ! same species ( or*id1 x inevitably comes 9 contact ) ! female app>atus1 m p>ticul>ly ) ! visc\s surface ( ! /igma4 ,"s ( ! gra9s ( poll5 conta9$ 9 ! poll5-mass adh]e to ! /igma & are ?us enabl$ to f]tilise ! ovule4 ,?is c>riage ( poll5 f "o fl[] to ano!r br+s ab\t a cross+ :i* is necess>y = ! production ( good se$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! se$ :i* is ! result ( self-f]tilisation ( a fl[] is inf]ior4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /ructure & =m ( ! fl[]s ( _m or*ids %[ t !y are adapt$ 9 a truly m>vell\s way to ! visits ( insects t convey poll54 ,9 ea* "p ( ^! fl[]s "o c disc]n "s useful arrangem5t to secure cross-f]tilisation4 ,= ! prop] transmission ( poll5 x is necess>y t ! poll9ia %\ld adh]e v firmly to ! body ( ! insects1 & t ! visc\s sub/ance :i* holds !m toge!r %\ld h "t to solidify4 ,x is ?us ( great advantage to ! plant if ! insects rema9 = a consid]able "t on ! fl[]4 ,9 sev]al or*ids ! nect> is n easily accessible1 & frequ5tly ! insect has to se>* = a long "t be=e f9d+ :at x desires1 & sometimes x ev5 has to pi]ce a membran\s cov]+ be=e rea*+ ! fluid4 ,! op]ation takes a c]ta9 "t1 & ?is is long en\gh to all[ ! mucus by :i* ! poll9ia adh]e to ! insect to set firmly4 ,9 ! case ( or*ids ! mucus ( :i* sets in/antane\sly1 !re is no reason = ! visit ( ! insect to be prolong$4 ,9 su* cases ! nect> is easy to extract1 & ! insect f9ds x )\t loss ( "t4 ,d>w91 aft] describ+ ^! facts1 proce$s to say3#cb 8,9 ^! five species0 79 :i* ! viscid matt] 8is s adhesive t x s]ves to atta* ! poll9ia firmly to ! insects )\t gett+ h>d071 8& 9 ^! alone1 we f9d copi\s nect> ready /or$ = rapid suction 9 op5 nect>ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] ! viscid matt] gets h>d by exposure = a %ort "t to ! air1 x w\ld manife/ly be advantage\s to ! plant if insects 7 delay$ 9 obta9+ ! nect>2 & 9 all su* species ! nect> is lodg$ )9 int]cellul> spaces1 s t x c be obta9$ only by ! inn] membrane be+ p5etrat$ at sev]al po9ts1 & ?is w require "t4 ,if ?is d\ble relation is accid5tal1 x is a =tunate accid5t = ! plants2 b ,i _c believe x to be s1 & x appe>s to me "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cases ( adaptation :i* has ev] be5 record$40 ,"s or*ids secrete in/ead ( nect> a cle> liquid l wat]4 ,?is fluid is collect$ 9 a petal ins]t$ at ! l[] "p ( ! fl[] & %ap$ into a deep cup-%ap$ receptacle4 ,x does n attract insects1 b by wett+ _! w+s compels !m to leave ! fl[] by a diff]5t exit :i* passes close to ! reproductive organs 7i4e41 ! an!r & ! /igma74 ,! s(t l9+s ( ! cup are gre$ily dev\r$ by c]ta9 insects1 p>ticul>ly by bees4 ,dr4 ,crug]1 :o obs]v$ ?is1 has (t5 se5 bees fall into ! cup :]eupon _! w+s became s wet z to prev5t _! fly+ away1 & !y h be5 oblig$ to get out by ! *annel t c>ries (f ! wa/e f ! res]voir4 ,z ! saturat$ bees creep along ! n>r[ passage aft] _! involunt>y imm]sion1 !y come inevitably 9 contact ) ! /igma & ! masses ( poll54 ,! latt] adh]e to ! bodies ( ! bees & c be convey$ to ! /icky /igma ( a neighb\r+ fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,catasetum saccatum 7f 8,la ,l9d5ia10 ,g&1 #ahij74 ,9 o!r or*ids 7,catasetum1 ,fig4 #a71 ! male elem5ts are dis*>g$ by a spr+-l arrangem5t on ! body ( insects4 ,:5 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! fl[]s are t\*$1 ! poll9ia are ?r[n (f l arr[s1 :i*1 9 ! place ( ! b>bs1 h viscid swell+s4 8,! insect1 di/urb$ by s %>p a bl[1 or aft] hav+ eat5 its fill1 flies soon] or lat] away to a female plant &1 :il/ /&+ 9 ! same position z be=e1 ! poll5-be>+ end ( ! arr[ is ins]t$ into ! /igmatic cavity1 & a mass ( poll5 is left on its viscid surface40#cc ,aft] giv+ detail$ descriptions ( ! cross-f]tilisation ( fl[]s by su* peculi> means1 ,d>w9 makes ! foll[+ rem>k3 8,:o w\ld h be5 bold en\gh to h surmis$ t ! propagation ( a species dep5d$ on s complex1 s app>5tly artificial1 & yet s admirable an arrangem5t80#cd ,"o or*id 7,h]m9ium monor*is1 ,fig4 #b71 :i* be>s v small fl[]s1 is rem>kable = ! way 9 :i* x is f]tilis$ by insects4 ,only v small insects are able to p5etrate ! fl[]s4 ,! space be+ v limit$ ^! m9ute insects c ent] ! fl[] only 9 a p>ticul> way1 & at "o ( ! corn]s4 ,?is causes ! poll9ia to become atta*$ always to ! same place1 :i* is on ! out] side ( "o ( ! two front legs4 ,:5 ! insect1 ! c>ri] ( ! poll9ia1 ent]s a second fl[]1 x c sc>cely fail to f]tilise ! /igma1 :i* is on ! correspond+ side4 ,d>w9 said t x w\ld be difficult to f9d a case 9 :i* !re 0 s m>vell\sly complete an adaptation to a v peculi> mode ( f]tilisation z ! little fl[] ( ,h]m9ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,h]m9ium monor*is 7aft] ,s[]by1 8,engli% ,botany10 ix4 #ahfi7 ,9 addition to or*ids1 !re are o!r fl[]s ! organisation ( :i* is adapt$ 9 a rem>kable way to f]tilisation by insects4 ,b to f9d p]fect h>mony 9 ! nature ( liv+ be+s x is n necess>y to conf9e our obs]vations to fl[]s4 ,! animal _w furni%es u ) num]\s examples4 ,to avoid go+ into ! details ( ^!1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) a description ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances4 ,e "o has se51 fly+ ne> ! gr\nd1 small1 sl5d]1 & pretty wasps4 ,f "t to "t ^! bury !mselves 9 ! e>? or s&1 & re-appe> 9 a few m9utes4 ,^! are ! fossorial wasps1 ! int]e/+ habits ( :i* h be5 /udi$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre1 ( ,avignon4 ,!y are n greg>i\s1 b lead solit>y lives & diff] 9 _! habits f _! cong5]s4 ,bees fe$ _! l>v ) honey & poll5 :i* !y take to !m dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! developm5t4 ,wasps are c>nivor\s1 pr$atory insects1 & br+ _! spoils to _! brood ( s(t & feeble l>v :i* are unable to provide = !mselves4 ,bees & mo/ wasps look aft] ! welf>e ( _! "y ones 9 ! fa%ion ( human p>5ts 9 nurs]ies4 ,fossorial wasps act diff]5tly2 !y nev] see _! "y4 ,!y lay _! eggs 9 burr[s1 sunk 9 ! soil & h]metically seal$4 ,! l>v are hat*$ und]gr\nd & are nev] se5 by ! "m4 ,provision suffici5t = _! developm5t1 h[ev]1 is made 9 advance4 ,be=e deposit+ eggs1 ! females s9k ! burr[s1 & fill !m ) ! spoils ( ! *ase1 :i* consi/ sometimes ( spid]s & sometimes ( crickets or o!r insects4 ,ea* species ( fossorial wasps preys on a p>ticul> k9d ( insect or on its allies1 = ! purpose ( provision+ ! burr[s4 ,^! wasps are mo/ fa/idi\s 9 ! *oice ( _! food1 & behave l collectors ^: int]e/ is only 9 a s+le or a few species ( small animals4 ,lon ,duf\r1 ! well-kn[n entomologi/1 0 mu* /ruck by ! ability display$ by c]ta9 wasps 7,c]c]is1 ,fig4 #c7 9 seek+ out & captur+ ! pretty beetles ( ! g5us ,bupre/is1 :i* he _h great difficulty 9 f9d+ himself4 ,9 mak+ a /udy ( ^! beetles he collect$ ! mat]ial f ! burr[s ( ,c]c]is1 & s avoid$ ! labori\s task ( obta9+ !m 9 ! natural /ate ( fre$om4 ,! burr[s 7 fill$ ) motionless1 b p]fectly well pres]v$1 ,bupre/es4 ,al?\gh dead ,coleopt]a dri$ up 9 a %ort "t1 ^? recov]$ f ! burr[s rema9$ 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation = weeks4 ,lon ,duf\r came to ! conclusion t ! ,c]c]is kill _! prey1 b inject into !m "s antiseptic liquid :i* p]fectly pres]ves _! fle% & inte/9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,c]c]is 7aft] ,buffon74 ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre pursu$ ! /udy ( ! habits ( fossorial wasps fur!r4 ,he asc]ta9$ t ! captur$ insects 7 n dead1 b only p>alys$4 ,! cont9uance ( ! function ( c]ta9 organs demon/rat$ t ! ,bupre/es1 ! weevils & o!r small creatures collect$ 9 ! burr[s ( fossorial wasps1 7 alive4 ,!y c\ld ev5 p]=m "s slight movem5ts1 b !y 7 incapable ( locomotion1 & s c\ld n escape4 ,! me*anism ( ?is p>alysis1 z f> z c\ld be asc]ta9$ by ,fabre1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a 9 nature4 ,! fossorial wasps1 guid$ by _! in/9ct1 imm$iately aft] hav+ seiz$ an insect or spid]1 bury _! /+ 9 ! n]v\s c5tre :i* controls ! movem5ts ( ! legs4 ,:5 animals ) s(t bodies1 su* z spid]s & "y crickets1 are attack$1 ! op]ation does n pres5t any difficulties4 ,b ,coleopt]a 9 g5]al1 & ! ,bupre/es & weevils 9 p>ticul>1 are furni%$ ) a v h>d cov]+ :i* _c be p]=at$ by ! small & sl5d] /+ ( a fossorial wasp4 ,to ga9 _! object ! wasps probe exactly betwe5 ! fir/ & second pair ( legs 9 ! m$ian l9e ( ! "u surface ( ! ?orax4 ,! sk9 is ?9n] at ?is spot1 & !y introduce _! /+ into ! ganglia f :i* arise ! n]ves ( ! legs4 ,9 ! case ) ! ,bupre/es ^! ganglia are set close to "o ano!r1 & a s+le prick suffices to affect ! n]v\s c5tres ( ?ree pairs ( legs4 ,once ! /+ has be5 ins]t$ 9 ?is way ! ,bupre/is becomes p>alys$1 b lives = _m days4 8,! ,c]c]is :i* preys on ,coleopt]a10 writes ,fabre1#ce 8appe>s to h made its *oice accord+ to ! dictates ( an exact physiology & anatomy4 ,x is impossible to see 9 its proce$+s ! results ( happy *ance2 m ?an *ance is requir$ to expla9 adaptations s precise40 ,aft] hav+ fill$ ! burr[ ) a suffici5t quantity ( insects or spid]s1 fossorial wasps lay _! eggs & c>efully close up ! entrance4 ,9 due c\rse ! l>va is hat*$1 & dev\rs ! food t x f9ds close at h&4 ,if ! ga!r$ insects 7 n p>alys$1 !y c\ld easily escape f _! prison2 if !y 7 dead1 putrefaction or desiccation 7accord+ to circum/ances7 w\ld r5d] !m unfit = ! l>v4 ,x is !re=e %e] necessity t is ! factor 9 ! developm5t ( ?is m>vell\s in/9ct t induces ! fossorial wasps to attack ! n]v\s c5tres ( _! prey4 ,:5 "o insect has be5 dev\r$1 ! l>va proce$s to ano!r1 & s on1 until x is fully gr[n1 :]eupon x envelops itself 9 a case t protects x dur+ ! w9t] & foll[+ spr+4 ,9 summ] x *anges at fir/ into a *rysalis1 & lat] into a p]fect insect4 ,x frees itself f ! cocoon1 takes to flight1 & ent]s ^u life l t ( its "m1 :i* x has nev] se54 ,( ! h>moni\s ph5om5a 9 nature x is inde$ difficult to f9d o!r examples s p]fect z ^? ( ! habits ( ^! fossorial wasps1 or ( ! me*anism = ! f]tilisation ( or*ids4 ,^! h>monies 9 nature are con/antly met ) 9 ! _w ( liv+ be+s1 & x is n a/oni%+ t !y h = a long "t attract$ ! att5tion ( _m obs]v]s & philosoph]s4 ,z x seem$ impossible to attribute !m to ! organisms !mselves1 because ( ! l[ rank & lack ( intellig5ce ( ^!1 x has seem$ only natural to set !m d[n z a manife/ation ( a sup]ior =ce :i* organises & directs all natural ph5om5a4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 omits "o side ( ! m$al4 ,any close inve/igation ( organisation & life reveals t1 beside _m mo/ p]fect h>monies1 !re are facts :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( incomplete h>mony or ev5 absolute di%>mony4 ,! exam9ation ( ! fl[]s ( or*ids w\ld lead "o to ! belief t ea* "p1 ev5 ! smalle/ & app>5tly mo/ insignificant1 has its rle 9 ! me*anism = f]tilisation & cross-f]tilisation4 ,9 reality x is n s4 ,!re are 9 c]ta9 or*ids organs :i* d n fulfil any function4 ,ev5 among ! species ( ,catasetum1 9 :i* ! poll9ia are ?r[n ) =ce on ! bodies ( insects1 !re are "s female fl[]s 9 :i* ! male organs are rudim5t>y & )\t utility4 ,9 ^! fl[]s1 accord+ to ,d>w91#cf 8! two membran\s sacks conta9+ ! rudim5t>y poll5-masses nev] op51 b !y easily sep>ate f ea* o!r & f ! an!r4 ,! tissue ( :i* !y are =m$ is ?ick & pulpy4 ,l mo/ rudim5t>y p>ts1 ! poll5-masses v>y mu* 9 size & =m2 !y are only ab\t "o-t5? ( ! bulk ( ^? ( ! male40 ,!re are !n1 )\t d\bt1 "s /ructures t are ( no s]vice4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! rudim5t>y poll9ia1 incapable ( be+ transport$ or ( f]tilis+ ! female elem5t1 is easily expla9$ by ! supposition t =m]ly ! fl[]s ( ! ,catasetum 7 true h]maphrodites1 b t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! male organs h become incompletely atrophi$ 9 c]ta9 fl[]s1 9 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ! female "p has increas$4 ,! occurr5ce ( an actual deg5]ation is %[n by ! exi/5ce ( rudim5ts ( ! poll9ia too insignificant to accompli% _! normal functions4 ,rudim5t>y & useless organs are widely di/ribut$1 & we f9d !m 9 _m places4 ,famili> in/ances are ! atrophi$ eyes ( animals t live 9 ! d>k1 & ! sometimes rudim5t>y sexual organs ( _m plants & animals4 ,n only are or*ids & o!r fl[]s adapt$ to f]tilisation by means ( insects1 b _m insects display special adaptations to _! habit ( visit+ fl[]s4 ,butt]flies1 bees1 & _m o!r insects1 possess m\? organs modifi$ = ! purpose ( p5etrat+ fl[]s to secure nect> or poll54 ,o!r insects1 aga91 are n s =tunate 9 ?is respect4 ,d>w9#cg on "o occasion 8f\nd an extremely m9ute ,hym5opt]\s insect va9ly /ruggl+ to escape1 ) its head cem5t$ by ! h>d5$ viscid matt] to ! cre/ ( ! ro/ellum & to ! tips ( ! poll9ia 7( an or*id1 ,li/]a ovata1 ,fig4 #d74 ,! insect 0 n s l>ge z "o ( ! poll9ia1 & aft] caus+ ! explosion _h n /r5g? en\gh to remove !m2 x 0 puni%$ = attempt+ a "w beyond its /r5g?1 & p]i%$ mis]ably40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,li/]a ovata 7aft] ,b>la1 8,flora ( ,nice10 #ahfh74 ,_m insects1 well adapt$ = ! purpose1 delight !mselves by suck+ ! nect> ( fl[]s4 ,_m o!rs w\ld wi% to d ! same1 b _! want ( adaptation baffles !m4 ,a small 8lady-bird0 loves ! sweet juice ( fl[]s2 x tries (t5 to suck ! nect> ( ! d&elion1 b )\t success4 ,h]mann ,mll]#ch has describ$ ! behavi\r ( ?is insect 9 procur+ ! nect> ( ,erodium cicutorium4 8,! awkw>d way 9 :i* ?is beetle1 unadapt$ to fe$ on ! plants1 endeav\rs to obta9 ! honey1 is too ludicr\s n to be m5tion$4 ,aft] tak+ up a position on ! petal1 x puts its m\? 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! honeycups :i* are situat$ on bo? sides ( ! base ( ! petal4 ,! petal soon breaks (f1 ^u :i* ! insect fixes itself on a neighb\r+ sepal or falls to ! gr\nd ) ! petal4 ,9 ! fir/ case x proce$s to creep ov] ! fl[] & ends by deta*+ all ! petals2 9 ! o!r case1 on recov]+ f ! %ock1 x quickly asc5ds ano!r /em ( ! same plant & beg9s aga94 ,i h se5 ! same lady-bird fall f\r times 9 succession ) petals :i* x _h deta*$ )\t ga9+ wisdom40 ,! in/9cts ( insects1 well develop$ = c]ta9 functions1 (t5 pres5t ab]rations m or less :imsical & rem>kable4 ,! cat]pill>s ( "s butt]flies1 be=e *ang+ into *rysalids1 envelop !mselves 9 a wellwov5 cocoon capable ( protect+ !m f noxi\s influ5ces4 ,protect$ by ?is cov]+1 ! cat]pill> *anges into a *rysalid1 & lat] into a butt]fly1 :i* p]=ates ! end ( ! cocoon 9 ord] to em]ge4 ,:5 any ext]nal ag5cy de/roys ! cocoon1 normal metamorphosis becomes impossible1 & ! l>va dies be=e its maturity4 ,fabre#ci que/ion$ :e!r ! cat]pill> dur+ ! "t ( ! weav+ ( ! cocoon 0 capable ( repair+ x if x 0 damag$4 ,= ?is object he cut ) a pair ( scissors ! end ( a cocoon 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction by ! cat]pill> ( ! beautiful peacock-butt]fly4 ,9 spite ( ! hole ?us produc$1 ! cat]pill> cont9u$ its ord9>y "w )\t suspicion t x w\ld be ( no avail4 ,on ?is occasion 8! cat]pill> ( ! peacock-butt]fly1 not)/&+ ! c]ta9 fate ( ! future butt]fly1 cont9u$ peaceably to sp91 )\t 9 ! lea/ modify+ ! regul> progress ( its lab\r2 :5 ! "t _h arriv$ = ! putt+ 9 ( ! la/ def5sive /it*es x plac$ !m 9 ! p]il\s brea*1 b neglect$ to m5d ! de/roy$ "p ( ! b>ricade4 ,x p]=m$ its va9 task1 ignor+ :at 0 indisp5sable = success40 ,ev5 among/ fossorial wasps1 ! in/9cts ( :i* are s admirably develop$1 h>mony is f> f p]fect4 ,fabre endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at effect 0 produc$ on ^! insects by tak+ away ! egg laid 9 ! burr[4 ,he *ose = ?is exp]im5t ! fossorial wasp ,pelopu 7,fig4 #e71 :i* preys on spid]s4 ,he took away ! egg :i* _h be5 deposit$ 9 a c>efully-prep>$ burr[1 & wat*$ ! subsequ5t manuvres4 8,! ,pelopu cont9u$ to /ore up spid]s = ! /ol5 egg2 x ga!r$ provisions t 7 n to be eat52 x r$\bl$ its ef=ts to repl5i% a l>d] t ,i 0 con/antly robb+ ) my =ceps40 ,! insect nei!r discont9u$ its fruitless task nor appe>$ to be aw>e ( its fruitlessness4 ,"h1 !n1 is an example ( a foil$ mat]nal in/9ct t ga9$ no useful end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,pelopu 7aft] ,buffon74 ,9 connection ) su* a slaught] = ! b5efit ( a prog5y t w nev] exi/1 ,i may m5tion obs]vations relat+ to a q diff]5t ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,!re are _m creatures t kill & dev\r _! prog5y4 ,n infrequ5tly rabbits kill & dev\r all _! prog5y1 or leave !m to die )\t food or c>e4 ,sometimes ! culprits are "y rabbits )\t exp]i5ce2 b ?is ab]ration ( in/9ct is also met ) 9 old rabbits1 :i* once & = all h contract$ ! habit ( ab&on+ or eat+ _! "y4 ,"s females ( o!r species ( mammals & ( birds h (t5 be5 surpris$ 9 ! act ( des]t+ or ( kill+ _! (fspr+4 ,p]v]sion ( sexual in/9ct is frequ5t en\gh among/ animals4 ,hub]#dj /ates t :5 male ants h a lack ( females !y ravi% ! work]s1 ! attacks be+ fatal1 z ! sexual organs are incompletely develop$ & functionally incapable4 ,abnormal pair+ has also be5 obs]v$ 9 ! /ag-beetle ( ! g5us ,lucanus1 9 bees1 &1 above all1 9 cock*af]s4#da ,high] animals1 su* z dogs1 furni% analog\s examples ( sexual p]v]sion4 ,onanism is well kn[n among/ mammals4 ,x is frequ5t among monkeys 9 m5ag]ies1 & also 9 rutt+ /ags1 ! latt] dis*>g+ ! sem9al fluid by friction ) trees4 ,/allions & m>es h (t5 be5 obs]v$ 9 ! act ( satisfy+ _! sexual appetites by abnormal means4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species 7dogs1 be>s1 *amois1 elephants1 p>rakeets1 etc417 :i* resort to onanism4#db ,^! di%>moni\s in/9cts d n 9 ! lea/ cause ! dea? ( ! animals t manife/ !m4 ,b !re exi/ 9 nature in/9ctive ab]rations mu* m dang]\s4 ,:o has n se5 9 ! summ] num]\s insects ga!r$ r\nd lamps & c&les1 attract$ by ! light8 ,among ^! are ,coleopt]a1 ,neuropt]a 7,phryganea71 ,ephem]a1 &1 mo/ frequ5tly ( all1 small nocturnal ,lepidopt]a4 ,aft] fly+ r\nd & r\nd ! light sev]al times1 !y s+e _! w+s & die 9 numb]s4 ,?is in/9ct is s con/ant & s develop$ among/ _m ( ^! insects1 t x has be5 us$ aga9/ !m = _! own de/ruction4 ,?us among/ ! means advocat$ = de/roy+ a mo?1 ,botys /icticalis1 ! cat]pill>s ( :i* dev\r c]eals & beetroot1#dc is ! light+ ( num]\s fires 9 ! fields4 ,! mo?s1 attract$ by ! light1 fall 9 ! flames & die 9 quantities4 ,:5 ! usual sw>ms ( may-flies em]ge f ! wat]1 fi%]s make /raw fires on _! boats1 & ! insects s+e _! w+s4 ,! innum]able bodies incapable ( flight fall into ! wat]1 & provide a covet$ food = ! fi%4#dd ,?is di%>moni\s & fatal in/9ct is display$ *iefly by nocturnal insects t re/ dur+ ! day & d n leave _! retreats till aft] sunset4 ,9 ! cornfields ,coleopt]a ( ! g5]a ,anisoplia & ,rhizotrogus1 resembl+ ea* o!r 9 =m & g5]al appe>ance1 are to be f\nd4 ,:5 a fire is light$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! night x is only ! ,rhizotrogus t approa*es x at ! risk ( its life4 ,! ,anisoplia rema9s quiet 9 ! mid/ ( ! corn4 ,! latt] k9d ( beetle pairs dur+ ! day1 :ile ! ,rhizotrogi satisfy _! sexual desires dur+ ! night4 ,moreov]1 x is ! males only ( ?is species t fly ab\t 9 ! d>kness & approa* ! fire1 :il/ ! females re/ at home 9 ! plants4#de ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t light induces a sort ( sexual excitem5t 9 ^! male beetles4 ,! males1 se>*+ = ! female1 believe h] to be 9 ! mid/ ( ! flames1 t[>ds :i* !y fly )\t be+ consci\s ( ! dang] !y incur4 ,su* an int]pretation ( ?is di%>moni\s & suicidal in/9ct is confirm$ by ! fact t ! mo?s attract$ by fire are also almo/ exclusively males4 ,moreov]1 entomologi/s h advis$ aga9/ ! light+ ( fires by agriculturi/s 9 ! belief t !y de/roy ! noxi\s ,botys1 z !y ma9ta9 t ! females are n attract$4 ,^! latt] !re=e live on1 &1 be+ capable ( lay+ eggs1 produce a g5]ation ( voraci\s cat]pill>s4 ,( ! ,ephem]a attract$ by fire 9 su* great quantities males are by f> ! m num]\s4 ,x is !re=e really v probable t ! mad excitem5t :i* leads to ! de/ruction ( s _m male insects1 repres5ts a sort ( sexual ab]ration4 ,9 ?is connection x is to be rememb]$ t1 among/ ,coleopt]a1 species exi/ ( :i* ! females1 hidd5 9 ! grass1 produce int5se light :i* attracts ! males4 ,9 ! common gl[-worm1 ! female1 :i* is devoid ( w+s1 alone %9es ) ! famili> gre5i% glitt]4 ,ev5 9 species ( :i* ! two sexes are lum9\s1 ! female %9es m vividly4 ,x is true t !re are "s beetles ) lum9\s l>v1 a fact t l$ ,d>w9#df to rem>k t ! production ( light by insects may s]ve to fright5 enemies4 ,?is is possible1 & x is also possible t c]ta9 insects make use ( _! lum9osity to light _! way 9 ! d>kness4#dg ,b1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! sexual "* ( ! lum9\s organ is s manife/ 9 c]ta9 species t x is impossible to d\bt its function z a means ( attract+ ! male4 ,9 conclusion ,i may say t x is n my purpose at pres5t to discuss ! mean+ ( an in/9ct s fatal to insect life4 ,i wi% only to po9t out ! frequ5cy ( ! natural occurr5ce ( di%>mony1 s t ! satisfaction ( an in/9ct is fatal to s _m ( its possessors4 ,x is pla9 t an in/9ct1 or any o!r =m ( di%>mony lead+ to de/ruction1 _c increase1 or ev5 endure v long4 ,! p]v]sion ( ! mat]nal in/9ct t5d+ to ab&onm5t ( ! "y is de/ructive to ! /ock4 ,9 consequ5ce1 individuals affect$ by x d n h ! opportunity ( transmitt+ ! p]v]sion4 ,if all rabbits1 or a majority ( !m1 left _! "y to die ?r\gh neglect1 x is evid5t t ! species w\ld soon die out4 ,on ! contr>y1 mo!rs1 guid$ by _! in/9ct to n\ri% & fo/] _! (fspr+1 w produce a vigor\s g5]ation capable ( transmitt+ ! heal?y mat]nal in/9ct s ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,= su* a reason h>moni\s *>act]s are m abundant 9 nature ?an injuri\s peculi>ities4 ,! latt]1 because !y are injuri\s to ! individual & to ! species1 _c p]petuate !mselves indef9itely4 ,9 ?is way !re comes ab\t a con/ant selection ( *>act]s4 ,! useful qualities are h&$ d[n & pres]v$1 :ile noxi\s *>act]s p]i% & s disappe>4 ,al?\gh di%>monies t5d to ! de/ruction ( a species1 !y may !mselves disappe> )\t hav+ de/roy$ ! race 9 :i* !y occur4 ,?is cont9u\s process ( natural selection1 :i* (f]s s good an explanation ( ! transmutation & orig9 ( species by means ( pres]vation ( useful & de/ruction ( h>mful *>act]s1 0 discov]$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 & 0 e/abli%$ by ! spl5did rese>*es ( ! =m] ( ^!4 ,long be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! face ( ! e>?1 !re 7 "s happy be+s well adapt$ to _! environm5t1 & "s unhappy creatures t foll[$ di%>moni\s in/9cts s z to imp]il or to de/roy _! lives4 ,7 su* creatures capable ( reflection & communication1 pla9ly ! =tunate among !m1 su* z or*ids & fossorial wasps1 w\ld be on ! side ( ! optimi/s2 !y w\ld decl>e ?is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 & insi/ t1 to secure happ9ess x is necess>y only to foll[ natural in/9cts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! di%>moni\s creatures1 ^? ill adapt$ to ! conditions ( life1 w\ld be pessimi/ic philosoph]s4 ,consid] ! case ( ! lady-bird1 driv5 by hung] & ) a pref]5ce = honey1 :i* se>*es = x on fl[]s & meets only ) failure1 or ( insects driv5 by _! in/9cts into ! flames1 only to lose _! w+s & _! lives2 su* creatures1 pla9ly1 w\ld express z _! idea ( ! _w t x 0 fa%ion$ abom9ably1 & t exi/5ce 0 a mi/ake4 ,z = man1 ! creature mo/ int]e/+ to u1 9 :at category does he fall8 ,is he a be+ ^: nature is 9 h>mony ) ! conditions 9 :i* he has to live1 or is he out ( h>mony ) 8 environm5t8 ,a critical exam9ation is ne$$ to answ] ^! que/ions1 & to su* an exam9ation ! pages to foll[ are devot$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,simian ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man ,relation%ip ( ! human species ) an?ropoid apes--,analogies 9 ! d5tition1 9 ! organisation ( ! limbs & ( ! bra9--,resemblance ( ! v]mi=m app5dage ( man & an?ropoids--,analogy betwe5 ! plac5ta & ftus ( man & an?ropoid apes--,blood relation%ip ( man & monkeys %[n by s]ums & precipitates--,transmutation ( species--,sudd5 transition f monkey to man--,j4 ,inaudi1 ! calculator1 z an example ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( *>act]s 9 ! human species--,rudim5t>y organs 9 man--,proportion ( progressive & retrogressive organs 9 ! organisation ( man ,to und]/& human nature x is necess>y fir/ to give an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,?is "q has preoccupi$ mank9d = ages1 & = a long "t x 0 believ$ t a solution ( ! problem 0 to be f\nd 9 religi\s dogmas4 ,man 0 reg>d$ z be+ ( sup]natural orig91 ! result ( a special creation4 ,sci5tific criticism has n[ %[n t !re are no gr\nds = su* a conclusion4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury ago ,d>w9 appli$ to man 8 discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 & ( ! "p play$ by t 9 ! orig9 & transmutation ( species4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 att5tion 0 giv5 to ! special case ( man4 ,9 #ahfc ,huxley#dh gave an admirable review ( ! problem 9 8 "w on 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature40 ,he br\ght =w>d argum5ts ( ! highe/ sci5tific validity 9 support ( ! !sis t man is desc5d$ f animals1 & t he is a mammal mo/ ne>ly relat$ to monkeys1 & among ^! to ! an?ropoid apes4 ,9 spite ( ?is ma/]ly exposition1 !re are /ill p]sons ( high intellig5ce & sup]ior education :o decl>e t sci5ce has n yet answ]$ ! "q z to :5ce he came1 & t ! !ory ( evolution w nev] provide an answ]4#di ,close exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( man has prov$1 9 ! mo/ def9ite fa%ion1 ! exi/5ce ( a ne> k9%ip ) ! high] monkeys1 or an?ropoids4 ,:5 ! *impanzee & ! ourang-outang 7 discov]$1 comp>ison became inevitable1 & _m naturali/s1 includ+ ! great ,l9nu1 saw t ! human race mu/ f9d its place 9 classification ne> ! an?ropoids4 ,n[ t all ! details ( ! human organisation h be5 /udi$1 & ! anatomical /ructures ( man & l>ge monkeys )\t tails h be5 comp>$1 bone ) bone & muscle ) muscle1 a truly a/oni%+ analogy betwe5 ^! organisms is made manife/1 an analogy app>5t 9 e detail4 ,x is kn[n t 9 ! natural hi/ory ( mammals ! tee? play an important "p z a means ( det]m9+ diff]5ces & relation%ips4 ,! d5tition ( man be>s a v great resemblance to t ( an?ropoids4 ,e "o kn[s ! milk tee? & ! p]man5t tee? ( man4 ,! an?ropoid apes be> 9 ?is respect an a/oni%+ lik5ess to man4 ,! numb] 7?irty-two 9 ! adult71 ! =m & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! cr[n1 are id5tical 9 man & an?ropoid apes4 ,! diff]5ces are to be f\nd only 9 m9or details1 su* z ! exact %ape & relative dim5sions & ! numb] ( cusps4 ,x c be said 9 a g5]al way t 9 ! an?ropoid apes ! tee? are m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 man4 ,! can9es are mu* long] & ! roots ( ! pre-mol>s are m complex 9 ! gorilla ?an 9 man4 ,b ! fact mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 t all ^! diff]5ces are less pron\nc$ ?an ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 ! d5tition ( an?ropoid apes & t ( all o!r monkeys4 ,ev5 9 ! cynocephal\s monkeys1 ^? t mo/ ne>ly approa* ! an?ropoids1 ! tee? exhibit m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,?us1 ! =ms ( ! upp] mol>s are q diff]5t 9 ! baboon & 9 ! gorilla4 ,! can9es are long]1 & ! pre-mol>s & mol>s are /ill m complex 9 ! baboon4 ,9 ! monkeys ( ! ,new ,_w1 ! d5tition diff]s /ill m f t ( man & an?ropoids4 ,in/ead ( ?irty-two tee?1 !y possess ?irty-six 9 ! adult condition4 ,! numb] ( pre-mol>s is twelve in/ead ( eight4 ,! g5]al =m & ! cr[ns ( ! mol>s are v diff]5t f ^? ( an?ropoid apes4 ,^! consid]ations l$ ,huxley to conclude t 8x is obvi\s t1 greatly z ! d5tition ( ! highe/ ape diff]s f t ( man1 x diff]s f> m widely f t ( ! l[] & l[e/ apes40#ej ,ano!r "* :i* %[s t an?ropoids are ne>] man ?an o!r monkeys is furni%$ by ! anatomy ( ! sacrum4 ,9 monkeys z a :ole ! sacrum is compos$ ( ?ree1 or r>ely f\r1 v]tebr1 :ile 9 an?ropoid apes x conta9s five1 t is to say j z _m z 9 man4 ,! :ole skeleton1 & p>ticul>ly ! skull ( man1 & ! high] monkeys1 pres5t c]ta9ly "s m>k$ diff]5ces2 b "h aga9 ! diff]5ces are less ?an ^? betwe5 ! an?ropoid apes & o!r monkeys4 ,z reg>ds ! o/eology ! proposition laid d[n by ,huxley is j4 8,s t1 = ! skull1 no less ?an = ! skeleton 9 g5]al1 ! proposition holds good1 t ! diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! gorilla are ( small] value ?an ^? betwe5 ! gorilla & "s o!r apes40#ea ,! believ]s 9 ! doctr9e t ! human species is ess5tially di/9ct f all ! kn[n monkeys h laid great /ress on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! foot ( man & t ( an?ropoid apes4 ,?is diff]5ce _c be d5i$4 ,man assumes ! direct po/ure habitually1 :ile monkeys1 ev5 ! highe/ ( !m1 walk on two legs only occasionally4 ,!re has foll[$ f ?is a great] developm5t ( ! feet 9 monkeys4 ,yet ?is diff]5ce ought n to be exagg]at$4 ,x has be5 s\ght to prove t monkeys are 8quadruman\s10 & t _! h9d legs t]m9ate 9 8h9d-h&s40 ,b x is cle>ly %[n t 9 all ess5tial respects ! h9d] limb ( ! gorilla t]m9ates 9 z true a foot z t ( man4#eb 8,! h9d limb ( ! gorilla1 !re=e1 ends 9 a true foot1 ) a v movable great toe4 ,x is a preh5sile foot1 inde$1 b is 9 no s5se a h&2 x is a foot :i* diff]s f t ( man n 9 any fundam5tal "*1 b 9 m]e proportions1 9 ! degree ( mobility1 & 9 ! second>y arrangem5t ( its p>ts40#ec ,9 all ^! cases ! argum5t is confirm$1 8t be ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! h& & foot ( man & ^? ( ! gorilla :at !y may1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? ( ! gorilla & ^? ( ! l[] apes are mu* great]40#ed ,! comp>ison ( muscles & ( o!r int]nal organs leads to ! same conclusion2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 monkeys are m v>i$ & great] ?an ^? betwe5 an?ropoids & man4 ,! anatomy ( ! bra9 has be5 mu* discuss$ ) reg>d to ?is4 ,sev]al di/+ui%$ zoologi/s1 among/ !m ,ow5 9 p>ticul>1 h insi/$ on ! abs5ce 9 all monkeys ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! bra9 peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( man4 ,su* are ! po/]ior lobe1 ! po/]ior cornu1 & ! less] hippocampus4 ,controv]sy on ?is topic has be5 animat$2 b1 ultimately1 ! op9ion ( ,ow5 did n triumph1 & n[ x is unanim\sly accept$ t ! p>ts ( ! bra9 9 "q are 8precisely ^? /ructures :i* are ! mo/ m>k$ c]ebral *>act]s common to man ) ! apes4 ,!y are among ! mo/ di/9ctly simian peculi>ities :i* ! human organism exhibits40#ee ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,ccum & v]mi=m app5dage ( man 7aft] ,ewald74 ,z reg>ds ! bra91 ! diff]5ces betwe5 man & an?ropoid apes are c]ta9ly less m>k$ ?an ^? t exi/ betwe5 ! high] & l[] monkeys4 ,! dige/ive tract af=ds ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! aff9ity ( an?ropoid apes to man4 ,! human ccum is furni%$ ) ! v rem>kable & /range v]mi=m app5dage :i* (t5 is ! cause ( a grave & preval5t illness kn[n z app5dicitis4 ,n[1 x is q rem>kable t ?is organ is practically id5tical ) ! v]mi=m app5dage ( an?ropoid apes4 ,a glance at ! accompany+ figures 7#f & #g7 w conv9ce ! read] ( ?is4 ,yet none ( ! o!r monkeys pres5t any su* resemblance ) man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,ccum & v]mi=m app5dage ( ! *impanzee 7f a prep>ation 9 ! ,p>is ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,x is n surpris+1 9 ! face ( resemblances s num]\s1 t =ty ye>s' sci5ce has proclaim$ ! exi/5ce ( a close aff9ity betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,! view has become an e/abli%$ doctr9e1 n[ t no s+le fact has be5 br\ght aga9/ x4 ,s9ce ! !ory 0 enunciat$ we h le>n$ mu* reg>d+ ! natural hi/ory ( ^! apes4 ,g5]ally1 :5 a !ory is false1 a new set ( facts ov]?r[s x4 ,attempts may be made to trim ! new facts to ! exi/+ !ory1 b su* attempts are doom$ to failure1 & ! !ory disappe>s4 ,x is ( special int]e/1 !n1 to confront ! simian !ory ( ! orig9 ( man ) a s]ies ( facts ga!r$ by sci5ce s9ce ! !ory 0 prop\nd$4 ,:5 ,huxley wrote1 ! embryological hi/ory ( an?ropoid apes 0 practically unkn[n4 ,d>w91 ,vogt1 & ,haeckel1 9 _! attempts to support ! !ory ( ! animal orig9 ( man1 _h n suffici5t k ( ! embryology ( monkeys4 ,x is only rec5tly t important "w on ?is subject has be5 publi%$4 ,x is kn[n t ! hi/ory ( developm5t is v (t5 an excell5t guide 9 trac+ ! relation%ip ( organisms4 ,x is !re=e int]e/+ to exam9e ! e/abli%$ facts conc]n+ ! embryology ( an?ropoid apes4 ,! mat]ial = ^! /udies is v difficult to obta91 & x is n a/oni%+ t ev5 our pres5t /ate ( k is /ill imp]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,ftus ( gibbon 7aft] ,sel5ka74 ,! plac5ta (t5 gives in=mation ( great importance 9 ! classification ( mammals4 ,x is suffici5t to glance at ! zon>y plac5ta ( dogs & seals to be conv9c$ ( ! relation%ip ( ^! two species1 :i* at fir/ sight seem s diff]5t4 ,n[1 ! plac5tas ( all ! an?ropoid apes exam9$ up to ! pres5t are ( ! same discoid type z t ( man4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! umbilical cord ( man1 :i* 0 =m]ly consid]$ z q peculi> to him1 is f\nd 9 an?ropoid apes1 z has be5 e/abli%$ by ,d5ik]#ef & ,sel5ka#eg ,x is /rik+ t ! an?ropoids resemble man r ?an ! l[] monkeys 9 ! relation ( ! ftus to ! ftal membranes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,human ftus ( ?ree mon?s & a half4 ,) reg>d to ! embryos !mselves1 ! simil>ity betwe5 ^? ( monkeys & ( man is v great4 ,sel5ka insi/s on ! fact t ! y\nge/ /ages ( human developm5t t h be5 obta9$ c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! l[] monkeys ei!r 9 position or 9 %ape4 ,m advanc$ /ages exhibit great] diff]5tiation1 & ! lat] embryos ( man resemble ^? ( an?ropoids mu* m closely ?an ^? ( ! l[] monkeys4 ,! ftus ( ! gibbon1 figur$ by ,sel5ka 7,fig4 #h71 pres5ts ! mo/ /rik+ lik5ess to a correspond+ human ftus 7,fig4 #i74 ,lat] on1 ! *>act]s t di/+ui% man f ev5 ! highe/ ( ! apes become m & m pron\nc$4 ,9 ! an?ropoids ! facial portion becomes m & m prom95t1 & betrays a be/iality abs5t f ! human =m4 ,none ! less ! resemblance betwe5 ! ne>ly mature ftus ( an?ropoids & human embryos ( ab\t ! six? mon? is evid5t en\gh4 ,m4 ,d5ik] _h ! good =tune to obta9 ! late ftus ( a gorilla--a v r>e piece ( =tune--& he has made an elaborate inve/igation ( its /ructure4 ,! g5]al appe>ance 7,fig4 #aj7 is q en\gh to %[ ! close relation%ip ) a human ftus ( a correspond+ age 7,fig4 #aa74 ,x is pla91 moreov]1 t ! "y gorilla is m human-l ?an is ! adult4 ,detail$ anatomical inve/igation only confirms ?is conclusion4 ,! skulls ( ! "y /ages ( an?ropoids are mu* m human 9 _! "* ?an ! adult skulls4 ,sel5ka /ates t su* "y skulls ( diff]5t an?ropoids n only resemble "o ano!r m closely1 b are m human4 ,z soon z ! tee? beg9 to appe>1 ! individual *>act]s are assum$ s rapidly1 & become s m>k$1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! int]m$iate /ages1 x w\ld be difficult to e/abli% ! k9%ips4 ,! data d]iv$ f embryology d n po9t to any "o ( ! exi/+ g5]a ( monkeys z ! ance/or ( man4 ,!y lead u to inf]1 r1 t man & ! an?ropoid apes _h a common orig91 & palontological evid5ce mu/ be scann$ to f9d ?is ance/or4 ,! greate/ importance has be5 atta*$ to a discov]y 9 ,java1 made 9 #ahid by ,eugne ,dubois4 ,! rema9s1 consi/+ ( ! cr[n ( a skull1 two tee? & a femur1 belong+ to a creature = :i* ! "n ,pi!can?ropus erectus#eh has be5 inv5t$1 h be5 int]pret$ by sev]al anatomi/s z ^? ( a =m int]m$iate betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,h[ev]1 z ! facts ab\t ?is creature are meagre & h be5 int]pret$ diff]5tly1 ,i %all n make use ( !m 9 my argum5t4 ,ev5 ap>t f !m1 ! simian orig9 ( man may be tak5 z prov$4 ,! s]ies ( facts t ,i h be5 employ+ z evid5ce ( ! relation%ip betwe5 m5 & an?ropoid apes has be5 drawn f ! obs]vations ( anatomi/s & embryologi/s4 ,d>w91 seek+ to broad5 ! basis ( ! argum5t1 call$ att5tion to ! resemblances ( ! p>asites ( m5 & apes1 z evid5ce ( a close simil>ity ( physiological processes 9 ! creatures4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s1 inve/igations 9 a v diff]5t field seem capable ( ?r[+ a novel light on ! "q4 ,:5 ! blood ( "o mammal is inject$ into ! body ( ano!r1 ! latt] %[s rem>kable modifications4 ,:5 !re is add$ to a s]um1 prep>$ f ! blood ( a rabbit & consi/+ ( a col\rless transp>5t liquid1 a few drops ( blood drawn f ano!r rod5t 7= in/ance a gu9ea-pig71 no?+ unusual happ5s4 ,! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig pres]ves its normal col\r1 & its corpuscles rema9 practically unalt]$4 ,if1 in/ead ( add+ gu9ea-pig's blood to ! s]um ( rabbit's blood1 we add a s]um drawn f ! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig1 /ill no special *ange occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,ftus ( gorilla 7aft] ,d5ik]74 ,if1 h[ev]1 a s]um be prep>$ f ! blood ( a rabbit into :i* !re _h fir/ be5 inject$ ! blood ( a gu9ea-pig1 ! s]um %[s new & /rik+ qualities4 ,! addition to x ( "s drops ( gu9ea-pig's blood br+s ab\t1 9 a v %ort "t1 a *ang$ appe>ance4 ,! r$ liquid1 at fir/ opaque1 becomes transp>5t4 ,! mixture ( ! prep>$ s]um ( ! rabbit ) ! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig w assume ! col\r ( cl>et mix$ ) wat]4 ,! *ange is due to solution ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! gu9ea-pig 9 ! blood s]um ( ! rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,human ftus ( ab\t five mon?s4 ,?is s]um has /ill ano!r prop]ty n less wor?y ( att5tion4 ,if !re is add$ to x n pure blood b only blood s]um ( ! gu9ea-pig1 a di/urbance 9 ! mixture occurs almo/ at once1 & leads to ! =m+ ( a precipitate m or less abundant4 ,! injection ( ! blood ( ! gu9ea-pig into a rabbit has !re=e *ang$ ! s]um ( ! latt] by introduc+ new prop]ties3 t ( dissolv+ ! r$ corpuscles ( ! gu9ea-pig & ( giv+ a precipitate ) ! blood s]um ( ! same animal4 ,frequ5tly ! blood s]um ( animals prep>$ by previ\s injections ( ! blood ( o!r species ( animals is /rictly specific4 ,9 su* cases ! s]um only gives a precipitate ) ! s]um ( ! species :i* has furni%$ ! blood = ! injections1 & only dissolves ! r$ corpuscles ( ?is same species4 ,b !re are "s in/ances 9 :i* a s]um ( a prep>$ animal dissolves1 n only ! r$ corpuscles ( ! species :i* has furni%$ ! inject$ blood1 b ^? ( alli$ species4 ,?us ! blood s]um ( ! rabbit1 aft] "s injections ( blood ( ! *ick51 becomes capable ( dissolv+ n only ! r$ corpuscles ( ! *ick5 b also ^? ( ! pigeon1 al?\gh 9 a less degree4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t assi/ance c\ld be r5d]$ to =5sic m$ic9e by mak+ use ( ?is prop]ty ( s]ums1 to discov] ! orig9 ( a c]ta9 blood4 ,z is well kn[n1 x is (t5 v important to decide :e!r a /a9 0 caus$ by ! blood ( man or ( ano!r animal4 ,until q rec5tly x 0 n kn[n h[ to di/+ui% human blood f t ( o!r mammals4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made to discov] if ! r$ corpuscles f\nd 9 ! blood /a9 c\ld be dissolv$ by ! s]um ( animals :i* _h previ\sly be5 inject$ ) ! blood ( man4 ,9 a c]ta9 case ! human orig9 ( ! /a9 9 "q 0 %[n4 ,b x 0 soon discov]$ t ?is me?od 0 n infallible4 ,x is n[ f\nd t ! me?od ( precipitates gives mu* m conclusive results4 ,x is done 9 ?is way3 ,human blood is inject$ sev]al times into any animal 7rabbit1 dog1 %eep1 horse74 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ! animal is bl$1 & a cle> & limpid s]um1 q devoid ( corpuscles1 is prep>$4 ,:5 !re is add$ to ?is s]um "o or sev]al drops ( human s]um1 x =ms imm$iately a precipitate :i* falls to ! bottom4 ,9 ?is way x is discov]$ :e!r ! prep>$ s]um is suffici5tly active4 ,x !n becomes possible to recognise ev5 dri$ human blood4 ,a little ( su* blood is dissolv$ 9 normal salt solution1 & plac$ 9 a tube conta9+ ! s]um ( an animal prep>$ by means ( ! injections ( human blood4 ,if a precipitate =ms 9 ! liquid 9 a %ort "t1 ! fact indicates t ! /a9 is really human blood4 ,?is me?od is be+ practis$ 9 =5sic m$ic9e4 ,?is reaction is ( great int]e/ to u because x is ( assi/ance 9 reveal+ ! relation%ip betwe5 species4 ,! s]um ( an animal prep>$ ) ! blood ( ! f[l gives a precipitate1 n only ) ! s]um ( ! f[l itself1 b also ) t ( ! pigeon2 on ! o!r h&1 x rema9s undi/urb$ :5 ! s]um ( mammals is add$4 ,! reaction indicates !n t !re is a suffici5tly m>k$ degree ( relation%ip betwe5 ! f[l & ! pigeon4 ,"h is ano!r example3 ! s]um ( an animal prep>$ ) ! blood ( an ox gives an abundant precipitate :5 !re is add$ to x a little blood s]um ( ! ox1 b x does n produce ?is reaction ) ! s]um ( any ( ! o!r mammals1 n ev5 ) t ( ! %eep1 /ag & de]4#ei ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! ,bovid & ^! o!r rum9ants is !n n s close z t betwe5 ! f[l & ! pigeon4 ,h[ does ! s]um ( animals :i* has be5 inject$ ) human blood behave8 ,! s]um capable ( giv+ a precipitate ) human s]um does n produce ! same reaction except ) ! s]um ( "s monkeys 7! small ,papio74#fj ,gru5baum1 ( ,liv]pool1#fa has be5 =tunate en\gh to procure a consid]able quantity ( ! blood ( ?ree l>ge an?ropoid apes--! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & ourang-outang4 ,he has be5 able to prove t ! s]um ( animals inject$ ) man's blood gives a precipitate n only ) ?is blood b also ) t ( ! above-m5tion$ apes4 ,x 0 impossible = him 8to di/+ui% ?is precipitate z reg>ds quality & quantity f t :i* is obta9$ ) human blood40 ,to v]ify ?is result1 ,gru5baum prep>$ ! s]um ( animals inject$ ) ! blood ( ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & ourang-outang4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( s]um gave precipitates ) ! blood ( ^! ?ree apes1 & to ! same ext5t ) ! blood ( man4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t !re exi/s betwe5 ! human species & ! an?ropoid apes n only a sup]ficial analogy ( body & ( ! pr9cipal organs1 b a close blood relation%ip4 ,facts ( ?is k9d c\ld n be =ese5 :5 ! !ory ( ! simian orig9 ( man 0 put =w>d4 ,9 spite ( ?is !y h aris5 to confirm x 9 a truly a/oni%+ way4 ,x is !re=e impossible to d\bt t man is a memb] ( ! gr\p ( primates hav+ a close connection ) ! high] monkeys ( ! pres5t "t4 ,?is result is ( great importance 9 all que/ions relat+ to human nature4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be ( consid]able int]e/ to "k m exactly :at /eps 7 foll[$ 9 ?is simian desc5t ( man4 ,on ?is "q our k is /ill v imp]fect4 ,9 8 rese>*es on an?ropoid apes1 ,sel5ka insi/s on a m intimate relation%ip betwe5 ! *impanzee & man4 8,! great resemblance ( ! pre-mol>s & ( ! mol>s 9 ! p]man5t d5tition ( ! *impanzee ) human tee? appe>s to indicate t ! *impanzee & man h a common orig91 & desc5d f ext9ct =ms l ,dryopi!cus4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is contradict$ by ! fact t ! milk tee? ( ! *impanzee are mu* ne>] ^? ( ! ourang-outang ?an ^? ( man40#fb ,x is evid5t t to cle> up ?is "q x w\ld be necess>y to h a great] k ( fossil an?ropoids su* z ,dryopi!cus & its allies4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( k only a v g5]al hypo!sis c be =mulat$ z to ! exact mode ( human desc5t4 ,we h already %[n t ! ftus ( man & ( ! an?ropoid monkeys resemble ea* o!r mu* m ?an ! adult =ms1 & t ! "y ( ^! apes also be> a great] lik5ess to man ?an d ! adults4 ,! great developm5t ( ! skull z comp>$ ) ! face is *>act]i/ic ( "y monkeys & ( man "y or old4 ,! jaws cont9ue to develop 9 ! an?ropoids1 :ile 9 man !re occurs 9 ?is respect a c]ta9 arre/ ( developm5t4 ,! hairs1 s small 9 man1 also %[ a simil> arre/4 ,g5]ally !y rema9 dur+ ! :ole life 9 a /ate ( incomplete developm5t4 ,x is especially on ! back ( man t ?is feeble developm5t ( hairs occurs4 ,z ?is "p ( ! body 9 monkeys1 on ! contr>y1 is mu* m hairy ?an ! "u surface1 x has be5 held to con/itute an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 man & monkeys4 ,b embryological /udy enables u to settle ?is app>5t contradiction4 ,! ftus ( ! gorilla exam9$ by ,m4 ,d5ik] possess$ an almo/ entirely smoo? back4 8,! ftus _h true hairs only on ! head1 ! ant]ior surface1 & ar\nd ! lips & ! g5ital organs1 & ! eyela%es & eyebr[s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! body 0 smoo? or cov]$ ) d[n n exce$+ a millimetre 9 l5g?40#fc ,! sk9 ( ! "u surface1 smoo? ar\nd ! navel1 0 cov]$ ) small hairs m ?ickly ?an on ! back4 ,! abundance ( hairs on ! po/]ior aspect ( ! body ( monkeys is a lat] acquisition1 :i* develops b t>dily dur+ ftal life4 ,z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( ^! hairs man resembles mu* m ! embryos ( monkeys ?an adult monkeys4 ,?is fact1 in/ead ( %ak+ ! !ory ( relation%ip betwe5 man & apes1 gives u /rong evid5ce z to ! mode ( 8 desc5t4 ,putt+ ! kn[n facts toge!r1 we may inf] t man is a case ( ! arre/$ developm5t ( "s simian ( anci5t days1 z x 71 a simian mon/] f ! zoological po9t ( view1 al?\gh n f ! /hetic4 ,man may be reg>d$ z a prodigy sprung f an ape1 born ) a l>g] bra9 & an intellig5ce m highly develop$ ?an occurr$ 9 8 p>5ts4 ,su* a view is 9 accordance ) kn[n facts4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t c]ta9 k9ds ( organisms1 in/ead ( evolv+ at a v sl[ pace1 spr+ up sudd5ly1 & t 9 su* a case nature proce$s ) a consid]able /ride4 ,d>w9 =esaw ?is possibility1 b x has be5 made pla9 to u by ! rem>kable rese>*es ( ! botani/ ,hugo de ,vries4#fd ,de ,vries cultivat$ = fifte5 ye>s ! ,ev5+ ,primrose1 a plant ( ,am]ican orig9 7no!ra lam>ckiana74 ,he obta9$1 sudd5ly1 a set ( fl[]s q di/9ct f ^? ( ! orig9al plant4 ,!y pres5t$ su* great diff]5ces t he c\ld sep>ate !m z sev]al q di/9ct species4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ,de ,vries obta9$ ?ree species 7not]a lata1 n4 nanella1 & sometimes n4 sc9tillans71 b v>iation becom+ m & m preval5t1 he ultimately di/+ui%$ a doz5 new species4 ,^! 7 gr[n f se$1 & transmitt$ _! specific *>act]s to _! desc5dants4 ,de ,vries1 9 ?is way1 0 a witness ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new species4 ,x is probable t man owes 8 orig9 to a simil> ph5om5on4 ,"s an?ropoid ape hav+ at a c]ta9 p]iod become v>i$ 9 specific *>act]s1 produc$ (fspr+ end[$ ) new prop]ties4 ,! bra91 ( abnormal size1 plac$ 9 a spaci\s cranium1 all[$ a rapid developm5t ( intellectual faculties mu* m advanc$ ?an ^? ( ! p>5t & ^? ( ! orig9al species4 ,?is peculi>ity w\ld be transmitt$ to ! desc5dants1 &1 z x 0 ( v consid]able advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! new race w\ld hold its own1 propagate & prevail4 ,! extraord9>y developm5t ( intellig5ce necess>ily l$ to p]fections 9 ! *oice ( n\ri%m5t1 p]fections :i* approa*$ ! art ( prep>+ m dige/ible food4 ,! jaws1 "u ^! conditions1 _h n su* a difficult task z be=e1 &1 moreov]1 !y 7 no long] requir$ = attack or def5ce4 ,!y became less develop$ ?an 9 ! true an?ropoid apes4 ,^! sugge/ions involve a conception ( ! m9d t is 9 h>mony ) kn[n facts4 ,f "t to "t prodigies are born ) "s tal5t f> great] ?an ! gifts possess$ by ! p>5ts4 ,ab\t twelve ye>s ago a "y native ( ,pi$mont1 ,jacques ,inaudi by "n1 became fam\s 9 ,p>is on acc\nt ( 8 extraord9>y p[] ( calculation4 ,he _h an a/oni%+ memory = figures1 & c\ld p]=m ma!matical calculations ) surpris+ rapidity4#fe ,two m9utes 7 suffici5t = him to multiply two numb]s compos$ ( sev5 & six figures4 ,o!r ari?metical calculations1 su* z ! extraction ( roots1 gave him b little tr\ble4 ,to atta9 ?is result1 ,inaudi made use ( 8 extraord9>y memory = figures1 f\nd$ on ! p]si/5ce ( auditory images4 ,:5 he he>d ! numb]s pron\nc$1 he rememb]$ !m4 ,inaudi decl>$ to ! ,commission conv5$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t :5 he tri$ to recall ! numb]s he he>d !m z if repeat$ al\d1 9 ! tone ( 8 own voice1 & t he c\ld he> !m = ! great] "p ( ! day4 8,9 an h\r1 or 9 two h\rs' "t1 if ,i ?\ght ( ! numb] t 0 utt]$1 ,i %\ld be able to repeat x z exactly z ,i h done be=e ! ,commission40 ,n[ ?is v extraord9>y & r>e auditory memory 0 develop$ 9 an altoge!r abrupt way4 ,inaudi1 ! son ( poor peasants ( ,pi$mont1 pass$ ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 life z a %eph]d4 ,at ! age ( six 8 wond]ful faculty ( calculat+ figures appe>$4 ,he did n "k at ?is "t h[ to read or to write4 ,at elev5 ye>s ( age he a/oni%$ ! memb]s ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is by 8 ph5om5al memory1 & x 0 only mu* lat]1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 t he le>nt to read & write4 ,nei!r ( ! p>5ts ( ,inaudi _h %[n 9 ! slighte/ degree a calculat+ faculty l t ( little ,jacques4 ,x mu/ !n be admitt$ t x 0 develop$ z sudd5ly z ! new qualities 9 ! ,ev5+ ,primrose t we h already m5tion$4 ,! fir/ m51 also1 7 probably +5i\s *ildr51 born ( an?ropoid p>5ts4 ,?is hypo!sis v well expla9s ! fact t man is m l ! ftus & ! "y ( an?ropoid apes ?an ! adult animals1 & exhibits only a trace ( _m organs :i* are mu* m develop$ 9 simian species4 ,a v di/+ui%$ ,g]man anatomi/1 ,wi$]%eim1#ff has giv5 9 a pamphlet a resum ( our actual k ( ! organs ( man f ! po9t ( view ( _! desc5t4 ,he has f\nd fifte5 organs :i* %[ 9 ! human species a consid]able advance on ^? ( an?ropoid apes4 ,! *ief ( ^! are ! l[] limb1 well adapt$ = a con/ant erect c>riage ( ! body2 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! pelvis & ( ! sacrum1 z well z ! broad5+ ( ! m sl5d] pelvis ( ! female2 ! curvature ( ! lumb> "p ( ! v]tebral column2 ! developm5t ( ! buttocks & ( ! calves2 ! diff]5ce ( c]ta9 muscles ( ! face2 ! nose2 c]ta9 /r&s f ! bra9 to ! sp9al cord2 ! occipital lobe ( ! bra92 ! great] developm5t ( ! c]ebral cortex1 &1 la/ly1 ! consid]able diff]5tiation ( ! muscles ( ! l>ynx :i* p]mit spee*4 ,b besides ^! progressive organs1 ,wi$]%eim has c\nt$ sev5te5 decay+ organs1 /ill able to fulfil _! physiological function 9 a m or less incomplete mann] 7among/ ^! are ! decad5t muscles ( ! leg & foot2 ! elev5? & twelf? pairs ( ribs1 ! toes1 ! ccum1 etc471 & n less ?an "o hundr$ & sev5 rudim5t>y organs :i* s]ve no useful physiological purpose 7to ?is category belong ! coccyx--! ve/ige ( a tail--! ?irte5? pair ( ribs 9 ! adult1 ! muscles ( ! e>1 ! v]mi=m app5dage1 etc474 ,we h already %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! great importance ( rudim5t>y organs z aids to ! trac+ ( ! g5ealogy ( organisms4 ,^! organs1 useless at pres5t1 are ! ve/iges ( simil> b m develop$ organs1 :i* fulfill$ a useful function 9 our ance/ors4 ,! extraord9>y quantity ( rudim5t>y organs 9 man furni%es ano!r pro( ( 8 animal orig91 & puts at ! disposal ( sci5ce in=mation ( great value = ! philosophic conception ( human nature4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,organisation ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,sy/em ,,( ,,man ,p]fection ( ! human =m--,! cov]+ ( hair--,! d5tition 9 g5]al & ! wisdom tee?--,! v]mi=m app5dage--,app5dicitis & its gravity--,uselessness ( ! ccum & ( ! l>ge inte/9e--,in/ance ( a woman )\t a l>ge inte/9e--,ance/ral hi/ory ( ?is portion ( ! dige/ive tract--,injuri\s effect ( ! microbes ( ! l>ge inte/9e--,frequ5cy ( canc] ( ! l>ge inte/9e & ( ! /oma*--,limit$ usefulness ( ! /oma*--,! in/9ct ( *oice ( food--,futility ( ?is in/9ct 9 man ,al?\gh he is a rec5t arrival on ! e>?1 man has made great progress z comp>$ ) 8 ance/ors1 ! an?ropoid apes4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ev5 ! l[] races ( man1 su* z ! ,hott5tots or ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia & high] types su* z ! inhabitants ( ,europe & ( ,nor? ,africa1 %[s t a v great advance has be5 made4 ,human art has be5 able to surpass nature 9 _m in/ances4 ,no natural s\nd is s p]fect z "s ( ! m beautiful pieces ( mod]n music4 ,ev5 9 ! production ( =m1 man has triumph$ ov] nature4 ,bre$]s ( fl[]s or ( birds seek to produce new v>ieties4 ,) ?is object !y (t5 frame a conception ( :at !y desire to produce1 &1 s to speak1 set ab\t to realise _! programme4 ,!y prep>e ideal images to s]ve !m z guides 9 ! process ( production4 ,by ! me?od ( artificial selection !y (t5 succe$ 9 _! wi%es1 & add to _! collections "s rem>kable =m4 ,9 su* fa%ions aviculture & horticulture h produc$ birds & fl[]s m beautiful ?an any f\nd 9 nature4 ,9 reg>d to ! human body1 attempts h be5 made to surpass nature & to repres5t a body correspond+ to an arti/ic ideal4 ,to arrive at some?+ m beautiful ?an man1 ! w+s ( birds or ! *>act]s ( "s o!r creatures h be5 add$ to 8 pres5tm5t4 ,su* attempts h _h no o!r result ?an to %[ t ! human =m1 z creat$ by nature1 _c be surpass$4 ,! anci5t conception ( ! human body z ! arti/ic ideal has be5 fully ju/ifi$4 ,! views ( ^? religi\s fanatics :o h ?r[n contempt on ! body by repres5t+ x 9 degrad$ =ms1 mu/ be reject$4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to apply ?is result to our conception ( ! nature ( man 9 g5]al4 ,! beautiful =m ( ! human body appe>s only 9 y\? & 9 maturity4 ,9 old age1 ! bodies ( m5 & wom5 are g5]ally ugly1 & 9 extreme old age x is almo/ impossible to see ! traces ( =m] beauty4 ,nor c conceptions ( p]fection drawn f ! human face & body be ext5d$ to ! :ole ( man's organisation4 ,a glance at "s ( ! organic sy/ems w make ?is pla94 ,! human sk9 is cov]$ ) little hairs1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is int]e/+4 ,9 "o /age ( embryonic life ne>ly ! :ole ( ! body is clad ) hairs4 ,?is cov]+ is kn[n z ! lanugo1 & consi/s ( /r&s ( hair1 dispos$ v regul>ly all ov] ! body1 save on ! nose & ! h&s & feet4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ?is is functionless1 & is no m ?an an inh]itance f ! old ape-l condition4 ,lat] on1 x falls out & is replac$ by ! ord9>y d[ny cov]+ ( ! body4 ,9 adult life1 & p>ticul>ly 9 old age1 ! hairs ( ! second coat t5d to gr[ v long & s to =m a cov]+ t is nei!r beautiful nor 9 ! lea/ degree useful4 ,we may take ?is z a fir/ example ( a di%>moni\s condition 9 ! human body4 ,hairs1 incapable ( protect+ ! body f cold1 survive m]ely z an ance/ral relic & may become ev5 h>mful4 ,! human sk9 is con/antly expos$ to ! microbes 9 du/2 & ! follicles ( ! hairs1 9 :i* ^! microbes lodge1 =m receptacles v fav\rable to _! multiplication4 ,9 ! holl[s ( ! follicles1 c]ta9 microbes1 z = in/ance "s ( ! ,/aphylococci1 multiply rapidly & give rise to acne & to pimples4 ,! process may ev5 g ! l5g? ( produc+ a *ronic sk9-disease v unpleasant & ev5 dang]\s if x be associat$ ) suppuration4 ,9 ! human race1 intellig5ce1 t is to say1 ! activity ( ! bra91 supplants _m o!r functions1 & man is able to protect himself aga9/ ! inclem5cies ( wea!r mu* bett] ?an 8 furry ance/ors 7 capable ( do+4 ,he is able to d ?is ?r\gh 8 inv5tion ( clo?+ :i* may be v>i$ ) ! nature ( ! wea!r4 ,b ! ob/9ate laws ( inh]itance burd5 him ) a cov]+ ( hair1 n only useless b frequ5tly h>mful4 ,& ?is is only "o example among _m4 ,al?\gh1 9 an extreme case1 man is able to survive ! total loss ( ! tee?1 x _c yet be said t tee? are useless or h>mful4 ,none ! less1 a /udy ( ! human d5tition reveals t ?is set ( organs is out ( h>mony ) ! fundam5tal ne$s ( our race4 ,! monkeys ( ! old _w 7,cat>rh9es71 al?\gh !y belong obvi\sly to ! brute creation1 already exhibit a t5d5cy to r$uction 9 ! numb] ( tee?4 ,:ile ,am]ican monkeys 7,platyrrh9es7 may possess ?irty-six tee?1 ! old _w =ms d n possess m ?an ?irty-two 9 all1 at lea/ z a normal occurr5ce4 ,sel5ka#fg has %[n t among gorillas & ourangs individuals ) a f\r? pair ( mol>s1 br++ up ! numb] ( tee? to ?irty-six1 are n r>e4 ,he f\nd ^! additional mol>s 9 #bj p] c5t4 ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-f\r adult skulls ( ourangs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! cases ( ! *impanzee & ! gibbon1 ! ?ird pair ( mol>s diff] f ! o!rs 9 small] size & occasional abs5ce4 ,?is r$uction is to be associat$ ) ! small] jaws & less p[]ful ma/ication ( ^! an?ropoids4 ,cases ( supplem5t>y mol>s are v r>e 9 man1 & occur m frequ5tly 9 ! l[] races1 su* z negroes1 ,au/ralians1 & natives ( ,new ,cal$onia4#fh ,on ! o!r h&1 abs5ce ( ! ?ird pair ( mol>s1 t is to say1 ( ! wisdom tee?1 is q frequ5t1 especially 9 ! :ite races4 ,ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( ,europeans ?r\gh\t _! lives h no m ?an tw5ty-eight tee?1 ! wisdom tee? be+ abs5t4 ,?is abs5ce is m common 9 ! upp] jaw1 :]e x occurs 9 f #ah to #ai p] c5t4 ( m54 ,! loss ( ! wisdom tee?#fi is on ! :ole to be reg>d$ z an advantage4 ,c]ta9ly f ! 8physiological po9t ( view ! "p play$ by ! wisdom tee? is subord9ate4 ,_! p[] ( ma/icat+ is feeble2 ! loss does n appreciably int]f]e ) ma/ication4 ,! complete abs5ce ( all f\r has no influ5ce on ma/ication40#gj ,^! tee? are cut v late1 (t5 n appe>+ until ! ?irtie? ye> & sometimes be+ delay$ to extreme old age4 ,ev5 if !y 7 only useless1 ! wisdom tee? w\ld furni% an in/ance ( di%>mony 9 ! human body4 ,b ^! tee? (t5 are a s\rce ( tr\ble :i*1 al?\gh x is n (t5 s]i\s1 may lead to grave diseases & ev5 to dea?4 ,no o!r tee? are s subject to accid5t4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! sl[ness ) :i* !y develop & to ! difficulty !y enc\nt] 9 cutt+ ! muc\s membrane4 ,d5tal c>ies1 moreov]1 is specially frequ5t 9 !m4#ga ,! membrane surr\nd+ !m is specially subject to small lesions by :i* ! infection spreads to adjac5t p>ts4 ,inflammatory conditions frequ5tly arise f ^! tee?1 & tum\rs1 c>ies ( ! jaw-bone & ev5 diffus$ suppuration1 lead+ to dea?1 may be sequel ( w\nds ( ! wisdom tee?4 ,galippe#gb has describ$ a case 9 :i* "o ( ^! tee?1 fail+ to cut ! gum 9 ! normal position1 made its way ?r\gh ! *eek4 ,?is produc$ an inflammatory suppuration ( ! *eek ) num]\s fi/ul & an inflammation ( ! masset] muscle :i* made x impossible = ! m\? to op54 ,not)/&+ ! extraction ( ! wisdom too? t _h be5 ! cause ( all ^! tr\bles1 ! pati5t di$ ( m5+itis1 :i* _h />t$ f ! too?4 ,o!r cases h be5 describ$ 9 :i* a difficult eruption ( ! too? l$ to =mation ( an abscess 9 ! bone1 f :i* !re arose a fatal abscess ( ! bra94 ,wisdom tee? may be ! />t+-po9t ev5 ( canc]\s tum\rs4 ,magitot#gc writes t v _m neoplasms ( ! jaw may be trac$ to a s\rce ( orig9 9 ! socket ( ! wisdom too?4 ,!re is no useful function ( ^! tee? to set aga9/ _! disadvantages4 ,x 0 our remote ance/ors1 ma/icat+ h>d food1 t _h ! advantages ( ^! additional tee?4 ,9 man !y are rudim5t>y organs1 & provide ano!r pro( ( our simian orig94 ,! ccal or v]mi=m app5dage is ano!r rudim5t>y organ 9 ! human body1 & is int]e/+ f _m po9ts ( view4 ,i h already ref]r$ to its importance z def9ite evid5ce ( our orig9 f l[] animals1 & %[n h[ /rik+ is ! resemblance ( ! human organ to t ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,x consi/s ( a ?ick wall1 conta9+ gl&s1 a muscul> lay] & lymphoid clumps4 ,t x p]=ms no function useful to man is made cle> by ! exi/5ce ( undi/urb$ heal? 9 p]sons f :om x has be5 remov$4 ,?anks to ! advances ( mod]n surg]y1 ?is organ has be5 remov$ v (t51 & sometimes ev5 9 cases :]e x did n appe> to h be5 diseas$4 ,9 a great majority ( ! cases1 ! removal ( ! organ succe$$ well1 & ! pati5ts exp]i5c$ no h>m1 b appe>$ to c>ry on all ! processes ( dige/ion ) equal complet5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ccal app5dage 9 man is frequ5tly oblit]at$1 !re be+ no trace ( ! normal ap]ture1 s t !re is no connection betwe5 x & ! g5]al dige/ive cavity4 ,accord+ to ,ribb]t1#gd ne>ly "o p]son 9 f\r possesses ! app5dage 9 an oblit]at$ condition1 ! condition be+ p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ! ag$4 ,9 "y p]sons & infants ! ap]ture ( ! app5dage is usually op54 ,9 cases :]e !re is no communication ) ! cavity ( ! dige/ive tract1 ! processes ( dige/ion appe> to be normal4 ,x is logical to conclude t 9 ! human be+ ! function ( ! ccum is ei!r abs5t or v slight4 ,ev5 9 ! an?ropoid apes ! app5dage ( ! ccum appe>s to be a rudim5t>y /ructure1 ) a function at mo/ accessory to t ( ! lymphoid clumps4 ,9 l[] old _w monkeys ! v]mi=m app5dage does n usually exi/1 cases su* z t ( ,c]copi!cus sabaeus1 9 :i* x is pres5t z a little boss1 be+ r>e4 ,x is necess>y to seek ! purpose ( ?is /ructure /ill l[] 9 ! scale ( life4 ,9 "s h]bivor\s creatures ! ccum is l>ge1 & ends 9 a portion ri*ly provid$ ) lymphoid tissue1 & simil> to ! v]mi=m app5dage4 ,! rabbit & c]ta9 m>supials are good examples4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 _! cases1 ! portion ( ! dige/ive canal :i* corresponds to ! v]mi=m app5dage ( man is active 9 ! dige/ion ( vegetable matt]4 ,! organ is a v old "p ( ! con/itution ( mammals1 & x is because x has be5 pres]v$ long aft] its function has disappe>$ t we f9d x occurr+ 9 ! body ( man4 ,rudim5t>y organs = ! mo/ "p display a cong5ital lack ( ! p[] ( resi/ance1 &1 z ,d>w9 sugge/$1 = ?is reason !y are frequ5tly ! seats ( disease4 ,:5 ,d>w9 wrote 8 "w on ! 8,desc5t ( ,man10 m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 _m fatal cases ( inflammation ( ! app5dage _h n be5 record$4 ,d>w9 quot$ only two cases z kn[n to him4 ,s9ce !n1 app5dicitis 7! "n giv5 by ,am]ican surgeons to ! fir/ acute or to ! *ronic inflammation ( ! app5dage7 has become a well-kn[n disease 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 & occupies consid]able space 9 treatises on ! pa?ology ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,to give an idea ( ! preval5ce ( app5dicitis1 ,i may m5tion t 9 a s+le ,p>is hospital 7,hpital ,tr\sseau7 f\r hundr$ & =ty-?ree cases ( ! disease h be5 treat$ 9 ! five ye>s #ahie-ahii4ge ,9 _m ( ^! cases ! subjects 7 infants1 z ^! z a rule are mu* m subject to app5dicitis ?an are ! ag$4 ,accord+ to ,treves1#gf ! well-kn[n ,engli% surgeon1 #cf p] c5t4 ( ! obs]v$ cases 7 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,among old m51 on ! o!r h&1 app5dicitis is a r>e exception4 ,! v>y+ incid5ce ( ! disease at diff]5t ages no d\bt dep5ds on ! fact t 9 old age ! app5dage is (t5 oblit]at$4 ,! m easy communication ) ! o!r portion ( ! gut may be1 ! m *ance !re is = inflammation to occur4 ,z x has a muscul> lay]1 ! app5dage is able to void its fcal cont5ts2 & a ,scot* surgeon1 ,p>k] ,syms1#gg has se5 an app5dage t he _h remov$1 9 ! act ( wri?+ ab\t l an e>?worm4 ,su* movem5ts1 und\bt$ly1 w\ld aid ! dis*>ge ( ! cont5ts ( ! cavity4 ,! movem5ts ( ! app5dage1 h[ev]1 are usually feeble1 & ?us /agnation ( ! cont5ts is common4 ,=eign matt] is (t5 f\nd 9 ! cavity1 su* z ! pips ( fruit1 se$s1 hairs1 ?orns1 & 9 r>e cases p9s or ev5 t9-tacks4 ,su* bodies are capable ( w\nd+ ! inn] wall ( ! app5dage1 & s giv+ an opportunity to ! microbes t ab\nd 9 ! dige/ive tube1 ) ! result t microbial infection & inflammation ( ! organ is produc$4 ,(t51 too1 inte/9al worms pass into ! app5dage & become ! c>ri]s ( pa?og5ic organisms4 ,app5dicitis is usually a grave disease1 & is fatal 9 f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( cases4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d any:]e else 9 ! human body s flagrant a case ( natural di%>mony4 ,! organ 9 "q may be oblit]at$ or remov$ )\t di/urbance ( function1 &1 moreov]1 9 its normal condition is a frequ5t cause ( s]i\s illness6 ,! v]mi=m app5dage is n ! only "p ( ! dige/ive canal t is out ( h>mony ) ! ma9t5ance ( life & heal?4 ,! ccum itself1 ( :i* ! app5dage is only a portion1 is deg5]at+ 9 ! human body1 z ,i /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! human ccum1 9 fact1 is v little develop$ 9 comp>ison ) ! ccum ( mo/ h]bivor\s animals1 9 :i* x is a true organ ( dige/ion4 ,9 ! human embryo ! ccum & ! app5dage are relatively bett] develop$ ?an !y are 9 ! adult4 ,di%>mony is exhibit$ 9 ! human body n only by rudim5t>y organs su* z ! wisdom tee? & ! app5dage1 or by deg5]at+ organs su* z ! ccum4 ,"s v l>ge p>ts ( our alim5t>y canal mu/ be reg>d$ z useless inh]itances1 bequea!d to u by our animal ance/ors4 ,x is no long] ra% to say t n only ! rudim5t>y app5dage & ! ccum b ! :ole ( ! l>ge inte/9e are sup]flu\s1 & t _! removal w\ld be att5d$ ) happy results4 ,s f> z dige/ion goes1 ! latt] portion ( ! alim5t>y tract is ( little importance4 ,ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( absorption ( ! products ( dige/ion its importance is /rictly second>y4 ,& s x is n a/oni%+ to f9d t ! removal or disappe>ance ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ! l>ge inte/9e c be support$ well by man4 ,z "o result ( ! a/oni%+ progress ( surg]y1 x has be5 f\nd possible to excise c]ta9 p>ts ( ! gut1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,?us1 9 "o case1 ,krte#gh remov$1 along ) "p ( ! small inte/9e1 a consid]able "p ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 leav+ 9 place only ! t]m9al portion4 ,! pati5t1 :o und]w5t eight successive abdom9al op]ations1 recov]$4 ,9 ! case#gi ( ano!r pati5t1 op]at$ on by ,wies+]1 two coils ( ! l>ge inte/9e 7! transv]se & desc5d+ colons7 :i* 7 ulc]at$1 7 isolat$ f ! rema9d] ( ! gut1 :ile ! upp] portion ( ! l>ge inte/9e 7! ccum & ! asc5d+ colon7 0 sutur$ to ! rectum4 ,9 spite ( ^! s]i\s int]f]5ces ) natural /ructure1 ! pati5ts recov]$1 & appe>$ to d]ive great advantage f ! loss ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,i h quot$ only two out ( _m simil> cases4 ,h[ev]1 ap>t f surgical evid5ce1 !re exi/s pro( ( ! uselessness ( ! l>ge inte/9e 9 man4 ,! be/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! proposition may be drawn f ! case ( a woman :o = ?irty-sev5 ye>s dis*>g$ ! wa/e matt] f ! alim5t>y canal ?r\gh an inte/9al fi/ula4 ,! latt] _h op5$ spontane\sly1 z ! result ( an abscess seat$ on ! "r side ( ! abdom54 ,h] compla9t1 h[ev]1 _h n prev5t$ h] f m>ry+1 f be>+ ?ree *ildr51 nor f pursu+ an ardu\s call+4 ,! p]son 9 "q1 :o 0 a workwoman 9 ,v>sovie1 0 exam9$ by a surgeon1 ,m4 ,cie*omski1#hj ?irty-five ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fi/ula4 ,! surgeon propos$ to op]ate1 hop+ to re/ore h] to ! normal condition1 & ! woman cons5t$4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! abdom9al cavity 0 op5$1 x appe>$ t ! l>ge inte/9e _h atrophi$ along ! :ole l5g?1 f ! ccum to ! rectum2 ! inn] orifice ( ! fi/ula _h pass$ into ! dige/ive tract above ! ccum1 op5+ into ! small inte/9e4 ,9 ! circum/ances x 0 impossible to close ! fi/ula1 & ! surgeon _h to close up ! abdom9al wall1 leav+ ! pati5t 9 h] =m] condition4 ,! woman recov]$ rapidly1 & cont9u$ h] usual mode ( life4 ,%e came "u obs]vation aga9 two ye>s lat]1 b s9ce !n _h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! fact t a human be+ 0 capable ( c>ry+ on an app>5tly normal life = ?irty ye>s 9 ! abs5ce ( a l>ge inte/9e is good pro( t ! organ 9 "q is n necess>y to man1 al?\gh x has n yet become rudim5t>y4 ,9 ?is case aga91 to f9d ! useful /age ( ! /ructure1 we h to g to our remote ance/ors4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is mu* bett] develop$ 9 mo/ h]bivor\s mammals ?an x is 9 c>nivor\s =ms4 ,al?\gh x is useless 9 ! dige/ion ( animal food1 x has an undisput$ importance 9 ! dige/ion ( vegetable matt]4 ,x has a v l>ge calibre 9 h]bivor\s creatures1 & ! volum9\s cavity conta9s quantities ( microbes :i* are able to dige/ cellulose4 ,z cellulose is a mat]ial t resi/s ! ord9>y processes ( dige/ion1 x is easy to see ! advantage d]iv$ f ! h>b\r+ ( ! microbes4 ,x is m ?an probable t 9 ! horse1 ! rabbit1 & 9 "s o!r mammals1 t live exclusively on gra9 & h]bage1 ! l>ge inte/9e is necess>y = normal life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l>ge inte/9e dis*>ges a function simil> to t ( ! ur9>y bladd]4 ,! ur9e1 :i* is be+ secret$ cont9u\sly by ! kidneys1 accumulates 9 ! l>ge res]voir provid$ by ! bladd]4 ,simil>ly ! wa/e matt] f ! processes ( dige/ion accumulate 9 ! l>ge inte/9e & rema9 !re = a long] or %ort] p]iod4 ,9 /udy+ ! natural hi/ory ( ! l>ge inte/9e1 x /rik+ t ?is portion ( ! gut is well develop$ only among mammals4 ,^! animals1 = ! mo/ "p1 lead an extremely active t]re/rial life4 ,mo/ ( !m h to move ab\t v quickly1 ! pr$aci\s =ms 9 pursuit ( _! prey1 ! h]bivor\s =ms to escape f _! enemies4 ,9 su* a mode ( life1 ! ne$ to /op 9 ord] to empty ! inte/9es w\ld be a s]i\s disadvantage1 & ! possibility ( reta9+ ! dejecta 9 a l>ge res]voir w\ld be v useful4#ha ,su* are ! causes t h det]m9$ ! gr[? ( ! l>ge inte/9e among mammals4 ,birds1 :i* live1 s to speak1 9 ! air1 & :i* d n ne$ to arre/ _! locomotion 9 ord] to void _! excreta1 h no l>ge inte/9e4 ,reptiles & amphibia1 al?\gh !y live a t]re/rial life1 d n require a volum9\s l>ge inte/9e1 & su* is n f\nd among !m4 ,^! animals d n h a fix$ temp]ature2 !y are :at we "k z 8cold-blood$10 & 9 consequ5ce are small eat]s4 ,mo/ ( !m are sluggi%1 & d n lead an active exi/5ce l t ( mammals4 ,9 ! legacy acquir$ by man f 8 animal ance/ors1 !re occur n only rudim5t>y organs t are useless or h>mful1 b fully develop$ organs equally useless4 ,! l>ge inte/9e mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! organs possess$ by man & yet h>mful to 8 heal? & 8 life4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is ! res]voir ( ! wa/e ( ! dige/ive processes1 & ?is wa/e /agnates long en\gh to putrefy4 ,! products ( putrefaction are h>mful4 ,:5 fcal matt] is all[$ to rema9 9 ! inte/9e1 z 9 cases ( con/ipation1 a common compla9t1 c]ta9 products are absorb$ by ! organism & produce poison+1 (t5 ( a s]i\s nature4 ,e "o kn[s t a high temp]ature may be ! result ( con/ipation 9 wom5 aft] *ildbir?1 or 9 pati5ts recov]+ f an op]ation4 ,?is is due to an absorption ( sub/ances produc$ by ! microbes ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,simil> products may be ! cause ( an attack ( acne or ( o!r sk9 diseases4 ,9 f9e1 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge inte/9e 9 ! human body is ! cause ( a s]ies ( mis=tunes4 ,! organ is ! seat ( _m grave diseases1 among :i* dys5t]y is notable4 ,9 "s tropical climates dys5t]y is a s]i\s sc\rge4 ,accord+ to ,rhey1#hb x is 8! greate/ dang] to :i* a ,european is subject$ 9 ,tonk94 ,x is responsible = m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s caus$ by disease40 ,european troops pay x a l>ge annual toll 9 ! colonies ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,malignant tum\rs seem to display a pr$ilection = ?is region ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,?us1 among #aadh cases ( canc] ( ! alim5t>y tract record$ 9 ! ,prussian hospitals 9 #ahie & #ahif1 #ajbb1 or #hi p] c5t41 affect$ ! l>ge inte/9e1 includ+ ! rectum & ccum4#hc ,! small inte/9e is ! only "p ( ! dige/ive tract t is indisp5sable1 & x is attack$ to a mu* small] ext5t1 provid+ only #aa p] c5t4 ( ! cases ( inte/9al canc]4 ,! probable explanation ( ^! facts is t ! cont5ts ( ! gut rema9 9 ! small inte/9e a %ort] "t ?an 9 ! l>ge4 ,/agnation is a famili> cause ( disease1 & is ! probable cause ( ! frequ5cy ( canc] ( ! /oma*4 ,( #aj1ecg cases ( canc] ( all p>ts ( ! dige/ive tract record$ 9 ! ,prussian hospitals 9 ! same p]iod1 #dbhh1 or m ?an #dj p] c5t41 affect$ ! /oma*4 ,! latt] organ is "o t ! human body w\ld d well to be rid (4 ,x is n s useless z ! l>ge inte/9e1 s9ce x is ! *ief seat ( dige/ion ( album9\s sub/ances1 b ! small inte/9e c\ld take its place4 ,moreov]1 cases are kn[n 9 :i* surgeons h remov$ canc]\s /oma*s4 ,! results ( su* op]ations 7 fav\rable1 to ! ext5t t ! pati5ts surviv$ & 7 able to absorb suffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,!y _h to eat r m frequ5tly1 & p]=m$ ! processes ( dige/ion by means ( ! secretions ( ! small inte/9e & pancreas4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d s _m in/ances ( useless or h>mful organs 9 ! alim5t>y tract4 ,our ance/ors 7 creatures t f$ on crude & r\gh mat]ials1 su* z wild plants & unprep>$ fle%4 ,man has le>n$ to cultivate plants t are dige/$ easily1 & to prep>e 8 meats 9 su* a fa%ion z to be readily dige/$4 ,! organs t 7 adapt$ to ! mode ( life ( ! animal pr$ecessors ( man h become to a l>ge ext5t sup]flu\s4 ,_m creatures t h f\nd ! opportunity ( obta9+ _! nutrim5t 9 a highly dige/ible condition h lo/1 m or less completely1 ! dige/ive organs4 ,_m p>asites are in/ances ( ?is1 z = example ! tape-worms1 :i* live 9 ! human dige/ive tract1 ba!d by a nutritive fluid :i* !y absorb directly2 !y h lo/ ! dige/ive tract completely4 ,9 ! case ( man su* an evolution has n occurr$1 & !re rema9s 9 ! body a h>mful organ l ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x is impossible = him to take 8 nutrim5t 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m4 ,if he 7 only to eat sub/ances t c\ld be almo/ completely absorb$1 ! l>ge inte/9e w\ld be unable to empty itself1 & s]i\s complications w\ld be produc$4 ,a satisfactory sy/em ( diet has to make all[ance = ?is1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! alim5t>y canal1 has to include 9 ! food bulky & indige/ible mat]ials su* z vegetables4 ,at ?is po9t ,i may ref] to a topic ( consid]able g5]al int]e/4 ,animals1 9 ! *oice ( food = !mselves or = _! "y1 are guid$ by a bl9d & innate in/9ct4 ,z ,i h %[n 9 my second *apt]1 creatures l ! fossorial wasps select only p>ticul> species ( spid]s or insects4 ,in/9ct directs !m to ! k9d ( food be/ suit$ to ! wants ( _! prog5y4 ,bees are attract$ by ! sweet juices ( fl[]s2 ! silkworm in/9ctively dev\rs ! leaves ( ! mulb]ry & rejects mo/ o!r plants4 ,9 high] animals1 in/9ct plays ! *ief "p 9 ! *oice ( food4 ,! difficulty ( gett+ rats to eat poison$ food is well kn[n2 an in/9ct w>ns !m ( ! dang] ( ! mat]ial (f]$ to !m4 ,9 ! same way dogs refra9 f food t has be5 poison$4 ,e "o has se5 ! m9ute att5tion be/[$ by a monkey on food be=e beg9n+ to eat x4 ,x turns ov] :at is (f]$1 smells x c>efully1 cleans x1 & be=e beg9n+ to eat1 subjects x to an exam9ation t seems to u ridicul\s4 ,monkeys (t5 ?r[ away food )\t ev5 bit+ x4 ,none ! less1 9 spite ( an in/9ct s highly develop$1 monkeys poison !mselves ) all sorts ( dang]\s sub/ances1 ev5 :5 ^! exhale a /range od\r4 ,i h se5 monkeys die poison$ by ! phosphorus ( mat*es1 or ev5 by iod(orm :i* !y _h contriv$ to /eal4 ,9 ! case ( man1 ab]rations ( in/9ct 9 ! *oice ( food are common4 ,z soon z babies beg9 to walk1 !y lay hold ( ev]y?+ & try to eat x4 ,bits ( pap]1 lumps ( seal+-wax1 ! muc\s matt] f ! nose1 all appe> to !m to be ?+s to eat4 ,con/ant gu>d has to be kept to prev5t !m f do+ !mselves an injury4 ,fruits & b]ries !y _c resi/4 ,cases ( poison+ v naturally are extremely frequ5t1 & z e "o mu/ "k ( in/ances1 ,i %all m5tion only a s+le case4 8,messrs4 ,beadle & ,sons1 oil manufactur]s at ,bo/on1 _h ?r[n out1 f ! door ( _! e/abli%m5t1 a quantity ( ca/or beans t 7 decay$ & useless4 ,"s *ildr5 play+ 9 ! /reet mi/ook ! se$s = pi/a*io nuts1 & %>$ !m ) _! fri5ds4 ,all ! *ildr5 seem to h eat5 ( !m1 ) ! result t m ?an sev5ty %[$ s]i\s symptoms ( poison+40#hd ,! consumption ( ergotis$ rye & ( maize contam9at$ ) c]ta9 legum9\s plants 7,la?yrus7 frequ5tly produces epidemics ( poison+ )\t in/9ct int]v5+ to protect ! victims4 ,:ile ! l>ge inte/9e1 act+ z an asylum ( h>mful microbes1 is a s\rce ( intoxication f )91 ! ab]rant in/9ct ( man leads him to poison himself f )\t ) alcohol & e!r1 opium & morphia4 ,! widespread results ( alcoholism %[ pla9ly ! preval5t exi/5ce 9 man ( a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! in/9ct = *oos+ food & ! in/9ct ( pres]vation4 ,! dige/ive app>atus1 !n1 af=ds abundant pro( ( ! imp]fection & di%>mony ( our nature4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m o!r pro(s1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! *apt]s to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,organisation ,,& ,,activities ,,( ,,! ,,reproductive ,,app>atus4 ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,family ,,& ,,social ,,in/9cts ,i ,rem>ks on ! di%>monies 9 ! human organs ( s5se & p]ception4--,rudim5t>y p>ts ( ! reproductive app>atus4--,orig9 & function ( ! hym5 ,! dige/ive organs are n alone among/ ! p>ts ( ! human body 9 exhibit+ a great] or less] di%>mony4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 a great ,g]man physiologi/1 ,johannes ,mll]1 %[$ t al?\gh ! human eye 0 reg>d$ z a v p]fect organ1 its p[] ( correction = ab]ration ( light 0 poor4 ,helmholz1 ano!r fam\s ,g]man man ( sci5ce1 /at$ t ! optical /udy ( ! eye br\ght complete disillusion4 8,nature10 he said1 8seems to h pack$ ?is organ ) mi/akes1 z if ) ! av[$ purpose ( de/roy+ any possible f\ndation = ! !ory t organs are adapt$ to _! environm5t40 ,n only ! eye1 b ! o!r organs by means ( :i* we are consci\s ( ! outside _w1 pres5t natural di%>mony4 ,!re9 lies ! cause ( our want ( c]ta9ty ab\t ! s\rces ( our p]ceptions4 ,memory1 ! faculty t regi/]s our m5tal processes1 becomes active mu* lat] ?an o!r faculties lodg$ 9 ! bra94 ,if ! new-born human *ild 7 relatively z well develop$ z ! "y gu9ea-pig1 x is probable t we %\ld "k f> m z to ! hi/ory ( our consci\sness ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,b )\t l+]+ ov] ! di%>monies 9 our s5ses & faculties1 ,i %all pass at once to a consid]ation ( ! app>atus = ma9ta9+ ! species4 ,i h %[n t ! alim5t>y tract1 ! *ief organ involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual life1 af=ds no pro( ( ! !ory t human nature is p]fect4 ,is x ! case t ! organs ( reproduction give a bett] result8 ,:5 ,i wi%$ to describe ! mo/ p]fect examples ( h>mony to be f\nd among/ plants1 ,i *ose ! me*anism by :i* f]tilisation is accompli%$ 9 fl[]s4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! species is secur$1 9 ! case ( fl[]s1 by a m>vell\s s]ies ( /ructures & functions4 ,is ! ma9t5ance ( ! human species simil>ly provid$ =8 ,a detail$ inve/igation ( ! male & female human reproductive organs %[s t ^! conta9 p>ts ( div]se orig94 ,! app>atus conta9s portions ( extremely anci5t orig91 & portions t h be5 acquir$ rec5tly4 ,! int]nal organs display traces ( a remote h]maphroditism4 ,9 ! male1 !re occur traces ( ! female app>atus1 rudim5ts ( ! ut]us & fallopian tubes4 ,9 ! female1 on ! o!r h&1 rudim5ts ( ! male /ructure p]si/4 ,^! traces date v f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 = !y occur also 9 mo/ o!r v]tebrates4 ,! facts seem to indicate t1 at a v remote p]iod1 ! ance/ral v]tebrates 7 h]maphrodite1 & t !y became divid$ into males & females only gradually1 /ill reta9+ 9 ea* sex traces ( ! o!r sex4 ,su* traces occur frequ5tly1 ev5 9 adult man1 9 ! =m ( rudim5t>y organs 7kn[n z ! organs ( ,web]1 ( ,ros5mll]1 & s =?74 ,! rudim5ts n only are functionless b sometimes1 z frequ5tly happ5s ) atrophi$ /ructures1 =m ! />t+-po9t ( mon/r\s gr[?s1 or ( tum\rs t int]f]e ) heal?4 ,?us ! hyp]trophy ( a "p ( ! male pro/ate gl& 7! organ ( ,web]7 br+s ab\t ! =mation ( a ut]us mascul9us1 & s produces a sort ( abnormal h]maphroditism4 ,! rudim5t>y organs 9 ! male reproductive app>atus frequ5tly are ! />t+-po9ts ( hydatid cy/s4 ,9 ! female1 cy/s su* z ^? ( ! p>ov>ia are produc$ by ! prolif]ation ( rudim5t>y /ructures4 ,^!1 al?\gh usually b5ign1 n infrequ5tly become malignant4 ,lawson ,tait1#he a celebrat$ ,engli% surgeon1 has publi%$ a case ( ?is k9d4 ,he remov$ f a "y woman a p>ov>ian cy/ t 0 app>5tly b5ign1 b 9 six weeks symptoms ( canc] arose1 & ! pati5t di$ ( canc] 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,a comp>ison ( ! rudim5t>y organs 9 ! human reproductive app>atus ) ^? 9 ! simil> /ructures ( l[] animals1 %[s t _m relics h deg5]at$ fur!r 9 man ?an 9 o!r animals4 ,?us ! duct ( ! embryonic kidney 7kn[n z ! ,wolffian body7 is ( r>e occurr5ce 9 adult man1 al?\gh x is reta9$ ?r\gh\t life 9 ! case ( "s h]bivor\s animals1 9 :i* x is kn[n z ,ga]tn]'s duct4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m rudim5t>y organs 9 ! human reproductive app>atus1 organs t are always useless & n infrequ5tly m or less h>mful to heal? & life4 ,alongside organs :i* h be5 useless f "t immemorial1 ! reproductive sy/em ( man possesses /ructures ( rec5t acquisition4 ,^! des]ve special att5tion1 z x might h be5 suppos$ t 9 !m w\ld h be5 f\nd special in/ances ( adaptation to ! reproductive function4 ,i h already ref]r$ 7*ap4 iii47 to ! discussions t h tak5 place ov] ! simian orig9 ( man4 ,all attempts to demon/rate ! pres5ce 9 ! human bra9 ( p>ts t 7 abs5t 9 ! simian bra9 h fail$4 ,x is a curi\s fact t man displays a m m>k$ diff]5ce f monkeys 9 ! /ructure ( ! reproductive sy/em ?an 9 ! /ructure ( ! bra94 ,!re is no os p5is 9 man4 ,?is bone1 :i* facilitates intromission1 occurs 9 _m v]tebrates1 n only among rod5ts & c>nivora1 :i* are widely sep>at$ f man1 b 9 _m monkeys1 & mo/ notably 9 an?ropoid apes4#hf ,= "s reason impossible to e/abli%1 man has lo/ ?is bone4 ,x may be t c]ta9 ossifications ( mo/ r>e occurr5ce#hg may repres5t an atavi/ic inh]itance f our remote ance/ors4 ,9 ! male sex ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid ape is ! loss ( an organ2 9 ! female sex x is ! acquisition ( an organ4 ,! hym51 ! physical indication ( virg9ity1 is peculi> to ! human race4 ,t organ w\ld s]ve ! purpose ( ^? disputants :o make e ef=t to discov] ! exi/5ce ( a /ructure peculi>ly human1 f> bett] ?an ! po/]ior lobe ( ! bra91 or ! hippocampus m9or4 ,bis*(f#hh has det]m9$ its abs5ce 9 ! an?ropoid apes1 & 8 result has be5 confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s4 ,d5ik]#hi fail$ to f9d x ei!r 9 ! ftal gorilla or 9 ! "y gorilla4 ,9 ! case ( ! ftus ( ! gibbon1 he f\nd a slight elevation r\nd ! entrance to ! vag9a 8:i* might be homologis$ ) ! hym510#ij b :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! membrane 9 "q4 ,d5ik]#ia himself decid$ t ! 8membrane 0 abs5t 9 an?ropoid apes at all ages40 ,weid]%eim1 9 8 summ>y ( ! organisation ( ! human body1#ib also sets d[n ! fact t 89 monkeys a hym5 is n pres5t40 ,! fact t ?is /ructure appe>s late 9 ! developm5t ( ! female ftus be>s out ! supposition t x has be5 acquir$ rec5tly by ! race4 ,accord+ to sev]al obs]v]s1 :o agree 9 ?is matt]1 ! membrane does n develop until at lea/ ! n9ete5? week ( ftal life4 ,al?\gh organs v anci5t 9 orig91 & n[ become deg5]ate rudim5ts1 may be useless1 x is to be expect$ t an organ ( rec5t appe>ance & /ill 9 a progressive condition1 w\ld h an important function4 ,( :at utility is ?is membrane to a woman8 ,wi$]%eim#ic rem>ks t its function has n be5 made out4 ,! hym5 sometimes plays a l>ge "p 9 family & social relations1 &1 reg>d$ z ! evid5ce = virg9ity1 has _h moral significance be/[$ on x4 ,a m9ute exam9ation ( ?is /ructure is frequ5tly a "p ( ! judicial proc$ure 9 cases ( suppos$ rape & s =?4 ,! de/ruction ( ! hym5 has l$ to ! dea? ( _m hundr$s ( m5 & wom54 ,f our po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is ! possible physiological function ( ?is /ructure t is int]e/+4 ,x seems impossible to conclude o!rwise ?an t 9 exi/+ races x has practically no functional value4 ,its atrophy z ! result ( sexual congress n only is no b> to sexual relations1 b removes an unpleasant imp$im5t4 ,9 _m races ! /ructure is remov$ z soon z possible4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a x is de/roy$ z "p ( ! toilet ( "y *ildr51 & inde$ _m ,*9ese physicians are ignorant ( its exi/5ce4 ,a simil> /ate ( affairs occurs 9 "s p>ts ( ,india4 ,9 ,brazil1 among ! tribe ( ,ma*acuras1 virg9s1 9 ! ,european s5se1 d n exi/1 = ! mo!rs de/roy ! hym5 9 female *ildr5 soon aft] bir?4 ,9 ,kam*atka ! aborig9es reg>d x z disgraceful to be m>ri$ ) ! hym5 intact1 & ! mo!rs op]ate on _! daught]s4#id ,among o!r races1 aga91 ! disagreeable duty ( defloration is assign$ to special p]sons4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,philipp9es !re =m]ly exi/$ well-paid public (ficials ! duty ( :om 0 to de/roy ! virg9ity ( ! girls & s to make m>riage pleasant] = ! husb&s4 ,a simil> cu/om occurs among ! inhabitants ( ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,moncelon /ates t !re virg9ity is held 9 little e/eem4 8,i h pro( ( ! curi\s circum/ance10 he wrote1 8t :5 a husb& %r9ks f de/roy+ ! virg9ity ( 8 wife1 he employs "s "o f a regul> pr(ession to take 8 place40 ,su* examples1 select$ f among/ _m1 may be tak5 z pro( t ev5 su* a peculi> & rec5tly acquir$ organ has n a physiological use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 especially among ,*ri/ians & ,mahom$ans1 ! exi/5ce ( ! hym5 9 an intact condition is reg>d$ z v important4 ,! anci5t ,jews began to set a high value on virg9ity4 ,accord+ to ! old ,mosaic law1 if1 at ! "t ( h] m>riage1 a "y girl 7 f\nd to be no long] a virg91 8,!n !y %all br+ out ! damsel to ! door ( h] fa!r's h\se1 & ! m5 ( h] city %all /one h] ) /ones t %e die2 because %e ha? wr\ght folly 9 ,israel1 to play ! :ore 9 h] fa!r's h\se0 7,deut4 xxii4 #ba74 ,! religions t h sprung f ,judaism h reta9$ ?is old view ( virg9ity1 al?\gh 9 an att5uat$ =m4 ,among "s ,*ri/ian peoples1 mat]ial pro(s ( virg9ity at ! "t ( m>riage are dem&$1 & among "s ,mahom$ans su* pro(s are exhibit$ to fri5ds & relations on ! day aft] m>riage4 ,h[ev]1 ! actual defloration is n always left to ! husb&1 b among ,arabs & ,copts & among/ ! natives ( ,egypt1 ! op]ation is p]=m$ by a specially select$ matron4#ie ,x is pla91 !n1 t ?is membrane is ( no direct s]vice 9 ! sexual process4 ,x may ev5 give rise to m or less s]i\s mis=tune4 ,?us1 :5 x is unusually rigid1 ! adjac5t p]itoneum may be torn & ! results may be disa/r\s4 ,occasionally ! rupture ( an abnormally vascul> membrane may give rise to ble$+ ( a prolong$ & ev5 fatal "*4#if ,moreov] ! membrane is a frequ5t seat ( ulc]s1 specific or o!rwise4#ig ,i h already m5tion$ t among "s races a rigor\s toilet involves ! de/ruction ( ! hym54 ,x is pla9 t ! exi/5ce ( ! membrane int]f]es ) /rict hygi5e ( ! vag9a1 especially at ! p]iods4 ,probably "s blood is reta9$ by ! membrane & furni%es a soil = microbes t may be dang]\s to heal?4 ,x is q possible t c]ta9 =ms ( anmia1 z = in/ance ! *loranmia ( virg9s1 may be produc$ by microbial gr[?4 ,?is w\ld easily expla9 :y m>riage is ! readie/ cure = su* anmia1 z m>riage involves de/ruction ( ! membrane1 & s makes possible ! complete dis*>ge ( fluid f ! vag9a4#ih ,:at !n c be ! mean+ ( ?is organ1 useless z x is = ! sexual functions1 sometimes dang]\s to heal?1 an organ t is no ance/ral h]itage & t mu/ be de/roy$ by ! act ( sexual union8 ,=m]ly1 :5 x 0 accept$ t *>act]s acquir$ 9 individual life c\ld be transmitt$ to (fspr+1 ! "q 0 ask$ z to :y ?is membrane _h n disappe>$4 ,! in/ance 0 "o ( ^? :i* help$ to ov]?r[ ! dogma ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,al?\gh x is useless to exi/+ man1 ?is organ may yet come to be expla9$ by sci5ce4 ,z yet we h to fall back on suppositions4 ,! hypo!sis :i* seems mo/ probable is t 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! exi/5ce ( ! human race1 sexual relations 7 begun at a v e>ly age1 be=e ! male organs 7 mature4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! hym5 w\ld n only n h be5 a b>ri]1 b w\ld h made congress m satisfactory4 ,gradually ! hym5 w\ld h become dilat$ )\t be+ torn1 until x 0 capable ( admitt+ ! adult organ4 ,?is hypo!sis implies t 9 e>ly times ! membrane 0 n brutally torn1 b t x 0 gradually dilat$ & t viol5t rupture is a mod]n necessity4 ,9 support ( ! hypo!sis x may be m5tion$ t among/ c]ta9 liv+ races sexual union beg9s at a v e>ly age4 ,9 ,ceylon1 m>riage takes place :5 ! boys are f sev5 to t5 ye>s old & :5 ! girls are f f\r to six ye>s1 accord+ to ,ro]1 or ab\t eight ye>s accord+ to ,bei]le94 ,aft] ! actual w$d+ c]emony ! bride returns to ! h\se ( h] p>5ts1 & x is only a few ye>s lat]1 :5 %e is adult1 t %e goes to h] husb&4 ,ro] /ates t he has se5 cases :]e a fa!r & son 7 att5d+ s*ool toge!r4 ,among ! ,v$as1 a l[ ca/e ( tropical ,india1 boys m>ry at ! age ( f fifte5 to sixte5 ye>s1 c]ta9ly be=e ! sexual organs h atta9$ _! full dim5sions4 ,! mission>y ,et]n 0 /ruck ) ! agitation ( ! natives ( ,k]adif 79 ,abyss9ia7 :5 !y 7 ord]$ )9 f\rte5 days to m>ry all _! boys m ?an f\rte5 ye>s old to girls m ?an n9e4#ii ,9 ,madagasc>1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0 ! cu/om = boys to m>ry at an age ( f t5 to twelve ye>s4 ,! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea m>ry _! boys at ! age ( f\rte5 to fifte54 ,ev5 9 ,engl& a law /ill exi/s p]mitt+ m>riage to boys f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,! law is n[ a dead lett]1 b is evid5ce ( ! anci5t practice4 ,x is kn[n t ev5 at ! pres5t "t ! hym5 is n always ruptur$ 9 sexual congress4 ,bud9 has record$ its exi/5ce 9 sev5te5 p] c5t4 ( primip>\s wom54 ,among sev5ty-five cases ( wom5 9 _! fir/ conf9em5ts he f\nd ! hym5 intact 9 ?irte5 cases4 ,s9ce provision = *ildr5 has fall5 on fa!rs ^! h tak5 to def]r+ m>riage to a lat] age ?an :5 *ildr5 7 left to ! "m4 ,t is ! probable reason :y !re are n[ few] m>ri$ boys4 ,?us1 =m]ly1 ! proportion ( wom5 :o at ! fir/ *ildbir? /ill possess$ unruptur$ hym5s1 0 mu* great]1 & x is n difficult to suppose t 9 /ill e>li] times su* a condition 0 normal4 ,x is pla9 t !re is "h an in/ance ( a v rec5tly acquir$ di%>mony4 ,! homology betwe5 c]ta9 portions ( ! male & female reproductive app>atus is well kn[n4 ,! male homologue ( ! female hym5 is a little fold t h9d]s ! m+l+ ( ur9e ) ! sem9al fluid dur+ emission1 & t is kn[n to anatomi/s z ! caput gall9ag9is or colliculus sem9alis4 ,x is v mu* small] ?an ! hym51 s t we _c reg>d ! latt] z a rudim5t>y homologue ( a useful organ4 ,h[ev]1 ! prepuce ( ! male is a cle> in/ance ( ! pres5ce 9 ! male organs ( useless p>ts4 ,x is remov$ by circumcision among v _m races1 su* z ! ,hebrews & ,arabs1 & o!r ,mahom$ans1 & among/ ,p]sians1 negroes1 ,h9dus1 ,t>t>s1 & its abs5ce seems to br+ ab\t no inconv5i5ce4 ,,ii ,evolution & significance ( ! m5/rual fl[ 9 wom54--,precoci\s m>riage among primitive & uncivilis$ races4--,di%>mony betwe5 age ( pub]ty & age ( nubility4--,age ( m>riage4--,examples ( di%>mony 9 ! developm5t ( ! reproductive function4 ,not)/&+ _! imp]fections1 ! human organs ( reproduction are able to fulfil _! functions4 ,a close scrut9y1 h[ev]1 %[s t !re are _m sides on :i* !y are di%>moni\s or badly adapt$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ble$+ is usually a sign ( disease4 ,ble$+ f ! nose or ( ! lungs or inte/9es or kidneys is an indication ( disease m or less s]i\s4 ,dis*>ge ( blood f ! female reproductive organs may also be an indication ( disease1 z = in/ance :5 due to tum\rs ( ! ut]us4 ,! only exception to ! rule is ! p]iodic fl[ 9 ! case ( wom51 by :i* !y lose hundr$s ( grammes ( blood 7#ajj to #fjj gr474 ,!re is some?+ p>adoxical 9 su* a physiological occurr5ce1 & x des]ves m9ute consid]ation4 ,^! p]iodic losses1 unlike ! possession ( a hym51 are n a peculi>ity ( ! human female4 8,heat0 9 l[] animals is analog\s1 al?\gh 9 t case ! *ief indications are swell+s ( ! muc\s membrane ) a slight dis*>ge ( fluid1 h>dly t+$ ) blood4 ,! /ate indicates ! awak5+ ( ! sexual in/9ct & read9ess = coition4#ajj ,among monkeys !re has be5 obs]v$ a fl[ mu* m closely resembl+ t ( woman4 ,9 ! case ( macaques & c]copi!ci1 x has be5 obs]v$ ev5 t ! fl[ is mon?ly4 ,heape1#aja :ile 9 ,briti% ,india1 took advantage ( a valuable opportunity = mak+ obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,among two hundr$ & ?irty females ( ,macacus rhesus ( :i* ! great] numb] 7 adult or ne>ly s1 sev5te5 display$ signs ( m5/ruation1 consi/+ ( a swell+ ( ! g5italia accompani$ by ! dis*>ge ( a pale & viscid fluid4 ,usually ! fl[ assum$ a pale rose t9t1 due to ! pres5ce 9 x ( blood corpuscles1 b cases :]e x 0 highly col\r$ 7 r>e4 ,al?\gh !y are di/9ctly analog\s to ! m5/rual fl[s ( wom51 ^! occurr5ces 9 monkeys are di/+ui%$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ! swell+ ( ! g5italia1 ! viscid "* ( ! dis*>ge1 & ! relative abs5ce ( blood4 ,!y pres5t a condition int]m$iate betwe5 ! 8heat0 ( l[] animals & ! human ph5om5a4 ,9 an?ropoid apes a simil> m5/ruation has be5 obs]v$4 ,bolau1 ,ehl]s1 & ,h]mes1 record x 9 ! case ( ! *impanzee4 8,at ?is p]iod10 wrote ,h>tmann1#ajb 8swell+ & r$d5+ ( ! g5italia occurr$4 ,! labi majores1 :i* are usually inconspicu\s1 enl>g$ greatly1 & a simil> increase took place 9 ! labi m9ores & ! clitoris40 ,9 ! case ( wom5 swell+ ( ! g5italia is v slightly m>k$1 & ! *ief occurr5ce is ! fl[ ( blood4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t some?+ new has be5 acquir$ 9 ! m5/ruation ( wom54 ,! condition ( ! fl[ at ! pres5t "t is probably ! result ( modifications acquir$ rec5tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,among primitive peoples sexual union occurr$ at a v e>ly age1 & pregnancy occurr$ be=e m5/ruation4 ,! latt] did n appe> dur+ pregnancy nor 9 ! "t ( suckl+1 & probably ! latt] 0 h>dly ov] be=e a new pregnancy _h occurr$4 ,9 t way !re 0 no opportunity = ! onset ( m5/ruation4 ,! human capacity = procreation ?r\gh\t ! ye> made ! race extremely prolific4 ,probably ?is prolificness is ! reason :y man has spread ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & has multipli$ s enorm\sly1 9 spite ( ! b>ri]s to 8 progress & ! high rate ( mortality to :i* he is subject$4 ,in/ances are kn[n f rec5t obs]vation ( pregnancies occurr+ be=e ! onset ( m5/ruation4 ,accord+ to ,rhode1 among ! ,guatos1 ,indians inhabit+ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,so ,l\r5zo 9 ,p>aguay1 m>ri$ wom5 n m ?an five to eight ye>s ( age are to be met )1 & ^! mu/ h m>ri$ be=e m5/ruation4 ,among ! ,v$as ( tropical ,india1 girls m>ry be=e !y are n9e ye>s ( age1 & h relations ) _! husb&s be=e sexual maturity4 ,9 ,*iras 9 ,p]sia1 girls m>ry be=e pub]ty1 & :ile _! *e/s are /ill flat4 ,9 ,syria1 accord+ to ,robson1 girls m>ry at ! age ( t51 & s be=e pub]ty4 ,du ,*aillu relat$ t ! ,a*ira ( ,we/ ,africa did n def] m>riage until aft] ! appe>ance ( pub]ty4 ,abbadie1 :ile on 8 voyage 9 ,nubia1 f\nd t m5 b\ght "y girls & _h sexual relations ) !m be=e ! "t ( m5/ruation4 ,among ! ,atjeh ( ,sumatra1 girls m>ry at an age c]ta9ly be=e t ( pub]ty1 z !y h h>dly lo/ _! fir/ set ( tee?4 ,al?\gh ! husb&s are a few ye>s old]1 !y are /ill unfitt$ = sexual union4 ,! c\ples sleep toge!r1 & attempt sexual union be=e !y are fitt$ = x4 ,among ! isl&]s ( ,viti1 aga91 m>riage takes place be=e pub]ty4 ,! anci5t ,h9doos m>ri$ at a v e>ly age4 ,btl+k quotes f ! ,sanscrit poems 9 :i* hell 0 aw>d$ to ! fa!rs ( girls :o _h n be5 m>ri$ :5 pub]ty came on4 ,9 o!r v]ses x 0 writt5 t n only ! fa!r b also ! "m & ! eld] bro!r 7 to be c>ri$ d[n into hell if ! daught] began to m5/ruate be=e %e _h be5 m>ri$2 ! girl h]self 0 to desc5d to ! l[e/ degree ( dr1 & 0 nev] to be tak5 z a wife4 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! possible f]tility ( m>riages contract$ at ^! e>ly ages4 ,polak#ajc gives examples tak5 f ,p]sia4 ,x is n necess>y = impregnation t x %\ld h be5 prec$$ by a m5/rual fl[4 ,facts mak+ ?is cle> h occurr$ n only 9 w>m climates b 9 our own latitude4 ,rakhman(f1#ajd 9 ,russia1 att5d$ 9 *ildbir? a woman n m ?an f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ( poor con/itution1 & badly n\ri%$1 & ) features /ill infant9e4 ,m5/ruation _h n yet tak5 place2 ! conf9em5t 0 normal4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t 9 =m] times ^! e>ly m>riages ( girls "u ! age ( pub]ty 7 m common1 if inde$ !y 7 n cu/om>y4 ,9 su* circum/ances m5/ruation w\ld h be5 a r>e ph5om5on4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! examples ( m5/ruation obs]v$ 9 ! case ( monkeys 7 tak5 f creatures liv+ 9 abnormal conditions1 isolat$ 9 zoological g>d5s & pass+ _! lives 9 captivity4 ,x is highly probable t ! p]iods z !y exi/ to-day1 ) copi\s sangu9e\s dis*>ge1 are a rec5t acquisition ( ! human race4 ,z he em]g$ f ! primitive condition man _h to re/ra9 8 prolificness4 ,! hi/ory ( savages & ( civilisations %[s t progress & culture h be5 accompani$ by a rise 9 ! age = m>riage4 ,9 ?is way ! m5/rual p]iods c\ld develop )\t *eck1 & atta9 ! pres5t condition4 ,9 ^! circum/ances x is n wond]ful t m5/ruation %\ld appe> s abnormal & ev5 pa?ological4 ,a copi\s dis*>ge ( blood1 prec$$ & accompani$ by pa9 & by n]v\s & m5tal di/ress z s frequ5tly happ5s1 has no app>5t k9%ip ) ! processes ( normal life4 ,x is n[ easy to see :y among s _m races !re are special rules made = wom5 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,mo/ ( ! races ( ! e>?1 says ,ploss1 reg>d m5/ruat+ wom5 z impure4 ,! occurr5ce is s widespread t x is unnecess>y to adduce p>ticul> cases1 b a few ) "s po9t ( special int]e/ may be notic$4 ,?us1 among ! ,h9doos a high-ca/e woman is reg>d$ z a p>iah 9 ! fir/ day ( ! p]iod1 & z "o ( ! murd]]s ( ,buddha on ! second day4 ,among _m races a woman 9 ?is condition is =bidd5 to come ne> m51 or to t\* a numb] ( objects1 z %e is reg>d$ z capable ( sett+ up _m diseases & ( do+ s]i\s damage4 ,! ,g]mans ( ! eighte5? c5tury believ$ t ! hair ( a m5/ruat+ woman buri$ 9 manure w\ld eng5d] snakes4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! orig9 ( m5/ruation has be5 attribut$ frequ5tly to evil spirits4 ,! ,iranians held t x appe>$ fir/ 9 ,d*ahi1 ! goddess ( immorality4#aje ,su* op9ions impli$ vaguely t !re 0 some?+ abnormal 9 ! process4 ,! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( m5/ruation expla9s well ! orig9 ( su* a notion4 ,ano!r biz>re & app>5tly abnormal feature ( ! reproductive processes receives explanation 9 ! hi/ory ( its evolution4 ,! feature 9 "q is ! pa9fulness ( *ildbir?4 ,x is truly a/oni%+ & s+ul> to f9d a ph5om5on ess5tially normal f ! po9t ( view ( physiology accompani$ by pa9 ( s m>k$ a "*4 ,no d\bt o!r animals suff] dur+ lab\r1 b among ! mammalia woman und]goes ! sev]e/ pa94 ,obs]vations made on sev]al ,europeans :o h be5 br\ght to b$ at an abnormally e>ly age h %[n t1 contr>y to all expectation1 p>turition 0 easy & ! sequel normal4#ajf ,moreov]1 ,dr4 ,dionij has /at$ 8 op9ion t ( two cases ( a fir/ *ildbir? at ! ages respectively ( fifte5 & ( =ty ye>s1 he w\ld pref] ! e>li] age4 ,! daught]s ( ! coloni/s 9 ! ,antilles 7 accu/om$ to m>ry at v e>ly ages4 ,9 #affg ,du ,t]tre relat$ t a "y woman ( t region _h in=m$ him t ! bir? ( h] fir/ *ild took place :5 %e 0 twelve ye>s & a half ( age1 & t ! process la/$ no m ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r & _h be5 pa9less4 ,! mission>y ,bei]le9 practis$ = long 9 ,madras1 :]e m>riages 7 v e>ly1 & f\nd t p>turition 0 mu* m easy ?an 9 ,europe4#ajg ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 facts %[ t too "y mo!rs are subject to a v heavy rate ( mortality dur+ *ildbir?1 & soon aft] x4 ,! mo/ sali5t fact 9 ?is connection is furni%$ by ,hass5/e91 :o has /at$ t ! mortality ( lab\r cases 9 ,abyss9ia is #cj p] c5t41 & :o has attribut$ ?is dea?-rate to ! circum/ance t m>riage takes place be=e ! body ( ! woman is suffici5tly develop$4#ajh ,9 ,briti% ,india ! disadvantages ( precoci\s m>riage h be5 repeat$ly urg$2 & 9 a petition relat+ to ?is subject1 ,dr4 ,mansell ref]r$ to ! case ( a woman ( twelve ye>s ( age 9 :om p>turition 0 int]f]$ ) by ! undevelop$ condition ( ! pelvis1 s t ! head ( ! *ild _h to be de/roy$4 ,mat!ws ,duncan1 ! well-kn[n ,engli% ob/etrician1 paid mu* att5tion to ! mortality ( lab\r cases1 ) ! object ( decid+ ! be/ age = m>riage4 ,he came to ! conclusion t wom5 f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age 7 be/ fitt$ = lab\r1 t is to say1 %[$ ! l[e/ rate ( mortality dur+ lab\r or z a result ( lab\r4 ,he also %[$ t su* wom5 7 mo/ f]tile1 & t ! developm5t ( ! pelvic bones 0 complet$ at t p]iod ( life4 ,wom5 :o 7 ( a l[] or high] age %[$ a great] mortality rate 9 connection ) *ildbir?4 ,! facts ( :i* ,i h j giv5 a summ>y lead directly to a mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( di%>mony exhibit$ 9 ! ord] ( ! developm5t ( ! human reproductive app>atus4 ,pub]ty decl>es itself 9 a woman by ! beg9n+ ( m5/ruation at a "t :5 girls /ill possess infantile *>act]s & :5 ! bones ( ! pelvic bas9 are n yet fully develop$4 ,obvi\sly !re is a di%>mony betwe5 pub]ty & ! g5]al maturity ( ! body1 t is to say1 ! nubile condition4 ,?is di%>mony becomes /ill m evid5t ^u a clos] exam9ation ( ! phases ( developm5t ( ! diff]5t reproductive functions4 ,9 ! human race1 reproduction is br\ght ab\t by ! union ( ! sexes sugge/$ by sympa?y or mutual love4 ,! sexual union makes x possible = ! male elem5ts or sp]matozoa to rea* ! eggs & f]tilise !m by pass+ into !m4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ! diff]5t /eps 9 ! process w\ld h be5 attun$ s z to act 9 h>mony4 ,z a matt] ( fact !re is no su* relation4 ,! diff]5t factors ( ! sexual function develop indep5d5tly & unh>moni\sly4 ,love & ! sexual s5se 9 ! human race appe> be=e ! o!r factors 9 ! process4 ,ramdohr1#aji 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 /at$ t little boys frequ5tly exhibit amor\sness t[>ds wom54 ,!y are capable ( be+ /rongly affect$ by jeal\sy & by desire ( exclusive possession ( ! covet$ woman4 ,?is fact is well kn[n1 & has be5 relat$ ( fam\s p]sonages4 ,?us ,dante1 at ! age ( n9e1 fell 9 love ) ,beatrice2 ,canova 0 9 love :5 he 0 little m ?an six ye>s ( age1 & ,"l ,byron 0 9 love ) ,m>y ,duff at ! age ( sev54#aaj ,sexual excitability appe>s at an age :5 !re is no "q b t ! sexual elem5ts are undevelop$4 ,9 infants /ill 9 ! cradle1 obs]v]s h notic$ movem5ts & attitudes %[+ ! pres5ce ( sexual excitability4 ,curs*mann & ,frbr+]1#aaa bo? compet5t cl9icians1 h notic$ ^! feel+s 9 *ildr5 "u ! age ( five4 ,lat] on 9 life1 ! developm5t ( ! s5sibility is m common1 & is practically univ]sal among boys be=e ! "t at :i* ! sp]matozoa are ripe4 ,?is di%>mony is ! cause ( onanism1 :i* is common ev]y:]e among boys4 ,be=e ord9>y sexual congress is possible = !m1 boys exp]i5ce ! *>act]i/ic pleasure ( ! sexual s5sations1 & by a k9d ( natural in/9ct le>n self-gratification4 ,onanism is sometimes def9$ z a 8gratification ( ! sexual desire by unnatural means40#aab ,b x is man's con/itution itself t p]mits ! developm5t ( ! s5sation precoci\sly1 be=e ! developm5t ( sexual maturity4 ,let\rneau is "r :5 he says t su* sexual ab]rations are abnormal1 b n unnatural1 z !y occur among animals4 ,9 ! case ( "y boys ! habit is s common t1 accord+ to ,*ri/ian1#aac 8v few are able to say t !y h avoid$ x completely40 ,! same writ] asks ! "q3 8,if x be rememb]$ t onanism among c]ta9 peoples1 at c]ta9 times1 has be5 recognis$ z an ord9>y ev5t1 x is difficult to avoid ask+ if !re be n a lat5t vice1 hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( human nature1 & ready to be provok$ into activity by v small causes80 ,! answ] is suffici5tly pla94 ,! cause ( onanism1 ?is 8vice0 or 8crime10 z ,tissot & o!r au?ors h call$ x1 und\bt$ly is ! result ( a natural di%>mony 9 ! human con/itution1 ( a premature developm5t ( sexual s5sation4 ,among ! mo/ civilis$ races & ! l[e/ savages ! mode ( satisfy+ ! premature dem& is equally common4 ,x is to be notic$ t onanism is m common & e>li] develop$ 9 ! male sex4 ,! developm5t ( sexual irritability 9 ! female occurs v irregul>ly4 ,9 "s races onanism is s mu* a cu/om among little girls t no attempt is made to conceal ! practice4 ,?is occurs1 = in/ance1 among c]ta9 ,hott5tot tribes1 & is ref]r$ to op5ly 9 talk & leg5ds4#aad ,simil> in/ances occur else:]e1 b 9 mo/ races ! practice is ?\ght wrong1 & is conceal$ z mu* z possible4 ,among girls1#aae onanism is less frequ5t ?an 9 ! case ( boys1 a circum/ance 9 relation ) ! fact t sexual s5sation usually appe>s mu* lat] 9 ! female sex4 ,x is almo/ a g5]al rule t girls :o h arriv$ at sexual maturity h n acquir$ sexual irritability1 :ile to _m x comes only gradually aft] m>riage4 ,sometimes x does n occur until aft] ! fir/ *ild has be5 born4 ,on ! o!r h&1 love beg9s v e>ly 9 "y girls1 al?\gh x long reta9s a platonic "* & is n associat$ ) sexual s5sation until mu* lat]4 ,! maturity ( ! sp]matozoa 9 ! male comes long aft] ! developm5t ( sexual irritability & ( love4 ,none ! less1 x comes be=e ! organism ( ! male is actually ready4 ,x happ5s1 9 consequ5ce1 especially among ! highly civilis$ peoples1 t m>riage & regul> unions are impossible at ! "r "t4 ,! y\? has 8 education to f9i%1 8 pr(ession to *oose1 & he mu/ be ready to support *ildr5 be=e he is able to m>ry4 ,z civilisation advances1 ! age ( m>riage becomes lat] & lat]4 ,9 ! case ( ,europeans1 sexual maturity occurs 9 ! male at ! age ( twelve to f\rte5 ye>s1 :ile ! av]age age at ! fir/ m>riage is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,table ( ,age at ,fir/ ,m>riage4#aaf ,nationality4 ,age 9 ye>s ( males4 ,age 9 ye>s ( females4 ,engli% #be4id #bd4fi ,fr5* #bh4da #be4cb ,norwegians #bh4ea #bf4ih ,dut* #bi4ae #bg4gh ,belgians #bi4id #bh4ai ,^! figures %[ cle>ly :at a gap !re is betwe5 ! com+ ( sexual maturity & ! age at :i* m>riage c be und]tak54 ,! decay ( ! reproductive functions %[s a s]ies ( di%>monies simil> to ^? t occur dur+ developm5t4 ,sp]matozoa cont9ue to be =m$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! life ( a man1 & may /ill be f\nd ev5 9 v old m54 ,pawl(f1 = in/ance1 discov]$ t !y 7 pres5t 9 abundance 9 ! case ( a man at ! age ( n9ety-f\r1 & ?is obs]vation is n unique4#aag ,b ! pres5ce ( ripe sp]matozoa is n ! only condition necess>y = functional virility4 ,9 ! case ( old m5 x happ5s frequ5tly t !re is incapacity to make normal use ( ! sp]matozoa t are produc$4 ,?is br+s ab\t a s]ies ( discom=ts 9 ! sexual functions ( advanc$ life :i*1 h[ev]1 d n prev5t ! ret5tion ( ! specific s5sation & desire until a v extreme old age4 ,doctors1 9 hospitals devot$ to old m51 h notic$ to :at an ext5t _! pati5ts are engross$ by sexuality4 ,ev5 "s ( ! anci5t au?ors h notic$ h[ ! amor\s s5tim5ts ( old m5 turn into a p]v]t$ attraction to y\?s4 ,sexual irritability & amor\sness n only appe> be=e sexual maturity & g5]al fitness ( ! organism = m>riage1 b !y rema9 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ^!4 ,x is rem>kable to notice h[ pr(\nd is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di%>monies ( ! reproductive functions 9 man & ! p]fect condition ( adaptation ( ! same functions 9 ! high] plants4 ,9 ! case ( ! high] plants1 z ,i describ$ 9 my second *apt]1 ! arrangem5ts are complicat$ on acc\nt ( ! necess>y m$iation ( insect life4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! p]fection ( ! adaptation is rem>kable4 ,at ! exact "t :5 ! reproductive products are ripe1 ! petals op5 & ! nect> is secret$1 :ile1 9 addition1 at ?is "t _m fl[]s dis*>ge od\rs agreeable to insects4 ,attract$ by ! sc5ts & col\rs1 ! insects visit ! fl[]s 9 que/ ( poll5 or nect>1 &1 becom+ du/$ ) poll51 c>ry x to ! /igmas ( ! next fl[]s !y visit4 ,z soon z f]tilisation has tak5 place ! petals fade1 ! sc5ts are no long] produc$1 & ! insects cease to visit ! fl[]s to :i* !y are no long] necess>y4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! di%>monies 9 ! human reproductive app>atus are a frequ5t s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,little *ildr51 9 :om sexual irritability has awak5$ prematurely1 le>n to satisfy x by means call$ 8unnatural40 ,9 _m cases damage rapidly foll[s4 8,9 ! *ild10 wrote ,dr4 ,*ri/ian1 8!re is no secretion ( sp]matozoa1 & x is 9 ! *ild t ! results ( onanism are mo/ disa/r\s to ! organism1 & disa/r\s almo/ 9 inv]se proportion to ! age4#aah ,x is 9 e>ly infancy t ?is ab]ration m]its ! evil reputation t x has acquir$2 x compromises heal?1 intellig5ce1 & ev5 life4 ,q "y *ildr5 )]1 becom+ pale1 /upid1 & fragile1 :5 !y h acquir$ ?is disa/r\s habit4 ,! evil is almo/ entirely a consequ5ce ( ! unrip5ess ( ! organism = sexuality40 ,happily ^! evil occurr5ces are r>e4 ,a publication by ,tissot1 a ,swiss doctor1 on ! subject ( onanism1 made a s5sation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! book 0 full ( exagg]ation1 & x 0 v inexact1 b x conta9$ int]e/+ confessions f p]sons :o _h contract$ ! habit4 ,a woman wrote to ,tissot 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,b = ! re/ra9t ( religion1 ,i %\ld h put an end to my life1 :i* is ru9$ by my own fault40 ,n infrequ5tly ! vice leads to melan*olia4 ,o!r un=tunate results come f ! rip5+ ( ! sexual products be=e ! organism is ready = m>riage1 & be=e ! "* has be5 =m$4 ,z m5 _c contract m>riage be=e !y are ready = x1 irregul> & frequ5tly h>mful sexual ab]ration may occur4 ,! survival ( ?is specific irritability until too late a p]iod ( life is ano!r s\rce ( disa/]4 ,old m5 :o c nei!r excite passion nor satisfy x1 (t5 become victims ( _! own amor\sness & unassuag$ passions4 ,x has be5 %[n t passion may survive aft] ! complete atrophy ( ! functions ( ! organs4 ,simil>ly x is ! case t wom5 f :om ! ov>ies h be5 remov$1 may cont9ue to reta9 sexual irritability completely4 ,di%>mony ( sexuality may also occur betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t sexes4 ,! fact t sexuality is usually m precoci\s 9 ! male sex (t5 produces a di%>mony 9 ! case ( m>ri$ p]sons4 ,at ! "t :5 a woman is /ill 9 full possession ( ?is specific irritability1 ! appetite 9 ! man may be on ! wane4 ,f ?is di%>mony !re (t5 foll[s conjugal infidelity or passion betwe5 p]sons ( ! same sex4 ,s*op5hau] devot$ att5tion to ?is subject & wrote z foll[s3 8,t nature h]self may produce a condition totally oppos$ to ! natural function (f]s a p>adoxical problem ( v deep int]e/40#aai ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! di%>monies 9 ! developm5t & activities ( ! functions 9 "q1 t ! app>5tly p>adoxical & /range ab]rations ( sexuality are natural en\gh4 ,! exi/+ di%>mony gives rise to _m evils f e>lie/ y\? to advanc$ age1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t religions h d5\nc$ sexuality m or less sev]ely4 ,dr4 ,*ri/ian expresses 8 a/oni%m5t 8t 9 ne>ly all religions x has be5 consid]$ a homage to ! ,deity to ab/a9 f sexual int]c\rse40#abj ,x is simply because ! di%>monies ( sexuality lead to sexual ab]rations t religions h f\nd cause = d5\nc+ human nature z vile4#aba ,,iii ,di%>monies 9 ! family in/9cts4--,artificial abortion4--,des]tion & infanticide4--,di%>monies 9 ! social in/9cts4 ,z ! functions ( reproduction are seat$ deep 9 ! organic _w & none ! less pres5t cases ( /rik+ di%>mony 9 mank9d1 x is n surpris+ to f9d simil> want ( adaptation 9 ! family in/9cts ( man1 z ^! in/9cts h be5 acquir$ m rec5tly & are less widespread 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! animal _w provides _m examples ( onanism & ( ab]rations ( sexual congress4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are no cases 9 ! animal _w 9 :i* pregnancy is de/roy$ by ab]rant in/9cts4 ,to ! human race belongs ! di/9ction ( hav+ inv5t$ modes ( sexual congress :i* are necess>ily b>r54 ,no d\bt ! loss ( ! os p5is has made su* occurr5ces m easy1 z ! pres5ce ( t bone w\ld r5d] int]ruption ( coition m difficult4 ,b !re are _m ways 9 :i* ! sp]matozoa may be prev5t$ f accompli%+ _! function1 & ^! are s common & s famili> t x is unnecess>y to enum]ate !m4 ,9 civilis$ c\ntries procreation is limit$ *iefly by su* means4 ,9 its e>ly days1 ! human race mu/ h be5 di/+ui%$ by its unusual procreative capacity1 b ) ! gr[? ( civilisation _m devices h be5 employ$ to limit t4 ,savages & races ( l[ civilisation h rec\rse to artificial abortion r ?an to means = prev5t+ f]tilisation1 & abortion is almo/ univ]sal among !m4 ,! great treatise ( ,ploss1 8,das ,weib10 to :i* ,i h made repeat$ ref]5ce1 conta9s a :ole *apt]#abb on ?is subject4 ,delib]ate abortion ) ! object ( limit+ ! numb] ( *ildr5 is cu/om>y all ov] ! globe4 ,9 mo/ primitive races & among peoples ( l[ civilisation x is practis$ op5ly )\t ! smalle/ re/ra9t4 ,_m ( ^! peoples h adopt$ ! cu/om ( limit+ ! family to two *ildr5 by procur+ abortion 9 subsequ5t pregnancies4 ,! aborig9es ( ,kais> & ( ! isl&s ( ,watubela obs]ve ! rule /rictly4 ,among ! natives ( ! isl&s ( ,a>u x is r>e to f9d m ?an ?ree *ildr5 9 a family1 because any o!rs are de/roy$ by artificial abortion4 ,a simil> cu/om is widespread 9 ,india1 be+ q z common among ! ,h9doos :o are rul$ by ,engl& z among indep5d5t races4 ,9 ! p59sula ( ,kut*1 wom5 frequ5tly procure abortion1 & "o woman boa/$ to ,macmurdo t %e _h made use ( ! practice five times4 ,abortion is equally common 9 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,ev5 9 ,europe !re are nations among/ :i* abortion is p]mitt$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! ,turks d n reg>d a ftus z be+ really alive until aft] ! fif? mon?1 & h no scruple 9 caus+ its abortion4 ,ev5 at lat] /ages1 :5 ! op]ation becomes crim9al1 x is frequ5tly practis$4 ,9 #ahgb1 at ,con/ant9ople1 m ?an ?ree ?\s& cases ( abortion 7 br\ght be=e ! ,c\rts 9 a p]iod ( t5 mon?s4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is n surpris+ t illegitimate *ildr5 are r>e 9 ! ,ea/4 ,artificial abortion is n a mod]n inv5tion1 b 0 common 9 anci5t times4 ,! old ,greeks practis$ x op5ly1 )\t any legal re/ra9t4 ,plato reg>d$ x z )9 ! prov9ce ( ! midwife1 & ,ari/otle p]mitt$ x to m>ri$ p :5 a pregnancy t 0 n desir$ took place4 ,/ell]1 writ+ ( ! natives ( ,kam*atka ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 /at$ t among !m m>riage 0 contract$ r = s5sual gratification ?an = ! procreation ( *ildr51 because !y int]f]$ ) pregnancies by v>i\s k9ds ( m$icam5ts & by viol5t op]ative int]f]5ces4 ,! arts by :i* abortion has be5 produc$ are num]\s & v>i$4 ,9 addition to ! adm9i/ration ( drugs1 *iefly ( vegetable orig91 implem5ts h be5 employ$4 ,! natives ( ,gre5l& use ! ribs ( seals or ( ! walrus1 & ! ,hawaians ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s employ = ! purpose a wood5 implem5t fa%ion$ z a deity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 races h /rongly oppos$ ! practice ( abortion4 ,9 ! anci5t _w su* races 7 ! ,m$es1 ! ,bactrians1 ! ,p]sians1 & ,jews4 ,among ! anci5t ,incas1 abortion 0 a crime puni%$ ) dea?4 ,lat] on1 ! ,*ri/ian nations foll[$ ?is view4 ,h[ev]1 ! reprobation ( abortion occurs only 9 a comp>atively small numb] ( ! nations ( ! e>?1 & ev5 among/ ^! ! practice is common 9 secret4 ,animals :i* are unable to procure abortion v (t5 de/roy _! "y1 z ,i describ$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is volume4 ,9 ! human race1 infanticide is too common4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans did n reg>d ! newly born infants z possess+ any "r to live4 ,! old ,g]mans held !mselves free to expose _! infants4 ,! ,arabs1 be=e ! fai? ( ,islam _h spread to !m1 7 9 ! habit ( bury+ _m female *ildr5 alive4 ,9 ,india a simil> cu/om is common1 & 9 ,*9a x is notori\s4 ,accord+ to figures collect$ by ,eitel1#abc ! ,*9ese ( ! prov9ce ( ,canton v (t5 kill female *ildr5 imm$iately aft] bir?4 8,x may be said10 he wrote1 8t ! murd] ( female infants is ! g5]al rule among ! ,hak-lo1 & especially among ! ,hak-ka ( ! agricultural classes4 ,! ,hak-ka !mselves e/imate ! numb] ( female *ildr5 expos$ z ab\t two-?irds ( ^? born40 ,9 a little village 9 :i* ! au?or liv$ = sev]al ye>s1 an inve/igation1 made ) ! help ( "s ,*ri/ians1 %[$ t )\t exception wom5 :o _h giv5 bir? to two *ildr5 _h kill$ at lea/ "o ( !m4 ,9 ,tahiti two-?irds ( new-born *ildr5 are kill$1 ^? ( ! female sex mak+ up ! great] "p ( ! numb]s4 ,! fir/ ?ree infants & all tw9s are kill$1 & z a rule n m ?an two or at mo/ ?ree are actually re>$4#abd ,among ! ,melanesians ! cu/om ( infanticide is v common4 8,x mu/ also be assum$10 said ,ratzel1#abe 8t 9 ,ugi 7,solomon ,isl&s7 all ! infants are kill$1 to be replac$ by ! ,bauros40 ,x is n surpris+ t su* a widespread occurr5ce ( artificial abortion & ( infanticide among primitive races is br++ ab\t a rapid dim9ution 9 ! numb]s ( ^!1 & may lead ev5 to _! ext9ction4 ,?is is tak+ place 9 ! case ( ! natives ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & ( ! isl&s ( ,a>u4 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m pla9ly ! feebl5ess ( ! human family in/9ct4 ,9 m highly civilis$ nations1 ! rude proce$+s ( savages h be5 replac$ by clev] devices to prev5t conception1 & infanticide has become r>e4 ,artificial abortion is excit$ by mod]n me?ods sugge/$ by ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,! embryonic membranes are pi]c$ n by ! ribs ( seals or hair-p9s1 b by /]ilis$ s\nds1 & ! op]ation is p]=m$ ) /rict asepsis4 ,9 av]t+ ! natural results ( passion ! woman is subject$ to ! smalle/ possible risk4 ,x is indubitable t m ?an "o race has p]i%$ because ( its lack ( ! in/9ct ( family4 ,h[ev]1 x ne$ n be fe>$ t ! human race itself w disappe> because ( ! failure ( procreation4 ,b x is pla9 t ! read9ess ) :i* devices to prev5t ! production ( *ildr5 h be5 adopt$ %[s ! weakness ( ! family in/9ct 9 man1 & op5s up a problem to :i* ! att5tion ( morali/s & legislators may well be direct$4 ,! family in/9ct is deeply seat$1 z x arose among animals m anci5t ?an man2 none ! less x exhibits di/urbances & ab]rations 9 ! human race capable ( br++ ab\t ! ext9ction ( peoples or nations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /rong en\gh to secure t man w p]si/ 9 ! future4 ,man c]ta9ly is a social animal1 b ! in/9ct impell+ him t[>ds union ) 8 fell[s is ( rec5t orig94 ,su* animal societies z are to be f\nd among insects are n comp>able ) human associations4 ,among mammals1 ! ne>e/ allies ( man1 ! social in/9cts are develop$ only to a slight ext5t1 & ev5 ! an?ropoid apes %[ v little progress 9 ?is direction4 ,_m ( ^! creatures h %[n 9 captivity ! aptitude to become fri5dly ) man or ) o!r animals1 & ?us h display$ ! beg9n+s ( ! capacity to =m societies4 ,b1 9 ! wild condition1 an?ropoids live only 9 families1 & ^! conta9 few individuals4 ,z reg>ds ! social capacities ( ! *impanzee ,dr4 ,savage wrote3#abf 8,!y _c be call$ greg>i\s1 seldom m ?an five1 or t5 at mo/1 be+ f\nd toge!r4 ,x has be5 said on good au?ority t !y occasionally assemble 9 l>ge numb]s 9 gambols4 ,my in=mant ass]ts t he saw once n less ?an fifty s engag$2 hoot+1 scream+1 & drumm+ ) /icks on old logs1 :i* is done 9 ! latt] case ) equal facility by ! f\r extremities40 ,we h little acqua9tance ) ! social life ( ! an?ropoids1 b1 s f> z we "k1 ^! creatures pres5t only ! m]e/ beg9n+s ( ! social in/9ct4 ,man has mov$ mu* beyond !m 9 t direction4 ,ev5 ! l[e/ races & ! mo/ primitive ( liv+ peoples su* z1 = in/ance1 ! ,bu%m5 or ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 display a well-develop$ social in/9ct4#abg ,! univ]sal pres5ce ( ! social in/9ct among human be+s w\ld seem to af=d ! basis ( a happy life4 ,9 ! num]\s attempts made to f9d a purely rational pr9ciple t may s]ve z ! basis = morality )\t ! int]v5tion ( sup]natural sanction1 abundant use has be5 made ( man's crav+ to live 9 association ) 8 fell[s4 ,^? :o h tri$ to d$uce moral law f ! ess5tial con/itution ( man h reli$ l>gely ^u ! innate sympa?y betwe5 man & 8 fell[s4 ,su* a l9e ( argum5t is s common & has be5 employ$ s frequ5tly t ,i ne$ n sp5d mu* space 9 develop+ x4 ,i %all limit myself to a few examples4 ,t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury ,b*n]1#abh a ,g]man physician1 publi%$ a mat]iali/ic code ( morality t made a consid]able s5sation4 ,he wrote z foll[s on ! "q n[ be=e u3 8,:at we t]m ! moral s5se arose f ! social in/9cts & habits :i*1 "u pa9 ( ext9ction1 are develop$ 9 e society ( m5 & animals4 ,morality dep5ds on sociability1 & v>ies ) ! peculi> conditions ( ea* p>ticul> association4 ,z man is ess5tially a social animal1 & to be reg>d$1 ap>t f society1 m]ely z a wild bea/1 x is pla9 t ! ne$s ( ! community mu/ impose on him c]ta9 re/rictions & directions t 9 "t w pass into a settl$ code ( morals40 ,half a c5tury lat] practically ! same idea 0 repeat$4 ,haeckel1#abi ! well-kn[n ,g]man naturali/1 express$ x z foll[s 9 a volume t appe>$ a few ye>s ago3-- 8,mod]n sci5ce %[s t ! feel+ ( duty does n re/ on an illusory #8categorical imp]ative1' b on ! solid gr\nd ( social in/9ct1 z we f9d x 9 ! case ( all ! social animals4 ,x reg>ds z ! highe/ aim ( all morality ! re-e/abli%m5t ( a s\nd h>mony betwe5 egoism & altruism1 betwe5 self-love & ! love ( "o's neighb\r4444 ,if a man desire to h ! advantage ( liv+ 9 an organis$ community he has to consult n only 8 own =tune b also t ( ! society & ( ! #8neighb\rs' :o =m ! society4 ,he mu/ realise t its prosp]ity is 8 own prosp]ity1 & t x _c suff] )\t 8 own injury4 ,?is fundam5tal law ( society is s simple & s inevitable t "o _c und]/& h[ x c be contradict$ 9 !ory or 9 practice2 & yet t is done to-day & has be5 done = ?\s&s ( ye>s40 ,! sexual & family in/9cts may be satisfi$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 & ?is is also ! case ) ! social in/9cts4 ,onanism & p]v]t$ passion may satisfy ! sexual in/9ct2 celibacy1 artificial abortion & infanticide exi/ alongside ! love ( ! wife & ! p>5tal c>es4 ,s also ! social in/9ct ( a crim9al may be satisfi$ by 8 association ) o!r crim9als4 ,x is well kn[n t ! mo/ h>d5$ crim9als h _! own codes1 & !y jo9 fai?fulness to _! own companions to an atroci\s attitude t[>ds ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,x is n en\gh !n m]ely to give scope to ! social in/9cts t we all possess4 ,we h to det]m9e h[ f>1 & t[>ds :i* ( our fell[ creatures1 we are to ex]cise su* in/9cts1 & x is "h t ! difficulty arises :i* z yet has n be5 resolv$ by religion or rationalism4 ,mu/ our social in/9cts rea* to our relatives ne> or di/ant1 or to our fell[ t[nsm51 or compatriots1 or to all :ite m51 or to all m51 :ite & black1 or to ! good only1 or to ! good & bad alike8 ,p]haps we %\ld limit ! op]ation ( ! in/9ct to ^? ( our own religion1 or :o %>e our views ( life8 ,! in/9ctive feel+ is q sil5t on ^! po9ts1 & x is precisely on !m t ! difficulties arise4 ,x is well kn[n t at diff]5t epo*s & 9 diff]5t circum/ances v diff]5t answ]s h be5 giv5 to su* que/ions4 ,:5 religion 0 pr$om9ant1 a common fai? 0 a bond transc5d+ patriotism4 ,lat] on1 patriotism itself became ! dom9ant bond4 ,9 rec5t days1 a conception ( int]national solid>ity began to appe>4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !re 0 rec5tly a comb9ation ( diff]5t nations aga9/ ,*9a1 & nationality 0 =gott54 ,"s ( ! ,european nations b&$ !mselves toge!r & ev5 assum$ an ,asiatic race 9 ! union1 ) ! object ( puni%+ a common enemy4 ,:at 0 ! bond t unit$ nations s diff]5t8 ,x 0 n religion1 = ! bond includ$ ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 or?odox ,*ri/ians & ,buddhi/s4 ,mo/ probably ! bond ( union 0 a community ( int]e/1 ! result ( simil> civilisation & milit>y & political organisation4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ occasionally t ! social in/9ct1 or human sympa?y1 = ! t]ms are practically id5tical1 may /ret* fur!r & fur!r & become s widespread t all ! memb]s ( ! human /ock w unite & act only = ! common good4 ,b ! problem is complex4 ,sympa?y1 :5 pu%$ too f>1 may become h>mful4 ,nations h tak5 "p 9 a campaign1 impell$ by "s feel+ ( sympa?y1 & h br\ght h>m on !mselves4 ,sympa?y ext5d$ to crim9als & wick$ p]sons is equally h>mful4 ,! social in/9ct itself mu/ be regulat$ = ! good ( ! community :i* x holds toge!r4 ,ought we to ext5d our sympa?y to all humanity1 or to limit x to "s p>ticul> section8 ,!ori/s h spok5 ( ! solid>ity ( all humanity1 believ+ x possible to ext5d our sympa?y to ! races fur!/ remov$ f u4 ,9 c\ntries 9 :i* diff]5t races are br\ght 9 contact1 v practical difficulties are enc\nt]$ by ! !ori/s4 ,9 ,am]ica & 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 = in/ance1 laws h be5 pass$ aga9/ ! ,*9ese1 exclud+ ! latt] f ! consid]ation grant$ to o!r races4 ,! negro "q also is v difficult 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ! black race dwells among/ :ites4 ,9 ,europe x has be5 ! cu/om to condemn ! action ( civilis$ races 9 tak+ _! l& f natives ( primitive type4 ,su!rl&1 ! au?or ( a /rik+ "w on ! orig9 & developm5t ( morality1 ju/ifies su* arbitr>y conduct4 ,to ! "q1 8,0 x "r = ! :ites to take possession ( ! ,au/ralian =e/s ( ! blacks80 he repli$ 9 ! affirmative4 8,no d\bt10 he said1 8!re is a moral in/9ct aga9/ x1 b ! action und\bt$ly 0 "r40#acj ,9 a summ>y ( 8 conclusions he lays d[n t moral conduct is a compromise betwe5 ! individual & social in/9cts t s (t5 are oppos$4 ,b he has no m to say ?an 8 pr$ecessors z to ! rational basis ( ! compromise4 ,! social in/9ct has be5 acquir$ by mank9d too rec5tly1 & x is /ill too feeble1 to be a tru/wor?y guide 9 all conduct4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 at _m diff]5t times1 div9e sanction has be5 evok$ to control ! relations among m54 ,! categorical law has be5 =mulat$ ) ! same object4 ,?us by "o means or ano!r1 "s k9d ( social ord] has be5 kept up4 ,! efficacy ( ^! additional guides is se5 cle>ly on ^? r>e occasions :5 "s special comb9ation ( circum/ances has set p free f !m4 ,?us at ,mosc[1 9 #ahab1 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,fr5* army re/or$ au?ority1 & lately1 aft] ! eruption 9 ,m>t9ique1 ! ord9>y au?ority laps$1 ! anti-social in/9cts ( ! p 7 loose1 & a cle> idea 0 giv5 ( ! inh]5t weakness ( ! human social in/9ct4 ,i h %[n t 9 man ! in/9ct = *oos+ food & ! sexual & social in/9cts are /ill s weak t x is impossible to tru/ to !m 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r guidance4 ,x is z equally necess>y to det]m9e :at k9d ( food is mo/ suitable = m5 9 diff]5t conditions ( life1 & :at means are be/ fitt$ to satisfy rationally 8 sexual & family in/9cts4 ,s also x is urg5t to det]m9e exactly ! direction & object ( ! social in/9ct4 ,= ! love ( our fell[ creatures we %\ld seek ! be/ ways ( mak+ !m happy4 ,b :at is happ9ess8 ,is x ! feel+ ( well-be+ exp]i5c$ by ! individual himself1 or is x ! judgm5t ( o!rs on 8 s5sations8 ,x is notori\sly difficult to pron\nce on ! happ9ess ( ano!r4 ,f ! outside1 :5 a man seems to enjoy heal?1 to h a family & com=table means ( subsi/5ce1 we are incl9$ to call him happy2 b ! individual himself may h a v diff]5t op9ion ab\t himself4 ,x is (t5 impossible to rely on ! judgm5t ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op9ion ( an individual himself on 8 own condition may be equally fallaci\s4 ,v (t5 ! feel+ ( well-be+ is a symptom ( g5]al p>alysis1 z may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ quotation3 8,! pati5t is well pleas$ ) himself1 & delight$ ) 8 con/itution & circum/ances4 ,he boa/s )\t ceas+ ( 8 robu/ heal?1 8 muscul> /r5g?1 ! cle>ness ( 8 complexion & ( 8 g5]al #8fitness4' ,8 clo?+ is magnific5t & 8 resid5ce palatial4 ,9 a m advanc$ /age ( ! disease1 ! exagg]ation becomes extreme4 ,he believes t he is able to bl[ d[n ! walls ) 8 brea?1 or t he c\ld c>ry a ton1 or dr9k a hog%ead ( w9e1 or t no?+ c\ld tire him out4 ,!n megalomania beg9s1 & ! pati5ts believe !mselves 9 possession ( titles1 ( p[]1 & weal?4 ,!y are memb]s ( p>liam5t1 noblem51 pr9ces1 g5]als1 k+s1 emp]ors1 & popes1 or ,god ,himself40#aca ,z g5]al p>alysis is a result ( syphilis1 9 ord] to make a l>ge numb] ( p]sons believe !mselves ?or\ghly happy1 x w\ld be necess>y only to spread ?is disease4 ,)\t l+]+ on ?is p>adox1 ,i may at lea/ po9t out t ! problem ( happ9ess1 :i* is associat$ intimately ) social life1 is extremely difficult4 ,! social in/9ct is equally p[]less to solve ! problem ( ju/ice 9 its relation to ! g5]al int]e/ ( humanity4 ,x is pla9 en\gh t1 9 ! exi/+ condition ( human k1 we all inflict & und]go inju/ices ( diff]5t degrees4 ,?is mis=tune is a consequ5ce ( ! di%>mony ( human nature4 ,f :at ,i h already said1 x mu/ be cle> t be=e we c f9d a rational guide to direct u 9 ! op]ation ( our social in/9ct1 we %\ld h to det]m9e exactly ! nature ( true happ9ess = ! individual & ( true ju/ice4 ,!n only %\ld we be 9 a position to set ab\t mak+ human life z happy z is possible4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,di%>monies ,,9 ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,self-,,pres]vation ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation 9 animals--,man's in/9ctive love ( life--,indiff]5ce to life dur+ *ildhood--,buddhi/ leg5d on in/9ctive self-pres]vation & ! fe> ( dea?--,fe> ( dea? treat$ 9 lit]ature--,confessions ( ,tol/oi reg>d+ ! fe> ( dea?--,o!r op9ions on ! subject--,! fe> ( dea? an in/9ctive ph5om5on--,developm5t 9 man ( a love ( life--,treatm5t ( ! ag$--,murd] ( old p--,suicide ( old m5--,abs5ce ( h>mony betwe5 ! love ( life & ! conditions ( human exi/5ce--,! "p play$ by ! fe> ( dea? 9 religions & sy/ems ( philosophy ,x is n to be wond]$ at t man's social in/9ct exhibits s _m imp]fections & di%>monies1 see+ t x is /ill 9 an unsettl$ condition1 & is a rec5t acquisition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld expect to f9d t love ( life & ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation _h rea*$ a high degree ( h>mony1 s9ce ^! h be5 9 process ( developm5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole animal s]ies t culm9at$ 9 man4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( life _m contrivances exi/ = purposes ( protection4 ,creatures1 ! bodies ( :i* are m]ely microscopic drops ( protoplasm1 ! liv+ mat]ial1 may be protect$ by %ells f ext]nal influ5ces :i* ?reat5 _! de/ruction4 ,plants protect !mselves1 sometimes by means ( ?orns :i* prev5t !m f be+ eat51 sometimes by secretions ei!r m]ely irritant 9 "* or actually poison\s4 ,among animals ! means employ$ = self-pres]vation are ev5 m num]\s4 ,%ields & %ells1 ! secretion ( fluids exhal+ unpleasant od\rs1 or facilitat+ escape by cl\d+ ! wat]1 z 9 ! case ( ! ink ( ! cuttlefi%1 (f5sive weapons1 /rong tee?1 & _m o!r *>act]s1 s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to protect ! individual life4 ,! exposition ( ?is subject w\ld involve writ+ a complete treatise on ! comp>ative anatomy ( plants & animals4 ,among l[] animals ! pres]vation ( life is accompli%$ )\t m5tal connivance1 consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 protective in/9cts beg9 to appe>4 ,simple cases ( ^! are flight at ! approa* ( dang]1 protection by a cov]+ ( slimy fro? secret$ by ! creatures !mselves1 or built up f ?is excreta1 or f =eign matt]4 ,su* facts %[ t ! love ( life & ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation are almo/ univ]sal 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,all ^! devices = ! avoidance ( dang] & escape f dea? c\ld h be5 develop$ 9 animals be=e ^! _h any di/9ct idea z to :at dea? 04 ,we "k t "s animals c di/+ui% betwe5 liv+ & dead prey4 ,"s c>nivora recognise ! smell ( dead bodies4 ,^? :i* are accu/om$ to fe$ on liv+ creatures refuse all o!rs1 detect+ ! diff]5ce by ! abs5ce ( movem5t4 ,z 9 su* cases ! idea ( dea? is imp]fect1 x is easy to deceive ! creatures by (f]+ c>cases artificially set 9 motion1 or liv+ prey r5d]$ motionless by "s means or o!r4 ,9 ord] to escape f enemies s readily impos$ ^u1 _m insects :5 al>m$ become motionless & feign dea?2 & t may be reg>d$ z yet ano!r in/ance 9 ! category ( natural means = ! protection ( individual life4 ,moreov]1 ! high] animals1 su* z mammals1 exhibit a pr(\nd ignorance ( dea?1 _m ( !m rema9+ completely undi/urb$ 9 ! pres5ce ( dead companions1 or ev5 dev\r+ ! latt] at ! risk ( contract+ a fatal disease4 ,rats1 = in/ance1 eat ! bodies ( rats :i* h di$ ( plague1 & :ile appeas+ _! hung] !mselves contract ! disease :i* !y transmit to o!r animals1 p>ticul>ly to human be+s4 ,unlike ^? animals1 h[ev]1 :i* are indiff]5t to ! dea? ( _! k9d1 !re are o!rs t in/9ctively %r9k at see+ ! dead bodies ( _! own species4 ,horses on pass+ a dead horse %[ signs ( discom=t1 & attempt to run away4 ,bullocks :5 witness+ ! slaught] ( o!rs also exhibit evid5ces ( di/ress & fe>4 ,9 spite ( ^! examples1 h[ev]1 x is q c]ta9 t animals1 ev5 ^? highe/ 9 ! scale ( life1 are unconsci\s ( ! inevitability ( dea?1 & ( ! ultimate fate ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,?is k is a human acquisition4 ,9 man1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is well develop$4 ,h>dly appreciable dur+ infancy1 x manife/s itself 9 a m>k$ degree 9 "y *ildr54 ,at ! sight ( a human corpse1 *ildr5 become panic-/rick51 z ?\gh confront$ by a wild bea/ or snake4 ,9 "y adults ?is in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 :i* is closely connect$ ) an in/9ctive fe> ( dea?1 is n fully develop$4 ,x (t5 takes "s special circum/ance to awak5 x1 su* z a dang]\s illness1 an accid5t1 or ! p]ils ( w>4 ,"y p :o :ile 9 good heal? believe _! lives to be 9 dang]1 (t5 take x to he>t s z to make !mselves really ill4 ,relat+ 8 impressions dur+ ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 ,tol/oi1 :o at t "t 0 only tw5ty-six ye>s ( age1 writes z foll[s3 8,not)/&+ ! di/ractions (f]$ by v>i\s & urg5t duties1 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 & ! long+ to quit ?is horrible place ( dea? 0 pres5t 9 ! he>ts ( all4 ,?is desire 0 equally /rong 9 all2 9 ^? mortally w\nd$1 & 9 ! volunte] ru%+ ) all 8 might into ! c5tre ( ! fray to op5 a pa? = ! horse ( ! g5]al1 9 ! g5]al himself z he direct$ & controll$ 8 m54 ,! (fic] ( m>9es1 9 ! middle ( a battalion 9 action1 cru%$ s t he c\ld h>dly brea!1 felt x equally ) ! w\nd$ man c>ri$ on a /ret*] by f\r soldi]s until1 fur!r progress be+ impossible1 he _h be5 set d[n j "u ! ,nicolai batt]y1 or ! artill]yman :o _h s]v$ 8 gun = sixte5 ye>s40 ,9 ! normal c\rse ( life1 h[ev]1 ! "y d n %[ an in/9ctive cl++ to life 9 any m>k$ degree4 ,!y (t5 risk _! lives = trifl+ reasons1 & commit all sorts ( indiscretions hurtful to life or heal? )\t a ?\ght ( ! consequ5ces4 ,!y may be inspir$ by ! highe/ motives1 b !y are equally ready to fritt] /r5g? away 9 ! gratification ( ! l[e/ appetites4 ,y\? is ! age ( dis9t]e/$ sacrifice1 b also ( indulg5ce 9 all k9ds ( excesses1 alcoholic1 sexual & o!rs4 ,y\?s seem to ?9k t !y w always atta* ! same value to life1 & t betwe5 dea? at ?irty ye>s ( age & dea? at sixty1 !re is a diff]5ce only ( "t4 ,z _! love ( life is indiff]5tly develop$1 "y p are (t5 extremely exact+1 ! pleasure !y enjoy be+ b mod]ate1 :il/ ! suff]+ provok$ 9 !m by ! slighte/ annoyance is int5se4 ,!y consequ5tly become epicureans 9 ! l[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 or else ab&on !mselves to exagg]at$ pessimism4 8,edite1 bibite1 po/ mortem nulla voluptas0 0 ! motto ( ,g]man /ud5ts1 gre$y = pleasure1 & unkn[+ t a love ( life develops ) age 9 e human be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to keep ! balance betwe5 joy & sorr[1 y\?1 true to its in/9cts1 und]values ! =m] & exagg]ates ! latt]1 ?us arriv+ at a pessimi/ic view ( life1 & decl>+ t exi/5ce is a mis=tune 9 itself4 ,x is significant t ,s*op5hau] publi%$ 8 !ory ( pessimism at ! age ( ?irty-"o4 ,8 successor1 ,r4 ,h>tmann1 :5 tw5ty-six ye>s old1 proclaim$ t human exi/5ce is an evil :i* "o %\ld get rid ( at all co/s4 ,optimi/ic !ories1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 set =? ei!r by p]sons advanc$ 9 ye>s or by p]sons :om special circum/ances h caus$ to appreciate ! joy ( liv+4 ,z a c\nt]balance to ! pessimism ( ,g]man philosoph]s1 ,duhr+ =mulat$ a !ory ( optimism 9 8 book 8,d] ,w]t des ,leb5s10 b 0 himself bl9d at ! "t4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock publi%$ "s ye>s ago a book entitl$ 8,! ,pleasures ( ,life10 :i* op5s ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,life is a great gift40 ,8 attitude t[>ds life is entirely oppos$ to t ( ! pessimi/s1 b !n he =mulat$ x at ! age ( fifty-?ree4 ,x has long be5 recognis$ t ! old atta* a high] value to life ?an d ! "y4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 = in/ance1 says3 8,life becomes de>] to u z its joys pass away4 ,! old cl+ to x m closely ?an ! "y40#acb ,?is reflection is absolutely correct1 & is prov$ by a numb] ( facts4 ,i once knew v intimately a sci5tific man :o _h pass$ a v unhappy y\?4 ,be+ hyp]s5sitive to pa91 he tri$ to assuage x by e means 9 8 p[]4 ,"s trifl+ annoyance suffic+ to ?r[ him into a /ate ( utt] pro/ration1 he 0 9 ! habit ( resort+ to ! aid ( n>cotics4 ,9 ord] to escape f m5tal angui% he inoculat$ himself ) poisons4 ,by ! "t he _h arriv$ at an advanc$ age 8 hyp]s5sitiv5ess gave place to feel+s mu* less acute4 ,he ceas$ to res5t ! ills ( life s bitt]ly z he did 9 8 y\?2 :ile he came to appreciate bett] ! positive side ( life1 & ev5 9 mom5ts ( unhapp9ess he did n contemplate putt+ an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,9 y\? he 0 pessimi/ic1 & insi/$ ^u ! prepond]ance ( evil ov] good4 ,z he became old]1 8 attitude t[>ds exi/5ce became entirely modifi$4 ,i d n say1 h[ev]1 t x is necess>y to be old 9 ord] to realise ! mis=tune ( dea?4 8,he :o pret5ds to face dea? )\t fe> is a li>10 said ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 8,t all m5 fe> to die is ! great law dom9at+ ! ?9k+ _w1 & )\t :i* all liv+ ?+s w\ld soon cease to exi/4 ,?is fe> is a natural impulse1 & is n m]ely an accid5t b an important factor 9 ! :ole ord] ( ?+s40#acc ,"o (t5 he>s p express _! indiff]5ce to dea?1 b an exam9ation into _! real feel+s on ! subject soon %[s ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,i once happ5$ to be pres5t :5 a lady1 already well advanc$ 9 ye>s1 express$ a wi% = dea?1 & said t %e _h no fe> ( x :atev]4 ,on acquir+ a full] k ( h] case1 ,i recognis$ t %e 0 s]i\sly ill1 & t %e reg>d$ dea? z ! only possible t]m9ation to h] suff]+s4 ,z soon z %e f\nd t recov]y 0 possible1 %e manife/$ int5se delight at ! prospect ( a prolong$ life fre$ f incessant pa94 ,in/9ctive love ( life1 & fe> ( dea?1 :i* is only a manife/ation ( ! =m]1 are ( an importance 9 ! /udy ( human nature impossible to ov]-e/imate2 x is !re=e necess>y to consid] a few in/ances ?r[+ light ^u ! subject4 ,ev5 ! anci5ts 7 int]e/$ 9 ! problem4 ,! subject is p]haps z well dealt ) 9 a ,buddhi/ leg5d z any:]e4#acd 8,! "y ,pr9ce akya-,m\ni1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,buddhi/ fai?1 be+ desir\s ( discov]+ ! true mean+ ( life1 express$ a wi% to leave ! _w & devote himself to a religi\s life4 ,9 ord] to turn him f 8 purpose1 8 fa!r built him a magnific5t palace1 :]e9 he c\ld indulge 9 e sort ( pleasure1 & 9 :i* he w\ld be protect$ f all sorr[4 ,"u ?is sy/em he nev] saw old p1 nor ^? :o 7 diseas$1 nor ! dead4 ,9 spite ( be+ ?us /rictly gu>d$1 ! "y pr9ce (t5 contriv$ to escape into ! out] _w 9 ord] to drive ab\t4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ drive1 he met a brok5-d[n1 decrepid old man1 ) v>icose ve9s1 decay$ tee?1 a wr9kl$ sk91 & grey hair1 b5t d\ble ) age l ! ro( ( a h\se1 lean+ ^u a /ick2 all traces ( y\? _h dep>t$ f him1 only in>ticulate words came f 8 ?roat1 8 procumb5t body re/+ on ! /ick1 & 8 limbs & e "p ( !m trembl+40 ,hav+ le>nt f 8 coa*man t ?is 0 an old man1 & t 89 all liv+ creatures age creeps ^u y\?10 t e "o came to x & t 8!re 0 no way out ( x10 ! pr9ce 0 s deeply impress$ t he said to 8 coa*man1 8,:at a mis=tune to be a weak fooli% p]son1 ^: intellig5ce1 bl9d$ by ! pride ( y\?1 sees no?+ ( old age4 ,turn r\nd my *>iot4 ,i w\ld return4 ,:at are games & pleasures to me ^: body is ! future dwell+-place ( old age80 ,ano!r "t akya-,m\ni met on ! road a man consum$ by fev]1 8 body weak5$1 8 brea?+ difficult4 ,in=m$ by 8 coa*man t ! man 0 suff]+ f disease1 ! "y pr9ce exclaim$2 8,heal?1 !n1 is a m]e dream1 & ! fe> ( disease takes a t]rible =m4 ,:at wise man1 hav+ se5 su* a phase ( human exi/5ce1 c\ld cont9ue to be gay & happy80 ,%ortly aft] akya-,m\ni w5t out = ! ?ird "t1 & 8saw a dead man plac$ on a bi] cov]$ by a pall1 surr\nd$ by 8 relations1 all weep+1 lam5t+1 wail+1 _! hair disord]$1 plac+ du/ ^u _! heads1 & beat+ _! brea/s40 ,! viol5t emotion produc$ by ! sight ( ! dead man caus$ ! pr9ce to say to himself3 8,woe to y\? ?reat5$ ) old age6 ,woe to heal?1 ! prey ( e k9d ( disease6 ,woe to ! life ( man :i* la/s b a little :ile6 ,woe to ! attractions ( pleasure :i* s$uce ! he>ts ( ! wise40 ,^! reflections ( akya-,m\ni are ! basis ^u :i* ,buddhism is f\nd$1 & t religi\s philosophy is impregnat$ ) pessimi/ic doctr9es relat+ to human life4 ,mod]n pessimi/s hold views resembl+ ,buddhism4 ,s*op5hau] f e>ly y\? 0 engross$ by ! great problems ( human life4 ,8 "m1 9 a lett] to him#ace reproa*$ him ) 8grumbl+ at ! inevitable10 :i* %[s t at tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age he _h revolt$ aga9/ ! idea ( dea?4 ,! problem ( mortality 0 "o ( ^? 9 :i* he 0 mo/ deeply int]e/$1 & 8 fe> ( disease & dea? 0 su* t he left ,b]l9 at ! fir/ outbreak ( *ol]a 9 #ahca 7influ5c$ by ! dea? ( ,hegel1 :o succumb$ to ! disease71 & w5t to live at ,frank=t1 a t[n unvisit$ by ! epidemic4 ,he affirms#acf t 8! greate/1 & g5]ally speak+ ! wor/1 mis=tune t c befall any "o is to die1 & !re is no fe> equal to ! fe> ( dea?40 ,x 0 ! impossibility ( escape t sugge/$ to him ! idea ( a pessimi/ic philosophy4 ,! lit]atures z well z ! philosophies ( all p]iods h dealt ) ! problem ( dea?4 ,edmond de ,gonc\rt tells 9 8 8,j\rnal0 h[1 9 conv]sation ) 8 fri5ds1 ?is "q 0 always recurr+4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( "o ( ^! conv]sations3#acg 8,our old e/abli%$ d9n] ( five took place to-day4 ,flaub]t 0 miss+1 s !re 7 only ,t\rguneff1 ,zola1 ,daudet1 & me4 ,! e?ical ennui ( "s ( u1 ! physical suff]+s ( ! o!rs1 l$ ! conv]sation to dea?1 :i* we discuss$ until elev5 o'clock1 sometimes pass+ to o!r subjects1 b always com+ back to ! gloomy topic4 ,daudet decl>$ t 9 8 case x 0 an obsession1 a poison+ ( 8 life1 & t he nev] mov$ into a new h\se )\t look+ r\nd = ! place :]e 8 c(f9 w\ld come to lie4 ,zola told u t 8 "m _h di$ at ,mdan1 & t1 z ! /aircase prov$ too n>r[1 ! c(f9 _h _h to be l[]$ f a w9d[2 he decl>$ t he nev] look$ at t w9d[ )\t wond]+ :o w\ld be tak5 out t way next1 he or 8 wife4 8,yes10 he said1 8ev] s9ce t day dea? has always be5 9 ! backgr\nd ( our ?\ghts1 & v (t5 dur+ ! night1 look+ at my sleepless wife1 ,i feel t l me %e is ?9k+ ( x1 & we lie quietly )\t say+ al\d :at is 9 our m9ds--= %ame1 yes1 = v %ame--,oh6 x is t]rible1 t ?\ght--& ! t]ror ( x becomes visible6 ,!re h be5 nights :5 ,i h leapt sudd5ly out ( b$1 & held myself = a second or two 9 a /ate ( abject t]ror40 ,jean ,f9ot#ach 0 told 9 confid5ce by ,e4 de ,gonc\rt t if he c\ld bani% ! ?\ght ( dea? f 8 m9d life w\ld be reliev$ ( an almo/ intol]able burd54 ,jean ,f9ot also relates t 9 ! c\rse ( a memorable ev5+ sp5t ) ,victor ,hugo at ! h\se ( ! latt]1 ne>ly all ( ! di/+ui%$ p]sons :o 7 pres5t1 :5 que/ion$ z to _! ideas on ! subject ( dea?1 frankly admitt$ t ! ?\ght ( x inspir$ !m ) fe> & sadness4 ,among/ mod]n au?ors ,c\nt ,lon ,tol/oi has dealt mo/ ) ! problem ( dea?4 ,9 _m ( 8 works :ole pages ( memorable reflections on ! subject are to be f\nd1 b ! mo/ h>r[+ & t]rible picture he ev] pa9t$ is conta9$ 9 8 8,confessions40#aci ,! read] w p>don my prop5sity = quot+ passages relat+ to dea?4 ,he w recall ! acc\nt ( ! ,siege ( ,seba/opol already quot$ by me1 9 :i* e "o 0 describ$ z fe>+ dea? :5 fac$ by dang]2 b ?is fe>1 z ! au?or 0 a "y man ( tw5ty-six1 0 n :olly absorb+4 ,%ortly be=e he atta9$ 8 fiftie? ye>1 ,tol/oi became bitt]ly torm5t$ by ! ?\ght ( dea?4 ,he describes ! beg9n+ ( ?is m5tal crisis 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,fir/ !re came mom5ts ( p]plexity1 ( arre/ ( vital =ce1 z ?\gh ,i _h lo/ ! p[] ( liv+ & mov+2 ,i felt utt]ly lo/1 & fell into a /ate ( complete dejection4 ,?is pass$ away1 h[ev]1 & ,i cont9u$ to live on z be=e4 ,be=e long ! mom5ts ( p]plexity became m frequ5t2 ! arre/ ( my liv+ en]gies 0 always manife/$ by a r5ewal ( ! same que/ions1 #8,:y8 & ,:at comes aft]8'0#adj ,= "s "t ,tol/oi did n pay mu* att5tion to 8 m5tal condition1 b by degrees he began to analyse x1 & rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,! fact is t life is a bl9d alley4 ,i _h liv$1 work$ & m>*$ onw>d1 & _h arriv$ at ! edge ( an abyss1 & no?+ rema9$ to me b to fall into x4 ,& yet ,i c\ld nei!r /op nor retrace my foot/eps1 nor %ut my eyes 9 ord] n to see suff]+ & inevitable dea?4 ,x 0 a void1 a complete annihilation40#ada 8,9 ?is condition ,i felt t ,i mu/ cease to live1 &1 fe>+ dea?1 ,i _h to employ v>i\s ruses to prev5t myself f tak+ my life40#adb 8,i c\ld atta* no reasonable mean+ to any action ( my life4 ,i 0 m]ely a/oni%$ to ?9k ,i _h fail$ to realise ! position f ! beg9n+4 ,all t1 ,i said to myself1 mu/ h be5 pat5t to all ! _w long ago4 ,if n to-day1 !n to-morr[1 disease & dea?--!y are already "h--w attack eld]ly p]sons--me--& !re w rema9 only corruption & worms4 ,my de$s1 :atev] !y may be1 w be =gott5 soon] or lat]1 & ,i %all be no m4 ,:y !n take pa9s ab\t any?+8 ,h[ a man c "k all ?is & yet g on liv+ amazes me4 ,"o c only g on liv+ j s long z "o is intoxicat$ ) life2 once sob]1 h[ev]1 "o _c fail to see :at an idiotic fraud x all is4 ,x is also true t !re is no?+ ev5 amus+ or intellig5t ab\t x2 x is simply /upid & cruel & no?+ m40 ,see+ no way out ( ?is1 ,tol/oi turn$ 8 reflections on family love3 8,my family 444 ,i say to myself 444 b !n my family1 my wife1 & *ildr5 are also m]ely human be+s6 ,!y live "u ! same conditions z ,i myself4 ,!y h ! *oice betwe5 liv+ a lie or fac+ ! horrible tru?4 ,:y !n %\ld !y live at all8 ,:y %\ld ,i love1 *]i%1 & protect !m8 ,9 ord] t !y may exp]i5ce ! same despair1 or t !y may g ?r\gh life l idiots8 ,lov+ !m1 ,i _c conceal ! tru? f !m2 e /ep =w>d 9 k leads to ?is tru?2 & ! tru? is dea?40#adc ,to conclude ?is s]ies ( quotations1 :i* mu/ h giv5 ! read] "s idea ( ! love ( life & ! fe> ( dea?1 ,i %all give "o m example1 tak51 n f ! p5 ( a ma/] b f daily life4#add ,x ref]s to ! dea? 9 ! ,*ri/ian community ( a 8m9i/] ( ,god1 :o 0 pi\s z a ,s4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 c&id z a "y girl1 ( a rigid asceticism1 & r5[n$ = 8 *>ity40 ,logically speak+1 ! dea? ( su* a man %\ld h be5 peaceful4 ,_h he be5 a fictiti\s "*1 8 au?or w\ld n h describ$ 8 dea? except 9 ! conv5tional fa%ion4 ,?is is :at really occurr$1 accord+ to ! lett]s ( an intimate fri5d ( ! dy+ man1 :o wrote z foll[s3 8,our poor fri5d is fight+ dea? in* by in* 9 a way t is positively tragic4 ,he :o 0 s full ( resignation1 s s]5e1 s p]fectly at peace ) 8 own s\l1 is t]rifi$ by ! approa* ( dea?4 ,x is a horrible sight1 t moves "o to te>s4 ,we are p[]less n only to af=d him physical relief b to console ! t]rible angui% :i* assails ! cle> intellect t cl+s s desp]ately to life1 & :i* dea? w claim :ile fully alive4 #8,i c\ld /ill1' he cri$1 #8give a c\rse ( lectures on !ology or political economy1 & ,i mu/ die4444 ,x is t]rible to be fully consci\s4444 ,h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be if ,i c\ld n ?9k6444 ,& :at is x t we ask ( ,god8 ,et]nal happ9ess6 ,x is j z if "o ( y\r workpeople came & ask$ y = a ?\s& francs = a day's "w6' ,y w\ld answ] him1 #8,:at nons5se y talk1 y mu/ be mad1 my fri5d6' ,x is h>d to die4 ,i confess to y1 my fri5d1 t ?is makes "o reconsid] religion & philosophy4444 ,! goodness ( ,god is n :at we ?9k 444 !re is a my/]y ov] u4444 ,is dea? !n truly ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors = ^? :o h l$ good lives80 ,:at is ?is love ( life :i* makes dea? s t]rible8 ,x is a v int]e/+ "q1 & ,tol/oi himself has publi%$ an essay on 8! fe> ( dea?40#ade ,he tries to prove t ! feel+ arises f a false conception ( life4 8,^? :o fe> dea?10 he says1 8fe> x because x seems an empty d>kness1 b ! d>kness & empt9ess pres5t !mselves m]ely because !y h a false conception ( life40#adf ,accord+ to ,tol/oi man %\ld h no great] fe> ( dea? ?an ( any ( ! o!r *anges to :i* x is subject$ by life4 8,no "o is afraid ( fall+ asleep10 he says1 8& yet ! ph5om5a ( sleep are l ^? ( dea?--!re is ! same loss ( consci\sness4 ,man does n fe> sleep1 al?\gh ! arre/ ( consci\sness is z complete z 9 dea?40#adg ,tol/oi ?9ks t ! fe> ( dea? is a sup]/ition1 & t x disappe>s :5 we see life z x is4#adh ,tok>sky1#adi ano!r ,russian writ]1 a few ye>s ago publi%$ a treatise on ! fe> ( dea?1 & tri$ to %[ h[ little reason !re 0 = x4 ,! writ] 0 a physician = ! insane1 & knew himself to be afflict$ ) an incurable & fatal disease4 ,8 obs]vations on ! fe> ( dea? 7 probably bas$ on 8 own feel+s4 ,judg+ f ! evid5ce ( a numb] ( p]sons :o _h be5 9 mortal dang]1 ,tok>sky decl>$ t dea? _h no t]ror1 & t x 0 unnecess>y to fe> x4 ,tok>sky's !ory 0 support$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ,f9ot#aej ^: argum5ts 9 its fav\r 7 simil> to ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,he held t man himself creat$ ! fe> ( dea?1 & t ! prospect ( an unkn[n future play$ a consid]able "p 9 x4 8,beyond t :i* we see10 says ,f9ot1 8!re is always some?+ t we _c see1 & x is ! invisible t we fe>40#aea ,! idea t dea? is g5]ally att5d$ by pa9 seems to ,f9ot q errone\s1 & he comes to ! conclusion t 8our ignorances & prejudices are responsible = ! creation ( ?is sup]/ition1 s t]rible to contemplate1 s f> remov$ f ! tru?40#aeb ,in/ances :i* h occurr$ ( p ?reat5$ ) dea? & sudd5ly re/or$ to life1 give pro(s1 accord+ to ,f9ot1 t dea?1 f> f be+ pa9ful1 is att5d$ by pleasant s5sations4 ,) reg>d to ?is1 ,heim1 a ,swiss savant1 says t t\ri/s :o h _h s]i\s falls :ile m\nta9e]+1 & h be5 s ne> to dea? t !y exp]i5c$ all ! premonitory symptoms1 felt above all a s5sation ( ec/asy4 ,x _c be d5i$ t "s =ms ( dea? are pleasant1 b x is no less c]ta9 t 9 _m o!r cases1 & ^! too ! majority--! s5sation ( approa*+ dea? is1 on ! contr>y1 extremely pa9ful4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily connect$ ) ! fe> ( dea? t may come to ^? :o are n yet ab\t to die4 ,b x is precisely ! latt] mode ( fe> t is s important a factor 9 human life4 ,m5 :o are dy+ ( />vation d n feel pa9fully hungry at ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,! actual pa9 ( hung] la/s only = a limit$ p]iod1 probably1 9 ! case ( man1 only ab\t tw5ty h\rs1 aft] :i* x is succe$$ by a condition ( lassitude & g5]al weakness1 :i* h[ev] is diff]5t f pa9ful hung]4 ,! fe> ( dea? is simil>1 = 9 c]ta9 cases x does n la/ up to ! end ( life4 ,! pa9 ( ?ir/1 on ! o!r h&1 is mu* m p]si/5t1 la/+ up to ! end4 ,f9ot discuss$ ! in/9ctiv5ess ( ! fe> ( dea?4 8,! "q10 he wrote1 8is important4 ,= if ! fe> be in/9ctive1 x is indep5d5t ( our w & n to be controll$ by reason4 ,x w\ld !n break out 9 e case at ! approa* ( dea?4 ,n[ ! evid5ce ( _m p]sons :o h no m ?an escap$ mortal dang] is cle>ly aga9/ ! view40#aec ,hung] is c]ta9ly in/9ctive1 & yet is n always felt :5 ! body is exhau/$ by want ( food or m5ac$ by dea? f />vation4 ,clos] inve/igation leaves no d\bt b t ! fe> ( dea? is truly an in/9ct4 ,9 "s ( ! high] animals x exhibits itself 9 ! same fa%ion z o!r in/9cts4 ,! intimate fri5d1 :om ,i h already m5tion$1 0 = ye>s 9 con/ant expectation ( dea?1 & fac$ its approa* ) p]fect calmness4 ,believ+ t he _h play$ 8 "p 9 life to ! be/ ( 8 p[]1 n only did he ?9k x q natural t he %\ld cease to live1 b he reg>d$ ! possibility ( a decrepid & pa9ful old age ) ! greate/ possible repugnance4 ,9 8 case1 nei!r reason nor desire l$ to a fe> ( dea?4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 def9itely diagnos$ t he suff]$ f a disease :i* might prove fatal1 !re 0 ar\s$ 9 him a c]ta9 s5sation :i* mu/ h be5 ! fe> ( dea?4 ,analysis ( ,tol/oi's /atem5ts 9 8 8,confessions0 makes x cle> t 8 s5sations on reflect+ t he too w\ld cease to be1 & t !re w\ld be left only corruption & worms1 7 no o!r ?an ! in/9ctive fe> ( dea?1 a fe> t 8 reason 0 p[]less to control4 ,to foll[ ,tol/oi 9 tell+ any "o t ! fe> ( dea? is a =m ( sup]/ition :i* mu/ be subdu$ by ! intellig5ce1 is no bett] ?an to attempt to console a woman ab\t to und]go ov>iotomy by tell+ h] t z 9 future %e w be unable to be> *ildr5 %e ought to subdue h] sexual in/9cts4 ,%e w f9d out t h] desire is n "u control ( ! w b is a pure in/9ct4 ,! fe> ( dea? has long be5 recognis$ z an in/9ct4 ,s*op5hau]1#aed = in/ance1 int]pret$ x 9 t way4 ,accord+ to him1 8f ! po9t ( view ( intellig5ce !re is no gr\nd = fe>+ dea?4 ,reason1 :i* is ! outcome ( k1 does n pres5t dea? to u z an evil4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! rational1 consci\s "p ( ourselves :i* fe>s dea?2 ! fuga mortis :i* p]vades all liv+ be+s is an emanation ( ! bl9d w40 ,?is 8bl9d w0 is no o!r ?an a pure in/9ct :i* is indep5d5t ( our rational w4 ,i ne$ n pursue ! subject1 b ,i may recall t ,"l ,byron came to ! conclusion t ! fe> ( dea? is an in/9ctive manife/ation ( ! s\l4 ,9 8,ca90 he express$ ?is view suffici5tly cle>ly3-- ,i live1 ,b live to die2 & liv+1 see no?+ ,to make dea? hateful1 save an innate cl++1 ,a loa?some1 & yet all inv9cible ,in/9ct ( life1 :i* ,i abhor1 z ,i ,despise myself1 yet _c ov]come-- ,& s ,i live4 ,lat] on 9 ! same poem ,byron makes ,ca9 say ( 8 fa!r ,adam3-- ,ere he pluck$ ,! k1 he 0 ignorant ( dea?4 ,alas1 ,i sc>cely n[ "k :at x is2 ,& yet ,i fe> x1 fe> ,i "k n :at4 ,x is !n indubitable t among ! in/9cts ( man !re is "o :i* loves life & fe>s dea?4 ,?is in/9ct develops sl[ly & progressively ) age4 ,9 t respect x is a/oni%+ly diff]5t f o!r in/9cts4 ,:5 hung] or ?ir/ or sexual desire is gratifi$ a s5sation ( satisfaction is exp]i5c$1 & ?is readily passes into satiety or ev5 indiff]5ce4 ,! mood la/s = a c]ta9 "t1 & !n ! in/9ctive ne$s reawak54 ,! in/9ct ( life1 h[ev]1 behaves v diff]5tly4 ,9 mo/ human be+s x develops sl[ly & becomes /rong] & /rong] z ! ye>s pass by4 ,9 *ildhood & e>ly y\? we are v anxi\s to 8gr[ up10 b :5 we are adult we h no desire to gr[ old4 ,we are greatly di/urb$ by ! appe>ance ( wr9kles & grey hair4 ,in/ead ( be+ glad to h f9i%$ a great "p ( our mortal c>e]1 we feel sad at be+ ne>] ! inevitable end4 ,old age1 z x usually pres5ts itself1 is m>k$ by ugly features1 & (t5 by repugnant or ev5 horrible *>act]s4 ,little *ildr5 are usually t]rifi$ by ! appe>ance ( v old p]sons1 & x is a famili> nurs]y ?reat to s5d = an old man4 ,! murd] ( ! ag$ is a cu/om widespread among/ ! l[] races4 ,! natives ( ,fiji bury _! old m5 alive1 on ! pretext t !y h become utt]ly useless4 ,! cu/om is 9 exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ,melanesia1 & occurs 9 ,new ,cal$onia & 9 mo/ ( ! adjac5t ,polynesian isl&s4 ,old age is univ]sally despis$ 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia respect old p s long z !y reta9 _! activity1 b once !y become unable to take c>e ( !mselves !y are ab&on$4 ,(t5 !y are kill$ & eat51 & ?is cu/om is fav\r$ by _! religi\s beliefs4#aee ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,g]many1 accord+ to ! inve/igations ( ,grimm1 8kill$ ! old & ! sick1 & (t5 buri$ !m alive40 ,! mod]n civilis$ _w has c]ta9ly made consid]able progress4 ,! old are no long] kill$2 !y are tol]at$1 & accord$ lib]ty to commit suicide4 ,9 _m c\ntries "w is (t5 refus$ to ! old on ! plea t !y are n /rong en\gh = x1 & at ! same "t !y are refus$ admission to alm%\ses on ! pretext t !y are n yet old en\gh4 ,deal+ ) ! "q ( ! av]age life & ( ! normal life1 ,paul ,b]t#aef express$ himself ) reg>d to ! ag$ z foll[s3 8,!y des]ve congratulations1 c>e & consid]ation1 b ! prolongation ( _! lives does n dem& any special solicitude f society40 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! *>act]s ( old age :i* make x horrible & useless1 & at be/ no m ?an to be tol]at$1 & 9 spite ( ! physical & intellectual weakness t accompany x1 ! in/9ctive love ( life is pres]v$ 9 ! ag$ 9 its /ronge/ =m4 ,to make q c]ta9 ab\t ?is ,i h visit$ alm%\ses = ! ag$1 & x 0 easy to see t all ! inmates hop$ t _! days might be prolong$4 ,9 a ,home occupi$ by fairly well-educat$ p]sons1 ,i discov]$ t "o & all felt z if !y 7 cont9ually be+ ?reat5$ by dea?1 z if !y 7 convicts await+ ! day ( execution4 ,at ! ,salptrire1 :]e !re are a numb] ( v old wom51 septuag5>ians are reg>d$ almo/ z "y girls4 ,! great ambition ( wom5 ( eighty is to live to "o hundr$1 & ! desire to live is almo/ univ]sal4 ,?is seems a contradiction ( ano!r fact demon/rat$ by /ati/ics1 t age increases ! frequ5cy ( suicide4 ,x is c]ta9 t m old m5 commit suicide ?an "y m51 b on c>eful inquiry into ! /ati/ics ( ! subject1 x becomes evid5t t ! *ief inc5tive to suicide does n lie 9 ! cessation ( ! w to live1 b 9 ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by old p ( e>n+ a liv+1 & 9 ! frequ5t pres5ce ( disease 9 ! ag$4 ,depriv$ ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 refus$ ! %elt] ( *>itable in/itutions1 old m5 are apt to fall back ^u a rope or ! fumes ( *>coal4 ,/ati/ics relat+ to ! suicide ( ! ag$ %[ t ! greate/ numb] ( victims belong to ! poor] classes4 ,! suicide ( ri* old m5 is g5]ally prompt$ by ! pres5ce ( incurable disease4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ne$ = mu* wid] inquiry into ! subject4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 = in/ance1 to obta9 m detail$ in=mation reg>d+ ! motives :i* urge ! old to put an end to !mselves4 ,9 rec5t times ! suicide ( ,max von ,pett5k(] ar\s$ public att5tion4 ,aft] a di/+ui%$ sci5tific c>e]1 he resign$ 8 po/ ( ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni* at ! age ( sev5ty-six4 ,he w5t to live a little way outside ! t[n on a prop]ty :]e he devot$ himself to g>d5+ & o!r c\ntry pursuits4 ,al?\gh a suff]] f diabetes1 8 intellect rema9$ unimpair$1 b he became a prey to extreme melan*oly1 ow+ to ! dea? ( "s fri5ds to :om he 0 greatly atta*$4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 life he suff]$ f a septic affection ( ! neck4 ,?is disease1 n fatal 9 itself1 0 ! indirect cause ( ,pett5k(]'s dea?1 :i* occurr$ by suicide at ! age ( eighty-?ree4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation#aeg %[$ a fairly well pres]v$ organic sy/em1 heal?y1 ) ! exception ( *ronic inflammation ( ! membranes ( ! bra9 & a!roma ( ! c]ebral art]ies4 ,! circum/ances relat+ to ?is p>ticul> case ( suicide are unusually well kn[n1 & yet !re are _m obscure po9ts ab\t x :i* are ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! *ronic m5+itis f :i* ! ag$ sci5ti/ suff]$ conclusively preclud$ ! !ory t ! motives :i* l$ him to commit suicide 7 prompt$ by ! ph5om5a ( normal life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 in/ances are n want+ ( old m5 ( good education & ref9$ surr\nd+s :o cl+ t5aci\sly to life1 ev5 at a mu* m advanc$ age ?an ! ,muni* pr(essor4 ,! in/9ctive love ( life resembles ! sexual in/9ct 9 a great _m wom54 ,j z ! love ( life goes on increas+ :5 ! be/ ( life is pa/1 sexual pleasure is (t5 unfelt by wom5 until _! beauty is already fad$4 ,ano!r "* common to ! love ( life & ! sexual in/9ct is t !y bo? p]si/ ?r\gh\t old age1 al?\gh !y c no long] be satisfi$4 ,edmond de ,gonc\rt relates 9 8 di>y t at 8 runions ( lit]>y celebrities 7,zola1 ,daudet1 & ,t\rgneff71 ! conv]sation turn$ mo/ frequ5tly ^u ! subjects ( love1 life & wom54 8,dea? or love1 /rangely en\gh10 says ,edmond de ,gonc\rt1 8are always :at we talk ab\t aft] d9n]40#aeh ,old age 0 ev5 !n knock+ at ! doors ( ! di/+ui%$ writ]s m5tion$1 & s x is q natural t _! int]e/ %\ld h be5 :olly absorb$ by ! two in/9cts :i* exhibit su* enigmatic & p>adoxical t5acity4 ,we saw 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ di%>moni\s is ! sexual in/9ct :i* (t5 only develops at1 & ne>ly always p]si/s until1 a p]iod ( life :5 its normal & regul> functional activity is no long] possible4 ,we saw1 too1 ! ill result+ f ?is di%>mony 9 ! reproductive app>atus4 ,! ill1 h[ev]1 al?\gh s]i\s1 only am\nts 9 t case to an inconv5i5ce :i* c be endur$4 ,f> worse is ! di%>mony ( ! in/9ctive love ( life :i* manife/s itself :5 dea? is felt to be ne> at h&4 ,x is !n incompreh5sible & p>ticul>ly t]rible1 & humanity1 f "t immemorial1 has s\ght ! key to ! tragic puzzle1 & tri$ by all ! means 9 its p[] to unravel ! my/]y4 ,! religions ( all times h be5 conc]n$ ) ! problem4 8,religion10 says ,guyau1#aei 8consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( m$itation ^u dea?4 ,if we _h n to die !re w\ld probably be /ill m sup]/itions among m51 b !re w\ld probably be no sy/ematis$ sup]/itions nor religions40 ,philosophy also has tri$ to solve ! "q ( dea?4 ,"s anci5t philosoph]s held ! op9ion t philosophy is only a m$itation ^u dea?4 ,socrates & ,cic]o#afj h well said t 8! life ( a philosoph] is a cont9ual m$itation ^u dea?40 ,9 our own day ,s*op5hau] develop$ ! same !ory4 8,dea?10 he said1#afa 8is ! real inspir+ g5ius ( philosophy4444 ,)\t dea? x is d\btful if philosophy w\ld exi/ at all4 ,x is !re=e q natural t a special essay on ,dea? %\ld preface ! la/1 ! mo/ s]i\s1 & ! mo/ important ( my books40 ,judg+ f ! facts set =? 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 !re c be no d\bt b t ! human con/itution1 al?\gh 9 _m ways p]fect & sublime1 exhibits num]\s & s]i\s di%>monies1 :i* are ! s\rce ( all our tr\bles4 ,n be+ s well adapt$ to ! conditions ( life z or*ids are1 = example1 9 ! matt] ( _! f]tilisation by ! m$iation ( insects1 or ! burr[+ wasps = ! protection ( _! "y1 humanity resembles r ^? insects ! in/9ct ( :i* guides !m t[>ds ! flame :i* burns _! w+s4 ,ev5 at a "t :5 humanity _h atta9$ no def9ite k ( itself1 a vague suspicion prevail$ z to ! exi/5ce ( di%>monies1 & an ef=t 0 made to rem$y ! evil4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s w %[ :at man has done ) a view to rem$y+ ! natural di%>monies ( 8 con/itution4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,attempts ,,to ,,dim9i% ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution 7,,religi\s ,,& ,,philosophical ,,sy/ems7 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,religi\s ,,attempts ,,to ,,combat ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution ,animism z ! f\ndation ( primitive religions--,! ,jewi% religion 9 relation to ! doctr9e ( immortality ( ! s\l--,! religions ( ,*9a--,ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,confucianism--,! conception ( immortality 9 ,taoism--,! p]si/5ce ( ! s\l 9 ! ,buddhi/ religion--,! p>adise ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s--,ance/ors wor%ipp$ z gods--,influ5ce ( religi\s fai? on ! fe> ( dea?--,pessimism ( ! doctr9e ( ,buddha--,! mean+ ( ,nirvna--,resignation z prea*$ by ,buddha--,objections to ! immortality ( ! s\l--,irritability ( ! tissues & cells ( ! body--,religi\s hygi5e--,religi\s means ( controll+ ! reproductive functions & ( prev5t+ diseases--,failure ( religions 9 _! attempts to combat ! ills aris+ f ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution ,humanity did n await ! discov]y by sci5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( di%>monies be=e try+ to f9d rem$ies = !m4 ,! w to live1 to pres]ve heal?1 to satisfy ! in/9cts & to make !m act 9 unison1 h driv5 mank9d1 9 ! v e>lie/ days ( reflection1 to inv5t rem$ies = ! imp]fection ( ! human con/itution4 ,i h %[n t1 ev5 9 ! case ( animals1 ! in/9ct z to *oice ( food does n save !m f c]ta9 h>mful sub/ances4 ,man himself has = long recognis$ t ?is in/9ct ( 8 is no safe guide1 & has tri$ to discov] sur] me?ods ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 sub/ances t are useful z foods & sub/ances t may cause disease or dea?4 ,! be/ wisdom ( primitive man mu/ h be5 giv5 to ! obs]vation ( ! effects ( sub/ances :i* _h be5 eat51 & to a consequ5t fram+ ( diet>y rules4 ,! reproductive functions1 9 ! same way1 mu/ h attract$ ! notice ( man 9 v e>ly times1 z he mu/ h f\nd ! h>m t came f a bl9d foll[+ ( in/9ctive desire4 ,above all o!r reasons1 man mu/ h be5 impell$ by 8 in/9ctive love ( life & fe> ( dea? to f9d "s way out ( 8 dang]\s situation4 ,to pres]ve 8 life1 man mu/ h s\ght wise *oice ( food & control ( sexuality4 ,s9ce ! dawn ( intellig5ce1 man has tri$ to judge ! unkn[n f ! analogies giv5 by :at he kn[s be/1 t is to say1 by 8 own self4 ,?us he came to attribute to ev]y?+ ar\nd him qualities l 8 own qualities1 & motives l 8 own motives4 ,he came to ?9k n only t all liv+ be+s 7 possess$ ( w & intellig5ce1 b t inanimate ?+s conduct$ !mselves l human be+s4 ,su* a primitive idea is ! basis ( :at ,tylor has call$ 8,animism10 ! f\ndation ( ! philosophy & religion ( savage & civilis$ man alike4 ,:5 a man 0 se5 to die1 x 0 pla9 t he did n entirely disappe>1 b m]ely became trans=m$ into a new condition4 ,! dead body 0 n alive z we are1 b1 none ! less1 x 0 alive 9 a fa%ion ( its own4 ,?is 0 ! answ] to ! desire = ! pres]vation ( life1 to ! fe> ( dea?1 t is to say1 ( total ext9ction4 ,x is practically id5tical ) fai? 9 immortality & a future life4 ,! animi/ic conception is almo/ _w wide4 ,x is pla9 t x af=d$ ! mo/ efficaci\s palliative = m9ds revolt+ aga9/ ! inevitability ( dea?1 & t x h>monis$ ) our int5se w to live4 8,su* *ild-l ignor+ ( dea?10 wrote ,tylor1#afb 8su* *ild-l make-believe1 t ! dead c /ill d z h]et(ore1 may well h l$ ! savage to bury ) 8 k9sman ! weapons1 clo!s1 & ornam5ts t he us$ 9 life1 to try to fe$ ! corpse1 to put a cig> 9 ! m\? ( ! skull be=e its f9al burial1 to lay play?+s 9 ! infant's grave4 ,b "o ?\ght beyond w\ld c>ry ?is dim bl9d fancy into ! range ( logical reason+4 ,grant$ t ! man is dead1 & 8 s\l gone out ( him1 !n ! way to provide t dep>t$ s\l ) food or clo!s or weapons is to bury or burn !m ) ! body40 ,x is ne$less to recapitulate ! v>i\s animi/ic cu/oms :i* 7 9 vogue among primitive peoples1 & :i* h left m>k$ traces among/ ne>ly if n all civilis$ races4 ,! details may be f\nd 9 ! works ( sev]al au?ors1 notably ,tylor1 ,lubbock1 & ,waitz-,g]l&4#afc ,i %all m5tion only a few1 *oos+ ^? t seem mo/ pla94 ,! ,turanians ( ,ea/]n ,asia bury ) _! dead all sorts ( implem5ts1 su* z axes & fl9ts1 & food1 su* z meat & butt]1 believ+ t ! dep>t$ w h ne$ ( ^! dur+ ! long voyage 9 ! l& ( ! spirits4 ,a ,tasmanian1 on be+ ask$ :y spe>s 7 buri$ ) ! dead1 repli$1 z if ! answ] 7 self-evid5t1 8,( c\rse = ! use 9 combat ( him :o has fall5 asleep40 ,! ,gre5l&]s place b[s & o!r weapons 9 ! tombs ( _! m51 & knives1 ne$les1 & o!r in/rum5ts = sew+ are buri$ ) _! wom51 9 ! full belief t su* objects w be useful 9 ! o!r _w4 ,9 ! ,congo region1 ! curi\s cu/om exi/s ( leav+ a hole 9 ! grave ov] ! m\? ( ! dead body1 & once a mon? pass+ into ?is hole meat & dr9k4 ,_m races are n cont5t to place m]ely inanimate objects 9 ! graves4 ,! ,c>ibbeans1 believ+ t ! human _s aft] dea? is c>ri$ to ! k+dom ( dead s\ls1 sacrifice slaves on ! tombs ( _! *iefs1 9 ord] t ! latt] may be att5d$ 9 ! next _w4 ,) ! same object !y bury dogs & weapons4 ,! negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 at ! fun]al ( a great man1 kill wom5 & slaves t he may be provid$ = 9 ! next _w4 ,moreov]1 !y bury ) him 8 f9e/ app>el1 8 gild$ feti%es1 & corals & pe>ls1 s t ! dead man may cont9ue to make use ( !m4 ,tylor /ates t su* animi/ic conceptions occur among/ all savages )\t exception4 ,accord+ to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 if we take gr\ps ( ! human race1 su* z tribes1 societies1 & nations1 we f9d abundant evid5ce t all1 or ne>ly all1 h a belief1 vague or cle>1 9 ! resurrection ( a d\ble ( ! dead man4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! orig9 ( ?is widespread belief is ! image ( ! dep>t$ t comes to u 9 dreams4 ,^! images are tak5 z real visits ( ! dead4 ,9 civilis$ races !re are num]\s relics ( ! old beliefs4 ,! ,spani>ds set bread & w9e on ! graves ( _! relatives on ! anniv]s>ies ( _! dea?s4 ,! ,bulg>ians hold a fea/ ( ! dead on ,palm ,sunday4 ,!y eat & dr9k well1 & !n leave ! rema9s ( ! banquet on ! graves ( _! relatives t ^! may consume !m 9 ! night4 ,sa9t-,foix#afd relates t :5 ,b]tr& du ,guescl9 0 buri$ at ,/4 ,d5is1 9 #achi1 sev]al horses 7 sacrific$4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,aux]re fir/ bless$ !m1 lay+ 8 h&s on _! heads1 & !n !y 7 kill$4 ,at ,treves1 9 #agha1 at ! burial ( ,g5]al ,fr$]ic ,casimir1 8 horse1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,teutonic ,ord]1 0 l$ 9 front ( ! bi]1 & :5 ! ,g5]al _h be5 laid 9 ! tomb1 ! horse 0 kill$ & buri$ ) him4#afe ,al?\gh ! sacrifice ( m5 & animals is no long] made by civilis$ peoples at burials1 _m fun]al cu/oms h an obvi\sly animi/ic orig94 ,9 ,russia1 = in/ance1 rice is plac$ alongside ! corpse1 & p9e bran*es are /rew$ along ! way to be trav]s$ by ! procession4 ,! wrea?s ( 8immortelles10 us$ s l>gely at fun]als by ! mod]n ,fr5*1 h an extremely anci5t orig94 ,!y 7 employ$ by ! ,romans1 & probably _! use impli$ a conception ( a future life 9 a region :]e plants & fl[]s grew4 ,! belief 9 life aft] dea?1 s widespread 9 ! _w1 has be5 ! f\ndation ( all religions4 ,i _c foll[ ?is "q "h z closely z x des]ves4 ,to inve/igate x elaborately w\ld take m space ?an ?is volume af=ds1 & m k ?an ,i possess4 ,h[ev]1 x is important to my argum5t to insi/ t1 among races t h inhabit$ v diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 t h _h v diff]5t mann]s & h pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t /ages ( civilisation1 ! conviction has be5 /rong t dea? is n ! end ( all1 b only a door lead+ f "o k9d ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,because ( ! high importance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is conviction1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ discuss "s ( ! criticisms t h be5 made z to its univ]sality4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ repeat$ly t ! idea ( a future life 0 n a "p ( ! ,jewi% religion1 z =mulat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,haeckel has rec5tly repeat$ a common op9ion t belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l 0 abs5t f ! olde/ & pure/ =m ( ! ,jewi% religion4 8,!re is n to be f\nd10 he said1 8ei!r 9 ! ,p5tateu* or 9 ^? m anci5t p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* 7 writt5 be=e ! ,babylonian captivity1 any idea ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! human s\l40 ,?is is true only )9 limits4 ,no d\bt ! books ( ,moses conta9 no ref]5ce to a future life nor to heav5 & hell 9 ! s5se ( mod]n cre$s1 b x is no less true t ! anci5t ,jews %>$ ) o!r races ! conception ( a survival aft] dea?4 8,l almo/ all primitive nations10 wrote ,r5an1#aff 8! ,hebrews believ$ 9 a k9d ( d\ble p]sonality1 9 a %ad[ pale & ?9 :i*1 aft] dea?1 desc5d$ und]gr\nd & pass$ a sad & col\rless exi/5ce 9 ! sombre halls ( ! dead4 ,! dead dwelt !re1 )\t feel+1 or k1 or memory1 9 a _w )\t light1 ab&on$ by ,god4 ,at ! mo/ ! old ,hebrews hop$ to obta9 = !mselves a quiet re/+-place1 a pleasant c\* = ! "t :5 !y w\ld be ) ! dead4 ,x com=t$ !m to picture !mselves z ly+ among/ _! ance/ors 9 quiet communion40 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 :i* is associat$ closely ) ! idea ( a future life1 appe>s repeat$ly 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,jacob1 :5 he felt dea? com+ ^u him1 call$ 8 son ,joseph & said unto him1 8,bury me n1 ,i pray !e1 9 ,egypt2 b ,i w lie ) my fa!rs1 & ?\ %alt c>ry me out ( ,egypt1 & bury me 9 _! bury+-place40 ,accord+ to ,*antepie de la ,saussaye1#afg 8we are com+ to recognise m & m h[ /rongly ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 & 9 fact all o!r peoples1 7 t+$ ) animism & ance/or-wor%ip40 ,x is v rem>kable h[ ! idea ( a future life1 :i* 0 vague 9 ! e>ly days ( ,israel1 grew m & m cle>4 ,ezekiel 7six? c5tury ,b4,c471 :5 he _h 8se5 ! visions ( ,god10 prophesi$ ( ?+s to come1 & decl>$ t ,god w\ld brea! life into ! dry bones ( ! dead4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel 7second c5tury ,b4,c47 express$ ! same idea 9 a /rong] fa%ion3 8,& _m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life & "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt0 7,daniel xii4 #b74 8,x is pla910 said ,r5an1#afh aft] quot+ ^! words1 8t ,israel _h n[ rea*$ ! la/ /age 9 ! secul> developm5t ( h] ideas1 & _h rea*$ ! conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 z synonym\s ) ! future _w & ! resurrection4 ,z ! conception ( a s\l di/9ct f ! body 0 =eign to h]1 %e c\ld n conceive ( a future life ap>t f resurrection ( ! body40 ,/ill lat]1 9 ! ,talmud1 ! conception ( a future life is clo!d ) details4 ,p>adise is depict$ z a region fill$ ) sweet od\rs1 :ile hell is an unclean place1 ?ick ) mire & smoke4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 9 ! life beyond ! grave1 8!re is nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+2 ! good sit !re ) cr[ns on _! heads & see ,god 9 bliss40#afi ,at ! date ( ! ,cabali/ic philosophy1 ! ,jews _h embrac$ ! doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls1 & _h come to believe t ! _s ( ,adam _h ent]$ ,david & w\ld pass on to ! ,messiah4 ,"s human s\ls pass$ into ! bodies ( animals1 into ! leaves ( trees1 or ev5 into /ones4 ,x is pla9 t ! idea ( a future life 0 a "p ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,x has be5 said1 also1 t ! idea ( a future life 0 abs5t f ! religions ( ! ,*9ese4 ,b*n]1#agj = in/ance1 :o came to be almo/ ! (ficial repres5tative ( ! mat]ialism ( ! second half ( la/ c5tury1 ass]ts t 8,buddhism1 t fam\s religion1 ! mo/ widespread & "o ( ! mo/ anci5t1 :i* c\nts among its foll[]s ne>ly a ?ird ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 ignores completely ! immortality ( ! s\l40 ,haeckel1 also1 9 ! 8,riddle ( ! ,univ]se10 a volume t sums up ! mat]ialism ( ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 makes a simil> /atem5t4 8,! high] ori5tal religions include no belief :atev] 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 x is n f\nd 9 ,buddhism1 ! religion t dom9ates #cj p] c5t4 ( ! entire human race2 x is n f\nd 9 ! anci5t popul> religion ( ! ,*9ese1 nor 9 ! re=m$ religion ( ,confucius :i* succe$$ x40#aga ,?is "q dem&s a some:at clos] inve/igation4 ,x has be5 ?or\ghly prov$ t ! basis ( ! anci5t religion ( ! ,*9ese 0 no m ?an an extreme developm5t ( ance/or-wor%ip4 ,e important ev5t 9 family affairs 0 accompli%$ 89 ! pres5ce ( ! ance/ors40 ,x 0 a bond ) relatives beyond ! grave4 ,z 9 o!r cases ( animism & ance/or-wor%ip1 meats 7 (f]$ to ! dead1 & objects 7 buri$ ) !m to be ( s]vice to !m4 ,accord+ to ,a4 ,rville1#agb ! ,*9ese z a :ole 8fully recognis$ ! conception ( p]sonal survival aft] dea?2 if !re 7 no o!r reason = /at+ ?is1 x w\ld be en\gh to po9t out t (f]+s ( real food w\ld be incompreh5sible1 if made to p]sons suppos$ to be non-exi/5t or r$uc$ to complete unconsci\sness40 ,z !y (f] to ! dead1 food & clo?+ & preci\s ?+s1 x is pla9 t ! ,*9ese ?9k ( life beyond ! grave z n v diff]5t f ?is life4 8,! dead ma9ta9 _! int]e/ 9 ! affairs & p]sons & food t 0 famili> to !m40 ,z ! idea ( immortality became develop$ fur!r1 ! ,*9ese modifi$ _! cu/oms4 ,in/ead ( (f]+ to ! dead mat]ial objects1 z is /ill done by _m peoples1 !y came to sub/itute emblems4 8,h\ses & clo?+ & food imitat$ 9 pap]1 & dolls ( pap] & /raw to repres5t slaves1 are burn$1 s t ! spiritual =ms ( ^! objects may be (f]$ to ! _s !y wi% to hon\r40#agc ,"o ( ! *ief motives ( ance/or-wor%ip is fe> le/ ! dead1 if neglect$1 may visit _! wra? on ! liv+ by s5d+ plagues & pe/il5ce ^u !m4#agd ,! wor%ip ( ! dead _h laid hold ( ! ,*9ese s firmly t ev5 ,confucius1 not)/&+ 8 intellig5ce & scepticism1 paid x a l>ge tribute4 8,confucius ! philosoph]10 said ,rville1 8reg>d$ x z a duty to (f] to 8 ance/ors ! gifts ( food t pr9ces _h s5t to him desir+ to hon\r him40#age ,confucius & 8 foll[]s 7 retic5t & ambigu\s 9 _! ref]5ces to a future life1 b t attitude did n prev5t !m f 8obs]v+ ! cu/oms & c]emonies z c>efully z if !y _h _h a confid5t fai? 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l40#agf ,al?\gh ,lao-tseu himself believ$ nei!r 9 heav5 nor hell1 & pr(ess$ ! mo/ rationali/ic views1 8 disciples none ! less accept$ ! doctr9e ( immortality1 & ev5 came to believe 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?4 ,! foll[]s ( ,lao-tseu1 ! ,taoi/s1 devot$ !mselves specially to ! problem ( immortality4 ,!y made ef=ts to discov] an elixir t w\ld be capable ( prolong+ e>?ly life to et]nity4 8,"o ( ! *ief claims ( ,taoism10 wrote ,rville1 80 ! possession ( a specific aga9/ dea?4 ,x 0 true t !y admitt$ ?is to be n only v difficult to obta91 b /ill m difficult to employ4 ,h[ev]1 if c]ta9 rules 7 obs]v$ /rictly !y 7 at lea/ confid5t ( great prolongation ( life4 ,x 0 only ! v few ,taoi/s :o _h rea*$ p]fection :o c\ld hope to pass into ! bett] _w )\t be+ subject$ to ! pa9s ( dea?40#agg 8,& s "s ( ! ma/]s ( ,taoism1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,*ang-,tao-,l+1 asc5d$ to heav5 )\t dy+1 by climb+ a l(ty peak & vani%+ into ! skies40#agh ,! ord9>y ,taoi/s accept$ fully ! idea ( immortality4 ,!y 8taught ! doctr9e ( purgatory = ^? :o 7 n evil4 ,to arrive at ?is1 ,lao-tseu simply exp&$ & appli$ to mank9d g5]ally an idea t 0 already famili> to him1 ! conception ( ! transmigration ( "o s\l ?r\gh sev]al successive bodies4 ,by means ( su* expiatory trans=mations1 a man :o _h n rea*$ x directly ?r\gh ! hol9ess ( 8 life1 c\ld atta9 ! immortality ( g5ii & ! bless$40#agi ,x 0 believ$ = long t ! ,taoi/s1 foll[+ ! tea*+ ( _! ma/]1 did n recognise a hell4 ,b ?is op9ion has _h to be ab&on$1 because ! 8,taoi/ cl]gy h provid$1 9 ! temples d$icat$ to ! tutel>y deities ( _! cities1 pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! torm5ts prep>$ = ! guilty by ! t5 c\rts ( ju/ice t sit 9 ! dep?s ( an ocean hidd5 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?40#ahj ,cle>ly !n1 _m ,*9ese1 bo? ,taoi/s & foll[]s ( ,confucius1 believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a _w beyond ! grave4 ,h[ev]1 ! d5ial ( immortality has be5 ascrib$ to ,buddhi/s 9 p>ticul>4 ,buddha accept$ ! ,brahmani/ doctr9e ( transmigration ( ! s\l4 ,?is has be5 e/abli%$ cle>ly on ! evid5ce ( sev]al docum5ts ( admitt$ au!nticity4 ,or?odox ,buddhism is some:at vague on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,buddha himself avoid$ mak+ a decisive /atem5t on ?is matt]4 ,9 su* circum/ances 8^? :o 7 t]rifi$ at annihilation1 & :o c\ld n give up ! hope ( et]nal happ9ess1 int]pret$ ! sil5ce ( ,buddha accord+ to _! own desire1 & inf]r$ t he did n =bid !m to hope40#aha ,!re are _m in/ances ( ! evasions ( ,buddhi/ tea*]s :5 !y 7 press$ ) ?is di/urb+ "q4 ,pasnadi1 ! k+1 once met ,khm1 ! nun1 a disciple ( ,buddha1 r5[n$ = h] wisdom4 ,! k+ put to h] ! foll[+ "q3 8,does ! ,p]fect ,"o 7,buddha7 exi/ aft] dea?80 8,! ,sublime ,"o1 ,o great k+1 has n reveal$ to u ! exi/5ce ( p>adise beyond ! grave40 8,!n ! ,p]fect ,"o exi/s no long] n[ t he is dead1 ,o rev]5d lady80 8,nei!r1 ,o k+1 has ! ,sublime ,"o reveal$ t ,he :o is p]fect does n exi/ n[ t ,he is dead40 8,am ,i to believe1 !n1 ,o rev]5d lady1 t ! ,p]fect ,"o /ill lives1 al?\gh ,he is dead1 & at ! same "t does n live8 ,am ,i to believe1 ,o wise lady1 t ! ,p]fect ,"o be+ dead1 nei!r exi/s nor does n exi/80#ahb ,take aga9 ! mode 9 :i* ,s\mirmit1#ahc 8! son ( a god1 & surr\nd$ & prec$$ by a cr[d ( gods10 wor%ipp$ ,b\ddha 7,ta?gata73 8,?\ art ! physician1 skilful to save1 & :o give/ ! gift ( life ev]la/+40 ,! ,buddhi/s1 z !y 7 n giv5 cle> doctr9es on ?is subject1 v naturally foll[$ _! incl9ations by accept+ ! idea ( life beyond ! grave4 ,& c]ta9ly ,buddhism does n tea* annihilation ( ! body aft] dea?1 al?\gh ?is has be5 lightly tak5 = grant$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is s p]suad$ ( survival aft] dea? z be+ ! rule1 t x grants only to r>e & elect s\ls ! privilege ( at l5g? lay+ d[n ! burd5 ( cont9u\s life4#ahd ,! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s reta9$ ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ! anci5t religion ( _! l& & cont9u$ to wor%ip _! ance/ors & to seek ! readie/ pa? to immortality4 ,!y soon came to trans=m ,nirvna into p>adise1 & to inculcate 9 ! ,*9ese race ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 8,! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies 9 ,*9a = ! mo/ "p possess$ a set ( little rooms1 9 :i* !re 7 depict$1 9 vivid col\rs1 cr[d$ sc5es f ! eighte5 hells ( tribulation & lam5tation4 ,= !re exi/ "u ! e>? eight hells fill$ ) ! torm5ts ( fire1 & t5 ) ! equally t]rible horrors ( ice40#ahe ,! p>adise ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s1 or ,ni-pan 7,l& ( ! ,pure71 is a region ab\nd+ 9 8gold & silv]1 & preci\s /ones4 ,riv]s ( cry/al run on gold5 s&s cov]$ ) spl5did lotus-fl[]s & trav]s$ by delightful pa?s4 ,lovely music is always to be he>d4 ,?ree times a day a %[] ( blossoms falls4 ,!re are to be se5 !re gorge\s birds1 pheasants1 & p>rots1 & _m o!rs2 & ^!1 e qu>t] ( an h\r1 9 a *oir ( melodi\s voices1 trill out ! beauties ( religion & recall to _! he>]s ! ,buddha1 ,dh>ma1 & ,sungha4 ,^! are "s ( ! wond]s prep>$ = ^? :o are born aga9 aft] dea?4 ,into t l& nei!r s9 nor any evil ent]s40#ahf ,i ne$ no long] accumulate details to %[ ! fals5ess ( ! view t a ?ird ( humanity pr(ess mat]ialism to ! exclusion ( any belief 9 survival aft] dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q c]ta9 t ! va/ majority ( mank9d is conv9c$ t dea? puts no def9ite t]m to exi/5ce1 & t ?is life is no m ?an a pass+ /age lead+ to a life to come4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh _m simple races believe t ! future life is m]ely a cont9uation ( ?is life1 ! m subtle-m9d$ races pres5t ! future life z fill$ ) delights = ! good & ) torm5ts = ! wick$4 ,su* an idea ( ! next _w1 :i* is v g5]ally accept$1 is probably ! basis ( religions4 ,f x h come ! conceptions ( supreme be+s & div9ities ,_m facts g to %[ t ! primitive gods 7 no o!r ?an ! relatives & ance/ors ( ! liv+1 n[ dead1 yet liv+ 9 ano!r _w & rul+ ! affairs ( ?is _w4 ,wick$ ance/ors became trans=m$ into evil spirits1 :ile good ance/ors became mild & b5evol5t deities4 ,v _m peoples (f] pray]s to _! ance/ors & treat !m z gods4 ,! ,kaffirs pray & sacrifice to _! dead relatives1 believ+ t ! spirits ( ! dead haunt _! late dwell+-places1 &1 accord+ to _! *>act]s1 help or torm5t _! desc5dants4 ,z !y are able to cause good or evil aft] dea?1 ^! play ! "p ( gods4 ,b1 z ,lubbock po9ts out 78,orig9 ( ,civilisation071 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! god ( a savage is only a be+ l unto himself1 al?\gh probably r m p[]ful1 & ,i %all %[ t !re are _m int]m$iate /ages betwe5 true gods & m]e dead p>5ts ^: malice is to be fe>$1 or ^: k9dness is to be supplicat$4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians#ahg pray to ! spirits ( _! =efa!rs = good wea!r or luck 9 hunt+1 & fancy :5 an ,indian falls into ! fire t ! ance/ral spirits pu%$ him 9 to puni% neglect ( ! cu/om>y gifts1 :ile ! natives ( ,l\isiana are said to h ev5 gone s f> z to build temples = dead m54 ,9 ,polynesia 8at ,tanna1 ! gods are spirits ( dep>t$ ance/ors1 ag$ *iefs becom+ deities aft] dea?1 presid+ ov] ! gr[? ( yams & fruit-trees1 & receiv+ f ! isl&]s pray] & (f]+s ( fir/ fruits40#ahh ,9 ! ,malay ,isl&s 8! s\ls ( deceas$ ance/ors are look$ to = prosp]ity 9 life & help 9 di/ress40 ,9 ,africa ance/or-wor%ip is well develop$4 ,! ,zulu w>riors1 8aid$ by ! amatongo1' ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 conqu] 9 ! battle4 ,ev5 ! little *ildr5 & old wom51 ( small acc\nt 9 life1 become at dea? spirits hav+ mu* p[]1 ! infants = k9dness1 ! crones = malice4 ,b x is especially ! head ( ea* family :o receives ! wor%ip ( 8 k940#ahi ,! ,zulu adores 8 fa!r1 :5 he is a *ief1 above all o!rs1 & is conv9c$ t a fa!r rememb]+ 8 love = 8 *ildr51 w n =get !m :5 he is dead4 8,! ,zulu foll[s up ! doctr9e ( div9e ance/ors till he rea*es a fir/ ance/or ( man & creator ( ! _w1 ! primeval ,unkulunkulu40#aij ,s great is ! numb] ( in/ances t x is too difficult to *oose f !m4 ,! fundam5tal idea is always id5tical1 al?\gh details & accessories v>y1 z "o passes f ! h>dly idealis$ relatives ( negro tribes & goes progressively to ! 8,fa!r ,almighty1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?0 ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$4 ,! conception ( a future life 9 ! =m ( immortality or "s k9dr$ /ate1 associat$ ) ! conception ( _m gods or ( "o ,god1 has be5 develop$ to satisfy ! crav+ = life & to combat ! fe> ( dea?1 t is to say1 to defeat ! greate/ contradiction 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,i mu/ n[ inquire h[ f> ! diff]5t religions h be5 successful 9 ?is object4 ,_m primitive races h absolute fai? 9 ! t5ets ( _! religion1 & believe 9 ! promise ( life beyond ! grave z 9 a c]ta9 fact4 ,?us ! aborig9es ( ! ,fiji isl&s are conv9c$ t !y w be born aga91 9 ano!r _w1 9 ! exact condition 9 :i* !y leave ?is life2 & s !y wi% to die be=e be+ afflict$ ) any infirmity4 ,z x is v difficult to rea* old age )\t be+ ! victim ( "s illness or infirmity1 :5 a man feels ! approa* ( age1 he tells 8 *ildr5 t ! "t has come = him to die4 ,if he himself fails to give ?is notice1 ! *ildr5 und]take ! duty4 ,a family c\ncil is call$1 ! day is appo9t$1 & ! grave made ready4 ,! old man is all[$ to *oose betwe5 be+ /rangl$ & be+ buri$ alive4 ,! foll[+ in/ance w %[ ! /r5g? ( a belief 9 life to come4 ,hunt1 an ,engli% travell]1 quot$ by ,lubbock1 receiv$ a visit f a "y native ( ,fiji1 ^: purpose 0 to give an invitation to ! fun]al ( 8 "m :i* 0 to take place next day4 ,mr4 ,hunt accept$ ! invitation & jo9$ ! procession1 b z he 0 surpris$ to see no dead body1 inquir$ ab\t x f ! son4 ,! son po9t$ out 8 "m1 walk+ 9 ! procession & z gay & animat$ z any ( ! o!rs4 ,mr4 ,hunt /at$ 8 surprise1 & ask$ :y he _h be5 deceiv$ by be+ told t ! "m 0 dead1 :5 %e 0 pla9ly z mu* alive & z well z any "o else4 ,he receiv$ ! reply t ! dea? fe/ival 0 ab\t to be celebrat$2 t pres5tly !y w\ld bury h]2 t %e 0 old1 & t 8 bro!r & he1 ?9k+ t %e _h liv$ long en\gh1 & %\ld be put to dea?1 _h obta9$ h] *e]ful cons5t4 ,?is case is f> f be+ solit>y1 because _m villages h be5 describ$ z conta9+ no inhabitants ( a great] age ?an =ty ye>s1 all ^? old] hav+ be5 buri$4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& t dea? %\ld h no t]rors = p]sons possess$ ( a fai? z /rong z ?is4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian1 accord+ to ,lubbock1 has v little fe> ( dea?4 ,he does n fe> transf]5ce to a realm 9 :i*1 z he has be5 told all 8 life1 !re is no sorr[ & abundance ( joy4 ,i "k a case ( a "y girl ( ! ,ca?olic fai? :o believ$ s firmly 9 ! joys ( ,p>adise t1 :5 /rick5 ) a mortal illness1 %e await$ dea? ) a great impati5ce4 ,be=e %e di$1 %e cri$ out t 8already %e c\ld see ! beautiful fl[]s & he> ! sweet music ( ! birds t fill heav540 ,b x is r>e to f9d fai? s /rong 9 su* a case4 ,m (t5 fai? is n /rong en\gh to subdue ! fe> ( dea?1 & 9 pro( ( ?is ,i may recall ! in/ance ( ! cl]gyman already giv54#aia ,/rick5 ) an incurable disease1 he1 9 spite ( 8 religion1 und]w5t extreme agony1 & c\ld n reconcile himself to ! idea ( dea?4 ,! fe> ( dea? %[$ itself s /rongly 9 ?is case t ,i h *os5 x z a *>act]i/ic in/ance ( ! feel+4 ,x is only ) fanatics & simple or primitive p]sons t bl9d fai? c subdue ?is in/9ctive fe>4 ,= ?is reason1 s9ce ! mo/ anci5t times1 religions h s\ght out some?+ m ?an ! promise ( p>adise to mitigate ?is *ief di%>mony ( our nature4 ,9 ?is connection ! doctr9es ( ,buddha are ^? mo/ int]e/+4 ,"h ,i %all n deal ) t modifi$ & trans=m$ ,buddhism1 9 :i*1 z ,i h already %[n1 !re 0 a return to ! doctr9e ( future life1 ) its hell ( torm5ts & heav5 fill$ ) delights4 ,buddha made no ref]5ce to ! great blot on human life4 ,8 doctr9e1 9 its orig9al =m1 0 extremely pessimi/ic4 ,take1 = in/ance1 "s ( 8 say+s on ?is subject3 8,mis]able 9 tru? is ?is _w1 9 :i* !re is beg9n+1 bir?1 gr[+ old1 dea?1 disappe>ance & r5ewal4 ,b we "k n h[ to escape f ?is _w1 full ( horror ?\gh x be4 ,alas1 because ( old age1 illness1 dea?1 & _! l1 we "k n :o %all put an end to ?is _w1 :i* is s full ( horror4 ,to all :o are1 !re comes old age1 & illness1 & dea?1 & _! l40#aib ,:5 ! ,buddha came ^u ! sorr[s ( ! _w1 z ,i h already describ$ 7p4 #aai71 he reflect$ z foll[s3 8,woe ^u y\?1 ?reat5$ by old age6 ,woe ^u heal?1 :i* s _m maladies de/roy6 ,woe ^u ! life ( man1 :i* la/s b a little space6 ,woe on ! temptations ( ! fle%1 :i* lure ! he>t ( ! wise6 ,w\ld t !re 7 nei!r old age nor illness1 nor dea? & ! pa9s ( dea?1 :i* come f ! five elem5ts ( life 7,sk&has76 ,w\ld t !re 7 nei!r old age nor illness nor dea?1 :i* are = ev] b\nd up toge!r6 ,nev]!less1 :5 ,i return aga9 ,i %all consid] deliv]ance40#aic ,hav+ pond]$ = _m days on ^! problems1 ,buddha ?\ght t he _h discov]$ ! only solution1 & taught m5 resignation4 ,:5 a man 0 "y he w\ld ask ( 8 fa!r3 8,"l1 w\ld t old age w\ld nev] come ^u me1 & t ,i %\ld keep = ev] ! w>m col\r ( my y\?2 t ,i %\ld be always fill$ ) heal?1 & t no disease %\ld come ne> me2 t my life %\ld be prolong$ = ev]1 & t dea? %\ld pass me by6 ,su* an "o lat] on mu/ le>n to give up ^! long+s40#aid ,9 8 fam\s 8,s]mon at ,b5>es10 ,buddha gave 9 brief ! outl9es ( 8 doctr9es 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,he>1 oh monks6 ! holy tru? ( ! spr+s ( sorr[6 ,sorr[ is born ( lu/ ( life1 t drags u f inc>nation to inc>nation1 & ( pleasure & desire1 :i* seek _! fulfilm5t hi!r & ?i!r2 ! lu/ ( pleasure1 ! lu/ ( life1 ! lu/ ( p[]4 ,he>1 oh monks6 ! holy tru? ( ! conque/ ( sorr[2 x is ! kill+ ( ?is lu/ by ! utt] ab&onm5t ( desire1 ! giv+ up ( all desire1 ! =gett+ ( all desire1 ! free+ ( ! body ( all desire1 until !re is no place left = desire40#aie ,9 su* a _s ( resignation1 ,buddha became himself a monk1 & liv$ accord+ to ! /rict rules ( ! pure life t he himself _h laid d[n 78! belief pure1 ! w pure1 ! language pure1 ! de$s pure1 ! means ( livelihood pure1 ! /udy pure1 ! att5tion pure1 ! m$itation pure074 ,h[ev]1 he did n f9d _m k9dr$ s\ls to foll[ ! same precepts4 ,buddhism soon mov$ away f ^! orig9al t5ets1 & became a religi\s doctr9e ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,we are incl9$ to associate ) ,buddhism ! doctr9e ( ,nirvna1 z if ! latt] 7 ! goal to :i* human life %\ld be direct$4 ,_m philosoph]s1 & ! pessimi/s *ief among !m1 naturally ) ,s*op5hau] at _! head1 h adopt$ ,nirvna z ! goal ( mank9d1 z !y see ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w ,nirvna has _h _m int]pretations put ^u x1 ! :i* is less surpris+ z ,sanscrit s*ol>s diff]4 ,i d n int5d to jo9 9 ! discussion1 z ,i myself am n acqua9t$ ) ,sanscrit1 ^u :i* ! argum5t mu/ be f\nd$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _c pass x by )\t comm5t on ! pretext t x has n yet be5 settl$ def9itely by speciali/s1 z x is ! case t _m ?9k]s reg>d ,nirvna z ! goal ( human exi/5ce4 ,= long ,nirvna 0 repres5t$ z a sort ( blank1 9 :i* !re 0 no display ( any m5tal op]ations4 ,max ,mll]1#aif ! celebrat$ ,ox=d pr(essor1 oppos$ ?is int]pretation on ! gr\nd t1 accord+ to him1 9 8all passages ( ,buddhi/ic orig9 9 :i* ,nirvna occurs !re is no?+ to betok5 annihilation4 ,mo/ ( ^! passages1 if n all ( !m1 w\ld be q un9telligible if we 7 to replace 9 !m ! ^w ,nirvna by ! ^w annihilation40 ,_m o!r speciali/s %>e ?is view1 & _c agree t ! goal ( human life 0 to be annihilation4 ,rhys ,davids1 = in/ance1 ?9ks t ,nirvna is to be int]pret$ z a tranquillity ( ! s\l1 possible ( a*ievem5t 9 ?is life1 & t ! ^w is be/ translat$ by ! t]m 8sanctity40 ,accord+ to him1 ,nirvna does n mean ext9ction or annihilation1 b r fre$om f ! great passions1 su* z envy & hate4 ,pfung/#aig agrees ) ,max ,mll]2 he is conv9c$ t ! fir/ adepts ( ,buddha c\ld n h conceiv$ ( ,nirvna z ext9ction4 ,dahlmann#aih on ! o!r h&1 tries to prove t ,nirvna 9 its primitive signification impli$ ! abolition ( ! w to live1 & really correspond$ to annihilation4 ,i mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t ,nirvna did n occupy a place 9 ,buddhism s important z has be5 ascrib$ to x by sev]al comm5tators4 ,9 _m ( ! ,buddhi/ au?orities m5tion ( ,nirvna is only accid5tal4 ,9 ! 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 = in/ance1 ! ^w occurs v seldom1 & !n only 9 unimportant connections4 ,h[ev]1 ! latt] docum5t conta9s a good deal t s]ves to expla9 ! conception ( ,nirvna4 ,:5 ! "y ,buddha1 /ill v exact+1 ask$ 8 fa!r to obta9 = him p]petual y\?1 heal?1 life ev]la/+1 & fre$om f dea?1 he add$ ! foll[+ words3 8,"l1 if y _c give me ^! f\r gifts1 at lea/ br+ x ab\t t aft] ?is life ,i %all h no m metempsy*oses40#aii ,z ,i h already /at$1 ,buddhism _h embrac$ ! ,brahmani/ic doctr9e ( transmigration ( s\ls4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 be=e 8 bir? z a pr9ce1 ! ,buddha _h pass$ hundr$s ( e>li] exi/5ces4 ,8 s\l _h be5 ! s\l n only ( fifty-eight k+s1 b ( eighte5 monkeys1 f\r horses1 f\r snakes1 ?ree liz>ds1 two fi%1 & ( o!r creatures4#bjj ,su* cont9ual transf]5ces ( ! s\l to s _m diff]5t animals 0 a s\rce ( p]plexity & sorr[ to believ]s4 ,x 0 natural t a great ?9k] l ,buddha %\ld h conceiv$ ! desire ( sp>+ himself & 8 fai?ful foll[]s s _m transmigrations4 ,he ?\ght ( ^! rebir?s z a great evil1 f :i* a pure life might set "o free4 ,9 ! poetical language ( ! ,h9doo ,buddhi/s1 metempsy*osis 0 comp>$ to ! ocean2 ! waves t *ange f mom5t to mom5t 7 ! cont9ual rebir?s2 our tempor>y body 0 ! foam ( ! cre/s ( ! waves1 :ile ,nirvna 0 ! opposite %ore4 ,he :o rea*es ,nirvna w\ld nev] aga9 plunge into ! great sea ( ,sangsra4 ,9 a passage quot$ by ,rhys ,davids1 & ascrib$ to ,kma ,sutta1 x is /at$ expressly t 8! sea is an image ( ! ,sangsra or transmigrations1 :ile ,nirvna is an isl& ^u x4 ,once ! %ores h be5 rea*$1 a s\l w no long] be plung$ 9 ! waves ( ! ocean1 & w be fre$ f ! successive bir?s ( metempsy*osis40 ,9 o!r words1 to avoid be+ torm5t$ aft] dea? by p]petual rebir?s1 "s ( :i* may be humiliat+1 x is necess>y to live a pure life & s to secure repose or ,nirvna4 ,nirvna is by no means ! cessation ( all consci\sness1 b m]ely ! end ( transmigrations4 ,f su* a po9t ( view1 x is possible to int]pret all1 or at lea/ ne>ly all1 ! passages 9 :i* ,nirvna is spok5 (4 ,:5 he 0 old & full ( disease & afflict$ ) griev\s pa91 ,buddha1 be+ at ! po9t ( dea?1 ?\ght ( 8 disciples & call$ !m to him & said3 8,x is n meet t ,i %\ld ent] ,nirvna )\t hav+ spok5 ) ^? :o h c>$ = me1 )\t speak+ to ! community ( disciples4 ,by ! =ce ( my w ,i %all subdue ?is disease & hold ! life )9 me40 ,"s "t aft]w>ds1 ! rev]5d ,an&a w5t to ,buddha & spoke to him1 say+ among/ o!r words z foll[s3 8,! ,sublime ,"o w surely n ent] into ,nirvna ere he has made kn[n unto ! community ( disciples 8 wi%es reg>d+ !m40 8,gr[+ m & m feeble1 ! _s ( ,buddha pass$ f ec/acy to ec/acy )\t ceas+1 & knew e delight2 !n he ent]$ into ,nirvna4 ,& ! e>? trembl$1 & ?und] roll$ across ! skies40#bja ,x is cle> t 9 ?is passage ,nirvna 0 associat$ ) dea?4 ,b x 0 ) ! dea? ( a sa9t :o _h liv$ a pure life4 ,metempsy*osis w\ld n be inflict$ on him1 & he w\ld enjoy repose4 ,x is probable t ! t]m ,nirvna lat] on came to be appli$ to ! /ate ( m9d ( a sa9t :o1 by liv+ ! pure life1 w\ld avoid transmigration aft] dea?4 ,z ! importance ( ,nirvna lies 9 its contra/ ) metempsy*osis1 x is easy to see :y ! precise /ate ( m9d involv$ 9 x has n be5 describ$ exactly4 ,h[ev]1 a survey ( ! ,buddhi/ic writ+s makes x pla9 t at lea/ ,nirvna 0 n associat$ ) annihilation4 ,9 ?is respect ,max ,mll]'s v]dict mu/ be tak5 z correct4 ,buddha's attempt to rem$y ! ills ( human life1 !n1 lay 9 a complete r5unciation ( all ! joys & pleasures ( life1 & 9 p]fect resignation4 ,! m]e fact t primitive ,buddhism did n p]si/1 b rapidly pass$ into an ord9>y religion1 is suffici5t pro( t ,buddha did n a*ieve 8 purpose4 ,x 0 ! promise ( a life to come t attract$ s _m m5 & spread ,buddhism ov] s l>ge a "p ( ! e>?4 ,h[ev]1 ?is fai? has be5 able to ma9ta9 itself only 9 c]ta9 /rata ( society to :i* ! rationali/ic conception ( ! m5tal processes has n p5etrat$4 ,s9ce ! awak5+ ( ! sci5tific _s 9 ,europe1 x has be5 recognis$ t ! promise ( a future life has no basis ( fact to support x4 ,! mod]n /udy ( ! functions ( ! m9d has %[n beyond all "q t ^! are dep5d5t on ! functions ( ! body1 9 p>ticul> ( ^? ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,a slight l[]+ ( ! rate ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 a fleet+ anmia ( ! bra91 at once arre/s consci\sness1 t is to say1 ! fundam5tal s5sation ( ! individual m5tal life4 ,an/hetics1 us$ 9 doses s small t !y d n influ5ce c]ta9 p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? t control ! he>t & lungs1 completely aboli% consci\sness4 ,p]sons :o are put "u *lor(orm = surgical purposes fall into a /ate ( absolute unconsci\sness4 ,sometimes1 aft] und]go+ pa9ful s5sations1 especially s5sations ( oppression1 ! pati5ts imag9e !mselves to be 9 rapid motion1 & 9 a few mom5ts h ! s5sation ( fall+ into an imm5se gulf1 aft] :i* comes no?+ness1 ! annihilation ( s5sations & ( consci\sness4 ,9 o!r cases1 pati5ts1 )\t any s5sation ( cata/rophe1 lose all idea ( reality1 & e psy*ic & s5sorial function is aboli%$4 ,su* /ates are v closely simil> to dea?1 :i* inde$ is ! result1 9 c]ta9 r>e in/ances1 ( ! ord9>y process ( be+ *lor(orm$4 ,nei!r ! n>cosis produc$ by *lor(orm nor t produc$ by any o!r =m ( an/hetic1 af=ds any p>ticle ( gr\nd = ! view t !re is consci\sness 9 any =m ap>t f ! body4 ,! action ( morph9e sometimes br+s ab\t a /range curr5t ( happ9ess & an app>5t weightlessness ( ! body2 b "h aga9 !re is no suspicion giv5 z to ! exi/5ce ( any m5tal ph5om5a ap>t f ! body4 ,consci\sness ( p]sonality is ( supreme int]e/ f ! po9t ( view ( p]sonal immortality1 & ?is m5tal ph5om5on develops only sl[ly & progressively 9 an infant4 ,?is fact1 aga91 l ! facts ( n>cosis1 %[s ! dep5d5ce ( consci\sness on ! action ( ! bodily organs4 ,j z our consci\sness comes out ( no?+ 9 ! fir/ mon?s1 or ye>s1 ( our life1 s x w pass into no?+ at ! end ( our life4 ,m5tal disease confirms ?is conclusion1 & x1 too1 gives no gr\nd = ! belief 9 a survival ( ! m9d aft] dea?4 ,c]ta9 int]nal s5sibilities 9 ! dep?s ( our organism survive our p]sonal consci\sness4 ,:5 ! he>t has ceas$ to beat1 & :5 ! anmic bra9 is c]ta9ly incapable ( p]sonal consci\sness1 "s portions ( ! body may /ill reta9 vitality4 ,! muscul> fibres are /ill able to contract :5 !y are /imulat$1 & ! :ite corpuscles ( ! blood c /ill exhibit _! specific movem5ts4 ,x is c]ta91 moreov]1 t ^! :ite corpuscles possess a specific s5sibility1 &1 by a sort ( s5se ( ta/e1 respond to ! k9d ( environm5t t surr\nds !m4 ,our consci\sness1 h[ev]1 is absolutely out ( t\* ) ! s5sations ( ^! globules1 :i*1 h[ev]1 none ! less are "p ( our organism4 ,x happ5s1 !re=e1 t 9 c]ta9 diseases1 ! :ite corpuscles1 /imulat$ by ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> sub/ances1 p]=m ext5sive movem5ts ( migration )9 our bodies4 ,su* migration is q outside ! sph]e ( consci\sness4 ,! corpuscles1 direct$ by _! s5sibility1 are 9 con/ant pursuit ( microbes t h ent]$ ! body1 & yet ^! actions1 too1 are n made kn[n to our consci\sness4 ,9 ! same fa%ion1 ! ?\s&s ( active sp]matozoa 9 ! male organs & ! ova 9 ! female possess specific s5sibility4 ,^! reproductive elem5ts conta9 ! g]m ( individual consci\sness1 b x is n until !y h develop$ into ! new g5]ation t x is possible to impute to !m individual consci\sness1 & ! organism t %elt]s !m has no idea ( :at x h>b\rs4 ,! s5sibility ( ! :ite corpuscles & ( ! _m o!r cells compos+ our body1 al?\gh c]ta9ly a reality1 has no "p 9 ! absolutely special s5sation t we call individual consci\sness1 & :i* is all we ?9k ( 9 wi%+ to escape dea?4 ,! idea ( a future life is support$ by n a s+le fact1 :ile !re is mu* evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,! ph5om5on ( int]communication across a di/ance1 sometimes call$ telepa?y1 may be actual1 b af=ds no support to ! conception ( ! exi/5ce ( s\ls ap>t f bodies4 ,x may be t emanations are giv5 (f by c]ta9 organs1 & t ^! are capable ( be+ appreciat$ by ! organs ( ano!r body at a di/ance2 b1 ev5 if su* 7 ! case1 we %\ld h to deal simply ) o!r bodily functions4 ,moreov]1 ! suppos$ ph5om5a t fall )9 ?is category are s r>e1 s difficult to obs]ve1 & s obscure1 t no c]ta9 argum5t = ! cont9uance ( exi/5ce aft] dea? c be d$uc$ f !m4 ,x is easy to see :y ! advance ( k has dim9i%$ ! numb] ( believ]s 9 ! p]si/5ce ( consci\sness aft] dea?1 & t complete annihilation at dea? is ! conception accept$ by ! va/ majority ( enlight5$ p]sons4 ,ap>t f _! *ief function ( consol+ m5 = ! inevitability ( dea?1 religions h conc]n$ !mselves ) "s ( ! results ( o!r di%>monies ( ! human con/itution4 ,f "t immemorial !y h claim$ ! direction ( diet1 ! control ( ! reproductive functions & ! prev5tion or cure ( all k9ds ( disease4 ,! diet>y regulations giv5 by ! religions are famili>4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! cook]y ( _m races is regulat$ by _! religion4 ,! ,jewi% diet1 notably1 is regulat$ by ! ,mosaic law1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute detail4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 =bidd5 to eat ! blood ( animals4 ,moses comm&$3 8,not)/&+1 ?\ maye/ kill & eat fle% 9 all ?y gates1 :atsoev] ?y s\l lu/e? aft]1 accord+ to ! bless+ ( ! ,"l ?y ,god1 :i* he ha? giv5 !e2 ! unclean & ! clean may eat !re(1 z ( ! roebuck1 & z ( ! h>t4 ,only ye %all n eat ! blood2 ye %all p\r x on ! e>? z wat]40#bjb ,lat] on3 8,only be sure t ?\ eat n ! blood2 = ! blood is ! life2 & ?\ maye/ n eat ! life ) ! fle%40#bjc 8,?\ %alt n eat x1 t x may g well ) !e1 & ) ?y *ildr5 aft] !e1 :5 ?\ %alt d t :i* is "r 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l40#bjd ,! ,books ( ,moses also conta9 receipts = ! cook+ ( c]ta9 meats4 8,eat n ( x raw1 nor sodd5 at all ) wat]1 b roa/ ) fire1 8 head ) 8 legs1 & ) ! purt5ance !re(40#bje ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! rules 7 f\nd$ on ideas ( hygi5e 9 consonance ) ! results ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,"s ( !m1 x is true1 su* z ! prohibition ( uncook$ or p>tially cook$ meat1 are confirm$ by our mod]n k4 ,b ! great] numb] ( ! ,mosaic rules1 z1 = in/ance1 ! prohibition ( ! consumption z food ( blood or ! fle% ( pigs or h>es & s =?1 are 9 direct opposition to a mod]n k ( hygi5ic diet4 ,religi\s cook]y has no m ?an a hi/orical int]e/4 ,! religions h be5 greatly occupi$ ) ! functions ( ! reproductive organs4 ,mo/ ( ! f\nd]s ( ! great fai?s h paid a ke5 att5tion to ! di%>monies ( ?is side ( our con/itution4 ,!y became p]suad$ ( ! m]it ( ab/5tion1 :i* !y practis$ !mselves & prea*$ to o!rs4 ,buddha1 aft] devot+ 8 y\? to all ! pleasures & n be+ satisfi$1 pass$ to absolute asceticism4 ,he & 8 adepts =m$ an ord] ( monkhood1 on :i* an absolute celibacy 0 impos$4 ,if a memb] ( ! ord] _h int]c\rse ) a woman1 he 0 consid]$ to be z guilty z a murd]] or a ?ief4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ rules fram$ ev5 = laym51 8sexual int]c\rse outside m>riage 0 =bidd51 on ! gr\nd t x 0 degrad+40#bjf ,! views ( ! ,*ri/ian religion on sexual matt]s are well kn[n4 ,! lead]s ( ,*ri/ianity ab/a9$ f sexual int]c\rse & recomm5d$ _! conduct to o!rs4 ,/4 ,paul m ?an once affirm$ 8 own cont95ce4 8,= ,i w\ld t all m5 7 ev5 z ,i myself2 b e man ha? 8 prop] gift ( ,god1 "o aft] ?is mann]1 & ano!r aft] t4 ,i say !re=e1 to ! unm>ri$ & wid[s1 ,x is good = !m if !y abide ev5 z ,i2 b if !y _c conta91 let !m m>ry1 = x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn40#bjg ,! religions ( savage races are equally conc]n$ ) ! reproductive functions4 ,!re are _m extremely /range facts kn[n conc]n+ ?is matt]1 & among su* ,i may m5tion t ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s h a deity :o presides at abortions4 ,?is god is made 9 ! =m ( an elongat$ wood5 in/rum5t1 & is kn[n z 8,kapo40 ,! upp] "p ( ! deity is %ap$ into a grotesque head1 :ile ! l[] portion t]m9ates 9 a po9t & s]ves to induce abortion by ent]+ ! ut]us & ruptur+ ! ftal membranes4#bjh ,_m o!r idols are us$ by savages z protections aga9/ disease4 ,ploss-,b>tels1#bji 9 8 treatise on 8,m$ic9e among ,primitive ,races10 has describ$ a l>ge collection ( talismans ( ?is k9d4 ,! rul+ idea 9 ! manufacture ( ^! is t diseases are due to ! pres5ce ( evil spirits1 :o are to be sc>$ away z soon z possible4 ,! ,goldi ( ,sib]ia con/ruct /raw or wood5 figures ( m5 & animals to absorb ! spirits ( diseases4 ,! ,guilaks make wood5 human figures1 on ! brea/s ( :i* are fa%ion$ images ( toads4 ,^! talismans are us$ z rem$ies = diseases ( ! *e/ & /oma*4 ,9 high] =ms ( religion !re rema9 abundant traces ( su* notions4 ,ev5 ,m>t9 ,lu!r decl>$ t disease 0 sup]natural 9 orig94 8,behold a matt] on :i* !re is no room = d\bt10 he /at$1 8& t is t ! plague1 fev]s1 & o!r diseases are ! "w ( ! devil40 ,a numb] ( religi\s c]emonies 7 specifi$ z ! be/ rem$ies = diseases4 ,! plague has left _m deep m>ks on human hi/ory1 & x is natural t a malady s t]rible %\ld h attract$ s]i\s att5tion4 ,x 0 usually attribut$ to div9e wra?1 :i* 0 to be appeas$ by purification & sacrifice4 ,human be+s 7 sla9 on alt>s to appease ! wra? ( ,god & to less5 ! mortality f plague4 ,su* religi\s cu/oms h disappe>$ almo/ completely ) ! advanc+ culture ( man1 b traces ( !m survive & become app>5t on occasions4 ,q rec5tly1 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ,edw>d ,,vii41 0 afflict$ ) an abdom9al suppuration1 he 0 giv5 ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ highly skill$ mod]n surg]y1 b at ! same "t special s]vices 7 held 9 ! *ur*es to aid ! cure ( ! royal invalid4 ,e "o has n[ come to reg>d su* ev5ts z m]e relics ( old cu/oms )\t intr9sic importance4 ,hygi5e 9 ! kit*5 & ! prev5tion ( disease are no long] "u ! control ( religion1 b are regulat$ on sci5tific k obta9$ by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,i ne$ pay no fur!r att5tion to ^! matt]s4 ,h[ev]1 religion is /ill occupi$ ) ! problem ( dea?4 ,! solutions :i* z yet x has (f]$ _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory4 ,a future life has no s+le argum5t to support x1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( life aft] dea? is 9 consonance ) ! :ole range ( human k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 resignation z prea*$ by ,buddha w fail to satisfy humanity1 :i* has a long+ = life1 & is ov]come by ! ?\ght ( ! inevitability ( dea?4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t 9 su* a /ate ( affairs philosoph]s w\ld h s\ght an issue f ! dilemma4 ,c]ta9ly _m philosophical !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to expla9 life & dea?4 ,z ! subject is ( extreme importance ,i %all res]ve a *apt] = x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,attempts ,,9 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,to ,,rem$y ,,! ,,ills ,,aris+ ,,f ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution ,"s philosophical sy/ems are 9 intimate union ) religions--,ideas ( anci5t philosoph]s on ! immortality ( ! s\l--,! tea*+ ( ,plato--,! scepticism ( ,ari/otle--,! ,/oics--,cic]o1 ,s5eca1 ,m>cus ,aurelius--,mod]n philosophical sy/ems--,pessimism & its orig9--,"l ,byron--,!ories ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann--,maila5d]'s philosophy ( deliv]ance--,criticisms ( pessimism--,max ,nordau--,ideas ( mod]n ?9k]s on dea? ,sy/ems ( philosophy are closely atta*$ to religi\s doctr9e4 ,buddhism1 = in/ance1 orig9at$ 9 a philosophic !ory :i* acquir$ a religi\s "* 9 ! h&s ( ! foll[]s ( ,buddha4 ,simil>ly1 _m sy/ems ( philosophy are m]ely religi\s dogmas :i* x has be5 attempt$ to support by rational argum5t ap>t f sup]natural revelation4 ,! idea ( life beyond ! grave has long s9ce furni%$ "o ( ! pr9cipal bases ( v>i\s philosophic doctr9es1 ! ultimate object ( :i* 0 to solve ! problem ( dea?4 ,anci5t philosophy is full ( su*4 ,plato describes ! tragic dea? ( 8 ma/] ,socrates1 & 9 connection ) x expresses v cle>ly 8 ideas ^u dea?4 ,he puts ^! words 9 ! m\? ( ,socrates 9 ! 8,pha$o03 8,f> f be+ depress$ by ! dea? ( a fri5d1 ,i felt1 on ! contr>y1 t he 0 to be envi$2 z ,i witness$ 8 attitude1 & li/5$ to 8 words1 & notic$ ! c\rage ) :i* he fac$ dea?1 ,i became conv9c$ t he did n quit ?is life )\t "s div9e support t drew him t[>ds ano!r _w 9 :i* he w\ld f9d ! mo/ p]fect happ9ess man c\ld wi%40 ,plato attributes to ,socrates a v def9ite view z to future retribution3 8,9 tru?10 said ,socrates1 8if ,i did n expect to f9d 9 ano!r life gods at once good & wise1 & m5 bett] ?an ^? ( ?is life1 x w\ld be fooli% ( me n to be di/urb$ by ! approa* ( dea?4 ,b ,i "k t ,i look to f9d+ myself among j m54 ,i d n fe> to die1 because ,i am confid5t t some?+ /ill rema9s aft] ?is life1 & t1 accord+ to ! old belief1 ! good w be treat$ bett] ?an ! bad40 ,z su* views 7 n d]iv$ f a body ( reveal$ tru?1 x 0 necess>y to support !m by reason+4 ,plato !re=e w5t on to try to conv9ce u ( ! immortality ( ! s\l by speculative hypo!ses4 ,he recall$ ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 & sugge/$ t ! s\ls :o _h ab&on$ !mselves to inju/ice1 tyranny1 & plund] w\ld pass into ! bodies ( wolves & hawks & falcons1 = s\ls ( t nature c\ld n g else:]e2 :ile ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h practis$ ! social & civic virtues kn[n z temp]ance or ju/ice1 w\ld inhabit ! bodies ( peaceful & g5tle creatures su* z bees & ants1 or w\ld ev5 ent] o!r human bodies & aga9 become good m54 ,plato ref]r$ also to ! law ( contra/s 9 support ( 8 !ory4 8,z ! mo/ /rong (t5 spr+s f ! feeble/1 or ! mo/ swift f ! sl[1 s life gives rise to dea?1 & f dea? life spr+s40 8,f t :i* is dead10 said ,socrates1 8is born all t lives & has life4 ,& s our s\ls aft] dea? pass to ! inf]nal regions40 8,z we mu/ grant t ! dead are born f ! liv+ z mu* z ! liv+ f ! dead1 x is pla9 t ! s\ls ( dead m5 exi/ some:]e1 :5ce !y may return to life40 ,by su* argum5ts ,plato tri$ to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! fundam5tal basis ( 8 philosophy1 & put !m 9 ! m\? ( 8 ma/] ,socrates on 8 dea?b$4 ,9 ! dialogue he tri$ to refute all k9ds ( objections4 ,b1 9 spite ( ! assurance ) :i* he =mulat$ 8 doctr9e1 !re may be se5 und]ly+ ! argum5t a note ( d\bt1 & x is j ?is t di/+ui%es philosophy f religion4 ,x is evid5t t ! :ole ( ,plato's sy/em 0 ! result ( an ef=t to solve ! problem ( dea?4 ,aga9 & aga9 he said t ! true philosoph] liv$ only to be ready to die2 t be+ s1 he decl>$ x to be *ildi% = m5 at ! la/ to %r9k f :at !y _h s long be5 mak+ ready =4 ,x 0 himself t ,plato wi%$ to conv9ce ( a future life4 8,i d n seek10 he said1 8to p]suade all ^? :o are "h ( ! tru? ( :at ,i say1 al?\gh to d s w\ld greatly please me2 :at ,i aim at is to conv9ce myself4 ,behold me1 de> fri5d1 9 pursuit ( an argum5t t1 z y see1 int]e/s me deeply2 if :at ,i say turns out to be true1 x is good to h believ$ x1 & if !re be no?+ aft] dea?1 at lea/ ,i h ga9$ ?is1 t :ile ,i am /ill ) y1 ,i am n borne d[n ) grief40 ,! d\bt :i* 0 only lat5t 9 ,plato 0 mu* m active 9 "s o!r anci5t philosoph]s4 ,ari/otle#baj at "o "t admitt$ t "p ( ! s\l 0 immortal1 b t ! o!r "p 0 mortal4 ,! two p>ts came toge!r at ! beg9n+ ( a life & sep>at$ at its end4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ,ari/otle ab&on$ ?is !ory ( ! immortality ( ! p]sonal consci\sness1 & argu$ /rongly aga9/ ! ,platonic !ory ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 al?\gh1 h[ev]1 he /ill believ$ 9 ! inde/ructibility ( ! 8rational _s10 an immortal pr9ciple4 ,! ,/oics /ill fur!r develop$ su* a conception4 ,!y held t besides ! individual s\l !re 0 a univ]sal s\l1 a presid+ influ5ce 9 :i* all o!rs _h _! be+4 ,cic]o1 aga91 discuss+ old age & dea?1 tri$ to e/abli% belief 9 a future life4 8,i am conv9c$10 said ,cic]o to ,scipio & ,laelius1 8t y\r illu/ri\s fa!rs1 :o 7 s de> to me1 are /ill full ( life1 & ( ! only life wor?y ( ! "n2 = ! body is1 z x 71 our prison-h\se1 )9 :i* we mu/ accompli% ! tasks laid on u by necessity4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! activity ( ! human _s1 its va/ memory1 its prevision1 its /ore ( art & k1 & exp]i5ce1 ,i am conv9c$ 9 ! dep?s ( my be+ t an exi/5ce ) su* qualities _c be mortal4 ,! s\l is cont9ually active1 & its activity comes n to x f )\t2 ! s\l is a self-support+ activity1 & _c come to an end4 ,moreov]1 z ! s\l is a simple sub/ance1 unalloy$ by any mixture ( mat]ials1 x c nei!r be divid$ nor made to p]i%40 ,by su* argum5ts ,cic]o s\ght to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4 8,i w tell y10 he said1 8:y old age1 s f> f be+ griev\s to me1 is full ( delight40 ,b 9 ! end1 he himself saw ! weakness ( 8 pro(1 & ! note ( scepticism appe>$ 9 him m /rongly ?an 9 8 pr$ecessors1 s t he came to say z foll[s3 8,if ,i am deceiv$ z to ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,i am deceiv$ gladly1 & ,i w\ld n h ! belief torn f me :ile ,i live4 ,if1 :5 ,i am dead1 all feel+ is arre/$ )9 me1 z "s pret5d$ philosoph]s hold1 at lea/ ,i h n to fe> t aft] my dea? !y w come & mock me = my error40 ,scepticism becom+ m & m def9ite1 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l p]si/$ only 9 ! purely religi\s =m4 ,philosophical sy/ems fre$ !mselves ( x1 & replac$ x by a vague =m ( pan!ism4 ,s5eca tri$ to support ! !sis ( immortality1 b "o gets ! impression /rongly t !re 0 no vig\r 9 8 belief4 ,he is cont5t ) poetry r ?an ) reason4 8,! ev5ts ( ?is mortal life10 he wrote 9 "o ( 8 celebrat$ 8,lett]s10 8are ! m]e prelude ( a bett] & m la/+ exi/5ce4 ,z our "m's womb1 be>+ u = n9e mon?s1 %apes u n to live !re = ev]1 b = our place 9 ?is _w 9 :i* x places u1 ) ! /r5g? to brea! ?is air & to )/& surr\nd+ ?+s3 s1 also1 ! "t t passes f our infancy to our old age is a prep>ation = a second bir?4 ,ano!r beg9n+ & ano!r _w await u4 ,until !n1 we c\ld n endure1 save f af>1 ! spl5d\r ( ! heav5s4 ,le>n !n1 ,o man1 to face )\t a %udd] ! decisive h\r1 ! la/ h\r ( ! body1 b n ( ! s\l4 ,:at y see ar\nd y consid] b z ! furniture ( an inn2 soon y are go+ fur!r on4 ,! day t y dread z y\r la/ day is y\r bir?day into immortality40 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! gl[+ visions1 h[ev]1 ,s5eca is assail$ by d>k & gloomy ?\ghts4 8,yes10 he cri$1 8all t is mu/ p]i%2 dea? comes to e liv+ ?+4 ,e day1 e h\r1 reveals to man ! com+ ( dea?2 !re is always "s new lesson to rem9d him ( ! fragility he _h =gott51 & f a dream ( et]nity to turn 8 ?\ghts to ! grave40 ,^! heights & dep?s ( _s l$ ,s5eca t[>ds a new !ory 9 :i* he gave a f9al expression ( 8 views on ! great problem ( human exi/5ce4 8,all be+s pass ?r\gh def9ite /ages2 !y mu/ be born1 gr[ & die4 ,! />s t we see revolv+ above u1 ! e>? on :i* we are c>elessly scatt]$ & :i* seems to u s solid2 all is ?reat5$ & all w come to an end4 ,old age comes on ev]y?+2 al?\gh ! p]iod is v diff]5t1 ! same end comes to ev]y?+4 ,ev]y?+ t n[ is w cease to be2 b = all t ! _w w n p]i%2 x w dissolve4 ,dissolution is de/ruction = u4 ,z a matt] ( fact we ?9k ( ?+s only z !y conc]n ourselves2 our deg5]ate s\l1 incapable ( deta*+ itself f ! body1 sees no?+ beyond t2 none ! less we %\ld endure ! idea ( ! dea? ( ourselves & ( ^? ne> to u ) a great] =titude 7 we to realise t nature is a con/ant r\t9e ( bir? & dea?1 t all composite bodies mu/ dissolve1 t ! dissolv$ sub/ances re=m1 & t ! creative p[] ( ,god displays itself 9 ?is cycle ( *ange ?r\gh\t ! univ]se40 ,f su* a f9al conception ( ! univ]se he draws ! consolation3 8,a great s\l %\ld "k h[ to obey ,god & submit will+ly to ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,if x be n = a bett] life t we are to quit ?is life1 if n to f9d a home 9 ! skies m tranquil & m brilliant1 our s\ls1 free f suff]+1 w return to ! _s t gave !m bir? & w m+le 9 ! great all40 ,9 o!r words1 ab&on+ ! image ( life aft] dea? t play$ s consol+ a "p 9 primitive beliefs1 philosophy became cont5t to advocate resignation to ! inevitable laws ( nature1 & to console itself ) ! promise ( a vague return to "s univ]sal1 et]nal pr9ciple4 ,! conceptions ( ! ,/oics1 especially 9 ! =m pres5t$ by ,s5eca1 f\nd an ard5t & brilliant expon5t 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ^: 8,?\ghts0 are kn[n to all ! _w4 ,he _h mu* to say ( ! problem ( dea? & ( ! attitude ( ! philosoph] t[>ds x4 8,dea?10 said ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8l bir?1 is "o ( nature's my/]ies4 ,9 ! two are pres5t ! same elem5ts3 9 ! "o case 9 ! phase ( comb9ation1 9 ! o!r 9 t ( dissolution40 ,9 dea? 8!re is no?+ repugnant to ! ess5ce ( an intellig5t be+1 nor to ! g5]al plan ( our nature40 ,b 8 ideas on dea? 7 vague4 8,dea? may p]haps be a disp]sal or resolution into atoms1 or an annihilation 9 ! s5se ( ext9ction or deplacem5t40 8,alex&] ( ,mac$on & 8 mule-driv] 7 r$uc$ at dea? to ! same condition1 t is to say !y return$ alike to ! orig9at+ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se1 or "o & ! o!r 7 scatt]$ z atoms40 ,al?\gh he 0 def9itely a dei/1 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 undecid$ z to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 8,if s\ls h n disappe>$10 he said1 8h[ c ! air conta9 ! et]nal g5]ations ( !m80 8,rememb] well10 he said 9 ano!r place1 8t t feeble & composite creature1 y\r s\l1 w "o day resolve into its atoms2 ! fa9t sp>k ( life w be ext+ui%$1 or be assign$ to "s o!r dwell+-place40 ,cle>ly en\gh1 !re 0 no consol+ hope ( a future life to be d]iv$ f ^! halt+ dubieties4 ,x 0 ne$ful to replace by "s o!r anodyne ! belief t = s long _h br\ght com=t to poor humanity4 ,m>cus ,aurelius tri$ to c\nt]act ! fe> ( dea? by ! foll[+ reflection3 8,to fe> dea? is to fe> ei!r be+ depriv$ ( all feel+ or be+ subject$ to "s o!r k9d ( feel+4 ,b1 if we are depriv$ ( all feel+1 we %all h no evil to fe>2 if we are to f9d new k9ds ( s5sations1 our exi/5ce w be diff]5t1 b /ill exi/5ce40 ,h[ev]1 he probably realis$ ! weakness ( su* a consolation1 = he tri$ to l9k ! problem ( dea? ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( human conduct4 ,z ,i m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is volume1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 l _m ( ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 held ! view t man ought to live accord+ to ! dictates ( human nature4 ,! !ory recurs aga9 & aga9 9 8 8,?\ghts40 8,! fig tree lives accord+ to its k9d1 ! dog l ! dog1 bees l bees1 & man l man40 ,he expresses ?is view /ill m emphatically 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,man mu/ live 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( 8 nature40 8,no "o w prev5t y f liv+ accord+ to ! laws ( nature1 & no?+ c happ5 to y t is n 9 accordance ) nature's univ]sal law40 8,nei!r h& nor foot c d t :i* is contr>y to ! laws ( nature1 because ! foot c only fulfil ! functions ( ! foot1 & ! h& ^? ( ! h&4 ,simil>ly ) man1 to behave z a man is n to defy nature's laws1 because x is only fulfill+ ! functions ( man4 ,& t :i* is n aga9/ nature _c be evil40 ,be+ full ( ?is !ory1 ,m>cus ,aurelius appli$ x to dea?1 :i*1 be+ a natural ph5om5on1 0 to be accept$ )\t prote/4 8,=1 aft] all1 nature =ges ! l9ks & nature breaks !m4 ,is %e ab\t to sev] !m8 ,v well1 let u !n say f>ewell z if we 7 tak+ leave ( our fri5ds1 b let !re be no te>+ ( ! he>t /r+s1 & let u g will+ly1 & s avoid be+ dragg$ away4 ,?is1 too1 is 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature40 8,philosophy10 accord+ to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8is to await dea? peacefully1 & to reg>d x z m]ely ! dissolution ( ! elem5ts :i* compose ! human frame4 ,su* is ! law ( nature1 & :atev] is 9 con=mity ) nature is n evil40 ,dea?1 be+ a ph5om5on 9 con=mity ) nature1 mu/ be submitt$ to4 8,d n abuse dea?10 advises ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8b accept x ) resignation1 z be+ 9 accordance ) ! w ( nature4 ,d we n pass on f infancy to y\?1 gr[ up1 & become tall & atta9 manhood8 ,d n our tee? come1 our be>ds gr[1 & our hair turn :ite8 ,if we m>ry1 d we n beget *ildr58 ,are n all su* ev5ts 9 _! due season1 & ! "w ( nature8 ,dea? comes ?r\gh ! same ag5cy4 ,x !re=e behoves a wise man to approa* dea? ) nei!r ang]1 repugnance1 nor contempt1 b to await x l any o!r op]ation ( nature40 ,resignation1 !n1 is :at ?is =m ( philosophy am\nts to4 ,n only mu/ dea? be accept$ z inevitable :5 x comes aft] a long life1 b ev5 if x surprise u at an unexpect$ "t4 8,he :o dies aft] rea*+ ! utt]mo/ limits ( human life10 says ,m>cus ,aurelius1 8has rea*$ no fur!r ?an he :o comes to a premature end4 ,x is ! same 9 ! end1 :e!r !re are a hundr$ ye>s to look back ^u1 or :e!r !re are only ?ree40 ,9 8 book on ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,r5an#baa comp>es 8 philosophy ( resignation ) ! ,nirvna ( ! ,buddhi/s4 8,l ,jesus1 akya-,m\ni1 ,socrates1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 & ?ree or f\r o!r wise m51 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 victor ov] dea?4 ,he c\ld laugh at x1 because x _h no long] any mean+ = him40 ,b1 j z ! !ories ( ,buddha became trans=m$ into a religion :i* promis$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & z ,nirvna gave way to ! ,p>adise ( ! ,ea/]ns ) its delights1 s ! sceptical resignation ( anci5t philosophy 0 vanqui%$ by ,*ri/ianity ) its promises ( a future life & immortality4 ,?us1 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 philosophy has be5 dr[n$ 9 ! floods ( s5tim5t & ( religi\s notions1 & x has be5 a lab\r ( ,sisyphus to re/ore reason to humanity4 ,!re is ! less ne$ to foll[ ! /ages ( ?is resurrection1 z1 9 ! end1 !y come to little4 ,= long1 philosophical sy/ems set !mselves ! task ( support+ ! dogmas ( religion by argum5ts indep5d5t ( div9e revelation4 ,! gods 7 replac$ by philosophy or by matt]1 & an ef=t 0 made to solve ! et]nal & disquiet+ problem ( dea? by prov+ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! e>ly r5aissance ( human ?\ght accept$ ! *ief religi\s dogmas z e/abli%$ tru?4 ,plot9 reg>d$ ! immortality ( ! s\l z a self-evid5t tru? t requir$ no pro(4 ,he argu$ aga9/ a resurrection ( ! body1 b accept$ ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,al?\gh ,sp9oza _h giv5 up ! conception ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 he accept$ ! ,ari/otelian idea t 8! human _s c\ld n be de/roy$ absolutely ) ! body1 b left "s et]nal remnant40 ,dea?1 9 8 view1 0 a k9d ( et]nal life1 a m]g+ ) ! absolute1 a return to ! immortal & univ]sal sub/ance4 ,philosoph]s h exhau/$ !mselves 9 ! /udy ( ! f\ndations ( human k ) ! sole object ( demon/rat+ ! tru? ( religi\s dogmas4 ,9 spite ( 8 scepticism1 ,kant tri$ to prove ! g5u95ess ( human k1 & to f\nd on t a conviction ( ! future life & ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,fi*te set himself ! same task1 b he 0 =c$ to recognise t 8immortality _c be d$uc$ f natural ph5om5a10 & t x 8is sup]natural40 8,al?\gh we _c und]/& ! possibility ( et]nal life1 x /ill may be possible1 = x transc5ds human k40 ,hegel rea*$ a pan!i/ic conclusion & believ$ 9 ! human s\l be+ re-absorb$ by ! absolute4 ,^! ideali/ic sy/ems1 :5 !y rea*$ _! f9al po9t1 provok$ a reaction consi/+ 9 ! rejection ( all =mulas bas$ on speculation4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a dogmatic mat]ialism1 :i* 9 its turn gave place to a sceptical positivism1 or r to a =m ( agno/icism4 ,grant$ ! impossibility ( belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l or 9 et]nal life 9 any %ape1 ! philosophy reg>d+ dea? 0 r$uc$ to ! /oical idea t our end is 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( nature1 & t x mu/ !re=e be accept$ )\t prote/4 ,resignation1 !re=e1 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 became ! wat*word ( human wisdom4 ,x 0 only to be expect$ t c]ta9 c\rage\s & indep5d5t ?9k]s %\ld n agree ) ?is conclusion1 & attempt to discov] "s o!r solution ( ! great problem absorb+ mank9d4 ,!nce arose pessimism1 ! philosophic !ory :i* became s preval5t dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & :i* claims s _m adh]5ts 9 ! pres5t day4 ,pessimism1 l belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l & ! advocacy ( resignation to ! evils :i* beset humanity1 is ! product ( ! ,ea/1 & ,india 0 probably its nurs]y4 ,a pessimi/ic view ( life is a sali5t feature ( ,brahm9ism1 b ,buddhism develops ev5 m fully ! doctr9e t ev]y?+ ( ?is _w is evil4 ,t 8life is made up ( suff]+0 is ! inexhau/ible !me :i*1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( philosophical argum5t1 or 9 ! m attractive =m ( poetry1 ! ,buddhi/ ,scriptures d9 ceaselessly 9 our e>s4#bab ,9 ,europe1 ! lyrical poets introduc$ ! pessimi/ic conception ( ! _w1 attract$ by its emotional appeal4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,byron /ruck ?is sad note1 & express$ ! view 9 ! cle>e/ fa%ion1 t if we weigh$ our h\rs ( joy aga9/ our days ( pa91 we %\ld p]ceive cle>ly t :atev] our life _h be5 x 7 bett] n h be54 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es 8 conception ( life is app>5t3-- 8,our life is a false nature1--'tis n 9 ,! h>mony ( ?+s1 ?is h>d decree1 ,?is un]adicable ta9t ( s91 ,?is b\ndless ,upas1 ?is all-bla/+ tree1 ,^: root is e>?1 ^: leaves & bran*es be ,! skies1 :i* ra9 _! plagues on m5 l dew-- ,disease1 dea?1 bondage--all ! woes we see-- ,&1 worse1 ! woes we see n--:i* ?robs ?r\gh ,! imm$icable s\l1 ) he>t-a*es ev] new40 8,,eu?anasia40 ,9 *ap4 vi4 ,i %[$ t ,byron 0 haunt$ by a fe> ( dea? :i* ultimately l$ him to a recognition ( ! in/9ctive "* ( ! feel+4 ,he1 h[ev]1 l ! o!r pessimi/ic poets 7,leop>di71 did n reg>d ! _w z be+ m]ely "p ( a univ]sal sy/em1 & x 0 left to philosophy to come to ?is conclusion4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,s*op5hau] endeav\r$ to give a pres5tation ( a pessimi/ic !ory1 borr[$ f ,h9doo religions & f ! views ( contempor>y poets1 9 ! =m ( a rational philosophy4 ,he develop$ a conception ( life accord+ to :i* 8exi/5ce is to be reg>d$ z some?+ "o is bett] )\t1 z a k9d ( mi/ake :i* %\ld be rem$i$ :5 recognis$40#bac ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau] exi/5ce is wrong1 & results f ! gratification ( unre/ra9$ desire4 8,if an attempt be made to realise ! am\nt ( mis]y1 pa91 & evil ( all k9ds1 t ! sun %9es ^u 9 its daily c\rse1 x w be se5 h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be 7 ! e>? to exhibit z few ph5om5a ( life z ! moon1 & if ! surface ( ! e>? 7 9 a simil>ly cry/allis$ condition4 ,human life might equally be int]pret$ z a useless di/urbance ( ! exquisite tranquillity ( no?+ness10 ! mean+ ( ! di/urbance be+ wrapp$ 9 imp5etrable my/]y4#bad ,?is melan*oly /ate ( life 0 ! result ( ! cosmic process1 :i* has creat$ s mu* evil1 & :i* f9ally evolv$ ! human species1 capable ( feel+ & appreciat+ to ! full ! pa9 ( ! _w4 ,! l[] animals he reg>ds z happi] ?an man1 _! s5ses be+ less fully develop$1 & be+ unconsci\s ( ! wor/ aspects ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 man1 pleasure is purely a negation1 :]eas ! s5sation ( pa9 is passive1 contemplation1 a human monopoly1 r5d]+ suff]+ /ill m unbe>able4 8,man's capacity = pa9 increases f> m ) ! passage ( "t ?an does 8 capacity = enjoym5t1 & is especially increas$ by 8 =ekn[l$ge ( dea?4 ,animals only fe> dea? f in/9ct1 )\t hav+ any real k ( x1 & )\t hav+ ! prospect ( x always be=e _! eyes1 z is ! case ) human be+s40#bae ,s*op5hau] 0 conv9c$ t happ9ess %\ld n be reg>d$ z ! aim ( life4 8,! greate/ mi/ake we c make10 he said 9 8 pr9cipal "w1#baf 8is to imag9e t we are plac$ "h to be happy40 8,s long z we cont9ue 9 ?is errone\s view :i* optimi/ic doctr9es s]ve to fo/]1 ! _w w cont9ue to seem a mass ( contradictions to u40 8,x w\ld be ne>] ! tru? to reg>d pa9 z ! aim ( life r ?an pleasure40 8,! de/9y ( all human exi/5ce seems to be suff]+4 ,life is wrapp$ ab\t ) evil1 & _c be protect$ f x4 ,life1 at its v beg9n+1 is signalis$ by te>s1 its c\rse is fundam5tally tragic1 & /ill m tragic is its end4 ,x is impossible to ignore t all ?is is meant to be40 8,dea? is ! real goal ( life4 ,its atta9m5t br+s a solution ( all t has gone be=e40 ,! prospect & expectation ( dea?1 be+ products ( reason1 are exp]i5c$ by m5 & n by animals4 8,only 9 ! case ( humanity is ! w capable ( r5\nc+ & )draw+ f life40 ,:at is ! answ] to all ^! contradictions & ! explanation ( a cosmic process :i* on ! "o h& leads b to dea?1 & on ! o!r h& develops ! intellig5ce s z to enable x to fe> & dread ! inevitable end8 ,is ! solution to be f\nd 9 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 support$ z x is n only by ne>ly e =m ( religion1 b by num]\s sy/ems ( philosophy8 ,s*op5hau] devotes _m pages to ! discussion ( ?is "q4 ,he nei!r supports ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 nor ! immortality ( ! consci\s s\l4 8,j z ! individual has no memory ( pr5atal exi/5ce1 s aft] dea? he w rememb] no?+ ( 8 pres5t life40#bag 8,^? :o reg>d bir? z ! actual beg9n+ ( man's life mu/ necess>ily face dea? z f9al1 ! two be+ p>allel4 ,no man c !re=e reg>d himself z immortal )\t =feit+ 8 belief 9 8 own bir?4 ,bir? & dea? h ! same orig9 & ! same significance4 ,!y repres5t b "o l9e1 ext5d+ 9 opposite directions4 ,if bir? implies an orig9 f no?+ness1 !n dea? mu/ be complete annihilation40#bah ,!re is no su* ?+ z individual immortality4 ,b1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 to desire su* immortality w\ld m]ely be to advocate 8! et]nal p]petuation ( a great mi/ake4 ,ea* individual exi/5ce is a def9ite mi/ake1 a blund]1 some?+ t w\ld bett] n h be51 & ! object ( exi/5ce %\ld be to end x40#bai ,b if man1 z an individual1 is mortal1 8dea? only takes away :at 0 giv5 by bir?1 t is to say1 ! pr9ciple by :i* dea? itself became possible40#bbj 8,consci\sness ceases at dea?1 b ! cause :i* produc$ t consci\sness p]si/s2 life comes to an end1 b n ! pr9ciple :i* became manife/ by life40#bba ,:at !n is ?is immortal pr9ciple8 ,x is ! idea ( ! species or g5us4 ,m5 or dogs1 z individuals1 p]i% 9 due c\rse1 b ! human species or ! can9e species1 ! man 8idea0 or ! dog 8idea10 endures4 ,"h ,s*op5hau] rev]t$ to ! conception ( ,sp9oza1 :o1 inde$1 d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b none ! less believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! pr9ciple ( life4 ,?is ev]la/+ pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 is ! w 9 its wide/ & mo/ metaphysical s5se1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mortal s\l is ! reason1 a product ( ! functions ( ! bra94 ,! et]nal pr9ciple ( life _c be def9$1 because 8we _c pass outside ! limits ( our consci\sness4 ,& ?us ! problem ( :at x is 9 itself _c be resolv$40#bbb ,s*op5hau] himself recognises t ?is solution ( ! problem is n satisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o desire reassurance ( _! immortality4 8,b10 he cont9ues1 8x is bett] ?an no?+1 = ^? :o dread dea? f ! po9t ( view ( absolute annihilation %\ld n despise ! c]ta9ty ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! mo/ vital pr9ciple ( life40#bbc ,he fur!r rem>ks t x mu/ be rememb]$ t nature is int]e/$ only 9 ! pres]vation ( ! species1 be+ indiff]5t to ! individual4 ,we ourselves be+ only a "p ( nature ought to fur!r its plans4 8,if we wi% to atta9 to a wid] k ( nature1 we mu/ place ourselves m 9 sympa?y ) x1 & reg>d life & dea? indiff]5tly40#bbd ,s*op5hau] himself feels t 8 !ories & argum5ts are unsatisfactory4 ,:5 he _h rea*$ ! full developm5t ( 8 doctr9e1 he admitt$ t x 0 negative 9 "*1 & t x end$ 9 negation4 ,x spoke only ( :at x _h to d5y & ( :at ought to be ab&on$4 ,x 0 oblig$ to reg>d z no?+ness all t c\ld be acquir$ 9 ! future4 ,z a consolation1 he add$ t he meant relative no?+ness1 & n absolute no?+ness4 ,z an ultimate aim1 !re rema9$ no?+ b abrogation ( ! w to live1 & ?us mis]y & wret*$ness1 :i* are ! insep>able accompanim5ts ( human life1 l$ to resignation4 ,z our life is no m ?an a succession ( mis=tunes1 & z1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 dea? is ! pla9 conclusion ( philosophy1 ! end ( ! individual life mu/ be pleasant4 ,z a g5]al rule1 he said1 ! dea? ( a well-regulat$ life is calm & peaceful4 ,b ! privilege ( dy+ will+ly1 ) joy & delight1 is res]v$ = him :o has le>n$ resignation1 & has aboli%$ & ab&on$ 8 w to live4 ,= su* an "o w\ld be will+ to die 9 reality1 n m]ely 9 appe>ance1 & w\ld nei!r desire nor claim a p]sonal immortality4 ,he w\ld give up readily ! exi/5ce t we "k4 ,:atev] may replace t exi/5ce is no?+ f ! po9t ( view ( individuality4 ,! ,buddhi/ic fai? call$ ! position atta9$ by him :o _h giv5 up ! w to live1 8,nirvna1 or no?+ness40#bbe ,! natural d$uction f ?is pessimi/ic doctr9e ( ,s*op5hau] w\ld be to aboli% ! w to live by aboli%+ our individual life by suicide4 ,b su* is n ! advice ( ! philosoph]4 ,he is f>1 h[ev]1 f agree+ ) ^? :o reg>d suicide z crim9al4#bbf ,he m]ely does n admit t x solves ! "q4 8,he :o commits suicide de/roys ! individual only1 & n ! species40 8,suicide is ! volunt>y de/ruction ( a solit>y ph5om5on1 )\t 9 ! smalle/ degree affect+ ! sy/em z a :ole40#bbg ,! w to live manife/+ itself1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 by ! creation ( new individuals1 ! philosoph] w\ld naturally1 9 accordance ) 8 views ( life1 ab/a9 f br++ o!rs into ! _w4 ,s*op5hau] liv$ & di$ a ba*elor1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 _h no *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h&1 conv9c$ t ! solution ( life's problem did n lie 9 suicide1 he clung t5aci\sly to life4 ,hav+ rel9qui%$ a belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he fell back ^u a belief 9 ! p]si/5ce ( "s ultimate pr9ciple1 ap>t f consci\s life1 & held t 9 resignation & desire = annihilation 7,nirvna1 accord+ to 8 int]pretation ( ! ,buddhi/ doctr9es7 lay ! true consolation = all ! evils ( human exi/5ce4 ,= a long "t ,s*op5hau]'s views f\nd no e*o 9 ! op9ions ( o!r ?9k]s4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 !y became m & m widely diffus$1 & philosophic pessimism became q fa%ionable4 ,^? :o did n adopt ! metaphysical pr9ciples ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy agre$ ) 8 views on life & on ! impossibility ( happ9ess4 ,exactly half a c5tury aft] ! publication ( ,s*op5hau]'s pr9cipal "w1#bbh ano!r ,g]man philosoph]1 ,e4 ,h>tmann1#bbi w5t a /ep fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,)\t agree+ :olly ) 8 metaphysics1 he %>$ ,s*op5hau]'s views on ! impossibility ( reg>d+ happ9ess z ! true aim ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is !ory1 he exam9$ ! ?ree phases ( illusion ?r\gh :i* mank9d passes4 ,he held t1 9 ! fir/ phase1 p imag9$ happ9ess to be atta9able dur+ ! pres5t life4 ,h[ev]1 all t h be5 reg>d$ z ! s\rces ( joy--y\?1 heal?1 desire1 conjugal love1 family love1 glory1 etc4--end 9 disillusion4 ,love itself is especially submitt$ to ,h>tmann's implacable criticism4 ,accord+ to him1 !re c be no "q b t 8love causes f> m suff]+ ?an pleasure to ^? conc]n$40#bcj 8,x _c be d\bt$10 he says1 8t reason w\ld prompt a total ab/5tion f love10 &1 z a means to ?is end1 he recomm5ds 8! ext9ction ( sexual desire by ca/ration1 if t c\ld be reli$ ^u to de/roy desire40#bca ,t1 accord+ to ,h>tmann1 8is ! only possible means ( secur+ ! happ9ess ( ! individual40 ,x is at ! sacrifice ( 8 p]sonal happ9ess t man p]mits himself to love1 & s abets ! evolution ( ! cosmic process4 8,:5 !y h become conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( obta9+ happ9ess 9 ?is _w1 p p]suade !mselves t x may be obta9$ aft] dea? 9 a transc5d5tal life 9 ano!r _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a second phase ( illusion1 & is bas$ ^u fai? 9 life aft] dea? & et]nity4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! individuality ( ! organic body z well z t ( ! m9d is only a delusion :i* ceases ) dea?40#bcb ,h>tmann says 9 conclusion t 8x is !re=e pla9 t ! hope ( ! immortality ( ! individual s\l is also a m]e illusion4 ,& ?us ! *ief support ( ! ,*ri/ian promises is cut away2 = m5 are devot$ to _! de> selves1 & take little int]e/ 9 a future happ9ess 9 :i* !y !mselves are to h no %>e40#bcc ,be+ disillusion$ reg>d+ ! possibility ( obta9+ happ9ess 9 ?is _w1 or 9 a future /ate1 humanity falls back ^u a ?ird illusion4 ,firmly conv9c$ t ! aim ( life is true happ9ess1 man conclud$ t x 0 only atta9able 9 "s future /ate ( ! cosmic process4 ,?is hypo!sis is bas$ ^u belief 9 a sy/em ( progressive developm5t4 8,?is10 decl>es ,h>tmann1 8is yet ano!r mi/ake4 ,humanity may progress z mu* z x likes10 he says1 8b x w nev] succe$ 9 suppress+ or ev5 dim9i%+ ! greate/ evils :i* beset x3 disease1 old age1 dep5d5ce on ! wi%es or ! p[] ( o!rs1 mis]y & discont5t4 ,not)/&+ ! new rem$ies :i* are discov]$1 ! numb] ( diseases1 especially ^? ( a *ronic nature :i* are s try+1 cont9ues to increase at a rate t m$ic9e _c keep pace )4 ,joy\s y\? w always con/itute a small portion ( humanity1 :ile ! great] "p w consi/ ( melan*oly old age40#bcd ,aga9/ ?is idea t ! happ9ess ( ! race w be ! ev5tual result ( progress1 ,h>tmann employs ! foll[+ argum5ts3 8,! happie/ p are ^? :o are ! rude/ & mo/ primitive1 &1 among civilis$ races1 ! un$ucat$ classes4 ,x is well kn[n t ! progress ( education increases discont5t4 ,! progress ( sci5ce contributes little or no?+ to ! absolute happ9ess ( ! _w4 ,practically speak+1 ?is progress is ( advantage to politics1 social life1 morality1 & ! arts2 b factories1 /eam-boats1 railways1 & telegraphs1 h s f> done no positive good to humanity40#bce ,h>tmann frequ5tly recurs to ! conclusion t ! primitive are happi] ?an ! civilis$1 & t 8! l[] classes1 inf]ior & rude1 are happi] ?an ! ri* :o are well educat$ & great2 t idiots are happi] ?an ! intellig5t1 & t1 z a g5]al rule1 ! less s5sitive a man's n]v\s sy/em may be1 ! happi] he is1 z 8 capacity = feel+ pa9 is n s mu* 9 excess ( 8 capacity = enjoym5t1 & 8 illusion is !re=e great]4 ,) ! progressive developm5t ( humanity1 h[ev]1 n only is !re an increase 9 ! ext5t ( human ne$s1 b 9 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & 9 ! cultivation ( ! m9d4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! balance ( pa9 ov] pleasure increases1 & ! illusion is de/roy$1 t is to say1 k comes ( ! mis]y ( life1 ( ! vanity ( mo/ ( ! pleasures4 ,mis]y itself increases z mu* z k ( mis]y1 z exp]i5ce has %[n2 & ! app>5t increase ( happ9ess 9 ! _w1 due to ! progress ( univ]se1 is m]ely sup]ficial4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is extremely pessimi/ic conclusion1 t x is impossible = humanity to atta9 happ9ess1 ,h>tmann proce$s to inquire into ! real de/9y ( man4 ,he w\ld be no true philosoph] if he did n hold t ! _w 0 creat$ accord+ to a g5]al plan1 & t x foll[s a regul> c\rse t5d+ t[>ds a def9ite end4 8,we h se510 he says1 8h[ t 9 ! pres5t _w all has be5 arrang$ 9 ! wise/1 & = ! mo/ "p ! be/ way1 & t x %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z ! be/ possible ( worlds4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x is supremely mis]able1 & worse ?an if x did n exi/ at all40 ,be+ conv9c$ ( ! illusory nature ( its hopes1 humanity 8mu/ def9itely r5\nce all pret5sions to positive happ9ess1 & aspire only to a fre$om f pa91 to annihilation or ,nirvna4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be m]ely ! attitude ( solit>y individuals1 b humanity at l>ge mu/ cry out = annihilation4 ,?is is ! only possible outcome ( ! ?ird & la/ phase ( illusion40 ,by :at means is ?is end to be atta9$8 ,h>tmann is no advocate ( suicide z ! be/ rem$y ( ! evils ( human exi/5ce4 ,^u ?is po9t he agrees ) ,s*op5hau]1 & ?9ks t su* a c\rse w\ld h no effect ^u ! g5]al progress ( ! cosmic process4 ,a r5unciation ( pleasure--asceticism--w\ld pres5t no bett] solution ( ! problem4 ,ev5 ab/95ce f reproduction w\ld n s]ve ! purpose4 8,:at good w\ld x d10 says ,h>tmann1 8if humanity 7 to cease to be by means ( sexual ab/95ce8 ,?is un=tunate univ]se w\ld cont9ue to exi/1 & ! ,unconsci\s w\ld imm$iately take advantage ( ! opportunity to create a new man or "s o!r simil> type40#bcf ,?us x is n ! disappe>ance ( mank9d t %\ld con/itute our aim1 b 8! complete ab&onm5t ( ! individual to ! cosmic process1 9 ord] t ! latt] may accompli% its end & br+ ab\t ! univ]sal deliv]ance ( ! _w40#bcg ,?is be+ s1 ! in/9ctive love ( life reass]ts itself1 & x becomes necess>y to admit1 at lea/ z provisional tru?1 8! validity ( ! w to live2 = x is only by complete resignation to life & its tr\bles1 & n by c[>dly r5unciation & ab&onm5t1 t "o may contribute "o's %>e 9 ! developm5t ( ! cosmic process40#bch ,h>tmann's propos$ solution ( ! problem ( human exi/5ce belongs und\bt$ly to ! category ( sy/ems advocat+ resignation4 ,he is unable to tell u :at is ! cosmic process to :i* he bids man l5d all 8 =ces4 ,he advises humanity to cont9ue to live & to multiply 9 ! full c]ta9ty t happ9ess _c be atta9$4 ,h>tmann obvi\sly dem&s a true r5unciation & an absolute submission4 ,8 solution has ! appe>ance ( be+ m exact1 & ( furni%+ a guide to human conduct m cle> ?an t vague aspiration to ,nirvna propos$ by ,s*op5hau]4 ,b on clos] inve/igation x becomes at once pla9 t ! great] precision is illusory4 ,x is easy to see1 "u su* circum/ances1 t a s*ool ( criticism or negation ( ! pessimi/ic doctr9es %\ld h ga9$ _m adh]5ts4 ,v few1 on ! o!r h&1 h embrac$ pessimi/ic doctr9es because ( any p[] be+ inh]5t 9 !m to resolve ! difficulties ( life4 ,a ,g]man pessimi/ic philosoph]1 ,maila5d]1#bci %>$ fully ,s*op5hau]'s op9ions z to ! mis]y ( human life1 b oppos$ ! latt]'s doctr9e ( resignation & ,nirvna z ! solution ( ! g5]al problem ( life4 ,maila5d] accept$ ! ?ree /ages ( human illusion z exp\nd$ by ,h>tmann1 b attack$ vigor\sly ! view ( facilitat+ ! cosmic process by acquiesc5ce 9 ! w to live4 8,inde$10 he cri$1 8y\r advice is t we %\ld sacrifice ourselves to ! cosmos1 we are to *oose a c>e]1 to le>n a trade1 acquire money1 prop]ty1 fame1 p[]1 & s =?2 we are to m>ry & to beget (fspr+2 by su* advice y are m]ely undo+ ) y\r own h&s ! sole m]it ( y\r "w1 ! analysis ( illusion4 ,y sudd5ly advise ! v man :o has got beh9d all ^! illusions to succumb to !m aga91 z if an illusion1 al?\gh x has be5 recognis$1 c\ld /ill deceive & ex]cise its p[]40#bdj ,maila5d] takes an entirely diff]5t view ( ! problem4 ,l 8 pr$ecessors1 he is conv9c$ ( ! futility ( happ9ess1 b he has a*iev$ an orig9al view ( ! cosmic process4 ,he holds t an unacc\ntable & div9e ,be+ exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! _w4 ,be=e disappe>+ 8?is div9ity gave bir? to ! univ]se40 ,by ?is means1 complete annihilation 0 made possible4 8,! _w10 says ,maila5d]1 8is b ! means = br++ ab\t a condition ( non-exi/5ce1 & is ! only possible means by :i* t end c\ld be atta9$4 ,god knew t only by creat+ a real _w c\ld we pass f exi/5ce into non-exi/5ce40 ,maile&] reg>ds z c]ta9 8t ! univ]se t5ds t[>ds univ]sal non-exi/5ce40#bda ,?is t5d5cy is *>act]is$ by ! weak5+ ( ! total am\nt ( en]gy1 s t 8e individual at ! close ( ! weak5+ process to :i* 8 en]gy is submitt$1 is l$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 developm5t to ! po9t at :i* 8 desire = annihilation may be fulfill$40#bdb ,life on our planet1 he says1 ought to be reg>d$ z a halt+-place on ! road to dea?4 ,9 ord] to appreciate fully ! happ9ess br\ght by dea?1 x is necess>y fir/ to ta/e ( life1 & t is :y ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is s well develop$ 9 animals4 ,man passes fir/ ?r\gh a phase ( developm5t 9 :i* he is l any o!r animal4 8,z ) !m1 ! w to live is /rong] ?an ! w to die4 ,life is clung to ) extreme p]t9acity1 & dea? is proportionately execrat$40 8,at fir/1 n only ! fe> ( dea? increases1 b equally ! love ( life40 ,t]ror ( dea? becomes acut]4 ,animals1 kn[+ no?+ ( dea?1 only fe> x in/9ctively ?r\gh _! p]ception ( approa*+ dang]4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 kn[s ( ! exi/5ce ( dea? & :at x means4 ,he looks back on 8 pa/ life & wond]s :at ! future may hold 9 /ore1 & realises1 inf9itely m ?an animals realise x1 ! dang]s t ?reat5 him4 ,dur+ ?is phase1 man does all 9 8 p[] to keep dea? at bay1 & to make 8 life z happy z possible4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! la/ /age ( 8 developm5t4 ,! ?9k+ man soon comes to ! conclusion t a crav+ = life is n ! true aim ( ! univ]se2 x is only ! means = atta9+ to a k ( ! def9ite aim ( exi/5ce1 :i* is ! cessation ( life4 ,philosophy soon %[s t p]fect happ9ess is n possible1 & t only dea? is really desirable4 ,9 summ+ up ! cosmic process1 ! conclusion arriv$ at is 8t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se ! desire ( dea? exi/s 9 a =m m or less mask$1 b t 9 ! organic _w ?is assumes ! =m ( a w to live40#bdc ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ! desire ( dea? becomes m & m pla91 until ! philosoph] c see 89 ! :ole univ]se no?+ b a long+ = absolute ext9ction1 & fancies t he c he> ! cry roll+ f /> to />1 #8,deliv]ance1 deliv]ance1 dea? to our life6' & ! e*o+ cry ( consolation1 #8,ext9ction & deliv]ance await y all6'0#bdd ,9 ord] to expla9 9 a cle>] way ! progress ( ?is evolution1 ,maila5d] describes ! /ate ( m9d ( a man :o develops ! w to die1 & commits suicide4 8,at fir/ he glances anxi\sly & f af> at dea?1 & %r9ks f x ) horror4 ,lat]1 he draws ne>] & walks r\nd x 9 wide circles4 ,day by day1 h[ev]1 ^! circles become small]1 until f9ally he embraces ,dea? ) we>y arms & looks x /raight 9 ! face4 ,!n ,peace comes2 g5tle ,peace60#bde ,x is absurd to expect any?+ to foll[ dea? b absolute annihilation1 & ! ord9>y man faces ?is prospect ) t]ror4 8,b x is ess5tial10 says ,maila5d]1 8t man %\ld dom9ate ! univ]se by k1 & wise m5 look =w>d to total annihilation ) joy40#bdf 8,9 rel9qui%+ ,s*op5hau]'s w to live10 conclud$ ,maila5d]1 8,i h f9ally arriv$ at ! w to die4 ,i h rais$ myself ^u ! %\ld]s ( ,s*op5hau]1 until ,i h atta9$ a po9t ( view su* z o!rs h nev] accompli%$4 ,at pres5t ,i am alone1 b beh9d me all humanity is press+ on to fre$om2 & be=e me is ! cle> transluc5t vi/a ( ! future40#bdg ,i h quot$ ^! views1 n because ( ! solidity ( ,maila5d]'s argum5ts1 b m]ely because ?is pessimi/ic philosoph] prov$ himself to be m consi/5t ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:ile ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann1 bo? s firmly conv9c$ ( ! non-exi/5ce ( happ9ess & ! va/ prepond]ance ( suff]+ 9 all imag9able conditions ( life1 liv$ out _! lives1 ,maila5d]1 true to 8 pr9ciples1 committ$ suicide :5 b>ely ?irty-five ye>s ( age4 ,?is is probably n a solit>y in/ance4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( pessimism1 a c]ta9 numb] ( "y p]sons1 especially ^? ^: m5tal equilibrium is n v firmly e/abli%$1 foll[ 9 ! tragic foot/eps ( ,maila5d]4 ,"s commit suicide1 :ile o!rs ab/a9 f tak+ "p 9 ! p]petuation ( ! race4 ,o!rs1 b ^! are n _m1 curtail _! exi/5ce by dissipation1 ?9k+ life n wor? ! c>e ( x4 ,a mod]n writ] ( great tal5t1 ,maet]l9ck1 e*oes ! pessimism ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 8,x is pla910 he says1#bdh 8t f "o po9t ( view humanity w always seem wret*$1 & z ?\gh be+ dragg$ t[>ds a fatal precipice1 s9ce x w ev] be doom$ to disease1 to ! incon/ancy ( matt]1 to old age & to dea?40 8,yes1 human life z a :ole is sad1 & x is easi]1 ,i may almo/ say pleasant]1 to discuss & expose its d>k side1 ?an to enum]ate its consolations & make ! be/ ( !m4 ,! mis]ies ( life are _m1 obvi\s1 & nev] fail+2 :]eas ! consolations1 or r ! reasons :i* cause u to fulfil ) alacrity ! duty ( liv+1 are r>e1 h>d to seek1 & prec>i\s40 ,al?\gh pessimism has be5 greatly develop$ & widely spread dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 diss5ti5t voices 9 opposition to ?is negative attitude t[>ds ! ?+s ( ?is _w h n be5 want+4 ,take ! views ( ! ,g]man poet1 ,rob]t ,hamm]l+1#bdi :o reproa*es ! pessimi/ic philosoph]s ) ignor+ ! attitude ( m9d ( ! majority ( mank9d :o ask b "o ?+1--life--life at any price & "u any conditions4 ,aga9/ ?is s5tim5t all dogmatic argum5ts are useless1 =1 accord+ to ,hamm]l+1 ! "q ( pleasure & pa9 is a matt] ( feel+ & n ( reason4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! g5]al feel+ ( humanity1 !re c be no d\bt--x is frankly optimi/ic4 ,max ,nordau1 ! well-kn[n writ]1 supports a simil> !ory4 ,accord+ to him1 all liv+ nature betrays its optimi/ic f\ndation4 8,! tru? is10 he says1 8t optimism1 limitless & irradicable optimism1 con/itutes ! fundam5tal attitude ( man1 & is ! in/9ctive feel+ :i* gov]ns him "u all circum/ances4 ,all o!r =ms ( life confirm ?is tru?44440 8,all nature10 accord+ to ,max ,nordau1 8by ! bells ( fl[]s & ! ?roats ( h] birds1 r+s & proclaims ! tru? ( optimism40 8,no animals feel ! pa9 ( ! _w2 & our own ance/or1 ! contempor>y ( ! cave be>1 0 c]ta9ly free f all anxiety relat+ to ! de/9y ( ! human race40 ,^! argum5ts d n take into acc\nt t1 to be true1 pessimism ne$ n necess>ily be felt & agre$ ) by all liv+ creatures4 ,birds & o!r animals1 happy 9 _! lives1 t is to say optimi/s1 "k no?+ ( ! inevitability ( dea?4 ,our cave ance/ors knew no?+ ( x ei!r4 ,if ! great] portion ( mod]n humanity is optimi/ic1 t might be acc\nt$ = by its be+ /ill "u ! influ5ce ( "o ( ! ?ree phases ( illusion allud$ to by ,h>tmann4 ,x is only :5 ! highe/ /age ( developm5t is rea*$ t man1 be+ conv9c$ ( ! futility ( 8 hopes1 arrives at a pessimi/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,max ,nordau disclaims disciple%ip ( ,doctor ,pangloss1 :o held t ! _w is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,b 8 argum5ts reveal a pron\nc$ optimism4 ,he reg>ds pa9 z an indisp5sable factor ( ! ma9t5ance ( life4 8,)\t pa910 he says1 8our lives w\ld n endure an h\r1 = we %\ld be unable to recognise dang]\s symptoms & gu>d aga9/ !m40 ,ins5sibility to pa9 is (t5 s grave a symptom t sick p rejoice :5 !y are aga9 able to feel ! prick ( a ne$le4 ,?is is true en\gh1 b none ! less ! feel+ ( pa9 is v erratic 9 bo? animals & human be+s4 ,q insignificant causes & unimportant illnesses1 su* z c]ta9 =ms ( neuralgia1 give rise to unbe>able agony4 ,a physiological ph5om5on su* z *ildbir? is (t5 att5d$ by extremely viol5t pa9 :i* is absolutely useless z a dang]-signal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! mo/ dang]\s diseases1 su* z canc] or kidney disease1 may exi/ = a long "t )\t caus+ any s5sation ( pa91 ) ! result t ! suff]] kn[s no?+ ( ! pres5ce ( ! disease until x is too late4 ,7 pa9 to play ! "p assign$ to x by ,nordau1 x w\ld appe> 9 all cases ( dang]1 & yet w\ld nev] become almo/ unbe>ably acute4 ,b :5 m5 h pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( illusion x is n physical pa9 :i* presses mo/ heavily on !m4 ,max ,nordau himself admits t x is 8appall+ to ?9k ( ! cessation ( our consci\sness1 & ! annihilation ( our ego40 ,none ! less1 he believes 8t we are s happily con/itut$ z to be able to accept ! really inevitable ) a light he>t1 & t !re is no ill feel+ ab\t ! matt]40 ,?is admission is n 9 accordance ) ! well-e/abli%$ facts discuss$ 9 *ap4 vi4 ,) v r>e exceptions man does n will+ly accept ! prospect ( dea?1 especially if he be /ill "u ! influ5ce ( illusion 9 any ( its ?ree /ages4 ,z a rule ^? :o desire to live feel n only a repugnance to ! contemplation ( dea?1 b dea? seems to !m some?+ abnormal & irrational4 ,x is no answ] to ass]t t all :o feel ?is are psy*opa?s1 or t x is absurd to ?9k t ! happ9ess ( mank9d c\nts = some?+ 9 ! cosmic process4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is q natural t man %\ld seek aft] happ9ess1 & t he %\ld try to analyse ! ph5om5a tak+ place )9 him & ar\nd him f ! po9t ( view ( t ideal4 ,= ?is reason x is q unju/ to say t pessimism _c be treat$ s]i\sly4 ,x is pessimism :i* has be5 ! fir/ to draw up a true indictm5t ( human nature1 & if pa9 is to be reg>d$ z useful 9 its quality ( dang]-signal we %\ld equally recognise t ! pessimi/ic view ( ! univ]se is a /ep onw>ds 9 ! evolution ( humanity4 ,)\t pessimism we might easily s9k into a k9d ( cont5t$ fatalism1 & end 9 quietism1 9 ! mann] ( _m religions4 ,x is only natural1 h[ev]1 t ! ?9k+ _w %\ld n accept pessimism z ! la/ ^w ( human wisdom1 & t m or less not$ philosoph]s %\ld devote !mselves to f9d+ a possible solution ( ! problem ( life & dea?4 ,^! sy/ems ( philosophy1 "o & all1 h ab&on$ readily all belief 9 future life & p]sonal immortality4 ,b !y h adopt$ pan!i/ic conceptions1 & h accept$ ! exi/5ce ( "s g5]al pr9ciple into :i* ! individual consci\sness w ev5tually be absorb$4 ,!re is division ( op9ion z to ! prop]ties ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,= "s x is ! ,idea1 = o!rs ,w1 = o!rs ,=ce1 or ,et]nal ,en]gy4#bej ,! nom5clature is ! less important z ! views z to ! nature ( ! g5]al pr9ciple are absolutely vague4 ,accord+ly ?is "p ( ! philosophic doctr9es appe>s 9 a lyrical =m & has pass$ ov] into ! doma9 ( poetry4 ,g]man poets h help$ to spread pan!i/ic conceptions v widely4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion ,goe!1 ^: ideas 7 purely ^? ( ,sp9oza1 b ,s*ill]'s well-kn[n l9es are precise3-- 8,vor dem ,tode ers*rick/ ,du8 ,du wns*e/1 un/]bli* zu leb58 ,leb' im ,ganz56 ,w5n du lange dah9 bi/1 es bleibt60 8,d y %r9k f approa*+ ,dea?8 & crave immortality8 ,live on 9 ! ,all6 ,long aft] y vani% ! ,all w rema960 ,rck]t1 9 l9es almo/ equally well kn[n1 expresses ! same idea3-- 8,v]ni*tung weht di* an1 s lang ,du ,e9zles bi/4 ,o1 fhl' im ,ganz5 di*1 das unv]ni*tb> i/40 8,annihilation fills y ) t]ror1 because y are self-c5tr$4 ,y mu/ feel y\r unity ) ! ,all1 :i* is inde/ructible40 ,a volume might be fill$ ) ! attempts ( ?9k]s ( diff]5t c\ntries to pres5t ^! poetical ideas 9 a =m less vague & m philosophical4 ,i %all select only a few ( ! m mod]n in/ances4 ,r5an's#bea ideas may be tak5 z typical ( ! compromise betwe5 poetry & philosophy4 ,speak+ ( immortality1 he said 8t we %all ea* live aga9 by ! traces we leave on ! bosom ( ! ,inf9ite40#beb ,! views elaborat$ by ,guyau#bec are equally poetic4 ,l s _m o!rs he is unable to accept )\t prote/ ! prospect ( ! inevitability ( dea?4 ,br\ght face to face ) ?is end1 he decl>es t he feels 8n sorr[ b indignation1 z aga9/ an inju/ice ( nature40 8,x is ) ju/ice10 he cries1 8t we look on nature z a murd]ess if %e kills :at is morally be/ 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs40#bed ,x is *iefly 9 ! "n ( love t ,guyau prote/s aga9/ dea?3 8,! dea? ( o!rs1 ! annihilation ( ^? we love1 is insupportable to m51 :o are ess5tially ?9k+ & lov+ creatures40#bee ,?is problem1 s va/ & s difficult to solve1 is pres5t$ by him z foll[s3 8,z reg>ds ! "q ( individual immortality1 human ?\ght is dragg$ 9 opposite directions by two great =ces--sci5ce1 9 ! "n ( evolution1 prep>$ to sacrifice ! individual completely2 love1 9 ! "n ( an evolution1 morally & socially high]1 :i* w\ld pres]ve ! individual at all haz>ds4 ,!re is no m di/urb+ dilemma propos$ to ! philosoph]40#bef ,guyau hopes t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution !re w come ab\t a m]g+ ( individual consci\sness 9 ! consci\sness ( ! :ole4 8,"o may ask10 he says1 8if x may n be t ^! consci\s entities m+l+ & int]p5etrat+1 may come to live on f "o to ! o!r1 & s to acquire a new duration80 ,on su* a hypo!sis he c =esee 8an epo* n1 inde$1 c]ta9 to come1 b f> f inconceivable1 9 :i* individual consci\snesses w h a*iev$ a corporate integrity & a complex int]communion1 )\t !mselves be+ lo/ by ! union40#beg ,on ?is hypo!sis1 8! problem is to be at ! same "t lov+ en\gh & lov$ en\gh to live & endure 9 ano!r4#beh444 ,^? :o vani% & ^? :o rema9 mu/ love "o ano!r s greatly t ! %ad[s ca/ by !m on ! univ]sal consci\sness are id5tical40 8,we %\ld !n feel ourselves pass+ & asc5d+ f ?is life to an immortality ( love10 & 8! po9t ( contact betwe5 life & immortality w\ld be discov]$40#bei ,a solution rec5tly (f]$ by ,f9ot#bfj is mu* less poetical4 ,accord+ to him1 x is only 8:5 dea? is conceiv$ ( z annihilation t x is repugnant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we reg>d x m]ely z a *ange ( life1 we %all cease to fe> x1 & ev5 come to love x40#bfa ,b :at is ?is 8*ange ( life0 t is to prove s consol+8 ,x is ! 8immortality ( ! body10 t is to say1 ! life ( ! creatures develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! human body4 8,flies beg9 ! "w ( ! lab\r]s on ! dead10 giv+ bir? to worm-l l>v t wri! 9 ! decompos+ fle%4 ,! same v]m9 t horrifi$ ,tol/oi :5 he ?\ght ( 8 own dea? 7see *ap4 vi4 p4 #abc7 became ,f9ot's symbol ( consolation4 ,he describes ! :ole succession ( ! fauna ( corpses1 & concludes by say+1 8& s goes on ! r\t9e ( life1 f bir? to ! tomb1 ( noisy1 clamor\s life1 ceaselessly r5ew$4 ,ev] lov+1 giv+ bir?1 liv+ & dy+4 ,! peace ( ! tomb is z fill$ ) life z ! du/ into :i* we ?9k our bodies w fall40#bfb ,i h giv5 ! above quotation z an in/ance %[+ to :at l5g?s m5 h gone 9 _! se>* = a solution ( ! problem ( dea? & 9 _! desire = a gleam ( hope t ! end may n be f9al4 ,i ne$ n say t ?is idea ( ! fauna ( ! corpse has no place 9 ! philosophy ( dea?4 ,?9k]s1 no d\bt1 w\ld pref] ! mo/ vague ambiguities to c]ta9ties ( su* a nature4 ,mo/ contempor>y philosoph]s reg>d ! problem 9 a v diff]5t fa%ion4 ,9 my op9ion1 ,mey]-,b5fey1 a s*ol> at ,gtt+51 has summ$ up ! pres5t condition ( ! problem v cle>ly & exactly1 9 essays on ,mod]n ,religion4#bfc ,he realises t x is impossible to accept ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,p]sonality mu/ utt]ly & inevitably p]i%4 ,b1 j z no s+le atom ( our bodies c be annihilat$1 s 8no p>ts ( our s\ls c be lo/40 ,our actions dur+ life leave traces s mu* ! deep] z ! life has be5 full]4 ,x is ?is reunit+ 8( ! actions ( individuals ) ! life ( ! :ole ( humanity1 t con/itutes ! true immortality or ,nirvna40 ,he says1 too1 8,9 accu/om+ our m9ds to ?is ?\ght1 & 9 educat+ ourselves ) a view to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end1 lies ! only possible means ( ov]com+ ! fe> ( dea? & ! t]ror ( annihilation40 ,mey]-,b5fey is ( ! pessimi/ic op9ion t happ9ess _c possibly be reg>d$ z ! supreme end ( humanity1 = he ?9ks1 if t 7 s1 ! :ole c\rse ( evolution w\ld h be5 a mi/ake4 ,x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] _h evolution be5 arre/$ be=e ! creation ( ! human race1 s9ce animals1 be+ unaw>e ( ! inevitability ( dea?1 are und\bt$ly happi] ?an man4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we h pass$ ?r\gh ! animal /age & rea*$ ! human /age1 & a*iev$ "s measure ( civilisation1 & ?is n by our own desire1 or z ! result ( m]e *ance1 b guid$ by ! inn] work+s ( our nature1 x is pla9 t ! ultimate goal t[>ds :i* we are advanc+1 mu/ be "s o!r ?an m]e happ9ess4 ,!re c be no "q b t ! goal is ! triumph ( pure & p]fect culture4 ,?is idea1 t ! goal ( humanity is progress 9 all its manife/ations1 is no rec5t !ory1 & _m def9itions ( ?is progress h be5 advanc$1 b s f> none h be5 g5]ally accept$ z satisfactory4 ,! t]m 8culture10 ?\gh vague1 w h to cont9ue 9 use until "s bett] ^w convey+ a m precise mean+ is f\nd to replace x4 ,on review+ all ! sy/ems ( philosophy :i* h attempt$ s /r5u\sly to solve ! problem ( individual dea?1 x becomes pla9 t all1 or ne>ly all1 ( !m d5y ! exi/5ce ( a future life & ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! great] "p ( !m1 h[ev]1 admit "s g5]al pr9ciple incompreh5sible b et]nal1 :i* w ev5tually incorporate )9 itself all individual s\ls4 ,feel+ t ^! vague ideas are incapable ( convey+ consolation to poor humanity 9 its fe> ( annihilation ?r\gh dea?1 philosoph]s h p]si/5tly taught ! advantages ( resignation4 ,ev5 ,guyau1 realis+ t 8 philosophy reg>d+ ! immortality ( love fails to reassure ^? :o look to philosophy = "s ^w ( consolation1 ends by admitt+ t 8z !re is no help to be expect$ f ! inexorable1 nor m]cy f t :i* is 9 con=mity ) ! univ]se & ev5 ) our own judgm5t1 resignation is be/40#bfd ,z x is ! g5]al op9ion t to be philosophical is to take ?+s z !y are1 )\t undue prote/1 ! wat*word ( all sy/ems ( philosophy is to b[ to ! inevitable1 t is to say1 to be resign$ to ! prospect ( annihilation4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,is ,,able ,,to ,,d ,,to ,,alleviate ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,con/itution ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,:at ,,sci5ce ,,c ,,d ,,aga9/ ,,disease ,=mation ( ! exp]im5tal me?od--,! int]v5tion ( religion 9 disease--,disease z a basis ( pessimi/ic sy/ems ( philosophy--,advance ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ! w> aga9/ disease--,! revolution 9 m$ic9e & surg]y due to ! discov]ies ( ,pa/eur--,! b5eficial results ( ,s]um ,!rapy 9 ! w> aga9/ infecti\s diseases--,failure ( sci5ce to cure tub]culosis & malignant tum\rs--,prote/s aga9/ ! advance ( sci5ce--,opposition ( ,r\sseau1 ,tol/oi1 & ,brunetire--,proclamation ( ! fallibility ( sci5ce--,return to religion & my/icism ,sci5ce1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( k1 has begun to inve/igate ! great problems affect+ humanity4 ,! *ief religions & _m sy/ems ( philosophy _h be5 long e/abli%$ be=e ! _s ( scepticism d>$ to inquire :e!r or no ^! products ( ! human m9d 7 really 9 h>mony ) fact4 ,scepticism ga9$ gr\nd little by little1 & op5 w> 0 decl>$ betwe5 religi\s dogma & au?ority on ! "o side1 & sci5tific reason on ! o!r4 ,! great religions & ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle _h rul$ a majority ( mank9d = "s tw5ty c5turies be=e d\bt 0 ca/ on ! real value ( ^! doctr9es4 ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,v]ulam1 ask$ :y x 0 t all ! sy/ems ( 8 "t 7 s vague & s p[]less to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! _w4 ,! cause c\ld n lie 9 nature h]self1 = )\t d\bt %e foll[$ laws t 7 immutable & t c\ld be subject$ to exact obs]vation2 nor c\ld x lie 9 any want ( intellig5ce 9 ^? m5 :o devot$ !mselves to solve ! problems4 ,! true cause ( ! failure lay 9 ! falsity or insuffici5cy ( ! me?ods employ$4 ,bacon1 try+ to provide a rem$y = ?is condition ( affairs1 advis$ t mak]s ( g5]alisations %\ld proce$ v sl[ly1 pass+ only by ! smalle/ /ages f p>ticul> facts to conclusions only m g5]al 9 ! slighte/ degree1 & s on1 until ! ultimate =mula might be rea*$4 ,by su* a pa? x 0 possible to atta9 pr9ciples nei!r vague nor ambigu\s1 b cle> & exact & t w\ld n be d5i$ by nature h]self4 ,! fir/ /eps tak5 by sci5ce accord+ to ?is me?od1 :i* inde$ _h be5 sugge/$ long ago1 b :i* 0 fir/ cle>ly laid d[n by ,bacon1 7 sl[ & halt+4 ,religi\s & philosophical doctr9es /ill weigh$ heavily on inquir+ m9ds1 s t ! new me?od 0 n foll[$ ) any great c\rage4 ,none ! less progress 0 a*iev$1 until at l5g? ! great problems ( humanity op5$ out4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( exact sci5ce1 ,buddha _h giv5 voice to ! *ief grievances ( ! human race4 8,behold1 ,o monks1 ! holy tru? z to suff]+10 he _h proclaim$ 9 ! ,s]mon at ,b5>es1 8bir? is suff]+1 old age is suff]+1 disease is suff]+1 & dea? is suff]+40 ,sci5ce1 9 its sl[ progress1 pass+ f p>ticul> to g5]al1 rea*$ fir/ "o ( ^! f\r sorr[s1 ! suff]+ due to disease4 ,9 ! ,buddhi/ leg5d t ,i quot$ 9 *ap4 vi41 ! sight ( a sick man 8^: s5ses 7 weak5$1 :o drew 8 brea? ) difficulty1 ^: limbs 7 %rivell$1 ^: b[els 7 wrung ) pa91 & 8 body pitifully soil$ ) excrem5t10 sugge/$ to ,buddha ! reflection t 8heal? is no m ?an ! idle vision ( a dream :ile fe> & disease are horrible realities4 ,:at wise man1 hav+ se5 ! ?+ t life is1 c /ill ?9k ( joy or ( pleasure8 ,woe ^u heal? :i* is assail$ by s _m maladies40 ,:5 ,buddha1 :o 0 a "y pr9ce1 ask$ ( 8 fa!r ! gift 8t he might always rema9 full ( heal?1 & t he %\ld be smitt5 by no disease10 8 fa!r1 :o 0 ! k+1 repli$3 8,y ask me :at is impossible2 9 t my son1 ,i c d no?+40 ,f t day1 e religion has busi$ itself ) ! cure & prev5tion ( disease4 ,!y believ$ t ! causes ( ^! 7 ! influ5ce ( evil spirits or ! visitations ( ,god2 & z rem$ies !y prescrib$ sacrifice & pray] & any?+ t might av]t ! ang] ( ,god4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 simil> m$ic9e is us$ by primitive races4 ,9 ,sumatra = in/ance1 :5 x is impossible to arre/ ! fl[ ( blood f a w\nd1 ! disa/] is ascrib$ to an evil _s 7,polasiq7 :o is suck+ ! w\nd & mak+ x incurable4 ,9 ,nias1 :5 ble$+ f ! nose occurs 9 *ildr51 x is suppos$ to be due to ! fa!r hav+ kill$ a cock dur+ ! pregnancy ( ! "m4 ,! indisp5sable rem$y is to make sacrifice to ! outrag$ deity4 ,no d\bt !re co-exi/ ) su* practices ( primitive races1 c]ta9 useful rules1 bas$ on correct obs]vation or on exp]i5ce4 ,x is a common practice to try all mann] ( rem$ies on ! sick2 al?\gh mo/ d h>m1 n[ & aga9 some?+ useful may be discov]$4 ,su* vulg> m$ic9e has und\bt$ m]it1 b x _c be comp>$ ) ! results ( sci5tific m$ic9e1 :i* are drawn f rigor\s exp]im5t4 ,m$ical sci5ce has be5 sl[ 9 develop+1 b x has n[ rea*$ a condition ( :i* humanity may be pr\d4 ,x is outside my purpose to give a long exposition ( ?is subject2 b x is necess>y to my argum5t to set out a few facts f :i* ! read] may judge ( ! pres5t condition ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,)\t d\bt ! fe> ( disease has play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! pessimi/ic conceptions ( ! univ]se4 ,n only ! words ( ,buddha t ,i h quot$1 b _m ( ! sy/ems ( pessimi/ic philosophy atte/ ?is4 ,i h already /at$ 9 *ap4 vi4 t ,s*op5hau] 9 #ahca 0 driv5 f ,b]l9 to ,frankfurt by fe> ( *ol]a4 ,9 8 /atem5t ( ! case aga9/ ?is univ]se1 & z a *ief argum5t = 8 proposition t 8?is is ! wor/ ( possible worlds0 ,s*op5hau] adduc$ ! spread+ ( epidemics4 8,an alt]ation ( ! atmosph]e s slight t x _c be detect$ by *emi/ry br+s ab\t *ol]a1 or yell[ fev]1 or ! black dea?1 diseases :i* numb] _! victims by millions2 an alt]ation slightly great] might de/roy all life40#bfe ,h>tmann1 :o has be5 "o ( ! *ief advocates ( ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism1 also _h gloomy views on diseases & m$ic9e4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t h[soev] great ! progress ( humanity might come to be1 !re nev] w\ld be an end or ev5 a dim9ution ( diseases4 8,x is no matt]10 he said1 8h[ _m rem$ies may be discov]$ = diseases2 new diseases1 & p>ticul>ly *ronic affections :i*1 al?\gh n s]i\s are extremely pa9ful1 w cont9ue to appe> m rapidly ?an ! discov]ies ( m$ic9e40#bff ,humanity w be =tunate if ! pessimi/ic philosoph]s prove z wrong ab\t _! o!r grievances z !y h prov$ ab\t disease & m$ic9e4 ,to und]/& ! va/ progress made by m$ic9e1 x is necess>y only to comp>e ! compla9t ( ,s*op5hau] ) ! actual /ate ( affairs4 ,:5 he spoke ( epidemics be+ due to slight *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 ,s*op5hau] obvi\sly 0 repeat+ ! m$ical op9ion curr5t 9 8 times4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce has prov$ t he 0 q wrong4 ,x has be5 %[n conclusively t two ( ! great affections ( :i* he spoke1 *ol]a & plague1 are due n to *emical *anges 9 ! air1 b to def9ite microbes1 ! natural hi/ory ( :i* is kn[n z well z t ( any o!r plant4 ,*ol]a is produc$ by ! vibrio1 discov]$ by ,ko*1 a m9ute organism t lives 9 wat] & t ent]s ! human alim5t>y canal ) food or dr9k4 ,we d n yet "k a def9ite cure = *ol]a1 b we d "k h[ to prev5t infection4 ,! mo/ simple mode ( gu>d+ aga9/ infection is to swall[ only mat]ial t has be5 boil$1 & to prev5t contam9ation ( wat] or ( vessels ) fcal matt] conta9+ ! ,ko*'s vibrio4 ,moreov]1 9 individual cases use may be made ( anti-*ol]a s]ums4 ,9 #ahca1 if ^! discov]ies _h be5 made1 philosophy w\ld h tak5 a diff]5t c\rse4 ,in/ead ( trembl+ at ! epidemic1 & fly+ to ,frankfurt1 ,s*op5hau] w\ld h rema9$ quietly at ,b]l91 & ,hegel w\ld n h ceas$ to develop 8 idealism 9 ! univ]sity ( t t[n4 ,s*op5hau] en=c$ 8 argum5t by ref]5ce to ! black dea? 8capable ( de/roy+ millions ( victims40 ,x is c]ta9 t ! black dea? 0 no o!r ?an human plague1 :i* made enorm\s ravages1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 de/roy+ ne>ly a ?ird ( ! population ( ,europe4 ,9 ^? days1 no "o d\bt$ b t x 0 a visitation ( ! ,div9e wra?1 & p ga!r$ 9 *ur*es to make common supplication4 ,sacrifices 7 (f]$ & flagellations took place 9 ! hope ( av]t+ ! t]rible malady4 ,travell]s :o h be5 9 ! capital ( ,au/ria mu/ h se5 9 "o ( ! *ief /reets 7,grab57 a l>ge & unlovely monum5t1 erect$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury to commemorate ! int]position ( ,provid5ce 9 /ay+ "o ( ! great epidemics ( plague4 ,n[ t sci5ce has made kn[n ! true cause ( plague1 our ideas z to ! causes ( ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( epidemics are v diff]5t4 ,plague is n ! manife/ation ( ! ang] ( ,god1 b is a sc\rge due to invasion by a m9ute organism1 discov]$ simultane\sly by ,kitasato & ,y]s9 9 #ahid4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ! microbe has be5 /udi$1 & we "k t x may live n only 9 human bodies b 9 ! bodies ( small rod5ts1 su* z rats & mice1 :i* live 9 association ) man4 ,^! animals are ! s\rce ( human infection1 & x is necess>y to de/roy !m z completely z possible4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! arre/ ( ! plague 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 due to ! fact t rats & mice _h !mselves be5 ext]m9at$ by ! plague4 ,plague1 :i* =m]ly 0 ! mo/ t]rible ( epidemic diseases1 has n[ become a mis=tune aga9/ :i* x is simple to gu>d ourselves4 ,to secure t end1 h[ev]1 we h n to pray or to sc\rge ourselves1 b to take measures to de/roy rats & mice4 ,moreov] s]ums may be employ$2 & ! use ( ^! is n only prophylactic1 b if ! disease be n too advanc$1 is actually curative4 ,! dang] ( :i* ,s*op5hau] spoke may be reg>d$ z def9itely av]t$1 & ?is is due to ! advance ( m$ical k4 ,9 su* c\ntries z ,briti% ,india 9 :i* plague /ill causes great losses1 we h to blame ! ignorance ( ! population4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! c\rse prescrib$ by sci5ce1 ^! p /ill pref] ! rules laid d[n by ! ,brahmani/ic religion4 ,_! idea ( cleanl9ess & purity is a religi\s idea1 & n t ( m$ic9e & bact]iology4 ,x is n surpris+ t plague /ill exi/s 9 ,india1 b none ! less no case is a bett] in/ance ( ! progress ( k4 ,h>tmann's idea z to a progressive increase 9 ! numb] ( diseases re/s on no exact gr\nds1 & is 9 opposition to mu* t we "k4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z k ( hygi5e advances & becomes spread among ! peoples1 diseases become less frequ5t & less fatal4 ,a great /imulus 0 giv5 to m$ic9e & surg]y :5 !re 0 appli$ to ^! ! k ga9$ by ,pa/eur 9 8 /udy ( f]m5tation4 ,pa/eur %[$ t f]m5tations 7 *emical alt]ations 9 organic matt]1 excit$ by ! pres5ce ( m9ute organisms v common 9 ! neighb\rhood ( man4 ,?is discov]y 0 appli$ 9 ! fir/ place to surg]y4 ,"l ,li/]1 !n a surgeon 9 ,scotl&1 %[$ t ! fe/]+ ( w\nds 0 due to ! entrance ( m9ute organisms4 ,foll[+ ?is clue1 he succe$$1 by ! use ( dress+s1 9 prev5t+ ! contam9ation ( w\nds & at once saw a va/ r$uction 9 dea?s foll[+ surgical op]ations4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( an/hetics1 su* z e!r1 *lor(orm1 & coca9e1 & ! use ( g]m-free dress+s1 surg]y has be5 develop$ 9 a m>vell\s fa%ion4 ,! v>i$ & delicate feats ( abdom9al op]ation are kn[n to all1 & rec5tly surg]y ( ! he>t has become possible4 ,a comp>ison ( ! mortality ( ! w\nd$ 9 ! diff]5t w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury af=ds an excell5t means ( gaug+ ! progress ( surgical treatm5t ( gun%ot w\nds4 ,! mortality ( ! w\nd$ among ! ,engli% troops 9 ! ,crimean w> rea*$ #ae4ba p] c5t42 9 ! ,fr5* troops 9 ,italy 9 #ahei-ahfj1 x 0 #ag4cf p] c5t42 9 ! ,g]man army 9 #ahgj-ahga1 ! ye>s 9 :i* antiseptic surg]y came into use1 x fell to #aa4jg p] c5t42 :ile 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican w> 9 #ahih1 9 ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( mod]n surg]y1 ! p]c5tage mortality ( w\nd$ _h fall5 to #f4fd4bfg ,9 ! rec5t ,transvaal w>1 ! mortality 0 half :at x _h be5 9 ! ,franco-,g]man w>4#bfh ,new m$ical k1 f\nd$ on ! discov]y ( ! nature ( f]m5ts & ( ! virus ( infection1 has re=m$ ! practice ( midwif]y to su* an ext5t t pu]p]al fev]1 =m]ly "o ( ! great sc\rges ( humanity1 is n[ extremely r>e4 ,bl9dness acquir$ at bir?1 :i* =m]ly r5d]$ _m lives extremely mis]able1 is n[ practically completely prev5t$1 by means ( ! precautions tak5 to h9d] ! *ild f be+ contam9at$ by ! "m 9 ! process ( bir?4 ,! mo/ successful me?od is t :i* 0 sugge/$ by ,cr$1#bfi a ,g]man physician1 & consi/s 9 plac+ 9 ! pupils ( ! infant a m9ute drop ( nitrate ( silv]1 :i* is an antiseptic1 & prev5ts ! occurr5ce ( ocul> bl5norrhagia4 ,app5dicitis1 a disease s common t ,i ref]r$ to x 9 *ap4 iv4 z "o ( ! mo/ sali5t examples ( di%>mony 9 ! human con/itution1 has be5 resolutely attack$ by m$ical sci5ce4 ,9 "s cases1 surgical int]f]5ce makes a def9ite end ( ! disease2 9 o!r cases m$ical treatm5t has be5 en\gh to subdue ! symptoms )\t rec\rse to op]ation4 ,= a consid]able p]iod1 ^? ( a sceptical disposition ass]t$ t ! advance ( bact]iological k 0 ( s]vice only 9 surgical cases4 ,b ,pa/eur %[$ t ?is 0 an errone\s view4 ,work+ ) ,*amb]l& & ,r\x1 ,pa/eur demon/rat$ t _m infecti\s diseases c\ld be prev5t$ by ! use ( att5uat$ virus2 he succe$$ 9 sav+ ! lives ( _m animals & ( m51 bitt5 by rabid dogs & affect$ by hydrophobia1 a disease =m]ly almo/ inv>iably fatal & among ! mo/ horrible to :i* man is liable4 ,9 ! latt] direction1 m$ical sci5ce is develop+ at an extraord9>y rate1 & is a*iev+ results ( a rem>kable nature4 ,among rec5t discov]ies1 ,i may m5tion t ( ! curative prop]ties ( ! blood s]um ( animals :i* h be5 subject$ to ! action ei!r ( microbes or ( ! soluble products ( microbes4 ,von ,behr+1 work+ ) ! ,kitasato1 a ,japanese inve/igator1 has %[n t a s]um ( ?is nature1 prep>$ ) ! poison produc$ by ! microbe ( diph!ria 7! poison 0 discov]$ by ,r\x 9 collaboration ) ,y]s971 is capable n only ( protect+ ^? 9 good heal? f diph!ria1 b ( cur+ ^? :o h be5 attack$ by ! disease4 ,! s]um fails to act only :5 x is employ$ 9 advanc$ cases ( diph!ria4 ,anti-diph!ritic s]um1 introduc$ into m$ical practice ab\t eight ye>s ago1 has be5 tri$ 9 e way & has be5 prov$ to possess bo? prev5tive & curative prop]ties4 ,if pati5ts /ill die f diph!ria1 x is only because ! treatm5t has be5 appli$ too late or insuffici5tly4 ,! use ( ! anti-diph!ritic s]um has r$uc$ ! mortality 9 cases ( diph!ria f #ej or ev5 #fj p] c5t4 to #ab or #ad p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( infant lives t h be5 sav$ by ?is me?od mu/ be enorm\s4 ,! b5efic5t discov]y ( ! curative value ( s]ums has be5 appli$ to o!r diseases & is giv+ v enc\rag+ results4 ,i _c g into details "h1 b x is en\gh to say t 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury m$ic9e has ent]$ a new epo*1 & has tak5 its place among o!r exact sci5ces bas$ on ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,al?\gh x is n surpris+ t 9 s %ort a space ( "t sci5ce has n yet conqu]$ all ! ills affect+ humanity1 ?is failure has provok$ ! mo/ sev]e criticism4 8,inde$10 "o ( ! critics has said1 8y vaunt ! progress ( m$ical sci5ce at a "t :5 y h to confess t x has fail$ to cure tub]culosis1 "o ( ! grave/ ( ! infecti\s diseases1 :i* alone causes ! dea? ( a six? "p ( ! human race40 ,x is true t ! infecti\s nature ( ?is sc\rge 0 ann\nc$ by ,villem9 m ?an =ty ye>s ago4 ,tw5ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,ko*1 ! ,g]man bact]iologi/1 discov]$ ! microbe t produces n only ! ord9>y =m ( pulmon>y consumption b all o!r v>ieties ( tub]culosis4 ,& we are /ill ignorant ( any rem$y = ! disease4 ,9 all ! bact]iological in/itutes & laboratories se>* is be+ made = "s vacc9e or s]um or m$icam5t :i* w arre/ a disease t 9 _m cases nature h]self cures4 ,b ! results am\nt practically to no?+4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a good example ( ! failure ( sci5ce4 ,none ! less a clos] exam9ation %[s t ev5 ) ! k already ga9$ we c\ld deal ) tub]culosis 9 a mann] m efficaci\s ?an is ! exi/+ practice4 ,:5 ! infecti\s nature ( ! disease _h be5 made kn[n1 be=e wait+ = ! discov]y by ,ko* ( ! actual bacillus1 we %\ld h employ$ all ! kn[n modes ( de/roy+ infecti\s matt]4 ,9 spite ( all t has be5 said & writt5 on ! subject1 p /ill spit on ! floors ( omnibuses & c>s & on /reet pavem5ts4 ,tub]culosis is propagat$ n because ( ! failure ( sci5ce1 b because ( ! ignorance & /upidity ( ! population4 ,to dim9i% ! spread ( tub]culosis1 ( typhoid fev]1 ( dys5t]y1 & ( _m o!r diseases1 x is necess>y only to foll[ ! rules ( sci5tific hygi5e1 )\t wait+ = specific rem$ies4 ,al?\gh ! sci5ce ( to-day is suffici5tly arm$ aga9/ ! diseases commonly kn[n z infecti\s1 ! case is v diff]5t ) "s o!r affections1 among :i* ! *ief place is tak5 by malignant tum\rs1 or canc]s1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re are few maladies m t]rible1 = !y practically nev] disappe> spontane\sly1 & surg]y c remove !m successfully only if !y h be5 recognis$ at an e>ly /age4 ,e ye> a numb] ( p]sons1 old & "y1 die victims ( malignant tum\rs1 & x is ev5 possible t canc] is m preval5t n[ ?an 9 =m] times4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! increase ( canc] is due to ! great] longevity among mod]n races1 & z malignant tum\rs are mo/ common 9 old p]sons1 x may well be t ! prolongation ( life has giv5 ?is disease a l>g] field4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 all[+ = ?is1 x is probable t !re is a real increase ( canc]4 ,unque/ionably ! malignant tum\rs are ! diseases mo/ disappo9t+ to m$ic9e & surg]y1 & ^! sci5ces are z mu* at a loss ) reg>d to !m z 9 ! case ( infecti\s diseases be=e ! discov]y ( pa?og5ic organisms4 ,sci5ce is p]haps ev5 9 worse case ) reg>d to canc] ?an x =m]ly 0 ) reg>d to infecti\s diseases1 =1 be=e ! discov]y ( microbes1 some?+ 0 kn[n ( ! virus :i* produces infection4 ,?us ! virus ( smallpox 0 kn[n1 & 0 us$1 by ! me?od ( inoculation1 to prev5t m s]i\s attacks ( ! disease4 ,ne>ly a c5tury be=e ! discov]ies ( ,pa/eur1 ,j5n] _h be5 able to be ( ! greate/ s]vice to mank9d by 8 discov]y t ! virus ( c[-pox c\ld be us$ z a prev5tive ( infection by smallpox4 ,9 ! case ( malignant tum\rs1 we d n ev5 "k _! real nature2 we are ignorant z to :e!r or no !y are infecti\s1 & :e!r !y are caus$ by a microbe com+ f )\t or are due to int]nal *anges ( ! tissues4 ,our ignorance1 h[ev]1 af=ds no gr\nd = despair4 ,x is probable t ! malignant tum\rs w soon come to be rang$ ) infecti\s diseases due to invasions by specific microbes4 ,exp]im5ts on ! canc]s 9 rats & mice h %[n t ^! c be inoculat$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! case ( ! recognis$ infecti\s diseases4 ,hanau has %[n t ?is occurs 9 ! case ( epi!lioma ( old rats2 ,morau#bgj has succe$$ 9 transf]r+ ! canc]s ( :ite mice1 & 8 results h be5 confirm$ by ,j5s5#bga & ,borr#bgb1 9 ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur4 ,^! inve/igations m>k ! beg9n+ ( a new /age 9 ! k ( tum\rs4 ,i am unable to see1 !re=e t ! malignant tum\rs provide a satisfactory argum5t 9 fav\r ( a pessimi/ic conception ( ! univ]se4 ,dr4 ,boas1 ( ,b]l91#bgc 9 a rec5t publication1 has laid /ress on ! fact t mo/ pati5ts affect$ ) canc] d n seek m$ical aid until ! disease is f> advanc$4 ,= in/ance1 9 #hj p] c5t4 ( ! cases ( canc] ( ! rectum t he _h att5d$1 ! pati5ts pres5t$ !mselves too late = op]ation4 ,boas advis$ t ! att5tion ( ! public %\ld be drawn1 by means ( widespread publication1 to ! e>lie/ symptoms ( canc]\s disease4 ,he ?\ght t su* a c\rse might save _m lives by mak+ possible op]ation 9 e>ly /ages4 ,! prev5tion & treatm5t ( disease1 :i* = long 0 9 ! h&s ( religi\s au?orities1 is n[ pass+ into ! c>e ( ^? :o employ ! me?ods ( sci5tific m$ic9e4 ,x is n[ only 9 ! case ( c]ta9 n]v\s maladies1 :i* c be treat$ by sugge/ion1 t religion has any important "p to play4 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to exp\nd at l5g? ! "w ( sci5ce 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ disease1 because ! evid5ce on ?is po9t is extremely cle> & precise4 ,e "o mu/ accept x1 & ev5 ! passionate enemies ( sci5ce h to b[ be=e ! fact4 ,h[ev]1 ! problem has be5 *ang$4 ,sci5ce !y n[ admit1 is capable1 no d\bt1 ( assuag+ humanity 9 its suff]+s f ?is or ! o!r disease4 ,b !re is ano!r "q4 ,disease is only an episode 9 human life1 & ! great problems rema9 unsolv$ by sci5ce4 ,x is n en\gh to cure a man ( diph!ria or int]mitt5t fev]2 x is necess>y to expla9 :at ! de/9y ( man is1 & :y he mu/ gr[ old & die at a "t :5 8 desire to live is /ronge/4 ,"h1 pla9ly1 all sci5ce mu/ fail1 & "h mu/ beg9 ! b5efic5t "w ( religion & philosophy4 ,b z sci5ce is con/antly ca/+ d\bt on ! dogmas ( religion1 & criticis+ adv]sely ! sy/ems ( philosophy1 x is pla91 t s f> f be+ ( s]vice1 sci5ce is actually h>mful to mank9d4 ,! campaign aga9/ sci5ce 0 op5$ long ago4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,r\sseau#bgd op5$ x ) brilliancy & ze/ wor?y ( 8 reputation4 ,he def5d$ 8 !me ) vig\r & eloqu5ce & ! foll[+ quotations may s]ve z an example1 8,"k ,o p10 he wrote1 8t nature has desir$ to pres]ve y f sci5ce z a "m tries to snat* a dang]\s weapon f ! h&s ( h] *ild2 t ! secrets :i* %e has hidd5 f y are evils f :i* %e w\ld pres]ve y1 & t "o ( h] greate/ gifts is ! difficulty ) :i* k is acquir$4 ,human be+s are p]v]se1 b !y w\ld h be5 worse _h !y _h ! mis=tune to be born le>n$ m54#bge ,our sci5ces are futile 9 s f> z !y fail to atta9 _! objects1 b !y are worse ?an futile 9 ! results t !y br+ ab\t4 ,born ( idl5ess1 !y *]i% _! "m--,tell me1 illu/ri\s philosoph]s1 y f :om we "k :y matt] attracts matt]1 ! relations ( ! orbits trac$ by revolv+ planets1 ! ma!matical prop]ties ( curves1 :at />s may be inhabit$1 :at insects exhibit curi\s modes ( reproduction2 tell me1 ,i say1 y f :om we h ga9$ su* m>vell\s in=mation1 if y _h nev] le>n$ ( ^! ?+s1 %\ld we h be5 less num]\s1 less well gov]n$1 less fl\ri%+1 or worse dispos$80#bgf ,su* words 7 capable ( impress+ m5 because ( _! eloqu5ce & s9c]ity1 b !y c\ld n arre/ ! cont9u$ & triumphant advance ( sci5ce1 :i* inde$1 precisely at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 began its mod]n & la/+ progress4 ,= x 0 !n t ,laplace describ$ ! sy/em ( ! heav5s & t ,lavoisi] laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n *emi/ry & ( our k ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sci5ce has made a revolution 9 life by its application ( /eam & by its o!r triumphs4 ,none ! less x has n satisfi$ _m di/+ui%$ p]sons4 ,& to-day we f9d a writ] ( g5ius1 9 ! mann] ( ,r\sseau1 rais+ 8 voice aga9/ ! sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,tol/oi1 9 an essay ( :i* ! title is1 8,on ! ,aim ( ,sci5ce & ,art10 has attempt$ to %[ ! incompet5ce ( sci5ce ) reg>d to ! great problems t occupy humanity4 ,! task set himself by ! ,russian writ] 0 mu* h>d] ?an t ( ,r\sseau1 = ) ! pass+ ( a c5tury sci5ce has become mu* m p[]ful4 ,tol/oi is conv9c$ t !oretical inve/igations into ! orig9 ( life1 ! intimate /ructure ( liv+ matt] & s =?1 are ( no importance to human be+s1 & s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to flatt] ! pret5sions ( ! le>n$4 8,all t we call culture10 he affirm$1 8our sci5ces1 our arts1 improvem5ts 9 ! am5ity ( life1 are no o!r ?an attempts to deceive ! moral crav+s ( mank9d2 all t we call hygi5e & m$ic9e are no o!r ?an attempts to deceive ! physical & natural crav+s ( mank9d40#bgg ,! :ole progress ( sci5ce 8up to ! pres5t "t1 has n only n improv$ ! lot ( ! majority ( mank9d1 t is to say ( ! lab\r]s1 b has made x worse40#bgh ,tol/oi ?9ks t ! epi!t 8true sci5ce0 c\ld be giv5 only to 8k ( ! "r aim & true happ9ess ( ea* individual & ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,su* a sci5ce w\ld s]ve z a guid+ ?read 9 det]m9+ ! prop] sph]e ( all k02 8)\t k ( ! prop] aim ( life & ( ! real good ( humanity1 all o!r k & e art become m]ely amusem5ts idle or ev5 h>mful40#bgi ,! *ief grievance ( ! great ,russian writ] aga9/ k1 culture1 & progress c be resolv$ into ! p[]lessness ( ^! to expla9 ! mo/ difficult problems ( humanity1 t is to say ! real aim ( human life1 & :at really con/itutes true happ9ess4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,tol/oi gives expression to a view :i* is %>$ by _m ?9k]s4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 ,brunetire1#bhj a well-kn[n ,fr5* writ] & public man1 "u ! influ5ce ( a rec5t j\rney to ,rome & visit to ! ,pope1 made public a simil> op9ion1 & proclaim$ al\d ! fallibility ( sci5ce4 ,brunetire made 8 criticism z foll[s3 8,= ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 sci5ce has promis$ to *ange ! face ( ! e>?1 to dispel e my/]y2 %e has n done s4 ,%e is p[]less to resolve ! sole problems t are ess5tial1 t conc]n ! orig9 ( man1 ! rules = 8 conduct1 & 8 future de/9y4 ,we "k n[ t natural sci5ce c tea* u none ( ^! matt]s4 ,?us1 9 ! battle betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 sci5ce has be5 defeat$1 because %e has _h to admit h] p[]lessness precisely :]e religion is mo/ /rong4 ,= religion gives ! solutions t sci5ce has fail$ to supply4 ,religion tea*es u :at we c le>n nei!r f anatomy nor f physiology1 t is to say1 :at we are1 :i!r we are go+1 & h[ we ought to act4 ,religion & sci5ce supplem5t ea* o!r2 &1 z sci5ce c d no?+ = morality1 x becomes ! duty ( religion to take h] place40 ,x has be5 repli$ to ,brunetire1 t 8 recrim9ations are unf\nd$1 fir/1 because sci5ce has nev] und]tak5 to solve ! great problems ( ! aim ( life & ! prop] basis ( morality2 next1 because x is probable t ^! problems w nev] be solv$ by ! human und]/&+4 ,*>les ,ri*et1 a well-kn[n ,fr5* physiologi/1 made a va9 ef=t to f9d any writt5 evid5ce t sci5ce _h promis$ to solve ! great problems :i* h absorb$ ! att5tion ( ,tol/oi & ,brunetire z well z ( q a l>ge section ( humanity4 8,9 :at /&>d works has sci5ce made ! a/oni%+ promises t ,m4 ,brunetire recalls ) s mu* bitt]ness80 ask$ ,ri*et4#bha 8,i h n[ be=e me10 he proce$$1 8! ,manuel du baccalaurat s sci5ces 7,guide to a ,degree 9 ,sci5ce74 ,x is a summ>y ( contempor>y sci5tific ideas4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh x 9 va9 = promises--x conta9s no promises40#bhb ,! promises ref]r$ to mu/ be look$ = 9 sci5tific treatises t deal 9 g5]alisations4 ,x is n to be disput$ t1 s9ce ! r5aissance 9 ,europe ( ! rational & sceptical _s1 t is to say1 9 ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies1 ! view has be5 proclaim$ t all human life may be regulat$ by natural laws )\t ! int]position ( dogmas1 ei!r metaphysical or religi\s4 ,attempts ( ?is k9d h be5 num]\s4 ,b*n]1 9 8 treatise on 8,=ce & ,matt]10 9 :i* he tri$ to give a g5]al conception ( ! univ]se bas$ on ! sci5tific k ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 made v pla9 /atem5ts on ?is po9t4 8,we mu/ seek ! f\ndation ( morality10 said ! ,g]man popul>is]1 8else:]e ?an 9 ! timeworn & fanta/ic belief 9 ! sup]natural4 ,sci5ce mu/ replace religion2 belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( a natural & immutable ord] 9 ?+s mu/ displace belief 9 spirits & gho/s2 natural moral law mu/ take ! place ( artificial or dogmatic morality40#bhc ,b*n] ev5 tri$ to indicate :at natural morality is4 ,accord+ to him x is 8! law ( mutual consid]ation ( ! equal rights ( ea* p]son1 bo? f ! g5]al & ! individual po9t ( view1 s z to assure ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,ev]y?+ t damages or de/roys ! common good is #8evil2' ev]y?+ t fav\rs x is #8good4'0 ,! o!r "q1 z to :i!r we are go+1 f9ds an answ] 9 ! mat]iali/ic & sci5tific brevi>y ( ,b*n]4 ,he disputes ! idea ( immortality1 :i* has be5 support$ by ne>ly all ! religions1 & comes to ! conclusion t !re is no?+ appall+ to a man1 8imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( philosophy1 9 ! conception ( ! annihilation ( ! individual life40 8,annihilation is p]fect re/2 x is fre$om f all pa9 & escape f ! s5sations t torture ! body & ! m9d--z 0 expla9$ s cle>ly 9 ! great religion ( ,buddha2 x is n to be fe>$1 b r to be covet$ :5 life has rea*$ its normal t]m & :5 old age has come ) its inevitable assemblage ( infirmities40 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t ! views ,i h j quot$ are peculi> to ,b*n]4 ,t writ] has s]v$ to a l>ge ext5t z ! m\?piece ( ideas curr5t among ! mat]iali/ic & positivi/ m5 ( sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,9 ,haeckel's book1 8,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se10 :i* appe>$ ne>ly half a c5tury aft] ! fir/ edition ( 8,=ce & ,matt]10 ! same ideas are to be f\nd4 ,he also has f\nd answ]s to ! que/ions t absorb mank9d4 ,9 8 op9ion also1 z ,i h %[n 9 *ap4 v4 ! problem ( natural morality resolves itself into ! social in/9cts ( man1 & has no?+ to d ) religi\s dogma4 ,z = ! de/9y ( man1 he concludes z foll[s3 8,! be/ end we c desire aft] a c\rage\s life1 sp5t 9 do+ good accord+ to our light1 is ! et]nal peace ( ! grave40#bhd ,!re is a v close resemblance betwe5 ! views ( ! two great popul>is]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,j z ,b*n]1 to %[ ! /upidity ( ! idea ( et]nal life1 repeat$ ! leg5d ( ! 8,w&]+ ,jew10 s ,haeckel1 ) ! same object1 relat$ ! leg5d ( ! unhappy 8,ahasu]us0 :o s\ght dea? va9ly1 f9d+ 8 et]nal life intol]able4 8,h[ev] glori\sly we may depict ?is et]nal life 9 p>adise1 9 ! end x w\ld be a fe>ful burd5 to ! be/ ( m540 ,:ile !re is no d\bt b t su* ideas are %>$ by _m m5 :o rely on sci5tific argum5ts1 !re are o!rs to :om ! problem pres5ts itself diff]5tly4 ,! ,g]man physiologi/1 ,du ,bois ,reymond1 aft] reflect+ on ! g5]al problems ( k & ! univ]se1 proclaim$ an 8,ignorabimus0 z a w>n+ t a :ole s]ies ( problems ( ! highe/ importance to humanity 7 outside ! range ( human k & incapable ( solution4 ,^! problems 7 precisely ! sev5 8riddles ( ! univ]se0 t ,haeckel claim$ to h solv$ 9 8 book4 ,_m le>n$ m5 ?9k t ! great problems1 ^?1 accord+ to ,tol/oi1 t con/itute ! only true sci5ce1 c nev] be solv$4 8,e day !re comes a new conque/10 said ,ri*et1#bhe 8b we are no ne>] solution ( ! ultimate enigma1 ! de/9y ( human life1 an enigma probably nev] to be solv$40 ,philosoph]s h tak5 ! same view4 8,x _c be f sci5ce10 said ,guyau1 8t p]sonality is to require ! pro(s ( its own durability40#bhf ,! answ]s giv5 by sci5ce z x exi/s to-day1 h fail$ to console ! spirits t h appli$ to h]4 ,:5 ,ri*et1 9 ! discussion on ! 8bankruptcy ( sci5ce0 recall$ ! discov]y ( treatm5t ( diph!ria by specific s]ums z an in/ance ( ! value ( sci5tific rese>*1 ,brunetire repli$1 8,s]um !rapy _c prev5t u f dy+1 nor tell u :y we mu/ die40 ,! problem ( dea? always recurs4 ,:at is ! use ( sav+ ! life ( a *ild smitt5 by diph!ria only t x may gr[ up1 & by le>n+ ! inevitability ( dea? become fill$ ) t]ror8 ,if sci5ce be really p[]less be=e ! grave/ problems t torture mank9d1 if %e has to excuse h]self by admitt+ h] incompet5ce1 if %e c d no bett] ?an to extol ! sil5t annihilation ( ! grave1 x is n surpris+ t _m m9ds & ^! n ! lea/ capable1 turn f h]4 ,! desire to f9d "s consolation 9 ! mis]ies ( a purposeless exi/5ce ?r[s !m into ! arms ( religion or metaphysics4 ,"h lies ! explanation ( ! actual return 9 ^! days to fai?4 ,p plunge into my/icism hop+ to f9d !re some?+ m com=t+ ?an ! annihilation (f]$ by sci5ce4 ,9 all ranks ( mod]n society !re are signs ( ?is crav+ = ! sup]natural4 ,x is !re=e extremely int]e/+ to foll[ ! intimate /eps ( su* an ab&onm5t ( sci5ce & return to fai?4 ,! 8,confessions0 ( ,tol/oi gave "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! metamorphosis4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! conclusion t life is mean+less because x _c be h>monis$ ) ! fe> ( dea? & ! prospect ( absolute annihilation1 ,tol/oi 7see *ap4 vi47 ask$ if x 7 n possible to solve ! great problem ( human exi/5ce by means ( ! facts ( sci5ce4 8,i se>*$ 9 all ! sci5ces10 he said1 8& n only f\nd no?+ myself1 b became conv9c$ t all :o s\ght w\ld f9d no?+4 ,n only w\ld !y f9d no?+1 b !y w\ld see cle>ly precisely :at _h driv5 me to despair1 ! fact t ! absurdity ( life is ! sole indisputable bit ( k op5 to man40 8,= a long "t1 obs]v+ ! grave & solemn tones ( ! exact sci5ces1 :i* inde$1 h>dly t\*$ ! problem ( life1 x seem$ to me t !y mu/ be conceal+ some?+ t ,i did n und]/&40 ,all ! :ile1 ! "q t ,tol/oi put to himself seem$ simple en\gh3 8,:y am ,i to keep alive8 ,:y am ,i to d any?+80 or1 9 ano!r way3 8,has life any object t is n de/roy$ by ! inevitable dea? t awaits me8 ,to ! "o "q1 put 9 _m ways1 ,i s\ght an answ] 9 human k40 8,f my e>lie/ y\? ! speculative sci5ces int]e/$ me deeply4 ,lat] on1 ! ma!matical & physical sci5ces attract$ me1 & until my "q rose up cle>ly be=e me1 day by day gr[+ l>g]1 & imp]atively dem&+ an answ]1 until !n ,i 0 satisfi$ ) ! semblance ( an answ] giv5 by sci5ce40 8,i said to myself2 ev]y?+ is evolv+1 diff]5tiat+1 mov+ t[>ds complexity & amelioration1 & ! progress is "u ! guidance ( law4 ,y1 y y\rself are "p ( ?is :ole40 8,al?\gh ,i am deeply a%am$ to confess x1 !re 0 a "t :5 ,i ?\ght myself cont5t ) ^! ?+s4 ,my muscles grew & became /rong]4 ,my memory add$ to its /ores4 ,my ability = ?9k+ & und]/&+ increas$4 ,i grew & develop$1 & feel+ ! gr[? )9 me1 x seem$ natural to believe t ! solution ( my own life 0 giv5 by ! law ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,b ! "t came :5 ,i /opp$ gr[+4 ,i felt t ,i 0 no long] develop+ & ev5 t ,i 0 slipp+ back4 ,my muscles weak5$2 my tee? dropp$ out2 & ,i felt t ?is law n only expla9$ no?+1 n only _h nev] expla9$ any?+1 b _h n be5 a law at all2 t 9 fact ,i _h tak5 = a law :at ,i f\nd 9 myself at a p>ticul> /age ( my life40 8,z ,i f\nd no explanation 9 sci5ce10 ,tol/oi w5t on1 9 8 poignant n>rative1 8,i began to look = ! answ] 9 life1 hop+ to f9d x 9 ! m5 ar\nd me40 8,my intellect 0 at "w1 b also some?+ else1 some?+ t ,i c call only ! consci\sness ( life1 l "s /rong =ce t compell$ my intellect to turn 9 ano!r direction & to rescue me f my desp]ate condition40 ,! new direction 0 ! feel+ ( fai?4 8,h[ev] ,i might put to myself ! "q3 h[ mu/ ,i live8 ! answ] 0--by ! law ( ,god4 ,:i!r t5ds my pres5t life8 ,to et]nal pa9 or to bless$ness ev]la/+4 ,h[ is my life n de/roy$ by dea?8 ,by et]nal union ) ,god1 by heav54 ,& ?us ,i 0 l$ inevitably to see t q indep5d5tly ( human k1 :i* =m]ly seem$ to me ! only guide1 mank9d _h ano!r guide1 a guide t is irrational2 fai? :i* makes life possible4 ,fai? seem$ to be z irrational z ev]1 b ,i c\ld n b recognise t fai? alone gave mank9d an answ] to ! problem ( life1 & 9 consequ5ce made life possible4 ,reason _h l$ me to ! conviction t life 0 absurd1 & s1 !re be+ no long] a reason to live1 ,i _h wi%$ to kill myself4 ,look+ at mank9d z a :ole1 ,i saw t m5 kept alive by assur+ !mselves t !y saw a mean+ 9 life4 ,i myself came back to t po9t ( view4 ,i _h rea*$ a "t :5 !re seem$ to me to be no mean+ 9 life4 ,b z to o!r m51 s to me1 life & ! possibility ( liv+ 7 (f]$ by fai?40 ,driv5 9 ! direction ( fai?1 ,tol/oi rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,! object ( a man's life is ! salvation ( 8 s\l2 = t1 we mu/ live 9 ,god1 & to live 9 ,god x is necess>y to give up ! pleasures ( life1 to "w1 to submit1 to suff] & to be *>itable40 ,& ?is conclusion l$ to ! o!r t 8a fai? has value 9 s f> z x gives a mean+ to life :i* is n de/roy$ by dea?40 ,x is pla9 !n t all ?is evolution1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* 0 ! fe> ( dea?1 end$ 9 belief 9 some?+ beyond dea?4 ,& x is also pla9 :y ,tol/oi %\ld h be5 z bitt] aga9/ sci5ce z ,i h %[n him to be4 ,tol/oi does n af=d ! only example ( a case :]e ! failure ( sci5ce to solve ! problem ( dea? has l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( sci5ce 9 fav\r ( religion4 ,brunetire1 if x is possible to judge f 8 publi%$ writ+s1 trav]s$ simil> pa?s 9 8 j\rney to ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 an intellect s positive & s sceptical z t ( ,zola has be5 unable to resi/ ! lures ( fai?4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ note on ?is subject 9 ! ,j\rnal ( de ,gonc\rt1 dat$ ,febru>y #bj1 #ahhc4 8,to-night1 aft] d9n]1 at ! foot ( ! b$/ead ( c>v$ wood1 :]e c(fee 0 s]v$1 ,zola began to talk ( dea?1 on :i* 8 ?\ghts h be5 fix$ m ?an ev] s9ce ! dea? ( 8 "m4 ,aft] a %ort sil5ce1 he said t dea? _h made an 9-road on ! nihilism ( 8 religi\s convictions1 z he c\ld n face ! possibility ( an et]nal sep>ation40 ,9 /rata ( society less impregnat$ ) rational & sci5tific ?\ght1 x is pla9 t ! return to religion mu/ be m common4 ,i recall ! case ( a woman ( ! p1 a workwoman1 :o decl>$ t %e =m]ly _h _h no belief1 b t1 s9ce ! bir? ( h] son1 %e _h begun to believe 9 ! good ,god1 z %e 0 conv9c$ t x 0 only by su* a belief t %e c\ld gu>d ! life ( h] *ild f ! evils ( ! _w4 ,z ?+s are1 x is n wond]ful t _m p decl9e to educate _! *ildr5 9 an exclusively sci5tific _s1 :i* is de/ructive to fai?1 z !y _c sub/itute = fai? some?+ equally consol+4 ,p]haps ideas ( ?is k9d lie beh9d ! /ory ( ! apple ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 & ! inv5tion ( ! words ( ,jahveh3 8,b ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ?\ %alt n eat ( x3 = 9 ! day t ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt surely die0 7,g5esis ii4 #ag74 ,! leg5d ( ,prome!us1 :o /ole fire f heav51 & 0 *a9$ to a rock1 is 9 ! same category4 ,solomon gave voice to ! same idea1 9 ! cle>e/ way1 9 8 words3 8,i commun$ ) m9e own he>t1 say+1 ,lo1 ,i am come to great e/ate1 & h gott5 m wisdom ?an all !y t h be5 be=e me 9 ,j]usalem2 yea1 my he>t _h great exp]i5ce ( wisdom & k4 8,& ,i gave my he>t to "k wisdom1 & to "k madness & folly3 ,i p]ceiv$ t ?is also is vexation ( _s4 8,= 9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief3 & he t increase? k1 increase? sorr[0 7,ecclesia/es1 i4 #af74 ,mu* lat]1 ,%akespe>e (f]$ to u 9 ,hamlet1 ! type ( a man v highly cultivat$1 9 :om reason & reflection _h arre/$ action4 ,z he c\ld n solve by reason ! problems t haunt$ him1 he ask$ if x 7 wor? :ile to rema9 alive4 ,!n foll[$ ! fam\s l9es3 8,?us consci5ce does make c[>ds ( u all1 ,& ?us ! native hue ( resolution ,is sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght40 ,z s _m m5 ( g5ius h tak5 ! same po9t ( view1 x becomes necess>y to inquire c>efully z to :e!r or no too mu* k be h>mful to human happ9ess4 ,if sci5ce d no m ?an to de/roy fai? & to tea* u t ! :ole liv+ _w is mov+ t[>ds a k ( inevitable old age & dea?1 x becomes necess>y to ask if ! p]il\s m>* ( sci5ce %\ld n be /ay$4 ,is x t ! attraction ( mank9d to k is z dang]\s to ! race1 z ! attraction ( mo?s to ! light is fatal to ^! wret*$ insects8 ,! "q dem&s an exact answ]4 ,b be=e giv+ ! v]dict1 ! facts ( ! case mu/ be exam9$4 ,i %all proce$ to ?is 9 ! *apt]s to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,/udy ,,( ,,old ,,age ,g5]al acc\nt ( old age--,!ory ( s5ile deg5]ation among/ unicellul> organisms--,conjugation among/ infusoria--,old age 9 birds & an?ropoid apes--,g5]al *>act]s ( s5ile deg5]ation--,scl]osis ( ! organs--,phagocyte !ory ( s5ile deg5]ation--,de/ruction ( high] elem5ts by macrophags--,me*anism ( :it5+ ( ! hair--,s]ums act+ on cells 7cytotox9s7--,scl]osis ( ! art]ies & its causation--,h>m done by ! microbes ( ! alim5t>y canal--,inte/9al putrefaction & ! modes ( prev5t+ x--,attempts to prolong human life--,longevity 9 biblical times ,:ile ,i _c %>e ! views ( ^? :o turn f sci5ce to seek tru? & consolation 9 religion1 x w\ld be wrong to ignore or to be indiff]5t to ! exi/5ce ( t attitude4 ,!re are m5 :o are torm5t$ by ! contradiction betwe5 ! desire ( life & ! inevitability ( dea?1 & :5 ^! dem& "s solution ( ! problem1 x is unreasonable m]ely to say t !y are too exact+ & %\ld le>n cont5tm5t4 ,if a man compla9s to 8 physician ( uncontrollable hung] & ?ir/1 he is n told t x is wrong to be s gre$y1 & t t fault c\ld be ma/]$ by /r5g? ( m9d4 ,! doctor c>efully exam9es ! pati5t & does :at he c = ! di/ress+ symptoms1 :i*1 inde$1 9 ?is case are g5]ally due to diabetes4 ,^? :o hung] & ?ir/ aft] et]nal life1 ought to be simil>ly treat$ by m5 ( sci5ce ^: duty x is to ameliorate _! suff]+s z mu* z possible4 ,sci5ce has und\bt$ly gone f> 9 ! successful treatm5t ( disease1 bo? z reg>ds prev5tion & cure1 b x is p[]less be=e ^? o!r evils f :i* ,buddha implor$ 8 fa!r to grant him exemption--old age & dea?4 ,sci5ce has atta9$ to heights ( k undream$ ( by ,buddha's fa!r1 ,k+ ,c\ddhdana1 & yet x kn[s no m ?an he did ) reg>d to ! problem ( old age & dea?4 ,l ! k+1 sci5ce c b reply to its que/ion]s3 8,y ask ! impossible4 ,i _c help y60 ,n only is no rem$y = old age kn[n to sci5ce1 b little or no?+ is kn[n ) reg>d to t p]iod 9 ! lives ( m5 & animals4 ,x 0 no easy task to compress an acc\nt ( ! pres5t position ( m$ic9e )9 a few pages1 ! subject matt] be+ ov]:elm+ 9 quantity4 ,) reg>d to old age x is q ! contr>y1 our k be+ s limit$ t ! subject may be dealt ) 9 a few l9es4 ,) ! advance ( ye>s1 man & ! high] animals und]go important modifications4 ,!y become weak]1 ! body %r9ks1 ! hair :it5s1 & ! tee? decay2 9 fact1 all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) s5ile decay manife/ !mselves4 ,at ?is p]iod ( life :i* ov]takes v>i\s species ( animals at diff]5t ages1 ! body becomes an easy prey to p]nici\s influ5ces & diseases4 ,! direct cause ( dea? _c always be det]m9$1 & is attribut$ to ! g5]al break+ up ( ! sy/em :i* we call natural dea?4 ,! fir/ "q :i* pres5ts itself to ! sci5tific m9d is :e!r ?is deg5]ation or s5ile decay is prop] only to man & ! high] animals1 or is common to all =ms ( life4 ,we h all se5 v old trees1 ! appe>ance ( :i* proclaims _! age4 ,! trunk is decay$1 ! b>k gn>l$1 ! bran*es %rivell$1 & ! leaves scanty4 ,"s k9ds ( trees live = hundr$s--possibly ?\s&s--( ye>s1 :ile o!rs age ) comp>ative rapidity4 ,s5ile decay is n unkn[n 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 & its pres5ce is suspect$ ev5 among creatures ( v simple organisation belong+ to ! gr\p ( infusoria4 ,^! creatures may be re>$ ) ease 9 vessels conta9+ mac]ations ( *opp$ hay or leaves4 ,!y multiply by means ( division 7,fig4 #ab71 an op]ation :i* takes place at v %ort int]vals1 "s ( !m divid+ ne>ly e h\r4 ,ow+ to ?is rapid multiplication ! vessels soon become full ( a mass ( infusoria4 ,m4 ,maupas1#bhg a v di/+ui%$ zoologi/1 obs]v$ t ! infusoria became small] & small] aft] a numb] ( g5]ations1 exhau/+ !mselves1 z x 71 & p]i%+ unless two individuals succe$ 9 unit+4 ,?is process ( 8conjugation0 7,fig4 #ac71 involves an ex*ange ( portions ( ! bodies ( ! two creatures & br+s ab\t a complete rejuv5esc5ce ( ! two individuals4 ,aft] conjugation1 a process ess5tially simil> to ! details ( sexual f]tilisation1 ! infusoria resume ! normal appe>ance & aga9 become capable ( reproduction by simple division = _m g5]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,p>amecium ab\t to divide 9 two4 ,! p]iodical debility1 :i* prec$es conjugation is1 accord+ to ,maupas1 an in/ance ( s5ile deg5]ation among infusoria4 ,he has recognis$ its exi/5ce 9 ! case ( _m species ( ! high] infusoria 7,ciliata71 b :ile ?is ph5om5on has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( _m o!r simple organisms1 x _c be set d[n z univ]sal among microscopic be+s4 ,among bact]ia1 a gr\p t includes ! great] numb] ( pa?og5ic organisms1 conjugation has be5 v r>ely obs]v$4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ k9ds1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! an?rax bacillus1 may be propagat$ = a long s]ies ( g5]ations )\t ! occurr5ce ( conjugation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,conjugation ( two ,p>amecia 7aft] ,bts*li74 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! infusoria :i* by means ( ! process ( conjugation c reproduce indef9itely1 ! preconjugal debility _c be id5tifi$ ) ! s5ile deg5]ation ( human be+s1 ! high] animals & trees4 ,9 all ^! debility is ! antec$5t1 n ( conjugation & rejuv5esc5ce1 b ( ! end ( life4 ,ano!r important diff]5ce is t 9 ! case ( infusoria ! preconjugal debility does n occur 9 e individual1 z is ! case ) ! animals & plants :i* display real old age4 ,9 ! infusoria an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations occur betwe5 ! individuals t display debility & ^? t are ready = conjugation4 ,if1 9 spite ( ^! diff]5ces1 we 7 to insi/ on ! exi/5ce ( an ess5tial resemblance betwe5 s5ile deg5]ation 9 man & preconjugal debility 9 infusoria1 x w\ld be en\gh to reflect on ! result ( apply+ to ! case ( man :at is an infallible rem$y 9 ! case ( ! infusoria4 ,= conjugation br+s ab\t a real rejuv5esc5ce ( ! infusoria & a simil> ev5t 9 ! case ( man w\ld only increase ! debility4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to rec5t inve/igations ( ,calk9s1#bhh infusoria1 weak5$ by deg5]ation1 may become "y aga9 n only by conjugat+ ) _! k9d1 b by ! addition ( b\illon or extract ( bra9 to ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live4 ,real old age is a phase ( exi/5ce 9 :i* ! natural =ces abate nev] to be r5ew$4 ,9 animals1 ! life cycle ( :i* is v def9ite1 ! signs ( s5ile deg5]ation are n visible4 ,insects1 9 ! adult condition1 v (t5 live only a %ort "t1 & die )\t display+ ! slighte/ m>k ( age4 ,9 ! case ( l[] v]tebrates1 old age is little kn[n1 & has few signs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mammals & birds display s5ile atrophy 9 a m>k$ fa%ion4 ,"s species ( birds live to a great age1 longevity be+ m common ?an among mammals4 ,cases 9 :i* birds su* z geese1 swans1 rav5s1 & "s birds ( prey1 h be5 kn[n to rea* ! age ( fifty ye>s1#bhi are n uncommon1 :]eas su* an ev5t is v r>e 9 ! case ( a mammal4 ,ev5 small birds1 su* z can>ies1 may live z long z tw5ty ye>s4 ,p>rots are especially long-liv$ birds4 ,cockatoos h be5 kn[n to rea* ! age ( eighty ye>s & m4 ,i myself h _h opportunities ( obs]v+ a ,s\? ,am]ican p>akeet 7,*rysotis amazonica7 :i* liv$ m ?an eighty-two ye>s1 long] ?an is usual ev5 ) p>rakeets4 ,sev]al ye>s be=e x di$ ! bird %[$ unmi/akable signs ( old age4 ,x became less lively1 its plumage1 al?\gh x did n :it51 lo/ mu* ( its brightness1 & ! jo9ts ( ! claws %[$ evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( disease4 ,9 %ort1 ! p>rakeet 0 obvi\sly worn out & debilitat$4 ,mammals %[ ! signs ( age ev5 m pla9ly ?an d birds4 ,a dog reveals old age by its sl[ movem5ts1 its :ite hairs1 & worn tee?4 ,! appe>ance ( su* an animal is nev] agreeable1 :ile x is (t5 dirty & ill-temp]$4 ,brehm describes ! old age ( a dog z foll[s3 8,at twelve ye>s ( age a dog has gr[n old1 & 8 gait & :ole organisation %[ signs ( age4 ,! coat is no long] glossy2 ! =ehead & muzzle are grey1 ! tee? are blunt$ or h fall5 out4 ,! animal is lazy & apa!tic4 ,_m su* dogs are dumb & bl9d4 ,dogs may live = tw5ty1 six & tw5ty1 or ev5 ?irty ye>s1 b su* cases are mo/ unusual40 ,z ! dog is a dome/icat$ animal1 x might be argu$ t its old age1 ) its manife/ signs ( decrepitude1 is ! result ( ! artificial conditions ( its life4 ,to decide on ?is po9t x is necess>y to exam9e an in/ance ( old age 9 a wild animal4 ,?is pres5ts c]ta9 difficulties s9ce wild animals :5 old & feeble become an easy prey to c>nivor\s enemies4 ,x w be/ s]ve our pres5t purpose to consid] su* in=mation z has be5 collect$ reg>d+ ! p]iod ( old age 9 an?ropoid apes4 ,! natives ( ,borneo h obs]v$ 8old orangs1 :i* h n only lo/ _! tee?1 b be+ too feeble to climb1 live on ! fall5 fruits & h]bs40#bij ,gorillas1 accord+ to ,savage1 turn grey 9 _! old age1 f :i* has aris5 ! errone\s view t !re are two species ( ! gorilla4 ,9 _! wild /ate1 monkeys1 l ourselves1 are subject 9 _! old age to v>i\s di/ress+ ailm5ts4 ,s5ile deg5]ation1 !n1 :i* is univ]sally look$ ^u z "o ( ! greate/ evils ( life1 is by no means re/rict$ to ! human race4 ,old age1 z portray$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ leg5d1 ref]r$ to 9 *ap4 vi41 is p]haps some:at exagg]at$1 b ?is p]iod ( life is und\bt$ly *>act]is$ by *anges ( su* a nature z consid]ably to affect ! happ9ess ( ! old4 ,buddha1 be+ a pessimi/1 took too d>k a view ( ?is1 b let u he> :at optimi/s h to say on ! subject4 ,max ,nordau1 a doctor1 a writ] ( books & a j\rnali/1 says3 8,physically speak+1 an old man pres5ts an unpleasant picture ( decrepitude to ! casual obs]v]4 ,morally speak+1 he is a bl9d & pitiless egoti/1 hav+ lo/ all int]e/ 9 any?+ outside himself4 ,intellectually he becomes feeble-m9d$ & n>r[ 9 8 views1 be+ gov]n$ by antiquat$ notions & prejudices1 & incapable ( grasp+ new ideas40#bia ,x may be object$ t ,i am "h support+ my argum5t by quot+ f a writ] :o1 9 8 capacity ( clev] j\rnali/1 r =ces ! note4 ,let me !re=e ref] to :at a le>n$ physiologi/ said :5 address+ a s]i\s audi5ce assembl$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ tru? & in=mation f 8 lips4 ,aft] deal+ 9 broad outl9e ) ! physical deg5]acy caus$ by old age1 ,longet#bib draws ! foll[+ m5tal picture3 8,! old feel t _! task 9 life is accompli%$1 & believe !mselves to be univ]sally grudg$ ! space !y occupy 9 ! _w4 ,?is r5d]s !m suspici\s ( all ar\nd !m1 & jeal\s ( ! "y4 ,_! crav+ = solitude & ! unc]ta9ty ( _! temp]s are due to ! same cause4 ,all old p are n l ?is1 ( c\rse4 ,! he>ts ( "s rema9 y\?ful & beat /rongly )9 _! feeble frames1 b1 z a g5]al rule1 !y are morose & a nuisance to !mselves & o!rs1 except+ :5 !y are surr\nd$ by _! *ildr5 or gr&*ildr51 :o l to li/5 to !m ab\t ! pa/1 & :o make excuses = ! pres5t4 ,?us ! ye>s spe$ onw>d1 e r\nd ( ! clock br++ ! end ne>]1 & e h\r add+ a new wr9kle to _! faces1 "s fre% weakness & "s new regret4 ,_! bodies 444 become decrepit2 _! backbones1 too weak to hold !m upright1 curve ov] & b5d !m d[nw>ds t[>ds ! e>?40 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! p]iod ( old age is sad1 & a ?or\gh k ( x is necess>y be=e x c be und]/ood4 ,disease c only be successfully dealt ) :5 ! cause ( its pres5ce is kn[n1 & s x is ) old age4 ,is x possible1 "o might ask1 at ! pres5t /age ( ! _w's k1 to def9e1 ) ev5 approximate accuracy1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( s5ile decay8 ,! task is difficult1 = al?\gh ! subject is v important1 few facts h be5 collect$4 ,x is common k t ! fle% ( old animals1 us$ z food1 is t\gh4 ,an old f[l _c be comp>$ ) a t5d] & juicy *ick54 ,organs su* z ! liv] & kidneys are mu* h>d] 9 ! case ( old animals4 ,! horny fle% ( old animals is (t5 comp>$ ) boot-lea!r4 ,al?\gh ! comp>ison does n pret5d to be sci5tific1 x is f> f be+ incorrect4 ,boot-lea!r is made f ! hides ( animals2 t is to say1 ( a v resi/ant mat]ial t is call$ 8connective tissue10 & :i* consi/s ( a d5se mass ( fibres1 m+l$ ) ! liv+ elem5ts or 8connective tissue0 cells4 ,?is tissue is v durable & s is employ$ = boots & %oes4 ,! infiltration ( any organ ) connective tissue makes x t\gh & unpalatable4 ,?is h>d5+ is call$ a scl]osis 7( ! liv]1 kidneys1 c474 ,9 old age _m organs exhibit ?is t5d5cy to h>d5+ or scl]otic deg5]ation4 ,! fact has be5 kn[n = long1 b its significance has be5 p]ceiv$ m rec5tly4 ,demange1#bic 9 8 monograph on ! organic *anges associat$ ) old age1 /ates z foll[s3 8,besides atrophy & deg5]ation ( ! p>5*ymat\s elem5ts1#bid !re is to be obs]v$ a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! framework ( connective tissue1 :i* s]ves to support ! organs4 ,9 "s cases ! skeletal framework ( an organ becomes m conspicu\s1 simply on acc\nt ( ! deg5]ation ( ! cells2 ?is is ! condition usually pres5t 9 ! liv] ( ag$ p]sons4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! connective tissue receives "s k9d ( /imulation1 :i*1 al?\gh x does n am\nt to inflammation1 br+s ab\t an active gr[? & result+ scl]osis4 ,accord+ to ! p>ticul> case1 ! h>d5+ occurs 9 ! =m ( isolat$ pat*es or /r&s1 or affects ! :ole p]iph]y or ev5 ! dep?s ( ! organ1 & smo!rs ! high] elem5ts 9 its me%es1 s produc+ a fur!r deg5]ation4 ,! cellul> elem5ts disappe> gradually1 connective tissue tak+ _! place1 & ! *ange may be s pr(\nd1 t z 9 ! case ( ! pro/ate gl&1 ! alt]$ organ may actually transc5d ! normal size1 p>tial or g5]al atrophy1 h[ev]1 be+ m (t5 ! result40 ,scl]osis 9 old p sometimes takes ! =m ( a h>d5+ ( ! liv] 7cirrhosis ( ! liv]7 or ( ! kidneys 7r5al cirrhosis71 b x is ! art]ies :i* are mo/ commonly affect$ by x1 produc+ a symptom ( deg5]ation :i* is call$ art]ial scl]osis4 ,cazalis long ago orig9at$ ! (t-repeat$ aphorism3 8,a man is z old z 8 art]ies10 ^! vessels1 by means ( :i* ! blood is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em1 be+ ( imm5se importance 9 ! economy ( ! organism4 ,:5 ! connective tissue is s freely develop$ z to cause a h>d5+ ( ! art]ies1 ^! are hamp]$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! function & become v brittle4 ,accord+ to ,demange1 all ! special modifications und]gone by ! body dur+ ! p]iod ( old age may be attribut$ to ?is atrophy ( ! art]ies1 b ?is !ory is prov$ to be an exagg]ation by ! fact t po/ mortems on ! ag$ frequ5tly reveal ! pres5ce ( little or no art]ial scl]osis4 ,x might fairly be suppos$ t ! h>d5+ se5 9 _m organs ( ! body dur+ ! p]iod ( old age is univ]sal1 & l5ds great] /r5g? to ! frame4 ,! bones1 :i* are sep>at$ f "o ano!r 9 y\?1 become weld$ toge!r 9 old age ow+ to ! calc>e\s deposits 9 ! jo9ts1 & ! ossification ( ! jo9ts betwe5 ! v]tebra frequ5tly causes ! backbone to assume ! appe>ance ( a cont9u\s bone1 ! great] "p ( ! c>tilage hav+ become ossifi$4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 & z ?\gh = ! purpose ( prov+ h[ physically full ( contradictions is ! p]iod ( old age1 ! human frame actually becomes light] & ! quantity ( compon5t m9]al sub/ances becomes less4 ,?is br+s ab\t a liability to fracture ( ! bones 9 old p4 ,! fracture ( ! neck ( ! femur is a con/ant cause ( dea? 9 ! ag$1 z occurr$ = in/ance 9 ! case ( ,vir*[1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m$ical sci5ti/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,is sci5ce1 x may be ask$1 9 a position to /ate precisely :at are ! pr9cipal modifications :i* occur 9 ! tissues ( old p8 ,at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,m$ic9e held at ,b]l9 9 #ahij1 a well-kn[n ,g]man anatomi/1 ,m]kel1#bie attempt$ to reply to ?is "q4 ,speak+ ( ! tissues ( old p1 he tri$ to %[ t c]ta9 ( ^!1 su* z ! sk9 & ! muc\s membrane 7! epi!lial tissues71 pres]ve _! y\?ful *>act]s to ! end1 :]eas o!rs1 su* z ! connective tissues1 display pr(\nd *anges4 ,?is essay 0 ! fir/ attempt to =m a picture ( ! details ( s5ile deg5]ation1 b x did n rea* any simple1 g5]al conclusion4 ,lat] on1 ,i myself#bif tri$ to complete ! "w1 & = ! purpose made use ( ! publi%$ results ( all ! inve/igators :o _h /udi$ s5ile deg5]ation4 ,i gave a summ>y ( my conclusions 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,9 s5ile atrophy ! same condition is always pres5t3 ! atrophy ( ! high] & specific cells ( a tissue & _! replacem5t by hyp]trophi$ connective tissue40 ,9 ! bra91 ! n]ve cells disappe>2 t is to say1 ! cells :i* subs]ve ! high] functions su* z intellectuality1 s5sation1 control ( movem5t1 & ^! are replac$ by elem5ts ( a l[] k9d1 9 especial by neurogla1 a k9d ( connective tissue ( ! bra94 ,9 ! liv]1 ! hepatic cells1 ( great importance to ! nutrition ( ! organism1 yield to connective tissue4 ,9 ! kidneys1 t tissue invades & blocks ! tubes by :i* ! necess>y process ( elim9at+ soluble wa/e matt] is accompli%$4 ,9 ! ov>ies1 ! ova1 ! specific elem5ts :i* s]ve to propagate ! race1 are simil>ly elim9at$ & replac$ by granul> cells1 a v>iety ( connective tissue4 ,9 o!r words1 a conflict takes place 9 old age betwe5 ! high] elem5ts & ! simpl] or primitive elem5ts ( ! organism1 & ! conflict ends 9 ! victory ( ! latt]4 ,?is victory is signalis$ by a weak5+ ( ! intellect1 by dige/ive tr\bles1 & by lack ( suffici5t oxyg5 9 ! blood4 ,! ^w conflict is n us$ metaphorically 9 ?is case4 ,x is a v]itable battle t rages 9 ! inn]mo/ recesses ( our be+s4 ,di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t e "p ( our bodies are c]ta9 cells :i* fulfil special functions ( _! own4 ,!y are capable ( indep5d5t movem5t1 & also ( dev\r+ all sorts ( solid matt]1 a capacity :i* has ga9$ !m _! "n ( phagocytes or voraci\s cells4 ,! function ^! phagocytes fulfil is a v important "o1 = x is !y t congregate 9 va/ numb]s ar\nd microbes or o!r h>mful intrud]s1 9 ord] to dev\r !m4 ,effusions ( blood & o!r elem5ts1 on p5etrat+ to p>ts ( ! body :]e _! pres5ce is disadvantage\s1 are absorb$ by ^! phagocytes4 ,9 cases ( apoplexy1 :]e blood is %$ into a "p ( ! bra91 sett+ up p>alysis1 ! phagocytes clu/] r\nd ! clot & dev\r ! blood corpuscles x has encas$4 ,?is absorption is a l5g?y process1 b by degrees1 z ! pressure ( ! effusion ( blood is remov$ f ! bra91 & p>alysis disappe>s1 ! heal? ( ! organism may become completely re/or$1 recov]y 9 su* a case be+ due to ! "w ( ! phagocytes4 ,aft] *ildbir?1 :5 ! ut]us pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a great op5 w\nd clott$ ) blood1 x is aga9 ! phagocytes t clean x & re-e/abli% ! normal condition4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ! "p play$ by ^! cells is b5efic5t4 ,! phagocytes may be divid$ into small active phagocytes1 g5]ally kn[n z ! microphags1 & l>g] phagocytes call$ macrophags1 :i* are sometimes active & sometimes /ill4 ,! =m]1 :i* are produc$ 9 ! m>r[ ( ! bones1 circulate freely 9 ! blood1 & occur z "s ( ! :ite blood corpuscles1 or leucocytes4 ,!y are di/+ui%able by _! oval %ape :i* facilitates _! easy passage ?r\gh ! small] blood-vessels1 & all[s ( _! accumulat+ 9 great numb]s 9 ! exudations t =m ar\nd microbes4 ,^! exudations may be =m$ extremely rapidly1 & s may arre/ infection 9 ! case ( _m diseases4 ,! absorption ( extravasations ( blood & ! heal+ ( w\nds are ! "w ( ! macrophags4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! microphags may be said to rid u ( microbes1 & ! macrophags to heal me*anical injuries1 su* z hmorrhages1 w\nds1 & s =?4 ,macrophags possess a s+le unlobulat$ nucleus1 & occur z :ite corpuscles 9 ! blood1 lymph1 & exudations1 or z ! fix$ cells 9 connective tissues1 ! sple51 & ! lymphatic gl&s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,section ( a ,r5al ,tubule1 invad$ by ,macrophags1 f ! body ( an old man ( #ij ye>s4 m macrophag4 7,f a prep>ation made by ,dr4 ,we9b]g47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,cell f ! bra9 ( a woman #ajj ye>s old be+ dev\r$ by macrophags4 7,f a prep>ation made by ,dr4 ,philippe47 ,! phagocytes are end[$ ) a s5sitiv5ess ( _! own1 & by means ( a s5se ( smell or ta/e are able to recognise ! nature ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,accord+ to ! impression made ^u ?is s5se1 !y approa* ! object :i* ar\ses x1 exhibit indiff]5ce to x1 or )draw f its vic9ity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an infecti\s microbe f9ds its way into ! body1 ! microphags are attract$ by its excretions & sw>m into ! exudations surr\nd+ x4 ,! macrophags play a v important "p 9 br++ ab\t s5ile decay4 ,! atrophy ( ! kidneys 9 old p]sons is attributable to _! ag5cy 7,fig4 #ad74 ,!y accumulate 9 l>ge quantities 9 ^! organs1 clu/]+ r\nd ab\t ! r5al tubes :i* !y ultimately cause to disappe>4 ,hav+ appropriat$ ! place ( ! r5al tubes1 ! macrophags proce$ to =m connective tissue1 :i* ?us takes ! place ( ! normal r5al tissue4 ,a simil> process occurs 9 ! o!r organs t deg5]ate 9 old age4 ,9 ! bra9s ( old p]sons & animals1 = in/ance1 x is kn[n t a numb] ( n]v\s cells are surr\nd$ & dev\r$ by macrophags 7,fig4 #ae74 ,judg+ f ! inve/igations m5tion$ above1 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t s5ile decay is ma9ly due to ! de/ruction ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! organism by macrophags4 ,?is conclusion has be5 confirm$ by means ( direct obs]vation1 :i* 0 ! m necess>y z x is contr>y to ! op9ions ( "s biologi/s4 ,m>9esco1#big an au?ority ^u ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em1 has disput$ my !ory1 ass]t+ t ! de/ruction ( ! specific elem5ts 9 ! n]v\s c5tres ( old p]sons is n br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( macrophags4 ,9 support ( 8 !ory1 ,m4 ,m>9esco 0 good en\gh to s5d me a s]ies ( prep>ations f ! sp9al m>r[ ( p]sons ( v advanc$ ye>s f :i* evid5ce ( de/ruction by means ( phagocytes or phagocytosis1 0 completely abs5t4 ,i freely admit ! abs5ce ( phagocytosis 9 ,m4 ,m>9esco's prep>ations1 b ^! 7 d]iv$ f ! cells ( sp9al m>r[1 :i* is mu* less subject to ! ravages ( s5ile decay ?an is ! bra94 ,ev5 9 ! l[] portions ( ! encephalon1 s5ility & its p>allel1 phagocytosis1 are uncommon1 :]eas 9 ! bra9s ( old p]sons1 :i* are m g5]ally affect$ by s5ile decay1 ! high] elem5ts are cle>ly %[n to und]go de/ruction by macrophags 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! same ph5om5on may be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( p>rots & dogs ( advanc$ age1 & 9 o!r animals4 ,s univ]sal a symptom ( old age is ! invasion ( ! tissues by macrophags1 t x mu/ be reg>d$ z ( imm5se importance4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to det]m9e m precisely ! nature ( ! function fulfill$ by ^! phagocytes1 x 0 necess>y to select a specially fav\rable subject ( inve/igation4 ,my *oice fell ^u an exam9ation into ! causes ( ! hair turn+ :ite1#bih t be+ z a rule ! fir/ visible sign ( approa*+ old age4 ,hair1 be=e x has lo/ its col\r1 is full ( pigm5t scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! two lay]s ( :i* ea* hair is compos$4 ,at a giv5 mom5t1 ! cells ( ! c5tral cyl9d] ( a hair become active1 & proce$ to dev\r all ! pigm5t )9 _! rea*4 ,once !y are fill$ ) col\r$ p>ticles1 ^! cells1 :i* are a v>iety ( macrophag 7g5]ally call$ pigm5tophags or m prop]ly speak+ *romophags71 become migratory1 &1 quitt+ ! hair1 ei!r f9d _! way "u ! sk9 or leave ! body 7,fig4 #af74 ,! col\r+-matt] ( ! hair is remov$ 9 ?is way by *romophags1 leav+ ! hair col\rless4 ,! process by :i* hair becomes :ite is ( importance1 because x %[s t ! activity ( macrophags is a dom9ant factor 9 br++ ab\t s5ile decay4 ,! brittl5ess ( old p's bones is probably due to a simil> cause1 i4e41 to ! absorption & de/ruction ( ! framework br\ght ab\t by macrophags invad+ ! lay]s ( bone4 ,!re is /ill mu* t rema9s unkn[n 9 ?is subject1 :i* is well wor?y ( special rese>*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,hair ab\t to become grey4 ,*romophags transport+ ! pigm5t granules4 ,! activity acquir$ by macrophags dur+ old age is closely connect$ ) ! ph5om5a t are *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 *ronic compla9ts4 ,scl]osis 9 old p]sons belongs to ! same category z organic scl]osis1 :i* may be set up by v>i\s morbid influ5ces4 ,! analogy betwe5 s5ile decay ( ! kidneys & *ronic nephritis1 commonly call$ int]/itial nephritis1 is inconte/able4 ,! de/ruction ( n]v\s cells ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( macrophags1 :i* we h already m5tion$ z occurr+ 9 old age1 is equally a symptom ( sev]al diseases ( ! n]v\s c5tres1 su* z g5]al p>alysis ( ! insane4 ,art]ial scl]osis 9 old p]sons is actually an inflammatory disease1 simil> to ! inflammation ( ! art]ies set up by o!r maladies4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 s5ility & disease has long be5 recognis$1 & p>tly acc\nts = ! repugnance we all exp]i5ce at ! approa* ( old age4 ,9 *ildhood & e>ly y\? p reg>d !mselves z old] ?an !y really are1 & long to be 8gr[n-up10 b hav+ once arriv$ at man's e/ate1 !y d n wi% to gr[ old4 ,an in/9ctive feel+ tells u t !re is some?+ abnormal 9 old age4 ,x _c be reg>d$ z a "p ( heal?y physiological function4 ,no d\bt1 because old age is ! inevitable lot ( mank9d1 x may be t]m$ normal1 9 ! same fa%ion z we call ! pa9s ( *ildbir? normal1 s9ce few wom5 escape !m4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 we h to deal ) pa?ological r ?an physiological conditions4 ,j z e ef=t is made to relieve ! suff]+s ( a woman 9 lab\r1 s x is natural to try to suppress ! evils accompany+ old age1 b :]eas 9 *ildbir? an an/hetic af=ds relief1 old age is a *ronic malady1 a rem$y = :i* is mu* h>d] to f9d4 ,we h se5 t 9 old age a /ruggle takes place betwe5 ! high] elem5ts & ! phagocytes1 ! end be+ usually a weak5+ 9 vitality ( ! =m]1 :ile ! activity ( ! latt] is enorm\sly increas$4 ,x w\ld appe>1 argu+ f ?is1 t "o means ( fight+ aga9/ old age1 pa?ologically speak+1 w\ld be to /r5g!n ! high] elem5ts ( ! organism1 & to weak5 ! aggressive capacities ( ! phagocytes4 ,let me at once w>n ! read] t ?is is n pres5t$ z a def9ite1 b z a possible solution ( ! problem1 & is (f]$ = consid]ation l _m o!r hypo!ses on sci5tific que/ions4 ,! prop]ties ( cellul> elem5ts are easily *ang$ :5 subject$ to v>i\s influ5ces1 & x is !re=e n irrational to seek "s means ( /r5g!n+ ! blood corpuscles1 n]ve cells1 liv] cells1 muscul> fibres ( ! he>t1 & s =?4 ,! task has become easi] s9ce ! discov]y ( s]ums t h specific actions on ! tissues4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ,i /at$ t s]ums 7 kn[n :i* give precipitates only ) ! blood ( man & ( 8 ne> relatives ! an?ropoid apes4 ,s]um ( ?is k9d has a def9ite specific action4 ,s]ums may be prep>$ t dissolve only ! r$ corpuscles ( p>ticul> species ( animals1 & t are )\t action on ! o!r organic elem5ts4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible1 ev51 to prep>e a s]um t arre/s in/antane\sly ! movem5ts ( human sp]matozoa1 & t is neutral to ! simil> cells ( o!r animals4 ,^! s]ums are all prep>$ 9 ! same way4 ,! cellul> elem5ts 9 "q1 sp]matozoa or r$ corpuscles1 cells ( ! liv] or ( ! kidney1 tak5 f "o animal1 are inject$ into an animal ( ano!r species4 ,aft] sev]al injections h be5 made1 ! s]um ( ! animal op]at$ on becomes active ) respect to ! cells introduc$ into its body4 ,^! s]ums 7 discov]$ by ,j4 ,bordet ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 b ! results h be5 confirm$ by inve/igators 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! s]ums are specifically cytotoxic1 t is to say1 !y poison p>ticul> k9ds ( cells4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n t su* s]ums1 employ$ 9 small doses1 d n kill or dissolve ! specific tissue elem5ts1 b actually /r5g!n !m4#bii ,"h ! case is analog\s ) ! action ( poisons1 su* z digitalis1 :i* kill 9 /rong doses1 b :i* 9 weak doses improve or /r5g!n ! action ( c]ta9 tissues4 ,9 accordance ) ?is indication1 exp]im5t has %[n t small doses ( a s]um :i* is capable ( dissolv+ ! r$ corpuscles ( human blood1 actually increase ! numb] ( ^? 9 ! body ( a pati5t treat$ by injections4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! case ( a s]um l>ge doses ( :i* de/roy ! r$ corpuscles ( a rabbit1 small doses increase ! numb] ( ^! elem5ts 9 ! blood4 ,"h !re seems to be a rational me?od by :i* we may /rive to /r5g!n ! high] elem5ts ( ! human body1 & s prev5t !m f gr[+ old4 ,! task1 at fir/ sight inde$1 seems an easy "o1 only necessitat+ ! injection ( a horse 7or o!r animal7 ) f9ely m9c$ atoms ( human organs1 su* z bra91 he>t1 liv]1 kidney1 c41 :5 s]ums c\ld be drawn (f 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 capable ( act+ ^u ^? organs4 ,9 reality ! process w\ld be a v difficult "o to c>ry out1 z human organs are r>ely obta9able 9 a condition suitable = inject+ into animals4 ,po/ mortems c only be legally made tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] dea?1 & !re are _m o!r ob/acles 9 ! way ( remov+ organs f dead bodies4 ,ev5 if all ^! difficulties 7 ov]come1 ano!r difficulty t w\ld pres5t itself w\ld be ! exp]im5t+ ) v>i\s doses ( cytotoxic s]ums ( v>i\s /r5g?4 ,x is n !re=e to be wond]$ at t ! attempt to re9=ce ! high] elem5ts ( ! human organism w require mu* "t4 ,if x be necess>y to /r5g!n ! high] elem5ts 7n]v\s1 hepatic1 r5al1 & c>diac cells71 x is pla9 t !y und]go a progressively weak5+ process4 ,x w\ld be ( ! highe/ importance to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ?is1 = ! k w\ld be a guide to future action4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 s5ile decay & ! diseases entail+ atrophy 9 ! m important human organs sugge/s a similitude 9 cause4 ,scl]oses ( ! bra91 kidneys1 & liv] frequ5tly orig9ate 9 intoxication by poisons su* z alcohol1 lead1 m]cury1 & s =?1 or ! disease may be induc$ by "s virus1 ! virus ( syphilis be+ a common cause4 ,! imm5se importance ( v5]eal disease z a malevol5t factor 9 ! ph5om5a ( old age1 is especially manife/$ 9 art]ial scl]osis4 ,accord+ to ! c>eful inve/igations ( a ,sw$i% doctor1 ,edgr51#cjj publi%$ 9 8 8,monograph on ,art]ial ,scl]osis10 "o case 9 e five ( ?is disease is caus$ by syphilis1 & he %[s t *ronic alcoholism is an ev5 m frequ5t cause 7#be p] c5t474 ,^! two factors :5 unit$ are responsible = ne>ly half 7#de p] c5t47 ! cases ( art]ial scl]osis t occur4 ,syphilitic virus & alcohol act z poisons :i* br+ ab\t fir/ deg5]ation & brittl5ess ( ! art]ial walls1 & ev5tually a weak5+ ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! organism4 ,! phagocytes1 be+ cells ( an inf]ior ord]1 are less s5sitive to ^! poisons1 :i* acc\nts = _! victory ov] ! poison$ elem5ts4 ,rheumatism1 g\t1 & infecti\s diseases only play a second>y "p 9 sett+ up art]ial scl]osis4 ,edgr5 ass]ts1 z ! result ( v c>eful calculation1 t 9 ne>ly e fif? case he f\nd x 0 impossible to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( art]ial scl]osis4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! suff]]s 7 eld]ly p]sons :o1 accord+ to ,edgr51 87 afflict$ ) physiological scl]osis40#cja ,i take x t ?is scl]osis ( unkn[n orig9 0 by no means physiological b 0 pa?ological l t set up by syphilis or alcoholism4 ,! "q !n arises :5ce comes ! poison 9 su* cases8 ,9 syphilis !re is a virus ( a def9ite nature to deal )1 :i* causes infection or poison+1 & br+s ab\t art]ial scl]osis1 g5]al p>alysis1 & o!r s]i\s ailm5ts4 ,alcoholism is a poison aris+ f f]m5tation1 excit$ by microscopical fungi relat$ to true microbes4 ,in/ances ( art]ial scl]osis :i* are due nei!r to syphilis nor to alcohol poison+ nor to any o!r kn[n cause1 c only be acc\nt$ = z probably aris+ f poison+ set up by ! mass ( microbes congregat$ 9 ! human inte/9es4 ,among ^! microbes !re may be "s t are h>mless1 & possibly ev5 b5eficial1 b !re are und\bt$ly a great numb] ! pres5ce ( :i* is extremely prejudicial to heal? & life4 ,x is impossible to ent] into ! details ( su* an important "q1 & a brief m5tion mu/ suffice4 ,! human inte/9e conta9s an enorm\s quantity ( bact]ia1 :i*1 accord+ to ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,/rassburg]1#cjb increase at ! rate ( #abh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ea* day4 ,^! microbes1 ( :i* !re are few 9 ! dige/ive portion ( ! alim5t>y canal1 are v num]\s 9 ! l>ge inte/9es1 i4e41 9 ! l[] "p conta9+ ! wa/e mat]ial4 ,! rema9s ( undige/$ foods & ! muc\s secretions =m a m$ium v fav\rable to ! gr[? ( microbes4 ,?is bact]ial flora con/itutes a ?ird "p ( ! human excreta4 ,x is v v>i$1 & conta9s an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t species1 among :i* are bacilli1 cocci1 & _m k9ds ( o!r bact]ia1 ab\t :i* little is kn[n4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is bact]ial flora %[s t x contributes no?+ to ! well-be+ ( man1 be+ scanty 9 ! dige/ive portions ( ! body1 & abundant 9 o!r p>ts ( ! gut4 ,?is fact alone suffices to refute ! !ory ( ^? :o attribute great functional importance to ! inte/9al flora4 ,?is !ory orig9at$ pr9cipally f ! fact t c]ta9 animals p]i% :5 br\ght up "u special conditions protect+ !m f ! pres5ce ( microbes4 ,s*ottelius#cjc 0 ! fir/ to try ! exp]im5t ( re>+ *ick5s 9 a cage specially con/ruct$ = ?is purpose4 ,! *ick5s hat*$ out1 & liv$ = a few weeks3 !n1 !re be+ no microbes )9 !m & only /]ilis$ food be+ giv51 in/ead ( increas+ 9 weight1 !y became ?9 & %[$ signs ( />vation4 ,s*ottelius suppli$ !m ) food f :i* bact]ia 7 no long] exclud$1 ^u :i* ! *ick5s ralli$1 & soon became completely re/or$ to heal?4 ,madame ,met*nik(f#cjd tri$ a simil> exp]im5t ) tadpoles1 :i*1 :5 kept 9 vessels & f$ ^u bread conta9+ ! usual microbes1 develop$ normally1 b :i*1 :5 re>$ "u conditions entirely free f ! pres5ce ( microbes1 liv$ on = "s mon?s1 b 9 a deg5]ate condition1 _! developm5t be+ arre/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nuttall & ,?i]feld]#cje succe$$ 9 keep+ alive = sev]al days new-born gu9ea-pigs1 ! alim5t>y canals ( :i* 7 free f microbes1 & :i* 7 f$ only on absolutely /]ilis$ milk & vegetable matt]4 ,not)/&+ ?is complete abs5ce ( microbes ! gu9ea-pigs develop$ well4 ,z ! two sets ( exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ "u conditions arrang$ s c>efully t ! *ance ( error 0 exclud$1 x is important to try to reconcile ! app>5tly contradictory results4 ,!re is "o po9t common to ^! ?ree exp]im5ts1 i4e41 t !y 7 all execut$ ^u newly born creatures4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t at bir? ! dige/ive juices are (t5 v imp]fectly secret$4 ,9 ! case ( ! gu9ea-pigs1 ^! juices suffic$ 9 quantity = ! dige/ion ( ! diet provid$1 :]eas 9 ! cases ( ! *ick5s & ! tadpoles1 ! dige/ive juices 7 incapable ( fulfill+ _! function satisfactorily1 & ! introduction ( microbes end[$ ) consid]able dige/ive capacity into ! inte/9es comp5sat$ = ! functional ineffici5cy ( ! ga/ric juices4 ,9 addition to ! gu9ea-pigs exp]im5t$ ^u by ,nuttall & ,?i]feld]1 !re may be m5tion$ a :ole s]ies ( l[] creatures su* z ! l>v ( mites & o!r insects :i* are able to dige/ su* indige/ible mat]ial z wax & wool 9 spite ( ! total abs5ce ( microbes )9 _! inte/9al tubes4 ,^! exp]im5ts are corroborat$ by ! e/abli%$ physiological fact t ! ga/ric & pancreatic juices ( mammals easily dige/ ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( foods1 ev5 if treat$ s antiseptically z to ensure ! total exclusion ( microbes f ! inte/9es4 ,i ne$ n g fur!r into ?is subject z ! facts :i* ,i h cit$ suffice = my pres5t purpose4 ,! complete atrophy ( ! l>ge inte/9es 9 ! case ( ! woman ref]r$ to 9 *ap4 iv4 proves n only t ?is portion ( ! alim5t>y canal is n indisp5sable to heal?y life1 b t life may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! flora ( ! l>ge inte/9es4 ,& ?is really is ! c5tre ( ! problem4 ,! useless bact]ial flora may give rise to s]i\s or fatal maladies4 ,w\nds ( ! abdom5 are really s]i\s only :5 !y p5etrate ! l>ge inte/9es & s all[ ! entrance ( bact]ia f t region to ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,9 su* an ev5t1 ! microbes rapidly multiply 9 ! organism & produce a grave & frequ5tly mortal illness4 ,s long z ! microbes rema9 )9 ! inte/9es v few ( !m get into ! circulation1 & ) ^! few ! organism is able to cope4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! microbes are conf9$ )9 ! walls ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ! soluble excretions produc$ by !m pass ?r\gh into ! lymph & blood4 ,q a numb] ( diff]5t facts e/abli% ?is4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x has be5 kn[n = long t ! ur9e ( human be+s & ( animals conta9s a s]ies ( sub/ances su* z d]ivatives ( ph5ol1 indol1 creosol1 skatol1 & s =?4 ,9 c]ta9 diseases ! am\nt ( ^! sub/ances greatly increases4 ,! /agnation ( ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9es increases ! am\nt ( ph5ol & indol4 ,su* facts & _m o!rs make x probable t ^! sub/ances are ! products ( ! bact]ial flora ( ! inte/9es4 ,!y are absorb$ by ! inte/9al wall1 pass into ! g5]al circulation1 & may give rise to v>i\s symptoms ( a m or less s]i\s nature4 ,baumann1 :o has done mu* "w on ! subject1 has br\ght toge!r a s]ies ( argum5ts support+ ! bact]ial orig9 ( ! pres5ce 9 ! ur9e ( ! sub/ances 9 "q4 ,ewald1 work+ f ano!r po9t ( view has obta9$ /rong confirmation ( ,baumann's sugge/ions4 ,he _h ! opportunity ( mak+ obs]vations on a female pati5t1 9 :om1 on acc\nt ( a /rangulat$ h]nia1 an inte/9al fi/ula 0 e/abli%$4 ,?r\gh\t ! "t dur+ :i* ! l>ge inte/9es 7 inactive1 ! ur9e conta9$ nei!r ph5ol nor indol4 ,b z soon z ! fi/ula 0 clos$ & communication ) ! l>ge inte/9e _h be5 re-e/abli%$1 ph5ol & indol reappe>$ 9 ! excreta4 ,ewald =m$ ! op9ion1 !re=e1 t ^! sub/ances 7 products ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,i ne$ n we>y ! read] ) m ( ! facts s]v+ to %[ t ! bact]ial flora ( ! l>ge inte/9es is ! s\rce ( _m poisons h>mful to ! body4 ,x is among su* sub/ances t we mu/ look = ! sl[ poisons :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( syphilis or alcoholism1 produce ! art]ial scl]osis ( old age4 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ,i gave reasons to support my view t ! l>ge inte/9e 9 mammals _h be5 develop$ because1 by /or+ ! products ( dige/ion1 x all[$ !m to run long di/ances )\t /opp+1 & s 0 an advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! microbes :i* ab\nd 9 ! cont5ts ( ! gut make x possible to use c]ta9 sub/ances su* z cellulose1 t are difficult to dige/4 ,b ^! two advantages d n c\nt 9 ! case ( ! human race4 ,man does n secure 8 prey or escape f 8 enemies by ! rapidity ( 8 locomotion4 ,! great developm5t ( 8 intellectual p[]s has giv5 him advantages ( ano!r k9d4 ,moreov]1 by ! use ( cook+ & ! cultivation ( plants ( high nutritive value1 he is able to disp5se ) ! dige/ion ( cellulose4 ,!re is ano!r side to ! picture4 ,ignorant ( dea? & ( old age1 mammals h acquir$ ! advantages ( a l>ge inte/9e at ! exp5se ( longevity4 ,i h already /at$ t birds live long] ?an mammals4 ,birds are practically devoid ( a l>ge inte/9e1 & ma9ta9 a bact]ial flora v mu* poor] ?an t f\nd 9 mammals4 ,!re is "o exception to ?is rule1 an exception ( great importance4 ,o/ri*es & _! allies1 ! l>ge/ kn[n birds1 are *>act]is$ by abs5ce ( ! p[] ( flight & by rapidity ( t]re/rial locomotion by :i* !y escape _! enemies4 ,^! are ! only birds 9 :i* ! l>ge inte/9e is well-develop$4 ,! duration ( life is mu* less 9 _! case ?an 9 t ( small] birds1 su* z p>rots1 rav5s1 & swans4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,rivire1 :o has be5 engag$ 9 o/ri* f>m+ 9 ,alg]ia1 ^! l>ge birds d n live m ?an ?irty-five ye>s4 ,! mode ( life1 & ! %ort] duration ( life1 ! huge developm5t ( ! l>ge inte/9es & ! ri* bact]ial flora f\nd !re9 make ! o/ri*es mu* m l mammals ?an birds4 ,x is to be notic$ t _m birds 9 :i* ! duration ( life is long d n possess a ccum1 ! portion ( ! alim5t>y canal t conta9s mo/ bact]ia4 ,exam9ation ( ! inte/9al cont5ts ( p>rots %[s t !re exi/ 9 ^! birds v few microbes4 ,a comp>ative /udy %[s pla9ly t ! exi/5ce ( an abundant inte/9al flora1 useless = dige/ion1 helps to %ort5 life by produc+ bact]ial poisons :i* weak5 ! high] elem5ts & /r5g!n ! phagocytes4 ,! human race has inh]it$ f its ance/ors an enorm\s l>ge inte/9e & conditions fav\rable to ! life ( bact]ia4 ,x has to endure ! disadvantages ( ?is h]itage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bra9 ( man is v highly develop$1 & ) ! increase ( intellectual p[] has come a consci\sness ( old age & dea?4 ,our /rong w to live is oppos$ to ! infirmities ( age & ! %ortness ( life4 ,"h lies ! greate/ di%>mony ( ! con/itution ( man4 ,if we desir$ to make ! ph5om5a ( old age physiological r ?an pa?ological1 x w\ld be necess>y to r$uce ! evils aris+ f ! pres5ce ( a l>ge inte/9e4 ,x is impossible1 ,i may at once say1 to wait = ! op]ation ( =ces indep5d5t ( ! human w & t might lead to ! suppression ( an organ :i* has become useless4 ,man1 guid$ by exact sci5ce1 mu/ /rive to accel]ate or anticipate su* a result4 ,9 spite ( ! progress ( surg]y1 ,i d n expect to f9d 9 our "t t ! l>ge inte/9e w be remov$ by op]ation4 ,p]haps 9 ! di/ant future su* a proce$+ w become normal4 ,= ! pres5t x is m reasonable to attack ! h>mful microbes ( ! l>ge inte/9e4 ,9 ! v>i$ flora ( t region !re exi/ microbes t]m$ anrobic1 because !y are able to live 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg51 obta9+ :at !y require by ! decomposition ( organic matt]4 ,su* decomposition is att5d$ by f]m5tations & putrefactions1 & ! production ( poisons1 su* z ! alkaloids 7ptoma9es71 fatty acids1 & ev5 true tox9s4 ,9 ! human inte/9es "u normal conditions1 putrefaction occurs only v slightly1 or does n occur at all4 ,b 9 inte/9al diseases ( *ildr5 & ( adults1 ! microbes ( putrefaction multiply abundantly & produce copi\s secretions :i* inflame ! inte/9al walls4 ,to avoid ^! diseases ( putrefaction 9 ! case ( infants1 x has be5 sugge/$ to use z food only /]ilis$ milk or o!r foods q free f microbes4 ,?is regim5 has prov$ extremely successful4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ! factors t h9d] putrefaction1 x has be5 notic$ t milk putrefies ) consid]able difficulty1 :]eas meat1 pres]v$ "u ! same conditions1 decomposes v readily4 ,inve/igators h attribut$ ! /ability ( milk to ! pres5ce ( case9 or ( milk-sug>4 ,h[ev]1 inve/igations rec5tly made by ,bi5/ock#cjf & confirm$ by ,tissi] & ,m>tel#cjg h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 microbes t h9d] ! putrefaction ( milk4 ,^! are 9 p>ticul> ! microbes t s\r milk1 i4e41 cause ! =mation ( lactic acid1 & :i* are antagoni/ic to ! microbes ( putrefaction4 ,! latt] multiply only 9 an alkal9e m$ium4 ,! lactic acid microbes produce l>ge quantities ( acid & s h9d] ! multiplication ( ! organisms ( putrefaction4 ,putrefaction takes place rapidly1 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( ! lactic acid microbes1 if !re be add$ soda to mac]ations ( meat or milk4 ,su* facts expla9 h[ x is t lactic acid frequ5tly /ops "s cases ( di>rha1 & :y treatm5t ) lactic acid is s useful 9 maladies associat$ ) putrefaction ( ! inte/9al cont5ts4 ,x makes intelligible1 moreov]1 ! m$ic9al value ( f]m5t$ milk4 ,rovighi1#cjh an ,italian physician1 drank daily a litre & a half ( kephir1 a prep>ation made by subject+ milk to lactic acid & alcoholic f]m5tations4 ,he f\nd t 9 a few days ! products ( inte/9al putrefaction 9 8 ur9e ei!r disappe>$ or 7 greatly r$uc$4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t ! sl[ intoxications t weak5 ! resi/ance ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! body & t /r5g!n ! phagocytes may be arre/$ by ! use ( kephir1 or /ill bett] ( s\r$ milk4 ,! latt] diff]s f kephir 9 t x conta9s no alcohol1 & alcohol 9 c\rse ( "t dim9i%es ! vitality ( "s important cells 9 ! body4 ,! pres5ce ( a numb] ( ! lactic acid bact]ia is inimical to ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia ( putrefaction1 & s is ( great s]vice to ! organism4 ,b x is n en\gh m]ely to introduce useful microbes into ! body4 ,we mu/ also prev5t ! entrance ( 8wild0 microbes1 _m ( :i* are h>mful4 ,soil1 especially :5 x has be5 manur$1 conta9s l>ge numb]s ( microbes1 "s ( :i* are h>mful4 ,bi5/ock f\nd t ! soil ( ! /rawb]ry-b$s 9 8 g>d5 conta9$ ! bacilli ( tetanus4 ,= ?ree weeks he swall[$ "s ( ?is soil1 b f\nd t ! bact]ia 7 de/roy$ 9 8 inte/9es1 :i* he attribut$ to ! action ( ! normal bact]ial inhabitants ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,x is probable t if ?is arre/+ action 7 weak5$ ! body w\ld be infect$ by tetanus f spores ( ! tetanus microbe swall[$ ) e>? or /rawb]ries or gre5 vegetables4 ,moreov]1 besides ! organisms ( tetanus1 !re are _m o!r dang]\s anrobic bact]ia 9 manur$ g>d5 soil4 ,obvi\sly we %\ld eat no raw food1 b conf9e our diet rigidly to food t has be5 ?or\ghly cook$ or /]ilis$4 ,! exclusion ( 8wild0 microbes & ! introduction ( b5eficial microbes1 su* z ^? ( lactic acid f]m5tation1 mu/ be ( great s]vice to heal?4 ,i "k ( individuals :o h d]iv$ great b5efit f su* a regim54 ,sci5ce1 ev5 9 its pres5t imp]fect condition1 has _m weapons by :i* to prev5t or at lea/ dim9i% ! sl[ & *ronic poison+ ( ! organism t leads ev5tually to ! deg5]ation ( ! high] elem5ts4 ,:5 ^! elem5ts are be+ de/roy$ by syphilis or alcoholism ! /ruggle mu/ be direct$ aga9/ ^! evils4 ,x is long s9ce we h kn[n h[ to d ?is2 t success has n be5 great] is due to ! c>elessness ( ! p :o are conc]n$4 ,to /r5g!n ! resi/ance ( ! high] elem5ts & to trans=m ! 8wild0 population ( ! inte/9e into a cultur$ population1 ^! are ! means by :i* ! pa?ological symptoms may be remov$ f old age1 & by :i*1 9 all probability1 ! duration ( ! life ( man may be consid]ably increas$4 ,if x be f\nd impossible to elim9ate all ! h>mful microbes f ! flora ( ! inte/9es1 ^? t are refractory may be r5d]$ h>mless by appropriate s]ums4 ,we "k already a s]um t is specific aga9/ ! microbe ( botulism1 an organism capable ( excit+ s]i\s di/urbance if x ga9 entrance to ! alim5t>y canal4 ,our inmo/ convictions assure u t life is too %ort1 & s9ce ! remote/ ages attempts h be5 made to prolong x4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion ! que/ ( ! ,middle ,ages = an elixir ( life1 b _m ?\ghtful m5 h occupi$ !mselves ) ! problem4 ,desc>tes1 :o 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 believ$ himself to h f\nd a mode ( l5g!n+ human life4 ,bacon publi%$ a tract on life & dea?1 & 9 x gave advice z to h[ old age might be rea*$2 blood-lett+ & ! use ( saltpetre 7 p>ts ( 8 specific4 ,"o ( ! olde/ me?ods 9 ! _w consi/$ 9 br++ old m5 9 contact ) ! bodies ( "y girls4 ,david1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 employ$ ?is me?od1 :i* at a mu* lat] p]iod came into fa%ion4 ,eighte5?-c5tury quacks proclaim$ a numb] ( specifics1 among :i* 0 ! 8holy wat]0 ( ,sa9t ,g]ma91 an infusion ( s5na1 m]ely purgative 9 its effects4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s ( ! m$ic9es us$ = ! purpose1 by empty+ ! l>ge inte/9e1 decreas$ ! bact]ial flora1 & s *eck$ ! =mation ( ! poisons t are h>mful to ! high] elem5ts4 ,hufel&1#cji a well-kn[n ,g]man pr(essor1 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 a "w call$ 8,la ,macrobiotique02 or1 8! ,art ( ,prolong+ ,human ,life40 ,?is treatise _h a great vogue 9 its day1 & conta9$ _m int]e/+ & j obs]vations4 ,besides advocat+ cleanl9ess & mod]ation1 ,hufel& advis$ t 8we %\ld use vegetable r ?an animal food1 z animal food 0 m liable to putrefaction1 :il/ vegetable sub/ances conta9$ an acid pr9ciple t ret>d$ our mortal enemy1 putrefaction40#caj ,"h ! physician ( a day long pa/ anticipat$ "o ( ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 our "t sci5tific m5 h n ceas$ to conc]n !mselves ) ! prolongation ( human life4 ,pr(essor ,pflg]1 ( ,bonn1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( liv+ physiologi/s1 has publi%$ an essay#caa 9 :i* he gave ! results ( 8 inquiries into ?is subject4 ,he fir/ /at$ t inve/igations into ! habits ( ^? :o _h atta9$ a great age did n give in=mation suffici5tly exact4 ,pflg] laid /ress on ! means ( avoid+ infecti\s maladies1 & summ$ up z foll[s3 8,f9ally1 ,i c d no bett] ?an to associate myself ) ! advice giv5 9 all ! treatises on ! prolong+ ( life3 avoid ! ?+s t are h>mful & be mod]ate 9 all ?+s40 ,a ye> lat]1 a well-kn[n ,g]man physician1 ,dr4 ,eb/e9#cab publi%$ a v c>eful treatise on ! same subject4 ,he _h be5 /ruck by ! fact t among ^? :o h rea*$ a great age1 !re h be5 sev]al :o _h l$ an exub]ant life1 full ( excesses1 notably 9 ! consumption ( alcohol4 ,none ! less1 ,eb/e9 advis$ ei!r a complete avoidance ( alcoholic liquor1 or at ! mo/ an extreme temp]ance 9 ! use ( x4 ,he prescrib$ 9 addition ! simplification ( ! conduct ( life & ! avoid+ ( any?+ t is un:olesome4 ,/udy ( su* works1 :i* are writt5 9 a sci5tific _s1 conv9ces me t a sci5ce ( ! prolongation ( life c\ld be built up4 ,an exact inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( old age w\ld contribute to ?is object4 ,at any rate1 we _c set aside z *im]ical plans to make old age a natural process1 & "o easy to be>4 ,i believe1 moreov]1 t attempts to prolong life des]ve to be enc\rag$1 ! m s z in/ances ( longevity are already num]\s4 ,q a numb] ( cases ( c5t5>ians :o h pres]v$ intellect & vig\r until dea? h be5 record$4 ,x is unnecess>y to relate ! hi/ories ( ^! p]sons1 ( :om "s atta9$ su* ages z #abj1 #adj1 & ev5 #ahe ye>s 7,sa9t ,mungo ( ,glasg[74 ,my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]1#cac ?9ks t su* unusually old p]sons are mon/rosities comp>able ) ^? :o h atta9$ a gigantic /ature4 ,b c5t5>ians are m num]\s ?an giants1 & :ile ! latt] exhibit m>k$ signs ( pa?ological weakness ! =m] surprise u by _! heal? & vig\r4 ,! longevity ( ! ,israelites record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is well kn[n4 ,no d\bt !re is mu* exagg]ation 9 ^! nave records4 ,0 x an error ( exagg]ation to impute an age ( #ifi ye>s to ,me?usaleh1 or ( #eie to ,noah1 or 7 ^! ages reckon$ on a diff]5t basis8 ,h5sel]#cad sugge/$ t 9 ^! cases ea* season 0 c\nt$ z a ye>1 s t ! age ( ,me?usaleh 0 really only #bdb ye>s1 a l5g? ( life n s va/ly great] ?an ages record$ 9 mod]n times4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t 9 some:at lat] ,biblical times ages 7 reckon$ 9 our ye>s4 ,?us 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s 7i4 #c1 #bj1 #bb7 ref]5ce is made to ^? 8,f tw5ty ye>s old & upw>d1 all t are able to g =? to w> 9 ,israel40 ,! limit ( age giv5 %[s cle>ly t ! ye>s c\nt$ 7 our ye>s4 ,?is int]pretation is support$ by _m o!r passages 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 notably :]e annual h>ve/ fea/s are spok5 (4 ,we may !re=e accept z probable ! assignm5t ( su* ages z #ajj or #abj ye>s to sev]al ,biblical p]sonages1 su* z ,a>on1 ,moses1 & ,jo%ua4 ,& ! words put 9 ! m\? ( ,jahveh may be accept$ z important evid5ce3 8,& ! ,"l said1 ,my _s %all n always /rive ) man1 = t he also is fle%3 yet 8 days %all be an hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s40#cae ,! longevity ( t remote p]iod mu/ h surpass$ ! age ( ! pres5t "t4 ,f ! circum/ance t ! greate/ numb] ( dea?s occurs at ! age ( sev5ty ye>s1 ,eb/e9#caf has inf]r$ t sev5ty ye>s is ! normal duration ( life4 ,al?\gh !re is no d\bt b t ! duration ( human life has become long] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we mu/ believe t x 0 /ill long] 9 ,biblical times1 a fact t is n p>ticul>ly surpris+4 ,i h call$ att5tion to ! important influ5ce ( syphilis 9 induc+ premature & pa?ological old age1 z t disease is a *ief cause ( art]ial scl]osis & deg5]ation ( ! high] elem5ts ( ! body4 ,syphilis has an influ5ce /ill m s]i\s because its effects are inh]it$4 ,n[ al?\gh ! ,bible ref]s to diseases ( ! g5ital organs & lays /ress on circumcision1 !re is no direct evid5ce 9 x z to ! exi/5ce ( syphilis4 ,eb/e91 9 a treatise on ! m$ic9e ( ! ,bible1#cag is confid5t t !re is no ref]5ce to syphilis 9 t ,book4 ,moreov]1 9 ! anci5t _w g5]ally1 syphilis 0 ei!r unkn[n or exi/$ only 9 an att5uat$ =m4 ,haes]1#cah ! au?or ( ! be/ mod]n treatise on ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 ?9ks t if syphilis did exi/ 9 ! anci5t _w1 x occurr$ 9 a localis$ =m & did n become a g5]al disease ( ! sy/em z is ! case among ! mod]ns4 ,humanity w\ld make a great /ride t[>ds longevity c\ld x put an end to syphilis1 :i* is ! cause ( "o fif? ( ! cases ( art]ial scl]osis4 ,! suppression ( alcoholism1 ! second great factor 9 ! production ( s5ile deg5]ation ( ! art]ies1 w produce a /ill m m>k$ ext5sion ( ! t]m ( life4 ,sci5tific /udy ( old age & ( ! means ( modify+ its pa?ological "* w make life long] & happi]4 ,al?\gh mod]n k is /ill imp]fect1 !re is no reason to be pessimi/ic on ! subject ( old age4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,/udy ,,( ,,dea? ,!ory ( ! immortality ( l[] organisms--,immortality ( ! sexual cells 9 high] organisms--,immortality ( ! cellul> s\l--,occurr5ce ( natural dea? 9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals--,natural dea? 9 ! ,ephem]id--,loss ( ! in/9ct ( pres]vation 9 adult ephem]ids--,in/9ct ( life 9 ! ag$--,in/9ct ( natural dea? 9 man--,dea? ( old m5 9 ,biblical times--,*anges 9 ! in/9cts ( man & l[] animals ,f :at ,i h said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 x is pla9 t1 p]haps be=e v long1 x w be possible to modify old age4 ,in/ead ( reta9+ its exi/+ melan*oly & repulsive "*1 x may become a heal?y & endurable process2 x may also be t ! duration ( life w be prolong$4 ,h[ev]1 x may be ask$1 :at %all we ga9 by atta9+ ! age ( #ajj or #abj ye>s in/ead ( #gj or #hj1 if !re /ill rema9 = u ! appall+ fate ( ! inevitable annihilation ( dea?4 ,m>cus ,aurelius said t he :o makes a long j\rney & he :o makes x %ort1 alike meet dea? at ! end2 & t once !y are ov]1 ?ree ye>s or a c5tury are mu* alike4 ,su* ass]tions1 h[ev]1 d n take into acc\nt ! diff]5ce 9 ! values we set on a ?+ at diff]5t ages4 ,a man ( ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s & "o fifty ye>s old reason diff]5tly1 & are affect$ diff]5tly by ! same surr\nd+s4 ,! outlook on life *anges 9 ! same individual z he gets on 9 ye>s4 ,"y p judge ( _! impressions by comp>ison ) _! ideals1 & z ! latt] are v high1 !y are dissatisfi$ ) ?+s z !y really are4 ,!y are exact+1 & discont5t$ ) :at !y c get out ( ! real _w2 gr[n up p & ^? ( advanc$ ye>s are m easily satisfi$ because !y h a cle>] k ( ! true value ( ?+s4 ,z ,i h already _h occasion to po9t out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! "y are m incl9$ to pessimism ?an ! old4 ,we see1 !n1 t appreciation ( life *anges ) age4 ,x is ! same ) reg>d to dea?4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t life is only a prep>ation = dea?4 ,cic]o said1 8,f our y\? upw>ds we mu/ accu/om ourselves to face our la/ mom5ts )\t fe>4 ,if n1 !re is an end to peace1 s9ce x is q c]ta9 t we mu/ die40 ,philosophy has be5 call$ ! art ( prep>+ = dea?4 ,be=e consid]+ 9 :at direction sci5ce may direct our /eps t[>ds solv+ ! problem ( dea?1 :i* 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,paul is ! 8la/ enemy to be de/roy$10 let u see h[ mu* is kn[n ab\t x4 ,we are s accu/om$ to look ^u dea? z some?+ natural & inevitable1 t x has long s9ce come to be reg>d$ z inh]5t 9 organisms4 ,h[ev]1 :5 biologi/s inve/igat$ ! matt] m c>efully1 !y fail$ to discov] any pro( ( ! accept$ doctr9e4 ,obs]vation ( memb]s ( ! l[e/ grade ( animal life1 su* z infusorians & o!r protozoa1 has %[n t ^! reproduce by simple division1 & 9 a v %ort "t multiply to an a/oni%+ ext5t4 ,g5]ation succe$s g5]ation1 ) ! utmo/ rapidity & )\t ! int]v5tion ( dea?2 no s+le corpse appe>s 9 ! sw>m+ masses ( animalcul4 ,f su* facts1 :i* are extremely easy to confirm1 sev]al biologi/s1 & 9 specially ,bts*li & ,weismann1#cai h d$uc$ an immortality ( ! unicellul> organisms4 ,:5 an infusorian has divid$1 ea* daught] organism rapidly completes itself & sets ab\t aga9 divid+ 9 ! fa%ion ( its p>5t4 ,! process may be m complicat$1 z 9 ! cases :]e a s+le organism breaks up into sev]al portions ea* ( :i* conta9s an ess5tial "p ( ! p>5t organism4 ,_m unicellul> organisms reproduce 9 su* a fa%ion1 & z ea* animal divides simultane\sly into a numb] ( individuals ( ! new g5]ation1 ! individuality is de/roy$4 ,x is possible to admit ) ,gtte#cbj t su* a process is natural dea?1 al?\gh !re is no actual de/ruction & no corpse4 ,9 any ev5t x _c be disput$ t l[] organisms are n subject to ! natural dea? t comes inevitably to man & ! high] animals4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! debility ( infusorians aft] a rapid s]ies ( divisions1 & be=e conjugation1 is to be int]pret$ z natural dea?4 ,b ! rejuv5esc5ce t foll[s conjugation is incompatible ) su* an int]pretation4 ,moreov]1 :5 conjugation does n occur1 & ! debility leads to dea?1 ! dea?s mu/ be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,! !ory ( ! immortality ( unicellul> organisms is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,h[ev]1 !re are animals1 high] 9 ! scale ( life1 to :i* natural dea? does n come4 ,among ^! occur c]ta9 =ms ( consid]able complexity1 compos$ ( _m organs & v _m cells1 su* z _m polyps1 & "s worms1 especially annelid worms4 ,"s annelids 7,fig4 #ag7 reproduce by transv]se divisions v actively4 8,?r\gh\t ! summ]10 said ,e4 ,p]ri]1#cba 8! ,nadimorpha are devoid ( g5ital organs1 & app>5tly 7accord+ to unpubli%$ obs]vations ( ,maupas71 !y may be kept alive = sev]al ye>s1 & p]haps indef9itely1 9 ?is sexless condition40 ,?is c]ta9ly may be reg>d$ z a case ( immortality due to ! indef9ite p[] ( reg5]ation possess$ by a complex animal4 ,! facts t ,i h cit$ %[ t dea? is n necess>ily inh]5t 9 liv+ organisms4 ,naegeli1#cbb a well-kn[n ,g]man botani/1 has ass]t$ ev5 t natural dea? does n exi/ 9 nature4 ,he po9ts out t trees1 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old1 p]i% n by natural dea?1 t is to say1 by ! gradual decay ( _! vitality1 b by "s cata/rophe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,*toga/] ab\t to divide into f\r 7f a draw+ by ,m4 ,mesnil74 ,! age ( ! fam\s dragontree ( ! ,villa ,oratava at ,t5]iffe1 admir$ by ,von ,humboldt1 0 e/imat$ at sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,its trunk 0 holl[1 b ! huge mon/] cont9u$ to fl\ri% until x 0 ov]?r[n by a /orm4 ,x 0 only by a cata/rophe t ! long-liv$ giant p]i%$4 ,! ,baobab is reput$ to live = five or six ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ essay1 ,jacques ,loeb1#cbc a di/+ui%$ biologi/ 9 ,*icago1 has made a /udy ( natural dea?1 & has come to ! conclusion t !re is no good evid5ce = its exi/5ce4 ,he has obs]v$ t ripe1 b unf]tilis$ eggs ( sea h$gehogs 7,e*9i7 die a few h\rs aft] !y h be5 dis*>g$4 ,loeb ?9ks t ?is may be a case ( natural dea?1 b ,i _c agree ) ?is op9ion1 z an egg t has n be5 f]tilis$ by a sp]matozoon may be comp>$ ) an organism depriv$ ( its nutrition & s dy+ ( />vation4 ,9 bo? cases dea? is purely accid5tal & c\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,if natural dea? does exi/1 x mu/ h appe>$ on ! face ( ! e>? long aft] ! appe>ance ( life4 ,weismann has sugge/$ t dea? arose z an adaptation = ! advantage ( ! species1 t is to say1 9 relation to ! surr\nd+ conditions ( exi/5ce1 & n z an absolute necessity inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! liv+ sub/ance4 ,he ?\ght t z worn organisms are no long] suit$ = reproduction or = ! /ruggle = life1 natural dea? 0 due to natural selection1 x be+ necess>y to ma9ta9 ! species 9 a vigor\s /ate by we$+ out ! debas$ individuals4 ,b ! introduction ( dea? = t purpose 0 sup]flu\s1 s9ce ! debility caus$ by old age 9 itself w\ld elim9ate ! ag$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,viol5t dea? mu/ h appe>$ almo/ z soon z liv+ ?+s came into be+4 ,! infusorians & o!r l[ organisms1 despite _! pot5tial immortality1 mu/ h be5 subject$ p]petually to viol5t dea?1 fall+ victims to l>g] & /rong] organisms4 ,x is impossible to reg>d natural dea?1 if inde$ x actually exi/s1 z ! product ( natural selection = ! b5efit ( ! species4 ,9 ! press ( ! _w natural dea? r>ely c\ld come into op]ation1 because maladies or ! voracity ( enemies s frequ5tly cause viol5t dea?4 ,no d\bt a c]ta9 numb] ( dea?s are record$ 9 /ati/ics z be+ due to old age1 )\t visible malady4 ,sometimes decrepit old m5 feel no pa9 & seem to fall quietly into _! et]nal sleep2 b autopsy reveals s]i\s lesions ( ! int]nal organs4 ,!re is reason to believe t ev5 su* dea?s are 9 reality viol5t & are usually caus$ by infecti\s microbes4 ,! g5]al effect on ! m9d produc$ by exam9ation ( ! collect$ facts is n an acceptance ( ! view t natural dea? is ess5tially inh]5t 9 liv+ organisms1 b ! production ( a wi% to discov] if !re be any real pro( ( its exi/5ce4 ,= "s "t natural dea? has be5 ascrib$ only to ! p>ts ( ! body t are ( use 9 ! individual life4 ,^? cells1 ! function ( :i* is to secure reproduction ( ! species1 are1 l unicellul> organisms1 pot5tially immortal4 ,! egg-cell ( ! female is trans=m$ into a ftus1 & s is ! />t+-po9t ( ! new g5]ation1 :ile ! sexual cells ( ! new g5]ation give rise to ! ?ird g5]ation1 & s on1 9 an endless *a9 ( life4 ,! great] numb]1 by f>1 ( ! eggs & sp]matozoa p]i%2 b _! dea? is n natural b viol5t1 be+ due to h>mful ext]nal ag5cies4 ,an inf9itesimal m9ority ( ! sexual cells survive indef9itely 9 ! successions ( g5]ations4 ,sci5tific pro( exi/s1 !re=e1 t our bodies conta9 immortal elem5ts1 eggs or sp]matozoa4 ,z ^! cells n only are truly alive b exhibit prop]ties t are )9 ! category ( psy*ical ph5om5a1 x w\ld be possible to build up a s]i\s !sis on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,obs]vations on protozoa1 & especially on ! infusorian gr\p ( protozoa1 %[ t ^! simple be+s1 ea* ( :i* is compos$ ( no m ?an a s+le cell1 possess a high degree ( s5sibility4 ,!y select _! food1 di/+ui% liv+ f dead animalcul1#cbd seek out _! mates = conjugation1 avoid dang]1 & hunt _! prey2 9 fact1 !y are 9 possession ( a set ( qualities t mu/ be includ$ 9 psy*ical ph5om5a4 ,al?\gh su* ph5om5a are v mu* l[] 9 ! case ( ! infusorians ?an 9 ! case ( high] animals1 x is possible to speak ( ! s\l ( protozoa4 ,moreov]1 z ! body is immortal by reason ( its indef9ite p[] ( reproduction by division1 ! s\l also ( ^! creatures is immortal4 ,h[ev]1 ! s\l is s primitive t x is impossible to speak 9 def9ite t]ms ab\t x4 ,z ! sexual cells ( ! human body are immortal1 l ! protozoa1 ! problem arises if ^! too be end[$ ) an immortal s\l4 ,our exi/+ k makes x impossible to d\bt t ova & sp]matozoa h s5sibility 9 a degree z high z t ( ! protozoa4 ,! ova %$ secretions t ar\se ! s5sibility ( ! sp]matozoa1 & ! latt]1 direct$ by ?is specific 8od\r0 7! occurr5ce be+ kn[n te*nically z *emotaxis71 make _! way to ! ovum & p5etrate x4 ,"s sub/ances1 ar\s+ ! sp]matozoa into activity & movem5t1 attract !m1 o!rs repel !m4 ,! ph5om5a ( *emotaxis 7 %[n = ! fir/ "t 9 ! case ( cryptogams by ,pfeff]1 ! di/+ui%$ botani/1 & s9ce !n ! male cells ( _m plants & diff]5t k9ds ( animals h be5 prov$ to possess s5sibility4 ,:5 ova & sp]matozoa succe$ 9 conjugat+1 !y produce an individual ( ! next g5]ation1 to :i* !y transmit :at ,haeckel has call$ ! 8cellul> s\l40#cbe ,?is s\l1 !n1 is really immortal1 inasmu* z ! bodies ( ! reproductive cells are immortal4 ,al?\gh x is true t our bodies conta9 elem5ts end[$ ) immortal s\ls1 x by no means foll[s t our consci\s s\ls are immortal4 ,9 an e>li] *apt]1 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( _m ( ! cells ( our body & ! cellul> s\ls ( ^! are outside our consci\sness4 ,we h no consci\sness ( ! p]petual battle wag$ by ! phagocytes aga9/ ! microbes t endeav\r to obta9 a foo?old 9 our tissues4 ,none ! less ! phagocytes are elem5ts end[$ ) mobility & s5sibility & possess+ a cellul> s\l l t ( ! protozoa4 ,a woman has no consci\sness ( ! num]\s sp]matozoa1 ) _! cellul> s\ls1 t ent] h] body1 nor ( ^? t f]tilise h] egg-cells2 %e is ev5 )\t consci\sness ( ! mu* m highly develop$ s\l ( ! ftus4 ,a *ild be=e bir? possesses psy*ical qualities mu* m num]\s & m p]fect ?an ^? ( ! reproductive cells4 ,x is capable ( respond+ to c]ta9 s5sations & ( p]=m+ movem5ts4 ,a *ild1 9 ! lat] mon?s ( its pr5atal exi/5ce1 possesses ! s5ses ( t\* & ta/e &1 )9 limits1 ! s5se ( sight4#cbf ,?is s\l is outside ! consci\sness ( ! "m4 ,! "m _c ev5 tell by h] consci\sness if %e be>s "u h] girdle "o or two embryonic s\ls4 ,& s ! immortality ( ! cellul> s\l has no relation to ! problem ( dea?4 ,x is a common op9ion t only ! reproductive cells ( man & animals are immortal1 & t ! o!r elem5ts ( ! body are mortal1 ! latt]1 if !y escape viol5ce1 dy+ a natural dea?4 ,a contra/ has be5 drawn betwe5 ! mortal cells 9 :i* is resid5t ! life ( ! body & ! immortal cells on :i* ! species dep5ds4 ,h[ev]1 :5 non-reproductive cells possess ! p[] ( reg5]ation1 x is impossible to d5y _! immortality4 ,:5 a polyp or a worm reproduces by division1 a l>ge numb] ( cells g to =m ! new individual1 & ^! cells are immortal 9 ! fa%ion ( ! infusoria4 ,immortal animals occur only among ! l[] inv]tebrates4 ,! p[] ( reg5]ation fades away 9 ! high] ranks ( ! scale ( life4 ,:il/ worms may be divid$ 9 sev]al pieces1 ea* piece be+ capable ( reg5]ation s z to =m a new worm1 :5 molluscs are cut !y display only a limit$ capacity = reg5]ation4 ,if ! ant5n ( a snail be amputat$ !y w be r5ew$1 b if ! :ole creature be cut 9 pieces dea? foll[s4 ,"s ( ! l[] v]tebrates1 su* z newts & salam&]s1 c r5ew ! tail & ! limbs1 b !y _c reproduce by division4 ,birds & mammals1 ! high] v]tebrates1 h v little p[] ( reg5]ation1 & tail & limbs are nev] re=m$ 9 _! cases4 ,x seems to be ! case t ! advance 9 ! g5]al organisation ( animals has involv$ a loss 9 ! reproductive capacity ( ! cells & tissues4 ,ev5 9 ! highe/ animals1 "s organs1 su* z ! liv]1 /ill possess reg5]ative capacity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m cells h lo/ ! p[] ( reg5]ation completely4 ,! n]v\s cells1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* are ! highe/ & mo/ p]fectly organis$ elem5ts ( ! body1 _c reproduce !mselves4 ,aft] _! initial appe>ance 9 ! c\rse ( embryonic developm5t1 !y pass _! lives )\t reg5]at+ or reproduc+4 ,9 acquir+ ! highe/ qualities1 t is to say1 _! psy*ical activity1 !y h lo/ completely ! p[] ( reproduction1 ! di/9ctive feature ( immortal cells4 ,if cells doom$ to natural dea? really exi/1 x is 9 ! n]v\s tissues t we mu/ look = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,ephem]ids4 ,! exi/5ce ( natural dea? 9 ! animal _w _c be d5i$1 b x is v r>e4 ,! be/ example is t ( ! curi\s insects kn[n univ]sally z ephem]ids 7,fig4 #ah74 ,sw>ms ( ^! delicate & graceful insects are to be se5 9 ! summ] mon?s r\nd lights4 ,! p]fect insects em]ge f wat]1 9 :i* ! six-legg$ l>v fe$ on ! organic dbris conta9$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,! l>v are n pr$ace\s1 & escape f _! num]\s & hungry foes by agility4 ,!y are long-liv$1 "s ( !m pass+ two or ?ree ye>s 9 ! mud ( /reams1 & 9 ! end become w+$ insects aft] a rapid metamorphosis4 ,ne> ,p>is1 angl]s h a popul> "n 7manne1 manna7 = "o species 7,pal+5ia virgo7 :i* em]ges 9 sw>ms aft] sund[n f ! wat]s ( ! ,se9e & ,m>ne4 ,! sw>ms fly 9 huge numb]s1 l heavy sn[-flakes1 = a v %ort "t1 & !n fall into ! wat] 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! flight ( ^! insects la/s only an h\r or two1 & !n1 9 an enfeebl$ condition1 !y fall d[n 9 va/ numb]s4 ,!y are attract$ by ! lant]ns light$ by fi%]m51 & are collect$ to be us$ z bait4 ,! life 9 ! w+$ condition is truly ephem]al & la/s no m ?an a few h\rs4 ,! /ructure ( ! insect is adapt$ to ?is %ort life4 ,! l>v h p[]ful jaws1 us$ 9 ! ma/ication ( food2 ! w+$ insects possess only ve/iges ( jaws4 ,!y are unable to fe$1 & s are adapt$ only = ! briefe/ exi/5ce4 ,_! h\r ( a]ial life is devot$ to love4 ,z soon z !y em]ge ! males & females unite1 & ! packets ( eggs1 :i* are deposit$ at once1 fall into ! wat]1 & 9 a few weeks ! "y l>v hat* out4 ,! mode ( life & ! organisation ( ! adult ephem]ids %[ pla9ly t !y are adapt$ to natural dea?4 ,dea? comes to !m n because !y are )\t food1 or because ! environm5t fails to provide some?+ necess>y to life1 b m]ely because !y em]ge f ! l>val /ate 9 a non-viable condition1 )\t ! organs necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,sw>ms ( ,pal+5ia virgo4 ,once x is grant$ t natural dea? actually exi/s1 x is necess>y to /udy its me*anism z closely z ! exi/+ /ate ( k p]mits4 ,to exclude ! possibility ( ! dea? hav+ to be int]pret$ z viol5t1 x w\ld be necess>y to "k t "s v rapid infecti\s disease does n attack ^! insects z soon z !y em]ge f ! wat]4 ,?is possibility1 al?\gh remote1 mu/ be exam9$4 ,in/ances are kn[n ( l>ge numb]s ( insects dy+ v rapidly z ! result ( attack by a species ( m\ld :i* causes an epidemic4 ,e "o has se51 especially 9 autumn1 dead flies an*or$ to ! w9d[ pane by a little tuft ( :ite fluff4 ,z s _m individuals die ab\t ! same "t1 we might be dispos$ to assign ! fact to natural dea?4 ,! actual cause1 h[ev]1 is an infecti\s & fatal disease caus$ by a p>asitic m\ld4 ,! occurr5ce ( "s t]rible epidemic may be exclud$ f consid]ation 9 ! case ( ephem]ids4 ,i h made inve/igations :i* %[ t su* an epidemic does n occur4 ,! bodies ( ! dy+ ephem]ids conta9 no microbe :i* c\ld be ! cause ( dea?4 ,_! dea? mu/ be reg>d$ z natural1 z ! result ( _! organisation1 z ess5tially a "p ( ! nature ( ! insects4 ,among ! cells ( _! body !re are _m active phagocytes4 ,is x possible to attribute dea? to ravages t ^! cells may cause among ! high] cells & tissues8 ,microscopic exam9ation1 s f> f support+ su* a possibility1 %[s t ! organs are q normal 9 _! intimate /ructure4 ,! bra9 & c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 ! muscles & o!r organs1 %[ no signs ( t invasion by phagocytes f\nd 9 cases ( s5ile deg5]ation4 ,9 ?is example ( natural dea? !re is c]ta9ly no possibility ( phagocytic int]v5tion4 ,"s biologi/s h sugge/$ t ! rapid dea? ( ephem]ids & ( "s o!r insects is due to debility caus$ by ! great ef=t ( deposit+ ! male & female sexual cells4 ,on ?is supposition1 ! case w\ld be analog\s to ! %ock :i* is sometimes ! consequ5ce ( a surgical op]ation4 ,?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 may be exclud$1 = among ! dead ephem]ids !re are _m males t h n unit$ ) females4 ,among ephem]ids males are mu* m num]\s ?an females2 _m males h no opportunity ( und]go+ ! sexual %ock & ( empty+ ! reproductive organs1 & ^!1 none ! less1 die z rapidly z ! o!rs4 ,z yet we d n "k if all ! tissues ( ! ephem]ids die simultane\sly 9 natural dea?4 ,mo/ probably ! cells ( ! n]v\s c5tres p]i% fir/1 & s br+ dea? on ! o!rs4 ,! inve/igation ought to be made4 ,dea? comes to ! ephem]ids 9 ! mid/ ( love1 at ! mom5t :5 _! sexual in/9cts are satisfi$4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to "k ! s5sations ( ^! creatures z !y feel dea? come on !m 9 ! act ( reproduction4 ,naturally x w\ld be impossible to obta9 a full answ] to ! "q1 b _m int]e/+ facts reg>d+ x may be asc]ta9$4 ,all ! ephem]ids1 n only ^? ! life ( :i* is s brief1 b ^? t live = sev]al days 7,*lo1 = in/ance71 are extremely easy to capture4 ,x is unnecess>y to take !m unaw>es or to use a net z 9 ! case ( flies1 wasps1 & _m o!r insects4 ,ephem]ids may be tak5 ) ! f+]s 9 ! simple/ way1 because !y (f] no resi/ance & %[ no desire to escape1 al?\gh !y h six legs & two or f\r w+s4 ,?is is n an isolat$ case1 = "s o!r insects 7z1 = example1 w+$ ants & aphides7 all[ !mselves to be captur$ ) ! same c>elessness4 ,al?\gh ! adult ephem]ids are c>eless1 ! w+less l>v are timid4 ,:5 a tube is br\ght ne> !m1 among ! wat] plants1 ) ! object ( captur+ !m1 !y rapidly move (f4 ,x (t5 requires mu* pati5ce & quickness to capture ^! l>v 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! in/9ct ( pres]vation ( life displays itself by rapid flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,l>va ( an ephem]id 7,*lorufulum74 ,x is rem>kable t ! adult insect has lo/ ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,if x be t\*$ x may move a %ort di/ance (f1 b x does n take to flight al?\gh its w+s are v l>ge1 & its body1 :i* ( itself weighs little1 is /ill light] because ! dige/ive tube is fill$ ) air & n ) food4 ,z a rule1 an ephem]id t has be5 t\*$ does n ev5 move (f1 b all[s itself to be captur$ )\t any resi/ance4 ,x w\ld n be accurate to say t ! l>va's in/9ct ( self-pres]vation has be5 replac$ 9 ! adult by an in/9ct = dea?2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! in/9ct ( pres]vation has be5 totally lo/4 ,! lack ( resi/ance _c be expla9$ by any defect 9 ! organs ( s5se4 ,n only are ! eyes ( ! l>val /age fully pres]v$ 9 ! adult1 b ! adult males h enorm\s eyes to enable !m to recognise ! female 9 ! turbul5t flight :i* takes place at ! close ( ! day4 ,ephem]ids ( all ages possess well develop$ tactile organs1 & x is ?us 9 spite ( a highly organis$ s5sory sy/em t ! adults (f] no resi/ance to enemies4 ,x is no m]e accid5t t ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( natural dea? occur among insects1 = ^! creatures display an unusual /ability 9 _! cellul> /ructure ) a correspond+ lack ( ! p[] ( reg5]ation1 9 ^! p>ticul>s resembl+ man & ! high] animals4 ,! cells ( ! n]v\s sy/em are v complex1 & are well adapt$ = ! highe/ function1 t is to say1 ! psy*ical function4 ,^! highly end[$ cells1 h[ev]1 are devoid ( ! p[] ( reproduction4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 relation to ?is1 & x has be5 prov$ cle>ly t 9 cold-blood$ v]tebrates ! bra9 & sp9al cord ) ! n]ve cells conta9$ 9 !m are capable ( reg5]ation1 :il/ among mammals only extremely r>e cases are kn[n 9 :i* !re has be5 any reg5]ation ( ! n]v\s elem5ts4 ,x is to be expect$1 !n1 t cases ( natural dea? occur 9 ! high] animals & especially 9 man4 ,h[ev]1 no case is kn[n s pla9 z t pres5t$ by ! ephem]ids4 ,i h already /at$ t ( dea?s app>5tly due to s5ile debility 9 man1 a l>ge proportion are c]ta9ly due to v>i\s infecti\s diseases t affect ! old1 su* z pneumonia & nephritis4 ,close exam9ation ( ! tissues confirms ?is conclusion1 = ! de/ruction ( ! high] elem5ts by phagocytes produces :at is really viol5t dea? & n a natural dea? l t ( ! ephem]ids4 ,natural dea? 9 man is probably a possibility r ?an an actual occurr5ce4 ,old age is n a true physiological process b exhibits _m morbid *>act]s4 ,t be+ ! case1 x is n surpris+ t x seldom ends 9 natural dea?4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t natural dea? occasionally occurs 9 v old m54 ,attempts h be5 made to e/imate ! natural limits ( human life4 ,fl\r5s#cbg bas$ a calculation on ! duration ( ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,if ! latt] be tak5 z "o fif? ! natural life1 !n human life ought to la/ a c5tury4 ,z c5t5>ians are r>e1 ! va/ majority ( dea?s1 :i* happ5 be=e t age has be5 rea*$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z viol5t or accid5tal4 ,! rule ( ,fl\r5s1 h[ev]1 is arbitr>y1 & !re is no evid5ce to %[ t x is exact4 ,probably 9 ! human race1 z 9 ! case ( ephem]ids1 ! natural duration ( life v>ies & _c be express$ by a def9ite figure4 ,9 mo/ cases x ought to be m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 & only 9 r>e cases ought x to be mu* less ?an t t]m4 ,probably !re is a v>iation 9 ! duration ( life j z !re is a v>iation ( ! date ( sexual maturity = :i* rules may be laid d[n b n )\t anticipat+ num]\s exceptions4 ,! exi/+ pa?ological "* ( old age vitiates all conclusions z to natural dea?1 & x is /ill impossible to be exact 9 speak+ ( t subject4 ,x is kn[n t c]ta9 organs & tissues rema9 alive = "s "t aft] dea?4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 infecti\s diseases1 ! he>t may be remov$ f a human body m ?an ?irty h\rs aft] dea?1 & if plac$ "u prop] conditions w r5ew its life1 & beat = sev]al h\rs4 ,! :ite corpuscles1 ! sp]matozoa & ! cilia ( a corpse1 may reta9 _! p[] ( movem5t4 ,does ?is also happ5 9 ! r>e cases ( natural dea?8 ,t "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! future4 ,! mo/ important "q relat+ to natural dea? is ! foll[+3 ,is ! appe>ance ( natural dea? 9 man accompani$ by ! disappe>ance ( "o in/9ct1 ! in/9ct ( self pres]vation1 & by ! appe>ance ( ano!r in/9ct1 ! in/9ct ( dea?8 ,d ! ph5om5a ( ! ephem]ids give u any indication z to ?is8 ,an exact answ] is n to be expect$4 ,z old age is g5]ally :at may be call$ an unnatural ph5om5on1 x is extremely r>e = p]sons to approa* ! age ( natural dea? ) _! faculties uncl\d$4 ,i h _h "u obs]vation a c5t5>ian old woman1 :o /ill rememb]$ "s incid5ts ( h] y\?2 9 h] ! desire to live 0 /ill /rong1 b h] intellectual faculties 7 p>tially dim4 ,moreov]1 h] bra91 ( :i* ,i h already spok5 7p4 #bda71 %[$ a m>k$ deg5]ation ( ! n]ve cells due to ! activity ( macrophages4 ,i h obta9$ mu* in=mation ab\t a c5t5>ian :o 0 alive 9 ,r\5 9 #aijj1 b a s+le glance at h] photograph 0 en\gh to %[ t %e no long] 0 9 full possession ( intellig5ce4#cbh ,%e 0 infirm 9 _m ways4 ,s also1 ,*evreul1 ! celebrat$ *emi/1 :o di$ at ! age ( "o hundr$ & ?ree ye>s1 %[$ n ! fa9te/ wi% = dea?2 he clung to life1 b 8 m5tal p[]s _h gr[n weak4 ,! cases to :i* ,i h ref]r$ are typical1 b !re are exceptions wor?y ( close att5tion4 ,tok>ski1 9 ! essay on ! fe> ( dea?1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 ! six? *apt]1 quot$ ! case ( a female c5t5>ian :o /at$ z foll[s3 8,if y come to live z long z ,i h liv$1 y w und]/& n only t x is possible n to fe> dea?1 b to feel ! same ne$ = dea? z = sleep40 ,a new feel+ _h come into exi/5ce 9 ! v old p]son1 a feel+ incompreh5sible to ^? less old4 ,app>5tly ?is 0 a case 9 :i* ! in/9ct ( natural dea? _h appe>$ 9 a c5t5>ian ^: m5tal faculties _h be5 reta9$ 9 a suffici5tly p]fect /ate4 ,i wi% v mu* t ,i _h myself be5 a witness ( ?is old woman's rem>kable in/9ct 9 ev5 "o case ( ! _m t ,i h obs]v$4 ,b all t h be5 po9t$ out to me z subject to ?is new desire h turn$ out to h be5 possess$ ( v diff]5t ideas4 ,"s 7 old invalids1 we>y ( pa9 & ready to ex*ange ! sorr[s ( life = dea?1 b :o w\ld h pref]r$ to be heal$ & to live on 9 com=t4 ,:5 ! possibility ( recov]+ heal? 0 sugge/$ to !m1 !y %[$ signs ( pleasure & ( ! r5ewal ( hope4 ,inve/igations t ,i h made 9 homes = ! ag$ h l$ to negative results on ?is subject4 ,no case %[$ ! slighte/ sign ( ! approa* ( ! in/9ct ( dea?4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h le>n$ f ,dr4 ,fauvel ( "o case to add to ! in/ance notic$ by ,tok>ski4 ,x 0 ! case ( an old lady ^: heal? & circum/ances 7 com=table & :o be=e h] dea? %[$ a real desire = x & /at$ x 9 mu* ! same language z t quot$ by ,tok>ski4 ,9 ,fauvel's case1 h[ev]1 ! old lady _h rea*$ ! age ( only eighty-five ye>s4 ,x seems probable t ?is 0 a second g5u9e case ( ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?1 & x is !re=e int]e/+ to notice t t in/9ct1 l ! sexual in/9ct1 is subject to v>iation 9 ! date ( its appe>ance4 ,9 my se>* = in/ances ( ! in/9ct ( dea?1 ,i made use ( ! l>ge collection made by ,lejonc\rt1#cbi b f\nd t ! in=mation giv5 by ?is au?or 0 v incomplete z to ! mode ( life & ! la/ mom5ts ( 8 cases4 ,! ,bible te/ifies to ! frequ5cy ( old age 9 anci5t times & to ! complete pres]vation ( ! faculties 9 ! ag$4 ,x also conta9s "s ref]5ces t may be int]pret$ z in/ances ( ! in/9ct ( dea?4 ,i may take its acc\nt ( ! dea? ( "s ( ! patri>*s4 8,& ^! are ! days ( ! ye>s ( ,abraham's life :i* he liv$1 an hundr$ ?reescore & fifte5 ye>s4 ,!n ,abraham gave up ! gho/1 & di$ 9 a good old age1 an old man1 & full ( ye>s40#ccj 8,& ! days ( ,isaac 7 an hundr$ & f\rscore ye>s4 ,& ,isaac gave up ! gho/1 & di$1 & 0 ga!r$ unto 8 p1 be+ old & full ( days3 & 8 sons ,esau & ,jacob buri$ him40#cca 8,aft] ?is liv$ ,job an hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 & saw 8 sons1 & 8 sons' sons1 ev5 f\r g5]ations4 ,s ,job di$1 be+ old & full ( days40#ccb ,x is probable t ! phrase 8old & full ( days10 :i* s\nds /range 9 our e>s1 simply ref]s to ! in/9ct ( dea?1 develop$ 9 well pres]v$ old m5 :o _h atta9$ ages ( f #adj to #ahj ye>s4#ccc ,! ,biblical phrase is n m]ely a commonplace phrase appli$ to ! dea? ( celebrities = ! ref]5ces to dea?s ( o!r p]sons 7 put 9 diff]5t language4 8,& ^! are ! ye>s ( ! life ( ,i%mael1 an hundr$ & ?irty & sev5 ye>s3 & he gave up ! gho/ & di$2 & 0 ga!r$ unto 8 p40#ccd 8,& ,jacob liv$ 9 ! l& ( ,egypt sev5te5 ye>s3 s ! :ole age ( ,jacob 0 an hundr$ =ty & sev5 ye>s40#cce 8,& ,a>on 0 an hundr$ & tw5ty & ?ree ye>s old :5 he di$ 9 ,m\nt ,hor40#ccf 8,& ,moses 0 an hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s old :5 he di$2 8 eye 0 n dim1 nor 8 natural =ce abat$40#ccg ,9 only "o ( ^! lat] cases _h ! individual rea*$ ! age ( "o hundr$ & =ty ye>s1 at :i* age1 app>5tly1 ! in/9ct ( natural dea? appe>$4 ,x may seem altoge!r surpris+ & improbable to u t an in/9ct = dea? %\ld arise 9 man1 s9ce we are imbu$ ) an in/9ct ( an opposite nature4 ,f ! facts t ,i collect$ 9 my six? *apt]1 x 0 to be inf]r$ pla9ly t ! desire ( life & ! fe> ( dea? are manife/ations ( an in/9ct deep-root$ 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,t in/9ct is ( ! same ord] z ! in/9cts ( hung] & ?ir/1 ( ! ne$ ( sleep1 ( movem5t & ( sexual & mat]nal love4 ,! devotion & c>e be/[$ on _! "y by female birds & mammals are kn[n univ]sally4 ,& yet ^! in/9cts c be rev]s$4 ,!re is no sacrifice ( :i* ! mo!rs are n capable if x s]ve to save ! life or promote ! well-be+ ( _! (fspr+4 ,su* devotion is a manife/ation ( ! mat]nal in/9ct1 :i* is "o ( ! /ronge/ in/9cts kn[n to u4 ,& yet t love1 s t5d] & s absolute1 la/s only = ! "t dur+ :i* ! wants ( ! "y ne$ to be satisfi$4 ,z soon z ! "y beg9 to be indep5d5t1 ! mat]nal love *anges to indiff]5ce or to dislike4 ,at ! next bre$+-p]iod1 mat]nal love reappe>s aga91 s t !re is a p]iodic ebb & fl[ ( ! in/9ct4 ,! new-born babe takes an in/9ctive delight 9 ! milk ( 8 "m1 :i* seems to him ! only good food 9 ! _w4 ,z soon z he c %[ 8 feel+s1 8 int5se satisfaction z he is suckl$ is pla94 ,b ?is in/9ct la/s only dur+ ! p]iod ( lactation4 ,z soon z ! *ild beg9s to take diff]5t k9ds ( food1 he ceases to be pleas$ ) 8 "m's milk1 & may dislike x = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,sev]al adults to :om ,i h (f]$ human milk w\ld n ev5 ta/e x1 s disgu/+ did x seem to !m4 ,& yet ! ta/e _h no?+ intr9sically disagreeable 9 x4 ,"h aga9 is an example ( a /rong in/9ct t *anges completely4 ,*ildr5 (t5 eat to repletion ( "s k9d ( sub/ance1 & = long aft]w>ds t sub/ance disgu/s !m in/ead ( be+ covet$ by !m4 ,x is said t appr5tices to pa/ry-cooks & mak]s ( sweetmeats are all[$ at fir/ to eat z mu* z !y please4 ,!y soon come to h a pr(\nd dislike = ! sweet ?+s t *ildr5 l s mu*4 ,a "m :o adores h] *ild1 or a *ild :o is extremely fond ( sweetmeats _c und]/& h[ any "m c\ld dislike h] (fspr+ or any appr5tice h a di/a/e = sweets4 ,9 ! same way1 human be+s full ( ! desire = life1 believe m easily 9 et]nal life ?an 9 ! possibility ( an in/9ct ( dea?4 ,& yet ! in/9ct ( dea? seems to lie1 9 "s pot5tial =m1 deep 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,if ! cycle ( human life foll[$ its ideal c\rse accord+ to physiological function1 !n ! in/9ct ( dea? w\ld appe> 9 its "t1 aft] a normal life & an old age heal?y & prolong$4 ,9 reality1 human life is subject f its v beg9n+ to ! p]nici\s di%>monies 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,?is evil influ5ce increases ) ! pass+ ( ! ye>s & leads to an old age ru9$ by abnormalities4 ,x is n surpris+ t "u su* circum/ances m5 wi% nei!r to gr[ old nor to die4 ,old m51 9 spite ( _! atta*m5t to life1 d n atta9 ! capacity to "k all t is good 9 x1 & die1 9 ! fe> ( dea?1 )\t hav+ kn[n ! in/9ct ( dea?4 ,!y may be comp>$ ) unhappy wom5 :o h m>ri$ be=e _! sexual in/9cts h awak5$ & :o h di$ 9 *ildbir?1 )\t ev] hav+ kn[n ! real joy ( lov+4 ,=m]ly1 ! numb] ( wom5 9 su* a case 0 l>ge4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,abyss9ia1 girls m>ri$ :5 !y 7 /ill v "y & be=e _! physical developm5t 0 mature4 ,accord+ to ,hass5/e91#cch ne>ly "o ?ird ( ^! "y wom5 di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,!y quitt$ life be=e !y _h kn[n ! true sexual in/9ct4 ,! advancem5t ( civilisation & ( m$ical k has greatly r$uc$ ! numb] ( su* unhappy wom54 ,we mu/ hope t ! progress ( k w br+ ab\t a simil> advance 9 relation to ! in/9ct ( dea?4 ,) t progress1 ! numb] ( m5 :o w live until ! in/9ct has be5 atta9$ w become great] & great]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusions ,di%>monies 9 ! human con/itution z ! *ief s\rce ( our sorr[s--,sci5tific data z to ! orig9 & de/9y ( man--,! goal ( human exi/5ce--,difficulties 9 ! way ( sci5tific inve/igation ( ! problem--,:at is progress8--,difficulty ( includ+ ! :ole human race 9 a s*eme ( progress & morality--,! in/9cts ( life & ( natural dea?--,application to real life ( ! doctr9es set =? 9 ?is book ,man1 :o is a desc5dant ( "s an?ropoid ape1 has inh]it$ a con/itution adapt$ to an environm5t v diff]5t f t :i* n[ surr\nds him4 ,man is possess$ ( a bra9 v mu* m highly develop$ ?an t ( 8 ance/ors1 & has ent]$ on a new pa? 9 ! evolution ( ! high] organisms4 ,! sudd5 *ange 9 8 natural conditions has br\ght ab\t a l>ge s]ies ( organic di%>monies :i* become m & m acutely felt z he becomes m intellig5t & m s5sitive4 ,& ?us !re has aris5 a numb] ( sorr[s :i* poor humanity has tri$ to relieve by all ! means 9 its p[]4 ,! di%>monies 9 ! sexual functions h br\ght into exi/5ce attempt$ rem$ies ( ! /range/ k9d4 ,! greate/ di%>mony ( ! con/itution is t ( ! morbid nature ( old age & ! impossibility ( rea*+ ! in/9ct ( natural dea?2 ?is has produc$ *ildi% & errone\s conceptions ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 & _m o!r /range doctr9es t h be5 impos$ ^u u z reveal$ tru?4 ,human intellig5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( its progressive evolution1 has rebell$ aga9/ ^! nave palliatives4 ,f9d+ ! re/oration ( ! mu*-desir$ h>mony beyond its p[]1 humanity became resign$ to a passive fatalism1 & believ$ ev5 t ! exi/5ce ( man 0 a k9d ( bad joke1 a faux pas 9 ! evolution ( s5ti5t organisms4 ,exact sci5ce1 develop+ sl[ly1 b surely1 has at la/ tri$ to ma/] ! situation4 ,mov+ /ep by /ep1 pass+ f ! simple to ! complex & f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 sci5ce has e/abli%$ a set ( tru?s :i* all ! _w mu/ accept4 ,humanity 9 its mis]y has put "q aft] "q to sci5ce1 & has lo/ pati5ce at ! sl[ness ( ! advance ( k4 ,x has decl>$ t ! answ]s already f\nd by sci5ce are futile & ( little int]e/4 ,f "t to "t x has pref]r$ to turn back1 & to delude itself ) ! beautiful mirages (f]$ by religions & sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,b sci5ce1 confid5t ( its me?ods1 has quietly cont9u$ to "w4 ,little by little1 ! answ]s to "s ( ! que/ions t h be5 set h begun to appe>4 ,:5ce d we come8 sci5ce has be5 ask$ unceas+ly4 ,is n man a be+ unlike o!r be+s1 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 animat$ ) ! div9e brea?1 & immortal8 ,no1 sci5ce answ]s4 ,man is a k9d ( misc>riage ( an ape1 end[$ ) pr(\nd intellig5ce & capable ( great progress4 ,8 bra9 is ! seat ( processes t are v complex1 & mu* high] ?an ^? ( o!r animals1 b ^! functions are incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l4 ,:i!r are we go+8 ,t "q above all o!r ?+s has absorb$ ! att5tion ( man1 & naturally s1 = x is less important to "k our orig9 ?an to "k our de/9y4 ,does dea? mean absolute ext9ction1 or is x a gateway lead+ to a new & ev]la/+ life8 ,& if ! latt] alt]native be untrue1 h[ are we to face inevitable dea?8 ,sci5ce _c admit ! immortality ( ! consci\s s\l1 = consci\sness is a function ( special elem5ts 9 ! body t c]ta9ly _c live = ev]4 ,immortality exi/s only = v l[ organisms t r5ew _! lives by repeat$ divisions ) complete reg5]ation1 & t h no highly develop$ consci\sness4 ,dea? br+s absolute ext9ction1 & x seems unbe>able because ( ! condition 9 :i* x surprises u4 ,x comes be=e man has f9i%$ 8 physiological developm5t1 & :5 ! in/9ct ( life is /ill /rong4 ,ev] s9ce man has begun to look a little beyond 8 daily & imm$iate wants1 he has ask$ if !re be a goal = 8 life1 & :at t goal may be4 ,z he has g5]ally fail$ to f9d su* a goal1 he has gone ! l5g? ( believ+ life to be a m]e accid5t1 & ( ?9k+ x idle to seek a goal4 ,he has =m$ depress+ & pessimi/ic conclusions4 ,humanity may be comp>$ to a boy t has n yet acquir$ ! sexual in/9ct1 b has ask$ ! mean+ ( ! reproductive organs4 ,z ^! organs play no "p 9 ! functions ( 8 life1 he might easily ?9k _! exi/5ce n only absolutely useless b absurd4 ,man1 because ( ! fundam5tal di%>monies 9 8 con/itution1 does n develop normally4 ,! e>li] phases ( 8 developm5t are pass$ ?r\gh ) little tr\ble2 b1 aft] maturity1 great] or less] abnormality beg9s1 & ends 9 old age & dea? t are premature & pa?ological4 ,is n ! goal ( exi/5ce ! accompli%m5t ( a complete & physiological cycle1 9 :i* occurs a normal old age end+ 9 ! loss ( ! in/9ct ( life & ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?4 ,! pessimi/ic s*ool has (t5 spok5 ( dea? z ! true goal ( human life4 ,s*op5hau]1#cci = in/ance1 said3 8,dea? mu/ really be reg>d$ z ! true goal ( life2 :5 x comes x at once adju/s all t has be5 prep>+ 9 ! c\rse ( life40 ,baudelaire#cdj has exactly ! same idea 9 8 v]se3 8,c'e/ la mort qui console1 hlas6 et qui fait vivre2 ,c'e/ le b de la vie1 et c'e/ le seul espoir ,qui1 comme un lixir1 n\s monte et n\s enivre ,et n\s donne le cur de m>*] jusqu'au soir40 8,alas6 x is dea? t com=ts & gives u life2 x is ! goal ( our days1 x is our only hope t l a w9e goes to our head & makes u drunk1 & puts he>t into u to j\rney on till ! night40 ,! normal end1 com+ aft] ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?1 may truly be reg>d$ z ! ultimate goal ( human exi/5ce4 ,b be=e atta9+ x1 a normal life mu/ be liv$3 a life fill$ all ?r\gh ) ! feel+ t comes f ! accompli%m5t ( function4 ,k ( ! true goal ( life cle>s up ! problem & %[s u ! "r conduct ( life4 ,9 my fir/ *apt]1 ,i tri$ to lay be=e ! read] a summ>y ( ! views t h be5 held z to "r conduct4 ,ev] s9ce ! attempt has be5 made to discov] a rational basis ( morality1 human nature1 reg>d$ ess5tially z good1 has be5 tak5 z t basis4 ,religions & sy/ems ( philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* h tri$ to f9d ano!r f\ndation = morality1 h reg>d$ human nature z vici\s at ! roots4 ,sci5ce has be5 able to tell u t man1 ! desc5dant ( animals1 has good & evil qualities 9 8 nature1 & t 8 life is made unhappy by ! evil qualities4 ,b ! con/itution ( man is n immutable1 & p]haps x may be *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,morality %\ld be bas$ n on human nature 9 its exi/+ vitiat$ condition1 b on human nature1 ideal1 z x may be 9 ! future4 ,be=e all ?+s1 x is necess>y to try to am5d ! evolution ( ! human life1 t is to say1 to trans=m its di%>monies into h>monies 7,or?obiosis74 ,?is task c be und]tak5 only by sci5ce1 & to sci5ce ! opportunity ( accompli%+ x mu/ be giv54 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! mo/ civilis$ c\ntries1 sci5ce is f> f be+ 9 ?is ideal condition4 ,ob/acles lie 9 its way & ret>d its advance4 ,to make ! human con/itution bett]1 x w\ld be necess>y to "k x ?or\ghly4 ,h[ c we try to trans=m to a normal & physiological condition old age1 at pres5t utt]ly pa?ological1 unless we fir/ und]/& ! mo/ intimate details ( its me*anism8 ,deeply root$ prejudices make x v difficult to exam9e ! organs ( ! ag$ dead4 ,! difficulties surr\nd+ po/-mortem inve/igations are almo/ insurm\ntable4 ,accord+ to ! regulations en=c$ 9 ,france1 autopsies _c be made until tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] dea?4 ,an autopsy _c be made except :5 ! corpse has n be5 claim$ by any relatives 9 ! direct l9e1 husb& or wife1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 uncles1 aunts1 nephews1 nieces4 ,if k9sm5 put 9 no claim1 co-op]ative societies may take possession ( ! corpse & oppose ! hold+ ( an exam9ation4 ,ev5 :5 an exam9ation has be5 p]mitt$1 x mu/ ext5d only to 8! asc]ta9+ ( exact facts1 & ?is mu/ be tak5 z exclud+ ! mutilation ( ! corpse by ! removal ( any organ or portion ( ! anatomy1 h[ev] int]e/+ sci5tifically su* mat]ial might be40 7,circul> ( ! ,director ( 8,assi/ance publique10 ,janu>y #bj1 #aijj4cda7 ,x is easy to see t su* regulations make extremely difficult ! inve/igation ( s5ile deg5]ation1 & ! se>* = means ( prev5t+ x1 especially by ! use ( s]ums obta9$ aft] inject+ emulsions ( human organs4 ,^! difficulties 9 reality arise f ! prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( a life beyond ! grave & a resurrection ( ! body4 ,almo/ simil> difficulties /& 9 ! way ( obta9+ ! bodies ( old animals4 ,_! own]s pref] to keep animals1 aft] !y are useless1 until !y die1 & to bury ! bodies in/ead ( devot+ !m to ! sci5tific inve/igation t is s important to humanity4 ,z soon z we come to believe t ! solution ( ! problems ( human happ9ess w come n f religions nor f sy/ems ( metaphysical philosophy1 b f exact sci5ce alone1 ! ob/acles to progress w be remov$4 ,t sci5tific me?ods w r$ress ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution is ! m probable inasmu* z ! old age ( human be+s 0 m physiological1 & _! dea? m natural1 9 e>li] times ?an !y are to-day4 ,! /udy ( ! human con/itution n only d5otes ! real goal ( our exi/5ce1 b indicates to u :at is meant by true culture & real progress4 ,9 e>li] *apt]s1 ,i h %[n t philosoph]s h recognis$ ! exi/5ce 9 man ( a t5d5cy to culture & progress4 ,b :at d !y mean by ^! two words8 ,attempts h be5 made to def9e !m z cle>ly z possible1 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! greate/ ( liv+ philosoph]s1 has devot$ a special essay to ! subject4 ,he exam9$ ^? ph5om5a t he reg>d$ z progressive1 fir/ 9 ! inorganic _w1 next1 9 ! _w ( liv+ ?+s1 &1 f9ally1 9 humanity4 ,he reg>ds z progressive only ! *anges t t5d to increase human happ9ess1 & x is precisely on acc\nt ( t t5d5cy t he reg>ds !m z progressive4 ,9 ord] to def9e progressive ph5om5a ,sp5c] ?9ks x necess>y to make p>allel /udies ( !m 9 man & ! animal _w4 ,he f9ds t progress is m>k$ always by a trans=mation f ! simple & uni=m to ! complex2 & t x produces con/ant diff]5tiation1 9 ! evolution ( ! planet>y _w1 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! individual1 & 9 ! societies ( m5 & animals4 ,b diff]5tiation is n a complete acc\nt ( progress1 = 9 ! latt] mu/ be includ$ ! *ange ( ! indef9ite into ! def9ite4 ,sp5c] id5tifies progress ) evolution1 & 8 well-kn[n def9ition ( evolution is1 t x is 8an integration ( matt] & concomitant dissipation ( motion2 dur+ :i* ! matt] passes f an indef9ite1 incoh]5t homog5eity to a def9ite1 coh]5t het]og5eity2 & dur+ :i* ! reta9$ motion und]goes a p>allel trans=mation40 ,su* a =mula embraces too mu*1 s t he is r vague1 especially :5 he applies x to human affairs4 ,diff]5tiation 9 itself is n ! :ole ( progress4 ,x is necess>y 9 ea* concrete case to inquire into its limits & modifications4 ,! application ( 8 !ory ( progress & evolution l$ ,sp5c]1 9 8 inve/igation ( ! basis ( morality1 to def9e human progress z ! t5d5cy t[>ds a life z full & z long z possible4 ,by fulness he means complexity1 if ,i int]pret 8 argum5t correctly4 ,civilis$ life z comp>$ ) savage life1 is a realisation ( progress4 ,civilis$ man1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 uses food 9 a bett] regulat$ fa%ion1 9 accordance ) ! call & degree ( 8 appetite2 ! food is ( bett] quality1 x is fre$ f contam9ation1 is mu* m v>i$ & is bett] prep>$4 ,! same diff]5tiation di/+ui%es ! clo?+1 ! homes & s =? ( civilis$ man4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c]1 all su* progress helps real happ9ess1 t is to say ! fulness & ! prolongation ( life4 ,x is easy to see1 h[ev]1 t su* an int]pretation ( progress is inexact1 l ! conception ( ! goal ( life associat$ ) x4 ,if ! complication ( ! mode ( life1 :i* is s m>k$ 9 mod]n civilisation1 is really ! be/ way ( rea*+ happ9ess1 !re are no reasons to arre/ ! t5d5cy 9 t direction4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 my view be correct1 t true progress consi/s 9 ! elim9ation ( ! di%>monies ( human nature & 9 ! cultivation ( physiological old age foll[$ by natural dea?1 ! conditions = realis+ progress w\ld be diff]5t & v cle>4 ,! great complexity ( life 9 mod]n civilisation is a sign ( progress accord+ to ,sp5c]1 b ,i d n agree ) him4 ,sp5c] speaks ( ! v>iety & prep>ation ( food4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is complexity militates aga9/ physiological old age1 & t ! simpl] food ( uncivilis$ races is bett]4 ,i d n wi% to write an essay on dome/ic hygi5e1 & ,i %all be cont5t ) say+ t mo/ ( ! delicate di%es provid$ 9 ! homes1 hotels1 & re/aurants ( ! ri*1 /imulate ! organs ( dige/ion & secretion 9 a h>mful way4 ,x w\ld be true progress to ab&on mod]n cuis9e & to g back to ! simple di%es ( our ance/ors4 ,"o ( ! conditions t enabl$ ! ,jews ( ! e>li] ,biblical times to live long] ?an civilis$ p1 01 beyond all d\bt1 ! great] simplicity ( _! diet4 ,true hygi5e1 :i* is 9 op5 disagreem5t ) ! elaborat$ art ( cook]y1 is also oppos$ to ! diff]5tiation ( mod]n dress & dwell+s4 ,progress ?us w\ld consi/ 9 simplify+ _m sides ( ! lives ( civilis$ p4 ,! luxury :i* has done s mu* h>m to mank9d1 & :i* w\ld be includ$ 9 ! =mula1 8passage f indef9ite homog5eity to def9ite het]og5eity10 is f\nd$ n on a g5]al law ( evolution ( ! :ole univ]se1 b on a p>ticul> conception ( life1 q diff]5t f m9e accord+ to :i* ! rectify+ ( ! abnormal human cycle to a normal cycle is ! true goal ( life4 ,p]haps "o ( ! olde/ conceptions ( life t has t5d$ to luxury is to be f\nd 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! conclusion3 8,= 9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief3 & he t increase? k increase? sorr[0 7i4 #ah71 & hav+ said3 8,!n ,i beheld all ! "w ( ,god1 t a man _c f9d out ! "w t is done "u ! sun3 because ?\gh a man lab\r to seek x out1 yet he %all n f9d x1 yea f>!r2 ?\gh a wise man ?9k to "k x1 yet %all he n be able to f9d x40#cdb ,solomon laid d[n ! rules ( life z foll[s3 8,g ?y way1 eat ?y bread ) joy1 & dr9k ?y w9e ) a m]ry he>t3 = ,god n[ accepte? ?y works40 8,let ?y g>m5ts be always :ite2 & let ?y head lack no o9tm5t40 8,live joyfully ) ! wife :om ?\ love/ all ! days ( ! life ( ?y vanity1 :i* he ha? giv5 !e "u ! sun1 all ! days ( ?y vanity2 = t is ?y portion 9 ?is life1 & 9 ?y lab\r :i* ?\ take/ "u ! sun40 8,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de/ to d1 d x ) ?y might2 = !re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor wisdom1 9 ! grave1 :i!r ?\ goe/40#cdc ,! wisdom ( ,solomon 0 to enjoy ?is life z mu* z possible1 s9ce man is unable to solve ! problem ( ! goal ( life4 ,8 precepts h be5 tak5 z a guide1 & h l$ to an organisation ( life t c\ld only become m & m epicurean4 ,z soon z ! goal ( life has be5 se5 cle>ly1 luxury ceases to be true happ9ess z x h9d]s ! mak+ p]fect ( ! normal cycle ( human life4 ,"y p1 in/ead ( ab&on+ !mselves to all ! pleasures because !y h no?+ be=e !m b a sad prospect ( morbid old age & dea?1 ought to make ready = physiological old age & natural dea?4 ,! appr5tice%ip c]ta9ly w be long4 ,9 our "t ! ye>s ( /udy already la/ mu* long] ?an occurr$ ev5 a c5tury ago4 ,z ! body ( k gr[s great]1 ! "t to acquire x w become prolong$1 b ?is p]iod ( prep>ation w s]ve z ! prelude to ripe maturity & ideal old age4 ,old age is repulsive at pres5t1 because x is an old age devoid ( its true mean+1 full ( egoism1 n>r[ness ( view1 incapacity & malignancy4 ,! physiological old age ( ! future assur$ly w be v diff]5t4 ,9 ! societies ( animals1 especially z !y occur among insects1 ! memb]s %[ a high degree ( diff]5tiation4 ,"s individuals are adapt$ to ! reproductive functions1 :ile o!rs are /]ile & are fitt$ = ! c>e ( ! "y & to supply ! wants ( ! community4 ,?is diff]5tiation1 :i* is ( social value1 has aris5 indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t gr\ps4 ,?us1 9 ! societies ( bees & ants ! work]s are /]ile females1 :ile 9 ! case ( t]mites1 individuals ( bo? sexes may be /]ile4 ,9 ! human race1 evolution is foll[+ ano!r pa?4 ,!re is no sign ( ! appe>ance ( a /]ile class2 b1 z ! life ( man is long] ?an t ( insects1 x is divid$ into two p]iods1 a reproductive p]iod & a /]ile p]iod4 ,old age1 at pres5t practically a useless burd5 on ! community1 w become a p]iod ( "w valuable to ! community4 ,z ! old man w no long] be subject to loss ( memory or to intellectual weakness1 he w be able to apply 8 great exp]i5ce to ! mo/ complicat$ & ! mo/ delicate p>ts ( ! social life4 ,"y m5 are usually v bad politicians1 & 9 c\ntries :]e !y take a l>ge %>e 9 public affairs !y d mu* h>m because !y are )\t ! necess>y practical k4 ,_! incapacity is cle>ly %[n by ! great *anges 9 _! political views z !y advance 9 ye>s & ga9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! future1 old m5 w h *>ge ( all complex & difficult social functions4 ,?us1 va/ improvem5ts w be made 9 politics & 9 ju/ice1 :i* at pres5t are defective because ( _! insuffici5t f\ndations4 ,z soon z e "o has recognis$ ! true goal ( human life1 & has assum$1 z ! ideal1 ! realisation ( ! normal cycle ( life1 a real guide to life w h be5 f\nd4 ,we %all "k at lea/ :i!r we are go+1 & z yet we are ignorant ( t4 ,we h wi%$ to make life bett]1 b we h n kn[n h[ or = :om to make ! attempt4 ,=m]ly x 0 assum$ t1 9 ! future1 love w\ld spread & become g5]alis$4 ,family love _h spread to ! tribe & !n _h be5 trans=m$ to patriotism2 x 0 held t no ob/acle /ood 9 ! way ( its embrac+ all humanity4 ,su* an idea 0 preval5t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & became a common gr\nd ( all sy/ems ( philosophy1 morality & politics4 ,b1 s9ce means ( communication h be5 improv$ s va/ly & s9ce ! mo/ di/ant voyages are )9 ! p[] ( almo/ e "o1 ! vague notion ( 8humanity0 has be5 replac$ by exact k ( ! native savages 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,we h come to disbelieve 9 8humanity0 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w1 s great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 savage & civilis$ peoples4 ,& _m mod]n !ories h reject$ ! inclusion ( ! l[] races 9 ! s5tim5t ( humanity4 ,9 ! fif? *apt]1 ,i quot$ ! view ( ! morali/1 ,su!rl&1 on ! advantages t h come ab\t f ! ,engli% seizure ( ! =e/s t belong$ to ! natives ( ,au/ralia4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t a pr(\nd hatr$ exi/s betwe5 :ite m5 & black m5 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! e>?1 notably 9 ,am]ica & ! ,antilles4 ,su* in/ances c\ld be multipli$4 ,h[ !n are we to em]ge f ?is difficulty8 ,at :at po9t is ! love ( ! future to be /ay$1 if x _c spread to all humanity8 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ treatise on natural philosophy1 ,o/wald1#cdd a v di/+ui%$ ,g]man physical *emi/1 has discuss$ ?is "q4 ,he calls good 8! actions t made easi] ! exi/5ce ( o!r m540 ,b to :at o!r m5 are we to apply ?is rule8 8,:at is ! size ( ! circle ( altrui/ic love10 ask$ ,o/wald4 8,! g5]al feel+10 he said1 8is t x %\ld cov] ! family & ! nation4 ,! feel+ t x %\ld cov] all humanity appe>s to mo/ ( u z a !oretical dem& r ?an some?+ practical4 ,& ?us h n mo/ ( u ! t5d5cy to limit our altrui/ic actions mu* m 9 ! case ( m5 b5ea? u ?an 9 ! case ( our social comrades 7,/adesg5oss5780 ,accord+ to ?is =mula1 moral action w\ld n /ret* beyond our compatriots1 & humanity z a :ole w\ld be exclud$ f x4 ,"h we h ent]$ on a problem relat+ to ! pr9ciples ( normal life4 ,9 =m] times1 religion 0 ! *ief bond among m54 ,lat] on1 religion gave way to patriotism1 :i* 9 default ( any?+ bett] /ill holds its place4 ,community ( language unites ! individuals ( a nation1 b ! advance ( civilisation has und]m9$ ! f\ndation ( t s\rce ( diff]5tiation4 ,naturally1 :5 a numb] ( m5 spoke only "o & ! same language1 great solid>ity 0 ! result1 z ideas spread only by language4 ,b su* a monoglottism is n ! end ( human progress4 ,z means ( communication h improv$1 ! nations h be5 br\ght 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,! k ( =eign languages is an elem5t>y necessity ( mod]n life4 ,& s ! bonds ( nationality c]ta9ly w become loos]1 9 ?is respect foll[+ ! bonds ( family4 ,! dislike t we h to p ^: language we d n und]/&1 becomes *ang$ into a feel+ ( unity ) !m z soon z we c und]/& !m4 ,9 t respect an active developm5t is 9 progress1 & we %all h to seek out "s new pr9ciple on :i* to base int]national solid>ity4 ,a good deal has be5 made ( ! possession by diff]5t nations ( ! same culture1 b ! vagu5ess ( ! phrase has n be5 realis$4 ,recognition ( ! true goal ( life & ( sci5ce z ! only means by :i* t goal may be atta9$ w\ld =m an ideal on :i* m5 might unite2 !y w\ld gr\p !mselves ar\nd t1 z 9 =m] days m5 7 held toge!r by religion4 ,i ?9k x extremely probable t ! sci5tific /udy ( old age & ( dea?1 two bran*es ( sci5ce t may be call$ g]ontology & ?anatology1 w br+ ab\t great modifications 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ p]iod ( life4 ,all t we "k on ^! subjects confirms my view4 ,b w x lead to ! developm5t ( an in/9ct ( dea?8 ,t in/9ct lies deep 9 ! roots ( ! human con/itution8 ,w ! means be f\nd to br+ x to ! surface8 ,has n ! enorm\s p]iod dur+ :i* x has rema9$ lat5t l$ to its atrophy8 ,! sci5ce ( ! future alone c answ] t "q4 ,b ! p]si/5ce ( organs & /ructures t are extremely anci5t1 z = in/ance1 ! survival ( ! mamm>y gl&s 9 males & ( ! v]mi=m app5dage 9 an?ropoid apes & man1 gives u ! hope t ! in/9ct ( natural dea? may em]ge f its lat5t condition :5 old age has become a normal process4 ,! mamm>y gl&s ( males are functionless rudim5ts4 ,!y mu/ be int]pret$ z ve/iges ( organs t 7 m highly develop$ 9 remote ance/ors among :i* bo? sexes gave milk to n\ri% ! "y4 ,?is function exi/s 9 a lat5t condition 9 ! males ( liv+ mammals4 ,extremely r>e cases h exi/$ 9 :i* males possess$ l>ge gl&s secret+ en\gh milk to fe$ ! "y4 ,^! males1 x is true1 _h ! g5ital organs ei!r v badly develop$ or 9 a condition approa*+ h]maphroditism4#cde ,b 9 o!r au!ntic cases 7p]fectly develop$7 he-goats & rams h be5 kn[n to provide milk 9 consid]able quantities1 :il/ m>ri$ m5 h suckl$ *ildr5 ) milk secret$ by unusually develop$ gl&s4 ,x is /at$ t ! secretion ( milk c be excit$ by /imulation ( ! nipples4#cdf ,su* examples ( ! reappe>ance ( a lat5t prop]ty t has be5 lo/ = untold ages are extremely important4 ,probably actual cases ( ! in/9ct ( natural dea? 9 man are z r>e z in/ances ( ! secretion ( milk by males4 ,b fav\r+ circum/ances & "s education ( ! in/9ct ( dea? w\ld probably reawak5 x & develop x fully4 ,!re is mu* "w to be done be=e s great an object c be a*iev$4 ,b x is ! peculi> feature ( sci5ce to be eag] = mu* lab\r1 :ile religions & sy/ems ( metaphysical philosophy are cont5t ) passive fatalism & sil5t resignation4 ,! m]e hope ( be+ able to solve ! great problems ( humanity 9 ! m or less di/ant future br+s mu* satisfaction4 ,:5 ,tol/oi1 agonis$ by ! impossibility ( solv+ ! great problems1 & haunt$ by ! fe> ( dea?1 ask$ if ! love ( our *ildr5 is n able to soo? our s\ls1 he f\nd t su* a hope 0 va94 8,:at is ! good10 he said1 8( re>+ *ildr5 :o w soon f9d !mselves 9 ! same difficult position z _! p>5ts80 8,:y %\ld !y live8 :y %\ld ,i love !m & protect !m & fo/] !m8 ,is x t !y may come to ! same despair z ,i am 9 myself or else gr[ imbecile8 ,z ,i love !m1 ,i d n wi% to hide ! tru? f !m1 = ea* /ep 9 k w lead !m ne>] to x4 ,b ! tru? is--dea?40 ,i c und]/& t _m p]sons w\ld ab/a9 f hav+ *ildr5 if !y _h come to ^! pessimi/ic conclusions4 ,! po9t ( view t ,i h expos$ 9 ?is book w make life m possible4 ,our g5]ation has no *ance ( atta9+ physiological old age & normal dea?2 b x may take real consolation f ! ?\ght t ^? :o are n[ "y may advance sev]al /eps 9 t direction4 ,x may reflect t ea* succe$+ g5]ation w get clos] & clos] to ! solution & t true happ9ess "o day w be rea*$ by mank9d4 ,! sl[ advance to happ9ess w dem& _m sacrifices4 ,already1 m5 ( sci5ce sacrifice _! heal? & sometimes _! life to rea* ! solution ( "s important problem1 z = in/ance1 to cle> up a m$ical "q1 & s be ready to heal or to save ! lives ( _! fell[s4 ,be=e x is possible to rea* ! goal1 mank9d mu/ be p]suad$ t sci5ce is all-p[]ful & t ! deeply root$ exi/+ sup]/itions are p]nici\s4 ,x w be necess>y to re=m _m cu/oms & _m in/itutions t n[ seem to re/ on endur+ f\ndations4 ,! ab&onm5t ( mu* t is habitual & a revolution 9 ! mode ( education w require long & pa9ful ef=t4 ,def9ition ( ! goal ( human exi/5ce w br+ great precision to ! pr9ciples ( morality4 ,true policy w h to be re>$ on new f\ndations4 ,! politics ( to-day are 9 ! condition 9 :i* m$ic9e /ill rema9$ 9 days long pa/4 ,9 ! old days any "o 0 all[$ to practise m$ic9e1 because !re 0 no m$ical sci5ce & no?+ 0 exact4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 among less civilis$ p1 any old woman is all[$ to be a midwife4 ,9 "s cases ! "m att5ds ! lab\r ( h] daught]1 or 7z = in/ance 9 a ca/e ( natives 9 ,malab>71 x may be ! "m-9-law :o does ! duty4 ,v (t5 fri5ds act z midwives4 ,among m civilis$ races1 diff]5tiation has tak5 place1 & *ildbir?s are att5d$ by wom5 ( special tra9+1 :o are midwives by diploma4 ,9 ! case ( nations /ill m civilis$1 ! tra9$ midwives are direct$ by ob/etric physicians :o h specialis$ 9 ! conduct+ ( lab\r4 ,?is high degree ( diff]5tiation has aris5 )1 & has itself aid$1 ! progress ( ob/etric k4 ,politics1 z !y exi/ to-day1 correspond to ! e>ly /ages ( ob/etric practice4 ,e adult male is ?\ght fit = ex]cis+ functions s difficult z ^? ( an elector or a juryman4 ,! only excuse = ?is condition is t political sci5ce is 9 its infancy4 ,:5 sociology is m advanc$1 !re w come ab\t a diff]5tiation l t 9 m$ic9e4 ,:5 t has tak5 place1 old p]sons :o h acquir$ great exp]i5ce1 & :o because ( _! physiological con/itutions h pres]v$ all _! faculties1 w give mo/ valuable s]vices to ! society ( ! future4 ,9 ! progress t[>ds ! real goal ( life1 m5 w lose mu* ( _! lib]ty1 b w receive 9 ex*ange a new feel+ ( solid>ity4 ,z k becomes m & m ext5sive & exact1 fre$om to neglect x w be m & m limit$4 ,=m]ly any "o 0 at lib]ty to tea* t :ales 7 fi%2 b n[ t x has be5 prov$ t :ales are mammals1 ! mi/ake is n to be p>don$4 ,s9ce m$ic9e has become m ( an exact sci5ce1 ! lib]ty ( doctors has be5 re/ra9$4 ,practition]s h already be5 s5t5c$ = neglect+ antisepsis & asepsis4 ,o!r =ms ( fre$om1 su* z ! fre$om to neglect vacc9ation aga9/ smallpox1 to spit on ! floor1 or to let dogs run loose )\t be+ muzzl$1 are wor?y ( savage days & w cease z civilisation advances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! k t ! goal ( human life c be atta9$ only by ! developm5t ( a high degree ( solid>ity among/ m5 w re/ra9 actual egotism4 ,! m]e fact t ! enjoym5t ( life accord+ to ! precepts ( ,solomon is oppos$ to ! goal ( human life w less5 luxury & ! evil t comes f luxury4 ,conviction t sci5ce alone is able to r$ress ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution w lead directly to ! improvem5t ( education & to ! solid>ity ( mank9d4 ,9 progress t[>ds ! goal1 nature w h to be consult$ cont9u\sly4 ,already1 9 ! case ( ! ephem]ids1 nature has produc$ a complete cycle ( normal life end+ 9 natural dea?4 ,9 ! problem ( 8 own fate1 man mu/ n be cont5t ) ! gifts ( nature2 he mu/ direct !m by 8 own ef=ts4 ,j z he has be5 able to modify ! nature ( animals & plants1 man mu/ attempt to modify 8 own con/itution1 s z to readju/ its di%>monies4 ,bre$]s =m a conception ( ! ideal result :5 !y are ab\t to attempt ! production ( "s new v>iety :i* %all be pleas+ e/hetically & ( s]vice to man4 ,next1 !y /udy ! exi/+ individual v>iations 9 animals & plants on :i* !y wi% to "w1 & f :i* !y w select ) ! m9ute/ c>e4 ,! ideal result mu/ h "s relation to ! con/itution ( ! organisms select$4 ,to modify ! human con/itution1 x w be necess>y fir/1 to frame ! ideal1 & !reaft] to set to "w ) all ! res\rces ( sci5ce4 ,if !re c be =m$ an ideal able to unite m5 9 a k9d ( religion ( ! future1 ?is ideal mu/ be f\nd$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,& if x be true1 z has be5 ass]t$ s (t51 t man c live by fai? alone1 ! fai? mu/ be 9 ! p[] ( sci5ce4 ,,index ,abortion1 artificial1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje z a religi\s c]emony1 #afd ,ab/95ce1 ,h>tmann on sexual1 #ahf ,ag$1 fe> ( dea? by1 #aca murd] (1 by l[ races1 #abi1 #acj treatm5t (1 by mod]n society1 #acj ,albius1 & artificial f]tilisation1 #bj ,alcohol1 & l5g? ( life1 #bei z produc] ( scl]osis1 #bdg ,altruism1 limitations (1 #bif ,an/hetics1 influ5ce (1 comp>$ ) dea?1 #aei ,ance/or-wor%ip1 9 ,*9a1 #add by ,confucius1 #ade1 #adf by ,kaffirs1 #aej quotations f ,tylor on1 #aej ,animism1 ,tylor on1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj ,anisoplia & light1 #cf ,annelids1 vegetative reproduction (1 #bfd ,annihilation1 ,b*n] on1 #bbj ,maila5d] on1 #ahh ,an?ropoid apes1 relation%ip to man1 #ee social in/9cts (1 #aje ,ants1 sexual di%>monies 91 #cd ,apes1 comp>$ ) man1 #db1 #dc ,app5dage1 v]mi=m1 ( man & apes1 #dd ,app5dicitis1 #ff1 #fg curable by mod]n sci5ce1 #baa frequ5cy (1 #fh ,apoplexy1 phagocytes 91 #bci ,ari/otle1 on future life1 #afi on pleasure1 #f ,art1 z affect$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #ac ( ! ,greeks1 #e ,art]ial scl]osis1 #bdg ,art]ies1 9 old age1 #bcg ,asceticism1 #aa ,atrophy1 9 old age1 #bch ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 on dea?1 #agb1agd1 #bfb on immortality1 #agb ,r5an on1 #agd ,bacon1 on failure ( philosophy1 #bjc on l5g!n+ life1 #beg ,bact]ia ( ! inte/9es1 #bdh1 #bdi ,baobab-tree1 age (1 #bff ,baudelaire1 on dea?1 #bhh ,baumann1 on microbes 9 inte/9es1 #bea ,beetles1 z food ( wasp l>v1 #bh1 #bi ,behr+1 von1 on diph!ria1 #baa ,b5>es1 ,buddha's s]mon at1 #aed ,b]t1 ,paul1 on treatm5t ( ! ag$1 #acj ,bible1 old age 91 #bhj ,bi5/ock1 on h>mful microbes1 #bef on inte/9al putrefaction1 #bee ,birds1 abs5ce ( l>ge inte/9e 91 #beb age (1 #bcb ,bis*(f1 on reproductive organs ( apes1 #ha ,bl9dness1 ( infants1 h[ prev5t$1 #baa ,blood1 exp]im5ts on s]um (1 #eb1 #ec ,blood corpuscles1 specific s5sibility (1 #afj ,boas1 on canc]1 #bae ,bones1 9 old age1 #bcg1 #bdc ,bordet1 on cytotoxic s]ums1 #bde ,botulism 78sausage-disease071 microbe (1 #beg ,bra91 invasion ( macrophags 7figure71 #bda ,brunetire1 on failure ( sci5ce1 #bah ,buddha1 contempt ( wom51 #i dea? (1 #aeh on disease1 #aed on fe> ( dea?1 #aec on immortality1 #adg ,buddha1 on ,nirvna1 #aeh on old age1 #aed on r5unciation1 #aed s]mon at ,b5>es1 #aed on sorr[s ( exi/5ce1 #bje ,buddhism1 & celibacy1 #afc & fe> ( dea?1 #aai & future life1 #add & immortality1 #adg1 #adh & pessimism1 #agf1 #agg ,b*n]1 on ,buddhism1 #add on morality1 #ajg on sci5ce1 #bai ,burial1 ( ! old1 alive1 #aeb ,bts*li1 on immortality ( protozoa1 #bfd ,byron1 on fe> ( dea?1 #agg on in/9ctive nature ( fe> ( dea?1 #abh on pessimism1 #agg ,ccum1 abs5ce (1 9 birds1 #bec ( *impanzee 7figure71 #de & disease1 #fi ( man 7figure71 #dd ( man & apes1 comp>$1 #dd ( monkeys1 #fg akya-,m\ni1 discov]s dea? & disease1 #aai1 #abj ,calk9s1 on deg5]ation ( infusoria1 #bcb ,canc]1 9 alim5t>y canal1 #gc1 #gd mod]n sci5ce &1 #bac1 #bad ,casimir1 sacrifices at burial (1 #ada ,ca/ration1 ,h>tmann on1 #ahc ,catasetum1 di%>mony 91 #cj ,catasetum saccatum 7figure71 #bd ,cat]pill>s & cocoons1 #cc ,celibacy1 #ab1 #ac1 #afc ,cellulose1 dige/ion (1 #beb ,c5t5>ians1 ,lanke/] on1 #bei ,lejonc\rt on1 #bhj ,c]c]is1 figure (1 #bh ,*toga/]1 vegetative reproduction ( 7figure71 #bfe ,*emotaxis1 ( sexual cells1 #bfh ,*ildbir?1 ages ( wom5 at1 #ic pa9s (1 #ib ,*9ese1 ance/or-wor%ip among1 #add belief 9 immortality1 #ade ,buddhi/s1 views on future life1 #adi laws aga9/1 #aji ,*ri/ianity1 & asceticism1 #aa & cont95ce1 #afc influ5ce (1 on art1 #ac & human nature1 #g1 #aj ,*romophags1 9 blan*+ ( hairs1 #bdc ,cic]o1 on dea?1 #afi1 #bfc on future life1 #afi ,civilisation1 & progress1 #bib ,cocoons1 =mation (1 #cc ,confucius1 on ance/or-wor%ip1 #ade1 #adf ,conjugation1 & immortality1 #bfd ,connective tissue1 9 old age1 #bcf1 #bch ,consci\sness1 relation ( to bodily functions1 #afj ,cr$1 on prev5tion ( infantile bl9dness1 #baj ,crug]1 on bees & or*ids1 #bc ,cuis9e1 mod]n1 evils (1 #bib ,cytotoxic s]ums1 #bde ,dahlmann1 on mean+ ( ,nirvna1 #aef ,d>w91 on f]tilisation ( or*ids1 #ba1 #bb on lum9\s insects1 #cg on natural morality1 #h on orig9 ( man1 #dj ,davids1 ,rhys1 on mean+ ( ,nirvna1 #aef1 #aeg ,dea?1 ,aurelius on1 #bfb ,baudelaire on1 #bhh ,cic]o on1 #afi1 #bfc ,guyau on1 #aie ,h>tmann on1 #ahd ,maila5d] on1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij ,nordau on1 #aic ,plato on1 #aff1 #afg ,r5an on1 #aie ,rck]t on1 #aie ,s*ill] on1 #aie ,s*op5hau] on1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bhh ,s5eca on1 #aga ,socrates on1 #aff1 #afg ,tok>sky on1 #abe ,tol/oi on1 #abb1 #abc1 #bii ,weismann on1 #bff ,zola on1 #bbf ,philosoph]s on1 #acc z annihilation1 #afb comp>$ ) an/hetics1 #aei fe> (1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aec feign+ (1 #aad 9 ephem]ids1 #bge in/9ct (1 #bha1 #bih ( ,jewi% patri>*s1 #bhj1 #bha natural1 #bff1 #bgb1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bii 9 old age1 #bfg sci5tific /udy (1 #bfb ,deg5]ation1 s5ile1 9 infusoria1 #bca 9 insects1 #bcb 9 v]tebrates1 #bcb ,de ,gonc\rt1 quotations f1 #aba1 #bbe ,d5ik]1 a ftus ( man & ape1 #dg ,desc>tes1 on l5g!n+ life1 #beg ,desire ( life1 n to be ignor$1 #bbh ,de ,vries1 on new species1 #eg ,diet1 z regulat$ by religi\s1 #afb ,dige/ive sy/em ( man1 #fj ,disease1 religi\s measures aga9/1 #afd ,dogs1 old age 91 #bcc ,d',holba*1 on natural morality1 #g ,dragon-tree1 ( ,oratava1 #bfe ,dubois1 on ,pi!can?ropus1 #ej ,du ,bois ,reymond1 on agno/icism1 #bba ,duf\r1 on wasps1 #bg ,duhr+1 a bl9d optimi/1 #aag ,duncan1 ,mat!ws1 on *ildbir?1 #id ,duration ( life1 #bgg1 #bgh ,eb/e91 on prolong+ life1 #beh1 #bfj ,ecclesia/es1 on life1 #bic ,edgr51 on art]ial scl]osis1 #bdg ,elixirs ( life1 #beg ,emasculation1 by ,skoptsy1 #i ,ephem]ids 7figures71 #bga1 #bgc abs5ce ( in/9ct ( pres]vation 91 #bge l>v 7figure71 #bgb sexual in/9cts (1 #cf sw>m+ (1 #bga ,epicureans1 summum bonum (1 #f ,ewald1 on microbes 9 inte/9es1 #bea1 #beb ,eye1 ( man1 imp]fections (1 #gh ,fabre1 on cat]pill>s1 #cc on fossorial wasps1 #bg1 #bh1 #cd ,fai?1 mod]n return to1 #bbb ,tol/oi's return to1 #bbd ,zola's attraction to1 #bbe ,family in/9cts1 #ajh love1 #bie ,fauvel1 on natural dea?1 #bhj ,fe>1 ( dea?1 ,r\sseau on1 #aah ,tok>sky on1 #abe ,tol/oi on1 #abb1 #abc 9 ! ag$1 #aah1 #aca 9 ,buddhism1 #aai by a ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 #abd by ,fr5* writ]s1 #aba1 #abb1 #acb in/9ctive nature (1 #abg1 #abh1 #aec occasional abs5ce (1 #aeb ,feet1 ( man & apes1 #dc ,fi*te1 on future life1 #agf ,f9ot1 on cont9uity ( life1 #aig on fe> ( dea?1 #abb1 #abf1 #aig ,flies1 cause ( dea? (1 #bgd ,flora ( ! inte/9es1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bea ,fl\r5s1 on limits ( life1 #bgg ,ftus ( gibbon1 figure (1 #df ( man1 figure (1 #dg ,food1 ( ance/ral man1 #gd in/9ct ( *oice (1 #ge1 #gf ,fossorial wasps1 #bg1 #cd ,future life1 ,cic]o on1 #afi ,fi*te on1 #agf ,kant on1 #agf ,plato on1 #afh belief 91 #ada1 #adi1 #aea1 #aei oppos$ by reason1 #afa1 #afe see ,immortality ,g5]al p>alysis1 symptoms (1 #aaa ,g]ontology1 sci5ce ( old age1 #big ,gl[-worms1 #cg ,goal ( human life1 #cjj1 #cja ,gods1 ( ! ,greeks1 #d ( ! ,ori5tals1 #d ,gonc\rt1 ,e4 de1 quotations on fe> ( dea?1 #aba1 #acb ,gorillas1 old age 91 #bcc ,greek art1 #e philosophy1 #e ,gru5baum1 on injection ( s]ums1 #ed ,gu9ea-pigs1 re>$ )\t microbes1 #bdi ,guyau1 on dea?1 #aie1 #aif2 on love1 #aif on religion & dea?1 #acc on failure ( sci5ce1 #bbb on resignation1 #aii ,haeckel1 on ! 8cellul> s\l10 #bfi on future life1 #bba on morality1 #ajg ,hair1 blan*+ (1 #bdb 7figure71 #bdc & disease1 #fc ( embryo1 #fc ,hamm]l+1 on optimism1 #aia1 #aib 8,hamlet10 quotation f1 #bbg ,h&s1 ( man & apes1 #dc ,happ9ess1 ,h>tmann on1 #ahf ,maila5d] on1 #ahi ,mey]-,b5fey on1 #aih mean+ (1 #aaa ,h>tmann1 on dea?1 #ahd on immortality1 #ahd pessimism (1 #ahc on progress1 #ahe z a y\?ful pessimi/1 #aag ,hass5/e91 on *ildbir?s 9 ! "y1 #bhc ,heape1 on m5/ruation1 #hh ,hegel1 dea? f *ol]a1 #abj ,heim1 on feel+s at dea?1 #abf ,hell ( ,*9ese ,buddhi/s1 #adi ,helmholz1 on ! eye1 #gh ,h5sel]1 on ages ( patri>*s1 #bei ,h]maphroditism1 #gi1 #hj ,h]m9ium monor*is1 figure (1 #bf ,hub]1 on ants1 #cd ,hufel&1 on prolong+ life1 #beh ,humanity1 vagu5ess ( conception1 #bif ,humboldt1 on natural morality1 #h ,hunt1 on burial ( ! ag$ liv+1 #aeb ,hut*eson1 on naturalism1 #g ,huxley1 on orig9 ( man1 #da ,hym51 di%>monies (1 #he di/9ctive ( human race1 #ha1 #hb primitive function (1 #he1 #hf ritual de/ruction (1 #hc1 #hd ,illusion1 ,h>tmann on1 #ahc ,maila5d] on1 #ahh ,immortality1 ,ari/otle on1 #afi ,buddha on1 #adg ,h>tmann on1 #ahd ,mey]-,b5fey on1 #aih ,plato on1 #afh ,s*op5hau] on1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha ,s5eca on1 #agj ,sp9oza on1 #age among/ animals1 #bgj ( 8cellul> s\l10 #bfi ( protozoa1 #bfd ( reproductive cells1 #bfg ,inaudi1 ! calculator1 #eh ,infanticide1 #ajc1 #ajd ,infusoria1 conjugation (1 #bca immortality (1 #bfc1 #bfd reproduction (1 #bcj s5ile deg5]ation (1 #bca ,insects1 comp>$ ) v]tebrates1 #bgf f]tilisation ( plants by1 #ba s5ile deg5]ation (1 #bca ,in/9ct ( dea?1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bih ( family1 #ajh ( life1 #abi sexual1 #bhc ( society1 #aji ,inte/9es1 bact]ial flora (1 #bdh1 #bdi l>ge1 deg5]ation (1 #gj l>ge1 diseases (1 #gc1 #gd l>ge1 excision (1 #gj l>ge1 function (1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb ,jewi% belief 9 future life1 #adb ,ju/ice1 9 relation to humanity1 #aab ,kant1 on future life1 #agf ,kephir1 use (1 #bee ,khm1 leg5d on immortality1 #adg ,kidney ducts1 #hj ,ko*1 on microbe ( tub]culosis1 #bab ,lactic acid1 arre/s putrefaction1 #bee ,lady-birds & nect>1 #cb ,language1 z a social b&1 #big ,lanke/]1 ,ray1 on c5t5>ians1 #bei ,lanugo1 ( human embryo1 #fb ,l>v1 ( ephem]ids1 #bgf ,lecky1 on natural morality1 #h ,lejonc\rt1 on c5t5>ians1 #bhj ,leucocytes & phagocytes1 #bdj ,lib]ty1 future limitation (1 #cja ,life1 duration (1 9 ,biblical times1 #bei1 #bfj modes ( l5g!n+1 #beg1 #beh ,light1 attractive to insects1 #ce ,l9nu1 on orig9 ( man1 #da ,li/]1 & antisepsis1 #bji ,li/]a ovata1 figure (1 #cb ,loeb1 on natural dea?1 #bff ,longet1 on old age1 #bcd ,longevity1 9 birds1 #bcb & l>ge inte/9e1 #beb 9 ,old ,te/am5t1 #bei1 #bfj ,love1 ,guyau on1 #aif spread+ (1 #bie ,lubbock1 on ance/or-wor%ip1 #aej an optimi/1 #aag ,lum9\s insects1 #cg ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 on sup]natural orig9 ( disease1 #afd ,luxury1 evils (1 #bic1 #bid1 #cja ,macrophags1 def9ition (1 #bdj functions (1 #bdj 9 s5ile decay1 #bda ,maet]l9ck1 on pessimism1 #aia ,maila5d]1 on pessimism1 #ahg1 #ahh ,malignant tum\rs1 sci5ce &1 #bad ,mamm>y gl&s1 rudim5t>y1 #bih ,man1 de/9y (1 #bhf di%>monies1 & h>monies 91 #bhe orig9 (1 #dj1 #bhf peculi> *>act]s (1 #ei rudim5t>y organs (1 #ei1 #fj ,m>9esco1 on function ( phagocytes1 #bda ,m>riage1 age at fir/1 #ig ,*ri/ian views on1 #afc e>ly1 9 primitive races1 #hf1 #ij ,m>telly1 on inte/9al putrefaction1 #bee ,mat]ialism1 ,b*n] on1 #bbj ,haeckel on1 #bbj ,matriopa?y1 #f ,may-flies & light1 #ce ,m$ic9e1 advance (1 #baj ,memory1 late developm5t (1 #gh ,mnire1 on bees & or*ids1 #ba ,m5/ruation1 9 monkeys1 #hh1 #hi orig9 & significance1 #hg1 #hh orig9 (1 #hi reg>d$ z impure1 #ib ,m]kel1 on tissue-*anges 9 old age1 #bch ,metamorphoses1 ( ephem]ides1 #bgb ,met*nik(f1 on blan*+ ( hair1 #bdb on s5ile atrophy1 #bch ,met*nik(f1 ,madame1 on tadpoles re>$ )\t microbes1 #bdi ,mey]-,b5fey1 on happ9ess1 #aih on immortality1 #aih ,microbes1 abs5ce (1 9 ephem]ids1 #bgd h>mful1 #bef ( ! inte/9es1 #bdh produc+ poisons 9 inte/9es1 #bea ,microphags1 def9ition (1 #bdj functions (1 #bdj ,milk1 f]m5t$ or s\r$1 b5efic5t action (1 #bee human1 #bhb secretion (1 by males1 #bih ,monkeys1 & *oice ( food1 #ge ,morality1 bas$ on human nature1 #i true f\ndation (1 #bhi ,mosaic regulations on diet1 #afb1 #afc ,mo?s & light1 #ce ,mll]1 ,johannes1 on ! eye1 #gh ,h]mann1 on lady-birds1 #cb ,max1 on mean+ ( ,nirvna1 #aee1 #aeh ,mutilations ( ! body1 #i1 #ae ,naegeli1 on natural dea?1 #bfe ,natural dea?1 #cjb cases (1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj 9 ephem]ids1 #bg ,nature1 ,m>cus ,aurelius on life accord+ to1 #agc & morality1 e>ly op9ions on1 #c ,negroes & :ites1 #aji ,nic5e ,cre$1 comp>$ ) ance/or-wor%ip1 #aea ,nirvna1 ,aurelius &1 #age ,h>tmann on1 #ahf ,s*op5hau] on1 #ahb mean+ (1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg ,nordau1 on old age1 #bcd on optimism1 #aib2 on pa91 #aic ,nuttall & ,?i]feld]1 on g]m-free gu9ea-pigs1 #bdi ,ob/etrics1 9 anci5t times1 #cjj ,old age1 ,longet on1 #bcd ,nordau on1 #bcd amelioration (1 #bed 9 birds & mammals1 #bcb1 #bcc *>act]s (1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bgh1 #bid morbidity (1 #bdd sci5tific /udy (1 #bbh s]ums 91 #bde1 #bdf ,onanism1 #ce1 #ie1 #if1 #ii ,optimism1 ,hamm]l+ on1 #aia1 #aib ,nordau on1 #aib ,optimi/s g5]ally old m51 #aag ,orig9 ( man1 due to sudd5 appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 #eg1 #ei ,ourangs1 old age 91 #bcc ,or*ids1 & f]tilisation1 #ai1 #bj ,or?obiosis1 ! ta/e ( sci5ce1 #bhi ,o/wald1 on love ( humanity1 #bif ,ova1 immortality (1 #bfg ,pa91 ,nordau on1 #aic ,pal+5ia1 sw>m+ (1 #bgb ,pan!ism1 ( ,g]man poets1 #aie ,p>adise1 accord+ to ! ,talmud1 #adc ( ,*9ese ,buddhi/s1 #adi ,p>amecium1 conjugation ( 7figure71 #bca division ( 7figure71 #bcj ,p>asites1 late evolution (1 #ah ,p>ov>ia1 #hj ,p>rots1 paucity ( bact]ial flora 91 #bec ,pa/eur1 z f\nd] ( mod]n sci5tific m$ic9e1 #bji ,pasnadi1 leg5d on immortality1 #adg ,pa?ology1 ( old age1 #bgh ,patriotism1 #bie ,pelopu1 figure (1 #cd ,p5is1 os1 9 man & apes1 #ha ,p]sonality1 consci\sness (1 #afj ,pessimism1 ,byron on1 #agg ,h>tmann on1 #ahc ,maet]l9ck on1 #aia ,maila5d] on1 #ahg ,s*op5hau] on1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi & ,buddhism1 #agf1 #agg & disease1 #bjf & di%>mony1 #ch orig9 (1 #agf value (1 #aid & y\?1 #aag ,pett5k(]1 suicide (1 #aca ,pfeff]1 on *emotaxis 9 cryptogams1 #bfi ,pflg]1 on prolong+ life1 #beh ,pfung/1 on mean+ ( ,nirvna1 #aef ,phagocytes1 functions (1 #bci inhibit$ by lactic acid1 #bee & poisons1 #bdg s5sibility (1 #bdj ,phagocytosis1 9 old age1 #bdd 9 s5ility1 #bdb ,philosophy1 & dea?1 #aff relation (1 & religion1 #aff t5d5cy (1 to become religi\s1 #age ,ph5ol1 production ( by microbes1 #bea ,pi!can?ropus1 #ej ,plac5ta1 ( man & apes1 #df ,plague1 cause (1 #bjh ,plato1 & nobility ( man1 #d on pleasure1 #f views on dea?1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh ,pleasure1 views ( ,plato & ,ari/otle on1 #f ,plot91 on immortality1 #age ,poll9ia ( or*ids1 #ba ,politicians1 incapacity ( "y1 #bie ,politics1 comp>$ ) savage ob/etrics1 #cjj ,po/-mortem exam9ations1 #bdf1 #bhi ,pregnancy1 avoidance (1 #aja ,progress1 ,h>tmann on1 #ahe ,sp5c] on1 #bia n uni=m1 #ah ,protection1 means =1 among/ animals1 #aad ,protozoa1 abs5ce ( dea?1 #bfc s5sibility (1 #bfh ,purgatory1 9 ,taoism1 #adf ,putrefaction1 9 l>ge inte/9e1 #gc1 #bed ,rabbits1 & de/ruction ( "y1 #cd1 #cg ,re=mation1 #ad ,reg5]ation1 9 bra91 #bgg 9 cells1 #bga 9 v]tebrates1 #bgj ,religion1 & diet1 #afc & disease1 #bje & future life1 #aej & sci5ce1 #c & sexuality1 #afc ,tol/oi's return to1 #bbc ,r5al tubule1 invasion ( macrophags 7figure71 #bda ,r5an1 on dea?1 #aie on ,jewi% belief 9 future life1 #adb1 #adc on ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #agd ,r5aissance1 art (1 #ad ,reproduction1 n cause ( dea? 9 ephem]ids1 #bge ,reproductive organs1 #gi ,resignation1 9 ,buddhism1 #aei ,guyau on1 #aii ,h>tmann's sy/em (1 #ahg ,m>cus ,aurelius on1 #agd ,resurrection1 primitive belief 91 #adj ,rville1 on ,*9ese belief 9 immortality1 #ade1 #adf ,rhizotrogus & light1 #cf ,ri*et1 on failure ( sci5ce1 #bbb ,r\sseau1 on age & love ( life1 #aag on failure ( sci5ce1 #baf on fe> ( dea?1 #aah ,rovighi1 on utility ( milk diet1 #bee ,rck]t1 on dea?1 #aie ,rudim5t>y organs1 9 man1 #ei1 #fj ,sacrifice1 at burials1 #adj1 #ada ,sa9t-,foix1 on sacrifice ( horses1 #ada ,/4 ,mat!w1 on celibacy1 #ab ,savage1 on old age 9 apes1 #bcc on social in/9cts ( apes1 #aje ,s*ill]1 on dea?1 #aie ,s*op5hau]1 & *ol]a1 #abj on dea?1 #aba1 #agi1 #bhh on immortality1 #agi pessimism (1 #aag1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #bjg ,s*ottelius1 on re>+ ( g]m-free *icks1 #bdi ,sci5ce1 advance (1 #bhf ,bacon on1 #bjd de/roys fai?1 #bbf failure (1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbc & immortality1 #bhg & old age1 #bbh & pessimism1 #bjg1 #bhf ,scl]osis ( art]ies1 #bdh 9 old age1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bdd due to poisons1 #bdg ,scot* cl]gy on man1 #ab ,seidlitz1 on natural morality1 #h ,sel5ka1 on ftus ( man & ape1 #dg ,self-pres]vation1 #aac1 #bge ,s5eca1 on dea?1 #aga on human exi/5ce1 #aga on immortality1 #agj on nature z a guide1 #g1 #aj ,s5ile decay action ( macrophags1 #bda *>act]s (1 #bce1 #bch1 #bci importance ( phagocytes 91 #bda ,s5sibility1 specific1 ( :ite blood corpuscles1 #afj ,s]um1 alt]ation ( prop]ties1 #ea anti-diph!ritic1 #baa prop]ties (1 z guide to aff9ity1 #ea ,s]ums1 use (1 9 old age1 #bde1 #bdf ,sexuality1 e>ly appe>ance (1 #id1 #ie 9 ! ag$1 #ih di%>monies (1 #ajj ,sexual cells1 immortality (1 #bfh s\l (1 #bfh ,%akespe>e1 sorr[ & k1 #bbg ,%av+1 reg>d$ z degrad+1 #e ,skeleton1 ( man & apes1 #dc ,sk91 ( man1 #fb ,skoptsy1 & emasculation1 #i ,social in/9cts1 #aje1 #aji1 #aac ,societies1 ( insects1 #bid ,socrates1 & dea?1 #aff1 #afg ,solid>ity1 ( m51 #big ,solomon1 sorr[ & k1 #bbf ,s\l ( cells1 ,haeckel on1 #bfi ( protozoa1 #bfh ( sexual cells1 #bfh ,s\r$ milk1 b5efits (1 #bee ,sp5c]1 ,h41 on belief 9 resurrection1 #adj on natural morality1 #i on progress1 #bia ,sp]matozoa1 immortality (1 #bfg 9 old m51 #ig ,sp9oza1 on immortality1 #age ,/]ility1 9 human life1 #bie 9 social insects1 #bid ,/oics1 summum bonum (1 #f on future life1 #afi ,/rassburg]1 on microbes ( ! inte/9es1 #bdh ,suicide1 increase (1 #d ( ! old1 #aca ,s*op5hau]1 ,h>tmann1 & ,maila5d] on1 #aij ,sup]naturalism1 mod]n crav+ =1 #bbb ,survival aft] dea?1 widespread belief 91 #adi ,su!rl&1 on morality ( expropriation1 #aji1 #bif ,syphilis1 abs5ce ( ref]5ce to 9 ,bible1 #bfj resi/ance to effects (1 #bef & scl]osis1 #bdg ,tadpoles1 re>$ )\t microbes1 #bdi ,ta9e1 on ,*ri/ian art1 #ad ,tait1 ,lawson1 on cy/s1 #hj ,talmud1 on p>adise1 #adc ,taoism1 & immortality1 #adf ,tee?1 di%>monies (1 #fc1 #fd ( man & apes1 #da wisdom1 #fd ,telepa?y1 no argum5t = future life1 #afa ,tetanus1 microbes (1 #bef ,?anatology1 sci5ce ( dea?1 #big ,?i]feld]1 & ,nuttall1 on g]m-free gu9ea-pigs1 #bdi ,tissi]1 on inte/9al putrefaction1 #bee ,tok>sky1 on fe> ( dea?1 #abe1 #bgi ,tol/oi1 on fe> ( dea?1 #aae1 #abb1 #bii on failure ( sci5ce1 #bag1 #bbc return to religion1 #bbc1 #bbd ,tombs1 burial ( weapons & implem5ts1 #aci ,transfusion ( blood s]um1 #ea ,transmigration ( s\ls1 9 ,buddhism1 #aeg ( s\ls1 ,jewi% belief 91 #add ,trees1 dea? (1 #bfe ,tub]culosis1 mod]n sci5ce &1 #bab ,tylor1 on ance/or-wor%ip1 #aej on animism1 #ach ,uhl5hu?1 on injection ( s]ums1 #ec ,vanilla1 cultivation (1 #ai f]tilisation (1 #bj ,vacc9ation1 #cja ,v]mi=m app5dage & disease1 #ff1 #fh ( man & apes1 #dd ,virg9ity1 hi/orical importance (1 #hc1 #hd ,waitz-,g]l&1 on primitive cu/oms1 #aci ,weapons1 burial ) dead1 #aci ,weismann1 on orig9 ( dea?1 #bff on immortality ( protozoa1 #bfd ,wi$]%eim1 on human *>act]s1 #ei ,w to live1 ,maila5d] on1 #ahi ,s*op5hau] on1 #ahb ,wisdom tee?1 deg5]ation (1 #fd1 #fe ,wom51 views ( ,buddha on1 #i ,w\nds1 mod]n success 9 heal+ (1 #baj ,x5ocrates1 #e ,y\?1 abs5ce ( fe> ( dea?1 #aaf1 #aag & excesses1 #aaf ideals (1 #bfc & pessimism1 #aag ,zola1 on dea?1 #bbe on fe> ( dea?1 #aba ,zulu1 ance/or-wor%ip1 #aea ----- ,footnote #a3 ,s9ce ,a4 ,wagn]'s classical "w1 8,ueb] die ,gesetzmssigkeit d] s*e9b> wilkrli*5 m5s*li*5 ,h&lung510 suicide has be5 discuss$ by _m au?ors4 ,! mo/ rec5t contribution to ! subject is ! important monograph by ,we/]ga>d1 8,die ,lehre von d] ,mortalitt u4 ,morbiditt10 ,second ,edition1 ,j5a1 #aija4 ,footnote #b3 ,%av+ ! be>d began at ! "t ( ! ,mac$onian rule1 & philosoph]s refra9$ f ! new cu/om1 :i* seem$ to !m unpr9cipl$4 7,v4 ,h]mann1 8,lehrbu* d] grie*is*5 ,privatalt]?m]10 #ahgj1 vol4 ,i41 pp4 #age-agg47 ,footnote #c3 ,quetelet1 8,an?ropomtrie10 #ahgb1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #d3 ,zell]1 8,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*510 ,?ird ,edition1 vol4 ,,ii4 #a1 p4 #gda1 #ahge4 ,footnote #e3 ,zell]1 l4c4 p4 #hhj4 ,footnote #f3 ,zell]1 vol4 ,,ii41 #b1 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #g3 ,zell]1 ,fir/ ,edition1 vol4 ,,iii41 #g1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #h3 ,zell]1 l4c4 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #i3 8,de ,vita ,beata10 *ap4 viii4 ,footnote #aj3 8,moral ,philosophy10 ,london1 #agee4 ,footnote #aa3 ,buckle1 8,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl&40 ,footnote #ab3 ,publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #aggf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ad3 8,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals10 ,?ird ,edition1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ae3 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex10 ,fir/ ,edition1 vol4 ,i41 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #af3 8,die ,d>w9's*e ,!orie40 ,second ,edition1 #ahge1 p4 #bgb1 note #be4 ,footnote #ag3 8,! ,data ( ,e?ics10 #ahgi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 translat$ f ,sanscrit into ,fr5* by ,f\caux2 8,annales du ,muse ,guimet10 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #ahc4 #ahhd4 ,footnote #ai3 ,zell]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fcc4 ,footnote #bj3 ,lecky1 8,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals10 *ap4 iv4 ,footnote #ba3 ,lecky4 ,footnote #bb3 ,lecky4 ,footnote #bc3 ,buckle1 8,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl&40 ,footnote #bd3 8,de ,secta ,massonum10 ,p>isiis1 #ahhd1 p4 #i4 ,! passage 0 quot$ by ,brunetire 9 ! 8,revue des ,deux ,mondes10 #ahie1 vol4 ,,cxxvii41 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #be3 ,s*naase1 8,ges*i*te d] bild5d5 ,kn/e1 vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #egg1 #ehd1 & vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #gah4 ,footnote #bf3 8,philosophie de l',art10 ,f\r? ,edition1 #ahhe1 vol4 ,,lxxxviii41 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,re9h>d1 8,sy/em d] *ri/li*5 ,moral10 vol4 ,,iv41 #ahad1 p4 #hca1 & vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #ad1 #ahac4 ,footnote #bh3 ,gaudry1 8,mammifres t]tiaires10 p4 #bce1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,delteil1 8,la ,vanille10 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,footnote #cj3 ,d>w91 8,! ,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids10 ,second edition1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,see also ,mll]1 8,die ,befru*tung d] ,pflanz5 dur* ,insect510 pp4 #gd-he1 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit botanique de ,france1 vol4 ,i41 p4 #cgj1 #ahed4 ,footnote #cb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,d>w91 loc4 cit4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ibid4 pp4 #bjg-bjh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,fabre1 8,s\v5irs entomologiques10 vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ga-gh1 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,footnote #cf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #cg3 ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #abj-aba4 ,footnote #ch3 8,die ,befru*tung d] ,blum5 dur* ,insekt510 p4 #afg1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ci3 8,s\v5irs entomologiques10 ,f\r? s]ies1 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,footnote #dj3 8,re*]*es sur les ,murs des ,f\rmis indignes10 ,p>is1 #ahaj4 ,footnote #da3 ,fr1 8,l',in/9ct sexuel10 ,second ,edition1 p4 #gf1 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,footnote #db3 ,moll1 8,unt]su*4 b4 d4 ,libido sexualis10 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,footnote #dc3 ,kpp51 8,insectes invisibles10 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bcg1 #ahhc4 7,9 ,russian47 ,footnote #dd3 ,swamm]dam1 8,biblia ,natur10 ,leydae1 #agcg4 ,footnote #de3 ,brehm1 8,les ,insectes10 dit4 fran41 vol4 ,i41 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #df3 8,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex10 vol4 ,i41 *ap4 #aj1 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #dg3 ,r4 ,dubois1 8,les ,elatrides lum9eux10 p4 #bji1 ,meulan1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #dh3 ,republi%$1 ) o!r essays1 z 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature10 ,macmillan1 ,london1 #ahid4 ,footnote #di3 ,brunetire1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahie1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ej3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #ea3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #eb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #ed3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #ef3 8,ar*ives de ,zoologie exprim5tale10 #ahhe4 ,footnote #eg3 8,/udi5 b] ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,?i]e10 #ahih-aijb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,a summ>y ( ?is "q is to be f\nd 9 a new volume by ,m4 ,alsb]g1 8,die ,ab/ammung des ,m5s*510 *ap4 iii41 #aijb4 ,footnote #ei3 ,uhl5hu?1 8,deuts*e ,m$ic94 ,wo*5s*rift10 p4 #hb1 #aija4 ,footnote #fj3 ,wass]mann & ,s*uetze1 8,b]l9] kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift10 p4 #g1 #aija4 ,footnote #fa3 ,! ,lancet1 ,jan1 #ah1 #aijb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,sel5ka1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,d5ik]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #fd3 8,die ,mutation/heorie10 vol4 ,i41 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,footnote #fe3 8,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 #ahib1 pp4 #bge1 #acbi2 8,revue sci5tifique10 #ahhj1 p4 #aabd4 ,footnote #ff3 8,d] ,bau des ,m5s*510 ,?ird ,edition1 #aijb4 ,footnote #fg3 ,sel5ka1 8,/udi5 b] ,entwicklungsges*4 d4 ,?i]e10 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #fh3 8,dictionnaire encyclopdique des ,sci5ces ,m$icales10 article 8,d5t10 by ,magitot1 p4 #aid1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #fi3 ,s*mid1 8,vi]teljahrs*rift fr ,zahnheilkunde10 p4 #ada1 #ahif4 ,footnote #gj3 ,s*mid1 loc4 cit4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #ga3 ,r$i]1 9 8,revue m5suelle de ,/omatologie10 p4 #afd1 #ahie4 ,footnote #gb3 8,comptes ,r5dus de la ,socit de ,/omatologie de ,p>is10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #ih1 #ahij4 ,footnote #gc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bjd4 ,footnote #gd3 ,vir*['s 8,ar*iv fr ,pa?ologis*e ,anatomie10 #ahic1 vol4 ,,cxxxii41 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #ge3 ,lannelongue1 9 ! 8,bullet9 mdical10 p4 #fba1 #aijb4 ,footnote #gf3 ,treves1 8,! ,surgical ,treatm5t ( ,p]ityphlitis10 ,london #ahie4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #ahic4 ,footnote #gh3 8,ar*iv fr kl9is*e ,*irurgie10 vol4 ,,xlviii41 p4 #gae1 #ahid4 ,footnote #gi3 8,mn*5] m$ic9is*e ,wo*5s*rift10 #ahih4 ,footnote #hj3 8,ar*iv fr kl9is*e ,*irurgie10 vol4 ,,xlviii41 p4 #acf1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ha3 ,?is topic is discuss$ at l5g? 9 my lecture1 publi%$ 9 ! ,memoirs & ,proce$+s ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 #aija1 vol4 ,,xlv41 note #e4 ,footnote #hb3 8,ar*ives de ,mdic9e navale10 #ahhg4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ewald1 8,kl9ik des ,v]dauungskrankheit510 vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bfg1 #aijb4 ,footnote #hd3 ,/illm>ck1 9 8,arbeit5 des ph>macologis*5 ,in/itutes zu ,dorpat10 vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #aaj1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #he3 ,! case is quot$ 9 ,pozzi's 8,trait de ,gyncologie10 p4 #gad1 #ahij4 ,footnote #hf3 ,crisp1 8,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london10 p4 #dh1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #hg3 ,l5hossek1 9 ,vir*['s 8,ar*iv4 fr pa?ologis*e ,anatomie10 vol4 ,,xl41 p4 #a4 ,footnote #hh3 8,abh&lung5 d] ma!m4-physikal4 ,classe d4 ,k4 ,bay]is*4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 ,mn*510 vol4 ,,xiii41 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #bfh1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ij3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #ia3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #ib3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ic3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #id3 ,ploss-,b>tels 9 8,das ,weib10 ,sev5? ,edition1 #aijb4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bbh-bbi is ! s\rce ( in=mation on ?is matt]4 ,footnote #ie3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 loc4 cit4 vol4 ,i41 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #if3 ,pozzi1 8,trait de ,gyncologie10 p4 #ajfg1 #ahij4 ,footnote #ig3 8,real-encyclopdie d4 ,gesammt5 ,heilkunde10 ,second ,edition1 vol4 ,x41 p4 #cd1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #ih3 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to f9d out :e!r or no ,h9doo or ,*9ese virg9s suff] f *loranmia2 at pres5t we h no in=mation on ?is matt]4 ,footnote #ii3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fbb4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,sa9t ,cyr1 8,trait d'ob/trique vtr9aire10 p4 #eb1 ,second ,edition1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #aja3 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #ahig1 pp4 #ace-aff4 ,footnote #ajb3 8,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie10 p4 #hh1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fbe4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,vrat*1 9 ,russian1 p4 #adef1 #aija4 ,footnote #aje3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ddc4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,rakhman(f4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fbf4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,ibid4 p4 #fbf4 ,footnote #aji3 8,v5us ,urania10 ,leipzig1 #agih4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,moll1 8,unt]su*4 b] die ,libido ,sexualis10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #aaa3 8,real-encyclopdie d] gesammt4 ,heilkunde10 vol4 ,,xiv41 p4 #eic4 ,second ,edition1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #aab3 ,frbr+]1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #aac3 8,dictionnaire encyclopdique des ,sci5ces mdicales10 vol4 ,,xv41 p4 #cgh1 #ahha4 ,footnote #aad3 ,frits*1 8,die ,e+ebor55 ,sd-,afrikas40 ,breslau1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #aae3 ,in=mation t ,i h obta9$ f ! ,zoological ,g>d5s at ,anv]s w\ld seem to %[ ! exi/5ce ( simil> diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 9 ! case ( monkeys4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,wappaeus1 8,allgeme9e ,bevlk]ungs/ati/ik10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bhe1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #aag3 8,sur les ,altrations pa?ologo-anatomiques des ,te/icules p5dant la ,vieillesse10 ,/4 ,petrsb\rg1 #ahid 79 ,russian74 ,a few ye>s ago1 9 c\rse ( ! exam9ation ( ! body ( a man :o _h di$ at ! age ( #ajc at ,lyons1 ! sem9al vesicles 7 f\nd to be full ( ripe & active sp]matozoa4 8,annales d',hygine publique10 p4 #cgj1 #aijj4 ,footnote #aah3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cgg4 ,footnote #aai3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 ,supplem5t to *ap4 xliv4 ,footnote #abj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #aba3 ,see *ap4 i4 ,footnote #abb3 ,vol4 ,i4 *ap4 xxxv4 ,footnote #abc3 8,l',an?ropologie10 vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #abi1 #ahic4 ,footnote #abd3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 8,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]10 vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #aci1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #abe3 8,vlk]kunde10 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bgd1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #abf3 ,huxley1 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature10 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #abg3 ,su!rl&1 8,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct40 ,footnote #abh3 ,b*n]1 8,=ce & ,matt]40 ,footnote #abi3 ,haeckel1 8,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se10 pp4 #ceg-ceh1 ,second ,edition1 #aija4 ,footnote #acj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #gif4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ballet & ,blocq1 8,p>alysie gnrale progressive10 9 8,trait de ,mdec9e10 publi%$ "u ! direction ( ,*>cot1 ,b\*>d1 & ,brissaud1 vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #ajcb1 #ahid4 ,footnote #acb3 ,emile1 8uvres compltes de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dcb1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #acc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,! 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 pp4 #aff-agj4 ,footnote #ace3 ,ed\>d ,rod1 8,les ides morales du temps prs5t10 p4 #dh1 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,footnote #acf3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ebi4 ,footnote #acg3 8,j\rnal de ,gonc\rt10 vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #ahf1 #ahgh-ahhd1 #ahib4 ,footnote #ach3 8,la ,philosophie de la ,longvit10 p4 #bji1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,footnote #aci3 8,les ,confessions10 ,p>is1 #ahia4 ,footnote #adj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ada3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #di4 ,footnote #adb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #adc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #add3 ,union p\r l'action morale1 ,no4 #f1 p4 #beh1 ,jan4 #ae1 #aijb4 ,footnote #ade3 ,complete ,works ( ,tol/oi 79 ,russian71 vol4 ,,xii41 p4 #eab1 #ahig4 ,footnote #adf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #eag4 ,footnote #adg3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ebf4 ,footnote #adh3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #adi3 8,que/ions de ,philosophie et de ,psy*ologie10 #ahig1 ,no4 #dj1 p4 #ica4 7,9 ,russian47 ,footnote #aej3 8,la ,philosophie de la ,longvit10 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,footnote #aea3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #aec3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aed3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ecc4 ,footnote #aee3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 8,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]10 vol4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #aef3 ,^! words are quot$ by ,eb/e9 9 8 8,die ,kun/ das m5s*li*e ,leb5 zu v]lng]n10 p4 #ea1 #ahia4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d ,paul ,b]t's own words1 z ! ref]5ce giv5 by ,eb/e9 is bibliographically incorrect4 ,footnote #aeg3 8,mn*5] ,m$ic9is*e ,wo*5s*rift10 p4 #cbe1 #aija4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #aei3 8,l',irrligion de l',av5ir10 ,six? ,edition1 p4 #ddi1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,footnote #afj3 8,tusculanes10 vol4 ,i41 *ap4 #cj4 ,footnote #afa3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ebg4 ,footnote #afb3 ,tylor1 8,primitive ,culture10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #dhe4 ,?ird ,edition1 #ahia4 ,footnote #afc3 ,waitz-,g]l&1 8,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]10 #f vols41 #ahff-ahgb4 ,footnote #afd3 8,essais ,hi/oriques sur ,p>is10 9 uvres ,compltes1 vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #aej4 ,maa/ri*t1 #aggh4 ,footnote #afe3 ,quot$ by ,tylor 9 8,primitive ,culture10 *ap4 ,,xi4 ,footnote #aff3 8,hi/oire du ,peuple d',isral10 vol4 ,i41 pp4 #abh-abi4 #ahhg4 ,footnote #afg3 8,lehrbu* d] ,religionsges*i*te10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #bec4 ,freiburg1 ,leipzig4 ,second ,edition1 #ahig4 ,footnote #afh3 8,hi/oire du ,peuple d',isral10 vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cbg4 #ahic4 ,footnote #afi3 ,talmud4 8,trait ,brakhote10 %eet #ag4 ,footnote #agj3 8,=ce et ,matire40 ,six? ,fr5* edition1 p4 #dci4 #ahhd4 ,footnote #aga3 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #agb3 8,hi/oire des ,religions10 vol4 ,,iii41 8,la religion *9oise10 ,p>is1 #ahhi2 see also 8,*antepie de la ,saussaye10 loc4 cit4 vol4 ,i41 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #agc3 ,rville1 loc4 cit4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ibid4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #age3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #agf3 8,hi/oire des ,religions10 vol4 ,,iii41 8,la religion *9oise10 ,p>is #ahhi1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #agg3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #agh3 ,ibid4 p4 #ddd4 ,footnote #agi3 8,hi/oire des ,religions10 vol4 ,,iii41 8,la religion *9oise10 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #aha3 ,old5burg1 8,le ,b\ddha10 ,fr5* translation1 p4 #bha1 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,old5burg1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bhb4 ,footnote #ahc3 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 loc4 cit4 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,rville1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,rville1 loc4 cit4 p4 #eef4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,ibid4 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,tylor1 8,primitive ,culture10 vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #aac-aad1 ,?ird ,edition1 #ahia4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,ibid4 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,ibid4 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #aij3 ,ibid4 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #aia3 ,see p4 #abd4 ,footnote #aib3 ,! 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #aic3 ,! 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #aid3 ,ibid4 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #aie3 ,old5burg1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #aif3 8,buddhagosas ,p>ables40 ,footnote #aig3 8,das ,freie ,wort10 pp4 #fjc-fjg1 ,jan4 #e1 #aijb4 ,footnote #aih3 8,nirvna10 ,b]l91 #ahif4 ,footnote #aii3 8,lalita ,vi/>a10 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 8,a ,manual ( ,buddhism10 p4 #ajj1 ,london1 #ahec4 ,footnote #bja3 ,old5burg1 loc4 cit4 pp4 #bjj-bjf4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,deut]onomy xii4 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,ibid4 #bc4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,ibid4 #be4 ,footnote #bje3 ,exodus xii4 #i4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,rhys ,davids4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,cor9?ians vii4 #g-i4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 8,das ,weib10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #hei4 ,footnote #bji3 8,die ,m$ec9 d] ,naturvlk]10 p4 #bbe1 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,footnote #baj3 ,zell]1 8,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*510 vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p #b1 pp4 #dfb1 #dfe4 ,tb+51 #ahfb4 ,footnote #baa3 8,orig9es du ,*ri/ianisme10 vol4 ,,vii41 ,six? ,edition1 p4 #dhc4 ,p>is1 #ahai4 ,footnote #bab3 ,old5burg1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #bac3 8,p>]ga und ,p>alipom5a10 ,edition ,reclam41 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #bad3 ,ibid4 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ibid4 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #baf3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #gbf1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #bag3 ,loc4 cit4 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #gcj4 ,footnote #bah3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #eee1 ,leipzig4 ,footnote #bai3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #efa4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #efd4 ,footnote #bba3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #eff4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #eff4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #edj4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #eha4 ,footnote #bbf3 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #bbg3 8,die ,welt als ,wille10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #bbh3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung40 ,footnote #bbi3 8,philosophie des ,unbewus/510 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #efj4 ,footnote #bca3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fjc4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fjf4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fae4 ,footnote #bce3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fba4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fcf4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fch4 ,footnote #bch3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #fch4 ,footnote #bci3 8,die ,philosophie d] ,erlsung10 #b vols4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,frank=t1 #ahid4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,loc4 cit4 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fcg4 ,footnote #bda3 ,loc4 cit4 vol4 ,i41 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cbg4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #bde3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cdi4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,loc4 cit4 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #bdh3 8,le ,temple ,enseveli10 #aijb4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,quot$ by ,/e9]1 8,welt und ,leb5sans*auung5 im ,,xix4 ,jahrhund]t10 #aija4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #agj-agc4 ,footnote #bej3 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,footnote #bea3 8,dialogues et ,fragm5ts philosophiques10 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #beb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bec3 8,l',irrligion de l',av5ir40 ,six? ,edition1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,footnote #bed3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #bee3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #bef3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #beg3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #beh3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dga4 ,footnote #bei3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #bfj3 8,la ,philosophie de la ,longvit10 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cjg4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #bfc3 8,die mod]ne ,religion40 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ,see also ,frankfurt] ,zeitung1 ,feb4 #ai & #bj1 #aijb4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #bfe3 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #fhg4 ,footnote #bff3 8,philosophie des ,unbewus/510 p4 #fae4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,bord51 8,! ,use ( ! ,rntg5 ,ray10 p4 #bj4 ,wa%+ton4 #ahih4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,bullet9 du ,s]vice de ,sant ,militaire1 ,no4 #dii1 p4 #gc4 #aija4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! efficacy ( ,cr$'s treatm5t may be inf]r$ f ! figures record$ at ,/ockholm1 9 :i* city ! adoption ( ! treatm5t caus$ ! p]c5tage ( cases ( ?is nature to fall f #j4ef 9 #ahia to #j4jde 9 #ahii4 ,see ,widm>k1 8,mit!ilung5 a d4 ,aug5kl9ik d4 ,c>ol4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,in/it4 zu ,/ockholm10 p4 #abf4 #aijb4 ,footnote #bgj3 8,ar*ives de mdec9e exprim5tale10 vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #fgg4 #ahid4 ,footnote #bga3 8,hospital/id5de10 ,may #g1 #aijb1 p4 #dhi4 ,footnote #bgb3 8,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur10 ,febru>y #aijc4 ,footnote #bgc3 8,deuts*e m$ec94 ,wo*5s*rift10 ,octob] #cj1 #aijb1 p4 #gih4 ,footnote #bgd3 8,si le rtablissem5t des sci5ces et des arts a contribu pur] les murs40--8uvres compltes10 vol4 ,i41 p4 #dfc1 #ahge4 ,footnote #bge3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,revue des ,deux-,mondes #ahie1 ,no4 #a4 p4 #ig4 8,la ,sci5ce et la ,religion40 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,le ,fig>o1 ,janu>y #d1 #ahii4 ,footnote #bha3 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 vol4 ,i41 p4 #cc4 #ahii4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,ibid4 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #bhf3 8,irreligion10 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #bhg3 8,le ,rajeunissem5t ,k>iogamique *ez les ,cills10 8,ar*ives de ,zoologie ,exprim5tale10 #ahii4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,biological ,bullet91 vol4 ,,iii41 ,octob] #aijb1 p4 #aib2 8,ar*iv4 fr ,entwickelungsme*anik10 vol4 ,,xv4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,gurney1 8,on ! ,comp>ative ,ages to :i* ,birds ,live10 ,! ,ibis1 ,janu>y #ahii1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #bij3 ,huxley1 8,man's ,place 9 ,nature40 ,footnote #bia3 8,psy*ological ,p>adoxes40 ,footnote #bib3 8,trait de ,physiologie10 ,second ,edition1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ice4 ,footnote #bic3 8,etude ,cl9ique et anatomo-pa?ologique sur la ,vieillesse40 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #bid3 ,! p>5*ymat\s elem5ts are ! mo/ important cells ( ! organs1 i4e41 ( ! liv]1 muscles1 bra91 c4 ,footnote #bie3 8,bem]kung5 b4 d4 ,gewebe beim ,alt]n10 8,v]h&l4 d4 ,x ,int]nat1 ,m$ic4 ,congresses40 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #abd4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,footnote #bif3 8,anne ,biologique0 de ,yves ,delage1 vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bdi4 #ahii4 ,footnote #big3 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,april #bc1 #aijj4 ,footnote #bih3 8,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur10 p4 #hfe4 #aija4 ,footnote #bii3 ,see ! 8,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur10 vol4 ,,xiv41 pp4 #cfi1 #cgh1 #cij1 #djb4 #aijj4 ,! results describ$ !re9 h be5 confirm$ by ,blonovsky 78,sur l',influ5ce de l',injection de ,div]ses ,doses de ,srum ,hmolytique sur le nombre des ,elm5ts du ,sang40 ,sa9t ,petrsb\rg1 #aijb71 :o has f\nd t !re is an increase 9 ! am\nt ( hmoglob9 & ( r$-blood corpuscles 9 ! blood ( anmic pati5ts t h be5 treat$ ) m9ute doses ( hmolitic s]um4 ,footnote #cjj3 8,die ,art]ioscl]osis40 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,footnote #cja3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #cjb3 8,zeits*rift fr ,kl9is*e ,m$ic910 vol4 ,,xlvi4 p4 #dcd4 #aijb4 ,footnote #cjc3 8,ar*iv4 fr ,hygi5e10 vol4 ,,xxxiv41 p4 #baj1 #ahih2 ibid4 vol4 ,,lxii41 p4 #dh4 #aijb4 ,footnote #cjd3 8,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur10 p4 #fcj4 #aija4 ,footnote #cje3 8,zeits*rift fr ,physiologis*e ,*emie10 p4 #aji4 #ahie4 ,footnote #cjf3 8,ar*iv4 fr ,hygi5e10 vol4 ,,xxxix41 p4 #cij4 #aijb4 ,footnote #cjg3 8,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur10 p4 #hfe4 #aijb4 ,footnote #cjh3 8,zeits*rift fr ,physiologis*e ,*emie10 vol4 ,,xvi41 p4 #dc4 #ahib4 ,footnote #cji3 8,l',art de ,prolong] la ,vie ,huma9e40 ,fr5* translation ( ,g]man ,second ,edition4 ,lausanne1 #ahji4 ,footnote #caj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bif4 ,footnote #caa3 8,ueb] die ,kun/ d] ,v]lng]ung des ,m5s*li*5 ,leb5s40 ,bonn1 #ahij4 ,footnote #cab3 8,die ,kun/ das ,m5s*li*e ,leb5 zu ,v]lng]n40 ,wiesbad51 #ahia4 ,footnote #cac3 8,! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce10 p4 #bcg4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,footnote #cad3 ,quot$ by ,pflg] 9 8,ueb] die ,kun/ d] ,v]lng410 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #cae3 ,g5esis vi4 #c4 ,footnote #caf3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #cag3 8,die ,m$iz9 im alt5 ,te/am5t40 ,/uttg>t1 #aija4 ,footnote #cah3 8,lehrbu* d4 ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ec910 vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #bbc4 ,j5a #ahgh4 ,footnote #cai3 8,essays on ,h]$ity & ,k9dr$ ,biological ,problems40 ,au?oris$ ,translation1 ,ox=d1 #b vols41 #ahhi-ib4 ,footnote #cbj3 8,ueb] d5 ,ursprung des ,todes40 #ahic4 ,footnote #cba3 8,trait de ,zoologie10 p4 #agac4 ,footnote #cbb3 8,abh&lung5 d] k4 ,bay]is*5 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*aft540 #ahfe4 ,footnote #cbc3 8,ar*iv fr die gesammte ,physiologie40 ,vol4 ,,xciii41 p4 #ei1 #aijb4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,salomons51 9 8,fe/skrift v$ indviels5 af ,/at5s ,s]um ,in/itut10 vol4 ,,xii4 ,cop5hag51 #aijb4 ,footnote #cbe3 8,gesammelte ,populre ,vortrge40 ,bonn1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,prey]1 8,die ,seele des ,k9des10 #ahhd1 & 8,specielle ,physiologie des ,embryo10 p4 #edg4 #ahhe4 ,footnote #cbg3 8,de la longvit huma9e10 ,second ,edition4 ,p>is #ahhe4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,j\rnal de ,r\51 ,septemb] #bc1 #aijj4 ,article by ,georges ,dubose4 ,footnote #cbi3 8,gal]ie des ,c5t5aires anci5s et mod]nes40 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,g5esis ,,xxv4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #cca3 ,g5esis ,,xxxv4 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,job xlii4 #af1 #ag4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,x may be t ! great longevity ( _m ( ! patri>*s1 end+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?1 is ! cause ( ! small ext5t to :i* ! idea ( a future life _h be5 develop$ among/ ! anci5t ,hebrews4 7,see *ap1 vii47 ,footnote #ccd3 ,g5esis xxv4 #ag4 ,footnote #cce3 ,g5esis xlvii4 #bh4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,numb]s xxxiii4 #ci4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,deut]onomy xxxiv4 #g4 ,footnote #cch3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 8,das ,weib10 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fbf4 ,footnote #cci3 8,die ,welt als ,wille u4 ,vor/ellung10 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #gcj4 ,footnote #cdj3 8,fleurs du ,mal4 ,la ,mort des ,pauvres10 p4 #cdj4 #ahhc4 ,footnote #cda3 ,! prohibitions 9 ,engl& are almo/ equally sweep+4--,editor4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,ecclesia/es1 viii4 #ag4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,ecclesia/es ix4 #g-aj4 ,footnote #cdd3 8,vorlesung5 b] ,naturphilosophie40 ,leipzig1 #aijb4 ,footnote #cde3 ,wi$]%eim1 8,bau des ,m5s*510 ,?ird ,edition1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 ,alsb]g1 8,ab/am4 d4 ,m5s*410 p4 #fa4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,ploss-,b>tels1 8,das ,weib10 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dfd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,putnam's ,sci5ce ,s]ies #a4 ,! 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